{"id": "pubmed23n0034_0", "title": "[Use of transhepatic drainage in neoplastic stenosis of the upper biliary tract].", "content": "Rodney-Smith's technique (transtumoral transhepatic drainage) was used palliatively in 6 patients with cancer of the upper biliary tracts. Diagnosis from the symptomatology (essentially obstructive icterus) was not easy, though the picture can almost always be clarified by endovenous and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and, more particularly, by preoperative and intrahepatic intraoperative cholangiography and choledochoscopy in connection with laparatomy. Two patients survived for 9 months and 2 yr respectively, whereas the remainder died within 30 days of surgery. Despite this high mortality, primarily due to very poor general condition, this type of palliative operation is still the best form of management.", "contents": "[Use of transhepatic drainage in neoplastic stenosis of the upper biliary tract]. Rodney-Smith's technique (transtumoral transhepatic drainage) was used palliatively in 6 patients with cancer of the upper biliary tracts. Diagnosis from the symptomatology (essentially obstructive icterus) was not easy, though the picture can almost always be clarified by endovenous and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and, more particularly, by preoperative and intrahepatic intraoperative cholangiography and choledochoscopy in connection with laparatomy. Two patients survived for 9 months and 2 yr respectively, whereas the remainder died within 30 days of surgery. Despite this high mortality, primarily due to very poor general condition, this type of palliative operation is still the best form of management.", "PMID": 1012558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1", "title": "[Spontaneous bilio-digestive fistulas. Experience with 27 cases].", "content": "A series of 27 cases of biliary-digestive fistulae is presented. 26 were due to calculi and 1 to ulcer and calculi. 20 led to the duodenum, 6 to the colon, and 1 to the stomach from the gallbladder. The series constituted 1.4% of bile ducts operations. Females (mostly multiparae) formed 66%. The mean age was 64 yr. Direct fistulae (66%) had the appearance of surgical openings, whereas the indirect forms (34%) included a fistulous connection between the mucosae of the two organs. There was no distinctive symptomatology. In most cases, the fistula was formed during a serious exacerbation episode of the underlying diseases, whose symptoms, if occasional, tended to become continuous. Pre-operative diagnosis was difficult, though suspicion was present in 44% of cases. Radiological examination is essential for this purpose. Pneumoangiocholia observed during direct examination of the abdomen is virtually pathognomonic. Examination of the bile ducts with contrast medium given venously or per os proved less useful, since the fistula was very difficult to detect; at best, pneumocholecyst between the main duct and the opposing duodenum could be seen. Detection was, on the other hand, possible in over 50% of cases on examination of the digestive apparatus with contrast medium per os or rectally. Treatment consists of removal of the fistula and the disease responsible for it. Very good results were obtained, with a mortality of 3%.", "contents": "[Spontaneous bilio-digestive fistulas. Experience with 27 cases]. A series of 27 cases of biliary-digestive fistulae is presented. 26 were due to calculi and 1 to ulcer and calculi. 20 led to the duodenum, 6 to the colon, and 1 to the stomach from the gallbladder. The series constituted 1.4% of bile ducts operations. Females (mostly multiparae) formed 66%. The mean age was 64 yr. Direct fistulae (66%) had the appearance of surgical openings, whereas the indirect forms (34%) included a fistulous connection between the mucosae of the two organs. There was no distinctive symptomatology. In most cases, the fistula was formed during a serious exacerbation episode of the underlying diseases, whose symptoms, if occasional, tended to become continuous. Pre-operative diagnosis was difficult, though suspicion was present in 44% of cases. Radiological examination is essential for this purpose. Pneumoangiocholia observed during direct examination of the abdomen is virtually pathognomonic. Examination of the bile ducts with contrast medium given venously or per os proved less useful, since the fistula was very difficult to detect; at best, pneumocholecyst between the main duct and the opposing duodenum could be seen. Detection was, on the other hand, possible in over 50% of cases on examination of the digestive apparatus with contrast medium per os or rectally. Treatment consists of removal of the fistula and the disease responsible for it. Very good results were obtained, with a mortality of 3%.", "PMID": 1012560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2", "title": "Aryl-hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lymphocytes from lung cancer patients and normal controls.", "content": "A radiometric assay for the determination of AHH activity in lymphocytes is described. Subjects included eleven male patients with histologically verified lung cancer (nine squamous cell carcinoma and two adenocarcinoma) and eleven age- and sex-matched controls. Lung cancer patients exhibited considerably greater variation and elevated levels of both AHH activity per se and AHH activity adjusted for total cellular DNA than control individuals. Methodology for AHH determinations and implications for lung cancer epidemiology and control are discussed.", "contents": "Aryl-hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lymphocytes from lung cancer patients and normal controls. A radiometric assay for the determination of AHH activity in lymphocytes is described. Subjects included eleven male patients with histologically verified lung cancer (nine squamous cell carcinoma and two adenocarcinoma) and eleven age- and sex-matched controls. Lung cancer patients exhibited considerably greater variation and elevated levels of both AHH activity per se and AHH activity adjusted for total cellular DNA than control individuals. Methodology for AHH determinations and implications for lung cancer epidemiology and control are discussed.", "PMID": 1012643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3", "title": "Effects of some low molecular weight sheep pineal fractions and melatonin on different tumors in rats and mice.", "content": "With these preliminary experiments attention is drawn to a possible relation between tumor development and the pineal. The influence of melatonin and some low molecular weight pineal fractions on the growth and incidence of different experimental tumors was compared. Some pineal fractions which have an effect on the activity of hypothalamus on anterior hypophyses of male rats and mice in vitro may be active in some of these tumor models.", "contents": "Effects of some low molecular weight sheep pineal fractions and melatonin on different tumors in rats and mice. With these preliminary experiments attention is drawn to a possible relation between tumor development and the pineal. The influence of melatonin and some low molecular weight pineal fractions on the growth and incidence of different experimental tumors was compared. Some pineal fractions which have an effect on the activity of hypothalamus on anterior hypophyses of male rats and mice in vitro may be active in some of these tumor models.", "PMID": 1012644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4", "title": "Studies of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A transplantable rat pheochromocytoma in New England Deaconess Hospital (NEDH) was first described by WARREN in 1972. It is characterized by the documented association with systolic hypertension and the known presence of increased urinary metanephrines and vanilmadelic acid in tumor-bearing animals. The present report describes features of the transplantable tumor, our laboratories have noted, in five tumor transplantations starting in 1974. Tumor-bearing animals survive 49 +/- 5 days and die much sooner than aging, non-tumor-bearing litter mates. Gross measurements confirm the rapid growth of the primary tumor, although at autopsy, histologically proven metastatic foci are rarely seen. Polycythemia with or without increased erythropoietin (ESF) levels were not detected. Electronmicroscopic studies confirmed the presence in tumor tissue of the previously described intracytoplasmic granules. Further studies on this endocrine-associated transplantable tumor are warranted and feasible.", "contents": "Studies of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma. A transplantable rat pheochromocytoma in New England Deaconess Hospital (NEDH) was first described by WARREN in 1972. It is characterized by the documented association with systolic hypertension and the known presence of increased urinary metanephrines and vanilmadelic acid in tumor-bearing animals. The present report describes features of the transplantable tumor, our laboratories have noted, in five tumor transplantations starting in 1974. Tumor-bearing animals survive 49 +/- 5 days and die much sooner than aging, non-tumor-bearing litter mates. Gross measurements confirm the rapid growth of the primary tumor, although at autopsy, histologically proven metastatic foci are rarely seen. Polycythemia with or without increased erythropoietin (ESF) levels were not detected. Electronmicroscopic studies confirmed the presence in tumor tissue of the previously described intracytoplasmic granules. Further studies on this endocrine-associated transplantable tumor are warranted and feasible.", "PMID": 1012645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5", "title": "Etiologic related studies of ultraviolet light-mediated carcinogenesis.", "content": "Comparisons were made of cholesterol-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxide (CAE) levels in skin of hairless mice maintained on a regular or antioxidant supplemented diet and receiving chronic ultraviolet light (UVL) radiation over an 18-week period. Cholesterol-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxide levels in skin of animals on antioxidant supplemented diet, while reaching a peak four weeks after that of animals on regular diet, thereafter were consistently higher. Dietary antioxidants nevertheless had an inhibitory effect on UVL-induced tumors. These data are inconsistent with the theory of CAE involvement as an ultimate carcinogen in UVL-mediated carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Etiologic related studies of ultraviolet light-mediated carcinogenesis. Comparisons were made of cholesterol-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxide (CAE) levels in skin of hairless mice maintained on a regular or antioxidant supplemented diet and receiving chronic ultraviolet light (UVL) radiation over an 18-week period. Cholesterol-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxide levels in skin of animals on antioxidant supplemented diet, while reaching a peak four weeks after that of animals on regular diet, thereafter were consistently higher. Dietary antioxidants nevertheless had an inhibitory effect on UVL-induced tumors. These data are inconsistent with the theory of CAE involvement as an ultimate carcinogen in UVL-mediated carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1012646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6", "title": "Early onset of oral cancer among women who drink and smoke.", "content": "Potentially, one of the most useful warning signals for the detection of environmental hazards is an unusually early age at onset of disease. Animal studies have shown age effects of this type with co-carcinogens. A clearcut example of a downward age shift in humans is provided by a study of the consumption of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes in women with oral concer. Using data on 145 white females with intraoral cancer, and 1973 non-neoplastic controls from patients seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1957 and 1966, it can be shown that exposure to both alcohol and tobacco can lead to onset of oral cancer 15 or more years earlier than would occur in women who do not use either alcohol or tobacco. Exposure to smoking only produces a smaller age shift, but exposure to alcohol only does not produce any clear shift in age of onset. Implications for co-carcinogenesis and for early detection of co-carcinogens in the environment are suggested.", "contents": "Early onset of oral cancer among women who drink and smoke. Potentially, one of the most useful warning signals for the detection of environmental hazards is an unusually early age at onset of disease. Animal studies have shown age effects of this type with co-carcinogens. A clearcut example of a downward age shift in humans is provided by a study of the consumption of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes in women with oral concer. Using data on 145 white females with intraoral cancer, and 1973 non-neoplastic controls from patients seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1957 and 1966, it can be shown that exposure to both alcohol and tobacco can lead to onset of oral cancer 15 or more years earlier than would occur in women who do not use either alcohol or tobacco. Exposure to smoking only produces a smaller age shift, but exposure to alcohol only does not produce any clear shift in age of onset. Implications for co-carcinogenesis and for early detection of co-carcinogens in the environment are suggested.", "PMID": 1012647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7", "title": "Evaluation of VP-16 and the combination of adriamycin and vincristine in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "39 previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated in a partially randomized study evaluating VP-16 and the combination of Vincristine (VCR) and Adriamycin (ADR). Of the 19 patients treated with VP-16 initially, two had partial remissions. No responses were noted in eleven patients who corssed-over after failing VCR plus ADR. Of the 20 patients treated with VCR plus ADR initially, four patients had partial responses. An additional 2/15 patients responded on crossover after failing initially on VP-16. No significant differences in time to last follow-up or death could be detected between the two treatment programs.", "contents": "Evaluation of VP-16 and the combination of adriamycin and vincristine in advanced breast cancer. 39 previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated in a partially randomized study evaluating VP-16 and the combination of Vincristine (VCR) and Adriamycin (ADR). Of the 19 patients treated with VP-16 initially, two had partial remissions. No responses were noted in eleven patients who corssed-over after failing VCR plus ADR. Of the 20 patients treated with VCR plus ADR initially, four patients had partial responses. An additional 2/15 patients responded on crossover after failing initially on VP-16. No significant differences in time to last follow-up or death could be detected between the two treatment programs.", "PMID": 1012648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8", "title": "Ixodes (Afrixodes) Bakeri Arthur & Clifford, 1961 (Acarina: Ixodidae): description of the male and immature stages from rodents and insectivores and notes on its biology in South Africa.", "content": "The male, nymph and larva of Ixodes (A), bakeri are described and illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron microscope photographs. This species was originally described from 1 female from Otomys sp., Nyika Plateau, Malawi. The present material consists of 28 collections from insectivores and 19 collections from rodents, Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve, Transvaal, plus 1 collection from a rodent in the Jonkershoek Valley, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Its biology in South Africa is also discussed.", "contents": "Ixodes (Afrixodes) Bakeri Arthur & Clifford, 1961 (Acarina: Ixodidae): description of the male and immature stages from rodents and insectivores and notes on its biology in South Africa. The male, nymph and larva of Ixodes (A), bakeri are described and illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron microscope photographs. This species was originally described from 1 female from Otomys sp., Nyika Plateau, Malawi. The present material consists of 28 collections from insectivores and 19 collections from rodents, Van Riebeeck Nature Reserve, Transvaal, plus 1 collection from a rodent in the Jonkershoek Valley, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Its biology in South Africa is also discussed.", "PMID": 1012649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_9", "title": "Leukoencephalomalacia: a mycotoxicosis of Equidae caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon.", "content": "When 2 horses were dosed with cultures of a Fusarium moniliforme isolate that had previously caused only hepatosis, 1 developed brain oedema and hepatosis, and the other only leukoencephalomalacia. A 3rd horse developed both leukoencephalomalacia and hepatosis after being dosed with another isolate obtained from maize which was associated with a natural outbreak of the nervous form of the disease. Since leukoencephalomalacia and hepatosis could be induced by the same culture material, it was concluded that both syndromes were manifestations of the same toxicosis. There was also some evidence that leukoencephalomalacia might be specifically induced by the administration of smaller doses of the culture material to horses over a longer period. The clinical signs of nervous disorder included ataxia, paresis, apathy, hypersensitivity, frenzy, and other locomotory and psychic disturbances. Autopsy showed that the brains were oedematous, and focal areas of liquefactive necrosis were present in the cerebral white matter. In 1 case the malacic areas were not confined to the subcortical white matter but were microscopically visible in the cerebral cortex as well. An histopathological examination of the areas bordering on the malacic areas revealed rarefication of the white matter, perivascular haemorrhages, oedema and cellular infiltration composed mainly of plasma cells and eosinophiles. Many of the macrophages in these areas contained lipfuscin-like granules, but these granules also occurred extracellularly in the neuropil. In the layers of the cortex nearest the malacic areas, satellitosis and neurophagia were commonly seen.", "contents": "Leukoencephalomalacia: a mycotoxicosis of Equidae caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. When 2 horses were dosed with cultures of a Fusarium moniliforme isolate that had previously caused only hepatosis, 1 developed brain oedema and hepatosis, and the other only leukoencephalomalacia. A 3rd horse developed both leukoencephalomalacia and hepatosis after being dosed with another isolate obtained from maize which was associated with a natural outbreak of the nervous form of the disease. Since leukoencephalomalacia and hepatosis could be induced by the same culture material, it was concluded that both syndromes were manifestations of the same toxicosis. There was also some evidence that leukoencephalomalacia might be specifically induced by the administration of smaller doses of the culture material to horses over a longer period. The clinical signs of nervous disorder included ataxia, paresis, apathy, hypersensitivity, frenzy, and other locomotory and psychic disturbances. Autopsy showed that the brains were oedematous, and focal areas of liquefactive necrosis were present in the cerebral white matter. In 1 case the malacic areas were not confined to the subcortical white matter but were microscopically visible in the cerebral cortex as well. An histopathological examination of the areas bordering on the malacic areas revealed rarefication of the white matter, perivascular haemorrhages, oedema and cellular infiltration composed mainly of plasma cells and eosinophiles. Many of the macrophages in these areas contained lipfuscin-like granules, but these granules also occurred extracellularly in the neuropil. In the layers of the cortex nearest the malacic areas, satellitosis and neurophagia were commonly seen.", "PMID": 1012650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_10", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations on the development of small merozoites of Babesia bovis in Boophilus microplus larvae.", "content": "The development of small pyriform merozoites of B. bovis in the granule-secreting cells of the salivary glands of B. microplus larvae, studied with a light microscope, showed a close resemblance to that of B. argentina described by Riek (1966) in the same tick vector. Dvelopment took place through a process of schizogony and resulted in the formation of many merozoites. A study of the ultrastructure of developing merozoites in the schizont revealed the following: a poorly defined outer membrane; a granular osmiophilic inner membrane; anterior and posterior polar rings; rhoptries; micronemes; microtubules; a nucleus; spherical bodies of varying size. The schizonts were membrane-bound but no parasitophorous vacuoles were seen.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations on the development of small merozoites of Babesia bovis in Boophilus microplus larvae. The development of small pyriform merozoites of B. bovis in the granule-secreting cells of the salivary glands of B. microplus larvae, studied with a light microscope, showed a close resemblance to that of B. argentina described by Riek (1966) in the same tick vector. Dvelopment took place through a process of schizogony and resulted in the formation of many merozoites. A study of the ultrastructure of developing merozoites in the schizont revealed the following: a poorly defined outer membrane; a granular osmiophilic inner membrane; anterior and posterior polar rings; rhoptries; micronemes; microtubules; a nucleus; spherical bodies of varying size. The schizonts were membrane-bound but no parasitophorous vacuoles were seen.", "PMID": 1012651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_11", "title": "Q fever in cattle and sheep in Southern Africa. A preliminary report.", "content": "In the course of a study initiated to elucidate the role of known abortifacient in ruminants in Southern Africa, Coxiella burnetti was identified in smears prepared from bovine and ovine placental tissues obtained from 12 farms. The organism was also isolated in embryonated eggs, and specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera of animals originating from these farms. In 7 of the 12 herds in which Q fever was diagnosed, other pathogens were identified concomitantly.", "contents": "Q fever in cattle and sheep in Southern Africa. A preliminary report. In the course of a study initiated to elucidate the role of known abortifacient in ruminants in Southern Africa, Coxiella burnetti was identified in smears prepared from bovine and ovine placental tissues obtained from 12 farms. The organism was also isolated in embryonated eggs, and specific antibodies were demonstrated in sera of animals originating from these farms. In 7 of the 12 herds in which Q fever was diagnosed, other pathogens were identified concomitantly.", "PMID": 1012652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_12", "title": "Fertilization capacity of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) (Acarina: Ixodidae).", "content": "Thirty individual Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) males were studied daily, some during the whole observation period of 37 days. Newly moulted males spent a mean of 3, 8 days (range 3-6 on the host before mating. Males mated with between 1-8 females (mean 4, 6), spending 2, 6 days (range 1-10) with each and 0, 5 days (range 0-4) in between females. The time spent by adult males on the host was from 9-37 days. The ability for males to produce viable offspring remained fairly constant with each successive female fertilized. Development took place in eggs produced by unfertilized female ticks but only a very small percentage (mean 0,008%) of these eggs hatched.", "contents": "Fertilization capacity of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) (Acarina: Ixodidae). Thirty individual Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) males were studied daily, some during the whole observation period of 37 days. Newly moulted males spent a mean of 3, 8 days (range 3-6 on the host before mating. Males mated with between 1-8 females (mean 4, 6), spending 2, 6 days (range 1-10) with each and 0, 5 days (range 0-4) in between females. The time spent by adult males on the host was from 9-37 days. The ability for males to produce viable offspring remained fairly constant with each successive female fertilized. Development took place in eggs produced by unfertilized female ticks but only a very small percentage (mean 0,008%) of these eggs hatched.", "PMID": 1012653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_13", "title": "A highly fatal tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of cattle caused by Aspergillus clavatus.", "content": "During February 1975, a tremorgenic neurotoxicosis decimated a herd of cattle in the northern Transvaal. This hitherto unidentified disease was characterized by hypersensitivity, incoordination, a peculiar stiff-legged gait of the hind legs, severe generalized tumors of the sketetal muscles, progressive paresis, paralysis and constipation. The most notable gross pathological lesions were degenerative and necrotic changes in certain skeletal muscles, haemorrhages on the serosal surfaces, especially on the dorsal aspect of the rumen, and gastro-intestinal stasis. Microscopical examination of the central nervous system revealed cytopathological changes consisting of degeneration and necrosis of the large motor cells in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and bigger neurones in numerous nuclei of the medulla oblongata, midbrain and thalamus. By feeding the suspect ration and its component parts to cattle and sheep, it was possible to identify mouldy sorghum beer residue as the toxic component in the ration. A. clavatus, the dominant fungus on the toxic residue, was readily isolated in pure culture. The entire syndrome was then reproduced in a yearling Friesland steer dosed with pure cultures of the A. clavatus isolate grown on autoclaved non-toxic sorghum beer residue. The toxic principle is not known, but it does not appear to be patulin, tryptoquivalone, tryptoquivaline, or any other known tremorgen.", "contents": "A highly fatal tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of cattle caused by Aspergillus clavatus. During February 1975, a tremorgenic neurotoxicosis decimated a herd of cattle in the northern Transvaal. This hitherto unidentified disease was characterized by hypersensitivity, incoordination, a peculiar stiff-legged gait of the hind legs, severe generalized tumors of the sketetal muscles, progressive paresis, paralysis and constipation. The most notable gross pathological lesions were degenerative and necrotic changes in certain skeletal muscles, haemorrhages on the serosal surfaces, especially on the dorsal aspect of the rumen, and gastro-intestinal stasis. Microscopical examination of the central nervous system revealed cytopathological changes consisting of degeneration and necrosis of the large motor cells in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and bigger neurones in numerous nuclei of the medulla oblongata, midbrain and thalamus. By feeding the suspect ration and its component parts to cattle and sheep, it was possible to identify mouldy sorghum beer residue as the toxic component in the ration. A. clavatus, the dominant fungus on the toxic residue, was readily isolated in pure culture. The entire syndrome was then reproduced in a yearling Friesland steer dosed with pure cultures of the A. clavatus isolate grown on autoclaved non-toxic sorghum beer residue. The toxic principle is not known, but it does not appear to be patulin, tryptoquivalone, tryptoquivaline, or any other known tremorgen.", "PMID": 1012654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_14", "title": "Gonad development and gametogenesis in Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) (Acarina Metastriata Ixodidae).", "content": "Phases in the growth of the reproductive organs and gametogenesis were followed in both males and females of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844). Special attention was given to the timing of meiosis, the production of mature spermiophores, mating and spermiophore relocation in the female. The main growth phase of the male testes takes place during the nymphal stage while that of the accessory gland complex takes place during the 4 days after moulting and before mating. The main growth phase of female ovaries and oviducts takes place during the post-mating period on the host and the previposition period. Meiosis in males takes place only after the attachment of the newly-moulted ticks; spematogenesis and spermiogenesis occur within a period of 4 days, after which pairing and spermatophore transfer take place. Meiosis was not observed in female ticks and it is concluded that this reduction division takes place only after spermiophore penetration of the oocytes and egg shell formation. Female ticks may be impregnated more than once, a maximum of 5 matings being deduced from counts of spermiophore capsules in the female seminal receptacle. Each spermatophore produced by male ticks yields either 1 but more commonly 2 spermiophore capsules. The reproduction of B. decoloratus is briefly discussed and compared with other Ixodoidea.", "contents": "Gonad development and gametogenesis in Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) (Acarina Metastriata Ixodidae). Phases in the growth of the reproductive organs and gametogenesis were followed in both males and females of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844). Special attention was given to the timing of meiosis, the production of mature spermiophores, mating and spermiophore relocation in the female. The main growth phase of the male testes takes place during the nymphal stage while that of the accessory gland complex takes place during the 4 days after moulting and before mating. The main growth phase of female ovaries and oviducts takes place during the post-mating period on the host and the previposition period. Meiosis in males takes place only after the attachment of the newly-moulted ticks; spematogenesis and spermiogenesis occur within a period of 4 days, after which pairing and spermatophore transfer take place. Meiosis was not observed in female ticks and it is concluded that this reduction division takes place only after spermiophore penetration of the oocytes and egg shell formation. Female ticks may be impregnated more than once, a maximum of 5 matings being deduced from counts of spermiophore capsules in the female seminal receptacle. Each spermatophore produced by male ticks yields either 1 but more commonly 2 spermiophore capsules. The reproduction of B. decoloratus is briefly discussed and compared with other Ixodoidea.", "PMID": 1012655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_15", "title": "Theoretical interstellar and prebiotic organic chemistry: a tentative methodology.", "content": "A theoretical methodology for the systematic study of the interstellar molecules is proposed. Some examples, dealing with formaldehyde excited states, formyl radical and ion, reactivity of the excited states of formic acid, methyl cyanide and methyl acetylene, as well as the reaction patho of formaldehyde photodecomposition are presented. Quantum chemical methods appear to be a powerful tool to study the structure and behaviour of molecules related with interstellar space and the Origin of Life.", "contents": "Theoretical interstellar and prebiotic organic chemistry: a tentative methodology. A theoretical methodology for the systematic study of the interstellar molecules is proposed. Some examples, dealing with formaldehyde excited states, formyl radical and ion, reactivity of the excited states of formic acid, methyl cyanide and methyl acetylene, as well as the reaction patho of formaldehyde photodecomposition are presented. Quantum chemical methods appear to be a powerful tool to study the structure and behaviour of molecules related with interstellar space and the Origin of Life.", "PMID": 1012706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_16", "title": "Vulcanism, mercury-sensitized photo-reactions and abiogenetic synthesis: a theoretical treatment.", "content": "Attention is called to the photodynamic and thermodynamic properties of Periodic Group IIb elements, most notably Hg, as they relate to ultra-violet sensitization in organic chemical reactions. The energy levels of 6(1) P1 and 6(3) P1 resonance states and the high vapor pressure ((greater than 10(-3) mm) of the metal at temperatures as low as 293 K bring Hg with the range of bond dissociation energies in most organic molecules and many inorganics. These capabilities considered together with recent evidence for Hg emission as a regular part of volcanic and geothermal processes provide the basis for our proposal that Hg-sensitized ultraviolet photo-reactions may have played a significant part in abiogenetic organic synthesis on the primative earth.", "contents": "Vulcanism, mercury-sensitized photo-reactions and abiogenetic synthesis: a theoretical treatment. Attention is called to the photodynamic and thermodynamic properties of Periodic Group IIb elements, most notably Hg, as they relate to ultra-violet sensitization in organic chemical reactions. The energy levels of 6(1) P1 and 6(3) P1 resonance states and the high vapor pressure ((greater than 10(-3) mm) of the metal at temperatures as low as 293 K bring Hg with the range of bond dissociation energies in most organic molecules and many inorganics. These capabilities considered together with recent evidence for Hg emission as a regular part of volcanic and geothermal processes provide the basis for our proposal that Hg-sensitized ultraviolet photo-reactions may have played a significant part in abiogenetic organic synthesis on the primative earth.", "PMID": 1012707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_17", "title": "Glycine and alanine synthesis from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in the field of ultrasound waves.", "content": "High intensity ultrasound waves coupled with other form of energy obviously were initiators of pre-biochemical reactions; these reactions occurred in the water masses of the primordial Earth. Essential biological substances like formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrocyanic acid, and amino acids compounds similar to carbohydrates by their properties were synthesized in the field of ultrasound waves in model experiments. The main partners of these reactions are water and gases of reductional atomosphere: hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen and argon. Formation of amino acids takes place in aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and hydroxylamine. The sonication yielded alanine and glycine, 2.0 X 10(-7) and 1.8 X 10(-7) molecules per 100 eV respectively.", "contents": "Glycine and alanine synthesis from formaldehyde and hydroxylamine in the field of ultrasound waves. High intensity ultrasound waves coupled with other form of energy obviously were initiators of pre-biochemical reactions; these reactions occurred in the water masses of the primordial Earth. Essential biological substances like formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrocyanic acid, and amino acids compounds similar to carbohydrates by their properties were synthesized in the field of ultrasound waves in model experiments. The main partners of these reactions are water and gases of reductional atomosphere: hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen and argon. Formation of amino acids takes place in aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and hydroxylamine. The sonication yielded alanine and glycine, 2.0 X 10(-7) and 1.8 X 10(-7) molecules per 100 eV respectively.", "PMID": 1012708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_18", "title": "Formation of biologically relevant carboxylic acids during the gamma irradiation of acetic acid.", "content": "Irradiation of aqueous solutions of acetic acid with gamma rays produced several carboxylic acids in small yield. Their identification was based on the technique of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Some of these acids are Krebs Cycle intermediates. Their simultaneous formation in experiments simulating the primitive conditions on the earth suggests that metabolic pathways may have their origin in prebiotic chemical processes.", "contents": "Formation of biologically relevant carboxylic acids during the gamma irradiation of acetic acid. Irradiation of aqueous solutions of acetic acid with gamma rays produced several carboxylic acids in small yield. Their identification was based on the technique of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Some of these acids are Krebs Cycle intermediates. Their simultaneous formation in experiments simulating the primitive conditions on the earth suggests that metabolic pathways may have their origin in prebiotic chemical processes.", "PMID": 1012709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_19", "title": "Prebiotic condensation reactions in an aqueous medium: a review of condensing agents.", "content": "Biopolymers are formed by dehydration-type condensation reactions. In aqueous solutions dehydration reactions are very unlikely to happen spontaneously. However, coupling of dehydration-condensation to the hydrolysis of condensing agents could facilitate the synthesis of biopolymers in an aqueous solution. The literature shows that the peptides, nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides can be formed in this way. A careful study of the literature pertaining to prebiotic condensing agents was conducted in order to determine the most plausible prebiotic synthesis of biopolymers. The condensing agents taken into consideration are cyanamide, carbodimide, dicyanamide, dicyandiamide, hydrogen-cyanide-tetramer, cyanogen and the linear- and cyclic polyphosphates. From both a chemical as well as biological point of view the polyphosphates appear to be the most plausible general prebiotic condensing agent.", "contents": "Prebiotic condensation reactions in an aqueous medium: a review of condensing agents. Biopolymers are formed by dehydration-type condensation reactions. In aqueous solutions dehydration reactions are very unlikely to happen spontaneously. However, coupling of dehydration-condensation to the hydrolysis of condensing agents could facilitate the synthesis of biopolymers in an aqueous solution. The literature shows that the peptides, nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides can be formed in this way. A careful study of the literature pertaining to prebiotic condensing agents was conducted in order to determine the most plausible prebiotic synthesis of biopolymers. The condensing agents taken into consideration are cyanamide, carbodimide, dicyanamide, dicyandiamide, hydrogen-cyanide-tetramer, cyanogen and the linear- and cyclic polyphosphates. From both a chemical as well as biological point of view the polyphosphates appear to be the most plausible general prebiotic condensing agent.", "PMID": 1012710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_20", "title": "A cybernetic approach to the origin of the genetic coding mechanism. I. Methodological principles.", "content": "It is postulated that some quasi-deterministic code features (universality, connectedness, systematic degeneracy, symmetry, regularity and so on) resulted from unique (and therefore universal) relization of a stochastic evolutionary process. The evolution of real genetic systems should satisfy the principle of succession; that is, loss of a feature that is necessary for a genetic system means death to its carrier. The hypothesis of unique key coincidence is proposed which indicates the mechanisms of arising of the primary correspondence between the linear structures of polynucleotides and polypeptides. If the collinear coincidence was to appear in the key positions of pra-protein with, at least, some of the primitive properties of the pra-amino-acyl-t-RNA-synthetase required for the accelerated recognition of the key positions of pra-template, the positive feed-back mechanism in the system would be most short-circuited so that the repetitive reproduction of pra-synthetase would be much accelerated.", "contents": "A cybernetic approach to the origin of the genetic coding mechanism. I. Methodological principles. It is postulated that some quasi-deterministic code features (universality, connectedness, systematic degeneracy, symmetry, regularity and so on) resulted from unique (and therefore universal) relization of a stochastic evolutionary process. The evolution of real genetic systems should satisfy the principle of succession; that is, loss of a feature that is necessary for a genetic system means death to its carrier. The hypothesis of unique key coincidence is proposed which indicates the mechanisms of arising of the primary correspondence between the linear structures of polynucleotides and polypeptides. If the collinear coincidence was to appear in the key positions of pra-protein with, at least, some of the primitive properties of the pra-amino-acyl-t-RNA-synthetase required for the accelerated recognition of the key positions of pra-template, the positive feed-back mechanism in the system would be most short-circuited so that the repetitive reproduction of pra-synthetase would be much accelerated.", "PMID": 1012711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_21", "title": "A cybernetic approach to the origin of the genetic coding mechanism. II. Formation of the code series.", "content": "The sequential fulfillment of the principle of succession necessarily guides the main steps of the genetic code evolution to be reflected in its structure. The general scheme of the code series formation is proposed basing on the idea of \"group coding\" (Woese, 1970). The genetic code supposedly evolved by means of successive divergence of pra-ARS's loci, accompanied by increasing specification of recognition capacity of amino acids and triplets. The sense of codons had not been changed on any step of stochastic code evolution. The formulated rules for code series formation produce a code version, similar to the contemporary one. Based on these rules the scheme of pra-ARS's divergence is proposed resulting in the grouping of amino acids by their polarity and size. Later steps in the evolution of the genetic code were probably based on more detailed features of the amino acids (for example, on their functional similarities like their interchangeabilities in isofunctional proteins).", "contents": "A cybernetic approach to the origin of the genetic coding mechanism. II. Formation of the code series. The sequential fulfillment of the principle of succession necessarily guides the main steps of the genetic code evolution to be reflected in its structure. The general scheme of the code series formation is proposed basing on the idea of \"group coding\" (Woese, 1970). The genetic code supposedly evolved by means of successive divergence of pra-ARS's loci, accompanied by increasing specification of recognition capacity of amino acids and triplets. The sense of codons had not been changed on any step of stochastic code evolution. The formulated rules for code series formation produce a code version, similar to the contemporary one. Based on these rules the scheme of pra-ARS's divergence is proposed resulting in the grouping of amino acids by their polarity and size. Later steps in the evolution of the genetic code were probably based on more detailed features of the amino acids (for example, on their functional similarities like their interchangeabilities in isofunctional proteins).", "PMID": 1012712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_22", "title": "The palirrhotrophic origin of energy metabolism.", "content": "It is proposed that the earliest cellular organisms relied upon a novel type of energy transduction termed palirrhotrophy, which generates a high-energy \"currency\" chemiosmotically by exploiting the rhythmic variations in salinity which occur in the estuarine environment. Calculations based on estimates of contemporary chemiosmotic transduction efficiency suggest that such a mechanism could produce usable energy in high yield. The minimum polypeptide requirement for palirrhotrophy compares favorably with that of a fermentative pathway. It is suggested that palirrhotrophic organisms exist today but are difficult to detect.", "contents": "The palirrhotrophic origin of energy metabolism. It is proposed that the earliest cellular organisms relied upon a novel type of energy transduction termed palirrhotrophy, which generates a high-energy \"currency\" chemiosmotically by exploiting the rhythmic variations in salinity which occur in the estuarine environment. Calculations based on estimates of contemporary chemiosmotic transduction efficiency suggest that such a mechanism could produce usable energy in high yield. The minimum polypeptide requirement for palirrhotrophy compares favorably with that of a fermentative pathway. It is suggested that palirrhotrophic organisms exist today but are difficult to detect.", "PMID": 1012713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_23", "title": "General constraints on the Viking biology investigation.", "content": "The Viking biological investigation will be conducted in the face of a number of constraints. Problems are created because of the inherent engineering of the instrument, communication constraints and other factors.", "contents": "General constraints on the Viking biology investigation. The Viking biological investigation will be conducted in the face of a number of constraints. Problems are created because of the inherent engineering of the instrument, communication constraints and other factors.", "PMID": 1012717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_24", "title": "[Cutaneous cholesterol and phospholipids in atherosclerosis].", "content": "Previously, a lesion parallelism between skin and vascular wall was established when aging. Besides, we have pointed out a significant increase of cutaneous sterols rate along with aortic atheromatous stage. This study brings forward a new fact: increase (not significant because wanting much more examples) of cutaneous squalene rate varying with atheroma intensity, but reversely stability of total phospholipids with their various fractions.", "contents": "[Cutaneous cholesterol and phospholipids in atherosclerosis]. Previously, a lesion parallelism between skin and vascular wall was established when aging. Besides, we have pointed out a significant increase of cutaneous sterols rate along with aortic atheromatous stage. This study brings forward a new fact: increase (not significant because wanting much more examples) of cutaneous squalene rate varying with atheroma intensity, but reversely stability of total phospholipids with their various fractions.", "PMID": 1012738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_25", "title": "[Incorporation of labeled precursors in glycosaminoglycans of the media-intima of the arterial wall].", "content": "The enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycans biosynthesis are characterized in homogenates of aortic media-intima. Incorporation of hexosamine from uridine nucleotide precursor was done into the saccharide chains of glycosaminoglycans. Labelling of aortic glycosaminoglycans by 35S-precursors is performed in our fractions; the results obtained demonstrate the uptake of 35S-sulfate from its corresponding active nucleotide sulfate ; highest sulfation is obtained for the post-microsomal supernatant. Following incorporation of 35S-sulfate or 14C-radio-activity into the different glycosaminoglycans, the largest percent uptake is obtained for heparan sulfate and the lowest for chondroitin sulfate.", "contents": "[Incorporation of labeled precursors in glycosaminoglycans of the media-intima of the arterial wall]. The enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycans biosynthesis are characterized in homogenates of aortic media-intima. Incorporation of hexosamine from uridine nucleotide precursor was done into the saccharide chains of glycosaminoglycans. Labelling of aortic glycosaminoglycans by 35S-precursors is performed in our fractions; the results obtained demonstrate the uptake of 35S-sulfate from its corresponding active nucleotide sulfate ; highest sulfation is obtained for the post-microsomal supernatant. Following incorporation of 35S-sulfate or 14C-radio-activity into the different glycosaminoglycans, the largest percent uptake is obtained for heparan sulfate and the lowest for chondroitin sulfate.", "PMID": 1012741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_26", "title": "[Incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate in aortic phospholipids in chronic lathyrims in the rat].", "content": "Study of 32P orthophosphate incorporation into rat aortic phospholipids after B.A.P.N. treatment, which was followed or not by a lipid-supplemented diet (4.5 p. 100 cholesterol and 37 p. 100 butter). The 32P orthophosphate turnover in the total phospholipid was twice as slow among B.A.P.N.-treated rat than among control-rat. Such a decrease of the 32P orthophosphate turnover could be found as well in phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines. Sphingomyelins showed a very weak metabolic activity among two groups of rats. 32P orthophosphate incorporation into inositolphosphatides was slowed down by B.A.P.N. treatment. Maximal specific activity of inositolphosphatides after injection of 32P orthophosphate was reached within 4 hours in control rats, and 8 hours in B.A.P.N.-treated rats. Three months after the end of B.A.P.N. treatment, no difference in specific activity could be found between control-rats and B.A.P.N.-treated rats. Lipid supplemented diet modified the metabolic activity of phospholipids equally in control rats and B.A.P.N.-treated rats. Specific activity decrease in total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and increase in lysophosphatidylcholines were noted in both groups of animals under a high rat diet. These modifications of the metabolic activity of different phospholipids were most marked fourteen hours after 32P orthophosphate injection. B.A.P.N. treatment only slowed the incorporation of 32P phosphate into phospholipids. Administration of a single lipid supplemented diet or a diet associated with B.A.P.N. treatment induced a slower turnover of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines, and a faster turnover of lysophosphatidylcholines.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate in aortic phospholipids in chronic lathyrims in the rat]. Study of 32P orthophosphate incorporation into rat aortic phospholipids after B.A.P.N. treatment, which was followed or not by a lipid-supplemented diet (4.5 p. 100 cholesterol and 37 p. 100 butter). The 32P orthophosphate turnover in the total phospholipid was twice as slow among B.A.P.N.-treated rat than among control-rat. Such a decrease of the 32P orthophosphate turnover could be found as well in phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines. Sphingomyelins showed a very weak metabolic activity among two groups of rats. 32P orthophosphate incorporation into inositolphosphatides was slowed down by B.A.P.N. treatment. Maximal specific activity of inositolphosphatides after injection of 32P orthophosphate was reached within 4 hours in control rats, and 8 hours in B.A.P.N.-treated rats. Three months after the end of B.A.P.N. treatment, no difference in specific activity could be found between control-rats and B.A.P.N.-treated rats. Lipid supplemented diet modified the metabolic activity of phospholipids equally in control rats and B.A.P.N.-treated rats. Specific activity decrease in total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and increase in lysophosphatidylcholines were noted in both groups of animals under a high rat diet. These modifications of the metabolic activity of different phospholipids were most marked fourteen hours after 32P orthophosphate injection. B.A.P.N. treatment only slowed the incorporation of 32P phosphate into phospholipids. Administration of a single lipid supplemented diet or a diet associated with B.A.P.N. treatment induced a slower turnover of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines, and a faster turnover of lysophosphatidylcholines.", "PMID": 1012742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_27", "title": "Luminal eccentricity and deformity in atherosclerotic coronary arteries.", "content": "Detailed analyses of the configuration of lumina from one hundred (100) segments of severely atherosclerotic epicardial coronary arteries (at least 75 p. 100 of the area of their original lumina narrowed, determined by planimetry) were made. All lumina were distended by a standardized coronary injection technique. In contrast to the general impression, concentric lumina occurred as commonly as eccentric lumina and there were more arteries with an eccentric lumen and/or with significant luminal deformity, i.e. with their smallest diameter smaller than 50 p. 100 of their greatest diameter, than the concentric and more regular ones. The eccentricity and significant deformity of atherosclerotic lumina apparently cause difficulties in precise angiographic measurements of coronary stenosis. To solve the problem of the discrepancies between angiographic and anatomical estimation of coronary arterial stenosis, utilization of more than three different projection angles should be considered in clinical angiographic appraisal.", "contents": "Luminal eccentricity and deformity in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Detailed analyses of the configuration of lumina from one hundred (100) segments of severely atherosclerotic epicardial coronary arteries (at least 75 p. 100 of the area of their original lumina narrowed, determined by planimetry) were made. All lumina were distended by a standardized coronary injection technique. In contrast to the general impression, concentric lumina occurred as commonly as eccentric lumina and there were more arteries with an eccentric lumen and/or with significant luminal deformity, i.e. with their smallest diameter smaller than 50 p. 100 of their greatest diameter, than the concentric and more regular ones. The eccentricity and significant deformity of atherosclerotic lumina apparently cause difficulties in precise angiographic measurements of coronary stenosis. To solve the problem of the discrepancies between angiographic and anatomical estimation of coronary arterial stenosis, utilization of more than three different projection angles should be considered in clinical angiographic appraisal.", "PMID": 1012743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_28", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni in the baboon (Papio anubis): parasitological responses of Kenyan baboons to different exposures of a local parasite strain.", "content": "The course of infection with a local strain of Schistosoma mansoni was investigated in Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis). A single exposure to 5000 cercariae per baboon (cpb) killed five 4-8 kg baboons; a sixth survived the full 30-week post-exposure period, with suppressed egg production after week 11. Lower doses were not lethal. A single exposure to 1000 cpb gave satisfactory adult worm recoveries, high and steady faecal egg excretion, and a high tissue egg recovery, predominantly from the large intestine. A similar but less consistent picture was obtained with a single exposure to 200 cpb. Baboons receiving 5 monthly exposures of 200 cpb (1000 cpb total) showed some evidence of the development of protective immunity. Three animals showed patterns resembling those for 200 and 1000 cpb. The other 3 had suppressed egg production (faecal and tissue) indicating, perhaps, some immunological process. They also had an abnormally high percentage of eggs in the liver.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni in the baboon (Papio anubis): parasitological responses of Kenyan baboons to different exposures of a local parasite strain. The course of infection with a local strain of Schistosoma mansoni was investigated in Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis). A single exposure to 5000 cercariae per baboon (cpb) killed five 4-8 kg baboons; a sixth survived the full 30-week post-exposure period, with suppressed egg production after week 11. Lower doses were not lethal. A single exposure to 1000 cpb gave satisfactory adult worm recoveries, high and steady faecal egg excretion, and a high tissue egg recovery, predominantly from the large intestine. A similar but less consistent picture was obtained with a single exposure to 200 cpb. Baboons receiving 5 monthly exposures of 200 cpb (1000 cpb total) showed some evidence of the development of protective immunity. Three animals showed patterns resembling those for 200 and 1000 cpb. The other 3 had suppressed egg production (faecal and tissue) indicating, perhaps, some immunological process. They also had an abnormally high percentage of eggs in the liver.", "PMID": 1012744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_29", "title": "Studies on the hatchability of Schistosoma mansoni eggs from a naturally infected human community on St Lucia, West Indies.", "content": "A relatively simple, standardized hatching test was devised, tested and used to estimate the Schistosoma mansoni hatching rate for 88 St Lucian subjects selected by age, sex and intensity of infection. The hatching rate was dependent on the intensity of infection and rose proportionately with it. The rate also decreased with increasing age of the subject. Sex alone had no direct effect but there was a suggestion of an interaction between sex and age. These results suggest that several hatching tests are necessary, before and after treatment in schistosomicidal drug trials, to permit valid conclusions to be drawn. The hatching data are used in conjunction with survey results to calculate the contamination potential of different age groups in a population. School children (5-14 years old) are about twice as important as young adults (15-29 years old) who, nevertheless, contribute over a quarter of the total contamination potential. However, whereas school children are fairly accessible for mass chemotherapy control programmes, young adults often are not and, furthermore, involve problems associated with the treatment of women of child-bearing age.", "contents": "Studies on the hatchability of Schistosoma mansoni eggs from a naturally infected human community on St Lucia, West Indies. A relatively simple, standardized hatching test was devised, tested and used to estimate the Schistosoma mansoni hatching rate for 88 St Lucian subjects selected by age, sex and intensity of infection. The hatching rate was dependent on the intensity of infection and rose proportionately with it. The rate also decreased with increasing age of the subject. Sex alone had no direct effect but there was a suggestion of an interaction between sex and age. These results suggest that several hatching tests are necessary, before and after treatment in schistosomicidal drug trials, to permit valid conclusions to be drawn. The hatching data are used in conjunction with survey results to calculate the contamination potential of different age groups in a population. School children (5-14 years old) are about twice as important as young adults (15-29 years old) who, nevertheless, contribute over a quarter of the total contamination potential. However, whereas school children are fairly accessible for mass chemotherapy control programmes, young adults often are not and, furthermore, involve problems associated with the treatment of women of child-bearing age.", "PMID": 1012745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_30", "title": "Eimeria tenella: experimental studies on the development of resistance to robenidine.", "content": "The development of resistance by the Houghton strain (H) of E. tenella to robenidine has been studied in the laboratory, by serially passaging the strain in chickens fed increasing concentrations of drug. Resistance to robenidine developed more readily in experiments using larger numbers of birds with higher numbers of oocysts in the inoculum. Both these factors increased the parasite population and increased the chance of selecting parasites resistant to the drug. E. tenella (H) was made resistant to 264 ppm robenidine and showed no cross-resistance to other anticoccidial agents. Resistance arose in a series of 'steps' as the concentration of drug was increased. E. tenella (H) was continuously passaged at concentrations ranging from 2 to 33 ppm of robenidine. After 16 passages, lines passaged at 2,4 and 8 ppm were not resistant to 33 ppm robenidine, suggesting that the degree of resistance developed was dependent upon the drug selection pressure.", "contents": "Eimeria tenella: experimental studies on the development of resistance to robenidine. The development of resistance by the Houghton strain (H) of E. tenella to robenidine has been studied in the laboratory, by serially passaging the strain in chickens fed increasing concentrations of drug. Resistance to robenidine developed more readily in experiments using larger numbers of birds with higher numbers of oocysts in the inoculum. Both these factors increased the parasite population and increased the chance of selecting parasites resistant to the drug. E. tenella (H) was made resistant to 264 ppm robenidine and showed no cross-resistance to other anticoccidial agents. Resistance arose in a series of 'steps' as the concentration of drug was increased. E. tenella (H) was continuously passaged at concentrations ranging from 2 to 33 ppm of robenidine. After 16 passages, lines passaged at 2,4 and 8 ppm were not resistant to 33 ppm robenidine, suggesting that the degree of resistance developed was dependent upon the drug selection pressure.", "PMID": 1012746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_31", "title": "Further studies on the use of chicken embryo infections for the study of drug resistance in Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Infections in the chicken embryo have been used to study the development of drug resistance in an embryo adapted strain of E. tenella. Resistance was developed to decoquinate, clopidol and robenidine by serially passaging this strain, but evidence for the development of resistance to amprolium was inconclusive. Resistance to decoquinate developed more readily than to the other drugs. Attempts to increase resistance to clopidol, robenidine and amprolium by increasing the sporozoite inoculum and by the use of a mutagenic agent were unsuccesful. No cross-resistance was found between the 4 drugs. Drug resistant lines of the Houghton strain (H) of E. tenella, made resistant to the 4 anticoccidial drugs by passage in chickens, were found to be resistant when evaluated using chicken embryo infections. Lines made resistant to decoquinate were not controlled by any concentration of this drug, suggesting that resistance, once developed, was absolute and not dependent on drug concentration. Lines made resistant to robenidine, clopidol and amprolium, however, were controlled by higher drug concentrations suggesting that in this case resistance was dependent on drug concentration.", "contents": "Further studies on the use of chicken embryo infections for the study of drug resistance in Eimeria tenella. Infections in the chicken embryo have been used to study the development of drug resistance in an embryo adapted strain of E. tenella. Resistance was developed to decoquinate, clopidol and robenidine by serially passaging this strain, but evidence for the development of resistance to amprolium was inconclusive. Resistance to decoquinate developed more readily than to the other drugs. Attempts to increase resistance to clopidol, robenidine and amprolium by increasing the sporozoite inoculum and by the use of a mutagenic agent were unsuccesful. No cross-resistance was found between the 4 drugs. Drug resistant lines of the Houghton strain (H) of E. tenella, made resistant to the 4 anticoccidial drugs by passage in chickens, were found to be resistant when evaluated using chicken embryo infections. Lines made resistant to decoquinate were not controlled by any concentration of this drug, suggesting that resistance, once developed, was absolute and not dependent on drug concentration. Lines made resistant to robenidine, clopidol and amprolium, however, were controlled by higher drug concentrations suggesting that in this case resistance was dependent on drug concentration.", "PMID": 1012747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_32", "title": "Laboratory studies with some older anticoccidials.", "content": "Features of the anticoccidial activity of nicarbazin, amprolium, zoalene, sulphadimidine, diaveridine, Darvisul, spiramycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline have been re-investigated both in vivo and in cell culture using Eimeria tenella. Of the drugs studied, only spiramycin was appreciably coccidiocidal, although nicarbazin and amprolium showed possibly slower coccidiocidal activity. In order to show activity against a particular stage in the life-cycle, higher concentrations of drug than those usually recommended for field usage had in most cases to be used. Under these conditions, parasites were usually inhibited as multinucleate 1st generation schizonts. With delayed medication, effects against 2nd generation parasites were in most cases found, and in many cases, although the parasites never matured to give viable merozoites, the large degenerating forms produced were able to cause extensive tissue destruction and haemorrhage. Methodology in this type of study is discussed in relation to more active and more recent anticoccidials, and some further experiments with robenidine reported.", "contents": "Laboratory studies with some older anticoccidials. Features of the anticoccidial activity of nicarbazin, amprolium, zoalene, sulphadimidine, diaveridine, Darvisul, spiramycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline have been re-investigated both in vivo and in cell culture using Eimeria tenella. Of the drugs studied, only spiramycin was appreciably coccidiocidal, although nicarbazin and amprolium showed possibly slower coccidiocidal activity. In order to show activity against a particular stage in the life-cycle, higher concentrations of drug than those usually recommended for field usage had in most cases to be used. Under these conditions, parasites were usually inhibited as multinucleate 1st generation schizonts. With delayed medication, effects against 2nd generation parasites were in most cases found, and in many cases, although the parasites never matured to give viable merozoites, the large degenerating forms produced were able to cause extensive tissue destruction and haemorrhage. Methodology in this type of study is discussed in relation to more active and more recent anticoccidials, and some further experiments with robenidine reported.", "PMID": 1012748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_33", "title": "Studies on site finding and site specificity of Eimeria praecox, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina in chickens.", "content": "Sporozoites of 3 species of Eimeria were introduced into the caecum of young chickens. E. praecox and E. maxima failed to develop in this site, but light infections of E. acervulina were detected. Infection of the small intestine with all 3 species occurred when sporozoites were introduced via the caecum. Infections were produced when mucosal scrapings of small intestine from birds, inoculated via the caecum 1-4 h previously, were inoculated orally to susceptible chickens. Experiments with 51Cr-labelled sporozoites of E. praecox introduced in the caecum, confirmed that small numbers of sporozoites are capable of migrating from the lower to the upper intestine. Sporozoites were not transferred with liver tissue from birds given sporozoites via the caecum but were transferred with the liver of chickens given sporozoites intraperitoneally.", "contents": "Studies on site finding and site specificity of Eimeria praecox, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina in chickens. Sporozoites of 3 species of Eimeria were introduced into the caecum of young chickens. E. praecox and E. maxima failed to develop in this site, but light infections of E. acervulina were detected. Infection of the small intestine with all 3 species occurred when sporozoites were introduced via the caecum. Infections were produced when mucosal scrapings of small intestine from birds, inoculated via the caecum 1-4 h previously, were inoculated orally to susceptible chickens. Experiments with 51Cr-labelled sporozoites of E. praecox introduced in the caecum, confirmed that small numbers of sporozoites are capable of migrating from the lower to the upper intestine. Sporozoites were not transferred with liver tissue from birds given sporozoites via the caecum but were transferred with the liver of chickens given sporozoites intraperitoneally.", "PMID": 1012749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_34", "title": "Some observations on the sexual differentiation of Eimeria tenella using single sporozoite infections in chicken embryos.", "content": "Unsporulated oocysts were recovered from the allantoic cavity of 5 chicken embryos inoculated with a single sporozoite of Eimeria tenella; some of these oocysts sporulated. Both macrogametes and microgametes are required for the formation of viable oocysts. The results conclusively demonstrate the bisexual nature of the sporozoite, suggest that sexual differentiation is influenced by environmental factors, and show that true clones of Eimeria can be established from individual sporozoites.", "contents": "Some observations on the sexual differentiation of Eimeria tenella using single sporozoite infections in chicken embryos. Unsporulated oocysts were recovered from the allantoic cavity of 5 chicken embryos inoculated with a single sporozoite of Eimeria tenella; some of these oocysts sporulated. Both macrogametes and microgametes are required for the formation of viable oocysts. The results conclusively demonstrate the bisexual nature of the sporozoite, suggest that sexual differentiation is influenced by environmental factors, and show that true clones of Eimeria can be established from individual sporozoites.", "PMID": 1012750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_35", "title": "The effect of moisture supply upon the development and hatching the eggs of Nematodirus battus.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of variations in humidity and osmotic pressure upon the development and hatching of the eggs of Nematodirus battus. It was found that no development or hatching took place unless there was free water available, though humidity effects could enhance the subsequent response of the eggs in water. Larvae were found to be very resistant to prolonged exposure to low humidity. The concentration of the hatching medium showed little effect upon development of eggs, though the rate of larval emergence was reduced as the concentration of the culture medium increased. The relevance of this information is discussed in the context of other requirements of the egg stages during their hatching phase and how this may affect the behaviour of this nematode under field conditions.", "contents": "The effect of moisture supply upon the development and hatching the eggs of Nematodirus battus. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of variations in humidity and osmotic pressure upon the development and hatching of the eggs of Nematodirus battus. It was found that no development or hatching took place unless there was free water available, though humidity effects could enhance the subsequent response of the eggs in water. Larvae were found to be very resistant to prolonged exposure to low humidity. The concentration of the hatching medium showed little effect upon development of eggs, though the rate of larval emergence was reduced as the concentration of the culture medium increased. The relevance of this information is discussed in the context of other requirements of the egg stages during their hatching phase and how this may affect the behaviour of this nematode under field conditions.", "PMID": 1012751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_36", "title": "Seasonal abundance of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus taken from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in a heated reservoir.", "content": "Samples of largemouth bass were collected from Par Pond located on the Energy Research and Development Administration's Savannah River Plant in Aiken, South Carolina, from June 1972 to May 1973 inclusive. The sampling stations reflected water temperatures which were both normal and greater than 10 degrees C above normal for the area. The acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus was the dominant species found in the bass sampled. Incidences of infection for this parasite were generally greater than 95% regardless of location. A pronounced seasonal cycling pattern in the intensity of infection was noted in both thermal regions. Significant differences, however, in the mean density of N. cylindratus per host in fish taken from the heated area as compared with unheated areas were noted. Turnover in the acanthocephalan population was measured by following the percentage of individuals less than 2 mm long. Fall proved to be the most intense parasite recruitment season, followed by maturation of parasite and subsequent loss from the fish host. The principal factors responsible for the seasonal incidence and intensity patterns are considered to be changes in the fish feeding behaviour and annual temperature regimes.", "contents": "Seasonal abundance of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus taken from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in a heated reservoir. Samples of largemouth bass were collected from Par Pond located on the Energy Research and Development Administration's Savannah River Plant in Aiken, South Carolina, from June 1972 to May 1973 inclusive. The sampling stations reflected water temperatures which were both normal and greater than 10 degrees C above normal for the area. The acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus was the dominant species found in the bass sampled. Incidences of infection for this parasite were generally greater than 95% regardless of location. A pronounced seasonal cycling pattern in the intensity of infection was noted in both thermal regions. Significant differences, however, in the mean density of N. cylindratus per host in fish taken from the heated area as compared with unheated areas were noted. Turnover in the acanthocephalan population was measured by following the percentage of individuals less than 2 mm long. Fall proved to be the most intense parasite recruitment season, followed by maturation of parasite and subsequent loss from the fish host. The principal factors responsible for the seasonal incidence and intensity patterns are considered to be changes in the fish feeding behaviour and annual temperature regimes.", "PMID": 1012752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_37", "title": "Parasitic helminths of the American avocet Recurvirostra americana: four new species of the families Hymenolepididae and Acoleidae (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidae).", "content": "Records are presented of 11 species of parasitic helminths recovered from 37 American avocets. Birds were collected in Kansas and Colorado from April 1973 to August 1974. Parsites found included 3 trematodes, 2 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalan and 5 cestodes, 4 of which are new species. Hymenolepis cervotestis sp.n. (Hymenolepididae) is described from the small intestine of 7 avocets. It exhibits extreme protandry with the testes appearing before external segmentation is evident. Sobolevicanthus coloradensis sp.n. (Hymenolepididae) is described from the small intestine of 4 avocets. This species is found to have its scolex embedded in the intesttinal mucosa of its host. Diorchis recurvirostrae sp.n. (Hymenolepididae) is described from specimens recovered from the small intestine of 5 avocets. Diplophallus coili sp.n. (Acoleidae) is described from the small intestine of all 37 avocets. The family Diploposthidae is suppressed and the family Acoleidae is emended to include the 4 genera previously placed in Diploposthidae. A key to the genera of Acoleidae is presented.", "contents": "Parasitic helminths of the American avocet Recurvirostra americana: four new species of the families Hymenolepididae and Acoleidae (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidae). Records are presented of 11 species of parasitic helminths recovered from 37 American avocets. Birds were collected in Kansas and Colorado from April 1973 to August 1974. Parsites found included 3 trematodes, 2 nematodes, 1 acanthocephalan and 5 cestodes, 4 of which are new species. Hymenolepis cervotestis sp.n. (Hymenolepididae) is described from the small intestine of 7 avocets. It exhibits extreme protandry with the testes appearing before external segmentation is evident. Sobolevicanthus coloradensis sp.n. (Hymenolepididae) is described from the small intestine of 4 avocets. This species is found to have its scolex embedded in the intesttinal mucosa of its host. Diorchis recurvirostrae sp.n. (Hymenolepididae) is described from specimens recovered from the small intestine of 5 avocets. Diplophallus coili sp.n. (Acoleidae) is described from the small intestine of all 37 avocets. The family Diploposthidae is suppressed and the family Acoleidae is emended to include the 4 genera previously placed in Diploposthidae. A key to the genera of Acoleidae is presented.", "PMID": 1012753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_38", "title": "Dynamic determinants of the route of larval Strongyloides ratti in lactating rats and the control of experimental error in quantitative studies of milk transmission of skin-penetrating roundworms.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of nursing mothers from day 16 to day 20 post partum with infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis does not result in the development of worms in the litters if 1 h is allowed between injection and resumed nursing and suckling is terminated 24 h later. Thus the low numbers of N. brasiliensis (1% of the dose) which develop in litters after 24 h, 4 day or 5 days suckling when mothers are injected and returned  to their young immediately, represent skin invasion and not milk-borne infection. Taking precautions consistent with the foregoing, S. ratti equivalent to 28%, 45%, 45% and 48% of the dose were shown to be transmitted in the milk to suckling rats of 4 mothers injected with 4000 L 3 on day 18 post partum and 72 h before weaning. One mother of the same batch failed to transmit worms (1% of the dose in the litter) and the take in all 5 mothers was insignificant (max. = 3% of the dose versus an average of 21% in controls). Large numbers of S. ratti were subsequently found in the intestines of mothers whose litters were weaned immediately after (21%) or 6 h after (16%) injection, whereas very few (less than 1%) developed in mothers deprived of their offspring 24 h after injection. Dynamic, rather than static, determinants of larval routes inside the host present the only logical basis for an explanation of these facts.", "contents": "Dynamic determinants of the route of larval Strongyloides ratti in lactating rats and the control of experimental error in quantitative studies of milk transmission of skin-penetrating roundworms. Subcutaneous injection of nursing mothers from day 16 to day 20 post partum with infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis does not result in the development of worms in the litters if 1 h is allowed between injection and resumed nursing and suckling is terminated 24 h later. Thus the low numbers of N. brasiliensis (1% of the dose) which develop in litters after 24 h, 4 day or 5 days suckling when mothers are injected and returned  to their young immediately, represent skin invasion and not milk-borne infection. Taking precautions consistent with the foregoing, S. ratti equivalent to 28%, 45%, 45% and 48% of the dose were shown to be transmitted in the milk to suckling rats of 4 mothers injected with 4000 L 3 on day 18 post partum and 72 h before weaning. One mother of the same batch failed to transmit worms (1% of the dose in the litter) and the take in all 5 mothers was insignificant (max. = 3% of the dose versus an average of 21% in controls). Large numbers of S. ratti were subsequently found in the intestines of mothers whose litters were weaned immediately after (21%) or 6 h after (16%) injection, whereas very few (less than 1%) developed in mothers deprived of their offspring 24 h after injection. Dynamic, rather than static, determinants of larval routes inside the host present the only logical basis for an explanation of these facts.", "PMID": 1012754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_39", "title": "Echinococcus granulosus: development in vitro from oncosphere to immature hydatid cyst.", "content": "Echinococcus granulosus cysts were cultured in vitro from the oncosphere, and cyst morphogenesis is described. Cysts grew to a mean diameter of 16 mm in 120 days, with a maximum of 20 mm. An amorphous layer was apparent around the larvae during early post-oncospheral re-organization. Organisms became vesicular at 6 days and laminations appeared in the amorphous layer at 10 days. Confluence of proliferating cells to form the syncytium of the germinal membrane was observed.", "contents": "Echinococcus granulosus: development in vitro from oncosphere to immature hydatid cyst. Echinococcus granulosus cysts were cultured in vitro from the oncosphere, and cyst morphogenesis is described. Cysts grew to a mean diameter of 16 mm in 120 days, with a maximum of 20 mm. An amorphous layer was apparent around the larvae during early post-oncospheral re-organization. Organisms became vesicular at 6 days and laminations appeared in the amorphous layer at 10 days. Confluence of proliferating cells to form the syncytium of the germinal membrane was observed.", "PMID": 1012755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_40", "title": "Persistent pneumatoceles associated with systemic leukocyte abnormalities.", "content": "Three patients with leucocyte related immune deficiency developed pneumatoceles during acute bacterial pneumonia. A fourth patient with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood developed persistent lung cysts following pulmonary abscesses. The pneumatoceles persisted without significant change for one year to five years. In 25 immunologically normal patients, pneumatoceles that were associated with acute bacterial pneumonia resolved in 3 weeks to 11 months. Perhaps alterations in leukocytic function and in local inflammatory response result in fibrotic cellular reaction and sequestration of parenchymal air collections, precluding their resorption.", "contents": "Persistent pneumatoceles associated with systemic leukocyte abnormalities. Three patients with leucocyte related immune deficiency developed pneumatoceles during acute bacterial pneumonia. A fourth patient with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood developed persistent lung cysts following pulmonary abscesses. The pneumatoceles persisted without significant change for one year to five years. In 25 immunologically normal patients, pneumatoceles that were associated with acute bacterial pneumonia resolved in 3 weeks to 11 months. Perhaps alterations in leukocytic function and in local inflammatory response result in fibrotic cellular reaction and sequestration of parenchymal air collections, precluding their resorption.", "PMID": 1012788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_41", "title": "Colonic granulometry in the malabsorption syndromes.", "content": "After transit through the small intestine barium enters the large intestine and its characteristics in that gut segment can be studied. The pattern of distribution of barium in the colon is always altered in patients with malabsorption syndromes. The physical basis for this alteration is analysed in a manner analagous to that used in soil mechanics. The dispersal of barium granules within the liquid-solid content of the colon is related to certain factors among which is the polarisation and electrical potential of barium particles. A technique using four radiographs which permits evaluation of barium dispersal in the colon - colonic granulometry - is described. Lastly, the authors point out the necessity of classical barium studies in identifying the rare anatomical anomalies that can be the starting point of a typical clinical coeliac syndrome.", "contents": "Colonic granulometry in the malabsorption syndromes. After transit through the small intestine barium enters the large intestine and its characteristics in that gut segment can be studied. The pattern of distribution of barium in the colon is always altered in patients with malabsorption syndromes. The physical basis for this alteration is analysed in a manner analagous to that used in soil mechanics. The dispersal of barium granules within the liquid-solid content of the colon is related to certain factors among which is the polarisation and electrical potential of barium particles. A technique using four radiographs which permits evaluation of barium dispersal in the colon - colonic granulometry - is described. Lastly, the authors point out the necessity of classical barium studies in identifying the rare anatomical anomalies that can be the starting point of a typical clinical coeliac syndrome.", "PMID": 1012789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_42", "title": "Pediatric abdominal angiography: practical guide to catheter selection, flow rates, and contrast dosage.", "content": "Abdominal angiography is an extremely valuable modality for the diagnosis of abdominal disease in infants and children. A practical guide to catheter selection, flow rates, and contrast dosage for abdominal angiography in the pediatric patient is presented.", "contents": "Pediatric abdominal angiography: practical guide to catheter selection, flow rates, and contrast dosage. Abdominal angiography is an extremely valuable modality for the diagnosis of abdominal disease in infants and children. A practical guide to catheter selection, flow rates, and contrast dosage for abdominal angiography in the pediatric patient is presented.", "PMID": 1012790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_43", "title": "Limb defects in the amniotic band syndrome.", "content": "The clinical and radiological findings seen in three babies born with characteristic limb defects are presented. These defects are thought to be due to intrauterine amniotic constricting bands rather than an endogenous developmental defect in the foetus. The theory of formation of bands is discussed.", "contents": "Limb defects in the amniotic band syndrome. The clinical and radiological findings seen in three babies born with characteristic limb defects are presented. These defects are thought to be due to intrauterine amniotic constricting bands rather than an endogenous developmental defect in the foetus. The theory of formation of bands is discussed.", "PMID": 1012791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_44", "title": "Roentgen findings in fractures of the vertebral column in childhood examination of 35 patients and its results.", "content": "In the past 10 years we examined 35 children with fractures of the spine. The most important cause was an injury by a fall from a tree or a climbing stage (23 cases). Traffic accidents or other direct trauma was the cause in 10 patients. Two children had tetanus, The ages of the children range from 2 to 12 years. Clinical symptoms may be diagnostic of vertebral trauma, but quite often symptoms are insignificant or atypical. We detected fractures in every vertebra of the thoracic and lumbar part of the spine. The greatest number of fractures was found between T4 and L2. The typical injury of the spine is a compression fracture of the vertebral body with a wedgeshaped deformity (111 vertebrae); fractures of the transverse processus of lumbar vertebrae were not frequent (10 vertebrae). Other parts of the vertebrae were not involved. The value of scintigraphy in case of doubtful roentgenologic finding is pointed out.", "contents": "Roentgen findings in fractures of the vertebral column in childhood examination of 35 patients and its results. In the past 10 years we examined 35 children with fractures of the spine. The most important cause was an injury by a fall from a tree or a climbing stage (23 cases). Traffic accidents or other direct trauma was the cause in 10 patients. Two children had tetanus, The ages of the children range from 2 to 12 years. Clinical symptoms may be diagnostic of vertebral trauma, but quite often symptoms are insignificant or atypical. We detected fractures in every vertebra of the thoracic and lumbar part of the spine. The greatest number of fractures was found between T4 and L2. The typical injury of the spine is a compression fracture of the vertebral body with a wedgeshaped deformity (111 vertebrae); fractures of the transverse processus of lumbar vertebrae were not frequent (10 vertebrae). Other parts of the vertebrae were not involved. The value of scintigraphy in case of doubtful roentgenologic finding is pointed out.", "PMID": 1012792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_45", "title": "Drug inducted bone changes in myositis ossificans progressiva.", "content": "Dermineralization and disorganized bone growth may result in children treated with diphosphonates.", "contents": "Drug inducted bone changes in myositis ossificans progressiva. Dermineralization and disorganized bone growth may result in children treated with diphosphonates.", "PMID": 1012793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_46", "title": "Perforated appendix presenting with disproportionate jejunal distention.", "content": "Six cases of perforated appendix are presented in whom there was disproportionate gas distention of the jejunum without other radiographic signs of appendicitis. This appearance tended to divert one's attention from the offending cause in the right lower abdomen.", "contents": "Perforated appendix presenting with disproportionate jejunal distention. Six cases of perforated appendix are presented in whom there was disproportionate gas distention of the jejunum without other radiographic signs of appendicitis. This appearance tended to divert one's attention from the offending cause in the right lower abdomen.", "PMID": 1012794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_47", "title": "Intracranial calcification mimicking the Sturge-Weber syndrome: a consequence of cerebral folic acid deficiency?", "content": "Cerebral cortical calcification identical to that of the Sturge-Weber syndrome was observed in two children. In one child the calcification appeared after intrathecal administration of methotrexate and skull irradiation because of leukemia involving the central nervous system. In the other child, who had coeliac disease and epilepsy, the calcification appeared after treatment with anticonvulsants. This treatment was also contributing to the development of profound megaloblastic anemia. The unspecificity of the Sturge-Weber calcification is stressed and the hypothesis is put forward that the calcification may be secondary to folic acid deficiency interfering with the matabolism in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Intracranial calcification mimicking the Sturge-Weber syndrome: a consequence of cerebral folic acid deficiency? Cerebral cortical calcification identical to that of the Sturge-Weber syndrome was observed in two children. In one child the calcification appeared after intrathecal administration of methotrexate and skull irradiation because of leukemia involving the central nervous system. In the other child, who had coeliac disease and epilepsy, the calcification appeared after treatment with anticonvulsants. This treatment was also contributing to the development of profound megaloblastic anemia. The unspecificity of the Sturge-Weber calcification is stressed and the hypothesis is put forward that the calcification may be secondary to folic acid deficiency interfering with the matabolism in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1012795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_48", "title": "Single bone involvement in congenital syphilis.", "content": "A case of congenital lues with single bone involvement is reported. Such a presentation of this disease can cause problems in diagnosis. This aspect of the case is discussed and the literature on the subject reviewed. The uniqueness of this case is emphasized for only two other such cases have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Single bone involvement in congenital syphilis. A case of congenital lues with single bone involvement is reported. Such a presentation of this disease can cause problems in diagnosis. This aspect of the case is discussed and the literature on the subject reviewed. The uniqueness of this case is emphasized for only two other such cases have been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1012796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_49", "title": "Hypophosphatasia. Review of 24 cases.", "content": "Radiographic analysis of 24 cases of hypophosphatasia (H) from 9 Paediatric Centres was performed. 3 cases were of neonatal (lethal), 18 cases of infantile (severe) and 3 cases of late (benign) type. Some of the patients were in reality borderline cases between these groups. In the authors' material all the patients showed radiographic signs of the disease. These were divided into diagnostic, characteristic and suggestive features. All of the patients had in common generalised (usually irregular) osteoporosis, generalised (usually irregular) metaphyseal changes, craniostenosis (13 of 18 infantile cases) or widened cranial sutures and ofter bowing of the long bones. Besides the well know radiographic features of hypophosphatasia some less well known, rare or 'new' ones such as, 1. spurs of the long bones (Bowdler sign), 2. distal femoral central metaphyseal defects and epiphyseal defects, 3. S-like deformities of the tibiae, 4. abnormal shape of the distal phalanges of the fingers, 5. multiple rib fractures and slender bones, 6. wedging of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae, 7. partial premature fusion of the epiphyses, 8. nephrocalcinosis, 9. loss of lamina dura around the teeth, 10. variation in radiographic appearances of a pair of siblings with lethal form, and, 11. rapid changes in roentgen appearances. are discussed. In two of our patients (siblings) phosphoethanolamine was undetectable in the urine. The authors doubt if a normal skeletal survey may be present at any stage in any of the three major types of hypophosphatasia.", "contents": "Hypophosphatasia. Review of 24 cases. Radiographic analysis of 24 cases of hypophosphatasia (H) from 9 Paediatric Centres was performed. 3 cases were of neonatal (lethal), 18 cases of infantile (severe) and 3 cases of late (benign) type. Some of the patients were in reality borderline cases between these groups. In the authors' material all the patients showed radiographic signs of the disease. These were divided into diagnostic, characteristic and suggestive features. All of the patients had in common generalised (usually irregular) osteoporosis, generalised (usually irregular) metaphyseal changes, craniostenosis (13 of 18 infantile cases) or widened cranial sutures and ofter bowing of the long bones. Besides the well know radiographic features of hypophosphatasia some less well known, rare or 'new' ones such as, 1. spurs of the long bones (Bowdler sign), 2. distal femoral central metaphyseal defects and epiphyseal defects, 3. S-like deformities of the tibiae, 4. abnormal shape of the distal phalanges of the fingers, 5. multiple rib fractures and slender bones, 6. wedging of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae, 7. partial premature fusion of the epiphyses, 8. nephrocalcinosis, 9. loss of lamina dura around the teeth, 10. variation in radiographic appearances of a pair of siblings with lethal form, and, 11. rapid changes in roentgen appearances. are discussed. In two of our patients (siblings) phosphoethanolamine was undetectable in the urine. The authors doubt if a normal skeletal survey may be present at any stage in any of the three major types of hypophosphatasia.", "PMID": 1012798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_50", "title": "Mediastinal teratoma confused with loculated pleural fluid.", "content": "A 3-year-old child is presented with a benign anterior mediastinal teratoma that was primarily located inferior to the left lung and confused with pleural fluid. The lesion was not apparent at 4 months ofage. Computerized axial tomography of the specimen clearly established the diagnosis. This procedure may be of value in selected patients with apparent pleural disease.", "contents": "Mediastinal teratoma confused with loculated pleural fluid. A 3-year-old child is presented with a benign anterior mediastinal teratoma that was primarily located inferior to the left lung and confused with pleural fluid. The lesion was not apparent at 4 months ofage. Computerized axial tomography of the specimen clearly established the diagnosis. This procedure may be of value in selected patients with apparent pleural disease.", "PMID": 1012799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_51", "title": "Long survival in thanatophoric dwarfism.", "content": "A case of thanatophoric dwarfism living for 10 weeks with minimal supportive care is presented. Although early death is usual, survival for months is compatible with the diagnosis.", "contents": "Long survival in thanatophoric dwarfism. A case of thanatophoric dwarfism living for 10 weeks with minimal supportive care is presented. Although early death is usual, survival for months is compatible with the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1012800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_52", "title": "Angiographic assessment of anomalous origin of the left coronary from the pulmonary artery in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Angiographic findings in five paediatric patients with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery are presented. An attempt is made to provide an angiographic rationale of some aspects of the pathophysiology and electrocardiography in this condition, and the vital importance of angiography in selecting the appropriate surgical approach is underlined.", "contents": "Angiographic assessment of anomalous origin of the left coronary from the pulmonary artery in infancy and childhood. Angiographic findings in five paediatric patients with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery are presented. An attempt is made to provide an angiographic rationale of some aspects of the pathophysiology and electrocardiography in this condition, and the vital importance of angiography in selecting the appropriate surgical approach is underlined.", "PMID": 1012801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_53", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in children: involvement of lung and pleura.", "content": "In 160 children with Hodgkin's disease, lung involvement was studied. In 14.4%, lung lesions were diagnosed at the first admission and an additional 7.5% of the patients developed lung lesions in the course of the disease. As a rule lung involvement was observed in advanced disease. It has been stated that there is no particular difference in the response to treatment in any particular type of lesion, spread either by contiguity of dissemination. Of all methods of treatment, combination chemotherapy (MOPP programme) showed the best results. In our series of children it was not possible to show any advantage to favour irradiation as against combination chemotherapy in the treatment of lung lesions.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in children: involvement of lung and pleura. In 160 children with Hodgkin's disease, lung involvement was studied. In 14.4%, lung lesions were diagnosed at the first admission and an additional 7.5% of the patients developed lung lesions in the course of the disease. As a rule lung involvement was observed in advanced disease. It has been stated that there is no particular difference in the response to treatment in any particular type of lesion, spread either by contiguity of dissemination. Of all methods of treatment, combination chemotherapy (MOPP programme) showed the best results. In our series of children it was not possible to show any advantage to favour irradiation as against combination chemotherapy in the treatment of lung lesions.", "PMID": 1012802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_54", "title": "Choledochal cysts: a clinical and radiological evaluation of 21 cases.", "content": "Choledochal cysts are predominantly a disease of children, the majority of which are female. The classical symptoms usually form part of a triad of jaundice, abdominal pain and a mass. The radiological features may be non specific and specific. Our experience of 21 cases with particular emphasis on the specific features which outline the cyst are presented.", "contents": "Choledochal cysts: a clinical and radiological evaluation of 21 cases. Choledochal cysts are predominantly a disease of children, the majority of which are female. The classical symptoms usually form part of a triad of jaundice, abdominal pain and a mass. The radiological features may be non specific and specific. Our experience of 21 cases with particular emphasis on the specific features which outline the cyst are presented.", "PMID": 1012803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_55", "title": "Segmental renal hypoplasia in childhood.", "content": "Radiological findings of segmental renal hypoplasia are reported, based on the observation of 6 children aged between 8 and 14. The leading clinical symptom is arterial hypertension. Urinary tract infection and proteinuria are additional common findings. Cases with bilateral disease often have renal failure. The intravenous urogram shows unilateral or bilateral small kidneys with segmental renal scarring and transverse lobulation. In the pathological areas the calyces are ectatic or clubbed and their infundibulum is elongated. Vesico-ureteral reflux is frequent. In angiography the lobulated segments appear hypovascular. Diagnosis was verified by histological examination.", "contents": "Segmental renal hypoplasia in childhood. Radiological findings of segmental renal hypoplasia are reported, based on the observation of 6 children aged between 8 and 14. The leading clinical symptom is arterial hypertension. Urinary tract infection and proteinuria are additional common findings. Cases with bilateral disease often have renal failure. The intravenous urogram shows unilateral or bilateral small kidneys with segmental renal scarring and transverse lobulation. In the pathological areas the calyces are ectatic or clubbed and their infundibulum is elongated. Vesico-ureteral reflux is frequent. In angiography the lobulated segments appear hypovascular. Diagnosis was verified by histological examination.", "PMID": 1012804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_56", "title": "Urinary tract diseases in adolescence: a radiological and clinical view.", "content": "A total of 2,003 adolescent in-patients aged 14-19 years were studied. Of these 801 (40 per cent) were found to have urinary tract disease. In 224 patients (28 per cent) a previously undetected urinary tract anomaly was diagnosed: this number including 59 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys. This is the first analysis showing such a high frequency of urinary tract anomalies in clinical and radiological investigations during the period of adolescence. Of particular importance are minor anomalies, in so far as these are responsible for disorders to the flow of urine. It is thought that urinary tract anomalies manifest themselves in adolescence because of increased stress and a different pattern of life, as compared with that in the preceding era of childhood. The present paper shows the cardinal importance of radiological examination and of the radiologist's role in evaluating the dynamics of the process and the prognosis of the disease and, in helping to assess the future potential for physical stress in either work or sport.", "contents": "Urinary tract diseases in adolescence: a radiological and clinical view. A total of 2,003 adolescent in-patients aged 14-19 years were studied. Of these 801 (40 per cent) were found to have urinary tract disease. In 224 patients (28 per cent) a previously undetected urinary tract anomaly was diagnosed: this number including 59 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys. This is the first analysis showing such a high frequency of urinary tract anomalies in clinical and radiological investigations during the period of adolescence. Of particular importance are minor anomalies, in so far as these are responsible for disorders to the flow of urine. It is thought that urinary tract anomalies manifest themselves in adolescence because of increased stress and a different pattern of life, as compared with that in the preceding era of childhood. The present paper shows the cardinal importance of radiological examination and of the radiologist's role in evaluating the dynamics of the process and the prognosis of the disease and, in helping to assess the future potential for physical stress in either work or sport.", "PMID": 1012805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_57", "title": "Hemihypertrophy in a boy with renal polycystic disease: varied patterns of presentation of renal polycystic disease in his family.", "content": "Hemihypertrophy is a condition that has been described in association with a variety of other malformations and diseases; quite often these have had a renal origin. -It is the purpose of this paper to record and discuss the occurrence of polycystic disease in a family, to note that the disease was manifest as either the \"adult\" or the \"infantile\" form, and detail the fact that one member of the family who had infantile type polycystic disease also had hemihypertrophy. -The pattern of inheritance of renal polycystic disease, its age at presentation and the variation in the boy of its manifestation with the passage of time are discussed. The need for caution in offering a prognosis and genetic counselling is stressed.", "contents": "Hemihypertrophy in a boy with renal polycystic disease: varied patterns of presentation of renal polycystic disease in his family. Hemihypertrophy is a condition that has been described in association with a variety of other malformations and diseases; quite often these have had a renal origin. -It is the purpose of this paper to record and discuss the occurrence of polycystic disease in a family, to note that the disease was manifest as either the \"adult\" or the \"infantile\" form, and detail the fact that one member of the family who had infantile type polycystic disease also had hemihypertrophy. -The pattern of inheritance of renal polycystic disease, its age at presentation and the variation in the boy of its manifestation with the passage of time are discussed. The need for caution in offering a prognosis and genetic counselling is stressed.", "PMID": 1012806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_58", "title": "Performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic delinquent girls on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement.", "content": "MMPI classification of 9 delinquent girls as psychopathic or not did not distinguish their KTSA performance as hypothesized.", "contents": "Performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic delinquent girls on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement. MMPI classification of 9 delinquent girls as psychopathic or not did not distinguish their KTSA performance as hypothesized.", "PMID": 1012855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_59", "title": "Analysis of superiority of the right visual field in bilateral tachistoscopic word-recognition.", "content": "McKeever and Huling questioned procedures in experiments on lateral differences in the recognition of horizontally oriented multi-letter stimuli, tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally. They effected three major changes in this method and found superior scores for material in the right than left visual field, a result in the opposite direction of prior findings. Ideas from directional scanning and cerebral dominance accounts of lateral asymmetries suggest that McKeever and Huling's methodological innovations produced their result. Directional scanning notions indicate that horizontal targets impede measures of differences in processing skills of the cerebral hemispheres. These obstacles can be overcome by exposing vertically oriented targets.", "contents": "Analysis of superiority of the right visual field in bilateral tachistoscopic word-recognition. McKeever and Huling questioned procedures in experiments on lateral differences in the recognition of horizontally oriented multi-letter stimuli, tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally. They effected three major changes in this method and found superior scores for material in the right than left visual field, a result in the opposite direction of prior findings. Ideas from directional scanning and cerebral dominance accounts of lateral asymmetries suggest that McKeever and Huling's methodological innovations produced their result. Directional scanning notions indicate that horizontal targets impede measures of differences in processing skills of the cerebral hemispheres. These obstacles can be overcome by exposing vertically oriented targets.", "PMID": 1012856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_60", "title": "Arousal and cognition: word arousal and visual search.", "content": "The influence of target-word affective properties on information processing time in a high speed visual-search task was studied. The 24 words were embedded in random-letter matrices, with one word per matrix. Subjects (5 male, 5 female) were tested. Words extreme on emotionality (positive vs negative affect) yielded significantly longer latencies than neutral words. The results were discussed in the light of related list-learning and problem-solving research.", "contents": "Arousal and cognition: word arousal and visual search. The influence of target-word affective properties on information processing time in a high speed visual-search task was studied. The 24 words were embedded in random-letter matrices, with one word per matrix. Subjects (5 male, 5 female) were tested. Words extreme on emotionality (positive vs negative affect) yielded significantly longer latencies than neutral words. The results were discussed in the light of related list-learning and problem-solving research.", "PMID": 1012857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_61", "title": "Judged attractiveness in recognition memory of women's faces.", "content": "A series of 35 3 1/2 X 2 1/2-in., full-face photographs of female undergraduates were used as stimuli. Each subject rated the randomly presented photographs into high, medium, and low attractiveness and 2 hr. later subjects recognized photographs they judged most and least attractive significantly better than the more \"neutral\" faces when all were mixed with 10 previously unused control stimuli. Arousal and \"distinctive cues\" were discussed as possible explanations for the improved memory associated with attractive and unattractive faces.", "contents": "Judged attractiveness in recognition memory of women's faces. A series of 35 3 1/2 X 2 1/2-in., full-face photographs of female undergraduates were used as stimuli. Each subject rated the randomly presented photographs into high, medium, and low attractiveness and 2 hr. later subjects recognized photographs they judged most and least attractive significantly better than the more \"neutral\" faces when all were mixed with 10 previously unused control stimuli. Arousal and \"distinctive cues\" were discussed as possible explanations for the improved memory associated with attractive and unattractive faces.", "PMID": 1012858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_62", "title": "Behavioral analysis of clinical judgment.", "content": "Research on clinical judgment has produced conflicting information about effects of training on predictive accuracy, effects of the information available to the clinician, the correlates of accurate judgment, as well as the stability of such judgments. Such conflicting findings are largely related to lack of an adequate methodology. The present study examined the accuracy of judges making longitudinal clinical judgments with systematic increments in available information. Six judges, two non-experienced first-year graduate students in psychology, two medium-experienced practicum students, and two advanced interns, were asked to make discriminations between test protocols belonging to men convicted of first and second degree murder and men convicted of crimes against property. A discriminant function analysis classified 83% of these protocols accurately. Levels of information were increased in four phases. Most of the judges discriminated at a 50% accuracy level. No substantial increment in accuracy across phases was found. Judges of low accuracy discriminated best with the addition of the statistical findings. Daily judgments remained stable within the guessing range.", "contents": "Behavioral analysis of clinical judgment. Research on clinical judgment has produced conflicting information about effects of training on predictive accuracy, effects of the information available to the clinician, the correlates of accurate judgment, as well as the stability of such judgments. Such conflicting findings are largely related to lack of an adequate methodology. The present study examined the accuracy of judges making longitudinal clinical judgments with systematic increments in available information. Six judges, two non-experienced first-year graduate students in psychology, two medium-experienced practicum students, and two advanced interns, were asked to make discriminations between test protocols belonging to men convicted of first and second degree murder and men convicted of crimes against property. A discriminant function analysis classified 83% of these protocols accurately. Levels of information were increased in four phases. Most of the judges discriminated at a 50% accuracy level. No substantial increment in accuracy across phases was found. Judges of low accuracy discriminated best with the addition of the statistical findings. Daily judgments remained stable within the guessing range.", "PMID": 1012859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_63", "title": "Cognitive style, hemispheric specialization, and tested abilities of transsexuals and nontranssexuals.", "content": "Tests on which the 12 males and the 8 male transsexuals differed significantly and might be useful to clinicians for differentiation were the Embedded-figures Test, the Porteus Mazes, and the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test. Sex differences emerged on the Embedded-figures Test and the first half of the dexterity test. There were no significant differences between 12 males and 14 females or males and 8 transsexuals on conjugate lateral eye movement, eye dominance, Digit Span, and Digit Symbol. Embedded-figures Test appears to tap some aspect of gender identity (males with female identities respond like females) while the first half of the O'Connor taps a biologically determined sex difference (males respond alike whether they have male or female identities).", "contents": "Cognitive style, hemispheric specialization, and tested abilities of transsexuals and nontranssexuals. Tests on which the 12 males and the 8 male transsexuals differed significantly and might be useful to clinicians for differentiation were the Embedded-figures Test, the Porteus Mazes, and the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test. Sex differences emerged on the Embedded-figures Test and the first half of the dexterity test. There were no significant differences between 12 males and 14 females or males and 8 transsexuals on conjugate lateral eye movement, eye dominance, Digit Span, and Digit Symbol. Embedded-figures Test appears to tap some aspect of gender identity (males with female identities respond like females) while the first half of the O'Connor taps a biologically determined sex difference (males respond alike whether they have male or female identities).", "PMID": 1012860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_64", "title": "Control of fingertip temperature increases via biofeedback in learning-disabled and normal children.", "content": "Although considerable research has been done with biofeedback in adults, little is known of its effect in children of different ages or those with learning disabilities. This study assessed the effects of thermal biofeedback in 60 children (40 boys, 20 girls) aged 7 to 9 yr. (Mage 8-6) half of whom were learning-disabled and half, normal children matched for age, sex, grade, race, socioeconomic status, and IQ. Training consisted on one 15-min. period daily for five days with three trials per period. Children (16 learning-disabled, 16 normals) received consistent reinforcement for digital temperature increases while 28 children (14 learning-disabled, 14 normals) received mixed reinforcement after Day 1, on which all children were consistently reinforced to yield a performance baseline. Feedback was provided by a variable intensity light and toy electric train. Learning was demonstrated only for the consistently reinforced group, which performed almost twice as well as those receiving mixed reinforcement. Learning-disabled children learned thermal control even better than normals, explained in terms of biofeedback reinforcing an internal steady state conducive to learning. Younger children did better than older children, and girls did somewhat better than boys. Post-training improvement in figure-ground discrimination and intersensory-integration was linked with performance and learning, respectively.", "contents": "Control of fingertip temperature increases via biofeedback in learning-disabled and normal children. Although considerable research has been done with biofeedback in adults, little is known of its effect in children of different ages or those with learning disabilities. This study assessed the effects of thermal biofeedback in 60 children (40 boys, 20 girls) aged 7 to 9 yr. (Mage 8-6) half of whom were learning-disabled and half, normal children matched for age, sex, grade, race, socioeconomic status, and IQ. Training consisted on one 15-min. period daily for five days with three trials per period. Children (16 learning-disabled, 16 normals) received consistent reinforcement for digital temperature increases while 28 children (14 learning-disabled, 14 normals) received mixed reinforcement after Day 1, on which all children were consistently reinforced to yield a performance baseline. Feedback was provided by a variable intensity light and toy electric train. Learning was demonstrated only for the consistently reinforced group, which performed almost twice as well as those receiving mixed reinforcement. Learning-disabled children learned thermal control even better than normals, explained in terms of biofeedback reinforcing an internal steady state conducive to learning. Younger children did better than older children, and girls did somewhat better than boys. Post-training improvement in figure-ground discrimination and intersensory-integration was linked with performance and learning, respectively.", "PMID": 1012861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_65", "title": "Interrelationships of perceptual modality, short-term memory and reading achievement.", "content": "Visual and auditory components of short-term memory and perception were used as predictors of vocabulary and comprehension components of reading for 72 children from Grades 2 to 5 in a low socio-economic rural school. All six variables were significantly intercorrelated (with the exception of visual short-term memory and auditory perception). When canonical correlation analysis was applied using the four scores measuring short-term memory and perception as predictors of the two reading scores, one was significant, and each variable made a significant contribution. Not only are short-term memory and perception a part of learning to read but both visual and auditory channels are important.", "contents": "Interrelationships of perceptual modality, short-term memory and reading achievement. Visual and auditory components of short-term memory and perception were used as predictors of vocabulary and comprehension components of reading for 72 children from Grades 2 to 5 in a low socio-economic rural school. All six variables were significantly intercorrelated (with the exception of visual short-term memory and auditory perception). When canonical correlation analysis was applied using the four scores measuring short-term memory and perception as predictors of the two reading scores, one was significant, and each variable made a significant contribution. Not only are short-term memory and perception a part of learning to read but both visual and auditory channels are important.", "PMID": 1012863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_66", "title": "Temporal patterns of drug use - a pilot study.", "content": "Examination of pilot data for classes of drugs showed significant coefficients of concordance for ranked times of most common to least common use. Marijuana, psychedelics, and amphetamines were used most commonly from 6 to 10 p.m., coincidental with temporal patterns for viewing television suggests recreational use. Use times for caffeine were completely different.", "contents": "Temporal patterns of drug use - a pilot study. Examination of pilot data for classes of drugs showed significant coefficients of concordance for ranked times of most common to least common use. Marijuana, psychedelics, and amphetamines were used most commonly from 6 to 10 p.m., coincidental with temporal patterns for viewing television suggests recreational use. Use times for caffeine were completely different.", "PMID": 1012864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_67", "title": "Multivariate comparison of Howes' and Weisenburg and McBride's models of aphasia on the neurosensory center comprehensive examination.", "content": "The verbal production of 57 aphasic patients was rated and used to assign these patients into two sets of groups reflecting Howes' and Weisenburg and McBride's models of aphasia. Test scores covering a broad range of communication skills and modalities were compared between these groups to examine the assumption that salient features of verbal production could be used to establish groups which would show significant differences on other important linguistic variables. Neither Howes' nor Weisenburg and McBride's model provided groups showing significant multivariate differences. It was suggested that these models be improved by expanding them to include other important psycholinguistic components of language skills. Since these models did not account for significant between group differences, caution was suggested in using these models for assessment or treatment purposes.", "contents": "Multivariate comparison of Howes' and Weisenburg and McBride's models of aphasia on the neurosensory center comprehensive examination. The verbal production of 57 aphasic patients was rated and used to assign these patients into two sets of groups reflecting Howes' and Weisenburg and McBride's models of aphasia. Test scores covering a broad range of communication skills and modalities were compared between these groups to examine the assumption that salient features of verbal production could be used to establish groups which would show significant differences on other important linguistic variables. Neither Howes' nor Weisenburg and McBride's model provided groups showing significant multivariate differences. It was suggested that these models be improved by expanding them to include other important psycholinguistic components of language skills. Since these models did not account for significant between group differences, caution was suggested in using these models for assessment or treatment purposes.", "PMID": 1012865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_68", "title": "Interpersonal touch in high school relative to sex and race.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases from kindergarten through junior high. In the present study 1154 pairs of high school students were observed in school cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with body parts used to touch and touched. High school students were observed to segregate themselves by race and sex as did the primary and junior high students in the earlier studies. Touch was not less probable than that observed in younger students. Cross-sex touch was not more frequent as had been predicted. Touch was highest among black students. An increase in aggressive touch seen in female junior high students was not observed in the present study.", "contents": "Interpersonal touch in high school relative to sex and race. Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases from kindergarten through junior high. In the present study 1154 pairs of high school students were observed in school cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with body parts used to touch and touched. High school students were observed to segregate themselves by race and sex as did the primary and junior high students in the earlier studies. Touch was not less probable than that observed in younger students. Cross-sex touch was not more frequent as had been predicted. Touch was highest among black students. An increase in aggressive touch seen in female junior high students was not observed in the present study.", "PMID": 1012866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_69", "title": "Validation of social self-esteem and an experimental index of delinquent behavior.", "content": "30 male adolescents were administered a checklist of their delinquent behavior and the measure of social self-esteem designed by Ziller, Hagey, Smith, and Long (1969). A Pearson correlation of --.26 was found between self-esteem and scores on the delinquent behavior checklist. At a later session 18 of the subjects were assigned a puzzle-solving task which served as a measure of cheating. A significant relation between cheating scores and self-reported delinquent behavior indicated that the puzzle-solving task may be useful for measuring level of delinquency in an experimental setting.", "contents": "Validation of social self-esteem and an experimental index of delinquent behavior. 30 male adolescents were administered a checklist of their delinquent behavior and the measure of social self-esteem designed by Ziller, Hagey, Smith, and Long (1969). A Pearson correlation of --.26 was found between self-esteem and scores on the delinquent behavior checklist. At a later session 18 of the subjects were assigned a puzzle-solving task which served as a measure of cheating. A significant relation between cheating scores and self-reported delinquent behavior indicated that the puzzle-solving task may be useful for measuring level of delinquency in an experimental setting.", "PMID": 1012867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_70", "title": "Relation of general activity in rats to environmental temperature.", "content": "The relation between ambient temperature and amount and pattern of wheel running was examined in four experiments, with a total of 88 adult male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, under conditions of 12-hr. light/12-hr. dark. While lowering of temperature from baseline of 21--25 degrees C to 4--7 degrees C most typically led to increased running, consistently reduced running characterized a substantial number of individuals, especially those with relatively high baseline scores. When comparison trials were run at 27 degrees C, reduced activity was recorded for virtually all subjects. As temperature was elevated above 27 degrees C, however, there was in most cases an upturn. At 34 degrees C, 24-hr. running scores tended to exceed baseline level for about half the animals, and running during the light 12 hr. of the day was above baseline for virtually all. Analysis of the temporal distribution suggests that the thermoregulatory reduction of activity, readily demonstrated at the moderately warm temperature, is complicated by efforts to escape as the environment becomes aversively hot. Failure of previous investigators to observe this is attributable in part to apparatus and recording differences. It is speculated that the pattern of response to extreme temperatures is closely related to the circadian fluctuation of internal temperature.", "contents": "Relation of general activity in rats to environmental temperature. The relation between ambient temperature and amount and pattern of wheel running was examined in four experiments, with a total of 88 adult male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, under conditions of 12-hr. light/12-hr. dark. While lowering of temperature from baseline of 21--25 degrees C to 4--7 degrees C most typically led to increased running, consistently reduced running characterized a substantial number of individuals, especially those with relatively high baseline scores. When comparison trials were run at 27 degrees C, reduced activity was recorded for virtually all subjects. As temperature was elevated above 27 degrees C, however, there was in most cases an upturn. At 34 degrees C, 24-hr. running scores tended to exceed baseline level for about half the animals, and running during the light 12 hr. of the day was above baseline for virtually all. Analysis of the temporal distribution suggests that the thermoregulatory reduction of activity, readily demonstrated at the moderately warm temperature, is complicated by efforts to escape as the environment becomes aversively hot. Failure of previous investigators to observe this is attributable in part to apparatus and recording differences. It is speculated that the pattern of response to extreme temperatures is closely related to the circadian fluctuation of internal temperature.", "PMID": 1012868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_71", "title": "Social reinforcement in block design performance by brain-damaged, emotionally disturbed, and non-disturbed retardates.", "content": "48 retarded adults, equally divided by sex in three diagnostic categories (brain-damaged, nondamaged disturbed, and nondamaged-nondisturbed) were assigned to posttest reinforcement or control conditions on the basis of CA, IQ, and pretest performance on the Block Design. Reinforced subjects were praised for each individual correct block placement on the posttrest; control subjects repeated the test without reinforcement. Both brain-damaged and non-damaged-nondisturbed subjects showed accuracy gains under reinforcement, while nondamaged-disturbed subjects decreased in accuracy. Failure to replicate previous differential reinforcement effects with brain-damaged and nondamaged-nondisturbed subjects, and the discrepant reinforcement effect on nondamaged-disturbed subjects, did not support the use of reinforcement of performance on the Block Design test as an aid in detecting organic damage.", "contents": "Social reinforcement in block design performance by brain-damaged, emotionally disturbed, and non-disturbed retardates. 48 retarded adults, equally divided by sex in three diagnostic categories (brain-damaged, nondamaged disturbed, and nondamaged-nondisturbed) were assigned to posttest reinforcement or control conditions on the basis of CA, IQ, and pretest performance on the Block Design. Reinforced subjects were praised for each individual correct block placement on the posttrest; control subjects repeated the test without reinforcement. Both brain-damaged and non-damaged-nondisturbed subjects showed accuracy gains under reinforcement, while nondamaged-disturbed subjects decreased in accuracy. Failure to replicate previous differential reinforcement effects with brain-damaged and nondamaged-nondisturbed subjects, and the discrepant reinforcement effect on nondamaged-disturbed subjects, did not support the use of reinforcement of performance on the Block Design test as an aid in detecting organic damage.", "PMID": 1012869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_72", "title": "Effects of ethanol and tobacco on time judgment.", "content": "To determine the effects of the joint administration of tobacco and ethanol on short-interval time production and to search for differences between the ascending, the peak and the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve, two groups of 6 male subjects were tested on intervals of 1.5, 4.0 and 9.0 sec. Ethanol at 0.06% and 0.08% blood alcohol significantly lengthened the scores and one cigarette produced lower scores. The relationship between level of blood alcohol and time scores reversed in the latter part of the test session. The results are discussed in terms of effects of drugs on arousal systems.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol and tobacco on time judgment. To determine the effects of the joint administration of tobacco and ethanol on short-interval time production and to search for differences between the ascending, the peak and the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve, two groups of 6 male subjects were tested on intervals of 1.5, 4.0 and 9.0 sec. Ethanol at 0.06% and 0.08% blood alcohol significantly lengthened the scores and one cigarette produced lower scores. The relationship between level of blood alcohol and time scores reversed in the latter part of the test session. The results are discussed in terms of effects of drugs on arousal systems.", "PMID": 1012871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_73", "title": "Selected visual abilities of college football players.", "content": "Relationships between visual abilities and athletic performance have been examined but reported findings are inconclusive and inconsistent. Data were collected from 40 volunteer college football players on horizontal peripheral vision, vertical peripheral vision, depth perception, and visual disembedding. No differences were found between varsity and junior varsity football players, indicating that relatively more successful players are not characterized by greater visual perception attributes.", "contents": "Selected visual abilities of college football players. Relationships between visual abilities and athletic performance have been examined but reported findings are inconclusive and inconsistent. Data were collected from 40 volunteer college football players on horizontal peripheral vision, vertical peripheral vision, depth perception, and visual disembedding. No differences were found between varsity and junior varsity football players, indicating that relatively more successful players are not characterized by greater visual perception attributes.", "PMID": 1012872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_74", "title": "The construct validity of aniseikonic lens measures of anxiety.", "content": "The construct validity of aniseikonic lens measures of anxiety as a personality trait and of anxiety toward objects was examined in an experimental setting. No evidence of convergent construct validity was found for aniseikonic measures of anxiety as a personality trait. The validity of such measures as indices of anxiety toward objects was also questioned. The findings suggested that familiarity with the object viewed, rather than anxiety, may be the underlying dimension tapped by such measures of ability to perceive aniseikonic distortion.", "contents": "The construct validity of aniseikonic lens measures of anxiety. The construct validity of aniseikonic lens measures of anxiety as a personality trait and of anxiety toward objects was examined in an experimental setting. No evidence of convergent construct validity was found for aniseikonic measures of anxiety as a personality trait. The validity of such measures as indices of anxiety toward objects was also questioned. The findings suggested that familiarity with the object viewed, rather than anxiety, may be the underlying dimension tapped by such measures of ability to perceive aniseikonic distortion.", "PMID": 1012873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_75", "title": "Personality self-perceptions of male heart patients and their wives: issues of congruence and \"coronary personality\".", "content": "This study examines personality self-ratings of 283 married men who had recently experienced a first myocardial infarction and who previously had been free from major disease. Similar data were collected from their \"non-cardiac\" wives. Results indicated that several traits often identified as descriptive of \"coronary-prone\" personality had high mean ratings in both husband and wife populations. In addition, factor analysis revealed a similar pattern of factors in each group. However, inspection of correlations showed for individual items, men with so-called \"coronary-prone\" personality traits did not generally have wives with these traits. Husbands and wives tended to agree regarding each other's personality self-ratings. Implications of these husband-wife data are discussed in regard to questions on the role of \"coronary-prone\" personality in heart disease.", "contents": "Personality self-perceptions of male heart patients and their wives: issues of congruence and \"coronary personality\". This study examines personality self-ratings of 283 married men who had recently experienced a first myocardial infarction and who previously had been free from major disease. Similar data were collected from their \"non-cardiac\" wives. Results indicated that several traits often identified as descriptive of \"coronary-prone\" personality had high mean ratings in both husband and wife populations. In addition, factor analysis revealed a similar pattern of factors in each group. However, inspection of correlations showed for individual items, men with so-called \"coronary-prone\" personality traits did not generally have wives with these traits. Husbands and wives tended to agree regarding each other's personality self-ratings. Implications of these husband-wife data are discussed in regard to questions on the role of \"coronary-prone\" personality in heart disease.", "PMID": 1012874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_76", "title": "Effects of nursing apparel upon psychiatric inpatients' behavior.", "content": "To examine the effects of three modes of nursing attire on the behaviors, e.g., aggressive behavior, leaving the unit against medical advice, of psychiatric inpatients, nurses were clad in white uniforms for 6 wk., then in street clothes for 6 wk., optional dress for 6 wk., street clothes for 3 wk., white uniforms for 3 wk., and optional dress for 3 wk. Data from each mode were combined, yielding three experimental conditions. Results showed the greatest rates of maladaptive behaviors occurred during the white uniforms condition followed by the optional and street clothes conditions, respectively. An explanation of this outcome based upon patient's expectations was presented.", "contents": "Effects of nursing apparel upon psychiatric inpatients' behavior. To examine the effects of three modes of nursing attire on the behaviors, e.g., aggressive behavior, leaving the unit against medical advice, of psychiatric inpatients, nurses were clad in white uniforms for 6 wk., then in street clothes for 6 wk., optional dress for 6 wk., street clothes for 3 wk., white uniforms for 3 wk., and optional dress for 3 wk. Data from each mode were combined, yielding three experimental conditions. Results showed the greatest rates of maladaptive behaviors occurred during the white uniforms condition followed by the optional and street clothes conditions, respectively. An explanation of this outcome based upon patient's expectations was presented.", "PMID": 1012875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_77", "title": "Assessment of conceptual deficits in brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Five concept-formation scores for 20 brain-damaged and 20 schizophrenic inpatients were factor analyzed, along with WAIS Vocabulary and Block Design. One factor emerged from this analysis, suggesting that these concept-formation tests do not measure an ability which is greatly different from general intelligence when administered to patients of the type studied. None of the single concept-formation scores discriminated between the brain-damaged and schizophrenic groups independently of general intellectual level, although an exploratory analysis of the subtests of the Halstead Category Test indicated that differential performance on Subtest IV versus Subtest V produced valid criterion variance beyond that attributable to Vocabulary and Block Design alone. The findings were discussed in terms both of the factors underlying the performance of the present subjects versus those from different patient populations, and the need for refining ability-oriented diagnostic strategies when studying impaired patients who do not manifest highly specific psychological deficits on standard clinical tests yielding single scores.", "contents": "Assessment of conceptual deficits in brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients. Five concept-formation scores for 20 brain-damaged and 20 schizophrenic inpatients were factor analyzed, along with WAIS Vocabulary and Block Design. One factor emerged from this analysis, suggesting that these concept-formation tests do not measure an ability which is greatly different from general intelligence when administered to patients of the type studied. None of the single concept-formation scores discriminated between the brain-damaged and schizophrenic groups independently of general intellectual level, although an exploratory analysis of the subtests of the Halstead Category Test indicated that differential performance on Subtest IV versus Subtest V produced valid criterion variance beyond that attributable to Vocabulary and Block Design alone. The findings were discussed in terms both of the factors underlying the performance of the present subjects versus those from different patient populations, and the need for refining ability-oriented diagnostic strategies when studying impaired patients who do not manifest highly specific psychological deficits on standard clinical tests yielding single scores.", "PMID": 1012876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_78", "title": "Inhibitory effect of unilateral contraction on the contralateral arm.", "content": "Electromyograms of the triceps and biceps brachii of both arms of 6 subjects were recorded in reaction trials to flashing stimulus. Rapid voluntary elbow extension was immediately preceded by a silent period of the unexercised contralateral agonist (contralateral agonist silent period). Since this silent period was not accompanied by a contralateral antagonist contraction, the contralateral agonist silent period was not attributable to reciprocal inhibition in the spinal levels.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of unilateral contraction on the contralateral arm. Electromyograms of the triceps and biceps brachii of both arms of 6 subjects were recorded in reaction trials to flashing stimulus. Rapid voluntary elbow extension was immediately preceded by a silent period of the unexercised contralateral agonist (contralateral agonist silent period). Since this silent period was not accompanied by a contralateral antagonist contraction, the contralateral agonist silent period was not attributable to reciprocal inhibition in the spinal levels.", "PMID": 1012877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_79", "title": "Visual acuity at hyperbaric air pressure.", "content": "The visual acuity of five divers in a dry pressure chamber was measured with a Landolt C test. Only one of them showed a significant reduction at 7.0 atm. These results contrast sharply with open sea experiments, which show a considerable reduction at much lower pressures (Baddeley, 1968). It is suggested that besides stresses, luminance differences, also turbidity, as a function of depth may account for the discrepancy.", "contents": "Visual acuity at hyperbaric air pressure. The visual acuity of five divers in a dry pressure chamber was measured with a Landolt C test. Only one of them showed a significant reduction at 7.0 atm. These results contrast sharply with open sea experiments, which show a considerable reduction at much lower pressures (Baddeley, 1968). It is suggested that besides stresses, luminance differences, also turbidity, as a function of depth may account for the discrepancy.", "PMID": 1012878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_80", "title": "Retention of learned temperature changes during problem solving.", "content": "In 2 studies (ns = 10, 9) college students were trained using biofeedback to lower or to raise finger temperature. Successful subjects were then asked to do distracting intellectual tasks, while simultaneously retaining the learned temperature changes. Results indicated that these changes could be maintained without detectable decreases in problem-solving efficiency in terms of either time or number of errors. These findings suggested that it might be possible for subjects to function efficiently outside the laboratory in their everyday activities while simultaneously exercising voluntary control over some autonomic processes.", "contents": "Retention of learned temperature changes during problem solving. In 2 studies (ns = 10, 9) college students were trained using biofeedback to lower or to raise finger temperature. Successful subjects were then asked to do distracting intellectual tasks, while simultaneously retaining the learned temperature changes. Results indicated that these changes could be maintained without detectable decreases in problem-solving efficiency in terms of either time or number of errors. These findings suggested that it might be possible for subjects to function efficiently outside the laboratory in their everyday activities while simultaneously exercising voluntary control over some autonomic processes.", "PMID": 1012880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_81", "title": "Extraordinary experiences during cross-modal perception.", "content": "9 Ss were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which Ss experienced harmony between the taste and the sound were determined. At the pitch of harmony Ss reported characteristic experiences, e.g., optimum taste of the beer, rhythmic sensations in the head, and tickling sensations in the jaws and the mouth. 3 Ss also reported experiences resembling those described by persons under the influence of such drugs as mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis.", "contents": "Extraordinary experiences during cross-modal perception. 9 Ss were requested to perceive simultaneously the taste of beer and a rhythmic sound, the pitch of which could be varied. The frequencies at which Ss experienced harmony between the taste and the sound were determined. At the pitch of harmony Ss reported characteristic experiences, e.g., optimum taste of the beer, rhythmic sensations in the head, and tickling sensations in the jaws and the mouth. 3 Ss also reported experiences resembling those described by persons under the influence of such drugs as mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis.", "PMID": 1012881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_82", "title": "Ear and hand dominance and their relationship with reading retardation.", "content": "A dichotic listening task was used to compare the ear dominance of retarded readers and normal readers with clear right-limb preference. Younger (8.5 to 9.5 yr.) and older (10 to 11 yr.) groups were tested with two levels of task difficulty. Although right ear dominance was more apparent in the younger than in the older children, there was no difference associated with reading ability; nor was task difficulty differentially relevant. It was concluded that, at least for right-handers, reading retardation is unrelated to incomplete ear dominance.", "contents": "Ear and hand dominance and their relationship with reading retardation. A dichotic listening task was used to compare the ear dominance of retarded readers and normal readers with clear right-limb preference. Younger (8.5 to 9.5 yr.) and older (10 to 11 yr.) groups were tested with two levels of task difficulty. Although right ear dominance was more apparent in the younger than in the older children, there was no difference associated with reading ability; nor was task difficulty differentially relevant. It was concluded that, at least for right-handers, reading retardation is unrelated to incomplete ear dominance.", "PMID": 1012882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_83", "title": "Reliability of the depression adjective check lists.", "content": "Data from 172 college subjects (93 males and 79 females) with mean age = 24.3 yr. (SD, 7.0) were used to replicate and extend previous findings on the alternate form, split-half and test-retest reliability for Set 2 (Forms E, F, G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (Lubin, 1967). Findings are reported for complete lists and for the two columns, i.e., \"half lists.\"", "contents": "Reliability of the depression adjective check lists. Data from 172 college subjects (93 males and 79 females) with mean age = 24.3 yr. (SD, 7.0) were used to replicate and extend previous findings on the alternate form, split-half and test-retest reliability for Set 2 (Forms E, F, G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (Lubin, 1967). Findings are reported for complete lists and for the two columns, i.e., \"half lists.\"", "PMID": 1012883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_84", "title": "Differential correlates of Bender-Gestalt and Beery visual motor integration test for black and for white children.", "content": "The Bender-Gestalt and Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration were administered to 58 black and 33 white children, aged 10-5, mean IQ of 81, of comparable socioeconomic class. WISC, Peabody, Raven Matrices, and Wide Range Achievement Test scores were correlated separately for each racial group. No test appeared to have unique value in helping alleviate possible racial differences in test performance, correlated with achievement test scores at levels exceeding correlation of the WISC with such scores.", "contents": "Differential correlates of Bender-Gestalt and Beery visual motor integration test for black and for white children. The Bender-Gestalt and Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration were administered to 58 black and 33 white children, aged 10-5, mean IQ of 81, of comparable socioeconomic class. WISC, Peabody, Raven Matrices, and Wide Range Achievement Test scores were correlated separately for each racial group. No test appeared to have unique value in helping alleviate possible racial differences in test performance, correlated with achievement test scores at levels exceeding correlation of the WISC with such scores.", "PMID": 1012884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_85", "title": "Field dependency and perceptual cues in perception of two trapezoid illusions.", "content": "40 males and 40 females rated as field-independent or field-dependent on the Group Embedded-figures Test were tested on two dynamic trapezoid illusions and made position judgments of static trapezoidal targets. Field-independent subjects reported more illusory experiences on the perception of rotation of an oscillating target than the perception of oscillation of a rotating target. The opposite was true for field-dependent subjects. Position judgments were related to the latter illusion but not the former. There was strong evidence of a differential use of perceptual cues for the two dependent groups.", "contents": "Field dependency and perceptual cues in perception of two trapezoid illusions. 40 males and 40 females rated as field-independent or field-dependent on the Group Embedded-figures Test were tested on two dynamic trapezoid illusions and made position judgments of static trapezoidal targets. Field-independent subjects reported more illusory experiences on the perception of rotation of an oscillating target than the perception of oscillation of a rotating target. The opposite was true for field-dependent subjects. Position judgments were related to the latter illusion but not the former. There was strong evidence of a differential use of perceptual cues for the two dependent groups.", "PMID": 1012885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_86", "title": "Nurses' perceptions of themselves, cancer nurses, typical, ideal and cancer patients.", "content": "The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to four independent samples of hospital staff nurses (40 working on surgical floors, 40 on medical floors, 10 cancer specialists, and 10 in an outpatient department) to investigate differences in how nurses perceived themselves versus the type of nurse who works best with cancer patients, as well as differences in the perceptions of typical hospital patients, ideal patients, and cancer patients. Highly congruent stereotype clusters for the perception of the typical patient and cancer patient were found along with two less congruent stereotype clusters of the ideal patient and a stereotype cluster of perceptions of the cancer nurse. Both typical patients and typical cancer patients were seen as significantly below average in terms of their potential for action and were perceived as exercising less foresight, planning ability, moral judgment, and ethical conduct than nurses.", "contents": "Nurses' perceptions of themselves, cancer nurses, typical, ideal and cancer patients. The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to four independent samples of hospital staff nurses (40 working on surgical floors, 40 on medical floors, 10 cancer specialists, and 10 in an outpatient department) to investigate differences in how nurses perceived themselves versus the type of nurse who works best with cancer patients, as well as differences in the perceptions of typical hospital patients, ideal patients, and cancer patients. Highly congruent stereotype clusters for the perception of the typical patient and cancer patient were found along with two less congruent stereotype clusters of the ideal patient and a stereotype cluster of perceptions of the cancer nurse. Both typical patients and typical cancer patients were seen as significantly below average in terms of their potential for action and were perceived as exercising less foresight, planning ability, moral judgment, and ethical conduct than nurses.", "PMID": 1012886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_87", "title": "Sex differences in self-perceptions as students of excellence and academic performance.", "content": "Differences between the sexes in self-ratings on 37 characteristics of a quality student, changes in their perceptions over a semester, and academic performances were analyzed for 172 male and 281 females. The characteristics were collapsed into five groups reflecting learning in class, study habits and attitudes, peer relationships, student-instructor relationships, and physical and emotional needs. Trend analyses showed significant differences (a) between the sexes on three grouped characteristics: learning in class, study habits and attitudes, and peer relationships (with females reporting higher ratings), (b) among the three self-rating sessions(reflecting upward trends) on all grouped characteristics, and (c) on one interaction, student-instructor relationships. Analysis of variance showed that the females obtained significantly higher grades than did the males.", "contents": "Sex differences in self-perceptions as students of excellence and academic performance. Differences between the sexes in self-ratings on 37 characteristics of a quality student, changes in their perceptions over a semester, and academic performances were analyzed for 172 male and 281 females. The characteristics were collapsed into five groups reflecting learning in class, study habits and attitudes, peer relationships, student-instructor relationships, and physical and emotional needs. Trend analyses showed significant differences (a) between the sexes on three grouped characteristics: learning in class, study habits and attitudes, and peer relationships (with females reporting higher ratings), (b) among the three self-rating sessions(reflecting upward trends) on all grouped characteristics, and (c) on one interaction, student-instructor relationships. Analysis of variance showed that the females obtained significantly higher grades than did the males.", "PMID": 1012887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_88", "title": "Attentiveness in behaviorally deviant and nondeviant children: I. Auditory vigilance performance.", "content": "The present study examined the vigilance performance of 16 behaviorally deviant and 16 nodeviant children and suggested that the vigilance paradigm might serve as a basis for a standardized test of continuous attention in children. The deviant and nondeviant children performed an auditory vigilance task administered on two separate occasions, 4 days apart. Performance during the first administration of the task deteriorated significantly for the deviant children as a function of time but not for the nondeviant ones. This finding was consistent with several prior clinical studies with children and suggested that the behaviorally deviant children were relatively less able to maintain a continuous level of attention. In addition, the vigilance procedure yielded relatively high test-retest reliability coefficients for both groups of children as well as performance which tended to vary as a function of chronological age.", "contents": "Attentiveness in behaviorally deviant and nondeviant children: I. Auditory vigilance performance. The present study examined the vigilance performance of 16 behaviorally deviant and 16 nodeviant children and suggested that the vigilance paradigm might serve as a basis for a standardized test of continuous attention in children. The deviant and nondeviant children performed an auditory vigilance task administered on two separate occasions, 4 days apart. Performance during the first administration of the task deteriorated significantly for the deviant children as a function of time but not for the nondeviant ones. This finding was consistent with several prior clinical studies with children and suggested that the behaviorally deviant children were relatively less able to maintain a continuous level of attention. In addition, the vigilance procedure yielded relatively high test-retest reliability coefficients for both groups of children as well as performance which tended to vary as a function of chronological age.", "PMID": 1012888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_89", "title": "Successive visual reversal learning in rats as a function of amount of training per reversal and reduced spatial cues.", "content": "An experiment is reported which examined the effects of varying amounts of training per reversal over successive brightness discrimination reversals in rats, in a situation which reduced visual cues to spatial position. The results were similar to those of studies showing that amount of training affects successive reversal improvement on spatial problems but no differences were observed as a result of varying the cues for spatial position. The latter finding failed to confirm the result of a recent experiment in which a learning criterion was employed rather than a fixed-trials procedure.", "contents": "Successive visual reversal learning in rats as a function of amount of training per reversal and reduced spatial cues. An experiment is reported which examined the effects of varying amounts of training per reversal over successive brightness discrimination reversals in rats, in a situation which reduced visual cues to spatial position. The results were similar to those of studies showing that amount of training affects successive reversal improvement on spatial problems but no differences were observed as a result of varying the cues for spatial position. The latter finding failed to confirm the result of a recent experiment in which a learning criterion was employed rather than a fixed-trials procedure.", "PMID": 1012890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_90", "title": "Effects of stimulus incongruity, task demand, and induced involvement on amplitude of GSR.", "content": "Previous investigations into the arousing effects of incongruity have not only reported inconsistent findings but have displayed the limitation of using only two levels of incongruity. An experiment using four levels of incongruity confirmed the hypothesized positive linear function between incongruity and arousal (as measured by GSR amplitude). However, the results of two additional experiments confirmed the hypothesis that the marked arousing effects of incongruity were attributable at least in part to the demands of the task employed which included subjects having to choose and verbally commit themselves to one of the alternatives. The interaction between incongruity and degree of involvement engendered by the task demand suggests that involvement may facilitate the arousing effects of additional collative variables such as novelty, uncertainty, and complexity.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus incongruity, task demand, and induced involvement on amplitude of GSR. Previous investigations into the arousing effects of incongruity have not only reported inconsistent findings but have displayed the limitation of using only two levels of incongruity. An experiment using four levels of incongruity confirmed the hypothesized positive linear function between incongruity and arousal (as measured by GSR amplitude). However, the results of two additional experiments confirmed the hypothesis that the marked arousing effects of incongruity were attributable at least in part to the demands of the task employed which included subjects having to choose and verbally commit themselves to one of the alternatives. The interaction between incongruity and degree of involvement engendered by the task demand suggests that involvement may facilitate the arousing effects of additional collative variables such as novelty, uncertainty, and complexity.", "PMID": 1012891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_91", "title": "Modifications and influences of tactual preferences for shape and texture.", "content": "The effects of pretraining on tactual preferences for shape and texture and the effects of the preferences on discrimination learning were investigated in three experiments using kindergarten and third grade children. The pretraining experience significantly affected the dimensional preferences in both age groups, while an unexpected significant sex difference indicated a stronger texture preference in girls. Children tended to learn faster when the dimension they preferred was relevant to the task, but girls were affected more strongly than boys. In all experiments, the girls' behavior closely resembled that predicted for younger children.", "contents": "Modifications and influences of tactual preferences for shape and texture. The effects of pretraining on tactual preferences for shape and texture and the effects of the preferences on discrimination learning were investigated in three experiments using kindergarten and third grade children. The pretraining experience significantly affected the dimensional preferences in both age groups, while an unexpected significant sex difference indicated a stronger texture preference in girls. Children tended to learn faster when the dimension they preferred was relevant to the task, but girls were affected more strongly than boys. In all experiments, the girls' behavior closely resembled that predicted for younger children.", "PMID": 1012893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_92", "title": "Changes in peer verbalizations accompanying individual and group contingencies to modify on-task behavior.", "content": "Group and individual contingency arrangements were alternately applied to modify the on-task performance of 5 behavior-disordered children. Concurrent records were maintained regarding the children's task-relevant (facilitating) and non-task-relevant (inhibiting) verbalizations to peers. Both contingency arrangements were effective for controlling the children's on-task behavior while only the group contingency was associated with changes in their verbalizations. Specifically, the group contingency, as compared to the baseline and the individual contingency, was accompanied by a significant increase in facilitating verbalizations by peers. Moreover, the group contingency, in relation to the baseline but not the individual contingency, resulted in significantly fewer inhibiting verbalizations. The individual contingency did not affect either facilitating or inhibiting verbalizations of peers.", "contents": "Changes in peer verbalizations accompanying individual and group contingencies to modify on-task behavior. Group and individual contingency arrangements were alternately applied to modify the on-task performance of 5 behavior-disordered children. Concurrent records were maintained regarding the children's task-relevant (facilitating) and non-task-relevant (inhibiting) verbalizations to peers. Both contingency arrangements were effective for controlling the children's on-task behavior while only the group contingency was associated with changes in their verbalizations. Specifically, the group contingency, as compared to the baseline and the individual contingency, was accompanied by a significant increase in facilitating verbalizations by peers. Moreover, the group contingency, in relation to the baseline but not the individual contingency, resulted in significantly fewer inhibiting verbalizations. The individual contingency did not affect either facilitating or inhibiting verbalizations of peers.", "PMID": 1012894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_93", "title": "Lateral eye movements, hypnotic susceptibility and field independence-dependence.", "content": "Previous research indicates that lateral eye movements are associated with hemispheric activity in the brain. In the present study involving 48 female subjects, \"left-gazing\" (right-hemispheric activity) was positively related to field-dependence, as measured by the Embedded Figures Test and the Stroop test, and also to hypnotic susceptibility. It was concluded that field-dependence and hypnotic susceptibility are both mediated by processes associated with right-hemispheric activity.", "contents": "Lateral eye movements, hypnotic susceptibility and field independence-dependence. Previous research indicates that lateral eye movements are associated with hemispheric activity in the brain. In the present study involving 48 female subjects, \"left-gazing\" (right-hemispheric activity) was positively related to field-dependence, as measured by the Embedded Figures Test and the Stroop test, and also to hypnotic susceptibility. It was concluded that field-dependence and hypnotic susceptibility are both mediated by processes associated with right-hemispheric activity.", "PMID": 1012895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_94", "title": "Competitive trait anxiety, success-failure and sex as determinants of motor performance.", "content": "Two experiments determined the effects of competitive trait anxiety, success-failure, and sex on the performance of 10- to 12 yr.-old children competing on a complex motor maze. Competitive trait anxiety was assessed by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test and success-failure was induced by giving bogus win-loss feedback. High and low competitive trait-anxiety children were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: winning 80%, 50% or 20% of 20 contests. The average completion time and the variability of times within each of two blocks of 10 contests were the two performance measures. State-anxiety was assessed with Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory for Children as an indicant of arousal prior to and during competition. The findings of Exp. 1 yielded no significant performance differences. In Exp. 2 a significant interaction of competitive trait anxiety X success-failure X sex for performance time and variability was obtained. This interaction was largely attributed to sex differences.", "contents": "Competitive trait anxiety, success-failure and sex as determinants of motor performance. Two experiments determined the effects of competitive trait anxiety, success-failure, and sex on the performance of 10- to 12 yr.-old children competing on a complex motor maze. Competitive trait anxiety was assessed by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test and success-failure was induced by giving bogus win-loss feedback. High and low competitive trait-anxiety children were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: winning 80%, 50% or 20% of 20 contests. The average completion time and the variability of times within each of two blocks of 10 contests were the two performance measures. State-anxiety was assessed with Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory for Children as an indicant of arousal prior to and during competition. The findings of Exp. 1 yielded no significant performance differences. In Exp. 2 a significant interaction of competitive trait anxiety X success-failure X sex for performance time and variability was obtained. This interaction was largely attributed to sex differences.", "PMID": 1012896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_95", "title": "Relationship of need achievement to self-esteem: evidence for validity of Form B of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory.", "content": "Self-esteem scores, as measured by the recently developed short form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory (Self-esteem Institute 1974), were correlated with need achievement scores, as measured by Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Check List. Self-esteem and need achievement were significantly related for male (N = 172) and female (N = 85) university students (p less than .001 and p less than .03, respectively). This finding was interpreted as providing a measure of concurrent validity for the short form of Coopersmith's Inventory.", "contents": "Relationship of need achievement to self-esteem: evidence for validity of Form B of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory. Self-esteem scores, as measured by the recently developed short form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory (Self-esteem Institute 1974), were correlated with need achievement scores, as measured by Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Check List. Self-esteem and need achievement were significantly related for male (N = 172) and female (N = 85) university students (p less than .001 and p less than .03, respectively). This finding was interpreted as providing a measure of concurrent validity for the short form of Coopersmith's Inventory.", "PMID": 1012897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_96", "title": "Problems encountered in development of instrumentation to measure figure-ground perception among young children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to report problems encountered in the measurement of visual figure-ground perception. Conclusions from five related studies suggested that the skill may be a combination of related factors.", "contents": "Problems encountered in development of instrumentation to measure figure-ground perception among young children. The purpose of this study was to report problems encountered in the measurement of visual figure-ground perception. Conclusions from five related studies suggested that the skill may be a combination of related factors.", "PMID": 1012898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_97", "title": "Experience and latency to achieve stereopsis.", "content": "This study assessed perceptual learning effects with complex random-dot stereograms. Observers were shown the same complex anaglyph five times daily, for four consecutive days, and latencies to achieve stereopsis were recorded. Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded significant effects of days, trials, and days-by-trials interaction. Latency to achieve stereopsis decreases over trials each day, but this decrease is not completely transferred across days. It is concluded that obervers must, in some sense, \"re-learn\" how to perceive complex stereograms if subsequent presentations occur over more than one day.", "contents": "Experience and latency to achieve stereopsis. This study assessed perceptual learning effects with complex random-dot stereograms. Observers were shown the same complex anaglyph five times daily, for four consecutive days, and latencies to achieve stereopsis were recorded. Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded significant effects of days, trials, and days-by-trials interaction. Latency to achieve stereopsis decreases over trials each day, but this decrease is not completely transferred across days. It is concluded that obervers must, in some sense, \"re-learn\" how to perceive complex stereograms if subsequent presentations occur over more than one day.", "PMID": 1012899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_98", "title": "On scaling of future time.", "content": "Five future points of time (range: 1977 to 2034), described in terms of either (A) year number, or (B) \"after N years,\" were scaled using two different types of scaling method. Subjective temporal distance was in each case a power function of chronological time, the exponent being consistently lower in Condition A than in B. A corresponding difference was found when subjects rated how threatening they experienced each of three events to be when the events were assumed to take place at the five alternative points of time. Experienced threat decreased exponentially with increasing temporal distance.", "contents": "On scaling of future time. Five future points of time (range: 1977 to 2034), described in terms of either (A) year number, or (B) \"after N years,\" were scaled using two different types of scaling method. Subjective temporal distance was in each case a power function of chronological time, the exponent being consistently lower in Condition A than in B. A corresponding difference was found when subjects rated how threatening they experienced each of three events to be when the events were assumed to take place at the five alternative points of time. Experienced threat decreased exponentially with increasing temporal distance.", "PMID": 1012900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_99", "title": "Social relatedness and perceptual performance among the aged.", "content": "The author investigated whether the ability to shift mental sets as defined by Goldstein and Scheerer (1941) and measured by the ability to detect sequence changes in a film, is associated with the degree of social relatedness that older people have with society. 76 subjects, 16 men and 60 women, aged 60 to 88 yr., were administered a questionnaire whose items were designed to measure social, personality and demographic variables. The subjects were also participants in a perceptual task. The trend of the findings suggests a relationship between efficiency of psychological functioning on a perceptual task and degree of interpersonal relatedness.", "contents": "Social relatedness and perceptual performance among the aged. The author investigated whether the ability to shift mental sets as defined by Goldstein and Scheerer (1941) and measured by the ability to detect sequence changes in a film, is associated with the degree of social relatedness that older people have with society. 76 subjects, 16 men and 60 women, aged 60 to 88 yr., were administered a questionnaire whose items were designed to measure social, personality and demographic variables. The subjects were also participants in a perceptual task. The trend of the findings suggests a relationship between efficiency of psychological functioning on a perceptual task and degree of interpersonal relatedness.", "PMID": 1012901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_100", "title": "Neural efficiency analyzer scores of reading disabled, normally reading and academically superior children.", "content": "Usefulness, under field-testing conditions, of one version of a Neural Efficiency Analygated. The equipment was said to measure efficiency of information processing as reflected in time between alternate EEG falling zero-crossing points. Special emphasis was placed on the difference score, a measure of right-left hemisphere \"efficiency\" differences. Contrary to earlier reports, no significant differences were found between such scores of groups of reading disabled, normally reading, and academically superior children. Possible reasons for the negative findings are explored.", "contents": "Neural efficiency analyzer scores of reading disabled, normally reading and academically superior children. Usefulness, under field-testing conditions, of one version of a Neural Efficiency Analygated. The equipment was said to measure efficiency of information processing as reflected in time between alternate EEG falling zero-crossing points. Special emphasis was placed on the difference score, a measure of right-left hemisphere \"efficiency\" differences. Contrary to earlier reports, no significant differences were found between such scores of groups of reading disabled, normally reading, and academically superior children. Possible reasons for the negative findings are explored.", "PMID": 1012902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_101", "title": "Similarity between complexity on Role Construct Repertory Technique and articulation on Draw-A-Person test for patients and non-patients.", "content": "In an investigation of the underlying unity of the articulation of human figure drawings and personal construct complexity, moderate correlations were found, but in opposite directions, for inpatient and non-patient groups. For inpatients, greater construct complexity was associated with less sophisticated drawings. For non-patients, greater construct complexity was correlated with more sophisticated human figures. Mean and range differences in complexity and articulation scores between the two groups suggested that the higher complexity scores of the patient group indicated a loss of construct coordination, rather than greater articulation and organization of self and interpersonal experience.", "contents": "Similarity between complexity on Role Construct Repertory Technique and articulation on Draw-A-Person test for patients and non-patients. In an investigation of the underlying unity of the articulation of human figure drawings and personal construct complexity, moderate correlations were found, but in opposite directions, for inpatient and non-patient groups. For inpatients, greater construct complexity was associated with less sophisticated drawings. For non-patients, greater construct complexity was correlated with more sophisticated human figures. Mean and range differences in complexity and articulation scores between the two groups suggested that the higher complexity scores of the patient group indicated a loss of construct coordination, rather than greater articulation and organization of self and interpersonal experience.", "PMID": 1012903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_102", "title": "Performance of retardates on the Stroop Color-Word Test.", "content": "Institutionalized retardates were examined on a special format of a task requiring them to name the colors of 36 color patches and to name the color of the ink in which 36 incongruent color words were printed on separate cards. Mean reaction time for the incongruent condition was significantly longer than that for the color patches and the difference was independent of fatigue and stimulus size. The color-word interference effect previously reported with normal populations when given the Stroop test was demonstrated for this retarded sample using a special format.", "contents": "Performance of retardates on the Stroop Color-Word Test. Institutionalized retardates were examined on a special format of a task requiring them to name the colors of 36 color patches and to name the color of the ink in which 36 incongruent color words were printed on separate cards. Mean reaction time for the incongruent condition was significantly longer than that for the color patches and the difference was independent of fatigue and stimulus size. The color-word interference effect previously reported with normal populations when given the Stroop test was demonstrated for this retarded sample using a special format.", "PMID": 1012904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_103", "title": "Effects of verbal and pictorial materials on retarded youngsters' memory for information.", "content": "The effects of full and partial verbalization of information contained in pictures and of full verbalization without pictures on retarded youngsters' memory for information were examined. The subjects were 30 educable retardates and 30 normal controls. The results indicated that facilitation of recall for 13- to 15-yr.-old mentally retarded youngsters will occur with the use of pictures only if the aspects of the picture which are to be remembered are verbalized. The relevance of the findings for high-interest low-vocabulary textbooks for the retarded were discussed.", "contents": "Effects of verbal and pictorial materials on retarded youngsters' memory for information. The effects of full and partial verbalization of information contained in pictures and of full verbalization without pictures on retarded youngsters' memory for information were examined. The subjects were 30 educable retardates and 30 normal controls. The results indicated that facilitation of recall for 13- to 15-yr.-old mentally retarded youngsters will occur with the use of pictures only if the aspects of the picture which are to be remembered are verbalized. The relevance of the findings for high-interest low-vocabulary textbooks for the retarded were discussed.", "PMID": 1012906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_104", "title": "Matching forms as a function of complexity, type of match, and retention interval.", "content": "The present experiment tested the hypothesis that nominal processing increases as stimulus complexity increases. Subjects indicated whether two 4- or 12-sided forms, separated by an interval of .5 or 4.0 sec., were the same or different. \"Same\" responses corresponded to matches for physical or nominal identity. Longer RTs for high complexity than low complexity forms suggest that complexity affects the efficiency of visual processing rather than the occurrence of nominal processing. An interaction between type of match and interval, due to the longer RTs for matches of nominally identical forms at only the .5-sec. interval, indicates that at this interval, matches for physical and nominal identity are made with visual and nominal representations respectively.", "contents": "Matching forms as a function of complexity, type of match, and retention interval. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that nominal processing increases as stimulus complexity increases. Subjects indicated whether two 4- or 12-sided forms, separated by an interval of .5 or 4.0 sec., were the same or different. \"Same\" responses corresponded to matches for physical or nominal identity. Longer RTs for high complexity than low complexity forms suggest that complexity affects the efficiency of visual processing rather than the occurrence of nominal processing. An interaction between type of match and interval, due to the longer RTs for matches of nominally identical forms at only the .5-sec. interval, indicates that at this interval, matches for physical and nominal identity are made with visual and nominal representations respectively.", "PMID": 1012907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_105", "title": "Hand Test characteristics of marijuana-experienced and multiple-drug-using college students.", "content": "Three matched groups of 30 college student (17 males, 13 females) categorized as marijuana users, multiple-drug users, and complete abstainers were compared across 24 Hand Test scores. Both drug-using groups were characterized by significantly lower scores on Acquisition, Active, and Environmental responses. Results were interpreted as supporting the amotivational hypothesis that drug-users display a lessened interest in environmental accomplishment. The marijuana group also proved to be slightly higher on the Exhibition score.", "contents": "Hand Test characteristics of marijuana-experienced and multiple-drug-using college students. Three matched groups of 30 college student (17 males, 13 females) categorized as marijuana users, multiple-drug users, and complete abstainers were compared across 24 Hand Test scores. Both drug-using groups were characterized by significantly lower scores on Acquisition, Active, and Environmental responses. Results were interpreted as supporting the amotivational hypothesis that drug-users display a lessened interest in environmental accomplishment. The marijuana group also proved to be slightly higher on the Exhibition score.", "PMID": 1012908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_106", "title": "Influence of auditory, visual, and audio-visual stimulus presentation methods on estimates of transition probability in speech.", "content": "Estimates of transition probability derived from auditory, visual, and audio-visual presentations of stimulus material (40 simple conversational sentences) were compared for 3 groups of 100 college students and found to be highly correlated.", "contents": "Influence of auditory, visual, and audio-visual stimulus presentation methods on estimates of transition probability in speech. Estimates of transition probability derived from auditory, visual, and audio-visual presentations of stimulus material (40 simple conversational sentences) were compared for 3 groups of 100 college students and found to be highly correlated.", "PMID": 1012909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_107", "title": "Effects of intermittency of feedback on a compensatory tracking task.", "content": "Target intermittence in tracking has been studied as frequency of target presentation at various time intervals. Task efficiency increased as a function of increased frequency of target display in open-loop tracking tasks, where the steady state of presentation resulted in the best performance. The present study examined effects of feedback intermittency in compensatory tracking as a major source of disruption of the motor-sensory feedback process in the closed-loop tracking system. Feedback intermittency is defined as the feedback of momentary sampling of the difference between target movements and the operator's control motion for specified time lengths before being displayed to him in a continuous tracking task. With a random wave pattern of 9.76 cpm, 7 magnitudes of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 sec. were used to represent various levels of feedback intermittency. Task efficiency decreased as a function of increased magnitudes of intermittency. Results are discussed relative to the difference between target intermittence and feedback intermittency and their effects on different tracking tasks. The findings also establish the concept of feedback intermittency as a disturbing factor in compensatory tracking in degrading the operator's performance.", "contents": "Effects of intermittency of feedback on a compensatory tracking task. Target intermittence in tracking has been studied as frequency of target presentation at various time intervals. Task efficiency increased as a function of increased frequency of target display in open-loop tracking tasks, where the steady state of presentation resulted in the best performance. The present study examined effects of feedback intermittency in compensatory tracking as a major source of disruption of the motor-sensory feedback process in the closed-loop tracking system. Feedback intermittency is defined as the feedback of momentary sampling of the difference between target movements and the operator's control motion for specified time lengths before being displayed to him in a continuous tracking task. With a random wave pattern of 9.76 cpm, 7 magnitudes of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 sec. were used to represent various levels of feedback intermittency. Task efficiency decreased as a function of increased magnitudes of intermittency. Results are discussed relative to the difference between target intermittence and feedback intermittency and their effects on different tracking tasks. The findings also establish the concept of feedback intermittency as a disturbing factor in compensatory tracking in degrading the operator's performance.", "PMID": 1012910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_108", "title": "The occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis in Denmark.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings in a case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in a 1-year-old male cat are described. The cat had been sick for about 3 weeks and presented itself clinically with depression, anorexia, dehydration, mild icterus and acites and a temperature of 39.5 degrees C. The sedimentation rate was elevated to 80 mm/30 min. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and ascitic fluid, found to be bacteriologically sterile, was collected. Pathologically, lesions involved both abdominal and thoracic serious membranes and viscera, especially the liver. They ranged from acute, focal necrosis or fibrino-necrotic changes to proliferative inflammation mainly characterized by infiltration with mononuclear cells. An identical disease was produced experimentally by intraperitoneal inoculation of ascitic fluid from the clinical case into 2 healthy cats. This is the first published report of the occurrence of FIP in Scandinavia.", "contents": "The occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis in Denmark. The clinical and pathologic findings in a case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in a 1-year-old male cat are described. The cat had been sick for about 3 weeks and presented itself clinically with depression, anorexia, dehydration, mild icterus and acites and a temperature of 39.5 degrees C. The sedimentation rate was elevated to 80 mm/30 min. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and ascitic fluid, found to be bacteriologically sterile, was collected. Pathologically, lesions involved both abdominal and thoracic serious membranes and viscera, especially the liver. They ranged from acute, focal necrosis or fibrino-necrotic changes to proliferative inflammation mainly characterized by infiltration with mononuclear cells. An identical disease was produced experimentally by intraperitoneal inoculation of ascitic fluid from the clinical case into 2 healthy cats. This is the first published report of the occurrence of FIP in Scandinavia.", "PMID": 1012912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_109", "title": "Milk somatic cells in dairy cows kept on pasture or confined indoors during the summer.", "content": "During the summer of 1975 (from June 30th to July 28th) weekly milk samples were obtained from 49 cows kept on pasture during the daytime, and from 48 cows which were confined indoors in stanchion barns and fed grass twice a day. The cows on pasture were exposed to relatively moderate temperatures, which were somewhat lower than for the indoor group (Table I). In the cows kept on pasture, an increase in the milk somatic cell content (MSCC) was observed throughout the experimental period, whereas no corresponding increase was recorded in the indoor group (Table III). This increase in MSCC appeared to occur primarily in non-infected quarters (Table IV). The data from the present investigation seem to indicate that the seasonal increase in MSCC during the summer, which has been reported by several other investigators, cannot be directly related to environmental temperature per se.", "contents": "Milk somatic cells in dairy cows kept on pasture or confined indoors during the summer. During the summer of 1975 (from June 30th to July 28th) weekly milk samples were obtained from 49 cows kept on pasture during the daytime, and from 48 cows which were confined indoors in stanchion barns and fed grass twice a day. The cows on pasture were exposed to relatively moderate temperatures, which were somewhat lower than for the indoor group (Table I). In the cows kept on pasture, an increase in the milk somatic cell content (MSCC) was observed throughout the experimental period, whereas no corresponding increase was recorded in the indoor group (Table III). This increase in MSCC appeared to occur primarily in non-infected quarters (Table IV). The data from the present investigation seem to indicate that the seasonal increase in MSCC during the summer, which has been reported by several other investigators, cannot be directly related to environmental temperature per se.", "PMID": 1012913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_110", "title": "Oxytetracycline residues in meat and kidney tissue after intramuscular or intramammary treatment as determined by a chemical-physical method and compared to a microbiological method.", "content": "Two adult cows and three calves were treated intramuscularly with an oxytetracycline (OTC) preparation. The dose was about 5 mg/kg. The animals were slaughtered eight days after the treatment and their kidneys and muscle samples were taken for analysis. Twelve cows were treated intramammarily with an OTC preparation 12 hours before slaughter. Six of the cows were treated in two udder quarters with a preparation containing 200 mg OTC chloride per dose; the other six were similarly treated in four quarters with four doses. When the kidneys of all the animals were studied for the presence of inhibitory substances using the official Finnish microbiological meat inspection method, all were found negative. The OTC concentration of the different tissue samples was determined by a chemical-physical method, based on thin-layer chromatography and on the UV-fluorescence of OTC. The muscle samples of the cows given OTC i.m. were negative except near the site of injection, where the concentrations were 4 mg and less than 0.5 mg (traces) per kg. The corresponding kidney concentrations of OTC were less than 0.5 and about 0.5 mg per kg respectively. All except one kidney sample of the calves given OTC i.m. were found to be negative. Traces of OTC (less than 0.5 mg/kg) were found in all but one kidney sample of the cows treated intramammarily with OTC. Traces of OTC were found in two muscle samples of the cows treated intramammarily with 2 X 200 mg OTC and in two muscle samples of the cows similarly treated with 4 X 200 mg OTC. All the other samples were negative. The authors stress the need for a change in the present Finnish directives on the use of antibiotics in food animals.", "contents": "Oxytetracycline residues in meat and kidney tissue after intramuscular or intramammary treatment as determined by a chemical-physical method and compared to a microbiological method. Two adult cows and three calves were treated intramuscularly with an oxytetracycline (OTC) preparation. The dose was about 5 mg/kg. The animals were slaughtered eight days after the treatment and their kidneys and muscle samples were taken for analysis. Twelve cows were treated intramammarily with an OTC preparation 12 hours before slaughter. Six of the cows were treated in two udder quarters with a preparation containing 200 mg OTC chloride per dose; the other six were similarly treated in four quarters with four doses. When the kidneys of all the animals were studied for the presence of inhibitory substances using the official Finnish microbiological meat inspection method, all were found negative. The OTC concentration of the different tissue samples was determined by a chemical-physical method, based on thin-layer chromatography and on the UV-fluorescence of OTC. The muscle samples of the cows given OTC i.m. were negative except near the site of injection, where the concentrations were 4 mg and less than 0.5 mg (traces) per kg. The corresponding kidney concentrations of OTC were less than 0.5 and about 0.5 mg per kg respectively. All except one kidney sample of the calves given OTC i.m. were found to be negative. Traces of OTC (less than 0.5 mg/kg) were found in all but one kidney sample of the cows treated intramammarily with OTC. Traces of OTC were found in two muscle samples of the cows treated intramammarily with 2 X 200 mg OTC and in two muscle samples of the cows similarly treated with 4 X 200 mg OTC. All the other samples were negative. The authors stress the need for a change in the present Finnish directives on the use of antibiotics in food animals.", "PMID": 1012914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_111", "title": "The occurrence of cyanide in certain smoked meat products.", "content": "Fifteen samples of smoked reindeer meat, two samples of smoked mutton from Iceland and five samples of smoked salamitype fermented sausage were analysed for their cyanide (CN) content by a steam distillation method. The mean cyanide content of the smoked reindeer meat was found to be 1.38 +/- 1.01 mg CH/kg, range 0.27--4.27 mg/kg. The two smoked mutton samples, contained 1.93 and 1.78 mg CN/kg and the mean cyanide content of the five Salami samples was found to be 0.19 +/- 0.13 mg CH/kg, range 0.06--0.40 mg/kg. The toxicological aspects of the findings are discussed, with special reference to the possible effects of nitrate and nitrite in the products.", "contents": "The occurrence of cyanide in certain smoked meat products. Fifteen samples of smoked reindeer meat, two samples of smoked mutton from Iceland and five samples of smoked salamitype fermented sausage were analysed for their cyanide (CN) content by a steam distillation method. The mean cyanide content of the smoked reindeer meat was found to be 1.38 +/- 1.01 mg CH/kg, range 0.27--4.27 mg/kg. The two smoked mutton samples, contained 1.93 and 1.78 mg CN/kg and the mean cyanide content of the five Salami samples was found to be 0.19 +/- 0.13 mg CH/kg, range 0.06--0.40 mg/kg. The toxicological aspects of the findings are discussed, with special reference to the possible effects of nitrate and nitrite in the products.", "PMID": 1012915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_112", "title": "[Frequency of thalassemia in the South-East of France].", "content": "The ethnic and demographic characteristics of the Nice region are predisposing factors in the locally increased frequency of Thalassemia. The use of electronic blood-cell counters has enabled us to pick out easily all those patients presenting with microcytosis. In these patients, foetal hemoglobin, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and level of hemaglobin A2 by the technique of miniature chromatography on DEAE-cellulose have been analyzed. 270 heterozygotes thalassemics were found in 900 examinations. The statistical study shows an incidence 2% of beta-thalassemia in the Nice region.", "contents": "[Frequency of thalassemia in the South-East of France]. The ethnic and demographic characteristics of the Nice region are predisposing factors in the locally increased frequency of Thalassemia. The use of electronic blood-cell counters has enabled us to pick out easily all those patients presenting with microcytosis. In these patients, foetal hemoglobin, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and level of hemaglobin A2 by the technique of miniature chromatography on DEAE-cellulose have been analyzed. 270 heterozygotes thalassemics were found in 900 examinations. The statistical study shows an incidence 2% of beta-thalassemia in the Nice region.", "PMID": 1012916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_113", "title": "Hereditary thrombocytopathies with abnormal release reaction (author's transl).", "content": "The authors have examined 8 cases with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in whom besides the usual abnormalities of abnormal aggregation with collagen, absence of second wave of aggregation, reduction of the 5-HT uptake, presence of 5-HIAA in the platelets, two new abnormalities are described: the presence of a large amount of an unidentified metabolite after 5-HT incorporation which differs from 5-HT and 5 hydroxytryptophol and an abnormal incorporation of labelled glycerol in the triglycerides. Correlation between abnormal lipid metabolism and defective 5-HT incorporation is discussed.", "contents": "Hereditary thrombocytopathies with abnormal release reaction (author's transl). The authors have examined 8 cases with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in whom besides the usual abnormalities of abnormal aggregation with collagen, absence of second wave of aggregation, reduction of the 5-HT uptake, presence of 5-HIAA in the platelets, two new abnormalities are described: the presence of a large amount of an unidentified metabolite after 5-HT incorporation which differs from 5-HT and 5 hydroxytryptophol and an abnormal incorporation of labelled glycerol in the triglycerides. Correlation between abnormal lipid metabolism and defective 5-HT incorporation is discussed.", "PMID": 1012917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_114", "title": "[The platelet defect in myeloproliferative disorder (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelets functions are very often impaired in myeloproliferative disorders and acute leukemias. The abnormalities may either results from plasmatic factor affecting the platelet function or from an intrinsic platelet defect. The mechanism of the platelet defect is still a subject to discussion: it may be an abnormal response of the platelet to the aggregating agent or an impaired release of nucleotides.", "contents": "[The platelet defect in myeloproliferative disorder (author's transl)]. Platelets functions are very often impaired in myeloproliferative disorders and acute leukemias. The abnormalities may either results from plasmatic factor affecting the platelet function or from an intrinsic platelet defect. The mechanism of the platelet defect is still a subject to discussion: it may be an abnormal response of the platelet to the aggregating agent or an impaired release of nucleotides.", "PMID": 1012918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_115", "title": "Dose distribution of 123I in the thyroid gland and its maximum permissible concentrations.", "content": "The calculation of the dose distribution in the thyroid tissues and of the maximum permissible concentrations in the air and in drinking water was carried out for 123I. In fact because of the recent use of this radionuclide in radioisotopic diagnostics the dose to both the patients' and operators' thyroids due to 123I must to be known. In order to obtain a correct estimate it is necessary, however, to consider the distribution of the radionuclide in the thyroid tissue and the changes in this distribution depending on the dimensions of the follicles. Taking into account the dose at the follicular cell-colloid interface, the maximum permissible concentrations in the air and in drinking water were calculated as being 6 x 10-8 muCi/cm3 and 4 x 10-4 muCi/cm3 respectively.", "contents": "Dose distribution of 123I in the thyroid gland and its maximum permissible concentrations. The calculation of the dose distribution in the thyroid tissues and of the maximum permissible concentrations in the air and in drinking water was carried out for 123I. In fact because of the recent use of this radionuclide in radioisotopic diagnostics the dose to both the patients' and operators' thyroids due to 123I must to be known. In order to obtain a correct estimate it is necessary, however, to consider the distribution of the radionuclide in the thyroid tissue and the changes in this distribution depending on the dimensions of the follicles. Taking into account the dose at the follicular cell-colloid interface, the maximum permissible concentrations in the air and in drinking water were calculated as being 6 x 10-8 muCi/cm3 and 4 x 10-4 muCi/cm3 respectively.", "PMID": 1012919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_116", "title": "Some comparative studies using 99mTc and 131I in thyroid scanning.", "content": "By comparing thyroid scans made with 99mTc and 131I in 40 euthyroid goiter patients large discrepancies were found in 20% of all cases. For example, \"warm\" nodules on 99mTc scans were found to be \"cold\" on 131I scans, or a \"cold\" nodule on a 99mTc scan was observed as a \"warm\" one on a 131I scan. The above discrepancies seem to result from the differences in the metabolism of the two radioisotopes in the thyroid and those in the time which elapsed between the administration of the radioisotope and the execution of the scan. Generally speaking 99mTc thyroid scintigraphy should not be recommended as a routine technique in adults, its usefulness being limited to the cases in which 131I scans were found to be illegible. \"Cold\" nodules on 99mTc scans should also be reexamined after T3 stimulation.", "contents": "Some comparative studies using 99mTc and 131I in thyroid scanning. By comparing thyroid scans made with 99mTc and 131I in 40 euthyroid goiter patients large discrepancies were found in 20% of all cases. For example, \"warm\" nodules on 99mTc scans were found to be \"cold\" on 131I scans, or a \"cold\" nodule on a 99mTc scan was observed as a \"warm\" one on a 131I scan. The above discrepancies seem to result from the differences in the metabolism of the two radioisotopes in the thyroid and those in the time which elapsed between the administration of the radioisotope and the execution of the scan. Generally speaking 99mTc thyroid scintigraphy should not be recommended as a routine technique in adults, its usefulness being limited to the cases in which 131I scans were found to be illegible. \"Cold\" nodules on 99mTc scans should also be reexamined after T3 stimulation.", "PMID": 1012920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_117", "title": "[Bone-seeking radioactive substances in nuclear medicine].", "content": "The concept of bone affinity of a radioactive tracer is developed on theoretical grounds and is discussed on the basis of the various substances used in nuclear medical diagnosis of bone disease. On the basis of results on the uptake of very short lived nuclides and extremely large molecules, evidence is provided that the incorporation of the tracer in the apatite crystal is not a primary criterion of bone affinity since incorporation cannot take place on timelimiting grounds in the former case and on spatial grounds in the latter. The fixation on bone is therefore more likely the result of non-specific adsorption processes. The utility of a radioactive substance in practical application in nuclear medicine depends on the radioactive characteristics of the nuclide and on its behavior in the organism. In this context the quality of the scintigram is particularly dependent on the mode and rate of elimination of that fraction of the tracer that is not bound by the skeleton. The various mechanism which cause differences in the uptake of tracer by healthy and pathological bone tissue are discussed with special regard to the role of blood flow.", "contents": "[Bone-seeking radioactive substances in nuclear medicine]. The concept of bone affinity of a radioactive tracer is developed on theoretical grounds and is discussed on the basis of the various substances used in nuclear medical diagnosis of bone disease. On the basis of results on the uptake of very short lived nuclides and extremely large molecules, evidence is provided that the incorporation of the tracer in the apatite crystal is not a primary criterion of bone affinity since incorporation cannot take place on timelimiting grounds in the former case and on spatial grounds in the latter. The fixation on bone is therefore more likely the result of non-specific adsorption processes. The utility of a radioactive substance in practical application in nuclear medicine depends on the radioactive characteristics of the nuclide and on its behavior in the organism. In this context the quality of the scintigram is particularly dependent on the mode and rate of elimination of that fraction of the tracer that is not bound by the skeleton. The various mechanism which cause differences in the uptake of tracer by healthy and pathological bone tissue are discussed with special regard to the role of blood flow.", "PMID": 1012921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_118", "title": "99mTechnetium-unithiol complex, a new pharmaceutical for kidney scintigraphy.", "content": "The investigations were carried out with a newly synthesised, original 99mTc-Unithiol complex (Unithiol-2,3-dimercaptopropansulphonate). It accumulates in the kidneys and enables their scintigraphic examination at 90--180 minutes after the administration. The study was performed on rats, rabbits and dogs. 99mTc-Unithiol complex accumulation in rat kidneys was 34,9%, 44,5% and 67,8% of dose after 1, 2 and 3 h respectively. Good reability of the scintigraphic picture of the kidneys in rabbits and dogs confirms the accumulative capability of the complex in these organs. It was found by means of ascending paper chromatography that the purity of the 99mTc-Unithiol complex exceeded 90%.", "contents": "99mTechnetium-unithiol complex, a new pharmaceutical for kidney scintigraphy. The investigations were carried out with a newly synthesised, original 99mTc-Unithiol complex (Unithiol-2,3-dimercaptopropansulphonate). It accumulates in the kidneys and enables their scintigraphic examination at 90--180 minutes after the administration. The study was performed on rats, rabbits and dogs. 99mTc-Unithiol complex accumulation in rat kidneys was 34,9%, 44,5% and 67,8% of dose after 1, 2 and 3 h respectively. Good reability of the scintigraphic picture of the kidneys in rabbits and dogs confirms the accumulative capability of the complex in these organs. It was found by means of ascending paper chromatography that the purity of the 99mTc-Unithiol complex exceeded 90%.", "PMID": 1012922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_119", "title": "[Clinical significance of kidney imaging in bone scintigraphy].", "content": "The results of the examination of 62 patients who had undergone skeletal scintigraphy with 18-F and a urologic examination, were evaluated to determine whether the 18-F incorporation in the kidneys might indicate the presence of renal disease. Patients with and without renal disease demonstrated a similar 18-F incorporation in the kidneys. Our data indicate that a side different 18-F renal activity is without clinical significance.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of kidney imaging in bone scintigraphy]. The results of the examination of 62 patients who had undergone skeletal scintigraphy with 18-F and a urologic examination, were evaluated to determine whether the 18-F incorporation in the kidneys might indicate the presence of renal disease. Patients with and without renal disease demonstrated a similar 18-F incorporation in the kidneys. Our data indicate that a side different 18-F renal activity is without clinical significance.", "PMID": 1012923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_120", "title": "Comparison of 99mTc-labelled hepatobiliary agents-- 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99mTc-PG) and 99mTc-Sn-lidocaine iminodiacetic acid (99mTc-Sn-LIDA).", "content": "The time-course of excretion of two hepatobiliary radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99mTc-PG) and 99mTc-Sn-lidocaine iminodiacetic acid (99mTc-Sn-LIDA), from the circulatorysystem to the parenchymal structures, and into the biliary duct and gastrointestinal tract in the same normal human subjects has been studied. The initial blood clearance is faster with 99mTc-Sn-LIDA whereas the initial excretion form the gallbladder to the gut is a little faster with 99mTc-PG. Kidney uptake is seen with both the radiopharmaceuticals, and is a little more with 99mTc-PG.", "contents": "Comparison of 99mTc-labelled hepatobiliary agents-- 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99mTc-PG) and 99mTc-Sn-lidocaine iminodiacetic acid (99mTc-Sn-LIDA). The time-course of excretion of two hepatobiliary radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99mTc-PG) and 99mTc-Sn-lidocaine iminodiacetic acid (99mTc-Sn-LIDA), from the circulatorysystem to the parenchymal structures, and into the biliary duct and gastrointestinal tract in the same normal human subjects has been studied. The initial blood clearance is faster with 99mTc-Sn-LIDA whereas the initial excretion form the gallbladder to the gut is a little faster with 99mTc-PG. Kidney uptake is seen with both the radiopharmaceuticals, and is a little more with 99mTc-PG.", "PMID": 1012924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_121", "title": "Lung uptake of colloid during liver-spleen scanning: a normal finding in children.", "content": "Sixteen (44%) of 36 normal children were observed to have faint lung uptake during liver-spleen scanning with 99mTc sulfur colloid from a commercially available kit. Visible radioactivity in the lungs of children during liver-spleen scanning should not be considered an abnormal finding.", "contents": "Lung uptake of colloid during liver-spleen scanning: a normal finding in children. Sixteen (44%) of 36 normal children were observed to have faint lung uptake during liver-spleen scanning with 99mTc sulfur colloid from a commercially available kit. Visible radioactivity in the lungs of children during liver-spleen scanning should not be considered an abnormal finding.", "PMID": 1012925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_122", "title": "Adrenal scintigraphy with 131-I-adosterol.", "content": "A new adrenal scanning agent, Adosterol (131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol) has been evaluated in three female patients with hypercorticism. In one case, characterised by recurrent adrenocortical hyperactivity after bilateral adrenalectomy, a remnant of adrenal tissue was detected. In two other cases, the presence of an adrenal tumour could be excluded. The scan made on the 6th day after the administration of Adosterol was found to be superior in quality to that made on the 13th day.", "contents": "Adrenal scintigraphy with 131-I-adosterol. A new adrenal scanning agent, Adosterol (131I-6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol) has been evaluated in three female patients with hypercorticism. In one case, characterised by recurrent adrenocortical hyperactivity after bilateral adrenalectomy, a remnant of adrenal tissue was detected. In two other cases, the presence of an adrenal tumour could be excluded. The scan made on the 6th day after the administration of Adosterol was found to be superior in quality to that made on the 13th day.", "PMID": 1012926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_123", "title": "On the accumulation of 57Co by pancreas.", "content": "The in vivo distribution of various 57Co-labelled compounds has been studied. 57Co-citrate is concentrated by pancreas and when injected together with ferric citrate the pancreas uptake is increased while it decreases in liver and kidney.", "contents": "On the accumulation of 57Co by pancreas. The in vivo distribution of various 57Co-labelled compounds has been studied. 57Co-citrate is concentrated by pancreas and when injected together with ferric citrate the pancreas uptake is increased while it decreases in liver and kidney.", "PMID": 1012927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_124", "title": "Critical-point drying and gold sputtering as applied to scanning electron microscopy of human reproductive tissues.", "content": "Improved techniques have been developed for washing, pinning, fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying of tissues of female and male reproductive tracts, gametes, for viewing by scanning electron microscopy. The sputtering method, performed by an ion gun, is applied to shadow and produce a thin film of gold. Technical details and metal coating are noted which are suitable to improve images of surface ultrastructure of cilia and microvilli. Studies using scanning electron microscopy, histological and histochemical techniques, and cinematography are described.", "contents": "Critical-point drying and gold sputtering as applied to scanning electron microscopy of human reproductive tissues. Improved techniques have been developed for washing, pinning, fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying of tissues of female and male reproductive tracts, gametes, for viewing by scanning electron microscopy. The sputtering method, performed by an ion gun, is applied to shadow and produce a thin film of gold. Technical details and metal coating are noted which are suitable to improve images of surface ultrastructure of cilia and microvilli. Studies using scanning electron microscopy, histological and histochemical techniques, and cinematography are described.", "PMID": 1012939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_125", "title": "[A functional assessment of the masticatory muscles in mammals and humans].", "content": "We have amended and added to Fabian's tables giving a functional assessment of individual masticatory muscles. The data in our tables refer only to the temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis, pterygoideus lateralis and digastricus muscles. The weights of these muscles were determined in three fixed human cadavers and the mean values compared with those of apes, carnivores, herbivores and rodents. In humans, the most powerful masticatory muscle is the M. temporalis, followed by the M. massater, as in apes and carnivores. The M. pterygoideus is also one of the most important. This is remarkable, since in the other groups this muscle occupies the last place. This relative strengthening of the M. pterygoideus lateralis is an important characteristic of the human masticatory apparatus. In humans, the difference between the relative weights of the individual masticatory muscles is not nearly so great as in other mammalian groups. The M. pterygoideus lateralis does lie close behind the other two big adductors (Mm temporalis and masseter) but, as regards power and weight, it hardly differs from the M. pterygoideus medialis and the M. digastricus. In humans the strengthening affects not only the M. pterygoideus lateralis but also the M. digastricus. It would seem that these two masticatory muscles could become the key to the understanding of the specific changes in human mastication.", "contents": "[A functional assessment of the masticatory muscles in mammals and humans]. We have amended and added to Fabian's tables giving a functional assessment of individual masticatory muscles. The data in our tables refer only to the temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis, pterygoideus lateralis and digastricus muscles. The weights of these muscles were determined in three fixed human cadavers and the mean values compared with those of apes, carnivores, herbivores and rodents. In humans, the most powerful masticatory muscle is the M. temporalis, followed by the M. massater, as in apes and carnivores. The M. pterygoideus is also one of the most important. This is remarkable, since in the other groups this muscle occupies the last place. This relative strengthening of the M. pterygoideus lateralis is an important characteristic of the human masticatory apparatus. In humans, the difference between the relative weights of the individual masticatory muscles is not nearly so great as in other mammalian groups. The M. pterygoideus lateralis does lie close behind the other two big adductors (Mm temporalis and masseter) but, as regards power and weight, it hardly differs from the M. pterygoideus medialis and the M. digastricus. In humans the strengthening affects not only the M. pterygoideus lateralis but also the M. digastricus. It would seem that these two masticatory muscles could become the key to the understanding of the specific changes in human mastication.", "PMID": 1012940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_126", "title": "Lamellated osmiophilic bodies in mouse gallbladder epithelium.", "content": "Mouse gallbladder epithelium was studied in the electron microscope after glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. Special attention was paid to dense cytoplasmic bodies. Heterogeneous dense bodies with osmiophilic and loose granular components were identified. Many of these bodies consisted of lamellated osmiophilic structures, similar to the phospholipid bodies of the large alveolar (type II) cells of the mammalian lung. The dense bodies containing the lamellar structures were membrane-limited and 0.5-1.0 mum in diameter. They were located in the supranuclear cytoplasma and were often closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated within these bodies and in some of the Golgi vacuoles. The contents were disposed in concentric lamellar osmiophilic structures, sometimes appearing as scroll-like configurations. These morphological findings were interpreted as indication of these presence of phosphlipid absorbed from the gallbladder lumen and stored in phagosomes in the central cytoplasm of the gallbladder epithelial cells.", "contents": "Lamellated osmiophilic bodies in mouse gallbladder epithelium. Mouse gallbladder epithelium was studied in the electron microscope after glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. Special attention was paid to dense cytoplasmic bodies. Heterogeneous dense bodies with osmiophilic and loose granular components were identified. Many of these bodies consisted of lamellated osmiophilic structures, similar to the phospholipid bodies of the large alveolar (type II) cells of the mammalian lung. The dense bodies containing the lamellar structures were membrane-limited and 0.5-1.0 mum in diameter. They were located in the supranuclear cytoplasma and were often closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated within these bodies and in some of the Golgi vacuoles. The contents were disposed in concentric lamellar osmiophilic structures, sometimes appearing as scroll-like configurations. These morphological findings were interpreted as indication of these presence of phosphlipid absorbed from the gallbladder lumen and stored in phagosomes in the central cytoplasm of the gallbladder epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1012941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_127", "title": "Fluorescence histochemical study of Aurbach's plexus of the ileum of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated guinea pig.", "content": "In the present investigation the action of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on Auerbach's plexus of the ileum of the guinea pig has been studied with Falck and Hillarp's histochemical technique. A singel dose of 15-25 mg/kg of 6-OHDA causes degeneration of some of the adrenergic nerve fibres after 6 h of treatment. 200-250 mg/kg of 6-OHDA is responsible for the total disappearance of nerve fibres in the ganglia and internodal strands within 24 h. 6 h after 100 mg/kg of 6-OHDA treatment, the intervaricose fibres have mostly disappeared and a few nerve fibres are swollen. The pre-terminal fibres are not much affected. After 24 and 48 h of 100 mg/kg treatment with 6-OHDA, most of the varicose and non-varicose fibres have disappeared and very few fibres are left, these having become intensely fluorescent and much swollen, probably due to the accumulation of storage granules transported to this site by axoplasmic flow. After 6-8 days of treatment with 6-OHDA all the fluorescen fibres and cell bodies have disappeared. A few faintly fluorescent green and yellow cell bodies could also be observed; however, their chemical nature could not be determined.", "contents": "Fluorescence histochemical study of Aurbach's plexus of the ileum of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated guinea pig. In the present investigation the action of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on Auerbach's plexus of the ileum of the guinea pig has been studied with Falck and Hillarp's histochemical technique. A singel dose of 15-25 mg/kg of 6-OHDA causes degeneration of some of the adrenergic nerve fibres after 6 h of treatment. 200-250 mg/kg of 6-OHDA is responsible for the total disappearance of nerve fibres in the ganglia and internodal strands within 24 h. 6 h after 100 mg/kg of 6-OHDA treatment, the intervaricose fibres have mostly disappeared and a few nerve fibres are swollen. The pre-terminal fibres are not much affected. After 24 and 48 h of 100 mg/kg treatment with 6-OHDA, most of the varicose and non-varicose fibres have disappeared and very few fibres are left, these having become intensely fluorescent and much swollen, probably due to the accumulation of storage granules transported to this site by axoplasmic flow. After 6-8 days of treatment with 6-OHDA all the fluorescen fibres and cell bodies have disappeared. A few faintly fluorescent green and yellow cell bodies could also be observed; however, their chemical nature could not be determined.", "PMID": 1012942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_128", "title": "Enzyme histochemistry of rat interfascicular oligodendroglia, with special reference to 5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "The interfascicular oligodendroglia of the rat striatum nucleus is studied in control animals and under experimentally induced brain edemas. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed. Normal oligodendrocytes show two different enzymatic distributions. While Mg2+-ATPase, TPPase, TPPase, adenylate cyclase and SDH are shown to be situated at the cell bodies and some proximal processes, 5'-nucleotidase reaction is seen at the cell fine distal processes. In spite of its trong activity in oligodendroglial endings the latter enzyme is not seen at the myelin sheath. This sheath and the interfascicular cells being intimately related, 5'-nucleotidase appears to be important not only during myelination, as almost all authors emphasize, but also in the adult myelin metabolism. Experimental brain edema shows some changes in the interfasicular oligodendroglia enzymatic activites for 5'-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase. A progressive disappearance of the former enzyme is observed. These features and those of derived from local ionic alterations may be concerned with the special susceptibility of white matter for some types of brain swellings.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemistry of rat interfascicular oligodendroglia, with special reference to 5'-nucleotidase. The interfascicular oligodendroglia of the rat striatum nucleus is studied in control animals and under experimentally induced brain edemas. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed. Normal oligodendrocytes show two different enzymatic distributions. While Mg2+-ATPase, TPPase, TPPase, adenylate cyclase and SDH are shown to be situated at the cell bodies and some proximal processes, 5'-nucleotidase reaction is seen at the cell fine distal processes. In spite of its trong activity in oligodendroglial endings the latter enzyme is not seen at the myelin sheath. This sheath and the interfascicular cells being intimately related, 5'-nucleotidase appears to be important not only during myelination, as almost all authors emphasize, but also in the adult myelin metabolism. Experimental brain edema shows some changes in the interfasicular oligodendroglia enzymatic activites for 5'-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase. A progressive disappearance of the former enzyme is observed. These features and those of derived from local ionic alterations may be concerned with the special susceptibility of white matter for some types of brain swellings.", "PMID": 1012943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_129", "title": "Effects of intense exercise on intracellular glycogen and fat in pigeon pectoralis.", "content": "The pigeon pectoralis muscle was electrically stimulated in vivo at a high intensity of 25 V and the intracellular glycogen and fat reserves of the muscle examined histochemically to determine the pattern of substrate utilization in the component broad white and narrow red fibre types during the intense flight-simulated exercise. 4 h of continuous stimulation resulted in the depletion of intracellular glycogen from both fibre types and a simultaneous reduction in the intracellular fat stores of the red fibres. While glycogen provides the only source of energy for the white fibres, glycogen as well as fat serves as fuel for the red fibres. It is postulated that, though fat is the major fuel for the red fibres, their glycogen reserves are utilized to ensure a steady supply of oxaloacetate essential in the oxidation of fatty acids via the Krebs cycle, and that fatty acid catabolism helps to maintain gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of intense exercise on intracellular glycogen and fat in pigeon pectoralis. The pigeon pectoralis muscle was electrically stimulated in vivo at a high intensity of 25 V and the intracellular glycogen and fat reserves of the muscle examined histochemically to determine the pattern of substrate utilization in the component broad white and narrow red fibre types during the intense flight-simulated exercise. 4 h of continuous stimulation resulted in the depletion of intracellular glycogen from both fibre types and a simultaneous reduction in the intracellular fat stores of the red fibres. While glycogen provides the only source of energy for the white fibres, glycogen as well as fat serves as fuel for the red fibres. It is postulated that, though fat is the major fuel for the red fibres, their glycogen reserves are utilized to ensure a steady supply of oxaloacetate essential in the oxidation of fatty acids via the Krebs cycle, and that fatty acid catabolism helps to maintain gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 1012944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_130", "title": "[Age-specific distribution of beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase in the humeral epiphysis of rats].", "content": "The chondrocytes of the humeral epiphysis and of the articular cartilage of newborn, 8-, 30-, and 60-day-old albino rats contain beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase. Both enzymes were found to be rare in the before mentioned cells. The reactions begin in the cells of the column cartilage and of the osteoblasts of the metaphysis on the 8th day of life and demonstrate an additional activity in 40- to 60-day-old animals. The results mark the activity of the degrading enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Age-specific distribution of beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase in the humeral epiphysis of rats]. The chondrocytes of the humeral epiphysis and of the articular cartilage of newborn, 8-, 30-, and 60-day-old albino rats contain beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase. Both enzymes were found to be rare in the before mentioned cells. The reactions begin in the cells of the column cartilage and of the osteoblasts of the metaphysis on the 8th day of life and demonstrate an additional activity in 40- to 60-day-old animals. The results mark the activity of the degrading enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 1012945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_131", "title": "[The postnatal development of synapses at the dendrites of rabbit mitral cells].", "content": "Olfactory bulbs from 4 specimen of the 1st, 4th, 6th, 9th and 60th postnatal day were used. Relative mature unidirectional and reciprocal synapses are present at the mitral cell dendrites already at the first day. During postnatal development the amount of electrondense postsynaptic material increase. The vesicles were always spheric; their number increase significantly with age only at granule cell side of the reciprocal synapses. Length and width of the synaptic cleft do not change with age.", "contents": "[The postnatal development of synapses at the dendrites of rabbit mitral cells]. Olfactory bulbs from 4 specimen of the 1st, 4th, 6th, 9th and 60th postnatal day were used. Relative mature unidirectional and reciprocal synapses are present at the mitral cell dendrites already at the first day. During postnatal development the amount of electrondense postsynaptic material increase. The vesicles were always spheric; their number increase significantly with age only at granule cell side of the reciprocal synapses. Length and width of the synaptic cleft do not change with age.", "PMID": 1012946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_132", "title": "Electron-microscopic identification of amoeboid microglia in the spinal cord of newborn rats.", "content": "Electron-microscopic studies in the spinal cord of neonatal rats show, though rarely, the existence of amoeboid microglial cells. The cells are distributed singly and are found only in the spinal grey matter. They are characterized by having a round, prominent nucleus with peripheral chromatin clumps. The cytoplasm is endowed with a well-developed Golgi complex, and isolated profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. One striking feature of the cytoplasm is the presence of abundant lysosome-like granules. The cytoplasm, which is of moderate density, may be vacuolated. The surface of the cells often sends out pseudopodium-like processes. These, together with the presence of occasional phagosomes, indicate that the amoeboid cells are phagocytic. Thus, it is possible to generalize from the present and earlier findings that amoeboid microglial cells are normal cellular constituents in the maturing central nervous system and their temporary existence in the neonatal stage indicates the necessity of these cells for subsequent maturation of the nervous tissue.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic identification of amoeboid microglia in the spinal cord of newborn rats. Electron-microscopic studies in the spinal cord of neonatal rats show, though rarely, the existence of amoeboid microglial cells. The cells are distributed singly and are found only in the spinal grey matter. They are characterized by having a round, prominent nucleus with peripheral chromatin clumps. The cytoplasm is endowed with a well-developed Golgi complex, and isolated profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. One striking feature of the cytoplasm is the presence of abundant lysosome-like granules. The cytoplasm, which is of moderate density, may be vacuolated. The surface of the cells often sends out pseudopodium-like processes. These, together with the presence of occasional phagosomes, indicate that the amoeboid cells are phagocytic. Thus, it is possible to generalize from the present and earlier findings that amoeboid microglial cells are normal cellular constituents in the maturing central nervous system and their temporary existence in the neonatal stage indicates the necessity of these cells for subsequent maturation of the nervous tissue.", "PMID": 1012947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_133", "title": "Morphological, histochemical, autoradiographic and topographical evidences of the origin of the Langerhans' cell from the melanocyte in the skin of the guinea pig.", "content": "The microscopic anatomy of the nucleus, Golgi substance, mitochondria, etc. of type 1, 2, 3 and 4 albino melanocytes, type 01 and 011 albino intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar and type I, II, III and IV albino Langerhans' cells of the albino guinea pig, is presented in detail. The study has demonstrated that the albino melanocytes degenerate through sequential stages of intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar, type I, II and III Langerhans' cells to ultimately from type IV Langerhans' cells. It has been shown that all the dendritic cells of the epidermis belonged to one class of cells. Autoradiographic techniques have shown that type 3 and type 4 melanocytes, respectively, bearing 6 and 5 round-tipped dendritic processes, divide by mitosis to form two daughter cells. One of these two daughter forms the intermediate cell of Billingham and Medawar. This cell, while transforming sequentially into type I, II, III and IV Langerhans' cells, moves up through the Malpighian and granular layers of cells, to the stratum corneum. This type IV Langerhans' cell is ultimately extruded out of the stratum corneum by exfoliation. The other daughter melanocyte remains at its place in the sub-basal zone to function as a mature melanocyte. The time for the passage of the daughter melanocyte to travel from the sub-basal zone to the stratum corneum layer was found to be 15 days.", "contents": "Morphological, histochemical, autoradiographic and topographical evidences of the origin of the Langerhans' cell from the melanocyte in the skin of the guinea pig. The microscopic anatomy of the nucleus, Golgi substance, mitochondria, etc. of type 1, 2, 3 and 4 albino melanocytes, type 01 and 011 albino intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar and type I, II, III and IV albino Langerhans' cells of the albino guinea pig, is presented in detail. The study has demonstrated that the albino melanocytes degenerate through sequential stages of intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar, type I, II and III Langerhans' cells to ultimately from type IV Langerhans' cells. It has been shown that all the dendritic cells of the epidermis belonged to one class of cells. Autoradiographic techniques have shown that type 3 and type 4 melanocytes, respectively, bearing 6 and 5 round-tipped dendritic processes, divide by mitosis to form two daughter cells. One of these two daughter forms the intermediate cell of Billingham and Medawar. This cell, while transforming sequentially into type I, II, III and IV Langerhans' cells, moves up through the Malpighian and granular layers of cells, to the stratum corneum. This type IV Langerhans' cell is ultimately extruded out of the stratum corneum by exfoliation. The other daughter melanocyte remains at its place in the sub-basal zone to function as a mature melanocyte. The time for the passage of the daughter melanocyte to travel from the sub-basal zone to the stratum corneum layer was found to be 15 days.", "PMID": 1012948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_134", "title": "Effect of ethanol on subcellular metal distribution in rat liver.", "content": "The effect of ethanol on the subcellular distribution of Mn, Cu, Zn, Mg and Cr in rat liver has been investigated. Significant changes in Mg, Zn and Mn distribution have been observed. No change in the microsomal Mn, Cu, Zn, Mg and Cr content has been found.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on subcellular metal distribution in rat liver. The effect of ethanol on the subcellular distribution of Mn, Cu, Zn, Mg and Cr in rat liver has been investigated. Significant changes in Mg, Zn and Mn distribution have been observed. No change in the microsomal Mn, Cu, Zn, Mg and Cr content has been found.", "PMID": 1012970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_135", "title": "The antitumor activity of certain substituted nucleosides.", "content": "Tests were made of the antitumor activity against lymphoid leukemic L 5178 Y cells in vitro, as exhibited by the following compounds: 2'-O-methyl-araC, 5'-0-methyl-araC, N4,2'-O-dimethyl-araC, N4-methyl-araC, 2,2'-anhydro-5'-O-methyl-araC, N4-methyl-2,2'-anhydro-araC, 4-thio-2,2'-anhydro-araU and 5-amino-araU being a new analogue or araC. The synthesis of the latter compound is described. The activity of 5-amino-araU was tested also in vivo against L 1210 mouse leukemia. O'-Alkylation, N4-exo-alkylation and the change in the amino group position from 4 to 5 abolishes the susceptibility of the above analogues to cytidine deaminase but at the same time it substantially reduces their cytotoxic activity. It was shown that 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine inhibits 14 and 26% in vitro the growth of L 5178 Y cells at concentrations 10(-6) and 10(-5) M, respectively. The possible biological significance of the latter compound is discussed.", "contents": "The antitumor activity of certain substituted nucleosides. Tests were made of the antitumor activity against lymphoid leukemic L 5178 Y cells in vitro, as exhibited by the following compounds: 2'-O-methyl-araC, 5'-0-methyl-araC, N4,2'-O-dimethyl-araC, N4-methyl-araC, 2,2'-anhydro-5'-O-methyl-araC, N4-methyl-2,2'-anhydro-araC, 4-thio-2,2'-anhydro-araU and 5-amino-araU being a new analogue or araC. The synthesis of the latter compound is described. The activity of 5-amino-araU was tested also in vivo against L 1210 mouse leukemia. O'-Alkylation, N4-exo-alkylation and the change in the amino group position from 4 to 5 abolishes the susceptibility of the above analogues to cytidine deaminase but at the same time it substantially reduces their cytotoxic activity. It was shown that 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine inhibits 14 and 26% in vitro the growth of L 5178 Y cells at concentrations 10(-6) and 10(-5) M, respectively. The possible biological significance of the latter compound is discussed.", "PMID": 1012971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_136", "title": "Central effects of prostaglandins F2alpha and E1.", "content": "In male Wistar rats PGF2alpha or PGE1 were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) in a dose of 1 or 10 mug. Immediately or 1 hr after injection the locomotor and exploratory activity were measured. The levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and acetylcholine (Ach) were measured in discrete brain areas. Both PGs applied ivc caused the depression of locomotor and exploratory activity in rats. PGE1 acted longer. Both substances but PGE1 more intensively affected the level of estimated biogenic amines in different brain structures. It is concluded that PGF2alpha and E1 are central nervous depressants. Both PGs affect neurons producing NA or 5-HT or Ach in discrete areas of brain in different manner. There is different susceptibility of brain structures on PGs action.", "contents": "Central effects of prostaglandins F2alpha and E1. In male Wistar rats PGF2alpha or PGE1 were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) in a dose of 1 or 10 mug. Immediately or 1 hr after injection the locomotor and exploratory activity were measured. The levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and acetylcholine (Ach) were measured in discrete brain areas. Both PGs applied ivc caused the depression of locomotor and exploratory activity in rats. PGE1 acted longer. Both substances but PGE1 more intensively affected the level of estimated biogenic amines in different brain structures. It is concluded that PGF2alpha and E1 are central nervous depressants. Both PGs affect neurons producing NA or 5-HT or Ach in discrete areas of brain in different manner. There is different susceptibility of brain structures on PGs action.", "PMID": 1012972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_137", "title": "Studies on antilipolytic activity of antipyretics. Part II. Influence of sodium salicylate, aminophenazone, and acetophenidin on lipolysis stimulated by noradrenaline and aminophylline in vitro.", "content": "Lipolysis, expressed as muEq of FFA released from 1 g of epidydymal fat tissue per hour, was stimulated by noradrenaline (NA) and aminophyline. Sodium salicylate inhibited the lipolysis stimulated by NA, but not by aminophylline. Aminophenazone and acetophenidin inhibited the lipolysis stimulated either by NA or by aminophylline. The antipyretics inhibited stimulated lipolysis in a non-competitive manner. The results suggest an important role of the action of antipyretics on lipolysis in their hypothermizing action.", "contents": "Studies on antilipolytic activity of antipyretics. Part II. Influence of sodium salicylate, aminophenazone, and acetophenidin on lipolysis stimulated by noradrenaline and aminophylline in vitro. Lipolysis, expressed as muEq of FFA released from 1 g of epidydymal fat tissue per hour, was stimulated by noradrenaline (NA) and aminophyline. Sodium salicylate inhibited the lipolysis stimulated by NA, but not by aminophylline. Aminophenazone and acetophenidin inhibited the lipolysis stimulated either by NA or by aminophylline. The antipyretics inhibited stimulated lipolysis in a non-competitive manner. The results suggest an important role of the action of antipyretics on lipolysis in their hypothermizing action.", "PMID": 1012973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_138", "title": "Lesions of midbrain raphe and ethanol narcosis in rats.", "content": "Serotonin -- depleting lesions involving nucleus raphe medianus markedly prolonged ethanol-induced sleep in rats. Lesioned animals showed increased general activity and decreased serotonin and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid concentrations in the forebrain.", "contents": "Lesions of midbrain raphe and ethanol narcosis in rats. Serotonin -- depleting lesions involving nucleus raphe medianus markedly prolonged ethanol-induced sleep in rats. Lesioned animals showed increased general activity and decreased serotonin and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid concentrations in the forebrain.", "PMID": 1012974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_139", "title": "Central action of prostaglandin F2alpha on circulatory system in rats.", "content": "PGF2alpha administered into the lateral brain ventricle of anesthetized rats caused an increase of the blood pressure and heart rate. Reserpine, chemical sympathectomy of the CNS with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), atropine, and vagotomy weakened the central action of PGF2alpha on the peripheral circulation. Propranolol and phenoxybenzamine exerted no influence. Neither reserpine nor 6-OHDA changed the influence of iv injected PGF2alpha on the circulation. The results of the experiments indicate to the participation of the central catecholamines in the mechanism of central action of the PGF2alpha on the circulatory system.", "contents": "Central action of prostaglandin F2alpha on circulatory system in rats. PGF2alpha administered into the lateral brain ventricle of anesthetized rats caused an increase of the blood pressure and heart rate. Reserpine, chemical sympathectomy of the CNS with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), atropine, and vagotomy weakened the central action of PGF2alpha on the peripheral circulation. Propranolol and phenoxybenzamine exerted no influence. Neither reserpine nor 6-OHDA changed the influence of iv injected PGF2alpha on the circulation. The results of the experiments indicate to the participation of the central catecholamines in the mechanism of central action of the PGF2alpha on the circulatory system.", "PMID": 1012975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_140", "title": "Behavioural effects of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in centrally chemosympathectomized rats.", "content": "In rats central chemical sympathectomy (CCS) was elicited by intracerebro-ventricular (icv) injection of two doses of 250 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at 48 hr interval. 7 days after the last injection when full CCS is developed, 10 mug of dopamine (DA) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were applied icv and locomotor and exploratory activity and irritability of animals were measured. CCS reversed the depressive effect of DA on the locomotor and exploratory activity, and intensified irribability of animals. It intensified the effect of 5-HT on the exploratory activity without changing the others observed behavioral parameters. It is concluded that CCS changes reactivity of central nervous system of pharmacological effects of DA and slightly affects the central response to 5-HT.", "contents": "Behavioural effects of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in centrally chemosympathectomized rats. In rats central chemical sympathectomy (CCS) was elicited by intracerebro-ventricular (icv) injection of two doses of 250 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at 48 hr interval. 7 days after the last injection when full CCS is developed, 10 mug of dopamine (DA) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were applied icv and locomotor and exploratory activity and irritability of animals were measured. CCS reversed the depressive effect of DA on the locomotor and exploratory activity, and intensified irribability of animals. It intensified the effect of 5-HT on the exploratory activity without changing the others observed behavioral parameters. It is concluded that CCS changes reactivity of central nervous system of pharmacological effects of DA and slightly affects the central response to 5-HT.", "PMID": 1012976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_141", "title": "Analysis of drug decomposition products. Part 34. Gas chromatography method for quantitative determination of METET in the presence of its sulfoxide.", "content": "Gas chromatographic method for the determination of METET in the presence of its oxydation product sulfoxide was worked out. The gas chromatographic conditions were: gas chromatograph--Chrom4CSSR,FID,N2-flow20--30cm3/min glass, column 100 cm, phi 0-2 cm, 10% SE-30 on Chromosorb W 100/120 mesh, temp. 180--200 degrees C. The determination was carried by means of internal standard (phenylbutazone--PhB--1,2-diphenyl 4n-butyl pyrazolidino-3,5-dione or aminophenazone--APh--1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-dimethylamino-pyrazolone-5) and the calibration curve was prepared. The ratio of peak heights for the determined comound and the standard was considered. The error of the METET determination expressed as standard percentage deviation was sr = 2--3% at n = 10.", "contents": "Analysis of drug decomposition products. Part 34. Gas chromatography method for quantitative determination of METET in the presence of its sulfoxide. Gas chromatographic method for the determination of METET in the presence of its oxydation product sulfoxide was worked out. The gas chromatographic conditions were: gas chromatograph--Chrom4CSSR,FID,N2-flow20--30cm3/min glass, column 100 cm, phi 0-2 cm, 10% SE-30 on Chromosorb W 100/120 mesh, temp. 180--200 degrees C. The determination was carried by means of internal standard (phenylbutazone--PhB--1,2-diphenyl 4n-butyl pyrazolidino-3,5-dione or aminophenazone--APh--1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-dimethylamino-pyrazolone-5) and the calibration curve was prepared. The ratio of peak heights for the determined comound and the standard was considered. The error of the METET determination expressed as standard percentage deviation was sr = 2--3% at n = 10.", "PMID": 1012977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_142", "title": "Derivatives of 2-hydroxy-4-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid. II. Pirazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidine and hydrazinopyrimidine.", "content": "Heating of 2-hydroxy-4-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid 1 with hydrazine or its derivatives in ethanolic solution gave 4-hydrazino derivatives 10--12. However, at 150--160 degrees in the absence of a solvent after decarboxylation the 4-hydrazino derivatives 13 and 14 were formed. Under similar conditions form 2 (the ethyl ester of 1), 4-methylpyrazole-[3,4-d]-5(H)-pyrimidine-3,6-dione and the corresponding 1--substituted derivatives 3,7,8 of this ring system were obtained. These compounds were easily chlorinated (POCl3/PCl5) in 6 and 3 and 6 position. Compounds 3 and 7 have strong cytostatic activity in vitro and in vivo, compound 13 acts as virostatic and antiinflammatory.", "contents": "Derivatives of 2-hydroxy-4-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid. II. Pirazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidine and hydrazinopyrimidine. Heating of 2-hydroxy-4-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid 1 with hydrazine or its derivatives in ethanolic solution gave 4-hydrazino derivatives 10--12. However, at 150--160 degrees in the absence of a solvent after decarboxylation the 4-hydrazino derivatives 13 and 14 were formed. Under similar conditions form 2 (the ethyl ester of 1), 4-methylpyrazole-[3,4-d]-5(H)-pyrimidine-3,6-dione and the corresponding 1--substituted derivatives 3,7,8 of this ring system were obtained. These compounds were easily chlorinated (POCl3/PCl5) in 6 and 3 and 6 position. Compounds 3 and 7 have strong cytostatic activity in vitro and in vivo, compound 13 acts as virostatic and antiinflammatory.", "PMID": 1012978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_143", "title": "Studies on the polymorphism of barbital.", "content": "Crystalline samples of barbital obtained by isothermal crystallization from various solvents or by sublimation were analysed. Morphological, thermomicroscopical, thermal, IR, density and initial dissolution rate studies were carried out. X-ray analysis according to Debye-Scherrer was realised after 9-month storage of samples at room conditions. The ability of barbital to form polymorphic modifications was confirmed but the conclusions of previous works were discussed. It was found that the stability of metastable crystal structures II, III and IV was high enough to make them commercially feasible.", "contents": "Studies on the polymorphism of barbital. Crystalline samples of barbital obtained by isothermal crystallization from various solvents or by sublimation were analysed. Morphological, thermomicroscopical, thermal, IR, density and initial dissolution rate studies were carried out. X-ray analysis according to Debye-Scherrer was realised after 9-month storage of samples at room conditions. The ability of barbital to form polymorphic modifications was confirmed but the conclusions of previous works were discussed. It was found that the stability of metastable crystal structures II, III and IV was high enough to make them commercially feasible.", "PMID": 1012979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_144", "title": "Derivatives of 3-p-chlorophenyl-3-oxopropane and 3-p-chlorophenyl-3-hydroxypropane-1-carboxylic acids.", "content": "Starting from gamma-chlorophenyltetrahydro- and gamma-chlorophenyldihydro-furan-2-ones (2 and 12), some new amides and hydrazides of the acids mentioned in the title were prepared (Table 1 and 2). Of the obtained compounds the following 10, 14, 15, 17, 20--23 show central depressant action.", "contents": "Derivatives of 3-p-chlorophenyl-3-oxopropane and 3-p-chlorophenyl-3-hydroxypropane-1-carboxylic acids. Starting from gamma-chlorophenyltetrahydro- and gamma-chlorophenyldihydro-furan-2-ones (2 and 12), some new amides and hydrazides of the acids mentioned in the title were prepared (Table 1 and 2). Of the obtained compounds the following 10, 14, 15, 17, 20--23 show central depressant action.", "PMID": 1012980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_145", "title": "An attempt to correlate the development of tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and d-amphetamine with their subcellular distribution in rat brain.", "content": "The daily application in rats of d-amphetamine during 4 weeks in increasing doses from 16-80 mg/kg/day developed a tolerance. The quantitative evaluation of the relative accumulation of unchanged d-amphetamine in different subcellular brain fractions estimated with 3H labelled d-amphetamine showed that the development of tolerance to amphetamine is not associated with a decreased accumulation of the unchanged drug in any subcellular fraction of the brain. Synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was injected (10 mg/kg) to rats twice daily. After the 9th injection the intensity of the initial depressant effect was approximately similar to that after one injection but completely disappeared after 3 hrs of treatment. The specific activities of delta-9-THC and its metabolites in brain subcellular fractions were estimated with use of 3H-delta-9-THC. The tolerance to delta-9-THC in contrast to amphetamine seems to be mainly metabolic.", "contents": "An attempt to correlate the development of tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and d-amphetamine with their subcellular distribution in rat brain. The daily application in rats of d-amphetamine during 4 weeks in increasing doses from 16-80 mg/kg/day developed a tolerance. The quantitative evaluation of the relative accumulation of unchanged d-amphetamine in different subcellular brain fractions estimated with 3H labelled d-amphetamine showed that the development of tolerance to amphetamine is not associated with a decreased accumulation of the unchanged drug in any subcellular fraction of the brain. Synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was injected (10 mg/kg) to rats twice daily. After the 9th injection the intensity of the initial depressant effect was approximately similar to that after one injection but completely disappeared after 3 hrs of treatment. The specific activities of delta-9-THC and its metabolites in brain subcellular fractions were estimated with use of 3H-delta-9-THC. The tolerance to delta-9-THC in contrast to amphetamine seems to be mainly metabolic.", "PMID": 1012982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_146", "title": "The effect of intrahippocampal administration of dopamine or apomorphine on EEG of limbic structures in the rabbit brain.", "content": "The effect of intrahippocampal injections of dopamine or apomorphine on the energy level of EEG from limbic structures in the rabbit was investigated. The EEG was recorded from gyrus cinguli anterior, hippocampus dorsalis, nucleus amygdalae, hypothalamus medialis, and nucleus caudatus. Both apomorphine and dopamine in doses used produced stimulatory effects. The effect of apomorphine did not appear after pretreatment with haloperidol (2 or 24 hr, 1 mg/kg sc). This suggests the presence of dopamine receptors of stimulatory type in the dorsal part of rabbit hippocampus. The data confirm the prolonged action of haloperidol.", "contents": "The effect of intrahippocampal administration of dopamine or apomorphine on EEG of limbic structures in the rabbit brain. The effect of intrahippocampal injections of dopamine or apomorphine on the energy level of EEG from limbic structures in the rabbit was investigated. The EEG was recorded from gyrus cinguli anterior, hippocampus dorsalis, nucleus amygdalae, hypothalamus medialis, and nucleus caudatus. Both apomorphine and dopamine in doses used produced stimulatory effects. The effect of apomorphine did not appear after pretreatment with haloperidol (2 or 24 hr, 1 mg/kg sc). This suggests the presence of dopamine receptors of stimulatory type in the dorsal part of rabbit hippocampus. The data confirm the prolonged action of haloperidol.", "PMID": 1012981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_147", "title": "Effects of inhibitors of the catecholamine synthesis on motor activity in the rat during light and darkness.", "content": "Under controlled conditions of light and darkness (12:12 hrs) the influence of inhibitors of the tyrosine-hydroxylase (alpha-MT) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (FLA 63) on motor activity were investigated in male Wistar rats at different times of the day. Simultaneously, turnover experiments of the cerebral noradrenaline and dopamine were performed, which revealed diurnal variations within 24 hrs of a day. Both inhibitors showed clear-cut chronopharmacological differences in influencing motor activity, and a phase shift between the darkness-induced increase in motor activity and the maximum turnover rate of the cerebral dopamine was observed.", "contents": "Effects of inhibitors of the catecholamine synthesis on motor activity in the rat during light and darkness. Under controlled conditions of light and darkness (12:12 hrs) the influence of inhibitors of the tyrosine-hydroxylase (alpha-MT) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (FLA 63) on motor activity were investigated in male Wistar rats at different times of the day. Simultaneously, turnover experiments of the cerebral noradrenaline and dopamine were performed, which revealed diurnal variations within 24 hrs of a day. Both inhibitors showed clear-cut chronopharmacological differences in influencing motor activity, and a phase shift between the darkness-induced increase in motor activity and the maximum turnover rate of the cerebral dopamine was observed.", "PMID": 1012983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_148", "title": "Effects of stimulation of raphe nuclei on ponto-geniculo-occipital syndrome evoked by reserpine in cats.", "content": "Stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the cat caused inhibition of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves induced by reserpine. Electrical stimuli with frequency of 10/sec. caused stronger effect than low-frequency impulses. The results indicate the PGO generating mechanisms (related probably with noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus is suppressed by raphe nuclei.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation of raphe nuclei on ponto-geniculo-occipital syndrome evoked by reserpine in cats. Stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the cat caused inhibition of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves induced by reserpine. Electrical stimuli with frequency of 10/sec. caused stronger effect than low-frequency impulses. The results indicate the PGO generating mechanisms (related probably with noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus is suppressed by raphe nuclei.", "PMID": 1012985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_149", "title": "Influence of kinins on amphetamine activity.", "content": "Bradykinin (2 mug ivc) or kallikrein (40 U/kg) inhibited the stimulatory psychomotoric action of a low (0.5 mg/kg) dose of amphetamine, and potentiated the action of a high (2 mg/kg) dose of the drug. A treatment with bradykinin and the low dose of amphetamine reduced the noradrenaline and enhanced the serotonin level in the striatum, and lowered the dopamine content in the cortex, while a combined treatment with the high dose of amphetamine elevated the dopamine level in the striatum and hypothalamus and depressed the serotonin level in the midbrain.", "contents": "Influence of kinins on amphetamine activity. Bradykinin (2 mug ivc) or kallikrein (40 U/kg) inhibited the stimulatory psychomotoric action of a low (0.5 mg/kg) dose of amphetamine, and potentiated the action of a high (2 mg/kg) dose of the drug. A treatment with bradykinin and the low dose of amphetamine reduced the noradrenaline and enhanced the serotonin level in the striatum, and lowered the dopamine content in the cortex, while a combined treatment with the high dose of amphetamine elevated the dopamine level in the striatum and hypothalamus and depressed the serotonin level in the midbrain.", "PMID": 1012987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_150", "title": "Observations on the treatment of dissection of the aorta.", "content": "The results are presented of treatment in twenty-three patients with dissection of the thoracic aorta, in four of whom it was acute (less than 14 days' duration), and in nineteen chronic (more than 14 days' duration). Sixteen patients had Type I and II dissection (involving the ascending aorta) and five Type III  (descending aorta at or distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery); in two, dissection complicated coarctation of the aorta in the usual site. Thirteen patients had aortic regurgitation. Three of the patients with acute dissection were treated medically; two, both with Type I dissection, died, and the third, with Type III, survived. The remaining acute patient was treated surgically and also died. Of the patients with chronic dissection, eight were treated medically and eleven surgically. None of the medical group died in hospital; three died between 3 months and 1 year, and five have survived from periods of 12-72 months. Eleven patients with chronic dissection were treated surgically; four died in hospital at or shortly after operation; and the remaining seven lived for periods of 12-84 months. The presentation, indications for surgical treatment and results are discussed. It is concluded that surgical treatment of chronic dissection may carry a higher initial mortality than medical, but that there may be slightly better overall long term results in the former. As this series was not selected randomly, because patients with complications were selected for surgery, and there are only a few patients in each group, the results do not permit firm conclusion regarding the relative merits of medical and surgical treatment. It is suggested that all patients should initially be treated medically but that surgical treatment should be considered if the dissection continues, if aortic regurgitation is severe, if an aneurysm develops or enlarges, if cardiac tamponade develops or there is evidence of progressive involvement of the branches of the aorta. Attention is drawn to the important syndrome of chronic dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta with severe aortic regurgitation which requires definitive surgical treatment and aortic valve replacement. The importance of adequate visualization of the origin and extent of the dissection as a preliminary to surgical treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Observations on the treatment of dissection of the aorta. The results are presented of treatment in twenty-three patients with dissection of the thoracic aorta, in four of whom it was acute (less than 14 days' duration), and in nineteen chronic (more than 14 days' duration). Sixteen patients had Type I and II dissection (involving the ascending aorta) and five Type III  (descending aorta at or distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery); in two, dissection complicated coarctation of the aorta in the usual site. Thirteen patients had aortic regurgitation. Three of the patients with acute dissection were treated medically; two, both with Type I dissection, died, and the third, with Type III, survived. The remaining acute patient was treated surgically and also died. Of the patients with chronic dissection, eight were treated medically and eleven surgically. None of the medical group died in hospital; three died between 3 months and 1 year, and five have survived from periods of 12-72 months. Eleven patients with chronic dissection were treated surgically; four died in hospital at or shortly after operation; and the remaining seven lived for periods of 12-84 months. The presentation, indications for surgical treatment and results are discussed. It is concluded that surgical treatment of chronic dissection may carry a higher initial mortality than medical, but that there may be slightly better overall long term results in the former. As this series was not selected randomly, because patients with complications were selected for surgery, and there are only a few patients in each group, the results do not permit firm conclusion regarding the relative merits of medical and surgical treatment. It is suggested that all patients should initially be treated medically but that surgical treatment should be considered if the dissection continues, if aortic regurgitation is severe, if an aneurysm develops or enlarges, if cardiac tamponade develops or there is evidence of progressive involvement of the branches of the aorta. Attention is drawn to the important syndrome of chronic dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta with severe aortic regurgitation which requires definitive surgical treatment and aortic valve replacement. The importance of adequate visualization of the origin and extent of the dissection as a preliminary to surgical treatment is stressed.", "PMID": 1012993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_151", "title": "Studies on the central activity of kinins.", "content": "The influence of bradykinin and kallikrein on the levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) as well as the influence of bradykinin on the levels of normetanephrine, homovanillic (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) acids were investigated in different parts of the brain (cerebellum, corpus striatum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and midbrain). Kinins decrease the levels of NA and DA and their metabolites, and increase the level of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, expecially in corpus striatum and hypothalamus. The results of these investigations correlate with previously reported behavioural effects of kinins.", "contents": "Studies on the central activity of kinins. The influence of bradykinin and kallikrein on the levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) as well as the influence of bradykinin on the levels of normetanephrine, homovanillic (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) acids were investigated in different parts of the brain (cerebellum, corpus striatum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and midbrain). Kinins decrease the levels of NA and DA and their metabolites, and increase the level of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, expecially in corpus striatum and hypothalamus. The results of these investigations correlate with previously reported behavioural effects of kinins.", "PMID": 1012986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_152", "title": "Effects of lesions of monoaminergic system in the brain on the hypotensive effects of clonidine in rats.", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus markedly reduced hypotensive effects of clonidine in rats. Lesions shifted laterally did not evoke any significant change of the hypotensive effects of clonidine or bradycardia induced by it. Lesions of the ventral and dorsal noradrenergic tract at the midbrain level and lesions of the midbrain raphe area failed to change hypotensive response to clonidine.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of monoaminergic system in the brain on the hypotensive effects of clonidine in rats. Bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus markedly reduced hypotensive effects of clonidine in rats. Lesions shifted laterally did not evoke any significant change of the hypotensive effects of clonidine or bradycardia induced by it. Lesions of the ventral and dorsal noradrenergic tract at the midbrain level and lesions of the midbrain raphe area failed to change hypotensive response to clonidine.", "PMID": 1012984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_153", "title": "A blood pressure clinic in a health centre.", "content": "Following a screening survey for hypertension in Renfrew, a blood pressure clinic was established in a health centre. Three hospital doctors, each working an average of two sessions weekly, saw 368 patients. A specially trained nurse played an important part in the running of the clinic. Attendance of patients was high, and defaulting amongst those needing treatment was low. Blood pressures were well controlled in 75% of the patients. The clinic has proved an acceptable method of managing large numbers of hypertensives without reference to hospital.", "contents": "A blood pressure clinic in a health centre. Following a screening survey for hypertension in Renfrew, a blood pressure clinic was established in a health centre. Three hospital doctors, each working an average of two sessions weekly, saw 368 patients. A specially trained nurse played an important part in the running of the clinic. Attendance of patients was high, and defaulting amongst those needing treatment was low. Blood pressures were well controlled in 75% of the patients. The clinic has proved an acceptable method of managing large numbers of hypertensives without reference to hospital.", "PMID": 1012994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_154", "title": "Antidepressant blood levels in acute overdose.", "content": "Plasma antidepressant levels and clinical condition were measured sequentially for at least 24 hr in eight patients who presented with acute antidepressant overdosage. There was no evidence to suggest that a knowledge of the drug plasma levels had anything to offer in the management of a patient whose overdose included a tricyclic antidepressant.", "contents": "Antidepressant blood levels in acute overdose. Plasma antidepressant levels and clinical condition were measured sequentially for at least 24 hr in eight patients who presented with acute antidepressant overdosage. There was no evidence to suggest that a knowledge of the drug plasma levels had anything to offer in the management of a patient whose overdose included a tricyclic antidepressant.", "PMID": 1012995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_155", "title": "The influence of angiotensin on central effect of acetylcholine in rats.", "content": "The influence of angiotensin on the central action of acetylcholine was studied in rats. It was shown that the action of acetylcholine was enhanced in animals treated simultaneously with angiotensin. Above phenomena were accompanied with the increase of \"free\" and \"bound\" acetylcholine in the brain of angiotensin treated rats. These observations indicate an interaction between angiotensin and acetylcholine in the CNS.", "contents": "The influence of angiotensin on central effect of acetylcholine in rats. The influence of angiotensin on the central action of acetylcholine was studied in rats. It was shown that the action of acetylcholine was enhanced in animals treated simultaneously with angiotensin. Above phenomena were accompanied with the increase of \"free\" and \"bound\" acetylcholine in the brain of angiotensin treated rats. These observations indicate an interaction between angiotensin and acetylcholine in the CNS.", "PMID": 1012989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_156", "title": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the central action of acetylcholine.", "content": "Depressive behavioral effects of acetylcholine (10 mug ivtr) and physostigmine (0.3 mg/kg ip), and prolongation of the duration of electrogenic seizures produced by the drugs were prevented by intraperitoneal or intraventricular administration of FDP (0.5 mg/kg or 5 mug resp.). The peptides did not affect the brain acetylcholine level and did not influence the inhibitory effect of physostygmine on AChE activity.", "contents": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the central action of acetylcholine. Depressive behavioral effects of acetylcholine (10 mug ivtr) and physostigmine (0.3 mg/kg ip), and prolongation of the duration of electrogenic seizures produced by the drugs were prevented by intraperitoneal or intraventricular administration of FDP (0.5 mg/kg or 5 mug resp.). The peptides did not affect the brain acetylcholine level and did not influence the inhibitory effect of physostygmine on AChE activity.", "PMID": 1012988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_157", "title": "Scleritis and temporal arteritis.", "content": "Thirty consecutive patients with severe scleritis or episcleritis were  admitted as in-patients to the Medical Ophthalmology Unit and assessed for systemic disease. There were seventeen women and thirteen men. The mean age was 53 with a median of 57 (range 23-83). Eighteen of the patients had scleritis: eleven of these had evidence of connective tissue disease and three of them had temporal arteritis. Twelve patients had episcleritis: six of them had a collagen disease and one of them developed temporal arteritis. This high incidence of temporal arteritis in association with scleritis has not been previously reported. It is important to diagnose and treat overt temporal arteritis early with parenteral steroids so that ischaemic papillopathy can be avoided. A higher incidence of collagen diseases than previously described is reported in episcleritis. It is thought that this is secondary to selection since patients with the usual self-limiting episcleritis are not normally referred for further in-patient investigation. In no patient was more than one significant diagnosis made. There was no significant medical illness in only 11% of patients with scleritis and 33% of patients with episcleritis. The majority of the non-collagen diseases (e.g. hypertension) were not previously recognized. In none of the patients with temporal arteritis was the diagnosis made before admission. It is concluded that full examination and investigation for underlying disease is indicated in both scleritis and severe episcleritis.", "contents": "Scleritis and temporal arteritis. Thirty consecutive patients with severe scleritis or episcleritis were  admitted as in-patients to the Medical Ophthalmology Unit and assessed for systemic disease. There were seventeen women and thirteen men. The mean age was 53 with a median of 57 (range 23-83). Eighteen of the patients had scleritis: eleven of these had evidence of connective tissue disease and three of them had temporal arteritis. Twelve patients had episcleritis: six of them had a collagen disease and one of them developed temporal arteritis. This high incidence of temporal arteritis in association with scleritis has not been previously reported. It is important to diagnose and treat overt temporal arteritis early with parenteral steroids so that ischaemic papillopathy can be avoided. A higher incidence of collagen diseases than previously described is reported in episcleritis. It is thought that this is secondary to selection since patients with the usual self-limiting episcleritis are not normally referred for further in-patient investigation. In no patient was more than one significant diagnosis made. There was no significant medical illness in only 11% of patients with scleritis and 33% of patients with episcleritis. The majority of the non-collagen diseases (e.g. hypertension) were not previously recognized. In none of the patients with temporal arteritis was the diagnosis made before admission. It is concluded that full examination and investigation for underlying disease is indicated in both scleritis and severe episcleritis.", "PMID": 1012996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_158", "title": "The results of 100 small tissue biopsies of testis in male infertile patients.", "content": "The value of testicular biopsy in male infertility has recently been emphasized by Meinhard, McRae and Chisholm (1973), and the present authors agree with them that a biopsy is essential for the following reasons: (1) to establish a firm diagnosis; (2) to rationalize therapy on the basis of histological findings; (3) new developments in drug therapy and electronmicroscopic techniques will help to clarify many areas of doubt and uncertainty in this difficult field; (4) the diagnosis of 'sloughing' by itself may mask changes in germinal cell development which may be amenable to hormone therapy.", "contents": "The results of 100 small tissue biopsies of testis in male infertile patients. The value of testicular biopsy in male infertility has recently been emphasized by Meinhard, McRae and Chisholm (1973), and the present authors agree with them that a biopsy is essential for the following reasons: (1) to establish a firm diagnosis; (2) to rationalize therapy on the basis of histological findings; (3) new developments in drug therapy and electronmicroscopic techniques will help to clarify many areas of doubt and uncertainty in this difficult field; (4) the diagnosis of 'sloughing' by itself may mask changes in germinal cell development which may be amenable to hormone therapy.", "PMID": 1012997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_159", "title": "Calculus disease of the urinary tract at a district hospital.", "content": "At a District General Hospital the organization of a clinic for the investigation and treatment of patients with calculus disease of the urinary tract is described. The way in which such a clinic may be orgainzed is discussed and the results presented. In patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, sodium cellulose phosphate causes a significant reduction in urinary calcium levels when used in such a clinic.", "contents": "Calculus disease of the urinary tract at a district hospital. At a District General Hospital the organization of a clinic for the investigation and treatment of patients with calculus disease of the urinary tract is described. The way in which such a clinic may be orgainzed is discussed and the results presented. In patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, sodium cellulose phosphate causes a significant reduction in urinary calcium levels when used in such a clinic.", "PMID": 1012998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_160", "title": "Penetration of digoxin into cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The concentration of digoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ten patients receiving conventional oral doses of this cardiac glycoside has been measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Digoxin was undetected in eight patients and barely detectable in two, suggesting the presence of a significant blood-CSF barrier for digoxin. The implication of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Penetration of digoxin into cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration of digoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ten patients receiving conventional oral doses of this cardiac glycoside has been measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Digoxin was undetected in eight patients and barely detectable in two, suggesting the presence of a significant blood-CSF barrier for digoxin. The implication of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1012999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_161", "title": "The empty sella syndrome.", "content": "The empty sella syndrome (ESS) presents a varied clinical and radiographic picture. It may remain asymptomatic or may stimulate an intrasellar growth thereby causing diagnostic and therapeutic problems. An air encephalogram (AEG) is required for diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical and radiological features of the ESS and to discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.", "contents": "The empty sella syndrome. The empty sella syndrome (ESS) presents a varied clinical and radiographic picture. It may remain asymptomatic or may stimulate an intrasellar growth thereby causing diagnostic and therapeutic problems. An air encephalogram (AEG) is required for diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical and radiological features of the ESS and to discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 1013000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_162", "title": "Hereditary nephritis (with unusual renal histology): report of a first case from the West Indies.", "content": "A 21-year-old Grenadian girl undergoing investigation in Trinidad for anaemia was diagnosed as a case of hereditary nephritis. She had the clinical features of a nephropathy, nerve deafness and an ocular defect. Renal histology was exceptional in that in addition to the typical findings of a hereditary nephritis, cystic areas generally associated with medullary cystic disease were noted. Several members of the patient's maternal family were afflicted with either deafness visual distrubances or renal disease.", "contents": "Hereditary nephritis (with unusual renal histology): report of a first case from the West Indies. A 21-year-old Grenadian girl undergoing investigation in Trinidad for anaemia was diagnosed as a case of hereditary nephritis. She had the clinical features of a nephropathy, nerve deafness and an ocular defect. Renal histology was exceptional in that in addition to the typical findings of a hereditary nephritis, cystic areas generally associated with medullary cystic disease were noted. Several members of the patient's maternal family were afflicted with either deafness visual distrubances or renal disease.", "PMID": 1013001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_163", "title": "Obstructive cholecystitis due to metastatic melanoma.", "content": "A patient with isolated metastases from cutaneous melanoma to the gall-bladder is reported. The patient presented clinically with obstructive cholecystitis. The course of melanoma is unpredictable and the possibility that an apparently unassociated condition is due to metastases should always be considered. Isolated metastases may respond well to radical surgery and reward the surgeon's efforts.", "contents": "Obstructive cholecystitis due to metastatic melanoma. A patient with isolated metastases from cutaneous melanoma to the gall-bladder is reported. The patient presented clinically with obstructive cholecystitis. The course of melanoma is unpredictable and the possibility that an apparently unassociated condition is due to metastases should always be considered. Isolated metastases may respond well to radical surgery and reward the surgeon's efforts.", "PMID": 1013002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_164", "title": "Abetalipoproteinaemia. A case report with pathological studies.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of a case of abetalipoproteinaemia in a 38-year-old patient are described in detail. A feature not previously recorded was a marked reduction in the velocity of ocular horizontal saccadic movements. Pathological studies revealed an active chronic demyelinating process. The patient showed no response to large doses of vitamin E. The rationale for this therapy, and the possible reasons for its failure are discussed.", "contents": "Abetalipoproteinaemia. A case report with pathological studies. The clinical and pathological features of a case of abetalipoproteinaemia in a 38-year-old patient are described in detail. A feature not previously recorded was a marked reduction in the velocity of ocular horizontal saccadic movements. Pathological studies revealed an active chronic demyelinating process. The patient showed no response to large doses of vitamin E. The rationale for this therapy, and the possible reasons for its failure are discussed.", "PMID": 1013003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_165", "title": "Drug-induced hyponatraemia in psychogenic polydipsia.", "content": "Two patients with psychogenic polydipsia developed hyponatraemia, one in association with administration of hydrochlorothiazide and the other with that of tolbutamide. It is suggested that the increased fluid intake in such patients may make them more susceptible to the development of hyponatraemia from thiazide or sulphonylurea compounds.", "contents": "Drug-induced hyponatraemia in psychogenic polydipsia. Two patients with psychogenic polydipsia developed hyponatraemia, one in association with administration of hydrochlorothiazide and the other with that of tolbutamide. It is suggested that the increased fluid intake in such patients may make them more susceptible to the development of hyponatraemia from thiazide or sulphonylurea compounds.", "PMID": 1013004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_166", "title": "Familial anglo-oedema--a particularly severe form.", "content": "A case of hereditary angio-oedema is described together with the family history and manifestations in the father of the patient. The problems encountered in his management are discussed, including tracheostomy and genetic counselling.", "contents": "Familial anglo-oedema--a particularly severe form. A case of hereditary angio-oedema is described together with the family history and manifestations in the father of the patient. The problems encountered in his management are discussed, including tracheostomy and genetic counselling.", "PMID": 1013005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_167", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the spleen as a complication of infectious mononucleosis are reported. The literature is briefly reviewed and emphasis placed on the need for awareness of this rare complication.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in infectious mononucleosis. Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the spleen as a complication of infectious mononucleosis are reported. The literature is briefly reviewed and emphasis placed on the need for awareness of this rare complication.", "PMID": 1013006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_168", "title": "Does coronary surgery prolong life in comparison with medical management?", "content": "This analysis attempts to utilize natural history controls to answer the question as to whether coronary surgery prolongs life in comparison to medical management. Selected natural history studies are compared and contrasted in an effort to obtain an average survival curve for patients with coronary artery disease comparable to those presently being operated. The Duke University Medical Center series of concurrent operated and non-operated patients is reviewed to demonstrate the difference of prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease and the complexities involved in answering the question. It is concluded that, on average, coronary surgery does not prolong life in comparison to medical management over the span of 2-5 years. There may be certain higher risk patients whose lives may be prolonged by aortocoronary bypass surgery but more patients and more prolonged follow-up are needed fully to answer the question.", "contents": "Does coronary surgery prolong life in comparison with medical management? This analysis attempts to utilize natural history controls to answer the question as to whether coronary surgery prolongs life in comparison to medical management. Selected natural history studies are compared and contrasted in an effort to obtain an average survival curve for patients with coronary artery disease comparable to those presently being operated. The Duke University Medical Center series of concurrent operated and non-operated patients is reviewed to demonstrate the difference of prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease and the complexities involved in answering the question. It is concluded that, on average, coronary surgery does not prolong life in comparison to medical management over the span of 2-5 years. There may be certain higher risk patients whose lives may be prolonged by aortocoronary bypass surgery but more patients and more prolonged follow-up are needed fully to answer the question.", "PMID": 1013007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_169", "title": "Idiopathic cervical and retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of a case treated with steroids.", "content": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis in a 12-year-old boy is reported. This was associated with a fibrotic mass in the neck which resolved spontaneously. Right-sided ureteric obstruction responded to treatment with steroids.", "contents": "Idiopathic cervical and retroperitoneal fibrosis: report of a case treated with steroids. Retroperitoneal fibrosis in a 12-year-old boy is reported. This was associated with a fibrotic mass in the neck which resolved spontaneously. Right-sided ureteric obstruction responded to treatment with steroids.", "PMID": 1013008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_170", "title": "[Estimation of cardio-respiratory energy reserves by ergometric exploration].", "content": "Beyond the usual respiratory functional tests, ergometry represents a complementary test, yielding much information on the functioning of the lung-heart system. Simultaneous recording, studying and comparing different respiratory and haemodynamic functional parameters during effort, provides an objective appreciation of the cardio-respiratory energetic reserve. Such a study is necessary to estimate a functional handicap and to understand the pathophysiological alterations of the cardio-respiratory system. The estimation of energetic reserve based on the simultaneous study of multiple respiratory and circulatory parameters also provides valuable information. Ergometry is of equal value in the estimation of operating risks in pulmonary surgery. Information drawn from more than 600 ergometric tests composed of simultaneous recording of 8 parameters (heart rate, ECG, pulse volume, spirogram, ventilation per minute, SAO2, capnogram, right ventricular pressure) have confirmed the great value of this method in pulmonary medicine.", "contents": "[Estimation of cardio-respiratory energy reserves by ergometric exploration]. Beyond the usual respiratory functional tests, ergometry represents a complementary test, yielding much information on the functioning of the lung-heart system. Simultaneous recording, studying and comparing different respiratory and haemodynamic functional parameters during effort, provides an objective appreciation of the cardio-respiratory energetic reserve. Such a study is necessary to estimate a functional handicap and to understand the pathophysiological alterations of the cardio-respiratory system. The estimation of energetic reserve based on the simultaneous study of multiple respiratory and circulatory parameters also provides valuable information. Ergometry is of equal value in the estimation of operating risks in pulmonary surgery. Information drawn from more than 600 ergometric tests composed of simultaneous recording of 8 parameters (heart rate, ECG, pulse volume, spirogram, ventilation per minute, SAO2, capnogram, right ventricular pressure) have confirmed the great value of this method in pulmonary medicine.", "PMID": 1013033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_171", "title": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax in the adult. Problems of its development and treatment (apropos of 124 cases)].", "content": "The authors report their experience of the evolution and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in the adult, in a series of 124 cases, starting from January 1965 to May 1975. Recurrences occur in 27% of cases whatever therapeutics are used. They discuss frequency and modality in relation to the etiology and the proposed treatment of pneumothorax.", "contents": "[Spontaneous pneumothorax in the adult. Problems of its development and treatment (apropos of 124 cases)]. The authors report their experience of the evolution and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in the adult, in a series of 124 cases, starting from January 1965 to May 1975. Recurrences occur in 27% of cases whatever therapeutics are used. They discuss frequency and modality in relation to the etiology and the proposed treatment of pneumothorax.", "PMID": 1013034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_172", "title": "[71 pulmonary hamarto-chondromas].", "content": "Seventy-one hamarto-chondromas were operated on at the Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue from January the 1st 1958 to September the 1st 1975. Pulmonary hamarto-chondroma is always a slowly evolving benign tumour, usually found in patients between 40 and 60, and twice as frequent in males as in females. There are two different kinds. 1) Intraparenchymal hamarto-chondromas, which have a noteworthy clinical latency and in 2 cases out of 3 are situated anteriorly and peripherally. The usual treatment consists of simple enucleation. 2) Endobronchial hamarto-chondromas, on the other hand, have a striking symptomatology of bronchial obstruction. If operated on after some delay, they will cause the destruction of distal parenchyma. Treatment depends on their topography. Segmental resection is often the sole recourse.", "contents": "[71 pulmonary hamarto-chondromas]. Seventy-one hamarto-chondromas were operated on at the Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue from January the 1st 1958 to September the 1st 1975. Pulmonary hamarto-chondroma is always a slowly evolving benign tumour, usually found in patients between 40 and 60, and twice as frequent in males as in females. There are two different kinds. 1) Intraparenchymal hamarto-chondromas, which have a noteworthy clinical latency and in 2 cases out of 3 are situated anteriorly and peripherally. The usual treatment consists of simple enucleation. 2) Endobronchial hamarto-chondromas, on the other hand, have a striking symptomatology of bronchial obstruction. If operated on after some delay, they will cause the destruction of distal parenchyma. Treatment depends on their topography. Segmental resection is often the sole recourse.", "PMID": 1013035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_173", "title": "[Value of echotomography in pleuro-pulmonary pathology].", "content": "Echotomography based on the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool, little used until now in pleuropulmonary pathology, seems interesting and valuable and diserves to be counted amongst the various paraclinical examinations. Out of a hundred patients, we obtained the following results: -- 91.7% success in the needle biopsies done after echotomography. -- 84.4% success in exploring peripheral pulmonary tumor. -- 100% success in plotting: pleural thickening in which figures obtained with ultrasounds are very close to those obtained directly by needle. Echotomography in pleuropulmonary pathology has the following indications: -- for pleura effusions, pleural thickening and tumors; -- for pulmonary parenchyma: evolving or stable, solid or liquid masses, that are close enough to the thoracic wall; -- for mediastinum: lesions localized in the anterior mediastinum and related to the sternocostal wall. In all these cases echotomography brings valuable complementary information, sometimes allowing the location of fibrohyalin pleural plaques of asbestosis invisible on X rays. By combining a wider experience and the perfectioning of the equipment, this method could become a common practice in pleural pathology and thoracic oncology.", "contents": "[Value of echotomography in pleuro-pulmonary pathology]. Echotomography based on the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool, little used until now in pleuropulmonary pathology, seems interesting and valuable and diserves to be counted amongst the various paraclinical examinations. Out of a hundred patients, we obtained the following results: -- 91.7% success in the needle biopsies done after echotomography. -- 84.4% success in exploring peripheral pulmonary tumor. -- 100% success in plotting: pleural thickening in which figures obtained with ultrasounds are very close to those obtained directly by needle. Echotomography in pleuropulmonary pathology has the following indications: -- for pleura effusions, pleural thickening and tumors; -- for pulmonary parenchyma: evolving or stable, solid or liquid masses, that are close enough to the thoracic wall; -- for mediastinum: lesions localized in the anterior mediastinum and related to the sternocostal wall. In all these cases echotomography brings valuable complementary information, sometimes allowing the location of fibrohyalin pleural plaques of asbestosis invisible on X rays. By combining a wider experience and the perfectioning of the equipment, this method could become a common practice in pleural pathology and thoracic oncology.", "PMID": 1013036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_174", "title": "[Controlled hypotension by sodium nitroprusside during neuroleptanalgesia, halothane-and enflurane anaesthesia at neurosurgical and maxillary-face-surgical operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A new sodium-nitroprusside-preparation (Nipruss) was tested in 40 patients for a controlled hypotension in neurosurgical as well as maxillary- and face-surgical operations. Differences between the phases of hypotension by Nipruss were pointed out for NLA, halothane- and enflurane-narcosis. An initial hypotension of -48 per cent, caused by Nipruss, was accompanied by an increase of the cardiac frequency of +33 per cent. This was dependent on the different methods of anaesthesia. The doses necessary for an average permanent hypotension of -36 per cent varied between 1.3 and 22.3mug/kg/min. The results proved, that Nipruss guarantees a diminished blood field even be  used without head-up-position and at moderate hypotension. In combination with halothane and enflurane, hypotension could be regulated easier than with NLA. However, this resulted often in a higher frequencyload of the heart, so that frequently beta-adrenergic blocking drugs had to be administered. The operation conditions were improved, incidents did not occur. The new preparation Nipruss has organizational and hygienic advantages.", "contents": "[Controlled hypotension by sodium nitroprusside during neuroleptanalgesia, halothane-and enflurane anaesthesia at neurosurgical and maxillary-face-surgical operations (author's transl)]. A new sodium-nitroprusside-preparation (Nipruss) was tested in 40 patients for a controlled hypotension in neurosurgical as well as maxillary- and face-surgical operations. Differences between the phases of hypotension by Nipruss were pointed out for NLA, halothane- and enflurane-narcosis. An initial hypotension of -48 per cent, caused by Nipruss, was accompanied by an increase of the cardiac frequency of +33 per cent. This was dependent on the different methods of anaesthesia. The doses necessary for an average permanent hypotension of -36 per cent varied between 1.3 and 22.3mug/kg/min. The results proved, that Nipruss guarantees a diminished blood field even be  used without head-up-position and at moderate hypotension. In combination with halothane and enflurane, hypotension could be regulated easier than with NLA. However, this resulted often in a higher frequencyload of the heart, so that frequently beta-adrenergic blocking drugs had to be administered. The operation conditions were improved, incidents did not occur. The new preparation Nipruss has organizational and hygienic advantages.", "PMID": 1013049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_175", "title": "[Haemodynamic effects during hypotension with sodium nitroprusside neurosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic effects during hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in the surgery of cerebral aneurysms were studied in 16 patients. Sodium Nitroprusside caused arterial hypotension by a direct vascular musculotropic effect and it was found to reduce peripheral vasculare resistance, and to lower the bloodpressure in the right atrium and pulmonary arteries. Stroke volume decreased in the presence of tachycardia while there was no change in cardiac output. Its evanescent action and easy regulation make sodium nitroprusside suitable for controlled hypotension during cerebral surgery, especially since there are no negative haemodynamic effects.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic effects during hypotension with sodium nitroprusside neurosurgery (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic effects during hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in the surgery of cerebral aneurysms were studied in 16 patients. Sodium Nitroprusside caused arterial hypotension by a direct vascular musculotropic effect and it was found to reduce peripheral vasculare resistance, and to lower the bloodpressure in the right atrium and pulmonary arteries. Stroke volume decreased in the presence of tachycardia while there was no change in cardiac output. Its evanescent action and easy regulation make sodium nitroprusside suitable for controlled hypotension during cerebral surgery, especially since there are no negative haemodynamic effects.", "PMID": 1013050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_176", "title": "[Dosage problems of sodium nitroprusside (author's transl)].", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside has proved a useful completion of anaesthesiologist's armament. Nevertheless there still exist some doubts concerning correct dosage. This uncertainity is aggravated by communications in literature about fatal outcomes of hypotensions induced with this drug. For the patient's safety, we recommend not to exceed an infusion rate of 15mcg/kg/minute or a total of 1.5-3mg/kg irrespective of the time of administration. In any case the development of metabolic acidosis or the occurence of tachyphylaxis or resistance should be a strong argument for discontinuing nitroprusside and changing to an other method of hypotensive anaesthesia. A useful aid is the control of infusion rate by the IVAC-531-machine.", "contents": "[Dosage problems of sodium nitroprusside (author's transl)]. Sodium nitroprusside has proved a useful completion of anaesthesiologist's armament. Nevertheless there still exist some doubts concerning correct dosage. This uncertainity is aggravated by communications in literature about fatal outcomes of hypotensions induced with this drug. For the patient's safety, we recommend not to exceed an infusion rate of 15mcg/kg/minute or a total of 1.5-3mg/kg irrespective of the time of administration. In any case the development of metabolic acidosis or the occurence of tachyphylaxis or resistance should be a strong argument for discontinuing nitroprusside and changing to an other method of hypotensive anaesthesia. A useful aid is the control of infusion rate by the IVAC-531-machine.", "PMID": 1013051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_177", "title": "[Cardiodepressive effects due to ketamine, etomidate, methohexitone and propanidid. A clinical study by means of the systolic-time-intervals (author's transl)].", "content": "The cardiodepressive effects of ketamine (1mg/kg), etomidate (0.3mg/kg), methohexitone (1mg/kg) and propanidid (4mg/kg) have been compared by means of the systolic time intervals on patients during a steady-state halothane--N2O:02(1.1)-- anaesthesia. This anaesthesia served as a pharmacological model of reduced myocardial function, and moreover, it should block the centrally-elicited cardiac stimulation by ketamine, thus unmasking the direct negative inotropic action of this anaesthetic. Ketamine and etomidate are of lesser cardiac depressant action than methohexitone or even propanidid. Diazepam (0.2-0.25mg/kg) proved to be able to attenuate or abolish, respectively, the ketamine-induced increases of heart rate and blood pressure in normo- and hypertensive patients, and might therefore be useful for induction anaesthesia in cardiac and coronary risk patients, as proved on two patients with recent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Cardiodepressive effects due to ketamine, etomidate, methohexitone and propanidid. A clinical study by means of the systolic-time-intervals (author's transl)]. The cardiodepressive effects of ketamine (1mg/kg), etomidate (0.3mg/kg), methohexitone (1mg/kg) and propanidid (4mg/kg) have been compared by means of the systolic time intervals on patients during a steady-state halothane--N2O:02(1.1)-- anaesthesia. This anaesthesia served as a pharmacological model of reduced myocardial function, and moreover, it should block the centrally-elicited cardiac stimulation by ketamine, thus unmasking the direct negative inotropic action of this anaesthetic. Ketamine and etomidate are of lesser cardiac depressant action than methohexitone or even propanidid. Diazepam (0.2-0.25mg/kg) proved to be able to attenuate or abolish, respectively, the ketamine-induced increases of heart rate and blood pressure in normo- and hypertensive patients, and might therefore be useful for induction anaesthesia in cardiac and coronary risk patients, as proved on two patients with recent myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1013052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_178", "title": "[Ethrane in anaesthesia for children--measurement of cardiac output by impedance-cardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Ethrane permits a very smooth and quick introduction of anaesthesia per inhalationem without signs of any excitation due to its physical properties. Because of its low analgesic property it was necessary to administer nitrous oxide. After the interruption of Tthrane--administration our patients awoke without any nausea or vomiting. In our study we measured stroke-volume and cardiac output during and after Ethrane anaesthesia using the IFM-Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph 304 A. In the first ten minutes of anaesthesia we found a 23 per cent-decrease of strokevolume, a 19 per cent cardiac output-decrease whereas the heartrate rose slightly. Any further significant changes of these parameters up to the end of anaesthesia were not detectable. Already two minutes after the end of Ethrane-administration all parameters had reached their initial values.", "contents": "[Ethrane in anaesthesia for children--measurement of cardiac output by impedance-cardiography (author's transl)]. Ethrane permits a very smooth and quick introduction of anaesthesia per inhalationem without signs of any excitation due to its physical properties. Because of its low analgesic property it was necessary to administer nitrous oxide. After the interruption of Tthrane--administration our patients awoke without any nausea or vomiting. In our study we measured stroke-volume and cardiac output during and after Ethrane anaesthesia using the IFM-Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph 304 A. In the first ten minutes of anaesthesia we found a 23 per cent-decrease of strokevolume, a 19 per cent cardiac output-decrease whereas the heartrate rose slightly. Any further significant changes of these parameters up to the end of anaesthesia were not detectable. Already two minutes after the end of Ethrane-administration all parameters had reached their initial values.", "PMID": 1013053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_179", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia, chronic alcoholism and tubular aggregates (author's transl)].", "content": "A 24-year-old chronic alcoholic survived malignant hyperthermia which developed in connection with maxillo-facial operation. Electron-microscopic investigations of muscle biopsies disclosed so called tubular aggregates. The possible relations between these structures and the occurrence of malignant hyperthermia on the basis of an alcoholic myopathy are discussed. People suffering from idiopathic recurrent myoglobinuria have to be regarded as patients-at-risk.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia, chronic alcoholism and tubular aggregates (author's transl)]. A 24-year-old chronic alcoholic survived malignant hyperthermia which developed in connection with maxillo-facial operation. Electron-microscopic investigations of muscle biopsies disclosed so called tubular aggregates. The possible relations between these structures and the occurrence of malignant hyperthermia on the basis of an alcoholic myopathy are discussed. People suffering from idiopathic recurrent myoglobinuria have to be regarded as patients-at-risk.", "PMID": 1013054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_180", "title": "[Halothane concentrations in the atmosphere of a paediatric operating theatre (author's transl)].", "content": "Determinations were made of the halothane concentrations in the air of a paediatric operating theatre during operations. They averaged 5-30 p.p.m. with peaks of 50-70 p.p.m. during induction. The inhalation of halothane vapour was confirmed by demonstrating bromine metabolites in the urine of the operating room personnel. The risk attendant on chronic exposure to halothane vapour should be prevented by the installation of suitable systems for the removal of excess anaesthetic vapours.", "contents": "[Halothane concentrations in the atmosphere of a paediatric operating theatre (author's transl)]. Determinations were made of the halothane concentrations in the air of a paediatric operating theatre during operations. They averaged 5-30 p.p.m. with peaks of 50-70 p.p.m. during induction. The inhalation of halothane vapour was confirmed by demonstrating bromine metabolites in the urine of the operating room personnel. The risk attendant on chronic exposure to halothane vapour should be prevented by the installation of suitable systems for the removal of excess anaesthetic vapours.", "PMID": 1013055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_181", "title": "[Perforation of the right ventricle by a central venous catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "Two letal iatrogenic cardiac perforations by a subclavian catheter are reported. The cause of this rare but most serious complication is based on the sliding down of a subclavian catheter left in for 9 days in one case, in the other one on the introduction of a polyvinyl-catheter into the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Perforation of the right ventricle by a central venous catheter (author's transl)]. Two letal iatrogenic cardiac perforations by a subclavian catheter are reported. The cause of this rare but most serious complication is based on the sliding down of a subclavian catheter left in for 9 days in one case, in the other one on the introduction of a polyvinyl-catheter into the right ventricle.", "PMID": 1013056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_182", "title": "[Identification of the epidural space by air-fluid reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "Detection of the epidural space by Dogliotti's method with a Tuohy needle (inner gauge 1.6mm) is followed by introduction of 3.0-5.0 ml of test solution and rapid injection of 3.0-5.0 ml air with a 5.0ml syringe. After the introduction of the air, the syringe is immediately removed from the needle. Location of the needle tip in the epidural space is marked by air bubbles coated by a thin fluid film, which hang over the hub of the needle and then burst. In some instances a slight wheezing can be heard as the air introduced into the epidural space comes out. The air-fluid reflux is determined by the elasticity of the dura and points always at the location of the tip of the needle in the epidural space. This sign is present in 95 per cent of the cases. The intensity of the air-fluid reflux depends upon the elasticity of the dura, the diameter of the needle and of the syringe and the force by which the plunger is pushed down.", "contents": "[Identification of the epidural space by air-fluid reflux (author's transl)]. Detection of the epidural space by Dogliotti's method with a Tuohy needle (inner gauge 1.6mm) is followed by introduction of 3.0-5.0 ml of test solution and rapid injection of 3.0-5.0 ml air with a 5.0ml syringe. After the introduction of the air, the syringe is immediately removed from the needle. Location of the needle tip in the epidural space is marked by air bubbles coated by a thin fluid film, which hang over the hub of the needle and then burst. In some instances a slight wheezing can be heard as the air introduced into the epidural space comes out. The air-fluid reflux is determined by the elasticity of the dura and points always at the location of the tip of the needle in the epidural space. This sign is present in 95 per cent of the cases. The intensity of the air-fluid reflux depends upon the elasticity of the dura, the diameter of the needle and of the syringe and the force by which the plunger is pushed down.", "PMID": 1013057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_183", "title": "[A simple system for the removal of excess anaesthetic vapours for use with the Jackson-Rees modification of Ayres' T-Piece (author's transl)].", "content": "Details are given of the arrangement and functioning of a simple anti-pollution system for use with anaesthetic apparatus without re-breathing.", "contents": "[A simple system for the removal of excess anaesthetic vapours for use with the Jackson-Rees modification of Ayres' T-Piece (author's transl)]. Details are given of the arrangement and functioning of a simple anti-pollution system for use with anaesthetic apparatus without re-breathing.", "PMID": 1013058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_184", "title": "[A plastic lumbar puncture needle for epidural analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique for epidural analgesia is described which involves the use of a plastic cannula through which the catheter is passed into the extradural space. The method was used in 10 cases. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique and possible improvements are discussed.", "contents": "[A plastic lumbar puncture needle for epidural analgesia (author's transl)]. A new technique for epidural analgesia is described which involves the use of a plastic cannula through which the catheter is passed into the extradural space. The method was used in 10 cases. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique and possible improvements are discussed.", "PMID": 1013059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_185", "title": "[Arthrodesis of the hip using a cobra plate. Comments on preliminary reports].", "content": "Authors report 50 arthrodesis of the hip joint with AO cobra-plate, and consider that it's a difficult procedure that will be performed by capable surgeons. The complications are infections (26 per cent), inestability after surgery with bend and break of implants  occasioned by bad surgery. The most important badness was found by modifying the steps of the precise technique and our opinion is to perform exactly the arthrodesis of the hip joint as the AO group to obtain successful results (88 per cent).", "contents": "[Arthrodesis of the hip using a cobra plate. Comments on preliminary reports]. Authors report 50 arthrodesis of the hip joint with AO cobra-plate, and consider that it's a difficult procedure that will be performed by capable surgeons. The complications are infections (26 per cent), inestability after surgery with bend and break of implants  occasioned by bad surgery. The most important badness was found by modifying the steps of the precise technique and our opinion is to perform exactly the arthrodesis of the hip joint as the AO group to obtain successful results (88 per cent).", "PMID": 1013071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_186", "title": "[Value of fetal hemoglobin in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases].", "content": "In base of the actual interest on certain substances which measured in blood indicate the possible existence of neoplasic processes and because the elevation of fetal hemoglobin in patients with neoplasms or \"pre-malignant\" diseases, the authors of this paper decided investigate the levels of fetal hemoglobin in patients with neoplasic diseases, with and without treatment, comparing it with that obtained from a control group of healthy individuals or with infectious diseases, colagenopathies or bening tumours.", "contents": "[Value of fetal hemoglobin in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases]. In base of the actual interest on certain substances which measured in blood indicate the possible existence of neoplasic processes and because the elevation of fetal hemoglobin in patients with neoplasms or \"pre-malignant\" diseases, the authors of this paper decided investigate the levels of fetal hemoglobin in patients with neoplasic diseases, with and without treatment, comparing it with that obtained from a control group of healthy individuals or with infectious diseases, colagenopathies or bening tumours.", "PMID": 1013068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_187", "title": "The problem of the class iii malocclusion.", "content": "The etiology and treatment of Class III malocclusion has been discussed. The value of electromyographic assessment in the assessment and prediction of Class III malocclusion has been shown.", "contents": "The problem of the class iii malocclusion. The etiology and treatment of Class III malocclusion has been discussed. The value of electromyographic assessment in the assessment and prediction of Class III malocclusion has been shown.", "PMID": 1013133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_188", "title": "Effects of angiotensin on drinking.", "content": "A series of four experiments was carried out to assess the effects of angiotensin II on drinking elicited by various types of stimulation. Experimental I examined the effects of the interaction of 2 cc/kg of 5% NaCl plus 0.2 mg/kg angiotensin II on ad lib eating and drinking. Results indicate that NaCl plus angiotensin produced an additive enhancement in water consumption. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effects of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/kg of angiotensin II on drinking and eating in 23 hr water deprived animals. Dose related increases in drinking alone were observed. In Experiment 3 the effects of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/kg of angiotensin II on schedule dependent lever pressing and schedule induced drinking and licking were determined. Results demonstrate that angiotensin II decreased lever pressing and increased schedule induced water consumption without a concomitant increase in licking. Experimental 4 examined the effects of the same doses of angiotensin II on prandal drinking in food deprived animals. Under these conditions angiotensin II increased water consumption. Results were discussed in terms of the differential effects of angiotensin II on drinking, eating, and schedule dependent lever pressing.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin on drinking. A series of four experiments was carried out to assess the effects of angiotensin II on drinking elicited by various types of stimulation. Experimental I examined the effects of the interaction of 2 cc/kg of 5% NaCl plus 0.2 mg/kg angiotensin II on ad lib eating and drinking. Results indicate that NaCl plus angiotensin produced an additive enhancement in water consumption. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effects of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/kg of angiotensin II on drinking and eating in 23 hr water deprived animals. Dose related increases in drinking alone were observed. In Experiment 3 the effects of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/kg of angiotensin II on schedule dependent lever pressing and schedule induced drinking and licking were determined. Results demonstrate that angiotensin II decreased lever pressing and increased schedule induced water consumption without a concomitant increase in licking. Experimental 4 examined the effects of the same doses of angiotensin II on prandal drinking in food deprived animals. Under these conditions angiotensin II increased water consumption. Results were discussed in terms of the differential effects of angiotensin II on drinking, eating, and schedule dependent lever pressing.", "PMID": 1013169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_189", "title": "Does the rat with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus have impaired avoidance learning and/or performance?", "content": "Avoidance learning and extinction of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) were studied in 2 experiments that differed only in shock intensity. In both experiments rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus were more deficient in both escape and avoidance responding than were their heterozygous or normal controls. Although the hterozygous animals showed improved escape performance at the higher shock intensity, their avoidance behavior was not improved. The superiority of normal and heterozygous animals in extinction performance, relative to the homozygous animals, was eliminated or reversed when the differences in terminal acquisition performance were taken into account by analyses of covariance. Deficiency of ADH, therefore, may not result in faster extinction of avoidance behavior.", "contents": "Does the rat with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus have impaired avoidance learning and/or performance? Avoidance learning and extinction of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) were studied in 2 experiments that differed only in shock intensity. In both experiments rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus were more deficient in both escape and avoidance responding than were their heterozygous or normal controls. Although the hterozygous animals showed improved escape performance at the higher shock intensity, their avoidance behavior was not improved. The superiority of normal and heterozygous animals in extinction performance, relative to the homozygous animals, was eliminated or reversed when the differences in terminal acquisition performance were taken into account by analyses of covariance. Deficiency of ADH, therefore, may not result in faster extinction of avoidance behavior.", "PMID": 1013170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_190", "title": "Effects of alpha-MSH on motivation, vigilance and brain respiration.", "content": "In a series of experiments designed to assess the effects of alpha-MSH on various motivational processes, it was observed that the hormone can slightly decrease food intake and increase water consumption during the first hr after administration in rats. alpha-MSH also modified avoidance behavior in 1- and 3-day-old chicks, but there were no reliable effects on activity, distress vocalizations and the tonic immobility response. alpha-MSH appeared to modulate the sleep-waking activity of rats, and the most prominent effect was an increase of slow wave sleep during the 2-3 rd hr after treatment. A possible second effect was a homogenization of sleep patterns--with poor sleepers exhibiting increases of activated sleep and good sleepers a reduction. Measurement of in vitro brain oxygen consumption indicated that mice treated with alpha-MSH exhibit an 18% reduction in respiration of the brain stem section which includes the locus coeruleus, but did not reliably change respiration in forebrain cortices. alpha-MSH also produced a modest 14% increase of plasma glucose. These results are discussed in terms of possible modulation by alpha-MSH of activity in central autonomic cell groups such as the locus coeruleus.", "contents": "Effects of alpha-MSH on motivation, vigilance and brain respiration. In a series of experiments designed to assess the effects of alpha-MSH on various motivational processes, it was observed that the hormone can slightly decrease food intake and increase water consumption during the first hr after administration in rats. alpha-MSH also modified avoidance behavior in 1- and 3-day-old chicks, but there were no reliable effects on activity, distress vocalizations and the tonic immobility response. alpha-MSH appeared to modulate the sleep-waking activity of rats, and the most prominent effect was an increase of slow wave sleep during the 2-3 rd hr after treatment. A possible second effect was a homogenization of sleep patterns--with poor sleepers exhibiting increases of activated sleep and good sleepers a reduction. Measurement of in vitro brain oxygen consumption indicated that mice treated with alpha-MSH exhibit an 18% reduction in respiration of the brain stem section which includes the locus coeruleus, but did not reliably change respiration in forebrain cortices. alpha-MSH also produced a modest 14% increase of plasma glucose. These results are discussed in terms of possible modulation by alpha-MSH of activity in central autonomic cell groups such as the locus coeruleus.", "PMID": 1013171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_191", "title": "[The process of decision in the categorical-nosological classification of depressives syndromes and its importance for the concept of therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Proceeding from the fact psychiatric thinking is very much based on fixed categories we try to study the rigidity of the traditional system of nosological classification of the depressive syndromes. Though an increasing number of colleagues advocates a multiconditional or complex analysis of depressive states in theory and praxis, and in their majority is convinced of an involvement of both endogenous and psychogenic factors in most depressions, this conviction seems not to influence the use of those traditional categories. A classification of endogenous and psychogenic depressions corresponding to the accustomed diagnostical schemes is being applied. The general acceptance of this coercion to an absolute alternative diagnosis reveals us the reign of traditional categories in our mental attitude. Thus, we must aspire to create denotations for a nosological main-group of depressive states that will be interpreted multi-conditional. Such a step would have extensive consequences for our treatment concepts. The traditional alternative diagnostics still suggest the possibility of an alternative therapy and thus mainly tend to a single-track accentuation in either pharmacological or psychological therapy. Provided a better categorial and nosological differentiation of the depressive spectrum, the construction of integrated plans of therapy could be achieved in a more differentiated and better founded way.", "contents": "[The process of decision in the categorical-nosological classification of depressives syndromes and its importance for the concept of therapy (author's transl)]. Proceeding from the fact psychiatric thinking is very much based on fixed categories we try to study the rigidity of the traditional system of nosological classification of the depressive syndromes. Though an increasing number of colleagues advocates a multiconditional or complex analysis of depressive states in theory and praxis, and in their majority is convinced of an involvement of both endogenous and psychogenic factors in most depressions, this conviction seems not to influence the use of those traditional categories. A classification of endogenous and psychogenic depressions corresponding to the accustomed diagnostical schemes is being applied. The general acceptance of this coercion to an absolute alternative diagnosis reveals us the reign of traditional categories in our mental attitude. Thus, we must aspire to create denotations for a nosological main-group of depressive states that will be interpreted multi-conditional. Such a step would have extensive consequences for our treatment concepts. The traditional alternative diagnostics still suggest the possibility of an alternative therapy and thus mainly tend to a single-track accentuation in either pharmacological or psychological therapy. Provided a better categorial and nosological differentiation of the depressive spectrum, the construction of integrated plans of therapy could be achieved in a more differentiated and better founded way.", "PMID": 1013172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_192", "title": "[Basler drug- and alcohol-questionnaire. First experiences in the construction of a test instrument for evaluation of dependency of drug-and/or alcohol-consumers (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to provide an estimation of the degree of drug and/or alcohol dependency the authors designed a questionnaire. In this paper the basic steps of item analysis, factor analysis and calculation of reliability (split-half-method) are reported. After elimination of 6 items out of 65 the item-metric and factorial characteristics as well as the reliability of the instrument could be judged as satisfactory. On the item level two factor analytical solutions were interpreted. The first one showed one factor covering the general concept of dependency, the second one suggested a 3- dimensional differentiation in terms of 1. negative self-concept, 2. obsessional traits, and 3. addictive illness behavior.", "contents": "[Basler drug- and alcohol-questionnaire. First experiences in the construction of a test instrument for evaluation of dependency of drug-and/or alcohol-consumers (author's transl)]. In order to provide an estimation of the degree of drug and/or alcohol dependency the authors designed a questionnaire. In this paper the basic steps of item analysis, factor analysis and calculation of reliability (split-half-method) are reported. After elimination of 6 items out of 65 the item-metric and factorial characteristics as well as the reliability of the instrument could be judged as satisfactory. On the item level two factor analytical solutions were interpreted. The first one showed one factor covering the general concept of dependency, the second one suggested a 3- dimensional differentiation in terms of 1. negative self-concept, 2. obsessional traits, and 3. addictive illness behavior.", "PMID": 1013173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_193", "title": "[The time-course of alcohol induced changes in self-rating-scales of mood (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol was administered in a dose of 0.77 g per kg bodyweight to 16 healthy male subjects in a cross-over-design. A study was made of a number of psychological and physiological variables to determine the modifications that accompany the alcohol-induced changes in the orienting response to an auditory stimulus. Five determinations were made at intervals following a dose of alcohol and five in a control session when no alcohol was given. The results obtained for the psychological variables (self-ratings of the intensity of intoxication and the degree of being startled by the first stimulus; and self-assessment of mood) show alcohol to have stimulant as well as depressant effects. Some of the variables show stimulant effects, mainly at the beginning of the absorption phase, whereas other variables show depressant effects, both in the absorption phase and the postabsorption phase. Changes in physiological variables (such as parameters of electrodermal activity and of the heart rate response) support these findings. The simultaneous presence of both stimulant and depressant effects is pointed out as well as the difficulties in describing these findings in terms of a unidimensional model of activation.", "contents": "[The time-course of alcohol induced changes in self-rating-scales of mood (author's transl)]. Alcohol was administered in a dose of 0.77 g per kg bodyweight to 16 healthy male subjects in a cross-over-design. A study was made of a number of psychological and physiological variables to determine the modifications that accompany the alcohol-induced changes in the orienting response to an auditory stimulus. Five determinations were made at intervals following a dose of alcohol and five in a control session when no alcohol was given. The results obtained for the psychological variables (self-ratings of the intensity of intoxication and the degree of being startled by the first stimulus; and self-assessment of mood) show alcohol to have stimulant as well as depressant effects. Some of the variables show stimulant effects, mainly at the beginning of the absorption phase, whereas other variables show depressant effects, both in the absorption phase and the postabsorption phase. Changes in physiological variables (such as parameters of electrodermal activity and of the heart rate response) support these findings. The simultaneous presence of both stimulant and depressant effects is pointed out as well as the difficulties in describing these findings in terms of a unidimensional model of activation.", "PMID": 1013174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_194", "title": "[Attentions, sensumotoric coordination, and angular acceleration threshold under the influence of small doses of alcohol in relation to aspects of personality (author's transl)].", "content": "In a parallel cross-over design 22 male students were examined with 0,6 g alcohol per kg of body weight (0,5 o/oo). The dependent variables were attention, sensumotoric coordination angular acceleration threshold, and mood. A number of personality trait factors (FPI, MPI, habit of alcohol and tobacco consumption, body measures) and state factors (subjective state, psychophysiological state) were also measured, others were helf constant (age, sec, intelligence, standardisized breakfest, duration of drinking time, day time, week time). The accelerated concentration of blood alcohol was connected with neuroticism and subjective bad state on day of examination. The accelerated elimination of blood alcohol varried with bad subjective state. Attention, and sensumotoric coordination were significantly (by a BAC of 0,42 o/oo) diminished and the sensitivity of angular acceleration threshold was strongly (by a BAC of 0,30, 0,44, 0,38 and 0,21 o/oo) diminished, connected with a general brightening of mood. Certain personality traits and states may diminish performances with those slight doses of alcohol.", "contents": "[Attentions, sensumotoric coordination, and angular acceleration threshold under the influence of small doses of alcohol in relation to aspects of personality (author's transl)]. In a parallel cross-over design 22 male students were examined with 0,6 g alcohol per kg of body weight (0,5 o/oo). The dependent variables were attention, sensumotoric coordination angular acceleration threshold, and mood. A number of personality trait factors (FPI, MPI, habit of alcohol and tobacco consumption, body measures) and state factors (subjective state, psychophysiological state) were also measured, others were helf constant (age, sec, intelligence, standardisized breakfest, duration of drinking time, day time, week time). The accelerated concentration of blood alcohol was connected with neuroticism and subjective bad state on day of examination. The accelerated elimination of blood alcohol varried with bad subjective state. Attention, and sensumotoric coordination were significantly (by a BAC of 0,42 o/oo) diminished and the sensitivity of angular acceleration threshold was strongly (by a BAC of 0,30, 0,44, 0,38 and 0,21 o/oo) diminished, connected with a general brightening of mood. Certain personality traits and states may diminish performances with those slight doses of alcohol.", "PMID": 1013175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_195", "title": "Tissue digoxin concentrations at digoxin intoxication in normal, acutely hypokalemic, and acutely hyperglycemic dogs.", "content": "Thirty intact dogs were studied to determine digoxin concentration in various tissues after ventricular tachycardia had been induced by digoxin infusion. A control group was infused solely with digoxin. A second group was made acutely hypokalemic by glucose-insulin infusion before the digoxin infusion. A third group was infused with glucose and digoxin to determine the effect of increased blood glucose levels and osmalarity on the induction of ventricular tachycardia. Results were: (1) The amount of digoxin infused to produce ventricular tachycardia did not differ getween the normal and hypokalemic groups. (2) The concentration of digoxin in various parts of the heart, other muscle tissue, renal cortex, and liver did not differ between the normal and acutely hypokalemic dogs although the amount excreted in bile and urine was reduced in hypokalemia. (3) Acute hypokalemia did not sensitize the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic effects of digoxin. (4) Ventricular tachcardia occurred at a similar plasma digoxin level in normal and acutely hypokalemic dogs. (5) In dogs with a lowered plasma potassium level, junctional tachycardia occurred whereas it did not occur in normal dogs or those with only a high blood glucose level. (6) Ventricular tachycardia occurred in the hyperglycemic dogs at a plasma digoxin level of 170 ng/ml, which was significantly greater than in the other experiments (7) Acute hyperglycemia reduced the mean rate of myocaridal uptake of digoxin into atria and right and left ventricular tissue; and the concentration of digoxin in atria, left ventricle, and interventricular septum was lower at the time of ventricular tachycardia than occurred in normal dogs. (8) Lowering the plasma potassium level in the presence of acute hyperglycemia, which occurred with the glucose-insulin infusion, did increase the myocardial uptake of digoxin. Similar effects of hyperglycemia were noted on mean hepatic uptake and excretion of digoxin and also the renal uptake of the glycoside.", "contents": "Tissue digoxin concentrations at digoxin intoxication in normal, acutely hypokalemic, and acutely hyperglycemic dogs. Thirty intact dogs were studied to determine digoxin concentration in various tissues after ventricular tachycardia had been induced by digoxin infusion. A control group was infused solely with digoxin. A second group was made acutely hypokalemic by glucose-insulin infusion before the digoxin infusion. A third group was infused with glucose and digoxin to determine the effect of increased blood glucose levels and osmalarity on the induction of ventricular tachycardia. Results were: (1) The amount of digoxin infused to produce ventricular tachycardia did not differ getween the normal and hypokalemic groups. (2) The concentration of digoxin in various parts of the heart, other muscle tissue, renal cortex, and liver did not differ between the normal and acutely hypokalemic dogs although the amount excreted in bile and urine was reduced in hypokalemia. (3) Acute hypokalemia did not sensitize the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic effects of digoxin. (4) Ventricular tachcardia occurred at a similar plasma digoxin level in normal and acutely hypokalemic dogs. (5) In dogs with a lowered plasma potassium level, junctional tachycardia occurred whereas it did not occur in normal dogs or those with only a high blood glucose level. (6) Ventricular tachycardia occurred in the hyperglycemic dogs at a plasma digoxin level of 170 ng/ml, which was significantly greater than in the other experiments (7) Acute hyperglycemia reduced the mean rate of myocaridal uptake of digoxin into atria and right and left ventricular tissue; and the concentration of digoxin in atria, left ventricle, and interventricular septum was lower at the time of ventricular tachycardia than occurred in normal dogs. (8) Lowering the plasma potassium level in the presence of acute hyperglycemia, which occurred with the glucose-insulin infusion, did increase the myocardial uptake of digoxin. Similar effects of hyperglycemia were noted on mean hepatic uptake and excretion of digoxin and also the renal uptake of the glycoside.", "PMID": 1013176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_196", "title": "Binding of an opiate, levorphanol, to intact neuroblastoma cells in continuous culture.", "content": "Mouse neuroblastoma cells in continuous culture, incubated for 1 to 2 days in the presence of 10--6 M levorphanol or morphine, were found to become tolerant to and dependent on those biologically active opiates. Examination of the interaction between levorphanol and the whole neuroblastoma cell suggested that levorphanol was binding to stereospecific opiate receptor sites. This binding was time and temperature dependent, and saturable at concentrations greater than 10--5 M levorphanol. Competition by other opiates for levorphanol sites correlated with their biological activity. This is the first evidence for saturable, stereospecific opiate binding in a homogeneous population of unhybridized cells in continuous culture.", "contents": "Binding of an opiate, levorphanol, to intact neuroblastoma cells in continuous culture. Mouse neuroblastoma cells in continuous culture, incubated for 1 to 2 days in the presence of 10--6 M levorphanol or morphine, were found to become tolerant to and dependent on those biologically active opiates. Examination of the interaction between levorphanol and the whole neuroblastoma cell suggested that levorphanol was binding to stereospecific opiate receptor sites. This binding was time and temperature dependent, and saturable at concentrations greater than 10--5 M levorphanol. Competition by other opiates for levorphanol sites correlated with their biological activity. This is the first evidence for saturable, stereospecific opiate binding in a homogeneous population of unhybridized cells in continuous culture.", "PMID": 1013177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_197", "title": "On the Comorosan effect.", "content": "A possible explanation for the necessary and sufficient irradiation to produce the controversial Comorosan effect is discussed. Using a modified quantum theory requiring a definition of the relation of four parameters of a light signal instead of the usual two, the lack of superposition of irradiating sources is accounted for as well as the ineffectiveness of all parts of the total visible spectrum. The most effective average wavelength for obtaining the effect is unique merely because of the appropriateness of the bandwidth of the filter. Changing the filter bandwidth in a way related to a change in the average wavelength should produce the effect at other average wavelengths. The storage of energy within the irradiated substance is considered to be due to either a resonance effect with photon annihilation or a Raman effect with photon scattering.", "contents": "On the Comorosan effect. A possible explanation for the necessary and sufficient irradiation to produce the controversial Comorosan effect is discussed. Using a modified quantum theory requiring a definition of the relation of four parameters of a light signal instead of the usual two, the lack of superposition of irradiating sources is accounted for as well as the ineffectiveness of all parts of the total visible spectrum. The most effective average wavelength for obtaining the effect is unique merely because of the appropriateness of the bandwidth of the filter. Changing the filter bandwidth in a way related to a change in the average wavelength should produce the effect at other average wavelengths. The storage of energy within the irradiated substance is considered to be due to either a resonance effect with photon annihilation or a Raman effect with photon scattering.", "PMID": 1013178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_198", "title": "Leukemia and the reducing property of viruses.", "content": "Investigations of native blood of healthy people and of patients with acute leukemia have shown that the disease might be caused by a strongly reducing substance, which is presumably a virus. Evidence for this conclusion was obtained mainly by electron spin resonance (ESR) studies and by the determination of the catalase activity. ESR spectra of leukemic blood revealed an additional signal not present in spectra of healthy blood. Investigation of different blood fractions has shown that this signal is caused by a species present in the leukocytes only. Addition of reduced glutathione to healthy blood immediately after blood drawing resulted in the same signal. On the contrary, oxidizing substances, such as oxidized glutathione and KMnO4, added to the blood of leukemic patients immediately after its drawing, caused a disappearance of this signal depending on the concentration. Since the strongly reducing substances causes a reduction in the concentration of the oxidizing substances in biological systems, the H2O2 levels should be also affected and, thus, the catalase activity, too. As expected, the activity of this enzyme in the leukemic blood seems to be considerably lower than in healthy blood.", "contents": "Leukemia and the reducing property of viruses. Investigations of native blood of healthy people and of patients with acute leukemia have shown that the disease might be caused by a strongly reducing substance, which is presumably a virus. Evidence for this conclusion was obtained mainly by electron spin resonance (ESR) studies and by the determination of the catalase activity. ESR spectra of leukemic blood revealed an additional signal not present in spectra of healthy blood. Investigation of different blood fractions has shown that this signal is caused by a species present in the leukocytes only. Addition of reduced glutathione to healthy blood immediately after blood drawing resulted in the same signal. On the contrary, oxidizing substances, such as oxidized glutathione and KMnO4, added to the blood of leukemic patients immediately after its drawing, caused a disappearance of this signal depending on the concentration. Since the strongly reducing substances causes a reduction in the concentration of the oxidizing substances in biological systems, the H2O2 levels should be also affected and, thus, the catalase activity, too. As expected, the activity of this enzyme in the leukemic blood seems to be considerably lower than in healthy blood.", "PMID": 1013288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_199", "title": "Comparison of X-ray and gamma-ray dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia clone 02.", "content": "Microdosimetric data indicate that the mean specific energy, eta, produced by individual charged particles from X-rays and gamma rays is different for the two radiation qualities by nearly a factor of two. In order to test whether this influences the initial, linear component in the dose-effect relations, a comparison was made between dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia clone 02 stamen hairs following X and gamma irradiations. Absorbed doses ranged from 2.66 to 300 rad.The results are in agreement with predictions made on the basis of microdosimetric data. At low doses gamma rays are substantially less effective than X-rays. The RBE of gamma rays vs. X-rays at low doses was approximately 0.6, a value lower than those usually reported in other experimental systems.", "contents": "Comparison of X-ray and gamma-ray dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia clone 02. Microdosimetric data indicate that the mean specific energy, eta, produced by individual charged particles from X-rays and gamma rays is different for the two radiation qualities by nearly a factor of two. In order to test whether this influences the initial, linear component in the dose-effect relations, a comparison was made between dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia clone 02 stamen hairs following X and gamma irradiations. Absorbed doses ranged from 2.66 to 300 rad.The results are in agreement with predictions made on the basis of microdosimetric data. At low doses gamma rays are substantially less effective than X-rays. The RBE of gamma rays vs. X-rays at low doses was approximately 0.6, a value lower than those usually reported in other experimental systems.", "PMID": 1013289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_200", "title": "Nuclear energy: health impact of carbon-14.", "content": "Estimates are presented on the carbon-14 generation rates in several reactor types and in peaceful nuclear explosions. If the carbon-14 generated in light water reactors is released, the population radiation dose rate it causes initially will be comparable to that resulting from the krypton-85 and tritium generated in these reactors. Because of the long half-life, the radiation dose commitment and the dose rate resulting from the environmental build-up of carbon-14 are considerably larger than those of the two other radionuclides.", "contents": "Nuclear energy: health impact of carbon-14. Estimates are presented on the carbon-14 generation rates in several reactor types and in peaceful nuclear explosions. If the carbon-14 generated in light water reactors is released, the population radiation dose rate it causes initially will be comparable to that resulting from the krypton-85 and tritium generated in these reactors. Because of the long half-life, the radiation dose commitment and the dose rate resulting from the environmental build-up of carbon-14 are considerably larger than those of the two other radionuclides.", "PMID": 1013290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_201", "title": "[Biophysical questions in ecology and environmental research. Part 1: An analysis of intelligence vs biomass development in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "A first analysis of intelligence vs. biomass development in humans shows that the increase of speed to accept new inventions appears not to keep pace with exploding population size. It is suggested to assess more accurately the \"collective intelligence\" of the human race, an attempt probably useful for several purposes. An equation is presented and used to calculate an upper human population limit for the world suggested by the present intelligence level. The equation suggests 1.5--2.3 billion people educated to the level of industrialized nations. The equation predicts acceptance times for innovations during the early evolution of mankind in the order of 10(6) years. Such a time span seems to be in accordance with archaeological findings for the acceptance of fire as a common tool.", "contents": "[Biophysical questions in ecology and environmental research. Part 1: An analysis of intelligence vs biomass development in humans (author's transl)]. A first analysis of intelligence vs. biomass development in humans shows that the increase of speed to accept new inventions appears not to keep pace with exploding population size. It is suggested to assess more accurately the \"collective intelligence\" of the human race, an attempt probably useful for several purposes. An equation is presented and used to calculate an upper human population limit for the world suggested by the present intelligence level. The equation suggests 1.5--2.3 billion people educated to the level of industrialized nations. The equation predicts acceptance times for innovations during the early evolution of mankind in the order of 10(6) years. Such a time span seems to be in accordance with archaeological findings for the acceptance of fire as a common tool.", "PMID": 1013291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_202", "title": "Biophysical questions in ecology and environmental research. Part 2: The extremes of an ecosystem (author's transl).", "content": "Some basic differences and developmental aspects of ecosystems are demonstrated. Maximum \"energy conductivity\" and the pathways of energy flow through ecosystems are discussed as the force, potential, or principle to drive the evolution of the system. A working hypothesis is offered: Ecosystems maximize the total energy flow to optimize temperature stability. The paper stresses in general the need and search for new approaches to analyze the evolution of ecosystems. The hypothesis presented in this paper should be regarded as stimulation for further research.", "contents": "Biophysical questions in ecology and environmental research. Part 2: The extremes of an ecosystem (author's transl). Some basic differences and developmental aspects of ecosystems are demonstrated. Maximum \"energy conductivity\" and the pathways of energy flow through ecosystems are discussed as the force, potential, or principle to drive the evolution of the system. A working hypothesis is offered: Ecosystems maximize the total energy flow to optimize temperature stability. The paper stresses in general the need and search for new approaches to analyze the evolution of ecosystems. The hypothesis presented in this paper should be regarded as stimulation for further research.", "PMID": 1013292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_203", "title": "Lethal effect of the serotonin-xylocaineR association in ganglion-blocked rats.", "content": "In rats anestetized with urethane and under ganglionic blockade by hexamethonium (20 mg/kg, i.v.), the i.v. injection of serotonin (60 mug/kg) determined apnea, ECG alterations and a brief hypotensive response which is similar to that as elicited when 5-HT is given to intact rats. During the hypertension which follows that initial response, apnea is still present along with more severe ECG changes. After that, blood pressure falls into a prolonged hypotension, which is invariably accompanied by death. Neither norepinephrine, nor respiratory analeptics (CoramineR, RemeflinF) were able to prevent the fatal outcome. Only artificial respiration was found to be useful in some instances. It was concluded that the association serotonin plus lidocaine becomes lethal when given to ganglion-blocked rate, and this toxic effect can be ascribed mainly to the respiratory depressor activity of the drugs.", "contents": "Lethal effect of the serotonin-xylocaineR association in ganglion-blocked rats. In rats anestetized with urethane and under ganglionic blockade by hexamethonium (20 mg/kg, i.v.), the i.v. injection of serotonin (60 mug/kg) determined apnea, ECG alterations and a brief hypotensive response which is similar to that as elicited when 5-HT is given to intact rats. During the hypertension which follows that initial response, apnea is still present along with more severe ECG changes. After that, blood pressure falls into a prolonged hypotension, which is invariably accompanied by death. Neither norepinephrine, nor respiratory analeptics (CoramineR, RemeflinF) were able to prevent the fatal outcome. Only artificial respiration was found to be useful in some instances. It was concluded that the association serotonin plus lidocaine becomes lethal when given to ganglion-blocked rate, and this toxic effect can be ascribed mainly to the respiratory depressor activity of the drugs.", "PMID": 1013401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_204", "title": "[Considerations about the origin levels of the cranial thyroid artery in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)].", "content": "This paper deals with the stablishment of the origin of seven different levels of guinea pig cranial thyroid artery, based upon the cartilage of larynx and tracheal rings. Forty-five animals (females) from the Faculadade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas de Botucatu, were anesthetized with chloroform, injected with contrasting substance in the thoracic aorta and dissected throught stereoscopic microscope. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures.", "contents": "[Considerations about the origin levels of the cranial thyroid artery in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)]. This paper deals with the stablishment of the origin of seven different levels of guinea pig cranial thyroid artery, based upon the cartilage of larynx and tracheal rings. Forty-five animals (females) from the Faculadade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas de Botucatu, were anesthetized with chloroform, injected with contrasting substance in the thoracic aorta and dissected throught stereoscopic microscope. The results were expressed in relative percentage figures.", "PMID": 1013402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_205", "title": "[Cerebellum of birds: comparative study of the density of the Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe (author's transl)].", "content": "The mean linear density of the Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum of the dung cook, Gallus gallus, is significantly higher (16.8 cells/mm) than that observed in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum of the black vulture, Coragyps atratus (12 cells/mm). It is formulated the hypothesis that this quantitative difference is concerned with the type of locomotion, the walk, predominant in the dung cook.", "contents": "[Cerebellum of birds: comparative study of the density of the Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe (author's transl)]. The mean linear density of the Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum of the dung cook, Gallus gallus, is significantly higher (16.8 cells/mm) than that observed in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum of the black vulture, Coragyps atratus (12 cells/mm). It is formulated the hypothesis that this quantitative difference is concerned with the type of locomotion, the walk, predominant in the dung cook.", "PMID": 1013403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_206", "title": "Hepatitis-B antigen in an isolated Indian population (Yanomama indians) Southern Venezuela.", "content": "A high frequency of Hepatitis-B antigen (7%) was found in apparently healthy Yanomama indians living in southern Venezuela. The prevalence in 24 different Yanomama villages varied between 0 and 30%, but only 3 of 938 serum samples showed presence of HB-Ab. The distribution of the HB-Ag was found to be significantly higher in males than in females.", "contents": "Hepatitis-B antigen in an isolated Indian population (Yanomama indians) Southern Venezuela. A high frequency of Hepatitis-B antigen (7%) was found in apparently healthy Yanomama indians living in southern Venezuela. The prevalence in 24 different Yanomama villages varied between 0 and 30%, but only 3 of 938 serum samples showed presence of HB-Ab. The distribution of the HB-Ag was found to be significantly higher in males than in females.", "PMID": 1013404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_207", "title": "Aspects of mitochondrial activity in the estuarine bivalves Crassostrea rhizophorae and Lucina pectinatus: a comparative approach.", "content": "In identical laboratory conditions, some differences in the endogenous relative activity (mul O2/mg protein/ml/h) were determined by the addition of succinate and alpha-keto-glutarate to the mitochondrial-rich-fraction from heart and both parts of the adductor muscle in oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and from heart and adductor muscle in clams (Lucina pectinatus).", "contents": "Aspects of mitochondrial activity in the estuarine bivalves Crassostrea rhizophorae and Lucina pectinatus: a comparative approach. In identical laboratory conditions, some differences in the endogenous relative activity (mul O2/mg protein/ml/h) were determined by the addition of succinate and alpha-keto-glutarate to the mitochondrial-rich-fraction from heart and both parts of the adductor muscle in oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and from heart and adductor muscle in clams (Lucina pectinatus).", "PMID": 1013405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_208", "title": "[Influence of calcium and potassium ions on the parasympathetic stimulation secretory response of the isolated and perfused submandibular gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the submandibular gland perfusion with blood, Tyrode's solution, Tyrode's solution without calcium, and Tyrode's solution without potassium were studied. The effects on sodium, potassium, and calcium concentration in the saliva were studied in 11 dogs during electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. According to the statistical analysis we assume that: 1) the perfusion of the salivary gland with blood or Tyrode's solution does not alter sodium, potassium, and calcium concentration in the saliva; 2) the salivary perfusion with calcium free Tyrode's solution does not alter the chemical composition of the saliva; 3) the perfusion of the salivary gland with potassium free Tyrode's solution produce a decrease of the concentration of this ion in the saliva composition.", "contents": "[Influence of calcium and potassium ions on the parasympathetic stimulation secretory response of the isolated and perfused submandibular gland (author's transl)]. The effects of the submandibular gland perfusion with blood, Tyrode's solution, Tyrode's solution without calcium, and Tyrode's solution without potassium were studied. The effects on sodium, potassium, and calcium concentration in the saliva were studied in 11 dogs during electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. According to the statistical analysis we assume that: 1) the perfusion of the salivary gland with blood or Tyrode's solution does not alter sodium, potassium, and calcium concentration in the saliva; 2) the salivary perfusion with calcium free Tyrode's solution does not alter the chemical composition of the saliva; 3) the perfusion of the salivary gland with potassium free Tyrode's solution produce a decrease of the concentration of this ion in the saliva composition.", "PMID": 1013406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_209", "title": "Detection of haemoglobin D Punjab in patient with Sydenham's chorea.", "content": "In the present report the authors identified a rare haemoglobin, Hb D Punjab, in association with Sydenham's Chorea. They emphasize the importance of characterizing unusual haemoglobins by peptide mapping, particularly when the electrophoretic pattern shows the characteristics of known haemoglobins and when associated with pathologic states.", "contents": "Detection of haemoglobin D Punjab in patient with Sydenham's chorea. In the present report the authors identified a rare haemoglobin, Hb D Punjab, in association with Sydenham's Chorea. They emphasize the importance of characterizing unusual haemoglobins by peptide mapping, particularly when the electrophoretic pattern shows the characteristics of known haemoglobins and when associated with pathologic states.", "PMID": 1013407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_210", "title": "The defect in pulmonary gas transfer in patients with sickle cell disease.", "content": "Nine patients with sickle cell disease and without concomitant cardiopulmonary illness or acute problems were studied with lung function tests. Besides arterial hemoglobin unsaturation, found in all cases so studied, a slight decrease in PaO2 was also present. The pulmonary gas transfer defect was studied and found to be due mostly to increased right to left shunting, although uneven ventilation/perfusion relationships seem to have been a factor in a few cases. Our data clearly show that the diffusion was not implicated in the gas transfer defect. The clinical implications of this little studied and less mentioned respiratory defect are discussed. Since the defect may enhance the risk of sickling crises, it should be measured in each individual patient, for appropriate prophylactic measures. After accidents, pre and post-operatively and during acute respiratory illness, the defect should be again reevaluated. In all probability many patients will be discovered who represent a respiratory risk, and may require special immunizations, prophylactic antibiotics, professional relocation and, during emergencies, intensive respiratory care.", "contents": "The defect in pulmonary gas transfer in patients with sickle cell disease. Nine patients with sickle cell disease and without concomitant cardiopulmonary illness or acute problems were studied with lung function tests. Besides arterial hemoglobin unsaturation, found in all cases so studied, a slight decrease in PaO2 was also present. The pulmonary gas transfer defect was studied and found to be due mostly to increased right to left shunting, although uneven ventilation/perfusion relationships seem to have been a factor in a few cases. Our data clearly show that the diffusion was not implicated in the gas transfer defect. The clinical implications of this little studied and less mentioned respiratory defect are discussed. Since the defect may enhance the risk of sickling crises, it should be measured in each individual patient, for appropriate prophylactic measures. After accidents, pre and post-operatively and during acute respiratory illness, the defect should be again reevaluated. In all probability many patients will be discovered who represent a respiratory risk, and may require special immunizations, prophylactic antibiotics, professional relocation and, during emergencies, intensive respiratory care.", "PMID": 1013408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_211", "title": "[Nutritive value of maca\u00e7ar bean (Vigna unguiculatta L.) Walp (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological value of dry and immature maca\u00e7ar bean (Vigna unguiculatta L.) Walp, isolated or associated to manioc flour, was studied. Thirty-six male Albino rats, Wistar strain, aged 23 days, were divided into six groups and fed experimental and control (casein) diets for 28 days. The weight curve and the PER of the animals fed dry and immature maca\u00e7ar bean either isolated or associated to manioc flour were lower than those of the casein group. The data lead to the conclusion that the maca\u00e7ar bean is to be used as a food supplement only, due to its low biological value.", "contents": "[Nutritive value of maca\u00e7ar bean (Vigna unguiculatta L.) Walp (author's transl)]. The biological value of dry and immature maca\u00e7ar bean (Vigna unguiculatta L.) Walp, isolated or associated to manioc flour, was studied. Thirty-six male Albino rats, Wistar strain, aged 23 days, were divided into six groups and fed experimental and control (casein) diets for 28 days. The weight curve and the PER of the animals fed dry and immature maca\u00e7ar bean either isolated or associated to manioc flour were lower than those of the casein group. The data lead to the conclusion that the maca\u00e7ar bean is to be used as a food supplement only, due to its low biological value.", "PMID": 1013409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_212", "title": "Laboratory models of minimal residual cancer; development and preliminary immunotherapy studies.", "content": "It is the author's contention that if we wish to investigate immunotherapy for cancer in laboratory models, the model must reproduce or at least mimic the biological conditions which are encountered in clinical oncologic practice. The usual experimental animal tumor systems do not satisfy this requirement. They are usually studied as primary transplants of rapidly progressive tumors which kill in a few weeks, and experimental treatments are usually started within a day of two after implantation, before the tumor is detectable by ordinary methods of examination. In clinical oncology the existence of cancer is seldom suspected until it reaches a clinically detectable mass, and it is then treated by various established methods which, if not curative, at least reduce tumor mass temporarily before the tumor recurs locally or at distant sites. A cancer patient, therefore, has a rather prolonged exposure to his tumor and an opportunity to develop immune and other biological responses to it. Present animal models are therefore inadequate for immunotherapy research. This paper examines the prerequisites for more accetable experimental tumor models for immunotherapeutic research, describes a step-by-step investigation leading to the development of what to seems to be more appropriate models, and describes preliminary immunotherapy studies in one of the models, in which parabiosis is used as a means of transfering antitumor resistance to the \"patients\" from specificially immunized donors.", "contents": "Laboratory models of minimal residual cancer; development and preliminary immunotherapy studies. It is the author's contention that if we wish to investigate immunotherapy for cancer in laboratory models, the model must reproduce or at least mimic the biological conditions which are encountered in clinical oncologic practice. The usual experimental animal tumor systems do not satisfy this requirement. They are usually studied as primary transplants of rapidly progressive tumors which kill in a few weeks, and experimental treatments are usually started within a day of two after implantation, before the tumor is detectable by ordinary methods of examination. In clinical oncology the existence of cancer is seldom suspected until it reaches a clinically detectable mass, and it is then treated by various established methods which, if not curative, at least reduce tumor mass temporarily before the tumor recurs locally or at distant sites. A cancer patient, therefore, has a rather prolonged exposure to his tumor and an opportunity to develop immune and other biological responses to it. Present animal models are therefore inadequate for immunotherapy research. This paper examines the prerequisites for more accetable experimental tumor models for immunotherapeutic research, describes a step-by-step investigation leading to the development of what to seems to be more appropriate models, and describes preliminary immunotherapy studies in one of the models, in which parabiosis is used as a means of transfering antitumor resistance to the \"patients\" from specificially immunized donors.", "PMID": 1013498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_213", "title": "Surgical treatment of solitary bone cysts.", "content": "A special method of subperiosteal segmental resection is described as an operative treatment for solitary bone cysts in long bones. This procedure exploits the high osteogenetic potency of the periosteum in adolescence. An autogenous or homologous fibula bone graft locked between the ends of the cyst serves to maintain the length of the bone fragments and acts as a guiding rod for continued subperiosteal new bone formation. There is full reconstruction of bone stability and function at both the cyst region and the donor region (fibula).", "contents": "Surgical treatment of solitary bone cysts. A special method of subperiosteal segmental resection is described as an operative treatment for solitary bone cysts in long bones. This procedure exploits the high osteogenetic potency of the periosteum in adolescence. An autogenous or homologous fibula bone graft locked between the ends of the cyst serves to maintain the length of the bone fragments and acts as a guiding rod for continued subperiosteal new bone formation. There is full reconstruction of bone stability and function at both the cyst region and the donor region (fibula).", "PMID": 1013499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_214", "title": "Giant-cell tumor and chondrosarcomas: grading, treatment and results (studies of 209 and 131 cases).", "content": "The Author reviews 209 cases of giant-cell tumor (follow-up 3-42 years in 130 cases) and 131 chondrosarcomas (70 central, 50 peripheral, 11 periosteal; follow-up 10-32 years in 63 cases). Giant-cell tumors are graded into three radiographic types (calm, active, aggressive) and three histologic types (typical, aggressive, sarcoma). Chondrosarcomas were also graded into three radiographic and three histologic types (grades I, II, III). Incidence and mutual relationships of radiographic and histologic grades are presented. In recurrences it is possible to observe a progression of malignancy in giant-cell tumor and - more often - in chondrosarcomas. Results are related to the radiographic and histologic grading and to the type of treatment. Indications for treatment are given according to the experience gained from this study. The Author enumerates the surgical techniques he has found most suitable for the conservative treatment of these tumors when resection is indicated.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumor and chondrosarcomas: grading, treatment and results (studies of 209 and 131 cases). The Author reviews 209 cases of giant-cell tumor (follow-up 3-42 years in 130 cases) and 131 chondrosarcomas (70 central, 50 peripheral, 11 periosteal; follow-up 10-32 years in 63 cases). Giant-cell tumors are graded into three radiographic types (calm, active, aggressive) and three histologic types (typical, aggressive, sarcoma). Chondrosarcomas were also graded into three radiographic and three histologic types (grades I, II, III). Incidence and mutual relationships of radiographic and histologic grades are presented. In recurrences it is possible to observe a progression of malignancy in giant-cell tumor and - more often - in chondrosarcomas. Results are related to the radiographic and histologic grading and to the type of treatment. Indications for treatment are given according to the experience gained from this study. The Author enumerates the surgical techniques he has found most suitable for the conservative treatment of these tumors when resection is indicated.", "PMID": 1013500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_215", "title": "Steroid receptor proteins and regulation of growth in mammary tumors.", "content": "The failure of the estrogen receptor test to predict unequivocally whether a breast cancer will respond to endocrine therapy has prompted us to re-examine the spectrum of responses that might be expected in a hormone-sensitive tissue. Three basic responses are recognized; initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation; negative feedback; and autophagia. The expression of these responses may be partly or totally deficient in tumors. In some tumors, resistance to hormone may result from the lack of entry of hormone into the nucleus; in others the interaction of hormone with chromatin is probably abnormal Evidence is presented in support of the idea that the presence of steroid in the nucleus is strongly correlated to the presence of cytoplasmic receptor. The results also suggest that there is a strong link between the presence of steroid in the nucleus and the initiation of DNA synthesis. Finally the disappearance of nuclear receptor and the onset of autophagia seem to be related catabolic events.", "contents": "Steroid receptor proteins and regulation of growth in mammary tumors. The failure of the estrogen receptor test to predict unequivocally whether a breast cancer will respond to endocrine therapy has prompted us to re-examine the spectrum of responses that might be expected in a hormone-sensitive tissue. Three basic responses are recognized; initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation; negative feedback; and autophagia. The expression of these responses may be partly or totally deficient in tumors. In some tumors, resistance to hormone may result from the lack of entry of hormone into the nucleus; in others the interaction of hormone with chromatin is probably abnormal Evidence is presented in support of the idea that the presence of steroid in the nucleus is strongly correlated to the presence of cytoplasmic receptor. The results also suggest that there is a strong link between the presence of steroid in the nucleus and the initiation of DNA synthesis. Finally the disappearance of nuclear receptor and the onset of autophagia seem to be related catabolic events.", "PMID": 1013503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_216", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in the loco-regional treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "After having briefly considered the role of irradiation in the loco-regional therapy of breast cancer, the role of irradiation as a treatment modality aimed at conserving the breast is emphasized. A total of 457 patients were treated either by tumorectomy plus irradiation by 60Co (101 cases) or by primary irradiation (356 cases) with a follow-up of over 5 years. The results are encouraging and similar to those obtained by more standard treatments, particularly by surgery. Among the patients cured, 2 out of 3 have kept their breast with a satisfactory esthetic quality. However, the author insists on the difficulties presented by the irradiation technique, on the necessity of a close cooperation between the surgeon and the radiotherapist, and on the importance of a regular and frequent clinical, mammographic, and thermographic follow-up.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in the loco-regional treatment of breast cancer. After having briefly considered the role of irradiation in the loco-regional therapy of breast cancer, the role of irradiation as a treatment modality aimed at conserving the breast is emphasized. A total of 457 patients were treated either by tumorectomy plus irradiation by 60Co (101 cases) or by primary irradiation (356 cases) with a follow-up of over 5 years. The results are encouraging and similar to those obtained by more standard treatments, particularly by surgery. Among the patients cured, 2 out of 3 have kept their breast with a satisfactory esthetic quality. However, the author insists on the difficulties presented by the irradiation technique, on the necessity of a close cooperation between the surgeon and the radiotherapist, and on the importance of a regular and frequent clinical, mammographic, and thermographic follow-up.", "PMID": 1013505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_217", "title": "The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "A wide variety of approaches are being applied to the therapy of breast cancer. Treatment begins with a biopsy followed by mastectomy to remove the primary tumor. The risk category must be determined and, at present, an axillary dissection appears to be required; in the future, tumor cell markers may replace the role of an axillary dissection in the determination of risk category (TORMEY et al., 1975). If the nodes are positive, adjuvant chemotherapy and possibly immunotherapy should be considered. A positive estrogen receptor assay suggests that patients may also benefit from endocrine treatments. If it is negative, the chances of responding to hormonotherapy are very limited, except, perhaps, for anti-estrogens (McGUIRE, et al., 1975). Adjuvant therapy for patients with negative nodes is not recommended at this time; this view may have to be modified as the results of current adjuvant studies become available. We have at hand the means to improve the cure rate of patients with breast cancer. We are getting better diagnostic methods and find more patients with negative nodes. We know more about the primary treatment and have systemic modalities that are effective in the adjuvant situation. The immediate problem is to learn how to put these treatments together, and this task has been undertaken by on-going clinical trials. We are anticipating the results with optimism.", "contents": "The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer. A wide variety of approaches are being applied to the therapy of breast cancer. Treatment begins with a biopsy followed by mastectomy to remove the primary tumor. The risk category must be determined and, at present, an axillary dissection appears to be required; in the future, tumor cell markers may replace the role of an axillary dissection in the determination of risk category (TORMEY et al., 1975). If the nodes are positive, adjuvant chemotherapy and possibly immunotherapy should be considered. A positive estrogen receptor assay suggests that patients may also benefit from endocrine treatments. If it is negative, the chances of responding to hormonotherapy are very limited, except, perhaps, for anti-estrogens (McGUIRE, et al., 1975). Adjuvant therapy for patients with negative nodes is not recommended at this time; this view may have to be modified as the results of current adjuvant studies become available. We have at hand the means to improve the cure rate of patients with breast cancer. We are getting better diagnostic methods and find more patients with negative nodes. We know more about the primary treatment and have systemic modalities that are effective in the adjuvant situation. The immediate problem is to learn how to put these treatments together, and this task has been undertaken by on-going clinical trials. We are anticipating the results with optimism.", "PMID": 1013506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_218", "title": "Utilization of diagnostic techniques for cancer of the breast - early diagnosis.", "content": "Early diagnosis of breast cancer is the only method with proven potential for lowering the death rate from the disease. Early diagnosis means, in a practical way, detection of preclinical cancer - finding the cancer before it would ordinarily be detected in the normal course of events. This involves mass screening of apparently well women.", "contents": "Utilization of diagnostic techniques for cancer of the breast - early diagnosis. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is the only method with proven potential for lowering the death rate from the disease. Early diagnosis means, in a practical way, detection of preclinical cancer - finding the cancer before it would ordinarily be detected in the normal course of events. This involves mass screening of apparently well women.", "PMID": 1013509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_219", "title": "Changes in the Breuer-Hering reflexes following rostral pontine lesion.", "content": "The lung stretch reflex characteristics of unanesthetized decerebrate cats were determined using servo-controlled lung volume changes before and after bilateral lesion of the dorsolateral rostral pons in the region of nucleus parabrachialis medialis (NPBM). During the inspiratory phase the time-dependent threshold curve for inspiratory inhibition by lung inflation was shifted to larger volumes after lesion with no change in the constant describing its rate of decay. During the expiratory phase the gain of the inflation reflex was found to be increased by lesion, but otherwise to remain qualitatively the same. Deflations during the expiratory phase revealed a prolonged central inhibitory state with reduced rate of decay late in expiration. It is concluded that with intact vagi structures in the region of NPBM constitute but one of at least three sources of inspiratory inhibition, feedback derived from peripheral lung stretch receptors and from caudal pontine or medullary neurons also being involved. It is also concluded that the structures in the vicinity of NPBM affect the switching mechanisms differently during the two phases of the cycle: During inspiration they contribute a tonic threshold lowering input to the inspiratory \"off-switch\"; whereas, during expiration they provide inspiratory-facilitatory influences late in the phase.", "contents": "Changes in the Breuer-Hering reflexes following rostral pontine lesion. The lung stretch reflex characteristics of unanesthetized decerebrate cats were determined using servo-controlled lung volume changes before and after bilateral lesion of the dorsolateral rostral pons in the region of nucleus parabrachialis medialis (NPBM). During the inspiratory phase the time-dependent threshold curve for inspiratory inhibition by lung inflation was shifted to larger volumes after lesion with no change in the constant describing its rate of decay. During the expiratory phase the gain of the inflation reflex was found to be increased by lesion, but otherwise to remain qualitatively the same. Deflations during the expiratory phase revealed a prolonged central inhibitory state with reduced rate of decay late in expiration. It is concluded that with intact vagi structures in the region of NPBM constitute but one of at least three sources of inspiratory inhibition, feedback derived from peripheral lung stretch receptors and from caudal pontine or medullary neurons also being involved. It is also concluded that the structures in the vicinity of NPBM affect the switching mechanisms differently during the two phases of the cycle: During inspiration they contribute a tonic threshold lowering input to the inspiratory \"off-switch\"; whereas, during expiration they provide inspiratory-facilitatory influences late in the phase.", "PMID": 1013513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_220", "title": "Breath-to-breath variations of alveolar Po2 and Pco2 at barometric pressures of 490, 745 and 1500 Toor in resting awake dogs.", "content": "Two awake, resting dogs born and raised at low altitude were studied, breathing air (1) at 745 torr, (2) during a 12 days sojourn at 490 torr in an altitude chamber, and (3) during 5 days sojourn at 1500 torr in a hyperbaric chamber. The respired gas was continuously sampled an end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 of sequences of thirty breaths were measured by fast analyzers. The mean value of alveolar PCO2 was 29 torr at high altitude; 35 torr at 745 torr; and 40 torr in hyperbary. The changes of PCO2 indicate different alveolar ventilations which result mainly from the changes of the chemoreceptor drive which is enhanced at high altitude and decreased in hyperbary. The scattering of PCO2 is about the same at the three pressures. The scattering of PO2 is less at high altitude than at sea level, and less at sea level than in hyperbary. On a PCO2 vs PO2 diagram end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 points form elliptical clouds whose mean slopes decrease with the increase of total pressure. The characteristics of the dispersion of the alveolar pressures and of the slopes of the alveolar clouds depend on several factors among which the relevant steepness (i.e. capacitance) of the O2 and CO2 blood abosrption curves at the three pressures presumably plays the major role.", "contents": "Breath-to-breath variations of alveolar Po2 and Pco2 at barometric pressures of 490, 745 and 1500 Toor in resting awake dogs. Two awake, resting dogs born and raised at low altitude were studied, breathing air (1) at 745 torr, (2) during a 12 days sojourn at 490 torr in an altitude chamber, and (3) during 5 days sojourn at 1500 torr in a hyperbaric chamber. The respired gas was continuously sampled an end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 of sequences of thirty breaths were measured by fast analyzers. The mean value of alveolar PCO2 was 29 torr at high altitude; 35 torr at 745 torr; and 40 torr in hyperbary. The changes of PCO2 indicate different alveolar ventilations which result mainly from the changes of the chemoreceptor drive which is enhanced at high altitude and decreased in hyperbary. The scattering of PCO2 is about the same at the three pressures. The scattering of PO2 is less at high altitude than at sea level, and less at sea level than in hyperbary. On a PCO2 vs PO2 diagram end-tidal PCO2 and PO2 points form elliptical clouds whose mean slopes decrease with the increase of total pressure. The characteristics of the dispersion of the alveolar pressures and of the slopes of the alveolar clouds depend on several factors among which the relevant steepness (i.e. capacitance) of the O2 and CO2 blood abosrption curves at the three pressures presumably plays the major role.", "PMID": 1013514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_221", "title": "Interaction of convection and diffusion in pulmonary gas transport.", "content": "Normal human subjects inspired various volumes of a normoxic argon mixture containing low concentrations of several biologically inert tracer gases with markedly different diffusivities (helium, neon, and sulfur hexafluoride). The behavior of Ne, Ar, and SF6 could be predicted on the basis of axial dispersion due to differences in diffusivity. For example, neon, having the highest diffusivity of the three, was more uniformly distributed within the bronchial tree than either argon or SF6. The behavior of helium, however, was not consistent with predictions based solely on axial diffusion. Contrary to expectation, the early portion of expiration was helium enriched while gas assumed to come from the alveolar regions contained relatively less helium than the other gases. Results of this study suggest that radial diffusion during convective bulk flow may play a significant role in intrapulmonary gas transport if relative diffusivity is extremely large. We conclude that diffusion gradients do exist within the bronchial tree during normal quiet breathing and that these gradients become less significant as inspired volume increases.", "contents": "Interaction of convection and diffusion in pulmonary gas transport. Normal human subjects inspired various volumes of a normoxic argon mixture containing low concentrations of several biologically inert tracer gases with markedly different diffusivities (helium, neon, and sulfur hexafluoride). The behavior of Ne, Ar, and SF6 could be predicted on the basis of axial dispersion due to differences in diffusivity. For example, neon, having the highest diffusivity of the three, was more uniformly distributed within the bronchial tree than either argon or SF6. The behavior of helium, however, was not consistent with predictions based solely on axial diffusion. Contrary to expectation, the early portion of expiration was helium enriched while gas assumed to come from the alveolar regions contained relatively less helium than the other gases. Results of this study suggest that radial diffusion during convective bulk flow may play a significant role in intrapulmonary gas transport if relative diffusivity is extremely large. We conclude that diffusion gradients do exist within the bronchial tree during normal quiet breathing and that these gradients become less significant as inspired volume increases.", "PMID": 1013515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_222", "title": "[Evolutive aspects of cerebral vascular complications. Tomodensitometric study].", "content": "Seventy patients with clinical evidence of cerebral vascular accidents were studied by tomodensitometry. Forty-eight had clinical signs of acute ischaemia and, by means of 64 investigations, it was possible to follow the development of focal softening. Diagnostic difficulties encountered in the course of the first fortnight of development are described. Twenty-two patients exhibited clinical symptoms of meningeal or cerebro-meningeal haemorrhage. Eighteen haematomas were diagnosed and their development studied in 34 investigations.", "contents": "[Evolutive aspects of cerebral vascular complications. Tomodensitometric study]. Seventy patients with clinical evidence of cerebral vascular accidents were studied by tomodensitometry. Forty-eight had clinical signs of acute ischaemia and, by means of 64 investigations, it was possible to follow the development of focal softening. Diagnostic difficulties encountered in the course of the first fortnight of development are described. Twenty-two patients exhibited clinical symptoms of meningeal or cerebro-meningeal haemorrhage. Eighteen haematomas were diagnosed and their development studied in 34 investigations.", "PMID": 1013568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_223", "title": "[Stark-Kaeser type of chronic scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy. Apropos of 10 cases].", "content": "The authors described 10 cases of scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy of spinal origin of the Stark-Kaeser type. The main characteristics are a frequently dominant autosomal heredity, onset in the muscles of the legs, scapulp-peroneal weakness and amyotrophy with extension sometimes to the bulbar muscles, areflexia without sensory disturbances, an electromyogram of the neurogenic type with a normal conduction rate, neurogenic histological aspects with normal peripheral nerve. It does not usually result in severe disability. This syndrome is related to the scapulo-peroneal or facio-scapulo-peroneal myopathies and the scapulo-peroneal neuropathies. The problem of the boundaries between these disorders and their association does not alter the fact that the concept of spinal amyotrophy of the Stark-Kaeser type should be kept as a reference group.", "contents": "[Stark-Kaeser type of chronic scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy. Apropos of 10 cases]. The authors described 10 cases of scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy of spinal origin of the Stark-Kaeser type. The main characteristics are a frequently dominant autosomal heredity, onset in the muscles of the legs, scapulp-peroneal weakness and amyotrophy with extension sometimes to the bulbar muscles, areflexia without sensory disturbances, an electromyogram of the neurogenic type with a normal conduction rate, neurogenic histological aspects with normal peripheral nerve. It does not usually result in severe disability. This syndrome is related to the scapulo-peroneal or facio-scapulo-peroneal myopathies and the scapulo-peroneal neuropathies. The problem of the boundaries between these disorders and their association does not alter the fact that the concept of spinal amyotrophy of the Stark-Kaeser type should be kept as a reference group.", "PMID": 1013569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_224", "title": "[Familial form of centronuclear myopathy in the adult].", "content": "Two adult cases of centronuclear myopathy are described in a family from French Guyana. One of them, aged 23, has a slight weakness despite hypertrophic muscles. A typical picture of centronuclear myopathy was seen on muscle biopsy with atrophy of type I fibers and hypertrophy of II A fibers. His uncle, aged 53, had a progressive weakness of the lower limbs for the last 25 years, with also a pattern of centronuclear myopathy, but with more dystrophic features and atrophy of both type I and II A fibers. The mode of inheritance is dominant. These two cases are compared with the previously published reports. The pathogenesis of centronuclear myopathy is discussed.", "contents": "[Familial form of centronuclear myopathy in the adult]. Two adult cases of centronuclear myopathy are described in a family from French Guyana. One of them, aged 23, has a slight weakness despite hypertrophic muscles. A typical picture of centronuclear myopathy was seen on muscle biopsy with atrophy of type I fibers and hypertrophy of II A fibers. His uncle, aged 53, had a progressive weakness of the lower limbs for the last 25 years, with also a pattern of centronuclear myopathy, but with more dystrophic features and atrophy of both type I and II A fibers. The mode of inheritance is dominant. These two cases are compared with the previously published reports. The pathogenesis of centronuclear myopathy is discussed.", "PMID": 1013570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_225", "title": "[H-reflex in the extensor digitorum brevis muscle: study in the normal subject and in latent alcoholic neuropathies].", "content": "A comparative electromyographic study was carried out in normal subjects (group I) and in alcoholics without clinical evidence of polyneuropathy (group II). -The H reflex of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle (E.D.B.), the electromyogram of EDB, the conduction velocity of the fasted motor fibers of the peroneal nerve (PN), the sensory conduction velocity and amplitude of the evoked potential of the cutaneous fibers of PN, the H reflex of the soleus muscle. -Two kinds of changes were observed in group II: --a significant increase in the latent period of H respones in EDB, in particular the latent period of responses provoked by distal stimulation of PN (+25 PER CENT); --A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE AMPLITUDe of the sensory potential of the PN(--46 per cent). The other parameters studied in group II did not show any significant difference in comparison with the control group. These results indicate that PN is involved early in a complex fashion in latent alcoholic neuropathies. They confirm that the distinction between axonal neuropathy and segmental demyelination is rarely absolute.", "contents": "[H-reflex in the extensor digitorum brevis muscle: study in the normal subject and in latent alcoholic neuropathies]. A comparative electromyographic study was carried out in normal subjects (group I) and in alcoholics without clinical evidence of polyneuropathy (group II). -The H reflex of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle (E.D.B.), the electromyogram of EDB, the conduction velocity of the fasted motor fibers of the peroneal nerve (PN), the sensory conduction velocity and amplitude of the evoked potential of the cutaneous fibers of PN, the H reflex of the soleus muscle. -Two kinds of changes were observed in group II: --a significant increase in the latent period of H respones in EDB, in particular the latent period of responses provoked by distal stimulation of PN (+25 PER CENT); --A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE AMPLITUDe of the sensory potential of the PN(--46 per cent). The other parameters studied in group II did not show any significant difference in comparison with the control group. These results indicate that PN is involved early in a complex fashion in latent alcoholic neuropathies. They confirm that the distinction between axonal neuropathy and segmental demyelination is rarely absolute.", "PMID": 1013571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_226", "title": "[Adie's syndrome].", "content": "The author has investigated patients suffering from disorders of the pupillary reflexes and of the tendon reflexes of the lower limbs which come under the heading of tonic pupil. Forty-five patients were followed up over a period of 15 years. The tendon reflexes of the lower limbs were recorded graphically and showed a very characteristic retardation of the second phase of the patellar reflex. The aetiopathogenesis of Adie's syndrome is discussed. The pathogenesis of Adie's syndrome has so far not been definitely established. We have merely tried to point out a few of the features which permit its early diagnosis and have drawn attention to the basic problem of the pathogenesis of certain neuro-muscular disorders on the basis of secondary considerations involved in this uncommon syndrome.", "contents": "[Adie's syndrome]. The author has investigated patients suffering from disorders of the pupillary reflexes and of the tendon reflexes of the lower limbs which come under the heading of tonic pupil. Forty-five patients were followed up over a period of 15 years. The tendon reflexes of the lower limbs were recorded graphically and showed a very characteristic retardation of the second phase of the patellar reflex. The aetiopathogenesis of Adie's syndrome is discussed. The pathogenesis of Adie's syndrome has so far not been definitely established. We have merely tried to point out a few of the features which permit its early diagnosis and have drawn attention to the basic problem of the pathogenesis of certain neuro-muscular disorders on the basis of secondary considerations involved in this uncommon syndrome.", "PMID": 1013572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_227", "title": "[Chronic functional dislocation of the cervical spine with radiculo-spinal effects. Discectomy by anterior route and fusion without graft].", "content": "X ray dynamic study of cerevical spine movements in 12 patients with neurological impairment has shown an abnormal mobility between two vertebrae in the anterior or posterior direction. This abnormal mobility which has been called functional dislocation, is situated usually over major discarthrosic lesions rather than under. This dislocation, which appears during voluntary and automatic movements of the head and neck has been qualified chronic. A discectomie through an anterior surgical approach and a bony fusion of vertebral bodies without any graft at the dislocation site lead to 10 good results. 2 failures have been imputed to the fact that there was a 10 years evolution of a tetraplegia before operation. The pathogenesis of chronic functional dislocation of the cervical spine is discussed with regard to compression and stretching of the spinal cord, roots and arteries of both. Traumatism of vertebral arteries during dislocation remain under discussion.", "contents": "[Chronic functional dislocation of the cervical spine with radiculo-spinal effects. Discectomy by anterior route and fusion without graft]. X ray dynamic study of cerevical spine movements in 12 patients with neurological impairment has shown an abnormal mobility between two vertebrae in the anterior or posterior direction. This abnormal mobility which has been called functional dislocation, is situated usually over major discarthrosic lesions rather than under. This dislocation, which appears during voluntary and automatic movements of the head and neck has been qualified chronic. A discectomie through an anterior surgical approach and a bony fusion of vertebral bodies without any graft at the dislocation site lead to 10 good results. 2 failures have been imputed to the fact that there was a 10 years evolution of a tetraplegia before operation. The pathogenesis of chronic functional dislocation of the cervical spine is discussed with regard to compression and stretching of the spinal cord, roots and arteries of both. Traumatism of vertebral arteries during dislocation remain under discussion.", "PMID": 1013573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_228", "title": "Relationship between the inhibitory activity on 'RCS' and prostaglandins synthesis and the anti-inflammatory activity of ketoprofen and several other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "In this study ketoprofen has been shown to be the most potent of all anti-inflammatory drugs in inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and the 'rabbit-aorta contracting substance' (RCS), using the guinea-pig lung preparation. Although there did not appear to be a close relationship between the activities of the various drugs in inhibiting prostaglandins synthesis and in their anti-inflammatory activity, the compounds were ranked in the same order in both test systems.", "contents": "Relationship between the inhibitory activity on 'RCS' and prostaglandins synthesis and the anti-inflammatory activity of ketoprofen and several other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In this study ketoprofen has been shown to be the most potent of all anti-inflammatory drugs in inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and the 'rabbit-aorta contracting substance' (RCS), using the guinea-pig lung preparation. Although there did not appear to be a close relationship between the activities of the various drugs in inhibiting prostaglandins synthesis and in their anti-inflammatory activity, the compounds were ranked in the same order in both test systems.", "PMID": 1013579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_229", "title": "Action of ketoprofen on hepatic lysosome in the rat.", "content": "Evidence for the stabilizing effect of ketoprofen on the lysosomal membrane is presented. Ketoprofen was as potent as indomethacin in stabilizing lysosomes subjected to changes in osmotic pressure. This effect was more marked in rats with adjuvant arthritis than in normal animals.", "contents": "Action of ketoprofen on hepatic lysosome in the rat. Evidence for the stabilizing effect of ketoprofen on the lysosomal membrane is presented. Ketoprofen was as potent as indomethacin in stabilizing lysosomes subjected to changes in osmotic pressure. This effect was more marked in rats with adjuvant arthritis than in normal animals.", "PMID": 1013580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_230", "title": "Synovial-fluid pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen.", "content": "A study was made of the plasma and synovial-fluid levels of ketoprofen after single oral doses of 50 mg and 100 mg given to patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The drug was rapidly absorbed and plasma levels were similar to those seen in healthy volunteers. The mean early plasma half-life of ketoprofen in both volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis was 1.5 to 2 hours. A cumulative effect of ketoprofen was evident in the synovial-fluid of the patients studied.", "contents": "Synovial-fluid pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen. A study was made of the plasma and synovial-fluid levels of ketoprofen after single oral doses of 50 mg and 100 mg given to patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The drug was rapidly absorbed and plasma levels were similar to those seen in healthy volunteers. The mean early plasma half-life of ketoprofen in both volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis was 1.5 to 2 hours. A cumulative effect of ketoprofen was evident in the synovial-fluid of the patients studied.", "PMID": 1013581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_231", "title": "Some pharmacological and toxicological studies on ketoprofen.", "content": "Evidence for the effectiveness of ketoprofen in animal models of inflammation and its antipyretic effect is reviewed. Its toxicity in animals is discussed and the low tendency to produce ulcers is stressed.", "contents": "Some pharmacological and toxicological studies on ketoprofen. Evidence for the effectiveness of ketoprofen in animal models of inflammation and its antipyretic effect is reviewed. Its toxicity in animals is discussed and the low tendency to produce ulcers is stressed.", "PMID": 1013582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_232", "title": "[Changes of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis treatment].", "content": "Hemodialysis induced changes in calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) metabolism are studied in a group of ten (10) patients with chronic renal failure. There was a significant rise in total serum calcium (Ca), that was closely related to changes in serum proteins level, and a very significant decrease in serum phosphorous (P). Calcium levels of 7 to 8 mgs/100 cc in the dialyzer fluid were considered ideale.", "contents": "[Changes of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis treatment]. Hemodialysis induced changes in calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) metabolism are studied in a group of ten (10) patients with chronic renal failure. There was a significant rise in total serum calcium (Ca), that was closely related to changes in serum proteins level, and a very significant decrease in serum phosphorous (P). Calcium levels of 7 to 8 mgs/100 cc in the dialyzer fluid were considered ideale.", "PMID": 1013577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_233", "title": "[Hematin treatment of porphyric neuropathy].", "content": "The authors report a case of acute intermittent porphiria with peripheral motor neuropathy and a syndrome of inadequate ADH excretion in a male patient aged 36 years. Treatment with hypertonic glucose and prostigmine did not yield any beneficial results, while a subsequent treatment with hematine (4 mg/kg/day for a period of four days) produced a dramatic improvement in the clinical picture and in ALA and PGB levels. A back-to-normal shift of plasma and urinary electrolytes was also observed. It appears that there was a close relation between the administration of hematine and the clinical-biochemical remission.", "contents": "[Hematin treatment of porphyric neuropathy]. The authors report a case of acute intermittent porphiria with peripheral motor neuropathy and a syndrome of inadequate ADH excretion in a male patient aged 36 years. Treatment with hypertonic glucose and prostigmine did not yield any beneficial results, while a subsequent treatment with hematine (4 mg/kg/day for a period of four days) produced a dramatic improvement in the clinical picture and in ALA and PGB levels. A back-to-normal shift of plasma and urinary electrolytes was also observed. It appears that there was a close relation between the administration of hematine and the clinical-biochemical remission.", "PMID": 1013578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_234", "title": "[Signs of soleus muscle denervation in dystrophic mice (extra and intracellular study)].", "content": "Extra and intracellular recording in vivo and in vitro and gold-chloride staining of the dystrophic mouse (Bar Harbour Strain) and of the normal controls soleus nerve-muscle preparation, has shown functional and anatomical denervation findings in the dystrophic muscles.", "contents": "[Signs of soleus muscle denervation in dystrophic mice (extra and intracellular study)]. Extra and intracellular recording in vivo and in vitro and gold-chloride staining of the dystrophic mouse (Bar Harbour Strain) and of the normal controls soleus nerve-muscle preparation, has shown functional and anatomical denervation findings in the dystrophic muscles.", "PMID": 1013605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_235", "title": "[A case of rigid man syndrome (stiff-man syndrome)].", "content": "The Authors describe a case of \"stiff-man syndrome\" accompanied by all clinical and laboratory examinations; they point out the unusual implication of facial muscles and briefly report pathogenic theories and diagnostical criteria of this syndrome.", "contents": "[A case of rigid man syndrome (stiff-man syndrome)]. The Authors describe a case of \"stiff-man syndrome\" accompanied by all clinical and laboratory examinations; they point out the unusual implication of facial muscles and briefly report pathogenic theories and diagnostical criteria of this syndrome.", "PMID": 1013606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_236", "title": "[A case of eyelid apraxia in a subject affected by multiple sclerosis: clinico-pathogenetic considerations].", "content": "The Author examines a pathological case of lids shuttening in a woman afflicted by multiple sclerosis, and by the light of the exant literature concludes for a case of apraxias, and includes the act of lids shuttening between the superior cortical functions.", "contents": "[A case of eyelid apraxia in a subject affected by multiple sclerosis: clinico-pathogenetic considerations]. The Author examines a pathological case of lids shuttening in a woman afflicted by multiple sclerosis, and by the light of the exant literature concludes for a case of apraxias, and includes the act of lids shuttening between the superior cortical functions.", "PMID": 1013607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_237", "title": "[Xerotomography of the trachea, bronchi and lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "The technical principles and the advantages of tomography with the xeroradiographic procedure were presented. The advantages of xerotomography over against film radiography are the simpler exposure procedure, the high degree of picture clarity, the wide range and the additional possibilities for information connected with it. These advantages were illustrated by a few examples. The disadvantage of this method is the high radiation exposure for the patient. For this reason, stricter indications must be required for this examination.", "contents": "[Xerotomography of the trachea, bronchi and lungs (author's transl)]. The technical principles and the advantages of tomography with the xeroradiographic procedure were presented. The advantages of xerotomography over against film radiography are the simpler exposure procedure, the high degree of picture clarity, the wide range and the additional possibilities for information connected with it. These advantages were illustrated by a few examples. The disadvantage of this method is the high radiation exposure for the patient. For this reason, stricter indications must be required for this examination.", "PMID": 1013619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_238", "title": "[Present status of locating intraocular foreign bodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The different procedures used today to locate intraocular foreign bodies are discussed. The x-ray procedure is not adequate for splinters near the wall, questionable double perforations and foreign bodies which cannot be demonstrated radiographically. Complementary methods of examination such as transillumination, electroacustic location, ultrasonics and direct radio-optic controls must be used. Advantages and limitations of these individual locating procedures are discussed. Intensive transillumination with glass-fiber diaphanoscope is particularly important for splinters in the anterior section of the eyeball near the wall. Ultrasonics cannot be replaced by other methods for foreign bodies in the posterior section of the eyeball which do not produce shadows, demonstration of the relationship of the foreign body to pathologic intraocular structures and the measurement of the length of the eyeball. At the University Ophthalmic Hospital in Cologne, direct radio-optic controls are conducted with a stereo-x-ray image amplitier, a stereoscopic image that gives.", "contents": "[Present status of locating intraocular foreign bodies (author's transl)]. The different procedures used today to locate intraocular foreign bodies are discussed. The x-ray procedure is not adequate for splinters near the wall, questionable double perforations and foreign bodies which cannot be demonstrated radiographically. Complementary methods of examination such as transillumination, electroacustic location, ultrasonics and direct radio-optic controls must be used. Advantages and limitations of these individual locating procedures are discussed. Intensive transillumination with glass-fiber diaphanoscope is particularly important for splinters in the anterior section of the eyeball near the wall. Ultrasonics cannot be replaced by other methods for foreign bodies in the posterior section of the eyeball which do not produce shadows, demonstration of the relationship of the foreign body to pathologic intraocular structures and the measurement of the length of the eyeball. At the University Ophthalmic Hospital in Cologne, direct radio-optic controls are conducted with a stereo-x-ray image amplitier, a stereoscopic image that gives.", "PMID": 1013620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_239", "title": "[Extensive lymphogenous and haematogenic formation of metastases in a case of malignant thymoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on course and radiological symptomatology of malignant thymoma. The unusual course of the young patient and the extensive haematogenic and lymphogenic metastases are stressed. The current opinion on a low tendency of malignant thymoma to metastasize is discussed. Therapeutic regimen and radiological criteria of thymoma are described.", "contents": "[Extensive lymphogenous and haematogenic formation of metastases in a case of malignant thymoma (author's transl)]. Case report on course and radiological symptomatology of malignant thymoma. The unusual course of the young patient and the extensive haematogenic and lymphogenic metastases are stressed. The current opinion on a low tendency of malignant thymoma to metastasize is discussed. Therapeutic regimen and radiological criteria of thymoma are described.", "PMID": 1013621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_240", "title": "[The problem of clinical and radiological control examinations of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The question of follow-up care and radiological control examinations for the exclusion of the possibility of breast cancer has not been unanimously answered up until now. A suitable suggestion was made taking into consideration the risk factors, the authors' empidemiologic investigations as well as existing information regarding endocrine factors and morphology of the breast.", "contents": "[The problem of clinical and radiological control examinations of the female breast (author's transl)]. The question of follow-up care and radiological control examinations for the exclusion of the possibility of breast cancer has not been unanimously answered up until now. A suitable suggestion was made taking into consideration the risk factors, the authors' empidemiologic investigations as well as existing information regarding endocrine factors and morphology of the breast.", "PMID": 1013622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_241", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of star-shaped shadows on x-ray films of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The mammographic demonstration of star-shaped shadows in the breast were reported in two cases. In both cases the lesions basically had to be classified as suspected malignancy, but the cytological examination showed the lesions to be benign scar tissue. Since mammography fails to demonstrate the boundry of a lesion which is seldom benign, such false positive diagnoses cannot be truly classified as \"false diagnoses\".", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of star-shaped shadows on x-ray films of the female breast (author's transl)]. The mammographic demonstration of star-shaped shadows in the breast were reported in two cases. In both cases the lesions basically had to be classified as suspected malignancy, but the cytological examination showed the lesions to be benign scar tissue. Since mammography fails to demonstrate the boundry of a lesion which is seldom benign, such false positive diagnoses cannot be truly classified as \"false diagnoses\".", "PMID": 1013623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_242", "title": "[Carcinoma simulating alterations of the breast in axillary vein thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two observations of mammographic findings in axillary vein thrombosis showed the main similarities of alterations in the soft parts of the arm and/or breast (vein dilation, thickening of the skin, edema). Radiological findings can simulate the possibility of a tumor or even a total carcinoma.", "contents": "[Carcinoma simulating alterations of the breast in axillary vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. Two observations of mammographic findings in axillary vein thrombosis showed the main similarities of alterations in the soft parts of the arm and/or breast (vein dilation, thickening of the skin, edema). Radiological findings can simulate the possibility of a tumor or even a total carcinoma.", "PMID": 1013624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_243", "title": "[Effects of xeroradiographic contour amplification in intramammary calcifications (author's transl)].", "content": "The pronounced edge-effect occurring in xeroradiography of intramammary calcifications leads to a change in size of the object, namely, a reduction in the positive and an enlargement in the negative print, to a hard-to-evaluate zone in the border of the object which is in about the same size range for both developing procedures. The extent of edge-enhancement is directly related to the structures in the immediate neighborhood. Form and density of microcalcifications can be better assessed with the positive procedure.", "contents": "[Effects of xeroradiographic contour amplification in intramammary calcifications (author's transl)]. The pronounced edge-effect occurring in xeroradiography of intramammary calcifications leads to a change in size of the object, namely, a reduction in the positive and an enlargement in the negative print, to a hard-to-evaluate zone in the border of the object which is in about the same size range for both developing procedures. The extent of edge-enhancement is directly related to the structures in the immediate neighborhood. Form and density of microcalcifications can be better assessed with the positive procedure.", "PMID": 1013625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_244", "title": "[Radiologic examination of the breast stump (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological examination of the breast stump is imparative since, with it, additional malignant tumors can be discovered and the degree of palpable alterations can be determined with a high degree of probability.", "contents": "[Radiologic examination of the breast stump (author's transl)]. The radiological examination of the breast stump is imparative since, with it, additional malignant tumors can be discovered and the degree of palpable alterations can be determined with a high degree of probability.", "PMID": 1013626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_245", "title": "[Early X-ray examen after operation on the upper intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "After operations the early x-ray examen of the upper intestine may show complications in the operation field. It also permits to judge the bowl's function. Most valuable is to compare pictures of the patient in lying and upright position.", "contents": "[Early X-ray examen after operation on the upper intestine (author's transl)]. After operations the early x-ray examen of the upper intestine may show complications in the operation field. It also permits to judge the bowl's function. Most valuable is to compare pictures of the patient in lying and upright position.", "PMID": 1013627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_246", "title": "[External biliary fistula following severe rupture of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with post-traumatic rupture of the liver was reported. The patient developed an external biliary fistula following removal of a cholecele the size of a child's head which was accompanied by copious drainage. Radiologic methods mor examining liver injuries and their later complications were discussed.", "contents": "[External biliary fistula following severe rupture of the liver (author's transl)]. A patient with post-traumatic rupture of the liver was reported. The patient developed an external biliary fistula following removal of a cholecele the size of a child's head which was accompanied by copious drainage. Radiologic methods mor examining liver injuries and their later complications were discussed.", "PMID": 1013628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_247", "title": "[Long-term infusion-cholangiocholecystography as a routine method (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficiency and informative values of long-term infusion-cholegraphy was examined in 30 patients with hepatic elimination dysfunction or previous negative intravenous cholangiocholecystography. It could be shown that a diagnostically useful demonstration of the biliary tract could be obtained in 29 out of 30 cases by increasing bilirubin up to 3 mg% and by infusing contrast medium for 3 hours. In spite of the increase in iodine content, the infusion of contrast medium was better tolerated than the intravenous application of contrast medium. Hepatic toxicity could not be established.", "contents": "[Long-term infusion-cholangiocholecystography as a routine method (author's transl)]. The efficiency and informative values of long-term infusion-cholegraphy was examined in 30 patients with hepatic elimination dysfunction or previous negative intravenous cholangiocholecystography. It could be shown that a diagnostically useful demonstration of the biliary tract could be obtained in 29 out of 30 cases by increasing bilirubin up to 3 mg% and by infusing contrast medium for 3 hours. In spite of the increase in iodine content, the infusion of contrast medium was better tolerated than the intravenous application of contrast medium. Hepatic toxicity could not be established.", "PMID": 1013629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_248", "title": "[Studies regarding a new contrast medium for demonstrating the patency of bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "The contrast medium Endomirabil was tested in 103 patients. It produced few side-effects when 20 ml was injected pro examination over a 5 minute period. The rate of visable heterotopic contrast medium elimination is very low. The optimal time for making an x-ray to demonstrate bile ducts and gall bladder is 60-90 minutes after the injection. As a result, the number of x-ray films pro examination can be reduced. The unusually long filling of the bile ducts makes it possible to use tomography up to 90 minutes after the injection. This should be advantageous for radiological departments with limited capacity for tomography. Parenchymal damages induced by contrast medium could not be reduced from the chemical analyses.", "contents": "[Studies regarding a new contrast medium for demonstrating the patency of bile ducts (author's transl)]. The contrast medium Endomirabil was tested in 103 patients. It produced few side-effects when 20 ml was injected pro examination over a 5 minute period. The rate of visable heterotopic contrast medium elimination is very low. The optimal time for making an x-ray to demonstrate bile ducts and gall bladder is 60-90 minutes after the injection. As a result, the number of x-ray films pro examination can be reduced. The unusually long filling of the bile ducts makes it possible to use tomography up to 90 minutes after the injection. This should be advantageous for radiological departments with limited capacity for tomography. Parenchymal damages induced by contrast medium could not be reduced from the chemical analyses.", "PMID": 1013630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_249", "title": "[About the advantages of the sonographic diagnostic in the field of the radiologist (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Ultrasound techniques as a new diagnostical method are included in the work and administration of an already existing institution of a central hospital, i.e. the X-ray department. Avoiding a special organizational unit in the hospital or an organization depending on a department which e.g. a gynecology could not be asked to undertake (considering the amount of work and qualification needed) means an advantage from the economic point of view. 2. The radiologist is able to learn the interpretation of the B-Scan of the ultrasound method very quickly because the visual imagination necessary to handle both methods is the same. 3. Sonography is an important supplement for radiological diagnosis. 4. Suspecting a lesion of an retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal organ sonography can be used as the first check-up. Renal sonographie could prove to be a screening-method. Often the ultrasound finding indicates the further diagnostical procedures which are successful, saving X-rays and time. Under certain circumstances X-ray investigations can possibly be avoided. Considering the last two points would mean for the future that the radiologist indicates the diagnostical method to be used - not only the ultrasound but also the X-ray method. Five cases demonstrated confirm this conclusion.", "contents": "[About the advantages of the sonographic diagnostic in the field of the radiologist (author's transl)]. 1. Ultrasound techniques as a new diagnostical method are included in the work and administration of an already existing institution of a central hospital, i.e. the X-ray department. Avoiding a special organizational unit in the hospital or an organization depending on a department which e.g. a gynecology could not be asked to undertake (considering the amount of work and qualification needed) means an advantage from the economic point of view. 2. The radiologist is able to learn the interpretation of the B-Scan of the ultrasound method very quickly because the visual imagination necessary to handle both methods is the same. 3. Sonography is an important supplement for radiological diagnosis. 4. Suspecting a lesion of an retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal organ sonography can be used as the first check-up. Renal sonographie could prove to be a screening-method. Often the ultrasound finding indicates the further diagnostical procedures which are successful, saving X-rays and time. Under certain circumstances X-ray investigations can possibly be avoided. Considering the last two points would mean for the future that the radiologist indicates the diagnostical method to be used - not only the ultrasound but also the X-ray method. Five cases demonstrated confirm this conclusion.", "PMID": 1013631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_250", "title": "[Diagnostic native roentgenology of operated pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases showing the value and limitations of diagnostic native roentgenology in recurrent pituitary adenomas were selected from a total of 217 patients. Recurrence is recognized by progressive intrasellar space occupation. Bone apposition at the contours of the sella turcica resulting in reduction of volume and calcifications of the sellar region permit exclusion of intrasellar recurrence. Marking the area of operation improves native roentgenology. Bone apposition of acromegaly may obscure recurrences. According to the literature, about 50% of recurrences can be diagnosed roentgenologically. On the contrary recurrences can be excluded in 10-20% of roentgenologically successfully operated patients.", "contents": "[Diagnostic native roentgenology of operated pituitary adenomas (author's transl)]. Cases showing the value and limitations of diagnostic native roentgenology in recurrent pituitary adenomas were selected from a total of 217 patients. Recurrence is recognized by progressive intrasellar space occupation. Bone apposition at the contours of the sella turcica resulting in reduction of volume and calcifications of the sellar region permit exclusion of intrasellar recurrence. Marking the area of operation improves native roentgenology. Bone apposition of acromegaly may obscure recurrences. According to the literature, about 50% of recurrences can be diagnosed roentgenologically. On the contrary recurrences can be excluded in 10-20% of roentgenologically successfully operated patients.", "PMID": 1013632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_251", "title": "[Radiation exposure of patients and personnel in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the measurement of radiation protection in 54 patients and the involved personnel exposed to radiation (physician performing the endoscopy and the radiologist) during ERCP were analyzed. The radiation exposure values were relatively low and were within the range of those doses to be expected for gastroenterologic radiodiagnostics. After many years of experience, the radiation exposure for patients and physician can be further reduced. Actual danger from radiation need not be feared for the patient or the exposed personnel. The range of maximum values for radiation exposure set-up in the regulations for x-rays is so broad that, with endoscopic centers need not be decreased. Rather it can still be considerably increased.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure of patients and personnel in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (author's transl)]. The results of the measurement of radiation protection in 54 patients and the involved personnel exposed to radiation (physician performing the endoscopy and the radiologist) during ERCP were analyzed. The radiation exposure values were relatively low and were within the range of those doses to be expected for gastroenterologic radiodiagnostics. After many years of experience, the radiation exposure for patients and physician can be further reduced. Actual danger from radiation need not be feared for the patient or the exposed personnel. The range of maximum values for radiation exposure set-up in the regulations for x-rays is so broad that, with endoscopic centers need not be decreased. Rather it can still be considerably increased.", "PMID": 1013633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_252", "title": "Binding of IgA to protein-A-containing staphylococci: relationship to subclasses.", "content": "Among 54 human monoclonal IgA proteins, 5 inhibited the binding of labeled human monoclonal IgM (IgM Se and IgM Ba) to protein-A-containing staphylococci, whereas 48 did not have this ability. One protein (IgA Ha) showed discordant findings in the IgM Se and IgM Ba inhibitions assays. Among the 54 IgA proteins, 49 were of the IgA1 and 5 of the IgA2 subclass. All of the 5 IgA2 proteins inhibited the binding of IgM Se and IgM Ba to staphylococci, whereas the 48 proteins that reacted negatively in the two inhibition assays belonged to the IgA1 subclass. These findings show that the ability to react with staphylococci is a property of the IgA2 subclass. IgM proteins may also be divided into two groups based on different reactivities with protein A. It is proposed to call the two IgM subclasses IgM1 and IgM2, where the latter is defined by ability to react with protein A.", "contents": "Binding of IgA to protein-A-containing staphylococci: relationship to subclasses. Among 54 human monoclonal IgA proteins, 5 inhibited the binding of labeled human monoclonal IgM (IgM Se and IgM Ba) to protein-A-containing staphylococci, whereas 48 did not have this ability. One protein (IgA Ha) showed discordant findings in the IgM Se and IgM Ba inhibitions assays. Among the 54 IgA proteins, 49 were of the IgA1 and 5 of the IgA2 subclass. All of the 5 IgA2 proteins inhibited the binding of IgM Se and IgM Ba to staphylococci, whereas the 48 proteins that reacted negatively in the two inhibition assays belonged to the IgA1 subclass. These findings show that the ability to react with staphylococci is a property of the IgA2 subclass. IgM proteins may also be divided into two groups based on different reactivities with protein A. It is proposed to call the two IgM subclasses IgM1 and IgM2, where the latter is defined by ability to react with protein A.", "PMID": 1013646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_253", "title": "Interactions between ricinus agglutinin and human IgA.", "content": "By affinity chromatography on Sepharose columns containing insolubilized ricinus agglutinin, all immunoglobulins of the IgA2 subclass and the polymers of IgA1 were retained and could be eluted with lactose. Monomeric IgA1 showed a more heterogeneous reaction with ricinus agglutinin. The major part was unretarded, whereas some of it was weakly bound to the column and could be eluted with lactose.", "contents": "Interactions between ricinus agglutinin and human IgA. By affinity chromatography on Sepharose columns containing insolubilized ricinus agglutinin, all immunoglobulins of the IgA2 subclass and the polymers of IgA1 were retained and could be eluted with lactose. Monomeric IgA1 showed a more heterogeneous reaction with ricinus agglutinin. The major part was unretarded, whereas some of it was weakly bound to the column and could be eluted with lactose.", "PMID": 1013647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_254", "title": "Genetic control of the in vitro responses of rat blood lymphocytes. II. Number of loci involved and linkage with in vivo antibody formation.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from the inbred rat strains AS and BN differ in the magnitude both of their in vitro proliferative response to different mitogens and of their in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). We have examined the segregation of in vitro responsiveness to PHA in (AS X BN)F1 X BN backcross rats and have tried to correlate it with other characters that vary in backcross rats. In vitro responsiveness is regulated by one or a few loci, is linked to the in vitro responsiveness to B lymphocyte mitogens and the in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA, but is not linked to the major histocompatibility locus (Ag-B) nor to the frequency of short-lived small Ig-negative lymphocytes in blood. Lymphocytes from high-responder rats have a shorter lag period before the onset of DNA synthesis in vitro than low-responder rats, and possibly also a higher number of in vitro responsing cells. To explain our findings, that the same gene og genes regulate in vitro responsiveness to different mitogens and in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA, we suggest that the gene or genes act in an immunologically unspecific manner on the regulation of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo.", "contents": "Genetic control of the in vitro responses of rat blood lymphocytes. II. Number of loci involved and linkage with in vivo antibody formation. Blood lymphocytes from the inbred rat strains AS and BN differ in the magnitude both of their in vitro proliferative response to different mitogens and of their in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). We have examined the segregation of in vitro responsiveness to PHA in (AS X BN)F1 X BN backcross rats and have tried to correlate it with other characters that vary in backcross rats. In vitro responsiveness is regulated by one or a few loci, is linked to the in vitro responsiveness to B lymphocyte mitogens and the in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA, but is not linked to the major histocompatibility locus (Ag-B) nor to the frequency of short-lived small Ig-negative lymphocytes in blood. Lymphocytes from high-responder rats have a shorter lag period before the onset of DNA synthesis in vitro than low-responder rats, and possibly also a higher number of in vitro responsing cells. To explain our findings, that the same gene og genes regulate in vitro responsiveness to different mitogens and in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA, we suggest that the gene or genes act in an immunologically unspecific manner on the regulation of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo.", "PMID": 1013648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_255", "title": "Genetic control of antibody responses to PHA in inbred rats.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P; Difco) contains four immunogenic components. The antibody response in rats to two of these components is shown to be genetically determined: AS rats are high responders and BN rats are low responders to both antigens. Responsiveness to the two components segregates independently as autosomal, dominant traits in a manner that is compatible with a one-gene hypothesis for both responses. The antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA segregates together with the in vitro mitogenic response to PHA and to other mitogens. These responses are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The antibody response to a nonmitogenic fraction from PHA is, however, linked to the MHC.", "contents": "Genetic control of antibody responses to PHA in inbred rats. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P; Difco) contains four immunogenic components. The antibody response in rats to two of these components is shown to be genetically determined: AS rats are high responders and BN rats are low responders to both antigens. Responsiveness to the two components segregates independently as autosomal, dominant traits in a manner that is compatible with a one-gene hypothesis for both responses. The antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA segregates together with the in vitro mitogenic response to PHA and to other mitogens. These responses are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The antibody response to a nonmitogenic fraction from PHA is, however, linked to the MHC.", "PMID": 1013649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_256", "title": "Immune response in asymptomatic paraproteinemia. I. Primary and secondary antibody response to Helix pomatia hemocyanin.", "content": "In a group of 20 patients with asymptomatic paraproteinemia, as judged after at least 3 years of follow-up, the primary and secondary antibody response to Helix pomatia hemocyanin (HPH) was defective as compared with the response in controls. The class of antibody was assessed by mercaptoethanol (ME) treatment of serum. A lowered response was found not only in the total but also in the ME-resistant (mainly 7S, IgG) antibody titer. Low anti-HPH antibody titers were preferentially found in the patients with high serum paraprotein levels, whereas in half of the patients with low serum paraprotein levels a completely normal antibody response was found. No differences in the total or 7S anti-HPH antibody response were found between patients with IgG, IgM, or IgA paraproteinemia. The polyclonal serum Ig levels were not predictive for the measured anti-HPH response. The anamnestic diphtheria and tetanus antibody response was not different from that of controls.", "contents": "Immune response in asymptomatic paraproteinemia. I. Primary and secondary antibody response to Helix pomatia hemocyanin. In a group of 20 patients with asymptomatic paraproteinemia, as judged after at least 3 years of follow-up, the primary and secondary antibody response to Helix pomatia hemocyanin (HPH) was defective as compared with the response in controls. The class of antibody was assessed by mercaptoethanol (ME) treatment of serum. A lowered response was found not only in the total but also in the ME-resistant (mainly 7S, IgG) antibody titer. Low anti-HPH antibody titers were preferentially found in the patients with high serum paraprotein levels, whereas in half of the patients with low serum paraprotein levels a completely normal antibody response was found. No differences in the total or 7S anti-HPH antibody response were found between patients with IgG, IgM, or IgA paraproteinemia. The polyclonal serum Ig levels were not predictive for the measured anti-HPH response. The anamnestic diphtheria and tetanus antibody response was not different from that of controls.", "PMID": 1013650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_257", "title": "Arming of lymphoid cells by IgG antibodies treated with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Mouse spleen lymphocytes treated with rabbit IgG anti-sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) complexed with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) form rosettes with SRBC. The attachment of SRBC to lymphocytes was due to the binding of the SpA-IgG antibody complex to the surface of the lymphocytes and was thus considered \"arming\" of the cells. Normal mouse spleen cells \"armed\" with SpA-rabbit IgG anti-chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) kill specifically 51Cr-labeled CRBC \"in vitro\" in the absence of free antibodies. The killing by these \"armed\" cells is an effect of the cell-bound SpA-IgG antibody complex. Both the SRBC rosette formation and the cell-mediated CRBC killing was dependent on the concentration of the SpA-IgG antibody complexes used for \"arming\" the cells. A 100-fold increase in rosette formation or in killing of target cells was recorded for lymphocytes treated with SpA-IgG antibody complexes in comparison with cells treated with noncomplexed IgG antibodies. The specific binding of SpA-IgG antibody complexes to the Fc receptors of mouse spleen cells was demonstrated by inhibition studies. More than 60% inhibition of the rosette formation and in the killing of target cells was shown for cells treated with normal rabbit IgG or its Fc fragment before addition of the SpA-IgG antibody complex.", "contents": "Arming of lymphoid cells by IgG antibodies treated with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Mouse spleen lymphocytes treated with rabbit IgG anti-sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) complexed with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) form rosettes with SRBC. The attachment of SRBC to lymphocytes was due to the binding of the SpA-IgG antibody complex to the surface of the lymphocytes and was thus considered \"arming\" of the cells. Normal mouse spleen cells \"armed\" with SpA-rabbit IgG anti-chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) kill specifically 51Cr-labeled CRBC \"in vitro\" in the absence of free antibodies. The killing by these \"armed\" cells is an effect of the cell-bound SpA-IgG antibody complex. Both the SRBC rosette formation and the cell-mediated CRBC killing was dependent on the concentration of the SpA-IgG antibody complexes used for \"arming\" the cells. A 100-fold increase in rosette formation or in killing of target cells was recorded for lymphocytes treated with SpA-IgG antibody complexes in comparison with cells treated with noncomplexed IgG antibodies. The specific binding of SpA-IgG antibody complexes to the Fc receptors of mouse spleen cells was demonstrated by inhibition studies. More than 60% inhibition of the rosette formation and in the killing of target cells was shown for cells treated with normal rabbit IgG or its Fc fragment before addition of the SpA-IgG antibody complex.", "PMID": 1013651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_258", "title": "A method for the detection and quantitation of Fc receptor sites on cells.", "content": "A new rosette technique for identification of Fc-receptor-bearing cells is based on the ability of sheep erythrocytes coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (ES) to form rosettes with cells treated with monomeric IgG or aggregated IgG. The IgG is attached to lymphocytes through its Fc region and binds to a trypsin-resistant but pronase-sensitive receptor (considered an Fc receptor). The ES rosette technique facilitates studies of the interaction of IgG with Fc receptor sites; the binding of any IgG preparation reacting with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) can be studied by the technique. Inhibition of rosette formation by SpA was used for quantitation of IgG fixed to the cell surface (that is, the number of Fc receptors/cell). The sensitivity of the method permits quantitation of less than 10(5) IgG molecules bound to the Fc receptors. The relative affinity constant between Fc receptors and IgG ligands was estimated by plotting the percentage of ES rosettes as a function of IgG concentration and calculating the reciprocal of the IgG concentration giving half the maximal number of ES rosettes.", "contents": "A method for the detection and quantitation of Fc receptor sites on cells. A new rosette technique for identification of Fc-receptor-bearing cells is based on the ability of sheep erythrocytes coated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (ES) to form rosettes with cells treated with monomeric IgG or aggregated IgG. The IgG is attached to lymphocytes through its Fc region and binds to a trypsin-resistant but pronase-sensitive receptor (considered an Fc receptor). The ES rosette technique facilitates studies of the interaction of IgG with Fc receptor sites; the binding of any IgG preparation reacting with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) can be studied by the technique. Inhibition of rosette formation by SpA was used for quantitation of IgG fixed to the cell surface (that is, the number of Fc receptors/cell). The sensitivity of the method permits quantitation of less than 10(5) IgG molecules bound to the Fc receptors. The relative affinity constant between Fc receptors and IgG ligands was estimated by plotting the percentage of ES rosettes as a function of IgG concentration and calculating the reciprocal of the IgG concentration giving half the maximal number of ES rosettes.", "PMID": 1013652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_259", "title": "Tuberculin reactions related to interval between BCG vaccination and skin testing in guinea pigs.", "content": "Groups of BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were given a single Mantoux skin test 4 to 69 weeks after vaccination. The skin reactions tended to develop more slowly the longer the interval since BCG vaccination. Relatively quickly developing tuberculin skin reactions may be characteristic not only for repeated testing, but also for skin tests taken shortly after BCG vaccination.", "contents": "Tuberculin reactions related to interval between BCG vaccination and skin testing in guinea pigs. Groups of BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were given a single Mantoux skin test 4 to 69 weeks after vaccination. The skin reactions tended to develop more slowly the longer the interval since BCG vaccination. Relatively quickly developing tuberculin skin reactions may be characteristic not only for repeated testing, but also for skin tests taken shortly after BCG vaccination.", "PMID": 1013655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_260", "title": "[Long-term course of anorexia nervosa].", "content": "A follow-up study has been recently conducted in 20 female patients with severe anorexia nervosa who had undergone stationary psychotherapeutic treatment at our clinic 8-16 years ago. Whilst according to our findings the prognosis for anorexia nervosa still remains poor, it does not seem quite so hopeless as is frequently presumed. Out of the 20 patients followed up, 5 now have chronic anorexia nervosa and in 2 cases transition to an endogenous psychosis has occurred (schizophrenia simplex with chronified anorexia in one, and endogenous depression after improvement of anorexia in the other case). 1 patient died in the interval between observations as a result of her anorexia. The general results of our investigation roughly confirm the rule-of-thumb predictions for many psychotherapeutic treatments of neurotic diseases, i.e. 1/3 unimproved, 1/3 improved, 1/3 cured. Although free from illness, the majority of the patients must be described as conspicuous within the norm. The typical personal characteristics of the anorectic are maintained, their weight remains below normal level, and they suffer from eating problems. According to our investigation a positive prognosis correlates with onset of the illness before the age of 18, absence of laxative abuse, and subsequent marriage, whereas premature interruption of the treatment with return to the parental home proves to have a negative effect. In apparent contradiction to the persistence of the characteristic anorectic features is the evidence that out of the 20 patients in question 12 married and 8 had children. On the other hand, the fact that during the interval between observations 4 patients relapsed into severe anorexia in connexion with engagement or pregnancy indicates that acceptance of a mature female or maternal role often remains a problem. Of gynecologic interest is the fact that long-lasting secondary amenorrhea (up to 10 years, with an average of 5 years) has not led to fertility problems for any of the married patients who wanted children.", "contents": "[Long-term course of anorexia nervosa]. A follow-up study has been recently conducted in 20 female patients with severe anorexia nervosa who had undergone stationary psychotherapeutic treatment at our clinic 8-16 years ago. Whilst according to our findings the prognosis for anorexia nervosa still remains poor, it does not seem quite so hopeless as is frequently presumed. Out of the 20 patients followed up, 5 now have chronic anorexia nervosa and in 2 cases transition to an endogenous psychosis has occurred (schizophrenia simplex with chronified anorexia in one, and endogenous depression after improvement of anorexia in the other case). 1 patient died in the interval between observations as a result of her anorexia. The general results of our investigation roughly confirm the rule-of-thumb predictions for many psychotherapeutic treatments of neurotic diseases, i.e. 1/3 unimproved, 1/3 improved, 1/3 cured. Although free from illness, the majority of the patients must be described as conspicuous within the norm. The typical personal characteristics of the anorectic are maintained, their weight remains below normal level, and they suffer from eating problems. According to our investigation a positive prognosis correlates with onset of the illness before the age of 18, absence of laxative abuse, and subsequent marriage, whereas premature interruption of the treatment with return to the parental home proves to have a negative effect. In apparent contradiction to the persistence of the characteristic anorectic features is the evidence that out of the 20 patients in question 12 married and 8 had children. On the other hand, the fact that during the interval between observations 4 patients relapsed into severe anorexia in connexion with engagement or pregnancy indicates that acceptance of a mature female or maternal role often remains a problem. Of gynecologic interest is the fact that long-lasting secondary amenorrhea (up to 10 years, with an average of 5 years) has not led to fertility problems for any of the married patients who wanted children.", "PMID": 1013663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_261", "title": "[Vitamin B 1 deficiency in chronic alcoholics and its clinical correlation].", "content": "50 chronic alcoholics reporting to the medical emergency ward of Basle University Hospital with alcohol-related illness were examined with respect to thiamine nutritional status by means of the transketolase activation test of erythrocytes (ETK). 46% of the chronic alcoholics, compared to only 2% of the control population (1152 healthy adults), had transketolase activation quotients indicating a strong probability of thiamine deficiency (alphaETK greater than 1.25). The most important symptoms associated with the biochemical parameters of thiamine deficiency were: anemia, pathologic liver functions (bilirubin, gamma-globulins), low diastolic blood pressure and Wernicke's encephalopathy. There was a statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between these symptoms and the biochemical parameters for thiamine deficiency. Therefore, when treating chronic alcoholics, these symptoms should direct attention to a possible vitamin B1 deficiency. Since the enzymatic vitamin B1 parameters correlate with the patients' hemoglobin, our results would be consistent with anemia influenced by provision of thiamine.", "contents": "[Vitamin B 1 deficiency in chronic alcoholics and its clinical correlation]. 50 chronic alcoholics reporting to the medical emergency ward of Basle University Hospital with alcohol-related illness were examined with respect to thiamine nutritional status by means of the transketolase activation test of erythrocytes (ETK). 46% of the chronic alcoholics, compared to only 2% of the control population (1152 healthy adults), had transketolase activation quotients indicating a strong probability of thiamine deficiency (alphaETK greater than 1.25). The most important symptoms associated with the biochemical parameters of thiamine deficiency were: anemia, pathologic liver functions (bilirubin, gamma-globulins), low diastolic blood pressure and Wernicke's encephalopathy. There was a statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between these symptoms and the biochemical parameters for thiamine deficiency. Therefore, when treating chronic alcoholics, these symptoms should direct attention to a possible vitamin B1 deficiency. Since the enzymatic vitamin B1 parameters correlate with the patients' hemoglobin, our results would be consistent with anemia influenced by provision of thiamine.", "PMID": 1013664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_262", "title": "[Effect of an oral contraceptive (ethinylestradiol/D-norgestrel) on growth hormone and insulin secretion].", "content": "The growth hormone, insulin and blood glucose values were measured during a glucose tolerance test in 12 women before and after 3 months' use of a contraceptive of the sequential type (11 pills containing 0.05 mg D-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and 10 pills containing 0.125 mg D-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol). Neither fasting blood glucose nor glucose tolerance are altered during administration of the contraceptive steroids. On the other hand, the reactive insulin level is significantly increased in comparison to the basal value, thus showing the signs of hyperinsulinemia. Both the gestagens and the estrogens appear to contribute to this disturbance of insulin secretion. Presumably the hyperinsulinemia is an expression of decreased sensitivity of the peripheral tissue to insulin. The growth hormone, a so-called insulin antagonist, is not responsible for the \"insulin resistance\" observed. The values measured by us after administration of the contraceptive do not significantly differ from the basal values.", "contents": "[Effect of an oral contraceptive (ethinylestradiol/D-norgestrel) on growth hormone and insulin secretion]. The growth hormone, insulin and blood glucose values were measured during a glucose tolerance test in 12 women before and after 3 months' use of a contraceptive of the sequential type (11 pills containing 0.05 mg D-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and 10 pills containing 0.125 mg D-norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol). Neither fasting blood glucose nor glucose tolerance are altered during administration of the contraceptive steroids. On the other hand, the reactive insulin level is significantly increased in comparison to the basal value, thus showing the signs of hyperinsulinemia. Both the gestagens and the estrogens appear to contribute to this disturbance of insulin secretion. Presumably the hyperinsulinemia is an expression of decreased sensitivity of the peripheral tissue to insulin. The growth hormone, a so-called insulin antagonist, is not responsible for the \"insulin resistance\" observed. The values measured by us after administration of the contraceptive do not significantly differ from the basal values.", "PMID": 1013665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_263", "title": "[The anti-hypertensive effect of timolol maleate (blocadren) in gradated combination with a diuretic].", "content": "In a controlled double-blind crossover study followed by an open longterm continuation period, the antihypertensive effect of timolol (Blocadren), a new beta-receptor antagonist, was investigated in 24 ambulatory patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension who were concomitantly receiving Moduretic as baseline diuretic therapy. The addition of timolol to one tablet daily Moduretic resulted in a clinically and statistically significant further reduction of supine and upright systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The average total daily dosage schedule for timolol ranged between 15 and 20 mg, with the same blood pressure lowering effect whether the divided dose was given twice or three times. Significant sinus bradycardia was consistently observed but well tolerated, with only one patient requiring dose reduction. After 48 weeks of treatment (comprising 46 weeks Moduretic and 36 weeks timolol) 20 of 22 patients were normotensive (supine diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg) while in two the hypotensive response proved inadequate. One patient was dropped from the study after 3 days of timolol treatment because of acute bronchial asthma. When specifically questioned, one-third of the patients admitted experiencing cold extremities. One patient exhibited Raynaud's syndrome which was treated symptomatically while continuing in the study. In terms of electrolyte balance, the fixed combination of hydrochlorothiazide and the antikaluretic amiloride (Moduretic) as baseline therapy essentially proved adequate. On occasion, however, two subject revealed hypokalemia requiring short-term oral potassium supplement. During the initial 10 to 16 weeks a steady decline in serum potassium was observed but this stabilized itself thereafter. The concomitant administration of Moduretic and timolol (Blocadren) was shown to be an effective therapeutic regimen in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. This combination is particularly suitable for patient compliance in longterm therapy, as timolol can be given twice daily.", "contents": "[The anti-hypertensive effect of timolol maleate (blocadren) in gradated combination with a diuretic]. In a controlled double-blind crossover study followed by an open longterm continuation period, the antihypertensive effect of timolol (Blocadren), a new beta-receptor antagonist, was investigated in 24 ambulatory patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension who were concomitantly receiving Moduretic as baseline diuretic therapy. The addition of timolol to one tablet daily Moduretic resulted in a clinically and statistically significant further reduction of supine and upright systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The average total daily dosage schedule for timolol ranged between 15 and 20 mg, with the same blood pressure lowering effect whether the divided dose was given twice or three times. Significant sinus bradycardia was consistently observed but well tolerated, with only one patient requiring dose reduction. After 48 weeks of treatment (comprising 46 weeks Moduretic and 36 weeks timolol) 20 of 22 patients were normotensive (supine diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg) while in two the hypotensive response proved inadequate. One patient was dropped from the study after 3 days of timolol treatment because of acute bronchial asthma. When specifically questioned, one-third of the patients admitted experiencing cold extremities. One patient exhibited Raynaud's syndrome which was treated symptomatically while continuing in the study. In terms of electrolyte balance, the fixed combination of hydrochlorothiazide and the antikaluretic amiloride (Moduretic) as baseline therapy essentially proved adequate. On occasion, however, two subject revealed hypokalemia requiring short-term oral potassium supplement. During the initial 10 to 16 weeks a steady decline in serum potassium was observed but this stabilized itself thereafter. The concomitant administration of Moduretic and timolol (Blocadren) was shown to be an effective therapeutic regimen in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. This combination is particularly suitable for patient compliance in longterm therapy, as timolol can be given twice daily.", "PMID": 1013666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_264", "title": "[The spontaneous course of coronary disease].", "content": "The natural history of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease was studied in a retrospective analysis of 160 patients, who underwent coronary arteriography from 1965 to 1969. All had at least one angiographically documented significant stenosis of more than 50%; the survivors were followed for at least 5 years and a maximum of 9 years. For the entire group, 5-year survival was 81%. Subdivided into single, double or triple vessel disease categories, the 5-year survival rates were 91, 85 and 63% respectively.", "contents": "[The spontaneous course of coronary disease]. The natural history of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease was studied in a retrospective analysis of 160 patients, who underwent coronary arteriography from 1965 to 1969. All had at least one angiographically documented significant stenosis of more than 50%; the survivors were followed for at least 5 years and a maximum of 9 years. For the entire group, 5-year survival was 81%. Subdivided into single, double or triple vessel disease categories, the 5-year survival rates were 91, 85 and 63% respectively.", "PMID": 1013668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_265", "title": "[Coronary lesions in type II and IV hyperlipoproteinemias. Coronarographic study].", "content": "Coronary arteriography was performed in 24 patients with type-II and in 22 patients with type-IV hyperlipoproteinemia. The findings of the present study allow definition of several angiographic characteristics which seem to be linked to the type of hyperlipoproteinemia. Patients with type II generally have more widespread disease in the coronary tree at younger ages than do those with type IV. Type-II patients usually have proximal and distal disease, whereas type-IV patients have more often proximal disease only. Significant stenosis of the main left coronary artery is frequent in type-II but very rare in type-IV patients. Extensive calcification of the ascending aorta, sometimes associated with narrowing of the proximal aortic root, is present in 25% of type-II but in none of type-IV patients.", "contents": "[Coronary lesions in type II and IV hyperlipoproteinemias. Coronarographic study]. Coronary arteriography was performed in 24 patients with type-II and in 22 patients with type-IV hyperlipoproteinemia. The findings of the present study allow definition of several angiographic characteristics which seem to be linked to the type of hyperlipoproteinemia. Patients with type II generally have more widespread disease in the coronary tree at younger ages than do those with type IV. Type-II patients usually have proximal and distal disease, whereas type-IV patients have more often proximal disease only. Significant stenosis of the main left coronary artery is frequent in type-II but very rare in type-IV patients. Extensive calcification of the ascending aorta, sometimes associated with narrowing of the proximal aortic root, is present in 25% of type-II but in none of type-IV patients.", "PMID": 1013669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_266", "title": "[The mobile coronary unit in Basel. Report on its use in 1974].", "content": "A comparative study has been conducted in two groups of patients with fresh myocardial infarction: 168 brought to the hospital by mobile coronary care unit and 200 hospitalized by the conventional patient transport system. Pre-hospital mortality differed markedly (8.6% in the former group and 26.5% in the latter) but there was no difference in hospital mortality (17.7 vs. 19.8%). The possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "[The mobile coronary unit in Basel. Report on its use in 1974]. A comparative study has been conducted in two groups of patients with fresh myocardial infarction: 168 brought to the hospital by mobile coronary care unit and 200 hospitalized by the conventional patient transport system. Pre-hospital mortality differed markedly (8.6% in the former group and 26.5% in the latter) but there was no difference in hospital mortality (17.7 vs. 19.8%). The possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1013670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_267", "title": "[Frequency and prevention of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "In a controlled study using mexiletine and placebo, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been compared. The study covered 40 male patients who had sustained AMI and who in the first 48 h after onset of infarction had exhibited ventricular tachycardia, R on T-, multiform or close-coupled ventricular ectopic beats. Half of the patients were given either mexiletine (250 mg 8-hourly) or placebo. On the 4th and 10th day after onset of infarction a continuous 24-hour ECG was performed. 76% of the patients receiving placebo showed serious ventricular arrhythmias compared with 32% receiving mexiletine (p less than 0.05). These results demonstrate (1) the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias in a group of patients already at risk, and (2) the efficacy of an oral antiarrhythmic agent like mexiletine in the management of these rhythm disorders.", "contents": "[Frequency and prevention of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarct]. In a controlled study using mexiletine and placebo, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been compared. The study covered 40 male patients who had sustained AMI and who in the first 48 h after onset of infarction had exhibited ventricular tachycardia, R on T-, multiform or close-coupled ventricular ectopic beats. Half of the patients were given either mexiletine (250 mg 8-hourly) or placebo. On the 4th and 10th day after onset of infarction a continuous 24-hour ECG was performed. 76% of the patients receiving placebo showed serious ventricular arrhythmias compared with 32% receiving mexiletine (p less than 0.05). These results demonstrate (1) the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias in a group of patients already at risk, and (2) the efficacy of an oral antiarrhythmic agent like mexiletine in the management of these rhythm disorders.", "PMID": 1013671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_268", "title": "[Echocardiography as a method for the determination of the severity of aortic insufficiency].", "content": "4 groups of patients with different degrees of aortic regurgitation (mild n = 7, moderate n = 3, severe n = 21, and aortic regurgitation combined with organic mitral stenosis n = 5) were examined by means of echocardiography and compared with a control group of 10 healthy subjects. The purpose was to determine what information echocardiography may provide in regard to the severity of aortic regurgitation and whether patients with organic mitral stenosis can be distinguished from patients with Austin Flint murmur. Patients with mild or moderate aortic regurgitation could not be clearly distinguished by echocardiographic features from subjects with normal cardiac findings. However, patients with severe aortic regurgitation were likely to show the following characteristic changes: (1) early mitral valve closure, (2) diastolic flutter, (3) absence of the a-wave. If a premature mitral valve closure, i.e. a negative QC time or a diastolic flutter or absent a-wave are found, the aortic regurgitation is likely to be of severe degree. This finding will be particularly useful in patients with acute aortic regurgitation, no left ventricular enlargement and no left ventricular hypertrophy in the ECG. Being a noninvasive method, echocardiography may also be used in follow-up examinations. Furthermore, organic mitral stenosis can be distinguished from Austin Flint murmur.", "contents": "[Echocardiography as a method for the determination of the severity of aortic insufficiency]. 4 groups of patients with different degrees of aortic regurgitation (mild n = 7, moderate n = 3, severe n = 21, and aortic regurgitation combined with organic mitral stenosis n = 5) were examined by means of echocardiography and compared with a control group of 10 healthy subjects. The purpose was to determine what information echocardiography may provide in regard to the severity of aortic regurgitation and whether patients with organic mitral stenosis can be distinguished from patients with Austin Flint murmur. Patients with mild or moderate aortic regurgitation could not be clearly distinguished by echocardiographic features from subjects with normal cardiac findings. However, patients with severe aortic regurgitation were likely to show the following characteristic changes: (1) early mitral valve closure, (2) diastolic flutter, (3) absence of the a-wave. If a premature mitral valve closure, i.e. a negative QC time or a diastolic flutter or absent a-wave are found, the aortic regurgitation is likely to be of severe degree. This finding will be particularly useful in patients with acute aortic regurgitation, no left ventricular enlargement and no left ventricular hypertrophy in the ECG. Being a noninvasive method, echocardiography may also be used in follow-up examinations. Furthermore, organic mitral stenosis can be distinguished from Austin Flint murmur.", "PMID": 1013673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_269", "title": "[Hemodynamic significance of myocardial bridging and milking effect of the anterior interventricular artery: a mild variant or source of angina?].", "content": "A hemodynamic study was conducted in 11 patients with myocardial bridging and milking effect (ME) of the left anterior descending artery (LADA), but with otherwise normal coronary arteries. During pacing, patients with grade III ME (over 75% narrowing of arterial size during systole) showed anterior wall ischemia, lactate production and severe angina. Thus, grade III ME observed on coronary arteriography may result in significant obstruction of the LADA with typical angina. Surgical treatment is worth considering in symptomatic patients with this rare anomaly.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic significance of myocardial bridging and milking effect of the anterior interventricular artery: a mild variant or source of angina?]. A hemodynamic study was conducted in 11 patients with myocardial bridging and milking effect (ME) of the left anterior descending artery (LADA), but with otherwise normal coronary arteries. During pacing, patients with grade III ME (over 75% narrowing of arterial size during systole) showed anterior wall ischemia, lactate production and severe angina. Thus, grade III ME observed on coronary arteriography may result in significant obstruction of the LADA with typical angina. Surgical treatment is worth considering in symptomatic patients with this rare anomaly.", "PMID": 1013674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_270", "title": "[Hemodynamic changes under metoprolol compared to propranolol in hypertensive patients].", "content": "The effect of the new beta-receptor-blocking drug metoprolol on hemodynamics and plasma renin activity was studied at rest and during exercise. 5 patients with essential hypertension were investigated before, 4 weeks after and 8 weeks after oral treatment (3 X 50 mg day). The results were compared to data of 5 patients under propranolol matched according to age, arterial blood pressure, and renin concentration. Metoprolol leads to a significant fall in renin and heart rate, whereas cardiac index is depressed only during exercise. Peripheral resistance remains unchanged and left ventricular filling pressure rises slightly. This results in a slight fall in arterial blood pressure. In comparison with propranolol the hemodynamic and renin patterns under metoprolol are similar, the only difference being the slighter fall in blood pressure due to a less depressed cardiac index.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic changes under metoprolol compared to propranolol in hypertensive patients]. The effect of the new beta-receptor-blocking drug metoprolol on hemodynamics and plasma renin activity was studied at rest and during exercise. 5 patients with essential hypertension were investigated before, 4 weeks after and 8 weeks after oral treatment (3 X 50 mg day). The results were compared to data of 5 patients under propranolol matched according to age, arterial blood pressure, and renin concentration. Metoprolol leads to a significant fall in renin and heart rate, whereas cardiac index is depressed only during exercise. Peripheral resistance remains unchanged and left ventricular filling pressure rises slightly. This results in a slight fall in arterial blood pressure. In comparison with propranolol the hemodynamic and renin patterns under metoprolol are similar, the only difference being the slighter fall in blood pressure due to a less depressed cardiac index.", "PMID": 1013675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_271", "title": "[Electrocardiograms of digitalis intoxication. Reevaluation].", "content": "Serum digoxin concentration and ECG were recorded 111 times in 96 patients taking digoxin. The generally accepted ECG criteria of digoxin concentration seem greatly to overestimate the incidence of toxic cases. According to these criteria 63 ECGs in this study would have been regarded as toxic, whereas toxicity (defined by the association of serum digoxin elevation and clinical symptoms of toxicity) was actually present in only 11 cases.", "contents": "[Electrocardiograms of digitalis intoxication. Reevaluation]. Serum digoxin concentration and ECG were recorded 111 times in 96 patients taking digoxin. The generally accepted ECG criteria of digoxin concentration seem greatly to overestimate the incidence of toxic cases. According to these criteria 63 ECGs in this study would have been regarded as toxic, whereas toxicity (defined by the association of serum digoxin elevation and clinical symptoms of toxicity) was actually present in only 11 cases.", "PMID": 1013676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_272", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of the deviation of the QRS left axis in ECG].", "content": "100 ECGs with left axis deviation have been analyzed with respect to left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). On the basis of conventional criteria LAFB was diagnosed in 59 cases, but could be rules out in 26. Of the remaining 15 ECGs which at first seemed doubtful, 4 were identified as LAFB on the basis of a new criterion: duration of qR in a VL at least 40 msec longer than in V6.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of the deviation of the QRS left axis in ECG]. 100 ECGs with left axis deviation have been analyzed with respect to left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). On the basis of conventional criteria LAFB was diagnosed in 59 cases, but could be rules out in 26. Of the remaining 15 ECGs which at first seemed doubtful, 4 were identified as LAFB on the basis of a new criterion: duration of qR in a VL at least 40 msec longer than in V6.", "PMID": 1013677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_273", "title": "[Complications due to endocardial and epimyocardial electrodes in 171 patients with artificial pacemakers].", "content": "On the basis of experience with 171 patients the advantages and disadvantages of a sutureless, corkscrew-like myocardial electrode are compared with those of endocardial electrodes. Electrode complications were significantly less frequent in patients with sutureless myocardial electrodes and never lead to death. However, a benign postpericardiotomy syndrome was frequent (16% of cases). Electrode dislocation was the main complication in patients with endocardial electrodes.", "contents": "[Complications due to endocardial and epimyocardial electrodes in 171 patients with artificial pacemakers]. On the basis of experience with 171 patients the advantages and disadvantages of a sutureless, corkscrew-like myocardial electrode are compared with those of endocardial electrodes. Electrode complications were significantly less frequent in patients with sutureless myocardial electrodes and never lead to death. However, a benign postpericardiotomy syndrome was frequent (16% of cases). Electrode dislocation was the main complication in patients with endocardial electrodes.", "PMID": 1013678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_274", "title": "[Surgery of mitral valve stenosis: open or closed commissurotomy?].", "content": "Up to October 1975 a total of 206 mitral commissurotomies were performed in Berne. 170 patients underwent closed commissurotomy (CMC). In the period from 1973, 36 patients underwent open commissurotomy (OMC). To compare results and operative risk as between OMC and CMC, the last 36 consecutive patients of the CMC group were selected for critical evaluation. Though not coinciding chronologically the 2 groups turned out to be essentially comparable with regard to preoperative clinical and hemodynamic findings. In neither group was there a hospital death. Frequency and severity of postoperative complications did not prove to be greater following OMC. Cerebral embolism was observed in 3 cases after CMC, whereas this complication occurred only once following OMC. On the basis of clinical, radiological and electrocardiographic data, OMC must be considered superior to CMC. The incidence of significant residual stenosis and the risk of causing mitral regurgitation appear to be lower. Without involving a higher operative risk, the open approach to mitral commissurotomy offers the following main advantages: safe removal of intraatrial thrombi, precise and complete incision of the fused commissures under direct vision, avoidance of leaflet tears, separation of fused chordae tendineae and incision of papillary muscles in order to remove subvalvular stenosis, debridement of calcium from leaflets, and repair of concomitant mitral regurgitation by valvuloplasty.", "contents": "[Surgery of mitral valve stenosis: open or closed commissurotomy?]. Up to October 1975 a total of 206 mitral commissurotomies were performed in Berne. 170 patients underwent closed commissurotomy (CMC). In the period from 1973, 36 patients underwent open commissurotomy (OMC). To compare results and operative risk as between OMC and CMC, the last 36 consecutive patients of the CMC group were selected for critical evaluation. Though not coinciding chronologically the 2 groups turned out to be essentially comparable with regard to preoperative clinical and hemodynamic findings. In neither group was there a hospital death. Frequency and severity of postoperative complications did not prove to be greater following OMC. Cerebral embolism was observed in 3 cases after CMC, whereas this complication occurred only once following OMC. On the basis of clinical, radiological and electrocardiographic data, OMC must be considered superior to CMC. The incidence of significant residual stenosis and the risk of causing mitral regurgitation appear to be lower. Without involving a higher operative risk, the open approach to mitral commissurotomy offers the following main advantages: safe removal of intraatrial thrombi, precise and complete incision of the fused commissures under direct vision, avoidance of leaflet tears, separation of fused chordae tendineae and incision of papillary muscles in order to remove subvalvular stenosis, debridement of calcium from leaflets, and repair of concomitant mitral regurgitation by valvuloplasty.", "PMID": 1013679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_275", "title": "[Electrocardiographic diagnosis of coronary insufficiency by means of right atrial pacing].", "content": "In 285 patients who underwent selective coronary arteriography and atrial pacing for electrocardiographic diagnosis of suspected coronary failure, the sensitivity of this test was found to be rather poor: 43% positive results for atrial pacing compared to 50% for the submaximal exercise test, 75% for the maximal exercise test and 63% for the isoprenaline infusion test. In our experience atrial pacing is of diagnostic value only where uncertainty persists after a negative isoprenaline infusion test and an exercise test likewise negative but for some reason submaximal.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic diagnosis of coronary insufficiency by means of right atrial pacing]. In 285 patients who underwent selective coronary arteriography and atrial pacing for electrocardiographic diagnosis of suspected coronary failure, the sensitivity of this test was found to be rather poor: 43% positive results for atrial pacing compared to 50% for the submaximal exercise test, 75% for the maximal exercise test and 63% for the isoprenaline infusion test. In our experience atrial pacing is of diagnostic value only where uncertainty persists after a negative isoprenaline infusion test and an exercise test likewise negative but for some reason submaximal.", "PMID": 1013680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_276", "title": "[Effect of coronary flow reduction on the coronary flow distribution, the myocardial metabolism and left ventricular hemodynamics].", "content": "Myocardial blood flow, left ventricular performance, regional myocardial metabolites (ATP, CrP, lactate) and a-v differences of oxygen, lactate and pyruvate were determined in 6 open chest dogs with cannulated left coronary artery. A mean flow reduction from 92 to 43 ml/min/100 g heart weight resulted in marked heart failure accompanied by extensive flow reduction to the endocard with nearly 10 fold increase of lactate and a decrease of CrP content to 50% of control. In contrast, flow and metabolic parameters of the epicardial part changed only slightly. Furthermore, the DPTI/SPTI-ratio showed a good correlation with the subendocardial CrP content (r = 0.93, p less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Effect of coronary flow reduction on the coronary flow distribution, the myocardial metabolism and left ventricular hemodynamics]. Myocardial blood flow, left ventricular performance, regional myocardial metabolites (ATP, CrP, lactate) and a-v differences of oxygen, lactate and pyruvate were determined in 6 open chest dogs with cannulated left coronary artery. A mean flow reduction from 92 to 43 ml/min/100 g heart weight resulted in marked heart failure accompanied by extensive flow reduction to the endocard with nearly 10 fold increase of lactate and a decrease of CrP content to 50% of control. In contrast, flow and metabolic parameters of the epicardial part changed only slightly. Furthermore, the DPTI/SPTI-ratio showed a good correlation with the subendocardial CrP content (r = 0.93, p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1013681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_277", "title": "[First evaluation of plasma L-lactate measurements by means of the \"lactate analyzer 5400\"].", "content": "The instrument used can measure lactate instantaneously by a semi-automatic method using an electrochemical-enzymatic sensor. In order to test the instrument, 3 series of measurements were carried out simultaneously by the Analyzer and by the conventional enzymatic method (Boehringer, Mannheim): \"normal\" plasma and \"normal\" blood was obtained from venous blood of healthy adults; pathological plasma, obtained by addition of a known concentration of lactate to normal plasma, was also tested. The correlation curves for these three series are reported. The coefficient r is between 0.95 and 0.98, which bears out the reliability of the measurements. Since a short period, this lactate analyzer is used in our research laboratory in obstetrics.", "contents": "[First evaluation of plasma L-lactate measurements by means of the \"lactate analyzer 5400\"]. The instrument used can measure lactate instantaneously by a semi-automatic method using an electrochemical-enzymatic sensor. In order to test the instrument, 3 series of measurements were carried out simultaneously by the Analyzer and by the conventional enzymatic method (Boehringer, Mannheim): \"normal\" plasma and \"normal\" blood was obtained from venous blood of healthy adults; pathological plasma, obtained by addition of a known concentration of lactate to normal plasma, was also tested. The correlation curves for these three series are reported. The coefficient r is between 0.95 and 0.98, which bears out the reliability of the measurements. Since a short period, this lactate analyzer is used in our research laboratory in obstetrics.", "PMID": 1013682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_278", "title": "[The relative therapeutic value of drugs in international comparison: differences between Switzerland and Canada].", "content": "In Switzerland the relative therapeutic value of various drugs (e.g. pyrazolone analgesics, phenacetin, clindamycine, clioquinol) is placed demonstrably higher than in Canada. In Canada, rare but possibly dangerous complications of drug therapy are considered to be of greater importance. Two factors might be responsible for these differences: 1. Compared with similar publications in Canada, drug advertisements in Swiss medical journals contain fewer warnings of untoward effects. This can be interpreted as an \"information lag\". 2. Since the link between an untoward effect and a drug is very difficult to establish with absolute certainty, it may be concluded that the drug is relatively inoffensive. This conclusion is drawn more often in Switzerland than in Canada. Uniformization of the way in which the physician is presented with information concerning untoward drug effects would be an important step towards the establishment of internationally accepted standards of drug therapeutic value.", "contents": "[The relative therapeutic value of drugs in international comparison: differences between Switzerland and Canada]. In Switzerland the relative therapeutic value of various drugs (e.g. pyrazolone analgesics, phenacetin, clindamycine, clioquinol) is placed demonstrably higher than in Canada. In Canada, rare but possibly dangerous complications of drug therapy are considered to be of greater importance. Two factors might be responsible for these differences: 1. Compared with similar publications in Canada, drug advertisements in Swiss medical journals contain fewer warnings of untoward effects. This can be interpreted as an \"information lag\". 2. Since the link between an untoward effect and a drug is very difficult to establish with absolute certainty, it may be concluded that the drug is relatively inoffensive. This conclusion is drawn more often in Switzerland than in Canada. Uniformization of the way in which the physician is presented with information concerning untoward drug effects would be an important step towards the establishment of internationally accepted standards of drug therapeutic value.", "PMID": 1013683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_279", "title": "[Arthroscopy of the knee joint].", "content": "The clinical usefulness of arthroscopies of the knee joint has been evaluated on the basis of 282 examinations. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia with sterility precautions as for arthrotomy. In nearly all cases, direct observation of articular surfaces, synovial membranes and the menisci of the ventral two thirds of the joint was possible. The dorsal recessus, the posterior third of medial meniscus, the posterior cruciate and Baker's cyst could not be inspected. The diagnostic accuracy of arthroscopy was compared with that of double contrast arthrography. The results are as follows: incipient degenerative lesions of articular cartilage, especially chondromalacia of patella, and dislocated bucket handle tears of menisci are more accurately diagnosed by arthroscopy. For other meniscal lesions double contrast arthrography provides better results. - Arthroscopy allows the taking of synovial biopsies in cases of chronic synovitis. However, the results of histological examination are rarely of decisive value, though undetected lesions of articular cartilage have been frequently brought to light.", "contents": "[Arthroscopy of the knee joint]. The clinical usefulness of arthroscopies of the knee joint has been evaluated on the basis of 282 examinations. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia with sterility precautions as for arthrotomy. In nearly all cases, direct observation of articular surfaces, synovial membranes and the menisci of the ventral two thirds of the joint was possible. The dorsal recessus, the posterior third of medial meniscus, the posterior cruciate and Baker's cyst could not be inspected. The diagnostic accuracy of arthroscopy was compared with that of double contrast arthrography. The results are as follows: incipient degenerative lesions of articular cartilage, especially chondromalacia of patella, and dislocated bucket handle tears of menisci are more accurately diagnosed by arthroscopy. For other meniscal lesions double contrast arthrography provides better results. - Arthroscopy allows the taking of synovial biopsies in cases of chronic synovitis. However, the results of histological examination are rarely of decisive value, though undetected lesions of articular cartilage have been frequently brought to light.", "PMID": 1013685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_280", "title": "[Effectiveness and tolerance of the rabies vaccine Lyssavac Berna].", "content": "Rabies vaccine derived from human diploid cells (Wyeth, Merieux) and the duck embryo vaccine Lyssavac Berna are prepared from beta-propiolactone-inactivated Pitman-Moore vaccine virus strain. A group of 113 seronegative veterinary students was vaccinated with Lyssavac Berna according to the 4-dose immunization schedule recommended by WHO. Seroconversion was obtained in all test persons. The vaccine was very well tolerated. In agreement with the literature we also found a relatively fast decline in the neutralizing antibody titer after this immunization procedure. However, a booster injection after one year resulted in an antibody rise with titer values comparable with or higher than those obtained after the primary vaccination course. An annual single revaccination dose should be sufficient to protect people at risk.", "contents": "[Effectiveness and tolerance of the rabies vaccine Lyssavac Berna]. Rabies vaccine derived from human diploid cells (Wyeth, Merieux) and the duck embryo vaccine Lyssavac Berna are prepared from beta-propiolactone-inactivated Pitman-Moore vaccine virus strain. A group of 113 seronegative veterinary students was vaccinated with Lyssavac Berna according to the 4-dose immunization schedule recommended by WHO. Seroconversion was obtained in all test persons. The vaccine was very well tolerated. In agreement with the literature we also found a relatively fast decline in the neutralizing antibody titer after this immunization procedure. However, a booster injection after one year resulted in an antibody rise with titer values comparable with or higher than those obtained after the primary vaccination course. An annual single revaccination dose should be sufficient to protect people at risk.", "PMID": 1013686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_281", "title": "[Diphenoxinhydrochloride, a new anti-diarrhea agent].", "content": "The new antidiarrheal drug difenoxin hydrochloride is a preparation with a broad range of action; it is suitable for symptomatic treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea of varying etiology and may be administered as additional medication in cases of specific intestinal infections accompanied by diarrhea. Difenoxin hydrochloride was tested in two studies involving 220 patients with acute diarrhea and 41 patients with chronic diarrhea respectively. Side effects were extremely rare and stool frequency and consistency returned to normal at a daily dose of about 6 tablets. This dose could be reduced for the chronic cases after initial treatment with the higher dose. Positive results were obtained within a very short time in more than 80% of the acute cases and in more than 70% of the chronic cases.", "contents": "[Diphenoxinhydrochloride, a new anti-diarrhea agent]. The new antidiarrheal drug difenoxin hydrochloride is a preparation with a broad range of action; it is suitable for symptomatic treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea of varying etiology and may be administered as additional medication in cases of specific intestinal infections accompanied by diarrhea. Difenoxin hydrochloride was tested in two studies involving 220 patients with acute diarrhea and 41 patients with chronic diarrhea respectively. Side effects were extremely rare and stool frequency and consistency returned to normal at a daily dose of about 6 tablets. This dose could be reduced for the chronic cases after initial treatment with the higher dose. Positive results were obtained within a very short time in more than 80% of the acute cases and in more than 70% of the chronic cases.", "PMID": 1013687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_282", "title": "[Late results after surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. A clinical follow-up study of 60 cases].", "content": "In a follow-up study 60 hands of 49 patients were examined 1-12 years after operation for carpal tunnel syndrome. The syndrome was diagnosied in the majority of cases on clinical examination only. Paresthesia, hypesthesia or anesthesia in the 3 1/2 radial fingers of the hand are typical signs. Some patients complained of severe pain irradiating towards the elbow and shoulder. The method of surgical treatment is described in detail. Of the 49 patients only 2 were dissatisfied with the result. Both patients suffered from stenosing arteriosclerotic disease of the peripheral arteries of the hand and their pain and paresthesia were relieved by thoracic sympahtectomy. 58% of patients had complete relief from from symptoms while the remaining cases had a significant reduction of symptoms and were satisfied with the result of surgical treatment. The results were better in those patients who were operated on soon after the onset of symptoms. From the results of this study it is clear that surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome provides good results and that surgical treatment should be recommended without delay if conservative treatment is unsuccessful.", "contents": "[Late results after surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. A clinical follow-up study of 60 cases]. In a follow-up study 60 hands of 49 patients were examined 1-12 years after operation for carpal tunnel syndrome. The syndrome was diagnosied in the majority of cases on clinical examination only. Paresthesia, hypesthesia or anesthesia in the 3 1/2 radial fingers of the hand are typical signs. Some patients complained of severe pain irradiating towards the elbow and shoulder. The method of surgical treatment is described in detail. Of the 49 patients only 2 were dissatisfied with the result. Both patients suffered from stenosing arteriosclerotic disease of the peripheral arteries of the hand and their pain and paresthesia were relieved by thoracic sympahtectomy. 58% of patients had complete relief from from symptoms while the remaining cases had a significant reduction of symptoms and were satisfied with the result of surgical treatment. The results were better in those patients who were operated on soon after the onset of symptoms. From the results of this study it is clear that surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome provides good results and that surgical treatment should be recommended without delay if conservative treatment is unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1013688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_283", "title": "[Radioimmunologic determination of TSH in dried blood stains: a possible screening method for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in new born infants].", "content": "By a modification of the radioimmunoassay of TSH in plasma, a method has been introduced for the measurement of TSH in dried blood spotted on filter paper. On incubation of filter paper discs (6.5 mm diameter, corresponding to approx. 10 mul blood) for 38 hs has the lower limit of detection was 10 muU/ml TSH 68/38. In 100 blood samples, TSH was measured in plasma as well as in dried blood; the results were comparable and showed complete agreement in patients with high TSH concentrations suffering from primary hypothyroidism. In 16 out of 72 newborn children examined during the first 8 hs of life. TSH was slightly elevated. It would appear that our method is sensitive enough for detection of the physiological postnatal rise in TSH. Among 1400 infants in whom Tsh was measured on the 5th or 6th day simultaneously with routine screening for phenylketonuria (PKU), we found 1 case with markedly elevated TSH levels of greater than 100 muU/ml. The child suffered from congenital goiter. The results of our study show that the measurement of TSH in dried blood spots is possible without particular difficulty. Becasue of the simplicity of blood-sampling, the stability of the TSH, the relatively low cost and the low number of false positive results, this method seems to be suitable for screening of new born infants. It could be carried out conveniently in combination with the screening program for metabolic diseases, which covers practically 100% of infants born in Switzerland. Congenital hypothyroidism is a relatively frequent disease (1:3000-1:7000) in which early commencement of treatment is of great importance for mental development. It would therefore be desirable for all infants to be screened during the first days of life for congenital hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic determination of TSH in dried blood stains: a possible screening method for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in new born infants]. By a modification of the radioimmunoassay of TSH in plasma, a method has been introduced for the measurement of TSH in dried blood spotted on filter paper. On incubation of filter paper discs (6.5 mm diameter, corresponding to approx. 10 mul blood) for 38 hs has the lower limit of detection was 10 muU/ml TSH 68/38. In 100 blood samples, TSH was measured in plasma as well as in dried blood; the results were comparable and showed complete agreement in patients with high TSH concentrations suffering from primary hypothyroidism. In 16 out of 72 newborn children examined during the first 8 hs of life. TSH was slightly elevated. It would appear that our method is sensitive enough for detection of the physiological postnatal rise in TSH. Among 1400 infants in whom Tsh was measured on the 5th or 6th day simultaneously with routine screening for phenylketonuria (PKU), we found 1 case with markedly elevated TSH levels of greater than 100 muU/ml. The child suffered from congenital goiter. The results of our study show that the measurement of TSH in dried blood spots is possible without particular difficulty. Becasue of the simplicity of blood-sampling, the stability of the TSH, the relatively low cost and the low number of false positive results, this method seems to be suitable for screening of new born infants. It could be carried out conveniently in combination with the screening program for metabolic diseases, which covers practically 100% of infants born in Switzerland. Congenital hypothyroidism is a relatively frequent disease (1:3000-1:7000) in which early commencement of treatment is of great importance for mental development. It would therefore be desirable for all infants to be screened during the first days of life for congenital hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1013689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_284", "title": "[The radiation load of the Swiss population due to radiodiagnosis].", "content": "It is recommended that the so-called \"genetically significant dose\" (GSD) be applied as a quantitative index of the radiation exposure of the genetic material of a population, i.e. the dose which, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic injury to the population as do the actual doses received by the various individuals. The GSD of the Swiss population for the year 1971 was calculated on the basis of information received from physicians concerning approximately 60 000 patients. Exeripmental determination of the gonad dose was done in various hospitals with the aid of TLD dosimeter, and sensitive high-pressure and normal-pressure ionization chambers. The results show that the annual rate of increase of X-ray diagnostic examinations is 3-4% in Switzrland as elsewhere. The GSD for Switzerland amounted in 1971 to 42-43 mrad per person as compared with 22 mrad in 1957. The \"annual mean marrow dose of a population\" can be calculated from the single doses received from each part of active bone marrow irradiated in the course of an X-ray examination and, as in the case of the genetically significant dose, from the demographic figures mentioned. The annual mean marrow dose (1971) for the Swiss population was tentatively calculated using the values of the mean marrow dose per examination of the UK survey of 1957/58 and amounts to about 121 mrad. Barium meal contributes about 30% of the total, while intravenous pyelography, carium enema, lumbar spine and mass miniature radiographies each account for about 10%.", "contents": "[The radiation load of the Swiss population due to radiodiagnosis]. It is recommended that the so-called \"genetically significant dose\" (GSD) be applied as a quantitative index of the radiation exposure of the genetic material of a population, i.e. the dose which, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic injury to the population as do the actual doses received by the various individuals. The GSD of the Swiss population for the year 1971 was calculated on the basis of information received from physicians concerning approximately 60 000 patients. Exeripmental determination of the gonad dose was done in various hospitals with the aid of TLD dosimeter, and sensitive high-pressure and normal-pressure ionization chambers. The results show that the annual rate of increase of X-ray diagnostic examinations is 3-4% in Switzrland as elsewhere. The GSD for Switzerland amounted in 1971 to 42-43 mrad per person as compared with 22 mrad in 1957. The \"annual mean marrow dose of a population\" can be calculated from the single doses received from each part of active bone marrow irradiated in the course of an X-ray examination and, as in the case of the genetically significant dose, from the demographic figures mentioned. The annual mean marrow dose (1971) for the Swiss population was tentatively calculated using the values of the mean marrow dose per examination of the UK survey of 1957/58 and amounts to about 121 mrad. Barium meal contributes about 30% of the total, while intravenous pyelography, carium enema, lumbar spine and mass miniature radiographies each account for about 10%.", "PMID": 1013690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_285", "title": "[Public hypertension screening and problems of individual long term control].", "content": "Four months after public screening for hypertension during the Swiss Trade Fair 1974, a random sample of 302 hypertensives referred to private practitioners were interviewed to determine the impact of the screening on longterm control through private practice. 201 hypertensives went for further blood pressure control: the previously aware did so more frequently than the previously unaware (p less than 0.01). 112 of 201 were confirmed as hypertensives by private practitioners: this occurred in 80% of aware but in only 36% of unaware patients. 94 were started on therapy. 76 of 112 (2/3) received further appointments. Another 101 hypertensives did not seek care. Main determinants were insufficient knowledge about hypertensive disease and a shorter period of formal education; half of them claimed \"they felt perfectly well\". In summary one third did not seek care, another third were not confirmed as hypertensive or were lost to follow-up, and only one third (50% of the aware and 10% of the unaware) were still under regular care. While community-wide screening provided an opportunity for educational compaigns and positively affected the behaviour of hypertensives who were already aware, the yield in terms of newly identified hypertensives still under control 4 months later was extremely low. Before further developing community screening programs, feasibility studies must define mechanism for improved longterm control.", "contents": "[Public hypertension screening and problems of individual long term control]. Four months after public screening for hypertension during the Swiss Trade Fair 1974, a random sample of 302 hypertensives referred to private practitioners were interviewed to determine the impact of the screening on longterm control through private practice. 201 hypertensives went for further blood pressure control: the previously aware did so more frequently than the previously unaware (p less than 0.01). 112 of 201 were confirmed as hypertensives by private practitioners: this occurred in 80% of aware but in only 36% of unaware patients. 94 were started on therapy. 76 of 112 (2/3) received further appointments. Another 101 hypertensives did not seek care. Main determinants were insufficient knowledge about hypertensive disease and a shorter period of formal education; half of them claimed \"they felt perfectly well\". In summary one third did not seek care, another third were not confirmed as hypertensive or were lost to follow-up, and only one third (50% of the aware and 10% of the unaware) were still under regular care. While community-wide screening provided an opportunity for educational compaigns and positively affected the behaviour of hypertensives who were already aware, the yield in terms of newly identified hypertensives still under control 4 months later was extremely low. Before further developing community screening programs, feasibility studies must define mechanism for improved longterm control.", "PMID": 1013691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_286", "title": "Abnormalities of autonomic nervous control in borderline hypertension.", "content": "The systemic hemodynamic was investigated in 145 young male patients with borderline hypertension and 85 control subjects. Response of the cardiac output, stroke volume and the heart rate to sequential parasympathetic, beta-adrenergic and alpha-adrenergic blockade was used for assessment of the autonomic nervous tone. These investigations suggest that the apparently \"innocent\" minimal blood pressure elevation in borderline hypertension is associated with a number of physiologic abnormalities: The cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume can be elevated. In all patients the peripheral resistance is abnormal. An abnormal distribution of plasma renin values is detectable. The plasma volume is decreased in a proportion of patients. A number of these abnormalities can be explained by a neurogenic mechanism. The elevation of the cardiac output is entirely neurogenic. In a substantial minority of patients, the elevation of peripheral resistance is attributable to increased sympathetic drive. Indirect evidence indicates that the plasma renin elevation in borderline hypertension may also be neurogenic. Hypothetically the decreased plasma volume may stem from sympathetic effects on postcapillary vessels, but at the present there is no experimental evidence of support this view. The change in autonomic function in borderline hypertension involves both the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents. Increased sympathetic stimulation is coupled with decrease parasympathetic inhibition. This points toward abnormal integration of the autonomic control, presumably in the medulla oblongata. The mechanism of the autonomic abnormality is not fully elucidated. The role of baroreceptors requires further investigation. In some patients the altered autonomic integration appears to be related to psychosomatic mechanisms.", "contents": "Abnormalities of autonomic nervous control in borderline hypertension. The systemic hemodynamic was investigated in 145 young male patients with borderline hypertension and 85 control subjects. Response of the cardiac output, stroke volume and the heart rate to sequential parasympathetic, beta-adrenergic and alpha-adrenergic blockade was used for assessment of the autonomic nervous tone. These investigations suggest that the apparently \"innocent\" minimal blood pressure elevation in borderline hypertension is associated with a number of physiologic abnormalities: The cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume can be elevated. In all patients the peripheral resistance is abnormal. An abnormal distribution of plasma renin values is detectable. The plasma volume is decreased in a proportion of patients. A number of these abnormalities can be explained by a neurogenic mechanism. The elevation of the cardiac output is entirely neurogenic. In a substantial minority of patients, the elevation of peripheral resistance is attributable to increased sympathetic drive. Indirect evidence indicates that the plasma renin elevation in borderline hypertension may also be neurogenic. Hypothetically the decreased plasma volume may stem from sympathetic effects on postcapillary vessels, but at the present there is no experimental evidence of support this view. The change in autonomic function in borderline hypertension involves both the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents. Increased sympathetic stimulation is coupled with decrease parasympathetic inhibition. This points toward abnormal integration of the autonomic control, presumably in the medulla oblongata. The mechanism of the autonomic abnormality is not fully elucidated. The role of baroreceptors requires further investigation. In some patients the altered autonomic integration appears to be related to psychosomatic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1013692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_287", "title": "The problems of morbidity and therapy in borderline hypertension.", "content": "The aim of the trial was to see whether it was possible to improve morbidity and mortality in both males and females with diastolic pressures between 90 and 109 mm Hg. The initial calculations suggested that it would be necessary to screen between 250-500,000 people to obtain 18-36,000 subjects. This was the number predicted to obtain a statistically significant end-point on current knowledge of morbidity and mortality in this age range. The initial aim was to mount a trial of feasibility with the following objectives: (1) To recruit up to 1000 adults of both sexes aged 35 to 64 years with diastolic pressures in the 90-109 mm Hg range. (2) To determine the acceptability of the trial to asymptomatic subjects as well as their physicians. (3) To show that selected drugs (bendrofluazide and propranolol) adequately control pressure without undue side-effects. (4) To assess the psychological effects of inclusion in the trial. (5) To examine the cost and efficiency of different types of recruitment and supervision. These objectives have now been largely achieved with over 1500 subjects in the study at 2 1/2 years and a drop-out rate of about 13% in all. It appears that the best method of recruitment and supervision is through family practices with supporting staff, particularly in the screening phase. Both the selected drugs reduce the blood pressure significantly and although the placebo groups also show a maintained fall of pressure, the difference from the treated groups is significant. There is no evidence of increased psychological stress by inclusion in the trial and those with psychological symptoms at the outset improve in comparison with their control subjects outside the trial. In order to reach an end-point which will give data of statistical significance, the trial should now be expanded as rapidly as possible towards the goal of recruiting 18-36,000 subjects.", "contents": "The problems of morbidity and therapy in borderline hypertension. The aim of the trial was to see whether it was possible to improve morbidity and mortality in both males and females with diastolic pressures between 90 and 109 mm Hg. The initial calculations suggested that it would be necessary to screen between 250-500,000 people to obtain 18-36,000 subjects. This was the number predicted to obtain a statistically significant end-point on current knowledge of morbidity and mortality in this age range. The initial aim was to mount a trial of feasibility with the following objectives: (1) To recruit up to 1000 adults of both sexes aged 35 to 64 years with diastolic pressures in the 90-109 mm Hg range. (2) To determine the acceptability of the trial to asymptomatic subjects as well as their physicians. (3) To show that selected drugs (bendrofluazide and propranolol) adequately control pressure without undue side-effects. (4) To assess the psychological effects of inclusion in the trial. (5) To examine the cost and efficiency of different types of recruitment and supervision. These objectives have now been largely achieved with over 1500 subjects in the study at 2 1/2 years and a drop-out rate of about 13% in all. It appears that the best method of recruitment and supervision is through family practices with supporting staff, particularly in the screening phase. Both the selected drugs reduce the blood pressure significantly and although the placebo groups also show a maintained fall of pressure, the difference from the treated groups is significant. There is no evidence of increased psychological stress by inclusion in the trial and those with psychological symptoms at the outset improve in comparison with their control subjects outside the trial. In order to reach an end-point which will give data of statistical significance, the trial should now be expanded as rapidly as possible towards the goal of recruiting 18-36,000 subjects.", "PMID": 1013693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_288", "title": "[Non-specific effects of a drug study in hypertensive patients].", "content": "During the first phase of a drug study, 33 hypertensive patients received 2 placebo tablets daily for 2 weeks as the sole treatment. Analysis of the blood pressure readings during this placebo phase shows that the study in itself creates a psychological climate which tends to decrease blood pressure. This effect should be taken into account when analyzing results of drug studies; only in studies with a double blind design is drug effect adequately judged.", "contents": "[Non-specific effects of a drug study in hypertensive patients]. During the first phase of a drug study, 33 hypertensive patients received 2 placebo tablets daily for 2 weeks as the sole treatment. Analysis of the blood pressure readings during this placebo phase shows that the study in itself creates a psychological climate which tends to decrease blood pressure. This effect should be taken into account when analyzing results of drug studies; only in studies with a double blind design is drug effect adequately judged.", "PMID": 1013694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_289", "title": "[Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in essential hypertension: effect of age and diastolic blood pressure].", "content": "In patients with essential hypertension a gradual decrease in basal and stimulated renin secretion was found with increasing age. Stimulated plasma aldosterone decreased similarly; however, the observed changes were less pronounced. Young patients (less than 35 years) with high renin hypertension had lower diastolic blood pressure than patients with low renin hypertension in the same age group. Contrary to these findings, a markedly higher diastolic blood pressure was observed in patients over 35 years of age with high renin hypertension than in the group of patients with low renin hypertension. These results indicate that neither high nor low renin essential hypertension patients represent homogeneous groups. Furthermore, the dissociation between changes in renin activity and plasma aldosterone points to a disturbed relationship between the renin angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion in essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in essential hypertension: effect of age and diastolic blood pressure]. In patients with essential hypertension a gradual decrease in basal and stimulated renin secretion was found with increasing age. Stimulated plasma aldosterone decreased similarly; however, the observed changes were less pronounced. Young patients (less than 35 years) with high renin hypertension had lower diastolic blood pressure than patients with low renin hypertension in the same age group. Contrary to these findings, a markedly higher diastolic blood pressure was observed in patients over 35 years of age with high renin hypertension than in the group of patients with low renin hypertension. These results indicate that neither high nor low renin essential hypertension patients represent homogeneous groups. Furthermore, the dissociation between changes in renin activity and plasma aldosterone points to a disturbed relationship between the renin angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 1013695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_290", "title": "[Effect of the angiotensin antagonist saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II) on the blood pressure in secondary hypertension].", "content": "The angiotensin antagonist saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II) was given to 27 patients with different forms of secondary hypertension. The blood pressure fell in 6 of 7 patients with renal artery stenosis and in 4 of 10 patients with terminal renal failure on regular hemodialysis. No change or a rise in blood pressure was observed in 3 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 4 patients with primary aldosteronism, 3 patients with hypertension and a unilateral small kidney of other than renovascular origin, and 6 patients with terminal renal failure. It can be concluded from the results that angiotensin II is involved in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension and in some cases of hypertension accompanying chronic renal failure.", "contents": "[Effect of the angiotensin antagonist saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II) on the blood pressure in secondary hypertension]. The angiotensin antagonist saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II) was given to 27 patients with different forms of secondary hypertension. The blood pressure fell in 6 of 7 patients with renal artery stenosis and in 4 of 10 patients with terminal renal failure on regular hemodialysis. No change or a rise in blood pressure was observed in 3 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 4 patients with primary aldosteronism, 3 patients with hypertension and a unilateral small kidney of other than renovascular origin, and 6 patients with terminal renal failure. It can be concluded from the results that angiotensin II is involved in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension and in some cases of hypertension accompanying chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1013696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_291", "title": "[Correlations between blood pressure, blood volume, plasma renin and urinary catecholamines in normal subjects and in patients with benign essential hypertension].", "content": "Interrelations between blood pressure, circulatory volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamine excretion rates were studied in normal subjects and patients with benign essential hypertension. Mean plasma or blood volumes related to lean body mass, products of blood volume and the logarithm of PRA, and catecholamine excretion rates did not differ significantly as between normal and hypertensive subjects. In both normal subjects and hypertensive patients, blood pressure correlated positively with noradrenaline excretion rate (r = 0.40 and 0.36 respectively; p less than 0.025), but not with adrenaline excretion, circulatory volume or the volume-renin product. The logarithm of PRA correlated inversely with mean blood pressure in normal subjects (r = -0.40; p less than 0.001), but not in hypertensive patients; however, there was no convincing evidence of an inappropriate blood pressure-PRA relationship as a prominent feature in the hypertensive patients. PRA did not correlate with blood volume. Patients with low PRA relative to sodium excretion (21% of hypertensive population) were consistently normovolemic, but tended to be older and excreted less (p less than 0.025) adrenaline than normal or high-PRA patients. The patient subgroup with high PRA relative to sodium excretion (11% of population) was hypovolemic (p less than 0.02); despite this, urinary sodium output was high (172 +/- 64 meq/24 hr). These data reveal no evidence for major roles of PRA, circulatory volume and free peripheral catecholamines in the maintenance of benign essential hypertension. Low-PRA essential hypertension is usually not a hypervolemic state, but may reflect diminished adrenergic activity, factors associated with aging and effects of a high systemic pressure. High PRA in benign essential hypertension may be at least partly a consequence of hypovolemia resulting from high blood pressure-induced sodium diuresis.", "contents": "[Correlations between blood pressure, blood volume, plasma renin and urinary catecholamines in normal subjects and in patients with benign essential hypertension]. Interrelations between blood pressure, circulatory volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamine excretion rates were studied in normal subjects and patients with benign essential hypertension. Mean plasma or blood volumes related to lean body mass, products of blood volume and the logarithm of PRA, and catecholamine excretion rates did not differ significantly as between normal and hypertensive subjects. In both normal subjects and hypertensive patients, blood pressure correlated positively with noradrenaline excretion rate (r = 0.40 and 0.36 respectively; p less than 0.025), but not with adrenaline excretion, circulatory volume or the volume-renin product. The logarithm of PRA correlated inversely with mean blood pressure in normal subjects (r = -0.40; p less than 0.001), but not in hypertensive patients; however, there was no convincing evidence of an inappropriate blood pressure-PRA relationship as a prominent feature in the hypertensive patients. PRA did not correlate with blood volume. Patients with low PRA relative to sodium excretion (21% of hypertensive population) were consistently normovolemic, but tended to be older and excreted less (p less than 0.025) adrenaline than normal or high-PRA patients. The patient subgroup with high PRA relative to sodium excretion (11% of population) was hypovolemic (p less than 0.02); despite this, urinary sodium output was high (172 +/- 64 meq/24 hr). These data reveal no evidence for major roles of PRA, circulatory volume and free peripheral catecholamines in the maintenance of benign essential hypertension. Low-PRA essential hypertension is usually not a hypervolemic state, but may reflect diminished adrenergic activity, factors associated with aging and effects of a high systemic pressure. High PRA in benign essential hypertension may be at least partly a consequence of hypovolemia resulting from high blood pressure-induced sodium diuresis.", "PMID": 1013697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_292", "title": "[Spontaneous perforation of the colon in patients in hemodialysis].", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous perforation of the colon in hemodialysed patients have thus far been published. Our observation of 5 new cases seems to indicate that this complication is more frequent in hemodialysed patients than in patients without renal failure (27 cases in the literature). An abnormal tissue fragility and very hard fecal masses appear to be responsible for this dangerous complication. The association of aluminium hydroxyde and substances with antiperistaltic effect should be avoided, and constipation must be alleviated.", "contents": "[Spontaneous perforation of the colon in patients in hemodialysis]. Two cases of spontaneous perforation of the colon in hemodialysed patients have thus far been published. Our observation of 5 new cases seems to indicate that this complication is more frequent in hemodialysed patients than in patients without renal failure (27 cases in the literature). An abnormal tissue fragility and very hard fecal masses appear to be responsible for this dangerous complication. The association of aluminium hydroxyde and substances with antiperistaltic effect should be avoided, and constipation must be alleviated.", "PMID": 1013698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_293", "title": "[Comparative study on the elimination of pindolol (visken) and antipyrin in patients with liver diseases].", "content": "25 patients suffering from different hepatic diseases were studied in order to investigate the elimination of the beta-receptor blocking drug pindolol in hepatic disease. Following an overnight fasting period the patients received simultaneously 3 mg pindolol intravenously and 1000 mg antipyrine orally. Plasma samples were taken at certain time intervals for 24 hs and urine was collected for 72 hs for the measurements of drug concentrations in plasma and urine. From these measurements different pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for both drugs used in the present study according to a one-compartment open model. The total body clearance of antipyrine was selected as a parameter of the metabolic capacity of the liver microsomal enzyme system and was compared with the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for pindolol by means of linear regression. There was no significant correlation between the total body clearance of antipyrine and the kinetic parameters of pindolol in any of the 25 patients irrespective of the differences in liver disease. On the other hand, 14 patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver showed a significant correlation between the total body clearance of antipyrine and the overall elimination rate constant or metabolic clearance of pindolol. No correlation was found between antipyrine clearance and total body clearance of pindolol, as some patients with intact renal function excreted a higher proportion of pindolol in the urine as liver function decompensated. The mechanism of such compensatory elimination is unknown. In conclusion, the total body clearance of antipyrine known to represent metabolic liver function showed a significant correlation with the metabolic clearance of pindolol in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. For the other liver diseases investigated, too few patients were studied to calculate an adequate correlation.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the elimination of pindolol (visken) and antipyrin in patients with liver diseases]. 25 patients suffering from different hepatic diseases were studied in order to investigate the elimination of the beta-receptor blocking drug pindolol in hepatic disease. Following an overnight fasting period the patients received simultaneously 3 mg pindolol intravenously and 1000 mg antipyrine orally. Plasma samples were taken at certain time intervals for 24 hs and urine was collected for 72 hs for the measurements of drug concentrations in plasma and urine. From these measurements different pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for both drugs used in the present study according to a one-compartment open model. The total body clearance of antipyrine was selected as a parameter of the metabolic capacity of the liver microsomal enzyme system and was compared with the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for pindolol by means of linear regression. There was no significant correlation between the total body clearance of antipyrine and the kinetic parameters of pindolol in any of the 25 patients irrespective of the differences in liver disease. On the other hand, 14 patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver showed a significant correlation between the total body clearance of antipyrine and the overall elimination rate constant or metabolic clearance of pindolol. No correlation was found between antipyrine clearance and total body clearance of pindolol, as some patients with intact renal function excreted a higher proportion of pindolol in the urine as liver function decompensated. The mechanism of such compensatory elimination is unknown. In conclusion, the total body clearance of antipyrine known to represent metabolic liver function showed a significant correlation with the metabolic clearance of pindolol in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. For the other liver diseases investigated, too few patients were studied to calculate an adequate correlation.", "PMID": 1013699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_294", "title": "[Physiopathology of arterial hypertension. Role of the nervous system and of the hormones].", "content": "Maintenance of normotension rests upon the overall salt and water balance, which, in the event of disequilibrium, modifies body fluid, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. The kidneys play a central role in this hydro-saline regulation. The central and autonomous nervous systems, the renin-angiotensin system, the mineralocorticoids, the antidiuretic hormone and the kallikrein-bradykinin-prostaglandin system all affect this regulation and are closely interrelated. The role of each of these nervous and endocrine systems in hypertension, and their close interrelationship, is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of arterial hypertension. Role of the nervous system and of the hormones]. Maintenance of normotension rests upon the overall salt and water balance, which, in the event of disequilibrium, modifies body fluid, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. The kidneys play a central role in this hydro-saline regulation. The central and autonomous nervous systems, the renin-angiotensin system, the mineralocorticoids, the antidiuretic hormone and the kallikrein-bradykinin-prostaglandin system all affect this regulation and are closely interrelated. The role of each of these nervous and endocrine systems in hypertension, and their close interrelationship, is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1013700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_295", "title": "[Angiotensin II inhibitors for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension].", "content": "Specific antagonists of the renin angiotensin system have been used to investigate the role of this hormonal system in blood pressure homeostasis and in different types of experimental and clinical hypertension. Using this approach it was possible to show that renin via angiotensin participates actively in blood pressure maintenace, particularly following sodium depletion. Such antagonists, if available for oral administration and taken together with a diuretic, would be useful therapeutically.", "contents": "[Angiotensin II inhibitors for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension]. Specific antagonists of the renin angiotensin system have been used to investigate the role of this hormonal system in blood pressure homeostasis and in different types of experimental and clinical hypertension. Using this approach it was possible to show that renin via angiotensin participates actively in blood pressure maintenace, particularly following sodium depletion. Such antagonists, if available for oral administration and taken together with a diuretic, would be useful therapeutically.", "PMID": 1013701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_296", "title": "[Swiss Society Against Hypertension].", "content": "The Swiss Association Against High Blood Pressure was founded recently to improve the detection and treatment of hypertensive patients. Efforts will be directed towards increased awareness among the population and the medical profession and generalization of blood pressure measurements.", "contents": "[Swiss Society Against Hypertension]. The Swiss Association Against High Blood Pressure was founded recently to improve the detection and treatment of hypertensive patients. Efforts will be directed towards increased awareness among the population and the medical profession and generalization of blood pressure measurements.", "PMID": 1013702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_297", "title": "[Increasing the bronchial resistance by means of aortic occlusion in the dog].", "content": "In 11 spontaneously breathing, anesthetized dogs, suprarenal occlusion of the aorta was produced by means of a ballon-tipped catheter and maintained for 20 min. The obstruction led to an increase in O2 saturation in arterial blood (the rise in wedge pressure alters pulmonary perfusion), in aortic pressure and in bronchial resistance. Bronchial resistance could be partially diminished by inhalations of atropine or terbutalin.", "contents": "[Increasing the bronchial resistance by means of aortic occlusion in the dog]. In 11 spontaneously breathing, anesthetized dogs, suprarenal occlusion of the aorta was produced by means of a ballon-tipped catheter and maintained for 20 min. The obstruction led to an increase in O2 saturation in arterial blood (the rise in wedge pressure alters pulmonary perfusion), in aortic pressure and in bronchial resistance. Bronchial resistance could be partially diminished by inhalations of atropine or terbutalin.", "PMID": 1013703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_298", "title": "[Intermittent pneumatic compression of leg and thigh: a new successful method for the prevention of postoperative thrombosis].", "content": "In a prospective study, 54 patients undergoing joint-replacement operations were randomized into a control and a treatment group. In the treatment group low pressure intermittent compression (Phlebo-Dynastat) to calves and thighs was started on the day of operation and continued until patients were fully mobilized. In 34 evaluable patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as determined by venography was 43% in the control group and 22% in the treatment group (p = 0.18). In 17 patients undergoing total knee replacement, DVT occurred postoperatively in 70% of the control group but in none of the treatment group (p = 0.002). The difference between the control and Phlebo-Dynastat group when comparing all patients was highly significant (p less than 0.005). Low pressure intermittent venous compression offers a welcome alternative method of thrombosis prophylaxis in patients with increased risk of bleeding.", "contents": "[Intermittent pneumatic compression of leg and thigh: a new successful method for the prevention of postoperative thrombosis]. In a prospective study, 54 patients undergoing joint-replacement operations were randomized into a control and a treatment group. In the treatment group low pressure intermittent compression (Phlebo-Dynastat) to calves and thighs was started on the day of operation and continued until patients were fully mobilized. In 34 evaluable patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as determined by venography was 43% in the control group and 22% in the treatment group (p = 0.18). In 17 patients undergoing total knee replacement, DVT occurred postoperatively in 70% of the control group but in none of the treatment group (p = 0.002). The difference between the control and Phlebo-Dynastat group when comparing all patients was highly significant (p less than 0.005). Low pressure intermittent venous compression offers a welcome alternative method of thrombosis prophylaxis in patients with increased risk of bleeding.", "PMID": 1013707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_299", "title": "[Folic acid determination in the serum and erythrocytes by means of a competitive binding method with 125 iodine labeling].", "content": "Folic acid concentration in serum and erythrocytes was measured by radio assay according to the principle of competitive binding to proteins with 125I as marker. The method yielded a linear regression with readily reproducible results. The mean value in controls was 7.05 -+/ 3.4 ng/ml in serum and 386.8 -+/ 215.1 ng/ml in erythrocytes. In chronic alcoholics the respective values were significantly lower: 4.79 -+/ 2.02 ng/ml for serum and 344.4 -+/ 198.9 ng/ml for erythrocytes. The clinical importance of folic acid estimations arises from the general frequency of folic aicd deficits. Latent folic acid deficiency is associated with lowered folic acid concentrations in serum and normal values in red cells. In manifest folic acid deficiency both concentrations are decreased.", "contents": "[Folic acid determination in the serum and erythrocytes by means of a competitive binding method with 125 iodine labeling]. Folic acid concentration in serum and erythrocytes was measured by radio assay according to the principle of competitive binding to proteins with 125I as marker. The method yielded a linear regression with readily reproducible results. The mean value in controls was 7.05 -+/ 3.4 ng/ml in serum and 386.8 -+/ 215.1 ng/ml in erythrocytes. In chronic alcoholics the respective values were significantly lower: 4.79 -+/ 2.02 ng/ml for serum and 344.4 -+/ 198.9 ng/ml for erythrocytes. The clinical importance of folic acid estimations arises from the general frequency of folic aicd deficits. Latent folic acid deficiency is associated with lowered folic acid concentrations in serum and normal values in red cells. In manifest folic acid deficiency both concentrations are decreased.", "PMID": 1013708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_300", "title": "[The systolic time intervals in functional disorders of the thyroid: a simple and fast screening test].", "content": "The systolic time intervals (LVET, PEP, and ratio LVET/PEP) were determined in 53 patients presenting with signs or symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. Patients with clinical evidence of congestive heart failure, with arterial hypertension or old myocardial infarction, and patients receiving cardioactive drugs, were excluded from the study. Thyroid function was evaluated by means of T3-RIA, serum thyroxin and TRH stimulation test.", "contents": "[The systolic time intervals in functional disorders of the thyroid: a simple and fast screening test]. The systolic time intervals (LVET, PEP, and ratio LVET/PEP) were determined in 53 patients presenting with signs or symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. Patients with clinical evidence of congestive heart failure, with arterial hypertension or old myocardial infarction, and patients receiving cardioactive drugs, were excluded from the study. Thyroid function was evaluated by means of T3-RIA, serum thyroxin and TRH stimulation test.", "PMID": 1013711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_301", "title": "[Industrial fluorosis].", "content": "43 potroom workers (aluminium industry) with fluorosis have been compared with 18 foundry workers of the same age, but who had never been exposed to fluorides. Clinical examination revealed a higher incidence of articular pain and limitation of motion in the exposed group. The diagnosis of fluorosis is not only clinical but calls for other investigations such as urinary fluoride determination, bone radiology and, above all, bone biopsy for fluoride determination, histology and microradiography.", "contents": "[Industrial fluorosis]. 43 potroom workers (aluminium industry) with fluorosis have been compared with 18 foundry workers of the same age, but who had never been exposed to fluorides. Clinical examination revealed a higher incidence of articular pain and limitation of motion in the exposed group. The diagnosis of fluorosis is not only clinical but calls for other investigations such as urinary fluoride determination, bone radiology and, above all, bone biopsy for fluoride determination, histology and microradiography.", "PMID": 1013712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_302", "title": "[Sporadic adult hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant osteomalacia (phosphate diabetes) and hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "Report on a patient with osteomalacia due to renal phosphate loss. At onset the patient was aged 43 years. No other tubular defects were detected except glycinuria. The patient was followed over a period of 12 years. 3 years after treatment with oral phosphate and vitamin D3 persistent hypercalcemia developed with highly elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. After removal of one enlarged parathyroid gland serum calcium normalized, but elevated parathyroid hormone levels still persist. The spontaneous occurrence of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in an adult male and its connections with the development of hyperparathyroidism are discussed.", "contents": "[Sporadic adult hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant osteomalacia (phosphate diabetes) and hyperparathyroidism]. Report on a patient with osteomalacia due to renal phosphate loss. At onset the patient was aged 43 years. No other tubular defects were detected except glycinuria. The patient was followed over a period of 12 years. 3 years after treatment with oral phosphate and vitamin D3 persistent hypercalcemia developed with highly elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. After removal of one enlarged parathyroid gland serum calcium normalized, but elevated parathyroid hormone levels still persist. The spontaneous occurrence of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in an adult male and its connections with the development of hyperparathyroidism are discussed.", "PMID": 1013714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_303", "title": "[Cranial polyradiculitis or the so-called Fisher syndrome].", "content": "In the light of 3 personally observed cases a description is given of polyradiculitis cranialis or socalled Fisher's syndrome, a separate form of Guillain-Barre-Strohl polyradiculitis. It is a combination of acute ataxia, areflexia and ophthalmoplegia. The cause is probably an immunological reaction to a harmless infectious disease. Reversible or limited demyelination is assumed. The demyelination occurs particularly in the peripheral nerves and their spinal roots, but also in the spinal-cerebellar pathways and possibly in the nuclei of the cranial or optic nerves. Diagnosis is based on detection of \"albumino-cytologic dissociation\" in the cerebrospinal fluid and the finding of a lesion of the peripheral motor neuron in the EMG. Special drug therapy is unnecessary. The prognosis is good: complete remission is usually observed.", "contents": "[Cranial polyradiculitis or the so-called Fisher syndrome]. In the light of 3 personally observed cases a description is given of polyradiculitis cranialis or socalled Fisher's syndrome, a separate form of Guillain-Barre-Strohl polyradiculitis. It is a combination of acute ataxia, areflexia and ophthalmoplegia. The cause is probably an immunological reaction to a harmless infectious disease. Reversible or limited demyelination is assumed. The demyelination occurs particularly in the peripheral nerves and their spinal roots, but also in the spinal-cerebellar pathways and possibly in the nuclei of the cranial or optic nerves. Diagnosis is based on detection of \"albumino-cytologic dissociation\" in the cerebrospinal fluid and the finding of a lesion of the peripheral motor neuron in the EMG. Special drug therapy is unnecessary. The prognosis is good: complete remission is usually observed.", "PMID": 1013715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_304", "title": "[Diagnosis of myocardial infarct by means of a quick determination of the MB fraction of serum creatinephosphokinase].", "content": "A rapid method of determining creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes using dithiothreitol, a reducing agent which activates the main fractions of the CPK molecule (MM and MB), was assessed in 68 subjects (34 with myocardial infarction, 18 with skeletal muscle lesions, 16 normal). In acute myocardial infarction, the mean peak of CPK-MB in serum increases to 13.3% of the total CPK (range 8.8% to 21%) from the 18th to the 24th hour after onset of symptoms, whereas in skeletal muscle lesions CPK-MB reaches only 1% of total CPK (range 0% to 2.9%), and in normal subjects CPK-MB is absent. This highly significant difference (p less than 0.001) makes it possible to distinguish accurately between myocardial infarction and skeletal muscle lesions (trauma, hematoma, myositis, hypothyroidism). By its sensitivity (100%) and specificity (97%) this rapid and inexpensive method finds its optimal sphere of application in emergency wards and coronary care units.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of myocardial infarct by means of a quick determination of the MB fraction of serum creatinephosphokinase]. A rapid method of determining creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes using dithiothreitol, a reducing agent which activates the main fractions of the CPK molecule (MM and MB), was assessed in 68 subjects (34 with myocardial infarction, 18 with skeletal muscle lesions, 16 normal). In acute myocardial infarction, the mean peak of CPK-MB in serum increases to 13.3% of the total CPK (range 8.8% to 21%) from the 18th to the 24th hour after onset of symptoms, whereas in skeletal muscle lesions CPK-MB reaches only 1% of total CPK (range 0% to 2.9%), and in normal subjects CPK-MB is absent. This highly significant difference (p less than 0.001) makes it possible to distinguish accurately between myocardial infarction and skeletal muscle lesions (trauma, hematoma, myositis, hypothyroidism). By its sensitivity (100%) and specificity (97%) this rapid and inexpensive method finds its optimal sphere of application in emergency wards and coronary care units.", "PMID": 1013716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_305", "title": "[Course and therapy of malignant melanoma].", "content": "The 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates in 353 well documented cases of malignant melanoma in stages I, II and III are discussed in relation to condition of the patient when the disease was diagnosed, methods of treatment and the histological classes of CLARK and MIHM. The different forms of therapy (X-ray followed by excision, excision followed by X-ray, X-ray alone, excision alone) produce similar recovery rates. Significant differences observable are due to variations in the patients' condition (differences in the malignancy index). Histological classification confirms the benign nature of lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) and superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) in comparison with nodular melanoma (NM).", "contents": "[Course and therapy of malignant melanoma]. The 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates in 353 well documented cases of malignant melanoma in stages I, II and III are discussed in relation to condition of the patient when the disease was diagnosed, methods of treatment and the histological classes of CLARK and MIHM. The different forms of therapy (X-ray followed by excision, excision followed by X-ray, X-ray alone, excision alone) produce similar recovery rates. Significant differences observable are due to variations in the patients' condition (differences in the malignancy index). Histological classification confirms the benign nature of lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) and superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) in comparison with nodular melanoma (NM).", "PMID": 1013717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_306", "title": "[Group psychotherapy in psychiatry].", "content": "Psychiatry has learned to regard the human being not only as an individual but as a social being. Accordingly, group psychotherapy has come increasingly to the fore in recent years and decades. In general the term \"group psychotherapy\" means simultaneous psychotherapy of a number of patients by one or two therapists. Sociological-interactional-horizontal and deep psychological-motivational-vertical components combine in the therapeutic group to produce a resultant. Insight into unconscious motivations and social learning are stimulated in the therapeutic group. Through group psychotherapy, which can be administered as a treatment method alone or in combination with other therapies, inpatients and outpatients experience a framework which activates former experiences of collective life situations, e.g. in the family, and social valencies. Irrespective of the method of group psychotherapy (activity group psychotherapy, directive-suggestive group psychotherapy, group analysis, psychodrame or one of the accelerating methods) the group should always be group- and not leader-centered. Hitherto published results of group psychotherapy show that the treatment depends much more on the therapeutic commitment of the therapist (moderator, facilitator) than on the psychotherapeutic school to which the belongs.", "contents": "[Group psychotherapy in psychiatry]. Psychiatry has learned to regard the human being not only as an individual but as a social being. Accordingly, group psychotherapy has come increasingly to the fore in recent years and decades. In general the term \"group psychotherapy\" means simultaneous psychotherapy of a number of patients by one or two therapists. Sociological-interactional-horizontal and deep psychological-motivational-vertical components combine in the therapeutic group to produce a resultant. Insight into unconscious motivations and social learning are stimulated in the therapeutic group. Through group psychotherapy, which can be administered as a treatment method alone or in combination with other therapies, inpatients and outpatients experience a framework which activates former experiences of collective life situations, e.g. in the family, and social valencies. Irrespective of the method of group psychotherapy (activity group psychotherapy, directive-suggestive group psychotherapy, group analysis, psychodrame or one of the accelerating methods) the group should always be group- and not leader-centered. Hitherto published results of group psychotherapy show that the treatment depends much more on the therapeutic commitment of the therapist (moderator, facilitator) than on the psychotherapeutic school to which the belongs.", "PMID": 1013718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_307", "title": "[Studies of potassium and sodium in ischemic changes of the human myocardium].", "content": "The results are presented of investigations concerning the potassium-sodium ratio in the human myocardium under ischaemia in correlation with macroreaction to dehydrogenases. The values found, though approaching those of the familiar experimental results, can hardly be regarded as reliable in diagnosing early ischaemic changes in autopsy material since they are affected by post-mortem changes.", "contents": "[Studies of potassium and sodium in ischemic changes of the human myocardium]. The results are presented of investigations concerning the potassium-sodium ratio in the human myocardium under ischaemia in correlation with macroreaction to dehydrogenases. The values found, though approaching those of the familiar experimental results, can hardly be regarded as reliable in diagnosing early ischaemic changes in autopsy material since they are affected by post-mortem changes.", "PMID": 1013732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_308", "title": "[Findings in protracted cyanide poisoning].", "content": "The authors describe instances of 16-hour, 7- and 18-day survivals as well as one case of cured cyanide poisoning from the clinical and morphological points of view.", "contents": "[Findings in protracted cyanide poisoning]. The authors describe instances of 16-hour, 7- and 18-day survivals as well as one case of cured cyanide poisoning from the clinical and morphological points of view.", "PMID": 1013733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_309", "title": "[Unusual fatal thoracic injury due to glass splinters].", "content": "The authors report on a case of unusual lethal penetrating puncture-incised thoracic wound in a male aged 33 following an incidental fall into the glass panel of a glass-panelled door. The glass splinters of the bre. The case as well as the pertinent literatury data and to the diagnostic problems pertaining to the determination of the injurious mechanism.", "contents": "[Unusual fatal thoracic injury due to glass splinters]. The authors report on a case of unusual lethal penetrating puncture-incised thoracic wound in a male aged 33 following an incidental fall into the glass panel of a glass-panelled door. The glass splinters of the bre. The case as well as the pertinent literatury data and to the diagnostic problems pertaining to the determination of the injurious mechanism.", "PMID": 1013734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_310", "title": "Abrupt fall in the fetal heart rate during labour.", "content": "Cardiotocograms of 6044 patients in labour were examined for evidence of an abrupt fall in the fetal heart 50 beats within 3 minutes, without a demonstration of signs of recovery in the following 2 minutes. Only 9 instances could be found -- an incidence of 0,15%. Umbilical cord entanglement possibly played a role in 6 of these instances, and 2 of the infants concerned were stillborn. Intra-uterine growth retardation was associated with deceleration in 3 infants, 1 of whom was stillborn.", "contents": "Abrupt fall in the fetal heart rate during labour. Cardiotocograms of 6044 patients in labour were examined for evidence of an abrupt fall in the fetal heart 50 beats within 3 minutes, without a demonstration of signs of recovery in the following 2 minutes. Only 9 instances could be found -- an incidence of 0,15%. Umbilical cord entanglement possibly played a role in 6 of these instances, and 2 of the infants concerned were stillborn. Intra-uterine growth retardation was associated with deceleration in 3 infants, 1 of whom was stillborn.", "PMID": 1013847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_311", "title": "False interpretation of fetal heart role monitoring in cases of intra-uterine death.", "content": "Spiral scalp electrodes were applied in 30 cases of diagnosed intra-uterine death during labour to establish different patterns caused by maternal fetal conduction of the ECG. In 10 cases the signal was of high quality and in 20 cases the signal was of low quality, but nevertheless spurious fetal heart rate recordings were produced. The maternal heart rate is interpreted as apparent \"fetal bradycardia\" in all cases but 1. Maternal heart rate accelerations, most of them occurring during uterine contractions, were demonstrated in 12 cases and decelerations in 3 cases. Changes in beat-to-beat variation were, however, rare.", "contents": "False interpretation of fetal heart role monitoring in cases of intra-uterine death. Spiral scalp electrodes were applied in 30 cases of diagnosed intra-uterine death during labour to establish different patterns caused by maternal fetal conduction of the ECG. In 10 cases the signal was of high quality and in 20 cases the signal was of low quality, but nevertheless spurious fetal heart rate recordings were produced. The maternal heart rate is interpreted as apparent \"fetal bradycardia\" in all cases but 1. Maternal heart rate accelerations, most of them occurring during uterine contractions, were demonstrated in 12 cases and decelerations in 3 cases. Changes in beat-to-beat variation were, however, rare.", "PMID": 1013848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_312", "title": "[Influence of umbilical cord entanglement on fetal heart rate].", "content": "Umbilical cord entanglement was found in 34% of 555 women in labour. One loop of cord around the neck of the fetus was seen in 29% of the women and two or more loops in 5%. Cardiotocograms of these patients were examined for abnormal heart rate patterns. Cord involvement did not influence the incidence of basal bradycardia or tachycardia, early or late decelerations, loss of beat-to-beat variation or acceleration patterns. Variable decelerations, however, were seen in 23% of the patients with cord entanglement and in 7% without cord involvement. This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Subclassification of variable deceleration into different grades according to the amplitude of the deceleration, demonstrated the presence of cord involvement in 50% of the patients with moderate variable decelerations. This incidence rose to 65% when severe variable decelerations were demonstrated and to 75% when decelerations had increased during labour. Low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes occurred 2 and 3 times more often, respectively, when cord involvement was present.", "contents": "[Influence of umbilical cord entanglement on fetal heart rate]. Umbilical cord entanglement was found in 34% of 555 women in labour. One loop of cord around the neck of the fetus was seen in 29% of the women and two or more loops in 5%. Cardiotocograms of these patients were examined for abnormal heart rate patterns. Cord involvement did not influence the incidence of basal bradycardia or tachycardia, early or late decelerations, loss of beat-to-beat variation or acceleration patterns. Variable decelerations, however, were seen in 23% of the patients with cord entanglement and in 7% without cord involvement. This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Subclassification of variable deceleration into different grades according to the amplitude of the deceleration, demonstrated the presence of cord involvement in 50% of the patients with moderate variable decelerations. This incidence rose to 65% when severe variable decelerations were demonstrated and to 75% when decelerations had increased during labour. Low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes occurred 2 and 3 times more often, respectively, when cord involvement was present.", "PMID": 1013849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_313", "title": "A comparison of the uterine beta2-adrenoreceptor selectivity of fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine and salbutamol.", "content": "A study was undertaken to compare the uterine beta2-adrenoreceptor selectivity of fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine and salbutamol. The drugs in doses having an equivalent effect on uterine activity, were randomly administered as an intravenous bolus to 10 patients who had been induced at term. The cardiovascular and uterine effects of the drugs were recorded. The rise in maternal pulse rate was significantly less (P less than 0,001) after the administration of hexoprenaline when it was compared with fenoterol, ritodrine, and salbutamol. Hexoprenaline proved to be the most chronotropically beta2-selective drug, having the least effect on the beta1-adrenoreceptors of the heart, for an equivalent effect on the uterus. Blood pressure changes were less significantly different between the drugs. The clinical use in obstetrics of a highly beta2-selective sympathomimetic drug is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the uterine beta2-adrenoreceptor selectivity of fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine and salbutamol. A study was undertaken to compare the uterine beta2-adrenoreceptor selectivity of fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine and salbutamol. The drugs in doses having an equivalent effect on uterine activity, were randomly administered as an intravenous bolus to 10 patients who had been induced at term. The cardiovascular and uterine effects of the drugs were recorded. The rise in maternal pulse rate was significantly less (P less than 0,001) after the administration of hexoprenaline when it was compared with fenoterol, ritodrine, and salbutamol. Hexoprenaline proved to be the most chronotropically beta2-selective drug, having the least effect on the beta1-adrenoreceptors of the heart, for an equivalent effect on the uterus. Blood pressure changes were less significantly different between the drugs. The clinical use in obstetrics of a highly beta2-selective sympathomimetic drug is discussed.", "PMID": 1013850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_314", "title": "The differential enlargement of the neurocranium in the full-term fetus.", "content": "There is a wide range of variation in the cephalic index in the full-term fetus. The index rises as birth weight increases. The correlation between birth weight and the cephalic index is significant (r = 0,65) at the 0,05 level. Increasing neurocranial size is associated with differential growth of the dimensions which determine endocranial capacity. A higher cephalic index is achieved by a disproportionately large increase in the biparietal diameter relative to the occipitofrontal dimension. This results in a more globular neurocranial form.", "contents": "The differential enlargement of the neurocranium in the full-term fetus. There is a wide range of variation in the cephalic index in the full-term fetus. The index rises as birth weight increases. The correlation between birth weight and the cephalic index is significant (r = 0,65) at the 0,05 level. Increasing neurocranial size is associated with differential growth of the dimensions which determine endocranial capacity. A higher cephalic index is achieved by a disproportionately large increase in the biparietal diameter relative to the occipitofrontal dimension. This results in a more globular neurocranial form.", "PMID": 1013851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_315", "title": "Delivery of Siamese twins by Caesarean section.", "content": "The diagnosis of a pair of Siamese twins and their delivery by Caesarean section are described. A major cardiac anomaly precluded surgical separation.", "contents": "Delivery of Siamese twins by Caesarean section. The diagnosis of a pair of Siamese twins and their delivery by Caesarean section are described. A major cardiac anomaly precluded surgical separation.", "PMID": 1013852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_316", "title": "Effect of different pre-operative vaginal preparations on morbidity of patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.", "content": "Three methods of vaginal preparation carried out before abdominal hysterectomy are compared. The lowest post-operative morbidity was associated with the use of a povidone-iodine douche and gel during the pre-operative preparation of the patient.", "contents": "Effect of different pre-operative vaginal preparations on morbidity of patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Three methods of vaginal preparation carried out before abdominal hysterectomy are compared. The lowest post-operative morbidity was associated with the use of a povidone-iodine douche and gel during the pre-operative preparation of the patient.", "PMID": 1013853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_317", "title": "Neonatal and maternal cranial form.", "content": "The mean cephalic index (CI) in the normally grown full-term neonate is in the lower eighties. Because intra-uterine growth retardation causes a greater proportionate reduction in the biparietal than in the occipitofrontal diameter, the resultant CI is significantly lower (P less than 0,01) than in neonates who have grown normally. There is no significant correlation between maternal and neonatal cranial form as judged by the CI. In man, hereditary factors operate in the long period of postnatal growth and differentiation.", "contents": "Neonatal and maternal cranial form. The mean cephalic index (CI) in the normally grown full-term neonate is in the lower eighties. Because intra-uterine growth retardation causes a greater proportionate reduction in the biparietal than in the occipitofrontal diameter, the resultant CI is significantly lower (P less than 0,01) than in neonates who have grown normally. There is no significant correlation between maternal and neonatal cranial form as judged by the CI. In man, hereditary factors operate in the long period of postnatal growth and differentiation.", "PMID": 1013857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_318", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood.", "content": "Two boys and one girl suffering from recurrent severe bacterial infections were investigated. All 3 exhibited normal cellular and humoral immunity, normal neutrophil phagocytic ability, and defective neutrophil bacterial capacity. The clinical features and laboratory findings in these patients are diagnostic of chronic granulomatous disease. A sex-linked inheritance pattern was confirmed in 1 patient by the demonstration of a heterozygous carrier state in the mother.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Two boys and one girl suffering from recurrent severe bacterial infections were investigated. All 3 exhibited normal cellular and humoral immunity, normal neutrophil phagocytic ability, and defective neutrophil bacterial capacity. The clinical features and laboratory findings in these patients are diagnostic of chronic granulomatous disease. A sex-linked inheritance pattern was confirmed in 1 patient by the demonstration of a heterozygous carrier state in the mother.", "PMID": 1013858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_319", "title": "The diagnostic value of the tine and Mantoux tests in a general hospital.", "content": "Tine and Mantoux tuberculin tests were compared in 193 hospitalised White patients with a variety of illnesses. With the Mantoux test 52 (27%) were tuberculin-positive and 19 (9.8%) were positive with the tine test. Had the tine technique alone been used, 33 of 52 tuberculin reactors would have been missed. Additional findings were (i) a 73% positivity for Monilia antigen; (ii) the optimal time for reading the Mantoux tests was on the third, rather than the second day; (iii) tuberculin reactivity was not suppressed by either pyrexia or elevation of the sedimentation rate; and (iv) the use of avian PPD demonstrated very few reactors in this population. It is recommended that the tine test be replaced by the intradermal Mantoux test with stabilised freeze-dried PPD tuberculin supplied in test kits with diluent. This matter should be given high priorty in South African general hospital practice and population surveys.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of the tine and Mantoux tests in a general hospital. Tine and Mantoux tuberculin tests were compared in 193 hospitalised White patients with a variety of illnesses. With the Mantoux test 52 (27%) were tuberculin-positive and 19 (9.8%) were positive with the tine test. Had the tine technique alone been used, 33 of 52 tuberculin reactors would have been missed. Additional findings were (i) a 73% positivity for Monilia antigen; (ii) the optimal time for reading the Mantoux tests was on the third, rather than the second day; (iii) tuberculin reactivity was not suppressed by either pyrexia or elevation of the sedimentation rate; and (iv) the use of avian PPD demonstrated very few reactors in this population. It is recommended that the tine test be replaced by the intradermal Mantoux test with stabilised freeze-dried PPD tuberculin supplied in test kits with diluent. This matter should be given high priorty in South African general hospital practice and population surveys.", "PMID": 1013859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_320", "title": "Surgical treatment of gallstone ileus.", "content": "Seven cases of gallstone ileus are presented. It is suggested that the mechanism of intestinal obstruction is not by progressive enlargement of the stone. Recurrent gallstone ileus is reviewed. At the time of the primary operation for the relief of the intestinal obstruction, the gallbladder should be palpated, if possible. When stones are palpable they should be removed by a cholecystostomy to prevent early recurrence of gallstone ileus. The decision to do further immediate surgery on the biliary tree depends on the condition of the patient.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of gallstone ileus. Seven cases of gallstone ileus are presented. It is suggested that the mechanism of intestinal obstruction is not by progressive enlargement of the stone. Recurrent gallstone ileus is reviewed. At the time of the primary operation for the relief of the intestinal obstruction, the gallbladder should be palpated, if possible. When stones are palpable they should be removed by a cholecystostomy to prevent early recurrence of gallstone ileus. The decision to do further immediate surgery on the biliary tree depends on the condition of the patient.", "PMID": 1013861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_321", "title": "Some aspects of the hepatic metabolism of ethrane.", "content": "From our studies of the rat we report observations on three aspects of the interaction of ethrane and liver. 1. Interaction of ethrane with cytochrome P450 in vitro. 2. The effect of ethrane administration on glutathione levels in vivo. 3. The effects of repeated ethrane administration in the absence and presence of microsomal enzymic induction on liver morphology. We conclude that ethrane has little or no propensity for damaging the liver.", "contents": "Some aspects of the hepatic metabolism of ethrane. From our studies of the rat we report observations on three aspects of the interaction of ethrane and liver. 1. Interaction of ethrane with cytochrome P450 in vitro. 2. The effect of ethrane administration on glutathione levels in vivo. 3. The effects of repeated ethrane administration in the absence and presence of microsomal enzymic induction on liver morphology. We conclude that ethrane has little or no propensity for damaging the liver.", "PMID": 1013862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_322", "title": "The value of the postoperative temperature chart as an aid to the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Forty consecutive patients with an abnormal postoperative pyrexia were investigated for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). All 80 lower limbs were examined by means of Parks 801 or 806 Doppler ultrasound apparatus. Doppler findings were confirmed by ascending peripheral venography or by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake method, or by both methods, in all cases. DVT was present in 9 limbs (11%). In 89% of the limbs DVT was excluded. An abnormal postoperative pyrexial response, as defined in this text, is thus a poor sign of DVT. It should, however, not be ignored, as it was indicative of venous thrombosis in 15% of the patients in this study. Confirmation of DVT should be obtained wherever possible by ascending peripheral venography, Doppler ultrasound, or some other available method. The use of anticoagulants should be restricted to those patients in whom the diagnosis has been confirmed.", "contents": "The value of the postoperative temperature chart as an aid to the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Forty consecutive patients with an abnormal postoperative pyrexia were investigated for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). All 80 lower limbs were examined by means of Parks 801 or 806 Doppler ultrasound apparatus. Doppler findings were confirmed by ascending peripheral venography or by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake method, or by both methods, in all cases. DVT was present in 9 limbs (11%). In 89% of the limbs DVT was excluded. An abnormal postoperative pyrexial response, as defined in this text, is thus a poor sign of DVT. It should, however, not be ignored, as it was indicative of venous thrombosis in 15% of the patients in this study. Confirmation of DVT should be obtained wherever possible by ascending peripheral venography, Doppler ultrasound, or some other available method. The use of anticoagulants should be restricted to those patients in whom the diagnosis has been confirmed.", "PMID": 1013869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_323", "title": "South African underwater diving accidents, 1969-1976.", "content": "Since 1969 a survey of diving accidents involving South African amateur divers was undertaken. The South African Underwater Union diving accident report form was used, and various State agents (SA Police and inquest courts) and individual divers and club instructors were questioned. This survey covers the period up to the end of June 1976. Data acquired during the 8-year period 1969 - 1976 are compared. A conservative estimate from the number of certificates issued to club divers indicates a 25% increase in diver population, while the number of fatilities has decreased from 0,1% in 1971 to 0,016% in 1976, indicating the importance of accident reporting in determining safety trends. In general, a change in pattern is observed during the last 4 years, showing more SCUBA than breath-hold fatalities. The formation of the Decompression Sickness and Diving Accidents Investigation Panel as a further measure to decrease fatal diving accidents is discussed.", "contents": "South African underwater diving accidents, 1969-1976. Since 1969 a survey of diving accidents involving South African amateur divers was undertaken. The South African Underwater Union diving accident report form was used, and various State agents (SA Police and inquest courts) and individual divers and club instructors were questioned. This survey covers the period up to the end of June 1976. Data acquired during the 8-year period 1969 - 1976 are compared. A conservative estimate from the number of certificates issued to club divers indicates a 25% increase in diver population, while the number of fatilities has decreased from 0,1% in 1971 to 0,016% in 1976, indicating the importance of accident reporting in determining safety trends. In general, a change in pattern is observed during the last 4 years, showing more SCUBA than breath-hold fatalities. The formation of the Decompression Sickness and Diving Accidents Investigation Panel as a further measure to decrease fatal diving accidents is discussed.", "PMID": 1013870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_324", "title": "Foot pigmentation in Blacks.", "content": "Pigmentation of the soles of the feet was studied during postmortem examination of 70 Black patients. Forty-eight (57%) showed some pigmentation (grade II) of the soles of the feet and 4 (6%) showed definite black spots, i.e. focal areas of dense black pigmentation (grade III). A distinction between clinical grade II or grade III lesions could not be made on the basis of microscopic appearance. No true naeyi were seen. Increases of melanin pigmentation and minor degrees of melanocytic proliferation were all that was apparent. Although the development of malignant melanoma may be related to the presence of black spots on the feet of darkly pigmented races, all such spots are certainly not naevi.", "contents": "Foot pigmentation in Blacks. Pigmentation of the soles of the feet was studied during postmortem examination of 70 Black patients. Forty-eight (57%) showed some pigmentation (grade II) of the soles of the feet and 4 (6%) showed definite black spots, i.e. focal areas of dense black pigmentation (grade III). A distinction between clinical grade II or grade III lesions could not be made on the basis of microscopic appearance. No true naeyi were seen. Increases of melanin pigmentation and minor degrees of melanocytic proliferation were all that was apparent. Although the development of malignant melanoma may be related to the presence of black spots on the feet of darkly pigmented races, all such spots are certainly not naevi.", "PMID": 1013871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_325", "title": "A survey of ocular trauma.", "content": "A four-year survey of all ocular trauma cases admitted to a large metropolitan eye hospital was conducted for the purpose of generally documenting ocular trauma and evaluating prophylactic, demographic and etiologic factors. Of 6254 eye admissions, 7.5% were for ocular trauma; hyphema was the most common diagnosis. Injuries were evaluated according to site, cause, and age, sex and race distribution.", "contents": "A survey of ocular trauma. A four-year survey of all ocular trauma cases admitted to a large metropolitan eye hospital was conducted for the purpose of generally documenting ocular trauma and evaluating prophylactic, demographic and etiologic factors. Of 6254 eye admissions, 7.5% were for ocular trauma; hyphema was the most common diagnosis. Injuries were evaluated according to site, cause, and age, sex and race distribution.", "PMID": 1013882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_326", "title": "Aspirated foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree: report of 250 cases.", "content": "During the last 14 years, 250 patients with aspirated foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree were admitted to Kuwait Chest Diseases Hospital. Ninety-six per cent of the cases were under 10 years of age and 38% gave a clear history of foreign body inhalation. The rest were diagnosed either clinically, from the chest radiograph findings or because of unexplained pulmonary symptoms. In 247 cases, bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia was successful in removing the foreign bodies. In only three cases was bronchotomy needed. Seventy per cent of the foreign bodies were melon seeds. Asphyxia and cardiac arrest occurred in four cases during bronchoscopy but the patients were successfully resuscitated. In 10 cases a tracheostomy was done before bronchoscopy and the removal of the foreign body, while in five it was needed after bronchoscopy. Fifteen patients developed late complications such as recurrent pneumonia or atelectasis of the lung. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to prevent pulmonary and cardiac complications and to avoid radical lung surgery.", "contents": "Aspirated foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree: report of 250 cases. During the last 14 years, 250 patients with aspirated foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree were admitted to Kuwait Chest Diseases Hospital. Ninety-six per cent of the cases were under 10 years of age and 38% gave a clear history of foreign body inhalation. The rest were diagnosed either clinically, from the chest radiograph findings or because of unexplained pulmonary symptoms. In 247 cases, bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia was successful in removing the foreign bodies. In only three cases was bronchotomy needed. Seventy per cent of the foreign bodies were melon seeds. Asphyxia and cardiac arrest occurred in four cases during bronchoscopy but the patients were successfully resuscitated. In 10 cases a tracheostomy was done before bronchoscopy and the removal of the foreign body, while in five it was needed after bronchoscopy. Fifteen patients developed late complications such as recurrent pneumonia or atelectasis of the lung. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to prevent pulmonary and cardiac complications and to avoid radical lung surgery.", "PMID": 1013933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_327", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma in patients with pre-existing unilateral lung disease.", "content": "Forty-six cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma occurring in patients with other unilateral pleuropulmonary diseases were studied. In 37 cases (80-4%) carcinoma developed in the previously healthy lung. All but one squamous-cell carcinoma and all of five undifferentiated small-cell carcinomas developed in the previously healthy lung while 7 of 15 adenocarcinomas were in the lung with impaired ventilation. It is suggested that the bronchial epithelium of the healthy lung is more exposed to exogenous carcinogens than that of the diseased, underventilated lung, resulting in a higher risk of development of squamous-cell and undifferentiated small-cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma in patients with pre-existing unilateral lung disease. Forty-six cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma occurring in patients with other unilateral pleuropulmonary diseases were studied. In 37 cases (80-4%) carcinoma developed in the previously healthy lung. All but one squamous-cell carcinoma and all of five undifferentiated small-cell carcinomas developed in the previously healthy lung while 7 of 15 adenocarcinomas were in the lung with impaired ventilation. It is suggested that the bronchial epithelium of the healthy lung is more exposed to exogenous carcinogens than that of the diseased, underventilated lung, resulting in a higher risk of development of squamous-cell and undifferentiated small-cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 1013934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_328", "title": "Refractory pneumothorax treated by parietal pleurolysis.", "content": "Pneumothorax, persisting in spite of efficient drainage, may in some cases be caused by discrepancy between lung volume and size of the pleural cavity. The logical treatment is reduction of the pleural cavity simultaneously with a traditional surgical procedure on the pulmonary tissue. An increasing number of refractory pneumothoraces--both spontaneous and istrogenic--is probably due to the fact that more people are living with and suffer the sequelae of pulmonary disease. During a 15-year survey a parietal pleurolysis, tailored to fit the size and shape of the lung, was performed in 10 patients as the main surgical procedure in 100 thoracotomies for 1130 cases of spontaneous and 62 cases of iatrogenic pneumothorax. The results were encouraging.", "contents": "Refractory pneumothorax treated by parietal pleurolysis. Pneumothorax, persisting in spite of efficient drainage, may in some cases be caused by discrepancy between lung volume and size of the pleural cavity. The logical treatment is reduction of the pleural cavity simultaneously with a traditional surgical procedure on the pulmonary tissue. An increasing number of refractory pneumothoraces--both spontaneous and istrogenic--is probably due to the fact that more people are living with and suffer the sequelae of pulmonary disease. During a 15-year survey a parietal pleurolysis, tailored to fit the size and shape of the lung, was performed in 10 patients as the main surgical procedure in 100 thoracotomies for 1130 cases of spontaneous and 62 cases of iatrogenic pneumothorax. The results were encouraging.", "PMID": 1013935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_329", "title": "A manometric assessment of oesophagogastrostomy.", "content": "Intraluminal pressures were recorded in 14 patients who had undergone oesophagogastrectomy. Seven of these had a mid-thoracic and seven a high cervical oesophagogastrostomy. The incidence of postoperative reflux complications in each group was noted. No pressure gradient across the anastomosis was detected in any patient but the upper oesophageal sphincter was shown to be retained as a functioning unit in all cases. It is considered that the thoracic anastomosis provides no demonstrable barrier to reflux. In addition, a high cervical oesophagogastrostomy does not adversely affect the upper oesophageal sphincter. The wider application of this latter procedure may be associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative reflux complications.", "contents": "A manometric assessment of oesophagogastrostomy. Intraluminal pressures were recorded in 14 patients who had undergone oesophagogastrectomy. Seven of these had a mid-thoracic and seven a high cervical oesophagogastrostomy. The incidence of postoperative reflux complications in each group was noted. No pressure gradient across the anastomosis was detected in any patient but the upper oesophageal sphincter was shown to be retained as a functioning unit in all cases. It is considered that the thoracic anastomosis provides no demonstrable barrier to reflux. In addition, a high cervical oesophagogastrostomy does not adversely affect the upper oesophageal sphincter. The wider application of this latter procedure may be associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative reflux complications.", "PMID": 1013936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_330", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract and its association with lupus pernio.", "content": "In a series of 34 patients with sarcoidosis affecting the upper respiratory tract and nose, 26 had lupus pernio (LP) and 17 had sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). In nine patients these features coexisted. A patient presenting with SURT carried a 50% risk of developing LP although one feature could be present without the other. Both were disorders of women of the child-bearing years of life. SURT, like LP, was an indicator of chronic fibrotic sarcoidosis, developing insidiously and progressing indolently over the years. It was complicated by ulceration, septal perforation, and LP. Three patients had nasal septal perforations, in two instances following submucous resection. This operation is contraindicated in patients with active sarcoidosis, particularly when granulomas are found on nasal biopsy. The Kveim-Siltzbach skin test was positive in all patients with SURT, making it invaluable in the differential diagnosis of granuloma of the nasal cavity.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract and its association with lupus pernio. In a series of 34 patients with sarcoidosis affecting the upper respiratory tract and nose, 26 had lupus pernio (LP) and 17 had sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). In nine patients these features coexisted. A patient presenting with SURT carried a 50% risk of developing LP although one feature could be present without the other. Both were disorders of women of the child-bearing years of life. SURT, like LP, was an indicator of chronic fibrotic sarcoidosis, developing insidiously and progressing indolently over the years. It was complicated by ulceration, septal perforation, and LP. Three patients had nasal septal perforations, in two instances following submucous resection. This operation is contraindicated in patients with active sarcoidosis, particularly when granulomas are found on nasal biopsy. The Kveim-Siltzbach skin test was positive in all patients with SURT, making it invaluable in the differential diagnosis of granuloma of the nasal cavity.", "PMID": 1013937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_331", "title": "Respiratory mechanics in airways obstruction associated with inspiratory dyspnoea.", "content": "Inspiratory muscle strength and the flow and elastic pressure opposing inspiration were measured in seven patients with severe airways obstruction who found inspiration difficult at rest. A comparison was made of measurements obtained from seven normal subjects and five patients with airways obstruction not experiencing inspiratory dyspnoea at rest. Measurements were also obtained when inspiratory dyspnoea was induced in the normal subjects by adding an inspiratory resistance or by voluntarily increasing lung volume. Compared with the controls the inspiratory muscle strength of the patients was reduced but was not significantly less than that of the patients without inspiratory dyspnoea. The pressure required to produce inspiratory flow was significantly greater when inspiratory dyspnoea was present (P = 0-01). However, there was considerable overlap in the pressures of those with and without inspiratory dyspnoea. A better relationship was obtained when muscle strength was considered. The ratio of inspiratory muscle strength to the pressure required to produce flow was 0-24 +/- 0-07 (mean +/- SD) in patient with inspiratory dyspnoea, 0-10 +/- 0-03 in patients without inspiratory dyspnoea, and 0-033 +/- 0-019 in normal subjects. There was no overlap between the two patient groups. The ratios of the normal subjects were increased when inspiratory dyspnoea was induced and, with the exception of two cases, were all above those obtained when inspiratory dyspnoea was absent. Inspiratory dyspnoea was experienced with lower ratios in the normals than in the patients with airways obstruction.", "contents": "Respiratory mechanics in airways obstruction associated with inspiratory dyspnoea. Inspiratory muscle strength and the flow and elastic pressure opposing inspiration were measured in seven patients with severe airways obstruction who found inspiration difficult at rest. A comparison was made of measurements obtained from seven normal subjects and five patients with airways obstruction not experiencing inspiratory dyspnoea at rest. Measurements were also obtained when inspiratory dyspnoea was induced in the normal subjects by adding an inspiratory resistance or by voluntarily increasing lung volume. Compared with the controls the inspiratory muscle strength of the patients was reduced but was not significantly less than that of the patients without inspiratory dyspnoea. The pressure required to produce inspiratory flow was significantly greater when inspiratory dyspnoea was present (P = 0-01). However, there was considerable overlap in the pressures of those with and without inspiratory dyspnoea. A better relationship was obtained when muscle strength was considered. The ratio of inspiratory muscle strength to the pressure required to produce flow was 0-24 +/- 0-07 (mean +/- SD) in patient with inspiratory dyspnoea, 0-10 +/- 0-03 in patients without inspiratory dyspnoea, and 0-033 +/- 0-019 in normal subjects. There was no overlap between the two patient groups. The ratios of the normal subjects were increased when inspiratory dyspnoea was induced and, with the exception of two cases, were all above those obtained when inspiratory dyspnoea was absent. Inspiratory dyspnoea was experienced with lower ratios in the normals than in the patients with airways obstruction.", "PMID": 1013938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_332", "title": "Particle deposition in the trachea: in vivo and in hollow casts.", "content": "The pattern of deposition within the respiratory tract of potentially harmful particulates is a major factor in assessing any risk from individual and community exposures. Although the trachea is the most easily observed of the conductive airways, very little information concerning its particle collection characteristics is available, information which is essential for a complete and realistic description of particle deposition patterns within the entire respiratory tract. Data on tracheal deposition are also needed for development of accurate predictive models for particle deposition. The pattern of particle deposition in the trachea, and its relation to air flow, was studied in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree. Results were compared with data obtained in humans in vivo and from previous studies in hollow casts. In addition, the relevance of tracheal deposition in the hollow cast test system to deposition in vivo was examined by a direct comparison of deposition in a cast prepared from the lungs of donkeys previously studied in a series of in vivo tests. The disturbance of the air flow within the trachea caused by the larynx promoted the deposition of suspended particulates throughout the length of the trachea, and especially in proximal regions. This proximal deposition was due both to direct impaction from the air jet coming from the glottis and to effects of the tubulent flow. Turbulence produced inhomogenous deposition patterns within the trachea for particles of all sizes, although its effect was more pronounced as size decreased. Tracheal deposition in the human cast was within the range of normal in vivo tracheal depostion only when a larynx was used during cast test exposures; this emphasizes the need for the use of realistic experimental test systems for the study of particle deposition patterns. The relative patterns of deposition in casts of the donkey trachea and in the same tracheas in vivo were similar.", "contents": "Particle deposition in the trachea: in vivo and in hollow casts. The pattern of deposition within the respiratory tract of potentially harmful particulates is a major factor in assessing any risk from individual and community exposures. Although the trachea is the most easily observed of the conductive airways, very little information concerning its particle collection characteristics is available, information which is essential for a complete and realistic description of particle deposition patterns within the entire respiratory tract. Data on tracheal deposition are also needed for development of accurate predictive models for particle deposition. The pattern of particle deposition in the trachea, and its relation to air flow, was studied in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree. Results were compared with data obtained in humans in vivo and from previous studies in hollow casts. In addition, the relevance of tracheal deposition in the hollow cast test system to deposition in vivo was examined by a direct comparison of deposition in a cast prepared from the lungs of donkeys previously studied in a series of in vivo tests. The disturbance of the air flow within the trachea caused by the larynx promoted the deposition of suspended particulates throughout the length of the trachea, and especially in proximal regions. This proximal deposition was due both to direct impaction from the air jet coming from the glottis and to effects of the tubulent flow. Turbulence produced inhomogenous deposition patterns within the trachea for particles of all sizes, although its effect was more pronounced as size decreased. Tracheal deposition in the human cast was within the range of normal in vivo tracheal depostion only when a larynx was used during cast test exposures; this emphasizes the need for the use of realistic experimental test systems for the study of particle deposition patterns. The relative patterns of deposition in casts of the donkey trachea and in the same tracheas in vivo were similar.", "PMID": 1013939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_333", "title": "Pattern of total and regional lung function in subjects with bronchoconstriction induced by 15-me PGF2 alpha.", "content": "Closing volume (single breath nitrogen test), regional ventilation and perfusion (using intravenous xenon-133), and total lung function (TLC, VC, and FEV) were measured before and after intramuscular administration of 250 mug 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-me PGF2alpha) in 10 healthy women. The cardiac output was measured with the Minnesota impedance cardiograph model 304A and the transthoracic impedance was used as an expression of the thoracic fluid volume. The slope of the alveolar plateau on the closing volume tracing showed a 271% increase 20 minutes after the prostaglandin administration, at which time the closing volume per cent (CV%) had decreased (P less than 0-01) and the closing capacity (CC%) had increased (P less than 0-05). Vital capacity (VC) decreased (P less than 0-01), residual volume (RV) increased (P less than 0-01), and the total lung capacity (TLC) remained unchanged. The maximal decrease (9%) in FEV1 was seen after 20 minutes. All these measurements except the slope of the alveolar plateau returned to control levels after 60 minutes. The redistribution of regional ventilation was more pronounced than that of the regional pulmonary blood flow. No change was observed in cardiac output and transthoracic impedance. None of the patients experienced any dyspnoea. Our results are consistent with a more pronounced effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the small airways (the alveolar plateau) than on the larger airways (FEV1). In cases where an increase in the slope of the alveolar plateau is observed, the closing volume per cent should not be used as a measurement of the lung disease. It is concluded that the single breath nitrogen test (N2 closing volume) is more sensitive than the conventional tests.", "contents": "Pattern of total and regional lung function in subjects with bronchoconstriction induced by 15-me PGF2 alpha. Closing volume (single breath nitrogen test), regional ventilation and perfusion (using intravenous xenon-133), and total lung function (TLC, VC, and FEV) were measured before and after intramuscular administration of 250 mug 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (15-me PGF2alpha) in 10 healthy women. The cardiac output was measured with the Minnesota impedance cardiograph model 304A and the transthoracic impedance was used as an expression of the thoracic fluid volume. The slope of the alveolar plateau on the closing volume tracing showed a 271% increase 20 minutes after the prostaglandin administration, at which time the closing volume per cent (CV%) had decreased (P less than 0-01) and the closing capacity (CC%) had increased (P less than 0-05). Vital capacity (VC) decreased (P less than 0-01), residual volume (RV) increased (P less than 0-01), and the total lung capacity (TLC) remained unchanged. The maximal decrease (9%) in FEV1 was seen after 20 minutes. All these measurements except the slope of the alveolar plateau returned to control levels after 60 minutes. The redistribution of regional ventilation was more pronounced than that of the regional pulmonary blood flow. No change was observed in cardiac output and transthoracic impedance. None of the patients experienced any dyspnoea. Our results are consistent with a more pronounced effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the small airways (the alveolar plateau) than on the larger airways (FEV1). In cases where an increase in the slope of the alveolar plateau is observed, the closing volume per cent should not be used as a measurement of the lung disease. It is concluded that the single breath nitrogen test (N2 closing volume) is more sensitive than the conventional tests.", "PMID": 1013940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_334", "title": "Aspects of serum and sputum antibody in chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels and precipitating antibody against a range of microbial antigens were measured in simultaneously collected serum and sputum samples from patients with chronic bronchitis (11), cystic fibrosis (9), bronchiectasis (9), and asthma (4). Sputum was prepared by dialysis and high-speed centrifugation methods. Results showed that it was possible to detect precipitating antibody in the sputum, and the rate was increased when both methods were used. A discrepancy was noted between the detection rate in the sputum and serum. This, combined with the lack of correlation between sputum and serum immunoglobulins, lack of relationship between bronchial inflammation and sputum immunoglobulins, and the lack of IgM in the sputum suggested that the antibody and immunoglobulin were locally produced. Sputum IgA (7S) in patients with chronic bronchitis was significantly lower (P less than 0-05) than that found in patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Significant differences (P less than 0-05) were also noted in serum IgG levels between patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis while serum IgM levels in patients with chronic bronchitis were significantly lower (P less than 0-05) when compared to serum levels in patients with cystic fibrosis. The presence of precipitating antibody in the sputum raises the possibility that type III reactions may be important in the pathogenesis of these conditions.", "contents": "Aspects of serum and sputum antibody in chronic airways obstruction. Immunoglobulin levels and precipitating antibody against a range of microbial antigens were measured in simultaneously collected serum and sputum samples from patients with chronic bronchitis (11), cystic fibrosis (9), bronchiectasis (9), and asthma (4). Sputum was prepared by dialysis and high-speed centrifugation methods. Results showed that it was possible to detect precipitating antibody in the sputum, and the rate was increased when both methods were used. A discrepancy was noted between the detection rate in the sputum and serum. This, combined with the lack of correlation between sputum and serum immunoglobulins, lack of relationship between bronchial inflammation and sputum immunoglobulins, and the lack of IgM in the sputum suggested that the antibody and immunoglobulin were locally produced. Sputum IgA (7S) in patients with chronic bronchitis was significantly lower (P less than 0-05) than that found in patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Significant differences (P less than 0-05) were also noted in serum IgG levels between patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis while serum IgM levels in patients with chronic bronchitis were significantly lower (P less than 0-05) when compared to serum levels in patients with cystic fibrosis. The presence of precipitating antibody in the sputum raises the possibility that type III reactions may be important in the pathogenesis of these conditions.", "PMID": 1013941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_335", "title": "Degradation of porstaglandin F2alpha in the human pulmonary circulation.", "content": "Degradation of prostaglandins (PGs) during passage through the human pulmonary circulation was investigated by measuring the transpulmonary plasma PGF2 alpha difference during continuous intravenous infusion of PGF2 alpha (5-10 mug/min). Seven patients with cardiological disorders and two patients with extensive pulmonary abnormalities were investigated during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. PGF2 alpha levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The seven cardiac patients were found to have transpulmonary PGF2 alpha differences of 47-88%, indicating metabolism of the PG in the lungs. A patient with extensive bronchiectasis had an apparently normal transpulmonary PGF2alpha difference despite gross abnormalities in routine lung function tests. A patient with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension showed no metabolism of PGF2alpha in the pulmonary circulation. The results show that PG degradation is an aspect of normal lung function and suggest that it becomes imparied when extensive pulmonary vascular damage exists.", "contents": "Degradation of porstaglandin F2alpha in the human pulmonary circulation. Degradation of prostaglandins (PGs) during passage through the human pulmonary circulation was investigated by measuring the transpulmonary plasma PGF2 alpha difference during continuous intravenous infusion of PGF2 alpha (5-10 mug/min). Seven patients with cardiological disorders and two patients with extensive pulmonary abnormalities were investigated during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. PGF2 alpha levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The seven cardiac patients were found to have transpulmonary PGF2 alpha differences of 47-88%, indicating metabolism of the PG in the lungs. A patient with extensive bronchiectasis had an apparently normal transpulmonary PGF2alpha difference despite gross abnormalities in routine lung function tests. A patient with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension showed no metabolism of PGF2alpha in the pulmonary circulation. The results show that PG degradation is an aspect of normal lung function and suggest that it becomes imparied when extensive pulmonary vascular damage exists.", "PMID": 1013942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_336", "title": "Histamine levels in plasma, blood, and urine in severe asthma, and the effect of corticosteroid treatment.", "content": "Plasma, whole blood, and urinary histamine levels have been determined in 64 normal subjects, in 10 patients with severe asthma, and in 10 control patients with other illnesses. The mean whole blood levels did not differ between the three groups. The mean plasma level in the asthmatics was significantly greater than that of the normal subjects but not of the control patients. The urinary histamine output was lower in the control patients than in the normal subjects but in the asthmatics did not differ from that of the normals. Corticosteroid therapy caused a marked fall, often to barely detectable levels, of the whole blood histamine concentration of the asthmatic patients and restored the plasma levels to normal but did not affect urinary histamine levels.", "contents": "Histamine levels in plasma, blood, and urine in severe asthma, and the effect of corticosteroid treatment. Plasma, whole blood, and urinary histamine levels have been determined in 64 normal subjects, in 10 patients with severe asthma, and in 10 control patients with other illnesses. The mean whole blood levels did not differ between the three groups. The mean plasma level in the asthmatics was significantly greater than that of the normal subjects but not of the control patients. The urinary histamine output was lower in the control patients than in the normal subjects but in the asthmatics did not differ from that of the normals. Corticosteroid therapy caused a marked fall, often to barely detectable levels, of the whole blood histamine concentration of the asthmatic patients and restored the plasma levels to normal but did not affect urinary histamine levels.", "PMID": 1013943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_337", "title": "Transitory cerebral microvascular blockade after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Dogs were submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) carried out under conditions calculated to generate large numbers of microbubbles and microemboli. On the day following the procedure the dogs showed evidence of neurological damage including impaired consciousness and ataxia. These abnormalities largely cleared within a week. When the animals were sacrificed at intervals after the procedure, the cerebral microvasculature was demonstrated by injecting a suspension a lamp black into the carotid artery. This revealed that multiple filling defects were present in the microcirculation of the brain immmediately after CPB and for two days thereafter. However, by seven days the microvascular blockade had disappeared, and the vascular blockade had disappeared, and the vascular pattern of the brain had returned to normal. Neuropathological findings were sparse and restricted to the cerebellum. This study suggests that the transient neurological syndromes that sometimes follow cardiopulmonary bypass for heart surgery may be due to a transient microvascular blockade, perhaps by microbubbles and microparticles.", "contents": "Transitory cerebral microvascular blockade after cardiopulmonary bypass. Dogs were submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) carried out under conditions calculated to generate large numbers of microbubbles and microemboli. On the day following the procedure the dogs showed evidence of neurological damage including impaired consciousness and ataxia. These abnormalities largely cleared within a week. When the animals were sacrificed at intervals after the procedure, the cerebral microvasculature was demonstrated by injecting a suspension a lamp black into the carotid artery. This revealed that multiple filling defects were present in the microcirculation of the brain immmediately after CPB and for two days thereafter. However, by seven days the microvascular blockade had disappeared, and the vascular blockade had disappeared, and the vascular pattern of the brain had returned to normal. Neuropathological findings were sparse and restricted to the cerebellum. This study suggests that the transient neurological syndromes that sometimes follow cardiopulmonary bypass for heart surgery may be due to a transient microvascular blockade, perhaps by microbubbles and microparticles.", "PMID": 1013944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_338", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of silicone rubber aortic valve poppetts after long-term implantation. A scanning electron microscope study of four poppets.", "content": "The surface ultrastructure, demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, is described in four implanted Silastic aortic valve poppets. Ball variance was discovered at necropsy in two patients and clinically in one in whom the poppet was replaced. The fourth patient underwent reoperation, but ball variance was neither suspected nor found. All four poppets were densely coated with biological debris and microthrombi. The 'coat' was soluble in a weak solution of sodium hydroxide. The true Silastic surface beneath the coat was little altered compared with unimplanted poppets, even after 10 years' implantation.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of silicone rubber aortic valve poppetts after long-term implantation. A scanning electron microscope study of four poppets. The surface ultrastructure, demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, is described in four implanted Silastic aortic valve poppets. Ball variance was discovered at necropsy in two patients and clinically in one in whom the poppet was replaced. The fourth patient underwent reoperation, but ball variance was neither suspected nor found. All four poppets were densely coated with biological debris and microthrombi. The 'coat' was soluble in a weak solution of sodium hydroxide. The true Silastic surface beneath the coat was little altered compared with unimplanted poppets, even after 10 years' implantation.", "PMID": 1013945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_339", "title": "Degenerative changes in aortic root allografts placed in the right ventricular outflow tract of growing puppies.", "content": "Differently prepared aortic root allografts were implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract of growing puppies to determine the site of origin and progress of degenerative changes in these conduits. The three preparations assessed were as follows: group A, fresh and sterile grafts; group B, antibiotic sterilized grafts in nutrient medium; and group C, beta-propiolactone sterilized grafts. Although calcification of the aortic wall occurred in all groups, the aortic leaflets were minimally affected. A correlation between viability and lack of calcification and between viability and long-term function is emphasized.", "contents": "Degenerative changes in aortic root allografts placed in the right ventricular outflow tract of growing puppies. Differently prepared aortic root allografts were implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract of growing puppies to determine the site of origin and progress of degenerative changes in these conduits. The three preparations assessed were as follows: group A, fresh and sterile grafts; group B, antibiotic sterilized grafts in nutrient medium; and group C, beta-propiolactone sterilized grafts. Although calcification of the aortic wall occurred in all groups, the aortic leaflets were minimally affected. A correlation between viability and lack of calcification and between viability and long-term function is emphasized.", "PMID": 1013946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_340", "title": "Symptomatic mitral myxomatous transformation in the elderly.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of four patients with intractable heart failure, due to myxomatous change in the mitral valve, are described. It is suggested that this change may represent a response of ageing connective tissue to mechanical stress.", "contents": "Symptomatic mitral myxomatous transformation in the elderly. The clinical and pathological features of four patients with intractable heart failure, due to myxomatous change in the mitral valve, are described. It is suggested that this change may represent a response of ageing connective tissue to mechanical stress.", "PMID": 1013947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_341", "title": "Fragile lung in the Marfan syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of the Marfan syndrome presented with spontaneous pneumothorax. Both had chest radiographs showing bilateral bullae in the upper lung zones and pulmonary function tests consistent with mild emphysema. There were dereases in forced expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes, carbon monoxide transfer factor, and lung elastic recoil. It is suggested that pneumothorax and bullous emphysema in this syndrome are caused by a weakness in the pulmonary connective tissue framework.", "contents": "Fragile lung in the Marfan syndrome. Two cases of the Marfan syndrome presented with spontaneous pneumothorax. Both had chest radiographs showing bilateral bullae in the upper lung zones and pulmonary function tests consistent with mild emphysema. There were dereases in forced expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes, carbon monoxide transfer factor, and lung elastic recoil. It is suggested that pneumothorax and bullous emphysema in this syndrome are caused by a weakness in the pulmonary connective tissue framework.", "PMID": 1013948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_342", "title": "Pulmonary blastoma: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Pulmonary blastoma is the rarest malignant tumour of the lung. Two more cases are reported and the literature is reviewed. The first case, a woman, is the longest recorded survivor. An examination of all the reported cases shows that the tumour is less common and less agressive in women.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastoma: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Pulmonary blastoma is the rarest malignant tumour of the lung. Two more cases are reported and the literature is reviewed. The first case, a woman, is the longest recorded survivor. An examination of all the reported cases shows that the tumour is less common and less agressive in women.", "PMID": 1013949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_343", "title": "A large intrathoracic parathyroid adenoma.", "content": "A case is described in which an unusually large parathyroid adenoma was visible on the plain chest radiograph taken during the investigation of hypercalcaemia. This was diagnosed preoperatively and a scheme is suggested whereby such a disgnosis can now readily be made. The differential diagnosis is discussed ant the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "A large intrathoracic parathyroid adenoma. A case is described in which an unusually large parathyroid adenoma was visible on the plain chest radiograph taken during the investigation of hypercalcaemia. This was diagnosed preoperatively and a scheme is suggested whereby such a disgnosis can now readily be made. The differential diagnosis is discussed ant the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1013950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_344", "title": "Necrosis of a pulmonary lobe in a dog.", "content": "A six-year old female pug had very severe dysponea. A radiographic opacity was observed in the right cranial area of the thorax. After thoracotomy, the cranial lobe of the lung was removed. Microscopic examination revealed necrosis of the lung and vacular thrombosis. The possibility of a torsion of the affected lobe is discussed.", "contents": "Necrosis of a pulmonary lobe in a dog. A six-year old female pug had very severe dysponea. A radiographic opacity was observed in the right cranial area of the thorax. After thoracotomy, the cranial lobe of the lung was removed. Microscopic examination revealed necrosis of the lung and vacular thrombosis. The possibility of a torsion of the affected lobe is discussed.", "PMID": 1013970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_345", "title": "The relation between sperm quality and the effect of ouabain on the motility of spermatozoa.", "content": "This paper reports the results of an investigation into the effect of ouabain on spermatozoa which have suffered from aging, sudden changes in temperature and deep-freezing. Normal spermatozoa of different boars under standard conditions show an evident variation in ouabain sensitivity. A definite relation could be established between the fertility of the semen of a boar and the ouabain sensitivity of this semen. Spermatozoa exposed to aging, sudden temperature changes or deep-freezing, showed a greater sensitivity for 10(-3)M ouabain than corresponding controls. We concluded that factors which are harmful to membrane quality of spermatozoa can be revealed by exposing them to ouabain.", "contents": "The relation between sperm quality and the effect of ouabain on the motility of spermatozoa. This paper reports the results of an investigation into the effect of ouabain on spermatozoa which have suffered from aging, sudden changes in temperature and deep-freezing. Normal spermatozoa of different boars under standard conditions show an evident variation in ouabain sensitivity. A definite relation could be established between the fertility of the semen of a boar and the ouabain sensitivity of this semen. Spermatozoa exposed to aging, sudden temperature changes or deep-freezing, showed a greater sensitivity for 10(-3)M ouabain than corresponding controls. We concluded that factors which are harmful to membrane quality of spermatozoa can be revealed by exposing them to ouabain.", "PMID": 1013971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_346", "title": "Use of the lysozyme test in the diagnosis of kerato-conjuctivitis sicca in dogs and cats.", "content": "Comparative studies of the lysozyme test (LT) and the Schirmer tear test (STT) revealed that the LT was not reliable in the diagnosis of kerato-conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs and cats. This is in contrast to its successful use in human patients. No M. lysodeikticus lysating substrates were detectable in the tear fluid of the normal cat.", "contents": "Use of the lysozyme test in the diagnosis of kerato-conjuctivitis sicca in dogs and cats. Comparative studies of the lysozyme test (LT) and the Schirmer tear test (STT) revealed that the LT was not reliable in the diagnosis of kerato-conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs and cats. This is in contrast to its successful use in human patients. No M. lysodeikticus lysating substrates were detectable in the tear fluid of the normal cat.", "PMID": 1013972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_347", "title": "The effect of storage at 4 degrees C on antibiotic residues in kidney and meat tissues of dairy cows.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative assay of antibiotic residues in the body of slaughtered farm animals by means of 3 types of agar media and 3 test organisms. With the help of programmed calculation procedures, data from large-scale tests for antibiotic residues could be analyzed accurately and rapidly. The concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, neomycin, kanamycin, and oxytetracycline in the kidney, and also of tylosin in meat from the diaphragm muscle of cattle treated parenterally with these antibiotics were measured periodically in samples kept at 4 degrees C for up to 7 days after slaughter. The concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin and the cephalosporins in the kidney decreased rapidly upon storage whereas the levels of the other antibiotics remained essentially unchanged. Antibiotic stability in the meat was considerably greater than in the kidney upon storage for 4 days, and neomycin meat tissue levels were not reduced during storage for up to 144 hours. Results are discussed in relation to the conduct of the official qualitative Sarcina lutea Kidney Test and the most desirable procedure for preparing meat samples for assay.", "contents": "The effect of storage at 4 degrees C on antibiotic residues in kidney and meat tissues of dairy cows. A method is described for the quantitative assay of antibiotic residues in the body of slaughtered farm animals by means of 3 types of agar media and 3 test organisms. With the help of programmed calculation procedures, data from large-scale tests for antibiotic residues could be analyzed accurately and rapidly. The concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, neomycin, kanamycin, and oxytetracycline in the kidney, and also of tylosin in meat from the diaphragm muscle of cattle treated parenterally with these antibiotics were measured periodically in samples kept at 4 degrees C for up to 7 days after slaughter. The concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin and the cephalosporins in the kidney decreased rapidly upon storage whereas the levels of the other antibiotics remained essentially unchanged. Antibiotic stability in the meat was considerably greater than in the kidney upon storage for 4 days, and neomycin meat tissue levels were not reduced during storage for up to 144 hours. Results are discussed in relation to the conduct of the official qualitative Sarcina lutea Kidney Test and the most desirable procedure for preparing meat samples for assay.", "PMID": 1013973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_348", "title": "Some steroids in the blood of mares suffering from endometritis and post-partum mares as compared to normal cycling mares.", "content": "It appeared that in mares suffering from endometritis the concentrations of pregnenolone, of the compound \"5.4\", and of progesterone in the blood during the first 2 days of the heat period were significantly higher than in normal cycling mares, in which the concentrations of all steroids were less than or equal to 1 ng/ml. In five endometritis mares the \"5.4\" and progesterone concentrations decreased after the first days of the heat period, and at about two days before ovulation the values were comparable to those of normal cycling mares. Eight mares suffering from a severe endometritis did not ovulate, their oestrous period was prolonged, and the follicles became atretic. Possibly the relatively high progesterone content found in these mares, caused the reduction of the follicular growth, and this might explain the prolonged oestrous period which is observed in many mares suffering from endometritis. Often we observed in post-partum mares the same changes in concentration as in endometritis mares. An elevated level of these steroids was sometimes found in the blood a few days after foaling and, in four of eight post-partum mares, during the foal heat. Most probably this was caused by infection or stimulation of the uterus. The hypothesis is advanced that progesterone originating in the uterus can influence ovarian activity and that it may be one of the factors responsible for the anoestrous periods which can occur in mares with endometritis and in post-partum mares.", "contents": "Some steroids in the blood of mares suffering from endometritis and post-partum mares as compared to normal cycling mares. It appeared that in mares suffering from endometritis the concentrations of pregnenolone, of the compound \"5.4\", and of progesterone in the blood during the first 2 days of the heat period were significantly higher than in normal cycling mares, in which the concentrations of all steroids were less than or equal to 1 ng/ml. In five endometritis mares the \"5.4\" and progesterone concentrations decreased after the first days of the heat period, and at about two days before ovulation the values were comparable to those of normal cycling mares. Eight mares suffering from a severe endometritis did not ovulate, their oestrous period was prolonged, and the follicles became atretic. Possibly the relatively high progesterone content found in these mares, caused the reduction of the follicular growth, and this might explain the prolonged oestrous period which is observed in many mares suffering from endometritis. Often we observed in post-partum mares the same changes in concentration as in endometritis mares. An elevated level of these steroids was sometimes found in the blood a few days after foaling and, in four of eight post-partum mares, during the foal heat. Most probably this was caused by infection or stimulation of the uterus. The hypothesis is advanced that progesterone originating in the uterus can influence ovarian activity and that it may be one of the factors responsible for the anoestrous periods which can occur in mares with endometritis and in post-partum mares.", "PMID": 1013974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_349", "title": "[Destruction of Salmonella in fresh and deepfrozen broiler chickens by gamma irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Salmonella organisms present on poultry carcases after processing, were almost totally destroyed by gamma irradiation using a dose of 250 krads. This was the case with carcases irradiated in the fresh as well as with those irradiated in the deepfrozen state.", "contents": "[Destruction of Salmonella in fresh and deepfrozen broiler chickens by gamma irradiation (author's transl)]. Salmonella organisms present on poultry carcases after processing, were almost totally destroyed by gamma irradiation using a dose of 250 krads. This was the case with carcases irradiated in the fresh as well as with those irradiated in the deepfrozen state.", "PMID": 1013976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_350", "title": "[Results obtained after synchronisation of oestrus by prostaglandins in dairy cows (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-five mg. of PGF2 alpha were injected in forty-three lactating cows and eighteen young heifers at ten-day intervals to produce synchronisation of oestrus. Only twenty-four lactating cows (58 per cent) and fifteen young heifers (83 per cent) came on oestrus with two, three or four days after the second injection of prostaglandin. Within eighty hours after the second injection, all animals were inseminated with semen of good quality. This resulted in pregnancy in eight (19 per cent) dairy cows and ten (56 per cent) young heifers. Rectal examination at the time of the second injection revealed a number of changes in the lactating cows. There was undue follicular activity, follicular cysts were observed in several cases and a corpus luteum measuring more than 15 mm. in diameter was not present in 25 per cent of the animals. In addition, twenty-seven cows were synchronised by injection of 0.5 mg. of Estrumate (a synthetic prostaglandin analogue) during the puerperium. Injections were made twenty and thirty days post partum. Eighteen cows (67 per cent) came on oestrus within two, three or four days after the second injection. Insemination which was carried out during oestrus, resulted in pregnancy in five cows. Rectal examination did not reveal any abnormalities in these animals.", "contents": "[Results obtained after synchronisation of oestrus by prostaglandins in dairy cows (author's transl)]. Twenty-five mg. of PGF2 alpha were injected in forty-three lactating cows and eighteen young heifers at ten-day intervals to produce synchronisation of oestrus. Only twenty-four lactating cows (58 per cent) and fifteen young heifers (83 per cent) came on oestrus with two, three or four days after the second injection of prostaglandin. Within eighty hours after the second injection, all animals were inseminated with semen of good quality. This resulted in pregnancy in eight (19 per cent) dairy cows and ten (56 per cent) young heifers. Rectal examination at the time of the second injection revealed a number of changes in the lactating cows. There was undue follicular activity, follicular cysts were observed in several cases and a corpus luteum measuring more than 15 mm. in diameter was not present in 25 per cent of the animals. In addition, twenty-seven cows were synchronised by injection of 0.5 mg. of Estrumate (a synthetic prostaglandin analogue) during the puerperium. Injections were made twenty and thirty days post partum. Eighteen cows (67 per cent) came on oestrus within two, three or four days after the second injection. Insemination which was carried out during oestrus, resulted in pregnancy in five cows. Rectal examination did not reveal any abnormalities in these animals.", "PMID": 1013977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_351", "title": "[Rotavirus infection in calves (author's transl)].", "content": "Several laboratory workers have demonstrated a viral agent, suspected of playing an important role in the aetiology of calf diarrhoea during the first weeks of life. Based on its morphology this agent was designated a Reo-like virus. Later the name Rotavirus was introduced. Rotaviruses were proved experimentally to induce diarrhoea in calves. Usually the course of the disease after similar experimental infection is mild, but could become worse with secondary bacterial infections. The available information on the virus itself, the clinical aspects of the infection, its pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology and prevention are reviewed.", "contents": "[Rotavirus infection in calves (author's transl)]. Several laboratory workers have demonstrated a viral agent, suspected of playing an important role in the aetiology of calf diarrhoea during the first weeks of life. Based on its morphology this agent was designated a Reo-like virus. Later the name Rotavirus was introduced. Rotaviruses were proved experimentally to induce diarrhoea in calves. Usually the course of the disease after similar experimental infection is mild, but could become worse with secondary bacterial infections. The available information on the virus itself, the clinical aspects of the infection, its pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology and prevention are reviewed.", "PMID": 1013979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_352", "title": "[Studies on the bacteriological features of fresh meat. III. Effects of transport (author's transl)].", "content": "The bacteriological changes appearing on transport of legs of beef, pork carcases and parts of cattle and pigs were studied. Meat from three slaughter-houses was examined. Of the meat of each slaughter-house, specimens transported over a short distance, over a long distance or by the butcher's own vehicle were studied. The transported meat was found to be contaminated by bacteria which had developed on (other) meat. The hygienic condition of the meat-van obviously is a factor in the transfer of bacteria to legs and carcases; this was not observed where the parts were concerned. The effect of bacterial contamination was that the decrease in stability was most marked in meat showing low bacterial counts. The season during which the meat was transported and the temperature reached during transport were not found to have any appreciable effect on the increase in bacterial counts. Nor were any marked differences observed between slaughter-houses or the various transports to butcher's shops. On the other hand, there was a relatively marked increase in bacterial counts on a particular transport route on which the meat had to travel for periods varying from five to six hours.", "contents": "[Studies on the bacteriological features of fresh meat. III. Effects of transport (author's transl)]. The bacteriological changes appearing on transport of legs of beef, pork carcases and parts of cattle and pigs were studied. Meat from three slaughter-houses was examined. Of the meat of each slaughter-house, specimens transported over a short distance, over a long distance or by the butcher's own vehicle were studied. The transported meat was found to be contaminated by bacteria which had developed on (other) meat. The hygienic condition of the meat-van obviously is a factor in the transfer of bacteria to legs and carcases; this was not observed where the parts were concerned. The effect of bacterial contamination was that the decrease in stability was most marked in meat showing low bacterial counts. The season during which the meat was transported and the temperature reached during transport were not found to have any appreciable effect on the increase in bacterial counts. Nor were any marked differences observed between slaughter-houses or the various transports to butcher's shops. On the other hand, there was a relatively marked increase in bacterial counts on a particular transport route on which the meat had to travel for periods varying from five to six hours.", "PMID": 1013980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_353", "title": "[Biochemical changes in the blood of calves with scours and their correction by fluid therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical studies in calves which were moribund as a result of scours showed that the circulation was disturbed, the body temperature reduced and locomotion impaired. Biochemical examination of the blood showed that metabolic adidosis was present in every case. As a result of the inadequate circulation, respiratory compensation was not detectable in the venous blood in every case. On the other hand, it was invariably detected in the arterial blood. Metabolic acidosis was mainly due to a marked increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the serum. The haematocrit had increased, the blood urea and serum phosphate concentrations showed an increase, whereas the blood glucose lecel was reduced. Treatment showed that administration of 2,000 ml. of an isotonic bicarbonate solution by intravenous drip resulted in disappearance of the metabolic acidosis. However, this form of therapy failed to bring about the disappearance of the circulatory disorders in a number of cases. On the other hand, treatment of these disorders was successful when 3 l. of distilled water with 30 g. of sodium bicarbonate and 9 g. of sodium chloride, followed by 3 l. of distilled water with 14 g. of sodium bicarbonate, 12 g. of sodium chloride, 8 g. of potassium chloride and 100 g. of glucose were administered by infusion for 24 hours.", "contents": "[Biochemical changes in the blood of calves with scours and their correction by fluid therapy (author's transl)]. Clinical studies in calves which were moribund as a result of scours showed that the circulation was disturbed, the body temperature reduced and locomotion impaired. Biochemical examination of the blood showed that metabolic adidosis was present in every case. As a result of the inadequate circulation, respiratory compensation was not detectable in the venous blood in every case. On the other hand, it was invariably detected in the arterial blood. Metabolic acidosis was mainly due to a marked increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the serum. The haematocrit had increased, the blood urea and serum phosphate concentrations showed an increase, whereas the blood glucose lecel was reduced. Treatment showed that administration of 2,000 ml. of an isotonic bicarbonate solution by intravenous drip resulted in disappearance of the metabolic acidosis. However, this form of therapy failed to bring about the disappearance of the circulatory disorders in a number of cases. On the other hand, treatment of these disorders was successful when 3 l. of distilled water with 30 g. of sodium bicarbonate and 9 g. of sodium chloride, followed by 3 l. of distilled water with 14 g. of sodium bicarbonate, 12 g. of sodium chloride, 8 g. of potassium chloride and 100 g. of glucose were administered by infusion for 24 hours.", "PMID": 1013981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_354", "title": "[Influenza vaccination: which vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the literature of the past ten years showed that vaccination of horses and ponies against influenza is best done using adjuvant-containing vaccines. Comparable results may probably be obtained by twice inoculating an aquenous vaccine. There are no drawbacks to the use of aluminium-hydroxide as an adjuvant when mineral oil is used as an adjuvant, the first and second vaccinations do not present any problems.", "contents": "[Influenza vaccination: which vaccine (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the literature of the past ten years showed that vaccination of horses and ponies against influenza is best done using adjuvant-containing vaccines. Comparable results may probably be obtained by twice inoculating an aquenous vaccine. There are no drawbacks to the use of aluminium-hydroxide as an adjuvant when mineral oil is used as an adjuvant, the first and second vaccinations do not present any problems.", "PMID": 1013982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_355", "title": "Effects of varying pacemaker sites on left ventricular performance.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of the site of the artificial cardiac stimulation were studied in 17 open chest dogs. The right atrium and five ventricular sites (the inflow and outflow tracts and apex of the right ventricle, apex and lateral wall of the left ventricle) were stimulated electronically at a given rate, ranging from 130 to 190 per min. When cardiac performance during ventricular pacing was compared with those during right atrial pacing, the former uniformly caused a diminution of cardiac output and systemic blood pressure, without reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Ventricular function curves, in which left ventricular stroke work was related to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, shifted downwards and to the right during ventricular pacing. Stimulation frequency did not alter these variables. It was considered that the left ventricular dysfunction in ventricular pacing resulted from the absence of atrial contribution to ventricular filling, mitral regurgitation present and asynchronous ventricular contraction. No significant difference of cardiac performance was demonstrated by changing the site of ventricular pacing, suggesting that the mode of ventricular depolarization itself was not relevant to a decrease in cardiac performance.", "contents": "Effects of varying pacemaker sites on left ventricular performance. The hemodynamic effects of the site of the artificial cardiac stimulation were studied in 17 open chest dogs. The right atrium and five ventricular sites (the inflow and outflow tracts and apex of the right ventricle, apex and lateral wall of the left ventricle) were stimulated electronically at a given rate, ranging from 130 to 190 per min. When cardiac performance during ventricular pacing was compared with those during right atrial pacing, the former uniformly caused a diminution of cardiac output and systemic blood pressure, without reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Ventricular function curves, in which left ventricular stroke work was related to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, shifted downwards and to the right during ventricular pacing. Stimulation frequency did not alter these variables. It was considered that the left ventricular dysfunction in ventricular pacing resulted from the absence of atrial contribution to ventricular filling, mitral regurgitation present and asynchronous ventricular contraction. No significant difference of cardiac performance was demonstrated by changing the site of ventricular pacing, suggesting that the mode of ventricular depolarization itself was not relevant to a decrease in cardiac performance.", "PMID": 1013996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_356", "title": "Combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph in the evaluation of displaced kidney.", "content": "The displacement of kidney was studied by using the combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph to leave the liver-spleen scintiphotograph alone. A suprarenal mass was shown as cold spot between the liver and right kidney on the combined study. When the liver scintiphotograph and kidney scintiphotograph were over-lapped and the differential diagnosis was difficult, the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph was useful in the diagnosis of the enlarged liver.", "contents": "Combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph in the evaluation of displaced kidney. The displacement of kidney was studied by using the combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph to leave the liver-spleen scintiphotograph alone. A suprarenal mass was shown as cold spot between the liver and right kidney on the combined study. When the liver scintiphotograph and kidney scintiphotograph were over-lapped and the differential diagnosis was difficult, the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph was useful in the diagnosis of the enlarged liver.", "PMID": 1013997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_357", "title": "Change of serum IgE concentration in asthmatic attack.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with clinical diagnosis of bronchial asthma were evaluated. Serum IgE levels, measured by the Phadebas IgE test, were clearly increased in the patients with asthmatic attack compared with those without asthmatic attack. When the patients were grouped according to the clinical grading of severity of asthmatic attack, the levels showed the significant elevation in proportion to the intensity of asthmatic attack and were higher in the group of severe attack or moderately severe attack than in the group of mild attack. When the serial determination of serum IgE concentration was performed during the clinical course of the patients, a high correlation was observed between the levels and the intensity of asthmatic attack.", "contents": "Change of serum IgE concentration in asthmatic attack. Thirty-two patients with clinical diagnosis of bronchial asthma were evaluated. Serum IgE levels, measured by the Phadebas IgE test, were clearly increased in the patients with asthmatic attack compared with those without asthmatic attack. When the patients were grouped according to the clinical grading of severity of asthmatic attack, the levels showed the significant elevation in proportion to the intensity of asthmatic attack and were higher in the group of severe attack or moderately severe attack than in the group of mild attack. When the serial determination of serum IgE concentration was performed during the clinical course of the patients, a high correlation was observed between the levels and the intensity of asthmatic attack.", "PMID": 1013998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_358", "title": "Histopathological findings of the ovaries in anovulatory women.", "content": "Wedge resection of the ovary was carried out in 45 anovulatory women to study the correlation between the degree of disturbance of ovulation and the histopathological findings. Polycystic ovary was always found in patients with anovulatory cycles. The ovaries in grade 1 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to gestagen alone belonged to the nonspecific type, polycystic type and sclerotic type. These histological changes were relatively mild in many cases. The ovaries in grade 2 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to estrogen and gestagen but not to gestagen alone belonged to the non-specific type, polycystic type, sclerotic type, atrophic type and streak type. Even within the same histological entity, the histological findings of the ovaries were more pronounced in grade 2 amenorrhea than in grade 1 amenorrhea. The patients with primary amenorrhea had only hypoplastic and aplastic ovaries with marked histological abnormalities.", "contents": "Histopathological findings of the ovaries in anovulatory women. Wedge resection of the ovary was carried out in 45 anovulatory women to study the correlation between the degree of disturbance of ovulation and the histopathological findings. Polycystic ovary was always found in patients with anovulatory cycles. The ovaries in grade 1 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to gestagen alone belonged to the nonspecific type, polycystic type and sclerotic type. These histological changes were relatively mild in many cases. The ovaries in grade 2 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to estrogen and gestagen but not to gestagen alone belonged to the non-specific type, polycystic type, sclerotic type, atrophic type and streak type. Even within the same histological entity, the histological findings of the ovaries were more pronounced in grade 2 amenorrhea than in grade 1 amenorrhea. The patients with primary amenorrhea had only hypoplastic and aplastic ovaries with marked histological abnormalities.", "PMID": 1013999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_359", "title": "Biological characteristics of breast cancer in obesity.", "content": "Biological characteristics of breast cancer in obese patients were investigated in comparison with non-obese patients. 134 patients with breast cancer were divided into three categories; thin, normal and obese based upon the height and weight. Five-year survival rate was 55.6% in the obese patients, whereas it was 79.9% in the non-obese patients including thin and normal subjects. A cause for unfavorable prognosis in the obese patients with breast cancer was clinically and histologically investigated. It was found that in the obese patients primary tumor, regional lymph node engorgement and clinical stage were relatively advanced, scirrhous carcinoma was predominant ( 46%), tumor margin was more infiltrattive (gamma type 64%), the incidence of vascular involvement was high (73%), lymph node metastasis was also frequent (58%) and nuclear grade was low.", "contents": "Biological characteristics of breast cancer in obesity. Biological characteristics of breast cancer in obese patients were investigated in comparison with non-obese patients. 134 patients with breast cancer were divided into three categories; thin, normal and obese based upon the height and weight. Five-year survival rate was 55.6% in the obese patients, whereas it was 79.9% in the non-obese patients including thin and normal subjects. A cause for unfavorable prognosis in the obese patients with breast cancer was clinically and histologically investigated. It was found that in the obese patients primary tumor, regional lymph node engorgement and clinical stage were relatively advanced, scirrhous carcinoma was predominant ( 46%), tumor margin was more infiltrattive (gamma type 64%), the incidence of vascular involvement was high (73%), lymph node metastasis was also frequent (58%) and nuclear grade was low.", "PMID": 1014000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_360", "title": "Biotransformation of methylmercury in vitro.", "content": "Inorganic mercury formation from methylmercury by the mouse liver and kidney was studied in vitro. With chopped liver or kidney, inorganic mercury was formed from added methylmercury, but when the tissue was homogenized, the activity was diminished. Equimolar addition of selenium had no effect on the reaction.", "contents": "Biotransformation of methylmercury in vitro. Inorganic mercury formation from methylmercury by the mouse liver and kidney was studied in vitro. With chopped liver or kidney, inorganic mercury was formed from added methylmercury, but when the tissue was homogenized, the activity was diminished. Equimolar addition of selenium had no effect on the reaction.", "PMID": 1014001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_361", "title": "Extraction of erythrocyte membrane proteins by sulfhydryl inhibitors.", "content": "Human red cell membrane proteins were extracted by incubation of the ghost with hypotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), N-ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate. In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis, the amount of proteins extracted by these procedures was significantly less than the amount extractable from the ghost of normal and aplastic anemia red cells. Polypeptide patterns of red cell membranes in these hematological disorders were essentially similar to those of normal ghosts. Analysis of the supernatant by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that this reduction was mainly due to the reduced amount of peripheral proteins extracted. The extraction of peripheral proteins by sulfhydryl reagents was accompanied by shape changes resulting in the formation of membrane vesicles, suggesting an important role of peripheral proteins in the maintenance of ghost shape. It is also suggested that qualitative abnormalities of peripheral proteins such as altered reactivity to sulfhydryl reagents and/or strong binding to the membrane are present in PNH, HS and hereditary elliptocytosis red cells.", "contents": "Extraction of erythrocyte membrane proteins by sulfhydryl inhibitors. Human red cell membrane proteins were extracted by incubation of the ghost with hypotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), N-ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate. In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis, the amount of proteins extracted by these procedures was significantly less than the amount extractable from the ghost of normal and aplastic anemia red cells. Polypeptide patterns of red cell membranes in these hematological disorders were essentially similar to those of normal ghosts. Analysis of the supernatant by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that this reduction was mainly due to the reduced amount of peripheral proteins extracted. The extraction of peripheral proteins by sulfhydryl reagents was accompanied by shape changes resulting in the formation of membrane vesicles, suggesting an important role of peripheral proteins in the maintenance of ghost shape. It is also suggested that qualitative abnormalities of peripheral proteins such as altered reactivity to sulfhydryl reagents and/or strong binding to the membrane are present in PNH, HS and hereditary elliptocytosis red cells.", "PMID": 1014002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_362", "title": "Determination of intrapenial blood volume using 99mTc-labeled autologous red blood cells.", "content": "In 17 impotent patients, radioisotope penography was performed using 99mTc-red blood cells (the patient's own red blood cells labeled with 99mTc) for the quantitative analysis of intrapenial blood volume. A visual sexual stimulation (VSS) was given to the patient after injecting the 99mTc-red blood cells. Patients showing a complete erection had their intrapenial blood volumes 4.2-11.2 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 8.0 times). In cases of incomplete erection after VSS the intrapenial blood volumes were 3.3-7.0 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 4.9 times). In cases showing a gentle rise in their penogram curves without evidence of an erection, intrapenial blood volumes after VSS were 2.0-3.3 times those before VSS (mean increaae, 2.9 times). By contrast, in cases showing no response to the VSS or no rise in penogram curve, post-VSS increases in intrapenial pool of blood were very slight, slight, only 1.4-1.7 times the original volume of blood.", "contents": "Determination of intrapenial blood volume using 99mTc-labeled autologous red blood cells. In 17 impotent patients, radioisotope penography was performed using 99mTc-red blood cells (the patient's own red blood cells labeled with 99mTc) for the quantitative analysis of intrapenial blood volume. A visual sexual stimulation (VSS) was given to the patient after injecting the 99mTc-red blood cells. Patients showing a complete erection had their intrapenial blood volumes 4.2-11.2 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 8.0 times). In cases of incomplete erection after VSS the intrapenial blood volumes were 3.3-7.0 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 4.9 times). In cases showing a gentle rise in their penogram curves without evidence of an erection, intrapenial blood volumes after VSS were 2.0-3.3 times those before VSS (mean increaae, 2.9 times). By contrast, in cases showing no response to the VSS or no rise in penogram curve, post-VSS increases in intrapenial pool of blood were very slight, slight, only 1.4-1.7 times the original volume of blood.", "PMID": 1014003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_363", "title": "Glial and capillary density of the pontine white matter in swelling and atrophy.", "content": "A total of 48 autopsied brains were morphometrically examined for the relation between pontine geometry and structural parameters. In each case, the numerical density of neuroglial cells Nv(G) and the linear density of capillary network Lv(C) of the pontine white matter were determined stereologically from the counts of glial nuclear profiles and capillary transections per constant area of a histological section with a constant thickness. It was revealed that in general the glial numerical density increased with advancing atrophy and decreased with increasing swelling, whereas the capillary linear density remained fairly constant especially in the advanced stage of brain swelling. Further analysis of this relation using a model of pontine geometry has made it clear that the total capillary length in the swollen white matter increases probably at the expense of the capillary caliber as swelling advances. The changes in the ratio Lv(C)/Nv(G) under pathological conditions are emphasized and possible utility of classifying stages of acute brain swelling from a viewpoint of microvascular dimension is suggested.", "contents": "Glial and capillary density of the pontine white matter in swelling and atrophy. A total of 48 autopsied brains were morphometrically examined for the relation between pontine geometry and structural parameters. In each case, the numerical density of neuroglial cells Nv(G) and the linear density of capillary network Lv(C) of the pontine white matter were determined stereologically from the counts of glial nuclear profiles and capillary transections per constant area of a histological section with a constant thickness. It was revealed that in general the glial numerical density increased with advancing atrophy and decreased with increasing swelling, whereas the capillary linear density remained fairly constant especially in the advanced stage of brain swelling. Further analysis of this relation using a model of pontine geometry has made it clear that the total capillary length in the swollen white matter increases probably at the expense of the capillary caliber as swelling advances. The changes in the ratio Lv(C)/Nv(G) under pathological conditions are emphasized and possible utility of classifying stages of acute brain swelling from a viewpoint of microvascular dimension is suggested.", "PMID": 1014004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_364", "title": "Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 5. Metabolic conversion and nuclear binding after injection of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, in vivo.", "content": "The pattern of androgenic metabolites in blood, muscle, caput and cauda epididymidis has been investigated in functionally hepatectomized 24 hours castrated rats, 3 hours after the intra-muscular injection of 200 muCi of 3H-3H-3alpha-diol. Identification of the radioactive metabolites showed only negligible differences between the epididymal regions. In both caput and cauda the main metabolite was DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one); 3alpha- and 3beta-diol, androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-17-one), 5-A-dione (5alpha-androsterone-3, 17-dione), delta16-3alpha-01 (kalpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-01), delta16-3beta-01 (5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-01) and delta16-3-one (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) were also present. Androsterone and 3alpha-diol were the predominant metabolites in blood and muscle. No delta16 compounds could be detected and in constrast to epididymis, more than 50% of the radioactivity was associated with polar compounds. From determination of total radioactivity, it was seen that retention by epididymis varied from two to four times that of muscle. Purification and identification of the radioactivity associated with the nuclear fraction demonstrated that DHT was the only nuclear bound androgen. It is suggested from these results that at least one effect of 3alpha-diol on the rat epididymis is exerted through its conversion to DHT.", "contents": "Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 5. Metabolic conversion and nuclear binding after injection of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, in vivo. The pattern of androgenic metabolites in blood, muscle, caput and cauda epididymidis has been investigated in functionally hepatectomized 24 hours castrated rats, 3 hours after the intra-muscular injection of 200 muCi of 3H-3H-3alpha-diol. Identification of the radioactive metabolites showed only negligible differences between the epididymal regions. In both caput and cauda the main metabolite was DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one); 3alpha- and 3beta-diol, androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-17-one), 5-A-dione (5alpha-androsterone-3, 17-dione), delta16-3alpha-01 (kalpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-01), delta16-3beta-01 (5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-01) and delta16-3-one (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) were also present. Androsterone and 3alpha-diol were the predominant metabolites in blood and muscle. No delta16 compounds could be detected and in constrast to epididymis, more than 50% of the radioactivity was associated with polar compounds. From determination of total radioactivity, it was seen that retention by epididymis varied from two to four times that of muscle. Purification and identification of the radioactivity associated with the nuclear fraction demonstrated that DHT was the only nuclear bound androgen. It is suggested from these results that at least one effect of 3alpha-diol on the rat epididymis is exerted through its conversion to DHT.", "PMID": 1014038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_365", "title": "Metabolites of estradiol-17beta in guinea pig uterus late in pregnancy.", "content": "The metabolism of estradiol-17beta by the guinea pig uterus late in pregnancy was studied in vivo and in vitro. Whole uteri were examined for estrogen metabolites one hour following an intravenous injection of [3H]-estradiol-17beta or uterine sections were examined after incubation for one hour at 37 degrees C in medium containing [3H]-estradiol-17beta. In both instances uterine tissue metabolized estradiol-17beta to five products; estrone, estrone-3-sulfate, 17beta-estradiol-3-sulfate, estrone-3-glucuronide and 17beta-estradiol-3-glucuronide. Of the total radioactive products 11-43% were glucuronides, 17-26% were sulfates and 4-17% was estrone. These results indicate that the guinea pig uterus actively transforms estradiol-17beta into glucuronides and sulfates late in pregnancy.", "contents": "Metabolites of estradiol-17beta in guinea pig uterus late in pregnancy. The metabolism of estradiol-17beta by the guinea pig uterus late in pregnancy was studied in vivo and in vitro. Whole uteri were examined for estrogen metabolites one hour following an intravenous injection of [3H]-estradiol-17beta or uterine sections were examined after incubation for one hour at 37 degrees C in medium containing [3H]-estradiol-17beta. In both instances uterine tissue metabolized estradiol-17beta to five products; estrone, estrone-3-sulfate, 17beta-estradiol-3-sulfate, estrone-3-glucuronide and 17beta-estradiol-3-glucuronide. Of the total radioactive products 11-43% were glucuronides, 17-26% were sulfates and 4-17% was estrone. These results indicate that the guinea pig uterus actively transforms estradiol-17beta into glucuronides and sulfates late in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1014039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_366", "title": "Simplified radioimmunoassay for aldosterone using antisera to aldosterone-gamma-lactone.", "content": "A simplified, non-chromatographic method for aldosterone-gamma-lactone (2) radio-immunoassay is described, using a high titer aldosterone-gamma-lactone antibody. This method takes six working hours for completion; the blanks are below the sensitivity of the assay (0-10 pg), and the intra and interassay coefficient of variation is 4.9% and 8.2% respectively. There is no significant variation with different plasma volumes assayed and the plot of added and assayed aldosterone gives a slope of 0.983. The negligible cross reactivity with other steroids and lactones eliminates the problem of interference by these substances.", "contents": "Simplified radioimmunoassay for aldosterone using antisera to aldosterone-gamma-lactone. A simplified, non-chromatographic method for aldosterone-gamma-lactone (2) radio-immunoassay is described, using a high titer aldosterone-gamma-lactone antibody. This method takes six working hours for completion; the blanks are below the sensitivity of the assay (0-10 pg), and the intra and interassay coefficient of variation is 4.9% and 8.2% respectively. There is no significant variation with different plasma volumes assayed and the plot of added and assayed aldosterone gives a slope of 0.983. The negligible cross reactivity with other steroids and lactones eliminates the problem of interference by these substances.", "PMID": 1014040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_367", "title": "Phytoecdysones from Diplazium donianum.", "content": "From Diplazium donianum, makisterone A, makisterone D, and an unidentified stereoisomer of makisterone B have been isolated. The presence of two other unidentified phytoecdysones has been noted.", "contents": "Phytoecdysones from Diplazium donianum. From Diplazium donianum, makisterone A, makisterone D, and an unidentified stereoisomer of makisterone B have been isolated. The presence of two other unidentified phytoecdysones has been noted.", "PMID": 1014041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_368", "title": "Bile acids. LII. The synthesis of 24-nor-5alpha-cholic acid and its 3beta-isomer.", "content": "To aid in the identification of trihydroxy acidic metabolite(s) derived from beta-sitosterol, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholan-23-oic acid was prepared and its methyl ester was treated with Raney nickel in boiling p-cymene to provide methyl 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5alpha-cholanate, 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholante and 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-norchol-4-enoate. The latter compound was synthesized from the 3-oxo-5beta-derivative with SeO2 to provide a product with identical properties. Catalytic reduction of either saturated 3-oxo-derivative provided the appropriate 3,7,12-triols isomeric at C-3. Results from gas liquid and partition chromatography, mass spectrometry, and otherr physical properties of the acids, their methyl esters and other derivatives are compatible with the assigned structures.", "contents": "Bile acids. LII. The synthesis of 24-nor-5alpha-cholic acid and its 3beta-isomer. To aid in the identification of trihydroxy acidic metabolite(s) derived from beta-sitosterol, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholan-23-oic acid was prepared and its methyl ester was treated with Raney nickel in boiling p-cymene to provide methyl 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5alpha-cholanate, 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholante and 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-norchol-4-enoate. The latter compound was synthesized from the 3-oxo-5beta-derivative with SeO2 to provide a product with identical properties. Catalytic reduction of either saturated 3-oxo-derivative provided the appropriate 3,7,12-triols isomeric at C-3. Results from gas liquid and partition chromatography, mass spectrometry, and otherr physical properties of the acids, their methyl esters and other derivatives are compatible with the assigned structures.", "PMID": 1014042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_369", "title": "Nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor in whole uteri.", "content": "In order to show whether the estrogen complex (ER) in the intact cell binds to some nuclear component or whether it is in free equilibrium between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, we incubated intact uteri under conditions which increased the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER. These conditions included (a) the use of sucrose at concentrations greater than 0.75 M, (b) ethanol at 7.5% to 10%, or (c) 1 mM mercuric chloride or phenylmercuric acetate. Whereas (b) and (c) increased the ratio by preferentially denaturing the cytoplasmic ER, (a) caused ER to move from the cytoplasm into the nucleus by an undetermined mechanism. Uteri with a high ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER were then washed, incubated in fresh \"normal\" incubation media, fractionated and the location of ER determined. If ER binding does occur in the nucleus, the high ratio of nuclear ER to cytoplasmic ER should be maintained, whereas if ER is in an equilibrium in the cell, ER should redistribute and re-establish the \"normal\" ratio. In all cases studied; i.e., after pre-treatment with sucrose at different concentrations, ethanol at different concentrations and either mercuric chloride or phenylmercuric acetate, the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER remained high, suggesting that ER binds to some nuclear component in intact cells.", "contents": "Nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor in whole uteri. In order to show whether the estrogen complex (ER) in the intact cell binds to some nuclear component or whether it is in free equilibrium between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, we incubated intact uteri under conditions which increased the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER. These conditions included (a) the use of sucrose at concentrations greater than 0.75 M, (b) ethanol at 7.5% to 10%, or (c) 1 mM mercuric chloride or phenylmercuric acetate. Whereas (b) and (c) increased the ratio by preferentially denaturing the cytoplasmic ER, (a) caused ER to move from the cytoplasm into the nucleus by an undetermined mechanism. Uteri with a high ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER were then washed, incubated in fresh \"normal\" incubation media, fractionated and the location of ER determined. If ER binding does occur in the nucleus, the high ratio of nuclear ER to cytoplasmic ER should be maintained, whereas if ER is in an equilibrium in the cell, ER should redistribute and re-establish the \"normal\" ratio. In all cases studied; i.e., after pre-treatment with sucrose at different concentrations, ethanol at different concentrations and either mercuric chloride or phenylmercuric acetate, the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER remained high, suggesting that ER binds to some nuclear component in intact cells.", "PMID": 1014043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_370", "title": "Convenient large scale preparation of catechol estrogens.", "content": "2-Hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxyestriol, 4-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 4-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol and 4-hydroxyestriol are prepared on a preparative scale from the corresponding aminophenols using a new inverse oxidation procedure. By the synthesis described both the 2- and 4-hydroxylated estrogens are available in high yields.", "contents": "Convenient large scale preparation of catechol estrogens. 2-Hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxyestriol, 4-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 4-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol and 4-hydroxyestriol are prepared on a preparative scale from the corresponding aminophenols using a new inverse oxidation procedure. By the synthesis described both the 2- and 4-hydroxylated estrogens are available in high yields.", "PMID": 1014044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_371", "title": "A non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of progesterone in serum.", "content": "Convenient methodology based on separation of progesterone from alcoholic neutral steroids by means of a sulfation-procedure has been developed for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone in male and female serum. When coordinated with our previously published non-chromatographic procedure for the RIA of estrone and estradiol in serum, all 3 seteroids can be determined in the same specimen. Validation of the procedure was based on: 1. Agreement between results obtained using ILC and sulfation to fractionate progesterone (r=0.98; b=0.86), 2. accurate recovery of different quantities of progesterone added to serum, 3. independence of the concentration of progesterone and volume of serum used for assay, 4. low procedural blanks (3.6 +/- 1.3 pg), 5. low intraassay (9.7 - 10.3%) and interassay (11.0 - 11.6%) variability and 6. correspondence of observed values for progesterone in male serum (108 +/- 20 pg/ml) and in female serum (follicular, 285 +/- 149 pg/ml; luteal, 3.46 +/- 1.45 ng/ml) with those reported previously by others.", "contents": "A non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of progesterone in serum. Convenient methodology based on separation of progesterone from alcoholic neutral steroids by means of a sulfation-procedure has been developed for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone in male and female serum. When coordinated with our previously published non-chromatographic procedure for the RIA of estrone and estradiol in serum, all 3 seteroids can be determined in the same specimen. Validation of the procedure was based on: 1. Agreement between results obtained using ILC and sulfation to fractionate progesterone (r=0.98; b=0.86), 2. accurate recovery of different quantities of progesterone added to serum, 3. independence of the concentration of progesterone and volume of serum used for assay, 4. low procedural blanks (3.6 +/- 1.3 pg), 5. low intraassay (9.7 - 10.3%) and interassay (11.0 - 11.6%) variability and 6. correspondence of observed values for progesterone in male serum (108 +/- 20 pg/ml) and in female serum (follicular, 285 +/- 149 pg/ml; luteal, 3.46 +/- 1.45 ng/ml) with those reported previously by others.", "PMID": 1014045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_372", "title": "Hormonal regulation of LH stimulation of testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells of immature rats: the effect of hypophysectomy, FSH, and estradiol-17beta.", "content": "Testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells from testes of immature and adult rats was stimulated by addition of LH in a dose dependent way. Hypophysectomy of adult rats had no influence on LH-stimulated testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells after 5 days. In contrast hypophysectomy of immature rats resulted after 5 days in an almost complete loss of LH sensitivity of isolated Leydig cells. Daily adminitration of FSH during 5 days starting immediately after hypophysectomy maintained LH responsiveness of isolated Leydig cells of immature rats. Also FSH administration starting on day 5 after hypophysectomy resulted in a restoration of LH responsiveness. Estradiol benzoate, injected simultaneously with FSH, abolished the FSH-induced LH responsiveness.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of LH stimulation of testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells of immature rats: the effect of hypophysectomy, FSH, and estradiol-17beta. Testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells from testes of immature and adult rats was stimulated by addition of LH in a dose dependent way. Hypophysectomy of adult rats had no influence on LH-stimulated testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells after 5 days. In contrast hypophysectomy of immature rats resulted after 5 days in an almost complete loss of LH sensitivity of isolated Leydig cells. Daily adminitration of FSH during 5 days starting immediately after hypophysectomy maintained LH responsiveness of isolated Leydig cells of immature rats. Also FSH administration starting on day 5 after hypophysectomy resulted in a restoration of LH responsiveness. Estradiol benzoate, injected simultaneously with FSH, abolished the FSH-induced LH responsiveness.", "PMID": 1014046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_373", "title": "Isolation, identification and quantitation of serum 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and its relationship to progesterone in the pregnant mare.", "content": "5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was isolated from pooled pregnant mare serum using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by the use of radioimmunoassay, gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione was not cross-reactive with the radioimmunoassay system and was not detected by gas-liquid chromatography. Peripheral blood levels of progesterone and 5alphs-pregnane-3,20-dione were determined by radioimmunoassay in four Quarter Horse mares for the first 150 days of gestation. Progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione declined from a range of 6 to 15 ng/ml at day 10 to a range of 2 to 8 ng/ml at day 40. After day 40 there was an increase in progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione concentration. Toward the end of 150 days of gestation progesterone tended to decline; whereas, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione levels were maintained or increased to levels as high as 35 ng/ml. Neither source nor function of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione is known.", "contents": "Isolation, identification and quantitation of serum 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and its relationship to progesterone in the pregnant mare. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was isolated from pooled pregnant mare serum using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by the use of radioimmunoassay, gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione was not cross-reactive with the radioimmunoassay system and was not detected by gas-liquid chromatography. Peripheral blood levels of progesterone and 5alphs-pregnane-3,20-dione were determined by radioimmunoassay in four Quarter Horse mares for the first 150 days of gestation. Progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione declined from a range of 6 to 15 ng/ml at day 10 to a range of 2 to 8 ng/ml at day 40. After day 40 there was an increase in progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione concentration. Toward the end of 150 days of gestation progesterone tended to decline; whereas, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione levels were maintained or increased to levels as high as 35 ng/ml. Neither source nor function of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione is known.", "PMID": 1014047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_374", "title": "Preparturient changes in plasma concentrations of estrone, estradiol-17beta and estradiol-17alpha in the fetal calf: effects of dexamethasone infusion.", "content": "The concentrations of total estrogens in fetal calf plasma were determined during a 6-10 day period immediately before delivery. Comparison was made between levels found in untreated calves and calves infused with dexamethasone at the rate of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/24 hours. In untreated calves the plasma estrone, estradiol-17beta and estradio-17alpha levels remained relatively constant at 38 +/- 7 ng ml-1 (mean +/- SEM n = 3), 46 +/- 6 ng ml-1 and 29 +/- 5 ng ml-1 respectively. Infusion with dexamethasone at 0.1 mg/24 hr (3 calves) and 1.0 mg/24 hr (3 calves) was without dramatic effect on plasma estrogen levels. However, in one fetus infused with 10.0 mg/24 hr the dexamethasone treatment may have caused a transitory rise in the levels of all estrogens examined.", "contents": "Preparturient changes in plasma concentrations of estrone, estradiol-17beta and estradiol-17alpha in the fetal calf: effects of dexamethasone infusion. The concentrations of total estrogens in fetal calf plasma were determined during a 6-10 day period immediately before delivery. Comparison was made between levels found in untreated calves and calves infused with dexamethasone at the rate of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/24 hours. In untreated calves the plasma estrone, estradiol-17beta and estradio-17alpha levels remained relatively constant at 38 +/- 7 ng ml-1 (mean +/- SEM n = 3), 46 +/- 6 ng ml-1 and 29 +/- 5 ng ml-1 respectively. Infusion with dexamethasone at 0.1 mg/24 hr (3 calves) and 1.0 mg/24 hr (3 calves) was without dramatic effect on plasma estrogen levels. However, in one fetus infused with 10.0 mg/24 hr the dexamethasone treatment may have caused a transitory rise in the levels of all estrogens examined.", "PMID": 1014048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_375", "title": "Schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bladder: a critical appraisal of causal relationship.", "content": "The pathology of 154 cases of carcinoma of the urinary bladder diagnosed in surgical specimens in Ibadan is reviewed. Schistosoma haematobium-infections are found in association with all varieties of urothelial carcinoma. The majority of tumours in this and previously reported series from bilharzial and nonbilharzial underdeveloped regions presented in advanced stages. It is suggested that the preponderance of squamous cell carcinoma in these regions is a reflection of late clinical presentation. The evidence so far presented to support a causal relationship between schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bladder is reviewed. It is concluded that such relationship is probably not true.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bladder: a critical appraisal of causal relationship. The pathology of 154 cases of carcinoma of the urinary bladder diagnosed in surgical specimens in Ibadan is reviewed. Schistosoma haematobium-infections are found in association with all varieties of urothelial carcinoma. The majority of tumours in this and previously reported series from bilharzial and nonbilharzial underdeveloped regions presented in advanced stages. It is suggested that the preponderance of squamous cell carcinoma in these regions is a reflection of late clinical presentation. The evidence so far presented to support a causal relationship between schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bladder is reviewed. It is concluded that such relationship is probably not true.", "PMID": 1014066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_376", "title": "Geographical distribution of amyloidosis in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "During an 11 year period 73 cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed at Port Moresby General Hospital as a result of histological examination of autopsy or biopsy material. No case of amyloidosis came from either the Highlands or North Coast regions although these two areas together accounted for 16% of the medical admissions at the hospital and made up a similar percentage of Port Moresby's Papua New Guinean population. Within the sub-district in which Port Moresby is situated there was a much higher incidence of amyloidosis in the inland, more sparsely populated, census divisions of the sub-district. Aetiological factors which may be related to the common occurrence of amyloidosis in Papua New Guinea are discussed in light of the observed geographical distribution of cases.", "contents": "Geographical distribution of amyloidosis in Papua New Guinea. During an 11 year period 73 cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed at Port Moresby General Hospital as a result of histological examination of autopsy or biopsy material. No case of amyloidosis came from either the Highlands or North Coast regions although these two areas together accounted for 16% of the medical admissions at the hospital and made up a similar percentage of Port Moresby's Papua New Guinean population. Within the sub-district in which Port Moresby is situated there was a much higher incidence of amyloidosis in the inland, more sparsely populated, census divisions of the sub-district. Aetiological factors which may be related to the common occurrence of amyloidosis in Papua New Guinea are discussed in light of the observed geographical distribution of cases.", "PMID": 1014067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_377", "title": "Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi.", "content": "The distribution of non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi in Central Africa has been studied in order to test the previous observation of an association between the disease and the volcanic rocks and soils on which the people live. Using the method of market counts, a total of 26,602 adults were observed in 23 markets; 189 had elephantiasis. In addition, 264 cases were observed in specially arranged clinics and a further 77 while travelling. Prevalence per thousand adults varied from 0.0 to 20.7. It was noted that the areas of high prevalence corresponded with the areas of volcanic lava. A differential market count at the edge of the red soils in two of these areas showed a raised prevalence among people living on these soils, similar to that observed in Ethiopia. The observations confirm that the disease occurs in barefooted people who dig in soil developed from volcanic rocks, under tropical conditions, at altitudes around 1500 m. It is suggested that the high proportion of iron and other transitional metals may be important as irritant or toxic to the lymphatic vessels of the legs after absorption.", "contents": "Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi. The distribution of non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi in Central Africa has been studied in order to test the previous observation of an association between the disease and the volcanic rocks and soils on which the people live. Using the method of market counts, a total of 26,602 adults were observed in 23 markets; 189 had elephantiasis. In addition, 264 cases were observed in specially arranged clinics and a further 77 while travelling. Prevalence per thousand adults varied from 0.0 to 20.7. It was noted that the areas of high prevalence corresponded with the areas of volcanic lava. A differential market count at the edge of the red soils in two of these areas showed a raised prevalence among people living on these soils, similar to that observed in Ethiopia. The observations confirm that the disease occurs in barefooted people who dig in soil developed from volcanic rocks, under tropical conditions, at altitudes around 1500 m. It is suggested that the high proportion of iron and other transitional metals may be important as irritant or toxic to the lymphatic vessels of the legs after absorption.", "PMID": 1014068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_378", "title": "A tuberculin skin test survey in a rural Ghanaian population.", "content": "A study to determine the prevalence of positive tuberculin skin tests in a rural area of Ghana is described. Subjects over 14 exhibited the greatest percentage of positive reactions (40%), those under 15, less than 10 percent. Males had a higher percentage of positive reactions than females, which is consistent with the results of other tuberculin skin test studies. Prevalence of BCG scars was also studied as part of a village health survey medical examination. Overall BCG coverage was low (10%): the school age population, mose easily reached by mobile vaccination teams, had the highest rate of coverage (16%). There was a poor correlation between mothers' perception of children's BCG immunization status and the children's actual status determined during the medical examination, largely due to poor communication between immunization staff and the villagers. The authors conclude that BCG immunizations should be encouraged, particularly in children under 15, preferably via a mobile, mass campaign approach, with careful communication between medical staff and villagers.", "contents": "A tuberculin skin test survey in a rural Ghanaian population. A study to determine the prevalence of positive tuberculin skin tests in a rural area of Ghana is described. Subjects over 14 exhibited the greatest percentage of positive reactions (40%), those under 15, less than 10 percent. Males had a higher percentage of positive reactions than females, which is consistent with the results of other tuberculin skin test studies. Prevalence of BCG scars was also studied as part of a village health survey medical examination. Overall BCG coverage was low (10%): the school age population, mose easily reached by mobile vaccination teams, had the highest rate of coverage (16%). There was a poor correlation between mothers' perception of children's BCG immunization status and the children's actual status determined during the medical examination, largely due to poor communication between immunization staff and the villagers. The authors conclude that BCG immunizations should be encouraged, particularly in children under 15, preferably via a mobile, mass campaign approach, with careful communication between medical staff and villagers.", "PMID": 1014069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_379", "title": "Volvulus of the sigmoid in Khartoum, Sudan.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of acute volvulus of the sigmoid in Khartoum Hospital are analysed. The condition accounts for 17.8 percent of all cases of acute intestinal obstruction. The majority of patients were from the Southern tribes whose diet contains a large amount of fibre. Of the different methods of surgical management simple operative detorsion and deflation gave the best results. The overall mortality rate was 23.1 percent.", "contents": "Volvulus of the sigmoid in Khartoum, Sudan. Twenty-six cases of acute volvulus of the sigmoid in Khartoum Hospital are analysed. The condition accounts for 17.8 percent of all cases of acute intestinal obstruction. The majority of patients were from the Southern tribes whose diet contains a large amount of fibre. Of the different methods of surgical management simple operative detorsion and deflation gave the best results. The overall mortality rate was 23.1 percent.", "PMID": 1014070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_380", "title": "Preterm and other babies with low birthweights in Ibadan.", "content": "Earlier studies on the incidence of low birthweight babies were unanimous in the belief that this is a peculiarity of the developing countries, especially of the negro race. However, the more recent studies have shown that the differences in the incidence of low birthweights between the developed and developing countries might be due to other factors. In a study of birthweights in Ibadan, Nigeria, evidence was presented which showed that the level of socio-economic standards, rather than the peculiarity of geographical location or race, accounted for a high percentage of low birthweight babies. The various other factors associated with low birthweight babies in Ibadan were also highlighted.", "contents": "Preterm and other babies with low birthweights in Ibadan. Earlier studies on the incidence of low birthweight babies were unanimous in the belief that this is a peculiarity of the developing countries, especially of the negro race. However, the more recent studies have shown that the differences in the incidence of low birthweights between the developed and developing countries might be due to other factors. In a study of birthweights in Ibadan, Nigeria, evidence was presented which showed that the level of socio-economic standards, rather than the peculiarity of geographical location or race, accounted for a high percentage of low birthweight babies. The various other factors associated with low birthweight babies in Ibadan were also highlighted.", "PMID": 1014071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_381", "title": "Platelet count in healthy full-term Nigerian neonates.", "content": "633 platelet counts are reported on 338 full-term healthy Nigerian babies aged 1 hour to 28 days. Platelet counts for the first week (207,000 +/- 72,000 cumm) are significantly lower (P less than .001) than in the subsequent 3 weeks (282,000 +/- 94,000 cumm). Platelet counts of 100,000-400,000/cumm during the first week and 100,000-450,000/cumm during the rest of the neonatal period include 95% of the respective age groups of Nigerian infants studied and these ranges can therefore be regarded as standard for healthy Nigerian neonates. Platelet counts in Nigerian neonates are essentially similar to those reported elsewhere but significantly higher than in Nigerian adults.", "contents": "Platelet count in healthy full-term Nigerian neonates. 633 platelet counts are reported on 338 full-term healthy Nigerian babies aged 1 hour to 28 days. Platelet counts for the first week (207,000 +/- 72,000 cumm) are significantly lower (P less than .001) than in the subsequent 3 weeks (282,000 +/- 94,000 cumm). Platelet counts of 100,000-400,000/cumm during the first week and 100,000-450,000/cumm during the rest of the neonatal period include 95% of the respective age groups of Nigerian infants studied and these ranges can therefore be regarded as standard for healthy Nigerian neonates. Platelet counts in Nigerian neonates are essentially similar to those reported elsewhere but significantly higher than in Nigerian adults.", "PMID": 1014072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_382", "title": "Lactose tolerance in adult Jordanian Arabs.", "content": "Lactose tolerance tests were performed in 56 male and female Jordanian Arabs who were permanently resident in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Forty three had a low rise in blood glucose and 36 had one or more symptoms after oral lactose. Lactose tolerance was not related to sex, age, milk or milk products consumption. The data presented confirm the few existing reports that the majority of Arabs, originating from the Mediterranean basin are hypolactasic and intolerant to lactose.", "contents": "Lactose tolerance in adult Jordanian Arabs. Lactose tolerance tests were performed in 56 male and female Jordanian Arabs who were permanently resident in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Forty three had a low rise in blood glucose and 36 had one or more symptoms after oral lactose. Lactose tolerance was not related to sex, age, milk or milk products consumption. The data presented confirm the few existing reports that the majority of Arabs, originating from the Mediterranean basin are hypolactasic and intolerant to lactose.", "PMID": 1014073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_383", "title": "Lactose intolerance in East Indians of Trinidad.", "content": "The incidence of lactose intolerance and by inference intestinal lactase deficiency was investigated by means of the oral lactose tolerance test in 30 East Indians born in Trinidad but of Indian heritage. Twenty showed flat curves (67%) and twenty had cramps and diarrhoea following the lactose load (67%). In India milk consumption is less than in Trinidad. Since all subjects were of the same racial origin the findings are interpreted as suggesting that lactase deficiency among East Indians is inherited on a genetic basis.", "contents": "Lactose intolerance in East Indians of Trinidad. The incidence of lactose intolerance and by inference intestinal lactase deficiency was investigated by means of the oral lactose tolerance test in 30 East Indians born in Trinidad but of Indian heritage. Twenty showed flat curves (67%) and twenty had cramps and diarrhoea following the lactose load (67%). In India milk consumption is less than in Trinidad. Since all subjects were of the same racial origin the findings are interpreted as suggesting that lactase deficiency among East Indians is inherited on a genetic basis.", "PMID": 1014074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_384", "title": "Toxoplasma gondii haemagglutinating antibody titers in Indonesian goats.", "content": "Sera of 465 goats from several of the Indonesian islands were tested for indirect haemagglutinating (IHA) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Titers greater than or equal to 1:16 were found in 24% of the animals with approximately 11% having titers of greater than or equal to 1:256. Sera from pigs, cows, water buffaloes and horses were also tested and only pig sera had IHA antibodies at titers above greater than or equal to 1:16. The possible role of goats in transmission of toxoplasmosis is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Toxoplasma gondii haemagglutinating antibody titers in Indonesian goats. Sera of 465 goats from several of the Indonesian islands were tested for indirect haemagglutinating (IHA) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Titers greater than or equal to 1:16 were found in 24% of the animals with approximately 11% having titers of greater than or equal to 1:256. Sera from pigs, cows, water buffaloes and horses were also tested and only pig sera had IHA antibodies at titers above greater than or equal to 1:16. The possible role of goats in transmission of toxoplasmosis is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1014077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_385", "title": "Filariasis in the Minahassa.", "content": "A survey concerning the occurrence of filariasis was carried out in Likupang, a village in the Minahassa, the norther tip of the Island of Celebes. We found four patients with elephantiasis of the leg. Only of people living in their neighbourhood proved to be positive for microfilariae of Brugia malayi. This result differs from surveys formerly carried out in whole Sulawesi, where locally microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti occurred next to those of B. malayi.", "contents": "Filariasis in the Minahassa. A survey concerning the occurrence of filariasis was carried out in Likupang, a village in the Minahassa, the norther tip of the Island of Celebes. We found four patients with elephantiasis of the leg. Only of people living in their neighbourhood proved to be positive for microfilariae of Brugia malayi. This result differs from surveys formerly carried out in whole Sulawesi, where locally microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti occurred next to those of B. malayi.", "PMID": 1014078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_386", "title": "[Indications for amniocentesis for prenatal determination of fetal karyotype].", "content": "Analysis of the data from 13 centres of prenatal diagnosis in different countries revealed that 35 out of 1532 pregnancies where diagnostical amniocentesis was performed terminated in \"spontaneous\" abortions. The frequency of \"spontaneous\" abortions was found to be 2.28%. It was supposed that only those situations where a risk of the chromosomal disbalance in the fetus is above 2% may be regarded as the indications to amniocentesis for karyotype prenatal determination.", "contents": "[Indications for amniocentesis for prenatal determination of fetal karyotype]. Analysis of the data from 13 centres of prenatal diagnosis in different countries revealed that 35 out of 1532 pregnancies where diagnostical amniocentesis was performed terminated in \"spontaneous\" abortions. The frequency of \"spontaneous\" abortions was found to be 2.28%. It was supposed that only those situations where a risk of the chromosomal disbalance in the fetus is above 2% may be regarded as the indications to amniocentesis for karyotype prenatal determination.", "PMID": 1014080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_387", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations in the somatic cells of mammals evoked by chromium compounds].", "content": "It is established that potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7) in chronic and acute poisoning evokes a significant increase in frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations in bone marrow of rats. Mutagenic effect of chromium compounds is not always in correlation with their toxic action. It is supposed that chromium compounds possess the properties of chemical mutagenes of delayed action.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations in the somatic cells of mammals evoked by chromium compounds]. It is established that potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7) in chronic and acute poisoning evokes a significant increase in frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations in bone marrow of rats. Mutagenic effect of chromium compounds is not always in correlation with their toxic action. It is supposed that chromium compounds possess the properties of chemical mutagenes of delayed action.", "PMID": 1014086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_388", "title": "[Ultrastructural transformation of guinea pig hepatocyte nuclei 2.5 hours after partial hepatectomy].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of guinea-pig hepatocytes activated by partial hepatectomy were investigated in the period preceding the intensification of premitotic synthesis of protein and DNA, i. e. 2.5 hours after the operation, when the maximal increase of Acridine orange binding by DNP of these cells occurs. A disarrangement of the strand-like distribution patterns of condensed chromatin and margination of membrane-bound condensed chromatin was found. Morphometric analysis has shown some decrease of area occupied by condensed chromatin not bound with membrane and perinucleolar chromatin, and also a decrease in the number of isolated clumps of this chromatin. These finding may suggest some chromatin decondensation. At the same time, the condensed chromatin of most of hepatocytes reveals a righter packing of DNA fibrils. The nucleoli of activated hepatocytes increase in size and have a welll developed nucleolonemic structure and granular component; these pecularities corresponding to a high level of nucleolar RNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural transformation of guinea pig hepatocyte nuclei 2.5 hours after partial hepatectomy]. Ultrastructural changes of guinea-pig hepatocytes activated by partial hepatectomy were investigated in the period preceding the intensification of premitotic synthesis of protein and DNA, i. e. 2.5 hours after the operation, when the maximal increase of Acridine orange binding by DNP of these cells occurs. A disarrangement of the strand-like distribution patterns of condensed chromatin and margination of membrane-bound condensed chromatin was found. Morphometric analysis has shown some decrease of area occupied by condensed chromatin not bound with membrane and perinucleolar chromatin, and also a decrease in the number of isolated clumps of this chromatin. These finding may suggest some chromatin decondensation. At the same time, the condensed chromatin of most of hepatocytes reveals a righter packing of DNA fibrils. The nucleoli of activated hepatocytes increase in size and have a welll developed nucleolonemic structure and granular component; these pecularities corresponding to a high level of nucleolar RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1014098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_389", "title": "[Different types of secondary degeneration of visual nerve endings in the midbrain tectum of the steppe turtle].", "content": "Along with the commonly known patterns of terminal destruction (\"dark\", \"light\", \"neurofilamentous\"), new types of changes have been revealed, referred to as \"vesicular\" and \"glycogen\" trasformation types. Vesicular transformation which may develop according to the dark or light type is characterized by a sharp deformation of synaptic vesicles; glycogen transformation is distinguished by agglutination and disappearance of synaptic vesicles, the inside of the terminal being filled up with glycogen granules. Ultrastructural differences of the terminal degeneration process in different groups of nerve fibers reflect the morpho-functional heterogeneity of the retina ganglion cells and of their axons.", "contents": "[Different types of secondary degeneration of visual nerve endings in the midbrain tectum of the steppe turtle]. Along with the commonly known patterns of terminal destruction (\"dark\", \"light\", \"neurofilamentous\"), new types of changes have been revealed, referred to as \"vesicular\" and \"glycogen\" trasformation types. Vesicular transformation which may develop according to the dark or light type is characterized by a sharp deformation of synaptic vesicles; glycogen transformation is distinguished by agglutination and disappearance of synaptic vesicles, the inside of the terminal being filled up with glycogen granules. Ultrastructural differences of the terminal degeneration process in different groups of nerve fibers reflect the morpho-functional heterogeneity of the retina ganglion cells and of their axons.", "PMID": 1014099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_390", "title": "[Laminar analysis of neuronal ultrastructure in the midbrain tectum of the steppe turtle].", "content": "A layer-to-layer study of the neuronal ultrastructure in the mesencephalic optic centre of T. horsfieldi has been made, the results being compared to those of similar experments with Emys orbicularis L. Neurons of the efferent type (layers IV, V), in contrast to short axon elements (layers, I, 22) are characterized by a greater amount of cytoplasm and by a variety of cytoplasmatic organelles. A few morphological types of neurons are distinguished: light, dark and neurons with a light nucleus and a dark cytoplasm. In two systems of horizontal neurons dark cells predominate to be assumed as being an independent morphofunctional neuronal type. In contrast to E. orbicularis, the neurons of T. horsfieldi show a large amount of axo-somatic synapses on the surface, and a deficiency in spiny outgrowths, both on the apical and basal dendrites.", "contents": "[Laminar analysis of neuronal ultrastructure in the midbrain tectum of the steppe turtle]. A layer-to-layer study of the neuronal ultrastructure in the mesencephalic optic centre of T. horsfieldi has been made, the results being compared to those of similar experments with Emys orbicularis L. Neurons of the efferent type (layers IV, V), in contrast to short axon elements (layers, I, 22) are characterized by a greater amount of cytoplasm and by a variety of cytoplasmatic organelles. A few morphological types of neurons are distinguished: light, dark and neurons with a light nucleus and a dark cytoplasm. In two systems of horizontal neurons dark cells predominate to be assumed as being an independent morphofunctional neuronal type. In contrast to E. orbicularis, the neurons of T. horsfieldi show a large amount of axo-somatic synapses on the surface, and a deficiency in spiny outgrowths, both on the apical and basal dendrites.", "PMID": 1014100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_391", "title": "[Local unscheduled DNA synthesis following irradiation of a portion of mitotic chromosomes or interphase nucleus with UV microbeam].", "content": "Part of mitotic chromosome sets of the metaphase or anaphase SPEW mammalian cells were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam, and the subsequent incorporation of H3-thymidine into the postmitotic daughter nuclei was studied by autoradiography. The located areas of the unscheduled DNA synthesis were detected in these nuclei. This synthesis was likely to be due to repair process at the sites of postmitotic localization of the irradiated chromosomes. It is suggested that the selective chromosomal labeling induced by microirradiation could be employed in studying patterns of chromosome localization in the interphase nuclei. Local inhibition of the replicative DNA synthesis and local stimulation of the unscheduled DNA synthesis were observed after a partial microirradiation of the interphase nuclei. This unscheduled DNA synthesis was unaffected by hydroxyurea at concentration which inhibited normal DNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Local unscheduled DNA synthesis following irradiation of a portion of mitotic chromosomes or interphase nucleus with UV microbeam]. Part of mitotic chromosome sets of the metaphase or anaphase SPEW mammalian cells were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam, and the subsequent incorporation of H3-thymidine into the postmitotic daughter nuclei was studied by autoradiography. The located areas of the unscheduled DNA synthesis were detected in these nuclei. This synthesis was likely to be due to repair process at the sites of postmitotic localization of the irradiated chromosomes. It is suggested that the selective chromosomal labeling induced by microirradiation could be employed in studying patterns of chromosome localization in the interphase nuclei. Local inhibition of the replicative DNA synthesis and local stimulation of the unscheduled DNA synthesis were observed after a partial microirradiation of the interphase nuclei. This unscheduled DNA synthesis was unaffected by hydroxyurea at concentration which inhibited normal DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1014101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_392", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations induced by fortrin in human lymphocytes in cultures and in vivo].", "content": "Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo were studied after the treatment with the five-functional alkylating agent photrine (an original Soviet antitumour drug). In concentrations above 10-7 M photrine caused chromosome breaks in vitro at 4.6.10-4 M completely diminished the mitotic activity in cultured cells. The aberrations were presented almost exclusively as single and paired fragments occasionally distributed among the chromosomes. In three patients treated with photrine cells with aberrative karyotypes ranged within 14-37.5%.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations induced by fortrin in human lymphocytes in cultures and in vivo]. Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo were studied after the treatment with the five-functional alkylating agent photrine (an original Soviet antitumour drug). In concentrations above 10-7 M photrine caused chromosome breaks in vitro at 4.6.10-4 M completely diminished the mitotic activity in cultured cells. The aberrations were presented almost exclusively as single and paired fragments occasionally distributed among the chromosomes. In three patients treated with photrine cells with aberrative karyotypes ranged within 14-37.5%.", "PMID": 1014102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_393", "title": "[Production of a new form of fine-fiber cotton with improved fiber quality under the influence of a chemical mutagen].", "content": "A new form of cotton Mutant-1 was studied which is gymnospermous and is notable for an accelerated opening of bolls. This new form resulted from the effect of chemical mutagene HII-83 on hybrid population 5012 F4 from crossing the varieties2II3 X 5476II. The mutant differs essentially from the starting hybrid and all the more from the starting parental varieties in high productivity and quality of fibre and in certain quantitative and qualitative indexes.", "contents": "[Production of a new form of fine-fiber cotton with improved fiber quality under the influence of a chemical mutagen]. A new form of cotton Mutant-1 was studied which is gymnospermous and is notable for an accelerated opening of bolls. This new form resulted from the effect of chemical mutagene HII-83 on hybrid population 5012 F4 from crossing the varieties2II3 X 5476II. The mutant differs essentially from the starting hybrid and all the more from the starting parental varieties in high productivity and quality of fibre and in certain quantitative and qualitative indexes.", "PMID": 1014096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_394", "title": "[Effect of the dose of estradiol and long-term administration of the hormone on the proliferative activity of the epithelium of the cavity, glandular epithelium and stroma of the white rat uterus].", "content": "The duration of S-sphase of the cell cycle in uterine epithelial and stroma tissues of ovariectomised rats, treated with two doses of estradiol-17 beta for 4 days, was estimated by the double labeling technique using H3 -and C14-thymidine. Estrogen treatment induced cyclical changes of S-phase duration in the uterine cell compartments, with maximal values at 72 and 24 hours for 1mcg and 1 mg of estradiol. resp. The high dose of estradiol induced five-fold reduction of the mitotic and labeling indices in luminal epithelium in contrast to the effect of the low dose. In the rat glandular epithelium and stroma cells mitotic and labeling indices are not influenced by eith of the estrogen dosis.", "contents": "[Effect of the dose of estradiol and long-term administration of the hormone on the proliferative activity of the epithelium of the cavity, glandular epithelium and stroma of the white rat uterus]. The duration of S-sphase of the cell cycle in uterine epithelial and stroma tissues of ovariectomised rats, treated with two doses of estradiol-17 beta for 4 days, was estimated by the double labeling technique using H3 -and C14-thymidine. Estrogen treatment induced cyclical changes of S-phase duration in the uterine cell compartments, with maximal values at 72 and 24 hours for 1mcg and 1 mg of estradiol. resp. The high dose of estradiol induced five-fold reduction of the mitotic and labeling indices in luminal epithelium in contrast to the effect of the low dose. In the rat glandular epithelium and stroma cells mitotic and labeling indices are not influenced by eith of the estrogen dosis.", "PMID": 1014105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_395", "title": "[Recording of azimuthal characteristics of the polarized fluorescence of microstructures using a semi-wave plate].", "content": "We have suggested and grounded theoretically application of lambda/2 plate for the registration azimuth characteristics (AC) of polarized fluorescence of microstructures. Proper device of polarization microfluorimeter has been worked out. Application of this device in case of transmitted light illumination has allowed to record AC of a very small objects (up to 1 mkm) and add to a-curacity of measurements. In the case of incident light illumination one need to make achromatic lambda/2 plates.", "contents": "[Recording of azimuthal characteristics of the polarized fluorescence of microstructures using a semi-wave plate]. We have suggested and grounded theoretically application of lambda/2 plate for the registration azimuth characteristics (AC) of polarized fluorescence of microstructures. Proper device of polarization microfluorimeter has been worked out. Application of this device in case of transmitted light illumination has allowed to record AC of a very small objects (up to 1 mkm) and add to a-curacity of measurements. In the case of incident light illumination one need to make achromatic lambda/2 plates.", "PMID": 1014107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_396", "title": "Chemoprophylaxis trial in Canadian Eskimos.", "content": "One hundred and two cases of inactive tuberculosis, 165 positive tuberculin reactors and 103 previous BCG vaccinated individuals showing large tuberculin reactions were placed on the completely supervised regimen consisting of isoniazid and ethambutol given three times a week. Over 90% of these individuals completed 18 months' treatment. There were no active cases of tuberculosis among the treated groups during the observation period averaging 34.8 months. The control groups consisting of 217 individuals had 9 cases of active tuberculosis giving an annual risk of developing the disease of 1.8 per 1000.", "contents": "Chemoprophylaxis trial in Canadian Eskimos. One hundred and two cases of inactive tuberculosis, 165 positive tuberculin reactors and 103 previous BCG vaccinated individuals showing large tuberculin reactions were placed on the completely supervised regimen consisting of isoniazid and ethambutol given three times a week. Over 90% of these individuals completed 18 months' treatment. There were no active cases of tuberculosis among the treated groups during the observation period averaging 34.8 months. The control groups consisting of 217 individuals had 9 cases of active tuberculosis giving an annual risk of developing the disease of 1.8 per 1000.", "PMID": 1014108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_397", "title": "Acquired resistance to rifampicin by Mycobacterium kansasii.", "content": "Two patients with Mycobacterium kansasii infection of the lung had organisms sensitive to rifampicin. Following treatment, essentially with rifampicin alone, the patients began to excrete organisms completely resistant to rifampicin. The ability of M. kansasii to acquire resistance to rifampicin during treatment has been clearly demonstrated. This reinforces the need to treat this infection with an adequate multiple drug regimen.", "contents": "Acquired resistance to rifampicin by Mycobacterium kansasii. Two patients with Mycobacterium kansasii infection of the lung had organisms sensitive to rifampicin. Following treatment, essentially with rifampicin alone, the patients began to excrete organisms completely resistant to rifampicin. The ability of M. kansasii to acquire resistance to rifampicin during treatment has been clearly demonstrated. This reinforces the need to treat this infection with an adequate multiple drug regimen.", "PMID": 1014109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_398", "title": "[Gastric stump carcinoma after resection for benign gastric or duodenal ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "33 cases of cancer of the gastric stump after gastrectomy for peptic ulcer observed between 1963 and 1972 are reviewed. In 26 patients the average interval between operation and carcinoma detection was over 20 years. No cases of carcinoma occurred in less than 10 years. All patients came too late for surgery, since they had attributed their symptoms to the previous operation. The gradual increase in the gastric-cancer risk of operated patients with time suggests a continuous carcinogenic influence. Regurgitation of duodenal contents through the Billroth II anastomosis seems to be the most important cause of postoperative atrophic gastritis, which is now considered by many authors to be a condition predisposing to gastric cancer. Gastric resection patients should be regarded as a high gastric-cancer risk group. The periodic use of modern procedures for early gastric cancer detection in this group of patients is therefore justified.", "contents": "[Gastric stump carcinoma after resection for benign gastric or duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. 33 cases of cancer of the gastric stump after gastrectomy for peptic ulcer observed between 1963 and 1972 are reviewed. In 26 patients the average interval between operation and carcinoma detection was over 20 years. No cases of carcinoma occurred in less than 10 years. All patients came too late for surgery, since they had attributed their symptoms to the previous operation. The gradual increase in the gastric-cancer risk of operated patients with time suggests a continuous carcinogenic influence. Regurgitation of duodenal contents through the Billroth II anastomosis seems to be the most important cause of postoperative atrophic gastritis, which is now considered by many authors to be a condition predisposing to gastric cancer. Gastric resection patients should be regarded as a high gastric-cancer risk group. The periodic use of modern procedures for early gastric cancer detection in this group of patients is therefore justified.", "PMID": 1014110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_399", "title": "Effect of sulpiride on mammary tumor growth.", "content": "The daily subcutaneous injection of sulpiride produced increase tumor growth and decrease of survival in DBA/2 mice bearing a transplanted mammary gland tumor. It is proposed that sulpiride effect may be mediated by the augment of prolactin level in serum.", "contents": "Effect of sulpiride on mammary tumor growth. The daily subcutaneous injection of sulpiride produced increase tumor growth and decrease of survival in DBA/2 mice bearing a transplanted mammary gland tumor. It is proposed that sulpiride effect may be mediated by the augment of prolactin level in serum.", "PMID": 1014111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_400", "title": "Evaluation of the risk of multiple primaries in malignant cutaneous melanoma.", "content": "The evaluation of the risk of a second primary melanoma has been done on a series of 521 cases of malignant melanoma observed at the National Cancer Institute of Milan from September 1967 to December 1974. It has been found that a malignant melanoma patient is about 900 times more likely to have a second primary than an individual in the general population is likely to contract the disease. The risk is age and sex dependent.", "contents": "Evaluation of the risk of multiple primaries in malignant cutaneous melanoma. The evaluation of the risk of a second primary melanoma has been done on a series of 521 cases of malignant melanoma observed at the National Cancer Institute of Milan from September 1967 to December 1974. It has been found that a malignant melanoma patient is about 900 times more likely to have a second primary than an individual in the general population is likely to contract the disease. The risk is age and sex dependent.", "PMID": 1014112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_401", "title": "[In vitro development of macrophages from PHA-stimulated blood cultures in Hodgkin's disease and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood was cultured from 17 normal subjects, 28 cases of untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 41 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Macrophages were not observed in PHA-stimulated cultures of normal subjects, of CLL or of 18 cases of Hodgkin's disease. The latter had an almost normal rate of lymphocyte blast transformation (70,2 +/- 7,2%).on the other hand, macrophages were numerous in PHA-stimulated cultures of 23 cases of Hodgkin's disease with a low blast transformation (28.4 +/- 13,7%). In Hodgkin's disease the development of macrophages in PHA cultures may be related to the lower blast transformation and cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. In CLL the dilution of lymphocytes and monocytes by leukaemic B cells may account both for PHA unresponsiveness and low yield of macrophages in culture.", "contents": "[In vitro development of macrophages from PHA-stimulated blood cultures in Hodgkin's disease and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Blood was cultured from 17 normal subjects, 28 cases of untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 41 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Macrophages were not observed in PHA-stimulated cultures of normal subjects, of CLL or of 18 cases of Hodgkin's disease. The latter had an almost normal rate of lymphocyte blast transformation (70,2 +/- 7,2%).on the other hand, macrophages were numerous in PHA-stimulated cultures of 23 cases of Hodgkin's disease with a low blast transformation (28.4 +/- 13,7%). In Hodgkin's disease the development of macrophages in PHA cultures may be related to the lower blast transformation and cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. In CLL the dilution of lymphocytes and monocytes by leukaemic B cells may account both for PHA unresponsiveness and low yield of macrophages in culture.", "PMID": 1014113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_402", "title": "[Clinical-statistical correlation in 286 cases of diffuse and intestinal carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric carcinoma cases have been classified according to Lauren's system. The intestinal and diffuse histotypes are compared, and correlated with the epidemiologic data, type of operation and follow-up. The results show that total gastrectomy is indicated in diffuse carcinoma.", "contents": "[Clinical-statistical correlation in 286 cases of diffuse and intestinal carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. Gastric carcinoma cases have been classified according to Lauren's system. The intestinal and diffuse histotypes are compared, and correlated with the epidemiologic data, type of operation and follow-up. The results show that total gastrectomy is indicated in diffuse carcinoma.", "PMID": 1014114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_403", "title": "[Criteria for applying target biopsy and histological features in the diagnosis of gastric cancer in situ (author's transl)].", "content": "A histological examination of samples of 131 chronic gastric ulcers, 9 polyps and 12 cases of mucosal atrophy taken by means of a endoscope showed 3 border-line lesions and 4 early gastric cancers. The histological patterns of these lesions are described and the difficulty of histological diagnoses in early malignancy are emphasized.", "contents": "[Criteria for applying target biopsy and histological features in the diagnosis of gastric cancer in situ (author's transl)]. A histological examination of samples of 131 chronic gastric ulcers, 9 polyps and 12 cases of mucosal atrophy taken by means of a endoscope showed 3 border-line lesions and 4 early gastric cancers. The histological patterns of these lesions are described and the difficulty of histological diagnoses in early malignancy are emphasized.", "PMID": 1014115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_404", "title": "Early glial tumor metastases through a ventriculo-atrial shunt.", "content": "A girl of 12 with a pontine polymorphous astrocytoma diffusely metastasizing to the spinal cord leptomeninges suddenly died 20 hours after the insertion of a right ventriculo-atrial shunt. Many severely damaged glial neoplastic cells were found in the blood vessels of the lung and liver.", "contents": "Early glial tumor metastases through a ventriculo-atrial shunt. A girl of 12 with a pontine polymorphous astrocytoma diffusely metastasizing to the spinal cord leptomeninges suddenly died 20 hours after the insertion of a right ventriculo-atrial shunt. Many severely damaged glial neoplastic cells were found in the blood vessels of the lung and liver.", "PMID": 1014116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_405", "title": "[Radiological study of complications and recurrences of esophageal carcinoma after surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "256 esophageal carcinoma patients subject to various surgical procedures were examined with a view to identifying as early as possible the complications and possible tumoral recurrences, early or late, at anastomosis level. The most caracteristic and frequent radiological features, especially of neoplastic recurrences are presented; the various morphological types are described and discussed and for the first time a radiographic classification is proposed, followed by a discussion of the criteria of differential diagnosis of these lesions, especially from postoperative perivisceritis. Correct identification and precise radiographic description of the early signs of neoplastic recurrence in the esophagogastric anastomoses make it possible to reoperate, at least in some patients.", "contents": "[Radiological study of complications and recurrences of esophageal carcinoma after surgery (author's transl)]. 256 esophageal carcinoma patients subject to various surgical procedures were examined with a view to identifying as early as possible the complications and possible tumoral recurrences, early or late, at anastomosis level. The most caracteristic and frequent radiological features, especially of neoplastic recurrences are presented; the various morphological types are described and discussed and for the first time a radiographic classification is proposed, followed by a discussion of the criteria of differential diagnosis of these lesions, especially from postoperative perivisceritis. Correct identification and precise radiographic description of the early signs of neoplastic recurrence in the esophagogastric anastomoses make it possible to reoperate, at least in some patients.", "PMID": 1014117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_406", "title": "[Evaluation of 178 mediastinoscopies (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the 178 consecutive mediastinoscopies performed at the Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori of Milan from 1967 to 1974 145 were performed for diagnostic purposes and 33 for the pre-operative evaluation of resectability in cases of proven lung carcinoma. Mediastinoscopy is a very useful procedure for obtaining a definite pathological diagnsis in indeterminate mediastinal and pulmonary lesions. In succases, mediastinoscopy should precede any attempt at therapy, as 1/3 primary mediastinal lymph node lesions are benign and about 30% of suspected mediastinal tumors or lymphomas are actually misdiagnosed lung cancers (mainly oat-cell carcinomas). As to the role of mediastinoscopy in the assessment of lung cancer resectability, the current view is that it plays a part together with tomography and bronchoscopy in the clinical staging of this neoplasm, but it is no longer relied upon alone. It is mandatory in every case of suspected or probable mediastinal invasion and the criteria for inoperability are the following: spread to high paratracheal or contralateral nodes, direct invasion of the mediastinal fat, fixity of the neoplasm to the trachea or vertebral bodies. In such cases mediastinoscopy will prevent a useless exploratory thoracotomy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of 178 mediastinoscopies (author's transl)]. Of the 178 consecutive mediastinoscopies performed at the Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori of Milan from 1967 to 1974 145 were performed for diagnostic purposes and 33 for the pre-operative evaluation of resectability in cases of proven lung carcinoma. Mediastinoscopy is a very useful procedure for obtaining a definite pathological diagnsis in indeterminate mediastinal and pulmonary lesions. In succases, mediastinoscopy should precede any attempt at therapy, as 1/3 primary mediastinal lymph node lesions are benign and about 30% of suspected mediastinal tumors or lymphomas are actually misdiagnosed lung cancers (mainly oat-cell carcinomas). As to the role of mediastinoscopy in the assessment of lung cancer resectability, the current view is that it plays a part together with tomography and bronchoscopy in the clinical staging of this neoplasm, but it is no longer relied upon alone. It is mandatory in every case of suspected or probable mediastinal invasion and the criteria for inoperability are the following: spread to high paratracheal or contralateral nodes, direct invasion of the mediastinal fat, fixity of the neoplasm to the trachea or vertebral bodies. In such cases mediastinoscopy will prevent a useless exploratory thoracotomy.", "PMID": 1014118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_407", "title": "[Alcohol infusion of the pituitary, high-dose medroxyprogesterone and their association as analgesics in advanced breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The analgesic effects of alcohol infusion of the pituitary, high-dose progesterone and their association on chronic intractable pain in TxN+M+ breast cancer patients no longer responsive to combination chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are assessed. The antalgic effect of medroxyprogesterone proved to be more lasting than that of alcohol infusion of the pituitary. Moreover, 6 of the 20 patients treated with the former presented regression of the disease whereas none of those treated with alcohol did so.", "contents": "[Alcohol infusion of the pituitary, high-dose medroxyprogesterone and their association as analgesics in advanced breast cancer (author's transl)]. The analgesic effects of alcohol infusion of the pituitary, high-dose progesterone and their association on chronic intractable pain in TxN+M+ breast cancer patients no longer responsive to combination chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are assessed. The antalgic effect of medroxyprogesterone proved to be more lasting than that of alcohol infusion of the pituitary. Moreover, 6 of the 20 patients treated with the former presented regression of the disease whereas none of those treated with alcohol did so.", "PMID": 1014119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_408", "title": "An analysis of 800 breast cancer patients relapsed after radical mastectomy.", "content": "The chronology of first recurrences, their topographic distribution and survival from mastectomy were retrospectively studied in a series of 800 mastectomized women with special reference to the relationship between these data and treatment delay, TN categories and free interval. Visceral metastases were more frequent in patients under 50 years, whereas local recurrences were more common in patients over 50. The average free interval was 26 months (over 5 years in 18% of cases) and seemed to be influenced little by the treatment delay or by tumor size; it was shorter in patients under 50 years and shorter still in patients with lymph node involvement at operation. A similar correlation exists between these parameters and survival. The 5 years survival rate of the 800 cases with recurrence was 52%, which is quite different from the rate generally indicated for surgical cases, and much higher than the rate for the natural history of untreated breast cancer. The survival rate in cases with first metastases confined to the soft tissues is much higher than in those with bone and/or with visceral metastases. The survival after recurrence proves to be significantly influenced by the length of the free interval, but much more by the presence or absence of regional lymph node involvement so that the lymph nodes status (N--or N+) turns out to be a prognostic item of primary importance, even after the onset recurrence.", "contents": "An analysis of 800 breast cancer patients relapsed after radical mastectomy. The chronology of first recurrences, their topographic distribution and survival from mastectomy were retrospectively studied in a series of 800 mastectomized women with special reference to the relationship between these data and treatment delay, TN categories and free interval. Visceral metastases were more frequent in patients under 50 years, whereas local recurrences were more common in patients over 50. The average free interval was 26 months (over 5 years in 18% of cases) and seemed to be influenced little by the treatment delay or by tumor size; it was shorter in patients under 50 years and shorter still in patients with lymph node involvement at operation. A similar correlation exists between these parameters and survival. The 5 years survival rate of the 800 cases with recurrence was 52%, which is quite different from the rate generally indicated for surgical cases, and much higher than the rate for the natural history of untreated breast cancer. The survival rate in cases with first metastases confined to the soft tissues is much higher than in those with bone and/or with visceral metastases. The survival after recurrence proves to be significantly influenced by the length of the free interval, but much more by the presence or absence of regional lymph node involvement so that the lymph nodes status (N--or N+) turns out to be a prognostic item of primary importance, even after the onset recurrence.", "PMID": 1014120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_409", "title": "[Cobalt therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oropharynx].", "content": "A clinical retrospective evaluation of 177 cases of carcinoma of the oropharynx treated with Cobalt therapy from 1959 to 1965 has been made. The analysis of long term results has shown that Cobalt therapy alone does not satisfactorily control carcinomas of oropharynx. In fact, less than 30% of the patients is still alive after 3 years. Survival is directly affected by the local extent of disease since, while the 5-year survival of T1 and T2 cases is respectively 26.8% and 21.5%, only 6.5% of patients with T3 carcinomas is still alive after 5 years. Particularly disappointing is the survival rate in cases with mono- or bilateral involvement of neck nodes, since none of these cases are alive 2 years after the initial therapy. In 69.4% of the cases, treatment failure has to be attributed to minimal response or early recurrence of primary tumor, while lymph node relapses have been observed in more than 25% of the cases. To allow a detailed clinical evaluation of the results, the different regions of the oropharynx should be considered separately, since differences in clinical evolution of various carcinomas would call for a different therapeutic approach. The results of this study in oropharyngeal carcinomas, indicate that improvement of long term results may only be obtained through a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach.", "contents": "[Cobalt therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oropharynx]. A clinical retrospective evaluation of 177 cases of carcinoma of the oropharynx treated with Cobalt therapy from 1959 to 1965 has been made. The analysis of long term results has shown that Cobalt therapy alone does not satisfactorily control carcinomas of oropharynx. In fact, less than 30% of the patients is still alive after 3 years. Survival is directly affected by the local extent of disease since, while the 5-year survival of T1 and T2 cases is respectively 26.8% and 21.5%, only 6.5% of patients with T3 carcinomas is still alive after 5 years. Particularly disappointing is the survival rate in cases with mono- or bilateral involvement of neck nodes, since none of these cases are alive 2 years after the initial therapy. In 69.4% of the cases, treatment failure has to be attributed to minimal response or early recurrence of primary tumor, while lymph node relapses have been observed in more than 25% of the cases. To allow a detailed clinical evaluation of the results, the different regions of the oropharynx should be considered separately, since differences in clinical evolution of various carcinomas would call for a different therapeutic approach. The results of this study in oropharyngeal carcinomas, indicate that improvement of long term results may only be obtained through a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 1014122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_410", "title": "[Sarcoid type granuloma in lymph nodes with Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Sarcoid type granuloma have been observed in lymph nodes with Hodgkin's disease. Several pathogenetic hypotheses have been considered, and finally the picture has been interpreted as the epithelioid form of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Sarcoid type granuloma in lymph nodes with Hodgkin's disease]. Sarcoid type granuloma have been observed in lymph nodes with Hodgkin's disease. Several pathogenetic hypotheses have been considered, and finally the picture has been interpreted as the epithelioid form of Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 1014123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_411", "title": "The effect of high molecular dextran on coagulation and metastes.", "content": "The intravenous injection of high molecular dextran (HMD), increased pulmonary metastases of the carcinosarcoma of Walker 256, from 35 per-cent of the control animals to 64 per-cent of the animals treated with HMD. A significant prolongation of the clotting time and prothrombin; and a decrease in fibrinogen levels platelets, hematocrit and factors II, V, VII and VIII were observed following the infusion of HMD. There was no obvious untoward side effect of HMD in any of the animals studies.", "contents": "The effect of high molecular dextran on coagulation and metastes. The intravenous injection of high molecular dextran (HMD), increased pulmonary metastases of the carcinosarcoma of Walker 256, from 35 per-cent of the control animals to 64 per-cent of the animals treated with HMD. A significant prolongation of the clotting time and prothrombin; and a decrease in fibrinogen levels platelets, hematocrit and factors II, V, VII and VIII were observed following the infusion of HMD. There was no obvious untoward side effect of HMD in any of the animals studies.", "PMID": 1014121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_412", "title": "[Effect of several surface-active substances on the biological and mechanical properties of a catalase monolayer].", "content": "It is found out that surface pressure of catalase monolayers increases when some medicinal surface-active agents are added to its substrate, while its enzymic activity decreases depending on the increase of surface activity of the medicinal substance. Catalase monolayer viscosity grows with a decrease in the area. The viscosity decreases with a rise in the dimedrol concentration in the substrate. The same is recorded for the shear module. As to the shear stress characterizing the strength of the monolayers it decreases with the addition of medicinal substances. This change in rheological properties of the catalase monolayer evidences for its structural destruction with an increase in the mixed monolayer pressure.", "contents": "[Effect of several surface-active substances on the biological and mechanical properties of a catalase monolayer]. It is found out that surface pressure of catalase monolayers increases when some medicinal surface-active agents are added to its substrate, while its enzymic activity decreases depending on the increase of surface activity of the medicinal substance. Catalase monolayer viscosity grows with a decrease in the area. The viscosity decreases with a rise in the dimedrol concentration in the substrate. The same is recorded for the shear module. As to the shear stress characterizing the strength of the monolayers it decreases with the addition of medicinal substances. This change in rheological properties of the catalase monolayer evidences for its structural destruction with an increase in the mixed monolayer pressure.", "PMID": 1014136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_413", "title": "[Two forms of alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the serum of persons with jaundice of different origin].", "content": "Distribution of the alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activity was studied in blood serum by means of gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 with jaundices of different origin. Both enzymes have two forms differing in the molecular weight, 5'-nucleotidase presenting mainly a high-molecular form in contrast to alkaline phosphatase. This form activity for both enzymes is higher with obturative jaundices as compared to liver cirrhosis and virus hepatitis. The results of incubating sera with desoxicholate and the subsequent gel filtration in its presence, as well as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of butanol extracts of the fractions containing high-molecular fragments, evidence for the fact that these fragments are lipoproteid complexes.", "contents": "[Two forms of alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the serum of persons with jaundice of different origin]. Distribution of the alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activity was studied in blood serum by means of gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 with jaundices of different origin. Both enzymes have two forms differing in the molecular weight, 5'-nucleotidase presenting mainly a high-molecular form in contrast to alkaline phosphatase. This form activity for both enzymes is higher with obturative jaundices as compared to liver cirrhosis and virus hepatitis. The results of incubating sera with desoxicholate and the subsequent gel filtration in its presence, as well as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of butanol extracts of the fractions containing high-molecular fragments, evidence for the fact that these fragments are lipoproteid complexes.", "PMID": 1014137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_414", "title": "[Effect of excess D,L-tryptophan on the level of aminoacylation of tRNA by 14C-tryptophan].", "content": "The effect of the D,L-tryptophan excess in the rat organism was studied as applied to the level of amino acylation of tRNA by 14C-tryptophan. It is established that the introduction of tryptophan for three days in doses of 50 and 75 mg per 100 g of the living weight evokes a 24 and 40% decrease, respectively, in the level of amino acylation of the rat livel tRNA by 14C-tryptophan. The ability of accepting 14C-tryptophan in total preparations of the experimental rats liver tRNA considerably lower as compared to norm. A short-term heating in the presence of magnesium ions partially restores their decreased acceptor ability. This gives ground to suppose that the molecules of tRNAtr in the total preparation of the rat liver tRNA with a great tryptophan excess in the organism partially change their conformation and this is one of the reasons of the decrease in the level of tRNA amino acylation by 14C-tryptophan. The decrease in the protein synthesis at the first stage with the presence of a great tryptophan excess in the organism is evident to be also connected with the inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase activity.", "contents": "[Effect of excess D,L-tryptophan on the level of aminoacylation of tRNA by 14C-tryptophan]. The effect of the D,L-tryptophan excess in the rat organism was studied as applied to the level of amino acylation of tRNA by 14C-tryptophan. It is established that the introduction of tryptophan for three days in doses of 50 and 75 mg per 100 g of the living weight evokes a 24 and 40% decrease, respectively, in the level of amino acylation of the rat livel tRNA by 14C-tryptophan. The ability of accepting 14C-tryptophan in total preparations of the experimental rats liver tRNA considerably lower as compared to norm. A short-term heating in the presence of magnesium ions partially restores their decreased acceptor ability. This gives ground to suppose that the molecules of tRNAtr in the total preparation of the rat liver tRNA with a great tryptophan excess in the organism partially change their conformation and this is one of the reasons of the decrease in the level of tRNA amino acylation by 14C-tryptophan. The decrease in the protein synthesis at the first stage with the presence of a great tryptophan excess in the organism is evident to be also connected with the inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase activity.", "PMID": 1014138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_415", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of uterine smooth muscle actomyosin].", "content": "The actomyosin complex of human myometrium has a low Ca-activated ATPase activity (0.007-0.012 mu mole H+ per 1 mg protein for 1 min), small degree and rate of superprecipitation. Transition to the state of pregnancy is accompanied by considerable changes in the physicochemical properties of the myometrium actomyosin. ATPase activity is 5-10 times as high and the rate of superprecipitation rises, particularly after the increase in the calcium concentration. The content of nucleic acid in the actomyosin complex decreases and D280/D260=1.1. The intensity of the actomyosin fluorescence at the pregnant state is more than twice as high.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of uterine smooth muscle actomyosin]. The actomyosin complex of human myometrium has a low Ca-activated ATPase activity (0.007-0.012 mu mole H+ per 1 mg protein for 1 min), small degree and rate of superprecipitation. Transition to the state of pregnancy is accompanied by considerable changes in the physicochemical properties of the myometrium actomyosin. ATPase activity is 5-10 times as high and the rate of superprecipitation rises, particularly after the increase in the calcium concentration. The content of nucleic acid in the actomyosin complex decreases and D280/D260=1.1. The intensity of the actomyosin fluorescence at the pregnant state is more than twice as high.", "PMID": 1014139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_416", "title": "[Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in rat liver following administration of vitamin E and methionine].", "content": "A single introduction of vitamin E and D,L-methionine to rats kept on the vivarium ration or their addition to protein-free diet separately does not affect the glutathionperoxidase and glutathionreductase activities in the liver. A simultaneus introdyction of the vitamin and methionine causes an increase in the glutathionperoxidase activity, without changing the glutathionreductase activity. Vitamin E prevents from increasing the glutathionperoxidase and glutathionreductase activities due to selenium. Propyl gallate produces no such effect.", "contents": "[Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in rat liver following administration of vitamin E and methionine]. A single introduction of vitamin E and D,L-methionine to rats kept on the vivarium ration or their addition to protein-free diet separately does not affect the glutathionperoxidase and glutathionreductase activities in the liver. A simultaneus introdyction of the vitamin and methionine causes an increase in the glutathionperoxidase activity, without changing the glutathionreductase activity. Vitamin E prevents from increasing the glutathionperoxidase and glutathionreductase activities due to selenium. Propyl gallate produces no such effect.", "PMID": 1014140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_417", "title": "[Electrophoretic fractions and NH2-terminal amino acids of high-molecular tryptic fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin].", "content": "The electrophoretic and NH2-terminal analyses were performed for D and E fragments obtained by tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen and fibrin under various conditions. The preparations of fragment D were heterogeneous, they were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into a number of electrophoretic components with molecular weight ranging from 65 000 to 85 000. NH2-terminal analysis revealed from 6 to 8 NH2-terminal amino acids: Ser, Gly, Thr, Asp, Gly, Lys, Gln, Asn. Their composition and quantitative ratios were found to vary depending on the conditions of the fragment D production. The electrophoregrams showed that with Ca++ in the medium the enzymatic splitting of fibrinogen was limited. Fragment D obtained from fibrinogen without Ca++ was electrophoretically rather similar to that obtained from fibrinogen at Ca++ optimal concentration. Taking into consideration a very high specific anti-coagulational activity of these two fragment D preparations, one may conclude that both the polymerized state of protein molecules and the presence of Ca++ stabilize the specific molecular structure, that favorus the preservation of specific inhibitory activity in fragment D. According to the NH2-terminal analysis data, fragment E derived from fibrinogen hydrolyzed in the presence of Ca++ optimal concentration is also heterogeneous. The following amino acids were found: Tyr, Lys, His (main ones) and Gly, Ser, Thr, Val (minor ones). As to molecular weight determined by electrophoresis, fragment E appears to be homogeneous.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic fractions and NH2-terminal amino acids of high-molecular tryptic fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin]. The electrophoretic and NH2-terminal analyses were performed for D and E fragments obtained by tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen and fibrin under various conditions. The preparations of fragment D were heterogeneous, they were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into a number of electrophoretic components with molecular weight ranging from 65 000 to 85 000. NH2-terminal analysis revealed from 6 to 8 NH2-terminal amino acids: Ser, Gly, Thr, Asp, Gly, Lys, Gln, Asn. Their composition and quantitative ratios were found to vary depending on the conditions of the fragment D production. The electrophoregrams showed that with Ca++ in the medium the enzymatic splitting of fibrinogen was limited. Fragment D obtained from fibrinogen without Ca++ was electrophoretically rather similar to that obtained from fibrinogen at Ca++ optimal concentration. Taking into consideration a very high specific anti-coagulational activity of these two fragment D preparations, one may conclude that both the polymerized state of protein molecules and the presence of Ca++ stabilize the specific molecular structure, that favorus the preservation of specific inhibitory activity in fragment D. According to the NH2-terminal analysis data, fragment E derived from fibrinogen hydrolyzed in the presence of Ca++ optimal concentration is also heterogeneous. The following amino acids were found: Tyr, Lys, His (main ones) and Gly, Ser, Thr, Val (minor ones). As to molecular weight determined by electrophoresis, fragment E appears to be homogeneous.", "PMID": 1014141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_418", "title": "[Content of polyribosomes and poly-A-containing RNA in rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine].", "content": "The contents of total polyribosomes and the ratio of free to membrano-bound polyribosomes as well as the number of poly(A)-containing RNA in cytoplasm and in two classes of polyribosomes of the liver were studied in rats chronically treated with diethylnitrosamine. A decrease in the number of total polyribosomes and changes in the ratio of free to membrane-bound polyribosomes toward a decrease of the latter were found within the whole period of carcinogenesis. The absolute amount of the free polyribosomes per 1 gr of the liver tissue did not differ significantly from the normal values but the number of the membrane-bound polyribosomes in the treated animals was 2-2,5 times as low. The amount of poly(A)-containing RNA in the postmitochondrial fraction increased and decreased in free polyribosomes. A redistribution of the templates by free and membrane-bound polyribosomes in cytoplasm of the hepatocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis due to the disturbances in the equilibrium between these two classes of polyribosomes is suggested.", "contents": "[Content of polyribosomes and poly-A-containing RNA in rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine]. The contents of total polyribosomes and the ratio of free to membrano-bound polyribosomes as well as the number of poly(A)-containing RNA in cytoplasm and in two classes of polyribosomes of the liver were studied in rats chronically treated with diethylnitrosamine. A decrease in the number of total polyribosomes and changes in the ratio of free to membrane-bound polyribosomes toward a decrease of the latter were found within the whole period of carcinogenesis. The absolute amount of the free polyribosomes per 1 gr of the liver tissue did not differ significantly from the normal values but the number of the membrane-bound polyribosomes in the treated animals was 2-2,5 times as low. The amount of poly(A)-containing RNA in the postmitochondrial fraction increased and decreased in free polyribosomes. A redistribution of the templates by free and membrane-bound polyribosomes in cytoplasm of the hepatocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis due to the disturbances in the equilibrium between these two classes of polyribosomes is suggested.", "PMID": 1014142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_419", "title": "[RNA concentration in DNA preparations from animal tissues (quantitative analysis of an alkaline hydrolysate)].", "content": "Two methods are compared for estimating the RNA admixture in preparations of DNA isolated from mammalian tissues. The RNA content in alkaline hydrolyzates of DNA as determined by the spectrophotometric method is found to be from 2 to 5 times higher than that estimated by means of the colour orcinol reaction. Possible reasons of such a difference are discussed. Attempts are made to find out the optimal conditions for isolating RNA from DNA preparations.", "contents": "[RNA concentration in DNA preparations from animal tissues (quantitative analysis of an alkaline hydrolysate)]. Two methods are compared for estimating the RNA admixture in preparations of DNA isolated from mammalian tissues. The RNA content in alkaline hydrolyzates of DNA as determined by the spectrophotometric method is found to be from 2 to 5 times higher than that estimated by means of the colour orcinol reaction. Possible reasons of such a difference are discussed. Attempts are made to find out the optimal conditions for isolating RNA from DNA preparations.", "PMID": 1014143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_420", "title": "Binding of proteins to mouse blastocysts after the attachment stage of implantation.", "content": "Experimentally delayed mouse blastocysts were activated to implant by exogenous estradiol and after varying duration of estrogen influence, the blastocysts were flushed out from the uterine horns. Then they were incubated in the cold with different, 125I-conjugated proteins and the amount of protein bound to the blastocysts was determined by radioassay. Three radiolabelled proteins: human serum albumin (125I-HSA), human serum transferrin (125I-HST) and normal rabbit IgG (125I-RIgG) were tested and it was found that the uptake of each protein markedly increased between 14 and 24 hours of estrogen-activation. It was possible to partially block the binding of 125I-HSA and 125I-RIgG with the respective unlabelled protein. Unlabelled RIgG could also partially block the uptake of 125I-HSA whereas HSA did not impede the binding of 125I-RIgG. During delay of implantation the protein binding was low and approximately the same as after 14 hours of activation. However, at 18 and 24 hours of activation protein uptake increased gradually. Raising the incubation temperature from 0 to 37 degrees C did not significantly influence the protein binding capacity of the 24-hour-activated blastocyts. Whole blastocyst autoradiography indicated that the labelled protein was heavily bound in patches, preferentially located in the abembryonic half of the postattachment blastocysts. It is assumed that the binding of protein to abembryonic trophoblast cells of the implanting blastocyst can be attributed to the presence of protein receptors on the surface of these cells.", "contents": "Binding of proteins to mouse blastocysts after the attachment stage of implantation. Experimentally delayed mouse blastocysts were activated to implant by exogenous estradiol and after varying duration of estrogen influence, the blastocysts were flushed out from the uterine horns. Then they were incubated in the cold with different, 125I-conjugated proteins and the amount of protein bound to the blastocysts was determined by radioassay. Three radiolabelled proteins: human serum albumin (125I-HSA), human serum transferrin (125I-HST) and normal rabbit IgG (125I-RIgG) were tested and it was found that the uptake of each protein markedly increased between 14 and 24 hours of estrogen-activation. It was possible to partially block the binding of 125I-HSA and 125I-RIgG with the respective unlabelled protein. Unlabelled RIgG could also partially block the uptake of 125I-HSA whereas HSA did not impede the binding of 125I-RIgG. During delay of implantation the protein binding was low and approximately the same as after 14 hours of activation. However, at 18 and 24 hours of activation protein uptake increased gradually. Raising the incubation temperature from 0 to 37 degrees C did not significantly influence the protein binding capacity of the 24-hour-activated blastocyts. Whole blastocyst autoradiography indicated that the labelled protein was heavily bound in patches, preferentially located in the abembryonic half of the postattachment blastocysts. It is assumed that the binding of protein to abembryonic trophoblast cells of the implanting blastocyst can be attributed to the presence of protein receptors on the surface of these cells.", "PMID": 1014163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_421", "title": "Detection and characterization of hyperlipoproteinaemia in middle-aged men.", "content": "Serum lipoprotein (LP) concentrations were determined and LP patterns were classified in 261 middle-aged men, recruited from a health examination survey, with serum lipid values above the 80th percentile of the same population. Individuals with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) and normolipidaemic controls were characterized also regarding family history of cardiovascular disease, socio-economic factors and clinical and laboratory variables. Subjects with HLP type IV-V and IIB were overweight and showed hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinaemia compared with normolipidaemic controls and subjects with HLP type IIA. The latter showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In spite of being overweight, subjects with HLP type III showed normal fasting values of insulin and uric acid in serum and normal early insulin response to intravenous glucose. The glucose tolerance did not differ significantly between the groups. Men with HLP types IV-V had predominantly sedentary occupations, in contrast to those with type IIA. There were significantly more smokers in the groups with HLP type IIB and IV-V than in the control group. Thus, individuals with different types of HLP tend to show different metabolic profiles but also different socioeconomic and clinical patterns, suggesting that exogenous factors are of importance in the expression of the LP abnormalities.", "contents": "Detection and characterization of hyperlipoproteinaemia in middle-aged men. Serum lipoprotein (LP) concentrations were determined and LP patterns were classified in 261 middle-aged men, recruited from a health examination survey, with serum lipid values above the 80th percentile of the same population. Individuals with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) and normolipidaemic controls were characterized also regarding family history of cardiovascular disease, socio-economic factors and clinical and laboratory variables. Subjects with HLP type IV-V and IIB were overweight and showed hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinaemia compared with normolipidaemic controls and subjects with HLP type IIA. The latter showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In spite of being overweight, subjects with HLP type III showed normal fasting values of insulin and uric acid in serum and normal early insulin response to intravenous glucose. The glucose tolerance did not differ significantly between the groups. Men with HLP types IV-V had predominantly sedentary occupations, in contrast to those with type IIA. There were significantly more smokers in the groups with HLP type IIB and IV-V than in the control group. Thus, individuals with different types of HLP tend to show different metabolic profiles but also different socioeconomic and clinical patterns, suggesting that exogenous factors are of importance in the expression of the LP abnormalities.", "PMID": 1014165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_422", "title": "Acute myopericarditis. A long-term follow-up study.", "content": "A follow-up study was made of 29 patients aged 21 to 45 years, some 15-158 months after acute myopericarditis. The mean follow-up period was 72.9 months. The follow-up investigation included recording of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, radiologic examination of the heart and lungs and electrocardiography. All but one of the patients were fit for fulltime work. Nine had residual cardiac symptoms, but the physical examination was negative in all but 2 of them. One patient had chronic cardiac insufficiency and hepatic enlargement. Another had sinus tachycardia and cardiac enlargement of moderate degree and impaired working capacity in relation to heart size. Cardiac murmurs without clinical significance were audible in three cases. The resting ECG was pathologic in only 6 cases. Orthostatic ECG evoked ECG abnormalities in 6 more cases. Exercise tolerance tests showed reduced working capacity in relation to heart volume in 5 of the 29 cases (17%). Four of these 5 patients had cardiac enlargement. There was thus good correlation between increase in heart volume and reduction of physical capacity. The prognosis in regard to cardiac function was good, as was also found in other comparable series in which the observation time was somewhat shorter.", "contents": "Acute myopericarditis. A long-term follow-up study. A follow-up study was made of 29 patients aged 21 to 45 years, some 15-158 months after acute myopericarditis. The mean follow-up period was 72.9 months. The follow-up investigation included recording of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, radiologic examination of the heart and lungs and electrocardiography. All but one of the patients were fit for fulltime work. Nine had residual cardiac symptoms, but the physical examination was negative in all but 2 of them. One patient had chronic cardiac insufficiency and hepatic enlargement. Another had sinus tachycardia and cardiac enlargement of moderate degree and impaired working capacity in relation to heart size. Cardiac murmurs without clinical significance were audible in three cases. The resting ECG was pathologic in only 6 cases. Orthostatic ECG evoked ECG abnormalities in 6 more cases. Exercise tolerance tests showed reduced working capacity in relation to heart volume in 5 of the 29 cases (17%). Four of these 5 patients had cardiac enlargement. There was thus good correlation between increase in heart volume and reduction of physical capacity. The prognosis in regard to cardiac function was good, as was also found in other comparable series in which the observation time was somewhat shorter.", "PMID": 1014166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_423", "title": "Dimensions of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle.", "content": "A study of the physical dimensions of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle is described and compared with previous work on the same muscle from the cat. The muscle in the rabbit was found to be larger than in the cat, but was consistent in its dimensions and suitable for use as a model for microvascular research.", "contents": "Dimensions of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle. A study of the physical dimensions of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle is described and compared with previous work on the same muscle from the cat. The muscle in the rabbit was found to be larger than in the cat, but was consistent in its dimensions and suitable for use as a model for microvascular research.", "PMID": 1014167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_424", "title": "The effect of digitalis on regional ischaemia of the rat small intestine.", "content": "Research in recent years has shown that under certain conditions digitalis has a strong vasoconstrictive effect in the splanchnic region. This may imply that in cases of mesenteric ischaemia, digitalization may inhibit a collateral circulation necessary for restoration of the intestinal function. In this investigation the effect of digitoxin on the exchange circulation of the small bowel mucosa was studied in rats with induced regional ischaemia of the intestine. On analysis 30 min after establishment of the ischaemia a statistically significant negative effect of digitoxin was observed.", "contents": "The effect of digitalis on regional ischaemia of the rat small intestine. Research in recent years has shown that under certain conditions digitalis has a strong vasoconstrictive effect in the splanchnic region. This may imply that in cases of mesenteric ischaemia, digitalization may inhibit a collateral circulation necessary for restoration of the intestinal function. In this investigation the effect of digitoxin on the exchange circulation of the small bowel mucosa was studied in rats with induced regional ischaemia of the intestine. On analysis 30 min after establishment of the ischaemia a statistically significant negative effect of digitoxin was observed.", "PMID": 1014168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_425", "title": "Preliminary report on angiography with polymeric contrast agents in rabbits and dogs.", "content": "Polymeric, water-soluble, iodine-containing contrast agents have been synthesized and tested in renal angiography and thoracic aortography in rabbits and in femoral arteriography in dogs. Good filling of the arteries and also of the veins was obtained.", "contents": "Preliminary report on angiography with polymeric contrast agents in rabbits and dogs. Polymeric, water-soluble, iodine-containing contrast agents have been synthesized and tested in renal angiography and thoracic aortography in rabbits and in femoral arteriography in dogs. Good filling of the arteries and also of the veins was obtained.", "PMID": 1014169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_426", "title": "Familial ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Familial aggregation of patients with ovarian carcinoma is unusual. A family with four affected members in three consecutive generations is described. The tumors were all of the serous papillary adenocarcinoma type. The pattern of appearance of the malignant disorder in the present family may be explained as the result of transmission of a dominant mutant autosomal gene. The future long term management of such a family might include prophylactic oophorectomy in certain family members, and possibly selective terminations of pregnancies with female fetuses in high-risk women.", "contents": "Familial ovarian carcinoma. Familial aggregation of patients with ovarian carcinoma is unusual. A family with four affected members in three consecutive generations is described. The tumors were all of the serous papillary adenocarcinoma type. The pattern of appearance of the malignant disorder in the present family may be explained as the result of transmission of a dominant mutant autosomal gene. The future long term management of such a family might include prophylactic oophorectomy in certain family members, and possibly selective terminations of pregnancies with female fetuses in high-risk women.", "PMID": 1014170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_427", "title": "The fluid double polar-nonpolar-polar leaflet model for biological membranes.", "content": "A model for biological membranes is proposed according to which the plasma membrane consists of two functionally different polar-nonpolar-polar leaflets separated by a polar space. The binding of water-soluble proteins, integral lipoproteins and spanning proteins to a biological membrane as well as possible conformations of interphase peptides partitioned between polar and nonpolar layers are discussed. A model for the diffusion of water soluble proteins across nonpolar layers of a membrane is described. Three complete biological membranes containing two leaflets and an inter-leaflet space are defined. These are: 1: The inner nuclear membrane + the perinuclear space and the endoplasmatic cisternae + the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmatic reticulum, 2: the innner mitochondrial membrane + the mitochondrial intermembraneous space + the outer mitochondrial membrane and 3: the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane + an intramembraneous space in the plasma membrane + the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "The fluid double polar-nonpolar-polar leaflet model for biological membranes. A model for biological membranes is proposed according to which the plasma membrane consists of two functionally different polar-nonpolar-polar leaflets separated by a polar space. The binding of water-soluble proteins, integral lipoproteins and spanning proteins to a biological membrane as well as possible conformations of interphase peptides partitioned between polar and nonpolar layers are discussed. A model for the diffusion of water soluble proteins across nonpolar layers of a membrane is described. Three complete biological membranes containing two leaflets and an inter-leaflet space are defined. These are: 1: The inner nuclear membrane + the perinuclear space and the endoplasmatic cisternae + the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmatic reticulum, 2: the innner mitochondrial membrane + the mitochondrial intermembraneous space + the outer mitochondrial membrane and 3: the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane + an intramembraneous space in the plasma membrane + the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1014171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_428", "title": "Uromucoid in the rat: its isolation, localization in the kidney and concentration in the urine.", "content": "Based on the finding that rat uromucoid cross reacts with antihuman uromucoid, rat uromucoid was isolated by means of immune absorption chromatography. Using a monospecific antiserum obtained with the use of this preparation, uromucoid was shown to be present in the distal tublues of the kidney. A quantitative immunological determination was made from the urine of 30 normal rats.", "contents": "Uromucoid in the rat: its isolation, localization in the kidney and concentration in the urine. Based on the finding that rat uromucoid cross reacts with antihuman uromucoid, rat uromucoid was isolated by means of immune absorption chromatography. Using a monospecific antiserum obtained with the use of this preparation, uromucoid was shown to be present in the distal tublues of the kidney. A quantitative immunological determination was made from the urine of 30 normal rats.", "PMID": 1014172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_429", "title": "A contribution to the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. I. Stabilising urinary constituents in the formation of weddellite.", "content": "25 to 30% of calcium oxalate urinary calculi consist of the metastable Weddellite crystal phase. By fractionation of urine it was found that mineral substances are stabilising factors. The stability was checked in dry condition at room temperature at 38 degrees C and at 110 degrees C. These results could be confirmed by precipitation from synthetic solutions. Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Cu individually, and above all in combination, promote the formation of Weddellite. The formation of mixed crystal phases must be considered one of the main factors for the stabilisation of Weddelite in the urinaty calculus.", "contents": "A contribution to the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. I. Stabilising urinary constituents in the formation of weddellite. 25 to 30% of calcium oxalate urinary calculi consist of the metastable Weddellite crystal phase. By fractionation of urine it was found that mineral substances are stabilising factors. The stability was checked in dry condition at room temperature at 38 degrees C and at 110 degrees C. These results could be confirmed by precipitation from synthetic solutions. Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Cu individually, and above all in combination, promote the formation of Weddellite. The formation of mixed crystal phases must be considered one of the main factors for the stabilisation of Weddelite in the urinaty calculus.", "PMID": 1014173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_430", "title": "[New aspects in the biological preparation of tissues for plastic repair using V.P. Filatov's pedicle flap].", "content": "In the paper, the author's experience and literature data on studies of the role of biological processes developing in the host wound and grafted tissues in formation of the pedicled graft are reported. Considering these processes in the modern aspect in due account of general state of the organism, the status of local tissues, causes conditioning the defects formation and other factors, the author suggests new grounds for his concepts concerning the rational of active biological preparation of tissues in creating the pedicled graft. The technic of the preparation in question and results of its successful utilization in 25 patients are described, the conditions for wound and tissue healing being unfavourable due to different reasons, and in case of need of large quantities of plastic material the former also may be used.", "contents": "[New aspects in the biological preparation of tissues for plastic repair using V.P. Filatov's pedicle flap]. In the paper, the author's experience and literature data on studies of the role of biological processes developing in the host wound and grafted tissues in formation of the pedicled graft are reported. Considering these processes in the modern aspect in due account of general state of the organism, the status of local tissues, causes conditioning the defects formation and other factors, the author suggests new grounds for his concepts concerning the rational of active biological preparation of tissues in creating the pedicled graft. The technic of the preparation in question and results of its successful utilization in 25 patients are described, the conditions for wound and tissue healing being unfavourable due to different reasons, and in case of need of large quantities of plastic material the former also may be used.", "PMID": 1014204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_431", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer and hamartoma].", "content": "Under study were clinico-roentgenological data on 102 patients with peripheral lung cancer, which were compared with analogous materials of 54 hamartoma observations. The observations indicated, that it is nearly always feasible to recognize peripheral cancer of the lung and hamartoma based on the anamnesis and clinico-roentgenological findings. A valuable adjunct in establishing the diagnosis of spheroid lung cancer is a roetgenological \"flame sympton\" i.e. indistrinct radiating peripheral (lateral) portion of the cancer node contour, observed by the authors.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer and hamartoma]. Under study were clinico-roentgenological data on 102 patients with peripheral lung cancer, which were compared with analogous materials of 54 hamartoma observations. The observations indicated, that it is nearly always feasible to recognize peripheral cancer of the lung and hamartoma based on the anamnesis and clinico-roentgenological findings. A valuable adjunct in establishing the diagnosis of spheroid lung cancer is a roetgenological \"flame sympton\" i.e. indistrinct radiating peripheral (lateral) portion of the cancer node contour, observed by the authors.", "PMID": 1014212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_432", "title": "[Resection of the lung in tuberculosis].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment in 175 patients (two patients were subjected to bilateral pulmonary resection) are reported. Fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis was observed in 92 patients. The complex of preoperative management comprised increased doses of ascorbic acid to prevent postoperative capillary hemorrhages. Postoperative complications developed in 23 patients, these were liquidated in 20 cases. There were 3 deaths. A complete cure was gained in 99 patients, considerable improvement--in 71, some improvement--in 2. Late results were followed up in 160 patients within the period from 1 to 4 years. The recurrent tuberculous process was noted in 6 cases.", "contents": "[Resection of the lung in tuberculosis]. The results of surgical treatment in 175 patients (two patients were subjected to bilateral pulmonary resection) are reported. Fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis was observed in 92 patients. The complex of preoperative management comprised increased doses of ascorbic acid to prevent postoperative capillary hemorrhages. Postoperative complications developed in 23 patients, these were liquidated in 20 cases. There were 3 deaths. A complete cure was gained in 99 patients, considerable improvement--in 71, some improvement--in 2. Late results were followed up in 160 patients within the period from 1 to 4 years. The recurrent tuberculous process was noted in 6 cases.", "PMID": 1014213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_433", "title": "[New method of treating the postresection wound surface of the liver, spleen and pancreas].", "content": "Experimentally on dogs the authors have elaborated a new method of treatment of postresection wound surface of the liver, spleen and pancreas by using a heated head of an electrothermocoagulator with subsequent sealing with BF-glue. The application of the method concerned allow secure hermetization of the wound surface. Thi method is insignificantly traumatic and is followed by no complications. Tissue responses to thermocoagulation and BF-glue anr not markedly pronounced. The method suggested by the authors seems to be advantageous for the clinical practice.", "contents": "[New method of treating the postresection wound surface of the liver, spleen and pancreas]. Experimentally on dogs the authors have elaborated a new method of treatment of postresection wound surface of the liver, spleen and pancreas by using a heated head of an electrothermocoagulator with subsequent sealing with BF-glue. The application of the method concerned allow secure hermetization of the wound surface. Thi method is insignificantly traumatic and is followed by no complications. Tissue responses to thermocoagulation and BF-glue anr not markedly pronounced. The method suggested by the authors seems to be advantageous for the clinical practice.", "PMID": 1014214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_434", "title": "[Activity of the reparative processes in the liver in cholelithiasis].", "content": "The authors have studied the character and rate of reparative reactions in liver biopsy specimens from 207 patients suffering cholelithiasis. The activity of reparative processes in hepatic parenchyma is evidenced by an increased amount of binuclear and polyploid hepatocytes, the appearance of mitosis figures. It is evident that active reparative processes underlie the compensatory function of the liver in cholelithiasis.", "contents": "[Activity of the reparative processes in the liver in cholelithiasis]. The authors have studied the character and rate of reparative reactions in liver biopsy specimens from 207 patients suffering cholelithiasis. The activity of reparative processes in hepatic parenchyma is evidenced by an increased amount of binuclear and polyploid hepatocytes, the appearance of mitosis figures. It is evident that active reparative processes underlie the compensatory function of the liver in cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 1014215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_435", "title": "[Functional and morphological state of the liver in secondary cholangitis].", "content": "Studies on the liver state from the functional-morphological point of view in patients with acute and chronic secondary cholangitis have revealed in all cases the involvement of hepatic parenchyma with the development of cholangiohepatitis. In its acute course and timely performed operative interventions the process in the liver tends to subside. The authors consider that due to the absence of pure forms of cholangitis this term seems to be questionable, and they recommend to substitute it in all cases by the term cholangiohepatitis.", "contents": "[Functional and morphological state of the liver in secondary cholangitis]. Studies on the liver state from the functional-morphological point of view in patients with acute and chronic secondary cholangitis have revealed in all cases the involvement of hepatic parenchyma with the development of cholangiohepatitis. In its acute course and timely performed operative interventions the process in the liver tends to subside. The authors consider that due to the absence of pure forms of cholangitis this term seems to be questionable, and they recommend to substitute it in all cases by the term cholangiohepatitis.", "PMID": 1014216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_436", "title": "[Late results of surgical treatment of mitral stenosis].", "content": "An analysis of late results of closed mitral commissurotomy in 408 patients with the follow-up period to 18 years is presented. As pinpointed further late results of mitral commissurotomy were found to depend on the degree of stenosis of left atrioventricular orifice and concomitant mitral insufficiency, on how radical the operation was, on the presence of gross morphological changes in the valve, the stage of the disease, the activity of rheumatic process, patients' age and terms of observation. The predisposing factors and causes of restenosis of left atrioventricular valve are characterized.", "contents": "[Late results of surgical treatment of mitral stenosis]. An analysis of late results of closed mitral commissurotomy in 408 patients with the follow-up period to 18 years is presented. As pinpointed further late results of mitral commissurotomy were found to depend on the degree of stenosis of left atrioventricular orifice and concomitant mitral insufficiency, on how radical the operation was, on the presence of gross morphological changes in the valve, the stage of the disease, the activity of rheumatic process, patients' age and terms of observation. The predisposing factors and causes of restenosis of left atrioventricular valve are characterized.", "PMID": 1014217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_437", "title": "[Histochemical study of the enzymes of the denervated liver].", "content": "The author has studied histochemically the localization and level of enzymic activity of different metabolic cycles in the liver of dogs during the period from 1 week to 1 year after its mixed denervation. The activity of nearly all enzymes under study was found to be increased 1--2 weeks following denervation and to be decreased up to the control level after 1 month with subsequent normalization later. The study of protein-formation function revealed its complete normalization 3 months following the operation. The results of these studies made it possible to conclude that denervation of internal organs is not associated with marked and continuous impairment of metabolic processes, and it should not be an obstacle for their transplantation.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the enzymes of the denervated liver]. The author has studied histochemically the localization and level of enzymic activity of different metabolic cycles in the liver of dogs during the period from 1 week to 1 year after its mixed denervation. The activity of nearly all enzymes under study was found to be increased 1--2 weeks following denervation and to be decreased up to the control level after 1 month with subsequent normalization later. The study of protein-formation function revealed its complete normalization 3 months following the operation. The results of these studies made it possible to conclude that denervation of internal organs is not associated with marked and continuous impairment of metabolic processes, and it should not be an obstacle for their transplantation.", "PMID": 1014218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_438", "title": "[Cancer of th e exrahepatic bile ducts].", "content": "The authors have summarized their experience with observations and treatment of 101 patients with cancer of extrahepatic bile ducts. Based on personal authors' findings it is concluded, that cancer of bile passages can frequently develop against the background of cholelithiasis. Taking into account little efficacy of surgical therapy, the prophylaxis of cancer development, namely an early operation for cholelithiasis, is believed by the authors to be the most effective measure.", "contents": "[Cancer of th e exrahepatic bile ducts]. The authors have summarized their experience with observations and treatment of 101 patients with cancer of extrahepatic bile ducts. Based on personal authors' findings it is concluded, that cancer of bile passages can frequently develop against the background of cholelithiasis. Taking into account little efficacy of surgical therapy, the prophylaxis of cancer development, namely an early operation for cholelithiasis, is believed by the authors to be the most effective measure.", "PMID": 1014219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_439", "title": "[Cholecystectomy from a median incision and the lack of need for gauze tampons].", "content": "An analysis of surgical treatment in 482 patients with gallbladder affections is presented and estimated comparatively. Modern anesthesia with the use of myorelaxants allowed a neglect of most abdominal wall incisions and the performance of cholecystectomy from the upper median incision irrespective of patients's constitution and weight, moreover gauze tampons are not employed in the clinic any longer. Instead of them a rubber tube is introduced in the Winslow foramen through a trochar made puncture in the right subcostal space. Such measures enabled us to reduce considerably the number of various complications and the mortality in acute cholecystitis from 15.5% to 3.5%, to shorten the patient's stay at the hospital from 38 to 15 days, while in cholelithiasis--from 30 to 13 days.", "contents": "[Cholecystectomy from a median incision and the lack of need for gauze tampons]. An analysis of surgical treatment in 482 patients with gallbladder affections is presented and estimated comparatively. Modern anesthesia with the use of myorelaxants allowed a neglect of most abdominal wall incisions and the performance of cholecystectomy from the upper median incision irrespective of patients's constitution and weight, moreover gauze tampons are not employed in the clinic any longer. Instead of them a rubber tube is introduced in the Winslow foramen through a trochar made puncture in the right subcostal space. Such measures enabled us to reduce considerably the number of various complications and the mortality in acute cholecystitis from 15.5% to 3.5%, to shorten the patient's stay at the hospital from 38 to 15 days, while in cholelithiasis--from 30 to 13 days.", "PMID": 1014220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_440", "title": "[Some aspects of the complex treatment of acute suppurative perionitis].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of the results of complex treatment in 4318 patients operated upon for acute peritonitis, caused by acute appendicitis, perforating gastric and duodenal ulcers, acute cholecystitis, ruptures and perforations of the intestine and other surgical and gynecological diseases. Patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis showed marked disorders in protein-aminoacid, nitrogen, and water electrolyte metabolism, acid-base balance, a reduced nonspecific immune responsiveness of the organism. Therpeutic tactics was delineated taking into account the revealed changes.", "contents": "[Some aspects of the complex treatment of acute suppurative perionitis]. The authors present an analysis of the results of complex treatment in 4318 patients operated upon for acute peritonitis, caused by acute appendicitis, perforating gastric and duodenal ulcers, acute cholecystitis, ruptures and perforations of the intestine and other surgical and gynecological diseases. Patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis showed marked disorders in protein-aminoacid, nitrogen, and water electrolyte metabolism, acid-base balance, a reduced nonspecific immune responsiveness of the organism. Therpeutic tactics was delineated taking into account the revealed changes.", "PMID": 1014221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_441", "title": "[Secretory activity of the small intestine after resection of the pancreas].", "content": "The experiments on dogs have shown that during 3-5 weeks after resection of 1/3 and 2/3 of the pancreas the total amount of the excreted intestinal juice and the content of proper enteric enzymes in it (enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase and saccharase) are decreased. According to the author's data the activity of intestinal juice amylase and lipase being enzymes mostly of the pancreatic origin, transferred in the small intestine from blood, is enhanced due to impairment of the histo-hematic barrier in the region of the resected pancreatic stump. 2-3 months following resection of 2/3 of the pancreatic gland the amount of excreted intestinal juice was nearly unchanged, but the content of proper enteric enzymes was somewhat increased, as compared with background indices.", "contents": "[Secretory activity of the small intestine after resection of the pancreas]. The experiments on dogs have shown that during 3-5 weeks after resection of 1/3 and 2/3 of the pancreas the total amount of the excreted intestinal juice and the content of proper enteric enzymes in it (enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase and saccharase) are decreased. According to the author's data the activity of intestinal juice amylase and lipase being enzymes mostly of the pancreatic origin, transferred in the small intestine from blood, is enhanced due to impairment of the histo-hematic barrier in the region of the resected pancreatic stump. 2-3 months following resection of 2/3 of the pancreatic gland the amount of excreted intestinal juice was nearly unchanged, but the content of proper enteric enzymes was somewhat increased, as compared with background indices.", "PMID": 1014222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_442", "title": "[Objective control in treating arthrosis deformans of the knee joint in hospitals and under ambulatory conditions].", "content": "The aim of the present work is to study the peculiarities of upright position and walking in patients with deforming arthrosis of the knee joint and to make a conclusion as to the possibility of using biomechanical methods for an objective estimate of the efficacy of treatment in such patients. The authors examined 88 patients with deforming arthrosis of various degree of severity and marked pain syndrome. In the examination separate weighing, seismoactography, ichnography and podography were employed. Deforming arthrosis of the knee joint was found to be accompanied with significant disorders in the upright position and walking, including a decreased static stress on the affected extremity, an increased amplitude oscillations of the body center of gravity while standing on the affected extremity and others.", "contents": "[Objective control in treating arthrosis deformans of the knee joint in hospitals and under ambulatory conditions]. The aim of the present work is to study the peculiarities of upright position and walking in patients with deforming arthrosis of the knee joint and to make a conclusion as to the possibility of using biomechanical methods for an objective estimate of the efficacy of treatment in such patients. The authors examined 88 patients with deforming arthrosis of various degree of severity and marked pain syndrome. In the examination separate weighing, seismoactography, ichnography and podography were employed. Deforming arthrosis of the knee joint was found to be accompanied with significant disorders in the upright position and walking, including a decreased static stress on the affected extremity, an increased amplitude oscillations of the body center of gravity while standing on the affected extremity and others.", "PMID": 1014223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_443", "title": "[Operative treatment of hallux valgus].", "content": "A new method of operative treatment for hallux valgus consists in a derotational osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone and adductorotenotomy, that allows a correction of the deformity without an operation on the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A total of 67 patients were operated upon (81 operations). Late results were followed up in 48 patients (59 operations). Excellent and good results after the operation were noted in 47, satisfactory-in 10 and poor-in 2 observations. The operation is thought to be indicated in marked deformities.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of hallux valgus]. A new method of operative treatment for hallux valgus consists in a derotational osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone and adductorotenotomy, that allows a correction of the deformity without an operation on the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A total of 67 patients were operated upon (81 operations). Late results were followed up in 48 patients (59 operations). Excellent and good results after the operation were noted in 47, satisfactory-in 10 and poor-in 2 observations. The operation is thought to be indicated in marked deformities.", "PMID": 1014224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_444", "title": "[Experience with treating complicated forms of abscessing pneumonia in children].", "content": "Under observation were 157 patients with different forms of abscessing pneumonias. Pleural complicaitons were noted in 113 patients (about 60%). The complex treatment was employed in all patients (intensive antibacterial therapy, immunotherapy, bacteriophage, administration of protein preparations, vitamin-therapy, fresh blood transfusion, artery system and by means of percutaneous catheterization of th subclavian vein. The results of the treatment are described.", "contents": "[Experience with treating complicated forms of abscessing pneumonia in children]. Under observation were 157 patients with different forms of abscessing pneumonias. Pleural complicaitons were noted in 113 patients (about 60%). The complex treatment was employed in all patients (intensive antibacterial therapy, immunotherapy, bacteriophage, administration of protein preparations, vitamin-therapy, fresh blood transfusion, artery system and by means of percutaneous catheterization of th subclavian vein. The results of the treatment are described.", "PMID": 1014225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_445", "title": "[Methods for expanding the collapse lung in complicated abscessing pneumonia in children].", "content": "A comparative estimation of different methods of expanding the collapsed lung for staphylococcic pneumonia in children enabled the author to speak in favour of lung inflation by using an artificial occlusion of the bronchus with a peripheral fistula. This technic seems to be advantageous since a one-moment inclusion of the lung in the process of ventilation is found to contribute to prompt reduction oxygen deficiency of the organism, liquidation of the residual cavity and hemodynamic disturbances, and intoxication. The recovery of children is note din shorter terms. The time of patient's stay at the hospital is also shortened.", "contents": "[Methods for expanding the collapse lung in complicated abscessing pneumonia in children]. A comparative estimation of different methods of expanding the collapsed lung for staphylococcic pneumonia in children enabled the author to speak in favour of lung inflation by using an artificial occlusion of the bronchus with a peripheral fistula. This technic seems to be advantageous since a one-moment inclusion of the lung in the process of ventilation is found to contribute to prompt reduction oxygen deficiency of the organism, liquidation of the residual cavity and hemodynamic disturbances, and intoxication. The recovery of children is note din shorter terms. The time of patient's stay at the hospital is also shortened.", "PMID": 1014226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_446", "title": "[Errors in the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children].", "content": "According to the authors' findings among 1027 children operated upon for appendicitis 61 children had diseases not related with inflammation of the appendicular process. Mesenterial lymphadenitis was observed intraoperatively in 34 cases, pneumococcic peritonitis-in 15, invagination of the small and large intestine-in 3, diverticulitis of Meckel's diverticulum-in 3, ovarian apoplexy-in 3, atonia of the urinary bladder-in 2. Diagnostic errors occurred as a result of improper analysis of the anamnesis data, rare incidence of the aforementioned diseases, and also due to the absence of reliable methods of objective laboratory and instrumental investigations of such patients.", "contents": "[Errors in the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children]. According to the authors' findings among 1027 children operated upon for appendicitis 61 children had diseases not related with inflammation of the appendicular process. Mesenterial lymphadenitis was observed intraoperatively in 34 cases, pneumococcic peritonitis-in 15, invagination of the small and large intestine-in 3, diverticulitis of Meckel's diverticulum-in 3, ovarian apoplexy-in 3, atonia of the urinary bladder-in 2. Diagnostic errors occurred as a result of improper analysis of the anamnesis data, rare incidence of the aforementioned diseases, and also due to the absence of reliable methods of objective laboratory and instrumental investigations of such patients.", "PMID": 1014227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_447", "title": "[Tissue tolerance to staphylococcal infection in multiple wounds of the soft tissues[].", "content": "The results of 254 experimental studies and 117 case reports of patients with multiple soft tissue injuries of different localization are analysed. Mutiple cutimuscular wounds were found to decrease the tolerance of injured tissues to purulent infection. Experimentally, on 130 rabbits the methods of rational prophylaxis of local purulent infection in case of multiple soft tissue wounds were studied. Their prophylactic effect in this pathology was 20% lower compared with single wounds of identical character.", "contents": "[Tissue tolerance to staphylococcal infection in multiple wounds of the soft tissues[]. The results of 254 experimental studies and 117 case reports of patients with multiple soft tissue injuries of different localization are analysed. Mutiple cutimuscular wounds were found to decrease the tolerance of injured tissues to purulent infection. Experimentally, on 130 rabbits the methods of rational prophylaxis of local purulent infection in case of multiple soft tissue wounds were studied. Their prophylactic effect in this pathology was 20% lower compared with single wounds of identical character.", "PMID": 1014232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_448", "title": "[Operative treatment of meniscus injuries to the knee joint].", "content": "The author suggests \"A set of instruments for the performance of meniscectomy\" which includes: a lift-probe, double-edged and end face meniscotome. The instruments provide for a search of the sites of meniscus injury and also its prompt atraumatic removal. A total of 220 operations were performed. Late results were studied in 104 patients. Excellent and good results made 90.4%, satisfactory-9.6%, no poor issues were noted.", "contents": "[Operative treatment of meniscus injuries to the knee joint]. The author suggests \"A set of instruments for the performance of meniscectomy\" which includes: a lift-probe, double-edged and end face meniscotome. The instruments provide for a search of the sites of meniscus injury and also its prompt atraumatic removal. A total of 220 operations were performed. Late results were studied in 104 patients. Excellent and good results made 90.4%, satisfactory-9.6%, no poor issues were noted.", "PMID": 1014234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_449", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of right-heart catheterization during operations on the lungs and in the early postoperative period in elderly patients].", "content": "Pressure in the right heart (CVP) was measured at different stages of lung resection and during the first postoperative days in 74 aged patients, operated upon for various pulmonary affections. Pneumonectomy was performed in 33 patients, partial resection--in 31, thoracotomy--in 10. The pressure was measured by catheterization of the right heart, using the Valdman apparatus. No complications relative to catheterization of the right heart were noted. Intraoperative observations over CVP dynamics with due account of other hemodynamic indices, general patient's state and the operative stage provide for additional valuable data of the state of a patient operated upon. During the first days after pneumo- and lobectomy CVP was found to be decreased compared with initial values, that seems to be related with hypovolemia. Studies on the circulating blood volume and its components, carried out in 18 patients, have proved the presence of hypolvolemia in patients under consideration. These investigations make it possible to recommend continous catheterization of the right heart for early recognition of hemodynamic disturbances and a simultaneous use of the catheter for infusion of medical drugs.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of right-heart catheterization during operations on the lungs and in the early postoperative period in elderly patients]. Pressure in the right heart (CVP) was measured at different stages of lung resection and during the first postoperative days in 74 aged patients, operated upon for various pulmonary affections. Pneumonectomy was performed in 33 patients, partial resection--in 31, thoracotomy--in 10. The pressure was measured by catheterization of the right heart, using the Valdman apparatus. No complications relative to catheterization of the right heart were noted. Intraoperative observations over CVP dynamics with due account of other hemodynamic indices, general patient's state and the operative stage provide for additional valuable data of the state of a patient operated upon. During the first days after pneumo- and lobectomy CVP was found to be decreased compared with initial values, that seems to be related with hypovolemia. Studies on the circulating blood volume and its components, carried out in 18 patients, have proved the presence of hypolvolemia in patients under consideration. These investigations make it possible to recommend continous catheterization of the right heart for early recognition of hemodynamic disturbances and a simultaneous use of the catheter for infusion of medical drugs.", "PMID": 1014236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_450", "title": "[Hemodynamic indices and the volume of circulating blood in the surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus and cardial portion of the stomach].", "content": "The authors report the data on changes in some indices of the hemodynamics, red blood, total blood serum protein, the circulatory volume and amount of the operative blood loss in radical surgical treatment of patients with cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Depending on the kind of anesthesia all patients were subdivided into three groups: in the first group ether-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis was employed, in the second-fluothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis and in the third-neuroleptanalgesia.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic indices and the volume of circulating blood in the surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus and cardial portion of the stomach]. The authors report the data on changes in some indices of the hemodynamics, red blood, total blood serum protein, the circulatory volume and amount of the operative blood loss in radical surgical treatment of patients with cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Depending on the kind of anesthesia all patients were subdivided into three groups: in the first group ether-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis was employed, in the second-fluothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis and in the third-neuroleptanalgesia.", "PMID": 1014238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_451", "title": "[Esophagoscopy under anesthesia with diffusion breathing].", "content": "The authors have performed 180 esophagoscopies (in many cases repeatedly) under anesthesia in conditions of diffuse ventilation against the background of apnoe in patients with esophageal diseases, aged from 1 to 72 years. An analysis of ECG indicated no essential changes in the cardiac electric activity, that correlates well with the data of biochemical control, with the exception of persons with concomitant cardiac organic lesions in whom a decreased electric activity of the myocardium due to metabolic changes was noted.", "contents": "[Esophagoscopy under anesthesia with diffusion breathing]. The authors have performed 180 esophagoscopies (in many cases repeatedly) under anesthesia in conditions of diffuse ventilation against the background of apnoe in patients with esophageal diseases, aged from 1 to 72 years. An analysis of ECG indicated no essential changes in the cardiac electric activity, that correlates well with the data of biochemical control, with the exception of persons with concomitant cardiac organic lesions in whom a decreased electric activity of the myocardium due to metabolic changes was noted.", "PMID": 1014239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_452", "title": "[Use of neruoleptoanalgesia in the postoperative period].", "content": "The authors recommend a postoperative administration of the mixture consisting of phentanil, droperidol and dimedrol. The mixture would provide anesthesia during 4-10 hours and a peaceful sleep during 2-4 hours. In case of necessity the mixture may be reinjected.", "contents": "[Use of neruoleptoanalgesia in the postoperative period]. The authors recommend a postoperative administration of the mixture consisting of phentanil, droperidol and dimedrol. The mixture would provide anesthesia during 4-10 hours and a peaceful sleep during 2-4 hours. In case of necessity the mixture may be reinjected.", "PMID": 1014243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_453", "title": "[Suppurative-necrotic pancreatitis and its surgical treatment].", "content": "Purulent-necrotic processes in the pancreas may arise against the background of different forms of acute pancreatitis. Biological tamponade of the pancreas with the greater omentum and hermical closure of the abdomen result in a reduced number of cases of the gland suppuration. The treatment of purulent pancreatitis should be complex, comprising an early surgical intervention with subsequent rational conservative therapy.", "contents": "[Suppurative-necrotic pancreatitis and its surgical treatment]. Purulent-necrotic processes in the pancreas may arise against the background of different forms of acute pancreatitis. Biological tamponade of the pancreas with the greater omentum and hermical closure of the abdomen result in a reduced number of cases of the gland suppuration. The treatment of purulent pancreatitis should be complex, comprising an early surgical intervention with subsequent rational conservative therapy.", "PMID": 1014257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_454", "title": "[2-stage operations in cancer of the pancreatic head and major duodenal papilla].", "content": "As the first moment of the operation laparoscopic cholecystostomy was employed in 63 patients. In 6 patients due to their grave condition no other operative interventions were performed. In 35 patients during the second operation various biliodigestive anastomoses were constructed. In 3 patients transduodenal papillectomy with lymphodenectomy was performed. Pancreatoduodenal resection was employed in 19 cases, three patients died postoperatively. The author's personal modification of pancreatoduodenal resection was used.", "contents": "[2-stage operations in cancer of the pancreatic head and major duodenal papilla]. As the first moment of the operation laparoscopic cholecystostomy was employed in 63 patients. In 6 patients due to their grave condition no other operative interventions were performed. In 35 patients during the second operation various biliodigestive anastomoses were constructed. In 3 patients transduodenal papillectomy with lymphodenectomy was performed. Pancreatoduodenal resection was employed in 19 cases, three patients died postoperatively. The author's personal modification of pancreatoduodenal resection was used.", "PMID": 1014258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_455", "title": "[Compensatory reactions after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer].", "content": "The work is based on studies conducted in 30 experimental dogs with gastrointestinal ulcer induced experimentally, which were subjected to selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty after the Heinike--Mikulicz technic, and also in 22 patients having gastric ulcerous disease who were subjected to trunk or selective vagotomy with drainage operations or vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection. As a result of investigation performed, it was found that the operative intervention on the stomach i. e. selective vagotomy with economic gastric resection both experimentally and clinically is accompanied with marked disturbances in the compensatory and adaptation mechanism in the organism, these are manifested in inhibition of oxido-reduction processes (a pronounced decrease in reduced glutathione level, an increase of oxidated glutathione, a great fall in blood vacant oxygen). The postoperative period is characterized by normalization of oxido-reduction processes, their normalization being but slow.", "contents": "[Compensatory reactions after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer]. The work is based on studies conducted in 30 experimental dogs with gastrointestinal ulcer induced experimentally, which were subjected to selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty after the Heinike--Mikulicz technic, and also in 22 patients having gastric ulcerous disease who were subjected to trunk or selective vagotomy with drainage operations or vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection. As a result of investigation performed, it was found that the operative intervention on the stomach i. e. selective vagotomy with economic gastric resection both experimentally and clinically is accompanied with marked disturbances in the compensatory and adaptation mechanism in the organism, these are manifested in inhibition of oxido-reduction processes (a pronounced decrease in reduced glutathione level, an increase of oxidated glutathione, a great fall in blood vacant oxygen). The postoperative period is characterized by normalization of oxido-reduction processes, their normalization being but slow.", "PMID": 1014259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_456", "title": "[Surgical tactics in peptic ulcer devleoped after gastrectomy].", "content": "The authors analyse the materials pertaining to 96 patients with peptic ulcers arising after gastric resection. Eighty seven of them were subjected to 94 surgical interventions. Attention is called to different causes of the ulcer occurrence and possibilities of their recognition. Depending on the cause of ulcer various operations were undertaken i.e. reresection of the stomach, vagotomy, removal of the remained protion of antral duodenal mucosa, total resection of the gastric stump. Indications to each kind of surgery under consideration are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical tactics in peptic ulcer devleoped after gastrectomy]. The authors analyse the materials pertaining to 96 patients with peptic ulcers arising after gastric resection. Eighty seven of them were subjected to 94 surgical interventions. Attention is called to different causes of the ulcer occurrence and possibilities of their recognition. Depending on the cause of ulcer various operations were undertaken i.e. reresection of the stomach, vagotomy, removal of the remained protion of antral duodenal mucosa, total resection of the gastric stump. Indications to each kind of surgery under consideration are discussed.", "PMID": 1014260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_457", "title": "[Various problems of diagnosis and treatment of hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "Under observation were 30 patients with the clinical picture of hyperprarthyroidism. Resection of parathyroid adenoma was performed in 10 cases. Recovery was noted in 5 cases, in 5--the operation failed to yield any remarkable effect.", "contents": "[Various problems of diagnosis and treatment of hyperparathyroidism]. Under observation were 30 patients with the clinical picture of hyperprarthyroidism. Resection of parathyroid adenoma was performed in 10 cases. Recovery was noted in 5 cases, in 5--the operation failed to yield any remarkable effect.", "PMID": 1014261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_458", "title": "[Possibility of leaving gastrin-producing pyloric glands in the stump of resected stomach].", "content": "Based on the data obtained in fibrogastrochromoscopy and histological studies of gastric biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerous gastroduodenal disease, prior to surgical intervention and after gastric resection for this affection, it was found that in \"standard\" gastric resection with 2/3 of the organ the possibility of remaining a portion of the antral mucous membrane in the gastric stump is practically excluded and, consequently, the role of this factor in the development of peptic ulcer of the anastomosis seems to unliely after the so-called inadquate in extent gastric resections.", "contents": "[Possibility of leaving gastrin-producing pyloric glands in the stump of resected stomach]. Based on the data obtained in fibrogastrochromoscopy and histological studies of gastric biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerous gastroduodenal disease, prior to surgical intervention and after gastric resection for this affection, it was found that in \"standard\" gastric resection with 2/3 of the organ the possibility of remaining a portion of the antral mucous membrane in the gastric stump is practically excluded and, consequently, the role of this factor in the development of peptic ulcer of the anastomosis seems to unliely after the so-called inadquate in extent gastric resections.", "PMID": 1014262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_459", "title": "[Analysis of complications of synchronous combined excision of rectal cancer].", "content": "Based on the data of 185 patients the immediate results of surgical treatment for rectal cancer are discussed. The total number of intraoperative complications was 6.5%. Postoperatively, complications were noted in 65.2%. The authors consider the dependence of complications on such factors as sex, age, patients' obesity, stage of the process and the kind of surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Analysis of complications of synchronous combined excision of rectal cancer]. Based on the data of 185 patients the immediate results of surgical treatment for rectal cancer are discussed. The total number of intraoperative complications was 6.5%. Postoperatively, complications were noted in 65.2%. The authors consider the dependence of complications on such factors as sex, age, patients' obesity, stage of the process and the kind of surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1014264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_460", "title": "[Thoracophrenotomy as an approach to the adrenal glands].", "content": "For 88 operations in 69 patients with different adrenal diseases the author has employed transpleural (in 53 cases) thoracophrenotomy and subpleural (in 35 cases) thoracophrenotomy along the tenth intercostal space. These approaches are recommended evenin one-moment bilateral operation (3 observations). The incidence of complications directly relative to the selected approach is less than in lumbotomy.", "contents": "[Thoracophrenotomy as an approach to the adrenal glands]. For 88 operations in 69 patients with different adrenal diseases the author has employed transpleural (in 53 cases) thoracophrenotomy and subpleural (in 35 cases) thoracophrenotomy along the tenth intercostal space. These approaches are recommended evenin one-moment bilateral operation (3 observations). The incidence of complications directly relative to the selected approach is less than in lumbotomy.", "PMID": 1014267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_461", "title": "[Characteristics of surgical treatment of the renal form of primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "Based on the experience of surgical treatment in 124 patients with renal form of primary hyperparathyroidism, the author gives a description of peculiarities of parathyroidectomy technic. Positive results  of the treatment were obtained in 32 of 35 patients with spontaneous discharge of concretions. In bilateral nephrolithiasis postoperative recurrences, solitary stones the effect of the treatment depends both on renal surgery and therapy of pyelonephritis, nevertheless postoperative recurrences in these patients were 2.5 times as rare as in routine therapy.", "contents": "[Characteristics of surgical treatment of the renal form of primary hyperparathyroidism]. Based on the experience of surgical treatment in 124 patients with renal form of primary hyperparathyroidism, the author gives a description of peculiarities of parathyroidectomy technic. Positive results  of the treatment were obtained in 32 of 35 patients with spontaneous discharge of concretions. In bilateral nephrolithiasis postoperative recurrences, solitary stones the effect of the treatment depends both on renal surgery and therapy of pyelonephritis, nevertheless postoperative recurrences in these patients were 2.5 times as rare as in routine therapy.", "PMID": 1014268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_462", "title": "[Surgical treatment of microbladder of tuberculous etiology].", "content": "In tuberculous microcysts two technics of plastic surgery are suggested depending on the state of the prostatic gland and urethra. In patients with microcysts without specific lesions of the prostatic gland and urethra vertical sigmocystoplasty was performed after subtotal resection of the urinary bladder. In microcysts associated with tuberculosis of the prostatic gland or urethra perineal sigmocystoplasty after the authors' technic was employed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of microbladder of tuberculous etiology]. In tuberculous microcysts two technics of plastic surgery are suggested depending on the state of the prostatic gland and urethra. In patients with microcysts without specific lesions of the prostatic gland and urethra vertical sigmocystoplasty was performed after subtotal resection of the urinary bladder. In microcysts associated with tuberculosis of the prostatic gland or urethra perineal sigmocystoplasty after the authors' technic was employed.", "PMID": 1014269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_463", "title": "[Disorders of microcirculation and systemic circulation in acute pancreatitis and methods of their correction].", "content": "Clinically (in 186 patients) and experimentally the authors studied the peculiarities of variation in microcirculation, organ blood flow and systemic circulation in acute pancreatitis. The authors emphasize the leading role of early arising circulatory disorders in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The main pathways for correction of hemodynamic disturbances with due account of their causes, character and the sequence of development are described.", "contents": "[Disorders of microcirculation and systemic circulation in acute pancreatitis and methods of their correction]. Clinically (in 186 patients) and experimentally the authors studied the peculiarities of variation in microcirculation, organ blood flow and systemic circulation in acute pancreatitis. The authors emphasize the leading role of early arising circulatory disorders in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The main pathways for correction of hemodynamic disturbances with due account of their causes, character and the sequence of development are described.", "PMID": 1014270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_464", "title": "[Secondary abscessing pneumonia in children].", "content": "Among 370 patients with staphylococcic abscessing pneumonia in 55 secondary pulmonary involvement (14.8%) was noted. Acute hematogenic osteomyelitis was the most frequent cause of sepsis. The treatment of patients with secondary staphylociccic abscessing pneumonia is described. The mortality was 40 per cent.", "contents": "[Secondary abscessing pneumonia in children]. Among 370 patients with staphylococcic abscessing pneumonia in 55 secondary pulmonary involvement (14.8%) was noted. Acute hematogenic osteomyelitis was the most frequent cause of sepsis. The treatment of patients with secondary staphylociccic abscessing pneumonia is described. The mortality was 40 per cent.", "PMID": 1014274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_465", "title": "[Choice of anesthesia in operations on the spine and spinal cord].", "content": "It was found that in patients with spinal and cerebrospinal lesions considerable circulatory disorders occur that are depended on the character of the disease and related homeostasis disturbances. As evidenced by the authors' findings the main causes of circulatory disturbances may be as follows: altered innervation below the focus of cerebrospinal lesion, the development of insufficiency of the myocardiac contractility, a changed general vascular resistance, a decrease of total circulatory volume.", "contents": "[Choice of anesthesia in operations on the spine and spinal cord]. It was found that in patients with spinal and cerebrospinal lesions considerable circulatory disorders occur that are depended on the character of the disease and related homeostasis disturbances. As evidenced by the authors' findings the main causes of circulatory disturbances may be as follows: altered innervation below the focus of cerebrospinal lesion, the development of insufficiency of the myocardiac contractility, a changed general vascular resistance, a decrease of total circulatory volume.", "PMID": 1014275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_466", "title": "[Adrenal cortex function after local, peridural and potentiated peridural anesthesia].", "content": "The study of the adrenal function in local anesthesia and one-moment peridural anesthesia in operations for analogous affections--venous varicosity of the lower limbs, indicated no differences in changes of the adrenal cortex functioning. In one-moment peridural anesthesia, potentiated with neurolentanalgesics a tendency was observed to an increased glucocorticoid function of the adrenal gland, which should be ascribed to the effect of neuroleptanalgesics.", "contents": "[Adrenal cortex function after local, peridural and potentiated peridural anesthesia]. The study of the adrenal function in local anesthesia and one-moment peridural anesthesia in operations for analogous affections--venous varicosity of the lower limbs, indicated no differences in changes of the adrenal cortex functioning. In one-moment peridural anesthesia, potentiated with neurolentanalgesics a tendency was observed to an increased glucocorticoid function of the adrenal gland, which should be ascribed to the effect of neuroleptanalgesics.", "PMID": 1014276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_467", "title": "[Method of correction of microstomia and deviation of the mouth angles by rotation of trapeziform and triangular flaps of the mouth mucosa].", "content": "In the paper, the author suggests an essentially new method of dilation of the oral orifice and elimination of mouth angles deviations basing on the principle of new redistribution of local tissues by means of rotation of a trapeziform graft of the mucosa with its submucous layer from the buccal and adoral region. In this method one uses more adequate tissues, which reserves in case of microstomia are located in the buccal and adoral region. The successful utilization in 60 patients of the suggested method of elimination of microstomia arising due to different causes enabled the author to recommend it widely for reparative surgery.", "contents": "[Method of correction of microstomia and deviation of the mouth angles by rotation of trapeziform and triangular flaps of the mouth mucosa]. In the paper, the author suggests an essentially new method of dilation of the oral orifice and elimination of mouth angles deviations basing on the principle of new redistribution of local tissues by means of rotation of a trapeziform graft of the mucosa with its submucous layer from the buccal and adoral region. In this method one uses more adequate tissues, which reserves in case of microstomia are located in the buccal and adoral region. The successful utilization in 60 patients of the suggested method of elimination of microstomia arising due to different causes enabled the author to recommend it widely for reparative surgery.", "PMID": 1014277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_468", "title": "[Method of drainage of the common bile duct with the aid of a tube formed from the omentum].", "content": "The author suggests a tube formed from the omentum and enveloping a drainage rubber tube like a muff. When fixed to the common bile duct and parietal peritoneum, it allowed him to eliminate the drawbacks of currently used drainages.", "contents": "[Method of drainage of the common bile duct with the aid of a tube formed from the omentum]. The author suggests a tube formed from the omentum and enveloping a drainage rubber tube like a muff. When fixed to the common bile duct and parietal peritoneum, it allowed him to eliminate the drawbacks of currently used drainages.", "PMID": 1014278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_469", "title": "[Method of venectomy with intravenous transillumination].", "content": "A probe suggested by the author (a modification of Babcock probe) makes it possible to perform venectomy under the optic control, that prevents errors relative to determination of the site of a probe olive and collaterals and provides for a better cosmetic effect of the operation.", "contents": "[Method of venectomy with intravenous transillumination]. A probe suggested by the author (a modification of Babcock probe) makes it possible to perform venectomy under the optic control, that prevents errors relative to determination of the site of a probe olive and collaterals and provides for a better cosmetic effect of the operation.", "PMID": 1014279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_470", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of visceral form of hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "Under observation were 131 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 22 of them (16.8%) suffering its visceral form. Seventeen patients aged from 31 to 60 years. The duration of the disease from the onset of initial signs till establishment of the final diagnosis was from 3 to 21 years. In two-thirds of patients this period lasted from 4 to 7 years. The clinical picture of the disease is described. All patients were subjected to surgical therapy--adenomas were removed in 18 patients, hyperplastic bodies --in 3, parathyroid cancer--in 1. No lethal issues were observed. The follow-up terms were from 1 to 7 years.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of visceral form of hyperparathyroidism]. Under observation were 131 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 22 of them (16.8%) suffering its visceral form. Seventeen patients aged from 31 to 60 years. The duration of the disease from the onset of initial signs till establishment of the final diagnosis was from 3 to 21 years. In two-thirds of patients this period lasted from 4 to 7 years. The clinical picture of the disease is described. All patients were subjected to surgical therapy--adenomas were removed in 18 patients, hyperplastic bodies --in 3, parathyroid cancer--in 1. No lethal issues were observed. The follow-up terms were from 1 to 7 years.", "PMID": 1014280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_471", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of intestinal esophagoplasty in cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus].", "content": "In 136 patients with cicatrical strictures of the esophagus the author performed total esophagoplasty, using the left colon (89 cases), the right colon with terminal iliac portion (8 cases), the small intestine by Roux-Herzen-Judin technic (27 cases) and the small intestine with primary reconstruction of the graft (12 cases). The results obtained and also early and late complications of the methods of esophagoplasty employed are clinically analysed. Based on clinical examinations of the patients within the terms from 1 to 16 years, the data of roentgenokinematography and the degree of their rehabilitation, the function of a newly constructed esophagus is estimated.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of intestinal esophagoplasty in cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus]. In 136 patients with cicatrical strictures of the esophagus the author performed total esophagoplasty, using the left colon (89 cases), the right colon with terminal iliac portion (8 cases), the small intestine by Roux-Herzen-Judin technic (27 cases) and the small intestine with primary reconstruction of the graft (12 cases). The results obtained and also early and late complications of the methods of esophagoplasty employed are clinically analysed. Based on clinical examinations of the patients within the terms from 1 to 16 years, the data of roentgenokinematography and the degree of their rehabilitation, the function of a newly constructed esophagus is estimated.", "PMID": 1014281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_472", "title": "[Main clinical syndromes after gastrectomy for cancer].", "content": "The immediate and late results of 219 gastrectomies performed for cancer were analysed. The postoperative mortality was 13.2%, the survival over 5 years--23.7% to the number of operated patients, and 34.7% to the number of those followed up. A functional estimation of the sequelae of 169 gastrectomies, performed by different technics, enabled the authors to reveal pathological changes on the part of the liver, gallbladder, esophagus, pancreas and intestine. The clinical picture of some major pathological syndromes after gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach are described. A certain dependence between the type of surgical intervention and the character of postgastrectomy disorders was noted.", "contents": "[Main clinical syndromes after gastrectomy for cancer]. The immediate and late results of 219 gastrectomies performed for cancer were analysed. The postoperative mortality was 13.2%, the survival over 5 years--23.7% to the number of operated patients, and 34.7% to the number of those followed up. A functional estimation of the sequelae of 169 gastrectomies, performed by different technics, enabled the authors to reveal pathological changes on the part of the liver, gallbladder, esophagus, pancreas and intestine. The clinical picture of some major pathological syndromes after gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach are described. A certain dependence between the type of surgical intervention and the character of postgastrectomy disorders was noted.", "PMID": 1014282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_473", "title": "[Causes of mechanical afferent loop syndrome after stomach resection in peptic ulcer].", "content": "The author observed 27 patients with the adducent loop mechanic syndrome (ALMS), which was caused by scarring deformations, ulcerous and cancer process in the region of anastomosis, constructed after one of Billroth-2 technics, impairing evacuation of the adducent loop content. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical findings and pinpointed further by roentgenoscopy and fibrogastroscopy. The presence of helminthic invasion of the liver--opisthordiasis resulted in hepatitis, pancreatitis that would not respond to therapy in patients with ALMS. Conservative measures in this syndrome yield but only a provisional effect. Eighteen patients were operated upon.", "contents": "[Causes of mechanical afferent loop syndrome after stomach resection in peptic ulcer]. The author observed 27 patients with the adducent loop mechanic syndrome (ALMS), which was caused by scarring deformations, ulcerous and cancer process in the region of anastomosis, constructed after one of Billroth-2 technics, impairing evacuation of the adducent loop content. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical findings and pinpointed further by roentgenoscopy and fibrogastroscopy. The presence of helminthic invasion of the liver--opisthordiasis resulted in hepatitis, pancreatitis that would not respond to therapy in patients with ALMS. Conservative measures in this syndrome yield but only a provisional effect. Eighteen patients were operated upon.", "PMID": 1014283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_474", "title": "[Treatment of gastrointestinal polyps].", "content": "The brief historical information concerning the stages in endoscopic polypectomy development is given. Indications and contraindications to polypectomy by means of modern fiberendoscopes are formulated. The results of 409 polypectomies accomplished by means of endoscopes are analysed. The method of electroexcision of polyps is described, and it is to be emphasized that the former is the most radical one among the currently used technics of polypectomy. Attention is paid not only to great therapeutic efficacy of the operation but also to its economic effectiveness.", "contents": "[Treatment of gastrointestinal polyps]. The brief historical information concerning the stages in endoscopic polypectomy development is given. Indications and contraindications to polypectomy by means of modern fiberendoscopes are formulated. The results of 409 polypectomies accomplished by means of endoscopes are analysed. The method of electroexcision of polyps is described, and it is to be emphasized that the former is the most radical one among the currently used technics of polypectomy. Attention is paid not only to great therapeutic efficacy of the operation but also to its economic effectiveness.", "PMID": 1014284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_475", "title": "[Enzymological studies in biliary tract diseases].", "content": "The authors have studied the activity of enzymes of pentosophosphate pathway in patients with different diseases of bile outflow tracts. An increased activity of the enzymes under consideration was found after an operation for acute phlegmonous, acute gangrenous and chronic cholecystitis, chronic cholecystopancreatitis, mechanic jaundice. It is the authors' opinion that the changes revealed are not specific, and they can not be considered a diagnostic test in bile passages diseases, however, these tests may serve as the control of the efficacy of therapy and functional state of the liver.", "contents": "[Enzymological studies in biliary tract diseases]. The authors have studied the activity of enzymes of pentosophosphate pathway in patients with different diseases of bile outflow tracts. An increased activity of the enzymes under consideration was found after an operation for acute phlegmonous, acute gangrenous and chronic cholecystitis, chronic cholecystopancreatitis, mechanic jaundice. It is the authors' opinion that the changes revealed are not specific, and they can not be considered a diagnostic test in bile passages diseases, however, these tests may serve as the control of the efficacy of therapy and functional state of the liver.", "PMID": 1014285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_476", "title": "[Composition of biliary calculi and possible causes of their formation].", "content": "The ingredients and chemical content of 135 biliary calculi from 120 operated patients was studied roentgenostructurally, with infra-red spectrophotometry and visually. Based on the results obtained, it proved feasible to differentiate 4 groups of calculi differing in their content: cholesterol, metallocholesterol, cholesterolphosphatide, phosphatide-protein.", "contents": "[Composition of biliary calculi and possible causes of their formation]. The ingredients and chemical content of 135 biliary calculi from 120 operated patients was studied roentgenostructurally, with infra-red spectrophotometry and visually. Based on the results obtained, it proved feasible to differentiate 4 groups of calculi differing in their content: cholesterol, metallocholesterol, cholesterolphosphatide, phosphatide-protein.", "PMID": 1014287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_477", "title": "[Capillary blood flow and oxygen consumption in the leg muscles in obliterating endarteritis].", "content": "Free oxygen tension (pO2) and tissue blood flow (by the rate of elimination of hydrogen from the tissues after its single inhale) at rest and after functional stresses (oxygen inhalation, walking) were studied polarographically in healthy persons (10), patients with obliterating endarteritis (25) and obliterating atherosclerosis (22). It was shown that the rate of pO2 and capillary blood flow reduction in the tissues and peculiarities of their changes in response to functional stresses aid in establishing the precise differential diagnosis of obliterating endarteritis and atherosclerosis, a stage of the disease and also in evaluating the efficacy of treatment.", "contents": "[Capillary blood flow and oxygen consumption in the leg muscles in obliterating endarteritis]. Free oxygen tension (pO2) and tissue blood flow (by the rate of elimination of hydrogen from the tissues after its single inhale) at rest and after functional stresses (oxygen inhalation, walking) were studied polarographically in healthy persons (10), patients with obliterating endarteritis (25) and obliterating atherosclerosis (22). It was shown that the rate of pO2 and capillary blood flow reduction in the tissues and peculiarities of their changes in response to functional stresses aid in establishing the precise differential diagnosis of obliterating endarteritis and atherosclerosis, a stage of the disease and also in evaluating the efficacy of treatment.", "PMID": 1014288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_478", "title": "[Treatment of nonspecific lymphadenitis in children].", "content": "Since 1970 to 1974 one hundred and eighty eight children with lymphadentis of different localization were observed by the authors. In 12 of 188 patients the diagnosis of chronic lymphadenitis was established, in the remainder of acute one. Seventy two patients (38.1%) needed surgical therapy, 106 patients were treated conservatively. Some practical recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Treatment of nonspecific lymphadenitis in children]. Since 1970 to 1974 one hundred and eighty eight children with lymphadentis of different localization were observed by the authors. In 12 of 188 patients the diagnosis of chronic lymphadenitis was established, in the remainder of acute one. Seventy two patients (38.1%) needed surgical therapy, 106 patients were treated conservatively. Some practical recommendations are given.", "PMID": 1014289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_479", "title": "[Irrigation of the bone marrow canal in the treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "The method of treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones in children is described. This method was employed in 31 children, aged from 3 to 14 years, with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis. The complete recovery was noted in 27 cases, in 4--due to late hospitalization and secondary infection the inflammatory process became chronic.", "contents": "[Irrigation of the bone marrow canal in the treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. The method of treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones in children is described. This method was employed in 31 children, aged from 3 to 14 years, with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis. The complete recovery was noted in 27 cases, in 4--due to late hospitalization and secondary infection the inflammatory process became chronic.", "PMID": 1014290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_480", "title": "[Early diagnosis of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "As evidenced by the author's findings, the use of the method of ultrasonic echolocation of long tubular bones facilitates the recognition of acute osteomyelitis in the stage of intramedullary abscess and also makes it possible to reduce the number of diagnostic errors and improve the results of treatment.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. As evidenced by the author's findings, the use of the method of ultrasonic echolocation of long tubular bones facilitates the recognition of acute osteomyelitis in the stage of intramedullary abscess and also makes it possible to reduce the number of diagnostic errors and improve the results of treatment.", "PMID": 1014291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_481", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of acute purulent pleurisy in children].", "content": "Under consideration is the diagnosis and treatment of different forms of staphylococcic destruction of the lung in children. The immediate and late results of treatment are studied. Application of the intensive therapy in association with different surgical interventions enabled the authors to obtain good immediate and late results in children with staphylococcic destruction of the lung.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of acute purulent pleurisy in children]. Under consideration is the diagnosis and treatment of different forms of staphylococcic destruction of the lung in children. The immediate and late results of treatment are studied. Application of the intensive therapy in association with different surgical interventions enabled the authors to obtain good immediate and late results in children with staphylococcic destruction of the lung.", "PMID": 1014292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_482", "title": "[Course of the postoperative period in infants with suppurative lung diseases].", "content": "An analysis of postoperative complications in 167 infants, operated for suppurative lung diseases, indicated that these complications are mainly the result of the purulent-inflammatory process progression. Recommendations concerning the prophylaxis against these complications with the analysis of the results of their use are given.", "contents": "[Course of the postoperative period in infants with suppurative lung diseases]. An analysis of postoperative complications in 167 infants, operated for suppurative lung diseases, indicated that these complications are mainly the result of the purulent-inflammatory process progression. Recommendations concerning the prophylaxis against these complications with the analysis of the results of their use are given.", "PMID": 1014293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_483", "title": "[Possibility of early operations in severe traumatic shock under the protection of assisted circulation].", "content": "The results of treatment in 28 patients with extremely severe multiple injuries are analysed: 21 of them had open, comminuted, crushed fractures or tearing of 44 extremities. After a failure of antishock measures an assist extracorporeal circulation with oxygenation was instituted, and surgery was performed. In 128 experiments on dogs a explosive bullet wound was inflicted on the knee joint: a comminuted intraarticular fracture of 2-3 bones was produced, followed by 25-30% bloodletting and additional trauma of the damage site. In 23 control experiments without using the heart-lung machine but with routine antishock measures 83% of animals died after the amputation and 17%--survived. A conclusion is made on the rationale and efficacy of an assist extracorporeal circulation in severe traumatic shock, that would make is possible to perform an early operation and to eliminate \"the trigger mechanism\" of shock.", "contents": "[Possibility of early operations in severe traumatic shock under the protection of assisted circulation]. The results of treatment in 28 patients with extremely severe multiple injuries are analysed: 21 of them had open, comminuted, crushed fractures or tearing of 44 extremities. After a failure of antishock measures an assist extracorporeal circulation with oxygenation was instituted, and surgery was performed. In 128 experiments on dogs a explosive bullet wound was inflicted on the knee joint: a comminuted intraarticular fracture of 2-3 bones was produced, followed by 25-30% bloodletting and additional trauma of the damage site. In 23 control experiments without using the heart-lung machine but with routine antishock measures 83% of animals died after the amputation and 17%--survived. A conclusion is made on the rationale and efficacy of an assist extracorporeal circulation in severe traumatic shock, that would make is possible to perform an early operation and to eliminate \"the trigger mechanism\" of shock.", "PMID": 1014294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_484", "title": "[Change in serotonin content in burns].", "content": "Serotonin in blood, in burnt skin and burn blister fluid was studied fluorimetrically in 90 patients during different periods of burn disease. Burn disease was found to be accompanied with a considerable reduction of serotonin level in patients' blood, its increased content in burnt skin and its appearance in the blisters fluid. There is a direct correlation between the burn gravity and the rate of serotonin level reduction in blood. The data obtained allow a suggestion that a decreased serotonin content in blood is related with its accumulation in burnt skin and appearance in the blister fluid.", "contents": "[Change in serotonin content in burns]. Serotonin in blood, in burnt skin and burn blister fluid was studied fluorimetrically in 90 patients during different periods of burn disease. Burn disease was found to be accompanied with a considerable reduction of serotonin level in patients' blood, its increased content in burnt skin and its appearance in the blisters fluid. There is a direct correlation between the burn gravity and the rate of serotonin level reduction in blood. The data obtained allow a suggestion that a decreased serotonin content in blood is related with its accumulation in burnt skin and appearance in the blister fluid.", "PMID": 1014295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_485", "title": "[Damping method of traction].", "content": "Damping of the system of skeletal extension with steel coil springs, ball bearing blocks and capron fishing-line was shown by the authors to be a necessity, since the routinely used \"rigid\" systems proved to be less effective. The authors have elaborated a new method of elimination of angular deviations of fragments and dislocations in width.", "contents": "[Damping method of traction]. Damping of the system of skeletal extension with steel coil springs, ball bearing blocks and capron fishing-line was shown by the authors to be a necessity, since the routinely used \"rigid\" systems proved to be less effective. The authors have elaborated a new method of elimination of angular deviations of fragments and dislocations in width.", "PMID": 1014296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_486", "title": "[Postural crush syndrome].", "content": "The clinic of such injuries is characterized by marked local manifestations (solid progressive edema of the injured limb leading frequently to decompensated ischemia) and a high incidence of acute renal insufficiency. Hemostatic disorders are manifested in hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, cell-extracell transfer of electrolytes, metabolic disorders in the myocardium, as evidenced by EEG findings. It is the authors' opinion that therapeutic measures should be aimed at liquidation of the progressive edema (hypothermia, fasciotomy), prevention of acute renal insufficiency and correction of metabolic disorders.", "contents": "[Postural crush syndrome]. The clinic of such injuries is characterized by marked local manifestations (solid progressive edema of the injured limb leading frequently to decompensated ischemia) and a high incidence of acute renal insufficiency. Hemostatic disorders are manifested in hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, cell-extracell transfer of electrolytes, metabolic disorders in the myocardium, as evidenced by EEG findings. It is the authors' opinion that therapeutic measures should be aimed at liquidation of the progressive edema (hypothermia, fasciotomy), prevention of acute renal insufficiency and correction of metabolic disorders.", "PMID": 1014297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_487", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs].", "content": "The authors report 87 observations on posttraumatic chronic lymphovenous insufficiency of the lower extremities. Basic methods of examination of such patients; rheovasography, polarography, thermography, veno- and lymphography are described. Grounds are given for the complex treatment of chronic lymphovenous insufficiency after A.V. Vishnevsky and A.A. Vishnevsky technic and the procedure of fibrolysis with supra- and subfascial ligation of communicating veins.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs]. The authors report 87 observations on posttraumatic chronic lymphovenous insufficiency of the lower extremities. Basic methods of examination of such patients; rheovasography, polarography, thermography, veno- and lymphography are described. Grounds are given for the complex treatment of chronic lymphovenous insufficiency after A.V. Vishnevsky and A.A. Vishnevsky technic and the procedure of fibrolysis with supra- and subfascial ligation of communicating veins.", "PMID": 1014298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_488", "title": "Oestrogen receptors in feline mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Twenty primary or metastatic felline mammary tumours were assayed for the presence of oestrogen receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method. In only two of the tumours was the presence of specific oestrogen binding protein demonstrable. The high negative rate in comparison with human and canine mammary tumours assayed under similar conditions seemed to be a peculiar feature of the feline tumours and suggested a lack of oestrogen dependency. The possibility remains that other hormones may be concerned with the growth of feline mammary tumours and further work is in progress.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors in feline mammary carcinomas. Twenty primary or metastatic felline mammary tumours were assayed for the presence of oestrogen receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method. In only two of the tumours was the presence of specific oestrogen binding protein demonstrable. The high negative rate in comparison with human and canine mammary tumours assayed under similar conditions seemed to be a peculiar feature of the feline tumours and suggested a lack of oestrogen dependency. The possibility remains that other hormones may be concerned with the growth of feline mammary tumours and further work is in progress.", "PMID": 1014299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_489", "title": "Non-surgical correction of a uterine torsion in the mare.", "content": "A case of uterine torsion is described and its correction under general anaesthesia by a method described by Schaffer for the cow. The degree of torsion was 180 degrees and in a clockwise direction. After correction the foal was found to be alive and in anterior presentation and ventral position; it was born normally 84 days later.", "contents": "Non-surgical correction of a uterine torsion in the mare. A case of uterine torsion is described and its correction under general anaesthesia by a method described by Schaffer for the cow. The degree of torsion was 180 degrees and in a clockwise direction. After correction the foal was found to be alive and in anterior presentation and ventral position; it was born normally 84 days later.", "PMID": 1014304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_490", "title": "Diagnosis of swine dysentery: spirochaetes which may be confused with Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "Spirochaetes, designated PWS, microscopically resembling Treponema hyodysenteriae, were isolated from the colon contents of pigs with post-weaning scours from three herds, which on clinical and epidemiological grounds were thought to be free from swine dysentery. One of the isolates was fed to pigs experimentally but no evidence of disease was noted. Their cultural characteristics differed from those of T hyodysenteriae but they were similar to those of a non-pathogenic spirachaete (4/71) which had been isolated previously from the laboratory's dysentery-free herd. Smears prepared from cultures of the PWS spirochaete, 4/71 and two virulent and one avirulent strain of T hyodysenteriae were all positive to a fluorescent antibody test which was in use as an aid to the diagnosis of swine dysentery in the United Kingdom.", "contents": "Diagnosis of swine dysentery: spirochaetes which may be confused with Treponema hyodysenteriae. Spirochaetes, designated PWS, microscopically resembling Treponema hyodysenteriae, were isolated from the colon contents of pigs with post-weaning scours from three herds, which on clinical and epidemiological grounds were thought to be free from swine dysentery. One of the isolates was fed to pigs experimentally but no evidence of disease was noted. Their cultural characteristics differed from those of T hyodysenteriae but they were similar to those of a non-pathogenic spirachaete (4/71) which had been isolated previously from the laboratory's dysentery-free herd. Smears prepared from cultures of the PWS spirochaete, 4/71 and two virulent and one avirulent strain of T hyodysenteriae were all positive to a fluorescent antibody test which was in use as an aid to the diagnosis of swine dysentery in the United Kingdom.", "PMID": 1014306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_491", "title": "Bacteria associated with beak necrosis in broiler breeder hens.", "content": "Beak necrosis occurred in 48 per cent of female broiler breeders used fro nutritional studies but none was found in male broiler breeders or in either sex of single comb white Leghorns. About 10 per cent mortality, probably largely due to beak necroses, occurred in the affected flock. Based on electron microscopic photographs of affected beak tissue, we suggest that in our study the breakdown of beaks was associated with the presence of a single morphological type of Gram-positive bacterium.", "contents": "Bacteria associated with beak necrosis in broiler breeder hens. Beak necrosis occurred in 48 per cent of female broiler breeders used fro nutritional studies but none was found in male broiler breeders or in either sex of single comb white Leghorns. About 10 per cent mortality, probably largely due to beak necroses, occurred in the affected flock. Based on electron microscopic photographs of affected beak tissue, we suggest that in our study the breakdown of beaks was associated with the presence of a single morphological type of Gram-positive bacterium.", "PMID": 1014307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_492", "title": "[Sperm-autophagocytosis in rams affectes with Brucella ovis].", "content": "Studied was micrographically the semen of rams affected with infectious epididymitis admixed with leukocytes and Brucella ovis organisms. The animals were CFT-positive for brucellosis. It was found that in addition to the abundantly phagocytized Brucellae in the cytoplasm of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes there were fairly often surrounding sporadic spermatozoa or groups of them whose flagellae and heads have penetrated into the respective leukocyte. To elucidate this phenomenon ultrasections were studied of leukocytes isolated from the semen of these animals using electron microscope. Autophagocytosis of the spermatozoa was observed, manifested to a varying degree. In some of the cases the spermatozoa showed no changes, while in other cases there was lysis predominantly of the plasmalemma; still in third cases both the leukocytes and the phagocytized elements (spermatozoa and Brucella organisms) were completely destroyed. It is believed on the basis of ultrastructural data that phagocytosis takes place actively through engaging the pseudopodia of the leukocytes in the epididmis where the spermatozoa are in the status of anabiosis. On the other hand, proceeding from the state in which there are phagocytized heads vs. fully retained normal structure the concept is set forth that probably spermatozoa gain access to the leukocytes by means of active penetration. The authors refer to this immunologic phenomenon in the biology of breeding, first observed by them, as autophagocytosis of spermatozoa.", "contents": "[Sperm-autophagocytosis in rams affectes with Brucella ovis]. Studied was micrographically the semen of rams affected with infectious epididymitis admixed with leukocytes and Brucella ovis organisms. The animals were CFT-positive for brucellosis. It was found that in addition to the abundantly phagocytized Brucellae in the cytoplasm of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes there were fairly often surrounding sporadic spermatozoa or groups of them whose flagellae and heads have penetrated into the respective leukocyte. To elucidate this phenomenon ultrasections were studied of leukocytes isolated from the semen of these animals using electron microscope. Autophagocytosis of the spermatozoa was observed, manifested to a varying degree. In some of the cases the spermatozoa showed no changes, while in other cases there was lysis predominantly of the plasmalemma; still in third cases both the leukocytes and the phagocytized elements (spermatozoa and Brucella organisms) were completely destroyed. It is believed on the basis of ultrastructural data that phagocytosis takes place actively through engaging the pseudopodia of the leukocytes in the epididmis where the spermatozoa are in the status of anabiosis. On the other hand, proceeding from the state in which there are phagocytized heads vs. fully retained normal structure the concept is set forth that probably spermatozoa gain access to the leukocytes by means of active penetration. The authors refer to this immunologic phenomenon in the biology of breeding, first observed by them, as autophagocytosis of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1014362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_493", "title": "[X-ray picture of the limb osteo-articular apparatus of calves of the Sofia brown breed of cattle].", "content": "X-ray investigations were carried out on 10 three-month-old and 10 six-month-old calves (each group consisting of 5 male and 5 female animals) of the Sofia Brown cattle breed in order to obtain and study the normal roentgenologic picture of the bone-and-joint apparatus of the limbs. It was established that in this breed's calves the contours of the bones are clearly delineated and assume an angular configuration after the age of three months, which later on becomes more pronouncedly expressed. At the insertion points of the tendo-ligamentous apparatus there appear in the distal parts of the bones, in a volar and plantar aspect an uneveness, which is likewise more strongly manifested with the advance in age. The structural picture of substantia spongiosa in the metaepiphyseal, heel, shoulder, and elbow processes assume the so-called moderate spottiness, and in some parts in the case of six-month-old calves there is rough spottiness. The medullary canal becomes more clearly visible in six-month-old calves that it is in the three-month-old ones. The relief of the metaepiphyseal portions roughens in the older calves, is uneven and becomes more compact. With the advance in age the deeper layer in the joint cartilage is replaced by the growing subchondral bone lamina, this leads to the thinning of the cartilage and the diminishing of the roetgenologically visible joint fissure. Such phenomenon is observed in all joints up to the age of six months, and fluctuates in size within the range of 1,5 to 3 mm. The only exception is the knee joint where, owing to the menisci the joint fisure is wider (about 5 mm). The joint fissures in six-month-old calves, in contrast to the three-month-old ones, are with better manifested contours.", "contents": "[X-ray picture of the limb osteo-articular apparatus of calves of the Sofia brown breed of cattle]. X-ray investigations were carried out on 10 three-month-old and 10 six-month-old calves (each group consisting of 5 male and 5 female animals) of the Sofia Brown cattle breed in order to obtain and study the normal roentgenologic picture of the bone-and-joint apparatus of the limbs. It was established that in this breed's calves the contours of the bones are clearly delineated and assume an angular configuration after the age of three months, which later on becomes more pronouncedly expressed. At the insertion points of the tendo-ligamentous apparatus there appear in the distal parts of the bones, in a volar and plantar aspect an uneveness, which is likewise more strongly manifested with the advance in age. The structural picture of substantia spongiosa in the metaepiphyseal, heel, shoulder, and elbow processes assume the so-called moderate spottiness, and in some parts in the case of six-month-old calves there is rough spottiness. The medullary canal becomes more clearly visible in six-month-old calves that it is in the three-month-old ones. The relief of the metaepiphyseal portions roughens in the older calves, is uneven and becomes more compact. With the advance in age the deeper layer in the joint cartilage is replaced by the growing subchondral bone lamina, this leads to the thinning of the cartilage and the diminishing of the roetgenologically visible joint fissure. Such phenomenon is observed in all joints up to the age of six months, and fluctuates in size within the range of 1,5 to 3 mm. The only exception is the knee joint where, owing to the menisci the joint fisure is wider (about 5 mm). The joint fissures in six-month-old calves, in contrast to the three-month-old ones, are with better manifested contours.", "PMID": 1014363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_494", "title": "[Effect of several factors on the estrogen activity of lucerne].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the estrogen activity of lucerne from various mowings harvested in years of different climate, studying the effect of age and yield of the crop. The observations were made during three successive years on local populations of lucerne grown under nonirrigation conditions. The estrogen activity was determined ny Bikov's biologic method, and the presence of cumestrol and genestein was established through chromatography. It was found that the estrogen activity of lucerne was to a large extent dependent on the intensity of growth. Young plants giving higher yield of green mass and dry matter manifested higher estrogen activity. Highest was the activity of lucerne from the first mowing, gradually decreasing in each of the following mowings. Variations were likewise established in the content of genestein and cumestrol in dependence on the mowing itself and the yield. All samples demonstrated that genestein was present in the first and fourth mowing, while the content of cumestrol varied within a wide range showing no markedly expressed correlations. The activity of the local lucerne populations during the first years of using the crop and the first mowings of green mass was shown to bring about disturbances in the reproduction process of ruminant animals provided lucerne is offered for a long time in greater amounts.", "contents": "[Effect of several factors on the estrogen activity of lucerne]. Investigations were carried out on the estrogen activity of lucerne from various mowings harvested in years of different climate, studying the effect of age and yield of the crop. The observations were made during three successive years on local populations of lucerne grown under nonirrigation conditions. The estrogen activity was determined ny Bikov's biologic method, and the presence of cumestrol and genestein was established through chromatography. It was found that the estrogen activity of lucerne was to a large extent dependent on the intensity of growth. Young plants giving higher yield of green mass and dry matter manifested higher estrogen activity. Highest was the activity of lucerne from the first mowing, gradually decreasing in each of the following mowings. Variations were likewise established in the content of genestein and cumestrol in dependence on the mowing itself and the yield. All samples demonstrated that genestein was present in the first and fourth mowing, while the content of cumestrol varied within a wide range showing no markedly expressed correlations. The activity of the local lucerne populations during the first years of using the crop and the first mowings of green mass was shown to bring about disturbances in the reproduction process of ruminant animals provided lucerne is offered for a long time in greater amounts.", "PMID": 1014364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_495", "title": "[Effect of betaine hydrochloride on broiler chickens when used alone or in combination with vitamin B12].", "content": "The studies were carried out with 2287 broilers aged from 3 to 56 days, divided when one-day-old into four equal groups. The first group were fed the common ration and served as controls. The remaining three groups were experimental, the broilers of the second group being offered the basic common ration enriched with 0.2 per cent betaine. The third group were also given the ordinary ration, however, they received in the drinking water some 10 mug vitamin BUI per one kilogram feed each. The fourth group received both betaine and vitamin B12 at the rates indicated. Results showed that betaine hydrochloride offered either alone or in combination with vitamin B12 contributes to increasing the liveweight gain of broilers in the course of the starter period, but its use in doses of 0.2 per cent in the finishing period is not effective.", "contents": "[Effect of betaine hydrochloride on broiler chickens when used alone or in combination with vitamin B12]. The studies were carried out with 2287 broilers aged from 3 to 56 days, divided when one-day-old into four equal groups. The first group were fed the common ration and served as controls. The remaining three groups were experimental, the broilers of the second group being offered the basic common ration enriched with 0.2 per cent betaine. The third group were also given the ordinary ration, however, they received in the drinking water some 10 mug vitamin BUI per one kilogram feed each. The fourth group received both betaine and vitamin B12 at the rates indicated. Results showed that betaine hydrochloride offered either alone or in combination with vitamin B12 contributes to increasing the liveweight gain of broilers in the course of the starter period, but its use in doses of 0.2 per cent in the finishing period is not effective.", "PMID": 1014365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_496", "title": "[Effect of phospholipase c on the lipid composition of the membranes of antigen-stimulated macrophages].", "content": "Data are presented on the changes in the conformation of the membrane of antigen-stimulated macrophages as a result of studying the changes in their phospholipid composition. It was found that antigen stimulation increases the amount of phospholipids in the membrane of the macrophagesas well as the susceptibility of these phospholipids of the normal (unstimulated) macrophages. This phenomenon of more easily setting in hydrolysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of phospholipase c on the lipid composition of the membranes of antigen-stimulated macrophages]. Data are presented on the changes in the conformation of the membrane of antigen-stimulated macrophages as a result of studying the changes in their phospholipid composition. It was found that antigen stimulation increases the amount of phospholipids in the membrane of the macrophagesas well as the susceptibility of these phospholipids of the normal (unstimulated) macrophages. This phenomenon of more easily setting in hydrolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 1014366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_497", "title": "[Pathomorphology of lung alterations in calves naturally infected with the virus of infectious rhinotracheitis].", "content": "In addition to diphtheroid rhinitis, and tracheitis, the infectious rhinotracheitis in calves has also been accompanied by a catarrhal-and-necrotic pneumonia. The mucous membrane of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in such cases is edematous with occasional necrotic areas. The necroses are focal and areactive. The peribronchial lymphoreticular system shows no signs of proliferation. The necrotic lesions in the bronchi and alveoli are considered as the porte d'entr\u00e9e of the bacterial infection that aggravates the course of the disease and fairly often leads to death.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of lung alterations in calves naturally infected with the virus of infectious rhinotracheitis]. In addition to diphtheroid rhinitis, and tracheitis, the infectious rhinotracheitis in calves has also been accompanied by a catarrhal-and-necrotic pneumonia. The mucous membrane of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in such cases is edematous with occasional necrotic areas. The necroses are focal and areactive. The peribronchial lymphoreticular system shows no signs of proliferation. The necrotic lesions in the bronchi and alveoli are considered as the porte d'entr\u00e9e of the bacterial infection that aggravates the course of the disease and fairly often leads to death.", "PMID": 1014368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_498", "title": "[Coliform microflora of commercial Caucasian cheese].", "content": "Studied was in the course of several years the extent of coliform bacterial contamination and the peculiarities the bacteria present in ripened cow's and ewe's white brine cheese offered for consumption. It was demonstrated that these kinds of cheese released in the commercial system contain up to 3.1 per cent coliform bacteria. Certain correlation was established between the coliform count in the cheese and the degree of ripening, the consistence, and the aspect of the cross section surface. If hygiene measures were not observed cheese could be contaminated additionally with coliforms during handling in the shops. Coliform microflora was presented mainly by strains characteristic of fresh fecal contamination (E. coli) and urease-positive organisms of the Citrobacter and Enterobacter genera. To guarantee the consumption of qualitative (in terms of hygiene) white brine cheese it is necessary to include into the respective standards the index \"coli titer\" of a unit value.", "contents": "[Coliform microflora of commercial Caucasian cheese]. Studied was in the course of several years the extent of coliform bacterial contamination and the peculiarities the bacteria present in ripened cow's and ewe's white brine cheese offered for consumption. It was demonstrated that these kinds of cheese released in the commercial system contain up to 3.1 per cent coliform bacteria. Certain correlation was established between the coliform count in the cheese and the degree of ripening, the consistence, and the aspect of the cross section surface. If hygiene measures were not observed cheese could be contaminated additionally with coliforms during handling in the shops. Coliform microflora was presented mainly by strains characteristic of fresh fecal contamination (E. coli) and urease-positive organisms of the Citrobacter and Enterobacter genera. To guarantee the consumption of qualitative (in terms of hygiene) white brine cheese it is necessary to include into the respective standards the index \"coli titer\" of a unit value.", "PMID": 1014369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_499", "title": "[Comparative study of infectious and atypical encephalomyelitis in birds].", "content": "Studied were morphologically a total of 234 birds for infectious encephalomyelitis (IE) and atypic encephalomyelitis (AE) of which 70 were experimentally infected with standard reference strains of IE (Calnek 1143-42 birds, and Van Roeckel 28 birds), 32 were infected with a brain suspension of affected with AE birds, and 110 were spontaneously affected with AE. Those of the birds that were infected with the standard strains of IE as well as with the brain suspension exhibited changes in the central nervous system in the form of a non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, and in the viscera--lymphoidcell proliferations. These alterations proved analogous with those observed in birds spontaneously affected with AE. The changes in CNS in the case of IE were localized in the brain and the spinal cord, while the lesions in the case of AE were found chiefly in the brain. In AE there were perivascular lymphoidcell were groupings along the peripheral nerves. It was concluded that the histologic changes established may well serve to differentiate IE from AE in Marek's disease, the transitional paralysis, the Newcastle disease, and the alimentary encephalomalacia.", "contents": "[Comparative study of infectious and atypical encephalomyelitis in birds]. Studied were morphologically a total of 234 birds for infectious encephalomyelitis (IE) and atypic encephalomyelitis (AE) of which 70 were experimentally infected with standard reference strains of IE (Calnek 1143-42 birds, and Van Roeckel 28 birds), 32 were infected with a brain suspension of affected with AE birds, and 110 were spontaneously affected with AE. Those of the birds that were infected with the standard strains of IE as well as with the brain suspension exhibited changes in the central nervous system in the form of a non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, and in the viscera--lymphoidcell proliferations. These alterations proved analogous with those observed in birds spontaneously affected with AE. The changes in CNS in the case of IE were localized in the brain and the spinal cord, while the lesions in the case of AE were found chiefly in the brain. In AE there were perivascular lymphoidcell were groupings along the peripheral nerves. It was concluded that the histologic changes established may well serve to differentiate IE from AE in Marek's disease, the transitional paralysis, the Newcastle disease, and the alimentary encephalomalacia.", "PMID": 1014370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_500", "title": "[Swine infected with atypical mycobacteria].", "content": "Pigs spontaneously affected with tuberculosis responded with well expressed signs to avian tuberculin, and weakly to bovine tuberculin. Mycobacterium avium cultures of serotype--2 were isolated from 76.9% of them, and  M. avium cultures of serotype -1-from 23.1% of them. The lymph nodes were enlarged, with granulated cross-section area of presenting multiple necroses, some of the latter being in a process of calcification, and some fully capsulated. Histologic changes were also observed characterized by peritrabecular oedemas, decrease in the lymph elements and proliferation consisting of reticular and epitheloid cells. Although rarely there were also tubercules with giant cells of Langerhans type. Pigs given orally Mycobacterium battey (intracellulare), M. fortuitum, M. aquae, M. vaccae, and M. smegmatis responded with an allergic reaction on the 30th day following infection. The skin reactions were better manifested with the use of avian tuberculin. The blood serum of such pigs contained CFT-positive antibodies that were specific for the Mycobacterium genus. The histopathologic changes in the lymph nodes were of proliferative and infiltrative character. Tubercules of giant cells and necroses with calcification were not established.", "contents": "[Swine infected with atypical mycobacteria]. Pigs spontaneously affected with tuberculosis responded with well expressed signs to avian tuberculin, and weakly to bovine tuberculin. Mycobacterium avium cultures of serotype--2 were isolated from 76.9% of them, and  M. avium cultures of serotype -1-from 23.1% of them. The lymph nodes were enlarged, with granulated cross-section area of presenting multiple necroses, some of the latter being in a process of calcification, and some fully capsulated. Histologic changes were also observed characterized by peritrabecular oedemas, decrease in the lymph elements and proliferation consisting of reticular and epitheloid cells. Although rarely there were also tubercules with giant cells of Langerhans type. Pigs given orally Mycobacterium battey (intracellulare), M. fortuitum, M. aquae, M. vaccae, and M. smegmatis responded with an allergic reaction on the 30th day following infection. The skin reactions were better manifested with the use of avian tuberculin. The blood serum of such pigs contained CFT-positive antibodies that were specific for the Mycobacterium genus. The histopathologic changes in the lymph nodes were of proliferative and infiltrative character. Tubercules of giant cells and necroses with calcification were not established.", "PMID": 1014371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_501", "title": "[Human erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in different pathologic states].", "content": "Various capacity to reactions of peroxidative oxidation was found in lipids from erythrocytes of patients with impairments of inflammatory and tumoral nature. The most reactive were lipids from erythrocytes of patients with inflammation; lower capacity of lipids to peroxidative oixidation was observed in the blood cells of patients with tumors. The intensity of reactions of lipid peroxidation had a reverse correlation with the stability of erythrocyte membranes in isotonic buffer pH 3.0.", "contents": "[Human erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in different pathologic states]. Various capacity to reactions of peroxidative oxidation was found in lipids from erythrocytes of patients with impairments of inflammatory and tumoral nature. The most reactive were lipids from erythrocytes of patients with inflammation; lower capacity of lipids to peroxidative oixidation was observed in the blood cells of patients with tumors. The intensity of reactions of lipid peroxidation had a reverse correlation with the stability of erythrocyte membranes in isotonic buffer pH 3.0.", "PMID": 1014471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_502", "title": "[Noradrenaline concentration and monoamine oxidase activity in regions of the brain and the livers of hyperoxic rats].", "content": "Content of noradrenaline and the activity of mitochondrial monoamineoxidase (MAO) were studied in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and liver tissue after the oxygen treatment under pressure (4 atm) within 1 hr. Content of noradrenaline was decreased in all the brain and liver tissues studied. The most distinct decrease was found in hypothalamus and the less marked one -- in liver tissue. The MAO activity was increased slightly in hypothalamus; it was unaltered in cerebral cortex (as compared with control), decreased distinctly in mesencephalon and inhibited by 100% in medulla oblongata. In the general brain preparation the MAO activity was considerably decreased. The decrease of the enzyme was less pronounced in liver tissue as compared with brain.", "contents": "[Noradrenaline concentration and monoamine oxidase activity in regions of the brain and the livers of hyperoxic rats]. Content of noradrenaline and the activity of mitochondrial monoamineoxidase (MAO) were studied in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and liver tissue after the oxygen treatment under pressure (4 atm) within 1 hr. Content of noradrenaline was decreased in all the brain and liver tissues studied. The most distinct decrease was found in hypothalamus and the less marked one -- in liver tissue. The MAO activity was increased slightly in hypothalamus; it was unaltered in cerebral cortex (as compared with control), decreased distinctly in mesencephalon and inhibited by 100% in medulla oblongata. In the general brain preparation the MAO activity was considerably decreased. The decrease of the enzyme was less pronounced in liver tissue as compared with brain.", "PMID": 1014472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_503", "title": "[Relationship between the structural state of chromatin and the biosynthesis of rapidly labeling nuclear RNA in the thymuses of rats subjected to total x-irradiation].", "content": "Accumulation of polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDN) was studied in thymus of rats, subjected to total body X-ray irradiation at doses 400 and 800 rad. The content of PDN correlated with the time of treatment; its low-polymer components prevailed after irradiation with 800 rad. Protein/DNA ratio was decreased in DNP within 30 min after the irradiation and it returned to the initial level within 4 hrs. Capacity of DNP to make a complex with actinomycin D was inhibited within 30 min; however it exceeded the control level within 4 hrs after irradiation. Biosynthesis of nuclear RNA, estimated by incorporation of 14C-uridine, was distinctly decreased within the whole experimental period.", "contents": "[Relationship between the structural state of chromatin and the biosynthesis of rapidly labeling nuclear RNA in the thymuses of rats subjected to total x-irradiation]. Accumulation of polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDN) was studied in thymus of rats, subjected to total body X-ray irradiation at doses 400 and 800 rad. The content of PDN correlated with the time of treatment; its low-polymer components prevailed after irradiation with 800 rad. Protein/DNA ratio was decreased in DNP within 30 min after the irradiation and it returned to the initial level within 4 hrs. Capacity of DNP to make a complex with actinomycin D was inhibited within 30 min; however it exceeded the control level within 4 hrs after irradiation. Biosynthesis of nuclear RNA, estimated by incorporation of 14C-uridine, was distinctly decreased within the whole experimental period.", "PMID": 1014474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_504", "title": "[Chemical composition of casein glycomacropeptide components].", "content": "Alteration in pH and addition of urea (final concentration 3 M) did not affect the electrophoretic and chromatographic separation of glycomacropeptide. At the same time, urea (5 M) distinctly increased an amount of beta-component in separation by free electrophoresis. Sedimentation constant SO2OW and molecular weight of glycomacropeptide were equal to 1.35 S and 13000, respectively. Both fractions of glycomacropeptide had similar amino acid composition and contained phosphorus (0.4%). The variations were observed in the carbohydrate components of the molecules. The heavy component contained 5-fold higher concentration of sialic acids (9.7-9.6%), 2-fold higher concentration of galactose (13%) and acetyl galactosamine (5.0-4.0%) as compared with the beta-component (3.1-0.9%, 7.5% and 2.5%, respectively). These alterations in carbohydrate component of glycomacropeptide were suggested to affect the polymeric conformation of the molecule.", "contents": "[Chemical composition of casein glycomacropeptide components]. Alteration in pH and addition of urea (final concentration 3 M) did not affect the electrophoretic and chromatographic separation of glycomacropeptide. At the same time, urea (5 M) distinctly increased an amount of beta-component in separation by free electrophoresis. Sedimentation constant SO2OW and molecular weight of glycomacropeptide were equal to 1.35 S and 13000, respectively. Both fractions of glycomacropeptide had similar amino acid composition and contained phosphorus (0.4%). The variations were observed in the carbohydrate components of the molecules. The heavy component contained 5-fold higher concentration of sialic acids (9.7-9.6%), 2-fold higher concentration of galactose (13%) and acetyl galactosamine (5.0-4.0%) as compared with the beta-component (3.1-0.9%, 7.5% and 2.5%, respectively). These alterations in carbohydrate component of glycomacropeptide were suggested to affect the polymeric conformation of the molecule.", "PMID": 1014475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_505", "title": "[Effect of kynurenine and its metabolites on the concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in rat plasma].", "content": "Injections of kynurenine (10 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) and nicotinic acid (50 mg/kg i.p.) produced a marked increase in concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-HCS) in rat blood plasma. Effect of nicotinic acid was not prevented by dexamethazone (0.6 mg/kg). Subtreshold dose of nicotinic acid (10 mg/kg) enhanced a rise in 11-HCS produced by swimming stress. 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic, antranilic picolinic and quinolinic acids (10-50 mg/kg) did not change the concentration of 11-HCS. It is suggested that some of the biochemical and pharmacological effects of injected kynurenine can be mediated through the rise of 11-HCS in blood.", "contents": "[Effect of kynurenine and its metabolites on the concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in rat plasma]. Injections of kynurenine (10 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) and nicotinic acid (50 mg/kg i.p.) produced a marked increase in concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-HCS) in rat blood plasma. Effect of nicotinic acid was not prevented by dexamethazone (0.6 mg/kg). Subtreshold dose of nicotinic acid (10 mg/kg) enhanced a rise in 11-HCS produced by swimming stress. 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic, antranilic picolinic and quinolinic acids (10-50 mg/kg) did not change the concentration of 11-HCS. It is suggested that some of the biochemical and pharmacological effects of injected kynurenine can be mediated through the rise of 11-HCS in blood.", "PMID": 1014469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_506", "title": "[Native and artificial sub-forms of cytoplasmic aspartate transaminase from swine heart].", "content": "Multiple forms of aspartate transaminase from cytosol of pig heart (alpha, beta and psi) were incubated in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0 at 4 degrees within 5 and 8 months. Gradual accumulation of denaturated forms was observed on incubation of alpha- and beta-forms; these forms possessed higher mobility in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and decreased enzymatic activity as compared with the native forms. Multiple forms, produced during ageing of alpha-form, were separated by chromatography on CM-cellulose. Chromatographic resolution of the forms, their activity and spectral properties suggest that they are not identical with the native isoenzymes found in the cell.", "contents": "[Native and artificial sub-forms of cytoplasmic aspartate transaminase from swine heart]. Multiple forms of aspartate transaminase from cytosol of pig heart (alpha, beta and psi) were incubated in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0 at 4 degrees within 5 and 8 months. Gradual accumulation of denaturated forms was observed on incubation of alpha- and beta-forms; these forms possessed higher mobility in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and decreased enzymatic activity as compared with the native forms. Multiple forms, produced during ageing of alpha-form, were separated by chromatography on CM-cellulose. Chromatographic resolution of the forms, their activity and spectral properties suggest that they are not identical with the native isoenzymes found in the cell.", "PMID": 1014476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_507", "title": "[Tissue metabolism of thyroid hormones in cirrhosis of the liver].", "content": "Content and ratio of products of iodothyronine tissue metabolism was studied in liver tissue of rats in normal state and in hepatocirrhosis after administration of 125I-thyroxin. The distinct decrease was observed in accumulation, deiodination and conjugation of thyroxin; the hormone was also converted into triiodothyronine in cirrhotically altered liver tissue. The importance of liver tissue in maintenance of hormonal homeostasis and biological activation of thyroid hormones is discussed.", "contents": "[Tissue metabolism of thyroid hormones in cirrhosis of the liver]. Content and ratio of products of iodothyronine tissue metabolism was studied in liver tissue of rats in normal state and in hepatocirrhosis after administration of 125I-thyroxin. The distinct decrease was observed in accumulation, deiodination and conjugation of thyroxin; the hormone was also converted into triiodothyronine in cirrhotically altered liver tissue. The importance of liver tissue in maintenance of hormonal homeostasis and biological activation of thyroid hormones is discussed.", "PMID": 1014477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_508", "title": "[Regulation of peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane lipids initiated by Fe2+ ions by antoxidants of the 1,4-dihydropyridine series in experiments in vitro].", "content": "Effect of antioxidants on the rate of free radical peroxidation was studied in mitochondria in presence of Fe2+. For this purpose derivatives of 1,4-dihydroxypyridine, their heteroaromatic analogues, NAD-H+ and butyl hydroxytoluene (35 substances) were tested in the system by chemoluminescence. Several 1,4-dihydroxypyridine derivatives were found to be effective reagents in the system and could be compared by the activity with the recognized synthetic antioxidant butyl hydroxytoluene.", "contents": "[Regulation of peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane lipids initiated by Fe2+ ions by antoxidants of the 1,4-dihydropyridine series in experiments in vitro]. Effect of antioxidants on the rate of free radical peroxidation was studied in mitochondria in presence of Fe2+. For this purpose derivatives of 1,4-dihydroxypyridine, their heteroaromatic analogues, NAD-H+ and butyl hydroxytoluene (35 substances) were tested in the system by chemoluminescence. Several 1,4-dihydroxypyridine derivatives were found to be effective reagents in the system and could be compared by the activity with the recognized synthetic antioxidant butyl hydroxytoluene.", "PMID": 1014479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_509", "title": "[Effect of fat loading on the development of silicosis].", "content": "Rats were administered with quartz dust intratracheally or subjected to chronic inhalation of the dust. Peroral overloading of rats with fat was shown to increase an accumulation of all lipid fractions in lungs and intensified silicotic fibrinogenesis. Similar alterations in lipid metabolism of lungs were observed in control animals maintained without the dust treatment at the same fatty diet; but these patterns were less distinct and were not accompanied by an increased collagene formation. Alterations in content of lipids in liver tissue and in blood did not depend on the dusting of lungs under fatty loading. Within the later period of inhalational dusting the increased accumulation of quartz was observed in lung tissue of rats maintained at fatty diet. The data obtained suggest that the recommended by some investigators increase in content of fats in miner's diet is not justified.", "contents": "[Effect of fat loading on the development of silicosis]. Rats were administered with quartz dust intratracheally or subjected to chronic inhalation of the dust. Peroral overloading of rats with fat was shown to increase an accumulation of all lipid fractions in lungs and intensified silicotic fibrinogenesis. Similar alterations in lipid metabolism of lungs were observed in control animals maintained without the dust treatment at the same fatty diet; but these patterns were less distinct and were not accompanied by an increased collagene formation. Alterations in content of lipids in liver tissue and in blood did not depend on the dusting of lungs under fatty loading. Within the later period of inhalational dusting the increased accumulation of quartz was observed in lung tissue of rats maintained at fatty diet. The data obtained suggest that the recommended by some investigators increase in content of fats in miner's diet is not justified.", "PMID": 1014480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_510", "title": "[Cell immunity indices in carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "A group of 137 patients with carcinoma and benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract was tested for a specific immunity to tumor, mucosa antigens and PHA. A response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA was suppressed in patients with cancer. An assay of the specific reactivity against tumor antigens was done either by a lymphoblastic transformation or by the leucocytes migration inhibition agarose technic. More than one third of cancer patients showed positive ractions to tumor extracts in autologous as well as allogeneic systems. No differences were noted between the effect of the mucosa or tumor extract in a group of benign diseases by migration inhibition technic, but there were 11 of 23 patients who showed a blasttransformation reaction to tumor antigen. The autologous mucosa extract had no effect on lymphocytes of cancer patients, but it was found to inhibit the leucocytes migration. The action of tumor extracts was comparable in autologous and allogeneic systems. The presence of common or cross-reactive tumor antigens in gastrointestinal cancer is assumed. Some possible reasons of the changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Cell immunity indices in carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract]. A group of 137 patients with carcinoma and benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract was tested for a specific immunity to tumor, mucosa antigens and PHA. A response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA was suppressed in patients with cancer. An assay of the specific reactivity against tumor antigens was done either by a lymphoblastic transformation or by the leucocytes migration inhibition agarose technic. More than one third of cancer patients showed positive ractions to tumor extracts in autologous as well as allogeneic systems. No differences were noted between the effect of the mucosa or tumor extract in a group of benign diseases by migration inhibition technic, but there were 11 of 23 patients who showed a blasttransformation reaction to tumor antigen. The autologous mucosa extract had no effect on lymphocytes of cancer patients, but it was found to inhibit the leucocytes migration. The action of tumor extracts was comparable in autologous and allogeneic systems. The presence of common or cross-reactive tumor antigens in gastrointestinal cancer is assumed. Some possible reasons of the changes are discussed.", "PMID": 1014487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_511", "title": "[State of blood basophilic granulocytes in the estimation of sensitization of patients with stomach neoplasm].", "content": "One of the methods reflecting the state of antitumor cell immunity is skin allergic reaction of delayed hypersensitivity to injection of antitumor antigen, which together with other indices is believed to be of certain importance in estimating the immune response of the cancer patient organism. The authors compared quantitative and morphological changes in blood basophilic granulocytes and the data of skin allergic reaction. The results of studies conducted indicated that changes in the quantity and degranulation of basophilic leucocytes may be used along with skin allergic response of delayed hypersensitivity as one of the criteria for estimation of the degree of sensibilization of the organism of gastric cancer patients.", "contents": "[State of blood basophilic granulocytes in the estimation of sensitization of patients with stomach neoplasm]. One of the methods reflecting the state of antitumor cell immunity is skin allergic reaction of delayed hypersensitivity to injection of antitumor antigen, which together with other indices is believed to be of certain importance in estimating the immune response of the cancer patient organism. The authors compared quantitative and morphological changes in blood basophilic granulocytes and the data of skin allergic reaction. The results of studies conducted indicated that changes in the quantity and degranulation of basophilic leucocytes may be used along with skin allergic response of delayed hypersensitivity as one of the criteria for estimation of the degree of sensibilization of the organism of gastric cancer patients.", "PMID": 1014488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_512", "title": "[Pseudouridine and uric acid excretion in patients with viral hepatitis].", "content": "Daily excretion of pseudouridine and uric acid with urine was studied in healthy persons and in patients with viral hepatitis during various periods of the disease. Excretion of pseudouridine was increased 2.5-fold and of uric acid--2-fold within the acute period of the disease. The degree of impairment in nucleic acids metabolism could be estimated by measuring of excretion of pseudouridine and uric acid and by calculation of their ratio during various periods of the disease.", "contents": "[Pseudouridine and uric acid excretion in patients with viral hepatitis]. Daily excretion of pseudouridine and uric acid with urine was studied in healthy persons and in patients with viral hepatitis during various periods of the disease. Excretion of pseudouridine was increased 2.5-fold and of uric acid--2-fold within the acute period of the disease. The degree of impairment in nucleic acids metabolism could be estimated by measuring of excretion of pseudouridine and uric acid and by calculation of their ratio during various periods of the disease.", "PMID": 1014482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_513", "title": "[Tryptophan metabolism in vitiligo].", "content": "An activity of tryptophan pyrrolase was not observed in skin of healthy persons and of patients with vitiligo. Content of serotonin was similar in skin of normal persons and in skin of patients with normal pigmentation and in depigmented area. But content of serotonin in blood and excretion of anthranilic acid were decreased in the patients as compared with healthy persons. Excretion of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynureninic, xanthurenic and 5-hydroxyindolyl acetic acids was increased in patients and this increase was more distinct after loading with 1-tryptophan. The data obtained suggest that kynurenine and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism were intensified in vitiligo.", "contents": "[Tryptophan metabolism in vitiligo]. An activity of tryptophan pyrrolase was not observed in skin of healthy persons and of patients with vitiligo. Content of serotonin was similar in skin of normal persons and in skin of patients with normal pigmentation and in depigmented area. But content of serotonin in blood and excretion of anthranilic acid were decreased in the patients as compared with healthy persons. Excretion of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynureninic, xanthurenic and 5-hydroxyindolyl acetic acids was increased in patients and this increase was more distinct after loading with 1-tryptophan. The data obtained suggest that kynurenine and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism were intensified in vitiligo.", "PMID": 1014481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_514", "title": "[Antigen, containing tryptophan metabolite, 3-oxyanthranilic acid, in blood serum of patients with stomach neoplasms].", "content": "The results of studies of the antigen containing 3-oxyanthranilic acid (3-OAA-antigen), as one of determinantal groups, in blood serum of patients with tumor and pretumor lesions of the stomach indicated that the former is present in the majority of patients with cancer proved histologically and also in some patients with pretumor diseases of the stomach. 3-OAA-antigen is found to be absent in health donors blood serum. The importance of the data obtained for establishing an early diagnosis of gastric cancer is discussed.", "contents": "[Antigen, containing tryptophan metabolite, 3-oxyanthranilic acid, in blood serum of patients with stomach neoplasms]. The results of studies of the antigen containing 3-oxyanthranilic acid (3-OAA-antigen), as one of determinantal groups, in blood serum of patients with tumor and pretumor lesions of the stomach indicated that the former is present in the majority of patients with cancer proved histologically and also in some patients with pretumor diseases of the stomach. 3-OAA-antigen is found to be absent in health donors blood serum. The importance of the data obtained for establishing an early diagnosis of gastric cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 1014489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_515", "title": "[In vitro metabolism of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the livers of rats with avitaminosis E during individual and combined addition of alpha-tocopherol and phenylalanine].", "content": "A maximal incorporation of 2-14C-acetate into ubiquinone and ubichromenol was found within 3 hrs if liver tissue homogenate of E-avitaminous rats was incubated for 4 hrs. Phenylalanine, added to the mixture, stimulated the biosynthesis of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the liver tissue preparations. alpha-Tocopherol caused an increase in biosynthesis of ubiquinone and a decrease in the rate of ubichromenol biosynthesis within 1 hr and 3 hrs of incubation in vitro. The combined addition of phenylalanine and alpha-tocopherol, almost without exceptions, increased the effect of alpha-tocopherol on biosynthesis of the substances studied. Interrelationship is discussed between vitamin E and ubiquinone and ubichromenol biosynthesis.", "contents": "[In vitro metabolism of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the livers of rats with avitaminosis E during individual and combined addition of alpha-tocopherol and phenylalanine]. A maximal incorporation of 2-14C-acetate into ubiquinone and ubichromenol was found within 3 hrs if liver tissue homogenate of E-avitaminous rats was incubated for 4 hrs. Phenylalanine, added to the mixture, stimulated the biosynthesis of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the liver tissue preparations. alpha-Tocopherol caused an increase in biosynthesis of ubiquinone and a decrease in the rate of ubichromenol biosynthesis within 1 hr and 3 hrs of incubation in vitro. The combined addition of phenylalanine and alpha-tocopherol, almost without exceptions, increased the effect of alpha-tocopherol on biosynthesis of the substances studied. Interrelationship is discussed between vitamin E and ubiquinone and ubichromenol biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1014483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_516", "title": "[Radioisotope gastroscintigraphy in diagnosis of tumor and pretumor diseases of the stomach].", "content": "The results of isotope gastroscintigraphy, performed in 160 patients with tumor and pretumor diseases of the stomach, are reported. Based on a clinico-morphological estimation of gastroscintigraphic findings, it was found that in 115 (72%) patients the data of scanning coincided with the ultimate diagnosis. In 25 (16%) patients pseudopositive and in 20 (12%)--pseudonegative scannograms were obtained. The greatest number of pseudonegative results was noted in patients with gastric cancer (in 19 of 20), in 10 of them tumor being located in the cardiac portion of the stomach. The precision of diagnosing tumors in other anatomical portion of the stomach was 90%. In patients with pretumor lesions the character of scannographic alterations was dependent on the rate of impairment of gastric mucosa function and structure.", "contents": "[Radioisotope gastroscintigraphy in diagnosis of tumor and pretumor diseases of the stomach]. The results of isotope gastroscintigraphy, performed in 160 patients with tumor and pretumor diseases of the stomach, are reported. Based on a clinico-morphological estimation of gastroscintigraphic findings, it was found that in 115 (72%) patients the data of scanning coincided with the ultimate diagnosis. In 25 (16%) patients pseudopositive and in 20 (12%)--pseudonegative scannograms were obtained. The greatest number of pseudonegative results was noted in patients with gastric cancer (in 19 of 20), in 10 of them tumor being located in the cardiac portion of the stomach. The precision of diagnosing tumors in other anatomical portion of the stomach was 90%. In patients with pretumor lesions the character of scannographic alterations was dependent on the rate of impairment of gastric mucosa function and structure.", "PMID": 1014490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_517", "title": "[Current questions in the diagnosis and therapy of lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "A summary of main successes in the field of diagnosis and therapy of lymphogranulomatosis is given. The most informative methods of diagnosis that need further development are estimated. Therapeutic schemes that are to be further pinpointed (radiation, pharmacological and combined) as well as possible prospective trends in studying the pathogenesis (the technic of cultivation, an estimate of the immunological status) are being formulated, due to that the therapeutic policy might be substantially modified.", "contents": "[Current questions in the diagnosis and therapy of lymphogranulomatosis]. A summary of main successes in the field of diagnosis and therapy of lymphogranulomatosis is given. The most informative methods of diagnosis that need further development are estimated. Therapeutic schemes that are to be further pinpointed (radiation, pharmacological and combined) as well as possible prospective trends in studying the pathogenesis (the technic of cultivation, an estimate of the immunological status) are being formulated, due to that the therapeutic policy might be substantially modified.", "PMID": 1014491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_518", "title": "[State of the kinin system in burn shock and early toxemia].", "content": "State of kinin system was studied in blood serum of patients with burns of II, III, IIIb and IV degrees during shock and early toxemia. Content or activity of main components of kinin system (kininogen, kallikreinogen, kallikrein, kininase I (carboxypeptidase N)) were repeatedly estimated at 4-6 hrs intervals; BAEE-esterase and antitryptic activities were also studied within 48-72 hrs after the trauma. At the same period plasminogen and plasmin were estimated in 8 patients. The activation of kinin system in burn shock was demonstrated: content of kininogen was decreased on 30-50% (independently on alteration of total protein in blood serum), the kininase activity was decreased, appearance of free kallikrein was observed and content of kallikreinogen was distinctly lowered already within 10-24 hrs after the trauma. Within 24 hrs after the burn the total decrease of kininogen in circulation accounted for 50-70% of the theoretical content. Fibrinolytic system was also activated during the burn shock. Increase in the antitryptic activity within 30-40 hrs after the trauma, which was previously established, is corroborated; the effect correlated with development of burn intoxication. The data obtained suggest that massive production of free kinins occur apparently within 24-48 hrs after burn.", "contents": "[State of the kinin system in burn shock and early toxemia]. State of kinin system was studied in blood serum of patients with burns of II, III, IIIb and IV degrees during shock and early toxemia. Content or activity of main components of kinin system (kininogen, kallikreinogen, kallikrein, kininase I (carboxypeptidase N)) were repeatedly estimated at 4-6 hrs intervals; BAEE-esterase and antitryptic activities were also studied within 48-72 hrs after the trauma. At the same period plasminogen and plasmin were estimated in 8 patients. The activation of kinin system in burn shock was demonstrated: content of kininogen was decreased on 30-50% (independently on alteration of total protein in blood serum), the kininase activity was decreased, appearance of free kallikrein was observed and content of kallikreinogen was distinctly lowered already within 10-24 hrs after the trauma. Within 24 hrs after the burn the total decrease of kininogen in circulation accounted for 50-70% of the theoretical content. Fibrinolytic system was also activated during the burn shock. Increase in the antitryptic activity within 30-40 hrs after the trauma, which was previously established, is corroborated; the effect correlated with development of burn intoxication. The data obtained suggest that massive production of free kinins occur apparently within 24-48 hrs after burn.", "PMID": 1014484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_519", "title": "[Method of determining the intregral activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the human body in vivo].", "content": "A method is developed for estimation of the catecholamine-O-methyl transferase activity in human organism by excretion with urine of unmetabolized isadrine (N-isopropyl noreadrenaline) after loading. Excretion of isadrine was increased both after administration of apomorphine, which is one of the inhibitors of the enzyme catecholamine-O-methyl transferase, and in cases of liver tissue pathology. It is known that the maximal activity of catecholamine-O-methyl transferase is the highest in liver tissue. Imipramine (an inhibitor of uptake of catecholamine) did not inhibit the activity of cafecholamine-O-methyl transferase as estimated by the present method.", "contents": "[Method of determining the intregral activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the human body in vivo]. A method is developed for estimation of the catecholamine-O-methyl transferase activity in human organism by excretion with urine of unmetabolized isadrine (N-isopropyl noreadrenaline) after loading. Excretion of isadrine was increased both after administration of apomorphine, which is one of the inhibitors of the enzyme catecholamine-O-methyl transferase, and in cases of liver tissue pathology. It is known that the maximal activity of catecholamine-O-methyl transferase is the highest in liver tissue. Imipramine (an inhibitor of uptake of catecholamine) did not inhibit the activity of cafecholamine-O-methyl transferase as estimated by the present method.", "PMID": 1014485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_520", "title": "[Prognosis in radiotherapy of patients with local recurrence of cervix neoplasms].", "content": "An analysis of the results of treatment in 231 patients with recurrences of cervical cancer is presented in relation to 5-year survival criterion (\"dynamic analysis\"). An actual 5-year survival rate was 16.0%. The most important factors determining the prognosis include the stage of the primary process, localization of the secondary tumor, terms of the recurrence and the absorbed dose of radiation given to the recurrence. Standardized rates showed a 3-5 fold improvement of the results of treatment in the presence of favourable prognostic factors. In combinations of favourable prognostic factors the 5-year survival rate of patients with recurrent cervical cancer reached 67.0%. The amount of the absorbed local dosage of radiation is of practical value for improvement of the results of treatment. Radiotherapy is the method of choice in treatment of patients with local recurrences of uterine cervix cancer.", "contents": "[Prognosis in radiotherapy of patients with local recurrence of cervix neoplasms]. An analysis of the results of treatment in 231 patients with recurrences of cervical cancer is presented in relation to 5-year survival criterion (\"dynamic analysis\"). An actual 5-year survival rate was 16.0%. The most important factors determining the prognosis include the stage of the primary process, localization of the secondary tumor, terms of the recurrence and the absorbed dose of radiation given to the recurrence. Standardized rates showed a 3-5 fold improvement of the results of treatment in the presence of favourable prognostic factors. In combinations of favourable prognostic factors the 5-year survival rate of patients with recurrent cervical cancer reached 67.0%. The amount of the absorbed local dosage of radiation is of practical value for improvement of the results of treatment. Radiotherapy is the method of choice in treatment of patients with local recurrences of uterine cervix cancer.", "PMID": 1014492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_521", "title": "[Fractionation of DNA on unmodified cellulose].", "content": "Not only separation of native, two-stranded DNA from denatured molecules but more distinct fractionation of single-stranded DNA was demonstrated on unmodified powdery and microgranular cellulose. Denatured DNA, absorbed on cellulose, was eluted from a column as two asymmetric peaks by 0,12 M and 0.05 M NaCl (for I and II peaks, respectively). Absorption and fractionation of denatured DNA and poly-A containing RNA on unmodified cellulose was apparently achieved on the basis of the same principles.", "contents": "[Fractionation of DNA on unmodified cellulose]. Not only separation of native, two-stranded DNA from denatured molecules but more distinct fractionation of single-stranded DNA was demonstrated on unmodified powdery and microgranular cellulose. Denatured DNA, absorbed on cellulose, was eluted from a column as two asymmetric peaks by 0,12 M and 0.05 M NaCl (for I and II peaks, respectively). Absorption and fractionation of denatured DNA and poly-A containing RNA on unmodified cellulose was apparently achieved on the basis of the same principles.", "PMID": 1014486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_522", "title": "[Cytologic method for determination of histological structure in precancer and cancer of the cervix uteri].", "content": "The authors studied comparatively cytologic and histological findings in 164 patients in whom pretumor lesions (82) and cervical cancer (82) were revealed. The precision of cytologic diagnosis of pretumor lesions was 95.1 +/- 4.8%, of cancer--91.4 +/- 6.2%. Of 95 observations in which epithelial atypia, from proliferation to cancer, was detected the degree of cell atypia was correctly determined cytologically in 82.1 +/- 8.1% of observations, the degree of differentiation--in 85.2 +/- 7.2%, both factors--in 68.4 +/- 9.5%. Of 67 observations, in which cervical cancer was correctly diagnosed cytologically, the precision of prognosticating the presence of preinvasive and invasive cancer was 86.5 +/- 8.4%, while the degree of differentiation was diagnosed correctly in 83.5 +/- 9.0%, the histostructure being determined precisely in 71.6 +/- 11%.", "contents": "[Cytologic method for determination of histological structure in precancer and cancer of the cervix uteri]. The authors studied comparatively cytologic and histological findings in 164 patients in whom pretumor lesions (82) and cervical cancer (82) were revealed. The precision of cytologic diagnosis of pretumor lesions was 95.1 +/- 4.8%, of cancer--91.4 +/- 6.2%. Of 95 observations in which epithelial atypia, from proliferation to cancer, was detected the degree of cell atypia was correctly determined cytologically in 82.1 +/- 8.1% of observations, the degree of differentiation--in 85.2 +/- 7.2%, both factors--in 68.4 +/- 9.5%. Of 67 observations, in which cervical cancer was correctly diagnosed cytologically, the precision of prognosticating the presence of preinvasive and invasive cancer was 86.5 +/- 8.4%, while the degree of differentiation was diagnosed correctly in 83.5 +/- 9.0%, the histostructure being determined precisely in 71.6 +/- 11%.", "PMID": 1014493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_523", "title": "[Use of lophenal in patients with malignant ovarian tumors].", "content": "The use of lophenal in complex treatment of 27 patients with malignant ovarian tumors has shown that the substance possesses a definite antitumor activity, manifested in gaining the clinical effect in 60.9% of patients with an average duration of remission lasting for 5.3 months. The toxic effect on hemopoiesis as well as the side effect of the substance were liquidated by pharmacological drugs. It is concluded that lophenal should be used along with other chemotherapeutic drugs for treatment of patients with malignant ovarian tumors.", "contents": "[Use of lophenal in patients with malignant ovarian tumors]. The use of lophenal in complex treatment of 27 patients with malignant ovarian tumors has shown that the substance possesses a definite antitumor activity, manifested in gaining the clinical effect in 60.9% of patients with an average duration of remission lasting for 5.3 months. The toxic effect on hemopoiesis as well as the side effect of the substance were liquidated by pharmacological drugs. It is concluded that lophenal should be used along with other chemotherapeutic drugs for treatment of patients with malignant ovarian tumors.", "PMID": 1014494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_524", "title": "[Effect of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on DNA and RNA synthesis in cells of liver and spleen tumors in leucosis L-1210].", "content": "During the development of leucosis a progressively retarded incorporation of 2-C14-thymidine and C14-uridine into DNA and RNA of a separate tumor cell and an active incorporation of 2-C14-thymidine into DNA of hepatic and splenic cells were observed. Repeated injections of NMU (20 mg/Kg X 5) in tumor-bearing animals result in a twice increase of life terms in mice and suppression of total tumor cells growth. The observed therapeutic effect is related with deep inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis in leucosis L-1210 cells, while DNA synthesis in hepatic and splenic cells is only insignificantly suppressed (compared with the normal level typical for intact animals), but RNA synthesis in these organs is actually not involved.", "contents": "[Effect of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on DNA and RNA synthesis in cells of liver and spleen tumors in leucosis L-1210]. During the development of leucosis a progressively retarded incorporation of 2-C14-thymidine and C14-uridine into DNA and RNA of a separate tumor cell and an active incorporation of 2-C14-thymidine into DNA of hepatic and splenic cells were observed. Repeated injections of NMU (20 mg/Kg X 5) in tumor-bearing animals result in a twice increase of life terms in mice and suppression of total tumor cells growth. The observed therapeutic effect is related with deep inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis in leucosis L-1210 cells, while DNA synthesis in hepatic and splenic cells is only insignificantly suppressed (compared with the normal level typical for intact animals), but RNA synthesis in these organs is actually not involved.", "PMID": 1014495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_525", "title": "[Study of the factor of ascites fluid of Erlich tumor].", "content": "The factor of nucleic nature was isolated by phenol method from acellular ascitic fluid of Ehrlich tumor. DNA was found to be the main component of the factor concerned as indicated by chemical analysis after its purification with preparative electrophoresis in 2.5% polyacrylamid gel or centrifugation in CsCl gradient. Moreover, the factor can be destroyed in incubation with DNA-s. It is not improbable that this factor consists also of small amounts of RNA.", "contents": "[Study of the factor of ascites fluid of Erlich tumor]. The factor of nucleic nature was isolated by phenol method from acellular ascitic fluid of Ehrlich tumor. DNA was found to be the main component of the factor concerned as indicated by chemical analysis after its purification with preparative electrophoresis in 2.5% polyacrylamid gel or centrifugation in CsCl gradient. Moreover, the factor can be destroyed in incubation with DNA-s. It is not improbable that this factor consists also of small amounts of RNA.", "PMID": 1014496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_526", "title": "[Bifunctional derivatives of N-nitroso-alkylurea].", "content": "Toxic cumulative and antitumor properties of bifunctional N-nitroso-alkylureas as compared with their monofunctional analogues were stuied. Newly produced compounds render a considerable antitumor effect on a number of experimental tumors. A conclusion may be drawn that despite changes in the chemical structure an active metabolic fragment both of mono- and bifunctional compounds is the same, as also evidenced by the cumulation index. However, inspite of a rather high antitumor activity of bifunctional compounds their chemotherapeutic indices are very low.", "contents": "[Bifunctional derivatives of N-nitroso-alkylurea]. Toxic cumulative and antitumor properties of bifunctional N-nitroso-alkylureas as compared with their monofunctional analogues were stuied. Newly produced compounds render a considerable antitumor effect on a number of experimental tumors. A conclusion may be drawn that despite changes in the chemical structure an active metabolic fragment both of mono- and bifunctional compounds is the same, as also evidenced by the cumulation index. However, inspite of a rather high antitumor activity of bifunctional compounds their chemotherapeutic indices are very low.", "PMID": 1014497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_527", "title": "[Possibility of tissue accumulation and elimination of 3,4-benzpyrene from the bodies of fish].", "content": "One-year and two-year iridescent trout and two-year carp during different periods (from 2 months to 1 year) were given protein-vitamin addition to food containing 3,4-benz-pyrene (BP). The total amount of BP entering the organism of fish for the whole period of the experiment reached 12,6 mg/Kg of fish weight in daily dosage ranging from 0.1 to 4.1 m/Kg. In fish tissues BP was either not detected at all, or the content of the carcinogen in them did not exceed its amount in the control. In summer BP was not excreted in feces, but in winter its excretion made 13% of its daily consumption with food.", "contents": "[Possibility of tissue accumulation and elimination of 3,4-benzpyrene from the bodies of fish]. One-year and two-year iridescent trout and two-year carp during different periods (from 2 months to 1 year) were given protein-vitamin addition to food containing 3,4-benz-pyrene (BP). The total amount of BP entering the organism of fish for the whole period of the experiment reached 12,6 mg/Kg of fish weight in daily dosage ranging from 0.1 to 4.1 m/Kg. In fish tissues BP was either not detected at all, or the content of the carcinogen in them did not exceed its amount in the control. In summer BP was not excreted in feces, but in winter its excretion made 13% of its daily consumption with food.", "PMID": 1014502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_528", "title": "[Problems concerning metastasis of malignant tumors].", "content": "The data on metastases incidence in new discovered patients with malignant tumors of general localizations are presented. The status of current investigations on the ways and mechanisms of metastases, as the basis for elaborating measures of their prevention, is characterized. The most effective methods of diagnosis and treatment of regional and distant metastases are described. Special attention is given to the necessity of using combined and complex treatment of metastatic forms of malignant tumors. It is shown, that along with the widely used methods, the application of radioisotopic, hormonal and some physicochemical influences, hyperthermia and hyperglycemia in particular, seems to be quite promising for this purpose.", "contents": "[Problems concerning metastasis of malignant tumors]. The data on metastases incidence in new discovered patients with malignant tumors of general localizations are presented. The status of current investigations on the ways and mechanisms of metastases, as the basis for elaborating measures of their prevention, is characterized. The most effective methods of diagnosis and treatment of regional and distant metastases are described. Special attention is given to the necessity of using combined and complex treatment of metastatic forms of malignant tumors. It is shown, that along with the widely used methods, the application of radioisotopic, hormonal and some physicochemical influences, hyperthermia and hyperglycemia in particular, seems to be quite promising for this purpose.", "PMID": 1014503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_529", "title": "[Surgical treatment of precancerous diseases of the stomach].", "content": "In benign solitary polyps of the stomach the author recommends to perform polypectomy. Observations of 26 operated patients during the period from 1 to 10 years revealed neither polyps recurrence nor cancer. According to the author's data malignization of callous gastric ulcers was found in 10-26% by histological assays of the resected specimens. To the end of prophylaxis against cancer the author considers it necessary to widen indications to surgical treatment of gastric ulcers.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of precancerous diseases of the stomach]. In benign solitary polyps of the stomach the author recommends to perform polypectomy. Observations of 26 operated patients during the period from 1 to 10 years revealed neither polyps recurrence nor cancer. According to the author's data malignization of callous gastric ulcers was found in 10-26% by histological assays of the resected specimens. To the end of prophylaxis against cancer the author considers it necessary to widen indications to surgical treatment of gastric ulcers.", "PMID": 1014504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_530", "title": "[Diagnostic value of determining spermidine in the urine of patients with melanoblastoma of the skin].", "content": "To estimate the diagnostic value of determination of one of polyamines (spermidine) in the urine the authors examined 58 patients with skin melanoblastomas of different localization and 10 healthy persons. It was found that in 16 of 25 patients having only primary tumor, in all 9 patients having primary tumor with metastases in regional lymph nodes, and also in 14 of 20 patients, who after previous therapy developed recurrence or metastases in regional lymph nodes, spermidine excretion exceeded its normal level. In three patients, subjected previously to radical treatment and considered as being clinically recovered, normal spermidine level was excreted. The data obtained enabled the authors to use this test as an adjuvant criterion in examination and treatment of such patients.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of determining spermidine in the urine of patients with melanoblastoma of the skin]. To estimate the diagnostic value of determination of one of polyamines (spermidine) in the urine the authors examined 58 patients with skin melanoblastomas of different localization and 10 healthy persons. It was found that in 16 of 25 patients having only primary tumor, in all 9 patients having primary tumor with metastases in regional lymph nodes, and also in 14 of 20 patients, who after previous therapy developed recurrence or metastases in regional lymph nodes, spermidine excretion exceeded its normal level. In three patients, subjected previously to radical treatment and considered as being clinically recovered, normal spermidine level was excreted. The data obtained enabled the authors to use this test as an adjuvant criterion in examination and treatment of such patients.", "PMID": 1014507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_531", "title": "[Variants in the course of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (clinico-morphologic analysis)].", "content": "A clinico-morphological analysis of 157 cases of papillary cancer of the thyroid is made. Depending on the presence and time of appearance of regional metastases three groups of patients are distinguished: I -- regional metastases are the first clinical manifestation of the lesion (87 patients); II -- the lesion starts with the appearance of a node in the gland, regional metastases develop later (50 patients); III -- thyroid tumor without regional metastases (20 patients). The groups sungled out differ reliably in the rate of tumor growth and prognosis. The first group proved to be most favourable with respect to prognosis. A five-year survival in patients of the first group was noted in 92 +/- 3.3%, while 84 +/- 7.4% of patients survived for 10 years and longer. There were no essential differences in the morphological signs in the concerned clinical groups of papillary cancer of the thyroid.", "contents": "[Variants in the course of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (clinico-morphologic analysis)]. A clinico-morphological analysis of 157 cases of papillary cancer of the thyroid is made. Depending on the presence and time of appearance of regional metastases three groups of patients are distinguished: I -- regional metastases are the first clinical manifestation of the lesion (87 patients); II -- the lesion starts with the appearance of a node in the gland, regional metastases develop later (50 patients); III -- thyroid tumor without regional metastases (20 patients). The groups sungled out differ reliably in the rate of tumor growth and prognosis. The first group proved to be most favourable with respect to prognosis. A five-year survival in patients of the first group was noted in 92 +/- 3.3%, while 84 +/- 7.4% of patients survived for 10 years and longer. There were no essential differences in the morphological signs in the concerned clinical groups of papillary cancer of the thyroid.", "PMID": 1014508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_532", "title": "[3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood of patients with kidney tumors].", "content": "Antigen containing the tryptophan metabolite -- 3-oxyanthranilic acid-(3-OAA-antigen) was determined by agarose precipitation method, using specific immune rabbit sera in 85 patients, admitted with the primary diagnosis of renal tumor. Among 85 patients 3-OAA-antigen was found in blood sera in 62 patients. Among 23 patients in whom 3-OAA-antigen was not revealed in 20 -- the diagnosis of renal tumor failed to be supported. The authors conclude, that it is possible to use the reaction of 3-OAA-antigen detection for establishing the diagnosis of tumors of the kidneys.", "contents": "[3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood of patients with kidney tumors]. Antigen containing the tryptophan metabolite -- 3-oxyanthranilic acid-(3-OAA-antigen) was determined by agarose precipitation method, using specific immune rabbit sera in 85 patients, admitted with the primary diagnosis of renal tumor. Among 85 patients 3-OAA-antigen was found in blood sera in 62 patients. Among 23 patients in whom 3-OAA-antigen was not revealed in 20 -- the diagnosis of renal tumor failed to be supported. The authors conclude, that it is possible to use the reaction of 3-OAA-antigen detection for establishing the diagnosis of tumors of the kidneys.", "PMID": 1014510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_533", "title": "[Means of dissecting the tentorilm cerebelli following cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "Circulatory disorders in the brain stem due to temporal herniation are among the leading causes of death of patients with craniocerebral injuries. The dissection of the cerebellar tentorium following the removal of a space occupying formation aimed at decompressing the brain stem is a rather traumatizing procedure. A less traumatizing method of tentorial dissection was developed using a specially designed instrument. Fifteen operations were conducted in 14 patients.", "contents": "[Means of dissecting the tentorilm cerebelli following cranio-cerebral trauma]. Circulatory disorders in the brain stem due to temporal herniation are among the leading causes of death of patients with craniocerebral injuries. The dissection of the cerebellar tentorium following the removal of a space occupying formation aimed at decompressing the brain stem is a rather traumatizing procedure. A less traumatizing method of tentorial dissection was developed using a specially designed instrument. Fifteen operations were conducted in 14 patients.", "PMID": 1014511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_534", "title": "[Two-dimensional echoencephalography in focal brain pathology].", "content": "Two-dimentional echoencephalographic examinations were conducted in 35 patients with focal lesions of the brain of different etiology. Normal tomoechoencephalogramme and ultrasonic semiotics of transverse sections of the brain in different pathology is described with reference to its nature and interrelationships with the meninges and brain matter (tumours, abscesses, emningeal and intracerebral haematomas, hydroma, brain confusion, intracranial foreign bodies). The authors believe that two-dimentional echoencephalography is a promising method of diagnosis, free of contraindications, combinding safety and promptness of the examination. direct visualization of focal pathology of the brain through an intact skull.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional echoencephalography in focal brain pathology]. Two-dimentional echoencephalographic examinations were conducted in 35 patients with focal lesions of the brain of different etiology. Normal tomoechoencephalogramme and ultrasonic semiotics of transverse sections of the brain in different pathology is described with reference to its nature and interrelationships with the meninges and brain matter (tumours, abscesses, emningeal and intracerebral haematomas, hydroma, brain confusion, intracranial foreign bodies). The authors believe that two-dimentional echoencephalography is a promising method of diagnosis, free of contraindications, combinding safety and promptness of the examination. direct visualization of focal pathology of the brain through an intact skull.", "PMID": 1014517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_535", "title": "[State of the sympathetic orbito-pupillary innervation in facial pain syndromes].", "content": "In 55 patients with trigeminal pain syndromes of different genesis a study of the state of the orbit-pupillar innervation was undertaken judging by the response to sympathomimetic drugs (adrenalin and cocaine solutions) administered into the conjunctival sack. The obtained data were evaluated by way of pupillography. The disorders in sympathetic orbit-pupillary innervation were found to be independent of a prevailing lesion of any of the three peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve. Trigeminal neuralgias develop without any disorders in the sympathetic orbit-pupillary innervation. In the presence of a neuritic component in trigeminal pains the disorders in the sympathetic orbit-pupillary innervation are noted invariably. In anaesthesia dolorosa of the face an important place in the genesis of the pain syndrome belongs to the cranial portion of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "[State of the sympathetic orbito-pupillary innervation in facial pain syndromes]. In 55 patients with trigeminal pain syndromes of different genesis a study of the state of the orbit-pupillar innervation was undertaken judging by the response to sympathomimetic drugs (adrenalin and cocaine solutions) administered into the conjunctival sack. The obtained data were evaluated by way of pupillography. The disorders in sympathetic orbit-pupillary innervation were found to be independent of a prevailing lesion of any of the three peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve. Trigeminal neuralgias develop without any disorders in the sympathetic orbit-pupillary innervation. In the presence of a neuritic component in trigeminal pains the disorders in the sympathetic orbit-pupillary innervation are noted invariably. In anaesthesia dolorosa of the face an important place in the genesis of the pain syndrome belongs to the cranial portion of the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1014515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_536", "title": "[Clinico-electrophysiologic studies of the spastic syndrome and its neurosurgical treatment in patients with spinal cord lesions].", "content": "The authors analyse the results of surgical treatment of spastics in 15 patients with spinal cord lesions. The results of a dynamic, neurological and electrophysiological examinations permit to draw several conclusions on the mechanisms of spasticity and its elimination by surgery. A restoration of reflex activity in the absence of the spastic syndrome is considered by the authors as a favourable result of the operation.", "contents": "[Clinico-electrophysiologic studies of the spastic syndrome and its neurosurgical treatment in patients with spinal cord lesions]. The authors analyse the results of surgical treatment of spastics in 15 patients with spinal cord lesions. The results of a dynamic, neurological and electrophysiological examinations permit to draw several conclusions on the mechanisms of spasticity and its elimination by surgery. A restoration of reflex activity in the absence of the spastic syndrome is considered by the authors as a favourable result of the operation.", "PMID": 1014516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_537", "title": "[Comparative study of intracerebral and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "Comparative measurements of cerebrospinal fluid pressure(CSPF), total local intrabrain pressure (IBP) and interstitial fluid pressure(ISFP) have been made in 32 neurosurgical patients in the postoperative period. The obtained data prove that IBP is almost twice higher than ISFP and 1.5 times higher than CSFP. The data of this study show that no direct hydrostatic relation exists between the cerebrospinal fluid and the interstitial fluid. The reasons of \"negative\" values of ISFP are also discussed. The intracranial pressure is to be considred as a combination of selective mechanical pressures of the main intracranial components. Therefore a more precise term \"intracranial pressures\" is suggested.", "contents": "[Comparative study of intracerebral and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical clinical practice]. Comparative measurements of cerebrospinal fluid pressure(CSPF), total local intrabrain pressure (IBP) and interstitial fluid pressure(ISFP) have been made in 32 neurosurgical patients in the postoperative period. The obtained data prove that IBP is almost twice higher than ISFP and 1.5 times higher than CSFP. The data of this study show that no direct hydrostatic relation exists between the cerebrospinal fluid and the interstitial fluid. The reasons of \"negative\" values of ISFP are also discussed. The intracranial pressure is to be considred as a combination of selective mechanical pressures of the main intracranial components. Therefore a more precise term \"intracranial pressures\" is suggested.", "PMID": 1014521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_538", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of cranio-vertebral anomalies].", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of the radiological data of 66 patients with craniovertebral anomalies the following forms of them were distinguished: 1) basilar impression; 2) assimilation of the atlas; 3) coarctation of the atlanto-occipital segment; 4) anomaly of the C1-dens. The main radiological signs revealed in the patients with different forms of craniovertebral anomalies with the aid of craniometric techniques and linear and angular indices are presented. The importance of tomography and myelography in the diagnosis of medullar compression and of its concomitant anomalies is emphasized, pneumomyelography being preferred against positive myelography. A combined evaluation of the neurological and radiological data permits to determine the indications for surgery of congenital craniovertebral pathology.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of cranio-vertebral anomalies]. On the basis of an analysis of the radiological data of 66 patients with craniovertebral anomalies the following forms of them were distinguished: 1) basilar impression; 2) assimilation of the atlas; 3) coarctation of the atlanto-occipital segment; 4) anomaly of the C1-dens. The main radiological signs revealed in the patients with different forms of craniovertebral anomalies with the aid of craniometric techniques and linear and angular indices are presented. The importance of tomography and myelography in the diagnosis of medullar compression and of its concomitant anomalies is emphasized, pneumomyelography being preferred against positive myelography. A combined evaluation of the neurological and radiological data permits to determine the indications for surgery of congenital craniovertebral pathology.", "PMID": 1014522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_539", "title": "[Subclinical forms of spinal disorders in discogenic lumbar radiculitis].", "content": "In patients with discogenic lumbar radiculitis with a unilateral affection of L5 or S1 root motor and central responses of the medial group of plantar muscles were recorded. In S1 root pathology the central response consisted in 25% of the cases in repeated antidromal discharges, which testified to an increased excitability of the corresponding alpha-motoneurons. In patients with L5-radiculitis a predominance of the reflex component in the response was typical. Since this phenomenon was lacking in combined L5 and S1 root lesions, it was interpreted as a sign of a decreasing function of the segmental inhibitory interneurons.", "contents": "[Subclinical forms of spinal disorders in discogenic lumbar radiculitis]. In patients with discogenic lumbar radiculitis with a unilateral affection of L5 or S1 root motor and central responses of the medial group of plantar muscles were recorded. In S1 root pathology the central response consisted in 25% of the cases in repeated antidromal discharges, which testified to an increased excitability of the corresponding alpha-motoneurons. In patients with L5-radiculitis a predominance of the reflex component in the response was typical. Since this phenomenon was lacking in combined L5 and S1 root lesions, it was interpreted as a sign of a decreasing function of the segmental inhibitory interneurons.", "PMID": 1014524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_540", "title": "[Clinico-immunologic periods of spinal cord injuries].", "content": "A clinical and immunological periodicity of spinal cord injuries is introduced, comprising 5 periods. The periodicity is based on a study of the indices of a specific and non-specific immunological reactivity of 150 persons with vertebral column traumas accompanied by spinal cord injuries studied after different periods following the trauma and compared with the clinical data and results of similar examinations in the controls. The clinical and immunological periodicity plays an important role in the panning of rational therapy, in the evaluation of bacteriuria and the principles of antibacterial therapy, as well as for the exaluation of the neurodynamics of the injured spinal cord.", "contents": "[Clinico-immunologic periods of spinal cord injuries]. A clinical and immunological periodicity of spinal cord injuries is introduced, comprising 5 periods. The periodicity is based on a study of the indices of a specific and non-specific immunological reactivity of 150 persons with vertebral column traumas accompanied by spinal cord injuries studied after different periods following the trauma and compared with the clinical data and results of similar examinations in the controls. The clinical and immunological periodicity plays an important role in the panning of rational therapy, in the evaluation of bacteriuria and the principles of antibacterial therapy, as well as for the exaluation of the neurodynamics of the injured spinal cord.", "PMID": 1014525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_541", "title": "[Congenital disorders in the stability of the cranio-vertebral region].", "content": "A functional radiographic examination of the craniovertebral zone was conducted in 600 normal adults and in 15 children. Normal peculiarities of the interrelationship of the atlantoaxial articulation found in 542 persons were classified. In 58 of them (9.7%) excessive mobility of the atlantoaxial articulations was found, 50 of them having a subluxation of the Cruveilhier joint with a dynamic narrowing of the vertebral canal. The remaining 8 persons had an excessive mobility of C1 along the axis of the dens of C2 overlapping half of the anterior arch of C1 above the apex of C2-dens. Such chronic disorders in the interrelationship of the craniovertebral zone elements caused no neurological disorders. However, in unfavourable cases, like forced movements of the head, a severe acute pathogenetic neurological situation may occur.", "contents": "[Congenital disorders in the stability of the cranio-vertebral region]. A functional radiographic examination of the craniovertebral zone was conducted in 600 normal adults and in 15 children. Normal peculiarities of the interrelationship of the atlantoaxial articulation found in 542 persons were classified. In 58 of them (9.7%) excessive mobility of the atlantoaxial articulations was found, 50 of them having a subluxation of the Cruveilhier joint with a dynamic narrowing of the vertebral canal. The remaining 8 persons had an excessive mobility of C1 along the axis of the dens of C2 overlapping half of the anterior arch of C1 above the apex of C2-dens. Such chronic disorders in the interrelationship of the craniovertebral zone elements caused no neurological disorders. However, in unfavourable cases, like forced movements of the head, a severe acute pathogenetic neurological situation may occur.", "PMID": 1014523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_542", "title": "[Clinical picture of multiple intracranial hematomas in the acute period of severe cranio-cerebral trauma].", "content": "According to the authors, the clinical course of multiple intracranial haematomas is characterized by a prompt formation of the syndrome of acute brain dislocation with the development of severe pyramidal deficit and involvement of the oculomotor nerve on the side of the larger intracranial haematoma. To detect the multiple haematomas it is recommended to employ, both pre- and post-operatively, a careful echoencephalographic and angiographic control in the patients with a severe brain trauma.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of multiple intracranial hematomas in the acute period of severe cranio-cerebral trauma]. According to the authors, the clinical course of multiple intracranial haematomas is characterized by a prompt formation of the syndrome of acute brain dislocation with the development of severe pyramidal deficit and involvement of the oculomotor nerve on the side of the larger intracranial haematoma. To detect the multiple haematomas it is recommended to employ, both pre- and post-operatively, a careful echoencephalographic and angiographic control in the patients with a severe brain trauma.", "PMID": 1014527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_543", "title": "[Two-dimensional echoencephalography through a trepan defect in the skull].", "content": "With the aid of a non-adapted equipment echoencephalotomogrammes were obtained that revealed fine details of intracranial structures in normals and in patients with space-occupying lesions, these tomogrammes being comparable to those obtained after anatomic sections of the skull in the same planes. This becomes possible thanks to the absence of the bone as a limiting factor. Interpreting the conducted examinations as a model of intraoperative scanning, and considering the results of experimental craniotomies, a conclusion is made as the importance of such investigations especially in cases of bilateral space-occupying lesions.", "contents": "[Two-dimensional echoencephalography through a trepan defect in the skull]. With the aid of a non-adapted equipment echoencephalotomogrammes were obtained that revealed fine details of intracranial structures in normals and in patients with space-occupying lesions, these tomogrammes being comparable to those obtained after anatomic sections of the skull in the same planes. This becomes possible thanks to the absence of the bone as a limiting factor. Interpreting the conducted examinations as a model of intraoperative scanning, and considering the results of experimental craniotomies, a conclusion is made as the importance of such investigations especially in cases of bilateral space-occupying lesions.", "PMID": 1014529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_544", "title": "[Total removal of acoustic neurinoma].", "content": "The analysis is based on the results of a total removal of acoustic neurinomas in 120 patients operated on in 1967-1975. The facial nerve was preserved after surgery in 65 patients (54.2%). In the course of the recent 3 years the employment of microsurgical techniques permitted to preserve the VII nerve in 26 among 35 operated patients (74.3%). Among 103 examined postoperatively 96 retained their full or partial capacity for work (93.2%). Ten patients (8.3%) died after surgery. Within the recent 3 years 35 patients were operated on without a single mortality case.", "contents": "[Total removal of acoustic neurinoma]. The analysis is based on the results of a total removal of acoustic neurinomas in 120 patients operated on in 1967-1975. The facial nerve was preserved after surgery in 65 patients (54.2%). In the course of the recent 3 years the employment of microsurgical techniques permitted to preserve the VII nerve in 26 among 35 operated patients (74.3%). Among 103 examined postoperatively 96 retained their full or partial capacity for work (93.2%). Ten patients (8.3%) died after surgery. Within the recent 3 years 35 patients were operated on without a single mortality case.", "PMID": 1014526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_545", "title": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of hourglass shaped tumors of cervical localization].", "content": "Among 449 patients with intravertebral tumours, 35 patients (7.8%) had sand-glass shaped tumours, 19 of them being localized in the neck, which comprised 19.6% of the 97 cervical intravertebral tumours, and 45.9% of neurinomas. An analysis of the material permits to conclude that when the symptoms of spinal cord compression are combined with an extension of the intervertebral foramen, the indications for myelography for precising the diagnosis are relative. A one-stage total excision of the tumour is indicated, either via a vertebral approach, or via a bilateral approach by way of laminectomy and from the neck. Whenever the intervention has to be divided into two stages, the intravertebral node should be removed first, and the extra-vertebral one afterwards from the cervical incision, always striving to cut the interval between the two interventions down to 3-4 weeks.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of hourglass shaped tumors of cervical localization]. Among 449 patients with intravertebral tumours, 35 patients (7.8%) had sand-glass shaped tumours, 19 of them being localized in the neck, which comprised 19.6% of the 97 cervical intravertebral tumours, and 45.9% of neurinomas. An analysis of the material permits to conclude that when the symptoms of spinal cord compression are combined with an extension of the intervertebral foramen, the indications for myelography for precising the diagnosis are relative. A one-stage total excision of the tumour is indicated, either via a vertebral approach, or via a bilateral approach by way of laminectomy and from the neck. Whenever the intervention has to be divided into two stages, the intravertebral node should be removed first, and the extra-vertebral one afterwards from the cervical incision, always striving to cut the interval between the two interventions down to 3-4 weeks.", "PMID": 1014533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_546", "title": "[Glycogen breakdown in the tissue of human cerebral glial tumors].", "content": "The activity of gamma-amylase (acid alpha-glucosidase) and phosphorylase in the tissue of human glial tumours and the brain tissue adjacent to the tumour was studied. A sharp (more than three-fold) increase of the activity of gamma-amylase was found in the tissue of glial tumours. In the adjacent tissues of the brain its activity was also elevated (approximately, two-fold). The activity of phosphorylase is practically lacking in human glial tumours, and is only slightly apparent in the brain tissue neighbouring the tumour. Gamma-amylase may be suggested to play an important role in glycogen metabolism of glial tumours in man.", "contents": "[Glycogen breakdown in the tissue of human cerebral glial tumors]. The activity of gamma-amylase (acid alpha-glucosidase) and phosphorylase in the tissue of human glial tumours and the brain tissue adjacent to the tumour was studied. A sharp (more than three-fold) increase of the activity of gamma-amylase was found in the tissue of glial tumours. In the adjacent tissues of the brain its activity was also elevated (approximately, two-fold). The activity of phosphorylase is practically lacking in human glial tumours, and is only slightly apparent in the brain tissue neighbouring the tumour. Gamma-amylase may be suggested to play an important role in glycogen metabolism of glial tumours in man.", "PMID": 1014528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_547", "title": "[Prognostic value of the ST elevation of the electrocardiogram in the acute stage of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The prognostic value of ST segment elevation on electrocardiograms is studied in 400 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 138 of them deceased. A close correlation was established between the degree of ST segment elevation and mortality rate. The average value of ST elevation in all deceased is 5.22 +/- 0.20 mm, und in all survived the acute stage--3.39 +/- 0.15 mm. Those values are higher in anterior infarction--5.55 +/- 0.23 mm and 3.99 +/- 0.15 mm and lower in posterior infarction 4.45 +/- 0.25 mm and 2.65 +/- 0.10 mm. The ST segment elevation over the average values in the deceased is a poor prognostic sign and an elevation slightly lower than the average values in the recovered is a favourable prognostic sign.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of the ST elevation of the electrocardiogram in the acute stage of myocardial infarct]. The prognostic value of ST segment elevation on electrocardiograms is studied in 400 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 138 of them deceased. A close correlation was established between the degree of ST segment elevation and mortality rate. The average value of ST elevation in all deceased is 5.22 +/- 0.20 mm, und in all survived the acute stage--3.39 +/- 0.15 mm. Those values are higher in anterior infarction--5.55 +/- 0.23 mm and 3.99 +/- 0.15 mm and lower in posterior infarction 4.45 +/- 0.25 mm and 2.65 +/- 0.10 mm. The ST segment elevation over the average values in the deceased is a poor prognostic sign and an elevation slightly lower than the average values in the recovered is a favourable prognostic sign.", "PMID": 1014606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_548", "title": "[Epidemiological studies of ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension among the industrial workers and administrative employees in the \"Napreduk\" factory in Plovdiv].", "content": "Five hundred and ten industry workers and 100 administrative employees from the plant \"Napred\u0103k\"--Plovdiv were studied consuming the same quantity of calories (from 2500 to 3500). The working processes of the workers are mechanized in 70 per cent. The production is based on the conveyor system. Reduced physical activity is established but intensified psychic strain. Reduced physical activity is also established in the administrative employees and high mental loading. All men and women, aged 25-75 were examined for ischemic heart disease (IHD). IHD was found in 30.59 per cent among the industry workers (31.14 among men and 29.38 among women). IHD in 48 per cent (41.9 among men and 34.37 per cent among the women) was found in the administrative employees. The role of certain risk factors for IHD was studied. Arterial hypertension proved to be one of those risk factors with statistical significance, as well as obesity, hyperlipidemia (over 800 mg%), hypercholesteremia (over 250 mg%). Arterial hypertension was confirmed in 12.3 per cent of industry workers and in 19 per cent the administrative employees. More important and statistically significant factors for it are: obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia and neuropsychic strain.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies of ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension among the industrial workers and administrative employees in the \"Napreduk\" factory in Plovdiv]. Five hundred and ten industry workers and 100 administrative employees from the plant \"Napred\u0103k\"--Plovdiv were studied consuming the same quantity of calories (from 2500 to 3500). The working processes of the workers are mechanized in 70 per cent. The production is based on the conveyor system. Reduced physical activity is established but intensified psychic strain. Reduced physical activity is also established in the administrative employees and high mental loading. All men and women, aged 25-75 were examined for ischemic heart disease (IHD). IHD was found in 30.59 per cent among the industry workers (31.14 among men and 29.38 among women). IHD in 48 per cent (41.9 among men and 34.37 per cent among the women) was found in the administrative employees. The role of certain risk factors for IHD was studied. Arterial hypertension proved to be one of those risk factors with statistical significance, as well as obesity, hyperlipidemia (over 800 mg%), hypercholesteremia (over 250 mg%). Arterial hypertension was confirmed in 12.3 per cent of industry workers and in 19 per cent the administrative employees. More important and statistically significant factors for it are: obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesteremia and neuropsychic strain.", "PMID": 1014607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_549", "title": "[Thyrotropic hormone plasma level in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Immunoreactive TTH plasma concentration was investigated twice a day (at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.) in 30 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 10 out of them in acute stage and 20 in a state of remission after thymidazol treatment as well as in 17 healthy subjects. The authors established that in the acute state of thyrotoxicosis the latter is reduced to low normal or subnormal values (an average of 2.94 +/- 0.70 ng/ml) and after thyrostatic therapy leading to remission--is about the average norm (4.65 +/- 1.10 ng/ml) and does not differ much from that in healthy subjects (4.75 +/- 0.92 ng/ml). The negative correlation between the TIH levels and thyroid hormones (BOI, total thyroxin), typical for the healthy subjects, is found in the patients with acute thyrotoxicosis. No significant difference was established between the TTH values of the morning and evening hours in any of the groups. The physiological regulatory feedback mechanism in thyrotoxicosis is assumed not to be disturbed.", "contents": "[Thyrotropic hormone plasma level in thyrotoxicosis]. Immunoreactive TTH plasma concentration was investigated twice a day (at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.) in 30 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 10 out of them in acute stage and 20 in a state of remission after thymidazol treatment as well as in 17 healthy subjects. The authors established that in the acute state of thyrotoxicosis the latter is reduced to low normal or subnormal values (an average of 2.94 +/- 0.70 ng/ml) and after thyrostatic therapy leading to remission--is about the average norm (4.65 +/- 1.10 ng/ml) and does not differ much from that in healthy subjects (4.75 +/- 0.92 ng/ml). The negative correlation between the TIH levels and thyroid hormones (BOI, total thyroxin), typical for the healthy subjects, is found in the patients with acute thyrotoxicosis. No significant difference was established between the TTH values of the morning and evening hours in any of the groups. The physiological regulatory feedback mechanism in thyrotoxicosis is assumed not to be disturbed.", "PMID": 1014608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_550", "title": "[Diagnosis of oligosymptomatic forms of chronic glomerulonephritis].", "content": "An investigation is carried out, by punch biopsy, on 54 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, its course being evaluated as oligosymtomatic. From the patients followed up 35 were with morphologic changes corresponding to endoproliferative type, 13--to membranaceous type and 6--to membranaceous-proliferative type. The patients' complex investigation (incld. the investigation of biopsy renal material) was established to allow the disease diagnosis in its initial stage, irrespectively of the lack of manifested clinical and laboratory symptoms. Some typical peculiarities in the clinical course and the differences of the followed up laboratory indices, for separate morphologic types, were established and thus the diagnostic opportunities were increased. The duration of the oligosymptomatic course is also different, the highest being in the endoproliferative type--an aveagre of 10 years and the shortest--in the membranaceous-proliferative type--an average of 3 and 4 months. In the patients studied, in spite of the lack of manifested clinical and laboratory activity, a definite tendency is found towards gradual disease course with restricted renal functional potentialities. Besides on glomerulonephritis morphological type, this tendency depends on some additional factors as intercurrent diseases, keeping of no optimal regimen of life and labour, pragnancy etc. The authors are provided grounds to admit that early complex diagnosis specifying is a necessity in carrying out systematic prophylactic and therapeutic measures, thus improving the disease prognosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of oligosymptomatic forms of chronic glomerulonephritis]. An investigation is carried out, by punch biopsy, on 54 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, its course being evaluated as oligosymtomatic. From the patients followed up 35 were with morphologic changes corresponding to endoproliferative type, 13--to membranaceous type and 6--to membranaceous-proliferative type. The patients' complex investigation (incld. the investigation of biopsy renal material) was established to allow the disease diagnosis in its initial stage, irrespectively of the lack of manifested clinical and laboratory symptoms. Some typical peculiarities in the clinical course and the differences of the followed up laboratory indices, for separate morphologic types, were established and thus the diagnostic opportunities were increased. The duration of the oligosymptomatic course is also different, the highest being in the endoproliferative type--an aveagre of 10 years and the shortest--in the membranaceous-proliferative type--an average of 3 and 4 months. In the patients studied, in spite of the lack of manifested clinical and laboratory activity, a definite tendency is found towards gradual disease course with restricted renal functional potentialities. Besides on glomerulonephritis morphological type, this tendency depends on some additional factors as intercurrent diseases, keeping of no optimal regimen of life and labour, pragnancy etc. The authors are provided grounds to admit that early complex diagnosis specifying is a necessity in carrying out systematic prophylactic and therapeutic measures, thus improving the disease prognosis.", "PMID": 1014609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_551", "title": "[Frequency and complications of cholelithiasis].", "content": "The authors studied a total of 16557 necropsy reports for 20 years, at the Chair of Pathologic Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Sofia, as regards the incidence and complications of cholelithiasis. In order to determine the effect of the applied modern antibiotic treatment, the material studied covers the decades 1932-1941 and 1963-1972. Cholelithiasis incidence grew about five times during the second period. A change in the incidence of certain complications is also observed--a) there is a considerable decrease in the number of liver abscesses during the antibiotic period (about three times); b) the number of the developed biliary cirrhosis grew (about three times). With age aspect, the peak incidence has shifted with a decade backwards during the second period, life prolongation being the reason for it.", "contents": "[Frequency and complications of cholelithiasis]. The authors studied a total of 16557 necropsy reports for 20 years, at the Chair of Pathologic Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Sofia, as regards the incidence and complications of cholelithiasis. In order to determine the effect of the applied modern antibiotic treatment, the material studied covers the decades 1932-1941 and 1963-1972. Cholelithiasis incidence grew about five times during the second period. A change in the incidence of certain complications is also observed--a) there is a considerable decrease in the number of liver abscesses during the antibiotic period (about three times); b) the number of the developed biliary cirrhosis grew (about three times). With age aspect, the peak incidence has shifted with a decade backwards during the second period, life prolongation being the reason for it.", "PMID": 1014610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_552", "title": "[Treatment of obesity with a high-protein, high-fat, \"carbohydrate-free\" diet].", "content": "Sanatorium treatment for 27 days was carried out for 52 patients with obesity of alimentary metabolism type, consisting of moderate loading and high-protein, high-lipid diet with 2430 to 2840 cal daily, with unusually low carbohydrate contents--10 g for the first week and 38 g--in the fourth. The authors established a favourable total and an average daily body weight loss of the patients, irrespectively of the relatively high caloric intake. No sense of hunger was reported from the majority of the patients. The subjective complaints observed are more frequent and more severe, as compared with the other treatment regimens with reducing but balanced dietetic regimens. The majority of the subjective complaints established could be associated with the objectively confirmed compensated metabolic ketoacidosis. The unfavourable changes in the followed-up laboratory indices are: considerable decrease of blood sugar, massive ketonuria, elevation of serum uric acid and deviations in the acid-base parameters. Serum lipid indices fell under the effect of the treatment and body weight reduction. What impresses is the serum cholesterol reduction in spite of the high exogenic import, the diminution of cholesterol-lecithin index and the marked elevation of free fatty acid in serum, manifestation of incresed lipolysis in the lipid depots. (he diet indicated is not balanced and not physiological. It must be applied casually in obesity treatment. Its application is possible only after a strict assessment of each individual patient with obesity with no accompanying diseases, that do not agree with the partial fasting and cannot be included in intensive motor regimen.", "contents": "[Treatment of obesity with a high-protein, high-fat, \"carbohydrate-free\" diet]. Sanatorium treatment for 27 days was carried out for 52 patients with obesity of alimentary metabolism type, consisting of moderate loading and high-protein, high-lipid diet with 2430 to 2840 cal daily, with unusually low carbohydrate contents--10 g for the first week and 38 g--in the fourth. The authors established a favourable total and an average daily body weight loss of the patients, irrespectively of the relatively high caloric intake. No sense of hunger was reported from the majority of the patients. The subjective complaints observed are more frequent and more severe, as compared with the other treatment regimens with reducing but balanced dietetic regimens. The majority of the subjective complaints established could be associated with the objectively confirmed compensated metabolic ketoacidosis. The unfavourable changes in the followed-up laboratory indices are: considerable decrease of blood sugar, massive ketonuria, elevation of serum uric acid and deviations in the acid-base parameters. Serum lipid indices fell under the effect of the treatment and body weight reduction. What impresses is the serum cholesterol reduction in spite of the high exogenic import, the diminution of cholesterol-lecithin index and the marked elevation of free fatty acid in serum, manifestation of incresed lipolysis in the lipid depots. (he diet indicated is not balanced and not physiological. It must be applied casually in obesity treatment. Its application is possible only after a strict assessment of each individual patient with obesity with no accompanying diseases, that do not agree with the partial fasting and cannot be included in intensive motor regimen.", "PMID": 1014611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_553", "title": "[Therapeutic effect in 3 cases of hepatic coma in viral hepatitis].", "content": "The author reports his observation on three cases of coma hepaticum in viral hepatitis treated at the Internal Diseases Ward, Military Hospital, in the town of Asmara, Ethiopia. Parallelly with the usual hepatoprotective drugs and antibiotics, corticosteroids were administered as well as the preparation Reducdyn, containing homocysteine and cysteine-carriers of sulphhydryl groups. Complete restoration to health was achieved in two of the patients after three days in grave coma. The third patient was aroused from the comatose state for six hours but later had a lethal end on the eighth day post coma onset. According to the author, the combination of that preparation with corticosteroids is pathogenetically grounded and enables the administration of the latter in lower and safe doses. The author stresses upon the importance of early therapy in coma hepaticum.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect in 3 cases of hepatic coma in viral hepatitis]. The author reports his observation on three cases of coma hepaticum in viral hepatitis treated at the Internal Diseases Ward, Military Hospital, in the town of Asmara, Ethiopia. Parallelly with the usual hepatoprotective drugs and antibiotics, corticosteroids were administered as well as the preparation Reducdyn, containing homocysteine and cysteine-carriers of sulphhydryl groups. Complete restoration to health was achieved in two of the patients after three days in grave coma. The third patient was aroused from the comatose state for six hours but later had a lethal end on the eighth day post coma onset. According to the author, the combination of that preparation with corticosteroids is pathogenetically grounded and enables the administration of the latter in lower and safe doses. The author stresses upon the importance of early therapy in coma hepaticum.", "PMID": 1014613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_554", "title": "[Study of the interrelationship of glycemia-nonesterified fatty acids in physical activity in diabetics and patients with a normal glucose tolerance test].", "content": "Sixty four experiments were carried out in middle aged diabetics with normal and over-normal body weight and in a control group of patients with NGTT with a parallel follow-up of blood sugar and NEFA with an uptake of 50 g glucose per os and the performance of a moderately difficult physical loading (hiking) or complete rest in a bed for 2.5 hours. A better glucose utilization was found after physical loading in both groups of patients as compared with the rest period. Glucose utilization in patients with diabetes mellitus in physical loading is the same independently of the blood sugar initial level, providing grounds to admit that the betacyte formation apparatus is not strained. NEFA decrease by the 60th minute in diabetics, both in physical loading and at rest does not substantially differ from the subject with NGTT. That comes to show that NEFA utilization in that period is almost the same for the two groups. In patients with NGTT at the end of the physicalloading NEFA is sharply elevated over the initial level (lipolysis), while in diabetics, they remained at the level of the 60th minute.", "contents": "[Study of the interrelationship of glycemia-nonesterified fatty acids in physical activity in diabetics and patients with a normal glucose tolerance test]. Sixty four experiments were carried out in middle aged diabetics with normal and over-normal body weight and in a control group of patients with NGTT with a parallel follow-up of blood sugar and NEFA with an uptake of 50 g glucose per os and the performance of a moderately difficult physical loading (hiking) or complete rest in a bed for 2.5 hours. A better glucose utilization was found after physical loading in both groups of patients as compared with the rest period. Glucose utilization in patients with diabetes mellitus in physical loading is the same independently of the blood sugar initial level, providing grounds to admit that the betacyte formation apparatus is not strained. NEFA decrease by the 60th minute in diabetics, both in physical loading and at rest does not substantially differ from the subject with NGTT. That comes to show that NEFA utilization in that period is almost the same for the two groups. In patients with NGTT at the end of the physicalloading NEFA is sharply elevated over the initial level (lipolysis), while in diabetics, they remained at the level of the 60th minute.", "PMID": 1014614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_555", "title": "[Apex carotis diagram and benign systolic murmurs].", "content": "The apex-carotis diagram is a new mechanocardiographic, non invasive method consisting of integration of the carotidogram and apexcardiogram--synchronously recorded. The value of the amplitude height of these curves at every 0.025 sec are transferred to an orthogonal coordinate system and later the points connected in a chronological order thus obtaining the apex-carotidogram (ACD). ACD have been constructed in 62 healthy subjects and in 26 people with innocent systolic murmur, aged between 14--65 years. Our investigation showed no difference between the control group and the people with innocent murmur. The points of connection, lines, segments, fields and axis of ACD were the same in both groups. The angles alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon measured quantity and calculated showed no statistical difference (p greater than 0.05).", "contents": "[Apex carotis diagram and benign systolic murmurs]. The apex-carotis diagram is a new mechanocardiographic, non invasive method consisting of integration of the carotidogram and apexcardiogram--synchronously recorded. The value of the amplitude height of these curves at every 0.025 sec are transferred to an orthogonal coordinate system and later the points connected in a chronological order thus obtaining the apex-carotidogram (ACD). ACD have been constructed in 62 healthy subjects and in 26 people with innocent systolic murmur, aged between 14--65 years. Our investigation showed no difference between the control group and the people with innocent murmur. The points of connection, lines, segments, fields and axis of ACD were the same in both groups. The angles alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon measured quantity and calculated showed no statistical difference (p greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 1014615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_556", "title": "[Vegetative polypoid forms of stomach cancer with a cardial location (1 case)].", "content": "A case with vegetating polypoid gastric cancer in the cardio-esophageal zone is described. The cancer remained masked by the accompanying circulatory and septic complications manifested on the first place in the clinical diagnosis due to the lack of previous clinical symptoms of the digestive system. Attention is paid to the vegetating polypoid cancers of the cardio-esophageal zone, being with a vast dissemination, before manifesting a typical clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "[Vegetative polypoid forms of stomach cancer with a cardial location (1 case)]. A case with vegetating polypoid gastric cancer in the cardio-esophageal zone is described. The cancer remained masked by the accompanying circulatory and septic complications manifested on the first place in the clinical diagnosis due to the lack of previous clinical symptoms of the digestive system. Attention is paid to the vegetating polypoid cancers of the cardio-esophageal zone, being with a vast dissemination, before manifesting a typical clinical symptomatology.", "PMID": 1014619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_557", "title": "[Bone metabolic disorders after prolonged treatment with antiepileptic agents in a patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "A case is reported of a patient, aged 20, with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, manifested with the picture of epilepsy with a long treatment with antiepileptic remedies. Two years after the initiation of the antiepilertic treatment, severe skeleton disturbances occurred with manifested osteoporosis and multiple symmetric zones of bone reconstruction, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. The disturbances of calcium and phosphorus level in blood are favourably affected by the application of relatively high vitamin D doses. The role of the long-term anticonvulsive treatment in the development of vitamin D resistant rickets and osteomalacia is discussed.", "contents": "[Bone metabolic disorders after prolonged treatment with antiepileptic agents in a patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism]. A case is reported of a patient, aged 20, with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, manifested with the picture of epilepsy with a long treatment with antiepileptic remedies. Two years after the initiation of the antiepilertic treatment, severe skeleton disturbances occurred with manifested osteoporosis and multiple symmetric zones of bone reconstruction, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. The disturbances of calcium and phosphorus level in blood are favourably affected by the application of relatively high vitamin D doses. The role of the long-term anticonvulsive treatment in the development of vitamin D resistant rickets and osteomalacia is discussed.", "PMID": 1014620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_558", "title": "[Value of the lymphocyte transformation test with phytohemagglutinin in rhematoid arthritis].", "content": "The aim of the present study was to determine the significance of the lymphocyte transformation test with phyto-hemagglutinin in connection with the degree of inflammatory activity and serological changes. Lymphocyte transformation test with phytohemagglutinin was performed on 46 of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis active stage, diagnosed according to the New York criteria. In patients with low and moderate inflammatory activity the lymphocyte transformation test has values close to those of the controls. In patients with high inflammatory activity either low values or considerably higher were established as compared with the control group. The values of the test were proved, through the statistical analysis, to be heterogenous quantities in seropositive and seronegative patients.", "contents": "[Value of the lymphocyte transformation test with phytohemagglutinin in rhematoid arthritis]. The aim of the present study was to determine the significance of the lymphocyte transformation test with phyto-hemagglutinin in connection with the degree of inflammatory activity and serological changes. Lymphocyte transformation test with phytohemagglutinin was performed on 46 of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis active stage, diagnosed according to the New York criteria. In patients with low and moderate inflammatory activity the lymphocyte transformation test has values close to those of the controls. In patients with high inflammatory activity either low values or considerably higher were established as compared with the control group. The values of the test were proved, through the statistical analysis, to be heterogenous quantities in seropositive and seronegative patients.", "PMID": 1014622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_559", "title": "[Serum complement level (C'H5O) during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients].", "content": "Decreased total complement serum level (C'H50) was established in 72 per cent of the 78 patients examined, associated most likely with the developing processes of antigen-antibody reaction and the severe course of the illness. The applied treatment with different antirheumatic remedies, according to their mechanism of action, determined the respective changes in the complement level. Indomethacinum and chinoline derivatives induce complement values elevation, whereas the corticosteroids, salicylate and pyrazolone preparations lead to the complement values normalization.", "contents": "[Serum complement level (C'H5O) during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients]. Decreased total complement serum level (C'H50) was established in 72 per cent of the 78 patients examined, associated most likely with the developing processes of antigen-antibody reaction and the severe course of the illness. The applied treatment with different antirheumatic remedies, according to their mechanism of action, determined the respective changes in the complement level. Indomethacinum and chinoline derivatives induce complement values elevation, whereas the corticosteroids, salicylate and pyrazolone preparations lead to the complement values normalization.", "PMID": 1014623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_560", "title": "[Desopimon in the treatment of obesity].", "content": "The authors tested the tolerance and therapeutic effect of desopimon preparation (1-p-chlorophenyl-2-aminopropane hydrochloride) in 44 subjects with obesity--I, II and III degree. They found a manifested appetite-inhibiting effect of the medicament in 41 of the patients and slight in two (the treatment was discontinued in a female, due to urticaria). Side effects, similar to those described with phenformin and phenmethrazin derivatives were not established. Body-weight loss is 12,9 kg per subject for a period of a month and a half, and the analysis of the data revealed that the weight loss was entirely on the account of the fatty tissue reduction. Triglyceride diminution was established in serum whereas free fatty acids were increased. After the confrontation of their own data those of some other researchers, the authors recommend desopimon as a suitable additive means in the treatment of simple nutritive (hyperphagic) obesity.", "contents": "[Desopimon in the treatment of obesity]. The authors tested the tolerance and therapeutic effect of desopimon preparation (1-p-chlorophenyl-2-aminopropane hydrochloride) in 44 subjects with obesity--I, II and III degree. They found a manifested appetite-inhibiting effect of the medicament in 41 of the patients and slight in two (the treatment was discontinued in a female, due to urticaria). Side effects, similar to those described with phenformin and phenmethrazin derivatives were not established. Body-weight loss is 12,9 kg per subject for a period of a month and a half, and the analysis of the data revealed that the weight loss was entirely on the account of the fatty tissue reduction. Triglyceride diminution was established in serum whereas free fatty acids were increased. After the confrontation of their own data those of some other researchers, the authors recommend desopimon as a suitable additive means in the treatment of simple nutritive (hyperphagic) obesity.", "PMID": 1014625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_561", "title": "[Several lipid indices in hypertension].", "content": "Forty four patients with arterial hypertension were examined. Thorough clinical examinations were carried out. Total lipids, total cholesterin and triglycerides in serum were determined at the laboratory. The lipid-acid composition of erythrocytes was studied by gas chromatography of the same patients. A control group of 10 healthy subjects were also examined. Hyperlipemia incidence among the patients amounts to 75 per cent. The ratio saturated (monoene and monoene) diene fatty acids was found to be increased in erythrocyte lipids of hypertonics. The deficiency of polyene fatty acids in erythrocytes was discussed to correlate to their deficiency in plasma. A relationship was established between the deficiency of polyene fatty acids in erythrocytes and the hyperlipemia present.", "contents": "[Several lipid indices in hypertension]. Forty four patients with arterial hypertension were examined. Thorough clinical examinations were carried out. Total lipids, total cholesterin and triglycerides in serum were determined at the laboratory. The lipid-acid composition of erythrocytes was studied by gas chromatography of the same patients. A control group of 10 healthy subjects were also examined. Hyperlipemia incidence among the patients amounts to 75 per cent. The ratio saturated (monoene and monoene) diene fatty acids was found to be increased in erythrocyte lipids of hypertonics. The deficiency of polyene fatty acids in erythrocytes was discussed to correlate to their deficiency in plasma. A relationship was established between the deficiency of polyene fatty acids in erythrocytes and the hyperlipemia present.", "PMID": 1014626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_562", "title": "[Social risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (epidemiologic social-medical study)].", "content": "An epidemiological social-medical study was carried out in the section of IX polyclinic--Sofia, aiming at the establishment of the social risk factors effect upon the origination and course of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in view of the particularly social importance of the disease invalidity. The model is based on statistical methods for programmed computor processing. Two hundred and forty six subjects were examined, the basic group of 44 being with diagnosed RA according to the international criteria (0.35% from the population) and 2 control groups--patients with infectional alergic arthritis and healthy subjects. The assessment of the RA severity degree was performed according to the numeric method, elaborated for that purpose, based on the following criteria: number of the joints, kind of the joint involvement, functional capacity, patients' personal assessment of the difficulties due to the disease, disease duration, ESR, rheumatoid factor, X-ray changes according to the adopted four degrees. The following social factors were studied: occupation, kind of work, working conditions, financial status, education, home conditions, mode of life, activity in the leisure time. A statistically significant (correlation C with P less than 0,05--0,001) unfavourable effect of the following complex of risk social factors was established: 1. RA risk factors--unfavourable microclimatic working (C=0,24) and home (C=0.30) conditions: 2. Risk factors for RA invalidity--occupations with heavy physical work (C=0,40), wol income (C=0,31) and unfavourable home conditions (C=0,22). The results obtained will serve as a ground for concrete directed rheumatoid arthritis prophylaxis. That outlines the perspectives of similar studies for assessment of the effect of life environmental factors upon human health state.", "contents": "[Social risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (epidemiologic social-medical study)]. An epidemiological social-medical study was carried out in the section of IX polyclinic--Sofia, aiming at the establishment of the social risk factors effect upon the origination and course of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in view of the particularly social importance of the disease invalidity. The model is based on statistical methods for programmed computor processing. Two hundred and forty six subjects were examined, the basic group of 44 being with diagnosed RA according to the international criteria (0.35% from the population) and 2 control groups--patients with infectional alergic arthritis and healthy subjects. The assessment of the RA severity degree was performed according to the numeric method, elaborated for that purpose, based on the following criteria: number of the joints, kind of the joint involvement, functional capacity, patients' personal assessment of the difficulties due to the disease, disease duration, ESR, rheumatoid factor, X-ray changes according to the adopted four degrees. The following social factors were studied: occupation, kind of work, working conditions, financial status, education, home conditions, mode of life, activity in the leisure time. A statistically significant (correlation C with P less than 0,05--0,001) unfavourable effect of the following complex of risk social factors was established: 1. RA risk factors--unfavourable microclimatic working (C=0,24) and home (C=0.30) conditions: 2. Risk factors for RA invalidity--occupations with heavy physical work (C=0,40), wol income (C=0,31) and unfavourable home conditions (C=0,22). The results obtained will serve as a ground for concrete directed rheumatoid arthritis prophylaxis. That outlines the perspectives of similar studies for assessment of the effect of life environmental factors upon human health state.", "PMID": 1014627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_563", "title": "[Acute renal insufficiency in poisoning with cistol (carbon tetrachloride)].", "content": "Three cases of acute intoxication with the preparation \"Cistol\", containing tetrachloro-methane were described, with the development of acute renal insufficiency, treated with hemodialysis. The attention of the physicians and the society is drawn to the risk of intoxication by that preparation. Early hemodialysis is recommended in case of such intoxications.", "contents": "[Acute renal insufficiency in poisoning with cistol (carbon tetrachloride)]. Three cases of acute intoxication with the preparation \"Cistol\", containing tetrachloro-methane were described, with the development of acute renal insufficiency, treated with hemodialysis. The attention of the physicians and the society is drawn to the risk of intoxication by that preparation. Early hemodialysis is recommended in case of such intoxications.", "PMID": 1014628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_564", "title": "[Left anterior hemiblock in a variant form of angina pectoris].", "content": "Certain peculiarities of the anterior left hemiblock in a variant of angina pectoris are dynamically followed up. The recorded anterior left hemiblock indicates a certain parallelism and succession and follows the rest of the ECG changes. The deviations of the cardiac axis in the left anterior hemiblock in the variant form of angina pectoris has a certain diagnostic and especially prognostic significance. The character of the hemiblock is determined by the topic position and phyoxia degree. The clinic of the hemiblock is determined by the basic ailment.", "contents": "[Left anterior hemiblock in a variant form of angina pectoris]. Certain peculiarities of the anterior left hemiblock in a variant of angina pectoris are dynamically followed up. The recorded anterior left hemiblock indicates a certain parallelism and succession and follows the rest of the ECG changes. The deviations of the cardiac axis in the left anterior hemiblock in the variant form of angina pectoris has a certain diagnostic and especially prognostic significance. The character of the hemiblock is determined by the topic position and phyoxia degree. The clinic of the hemiblock is determined by the basic ailment.", "PMID": 1014629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_565", "title": "[Chronic recurrent pancreatitis with erosive gastritis in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "A female with premary hyperparathyroidism and secondary renal lesions, as well as lesions of the stomach and pancreas is described. The initial illness was manifested by repeated renal crises. Later, gastroenterological complaints appeared--epigastralgia, vomiting, frequent hematemesis with melena. That was the cause for a gastric resection, diffuse erosive gastritis being found. After the operation, the pains and the vomiting of hematin matter repeatedly recidivated. Clinically and at the laboratory, data were formed for a chronic recidivating pancreatitis with the presence of primary hyperparathyroidism. The postoperative treatment of the parathyroid adenoma led to an improvement of the gastroenterological complaints.", "contents": "[Chronic recurrent pancreatitis with erosive gastritis in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism]. A female with premary hyperparathyroidism and secondary renal lesions, as well as lesions of the stomach and pancreas is described. The initial illness was manifested by repeated renal crises. Later, gastroenterological complaints appeared--epigastralgia, vomiting, frequent hematemesis with melena. That was the cause for a gastric resection, diffuse erosive gastritis being found. After the operation, the pains and the vomiting of hematin matter repeatedly recidivated. Clinically and at the laboratory, data were formed for a chronic recidivating pancreatitis with the presence of primary hyperparathyroidism. The postoperative treatment of the parathyroid adenoma led to an improvement of the gastroenterological complaints.", "PMID": 1014631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_566", "title": "[Subacute encephalitis during lactation (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of encephalitis during lactation are reported. The illness started with psychotic symptoms and some weeks later neurological disturbances appeared. The course of the illness was subacute and both cases the brain scan was abnormal with numerous nodules. A CSF proteinogram showed an acute phase reaction, pointing to an organic lesion of the nervous system, but no impairment of the blood CSF barrier and normal immunoglobulin G levels. The possible aetiological factors, as well as the CSF and brain scan findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Subacute encephalitis during lactation (author's transl)]. Two cases of encephalitis during lactation are reported. The illness started with psychotic symptoms and some weeks later neurological disturbances appeared. The course of the illness was subacute and both cases the brain scan was abnormal with numerous nodules. A CSF proteinogram showed an acute phase reaction, pointing to an organic lesion of the nervous system, but no impairment of the blood CSF barrier and normal immunoglobulin G levels. The possible aetiological factors, as well as the CSF and brain scan findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1014706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_567", "title": "[Cerebellar ataxia in three generations with apparently dominant inheritance (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical features and genetic inheritance of cerebellar ataxia, presumably of the Holmer type, are described in a family with four affected members over three generations. Two of these cases were severly affected, whilst the remaining two cases were probably of a relatively mild form. The pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed and the dangers of incorrect diagnosis pointed out.", "contents": "[Cerebellar ataxia in three generations with apparently dominant inheritance (author's transl)]. The clinical features and genetic inheritance of cerebellar ataxia, presumably of the Holmer type, are described in a family with four affected members over three generations. Two of these cases were severly affected, whilst the remaining two cases were probably of a relatively mild form. The pitfalls in diagnosis are discussed and the dangers of incorrect diagnosis pointed out.", "PMID": 1014707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_568", "title": "[Cerebral arachnoid cysts in children with local bulging of the skull (author's transl)].", "content": "A series is reported of 9 cases of supratentorial arachnoid cysts in children under the age of 14 years. The predominant clinical and radiological sign is local bulging of the skull, caused by the underlying cyst. The characteristic angiographic findings and anomalies in the phlebogram are discussed. Operative measures (trephination and ventriculo-auricular shunt) aim at restoration of the disturbed cerebrospinal fluid circulation and resection of the wall of the cyst. Selection of patients for operative measures and results of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebral arachnoid cysts in children with local bulging of the skull (author's transl)]. A series is reported of 9 cases of supratentorial arachnoid cysts in children under the age of 14 years. The predominant clinical and radiological sign is local bulging of the skull, caused by the underlying cyst. The characteristic angiographic findings and anomalies in the phlebogram are discussed. Operative measures (trephination and ventriculo-auricular shunt) aim at restoration of the disturbed cerebrospinal fluid circulation and resection of the wall of the cyst. Selection of patients for operative measures and results of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1014708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_569", "title": "[Treatment of forced weeping (author's transl)].", "content": "A derivate of gamma-aminobutyric acid was found to have a favourable therapeutic effect in patients with forced weeping (weeping sickness). All 10 treated cases were shown to have motor neuron lesions resulting from other cerebral changer (cerebrovascular accident, brain atrophy, diffuse vascular changes).", "contents": "[Treatment of forced weeping (author's transl)]. A derivate of gamma-aminobutyric acid was found to have a favourable therapeutic effect in patients with forced weeping (weeping sickness). All 10 treated cases were shown to have motor neuron lesions resulting from other cerebral changer (cerebrovascular accident, brain atrophy, diffuse vascular changes).", "PMID": 1014709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_570", "title": "[Motor nerve conduction velocity in uraemic polyneuropathy: correlation with metabolic factors (author's transl)].", "content": "The following parameters have been examined in twenty-one patients suffering from chronic renal failure (creatinine level between 4.5 and 18.8 mg/100 ml serum): maximum motor nerve conduction of the peroneal nerve, amplitude of the compound muscle action potential of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, serum creatiine, total protein, serum globulins, serum albumins, alkali reserve, time of increase of serum creatinine above 4 mg/100 ml up to time of determination of the maximum motor nerve conduction, daily urinary excretion, mean blood pressure, (p less than 0.01) was found between maximum motor nerve conduction, as well as amplitude of the compound muscle action potential, and the serum albumin level only. Decreased levels of serum albumin, is correlated with diminished nerve conduction and a lower amplitude. The relationship between the electrophysiological data and serum albumin levels maybe explained on the basis of progression of a pre-existing polyneuropathy due to additional dietary malnutrition. A different interpretation is the assumption of an inactivation of neurotoxin on binding by albumins. A decrease in the albumin level would, therefore, result in an increased amount of unbound toxic agent. The values of the maximum motor nerve conduction were between 16 m/sec and 51 m/sec (mean value 42.2 m/sec), pointing to a polyneuropathy of primary axonal type rather that to primary demyelinization. The amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials were not greatly reduced and thus the uraemic polyneuropathy seems to be of mixed type. In uraemic polyneuropathy different aetiological factors have to assumed. According to the prevalent factor a polyneuropathy of predominantly axonal or predominantly demyelinizing type may result.", "contents": "[Motor nerve conduction velocity in uraemic polyneuropathy: correlation with metabolic factors (author's transl)]. The following parameters have been examined in twenty-one patients suffering from chronic renal failure (creatinine level between 4.5 and 18.8 mg/100 ml serum): maximum motor nerve conduction of the peroneal nerve, amplitude of the compound muscle action potential of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, serum creatiine, total protein, serum globulins, serum albumins, alkali reserve, time of increase of serum creatinine above 4 mg/100 ml up to time of determination of the maximum motor nerve conduction, daily urinary excretion, mean blood pressure, (p less than 0.01) was found between maximum motor nerve conduction, as well as amplitude of the compound muscle action potential, and the serum albumin level only. Decreased levels of serum albumin, is correlated with diminished nerve conduction and a lower amplitude. The relationship between the electrophysiological data and serum albumin levels maybe explained on the basis of progression of a pre-existing polyneuropathy due to additional dietary malnutrition. A different interpretation is the assumption of an inactivation of neurotoxin on binding by albumins. A decrease in the albumin level would, therefore, result in an increased amount of unbound toxic agent. The values of the maximum motor nerve conduction were between 16 m/sec and 51 m/sec (mean value 42.2 m/sec), pointing to a polyneuropathy of primary axonal type rather that to primary demyelinization. The amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials were not greatly reduced and thus the uraemic polyneuropathy seems to be of mixed type. In uraemic polyneuropathy different aetiological factors have to assumed. According to the prevalent factor a polyneuropathy of predominantly axonal or predominantly demyelinizing type may result.", "PMID": 1014710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_571", "title": "[Rectal electrical potential difference and plasma aldosterone in hyperaldosteronism and low-, normal- and high-renin hypertension].", "content": "Rectal electrical potential difference (P.D.), plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were measured in 25 normal subjects, 80 patients with untreated essential hypertension, 4 patients with primary and 9 patients with secondary hyperaldosteronism. In normal subjects the rectal P.D. was 26 +/- 10 mV (+/- S.D.); in patients with hyperaldosteronism it was 51 +/- 7 mV. Plasma aldosterone and rectal P.D. were correlated significantly (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) in these two groups combined. In 29% of patients with low-renin hypertension, in 9% of patients with normal-renin hypertension and in 3 out of 8 patients with high-renin hypertension, rectal P.D. was found to be elevated in the presence of normal plasma and urinary aldosterone and no correlation was observed between plasma aldosterone and rectal P.D. (r = --0.09, n.s.). In 3 out of 7 patients with low-renin hypertension and high rectal P.D., plasma and urinary aldosterone were consistently suppressed. Since patients with low renin and high rectal P.D. responded favourably to spironolactone therapy it is suggested that mineralocorticoids other than aldosterone may contribute to the pathogenesis of the hypertension in these cases. The aetiology of raised rectal P.D. in normal and high-renin hypertension is not clear, but both catecholamines and angiotensin II may be involved. The measurement of rectal P.D. alone is of limited value as a screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism in hypertensive patients, but combined with renin measurements it is a valuable tool for further investigation of patients with suspected mineralocorticoid excess syndromes, as well as for adjusting therapy with competitive aldosterone antagonists in patients with proven primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism.", "contents": "[Rectal electrical potential difference and plasma aldosterone in hyperaldosteronism and low-, normal- and high-renin hypertension]. Rectal electrical potential difference (P.D.), plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were measured in 25 normal subjects, 80 patients with untreated essential hypertension, 4 patients with primary and 9 patients with secondary hyperaldosteronism. In normal subjects the rectal P.D. was 26 +/- 10 mV (+/- S.D.); in patients with hyperaldosteronism it was 51 +/- 7 mV. Plasma aldosterone and rectal P.D. were correlated significantly (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) in these two groups combined. In 29% of patients with low-renin hypertension, in 9% of patients with normal-renin hypertension and in 3 out of 8 patients with high-renin hypertension, rectal P.D. was found to be elevated in the presence of normal plasma and urinary aldosterone and no correlation was observed between plasma aldosterone and rectal P.D. (r = --0.09, n.s.). In 3 out of 7 patients with low-renin hypertension and high rectal P.D., plasma and urinary aldosterone were consistently suppressed. Since patients with low renin and high rectal P.D. responded favourably to spironolactone therapy it is suggested that mineralocorticoids other than aldosterone may contribute to the pathogenesis of the hypertension in these cases. The aetiology of raised rectal P.D. in normal and high-renin hypertension is not clear, but both catecholamines and angiotensin II may be involved. The measurement of rectal P.D. alone is of limited value as a screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism in hypertensive patients, but combined with renin measurements it is a valuable tool for further investigation of patients with suspected mineralocorticoid excess syndromes, as well as for adjusting therapy with competitive aldosterone antagonists in patients with proven primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism.", "PMID": 1014711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_572", "title": "[World trends in infant mortality since 1950].", "content": "Despite the considerable progress made in recent decades, and perhaps even partly because of the very uneven distribution of this progress, infant mortality is still very high in some regions, whereas in other regions it is tending, if not disappear completely, at least to become numerically negligible even though remaining a matter of social concern. Whereas in tropical Africa almost one child in five dies before its first birthday, in Japan or Scandinavia it is one child in a hundred. Infant mortality rate varies between these two extremes, but there is a substantial gulf between  the \"most developed\" regions which are all below 30% and the \"least developed\" regions which fall into three categories: 65-100% (Latin America, Eastern Asia except Japan), around 140% (Northern Africa, South Asia, Melanesia), and about 200% (topical Africa). These inequalities between countries overlap with inequalities between social groupings by urbanization, social/occupational level, education and income, are all variables that are correlated with infant mortality to a greater or lesser degree. The pace of the progress achieved since 1950 seems to be independent of the starting level. Contrary to the development of mortality at other ages, it is not in the countries with high mortality that infant mortality has decreased most. The pace of reduction divides the most developed regions into three distinct groups: very rapid reduction (Japan), rapid reduction (Scandinavia, Western Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe), and slower reduction (British Isles, Northern America and Australia/New Zealand). Thus Japan rapidly caught up with Western Europe and the English-speaking countries and has now reached the same level as Scandinavia. On the other hand, the English-speaking countries have fallen behind the Scandinavian countries and are now at par with Western Europe. The reduction of infant mortality mainly concerned deaths of children over one month of age or even over one week of age and otherwise is due to reduction of infectious diseases. Consequently, in the most developed regions mortality is highly concentrated in the first week of life and is mainly attributable to the \"causes of perinatal mortality\" and the \"congenital\" anomalies\". In the least developed regions, on the other hand, the infectious or parasitic diseases are still of decisive importance and the risk of death remains very high throughout the first year of life and even beyond. The risk may be even higher during the second year, when weaning takes place abruptly and results in serious difficulties in feeding.", "contents": "[World trends in infant mortality since 1950]. Despite the considerable progress made in recent decades, and perhaps even partly because of the very uneven distribution of this progress, infant mortality is still very high in some regions, whereas in other regions it is tending, if not disappear completely, at least to become numerically negligible even though remaining a matter of social concern. Whereas in tropical Africa almost one child in five dies before its first birthday, in Japan or Scandinavia it is one child in a hundred. Infant mortality rate varies between these two extremes, but there is a substantial gulf between  the \"most developed\" regions which are all below 30% and the \"least developed\" regions which fall into three categories: 65-100% (Latin America, Eastern Asia except Japan), around 140% (Northern Africa, South Asia, Melanesia), and about 200% (topical Africa). These inequalities between countries overlap with inequalities between social groupings by urbanization, social/occupational level, education and income, are all variables that are correlated with infant mortality to a greater or lesser degree. The pace of the progress achieved since 1950 seems to be independent of the starting level. Contrary to the development of mortality at other ages, it is not in the countries with high mortality that infant mortality has decreased most. The pace of reduction divides the most developed regions into three distinct groups: very rapid reduction (Japan), rapid reduction (Scandinavia, Western Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe), and slower reduction (British Isles, Northern America and Australia/New Zealand). Thus Japan rapidly caught up with Western Europe and the English-speaking countries and has now reached the same level as Scandinavia. On the other hand, the English-speaking countries have fallen behind the Scandinavian countries and are now at par with Western Europe. The reduction of infant mortality mainly concerned deaths of children over one month of age or even over one week of age and otherwise is due to reduction of infectious diseases. Consequently, in the most developed regions mortality is highly concentrated in the first week of life and is mainly attributable to the \"causes of perinatal mortality\" and the \"congenital\" anomalies\". In the least developed regions, on the other hand, the infectious or parasitic diseases are still of decisive importance and the risk of death remains very high throughout the first year of life and even beyond. The risk may be even higher during the second year, when weaning takes place abruptly and results in serious difficulties in feeding.", "PMID": 1014712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_573", "title": "[World health-related indicators].", "content": "Many of the statistics given in this report are estimates based on tentative data and on that extent are not reliable in a strict sense. But the picture they present of gross differences in demographic and social characteristics, in vital statistics, and in resources of medical manpower and hospital beds between major areas of the world is real. More than half of the people of the world live in South Asia and East Asia; population density is highest in Western Europe; and highest rates of population growth are in Middle America and Tropical South America. In Europe less than one-third of the population are aged under 20 years, whereas more than half the population are aged under 20 im Middle and Tropical South America and the Carribbean, in Africa and in South Asia. Urbanization is high in Temperate South America, Northern America, Northern and Western Europe, and Oceania. The daily dietary energy supply per person is 50% higher in Northern America, Europe, USSR, and Ocenia than in Africa (excluding Southern Africa, South and East Asia. The Gross National Product in Northern America is 10 times higher than in Tropical South America and 30 to 40 times higher than in Western Middle and Eastern Africa and in Middle South and South East Asia. Crude birth rates are close to three times higher in Africa, Middle America and South Asia than in Europe, North America and USSR. Differences in crude death rates are less--rates in Western, Middle and Eastern Africa are double these of America Europe, USSR and Oceania. The Expectation of Life is over 70 years for Northern America, Europe, USSR and Oceania. It is under 50 years for Western, Middle and Eastern Africa. In all areas the expectation of life at birth has increased--by up to 10 years--in the past quarter century. Infant mortality is less than 20 per 1 000 in Northern and Western Europe and Northern America. It is over 100 in Africa and South Asia. Number of physicians range from 25 per 10 000 population in USSR to less than 1 per 10 000 in Western, Middle and Eastern Africa. There are over 100 hospital beds per 10 000 population in USSR and in Northern and Western Europe, less than 10 per 10 000 in Western Africa, Middle South Asia and South East Asia.", "contents": "[World health-related indicators]. Many of the statistics given in this report are estimates based on tentative data and on that extent are not reliable in a strict sense. But the picture they present of gross differences in demographic and social characteristics, in vital statistics, and in resources of medical manpower and hospital beds between major areas of the world is real. More than half of the people of the world live in South Asia and East Asia; population density is highest in Western Europe; and highest rates of population growth are in Middle America and Tropical South America. In Europe less than one-third of the population are aged under 20 years, whereas more than half the population are aged under 20 im Middle and Tropical South America and the Carribbean, in Africa and in South Asia. Urbanization is high in Temperate South America, Northern America, Northern and Western Europe, and Oceania. The daily dietary energy supply per person is 50% higher in Northern America, Europe, USSR, and Ocenia than in Africa (excluding Southern Africa, South and East Asia. The Gross National Product in Northern America is 10 times higher than in Tropical South America and 30 to 40 times higher than in Western Middle and Eastern Africa and in Middle South and South East Asia. Crude birth rates are close to three times higher in Africa, Middle America and South Asia than in Europe, North America and USSR. Differences in crude death rates are less--rates in Western, Middle and Eastern Africa are double these of America Europe, USSR and Oceania. The Expectation of Life is over 70 years for Northern America, Europe, USSR and Oceania. It is under 50 years for Western, Middle and Eastern Africa. In all areas the expectation of life at birth has increased--by up to 10 years--in the past quarter century. Infant mortality is less than 20 per 1 000 in Northern and Western Europe and Northern America. It is over 100 in Africa and South Asia. Number of physicians range from 25 per 10 000 population in USSR to less than 1 per 10 000 in Western, Middle and Eastern Africa. There are over 100 hospital beds per 10 000 population in USSR and in Northern and Western Europe, less than 10 per 10 000 in Western Africa, Middle South Asia and South East Asia.", "PMID": 1014713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_574", "title": "[Epidemiology of venous diseases at old age (author's transl)].", "content": "Venous diseases are of interest to gerontology because 1. the morbidity in connection with venous diseases in both men and women increases almost linearly with age 2. more complications, some of them fatal, must be anticipated and 3. a greater percentage of secondary and primary diseases are recorded than in younger people, which must always be included in therapeutic planning.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of venous diseases at old age (author's transl)]. Venous diseases are of interest to gerontology because 1. the morbidity in connection with venous diseases in both men and women increases almost linearly with age 2. more complications, some of them fatal, must be anticipated and 3. a greater percentage of secondary and primary diseases are recorded than in younger people, which must always be included in therapeutic planning.", "PMID": 1014714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_575", "title": "[On the morphology of venous diseases in ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "The author discusses age-connected changes in vein walls and problems of phlebosclerosis, varces and of the post-thrombotic syndrome from the morphological point of view.", "contents": "[On the morphology of venous diseases in ageing (author's transl)]. The author discusses age-connected changes in vein walls and problems of phlebosclerosis, varces and of the post-thrombotic syndrome from the morphological point of view.", "PMID": 1014715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_576", "title": "[Problems of coagulation analysis in diagnosing inflammatory and thrombotic venous diseases in ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnosing inflammatory and thrombotic venous diseases by analysing coagulation is difficult because the results obtained with this method are not certain. Not all persons concerned use scintigraphy, the ultrasonic methods, infrared photography and phlebography as routine diagnostic methods. The surest way of diagnosing inflammatory and thrombotic venous diseases is still to bear in mind the limitations and the criteria mentioned and to combine the clinical and paraclinical methods into a diagnostic mosaic.", "contents": "[Problems of coagulation analysis in diagnosing inflammatory and thrombotic venous diseases in ageing (author's transl)]. Diagnosing inflammatory and thrombotic venous diseases by analysing coagulation is difficult because the results obtained with this method are not certain. Not all persons concerned use scintigraphy, the ultrasonic methods, infrared photography and phlebography as routine diagnostic methods. The surest way of diagnosing inflammatory and thrombotic venous diseases is still to bear in mind the limitations and the criteria mentioned and to combine the clinical and paraclinical methods into a diagnostic mosaic.", "PMID": 1014718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_577", "title": "[Obliteration therapy of varicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In introduction is given into the etiology and pathogenesis of varicosis. The causal therapy of varicosis, obliteration therapy, indication and counterindications, advantages and disadvantages of this method, the choice of an optimum obliterating agent and side effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Obliteration therapy of varicosis (author's transl)]. In introduction is given into the etiology and pathogenesis of varicosis. The causal therapy of varicosis, obliteration therapy, indication and counterindications, advantages and disadvantages of this method, the choice of an optimum obliterating agent and side effects are discussed.", "PMID": 1014722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_578", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute deep thrombophlebitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Preoperative, operative and post-operative measures used in connection with deep phlebothrombosis by the Angiological Centre of the \"Heinrich Braun\" Country Hospital, Zwickau, are described. The clinical, phlebographic and phlebodynamometric results following thrombectomy are reviewed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute deep thrombophlebitis (author's transl)]. Preoperative, operative and post-operative measures used in connection with deep phlebothrombosis by the Angiological Centre of the \"Heinrich Braun\" Country Hospital, Zwickau, are described. The clinical, phlebographic and phlebodynamometric results following thrombectomy are reviewed.", "PMID": 1014723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_579", "title": "[Surgical therapy of post-thrombotic conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The author begins with a brief discussion of the terminology of phlebitis and then elucidated the significance of the deep veins and of the secondary varices in connection with the post-thrombotic syndroms. He explains why it is not possible to take therapeutic measures direct at the blocked vein section and goes into bypass operations in the case of isolated pelvic vein and formal vein blockade as a possible method of treatment. He stresses the importance of early treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of post-thrombotic conditions (author's transl)]. The author begins with a brief discussion of the terminology of phlebitis and then elucidated the significance of the deep veins and of the secondary varices in connection with the post-thrombotic syndroms. He explains why it is not possible to take therapeutic measures direct at the blocked vein section and goes into bypass operations in the case of isolated pelvic vein and formal vein blockade as a possible method of treatment. He stresses the importance of early treatment.", "PMID": 1014724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_580", "title": "[Prevention of venous diseases from nutritional-physiological aspect (author's transl)].", "content": "Definite correlations between venous diseases and disturbances of nutrition have heretofore been known to exist in the case of overweight only. Obese persons generally show a marked tendency to develop phlebothromboses, whereas it has not so far been possible to accurately define correlations with varicosis. Obstipations due to improper forms of nutrition may be considered to be another noxa causing venous disorders. On the basis of latest results of research discussed in this paper, recommendations are made for proper forms of nutrition for the prevention and therapy of venous diseases.", "contents": "[Prevention of venous diseases from nutritional-physiological aspect (author's transl)]. Definite correlations between venous diseases and disturbances of nutrition have heretofore been known to exist in the case of overweight only. Obese persons generally show a marked tendency to develop phlebothromboses, whereas it has not so far been possible to accurately define correlations with varicosis. Obstipations due to improper forms of nutrition may be considered to be another noxa causing venous disorders. On the basis of latest results of research discussed in this paper, recommendations are made for proper forms of nutrition for the prevention and therapy of venous diseases.", "PMID": 1014725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_581", "title": "[Ageing changes in collagen -- in vitro ageing changes in collagen (part III) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present three parts of the survey ageing-changes in collagen physical and chemical qualities are discussed at first. Further a summary on questions of the biosynthesis of collagen, changes of the metabolism in the ageing organism and changes of the ripening collagen in the living organism is given. Following in vitro-ageing-changes of collagen and causes of the changes of the ageing organism are described. A summarizing appreciation of the ageing-changes in the collagen finishes the survey.", "contents": "[Ageing changes in collagen -- in vitro ageing changes in collagen (part III) (author's transl)]. In the present three parts of the survey ageing-changes in collagen physical and chemical qualities are discussed at first. Further a summary on questions of the biosynthesis of collagen, changes of the metabolism in the ageing organism and changes of the ripening collagen in the living organism is given. Following in vitro-ageing-changes of collagen and causes of the changes of the ageing organism are described. A summarizing appreciation of the ageing-changes in the collagen finishes the survey.", "PMID": 1014726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_582", "title": "[Industrial hygienic complex examinations of places of employment of elderly workers in telecommunication technics].", "content": "Authors examinated conditions on 76 places of employment of elderly women by means of a screening methode, an estimated findings in comparison to design standards under consideration of special aspects of aged workers. In regard of work organization, physic strain, demands to sense organs and the exposition of environment factors conditions were acceptable. Imperfections in plase dimensions, lighing and laps organization induced 139 detailled straffs. Directions of the examinated enterprise till now many things improved in conformity with this study.", "contents": "[Industrial hygienic complex examinations of places of employment of elderly workers in telecommunication technics]. Authors examinated conditions on 76 places of employment of elderly women by means of a screening methode, an estimated findings in comparison to design standards under consideration of special aspects of aged workers. In regard of work organization, physic strain, demands to sense organs and the exposition of environment factors conditions were acceptable. Imperfections in plase dimensions, lighing and laps organization induced 139 detailled straffs. Directions of the examinated enterprise till now many things improved in conformity with this study.", "PMID": 1014728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_583", "title": "Functional capability of 68-year-old people in the town of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4.", "content": "A cross-sectional study on the functional capability of 68-year-old persons was performed in 1973 in the town of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 in Central Finland. The mean values of the measured variables for men and women, respectively, were the following: vital capacity 1.7 l/m2 and 1.2 l/m2; threshold of auditory perception (4000 cps) 49.0 dB and 28.4 dB, digit symbol 23.9 and 24.3 digits; digit span 9.5 and 9.7 numbers; simple reaction time 0.27 sec; pred. max VO2 26.6 and 21.6 ml/kg - min. Persons with high physical working capacity or good self-assessed health attained better results compared to persons with low PWC or poor self-assessed health.", "contents": "Functional capability of 68-year-old people in the town of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. A cross-sectional study on the functional capability of 68-year-old persons was performed in 1973 in the town of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 in Central Finland. The mean values of the measured variables for men and women, respectively, were the following: vital capacity 1.7 l/m2 and 1.2 l/m2; threshold of auditory perception (4000 cps) 49.0 dB and 28.4 dB, digit symbol 23.9 and 24.3 digits; digit span 9.5 and 9.7 numbers; simple reaction time 0.27 sec; pred. max VO2 26.6 and 21.6 ml/kg - min. Persons with high physical working capacity or good self-assessed health attained better results compared to persons with low PWC or poor self-assessed health.", "PMID": 1014729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_584", "title": "[Age dependence of visual acuity after incomplicated cataractoperation (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of visual acuity in 1523 cataract-extractions were evaluated; comparing the visual acuity of the 7th to the 9th postoperative days, when the patients left the hospital. 73,1% of the patients had a supplemental disease of the eye or another general disease. 76,6% of the patients had a postoperative visual acuity between 5/4 and 5/15, clearly depending on the age of the patients. General diseases influence scarcely surgery, but the older the patients the more we find a reduced visual acuity that is reduced by generative senile macula disease. On an average they stayed in hospital for 9,4 days.", "contents": "[Age dependence of visual acuity after incomplicated cataractoperation (author's transl)]. The results of visual acuity in 1523 cataract-extractions were evaluated; comparing the visual acuity of the 7th to the 9th postoperative days, when the patients left the hospital. 73,1% of the patients had a supplemental disease of the eye or another general disease. 76,6% of the patients had a postoperative visual acuity between 5/4 and 5/15, clearly depending on the age of the patients. General diseases influence scarcely surgery, but the older the patients the more we find a reduced visual acuity that is reduced by generative senile macula disease. On an average they stayed in hospital for 9,4 days.", "PMID": 1014730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_585", "title": "[Influence of cytosolic fraction on incorporation of aminoacids into microsomal system of rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into a microsomal system from rat liver is decreased on old animals. 2. The decrease in 14C-leucine incorporation is not attributable to changes of the stability of the incorporation systems. 3. The decreased rate of incorporation from old animals is dependent from the cytosolic fraction.", "contents": "[Influence of cytosolic fraction on incorporation of aminoacids into microsomal system of rat liver (author's transl)]. 1. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into a microsomal system from rat liver is decreased on old animals. 2. The decrease in 14C-leucine incorporation is not attributable to changes of the stability of the incorporation systems. 3. The decreased rate of incorporation from old animals is dependent from the cytosolic fraction.", "PMID": 1014731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_586", "title": "[The influence of age on healing of wounds in men and animals (author's transl)].", "content": "There is reported on experimental results (in people and animals) with regard to the course of the healing of wound. Factors influencing the healing of wound characterized by own results.", "contents": "[The influence of age on healing of wounds in men and animals (author's transl)]. There is reported on experimental results (in people and animals) with regard to the course of the healing of wound. Factors influencing the healing of wound characterized by own results.", "PMID": 1014732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_587", "title": "[Experiences from a function as consultant of geriatrics in a district schwerin (author's transl)].", "content": "Consultant of geriatric, district. There is given an organizational model in complex care of the elderly in the district of Schwerin. The continuous care of the elderly, adequate to their requirements, wishes, problems, and difficulties by complex measures is an important part for the realization of the social-political tasks of the SED and government. Especially in the district of Schwerin there are a lot of initiatives and already good results of effects in principle.  For the further improvement of the medical and social care for the aged is based in a foundation of a special working groups of general practioners in the district of Schwerin which coordinates all activities in this field. In this working group and its activities participate all local geriatrics (Kreisfachberater f\u00fcr Geriatrie) under the chiefment of the district consultant of geriatrics.", "contents": "[Experiences from a function as consultant of geriatrics in a district schwerin (author's transl)]. Consultant of geriatric, district. There is given an organizational model in complex care of the elderly in the district of Schwerin. The continuous care of the elderly, adequate to their requirements, wishes, problems, and difficulties by complex measures is an important part for the realization of the social-political tasks of the SED and government. Especially in the district of Schwerin there are a lot of initiatives and already good results of effects in principle.  For the further improvement of the medical and social care for the aged is based in a foundation of a special working groups of general practioners in the district of Schwerin which coordinates all activities in this field. In this working group and its activities participate all local geriatrics (Kreisfachberater f\u00fcr Geriatrie) under the chiefment of the district consultant of geriatrics.", "PMID": 1014733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_588", "title": "[Geriatric care commitee (author's transl)].", "content": "The medical and social care of the aged is a substantial task of General Practitioners in the GDR Public Health. Increasing consideration must be given to the individual social situation. According to Public Health directives covering all sectors of geriatric care we built a \"geriatric care Commitee\" whose members are a G.P., a geriatric welfare worker, the district nurses, a representative of the local plant health organisation and one of the elected munifipal council members. Tasks are described and achieved results are related. Significance of purposely coordination of all sectors participating in care for the aged is stressed.", "contents": "[Geriatric care commitee (author's transl)]. The medical and social care of the aged is a substantial task of General Practitioners in the GDR Public Health. Increasing consideration must be given to the individual social situation. According to Public Health directives covering all sectors of geriatric care we built a \"geriatric care Commitee\" whose members are a G.P., a geriatric welfare worker, the district nurses, a representative of the local plant health organisation and one of the elected munifipal council members. Tasks are described and achieved results are related. Significance of purposely coordination of all sectors participating in care for the aged is stressed.", "PMID": 1014734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_589", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism of the lens depending on age.", "content": "Interpretation of factor analysis of 18 metabolic parameters of the bovine lens leads to the determination of the following criteria of lens metabolism: Factor 1: Biologic aging of the lens 33.9%; Factor 2: Glycolysis regulation 17.7%; Factor 3: Topography of lens metabolism 8.7%; Factor 4: Regulation of fructose breakdown 7.9%; Factor 5: Substrate depot 6.6%; Factor 6: Kinases 6.3%. These results could partly be experimentally verified. This interpretation of factor analysis has been an attempt to fit biochemical processes to formal statistical parameters. There was no indication that any of the variables under investigation were indendently responsible for the age dependend changes. However, the set-up made evident that rather complex biochemical influences of different intensity bring about the observed aging phenomena. It may be assumed that on or the other of these variables acts as a \"triggering mechanism\". Age related disturbances in the biochemical balance may be initiated by the glycolysis regulation factor, the importance of which is expressed by its high portion of 17%. Here changes in the ratio of reduced and oxydized coenzymes may act as a \"triggering mechanism\" (26, 30). Topography of lens metabolism, carbohydrate breakdown via metabolic pathways, the presence of substrate depots, and the internal regulation of the kinases are, according to their portion in factor loading, of about equal importance with respect to aging processes, however, factors 1 and 2, with a 50% portion, must be given precedence in any consideration. Factor 1, interpreted as \"biological lens aging\", yields about 1/3 of the information on the age influence on lens metabolism. This factor stands independent in being loaded by lens weight, which is the accepted age representative. However, lens weight means protein as well as the process of protein synthesis. It may be assumed that this factor represents a connective link between protein and carbohydrate metabolism, since it is well known that changes in protein belong to the most remarkable age disturbances (31,32), and that the quality of the proteins is dependent on the period of its synthesis (18,33).", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism of the lens depending on age. Interpretation of factor analysis of 18 metabolic parameters of the bovine lens leads to the determination of the following criteria of lens metabolism: Factor 1: Biologic aging of the lens 33.9%; Factor 2: Glycolysis regulation 17.7%; Factor 3: Topography of lens metabolism 8.7%; Factor 4: Regulation of fructose breakdown 7.9%; Factor 5: Substrate depot 6.6%; Factor 6: Kinases 6.3%. These results could partly be experimentally verified. This interpretation of factor analysis has been an attempt to fit biochemical processes to formal statistical parameters. There was no indication that any of the variables under investigation were indendently responsible for the age dependend changes. However, the set-up made evident that rather complex biochemical influences of different intensity bring about the observed aging phenomena. It may be assumed that on or the other of these variables acts as a \"triggering mechanism\". Age related disturbances in the biochemical balance may be initiated by the glycolysis regulation factor, the importance of which is expressed by its high portion of 17%. Here changes in the ratio of reduced and oxydized coenzymes may act as a \"triggering mechanism\" (26, 30). Topography of lens metabolism, carbohydrate breakdown via metabolic pathways, the presence of substrate depots, and the internal regulation of the kinases are, according to their portion in factor loading, of about equal importance with respect to aging processes, however, factors 1 and 2, with a 50% portion, must be given precedence in any consideration. Factor 1, interpreted as \"biological lens aging\", yields about 1/3 of the information on the age influence on lens metabolism. This factor stands independent in being loaded by lens weight, which is the accepted age representative. However, lens weight means protein as well as the process of protein synthesis. It may be assumed that this factor represents a connective link between protein and carbohydrate metabolism, since it is well known that changes in protein belong to the most remarkable age disturbances (31,32), and that the quality of the proteins is dependent on the period of its synthesis (18,33).", "PMID": 1014735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_590", "title": "[The ageing-factors of several physical functions in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The ageing-factor is a measure for the rate of ageing. In the model of vitality the error rate mu corresponds to the ageing-factor. The ageing-factors of several physical functions can be determined from the ascent of decrease of these functions. The standardized ageing-factors of the considered physical functions range from 0,001 to 0,017 year-1 and are smaller than the ageing-factor of the whole organism. The date of the occurrence of pathological manifestations as a result of ageing-conditioned decrease of functions can be estimated by means of the ageing-factors.", "contents": "[The ageing-factors of several physical functions in man (author's transl)]. The ageing-factor is a measure for the rate of ageing. In the model of vitality the error rate mu corresponds to the ageing-factor. The ageing-factors of several physical functions can be determined from the ascent of decrease of these functions. The standardized ageing-factors of the considered physical functions range from 0,001 to 0,017 year-1 and are smaller than the ageing-factor of the whole organism. The date of the occurrence of pathological manifestations as a result of ageing-conditioned decrease of functions can be estimated by means of the ageing-factors.", "PMID": 1014736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_591", "title": "[Y-chromatin frequency, age (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequency of the fluorescent Y-chromatin bodies in the white blood elements of aged men was found to be significantly lower than that of young men (aged: N=35, mean frequency 68,78%; young: N=47, mean frequency 75,96%). This finding indicates that in the progressed age, the Y-chromosome tends to get lost from the cell, probably as a consequence of generalized functional im pairment of aged cell.", "contents": "[Y-chromatin frequency, age (author's transl)]. Frequency of the fluorescent Y-chromatin bodies in the white blood elements of aged men was found to be significantly lower than that of young men (aged: N=35, mean frequency 68,78%; young: N=47, mean frequency 75,96%). This finding indicates that in the progressed age, the Y-chromosome tends to get lost from the cell, probably as a consequence of generalized functional im pairment of aged cell.", "PMID": 1014737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_592", "title": "[Thromboses and haemorrhages in geriatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "In elderly patients thromboses are especially important because of their frequency and consequences (invalidity) often demanding measures of rehabilitation. In thrombophilia there are prophylactic measures necessary founding upon new perceptions on pathogenesis (vascular wall factors; rheologic and microcirculatory factors and factors of hemostasis: increasing of factor VIII; decreasing of antithrombin III; hypofibrinolysis; increased aggregation of thrombocytes). In prophylaxis you should influence the predisposing factors (hypertension, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, adipositas), use dietetic and hygienic measures and also from the pharmalogical point medicines with complex effect, which not only act on one factor (blood coagulation) like the anticoagulants, but also on other pre-disposing factors; and at the same time activate the fibrinolysis and stop the aggregation of thrombocytes. Thrombolytica should be used in elderly patients with precaution. In hemorrhages in the age especially capillary protecting medicaments should be used to correct the increased fragility of capillaries. Of there is at the some time a arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity.", "contents": "[Thromboses and haemorrhages in geriatrics (author's transl)]. In elderly patients thromboses are especially important because of their frequency and consequences (invalidity) often demanding measures of rehabilitation. In thrombophilia there are prophylactic measures necessary founding upon new perceptions on pathogenesis (vascular wall factors; rheologic and microcirculatory factors and factors of hemostasis: increasing of factor VIII; decreasing of antithrombin III; hypofibrinolysis; increased aggregation of thrombocytes). In prophylaxis you should influence the predisposing factors (hypertension, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, adipositas), use dietetic and hygienic measures and also from the pharmalogical point medicines with complex effect, which not only act on one factor (blood coagulation) like the anticoagulants, but also on other pre-disposing factors; and at the same time activate the fibrinolysis and stop the aggregation of thrombocytes. Thrombolytica should be used in elderly patients with precaution. In hemorrhages in the age especially capillary protecting medicaments should be used to correct the increased fragility of capillaries. Of there is at the some time a arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity.", "PMID": 1014738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_593", "title": "[Diabetes mellitus and femoral fractures in close proximity to the hip joint in multimorbid patients of old age (author's transl)].", "content": "From a great number of patients with femoral fractures in close proximity to the hip joint with an average age of 78.3 years, all diabetics were compared to persons with a normal metabolism in terms of concomitant diseases, causes of death, complications, and fracture healing. Although no differences with regard to fracture healing and subsequent functional results in later years could be established in patient put on the correct diet and insulin dose, as compared to the control group, the clinical complication rate and the mortality rate were significantly higher among patients of old age with Diabetes mellitus. To bring about a possible change, operating techniques providing the possibility of an early mobilisation and optimal physiotherapeutical after--care are recommended.", "contents": "[Diabetes mellitus and femoral fractures in close proximity to the hip joint in multimorbid patients of old age (author's transl)]. From a great number of patients with femoral fractures in close proximity to the hip joint with an average age of 78.3 years, all diabetics were compared to persons with a normal metabolism in terms of concomitant diseases, causes of death, complications, and fracture healing. Although no differences with regard to fracture healing and subsequent functional results in later years could be established in patient put on the correct diet and insulin dose, as compared to the control group, the clinical complication rate and the mortality rate were significantly higher among patients of old age with Diabetes mellitus. To bring about a possible change, operating techniques providing the possibility of an early mobilisation and optimal physiotherapeutical after--care are recommended.", "PMID": 1014739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_594", "title": "[On the problem of so-called ulcer in the old age (author's transl)].", "content": "By our own experiences with 471 stomach resections (gastric ulcers) we have found, that the so-called special situation of ulcer in the old age--from Spang firstly defined--has to be critically discussed. There are three groups of patients: 1. Patients with the so-called old age ulcer. 2. Patients who got their ulcer in early years of life. 3. Patients who are younger than 50 years. We mean there is no existance of a special course of this disease in elderly patients. Only the rate of complications which was most frequently to be found in the first group, differs from the other patients. For the surgeons ulcer operations have the same general problems as to be found in operations due to other reasons by elderly and old patients.", "contents": "[On the problem of so-called ulcer in the old age (author's transl)]. By our own experiences with 471 stomach resections (gastric ulcers) we have found, that the so-called special situation of ulcer in the old age--from Spang firstly defined--has to be critically discussed. There are three groups of patients: 1. Patients with the so-called old age ulcer. 2. Patients who got their ulcer in early years of life. 3. Patients who are younger than 50 years. We mean there is no existance of a special course of this disease in elderly patients. Only the rate of complications which was most frequently to be found in the first group, differs from the other patients. For the surgeons ulcer operations have the same general problems as to be found in operations due to other reasons by elderly and old patients.", "PMID": 1014740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_595", "title": "[Combined gastroduodenoscopy and suction biopsy of the small intestine].", "content": "We are reporting on a simple method for performing gastro-duodenoscopy and biopsy of the small intestine on one course of examination. The biopsy probe for the small intestine carries a looped thread located behind the biopsy cartridge. This loop is grabbed by the biopsy forceps of the gastroduodenoscope. After both instruments have been inserted simultaneously, the biopsy probe may be pushed through the pylorous visibly and without any effort. This is followed by the gastro-bulbuscopy, if necessary with biopsy, and thereupon followed by the biopsy of the small intestine. To date we have examined 15 patients using this method. The examination was delayed in 2 patients only who had a markedly scarred bulb. We consider this method suitable for routine diagnostics since time is saved for both the examiner and the patient, since a two-fold insertion of instruments may be avoided, since the exposure to radiation is reduced, and since it is possible to obtain complete endoscopic findings with biopsy.", "contents": "[Combined gastroduodenoscopy and suction biopsy of the small intestine]. We are reporting on a simple method for performing gastro-duodenoscopy and biopsy of the small intestine on one course of examination. The biopsy probe for the small intestine carries a looped thread located behind the biopsy cartridge. This loop is grabbed by the biopsy forceps of the gastroduodenoscope. After both instruments have been inserted simultaneously, the biopsy probe may be pushed through the pylorous visibly and without any effort. This is followed by the gastro-bulbuscopy, if necessary with biopsy, and thereupon followed by the biopsy of the small intestine. To date we have examined 15 patients using this method. The examination was delayed in 2 patients only who had a markedly scarred bulb. We consider this method suitable for routine diagnostics since time is saved for both the examiner and the patient, since a two-fold insertion of instruments may be avoided, since the exposure to radiation is reduced, and since it is possible to obtain complete endoscopic findings with biopsy.", "PMID": 1014768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_596", "title": "[Therapy of abdominal complaints suspected to be of biliary origin].", "content": "In 37 patients suffering from functional disorders of the bile duct, a multicenter collective blind study was carried out with Hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide (HBB) sugar-coated tablets (5 X 20 mg/daily), and compared with a placebo in a randomized sequence. A statistically significant therapeutic effect with HBB was confirmed on the second day of treatment both by patients and physicians. The duration of treatment seems to be an important parameter as far as the action of HBB is concerned. No atropine-like side effects occurred.", "contents": "[Therapy of abdominal complaints suspected to be of biliary origin]. In 37 patients suffering from functional disorders of the bile duct, a multicenter collective blind study was carried out with Hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide (HBB) sugar-coated tablets (5 X 20 mg/daily), and compared with a placebo in a randomized sequence. A statistically significant therapeutic effect with HBB was confirmed on the second day of treatment both by patients and physicians. The duration of treatment seems to be an important parameter as far as the action of HBB is concerned. No atropine-like side effects occurred.", "PMID": 1014769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_597", "title": "[Retroperitoneal lymphangiodysplasia with exudative enteropathy. A case of cystic dilated cisterna chyli and splenic cysts].", "content": "In a 16 years old girl we found the syndrome of exsudative enteropathy with intestinal lymphangiectasy which differs from previous reported cases by several malformations of the lymphatic system. Besides changes in the intestinal lymphatics there was a retroperitoneal lymphangiodysplasia, a reduction and hypoplasia of the lymph vessels in the legs and cysts in the spleen. By substitution of albumin followed by a diet with middle chained triglycerids (MCT), serum protein was stablised but a relapse could not be prevented. Surgical treatment was not possible because the changes were too extensive. The value of diagnostic measures for differential diagnosis of the intestinal lymphangiectasy is presented.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal lymphangiodysplasia with exudative enteropathy. A case of cystic dilated cisterna chyli and splenic cysts]. In a 16 years old girl we found the syndrome of exsudative enteropathy with intestinal lymphangiectasy which differs from previous reported cases by several malformations of the lymphatic system. Besides changes in the intestinal lymphatics there was a retroperitoneal lymphangiodysplasia, a reduction and hypoplasia of the lymph vessels in the legs and cysts in the spleen. By substitution of albumin followed by a diet with middle chained triglycerids (MCT), serum protein was stablised but a relapse could not be prevented. Surgical treatment was not possible because the changes were too extensive. The value of diagnostic measures for differential diagnosis of the intestinal lymphangiectasy is presented.", "PMID": 1014770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_598", "title": "[Electron miscoscopy studies of liver tissue in patients with amanita phalloides poisoning].", "content": "Electron microscopic findings of the liver are being described found in 4 patients aged from 12 months to 26 years after poisoning with Amanita phalloides. Marked alterations were seen in nuclei, in the endoplasmic reticulum, and in mitochondria. Morphologic criteria of cholestasis were observed in one patient. Extreme cellular edema was found in two patients. Since our findings differ considerably in several points from those patients with Amanita phalloides poisoning previously reported, one may suppose, that e.g. age, sex, preexisting damage and liver function might be highly important for the extent and form of resulting liver damage.", "contents": "[Electron miscoscopy studies of liver tissue in patients with amanita phalloides poisoning]. Electron microscopic findings of the liver are being described found in 4 patients aged from 12 months to 26 years after poisoning with Amanita phalloides. Marked alterations were seen in nuclei, in the endoplasmic reticulum, and in mitochondria. Morphologic criteria of cholestasis were observed in one patient. Extreme cellular edema was found in two patients. Since our findings differ considerably in several points from those patients with Amanita phalloides poisoning previously reported, one may suppose, that e.g. age, sex, preexisting damage and liver function might be highly important for the extent and form of resulting liver damage.", "PMID": 1014771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_599", "title": "[Electron microscopy picture of oxyphenisatin-induced liver damage].", "content": "Ultrastructural investigations of liver biopsies are performed in 20 cases after phenolisatin reexposition and corresponding reactions of the laboratory findings. Alterations of the nucleus (segregation of nucleolus, condensation of chromatin) and of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum (\"disarrangement\", fragmentation and loss of ribosomes) were evident in all cases. In contrast, changes of the mitochondria (swelling) in various extent could only be observed in some cases. Besides that, frequently lipid includings and occasionally includings like lysosomal residual bodies are to be seen. Thus, as a hypothesis we suggest the nucleus resp. nucleolus to be one site of aggression of phenolisatin containing drugs. Findings already described by light microscopy such as reactions of the v. KUPFER cells and proliferations of the ductuli as well as cell proliferations in the portal fields are documentated by electronmicroscopy, too.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy picture of oxyphenisatin-induced liver damage]. Ultrastructural investigations of liver biopsies are performed in 20 cases after phenolisatin reexposition and corresponding reactions of the laboratory findings. Alterations of the nucleus (segregation of nucleolus, condensation of chromatin) and of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum (\"disarrangement\", fragmentation and loss of ribosomes) were evident in all cases. In contrast, changes of the mitochondria (swelling) in various extent could only be observed in some cases. Besides that, frequently lipid includings and occasionally includings like lysosomal residual bodies are to be seen. Thus, as a hypothesis we suggest the nucleus resp. nucleolus to be one site of aggression of phenolisatin containing drugs. Findings already described by light microscopy such as reactions of the v. KUPFER cells and proliferations of the ductuli as well as cell proliferations in the portal fields are documentated by electronmicroscopy, too.", "PMID": 1014772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_600", "title": "[Transport of neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "All necessary organizational, technical and medical requirements for setting up a transport system for newborns were complied. Organizational and technical compatibility with existing emergency systems and facilities is important. Standards are necessary to guarantee the reliability and smooth function of the transport of newborns. Necessary personnel, costs, important equipment and indications were presented. Treatment for complications was discussed.", "contents": "[Transport of neonates (author's transl)]. All necessary organizational, technical and medical requirements for setting up a transport system for newborns were complied. Organizational and technical compatibility with existing emergency systems and facilities is important. Standards are necessary to guarantee the reliability and smooth function of the transport of newborns. Necessary personnel, costs, important equipment and indications were presented. Treatment for complications was discussed.", "PMID": 1014773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_601", "title": "[Transporation of high-risk new borns (author's transl)].", "content": "Organisation and results of a mobile intensive unit for high-risk neonates are reported. Within one year 134 transporations were required. Temperatures of the incubator from the beginning and the end of the transports as well as body temperature, blood gas analysis and blood sugar concentration of the neonates at arrival were choosen for quality control. The mortality of the newborn infants after admission was evaluated. The indications for transportation of severely ill infants are listed and the transport equipment is described.", "contents": "[Transporation of high-risk new borns (author's transl)]. Organisation and results of a mobile intensive unit for high-risk neonates are reported. Within one year 134 transporations were required. Temperatures of the incubator from the beginning and the end of the transports as well as body temperature, blood gas analysis and blood sugar concentration of the neonates at arrival were choosen for quality control. The mortality of the newborn infants after admission was evaluated. The indications for transportation of severely ill infants are listed and the transport equipment is described.", "PMID": 1014774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_602", "title": "[A mobile reanimation model (reanimationmobile) for initial newborn infant care].", "content": "A mobile unit for reanimation of the newborn is reported to be used alternatively in the deliveryroom or in the surgical tract. The following adventages are achieved: a large working plate easily accessible from three sides, a complete and variable instrumentation, an efficent warmth supply and the possibility for easy cleaning and desinfection.", "contents": "[A mobile reanimation model (reanimationmobile) for initial newborn infant care]. A mobile unit for reanimation of the newborn is reported to be used alternatively in the deliveryroom or in the surgical tract. The following adventages are achieved: a large working plate easily accessible from three sides, a complete and variable instrumentation, an efficent warmth supply and the possibility for easy cleaning and desinfection.", "PMID": 1014775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_603", "title": "[Tissue-plasminogen-activators of maternal and fetal rat lungs after application of betamethasone or bromhexine-metabolite VIII (author's transl)].", "content": "Prenatal RDS-prevention is currently done by two substances: Corticosteroids and Bromhexine Metabolit VIII. The influence on fibrinolytic activity of these drugs in the fetal rat-lung was tested in vivo. The inhibitory effect against tissue-fibrinogen-activator of Beta-methason was greater than this of Bromhexine Metabolit VIII.", "contents": "[Tissue-plasminogen-activators of maternal and fetal rat lungs after application of betamethasone or bromhexine-metabolite VIII (author's transl)]. Prenatal RDS-prevention is currently done by two substances: Corticosteroids and Bromhexine Metabolit VIII. The influence on fibrinolytic activity of these drugs in the fetal rat-lung was tested in vivo. The inhibitory effect against tissue-fibrinogen-activator of Beta-methason was greater than this of Bromhexine Metabolit VIII.", "PMID": 1014776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_604", "title": "[The colloidosmotic pressure (cop) as a parameter of maternofetal fluid exchange (author's transl)].", "content": "Colloidosmotic pressure (COP), osmotic and hydrostatic pressures are important parameters in passive maternofetal fluid exchange. Using a new method (Hansen-/Knauer-Osmometer), COP-measurements were carried out on maternal blood plasma (COP 355 +/- 55 mmH2O), fetal plasma (COP 290 +/- 51 mmH2O) and amniotic fluid COP 12.6 +/- 5.8 mmH2O) obtained of 30 pregnant women during delivery at term. The interpretation of the resulting pressure gradients must consider physiochemical properties of protein solutions and the \"selectivity\" of biologic and artificial membranes. Membrane osmometry registers pregnancy-specific protein alterations, yields additional information concerning the physiology and pathology of fluid exchange, and may continue advanced development of kybernetic model conceptions.", "contents": "[The colloidosmotic pressure (cop) as a parameter of maternofetal fluid exchange (author's transl)]. Colloidosmotic pressure (COP), osmotic and hydrostatic pressures are important parameters in passive maternofetal fluid exchange. Using a new method (Hansen-/Knauer-Osmometer), COP-measurements were carried out on maternal blood plasma (COP 355 +/- 55 mmH2O), fetal plasma (COP 290 +/- 51 mmH2O) and amniotic fluid COP 12.6 +/- 5.8 mmH2O) obtained of 30 pregnant women during delivery at term. The interpretation of the resulting pressure gradients must consider physiochemical properties of protein solutions and the \"selectivity\" of biologic and artificial membranes. Membrane osmometry registers pregnancy-specific protein alterations, yields additional information concerning the physiology and pathology of fluid exchange, and may continue advanced development of kybernetic model conceptions.", "PMID": 1014777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_605", "title": "[Problems regarding gasometric analysis when umbilical cord blood specimens are stored (author's transl)].", "content": "If, as is often the case in routine practice, the gasometric analysis cannot be conducted immediately after withdrawal of the blood specimen, this does not have important consequences for the clinical. When the blood specimens are stored in open glass tubes, the alterations are all within the demands made of the method for measurement accuracy. As far as the purely clinical problem is concerned, it would even be possible to let the umbilical cord itself set for up to 90 minutes. Discrepancies between the gas status from blood specimens measured late and the Apgar score cannot be explained by storing and, insofar as errors in measurement are not involved, can represent an important piece of informations for the diagnosis of the condition of the newborn.", "contents": "[Problems regarding gasometric analysis when umbilical cord blood specimens are stored (author's transl)]. If, as is often the case in routine practice, the gasometric analysis cannot be conducted immediately after withdrawal of the blood specimen, this does not have important consequences for the clinical. When the blood specimens are stored in open glass tubes, the alterations are all within the demands made of the method for measurement accuracy. As far as the purely clinical problem is concerned, it would even be possible to let the umbilical cord itself set for up to 90 minutes. Discrepancies between the gas status from blood specimens measured late and the Apgar score cannot be explained by storing and, insofar as errors in measurement are not involved, can represent an important piece of informations for the diagnosis of the condition of the newborn.", "PMID": 1014778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_606", "title": "[On-line fetal monitoring (meaning for data acquisition) (author's transl)].", "content": "We demonstrate an enlarged and modernized equipment for the on-line-fetal monitoring. With the aid of illustrations the received informations by help of continuous on-line-fetal monitoring are demonstrated too. They concerned the deposition of electronical and corresponding gasanalytical dates. The importance of registration from all obstetrical parameters and given up drugs by a code-system is put out. Furthermore preferences of the computations are discussed.", "contents": "[On-line fetal monitoring (meaning for data acquisition) (author's transl)]. We demonstrate an enlarged and modernized equipment for the on-line-fetal monitoring. With the aid of illustrations the received informations by help of continuous on-line-fetal monitoring are demonstrated too. They concerned the deposition of electronical and corresponding gasanalytical dates. The importance of registration from all obstetrical parameters and given up drugs by a code-system is put out. Furthermore preferences of the computations are discussed.", "PMID": 1014779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_607", "title": "[External cephalic version using tocalytica (author's transl)].", "content": "1. This report relates our experiences with 63 external versions of random breech or transverse presentations in cranial presentation between the 35th and 40th week of pregnancy p.m. using tocolytica. Only 22 of the 63 versions were successful when only tocolytica were administered. In 17 cases from a total of 34 the external version was successful under subsequent general anasthesia. 2. Of these 39, in whose case an external version of the foetus was successful, there were only two caesarian deliveries. The number of caesarian sections in the case of breech presentation on the other hand totalled, in the year the present investigation was carried out, 62%. By external version the number of caesarian sections performed on those women whose external version was successful was indirectly reduced twelve-fold. 3. It was not possible to turn 24 of the total of 63 foetuses - either by tocolytica or under general anaesthesia. The following factors - partly in combination - were responsible for this: 10 tendencies to contraction; 9 cases of a relatively narrow amniotic cavity: 3 cases of adiposity of the abdominal wall; 3 dorso-anterior or -posterior presentations; one case of \"extended legs\"; one relatively broad amniotic cavity. 4. An external version can cause damage to the placenta: a) in the case of 6 out of 22 women under obervation foetomaternal transfusion was detected. b) In once case materno-foetel transfusion with polyglobulism of the new-born was suspected. c) In one case a premature partial abruption of the placenta had to be assumed. The danger of damage to the placenta is especially great when the placenta is located next to the anterior wall of the uterus. 5. In 40% of the cases a brief deceleration of the foetal heart-frequency occurred immediately after the external version. Two cases were observed in which the foetal heart-frequency remained low over a period of several minutes. 6. In 5 out of the total of 63 cases a caesarian section was performed after the external version because of the danger of intra-uterine asphyxia. There were 4 cases of chronic insufficiency of the placenta and one of premature abruption of the placenta. 7. Suggestions are made concerning the future selection of breech presentations for external versions.", "contents": "[External cephalic version using tocalytica (author's transl)]. 1. This report relates our experiences with 63 external versions of random breech or transverse presentations in cranial presentation between the 35th and 40th week of pregnancy p.m. using tocolytica. Only 22 of the 63 versions were successful when only tocolytica were administered. In 17 cases from a total of 34 the external version was successful under subsequent general anasthesia. 2. Of these 39, in whose case an external version of the foetus was successful, there were only two caesarian deliveries. The number of caesarian sections in the case of breech presentation on the other hand totalled, in the year the present investigation was carried out, 62%. By external version the number of caesarian sections performed on those women whose external version was successful was indirectly reduced twelve-fold. 3. It was not possible to turn 24 of the total of 63 foetuses - either by tocolytica or under general anaesthesia. The following factors - partly in combination - were responsible for this: 10 tendencies to contraction; 9 cases of a relatively narrow amniotic cavity: 3 cases of adiposity of the abdominal wall; 3 dorso-anterior or -posterior presentations; one case of \"extended legs\"; one relatively broad amniotic cavity. 4. An external version can cause damage to the placenta: a) in the case of 6 out of 22 women under obervation foetomaternal transfusion was detected. b) In once case materno-foetel transfusion with polyglobulism of the new-born was suspected. c) In one case a premature partial abruption of the placenta had to be assumed. The danger of damage to the placenta is especially great when the placenta is located next to the anterior wall of the uterus. 5. In 40% of the cases a brief deceleration of the foetal heart-frequency occurred immediately after the external version. Two cases were observed in which the foetal heart-frequency remained low over a period of several minutes. 6. In 5 out of the total of 63 cases a caesarian section was performed after the external version because of the danger of intra-uterine asphyxia. There were 4 cases of chronic insufficiency of the placenta and one of premature abruption of the placenta. 7. Suggestions are made concerning the future selection of breech presentations for external versions.", "PMID": 1014780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_608", "title": "[The inhibition of spontaneous and oxytocin-stimulated uterine contractions in isolated rat uteri with diazoxide (author's transl)].", "content": "Diazoxide, a benzothiadizin derivative without diuretic effect, was tested for its tocolytic effectiveness in isolated uteri from pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Amplitude, frequency, basal tonus and duration of the total inhibition of labor pains were interpreted as parameters. Total or subtotal inhibition of amplitude and frequency could be obtained in all experiments. The duration of total inhibition of labor pains was between 3 and 27 minutes. Affect on the basal tonus was not consistant.", "contents": "[The inhibition of spontaneous and oxytocin-stimulated uterine contractions in isolated rat uteri with diazoxide (author's transl)]. Diazoxide, a benzothiadizin derivative without diuretic effect, was tested for its tocolytic effectiveness in isolated uteri from pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Amplitude, frequency, basal tonus and duration of the total inhibition of labor pains were interpreted as parameters. Total or subtotal inhibition of amplitude and frequency could be obtained in all experiments. The duration of total inhibition of labor pains was between 3 and 27 minutes. Affect on the basal tonus was not consistant.", "PMID": 1014781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_609", "title": "[Demonstration of specific IgM antibody in cases of suspect congenital toxoplasmosis: interpretation of results (author's transl)].", "content": "From the aspect of laboratory Toxoplasmosis examination, a series of clinically and parasitologically confirmed cases of congenital Toxoplasmosis (CT) were selected. Serological findings (CFT, DT, IgM-IFAT) in infants and mothers were critically examined. The IgM titers in CT as a rule lay between 1:16 and 1:64, the highest recorded being 1:256. The serum IgM globulin levels showed no dependence on the high CFT titers. T recognize unspecific reactions amongst infants with positive IgM values, the serological testing of mothers was indispensable. It is also absolutely necessary with infants to repeatedly test serologically at intervals to clearly bring out the results of all the three serological reactions. The technical problems encountered for a definative diagnosis of CT and the clinical picture in the present critical examination are discussed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of specific IgM antibody in cases of suspect congenital toxoplasmosis: interpretation of results (author's transl)]. From the aspect of laboratory Toxoplasmosis examination, a series of clinically and parasitologically confirmed cases of congenital Toxoplasmosis (CT) were selected. Serological findings (CFT, DT, IgM-IFAT) in infants and mothers were critically examined. The IgM titers in CT as a rule lay between 1:16 and 1:64, the highest recorded being 1:256. The serum IgM globulin levels showed no dependence on the high CFT titers. T recognize unspecific reactions amongst infants with positive IgM values, the serological testing of mothers was indispensable. It is also absolutely necessary with infants to repeatedly test serologically at intervals to clearly bring out the results of all the three serological reactions. The technical problems encountered for a definative diagnosis of CT and the clinical picture in the present critical examination are discussed.", "PMID": 1014782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_610", "title": "Bilirubin in liquor amnii. A rapid and exact method for quantitative determination.", "content": "A method is described for an exact and rapid determination of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid. Errors due to turbidity and to contamination of hemoglobin or debris are elliminated because bilirubin is extracted directely into chloroform by a special technique and determined by direct spectrophotometry. The new technique is related to the well known Liley procedure and the results with the new method are plotted into a modified Liley-sceme.", "contents": "Bilirubin in liquor amnii. A rapid and exact method for quantitative determination. A method is described for an exact and rapid determination of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid. Errors due to turbidity and to contamination of hemoglobin or debris are elliminated because bilirubin is extracted directely into chloroform by a special technique and determined by direct spectrophotometry. The new technique is related to the well known Liley procedure and the results with the new method are plotted into a modified Liley-sceme.", "PMID": 1014783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_611", "title": "[A case of ovarian struma found at a caesarean section (author's transl)].", "content": "A struma ovarii was diagnosed and excised during a Caesarean section. This seems to be the fifth case of such a tumor reported during pregnancy. The necessity of a routine inspection of the adnexe during Caesarean section is stressed.", "contents": "[A case of ovarian struma found at a caesarean section (author's transl)]. A struma ovarii was diagnosed and excised during a Caesarean section. This seems to be the fifth case of such a tumor reported during pregnancy. The necessity of a routine inspection of the adnexe during Caesarean section is stressed.", "PMID": 1014784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_612", "title": "[ST-line and T-wave changes unter influence of different digitalis doses within the therapeutic range (studies of patients with stress coronary insufficiency)].", "content": "ST-segmental depression below the isoelectric line in the ECG occurring under a therapy of sub-therapeutical and therapeutical digitalising doses, very often involves an increase of pre-existent stress stenocardia with cardiovascularily compensated patients having a coronary heart disease. For this purpose, 13 patients of both sexes with latent coronary insufficiency were examined. The patients were treated with beta-Acetyldigoxin i.v. and were controlled under bicycle ergometric test-conditions before as well as during the different saturation phases with digitalis (0.66 +/- 0.03 mg, 1.20 +/- 0.07 mg and 1.54 +/- 0.10 mg beta-Acetyldigoxin) in a miximum of 4 functional tests alltogether. Dose-depent depression of the ST-segment accurred regularly accompanied by a reduction of the T-wave amplitude. A comparative valuation of myocardischemic and glycoside conditioned repolarisation disorders in the ECG demonstrated formalanalytically no differences concerning differential diagnosis. With the appearance of digitalis conditioned ST-T-changes an increase of angina pectoris could be proved. There were hints that the so-called adhesive signs of digitalis are an expression of myocardial ischemia and therefore principally of diagnostic value.", "contents": "[ST-line and T-wave changes unter influence of different digitalis doses within the therapeutic range (studies of patients with stress coronary insufficiency)]. ST-segmental depression below the isoelectric line in the ECG occurring under a therapy of sub-therapeutical and therapeutical digitalising doses, very often involves an increase of pre-existent stress stenocardia with cardiovascularily compensated patients having a coronary heart disease. For this purpose, 13 patients of both sexes with latent coronary insufficiency were examined. The patients were treated with beta-Acetyldigoxin i.v. and were controlled under bicycle ergometric test-conditions before as well as during the different saturation phases with digitalis (0.66 +/- 0.03 mg, 1.20 +/- 0.07 mg and 1.54 +/- 0.10 mg beta-Acetyldigoxin) in a miximum of 4 functional tests alltogether. Dose-depent depression of the ST-segment accurred regularly accompanied by a reduction of the T-wave amplitude. A comparative valuation of myocardischemic and glycoside conditioned repolarisation disorders in the ECG demonstrated formalanalytically no differences concerning differential diagnosis. With the appearance of digitalis conditioned ST-T-changes an increase of angina pectoris could be proved. There were hints that the so-called adhesive signs of digitalis are an expression of myocardial ischemia and therefore principally of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 1014799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_613", "title": "[Effect of isosorbide dinitrate in relation to posture and age].", "content": "Rapid tilting into the 90 degrees upright position after 20 mg ISDN sublingually demonstrates a better orthostatic tolerance of the older group (in spite of a lower cardiac output) in comparison to the younger one. This can be explained by a higher tone of the resistance vessels and a stronger stretch resistance of the arteries of the elastic type (and probably of the veins), which are opposing the hydrostatic effects of orthostasis and guarantee a minor shifting of blood to the lower extremities. The increase of rigidity of the blood vessels with aging declares the better drug resistance of the older group but also points - on the other hand - to the borders of ISDN therapy.", "contents": "[Effect of isosorbide dinitrate in relation to posture and age]. Rapid tilting into the 90 degrees upright position after 20 mg ISDN sublingually demonstrates a better orthostatic tolerance of the older group (in spite of a lower cardiac output) in comparison to the younger one. This can be explained by a higher tone of the resistance vessels and a stronger stretch resistance of the arteries of the elastic type (and probably of the veins), which are opposing the hydrostatic effects of orthostasis and guarantee a minor shifting of blood to the lower extremities. The increase of rigidity of the blood vessels with aging declares the better drug resistance of the older group but also points - on the other hand - to the borders of ISDN therapy.", "PMID": 1014800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_614", "title": "[Cardiodepressive effect of alcohol in low doses in normal persons and patients with coronary disease].", "content": "To study the effect of small amounts of ethanol 1 ml whisky (43 vol. %) per kg body weight was given to normal subjects (n = 11) and patients with coronary heart disease (n = 11) and the systolic time intervals (STI) PEP (preejection period), LVET (left ventricular ejection time), QS2 (total electromechanical systole) and PEP/LVET were measured. A control group consisted of five patients with coronary heart disease. The following results were obtained: Already at rest PEP/LVET was significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease. After the ingestion of alcohol, significant changes of the STI were observed; mainly an increase of PEP and PEP-LVET was found. In patients with coronary heart disease the effect began earlier, was significantly higher and lasted significantly longer than in normal subjects. According to invasive correlation-studies of different authors, these results indicate an impairment of left ventricular function, especially of ejection fraction and contractility. These alterations seem to be more pronounced in patients with coronary heart disease. The results of this study should be considered in advising patients with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Cardiodepressive effect of alcohol in low doses in normal persons and patients with coronary disease]. To study the effect of small amounts of ethanol 1 ml whisky (43 vol. %) per kg body weight was given to normal subjects (n = 11) and patients with coronary heart disease (n = 11) and the systolic time intervals (STI) PEP (preejection period), LVET (left ventricular ejection time), QS2 (total electromechanical systole) and PEP/LVET were measured. A control group consisted of five patients with coronary heart disease. The following results were obtained: Already at rest PEP/LVET was significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease. After the ingestion of alcohol, significant changes of the STI were observed; mainly an increase of PEP and PEP-LVET was found. In patients with coronary heart disease the effect began earlier, was significantly higher and lasted significantly longer than in normal subjects. According to invasive correlation-studies of different authors, these results indicate an impairment of left ventricular function, especially of ejection fraction and contractility. These alterations seem to be more pronounced in patients with coronary heart disease. The results of this study should be considered in advising patients with coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 1014801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_615", "title": "[Hemodynamic concomitant effects of experimentally increased pulmonary capillary pressure].", "content": "An acute suprarenal occlusion of the aorta was produced in anaesthetized dogs by means of a ballon-tipped catheter. The resultant increase in wedge-pressure led to changes in pulmonary perfusion and raised O2 partial pressure in the arterial blood. The additional, simultaneous occlusion of the left subclavian artery by means of a second balloon-tipped catheter aggravated the haemodynamic manifestations of the pressure-load on the heart; but did not cause a proportionate increase in wedge pressure and O2 partial pressure.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic concomitant effects of experimentally increased pulmonary capillary pressure]. An acute suprarenal occlusion of the aorta was produced in anaesthetized dogs by means of a ballon-tipped catheter. The resultant increase in wedge-pressure led to changes in pulmonary perfusion and raised O2 partial pressure in the arterial blood. The additional, simultaneous occlusion of the left subclavian artery by means of a second balloon-tipped catheter aggravated the haemodynamic manifestations of the pressure-load on the heart; but did not cause a proportionate increase in wedge pressure and O2 partial pressure.", "PMID": 1014802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_616", "title": "[The risk of heart disease in various psychiatric diseases].", "content": "The distribution of some risk factors on different psychiatric diseases in 1726 hospitalized patients were investigated within a prevalence study. To all tested factors there was a contrary behaviour of oligophrenic patients opposite to the group with a schizophrenia, organic and affective psychotics. Hypertension only was found more frequently in non psychotic psychopathia and oligophrenia than in psychosis. Therefore the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterinemia, diabetes, specific Ecg-changes, smoking of cigarettes and severe physical inactivity in oligophrenics was less except in all other group of diseases, also in consideration of the different frequency of psychopharmacal treatment. Electrocardiographical signs for coronary heart diseases also show a similar distribution of frequency. Likewise in psychiatric patients seems to be an agreement with the coronary morbidity and the somatic risk factors.", "contents": "[The risk of heart disease in various psychiatric diseases]. The distribution of some risk factors on different psychiatric diseases in 1726 hospitalized patients were investigated within a prevalence study. To all tested factors there was a contrary behaviour of oligophrenic patients opposite to the group with a schizophrenia, organic and affective psychotics. Hypertension only was found more frequently in non psychotic psychopathia and oligophrenia than in psychosis. Therefore the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterinemia, diabetes, specific Ecg-changes, smoking of cigarettes and severe physical inactivity in oligophrenics was less except in all other group of diseases, also in consideration of the different frequency of psychopharmacal treatment. Electrocardiographical signs for coronary heart diseases also show a similar distribution of frequency. Likewise in psychiatric patients seems to be an agreement with the coronary morbidity and the somatic risk factors.", "PMID": 1014803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_617", "title": "[Urinary excretion of the catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine as well as the derivatives metanephrine and normetanephrine in heart disease patients].", "content": "In 20 normal persons and in 57 patients with heart diseases with functional class I-IV (according to the classification of the New York Heart Association) the 24 hour urinary excretion of the catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine and of the O2-methylated degradation products metanephrine and normetanephrine was determined. The 3 catecholamines and the 2 O-methylated derivatives were measured simultaneously using chromatographic extraction and purification (Bio-Rex 70) and selective flurometric determination. The following results could be obtained: 1. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline increased with increasing severity of the heart disease. 2. In patients with severe congestive heart failure (functional class IV) in addition the adrenaline excretion in addition the adrenaline excretion increased significantly. 3. There was no relationship between the urinary excretion of dopamine and the severity of the heart disease. 4. The ratio of noradrenaline excretion to dopamine excretion increased with increasing severity of the heart disease, indicating an increased activity of dopamine-mu-hydroxylation in patients with congestive heart failure. 5. The excretion of the O-methylated degradation products metanephrine and normetanephrine in normal persons and in patients with heart diseases paralleled the excretion of the corresponding catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. This indicates, that increased excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline (Class IV) in patients with heart failure was not due to impaired catecholamine-degradation but indead to increased catecholamine-release indicating increased sympatho-adrenergic activity. These results show in addition that also in patients with heart failure O-methylation represents still the main degradation step for the inactivation of the circulating catecholamines. 6. The relationship of toal excretion of 0-methylated derivates to total excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, however, decreased with increasing severity of heart disease, indicating a relative impairment of O-methylation under the condition of severe congestive heart failure.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of the catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine as well as the derivatives metanephrine and normetanephrine in heart disease patients]. In 20 normal persons and in 57 patients with heart diseases with functional class I-IV (according to the classification of the New York Heart Association) the 24 hour urinary excretion of the catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine and of the O2-methylated degradation products metanephrine and normetanephrine was determined. The 3 catecholamines and the 2 O-methylated derivatives were measured simultaneously using chromatographic extraction and purification (Bio-Rex 70) and selective flurometric determination. The following results could be obtained: 1. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline increased with increasing severity of the heart disease. 2. In patients with severe congestive heart failure (functional class IV) in addition the adrenaline excretion in addition the adrenaline excretion increased significantly. 3. There was no relationship between the urinary excretion of dopamine and the severity of the heart disease. 4. The ratio of noradrenaline excretion to dopamine excretion increased with increasing severity of the heart disease, indicating an increased activity of dopamine-mu-hydroxylation in patients with congestive heart failure. 5. The excretion of the O-methylated degradation products metanephrine and normetanephrine in normal persons and in patients with heart diseases paralleled the excretion of the corresponding catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. This indicates, that increased excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline (Class IV) in patients with heart failure was not due to impaired catecholamine-degradation but indead to increased catecholamine-release indicating increased sympatho-adrenergic activity. These results show in addition that also in patients with heart failure O-methylation represents still the main degradation step for the inactivation of the circulating catecholamines. 6. The relationship of toal excretion of 0-methylated derivates to total excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, however, decreased with increasing severity of heart disease, indicating a relative impairment of O-methylation under the condition of severe congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 1014804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_618", "title": "[Reflection of the decision making process in evoked cortical electrical activity in man].", "content": "Averaged evoked potentials to visual stimuli of different significance were recorded in healthy adult subjects. The magnitude of the late positive potential (component P300), recorded in response to visual stimulus, greatly increases at the vertex, if the stimulus is given a significance for decision making (the choice of reaction). No such changes are recorded in the occipital area. In the case of decision making, the magnitude of the component P300 is clearly greater at the vertex as compared with the occipital area. No correlation has been found between the latency of the P300 and the reaction time, hence one should not refer to any coincidence between the temporal parameters of the potential and the process of decision making. The authors believe that the component P300 reflects not the very process of decision making, but a local cortical \"non-specific\" activation which is an indispensable element of the neural mechanism of decision making.", "contents": "[Reflection of the decision making process in evoked cortical electrical activity in man]. Averaged evoked potentials to visual stimuli of different significance were recorded in healthy adult subjects. The magnitude of the late positive potential (component P300), recorded in response to visual stimulus, greatly increases at the vertex, if the stimulus is given a significance for decision making (the choice of reaction). No such changes are recorded in the occipital area. In the case of decision making, the magnitude of the component P300 is clearly greater at the vertex as compared with the occipital area. No correlation has been found between the latency of the P300 and the reaction time, hence one should not refer to any coincidence between the temporal parameters of the potential and the process of decision making. The authors believe that the component P300 reflects not the very process of decision making, but a local cortical \"non-specific\" activation which is an indispensable element of the neural mechanism of decision making.", "PMID": 1014883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_619", "title": "[Effect of a constant and low frequency magnetic field on the behavioral and autonomic responses of the human operator].", "content": "The object of the study was conjugation of latencies of sensorimotor reactions and of following physiological characteristics: respiratory rate, heart rate, skin resistance and temperature, in man doing the work of operator, under the action of DC and AC (50 c/s) magnetic fields with maximal tension equalling 8-10 a/m on the head. \"Disfunction\" of behavioural reactions and of their vegetative sufficiency was observed in the magnetic field. The degree of deterioration of control and compensatory properties of the central nervous system is of inverse dependence on the quality of the operator's work and the level of the central nervous system functional possibilities.", "contents": "[Effect of a constant and low frequency magnetic field on the behavioral and autonomic responses of the human operator]. The object of the study was conjugation of latencies of sensorimotor reactions and of following physiological characteristics: respiratory rate, heart rate, skin resistance and temperature, in man doing the work of operator, under the action of DC and AC (50 c/s) magnetic fields with maximal tension equalling 8-10 a/m on the head. \"Disfunction\" of behavioural reactions and of their vegetative sufficiency was observed in the magnetic field. The degree of deterioration of control and compensatory properties of the central nervous system is of inverse dependence on the quality of the operator's work and the level of the central nervous system functional possibilities.", "PMID": 1014884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_620", "title": "[Stress on cardiac activity of students during course and national examinations].", "content": "Stress of the activity of the cardio-vascular system was studied in students at different stages of course and graduation examinations, by recording the changes in the pulse rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, minute blood volume and peripheral resistance. The greatest stress on the cardiac activity was revealed before and after receiving the examination paper as well as during the answer. After the answer the cardiac activity rapidly reverted to the rest level. Graduation examinations caused more drastic and rapid functional shifts at decisive stages and at the same time a faster recovery than course examinations.", "contents": "[Stress on cardiac activity of students during course and national examinations]. Stress of the activity of the cardio-vascular system was studied in students at different stages of course and graduation examinations, by recording the changes in the pulse rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, minute blood volume and peripheral resistance. The greatest stress on the cardiac activity was revealed before and after receiving the examination paper as well as during the answer. After the answer the cardiac activity rapidly reverted to the rest level. Graduation examinations caused more drastic and rapid functional shifts at decisive stages and at the same time a faster recovery than course examinations.", "PMID": 1014885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_621", "title": "[Informational characteristics of the impulse activity of cat sensomotor cortex neurons during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "Manifestations of the dynamics of defensive conditioning were studied in the cat sensorimotor cortical units. It has been shown that the process of learning is linked to the dynamics of the amount of total and useful information present in the evoked spike responses to a conditioned stimulus. As the pairings continue, the amount of useful information increases in reactions to conditioned or unconditioned stimuli and in the period preceding the conditioned stimulation.", "contents": "[Informational characteristics of the impulse activity of cat sensomotor cortex neurons during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex]. Manifestations of the dynamics of defensive conditioning were studied in the cat sensorimotor cortical units. It has been shown that the process of learning is linked to the dynamics of the amount of total and useful information present in the evoked spike responses to a conditioned stimulus. As the pairings continue, the amount of useful information increases in reactions to conditioned or unconditioned stimuli and in the period preceding the conditioned stimulation.", "PMID": 1014886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_622", "title": "[Evoked potentials and spike activity of cortical neurons at the moment of conditioned reflex realization].", "content": "Experiments on alert rabbits have revealed a definite but dissimilar correspondence of amplitude-temporal dynamics of evoked potentials, neuroronal spike activity in the visual (VC) and the sensorimotor (SC) areas of the cerebral cortex and movements appearing in response to photic flashes, the conditioned signal (CS) of a defensive reflex. VC reaction to the CS sets in in 15 to 20 msec. During the subsequent 20 to 40 msec, there is intensive VC activation and involvement in the reaction of most of the responding elements in the SC. Subsequently, the activation in VC weakens and increases in the SC. Against this background, movements in response to the CS appear with a latency of 60 to 120 msec. The probability of movements in response to photic flashes decreases in the case of distinct phasic reactions to the CS in the period of deep inhibition and intensive postinhibitory activation of VC units. The data obtained imply that the SC neurones play a decisive role in the achievements of the defensive movement to the CS. As to the detection of the very fact of visual stimulation and to the modulation function and correction of the movement, they are provided for both by SC and VC neurones.", "contents": "[Evoked potentials and spike activity of cortical neurons at the moment of conditioned reflex realization]. Experiments on alert rabbits have revealed a definite but dissimilar correspondence of amplitude-temporal dynamics of evoked potentials, neuroronal spike activity in the visual (VC) and the sensorimotor (SC) areas of the cerebral cortex and movements appearing in response to photic flashes, the conditioned signal (CS) of a defensive reflex. VC reaction to the CS sets in in 15 to 20 msec. During the subsequent 20 to 40 msec, there is intensive VC activation and involvement in the reaction of most of the responding elements in the SC. Subsequently, the activation in VC weakens and increases in the SC. Against this background, movements in response to the CS appear with a latency of 60 to 120 msec. The probability of movements in response to photic flashes decreases in the case of distinct phasic reactions to the CS in the period of deep inhibition and intensive postinhibitory activation of VC units. The data obtained imply that the SC neurones play a decisive role in the achievements of the defensive movement to the CS. As to the detection of the very fact of visual stimulation and to the modulation function and correction of the movement, they are provided for both by SC and VC neurones.", "PMID": 1014887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_623", "title": "[Effect of separate and simultaneous stimulation of limbic structures on emotions].", "content": "Organization of the central apparatus of emotional reactions was studied by the self-stimulation method in an original modification. The data obtained attest that the nature of the initially obtained reaction after the stimulation of one of the structures determines the emotional significance of stimulation of the structures complex in the limbic brain. The \"trigger\" zones inducing simular emotional reactions are not equal either with regard to the level of emotional stress appearing during their stimulation or to \"resistance\" to the activation of the \"trigger\" zones of the opposite sign.", "contents": "[Effect of separate and simultaneous stimulation of limbic structures on emotions]. Organization of the central apparatus of emotional reactions was studied by the self-stimulation method in an original modification. The data obtained attest that the nature of the initially obtained reaction after the stimulation of one of the structures determines the emotional significance of stimulation of the structures complex in the limbic brain. The \"trigger\" zones inducing simular emotional reactions are not equal either with regard to the level of emotional stress appearing during their stimulation or to \"resistance\" to the activation of the \"trigger\" zones of the opposite sign.", "PMID": 1014891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_624", "title": "[Elaboration of conditioned reflexes in dogs grown under conditions of partial intraspecies isolation].", "content": "New data are presented on the influence of relationships with representatives of the same species at early stages of ontogenesis on the higher nervous activity of adult dogs. It has been found that dogs raised up to one year with their coevals differ considerably less from the control dogs by the speed of elaboration and stability of complex conditioned reflexes than those raised in complete isolation beginning with the age of three months.", "contents": "[Elaboration of conditioned reflexes in dogs grown under conditions of partial intraspecies isolation]. New data are presented on the influence of relationships with representatives of the same species at early stages of ontogenesis on the higher nervous activity of adult dogs. It has been found that dogs raised up to one year with their coevals differ considerably less from the control dogs by the speed of elaboration and stability of complex conditioned reflexes than those raised in complete isolation beginning with the age of three months.", "PMID": 1014892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_625", "title": "[Inhibiting and facilitating influences from the caudate nucleus on alimentary conditioned reflexes].", "content": "Alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied in dogs during electrical stimulation of different zones of the caudate nucleus head with a 80 to 100 microampere current, of 5 c/s frequency and 0.5 msec pulse duration. The inhibitory influences came from the ventrolateral, and the activating ones, from the dorsal and central zones of the caudate nucleus head. Changes of conditioned reflexes resulting from its stimulation depended on the strength of the conditioned signals: the conditioned reflex to a weak stimulus (light) was more readily subject to changes as compared with the one to a strong signal (a metronome). The magnitude of unconditioned reflexes did not change in these experiments.", "contents": "[Inhibiting and facilitating influences from the caudate nucleus on alimentary conditioned reflexes]. Alimentary conditioned reflexes were studied in dogs during electrical stimulation of different zones of the caudate nucleus head with a 80 to 100 microampere current, of 5 c/s frequency and 0.5 msec pulse duration. The inhibitory influences came from the ventrolateral, and the activating ones, from the dorsal and central zones of the caudate nucleus head. Changes of conditioned reflexes resulting from its stimulation depended on the strength of the conditioned signals: the conditioned reflex to a weak stimulus (light) was more readily subject to changes as compared with the one to a strong signal (a metronome). The magnitude of unconditioned reflexes did not change in these experiments.", "PMID": 1014889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_626", "title": "[Effect of conditioned reflex defense training on the level of cholinesterase activity and weight of the rat brain].", "content": "Influence of conditioned electro-defensive training of different duration and intensity on the weight and biochemical characteristics (activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) of different parts of the brain was studied in rats of various genetic lines. It has been shown that the minimal duration of training leading to changes in the investigated characteristics in the experimental rats as compared with the controls, amounted to 30 days. Positive correlation has been found between the capacity for learning, the weight of the cortex and the activity of its acetylcholinesterase. A different degree of changes in the indicated characteristics has been revealed in various lines of rats used in the experiments.", "contents": "[Effect of conditioned reflex defense training on the level of cholinesterase activity and weight of the rat brain]. Influence of conditioned electro-defensive training of different duration and intensity on the weight and biochemical characteristics (activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) of different parts of the brain was studied in rats of various genetic lines. It has been shown that the minimal duration of training leading to changes in the investigated characteristics in the experimental rats as compared with the controls, amounted to 30 days. Positive correlation has been found between the capacity for learning, the weight of the cortex and the activity of its acetylcholinesterase. A different degree of changes in the indicated characteristics has been revealed in various lines of rats used in the experiments.", "PMID": 1014893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_627", "title": "[Role of the auditory cortex in animal recognition of synthesized vowels].", "content": "Discrimination of synthesized vowels [a] and [i] was studied in intact dogs and animals with an ablated auditory cortex. Electro-defensive and conditioned reflex methods were used. It has been found that as a result of learning an auditory image of a stationary vowel can be formed in intact dogs, which is invariant relatively to any change in the basic frequency of the voice, the intensity and duration of presentation (300 to 75 msec), and that two formants are sufficent for discrimination. The auditory image of the vowel is preserved after a bilateral ablation of the auditory cortical projection zone. Discrimination of vowels is disturbed in animals with a removed auditory cortex when information redundancy is reduced (diminished number of formants and reduced signal duration).", "contents": "[Role of the auditory cortex in animal recognition of synthesized vowels]. Discrimination of synthesized vowels [a] and [i] was studied in intact dogs and animals with an ablated auditory cortex. Electro-defensive and conditioned reflex methods were used. It has been found that as a result of learning an auditory image of a stationary vowel can be formed in intact dogs, which is invariant relatively to any change in the basic frequency of the voice, the intensity and duration of presentation (300 to 75 msec), and that two formants are sufficent for discrimination. The auditory image of the vowel is preserved after a bilateral ablation of the auditory cortical projection zone. Discrimination of vowels is disturbed in animals with a removed auditory cortex when information redundancy is reduced (diminished number of formants and reduced signal duration).", "PMID": 1014888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_628", "title": "[Duration of unilaterally organized trace excitation following administration of sedative and stimulating substances].", "content": "In experiments on dogs with symmetrical parts of the tongue brought out by Abuladze method, a study was made of the duration of trace excitation after administration of drugs of a sedative (bromine, amizyl) and stimulating (caffeine, ezerine) effect. It has been found that with changes of symmetrically organized reflexes during the action of the sedative drugs the duration of trace excitation is halved or reduced to a third, and the adequate unilateral reaction is sooner restored. The action of the stimulating drugs, the duration of traces increases and the unilateral conditioned reaction becomes bilateral. It has been assumed that change in the duration of trace excitation, resulting from the indicated pharmacological tests is due to the influence of the drugs on the processes of interhemispheric irradiation and concentration.", "contents": "[Duration of unilaterally organized trace excitation following administration of sedative and stimulating substances]. In experiments on dogs with symmetrical parts of the tongue brought out by Abuladze method, a study was made of the duration of trace excitation after administration of drugs of a sedative (bromine, amizyl) and stimulating (caffeine, ezerine) effect. It has been found that with changes of symmetrically organized reflexes during the action of the sedative drugs the duration of trace excitation is halved or reduced to a third, and the adequate unilateral reaction is sooner restored. The action of the stimulating drugs, the duration of traces increases and the unilateral conditioned reaction becomes bilateral. It has been assumed that change in the duration of trace excitation, resulting from the indicated pharmacological tests is due to the influence of the drugs on the processes of interhemispheric irradiation and concentration.", "PMID": 1014895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_629", "title": "[Avoidance mechanisms during self stimulation].", "content": "Increased negative discordance of the dominating mode of the pressing duration histogram (PDH), which correlates with the growth of fixed bursts of stimulation is accompanied by a progressive decrease in the reinforcing properties of self-stimulation (SS), avoidance of the pedal and at the same time by a change of behavioral grooming reactions in the intervals between SS for search and consummatory reactions. Hunger considerably shortens the preferable duration of pressing or leads to the appearance of an additional mode on the PDH. With the change of the dominating PDH mode from positive discordance to a negative one, brain stimulation acquires aversive properties which are apparently due to the activation of the mechanisms of specific motivations.", "contents": "[Avoidance mechanisms during self stimulation]. Increased negative discordance of the dominating mode of the pressing duration histogram (PDH), which correlates with the growth of fixed bursts of stimulation is accompanied by a progressive decrease in the reinforcing properties of self-stimulation (SS), avoidance of the pedal and at the same time by a change of behavioral grooming reactions in the intervals between SS for search and consummatory reactions. Hunger considerably shortens the preferable duration of pressing or leads to the appearance of an additional mode on the PDH. With the change of the dominating PDH mode from positive discordance to a negative one, brain stimulation acquires aversive properties which are apparently due to the activation of the mechanisms of specific motivations.", "PMID": 1014890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_630", "title": "[Human evoked potentials during perception of simple and complex visual stimuli].", "content": "Visual evoked potentials were recorded in children and juveniles with normal vision upon presentation of \"blank\" and checkboard patterns with different size of checkboard cells (10,20,40,60 and 120 angular minutes). A high degree of dependence was established both of early and later components on physical stimulus parameters: pattern structures (diffuse photic stimulus, checkboard pattern), the number of contrast borders (different sizes of checkboard cells). Maximal EP was recorded upon presentation of checkboard patterns with cells of 20 to 60 angular minutes. This is discussed as related to the size of receptive fields in man. Attraction and distraction of attention, while causing some amplitude changes mainly in later components (V and VII) amplitude did not considerably influence the EP configuration.", "contents": "[Human evoked potentials during perception of simple and complex visual stimuli]. Visual evoked potentials were recorded in children and juveniles with normal vision upon presentation of \"blank\" and checkboard patterns with different size of checkboard cells (10,20,40,60 and 120 angular minutes). A high degree of dependence was established both of early and later components on physical stimulus parameters: pattern structures (diffuse photic stimulus, checkboard pattern), the number of contrast borders (different sizes of checkboard cells). Maximal EP was recorded upon presentation of checkboard patterns with cells of 20 to 60 angular minutes. This is discussed as related to the size of receptive fields in man. Attraction and distraction of attention, while causing some amplitude changes mainly in later components (V and VII) amplitude did not considerably influence the EP configuration.", "PMID": 1014897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_631", "title": "[Pharmakologic analysis of the interrelationship between long-term and short-term memory in dogs with systems of conditioned reflexes].", "content": "It has been shown in experiments on dogs with elaborated integrated systems of conditioned reflexes (by Kupalov method) and choice reactions (by Hunter method); that the physiological mechanisms of short-term and long-term memory are not strictly isolated; they include some common biochemical structures and are interrelated. The action of amizyl or armin on the cholinoreceptors disturbs the short-term memory and some elements of the long-term conditioned memory: the duration of retention of traces from conditioned and unconditioned alimentary stimuli is reduced; regulation of the course of stabilized conditioned stereotypes is disturbed; differentiation and use of previous experience (extraction of data from long-term memory) are impeded.", "contents": "[Pharmakologic analysis of the interrelationship between long-term and short-term memory in dogs with systems of conditioned reflexes]. It has been shown in experiments on dogs with elaborated integrated systems of conditioned reflexes (by Kupalov method) and choice reactions (by Hunter method); that the physiological mechanisms of short-term and long-term memory are not strictly isolated; they include some common biochemical structures and are interrelated. The action of amizyl or armin on the cholinoreceptors disturbs the short-term memory and some elements of the long-term conditioned memory: the duration of retention of traces from conditioned and unconditioned alimentary stimuli is reduced; regulation of the course of stabilized conditioned stereotypes is disturbed; differentiation and use of previous experience (extraction of data from long-term memory) are impeded.", "PMID": 1014894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_632", "title": "[Motor representation of the limbs in the rabbit cerebral cortex].", "content": "Movements elicited by electrical stimulation (ES) of the brain's dorsal surface (train duration 20 msec, frequency 200 c/s) were studied in unanaesthetized slightly fixed rabbits. The stimuli were led through 80 mu in diameter electrodes implanted in the cortex. The responses were estimated visually or electromyographycally. The local responses of the forelimb (FL) were elicited by ES of an area with coordinates A 1-2, L 1-4; local movements of the hind limb (HL)--P 2,5-3,5 L 1-4. Between these areas there is a region whose stimulation caused the movements of the fore- and hind limb simultaneously (\"overlapping area\"). The thresholds and latencies of the forelimb responses were minimal when the stimuli were applied to the \"local responses area\". However, the tresholds and latencies of hindlimb responses were higher when stimulation was applied in the \"local responses area\" as compared with the \"overlapping area\". Light barbiturate anaesthesia (20 to 25 mg/kg) raised the thresholds of hindlimb movements 13 to 18 times when the stimuli were applied to the \"local responses area\", and 7 to 8 times, when they were applied to the \"overlapping area\". The problem of determination of the rabbit \"motor centre\" is discussed.", "contents": "[Motor representation of the limbs in the rabbit cerebral cortex]. Movements elicited by electrical stimulation (ES) of the brain's dorsal surface (train duration 20 msec, frequency 200 c/s) were studied in unanaesthetized slightly fixed rabbits. The stimuli were led through 80 mu in diameter electrodes implanted in the cortex. The responses were estimated visually or electromyographycally. The local responses of the forelimb (FL) were elicited by ES of an area with coordinates A 1-2, L 1-4; local movements of the hind limb (HL)--P 2,5-3,5 L 1-4. Between these areas there is a region whose stimulation caused the movements of the fore- and hind limb simultaneously (\"overlapping area\"). The thresholds and latencies of the forelimb responses were minimal when the stimuli were applied to the \"local responses area\". However, the tresholds and latencies of hindlimb responses were higher when stimulation was applied in the \"local responses area\" as compared with the \"overlapping area\". Light barbiturate anaesthesia (20 to 25 mg/kg) raised the thresholds of hindlimb movements 13 to 18 times when the stimuli were applied to the \"local responses area\", and 7 to 8 times, when they were applied to the \"overlapping area\". The problem of determination of the rabbit \"motor centre\" is discussed.", "PMID": 1014898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_633", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the topography of functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the visual cortex following exposure to stimuli of different strength].", "content": "It has been shown that most animals exhibit functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the visual cortex, which increases with a rise in the intensity of photic stimulation. Interhemispheric asymmetry is characterized by its bilateral origin and mozaic localization. In the intact brain the transcallosal mechanisms provide for weakening a weak asymmetry and intensifying a strong one. This is due to different lateralization of the excitation focus which possesses dominant properties. A conclusion has been drawn that one of the functions of the callosal body consists in modulating the functional interhemispheric asymmetry.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the topography of functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the visual cortex following exposure to stimuli of different strength]. It has been shown that most animals exhibit functional interhemispheric asymmetry in the visual cortex, which increases with a rise in the intensity of photic stimulation. Interhemispheric asymmetry is characterized by its bilateral origin and mozaic localization. In the intact brain the transcallosal mechanisms provide for weakening a weak asymmetry and intensifying a strong one. This is due to different lateralization of the excitation focus which possesses dominant properties. A conclusion has been drawn that one of the functions of the callosal body consists in modulating the functional interhemispheric asymmetry.", "PMID": 1014899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_634", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of rostral portions of the midbrain reticular formation on the cat motor cortex].", "content": "Evoked potentials and responses of 139 neurones in the sensorimotor cortex (the lateral third of the posterior sigmoid gyrus) to electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral (DL) and the ventromedial (VM) areas of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) were investigated in cats in acute and chronic experiments. Latencies of the cortical unit responses (in the form of single and multiple discharges) to MRF stimulation varied from 4 to 36 msec for VM (maxima of distribution: 4--10 and 18--24 msec); those for DL were from 4 to 26 msec (maxima of distribution: 4--6 and 14--16 msec). Responses to both DL and VM stimulation were observed in 29 neurones. As for MRF, its effects (mono-and polyvalent) were found in cortical neurones responding to limb electrocutaneous stimulation as well. At 7--10 days after coagulation of the ipsilateral connection between MRF and the pons, persistence of the cortical response main components was recorded, the long-latency part being slightly reduced.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of rostral portions of the midbrain reticular formation on the cat motor cortex]. Evoked potentials and responses of 139 neurones in the sensorimotor cortex (the lateral third of the posterior sigmoid gyrus) to electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral (DL) and the ventromedial (VM) areas of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) were investigated in cats in acute and chronic experiments. Latencies of the cortical unit responses (in the form of single and multiple discharges) to MRF stimulation varied from 4 to 36 msec for VM (maxima of distribution: 4--10 and 18--24 msec); those for DL were from 4 to 26 msec (maxima of distribution: 4--6 and 14--16 msec). Responses to both DL and VM stimulation were observed in 29 neurones. As for MRF, its effects (mono-and polyvalent) were found in cortical neurones responding to limb electrocutaneous stimulation as well. At 7--10 days after coagulation of the ipsilateral connection between MRF and the pons, persistence of the cortical response main components was recorded, the long-latency part being slightly reduced.", "PMID": 1014900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_635", "title": "[Effect of microiontophoretic application of serotonin on the background impulse activity of visual cortex neurons in unanesthetized cats].", "content": "Sustained spike activity of neurones in the visual area (field 17) of the cerebral cortex and its changes induced by microionophoresis of serotonin was studied in experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with diplacine. Neurones of field 17 with sustained activity are characterized by non-rhythmic, low-frequency discharges of a mixed type. 55 per cent of the studied neurones were sensitive to serotonin. They exhibited excitatory, inhibitory and phasic responses. The points discussed are: the importance of intracortical interactions between neurones in mechanisms of generation of their sustained spike activity, and the possible ;nvolvement of serotonin in ;he neurochemical processes of synaptic transmission in the visual area of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of microiontophoretic application of serotonin on the background impulse activity of visual cortex neurons in unanesthetized cats]. Sustained spike activity of neurones in the visual area (field 17) of the cerebral cortex and its changes induced by microionophoresis of serotonin was studied in experiments on unanaesthetized cats immobilized with diplacine. Neurones of field 17 with sustained activity are characterized by non-rhythmic, low-frequency discharges of a mixed type. 55 per cent of the studied neurones were sensitive to serotonin. They exhibited excitatory, inhibitory and phasic responses. The points discussed are: the importance of intracortical interactions between neurones in mechanisms of generation of their sustained spike activity, and the possible ;nvolvement of serotonin in ;he neurochemical processes of synaptic transmission in the visual area of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 1014901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_636", "title": "[Response of white rats with different types of higher nervous activity to acute hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "Animals with high, low and medium resistance to hypoxia were selected by repetitive tests under a vacuum bell. It has been shown that most rats with high resistance to hypoxia are characterized by strong basic nervous processes. The majority of animals with low resistance and all the animals with medium resistance to hypoxia exhibit signs of the weak type higher nervous activity.", "contents": "[Response of white rats with different types of higher nervous activity to acute hypoxic hypoxia]. Animals with high, low and medium resistance to hypoxia were selected by repetitive tests under a vacuum bell. It has been shown that most rats with high resistance to hypoxia are characterized by strong basic nervous processes. The majority of animals with low resistance and all the animals with medium resistance to hypoxia exhibit signs of the weak type higher nervous activity.", "PMID": 1014896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_637", "title": "[Effect of disconnecting cortical input on the activity of hippocampal neurons].", "content": "Extracellular investigation of the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal neurones was performed in rabbits after complete bilateral transection of the perforant path (PP). Spontaneous activity was normal, but in a large group of neurones (38 per cent in CA1 and 43 per cent in CA3) rhythmic theta-bursts were observed, while in the normal state such neurones constituted only 9--12 per cent. The reactivity to sensory stimuli was enhanced, as well as the number of multimodal units. In both fields the majority of sensory reactions was of the tonic type; the number of phasic and \"specific\" effects, which are typical of the normal CA1 neurons, was strongly reduced. As a result, the CA1 field without PP closely resembled the normal field CA3. The phenomenon of gradual habituation of reactions was virtually absent; instead of that increase of reactions duration was obvious during repeated presentations of stimuli. The neurons were highly reactive to electrical stimulation of midbrain RF and displayed high correlation of characteristics of their reactions to sensory and reticular stimuli.", "contents": "[Effect of disconnecting cortical input on the activity of hippocampal neurons]. Extracellular investigation of the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal neurones was performed in rabbits after complete bilateral transection of the perforant path (PP). Spontaneous activity was normal, but in a large group of neurones (38 per cent in CA1 and 43 per cent in CA3) rhythmic theta-bursts were observed, while in the normal state such neurones constituted only 9--12 per cent. The reactivity to sensory stimuli was enhanced, as well as the number of multimodal units. In both fields the majority of sensory reactions was of the tonic type; the number of phasic and \"specific\" effects, which are typical of the normal CA1 neurons, was strongly reduced. As a result, the CA1 field without PP closely resembled the normal field CA3. The phenomenon of gradual habituation of reactions was virtually absent; instead of that increase of reactions duration was obvious during repeated presentations of stimuli. The neurons were highly reactive to electrical stimulation of midbrain RF and displayed high correlation of characteristics of their reactions to sensory and reticular stimuli.", "PMID": 1014902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_638", "title": "[Role of visual impulsation on the age-dependent receptor properties of synaptosomal membranes].", "content": "An investigation was made into the activity of interaction of serotonin and tryptamine with synaptosomes isolated from the visual system of the rabbit brain. It has been found that the synaptosomes of the visual cortex and the anterior colliculi of normal rabbits are characterized by a higher activity in indoleamines binding than those of other parts of the cortex. Early visual deprivation caused a drop in the activity of interaction between the indoleamines and synaptosomes of all the investigated brain regions, more pronounced in the case of the synaptosomes of the visual analyser structures. Recovery of the visual function helped to normalize the activity of the process. The above regular relationships between visual impulse activity and the activity of the transmitter--receptor interaction lead to the conclusion that serotonin plays a specific, apparently neuro-transmitting part in the visual system.", "contents": "[Role of visual impulsation on the age-dependent receptor properties of synaptosomal membranes]. An investigation was made into the activity of interaction of serotonin and tryptamine with synaptosomes isolated from the visual system of the rabbit brain. It has been found that the synaptosomes of the visual cortex and the anterior colliculi of normal rabbits are characterized by a higher activity in indoleamines binding than those of other parts of the cortex. Early visual deprivation caused a drop in the activity of interaction between the indoleamines and synaptosomes of all the investigated brain regions, more pronounced in the case of the synaptosomes of the visual analyser structures. Recovery of the visual function helped to normalize the activity of the process. The above regular relationships between visual impulse activity and the activity of the transmitter--receptor interaction lead to the conclusion that serotonin plays a specific, apparently neuro-transmitting part in the visual system.", "PMID": 1014903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_639", "title": "[Contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of exhibitionism].", "content": "Exhibitionism can be regarded as a cultural, social and psychological phenomenon. It is given a view of the theories in the literature. Once exhibitionism is a normal human phenomen, otherwise it is pathological, par example also a neurotic symptom. The early psychoanalytic theories describe exhibitionism as a \"Psychoneurose\" as a result of \"Odiopussituation\", \"Kastrationskomplex\" and \"Inzestwunsch\". Psychodynamically this is not satisfying. With the development of psychoanalytic theory, especially the importance of the pregenital phases, changes the classification of perversions. In this article, exhibitionism-- as a neurotic symptom -- is defined as a \"schizoide Perversion\" (Riemann), which causes can be find in a preoral, intentional phase. Naturally the treatment must be adapted to it.", "contents": "[Contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of exhibitionism]. Exhibitionism can be regarded as a cultural, social and psychological phenomenon. It is given a view of the theories in the literature. Once exhibitionism is a normal human phenomen, otherwise it is pathological, par example also a neurotic symptom. The early psychoanalytic theories describe exhibitionism as a \"Psychoneurose\" as a result of \"Odiopussituation\", \"Kastrationskomplex\" and \"Inzestwunsch\". Psychodynamically this is not satisfying. With the development of psychoanalytic theory, especially the importance of the pregenital phases, changes the classification of perversions. In this article, exhibitionism-- as a neurotic symptom -- is defined as a \"schizoide Perversion\" (Riemann), which causes can be find in a preoral, intentional phase. Naturally the treatment must be adapted to it.", "PMID": 1014910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_640", "title": "[Sweating in psycho-vegetative disorders].", "content": "Four different types of transpiration which are to be found in psychophysic disturbances as well as in healthy are specified in correspondence to four basic forms of conflict life. Statistically a  significant relation was proved between three of these types of transpiration and three of the personality structures. Some ideas about the behavioristic context of transpiration are discussed on the background of examples from the cynological literature in lack of others.", "contents": "[Sweating in psycho-vegetative disorders]. Four different types of transpiration which are to be found in psychophysic disturbances as well as in healthy are specified in correspondence to four basic forms of conflict life. Statistically a  significant relation was proved between three of these types of transpiration and three of the personality structures. Some ideas about the behavioristic context of transpiration are discussed on the background of examples from the cynological literature in lack of others.", "PMID": 1014912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_641", "title": "[Relationship between psychogenic symptomatology and intelligence].", "content": "Corresponding to variables \"leading symptoms in the psychic area\" and \"psychosomatic diseases in a restricted sense\" 493 patients have been divided in four groups. Taking the hypothesis that patients with a different symptomatic show different results in the HAWIE (Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligence-Test for Adults) four groups have been compared corresponding to their HAWIE-scores. It turns out that patients with a psychic leading symptomatic without important somatic disease and patients with psychosomatic illness in a restricted sense without psychic symptoms showed better results compared with other patients in the verbal tests. For this correlations of the higher scores in the verbal part of the intelligence-test with the phenomena that the investigator more often found the diagnosis of a psychic leading symptom or a psychosomatic disease in a restricted sense the following interpretations are considered: 1. The innerpsychic effort connected with different psychogenic disorders is reflected in the cognitive efficiency. 2. The diagnosis of limited psychomatic illness is also a result of the verbal interaction of doctor(s) and patient.", "contents": "[Relationship between psychogenic symptomatology and intelligence]. Corresponding to variables \"leading symptoms in the psychic area\" and \"psychosomatic diseases in a restricted sense\" 493 patients have been divided in four groups. Taking the hypothesis that patients with a different symptomatic show different results in the HAWIE (Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligence-Test for Adults) four groups have been compared corresponding to their HAWIE-scores. It turns out that patients with a psychic leading symptomatic without important somatic disease and patients with psychosomatic illness in a restricted sense without psychic symptoms showed better results compared with other patients in the verbal tests. For this correlations of the higher scores in the verbal part of the intelligence-test with the phenomena that the investigator more often found the diagnosis of a psychic leading symptom or a psychosomatic disease in a restricted sense the following interpretations are considered: 1. The innerpsychic effort connected with different psychogenic disorders is reflected in the cognitive efficiency. 2. The diagnosis of limited psychomatic illness is also a result of the verbal interaction of doctor(s) and patient.", "PMID": 1014914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_642", "title": "[Differential indications in the clinical field. Empirical study of management of indications for analytic individual and group psychotherapy respectively in a psychotherayp clinic ].", "content": "This  study aims at a systematic description of factors which influence the practice of differential indication between psycho-analytic individual and group-therapy in apsychotherapeutic clinic. The self-description of inclinic patients for who individual therapy was indicated, was compared to the self-description of those who were expected to join a therapeutic group. Two personality-tests (Giessentest \"GT\" and Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar \"FPI\") and a symptom-questionnaire (Beschwerdenliste\"BSB\") were applicated. If the self-description fo patients is an important factor influencing differential indication, then a difference should be found in comparison of the self-description of both samples. The result is , that important differences are not to be found, and that, moreover the little differences are variable by the time. In conclusion, patient-centered explorations give no sufficient explanation, why group therapy was indicated in some cases and individual therapy in others. Basing on these results, differential indication in clinical psychotherapy is defined as  an interactional process which is influenced by specific cognitive factors of the therapist and his clinical socialisation on the background of variable institution-bound experience.", "contents": "[Differential indications in the clinical field. Empirical study of management of indications for analytic individual and group psychotherapy respectively in a psychotherayp clinic ]. This  study aims at a systematic description of factors which influence the practice of differential indication between psycho-analytic individual and group-therapy in apsychotherapeutic clinic. The self-description of inclinic patients for who individual therapy was indicated, was compared to the self-description of those who were expected to join a therapeutic group. Two personality-tests (Giessentest \"GT\" and Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar \"FPI\") and a symptom-questionnaire (Beschwerdenliste\"BSB\") were applicated. If the self-description fo patients is an important factor influencing differential indication, then a difference should be found in comparison of the self-description of both samples. The result is , that important differences are not to be found, and that, moreover the little differences are variable by the time. In conclusion, patient-centered explorations give no sufficient explanation, why group therapy was indicated in some cases and individual therapy in others. Basing on these results, differential indication in clinical psychotherapy is defined as  an interactional process which is influenced by specific cognitive factors of the therapist and his clinical socialisation on the background of variable institution-bound experience.", "PMID": 1014913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_643", "title": "Invalid care in the dwarf mongoose (Helogale undulata rufula)", "content": "The responses of a captive family group of 12 Dwarf Mongooses (4 female and 8 male) towards a sick group member were recorded daily for 3 h over a 38 day period (until the animal died), these data being compared with those for a comparable control period. Changes in feeding rank order, resting site, resting duration and grooming frequency and duration were found, these being to the advantage of the sick individual. The probable adaptive significance of such behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "Invalid care in the dwarf mongoose (Helogale undulata rufula). The responses of a captive family group of 12 Dwarf Mongooses (4 female and 8 male) towards a sick group member were recorded daily for 3 h over a 38 day period (until the animal died), these data being compared with those for a comparable control period. Changes in feeding rank order, resting site, resting duration and grooming frequency and duration were found, these being to the advantage of the sick individual. The probable adaptive significance of such behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 1014935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_644", "title": "[Analysis of pattern preferences in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica; Galli, Aves) with reference to inborn and acquired components].", "content": "Japanese quails were examined as to whether inborn or environmental factors were decisive for visual white-black pattern preference. By different breeding conditions (patterning of the environment, sight contact with other quails, knowledge of the food form) it was found out that bright surfaces were preferred to dark ones; young quails preferred patterns resembling the plumage of their own species, whereas older ones favoured those corresponding to their favourite food. Furthermore, activities were compared between different age groups; there are parallels between the activity in the test apparatus and on the activity platform.", "contents": "[Analysis of pattern preferences in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica; Galli, Aves) with reference to inborn and acquired components]. Japanese quails were examined as to whether inborn or environmental factors were decisive for visual white-black pattern preference. By different breeding conditions (patterning of the environment, sight contact with other quails, knowledge of the food form) it was found out that bright surfaces were preferred to dark ones; young quails preferred patterns resembling the plumage of their own species, whereas older ones favoured those corresponding to their favourite food. Furthermore, activities were compared between different age groups; there are parallels between the activity in the test apparatus and on the activity platform.", "PMID": 1014936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_645", "title": "[Enzyme-histochemical findings in the reperfused heart muscle of the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Enzyme-histochemical changes due to temporary ischemia of canin heart muscle with subsequent reperfusion of the ischemic damaged muscle are described. In relation to findings in the rat, the first enzyme-histochemical changes were observed after two hours of coronary artery ligation. These changes were more impressive after 4 hours of ligation. A further increase was caused by the reperfusion.", "contents": "[Enzyme-histochemical findings in the reperfused heart muscle of the dog (author's transl)]. Enzyme-histochemical changes due to temporary ischemia of canin heart muscle with subsequent reperfusion of the ischemic damaged muscle are described. In relation to findings in the rat, the first enzyme-histochemical changes were observed after two hours of coronary artery ligation. These changes were more impressive after 4 hours of ligation. A further increase was caused by the reperfusion.", "PMID": 1014963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_646", "title": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial in autopsy cases. Statistical studies. 3rd communication: relationship of coronary atherosclerosis of other arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "28978 autopsy reports of young (after the 14th year of age) and adult patients autopsied during the period of 1.1 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 were scored for atherosclerotic changes of the aorta and other arteries. The association of changes of these vessels and coronary sclerosis was studied. All groups of atherosclerotic changes showed an increase during the observation period. The cases with sclerotic changes of the aorta and the other arteries also showed an increase, especially those in combination with severe coronary sclerosis. 6.15 per cent of all cases showed a coronary sclerosis without further lesions of other vessels. Corresponding to the results of other authors we observed that in cases of atherosclerotic changes of several arteries mostly a atherosclerosis of all other vessels has to be taken into account.", "contents": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial in autopsy cases. Statistical studies. 3rd communication: relationship of coronary atherosclerosis of other arteries (author's transl)]. 28978 autopsy reports of young (after the 14th year of age) and adult patients autopsied during the period of 1.1 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 were scored for atherosclerotic changes of the aorta and other arteries. The association of changes of these vessels and coronary sclerosis was studied. All groups of atherosclerotic changes showed an increase during the observation period. The cases with sclerotic changes of the aorta and the other arteries also showed an increase, especially those in combination with severe coronary sclerosis. 6.15 per cent of all cases showed a coronary sclerosis without further lesions of other vessels. Corresponding to the results of other authors we observed that in cases of atherosclerotic changes of several arteries mostly a atherosclerosis of all other vessels has to be taken into account.", "PMID": 1014964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_647", "title": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. 4th communication: coronary thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "28978 cases of young (after the 14th year of age) and adult patients autopsied during the period from 1.1 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 in our Institute were scored for coronary thrombosis and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In this material the evidence of morphological changes was proved by longitudinal dissection of the coronary vessels. We analysed the age of thrombi, the localization and the grading of coronary vessels occlusions. Coronary thrombi were found in 2,31 per cent of all autopsies (2,81 per cent in males,1,31 per cent in females). Coronary thromboses showed an increase during the observation period. These thrombi were found more frequently in younger patients. Most of the thrombi (62,20 per cent) were localized in the Arteria coronaria sinistra, 37,80 per cent we found in the Arteria coronaria dextra. Fresh thrombi (57,51 per cent) and those being in organization (42,49 per cent) were not significantly different. Obturating thromboses showed an increase. The numbers of non-obturating thromboses decreased during the observation period. Our findings correspond to similar results published in literature.", "contents": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. 4th communication: coronary thrombosis (author's transl)]. 28978 cases of young (after the 14th year of age) and adult patients autopsied during the period from 1.1 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 in our Institute were scored for coronary thrombosis and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In this material the evidence of morphological changes was proved by longitudinal dissection of the coronary vessels. We analysed the age of thrombi, the localization and the grading of coronary vessels occlusions. Coronary thrombi were found in 2,31 per cent of all autopsies (2,81 per cent in males,1,31 per cent in females). Coronary thromboses showed an increase during the observation period. These thrombi were found more frequently in younger patients. Most of the thrombi (62,20 per cent) were localized in the Arteria coronaria sinistra, 37,80 per cent we found in the Arteria coronaria dextra. Fresh thrombi (57,51 per cent) and those being in organization (42,49 per cent) were not significantly different. Obturating thromboses showed an increase. The numbers of non-obturating thromboses decreased during the observation period. Our findings correspond to similar results published in literature.", "PMID": 1014965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_648", "title": "[On the angio-architecture of intramuscularly implanted Yoshida-sarcoma in untreated and lithium carmine-treated rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations were made on the angio-architecture of intramuscularily implanted Yoshida-sarcomas in untreated Wistar-rats and in animals treated with lithium carmine. The injected quantity of lithium carmine led to RES-activation according to the data in the literature. The presentation of the vessels was made by corrosion technique using the synthetic material KALLOCRYL after rinsing the vessels with the proper ester. The pre-existent vessels in the surrounding of the tumor showed an adaptation the expansive growth of the tumor. After starting the experiment the tumor-owned vessels showed an increasing tendency to grow out. The vessels of the treated animals rected in a more regularly and orientated course than those of the untreated animals. In the following time vascularisation in the untreated animals was considerably decreasing, whereas a clear vascularisation was evident in the treated animals until the end of the study. These different findings may be the expression of a local vascular reaction in the implanted tumor following RES-activation induced by lithium carmine.", "contents": "[On the angio-architecture of intramuscularly implanted Yoshida-sarcoma in untreated and lithium carmine-treated rats (author's transl)]. Investigations were made on the angio-architecture of intramuscularily implanted Yoshida-sarcomas in untreated Wistar-rats and in animals treated with lithium carmine. The injected quantity of lithium carmine led to RES-activation according to the data in the literature. The presentation of the vessels was made by corrosion technique using the synthetic material KALLOCRYL after rinsing the vessels with the proper ester. The pre-existent vessels in the surrounding of the tumor showed an adaptation the expansive growth of the tumor. After starting the experiment the tumor-owned vessels showed an increasing tendency to grow out. The vessels of the treated animals rected in a more regularly and orientated course than those of the untreated animals. In the following time vascularisation in the untreated animals was considerably decreasing, whereas a clear vascularisation was evident in the treated animals until the end of the study. These different findings may be the expression of a local vascular reaction in the implanted tumor following RES-activation induced by lithium carmine.", "PMID": 1014966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_649", "title": "[About the correlation of clinical, endoscopical and biopsy findings in inflammatory alterations of the rectal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, endoscopical and biopsy findings (of 725 samples of rectal mucosa) of two groups of patients with and without corresponding clinical complaints are compared and the conclusions are discussed, especially for morphologists. This examination perferably concerns the boderline between \"still normal\" and \"inflammatory\" findings.", "contents": "[About the correlation of clinical, endoscopical and biopsy findings in inflammatory alterations of the rectal mucosa (author's transl)]. Clinical, endoscopical and biopsy findings (of 725 samples of rectal mucosa) of two groups of patients with and without corresponding clinical complaints are compared and the conclusions are discussed, especially for morphologists. This examination perferably concerns the boderline between \"still normal\" and \"inflammatory\" findings.", "PMID": 1014968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_650", "title": "[Malignant stem-cell tumor of the pineal region with unusual differentiation (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a boy aged 10 with a malignant mixed stem-cell tumor of the pineal region. The tumor consists of an adult teratoma, circuscribed teratocarcinoma, endodermal sinus-tumor-like, choriocarcinomatous and germinoma (pinealoma) tous parts. The various parts of this tumor demonstrate the multipotentiality of stem-cells. Stem-cells produce similarly composed tumors also in other region.", "contents": "[Malignant stem-cell tumor of the pineal region with unusual differentiation (author's transl)]. Report on a boy aged 10 with a malignant mixed stem-cell tumor of the pineal region. The tumor consists of an adult teratoma, circuscribed teratocarcinoma, endodermal sinus-tumor-like, choriocarcinomatous and germinoma (pinealoma) tous parts. The various parts of this tumor demonstrate the multipotentiality of stem-cells. Stem-cells produce similarly composed tumors also in other region.", "PMID": 1014967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_651", "title": "[The inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Regarding the characteristics of the inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder a report is given on two of our own observations, and its histogenesis is discussed. Out of 41 reported cases 21 patients developed symptoms of bladder obstruction and 15 patients had macrohaematuria. With exception of two cases, all the tumors were localized in the bladder neck, they were mostly solitary and in some cases pedunculated. Microscopically they showed papillomatous structures growing inverted into the stroma with only little signs of proliferation as well as microcysts with PAS-positive material, and always they had distinct borders between epithelium and connective tissues. In 33 out of 41 cases control cytoscopy was performed between 6 months and 17 years after resection. Only one case showed recidivation of the tumor.", "contents": "[The inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder (author's transl)]. Regarding the characteristics of the inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder a report is given on two of our own observations, and its histogenesis is discussed. Out of 41 reported cases 21 patients developed symptoms of bladder obstruction and 15 patients had macrohaematuria. With exception of two cases, all the tumors were localized in the bladder neck, they were mostly solitary and in some cases pedunculated. Microscopically they showed papillomatous structures growing inverted into the stroma with only little signs of proliferation as well as microcysts with PAS-positive material, and always they had distinct borders between epithelium and connective tissues. In 33 out of 41 cases control cytoscopy was performed between 6 months and 17 years after resection. Only one case showed recidivation of the tumor.", "PMID": 1014969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_652", "title": "[Epithelial sarcoma. Three case reports with a review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from three own cases of an epithelioid sarcoma, the literature about this type of tumor is discussed. It occurs in males nearly three times as often as in females, with the maximum frequency between 20 and 29 years of age. Finger, hand, wrist and forearm are preferably affected with the epitheloid sarcoma. The microscopic features are: nodular growth, necroses and hemorrhages within the nodules, the tumor tissue consisting of spindle-type and epitheloid cells with spaces in between, and lymphocyte infiltrates and siderin deposits at the periphery. The neoplasm's cytogenesis is not known. With regard to the tumor, the differential diagnosis should make a clear-cut distinction particularly between inflammatory granulomas and benignant neoplasms. The tumor trends to reactivation to a large extent. Metastases are both lymphogenous and hematogenous. A radical surgical removal is strongly recommended.", "contents": "[Epithelial sarcoma. Three case reports with a review of literature (author's transl)]. Starting from three own cases of an epithelioid sarcoma, the literature about this type of tumor is discussed. It occurs in males nearly three times as often as in females, with the maximum frequency between 20 and 29 years of age. Finger, hand, wrist and forearm are preferably affected with the epitheloid sarcoma. The microscopic features are: nodular growth, necroses and hemorrhages within the nodules, the tumor tissue consisting of spindle-type and epitheloid cells with spaces in between, and lymphocyte infiltrates and siderin deposits at the periphery. The neoplasm's cytogenesis is not known. With regard to the tumor, the differential diagnosis should make a clear-cut distinction particularly between inflammatory granulomas and benignant neoplasms. The tumor trends to reactivation to a large extent. Metastases are both lymphogenous and hematogenous. A radical surgical removal is strongly recommended.", "PMID": 1014970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_653", "title": "[Ultrastructural studies on differentiation and proliferation of mouse peritoneal macrophages (author's transl)].", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages show considerable variations of the cell structure, but 98% of macrophages clearly differ from the other peritoneal exsudate cells. This part is reduced too 96% after i.p. injection of erythrocytes. The nature of the unclassified cells is discussed. A local proliferation is observed in 1% of peritoneal macrophages after injection of sheep erythrocytes, auto-erythrocytes and 0,9% NaC1-solution. After erythrocyte injection the proliferation begins with delay in time at the end of intracellular digestion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural studies on differentiation and proliferation of mouse peritoneal macrophages (author's transl)]. Mouse peritoneal macrophages show considerable variations of the cell structure, but 98% of macrophages clearly differ from the other peritoneal exsudate cells. This part is reduced too 96% after i.p. injection of erythrocytes. The nature of the unclassified cells is discussed. A local proliferation is observed in 1% of peritoneal macrophages after injection of sheep erythrocytes, auto-erythrocytes and 0,9% NaC1-solution. After erythrocyte injection the proliferation begins with delay in time at the end of intracellular digestion.", "PMID": 1014971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_654", "title": "[Coronary artherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1. 1951 untile 31.12. 1969 were scored for cases of coronary sclerosis and coronary thrombosis and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In 3.97 per cent of all autopsies (4.93 per cent of men, 2.62 per cent of women) a coronary sclerosis was present in combination with a coronary thrombosis. Coronary thrombi appeared more frequent in severe coronary sclerosis (8.96%) than in weak or moderately severe coronary sclerosis (1.39%). Males suffered significantly more frequent from these forms of icaemic heart disease. Coronary thrombi were found more frequently in the left coronary artery (2.46%) than in the right coronary (1.51%). This difference was significant. Non obturating thromboses were more frequent than obturating ones and those being in organization were rarer than fresh thromboses. In all cases a decrease of the relative frequency of the coronary thrombosis with increasing age in men and women is detected.", "contents": "[Coronary artherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases (author's transl)]. The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1. 1951 untile 31.12. 1969 were scored for cases of coronary sclerosis and coronary thrombosis and analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In 3.97 per cent of all autopsies (4.93 per cent of men, 2.62 per cent of women) a coronary sclerosis was present in combination with a coronary thrombosis. Coronary thrombi appeared more frequent in severe coronary sclerosis (8.96%) than in weak or moderately severe coronary sclerosis (1.39%). Males suffered significantly more frequent from these forms of icaemic heart disease. Coronary thrombi were found more frequently in the left coronary artery (2.46%) than in the right coronary (1.51%). This difference was significant. Non obturating thromboses were more frequent than obturating ones and those being in organization were rarer than fresh thromboses. In all cases a decrease of the relative frequency of the coronary thrombosis with increasing age in men and women is detected.", "PMID": 1014972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_655", "title": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1. 1. 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 were scored for cases of myocardial infarction which were analyed concerning frequency and distribution of age, and sex, resp. The informations were transferred to punched cards and processed with electronic data equipment. In 8.26 per cent of all autopsies (males 10.32 per cent, femals 5.78 per cent) a myocardial infarction was present. During the period of nineteen years a significant increase of the myocardial infarctions was observed. Callous infarcts were more frequent than fresh and relapsing. Most of the infarcts were found in the posterior wall of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases (author's transl)]. The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1. 1. 1951 until 31. 12. 1969 were scored for cases of myocardial infarction which were analyed concerning frequency and distribution of age, and sex, resp. The informations were transferred to punched cards and processed with electronic data equipment. In 8.26 per cent of all autopsies (males 10.32 per cent, femals 5.78 per cent) a myocardial infarction was present. During the period of nineteen years a significant increase of the myocardial infarctions was observed. Callous infarcts were more frequent than fresh and relapsing. Most of the infarcts were found in the posterior wall of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 1014973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_656", "title": "[A chordoma of sacrococcygeal region as a cause of nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of nephrotic syndrome connected with a chordoma of the sacrococcygeal region in a man aged 27 is described. Biopsy of the kidney revealed a diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis. Immunofluoresecenc showed deposits of IgG immunoglobulin on the basal membrane of glomeruli. In the patient's serum autoantibodies against chordoma cells were found. Those were also IgG globulins. To our knowledge such a relation of chordoma and nephrotic syndrome has not been described yet.", "contents": "[A chordoma of sacrococcygeal region as a cause of nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of nephrotic syndrome connected with a chordoma of the sacrococcygeal region in a man aged 27 is described. Biopsy of the kidney revealed a diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis. Immunofluoresecenc showed deposits of IgG immunoglobulin on the basal membrane of glomeruli. In the patient's serum autoantibodies against chordoma cells were found. Those were also IgG globulins. To our knowledge such a relation of chordoma and nephrotic syndrome has not been described yet.", "PMID": 1014974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_657", "title": "[Congenital laryngeal atresia with aplasia of trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a rare congenital laryngeal atresia with aplasia of trachea and a large communication between bifurcatio tracheae and oesophagus in a 5 minutes old nearly mature male newborn. The formal pathogenesis of this abnormality is discussed by a short summary of the embryological development of larynx and trachea. This is the 16th case so far communicated in Literature.", "contents": "[Congenital laryngeal atresia with aplasia of trachea (author's transl)]. Case report of a rare congenital laryngeal atresia with aplasia of trachea and a large communication between bifurcatio tracheae and oesophagus in a 5 minutes old nearly mature male newborn. The formal pathogenesis of this abnormality is discussed by a short summary of the embryological development of larynx and trachea. This is the 16th case so far communicated in Literature.", "PMID": 1014975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_658", "title": "[Advances in the diagnosis of pancreatic affections. The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of our experience from 170 endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticographies the value of this method for the diagnosis of pancreatic affections is confirmed. It permits the assessment of chronic pancreatitis. In the majority of cases a safe diagnosis of pancreatic tumours is possible when the clinical picture and additional X - ray procedures are also considered.", "contents": "[Advances in the diagnosis of pancreatic affections. The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography (author's transl)]. On the basis of our experience from 170 endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticographies the value of this method for the diagnosis of pancreatic affections is confirmed. It permits the assessment of chronic pancreatitis. In the majority of cases a safe diagnosis of pancreatic tumours is possible when the clinical picture and additional X - ray procedures are also considered.", "PMID": 1014976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_659", "title": "[The fine needle biopsy, a safe method for intraoperative differentiation of tumours of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "High diagnostic accuracy (with increasing experience up to 90 per cent) and the absence of complications characterize the fine needle biopsy of the pancreas so far applied to 92 patients. This cytodiagnostic method is of great clinical importance, especially, for the intraoperative differentiation of small tumours for which pancreatoduodenectomy is only indicated in cases of carcinomas.", "contents": "[The fine needle biopsy, a safe method for intraoperative differentiation of tumours of the pancreas (author's transl)]. High diagnostic accuracy (with increasing experience up to 90 per cent) and the absence of complications characterize the fine needle biopsy of the pancreas so far applied to 92 patients. This cytodiagnostic method is of great clinical importance, especially, for the intraoperative differentiation of small tumours for which pancreatoduodenectomy is only indicated in cases of carcinomas.", "PMID": 1014977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_660", "title": "[Ultrasonography of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of a modern ultrasonic equipment with real time and gray-scale technique enables a riskless and less time consuming examination of the pancreas. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases is demonstrated by a clinical study in comparison to the endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography. By ultrasonography it is not only possible, to detect an enlargement of the pancreas, but also to differentiate between the various diseases of the pancreas in about 75% of the cases. Follow up controls in acute pancreatitis and the simultaneous examination of the neighbouring organs in all cases of a pancreatic disease are an important aid for the decision of surgical treatment. The ultrasonic targeted fine needle aspiration biopsy seems to be a suitable method to establish a morphological diagnosis in certain pancreatic diseases too.", "contents": "[Ultrasonography of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)]. The use of a modern ultrasonic equipment with real time and gray-scale technique enables a riskless and less time consuming examination of the pancreas. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases is demonstrated by a clinical study in comparison to the endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography. By ultrasonography it is not only possible, to detect an enlargement of the pancreas, but also to differentiate between the various diseases of the pancreas in about 75% of the cases. Follow up controls in acute pancreatitis and the simultaneous examination of the neighbouring organs in all cases of a pancreatic disease are an important aid for the decision of surgical treatment. The ultrasonic targeted fine needle aspiration biopsy seems to be a suitable method to establish a morphological diagnosis in certain pancreatic diseases too.", "PMID": 1014978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_661", "title": "[Pancreatic ascites (author's transl)].", "content": "Pancreatic ascites occurs in cases of pancreatic ducts being damaged or discontinued due to pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma. Serum amylase, amylase and protein levels in ascites fluid are found to be elevated in cases of pancreatic ascites and a pancreatogram made during the operation confirms it. Various operations and sometimes a simple abdominal drainage are performed for treating pancreatic ascites.", "contents": "[Pancreatic ascites (author's transl)]. Pancreatic ascites occurs in cases of pancreatic ducts being damaged or discontinued due to pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma. Serum amylase, amylase and protein levels in ascites fluid are found to be elevated in cases of pancreatic ascites and a pancreatogram made during the operation confirms it. Various operations and sometimes a simple abdominal drainage are performed for treating pancreatic ascites.", "PMID": 1014979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_662", "title": "[Douglas' abscess with ureteric obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 19 year old man with a single kidney the development of a large Douglas' abscess was followed by anuria; The various causes are discussed. It is resonable to assume, that the obstruction resulted from longitudinal tension of the ureter over the iliace vessels (iliac sign).", "contents": "[Douglas' abscess with ureteric obstruction (author's transl)]. In a 19 year old man with a single kidney the development of a large Douglas' abscess was followed by anuria; The various causes are discussed. It is resonable to assume, that the obstruction resulted from longitudinal tension of the ureter over the iliace vessels (iliac sign).", "PMID": 1014980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_663", "title": "[Appendicitis in more than 60 years old patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the results of 668 appendectomies performed because of appendicitis from 1953 to 1974 in patients older than 60 years.-During the last years a considerable relative increase of seniors-appendectomy could be observed.-During the period mentioned perforations came to 27.5% constantly.", "contents": "[Appendicitis in more than 60 years old patients (author's transl)]. A report is given on the results of 668 appendectomies performed because of appendicitis from 1953 to 1974 in patients older than 60 years.-During the last years a considerable relative increase of seniors-appendectomy could be observed.-During the period mentioned perforations came to 27.5% constantly.", "PMID": 1014981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_664", "title": "[Prognosis of perforated appendicitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 4000 appendectomies 302 cases of perforated appendicitis are reported. The rate of perforations amounts to 7,5%. The medium letality of perforated appendicitis amounted to 6,6% and increased with advancing years of age. Complications are analysed. Problems of treatment and prognosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Prognosis of perforated appendicitis (author's transl)]. In a total of 4000 appendectomies 302 cases of perforated appendicitis are reported. The rate of perforations amounts to 7,5%. The medium letality of perforated appendicitis amounted to 6,6% and increased with advancing years of age. Complications are analysed. Problems of treatment and prognosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1014982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_665", "title": "[Diseases of the extrahepatic bile-ducts with special reference to secondary biliary hepatitis (author's transls)].", "content": "159 patients suffering from histologically proved cholangiogenic hepatitis have been observed for 3 to 10 years after operative sanitation of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangio-enterostomy (choledochoduodenostomy) affects the prognosis of cholangio-hepatitis unfavourably.", "contents": "[Diseases of the extrahepatic bile-ducts with special reference to secondary biliary hepatitis (author's transls)]. 159 patients suffering from histologically proved cholangiogenic hepatitis have been observed for 3 to 10 years after operative sanitation of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangio-enterostomy (choledochoduodenostomy) affects the prognosis of cholangio-hepatitis unfavourably.", "PMID": 1014983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_666", "title": "[Multiple carcinoma in colon and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "43 multiple carcinomas of the colon and rectum were studied. 20 of those tumours showed a simultaneous manifestation, and 23 of them a metachroneous one. The interval between primary and secondary manifestation varied from 1 to 17 years. This clearly demonstrates that even after a very long tumour-free interval a secondary manifestation of the carcinoma can still be possible. The high percentage of multiple carcinomas of the colon calls for a careful preoperative diagnosis and an extensive intraoperative exploration of the whole colon. After hospitalisation a repeated check-up (3 months) is needed in the outpatients department to detect any secondary or recurrent carcinoma at the very earliest stage. In this way we were able to find 23 metachroneous manifestations and 27 recurrent carcinomas which were still resectable. The treatment of choice for polyposis coli is total colectomy.", "contents": "[Multiple carcinoma in colon and rectum (author's transl)]. 43 multiple carcinomas of the colon and rectum were studied. 20 of those tumours showed a simultaneous manifestation, and 23 of them a metachroneous one. The interval between primary and secondary manifestation varied from 1 to 17 years. This clearly demonstrates that even after a very long tumour-free interval a secondary manifestation of the carcinoma can still be possible. The high percentage of multiple carcinomas of the colon calls for a careful preoperative diagnosis and an extensive intraoperative exploration of the whole colon. After hospitalisation a repeated check-up (3 months) is needed in the outpatients department to detect any secondary or recurrent carcinoma at the very earliest stage. In this way we were able to find 23 metachroneous manifestations and 27 recurrent carcinomas which were still resectable. The treatment of choice for polyposis coli is total colectomy.", "PMID": 1014984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_667", "title": "[The postoperative atonic bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Urodynamic investigations in 96 patients with carcinoma of rectum showed that the term \"postoperative atony\" does not describe the measurable alterations following excision of the rectum. Postoperative mechanical disorders of micturition and neurogenic lesions were analysed under the aspect of future therapy.", "contents": "[The postoperative atonic bladder (author's transl)]. Urodynamic investigations in 96 patients with carcinoma of rectum showed that the term \"postoperative atony\" does not describe the measurable alterations following excision of the rectum. Postoperative mechanical disorders of micturition and neurogenic lesions were analysed under the aspect of future therapy.", "PMID": 1014985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_668", "title": "[Lyophilized split pigskin for biological wound dressings (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental and clinical investigations of an unviable split pigskin preserve, produced by a fairly simple industrial process, outline the following results: The skin preserve protects a wound surface against infection and prevents loss of fluid. The reaction of the wound surface is very restricted even after repeated application, whilst the viable pigskin releases a more intense host reaction.", "contents": "[Lyophilized split pigskin for biological wound dressings (author's transl)]. Experimental and clinical investigations of an unviable split pigskin preserve, produced by a fairly simple industrial process, outline the following results: The skin preserve protects a wound surface against infection and prevents loss of fluid. The reaction of the wound surface is very restricted even after repeated application, whilst the viable pigskin releases a more intense host reaction.", "PMID": 1014988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_669", "title": "Modern aspects of shock-treatment in extensive burns (author's transl).", "content": "The best fluid-treatment is not yet found. Even the optimal fluid-treatment, however, can hardly be expected to entail drastic improvements of the prognosis in patients suffering from severe burns. Interest should be concentrated on the burned tissue. We believe to have proved that acute excision in the shock-phase is permissable.", "contents": "Modern aspects of shock-treatment in extensive burns (author's transl). The best fluid-treatment is not yet found. Even the optimal fluid-treatment, however, can hardly be expected to entail drastic improvements of the prognosis in patients suffering from severe burns. Interest should be concentrated on the burned tissue. We believe to have proved that acute excision in the shock-phase is permissable.", "PMID": 1014989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_670", "title": "[Non-osteogenic fibroma of bone (author's transl)].", "content": "The non-osteogenic fibroma of bone is comparatively rare, with its tumour character being indeterminate. It is always benign, has a characteristic X-ray and allows a reliable diagnosis to be made in almost all case. Surgical treatment is only exceptionally necessary because of the tendency for spontaneous healing.", "contents": "[Non-osteogenic fibroma of bone (author's transl)]. The non-osteogenic fibroma of bone is comparatively rare, with its tumour character being indeterminate. It is always benign, has a characteristic X-ray and allows a reliable diagnosis to be made in almost all case. Surgical treatment is only exceptionally necessary because of the tendency for spontaneous healing.", "PMID": 1014991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_671", "title": "[Possibilities of surgical treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "5% of the working population of the Federal Republic of Germany are suffering from a postthrombotic syndrome. Reconstructive venous surgery is only beginning to make progress as regards technique and number of cases. Over a period of four years and among a total of 2,000 cases of vascular surgery, there were only 112 operations on the venous system. Unilateral occlusions of the iliac vein are reconstructed by Palma Operation. The results of such interventions can be improved by creating a temporary arteriovenous fistula (14 observed cases, 12 of them functionning). In cases of thrombotic occlusion of the femoral vein, the equilateral saphenous vein can be implanted into the popliteal vein, thus providing an unimpaired runoff for the pump of the calf muscles (May-Operation). In this procedure, better haemodynamic conditions for the permeability of the graft can also be created by a temporary arteriovenous fistula established between the distal saphenous vein and the posterior tibial artery behind the ankle (9 observed cases, 8 of them functionning).", "contents": "[Possibilities of surgical treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome (author's transl)]. 5% of the working population of the Federal Republic of Germany are suffering from a postthrombotic syndrome. Reconstructive venous surgery is only beginning to make progress as regards technique and number of cases. Over a period of four years and among a total of 2,000 cases of vascular surgery, there were only 112 operations on the venous system. Unilateral occlusions of the iliac vein are reconstructed by Palma Operation. The results of such interventions can be improved by creating a temporary arteriovenous fistula (14 observed cases, 12 of them functionning). In cases of thrombotic occlusion of the femoral vein, the equilateral saphenous vein can be implanted into the popliteal vein, thus providing an unimpaired runoff for the pump of the calf muscles (May-Operation). In this procedure, better haemodynamic conditions for the permeability of the graft can also be created by a temporary arteriovenous fistula established between the distal saphenous vein and the posterior tibial artery behind the ankle (9 observed cases, 8 of them functionning).", "PMID": 1014992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_672", "title": "[Rupture of the diaphragm in combination with injuries of the abdomen and thorax (author's transl)].", "content": "In 55 closed injuries of the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cage 4 ruptures of the diaphragm occurred. Due to the noncharacteristic symptoms the rupture of the diaphragm is frequently mistaken. In many cases it is possible to close the rupture from the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "[Rupture of the diaphragm in combination with injuries of the abdomen and thorax (author's transl)]. In 55 closed injuries of the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cage 4 ruptures of the diaphragm occurred. Due to the noncharacteristic symptoms the rupture of the diaphragm is frequently mistaken. In many cases it is possible to close the rupture from the abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 1014993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_673", "title": "[Principles of therapy with antibiotics and chemotherapeutics].", "content": "Important aspects for the today therapy and prophylaxis with antibiotics/chemotherapeutics resp. are represented (choice of the antibiotic, treatment with antibiotic or sulphonamide, bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, combination possibilities with examples). A strong indication for the application of chemotherapeutic agents is demanded. The necessity of careful sensitivity tests before instituting chemotherapy is emphasised. Reasons for the essentially economical application of drugs today are referred to. Especially is discussed the problem of transferable drug resistance, the resistance situation during therapy, and the problem of drug application outside medicine.", "contents": "[Principles of therapy with antibiotics and chemotherapeutics]. Important aspects for the today therapy and prophylaxis with antibiotics/chemotherapeutics resp. are represented (choice of the antibiotic, treatment with antibiotic or sulphonamide, bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, combination possibilities with examples). A strong indication for the application of chemotherapeutic agents is demanded. The necessity of careful sensitivity tests before instituting chemotherapy is emphasised. Reasons for the essentially economical application of drugs today are referred to. Especially is discussed the problem of transferable drug resistance, the resistance situation during therapy, and the problem of drug application outside medicine.", "PMID": 1014994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_674", "title": "[Blood gas analysis in surgical geriatric gynecology].", "content": "At 36 women ranging in age from 60 to 87 years, who received general anaesthesia for gynaecological operations, pO2 and acid-base-status were controlled before and two hours after operation and on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. At these geriatric patients the results showed mean values of pO2 in relation to the age and normal parameters of the acid-base status. Comparing the abdominal and vaginal operations no significant differences could be found. The comparison between patients aged 60 to 69 years and these over 70 years showed only small but clinically insignificant differences of base excess. These beneficial results are the consequences of a successful, complications avoiding pre- and postoperative treatment.", "contents": "[Blood gas analysis in surgical geriatric gynecology]. At 36 women ranging in age from 60 to 87 years, who received general anaesthesia for gynaecological operations, pO2 and acid-base-status were controlled before and two hours after operation and on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. At these geriatric patients the results showed mean values of pO2 in relation to the age and normal parameters of the acid-base status. Comparing the abdominal and vaginal operations no significant differences could be found. The comparison between patients aged 60 to 69 years and these over 70 years showed only small but clinically insignificant differences of base excess. These beneficial results are the consequences of a successful, complications avoiding pre- and postoperative treatment.", "PMID": 1014995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_675", "title": "[Appendectomies during gynecologic laparotomies].", "content": "By means of 1460 operations we communicate about the suitableness of appendectomia during gynecological laparotomia.", "contents": "[Appendectomies during gynecologic laparotomies]. By means of 1460 operations we communicate about the suitableness of appendectomia during gynecological laparotomia.", "PMID": 1014996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_676", "title": "[An unusual hormone-active avarian tumor in a 3-year-old girl].", "content": "A case report on an unusual hormone producing ovarian tumor in a 3 year old girl with sexual precocity is given. The serum values of Estradiol and Progesterone were similar to those of mature women during the luteal phase. The LH values were normal, the 17-Ketosteroids and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids were near the upper limit of the normal range. At laparotomy a smooth, encapsulated tumor of the left ovary, 12 cm in diameter, was removed by unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Hormone analyses of the blood of the ovarian vein as well as of necrotic parts of the tumor showed values of 3450 and 2750 pg/ml Estradiol, and 70 000 and 75 000 pg/ml Progesterone respectively. Histiologically the tumor cells were growing in nests and broad columns, showing bizarre nuclei, abundant pathologic mitoses and patchy calcification. In places the tumor cells were forming follicle-like structures. Both the fat stain and the glycogen stain were positive. Histochemically the tumor showed a strong activity of 3beta-ol-Steroiddehydrogenase. Postoperatively the signs of sexual precocity disappeared soon. The patient is now without complaints for 3 years. The diagnosis of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor (Scully) was given. The endocrine relations between sexual steroids and gonadotropin before and after surgery are discussed.", "contents": "[An unusual hormone-active avarian tumor in a 3-year-old girl]. A case report on an unusual hormone producing ovarian tumor in a 3 year old girl with sexual precocity is given. The serum values of Estradiol and Progesterone were similar to those of mature women during the luteal phase. The LH values were normal, the 17-Ketosteroids and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids were near the upper limit of the normal range. At laparotomy a smooth, encapsulated tumor of the left ovary, 12 cm in diameter, was removed by unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Hormone analyses of the blood of the ovarian vein as well as of necrotic parts of the tumor showed values of 3450 and 2750 pg/ml Estradiol, and 70 000 and 75 000 pg/ml Progesterone respectively. Histiologically the tumor cells were growing in nests and broad columns, showing bizarre nuclei, abundant pathologic mitoses and patchy calcification. In places the tumor cells were forming follicle-like structures. Both the fat stain and the glycogen stain were positive. Histochemically the tumor showed a strong activity of 3beta-ol-Steroiddehydrogenase. Postoperatively the signs of sexual precocity disappeared soon. The patient is now without complaints for 3 years. The diagnosis of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor (Scully) was given. The endocrine relations between sexual steroids and gonadotropin before and after surgery are discussed.", "PMID": 1014997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_677", "title": "[Psychometric studies on female patients during sterility counseling].", "content": "The application of the VNPI-test, i.e. neurosis screening, to 46 female patients attending consultations on sterility, is reported. For patients having normal genital organs, the test results indicated a neurotic personality at rate three times higher (52%) than for patients found to have pathological genitals (17%). This result is understood to confirm the opinion which, in addition to somatic causes, also accepts  a psychogenic etiology of sterility. Therefore, the importance of early psychological investigation is pointed out, which should not start as late as once all somatic efforts have failed.", "contents": "[Psychometric studies on female patients during sterility counseling]. The application of the VNPI-test, i.e. neurosis screening, to 46 female patients attending consultations on sterility, is reported. For patients having normal genital organs, the test results indicated a neurotic personality at rate three times higher (52%) than for patients found to have pathological genitals (17%). This result is understood to confirm the opinion which, in addition to somatic causes, also accepts  a psychogenic etiology of sterility. Therefore, the importance of early psychological investigation is pointed out, which should not start as late as once all somatic efforts have failed.", "PMID": 1014998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_678", "title": "[Legal evaluation of heterologous insemination in the GRD].", "content": "Therapeutic heterologous inseminations violate neither the socialist law of the German Democratic Republic nor the standards of socialist moral. From the view of the G.D.R. family code and insemination child is considered as legitimate, as each other child born to a married couple. A later voidance of paternity because of the heterologous insemination is not possible for both, father and mother, from the very beginning disclaim it. According to the family code of the G.D.R. the donor is neither related to the child, nor his paternity can be determined later by legal proceedings. Because of this legal status insemination child or his parents cannot demand alimony from the sperm donor or the inseminator.", "contents": "[Legal evaluation of heterologous insemination in the GRD]. Therapeutic heterologous inseminations violate neither the socialist law of the German Democratic Republic nor the standards of socialist moral. From the view of the G.D.R. family code and insemination child is considered as legitimate, as each other child born to a married couple. A later voidance of paternity because of the heterologous insemination is not possible for both, father and mother, from the very beginning disclaim it. According to the family code of the G.D.R. the donor is neither related to the child, nor his paternity can be determined later by legal proceedings. Because of this legal status insemination child or his parents cannot demand alimony from the sperm donor or the inseminator.", "PMID": 1014999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_679", "title": "[The practice of heterologous insemination in the treatment of androgenic sterility].", "content": "Except of adoption the heterologous insemination has for some years in the GDR been a part of the therapeutic possibilities of a couple's androgen sterility. However, there is no uniform conception on practical proceeding, juridical problems, selection of sperm donors and documentation of data. This paper describes the practical proceeding at the women's hospital of Berlin's Humboldt University (Charit\u00e9). It contains, among other things, an indication list, regulations for medical examination, instruction and juridical securing of both the donor and the married couple. Documentation of data under special regard of professional discretion is also dealt with.", "contents": "[The practice of heterologous insemination in the treatment of androgenic sterility]. Except of adoption the heterologous insemination has for some years in the GDR been a part of the therapeutic possibilities of a couple's androgen sterility. However, there is no uniform conception on practical proceeding, juridical problems, selection of sperm donors and documentation of data. This paper describes the practical proceeding at the women's hospital of Berlin's Humboldt University (Charit\u00e9). It contains, among other things, an indication list, regulations for medical examination, instruction and juridical securing of both the donor and the married couple. Documentation of data under special regard of professional discretion is also dealt with.", "PMID": 1015000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_680", "title": "[The syndrome of ovarian hypoplasia].", "content": "The authors, on the basis of broad and endocrinological studies and of histological investigation of the ovaries, performed in 21 women, described an uniform disease picture which allowes to delimit ovarian hypoplastic syndrome out of a group of patients with ovarial insufficiency. This syndrome is characterized by primary or secondary amenorrhoea, normal height, weak development of secondary sexfeatures, and by small ovaries which have the oval or roller, more seldom ball-like or streaking form. The histological picture of the ovaries consist of fibrous stroma without generative elements or with a small number of primary follicles, but sometimes also with single growing Graaf's follicle. The excretion of estrogens is very low and in the case of gonadotrophins it increases.", "contents": "[The syndrome of ovarian hypoplasia]. The authors, on the basis of broad and endocrinological studies and of histological investigation of the ovaries, performed in 21 women, described an uniform disease picture which allowes to delimit ovarian hypoplastic syndrome out of a group of patients with ovarial insufficiency. This syndrome is characterized by primary or secondary amenorrhoea, normal height, weak development of secondary sexfeatures, and by small ovaries which have the oval or roller, more seldom ball-like or streaking form. The histological picture of the ovaries consist of fibrous stroma without generative elements or with a small number of primary follicles, but sometimes also with single growing Graaf's follicle. The excretion of estrogens is very low and in the case of gonadotrophins it increases.", "PMID": 1015001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_681", "title": "[Ultramicroscopic studies on the drainage system of the human corpus luteum].", "content": "The granulosa lutein cells of the human corpus luteum have a specialized system of drainage with a particularly formed extracellular space, by which the steroids pass into the capillary vessels. The extracellular space consists of two partial systems: First one finds, similar to the bile capillaries of the liver, lacune-like widnings of the intercellular space, where numerous microvilli of the lining cells are to be found and which are lined by desmosomes and invaginations of the cell membrane. Second there exist relatively wide canals limited by a granular membrane forming a network of their own among the lutein cells. Both systems contact without direct communication. We believe that first the steroids pass into the intracellular lacunes by diffusion or active transport from where they reach the membrane-lined canals by help of the network they pass on to the pericapillar space from where they diffuse into the blood vessels.", "contents": "[Ultramicroscopic studies on the drainage system of the human corpus luteum]. The granulosa lutein cells of the human corpus luteum have a specialized system of drainage with a particularly formed extracellular space, by which the steroids pass into the capillary vessels. The extracellular space consists of two partial systems: First one finds, similar to the bile capillaries of the liver, lacune-like widnings of the intercellular space, where numerous microvilli of the lining cells are to be found and which are lined by desmosomes and invaginations of the cell membrane. Second there exist relatively wide canals limited by a granular membrane forming a network of their own among the lutein cells. Both systems contact without direct communication. We believe that first the steroids pass into the intracellular lacunes by diffusion or active transport from where they reach the membrane-lined canals by help of the network they pass on to the pericapillar space from where they diffuse into the blood vessels.", "PMID": 1015002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_682", "title": "[Electron microscopic study on the proliferation and regression of the human endometrium following administration of a new depot estrogen ethinyl estradiol sulfonate].", "content": "The ultrastructure of endometrium was investigated after oral application of 1 or 3 mg of the new depot oestrogen etinyloestradiolsulfonate by means of long time observation with biopsies on postmenopause women. Details of this experimental proliferation was described. The highest functional activity in the endometrial gland and stromal cells was found 3 weeks after intake. There was no difference between ultrastructure following exogenous and endogenous oestrogen action. Degenerative changes within mitochondria were observed earlier than the regression in light microscopical picture.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study on the proliferation and regression of the human endometrium following administration of a new depot estrogen ethinyl estradiol sulfonate]. The ultrastructure of endometrium was investigated after oral application of 1 or 3 mg of the new depot oestrogen etinyloestradiolsulfonate by means of long time observation with biopsies on postmenopause women. Details of this experimental proliferation was described. The highest functional activity in the endometrial gland and stromal cells was found 3 weeks after intake. There was no difference between ultrastructure following exogenous and endogenous oestrogen action. Degenerative changes within mitochondria were observed earlier than the regression in light microscopical picture.", "PMID": 1015003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_683", "title": "[Histological and diagnostic criteria and incidence of endometritis in abrasion material].", "content": "At present the diagnosis \"endometritis\" is diagnosed too frequently by the histological examination of the endometrial biopsies. An essential cause is the misconstruction of cells of the endometrial stroma. This investigation is based on the histological diagnosis of 3729 endometrial biopsies. 229 cases represent changes of the endometrium after pregnancy (abortion, birth). Among 3500 endometrial biopsies 9 cases (=0,3%) had been diagnosed as \"nonspecific chronic endometritis\". The histological signs of the endometritis are described.", "contents": "[Histological and diagnostic criteria and incidence of endometritis in abrasion material]. At present the diagnosis \"endometritis\" is diagnosed too frequently by the histological examination of the endometrial biopsies. An essential cause is the misconstruction of cells of the endometrial stroma. This investigation is based on the histological diagnosis of 3729 endometrial biopsies. 229 cases represent changes of the endometrium after pregnancy (abortion, birth). Among 3500 endometrial biopsies 9 cases (=0,3%) had been diagnosed as \"nonspecific chronic endometritis\". The histological signs of the endometritis are described.", "PMID": 1015004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_684", "title": "[Ambulatory vaginal tubal sterilization using a plastic clip with special reference to reversibility].", "content": "Report about 248 vaginal tubesterilizations with plastic clips. 94% were carried out in outpatients, no complications were observed. After removing plastic clips in animal experiments four rabbits became pregnancy.", "contents": "[Ambulatory vaginal tubal sterilization using a plastic clip with special reference to reversibility]. Report about 248 vaginal tubesterilizations with plastic clips. 94% were carried out in outpatients, no complications were observed. After removing plastic clips in animal experiments four rabbits became pregnancy.", "PMID": 1015005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_685", "title": "[Effect, hazards and risks of the new vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) as calculated by special formulas (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect and risks of the vaccination against TBE virus was calculated by means of formulas for Q and D. Q considers the relation between total risk of unvaccinated and vaccinated persons and D the yearly difference in risks between unvaccinated and vaccinated members of a community. In recommendable vaccinations Q should exceed 1,0 and D should be greater than 0. Vaccination against TBE was performed by 2 injections at an interval of 4 weeks followed by a 3rd injection after 9 months. No major side effects were observed in vaccinations of about 50,000 persons. After one injection only, the conversion rate was 76% and Q 4,17, after 2 injections the conversion rate was 96% and Q 25 and after the total course of 3 injections the conversion rate was 98% and Q was calculated to be 50. With respect to morbidity DM was 7,18 X 10(-5) and regarding mortality DL was 1,1 X 10(-6). That means that proper vaccination of persons at risk in Austria could prevent 500-600 cases of encephalitis and approximately 8 deaths due to TBE per year. It was concluded that the new vaccination is effective and recommendable. Revaccinations will be necessary probably at intervals of 2-3 years, the exact time period still being under study.", "contents": "[Effect, hazards and risks of the new vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) as calculated by special formulas (author's transl)]. The effect and risks of the vaccination against TBE virus was calculated by means of formulas for Q and D. Q considers the relation between total risk of unvaccinated and vaccinated persons and D the yearly difference in risks between unvaccinated and vaccinated members of a community. In recommendable vaccinations Q should exceed 1,0 and D should be greater than 0. Vaccination against TBE was performed by 2 injections at an interval of 4 weeks followed by a 3rd injection after 9 months. No major side effects were observed in vaccinations of about 50,000 persons. After one injection only, the conversion rate was 76% and Q 4,17, after 2 injections the conversion rate was 96% and Q 25 and after the total course of 3 injections the conversion rate was 98% and Q was calculated to be 50. With respect to morbidity DM was 7,18 X 10(-5) and regarding mortality DL was 1,1 X 10(-6). That means that proper vaccination of persons at risk in Austria could prevent 500-600 cases of encephalitis and approximately 8 deaths due to TBE per year. It was concluded that the new vaccination is effective and recommendable. Revaccinations will be necessary probably at intervals of 2-3 years, the exact time period still being under study.", "PMID": 1015006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_686", "title": "Delayed multiplication of Semliki forest virus in organ cultures of muscle from vaccinated mice.", "content": "Local immunity against the homologous virus was detected from the first until the third day of incubation in organ cultures of muscle from mice previously vaccinated with Semliki Forest Virus.", "contents": "Delayed multiplication of Semliki forest virus in organ cultures of muscle from vaccinated mice. Local immunity against the homologous virus was detected from the first until the third day of incubation in organ cultures of muscle from mice previously vaccinated with Semliki Forest Virus.", "PMID": 1015007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_687", "title": "[The propagation of swine fever virus in cultures of macrophages and lymphocytes of normal and immune pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Swine fever virus is replicated in the cells of the lymphoid complex. During the course of the disease cell-destruction, leucopenia and a disturbance of globulin and transferrin production is described. In the case of recovering firstly the leucocyte population, specially the lymphocytes, later on antibody titer increase. The production of virus neutralizing antibodies is not recognizable to be the cause of a recovery, the latter seems to be initiated by the production of a newly formed cell population. Therefore macrophages and lymphocytes of normal and of swine fever immune pigs are compared respecting the virus replication in vitro. Hereby macrophage cultures did not show any differences. In contrast to these findings in the tissue cultures consisting of predominantly lymphocytes of normal animals the virus replication exceeded that of immune pigs. Further on in the lymphatic organs of pigs killed in the recovering state newly formed clones of lymphoid cells were detected, which did not show swine fever specific but a globulin specific fluorescence. Obviously during the reconvalescent state a population of immune relevant lymphocytes is being created, which is different of these of non-immune pigs, since swine fever virus is not propagated by them anymore.", "contents": "[The propagation of swine fever virus in cultures of macrophages and lymphocytes of normal and immune pigs (author's transl)]. Swine fever virus is replicated in the cells of the lymphoid complex. During the course of the disease cell-destruction, leucopenia and a disturbance of globulin and transferrin production is described. In the case of recovering firstly the leucocyte population, specially the lymphocytes, later on antibody titer increase. The production of virus neutralizing antibodies is not recognizable to be the cause of a recovery, the latter seems to be initiated by the production of a newly formed cell population. Therefore macrophages and lymphocytes of normal and of swine fever immune pigs are compared respecting the virus replication in vitro. Hereby macrophage cultures did not show any differences. In contrast to these findings in the tissue cultures consisting of predominantly lymphocytes of normal animals the virus replication exceeded that of immune pigs. Further on in the lymphatic organs of pigs killed in the recovering state newly formed clones of lymphoid cells were detected, which did not show swine fever specific but a globulin specific fluorescence. Obviously during the reconvalescent state a population of immune relevant lymphocytes is being created, which is different of these of non-immune pigs, since swine fever virus is not propagated by them anymore.", "PMID": 1015008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_688", "title": "[Rubella vaccination with \"Cendehill\" and \"RA 27/3\". Reinfection of vaccinated and naturally immune persons compared with the infection rate of susceptible persons within a 3-resp. 5-year observation period (author's transl)].", "content": "Many investigators in Europe and the USA have usually found high rates of serum conversion after vaccination with the rubella vaccines Cendehill and RA 27/3, but the resistance of vaccinated individuals against superinfection without disease induced by wild virus strains under experimental or natural conditions seems to be very low; e.g. up to 80% of the vaccinees reacted with increasing titers of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies after super-infection with a wild virus in a special epidemiological situation. In our two studies performed under natural conditions of infection including an observation period of three years resp. five years after vaccination a more favourable picture evolved, perhaps reflecting a different epidemiological situation, a different susceptibility or a less virulence of wild virus in our region: Three years after vaccination of 14 years old girls with Cendehill and RA 27/3 in a double blind trial a significant increase in the titers of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies was observed after vaccination with Cendehill by the subcutaneous route in only 1,16% (1/86) and in 1,18% (1/85) after vaccination with RA 27/3 by the same route. In the same observation period the infection rate in a control group not protected by natural immunity or by vaccination was 54,72% (87/159) and in a second control group, protected by natural immunity 1,82% (3/165)...", "contents": "[Rubella vaccination with \"Cendehill\" and \"RA 27/3\". Reinfection of vaccinated and naturally immune persons compared with the infection rate of susceptible persons within a 3-resp. 5-year observation period (author's transl)]. Many investigators in Europe and the USA have usually found high rates of serum conversion after vaccination with the rubella vaccines Cendehill and RA 27/3, but the resistance of vaccinated individuals against superinfection without disease induced by wild virus strains under experimental or natural conditions seems to be very low; e.g. up to 80% of the vaccinees reacted with increasing titers of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies after super-infection with a wild virus in a special epidemiological situation. In our two studies performed under natural conditions of infection including an observation period of three years resp. five years after vaccination a more favourable picture evolved, perhaps reflecting a different epidemiological situation, a different susceptibility or a less virulence of wild virus in our region: Three years after vaccination of 14 years old girls with Cendehill and RA 27/3 in a double blind trial a significant increase in the titers of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies was observed after vaccination with Cendehill by the subcutaneous route in only 1,16% (1/86) and in 1,18% (1/85) after vaccination with RA 27/3 by the same route. In the same observation period the infection rate in a control group not protected by natural immunity or by vaccination was 54,72% (87/159) and in a second control group, protected by natural immunity 1,82% (3/165)...", "PMID": 1015009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_689", "title": "The nosocomial and occupational hepatitis type B infection in a chest disease hospital. A prospective study.", "content": "The results of a prospective study of hepatitis B infections among the patients of a Chest Disease Hospital are reported. A thousand and sixteen patients admitted during the twelve months study period were screened for the Hepatitis B(Surface)-Antigen(HBsAg) on admission and during the stay and were kept under epidemiological surveillance for six months following the discharge. The HBsAg prevalence was 3.54% on admission and the cumulative infection rate during the follow up period was 12.64 per 100 patients. The HBsAg prevalence on admission was significantly higher in males than in females, the susceptibility to infection found in the course of the study was in both sexes similar. The majority of infections was inapparent with the ratio of 8.6:1 of inapparent to clinically manifested forms. The incidence of viral hepatitis among the personnel was comparable to the incidence among the personnel of other hospital departments.", "contents": "The nosocomial and occupational hepatitis type B infection in a chest disease hospital. A prospective study. The results of a prospective study of hepatitis B infections among the patients of a Chest Disease Hospital are reported. A thousand and sixteen patients admitted during the twelve months study period were screened for the Hepatitis B(Surface)-Antigen(HBsAg) on admission and during the stay and were kept under epidemiological surveillance for six months following the discharge. The HBsAg prevalence was 3.54% on admission and the cumulative infection rate during the follow up period was 12.64 per 100 patients. The HBsAg prevalence on admission was significantly higher in males than in females, the susceptibility to infection found in the course of the study was in both sexes similar. The majority of infections was inapparent with the ratio of 8.6:1 of inapparent to clinically manifested forms. The incidence of viral hepatitis among the personnel was comparable to the incidence among the personnel of other hospital departments.", "PMID": 1015010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_690", "title": "Hepatitis B (surface) antigen and viral hepatitis in family contacts of acute hepatitis B patients.", "content": "The results of a follow up study among family contacts of acute hepatitis B patients are reported. The family members were tested for HBsAg in the time of hospitalization of the index case and after three months again, the families were kept under epidemiological surveillance for six months. 19 (4,54%) out of the 418 persons screened for the first time were HBsAg-positive. The highest prevalence of HBsAg-positive persons was found in the families of patients without history of parenteral exposure. 5 (1%) of family contacts were hospitalized from 2 to 4 months following admission of the index case. All were the spouses of index case patients and none of them had other history of parenteral exposures than blood sampling for purpose of this study. 2 (0,58%) cases of silent antigenaemia were found among the 344 persons examined at the second screening.", "contents": "Hepatitis B (surface) antigen and viral hepatitis in family contacts of acute hepatitis B patients. The results of a follow up study among family contacts of acute hepatitis B patients are reported. The family members were tested for HBsAg in the time of hospitalization of the index case and after three months again, the families were kept under epidemiological surveillance for six months. 19 (4,54%) out of the 418 persons screened for the first time were HBsAg-positive. The highest prevalence of HBsAg-positive persons was found in the families of patients without history of parenteral exposure. 5 (1%) of family contacts were hospitalized from 2 to 4 months following admission of the index case. All were the spouses of index case patients and none of them had other history of parenteral exposures than blood sampling for purpose of this study. 2 (0,58%) cases of silent antigenaemia were found among the 344 persons examined at the second screening.", "PMID": 1015011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_691", "title": "Evaluation of three techniques for carbohydrate fermentation of Neisseriae.", "content": "Three different techniques to study carbohydrate fermentation by Neisseriae were compared using 226 strains: growth in semi-solid cystine trypticase agar, the rapid test in phosphate buffered solutions of carbohydrates and growth on slants of solid cystine trypticase agar. The latter method was found to be the easiest to perform and is more suited for smaller laboratories, since the media used may be stored for at least 2 months.", "contents": "Evaluation of three techniques for carbohydrate fermentation of Neisseriae. Three different techniques to study carbohydrate fermentation by Neisseriae were compared using 226 strains: growth in semi-solid cystine trypticase agar, the rapid test in phosphate buffered solutions of carbohydrates and growth on slants of solid cystine trypticase agar. The latter method was found to be the easiest to perform and is more suited for smaller laboratories, since the media used may be stored for at least 2 months.", "PMID": 1015012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_692", "title": "Susceptibility of viridans streptococci of 27 antimicrobial agents.", "content": "One hundred and eighty strains of viridans Streptococci (Str. mitis, Str. salivarius, Str. MG, Str. SBE, Str. bovis, Str. equinus and Str. uberis) were isolated from mouth and upper respiratory tract secretions of humans at random in different parts of Poland. These strains were tested for susceptibility to 27 antimicrobial agents. Analysis of results was performed with special reference to bacterial endocarditis, which is caused mostly by these microorganisms. At low minimal inhibitory concentrations, most effective antibiotics appeared amoxycillin, clindamycin, azidocillin, cephaloridine, ampicillin, erythromycin and penicillin G. Susceptibility to other penicillins and cephalosporins was much less pronounced. Small part of strains was highly susceptible to tetracyclines, whereas all other antimicrobial agents were practically ineffective.", "contents": "Susceptibility of viridans streptococci of 27 antimicrobial agents. One hundred and eighty strains of viridans Streptococci (Str. mitis, Str. salivarius, Str. MG, Str. SBE, Str. bovis, Str. equinus and Str. uberis) were isolated from mouth and upper respiratory tract secretions of humans at random in different parts of Poland. These strains were tested for susceptibility to 27 antimicrobial agents. Analysis of results was performed with special reference to bacterial endocarditis, which is caused mostly by these microorganisms. At low minimal inhibitory concentrations, most effective antibiotics appeared amoxycillin, clindamycin, azidocillin, cephaloridine, ampicillin, erythromycin and penicillin G. Susceptibility to other penicillins and cephalosporins was much less pronounced. Small part of strains was highly susceptible to tetracyclines, whereas all other antimicrobial agents were practically ineffective.", "PMID": 1015013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_693", "title": "[Titration of antistreptolysin and control of its specificity in respect of percipitation reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the titration of antistreptolysin O (ASLO) is described that is assumed to be more rapid than the methods applied thus far. The authors are drawing attention to the non-specificity of this method and propose to use PRESLO which is easy to prepare and admits of quantitative evaluation, for a control of this non-specificity. Correlation between the two reactions were established by the authors in 2137 sera which was expressed mathematically and made subject to subsequent statistical evaluation.", "contents": "[Titration of antistreptolysin and control of its specificity in respect of percipitation reactions (author's transl)]. A method for the titration of antistreptolysin O (ASLO) is described that is assumed to be more rapid than the methods applied thus far. The authors are drawing attention to the non-specificity of this method and propose to use PRESLO which is easy to prepare and admits of quantitative evaluation, for a control of this non-specificity. Correlation between the two reactions were established by the authors in 2137 sera which was expressed mathematically and made subject to subsequent statistical evaluation.", "PMID": 1015014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_694", "title": "[Sorbose in Salmonella diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1525 Salmonella strains checked for fermentation of sorbose the majority failed to attack this sugar or split it with distinct delay. None of these cultures showed production of acid from sorbose prior to the third day of incubation. In contrast, sorbose was attacked within 24 hours by 74 out of 100 Ballerup-Bethesda strains. As an easy and reliable basis test combination for performing a minimal biochemical Salmonella diagnosis a series consisting of Kligler's medium and media containing urea, lysine, lactose, sucrose, sorbose, and salicin is suggested.", "contents": "[Sorbose in Salmonella diagnosis (author's transl)]. From 1525 Salmonella strains checked for fermentation of sorbose the majority failed to attack this sugar or split it with distinct delay. None of these cultures showed production of acid from sorbose prior to the third day of incubation. In contrast, sorbose was attacked within 24 hours by 74 out of 100 Ballerup-Bethesda strains. As an easy and reliable basis test combination for performing a minimal biochemical Salmonella diagnosis a series consisting of Kligler's medium and media containing urea, lysine, lactose, sucrose, sorbose, and salicin is suggested.", "PMID": 1015015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_695", "title": "[Investigations on the fatty acid composition of lipids from Salmonella minnesota S and R forms (author's transl)].", "content": "Non-covalently bound lipids were extracted from 2 Salmonella minnesota S forms and 5 R mutants (chemotype Ra-Re) isolated from these strains. The lipids were subsequently analysed with regard to fatty acid composition. The extracts were free of lipid A, as determined by absence of beta-hydroxymyristic acid. The fatty acid distribution in the lipids of the two S forms, cultivated at 37 degrees C to the beginning of the stationary phase of growth, agreed very closely, and the values corresponded to those reported in the literature for S. typhimurium. In contrast, there was a progressive reduction in the content of C17- and C19-cyclopropane fatty acids, going from Ra-Rc mutants. The total cyclopropane fatty acids decreased from approximately 30% (Ra) to approximately 7% (Rc). The lipids from the Rd1 and the Re mutants had a fatty acid composition identical to that of the Rc mutant. The decrease in cyclopropane fatty acid content was compensated for in all strains by an increase in the corresponding unsaturated fatty acids (16:1; 18:1). Variations in the incubation temperature (30, 37, 41 degrees C) affected the ratio of the single fatty acids as determined for the Ra, Rc and Re mutants. The content of unsaturated fatty acids increased with the reduction in temperature, while the proportion of cyclopropane fatty acids decreased (stationary growth phase). These changes were much more pronounced with the Ra mutant than with the Rc and the Re mutants. The differences among the mutants with regard to fatty acid distribution were apparent at all temperature levels. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the lipids varied with the phase of growth, as already reported for E. coli and other gram-negative organisms. The content of cyclopropane fatty acids increased from the exponential to the stationary phases, with simultaneous reduction in the proportion of corresponding unsaturated fatty acids. Again, the lipid composition of the Ra mutant varied to a greater extent than did that of the Rc and the Re mutants. Similar changes appeared in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions of the three mutants. There were also changes in the neutral lipids that agreed in part with those of the total lipids. The cause of the reduced cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis in S. minnesota R mutants possessing an incomplete LPS-core structure (Rb2-Re) is at present unknown. The physiological significance of these findings as well remains for the moment speculative, as the functional role of cyclopropane fatty acids in biological membranes has not yet been elucidated. Possible relations to membrane permeability and to transfer of antibiotics are discussed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the fatty acid composition of lipids from Salmonella minnesota S and R forms (author's transl)]. Non-covalently bound lipids were extracted from 2 Salmonella minnesota S forms and 5 R mutants (chemotype Ra-Re) isolated from these strains. The lipids were subsequently analysed with regard to fatty acid composition. The extracts were free of lipid A, as determined by absence of beta-hydroxymyristic acid. The fatty acid distribution in the lipids of the two S forms, cultivated at 37 degrees C to the beginning of the stationary phase of growth, agreed very closely, and the values corresponded to those reported in the literature for S. typhimurium. In contrast, there was a progressive reduction in the content of C17- and C19-cyclopropane fatty acids, going from Ra-Rc mutants. The total cyclopropane fatty acids decreased from approximately 30% (Ra) to approximately 7% (Rc). The lipids from the Rd1 and the Re mutants had a fatty acid composition identical to that of the Rc mutant. The decrease in cyclopropane fatty acid content was compensated for in all strains by an increase in the corresponding unsaturated fatty acids (16:1; 18:1). Variations in the incubation temperature (30, 37, 41 degrees C) affected the ratio of the single fatty acids as determined for the Ra, Rc and Re mutants. The content of unsaturated fatty acids increased with the reduction in temperature, while the proportion of cyclopropane fatty acids decreased (stationary growth phase). These changes were much more pronounced with the Ra mutant than with the Rc and the Re mutants. The differences among the mutants with regard to fatty acid distribution were apparent at all temperature levels. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the lipids varied with the phase of growth, as already reported for E. coli and other gram-negative organisms. The content of cyclopropane fatty acids increased from the exponential to the stationary phases, with simultaneous reduction in the proportion of corresponding unsaturated fatty acids. Again, the lipid composition of the Ra mutant varied to a greater extent than did that of the Rc and the Re mutants. Similar changes appeared in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions of the three mutants. There were also changes in the neutral lipids that agreed in part with those of the total lipids. The cause of the reduced cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis in S. minnesota R mutants possessing an incomplete LPS-core structure (Rb2-Re) is at present unknown. The physiological significance of these findings as well remains for the moment speculative, as the functional role of cyclopropane fatty acids in biological membranes has not yet been elucidated. Possible relations to membrane permeability and to transfer of antibiotics are discussed.", "PMID": 1015016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_696", "title": "Actinobacilli in domestic fowl.", "content": "Reports on haemolytic rods from salpingitis in hens and from organs of died chicks may be found since the year 1950 (Kjos-Hanssen). Correct systematic classification on these microorganisms is still lacked because not all relations to the nearest pasteurellae were known as well as the clear differences in the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group. The authors have isolated 34 suspected strains from 14 localities; 25 strains were from salpingitis or internal organs of died fowl inclusively chicks, and 9 strains from choanas of pullets clinically healthy. Bacteriological, serological, chemical and biological tests gave the results as follows: 1) All strains exhibit fundamental properties of Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group, and moreover, they show ability to grow on MacConkey agar with crystal violet (BioQuest) being a significant feature of the genus Actinobaccillus (Mr\u00e1z, 1975). 2) From the nearest species Actinobacillus haemolyticus (Newsom and Cross, 1932) Mr\u00e1z, 1969, they differ with expressive haemolysis on agar with sheep blood, single haemolytic zone on agar with lamb blood according to Smith (1962), structure of somatic antigen, with natural hosts (gallinaceous birds) and pathogenicity for 5-day-old chicks. The GC content in DNA was determined in the range 39,6-42,9% (mean value 41,5%). 3) The first who presumed an independent state of these microorganisms, was Kohlert (1968), from the work of which the epithet for correct name, i.e. Actinobacillus salpingitidis (Kohlert, 1968) comb. nov., was accepted.", "contents": "Actinobacilli in domestic fowl. Reports on haemolytic rods from salpingitis in hens and from organs of died chicks may be found since the year 1950 (Kjos-Hanssen). Correct systematic classification on these microorganisms is still lacked because not all relations to the nearest pasteurellae were known as well as the clear differences in the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group. The authors have isolated 34 suspected strains from 14 localities; 25 strains were from salpingitis or internal organs of died fowl inclusively chicks, and 9 strains from choanas of pullets clinically healthy. Bacteriological, serological, chemical and biological tests gave the results as follows: 1) All strains exhibit fundamental properties of Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group, and moreover, they show ability to grow on MacConkey agar with crystal violet (BioQuest) being a significant feature of the genus Actinobaccillus (Mr\u00e1z, 1975). 2) From the nearest species Actinobacillus haemolyticus (Newsom and Cross, 1932) Mr\u00e1z, 1969, they differ with expressive haemolysis on agar with sheep blood, single haemolytic zone on agar with lamb blood according to Smith (1962), structure of somatic antigen, with natural hosts (gallinaceous birds) and pathogenicity for 5-day-old chicks. The GC content in DNA was determined in the range 39,6-42,9% (mean value 41,5%). 3) The first who presumed an independent state of these microorganisms, was Kohlert (1968), from the work of which the epithet for correct name, i.e. Actinobacillus salpingitidis (Kohlert, 1968) comb. nov., was accepted.", "PMID": 1015017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_697", "title": "[A new possibility of \"non-parenteral\" (local) vaccination: immunization per wound (author's transl)].", "content": "Hitherto the term \"non-parenteral\" (local) vaccination meant all those modes of vaccination where the vaccine is applied on the skin or the mucous membranes. The most common types of local immunization are oral and nasal vaccination. Using model studies with the mouse immunization per wound was investigated as an alternative mode of vaccination. Immunization was done with tetanus-toxoid, efficiency was tested by challenge with 10 LD50 tetanus toxin. For immunization per wound only slightly higher antigen doses are necessary compared with subcutaneous immunization. A single subcutaneous vaccination with 2 Lf tetanus-toxoid and a single application per wound of 10 Lf resulted in the same efficiency index of 100. Immunization per wound has to be carried out immediately after injury. It seems to be optimal within the first 3 to 5 hours. At a later time the same efficiency index can only be achieved by use of a higher antigen doses. Immunization per wound is possible with all kinds of wound, even with burns. Size of wound and wound-supply do not influence the efficacy of wound-immunization. Immunization per wound does not disturb wound healing. The experiments reported here showed, for the first time, that immunization per wound is as effective as parenteral immunization. The most important advantage of wound-immunization is the speed and ease with which it can be administered, a fact which predestines it for vaccination in emergency cases. In practice it will be useful to combine wound-vaccination with wound-sprays.", "contents": "[A new possibility of \"non-parenteral\" (local) vaccination: immunization per wound (author's transl)]. Hitherto the term \"non-parenteral\" (local) vaccination meant all those modes of vaccination where the vaccine is applied on the skin or the mucous membranes. The most common types of local immunization are oral and nasal vaccination. Using model studies with the mouse immunization per wound was investigated as an alternative mode of vaccination. Immunization was done with tetanus-toxoid, efficiency was tested by challenge with 10 LD50 tetanus toxin. For immunization per wound only slightly higher antigen doses are necessary compared with subcutaneous immunization. A single subcutaneous vaccination with 2 Lf tetanus-toxoid and a single application per wound of 10 Lf resulted in the same efficiency index of 100. Immunization per wound has to be carried out immediately after injury. It seems to be optimal within the first 3 to 5 hours. At a later time the same efficiency index can only be achieved by use of a higher antigen doses. Immunization per wound is possible with all kinds of wound, even with burns. Size of wound and wound-supply do not influence the efficacy of wound-immunization. Immunization per wound does not disturb wound healing. The experiments reported here showed, for the first time, that immunization per wound is as effective as parenteral immunization. The most important advantage of wound-immunization is the speed and ease with which it can be administered, a fact which predestines it for vaccination in emergency cases. In practice it will be useful to combine wound-vaccination with wound-sprays.", "PMID": 1015018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_698", "title": "Serological characteristics of the Leptospira serogroup Pomona. I. Factor analysis of the reference strains.", "content": "The factor analysis of the Leptospirae of the Pomona serogroup discloses the presence of 4 main factors in this group on the basis of which 4 serovars, namely pomona, mozdok, tropica and proechimys may be accepted in this group. It is proposed that the Monjakov and the LT 1026 strains be referred to the pomona serovar. One of the established main antigens (P-4) is of the complex nature containing both thermostable and thermolabile compounds.", "contents": "Serological characteristics of the Leptospira serogroup Pomona. I. Factor analysis of the reference strains. The factor analysis of the Leptospirae of the Pomona serogroup discloses the presence of 4 main factors in this group on the basis of which 4 serovars, namely pomona, mozdok, tropica and proechimys may be accepted in this group. It is proposed that the Monjakov and the LT 1026 strains be referred to the pomona serovar. One of the established main antigens (P-4) is of the complex nature containing both thermostable and thermolabile compounds.", "PMID": 1015019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_699", "title": "Serological characteristics of the Leptospira serogroup Pomona. II. Changes in the agglutination and absorption properties of the reference strains after formalin- and heat-inactivation.", "content": "After formalin or heat-inactivation for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C, the absorption properties of some Pomona serogroup strains diminish, which indicates that they have thermolabile (Pomona, CZ 299U and LT 796) or formalin-labile (Pomona and 5621) minor antigenic factors. The agglutination properties of the various strains change differently after inactivation though not in parallel with the absorption properties.", "contents": "Serological characteristics of the Leptospira serogroup Pomona. II. Changes in the agglutination and absorption properties of the reference strains after formalin- and heat-inactivation. After formalin or heat-inactivation for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C, the absorption properties of some Pomona serogroup strains diminish, which indicates that they have thermolabile (Pomona, CZ 299U and LT 796) or formalin-labile (Pomona and 5621) minor antigenic factors. The agglutination properties of the various strains change differently after inactivation though not in parallel with the absorption properties.", "PMID": 1015020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_700", "title": "Immunological and morphological analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate extract of Leptospira.", "content": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extract of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura was fractionated by rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analysed immunologically and morphologically. Two main peaks of antigenic activities were obtained. The first peak showed activities of strong indirect hemagglutination (IHA), weak complement fixation (CF), and low production of agglutinin in mice, and produced 5 precipitin lines in immunodiffusion with homologous strain antiserum. It gave only partial protection to guinea pigs. No recognizable structural components were found electron microscopically in the first peak. The second peak, on the other hand, showed no IHA activity, strong CF activity, high production of agglutinin in mice, and produced no precipitin line in immunodiffusion. It gave complete protection to guinea pigs. Membrane fragments of the enveloping sheath were found electron microscopically in the second peak. The protective activity of SDS extract of leptospira was thus intimately associated with the activityes of agglutinin production and CF, as well as with the membranous structures of the enveloping sheath.", "contents": "Immunological and morphological analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate extract of Leptospira. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extract of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura was fractionated by rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analysed immunologically and morphologically. Two main peaks of antigenic activities were obtained. The first peak showed activities of strong indirect hemagglutination (IHA), weak complement fixation (CF), and low production of agglutinin in mice, and produced 5 precipitin lines in immunodiffusion with homologous strain antiserum. It gave only partial protection to guinea pigs. No recognizable structural components were found electron microscopically in the first peak. The second peak, on the other hand, showed no IHA activity, strong CF activity, high production of agglutinin in mice, and produced no precipitin line in immunodiffusion. It gave complete protection to guinea pigs. Membrane fragments of the enveloping sheath were found electron microscopically in the second peak. The protective activity of SDS extract of leptospira was thus intimately associated with the activityes of agglutinin production and CF, as well as with the membranous structures of the enveloping sheath.", "PMID": 1015021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_701", "title": "The dynamics of IgM- and IgG-antibodies in leptospiral infection in man.", "content": "The dynamics of specific agglutinating antibodies belonging to different classes of immunoglobulins in 1047 blood sera of 669 patients and persons who had recovered from leptospirosis was studied. 19S and 7S antibodies were found in sera of patients with simultaneous presence of Pomona and Grippotyphosa. The character of syntesis of specific leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies correlated, but the concentration of the IgG was much lower. As a rule, IgM antibodies had a wide range of cross-reactions with leptospires of heterologous serogroups. However, IgG-antibodies in 85% of cases reacted with homologous leptospires only.", "contents": "The dynamics of IgM- and IgG-antibodies in leptospiral infection in man. The dynamics of specific agglutinating antibodies belonging to different classes of immunoglobulins in 1047 blood sera of 669 patients and persons who had recovered from leptospirosis was studied. 19S and 7S antibodies were found in sera of patients with simultaneous presence of Pomona and Grippotyphosa. The character of syntesis of specific leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies correlated, but the concentration of the IgG was much lower. As a rule, IgM antibodies had a wide range of cross-reactions with leptospires of heterologous serogroups. However, IgG-antibodies in 85% of cases reacted with homologous leptospires only.", "PMID": 1015022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_702", "title": "Formation of antibodies and immunoglobulins of various classes in persons vaccinated with warm antileptospirosis polyvalent vaccine.", "content": "The results of the observations of 2 groups of 372 persons during 10 months showed that a twofold inoculation of corpuscular heated 6-valent antileptospiral vaccine ensures the formation of 19S-antibodies. The ratio 19S/7S antibodies was determined by inactivation of IgM agglutinins with the help of 2-mercaptoethanol. Quantitative content of immunolglobulins (G, A and M) was determined in parallel with the reaction of agglutination by the method of simple radial diffusion. Immunoglobulins of the class M in the serum of vaccinated persons increased as compared with control, whereas the content of IgG did not rise and that of IgA decreased.", "contents": "Formation of antibodies and immunoglobulins of various classes in persons vaccinated with warm antileptospirosis polyvalent vaccine. The results of the observations of 2 groups of 372 persons during 10 months showed that a twofold inoculation of corpuscular heated 6-valent antileptospiral vaccine ensures the formation of 19S-antibodies. The ratio 19S/7S antibodies was determined by inactivation of IgM agglutinins with the help of 2-mercaptoethanol. Quantitative content of immunolglobulins (G, A and M) was determined in parallel with the reaction of agglutination by the method of simple radial diffusion. Immunoglobulins of the class M in the serum of vaccinated persons increased as compared with control, whereas the content of IgG did not rise and that of IgA decreased.", "PMID": 1015023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_703", "title": "Studies on the role of sodium in the metabolism of halophilic leptospirae.", "content": "Data from studies of the metabolic mechanism of the sodium dependence of halophilic leptospirae revealed that the presence of sodium - 1) has no effect on the oxygen uptake when the microorganism is oxidizing endogeneous and exogeneous substrates; 2) is not involved in the multiplication phase; but 3) is of importance for keeping the cell structure intact.", "contents": "Studies on the role of sodium in the metabolism of halophilic leptospirae. Data from studies of the metabolic mechanism of the sodium dependence of halophilic leptospirae revealed that the presence of sodium - 1) has no effect on the oxygen uptake when the microorganism is oxidizing endogeneous and exogeneous substrates; 2) is not involved in the multiplication phase; but 3) is of importance for keeping the cell structure intact.", "PMID": 1015024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_704", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in host cellular organelles in the course of the chlamydial developmental cycle.", "content": "Different stages in the chlamydial developmental cycle were correlated with cytopathic changes in host cellular organelles by ultrastructural analysis of infected cultured cells and cells of the intestinal mucosa of newborn calves. Four distinct morphologic forms of chlamydial development can be distinguished: elementary bodies, dispersing forms, reticulate bodies and condensing forms which proceed to form elementary bodies. From the stage of elementary body uptake through formation and multiplication of reticulate bodies, the host cellular changes consisted mainly of displacement of cellular organelles by the enlarging chlamydial inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Beginning with the formation of condensing forms and elementary bodies from 20 to 30 hours after infection, cellular organelles became altered and progressively damaged. The damage was initially degenerative and then necrotic. It consisted of loss of free ribosomes and polysomes, dilation and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum network and vesiculation and loss of microvilli. The specific granules of enterochromaffin cells and the mucous droplets of goblet cells were reduced in number. The mitochondria and nuclei were affected last. The mitochondria became swollen and their cristae became fragmented. The nuclei of infected cells lost their normal chromatin pattern and proceeded to pyknosis and karyolysis. Rupture and lysis of cytoplasmic and inclusion membranes liberated the different chlamydial developmental forms. After release the elementary bodies remained ultrastructurally intact.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in host cellular organelles in the course of the chlamydial developmental cycle. Different stages in the chlamydial developmental cycle were correlated with cytopathic changes in host cellular organelles by ultrastructural analysis of infected cultured cells and cells of the intestinal mucosa of newborn calves. Four distinct morphologic forms of chlamydial development can be distinguished: elementary bodies, dispersing forms, reticulate bodies and condensing forms which proceed to form elementary bodies. From the stage of elementary body uptake through formation and multiplication of reticulate bodies, the host cellular changes consisted mainly of displacement of cellular organelles by the enlarging chlamydial inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Beginning with the formation of condensing forms and elementary bodies from 20 to 30 hours after infection, cellular organelles became altered and progressively damaged. The damage was initially degenerative and then necrotic. It consisted of loss of free ribosomes and polysomes, dilation and vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum network and vesiculation and loss of microvilli. The specific granules of enterochromaffin cells and the mucous droplets of goblet cells were reduced in number. The mitochondria and nuclei were affected last. The mitochondria became swollen and their cristae became fragmented. The nuclei of infected cells lost their normal chromatin pattern and proceeded to pyknosis and karyolysis. Rupture and lysis of cytoplasmic and inclusion membranes liberated the different chlamydial developmental forms. After release the elementary bodies remained ultrastructurally intact.", "PMID": 1015025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_705", "title": "Prostaglandins as possible mediators of fever genesis in man.", "content": "Prostaglandin concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 38 febrile patients (from infants up to adults) were compared with those of 19 afebrile adult control persons. CSF samples were extracted and the prostaglandins groups of the extract separated by column chromatography. Concentrations of prostaglandins of the E and F series were estimated by radioimmunoassay. In CSF of all feverish patients with meningitis, pneumonia, or pyelonephritis about 2-fold higher concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE) were found that in those of the afebrile control persons. In contrast, concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) in adults and infants remained largely unchanged during fever; Solely, in 4 of the 8 babies examined, concentrations of PGF were also increased besides those of PGE. Repeated estimations of prostaglandin concentrations in CSF from the same patients showed, that concentrations of PGE, which had been elevated during fever, normalized after defervescence. The height of fever and the concentrations of PGE in CSF tended to correlate in a dose related manner. In correspondence with the results of animal experiments prostaglandins of the E series seem to act as mediators of fever during infectious diseases also in man.", "contents": "Prostaglandins as possible mediators of fever genesis in man. Prostaglandin concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 38 febrile patients (from infants up to adults) were compared with those of 19 afebrile adult control persons. CSF samples were extracted and the prostaglandins groups of the extract separated by column chromatography. Concentrations of prostaglandins of the E and F series were estimated by radioimmunoassay. In CSF of all feverish patients with meningitis, pneumonia, or pyelonephritis about 2-fold higher concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE) were found that in those of the afebrile control persons. In contrast, concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) in adults and infants remained largely unchanged during fever; Solely, in 4 of the 8 babies examined, concentrations of PGF were also increased besides those of PGE. Repeated estimations of prostaglandin concentrations in CSF from the same patients showed, that concentrations of PGE, which had been elevated during fever, normalized after defervescence. The height of fever and the concentrations of PGE in CSF tended to correlate in a dose related manner. In correspondence with the results of animal experiments prostaglandins of the E series seem to act as mediators of fever during infectious diseases also in man.", "PMID": 1015027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_706", "title": "[Electronic data processing in medical microbiology--a guide and some critical thoughts].", "content": "Applications of electron data processing in all fields of medicine and especially in medical microbiology are increasing rapidly. It seems important to discuss a guide for using such complicated electronical systems, because, on the one hand, computer applications in medicine are desirable for scientific reasons, but on the other hand few very costly and sophisticated projects had to be cancelled, after a shorter or longer time of implementation by reason of lack of co-operation of medical collaborators. This paper puts on discussion such a guide for using electronic data processing in medical microbiology. It is proposed to put through the following tasks before introducing a computer system into a microbiological institution: a system analysis of the status quo, an objective determination of the set state, a system design and a cost-benefit analysis. Those tasks are described in detail and are illustrated to some extent by graphics and tables from own research for preparing a data processing system for medical microbiology. It is emphasized that beside hard- and software criteria of the desired computer system one has to pay attention to the problems of man-machine engineering. The paper finishes with concrete propositions of proceeding when the computer system is implemented and shows possibilities of scientific data evaluation of a microbiological data base.", "contents": "[Electronic data processing in medical microbiology--a guide and some critical thoughts]. Applications of electron data processing in all fields of medicine and especially in medical microbiology are increasing rapidly. It seems important to discuss a guide for using such complicated electronical systems, because, on the one hand, computer applications in medicine are desirable for scientific reasons, but on the other hand few very costly and sophisticated projects had to be cancelled, after a shorter or longer time of implementation by reason of lack of co-operation of medical collaborators. This paper puts on discussion such a guide for using electronic data processing in medical microbiology. It is proposed to put through the following tasks before introducing a computer system into a microbiological institution: a system analysis of the status quo, an objective determination of the set state, a system design and a cost-benefit analysis. Those tasks are described in detail and are illustrated to some extent by graphics and tables from own research for preparing a data processing system for medical microbiology. It is emphasized that beside hard- and software criteria of the desired computer system one has to pay attention to the problems of man-machine engineering. The paper finishes with concrete propositions of proceeding when the computer system is implemented and shows possibilities of scientific data evaluation of a microbiological data base.", "PMID": 1015028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_707", "title": "[Decrease in efficiency after experimental virus encephalitis. Small scale experimental tests on mice and histologic evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "Two different experiments were set up in order to test the efficiency of 281 mice which had been infected intracerebrally with yellow fever virus 17 D of various dilutions (10(-1)-10(-5)); the tests were run after two time periods (40--55 days after infection = I. date, and 97 and 160 days after infection = II. date). In the first experimental set-up the animals were to find their food in a labyrinth- after 24 hours without food, (Labyrinth Experiment, Fig. 1). The time was taken from the moment when the mouse was put into the cage until the moment when it ate from the food. 4.37 min, were considered to be \"standard time\". In the second experiment the mice were placed on a horizontal rod rotating round an axle (Rotating Rod Experiment, Fig. 2 a,b,c). The time was measured for how long the animals could stay on the rod. 90/10 sec., were ascertained as \"standard time\". The following results were obtained. The difference in time regarding the I. and II. date is clearly noticed by the experiment with the rotating rod. The performance time of the animals was almost doubled after the 2nd time period (Table 4a and b, Fig. 3a and b), i.e. the animals could stay on the rod almost twice as long as after the first time period, which means that the recovery process of the animals can be measured by means of the rod experiment. In this respect the experiment with the labyrinth is less suitable. The recovery of the animals as well as the residual damages depended on the inoculated virus dilutions (Table 5a and b, Fig. 4a and b, Tables 7 and 8, Fig 21a and b). The histologic findings of the animals show lesions in all regions of the Central Nerve System (Fig 6-20, Table 2). The deficiencies of the animals which are due to diffuse damages of the Central Nerve System are demonstrated by the rotating rod experiment, whereas the labyrinth experiment verifies the shortcomings of the cornu ammonis (olfactory brain). The rotating rod experiment is the more sensitive of the two models  as the majority of the lesions are distributed diffusely on the Central Nervous System. The severe lesions of the Central Nerve System which are supported by histologic findings - even 160 days after infection, are confirmed by the deficiencies in the performance processes of the animals (delayed damages). Discussion have taken place regarding whether the experimental results of the animals can be applied to assessing latent or delayed damages in children after an encephalitis. The latter could concern in how far the course of an encephalitis depends on the originating virus dosis and could also relate to the development of delayed damages. The knowledge regarding the formation of delayed damages, their assessment as well as the prevention of encephalitis in infants would thus be greatly improved. In order to judge therapeutic measures on animals the rotating rod experiment appears to be very suitable since each stage of the illness enables an assessment of the state of the disease.", "contents": "[Decrease in efficiency after experimental virus encephalitis. Small scale experimental tests on mice and histologic evaluation (author's transl)]. Two different experiments were set up in order to test the efficiency of 281 mice which had been infected intracerebrally with yellow fever virus 17 D of various dilutions (10(-1)-10(-5)); the tests were run after two time periods (40--55 days after infection = I. date, and 97 and 160 days after infection = II. date). In the first experimental set-up the animals were to find their food in a labyrinth- after 24 hours without food, (Labyrinth Experiment, Fig. 1). The time was taken from the moment when the mouse was put into the cage until the moment when it ate from the food. 4.37 min, were considered to be \"standard time\". In the second experiment the mice were placed on a horizontal rod rotating round an axle (Rotating Rod Experiment, Fig. 2 a,b,c). The time was measured for how long the animals could stay on the rod. 90/10 sec., were ascertained as \"standard time\". The following results were obtained. The difference in time regarding the I. and II. date is clearly noticed by the experiment with the rotating rod. The performance time of the animals was almost doubled after the 2nd time period (Table 4a and b, Fig. 3a and b), i.e. the animals could stay on the rod almost twice as long as after the first time period, which means that the recovery process of the animals can be measured by means of the rod experiment. In this respect the experiment with the labyrinth is less suitable. The recovery of the animals as well as the residual damages depended on the inoculated virus dilutions (Table 5a and b, Fig. 4a and b, Tables 7 and 8, Fig 21a and b). The histologic findings of the animals show lesions in all regions of the Central Nerve System (Fig 6-20, Table 2). The deficiencies of the animals which are due to diffuse damages of the Central Nerve System are demonstrated by the rotating rod experiment, whereas the labyrinth experiment verifies the shortcomings of the cornu ammonis (olfactory brain). The rotating rod experiment is the more sensitive of the two models  as the majority of the lesions are distributed diffusely on the Central Nervous System. The severe lesions of the Central Nerve System which are supported by histologic findings - even 160 days after infection, are confirmed by the deficiencies in the performance processes of the animals (delayed damages). Discussion have taken place regarding whether the experimental results of the animals can be applied to assessing latent or delayed damages in children after an encephalitis. The latter could concern in how far the course of an encephalitis depends on the originating virus dosis and could also relate to the development of delayed damages. The knowledge regarding the formation of delayed damages, their assessment as well as the prevention of encephalitis in infants would thus be greatly improved. In order to judge therapeutic measures on animals the rotating rod experiment appears to be very suitable since each stage of the illness enables an assessment of the state of the disease.", "PMID": 1015029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_708", "title": "[Occurrence of Salmonella in healthy snakes and snake cadavers- isolation of a new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S. IV 18:Z36, Z38:-) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Forty-seven isolation attempts performed with 20 fecal samples of exotic snakes yielded 27 Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus I-IV. The majority of isolates (78.7%), however, was identified as sub-genus III (Arizona). The snakes under study were hold captured for less than one year (one part) or for longer than one year. Bacteriological investigations of the 7 snakes studied, repeated 7 to 21 months thereafter, revealed uniformly other Salmonella species in comparison to those found at primary examination. Necropsy investigations were performed with materials from 3 snakes. One Salmonella species (Arizona) was isolated from the colon of one snake presenting with massive necrotic enteritis. The results with blood, bile and other colon sections were negative. Several Salmonella species were found in the colon of two other snakes presenting with infiltrative and necrotic changes in the organs, but without any pathologic finding in the intestinal tract. A new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S. IV 18:Z36, Z38:-) was recovered from fecal sample of a Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) and another Cascabel snake (Crotalus durissus terrificus).", "contents": "[Occurrence of Salmonella in healthy snakes and snake cadavers- isolation of a new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S. IV 18:Z36, Z38:-) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Forty-seven isolation attempts performed with 20 fecal samples of exotic snakes yielded 27 Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus I-IV. The majority of isolates (78.7%), however, was identified as sub-genus III (Arizona). The snakes under study were hold captured for less than one year (one part) or for longer than one year. Bacteriological investigations of the 7 snakes studied, repeated 7 to 21 months thereafter, revealed uniformly other Salmonella species in comparison to those found at primary examination. Necropsy investigations were performed with materials from 3 snakes. One Salmonella species (Arizona) was isolated from the colon of one snake presenting with massive necrotic enteritis. The results with blood, bile and other colon sections were negative. Several Salmonella species were found in the colon of two other snakes presenting with infiltrative and necrotic changes in the organs, but without any pathologic finding in the intestinal tract. A new Salmonella species belonging to the sub-genus IV (S. IV 18:Z36, Z38:-) was recovered from fecal sample of a Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) and another Cascabel snake (Crotalus durissus terrificus).", "PMID": 1015030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_709", "title": "Studies on endotoxin of Erwinia herbicola and their biological activity.", "content": "The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) preparations were extracted by the BOIVIN method from 10 strains of Erwinia herbicola isolated from the air of grain mills and from human and animal sources. It was found in assays for biological activity that these preparations had true endotoxic properties: lethality for mice, ability to produce primary inflammatory lesions in rabbit skin and ability to prepare rabbit skin for the local SHWARTZMAN reaction. Endotoxins obtained from five E. herbicola isolates were highly toxic and had mouse LD50 values ranging from 0.23 to 0.50 mg. The reparations derived from the remaining five strains were less potent with LD50 values ranging from 0.96 to 2.83 mg. The endotoxins of E. herbicola caused primary skin lesions (edema and/or erythema) in rabbits in the mean threshold doses (SLD50) of 1.33 to 5.94 mug and had the ability to prepare the rabbit skin for the local SHWARTZMAN reaction in the mean threshold does (SPD50) of 2.97 to 95.0 mug. The endotoxic properties of the E. herbicola preparations were similar to those of simultaneously tested enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides. The results of the mouse toxicity tests were positively correlated with those of the rabbit skin tests. In the additional tests the single preparations of E. herbicola showed two other endotoxic properties: ability to produce hemorrhagic lesions in rabbit skin after mixing with epinephrine and lethal effect on chick embryo. A preliminary chemical analysis of the trichloroacetic extracts of E. herbicola revealed low nitrogen and high carbohydrate contents as well as the presence of the common monosaccharides, reported in literature for endotoxins of various gram-negative bacteria. The significance of the presence of endotoxins in the ubiquitous E. herbicola rods is discussed, particularly with respect to occupational health hazard resulting from inhalation of vegetable dusts containing these organisms.", "contents": "Studies on endotoxin of Erwinia herbicola and their biological activity. The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) preparations were extracted by the BOIVIN method from 10 strains of Erwinia herbicola isolated from the air of grain mills and from human and animal sources. It was found in assays for biological activity that these preparations had true endotoxic properties: lethality for mice, ability to produce primary inflammatory lesions in rabbit skin and ability to prepare rabbit skin for the local SHWARTZMAN reaction. Endotoxins obtained from five E. herbicola isolates were highly toxic and had mouse LD50 values ranging from 0.23 to 0.50 mg. The reparations derived from the remaining five strains were less potent with LD50 values ranging from 0.96 to 2.83 mg. The endotoxins of E. herbicola caused primary skin lesions (edema and/or erythema) in rabbits in the mean threshold doses (SLD50) of 1.33 to 5.94 mug and had the ability to prepare the rabbit skin for the local SHWARTZMAN reaction in the mean threshold does (SPD50) of 2.97 to 95.0 mug. The endotoxic properties of the E. herbicola preparations were similar to those of simultaneously tested enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides. The results of the mouse toxicity tests were positively correlated with those of the rabbit skin tests. In the additional tests the single preparations of E. herbicola showed two other endotoxic properties: ability to produce hemorrhagic lesions in rabbit skin after mixing with epinephrine and lethal effect on chick embryo. A preliminary chemical analysis of the trichloroacetic extracts of E. herbicola revealed low nitrogen and high carbohydrate contents as well as the presence of the common monosaccharides, reported in literature for endotoxins of various gram-negative bacteria. The significance of the presence of endotoxins in the ubiquitous E. herbicola rods is discussed, particularly with respect to occupational health hazard resulting from inhalation of vegetable dusts containing these organisms.", "PMID": 1015031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_710", "title": "[Culture and differentiation of obligatory aerobic gram-negative rods from human material; a scheme for application in routine diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of obligately aerobic Gram-negative rods in the clinical laboratory may encounter difficulties since media used for Enterobacteriacae are only partially usable for the diagnosis of this group of bacteria (Psuedomonas, Xanthomonas, Alcaligenes, Achromobacter, Brucella, Bordetella, Flavobacterium, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and some still unnamed taxa). We have developed a diagnostic scheme, based on recent publications in the field and representing an extension of earlier tables from this and other laboratories, which attempts to classify a maximal number of obligately aerobic Gram-negative rods with a minimal number of tests. The scheme, employed on 4051 strains, used blood agar and MacConkey Agar as isolation media. Growth characteristics on these media and microscopic morphology may be of help, but only the type of growth on Triple Sugar Iron (or Kligler's) Agar is characteristic for the group as a whole (no growth in the butt, alkalinization or no pH change on the slant). A primary identification series employs tests for oxidase (Kovacs), oxidation of glucose and xylose (in OF medium), deoxyribonuclease and indole (in DNase Test Agar with Methyl Green), nitrate reduction (in Indole Nitrite Medium), motility (hanging drop), and fluorescein production (on Flo Agar). Results of Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial sensitivity testing serve as additional (colistin) or confirmatory criteria. Incubation is at 30 degrees C for 24-48 hrs. If a diagnosis is not possible than, a secondary series, including tests for lysine decarboxylase (tablets), 4 hr urease, esculin hydrolysis, growth at 42 C and on SS Agar, gelatin liquefaction, and flagellar staining may have to be used, and read after 4-24 hrs at 30 degrees C. Five tables, drawn up according to oxidase, glucose, and xylose reactions, serve to identify the species or taxa. Biotypes cannot be differentiated. The scheme will need updating as more knowledge of these bacteria will become available.", "contents": "[Culture and differentiation of obligatory aerobic gram-negative rods from human material; a scheme for application in routine diagnosis (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of obligately aerobic Gram-negative rods in the clinical laboratory may encounter difficulties since media used for Enterobacteriacae are only partially usable for the diagnosis of this group of bacteria (Psuedomonas, Xanthomonas, Alcaligenes, Achromobacter, Brucella, Bordetella, Flavobacterium, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and some still unnamed taxa). We have developed a diagnostic scheme, based on recent publications in the field and representing an extension of earlier tables from this and other laboratories, which attempts to classify a maximal number of obligately aerobic Gram-negative rods with a minimal number of tests. The scheme, employed on 4051 strains, used blood agar and MacConkey Agar as isolation media. Growth characteristics on these media and microscopic morphology may be of help, but only the type of growth on Triple Sugar Iron (or Kligler's) Agar is characteristic for the group as a whole (no growth in the butt, alkalinization or no pH change on the slant). A primary identification series employs tests for oxidase (Kovacs), oxidation of glucose and xylose (in OF medium), deoxyribonuclease and indole (in DNase Test Agar with Methyl Green), nitrate reduction (in Indole Nitrite Medium), motility (hanging drop), and fluorescein production (on Flo Agar). Results of Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial sensitivity testing serve as additional (colistin) or confirmatory criteria. Incubation is at 30 degrees C for 24-48 hrs. If a diagnosis is not possible than, a secondary series, including tests for lysine decarboxylase (tablets), 4 hr urease, esculin hydrolysis, growth at 42 C and on SS Agar, gelatin liquefaction, and flagellar staining may have to be used, and read after 4-24 hrs at 30 degrees C. Five tables, drawn up according to oxidase, glucose, and xylose reactions, serve to identify the species or taxa. Biotypes cannot be differentiated. The scheme will need updating as more knowledge of these bacteria will become available.", "PMID": 1015032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_711", "title": "Complement-dependent hemolysis following hemagglutination by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.", "content": "When fresh guinea pig serum is added to chicken red blood cells (RBC) agglutinated by E. rhusiopathiae, the RBC lyse. This indicates that the E. rhusiopathiae-RBC complex is capable of inducing an alternative pathway of complement activation.", "contents": "Complement-dependent hemolysis following hemagglutination by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. When fresh guinea pig serum is added to chicken red blood cells (RBC) agglutinated by E. rhusiopathiae, the RBC lyse. This indicates that the E. rhusiopathiae-RBC complex is capable of inducing an alternative pathway of complement activation.", "PMID": 1015033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_712", "title": "Electrophoresis of water-insoluble leptospiral proteins and the taxonomy of Leptospira.", "content": "The cellular debris obtained after lysis of Leptospira were solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and studied by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, comparing the molecular weight and relative concentration of the protein bands. The percentage similarity of 30 characteristic bands from 21 Leptospira strains, belonging to the main pathogenic and some saprophytic serogroups, was calculated; A partial matching of the derived dendrogram with the other classifications was observed.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of water-insoluble leptospiral proteins and the taxonomy of Leptospira. The cellular debris obtained after lysis of Leptospira were solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and studied by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, comparing the molecular weight and relative concentration of the protein bands. The percentage similarity of 30 characteristic bands from 21 Leptospira strains, belonging to the main pathogenic and some saprophytic serogroups, was calculated; A partial matching of the derived dendrogram with the other classifications was observed.", "PMID": 1015034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_713", "title": "[Influence of standardization upon the results of serological analysis of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "It is the purpose of this paper to determine whether the decline of the serologically verified acute Toxoplasma gondii infections observed since the late sixties and found in literature has been caused by epidemiological factors or whether the standardization of serological methods (10) introducted in 1966/66 for the determination of antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii has been responsible. The paper is based on material  of the prospective study, \"Pregnancy and child development\" supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Mainly six laboratories did the serological analysis for antibodies against T. gondii from 1964 to 1970. The following results were obtained: 1. Laboratories using the standardization observed a decline of the highly positive dilution starting in 1968 (Fig. 1, Table 1). 2. The proportion of the samples positive in the dye test did not change (Fig. 1). 3. The proportion of sera reacting in the complement fixation test (CFT) with a dilution of 1:5 increased. But after introduction of the standardization more sera were analyzed by both the dye and complement fixation tests than before (Table 2, Fig. 2). 4. The proportion of sera found positive by the complement fixation test increased slightly up to 1968 (Fig. 3). 5. Differences in the age structure (Fig. 4) or dietary habits of the group (Fig. 5) did not cause the changes in titer. 6. Therefore the standardization was introduced a considerable proportion of the sera showing dye test results of more than 1:1000 reacted negatively to the complement fixation test (Table 4). These cases were probably not acute infections. 7. When the standardization was introduced the difference between results of first and second analysis decreased for sera with titers smaller then 1:256 (increased of reliability) (Table 5, Fig. 7). 8. Complement fixation titer show an analogous behavior. (Table 7 and 8). The results detained above show that the decrease, observed since 1969, of the cases of acute Toxoplasma infections verified by serological methods is not caused by epidemiological but rather by methodical factors.", "contents": "[Influence of standardization upon the results of serological analysis of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. It is the purpose of this paper to determine whether the decline of the serologically verified acute Toxoplasma gondii infections observed since the late sixties and found in literature has been caused by epidemiological factors or whether the standardization of serological methods (10) introducted in 1966/66 for the determination of antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii has been responsible. The paper is based on material  of the prospective study, \"Pregnancy and child development\" supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Mainly six laboratories did the serological analysis for antibodies against T. gondii from 1964 to 1970. The following results were obtained: 1. Laboratories using the standardization observed a decline of the highly positive dilution starting in 1968 (Fig. 1, Table 1). 2. The proportion of the samples positive in the dye test did not change (Fig. 1). 3. The proportion of sera reacting in the complement fixation test (CFT) with a dilution of 1:5 increased. But after introduction of the standardization more sera were analyzed by both the dye and complement fixation tests than before (Table 2, Fig. 2). 4. The proportion of sera found positive by the complement fixation test increased slightly up to 1968 (Fig. 3). 5. Differences in the age structure (Fig. 4) or dietary habits of the group (Fig. 5) did not cause the changes in titer. 6. Therefore the standardization was introduced a considerable proportion of the sera showing dye test results of more than 1:1000 reacted negatively to the complement fixation test (Table 4). These cases were probably not acute infections. 7. When the standardization was introduced the difference between results of first and second analysis decreased for sera with titers smaller then 1:256 (increased of reliability) (Table 5, Fig. 7). 8. Complement fixation titer show an analogous behavior. (Table 7 and 8). The results detained above show that the decrease, observed since 1969, of the cases of acute Toxoplasma infections verified by serological methods is not caused by epidemiological but rather by methodical factors.", "PMID": 1015035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_714", "title": "[Consequences of malnutrition in prosperous countries (author's transl)].", "content": "In times of need the classical disease gout becomes extinct, in times of prosperity it becomes frequent although its incidence remains virtually restricted to families with a history of gout. This means that genetic factors and nutrition must combine in order that the disease may become manifest. This situation probably parallels that of nutritional anomalies of fat metabolism, which have not been investigated to the same degree, although this cannot be said with certainty. Consequently the changing habits of nutrition during the last 30 years have led to the frequent incidence of metabolic disorders seldom found earlier. It is not forseeable whether further changes in our diet will give rise to further metabolic disorders. The physician, no matter whether he works as a clinician, hygienist or epidemiologist, who has to take care not only of the entire population but also of the individual, is faced with the problem of how to control this problem. Another question is whether the nutrition of the population may permissibly be changed to improve national health by political decisions which would affect not only those endangered but the rest of the population, too. Such changes will become indispensable in the future because the financial loss caused by alimentary diseases already amounts to several per cent of the gross national product. However, there remains the basic question as to why the increasing industrialization and the changed life style associated with it have so drastically altered our nutrition. Some of these changes are certainly unavoidable consequences of the technical development, above all in those sectors where technology has helped to produce better foodstuffs. One wonders, however, why massive public education has largely failed to prompt the German citizens to accept the repeated and often well-motivated advice. This is probably due to the fact that the human diet has been established over the decades both by tradition and by necessity. The hard times are over and the traditions are no longer alive, quite apart from the fact that today it would no longer be possible to eat as tradition demands. In such situations men ought to draw benefit from our store of well-founded knowledge; this, however, means that nutrition must become part of public education and as such it ought to be given as much weight as the majority of subjects presently taught at school.", "contents": "[Consequences of malnutrition in prosperous countries (author's transl)]. In times of need the classical disease gout becomes extinct, in times of prosperity it becomes frequent although its incidence remains virtually restricted to families with a history of gout. This means that genetic factors and nutrition must combine in order that the disease may become manifest. This situation probably parallels that of nutritional anomalies of fat metabolism, which have not been investigated to the same degree, although this cannot be said with certainty. Consequently the changing habits of nutrition during the last 30 years have led to the frequent incidence of metabolic disorders seldom found earlier. It is not forseeable whether further changes in our diet will give rise to further metabolic disorders. The physician, no matter whether he works as a clinician, hygienist or epidemiologist, who has to take care not only of the entire population but also of the individual, is faced with the problem of how to control this problem. Another question is whether the nutrition of the population may permissibly be changed to improve national health by political decisions which would affect not only those endangered but the rest of the population, too. Such changes will become indispensable in the future because the financial loss caused by alimentary diseases already amounts to several per cent of the gross national product. However, there remains the basic question as to why the increasing industrialization and the changed life style associated with it have so drastically altered our nutrition. Some of these changes are certainly unavoidable consequences of the technical development, above all in those sectors where technology has helped to produce better foodstuffs. One wonders, however, why massive public education has largely failed to prompt the German citizens to accept the repeated and often well-motivated advice. This is probably due to the fact that the human diet has been established over the decades both by tradition and by necessity. The hard times are over and the traditions are no longer alive, quite apart from the fact that today it would no longer be possible to eat as tradition demands. In such situations men ought to draw benefit from our store of well-founded knowledge; this, however, means that nutrition must become part of public education and as such it ought to be given as much weight as the majority of subjects presently taught at school.", "PMID": 1015036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_715", "title": "[Nutrition and cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of a relationship between nutrition and cancer has to be approached from two different points of view: 1. Direct effect of carcinogens present in foods or in food additives (direct carcinogenesis), 2. In-vivo synthesis of carcinogens caused by changes in metabolism due to altered dietary habits (indirect carcinogenesis). For the second mechanism, we have to make a distinction between the effects of nutritional deficiency and of nutritional excess. Some examples from animal experiments are presented. In man, possible relationships between nutrition and cancer are postulated mainly for tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and recently also for hormone-dependent cancers. Epidemiological evidence points to the major importance of the indirect way of carcinogenesis caused by specific nutritional deficiencies and excesses. Experimental studies in man are difficult to perform. Therefore, most hypotheses are based on statistical associations, and great caution is required in drawing inferences on causal relationships. Cancers of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract epidemiologically behave in a different way, the former showing a marked decrease in most western countries, the latter a slight increase. The etiology of the cancers of the esophagus and stomach has still to be determined in spite of many hypotheses. Migrant studies show a major effect of environmental rather than genetic factors. Substantial differences in dietary habits between countries with high and low incidence of stomach cancer (Japan and United States) point to the importance of nutrition as an etiological factor with a high probability, but no specific dietary components have been identified so far. The same is true for cancer of the large bowel. Recent hypotheses suggest that dietary factors may relate to cancer of the colon by their effect on bile production and on the bacterial makeup of faeces which in turn might be transforming bile acids into active carcinogens. There is, however, disagreement about the specific dietary component responsible for this model of carcinogenesis. BURKITT stresses the importance of the lower consumption of dietary fiber, resulting in retarded bowel function and additional time for bacterial proliferation and degradation by bacteria of bile acids. WYNDER, on the other hand, explains the increased bile acid and neutral sterol excretion and microbial modification of these compounds with the high content of animal fat in the western diet. With hormone-dependent cancers (breast, endometrium, ovary, prostate), a correlation has been shown between body weight and height and breast cancer as well as between overweight and cancer of the endometrium. Which aspect of diet, if any, is responsible for changes in hormone metabolism, resulting in an increased risk of these cancers, is still to be proved. On the basis of current knowledge, it is extremely difficult to draw inferences for preventive action. Certainly, a cancer-preventing diet cannot be established...", "contents": "[Nutrition and cancer (author's transl)]. The problem of a relationship between nutrition and cancer has to be approached from two different points of view: 1. Direct effect of carcinogens present in foods or in food additives (direct carcinogenesis), 2. In-vivo synthesis of carcinogens caused by changes in metabolism due to altered dietary habits (indirect carcinogenesis). For the second mechanism, we have to make a distinction between the effects of nutritional deficiency and of nutritional excess. Some examples from animal experiments are presented. In man, possible relationships between nutrition and cancer are postulated mainly for tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and recently also for hormone-dependent cancers. Epidemiological evidence points to the major importance of the indirect way of carcinogenesis caused by specific nutritional deficiencies and excesses. Experimental studies in man are difficult to perform. Therefore, most hypotheses are based on statistical associations, and great caution is required in drawing inferences on causal relationships. Cancers of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract epidemiologically behave in a different way, the former showing a marked decrease in most western countries, the latter a slight increase. The etiology of the cancers of the esophagus and stomach has still to be determined in spite of many hypotheses. Migrant studies show a major effect of environmental rather than genetic factors. Substantial differences in dietary habits between countries with high and low incidence of stomach cancer (Japan and United States) point to the importance of nutrition as an etiological factor with a high probability, but no specific dietary components have been identified so far. The same is true for cancer of the large bowel. Recent hypotheses suggest that dietary factors may relate to cancer of the colon by their effect on bile production and on the bacterial makeup of faeces which in turn might be transforming bile acids into active carcinogens. There is, however, disagreement about the specific dietary component responsible for this model of carcinogenesis. BURKITT stresses the importance of the lower consumption of dietary fiber, resulting in retarded bowel function and additional time for bacterial proliferation and degradation by bacteria of bile acids. WYNDER, on the other hand, explains the increased bile acid and neutral sterol excretion and microbial modification of these compounds with the high content of animal fat in the western diet. With hormone-dependent cancers (breast, endometrium, ovary, prostate), a correlation has been shown between body weight and height and breast cancer as well as between overweight and cancer of the endometrium. Which aspect of diet, if any, is responsible for changes in hormone metabolism, resulting in an increased risk of these cancers, is still to be proved. On the basis of current knowledge, it is extremely difficult to draw inferences for preventive action. Certainly, a cancer-preventing diet cannot be established...", "PMID": 1015038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_716", "title": "[Modern animal nutrition--dangers for the animal (author's transl)].", "content": "Undernourishment and malnutrition as well as nutritionally conditioned diseases are still the greatest risk factor for every domestic animal born. In less developed regions, overgrazing and monoculture crops pose new nutrition problems. In developed countries, animal populations are faced with new feedstuffs resulting from new technologies, with risks stemming from contamination and with exposure to various new substances. In order to allow for an evaluation of the modern feeding scene, several examples are given. Since a positive correlation between animal well-being and long term economic success is likely to exist, optimism seems indicated concerning the impact of modern feeding measures on the animal.", "contents": "[Modern animal nutrition--dangers for the animal (author's transl)]. Undernourishment and malnutrition as well as nutritionally conditioned diseases are still the greatest risk factor for every domestic animal born. In less developed regions, overgrazing and monoculture crops pose new nutrition problems. In developed countries, animal populations are faced with new feedstuffs resulting from new technologies, with risks stemming from contamination and with exposure to various new substances. In order to allow for an evaluation of the modern feeding scene, several examples are given. Since a positive correlation between animal well-being and long term economic success is likely to exist, optimism seems indicated concerning the impact of modern feeding measures on the animal.", "PMID": 1015039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_717", "title": "[Contamination of fodder and corresponding alimentary policy regulations].", "content": "In the mid sixties a medical work group developed a prophalactic programme for children which provided for repeated checkups to detect particularly those defects which are likely to seriously jeopardise the physical and mental development of the child. For the selection of the checkup dates that age of the child was decisivie in which it was possible to inspect certain functional events. Since such examination programmes had to cover an entire class, a prerequisite to be met was to choose an as large a number of examiners as possible. This meant the prescription of methods of examination which were applicable to any private or paediatric practice. In view of the fact that the child's health is subject to quick changes it can never be the objective of such programmes to establish acute syndromes and detailed examination findings but to restrict prophylaxis to a selection of important diseases. Thus the medical objective remains limited to readily recognizable disturbances which undetected could severely interfere with the development of the child. It is also decisive for the extent of thew examination that it isrestricted to the search for such developmental disturbances as can be remedied effectively...", "contents": "[Contamination of fodder and corresponding alimentary policy regulations]. In the mid sixties a medical work group developed a prophalactic programme for children which provided for repeated checkups to detect particularly those defects which are likely to seriously jeopardise the physical and mental development of the child. For the selection of the checkup dates that age of the child was decisivie in which it was possible to inspect certain functional events. Since such examination programmes had to cover an entire class, a prerequisite to be met was to choose an as large a number of examiners as possible. This meant the prescription of methods of examination which were applicable to any private or paediatric practice. In view of the fact that the child's health is subject to quick changes it can never be the objective of such programmes to establish acute syndromes and detailed examination findings but to restrict prophylaxis to a selection of important diseases. Thus the medical objective remains limited to readily recognizable disturbances which undetected could severely interfere with the development of the child. It is also decisive for the extent of thew examination that it isrestricted to the search for such developmental disturbances as can be remedied effectively...", "PMID": 1015040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_718", "title": "[Problems associated with the prevention of cruelty to animals in modern livestock breeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Regulations for the protection of useful animals can be traced to the early history of Law. The reason for such regulations has hardly changed up to the present: the expedient incorporation of the animal into the hierachy of values of the prevailing times. Decisive impulses invariably originated from the legal conception, the need for legal protection as well as from the scientific conceptions of society. The development rarely took a linear course and was not without setbacks. The prevention of cruelty to animals has always been faced with particular conflicting situations. Our pluralistic society with its marked philosophy of profit-making has to face such a problem, in particular as a result of livestock keeping in modern systems. The necessity and legitimacy of a permanent supply of large quantities of high-grade animal foodstuffs to be offered to our present industrial society on a competitive and low-cost basis, have contributed to this development. The public and parliament have for some time been demanding a modern federal act for the prevention of cruelty to animals based on a technical conception allowing also those questions of animal protection related to the present keeping of useful animals to be integrated, thus achieving a gradual balancing of interests. Such an Animal Protection Act came into force on October 1, 1972. On account of its scientific orientation it prompts us to give renewed thought to many present-day ideas about the keeping of animals, especially of useful animals, employing modern systems. With this objective in mind the Act has already strongly influenced the developing international harmonization of provisions for Animal Protection. The problems linked with \"Animal Protection/Keeping of Useful Animals\" require a harmonization of the ethical, scientific, economic and legal aspects as an indispensable prerequisite. On the basis of expert opinions prepared by a group of specialists of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture on the minimum requirements to be satisfied by modern systems of fowl breeding, the various scientific basic concepts and evaluations are presented. The value of the information yielded by modern research into animal behaviour is emphasized in this connection. Future legal ordinances in accordance with Clause 13, para 1 of the Animal Protection Act of July 24, 1972 for the protection of useful animals kept in modern systems call for a particularly thorough scientific foundation which must also stand up to examination by the courts. The problems to be solved require comprehensive research. An urgent task for the near future will be to give the resolution of these problems a firm scientific base. In addition to the topical approach to the subject \"Animal Protection/Keeping of Useful Animals\", indications are given for a comprehensive approach which will prove indispensable in the future...", "contents": "[Problems associated with the prevention of cruelty to animals in modern livestock breeding (author's transl)]. Regulations for the protection of useful animals can be traced to the early history of Law. The reason for such regulations has hardly changed up to the present: the expedient incorporation of the animal into the hierachy of values of the prevailing times. Decisive impulses invariably originated from the legal conception, the need for legal protection as well as from the scientific conceptions of society. The development rarely took a linear course and was not without setbacks. The prevention of cruelty to animals has always been faced with particular conflicting situations. Our pluralistic society with its marked philosophy of profit-making has to face such a problem, in particular as a result of livestock keeping in modern systems. The necessity and legitimacy of a permanent supply of large quantities of high-grade animal foodstuffs to be offered to our present industrial society on a competitive and low-cost basis, have contributed to this development. The public and parliament have for some time been demanding a modern federal act for the prevention of cruelty to animals based on a technical conception allowing also those questions of animal protection related to the present keeping of useful animals to be integrated, thus achieving a gradual balancing of interests. Such an Animal Protection Act came into force on October 1, 1972. On account of its scientific orientation it prompts us to give renewed thought to many present-day ideas about the keeping of animals, especially of useful animals, employing modern systems. With this objective in mind the Act has already strongly influenced the developing international harmonization of provisions for Animal Protection. The problems linked with \"Animal Protection/Keeping of Useful Animals\" require a harmonization of the ethical, scientific, economic and legal aspects as an indispensable prerequisite. On the basis of expert opinions prepared by a group of specialists of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture on the minimum requirements to be satisfied by modern systems of fowl breeding, the various scientific basic concepts and evaluations are presented. The value of the information yielded by modern research into animal behaviour is emphasized in this connection. Future legal ordinances in accordance with Clause 13, para 1 of the Animal Protection Act of July 24, 1972 for the protection of useful animals kept in modern systems call for a particularly thorough scientific foundation which must also stand up to examination by the courts. The problems to be solved require comprehensive research. An urgent task for the near future will be to give the resolution of these problems a firm scientific base. In addition to the topical approach to the subject \"Animal Protection/Keeping of Useful Animals\", indications are given for a comprehensive approach which will prove indispensable in the future...", "PMID": 1015041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_719", "title": "[Psychohygienic problems of development in early childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "For a \"social environmental protection\" as one of the most urgent problems in infantile psychohygiene, the following conclusions should be taken into consideration: 1. In particular during the first years of life the development of the child is, within certain limits, sensitive to influences from the environment and therefore it can be fostered or disturbed from the outside. Congenital, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal injuries to the brain and sensory organs must be given great attention psychohygienically. 2. The social influences exercised on the child by persons of his environment, their availability, their emotional relationships and the development of a durable link predominate psychohygienically. In addition, the material security of young families and their type of accommodation (e.g. granting of loans to help set up a home) must be considered. 3. The possibilities of exercising a positive educational influence on a mentally and psychically sound development of the child as a person and member of society are greatest at the beginning of life and diminish during childhood. The effectiveness of negative educational and social interference factors is also subject to this rule from which again the necessity of adopting psychohygienic measures for the young child is derived. 4. The phenomenon of increasingly imbalanced behaviour of older children and juveniles which cause concern today, are as a rule symptoms of a chiefly environmentally determined disturbance upsetting the personality, which often originates in early childhood. Psychohygienic measures must be concentrated on this. 5. The inadequate care of young children accounting for one third of the population, a phenomenon which can be read in the statistical records and which has risen sharply during the last few years, makes it possible to forecast a further increase in developmental and behavioral disturbances of both an intellectual and psychological nature as well as in infantile and juvenile criminality in the coming years to an at present unimaginable extent. 6. In contrast to general opinion, the situation calls for an urgent fundamental revaluation of the importance of intrafamiliar social conditions of development and of the parental educational work on the small child, which to date, have been underestimated and neglected. At the same time many of the presently overrated extrafamiliar institutions of education and training for the older child need to be relativised. 7. The advances in developmental biology which allow us to realize the basic dependence of the future social fate of the individual - and thus the extent of disturbed social relationships in society - on the intrafamily conditions must become a political issue, if psychohygiene as ameans to prevent avoidable disturbances is to be taken seriously. Thus the securement of adequate intrafamily conditions with respect to development and upbringing, in particular of the young child, must head the list of social political priorities, also in times when money is in short supply. 8...", "contents": "[Psychohygienic problems of development in early childhood (author's transl)]. For a \"social environmental protection\" as one of the most urgent problems in infantile psychohygiene, the following conclusions should be taken into consideration: 1. In particular during the first years of life the development of the child is, within certain limits, sensitive to influences from the environment and therefore it can be fostered or disturbed from the outside. Congenital, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal injuries to the brain and sensory organs must be given great attention psychohygienically. 2. The social influences exercised on the child by persons of his environment, their availability, their emotional relationships and the development of a durable link predominate psychohygienically. In addition, the material security of young families and their type of accommodation (e.g. granting of loans to help set up a home) must be considered. 3. The possibilities of exercising a positive educational influence on a mentally and psychically sound development of the child as a person and member of society are greatest at the beginning of life and diminish during childhood. The effectiveness of negative educational and social interference factors is also subject to this rule from which again the necessity of adopting psychohygienic measures for the young child is derived. 4. The phenomenon of increasingly imbalanced behaviour of older children and juveniles which cause concern today, are as a rule symptoms of a chiefly environmentally determined disturbance upsetting the personality, which often originates in early childhood. Psychohygienic measures must be concentrated on this. 5. The inadequate care of young children accounting for one third of the population, a phenomenon which can be read in the statistical records and which has risen sharply during the last few years, makes it possible to forecast a further increase in developmental and behavioral disturbances of both an intellectual and psychological nature as well as in infantile and juvenile criminality in the coming years to an at present unimaginable extent. 6. In contrast to general opinion, the situation calls for an urgent fundamental revaluation of the importance of intrafamiliar social conditions of development and of the parental educational work on the small child, which to date, have been underestimated and neglected. At the same time many of the presently overrated extrafamiliar institutions of education and training for the older child need to be relativised. 7. The advances in developmental biology which allow us to realize the basic dependence of the future social fate of the individual - and thus the extent of disturbed social relationships in society - on the intrafamily conditions must become a political issue, if psychohygiene as ameans to prevent avoidable disturbances is to be taken seriously. Thus the securement of adequate intrafamily conditions with respect to development and upbringing, in particular of the young child, must head the list of social political priorities, also in times when money is in short supply. 8...", "PMID": 1015042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_720", "title": "[Prophylactic examination of infants (author's transl)].", "content": "In the mid sixties a medical work group developed a prophylactic programme for children which provided for repeated checkups to detect particularly those defects which are likely to seriously jeopardise the physical and mental development of the child. For the selection of the checkup dates that age of the child was decisive in which it was possible to inspect certain functional events. Since such examination programmes had to cover an entire class, a prerequisite to be met was to choose an as large a number of examiners as possible. This meant the prescription of methods of examination which were applicable to any private or paediatric practice. In view of the fact that the child's health is subject to quick changes it can never be the objective of such programmes to establish acute syndromes and detailed examination findings but to restrict prophylaxis to a selection of important diseases. Thus the medical objective remains limited to readily recognizable disturbances which undetected could severely interfere with the development of the child. It is also decisive for the extent of the examination that it is restricted to the search for such development disturbances as can be remedied effectively. A prerequisite for the effectiveness of the programme is the identity of examinations and the uniform documentation of the findings according to a compulsory scheme. These records will accompany the child during his first years of life. The examination book remains in the hands of the mother and is submitted to the physician at the time of a checkup so that the continuity in the establishment of findings is ensured even when the physician is changed. This prophylactic programme, which was introduced by the author to the German public in 1968, was meanwhile implemented and adopted by the German Social Sickness Fund by virtue of a Federal Act effective as on July 1st, 1971. At present the examination comprises 7 checkups during the first 4 years of life. Emphasis lies on the check for cerebral motor disturbances, congenital heart diseases, skeletal anomalies, metabolic disorders, auditory, logopaedic and visual defects and others. A report is given on the results, the critical evaluation and the possibility of improving the prophylactic programme.", "contents": "[Prophylactic examination of infants (author's transl)]. In the mid sixties a medical work group developed a prophylactic programme for children which provided for repeated checkups to detect particularly those defects which are likely to seriously jeopardise the physical and mental development of the child. For the selection of the checkup dates that age of the child was decisive in which it was possible to inspect certain functional events. Since such examination programmes had to cover an entire class, a prerequisite to be met was to choose an as large a number of examiners as possible. This meant the prescription of methods of examination which were applicable to any private or paediatric practice. In view of the fact that the child's health is subject to quick changes it can never be the objective of such programmes to establish acute syndromes and detailed examination findings but to restrict prophylaxis to a selection of important diseases. Thus the medical objective remains limited to readily recognizable disturbances which undetected could severely interfere with the development of the child. It is also decisive for the extent of the examination that it is restricted to the search for such development disturbances as can be remedied effectively. A prerequisite for the effectiveness of the programme is the identity of examinations and the uniform documentation of the findings according to a compulsory scheme. These records will accompany the child during his first years of life. The examination book remains in the hands of the mother and is submitted to the physician at the time of a checkup so that the continuity in the establishment of findings is ensured even when the physician is changed. This prophylactic programme, which was introduced by the author to the German public in 1968, was meanwhile implemented and adopted by the German Social Sickness Fund by virtue of a Federal Act effective as on July 1st, 1971. At present the examination comprises 7 checkups during the first 4 years of life. Emphasis lies on the check for cerebral motor disturbances, congenital heart diseases, skeletal anomalies, metabolic disorders, auditory, logopaedic and visual defects and others. A report is given on the results, the critical evaluation and the possibility of improving the prophylactic programme.", "PMID": 1015043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_721", "title": "[Cleanliness Norms 1964-1975].", "content": "In 1964 the Institut f\u00fcr Demoskopie Allensbach made a first survey taking stock of norms concerning cleanliness in the Federal Republic of Germany. At that time, 78% of respondents thought that the vogue among young people of cultivating an unkempt look was past or on the wane (Table 1.). Today we know that this fashion was an indicator of more serious desires for change in many different areas like politics, sexual morality, education and that its high point was still to come. In the fall of 1975 a second survey, modelled on the one of 1964, was conducted. Again, it concentrated on norms, not on behavior. As expected, norms have changed over this period but not in a one-directional or simple manner. In general, people are much more large-minded about children's looks: neat, clean school-dress, properly combed hair, clean shoes, all this and also holding their things in order has become less important in 1975 (Table 2). To carry a clean handkerchief is becoming oldfashioned (Table 3). On the other hand, principles of bringing-up children have not loosened concerning personal hygiene - brushing ones teeth, washing hands, feet, and neck, clean fingernails (Table 4). On one item related to protection of the environment, namely throwing around waste paper, standards have even become more strict (Table 5). With regard to school-leavers, norms of personal hygiene have generally become more strict (Table 6). As living standards have gone up and the number of full bathrooms has risen from  42% to 75% of households, norms of personal hygiene have also increased: one warm bath a week seemed enough to 56% of adults in 1964, but to only 32% in 1975 (Table 7). Also standards for changing underwear have changed a lot: in 1964 only 12% of respondents said \"every day\", in 1975 48% said so (Table 8). Even more stringent norms are applied to young women (Tables 9/10). For comparison: 1964 there were automatic washing machines in 16%, 1975 in 79% of households. Answers to questions which qualities men value especially in women and which qualities women value especially in men show a decrease in valutation of \"cleanliness\". These results can be interpreted in different ways (Tables 11/12). It seems, however, that \"cleanliness\" is not going out as a cultural value. We have found that young people today do not consider clean dress important but that they are probably better washed under their purposely neglected clothing than young people were ten years ago. As a nation, Germans still consider cleanliness to be a articularly German virtue, 1975 even more so than 1964 (Table 13). An association test, first made in March 1976, confirms this: When they hear \"Germany\", 68% of Germans think of \"cleanliness\" (Table 14).", "contents": "[Cleanliness Norms 1964-1975]. In 1964 the Institut f\u00fcr Demoskopie Allensbach made a first survey taking stock of norms concerning cleanliness in the Federal Republic of Germany. At that time, 78% of respondents thought that the vogue among young people of cultivating an unkempt look was past or on the wane (Table 1.). Today we know that this fashion was an indicator of more serious desires for change in many different areas like politics, sexual morality, education and that its high point was still to come. In the fall of 1975 a second survey, modelled on the one of 1964, was conducted. Again, it concentrated on norms, not on behavior. As expected, norms have changed over this period but not in a one-directional or simple manner. In general, people are much more large-minded about children's looks: neat, clean school-dress, properly combed hair, clean shoes, all this and also holding their things in order has become less important in 1975 (Table 2). To carry a clean handkerchief is becoming oldfashioned (Table 3). On the other hand, principles of bringing-up children have not loosened concerning personal hygiene - brushing ones teeth, washing hands, feet, and neck, clean fingernails (Table 4). On one item related to protection of the environment, namely throwing around waste paper, standards have even become more strict (Table 5). With regard to school-leavers, norms of personal hygiene have generally become more strict (Table 6). As living standards have gone up and the number of full bathrooms has risen from  42% to 75% of households, norms of personal hygiene have also increased: one warm bath a week seemed enough to 56% of adults in 1964, but to only 32% in 1975 (Table 7). Also standards for changing underwear have changed a lot: in 1964 only 12% of respondents said \"every day\", in 1975 48% said so (Table 8). Even more stringent norms are applied to young women (Tables 9/10). For comparison: 1964 there were automatic washing machines in 16%, 1975 in 79% of households. Answers to questions which qualities men value especially in women and which qualities women value especially in men show a decrease in valutation of \"cleanliness\". These results can be interpreted in different ways (Tables 11/12). It seems, however, that \"cleanliness\" is not going out as a cultural value. We have found that young people today do not consider clean dress important but that they are probably better washed under their purposely neglected clothing than young people were ten years ago. As a nation, Germans still consider cleanliness to be a articularly German virtue, 1975 even more so than 1964 (Table 13). An association test, first made in March 1976, confirms this: When they hear \"Germany\", 68% of Germans think of \"cleanliness\" (Table 14).", "PMID": 1015044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_722", "title": "[Psychology of Hygiene: Rsult of a Comparative Study 1968/1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "Object of the investigation is: (1) the analysis of the behaviour observed in adults between 18 and 23 years of age regarding cleanliness, body hygiene and changing of underwear,and a comparison of the results with those for 1968; (2) Differential \"diagnosis\" of the relationship between the degree of cleanliness and the various styles of the upbringing received at the hands of the parents, the different assessment of the personal body image and of cleanliness-related values (\"cleanliness ideology\"). Main results of the investigation (1) In 1976, too, women remain cleaner than men; the latter, however, have clearly improved their daily washing habits (lower part of the body, feet) and have taken to changing their underwear, night clothes and coloured shirts more frequently. With respect to the frequency with which women change their underwear there has been no change. (2) With respect to body hygiene and cosmetic care, women are found to be making increasing use of mouth-wash, foam bath agents, face lotions and face milk, nail polish, while men are making more use of mouth-wash, bubble bath agents as well as deodorants. In contrast, women are making less use of lip-sticks, eyebrow pencils, Eau de Cologne, (3) Women's behaviour with respect to the observed and evaluated parental upbringing and to their own body image is more differentiated: The 4-factor solution for women contrasts with the 3-factor solution for men. (4) Only a form of cleanliness training involving corporal punishment and associated with a tense or hostile relationship towards the mother or father cannot be correlated to a desirable observance of cleanliness. Other possible forms of cleanliness training including supervisory forms, do not prevent the learning and adoption of desirable  practices for achieving cleanliness. (5) Less clean women show a generally less pronounced body-feeling as manifested in active physical exercise in some sports disciplines and in body care. There is also a tendency towards a less motivating criticism of the figure and a lower degree of positive bodily sensibility. As far as men are concerned, the intensity of body hygiene is positively linked with the degree of superficial good grooming and the simultaneous dissatisfaction with the figure. (6) Cleanliness-related concepts (cleanliness ideology) e.g. health, work, generosity rectitude, authority, attractiveness, integrity etc., are, in their evaluation, influenced both by sex and by the hygienic behavior practiced.", "contents": "[Psychology of Hygiene: Rsult of a Comparative Study 1968/1976 (author's transl)]. Object of the investigation is: (1) the analysis of the behaviour observed in adults between 18 and 23 years of age regarding cleanliness, body hygiene and changing of underwear,and a comparison of the results with those for 1968; (2) Differential \"diagnosis\" of the relationship between the degree of cleanliness and the various styles of the upbringing received at the hands of the parents, the different assessment of the personal body image and of cleanliness-related values (\"cleanliness ideology\"). Main results of the investigation (1) In 1976, too, women remain cleaner than men; the latter, however, have clearly improved their daily washing habits (lower part of the body, feet) and have taken to changing their underwear, night clothes and coloured shirts more frequently. With respect to the frequency with which women change their underwear there has been no change. (2) With respect to body hygiene and cosmetic care, women are found to be making increasing use of mouth-wash, foam bath agents, face lotions and face milk, nail polish, while men are making more use of mouth-wash, bubble bath agents as well as deodorants. In contrast, women are making less use of lip-sticks, eyebrow pencils, Eau de Cologne, (3) Women's behaviour with respect to the observed and evaluated parental upbringing and to their own body image is more differentiated: The 4-factor solution for women contrasts with the 3-factor solution for men. (4) Only a form of cleanliness training involving corporal punishment and associated with a tense or hostile relationship towards the mother or father cannot be correlated to a desirable observance of cleanliness. Other possible forms of cleanliness training including supervisory forms, do not prevent the learning and adoption of desirable  practices for achieving cleanliness. (5) Less clean women show a generally less pronounced body-feeling as manifested in active physical exercise in some sports disciplines and in body care. There is also a tendency towards a less motivating criticism of the figure and a lower degree of positive bodily sensibility. As far as men are concerned, the intensity of body hygiene is positively linked with the degree of superficial good grooming and the simultaneous dissatisfaction with the figure. (6) Cleanliness-related concepts (cleanliness ideology) e.g. health, work, generosity rectitude, authority, attractiveness, integrity etc., are, in their evaluation, influenced both by sex and by the hygienic behavior practiced.", "PMID": 1015045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_723", "title": "[Developments in vaccines for prophylactic use (author's transl)].", "content": "The epidemiologic background on which the efficacy of vaccines has to be considered shows that the mortality of infectious diseases in the first seventy years of our century was reduced to an extent which goes far beyond all other diseases. This trend is similar in all countries of comparable status of zivilization. Trends in morbidity may be different, but no sufficient documentation is available for morbidity of infectious diseases in this country. Developments of new vaccines for industrialized countries will show a change compared with the present vaccines. After introduction of vaccines against the big killers until 1950 disabling diseases were the more recent target of immunoprophylaxis such as poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, mumps. Vaccine efficiency was greatly increased by vaccination campaigns for which strategies and tactics were developed in an almost military fashion. Analysis of the future vaccines reveals a further change not only by additional antigens but by new target groups of the population to be protected. Not only will more vaccines be developed for adults but also for certain risk groups. More knowledge of immune-defence mechanisms in such groups will be needed for the final success of such vaccines. Moreover immunoprophylaxis may even enable immunotherapy in future. The most dramatic effect of immunoprophylaxis is to be expected in the coming decades in the non-industrialized world. This will be effectuated not by the newer vaccines, but by products which we know already. It is the decision of WHO to include an \"Expanded program of vaccination\" into their help for developing countries. Here new technologies are under investigation which will procure a new round in vaccination tactics. Vaccination is planned by WHO not only to help to develop countries but to play a decisive role in the problem of over-population. Such expectations are based on the fact that in the industrialized world the birthrate fell while the infant survival rates rose. Vaccination then would be more than immunoprophylaxis; vaccination would have a place then among man's many intelligent answers to mankind's many natural problems.", "contents": "[Developments in vaccines for prophylactic use (author's transl)]. The epidemiologic background on which the efficacy of vaccines has to be considered shows that the mortality of infectious diseases in the first seventy years of our century was reduced to an extent which goes far beyond all other diseases. This trend is similar in all countries of comparable status of zivilization. Trends in morbidity may be different, but no sufficient documentation is available for morbidity of infectious diseases in this country. Developments of new vaccines for industrialized countries will show a change compared with the present vaccines. After introduction of vaccines against the big killers until 1950 disabling diseases were the more recent target of immunoprophylaxis such as poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, mumps. Vaccine efficiency was greatly increased by vaccination campaigns for which strategies and tactics were developed in an almost military fashion. Analysis of the future vaccines reveals a further change not only by additional antigens but by new target groups of the population to be protected. Not only will more vaccines be developed for adults but also for certain risk groups. More knowledge of immune-defence mechanisms in such groups will be needed for the final success of such vaccines. Moreover immunoprophylaxis may even enable immunotherapy in future. The most dramatic effect of immunoprophylaxis is to be expected in the coming decades in the non-industrialized world. This will be effectuated not by the newer vaccines, but by products which we know already. It is the decision of WHO to include an \"Expanded program of vaccination\" into their help for developing countries. Here new technologies are under investigation which will procure a new round in vaccination tactics. Vaccination is planned by WHO not only to help to develop countries but to play a decisive role in the problem of over-population. Such expectations are based on the fact that in the industrialized world the birthrate fell while the infant survival rates rose. Vaccination then would be more than immunoprophylaxis; vaccination would have a place then among man's many intelligent answers to mankind's many natural problems.", "PMID": 1015046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_724", "title": "[The world-wide importance of animal epidemics (author's transl)].", "content": "At present, roughly 64 million horses, 1.2 billion cattle, 1 billion sheep, 670 million pigs and some billion fowl are kept and large quantities of animal products are produced. Animal breeding still varies widely with regard to both geographical distribution and efficiency. The protection of animal keeping in all countries of the world from losses due to disease and protein deficiency as the main cause of malnutrition constitutes an economical and sanitary problem of primary importance. Veterinary medicine is called upon to help to solve it. The losses (direct and indirect) of animals caused by infectious and invasive disease are extremely high. All in all, the losses of animals due to diseases have been reduced by 15 to 20 per cent of the gross production in many countries, and they can be reduced further. However, in countries with less efficient stock farming, losses run into 30 to 40 per cent and, if no control measures are adopted, are likely to increase considerably. Communicable animal diseases can be propagated over large distances in many ways by direct or indirect routes. As public interests are involved, the diseases must be controlled by measures financed by the state. In the light of the multivarious economic interconnections between the countries of the world, cooperation on an international basis is thus needed.", "contents": "[The world-wide importance of animal epidemics (author's transl)]. At present, roughly 64 million horses, 1.2 billion cattle, 1 billion sheep, 670 million pigs and some billion fowl are kept and large quantities of animal products are produced. Animal breeding still varies widely with regard to both geographical distribution and efficiency. The protection of animal keeping in all countries of the world from losses due to disease and protein deficiency as the main cause of malnutrition constitutes an economical and sanitary problem of primary importance. Veterinary medicine is called upon to help to solve it. The losses (direct and indirect) of animals caused by infectious and invasive disease are extremely high. All in all, the losses of animals due to diseases have been reduced by 15 to 20 per cent of the gross production in many countries, and they can be reduced further. However, in countries with less efficient stock farming, losses run into 30 to 40 per cent and, if no control measures are adopted, are likely to increase considerably. Communicable animal diseases can be propagated over large distances in many ways by direct or indirect routes. As public interests are involved, the diseases must be controlled by measures financed by the state. In the light of the multivarious economic interconnections between the countries of the world, cooperation on an international basis is thus needed.", "PMID": 1015047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_725", "title": "[Malnutrition as an international problem (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of malnutrition as an international problem is illustrated by some examples. Attention is mainly focussed on the bipolarity of this problem: malnutrition, both qualitative and quantitative, as the main nutritional problem of most of the developing countries of the Third World, overfeeding nowadays so associated with qualitative malnutrition - as the most important alimentary problem in the Federal Republic of Germany, but applying equally to other highly industrialized and civilized countries in Western Europe, the United States and Australia. Perhaps it would be more to the point to speak of prosperous countries or populations because these diseases found in technically highly developed countries increasingly occur also in developing countries among those social classes who believe they are able to afford a \"better\" nutrition and fall from one extreme of malnutrition into the other. Correct nutrition considered to be a privilege or a direct consequence of social prosperity is certainly not justified. The improvement in the standard of living as such by no means guaranties well-balanced nutrition. To quote an example: in developing countries when people live by trading with certain limited products, alimentary habits tend to change when the prices of the products go up. However, this is by no means invariably a change for the better, but quite often for the worse. It has repeatedly been found that in tropical countries where copra is the staple trading product, nutrition did not improve as the copra price rose. On the contrary, nutrition deteriorated because the people increasingly turned from the self-cultivated \"natural products\" to imported, refined food stuffs and tinned foods purely for reasons of increased prestige associated with such a diet. The consequences of malnutrition in the developing countries are dealt with in greater detail. In dealing with the consequences of malnutrition in highly industrialized countries a restriction to a few pointers was necessary because this subject is discussed in the following paper.", "contents": "[Malnutrition as an international problem (author's transl)]. The importance of malnutrition as an international problem is illustrated by some examples. Attention is mainly focussed on the bipolarity of this problem: malnutrition, both qualitative and quantitative, as the main nutritional problem of most of the developing countries of the Third World, overfeeding nowadays so associated with qualitative malnutrition - as the most important alimentary problem in the Federal Republic of Germany, but applying equally to other highly industrialized and civilized countries in Western Europe, the United States and Australia. Perhaps it would be more to the point to speak of prosperous countries or populations because these diseases found in technically highly developed countries increasingly occur also in developing countries among those social classes who believe they are able to afford a \"better\" nutrition and fall from one extreme of malnutrition into the other. Correct nutrition considered to be a privilege or a direct consequence of social prosperity is certainly not justified. The improvement in the standard of living as such by no means guaranties well-balanced nutrition. To quote an example: in developing countries when people live by trading with certain limited products, alimentary habits tend to change when the prices of the products go up. However, this is by no means invariably a change for the better, but quite often for the worse. It has repeatedly been found that in tropical countries where copra is the staple trading product, nutrition did not improve as the copra price rose. On the contrary, nutrition deteriorated because the people increasingly turned from the self-cultivated \"natural products\" to imported, refined food stuffs and tinned foods purely for reasons of increased prestige associated with such a diet. The consequences of malnutrition in the developing countries are dealt with in greater detail. In dealing with the consequences of malnutrition in highly industrialized countries a restriction to a few pointers was necessary because this subject is discussed in the following paper.", "PMID": 1015048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_726", "title": "Pathogenetic and clinical observations in spinovascular insufficiency.", "content": "The data about the arterial spinal circulation in man are presented, some spinal syndromes \"unexplained still today\" in their pathogenesis are described, and the earlier attempts to formulate working hypotheses for the explanation of this spinovascular insufficiency are critically rediscussed.", "contents": "Pathogenetic and clinical observations in spinovascular insufficiency. The data about the arterial spinal circulation in man are presented, some spinal syndromes \"unexplained still today\" in their pathogenesis are described, and the earlier attempts to formulate working hypotheses for the explanation of this spinovascular insufficiency are critically rediscussed.", "PMID": 1015049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_727", "title": "[Internal carotid artery occlusion - clinical-morphological correlations].", "content": "An attempt has been made by the authors to find correlations between the collateral circulation and clinical condition in thirty-three patients suffering from occlusions of the internal and common carotid arteries. It has been found that the course of disease will be less severe when a collateral circulation is developed; also, this results in late consequences being much less severe in character. The age and general condition of the patient were found to be of major importance to the course of disease. Patients of advanced age usually do not show any appreciable improvement even in those cases where a collateral circulation has developed. Anatomical examinations showed that there existed a large number of collateral circulations between the external carotid artery and the branches of the ophthalmic artery. Playing the most important role among these branches of the external carotid artery are the maxillary and facial arteries. This has also been confirmed by the results of angiographic examinations made in vivo. Also described in this paper are rare cases of development of collateral circulations which were reported in the literature and which may be considered as contributing to the compensation of conditions characterized by the occlusion of the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "[Internal carotid artery occlusion - clinical-morphological correlations]. An attempt has been made by the authors to find correlations between the collateral circulation and clinical condition in thirty-three patients suffering from occlusions of the internal and common carotid arteries. It has been found that the course of disease will be less severe when a collateral circulation is developed; also, this results in late consequences being much less severe in character. The age and general condition of the patient were found to be of major importance to the course of disease. Patients of advanced age usually do not show any appreciable improvement even in those cases where a collateral circulation has developed. Anatomical examinations showed that there existed a large number of collateral circulations between the external carotid artery and the branches of the ophthalmic artery. Playing the most important role among these branches of the external carotid artery are the maxillary and facial arteries. This has also been confirmed by the results of angiographic examinations made in vivo. Also described in this paper are rare cases of development of collateral circulations which were reported in the literature and which may be considered as contributing to the compensation of conditions characterized by the occlusion of the internal carotid artery.", "PMID": 1015050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_728", "title": "[EEG after so-called whiplash injury of cervical vertebral column (cervicocephalic acceleration trauma)].", "content": "The results of electroencephalographic examinations made on four groups of patients are compared. These groups include 80 patients with cervicocephalic syndromes due to flinging injuries to the cervical vertebral column, 80 patients with postconcussive syndromes, and 39 patients whose anamneses suggested conditions resulting from the two kinds of injury referred to above. A fourth group of 40 patients with nontraumatic spondylosis deformans cervicalis is compared with the first three groups of patients. The rate (49 percent, 52 percent, and 54 percent), kind, and distribution of electroencephalographically determined abnormalities are in agreement with those obtained for the first three groups. For patients with nontraumatic cervicocephalic syndromes the rate of general alterations determined from records obtained by means of the electroencephalograph is equal to the occurrence of constitutional EEG variants, the rate being of the order of 10 percent. EEG alterations observed in the case of flinging traumata are considered to de due to acceleration injuries to the cranial contents.", "contents": "[EEG after so-called whiplash injury of cervical vertebral column (cervicocephalic acceleration trauma)]. The results of electroencephalographic examinations made on four groups of patients are compared. These groups include 80 patients with cervicocephalic syndromes due to flinging injuries to the cervical vertebral column, 80 patients with postconcussive syndromes, and 39 patients whose anamneses suggested conditions resulting from the two kinds of injury referred to above. A fourth group of 40 patients with nontraumatic spondylosis deformans cervicalis is compared with the first three groups of patients. The rate (49 percent, 52 percent, and 54 percent), kind, and distribution of electroencephalographically determined abnormalities are in agreement with those obtained for the first three groups. For patients with nontraumatic cervicocephalic syndromes the rate of general alterations determined from records obtained by means of the electroencephalograph is equal to the occurrence of constitutional EEG variants, the rate being of the order of 10 percent. EEG alterations observed in the case of flinging traumata are considered to de due to acceleration injuries to the cranial contents.", "PMID": 1015051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_729", "title": "[Fluid carbenicillin levels after intravenous administration].", "content": "Intravenous infusion of carbenicillin was followed by a determination of the concentration of this antibiotic in both the liquor and serum. The examinations, of which the results are reported in this paper, were made on six patients who had undergone surgical operations to the posterior cranial fossa and on whom lumbar punctures were postoperatively performed every day, as well as on seven hydrocephalic patients where a temporary relief of pressure was obtained by draining excess liquor. The level of carbenicillin in the liquor were found to enable even gram-negative problem germs (e.g., Proteus germs) to be controlled.", "contents": "[Fluid carbenicillin levels after intravenous administration]. Intravenous infusion of carbenicillin was followed by a determination of the concentration of this antibiotic in both the liquor and serum. The examinations, of which the results are reported in this paper, were made on six patients who had undergone surgical operations to the posterior cranial fossa and on whom lumbar punctures were postoperatively performed every day, as well as on seven hydrocephalic patients where a temporary relief of pressure was obtained by draining excess liquor. The level of carbenicillin in the liquor were found to enable even gram-negative problem germs (e.g., Proteus germs) to be controlled.", "PMID": 1015052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_730", "title": "[Indications for reoperation on brain gliomas].", "content": "The present results allow to make the following conclusions: (1) In the case of relapses or progressions of intracranial gliomata, reoperation usually yields unsatisfactory therapeutical results, often leading even to premature death of the patient. (2) Reoperations for intracranial gliomata should be decided individually. Determining their indication are the size, location, and histological character ascertained during the first intervention. Also, it is necessary to give detailed consideration to the results of both scintigraphic and angiographic examinations, which give an idea of the actual size of proliferation. (3) Relapses of malignant and relatively malignant gliomata are not reoperable. (4) Showing a relative capability of treatment by surgical reoperation are relapses of benign gliomata in functionally unimportant regions, which do not affect remote cerebral structures and which are accompanied by intracranial hypertension. (5) Reoperation is absolutely indicated in the case of relapses of spongioblastomata of the cerebellum providing the tumor does not affect the brain-stem.", "contents": "[Indications for reoperation on brain gliomas]. The present results allow to make the following conclusions: (1) In the case of relapses or progressions of intracranial gliomata, reoperation usually yields unsatisfactory therapeutical results, often leading even to premature death of the patient. (2) Reoperations for intracranial gliomata should be decided individually. Determining their indication are the size, location, and histological character ascertained during the first intervention. Also, it is necessary to give detailed consideration to the results of both scintigraphic and angiographic examinations, which give an idea of the actual size of proliferation. (3) Relapses of malignant and relatively malignant gliomata are not reoperable. (4) Showing a relative capability of treatment by surgical reoperation are relapses of benign gliomata in functionally unimportant regions, which do not affect remote cerebral structures and which are accompanied by intracranial hypertension. (5) Reoperation is absolutely indicated in the case of relapses of spongioblastomata of the cerebellum providing the tumor does not affect the brain-stem.", "PMID": 1015053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_731", "title": "[Unusual paraventricular cavitations as complication of brain stem glioblastoma].", "content": "The author in his present paper reports extensive paraventricular cavitation of the lateral ventricles in a 24-year-old woman with a brain-stem glioblastoma. Playing an important etiopathogenetic role in the development of this particular complicatien are a disturbance of the pischarge of liquor due to the expansion in the posterior cranial fossa of the rapidly growing tumor, the internal hydrocephalus resulting therefrom, and the acute tumoral hemorrhage accompanied by an invasion of the fourth ventricle and partial internal hematocephalus.", "contents": "[Unusual paraventricular cavitations as complication of brain stem glioblastoma]. The author in his present paper reports extensive paraventricular cavitation of the lateral ventricles in a 24-year-old woman with a brain-stem glioblastoma. Playing an important etiopathogenetic role in the development of this particular complicatien are a disturbance of the pischarge of liquor due to the expansion in the posterior cranial fossa of the rapidly growing tumor, the internal hydrocephalus resulting therefrom, and the acute tumoral hemorrhage accompanied by an invasion of the fourth ventricle and partial internal hematocephalus.", "PMID": 1015054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_732", "title": "[Use of aliphatic amino acids by staphylococcus cells during pigment biosynthesis].", "content": "A study was made of a possibility of incorporation of labeled amino acids into the composition of carotinoid pigment of the Staph. aureus. The use in the biosynthesis of Staph. aureus pigment of the following amino acids was demonstrated: valine, leucine, aspartate and glutamate. Carbon of amino acid radicals was mainly used in the carotinoid biosynthesis, this pointing to their preliminary decarboxylation by the corresponding decarboxylases of the bacterial cell.", "contents": "[Use of aliphatic amino acids by staphylococcus cells during pigment biosynthesis]. A study was made of a possibility of incorporation of labeled amino acids into the composition of carotinoid pigment of the Staph. aureus. The use in the biosynthesis of Staph. aureus pigment of the following amino acids was demonstrated: valine, leucine, aspartate and glutamate. Carbon of amino acid radicals was mainly used in the carotinoid biosynthesis, this pointing to their preliminary decarboxylation by the corresponding decarboxylases of the bacterial cell.", "PMID": 1015066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_733", "title": "[Sensitizing properties of strains of stpahylococci differing in toxigenicity in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction].", "content": "The author presents the results of studies on the effect of staphylococcus toxin formation on the origination of allergic reaction. Staph. aureus strains, active producers of the alpha- and gamma-hemolysin, leukocidin, and Staph. epidermidis strains possessing no pathogenicity signs (a total of 8 strains) were used for the sensitization. Guinea pigs and rabbits served for the reproduction of anaphylactic shock and passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovary. Toxigenic properties of the strain were not the dominating factor in the formation of an allergic reaction of the organism. Immediate sensitization reaction occurred in the animals in response to the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains not only after the administration of a reacting dose of homologous, but also of other strains of different toxigenicity. Sensitization reaction with Staph. aureus strains was more pronounced. Sensitization of the organism with Staph. epidermidis strains (possessing no pathogenicity signs) is also possible.", "contents": "[Sensitizing properties of strains of stpahylococci differing in toxigenicity in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction]. The author presents the results of studies on the effect of staphylococcus toxin formation on the origination of allergic reaction. Staph. aureus strains, active producers of the alpha- and gamma-hemolysin, leukocidin, and Staph. epidermidis strains possessing no pathogenicity signs (a total of 8 strains) were used for the sensitization. Guinea pigs and rabbits served for the reproduction of anaphylactic shock and passive skin anaphylaxis after Ovary. Toxigenic properties of the strain were not the dominating factor in the formation of an allergic reaction of the organism. Immediate sensitization reaction occurred in the animals in response to the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains not only after the administration of a reacting dose of homologous, but also of other strains of different toxigenicity. Sensitization reaction with Staph. aureus strains was more pronounced. Sensitization of the organism with Staph. epidermidis strains (possessing no pathogenicity signs) is also possible.", "PMID": 1015067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_734", "title": "[Modified nephelometric method of determining the activity of extracellular staphylococcal plasmocoagulase].", "content": "The nephelometric method of the quantitative determination of plasmocoagulase was modified. The medium for growing staphylococci and the composition of the \"substrate\" were elaborated. The necessity of recalculation of the absolute coagulase activity into specific activity with the consideration to the microbial cell count in the suspension from which the supernatent containing the enzyme was obtained. The greatest plasmocoagulase activity was revealed in the 6- and the 24-hour cultures of Staph. aureus. The optimal time of incubation of the reactive medium (enzyme-substrate) was 4 hours.", "contents": "[Modified nephelometric method of determining the activity of extracellular staphylococcal plasmocoagulase]. The nephelometric method of the quantitative determination of plasmocoagulase was modified. The medium for growing staphylococci and the composition of the \"substrate\" were elaborated. The necessity of recalculation of the absolute coagulase activity into specific activity with the consideration to the microbial cell count in the suspension from which the supernatent containing the enzyme was obtained. The greatest plasmocoagulase activity was revealed in the 6- and the 24-hour cultures of Staph. aureus. The optimal time of incubation of the reactive medium (enzyme-substrate) was 4 hours.", "PMID": 1015068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_735", "title": "[Comparative study of mycoplasmae and stable L-forms of bacteria].", "content": "A comparative study of mycoplasmae and L-form bacteria was carried out. Both of them were well passaged on a special nutrient medium with the addition of thallium acetate, i.e. they were resistant to this factor. But, in difference from the L-form bacteria, mycoplasmae failed to be passaged on the serum-free medium; the cultures of the L-form bacteria were highly resistant to the action of osmotic stabilizers and to the pressure of the nutrient medium of 15 and 30 atm; as to mycoplasmae--they perished at such a high pressure. The majority of mycoplasmae were resistant to the action of osmotic shock, and L-form bacteria lost their viability in distilled water as soon as in 2 hours.", "contents": "[Comparative study of mycoplasmae and stable L-forms of bacteria]. A comparative study of mycoplasmae and L-form bacteria was carried out. Both of them were well passaged on a special nutrient medium with the addition of thallium acetate, i.e. they were resistant to this factor. But, in difference from the L-form bacteria, mycoplasmae failed to be passaged on the serum-free medium; the cultures of the L-form bacteria were highly resistant to the action of osmotic stabilizers and to the pressure of the nutrient medium of 15 and 30 atm; as to mycoplasmae--they perished at such a high pressure. The majority of mycoplasmae were resistant to the action of osmotic shock, and L-form bacteria lost their viability in distilled water as soon as in 2 hours.", "PMID": 1015069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_736", "title": "[Phenomenon of erythrocyte \"spreading\" on the surface of agar caused by hemolytic staphylococci].", "content": "Hemolytic staphylococcus was incubated at 37 degrees C in a Petri dish, on meat-peptone agar with a layer of erythrocytes on its surface. Colonies surrounded by smaller radially-located secondary colonies of the same staphylococcus were revealed in 24 hours; there proved to be a direct relationship between the hemolytic activity of the staphylococcus and the size of the zone of erythrocyte \"spreading\". This phenomenon called the erythrocyte \"spreading\" phenomenon was caused only by hemolytic staphylococci. Apparently hemolytic staphylococcus secreted surfactants causing the \"spreading\" of erythrocytes from the growing colony.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of erythrocyte \"spreading\" on the surface of agar caused by hemolytic staphylococci]. Hemolytic staphylococcus was incubated at 37 degrees C in a Petri dish, on meat-peptone agar with a layer of erythrocytes on its surface. Colonies surrounded by smaller radially-located secondary colonies of the same staphylococcus were revealed in 24 hours; there proved to be a direct relationship between the hemolytic activity of the staphylococcus and the size of the zone of erythrocyte \"spreading\". This phenomenon called the erythrocyte \"spreading\" phenomenon was caused only by hemolytic staphylococci. Apparently hemolytic staphylococcus secreted surfactants causing the \"spreading\" of erythrocytes from the growing colony.", "PMID": 1015070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_737", "title": "[Characteristics of the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of killed influence vaccine purified and concentrated by the method of adsorbed chromatography on silicate sorbents].", "content": "Reactogenic and immunogenic properties of killed influenza vaccine prepared of various strains of influenza virus by the method of sorption chromatography on sliciate sorbents were studied on small groups of volunteers; there proved to be a moderate reactogenic and a marked immunogenic activity of the experimental batches of the preparation. The dose, the concentration and the method of administration of the vaccine to obtain the immune response were determined. The indices of humoral and local immunity following a single vaccination were studied. On the basis of parenteral immunization of donors with killed influenza vaccine there were obtained experimental samples of the antinfluenza gamma-globulin with an increased specific activity.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of killed influence vaccine purified and concentrated by the method of adsorbed chromatography on silicate sorbents]. Reactogenic and immunogenic properties of killed influenza vaccine prepared of various strains of influenza virus by the method of sorption chromatography on sliciate sorbents were studied on small groups of volunteers; there proved to be a moderate reactogenic and a marked immunogenic activity of the experimental batches of the preparation. The dose, the concentration and the method of administration of the vaccine to obtain the immune response were determined. The indices of humoral and local immunity following a single vaccination were studied. On the basis of parenteral immunization of donors with killed influenza vaccine there were obtained experimental samples of the antinfluenza gamma-globulin with an increased specific activity.", "PMID": 1015075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_738", "title": "[Comparative study of the immunologic effectiveness of the oral and subcutaneous methods of administering pertussis vaccine].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of humoral immunity in rabbits after oral and subcutaneous immunization with pertussis vaccine. There was an increase in agglutinin titre and of the protective properties of the serum both after the oral administration of the vaccine according to two different schemes and after the subcutaneous immunization. However, rabbits immunized orally displayed a more prolonged (150-day) persistence of agglutinin titres, as well as of preventive and protective activity of the sera than rabbits immunized subcutaneoulsy.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the immunologic effectiveness of the oral and subcutaneous methods of administering pertussis vaccine]. The authors present the results of study of humoral immunity in rabbits after oral and subcutaneous immunization with pertussis vaccine. There was an increase in agglutinin titre and of the protective properties of the serum both after the oral administration of the vaccine according to two different schemes and after the subcutaneous immunization. However, rabbits immunized orally displayed a more prolonged (150-day) persistence of agglutinin titres, as well as of preventive and protective activity of the sera than rabbits immunized subcutaneoulsy.", "PMID": 1015077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_739", "title": "[Dynamics of DNA synthesis and blast cell reproduction during formation of the primary immune response and immunologic memory].", "content": "A study was made of the dynamics of the DNA synthesis and of the reproduction of the blast cells in the spleen by the methods of autoradiography and radiometry under conditions of a single intervenous immunization of CBA mice with high and low doses of sheep erythrocytes. In the formation of immunological memory stimulated by a subimmunizing dose of the antigen (1-10(5) erythrocytes) cell changes were observed almost exclusively in the periarterial zone; as to the primary response caused by a high dose of the antigen (1-10(9) erythrocytes), it was accompanied by the changes in the cell composition in all the zones of the spleen under study (periarterial, mantle, embryonic centres, red pulp). The maximal accretion of the blast count was observed in the both cases on the second day after the antigen administration. Dynamics of the specific intensity of the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the tissues of the spleen showed the greatest correspondence with the dynamics of the cell changes in the periarterial zone of the spleen.", "contents": "[Dynamics of DNA synthesis and blast cell reproduction during formation of the primary immune response and immunologic memory]. A study was made of the dynamics of the DNA synthesis and of the reproduction of the blast cells in the spleen by the methods of autoradiography and radiometry under conditions of a single intervenous immunization of CBA mice with high and low doses of sheep erythrocytes. In the formation of immunological memory stimulated by a subimmunizing dose of the antigen (1-10(5) erythrocytes) cell changes were observed almost exclusively in the periarterial zone; as to the primary response caused by a high dose of the antigen (1-10(9) erythrocytes), it was accompanied by the changes in the cell composition in all the zones of the spleen under study (periarterial, mantle, embryonic centres, red pulp). The maximal accretion of the blast count was observed in the both cases on the second day after the antigen administration. Dynamics of the specific intensity of the 3H-thymidine incorporation into the tissues of the spleen showed the greatest correspondence with the dynamics of the cell changes in the periarterial zone of the spleen.", "PMID": 1015078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_740", "title": "[Character of the immune response in guinea pigs following immunization with brucellosis protective antigen].", "content": "In studying guinea pigs immunized with brucella protective antigen and the immunological response in them it was found that the antigen could be determined for 30 days by the method of fluorescent antibodies in the cells of the lymph nodes and the spleen following its intravenous injection. The optimal immunizing dose was 0.6 mg; in difference from a dose of 2 mg it produced an earlier and a more pronounced humoral effect. The phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs immunized with low doses was much more intensive than of those immunized with high doses of the antigen. Brucella protective antigen in a dose of 2 mg produced a disturbance of the carbohydrate metabolism in phagocytes, this influencing negatively their phagocytic function.", "contents": "[Character of the immune response in guinea pigs following immunization with brucellosis protective antigen]. In studying guinea pigs immunized with brucella protective antigen and the immunological response in them it was found that the antigen could be determined for 30 days by the method of fluorescent antibodies in the cells of the lymph nodes and the spleen following its intravenous injection. The optimal immunizing dose was 0.6 mg; in difference from a dose of 2 mg it produced an earlier and a more pronounced humoral effect. The phagocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs immunized with low doses was much more intensive than of those immunized with high doses of the antigen. Brucella protective antigen in a dose of 2 mg produced a disturbance of the carbohydrate metabolism in phagocytes, this influencing negatively their phagocytic function.", "PMID": 1015079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_741", "title": "[Avidity of specific antibodies in the sera of cholera patients  and vibrio carriers].", "content": "Avidity of specific antibodies was studied in the sera of patients suffering from cholera and vibrio-carriers by the rate of antibody binding (in the bacterial agglutination reaction) and by the completeness of their binding with O-antigen (in the passive hemagglutination test). There were revealed statistically significant higher indices of antibody avidity contained in the blood sera of the vibrio carriers, in comparison with the antibodies in the blood sera of patients with clinically manifest forms of cholera. There proved to be an increase in the antibody avidity in the dynamics of the infectious process. It is supposed that the degree of avidity of anticholera antibodies in examination of whole sera depended on the ratio of the specific macro- and microglobulins in them.", "contents": "[Avidity of specific antibodies in the sera of cholera patients  and vibrio carriers]. Avidity of specific antibodies was studied in the sera of patients suffering from cholera and vibrio-carriers by the rate of antibody binding (in the bacterial agglutination reaction) and by the completeness of their binding with O-antigen (in the passive hemagglutination test). There were revealed statistically significant higher indices of antibody avidity contained in the blood sera of the vibrio carriers, in comparison with the antibodies in the blood sera of patients with clinically manifest forms of cholera. There proved to be an increase in the antibody avidity in the dynamics of the infectious process. It is supposed that the degree of avidity of anticholera antibodies in examination of whole sera depended on the ratio of the specific macro- and microglobulins in them.", "PMID": 1015080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_742", "title": "[Changes in the surface structures of bacteria as a cause of weak immunogenicity of vaccines from several strains of Citrobacter].", "content": "The authors present the results of studying the weakly immunogenic Citrobacter strains; some O-antigens of Citrobacter (11, 14, 19, 21a, 21b, 26) caused in immunization of rabbits a weak immune response (antibody titre--1:400-1:800). An electron microscopic study of the vaccines (obtained from these strains) and their fragments showed that a partial desquamation and denaturing of the antigenic material occurred in the process of preparation of heated vaccines. Formalin-treated vaccine subjected to preliminary deflaggelation for 2 min at 3000 cps was used for obtaining the O-sera against the mentioned antigens.", "contents": "[Changes in the surface structures of bacteria as a cause of weak immunogenicity of vaccines from several strains of Citrobacter]. The authors present the results of studying the weakly immunogenic Citrobacter strains; some O-antigens of Citrobacter (11, 14, 19, 21a, 21b, 26) caused in immunization of rabbits a weak immune response (antibody titre--1:400-1:800). An electron microscopic study of the vaccines (obtained from these strains) and their fragments showed that a partial desquamation and denaturing of the antigenic material occurred in the process of preparation of heated vaccines. Formalin-treated vaccine subjected to preliminary deflaggelation for 2 min at 3000 cps was used for obtaining the O-sera against the mentioned antigens.", "PMID": 1015081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_743", "title": "[Encephalopathic syndrome in chronic non-specific lung diseases].", "content": "On the basis of a clinical, laboratory (blood gas content, function of external respiration, EEG, ECG eye ground, etc.) and pathomorphological studies the authors describe a syndrome of chronic lung encephalopathy in 34 patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases (chronic pneumonia, chronic bronchitis). The report contains data on the development of chronic encephalopathy depending upon the severity of the basic disease. Treatment recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Encephalopathic syndrome in chronic non-specific lung diseases]. On the basis of a clinical, laboratory (blood gas content, function of external respiration, EEG, ECG eye ground, etc.) and pathomorphological studies the authors describe a syndrome of chronic lung encephalopathy in 34 patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases (chronic pneumonia, chronic bronchitis). The report contains data on the development of chronic encephalopathy depending upon the severity of the basic disease. Treatment recommendations are given.", "PMID": 1015083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_744", "title": "[Neurologic pathology in severe forms of chronic renal failure].", "content": "The paper deals with the results of a neurological and psychological study of 162 patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Among this contingent 122 were in a terminal phase and preserved a viability only because of a long-term (up to 4 years) regular hemodialysis. The authors describe the dynamics of neurological pathology due to autointoxication and metabolic disturbances and suggest that the main foci of lesions are nonspecific structures of the mesencephalo-diencephalic brain areas and peripheral nerves on the background of a diffuse lesion of the nervous tissue.", "contents": "[Neurologic pathology in severe forms of chronic renal failure]. The paper deals with the results of a neurological and psychological study of 162 patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Among this contingent 122 were in a terminal phase and preserved a viability only because of a long-term (up to 4 years) regular hemodialysis. The authors describe the dynamics of neurological pathology due to autointoxication and metabolic disturbances and suggest that the main foci of lesions are nonspecific structures of the mesencephalo-diencephalic brain areas and peripheral nerves on the background of a diffuse lesion of the nervous tissue.", "PMID": 1015084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_745", "title": "[Affection of the central and peripheral nervous systems in systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Using the complex methods of morphological, neurohistological and histochemical methods in the study of the central and peripheral nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus, the authors observed 20 patients who died at the age of 12-56. The studies detected phenomena of disorganization of the connective tissue and vascular walls which are accompanied by a significant accumulation of muccopolysaccharides, thrombovasculites, endovasculites, lymphoid-plasmocellular infiltration and degenerative changes in the nervous elements.", "contents": "[Affection of the central and peripheral nervous systems in systemic lupus erythematosus]. Using the complex methods of morphological, neurohistological and histochemical methods in the study of the central and peripheral nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus, the authors observed 20 patients who died at the age of 12-56. The studies detected phenomena of disorganization of the connective tissue and vascular walls which are accompanied by a significant accumulation of muccopolysaccharides, thrombovasculites, endovasculites, lymphoid-plasmocellular infiltration and degenerative changes in the nervous elements.", "PMID": 1015085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_746", "title": "[State of the nervous system in psoriasis patients].", "content": "In order to clarify the role of the nervous system in the development of psoriasis the authors conducted a manifold dermato-neurological, biochemical and electrophysiological (EEG, REG) study of 130 patients. In 76.4% there were different neurological disorders: vegetative-vascular disturbances, functional diseases of the nervous system. Psoriasis was also seen in combination with segulae of brain injuries, neuroinfections, hypothalamic syndrome, vascular brain lesions, epilepsy. Clinico-electrophysiological studies detected a dysfunction on all levels of the brain, mainly in the limbico-reticular complex and mesodiencephalic formation. Quite possibly the above-mentioned changes are of significance for the development of psoriasis, making the use of drugs influencing these brain structure necessary. Taking into consideration the REG data it is also necessary to use preparations influencing the vascular tone of the brain and physiotherapeutical procedures normalizing the cerebral hemodynamics.", "contents": "[State of the nervous system in psoriasis patients]. In order to clarify the role of the nervous system in the development of psoriasis the authors conducted a manifold dermato-neurological, biochemical and electrophysiological (EEG, REG) study of 130 patients. In 76.4% there were different neurological disorders: vegetative-vascular disturbances, functional diseases of the nervous system. Psoriasis was also seen in combination with segulae of brain injuries, neuroinfections, hypothalamic syndrome, vascular brain lesions, epilepsy. Clinico-electrophysiological studies detected a dysfunction on all levels of the brain, mainly in the limbico-reticular complex and mesodiencephalic formation. Quite possibly the above-mentioned changes are of significance for the development of psoriasis, making the use of drugs influencing these brain structure necessary. Taking into consideration the REG data it is also necessary to use preparations influencing the vascular tone of the brain and physiotherapeutical procedures normalizing the cerebral hemodynamics.", "PMID": 1015086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_747", "title": "[Autonomic paroxysms (of the stenocardia type) in vascular lesions primarily of the medio-basal portions of the temporal lobes of the brain].", "content": "In patients with vascular brain pathology the authors observed cases of temporal epilepsy in the clinical picture of which prevailed (and sometimes were isolated) vegetative-vascular \"stenocardia\" paroxysms. Such clinical states made it possible to suggest that in this contingent there was stenocardia proper. Stenocardiac paroxysms, due to cerebral pathology, were in combination with affective, mnestic and other psychopathological and neurological symptoms, indicating to an involvement into the vascular process of cortical representations of vegetative functions in the temporal area: hippocamp, amygdalar nucleus and their connections with the diencephalo-stem structures.", "contents": "[Autonomic paroxysms (of the stenocardia type) in vascular lesions primarily of the medio-basal portions of the temporal lobes of the brain]. In patients with vascular brain pathology the authors observed cases of temporal epilepsy in the clinical picture of which prevailed (and sometimes were isolated) vegetative-vascular \"stenocardia\" paroxysms. Such clinical states made it possible to suggest that in this contingent there was stenocardia proper. Stenocardiac paroxysms, due to cerebral pathology, were in combination with affective, mnestic and other psychopathological and neurological symptoms, indicating to an involvement into the vascular process of cortical representations of vegetative functions in the temporal area: hippocamp, amygdalar nucleus and their connections with the diencephalo-stem structures.", "PMID": 1015087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_748", "title": "[Odontologic and other etiologic factors in trigeminal neuralgia].", "content": "Trigeminal neuralgia may be due to many causes, being in this respect secondary. To a certain degree trigeminal neuralgia may be facilitated by an individual increase of reactivity in the trigeminal system to noxious factors. For this reason, in treating trigeminal neuralgia, it is necessary first of all to take into consideration the possible etiological factors including different diseases of the teeth, in the innervation of which an important role is played by the fibers of the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "[Odontologic and other etiologic factors in trigeminal neuralgia]. Trigeminal neuralgia may be due to many causes, being in this respect secondary. To a certain degree trigeminal neuralgia may be facilitated by an individual increase of reactivity in the trigeminal system to noxious factors. For this reason, in treating trigeminal neuralgia, it is necessary first of all to take into consideration the possible etiological factors including different diseases of the teeth, in the innervation of which an important role is played by the fibers of the trigeminal nerve.", "PMID": 1015089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_749", "title": "[Treatment of spondylogenic lumbosacral radiculitis with epidural novocaine-hydrocortisone blockades].", "content": "The authors analyze some results in the treatment of 100 patients with spondilogenic sacro-lumbar radiculitis by epidural novocain-hydrocortisone blockades. The materials permit to substantiate indications, contraindications and some methodological approache in this form of treatment. In some cases epidural blockades were performed in combination with other forms of therapy (physiotherapeutical procedures, traction, analgetic drugs). A good therapeutic effect was seen in 88 patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of spondylogenic lumbosacral radiculitis with epidural novocaine-hydrocortisone blockades]. The authors analyze some results in the treatment of 100 patients with spondilogenic sacro-lumbar radiculitis by epidural novocain-hydrocortisone blockades. The materials permit to substantiate indications, contraindications and some methodological approache in this form of treatment. In some cases epidural blockades were performed in combination with other forms of therapy (physiotherapeutical procedures, traction, analgetic drugs). A good therapeutic effect was seen in 88 patients.", "PMID": 1015090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_750", "title": "[Phenomenon of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte blast-transformation in several inflammatory diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "Morphological and autoradiographical studies of leukocyte cultures of the CSF in 20 patients with serous meningoencephalitis of a diverse etiology permitted the authors to establish the following condition. There is a phenomenon of lymphocyte blastransformation under the influence of phytohemagglutinine (PHA) and tuberculin. These data made it possible to suppose of the existence of T2-lymphocytes in the CSF. A correlation between the obtained data and the clinical picture demonstrated that 30-50% of the lymphocytes respond to PHA, irrespective of the etiology of meningoencephalitis, while blasttransformation to tuberculin occurs only in tuberculous meningoencephalitis. The authors attribute an important practical role to these findings for a differential diagnosis between obliviated forms of tuberculous meningoencephalitis and serous meningoencephalitis of a nontuberculous origin. These data give ground to assume that the CSF and the lymphocytes circulating in it form a strong immunological \"mobile\" barrier to the brain.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte blast-transformation in several inflammatory diseases of the nervous system]. Morphological and autoradiographical studies of leukocyte cultures of the CSF in 20 patients with serous meningoencephalitis of a diverse etiology permitted the authors to establish the following condition. There is a phenomenon of lymphocyte blastransformation under the influence of phytohemagglutinine (PHA) and tuberculin. These data made it possible to suppose of the existence of T2-lymphocytes in the CSF. A correlation between the obtained data and the clinical picture demonstrated that 30-50% of the lymphocytes respond to PHA, irrespective of the etiology of meningoencephalitis, while blasttransformation to tuberculin occurs only in tuberculous meningoencephalitis. The authors attribute an important practical role to these findings for a differential diagnosis between obliviated forms of tuberculous meningoencephalitis and serous meningoencephalitis of a nontuberculous origin. These data give ground to assume that the CSF and the lymphocytes circulating in it form a strong immunological \"mobile\" barrier to the brain.", "PMID": 1015091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_751", "title": "[Oscillographic speech recording as a method of differential diagnosis of different forms of dysarthria].", "content": "In order to differentiate paralytic, cerebellar and extrapyramidal forms of dysarthria the authors used the method of oscillography of speech in 20 normal and 30 patients. It was established that as differential diagnostical oscillographic criteria such phenomena as disorders of articulation, the latent period, role of speech, duration in the pronounciation of separate elements of speech, the correlation of the duration of words and pauses, amplitude of fluctuations and \"oscillogrpahic intonation\" of speech can be used.", "contents": "[Oscillographic speech recording as a method of differential diagnosis of different forms of dysarthria]. In order to differentiate paralytic, cerebellar and extrapyramidal forms of dysarthria the authors used the method of oscillography of speech in 20 normal and 30 patients. It was established that as differential diagnostical oscillographic criteria such phenomena as disorders of articulation, the latent period, role of speech, duration in the pronounciation of separate elements of speech, the correlation of the duration of words and pauses, amplitude of fluctuations and \"oscillogrpahic intonation\" of speech can be used.", "PMID": 1015092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_752", "title": "[Innervation of the medial group of plantar muscles in man (electrophysiologic study)].", "content": "The central response of the medical group of muscles in the foot sole, as a reaction to a stimulation of the tibial nerve has an antidrome character in normals over 20-22 years of age. However, in children and adolescents, as well as in disturbance of the supra-segmental control in this sort of response is a prevalent reflectory (monosynaptical) component. A similar trait was found in patients with discogenic radiculitis in an isolated lesion of the L5 radicle. And on the contrary, a pathology of the S1 radicle not only did not change the antidrome character of the response, but prevented the dominance of the reflectory component in cases of an accompanying lesion of the descending spinal conductors or L5 radical. The conclusion is made that the innervation of the protuberant muscles of the 1 finger in the human foot is accomplished by the L-motoneurons of the anterior horns of the S1 segment.", "contents": "[Innervation of the medial group of plantar muscles in man (electrophysiologic study)]. The central response of the medical group of muscles in the foot sole, as a reaction to a stimulation of the tibial nerve has an antidrome character in normals over 20-22 years of age. However, in children and adolescents, as well as in disturbance of the supra-segmental control in this sort of response is a prevalent reflectory (monosynaptical) component. A similar trait was found in patients with discogenic radiculitis in an isolated lesion of the L5 radicle. And on the contrary, a pathology of the S1 radicle not only did not change the antidrome character of the response, but prevented the dominance of the reflectory component in cases of an accompanying lesion of the descending spinal conductors or L5 radical. The conclusion is made that the innervation of the protuberant muscles of the 1 finger in the human foot is accomplished by the L-motoneurons of the anterior horns of the S1 segment.", "PMID": 1015093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_753", "title": "[Several aspects of the problem of psychopathy and prospects for scientific research in that area].", "content": "The author rises some problems of psychopathy which are the most significant at present: etiology and pathogenesis of psychopathy, their clinical classification, studies of their dynamics, differentiation of psychopathy from other forms of borderline conditions. In respect to the data concerning the modern state of the studies in psychopathy new perspectives in this area emerge: epidemiological studies of psychopathy, a study of its biological substrate, a creation of a unified classification of psychopathy, a differentiation of separate forms in the dynamics of psychopathy.", "contents": "[Several aspects of the problem of psychopathy and prospects for scientific research in that area]. The author rises some problems of psychopathy which are the most significant at present: etiology and pathogenesis of psychopathy, their clinical classification, studies of their dynamics, differentiation of psychopathy from other forms of borderline conditions. In respect to the data concerning the modern state of the studies in psychopathy new perspectives in this area emerge: epidemiological studies of psychopathy, a study of its biological substrate, a creation of a unified classification of psychopathy, a differentiation of separate forms in the dynamics of psychopathy.", "PMID": 1015094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_754", "title": "[Mechanisms of disorders in the assessment of external signals in psychopathies].", "content": "The author discusses some results of studies in evoked brain potentials of excitative and inhibitive psychopathic personalities. The evoked brain potentials to signal significant stimula in psychopaties are changed these changes being different in the groups of excitative and inhibitive psychopaths. In psychopathic personalities the amplitude changes to a significant stimula, not so much of the late but of the early components of response. The changes of early waves in the excitative and inhibited groups are differently directed. It can be supposed that these changes reflect the disturbances in the informational brain processes in psychopathic personalities which can be most distinctly seen in emotionally significant situation.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of disorders in the assessment of external signals in psychopathies]. The author discusses some results of studies in evoked brain potentials of excitative and inhibitive psychopathic personalities. The evoked brain potentials to signal significant stimula in psychopaties are changed these changes being different in the groups of excitative and inhibitive psychopaths. In psychopathic personalities the amplitude changes to a significant stimula, not so much of the late but of the early components of response. The changes of early waves in the excitative and inhibited groups are differently directed. It can be supposed that these changes reflect the disturbances in the informational brain processes in psychopathic personalities which can be most distinctly seen in emotionally significant situation.", "PMID": 1015095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_755", "title": "[Differences in serotonin and dopamine metabolism in psychopathy and sluggish schizophrenia].", "content": "The studies established some differences in the serotonin metabolism in psychopaths and in patients with sluggish schizophrenia (261+/-9 ng/ml and 329+/-7 ng/ml of whole blood respectively). A comparison of the homovanilin acid content in the blood serum of patients in both groups (normals -62.1+/-9.3 ng/ml, psychopathic personalities -86.0+/-10.1 ng/ml, schizophrenic patients -34.5+/-8.6 ng/ml) points to a tendency towards an intensification of the dopamine metabolism in patients with psychopathy and a drop in the intensity of dopamine metabolism in schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "[Differences in serotonin and dopamine metabolism in psychopathy and sluggish schizophrenia]. The studies established some differences in the serotonin metabolism in psychopaths and in patients with sluggish schizophrenia (261+/-9 ng/ml and 329+/-7 ng/ml of whole blood respectively). A comparison of the homovanilin acid content in the blood serum of patients in both groups (normals -62.1+/-9.3 ng/ml, psychopathic personalities -86.0+/-10.1 ng/ml, schizophrenic patients -34.5+/-8.6 ng/ml) points to a tendency towards an intensification of the dopamine metabolism in patients with psychopathy and a drop in the intensity of dopamine metabolism in schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 1015096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_756", "title": "[Critical capabilities in psychopathics].", "content": "The authors studied the capabilities of psychopathic personalities (58 cases) to control their behaviour by involving such factors as the past experience, the existing knowledge selfestimation, the level of pretension. The results of such studies established insufficiency of controlling the activities in using the past experience, inadequate selfestimation and level of pretension, incapability to a prognosis of the aftereffects of personal actions. These disturbances may determine the disturbances of critical capabilities in psychopathy.", "contents": "[Critical capabilities in psychopathics]. The authors studied the capabilities of psychopathic personalities (58 cases) to control their behaviour by involving such factors as the past experience, the existing knowledge selfestimation, the level of pretension. The results of such studies established insufficiency of controlling the activities in using the past experience, inadequate selfestimation and level of pretension, incapability to a prognosis of the aftereffects of personal actions. These disturbances may determine the disturbances of critical capabilities in psychopathy.", "PMID": 1015097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_757", "title": "[Personality structure mosaicism as a stage in the development of psychopathies].", "content": "An appliance of the principle of dynamics in relation to studies of psychopathy (164 cases) permitted to detect the periods of mosaicity in their formation and subsequent development. The authors describe some polymorphic phenomena in the clinical picture during the first period (complexity of the pathocharacterological structure, neurotic signs, the traits of the affective pathology, etc.). It was also possible to speak of some aging limits in the period of mosaicity and to demonstrate dependence of the clinical content on the genetical or clinical type of psychopathy. The report contains some differential diagnostical criteria or psychopathy of this age stage with psychopath-like conditions of a schizophrenic or organic genesis. Some main recommendations are given for a forensic-psychiatric evaluation of the described states.", "contents": "[Personality structure mosaicism as a stage in the development of psychopathies]. An appliance of the principle of dynamics in relation to studies of psychopathy (164 cases) permitted to detect the periods of mosaicity in their formation and subsequent development. The authors describe some polymorphic phenomena in the clinical picture during the first period (complexity of the pathocharacterological structure, neurotic signs, the traits of the affective pathology, etc.). It was also possible to speak of some aging limits in the period of mosaicity and to demonstrate dependence of the clinical content on the genetical or clinical type of psychopathy. The report contains some differential diagnostical criteria or psychopathy of this age stage with psychopath-like conditions of a schizophrenic or organic genesis. Some main recommendations are given for a forensic-psychiatric evaluation of the described states.", "PMID": 1015098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_758", "title": "[Clinical dynamics of several constitutional psychopathies during the period of their development].", "content": "The authors outline the main regularities in the dynamics of the formation of constitutional psychopathy in childhood and adolescence on the models of epileptoid and schizoid psychopathy. Some age traits of psychopathical and psychogenic reactions and their role in the formation of constitutional psychopathy are discussed. The period of their formation is considered as psychopathic development, due to a complex interaction of constitutional anomalies of temperament, instincts and drives with the micro-socio-psychological environment.", "contents": "[Clinical dynamics of several constitutional psychopathies during the period of their development]. The authors outline the main regularities in the dynamics of the formation of constitutional psychopathy in childhood and adolescence on the models of epileptoid and schizoid psychopathy. Some age traits of psychopathical and psychogenic reactions and their role in the formation of constitutional psychopathy are discussed. The period of their formation is considered as psychopathic development, due to a complex interaction of constitutional anomalies of temperament, instincts and drives with the micro-socio-psychological environment.", "PMID": 1015099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_759", "title": "[Clinical dynamics of hysterical psychopathy].", "content": "The report contains materials of a long-term clinico-catamnestical and social-psychological study of 136 patients with hysterical psychopathy. The main stages of a formation of psychopathy in 3 genetical subgroups (\"nuclear\", \"borderline\" and organic) were studied. The authors conducted a typological analysis of hysterical psychopathic personality with an elimination of \"obligatory\" and \"optional\" symptoms. Some regularities in the aging dynamics of hysterical psychopathy are given in respect to 3 periods: childhood and adolescency; mature:old age.", "contents": "[Clinical dynamics of hysterical psychopathy]. The report contains materials of a long-term clinico-catamnestical and social-psychological study of 136 patients with hysterical psychopathy. The main stages of a formation of psychopathy in 3 genetical subgroups (\"nuclear\", \"borderline\" and organic) were studied. The authors conducted a typological analysis of hysterical psychopathic personality with an elimination of \"obligatory\" and \"optional\" symptoms. Some regularities in the aging dynamics of hysterical psychopathy are given in respect to 3 periods: childhood and adolescency; mature:old age.", "PMID": 1015100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_760", "title": "[Clinical basis for a differentiated approach to psychopathic personality adaptation].", "content": "In the process of compensation of psychopathy there is a complex reformation of its structure due to the development of secondary compensatory personality changes on the background of primary pathocharacteriological personality traits. However, each form of psychopathy maintains its specific clinical symptoms which should be taken into consideration in a goal-directed formation of conditions, facilitating an adaptation of such patients. Consideration of specific traits in the structure of psychopathy and the reaction of patients to different factors allows one to select conditions where the requirements to the \"weak\" side of the personality would be reduced, while its relatively \"strong\" sides were applied productively.", "contents": "[Clinical basis for a differentiated approach to psychopathic personality adaptation]. In the process of compensation of psychopathy there is a complex reformation of its structure due to the development of secondary compensatory personality changes on the background of primary pathocharacteriological personality traits. However, each form of psychopathy maintains its specific clinical symptoms which should be taken into consideration in a goal-directed formation of conditions, facilitating an adaptation of such patients. Consideration of specific traits in the structure of psychopathy and the reaction of patients to different factors allows one to select conditions where the requirements to the \"weak\" side of the personality would be reduced, while its relatively \"strong\" sides were applied productively.", "PMID": 1015101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_761", "title": "[Interaction of external and internal factors in the manifestations and formation of psychopathies and pathological personality development].", "content": "The authors substantiate the concept that the material and pathophysiological substrate of psychopathy is the pathological variant of the highest nervous activity type, on the basis of which psychopathy appears and begins to form. They attempt to answer some questions concerning the correlation between exogenous and endogenous origins of psychopathy. A delineation between psychopathy and normal variants on the one hand and accentuated personalities and pathocharacterological personality development on the other one is made.", "contents": "[Interaction of external and internal factors in the manifestations and formation of psychopathies and pathological personality development]. The authors substantiate the concept that the material and pathophysiological substrate of psychopathy is the pathological variant of the highest nervous activity type, on the basis of which psychopathy appears and begins to form. They attempt to answer some questions concerning the correlation between exogenous and endogenous origins of psychopathy. A delineation between psychopathy and normal variants on the one hand and accentuated personalities and pathocharacterological personality development on the other one is made.", "PMID": 1015102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_762", "title": "[Characteristics of psycho-traumatic situations in the clinical picture of psychogenic reactions].", "content": "On the basis of a clinico-psychopathological study of 90 patients with the most frequently encountered forms of reactive conditions, the author eliminates the predilective clinical types of psychotraumatizing situations. The appearance of reactive depressions and neurasthenia is connected with stress situations and exhaustions. Obsessional neurotic states are connected with situations of disturbed habitual stereotypes while as hysteric states--with situations of infringement of egocentrism. Paranoical reactions appear in situations of a denial incompromissity.", "contents": "[Characteristics of psycho-traumatic situations in the clinical picture of psychogenic reactions]. On the basis of a clinico-psychopathological study of 90 patients with the most frequently encountered forms of reactive conditions, the author eliminates the predilective clinical types of psychotraumatizing situations. The appearance of reactive depressions and neurasthenia is connected with stress situations and exhaustions. Obsessional neurotic states are connected with situations of disturbed habitual stereotypes while as hysteric states--with situations of infringement of egocentrism. Paranoical reactions appear in situations of a denial incompromissity.", "PMID": 1015103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_763", "title": "[Assessment of the effectiveness of autogenic training in the complex treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states].", "content": "An examination of 68 patients with neurotic and psychopathic states detected the existence of significant connections between the method of treatment and reverse development of the symptomatology. The author used sets clinical scales and methods of statistical canonic, regressional and dispersional analysis. The most effective appeared to be autogenic training and aminazine. The effectiveness of aminazine was most distinctly seen in arresting hysterical characterological disturbances. The action of autogenic training in combination with amytriptiline was more effective in the treatment of insomnia and psychopathic disorders of the inhibitive type.", "contents": "[Assessment of the effectiveness of autogenic training in the complex treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states]. An examination of 68 patients with neurotic and psychopathic states detected the existence of significant connections between the method of treatment and reverse development of the symptomatology. The author used sets clinical scales and methods of statistical canonic, regressional and dispersional analysis. The most effective appeared to be autogenic training and aminazine. The effectiveness of aminazine was most distinctly seen in arresting hysterical characterological disturbances. The action of autogenic training in combination with amytriptiline was more effective in the treatment of insomnia and psychopathic disorders of the inhibitive type.", "PMID": 1015105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_764", "title": "[Reproduction of a given frequency of rhythmic movements in lesions of different motor formations].", "content": "By means of the tapping method the authors studied the capability of reproducting induced paces of rhythmical movements in 22 patients with the localization of the pathological process in subcortical nodes and in the brain stem. The induction of temporary programmes was accomplished by an electrophotostimulator, while the tapping registration--by an electromyo- and electroencephalographic method. It was demonstrated that in parkinsonic patients the most successful reproduction was accomplished in a pace of 6 hz. In cortical lesion there was a tendency to slow pace (1-2 hz), to a perseveration of made mistakes and a difficulty in transmitting from one pace to another. In stem lesions there was a disturbance in the reproduction of paces in all series of the experiment. The authors discuss the hypothesis of an existence of endogenous temporary programmes as an independent neurophysiological factor. It is being assumed that a study of the influence of external rhythmical signals on the internal (endogenous) time may have a decisive importance for special methods of rehabilitation of motor functions.", "contents": "[Reproduction of a given frequency of rhythmic movements in lesions of different motor formations]. By means of the tapping method the authors studied the capability of reproducting induced paces of rhythmical movements in 22 patients with the localization of the pathological process in subcortical nodes and in the brain stem. The induction of temporary programmes was accomplished by an electrophotostimulator, while the tapping registration--by an electromyo- and electroencephalographic method. It was demonstrated that in parkinsonic patients the most successful reproduction was accomplished in a pace of 6 hz. In cortical lesion there was a tendency to slow pace (1-2 hz), to a perseveration of made mistakes and a difficulty in transmitting from one pace to another. In stem lesions there was a disturbance in the reproduction of paces in all series of the experiment. The authors discuss the hypothesis of an existence of endogenous temporary programmes as an independent neurophysiological factor. It is being assumed that a study of the influence of external rhythmical signals on the internal (endogenous) time may have a decisive importance for special methods of rehabilitation of motor functions.", "PMID": 1015107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_765", "title": "[Bioelectric activity of paravertebral muscles in experimental scoliosis].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of the bioelectrical activity of the paravertebral muscles in 2 groups of rabbits with differently expressed degrees of experimental scoliosis and in a control group of intact animals. The results demonstrated an asymmetry in the tonic bioelectric activity in the paravertebral muscles in scoliosis, unlike the reactions of the control group of animals. The character of asymmetry depends upon the degree of deformation: in cases of moderately expressed scoliosis there is a prevalence of the tonic bioelectric activity on the level of the basic arc of distortion on the side of the concavity; in severely expressed scoliosis the tonic bioelectrical activity of the paravertebral muscles on the concave side appears to be less than on the convex side. An asymmetry of the tonic activity takes place on the level of compensatory arcs as well. The authors come to the conclusion on the pathogenetical role of the muscular dysbalance in the genesis of scoliotic deformation.", "contents": "[Bioelectric activity of paravertebral muscles in experimental scoliosis]. The paper is concerned with a study of the bioelectrical activity of the paravertebral muscles in 2 groups of rabbits with differently expressed degrees of experimental scoliosis and in a control group of intact animals. The results demonstrated an asymmetry in the tonic bioelectric activity in the paravertebral muscles in scoliosis, unlike the reactions of the control group of animals. The character of asymmetry depends upon the degree of deformation: in cases of moderately expressed scoliosis there is a prevalence of the tonic bioelectric activity on the level of the basic arc of distortion on the side of the concavity; in severely expressed scoliosis the tonic bioelectrical activity of the paravertebral muscles on the concave side appears to be less than on the convex side. An asymmetry of the tonic activity takes place on the level of compensatory arcs as well. The authors come to the conclusion on the pathogenetical role of the muscular dysbalance in the genesis of scoliotic deformation.", "PMID": 1015108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_766", "title": "[Spectral analysis of the EEG in patients with cerebral contusions and traumatic intracranial hematomas].", "content": "The authors subjected to a mathematical analysis 80 electroencephalograms registered in 20 patients with contusional foci andintracranial hematomas, verified during surgical operations. In order to evaluate the peculiarities of the EEG spectrograms an adaptive system of filtration was proposed which was based on an approximation of the assessment of the spectral density. The used method with the aid of computers permitted to detect the characteristic disturbances of the frequency spectrum in the EEG which had a topical and differential diagnostical significance for patients in the acute period of a severe brain injury.", "contents": "[Spectral analysis of the EEG in patients with cerebral contusions and traumatic intracranial hematomas]. The authors subjected to a mathematical analysis 80 electroencephalograms registered in 20 patients with contusional foci andintracranial hematomas, verified during surgical operations. In order to evaluate the peculiarities of the EEG spectrograms an adaptive system of filtration was proposed which was based on an approximation of the assessment of the spectral density. The used method with the aid of computers permitted to detect the characteristic disturbances of the frequency spectrum in the EEG which had a topical and differential diagnostical significance for patients in the acute period of a severe brain injury.", "PMID": 1015109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_767", "title": "[Effect of alcohol abuse on the development and course of acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "A study of 544 patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation demonstrated a correlation between the development of a stroke and the degree of alcohol abuse. In patients who abused alcoholic beverages acute disorders of cerebral circulation developed at a younger age, were much more acute and more frequently had a lethal outcome, especially if the stroke developed during acute alcoholic intoxication. The study also showed that in such cases hemorrhagical strokes were more common than ischemic.", "contents": "[Effect of alcohol abuse on the development and course of acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. A study of 544 patients with acute disorders of cerebral circulation demonstrated a correlation between the development of a stroke and the degree of alcohol abuse. In patients who abused alcoholic beverages acute disorders of cerebral circulation developed at a younger age, were much more acute and more frequently had a lethal outcome, especially if the stroke developed during acute alcoholic intoxication. The study also showed that in such cases hemorrhagical strokes were more common than ischemic.", "PMID": 1015110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_768", "title": "[Effect of dexamethasone on indices of cerebral circulation].", "content": "With the aid of a REG method the authors studied the effect of dexametasone on the cerebral hemodynamics in 37 patients with cerebral atherosclerosis with chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. It was possible to show that there is an accelerated venous blood outflow, a decreased vascular resistance, as well as the absence of a vasopressor reaction to a single intravenous administration of 4 mg of dexametasone. The capability of the preparation to reduce the volume of cerebral pulse waves limits its use in the initial decreased amplitude of cerebral pulse fluctuations.", "contents": "[Effect of dexamethasone on indices of cerebral circulation]. With the aid of a REG method the authors studied the effect of dexametasone on the cerebral hemodynamics in 37 patients with cerebral atherosclerosis with chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. It was possible to show that there is an accelerated venous blood outflow, a decreased vascular resistance, as well as the absence of a vasopressor reaction to a single intravenous administration of 4 mg of dexametasone. The capability of the preparation to reduce the volume of cerebral pulse waves limits its use in the initial decreased amplitude of cerebral pulse fluctuations.", "PMID": 1015111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_769", "title": "[Lability of the temperature analyzer in neurologic clinical practice].", "content": "With the aid of thermopulsation the authors determined the maximal frequencies of separately percepted thermal stimula in the different areas of the skin surface (lability of the thermal analyzer). Such studies were performed in normals and in patients with organic brain and spinal lesions. It was established that in pathological conditions changes of lability go far beyond the limits of corresponding morphological changes and demonstrate distributed neurodynamical shifts. These data are considered from the standpoint of extralemniscal disorders of general sensitivity.", "contents": "[Lability of the temperature analyzer in neurologic clinical practice]. With the aid of thermopulsation the authors determined the maximal frequencies of separately percepted thermal stimula in the different areas of the skin surface (lability of the thermal analyzer). Such studies were performed in normals and in patients with organic brain and spinal lesions. It was established that in pathological conditions changes of lability go far beyond the limits of corresponding morphological changes and demonstrate distributed neurodynamical shifts. These data are considered from the standpoint of extralemniscal disorders of general sensitivity.", "PMID": 1015112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_770", "title": "[Mnestic disorders in tumors of the temporal lobe].", "content": "The paper contains some results of a neuropsychological study of memory in 32 patients with tumors of the temporal lobe. The authors distinguished syndromes of disturbed speech memory (mainly--auditory-verbal) in tumors of the medial, posterior and, to a less degree, frontal areas of the left temporal lobe. In tumors of the right temporal lobe changes of memory were less expressed and had prevalently a visual-image character. An involvement into the process of the hyppocampus leads to a model nonspecific drop of short-time memory, while the expansion of the tumor towards the diencephalo-mesencephalic structures--to a formation of the Korsakoff syndrome. The results of the study demonstrate a certain correlation of disturbed memory with degree of emotional changes. It is being assumed that the defect of a retarded reproduction is due to an inertia of the nervous processes.", "contents": "[Mnestic disorders in tumors of the temporal lobe]. The paper contains some results of a neuropsychological study of memory in 32 patients with tumors of the temporal lobe. The authors distinguished syndromes of disturbed speech memory (mainly--auditory-verbal) in tumors of the medial, posterior and, to a less degree, frontal areas of the left temporal lobe. In tumors of the right temporal lobe changes of memory were less expressed and had prevalently a visual-image character. An involvement into the process of the hyppocampus leads to a model nonspecific drop of short-time memory, while the expansion of the tumor towards the diencephalo-mesencephalic structures--to a formation of the Korsakoff syndrome. The results of the study demonstrate a certain correlation of disturbed memory with degree of emotional changes. It is being assumed that the defect of a retarded reproduction is due to an inertia of the nervous processes.", "PMID": 1015113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_771", "title": "[Speech disorders in tumors of the left frontal lobe].", "content": "The paper deals with a description of speech activity or dynamic aphasia seen in 9 patients with tumors of the left frontal lobe. A weakening of volition to speech was combined with disorders of naming, verbal memory, logic thinking. All these disturbances were accompanied by general motor inhibition. Among the 9 studied patients in 8 cases the focus of lesion was situated on the medial surface of the hemisphere, corresponding to the supplementary Penfield speech zone.", "contents": "[Speech disorders in tumors of the left frontal lobe]. The paper deals with a description of speech activity or dynamic aphasia seen in 9 patients with tumors of the left frontal lobe. A weakening of volition to speech was combined with disorders of naming, verbal memory, logic thinking. All these disturbances were accompanied by general motor inhibition. Among the 9 studied patients in 8 cases the focus of lesion was situated on the medial surface of the hemisphere, corresponding to the supplementary Penfield speech zone.", "PMID": 1015114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_772", "title": "[Combined treatment of Parkinsonism with levopa, midantan and anticholinergic drugs].", "content": "For the treatment of 42 patients with different forms of atherosclerotic and postencephalitic parkinsonism the author used levopa drugs, medantane, cyclodol and parkopan in combination and separately. The most stable improvement was obtained from a combination of levopa with cyclodol in patient with rigid-akynetic-trembling manifestations of parkinsonism. The treatment by medantane increased the therapeutical effect in the patients with postencephalitic parkinsonism. Methyl-dopa and pyridoxine served as a corrector of levopa. The studies on the blood content of acetylcholine and cholinesterase showed a growth of cholinolytic and cholinesterase activity in the blood.", "contents": "[Combined treatment of Parkinsonism with levopa, midantan and anticholinergic drugs]. For the treatment of 42 patients with different forms of atherosclerotic and postencephalitic parkinsonism the author used levopa drugs, medantane, cyclodol and parkopan in combination and separately. The most stable improvement was obtained from a combination of levopa with cyclodol in patient with rigid-akynetic-trembling manifestations of parkinsonism. The treatment by medantane increased the therapeutical effect in the patients with postencephalitic parkinsonism. Methyl-dopa and pyridoxine served as a corrector of levopa. The studies on the blood content of acetylcholine and cholinesterase showed a growth of cholinolytic and cholinesterase activity in the blood.", "PMID": 1015115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_773", "title": "[Serotonin concentration in the blood of patients with tonic seizures localized in the brain stem].", "content": "The authors studied the content of general serotonin in different periods of attacks in patients with tonic attacks of a stem localization. It was possible to demonstrate an increased content of blood serotonin in the initial phase of the attack. During the crucial phase the serotonin content compared to the initial phase, decreases. However, its level compared to the onset level continued to be high. An increase in the serotonin content was accompanied by significant neurotic symptoms and in some cases by psychomotor excitation. The spectrograms of serotonin eliminated from the blood of patients are different by forms and may serve as one of the tests for the establishment of the degree of the disorder.", "contents": "[Serotonin concentration in the blood of patients with tonic seizures localized in the brain stem]. The authors studied the content of general serotonin in different periods of attacks in patients with tonic attacks of a stem localization. It was possible to demonstrate an increased content of blood serotonin in the initial phase of the attack. During the crucial phase the serotonin content compared to the initial phase, decreases. However, its level compared to the onset level continued to be high. An increase in the serotonin content was accompanied by significant neurotic symptoms and in some cases by psychomotor excitation. The spectrograms of serotonin eliminated from the blood of patients are different by forms and may serve as one of the tests for the establishment of the degree of the disorder.", "PMID": 1015116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_774", "title": "[Several biochemical signs of loss and restoration of visual function].", "content": "With the aid of cytophotometry the author studied the cellular chemistry of neurons (according to the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase) in the III, IV and V layers of the visual cortex in rats during the period of rehabilitation of specific functions following long-term light deprivation. It was demonstrated that a 2-week stay of deprivated animals in conditions of usual light is accompanied by visible normalization of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the cortical neurons. However, a complete rehabilitation of the control level was not attained. The study demonstrated differences in the reactions of identical neurons in the IV and V layers to the rehabilitation of specific functions. It is being assumed that the rehabilitation of the visual function may be due to biochemical reconstructions in the monomodel and certain parts of the polymodal neurons in the visual cortex.", "contents": "[Several biochemical signs of loss and restoration of visual function]. With the aid of cytophotometry the author studied the cellular chemistry of neurons (according to the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase) in the III, IV and V layers of the visual cortex in rats during the period of rehabilitation of specific functions following long-term light deprivation. It was demonstrated that a 2-week stay of deprivated animals in conditions of usual light is accompanied by visible normalization of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the cortical neurons. However, a complete rehabilitation of the control level was not attained. The study demonstrated differences in the reactions of identical neurons in the IV and V layers to the rehabilitation of specific functions. It is being assumed that the rehabilitation of the visual function may be due to biochemical reconstructions in the monomodel and certain parts of the polymodal neurons in the visual cortex.", "PMID": 1015117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_775", "title": "[Relationship between perception of facial expression by schizophrenic patients and disorders in their assessment of probability].", "content": "The author proposes a method of studying some traits of mimic perception where an oral report is avoided. The essence of the method is in a distribution by the examine of a series of photographs of the same face into such groups so as to have similar facial expressions. The experiments demonstrated that such distributions are mainly performed on a direct intuitive level. The examinee is given several series of photographs of different faces. In an evaluation of the results the probability of different combinations attained in a group of normals are being considered. The author compared a group of schizophrenic patients (60 cases) and a group of normals (100 cases). The patients significantly more frequently (p less than 0.001) give combinations of photographs with a low probability 0.01-0.05. The preliminary data indicate that this trait correlates with the severity of the clinical picture. Among the normals 7% of the examined individuals gave a stable high amount of answers with a low probability. This group of individuals detected characterological peculiarities reflected in the questionnaire. It may be assumed that this trait in the evaluation of mimics is due to a constitutional and morbid process.", "contents": "[Relationship between perception of facial expression by schizophrenic patients and disorders in their assessment of probability]. The author proposes a method of studying some traits of mimic perception where an oral report is avoided. The essence of the method is in a distribution by the examine of a series of photographs of the same face into such groups so as to have similar facial expressions. The experiments demonstrated that such distributions are mainly performed on a direct intuitive level. The examinee is given several series of photographs of different faces. In an evaluation of the results the probability of different combinations attained in a group of normals are being considered. The author compared a group of schizophrenic patients (60 cases) and a group of normals (100 cases). The patients significantly more frequently (p less than 0.001) give combinations of photographs with a low probability 0.01-0.05. The preliminary data indicate that this trait correlates with the severity of the clinical picture. Among the normals 7% of the examined individuals gave a stable high amount of answers with a low probability. This group of individuals detected characterological peculiarities reflected in the questionnaire. It may be assumed that this trait in the evaluation of mimics is due to a constitutional and morbid process.", "PMID": 1015119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_776", "title": "[Comparative study of thought characteristics of adolescents healthy and schizophrenic].", "content": "The paper is concerned with selectivity formation in the actulization of knowledge during the process of thinking in cases of abnormal development of adolescents--schizophrenic patients (61 cases). The study was performed in contrast to a control group of normals (114 cases) of the same age and educational census. The results demonstrate changes in the process of selectivity formation in the actualization of knowledge in adolescent schizophrenic patients which was detected in a weakening of the organizing role of the adopting system of social experience during the development of the cognitive activity.", "contents": "[Comparative study of thought characteristics of adolescents healthy and schizophrenic]. The paper is concerned with selectivity formation in the actulization of knowledge during the process of thinking in cases of abnormal development of adolescents--schizophrenic patients (61 cases). The study was performed in contrast to a control group of normals (114 cases) of the same age and educational census. The results demonstrate changes in the process of selectivity formation in the actualization of knowledge in adolescent schizophrenic patients which was detected in a weakening of the organizing role of the adopting system of social experience during the development of the cognitive activity.", "PMID": 1015120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_777", "title": "[Schizophrenic and schizophrenic-like manifestations in syndrome 47, XYY].", "content": "The authors examined 4446 patients in mental hospitals. Among these patients 15 displayed the 47 XYY syndrome and 3 with mosaicism 46 XY/47 XYY. A study of these patients showed that in 5 cases they were qualified as schizophrenic. They were study died from 2-5 years. In 4 cases the diagnosis of schizophrenia was not confirmed. In one case the authors diagnosed the disease as an atypical form of schizophrenia. The clinical traits of the disease in this case are associated with a supplementary Y somasomia.", "contents": "[Schizophrenic and schizophrenic-like manifestations in syndrome 47, XYY]. The authors examined 4446 patients in mental hospitals. Among these patients 15 displayed the 47 XYY syndrome and 3 with mosaicism 46 XY/47 XYY. A study of these patients showed that in 5 cases they were qualified as schizophrenic. They were study died from 2-5 years. In 4 cases the diagnosis of schizophrenia was not confirmed. In one case the authors diagnosed the disease as an atypical form of schizophrenia. The clinical traits of the disease in this case are associated with a supplementary Y somasomia.", "PMID": 1015121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_778", "title": "[Development of circularity as a manifestation of schizophrenic pathomorphosis].", "content": "On the basis of literature data and personal experience the author indicates the pathomorphosis of schizophrenia towards its circularization. It is claimed that this phenomenon cannot be explained entirely by the use of psychotropic drugs. A study of the reasons of such \"nontherapeutical\" pathomorphosis requires special studies. A necessary condition for such studies is a clear selection of clinical material. In this relation the author proposes to base such studies on the origin of cyclothymic disorders which may stem from typological traits of the circular form, or from a predisposition to vital-affective registers in the premorbid personality or developed in the process of schizophrenia. Some clinical features of the disease connected with affective pathology are discussed.", "contents": "[Development of circularity as a manifestation of schizophrenic pathomorphosis]. On the basis of literature data and personal experience the author indicates the pathomorphosis of schizophrenia towards its circularization. It is claimed that this phenomenon cannot be explained entirely by the use of psychotropic drugs. A study of the reasons of such \"nontherapeutical\" pathomorphosis requires special studies. A necessary condition for such studies is a clear selection of clinical material. In this relation the author proposes to base such studies on the origin of cyclothymic disorders which may stem from typological traits of the circular form, or from a predisposition to vital-affective registers in the premorbid personality or developed in the process of schizophrenia. Some clinical features of the disease connected with affective pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 1015122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_779", "title": "[One of the variants of lucid catatonia with long-term remissions].", "content": "The presentation concerns 10 observations of lucid catatonia and protracted remission. Among the group of schizophrenia these cases constitute only 0.8% of all cases. They are characterized by a prevalence of negative signs and catatonic disorders which can be alloted to the anergic pole and are seen during the entire development of the disease. The most striking feature of such cases is their \"outpatient\" development of the process. The protracted remissions (15-37 years) are characterized by an expressed defect without positive symptoms.", "contents": "[One of the variants of lucid catatonia with long-term remissions]. The presentation concerns 10 observations of lucid catatonia and protracted remission. Among the group of schizophrenia these cases constitute only 0.8% of all cases. They are characterized by a prevalence of negative signs and catatonic disorders which can be alloted to the anergic pole and are seen during the entire development of the disease. The most striking feature of such cases is their \"outpatient\" development of the process. The protracted remissions (15-37 years) are characterized by an expressed defect without positive symptoms.", "PMID": 1015123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_780", "title": "[Rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients with a protracted course under usual industrial conditions].", "content": "The authors studied the effectively of rehabilitation in 220 patients with a protracted course of the schizophrenic process in individually created conditions, at a usual industrial plant and in conditions of state farms. The clinical observations and dispersed analysis detected that there are multifold correlations between different clinical factors and the effectiveness of rehabilitation. The authors have their opinion concerning the necessity of elaborating differentiated clinical indications to the rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients with a prologned continuous stay in a hospital. According to 2-year following up the general outcome of rehabilitation was evaluated as favourable in 69%. These data permit to expand the present concept of the clinical and social prognosis in protracted forms of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients with a protracted course under usual industrial conditions]. The authors studied the effectively of rehabilitation in 220 patients with a protracted course of the schizophrenic process in individually created conditions, at a usual industrial plant and in conditions of state farms. The clinical observations and dispersed analysis detected that there are multifold correlations between different clinical factors and the effectiveness of rehabilitation. The authors have their opinion concerning the necessity of elaborating differentiated clinical indications to the rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients with a prologned continuous stay in a hospital. According to 2-year following up the general outcome of rehabilitation was evaluated as favourable in 69%. These data permit to expand the present concept of the clinical and social prognosis in protracted forms of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 1015124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_781", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic characteristics of schizophrenic patients who have performed socially dangerous acts (comparative epidemiological findings)].", "content": "A statistical analysis of a multifactorial comparative epidemiological study of schizophrenic patients performing and not performing dangerous actions during the period of the disease detected the following: psychological signs of schizophrenia were significantly more frequently seen at different stages of the disease in these patients who performed dangerous acts. There was a certain correlation between specific clinical signs and the age and sex structure, \"prepsychotic\" personality properties, exogenous influences. It was also possible to demonstrate a certain correlation between the frequency of dangerous acts and clinical conditions.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic characteristics of schizophrenic patients who have performed socially dangerous acts (comparative epidemiological findings)]. A statistical analysis of a multifactorial comparative epidemiological study of schizophrenic patients performing and not performing dangerous actions during the period of the disease detected the following: psychological signs of schizophrenia were significantly more frequently seen at different stages of the disease in these patients who performed dangerous acts. There was a certain correlation between specific clinical signs and the age and sex structure, \"prepsychotic\" personality properties, exogenous influences. It was also possible to demonstrate a certain correlation between the frequency of dangerous acts and clinical conditions.", "PMID": 1015125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_782", "title": "[Reproduction among the mentally ill].", "content": "The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the reproductiveness fertility and familial position of 2035 mental patients and 5358 normal females. It was possible to demonstrate a general drop during the past several years in the fertility, especially in the patients. The index of fertility and brutto-coefficient of reproductiveness in the group of patients is equal to 30-70% from the level of normal reproductiveness. However, in some forms of pathology (in patients with periodic schizophrenia) the level of reproductiveness falls more slowly than in the general population. It has been established that more than half of the children of schizophrenic patients (50.9%) are born after the onset of the disease. The level of fertility and the number of children or normals depends upon social factors (educational census, family budget). In mental patients these indices depend upon the degree of malignancy and the age of the onset of the pathological process.", "contents": "[Reproduction among the mentally ill]. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the reproductiveness fertility and familial position of 2035 mental patients and 5358 normal females. It was possible to demonstrate a general drop during the past several years in the fertility, especially in the patients. The index of fertility and brutto-coefficient of reproductiveness in the group of patients is equal to 30-70% from the level of normal reproductiveness. However, in some forms of pathology (in patients with periodic schizophrenia) the level of reproductiveness falls more slowly than in the general population. It has been established that more than half of the children of schizophrenic patients (50.9%) are born after the onset of the disease. The level of fertility and the number of children or normals depends upon social factors (educational census, family budget). In mental patients these indices depend upon the degree of malignancy and the age of the onset of the pathological process.", "PMID": 1015126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_783", "title": "[Role of the age factor in forming the clinical picture of anorexia nervosa].", "content": "The results of long-term clinical and experimental-psychological studies of patients with nervous anorexia were analyzed from the point of view of age psychology. Such approaches permitted to distinguish a peculiarity in the formation mechanism of this form of pathology. Dynamical studies of the moving forces in the personality development in morbid conditions allowed one to distinguish certain disorders in the process of periodization of the mental development. This in its turn exerts influence on the development of nervous anorexia.", "contents": "[Role of the age factor in forming the clinical picture of anorexia nervosa]. The results of long-term clinical and experimental-psychological studies of patients with nervous anorexia were analyzed from the point of view of age psychology. Such approaches permitted to distinguish a peculiarity in the formation mechanism of this form of pathology. Dynamical studies of the moving forces in the personality development in morbid conditions allowed one to distinguish certain disorders in the process of periodization of the mental development. This in its turn exerts influence on the development of nervous anorexia.", "PMID": 1015127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_784", "title": "[\"Lunar rhythms\" in the course of the epileptic process].", "content": "On the basis of a mathematical analysis of 8400 seizures during 101 moon phases it was possible to establish a correlation between the frequency of convulsive paroxysms (both in the amount of seizures in epeileptic patients and amount of patients in whom these seizures appeared) and the phasic position of the Moon--periods of a full moon and new moon. The amount of patients and seizures increased during the periods of such phases 1.52 and 1.56 times corresponding more in comparison to the median significance of these figures. A study of the role of physical ressons of a wave and magnetic nature on the development of the epileptic process may help to understand the pathogenetical mechanisms of the disorder.", "contents": "[\"Lunar rhythms\" in the course of the epileptic process]. On the basis of a mathematical analysis of 8400 seizures during 101 moon phases it was possible to establish a correlation between the frequency of convulsive paroxysms (both in the amount of seizures in epeileptic patients and amount of patients in whom these seizures appeared) and the phasic position of the Moon--periods of a full moon and new moon. The amount of patients and seizures increased during the periods of such phases 1.52 and 1.56 times corresponding more in comparison to the median significance of these figures. A study of the role of physical ressons of a wave and magnetic nature on the development of the epileptic process may help to understand the pathogenetical mechanisms of the disorder.", "PMID": 1015128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_785", "title": "[Hereditary crossed palpebro-palpebral synkinesia].", "content": "The author describes 3 variants of involuntary -- synkinetic movements of the eyelid seen in 36 among the 250 examined patients. A study of the genealogy demonstrated a hereditary nature of this abnormality. In most of the cases the inheritance was of the auto-some-dominant type. Inasmuch as there is a regular combination of hereditary crossed palpebro-palpebral synkinesis with inborn signs of stem structure insufficiency the importance of such synkinesis for the differentiation of inborn and acquired microorganic symptomatology is stressed.", "contents": "[Hereditary crossed palpebro-palpebral synkinesia]. The author describes 3 variants of involuntary -- synkinetic movements of the eyelid seen in 36 among the 250 examined patients. A study of the genealogy demonstrated a hereditary nature of this abnormality. In most of the cases the inheritance was of the auto-some-dominant type. Inasmuch as there is a regular combination of hereditary crossed palpebro-palpebral synkinesis with inborn signs of stem structure insufficiency the importance of such synkinesis for the differentiation of inborn and acquired microorganic symptomatology is stressed.", "PMID": 1015129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_786", "title": "[Clinico-electromyographic characteristics of piriform muscle syndromes].", "content": "The report is concerned with the screening methods of lesions of the piriformis muscle in the piriformis syndrome which is more frequently connected with sacral osteochondrosis. However, this syndrome may sometimes appear in an ankylosis of the hip joint. All the diagnostical methods may be divided into 3 groups: indirect clinical method, palpation and EMG. The first method does not require special experience. A palpation of the piriformis muscle is conducted bimanually by a method proposed by the authors. EMG studies with the aid of needle electrodes permit to distinguish spasms and more crude changes in the piriform muscle.", "contents": "[Clinico-electromyographic characteristics of piriform muscle syndromes]. The report is concerned with the screening methods of lesions of the piriformis muscle in the piriformis syndrome which is more frequently connected with sacral osteochondrosis. However, this syndrome may sometimes appear in an ankylosis of the hip joint. All the diagnostical methods may be divided into 3 groups: indirect clinical method, palpation and EMG. The first method does not require special experience. A palpation of the piriformis muscle is conducted bimanually by a method proposed by the authors. EMG studies with the aid of needle electrodes permit to distinguish spasms and more crude changes in the piriform muscle.", "PMID": 1015130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_787", "title": "[Dynamics of neurologic disorders following embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and major arteries of the lower extremities].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinico-EMG study of 118 patients with an embolism of the aortal bifurcation and magistral arteries of the lower extremities. Among this contingent 58 were studied in the remote period -- from 2-7 years following a surgical operation. The clinical symptoms of embolism were expressed in severe pain, sensory, motor and vegetative-trophic disturbances in the affected extremities. Three degrees of the nervous system lesions were distinguished in an embolism. It was also demonstrated that there were significant changes in the bioelectrical muscle activity of the extremities. In the remote period following embolectomia, in most of the patients there still were sequalae of acute ischemia of the nervous tissue, the expressiveness of which depended upon the calibre of the occluded vessel, degree of tissue ischemia, the time of treatment and the time following the operation. A retarded restitution may be explained by the degree of the nervous tissue lesion and the persisting insufficiency of circulation in the extremities.", "contents": "[Dynamics of neurologic disorders following embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and major arteries of the lower extremities]. The authors conducted a clinico-EMG study of 118 patients with an embolism of the aortal bifurcation and magistral arteries of the lower extremities. Among this contingent 58 were studied in the remote period -- from 2-7 years following a surgical operation. The clinical symptoms of embolism were expressed in severe pain, sensory, motor and vegetative-trophic disturbances in the affected extremities. Three degrees of the nervous system lesions were distinguished in an embolism. It was also demonstrated that there were significant changes in the bioelectrical muscle activity of the extremities. In the remote period following embolectomia, in most of the patients there still were sequalae of acute ischemia of the nervous tissue, the expressiveness of which depended upon the calibre of the occluded vessel, degree of tissue ischemia, the time of treatment and the time following the operation. A retarded restitution may be explained by the degree of the nervous tissue lesion and the persisting insufficiency of circulation in the extremities.", "PMID": 1015131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_788", "title": "[Fahr's disease (idiopathic non-atherosclerotic calcification of the cerebral arteries)].", "content": "The authors describe one case of Fahr's disease in a 69-year-old male. The disease was characterized by a rapid development with polymorphic subcortical symptoms (mainly hyperkinetic) and a rapid disintegration of intellectual functions. Besides that, cortical and pyramidal disturbances (hemiparesis, visual disorders, etc.) were also marked. In the postmortem examination selective calcifed cerebral vessels were found, typical for this form of the disease. This observation gave no supplementary data on the etiology of the disease. Laboratory data did not depict any deviation from the norm.", "contents": "[Fahr's disease (idiopathic non-atherosclerotic calcification of the cerebral arteries)]. The authors describe one case of Fahr's disease in a 69-year-old male. The disease was characterized by a rapid development with polymorphic subcortical symptoms (mainly hyperkinetic) and a rapid disintegration of intellectual functions. Besides that, cortical and pyramidal disturbances (hemiparesis, visual disorders, etc.) were also marked. In the postmortem examination selective calcifed cerebral vessels were found, typical for this form of the disease. This observation gave no supplementary data on the etiology of the disease. Laboratory data did not depict any deviation from the norm.", "PMID": 1015132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_789", "title": "[Early diagnosis, early therapy and prognosis of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis].", "content": "The authors convened a special study for purposes of determining early signs of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and for the dependence of the prognosis from early etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy. On the basis of a study of 93 cases criteria of early diagnosis are being given. Unlike the data in literature, in 60.2% of the cases it was possible to initiate treatment during the first hours of the disease and in 94.6% -- not later than 48 hours. In most of the cases the disease had a grave course. Changed consciousness was observed in 55.9%, an increased amount of protein in the CSF -- in 58%. In 8 cases there was a syndrome of acute renal insufficiency. Despite these facts all the patients recovered. The authors come to the conclusion that prognosis may be significantly improved in cases of early diagnosis (during the first hours), intensive penicillin therapy (both intravenously and kanamicin into the carotid artery). The authors suggest that during reconvalescence it is feasible to prescribe resolving (pyrogenal lydase) and general therapy.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis, early therapy and prognosis of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis]. The authors convened a special study for purposes of determining early signs of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and for the dependence of the prognosis from early etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy. On the basis of a study of 93 cases criteria of early diagnosis are being given. Unlike the data in literature, in 60.2% of the cases it was possible to initiate treatment during the first hours of the disease and in 94.6% -- not later than 48 hours. In most of the cases the disease had a grave course. Changed consciousness was observed in 55.9%, an increased amount of protein in the CSF -- in 58%. In 8 cases there was a syndrome of acute renal insufficiency. Despite these facts all the patients recovered. The authors come to the conclusion that prognosis may be significantly improved in cases of early diagnosis (during the first hours), intensive penicillin therapy (both intravenously and kanamicin into the carotid artery). The authors suggest that during reconvalescence it is feasible to prescribe resolving (pyrogenal lydase) and general therapy.", "PMID": 1015133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_790", "title": "[Use of glucocorticoid hormones in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "A long-term observation over patients with disseminated scleosis who were treated by glucorticoid hormones demonstrated that hormone therapy with short sessions and a standard scheme appeared to be uneffective. The presentation is based on an examination of 25 patients who had undergone a durative course of hormone therapy with an individual scheme of optimal doses equal to middle ones (30-40 mg of prednisolon) and a selection of maintenance doses used for a long time or with short intervals. Such forms of treatment were more effective. During treatment the authors used immunological tests and analysis of electrolytes in the blood, sugar, urea, etc. Hormone therapy is indicated in acute forms of disseminated sclerosis and in a remittent development in the stage of exacerbation in the II and III phases. Along with favourable effects in 3 patients there was a development of hormone dependency and complications.", "contents": "[Use of glucocorticoid hormones in multiple sclerosis]. A long-term observation over patients with disseminated scleosis who were treated by glucorticoid hormones demonstrated that hormone therapy with short sessions and a standard scheme appeared to be uneffective. The presentation is based on an examination of 25 patients who had undergone a durative course of hormone therapy with an individual scheme of optimal doses equal to middle ones (30-40 mg of prednisolon) and a selection of maintenance doses used for a long time or with short intervals. Such forms of treatment were more effective. During treatment the authors used immunological tests and analysis of electrolytes in the blood, sugar, urea, etc. Hormone therapy is indicated in acute forms of disseminated sclerosis and in a remittent development in the stage of exacerbation in the II and III phases. Along with favourable effects in 3 patients there was a development of hormone dependency and complications.", "PMID": 1015135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_791", "title": "[Treatment of spastic torticollis with phenol-glycerin and alcohol-novocaine blockade].", "content": "Among the different etiological factors of spastic torticollis the authors attribute the main role to the gamma-motor system. They have elaborated a treatment method which blocks the neuromotor points of the gamma-motor system in the sternocleidomastoid and Musculus trapesius muscle by alcoholnovocain or phenolglycerine. Treatment was administered to 44 patients from 17-67 years with etiologically different diseases. A significant improvement was marked in 11 patients, improvement in 28. The absence of a positive effect was seen in patients with torsion dystonia. Clinico-EMG data demonstrated that influence on the peripheral segment of the reflectory are which is involved in the phasic-tonic muscle reactions, by a differentiated focal disengagement of gamma-motor mechanism facilitates a removal of spasticity and a restitution of a normal tonic and motor activity in the muscles of the neck.", "contents": "[Treatment of spastic torticollis with phenol-glycerin and alcohol-novocaine blockade]. Among the different etiological factors of spastic torticollis the authors attribute the main role to the gamma-motor system. They have elaborated a treatment method which blocks the neuromotor points of the gamma-motor system in the sternocleidomastoid and Musculus trapesius muscle by alcoholnovocain or phenolglycerine. Treatment was administered to 44 patients from 17-67 years with etiologically different diseases. A significant improvement was marked in 11 patients, improvement in 28. The absence of a positive effect was seen in patients with torsion dystonia. Clinico-EMG data demonstrated that influence on the peripheral segment of the reflectory are which is involved in the phasic-tonic muscle reactions, by a differentiated focal disengagement of gamma-motor mechanism facilitates a removal of spasticity and a restitution of a normal tonic and motor activity in the muscles of the neck.", "PMID": 1015137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_792", "title": "[Treatment of patients with different forms of myotonia with diphenin and novocainamide].", "content": "Patients with different forms of myotonia were treated by 2 preparations: novocainamide and Diphenine (diphenylhydantoin). Patients with Thomsen's myotonia (9 cases) and with atrophic myotonia (7 cases) were treated by novocainamide with a daily dosage of 0.75-1.5 gm during 3 weeks. A decrease of the myotonical contracture was more marked in patients with Thomsen's myotonia and was arrested following 2-3 days after its discontinuation. Treatment of patients with atrophic myotonic by novocaiamide was not feasible inasmuch as there were some contraindications for its use. In 9 cases of Thomsen's myotonia and in 5 with atrophic myotonia treatment was given by diphenine in daily dosages from 0.4-0.5 gm during 4 weeks. In 6 patients with Thomsen's myotonia and in 3 cases of atrophic myotonia there was a significant improvement. In 2 cases diphenine even in minimal doses lead to allergic reactions. No effect was marked in 3 cases. Diphenine appears to be effective in Thomsen's myotonia and in patients with atrophic myotonia with insignificant muscular atrophy. The effect after treatment lasted up to 4 weeks.", "contents": "[Treatment of patients with different forms of myotonia with diphenin and novocainamide]. Patients with different forms of myotonia were treated by 2 preparations: novocainamide and Diphenine (diphenylhydantoin). Patients with Thomsen's myotonia (9 cases) and with atrophic myotonia (7 cases) were treated by novocainamide with a daily dosage of 0.75-1.5 gm during 3 weeks. A decrease of the myotonical contracture was more marked in patients with Thomsen's myotonia and was arrested following 2-3 days after its discontinuation. Treatment of patients with atrophic myotonic by novocaiamide was not feasible inasmuch as there were some contraindications for its use. In 9 cases of Thomsen's myotonia and in 5 with atrophic myotonia treatment was given by diphenine in daily dosages from 0.4-0.5 gm during 4 weeks. In 6 patients with Thomsen's myotonia and in 3 cases of atrophic myotonia there was a significant improvement. In 2 cases diphenine even in minimal doses lead to allergic reactions. No effect was marked in 3 cases. Diphenine appears to be effective in Thomsen's myotonia and in patients with atrophic myotonia with insignificant muscular atrophy. The effect after treatment lasted up to 4 weeks.", "PMID": 1015138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_793", "title": "[Medical rehabilitation medical-disability expertise of patients with post-traumatic bone defect of the skull].", "content": "The authors analyzed the results of treating 171 patients with sequelae of brain trauma and defects in the bones of the cranial fornix. On the basis of repeated examinations disturbances of brain functions were detected in 94 patients. In the remaining cases the only reason for invalidity was the cranial bone defect. For purposes of cranioplasty different methods were used. The results of surgical treatment permit to claim that the operation of choice in closing the bone defect is cranioplasty by homobones. In alloplasty of the cranial bone defect and all the more so in homobone plasty, it is expedient to reconsider the medico-labour examination in this category of patients.", "contents": "[Medical rehabilitation medical-disability expertise of patients with post-traumatic bone defect of the skull]. The authors analyzed the results of treating 171 patients with sequelae of brain trauma and defects in the bones of the cranial fornix. On the basis of repeated examinations disturbances of brain functions were detected in 94 patients. In the remaining cases the only reason for invalidity was the cranial bone defect. For purposes of cranioplasty different methods were used. The results of surgical treatment permit to claim that the operation of choice in closing the bone defect is cranioplasty by homobones. In alloplasty of the cranial bone defect and all the more so in homobone plasty, it is expedient to reconsider the medico-labour examination in this category of patients.", "PMID": 1015139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_794", "title": "[Clinical manifestations of the local effect of protons with an energy of 1000 Mev following irradiation of the hypophysis (experimental)].", "content": "In order to study the clinical picture due to inrradiation of the hypophysis by protons with an energy of 1000 Mev with the use of a pendulum technique, the authors examined 30 dogs including 27 with an irradiated hypophysis and 3 control animals during 2 years. The results were verified in autopsies and in histological studies. These examinations demonstrated frequent general cerebral symptoms, focal neurological and hypophysis-endocrinological symptoms as well as frequent lesions of the cranial nerves, epileptic seizures and nonsymptomatic focal brain necrosis. It was also possible to demonstrate a correlation of the clinical traits with the dosage of the irradiation and the time past after irradiation. The report contains corrections for using these data on humans.", "contents": "[Clinical manifestations of the local effect of protons with an energy of 1000 Mev following irradiation of the hypophysis (experimental)]. In order to study the clinical picture due to inrradiation of the hypophysis by protons with an energy of 1000 Mev with the use of a pendulum technique, the authors examined 30 dogs including 27 with an irradiated hypophysis and 3 control animals during 2 years. The results were verified in autopsies and in histological studies. These examinations demonstrated frequent general cerebral symptoms, focal neurological and hypophysis-endocrinological symptoms as well as frequent lesions of the cranial nerves, epileptic seizures and nonsymptomatic focal brain necrosis. It was also possible to demonstrate a correlation of the clinical traits with the dosage of the irradiation and the time past after irradiation. The report contains corrections for using these data on humans.", "PMID": 1015140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_795", "title": "[Progressive course of the sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma at remote periods (in relation to the test of rehabilitating invalids from the Second World War)].", "content": "On the basis of modern knowledge of the clinical picture, pathophysiology and pathomorphology of the residual period of brain injuries and a study of 140 cases, examined in the Central Institute for Expertise of Working Capacity the author discusses some clinical characteristic of the remote sequelae of brain injuries received during the war and the possible variants of their pathogenesis. A comprehensive clinical study of such patients with the use of paraclinical methods (EEG, REG) permitted to establish a cerebro-vascular nature of these disorders with a development of vasopathy, traumatical hypertension, early vascular involution with a transition to early cerebral atherosclerosis. Having this in view the author considers some problems of the causal connections of these disorders with injuries and concussions received at war.", "contents": "[Progressive course of the sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma at remote periods (in relation to the test of rehabilitating invalids from the Second World War)]. On the basis of modern knowledge of the clinical picture, pathophysiology and pathomorphology of the residual period of brain injuries and a study of 140 cases, examined in the Central Institute for Expertise of Working Capacity the author discusses some clinical characteristic of the remote sequelae of brain injuries received during the war and the possible variants of their pathogenesis. A comprehensive clinical study of such patients with the use of paraclinical methods (EEG, REG) permitted to establish a cerebro-vascular nature of these disorders with a development of vasopathy, traumatical hypertension, early vascular involution with a transition to early cerebral atherosclerosis. Having this in view the author considers some problems of the causal connections of these disorders with injuries and concussions received at war.", "PMID": 1015141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_796", "title": "[Pathologic hypochondriacal personality development (conditions of formation, clinical variants, type of course)].", "content": "The paper deals with some results of a complex somato-psycho-neurological study of 51 patients with a pathological hypochondriacal personality development which led to a stable restriction or a complete loss of working capacity. The author indicates a complex pathogenesis of this disorder: a low level of socio-working adaptation and psychopathic traits in the premorbid personality; psycho-traumatizing situation due to an underestimation by the physicians of the severity of the somato-neurological disorder which in some cases is supplemented by an unfavourable family situation.", "contents": "[Pathologic hypochondriacal personality development (conditions of formation, clinical variants, type of course)]. The paper deals with some results of a complex somato-psycho-neurological study of 51 patients with a pathological hypochondriacal personality development which led to a stable restriction or a complete loss of working capacity. The author indicates a complex pathogenesis of this disorder: a low level of socio-working adaptation and psychopathic traits in the premorbid personality; psycho-traumatizing situation due to an underestimation by the physicians of the severity of the somato-neurological disorder which in some cases is supplemented by an unfavourable family situation.", "PMID": 1015142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_797", "title": "[Prognosis of juvenile schizophrenia with dysmorphophobic disorders (according to catamnestic findings)].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-catamnestical studies of 72 patients with adolescen schizophrenia and dysmorphophobic disturbances the author distinguished 3 variants of the outcome of such conditions. The clinical picture was in correlation with the degree of progressiveness of the disease and the type of development. Some prognostic criteria concerning the development of the disease are given. In favour of a relatively favourable prognosis of dysmorphophobic conditions spoke the following phenomena: a monothematical character of dysmorphophobia, its nondelusional state, the absence of focal cenesthopathy and olfactorial hallucinations, a proximity of the content of dysmorphophobia to pubertal psychological signs, a connection between the exacerbation periods with depressive states, an undulating charcter of dysmorphophobic symptoms during adolescence and the oneset of the disease with psycheastheno-like disturbances. An unfavourable prognosis was characterized by a delusional character of dysmorphophobic disturbances, bizzare delusional hypochondric systems, including dysmorphophobia, ideas of reference, cenesthopathy, tactile and olfactory hallucinations, an insignificant dependence of dysmorphophobia from affective disorders and early appearing distinct personality changes.", "contents": "[Prognosis of juvenile schizophrenia with dysmorphophobic disorders (according to catamnestic findings)]. On the basis of clinico-catamnestical studies of 72 patients with adolescen schizophrenia and dysmorphophobic disturbances the author distinguished 3 variants of the outcome of such conditions. The clinical picture was in correlation with the degree of progressiveness of the disease and the type of development. Some prognostic criteria concerning the development of the disease are given. In favour of a relatively favourable prognosis of dysmorphophobic conditions spoke the following phenomena: a monothematical character of dysmorphophobia, its nondelusional state, the absence of focal cenesthopathy and olfactorial hallucinations, a proximity of the content of dysmorphophobia to pubertal psychological signs, a connection between the exacerbation periods with depressive states, an undulating charcter of dysmorphophobic symptoms during adolescence and the oneset of the disease with psycheastheno-like disturbances. An unfavourable prognosis was characterized by a delusional character of dysmorphophobic disturbances, bizzare delusional hypochondric systems, including dysmorphophobia, ideas of reference, cenesthopathy, tactile and olfactory hallucinations, an insignificant dependence of dysmorphophobia from affective disorders and early appearing distinct personality changes.", "PMID": 1015144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_798", "title": "[Long-term stable remissions in slowly progressive juvenile schizophrenia].", "content": "Protracted stable remissions without residual psychotic disorders are not homogenous while as their typology to a great extent depends upon the clinical picture of the previous attack and the differences in the structure and degree of negative changes. The most stable remissions appeared to be those where the negative disorders did not go beyond the pathological personality changes (pseudopsychopathic states) which by their structure were similar to the expansive pole of schizoid psychopathy. After more polymorphic attacks the remissions had a more deep register of negative disturbances, with signs of a sluggish development, increasing the probability of repeated attacks.", "contents": "[Long-term stable remissions in slowly progressive juvenile schizophrenia]. Protracted stable remissions without residual psychotic disorders are not homogenous while as their typology to a great extent depends upon the clinical picture of the previous attack and the differences in the structure and degree of negative changes. The most stable remissions appeared to be those where the negative disorders did not go beyond the pathological personality changes (pseudopsychopathic states) which by their structure were similar to the expansive pole of schizoid psychopathy. After more polymorphic attacks the remissions had a more deep register of negative disturbances, with signs of a sluggish development, increasing the probability of repeated attacks.", "PMID": 1015145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_799", "title": "[Typology of defective states with a syndrome of monotonous activity in schizophrenic patients (problem of late remissions)].", "content": "The authors compared 2 types of defective states with a predominance of the syndrome of monotonous activity in the structure of a protracted remission in shift-like schizophrenia. Of the syndrome of monotonous activity of the 1st type the following conditions were most characteristic: autistic activity; a selective attraction to certain forms of work despite their relative high degree of organization and complexity; hyperactivity which was next to an overvalued approach to work. The 2nd type was characterized by a passive attitude to work, a significant restriction of forms of work and machine-like, similar to stereotypicity, character of activity.", "contents": "[Typology of defective states with a syndrome of monotonous activity in schizophrenic patients (problem of late remissions)]. The authors compared 2 types of defective states with a predominance of the syndrome of monotonous activity in the structure of a protracted remission in shift-like schizophrenia. Of the syndrome of monotonous activity of the 1st type the following conditions were most characteristic: autistic activity; a selective attraction to certain forms of work despite their relative high degree of organization and complexity; hyperactivity which was next to an overvalued approach to work. The 2nd type was characterized by a passive attitude to work, a significant restriction of forms of work and machine-like, similar to stereotypicity, character of activity.", "PMID": 1015146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_800", "title": "[Effectiveness of different methods of treating sleep disorders according to electropolygraphic findings].", "content": "The authors report of an electropolygraphical study of 111 patients with different forms of neurotical sleep disorders. For therapeutical purposes different pharmacological methods (Ca cyclobarbital, eunoctin, elenium, difenisid) and psychotherapeutical (hypnosuggestion, autogenic training) treatment was used. The achieved data permit to conclude that there is an increased activity of the awakening and activizing systems in patients with neurotic disorders of sleep. A decrease of the activating changes evoked under the influence of pharmacological and psychotherapeutical methods is accompanied by an improvement of the objective indices and as a rule correlates with a subjective personal feeling of sleep by the patient. The authors studied the optimal conditions for using different methods of treatment and based their principles for a differentiated therapy of different disorders of sleep in neuroses.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of different methods of treating sleep disorders according to electropolygraphic findings]. The authors report of an electropolygraphical study of 111 patients with different forms of neurotical sleep disorders. For therapeutical purposes different pharmacological methods (Ca cyclobarbital, eunoctin, elenium, difenisid) and psychotherapeutical (hypnosuggestion, autogenic training) treatment was used. The achieved data permit to conclude that there is an increased activity of the awakening and activizing systems in patients with neurotic disorders of sleep. A decrease of the activating changes evoked under the influence of pharmacological and psychotherapeutical methods is accompanied by an improvement of the objective indices and as a rule correlates with a subjective personal feeling of sleep by the patient. The authors studied the optimal conditions for using different methods of treatment and based their principles for a differentiated therapy of different disorders of sleep in neuroses.", "PMID": 1015147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_801", "title": "[Effect of psycholeptics on several physiologic indices of stutterers].", "content": "The report is concerned with the action of single doses of aminazine, seduxen and benzctyzine on the EMG of the orbicular muscle of the mouth, pulse frequency, GSR and EEG during rest and in the process of speech in individuals with stuttering and neurotic disturbances (25 cases) and in early organic lesions (20 cases). The conclusion is made that there is a selective effect of these preparations on the different structures of the functional brain systems in stutterers.", "contents": "[Effect of psycholeptics on several physiologic indices of stutterers]. The report is concerned with the action of single doses of aminazine, seduxen and benzctyzine on the EMG of the orbicular muscle of the mouth, pulse frequency, GSR and EEG during rest and in the process of speech in individuals with stuttering and neurotic disturbances (25 cases) and in early organic lesions (20 cases). The conclusion is made that there is a selective effect of these preparations on the different structures of the functional brain systems in stutterers.", "PMID": 1015148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_802", "title": "[Nurse-patient relations in a psychiatric department (experience with a social psychology study)].", "content": "The paper is related to some aspects of \"nurse-patient\" interrelations in conditions of rehabilitation of mental patients. The authors studied some factors influencing the evaluation (selection) of nurses by patients with the aid of special questionnaire techniques of nurses and patients in combination with the method of expert assessment. The study covered 141 mental patients and 14 nurses working in shifts. It was possible to distinguish some personality and occupational characteristics of the nurses who were most closely related to the estimation made by the patients. The authors established some relation between the assessment made by the patients with the degree of readiness for social contacts with mental patients by nurses.", "contents": "[Nurse-patient relations in a psychiatric department (experience with a social psychology study)]. The paper is related to some aspects of \"nurse-patient\" interrelations in conditions of rehabilitation of mental patients. The authors studied some factors influencing the evaluation (selection) of nurses by patients with the aid of special questionnaire techniques of nurses and patients in combination with the method of expert assessment. The study covered 141 mental patients and 14 nurses working in shifts. It was possible to distinguish some personality and occupational characteristics of the nurses who were most closely related to the estimation made by the patients. The authors established some relation between the assessment made by the patients with the degree of readiness for social contacts with mental patients by nurses.", "PMID": 1015149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_803", "title": "Glycoprotein nature of tannase in Aspergillus niger.", "content": "1. Tannase (tannin acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.20) was isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus niger and purified about 200-fold. On polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it gave a single band. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme was of the order of 55 000 as determined by gel filtration. The enzyme contains 21.5% of carbohydrates (mannose and glucose). 3. Treatment of tannase with alkaline borohydride decreased the content of threonine, serine and mannose, suggesting that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage is of the O-glycoside type, involving mannose linked to threonine and serine.", "contents": "Glycoprotein nature of tannase in Aspergillus niger. 1. Tannase (tannin acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.20) was isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus niger and purified about 200-fold. On polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it gave a single band. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme was of the order of 55 000 as determined by gel filtration. The enzyme contains 21.5% of carbohydrates (mannose and glucose). 3. Treatment of tannase with alkaline borohydride decreased the content of threonine, serine and mannose, suggesting that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage is of the O-glycoside type, involving mannose linked to threonine and serine.", "PMID": 1015151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_804", "title": "Effect of some lipids on the activity of renin in vitro.", "content": "A partially purified bovine renin preparation and a homologous renin substrate were used to study the effect of some lipids on the amount of angiotensin formed. It was found that lecithin and the detergents used (deoxycholate and sodium dodecylate) inhibited the renin activity. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and cholesterol had no distinct effect. On the other hand, the reaction was enhanced by prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha.", "contents": "Effect of some lipids on the activity of renin in vitro. A partially purified bovine renin preparation and a homologous renin substrate were used to study the effect of some lipids on the amount of angiotensin formed. It was found that lecithin and the detergents used (deoxycholate and sodium dodecylate) inhibited the renin activity. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and cholesterol had no distinct effect. On the other hand, the reaction was enhanced by prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha.", "PMID": 1015152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_805", "title": "Uptake of folate and its analogue-amethopterin by mouse L-cells.", "content": "1. The uptake of folate and amethopterin by the mouse transformed L-cells was found to depend on their extracellular concentration and time of incubation. The uptake conforms to Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km values 10(-4) M and 10(-6) M for folate and amethopterin, respectively) and is temperature-dependent. 2. The observed differential effect of actinomycin D, cycloheximide and pCMB on the uptake of folate and amethopterin and lack of a pronounced transinhibition in the transport of these compounds indicate the existence in L-cells of two separate transport systems for folate and its analogue. 3. Methionine added to the culture medium enhances the uptake of folate, but not that of amethopterin. 4. Under conditions of methionine-dependent increase of folate uptake the activity of dihydrofolate reductase remains unaltered while that of methionine synthetase is markedly reduced. 5. The efficiency of folate uptake seems to be related rather to the modulations of methionine synthetase activity than to changes in the activity of dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Uptake of folate and its analogue-amethopterin by mouse L-cells. 1. The uptake of folate and amethopterin by the mouse transformed L-cells was found to depend on their extracellular concentration and time of incubation. The uptake conforms to Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km values 10(-4) M and 10(-6) M for folate and amethopterin, respectively) and is temperature-dependent. 2. The observed differential effect of actinomycin D, cycloheximide and pCMB on the uptake of folate and amethopterin and lack of a pronounced transinhibition in the transport of these compounds indicate the existence in L-cells of two separate transport systems for folate and its analogue. 3. Methionine added to the culture medium enhances the uptake of folate, but not that of amethopterin. 4. Under conditions of methionine-dependent increase of folate uptake the activity of dihydrofolate reductase remains unaltered while that of methionine synthetase is markedly reduced. 5. The efficiency of folate uptake seems to be related rather to the modulations of methionine synthetase activity than to changes in the activity of dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 1015153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_806", "title": "On sulfhydrylation of O-acetylserine and O-acetylhomoserine in homocysteine synthesis in yeast.", "content": "Considerable differences in the activities of cysteine and homocysteine synthase (EC 4.2.99.8), and in the ratio of these activities were observed in yeast strains representing different genera and species. This suggests that homocysteine synthesis directly from O-acetylhomoserine may predominate in some strains, whereas in the others homocysteine is formed from cysteine via cystathionine.", "contents": "On sulfhydrylation of O-acetylserine and O-acetylhomoserine in homocysteine synthesis in yeast. Considerable differences in the activities of cysteine and homocysteine synthase (EC 4.2.99.8), and in the ratio of these activities were observed in yeast strains representing different genera and species. This suggests that homocysteine synthesis directly from O-acetylhomoserine may predominate in some strains, whereas in the others homocysteine is formed from cysteine via cystathionine.", "PMID": 1015154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_807", "title": "Fluorescence of radiation-induced collagen aggregates.", "content": "Tropocollagen shows higher ultraviolet fluorescence (emission max, about 305 nm) and lower blue fluorescence (emission max. about 420 nm) than the dimers and tetramers isolated from irradiated collagen. This indicates dityrosine structures in the radiation-induced collagen aggregates.", "contents": "Fluorescence of radiation-induced collagen aggregates. Tropocollagen shows higher ultraviolet fluorescence (emission max, about 305 nm) and lower blue fluorescence (emission max. about 420 nm) than the dimers and tetramers isolated from irradiated collagen. This indicates dityrosine structures in the radiation-induced collagen aggregates.", "PMID": 1015155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_808", "title": "The presence of serine protease in pea embryo chromatin.", "content": "1. It has been shown that chromatin from pea seedlings contains a proteolytic enzyme, similar to that of mammalian chromatin. 2. The protease was isolated from chromatin by acid extraction and partly characterized. It is a serine-type enzyme, sensitive to DFP, of low mol. wt. (about 18 000 - 20 000), with optimum pH at about 8 with [3H]N-acetylated histone as a substrate. 3. In chromatin complex, histones fl and f3 are preferentially degraded.", "contents": "The presence of serine protease in pea embryo chromatin. 1. It has been shown that chromatin from pea seedlings contains a proteolytic enzyme, similar to that of mammalian chromatin. 2. The protease was isolated from chromatin by acid extraction and partly characterized. It is a serine-type enzyme, sensitive to DFP, of low mol. wt. (about 18 000 - 20 000), with optimum pH at about 8 with [3H]N-acetylated histone as a substrate. 3. In chromatin complex, histones fl and f3 are preferentially degraded.", "PMID": 1015156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_809", "title": "Circular dichroism of partially purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes.", "content": "The heme related circular dichroic bands of solubilized cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver and some of its complexes with type I- and type II-substrayes and heme iron ligands were measured in the Soret region. All P-450 dersorption. The positions of the dichroic bands together with their ellipticities vary with ligand substitution and the oxidative state of the iron. The results are compared with CD-date of other hemoproteins and discussed with respect to stereochemical properties of the heme pocket.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of partially purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes. The heme related circular dichroic bands of solubilized cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver and some of its complexes with type I- and type II-substrayes and heme iron ligands were measured in the Soret region. All P-450 dersorption. The positions of the dichroic bands together with their ellipticities vary with ligand substitution and the oxidative state of the iron. The results are compared with CD-date of other hemoproteins and discussed with respect to stereochemical properties of the heme pocket.", "PMID": 1015157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_810", "title": "[Calcium-dependence of bradykinin-induced contraction in the isolated longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum].", "content": "The calcium-dependence of the bradykinin-induced contraction was demonstrated on the isolated logitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. Using the \"La-method\" for measuring 45Ca entry into smooth muscle cells we were able to show, that bradykinin significantly increases the intracellular Ca-concentration. This effect of bradykinin was dose-dependent.", "contents": "[Calcium-dependence of bradykinin-induced contraction in the isolated longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum]. The calcium-dependence of the bradykinin-induced contraction was demonstrated on the isolated logitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. Using the \"La-method\" for measuring 45Ca entry into smooth muscle cells we were able to show, that bradykinin significantly increases the intracellular Ca-concentration. This effect of bradykinin was dose-dependent.", "PMID": 1015158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_811", "title": "Effect of chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide on collagen fractions content in skin of guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed to nitrogen dioxide in concentration of 2 mg/m3 (8 hrs. daily, 180 days). Control group inspired fresh air. Collagen fractions were estimated in skin and assayed as hydroxyproline concentration. An increase of total collagen content, due to on increase of salt-soluble collagen fraction was found in the skin of the exposed animals, while a simultaneous decrease of insoluble collagen content was observed.", "contents": "Effect of chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide on collagen fractions content in skin of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were exposed to nitrogen dioxide in concentration of 2 mg/m3 (8 hrs. daily, 180 days). Control group inspired fresh air. Collagen fractions were estimated in skin and assayed as hydroxyproline concentration. An increase of total collagen content, due to on increase of salt-soluble collagen fraction was found in the skin of the exposed animals, while a simultaneous decrease of insoluble collagen content was observed.", "PMID": 1015159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_812", "title": "Remarks on the investigation of sodium nucleinate by means of the limulus amebocyte lysate test.", "content": "Results of investigations of sodium nucleinate by means of the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test are described. It was found that the sensitivity of this new pyrogen test to bacterial lipopolysaccharides is nearly the same as to sodium nucleinate, which is prescribed as pyrogen standard in the Pharmacopeia of the German Democratic Republic and recommended as such in the Compendium Medicamentorum.", "contents": "Remarks on the investigation of sodium nucleinate by means of the limulus amebocyte lysate test. Results of investigations of sodium nucleinate by means of the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test are described. It was found that the sensitivity of this new pyrogen test to bacterial lipopolysaccharides is nearly the same as to sodium nucleinate, which is prescribed as pyrogen standard in the Pharmacopeia of the German Democratic Republic and recommended as such in the Compendium Medicamentorum.", "PMID": 1015160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_813", "title": "Stimulation of rat and cat heart adenylate cyclase by triiodothyronine in the presence of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity in particulate preparations from the myocardium of rats and cats was unaffected by 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T3) added in the absence of, or together with, 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), a potent activator of the enzyme. Preincubation of the heart particles with Gpp(NH)p made the cyclase sensitive to L-T3 which then caused, in concentrations of 10(-8) M and higher, additional increases in enzyme activity up to about 50 per cent above the Gpp(NH)p-stimulated level. Similar effects after (GPP(NH)p treatment were produced by low concentrations of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3) and 3,3',5-triiodo-D-thyronine, whereas diiodo-tyrosine, 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, and 3'-isopropyl-3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine were without significant effect. The stimulatory action of L-T3 on cardiac adenylate cyclase pretreated with Gpp(NH)p may help to explain some of the acute effects of thyroid hormones on the heart that have been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Stimulation of rat and cat heart adenylate cyclase by triiodothyronine in the presence of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate. Adenylate cyclase activity in particulate preparations from the myocardium of rats and cats was unaffected by 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T3) added in the absence of, or together with, 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), a potent activator of the enzyme. Preincubation of the heart particles with Gpp(NH)p made the cyclase sensitive to L-T3 which then caused, in concentrations of 10(-8) M and higher, additional increases in enzyme activity up to about 50 per cent above the Gpp(NH)p-stimulated level. Similar effects after (GPP(NH)p treatment were produced by low concentrations of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3) and 3,3',5-triiodo-D-thyronine, whereas diiodo-tyrosine, 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, and 3'-isopropyl-3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine were without significant effect. The stimulatory action of L-T3 on cardiac adenylate cyclase pretreated with Gpp(NH)p may help to explain some of the acute effects of thyroid hormones on the heart that have been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1015161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_814", "title": "[Localization of adenylate cyclase in red and white skeletal muscle: a cytochemical study].", "content": "An attempt was made to demonstrate adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.1) activity in white and red skeletal muscle (M. psoas and M. soleus) of guinea pigs cytochemically by the lead precipitation technique. 5'-Adenylylimidodiphosphate served as substrate. The free lead ion concentration in the incubation medium was kept below the value that is toxic to the enzyme. An electron dense reaction product, presumably lead imidodiphosphate, was deposited in the soleus muscle (red muscle fibers) at all parts of the plasma membrane and in the psoas muscle (white muscle fibers) chiefly at the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The reaction at the latter site was enhanced by adrenaline; the enhancement was prevented by propranolol. These findings are in good agreement with results that have been obtained by other authors in experiments on subcellular fractions of the two types of muscle.", "contents": "[Localization of adenylate cyclase in red and white skeletal muscle: a cytochemical study]. An attempt was made to demonstrate adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) EC 4.6.1.1) activity in white and red skeletal muscle (M. psoas and M. soleus) of guinea pigs cytochemically by the lead precipitation technique. 5'-Adenylylimidodiphosphate served as substrate. The free lead ion concentration in the incubation medium was kept below the value that is toxic to the enzyme. An electron dense reaction product, presumably lead imidodiphosphate, was deposited in the soleus muscle (red muscle fibers) at all parts of the plasma membrane and in the psoas muscle (white muscle fibers) chiefly at the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The reaction at the latter site was enhanced by adrenaline; the enhancement was prevented by propranolol. These findings are in good agreement with results that have been obtained by other authors in experiments on subcellular fractions of the two types of muscle.", "PMID": 1015162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_815", "title": "[Glucose metabolism in different regions of the rat brain under hypokinetic stress influence].", "content": "In rats kept under long-time hypokinetic stress influence the glucose metabolism was studied in 7 brain regions. The regional levels of glucose, lactate, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyrate and the incorporation of 14C from plasma glucose into these metabolites, in glycogen and protein were determined. From the content and activity data the regional glucose flux was approximated guantitatively. Under normal conditions the activity gradient cortex and frontal pole greater than cerebellum greater than thalamus and mesencephalon greater than hypothalamus and pons and medulla is identical with that of the regional blood supply (measured with I131 serum albumin as the blood marker). Within the first days of immobilization a functional hypoxia occurred in all brain regions, and the utilization of cycle amino acids for protein synthesis was strongly diminished. After the first week of stress the capillary volumes of all regions increased, the aerobic glucose metabolism was enhanced (factors 1.3--2.0), and the incorporation of glucose-14C via cycle amino acids into protein was considerably potentiated. The metabolic parameters normalized between the 7th and 14th week of stress. Blood supply and metabolic rate were most increased in the hypothalamus, reaching the value measured for the cerebral cortex in the initial state.", "contents": "[Glucose metabolism in different regions of the rat brain under hypokinetic stress influence]. In rats kept under long-time hypokinetic stress influence the glucose metabolism was studied in 7 brain regions. The regional levels of glucose, lactate, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyrate and the incorporation of 14C from plasma glucose into these metabolites, in glycogen and protein were determined. From the content and activity data the regional glucose flux was approximated guantitatively. Under normal conditions the activity gradient cortex and frontal pole greater than cerebellum greater than thalamus and mesencephalon greater than hypothalamus and pons and medulla is identical with that of the regional blood supply (measured with I131 serum albumin as the blood marker). Within the first days of immobilization a functional hypoxia occurred in all brain regions, and the utilization of cycle amino acids for protein synthesis was strongly diminished. After the first week of stress the capillary volumes of all regions increased, the aerobic glucose metabolism was enhanced (factors 1.3--2.0), and the incorporation of glucose-14C via cycle amino acids into protein was considerably potentiated. The metabolic parameters normalized between the 7th and 14th week of stress. Blood supply and metabolic rate were most increased in the hypothalamus, reaching the value measured for the cerebral cortex in the initial state.", "PMID": 1015163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_816", "title": "[Asymmetric function of the pes hippocampi in experimental stress-induced arterial hypertension of albino rats].", "content": "Relations between a unilateral lesion of circumscribed structures of the Pes hippocampi on the one hand, and stress-induced blood-pressure and learning behaviour, on the other, were studied. An asymmetric functioning of the CNS was analyzed, in which unilateral exclusion of right-hand hippocampal structures stimulates processes of excitation, while lesion of left-hand structures causes prevalence of inhibitory processes. The resulting impairment of the emotional equilibrium potentiates the stress action's contribution to the development of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Asymmetric function of the pes hippocampi in experimental stress-induced arterial hypertension of albino rats]. Relations between a unilateral lesion of circumscribed structures of the Pes hippocampi on the one hand, and stress-induced blood-pressure and learning behaviour, on the other, were studied. An asymmetric functioning of the CNS was analyzed, in which unilateral exclusion of right-hand hippocampal structures stimulates processes of excitation, while lesion of left-hand structures causes prevalence of inhibitory processes. The resulting impairment of the emotional equilibrium potentiates the stress action's contribution to the development of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 1015164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_817", "title": "Decreases of local brain temperature due to convection (local brain blood flow) and increases of local brain temperature due to activity.", "content": "The influence of local brain blood flow upon variations of local brain temperature in chronical experiments was investigated in cats. It was found that changes of local brain temperature in chronic experiments are esclusively due to changes of local metabolic heat production as long as the temperature of brain inflowing blood remains constant. Decreases of temperature due to convection (increase of local blood flow) are smaller than increases of temperature due to activity.", "contents": "Decreases of local brain temperature due to convection (local brain blood flow) and increases of local brain temperature due to activity. The influence of local brain blood flow upon variations of local brain temperature in chronical experiments was investigated in cats. It was found that changes of local brain temperature in chronic experiments are esclusively due to changes of local metabolic heat production as long as the temperature of brain inflowing blood remains constant. Decreases of temperature due to convection (increase of local blood flow) are smaller than increases of temperature due to activity.", "PMID": 1015165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_818", "title": "[Experimentally produced neurogenic-interoreceptive hypertension in the rat].", "content": "A hypertension characterized by systolic and diastolic blood pressure rises and increase in heart rate was produced in albino rats by excluding sino-aortal baroreceptors. Cardiac output and peripheral resistance, measured unter barbital narcosis, exhibited no significant changes in the development of hypertension. With the only exclusion of aortal baroreceptors there occurred almost the same blood pressure rises as with sino-aortal deafferentiation. It is concluded therefore that this kind of partial elimination of baroreceptors involving a simplified operational technique and lower risk will suffice for many problems being studied in hypertension research.", "contents": "[Experimentally produced neurogenic-interoreceptive hypertension in the rat]. A hypertension characterized by systolic and diastolic blood pressure rises and increase in heart rate was produced in albino rats by excluding sino-aortal baroreceptors. Cardiac output and peripheral resistance, measured unter barbital narcosis, exhibited no significant changes in the development of hypertension. With the only exclusion of aortal baroreceptors there occurred almost the same blood pressure rises as with sino-aortal deafferentiation. It is concluded therefore that this kind of partial elimination of baroreceptors involving a simplified operational technique and lower risk will suffice for many problems being studied in hypertension research.", "PMID": 1015166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_819", "title": "[Dynamics of adaptation and maladaptation phenomena in rats exposed to weak chronic stimulation].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with rats to study the influence of disturbing artifical light-dark regimens. The findings are consistent with the definition of \"relatively weak stress-stimuli\" which, according to R. BAUMANN, can be essential in causing regulation diseases. Disturbances in the circadian patterns of spontaneous motor activity are described as an inversion of normal activity maxima and minima, as periodicity step-down and as a dissolution of the day-periodical order. Their occurrence is proportional to the magnitude of the disturbing effect. As vegetative disturbing effects there occurred transient hypertensive derangements, the extent of which is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the stressing stimulus. These differences are discussed basing on a hypothesis of differently synthetized cerebro-visceral regulation mechanisms.", "contents": "[Dynamics of adaptation and maladaptation phenomena in rats exposed to weak chronic stimulation]. Experiments were carried out with rats to study the influence of disturbing artifical light-dark regimens. The findings are consistent with the definition of \"relatively weak stress-stimuli\" which, according to R. BAUMANN, can be essential in causing regulation diseases. Disturbances in the circadian patterns of spontaneous motor activity are described as an inversion of normal activity maxima and minima, as periodicity step-down and as a dissolution of the day-periodical order. Their occurrence is proportional to the magnitude of the disturbing effect. As vegetative disturbing effects there occurred transient hypertensive derangements, the extent of which is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the stressing stimulus. These differences are discussed basing on a hypothesis of differently synthetized cerebro-visceral regulation mechanisms.", "PMID": 1015167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_820", "title": "[Use of various statistical procedures for the analysis of biorhythms (periodicities of conditional-reflex processes in the minute range) under emotional stress and physical exercise].", "content": "Periodicities of conditional-reflectory processes in the minute range were measured in albino rats kept under various conditions (emotional stress, exercise, normal stall maintenance) and analyzed by different statistical procedures. It was possible in this way to judge by selected parameters of periodical processes the intensity of loads and effects of exercise. The additional use of cluster analysis for scaling the biological effectiveness of different communicative relations of the organisms proved useful.", "contents": "[Use of various statistical procedures for the analysis of biorhythms (periodicities of conditional-reflex processes in the minute range) under emotional stress and physical exercise]. Periodicities of conditional-reflectory processes in the minute range were measured in albino rats kept under various conditions (emotional stress, exercise, normal stall maintenance) and analyzed by different statistical procedures. It was possible in this way to judge by selected parameters of periodical processes the intensity of loads and effects of exercise. The additional use of cluster analysis for scaling the biological effectiveness of different communicative relations of the organisms proved useful.", "PMID": 1015168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_821", "title": "[Diurnal dynamics of periodicities in conditional-reflex processes in the minute range].", "content": "Male adult albino rats living from the 6th week of their lives under conditions of artificial light-dark cycle (16 hrs light, 8 hrs dark) were used to study possible relationships between circadian sensitivity cycles and synchronization of dynamics and the frequency variability of periodicities of reaction times of conditional-reflectory processes with wavelengths in the minute range. The experiments have revealed differences at the time of the activity maximum and minimum of a circadian cycle in the studied parameters of the minute rhythm (mean level of oscillation, mean amplitude, length of period and coupling). In the dark phase (activity maximum) there prevailed an increased level of central-nervous excitation and a tendency towards a higher frequency and diminished coupling of minute periods. In the light phase (activity minumum) the animals showed a balanced level of excitation, reduced frequency and a rigid coupling of periodicities of conditional-reflectory events involved in the process. Relations are shown to exist between central-nervous processes and circadian sensitivity cycles. For the experimental practice it is concluded that the different times of the day should be accounted for in assessing the criteria of minute rhythm and in conditional-reflectory studies in pharmacology and toxicology.", "contents": "[Diurnal dynamics of periodicities in conditional-reflex processes in the minute range]. Male adult albino rats living from the 6th week of their lives under conditions of artificial light-dark cycle (16 hrs light, 8 hrs dark) were used to study possible relationships between circadian sensitivity cycles and synchronization of dynamics and the frequency variability of periodicities of reaction times of conditional-reflectory processes with wavelengths in the minute range. The experiments have revealed differences at the time of the activity maximum and minimum of a circadian cycle in the studied parameters of the minute rhythm (mean level of oscillation, mean amplitude, length of period and coupling). In the dark phase (activity maximum) there prevailed an increased level of central-nervous excitation and a tendency towards a higher frequency and diminished coupling of minute periods. In the light phase (activity minumum) the animals showed a balanced level of excitation, reduced frequency and a rigid coupling of periodicities of conditional-reflectory events involved in the process. Relations are shown to exist between central-nervous processes and circadian sensitivity cycles. For the experimental practice it is concluded that the different times of the day should be accounted for in assessing the criteria of minute rhythm and in conditional-reflectory studies in pharmacology and toxicology.", "PMID": 1015169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_822", "title": "[Studies on the blood pressure effects of various high doses of angiotensin II in depot form in rats under defined conditions].", "content": "Daily s.c. injections of 0.02--10.0 mg angiotensin in depot form for 14 days caused in rats, under defined conditions, pronounced dose-dependent effects, with an unusual tolerance to the drug being observed. The behaviour of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate allowed to define 4 dose ranges. In the lowest dose range of 0.02 mg angiotensin-II a lasting borderline hypertension with only straight-line changes of diastolic blood pressure and bradycardia were observed. The doses of 0.15--1.25 mg angiotensin-II caused a continual blood pressure rise and led, between day 4 and 6 of the experiment, to a pronounced lasting resistance high-pressure without appreciable changes in heart rate. The strongest resistance high-pressure, which occurred as early as on day 3, with pronounced tachycardia was achieved with a dose of 2.5 mg angiotensin-II. Higher doses produced pronounced tachycardia but no significant effects on blood pressure. The varying dose-dependent effects of depot angiotensin are discussed, and the possibility is pointed out to study by the angiotensin-II hypertension model various mechanisms of a long-time hypertensive dysregulation.", "contents": "[Studies on the blood pressure effects of various high doses of angiotensin II in depot form in rats under defined conditions]. Daily s.c. injections of 0.02--10.0 mg angiotensin in depot form for 14 days caused in rats, under defined conditions, pronounced dose-dependent effects, with an unusual tolerance to the drug being observed. The behaviour of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate allowed to define 4 dose ranges. In the lowest dose range of 0.02 mg angiotensin-II a lasting borderline hypertension with only straight-line changes of diastolic blood pressure and bradycardia were observed. The doses of 0.15--1.25 mg angiotensin-II caused a continual blood pressure rise and led, between day 4 and 6 of the experiment, to a pronounced lasting resistance high-pressure without appreciable changes in heart rate. The strongest resistance high-pressure, which occurred as early as on day 3, with pronounced tachycardia was achieved with a dose of 2.5 mg angiotensin-II. Higher doses produced pronounced tachycardia but no significant effects on blood pressure. The varying dose-dependent effects of depot angiotensin are discussed, and the possibility is pointed out to study by the angiotensin-II hypertension model various mechanisms of a long-time hypertensive dysregulation.", "PMID": 1015170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_823", "title": "[Effect of angiotensin II depot administration on bioelectric functional processes of the central nervous system].", "content": "Using the average evoked potential technique, angiotensin-II depot effects (1 mg implantate = 3--4 mg/kg body weight angiotensin-II) were studied neuroelectrophysiologically in reticular, hippocampal and neocrotical structures of albino rats. A multivariate variance and discriminance analysis program revealed differentiated changes of the bioelectrical processing data of the CNS. Evidence was obtained for a varying structural sensitivity of central-nervous substructures under depot administration of angiotensin-II. In later phases of angiotensin-II action, the hippocampus was characterized by an electrographic synchronization phenomenon with high-amplitude average evoked potentials. The reticular formation, and to a lesser extent the visual cortex, showed an angiotensin-induced diminution of bioelectrical excitation. However, the intensity of the change in functional CNS patterns did not always correlate with maximal blood pressure rises. The described changes of afference processing to standardized sensory stimuli, especially in hippocampal and reticular structures of the CNS foll owing angiotensin depot action, point to a central-nervous action mechanism of angiotensin-II.", "contents": "[Effect of angiotensin II depot administration on bioelectric functional processes of the central nervous system]. Using the average evoked potential technique, angiotensin-II depot effects (1 mg implantate = 3--4 mg/kg body weight angiotensin-II) were studied neuroelectrophysiologically in reticular, hippocampal and neocrotical structures of albino rats. A multivariate variance and discriminance analysis program revealed differentiated changes of the bioelectrical processing data of the CNS. Evidence was obtained for a varying structural sensitivity of central-nervous substructures under depot administration of angiotensin-II. In later phases of angiotensin-II action, the hippocampus was characterized by an electrographic synchronization phenomenon with high-amplitude average evoked potentials. The reticular formation, and to a lesser extent the visual cortex, showed an angiotensin-induced diminution of bioelectrical excitation. However, the intensity of the change in functional CNS patterns did not always correlate with maximal blood pressure rises. The described changes of afference processing to standardized sensory stimuli, especially in hippocampal and reticular structures of the CNS foll owing angiotensin depot action, point to a central-nervous action mechanism of angiotensin-II.", "PMID": 1015171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_824", "title": "N-terminal amino acid sequences of pepsinogens from dogfish and seal and of bovine pepsinogen B.", "content": "The N-terminal amino acid sequences of dogfish pepsinogen (8 residues), seal pepsinogen (26 residues) and bovine pepsinogen B (25 residues) have been determined. The primary structures of all three pepsinogens show considerable homology with those of zymogens of gastric proteases sequenced previously.", "contents": "N-terminal amino acid sequences of pepsinogens from dogfish and seal and of bovine pepsinogen B. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of dogfish pepsinogen (8 residues), seal pepsinogen (26 residues) and bovine pepsinogen B (25 residues) have been determined. The primary structures of all three pepsinogens show considerable homology with those of zymogens of gastric proteases sequenced previously.", "PMID": 1015172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_825", "title": "Review of 1,375 cases of vascular reconstruction for ischemic disorder of the lower limbs Statistical analysis of late postoperative thromboses with evaluation of the effect of an anti-platelet agent[tauthor's transl)].", "content": "The authors are presenting 1.375 cases of arterial reconstruciton of the lower limbs, those patients having undergone 1.562 operatons between 1963 and 1974. Although mention is made of long-term postoperative morbidity (false femoral aneurysm, infection, amputation), the study is mainly centered on the problem of late thromboses, calculated in percentages per year and classified according to the time lapse since the initail operation. Comparison is made between the percentages before and after 1972. Since 1972, Dipyridamol, an anti-platelet agent, has been administered systematically to all vascular reconstructions of the lower limbs. The action of this type of drug on the platelet adhesivenss is briefly treated. In this respect the numbers calculated suggests a decrease of about 25 % in the numbers of late thrombosis, all other treatment remaining unchanged for the past 11 years. In conclusion, operative indication and surgical skill remain primordial in this type of surgery. However, the anti-platelet treatment, associated with fat-free diet, no tobacco, vasodilators or anticoagulants, seems to bring a further guarantee to permeability of arterial reconstructions.", "contents": "Review of 1,375 cases of vascular reconstruction for ischemic disorder of the lower limbs Statistical analysis of late postoperative thromboses with evaluation of the effect of an anti-platelet agent[tauthor's transl)]. The authors are presenting 1.375 cases of arterial reconstruciton of the lower limbs, those patients having undergone 1.562 operatons between 1963 and 1974. Although mention is made of long-term postoperative morbidity (false femoral aneurysm, infection, amputation), the study is mainly centered on the problem of late thromboses, calculated in percentages per year and classified according to the time lapse since the initail operation. Comparison is made between the percentages before and after 1972. Since 1972, Dipyridamol, an anti-platelet agent, has been administered systematically to all vascular reconstructions of the lower limbs. The action of this type of drug on the platelet adhesivenss is briefly treated. In this respect the numbers calculated suggests a decrease of about 25 % in the numbers of late thrombosis, all other treatment remaining unchanged for the past 11 years. In conclusion, operative indication and surgical skill remain primordial in this type of surgery. However, the anti-platelet treatment, associated with fat-free diet, no tobacco, vasodilators or anticoagulants, seems to bring a further guarantee to permeability of arterial reconstructions.", "PMID": 1015173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_826", "title": "[Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax and prophylaxis of relapses (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports the treatment of 192 consecutive cases of spontaneous pneumothorax observed in 99 patients. Relapses are frequent, but it could be shown that their number can be reduced by more aggressive therapy. Conservative treatment led to 99 % of relapses, whereas they were reduced to 32 % by continuous pleural suction, as shown in 76 cases. Pleurodesis with glucose 40 % or 50 % solution followed by continuous suction for 7 days, is advertised by the authors for every first episode of spontaneous pneumothorax. Under this treatment relapses were observed in only 19 % of the cases. If however after this treatment a recurrent pneumothorax occurs, thoracotomy has to be considered for parietal pleurectomy and occasional resection of emphysematous bullae. This procedure was successfull in all 13 cases where it had been applied.", "contents": "[Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax and prophylaxis of relapses (author's transl)]. This study reports the treatment of 192 consecutive cases of spontaneous pneumothorax observed in 99 patients. Relapses are frequent, but it could be shown that their number can be reduced by more aggressive therapy. Conservative treatment led to 99 % of relapses, whereas they were reduced to 32 % by continuous pleural suction, as shown in 76 cases. Pleurodesis with glucose 40 % or 50 % solution followed by continuous suction for 7 days, is advertised by the authors for every first episode of spontaneous pneumothorax. Under this treatment relapses were observed in only 19 % of the cases. If however after this treatment a recurrent pneumothorax occurs, thoracotomy has to be considered for parietal pleurectomy and occasional resection of emphysematous bullae. This procedure was successfull in all 13 cases where it had been applied.", "PMID": 1015174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_827", "title": "[Diaphysal pseudarthrosis of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse the etiology and treatment of 18 pseudarthroses of the tibial diaphysis occurring in a series of 320 fractures of this bone. This complication seldom appears in simple fractures treated by a plaster cast (two cases out of 144). In addition to classical and well known factors, it appears that pseudarthrosis occurs more frequently after traction-immobilization (10 cases out of 73), when the fragments had to be repositioned on many occasions under plaster cast, or in cases of open fractures. The treatment by bone grafting, principally in-lays, with or without plates and visses, yield satisfactory results.", "contents": "[Diaphysal pseudarthrosis of the tibia (author's transl)]. The authors analyse the etiology and treatment of 18 pseudarthroses of the tibial diaphysis occurring in a series of 320 fractures of this bone. This complication seldom appears in simple fractures treated by a plaster cast (two cases out of 144). In addition to classical and well known factors, it appears that pseudarthrosis occurs more frequently after traction-immobilization (10 cases out of 73), when the fragments had to be repositioned on many occasions under plaster cast, or in cases of open fractures. The treatment by bone grafting, principally in-lays, with or without plates and visses, yield satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1015175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_828", "title": "[Surgery for chronic non neoplastic diseases of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyze the surgical indications and procedures for cases of chronic pancreatites. There were but few cases and the procedures were chosen for minimal harm ; there were : 4 external marsupialisations, 1 resection of a true cyst, 5 cystoanastomoses, 2 biliary bypasses, 4 left pancreatectomies. Postoperative courses were normal in 12 patients; 2 had recurrent pancreatitis because of alcoholism. Our attitude towards chronic pancreatic lesions is thus as follows: 1. Cautions and reserved indications. 2. Ad minima procedures.", "contents": "[Surgery for chronic non neoplastic diseases of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The authors analyze the surgical indications and procedures for cases of chronic pancreatites. There were but few cases and the procedures were chosen for minimal harm ; there were : 4 external marsupialisations, 1 resection of a true cyst, 5 cystoanastomoses, 2 biliary bypasses, 4 left pancreatectomies. Postoperative courses were normal in 12 patients; 2 had recurrent pancreatitis because of alcoholism. Our attitude towards chronic pancreatic lesions is thus as follows: 1. Cautions and reserved indications. 2. Ad minima procedures.", "PMID": 1015176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_829", "title": "[Ulcer of the colon and Mallory-Weiss syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A 71 year old man presents with a high and low hemorrhage with no signs of associated shock. Endoscopy shows a laceration of the cardia (Mallory-Weiss syndrome). The low hemorrhage is attributed to a left colic lesion that appears to be an ischemic colitis. Colonoscopy in addition to baryum enema is useful in the differential diagnosis of colon lesions.", "contents": "[Ulcer of the colon and Mallory-Weiss syndrome (author's transl)]. A 71 year old man presents with a high and low hemorrhage with no signs of associated shock. Endoscopy shows a laceration of the cardia (Mallory-Weiss syndrome). The low hemorrhage is attributed to a left colic lesion that appears to be an ischemic colitis. Colonoscopy in addition to baryum enema is useful in the differential diagnosis of colon lesions.", "PMID": 1015178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_830", "title": "[Classification and operative tactic in the treatment of the small ptotic breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The deceiving results obtained by the single implantation of mammary prostheses in the treatment of the small ptotic breasts are the consequence of faulty judgment and lack of recognition of the various anatomical elements involved in the deformity and which bear an incidence on the operative technique and the final esthetic result. By studying the three inseparable elements -ptosis, skin and hypoplasia -a classification into three types of small ptotic breasts is proposed, based mainly on the origin of the ptosis and the hypoplasia and on the static qualities of suspension and coverage of the skin : Type I : primary small ptotic breast. Type II : secondary small ptotic breast with normal skin. Type III : secondary small ptotic breast with skin of bad quality. The respective indications and prognosis of the classical methods of treatment are reviewed according to this classification. The single implantation of mammary prostheses has only restricted indications : when the ptosis of the nipple and/or the lower pole of the breast does not exceed 1 tot 1,5 cm. In all the cases where the ptosis is more pronounced, the single implantation is contraindicated and a reshaping operation will be performed. In cases where the reshaping operation does not give enough volume to the breast, a two-stage procedure is strongly recommended by the author : a reshaping operation, followed in a second stage by the implantation of the adequate prosthesis as soon as the local conditions are favorable.", "contents": "[Classification and operative tactic in the treatment of the small ptotic breast (author's transl)]. The deceiving results obtained by the single implantation of mammary prostheses in the treatment of the small ptotic breasts are the consequence of faulty judgment and lack of recognition of the various anatomical elements involved in the deformity and which bear an incidence on the operative technique and the final esthetic result. By studying the three inseparable elements -ptosis, skin and hypoplasia -a classification into three types of small ptotic breasts is proposed, based mainly on the origin of the ptosis and the hypoplasia and on the static qualities of suspension and coverage of the skin : Type I : primary small ptotic breast. Type II : secondary small ptotic breast with normal skin. Type III : secondary small ptotic breast with skin of bad quality. The respective indications and prognosis of the classical methods of treatment are reviewed according to this classification. The single implantation of mammary prostheses has only restricted indications : when the ptosis of the nipple and/or the lower pole of the breast does not exceed 1 tot 1,5 cm. In all the cases where the ptosis is more pronounced, the single implantation is contraindicated and a reshaping operation will be performed. In cases where the reshaping operation does not give enough volume to the breast, a two-stage procedure is strongly recommended by the author : a reshaping operation, followed in a second stage by the implantation of the adequate prosthesis as soon as the local conditions are favorable.", "PMID": 1015179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_831", "title": "[Reimplantation of severed fingers (author's transl)].", "content": "Finger reimplantation is actually feasible. Two cases of complete amputation and three of partial amputation are presented. There were four successes out of five. A partial reimplantation failed on the 12th postoperative day. The technique and the postoperative care are presented. Success does not depend solely on technique. Physiopathology of the microcirculation at the level of the anastomoses, not well known at present, conditions vascular patency and survival of the reimplanted finger.", "contents": "[Reimplantation of severed fingers (author's transl)]. Finger reimplantation is actually feasible. Two cases of complete amputation and three of partial amputation are presented. There were four successes out of five. A partial reimplantation failed on the 12th postoperative day. The technique and the postoperative care are presented. Success does not depend solely on technique. Physiopathology of the microcirculation at the level of the anastomoses, not well known at present, conditions vascular patency and survival of the reimplanted finger.", "PMID": 1015180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_832", "title": "[Prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thromboses by means of weak doses of subcutaneous heparin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors intend to control with the marked fibrinogen test, the real frequency of postoperative deep vein thromboses (DVT) and the eventual prophylactic effect of subcutaneous heparin in weak doses. Heparin was administered 2 hours before the operation and every 8 hours during 6 days thereafter, each time at the dose of 5,000 U subcutaneously. Ninety-nine patients undergoing major surgery were randomized into two groups of 55 control operated patients and 44 operated patients treated with heparin. The radioactive fibrinogen test was used in 27 patients of the control group and in 23 of the treated group. In the control group of 55, 7 DVT were clinically recognized : the isotopic test was positive in 17 patients. In the treated group of 44 no DVT was clinically diagnosed : 6 DVT were recognized by the marked fibrinogen test. There were no noticeable hemorrhagic complications in the treated group. Low dose of subcutaneous heparin is an efficient and safe prophylactic method in postoperative thromboembolic accidents.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thromboses by means of weak doses of subcutaneous heparin (author's transl)]. The authors intend to control with the marked fibrinogen test, the real frequency of postoperative deep vein thromboses (DVT) and the eventual prophylactic effect of subcutaneous heparin in weak doses. Heparin was administered 2 hours before the operation and every 8 hours during 6 days thereafter, each time at the dose of 5,000 U subcutaneously. Ninety-nine patients undergoing major surgery were randomized into two groups of 55 control operated patients and 44 operated patients treated with heparin. The radioactive fibrinogen test was used in 27 patients of the control group and in 23 of the treated group. In the control group of 55, 7 DVT were clinically recognized : the isotopic test was positive in 17 patients. In the treated group of 44 no DVT was clinically diagnosed : 6 DVT were recognized by the marked fibrinogen test. There were no noticeable hemorrhagic complications in the treated group. Low dose of subcutaneous heparin is an efficient and safe prophylactic method in postoperative thromboembolic accidents.", "PMID": 1015181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_833", "title": "Renal artery stenosis and occlusion.", "content": "Renovascular hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis was a coincidental discovery in 5 of the 6 patients presented. They did not have any comlaint and it was by routine bloodpressure measurement that hypertension was diagnosed. In one patient without hypertension stenosis of both renal arteries was seen on the aortography for an infrarenal aortic occlusion. Depending on the extent and localisation of the stenosis unilateral renal artery stenosis was treated by a saphenous vein graft interposition, or by an aortorenal vein patch. In a man with bilateral renal artery stenosis a venous bridge was constructed. Once an unilateral nephrectomy was necessary, the kidney being atrophic and a vascular correction impossible.", "contents": "Renal artery stenosis and occlusion. Renovascular hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis was a coincidental discovery in 5 of the 6 patients presented. They did not have any comlaint and it was by routine bloodpressure measurement that hypertension was diagnosed. In one patient without hypertension stenosis of both renal arteries was seen on the aortography for an infrarenal aortic occlusion. Depending on the extent and localisation of the stenosis unilateral renal artery stenosis was treated by a saphenous vein graft interposition, or by an aortorenal vein patch. In a man with bilateral renal artery stenosis a venous bridge was constructed. Once an unilateral nephrectomy was necessary, the kidney being atrophic and a vascular correction impossible.", "PMID": 1015182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_834", "title": "Ontogenetic factors in the retrieval of memories.", "content": "Although rats may show extensive forgetting if a long interval is interpolated between an aversive-conditioning episode and a retention test, this forgetting can be alleviated by a variety of reactivation treatment. This paper reports several experiments analyzing the consequences of one reactivation treatment - noncontingent presentation, between conditioning and testing, of the unconditioned stimulus - when applied to rats which differ in the age at which they are given their conditioning episode. After a long retention interval, both paradigms tested using this reactivation treatment are relatively ineffective for animals conditioned when 16--17 days of age, although both paradigms markedly alleviate forgetting when such immature animals are tested after relatively short retention intervals (a similar effect seems to occur with very old rats). Implications of this finding are tested and discussed.", "contents": "Ontogenetic factors in the retrieval of memories. Although rats may show extensive forgetting if a long interval is interpolated between an aversive-conditioning episode and a retention test, this forgetting can be alleviated by a variety of reactivation treatment. This paper reports several experiments analyzing the consequences of one reactivation treatment - noncontingent presentation, between conditioning and testing, of the unconditioned stimulus - when applied to rats which differ in the age at which they are given their conditioning episode. After a long retention interval, both paradigms tested using this reactivation treatment are relatively ineffective for animals conditioned when 16--17 days of age, although both paradigms markedly alleviate forgetting when such immature animals are tested after relatively short retention intervals (a similar effect seems to occur with very old rats). Implications of this finding are tested and discussed.", "PMID": 1015208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_835", "title": "Meptazinol: I.M. use in postoperative pain.", "content": "In a population of 39 patients, the new analgesic drug Meptazinol was tested in postoperative period at a dose of 100 mg I.M., administered only on request of the patient. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were not altered significantly. The onset of analgesia was rapid (+/- fifteen minutes) with a maximum reached after thirty minutes; the provided analgesia was good for about two hours as evaluated by the anesthetist and the nurse. The patient asked for a new dose only after about five hours.", "contents": "Meptazinol: I.M. use in postoperative pain. In a population of 39 patients, the new analgesic drug Meptazinol was tested in postoperative period at a dose of 100 mg I.M., administered only on request of the patient. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were not altered significantly. The onset of analgesia was rapid (+/- fifteen minutes) with a maximum reached after thirty minutes; the provided analgesia was good for about two hours as evaluated by the anesthetist and the nurse. The patient asked for a new dose only after about five hours.", "PMID": 1015211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_836", "title": "First experience with a new analgesic drug: buprenorphine.", "content": "Buprenorphine, a new analgesic drug, was used for treatment of immediate postoperative pain in a group of 30 patients. A standard dose of 4 mug/kg was given IM. Onset of action occurred 10 to 20 min. later; pain relief was very good to good in 73%, fairly good in 23% and insufficient in 3%. Duration of action was very long (Mean + SEM: 360 +/- 32 min.) Side effects were few.", "contents": "First experience with a new analgesic drug: buprenorphine. Buprenorphine, a new analgesic drug, was used for treatment of immediate postoperative pain in a group of 30 patients. A standard dose of 4 mug/kg was given IM. Onset of action occurred 10 to 20 min. later; pain relief was very good to good in 73%, fairly good in 23% and insufficient in 3%. Duration of action was very long (Mean + SEM: 360 +/- 32 min.) Side effects were few.", "PMID": 1015212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_837", "title": "Etomidate, a new short acting, intravenous hypnotic.", "content": "Etomidate can be recommended for short procedures combined with fentanyl and for the induction of neuroleptanesthesia. It has advantages in poor risk patients because it has only negligible effects on the heart and the peripheral circulation. It has to taken in consideration though, that etomidate has only hypnotic and no analgesic action.", "contents": "Etomidate, a new short acting, intravenous hypnotic. Etomidate can be recommended for short procedures combined with fentanyl and for the induction of neuroleptanesthesia. It has advantages in poor risk patients because it has only negligible effects on the heart and the peripheral circulation. It has to taken in consideration though, that etomidate has only hypnotic and no analgesic action.", "PMID": 1015214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_838", "title": "Clinical use of etomidate, influence on blood pressure and heart rate. Comparison with thiopentone and methohexital.", "content": "This study deals with blood pressure and heart rate measurements during the use of etomidate after premedication; the injection of etomidate is always preceded by 0.10 mg of fentanyl. Etomidate is compared with thiopentone and methohexitone. There appears to be no gross difference between the drugs as far as the blood pressure is concerned: it is decreased by 15-20%. The influence on the heart rate is typical for each drug: whereas thiopentone causes a rise of 23%, and methohexitone of nearly 40%, the rate remains constant in the etomidate series.", "contents": "Clinical use of etomidate, influence on blood pressure and heart rate. Comparison with thiopentone and methohexital. This study deals with blood pressure and heart rate measurements during the use of etomidate after premedication; the injection of etomidate is always preceded by 0.10 mg of fentanyl. Etomidate is compared with thiopentone and methohexitone. There appears to be no gross difference between the drugs as far as the blood pressure is concerned: it is decreased by 15-20%. The influence on the heart rate is typical for each drug: whereas thiopentone causes a rise of 23%, and methohexitone of nearly 40%, the rate remains constant in the etomidate series.", "PMID": 1015215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_839", "title": "Clinical use of etomidate.", "content": "Etomidate and methohexital were administered for induction of anesthesia in 45 patients who had to undergo open heart surgery. The anesthesia technique was otherwise standardised. Measurements of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained during a period of ten minutes after injection of the induction agent, and in a selected group of 16 patients cardiac index and stroke volume index were obtained by impedance cardiography. In the group of 45 patients, blood pressure one minute after induction was unchanged with Etomidate, but decreased (-6%) with methohexital. During intubation, important variations of systolic blood pressure occurred, specially with Etomidate (+ 36%) and less with methohexital (+ 21%). Heart rate increased in both groups during intubation (+ 41%) and returned towards starting value after ten minutes. In the group of 16 patients, cardiac index varied with Etomidate, decreasing during intubation (- 21%), increasing to + 32% and then returning to starting value afterwards. Heart rate increased with intubation (+ 39%) and was still somewhat elevated at ten minutes. Stroke volume index decreased with intubation (- 36%) and was still lower than the initial value at ten minutes (- 14%). With methohexital, cardiac index variations were less pronounced (+ 11%). Cardiac index was lower than the initial value at ten minutes (- 14%). Stroke volume index decreased with intubation (- 36%) and was still lower than the initial value at ten minutes (- 14%). This was compensated by an increase in heart rate. These measurements made during induction reflect the complex interaction of drug administration and technical manipulations. Blood pressure lowering one minute after the injection of methohexital can be ascribed to vasodilatation and myocardial depression. The important blood pressure and cardiac index variations observed with Etomidate are probably due to the short action and the lack of analgesic properties of this agent.", "contents": "Clinical use of etomidate. Etomidate and methohexital were administered for induction of anesthesia in 45 patients who had to undergo open heart surgery. The anesthesia technique was otherwise standardised. Measurements of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained during a period of ten minutes after injection of the induction agent, and in a selected group of 16 patients cardiac index and stroke volume index were obtained by impedance cardiography. In the group of 45 patients, blood pressure one minute after induction was unchanged with Etomidate, but decreased (-6%) with methohexital. During intubation, important variations of systolic blood pressure occurred, specially with Etomidate (+ 36%) and less with methohexital (+ 21%). Heart rate increased in both groups during intubation (+ 41%) and returned towards starting value after ten minutes. In the group of 16 patients, cardiac index varied with Etomidate, decreasing during intubation (- 21%), increasing to + 32% and then returning to starting value afterwards. Heart rate increased with intubation (+ 39%) and was still somewhat elevated at ten minutes. Stroke volume index decreased with intubation (- 36%) and was still lower than the initial value at ten minutes (- 14%). With methohexital, cardiac index variations were less pronounced (+ 11%). Cardiac index was lower than the initial value at ten minutes (- 14%). Stroke volume index decreased with intubation (- 36%) and was still lower than the initial value at ten minutes (- 14%). This was compensated by an increase in heart rate. These measurements made during induction reflect the complex interaction of drug administration and technical manipulations. Blood pressure lowering one minute after the injection of methohexital can be ascribed to vasodilatation and myocardial depression. The important blood pressure and cardiac index variations observed with Etomidate are probably due to the short action and the lack of analgesic properties of this agent.", "PMID": 1015216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_840", "title": "Influence of etomidate, a new short acting anesthetic agent, on cerebral blood flow in man.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was measured by means of a ten channel cerebrograph. This investigation was done after a corotid angiography; 2 to 3 miCi of Xenon133 was injected in the internal carotid artery. Beside CBF we measured arterial bloodpressures, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, central venous pressures, blood gases and glucose in arterial blood, blood gases and glucose in the bulbus of the internal jugular vein and blood gases in mixed venous blood. In most regions CBF decreased significantly after Etomidate. The other parameters did not change. Only the heartrate slowed significantly.", "contents": "Influence of etomidate, a new short acting anesthetic agent, on cerebral blood flow in man. Cerebral blood flow was measured by means of a ten channel cerebrograph. This investigation was done after a corotid angiography; 2 to 3 miCi of Xenon133 was injected in the internal carotid artery. Beside CBF we measured arterial bloodpressures, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, central venous pressures, blood gases and glucose in arterial blood, blood gases and glucose in the bulbus of the internal jugular vein and blood gases in mixed venous blood. In most regions CBF decreased significantly after Etomidate. The other parameters did not change. Only the heartrate slowed significantly.", "PMID": 1015217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_841", "title": "Etomidate and tonsillectomy.", "content": "Tonsillectomy under general anesthesia, one of the most commonplace operations there are, is more of a problem for the anesthetist than for the surgeon. Once intubated, the child or adult will be protected from any operative risks by correct ventilation and the protection of his upper airways. The only problem is that arising from the anesthesia required to carry out this intubation and from the consequences of this anesthesia on the waking period, which should be brief in order to avoid, after detubation, any reactions which might induce excessively deep sleep at that moment. In this respect we found etomidate, with its short duration of action, even after reinjection, just as interesting as methohexital. We should mention, however, that his product presents certain disadvantages the most troublesome of which seemed to be the pain provoked when this substance is injected. A new solution (of basic etomidate) still hardly presented this disadvantage.", "contents": "Etomidate and tonsillectomy. Tonsillectomy under general anesthesia, one of the most commonplace operations there are, is more of a problem for the anesthetist than for the surgeon. Once intubated, the child or adult will be protected from any operative risks by correct ventilation and the protection of his upper airways. The only problem is that arising from the anesthesia required to carry out this intubation and from the consequences of this anesthesia on the waking period, which should be brief in order to avoid, after detubation, any reactions which might induce excessively deep sleep at that moment. In this respect we found etomidate, with its short duration of action, even after reinjection, just as interesting as methohexital. We should mention, however, that his product presents certain disadvantages the most troublesome of which seemed to be the pain provoked when this substance is injected. A new solution (of basic etomidate) still hardly presented this disadvantage.", "PMID": 1015218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_842", "title": "A comparative study of etomidate and methohexital as induction agents for analgesic anesthesia.", "content": "Two hundred current surgical procedures were done in adult patients using neuroleptanalgesia with either methohexital (1 mg/kg) or etomidate induction (0.3 mg/kg) in half of the cases. The cardiovascular function was less altered with etomidate (less occurrence of tachycardia, blood pressure drops or systolo-diastolic pinching). The etomidate dosage chosen more often gave an immediate satisfactory sleep. However, with methohexital induction, less signs of awakening were observed during the surgical procedure. The frequent postoperative somnolence also points, although indirectly, to a longer residual effect of the barbiturate. Both drugs sometimes gave erythema. The injection of etomidate was more frequently painful in the arm. On the other hand, hiccups occurred with methohexital induction only. Etomidate induced myoclonia in one-third of the cases premedicated with diazepam and after preliminary injection of a minimal amount of fentanyl. Without these precautions, myoclonia can occur in two-thirds of the patients. However, these myoclonia are bothersome and of prolonged duration in rare instances and would be of real annoyance only when this drug would be used alone for surgical procedures of short duration where perfect patient immobility is required. We therefore conclude and confirm that etomidate is a good induction agent for neuroleptanalgesia anesthesia procedures.", "contents": "A comparative study of etomidate and methohexital as induction agents for analgesic anesthesia. Two hundred current surgical procedures were done in adult patients using neuroleptanalgesia with either methohexital (1 mg/kg) or etomidate induction (0.3 mg/kg) in half of the cases. The cardiovascular function was less altered with etomidate (less occurrence of tachycardia, blood pressure drops or systolo-diastolic pinching). The etomidate dosage chosen more often gave an immediate satisfactory sleep. However, with methohexital induction, less signs of awakening were observed during the surgical procedure. The frequent postoperative somnolence also points, although indirectly, to a longer residual effect of the barbiturate. Both drugs sometimes gave erythema. The injection of etomidate was more frequently painful in the arm. On the other hand, hiccups occurred with methohexital induction only. Etomidate induced myoclonia in one-third of the cases premedicated with diazepam and after preliminary injection of a minimal amount of fentanyl. Without these precautions, myoclonia can occur in two-thirds of the patients. However, these myoclonia are bothersome and of prolonged duration in rare instances and would be of real annoyance only when this drug would be used alone for surgical procedures of short duration where perfect patient immobility is required. We therefore conclude and confirm that etomidate is a good induction agent for neuroleptanalgesia anesthesia procedures.", "PMID": 1015219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_843", "title": "Clinical study of althesin and hypnomidate.", "content": "A simple clinical and a more elaborate instrumental study are presented on the cardio-circulatory action of Althesine and Etomidate (Hypnomidate) compared to thiopental (Pentothal). Statistically is Althesin not significantly worse than thiopental but significantly worse than Hypnomidate. Hypnomidate is less aggressive than thiopental although non significantly. Succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) aggravates the heart depressant actions of the tested drugs, while the intubation of the trachea produces sometimes a serious pressor response which can not be always blocked by prior administration of a low dose (0.1 mg i.v.) Fentanyl.", "contents": "Clinical study of althesin and hypnomidate. A simple clinical and a more elaborate instrumental study are presented on the cardio-circulatory action of Althesine and Etomidate (Hypnomidate) compared to thiopental (Pentothal). Statistically is Althesin not significantly worse than thiopental but significantly worse than Hypnomidate. Hypnomidate is less aggressive than thiopental although non significantly. Succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) aggravates the heart depressant actions of the tested drugs, while the intubation of the trachea produces sometimes a serious pressor response which can not be always blocked by prior administration of a low dose (0.1 mg i.v.) Fentanyl.", "PMID": 1015220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_844", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of various anesthetics in man. Four short-acting intravenous anesthetics: althesin, etomidate, methohexital and propanidid.", "content": "Four groups of 15 patients without any cardiovascular or pulmonary pathology received an intravenous injection of one of the 4 studied anesthetics, Althesin (0.07 ml/kg), Methohexital (1.6 mg/kg), Etomidate 0.15 mg/kg) or Propanidid (6 mg/kg). Arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were measured every thirty or sixty seconds. Stroke volume decreased and heart rate increased with all of them, but most of all with Propanidid. The only statistically significant reduction of cardiac output was observed with Althesin. Arterial pressures did not vary. Under the conditions of the present study and at the dose levels mentioned, Etomidate produced the least changes in cardiac parameters.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of various anesthetics in man. Four short-acting intravenous anesthetics: althesin, etomidate, methohexital and propanidid. Four groups of 15 patients without any cardiovascular or pulmonary pathology received an intravenous injection of one of the 4 studied anesthetics, Althesin (0.07 ml/kg), Methohexital (1.6 mg/kg), Etomidate 0.15 mg/kg) or Propanidid (6 mg/kg). Arterial pressure, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output were measured every thirty or sixty seconds. Stroke volume decreased and heart rate increased with all of them, but most of all with Propanidid. The only statistically significant reduction of cardiac output was observed with Althesin. Arterial pressures did not vary. Under the conditions of the present study and at the dose levels mentioned, Etomidate produced the least changes in cardiac parameters.", "PMID": 1015221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_845", "title": "Study of the cerebral blood flow in patients with brain lesions under anesthesia.", "content": "The influence of thiopental (Pentothal) on cerebral blood flow was studied by means of ten scintillationcounters in man on occasion of a carotid angiography. The patients received a basic anesthesia with 30% oxygen, 70% nitrous oxide and pancuronium bromide. When the anesthesia was stabilised, thiopental was given (4 mg/kg). The influence of barbiturates on autoregulation is discussed.", "contents": "Study of the cerebral blood flow in patients with brain lesions under anesthesia. The influence of thiopental (Pentothal) on cerebral blood flow was studied by means of ten scintillationcounters in man on occasion of a carotid angiography. The patients received a basic anesthesia with 30% oxygen, 70% nitrous oxide and pancuronium bromide. When the anesthesia was stabilised, thiopental was given (4 mg/kg). The influence of barbiturates on autoregulation is discussed.", "PMID": 1015222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_846", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of different anesthetics in man. Study of two volatile anesthetics: enflurane (ethrane), halothane (fluothane).", "content": "In the first part of this paper we report the effects of 4 short acting intravenous anesthetics (althesin, etomidate, epontol, brietal) on the cardiovascular effects due to ethrane. In the second part we learn with the same induction anesthetic (etomidate) the cardiovascular effects of ethrane and fluothane. We have proved that: 1 degree althesin least potentiates the variations in the cardiovascular parameters under the action of ethrane, 2 degrees halothane 2% decreases more the blood pressure than ethrane 1%.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of different anesthetics in man. Study of two volatile anesthetics: enflurane (ethrane), halothane (fluothane). In the first part of this paper we report the effects of 4 short acting intravenous anesthetics (althesin, etomidate, epontol, brietal) on the cardiovascular effects due to ethrane. In the second part we learn with the same induction anesthetic (etomidate) the cardiovascular effects of ethrane and fluothane. We have proved that: 1 degree althesin least potentiates the variations in the cardiovascular parameters under the action of ethrane, 2 degrees halothane 2% decreases more the blood pressure than ethrane 1%.", "PMID": 1015223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_847", "title": "Cerebral blood flow under enflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was measured, under controlled conditions of stable ventilation and PaCO2, in 11 patients suffering from cerebro-vascular lesions. Comparing the results under N2O-enflurane 1% anesthesia with those under N2O-fentanyl anesthesia shows an average 8.4% decrease of blood flow. In 5 cases, a third measurement was performed under N2O-enflurane 2% anesthesia. This caused an average 8.5% complementary decrease. Whereas most inhalational anesthetic agents produce an increase of cerebral blood flow, this is not observed with enflurane, the tendency rather being towards a decrease.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow under enflurane anesthesia. Cerebral blood flow was measured, under controlled conditions of stable ventilation and PaCO2, in 11 patients suffering from cerebro-vascular lesions. Comparing the results under N2O-enflurane 1% anesthesia with those under N2O-fentanyl anesthesia shows an average 8.4% decrease of blood flow. In 5 cases, a third measurement was performed under N2O-enflurane 2% anesthesia. This caused an average 8.5% complementary decrease. Whereas most inhalational anesthetic agents produce an increase of cerebral blood flow, this is not observed with enflurane, the tendency rather being towards a decrease.", "PMID": 1015225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_848", "title": "Influence of enflurane on blood loss from the pregnant uterus.", "content": "Uterine blood loss was measured in women undergoing therapeutic abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. A first group, operated under paracervical block anesthesia, had a mean blood loss of 17 ml. The second group, anesthetized with pentothal, nitrous oxide and enflurane 1%, had a mean loss of 41 ml. The difference is statistically highly significant, but absolute blood losses remained small in both groups.", "contents": "Influence of enflurane on blood loss from the pregnant uterus. Uterine blood loss was measured in women undergoing therapeutic abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. A first group, operated under paracervical block anesthesia, had a mean blood loss of 17 ml. The second group, anesthetized with pentothal, nitrous oxide and enflurane 1%, had a mean loss of 41 ml. The difference is statistically highly significant, but absolute blood losses remained small in both groups.", "PMID": 1015226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_849", "title": "Impaired early insulin response to glycemic stimulus during enflurane anesthesia in dogs.", "content": "We assayed glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in unanesthetised dogs and during enflurane anesthesia. When compared to the awake control animals, enflurane administration induced glucose intolerance with mild hyperglycemia resulting from decreased basal insulin secretion. Moreover, insulin secretion in response to a glycemic stimulus (intravenous glucose tolerance test) was impaired. Comparison between the net incremental insulin responses and the cumulative insulinogenic indexes suggests impaired insulin secretion is mainly related to a deficit in secretion from the acutely releasable insulin storage pool.", "contents": "Impaired early insulin response to glycemic stimulus during enflurane anesthesia in dogs. We assayed glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in unanesthetised dogs and during enflurane anesthesia. When compared to the awake control animals, enflurane administration induced glucose intolerance with mild hyperglycemia resulting from decreased basal insulin secretion. Moreover, insulin secretion in response to a glycemic stimulus (intravenous glucose tolerance test) was impaired. Comparison between the net incremental insulin responses and the cumulative insulinogenic indexes suggests impaired insulin secretion is mainly related to a deficit in secretion from the acutely releasable insulin storage pool.", "PMID": 1015228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_850", "title": "Study of the renal function during anesthesia with halothane and enflurane.", "content": "In this work, the renal function of ten patients has been studied during an anesthesia with halothane (5 patients) or enflurane (5 patients), a new volatile anesthetic agent. Before and during the anesthesia, the patients were perfused with Lactate Ringer solution. Blood and urine samples were regularly collected to allow the measures of the various parameters of the renal function. Halothane decreases the glomerular filtration rate, the renal plasmatic flow; the filtrated fraction remains stable. Enflurane decreases the glomerular filtration rate but increases the renal plasmatic flow; besides the filtrated fraction decreases. As far as water and electrolytes are concerned, halothane mainly decreases the urine output, the osmolar clearance and the fractional excretion of sodium. This suggests that it chiefly acts on the proximal tube of the nephron. Enflurane mainly decreases the urine output and the free water clearance. This suggests an effect on the distal tube of the nephron.", "contents": "Study of the renal function during anesthesia with halothane and enflurane. In this work, the renal function of ten patients has been studied during an anesthesia with halothane (5 patients) or enflurane (5 patients), a new volatile anesthetic agent. Before and during the anesthesia, the patients were perfused with Lactate Ringer solution. Blood and urine samples were regularly collected to allow the measures of the various parameters of the renal function. Halothane decreases the glomerular filtration rate, the renal plasmatic flow; the filtrated fraction remains stable. Enflurane decreases the glomerular filtration rate but increases the renal plasmatic flow; besides the filtrated fraction decreases. As far as water and electrolytes are concerned, halothane mainly decreases the urine output, the osmolar clearance and the fractional excretion of sodium. This suggests that it chiefly acts on the proximal tube of the nephron. Enflurane mainly decreases the urine output and the free water clearance. This suggests an effect on the distal tube of the nephron.", "PMID": 1015229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_851", "title": "Ocular tonometry in the child under general anesthesia with IM ketamine.", "content": "In the young child, the ocular tension cannot be taken without general anesthesia. Most of the anesthetic drugs lower the ocular tension which may give false low results in glaucoma. Ketamine is the only practical drug elevating the ocular tension. To determine the amount of the change in ocular tension under ketamine, the ocular tension was measured under I.M. ketamine 5 to 10 mg/kg in 30 children without ocular disease. The ocular tension before the anesthesia has not been measured. As soon as the child fell asleep, the ocular tension was recorded between 15 to 20 minutes. We  noticed that the ocular tension remains stable in the beginning, but that it tends to rise after eight minutes of narcosis. So the ocular tension must be measured as soon as possible after induction, as soon as the child does not react to stimuli. Abnormal ocular tensions under ketamine are discussed. The ocular tensions under two different types of anesthesia (ketamine and methohexital + Thalamonal) are compared. Some examples of ocular tensions in glaucoma under ketamine are presented.", "contents": "Ocular tonometry in the child under general anesthesia with IM ketamine. In the young child, the ocular tension cannot be taken without general anesthesia. Most of the anesthetic drugs lower the ocular tension which may give false low results in glaucoma. Ketamine is the only practical drug elevating the ocular tension. To determine the amount of the change in ocular tension under ketamine, the ocular tension was measured under I.M. ketamine 5 to 10 mg/kg in 30 children without ocular disease. The ocular tension before the anesthesia has not been measured. As soon as the child fell asleep, the ocular tension was recorded between 15 to 20 minutes. We  noticed that the ocular tension remains stable in the beginning, but that it tends to rise after eight minutes of narcosis. So the ocular tension must be measured as soon as possible after induction, as soon as the child does not react to stimuli. Abnormal ocular tensions under ketamine are discussed. The ocular tensions under two different types of anesthesia (ketamine and methohexital + Thalamonal) are compared. Some examples of ocular tensions in glaucoma under ketamine are presented.", "PMID": 1015231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_852", "title": "Post-traumatic and postoperative treatment of severe brain injuries with controlled hyperventilation.", "content": "Controlled hyperventilation has shown to be an effective method of treatment in patients with pronounced brain edema and high ICP caused by accidental or surgical damage. This treatment has to be started as early as possible after the injury to avoid secondary changes and spreading cerebral edema leading to the impact of the brain-stem and thus irreversible brain damage. If conducted consequently, controlled hyperventilation will diminish mortality rate and increase the rate of valuable recoveries in all sorts of brain injuries.", "contents": "Post-traumatic and postoperative treatment of severe brain injuries with controlled hyperventilation. Controlled hyperventilation has shown to be an effective method of treatment in patients with pronounced brain edema and high ICP caused by accidental or surgical damage. This treatment has to be started as early as possible after the injury to avoid secondary changes and spreading cerebral edema leading to the impact of the brain-stem and thus irreversible brain damage. If conducted consequently, controlled hyperventilation will diminish mortality rate and increase the rate of valuable recoveries in all sorts of brain injuries.", "PMID": 1015232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_853", "title": "The prevention of irreversible lung changes following reversible phrenic nerve paralysis.", "content": "Phrenic nerve paralysis frequently follows operations on the neck such as resection of a cervical or first rib. It all too often passes unrecognised or is incorrectly treated, leading to permanent lung damage which may be severe enough as to result in a functional pneumonectomy. This is particularly unfortunate since the phrenic nerve paralysis is usually temporary. Three case histories are described of reversible paralysis of the phrenic nerve in which, due to prompt diagnosis, the ensuing lung changes were either prevented or immediatley treated. Intermittent assisted respiration with a Monaghan respirator was used to provide nebulised inhalations of Mesna several times a day. The method is applicable via a tracheostomy, an endotracheal tube or a simple mouthpiece. The latter is illustrated. The therapy is not hindered by immobilisation of the head and neck and the level of consciousness of the patients is of no importance. Many chest X-rays demonstrate the rapid clearing of the lungs achieved. All three patients were discharged with perfectly normal lungs.", "contents": "The prevention of irreversible lung changes following reversible phrenic nerve paralysis. Phrenic nerve paralysis frequently follows operations on the neck such as resection of a cervical or first rib. It all too often passes unrecognised or is incorrectly treated, leading to permanent lung damage which may be severe enough as to result in a functional pneumonectomy. This is particularly unfortunate since the phrenic nerve paralysis is usually temporary. Three case histories are described of reversible paralysis of the phrenic nerve in which, due to prompt diagnosis, the ensuing lung changes were either prevented or immediatley treated. Intermittent assisted respiration with a Monaghan respirator was used to provide nebulised inhalations of Mesna several times a day. The method is applicable via a tracheostomy, an endotracheal tube or a simple mouthpiece. The latter is illustrated. The therapy is not hindered by immobilisation of the head and neck and the level of consciousness of the patients is of no importance. Many chest X-rays demonstrate the rapid clearing of the lungs achieved. All three patients were discharged with perfectly normal lungs.", "PMID": 1015233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_854", "title": "Management of potentially fatal alcohol intoxication.", "content": "Severely alcohol intoxicated patients pass through all stages of anesthesia according to the Guedel classification. Additional illnesses or injuries might be present, however. These require careful investigation. Blood alcohol levels are no criterion for the degree of intoxication. The treatment varies and is based on clinical symptoms. In our series of more than 100 alcohol intoxicated patients the treatment generally consisted o Apomorphine, unless unconsciousness was present, and peripheral vasopressors, if necessary. Occasionally endotracheal intubation was required. On gastric aspiration via nasogastric tube only minimal amounts of alcohol could be recovered. With correct diagnosis and effective treatment the cure rate of acute alcohol intoxication should be as high as that of other intoxications.", "contents": "Management of potentially fatal alcohol intoxication. Severely alcohol intoxicated patients pass through all stages of anesthesia according to the Guedel classification. Additional illnesses or injuries might be present, however. These require careful investigation. Blood alcohol levels are no criterion for the degree of intoxication. The treatment varies and is based on clinical symptoms. In our series of more than 100 alcohol intoxicated patients the treatment generally consisted o Apomorphine, unless unconsciousness was present, and peripheral vasopressors, if necessary. Occasionally endotracheal intubation was required. On gastric aspiration via nasogastric tube only minimal amounts of alcohol could be recovered. With correct diagnosis and effective treatment the cure rate of acute alcohol intoxication should be as high as that of other intoxications.", "PMID": 1015234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_855", "title": "A computer module for the continuous monitoring of cardiac output in the operating theatre and the ICU.", "content": "A new pulse contour method to determine stroke volume and cardiac output continuously in patients on a beat-to-beat basis from the aortic pressure wave has been implemented in the form of a simple, inexpensive, fully automatic computing module for a commercially available patients monitoring system (Philips Medical Systems). Its reliability has been tested and shown in a computer analog, in experimental studies in 10 dogs (not reported here), in 22 hemodynamic studies on 20 young healthy volunteers and during 41 days in 20 postsurgical patients in the ICU, the most important result being that erros figures (15 and 19% respectively in the two human studies) are of the same order as when two standard methods, Fick and dye dilution are compared. The clinical studies have further indicated the easy applicability of the module 1 degree in the monitoring of critically ill patients in ICU's, 2 degrees as a monitor of the systemic circulation during anesthesia, and 3 degrees as a tool for studying the hemodynamic effects of pharmacological agents. The instrument consitutes no burden to the patients and has, several times during the course of the evaluation, provided an early warning of a deteriorating hemodynamic status of the patient to the physician.", "contents": "A computer module for the continuous monitoring of cardiac output in the operating theatre and the ICU. A new pulse contour method to determine stroke volume and cardiac output continuously in patients on a beat-to-beat basis from the aortic pressure wave has been implemented in the form of a simple, inexpensive, fully automatic computing module for a commercially available patients monitoring system (Philips Medical Systems). Its reliability has been tested and shown in a computer analog, in experimental studies in 10 dogs (not reported here), in 22 hemodynamic studies on 20 young healthy volunteers and during 41 days in 20 postsurgical patients in the ICU, the most important result being that erros figures (15 and 19% respectively in the two human studies) are of the same order as when two standard methods, Fick and dye dilution are compared. The clinical studies have further indicated the easy applicability of the module 1 degree in the monitoring of critically ill patients in ICU's, 2 degrees as a monitor of the systemic circulation during anesthesia, and 3 degrees as a tool for studying the hemodynamic effects of pharmacological agents. The instrument consitutes no burden to the patients and has, several times during the course of the evaluation, provided an early warning of a deteriorating hemodynamic status of the patient to the physician.", "PMID": 1015235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_856", "title": "Study on peroperative bleeding in ear, nose and throat surgery.", "content": "Some interventions in ENT surgery are very difficult or are even impossible if the slightest bleeding occurs. Microsurgery of the ear is the best example. For this reason we choose this particular intervention to test different anesthesia techniques. Bleeding in the surgical field is followed, while simultaneously respiratory, venous and arterial pressure tracings are recorded. These parameters are followed and changes can be attributed directly to observations by microscope of the surgical field. Successively neuroleptanalgesia in its pure form or with help of several drugs (trimetaphan, furosemide, enflurane) is studied. One conclusion can probably be made of the analysis of our series: an anesthesia with \"light\" analgesia gives better results than an anesthesia protecting completely the patient.", "contents": "Study on peroperative bleeding in ear, nose and throat surgery. Some interventions in ENT surgery are very difficult or are even impossible if the slightest bleeding occurs. Microsurgery of the ear is the best example. For this reason we choose this particular intervention to test different anesthesia techniques. Bleeding in the surgical field is followed, while simultaneously respiratory, venous and arterial pressure tracings are recorded. These parameters are followed and changes can be attributed directly to observations by microscope of the surgical field. Successively neuroleptanalgesia in its pure form or with help of several drugs (trimetaphan, furosemide, enflurane) is studied. One conclusion can probably be made of the analysis of our series: an anesthesia with \"light\" analgesia gives better results than an anesthesia protecting completely the patient.", "PMID": 1015236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_857", "title": "Controlled hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside. A practical approach.", "content": "Although known since 1849 and introduced in medical practice 1955, sodium nitroprusside is used mostly in large medical centres fully equipped with monitoring equipment. This attitude has contributed that sodium nitroprusside is not as popular as it should be. An attempt is made to show that single banded practising anesthesist may and should use sodium nitroprusside to produce controlled hypotension, provided certain \"safeguards\" are followed. These safeguards are based on information got from the literature and own experience with sodium nitroprusside in obtaining controlled hypotension during anesthesia using sophisticated equipment as well as simplified monitoring, which is fully explained in the article.", "contents": "Controlled hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside. A practical approach. Although known since 1849 and introduced in medical practice 1955, sodium nitroprusside is used mostly in large medical centres fully equipped with monitoring equipment. This attitude has contributed that sodium nitroprusside is not as popular as it should be. An attempt is made to show that single banded practising anesthesist may and should use sodium nitroprusside to produce controlled hypotension, provided certain \"safeguards\" are followed. These safeguards are based on information got from the literature and own experience with sodium nitroprusside in obtaining controlled hypotension during anesthesia using sophisticated equipment as well as simplified monitoring, which is fully explained in the article.", "PMID": 1015237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_858", "title": "Some experience of the use of etomidate in children.", "content": "Etomidate 0.2 mg/kg was used as an intravenous hypnotic to induce anesthesia in 198 children. If proved to be a safe and effective agent, with no appreciable side-effects on the cardiovascular or respiratory systems. The main problems in use were a high incidence (27%) of pain after injection, and a 10% incidence of significant myoclonia. In addition, 0.2 mg/kg was assessed as an inadequate induction dose of etomidate in unpremedicated children.", "contents": "Some experience of the use of etomidate in children. Etomidate 0.2 mg/kg was used as an intravenous hypnotic to induce anesthesia in 198 children. If proved to be a safe and effective agent, with no appreciable side-effects on the cardiovascular or respiratory systems. The main problems in use were a high incidence (27%) of pain after injection, and a 10% incidence of significant myoclonia. In addition, 0.2 mg/kg was assessed as an inadequate induction dose of etomidate in unpremedicated children.", "PMID": 1015239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_859", "title": "Cerebral malformation associated with metabolic disorder. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "A clinical and neuropathological study is presented of two cases each of which showed neuronal heterotopia. Microgyria was also present in one case. One patient was suffering from a degenerative disorder affecting the white matter. The other was a case of Menkes' disease. It is suggested that the antenatal damage may have been caused by an imbalance of the maternal metabolism, the predisposing factor being the mother's carrier state for a metabolic defect. This is the first report of teratogenesis in a case of Menkes' disease. It is also noted that in this case there is interference with the postnatal as well as the antenatal development of the brain.", "contents": "Cerebral malformation associated with metabolic disorder. A report of 2 cases. A clinical and neuropathological study is presented of two cases each of which showed neuronal heterotopia. Microgyria was also present in one case. One patient was suffering from a degenerative disorder affecting the white matter. The other was a case of Menkes' disease. It is suggested that the antenatal damage may have been caused by an imbalance of the maternal metabolism, the predisposing factor being the mother's carrier state for a metabolic defect. This is the first report of teratogenesis in a case of Menkes' disease. It is also noted that in this case there is interference with the postnatal as well as the antenatal development of the brain.", "PMID": 1015241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_860", "title": "Anthrax meningitis. Report of two cases with autopsies.", "content": "The authors report two cases of occupation-related anthrax meningitis; one was direct contamination from a diseased animal; the second was due to handling of bone powder imported from India. The pathological pattern of involvement of the meninges and brain is described and discussed.", "contents": "Anthrax meningitis. Report of two cases with autopsies. The authors report two cases of occupation-related anthrax meningitis; one was direct contamination from a diseased animal; the second was due to handling of bone powder imported from India. The pathological pattern of involvement of the meninges and brain is described and discussed.", "PMID": 1015242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_861", "title": "Sequence of morphological alterations in the nervous system of metachromatic leucodystrophy. Light- and electronmicroscopic observations in the central and peripheral nervous system in a prenatally diagnosed foetus of 22 weeks.", "content": "Light and electronmicroscopic findings are reported in a case of metachromatic leukodystrophy diagnosed prenatally who died after iatrogenic abortion during the 23th week of gestation. The brain of this foetus was not yet myelinated while the spinal cord showed early, and the peripheral nerves advanced myelination. The onset and the degree of myelination were similar as in a normal foetus of the same age. Ultrastructurally there was evidence of sulphatide storage before the beginning of myelination. During myelination lysosomal storage material, staining metachromatically in acid cresyl violet preparations, appeared in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Besides sulphatide storage material, prominent amounts of neutral lipids were found in oligodendrocytes. Myelin breakdown was encountered very seldom.", "contents": "Sequence of morphological alterations in the nervous system of metachromatic leucodystrophy. Light- and electronmicroscopic observations in the central and peripheral nervous system in a prenatally diagnosed foetus of 22 weeks. Light and electronmicroscopic findings are reported in a case of metachromatic leukodystrophy diagnosed prenatally who died after iatrogenic abortion during the 23th week of gestation. The brain of this foetus was not yet myelinated while the spinal cord showed early, and the peripheral nerves advanced myelination. The onset and the degree of myelination were similar as in a normal foetus of the same age. Ultrastructurally there was evidence of sulphatide storage before the beginning of myelination. During myelination lysosomal storage material, staining metachromatically in acid cresyl violet preparations, appeared in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Besides sulphatide storage material, prominent amounts of neutral lipids were found in oligodendrocytes. Myelin breakdown was encountered very seldom.", "PMID": 1015243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_862", "title": "Cerebral \"radiation necrosis\": vascular and glial features.", "content": "Glial and vascular abnormalities in brain, simulating intracranial neoplasia, are described in a patient who received radiation to the pituitary region for treatment of an adenoma, 13 months before death. In addition to the expected changes of cerebral radionecrosis, four interesting features are cited: 1. Diffuse hyperplasia of capillaries in the cerebral cortex with marked endothelial hypertrophy; 2. abundant, large multipolar bizarre cells in the perivascular connective tissues; 3. focal astrocytic proliferation with many cells resembling either Alzheimer type I astrocytes or neoplastic cells, and 4. radiation changes in the non-irradiated brain.", "contents": "Cerebral \"radiation necrosis\": vascular and glial features. Glial and vascular abnormalities in brain, simulating intracranial neoplasia, are described in a patient who received radiation to the pituitary region for treatment of an adenoma, 13 months before death. In addition to the expected changes of cerebral radionecrosis, four interesting features are cited: 1. Diffuse hyperplasia of capillaries in the cerebral cortex with marked endothelial hypertrophy; 2. abundant, large multipolar bizarre cells in the perivascular connective tissues; 3. focal astrocytic proliferation with many cells resembling either Alzheimer type I astrocytes or neoplastic cells, and 4. radiation changes in the non-irradiated brain.", "PMID": 1015244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_863", "title": "Nucleic acids in human normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage.", "content": "During operations on joints of patients with osteoarthritis, specimens of severely degenerated cartilage of the femoral head were removed and cartilage from knee joints taken at meniscectomy was used as control material. DNA and RNA concentrations were reduced in advanced osteoarthritis, while the synthesis of DNA and RNA was increased in relation to the number of cells in the tissue. The result showed that in advanced osteoarthritis the remaining chondrocytes are metabolically very active.", "contents": "Nucleic acids in human normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. During operations on joints of patients with osteoarthritis, specimens of severely degenerated cartilage of the femoral head were removed and cartilage from knee joints taken at meniscectomy was used as control material. DNA and RNA concentrations were reduced in advanced osteoarthritis, while the synthesis of DNA and RNA was increased in relation to the number of cells in the tissue. The result showed that in advanced osteoarthritis the remaining chondrocytes are metabolically very active.", "PMID": 1015252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_864", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on fracture healing in rats.", "content": "The healing of closed, non-immobilized femoral fractures in rats was seriously impaired by indomethacin given orally at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily. The fracture haematomas were larger and disappeared later in the animals receiving indomethacin. Mechanical strength testing of fracture healing showed that maximal tensile strength, elastic stiffness and maximal bending moment between fragments were significantly diminished in the indomethacin-treated animals. Radiological examination showed a smaller amount of mineralized callus and a more pronounced angulation between the fragments in these animals than in the placebo-treated ones. Hsitological examination showed bridging between the fragments by callus tissue 24 days after fracture in placebo-treated animals, whereas indomethacin treatment was followed by histological findings resembling those seen in early pseudarthrosis development.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on fracture healing in rats. The healing of closed, non-immobilized femoral fractures in rats was seriously impaired by indomethacin given orally at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily. The fracture haematomas were larger and disappeared later in the animals receiving indomethacin. Mechanical strength testing of fracture healing showed that maximal tensile strength, elastic stiffness and maximal bending moment between fragments were significantly diminished in the indomethacin-treated animals. Radiological examination showed a smaller amount of mineralized callus and a more pronounced angulation between the fragments in these animals than in the placebo-treated ones. Hsitological examination showed bridging between the fragments by callus tissue 24 days after fracture in placebo-treated animals, whereas indomethacin treatment was followed by histological findings resembling those seen in early pseudarthrosis development.", "PMID": 1015253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_865", "title": "Effect of fracture on longitudinal bone growth in rats.", "content": "The growth rate in proximal tibia and distal radius in rats was investigated by the tetracycline method after femoral fracture, tibiofibular fracture, and metatarsal fracture. Up to 1 to 2 weeks after the fracture, a higher growth rate was recorded on the fractured side than on the unfractured side. This effect occurred later after tibiofibular fracture than after femoral and metatarsal fracture, but was almost of the same size and about 8 per cent of the normal growth rate. This difference in growth rate was caused partly by a general group retardation compared with the normal growth rate, and partly by a local growth stimulation in the fractured extremity. The growth retardation was pronounced after tibiofibular fracture, but was insignificant after femoral and metatarsal fracture. The growth rate on the fractured side after the latter two types of fractures was higher than under normal conditions. Thirty days after all types of fractures, the growth rate was normal, both in fractured extremity and in other growth regions.", "contents": "Effect of fracture on longitudinal bone growth in rats. The growth rate in proximal tibia and distal radius in rats was investigated by the tetracycline method after femoral fracture, tibiofibular fracture, and metatarsal fracture. Up to 1 to 2 weeks after the fracture, a higher growth rate was recorded on the fractured side than on the unfractured side. This effect occurred later after tibiofibular fracture than after femoral and metatarsal fracture, but was almost of the same size and about 8 per cent of the normal growth rate. This difference in growth rate was caused partly by a general group retardation compared with the normal growth rate, and partly by a local growth stimulation in the fractured extremity. The growth retardation was pronounced after tibiofibular fracture, but was insignificant after femoral and metatarsal fracture. The growth rate on the fractured side after the latter two types of fractures was higher than under normal conditions. Thirty days after all types of fractures, the growth rate was normal, both in fractured extremity and in other growth regions.", "PMID": 1015254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_866", "title": "Muscle blood flow after amputation with special reference to the influence of osseous plugging of the medullary cavity. Assessed by 133 xenon and histamine. An animal experiment.", "content": "The muscle blood flow (MBF) in rabbits subjected to amputation of the crus was assessed by means of 133 Xenon and Histamine. It was shown that after the operation the flow in the amputation stump was initially reduced. MBF in the stump increased more rapidly and stayed at a higher level after closure by myoplasty than after amputation without myoplasty, and it was still further stimulated after osseous plugging of the medullary cavity.", "contents": "Muscle blood flow after amputation with special reference to the influence of osseous plugging of the medullary cavity. Assessed by 133 xenon and histamine. An animal experiment. The muscle blood flow (MBF) in rabbits subjected to amputation of the crus was assessed by means of 133 Xenon and Histamine. It was shown that after the operation the flow in the amputation stump was initially reduced. MBF in the stump increased more rapidly and stayed at a higher level after closure by myoplasty than after amputation without myoplasty, and it was still further stimulated after osseous plugging of the medullary cavity.", "PMID": 1015255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_867", "title": "An unusual case of subluxation of C.3-C.4.", "content": "A case is reported of spontaneous subluxation of C.3 on C.4 in a 6-year-old boy due to an upper respiratory infection after surgical treatment for muscular torticollis.", "contents": "An unusual case of subluxation of C.3-C.4. A case is reported of spontaneous subluxation of C.3 on C.4 in a 6-year-old boy due to an upper respiratory infection after surgical treatment for muscular torticollis.", "PMID": 1015256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_868", "title": "Fracture of the first rib.", "content": "Fifteen cases of isolated fracture of the first rib are submitted. The mechanism of the fracture is discussed. It proved compatible with the descriptions in the literature, caused either by direct trauma to the shoulder, a sudden violent contraction of juxtacostal muscles; or else it was a chance finding, without any history of trauma and as such interpreted as a fatigue fracture. A case of Horner's syndrome complicating a fracture of the first rib is also described.", "contents": "Fracture of the first rib. Fifteen cases of isolated fracture of the first rib are submitted. The mechanism of the fracture is discussed. It proved compatible with the descriptions in the literature, caused either by direct trauma to the shoulder, a sudden violent contraction of juxtacostal muscles; or else it was a chance finding, without any history of trauma and as such interpreted as a fatigue fracture. A case of Horner's syndrome complicating a fracture of the first rib is also described.", "PMID": 1015257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_869", "title": "Pelvic strength after major amputation of the sacrum. An exerimental study.", "content": "Major sacral resections up to the level of S 1 and even higher have been performed. This has raised the question of the degree to which such operations weaken the pelvic ring. Fifteen cadaver pelves, including the fifth lumbar vertebra, were loaded to failure, five unresected, five after resection of the sacrum between S 1 and S 2, and five after resection about 1 cm below the promontory. The weakening of the pelvic ring amounted to approximately 30 per cent with the former type of resection and 50 per cent with the latter. Taking into consideration the calculated normal load on L 5 in upright standing it seems safe from this study to allow patients to stand with full weight-bearing at an early stage postoperatively after submaximal resection of the sacrum.", "contents": "Pelvic strength after major amputation of the sacrum. An exerimental study. Major sacral resections up to the level of S 1 and even higher have been performed. This has raised the question of the degree to which such operations weaken the pelvic ring. Fifteen cadaver pelves, including the fifth lumbar vertebra, were loaded to failure, five unresected, five after resection of the sacrum between S 1 and S 2, and five after resection about 1 cm below the promontory. The weakening of the pelvic ring amounted to approximately 30 per cent with the former type of resection and 50 per cent with the latter. Taking into consideration the calculated normal load on L 5 in upright standing it seems safe from this study to allow patients to stand with full weight-bearing at an early stage postoperatively after submaximal resection of the sacrum.", "PMID": 1015258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_870", "title": "Wear of the polyethylene head of the Oscobal prosthesis.", "content": "Ten hemiarthroplasties were performed with the Oscobal (Daubenspeck) his prosthesis, which consists of a metal stem and a nonrotating ployethylene head. Five patients died 1-150 days after the operation. Signs of massive wear of the polyethylene head were demonstrated in four out of the five patients still alive 16-28 months after the operation. We can therefore not recommend the Oscobal system for hemiarthroplasty of the hip.", "contents": "Wear of the polyethylene head of the Oscobal prosthesis. Ten hemiarthroplasties were performed with the Oscobal (Daubenspeck) his prosthesis, which consists of a metal stem and a nonrotating ployethylene head. Five patients died 1-150 days after the operation. Signs of massive wear of the polyethylene head were demonstrated in four out of the five patients still alive 16-28 months after the operation. We can therefore not recommend the Oscobal system for hemiarthroplasty of the hip.", "PMID": 1015259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_871", "title": "Bifurcation of the distal femur.", "content": "Bifurcation of the femur has previously b-en reported in the literature in only 12 cases. Two more cases are added, and the etiology of this congenital anomaly is discussed.", "contents": "Bifurcation of the distal femur. Bifurcation of the femur has previously b-en reported in the literature in only 12 cases. Two more cases are added, and the etiology of this congenital anomaly is discussed.", "PMID": 1015260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_872", "title": "Old total rupture of the adductor longus muscle. A report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven cases of old total rupture of the adductor longus muscle are described. Five patients were referred with the suspicion of a soft tissue tumour. Six patients reported an adequate trauma when thoroughly questioned; four of them had sustained the injury while playing soccer; the seventh patient could not recall any trauma. The diagnosis of this lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Old total rupture of the adductor longus muscle. A report of seven cases. Seven cases of old total rupture of the adductor longus muscle are described. Five patients were referred with the suspicion of a soft tissue tumour. Six patients reported an adequate trauma when thoroughly questioned; four of them had sustained the injury while playing soccer; the seventh patient could not recall any trauma. The diagnosis of this lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 1015261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_873", "title": "Knee instability. An orthoradiographic study.", "content": "An orthoradiographic method for preoperative assessment of mediolateral instability and varus/valgus deviation in gonarthorsis is presented. A special definition of the varus/valgus deviation is given. The examination technique has been tested on 15 young, healthy subjects with no clinical signs or symptoms in their knee joints. To test the accuracy of the method, seven of the subjects were re-examined at a later date.", "contents": "Knee instability. An orthoradiographic study. An orthoradiographic method for preoperative assessment of mediolateral instability and varus/valgus deviation in gonarthorsis is presented. A special definition of the varus/valgus deviation is given. The examination technique has been tested on 15 young, healthy subjects with no clinical signs or symptoms in their knee joints. To test the accuracy of the method, seven of the subjects were re-examined at a later date.", "PMID": 1015262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_874", "title": "The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in the condyles of the femur.", "content": "The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in the condyles of the femur was studied in a defined population and was found to be twice as common in men as in women; the maximum incidence in both sexes being between the ages of 10 and 20. The site of the lesion in the condyles did not differ between age groups. The indicence of diagnosied cases has increased somewhat in recent years but only in men. The incidence in the population is less than has been suggested in the past.", "contents": "The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in the condyles of the femur. The incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in the condyles of the femur was studied in a defined population and was found to be twice as common in men as in women; the maximum incidence in both sexes being between the ages of 10 and 20. The site of the lesion in the condyles did not differ between age groups. The indicence of diagnosied cases has increased somewhat in recent years but only in men. The incidence in the population is less than has been suggested in the past.", "PMID": 1015263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_875", "title": "Strontium-85 uptake in knee joints with osteochondritis dissecans.", "content": "The uptake of Strontium-85 in the distal end of the femur and in the immediate vicinity of the lesion was measured in 12 young ment with ostoechondritis dissecans. The uptake was significantly but only slightly increased. It was confined to the area of the lesion, was less than observed in early cases of gonarthrosis and an order of magnitude less than in cases of osteonecrosis. It is concluded that the repair process of osteochondritis dissecans is very slow and involves only minor part of the bone tissue surrounding the lesion.", "contents": "Strontium-85 uptake in knee joints with osteochondritis dissecans. The uptake of Strontium-85 in the distal end of the femur and in the immediate vicinity of the lesion was measured in 12 young ment with ostoechondritis dissecans. The uptake was significantly but only slightly increased. It was confined to the area of the lesion, was less than observed in early cases of gonarthrosis and an order of magnitude less than in cases of osteonecrosis. It is concluded that the repair process of osteochondritis dissecans is very slow and involves only minor part of the bone tissue surrounding the lesion.", "PMID": 1015264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_876", "title": "Distal disinsertion of the patellar ligament combined with avulsion fractures at the medial and lateral margins of the patella. A case report and an experimental study.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy presented with a proximally retracted patella 5 months after an injury to the left knee. The clinical and radiographic features and the findings at operation led to the conclusion that the original lesion had been a distal disinsertion of the patellar ligament combined with avulsion fractures at the medial and lateral margins of the patella, produced by the medial and lateral longitudinal patellar retinacula. Loading experiments on amputation and cadaver specimens showed that these retinacula, apart from being tendons for the vastus medialis and the vastus lateralis, respectively, constitute a direct fibrous connection of considerable strength between the patella and the tibia and thus are capable of producing avulsion fractures.", "contents": "Distal disinsertion of the patellar ligament combined with avulsion fractures at the medial and lateral margins of the patella. A case report and an experimental study. A 12-year-old boy presented with a proximally retracted patella 5 months after an injury to the left knee. The clinical and radiographic features and the findings at operation led to the conclusion that the original lesion had been a distal disinsertion of the patellar ligament combined with avulsion fractures at the medial and lateral margins of the patella, produced by the medial and lateral longitudinal patellar retinacula. Loading experiments on amputation and cadaver specimens showed that these retinacula, apart from being tendons for the vastus medialis and the vastus lateralis, respectively, constitute a direct fibrous connection of considerable strength between the patella and the tibia and thus are capable of producing avulsion fractures.", "PMID": 1015265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_877", "title": "[Comparative study of acoustic trauma caused by blasts, treated by vasodilators or by a combination of vasodilators and hyperbaric oxygenation].", "content": "The authors had comparated two series of patients with noise induced hearing loss treated by vasodilatators or vasodilatators and hyperbaric oxygen. This therapy seems to give better results than the vasodilatators only, but the patients had to be treated before ten days after the noise exposition. In the two series of acoustic trauma we see rarely a complete recovery from the hearing loss.", "contents": "[Comparative study of acoustic trauma caused by blasts, treated by vasodilators or by a combination of vasodilators and hyperbaric oxygenation]. The authors had comparated two series of patients with noise induced hearing loss treated by vasodilatators or vasodilatators and hyperbaric oxygen. This therapy seems to give better results than the vasodilatators only, but the patients had to be treated before ten days after the noise exposition. In the two series of acoustic trauma we see rarely a complete recovery from the hearing loss.", "PMID": 1015281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_878", "title": "[Clinical aspects of choanal atresia].", "content": "Clinical examination was performed on 10 patients with recently treated choanal atresia, 8 unilateral and 2 bilateral cases. All patients showed an asymmetrical facial skeleton, which could be classified as hemifacial microsomia, although sometimes in a rather subclinical form. In all unilateral cases of choanal atresia hypoplasia of the facial skeleton was manifest on the affected side. These cases did not reveal that choanal atresia can occur without any abnormality in the facial skeleton. Hemifacial microsomia is not only a clinical entity, but also has a distinct pathogenesis. In early embryonic development a trauma occurs in the first or second branchial arch, which causes focal mesenchymal destruction, and this is thought to present the pathogenesis of hemifacial microsomia. Choanal atresia did not always occur with associated orthodontic abnormalities. Clinical examination, however, revealed transversal maxillar compression at the affected side in three out of eight unilateral cases.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of choanal atresia]. Clinical examination was performed on 10 patients with recently treated choanal atresia, 8 unilateral and 2 bilateral cases. All patients showed an asymmetrical facial skeleton, which could be classified as hemifacial microsomia, although sometimes in a rather subclinical form. In all unilateral cases of choanal atresia hypoplasia of the facial skeleton was manifest on the affected side. These cases did not reveal that choanal atresia can occur without any abnormality in the facial skeleton. Hemifacial microsomia is not only a clinical entity, but also has a distinct pathogenesis. In early embryonic development a trauma occurs in the first or second branchial arch, which causes focal mesenchymal destruction, and this is thought to present the pathogenesis of hemifacial microsomia. Choanal atresia did not always occur with associated orthodontic abnormalities. Clinical examination, however, revealed transversal maxillar compression at the affected side in three out of eight unilateral cases.", "PMID": 1015282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_879", "title": "[Ceruminoma. Apropos of a case of ceruminal adenoma of the middle ear].", "content": "Ceruminoma is a rare form of tumor in man. Most of them are found in the external ear, rarely in the middle ear. The authors review the relevant literature and report a case of ceruminal adenoma arising in the middle ear. The prognosis of these tumors is relatively bad because of their potential malignancy and the tendency for recidivation. Recommendations for treatment are deep excision, postoperative irradiation in malignant types and regular follow-up visits.", "contents": "[Ceruminoma. Apropos of a case of ceruminal adenoma of the middle ear]. Ceruminoma is a rare form of tumor in man. Most of them are found in the external ear, rarely in the middle ear. The authors review the relevant literature and report a case of ceruminal adenoma arising in the middle ear. The prognosis of these tumors is relatively bad because of their potential malignancy and the tendency for recidivation. Recommendations for treatment are deep excision, postoperative irradiation in malignant types and regular follow-up visits.", "PMID": 1015283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_880", "title": "[Latero-cervical branchial cysts and fistulas].", "content": "Twenty-four cases of cysts and fistulae of the lateral part of the neck are presented. They come from the very important modification in the branchial apparatus arising during the embryogenesis of the neck. We found these vestigal anomalies moreover under the mandibula before the sterno-cleido-mastoidean muscle, but every where in the lateral part of the neck too. The differential diagnosis must be done between lymph nodes infections, dermoid cysts, benign and malignant tumors. Therefore the puncture seems very contributive. The best therapy is for everybody the radical removal.", "contents": "[Latero-cervical branchial cysts and fistulas]. Twenty-four cases of cysts and fistulae of the lateral part of the neck are presented. They come from the very important modification in the branchial apparatus arising during the embryogenesis of the neck. We found these vestigal anomalies moreover under the mandibula before the sterno-cleido-mastoidean muscle, but every where in the lateral part of the neck too. The differential diagnosis must be done between lymph nodes infections, dermoid cysts, benign and malignant tumors. Therefore the puncture seems very contributive. The best therapy is for everybody the radical removal.", "PMID": 1015284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_881", "title": "[Significance of the fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina)].", "content": "The results are discussed of a retrospective study of 126 patients by whom an excess of the fusospirochaetal complex was found by direct microscopic examination of tonsillar material. These bacteria are not only found in unilateral ulcero-necrotic tonsillitis, but also in different other tonsillar and general diseases. Vincent's angina appears almost exclusively in young persons, aged from 16 to 25 years; in the adolescence (16-20 years) it forms about 40% of all cases of acute tonsillitis. The fusospirochaetal complex is also often found in chronic tonsillitis and even in morfologically normal tonsils, especially in patients with general diseases like rheumatic arthritis. In one third of the patients with infectious mononucleosis, the complex is present in the tonsillar lesions. The occurrence of Vincent's angina is double as high in women than in men. From our assessments we can conclude that the fusospirochaetal complex has a very low pathogenity, and that it only can grow in patients with a reduced local or general resistance, even without causing local lesions.", "contents": "[Significance of the fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina)]. The results are discussed of a retrospective study of 126 patients by whom an excess of the fusospirochaetal complex was found by direct microscopic examination of tonsillar material. These bacteria are not only found in unilateral ulcero-necrotic tonsillitis, but also in different other tonsillar and general diseases. Vincent's angina appears almost exclusively in young persons, aged from 16 to 25 years; in the adolescence (16-20 years) it forms about 40% of all cases of acute tonsillitis. The fusospirochaetal complex is also often found in chronic tonsillitis and even in morfologically normal tonsils, especially in patients with general diseases like rheumatic arthritis. In one third of the patients with infectious mononucleosis, the complex is present in the tonsillar lesions. The occurrence of Vincent's angina is double as high in women than in men. From our assessments we can conclude that the fusospirochaetal complex has a very low pathogenity, and that it only can grow in patients with a reduced local or general resistance, even without causing local lesions.", "PMID": 1015288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_882", "title": "3H-Thymidine labeled mast cells in mice treated with 20-methylcholanthrene: proliferation of precursor cells, their transformation into mast cells and migration of the latter.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the kinetics of increase of mast cells, autoradiographic studies were performed on the mice which received a painting of 20-methylcholanthrene on the skin. In the first experiment, mice received 20-methylcholanthrene painting on their back for two, four and eight weeks. A fourty-eight hours' cumulative labeling with 3H-thymidine was performed directly before sacrifice. No labeled mast cells were found in the painted skin, despite a marked increase of mast cells in number. In the second experiment, mice received 20-methylcholanthrene painting for thirty-one days. A twenty-four hours' cumulative labeling was performed three, five, seven, fourteen, twenty-one and thirty-one days before sacrifice. A high labeling index of mast cells, up to 61.29%, was obtained in each group. When the time lapse between the time of cumulative labeling and the sacrifice is long, the labeling index is higher in the subcutaneous tissue, and when the time lapse is short, the labeling index is higher in the subepidermal tissue. From these results it was concluded that; 1) An increase of mast cells is due predominantly to the proliferation of precursor cells and their transformation into mast cells. 2) The proliferation of precursor cells occurs mainly in the subepidermal layer of the skin. 3) After the transformation, mast cells may migrate into the deeper layer of the skin.", "contents": "3H-Thymidine labeled mast cells in mice treated with 20-methylcholanthrene: proliferation of precursor cells, their transformation into mast cells and migration of the latter. In an attempt to clarify the kinetics of increase of mast cells, autoradiographic studies were performed on the mice which received a painting of 20-methylcholanthrene on the skin. In the first experiment, mice received 20-methylcholanthrene painting on their back for two, four and eight weeks. A fourty-eight hours' cumulative labeling with 3H-thymidine was performed directly before sacrifice. No labeled mast cells were found in the painted skin, despite a marked increase of mast cells in number. In the second experiment, mice received 20-methylcholanthrene painting for thirty-one days. A twenty-four hours' cumulative labeling was performed three, five, seven, fourteen, twenty-one and thirty-one days before sacrifice. A high labeling index of mast cells, up to 61.29%, was obtained in each group. When the time lapse between the time of cumulative labeling and the sacrifice is long, the labeling index is higher in the subcutaneous tissue, and when the time lapse is short, the labeling index is higher in the subepidermal tissue. From these results it was concluded that; 1) An increase of mast cells is due predominantly to the proliferation of precursor cells and their transformation into mast cells. 2) The proliferation of precursor cells occurs mainly in the subepidermal layer of the skin. 3) After the transformation, mast cells may migrate into the deeper layer of the skin.", "PMID": 1015296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_883", "title": "Sarcoma botryoides arising from the biliary tract of children. A case report with review of the literature.", "content": "Sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) originating from the common bile duct is reported in a 4-year-old girl. Grossly, the tumor is characterized by multiple polypoid and grape-like projections into the lumen of the common bile duct and shows plate-like thickening of the common bile duct wall. On multiple cut-sections these polypoid masses are soft and light yellow white except for multifocal hemorrhage. Histologically the tumor consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with a myxomatous appearance; rhabdomyoblasts with varing degree of maturation are scattered here and there within the matrix. These cells are characterized by a strap and racket shape with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongated cytoplasm with cross striations. The histogenesis of the tumor may be related possibly to an abnormal differentiation of the primitive mesenchymal cells toward striated muscle cells.", "contents": "Sarcoma botryoides arising from the biliary tract of children. A case report with review of the literature. Sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) originating from the common bile duct is reported in a 4-year-old girl. Grossly, the tumor is characterized by multiple polypoid and grape-like projections into the lumen of the common bile duct and shows plate-like thickening of the common bile duct wall. On multiple cut-sections these polypoid masses are soft and light yellow white except for multifocal hemorrhage. Histologically the tumor consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with a myxomatous appearance; rhabdomyoblasts with varing degree of maturation are scattered here and there within the matrix. These cells are characterized by a strap and racket shape with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongated cytoplasm with cross striations. The histogenesis of the tumor may be related possibly to an abnormal differentiation of the primitive mesenchymal cells toward striated muscle cells.", "PMID": 1015297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_884", "title": "Histopathology of Beh\u00e7et disease. Review of the literature with a case report.", "content": "An autopsy case of Beh\u00e7et disease which was considered to be typical both clinically and histopathologically was reported. Cerebral abscess was also noted. Consequently it was presumed that some of the findings which had been called softening, demyelination, cavitation among others as the lesions of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et might be closely related to abscess. Besides suppurative endoaortitis which was thought to be of interest as the lesions of Vascular-Beh\u00e7et was observed. In order to substantiate the above, a general review of the literature of Beh\u00e7et disease was made.", "contents": "Histopathology of Beh\u00e7et disease. Review of the literature with a case report. An autopsy case of Beh\u00e7et disease which was considered to be typical both clinically and histopathologically was reported. Cerebral abscess was also noted. Consequently it was presumed that some of the findings which had been called softening, demyelination, cavitation among others as the lesions of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et might be closely related to abscess. Besides suppurative endoaortitis which was thought to be of interest as the lesions of Vascular-Beh\u00e7et was observed. In order to substantiate the above, a general review of the literature of Beh\u00e7et disease was made.", "PMID": 1015298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_885", "title": "Disturbances in the electrical and contractile gastric activities after bilateral transthoracic vagotomy.", "content": "Experiments were made on four dogs with chronically implanted electrodes. Fistula according to Bassov was made in one of the animals, and in each of the remaining three - two semiconductor silicon tensotransducers were sewn to the gastric wall. Bilateral transthoracic vagotomy results in inco-ordination between the rhythm of slow potentials generation from the body and from the antrum of the stomach. Slow potentials and contractions with frequencies usual for the stomach are recorded from the body of the stomach, while in the antrum there appear from time to time bursts of slow potential groups with relatively high frequency. These groups are not followed by contractions of the stomach wall or by changes in the intragastric pressure. Bilateral transthoracic vagotomy leads to disturbances in the conduction of the slow potential generated in the proximal segments of the stomach, as well as to distrubances in the propagation of the peristaltic wave.", "contents": "Disturbances in the electrical and contractile gastric activities after bilateral transthoracic vagotomy. Experiments were made on four dogs with chronically implanted electrodes. Fistula according to Bassov was made in one of the animals, and in each of the remaining three - two semiconductor silicon tensotransducers were sewn to the gastric wall. Bilateral transthoracic vagotomy results in inco-ordination between the rhythm of slow potentials generation from the body and from the antrum of the stomach. Slow potentials and contractions with frequencies usual for the stomach are recorded from the body of the stomach, while in the antrum there appear from time to time bursts of slow potential groups with relatively high frequency. These groups are not followed by contractions of the stomach wall or by changes in the intragastric pressure. Bilateral transthoracic vagotomy leads to disturbances in the conduction of the slow potential generated in the proximal segments of the stomach, as well as to distrubances in the propagation of the peristaltic wave.", "PMID": 1015299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_886", "title": "Character of the mechanical activity of the various sections of the complex stomach upon vagal stimulation.", "content": "The experiments are carried out on chloralose-anaesthesized sheep (50-70 mg/kg). The increase in the force, frequency and duration of the stimulating impulses in a geometric progression leads to an increase in the amplitude of the contractions in all sections of the complex stomach. The amplitude and nature of the evoked contractions for one and the same parameters of stimulation are different in the different sections. The latency of the response in the reticulum is always shorter and its contractions increase faster than in the other sections. The relaxation of the muscles after elimination of the stimulation to the initial level is slowest in the rumen and in the case of high parameters of stimulation it takes more than 10 min.", "contents": "Character of the mechanical activity of the various sections of the complex stomach upon vagal stimulation. The experiments are carried out on chloralose-anaesthesized sheep (50-70 mg/kg). The increase in the force, frequency and duration of the stimulating impulses in a geometric progression leads to an increase in the amplitude of the contractions in all sections of the complex stomach. The amplitude and nature of the evoked contractions for one and the same parameters of stimulation are different in the different sections. The latency of the response in the reticulum is always shorter and its contractions increase faster than in the other sections. The relaxation of the muscles after elimination of the stimulation to the initial level is slowest in the rumen and in the case of high parameters of stimulation it takes more than 10 min.", "PMID": 1015300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_887", "title": "Participation of adrenergic mechanisms in the genesis of the cortical brain electrical activity.", "content": "The changes both in the spontaneous and in the evoked electrical activity of the somatosensory cortex, occurring after local or systematic administration of chlorpromazine, have been studied on 36 cats. The neuroleptic used weakens both the spontaneous cortical electrical activity and that induced by stimulation of n. radialis and of MRF. The potentials evoked by stimulation of VPL do not change. Systematic administration of chlorpromazine causes analogous changes in the electrical activity of the somatosensory cortex. Stimulation of n. radialis and MRF, though not of VPL, results in a sharp increase in the activity of the adenylate cyclase in the somatosensory cortex. Local administration of chlorpromazine leads to statistically significant less marked increase in response to applied stimulations of the adenylate cyclase activity. The results obtained substantiate the assumption that adrenergic neurones participate in the formation both of the spontaneous and of the induced electrical activity in the somatosensory cortex of cats.", "contents": "Participation of adrenergic mechanisms in the genesis of the cortical brain electrical activity. The changes both in the spontaneous and in the evoked electrical activity of the somatosensory cortex, occurring after local or systematic administration of chlorpromazine, have been studied on 36 cats. The neuroleptic used weakens both the spontaneous cortical electrical activity and that induced by stimulation of n. radialis and of MRF. The potentials evoked by stimulation of VPL do not change. Systematic administration of chlorpromazine causes analogous changes in the electrical activity of the somatosensory cortex. Stimulation of n. radialis and MRF, though not of VPL, results in a sharp increase in the activity of the adenylate cyclase in the somatosensory cortex. Local administration of chlorpromazine leads to statistically significant less marked increase in response to applied stimulations of the adenylate cyclase activity. The results obtained substantiate the assumption that adrenergic neurones participate in the formation both of the spontaneous and of the induced electrical activity in the somatosensory cortex of cats.", "PMID": 1015301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_888", "title": "On the neurogenic vasoconstriction of the resistive vessels in cutaneous vascular bed--rabbit ear.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of increased sympathetic activity during bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO), during haemorrhage and during i.v. injection of Tetramethylammonium jodatum (TMAI) on the resistive vessels in rabbit ears. The animal was under slight urethane anaesthesia, with spontaneous respiration after tracheotomy and vagotomy. The ear was perfused by roller pump with constant flow with tempered oxygenized Tyrode solution or with blood from a donor-animal. The increase in sympathetic activity during BCO, haemorrhage and injection of 100 mg/kg TMAI did not change the perfusion pressure in the perfused rabbit ear. The initial perfusion of the ear with blood increased the resistance of the ear, while perfusion with blood from donor-animal which had suffered considerable haemorrhage caused additional increase in the resistance by about 150 per cent. The effect of sympathetic constrictory influence of the resistive vessels is studied in view of the anatomic-functional specificities of the nerve supply of the ear and of the cutaneous vessels, in view of the passive dilatation of the resistive vessels, and of the thermoregulatory function of the ear. It is indicated that considerable hormonal vasoconstriction probably occurs in the rabbit ear during haemorrhage.", "contents": "On the neurogenic vasoconstriction of the resistive vessels in cutaneous vascular bed--rabbit ear. A study was made of the effect of increased sympathetic activity during bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO), during haemorrhage and during i.v. injection of Tetramethylammonium jodatum (TMAI) on the resistive vessels in rabbit ears. The animal was under slight urethane anaesthesia, with spontaneous respiration after tracheotomy and vagotomy. The ear was perfused by roller pump with constant flow with tempered oxygenized Tyrode solution or with blood from a donor-animal. The increase in sympathetic activity during BCO, haemorrhage and injection of 100 mg/kg TMAI did not change the perfusion pressure in the perfused rabbit ear. The initial perfusion of the ear with blood increased the resistance of the ear, while perfusion with blood from donor-animal which had suffered considerable haemorrhage caused additional increase in the resistance by about 150 per cent. The effect of sympathetic constrictory influence of the resistive vessels is studied in view of the anatomic-functional specificities of the nerve supply of the ear and of the cutaneous vessels, in view of the passive dilatation of the resistive vessels, and of the thermoregulatory function of the ear. It is indicated that considerable hormonal vasoconstriction probably occurs in the rabbit ear during haemorrhage.", "PMID": 1015302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_889", "title": "Vascular effects upon experimental increase in the interstitial osmolarity.", "content": "Experimental increase in the interstitial osmolarity in the limb of a cat is caused by intraarterial infusion of hypertonic solutions. The limb was autoperfused with blood at a constant flow using a roller pump. Hypertonic Tyrode solutions with increased content of NaCl, glucose, l-ascorbic acid, with normal or increased KCl content, were infused together with the blood. The perfusion and arterial pressures were measured and the constrictory response upon local intraarterial injection of 0.2 mug 1-noradrenaline was determined. The intraarterial hypertonic infusion evoked a vasodilatatory response which was maintained irrespective of the reduced or preserved vascular contractility. The magnitude of the vasodilatation was determined by the hypertonicity of the solution and by the KCl content. Hyperosmolaric reduction of the vascular contractility was lacking in the case of solutions with increased KCl content or addition of l-ascorbic acid. The vasodilatation observed also when the contractility was not reduced is discussed in view of the participation of a passive vasodilatation caused by the dehydration of the vascular wall. The effect of the changes in the transmembrane Na+ and Ka+ concentrations on the reduction of the vascular contractility is also discussed.", "contents": "Vascular effects upon experimental increase in the interstitial osmolarity. Experimental increase in the interstitial osmolarity in the limb of a cat is caused by intraarterial infusion of hypertonic solutions. The limb was autoperfused with blood at a constant flow using a roller pump. Hypertonic Tyrode solutions with increased content of NaCl, glucose, l-ascorbic acid, with normal or increased KCl content, were infused together with the blood. The perfusion and arterial pressures were measured and the constrictory response upon local intraarterial injection of 0.2 mug 1-noradrenaline was determined. The intraarterial hypertonic infusion evoked a vasodilatatory response which was maintained irrespective of the reduced or preserved vascular contractility. The magnitude of the vasodilatation was determined by the hypertonicity of the solution and by the KCl content. Hyperosmolaric reduction of the vascular contractility was lacking in the case of solutions with increased KCl content or addition of l-ascorbic acid. The vasodilatation observed also when the contractility was not reduced is discussed in view of the participation of a passive vasodilatation caused by the dehydration of the vascular wall. The effect of the changes in the transmembrane Na+ and Ka+ concentrations on the reduction of the vascular contractility is also discussed.", "PMID": 1015303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_890", "title": "In vitro effect of prostaglandine F2alpha on the motility of the myometrium. Interactions with adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.", "content": "The in vitro effects of prostaglandine F2alpha(PGF2alpha) on the spontaneous contractile activity of the myometrium of rat, guinea-pig and rabbit and its interactions with adrenergic and cholinergic receptors were studied. All animals were with oestrogen domination. One myometral strip of each animal species was placed under identical conditions in a common bath with Krebbs solution. Each strip was connected to a strain gauge for the recording of the contractile activity. L-Noradrenaline (N) and Adrenaline (A) in doses of 10(-6) g/ml inhibit the contractile activity of rat myometrium (stimulation of the beta-receptors) and this effect is antagonized by beta-blocking agents. Conversely, N and A stimulate the myometrium of guinea-pigs and rabbits (stimulation of the alpha-receptors) and this effect is antagonized by the alpha-blocking agents. Unlike N and A, PGF2alpha stimulates the contractile myometral activity in all three species and its effect is not antagonized either by adrenergic or by cholinergic blocking agents. The stimulating effect of PGF2alpha antagonizes the inhibitory effect of N and A on rat myometrium and potentiates their stimulating effect on the myometrium of guinea-pigs and rabbits with a noncompetitive mechanism.", "contents": "In vitro effect of prostaglandine F2alpha on the motility of the myometrium. Interactions with adrenergic and cholinergic receptors. The in vitro effects of prostaglandine F2alpha(PGF2alpha) on the spontaneous contractile activity of the myometrium of rat, guinea-pig and rabbit and its interactions with adrenergic and cholinergic receptors were studied. All animals were with oestrogen domination. One myometral strip of each animal species was placed under identical conditions in a common bath with Krebbs solution. Each strip was connected to a strain gauge for the recording of the contractile activity. L-Noradrenaline (N) and Adrenaline (A) in doses of 10(-6) g/ml inhibit the contractile activity of rat myometrium (stimulation of the beta-receptors) and this effect is antagonized by beta-blocking agents. Conversely, N and A stimulate the myometrium of guinea-pigs and rabbits (stimulation of the alpha-receptors) and this effect is antagonized by the alpha-blocking agents. Unlike N and A, PGF2alpha stimulates the contractile myometral activity in all three species and its effect is not antagonized either by adrenergic or by cholinergic blocking agents. The stimulating effect of PGF2alpha antagonizes the inhibitory effect of N and A on rat myometrium and potentiates their stimulating effect on the myometrium of guinea-pigs and rabbits with a noncompetitive mechanism.", "PMID": 1015304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_891", "title": "Effect of exhaustive swimming on the oxidative phosphorylation and the activity of some enzymes in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "In liver mitochondria of control animals and of animals subjected to swimming for three hours experiments are made to determine the activities of rotenone-insensitive NAD.H-cytochrome c-oxireductase, succinate-cytochrome c-oxireductase, MDH, SDH, ATP-ase and cytochrome oxidase, as well as oxygen uptake, respiratory control index and ADP/O ratio upon oxidation of succinate and glutamate + malate. Decrease of the ADP/O ratio and of the respiratory control index, as well as increased ATP-ase activity, are established after swimming. The e--transport rate decreases. The activity of the remaining enzymes is unchanged. The activities of MDH, SDH, NAD.H-cytochrome c- and succinate-cytochrome c-oxireductases decrease 22 hours after exhaustive swimming. The activities of the cytochrome oxidase and the ATP-ase are unchanged compared with the controls. A single exhaustive loading results in changes in the capacity of phosphorylation in the liver mitochondria and the changes in the activities of the enzymes studied are established 22 hours later.", "contents": "Effect of exhaustive swimming on the oxidative phosphorylation and the activity of some enzymes in rat liver mitochondria. In liver mitochondria of control animals and of animals subjected to swimming for three hours experiments are made to determine the activities of rotenone-insensitive NAD.H-cytochrome c-oxireductase, succinate-cytochrome c-oxireductase, MDH, SDH, ATP-ase and cytochrome oxidase, as well as oxygen uptake, respiratory control index and ADP/O ratio upon oxidation of succinate and glutamate + malate. Decrease of the ADP/O ratio and of the respiratory control index, as well as increased ATP-ase activity, are established after swimming. The e--transport rate decreases. The activity of the remaining enzymes is unchanged. The activities of MDH, SDH, NAD.H-cytochrome c- and succinate-cytochrome c-oxireductases decrease 22 hours after exhaustive swimming. The activities of the cytochrome oxidase and the ATP-ase are unchanged compared with the controls. A single exhaustive loading results in changes in the capacity of phosphorylation in the liver mitochondria and the changes in the activities of the enzymes studied are established 22 hours later.", "PMID": 1015305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_892", "title": "Experimental study of the effects of imidazol, papaverine and histamine on convulsive-seizure reactivity.", "content": "In experiments on male albino rats and mice a study is made of the effects of imidazol which is a phosphodiesterase stimulator, papaverine which inhibits phosphodiesterase and histamine which stimulates adenylate cyclase, on the convulsive-seizure reactivity. The substances are introduced intraventricularly and intracerebroventricularly, imidazol also intraperitoneally in different doses and at different intervals before the convulsive agent. Electrical, pentylenetetrazol (Cor) and strychnine convulsion models are used. The effect of imidazol on the spontaneous cortical bioelectrical activity is studied throuth its i. v. administration in rabbits. Imidazol markedly increases the convulsive reactivity, and in large doses it alone results in electrographic and motor convulsions. Paperine slightly lowers the convulsive-seizure reactivity only in pentylenetetrazol convulsions. The results obtained and their comparison with the results of previous experiments of ours with other drugs affecting the cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP) system, such as lithium, haloperidol, caffeine and theophyline, do not permit to assume a considerable significance of the influence of these substances (in the doses tested) on the cAMP system in the mechanisms of their effects on the convulsive-seizure reactivity.", "contents": "Experimental study of the effects of imidazol, papaverine and histamine on convulsive-seizure reactivity. In experiments on male albino rats and mice a study is made of the effects of imidazol which is a phosphodiesterase stimulator, papaverine which inhibits phosphodiesterase and histamine which stimulates adenylate cyclase, on the convulsive-seizure reactivity. The substances are introduced intraventricularly and intracerebroventricularly, imidazol also intraperitoneally in different doses and at different intervals before the convulsive agent. Electrical, pentylenetetrazol (Cor) and strychnine convulsion models are used. The effect of imidazol on the spontaneous cortical bioelectrical activity is studied throuth its i. v. administration in rabbits. Imidazol markedly increases the convulsive reactivity, and in large doses it alone results in electrographic and motor convulsions. Paperine slightly lowers the convulsive-seizure reactivity only in pentylenetetrazol convulsions. The results obtained and their comparison with the results of previous experiments of ours with other drugs affecting the cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP) system, such as lithium, haloperidol, caffeine and theophyline, do not permit to assume a considerable significance of the influence of these substances (in the doses tested) on the cAMP system in the mechanisms of their effects on the convulsive-seizure reactivity.", "PMID": 1015306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_893", "title": "Effect of the verbal instruction on the late positive wave P3 of auditory evoked potentials in human subjects.", "content": "The changes in the late positive wave P3 of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) are studied under conditions when: (a) only high tones were presented requiring no motor response; (b) only low tones were presented requiring motor response; (c) the subject was instructed that the two types of tones will be presented in random order with a definite probability (50%:50% or 25%:75%, or conversely 75%:25%) requiring motor response only to the low tones. In fact, however, only high tones were presented to which no motor response was required (pseudo-mixed series). It has been established that under the effect of the verbal instruction used, the P3 wave of the AEP of the pseudo-mixed series increased at the beginning of the series, and thereafter the P3 \"behaviour\" was different with the different subjects: (1) In some of them P3 persisted until the presentation of a definite number of signals (different for the individual subjects) and afterwards it disappeared; (2) In some others P3 now increased now disappeared in a manner different for the different subjects; (3) Subjects in which P3 remained pronounced throughout the entire series; they also \"heard\" low tones. All these changes in P3 did not depend on the probability characteristics of the pseudo-mixed series ascribed by the instruction. The dependence of the late positive wave P3 on the processes of probability prediction in the human brain functioning, and on the changes in the arousal, is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of the verbal instruction on the late positive wave P3 of auditory evoked potentials in human subjects. The changes in the late positive wave P3 of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) are studied under conditions when: (a) only high tones were presented requiring no motor response; (b) only low tones were presented requiring motor response; (c) the subject was instructed that the two types of tones will be presented in random order with a definite probability (50%:50% or 25%:75%, or conversely 75%:25%) requiring motor response only to the low tones. In fact, however, only high tones were presented to which no motor response was required (pseudo-mixed series). It has been established that under the effect of the verbal instruction used, the P3 wave of the AEP of the pseudo-mixed series increased at the beginning of the series, and thereafter the P3 \"behaviour\" was different with the different subjects: (1) In some of them P3 persisted until the presentation of a definite number of signals (different for the individual subjects) and afterwards it disappeared; (2) In some others P3 now increased now disappeared in a manner different for the different subjects; (3) Subjects in which P3 remained pronounced throughout the entire series; they also \"heard\" low tones. All these changes in P3 did not depend on the probability characteristics of the pseudo-mixed series ascribed by the instruction. The dependence of the late positive wave P3 on the processes of probability prediction in the human brain functioning, and on the changes in the arousal, is discussed.", "PMID": 1015307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_894", "title": "Dynamics of the partial restoration of slow-wave frequency of the duodenum below transection.", "content": "Transection of the proximal duodenum of dogs was followed by end-to-end anastomosis. The electrical activity of the duodenal wall of both segments was recorded. On the background of decreased slow-wave frequency below the section single slow waves were observed with duration similar to that of the slow waves above the section. In the days after surgery their number increased, small groups of such waves appearing during and after spike activity. In some of the experiments from the end of the first month of the sixth month after surgery the slow wave frequency below the section approached the slow wave rhythm above the section as evidenced by the histograms. This was a temporary phenomen, which was partly eliminated by cholinergic and alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists. Such a phenomenon was also observed in definitively spearated distal segments of the duodenum. Histological examination of intestinal wall taken from the area of anastomosis showed on the 3rd day the presence of single smooth-muscle cells among the granulation tissue, filling the gap between the wound edges; on the 6th day the number of these cells increased and on the 9th and 12th day they formed small groups. From the end of the first month to the sixth month small sheaves of smooth-muscle cells were observed in the cicatricial tissue. It is concluded that the intrinsic nervous system keeps the slow wave frequency below the duodenal transection at a higher level than the smooth muscle cell regeneration might ensure.", "contents": "Dynamics of the partial restoration of slow-wave frequency of the duodenum below transection. Transection of the proximal duodenum of dogs was followed by end-to-end anastomosis. The electrical activity of the duodenal wall of both segments was recorded. On the background of decreased slow-wave frequency below the section single slow waves were observed with duration similar to that of the slow waves above the section. In the days after surgery their number increased, small groups of such waves appearing during and after spike activity. In some of the experiments from the end of the first month of the sixth month after surgery the slow wave frequency below the section approached the slow wave rhythm above the section as evidenced by the histograms. This was a temporary phenomen, which was partly eliminated by cholinergic and alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists. Such a phenomenon was also observed in definitively spearated distal segments of the duodenum. Histological examination of intestinal wall taken from the area of anastomosis showed on the 3rd day the presence of single smooth-muscle cells among the granulation tissue, filling the gap between the wound edges; on the 6th day the number of these cells increased and on the 9th and 12th day they formed small groups. From the end of the first month to the sixth month small sheaves of smooth-muscle cells were observed in the cicatricial tissue. It is concluded that the intrinsic nervous system keeps the slow wave frequency below the duodenal transection at a higher level than the smooth muscle cell regeneration might ensure.", "PMID": 1015308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_895", "title": "On the adrenergic mechanism of cerebrovascular resistance regulation.", "content": "It has been found out experimentally that there is a decrease in the pressor action of noradrenaline on cerebral vessels during repeated injections, which is probably due to the increased concentration of endogenic prostaglandins in response to noradrenaline administration. During inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis we have observed reverse action -- increase in noradrenaline pressor action and sympathetic effect on cerebral vessels. The hypothetic scheme of prostaglandin participation in adrenergic regulation of cerebrovascular tone is presented.", "contents": "On the adrenergic mechanism of cerebrovascular resistance regulation. It has been found out experimentally that there is a decrease in the pressor action of noradrenaline on cerebral vessels during repeated injections, which is probably due to the increased concentration of endogenic prostaglandins in response to noradrenaline administration. During inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis we have observed reverse action -- increase in noradrenaline pressor action and sympathetic effect on cerebral vessels. The hypothetic scheme of prostaglandin participation in adrenergic regulation of cerebrovascular tone is presented.", "PMID": 1015309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_896", "title": "Effect of the drug AS2 on the central and peripheral mechanisms of vascular tone regulation.", "content": "The effect of the compound AS2 (N'-benzhydryl, N''-allylpiperazine dihydrochloride) on the central and peripheral mechanisms of vascular tone regulation is studied. Six series of experiments on cats are carried out. The effect of the compound is tested on a model of central-hypertensive reaction, on the spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the renal nerve, on the transmission of excitation to the upper cervical ganglion and the ganglia of the solar plexus. Experiments are made to study its adrenolytic a-d myotropic properties. Cinnarizine is tested as control. The results show that the compound AS2, similar to Cinnarizine, affects the central and peripheral mechanisms of vascular tone regulation. In small doses (1-5 mg/kg) AS2 manifests poor myotropic properties. Administration of the drug in doses of 10-20 mg/kg results in considerable inhibition of the vasomotor centres, brief disturbances in the excitation transmission in the sympathetic ganglia and slight inhibition of adrenergic transmission.", "contents": "Effect of the drug AS2 on the central and peripheral mechanisms of vascular tone regulation. The effect of the compound AS2 (N'-benzhydryl, N''-allylpiperazine dihydrochloride) on the central and peripheral mechanisms of vascular tone regulation is studied. Six series of experiments on cats are carried out. The effect of the compound is tested on a model of central-hypertensive reaction, on the spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the renal nerve, on the transmission of excitation to the upper cervical ganglion and the ganglia of the solar plexus. Experiments are made to study its adrenolytic a-d myotropic properties. Cinnarizine is tested as control. The results show that the compound AS2, similar to Cinnarizine, affects the central and peripheral mechanisms of vascular tone regulation. In small doses (1-5 mg/kg) AS2 manifests poor myotropic properties. Administration of the drug in doses of 10-20 mg/kg results in considerable inhibition of the vasomotor centres, brief disturbances in the excitation transmission in the sympathetic ganglia and slight inhibition of adrenergic transmission.", "PMID": 1015310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_897", "title": "Effect of imidazole, papaverine and histamine on learning and memory in albino rats.", "content": "In experiments for learning of albino rats in a maze and testing of the memory 24 hours and 30 days after learning, it was established that: Imidazole introduced i.p. in doses of 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg had no effect on learning, though it improved the memory both after administration 1 to 15 min before learning and when injected immediately after learning. Papaverine in doses of 2, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/rat and histamine in doses of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/rat, introduced ventricularly before learning, make learning impossible (the large doses), deteriorate it (the medium doses), or have no effect on it (the small doses). Memory also deteriorates, with the exception of the smallest histamine dose. Introduced immediately after learning, the large dose of papaverine deteriorates memory, while the small dose results in a tendency to improve the memory indices upon testing 24 hours after the administration. The large dose of histamine administered after learning has no effect, the small dose results in a certain tendency to improve memory when tests are made 30 days after learning. The results obtained and their comparison with the results of previous works of ours involving other drugs with a known effect on the system of the cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP), e.g. haloperidol, lithium, caffeine and theophylline (in the doses tested), do not suggest any essential role of the effect of these drugs on the cAMP system in the mechanism of their effects on learning and memory.", "contents": "Effect of imidazole, papaverine and histamine on learning and memory in albino rats. In experiments for learning of albino rats in a maze and testing of the memory 24 hours and 30 days after learning, it was established that: Imidazole introduced i.p. in doses of 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg had no effect on learning, though it improved the memory both after administration 1 to 15 min before learning and when injected immediately after learning. Papaverine in doses of 2, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/rat and histamine in doses of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/rat, introduced ventricularly before learning, make learning impossible (the large doses), deteriorate it (the medium doses), or have no effect on it (the small doses). Memory also deteriorates, with the exception of the smallest histamine dose. Introduced immediately after learning, the large dose of papaverine deteriorates memory, while the small dose results in a tendency to improve the memory indices upon testing 24 hours after the administration. The large dose of histamine administered after learning has no effect, the small dose results in a certain tendency to improve memory when tests are made 30 days after learning. The results obtained and their comparison with the results of previous works of ours involving other drugs with a known effect on the system of the cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP), e.g. haloperidol, lithium, caffeine and theophylline (in the doses tested), do not suggest any essential role of the effect of these drugs on the cAMP system in the mechanism of their effects on learning and memory.", "PMID": 1015311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_898", "title": "Method for assessment and comparison of the average rate of development of the phases of the contractile process in isolated smooth muscles.", "content": "In certain methodological setups the pharmacological agent is applied in a flowing fluid and washes the smooth-muscle preparation for a certain period of time. In such cases it is possible to observe differences in the slope of the curves of the contractile and relaxation phases of the contraction and appearance of the amplitude maximum at different moments in the total duration of the contractile process. The recording of the average development rates of the contraction phases, in addition to the commonly accepted indicator of th effect of the amplitude maximum, could give an additional characteristic to the action of the pharmacological substances. A method is proposed for determination of the average rates of the contractile and relaxation phases, as well as the relative dependence between them.", "contents": "Method for assessment and comparison of the average rate of development of the phases of the contractile process in isolated smooth muscles. In certain methodological setups the pharmacological agent is applied in a flowing fluid and washes the smooth-muscle preparation for a certain period of time. In such cases it is possible to observe differences in the slope of the curves of the contractile and relaxation phases of the contraction and appearance of the amplitude maximum at different moments in the total duration of the contractile process. The recording of the average development rates of the contraction phases, in addition to the commonly accepted indicator of th effect of the amplitude maximum, could give an additional characteristic to the action of the pharmacological substances. A method is proposed for determination of the average rates of the contractile and relaxation phases, as well as the relative dependence between them.", "PMID": 1015312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_899", "title": "Pharmacological effect on the average rates of development of the contractile and relaxation phases of the acetylcholine contractile effect in the smooth muscles of guinea-pig caecum.", "content": "The average rates of development of the contractile and relaxation phases and their relative dependence in the acetylcholine contractile effect, after treatment with papaverine, prostaglandines E1 and F2 alpha and BaCl2, are tested on longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of guinea-pig caecum. Changes are observed in the effect on the phase rates of the contractile process caused by acetylcholine in the two muscles under the effect of the different drugs. In both muscles the relative dependence between the phase velocities is lowered by papaverine and raised by BaCl2. It is assumed that the interaction of the pharmacological substances with the calcium ions plays a role in the rate of manifestation of the pharmacological effect.", "contents": "Pharmacological effect on the average rates of development of the contractile and relaxation phases of the acetylcholine contractile effect in the smooth muscles of guinea-pig caecum. The average rates of development of the contractile and relaxation phases and their relative dependence in the acetylcholine contractile effect, after treatment with papaverine, prostaglandines E1 and F2 alpha and BaCl2, are tested on longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of guinea-pig caecum. Changes are observed in the effect on the phase rates of the contractile process caused by acetylcholine in the two muscles under the effect of the different drugs. In both muscles the relative dependence between the phase velocities is lowered by papaverine and raised by BaCl2. It is assumed that the interaction of the pharmacological substances with the calcium ions plays a role in the rate of manifestation of the pharmacological effect.", "PMID": 1015313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_900", "title": "Coordination between the longitudinal and circular layers of the stomach during the excitator-contractile process.", "content": "The coordination between the longitudinal and circular layers of the stomach muscle is studied using strips of cat stomach cut along the longitudinal and circular axis of the stomach, preserving the connection between them. The longitudinal muscle layer plays a leading role both with respect to the bioelectrical and to the contractile activity of the stomach. Under the effect of acetylcholine (10-7) the delay time of the circular muscle layer is shortened compared with the longitudinal layer (from 2.44+/-0.17 to 0.8+/-0.7 s). Under the effect of Ba ions not only shortening of this time is observed, but also inversion of the process-the circular layer becomes leading with respect to the contractile process in some moments.", "contents": "Coordination between the longitudinal and circular layers of the stomach during the excitator-contractile process. The coordination between the longitudinal and circular layers of the stomach muscle is studied using strips of cat stomach cut along the longitudinal and circular axis of the stomach, preserving the connection between them. The longitudinal muscle layer plays a leading role both with respect to the bioelectrical and to the contractile activity of the stomach. Under the effect of acetylcholine (10-7) the delay time of the circular muscle layer is shortened compared with the longitudinal layer (from 2.44+/-0.17 to 0.8+/-0.7 s). Under the effect of Ba ions not only shortening of this time is observed, but also inversion of the process-the circular layer becomes leading with respect to the contractile process in some moments.", "PMID": 1015314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_901", "title": "Duration estimation of visual light and dark stimuli.", "content": "Estimation of visual light and dark stimuli duration is studied in eight subjects. The intervals are within the range of 100 to 1,100 ms. Three of the subjects were trained with intervals presented with light stimuli, the others - with dark stimuli. Time intervals presented in both ways were given for estimation to both groups of subjects. The extimates depend on the position of the time intervals in the range, on the type of the stimuli with which they are presented and on the way of training.", "contents": "Duration estimation of visual light and dark stimuli. Estimation of visual light and dark stimuli duration is studied in eight subjects. The intervals are within the range of 100 to 1,100 ms. Three of the subjects were trained with intervals presented with light stimuli, the others - with dark stimuli. Time intervals presented in both ways were given for estimation to both groups of subjects. The extimates depend on the position of the time intervals in the range, on the type of the stimuli with which they are presented and on the way of training.", "PMID": 1015315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_902", "title": "Estimation of time intervals in an array of intervals. I.", "content": "It has been shown that when man estimates the duration of separate brief time intervals(300-1,000ms), elements of a certain array of time intervals within the same range, the estimation is not affected by changes in the other elements of the array. The complex light and dark intervals are considerably underestimated. The separate estimation of two elements (light and dark interval) from the array has shown that the sum of the separate responses exceeds the estimation when the same two elements have to be estimated together as a total interval. The results could be explained by the existence of at least two \"internal clocks\".", "contents": "Estimation of time intervals in an array of intervals. I. It has been shown that when man estimates the duration of separate brief time intervals(300-1,000ms), elements of a certain array of time intervals within the same range, the estimation is not affected by changes in the other elements of the array. The complex light and dark intervals are considerably underestimated. The separate estimation of two elements (light and dark interval) from the array has shown that the sum of the separate responses exceeds the estimation when the same two elements have to be estimated together as a total interval. The results could be explained by the existence of at least two \"internal clocks\".", "PMID": 1015316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_903", "title": "Mechanisms of correction in a \"hit the target\" task experiment.", "content": "The ability of men to change their behaviors depending on previous errors is studied. It is found that in a task involving pressing of a key simultaneously with the second of two consecutive light signals with a constant intersimulus interval (800 ms), the subjects altered their responses alteration depending on the preceding error. Using the same task but with variable intersignal interval (750, 800 and 850 ms) and provided the subjects did not understand that in fact three different intervals were presented to them, it was found that the same corrections were made as in the task with constant interval. The different subjects accepted the task differently and therefore their mean response times and the slope of the regression line are different.", "contents": "Mechanisms of correction in a \"hit the target\" task experiment. The ability of men to change their behaviors depending on previous errors is studied. It is found that in a task involving pressing of a key simultaneously with the second of two consecutive light signals with a constant intersimulus interval (800 ms), the subjects altered their responses alteration depending on the preceding error. Using the same task but with variable intersignal interval (750, 800 and 850 ms) and provided the subjects did not understand that in fact three different intervals were presented to them, it was found that the same corrections were made as in the task with constant interval. The different subjects accepted the task differently and therefore their mean response times and the slope of the regression line are different.", "PMID": 1015317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_904", "title": "Changes in the late positive wave of auditory evoked potentials in simple reaction--time tasks.", "content": "A comparison is made of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) to auditory signals obtained in three different series: (a) a series consisting of high tones only to which no motor response was required; (b) a series consisting of low tones only in which quick motor response was required; (c) a series consisting of the same low tones and elimination of the requirement for quick motor response. It was found that the late positive wave P3 of AEP changed in the different series. In the series requiring no motor response P3 was poorly expressed, in the series requiring quick motor response P3 markedly increased and in the series in which the requirement for quick motor response was eliminated, it decreased again. The AEP configuration from the last series repeated that obtained from the indifferent signals. Moreover, on evoked potentials to signal trials and analysis was made of the dispersions in the P3 latencies under conditions requiring motor response. Their difference was found to be insignificant. The results obtained are explained by the assumption that the wave P3 reflects the activity of the central nervous system related to evaluation of the outcome and with the result of the prediction and the planned speed of the motor response.", "contents": "Changes in the late positive wave of auditory evoked potentials in simple reaction--time tasks. A comparison is made of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) to auditory signals obtained in three different series: (a) a series consisting of high tones only to which no motor response was required; (b) a series consisting of low tones only in which quick motor response was required; (c) a series consisting of the same low tones and elimination of the requirement for quick motor response. It was found that the late positive wave P3 of AEP changed in the different series. In the series requiring no motor response P3 was poorly expressed, in the series requiring quick motor response P3 markedly increased and in the series in which the requirement for quick motor response was eliminated, it decreased again. The AEP configuration from the last series repeated that obtained from the indifferent signals. Moreover, on evoked potentials to signal trials and analysis was made of the dispersions in the P3 latencies under conditions requiring motor response. Their difference was found to be insignificant. The results obtained are explained by the assumption that the wave P3 reflects the activity of the central nervous system related to evaluation of the outcome and with the result of the prediction and the planned speed of the motor response.", "PMID": 1015318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_905", "title": "About the human visually evoked cortical potentials in response to train stimulation.", "content": "Cortical potentials were elicited by means of light pulse trains delivered at varying number and frequencies of flashes. The stimulation trains evoked distinct series of individual responses up to flash interval of 35 ms, the shape of which was influenced by the number of the flasches in the trains. A gradual decrease of the second (and some later) wave in the response was observed beginning at flash interval of 80 ms and depending on the number of the flashes in the stimulation train. The fading away of the second wave at high-rate intermittent light stimulation is discussed in respect to some previous findings at retinal and cortical levels.", "contents": "About the human visually evoked cortical potentials in response to train stimulation. Cortical potentials were elicited by means of light pulse trains delivered at varying number and frequencies of flashes. The stimulation trains evoked distinct series of individual responses up to flash interval of 35 ms, the shape of which was influenced by the number of the flasches in the trains. A gradual decrease of the second (and some later) wave in the response was observed beginning at flash interval of 80 ms and depending on the number of the flashes in the stimulation train. The fading away of the second wave at high-rate intermittent light stimulation is discussed in respect to some previous findings at retinal and cortical levels.", "PMID": 1015319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_906", "title": "Participation of bivalent ions in the acetylcholine-provoked gastric smooth-muscle phasis contractions.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on muscle strips from cat antrum. Acetylcholine added to Ca++ -free medium containing EDTA (10-5M) exerted no effect on the phasic contractions of the gastric smooth muscle. Ba++at low concentrations (0,1 to 0,5mM) replaced Ca++with respect to the acetylcholine effect. On the background of blocked cholinergic (atropine 10-5M) and adrenergic (phentolamine 10-5 M and propranolol 10-5M) structures Ba++ provoked slow potentials and cotractions with a frequency of 9 to 10 cpm. delta600 (10-5M) blocked the Ba++-induced myogenic electrical and contractile activities of the smooth muscle. The role of the cholinergic structures for synchronizing the electrical and contractile activities of the smooth muscle is considered.", "contents": "Participation of bivalent ions in the acetylcholine-provoked gastric smooth-muscle phasis contractions. Experiments were carried out on muscle strips from cat antrum. Acetylcholine added to Ca++ -free medium containing EDTA (10-5M) exerted no effect on the phasic contractions of the gastric smooth muscle. Ba++at low concentrations (0,1 to 0,5mM) replaced Ca++with respect to the acetylcholine effect. On the background of blocked cholinergic (atropine 10-5M) and adrenergic (phentolamine 10-5 M and propranolol 10-5M) structures Ba++ provoked slow potentials and cotractions with a frequency of 9 to 10 cpm. delta600 (10-5M) blocked the Ba++-induced myogenic electrical and contractile activities of the smooth muscle. The role of the cholinergic structures for synchronizing the electrical and contractile activities of the smooth muscle is considered.", "PMID": 1015320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_907", "title": "[Vital contact with reality].", "content": "From the standpoint of existential phenomenology, the contact with reality lies in the very phocus of theory, being closely related to another basic conception: that of being-in-the-world. In order to ratify those conceptions, the author reviews some concepts imported from Kurt Lewin's Field Theory, among which: a) vital psychological space, embedding the subject and in close interchange with him; b) intrapsychic regions, having, to a certain extent, autonomous functions, but being related to each other and integrated into the higher unity of the subject. As both systems are interdependent, any modification of the equilibrium of one of them reverberates into the other's, and changes the general conditions of both of them. Reviewing, at the same time, Minkowski's views on schizophrenia, the author sets forth the production of an inner world that becomes autonomous and possesses a degree of reality that overwhelms the true outer world. There is not only the splitting from reality, but the creation of a whole fantastic field, in which the individual participates with all his vital availability. Both views lead to a similar contention: that in some pathological states, the primal link man-real world, is replaced by a new inner correspondence, focused on the imaginary and having effects similar to those of the real world.", "contents": "[Vital contact with reality]. From the standpoint of existential phenomenology, the contact with reality lies in the very phocus of theory, being closely related to another basic conception: that of being-in-the-world. In order to ratify those conceptions, the author reviews some concepts imported from Kurt Lewin's Field Theory, among which: a) vital psychological space, embedding the subject and in close interchange with him; b) intrapsychic regions, having, to a certain extent, autonomous functions, but being related to each other and integrated into the higher unity of the subject. As both systems are interdependent, any modification of the equilibrium of one of them reverberates into the other's, and changes the general conditions of both of them. Reviewing, at the same time, Minkowski's views on schizophrenia, the author sets forth the production of an inner world that becomes autonomous and possesses a degree of reality that overwhelms the true outer world. There is not only the splitting from reality, but the creation of a whole fantastic field, in which the individual participates with all his vital availability. Both views lead to a similar contention: that in some pathological states, the primal link man-real world, is replaced by a new inner correspondence, focused on the imaginary and having effects similar to those of the real world.", "PMID": 1015337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_908", "title": "[The epistemological obstacle in the constitution of social sciences].", "content": "I. General conception. The author contends that the constitution of science requires the completion of two different tasks: a) a negative-critical one, i.e. the clearing of the theoretical field through expurgating all pre-scientific ideologies jeopardizing the growth of scientific concepts; and b) a positive-constructive one, or the actual building up of a science through the production of the formal-abstract object, using ontically indeterminate raw material. Those tasks have characteristics that differ from the formal and factic-natural sciences to the social sciences. The reasons for the differences are: a) the former two have established objects, whereas the latter ones have their objects in the process of undergoing constitution, and thus possessing and oscillating ambiguity; b) the former two sciences have specific methods related to their specific objects, whereas the latter ones have a host of methods, all of them advocating scientific status; c) the former two sciences integrate their concepts into systems so as to constitute the unity of their meaning, whereas the latter ones lack a systematic integration. The consequence is that sciences already constituted (formal and factic-natural sciences) have, by the same token, established the co-implication of both moments (negative-critical and positive-constructive), to the extent that they are in the midst of universes admitting some law-system. Social sciences, on the contrary, set a double register of problems: a) \"in-themselves\", as they suppose the opening of a new way to approach the object; and b) \"for-themselves\", as long as that opening is performed at the expense of pre-scientific ideologies that bar the developments to be done \"in-themselves\". Furthermore, the double task is not accomplished in the same fashion in logic-formal sciences and factic-natural ones, both groups having an apodictic adequation (absolute in the first group, relative in the second one) between the context of discovery and the context of justification, be it formal or experimental, whereas in social sciences there is no such adequation, as they are still searching and trying to establish the mutually foundating relationship between both contexts. II. The epistemological obstacle in Psychology. Psychology, belonging to the general class of social sciences, is subject to two kinds of epistemological obstacles: a) those stemming from \"common sense\", born and nourished in the na\u00efve, day-to-day experience, and being used as a general canon for usual as well as entirely new situations; they reach the status of a pre-critical \"knowing\", based solely on beliefs, and advocating to provide the grounds for our opinion on singular and general subjects; and b) those stemming from the \"speculative discourse\", understood as a system of notions encircling themselves and pretending to have an analogical reference to real objects, when analogy only actualizes objects that are absent...", "contents": "[The epistemological obstacle in the constitution of social sciences]. I. General conception. The author contends that the constitution of science requires the completion of two different tasks: a) a negative-critical one, i.e. the clearing of the theoretical field through expurgating all pre-scientific ideologies jeopardizing the growth of scientific concepts; and b) a positive-constructive one, or the actual building up of a science through the production of the formal-abstract object, using ontically indeterminate raw material. Those tasks have characteristics that differ from the formal and factic-natural sciences to the social sciences. The reasons for the differences are: a) the former two have established objects, whereas the latter ones have their objects in the process of undergoing constitution, and thus possessing and oscillating ambiguity; b) the former two sciences have specific methods related to their specific objects, whereas the latter ones have a host of methods, all of them advocating scientific status; c) the former two sciences integrate their concepts into systems so as to constitute the unity of their meaning, whereas the latter ones lack a systematic integration. The consequence is that sciences already constituted (formal and factic-natural sciences) have, by the same token, established the co-implication of both moments (negative-critical and positive-constructive), to the extent that they are in the midst of universes admitting some law-system. Social sciences, on the contrary, set a double register of problems: a) \"in-themselves\", as they suppose the opening of a new way to approach the object; and b) \"for-themselves\", as long as that opening is performed at the expense of pre-scientific ideologies that bar the developments to be done \"in-themselves\". Furthermore, the double task is not accomplished in the same fashion in logic-formal sciences and factic-natural ones, both groups having an apodictic adequation (absolute in the first group, relative in the second one) between the context of discovery and the context of justification, be it formal or experimental, whereas in social sciences there is no such adequation, as they are still searching and trying to establish the mutually foundating relationship between both contexts. II. The epistemological obstacle in Psychology. Psychology, belonging to the general class of social sciences, is subject to two kinds of epistemological obstacles: a) those stemming from \"common sense\", born and nourished in the na\u00efve, day-to-day experience, and being used as a general canon for usual as well as entirely new situations; they reach the status of a pre-critical \"knowing\", based solely on beliefs, and advocating to provide the grounds for our opinion on singular and general subjects; and b) those stemming from the \"speculative discourse\", understood as a system of notions encircling themselves and pretending to have an analogical reference to real objects, when analogy only actualizes objects that are absent...", "PMID": 1015338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_909", "title": "[The concept of health and disease].", "content": "1. The author reviews some current concepts concerning the definitions and uses of the concepts of health and illness. Starting from the definitions in Psychiatry, \"normality\" is considered from the statistic, the normative and the clinical standpoints, and as a part of a continuum stretching from health to illness. Several approaches are analyzed, among which Wittaker's, who sets forth the following indicators of normality: a) self-knowledge; b) self-esteem; c) self-security; d) capacity for giving and receiving affection; e) satisfaction of corporal needs; f) productivity and capacity for happiness; g) lack of tensions and of hipersensitivity. 2. The concept of illness as an operative concept is also analyzed, leading to the following statements: a) it is inexistent in non-biological sciences; b) it appears in social sciences only through extrapolation; c) in medicine it means the breacking of homeosthasis; d) in psychology and dynamic psychiatry it means the abnormal stressing of normal mechanisms, common to all persons. 3. The concept of health as equilibrium is also analyzed, with the following precisions: a) equilibrium is defined within a system as affecting the whole of it, and implying transformation and self-regulation; b) homeosthasis is a case of equilibrium for steady complex systems; c) adaptation is the maintenance of equilibrium when there are exchanges with the evironment. 4. Finally, those concepts are applied to mental illness and its limits, and the following criteria are set forth: a) amount of anguish; b) depression related to its motives, intensity, persistence and frequency; c) regression to previous development stages; d) use of defense mechanisms in an inadequate or stereotyped way.", "contents": "[The concept of health and disease]. 1. The author reviews some current concepts concerning the definitions and uses of the concepts of health and illness. Starting from the definitions in Psychiatry, \"normality\" is considered from the statistic, the normative and the clinical standpoints, and as a part of a continuum stretching from health to illness. Several approaches are analyzed, among which Wittaker's, who sets forth the following indicators of normality: a) self-knowledge; b) self-esteem; c) self-security; d) capacity for giving and receiving affection; e) satisfaction of corporal needs; f) productivity and capacity for happiness; g) lack of tensions and of hipersensitivity. 2. The concept of illness as an operative concept is also analyzed, leading to the following statements: a) it is inexistent in non-biological sciences; b) it appears in social sciences only through extrapolation; c) in medicine it means the breacking of homeosthasis; d) in psychology and dynamic psychiatry it means the abnormal stressing of normal mechanisms, common to all persons. 3. The concept of health as equilibrium is also analyzed, with the following precisions: a) equilibrium is defined within a system as affecting the whole of it, and implying transformation and self-regulation; b) homeosthasis is a case of equilibrium for steady complex systems; c) adaptation is the maintenance of equilibrium when there are exchanges with the evironment. 4. Finally, those concepts are applied to mental illness and its limits, and the following criteria are set forth: a) amount of anguish; b) depression related to its motives, intensity, persistence and frequency; c) regression to previous development stages; d) use of defense mechanisms in an inadequate or stereotyped way.", "PMID": 1015339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_910", "title": "[Teaching of mental health in Latin America].", "content": "The author contends that in order to meet Mental Health requirements in Latin American countries, an effort must be made in modifying the training of personnel, ranging from high ranking psychiatrists and specialists, to community leaders. He examines the current possibilities and needs and assesses the consequences of new training methods. Starting from a summary review of the three main models for Mental Health Programs: Mental Institution or Hospital, Mental Health Unit and Comprehensive Program, an evaluation is made of the many advantages of the latter. The training of personnel for the Comprehensive Program reflects its structure of delegations. The lower level, D5, is the whole population having any mental health risks. In order to prevent them, leaders at the D4 level must be trained, preferably among recovered patients, at the ratio one D4 for every 500 D5. Training and supervision of D4 leaders is made by D3 leaders, recruited among intermediate professionals: teachers, nurses, priests, auxiliaries in mental health, etc. The ratio is one D3 every 20 D4. The following level is that of D2 leaders, in which specialists (psychologists, social assistants, psychiatric nurses, etc.) act on a professional basis. The ratio is one D2 every 4 D3. Finally, the upper level is D1, the directors of the program, psychiatrists having the direction, supervision and training of D2 leaders. The ratio is one D1 every 2,5 D2. An evaluation is made of the experience carried out at Santiago (Chile) where it lasted eight years, and at C\u00f3rdoba (Argentina) during eight months. The final evaluation stresses the advantages of the system, which at an extremely low cost/benefit ratio provides a comprehensive covering, profiting by the natural health resources of the community, otherwise neglected in their full potential benefits.", "contents": "[Teaching of mental health in Latin America]. The author contends that in order to meet Mental Health requirements in Latin American countries, an effort must be made in modifying the training of personnel, ranging from high ranking psychiatrists and specialists, to community leaders. He examines the current possibilities and needs and assesses the consequences of new training methods. Starting from a summary review of the three main models for Mental Health Programs: Mental Institution or Hospital, Mental Health Unit and Comprehensive Program, an evaluation is made of the many advantages of the latter. The training of personnel for the Comprehensive Program reflects its structure of delegations. The lower level, D5, is the whole population having any mental health risks. In order to prevent them, leaders at the D4 level must be trained, preferably among recovered patients, at the ratio one D4 for every 500 D5. Training and supervision of D4 leaders is made by D3 leaders, recruited among intermediate professionals: teachers, nurses, priests, auxiliaries in mental health, etc. The ratio is one D3 every 20 D4. The following level is that of D2 leaders, in which specialists (psychologists, social assistants, psychiatric nurses, etc.) act on a professional basis. The ratio is one D2 every 4 D3. Finally, the upper level is D1, the directors of the program, psychiatrists having the direction, supervision and training of D2 leaders. The ratio is one D1 every 2,5 D2. An evaluation is made of the experience carried out at Santiago (Chile) where it lasted eight years, and at C\u00f3rdoba (Argentina) during eight months. The final evaluation stresses the advantages of the system, which at an extremely low cost/benefit ratio provides a comprehensive covering, profiting by the natural health resources of the community, otherwise neglected in their full potential benefits.", "PMID": 1015340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_911", "title": "[Diagnosis of family relations. A clinical example].", "content": "Starting from the contention that family processes are much too complex to allow any direct approach, the author proposes the simultaneous use of four models. They are: I. A communication model. Adopting the theory of paradoxes in communication, it is possible to formulate in those terms any pathological issue of the OEdipus complex. II. An identification model. The outcome of the OEdipus complex implies the adoption os a system of identifications. It is possible to formulate any pathological structure in terms of disturbed identification pattern. III. A kinship model. The anthropological model of L\u00e9vi-Strauss allows an approach to the patterns of alliances and prohibitions; it is also possible to read into those patterns the pathological issues of the family group. IV. A semiotic model. The sessions can be considered as a corpus liable to analysis from the theory of discourse, and of the values in it. Disturbances in the discourse can be related to pathological situations. All four models are applied to a casestudy, aiming at testing their validity and articulations. Some final conclusions are drawn on the usefulness of the method, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of family relations. A clinical example]. Starting from the contention that family processes are much too complex to allow any direct approach, the author proposes the simultaneous use of four models. They are: I. A communication model. Adopting the theory of paradoxes in communication, it is possible to formulate in those terms any pathological issue of the OEdipus complex. II. An identification model. The outcome of the OEdipus complex implies the adoption os a system of identifications. It is possible to formulate any pathological structure in terms of disturbed identification pattern. III. A kinship model. The anthropological model of L\u00e9vi-Strauss allows an approach to the patterns of alliances and prohibitions; it is also possible to read into those patterns the pathological issues of the family group. IV. A semiotic model. The sessions can be considered as a corpus liable to analysis from the theory of discourse, and of the values in it. Disturbances in the discourse can be related to pathological situations. All four models are applied to a casestudy, aiming at testing their validity and articulations. Some final conclusions are drawn on the usefulness of the method, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "PMID": 1015341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_912", "title": "[Study and treatment of the drug addict and his family].", "content": "The addict was approached at a Hospital of a private community with the following working plans: a. Amission. a.1. Diagnostic individual interview. a.2. Familiar interview. b. Evaluation. c. Therapeutic criteria and recommendations. c.1. Individual psychological. c.2. Group psychological. c.3. Drug therapy (Psychiatric). Some general characteristics common to all patients are reviewed, among them: age (all patients are adolescents); vulnerability of personality and ego weakness; absent father; narcissistic mother; disgregation of the family and pathological communication among their members; unaccepted griefs; magic expectations on the activity of the drug. Some case-studies are summarized, and some conclusions are drawn, among which: a) the patient usually employs maniac mechanisms, leading to the omnipotent negation of the illness and the refusal of any treatment; b) the family grows very anxious because of the patient, and shows marked reluctance to accept its role in the patient's disorders; c) the therapist is under permanent pressure from the patient and the family; d) the therapeutic team obtains more results from the coordinated action than the single therapist; e) the institution must provide an adequate container for the anxieties of all people involved in a therapeutic procedure.", "contents": "[Study and treatment of the drug addict and his family]. The addict was approached at a Hospital of a private community with the following working plans: a. Amission. a.1. Diagnostic individual interview. a.2. Familiar interview. b. Evaluation. c. Therapeutic criteria and recommendations. c.1. Individual psychological. c.2. Group psychological. c.3. Drug therapy (Psychiatric). Some general characteristics common to all patients are reviewed, among them: age (all patients are adolescents); vulnerability of personality and ego weakness; absent father; narcissistic mother; disgregation of the family and pathological communication among their members; unaccepted griefs; magic expectations on the activity of the drug. Some case-studies are summarized, and some conclusions are drawn, among which: a) the patient usually employs maniac mechanisms, leading to the omnipotent negation of the illness and the refusal of any treatment; b) the family grows very anxious because of the patient, and shows marked reluctance to accept its role in the patient's disorders; c) the therapist is under permanent pressure from the patient and the family; d) the therapeutic team obtains more results from the coordinated action than the single therapist; e) the institution must provide an adequate container for the anxieties of all people involved in a therapeutic procedure.", "PMID": 1015342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_913", "title": "[Attitudes towards alcohol in 2 groups of children 13 years of age].", "content": "Two groups of children, thirteen years of age, were given a questionnaire to study their attitudes towards alcohol consumption and alcoholism. The children belonged to two different socio-economical levels: low and high, and were selected at random, in the zone \"Oriente\" of the National Health Service, Chile. The analysis of answers was made along three directions: a) affective component; b) cognitive component; c) reactive component. The results show that children of low socio-economical level are more negative and rejective towards alcohol consumption than the others, and show more conflicts about it. Both groups reproduce adult patterns and opinions of their respective level. A future development of this type of research can be the criteria for prognosis in relation to early attitudes towards alcohol.", "contents": "[Attitudes towards alcohol in 2 groups of children 13 years of age]. Two groups of children, thirteen years of age, were given a questionnaire to study their attitudes towards alcohol consumption and alcoholism. The children belonged to two different socio-economical levels: low and high, and were selected at random, in the zone \"Oriente\" of the National Health Service, Chile. The analysis of answers was made along three directions: a) affective component; b) cognitive component; c) reactive component. The results show that children of low socio-economical level are more negative and rejective towards alcohol consumption than the others, and show more conflicts about it. Both groups reproduce adult patterns and opinions of their respective level. A future development of this type of research can be the criteria for prognosis in relation to early attitudes towards alcohol.", "PMID": 1015343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_914", "title": "[Pharmacological and psychosocial aspects of drug dependence].", "content": "Use and abuse of psychotropic drugs start with history, but toxicomania starts much later, with the discovery of morphine, in early XIXth. Century; and increases sharply after the 2nd. World War. The author reviews the general classifications of drug abuse, stressing the many differences among them, as well as the differences in clinical approaches to each one of them, and in criteria for treatment. Abuse of drugs takes many different forms roughly reduced to three: a) \"traditional\" addicts, with permanent and heavy intake of barbiturates, amphetamines, alcohol and narcotics; b) regular mass consumers of medicines, legally prescripted by doctors on grounds of unwise criteria or sheer complicity; c) members of the \"Drug Culture\" making of drug abuse a symbol of doctrinary social claims. Addictive drugs are classified, according to Lehmann, into three groups: 1. Expansive drugs: producing intense feeling and elation, according to three classes: a) Thrill drugs, causing an immediate deep pleasure, a jolt in the stomach and warm waves towards the abdomen and genitalia, with orgasmic effects; b) Easiness drugs, increasing energy and self-reliance and decreasing fatigue or ill-feelings; c) self-realization drugs, leading to deep and rich self-awareness, and heighted aesthetic and intellectual potential. 2. Reductive drugs: lowering the intensity of sensations and emotions, in three kinds: a) Releaser drugs, causing removal of inhibitions and production of phantasies; b) Sedation drugs, easing tensions and anxieties; c) Stupefying drugs, blurring all contact with the outer world. The author analyzes the patterns of intake, which include generally two or more different types of drugs, and vary in the same individual according to circumstances. Finally, several factors leading to addiction are considered, among them: biological and genetical endowment or predisposition; psychological conflicts or flaws; and social factors.", "contents": "[Pharmacological and psychosocial aspects of drug dependence]. Use and abuse of psychotropic drugs start with history, but toxicomania starts much later, with the discovery of morphine, in early XIXth. Century; and increases sharply after the 2nd. World War. The author reviews the general classifications of drug abuse, stressing the many differences among them, as well as the differences in clinical approaches to each one of them, and in criteria for treatment. Abuse of drugs takes many different forms roughly reduced to three: a) \"traditional\" addicts, with permanent and heavy intake of barbiturates, amphetamines, alcohol and narcotics; b) regular mass consumers of medicines, legally prescripted by doctors on grounds of unwise criteria or sheer complicity; c) members of the \"Drug Culture\" making of drug abuse a symbol of doctrinary social claims. Addictive drugs are classified, according to Lehmann, into three groups: 1. Expansive drugs: producing intense feeling and elation, according to three classes: a) Thrill drugs, causing an immediate deep pleasure, a jolt in the stomach and warm waves towards the abdomen and genitalia, with orgasmic effects; b) Easiness drugs, increasing energy and self-reliance and decreasing fatigue or ill-feelings; c) self-realization drugs, leading to deep and rich self-awareness, and heighted aesthetic and intellectual potential. 2. Reductive drugs: lowering the intensity of sensations and emotions, in three kinds: a) Releaser drugs, causing removal of inhibitions and production of phantasies; b) Sedation drugs, easing tensions and anxieties; c) Stupefying drugs, blurring all contact with the outer world. The author analyzes the patterns of intake, which include generally two or more different types of drugs, and vary in the same individual according to circumstances. Finally, several factors leading to addiction are considered, among them: biological and genetical endowment or predisposition; psychological conflicts or flaws; and social factors.", "PMID": 1015344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_915", "title": "A case report including EM and DNA repair investigations in a dermatosis associated with multiple skin cancers: epidermodysplasia verruciformis.", "content": "This report describes the clinical, histological and electron microscopic observations in a 51-year-old male with epidermodysplasia veruciformis (EV). Cells with early signs of malignant transformation were found closely connected with virus infected epidermal regions. Skin cancers appeared initially on sun-exposed areas, such as the face and ear lobes. The UV-induced DNA repair synthesis was therefore studied, utilizing peripheral leukocytes. The patient had 40% lower UV-induced DNA repair synthesis than the mean of nine healthy subjects of the same age. These results suggest that a decrease in UV-induced DNA repair synthesis in combination with a possibly oncogenic viral infection may enhance the disposition for somatic mutations and malignant transformation in patients with EV.", "contents": "A case report including EM and DNA repair investigations in a dermatosis associated with multiple skin cancers: epidermodysplasia verruciformis. This report describes the clinical, histological and electron microscopic observations in a 51-year-old male with epidermodysplasia veruciformis (EV). Cells with early signs of malignant transformation were found closely connected with virus infected epidermal regions. Skin cancers appeared initially on sun-exposed areas, such as the face and ear lobes. The UV-induced DNA repair synthesis was therefore studied, utilizing peripheral leukocytes. The patient had 40% lower UV-induced DNA repair synthesis than the mean of nine healthy subjects of the same age. These results suggest that a decrease in UV-induced DNA repair synthesis in combination with a possibly oncogenic viral infection may enhance the disposition for somatic mutations and malignant transformation in patients with EV.", "PMID": 1015352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_916", "title": "The postinfarction clinic in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. A controlled trial of a therapeutic organization.", "content": "Since Jan. 1, 1968, a Postmyocardial Infarction Clinic has been operating in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The methods used have been presented previously in this journal. The present study compares 96 male postinfarction cases, 57-67-year-old, treated at the Postmyocardial Infarction Clinic and a random sample of 85 patients not treated at the clinic. The mortality did not differ between the groups but there was a significant difference with regard to non-fatal reinfarction. The reasons for this are only partially explained by better control of accepted cardiovascular risk factors in the group treated at the clinic. Cessation of smoking was vigorously recommended but lipid lowering, antiarrhythmic or anticoagulant drugs were never used in this group. The results indicate that formalized management of homogeneous patient groups may achieve a general reduction of recurrences.", "contents": "The postinfarction clinic in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. A controlled trial of a therapeutic organization. Since Jan. 1, 1968, a Postmyocardial Infarction Clinic has been operating in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. The methods used have been presented previously in this journal. The present study compares 96 male postinfarction cases, 57-67-year-old, treated at the Postmyocardial Infarction Clinic and a random sample of 85 patients not treated at the clinic. The mortality did not differ between the groups but there was a significant difference with regard to non-fatal reinfarction. The reasons for this are only partially explained by better control of accepted cardiovascular risk factors in the group treated at the clinic. Cessation of smoking was vigorously recommended but lipid lowering, antiarrhythmic or anticoagulant drugs were never used in this group. The results indicate that formalized management of homogeneous patient groups may achieve a general reduction of recurrences.", "PMID": 1015353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_917", "title": "Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers. A long-term follow-up study of 101 patients.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a retrospective study carried out with special reference to the survival rate in a series of 101 selected cases including patients with complete heart block (CHB) combined or not combined with Adams-Stokes attacks and patients with arrhythmic syncope without ECG evidence of CHB. All these patients were treated in our Department during 1958-68, none being artificially paced. Twenty-seven patients were alive at the end of the follow-up, i,e 6-15 years after admission to this Department on account of syncopal episodes or CHB. The survival rate--higher in females than males--was lower in the cases of CHB combined with Adams-Stokes attacks than in the cases of asymptomatic CHB. This applied also to the instances in which a complicating disease such as ischaemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension, diabetes, digitalis intoxication or cardiac enlargement coexisted. The survival rate in the 68 cases of CHB was higher at one year (68%) as well as at 5 years (37%) than that reported by other investigators. When assessing the survival rate in cases treated with artificial pacemakers, it is important to study the individual case histories with special reference to a previous or coexisting condition such as IHD, hypertension, diabetes or the presence of cardiac enlargement. The present results support the view that the indications for treatment with artificial pacing should be wide, albeit that the prognosis in this series was more favourable than might have been anticipated from observations by others.", "contents": "Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers. A long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. This paper reports the results of a retrospective study carried out with special reference to the survival rate in a series of 101 selected cases including patients with complete heart block (CHB) combined or not combined with Adams-Stokes attacks and patients with arrhythmic syncope without ECG evidence of CHB. All these patients were treated in our Department during 1958-68, none being artificially paced. Twenty-seven patients were alive at the end of the follow-up, i,e 6-15 years after admission to this Department on account of syncopal episodes or CHB. The survival rate--higher in females than males--was lower in the cases of CHB combined with Adams-Stokes attacks than in the cases of asymptomatic CHB. This applied also to the instances in which a complicating disease such as ischaemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension, diabetes, digitalis intoxication or cardiac enlargement coexisted. The survival rate in the 68 cases of CHB was higher at one year (68%) as well as at 5 years (37%) than that reported by other investigators. When assessing the survival rate in cases treated with artificial pacemakers, it is important to study the individual case histories with special reference to a previous or coexisting condition such as IHD, hypertension, diabetes or the presence of cardiac enlargement. The present results support the view that the indications for treatment with artificial pacing should be wide, albeit that the prognosis in this series was more favourable than might have been anticipated from observations by others.", "PMID": 1015354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_918", "title": "Systolic time intervals in cardiac tamponade.", "content": "Systolic time intervals (STI) have been measured in three patients with cardiac tamponade. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET), the preejection period (PEP) and the ratio PEP/LVET deviated significantly from the normal values. All three parameters improved immediately after pericardiocentesis and aspiration. The total electromechanical systole changed to only a minor degree. Measurement of STI may be a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in cardiac tamponade. Systolic time intervals (STI) have been measured in three patients with cardiac tamponade. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET), the preejection period (PEP) and the ratio PEP/LVET deviated significantly from the normal values. All three parameters improved immediately after pericardiocentesis and aspiration. The total electromechanical systole changed to only a minor degree. Measurement of STI may be a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac tamponade.", "PMID": 1015355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_919", "title": "Mortality pattern among initial survivors of acute myocardial infarction using a life-table technique.", "content": "The 5-year pattern of mortality among 475 immediate survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (mean age 65 years on entry) is described by a life-table technique. The risk of death was highest during the early part of the follow-up. After 3-4 years, the prognostic influence of the AMI seemed to be overshadowed by the age effect. Special attention was paid to the incidence of sudden death, a fictive elimination of which was shown to reduce the risk of death by 9-22% during the different years of the investigation period. The absolute number of sudden deaths was highest during the early part of the follow-up period but the relative importance of this mode of death was approximately the same during the entire 5-year period after the AMI.", "contents": "Mortality pattern among initial survivors of acute myocardial infarction using a life-table technique. The 5-year pattern of mortality among 475 immediate survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (mean age 65 years on entry) is described by a life-table technique. The risk of death was highest during the early part of the follow-up. After 3-4 years, the prognostic influence of the AMI seemed to be overshadowed by the age effect. Special attention was paid to the incidence of sudden death, a fictive elimination of which was shown to reduce the risk of death by 9-22% during the different years of the investigation period. The absolute number of sudden deaths was highest during the early part of the follow-up period but the relative importance of this mode of death was approximately the same during the entire 5-year period after the AMI.", "PMID": 1015356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_920", "title": "Removal of exogenous triglycerides in subjects with massive obesity before and after jejunoileal shunt operation.", "content": "The fractional removal rate of exogenous triglycerides (TG) in 12 obese subjects with a mean body weight of 132+/-5 kg (S.E.M.) has been studied before a jejunoileal shunt operation. The study was repeated postoperatively at stable body weights 30-54 months later. The weight loss ranged from 13 to 65 kg (mean weight reduction 27%). In 8 patients, 0.3-6.0 kg of skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed surgically for cosmetic reasons during the weight reduction period. Serum cholesterol fell from 220+/-8 to 141+/-11 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.001). The serum TG reduction was not significant, 1.80+/-0.25 before and 1.50+/-0.19 mmol/l after operation. The fractional removal rate of exogenous TG, determined by the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) with the Intralipid fat emulsion, was not significantly changed. The IVFFT k2 value was 3.5+/-0.5%/min before and 4.3+/-0.6 after surgery (p greater than 0.05). Previous studies have shown that a major part of Intralipid is removed initially in skeletal muscle. The unchanged fractional removal rate of Intralipid, despite the marked reduction in the amount of adipose tissue, supports the concept that the adipose tissue may play a minor role in the initial elimination of exogenous TG from the bloodstream.", "contents": "Removal of exogenous triglycerides in subjects with massive obesity before and after jejunoileal shunt operation. The fractional removal rate of exogenous triglycerides (TG) in 12 obese subjects with a mean body weight of 132+/-5 kg (S.E.M.) has been studied before a jejunoileal shunt operation. The study was repeated postoperatively at stable body weights 30-54 months later. The weight loss ranged from 13 to 65 kg (mean weight reduction 27%). In 8 patients, 0.3-6.0 kg of skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed surgically for cosmetic reasons during the weight reduction period. Serum cholesterol fell from 220+/-8 to 141+/-11 mg/100 ml (p less than 0.001). The serum TG reduction was not significant, 1.80+/-0.25 before and 1.50+/-0.19 mmol/l after operation. The fractional removal rate of exogenous TG, determined by the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) with the Intralipid fat emulsion, was not significantly changed. The IVFFT k2 value was 3.5+/-0.5%/min before and 4.3+/-0.6 after surgery (p greater than 0.05). Previous studies have shown that a major part of Intralipid is removed initially in skeletal muscle. The unchanged fractional removal rate of Intralipid, despite the marked reduction in the amount of adipose tissue, supports the concept that the adipose tissue may play a minor role in the initial elimination of exogenous TG from the bloodstream.", "PMID": 1015357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_921", "title": "The intercorrelation of serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking and body weight. The Oslo Study.", "content": "A screening for coronary risk factors in 18 000 Oslo men yielded 16 525 \"healthy\" men, aged 20-49. The intercorrelation of serum cholesterol, body weight and cigarette smoking was found to be more pronounced than described in other studies. Increasing daily exposure to cigarette smoke in the order: never-smoker, ex-smoker, non-inhaling smoker, inhaling smoker and present non-filter smoker, was parallelled by increasing cholesterol levels, but not by increasing body weight. Daily cigarette-smokers had lower body weight and higher serum cholesterol values than never-cigarette-smokers, with the exception of the 20+ cigarette-smokers who had higher serum cholesterol values and body weight than the never-cigarette-smokers. As regards ex-cigarette-smokers, both body weight and serum cholesterol tended to increase with the number of cigarettes smoked before quitting. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The intercorrelation of serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking and body weight. The Oslo Study. A screening for coronary risk factors in 18 000 Oslo men yielded 16 525 \"healthy\" men, aged 20-49. The intercorrelation of serum cholesterol, body weight and cigarette smoking was found to be more pronounced than described in other studies. Increasing daily exposure to cigarette smoke in the order: never-smoker, ex-smoker, non-inhaling smoker, inhaling smoker and present non-filter smoker, was parallelled by increasing cholesterol levels, but not by increasing body weight. Daily cigarette-smokers had lower body weight and higher serum cholesterol values than never-cigarette-smokers, with the exception of the 20+ cigarette-smokers who had higher serum cholesterol values and body weight than the never-cigarette-smokers. As regards ex-cigarette-smokers, both body weight and serum cholesterol tended to increase with the number of cigarettes smoked before quitting. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1015358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_922", "title": "Blood levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine: differences between children, adults, and elderly subjects.", "content": "The serum levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in children, adolescents, adults, and elderly subjects have been measured by radioimmunoassays. It was found that while the T4 levels were essentially equal in all age groups examined, the T3 levels were markedly different. In children and adolescents (1-15 years), high values were recorded; indeed, they exceeded the upper normal limit in adults (20-80 years). From the age of 20, the T3 levels remained unaltered until the age of 80, after which there was a further reduction, to values approaching the lower normal limit for T3 in middle-aged subjects. The findings emphasize that separate normal values must be established for different age groups, in order to avoid diagnostic misinterpretations and therapeutic failures.", "contents": "Blood levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine: differences between children, adults, and elderly subjects. The serum levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in children, adolescents, adults, and elderly subjects have been measured by radioimmunoassays. It was found that while the T4 levels were essentially equal in all age groups examined, the T3 levels were markedly different. In children and adolescents (1-15 years), high values were recorded; indeed, they exceeded the upper normal limit in adults (20-80 years). From the age of 20, the T3 levels remained unaltered until the age of 80, after which there was a further reduction, to values approaching the lower normal limit for T3 in middle-aged subjects. The findings emphasize that separate normal values must be established for different age groups, in order to avoid diagnostic misinterpretations and therapeutic failures.", "PMID": 1015359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_923", "title": "On the influence of concomitant food intake on sulfonamide bioavailability.", "content": "The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of a frequently used short-acting sulfonamide, sulfaisomidine (Elkosin), has been examined in eight healthy volunteers. The drug was administered as a single oral dose, both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast. Numerous venous blood samples were drawn for the first eight hours after ingestion of the drug, and the concentration of unmetabolized sulfonamide in serum was assessed by spectrophotometry. The observations indicate that concomitant food intake alters neither absorption rate, peak concentration, time to reach peak concentration, elimination rate, nor total amount of sulfonamide reaching the general circulation. Thus, the absorption of orally administered sulfaisodimidine is not at all affected by concomitant intake of food. This finding contrasts with previous observations on some other sulfonamides, and it may signify a therapeutic advantage of sulfaisodimidine. In addition, the amount absorbed showed only a little interindividual variation. This suggests that the use of standardized size and interval of sulfaisodimidine dosage can be recommended. The present findings emphasize that conclusions about the absorption of a certain drug should not be derived from studies with other, albeit chemically related, compounds.", "contents": "On the influence of concomitant food intake on sulfonamide bioavailability. The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of a frequently used short-acting sulfonamide, sulfaisomidine (Elkosin), has been examined in eight healthy volunteers. The drug was administered as a single oral dose, both on an empty stomach and together with a standardized breakfast. Numerous venous blood samples were drawn for the first eight hours after ingestion of the drug, and the concentration of unmetabolized sulfonamide in serum was assessed by spectrophotometry. The observations indicate that concomitant food intake alters neither absorption rate, peak concentration, time to reach peak concentration, elimination rate, nor total amount of sulfonamide reaching the general circulation. Thus, the absorption of orally administered sulfaisodimidine is not at all affected by concomitant intake of food. This finding contrasts with previous observations on some other sulfonamides, and it may signify a therapeutic advantage of sulfaisodimidine. In addition, the amount absorbed showed only a little interindividual variation. This suggests that the use of standardized size and interval of sulfaisodimidine dosage can be recommended. The present findings emphasize that conclusions about the absorption of a certain drug should not be derived from studies with other, albeit chemically related, compounds.", "PMID": 1015360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_924", "title": "Thyroid autonomy (Plummer's disease) with contralateral malignancy--mere coincidence?", "content": "A patient with an autonomously functioning nodule in the left lobe and a papillary carcinoma in the right lobe of the thyroid gland is described. Some evidence suggests the association to be more than coincidental.", "contents": "Thyroid autonomy (Plummer's disease) with contralateral malignancy--mere coincidence? A patient with an autonomously functioning nodule in the left lobe and a papillary carcinoma in the right lobe of the thyroid gland is described. Some evidence suggests the association to be more than coincidental.", "PMID": 1015361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_925", "title": "Variations in the relationship between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of the tibia.", "content": "In all 56 tibiae from Lapps and 56 tibiae from Norwegians have been studied. These ethnic groups represent different weight bearing situations. Variables expressing adaptation to non-axial loading are dealt with. The bone is mainly studied in the AP and the ML planes, as well as in the three dimensional space. The material is analyzed statistically. The distribution form is examined and the deviations from normality are found to be moderate. Mainly positive skewness occurs. Platykurtosis is found as often as leptokurtosis. The deviations from a standard normal distribution are not supposed to affect the results significantly. There is a non-systematic pattern of distribution. The variability is generally lower in Lapps than in Norwegians. The standard deviation shows highest numerical values in indices, lowest in linear variables. Systematic group differences, especially in similar variables, are supposed to be of greater importance than isolated differences. The variables giving deviations from the reference planes or the diaphyseal axis, show the largest and the consistent left-right differences. In linear variables Lapps and females show lower mean values than males and Norwegians, respecitvely. In linear variables giving deviations from the reference planes, in angular variables and in indices, Lapps usually show the highest mean values. Lapps tend to show larger sex differences in variables giving deviations from the reference planes or the diaphyseal axis. However, the sex differences within the Lapps are small. The variations of the tibia are supposed to be the results of mechanical factors in bone remodelling. The epiphyseal-metaphyseal parts tend to have a constant shape, the adaptations to non-axial loading predominantly appearing in the diaphysis. The relation between the weight bearing line and the diaphyseal axis is discussed, particularly regarding the ML stability mechanism of the knee joint. The occurrence of torsion and its influence upon the AP and ML projected values regarding the relationship between the epiphyses and the diaphysis are discussed.", "contents": "Variations in the relationship between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of the tibia. In all 56 tibiae from Lapps and 56 tibiae from Norwegians have been studied. These ethnic groups represent different weight bearing situations. Variables expressing adaptation to non-axial loading are dealt with. The bone is mainly studied in the AP and the ML planes, as well as in the three dimensional space. The material is analyzed statistically. The distribution form is examined and the deviations from normality are found to be moderate. Mainly positive skewness occurs. Platykurtosis is found as often as leptokurtosis. The deviations from a standard normal distribution are not supposed to affect the results significantly. There is a non-systematic pattern of distribution. The variability is generally lower in Lapps than in Norwegians. The standard deviation shows highest numerical values in indices, lowest in linear variables. Systematic group differences, especially in similar variables, are supposed to be of greater importance than isolated differences. The variables giving deviations from the reference planes or the diaphyseal axis, show the largest and the consistent left-right differences. In linear variables Lapps and females show lower mean values than males and Norwegians, respecitvely. In linear variables giving deviations from the reference planes, in angular variables and in indices, Lapps usually show the highest mean values. Lapps tend to show larger sex differences in variables giving deviations from the reference planes or the diaphyseal axis. However, the sex differences within the Lapps are small. The variations of the tibia are supposed to be the results of mechanical factors in bone remodelling. The epiphyseal-metaphyseal parts tend to have a constant shape, the adaptations to non-axial loading predominantly appearing in the diaphysis. The relation between the weight bearing line and the diaphyseal axis is discussed, particularly regarding the ML stability mechanism of the knee joint. The occurrence of torsion and its influence upon the AP and ML projected values regarding the relationship between the epiphyses and the diaphysis are discussed.", "PMID": 1015362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_926", "title": "[Growth of eye and orbit in chick embryo. IX. Developement of eye and skull origin in 3-9 day old embryos with experimental bilateral microphthalmia].", "content": "Chick embryos in which on the third day of incubation the lens of both eye primordia was removed, were sacrificed at the ages of 5,7 and 9 days and fixed in a 70 per cent alcohol solution. An analysis was made of the consequences of the absence of normal large eyes upon the structure and growth of the skull. Immediately after the operation no changes in the head mesenchyme could be observed, but during the next days, as growth goes on, abnormal proportions and dimensions develop in the anterior part of the skull. Generally, this part of the skull is depressed and shorter than normal; cartilages around the eye have a different position and smaller dimensions. A perfect symmetry is only rarely maintained. There seems to be a very labile balance in the skull, as may be deduced from the presence of a buckled interorbital septum and the deviation of the upper beak.", "contents": "[Growth of eye and orbit in chick embryo. IX. Developement of eye and skull origin in 3-9 day old embryos with experimental bilateral microphthalmia]. Chick embryos in which on the third day of incubation the lens of both eye primordia was removed, were sacrificed at the ages of 5,7 and 9 days and fixed in a 70 per cent alcohol solution. An analysis was made of the consequences of the absence of normal large eyes upon the structure and growth of the skull. Immediately after the operation no changes in the head mesenchyme could be observed, but during the next days, as growth goes on, abnormal proportions and dimensions develop in the anterior part of the skull. Generally, this part of the skull is depressed and shorter than normal; cartilages around the eye have a different position and smaller dimensions. A perfect symmetry is only rarely maintained. There seems to be a very labile balance in the skull, as may be deduced from the presence of a buckled interorbital septum and the deviation of the upper beak.", "PMID": 1015363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_927", "title": "Morphology of ovarian changes during the reproductive cycle of the house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis.", "content": "Ovarian changes during the reproductive cycle of the oviparous wall lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis R\u00fcppel) are described and discussed. It ovulates from mid-March to mid-May with a peak in April. Two eggs, one from each ovary, are ovulated at a time. After the breeding season is over, the ovaries are reduced in size. From June to third week of February they contain small pre-vitellogenic fillicles which start increasing in size with the approach of March when yolk deposition occurs rapidly. The histological details of developing the pre-ovulatory follicles are described. Follicle cell nuclei are taken into the ooplasm of pre-vitellogenic follicles; they are finally absorbed before yolk deposition starts. Pre-ovulatory follicles show highly vascularized thecae and invaginations of the follicular epithelium. Follicular atresia generally occurs in follicles with polymorphic granulosae, in post-ovulatory ovaries. Their granulosa cells give rist to phagocytes which, after removing the ooplasmic contents, degenerate, while the theca interna cells are hypertrophied to form the interstitial gland cells in the walls of degenerated follicles. After ovulation, the granulosa cells hypertrophy to form luteal cell mass filling the follicular cavity. Fibroblasts which appear to arise from the thecal layer, invade the luteal cell mass and form septa. Blood vessels occur in the luteal cell mass. The possible physiological significance of corpora lutea in the wall lizard is discussed.", "contents": "Morphology of ovarian changes during the reproductive cycle of the house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Ovarian changes during the reproductive cycle of the oviparous wall lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis R\u00fcppel) are described and discussed. It ovulates from mid-March to mid-May with a peak in April. Two eggs, one from each ovary, are ovulated at a time. After the breeding season is over, the ovaries are reduced in size. From June to third week of February they contain small pre-vitellogenic fillicles which start increasing in size with the approach of March when yolk deposition occurs rapidly. The histological details of developing the pre-ovulatory follicles are described. Follicle cell nuclei are taken into the ooplasm of pre-vitellogenic follicles; they are finally absorbed before yolk deposition starts. Pre-ovulatory follicles show highly vascularized thecae and invaginations of the follicular epithelium. Follicular atresia generally occurs in follicles with polymorphic granulosae, in post-ovulatory ovaries. Their granulosa cells give rist to phagocytes which, after removing the ooplasmic contents, degenerate, while the theca interna cells are hypertrophied to form the interstitial gland cells in the walls of degenerated follicles. After ovulation, the granulosa cells hypertrophy to form luteal cell mass filling the follicular cavity. Fibroblasts which appear to arise from the thecal layer, invade the luteal cell mass and form septa. Blood vessels occur in the luteal cell mass. The possible physiological significance of corpora lutea in the wall lizard is discussed.", "PMID": 1015364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_928", "title": "Statistical mechanics of protein folding, unfolding and fluctuation.", "content": "Conformational fluctuations of globular proteins in the native state and the processes of folding and unfolding are studied from the statistical mechanical point of view. 1) It is pointed out that the formation of the native specific conformation of a globular protein is not a result of random sampling of minimum energy conformations. This fact provides a motivation for the study of the processes of folding, or the paths of folding, of proteins. The processes of folding and unfolding are shown to be statistical mechanical in nature. 2) The conformational (folding and unfolding) transitions in globular proteins are compared with the helix-coil transitions in polypeptides. The gradedness of the latter transition is shown to be due to the fact that the phenomenon is of an essentially one-dimensional system. The former transition is characterized ideally by the fact that it is of the all-or-none type. 3) A lattice model of proteins is introduced. \"A protein molecule\" is defined as a chain of noninteresting units of a given length on a two-dimensional square lattice. The copolymeric character of protein molecules is incorporated into the model by specificities of interunit interactions. 4) This model proved powerful for studying the statistical mechanical characterization of protein denaturation and fluctuations. The specificities of interunit interactions were shown to be the primary factors responsible for the all-or-none type transition from native to denatured states of globular proteins. 5) The model is studied by the Monte Carlo method of Metropolis et al., which simulates a kinetic process approximately. The method is shown to be a promising tool in finding the native conformation of proteins from their amino acid sequence. 6) A new theoretical method is developed to study phenomenologically the processes of protein folding and unfolding and the conformational fluctuations in the native state. An important role is played by a quantity S(H): the entropy of a protein molecule in solution in the conformational states with a given value of enthalpy H. Qualitative character of the S-H curve, such as whether it is convex or concave determines characteristics of the conformational  transition in a globular protein such as whether or not it is of the all-or-none type. 7) The concept of an ideal process of protein folding and unfolding is introduced and defined by three statements. The S-H curve is calculated for this ideal process. The curve is shown to be concave, indicating that the transition is of the all-or-none type. This conclusion is drawn essentially from the globularity and specificity of the native conformational of proteins. 8) Residual structures in the denatured state and conformational fluctuations in the native state are discussed. In order to discuss the latter, an independent fluctuating site model is introduced, in which it is assumed that there are several independent fluctuating sites, each localized in some part of the protein molecule...", "contents": "Statistical mechanics of protein folding, unfolding and fluctuation. Conformational fluctuations of globular proteins in the native state and the processes of folding and unfolding are studied from the statistical mechanical point of view. 1) It is pointed out that the formation of the native specific conformation of a globular protein is not a result of random sampling of minimum energy conformations. This fact provides a motivation for the study of the processes of folding, or the paths of folding, of proteins. The processes of folding and unfolding are shown to be statistical mechanical in nature. 2) The conformational (folding and unfolding) transitions in globular proteins are compared with the helix-coil transitions in polypeptides. The gradedness of the latter transition is shown to be due to the fact that the phenomenon is of an essentially one-dimensional system. The former transition is characterized ideally by the fact that it is of the all-or-none type. 3) A lattice model of proteins is introduced. \"A protein molecule\" is defined as a chain of noninteresting units of a given length on a two-dimensional square lattice. The copolymeric character of protein molecules is incorporated into the model by specificities of interunit interactions. 4) This model proved powerful for studying the statistical mechanical characterization of protein denaturation and fluctuations. The specificities of interunit interactions were shown to be the primary factors responsible for the all-or-none type transition from native to denatured states of globular proteins. 5) The model is studied by the Monte Carlo method of Metropolis et al., which simulates a kinetic process approximately. The method is shown to be a promising tool in finding the native conformation of proteins from their amino acid sequence. 6) A new theoretical method is developed to study phenomenologically the processes of protein folding and unfolding and the conformational fluctuations in the native state. An important role is played by a quantity S(H): the entropy of a protein molecule in solution in the conformational states with a given value of enthalpy H. Qualitative character of the S-H curve, such as whether it is convex or concave determines characteristics of the conformational  transition in a globular protein such as whether or not it is of the all-or-none type. 7) The concept of an ideal process of protein folding and unfolding is introduced and defined by three statements. The S-H curve is calculated for this ideal process. The curve is shown to be concave, indicating that the transition is of the all-or-none type. This conclusion is drawn essentially from the globularity and specificity of the native conformational of proteins. 8) Residual structures in the denatured state and conformational fluctuations in the native state are discussed. In order to discuss the latter, an independent fluctuating site model is introduced, in which it is assumed that there are several independent fluctuating sites, each localized in some part of the protein molecule...", "PMID": 1015397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_929", "title": "Metabolic and electron microscopic studies post mortem in brain mitochondria.", "content": "The RCR of malate+glutamate oxidation of isolated rat brain mitochondria decreased with increasing duration of anoxia and it ceased completely in the 12 hour ischemic group. After one hour of ischemic anoxia neither the respiration of mitochondria nor their morphology altered irreversibly. There is a strong correlation between the ultrastructural changes and RCR value of mitochondria, namely the RCR decreased proportionally with increasing number of light type of mitochondria. From our results we can conclude that the dense form seems to be the functional form, while the light mitochondrial structure is a transition to the non functioning homogenous type of brain mitochondria.", "contents": "Metabolic and electron microscopic studies post mortem in brain mitochondria. The RCR of malate+glutamate oxidation of isolated rat brain mitochondria decreased with increasing duration of anoxia and it ceased completely in the 12 hour ischemic group. After one hour of ischemic anoxia neither the respiration of mitochondria nor their morphology altered irreversibly. There is a strong correlation between the ultrastructural changes and RCR value of mitochondria, namely the RCR decreased proportionally with increasing number of light type of mitochondria. From our results we can conclude that the dense form seems to be the functional form, while the light mitochondrial structure is a transition to the non functioning homogenous type of brain mitochondria.", "PMID": 1015400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_930", "title": "Diffusion of oxygen in plasma and blood.", "content": "D in fresh human plasma has been found to decrease almost linearly with total protein content over a wide range of concentration and to vary only +/-4% in normals and +/-13% in abnormals. The average values for D in normal human plasma, at 25 and 37 degrees C, are 1.62 and 2.18 X 10(-5) cm2/sec respectively. For normal human blood at 42% hematocrit, the values of D, at 25 and 37 degrees C, are 1.20 and 1.62 X 10(-5) cm2/sec respectively.", "contents": "Diffusion of oxygen in plasma and blood. D in fresh human plasma has been found to decrease almost linearly with total protein content over a wide range of concentration and to vary only +/-4% in normals and +/-13% in abnormals. The average values for D in normal human plasma, at 25 and 37 degrees C, are 1.62 and 2.18 X 10(-5) cm2/sec respectively. For normal human blood at 42% hematocrit, the values of D, at 25 and 37 degrees C, are 1.20 and 1.62 X 10(-5) cm2/sec respectively.", "PMID": 1015403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_931", "title": "Measurement of diffusivity and metabolic rate of O2 and CO2 in respiring tissue.", "content": "The method described is apt to measure, at the same time, Krogh's diffusion constant and specific metabolic rates for O2 and CO2 in intact, respiring tissues. Due to metabolism tissue thickness for this method is limited to about 500 mum unless hyperbaric conditions are used. The results suggest that both KO2 and KCO2 are similar in alive and in dead tissue. Due to tissue inhomogeneity and to possible facilitation of O2 or CO2 transport our values of K have to be considered as effective mean values for the physiological range of PO2 and PCO2 in muscle at rest and at exercise.", "contents": "Measurement of diffusivity and metabolic rate of O2 and CO2 in respiring tissue. The method described is apt to measure, at the same time, Krogh's diffusion constant and specific metabolic rates for O2 and CO2 in intact, respiring tissues. Due to metabolism tissue thickness for this method is limited to about 500 mum unless hyperbaric conditions are used. The results suggest that both KO2 and KCO2 are similar in alive and in dead tissue. Due to tissue inhomogeneity and to possible facilitation of O2 or CO2 transport our values of K have to be considered as effective mean values for the physiological range of PO2 and PCO2 in muscle at rest and at exercise.", "PMID": 1015405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_932", "title": "A stochastic model for the transport of oxygen to brain tissue.", "content": "Material balances around a small, but finite volume element have formed the basis for previous mathematical models describing the transport of oxygen in the brain microcirculation. Seeking a model which would be both simple and versatile, a stochastic model was proposed based on the assumption that oxygenation of the brain can be described quantitatively by simulating the activity of only one erythrocyte and the oxygen molecules surrounding it. Compared with existing deterministic models, the capillary space-average oxygen partial pressure profiles were in close agreement. Tissue tensions were decidedly different.", "contents": "A stochastic model for the transport of oxygen to brain tissue. Material balances around a small, but finite volume element have formed the basis for previous mathematical models describing the transport of oxygen in the brain microcirculation. Seeking a model which would be both simple and versatile, a stochastic model was proposed based on the assumption that oxygenation of the brain can be described quantitatively by simulating the activity of only one erythrocyte and the oxygen molecules surrounding it. Compared with existing deterministic models, the capillary space-average oxygen partial pressure profiles were in close agreement. Tissue tensions were decidedly different.", "PMID": 1015411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_933", "title": "Autonomic and pharmacological control of oxygen autoregulation mechanisms in brain tissue.", "content": "The effect of several agents active on autonomic nervous system functions was tested on brain oxygen autoregulation parameters. It was found that atropine, propranolol and isproterenol had no influence on the measured parameters. Phenoxybenzamine, tolazoline and dibenamine all suppress autoregulation. In an additional experimental series, a phenoxybenzamine infusion was given during O2 breathing. The infusion induced a marked rise in TpO2. It is concluded that an alpha-adrenergic mechanism is part of the autoregulation process, and its pharmacological blockade could be used to raise TpO2 levels in brain with O2 breathing at normal atmospheric pressure. Also, the increase in brain TpO2 induced by 95% O2 - 5% CO2 breathing seems to be blocked by alpha-adrenolytic drugs.", "contents": "Autonomic and pharmacological control of oxygen autoregulation mechanisms in brain tissue. The effect of several agents active on autonomic nervous system functions was tested on brain oxygen autoregulation parameters. It was found that atropine, propranolol and isproterenol had no influence on the measured parameters. Phenoxybenzamine, tolazoline and dibenamine all suppress autoregulation. In an additional experimental series, a phenoxybenzamine infusion was given during O2 breathing. The infusion induced a marked rise in TpO2. It is concluded that an alpha-adrenergic mechanism is part of the autoregulation process, and its pharmacological blockade could be used to raise TpO2 levels in brain with O2 breathing at normal atmospheric pressure. Also, the increase in brain TpO2 induced by 95% O2 - 5% CO2 breathing seems to be blocked by alpha-adrenolytic drugs.", "PMID": 1015419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_934", "title": "Renal tissue oxygenation during hypoxic hypoxia.", "content": "No evidence was found to support the existence of changes in the intrarenal flow pattern among the different areas or of a compensatory redistribution of microcirculation in the renal cortex under hypoxia induced by breathing 10 % oxygen. It seems that under these conditions the kidney is able to preserve its basic metabolism by diminishing its oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Renal tissue oxygenation during hypoxic hypoxia. No evidence was found to support the existence of changes in the intrarenal flow pattern among the different areas or of a compensatory redistribution of microcirculation in the renal cortex under hypoxia induced by breathing 10 % oxygen. It seems that under these conditions the kidney is able to preserve its basic metabolism by diminishing its oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 1015425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_935", "title": "Effect of ionizing radiation on liver microcirculation and oxygenation.", "content": "Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness, as well as TPO2 responses to hypoxia were measured as microcirculation parameters in beagle dogs subject to Co60 ionizing radiation to a dose of 4600 rads in 5 weeks. Simultaneously, changes in blood chemistry and coagulation were also determined. Marked changes in all studied parameters in the post radiation period lead to the conclusion that radiation liver damage is at least in part mediated through microcirculation disturbances.", "contents": "Effect of ionizing radiation on liver microcirculation and oxygenation. Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness, as well as TPO2 responses to hypoxia were measured as microcirculation parameters in beagle dogs subject to Co60 ionizing radiation to a dose of 4600 rads in 5 weeks. Simultaneously, changes in blood chemistry and coagulation were also determined. Marked changes in all studied parameters in the post radiation period lead to the conclusion that radiation liver damage is at least in part mediated through microcirculation disturbances.", "PMID": 1015431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_936", "title": "Oxygen fields induced by recessed and needle oxygen microelectrodes in homogeneous media.", "content": "Computer simulations of the operation of both the recessed and conically-shaped needle type microelectrodes were developed. The accurate portrayal of their geometries was greatly facilitated by the use of specialized three dimensional orthogonal coordinate systems with coordinate surfaces coincident with the geometry of the problem. From the simulations, calculations were made of the induced PO2 fields, oxygen sensitivities, stirring artifacts, measurement errors, and time constants.", "contents": "Oxygen fields induced by recessed and needle oxygen microelectrodes in homogeneous media. Computer simulations of the operation of both the recessed and conically-shaped needle type microelectrodes were developed. The accurate portrayal of their geometries was greatly facilitated by the use of specialized three dimensional orthogonal coordinate systems with coordinate surfaces coincident with the geometry of the problem. From the simulations, calculations were made of the induced PO2 fields, oxygen sensitivities, stirring artifacts, measurement errors, and time constants.", "PMID": 1015456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_937", "title": "Chemotherapy of helminthiasis among wild mammals. II. Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819) Sprent, 1968 infection of polar bear.", "content": "Effective chemotherapy by Mebendazole of Baylisascaris transfuga infection of five polar bears is reported and a control measure programme directed towards limiting the infection under the prevailing condition is discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of helminthiasis among wild mammals. II. Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819) Sprent, 1968 infection of polar bear. Effective chemotherapy by Mebendazole of Baylisascaris transfuga infection of five polar bears is reported and a control measure programme directed towards limiting the infection under the prevailing condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1015484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_938", "title": "[Myobiiae parasites of rodents, Insectivora and Chiroptera (Acarina: Prostigmata)].", "content": "The author studies a collection of myobiid mites parasitic on rodents, insectivores and bats. This material contains 15 species, amongst them 7 species and 2 subspecies are new and are described for the first time.", "contents": "[Myobiiae parasites of rodents, Insectivora and Chiroptera (Acarina: Prostigmata)]. The author studies a collection of myobiid mites parasitic on rodents, insectivores and bats. This material contains 15 species, amongst them 7 species and 2 subspecies are new and are described for the first time.", "PMID": 1015485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_939", "title": "Further observations relating to Trixacarus (Caviacoptes) Caviae Fain, Hovell and Hyatt, 1972 in guinea-pigs (Acarina: Sarcoptidae).", "content": "Three cases of sarcoptic mange in guinea-pigs were found to be due to Trixacarus (Caviacopties) caviae FAIN et al. The history and lesions of each case are described together with a method of treatment.", "contents": "Further observations relating to Trixacarus (Caviacoptes) Caviae Fain, Hovell and Hyatt, 1972 in guinea-pigs (Acarina: Sarcoptidae). Three cases of sarcoptic mange in guinea-pigs were found to be due to Trixacarus (Caviacopties) caviae FAIN et al. The history and lesions of each case are described together with a method of treatment.", "PMID": 1015486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_940", "title": "[Pericentric inversion of chromosome 3, homozygote and heterozygote, and centromeric translation of chromosome 12 in a family of orangutangs. Evolutionary implications].", "content": "An orangutang family is reported in which the father (Piku) is homozygous for a pericentric inversion of chromosome 3 and heterozygous for a structural rearrangement of chromosome 12 (author's nomenclature for this species). The latter is interpreted as transposition of the centromere by insertion into band q213 [in cen (12)(q213)]. Piku's mate has a normal female chromosome complement. His daughters by this mate (Agn\u00e8s and Ursula) are heterozygous for both his rearrangements.", "contents": "[Pericentric inversion of chromosome 3, homozygote and heterozygote, and centromeric translation of chromosome 12 in a family of orangutangs. Evolutionary implications]. An orangutang family is reported in which the father (Piku) is homozygous for a pericentric inversion of chromosome 3 and heterozygous for a structural rearrangement of chromosome 12 (author's nomenclature for this species). The latter is interpreted as transposition of the centromere by insertion into band q213 [in cen (12)(q213)]. Piku's mate has a normal female chromosome complement. His daughters by this mate (Agn\u00e8s and Ursula) are heterozygous for both his rearrangements.", "PMID": 1015488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_941", "title": "Yersiniosis in the Bristol Zoo (1955-1974).", "content": "Ninety one cases of Yersiniosis occurred betwen 1955 and 1974 at Bristol Zoo. Species affected included a range of primates and birds, a rodent (Capybara) and a carnivore (Caracal Lynx). The incidence of the disease was highest in the winter months. There were variations in the annual incidence of Yersiniosis, with peaks occurring at intervals of 4-6 years. Common pathological findings included miliary focal necrosis and abscess formation.", "contents": "Yersiniosis in the Bristol Zoo (1955-1974). Ninety one cases of Yersiniosis occurred betwen 1955 and 1974 at Bristol Zoo. Species affected included a range of primates and birds, a rodent (Capybara) and a carnivore (Caracal Lynx). The incidence of the disease was highest in the winter months. There were variations in the annual incidence of Yersiniosis, with peaks occurring at intervals of 4-6 years. Common pathological findings included miliary focal necrosis and abscess formation.", "PMID": 1015489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_942", "title": "Hemoccult detection of fecal occult blood quantitated by radioassay.", "content": "Results from the quaiac slide or Hemoccult (HO) test for fecal occult blood were compared with quantitative determinations of gastrointestinal loss after intravenous administration of 51Cr-labeled red cells. Subjects were 80 consecutive patients, without dietary restriction, who were referred because of clinical suspicion of gastrointestinal blood loss or complex anemia. A total of 555 stool specimens analyzed for 51Cr loss were graded negative, trace, or positive by the HO method. Of 338 specimens containing 0-2 ml/day by isotope assay, 7.4% were positive to the HO qualitative test. Loss of at least 10 ml/day in 51Cr equivalent was necessary to assure that the majority of HO reactions would be positive. Of specimens containing more than 30 ml/day, 93% were positive. The ratio of 51Cr-labeled red cell equivalents to stool volume and the percentage of positive HO reactions increased together. When this ratio exceeded 10%, two thirds of the HO responses were positive.", "contents": "Hemoccult detection of fecal occult blood quantitated by radioassay. Results from the quaiac slide or Hemoccult (HO) test for fecal occult blood were compared with quantitative determinations of gastrointestinal loss after intravenous administration of 51Cr-labeled red cells. Subjects were 80 consecutive patients, without dietary restriction, who were referred because of clinical suspicion of gastrointestinal blood loss or complex anemia. A total of 555 stool specimens analyzed for 51Cr loss were graded negative, trace, or positive by the HO method. Of 338 specimens containing 0-2 ml/day by isotope assay, 7.4% were positive to the HO qualitative test. Loss of at least 10 ml/day in 51Cr equivalent was necessary to assure that the majority of HO reactions would be positive. Of specimens containing more than 30 ml/day, 93% were positive. The ratio of 51Cr-labeled red cell equivalents to stool volume and the percentage of positive HO reactions increased together. When this ratio exceeded 10%, two thirds of the HO responses were positive.", "PMID": 1015491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_943", "title": "Influence of pregnancy on the development of various gastric lesions in rats.", "content": "The influence of pregnancy, and to some extent lactation, on various gastric lesions in rats were studied. Shay ulceration and gastric lesions induced by cold-restraint stress and ulcerogenic agents, such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), reserpine, or epinephrine, in rats were significantly aggravated by pregnancy (day 20 of pregnancy). Gastric hypersecretion, which was observed during pregnancy in pylorus ligation preparation, appears to contribute to the mechanism of aggravation of gastric lesions. ASA induced a marked back-diffusion of acid in pregnant rats which might resulted in the aggravation of ASA-induced gastric lesions. In contrast, histamine-induced gastric lesions were markedly inhibited according according to the progress of pregnancy but after 10 days' lactation returned to the level seen in nonpregnant rats. The histaminase inhibitor aminoguanidine strongly aggravated the histamine-induced gastric lesions in pregnant rats as compared with the non-pregnant ones.", "contents": "Influence of pregnancy on the development of various gastric lesions in rats. The influence of pregnancy, and to some extent lactation, on various gastric lesions in rats were studied. Shay ulceration and gastric lesions induced by cold-restraint stress and ulcerogenic agents, such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), reserpine, or epinephrine, in rats were significantly aggravated by pregnancy (day 20 of pregnancy). Gastric hypersecretion, which was observed during pregnancy in pylorus ligation preparation, appears to contribute to the mechanism of aggravation of gastric lesions. ASA induced a marked back-diffusion of acid in pregnant rats which might resulted in the aggravation of ASA-induced gastric lesions. In contrast, histamine-induced gastric lesions were markedly inhibited according according to the progress of pregnancy but after 10 days' lactation returned to the level seen in nonpregnant rats. The histaminase inhibitor aminoguanidine strongly aggravated the histamine-induced gastric lesions in pregnant rats as compared with the non-pregnant ones.", "PMID": 1015492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_944", "title": "Inhibition of water absorption by ricinoleic acid. Evidence against hormonal mediation of the effect.", "content": "In three dogs, each with a jejunal and an ileal Thiry-Vella loop, the isolated segments were perfused with isotonic electrolyte solutions (control) for 90 min. One loop was then perfused with 5mM ricinoleic acid for an additional 90 min, while the other loop was perfused with the control solution. Loops perfused with ricinoleic acid all showed reduced fluid absorption. Perfusion of one loop with ricinoleic acid produced no changes in fluid absorption from the loop perfused with the control solution. In other experiments, 4 Ivy dog units (IDU) per kg per hr of cholecystokinin (CCK) produced no change in water movement in loopd perfused with control solution or recinoleic acid. These experiments suggest that the effect of ricinoleic acid on intestinal water transport is not mediated through the release of a circulating humoral substance.", "contents": "Inhibition of water absorption by ricinoleic acid. Evidence against hormonal mediation of the effect. In three dogs, each with a jejunal and an ileal Thiry-Vella loop, the isolated segments were perfused with isotonic electrolyte solutions (control) for 90 min. One loop was then perfused with 5mM ricinoleic acid for an additional 90 min, while the other loop was perfused with the control solution. Loops perfused with ricinoleic acid all showed reduced fluid absorption. Perfusion of one loop with ricinoleic acid produced no changes in fluid absorption from the loop perfused with the control solution. In other experiments, 4 Ivy dog units (IDU) per kg per hr of cholecystokinin (CCK) produced no change in water movement in loopd perfused with control solution or recinoleic acid. These experiments suggest that the effect of ricinoleic acid on intestinal water transport is not mediated through the release of a circulating humoral substance.", "PMID": 1015493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_945", "title": "Effect of chronic antacid ingestion on serum gastrin and gastric secretion.", "content": "Basal gastrin and acid secretion, and histamine- and food-stimulated acid secretion were examined before and after 6 weeks of regular antacid consumption by 20 normal volunteers, in order to test the hypothesis that regular use of antacids produces gastrin cell hyperplasia, altered gastrin inhibition by acid, and gastric hypersecretion. We found no differences in fasting serum gastrin, basal or maximal histamine-stimulated acid, or acid output in response to a protein meal after consumption of commercial antacids with or without calcium carbonate. The results suggest that normal subjects do not acquire functional hyperactivity of the gastrin mechanism after a period of regular antacid use.", "contents": "Effect of chronic antacid ingestion on serum gastrin and gastric secretion. Basal gastrin and acid secretion, and histamine- and food-stimulated acid secretion were examined before and after 6 weeks of regular antacid consumption by 20 normal volunteers, in order to test the hypothesis that regular use of antacids produces gastrin cell hyperplasia, altered gastrin inhibition by acid, and gastric hypersecretion. We found no differences in fasting serum gastrin, basal or maximal histamine-stimulated acid, or acid output in response to a protein meal after consumption of commercial antacids with or without calcium carbonate. The results suggest that normal subjects do not acquire functional hyperactivity of the gastrin mechanism after a period of regular antacid use.", "PMID": 1015494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_946", "title": "Leukoplakia of the anal canal.", "content": "Two cases of leukoplakia of the anal canal are presented, with illustrations of the typical gross and microscopic appearance. The lesions were asymptomatic, and were discovered by routine rectal examination. Histological findings included hyperkeratosis and acanthosis extending cephalad from the anal verge to the dentate line. Followup after 3 and 15 years revealed no evidence of dysplastic changes, and a review of the literature did not uncover any reported cases with dysplasia or with documented evolution to malignancy. There is little evidence that leukoplakia of the anal canal is premalignant but patients should be followed carefully, since the natural history of this rare lesion is unknown.", "contents": "Leukoplakia of the anal canal. Two cases of leukoplakia of the anal canal are presented, with illustrations of the typical gross and microscopic appearance. The lesions were asymptomatic, and were discovered by routine rectal examination. Histological findings included hyperkeratosis and acanthosis extending cephalad from the anal verge to the dentate line. Followup after 3 and 15 years revealed no evidence of dysplastic changes, and a review of the literature did not uncover any reported cases with dysplasia or with documented evolution to malignancy. There is little evidence that leukoplakia of the anal canal is premalignant but patients should be followed carefully, since the natural history of this rare lesion is unknown.", "PMID": 1015495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_947", "title": "The role of metoclopramide in peroral jejunal biopsy: a controlled randomized trial.", "content": "Metoclopramide is known to enhance gastric emptying and stimulate duodenal and small-intestinal peristaltic activity. The effect of the drug on peroral jejunal biopsy was examined in a controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Forty-nine patients (24 females and 25 males) who required jejunal biopsy for diagnostic purposes were admitted to the study. All the biopsies were performed by the same operator using the Quinton multipurpose suction biopsy tube and applying the same technique. Twenty-four patients ranging in age from 18 to 67 years (mean 44.5) received placebo intravenously (sodium metabisulfite), and 25 patients from 16 to 73 years old (mean 39.9) received 10 mg of metoclopramide intravenously prior to the jejunal intubation. Objective parameters of the study were (1) time in minutes required for the intubation at the biopsy site, ie, the area at the ligament of Treitz, and (2) fluoroscopy time. Intubation time in the placebo group was 22.3 +/- 1.9 min (mean +/- SEM) vs 11.3 +/- 1.4 min in the metoclopramide group (P less than 0.001). Fluoroscopy exposure time was 2.47 +/- 0.25 in the placebo group vs 1.40 +/- 0.12 min in the metoclopramide group (P less than 0.001). Subjective clinical evaluation of the operator's assessment of the procedure was based on a 0-4 scale (much easier = 0, easier = 1, average = 2, harder = 3, and much harder = 4). Metoclopramide administration resulted in a significantly easier performance of the procedure (P less than 0.001) but did not influence patient tolerance. Three patients who received metoclopramide and one receiving placebo developed mild to moderate drowsiness of short duration. The results of this controlled trial indicate that metoclopramide significantly shortens the time required for jejunal biopsy and reduces fluoroscopy exposure. Its regulatory action on gastrointestinal motility contributes to the easier performance of a valuable diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "The role of metoclopramide in peroral jejunal biopsy: a controlled randomized trial. Metoclopramide is known to enhance gastric emptying and stimulate duodenal and small-intestinal peristaltic activity. The effect of the drug on peroral jejunal biopsy was examined in a controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Forty-nine patients (24 females and 25 males) who required jejunal biopsy for diagnostic purposes were admitted to the study. All the biopsies were performed by the same operator using the Quinton multipurpose suction biopsy tube and applying the same technique. Twenty-four patients ranging in age from 18 to 67 years (mean 44.5) received placebo intravenously (sodium metabisulfite), and 25 patients from 16 to 73 years old (mean 39.9) received 10 mg of metoclopramide intravenously prior to the jejunal intubation. Objective parameters of the study were (1) time in minutes required for the intubation at the biopsy site, ie, the area at the ligament of Treitz, and (2) fluoroscopy time. Intubation time in the placebo group was 22.3 +/- 1.9 min (mean +/- SEM) vs 11.3 +/- 1.4 min in the metoclopramide group (P less than 0.001). Fluoroscopy exposure time was 2.47 +/- 0.25 in the placebo group vs 1.40 +/- 0.12 min in the metoclopramide group (P less than 0.001). Subjective clinical evaluation of the operator's assessment of the procedure was based on a 0-4 scale (much easier = 0, easier = 1, average = 2, harder = 3, and much harder = 4). Metoclopramide administration resulted in a significantly easier performance of the procedure (P less than 0.001) but did not influence patient tolerance. Three patients who received metoclopramide and one receiving placebo developed mild to moderate drowsiness of short duration. The results of this controlled trial indicate that metoclopramide significantly shortens the time required for jejunal biopsy and reduces fluoroscopy exposure. Its regulatory action on gastrointestinal motility contributes to the easier performance of a valuable diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 1015496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_948", "title": "Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure.", "content": "An elderly female with an acute episode of congestive heart failure, unaccompanied by any periods of hypotension, developed fulminant hepatic failure with an accompanying coagulopathy. Attempts to establish an etiology for her acute hepatic insufficiency, other than cardiac failure, proved negative. Fulminant hepatic failure as a consequence of congestive heart failure, without prolonged periods of hypotension preceding alteration in hepatic function, has not heretofore been described. Liver function is adversely effected in congestive heart failure. Hepatic ammonia clearance is impaired in cardiac failure and may be diminished to the point of resulting in hepatic encephalopathy. Coagulopathy is a frequent concomitant of fulminant hepatic failure. Establishing a clear etiology for a coagulopathy in the face of concomitant liver disease is difficult, thus making any therapeutic intervention fraught with peril.", "contents": "Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure. An elderly female with an acute episode of congestive heart failure, unaccompanied by any periods of hypotension, developed fulminant hepatic failure with an accompanying coagulopathy. Attempts to establish an etiology for her acute hepatic insufficiency, other than cardiac failure, proved negative. Fulminant hepatic failure as a consequence of congestive heart failure, without prolonged periods of hypotension preceding alteration in hepatic function, has not heretofore been described. Liver function is adversely effected in congestive heart failure. Hepatic ammonia clearance is impaired in cardiac failure and may be diminished to the point of resulting in hepatic encephalopathy. Coagulopathy is a frequent concomitant of fulminant hepatic failure. Establishing a clear etiology for a coagulopathy in the face of concomitant liver disease is difficult, thus making any therapeutic intervention fraught with peril.", "PMID": 1015498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_949", "title": "Sororal occurrence of diffuse esophageal spasm.", "content": "In this report, we have described two sisters with classical symptoms, radiological appearances, and manometric features of diffuse esophageal spasm. To the best of our knowledge, familial occurrence of this disorder has not been documented previously.", "contents": "Sororal occurrence of diffuse esophageal spasm. In this report, we have described two sisters with classical symptoms, radiological appearances, and manometric features of diffuse esophageal spasm. To the best of our knowledge, familial occurrence of this disorder has not been documented previously.", "PMID": 1015499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_950", "title": "Colonic cancer--hypotheses of causation, dietary prophylaxis, and future research.", "content": "Colonic cancer is rare in primitive populations. In western populations it was uncommon in the past, but now accounts for about 3% of all deaths. The cause almost certainly lies with dietary changes. Probably, alterations in bowel milieu interieur, from interaction between metabolites and microbacteria, promote carcinogenesis. Changes in intakes of protein, fat, sugar, refined cereal products, and crude fiber have been advanced as predisposing or causative factors. Evidence suggests that (i) fall in fiber intake, but (ii) rise in fat intake, in their ability to increase fecal concentrations of bile acids and sterols (possible precursors of carcinogens) are most likely to be culpable. As preventive measures, a significant rise in fiber intake is practicable only from regular bran ingestion. A major reduction in fat intake is grossly unlikely. Even were rigorous dietary changes implemented, an early fall in colonic cancer incidence is highly improbable due to the long-term character of the disease. Future research must include characterization of the diet, metabolism, and disease pattern of segments of western populations who have low colonic cancer mortality rates; also, elucidation of the bearing of various intakes of different food components on the biochemistry and microbiology of the feces.", "contents": "Colonic cancer--hypotheses of causation, dietary prophylaxis, and future research. Colonic cancer is rare in primitive populations. In western populations it was uncommon in the past, but now accounts for about 3% of all deaths. The cause almost certainly lies with dietary changes. Probably, alterations in bowel milieu interieur, from interaction between metabolites and microbacteria, promote carcinogenesis. Changes in intakes of protein, fat, sugar, refined cereal products, and crude fiber have been advanced as predisposing or causative factors. Evidence suggests that (i) fall in fiber intake, but (ii) rise in fat intake, in their ability to increase fecal concentrations of bile acids and sterols (possible precursors of carcinogens) are most likely to be culpable. As preventive measures, a significant rise in fiber intake is practicable only from regular bran ingestion. A major reduction in fat intake is grossly unlikely. Even were rigorous dietary changes implemented, an early fall in colonic cancer incidence is highly improbable due to the long-term character of the disease. Future research must include characterization of the diet, metabolism, and disease pattern of segments of western populations who have low colonic cancer mortality rates; also, elucidation of the bearing of various intakes of different food components on the biochemistry and microbiology of the feces.", "PMID": 1015500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_951", "title": "Lysine-vasopressin: hemodynamic effects in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Vasopressin (ADH) is known to reduce secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion. The present study attempts to relate this inhibitory effect to the vasoconstrictive potency of ADH. Regional blood flow in most of the vascular areas. The greatest reduction in blood flow was seen in the gastrointestinal area especially in the left gastric artery, cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries, as well as the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. Renal blood flow was not altered by those concentrations of ADH that reduced gastrointestinal blood flow. ADH reduced pancreaticoduodenal blood flow in concentrations comparable to those concentrations that reduced pancreatic secretory flow. The reduction of gastrointestinal blood flow was due to increased impedance and not to diminished cardiac inotropy.", "contents": "Lysine-vasopressin: hemodynamic effects in the anesthetized dog. Vasopressin (ADH) is known to reduce secretin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion. The present study attempts to relate this inhibitory effect to the vasoconstrictive potency of ADH. Regional blood flow in most of the vascular areas. The greatest reduction in blood flow was seen in the gastrointestinal area especially in the left gastric artery, cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries, as well as the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. Renal blood flow was not altered by those concentrations of ADH that reduced gastrointestinal blood flow. ADH reduced pancreaticoduodenal blood flow in concentrations comparable to those concentrations that reduced pancreatic secretory flow. The reduction of gastrointestinal blood flow was due to increased impedance and not to diminished cardiac inotropy.", "PMID": 1015502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_952", "title": "Effect of carbenoxolone on electrolyte output of salivary glands during nasogastric intubation.", "content": "The effect of carbenoxolone on the output of salivary electrolytes stimulated by a nasogastric tube was studied in healthy volunteers. Mean +/- SE values for volume and electrolyte concentrations in control studies were volume 121 +/- 19 ml/hr, pH7.39, Na+19 +/-5, K+20 +/- U, Cl-20 +/- 3, HCO3-18 MEq/liter and osmolality 71 +/- 8 mOsm/kg. Mean +/- electrolyte outputs were quite large, Na+ 2.4, k+2.4, Cl-26, and bicarbonate 2.2 mEq/hr. Our control data indicate that in the course of gastric secretory testing the indwelling gastric tube stimulates salivary electrolyte output sufficient to interfere with accurate assessment of gastric ionic fluxes and gastric acid analysis. Therapeutic doses of carbenoxolone (100 mg three times daily) given orally for 3 weeks had no effect on salivary volume, electrolyte output, or concentration. We conclude that carbenoxolone has no minerallocorticoid effect on mixed salivary secretion. Attention to salivary secretion is recommended in all gastric secretory studies and is mandatory where low acid output is suspected.", "contents": "Effect of carbenoxolone on electrolyte output of salivary glands during nasogastric intubation. The effect of carbenoxolone on the output of salivary electrolytes stimulated by a nasogastric tube was studied in healthy volunteers. Mean +/- SE values for volume and electrolyte concentrations in control studies were volume 121 +/- 19 ml/hr, pH7.39, Na+19 +/-5, K+20 +/- U, Cl-20 +/- 3, HCO3-18 MEq/liter and osmolality 71 +/- 8 mOsm/kg. Mean +/- electrolyte outputs were quite large, Na+ 2.4, k+2.4, Cl-26, and bicarbonate 2.2 mEq/hr. Our control data indicate that in the course of gastric secretory testing the indwelling gastric tube stimulates salivary electrolyte output sufficient to interfere with accurate assessment of gastric ionic fluxes and gastric acid analysis. Therapeutic doses of carbenoxolone (100 mg three times daily) given orally for 3 weeks had no effect on salivary volume, electrolyte output, or concentration. We conclude that carbenoxolone has no minerallocorticoid effect on mixed salivary secretion. Attention to salivary secretion is recommended in all gastric secretory studies and is mandatory where low acid output is suspected.", "PMID": 1015503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_953", "title": "The effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on canine bile secretion.", "content": "In 9 conscious dogs (4 of whom were alcohol-fed for 24 months with 50% intragastric ethanol), provided with gastric and duodenal fistulae (Thomas cannula), the effects were studied of an acute iv ethanol infusion (1.3 g/kg) on hepatic bile secretory plateau levels after emptying of the gallbladder was induced by a continuous perfusion of secretin (0.5 CU/kg/hr) plus CCK-PZ (8 Crick-Harper-Raper U/kg/hr) and sodium taurocholate (0.62 mumol/kg/min). Acute iv ethanol infusion in nonalcoholic dogs reduced hepatic bile flow rate (29%), bile salt concentration (55%) and output (67%). In alcohol-fed dogs, acute iv ethanol reduced only the rate of flow (25%). Hepatic bile salt concentration and output plateau values were significantly higher in the alcohol-fed than in the nonalcoholic dogs. There were no significant differences between the two groups of dogs in the rate of evacuation, bile salt output, or lipid composition of gall bladder bile following a single iv injection of CCK-PZ.", "contents": "The effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on canine bile secretion. In 9 conscious dogs (4 of whom were alcohol-fed for 24 months with 50% intragastric ethanol), provided with gastric and duodenal fistulae (Thomas cannula), the effects were studied of an acute iv ethanol infusion (1.3 g/kg) on hepatic bile secretory plateau levels after emptying of the gallbladder was induced by a continuous perfusion of secretin (0.5 CU/kg/hr) plus CCK-PZ (8 Crick-Harper-Raper U/kg/hr) and sodium taurocholate (0.62 mumol/kg/min). Acute iv ethanol infusion in nonalcoholic dogs reduced hepatic bile flow rate (29%), bile salt concentration (55%) and output (67%). In alcohol-fed dogs, acute iv ethanol reduced only the rate of flow (25%). Hepatic bile salt concentration and output plateau values were significantly higher in the alcohol-fed than in the nonalcoholic dogs. There were no significant differences between the two groups of dogs in the rate of evacuation, bile salt output, or lipid composition of gall bladder bile following a single iv injection of CCK-PZ.", "PMID": 1015504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_954", "title": "Gastric secretory function in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Gastric secretion was evaluated in 9 male patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Five secreted low or normal quantities of acid and 4 exhibited hypersecretion, 2 of whom had associated peptic ulcer disease. Serum gastrin responses to a protein meal were comparable to control subjects. Calcium infusion in two basal hypersecretors depressed acid secretion. The only statistically significant correlation observed was between basal acid output ans serum levels of parathormone. These studies suggest that while acid secretory abnormalities vary in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, there is no apparent sensitivity of the gastrin-secreting cells to protein or calcium ion which might account for acid hypersecretion. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may influence the occurrence of acid secretory abnormalities.", "contents": "Gastric secretory function in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Gastric secretion was evaluated in 9 male patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Five secreted low or normal quantities of acid and 4 exhibited hypersecretion, 2 of whom had associated peptic ulcer disease. Serum gastrin responses to a protein meal were comparable to control subjects. Calcium infusion in two basal hypersecretors depressed acid secretion. The only statistically significant correlation observed was between basal acid output ans serum levels of parathormone. These studies suggest that while acid secretory abnormalities vary in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, there is no apparent sensitivity of the gastrin-secreting cells to protein or calcium ion which might account for acid hypersecretion. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may influence the occurrence of acid secretory abnormalities.", "PMID": 1015505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_955", "title": "Fibropolycystic disease of the hepatobiliary system and kidneys.", "content": "This complicated case of fibropolycystic disease of the hepatobiliary system and kidneys was ably and incisively analyzed by Professor Sheila Sherlock. Her clinical acumen was revealed by her ability to differentiate congenital hepatic fibrosis, Caroli's disease, and adult polycystic disease of the liver and kidney. Interesting histologic features of this case included hepatic fibrosis with intact limiting plates anc central veins and the presence of bile plugs in the ducts, but the absence of bile statsis in the parenchyma. A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram demonstrated the dilated intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts. Washing out the \"gunk\" from the biliary tract by T-tube drainage has great limitations in this type of case. Therefore, Dr. Adson suggested irrigation of the biliary ductal system using tubed placed transhepatically, plus a wide choledojejunostomy. Dr. Sherlock questioned this surgical approach. The use of chenodeoxycholic acid for this \"gunk\" was suggested. In spite of the dilated ducts and pathologic changes in the liver, the patient was not jandiced and did not have stones in her biliary tract. The genetics of this patient's problems was discussed.", "contents": "Fibropolycystic disease of the hepatobiliary system and kidneys. This complicated case of fibropolycystic disease of the hepatobiliary system and kidneys was ably and incisively analyzed by Professor Sheila Sherlock. Her clinical acumen was revealed by her ability to differentiate congenital hepatic fibrosis, Caroli's disease, and adult polycystic disease of the liver and kidney. Interesting histologic features of this case included hepatic fibrosis with intact limiting plates anc central veins and the presence of bile plugs in the ducts, but the absence of bile statsis in the parenchyma. A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram demonstrated the dilated intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts. Washing out the \"gunk\" from the biliary tract by T-tube drainage has great limitations in this type of case. Therefore, Dr. Adson suggested irrigation of the biliary ductal system using tubed placed transhepatically, plus a wide choledojejunostomy. Dr. Sherlock questioned this surgical approach. The use of chenodeoxycholic acid for this \"gunk\" was suggested. In spite of the dilated ducts and pathologic changes in the liver, the patient was not jandiced and did not have stones in her biliary tract. The genetics of this patient's problems was discussed.", "PMID": 1015506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_956", "title": "Giardiasis: an overview for the clinician.", "content": "Since the clinician confronting a case of giardiasis may find the current literature confusing and weighted towards rare immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes, a classification is proposed to answer questions pertinent to understanding and managing this infection. Current thinking of giardiasis must involve the realization that (1) asymptomatic carriers exist; (2) that the majority of symptomatic patients have no structural disease explaining their symptoms; and (3) that those patients with anatomic lesions and giardiasis probably have an underlying predisposing condition. A short review of the association of giardiasis and immunodeficiency will then be presented, along with current concepts of diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "Giardiasis: an overview for the clinician. Since the clinician confronting a case of giardiasis may find the current literature confusing and weighted towards rare immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes, a classification is proposed to answer questions pertinent to understanding and managing this infection. Current thinking of giardiasis must involve the realization that (1) asymptomatic carriers exist; (2) that the majority of symptomatic patients have no structural disease explaining their symptoms; and (3) that those patients with anatomic lesions and giardiasis probably have an underlying predisposing condition. A short review of the association of giardiasis and immunodeficiency will then be presented, along with current concepts of diagnosis and therapy.", "PMID": 1015507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_957", "title": "The natural history of liver disease in former drug users.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty drug-free former narcotic addicts were studied with regard to persistence of abnormalities of liver function and morphology, and their relation to hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B antibody was present in 52.4 per cent, while HBs antigen was detected in only 6 per cent. Transaminase abnormalities, initially present in 39 per cent, were found in 22 per cent six months after cessation of drug abuse. Abnormalities tended to persist thereafter, although there was some continued return to normal levels. Liver biopsy findings of chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis correlated with persistence of HBs antigenemia and transaminase elevation. Follow-up liver biopsies in seven subjects showed decreased inflammatory reaction in five. None showed progressive liver disease. We conclude that: (1) 15 to 20 per cent of former narcotics addicts have chronic persistent hepatitis or chronic aggressive hepatitis after cessation of drug absuse for six months or more; (2) serologic evidence of exposure to HBs antigen is frequent, and rapidly develops after the start of needle use; (3) although histologic ad chemical abnormalities usually persist, progression did not occur, and some individuals demonstrated spontaneous improvement.", "contents": "The natural history of liver disease in former drug users. Three hundred and twenty drug-free former narcotic addicts were studied with regard to persistence of abnormalities of liver function and morphology, and their relation to hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B antibody was present in 52.4 per cent, while HBs antigen was detected in only 6 per cent. Transaminase abnormalities, initially present in 39 per cent, were found in 22 per cent six months after cessation of drug abuse. Abnormalities tended to persist thereafter, although there was some continued return to normal levels. Liver biopsy findings of chronic persistent and aggressive hepatitis correlated with persistence of HBs antigenemia and transaminase elevation. Follow-up liver biopsies in seven subjects showed decreased inflammatory reaction in five. None showed progressive liver disease. We conclude that: (1) 15 to 20 per cent of former narcotics addicts have chronic persistent hepatitis or chronic aggressive hepatitis after cessation of drug absuse for six months or more; (2) serologic evidence of exposure to HBs antigen is frequent, and rapidly develops after the start of needle use; (3) although histologic ad chemical abnormalities usually persist, progression did not occur, and some individuals demonstrated spontaneous improvement.", "PMID": 1015510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_958", "title": "An increase in urinary catecholamines of renal origin in patients with \"borderline\" hypertension.", "content": "Plasma and urinary catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) and urinary dopamine excretion were studied in 45 essential hypertensive patients subdivided into borderline (labile) and stable hypertension. Borderline hypertensive patients had a higher mean fractional renal clearance of catecholamines (the clearance of catecholamines relative to creatinine clearance) than both control subjects and stable hypertensive patients. A significantly positive correlation between the renal clearance of catecholamines and urinary dopamine excretion was also found in those with borderline hypertension, but not in control subjects or those with stable hypertension. These data indicate that patients with borderline hypertension have a relatively exaggerated renal catecholamine release. They probably reflect an increased sympathetic discharge to the kidney in \"borderline\" hypertension, occuring to a lesser degree in stable hypertension and control subjects. Thus, urinary catecholamine measurements do not specifically reflect the level of circulating catecholamines, particularly in borderline hypertension.", "contents": "An increase in urinary catecholamines of renal origin in patients with \"borderline\" hypertension. Plasma and urinary catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) and urinary dopamine excretion were studied in 45 essential hypertensive patients subdivided into borderline (labile) and stable hypertension. Borderline hypertensive patients had a higher mean fractional renal clearance of catecholamines (the clearance of catecholamines relative to creatinine clearance) than both control subjects and stable hypertensive patients. A significantly positive correlation between the renal clearance of catecholamines and urinary dopamine excretion was also found in those with borderline hypertension, but not in control subjects or those with stable hypertension. These data indicate that patients with borderline hypertension have a relatively exaggerated renal catecholamine release. They probably reflect an increased sympathetic discharge to the kidney in \"borderline\" hypertension, occuring to a lesser degree in stable hypertension and control subjects. Thus, urinary catecholamine measurements do not specifically reflect the level of circulating catecholamines, particularly in borderline hypertension.", "PMID": 1015511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_959", "title": "Meningioma associated with parathyroid adenoma.", "content": "A woman hospitalized because of attempted suicide with diazepam tablets was found to have hypercalcemia and other signs of hyperparathyroidism. Electroencephalogram indicated a brain lesion which was confirmed by a brain scan and angiogram. The hypercalcemia persisted after removal of the meningioma and serum levels of calcium returned to normal only after a parathyroid adenoma was removed during an additional intervention. This association of meningioma with hyperparathyroidism is unique in the literature. The difficulties of diagnosis resulting from the neuropsychiatric symptoms common to the two disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Meningioma associated with parathyroid adenoma. A woman hospitalized because of attempted suicide with diazepam tablets was found to have hypercalcemia and other signs of hyperparathyroidism. Electroencephalogram indicated a brain lesion which was confirmed by a brain scan and angiogram. The hypercalcemia persisted after removal of the meningioma and serum levels of calcium returned to normal only after a parathyroid adenoma was removed during an additional intervention. This association of meningioma with hyperparathyroidism is unique in the literature. The difficulties of diagnosis resulting from the neuropsychiatric symptoms common to the two disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 1015512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_960", "title": "Vibrio fetus endocarditis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Vibrio fetus endocarditis occurred in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving azathoprin and prednisone. Blood cultures required 14 days to become positive. The fastidious growth requirement of this organism is reviewed because lack of appreciation of these may result in failure to make the diagnosis. This is the first reported case of Vibrio fetus endocarditis occurring in the setting of a connective tissue disorder and immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Vibrio fetus endocarditis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Vibrio fetus endocarditis occurred in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving azathoprin and prednisone. Blood cultures required 14 days to become positive. The fastidious growth requirement of this organism is reviewed because lack of appreciation of these may result in failure to make the diagnosis. This is the first reported case of Vibrio fetus endocarditis occurring in the setting of a connective tissue disorder and immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 1015513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_961", "title": "Strabismus measurements in the Siamese cat.", "content": "Anatomical and neurophysiological studies suggest a relationship between \"abnormal\" visual pathways and strabismus found in the Siamese cat. A telephotographic method for measuring eye positions in these cats reveals that newborn Siamese cats have a conspicuous exotropia appearance. Adult animals appear to have esotropia, orthophoria, or exotropia, which can be intermittent.", "contents": "Strabismus measurements in the Siamese cat. Anatomical and neurophysiological studies suggest a relationship between \"abnormal\" visual pathways and strabismus found in the Siamese cat. A telephotographic method for measuring eye positions in these cats reveals that newborn Siamese cats have a conspicuous exotropia appearance. Adult animals appear to have esotropia, orthophoria, or exotropia, which can be intermittent.", "PMID": 1015519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_962", "title": "Instrument myopia--microscopy.", "content": "Looking through optical instruments stimulates the eye to accommodate more than would be necessary for naked eye viewing; this increased near power is called instrument myopia. The amount (up to -5 diopters) varies with the observer and the conditions of viewing. Using microscopes produces -1.5 to -2 diopters of instrument myopia. More instrument myopia is found with low-power magnification, inexperienced users, and when focusing form minus blur to sharp image. Physiologically, the instrument myopia appears to be associated with an accommodative equilibrium position and, psychologically, with a sensing of proximity.", "contents": "Instrument myopia--microscopy. Looking through optical instruments stimulates the eye to accommodate more than would be necessary for naked eye viewing; this increased near power is called instrument myopia. The amount (up to -5 diopters) varies with the observer and the conditions of viewing. Using microscopes produces -1.5 to -2 diopters of instrument myopia. More instrument myopia is found with low-power magnification, inexperienced users, and when focusing form minus blur to sharp image. Physiologically, the instrument myopia appears to be associated with an accommodative equilibrium position and, psychologically, with a sensing of proximity.", "PMID": 1015520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_963", "title": "Does stereopsis change with age?", "content": "Stereopsis thresholds were measured on 242 subjects with normal visual acuity and ranging in age from 8 to 46 years. The results showed no trend with age and no significant sex difference. The log-second threshold mean was 0.74+/-0.21 with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.70+/-0.05.", "contents": "Does stereopsis change with age? Stereopsis thresholds were measured on 242 subjects with normal visual acuity and ranging in age from 8 to 46 years. The results showed no trend with age and no significant sex difference. The log-second threshold mean was 0.74+/-0.21 with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.70+/-0.05.", "PMID": 1015521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_964", "title": "Purtscher's retinopathy in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A patient who became blind following an episode of alcohol-induced pancreatitis is described. The clinical appearance of this patient's retinal changes corresponds most closely to post-traumatic (Purtscher's) retinopathy. The etiology of the retinopathy is best explained by retinal vascular occlusion due either to fat embolism or thrombosis.", "contents": "Purtscher's retinopathy in acute pancreatitis. A patient who became blind following an episode of alcohol-induced pancreatitis is described. The clinical appearance of this patient's retinal changes corresponds most closely to post-traumatic (Purtscher's) retinopathy. The etiology of the retinopathy is best explained by retinal vascular occlusion due either to fat embolism or thrombosis.", "PMID": 1015514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_965", "title": "Cardiac tamponade in primary myxedema and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of cardiac tamponade secondary to primary myxedema is described. The nature of the patient's pericardial fluid and clinical course compared with other cases in the literature is reviewed. The patient had no recurrence of cardiac tamponade. Complete resolution of the pericardial effusion occurred 10 months followint initial pericardiocentesis and L-thyroxine therapy.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade in primary myxedema and review of the literature. A case of cardiac tamponade secondary to primary myxedema is described. The nature of the patient's pericardial fluid and clinical course compared with other cases in the literature is reviewed. The patient had no recurrence of cardiac tamponade. Complete resolution of the pericardial effusion occurred 10 months followint initial pericardiocentesis and L-thyroxine therapy.", "PMID": 1015516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_966", "title": "Polycythemia vera in an anephric man.", "content": "The effect of renal failure and bilateral nephrectomy on erythropoiesis and plasma erythropoietic activity was observed in a patient with polycythemia vera. For eight years the patient's hematocrit was maintained between 45 and 50 per cent by phlebotomy and in spite of the development of renal failure the hematocrit did not decline. Following rejection of a renal transplant, the hematocrit fell to 18 per cent but rose to 40 per cent with oral iron therapy. Following bilateral nephrectomy, the hematocrit fell to 29 per cent but subsequently increased to 37 per cent. After an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding the hematocrit was 21 per cent but subsequently rose to 32 per cent. Erythropoietin could not be detected in the plasma either before or after nephrectomy. In addition, erythropoietin failed to stimulate 59Fe incorporation into heme in vitro in the patient's marrow cells. The data incidate that, in polycythemia vera, erythropoiesis does not require erythropoietin.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera in an anephric man. The effect of renal failure and bilateral nephrectomy on erythropoiesis and plasma erythropoietic activity was observed in a patient with polycythemia vera. For eight years the patient's hematocrit was maintained between 45 and 50 per cent by phlebotomy and in spite of the development of renal failure the hematocrit did not decline. Following rejection of a renal transplant, the hematocrit fell to 18 per cent but rose to 40 per cent with oral iron therapy. Following bilateral nephrectomy, the hematocrit fell to 29 per cent but subsequently increased to 37 per cent. After an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding the hematocrit was 21 per cent but subsequently rose to 32 per cent. Erythropoietin could not be detected in the plasma either before or after nephrectomy. In addition, erythropoietin failed to stimulate 59Fe incorporation into heme in vitro in the patient's marrow cells. The data incidate that, in polycythemia vera, erythropoiesis does not require erythropoietin.", "PMID": 1015515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_967", "title": "A new electrode for electroretinography.", "content": "Clinical electroretinography is an uncomfortable, disquieting experience for a patient because of the contact lens electrodes used. Such electrodes are either expensive to buy or difficult to make. An aluminized Mylar electrode performs satisfactorily, elicits minimal patient apprehension or discomfort without topical anesthesia, is simple to make, and is disposable.", "contents": "A new electrode for electroretinography. Clinical electroretinography is an uncomfortable, disquieting experience for a patient because of the contact lens electrodes used. Such electrodes are either expensive to buy or difficult to make. An aluminized Mylar electrode performs satisfactorily, elicits minimal patient apprehension or discomfort without topical anesthesia, is simple to make, and is disposable.", "PMID": 1015522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_968", "title": "Biofeedback reinforcement in the training of limitation of gaze: a case report.", "content": "A 22-year-old patient having a history of congenital strabismus with surgery at age 6 and again at age 14 suffered from a limitation of dextroversion following 2 surgical procedures with diplopia initially experienced beyond 18 degrees. Ten sessions of treatment by traditional visual training methods and biofeedback reinforcement were compared in extending the deficient range of dextroversion. Biofeedback was found to be significantly better than conventional approaches in this treatment.", "contents": "Biofeedback reinforcement in the training of limitation of gaze: a case report. A 22-year-old patient having a history of congenital strabismus with surgery at age 6 and again at age 14 suffered from a limitation of dextroversion following 2 surgical procedures with diplopia initially experienced beyond 18 degrees. Ten sessions of treatment by traditional visual training methods and biofeedback reinforcement were compared in extending the deficient range of dextroversion. Biofeedback was found to be significantly better than conventional approaches in this treatment.", "PMID": 1015523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_969", "title": "Hageman factor deficiency in ataxia telangiectasia.", "content": "Ataxia-telangiectasia is clinically characterized by the presence of cerebellar ataxia, choreoathetosis, and oculocutaneous telangiectasia. Humorocellular immune deficiency may be associated with the disease. So far, no coagulation abnormalities have been reported in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Presence of Hageman factor deficiency in our patient could merely be a coincidental occurrence of two rare independent disease states. Since this coagulation abnormality in Hageman factor deficiency is rather subtle and not usually associated with clinically significant bleeding, this defect can be easily overlooked.", "contents": "Hageman factor deficiency in ataxia telangiectasia. Ataxia-telangiectasia is clinically characterized by the presence of cerebellar ataxia, choreoathetosis, and oculocutaneous telangiectasia. Humorocellular immune deficiency may be associated with the disease. So far, no coagulation abnormalities have been reported in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Presence of Hageman factor deficiency in our patient could merely be a coincidental occurrence of two rare independent disease states. Since this coagulation abnormality in Hageman factor deficiency is rather subtle and not usually associated with clinically significant bleeding, this defect can be easily overlooked.", "PMID": 1015517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_970", "title": "\"Pseudo-giant P-waves\" and pericardial friction rub following chlorpromazine therapy.", "content": "A patient is presented who manifested two previously undescribed complications of chlorpromazine therapy: a transient pericardial friction rub and \"pseudo-giant P waves\". After slowing of the heart rate, the \"giant P-waves\" proved to be superimposed U and P-waves. His history demonstrates the protean and at times unusual complications of chlorpromazine therapy and illustrates the dramatic therapeutic effects diphenhydramine may have in reversing some of this toxicity.", "contents": "\"Pseudo-giant P-waves\" and pericardial friction rub following chlorpromazine therapy. A patient is presented who manifested two previously undescribed complications of chlorpromazine therapy: a transient pericardial friction rub and \"pseudo-giant P waves\". After slowing of the heart rate, the \"giant P-waves\" proved to be superimposed U and P-waves. His history demonstrates the protean and at times unusual complications of chlorpromazine therapy and illustrates the dramatic therapeutic effects diphenhydramine may have in reversing some of this toxicity.", "PMID": 1015518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_971", "title": "Epidemiological considerations in predicting regional vision health care needs.", "content": "The use of crude practitioner to population ratios when age-specific ratios are more appropriate can lead to significant errors in estimates of the need for health care manpower. A comparison of these 2 methods is made using age-specific data for Florida as an example. A brief survey of other epidemiological factors affecting clinical manpower projections is given.", "contents": "Epidemiological considerations in predicting regional vision health care needs. The use of crude practitioner to population ratios when age-specific ratios are more appropriate can lead to significant errors in estimates of the need for health care manpower. A comparison of these 2 methods is made using age-specific data for Florida as an example. A brief survey of other epidemiological factors affecting clinical manpower projections is given.", "PMID": 1015524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_972", "title": "Effects of non-contact tonometry on refraction.", "content": "The spherical component of refractive error was measured subjectively before and after noncontact tonometry in 19 eyes and also on the fellow (control) eyes without tonometry. No significant change in this measure of refractive error was found after tonometry. The tested group could not be distinguished from the control group.", "contents": "Effects of non-contact tonometry on refraction. The spherical component of refractive error was measured subjectively before and after noncontact tonometry in 19 eyes and also on the fellow (control) eyes without tonometry. No significant change in this measure of refractive error was found after tonometry. The tested group could not be distinguished from the control group.", "PMID": 1015525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_973", "title": "Effective degree of mydriasis with phenylephrine and tropicamide.", "content": "The mydriatic effects of several concentrations of phenylephrine and of tropicamide were studied in 84 young adults for 90 min following topical instillation. Pupillary diameter was estimated (a) under ambient photopic illumination and (b) when illumination was increased to that associated with direct ophthalmoscopy. Evaluation was made of the \"degree of mydriasis,\" i.e., the difference in pupillary diameter between the eye receiving the mydriatic agent and the contralateral control eye when the pupillary light reflex was stimulated. In subjects with light or hazel irides, phenylephrine caused maximal dilatation in 60 to 75 min, mean values being 5.6 mm with 1 drop of 2%, 6.0 mm with 2 drops of 2.5%, and 7.1 mm with 1 drop of 10%. Maxiumum degrees of mydriasis were 3.0 mm with 2 drops of 2.5% and 3.1 mm with 1 drop of 10%. With 0.5% tropicamide, maximum diameter was 8.0 mm in 30 min in subjects with light, hazel, or brown irides, and the maximum degree of mydriasis was 5.0 mm. It is concluded that when a mydriatic agent is used to facilitate intraocular visualization, neither specification in terms of (a) maximum diameter under ambient illumination nor (b) degree of mydriasis provides optimal characterization. It is suggested that the \"clinically effective diameter,\" i.e., pupillary diameter under illumination corresponding to that to be used during examination, would be the most useful specification.", "contents": "Effective degree of mydriasis with phenylephrine and tropicamide. The mydriatic effects of several concentrations of phenylephrine and of tropicamide were studied in 84 young adults for 90 min following topical instillation. Pupillary diameter was estimated (a) under ambient photopic illumination and (b) when illumination was increased to that associated with direct ophthalmoscopy. Evaluation was made of the \"degree of mydriasis,\" i.e., the difference in pupillary diameter between the eye receiving the mydriatic agent and the contralateral control eye when the pupillary light reflex was stimulated. In subjects with light or hazel irides, phenylephrine caused maximal dilatation in 60 to 75 min, mean values being 5.6 mm with 1 drop of 2%, 6.0 mm with 2 drops of 2.5%, and 7.1 mm with 1 drop of 10%. Maxiumum degrees of mydriasis were 3.0 mm with 2 drops of 2.5% and 3.1 mm with 1 drop of 10%. With 0.5% tropicamide, maximum diameter was 8.0 mm in 30 min in subjects with light, hazel, or brown irides, and the maximum degree of mydriasis was 5.0 mm. It is concluded that when a mydriatic agent is used to facilitate intraocular visualization, neither specification in terms of (a) maximum diameter under ambient illumination nor (b) degree of mydriasis provides optimal characterization. It is suggested that the \"clinically effective diameter,\" i.e., pupillary diameter under illumination corresponding to that to be used during examination, would be the most useful specification.", "PMID": 1015526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_974", "title": "Dynamic and static violations of Hering's law of equal innervation.", "content": "Hering's Law of Equal Innervation treats the double eye as a single organ. Normal humans often execute saccadic eye movements that are dynamic violations of Hering's Law. These infractions are produced by differences in the neural controller signals sent to each eye and are exemplified by monocular movements, such as dynamic overshoot, glissades, and double saccades; these dynamic violations occur more frequently in fatigued subjects. In contrast to dynamic violations, static violations of Hering's Law are usually indicative of pathological conditions.", "contents": "Dynamic and static violations of Hering's law of equal innervation. Hering's Law of Equal Innervation treats the double eye as a single organ. Normal humans often execute saccadic eye movements that are dynamic violations of Hering's Law. These infractions are produced by differences in the neural controller signals sent to each eye and are exemplified by monocular movements, such as dynamic overshoot, glissades, and double saccades; these dynamic violations occur more frequently in fatigued subjects. In contrast to dynamic violations, static violations of Hering's Law are usually indicative of pathological conditions.", "PMID": 1015527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_975", "title": "Survey of student research in behavioral and developmental optometry.", "content": "Behavioral and developmental optometry are in need of research. Studies conducted by optometric students can provide a major contribution. The present paper reviews selected student research studies conducted at the Illinois College of Optometry. The topics include: trends in developmental vision, phenomena in binocular vision, and techniques in diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Survey of student research in behavioral and developmental optometry. Behavioral and developmental optometry are in need of research. Studies conducted by optometric students can provide a major contribution. The present paper reviews selected student research studies conducted at the Illinois College of Optometry. The topics include: trends in developmental vision, phenomena in binocular vision, and techniques in diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 1015528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_976", "title": "The relationship between eye dominance and monocular acuity: an additional consideration.", "content": "Multivariate techniques  were used to explore the relationship between ocular dominance and asymmetries in visual acuity or acuity dominance. The convergence distance under which the acuity testing takes place was found to affect the relationship between these two variables.", "contents": "The relationship between eye dominance and monocular acuity: an additional consideration. Multivariate techniques  were used to explore the relationship between ocular dominance and asymmetries in visual acuity or acuity dominance. The convergence distance under which the acuity testing takes place was found to affect the relationship between these two variables.", "PMID": 1015529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_977", "title": "Reconstruction after pharyngolaryngectomy-esophagectomy.", "content": "Seventeen patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx and/or cervical esophagus who require total pharyngolaryngectomy-esophagectomy are presented; Twenty-one different reconstructive methods were applied in the seventeen patients. An overall two year survival rate of 35 per cent was attained with effective palliation in 65 per cent of the patients. The Wookey and free jejunal transplantation procedures were unsuccessful as primary means of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, although the Wookey principle was occasionally useful in salvaging failures of other procedures. The reversed deltopectoral flap was successfully employed in a small number of patients with only minimal extension below the cricopharyngeus but was found to be unfeasible in several other instances because of the extent of esophageal resection required. Transposition of the entire stomach was successfully employed in a number of suitable patients and is an excellent method of esophageal replacement in relatively healthy patients. The reversed gastric tube esophagoplasty was useful in more debilitated patients, with resection and reconstruction performed in separate stages.", "contents": "Reconstruction after pharyngolaryngectomy-esophagectomy. Seventeen patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx and/or cervical esophagus who require total pharyngolaryngectomy-esophagectomy are presented; Twenty-one different reconstructive methods were applied in the seventeen patients. An overall two year survival rate of 35 per cent was attained with effective palliation in 65 per cent of the patients. The Wookey and free jejunal transplantation procedures were unsuccessful as primary means of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, although the Wookey principle was occasionally useful in salvaging failures of other procedures. The reversed deltopectoral flap was successfully employed in a small number of patients with only minimal extension below the cricopharyngeus but was found to be unfeasible in several other instances because of the extent of esophageal resection required. Transposition of the entire stomach was successfully employed in a number of suitable patients and is an excellent method of esophageal replacement in relatively healthy patients. The reversed gastric tube esophagoplasty was useful in more debilitated patients, with resection and reconstruction performed in separate stages.", "PMID": 1015531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_978", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: why we fail.", "content": "The squamous cancers of the oropharynx in 384 patients were staged according to a T and N system. Three hundred seventy-one of them were treated for cure at a time when modern surgical and radiotherapeutic technics were available. The patient records were analyzed in regard to five year survival, factors influencing treatment failure, and the effect of new primary cancers. Failure to eradicate the cancer at the primary site remains the largest reason for the patients' demise, but as aggressive local and regional treatment becomes more successful, greater numbers of patients survive only to become victims of distant metastases and second primary cancers.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: why we fail. The squamous cancers of the oropharynx in 384 patients were staged according to a T and N system. Three hundred seventy-one of them were treated for cure at a time when modern surgical and radiotherapeutic technics were available. The patient records were analyzed in regard to five year survival, factors influencing treatment failure, and the effect of new primary cancers. Failure to eradicate the cancer at the primary site remains the largest reason for the patients' demise, but as aggressive local and regional treatment becomes more successful, greater numbers of patients survive only to become victims of distant metastases and second primary cancers.", "PMID": 1015532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_979", "title": "Carcinoma of the hypopharynx.", "content": "The data in this study suggest that radical surgical treatment offers the best chance for control of disease in patients with cancer of the hypopharynx. The cervical lymph nodes are at a very high risk for early involvement by metastatic disease. Elective treatment of cervical lymph nodes must be considered in initial treatment planning to obtain better control of regional disease.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the hypopharynx. The data in this study suggest that radical surgical treatment offers the best chance for control of disease in patients with cancer of the hypopharynx. The cervical lymph nodes are at a very high risk for early involvement by metastatic disease. Elective treatment of cervical lymph nodes must be considered in initial treatment planning to obtain better control of regional disease.", "PMID": 1015533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_980", "title": "Surgical exploration in asymptomatic hypercalcemia.", "content": "The use of the serum auto-analyzer (SMA-12) has resulted in a marked increase in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Seventy-five patients with asymptomatic hypercalcemia were explored: sixty-eight with solitary adenomas, six with multiple adenomas, and one with diffuse hyperplasia. Postoperatively, all patients reverted to normocalcemia. Surgical exploration of asymptomatic hypercalcemia is advocated to reduce surgical morbidity and mortality and to prevent the development of renal and osseous complications of hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Surgical exploration in asymptomatic hypercalcemia. The use of the serum auto-analyzer (SMA-12) has resulted in a marked increase in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Seventy-five patients with asymptomatic hypercalcemia were explored: sixty-eight with solitary adenomas, six with multiple adenomas, and one with diffuse hyperplasia. Postoperatively, all patients reverted to normocalcemia. Surgical exploration of asymptomatic hypercalcemia is advocated to reduce surgical morbidity and mortality and to prevent the development of renal and osseous complications of hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1015534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_981", "title": "Management of recurrent salivary gland tumors.", "content": "The management of 129 patients with recurrent tumors of the salivary glands is analyzed, Principles of approaching recurrent tumors and guidelines for their management are outlined in detail. Age distribution, symptoms, time to recurrence, cases that showed possible malignant degeneration, and complications are reviewed. The surgical procedures, recurrence rate, and survival rates are recorded.", "contents": "Management of recurrent salivary gland tumors. The management of 129 patients with recurrent tumors of the salivary glands is analyzed, Principles of approaching recurrent tumors and guidelines for their management are outlined in detail. Age distribution, symptoms, time to recurrence, cases that showed possible malignant degeneration, and complications are reviewed. The surgical procedures, recurrence rate, and survival rates are recorded.", "PMID": 1015535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_982", "title": "The malignant \"cold\" nodule of the thyroid.", "content": "From 1958 to 1976, 910 patients with cold nodules of the thyroid underwent thyroid surgery (714 females, 196 males). Thyroid carcinoma was present in 202 patients (22.2 per cent) (149 females, 20.9 per cent; 53 males, 27 per cent). Rate of malignancy in an age group was greatest in patients older than seventy years (19 of 47 patients, 40.4 per cent) followed by patients twenty-one to thirty years of age (37 of 125 patients, 29.6 per cent); 90 per cent of all patients were from twenty-one to seventy years of age. Blacks had a lower rate of thyroid carcinoma than Caucasians. Data from the Cancer Surveillance Group also showed age-adjusted incidence rates in blacks in Los Angeles County to be lower than that of Caucasians.", "contents": "The malignant \"cold\" nodule of the thyroid. From 1958 to 1976, 910 patients with cold nodules of the thyroid underwent thyroid surgery (714 females, 196 males). Thyroid carcinoma was present in 202 patients (22.2 per cent) (149 females, 20.9 per cent; 53 males, 27 per cent). Rate of malignancy in an age group was greatest in patients older than seventy years (19 of 47 patients, 40.4 per cent) followed by patients twenty-one to thirty years of age (37 of 125 patients, 29.6 per cent); 90 per cent of all patients were from twenty-one to seventy years of age. Blacks had a lower rate of thyroid carcinoma than Caucasians. Data from the Cancer Surveillance Group also showed age-adjusted incidence rates in blacks in Los Angeles County to be lower than that of Caucasians.", "PMID": 1015536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_983", "title": "The undelayed M\u00fctter flap in head and neck reconstruction.", "content": "Twenty-one mastoid-occiput-based shoulder flaps have been used to reconstruct patients with head and neck cancer. When the tip of the flap does not extend beyond the midclavicle, this flap can safely be elevated and transferred into its final position without delay procedures. Not requiring secondary sectioning and implantation, the M\u00fctter flap can successfully be used to reconstruct multiple defects within its arch. Its utility thus rivals the more commonly used medially based deltopectoral flap and forehead flap.", "contents": "The undelayed M\u00fctter flap in head and neck reconstruction. Twenty-one mastoid-occiput-based shoulder flaps have been used to reconstruct patients with head and neck cancer. When the tip of the flap does not extend beyond the midclavicle, this flap can safely be elevated and transferred into its final position without delay procedures. Not requiring secondary sectioning and implantation, the M\u00fctter flap can successfully be used to reconstruct multiple defects within its arch. Its utility thus rivals the more commonly used medially based deltopectoral flap and forehead flap.", "PMID": 1015537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_984", "title": "Results of BCG adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma of the head and neck.", "content": "The present study was performed to determine if postoperative systemic BCG adjuvant immunotherapy would improve survival in patients with pathologic stage II melanoma of the head and neck. Seventeen of twenty-five (68 per cent) patients treated with BCG are free of disease, whereas only seven of seventeen (40 per cent) patients treated by radical neck dissection alone are free of disease. Clark's technic for determining the level of invasion of the primary lesion was used to predict the presence of metastatic tumor in regional lymph nodes. Results indicate that patients with pathologically confirmed lymph node metastases from melanoma of the head and neck benefit from postoperative BCG adjuvant immunotherapy.", "contents": "Results of BCG adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma of the head and neck. The present study was performed to determine if postoperative systemic BCG adjuvant immunotherapy would improve survival in patients with pathologic stage II melanoma of the head and neck. Seventeen of twenty-five (68 per cent) patients treated with BCG are free of disease, whereas only seven of seventeen (40 per cent) patients treated by radical neck dissection alone are free of disease. Clark's technic for determining the level of invasion of the primary lesion was used to predict the presence of metastatic tumor in regional lymph nodes. Results indicate that patients with pathologically confirmed lymph node metastases from melanoma of the head and neck benefit from postoperative BCG adjuvant immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1015538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_985", "title": "Analysis of survival and disease control in stage I melanoma of the head and neck.", "content": "From 1958 through 1969, 357 patients were treated for melanoma of the head and neck. Of these, 166 had invasive, clinical stage I disease. All patients had wide local excision of the primary. Elective regional node dissection was performed in sixty-nine patients and in the remaining ninety-seven observation only was elected. Retrospective analysis of these 166 patients considered (1) survival and disease control, (2) sites and timing of failures, and (3) the effect of sex, site, type of biopsy, skin grafting, and regional node dissection on disease control and survival. More than 80 per cent of the local recurrences developed within the first twenty-four months. Similarly, in the patients not undergoing initial neck dissection, 80 per cent of those who subsequently had clinically positive regional nodes did so within twenty-four months. In the sixty-nine patients undergoing elective regional node dissection, the survival rate was 33.5 per cent at five and ten years in those with histologically positive nodes. Those patients with elective neck dissections having histologically negative nodes had a survival rate of 75.8 and 67.1 per cent at five and ten years, respectively.", "contents": "Analysis of survival and disease control in stage I melanoma of the head and neck. From 1958 through 1969, 357 patients were treated for melanoma of the head and neck. Of these, 166 had invasive, clinical stage I disease. All patients had wide local excision of the primary. Elective regional node dissection was performed in sixty-nine patients and in the remaining ninety-seven observation only was elected. Retrospective analysis of these 166 patients considered (1) survival and disease control, (2) sites and timing of failures, and (3) the effect of sex, site, type of biopsy, skin grafting, and regional node dissection on disease control and survival. More than 80 per cent of the local recurrences developed within the first twenty-four months. Similarly, in the patients not undergoing initial neck dissection, 80 per cent of those who subsequently had clinically positive regional nodes did so within twenty-four months. In the sixty-nine patients undergoing elective regional node dissection, the survival rate was 33.5 per cent at five and ten years in those with histologically positive nodes. Those patients with elective neck dissections having histologically negative nodes had a survival rate of 75.8 and 67.1 per cent at five and ten years, respectively.", "PMID": 1015539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_986", "title": "Advanced and recurrent squamous carcinoma of the lower lip.", "content": "The results of aggressive surgical treatment of primary lip cancer and advanced and recurrent carcinoma of the lip are illustrated and discussed. Early detection of involved lymph nodes before capsular penetration occurs and careful and complete dissection of the submental and submandibular regions are advocated as possible ways to prevent persistent upper neck disease, the main killer of these patients.", "contents": "Advanced and recurrent squamous carcinoma of the lower lip. The results of aggressive surgical treatment of primary lip cancer and advanced and recurrent carcinoma of the lip are illustrated and discussed. Early detection of involved lymph nodes before capsular penetration occurs and careful and complete dissection of the submental and submandibular regions are advocated as possible ways to prevent persistent upper neck disease, the main killer of these patients.", "PMID": 1015540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_987", "title": "Carcinoma of the palatine arch.", "content": "1. Carcinoma of the palatine arch is part of a regional diathesis of carcinoma of the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract and this concept has a definite influence on the choice of treatment. 2. Surgery has an important role in the management of both the primary tumors and the regional metastatic nodes. 3. Radiation therapy is indispensible in the management of carcinoma of the tonsillar crypts, stage IV tumors of the palatine arch, and primary tumors of the palatine arch with certain specific extensions. 4. Comprehensive management of carcinoma of the palatine arch requires careful evaluation of each patient and his disease, vigorous application of the chosen method of treatment by either the surgeon or the radiotherapist, and continuous follow-up study and supportive treatment for the rest of the patient's life.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the palatine arch. 1. Carcinoma of the palatine arch is part of a regional diathesis of carcinoma of the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract and this concept has a definite influence on the choice of treatment. 2. Surgery has an important role in the management of both the primary tumors and the regional metastatic nodes. 3. Radiation therapy is indispensible in the management of carcinoma of the tonsillar crypts, stage IV tumors of the palatine arch, and primary tumors of the palatine arch with certain specific extensions. 4. Comprehensive management of carcinoma of the palatine arch requires careful evaluation of each patient and his disease, vigorous application of the chosen method of treatment by either the surgeon or the radiotherapist, and continuous follow-up study and supportive treatment for the rest of the patient's life.", "PMID": 1015541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_988", "title": "Carcinoma of the oral cavity. factors affecting treatment failure at the primary site and neck.", "content": "A retrospective review of the clinical records of patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity was undertaken, and several parameters were studied in terms of comparing two groups of patients: those who were controlled at the primary site and neck and others who failed locally or regionally following initial treatment. A comparative statistical analysis of the factors studied revealed that female patients who had a higher T status, a higher N status, and thus a higher stage of disease did poorly in terms of local and regional control of disease. Those patients whose primary tumors manifested deep invasion and those who had positive margins after surgical resection at the primary site had also a significantly high incidence of local/regional failure. Presence of extracapsular extension of disease in cervical lymph nodes and involvement of soft tissues in the neck as well as involvement of multiple lymph nodes at multiple levels also put the patients in a high risk category. We urge that these factors be considered as prognostic criteria and be used to select patients for treatment by additional modalities on an elective basis in hope of achieving better local and regional control of disease and perhaps better cure rates.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oral cavity. factors affecting treatment failure at the primary site and neck. A retrospective review of the clinical records of patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity was undertaken, and several parameters were studied in terms of comparing two groups of patients: those who were controlled at the primary site and neck and others who failed locally or regionally following initial treatment. A comparative statistical analysis of the factors studied revealed that female patients who had a higher T status, a higher N status, and thus a higher stage of disease did poorly in terms of local and regional control of disease. Those patients whose primary tumors manifested deep invasion and those who had positive margins after surgical resection at the primary site had also a significantly high incidence of local/regional failure. Presence of extracapsular extension of disease in cervical lymph nodes and involvement of soft tissues in the neck as well as involvement of multiple lymph nodes at multiple levels also put the patients in a high risk category. We urge that these factors be considered as prognostic criteria and be used to select patients for treatment by additional modalities on an elective basis in hope of achieving better local and regional control of disease and perhaps better cure rates.", "PMID": 1015542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_989", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the oral tongue by radium needle implantation.", "content": "Forty-nine patients had a radium implant for carcinoma of the oral tongue. In thirty-four of the forty-nine (70 per cent), local three year control of the cancer was achieved. Three patients in whom the radiation failed were rescued by subsequent surgery. The five year absolute survival in this series was 63.8 per cent. In conclusion, we believe that improved survival rates without functional and cosmetic defect can be obtained by closer cooperation between surgeons and radiotherapists.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the oral tongue by radium needle implantation. Forty-nine patients had a radium implant for carcinoma of the oral tongue. In thirty-four of the forty-nine (70 per cent), local three year control of the cancer was achieved. Three patients in whom the radiation failed were rescued by subsequent surgery. The five year absolute survival in this series was 63.8 per cent. In conclusion, we believe that improved survival rates without functional and cosmetic defect can be obtained by closer cooperation between surgeons and radiotherapists.", "PMID": 1015543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_990", "title": "Clinical staging of cancer of the head and neck: a new \"new\" system.", "content": "A revised clinical staging system for cancers arising in head and neck sites has been prepared. It utilizes a uniform N classification for cervical node metastases. The T classifications describing the extent of the primary tumor are generally similar but differ in specific details for each site. Although the present system makes use of past field trials and more recent clinical studies, it cannot be considered final. Clinicians managing cancer in head and neck sites are encouraged to test the system with their own patient data to elicit further areas for improvement.", "contents": "Clinical staging of cancer of the head and neck: a new \"new\" system. A revised clinical staging system for cancers arising in head and neck sites has been prepared. It utilizes a uniform N classification for cervical node metastases. The T classifications describing the extent of the primary tumor are generally similar but differ in specific details for each site. Although the present system makes use of past field trials and more recent clinical studies, it cannot be considered final. Clinicians managing cancer in head and neck sites are encouraged to test the system with their own patient data to elicit further areas for improvement.", "PMID": 1015544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_991", "title": "Applications of the Karapandzic principle of lip reconstruction after excision of lip cancer.", "content": "The number and variety of technics available for lip reconstruction has suggested to some authors that no method is ideal. In fact, excellent results can be obtained under proper circumstances by any one of several procedures. The principle of innervated myocutaneous flaps adds yet another tool to the surgeon's armamentarium, but it does not relieve him of the responsibility to select the most appropriate procedure in each case. As Karapandzic has stated (or understated), \"This obviously is not a technique suitable for all lip defects, but in selected cases it gives a very satisfactory result.\"", "contents": "Applications of the Karapandzic principle of lip reconstruction after excision of lip cancer. The number and variety of technics available for lip reconstruction has suggested to some authors that no method is ideal. In fact, excellent results can be obtained under proper circumstances by any one of several procedures. The principle of innervated myocutaneous flaps adds yet another tool to the surgeon's armamentarium, but it does not relieve him of the responsibility to select the most appropriate procedure in each case. As Karapandzic has stated (or understated), \"This obviously is not a technique suitable for all lip defects, but in selected cases it gives a very satisfactory result.\"", "PMID": 1015545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_992", "title": "Immediate repair of the Commando defect by cervical and pectoral flaps.", "content": "A ten year experience with immediate cervical flap repair of the Commando defect is reported in a selected series of more than seventy patients with clinically negative neck-nodes. Preoperative radiotherapy of 2\"000 and 3,000 r to the neck and primary tumor has not interfered with wound healing. The cosmetic and functional result is highly commendable.", "contents": "Immediate repair of the Commando defect by cervical and pectoral flaps. A ten year experience with immediate cervical flap repair of the Commando defect is reported in a selected series of more than seventy patients with clinically negative neck-nodes. Preoperative radiotherapy of 2\"000 and 3,000 r to the neck and primary tumor has not interfered with wound healing. The cosmetic and functional result is highly commendable.", "PMID": 1015546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_993", "title": "Combined radiation-methotrexate therapy in preoperative management of carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Fifty patients with primary carcinoma of the head and neck were treated preoperatively with 2,000 r and 500 mg/m2 of methotrexate. This combination reduces the tumor size in more than 90 per cent of patients, converts many of the tumors to a more manageable state, and appears to indicate that improved survival will occur.", "contents": "Combined radiation-methotrexate therapy in preoperative management of carcinoma of the head and neck. Fifty patients with primary carcinoma of the head and neck were treated preoperatively with 2,000 r and 500 mg/m2 of methotrexate. This combination reduces the tumor size in more than 90 per cent of patients, converts many of the tumors to a more manageable state, and appears to indicate that improved survival will occur.", "PMID": 1015547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_994", "title": "Electrocardiographic studies during hypotensive anaesthesia using sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "Multiple lead electrocardiographic recordings from 20 patients were studied before, during and after a period of induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside. Although small changes in ST segment and T wave were observed in 9 patients, none of these persisted into the postoperative period. Other significant changes were confined to a temporary disturbances of cardiac rhythm in 2 patients, both of whom spontaneously reverted to sinus rhythm during the anaesthetic. Our findings indicate that there are no permanent ischaemic myocardial changes associated with induced hypotension using sodium nitroprusside.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic studies during hypotensive anaesthesia using sodium nitroprusside. Multiple lead electrocardiographic recordings from 20 patients were studied before, during and after a period of induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside. Although small changes in ST segment and T wave were observed in 9 patients, none of these persisted into the postoperative period. Other significant changes were confined to a temporary disturbances of cardiac rhythm in 2 patients, both of whom spontaneously reverted to sinus rhythm during the anaesthetic. Our findings indicate that there are no permanent ischaemic myocardial changes associated with induced hypotension using sodium nitroprusside.", "PMID": 1015600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_995", "title": "Cardio-respiratory changes during pneumoencephalography.", "content": "Carbon-respiratory changes associated with changes in posture and injection of intrathecal oxygen were studied in fifeen patients undergoing pneumoencephalography in a Phillips isocentric chair, while breathing spontaneously and anaesthetised with halothane in oxygen. Haemodynamic changes associated with changes in posture were of a minor nature. A rise in PaCO2 occurred in the prone position in two obese patients. There were significant rises in blood pressure following injection of more than 5 ml of oxygen as a bolus into the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Cardio-respiratory changes during pneumoencephalography. Carbon-respiratory changes associated with changes in posture and injection of intrathecal oxygen were studied in fifeen patients undergoing pneumoencephalography in a Phillips isocentric chair, while breathing spontaneously and anaesthetised with halothane in oxygen. Haemodynamic changes associated with changes in posture were of a minor nature. A rise in PaCO2 occurred in the prone position in two obese patients. There were significant rises in blood pressure following injection of more than 5 ml of oxygen as a bolus into the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 1015601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_996", "title": "The administration of metoclopramide with atropine. A drug interaction effect on the gastro-oesophageal sphincter in man.", "content": "The effects of intravenous atropine 0-6 mg alone, metoclopramide (Maxolon) 10mg alone and atropine 0-6 mg and metoclopramide 10 mg in combination, on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were studied in three groups of normal human volunteers. Atropine decreased the LOS pressure by an average of 8 cm H2O (P less than 0-001), whereas metoclopramide increased the LOS pressure by a mean of 29 cmH2O compared to basal values (P less than 0-001). In contrast, no change in sphincter tone was noted following injection of atropine-metaclopramide mixture. These findings are relevant to the pre-operative preparation of patients presenting for emergency anaesthesia, since gasgro-oesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration of acid gastric content continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "The administration of metoclopramide with atropine. A drug interaction effect on the gastro-oesophageal sphincter in man. The effects of intravenous atropine 0-6 mg alone, metoclopramide (Maxolon) 10mg alone and atropine 0-6 mg and metoclopramide 10 mg in combination, on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were studied in three groups of normal human volunteers. Atropine decreased the LOS pressure by an average of 8 cm H2O (P less than 0-001), whereas metoclopramide increased the LOS pressure by a mean of 29 cmH2O compared to basal values (P less than 0-001). In contrast, no change in sphincter tone was noted following injection of atropine-metaclopramide mixture. These findings are relevant to the pre-operative preparation of patients presenting for emergency anaesthesia, since gasgro-oesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration of acid gastric content continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 1015602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_997", "title": "The reliability of a linear analogue for evaluating pain.", "content": "A linear analogue for rating pain with 10, 15 and 20 cm lines is significantly less variable than a 5 cm line (mean error of 15 cm line is 0-19%, 95% confidence limits for the group +/- 2% and an inood correlation between repeated ratins of a recalled pain distant in time. The variance of the rating is significantly less than the repeated rating of a random mark. The linear analogue rating of a constant pain stimulus is reproducible and changes in rating are likely to be real changes of opinion. Pethidine 150 mg intramuscularly had no significant effect, tested 30 minutes after the administration, on the accuracy or reproducibility of the analogue rating. A linear analogue seems a suitable method of recording the patient's opion of a severe pain such as that of labour.", "contents": "The reliability of a linear analogue for evaluating pain. A linear analogue for rating pain with 10, 15 and 20 cm lines is significantly less variable than a 5 cm line (mean error of 15 cm line is 0-19%, 95% confidence limits for the group +/- 2% and an inood correlation between repeated ratins of a recalled pain distant in time. The variance of the rating is significantly less than the repeated rating of a random mark. The linear analogue rating of a constant pain stimulus is reproducible and changes in rating are likely to be real changes of opinion. Pethidine 150 mg intramuscularly had no significant effect, tested 30 minutes after the administration, on the accuracy or reproducibility of the analogue rating. A linear analogue seems a suitable method of recording the patient's opion of a severe pain such as that of labour.", "PMID": 1015603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_998", "title": "Anaesthetic records in Great Britain and Ireland.", "content": "A survey of anaesthetists and their use of anaesthetic records was carried out in Great Britain and Ireland. An analysis of 206 different record sheets from 175 hospitals or groups showed that, although many features were similar, important aspects were omitted in some, while others had too many options which were not necessarily relevant to the administration of an anaesthetic. No attempt has been made to offer an ideal design for an anaesthetic record, but the information may assist those anaesthetists wishing to change the current practice in their hospital or group.", "contents": "Anaesthetic records in Great Britain and Ireland. A survey of anaesthetists and their use of anaesthetic records was carried out in Great Britain and Ireland. An analysis of 206 different record sheets from 175 hospitals or groups showed that, although many features were similar, important aspects were omitted in some, while others had too many options which were not necessarily relevant to the administration of an anaesthetic. No attempt has been made to offer an ideal design for an anaesthetic record, but the information may assist those anaesthetists wishing to change the current practice in their hospital or group.", "PMID": 1015604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_999", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and surgery.", "content": "Five patients with multiple sclerosis showed deterioration following operation and anaesthesia. In every case the change was associated with pyrexis due to infection. No correlation was found between aggravation and any anaesthetic agent used.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and surgery. Five patients with multiple sclerosis showed deterioration following operation and anaesthesia. In every case the change was associated with pyrexis due to infection. No correlation was found between aggravation and any anaesthetic agent used.", "PMID": 1015605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1000", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen in acute ischaemia due to allergic vasculitis.", "content": "A case of a child with allergic vasculitis to penicillin is presented. The patient received successful treatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. The pathophysiological mechanism of acute peripheral anoxia and the infleunce of HBO treatment on it is described.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen in acute ischaemia due to allergic vasculitis. A case of a child with allergic vasculitis to penicillin is presented. The patient received successful treatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. The pathophysiological mechanism of acute peripheral anoxia and the infleunce of HBO treatment on it is described.", "PMID": 1015606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1001", "title": "Removal of catecholamine-secreting chemodectoma. The use of neuroleptanaesthesia, adrenergic blockade and sodium nitroprusside.", "content": "A case of catecholamine-secreting chemodectoma of the neck in a 47-year-old male who also had temporal lobe epilepsy is described. Details of presentation, diagnosis and successful treatment are given. He was fully alpha blocked with phenoxybenzamine and given neuroleptic drugs but his blood  pressure rose to dangerous levels when the tumour was handled and did not respond to intravenous phentolamine. Sodium nitroprusside was successfully used to achieve blood pressure control.", "contents": "Removal of catecholamine-secreting chemodectoma. The use of neuroleptanaesthesia, adrenergic blockade and sodium nitroprusside. A case of catecholamine-secreting chemodectoma of the neck in a 47-year-old male who also had temporal lobe epilepsy is described. Details of presentation, diagnosis and successful treatment are given. He was fully alpha blocked with phenoxybenzamine and given neuroleptic drugs but his blood  pressure rose to dangerous levels when the tumour was handled and did not respond to intravenous phentolamine. Sodium nitroprusside was successfully used to achieve blood pressure control.", "PMID": 1015607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1002", "title": "Air embolism during anaesthesia for arthography in a child.", "content": "An infant aged 5 months, weighing 6 kg and suffering from congenital dislocation of the hip joint, was subjected to air arthrography of the right hip joint under general anaesthesia. Air embolism occurred following injection of air into the joint. The clinical management is described. Resuscitation was successfully accomplished and the patient was discharged from hospital without untoward sequelae.", "contents": "Air embolism during anaesthesia for arthography in a child. An infant aged 5 months, weighing 6 kg and suffering from congenital dislocation of the hip joint, was subjected to air arthrography of the right hip joint under general anaesthesia. Air embolism occurred following injection of air into the joint. The clinical management is described. Resuscitation was successfully accomplished and the patient was discharged from hospital without untoward sequelae.", "PMID": 1015608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1003", "title": "The Lack anaesthetic system. An assessment during spontaneous ventilation.", "content": "The Lack anaesthetic system is a coaxial modification of the Magill circuit. The resistance of the system was found to be unacceptably high. When air was administered through the system to spontaneously breathing trained volunteers, marked evidence of rebreathing was present when fresh gas flow equalled minute volume. It is suggested that a fresh gas glow equal to one and a half-times minute volume would be required to prevent rebreathing of alveolar gas.", "contents": "The Lack anaesthetic system. An assessment during spontaneous ventilation. The Lack anaesthetic system is a coaxial modification of the Magill circuit. The resistance of the system was found to be unacceptably high. When air was administered through the system to spontaneously breathing trained volunteers, marked evidence of rebreathing was present when fresh gas flow equalled minute volume. It is suggested that a fresh gas glow equal to one and a half-times minute volume would be required to prevent rebreathing of alveolar gas.", "PMID": 1015609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1004", "title": "A safety block for scavenging systems.", "content": "A safety block is described which protects the patient from expiratory obstruction when using scavenging systems, and provides the anaesthetist with a visual and auditory check on the functioning of the system.", "contents": "A safety block for scavenging systems. A safety block is described which protects the patient from expiratory obstruction when using scavenging systems, and provides the anaesthetist with a visual and auditory check on the functioning of the system.", "PMID": 1015610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1005", "title": "A light for anaesthetists.", "content": "A new type of lighting device is incorporated into the ether screen cross-bar, enabling better illumination of the patient's face. A 12-V, DC power supply is used. The temperature, with vacuum-assisted cooling, should not cause burns to an unconscious patient. Assessment of patient colour was evaluated and found to be reliable. The lamp must not be used with flammable anaesthetic agents.", "contents": "A light for anaesthetists. A new type of lighting device is incorporated into the ether screen cross-bar, enabling better illumination of the patient's face. A 12-V, DC power supply is used. The temperature, with vacuum-assisted cooling, should not cause burns to an unconscious patient. Assessment of patient colour was evaluated and found to be reliable. The lamp must not be used with flammable anaesthetic agents.", "PMID": 1015611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1006", "title": "The immediate use of antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The use of antimicrobial agents in the surgical period is discussed with reference to the role of the anaesthetist in prophylaxis against the spread of infection in the patient, the treatment of established infection, the protection of the anaesthetist against infection from the patient and of the patient against the side-effects of the antimicrobial agents themselves.", "contents": "The immediate use of antimicrobial agents. The use of antimicrobial agents in the surgical period is discussed with reference to the role of the anaesthetist in prophylaxis against the spread of infection in the patient, the treatment of established infection, the protection of the anaesthetist against infection from the patient and of the patient against the side-effects of the antimicrobial agents themselves.", "PMID": 1015612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1007", "title": "The effects of deliberate hypotension and foot down tilt on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis during plastic surgical operations: a pilot survey.", "content": "The incidence of postoperative deep  vein thrombosis (DVT) has been investigated in a group of 88 patients undergoing plastic surgical operations on the head and neck, and upper limb. Fifty-two cases were operated upon in the foot-down tilt position and 36 were horizontal. With the effects of blood pressure ignored as a possible contributory factor, the incidence of thrombosis in the latter group was 8-3% and was slightly higher in the tilted group (11-5%). Of those who were hypotensive, 3 developed DVT out of 41 (7-3%) who were tilted; whilst in the 11 who were normotensive and tilted 3 developed DVT, an incidence of 27-3%. Of those who were normotensive and operated flat the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 8-0%, while in those subjected to a foot-down tilt it was 27-3%. The hypothesis has been advanced that frequent inflation and deflation of the cuff used for monitoring blood pressure in the hypotensive patients may release fibrinolytic activity and explain these differences. Age, sex and operative duration were not found to have an effect. It is concluded that the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing plastic surgical operations is lower than that found in general surgery, and is not worsened by deliberate hypotension.", "contents": "The effects of deliberate hypotension and foot down tilt on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis during plastic surgical operations: a pilot survey. The incidence of postoperative deep  vein thrombosis (DVT) has been investigated in a group of 88 patients undergoing plastic surgical operations on the head and neck, and upper limb. Fifty-two cases were operated upon in the foot-down tilt position and 36 were horizontal. With the effects of blood pressure ignored as a possible contributory factor, the incidence of thrombosis in the latter group was 8-3% and was slightly higher in the tilted group (11-5%). Of those who were hypotensive, 3 developed DVT out of 41 (7-3%) who were tilted; whilst in the 11 who were normotensive and tilted 3 developed DVT, an incidence of 27-3%. Of those who were normotensive and operated flat the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 8-0%, while in those subjected to a foot-down tilt it was 27-3%. The hypothesis has been advanced that frequent inflation and deflation of the cuff used for monitoring blood pressure in the hypotensive patients may release fibrinolytic activity and explain these differences. Age, sex and operative duration were not found to have an effect. It is concluded that the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing plastic surgical operations is lower than that found in general surgery, and is not worsened by deliberate hypotension.", "PMID": 1015613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1008", "title": "The epidural sieve and MBC (minimal blocking concentration): an hypothesis.", "content": "Certain painful stimuli-of which those associated with placental abruptio and impending rupture of a uterine scar are examples-can penetrate an apparently well-established lumbar epidural block. As a possible explantation of this anomaly, it is suggested that, when used in the concentrations currently employed, the local anaesthetic reaches nerve axons only slightly above the minimal blocking concentration (MBC) of the drug, and that a more powerful stimulus can provoke an impulse which may be conducted through the \"blocked\" segment of axon. The beneficial aspects of the \"epidural sieve\" should be welcomed and no attempt made to eliminate the phenomenon.", "contents": "The epidural sieve and MBC (minimal blocking concentration): an hypothesis. Certain painful stimuli-of which those associated with placental abruptio and impending rupture of a uterine scar are examples-can penetrate an apparently well-established lumbar epidural block. As a possible explantation of this anomaly, it is suggested that, when used in the concentrations currently employed, the local anaesthetic reaches nerve axons only slightly above the minimal blocking concentration (MBC) of the drug, and that a more powerful stimulus can provoke an impulse which may be conducted through the \"blocked\" segment of axon. The beneficial aspects of the \"epidural sieve\" should be welcomed and no attempt made to eliminate the phenomenon.", "PMID": 1015614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1009", "title": "A method of anaesthesia for fractional coagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Intermittent anaesthesia with propanidid.", "content": "A method of anaesthesia is described for fractional coagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. The surgical procedure demands short periods of anaesthesia alternating with periods of full consciousness, during which sensory testing is carried out. In spite of the rare possibility of a hypotensive reaction, propanidid is considered to be the drug of choice for this technique. 31 patients wih typical trigeminal neuralgia have been treated with immediate relief of symptoms, whilst 3 (10%) have been successfully re-treated after recurrence of pain paroxysms. Two patients developed lung emboli, from which they recovered, in the post-operative period, and a third patient had a non-fatal myocardial infarct a week after treatment. Alternative approaches to the problem of intermittent anaesthesia, with and without intubation, are discussed.", "contents": "A method of anaesthesia for fractional coagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Intermittent anaesthesia with propanidid. A method of anaesthesia is described for fractional coagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. The surgical procedure demands short periods of anaesthesia alternating with periods of full consciousness, during which sensory testing is carried out. In spite of the rare possibility of a hypotensive reaction, propanidid is considered to be the drug of choice for this technique. 31 patients wih typical trigeminal neuralgia have been treated with immediate relief of symptoms, whilst 3 (10%) have been successfully re-treated after recurrence of pain paroxysms. Two patients developed lung emboli, from which they recovered, in the post-operative period, and a third patient had a non-fatal myocardial infarct a week after treatment. Alternative approaches to the problem of intermittent anaesthesia, with and without intubation, are discussed.", "PMID": 1015615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1010", "title": "Assessment of methods of anaesthesia used for total alloplasty of hip joint with application of bone cement.", "content": "The authors analyse 151 cases of anaesthesia for total hip joint alloplasty. Fifty-three patients had general anaesthesia and in 98 cases epidural analgesia was performed. Although the statistical analysis of correlations between the fall of the arterial blood pressure and the age of patients failed to demonstrate significant differences between both types of anaesthesia the authors regard local analgesia as superior.", "contents": "Assessment of methods of anaesthesia used for total alloplasty of hip joint with application of bone cement. The authors analyse 151 cases of anaesthesia for total hip joint alloplasty. Fifty-three patients had general anaesthesia and in 98 cases epidural analgesia was performed. Although the statistical analysis of correlations between the fall of the arterial blood pressure and the age of patients failed to demonstrate significant differences between both types of anaesthesia the authors regard local analgesia as superior.", "PMID": 1015616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1011", "title": "The effect of bone cement used for endoprosthesis stabilization on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in peripheral blood granulocytes.", "content": "The effect of bone cement used for stabilization of hip joint endoprosthesis on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in peripheral blood granulocytes was studied. The operations were carried out under balanced, non-toxic, endotracheal anaesthesia using muscle relaxants. The blood for tests was obtained from an antecubital vein before and during anaesthesia, before application of bone cement, and 10 min., 1 hour and 24, 48 and 72 hours after endoprosthesis implantation using bone cement. The activity of acid phosphatase, acid protease and neutral protease was determined by calculating it in relation to protein level in the studied fractions. During anaesthesia as well as during the operation when bone cement was applied no statistically significant differences were found in the activity of lysosomal enzymes. On the other hand, after the operation statistically significant changes were found in the activity of lysosomal marker enzymes. Lability of lysosomal membranes appeared with permeation of hydrolases into supernatant. These results confirmed the importance of lysosomal proteins in the processes of wound healing and general postoperative course.", "contents": "The effect of bone cement used for endoprosthesis stabilization on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in peripheral blood granulocytes. The effect of bone cement used for stabilization of hip joint endoprosthesis on the activity of lysosomal enzymes in peripheral blood granulocytes was studied. The operations were carried out under balanced, non-toxic, endotracheal anaesthesia using muscle relaxants. The blood for tests was obtained from an antecubital vein before and during anaesthesia, before application of bone cement, and 10 min., 1 hour and 24, 48 and 72 hours after endoprosthesis implantation using bone cement. The activity of acid phosphatase, acid protease and neutral protease was determined by calculating it in relation to protein level in the studied fractions. During anaesthesia as well as during the operation when bone cement was applied no statistically significant differences were found in the activity of lysosomal enzymes. On the other hand, after the operation statistically significant changes were found in the activity of lysosomal marker enzymes. Lability of lysosomal membranes appeared with permeation of hydrolases into supernatant. These results confirmed the importance of lysosomal proteins in the processes of wound healing and general postoperative course.", "PMID": 1015617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1012", "title": "Iontophoretic blockade in treatment of carotid sinus syndrome.", "content": "The author describes the results of treatment by his own modification of carotid sinus blockade with lidocaine electrophoresis in 17 patients. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the method and demonstrates its simplicity and safety.", "contents": "Iontophoretic blockade in treatment of carotid sinus syndrome. The author describes the results of treatment by his own modification of carotid sinus blockade with lidocaine electrophoresis in 17 patients. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the method and demonstrates its simplicity and safety.", "PMID": 1015618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1013", "title": "The development of the intramural nerve plexus of the gastro-intestinal tract.", "content": "The chicken intestinal tract from the 6th day of breeding until the 20th day after hatching was examined histochemically for acetylcholinesterase activity. The enzyme was detected first in the perikarya and subsequently also in the ganglion-cells processes. The appearance of the acetylcholinesterase reaction deposit was observed first in the stomach and duodenum and later in the rectum. The histogenetic development of the intramural plexus in the small gut proceeds caudad, but in the colon in the opposite way, i.e., craniad. In the duodenum and colon the nervous development is complete in chicken embryos of 11-12 days and in the rest of the small intestine in embryos of 13-14 days of breeding. In the human embryo of 60 mm CRL the development of the intramural plexus is already completed.", "contents": "The development of the intramural nerve plexus of the gastro-intestinal tract. The chicken intestinal tract from the 6th day of breeding until the 20th day after hatching was examined histochemically for acetylcholinesterase activity. The enzyme was detected first in the perikarya and subsequently also in the ganglion-cells processes. The appearance of the acetylcholinesterase reaction deposit was observed first in the stomach and duodenum and later in the rectum. The histogenetic development of the intramural plexus in the small gut proceeds caudad, but in the colon in the opposite way, i.e., craniad. In the duodenum and colon the nervous development is complete in chicken embryos of 11-12 days and in the rest of the small intestine in embryos of 13-14 days of breeding. In the human embryo of 60 mm CRL the development of the intramural plexus is already completed.", "PMID": 1015625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1014", "title": "In vitro elastic fiber formation by aggregated arotic cells of newborn rabbits.", "content": "Cells isolated enzymatically from the aortas of newborn rabbits were aggregated and grown in organ culture. Bundles of microfibrils, some of them with an amouphous core (elastin), were evident in 3-day-old aggregates. Furthermore, droplets of elastin surrounded by darker dots and short filaments, corresponding to the elastic units were observed. In 6-day-old aggregates the number of elastic fibers composed of bundles of microfibrils with deposited elastin increased. Elastic elements which probably resulted from a coalescence of elastic units were also present. These two ways of elastic fiber formation in aggregates are compared with those described in papers on aortic development.", "contents": "In vitro elastic fiber formation by aggregated arotic cells of newborn rabbits. Cells isolated enzymatically from the aortas of newborn rabbits were aggregated and grown in organ culture. Bundles of microfibrils, some of them with an amouphous core (elastin), were evident in 3-day-old aggregates. Furthermore, droplets of elastin surrounded by darker dots and short filaments, corresponding to the elastic units were observed. In 6-day-old aggregates the number of elastic fibers composed of bundles of microfibrils with deposited elastin increased. Elastic elements which probably resulted from a coalescence of elastic units were also present. These two ways of elastic fiber formation in aggregates are compared with those described in papers on aortic development.", "PMID": 1015626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1015", "title": "The onset of ossification in the human calcaneus.", "content": "A (silver) radiographic and microscopic study of the onset of ossification in the calcaneus of 177 human fetuses between 49 and 150 mm C.-R. length has revealed the presence of two independent and developmentally different ossific sites. A lateral locus, intramembranous (parachondral) in origin and precocious in appearance, was observed in slightly over 16% of the fetuses examined between 93 mm (the first appearance of this bone) and 150 mm C.-R. It occupied the vascular connective tissue within the anterior portion of a distinct groove on the inferolateral wall of the cartilaginous calcaneus between the retrotrochlear eminence anterosuperiorly, and the lateral process of the tuber posteroinferiorly. A centrally situated, primary ossific centre, endochondral in origin, was detected in only 11% of the fetuses between 118 mm (the initial appearance of this centre) and 150 mm C.-R. It was situated in the centre of the anterior third of the cartilaginous calcaneus in relation to the sustenaculum tali medially and to a distinct cartilaginous prominence on its lateral surface. Only four fetuses possessed both ossific sites (lateral and central): at 122, 143, 145, and 150 mm C.-R., and in only one of these was continuity established between them. One fetus (122 mm) possessed two independent endochondral centres (superior and inferior).", "contents": "The onset of ossification in the human calcaneus. A (silver) radiographic and microscopic study of the onset of ossification in the calcaneus of 177 human fetuses between 49 and 150 mm C.-R. length has revealed the presence of two independent and developmentally different ossific sites. A lateral locus, intramembranous (parachondral) in origin and precocious in appearance, was observed in slightly over 16% of the fetuses examined between 93 mm (the first appearance of this bone) and 150 mm C.-R. It occupied the vascular connective tissue within the anterior portion of a distinct groove on the inferolateral wall of the cartilaginous calcaneus between the retrotrochlear eminence anterosuperiorly, and the lateral process of the tuber posteroinferiorly. A centrally situated, primary ossific centre, endochondral in origin, was detected in only 11% of the fetuses between 118 mm (the initial appearance of this centre) and 150 mm C.-R. It was situated in the centre of the anterior third of the cartilaginous calcaneus in relation to the sustenaculum tali medially and to a distinct cartilaginous prominence on its lateral surface. Only four fetuses possessed both ossific sites (lateral and central): at 122, 143, 145, and 150 mm C.-R., and in only one of these was continuity established between them. One fetus (122 mm) possessed two independent endochondral centres (superior and inferior).", "PMID": 1015627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1016", "title": "The costo-uterine muscle of the guinea-pig: a smooth muscle attaching the uterus to the last rib.", "content": "A conspicuous smooth muscle (of transverse sectional area comparable to that of the taenia coli) situated in the suspensorium ovarii and in the ligamentum ovarii proprium of the guinea-pig is described. The muscle is attached to the last rib, it reaches the medial side of the ovary, to which it is loosely attached; it passes beyond the caudal pole of the ovary (from which it receives additional muscle bundles), it approaches the oviduct, passing ventral to it, then it spreads around it and eventually reaches the distal end of the uterus; this muscle (which is here indicated as costo-uterine muscle) is in direct continuation with, or transforms itself into, the longitudinal outer coat of the uterus.", "contents": "The costo-uterine muscle of the guinea-pig: a smooth muscle attaching the uterus to the last rib. A conspicuous smooth muscle (of transverse sectional area comparable to that of the taenia coli) situated in the suspensorium ovarii and in the ligamentum ovarii proprium of the guinea-pig is described. The muscle is attached to the last rib, it reaches the medial side of the ovary, to which it is loosely attached; it passes beyond the caudal pole of the ovary (from which it receives additional muscle bundles), it approaches the oviduct, passing ventral to it, then it spreads around it and eventually reaches the distal end of the uterus; this muscle (which is here indicated as costo-uterine muscle) is in direct continuation with, or transforms itself into, the longitudinal outer coat of the uterus.", "PMID": 1015628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1017", "title": "Distribution of retinal ganglion cells in five mammalian species (pig, sheep, ox, horse, dog).", "content": "In order to ascertain shape and location of the central area, the distribution of ganglion cells was measured in whole mounts of the retina from pig, sheep, ox, horse, and dog. Although exact comparison of corresponding points of measurement in different animals was not possible, the measurements allowed the mapping of retinal ganglion cell density, typical for the particular species. In all ungulates a streak of high cell density extends along a straight horizontal line, dorsal to the optic disc. As a rule a maximum of ganglion cell density is found close to the temporal end of the visual streak. In the dog a well demarcated oval portion of the streak continues into a short temporal (variable) and a long nasal linear arm. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of retinal ganglion cells in five mammalian species (pig, sheep, ox, horse, dog). In order to ascertain shape and location of the central area, the distribution of ganglion cells was measured in whole mounts of the retina from pig, sheep, ox, horse, and dog. Although exact comparison of corresponding points of measurement in different animals was not possible, the measurements allowed the mapping of retinal ganglion cell density, typical for the particular species. In all ungulates a streak of high cell density extends along a straight horizontal line, dorsal to the optic disc. As a rule a maximum of ganglion cell density is found close to the temporal end of the visual streak. In the dog a well demarcated oval portion of the streak continues into a short temporal (variable) and a long nasal linear arm. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1015629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1018", "title": "A human embryo of 28 mm crown-rump length with cerebral, esophagotracheal and cardiovascular malformations.", "content": "The following malformations were observed in a human embryo of 28 mm crown-rump length obtained at operation for tubal rupture in a case of extrauterine pregnancy: 1. Secondary anophthalmia with dysplasia and in part aplasia of the diencephalon. Rudiments of both eyes and eyestalklike proliferations within the diencephalon. No lenses and on the left side only a palpebral fissure. Hypoplasia of the right telencephalic hemisphere and of the right side of diencephalon, mesencephalon and proximal parts of the medulla oblongata. Pseudotumorous proliferations in the diencephalon, in the alar plate of the medulla oblongata (protruding into the fourth ventricle) and in the arachnoid. Hypoplasia of the right internal, middle, and external ear. Dysplasia and in part aplasia of facial osseous elements (cebocephalia). 2. Proximal esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula. 3. A Fallot's tetralogy with right-sided aortic arch and regressive right-sided ductus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, hypoplasia of the right ventricle with excessive hypertrophy of its wall, and hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk. Single left superior vena cava and abnormal, semicircular course of the stems of both coronary arteries.", "contents": "A human embryo of 28 mm crown-rump length with cerebral, esophagotracheal and cardiovascular malformations. The following malformations were observed in a human embryo of 28 mm crown-rump length obtained at operation for tubal rupture in a case of extrauterine pregnancy: 1. Secondary anophthalmia with dysplasia and in part aplasia of the diencephalon. Rudiments of both eyes and eyestalklike proliferations within the diencephalon. No lenses and on the left side only a palpebral fissure. Hypoplasia of the right telencephalic hemisphere and of the right side of diencephalon, mesencephalon and proximal parts of the medulla oblongata. Pseudotumorous proliferations in the diencephalon, in the alar plate of the medulla oblongata (protruding into the fourth ventricle) and in the arachnoid. Hypoplasia of the right internal, middle, and external ear. Dysplasia and in part aplasia of facial osseous elements (cebocephalia). 2. Proximal esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula. 3. A Fallot's tetralogy with right-sided aortic arch and regressive right-sided ductus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, hypoplasia of the right ventricle with excessive hypertrophy of its wall, and hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk. Single left superior vena cava and abnormal, semicircular course of the stems of both coronary arteries.", "PMID": 1015630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1019", "title": "The cancellous structure in the calcaneus and its relation to mechanical stressing.", "content": "The structure of the cancellous bone in the calcaneus is comparable to a three-dimensional trajectorial system, best adapted to resisting bending stresses. This can be seen from the curve trend of the tensile fascicles. Since stressing takes place mainly in the sagittal plane, the adaptation of the structure must be examined in this plane. The photoelastic experiments prove that similar trajectorial patterns result from different types of loading (e.g., standing with and without muscular contraction, the transmission of forces before and after the fusion of the tuber apophysis); and therefore the stresses remain the same. The trajectorial patterns, already established from the experiments, correspond with those of the cancellous structure, which indicates that a state of adaptation exists. Using the definition given in Roux's \"maximum-minimum\" law, this means that the bone achieves maximum resistance with a minimum of material. The photoelastic experiments can also be successfully applied to a short, skeletal element, which has been stressed in a complex manner. Furthermore, the theory of causal histogenesis in the supporting tissues can be proved, since the position of the epiphyseal center coincides with that of a singular poing (hydrostatic pressure) in the trajectorial pattern. A division of the trajectorial pattern, into lateral and medial fascicles (as described by T. von Lanz and W. Wachsmuth) cannot be seen in the bone sections and consequently cannot be regarded as being factual.", "contents": "The cancellous structure in the calcaneus and its relation to mechanical stressing. The structure of the cancellous bone in the calcaneus is comparable to a three-dimensional trajectorial system, best adapted to resisting bending stresses. This can be seen from the curve trend of the tensile fascicles. Since stressing takes place mainly in the sagittal plane, the adaptation of the structure must be examined in this plane. The photoelastic experiments prove that similar trajectorial patterns result from different types of loading (e.g., standing with and without muscular contraction, the transmission of forces before and after the fusion of the tuber apophysis); and therefore the stresses remain the same. The trajectorial patterns, already established from the experiments, correspond with those of the cancellous structure, which indicates that a state of adaptation exists. Using the definition given in Roux's \"maximum-minimum\" law, this means that the bone achieves maximum resistance with a minimum of material. The photoelastic experiments can also be successfully applied to a short, skeletal element, which has been stressed in a complex manner. Furthermore, the theory of causal histogenesis in the supporting tissues can be proved, since the position of the epiphyseal center coincides with that of a singular poing (hydrostatic pressure) in the trajectorial pattern. A division of the trajectorial pattern, into lateral and medial fascicles (as described by T. von Lanz and W. Wachsmuth) cannot be seen in the bone sections and consequently cannot be regarded as being factual.", "PMID": 1015631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1020", "title": "The embryological development and cytodifferentiation of the pars distalis of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The embryological development of cytodifferentiation of the hamster pars distalis was investigated using light and electron microscope techniques in order to obtain basic information for comparison with pituitary development in other mammalian species. The normal chronological events in the development of the hamster pars distalis closely paralleled the pituitary organogenesis of other laboratory rodents. Rathke's pouch formed and touched the infundibulum at 8 1/2 days of gestation and separated from the stomodeum 3 days later. Penetration of vascular elements from the developing hypophysial portal system into the pars distalis occurred at 12 1/2 days gestation. This was also the first day that small secretory granules were seen in any of the parenchymal cells. Further cytodifferentiation during the following prenatal, and first few postnatal days of life revealed granulated cells which, in most cases, could not be identified using morphological criteria or granule size as may be done in the adult. An orderly sequence of inductive and morphological events appears to take place in the developing hamster adenohypophysis paralleling similar events observed in other animals.", "contents": "The embryological development and cytodifferentiation of the pars distalis of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). A light and electron microscopic study. The embryological development of cytodifferentiation of the hamster pars distalis was investigated using light and electron microscope techniques in order to obtain basic information for comparison with pituitary development in other mammalian species. The normal chronological events in the development of the hamster pars distalis closely paralleled the pituitary organogenesis of other laboratory rodents. Rathke's pouch formed and touched the infundibulum at 8 1/2 days of gestation and separated from the stomodeum 3 days later. Penetration of vascular elements from the developing hypophysial portal system into the pars distalis occurred at 12 1/2 days gestation. This was also the first day that small secretory granules were seen in any of the parenchymal cells. Further cytodifferentiation during the following prenatal, and first few postnatal days of life revealed granulated cells which, in most cases, could not be identified using morphological criteria or granule size as may be done in the adult. An orderly sequence of inductive and morphological events appears to take place in the developing hamster adenohypophysis paralleling similar events observed in other animals.", "PMID": 1015632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1021", "title": "The distribution of intercellular gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The distribution of gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of Xenopus has been examined from optic vesicle to photoreceptor outer segment stages. In the retina and pigment epithelium walls of the optic vesicle gap junctions are found between ventricular cells in the apical contact zone and close to the outside wall; a neural tube type of distribution. Optic cup formation brings the retina and pigment epithelium into contact and gap junctions form between them. After the stage of retinal specification gap junctions, previously more numerous dorsally, are more often found in the ventral retina and pigment epithelium. They continue to be found in the retinal centre between ventricular cell processes in the apical contact zone and near the vitreal basement lamella above the ganglion cell layer until stage 35. Gap junctions are occasionally made by ganglion cells and their axons, providing possible pathways initiating cell differentiation. After stage 35 gap junctions seem to be confined to the peripheral rim of the eye cup where new cells are formed throughout larval life. The observed distribution suggests that gap junctions may provide intercytoplasmic pathways for retinal specification intrinsic to the retina and pigment epithelium.", "contents": "The distribution of intercellular gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of Xenopus laevis. The distribution of gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of Xenopus has been examined from optic vesicle to photoreceptor outer segment stages. In the retina and pigment epithelium walls of the optic vesicle gap junctions are found between ventricular cells in the apical contact zone and close to the outside wall; a neural tube type of distribution. Optic cup formation brings the retina and pigment epithelium into contact and gap junctions form between them. After the stage of retinal specification gap junctions, previously more numerous dorsally, are more often found in the ventral retina and pigment epithelium. They continue to be found in the retinal centre between ventricular cell processes in the apical contact zone and near the vitreal basement lamella above the ganglion cell layer until stage 35. Gap junctions are occasionally made by ganglion cells and their axons, providing possible pathways initiating cell differentiation. After stage 35 gap junctions seem to be confined to the peripheral rim of the eye cup where new cells are formed throughout larval life. The observed distribution suggests that gap junctions may provide intercytoplasmic pathways for retinal specification intrinsic to the retina and pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 1015633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1022", "title": "[A comparative study of the cardiovascular effect of dobutamine. Preliminary results obtained in a surgical resuscitation unit].", "content": "Dobutamine (dobutamin hydrochloride, Lilly) is a new inotropic catecholamine; it is presented in lyophilized ampoules for I.V. use, each containing 250 mg of dobutamine to be reconstituted with 5 per cent glucose or sterile water for injection. In the first part of this study, animal pharmacology is reported as described in medical literature: inotropic activity with minimal chronotropic effects, direct action, no vasconstriction, minimal arrhythmogenic activity and minimal diversion of blood flow to skeletal muscles are the main experimental features. The authors report afterwards their own experience with dobutamine in 8 patients (cranial traumas) without cardiac failure, and in 9 patients presenting with a cardio-circulatory failure in a toxi-infectious condition. In all patients tested, hemodynamics parameters (heart rate, mean A.P., central venous pressure) and cardiac output measurement (dye dilution method) were performed. Cardiac index and systolic index, total systemic resistances, left ventricular performance were also calculated. Dobutamine dosage ranged from 2.5 to 10 mcg/kg/mn except in patients with low output syndrom (2.5 and 5 mcg/kg/mn). Dobutamine offers new possibilities by its constant and indisputable inotropic activity contrasting with its minimal chronotropic effect.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the cardiovascular effect of dobutamine. Preliminary results obtained in a surgical resuscitation unit]. Dobutamine (dobutamin hydrochloride, Lilly) is a new inotropic catecholamine; it is presented in lyophilized ampoules for I.V. use, each containing 250 mg of dobutamine to be reconstituted with 5 per cent glucose or sterile water for injection. In the first part of this study, animal pharmacology is reported as described in medical literature: inotropic activity with minimal chronotropic effects, direct action, no vasconstriction, minimal arrhythmogenic activity and minimal diversion of blood flow to skeletal muscles are the main experimental features. The authors report afterwards their own experience with dobutamine in 8 patients (cranial traumas) without cardiac failure, and in 9 patients presenting with a cardio-circulatory failure in a toxi-infectious condition. In all patients tested, hemodynamics parameters (heart rate, mean A.P., central venous pressure) and cardiac output measurement (dye dilution method) were performed. Cardiac index and systolic index, total systemic resistances, left ventricular performance were also calculated. Dobutamine dosage ranged from 2.5 to 10 mcg/kg/mn except in patients with low output syndrom (2.5 and 5 mcg/kg/mn). Dobutamine offers new possibilities by its constant and indisputable inotropic activity contrasting with its minimal chronotropic effect.", "PMID": 1015659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1023", "title": "[Semi-micromethod for the assay of vitamin E. Use in neonatal pharmacology].", "content": "A micromethod using 250 mul of plasma was described for assaying vitamin E. The complete extraction of the plasmatic vitamin E was made possible. The sensitivity and occurency of this method are particularly suitable in pediatric determinations. The vitamin E plasmatic levels were measured in the low birth-weight newborn given or not a 10 mg vitamin E supply in the feeding.", "contents": "[Semi-micromethod for the assay of vitamin E. Use in neonatal pharmacology]. A micromethod using 250 mul of plasma was described for assaying vitamin E. The complete extraction of the plasmatic vitamin E was made possible. The sensitivity and occurency of this method are particularly suitable in pediatric determinations. The vitamin E plasmatic levels were measured in the low birth-weight newborn given or not a 10 mg vitamin E supply in the feeding.", "PMID": 1015668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1024", "title": "[Proposal of a new procedure for the exploration of hepatocellular function. The trimethoxybenzene test (TMB)].", "content": "The authors propose a new method of exploration of liver cell function based on the study of demethylation of a rapidly assimilated atoxic compound, trimethoxybenzene (TMB) in dimethoxy-hydroxybenzene (DMHB). Whereas in normal subjects, the urinary excretion of the metabolites was rapid and marked, 180 mg within 3 hours after taking a 400 mg dose, in patients with liver cell failure, the excretion of DMHB was considerably reduced, 80 to 95% in cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Proposal of a new procedure for the exploration of hepatocellular function. The trimethoxybenzene test (TMB)]. The authors propose a new method of exploration of liver cell function based on the study of demethylation of a rapidly assimilated atoxic compound, trimethoxybenzene (TMB) in dimethoxy-hydroxybenzene (DMHB). Whereas in normal subjects, the urinary excretion of the metabolites was rapid and marked, 180 mg within 3 hours after taking a 400 mg dose, in patients with liver cell failure, the excretion of DMHB was considerably reduced, 80 to 95% in cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1015669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1025", "title": "[Use of dopamine in the treatment of shock states].", "content": "The utilisation od dopamine at an average dose of 6 mug/kg/mn, for the treatment of 19 shock states, is proved to be of particular interest. The lapic action, the special amelioration of the left ventricular function suggest that dopamine is an useful drug in the treatment of circulatory failure and myocardial inefficiency. The renal and mesenteric vasodilatation produced, prevent or treat the acute renal failure of shock. The actions of dopamine are different from those of other vasopressive amines (norepinephrine, isoproterenol, glucagon) and make dopamine on the first drug to treat shock states.", "contents": "[Use of dopamine in the treatment of shock states]. The utilisation od dopamine at an average dose of 6 mug/kg/mn, for the treatment of 19 shock states, is proved to be of particular interest. The lapic action, the special amelioration of the left ventricular function suggest that dopamine is an useful drug in the treatment of circulatory failure and myocardial inefficiency. The renal and mesenteric vasodilatation produced, prevent or treat the acute renal failure of shock. The actions of dopamine are different from those of other vasopressive amines (norepinephrine, isoproterenol, glucagon) and make dopamine on the first drug to treat shock states.", "PMID": 1015658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1026", "title": "[The diagnosis of a group of Streptococci. 1 - Comparative study of various techniques for the extraction of the polyoside antigen from Streptococci].", "content": "The present importance of streptococcal pathology implicates the identification of the streptococcal groups. The authors have carried out a comparative study of the various methods of extraction of the group specific antigen. They demonstrated the advantages and disadvantages of each method and consider the pronase extraction method to be the simplest, the most rapid and the most specific.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of a group of Streptococci. 1 - Comparative study of various techniques for the extraction of the polyoside antigen from Streptococci]. The present importance of streptococcal pathology implicates the identification of the streptococcal groups. The authors have carried out a comparative study of the various methods of extraction of the group specific antigen. They demonstrated the advantages and disadvantages of each method and consider the pronase extraction method to be the simplest, the most rapid and the most specific.", "PMID": 1015670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1027", "title": "[Comparison of values, obtained on heparinised serum or plasma, for common biochemical examinations].", "content": "The biologist may prefer to use plasma rather than serum to facilitate sampling procedures in his laboratory. It is important to know whether or not the patients' results will be affected by this change. In daily practice, there is no difference to speak of between plasma and serum for bilirubin, calcium, potassium, creatinin, urea, cholesterol, sodium, uric acid, triglycerid and iron. There are, however, differences for total proteins, phosphates and glucose.", "contents": "[Comparison of values, obtained on heparinised serum or plasma, for common biochemical examinations]. The biologist may prefer to use plasma rather than serum to facilitate sampling procedures in his laboratory. It is important to know whether or not the patients' results will be affected by this change. In daily practice, there is no difference to speak of between plasma and serum for bilirubin, calcium, potassium, creatinin, urea, cholesterol, sodium, uric acid, triglycerid and iron. There are, however, differences for total proteins, phosphates and glucose.", "PMID": 1015671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1028", "title": "[Steroid receptors and hormonal receptivity. New pharmacological and therapeutic approaches applicable to the control of fertility].", "content": "The definition and main characteristics of the steroid hormone receptors are given. One may note a relationship between hormonal receptivity and the physiological changes in the concentration of the receptors in the target organs. The distribution of the various receptors is given in detail showing the existence of (a) different receptors for the same hormone in different target cells; (b) different receptors for different hormones in the same cells; (c) different receptors for the same hormone in the same cell. A new pharmacological approach is proposed based on differentiation of receptivities from which there results a dissociation of the therapeutic effects.", "contents": "[Steroid receptors and hormonal receptivity. New pharmacological and therapeutic approaches applicable to the control of fertility]. The definition and main characteristics of the steroid hormone receptors are given. One may note a relationship between hormonal receptivity and the physiological changes in the concentration of the receptors in the target organs. The distribution of the various receptors is given in detail showing the existence of (a) different receptors for the same hormone in different target cells; (b) different receptors for different hormones in the same cells; (c) different receptors for the same hormone in the same cell. A new pharmacological approach is proposed based on differentiation of receptivities from which there results a dissociation of the therapeutic effects.", "PMID": 1015672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1029", "title": "[Androgen receptors. Their value in physiopathological investigations in man].", "content": "There is less knowledge of androgen receptors than of oestrogen receptors but, in recent years, important progress has been made. The author thus describes the physico-chemical properties of the androgen receptors. He discusses also the problems raised by their estimation. The exchange techniques are practically unusable as the androgen receptors are easily destroyed even at 15 degrees C. The author proposes and describes another method which isolates the hormone-receptor complex with protamine sulphate. He also considers the prospects of these receptor estimations in prostatic disease, e.g. androgen-dependent adenoma. The absence of androgen receptors in testicular feminisation syndrome finally permits excellent illustration of the importance of the study of receptors in the understanding of cellular insensivity to a hormone.", "contents": "[Androgen receptors. Their value in physiopathological investigations in man]. There is less knowledge of androgen receptors than of oestrogen receptors but, in recent years, important progress has been made. The author thus describes the physico-chemical properties of the androgen receptors. He discusses also the problems raised by their estimation. The exchange techniques are practically unusable as the androgen receptors are easily destroyed even at 15 degrees C. The author proposes and describes another method which isolates the hormone-receptor complex with protamine sulphate. He also considers the prospects of these receptor estimations in prostatic disease, e.g. androgen-dependent adenoma. The absence of androgen receptors in testicular feminisation syndrome finally permits excellent illustration of the importance of the study of receptors in the understanding of cellular insensivity to a hormone.", "PMID": 1015673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1030", "title": "[Insulin receptors: physiopathological implications and applications].", "content": "The study of insulin receptors has permitted important progress in the knowledge of various pathological conditions, such as, diabetes, obesity. Studies in recent years of the changes in the link between insulin and receptors has proved that the receptor may present interesting variations in affinity with regard to insulin. The notion of negative cooperativity is thus discussed by the lecturer. The number of receptors may also vary. A study of insulin receptors in the experimental, genetic or acquired obesity and in human obesity, is very instructive. Another point emphasized concerns the use of the receptor for the study of structure activity relationships, but also the possibility of estimation of insulin according to the principle of radiocompetition by the receptor. This method of analysis permits one to study the various forms of hormone in patients.", "contents": "[Insulin receptors: physiopathological implications and applications]. The study of insulin receptors has permitted important progress in the knowledge of various pathological conditions, such as, diabetes, obesity. Studies in recent years of the changes in the link between insulin and receptors has proved that the receptor may present interesting variations in affinity with regard to insulin. The notion of negative cooperativity is thus discussed by the lecturer. The number of receptors may also vary. A study of insulin receptors in the experimental, genetic or acquired obesity and in human obesity, is very instructive. Another point emphasized concerns the use of the receptor for the study of structure activity relationships, but also the possibility of estimation of insulin according to the principle of radiocompetition by the receptor. This method of analysis permits one to study the various forms of hormone in patients.", "PMID": 1015674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1031", "title": "[The role of surgery in the treatment of lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "18 cases of abdominal lymphoma in children are reported. Six survived longer than two years after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery in lymphoma can be useful for diagnosis, staging and when the tumor arises within intestinal lumen, for cure.", "contents": "[The role of surgery in the treatment of lymphoma (author's transl)]. 18 cases of abdominal lymphoma in children are reported. Six survived longer than two years after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery in lymphoma can be useful for diagnosis, staging and when the tumor arises within intestinal lumen, for cure.", "PMID": 1015676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1032", "title": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "48 cases of embryonal sarcoma are reported. 41.6% of them are currently surviving, three for longer than five years, two longer than four, five longer than three, five longer than two, and five longer than twelve months. Treatment is based on surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma in children (author's transl)]. 48 cases of embryonal sarcoma are reported. 41.6% of them are currently surviving, three for longer than five years, two longer than four, five longer than three, five longer than two, and five longer than twelve months. Treatment is based on surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1015677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1033", "title": "[Aniridia associated with gonadoblastoma in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of bilateral \"in situ\" gonadoblastoma associated with aniridia and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrom is reported. This observation confirms the incidence of gonadoblastoma in intersex patients. Coincidence of this tumor and aniridia is considered by the authors as previously unreported.", "contents": "[Aniridia associated with gonadoblastoma in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (author's transl)]. One case of bilateral \"in situ\" gonadoblastoma associated with aniridia and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrom is reported. This observation confirms the incidence of gonadoblastoma in intersex patients. Coincidence of this tumor and aniridia is considered by the authors as previously unreported.", "PMID": 1015678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1034", "title": "[Surgical approach of retroperitoneal neuroblastoma in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Rarely retroperitoneal neuroblastoma is a well localized, encapsulated tumor, like it my appear somewhere else, as in the pelvic floor or mediastinum. Even with the same histological findings they are different from de point of view of invasion. Therefore the surgical approach should be different in each case. This is our main conclusion after de study performed in 48 cases operated upon in the last 8 years. We have tried three kinds of operations. 1. The so called curative, total resections. Performing a surgical ablation of the tumor and the organs macroscopically involved, either prior or after radiotherapy or quimiotherapy. At any risk, even of life in the early postoperative period. This kind of surgery has been undertaken in 34 cases with an early mortality of 9. The main aim of this technique is to divide the tumor in two across the supraaortic line well below the renal vessels and up to the diaphragm. In 18 cases the homolateral kidney was resected with the suprarrenal gland. Spleen and pancreas in 5 cases, colon in 4, and the inferior vena cava in 3. The survivors over 2 years are 19 cases. 2. Paliative resection, taking out the main tumor only, has been achieved in 4 cases, with the highest mortality because postoperative hemorrhage. We believed is a dangerous procedure. None of these children survived more than one year. 3. Biopsy and surgical macroscopic diagnosis of invasion plus placing clips at their margin has been carried out in 12 occasions. This had naturally the best early postoperative but not in the long run, none survived more than 2 years. A second look up with resection was undertaken in 3 cases with mortality of one. Most surgeons are puzzled when dealing with retroperitoneal neuroblastoma and some how disappointed before undertaking a long, difficult and highly risk operation, but in many instances still is about the only hope they may have.", "contents": "[Surgical approach of retroperitoneal neuroblastoma in infancy (author's transl)]. Rarely retroperitoneal neuroblastoma is a well localized, encapsulated tumor, like it my appear somewhere else, as in the pelvic floor or mediastinum. Even with the same histological findings they are different from de point of view of invasion. Therefore the surgical approach should be different in each case. This is our main conclusion after de study performed in 48 cases operated upon in the last 8 years. We have tried three kinds of operations. 1. The so called curative, total resections. Performing a surgical ablation of the tumor and the organs macroscopically involved, either prior or after radiotherapy or quimiotherapy. At any risk, even of life in the early postoperative period. This kind of surgery has been undertaken in 34 cases with an early mortality of 9. The main aim of this technique is to divide the tumor in two across the supraaortic line well below the renal vessels and up to the diaphragm. In 18 cases the homolateral kidney was resected with the suprarrenal gland. Spleen and pancreas in 5 cases, colon in 4, and the inferior vena cava in 3. The survivors over 2 years are 19 cases. 2. Paliative resection, taking out the main tumor only, has been achieved in 4 cases, with the highest mortality because postoperative hemorrhage. We believed is a dangerous procedure. None of these children survived more than one year. 3. Biopsy and surgical macroscopic diagnosis of invasion plus placing clips at their margin has been carried out in 12 occasions. This had naturally the best early postoperative but not in the long run, none survived more than 2 years. A second look up with resection was undertaken in 3 cases with mortality of one. Most surgeons are puzzled when dealing with retroperitoneal neuroblastoma and some how disappointed before undertaking a long, difficult and highly risk operation, but in many instances still is about the only hope they may have.", "PMID": 1015679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1035", "title": "[Craneopharyngioma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical findings in the initial and developed stages were studied in 33 cases of craneopharyngiomas in children under sixteen. A predominance of intracraneal hypertension symptoms and sight defects over endocrine symptoms was discovered; the latter appearing later on or only being detected after exhaustive studies.", "contents": "[Craneopharyngioma in children (author's transl)]. Clinical findings in the initial and developed stages were studied in 33 cases of craneopharyngiomas in children under sixteen. A predominance of intracraneal hypertension symptoms and sight defects over endocrine symptoms was discovered; the latter appearing later on or only being detected after exhaustive studies.", "PMID": 1015681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1036", "title": "[Thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid is reported in a 13 years old boy. The clinical and pathological features are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma (author's transl)]. A case of papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid is reported in a 13 years old boy. The clinical and pathological features are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1015682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1037", "title": "[Thyroid cancer in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present three cases of thyroid cancer in the child with comments on the etiologic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of this rare disease. The authors insist on the danger of local radiotherapy and on the need to suspect thyroid cancer in cases of persistent laterocervical adenopathies whose diagnosis can only be confirmed by means of a biopsy. It is of note that the illness took a favourable course and various therapeutic criteria are discussed.", "contents": "[Thyroid cancer in childhood (author's transl)]. The authors present three cases of thyroid cancer in the child with comments on the etiologic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of this rare disease. The authors insist on the danger of local radiotherapy and on the need to suspect thyroid cancer in cases of persistent laterocervical adenopathies whose diagnosis can only be confirmed by means of a biopsy. It is of note that the illness took a favourable course and various therapeutic criteria are discussed.", "PMID": 1015683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1038", "title": "[Local treatment of angiomas with corticoids (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiomas studied at the Clinica Infantil \"La Fe\" in a four and a half years period are reviewed. The different therapeutic approaches are considered. Thirteen cases selected at random have been treated with local injections of steroids, with a 84% satisfactory results. The technique seems to be simple and without complications. It is recommended in the management of the parotideal, small size, subcutaneous and those angiomas in which the therapy could be followed by sequelae and in those where other therapy has failed.", "contents": "[Local treatment of angiomas with corticoids (author's transl)]. The angiomas studied at the Clinica Infantil \"La Fe\" in a four and a half years period are reviewed. The different therapeutic approaches are considered. Thirteen cases selected at random have been treated with local injections of steroids, with a 84% satisfactory results. The technique seems to be simple and without complications. It is recommended in the management of the parotideal, small size, subcutaneous and those angiomas in which the therapy could be followed by sequelae and in those where other therapy has failed.", "PMID": 1015684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1039", "title": "[Correlation between scanning,  Radiological images and clinical findings in tumoral processes (author'a transl)].", "content": "During last years bone scanning has shown a great accuracy in the diagnosis of primitive bone tumors and bone metastasis in adult patients. With the use of short lived tracers this technique has also been used in Pediatrics. The authors present their experience in the evaluation of bone scanning in 31 patients with different tumoral processes doing a correlation between scanning, radiological images and clinical findings. The technique is presented for discussion showing its possibilities, limitations and future of its application in Pediatrics.", "contents": "[Correlation between scanning,  Radiological images and clinical findings in tumoral processes (author'a transl)]. During last years bone scanning has shown a great accuracy in the diagnosis of primitive bone tumors and bone metastasis in adult patients. With the use of short lived tracers this technique has also been used in Pediatrics. The authors present their experience in the evaluation of bone scanning in 31 patients with different tumoral processes doing a correlation between scanning, radiological images and clinical findings. The technique is presented for discussion showing its possibilities, limitations and future of its application in Pediatrics.", "PMID": 1015685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1040", "title": "[Hemihepatectomy with I.V.C. by-pass. Experience of 11 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "22 malignant tumors of the liver in children have been treated so far at the \"La Paz\" Childrens Hospital. 11 cases underwent hemihepatectomy with intracaval by-pass. This technique is described and its advantages underlined.", "contents": "[Hemihepatectomy with I.V.C. by-pass. Experience of 11 cases (author's transl)]. 22 malignant tumors of the liver in children have been treated so far at the \"La Paz\" Childrens Hospital. 11 cases underwent hemihepatectomy with intracaval by-pass. This technique is described and its advantages underlined.", "PMID": 1015686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1041", "title": "[Treatment of one case of severe laryngeal papillomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "One observation of severe laryngeal papillomatosis is reported. After diagnosis by biopsy and tracheostomy the patient was treated with bleomycin and thio-tepa associated with punch extirpation of residual papillomata following Kleinsasser. Results at two and half years were excellent.", "contents": "[Treatment of one case of severe laryngeal papillomatosis (author's transl)]. One observation of severe laryngeal papillomatosis is reported. After diagnosis by biopsy and tracheostomy the patient was treated with bleomycin and thio-tepa associated with punch extirpation of residual papillomata following Kleinsasser. Results at two and half years were excellent.", "PMID": 1015687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1042", "title": "[Isolation and intestinal sterilization in prevention of infection in patients with malignant diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Results obtained by isolation and intestinal sterilization in prevention of infections in 42 patients with malignant diseases are shown. A substantial decrease of infection is observed, as compared with a control group of 33 patients with similar disease, treated in normal hospital conditions. The problem of intestinal sterilization is discussed and literature on this subject revised.", "contents": "[Isolation and intestinal sterilization in prevention of infection in patients with malignant diseases (author's transl)]. Results obtained by isolation and intestinal sterilization in prevention of infections in 42 patients with malignant diseases are shown. A substantial decrease of infection is observed, as compared with a control group of 33 patients with similar disease, treated in normal hospital conditions. The problem of intestinal sterilization is discussed and literature on this subject revised.", "PMID": 1015688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1043", "title": "[Our experience in pediatric oncology (author's transl)].", "content": "An initial statistical study on the incidence of oncologic pathology during infancy carried out in the Pediatric Department of the University of La Laguna, is presented. They study includes 33 tumors which have been collected over a period of 3.5 years.", "contents": "[Our experience in pediatric oncology (author's transl)]. An initial statistical study on the incidence of oncologic pathology during infancy carried out in the Pediatric Department of the University of La Laguna, is presented. They study includes 33 tumors which have been collected over a period of 3.5 years.", "PMID": 1015689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1044", "title": "[Tumor committee and pediatric oncology. Importance for management of infantile neoplasias (author's transl)].", "content": "The organization for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of the children with malignancies at the Hospital Infantil \"Virgen del Rocio\", are described. There is a Tumor Committee made up by two pediatrics oncologist, two pediatrics surgeons, one pathologist, one radiotherapist, one pediatric psiquiatrist and one social worker. The Oncology Section of the Hospital is made up by one pediatric oncologist and one registerers nurse (A.T.S.) and several clinical assistants.", "contents": "[Tumor committee and pediatric oncology. Importance for management of infantile neoplasias (author's transl)]. The organization for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of the children with malignancies at the Hospital Infantil \"Virgen del Rocio\", are described. There is a Tumor Committee made up by two pediatrics oncologist, two pediatrics surgeons, one pathologist, one radiotherapist, one pediatric psiquiatrist and one social worker. The Oncology Section of the Hospital is made up by one pediatric oncologist and one registerers nurse (A.T.S.) and several clinical assistants.", "PMID": 1015690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1045", "title": "[Psychological approach in pediatric oncology (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt to describe the procedures with fatally ill children, from a psychotherapeutic point of view is made. Special attention is paid to selecting nursing staff assigned to those children, requiring highly human and professional qualifications. Children with mild or severe psychopathological reactions, and/or their parents, are referred to Psychiatric Services for individual and/or family therapy. At the same time, group therapy is carried with parents. Finally, parents are followed in order to prevent unwanted psychopathological reactions after death of the child.", "contents": "[Psychological approach in pediatric oncology (author's transl)]. An attempt to describe the procedures with fatally ill children, from a psychotherapeutic point of view is made. Special attention is paid to selecting nursing staff assigned to those children, requiring highly human and professional qualifications. Children with mild or severe psychopathological reactions, and/or their parents, are referred to Psychiatric Services for individual and/or family therapy. At the same time, group therapy is carried with parents. Finally, parents are followed in order to prevent unwanted psychopathological reactions after death of the child.", "PMID": 1015691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1046", "title": "Ten-year experience with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "The ten-year (1965-1975) experience of the Pediatric Tumor Clinic with 14 cases of proven CRM was reviewed. Seven cases seen prior to 1970 acted as control. They were treated by surgery and X--ray therapy alone (one received one chemotherapeutic agent). Seven other cases seen after 1970 adhered to a strict protocol of therapy. After surgery (resection or biopsy), roentgenological and hematological survey for diagnosis and staging, they received curative radiotherapy locally in doses of 5,200 r to 6,000 r. Concomitantly a regimen of multiple chemotherapeutic agents (vincristine, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide) was administered according to the protocol followed at the M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston. Only one of the seven controls is alive and free of disease for 9 years. Only one of the seven cases who adhered to the protocol died. The other six are alive and free of disease for periods of one to two and a half years (one has a 4 months follow-up so far). One of the six cases presenting with a solitary pulmonary metastasis had a lobectomy 2 and a half years after start of treatment, as no new metastasis developed. Another, presenting with a local recurrence after excision is alive and free of disease 2 years after the star of treatment with the protocol. The results of treatment of CRM with the protocol adopted show a significant improvement in terms of local recurrences, distant metastasis and survival rates.", "contents": "Ten-year experience with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. The ten-year (1965-1975) experience of the Pediatric Tumor Clinic with 14 cases of proven CRM was reviewed. Seven cases seen prior to 1970 acted as control. They were treated by surgery and X--ray therapy alone (one received one chemotherapeutic agent). Seven other cases seen after 1970 adhered to a strict protocol of therapy. After surgery (resection or biopsy), roentgenological and hematological survey for diagnosis and staging, they received curative radiotherapy locally in doses of 5,200 r to 6,000 r. Concomitantly a regimen of multiple chemotherapeutic agents (vincristine, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide) was administered according to the protocol followed at the M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston. Only one of the seven controls is alive and free of disease for 9 years. Only one of the seven cases who adhered to the protocol died. The other six are alive and free of disease for periods of one to two and a half years (one has a 4 months follow-up so far). One of the six cases presenting with a solitary pulmonary metastasis had a lobectomy 2 and a half years after start of treatment, as no new metastasis developed. Another, presenting with a local recurrence after excision is alive and free of disease 2 years after the star of treatment with the protocol. The results of treatment of CRM with the protocol adopted show a significant improvement in terms of local recurrences, distant metastasis and survival rates.", "PMID": 1015692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1047", "title": "Teratomas in childhood.", "content": "Of 109 teratomas in children 86 were benign and 23 malignant. Sacro-coccygeal and pelvic teratomas predominated 52 cases, and these fell into three groups, post-sacral, dumb bell and pre-sacral. The 34 purely posterior tumours were always congenital and benign whilst the incidence of malignancy in dum bell and pre-sacral teratomas increased as the tumour became more internal. Other sites affected in order of frequency were: the gonads, head and neck, retroperitoneal anterior mediastinum and the central nervous system. Malignant teratomas were carcinomas usually containing glandular, capillary and clear cell areas, and metastases were similar. Immature tissues in benign teratomas were usually neural or connective tissue. They did not give rise to neuroblastomas or sarcomas and did not indicate a worse prognosis. Only two originally benign teratomas later developed malignancy.", "contents": "Teratomas in childhood. Of 109 teratomas in children 86 were benign and 23 malignant. Sacro-coccygeal and pelvic teratomas predominated 52 cases, and these fell into three groups, post-sacral, dumb bell and pre-sacral. The 34 purely posterior tumours were always congenital and benign whilst the incidence of malignancy in dum bell and pre-sacral teratomas increased as the tumour became more internal. Other sites affected in order of frequency were: the gonads, head and neck, retroperitoneal anterior mediastinum and the central nervous system. Malignant teratomas were carcinomas usually containing glandular, capillary and clear cell areas, and metastases were similar. Immature tissues in benign teratomas were usually neural or connective tissue. They did not give rise to neuroblastomas or sarcomas and did not indicate a worse prognosis. Only two originally benign teratomas later developed malignancy.", "PMID": 1015694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1048", "title": "Medulloblastoma of the cerebellum.", "content": "On the base of 77 medulloblastomas of the cerebellum, it is a point out the actual management of children with medulloblastoma which can be summed up as a combination of surgery to relieve pressure and remove as much of the tumor as possible, para-operative vincristine, radical treatment of the whole C.N.S. by radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy of B.C.N.U. and vincristine.", "contents": "Medulloblastoma of the cerebellum. On the base of 77 medulloblastomas of the cerebellum, it is a point out the actual management of children with medulloblastoma which can be summed up as a combination of surgery to relieve pressure and remove as much of the tumor as possible, para-operative vincristine, radical treatment of the whole C.N.S. by radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy of B.C.N.U. and vincristine.", "PMID": 1015695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1049", "title": "Investigations of red cell glyoxalase in recombinant families.", "content": "The polymorphism of the red cell glyoxalase (GLO), which has recently been found to be linked with the major histocompatibility complex (HLA) in man, was investigated in a number of selected families showing various recombinations between HLA-A, HLA-B and the third locus of the phosphoglucomutase (PGM3). In two families with a recombination between HLA-A and HLA-B, the GLO allele travels with the HLA-B locus fragment of the chromosome, indicating that GLO is located on the side of the HLA-B locus. In other families, recombinations occurred between HLA-A and B on one side and GLO and PGM3 on the other side, demonstrating that GLO and PGM3 are located on the same side of HLA. Other recombinations separated PGM3 from GLO so that it can be assumed that GLO is located between HLA-B and PGM3. Thus the immunogenetic linkage group on human chromosome C6 has been increased by yet another outside marker gene to include now the following genes in this order: HLA-A--HLA-C--HLA-B--Bf--HLA-D--GLO--PGM3.", "contents": "Investigations of red cell glyoxalase in recombinant families. The polymorphism of the red cell glyoxalase (GLO), which has recently been found to be linked with the major histocompatibility complex (HLA) in man, was investigated in a number of selected families showing various recombinations between HLA-A, HLA-B and the third locus of the phosphoglucomutase (PGM3). In two families with a recombination between HLA-A and HLA-B, the GLO allele travels with the HLA-B locus fragment of the chromosome, indicating that GLO is located on the side of the HLA-B locus. In other families, recombinations occurred between HLA-A and B on one side and GLO and PGM3 on the other side, demonstrating that GLO and PGM3 are located on the same side of HLA. Other recombinations separated PGM3 from GLO so that it can be assumed that GLO is located between HLA-B and PGM3. Thus the immunogenetic linkage group on human chromosome C6 has been increased by yet another outside marker gene to include now the following genes in this order: HLA-A--HLA-C--HLA-B--Bf--HLA-D--GLO--PGM3.", "PMID": 1015713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1050", "title": "[Importance of echocardiography in aortic valve disorders].", "content": "It would seem that, despite certain limitations, echocardiography may be considered to be an important method of investigation in the diagnosis and prognosis of aortic valve disease. Quantitative measurements may possible study of the progression of the lesions. Nevertheless, echocardiography only appears to be a simple technique and emphasis should be placed on the importance of a complete investigation as well as the quality of the recordings to be studied.", "contents": "[Importance of echocardiography in aortic valve disorders]. It would seem that, despite certain limitations, echocardiography may be considered to be an important method of investigation in the diagnosis and prognosis of aortic valve disease. Quantitative measurements may possible study of the progression of the lesions. Nevertheless, echocardiography only appears to be a simple technique and emphasis should be placed on the importance of a complete investigation as well as the quality of the recordings to be studied.", "PMID": 1015720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1051", "title": "[Anatomo-pathologic forms of lymphoid and lymphoreticular fibrosis of the bone marrow].", "content": "The development, within the bone marrow, of reticulo-fibrosis with a lymphoid organ structure forms part of a pathological model common to several lympho- and reticulo-proliferative syndromes. Various cytological types develop within this reticulo-fibrous framework: lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, plasmocytes, \"hairy cells\" and histiocytes. This cytological variety has led to different names: leukaemic reticulo-endotheliosis, lymphoid myelofibrosis, histio-lymphocytosis, malignant histiocytosis, etc. Similar cell type sequence is seen in non-Hodgkins lymphomas, with the same problems of parent and daughter cells. In fact the architectural metaplasia of the bone marrow prevails over the cellular metaplasia in the definition of the single clinical, haematological nature and course of these syndromes which have been too widely dissociated by classical haematology.", "contents": "[Anatomo-pathologic forms of lymphoid and lymphoreticular fibrosis of the bone marrow]. The development, within the bone marrow, of reticulo-fibrosis with a lymphoid organ structure forms part of a pathological model common to several lympho- and reticulo-proliferative syndromes. Various cytological types develop within this reticulo-fibrous framework: lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, plasmocytes, \"hairy cells\" and histiocytes. This cytological variety has led to different names: leukaemic reticulo-endotheliosis, lymphoid myelofibrosis, histio-lymphocytosis, malignant histiocytosis, etc. Similar cell type sequence is seen in non-Hodgkins lymphomas, with the same problems of parent and daughter cells. In fact the architectural metaplasia of the bone marrow prevails over the cellular metaplasia in the definition of the single clinical, haematological nature and course of these syndromes which have been too widely dissociated by classical haematology.", "PMID": 1015721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1052", "title": "[The role and functions of the lung in equilibrium of the internal milieu. Protein metabolism and enzyme systems].", "content": "The different anatomical zones of the lung show a high degree of variation in metabolic function, involving many protein molecules and complex enzyme systems. Recent data in the literature concerning such activity are described with respect to bradykinin, fibrinolysis, haemostasis, angiotensin, serotonin, catecholamines, prostaglandins, vaso-active amines, the protease-antiprotease system and benzopyrene-hydroxylase.", "contents": "[The role and functions of the lung in equilibrium of the internal milieu. Protein metabolism and enzyme systems]. The different anatomical zones of the lung show a high degree of variation in metabolic function, involving many protein molecules and complex enzyme systems. Recent data in the literature concerning such activity are described with respect to bradykinin, fibrinolysis, haemostasis, angiotensin, serotonin, catecholamines, prostaglandins, vaso-active amines, the protease-antiprotease system and benzopyrene-hydroxylase.", "PMID": 1015722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1053", "title": "[Insufficiency of secretion from the exocrine pancreas in infants (excluding mucoviscidosis) Diagnosis and consequences].", "content": "The diagnosis of insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic secretion was made in two infants after demonstration of a marked decrease in the flow rate of enzyme secretions during the duodenal infusion of milk and after the IV injection of C.C.K.-P.Z. The two infants had a normal sweat test. One had pancreatic lipomatosis with neuropaenia, whilst the other had pancreatic deficiency which did not fall into the context of Shwachman's syndrome. This study suggests that the absence of exocrine pancreatic secretion is accompanied by multiple abnormalitites : decreased absorption of fats and vitamin B12 and, it would appear, variations in certain activities of the jejunal mucosa and decreased insulin stimulation from the intestine. Such a situation reflects the complexity of the relations established between the organs participating in the processes of absorption and digestion.", "contents": "[Insufficiency of secretion from the exocrine pancreas in infants (excluding mucoviscidosis) Diagnosis and consequences]. The diagnosis of insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic secretion was made in two infants after demonstration of a marked decrease in the flow rate of enzyme secretions during the duodenal infusion of milk and after the IV injection of C.C.K.-P.Z. The two infants had a normal sweat test. One had pancreatic lipomatosis with neuropaenia, whilst the other had pancreatic deficiency which did not fall into the context of Shwachman's syndrome. This study suggests that the absence of exocrine pancreatic secretion is accompanied by multiple abnormalitites : decreased absorption of fats and vitamin B12 and, it would appear, variations in certain activities of the jejunal mucosa and decreased insulin stimulation from the intestine. Such a situation reflects the complexity of the relations established between the organs participating in the processes of absorption and digestion.", "PMID": 1015726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1054", "title": "[A radioisotope test of muscular function (skeletal)].", "content": "A new radioisotopic method measuring the alterations in local blood volume of a muscle before, during and after exercise would seem to make possible the detection of frankly pathological muscular irrigation. The latter is characterised by a marked reduction in blood volume during effort, with or without slight secondary hyperhaemia. Given the correlation between flow and volume, the state of the blood flow may be deduced, and probably to follow the spontaneous progression of progress with treatment of the vascular problem and to assess its prognosis.", "contents": "[A radioisotope test of muscular function (skeletal)]. A new radioisotopic method measuring the alterations in local blood volume of a muscle before, during and after exercise would seem to make possible the detection of frankly pathological muscular irrigation. The latter is characterised by a marked reduction in blood volume during effort, with or without slight secondary hyperhaemia. Given the correlation between flow and volume, the state of the blood flow may be deduced, and probably to follow the spontaneous progression of progress with treatment of the vascular problem and to assess its prognosis.", "PMID": 1015727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1055", "title": "[\"Analysis of fate\" in psychiatry and psychotherapy. II. Correlations withe the level of general psychopathology].", "content": "We demonstrated in a group of 166 psychiatric patients, with disorders of schizophrenic and cyclothymic circle and with neuroses too, significant relations between the results of the projection test of Szondi and between the greatness of total psychopathology, evaluated by means of the Minnesota Multiphasic Inquiry (M.M.P.I.). We could ascertain, that the patients with the higher level of total psychopathology (evaluated by means of M.M.P.I.) have also a greater number of abnormal results according to the projection test of Szondi. At these patients we saw significantly more \"valve groups\", which witness to the irresolution in the instinctive motivations of behaviour. At these patients we could ascertain further the greater number of those personalities, which according to the projection test of Szondi suffered from a lack of breaking and self-critical elements in their behaviour. Subjects with heightened values of M.M.P.I. have significantly more results with abnormal relations of masculinity and of feminity according to the sexual index of Szondi test. The choices and the selection from the set of 48 fixed photographies, which the patient realises at the Szondi test in teen repeated sessions, form so a significant relation not only to the psychiatric diagnoses, as was ascertained in the first part of this work, but also to the height of total psychopathology, evaluated by means of the M.M.P.I. The familial subconsciousness influences so significantly the consciousness of personality and can participate substantially in the development of psychopathologic symptoms.", "contents": "[\"Analysis of fate\" in psychiatry and psychotherapy. II. Correlations withe the level of general psychopathology]. We demonstrated in a group of 166 psychiatric patients, with disorders of schizophrenic and cyclothymic circle and with neuroses too, significant relations between the results of the projection test of Szondi and between the greatness of total psychopathology, evaluated by means of the Minnesota Multiphasic Inquiry (M.M.P.I.). We could ascertain, that the patients with the higher level of total psychopathology (evaluated by means of M.M.P.I.) have also a greater number of abnormal results according to the projection test of Szondi. At these patients we saw significantly more \"valve groups\", which witness to the irresolution in the instinctive motivations of behaviour. At these patients we could ascertain further the greater number of those personalities, which according to the projection test of Szondi suffered from a lack of breaking and self-critical elements in their behaviour. Subjects with heightened values of M.M.P.I. have significantly more results with abnormal relations of masculinity and of feminity according to the sexual index of Szondi test. The choices and the selection from the set of 48 fixed photographies, which the patient realises at the Szondi test in teen repeated sessions, form so a significant relation not only to the psychiatric diagnoses, as was ascertained in the first part of this work, but also to the height of total psychopathology, evaluated by means of the M.M.P.I. The familial subconsciousness influences so significantly the consciousness of personality and can participate substantially in the development of psychopathologic symptoms.", "PMID": 1015733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1056", "title": "[Psychiatric aspects of modern drug addiction].", "content": "The author did beforehand a brief historical survey of drug usage, going throught the concepts of what might be called classic drug addiction, until the present stage of the phenomena of what is known as contemporary drug addiction was reached. Accepting the clinical reality of psychiatric accidents, as presented by the classic psychiatric nosological classification as a fact, the author points out the possibility for establishing a relation between the misuse of toxicomanogenic substances and the frequently pre-morbid personality of the user.", "contents": "[Psychiatric aspects of modern drug addiction]. The author did beforehand a brief historical survey of drug usage, going throught the concepts of what might be called classic drug addiction, until the present stage of the phenomena of what is known as contemporary drug addiction was reached. Accepting the clinical reality of psychiatric accidents, as presented by the classic psychiatric nosological classification as a fact, the author points out the possibility for establishing a relation between the misuse of toxicomanogenic substances and the frequently pre-morbid personality of the user.", "PMID": 1015735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1057", "title": "[Nitrosamines. Review].", "content": "Nitrosamines are an extremely carcinogenic class of compounds. The hasard, bound with the occurrence of this compounds in the food and the possibility to be formed in vivo, during the digestion, justifies the current works. The authors quoting numerous works on different laboratory's animals, remind the toxicity. and carcinogenicity of this compounds. The metabolism is also discussed. The N-nitroso, compounds may be formed in food from the presence of the precursors (nitrite or nitrate, amines and amino-acides). The synthesis takes place during the technological processes, the storage and the house cooking. Today, the marginal effect dose is estimated as 10 mug/kg of daily food. The carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated in human, but is strongly suspected. The amount of N-nitroso compounds in human food is generally low. Many factors can influence the reaction; it is inversely related to the basicity of secondary amine and optimum pH is around pH 4. A lot of compounds such as sodium ascorbate inhibit the synthesis in food. A number of recent reports using reliable methodology have identified nitrosamines at the lower part per billion level. Dimethyl-nitrosamines occurs, very sporadically in a number of cooked meat samples. The nitrosopyrrolidine appears frequently in fried but not in uncooked products. The nitrosopiperidine seems to be bind with the presence of pepper in food. Finally the presence of nitrosamides (nitrososarcosine) and nitrosoaminoacides (nitrosoproline, nitrosohydroxy-proline) is being quested. The N-nitroso compounds may be synthetized in vivo during the digestion at the acide medium of the stomach or by bacterial action during the transit in the gut...", "contents": "[Nitrosamines. Review]. Nitrosamines are an extremely carcinogenic class of compounds. The hasard, bound with the occurrence of this compounds in the food and the possibility to be formed in vivo, during the digestion, justifies the current works. The authors quoting numerous works on different laboratory's animals, remind the toxicity. and carcinogenicity of this compounds. The metabolism is also discussed. The N-nitroso, compounds may be formed in food from the presence of the precursors (nitrite or nitrate, amines and amino-acides). The synthesis takes place during the technological processes, the storage and the house cooking. Today, the marginal effect dose is estimated as 10 mug/kg of daily food. The carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated in human, but is strongly suspected. The amount of N-nitroso compounds in human food is generally low. Many factors can influence the reaction; it is inversely related to the basicity of secondary amine and optimum pH is around pH 4. A lot of compounds such as sodium ascorbate inhibit the synthesis in food. A number of recent reports using reliable methodology have identified nitrosamines at the lower part per billion level. Dimethyl-nitrosamines occurs, very sporadically in a number of cooked meat samples. The nitrosopyrrolidine appears frequently in fried but not in uncooked products. The nitrosopiperidine seems to be bind with the presence of pepper in food. Finally the presence of nitrosamides (nitrososarcosine) and nitrosoaminoacides (nitrosoproline, nitrosohydroxy-proline) is being quested. The N-nitroso compounds may be synthetized in vivo during the digestion at the acide medium of the stomach or by bacterial action during the transit in the gut...", "PMID": 1015737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1058", "title": "[Influence of a low-protein diet on the acute toxicity of a pesticide: Nabam].", "content": "Male rats are fed during twenty eight days from the weaning with semi-synthetic isocaloric diets containing 3,5 p. 100 and 26 p. 100 of proteins under the from of casein and with a standard laboratory diet. At the end of this period the LD50 and the pathological clinical syndrome of a fungicid belonging to the dithiocarbamate series : the Nabame, are determined in each of the groups of rats receiving their respective diet. The LD50 is significantly reduced among the rats with a deficiency in proteins compared with the LD50 determined among the two other groups of animals. A likely explanation is to be looked for, at least for a part, on the level of the production or of the activity of detoxicating microsomal hepatic enzymes which the restrictions of nitrogen supply could reduce. The pathological - clinical syndrome of toxicity : stimulation then depression of the central nervous system, severe inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract, important renal necrosis, is essentially the same among all the animals and it does not seem to be influenced by the level or nature of the proteinic supply.", "contents": "[Influence of a low-protein diet on the acute toxicity of a pesticide: Nabam]. Male rats are fed during twenty eight days from the weaning with semi-synthetic isocaloric diets containing 3,5 p. 100 and 26 p. 100 of proteins under the from of casein and with a standard laboratory diet. At the end of this period the LD50 and the pathological clinical syndrome of a fungicid belonging to the dithiocarbamate series : the Nabame, are determined in each of the groups of rats receiving their respective diet. The LD50 is significantly reduced among the rats with a deficiency in proteins compared with the LD50 determined among the two other groups of animals. A likely explanation is to be looked for, at least for a part, on the level of the production or of the activity of detoxicating microsomal hepatic enzymes which the restrictions of nitrogen supply could reduce. The pathological - clinical syndrome of toxicity : stimulation then depression of the central nervous system, severe inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract, important renal necrosis, is essentially the same among all the animals and it does not seem to be influenced by the level or nature of the proteinic supply.", "PMID": 1015738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1059", "title": "[Diminution of activity of liver microsomal oxygenase in a rat fed with a diet with added zineb].", "content": "Young Wistar CF male rats were fed with diets containing 6,15,60,600,3600 p.p.m of zineb (a zinc thiocarbamate used as fongicide). Four weeks after the beginning of the treatment, a calcic precipitation method is used for obtaining a preparation of liver microsomes from these animals. The microsomes are then used for measuring the activity of both aminophenazone demethylase and aniline hydroxylase as well as the liver concentration of cyt. P 450 and cyt. b5. The weight growth was reduced by the highest dose of zineb, which corresponds to about a daily intake of twentieth of the LD 50 per os. The fongicide brings down the activity of the microsomal monoxygenases and reduces the P 450 quantity. The lessening of the aminophenazone demethylation is apparent starting from a dose between 60 and 600 p.p.m...", "contents": "[Diminution of activity of liver microsomal oxygenase in a rat fed with a diet with added zineb]. Young Wistar CF male rats were fed with diets containing 6,15,60,600,3600 p.p.m of zineb (a zinc thiocarbamate used as fongicide). Four weeks after the beginning of the treatment, a calcic precipitation method is used for obtaining a preparation of liver microsomes from these animals. The microsomes are then used for measuring the activity of both aminophenazone demethylase and aniline hydroxylase as well as the liver concentration of cyt. P 450 and cyt. b5. The weight growth was reduced by the highest dose of zineb, which corresponds to about a daily intake of twentieth of the LD 50 per os. The fongicide brings down the activity of the microsomal monoxygenases and reduces the P 450 quantity. The lessening of the aminophenazone demethylation is apparent starting from a dose between 60 and 600 p.p.m...", "PMID": 1015739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1060", "title": "[Nutritional effects in the rat of oxythioquinox (morestan) as a function of its concentration and of the lipid content of the diet].", "content": "Of two groups of rats, one received a normal diet and the other a high fat diet for 5 weeks. The effects of oxythioquinox, administred at diet concentration of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, of fresh food are studied on weight gain, food and calorie intake and on the weight and composition of various organs. Growth, food and calorie intake are diminished in relation to oxythioquinox concentration in the diet. There exist an interaction between the fat content of the diet and the toxicity of oxythioquinox. The decrease of the efficiency of calorie by oxythioquinox indicates a perturbation of the rats metabolism. An increase in the weight of the liver is observed with a significant interaction between the fat concentration and the oxythioquinox with the results expressed in weight of organ per 100 g body weight. There is an increase in the degree of the water content of the animals liver with normal fat diet. In the case of a high fat diet there is an increase of cholesterol and fatty acid content. In all case, the variations are more strongly marked in relation to the oxythioquinox concentration of the diet and at the same concentration, the high fat diet is more effective that the normal diet. There is an interaction between the lipids in the diet and the oxythioquinox and this interaction indicates, an accentuation of the effects of oxythioquinox by lipids of the diet.", "contents": "[Nutritional effects in the rat of oxythioquinox (morestan) as a function of its concentration and of the lipid content of the diet]. Of two groups of rats, one received a normal diet and the other a high fat diet for 5 weeks. The effects of oxythioquinox, administred at diet concentration of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, of fresh food are studied on weight gain, food and calorie intake and on the weight and composition of various organs. Growth, food and calorie intake are diminished in relation to oxythioquinox concentration in the diet. There exist an interaction between the fat content of the diet and the toxicity of oxythioquinox. The decrease of the efficiency of calorie by oxythioquinox indicates a perturbation of the rats metabolism. An increase in the weight of the liver is observed with a significant interaction between the fat concentration and the oxythioquinox with the results expressed in weight of organ per 100 g body weight. There is an increase in the degree of the water content of the animals liver with normal fat diet. In the case of a high fat diet there is an increase of cholesterol and fatty acid content. In all case, the variations are more strongly marked in relation to the oxythioquinox concentration of the diet and at the same concentration, the high fat diet is more effective that the normal diet. There is an interaction between the lipids in the diet and the oxythioquinox and this interaction indicates, an accentuation of the effects of oxythioquinox by lipids of the diet.", "PMID": 1015740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1061", "title": "Central retinal vein occlusion: life and sight implications.", "content": "Central retinal vein occlusion is an ophthalmic disease with both life and sight threatening implications. Treatment should be aimed at the underlying ophthalmic or systemic disease. Questionable modes of therapy (ie, anticoagulation) may injure the patient as a whole without offering any really better results for the ophthalmic condition.", "contents": "Central retinal vein occlusion: life and sight implications. Central retinal vein occlusion is an ophthalmic disease with both life and sight threatening implications. Treatment should be aimed at the underlying ophthalmic or systemic disease. Questionable modes of therapy (ie, anticoagulation) may injure the patient as a whole without offering any really better results for the ophthalmic condition.", "PMID": 1015741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1062", "title": "Fluorescein angioscopy: techniques of partial fluorescence, permanent drawing record and photocoagulation.", "content": "Fluorescein angioscopy with the indirect ophthalmoscope might be the preferred technique for evaluating and treating certain lesions, particularly those in the retinal periphery. Three techniques which are helpful in extending the advantages of angioscopy are described. (1) Partial fluorescence is achieved with careful adjustment of the cobalt blue filter which relates the fluorescence to retinal landmarks, ie, color angioscopy. (2) A permanent record of angioscopy in different phases can be made with tracing paper over the retinal drawing. (3) Correct localization of lesions to be coagulated is achieved with blue filters over the coagulator beam following fluorescein injection. The filter is removed during coagulation.", "contents": "Fluorescein angioscopy: techniques of partial fluorescence, permanent drawing record and photocoagulation. Fluorescein angioscopy with the indirect ophthalmoscope might be the preferred technique for evaluating and treating certain lesions, particularly those in the retinal periphery. Three techniques which are helpful in extending the advantages of angioscopy are described. (1) Partial fluorescence is achieved with careful adjustment of the cobalt blue filter which relates the fluorescence to retinal landmarks, ie, color angioscopy. (2) A permanent record of angioscopy in different phases can be made with tracing paper over the retinal drawing. (3) Correct localization of lesions to be coagulated is achieved with blue filters over the coagulator beam following fluorescein injection. The filter is removed during coagulation.", "PMID": 1015743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1063", "title": "Assay of parathyroid hormone in human serum and its uses.", "content": "The assay of parathyroid hormone has contributed greatly to our understanding of calcium metabolism in health and disease. The most important clinical application of the assay is in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia, which is an increasing clinical problem. PTH assays are of little or no value in the absence of other biochemical data, especially accurate determinations of plasma calcium and phosphate.", "contents": "Assay of parathyroid hormone in human serum and its uses. The assay of parathyroid hormone has contributed greatly to our understanding of calcium metabolism in health and disease. The most important clinical application of the assay is in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia, which is an increasing clinical problem. PTH assays are of little or no value in the absence of other biochemical data, especially accurate determinations of plasma calcium and phosphate.", "PMID": 1015786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1064", "title": "[Cutaneous manifestations in disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome].", "content": "The principal cutaneous manifestations indicating the need to seek intravascular coagulation are: purpura fulminans, extensive sheets of purpura, acralcyanosis, gangrene in a plaque distribution and perhaps, acute necrosis of the digits. The biological, anatomo-pathological and immunological signs of the conditions should be detected early and precisely by virtue of its nature as a medical emergency. The diversity of its clinical manifestations would seem to be related to the greater or lesser extent of the coagulopathy and resultant thrombosis in the microcirculation. Purpura, though of variable degree, is the constant cutaneous accompaniment of this condition, which is considered to be the equivalent of the experimental phenomenon of Sanarelli-Schwartzman. Heparin, which blocks the tendency to thrombosis in the small vessels in the treatment of choice, associated when possible with treatment of the underlying aetiology.", "contents": "[Cutaneous manifestations in disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome]. The principal cutaneous manifestations indicating the need to seek intravascular coagulation are: purpura fulminans, extensive sheets of purpura, acralcyanosis, gangrene in a plaque distribution and perhaps, acute necrosis of the digits. The biological, anatomo-pathological and immunological signs of the conditions should be detected early and precisely by virtue of its nature as a medical emergency. The diversity of its clinical manifestations would seem to be related to the greater or lesser extent of the coagulopathy and resultant thrombosis in the microcirculation. Purpura, though of variable degree, is the constant cutaneous accompaniment of this condition, which is considered to be the equivalent of the experimental phenomenon of Sanarelli-Schwartzman. Heparin, which blocks the tendency to thrombosis in the small vessels in the treatment of choice, associated when possible with treatment of the underlying aetiology.", "PMID": 1015795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1065", "title": "[Proposed new treatment for excessive statural growth using minimal corticotherapy. A propos of 11 cases treated with prednisone].", "content": "Treatment for excessive growth has alway constituted, in the endocrinological field, and particularly in the United States where such problems are frequently encountered, an incompletely solved problem, where the use of oestrogen therapy for girls has given more or less convincing results. We believe we have found a better solution which comes closer to tackling the real problem by using a minima corticotherapy, delayed until a height 1 or 2 cm short of the desired height is reached and bridging the time later required for the conjugation cartilages to fuse, under the influence of physiological puberty which is allowed to occur naturally under this method. 11 adolescents (1 boy, 10 girls) underwent this treatment at ages between 12 1/2 and 16 (average age 14 years 2 months), at a standard dose of 15 mg/day of prednisone in 3 equal doses over a period of between 7 and 25 months with periodical checking of the clinical condition, radiological bone structure and satisfactory biological tolerance. Results on growth were quite clear: growth rhythm was immediately inhibited, falling from 7,2 cm to 0,5 cm/year and there was total arrest of expected growth and a final height of about 1 or 2 cm more than the height at the onset of treatment was reached. The quality of the results obtained by this method seems to be considerably better than those obtained by other methods which have so far been suggested and this is all the more important as, provided specialised clinical and biological checks are carried out very regularly, it is not countered by unfortunate side-effects. Side-effects either do not occur at all with this method or are very minor and always regress when treatment is terminated.", "contents": "[Proposed new treatment for excessive statural growth using minimal corticotherapy. A propos of 11 cases treated with prednisone]. Treatment for excessive growth has alway constituted, in the endocrinological field, and particularly in the United States where such problems are frequently encountered, an incompletely solved problem, where the use of oestrogen therapy for girls has given more or less convincing results. We believe we have found a better solution which comes closer to tackling the real problem by using a minima corticotherapy, delayed until a height 1 or 2 cm short of the desired height is reached and bridging the time later required for the conjugation cartilages to fuse, under the influence of physiological puberty which is allowed to occur naturally under this method. 11 adolescents (1 boy, 10 girls) underwent this treatment at ages between 12 1/2 and 16 (average age 14 years 2 months), at a standard dose of 15 mg/day of prednisone in 3 equal doses over a period of between 7 and 25 months with periodical checking of the clinical condition, radiological bone structure and satisfactory biological tolerance. Results on growth were quite clear: growth rhythm was immediately inhibited, falling from 7,2 cm to 0,5 cm/year and there was total arrest of expected growth and a final height of about 1 or 2 cm more than the height at the onset of treatment was reached. The quality of the results obtained by this method seems to be considerably better than those obtained by other methods which have so far been suggested and this is all the more important as, provided specialised clinical and biological checks are carried out very regularly, it is not countered by unfortunate side-effects. Side-effects either do not occur at all with this method or are very minor and always regress when treatment is terminated.", "PMID": 1015789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1066", "title": "[Histopathology of cutaneous aphtha in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome].", "content": "The authors studied cutaneous biopsies of papulo-pustular lesions in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. In biopsies taken early, superficial oedema of the dermis appeared to be the first histological sign, subsequently resulting in a true sub-epidermal bulla, containing neutrophil polynuclear and eosinophil leucocytes. At this stage no major vascular involvement was seen. In later specimens, by contrast, marked vascular changes were seen with the appearances of allergic angiitis. At this stage, there is frank epidermal necrosis with resultant ulceration.", "contents": "[Histopathology of cutaneous aphtha in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome]. The authors studied cutaneous biopsies of papulo-pustular lesions in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. In biopsies taken early, superficial oedema of the dermis appeared to be the first histological sign, subsequently resulting in a true sub-epidermal bulla, containing neutrophil polynuclear and eosinophil leucocytes. At this stage no major vascular involvement was seen. In later specimens, by contrast, marked vascular changes were seen with the appearances of allergic angiitis. At this stage, there is frank epidermal necrosis with resultant ulceration.", "PMID": 1015796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1067", "title": "[Dermatomyositis with spinulosis (Wong type dermatomyositis). Histologic study. Attempt at pathogenic interpretation].", "content": "The authors present a case of dermatomyositis with generalised spinulosis of pilose pityriasis rubra (lichen ruber acuminatus) type, giving a highly characteristic appearance of linear verruciform spinulosis of the back of the hands. They describe the histological lesions and feel that this spinulosis is probably due to marked degenerative smooth muscle myositis of the erector pili muscles. They recall the earlier cases of O'Leary and Christianson and above all those of Wong. The case reported is the first in a child.", "contents": "[Dermatomyositis with spinulosis (Wong type dermatomyositis). Histologic study. Attempt at pathogenic interpretation]. The authors present a case of dermatomyositis with generalised spinulosis of pilose pityriasis rubra (lichen ruber acuminatus) type, giving a highly characteristic appearance of linear verruciform spinulosis of the back of the hands. They describe the histological lesions and feel that this spinulosis is probably due to marked degenerative smooth muscle myositis of the erector pili muscles. They recall the earlier cases of O'Leary and Christianson and above all those of Wong. The case reported is the first in a child.", "PMID": 1015797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1068", "title": "[Influence of the thymus-adrenal interaction on the allograft rejection in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Adrenalectomy was followed in young male Sprague-Dawley rats by a delayed rejection of D-A skin grafts. This could be suppressed by implantation of both corticosterone and DOC pellets only. Thymic hormone injections did not interfere with this action of the corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Influence of the thymus-adrenal interaction on the allograft rejection in rats (author's transl)]. Adrenalectomy was followed in young male Sprague-Dawley rats by a delayed rejection of D-A skin grafts. This could be suppressed by implantation of both corticosterone and DOC pellets only. Thymic hormone injections did not interfere with this action of the corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1015791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1069", "title": "[Clomiphen-test in anovulatory sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty women with sterility due to an anovulatory cycle, were submitted to a load of hundred milligramms by day of clomiphene citrate during five days. The test was always performed between the 10th and the 14th day of the cycle. Before and after the clomiphene administration, FSH and LH in plasma and total estrogens and pregnanediol in 24 hours urine, were estimated. The results, are compared with those of ten normal women and the observed results may schematically been classified into three groups: A) Normal response. -- B) Week gonadotropic response. -- and C) High LH baseline. This results seem to indicate three main origines for the anovulatory cycle syndrome: hypothalamic, pituitary and ovarian.", "contents": "[Clomiphen-test in anovulatory sterility (author's transl)]. Twenty women with sterility due to an anovulatory cycle, were submitted to a load of hundred milligramms by day of clomiphene citrate during five days. The test was always performed between the 10th and the 14th day of the cycle. Before and after the clomiphene administration, FSH and LH in plasma and total estrogens and pregnanediol in 24 hours urine, were estimated. The results, are compared with those of ten normal women and the observed results may schematically been classified into three groups: A) Normal response. -- B) Week gonadotropic response. -- and C) High LH baseline. This results seem to indicate three main origines for the anovulatory cycle syndrome: hypothalamic, pituitary and ovarian.", "PMID": 1015790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1070", "title": "[Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "The authors report a new case of the association Hodgkin's disease and Kaposi's sarcoma. A woman of North African origin and suffering from mediastinal Hodgkin's disease developed, after the commencement of polychemotherapy with radiotherapy, Kaposi's cutaneous sarcoma, typical, clinically, histologically and by electron microscopy. In the light of this new case, the authors review 41 cases of the Hodgkin-Kaposi association found in the literature and discuss the inter-relations between Kaposi's sarcoma and diseases of the haemoreticular system, in particular carcinomas, immuno-depressive states (notably in association with renal transplants) and virus disorders (essentially herpes). It might be possible to incriminate in the aetiology of Kaposi's disease a carcinogenetic process of viral origin during a state of immuno-depression.", "contents": "[Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease]. The authors report a new case of the association Hodgkin's disease and Kaposi's sarcoma. A woman of North African origin and suffering from mediastinal Hodgkin's disease developed, after the commencement of polychemotherapy with radiotherapy, Kaposi's cutaneous sarcoma, typical, clinically, histologically and by electron microscopy. In the light of this new case, the authors review 41 cases of the Hodgkin-Kaposi association found in the literature and discuss the inter-relations between Kaposi's sarcoma and diseases of the haemoreticular system, in particular carcinomas, immuno-depressive states (notably in association with renal transplants) and virus disorders (essentially herpes). It might be possible to incriminate in the aetiology of Kaposi's disease a carcinogenetic process of viral origin during a state of immuno-depression.", "PMID": 1015798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1071", "title": "[Recurrent hyperaldosteronism and hypertension post adrenalectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary Aldosteronism may be due to adenoma or hyperplastic adrenals. Such a distinction can be obtained from biochemical studies. In our observation, a man with recurrent aldosteronism after right adrenalectomy was studied. Radiological and surgical data might indicate an adenoma. This opinion was modified by pathological studies. This absence of capsule and the presence of microadenomatous hyperplastic lesions indicated pseudo-adenomatous hyperplastic glands. On the other hand, high blood pressure remained after adrenalectomy. A treatment with beta-blocking substances corrected this hypertension.", "contents": "[Recurrent hyperaldosteronism and hypertension post adrenalectomy (author's transl)]. Primary Aldosteronism may be due to adenoma or hyperplastic adrenals. Such a distinction can be obtained from biochemical studies. In our observation, a man with recurrent aldosteronism after right adrenalectomy was studied. Radiological and surgical data might indicate an adenoma. This opinion was modified by pathological studies. This absence of capsule and the presence of microadenomatous hyperplastic lesions indicated pseudo-adenomatous hyperplastic glands. On the other hand, high blood pressure remained after adrenalectomy. A treatment with beta-blocking substances corrected this hypertension.", "PMID": 1015792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1072", "title": "[Antiandrogenic effect of spirolactones: different mechanisms of action (author's transl)].", "content": "The spirolactones decrease the plasma testosterone levels in men. They also inhibit the specific dihydrotestosterone binding to rat prostate, and have no effect on 5 alpha-reductase. The spirolactones are antiandrogenic drugs, acting at several levels.", "contents": "[Antiandrogenic effect of spirolactones: different mechanisms of action (author's transl)]. The spirolactones decrease the plasma testosterone levels in men. They also inhibit the specific dihydrotestosterone binding to rat prostate, and have no effect on 5 alpha-reductase. The spirolactones are antiandrogenic drugs, acting at several levels.", "PMID": 1015793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1073", "title": "[Feminishing adrenal tumor with primary hyperaldosteronism. Report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of feminishing adrenal tumor with primary hyperaldosteronism is reported. The aim of this report is to emphasize on the terminal evolution of the disease. This phase was marked by malignant hypertension, severe renal insufficiency, and iatrogenic cellular hyperhydration with hyponatremia secondary to spironolactone therapy.", "contents": "[Feminishing adrenal tumor with primary hyperaldosteronism. Report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of feminishing adrenal tumor with primary hyperaldosteronism is reported. The aim of this report is to emphasize on the terminal evolution of the disease. This phase was marked by malignant hypertension, severe renal insufficiency, and iatrogenic cellular hyperhydration with hyponatremia secondary to spironolactone therapy.", "PMID": 1015794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1074", "title": "[Analytical and analogical study of a model of the adrenal-postpituitary function (author's transl)].", "content": "After an analyitical study of mathematical models connected with osmotic or volemic regulations, and the mention of its contribution to the therapeutic act, the authors approach the stimulation, by the mean of an analogical computer, of the complete and non-linear model which associates both types of regulation. So it is possible to attempt to determine the level of adrenal and vasopressin actions according to: 1 degree the sum of the agonistic effects and the difference of their antagonistic effects; 2 degrees the perturbations brought to the system; 3 degrees the parametric values of the model. Theoretical and empirical curves seem to be in favour of such a formulation.", "contents": "[Analytical and analogical study of a model of the adrenal-postpituitary function (author's transl)]. After an analyitical study of mathematical models connected with osmotic or volemic regulations, and the mention of its contribution to the therapeutic act, the authors approach the stimulation, by the mean of an analogical computer, of the complete and non-linear model which associates both types of regulation. So it is possible to attempt to determine the level of adrenal and vasopressin actions according to: 1 degree the sum of the agonistic effects and the difference of their antagonistic effects; 2 degrees the perturbations brought to the system; 3 degrees the parametric values of the model. Theoretical and empirical curves seem to be in favour of such a formulation.", "PMID": 1015788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1075", "title": "A mapping function for human chromosomes.", "content": "The available simple mapping functions are surveyed, and a new mapping function that provides for positive interference within chromosome arms and no interference across the centromere is proposed, together with the corresponding formula for centromeric linkage. This new function is derived by assuming that all chromosome arms except the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes hav an obligatory chiasma, and that the remaining chiasmata are distributed at random; assumptions which may correspond reasonably well to reality. A method for the comparison of the goodness of fit of mapping functions with family data is given. Low levels of interference seem to be indicated, although as yet insufficient human data is available to allow interference to the specified. Interference has a considerable effect on the estimation of map distances between loci from 3-point lod scores as is shown by the linkage group Rh, UMPK, PGM1, Amy, 1qh, Fy, on chromosome 1.", "contents": "A mapping function for human chromosomes. The available simple mapping functions are surveyed, and a new mapping function that provides for positive interference within chromosome arms and no interference across the centromere is proposed, together with the corresponding formula for centromeric linkage. This new function is derived by assuming that all chromosome arms except the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes hav an obligatory chiasma, and that the remaining chiasmata are distributed at random; assumptions which may correspond reasonably well to reality. A method for the comparison of the goodness of fit of mapping functions with family data is given. Low levels of interference seem to be indicated, although as yet insufficient human data is available to allow interference to the specified. Interference has a considerable effect on the estimation of map distances between loci from 3-point lod scores as is shown by the linkage group Rh, UMPK, PGM1, Amy, 1qh, Fy, on chromosome 1.", "PMID": 1015810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1076", "title": "Cytogenetics and infertility in man. II. Testicular histology and meiosis.", "content": "Within a group of 207 subfertile men, selected for testicular biopsy, histological investigations were made successfully in 194 chromosomally normal and 7 chromosomally abnormal individuals. Fifty-two per cent of men with a normal karyotype showed normal testicular histology, 31% showed a general depression of spermatogenesis and 8% showed deficiency in the late stages. Ten per cent had only Sertoli cells in the testis. The range of testicular conditions seen in the chromosomally abnormal men was similar to that found in the chromosomally normal. Meiotic studies carried out on 118 chromosomally normal individuals gave a mean chiasma count of 48-9 per cell. There was a positive correlation between high numbers of cells at diakinesis/metaphase I showing X and Y univalents and low numbers of cells reaching metaphase II. Meiosis was studied in 3 translocation heterozygotes, one 47, XYY male, one 47, XY+mar individual and one patient with a ring Y chromosome.", "contents": "Cytogenetics and infertility in man. II. Testicular histology and meiosis. Within a group of 207 subfertile men, selected for testicular biopsy, histological investigations were made successfully in 194 chromosomally normal and 7 chromosomally abnormal individuals. Fifty-two per cent of men with a normal karyotype showed normal testicular histology, 31% showed a general depression of spermatogenesis and 8% showed deficiency in the late stages. Ten per cent had only Sertoli cells in the testis. The range of testicular conditions seen in the chromosomally abnormal men was similar to that found in the chromosomally normal. Meiotic studies carried out on 118 chromosomally normal individuals gave a mean chiasma count of 48-9 per cell. There was a positive correlation between high numbers of cells at diakinesis/metaphase I showing X and Y univalents and low numbers of cells reaching metaphase II. Meiosis was studied in 3 translocation heterozygotes, one 47, XYY male, one 47, XY+mar individual and one patient with a ring Y chromosome.", "PMID": 1015811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1077", "title": "The testing of dominants for heterozygoisty.", "content": "A simple method of estimating the frequency of heterozygotes among the dominants by test-making has been described; and then a maximum likelihood estimate is obtained by an iterative counting procedure. Eearly results of Haldane have been review and modified. Methods of estimating the gene frequencies, their ratio, and the inbreeding coefficient from test-mating results have also been given.", "contents": "The testing of dominants for heterozygoisty. A simple method of estimating the frequency of heterozygotes among the dominants by test-making has been described; and then a maximum likelihood estimate is obtained by an iterative counting procedure. Eearly results of Haldane have been review and modified. Methods of estimating the gene frequencies, their ratio, and the inbreeding coefficient from test-mating results have also been given.", "PMID": 1015812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1078", "title": "Estimating distances from the centromere by means of benign ovarian teratomas in man.", "content": "Under the assumption that benign ovarian teratomas in man arise parthenogenically from a germ cell by suppression of the second meiotic division, the distance of a gene from its centromere can be estimated from the observed proportion of heterozygous teratomas collected from heterozygous hosts. The frequency of heterozygous teratomas of heterozygous hosts is equivalent to the frequency of second division segregation at the gene locus which has been used for centromere-related mapping in fungal genetics for more than 40 years. Mapping functions useful for teratoma-based mapping in man are presented.", "contents": "Estimating distances from the centromere by means of benign ovarian teratomas in man. Under the assumption that benign ovarian teratomas in man arise parthenogenically from a germ cell by suppression of the second meiotic division, the distance of a gene from its centromere can be estimated from the observed proportion of heterozygous teratomas collected from heterozygous hosts. The frequency of heterozygous teratomas of heterozygous hosts is equivalent to the frequency of second division segregation at the gene locus which has been used for centromere-related mapping in fungal genetics for more than 40 years. Mapping functions useful for teratoma-based mapping in man are presented.", "PMID": 1015813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1079", "title": "A restriction on the space of genetic relationships.", "content": "It was pointed out by Trustrum (1961) that even for non-inbred pairs of relatives it is possible for all four cross-parental kinship coefficients to be non-zero, and hence that the expression often assumed for the correlation between such relatives is not completely general. Van Aarde (1975) has recently made the same comment. We derive a restriction on the space of attainable Cotterman coefficients for a relationship between two arbitrary non-inbred relatives. This restriction implies that the form of the expression for the correlation is in fact general, although the components cannot always be interpreted as parental kinships.", "contents": "A restriction on the space of genetic relationships. It was pointed out by Trustrum (1961) that even for non-inbred pairs of relatives it is possible for all four cross-parental kinship coefficients to be non-zero, and hence that the expression often assumed for the correlation between such relatives is not completely general. Van Aarde (1975) has recently made the same comment. We derive a restriction on the space of attainable Cotterman coefficients for a relationship between two arbitrary non-inbred relatives. This restriction implies that the form of the expression for the correlation is in fact general, although the components cannot always be interpreted as parental kinships.", "PMID": 1015814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1080", "title": "The secondary sex ratio in the United States 1969-71: association with race, parental ages, birth order, paternal education and legitimacy.", "content": "The simultaneous effects of several variables on the secondary sex ratio have been examined using data from over 5,000,000 births which occurred in the United States during 1969-71. The previously described negative association of birth order and sex ratio has been confirmed. For legitimate and illegitimate births combined, maternal age and paternal age are unimportant factors once account is made of birth order. This pattern obtains for both blacks and whites. The sex ratio for legitimate and illegitimate births is equivalent but the fact of legitimacy or illegitimacy may affect the association of the ratio with birth order and the parental ages. Paternal education is not significantly related to the ratio, but the highest probability of a male birth is found among fathers with intermediate levels of attainment. Even though the association between sex ratio and order of birth is highly significant in the statistical sense, the proportion of male births changes less than 2% over the extreme values of birth order. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the association accounts for only a very minor (less than 10%) proportion of the total variation in the ratio.", "contents": "The secondary sex ratio in the United States 1969-71: association with race, parental ages, birth order, paternal education and legitimacy. The simultaneous effects of several variables on the secondary sex ratio have been examined using data from over 5,000,000 births which occurred in the United States during 1969-71. The previously described negative association of birth order and sex ratio has been confirmed. For legitimate and illegitimate births combined, maternal age and paternal age are unimportant factors once account is made of birth order. This pattern obtains for both blacks and whites. The sex ratio for legitimate and illegitimate births is equivalent but the fact of legitimacy or illegitimacy may affect the association of the ratio with birth order and the parental ages. Paternal education is not significantly related to the ratio, but the highest probability of a male birth is found among fathers with intermediate levels of attainment. Even though the association between sex ratio and order of birth is highly significant in the statistical sense, the proportion of male births changes less than 2% over the extreme values of birth order. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the association accounts for only a very minor (less than 10%) proportion of the total variation in the ratio.", "PMID": 1015815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1081", "title": "Two-sided assortative mating for a single locus.", "content": "Most models previously considered for assortative mating were such that no change in gene frequencies occurred, or that one-sided assortative mating was occurring. Two-sided assortative mating is more realistic for human populations, and in this paper a model of two-sided assortative mating is analysed for two autosomal alleles with dominance, an important case for human genetics. The concept of a relative probability of matin between two phenotypes is used, and this variable can take into account factors such as different propensities for assortment in the various phenotypes and so forth. It is shown that the gene frequency may vary from generation to generation and conditions for the establishment of a stable polymorphism are given. For instance, Stanton (1947) has considered a special case of two-sided assortative mating with two autosomal alleles and a constant correlation between mates, where the value expressed by the heterozygote is numerically exactly half-way between the values exhibited by the two homozygotes. Also he has considered a special form of assortative mating, where the probability of occurrence of matings between the same homozygotes has been increased in each generation by the same constant factor as the probability of occurrence of matings between different homozygotes has been decreased. The probability of occurrence of matings involving heterozygotes remains the same as if mating were random. For this particular model the frequency of the genotypes in those who mate in generation t is the same as for the general population in generation t, but the genotypic frequencies change from generation to generation, reaching an equilibrium value. Stark (1976) has also considered a similar model to Stanton's (1947), the major difference occurring in the construction of the mating frequencies, which in this case occurs according to the canonical decomposition of the 2-way table of mating frequencies. Stark shows the correspondence between the results for this model and those given by Mal\u00e9cot (1939, 1948). The results for all these models depend on the particular values assigned to the genotypes. Also these models could be extended as outlined in this article for the case of two autosomal alleles with dominance.", "contents": "Two-sided assortative mating for a single locus. Most models previously considered for assortative mating were such that no change in gene frequencies occurred, or that one-sided assortative mating was occurring. Two-sided assortative mating is more realistic for human populations, and in this paper a model of two-sided assortative mating is analysed for two autosomal alleles with dominance, an important case for human genetics. The concept of a relative probability of matin between two phenotypes is used, and this variable can take into account factors such as different propensities for assortment in the various phenotypes and so forth. It is shown that the gene frequency may vary from generation to generation and conditions for the establishment of a stable polymorphism are given. For instance, Stanton (1947) has considered a special case of two-sided assortative mating with two autosomal alleles and a constant correlation between mates, where the value expressed by the heterozygote is numerically exactly half-way between the values exhibited by the two homozygotes. Also he has considered a special form of assortative mating, where the probability of occurrence of matings between the same homozygotes has been increased in each generation by the same constant factor as the probability of occurrence of matings between different homozygotes has been decreased. The probability of occurrence of matings involving heterozygotes remains the same as if mating were random. For this particular model the frequency of the genotypes in those who mate in generation t is the same as for the general population in generation t, but the genotypic frequencies change from generation to generation, reaching an equilibrium value. Stark (1976) has also considered a similar model to Stanton's (1947), the major difference occurring in the construction of the mating frequencies, which in this case occurs according to the canonical decomposition of the 2-way table of mating frequencies. Stark shows the correspondence between the results for this model and those given by Mal\u00e9cot (1939, 1948). The results for all these models depend on the particular values assigned to the genotypes. Also these models could be extended as outlined in this article for the case of two autosomal alleles with dominance.", "PMID": 1015816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1082", "title": "Limits of the general two-allele single locus model with incomplete penetrance.", "content": "A graphical method is presented that allows an investigator to find the mathematical limits of the general one locus two allele genetic model for any trait whose population prevalence is known. It is seen that while the model is quite flexible in its ability to fit family data, there remains a large area where the model cannot be fitted. Specific sub-regions corresponding to particular hypotheses (e.g. underdominant v. intermediate v. overdominant) can be found, thereby limiting the area that needs to be searched by other more complicated techniques. Moreover, knowledge of where a set of observations lies can enable an investigator to frame and test specific subhypotheses.", "contents": "Limits of the general two-allele single locus model with incomplete penetrance. A graphical method is presented that allows an investigator to find the mathematical limits of the general one locus two allele genetic model for any trait whose population prevalence is known. It is seen that while the model is quite flexible in its ability to fit family data, there remains a large area where the model cannot be fitted. Specific sub-regions corresponding to particular hypotheses (e.g. underdominant v. intermediate v. overdominant) can be found, thereby limiting the area that needs to be searched by other more complicated techniques. Moreover, knowledge of where a set of observations lies can enable an investigator to frame and test specific subhypotheses.", "PMID": 1015817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1083", "title": "Asymptotic behaviour of the mean of a phenotypic diffusion process.", "content": "Asymptotic genotypic frequencies are evaluated as functions of selection parameters and initial conditions of a phenotypic diffusion process. On the basis of asymptotic relations between genotypic frequencies some analytic results about equilibrium are obtained.", "contents": "Asymptotic behaviour of the mean of a phenotypic diffusion process. Asymptotic genotypic frequencies are evaluated as functions of selection parameters and initial conditions of a phenotypic diffusion process. On the basis of asymptotic relations between genotypic frequencies some analytic results about equilibrium are obtained.", "PMID": 1015818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1084", "title": "The fitness of human translocation carriers.", "content": "A simple method to estimate the mean fitness of human translocation carriers is described. The method is based on information about the inheritance pattern of the translocations. This kind of data can be obtained from the surveys of the chromosome constitutions of new-born babies. The following fitness estimates are obtained: D/D translocation carriers, 0-94; D/G translocation carriers, 0-83; and reciprocal translocation carriers, 0-67. The estimates are rather uncertain due to the scarcity of information, but they are consistent with the expected results. More accurate estimates will be obtained in the future when more data on translocation carriers are available and the cytological classification of the different translocations becomes more exact.", "contents": "The fitness of human translocation carriers. A simple method to estimate the mean fitness of human translocation carriers is described. The method is based on information about the inheritance pattern of the translocations. This kind of data can be obtained from the surveys of the chromosome constitutions of new-born babies. The following fitness estimates are obtained: D/D translocation carriers, 0-94; D/G translocation carriers, 0-83; and reciprocal translocation carriers, 0-67. The estimates are rather uncertain due to the scarcity of information, but they are consistent with the expected results. More accurate estimates will be obtained in the future when more data on translocation carriers are available and the cytological classification of the different translocations becomes more exact.", "PMID": 1015819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1085", "title": "Exercise-induced bronchocontriction, skin sensitivity, and serum IgE in children with eczema.", "content": "Forty-two children with eczema were studied for exercise-induced asthma (EIA), skin sensitivity to prick testing, blood eosinophil count, and immunoglobulins. 29 had a fall in peak expiratory flow rate after exercise greater than 20% and of these, 23 had symptoms of wheezing. 13 of the eczematous children showed a fall of less than 20%. The children with EIA showed greater cutaneous sensitivity (p less than 0.001) and a higher total serum IgE (p less than 0.025). 3 of the group with a fall of less than 20% had allergic rhinitis with skin sensitivity to grass pollen. The remaining 10 had no clinical evidence of allergic disease, other than eczema and skin sensitivity, and total IgE fell within the normal range. It is suggested that in a proportion of chilren with eczema there is little evidence of reaginic allergy.", "contents": "Exercise-induced bronchocontriction, skin sensitivity, and serum IgE in children with eczema. Forty-two children with eczema were studied for exercise-induced asthma (EIA), skin sensitivity to prick testing, blood eosinophil count, and immunoglobulins. 29 had a fall in peak expiratory flow rate after exercise greater than 20% and of these, 23 had symptoms of wheezing. 13 of the eczematous children showed a fall of less than 20%. The children with EIA showed greater cutaneous sensitivity (p less than 0.001) and a higher total serum IgE (p less than 0.025). 3 of the group with a fall of less than 20% had allergic rhinitis with skin sensitivity to grass pollen. The remaining 10 had no clinical evidence of allergic disease, other than eczema and skin sensitivity, and total IgE fell within the normal range. It is suggested that in a proportion of chilren with eczema there is little evidence of reaginic allergy.", "PMID": 1015843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1086", "title": "Investigation and management of long-standing chronic constipation in childhood.", "content": "The anorectal physiology of 106 children with long-standing chronic constipation, who had failed to response to a trial of medical treatment, was assessed. 10 (9%) were shown to have ultrashort-segment Hischsprung's disease, later confirmed on histology, The remainder showed evidence of hypertrophy of the internal sphicter on anorectal manometry and had a vigorous anal dilatation (to accept 4 fingers) under general anesthesia. After this, 38% were able to be weaned off all medication and most of the remainder improved. Further anal dilatation and internal sphincterotomy allowed a further 10 children to stop laxative, bringing the total to 48%.", "contents": "Investigation and management of long-standing chronic constipation in childhood. The anorectal physiology of 106 children with long-standing chronic constipation, who had failed to response to a trial of medical treatment, was assessed. 10 (9%) were shown to have ultrashort-segment Hischsprung's disease, later confirmed on histology, The remainder showed evidence of hypertrophy of the internal sphicter on anorectal manometry and had a vigorous anal dilatation (to accept 4 fingers) under general anesthesia. After this, 38% were able to be weaned off all medication and most of the remainder improved. Further anal dilatation and internal sphincterotomy allowed a further 10 children to stop laxative, bringing the total to 48%.", "PMID": 1015844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1087", "title": "Maternal diabetes mellitus and congenital malformation. Survey of 205 cases.", "content": "Twenty-five out of 205 (i.e. 12%) babies born to diabetic mothers in the Birmingham Maternity Hospital in the period 1969-1974 were malformed as against 6% in a control group. The incidence was highest in the group where mothers were on insulin at the time of conception (17 out of 117, i.e. 15%). No correlation was observed between major malformation in this group and age of onset or duration of the diabetes, progressive vascular complications, maternal age, or parity. Cardiovascular malformations were over-represented.", "contents": "Maternal diabetes mellitus and congenital malformation. Survey of 205 cases. Twenty-five out of 205 (i.e. 12%) babies born to diabetic mothers in the Birmingham Maternity Hospital in the period 1969-1974 were malformed as against 6% in a control group. The incidence was highest in the group where mothers were on insulin at the time of conception (17 out of 117, i.e. 15%). No correlation was observed between major malformation in this group and age of onset or duration of the diabetes, progressive vascular complications, maternal age, or parity. Cardiovascular malformations were over-represented.", "PMID": 1015845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1088", "title": "Clinical and subclinical vitamin D deficiency in Bradford children.", "content": "A survey of the vitamin D status of Bradford schoolchildren was carried out in April 1973, employing conventional biochemistry, radiology, and measurement of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels. Biochemical evidence of rickets was present in 45% of the Asians. When re-examined in September, several children showed spontaneous biochemical resolution; nevertheless, radiological abnormalities were present in 12% of the original sample. No evidence of rickets was detected in the smaller White sample. Minor biochemical abnormalities were present in 9 of the 40 West Indian children. A study of admissions of Bradford hospitals in the 4 years 1969-1972 inclusive confirmed that clinical vitamin D deficiency was confined to Asians except for a few cases of infantile rickets in White children. The probability that one Asian child in 40 may require admission during the period from birth to adolescence emphasizes the urgent need for the introduction of prophylactic measures.", "contents": "Clinical and subclinical vitamin D deficiency in Bradford children. A survey of the vitamin D status of Bradford schoolchildren was carried out in April 1973, employing conventional biochemistry, radiology, and measurement of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels. Biochemical evidence of rickets was present in 45% of the Asians. When re-examined in September, several children showed spontaneous biochemical resolution; nevertheless, radiological abnormalities were present in 12% of the original sample. No evidence of rickets was detected in the smaller White sample. Minor biochemical abnormalities were present in 9 of the 40 West Indian children. A study of admissions of Bradford hospitals in the 4 years 1969-1972 inclusive confirmed that clinical vitamin D deficiency was confined to Asians except for a few cases of infantile rickets in White children. The probability that one Asian child in 40 may require admission during the period from birth to adolescence emphasizes the urgent need for the introduction of prophylactic measures.", "PMID": 1015846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1089", "title": "Vitamin deficiencies and neural tube defects.", "content": "Serum folate, red cell folate, white blood cell vitamin C, riboflavin saturation index, and serum vitamin A were determined during the first trimester of pregnancy in over 900 cases. For each of these there was a social classes I + II showed the highest levels which differed significantly from other classes, except for serum folate. In 6 mothers who gave birth to infants with neural tube defects, first trimester serum folate, red cell folate, white blood cell vitamin C, and riboflavin values were lower than in controls. In spite of small numbers the differences were significant for red cell folate (P less than 0-001) and white blood cell vitamin C (P less than 0-05). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that nutritional deficiencies are significant in the causation of congenital defects of the neural tube in man.", "contents": "Vitamin deficiencies and neural tube defects. Serum folate, red cell folate, white blood cell vitamin C, riboflavin saturation index, and serum vitamin A were determined during the first trimester of pregnancy in over 900 cases. For each of these there was a social classes I + II showed the highest levels which differed significantly from other classes, except for serum folate. In 6 mothers who gave birth to infants with neural tube defects, first trimester serum folate, red cell folate, white blood cell vitamin C, and riboflavin values were lower than in controls. In spite of small numbers the differences were significant for red cell folate (P less than 0-001) and white blood cell vitamin C (P less than 0-05). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that nutritional deficiencies are significant in the causation of congenital defects of the neural tube in man.", "PMID": 1015847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1090", "title": "Analysis of 100 children with severe and persistent hypertension.", "content": "In 100 children with persistent hypertension seen over the past 5 1/2 years the commonest causes of hypertension were chronic glomerulonephritis, reflux nephropathy, coarctation of the aorta, and obstructive uropathy, accounting for some 70% of cases. 17 children have died, but in the remainder hypertension has been controlled by surgery, chronic haemodialysis, or by the use of pharmacological agents. Methyldopa was the commonest drug used, and the children appeared relatively resistant to the side effects of this and of other drugs, even when large doses were used. The improvment is the prognosis of severe hypertension in childhood indicated in this survey is largely due to the availability of chronic haemodialysis and transplantation for end-stage renal disease, but the advances in diagnositc methods and surgical techniques and the introduction of new drugs have also contributed.", "contents": "Analysis of 100 children with severe and persistent hypertension. In 100 children with persistent hypertension seen over the past 5 1/2 years the commonest causes of hypertension were chronic glomerulonephritis, reflux nephropathy, coarctation of the aorta, and obstructive uropathy, accounting for some 70% of cases. 17 children have died, but in the remainder hypertension has been controlled by surgery, chronic haemodialysis, or by the use of pharmacological agents. Methyldopa was the commonest drug used, and the children appeared relatively resistant to the side effects of this and of other drugs, even when large doses were used. The improvment is the prognosis of severe hypertension in childhood indicated in this survey is largely due to the availability of chronic haemodialysis and transplantation for end-stage renal disease, but the advances in diagnositc methods and surgical techniques and the introduction of new drugs have also contributed.", "PMID": 1015848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1091", "title": "Measurements of muscle strength and performance in children with normal and diseased muscle.", "content": "A study has been made of two simple means of measuring muscle power in children with normal and diseased muscle. In one the length of time that the leg and the head could be held at 45 degrees above the horizontal was measured with the child supine. In the second, measurements were made of the isometric strength of six muscle groups with the newly developed Hammersmith Myometer. In the timed performance tests only 5 (8%) of a group of 61 children known to have muscle disease achieved the minimum expected values for their ages. Myometer readings of the isometric power of the children with muscle disease also have values which were below those of a comparable group of normal children. The reproducibility of muscle strength measurements in young children has been shown to be good, whereas the timed performance tests, though able to differentiate normal children from children with muscle disease, did not show sufficient reporducibility for this test to be recommended for sequential measurements.", "contents": "Measurements of muscle strength and performance in children with normal and diseased muscle. A study has been made of two simple means of measuring muscle power in children with normal and diseased muscle. In one the length of time that the leg and the head could be held at 45 degrees above the horizontal was measured with the child supine. In the second, measurements were made of the isometric strength of six muscle groups with the newly developed Hammersmith Myometer. In the timed performance tests only 5 (8%) of a group of 61 children known to have muscle disease achieved the minimum expected values for their ages. Myometer readings of the isometric power of the children with muscle disease also have values which were below those of a comparable group of normal children. The reproducibility of muscle strength measurements in young children has been shown to be good, whereas the timed performance tests, though able to differentiate normal children from children with muscle disease, did not show sufficient reporducibility for this test to be recommended for sequential measurements.", "PMID": 1015849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1092", "title": "Quantitative morphological studies of developing human cerebellar cortex in various disease states.", "content": "A quantitative morphological assessment was carried out of the cellularity and staining properties of the cells of the layers of the human cerebellar cortex, both in the normal child and in 41 children suffering from a series of disorders including mental retardation. A computerized image analyser and highly standardized procedures were used. All of the cases of mental retardation and some cases with congenital cardiac anomalies showed abnormal cell concentrations and staining properties. 3 cases of 'cot death' also showed abnormal results. These findings are presented as a new measurable aspect of brain disease, and as a indication for further study.", "contents": "Quantitative morphological studies of developing human cerebellar cortex in various disease states. A quantitative morphological assessment was carried out of the cellularity and staining properties of the cells of the layers of the human cerebellar cortex, both in the normal child and in 41 children suffering from a series of disorders including mental retardation. A computerized image analyser and highly standardized procedures were used. All of the cases of mental retardation and some cases with congenital cardiac anomalies showed abnormal cell concentrations and staining properties. 3 cases of 'cot death' also showed abnormal results. These findings are presented as a new measurable aspect of brain disease, and as a indication for further study.", "PMID": 1015850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1093", "title": "Motor nerve conduction velocity in spinal muscular atrophy of childhood.", "content": "The ulnar and posterior tibial conduction velocities were measured in 29 children with spinal muscular atrophy, 14 of whom had the servere form of the disease. The ulnar nerve velocity was slow in 12 of the 14 severely affected infants, but normal or fast in 11 of 14 children less severely affected. The corresponding results for the posterior tibial nerve were slow velocities in 11 of 12 infants in the severe group and normal or fast in all 11 infants less severely affected. The difficulty in distinguishing infantile spinal muscular atrophy from peripheral neuropathy is emphasized.", "contents": "Motor nerve conduction velocity in spinal muscular atrophy of childhood. The ulnar and posterior tibial conduction velocities were measured in 29 children with spinal muscular atrophy, 14 of whom had the servere form of the disease. The ulnar nerve velocity was slow in 12 of the 14 severely affected infants, but normal or fast in 11 of 14 children less severely affected. The corresponding results for the posterior tibial nerve were slow velocities in 11 of 12 infants in the severe group and normal or fast in all 11 infants less severely affected. The difficulty in distinguishing infantile spinal muscular atrophy from peripheral neuropathy is emphasized.", "PMID": 1015851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1094", "title": "Failure to thrive and death in early infancy associated with raised urinary homovanillic and vanillylmandelic acids.", "content": "A case of failure to thrive in an infant with persistently raised urinary levels of homovanillic and vanillylmandelic acids is descirbed. No neural crest tumour was discovered at surgical exploration or at necropsy. The relation of this biochemical abnormality and failure to thrive is unclear.", "contents": "Failure to thrive and death in early infancy associated with raised urinary homovanillic and vanillylmandelic acids. A case of failure to thrive in an infant with persistently raised urinary levels of homovanillic and vanillylmandelic acids is descirbed. No neural crest tumour was discovered at surgical exploration or at necropsy. The relation of this biochemical abnormality and failure to thrive is unclear.", "PMID": 1015852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1095", "title": "Childhood actinomycosis. Report of 3 recent cases.", "content": "Three cases of childhood actinomycosis are reported, 2 with the commonest presentation of cervicofacial abscess and the third with a rarely reported superficial chest wall abscess. The importance of prompt bacteriological diagnosis and adequate treatment with surgical drainage and chemotherapy is stressed. Though in adults males are affected more frequently than females, the sexes are probably equally affected in childhood.", "contents": "Childhood actinomycosis. Report of 3 recent cases. Three cases of childhood actinomycosis are reported, 2 with the commonest presentation of cervicofacial abscess and the third with a rarely reported superficial chest wall abscess. The importance of prompt bacteriological diagnosis and adequate treatment with surgical drainage and chemotherapy is stressed. Though in adults males are affected more frequently than females, the sexes are probably equally affected in childhood.", "PMID": 1015853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1096", "title": "Measurement and prediction of the disappearance rates from soil of 6-chloropicolinic acid.", "content": "6-Chloropicolinic acid is the sole detectable metabolite, other than carbon dioxide, arising from decomposition of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine in soil. The pyridine compound is a potent inhibitor of nitrification now in use with ammonium fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative influence of various soil and climatic factors on rates of degradation of 6-chloropicolinic acid in soil. Experiments with a wide range of soil types (23 soils) demonstrate that the most important factor influencing the decomposition rate of 6-chloropicolinic acid is soil temperature. When temperature is not a variable, the quantity of organic matter (0.9 to 6.9% by weight) and pH (4.8 to 8.1) significantly affect the rate of decomposition, but sand, silt, and clay percentages do not. Moisture content was without apparent effect because the range of values investigated was too narrow. A fractional-order rate law (0.7) describes the disappearance rate best. Application of the Arrhenius equation to the data for the decomposition of 6-chloropicolinic acid in soil indicates an activation energy of 6.57 kcal per mole, suggesting that the chemical is biologically rather than chemically degraded. It was not possible to develop a suitably precise equation for prediction of loss rate as affected by the above soil and climatic factors because undefined biological factors in the soils override the effect of measurable properties of soil and climate.", "contents": "Measurement and prediction of the disappearance rates from soil of 6-chloropicolinic acid. 6-Chloropicolinic acid is the sole detectable metabolite, other than carbon dioxide, arising from decomposition of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine in soil. The pyridine compound is a potent inhibitor of nitrification now in use with ammonium fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative influence of various soil and climatic factors on rates of degradation of 6-chloropicolinic acid in soil. Experiments with a wide range of soil types (23 soils) demonstrate that the most important factor influencing the decomposition rate of 6-chloropicolinic acid is soil temperature. When temperature is not a variable, the quantity of organic matter (0.9 to 6.9% by weight) and pH (4.8 to 8.1) significantly affect the rate of decomposition, but sand, silt, and clay percentages do not. Moisture content was without apparent effect because the range of values investigated was too narrow. A fractional-order rate law (0.7) describes the disappearance rate best. Application of the Arrhenius equation to the data for the decomposition of 6-chloropicolinic acid in soil indicates an activation energy of 6.57 kcal per mole, suggesting that the chemical is biologically rather than chemically degraded. It was not possible to develop a suitably precise equation for prediction of loss rate as affected by the above soil and climatic factors because undefined biological factors in the soils override the effect of measurable properties of soil and climate.", "PMID": 1015860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1097", "title": "Insecticide and nutrient transport in water, related to agricultural land use of a stream basin in Ontario, Canada.", "content": "Transport by stream water of insecticides and nutrients in Big Creek, Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada, was examined by combining concentrations of substrates with flow data. Big Creek has its headwaters in dairy cattle country, its central basin area is mainly devoted to tobacco growing, and its lower reaches contain mixed farming, corn and vegetables, etc., before it flows into Lake Erie. Three sampling sites were chosen to represent these 3 different land uses. Generally concentrations of substrates in the water were quite uniform at the 3 sites resulting in transport of quantities in proportion to stream flow. Certain anomalies occurred and are discussed. The 2 chief insecticides found were DDT and dieldrin. Analyses for potassium, calcium and magnesium indicated that these nutrient losses into the stream were area-rather than usage-dependent. Midseason variations in loss of nitrogen and phosphorus may be the result of agricultural practices in the three areas represented in this study. The largest quantities of all nutrients lost occurred early in the season before crops were established.", "contents": "Insecticide and nutrient transport in water, related to agricultural land use of a stream basin in Ontario, Canada. Transport by stream water of insecticides and nutrients in Big Creek, Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada, was examined by combining concentrations of substrates with flow data. Big Creek has its headwaters in dairy cattle country, its central basin area is mainly devoted to tobacco growing, and its lower reaches contain mixed farming, corn and vegetables, etc., before it flows into Lake Erie. Three sampling sites were chosen to represent these 3 different land uses. Generally concentrations of substrates in the water were quite uniform at the 3 sites resulting in transport of quantities in proportion to stream flow. Certain anomalies occurred and are discussed. The 2 chief insecticides found were DDT and dieldrin. Analyses for potassium, calcium and magnesium indicated that these nutrient losses into the stream were area-rather than usage-dependent. Midseason variations in loss of nitrogen and phosphorus may be the result of agricultural practices in the three areas represented in this study. The largest quantities of all nutrients lost occurred early in the season before crops were established.", "PMID": 1015861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1098", "title": "Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral effects of dieldrin exposure in mallard ducks.", "content": "Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral alterations were evaluated in ducks fed various dietary levels of dieldrin. Increasing amounts of dieldrin in the diet caused an appreciable decrease in the levels of three biogenic amines in whole brain, i.e. serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. No effect was noted in whole brain gamma aminobutyric acid contents. Hepatic microsomal enzymes were assayed in these birds using p-nitroanisol and O-ethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl benzenethionophosphate as substrates. Sublethal amounts of dieldrin caused an increase in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Similar alterations were noted in liver protein, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid contents. Studies involving encounters between mallard drakes indicated a decline in the tendency for dieldrin exposed drakes to take the initiative and establish rights of access in approach confrontations. Although many of these changes are compatible with life processes, their significance is not well understood, especially in terms of lifelong exposure to persistent pesticides. The possible relationship between neurochemical alterations and the mechanisms of insecticide neurotoxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral effects of dieldrin exposure in mallard ducks. Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral alterations were evaluated in ducks fed various dietary levels of dieldrin. Increasing amounts of dieldrin in the diet caused an appreciable decrease in the levels of three biogenic amines in whole brain, i.e. serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. No effect was noted in whole brain gamma aminobutyric acid contents. Hepatic microsomal enzymes were assayed in these birds using p-nitroanisol and O-ethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl benzenethionophosphate as substrates. Sublethal amounts of dieldrin caused an increase in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Similar alterations were noted in liver protein, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid contents. Studies involving encounters between mallard drakes indicated a decline in the tendency for dieldrin exposed drakes to take the initiative and establish rights of access in approach confrontations. Although many of these changes are compatible with life processes, their significance is not well understood, especially in terms of lifelong exposure to persistent pesticides. The possible relationship between neurochemical alterations and the mechanisms of insecticide neurotoxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 1015862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1099", "title": "Disappearance of dislodgable residues of five organophosphate pesticides on citrus leaves and fruit during dry and wet weather in Florida.", "content": "Citrus leaf discs and fruit taken from trees sprayed at recommended levels and twice recommended levels with ethion, parathion, azinphosmethyl, carbophenothion, and dioxathion were shaken with water and wetting agent for removal of dislodgable residues at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days following treatment. The first portion of the field experiment was performed during a period of no rainfall (April) and the second when there was rainfall (July) in 1973. Four replicates of 50 leaf discs and 4 fruit, respectively, were averaged from each sampling to give data reported. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector was used for analysis. Dislodgable residues found decreased with increasing time following application and samples from the wet period were lower than those from the dry period. Moisture and temperature could account for the differences in the two sampling period.", "contents": "Disappearance of dislodgable residues of five organophosphate pesticides on citrus leaves and fruit during dry and wet weather in Florida. Citrus leaf discs and fruit taken from trees sprayed at recommended levels and twice recommended levels with ethion, parathion, azinphosmethyl, carbophenothion, and dioxathion were shaken with water and wetting agent for removal of dislodgable residues at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days following treatment. The first portion of the field experiment was performed during a period of no rainfall (April) and the second when there was rainfall (July) in 1973. Four replicates of 50 leaf discs and 4 fruit, respectively, were averaged from each sampling to give data reported. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector was used for analysis. Dislodgable residues found decreased with increasing time following application and samples from the wet period were lower than those from the dry period. Moisture and temperature could account for the differences in the two sampling period.", "PMID": 1015863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1100", "title": "Alteration of O,O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) in citrus, water, and upon exposure to air and sunlight.", "content": "The fate of 32P- and 14C-labeled O,O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) was determined in citrus, water, and upon exposure to air and sunlight. The products recovered from citrus and glass plates exposed to sunlight were unchanged phenthoate, phenthoate oxon, demethyl phenthoate, mandelic acid, bis-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] disulfide, O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioic and phosphorodithioic acid. Similar products generally were found in citrus leaf and fruit extracts. Phenthoate was fairly stable in phosphate buffered water with a half-life of approximately 12 days at pH 8.0. The major hydrolysis products were phenthoate acid, demethyl phenthoate and demethyl phenthoate oxon.", "contents": "Alteration of O,O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) in citrus, water, and upon exposure to air and sunlight. The fate of 32P- and 14C-labeled O,O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) was determined in citrus, water, and upon exposure to air and sunlight. The products recovered from citrus and glass plates exposed to sunlight were unchanged phenthoate, phenthoate oxon, demethyl phenthoate, mandelic acid, bis-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] disulfide, O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioic and phosphorodithioic acid. Similar products generally were found in citrus leaf and fruit extracts. Phenthoate was fairly stable in phosphate buffered water with a half-life of approximately 12 days at pH 8.0. The major hydrolysis products were phenthoate acid, demethyl phenthoate and demethyl phenthoate oxon.", "PMID": 1015864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1101", "title": "[Sensitivity tests on bacterial strains from respiratory tract: comparison between direct and on isolated strains antimicrobial disc susceptibility test (author's transl)].", "content": "The validity of the direct antimicrobial disc susceptibility test has been compared with the same test carried out on bacterial strains isolated from clinical materials obtained from the respiratory tract. The experimental evidence so far obtained raises some doubts concerning the reiliability of the direct test. The use of the latter seems to be reccomended in urgent cases only considering that either with multimicrobic or monomicrobic material the results obtained are partial and slightly reproducible. The conclusion is that, in order to obtain an accurate picture of the sensitivity to the various antibiotics, the direct test should be followed always with the antimicrobial disc susceptibility test carried out with isolated strains.", "contents": "[Sensitivity tests on bacterial strains from respiratory tract: comparison between direct and on isolated strains antimicrobial disc susceptibility test (author's transl)]. The validity of the direct antimicrobial disc susceptibility test has been compared with the same test carried out on bacterial strains isolated from clinical materials obtained from the respiratory tract. The experimental evidence so far obtained raises some doubts concerning the reiliability of the direct test. The use of the latter seems to be reccomended in urgent cases only considering that either with multimicrobic or monomicrobic material the results obtained are partial and slightly reproducible. The conclusion is that, in order to obtain an accurate picture of the sensitivity to the various antibiotics, the direct test should be followed always with the antimicrobial disc susceptibility test carried out with isolated strains.", "PMID": 1015867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1102", "title": "[Statistical research into the diagnostic methodology in bacterial infections of the respiratory system as at present practised by various centres (author's transl)].", "content": "A research program has been carried out using a questionnaire to survey statistically the diagnostic methods obtaining in the bacteriological examination of sputum. Of the 336 forms sent to: 1. all the regional, 2. most of the provincial, 3. some local, hospital laboratories, only 48 were returned. From these limited numbers we have extracted the data discussed in the present paper.", "contents": "[Statistical research into the diagnostic methodology in bacterial infections of the respiratory system as at present practised by various centres (author's transl)]. A research program has been carried out using a questionnaire to survey statistically the diagnostic methods obtaining in the bacteriological examination of sputum. Of the 336 forms sent to: 1. all the regional, 2. most of the provincial, 3. some local, hospital laboratories, only 48 were returned. From these limited numbers we have extracted the data discussed in the present paper.", "PMID": 1015865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1103", "title": "[Significance of mycoplasma species in the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "After consideration of the tassonomic and biological characteristics of Mycoplasma species, the Author discusses the most significant aspects on M. pneumoniae infections. On the basis of: natural history of respiratory infections; epidemiology; experimental aspects of M. pneumoniae infection; immunology; microbiological and serological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Significance of mycoplasma species in the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. After consideration of the tassonomic and biological characteristics of Mycoplasma species, the Author discusses the most significant aspects on M. pneumoniae infections. On the basis of: natural history of respiratory infections; epidemiology; experimental aspects of M. pneumoniae infection; immunology; microbiological and serological diagnosis.", "PMID": 1015869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1104", "title": "[Contributions to the interpretation of the immunoglobulins's variations in the bronchial secretions (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of the relationships between the variations of the connections between the components of the bronchial secretion and the viscosity of the sputum, with particular regard to the role of the IgA IIS and to the secretory piece.", "contents": "[Contributions to the interpretation of the immunoglobulins's variations in the bronchial secretions (author's transl)]. Study of the relationships between the variations of the connections between the components of the bronchial secretion and the viscosity of the sputum, with particular regard to the role of the IgA IIS and to the secretory piece.", "PMID": 1015871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1105", "title": "[Mycobacterial infections in man: bacteriological, clinical and epidemiological evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "At present time the direct microscopy of acid-alcohol fast bacteria includes Mycobacteria, Nocardia, \"rhodochrous complex\". Direct microscopy is suitable to identify visible and not viable bacteria, the debacillization curve and the fall and rise phenomenon. Strains of M. tuberculosis complex are frequently with partial virulence low infectivity, and are modified by drugs. Little or no reaction to PPD is present.", "contents": "[Mycobacterial infections in man: bacteriological, clinical and epidemiological evaluation (author's transl)]. At present time the direct microscopy of acid-alcohol fast bacteria includes Mycobacteria, Nocardia, \"rhodochrous complex\". Direct microscopy is suitable to identify visible and not viable bacteria, the debacillization curve and the fall and rise phenomenon. Strains of M. tuberculosis complex are frequently with partial virulence low infectivity, and are modified by drugs. Little or no reaction to PPD is present.", "PMID": 1015870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1106", "title": "[The secretory IgA. The local secretory immunitary system (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors take into examine the local secretory immunitary system (L.S.I.S.) starting from the presence of antibody-molecules in secretions: they study origin, characteristics, action and excitement procedures of this class of molecules, also compared with the immunitary central system.", "contents": "[The secretory IgA. The local secretory immunitary system (author's transl)]. The Authors take into examine the local secretory immunitary system (L.S.I.S.) starting from the presence of antibody-molecules in secretions: they study origin, characteristics, action and excitement procedures of this class of molecules, also compared with the immunitary central system.", "PMID": 1015872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1107", "title": "[Anaerobic flora of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The general outlines for the microbiological study of respiratory tract anaerobic flora are indicated. To day research tend to assign to these bacteria a significant role in sustaining some diseases of lungs pleural space and upper respiratory tract; anaerobes are therefore a subject of outstanding interest for clinical microbiologists. Difficult arise in isolation and identification of respiratory tract anaerobes owing to normal presence of anaerobic flora in the mouth; the difficult can be overcomed by avoiding contamination with normal flora (lung puncture for instance) or by quantitative evaluations of bacteria in sputum.", "contents": "[Anaerobic flora of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. The general outlines for the microbiological study of respiratory tract anaerobic flora are indicated. To day research tend to assign to these bacteria a significant role in sustaining some diseases of lungs pleural space and upper respiratory tract; anaerobes are therefore a subject of outstanding interest for clinical microbiologists. Difficult arise in isolation and identification of respiratory tract anaerobes owing to normal presence of anaerobic flora in the mouth; the difficult can be overcomed by avoiding contamination with normal flora (lung puncture for instance) or by quantitative evaluations of bacteria in sputum.", "PMID": 1015868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1108", "title": "[Microbiological and cytological aspects of the aspirate bronchoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors compare by microbiological and cytological aspect the result got by sputum and aspirate at bronchoscopy. They point out that aspirate at bronchoscopy permits a more significant etiological diagnosis by both microbiological or cytological point of view.", "contents": "[Microbiological and cytological aspects of the aspirate bronchoscopy (author's transl)]. The Authors compare by microbiological and cytological aspect the result got by sputum and aspirate at bronchoscopy. They point out that aspirate at bronchoscopy permits a more significant etiological diagnosis by both microbiological or cytological point of view.", "PMID": 1015866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1109", "title": "[Bidimensional I.E.F. of proteins in the bronchial secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative determination of the proteins in the bronchial secretions (of about 50 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis) after extraction.", "contents": "[Bidimensional I.E.F. of proteins in the bronchial secretion (author's transl)]. Qualitative and quantitative determination of the proteins in the bronchial secretions (of about 50 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis) after extraction.", "PMID": 1015873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1110", "title": "[IgE levels in children affected by respiratory allergies (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioimmunological technique has been used in order to measure IgE seric levels on 100 children affected by respiratory allergies, on 46 children with non allergic respiratory diseases and on 54 healthy children distributed in different classes of age. In the 58% of cases, allergic subjects presented IgE levels remarkably increased compared with non allergic ones, in the 28% of cases IgE levels had an insignificant increase, and in the remaining 14% the values were comparable with those of the non allergic subjects.", "contents": "[IgE levels in children affected by respiratory allergies (author's transl)]. Radioimmunological technique has been used in order to measure IgE seric levels on 100 children affected by respiratory allergies, on 46 children with non allergic respiratory diseases and on 54 healthy children distributed in different classes of age. In the 58% of cases, allergic subjects presented IgE levels remarkably increased compared with non allergic ones, in the 28% of cases IgE levels had an insignificant increase, and in the remaining 14% the values were comparable with those of the non allergic subjects.", "PMID": 1015874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1111", "title": "Recurrent hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Recurrent hyperparathyroidism occurred in 11 of 295 patients from 10 months to 34 years after an initially successful operation. Seven patients with recurrent hyperparathyroidism had either multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I (MEA) or familial hyperparathyroidism (FHP), one patient had parathyroid cancer, and two patients had renal failure at the time of recurrence. Four of these patients ahd their initial operations elsewhere. Recurrence developed in 33% of patients with MEA or FHP but in only 0.4% of 242 patients without MEA or FHP. The presence of MEA or FHP was known before parathyroid exploration in 18 (86%) of the 21 patients. In patients with MEA or FHP, subtotal parathyroidectomy should be performed if there is more than one gland involved. Other patients should be treated by selective removal of an adenoma because recurrence is rare. Subtotal parathyroidectomy should be reserved for patients with diffuse hyperplasia.", "contents": "Recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Recurrent hyperparathyroidism occurred in 11 of 295 patients from 10 months to 34 years after an initially successful operation. Seven patients with recurrent hyperparathyroidism had either multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I (MEA) or familial hyperparathyroidism (FHP), one patient had parathyroid cancer, and two patients had renal failure at the time of recurrence. Four of these patients ahd their initial operations elsewhere. Recurrence developed in 33% of patients with MEA or FHP but in only 0.4% of 242 patients without MEA or FHP. The presence of MEA or FHP was known before parathyroid exploration in 18 (86%) of the 21 patients. In patients with MEA or FHP, subtotal parathyroidectomy should be performed if there is more than one gland involved. Other patients should be treated by selective removal of an adenoma because recurrence is rare. Subtotal parathyroidectomy should be reserved for patients with diffuse hyperplasia.", "PMID": 1015886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1112", "title": "Pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Of one hundred and forty-nine patients (101 male and 48 female) 4-67 years of age, 117 were alcoholics and underwent pancreatectomy because of episodic or continuous abdominal pain or complications or chronic pancreatitis. Nineteen patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, seventy-seven 80-95% distal resection, anf fifty-three 40-80% distal pancreatic resection. There were 3 operative death and 30 late deaths 6 months to 11 years post pancreatectomy. Twenty-one patients were lost to followup, 1 to 11 years post pancreatectomy. Ninety-five patients are known to be alive, 4 of whom are institutionalized. Indications for pancreatectomy in addition to abdominal pain include recurrent or multiple pseudocysts, failure to relieve pain after decompression of a pseudocyst, pseudoaneurysm of the visceral arteries associated with a pseudocyst, recurrent attacks of pancreatitis unrelived by non-resective operations, duodenal stenosis and left side portal hypertension. The choice between pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal resection of 40-80% or 80-95% of the pancreas should be based on the principle site of inflammation whether proximal or distal in the gland, the size of the common bile duct, the ability to rule out carcinoma, and the anticipated deficits in exocrine and endocrine function. The risk of diabetes is very significant after 80-95% distal resection and of steatorrhea after pancreaticoduodenectomy. When the disease process can be encompassed by 40-80% distal pancreatectomy this is the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis. Of one hundred and forty-nine patients (101 male and 48 female) 4-67 years of age, 117 were alcoholics and underwent pancreatectomy because of episodic or continuous abdominal pain or complications or chronic pancreatitis. Nineteen patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, seventy-seven 80-95% distal resection, anf fifty-three 40-80% distal pancreatic resection. There were 3 operative death and 30 late deaths 6 months to 11 years post pancreatectomy. Twenty-one patients were lost to followup, 1 to 11 years post pancreatectomy. Ninety-five patients are known to be alive, 4 of whom are institutionalized. Indications for pancreatectomy in addition to abdominal pain include recurrent or multiple pseudocysts, failure to relieve pain after decompression of a pseudocyst, pseudoaneurysm of the visceral arteries associated with a pseudocyst, recurrent attacks of pancreatitis unrelived by non-resective operations, duodenal stenosis and left side portal hypertension. The choice between pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal resection of 40-80% or 80-95% of the pancreas should be based on the principle site of inflammation whether proximal or distal in the gland, the size of the common bile duct, the ability to rule out carcinoma, and the anticipated deficits in exocrine and endocrine function. The risk of diabetes is very significant after 80-95% distal resection and of steatorrhea after pancreaticoduodenectomy. When the disease process can be encompassed by 40-80% distal pancreatectomy this is the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 1015887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1113", "title": "Abnormalities in gallbladder morphology and function in patients with cholelithiasis.", "content": "Thirty-seven symptomatic cholelithiasis patients who had cholecystectomy were studied to determine the relationships between clinical manifestations, histologic findings and gallbladder absorptive capability. A clinical score was calculated from clinical data which we thought might be predictive of abnormal gallbladder histology. Histologic parameters indicative of gallbladder disease were used to calculate a histologic score. Shortcircuit current measurements, which reflect gallbladder sodium absorption,were used to assess absorptive function. Patients with very high clinical scores, indicative of pronounced clinical score was not predictive of histologic findings or absorptive function of the gallbladder is directly related to the degree of histologic abnormality, and that absorptive capability is not an all-or-none phenomenon. The data also show that visualization on oral cholecystography is an unreliable measure of gallbladder absorptive capability.", "contents": "Abnormalities in gallbladder morphology and function in patients with cholelithiasis. Thirty-seven symptomatic cholelithiasis patients who had cholecystectomy were studied to determine the relationships between clinical manifestations, histologic findings and gallbladder absorptive capability. A clinical score was calculated from clinical data which we thought might be predictive of abnormal gallbladder histology. Histologic parameters indicative of gallbladder disease were used to calculate a histologic score. Shortcircuit current measurements, which reflect gallbladder sodium absorption,were used to assess absorptive function. Patients with very high clinical scores, indicative of pronounced clinical score was not predictive of histologic findings or absorptive function of the gallbladder is directly related to the degree of histologic abnormality, and that absorptive capability is not an all-or-none phenomenon. The data also show that visualization on oral cholecystography is an unreliable measure of gallbladder absorptive capability.", "PMID": 1015888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1114", "title": "The value of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: a computer-assisted matched study.", "content": "In the absence of a prospective randomized study of patients treated conservatively or with thymectomy, a computer-assisted retrospective matches study was devised. Of 563 patients treated for myasthenia gravis without thymoma up to 1965, 104 had thymectomy. With computer assistance, each surgical patient was matched with a medical patient on the basis of age, sex, and severity and duration of disease. On this basis 80 of the 104 surgical patients could be matched satisfactorily. There were 16 males and 64 females in each of the matched surgically treated and medical control groups. A complete remission was experienced by 27 of the 78 patients in the surgical group as compared to 6 of the medical group. Improvement was noted by 26 of 78 surgically treated patients and 13 of 78 receiving medical treatment. Survival for patients having thymectomy. Thirty-four patients in the medical group had died as compared to 11 in the surgical group. Comparison of survival in relation to sex, duration of symptoms, or age (less than 30 or less than 30 years) did not show a significant difference. Until more effective treatment is available for myasthenia gravis, thymectomy deserves consideration for both sexes, and with increased age or long duration of symptoms.", "contents": "The value of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis: a computer-assisted matched study. In the absence of a prospective randomized study of patients treated conservatively or with thymectomy, a computer-assisted retrospective matches study was devised. Of 563 patients treated for myasthenia gravis without thymoma up to 1965, 104 had thymectomy. With computer assistance, each surgical patient was matched with a medical patient on the basis of age, sex, and severity and duration of disease. On this basis 80 of the 104 surgical patients could be matched satisfactorily. There were 16 males and 64 females in each of the matched surgically treated and medical control groups. A complete remission was experienced by 27 of the 78 patients in the surgical group as compared to 6 of the medical group. Improvement was noted by 26 of 78 surgically treated patients and 13 of 78 receiving medical treatment. Survival for patients having thymectomy. Thirty-four patients in the medical group had died as compared to 11 in the surgical group. Comparison of survival in relation to sex, duration of symptoms, or age (less than 30 or less than 30 years) did not show a significant difference. Until more effective treatment is available for myasthenia gravis, thymectomy deserves consideration for both sexes, and with increased age or long duration of symptoms.", "PMID": 1015890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1115", "title": "Proximal gastric vagotomy: effects of two operative techniques on clinical and gastric secretory results.", "content": "PGV performed in 39 patients by separating the lesser omentum from the stomach beginning 6 or 7 cm proximal to the pylorus and skeletonizing the distal 1 to 2 cm of esophagus was followed by 15.4% of proven and 10.2 of suspected recurrent ulcers. Insulin tests were done during the first 3 months postoperatively on 31 of the patients, including the 6 with proven and the 4 with suspected recurrent ulcers. The peak acid output to insulin minus tha basal acid output (PAOI-BAO) was less than 5 mEq/hr in 16 cases (52%) and from 5 to 25 mEq/hr in the remaining 15 cases. In 6 patients with proven recurrent ulcer, PAOI-BAO averaged 21.9 mEq/hr (range, 11.3 to 41.8); in the 4 patients with suspected recurrence, 9.5 (range, 4.4 to 11.8). The operative technique was changed in one respect; the distal 5 to 7.5 cm of the esophagus was skeletonized. In 14 patients, the mean PAOI-BAO +/- S.E. within 3 months of PGV was 1985 +/- 0.7 mEq/hr, and 13 of 14 values were less than 5 mEq/hr. One patient developed recurrent ulcer and required re-operation; this patient's value for PAO-BAO was 1.8 mEq/hr. The results show quantitatively that great differences in the completeness of PGV result from differences in the periesophageal dissection and emphasize its importance if optimal results are to be obtained and, especially, if the efficacy of the operation is to be judged.", "contents": "Proximal gastric vagotomy: effects of two operative techniques on clinical and gastric secretory results. PGV performed in 39 patients by separating the lesser omentum from the stomach beginning 6 or 7 cm proximal to the pylorus and skeletonizing the distal 1 to 2 cm of esophagus was followed by 15.4% of proven and 10.2 of suspected recurrent ulcers. Insulin tests were done during the first 3 months postoperatively on 31 of the patients, including the 6 with proven and the 4 with suspected recurrent ulcers. The peak acid output to insulin minus tha basal acid output (PAOI-BAO) was less than 5 mEq/hr in 16 cases (52%) and from 5 to 25 mEq/hr in the remaining 15 cases. In 6 patients with proven recurrent ulcer, PAOI-BAO averaged 21.9 mEq/hr (range, 11.3 to 41.8); in the 4 patients with suspected recurrence, 9.5 (range, 4.4 to 11.8). The operative technique was changed in one respect; the distal 5 to 7.5 cm of the esophagus was skeletonized. In 14 patients, the mean PAOI-BAO +/- S.E. within 3 months of PGV was 1985 +/- 0.7 mEq/hr, and 13 of 14 values were less than 5 mEq/hr. One patient developed recurrent ulcer and required re-operation; this patient's value for PAO-BAO was 1.8 mEq/hr. The results show quantitatively that great differences in the completeness of PGV result from differences in the periesophageal dissection and emphasize its importance if optimal results are to be obtained and, especially, if the efficacy of the operation is to be judged.", "PMID": 1015889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1116", "title": "Prognosis of gastric ulcer: twenty-five year followup.", "content": "Four hundred twenty-two patients with gastric ulcer treated during 1950-1960 were followed up to 25 years with a mean followup of 9 years. Nonoperative treatment was used in 59% with a hospital mortality of 35%, one-third of these deaths being directly due to gastric ulcer perforation or hemorrhage. Operative treatment was used in 41% of patients. The most common operation (86%) was gastric resection without vagotomy. Overall operative mortality was 16%; 34% for emergency procedures and 6% for elective procedures. Cachexia seemed to be the most important factor related to operative mortality. Nonoperative treatment resulted in more than twice the hospital mortality compared to operative treatment. Approximately one-half of all patients treated non-operatively had a recurrent gastric ulcer at some time during this study. The recurrence rate following definitive gastric resection was 1.3% compared with 16% during nonoperative therapy. Three-fourths of recurrences occurred later than two years and nearly half of recurrences after more than 5 years of followup. Patients with a prior history of overt bleeding from gastric ulcer disease particularly were at risk for further bleeding. There were coincidental duodenal ulcers in 10% of our patients and a 0.8% incidence of gastric cancer during followup. Long term followup demonstrates the superiority of operative treatment of gastric ulcer and also reveals the continuous propensity of such ulcers to recurrence following nonoperative treatment. Earlier elective operation in patients with overt bleeding, recurrence or persisting symptoms should decrease overall mortality and result in a lower overall long-term risk of ulcer complications.", "contents": "Prognosis of gastric ulcer: twenty-five year followup. Four hundred twenty-two patients with gastric ulcer treated during 1950-1960 were followed up to 25 years with a mean followup of 9 years. Nonoperative treatment was used in 59% with a hospital mortality of 35%, one-third of these deaths being directly due to gastric ulcer perforation or hemorrhage. Operative treatment was used in 41% of patients. The most common operation (86%) was gastric resection without vagotomy. Overall operative mortality was 16%; 34% for emergency procedures and 6% for elective procedures. Cachexia seemed to be the most important factor related to operative mortality. Nonoperative treatment resulted in more than twice the hospital mortality compared to operative treatment. Approximately one-half of all patients treated non-operatively had a recurrent gastric ulcer at some time during this study. The recurrence rate following definitive gastric resection was 1.3% compared with 16% during nonoperative therapy. Three-fourths of recurrences occurred later than two years and nearly half of recurrences after more than 5 years of followup. Patients with a prior history of overt bleeding from gastric ulcer disease particularly were at risk for further bleeding. There were coincidental duodenal ulcers in 10% of our patients and a 0.8% incidence of gastric cancer during followup. Long term followup demonstrates the superiority of operative treatment of gastric ulcer and also reveals the continuous propensity of such ulcers to recurrence following nonoperative treatment. Earlier elective operation in patients with overt bleeding, recurrence or persisting symptoms should decrease overall mortality and result in a lower overall long-term risk of ulcer complications.", "PMID": 1015891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1117", "title": "Ultrasonography as an aid in the diagnosis and management of surgical diseases of the pelvis: special emphasis on the genitourinary system.", "content": "Technological advances, particularly the advent of the gray scale technique, has greatly extended the application and usefulness of this modality to clinical diagnoses and surgery. The ultrasonic beam uniquely provides anatomical profiles in the transverse (cross-sectional) and sagittal (longitudinal) planes of the body. Intra-rectal and intra-vaginal ultrasonic probes have provided unique definition of both the normal and pathologic anatomy of the pelvic organs. The present report is drawn from a continuing experience with ultrasonography of the genitourinary system with an update of current technological advances. Ultrasonography has proven especially valuable in the following clinical applications: 1) Early diagnosis of cancer (especially of the prostate); 2) Accurate staging of cancer of the bladder and prostate; 3) Monitoring of the response of the pathologic process to therapy.", "contents": "Ultrasonography as an aid in the diagnosis and management of surgical diseases of the pelvis: special emphasis on the genitourinary system. Technological advances, particularly the advent of the gray scale technique, has greatly extended the application and usefulness of this modality to clinical diagnoses and surgery. The ultrasonic beam uniquely provides anatomical profiles in the transverse (cross-sectional) and sagittal (longitudinal) planes of the body. Intra-rectal and intra-vaginal ultrasonic probes have provided unique definition of both the normal and pathologic anatomy of the pelvic organs. The present report is drawn from a continuing experience with ultrasonography of the genitourinary system with an update of current technological advances. Ultrasonography has proven especially valuable in the following clinical applications: 1) Early diagnosis of cancer (especially of the prostate); 2) Accurate staging of cancer of the bladder and prostate; 3) Monitoring of the response of the pathologic process to therapy.", "PMID": 1015892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1118", "title": "Parotid neoplasms: a report of 250 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "A 25-year experience with parotid tumors was reviewed. From a total of 250 neoplasms, 173 were histologically benign and 77 were malignant. Benign mixed tumors accounted for 59% of all lesions. Clinical parameters used to diagnose parotid neoplasms were found to be unreliable in determining whether a given tumor was benign or malignant. The mean age for malignant lesions was 10 years greater than for benign lesions. The phenomenon of malignant transformation of a benign tumor was considered in four patients. Complete surgical excision is the safest and preferred method for diagnosis. Preoperative needle or incisional biopsy are associated with a high degree of local recurrence. The appropriate management of any parotid tumor is predicated on special histological type. Local excision or enucleation no longer have a place in the surgical management of benign parotid tumors. Postoperative tumor recurrence and morbidity are directly related to awareness of surgical anatomy and pursuit of correct surgical techniques for adequate resection. The five-year recurrence rate for 102 benign mixed tumors was 6%. Recurrence in malignant tumors varied with specific histological types but was generally high. Five-year survival for all malignant parotid tumors was 48%.", "contents": "Parotid neoplasms: a report of 250 cases and review of the literature. A 25-year experience with parotid tumors was reviewed. From a total of 250 neoplasms, 173 were histologically benign and 77 were malignant. Benign mixed tumors accounted for 59% of all lesions. Clinical parameters used to diagnose parotid neoplasms were found to be unreliable in determining whether a given tumor was benign or malignant. The mean age for malignant lesions was 10 years greater than for benign lesions. The phenomenon of malignant transformation of a benign tumor was considered in four patients. Complete surgical excision is the safest and preferred method for diagnosis. Preoperative needle or incisional biopsy are associated with a high degree of local recurrence. The appropriate management of any parotid tumor is predicated on special histological type. Local excision or enucleation no longer have a place in the surgical management of benign parotid tumors. Postoperative tumor recurrence and morbidity are directly related to awareness of surgical anatomy and pursuit of correct surgical techniques for adequate resection. The five-year recurrence rate for 102 benign mixed tumors was 6%. Recurrence in malignant tumors varied with specific histological types but was generally high. Five-year survival for all malignant parotid tumors was 48%.", "PMID": 1015893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1119", "title": "Comparison of Payne and Scott operations for morbid obesity.", "content": "One hundred five patients were operated upon for morbid obesity using accepted criteria for operation. Forty-five patients with the Payne operation (35 cm of jejunum anastomosed end-to-side to 10 cm of ileum) were compared with 45 patients having the Scott operation (30 cm of jejunum anatomosed end-to-end to 15 cm of ileum with the proximal cut end of ileum vented into the transverse colon). The weight loss in the first two years was similar, although the Scott procedure patients lost slightly more weight. Comparison of the two groups by a new grading system also showed little difference in the two procedures. The Scott procedure takes longer and subjects the patient to an additional anastomosis. Study of a smaller group of patients having the Scott operation with varying lengths of jejunum and ileum indicates that there should not be less than 30 cm of jejunum nor more than 15 cm of ileum left in continuity. The length of jejunum is particularly important in the production of weight loss, and accurate intraoperative measurement of intestinal length is crucial. In the postoperative period the length of functional jejunum and ileum can be determined by upper gastrointestinal barium roentgenograms.", "contents": "Comparison of Payne and Scott operations for morbid obesity. One hundred five patients were operated upon for morbid obesity using accepted criteria for operation. Forty-five patients with the Payne operation (35 cm of jejunum anastomosed end-to-side to 10 cm of ileum) were compared with 45 patients having the Scott operation (30 cm of jejunum anatomosed end-to-end to 15 cm of ileum with the proximal cut end of ileum vented into the transverse colon). The weight loss in the first two years was similar, although the Scott procedure patients lost slightly more weight. Comparison of the two groups by a new grading system also showed little difference in the two procedures. The Scott procedure takes longer and subjects the patient to an additional anastomosis. Study of a smaller group of patients having the Scott operation with varying lengths of jejunum and ileum indicates that there should not be less than 30 cm of jejunum nor more than 15 cm of ileum left in continuity. The length of jejunum is particularly important in the production of weight loss, and accurate intraoperative measurement of intestinal length is crucial. In the postoperative period the length of functional jejunum and ileum can be determined by upper gastrointestinal barium roentgenograms.", "PMID": 1015894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1120", "title": "[Comparative study of the most frequently used clinical methods for the analysis of immunoglobulins].", "content": "Methods for the quantitation of seric immunoglobulins are compared in this work: euglobulins by the Sia methods vs. IgM by radial immunodiffusion, and gammaglobulins with the zinc reactive vs. IgG by radial immunodiffusion. The results of the analysis of 81 sera of patients from the National Institute of Cardiology indicates that the values obtained with the methods for euglobulins and gammaglobulins are comparable to those obtained for IgM and IgG by radial immunodifussion.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the most frequently used clinical methods for the analysis of immunoglobulins]. Methods for the quantitation of seric immunoglobulins are compared in this work: euglobulins by the Sia methods vs. IgM by radial immunodiffusion, and gammaglobulins with the zinc reactive vs. IgG by radial immunodiffusion. The results of the analysis of 81 sera of patients from the National Institute of Cardiology indicates that the values obtained with the methods for euglobulins and gammaglobulins are comparable to those obtained for IgM and IgG by radial immunodifussion.", "PMID": 1015896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1121", "title": "[Molecular mechanism of noradrenaline transport by rat auricles in vitro].", "content": "The transport of tritium-labelled noradrenaline (3H-NA) into bisected rat auricular appendages in vitro, has been studied, using 14C-inulin as an extracellular space tracer, thus allowing a precise measurement of the 3H-NA transported into the cells. The NA transport time course is relatively fast, and initial rates lasted 5 min. in 150 mM sodium, 3 min. in 26 mM sodium, and about 1 min. in 50 mM potassium. Intracellular accumulation of 3H-NA by synaptic vesicles, was found not to be important in the first minute of transport. In the presence of 150 mM sodium a transport Km for NA of 0.59 +/- 0.06 muM (mean +/- S.E.M.) and a maximal velocity (Vmax.) of 2.44 +/- 0.43 pmol/mg. protein/min. were estimated. When sodium was lowered to 26 mM, the Km increased to 2.26 +/- 0.7 muM (P less than 0.001), while Vmax. showed no change. With 0 mM sodium (choline substitution) active NA transport is completely suppressed, and only a diffusional component can be discerned. No binding of NA to beta adrenergic receptors was found, and a small but highly significant binding to the non-specific catechol receptors could be detected.", "contents": "[Molecular mechanism of noradrenaline transport by rat auricles in vitro]. The transport of tritium-labelled noradrenaline (3H-NA) into bisected rat auricular appendages in vitro, has been studied, using 14C-inulin as an extracellular space tracer, thus allowing a precise measurement of the 3H-NA transported into the cells. The NA transport time course is relatively fast, and initial rates lasted 5 min. in 150 mM sodium, 3 min. in 26 mM sodium, and about 1 min. in 50 mM potassium. Intracellular accumulation of 3H-NA by synaptic vesicles, was found not to be important in the first minute of transport. In the presence of 150 mM sodium a transport Km for NA of 0.59 +/- 0.06 muM (mean +/- S.E.M.) and a maximal velocity (Vmax.) of 2.44 +/- 0.43 pmol/mg. protein/min. were estimated. When sodium was lowered to 26 mM, the Km increased to 2.26 +/- 0.7 muM (P less than 0.001), while Vmax. showed no change. With 0 mM sodium (choline substitution) active NA transport is completely suppressed, and only a diffusional component can be discerned. No binding of NA to beta adrenergic receptors was found, and a small but highly significant binding to the non-specific catechol receptors could be detected.", "PMID": 1015897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1122", "title": "[Single ventricle. II. Clinical study. Special studies and surgical treatment].", "content": "A study was made of 29 cases of single ventricle confirmed by autopsy, hemodynamic study, or both. It must be emphasized that the term single ventricle excludes whatever malformation which shows traces of an intraventricular septum. Thus conceived, the malformation has been seen to have different clinical courses, which only permit partial diagnosis that may suggest the possibility of \"single ventricle\". In live patients this can only be diagnosed with specialized studies. In outline, there exist 4 types of clinical hemodynamic behavior: 1) The type with marked increase of pulmonary flow, in which the single cavity vascular systems, pulmonary and aortic, had similar pressures. This type behaves, in a certain way, like large interventricular communications. 2) The type which behaves hemodynamically like a large hypertensive communication with delayed cyanosis of rapid evolution and with few manifestations of heart failure. 3) The third type also has pulmonary hypertension with delayed cyanosis. This differs from the preceeding in that there is a preferential flow in such a way that the venous blood proceeding from the right atrium empties into the aorta and the arterial blood from the left atrium empties into the pulmonary artery. 4) The fourth type is characterized by rapid cyanosis and from the anatomical point of view has stenosis or atresia of the pulmonary artery. An analysis was made of the varieties which within these four classes actually ocurred or cases which were present as theoretical possibilities: single ventricle with crossed great arteries; single ventricle with transposition of the great arteries; single ventricle with partial distortion of the great arteries; single ventricle with common trunc. A detailed analysis was made of the clinical, hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and radiological manifestations which are seen in these combinations and an anatomic-embriologic classification is proposed on the basis of the systematization of the 29 cases of the present study. Finally brief considerations are made of the operability of those cases of single ventricle according to their anatomic variety.", "contents": "[Single ventricle. II. Clinical study. Special studies and surgical treatment]. A study was made of 29 cases of single ventricle confirmed by autopsy, hemodynamic study, or both. It must be emphasized that the term single ventricle excludes whatever malformation which shows traces of an intraventricular septum. Thus conceived, the malformation has been seen to have different clinical courses, which only permit partial diagnosis that may suggest the possibility of \"single ventricle\". In live patients this can only be diagnosed with specialized studies. In outline, there exist 4 types of clinical hemodynamic behavior: 1) The type with marked increase of pulmonary flow, in which the single cavity vascular systems, pulmonary and aortic, had similar pressures. This type behaves, in a certain way, like large interventricular communications. 2) The type which behaves hemodynamically like a large hypertensive communication with delayed cyanosis of rapid evolution and with few manifestations of heart failure. 3) The third type also has pulmonary hypertension with delayed cyanosis. This differs from the preceeding in that there is a preferential flow in such a way that the venous blood proceeding from the right atrium empties into the aorta and the arterial blood from the left atrium empties into the pulmonary artery. 4) The fourth type is characterized by rapid cyanosis and from the anatomical point of view has stenosis or atresia of the pulmonary artery. An analysis was made of the varieties which within these four classes actually ocurred or cases which were present as theoretical possibilities: single ventricle with crossed great arteries; single ventricle with transposition of the great arteries; single ventricle with partial distortion of the great arteries; single ventricle with common trunc. A detailed analysis was made of the clinical, hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and radiological manifestations which are seen in these combinations and an anatomic-embriologic classification is proposed on the basis of the systematization of the 29 cases of the present study. Finally brief considerations are made of the operability of those cases of single ventricle according to their anatomic variety.", "PMID": 1015898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1123", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in visceral heterotaxia].", "content": "Due to the lack of uniformity in the criteria for formulating the diagnosis of the syndrome of heterotaxy, 12 cases with this abnormality were reviewed. The patients were selected on the following basis: symmetrical liver, changeable P waves in consecutive electrocardiograms, bronchial isomerism, hematological disturbances, anomalous relationship of the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta, anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous drainage and complex cardiac malformations. The most frequent findings were: symmetrical liver, changeable P waves, anomalous systemic venous return, anomalies of the atrio-ventricular valves, particularly atrioventricular canal, aorto-cava juxtaposition, single atrium, anomalous pulmonary venous return, transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary stenosis. Less frequent anomalies were: atrial and ventricular septal defects, atrial isomerism, truncus arteriosus and partial distortion of the great arteries. The hematological disturbances as well as the radioisotope scanning of the liver and the spleen were of little help. Suggestions are given for the diagnosis of the syndrome and for the evaluation of present diagnostic procedures making necessary to use the data gathered with more precision.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in visceral heterotaxia]. Due to the lack of uniformity in the criteria for formulating the diagnosis of the syndrome of heterotaxy, 12 cases with this abnormality were reviewed. The patients were selected on the following basis: symmetrical liver, changeable P waves in consecutive electrocardiograms, bronchial isomerism, hematological disturbances, anomalous relationship of the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta, anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous drainage and complex cardiac malformations. The most frequent findings were: symmetrical liver, changeable P waves, anomalous systemic venous return, anomalies of the atrio-ventricular valves, particularly atrioventricular canal, aorto-cava juxtaposition, single atrium, anomalous pulmonary venous return, transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary stenosis. Less frequent anomalies were: atrial and ventricular septal defects, atrial isomerism, truncus arteriosus and partial distortion of the great arteries. The hematological disturbances as well as the radioisotope scanning of the liver and the spleen were of little help. Suggestions are given for the diagnosis of the syndrome and for the evaluation of present diagnostic procedures making necessary to use the data gathered with more precision.", "PMID": 1015899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1124", "title": "[Congenital cardiopathies in the newborn].", "content": "Ten years experience in newborn congenital cardiac malformations with severe hemodynamic changes is reported. The anatomic diagnosis was made at necropsy (85%) or by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography (15%). One hundred and twenty-six cases were found in which aortic valve atresia or stenosis, tricuspid atresia, cardiac anomalies associated to visceral heterotaxy, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coartation, endocardial cushion defect, ventricular septal defect, total anomalous pulmonary venous return and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum were the most common malformations. They presented with either cardiac insufficiency or hypoxia and acidosis. The principal anatomic features of these cases were discussed and the associated malformations in other systems was noted.", "contents": "[Congenital cardiopathies in the newborn]. Ten years experience in newborn congenital cardiac malformations with severe hemodynamic changes is reported. The anatomic diagnosis was made at necropsy (85%) or by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography (15%). One hundred and twenty-six cases were found in which aortic valve atresia or stenosis, tricuspid atresia, cardiac anomalies associated to visceral heterotaxy, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coartation, endocardial cushion defect, ventricular septal defect, total anomalous pulmonary venous return and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum were the most common malformations. They presented with either cardiac insufficiency or hypoxia and acidosis. The principal anatomic features of these cases were discussed and the associated malformations in other systems was noted.", "PMID": 1015900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1125", "title": "Antihypertensive activity of a propranolol analog (ORF 12,592) in rodents.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine the antihypertensive effects of the 5-hydroxy derivative (ORF 12,592) of propranolol. Acute administration of ORF 12,592 produced a reduction in mean systolic blood pressure in desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Propranolol was not effective in DOCA rats and produced a significant blood pressure reduction in SHR 48 hr after acute administration. These results demonstrated antihypertensive activity of an analog of propranolol and support the concept that the antihypertensive effects of propranolol may be mediated through a metabolite.", "contents": "Antihypertensive activity of a propranolol analog (ORF 12,592) in rodents. Studies were carried out to determine the antihypertensive effects of the 5-hydroxy derivative (ORF 12,592) of propranolol. Acute administration of ORF 12,592 produced a reduction in mean systolic blood pressure in desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Propranolol was not effective in DOCA rats and produced a significant blood pressure reduction in SHR 48 hr after acute administration. These results demonstrated antihypertensive activity of an analog of propranolol and support the concept that the antihypertensive effects of propranolol may be mediated through a metabolite.", "PMID": 1015906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1126", "title": "A comparison of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle actions of dantrolene sodium--a skeletal muscle relaxant.", "content": "Dantroline sodium, a skeletal muscle relaxant, has been proposed to inhibit the relase of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Such a mechanism suggests that other muscle contractile systems operating with the same Ca++ denominator should also be affected by the drug. In the present studies dantrolene sodium effects on smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle have been evaluated with in situ and in vitro techniques. In anesthetized dogs in situ skeletal muscle contractions were inhibitied in a dose-dependent manner, but cardiac muscle contractions were not. Effects on intestinal smooth muscle responses were highly variable and of short duration. In vitro, ED50 values were developed with dantrolene sodium (0.15-120 mg/l) in DMSO for each tissue. Skeletal muscle was the most sensitive (ED50 = 4.1 mg/l), cardiac muscle contractions were not inhibited by the drug and intestinal smooth muscle (ED50 = 59.0 mg/l) was approximately 1/14 as sensitive as skeletal muscle. It is concluded that skeletal muscle is uniquely sensitive to dantrolene sodium. A hypothesis for this specific action is offered.", "contents": "A comparison of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle actions of dantrolene sodium--a skeletal muscle relaxant. Dantroline sodium, a skeletal muscle relaxant, has been proposed to inhibit the relase of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Such a mechanism suggests that other muscle contractile systems operating with the same Ca++ denominator should also be affected by the drug. In the present studies dantrolene sodium effects on smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle have been evaluated with in situ and in vitro techniques. In anesthetized dogs in situ skeletal muscle contractions were inhibitied in a dose-dependent manner, but cardiac muscle contractions were not. Effects on intestinal smooth muscle responses were highly variable and of short duration. In vitro, ED50 values were developed with dantrolene sodium (0.15-120 mg/l) in DMSO for each tissue. Skeletal muscle was the most sensitive (ED50 = 4.1 mg/l), cardiac muscle contractions were not inhibited by the drug and intestinal smooth muscle (ED50 = 59.0 mg/l) was approximately 1/14 as sensitive as skeletal muscle. It is concluded that skeletal muscle is uniquely sensitive to dantrolene sodium. A hypothesis for this specific action is offered.", "PMID": 1015907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1127", "title": "[Value of the indices of myocardial contraction rate in patients with chronic mitral insufficiency].", "content": "Determinations of dp/dt max, Vec and Vmax were made in 20 patients with chronic mitral regurgitation of several degrees. Each of these results was correlated with the corresponding ejection fraction. Only dp/dt max showed adequated correlation and few scattering of individual results, demonstrating its true dependence on the intrinsec contractile state of the left ventricule. Vec. and Vmax. determinations also reflected contractility changes, but their variability and difficult clinical applicability does not allow to recommend its routine utilization in a clinical setting. We could not demonstrate any influence of the valvular lesion on the results of the measured contractility indicators.", "contents": "[Value of the indices of myocardial contraction rate in patients with chronic mitral insufficiency]. Determinations of dp/dt max, Vec and Vmax were made in 20 patients with chronic mitral regurgitation of several degrees. Each of these results was correlated with the corresponding ejection fraction. Only dp/dt max showed adequated correlation and few scattering of individual results, demonstrating its true dependence on the intrinsec contractile state of the left ventricule. Vec. and Vmax. determinations also reflected contractility changes, but their variability and difficult clinical applicability does not allow to recommend its routine utilization in a clinical setting. We could not demonstrate any influence of the valvular lesion on the results of the measured contractility indicators.", "PMID": 1015901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1128", "title": "[Electrocardiography changes in newborn infants during the 1st 6 weeks of life in Mexico City. Physiological implications].", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 150 newborns who were born in Mexico City (2,240 m. above sea level) were obtained in the first 24 hours of life and six weeks later. The electrocardiographic changes were similar to those observed at sea level; AQRS shifted to the left, the T waves became negative in the right precordial leads and the R/S relation increased in the left precordial leads. Mid-altitude does not affect the pulmonary vascular maturation of the normal newborn.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography changes in newborn infants during the 1st 6 weeks of life in Mexico City. Physiological implications]. The electrocardiograms of 150 newborns who were born in Mexico City (2,240 m. above sea level) were obtained in the first 24 hours of life and six weeks later. The electrocardiographic changes were similar to those observed at sea level; AQRS shifted to the left, the T waves became negative in the right precordial leads and the R/S relation increased in the left precordial leads. Mid-altitude does not affect the pulmonary vascular maturation of the normal newborn.", "PMID": 1015902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1129", "title": "The effect of acetylcholine on biliary excretion of ouabain in the physostigmine pretreated isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on bile flow and biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain was studied in the physostigmine pretreated isolated perfused rat liver. ACh added into the perfusion medium to give a concentration of 1 X 10(-4)M after the addition of physostigmine (2 X 1 X 10(-5)M) transiently decreased bile flow and biliary concentration of tritium, originated from 3H-ouabain. A deficit of 34 mul of bile during the decreased bile flow could be calculated, compared to the control group. This deficit in bile flow possibly reflects an inhibitory secretory effect of ACh on canalicular bile secretion, or enhanced reabsorption of water in the biliary tree. The decline in the concentration of 3H-oubain in the bile after the addition of ACh indicates that ACh inhibits biliary transport of ouabain by an unknown mechanism, in addition to its effect on bile flow. Physostigmine alone possibly was without an effect on biliary elimination of ouabain. The results show that ACh retards the biliary elimination of ouabain through its influence on bile flow and biliary concentraton of ouabain.", "contents": "The effect of acetylcholine on biliary excretion of ouabain in the physostigmine pretreated isolated perfused rat liver. The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on bile flow and biliary excretion of 3H-ouabain was studied in the physostigmine pretreated isolated perfused rat liver. ACh added into the perfusion medium to give a concentration of 1 X 10(-4)M after the addition of physostigmine (2 X 1 X 10(-5)M) transiently decreased bile flow and biliary concentration of tritium, originated from 3H-ouabain. A deficit of 34 mul of bile during the decreased bile flow could be calculated, compared to the control group. This deficit in bile flow possibly reflects an inhibitory secretory effect of ACh on canalicular bile secretion, or enhanced reabsorption of water in the biliary tree. The decline in the concentration of 3H-oubain in the bile after the addition of ACh indicates that ACh inhibits biliary transport of ouabain by an unknown mechanism, in addition to its effect on bile flow. Physostigmine alone possibly was without an effect on biliary elimination of ouabain. The results show that ACh retards the biliary elimination of ouabain through its influence on bile flow and biliary concentraton of ouabain.", "PMID": 1015908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1130", "title": "[Effect of intravenous disopyramide on the hemodynamics of patients hospitalized in intensive care units].", "content": "A single dosis of disopyramide (100 mg), given intravenously in 10 min to 30 patients admitted in the coronary or respiratory care unit, induces a reduction of cardiac output of 13.4%, which is highly statistically significant, without altering the systemic and pulmonary pressures. The heart rate is also slightly diminished.", "contents": "[Effect of intravenous disopyramide on the hemodynamics of patients hospitalized in intensive care units]. A single dosis of disopyramide (100 mg), given intravenously in 10 min to 30 patients admitted in the coronary or respiratory care unit, induces a reduction of cardiac output of 13.4%, which is highly statistically significant, without altering the systemic and pulmonary pressures. The heart rate is also slightly diminished.", "PMID": 1015909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1131", "title": "[Heart and circulatory effects of quinidine stereoisomers].", "content": "Quinidine sulfate shows dose-related activity. On the cardio-vascular system of anaesthetized cats. It reduces heart rate, prolongs QRS and QT of the ECG, lowers peripheral blood pressure and depresses slightly myocardial contractility. Quinidine hydrochloride lowers blood pressure but alters the ECG only in very high doses. Epiquinidine has no blood pressure lowering activity. According to the Easson and Stedman hypothesis this may be the result of stereoselectivity of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Only very high doses of the epimer produce a transient decrease of blood pressure. The ECG-waves are, however, markedly altered. QT is prolonged only with epiquinine-epiquinidine-sulfate. The salts of epiquinidine tested are much better water-soluble than those of quinidine.", "contents": "[Heart and circulatory effects of quinidine stereoisomers]. Quinidine sulfate shows dose-related activity. On the cardio-vascular system of anaesthetized cats. It reduces heart rate, prolongs QRS and QT of the ECG, lowers peripheral blood pressure and depresses slightly myocardial contractility. Quinidine hydrochloride lowers blood pressure but alters the ECG only in very high doses. Epiquinidine has no blood pressure lowering activity. According to the Easson and Stedman hypothesis this may be the result of stereoselectivity of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Only very high doses of the epimer produce a transient decrease of blood pressure. The ECG-waves are, however, markedly altered. QT is prolonged only with epiquinine-epiquinidine-sulfate. The salts of epiquinidine tested are much better water-soluble than those of quinidine.", "PMID": 1015910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1132", "title": "[Diagnosis of venous thrombosis by using radioisotopes].", "content": "Thromboembolism problem is a grave complication which occurs with great frequency in patients hospitalized in a critical state. The association between periferical venous thrombosis and the thromboembolic accident is plainly demonstrated, although the accurate establishment of the clinical diagnosis of phlebothrombosis is only feasible in 50% of the cases. In the present work, we describe the methodology and the experience which we have acquired with the use of radioisotops in the diagnosis of these problems. We studied 64 patients to whom in the supine position we injected into a vein in both heels, from 3 to 5 millicuries of 99m-Tecnecio, practicing three stages: dynamic venography, a static study, and a pulmonary gammagram. In the normal cases, we clearly identified the tracts of the principal femural, iliac, and the inferior third of the inferior vena cava veins. In the abnormal studies, we observed the obstructive process manifested by the absence of radioactivity in the affected venous tract, with appearence of collateral circulation, definitive data which establishes with certainty the diagnosis. It can be concluded that the method is rapid and easily carried out, meaning that it could be a routine practice in all of those patients who are suspected of having this problem.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of venous thrombosis by using radioisotopes]. Thromboembolism problem is a grave complication which occurs with great frequency in patients hospitalized in a critical state. The association between periferical venous thrombosis and the thromboembolic accident is plainly demonstrated, although the accurate establishment of the clinical diagnosis of phlebothrombosis is only feasible in 50% of the cases. In the present work, we describe the methodology and the experience which we have acquired with the use of radioisotops in the diagnosis of these problems. We studied 64 patients to whom in the supine position we injected into a vein in both heels, from 3 to 5 millicuries of 99m-Tecnecio, practicing three stages: dynamic venography, a static study, and a pulmonary gammagram. In the normal cases, we clearly identified the tracts of the principal femural, iliac, and the inferior third of the inferior vena cava veins. In the abnormal studies, we observed the obstructive process manifested by the absence of radioactivity in the affected venous tract, with appearence of collateral circulation, definitive data which establishes with certainty the diagnosis. It can be concluded that the method is rapid and easily carried out, meaning that it could be a routine practice in all of those patients who are suspected of having this problem.", "PMID": 1015903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1133", "title": "[Treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and auricular flutter by auricular stimulation].", "content": "Although the management of supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) and atrial flutter (AF1) with drugs or cardioversion is usually effective, their use in the high risk patient commonly digitalized, may be dangerous. Since the availability of an alternate therapeutic method is desirable, the usefulness of atrial pacing was evaluated in 31 episodes of tachyarrhythmia in 31 patients with varied heart conditions. The arrhythmia diagnosis and the stimulation were done through a right atrial electrode. In most cases the rate of stimulation was higher than that of the atria (up to 400 stimuli per min). Of 17 cases with SVT (four with preexcitation syndrome), pacing led to sinus rhythm (SR) in all, even though it was transient in two. SR was obtained in six of eleven cases of AF1, through a short lasting atrial fibrillation (AF) in three of them. Four patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A-V block changed to AF. SR was achieved shortly after termination of the procedure in two of the latter. It is concluded that atrial pacing is a valuable therapeutic method since it is effective, it has very low risk specially in digitalized patients, its does not require anesthesia and because it may be used repeatedly in case of recurrence. The technique of atrial pacing permits, in some cases, the identification of the mechanism responsible for the arrhythmia.", "contents": "[Treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and auricular flutter by auricular stimulation]. Although the management of supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) and atrial flutter (AF1) with drugs or cardioversion is usually effective, their use in the high risk patient commonly digitalized, may be dangerous. Since the availability of an alternate therapeutic method is desirable, the usefulness of atrial pacing was evaluated in 31 episodes of tachyarrhythmia in 31 patients with varied heart conditions. The arrhythmia diagnosis and the stimulation were done through a right atrial electrode. In most cases the rate of stimulation was higher than that of the atria (up to 400 stimuli per min). Of 17 cases with SVT (four with preexcitation syndrome), pacing led to sinus rhythm (SR) in all, even though it was transient in two. SR was obtained in six of eleven cases of AF1, through a short lasting atrial fibrillation (AF) in three of them. Four patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A-V block changed to AF. SR was achieved shortly after termination of the procedure in two of the latter. It is concluded that atrial pacing is a valuable therapeutic method since it is effective, it has very low risk specially in digitalized patients, its does not require anesthesia and because it may be used repeatedly in case of recurrence. The technique of atrial pacing permits, in some cases, the identification of the mechanism responsible for the arrhythmia.", "PMID": 1015904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1134", "title": "An increase of liver uptake of thyroxine, an initial step of an increased fecal loss of thyroxine in response to propylthiouracil in rats.", "content": "Propylthiouracil augmented fecal loss of thyroxine (T4), but methimazole was without effect in this respect in rats. In vitro uptake of labeled T4 by the liver was significantly enhanced by a small amount of propylthiouracil in the presence of dilute rat plasma. Methimazole was without effect under comparable conditions. In contrast, propylthiouracil and methimazole failed to affect in vitro uptake of labeled T4 by the kidney and diaphragm in the presence of dilute rat plasma. Since deiodination of T4 does not occur in the presence of dilute rat plasma, it is suggested that propylthiouracil specifically stimulates liver uptake of T4 as an initial step of an increase of biliary-fecal excretion of T4 in rats.", "contents": "An increase of liver uptake of thyroxine, an initial step of an increased fecal loss of thyroxine in response to propylthiouracil in rats. Propylthiouracil augmented fecal loss of thyroxine (T4), but methimazole was without effect in this respect in rats. In vitro uptake of labeled T4 by the liver was significantly enhanced by a small amount of propylthiouracil in the presence of dilute rat plasma. Methimazole was without effect under comparable conditions. In contrast, propylthiouracil and methimazole failed to affect in vitro uptake of labeled T4 by the kidney and diaphragm in the presence of dilute rat plasma. Since deiodination of T4 does not occur in the presence of dilute rat plasma, it is suggested that propylthiouracil specifically stimulates liver uptake of T4 as an initial step of an increase of biliary-fecal excretion of T4 in rats.", "PMID": 1015911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1135", "title": "[Hemodynamics changes in children and adolescents with mitral valve replacement].", "content": "The authors analyze the pre and post-operative hemodynamic picture of 30 children and adolescents with mitral valve replacement, which corresponds to a group of 106 patients operated on from 1964 to 1974. At variable time periods, between 9 days and 48 months (average 28 months) from the valve replacement, a new catheterization was done. The majority of the studies were done in the period between 13 and 36 months. Of the 30 cases, 21 were carriers of the Starr-Edwards valve, and the rest of different types. The Starr-Edwards valves produced a lawering of the CVP from 23.0 to 11.0 mm. Hg (average values) whereas with the other types the average pre-operative figure was 21.0 and in the post-operative period it fell to 11.0 mm. Hg. In the group with SE valves, pre-operative SPP was an average of 64.3 and in the post-operative period it was 32.0 mm. Hg. In the cases of SE valves the pre-operative total pulmonary resistances were 12.3 units and post-operatively they fell to 3.7 units. With the other types of valves the pre-opeative average was 10.9 units and post-operatively it was 5.3 units. The hemodynamic results obtained over a period of time with valvular substitution were similar in the distinct types of valves. However in the SE the benefits resulted more constant. The value of radiological and electrocardiographic study in order to predict the early post-operative hemodynamic changes is discussed. These studies serve essentially for a long range evaluation, whereas the hemodynamic, and clinical improvement maintained a strict relationship. This work shows that, in children and adolescents, the presence of severe venous-capillary and arterial pulmonary hypertension, and the elevated pulmonary resistences, are not contraindications for surgical treatment. It equally proves the eficacy of the valvular replacement, when the surgical indication and the control of the patients are handled in the proper way.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics changes in children and adolescents with mitral valve replacement]. The authors analyze the pre and post-operative hemodynamic picture of 30 children and adolescents with mitral valve replacement, which corresponds to a group of 106 patients operated on from 1964 to 1974. At variable time periods, between 9 days and 48 months (average 28 months) from the valve replacement, a new catheterization was done. The majority of the studies were done in the period between 13 and 36 months. Of the 30 cases, 21 were carriers of the Starr-Edwards valve, and the rest of different types. The Starr-Edwards valves produced a lawering of the CVP from 23.0 to 11.0 mm. Hg (average values) whereas with the other types the average pre-operative figure was 21.0 and in the post-operative period it fell to 11.0 mm. Hg. In the group with SE valves, pre-operative SPP was an average of 64.3 and in the post-operative period it was 32.0 mm. Hg. In the cases of SE valves the pre-operative total pulmonary resistances were 12.3 units and post-operatively they fell to 3.7 units. With the other types of valves the pre-opeative average was 10.9 units and post-operatively it was 5.3 units. The hemodynamic results obtained over a period of time with valvular substitution were similar in the distinct types of valves. However in the SE the benefits resulted more constant. The value of radiological and electrocardiographic study in order to predict the early post-operative hemodynamic changes is discussed. These studies serve essentially for a long range evaluation, whereas the hemodynamic, and clinical improvement maintained a strict relationship. This work shows that, in children and adolescents, the presence of severe venous-capillary and arterial pulmonary hypertension, and the elevated pulmonary resistences, are not contraindications for surgical treatment. It equally proves the eficacy of the valvular replacement, when the surgical indication and the control of the patients are handled in the proper way.", "PMID": 1015905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1136", "title": "Neurotoxicity of digitoxin in adult and newborn rats: drug distribution.", "content": "Electrocardiographic monitoring of adult and 1 week old (newborn) rats during severe acute digitoxin toxicity demonstrated a lack of acrdiotoxicity despite marked neurotoxicity in both age groups. To examine the possibility that drug disposition is a factor in the unusual digitoxin sensitivity of newborn rats, 3H-digitoxin distribution in liver, heart, brain, kidney, adrenal, blood and fat was compared in 1 and 3 week old (weanling) rats at 2, 12 and 24 hr. H3-label was rapidly sequestered by the liver in weanlings but not in newborn rats. Newborns had significantly higher concentrations of 3H-substance in all other organs, particularly in brain (greater than 25% of the administered dose at 24 hr), indicating a cerebrotoxic basis for the newborn's sensitivity to digitoxin. Only trace amounts of 3H-substance were recovered from adult rat brain during severe neurotoxicity (72 hr) suggesting that digitoxin metabolites may be potent cerebrotoxins. Extremely high adrenal concentrations were noted in all animals.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of digitoxin in adult and newborn rats: drug distribution. Electrocardiographic monitoring of adult and 1 week old (newborn) rats during severe acute digitoxin toxicity demonstrated a lack of acrdiotoxicity despite marked neurotoxicity in both age groups. To examine the possibility that drug disposition is a factor in the unusual digitoxin sensitivity of newborn rats, 3H-digitoxin distribution in liver, heart, brain, kidney, adrenal, blood and fat was compared in 1 and 3 week old (weanling) rats at 2, 12 and 24 hr. H3-label was rapidly sequestered by the liver in weanlings but not in newborn rats. Newborns had significantly higher concentrations of 3H-substance in all other organs, particularly in brain (greater than 25% of the administered dose at 24 hr), indicating a cerebrotoxic basis for the newborn's sensitivity to digitoxin. Only trace amounts of 3H-substance were recovered from adult rat brain during severe neurotoxicity (72 hr) suggesting that digitoxin metabolites may be potent cerebrotoxins. Extremely high adrenal concentrations were noted in all animals.", "PMID": 1015912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1137", "title": "The effects of digitoxin and its metabolites on the transmembrane potential and contractile characteristics of guinea-pig ventricle strips.", "content": "The effects of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M digitoxin, and some of its metabolites, digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside, digitoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside and digitoxigenin on the transmembrane potential and contractile characteristics of guinea-pig right ventricle strips were studied to define the role of the sugar side-chain in these cleavage products of digitoxin. Digitoxin and digitoxigenin produced their maximum inotropic responses, without induction of arrhythmias, at about 30 min. However, the bis and mono compounds produced arrhythmias within 12 min, so the inotropy recorded may not be the maximum response. Digitoxin with 3 sugar residues and the bis compound with 2 sugar residues produced a prolongation in the action potenital duration. In contrast, the mono compound with one sugar residue and the digitoxigenin with no sugar residue produced a shortening of the action potential duration. There may be a relationship between the number of sugar moieties and the action potential duration; digitoxin and its bis derivative increased the action potential duration and mono- and digitoxigenin decreased the action potential duration. There also appeared to be an unusual relationship between the number of sugar moieties and induction of arrhythmias; arrhythmogenicity occurred at the doses employed with only the bis- and mono-digitoxoside. Finally, there appeared to be no simple relationship between chemical structure and inotropic potency.", "contents": "The effects of digitoxin and its metabolites on the transmembrane potential and contractile characteristics of guinea-pig ventricle strips. The effects of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M digitoxin, and some of its metabolites, digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside, digitoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside and digitoxigenin on the transmembrane potential and contractile characteristics of guinea-pig right ventricle strips were studied to define the role of the sugar side-chain in these cleavage products of digitoxin. Digitoxin and digitoxigenin produced their maximum inotropic responses, without induction of arrhythmias, at about 30 min. However, the bis and mono compounds produced arrhythmias within 12 min, so the inotropy recorded may not be the maximum response. Digitoxin with 3 sugar residues and the bis compound with 2 sugar residues produced a prolongation in the action potenital duration. In contrast, the mono compound with one sugar residue and the digitoxigenin with no sugar residue produced a shortening of the action potential duration. There may be a relationship between the number of sugar moieties and the action potential duration; digitoxin and its bis derivative increased the action potential duration and mono- and digitoxigenin decreased the action potential duration. There also appeared to be an unusual relationship between the number of sugar moieties and induction of arrhythmias; arrhythmogenicity occurred at the doses employed with only the bis- and mono-digitoxoside. Finally, there appeared to be no simple relationship between chemical structure and inotropic potency.", "PMID": 1015913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1138", "title": "Relationships between chronotropic effect, 1-3H-noradrenaline uptake and tissue concentrations of desipramine, protripyline and doxepin in rat isolated atria.", "content": "The pharmacological effects of three tricyclic antidepressant agents (desipramine, protriptyline and doxepin) are evaluated in rat isolated atria in relation to their accumulation and efflux kinetics. The pharmacological effects studed are: inhibition of 1-3H-noradrenaline uptake, potentiation of 1-noradrenaline chronotropic response, and changes in spontaneous atrial rate. All drugs inhibit noradrenaline uptake and potentiate noradrenaline chronotropic response (desipramine congruent to protriptyline greater than doxepin). Desipramine and protriptyline, at concentrations of 10(-7) -- 10(-6)M stimulate the spontaneous rate; higher concentrations (greater than 10(-6)M) depress it. Doxepin has only a negative chronotropic effect. When the drugs are removed from the incubation medium, the depressing effect starts to disappear immediately for doxepin and desipramine and after 20 min for protriptyline. On the contrary the stimulating effect persists after repeatedly washing the preparations. Desipramine, protriptyline and doxepin extensively accumulate in the myocardial tissue (desipramine larger than or equal to protriptyline greater than doxepin). In the efflux studies doxepin is washed out more rapidly than desipramine and protriptyline. Although the kinetics of uptake and efflux of the three compounds are not sufficient to interpret their different pharmacological activities in isolated atria, they give useful information on the persistance of the sympathomimetic effect and the rapid disappearing of the negative chronotropic effect after washing.", "contents": "Relationships between chronotropic effect, 1-3H-noradrenaline uptake and tissue concentrations of desipramine, protripyline and doxepin in rat isolated atria. The pharmacological effects of three tricyclic antidepressant agents (desipramine, protriptyline and doxepin) are evaluated in rat isolated atria in relation to their accumulation and efflux kinetics. The pharmacological effects studed are: inhibition of 1-3H-noradrenaline uptake, potentiation of 1-noradrenaline chronotropic response, and changes in spontaneous atrial rate. All drugs inhibit noradrenaline uptake and potentiate noradrenaline chronotropic response (desipramine congruent to protriptyline greater than doxepin). Desipramine and protriptyline, at concentrations of 10(-7) -- 10(-6)M stimulate the spontaneous rate; higher concentrations (greater than 10(-6)M) depress it. Doxepin has only a negative chronotropic effect. When the drugs are removed from the incubation medium, the depressing effect starts to disappear immediately for doxepin and desipramine and after 20 min for protriptyline. On the contrary the stimulating effect persists after repeatedly washing the preparations. Desipramine, protriptyline and doxepin extensively accumulate in the myocardial tissue (desipramine larger than or equal to protriptyline greater than doxepin). In the efflux studies doxepin is washed out more rapidly than desipramine and protriptyline. Although the kinetics of uptake and efflux of the three compounds are not sufficient to interpret their different pharmacological activities in isolated atria, they give useful information on the persistance of the sympathomimetic effect and the rapid disappearing of the negative chronotropic effect after washing.", "PMID": 1015914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1139", "title": "Calcium-dependent, iproveratril-resistant contractions of aortic strips induced by a convulsant barbiturate.", "content": "At 3 X 10(-5) M concentratons, 5-(2-cyclohexylidene\u00ebthyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB) causes a contraction of rabbit aortic strips that is equivalent to about half of the maximal response to norepinephrine. If a calcium-free medium is substituted for normal bathing solution and drug is added immediately thereafter, there is no response to the convulsant barbiturate but a nearly normal response to norepinephrine. When calcium is replaced in stepwise increments, the contractor response to CHEB appears in corresponding increments. The prompt influence of changes in external calcium-concentration suggests that CHEB-induced contraction occurs as a result of calcium influx into cells rather than a release of free calcium from previously accumulated intracellular stores. CHEB effect, like that of potassium, is prevented by pretreatment with lanthanum (5 X 10(-3)M). CHEB differs from potassium in that its effects are even more sensitive to changes in extracellular calcium concentration. Nevertheless, CHEB can contract aortic strips in the presence of iproveratril at a concentration (10(-4)M) that blocks all response to potassium (100 mM).", "contents": "Calcium-dependent, iproveratril-resistant contractions of aortic strips induced by a convulsant barbiturate. At 3 X 10(-5) M concentratons, 5-(2-cyclohexylidene\u00ebthyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB) causes a contraction of rabbit aortic strips that is equivalent to about half of the maximal response to norepinephrine. If a calcium-free medium is substituted for normal bathing solution and drug is added immediately thereafter, there is no response to the convulsant barbiturate but a nearly normal response to norepinephrine. When calcium is replaced in stepwise increments, the contractor response to CHEB appears in corresponding increments. The prompt influence of changes in external calcium-concentration suggests that CHEB-induced contraction occurs as a result of calcium influx into cells rather than a release of free calcium from previously accumulated intracellular stores. CHEB effect, like that of potassium, is prevented by pretreatment with lanthanum (5 X 10(-3)M). CHEB differs from potassium in that its effects are even more sensitive to changes in extracellular calcium concentration. Nevertheless, CHEB can contract aortic strips in the presence of iproveratril at a concentration (10(-4)M) that blocks all response to potassium (100 mM).", "PMID": 1015915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1140", "title": "Effect of some antihypertensive drugs and catecholamine depletors on the plasma renin activity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of some antihypertensive drugs and catecholamine depletors on the plasma renin activity (PRA) has been investigated in the rat. Diazoxide and CIBA 4416-Go. increased and clonidine decreased the PRA significantly. The increase in PRA following diazoxide was partially blocked by oxprenolol, adrenalectomy and demedullation. Adrenal cortex does not seem to contribute to this increase in PRA following diazoxide. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine, guanethidine or 6-hydroxydopamine alsine, guanethidine and 6-hydroxydopamine when given acutely or repeatedly (for 3 days) did not produce any significant change in PRA. It is concluded that vasodilators like diazoxide and CIBA 4416-Go. increase PRA resulting from sympathetic activation which follows hypotension; this increase is blocked by catecholamine depletors like reserpine, guantethidine and 6-hydroxydopamine.", "contents": "Effect of some antihypertensive drugs and catecholamine depletors on the plasma renin activity in the rat. The effect of some antihypertensive drugs and catecholamine depletors on the plasma renin activity (PRA) has been investigated in the rat. Diazoxide and CIBA 4416-Go. increased and clonidine decreased the PRA significantly. The increase in PRA following diazoxide was partially blocked by oxprenolol, adrenalectomy and demedullation. Adrenal cortex does not seem to contribute to this increase in PRA following diazoxide. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine, guanethidine or 6-hydroxydopamine alsine, guanethidine and 6-hydroxydopamine when given acutely or repeatedly (for 3 days) did not produce any significant change in PRA. It is concluded that vasodilators like diazoxide and CIBA 4416-Go. increase PRA resulting from sympathetic activation which follows hypotension; this increase is blocked by catecholamine depletors like reserpine, guantethidine and 6-hydroxydopamine.", "PMID": 1015916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1141", "title": "Role of neuronal and extraneuronal factors in temperature mediated responsiveness of adrenoceptors.", "content": "Changes in bath temperature caused changes in the adrenergic responsiveness of rabbit iris dilator muscle as indicated by shifts in dose-response curves along the log axis and changes in maximum responses. Responses of control tissues to an alpha agonist (norepinephrine) were increased at lower temperatures and responses to a beta agonist (isoprenaline) were increased at higher temperatures. Responses of control tissues were compared with responses of tissues pretreated with cocaine or with responses of adrenergically denervated tissues (chemical and surgical). Changes in ED50 values with temperature change are similar in control, cocaine pretreated or denervated muscles. In contrast, changes in maximum response with temperature change are reversed by cocaine pretreatment or denervation. Pretreatment of tissues with an inhibitor of catechol-o-methyl transferase (tropolone) or an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (iproniazid) did not affect the temperature sensitivity of adrenoceptors. Also, responses to terbutaline, a beta agonist not susceptible to catechol-o-methyl transferase, changed with temperature. These data indicate that for rabbit iris dilator muscle both a neuronal and an extraneuronal component are involved in adrenoceptor response changes induced by temperature change and that changes in rates of activity of metabolizing enzymes are not involved.", "contents": "Role of neuronal and extraneuronal factors in temperature mediated responsiveness of adrenoceptors. Changes in bath temperature caused changes in the adrenergic responsiveness of rabbit iris dilator muscle as indicated by shifts in dose-response curves along the log axis and changes in maximum responses. Responses of control tissues to an alpha agonist (norepinephrine) were increased at lower temperatures and responses to a beta agonist (isoprenaline) were increased at higher temperatures. Responses of control tissues were compared with responses of tissues pretreated with cocaine or with responses of adrenergically denervated tissues (chemical and surgical). Changes in ED50 values with temperature change are similar in control, cocaine pretreated or denervated muscles. In contrast, changes in maximum response with temperature change are reversed by cocaine pretreatment or denervation. Pretreatment of tissues with an inhibitor of catechol-o-methyl transferase (tropolone) or an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (iproniazid) did not affect the temperature sensitivity of adrenoceptors. Also, responses to terbutaline, a beta agonist not susceptible to catechol-o-methyl transferase, changed with temperature. These data indicate that for rabbit iris dilator muscle both a neuronal and an extraneuronal component are involved in adrenoceptor response changes induced by temperature change and that changes in rates of activity of metabolizing enzymes are not involved.", "PMID": 1015917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1142", "title": "Effects of droperidol on cardiovascular adrenoceptors.", "content": "The influence of droperidol on the pressor effect of noradrenaline was investigated in pithed rats injected with propranolol. Droperidol induced a dose-dependent shift of the noradrenaline dose-response curve to the right, but proved to be 20 times less potent than phentolamine. Droperidol produced a considerably more pronounced inhibition of the effect of tyramine than of that of noradrenaline.--The influence of droperidol on the increase in tension induced by noradrenaline was determined in isolated aortic strips of rats. The drug caused a marked parallel shift of the noradrenaline concentration-response curve to the right (pA2:7.99). In this preparation droperidol and phentolamine were equieffective.--Droperidol did not produce a significant shift of the noradrenaline concentration-response curves obtained for the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in spontaneously beating right guinea-pig atria and in electrically driven left atria, respectively.--It is concluded that droperidol is a competitive inhibitor of the vascular alpha-adrenoceptors, leaving the beta-adrenoceptors of the heart unaffected, and that it inhibits the neuronal uptake mechanism of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Effects of droperidol on cardiovascular adrenoceptors. The influence of droperidol on the pressor effect of noradrenaline was investigated in pithed rats injected with propranolol. Droperidol induced a dose-dependent shift of the noradrenaline dose-response curve to the right, but proved to be 20 times less potent than phentolamine. Droperidol produced a considerably more pronounced inhibition of the effect of tyramine than of that of noradrenaline.--The influence of droperidol on the increase in tension induced by noradrenaline was determined in isolated aortic strips of rats. The drug caused a marked parallel shift of the noradrenaline concentration-response curve to the right (pA2:7.99). In this preparation droperidol and phentolamine were equieffective.--Droperidol did not produce a significant shift of the noradrenaline concentration-response curves obtained for the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in spontaneously beating right guinea-pig atria and in electrically driven left atria, respectively.--It is concluded that droperidol is a competitive inhibitor of the vascular alpha-adrenoceptors, leaving the beta-adrenoceptors of the heart unaffected, and that it inhibits the neuronal uptake mechanism of noradrenaline.", "PMID": 1015918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1143", "title": "Differential species sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of cardiac glycosides on 3H-1-noradrenaline accumulation by tissue slices.", "content": "Effects of three cardiac glycosides on the accumulation of 3H-1-noradrenaline (3H-1-NA) by slices of heart and spleen were studied. Ouabain, digitoxin and digoxin, all produced a concentration dependent inhibition of 3H-1-NA uptake in both types of tissue slices. The maximum amount of 3H-1-NA accumulated as well as the rate of uptake was decreased. Digitoxin and ouabain were equipotent; however, digoxin was significantly less potent. Tissues from different mamalian specis did not exhibit the same degree of sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of cardiac glycosides on 3H-1-NA accumulation. Dogs were most sensitive and guinea-pigs an order of magnitude less sensitive. Rats were least sensitive by roughly two orders of magnitude when compared with guinea-pigs. The relationship of the effect of digitalis on 3H-1-NA accumulation to digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias is discussed. Finally, the pattern of species sensitivity found here is compared with that observed in relation to inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase by cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "Differential species sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of cardiac glycosides on 3H-1-noradrenaline accumulation by tissue slices. Effects of three cardiac glycosides on the accumulation of 3H-1-noradrenaline (3H-1-NA) by slices of heart and spleen were studied. Ouabain, digitoxin and digoxin, all produced a concentration dependent inhibition of 3H-1-NA uptake in both types of tissue slices. The maximum amount of 3H-1-NA accumulated as well as the rate of uptake was decreased. Digitoxin and ouabain were equipotent; however, digoxin was significantly less potent. Tissues from different mamalian specis did not exhibit the same degree of sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of cardiac glycosides on 3H-1-NA accumulation. Dogs were most sensitive and guinea-pigs an order of magnitude less sensitive. Rats were least sensitive by roughly two orders of magnitude when compared with guinea-pigs. The relationship of the effect of digitalis on 3H-1-NA accumulation to digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias is discussed. Finally, the pattern of species sensitivity found here is compared with that observed in relation to inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase by cardiac glycosides.", "PMID": 1015919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1144", "title": "Ouabain cardiotoxicity, a reassessment of methodology.", "content": "The capacity of ouabain (1 mug/kg/min and 2 mug/kg/min) to induce cardiotoxicity was explored in control cats and cats after spinal cord transection. In cats receiving 1 mug/kg/min, a higher dose of ouabain was needed to produce lethal arrhythmias in spinal cats compared to intact cats. However, in cats receiving 2 mug/kg/min, there was no difference in dose to death between intact and spinal cats. At death, the serum level and ventricular contents of ouabain was higher in animals with spinal cord transection regardless of the rate of ouabain infusion. Thus it appears that determination of the myocardial tissue digitalis concentration more accurately reflects the state of digitalis sensitivity than the administered dose. Additionally, seemingly paradoxical findings with regard to dose are explicable when serum and tissue concentration are simultaneously evaluated.", "contents": "Ouabain cardiotoxicity, a reassessment of methodology. The capacity of ouabain (1 mug/kg/min and 2 mug/kg/min) to induce cardiotoxicity was explored in control cats and cats after spinal cord transection. In cats receiving 1 mug/kg/min, a higher dose of ouabain was needed to produce lethal arrhythmias in spinal cats compared to intact cats. However, in cats receiving 2 mug/kg/min, there was no difference in dose to death between intact and spinal cats. At death, the serum level and ventricular contents of ouabain was higher in animals with spinal cord transection regardless of the rate of ouabain infusion. Thus it appears that determination of the myocardial tissue digitalis concentration more accurately reflects the state of digitalis sensitivity than the administered dose. Additionally, seemingly paradoxical findings with regard to dose are explicable when serum and tissue concentration are simultaneously evaluated.", "PMID": 1015920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1145", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of prazosin.", "content": "Parzosin, 0.001 to 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to anesthetized normal rats. In the dose range 0.001 to 0.01 mg/kg, the drug induced highly significant, dose-related falls in blood pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate. With doses above 0.01 mg/kg, there was a plateau in hypotensive efficacy and a diminution in negative chronotropic activity. Both actions of prazosin (0.01 mg/kg) were unaffected by vagal blockade with atropine, while hypotensive potency was unimpaired after beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. The vasodilator, diazoxide, lowered blood pressure, widened pulse pressure and caused tachycardia in rats pre-treated with pentolinium. In contrast, all effects of prazosin were abolished by ganglion blockade. These findings, together with the absence of compensatory tachycardia or gross renin hypersecretion during prazosin-induced hypotension, are compatible with an antisympathotonic mode of action for the drug. However, consistent with its effects on cyclic nucleotide distribution, prazosin appears to enhance isoprenaline-induced beta-receptor stimulation.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of prazosin. Parzosin, 0.001 to 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to anesthetized normal rats. In the dose range 0.001 to 0.01 mg/kg, the drug induced highly significant, dose-related falls in blood pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate. With doses above 0.01 mg/kg, there was a plateau in hypotensive efficacy and a diminution in negative chronotropic activity. Both actions of prazosin (0.01 mg/kg) were unaffected by vagal blockade with atropine, while hypotensive potency was unimpaired after beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. The vasodilator, diazoxide, lowered blood pressure, widened pulse pressure and caused tachycardia in rats pre-treated with pentolinium. In contrast, all effects of prazosin were abolished by ganglion blockade. These findings, together with the absence of compensatory tachycardia or gross renin hypersecretion during prazosin-induced hypotension, are compatible with an antisympathotonic mode of action for the drug. However, consistent with its effects on cyclic nucleotide distribution, prazosin appears to enhance isoprenaline-induced beta-receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 1015921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1146", "title": "Effects of scopolamine and methscopolamine on acquisition and retention of rat one-way shuttle box behavior and total brain acetylcholine.", "content": "The effects of scopolamine HBr (0.032 to 10.0 mg/kg), methscopolamine Br (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) and 0.36 mg/kg NaBr on acquisition and retention of one-way avoidance behavior and total brain acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in male albino rats. Compared to equimolar NaBr, scopolamine caused a dose-related impairment in acquisition of avoidance responding while methscopolamine did not. Retention of avoidance behavior in trained rats was also disrupted, but the detrimental effect was smaller and occurred only following large doses of scopolamine. The per cent escape behavior was not decreased by any of the treatments. It increased as avoidance was decreased. Scopolamine caused a dose-related increase in latency and avoidance and escape responding compared to equimolar NaBr. However, scopolamine increased the latency of avoidance at lower doses and to a greater degree than it increased the latency of escape. Escape latencies were significantly increased only at the largest dose (10 mg/kg). These dose-related effects of scopolamine were greater during acquisition than during retention. Small doses (0.032 mg/kg) shortened latency of avoidance during retention. Methscopolamine increased avoidance and escape latencies only at the largest dose (10 mg/kg). Scopolamine produced a dose-related decrease in brain ACh which correlated well with the per cent avoidance in acquisition (r = 0.95) and retention (r = 0.88) trials. It is concluded that a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist with central actions like scopolamine affects selective aspects of avoidance behavior in low doses, and that these changes are highly correlated with brain ACh levels.", "contents": "Effects of scopolamine and methscopolamine on acquisition and retention of rat one-way shuttle box behavior and total brain acetylcholine. The effects of scopolamine HBr (0.032 to 10.0 mg/kg), methscopolamine Br (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) and 0.36 mg/kg NaBr on acquisition and retention of one-way avoidance behavior and total brain acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in male albino rats. Compared to equimolar NaBr, scopolamine caused a dose-related impairment in acquisition of avoidance responding while methscopolamine did not. Retention of avoidance behavior in trained rats was also disrupted, but the detrimental effect was smaller and occurred only following large doses of scopolamine. The per cent escape behavior was not decreased by any of the treatments. It increased as avoidance was decreased. Scopolamine caused a dose-related increase in latency and avoidance and escape responding compared to equimolar NaBr. However, scopolamine increased the latency of avoidance at lower doses and to a greater degree than it increased the latency of escape. Escape latencies were significantly increased only at the largest dose (10 mg/kg). These dose-related effects of scopolamine were greater during acquisition than during retention. Small doses (0.032 mg/kg) shortened latency of avoidance during retention. Methscopolamine increased avoidance and escape latencies only at the largest dose (10 mg/kg). Scopolamine produced a dose-related decrease in brain ACh which correlated well with the per cent avoidance in acquisition (r = 0.95) and retention (r = 0.88) trials. It is concluded that a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist with central actions like scopolamine affects selective aspects of avoidance behavior in low doses, and that these changes are highly correlated with brain ACh levels.", "PMID": 1015922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1147", "title": "The effect of apomorphine and haloperidol on the RNA content of brain structures of the rat.", "content": "At a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, apomorphine caused an increase of the RNA content of the septal nucleus of rats (n. medialis + n. lateralis + n. accumbens); after 2.5 mg/kg this effect became more marked and, in addition, there was an increase of RNA in the caudate nucleus. All effects were antagonized by 0.5 mg/kg of haloperidol. These data suggest that apomorphine acts, at different dose levels, on different sites of the brain. This might be related to the also different behavioral effects of apomorphine at those two dose levels. Haloperidol on its own caused a fall of RNA in the amygdaloid nucleus which was not counteracted by any of the two doses of apomorphine. Neither drug had any influence on hypothalamic RNA concentration.", "contents": "The effect of apomorphine and haloperidol on the RNA content of brain structures of the rat. At a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, apomorphine caused an increase of the RNA content of the septal nucleus of rats (n. medialis + n. lateralis + n. accumbens); after 2.5 mg/kg this effect became more marked and, in addition, there was an increase of RNA in the caudate nucleus. All effects were antagonized by 0.5 mg/kg of haloperidol. These data suggest that apomorphine acts, at different dose levels, on different sites of the brain. This might be related to the also different behavioral effects of apomorphine at those two dose levels. Haloperidol on its own caused a fall of RNA in the amygdaloid nucleus which was not counteracted by any of the two doses of apomorphine. Neither drug had any influence on hypothalamic RNA concentration.", "PMID": 1015923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1148", "title": "The local anesthetic activity of saxitoxin alone and with vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic agents.", "content": "STX (saxitoxin), alone and with various vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic agents, was evaluated for its ability to produce topical anesthesia on the rabbit cornea, peripheral nerve block in the rat, and epidural anesthesia in the dog. High frequency and long duration of block can be attained if sufficiently high concentrations of STX are used, although latency is long and the doses used may produce systemic toxicity. Frequency of satisfactory blocks and mean duration of block can be increased and systemic toxicity reduced if STX is administered with a vasoconstrictor agent. Conventional local anesthetic agents also enhance the nerve blocking activity of STX. When appropriate concentrations of STX, vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic agents are used, systemic toxic effects are not manifested and the blocks produced exhibit the rapid onset and high frequency of block characteristic of the local anesthetic agent and the remarkably long duration of STX.", "contents": "The local anesthetic activity of saxitoxin alone and with vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic agents. STX (saxitoxin), alone and with various vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic agents, was evaluated for its ability to produce topical anesthesia on the rabbit cornea, peripheral nerve block in the rat, and epidural anesthesia in the dog. High frequency and long duration of block can be attained if sufficiently high concentrations of STX are used, although latency is long and the doses used may produce systemic toxicity. Frequency of satisfactory blocks and mean duration of block can be increased and systemic toxicity reduced if STX is administered with a vasoconstrictor agent. Conventional local anesthetic agents also enhance the nerve blocking activity of STX. When appropriate concentrations of STX, vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic agents are used, systemic toxic effects are not manifested and the blocks produced exhibit the rapid onset and high frequency of block characteristic of the local anesthetic agent and the remarkably long duration of STX.", "PMID": 1015924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1149", "title": "On the mechanism of action of bombesin on gastric and pancreatic secretion of the chicken.", "content": "The present experiments have been carried out in order to establish whether the stimulatory effect of bombesin on the chicken gastric acid secretion is a direct effect or is mediated by the release of hormones, such as the Avian Pancreatic Petide and/or Gastrin. removal of the pancreas, which is known to be the site of starage of the Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide, does not produce any decrease of the stimulant effect of bombesin on gastric secretion. Removal of the zone between the gizzard and duodenum, which shows histological features similar to those of the mammalian antrum and in which gastrin cells have been described, sharply decreases the basal values of gastric secretion as well as the stimulant effect of bombesin, while the effectiveness of caerulein, a gastrin-like peptide directly acting on oxintopeptic cells, is maintained. In chickens deprived of the duodenum-gizzard zone, bombesin shows a stimulant effect on pancreatic secretion indistinguishable from that observed in intact animals. It is concluded that the gastric but not pancreatic, action of bomtesin is mediated through the release of a factor(gastrin) from the gizzard-duodenum junction. Release of Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide from the pancreas is not involved in the mechanism of the action of bombesin on gastric secretion of the chicken.", "contents": "On the mechanism of action of bombesin on gastric and pancreatic secretion of the chicken. The present experiments have been carried out in order to establish whether the stimulatory effect of bombesin on the chicken gastric acid secretion is a direct effect or is mediated by the release of hormones, such as the Avian Pancreatic Petide and/or Gastrin. removal of the pancreas, which is known to be the site of starage of the Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide, does not produce any decrease of the stimulant effect of bombesin on gastric secretion. Removal of the zone between the gizzard and duodenum, which shows histological features similar to those of the mammalian antrum and in which gastrin cells have been described, sharply decreases the basal values of gastric secretion as well as the stimulant effect of bombesin, while the effectiveness of caerulein, a gastrin-like peptide directly acting on oxintopeptic cells, is maintained. In chickens deprived of the duodenum-gizzard zone, bombesin shows a stimulant effect on pancreatic secretion indistinguishable from that observed in intact animals. It is concluded that the gastric but not pancreatic, action of bomtesin is mediated through the release of a factor(gastrin) from the gizzard-duodenum junction. Release of Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide from the pancreas is not involved in the mechanism of the action of bombesin on gastric secretion of the chicken.", "PMID": 1015925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1150", "title": "Anti-ulcer activity of colloidal bismuth subcitrate in Shay-rats.", "content": "The anti-ulcer action of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) was tested in rats with a ligated pylorus (the Shay preparation). The liquid form used in the clinic displayed a dose-related inhibition of gastric ulceration. the recently developed solid form appeared to be just as effective. On the other hand, non-processed, non-colloidal bismuth salts and the CBS vehicle blank were completely inactive. The anti-ulcer activity of CBS was found to be unrelated to its buffering capacity.", "contents": "Anti-ulcer activity of colloidal bismuth subcitrate in Shay-rats. The anti-ulcer action of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) was tested in rats with a ligated pylorus (the Shay preparation). The liquid form used in the clinic displayed a dose-related inhibition of gastric ulceration. the recently developed solid form appeared to be just as effective. On the other hand, non-processed, non-colloidal bismuth salts and the CBS vehicle blank were completely inactive. The anti-ulcer activity of CBS was found to be unrelated to its buffering capacity.", "PMID": 1015926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1151", "title": "Effect of furosemide on renal hilar lymph flow.", "content": "Furosemide is known to increase total renal blood flow. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between this hemodynamic change and renal hilar lymph flow. Renal blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter placed on the left renal artery of anesthetized dogs. Lymph was collected from a cannulated hilar vessel. Urine volume loss was not replaced. In the first 10 min after furosemide (1 mg/kg i.v.), lymph flow was significantly increased and then declined toward control within 30 to 40 min. The decline in lymph flow lagged behind the decline in blood flow by about 10 min. In 11 experiments in which there was a significant increase in renal blood flow, renal hilar lymph flow also increased. In 5 experiments in which renal blood flow did not increase after furosemide, lymph flow also did not increase. In both groups, urine volume was significantly increased but the diuresis was less in the group in which renal blood flow and lymph did not increase. When hydrochlorothiazide (5 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered, neither renal blood flow nor hilar lymph flow was altered. The effect of equi-diuretic doses of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide on renal tissue water content were compared. The amount of water present after furosemide was significantly greater than the amount present after hydrochlorothiazide. These data support the concept that changes in renal hilar lymph flow are more a consequence of changes in renal blood flow than in urine volume.", "contents": "Effect of furosemide on renal hilar lymph flow. Furosemide is known to increase total renal blood flow. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between this hemodynamic change and renal hilar lymph flow. Renal blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter placed on the left renal artery of anesthetized dogs. Lymph was collected from a cannulated hilar vessel. Urine volume loss was not replaced. In the first 10 min after furosemide (1 mg/kg i.v.), lymph flow was significantly increased and then declined toward control within 30 to 40 min. The decline in lymph flow lagged behind the decline in blood flow by about 10 min. In 11 experiments in which there was a significant increase in renal blood flow, renal hilar lymph flow also increased. In 5 experiments in which renal blood flow did not increase after furosemide, lymph flow also did not increase. In both groups, urine volume was significantly increased but the diuresis was less in the group in which renal blood flow and lymph did not increase. When hydrochlorothiazide (5 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered, neither renal blood flow nor hilar lymph flow was altered. The effect of equi-diuretic doses of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide on renal tissue water content were compared. The amount of water present after furosemide was significantly greater than the amount present after hydrochlorothiazide. These data support the concept that changes in renal hilar lymph flow are more a consequence of changes in renal blood flow than in urine volume.", "PMID": 1015927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1152", "title": "[Comparative study, in the anesthetized dog, of the dromotropic effects of N-propyl ajmaline bitartrate, ajmaline hydrochloride and ajmaline monochloroacetate, by recording of His electrogram].", "content": "A-V and intraventricular conduction disturbances induced by 3 different salts of ajmaline: N-propyl ajmaline bitartrate (NPAB), hydrochloride (CHA) and mono chloro-acetate (MCAA), were studied by recording endocavitary His bundle activity in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Cumulative dose-response curves were obtained with 3 doses of each compound. The results demonstrate that: a) NPAB exerts a significant depressor effect (9 to 10 times more potent than CHA) on the following three conduction times: auriculo-Hisian, His-Pinkinje and Purkinje-ventricular; b) on His-Purkinje and intra ventricular conduction, MCAA exerts a weaker depressor effect than that of Nab. The lack of parallelism of dose-response curves prevents further  comparative quantification; c) on atrio-hisian conduction, MCAA presents a delayed dose-related depressor effect suggesting the presence of an active metabolite. It is concluded that among ajmaline derivatives studied, Nab appears to be the most depressor on A-V and intraventricular conduction in the pentobarbital anesthetized dog.", "contents": "[Comparative study, in the anesthetized dog, of the dromotropic effects of N-propyl ajmaline bitartrate, ajmaline hydrochloride and ajmaline monochloroacetate, by recording of His electrogram]. A-V and intraventricular conduction disturbances induced by 3 different salts of ajmaline: N-propyl ajmaline bitartrate (NPAB), hydrochloride (CHA) and mono chloro-acetate (MCAA), were studied by recording endocavitary His bundle activity in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Cumulative dose-response curves were obtained with 3 doses of each compound. The results demonstrate that: a) NPAB exerts a significant depressor effect (9 to 10 times more potent than CHA) on the following three conduction times: auriculo-Hisian, His-Pinkinje and Purkinje-ventricular; b) on His-Purkinje and intra ventricular conduction, MCAA exerts a weaker depressor effect than that of Nab. The lack of parallelism of dose-response curves prevents further  comparative quantification; c) on atrio-hisian conduction, MCAA presents a delayed dose-related depressor effect suggesting the presence of an active metabolite. It is concluded that among ajmaline derivatives studied, Nab appears to be the most depressor on A-V and intraventricular conduction in the pentobarbital anesthetized dog.", "PMID": 1015928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1153", "title": "[Seroepidemiologic study of human cysticerosis in the predominantly indigenous rural Indian population of the State of Chiapas].", "content": "The overall proportion of sera with antibodies against cyticercus antigens in 3226 serum samples collected among the Indian rural population in the proximity of San Crist\u00f3bal de Las Casas, Chiapas, M\u00e9xico is 0.49. The proportion of positive sera varied from 0.4 to 7.6% inversely with the number of inhabitants in the community. The global proportion of positive sera in Chiapas being considerably lower than that expected from the autopsy frequency of brain cysticercosis in M\u00e9xico City (1.4-3.6%), it is perhaps indicative of different epidemiologic dynamics in rural and urban areas.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiologic study of human cysticerosis in the predominantly indigenous rural Indian population of the State of Chiapas]. The overall proportion of sera with antibodies against cyticercus antigens in 3226 serum samples collected among the Indian rural population in the proximity of San Crist\u00f3bal de Las Casas, Chiapas, M\u00e9xico is 0.49. The proportion of positive sera varied from 0.4 to 7.6% inversely with the number of inhabitants in the community. The global proportion of positive sera in Chiapas being considerably lower than that expected from the autopsy frequency of brain cysticercosis in M\u00e9xico City (1.4-3.6%), it is perhaps indicative of different epidemiologic dynamics in rural and urban areas.", "PMID": 1015929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1154", "title": "[Determination of delta aminolevulinic acid in urine in a population exposed to lead].", "content": "Uninary levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were determined in 93 workers exposed to lead. Control groups were made up of 32 employees of the same factories of test group and of 24 patients with no history of lead exposure. In the first group, urinary concentration of ALA was 28.55 mg/1; it was 3.36 mg/1 in the second group and 2.98 mg/1 in the other control group. Differences between workers and controls were statistically significant.", "contents": "[Determination of delta aminolevulinic acid in urine in a population exposed to lead]. Uninary levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were determined in 93 workers exposed to lead. Control groups were made up of 32 employees of the same factories of test group and of 24 patients with no history of lead exposure. In the first group, urinary concentration of ALA was 28.55 mg/1; it was 3.36 mg/1 in the second group and 2.98 mg/1 in the other control group. Differences between workers and controls were statistically significant.", "PMID": 1015930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1155", "title": "[Experimental study of post-labyrinthectomy compensation by means of the torsion pendulum].", "content": "Recovery patterns after unilateral labyrinthectomy were studied using a torsion pendulum to produce angular accelerations in unanaesthetized, immovilized cats. The oculomotor activity before and during angular accelerations was recorded and cuantified in 10 post-labyrinthectomized cats during 26 days of recovery both with and without environmental fixation (eyes open or covered). The integrated nistagmus obtained with rotation in each direction was used as a measure of oculomotor activity, as well as an indicator of directional preponderance. It was found this indicator to be far more sensitive than the raw electronystagmic tracings to detect asymmetries in the oculomotor response. The integrated movement of the eyes without ambiental fixation (eyes covered) was consistently 40% of the pendulum's displacement; while having both eyes open, the ocular displacement was equal (100%) to that of the environment. These relations changed in a predictable and characteristic way after labyrinthectomy. Approximately between 5 and 12 days post-labyrinthectomy, the responses to stimulus in both directions become of very small magnitude, indicating a depression of the reflexes originating in the remaining normal labyrinth.", "contents": "[Experimental study of post-labyrinthectomy compensation by means of the torsion pendulum]. Recovery patterns after unilateral labyrinthectomy were studied using a torsion pendulum to produce angular accelerations in unanaesthetized, immovilized cats. The oculomotor activity before and during angular accelerations was recorded and cuantified in 10 post-labyrinthectomized cats during 26 days of recovery both with and without environmental fixation (eyes open or covered). The integrated nistagmus obtained with rotation in each direction was used as a measure of oculomotor activity, as well as an indicator of directional preponderance. It was found this indicator to be far more sensitive than the raw electronystagmic tracings to detect asymmetries in the oculomotor response. The integrated movement of the eyes without ambiental fixation (eyes covered) was consistently 40% of the pendulum's displacement; while having both eyes open, the ocular displacement was equal (100%) to that of the environment. These relations changed in a predictable and characteristic way after labyrinthectomy. Approximately between 5 and 12 days post-labyrinthectomy, the responses to stimulus in both directions become of very small magnitude, indicating a depression of the reflexes originating in the remaining normal labyrinth.", "PMID": 1015931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1156", "title": "Olfactory nerve reconstitution in the homing pigeon after resection: ultrastructural and electrophysiological data.", "content": "Homing pigeons were subjected to uni- or bilateral resection of the olfactory nerves. A control of the operated region carried out five months later, showed that the olfactory nerves were continuous from the olfactory mucosa to the bulb. Cross sections of the regenerated nerve, observed under the electron microscope, showed morphological alterations with respect to the normal. Total measurement of the cross surface of both olfactory nerves showed that the regenerated nerve is always smaller than the intact nerve; this is also apparent in the total number of the fibres counted. Electrophysiological tests, performed on the regenerated nerve showed that the conduction along the resected nerve is restored.", "contents": "Olfactory nerve reconstitution in the homing pigeon after resection: ultrastructural and electrophysiological data. Homing pigeons were subjected to uni- or bilateral resection of the olfactory nerves. A control of the operated region carried out five months later, showed that the olfactory nerves were continuous from the olfactory mucosa to the bulb. Cross sections of the regenerated nerve, observed under the electron microscope, showed morphological alterations with respect to the normal. Total measurement of the cross surface of both olfactory nerves showed that the regenerated nerve is always smaller than the intact nerve; this is also apparent in the total number of the fibres counted. Electrophysiological tests, performed on the regenerated nerve showed that the conduction along the resected nerve is restored.", "PMID": 1015932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1157", "title": "Temporal distribution of rapid eye movements and related monophasic potentials in the brain stem following injection of an anticholinesterase.", "content": "The temporal distribution of the horizontal rapid eye movements and the related monophasic potentials recorded from the ascending MLF following intravenous injection of o.i mg/kg of anticholinesterase has been investigated in precollicular decerebrate animals. In particular the intervals between individual MLF potentials occurring during successive REM episodes have been evaluated over a total period of 2000 sec on each experiment. 2. There was a bimodal distribution of intervals due to the fact that all the rapid eye movements and the related MLF potentials were grouped in bursts which occurred at quite regular intervals. 3. During the cholinergically induced episodes of REM, there were usually bursts of REM in one direction followed by bursts of REM in the opposite direction. The mean number of individual eye movements within each burst was 4.67 +/- 0.84, S.D., while the average interval between the individual eye movements corresponded to 167 +/- 36 msec, S.D. 4. There was a great regularity in the periodic occurrence of the bursts of REM. In particular the mean interval between the beginning of a burst of REM in one direction (i.e., towards the left side) and that of the next train oriented in the opposite direction (i.e., towards the right side) was 1.97 +/- 0.47 sec, S.D., while the mean interval between the beginning of this last train and that of the successive train oriented in the former direction corresponded to 2.97 +/- 0.48 sec, S.D. Moreover, the duration of the whole period corresponding to the interval between two successive bursts of REM oriented in the same direction (i.e., towards left or towards right) corresponded on average to 4.94 +/- 0.55 sec S.D. and 4.99 +/- 0.52 sec, S.D. respectively. 5. In addition to these \"simple bursts\" of rapid eye movements oriented in one direction, there were \"complex bursts\" in which an alternation of the individual eye movements within each burst was observed. In these instances the mean number of spikes was greater (5.35 +/- 1.20, S.D.) and the mean interval shorter 119 +/- 44 msec, S.D.) than those observed in the \"simple bursts\", About 10-15% of the bursts occurring during the cholinergically induced REM episodes were of the complex type. 6. These findings obtained from an individual experiment were confirmed in all the decerebrate animals treated with the same dose of anticholinesterase; only slight quantitative differences were detected from case to case. 7. Since the bursts of REM induced by the anticholinesterase depend upon the activity of the vestibular nuclei, it is postulated that cholinergic reticular neurons activate structures which show waxing and waning in their activity before acting on the vestibulo-oculomotor system. This system probably contains the inhibitory interneurons which transform the regularly modulated input into  a rhythmic vestibular output...", "contents": "Temporal distribution of rapid eye movements and related monophasic potentials in the brain stem following injection of an anticholinesterase. The temporal distribution of the horizontal rapid eye movements and the related monophasic potentials recorded from the ascending MLF following intravenous injection of o.i mg/kg of anticholinesterase has been investigated in precollicular decerebrate animals. In particular the intervals between individual MLF potentials occurring during successive REM episodes have been evaluated over a total period of 2000 sec on each experiment. 2. There was a bimodal distribution of intervals due to the fact that all the rapid eye movements and the related MLF potentials were grouped in bursts which occurred at quite regular intervals. 3. During the cholinergically induced episodes of REM, there were usually bursts of REM in one direction followed by bursts of REM in the opposite direction. The mean number of individual eye movements within each burst was 4.67 +/- 0.84, S.D., while the average interval between the individual eye movements corresponded to 167 +/- 36 msec, S.D. 4. There was a great regularity in the periodic occurrence of the bursts of REM. In particular the mean interval between the beginning of a burst of REM in one direction (i.e., towards the left side) and that of the next train oriented in the opposite direction (i.e., towards the right side) was 1.97 +/- 0.47 sec, S.D., while the mean interval between the beginning of this last train and that of the successive train oriented in the former direction corresponded to 2.97 +/- 0.48 sec, S.D. Moreover, the duration of the whole period corresponding to the interval between two successive bursts of REM oriented in the same direction (i.e., towards left or towards right) corresponded on average to 4.94 +/- 0.55 sec S.D. and 4.99 +/- 0.52 sec, S.D. respectively. 5. In addition to these \"simple bursts\" of rapid eye movements oriented in one direction, there were \"complex bursts\" in which an alternation of the individual eye movements within each burst was observed. In these instances the mean number of spikes was greater (5.35 +/- 1.20, S.D.) and the mean interval shorter 119 +/- 44 msec, S.D.) than those observed in the \"simple bursts\", About 10-15% of the bursts occurring during the cholinergically induced REM episodes were of the complex type. 6. These findings obtained from an individual experiment were confirmed in all the decerebrate animals treated with the same dose of anticholinesterase; only slight quantitative differences were detected from case to case. 7. Since the bursts of REM induced by the anticholinesterase depend upon the activity of the vestibular nuclei, it is postulated that cholinergic reticular neurons activate structures which show waxing and waning in their activity before acting on the vestibulo-oculomotor system. This system probably contains the inhibitory interneurons which transform the regularly modulated input into  a rhythmic vestibular output...", "PMID": 1015933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1158", "title": "Study of genetic relationships among marine species of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium by means of in vitro DNA/DNA hybridization.", "content": "Strains representative of species of the marine genera Beneckea and Photobacterium were used as reference standards in in vitro DNA/DNA competition experiments. Within a given species, strains were found to be related by over 80% competition. (Competition was defined as the amount of radioactive DNA displaced by heterologous DNA relative to the amount displaced by homologous DNA.) On the basis of interspecies competition values (expressed as averages), the following groupings could be made: 1. \"Photobacterium\" fischeri was related to strain ATCC 15382 by a competition of 38% and was distinct from all the other strains tested (competition less than or equal to 11%). 2. The genus Photobacterium consisted of 3 species, P.phosphoreum, P.leiognathi, and a newly designated species, P.angustum (composed of non-luminous strains). The latter species was found to be related to P.leiognathi and P.phosphoreum by 56 and 28% competition, respectively, while P.phosphoreum was related to P.leiognathi by 29%. 3. In the genus Beneckea, 65% competition was detected between B.harveyi and B.campbellii as well as between B.parahaemolytica and B.alginolytica. These pairs of species were related to each other by 51-58% and to B.natriegens by 34-56% competition. A newly designated pathogenic species, B.vulnifica, appeared to have a low but significant relationship to all the above mentioned species of Beneckea. 4. Two biotypes, related by 68% competition, were recognized in the species B.splendida. Similarly, B.pelagia was found to consist of 2 biotypes related by a competition of 67%. The competition values between these species were 38-40%. 5. B.nereida, B.nigrapulchrituda, and \"Vibrio\" anguillarum had competition values less than or equal to 30% to each other as well as to other species of Beneckea. 6. With Vibrio cholerae as the reference standard, V.albensis was found to be related by a competition of 82%, while V.proteus and V.metschnikovii had competition values of 22 and 12%, respectively. These results suggested that V.albensis should be synonymized with V.cholerae, while the latter two organisms should remain distinct from this species. V.cholerae as well as the other terrestrial organisms tested did not appear to be significantly related to any of the marine strains (competition values less than or equal to 27%). The speciation derived from the results of the DNA/DNA competition experiments was compared to previous speciation based on phenotypic similarities.", "contents": "Study of genetic relationships among marine species of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium by means of in vitro DNA/DNA hybridization. Strains representative of species of the marine genera Beneckea and Photobacterium were used as reference standards in in vitro DNA/DNA competition experiments. Within a given species, strains were found to be related by over 80% competition. (Competition was defined as the amount of radioactive DNA displaced by heterologous DNA relative to the amount displaced by homologous DNA.) On the basis of interspecies competition values (expressed as averages), the following groupings could be made: 1. \"Photobacterium\" fischeri was related to strain ATCC 15382 by a competition of 38% and was distinct from all the other strains tested (competition less than or equal to 11%). 2. The genus Photobacterium consisted of 3 species, P.phosphoreum, P.leiognathi, and a newly designated species, P.angustum (composed of non-luminous strains). The latter species was found to be related to P.leiognathi and P.phosphoreum by 56 and 28% competition, respectively, while P.phosphoreum was related to P.leiognathi by 29%. 3. In the genus Beneckea, 65% competition was detected between B.harveyi and B.campbellii as well as between B.parahaemolytica and B.alginolytica. These pairs of species were related to each other by 51-58% and to B.natriegens by 34-56% competition. A newly designated pathogenic species, B.vulnifica, appeared to have a low but significant relationship to all the above mentioned species of Beneckea. 4. Two biotypes, related by 68% competition, were recognized in the species B.splendida. Similarly, B.pelagia was found to consist of 2 biotypes related by a competition of 67%. The competition values between these species were 38-40%. 5. B.nereida, B.nigrapulchrituda, and \"Vibrio\" anguillarum had competition values less than or equal to 30% to each other as well as to other species of Beneckea. 6. With Vibrio cholerae as the reference standard, V.albensis was found to be related by a competition of 82%, while V.proteus and V.metschnikovii had competition values of 22 and 12%, respectively. These results suggested that V.albensis should be synonymized with V.cholerae, while the latter two organisms should remain distinct from this species. V.cholerae as well as the other terrestrial organisms tested did not appear to be significantly related to any of the marine strains (competition values less than or equal to 27%). The speciation derived from the results of the DNA/DNA competition experiments was compared to previous speciation based on phenotypic similarities.", "PMID": 1015934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1159", "title": "Chemotaxis in Actinoplanes.", "content": "The chemotactic properties of spores of Actinoplanes brasiliensis were examined. The spores are attracted to chloride and bromide solutions but not to a number of organic compounds that are capable of supporting growth in chemically defined media. Chloride attraction has been tested in several other species of the genus and in a number of Actinoplanes strains isolated from soils. Some are attracted to chloride, but most strains are indifferent to the halide. In dense suspensions, the spores of A. brasiliensis show an apparent microaerophilic behavior. The ecolotical implications of the chemotactic properties of the A. brasiliensis spores are discussed.", "contents": "Chemotaxis in Actinoplanes. The chemotactic properties of spores of Actinoplanes brasiliensis were examined. The spores are attracted to chloride and bromide solutions but not to a number of organic compounds that are capable of supporting growth in chemically defined media. Chloride attraction has been tested in several other species of the genus and in a number of Actinoplanes strains isolated from soils. Some are attracted to chloride, but most strains are indifferent to the halide. In dense suspensions, the spores of A. brasiliensis show an apparent microaerophilic behavior. The ecolotical implications of the chemotactic properties of the A. brasiliensis spores are discussed.", "PMID": 1015935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1160", "title": "The effect of a non-metabolizable analog on mandelate catabolism in Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "DL-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoromandelic acid (PFM) specifically inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 12633) on medium containing mandelate as sole carbon and energy source by competitive inhibition of mandelate dehydrogenase. PFM is not metabolized and is neither an inducer of the mandelate catabolic enzymes nor an antagonist of induction. Mutants resistant to the inhibitory effects of PFM (PFMr) were isolated; most prove to be superinducible, i.e. synthesize corrdinately the mandelate-specific catabolic enzymes at elevated levels following induction. In at least one case the PFMr mutation maps very near the structural genes that encode the enzymes functional in the first two steps of mandelate catabolism. It is reasoned that the PFMr mutation is of the promotor type. Resistance to substrate analogs such as PFM offers a general method for isolation of regulatory mutants in catabolic metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of a non-metabolizable analog on mandelate catabolism in Pseudomonas putida. DL-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoromandelic acid (PFM) specifically inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 12633) on medium containing mandelate as sole carbon and energy source by competitive inhibition of mandelate dehydrogenase. PFM is not metabolized and is neither an inducer of the mandelate catabolic enzymes nor an antagonist of induction. Mutants resistant to the inhibitory effects of PFM (PFMr) were isolated; most prove to be superinducible, i.e. synthesize corrdinately the mandelate-specific catabolic enzymes at elevated levels following induction. In at least one case the PFMr mutation maps very near the structural genes that encode the enzymes functional in the first two steps of mandelate catabolism. It is reasoned that the PFMr mutation is of the promotor type. Resistance to substrate analogs such as PFM offers a general method for isolation of regulatory mutants in catabolic metabolism.", "PMID": 1015936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1161", "title": "Desulfuromonas acetoxidans gen. nov. and sp. nov., a new anaerobic, sulfur-reducing, acetate-oxidizing bacterium.", "content": "Anaerobic sea or fresh water media with acetate and elemental sulfur yielded enrichments of a new type of strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, laterally flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium. Three pure culture-strains from different sulfide-containing sea water sources were characterized in detail and are described as a new genus and species Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The new bacterium is unable to ferment organic substances; it obtains energy for growth by anaerobic sulfur respiration. Acetate, ethanol or propanol can serve as carbon and energy source for growth; their oxidation to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the reduction of elemental sulfur to sulfide. Organic disulfide compounds, malate or fumarate are the only other electron acceptors used. Butanol and pyruvate are used in the presence of malate only; no other organic compounds are utilized. Biotin is required as a growth factor. The following dry weight yields per mole of substrate are obtained: in the presence of sulfur: 4.21 g on acetate, 9.77 g on ethanol; in the presence of malate: 16.5 g on acetate, 34.2 g on ethanol and 46.2 g on pyruvate. Accumulations of cells are pink; cell suspensions exhibit absorption spectra resembling those of c-type cytochromes (abs. max. at 419, 523 and 553 nm). Malate-ethanol grown cells contain a b-type cytochrome in addition. In the presence of acetate, ethanol or propanol, Desulfuromonas strains form robust growing syntrophic mixed cultures with phototrophic green sulfur bacteria.", "contents": "Desulfuromonas acetoxidans gen. nov. and sp. nov., a new anaerobic, sulfur-reducing, acetate-oxidizing bacterium. Anaerobic sea or fresh water media with acetate and elemental sulfur yielded enrichments of a new type of strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, laterally flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium. Three pure culture-strains from different sulfide-containing sea water sources were characterized in detail and are described as a new genus and species Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The new bacterium is unable to ferment organic substances; it obtains energy for growth by anaerobic sulfur respiration. Acetate, ethanol or propanol can serve as carbon and energy source for growth; their oxidation to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the reduction of elemental sulfur to sulfide. Organic disulfide compounds, malate or fumarate are the only other electron acceptors used. Butanol and pyruvate are used in the presence of malate only; no other organic compounds are utilized. Biotin is required as a growth factor. The following dry weight yields per mole of substrate are obtained: in the presence of sulfur: 4.21 g on acetate, 9.77 g on ethanol; in the presence of malate: 16.5 g on acetate, 34.2 g on ethanol and 46.2 g on pyruvate. Accumulations of cells are pink; cell suspensions exhibit absorption spectra resembling those of c-type cytochromes (abs. max. at 419, 523 and 553 nm). Malate-ethanol grown cells contain a b-type cytochrome in addition. In the presence of acetate, ethanol or propanol, Desulfuromonas strains form robust growing syntrophic mixed cultures with phototrophic green sulfur bacteria.", "PMID": 1015937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1162", "title": "Characterization of a benzoate permease mutant of Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "A spontaneous mutant of Pseudomonas putida (PRS 2017) has been isolated which is incapable of growth on benzoate, does not induce the enzymes of the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway when grown in the presence of benzoate, cannot accumulate radioactively labeled benzoate, yet grows well with mandelate as sole source of carbon and energy. This strain apparently lacks a benzoate permease, which in the wild type shows a Km of about 0.1 mM for benzoate, is inducible, and is not under the control of the regulatory system which governs the induction of the enzymes of the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadapate pathway. The lesion in PRS2017 is apparently single site and maps near other genes governing benzoate dissimilation.", "contents": "Characterization of a benzoate permease mutant of Pseudomonas putida. A spontaneous mutant of Pseudomonas putida (PRS 2017) has been isolated which is incapable of growth on benzoate, does not induce the enzymes of the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway when grown in the presence of benzoate, cannot accumulate radioactively labeled benzoate, yet grows well with mandelate as sole source of carbon and energy. This strain apparently lacks a benzoate permease, which in the wild type shows a Km of about 0.1 mM for benzoate, is inducible, and is not under the control of the regulatory system which governs the induction of the enzymes of the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadapate pathway. The lesion in PRS2017 is apparently single site and maps near other genes governing benzoate dissimilation.", "PMID": 1015938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1163", "title": "The uptake of 2-ketogluconate by Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "The uptake of 2-ketogluconate is inducible in Pseudomonas putida: 2-ketogluconate, glucose, gluconate, glycerol and glycerate were each good nutritional inducers of this ability. 2-Ketogluconate uptake obeyed saturation kinetics (apparent Km in 2-ketogluconate-grown cells was 0.4 mM). 2-Ketogluconate was transported against a concentration gradient, apparently in an unchanged state, and the process required metabolic energy, all of which indicate an active transport system. A number of independently isolated mutants with deranged activity of a common glucose-gluconate uptake system were found to be also defective in 2-ketogluconate transport. Strains unable to transport 2-ketogluconate which grew readily on glucose and gluconate were also isolated. These results suggest that 2-ketogluconate transport is governed by at least two genetic elements: one which is also required to take up glucose and gluconate and another which appears to be specific for 2-ketogluconate transport. Similarly, glucose and gluconate transport appears to require at least one factor which is not necessary for 2-ketogluconate transport, as suggested by the lack of induction of the common glucose-gluconate uptake system by glycerol and glycerate, substrates which are good inducers of 2-ketogluconate uptake.", "contents": "The uptake of 2-ketogluconate by Pseudomonas putida. The uptake of 2-ketogluconate is inducible in Pseudomonas putida: 2-ketogluconate, glucose, gluconate, glycerol and glycerate were each good nutritional inducers of this ability. 2-Ketogluconate uptake obeyed saturation kinetics (apparent Km in 2-ketogluconate-grown cells was 0.4 mM). 2-Ketogluconate was transported against a concentration gradient, apparently in an unchanged state, and the process required metabolic energy, all of which indicate an active transport system. A number of independently isolated mutants with deranged activity of a common glucose-gluconate uptake system were found to be also defective in 2-ketogluconate transport. Strains unable to transport 2-ketogluconate which grew readily on glucose and gluconate were also isolated. These results suggest that 2-ketogluconate transport is governed by at least two genetic elements: one which is also required to take up glucose and gluconate and another which appears to be specific for 2-ketogluconate transport. Similarly, glucose and gluconate transport appears to require at least one factor which is not necessary for 2-ketogluconate transport, as suggested by the lack of induction of the common glucose-gluconate uptake system by glycerol and glycerate, substrates which are good inducers of 2-ketogluconate uptake.", "PMID": 1015939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1164", "title": "The bacterial oxidation of nicotinic acid. N-formylmaleamic and N-formylfumaramic acids.", "content": "N-Formylmaleamic acid, a probable intermediate in the bacterial metabolism of nicotinic acid, has been synthesized by photoisomerization of its trans isomer, N-formylfumaramic acid. The compound previously reported to be N-formylmaleamic acid has been shown to be N-formylfumaramic acid.", "contents": "The bacterial oxidation of nicotinic acid. N-formylmaleamic and N-formylfumaramic acids. N-Formylmaleamic acid, a probable intermediate in the bacterial metabolism of nicotinic acid, has been synthesized by photoisomerization of its trans isomer, N-formylfumaramic acid. The compound previously reported to be N-formylmaleamic acid has been shown to be N-formylfumaramic acid.", "PMID": 1015940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1165", "title": "Fatty acid composition of selected prosthecate bacteria.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid composition of 14 strains of Caulobacter speices and types, two species of Prosthecomicrobium, and two species of Asticcacaulis was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In most of these bacteria, the major fatty acids were octadecenoic acid (C18:1), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1) and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0). Some cyclopropane and branched chain fatty acids were detected in addition to the straight chained acids. Hydroxytetradecanoic acid was an important component of P.enhydrum but significant amounts of hydroxy acids were not detected in other prosthecate bacteria examined.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of selected prosthecate bacteria. The cellular fatty acid composition of 14 strains of Caulobacter speices and types, two species of Prosthecomicrobium, and two species of Asticcacaulis was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In most of these bacteria, the major fatty acids were octadecenoic acid (C18:1), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1) and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0). Some cyclopropane and branched chain fatty acids were detected in addition to the straight chained acids. Hydroxytetradecanoic acid was an important component of P.enhydrum but significant amounts of hydroxy acids were not detected in other prosthecate bacteria examined.", "PMID": 1015941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1166", "title": "Bacterial carotenoids. L. Absolute configuration of zeaxanthin dirhamnoside.", "content": "Zeaxanthin dirhamnoside is the major carotenoid of Corynebacterium autotrophicum. The absolute configuration 3R,3'R followed from CD-properties of its hexaacetate, alpha-L-assignment and 1C4 conformation were concluded from 1H NMR data by comparison with model compounds.", "contents": "Bacterial carotenoids. L. Absolute configuration of zeaxanthin dirhamnoside. Zeaxanthin dirhamnoside is the major carotenoid of Corynebacterium autotrophicum. The absolute configuration 3R,3'R followed from CD-properties of its hexaacetate, alpha-L-assignment and 1C4 conformation were concluded from 1H NMR data by comparison with model compounds.", "PMID": 1015942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1167", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Zoogloea ramigera.", "content": "The enzyme activity synthesizing poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was mainly localized in the PHB-containing particulate fraction of Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M, when it grew flocculatedly in a medium supplemented with glucose. On the other hand, the enzyme activity remained in the soluble fraction when the bacterium grew dispersedly in a glucose-starved medium. The soluble PHB synthase activity became associated with the particulate fraction as PHB synthesis was initiated on the addition of glucose to the dispersed culture. Conversely, the enzyme activity was released from the PHB-containing granules to the soluble fraction when the flocculated culture was kept incubated without supplementing the medium with glucose. PHB synthase was also incorporated into the newly formed PHB fraction when partially purified soluble PHB synthase was incubated with D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyryl CoA in vitro. Although attempts to solubilize the particulate enzyme were unsuccessful, and the soluble enzyme became extremely unstable in advanced stages of purification, both PHB synthases had the same strict substrate specificity for D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyryl CoA, and showed the same pH optimum at 7.0.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Zoogloea ramigera. The enzyme activity synthesizing poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was mainly localized in the PHB-containing particulate fraction of Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M, when it grew flocculatedly in a medium supplemented with glucose. On the other hand, the enzyme activity remained in the soluble fraction when the bacterium grew dispersedly in a glucose-starved medium. The soluble PHB synthase activity became associated with the particulate fraction as PHB synthesis was initiated on the addition of glucose to the dispersed culture. Conversely, the enzyme activity was released from the PHB-containing granules to the soluble fraction when the flocculated culture was kept incubated without supplementing the medium with glucose. PHB synthase was also incorporated into the newly formed PHB fraction when partially purified soluble PHB synthase was incubated with D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyryl CoA in vitro. Although attempts to solubilize the particulate enzyme were unsuccessful, and the soluble enzyme became extremely unstable in advanced stages of purification, both PHB synthases had the same strict substrate specificity for D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyryl CoA, and showed the same pH optimum at 7.0.", "PMID": 1015943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1168", "title": "Purification, some properties and quaternary structure of the D-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase of Alcaligenes eutrophus.", "content": "D-Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase has been purified from autotrophically grown cells of the facultative chemolithotrophic hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus. The enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 505000 determined by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and a sedimentation coefficient of 18.2 S was obtained. It was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the enzyme consists of two types of subunits of molecular weight 52000 and 13000. Electron microscopy on the intact and the partially dissociated enzyme lead to the construction of a model for the quaternary structure of the enzyme which is composed of 8 large and 8 small subunits. The most probable symmetry of the enzyme molecule is 4:2:2. Michaelis constant (Km) values for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, Mg2+, and CO2 were 0.59 mM, 0.33 mM, and 0.066 mM measured under air. Oxygen was a competitive inhibitor with respect to CO2 suggesting that the enzyme also exhibits an oxygenase activity. The oxygenolytic cleavage of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate was shown and a 1:1 stoichiometry between oxygen consumption and 3-phosphoglycerate formation observed.", "contents": "Purification, some properties and quaternary structure of the D-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase of Alcaligenes eutrophus. D-Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase has been purified from autotrophically grown cells of the facultative chemolithotrophic hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus. The enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 505000 determined by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and a sedimentation coefficient of 18.2 S was obtained. It was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the enzyme consists of two types of subunits of molecular weight 52000 and 13000. Electron microscopy on the intact and the partially dissociated enzyme lead to the construction of a model for the quaternary structure of the enzyme which is composed of 8 large and 8 small subunits. The most probable symmetry of the enzyme molecule is 4:2:2. Michaelis constant (Km) values for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, Mg2+, and CO2 were 0.59 mM, 0.33 mM, and 0.066 mM measured under air. Oxygen was a competitive inhibitor with respect to CO2 suggesting that the enzyme also exhibits an oxygenase activity. The oxygenolytic cleavage of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate was shown and a 1:1 stoichiometry between oxygen consumption and 3-phosphoglycerate formation observed.", "PMID": 1015944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1169", "title": "On the mechanism of salt tolerance. Production of glycerol and heat during growth of Debaryomyces hansenii.", "content": "As glycerol was suggested as an osmotic agent in the salt tolerant Debaryomyces hansenii the concentrations of total, intracellular, and extracellular glycerol produced by this yeast was followed during growth in 4 mM, 0.68 M, and 2.7 M NaCl media. The total amount of glycerol was not directly proportional to biomass production but to the cultural salinity with maximum concentrations just prior to or at the beginning of the stationary phase. In all cultures the cells lost some glycerol to the media, at 2.7 M NaCl the extracellular glycerol even amounted maximally to 80% of the total. A distinct maximum of intracellular glycerol, related to dry weight or cell number, appeared during the log phase at all NaCl concentrations. As the intracellular calculated glycerol concentrations amounted to 0.2 M, 0.8 M, and 2.6 M in late log phase cells at 4mM, 0.68 M, and 2.7 M NaCl, respectively, whereas the corresponding analysed values for the glycerol concentrations of the media were 0.7 mM, 2.5 mM, and 3.0 mM, glycerol contributes to the osmotic balance of the cells. During the course of growth all cultures showed a decreasing heat production related to cell substance produced, most pronounced at 2.7 M NaCl. At 2.7 M NaCl the total heat production amounted to--1690 kJ per mole glucose consumed in contrast to--1200 and--1130 kJ at 4 mM and 0.68 M NaCl, respectively. The Ym-values were of an inverse order, being 129, 120, and 93 at 4 mM, 0.68 M, and 2.7 M NaCl respectively.", "contents": "On the mechanism of salt tolerance. Production of glycerol and heat during growth of Debaryomyces hansenii. As glycerol was suggested as an osmotic agent in the salt tolerant Debaryomyces hansenii the concentrations of total, intracellular, and extracellular glycerol produced by this yeast was followed during growth in 4 mM, 0.68 M, and 2.7 M NaCl media. The total amount of glycerol was not directly proportional to biomass production but to the cultural salinity with maximum concentrations just prior to or at the beginning of the stationary phase. In all cultures the cells lost some glycerol to the media, at 2.7 M NaCl the extracellular glycerol even amounted maximally to 80% of the total. A distinct maximum of intracellular glycerol, related to dry weight or cell number, appeared during the log phase at all NaCl concentrations. As the intracellular calculated glycerol concentrations amounted to 0.2 M, 0.8 M, and 2.6 M in late log phase cells at 4mM, 0.68 M, and 2.7 M NaCl, respectively, whereas the corresponding analysed values for the glycerol concentrations of the media were 0.7 mM, 2.5 mM, and 3.0 mM, glycerol contributes to the osmotic balance of the cells. During the course of growth all cultures showed a decreasing heat production related to cell substance produced, most pronounced at 2.7 M NaCl. At 2.7 M NaCl the total heat production amounted to--1690 kJ per mole glucose consumed in contrast to--1200 and--1130 kJ at 4 mM and 0.68 M NaCl, respectively. The Ym-values were of an inverse order, being 129, 120, and 93 at 4 mM, 0.68 M, and 2.7 M NaCl respectively.", "PMID": 1015945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1170", "title": "Spirochaeta halophila sp. n., a facultative anaerobe from a high-salinity pond.", "content": "A facultatively anaerobic spirochete isolated from a high-salinity pond grew optimally when 0.75 M NaCl, 0.2 M MgSO4, and 0.01 M CaCl2 were present in media containing yeast extract, peptone, and a carbohydrate. The organism failed to grow when any one of these three salts was omitted from the medium. Aerobically-grown colonies of the spirochete were red, whereas anaerobically-grown colonies showed no pigmentation. Non-pigmented mutants of the spirochete were isolated. The spirochete used carbohydrates, but not amino acids, as energy sources. Glucose was fermented to CO2, H2, ethanol, acetate, and a small amount of lactate. Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from glucose-1-14C and enzymatic assays indicated that glucose was dissimilated to pyruvate mainly via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Pyruvate was metabolized through a clostridial-type clastic reaction. Cells growing aerobically performed an incomplete oxidation of glucose mainly to CO2 and acetate. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic growth yields indicated that oxidative phosphorylation occurred in cells growing aerobically. The guanine + cytosine content of the DNA of the spirochete was 62 moles %. It is proposed that the spirochete described herein be considered a new species and that it be named Spirochaeta halophila.", "contents": "Spirochaeta halophila sp. n., a facultative anaerobe from a high-salinity pond. A facultatively anaerobic spirochete isolated from a high-salinity pond grew optimally when 0.75 M NaCl, 0.2 M MgSO4, and 0.01 M CaCl2 were present in media containing yeast extract, peptone, and a carbohydrate. The organism failed to grow when any one of these three salts was omitted from the medium. Aerobically-grown colonies of the spirochete were red, whereas anaerobically-grown colonies showed no pigmentation. Non-pigmented mutants of the spirochete were isolated. The spirochete used carbohydrates, but not amino acids, as energy sources. Glucose was fermented to CO2, H2, ethanol, acetate, and a small amount of lactate. Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from glucose-1-14C and enzymatic assays indicated that glucose was dissimilated to pyruvate mainly via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Pyruvate was metabolized through a clostridial-type clastic reaction. Cells growing aerobically performed an incomplete oxidation of glucose mainly to CO2 and acetate. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic growth yields indicated that oxidative phosphorylation occurred in cells growing aerobically. The guanine + cytosine content of the DNA of the spirochete was 62 moles %. It is proposed that the spirochete described herein be considered a new species and that it be named Spirochaeta halophila.", "PMID": 1015946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1171", "title": "Hyphal tip growth in Phytophthora. Gradient distribution and ultrahistochemistry of enzymes.", "content": "Germinating cysts and isolated walls from germinating cysts incorporated 14C-UDPG into wall material of which 22.5 and 15% respectively were insoluble in boiling 1 N HCl, indicating that part of the synthetase activity is located in the wall itself. A combination of Urografin and Ficoll density gradients was used to separate various intracellular fractions. A consistent separation of beta-glucanase and UDPG-transferase enriched fractions was achieved. The beta-glucanase fraction contained dictyosome vesicles and fragments along with some plasma membranes. The UDPG-transferase fraction was relatively rich in membranes resembling rough and smooth ER. The results suggest the two enzymes are transported to the wall by different intracellular routes, and two types of vesicle may be involved. Alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase and acid phosphatase were found extracellularly and their distribution in density gradients determined. The results of histochemical staining for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and polysaccharide are described and compared with the biochemical data. beta-1,3-glucanase, found intra- and extracellularly, induced distorted growth of germ tubes and also removed most of the apical wall when added to the incubation medium. None of these responses were observed with cellulase. Determinations of the osmotic pressure of germinating cysts and incubation medium revealed that the turgor of germinating cysts amounts to about 1.8 at under the conditions used.", "contents": "Hyphal tip growth in Phytophthora. Gradient distribution and ultrahistochemistry of enzymes. Germinating cysts and isolated walls from germinating cysts incorporated 14C-UDPG into wall material of which 22.5 and 15% respectively were insoluble in boiling 1 N HCl, indicating that part of the synthetase activity is located in the wall itself. A combination of Urografin and Ficoll density gradients was used to separate various intracellular fractions. A consistent separation of beta-glucanase and UDPG-transferase enriched fractions was achieved. The beta-glucanase fraction contained dictyosome vesicles and fragments along with some plasma membranes. The UDPG-transferase fraction was relatively rich in membranes resembling rough and smooth ER. The results suggest the two enzymes are transported to the wall by different intracellular routes, and two types of vesicle may be involved. Alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase and acid phosphatase were found extracellularly and their distribution in density gradients determined. The results of histochemical staining for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and polysaccharide are described and compared with the biochemical data. beta-1,3-glucanase, found intra- and extracellularly, induced distorted growth of germ tubes and also removed most of the apical wall when added to the incubation medium. None of these responses were observed with cellulase. Determinations of the osmotic pressure of germinating cysts and incubation medium revealed that the turgor of germinating cysts amounts to about 1.8 at under the conditions used.", "PMID": 1015947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1172", "title": "Growth and pigment production by Arthrobacter pyridinolis n. sp.", "content": "A new bacterium capable of growing on 2-hydroxypyridine as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil. During its growth on solid medium, approximately 50% of this substrate was converted to a brilliant blue crystalline pigment which was deposited extracellularly in the colony mass. The pigment was identical to that produced by Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during its growth on 2-hydroxypyridine. The new isolate exhibited the typical cycle of morphogenesis characteristic of the genus Arthrobacter. The organism is different from all other reported species of Arthrobacter. It is proposed that the organism be named Arthorbacter pyridinolis n. sp.", "contents": "Growth and pigment production by Arthrobacter pyridinolis n. sp. A new bacterium capable of growing on 2-hydroxypyridine as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil. During its growth on solid medium, approximately 50% of this substrate was converted to a brilliant blue crystalline pigment which was deposited extracellularly in the colony mass. The pigment was identical to that produced by Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during its growth on 2-hydroxypyridine. The new isolate exhibited the typical cycle of morphogenesis characteristic of the genus Arthrobacter. The organism is different from all other reported species of Arthrobacter. It is proposed that the organism be named Arthorbacter pyridinolis n. sp.", "PMID": 1015948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1173", "title": "Photorespiration in diatoms. IV. Two pathways of glycolate metabolism in synchronized cultures of Cylindrotheca fusiformis.", "content": "Cylindrotheca fusiformis is shown to be able to convert glycolate to glycerate via tartronic semialdehyde as well as by the better known route involving transamination to glycine. Enzymes related to photorespiration were compared in light-dark synchronized cultures of C. fusiformis kept in continuous light in a complete synthetic seawater medium or starved for nitrogen or silicon. Glycolate oxidation remained constant throughout the cell cycle and was unaffected by starvation. Transamination of glyoxylate was stimulated by light, inhibited during nitrogen starvation, and dramatically stimulated by reintroduction of nitrate to the medium. Glyoxylate carboligase was also stimulated by light and inhibited during nitrogen-starvation but only partially recovered activity after reintroduction of nitrate.", "contents": "Photorespiration in diatoms. IV. Two pathways of glycolate metabolism in synchronized cultures of Cylindrotheca fusiformis. Cylindrotheca fusiformis is shown to be able to convert glycolate to glycerate via tartronic semialdehyde as well as by the better known route involving transamination to glycine. Enzymes related to photorespiration were compared in light-dark synchronized cultures of C. fusiformis kept in continuous light in a complete synthetic seawater medium or starved for nitrogen or silicon. Glycolate oxidation remained constant throughout the cell cycle and was unaffected by starvation. Transamination of glyoxylate was stimulated by light, inhibited during nitrogen starvation, and dramatically stimulated by reintroduction of nitrate to the medium. Glyoxylate carboligase was also stimulated by light and inhibited during nitrogen-starvation but only partially recovered activity after reintroduction of nitrate.", "PMID": 1015949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1174", "title": "[Degradation of 4-chlorobenzoic acid by an Arthrobacter species (author's transl)].", "content": "An Arthrobacter sp. growing on 4-Chlorobenzoic acid as its sole source of carbon excretes 4-hydroxygenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid into the culture medium. Protocatechuic acid is further attacked by \"meta\"-cleavage. During growth of the Arthrobacter sp. on benzoic acid cis-cis muconic acid can be isolated from the medium, suggesting the involvement of the \"ortho\"-cleavage pathway. The enzymes both for the \"meta\"- and the \"ortho\"-cleavage pathway are inducible.", "contents": "[Degradation of 4-chlorobenzoic acid by an Arthrobacter species (author's transl)]. An Arthrobacter sp. growing on 4-Chlorobenzoic acid as its sole source of carbon excretes 4-hydroxygenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid into the culture medium. Protocatechuic acid is further attacked by \"meta\"-cleavage. During growth of the Arthrobacter sp. on benzoic acid cis-cis muconic acid can be isolated from the medium, suggesting the involvement of the \"ortho\"-cleavage pathway. The enzymes both for the \"meta\"- and the \"ortho\"-cleavage pathway are inducible.", "PMID": 1015950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1175", "title": "Chemical and biochemical studies for the differentiation of coagulase-positive staphylococci.", "content": "The cell wall composition, the configuration of lactic acid produced from glucose under anaerobic conditions, the occurrence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) activated L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), and the esterase pattern were determined from more than 80 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from man and animal. Strains isolated from man, swine, bovines and hares form a rather homogeneous group. They exhibit a similar cell wall composition, produce predominantly D,L-lactate and have a characteristic and simple esterase pattern. Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from dogs, horses, minks and pigeons are quite distinct from typical Staphylococcus aureus strains. They exhibit a different cell wall composition, produce only L-lactate, possess an L-LDH which is specifically activated by FDP, and have a quite complex esterase pattern.", "contents": "Chemical and biochemical studies for the differentiation of coagulase-positive staphylococci. The cell wall composition, the configuration of lactic acid produced from glucose under anaerobic conditions, the occurrence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) activated L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), and the esterase pattern were determined from more than 80 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from man and animal. Strains isolated from man, swine, bovines and hares form a rather homogeneous group. They exhibit a similar cell wall composition, produce predominantly D,L-lactate and have a characteristic and simple esterase pattern. Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from dogs, horses, minks and pigeons are quite distinct from typical Staphylococcus aureus strains. They exhibit a different cell wall composition, produce only L-lactate, possess an L-LDH which is specifically activated by FDP, and have a quite complex esterase pattern.", "PMID": 1015951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1176", "title": "[Mechanism of the variation of the acetate/lactate/ratio during glucose fermentation by bifidobacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "It is demonstrated that most strains of bifidobacteria form much more acetate and less lactic acid from glucose than is to be expected according to the breakdown of glucose via the \"bifidoshunt\". The analysis of isotope distribution among the fermentation products of glucose labeled in different positions showed that the excess of acetate is the result of the phosphoroclastic splitting of a part of the pyruvate arising from carbons 4, 5, and 6 of glucose. In addition to acetate (carbons 5 and 6), formate is formed from carbon 4 and some acetate is reduced to ethanol. The formation of \"extra\" acetate occurs mainly during the log phase and is less pronounced in resting cells. The extent of the phosphoroclastic splitting of pyruvate varies considerably among different strains even among those from the same species.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the variation of the acetate/lactate/ratio during glucose fermentation by bifidobacteria (author's transl)]. It is demonstrated that most strains of bifidobacteria form much more acetate and less lactic acid from glucose than is to be expected according to the breakdown of glucose via the \"bifidoshunt\". The analysis of isotope distribution among the fermentation products of glucose labeled in different positions showed that the excess of acetate is the result of the phosphoroclastic splitting of a part of the pyruvate arising from carbons 4, 5, and 6 of glucose. In addition to acetate (carbons 5 and 6), formate is formed from carbon 4 and some acetate is reduced to ethanol. The formation of \"extra\" acetate occurs mainly during the log phase and is less pronounced in resting cells. The extent of the phosphoroclastic splitting of pyruvate varies considerably among different strains even among those from the same species.", "PMID": 1015952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1177", "title": "The role of energy-spilling reactions in the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 in aerobic chemostat culture.", "content": "When cell-saturating amounts of glucose and phosphate were added to steady state cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes that were, respectively, glucose- and phosphate-limited, the organisms responded immediately with an increased oxygen consumption rate. This suggested that in neither case was glucose transport the rate-limiting process, and also that organisms must possess effective mechanisms for spilling the excess energy initially generated when a growth-limitation is temporarily relieved. Steady state cultures of mannitol- or glucose-limited organisms also seemingly generated energy at a greater rate than was required for cell synthesis since gluconate-limited cultures consumed oxygen at a lower rate, at each corresponding growth rate, than did mannitol- or glucose-limited cultures, and therefore expressed a higher YO value. Thus, mannitol- and glucose-limitations must be essentially carbon (and not energy) limitations. The excess energy generated by glucose metabolism is one component of \"maintenance\" and could be used at lower growth rates to maintain an increased solute gradient across the cell membrane, imposed by the addition of 2%, w/v, NaCl to the growth environment. The maintenance rates of oxygen consumption of K. aerogenes also could be caused to increase by adding glucose discontinuously (drop-wise) to a glucose-limited chemostat culture, or by exchanging nitrate for ammonia as the sole utilizable nitrogen source. The significance of these findings to an assessment of the physiological factors circumscribing energy-spilling reactions in aerobic cultures of K. aerogenes is discussed.", "contents": "The role of energy-spilling reactions in the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 in aerobic chemostat culture. When cell-saturating amounts of glucose and phosphate were added to steady state cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes that were, respectively, glucose- and phosphate-limited, the organisms responded immediately with an increased oxygen consumption rate. This suggested that in neither case was glucose transport the rate-limiting process, and also that organisms must possess effective mechanisms for spilling the excess energy initially generated when a growth-limitation is temporarily relieved. Steady state cultures of mannitol- or glucose-limited organisms also seemingly generated energy at a greater rate than was required for cell synthesis since gluconate-limited cultures consumed oxygen at a lower rate, at each corresponding growth rate, than did mannitol- or glucose-limited cultures, and therefore expressed a higher YO value. Thus, mannitol- and glucose-limitations must be essentially carbon (and not energy) limitations. The excess energy generated by glucose metabolism is one component of \"maintenance\" and could be used at lower growth rates to maintain an increased solute gradient across the cell membrane, imposed by the addition of 2%, w/v, NaCl to the growth environment. The maintenance rates of oxygen consumption of K. aerogenes also could be caused to increase by adding glucose discontinuously (drop-wise) to a glucose-limited chemostat culture, or by exchanging nitrate for ammonia as the sole utilizable nitrogen source. The significance of these findings to an assessment of the physiological factors circumscribing energy-spilling reactions in aerobic cultures of K. aerogenes is discussed.", "PMID": 1015953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1178", "title": "Regulation of amino acid transport in growing cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans. II. Correlation between transport capacity and growth rate in chemostat cultures.", "content": "The uptake of various amino acids into Streptomyces hydrogenans grown in chemostatically and turbidostatically controlled steady state cultures has been investigated. A close correlation between transport capacity and the growth rates of the cells was found. As shown by kinetic analysis, the increased transport is due to elevated maximum uptake rates, the apparent Michaelis constants remaining unchanged. Analysis of the unidirectional fluxes of cycloleucine revealed that not only the influx is raised as the growth rate is increased but also the efflux. Hence, the conclusion is drawn that the growth-rate dependent modulation of transport capacity is, at least, partially due to the variation of the concentration of active transport components. Since the cells were grown in the absence of external amino acids the results suggest that amino acid transport into S. hydrogenans is under control of endogenous effectors.", "contents": "Regulation of amino acid transport in growing cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans. II. Correlation between transport capacity and growth rate in chemostat cultures. The uptake of various amino acids into Streptomyces hydrogenans grown in chemostatically and turbidostatically controlled steady state cultures has been investigated. A close correlation between transport capacity and the growth rates of the cells was found. As shown by kinetic analysis, the increased transport is due to elevated maximum uptake rates, the apparent Michaelis constants remaining unchanged. Analysis of the unidirectional fluxes of cycloleucine revealed that not only the influx is raised as the growth rate is increased but also the efflux. Hence, the conclusion is drawn that the growth-rate dependent modulation of transport capacity is, at least, partially due to the variation of the concentration of active transport components. Since the cells were grown in the absence of external amino acids the results suggest that amino acid transport into S. hydrogenans is under control of endogenous effectors.", "PMID": 1015954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1179", "title": "Induction of D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase in resting cells of Arthrobacter oxidans.", "content": "Resting cell suspensions of Arthrobacter oxidans were shown to synthesize the inducible enantiozyme, D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, in the presence of D-nicotine or D-6-hydroxynicotine. The corresponding L-enantiomers, as well as gamma-methylaminopropyl-(6-OH-pyridyl-3)-ketone, which is the product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, were ineffective as inducers. L-6-Hydroxynicotine inhibited induction by D-nicotine and D-6-hydroxynicotine while L-nicotine inhibited induction by D-6-hydroxynicotine and had no effect on induction by D-nicotine. Enzyme induction was also found to be inhibited by glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and by several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. An absolute requirement for protein synthesis and for oxygen was also demonstrated to be necessary for the reactions involved in the covalent attachment of flavin adenine dinucleotide to pre-existing precursor protein to yield the catalytically active D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase.", "contents": "Induction of D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase in resting cells of Arthrobacter oxidans. Resting cell suspensions of Arthrobacter oxidans were shown to synthesize the inducible enantiozyme, D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, in the presence of D-nicotine or D-6-hydroxynicotine. The corresponding L-enantiomers, as well as gamma-methylaminopropyl-(6-OH-pyridyl-3)-ketone, which is the product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, were ineffective as inducers. L-6-Hydroxynicotine inhibited induction by D-nicotine and D-6-hydroxynicotine while L-nicotine inhibited induction by D-6-hydroxynicotine and had no effect on induction by D-nicotine. Enzyme induction was also found to be inhibited by glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and by several intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. An absolute requirement for protein synthesis and for oxygen was also demonstrated to be necessary for the reactions involved in the covalent attachment of flavin adenine dinucleotide to pre-existing precursor protein to yield the catalytically active D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase.", "PMID": 1015955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1180", "title": "Growth of Hansenula polymorpha in a methanol-limited chemostat. Physiological responses due to the involvement of methanol oxidase as a key enzyme in methanol metabolism.", "content": "Hansenula polymorpha has been grown in a methanol-limited continuous culture at a variety of dilution rates. Cell suspensions of the yeast grown at a dilution rate of 0.16 h-1 showed a maximal capacity to oxidize excess methanol (QmaxO2) which was 1.6 times higher than the rate required to sustain the growth rate (QO2). When the dilution rate was decreased to 0.03 h-1, QmaxO2 of cells increased to a value of more than 20 times that of QO2. The enzymatic basis for this tremendous overcapacity for the oxidation of excess methanol at low growth rates was found to be the methanol oxidase content of the cells. The level of this enzyme increased from 7% to approximately 20% of the soluble protein when the growth rate was decreased from 0.16 to 0.03 h-1. These results were explained on the basis of the poor affinity of methanol oxidase for its substrates. Methanol oxidase purified from Hansenula polymorpha showed an apparent Km for methanol of 1.3 mM in air saturated reaction mixtures and the apparent Km of the enzyme for oxygen was 0.4 mM at a methanol concentration of 100 mM. The involvement of an oxygen dependent methanol oxidase in the dissimilation of methanol in Hansenula polymprpha was also reflected in the growth yield of the organism. The maximal yield of the yeast was found to be low (0.38 g cells/g methanol). This was not due to a very high maintenance energy requirement which was estimated to be 17 mg methanol/g cells X h.", "contents": "Growth of Hansenula polymorpha in a methanol-limited chemostat. Physiological responses due to the involvement of methanol oxidase as a key enzyme in methanol metabolism. Hansenula polymorpha has been grown in a methanol-limited continuous culture at a variety of dilution rates. Cell suspensions of the yeast grown at a dilution rate of 0.16 h-1 showed a maximal capacity to oxidize excess methanol (QmaxO2) which was 1.6 times higher than the rate required to sustain the growth rate (QO2). When the dilution rate was decreased to 0.03 h-1, QmaxO2 of cells increased to a value of more than 20 times that of QO2. The enzymatic basis for this tremendous overcapacity for the oxidation of excess methanol at low growth rates was found to be the methanol oxidase content of the cells. The level of this enzyme increased from 7% to approximately 20% of the soluble protein when the growth rate was decreased from 0.16 to 0.03 h-1. These results were explained on the basis of the poor affinity of methanol oxidase for its substrates. Methanol oxidase purified from Hansenula polymorpha showed an apparent Km for methanol of 1.3 mM in air saturated reaction mixtures and the apparent Km of the enzyme for oxygen was 0.4 mM at a methanol concentration of 100 mM. The involvement of an oxygen dependent methanol oxidase in the dissimilation of methanol in Hansenula polymprpha was also reflected in the growth yield of the organism. The maximal yield of the yeast was found to be low (0.38 g cells/g methanol). This was not due to a very high maintenance energy requirement which was estimated to be 17 mg methanol/g cells X h.", "PMID": 1015956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1181", "title": "The characterization of the rumen bacterium Eadie's oval, Magnoovum gen. nov. eadii sp. nov.", "content": "The rumen bacterium Eadie's Oval was examined by means of cell wall analysis and biochemical tests with a view to determine its taxonomic position. The purified cell walls contained components consistent with the organism being a Gram-negative bacterium, and despite its large size no abnormal cell wall constituents were found. The biochemical tests indicate that Eadie's Oval is not a member of a previously described family. The name Magnoovum gen. nov. eadii sp. nov. is proposed.", "contents": "The characterization of the rumen bacterium Eadie's oval, Magnoovum gen. nov. eadii sp. nov. The rumen bacterium Eadie's Oval was examined by means of cell wall analysis and biochemical tests with a view to determine its taxonomic position. The purified cell walls contained components consistent with the organism being a Gram-negative bacterium, and despite its large size no abnormal cell wall constituents were found. The biochemical tests indicate that Eadie's Oval is not a member of a previously described family. The name Magnoovum gen. nov. eadii sp. nov. is proposed.", "PMID": 1015957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1182", "title": "[The metabolic interactions between Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. and Chlorella spec. in the Paramecium bursaria-symbiosis. II. Symbiosis-specific properties of the physiology and the cytology of the symbiotic unit and their regulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The endosymbiotic association of Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. with Chlorella spec. (green Paramecium) was studied both physiologically and cytologically. Comparison of the properties of the symbiotic unit with those of the symbiotic partners which had been isolated from it revealed the following features and differences: 1. Up to 6000 lux the photosynthetic capacity of the symbiotic unit is higher than that of the isolated symbiotic algae grown independently in mass culture under defined conditions. Alga-free Paramecium bursaria (colourless Paramecium) show a very low rate of CO2-fixation. 2. The green Paramecium has a higher compensationpoint of photosynthesis (4000-5000 lux) than the isolated alga (200-400 lux). 3. Green paramecia consume less oxygen in darkness than colourless organisms but more than the isolated algae. 4. The uptake of carbohydrates from the culture medium by green parpmecia is lower than the uptake by alga-free P. bursaria but higher than the one of the isolated algae. 5. Symbiotic algae within the intact symbiotic unit show tightly packed photosynthetic membranes and an intense disposition of starch. In the presence of 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or in darkness the arrangement of thylakoids is less compact and the deposition of starch is reduced. The growth and the number of the symbiotic algae in situ is regulated by a complex mechanism to which the intracellular level of carbohydrates belongs. The results are discussed in connection with ecological aspects of the Paramecium bursaria-endosymbiosis.", "contents": "[The metabolic interactions between Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. and Chlorella spec. in the Paramecium bursaria-symbiosis. II. Symbiosis-specific properties of the physiology and the cytology of the symbiotic unit and their regulation (author's transl)]. The endosymbiotic association of Paramecium bursaria Ehrbg. with Chlorella spec. (green Paramecium) was studied both physiologically and cytologically. Comparison of the properties of the symbiotic unit with those of the symbiotic partners which had been isolated from it revealed the following features and differences: 1. Up to 6000 lux the photosynthetic capacity of the symbiotic unit is higher than that of the isolated symbiotic algae grown independently in mass culture under defined conditions. Alga-free Paramecium bursaria (colourless Paramecium) show a very low rate of CO2-fixation. 2. The green Paramecium has a higher compensationpoint of photosynthesis (4000-5000 lux) than the isolated alga (200-400 lux). 3. Green paramecia consume less oxygen in darkness than colourless organisms but more than the isolated algae. 4. The uptake of carbohydrates from the culture medium by green parpmecia is lower than the uptake by alga-free P. bursaria but higher than the one of the isolated algae. 5. Symbiotic algae within the intact symbiotic unit show tightly packed photosynthetic membranes and an intense disposition of starch. In the presence of 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or in darkness the arrangement of thylakoids is less compact and the deposition of starch is reduced. The growth and the number of the symbiotic algae in situ is regulated by a complex mechanism to which the intracellular level of carbohydrates belongs. The results are discussed in connection with ecological aspects of the Paramecium bursaria-endosymbiosis.", "PMID": 1015958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1183", "title": "Acetate metabolism in Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and several other Rhodospirillaceae.", "content": "When Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa was grown on acetate aerobically in the dark both enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, could be detected. However, under anaerobic conditions in the light only isocitrate lyase, but not malate synthase, could be found. The reactions, which bypass the malate synthase reaction are those catalyzed by alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase and the enzymes of the serine pathway. Other Rhodospirillaceae were tested for isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activity after growth with acetate; they could be divided into three groups: 1. organisms possessing both enzymes; 2. organisms containing malate synthase only; 3. R. gelatinosa containing only isocitrate lyase when grown anaerobically in the light.", "contents": "Acetate metabolism in Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and several other Rhodospirillaceae. When Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa was grown on acetate aerobically in the dark both enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, could be detected. However, under anaerobic conditions in the light only isocitrate lyase, but not malate synthase, could be found. The reactions, which bypass the malate synthase reaction are those catalyzed by alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase and the enzymes of the serine pathway. Other Rhodospirillaceae were tested for isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activity after growth with acetate; they could be divided into three groups: 1. organisms possessing both enzymes; 2. organisms containing malate synthase only; 3. R. gelatinosa containing only isocitrate lyase when grown anaerobically in the light.", "PMID": 1015959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1184", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis and cell division during morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes.", "content": "The sphere-rod-sphere morphology cycle of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was accompanied by changes in the rate of growth and the rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. The patterns of macromolecule synthesis resembled those found in other bacteria during a step-up followed by a step-down in growth rate. During the step-up in growth spherical cells grew into rods and macromolecules were synthesized in the absence of cell division. During step-down, successive rounds of septation produced progressively smaller cells which did not separate and remained in chains. The morphology of the cells was dependent on the growth rate and could be altered by changing the dilution rate in the malate-limited chemostat. Gradual transitions in morphology and gradual increases in macromolecule content of the cells occurred as the growth rate was increased in the chemostat. Sphere to rod morphogenesis occurred when DNA synthesis was inhibited by treatment with mitomycin C or by thymine starvation. The DNA-deficient rods did not divide and eventually lysed. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were continuously required for the reductive division of rods to spheres.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis and cell division during morphogenesis of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. The sphere-rod-sphere morphology cycle of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was accompanied by changes in the rate of growth and the rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. The patterns of macromolecule synthesis resembled those found in other bacteria during a step-up followed by a step-down in growth rate. During the step-up in growth spherical cells grew into rods and macromolecules were synthesized in the absence of cell division. During step-down, successive rounds of septation produced progressively smaller cells which did not separate and remained in chains. The morphology of the cells was dependent on the growth rate and could be altered by changing the dilution rate in the malate-limited chemostat. Gradual transitions in morphology and gradual increases in macromolecule content of the cells occurred as the growth rate was increased in the chemostat. Sphere to rod morphogenesis occurred when DNA synthesis was inhibited by treatment with mitomycin C or by thymine starvation. The DNA-deficient rods did not divide and eventually lysed. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were continuously required for the reductive division of rods to spheres.", "PMID": 1015960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1185", "title": "S-formylgluthathione: the substrate for formate dehydrogenase in methanol-utilizing yeasts.", "content": "Formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase were purified 45- and 16-fold, respectively, from Hansenula polymorpha grown on methanol. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase was strictly dependent on NAD and glutathione for activity. The Km values of the enzyme were found to be 0.18 mM for glutathione, 0.21 mM for formaldehyde and 0.15 mM for NAD. The enzyme catalyzed the glutathione-dependent oxidation of formaldehyde to S-formylglutathione. The reaction was shown to be reversible: at pH 8.0 a Km of 1 mM for S-formylglutathione was estimated for the reduction of the thiol ester with NADH. The enzyme did not catalyze the reduction of formate with NADH. The NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase of H. polymorpha showed a low affinity for formate (Km of 40 mM) but a relatively high affinity for S-formylglutathione (Km of 1.1 mM). The Km values of formate dehydrogenase in cell-free extracts of methanol-grown Candida biodinii and Pichia pinus for S-formylglutathione were also an order of magnitude lower than those for formate. It is concluded that S-formylglutathione rather than free formate is an intermediate in the oxidation of methanol by yeasts.", "contents": "S-formylgluthathione: the substrate for formate dehydrogenase in methanol-utilizing yeasts. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase were purified 45- and 16-fold, respectively, from Hansenula polymorpha grown on methanol. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase was strictly dependent on NAD and glutathione for activity. The Km values of the enzyme were found to be 0.18 mM for glutathione, 0.21 mM for formaldehyde and 0.15 mM for NAD. The enzyme catalyzed the glutathione-dependent oxidation of formaldehyde to S-formylglutathione. The reaction was shown to be reversible: at pH 8.0 a Km of 1 mM for S-formylglutathione was estimated for the reduction of the thiol ester with NADH. The enzyme did not catalyze the reduction of formate with NADH. The NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase of H. polymorpha showed a low affinity for formate (Km of 40 mM) but a relatively high affinity for S-formylglutathione (Km of 1.1 mM). The Km values of formate dehydrogenase in cell-free extracts of methanol-grown Candida biodinii and Pichia pinus for S-formylglutathione were also an order of magnitude lower than those for formate. It is concluded that S-formylglutathione rather than free formate is an intermediate in the oxidation of methanol by yeasts.", "PMID": 1015961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1186", "title": "Surface coat transformation and capsule formation by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCDO 523 in the presence of sucrose.", "content": "When Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCDO 523 was grown in MRS browth, electron microscopy of cells fixed in the presence of ruthenium red showed that the cell wall was covered with a thin layer of filamentous material. When MRS-grown cells were resuspended in the same medium supplemented with 3.6% sucrose, this surface coat doubled in thickness and a number of radial thickenings appeared within it. After 3 h, the filamentous component of the surface coat had disappeared leaving only the radial projections. The progressive accumulation of polymer to produce a capsule visible by light microscopy was observed in only about 20% of the population. In this minority of cells, a dense globular dextran composed of fibrillar and particulate elements was always produced in the initial stages of synthesis. After 18 h, the dextran capsule was generally composed of an inner globular and outer fibrillar layer. It appeared that the outer layer was derived from the globular dextran of the capsule by a process of dispersion.", "contents": "Surface coat transformation and capsule formation by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCDO 523 in the presence of sucrose. When Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCDO 523 was grown in MRS browth, electron microscopy of cells fixed in the presence of ruthenium red showed that the cell wall was covered with a thin layer of filamentous material. When MRS-grown cells were resuspended in the same medium supplemented with 3.6% sucrose, this surface coat doubled in thickness and a number of radial thickenings appeared within it. After 3 h, the filamentous component of the surface coat had disappeared leaving only the radial projections. The progressive accumulation of polymer to produce a capsule visible by light microscopy was observed in only about 20% of the population. In this minority of cells, a dense globular dextran composed of fibrillar and particulate elements was always produced in the initial stages of synthesis. After 18 h, the dextran capsule was generally composed of an inner globular and outer fibrillar layer. It appeared that the outer layer was derived from the globular dextran of the capsule by a process of dispersion.", "PMID": 1015962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1187", "title": "[LD50 values and selenium concentration in rabbit organs after parenteral administration of sodium selenite and determination of toxicity of urososelevit pro inj].", "content": "The LD50-values of sodium selenite after i/m injection to rabbits was determined by means of probit-regression straight line. Simultaneously a combination of vitamin E and sodium selenite was tested for toxicity in order to examine the effect of vitamin E on the selenium toxicity. The LD50/24h was 2.53 mg sodium selenite/kg body mass and in combination with vitamin E (30 IU vitamin E/5 mg NaSeO3) 2.73 mg/kg. Furthermore the selenium concentration was determined in blood, liver, kidney and muscles of animals which died or were killed after 24 h respectively. Not only chemical analysis but also relations of time-dose-efficiency and significantly increased LD50-values show a certain protective effect of vitamin E on selenium intoxication.", "contents": "[LD50 values and selenium concentration in rabbit organs after parenteral administration of sodium selenite and determination of toxicity of urososelevit pro inj]. The LD50-values of sodium selenite after i/m injection to rabbits was determined by means of probit-regression straight line. Simultaneously a combination of vitamin E and sodium selenite was tested for toxicity in order to examine the effect of vitamin E on the selenium toxicity. The LD50/24h was 2.53 mg sodium selenite/kg body mass and in combination with vitamin E (30 IU vitamin E/5 mg NaSeO3) 2.73 mg/kg. Furthermore the selenium concentration was determined in blood, liver, kidney and muscles of animals which died or were killed after 24 h respectively. Not only chemical analysis but also relations of time-dose-efficiency and significantly increased LD50-values show a certain protective effect of vitamin E on selenium intoxication.", "PMID": 1015963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1188", "title": "[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 1. Effect of primary strong noise on the 11-OHKS level in broilers and leghorns].", "content": "The effects of first noises on broilers and white leghorns were tested by plasma levels on 11-hydroxycorticosteroid (11-OHKS). The noises were 100 dB, 60 to 8,00 Hz, and applied 30 minutss to one group of broilers, aged 14, 28, and 56 days, and to another group of broilers and white leghorns in adult age. The reactions were compared. Acoustic stimulation was followed by temporary activation of the hypothalamic pituitary-suprarenal system. The rise of the plasma glucocorticosteroid level in leghorns was three times as high as that in adult broilers, which was interpreted as a reflection of stronger organic stress. Reactions differed in intensity, depending on age as well. Plasma-11-OHKS levels went up by 32 per cent maximum in broilers aged 56 days or by 73 per cent in animals aged 14 days or 120 per cent in those aged 28 days. The above results seemed to support the conclusion that noises of the above quantity and quality represented stress on fowl.", "contents": "[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 1. Effect of primary strong noise on the 11-OHKS level in broilers and leghorns]. The effects of first noises on broilers and white leghorns were tested by plasma levels on 11-hydroxycorticosteroid (11-OHKS). The noises were 100 dB, 60 to 8,00 Hz, and applied 30 minutss to one group of broilers, aged 14, 28, and 56 days, and to another group of broilers and white leghorns in adult age. The reactions were compared. Acoustic stimulation was followed by temporary activation of the hypothalamic pituitary-suprarenal system. The rise of the plasma glucocorticosteroid level in leghorns was three times as high as that in adult broilers, which was interpreted as a reflection of stronger organic stress. Reactions differed in intensity, depending on age as well. Plasma-11-OHKS levels went up by 32 per cent maximum in broilers aged 56 days or by 73 per cent in animals aged 14 days or 120 per cent in those aged 28 days. The above results seemed to support the conclusion that noises of the above quantity and quality represented stress on fowl.", "PMID": 1015964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1189", "title": "[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 2. Adaptation to noise of white leghorns and broilers].", "content": "Two experimental groups and series were compared (leghorns and broilers as well as two age groups of broilers) for their adaptive responses to repeated noise application. The noise was 100 dB and applied daily 30 minutes. The reference for comparison was the plasma-11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentration (11-OHKS). The results differed somewhat from those obtained earlier from one first short-time noise application, in that the rise in plasma glucocorticosteroid concentrations dropped from 431 to 210 per cent of the initial values in adult leghorns exposed to repeated noise stress over seven days. Adult broilers, however, did not exhibit any difference in the magnitude of rise of 11-OHKS concentrations by comparison between first and seven days of repeated stress. The initial values, however, were reached earlier by repeated noise application.", "contents": "[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 2. Adaptation to noise of white leghorns and broilers]. Two experimental groups and series were compared (leghorns and broilers as well as two age groups of broilers) for their adaptive responses to repeated noise application. The noise was 100 dB and applied daily 30 minutes. The reference for comparison was the plasma-11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentration (11-OHKS). The results differed somewhat from those obtained earlier from one first short-time noise application, in that the rise in plasma glucocorticosteroid concentrations dropped from 431 to 210 per cent of the initial values in adult leghorns exposed to repeated noise stress over seven days. Adult broilers, however, did not exhibit any difference in the magnitude of rise of 11-OHKS concentrations by comparison between first and seven days of repeated stress. The initial values, however, were reached earlier by repeated noise application.", "PMID": 1015965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1190", "title": "[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 3. Effects of primary and repetitive acoustic stimulation on glucose and free-fatty-acid plasma levels in broilers of different age groups].", "content": "The effects of first and repetitive noise applications to broilers, aged 14, 28, and 56 days, were tested by the responses of the energetic substrates plasma glucose concentration and free fatty acids. The plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids in broilers at slaughter age with no exposure to noise were higher than those in younger animals. Regular daily noise application of 100 dB, 60 to 8,000 Hz, for 30 minutes, which began on the first day of age, led to rises in the plasma glucose levels of animals aged 56 and 28 days even prior to renewed acoustic stimulation, which obviously was a conditioned reflex. Such rises were accompanied by decline in plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, which phenomenon was attributed to higher initial values of plasma glucose. First as well as repetitive noise application led to changes in the plasma content of energetic substrates. Both the direction and magnitude of the reaction appeared to depend on the given initial value. The plasma level responses of glucose and free fatty acids were opposite to one another in all animals, 56 days of age, which were exposed to repeated noise.", "contents": "[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 3. Effects of primary and repetitive acoustic stimulation on glucose and free-fatty-acid plasma levels in broilers of different age groups]. The effects of first and repetitive noise applications to broilers, aged 14, 28, and 56 days, were tested by the responses of the energetic substrates plasma glucose concentration and free fatty acids. The plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids in broilers at slaughter age with no exposure to noise were higher than those in younger animals. Regular daily noise application of 100 dB, 60 to 8,000 Hz, for 30 minutes, which began on the first day of age, led to rises in the plasma glucose levels of animals aged 56 and 28 days even prior to renewed acoustic stimulation, which obviously was a conditioned reflex. Such rises were accompanied by decline in plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, which phenomenon was attributed to higher initial values of plasma glucose. First as well as repetitive noise application led to changes in the plasma content of energetic substrates. Both the direction and magnitude of the reaction appeared to depend on the given initial value. The plasma level responses of glucose and free fatty acids were opposite to one another in all animals, 56 days of age, which were exposed to repeated noise.", "PMID": 1015966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1191", "title": "[Comparative morphological studies on the vascular systems of testes in cattle, swine, horse and dog under functional conditions].", "content": "The metacrylate and latex corrosion techniques were used to establish that the vascular system of testes is based on one coherent principle in common domestic mammals. The cone-shaped Plexus pampiniformis consists of numerous venous rami, between 0.25 mm and 1.0 mm in thickness and forming a dense vascular network, which practically encase the spiral-shaped A. spermatica interna (cooling coil principle). The testicular veins and arteries in the Tunica albuginea constitute a somewhat voluminous layer of vessels for dissipation of heat, with rami branching off radially into the testicular parenchyma. Most of the artieral rami with radial penetration of the testicular parenchyma turn towards the surface in the mediastinum testis for three-shape ramification. The vascular rami are characterised by countless meanders, primarily for temperature control, pulse flattening for more regular and even blood flow, and blood reflex pumping.", "contents": "[Comparative morphological studies on the vascular systems of testes in cattle, swine, horse and dog under functional conditions]. The metacrylate and latex corrosion techniques were used to establish that the vascular system of testes is based on one coherent principle in common domestic mammals. The cone-shaped Plexus pampiniformis consists of numerous venous rami, between 0.25 mm and 1.0 mm in thickness and forming a dense vascular network, which practically encase the spiral-shaped A. spermatica interna (cooling coil principle). The testicular veins and arteries in the Tunica albuginea constitute a somewhat voluminous layer of vessels for dissipation of heat, with rami branching off radially into the testicular parenchyma. Most of the artieral rami with radial penetration of the testicular parenchyma turn towards the surface in the mediastinum testis for three-shape ramification. The vascular rami are characterised by countless meanders, primarily for temperature control, pulse flattening for more regular and even blood flow, and blood reflex pumping.", "PMID": 1015967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1192", "title": "[Endocrine and sperminogenic testicular function. 7. Relationship between testicular and plasma androgen concentrations in boars of different ages].", "content": "Testicular tissue and blood samples (V. spermatica interna) were taken from 32 boars during castration. The animals were of different age groups. Against this background, comparative studies were conducted into the relationships between testicular and plasma testosterone. A very close correlation was found to exist between the androgen values in testicular tissue and those in the blood plasma of V. spermatica interna (r = 0.9795), wich appeared to support the conclusion that by determination of blood plasma the androgen content in the testes can be established with high probability.", "contents": "[Endocrine and sperminogenic testicular function. 7. Relationship between testicular and plasma androgen concentrations in boars of different ages]. Testicular tissue and blood samples (V. spermatica interna) were taken from 32 boars during castration. The animals were of different age groups. Against this background, comparative studies were conducted into the relationships between testicular and plasma testosterone. A very close correlation was found to exist between the androgen values in testicular tissue and those in the blood plasma of V. spermatica interna (r = 0.9795), wich appeared to support the conclusion that by determination of blood plasma the androgen content in the testes can be established with high probability.", "PMID": 1015968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1193", "title": "[Endocrine and sperminogenic testicular function. 8. Relationships between testicular and plasma testosterone concentrations as well as between the number of Leydig cells in testicular tissue and their cell nucleus volume in boars of different ages].", "content": "Testicular tissue and blood samples (V. spermatica interna) were taken from 32 boars during castration. The animals were different age groups. Against this background, studies were conducted into the correlations between testicular and plasma testosterone, on the one hand, and the amount of interstitial cells of Leydig in testicular tissue as well as the latters' cell nuclei volumes, on the other. The results seemed to support the conclusion that any age-dependent increase of testicular and plasma testosterone concentrations was caused unambigously by an absolute increase in volume of androgenic testicular tissue, in concomitance with testicular growth, in other words, by rise in the total number of interstitial cells of Leydig.", "contents": "[Endocrine and sperminogenic testicular function. 8. Relationships between testicular and plasma testosterone concentrations as well as between the number of Leydig cells in testicular tissue and their cell nucleus volume in boars of different ages]. Testicular tissue and blood samples (V. spermatica interna) were taken from 32 boars during castration. The animals were different age groups. Against this background, studies were conducted into the correlations between testicular and plasma testosterone, on the one hand, and the amount of interstitial cells of Leydig in testicular tissue as well as the latters' cell nuclei volumes, on the other. The results seemed to support the conclusion that any age-dependent increase of testicular and plasma testosterone concentrations was caused unambigously by an absolute increase in volume of androgenic testicular tissue, in concomitance with testicular growth, in other words, by rise in the total number of interstitial cells of Leydig.", "PMID": 1015969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1194", "title": "[Determination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cattle and swine erythrocytes using the optical test under optimal measuring conditions].", "content": "To find out optimal measuring conditions for determination of G-6-PDH-activity in erythrocytes of cattle and pigs by means of the optical test the dependence from nature, concentration and pH of buffer surroundings as well as from concentration of substrate (G-6-P), coenzyme (NADP) and activator (Mg++) was studied. From the results obtained, best reaction conditions for determination of G-6-PDH-activity in this species exist taking the following composition of the measuring sample (final concentration): 120 mM TRIS/HCl-buffer, pH 9.0; 10 mM MgSO4; 2 mM G-6-P; 0.2 mM NADP and 0.1 ml haemolysate in 3.0 ml of the measuring volume. The influence of an optimal planning of the reaction conditions on registration of G-6-PDH-activity in erythrocytes of the farming animals is discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cattle and swine erythrocytes using the optical test under optimal measuring conditions]. To find out optimal measuring conditions for determination of G-6-PDH-activity in erythrocytes of cattle and pigs by means of the optical test the dependence from nature, concentration and pH of buffer surroundings as well as from concentration of substrate (G-6-P), coenzyme (NADP) and activator (Mg++) was studied. From the results obtained, best reaction conditions for determination of G-6-PDH-activity in this species exist taking the following composition of the measuring sample (final concentration): 120 mM TRIS/HCl-buffer, pH 9.0; 10 mM MgSO4; 2 mM G-6-P; 0.2 mM NADP and 0.1 ml haemolysate in 3.0 ml of the measuring volume. The influence of an optimal planning of the reaction conditions on registration of G-6-PDH-activity in erythrocytes of the farming animals is discussed.", "PMID": 1015971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1195", "title": "[Hereditary fructose intolerance with early onset].", "content": "Four cases of hereditary fructose intolerance with an early onset are reported. The features of acute liver failure in the neonatal period include a haemorrhagic syndrome, collapse, neurological features, hypoglycaemia, disturbed bleeding and clotting studies and abnormal liver function tests. Investigations into the aetiology include a search for bacterial or viral infection but particularly for a metabolic cause: especially for hereditary fructose intolerance which may be difficult to distinguish from tyrosinosis. Finally, methods of treatment are discussed: continuous glucose infusion, exchange transfusion, assisted ventilation, and dietary measures beginning with protein exclusion. The importance of careful observation is stressed (particularly sequential studies of bloodclotting factors).", "contents": "[Hereditary fructose intolerance with early onset]. Four cases of hereditary fructose intolerance with an early onset are reported. The features of acute liver failure in the neonatal period include a haemorrhagic syndrome, collapse, neurological features, hypoglycaemia, disturbed bleeding and clotting studies and abnormal liver function tests. Investigations into the aetiology include a search for bacterial or viral infection but particularly for a metabolic cause: especially for hereditary fructose intolerance which may be difficult to distinguish from tyrosinosis. Finally, methods of treatment are discussed: continuous glucose infusion, exchange transfusion, assisted ventilation, and dietary measures beginning with protein exclusion. The importance of careful observation is stressed (particularly sequential studies of bloodclotting factors).", "PMID": 1015980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1196", "title": "[HL-A antigens in dust allergy in children].", "content": "The distribution of 29 HLA antigens has been compared in 60 unrelated children presenting a dust allergy and in 300 healthy controls. We observed an increased frequency for HLA-Aw19 and HLA-B5 in patients. Yet, the differences are not very significant and there is probably no association between one HLA gene and the dust allergy.", "contents": "[HL-A antigens in dust allergy in children]. The distribution of 29 HLA antigens has been compared in 60 unrelated children presenting a dust allergy and in 300 healthy controls. We observed an increased frequency for HLA-Aw19 and HLA-B5 in patients. Yet, the differences are not very significant and there is probably no association between one HLA gene and the dust allergy.", "PMID": 1015981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1197", "title": "[Study of orosomucoid in the newborn. Value in the diagnosis of bacterial infections].", "content": "The seromucoid concentration was estimated in 131 newborn infants who were divided into four groups (controls, dysmature-postmature, infected, miscellaneous). Elevation of seromucoids suggested neonatal bacterial infection. The non-specific nature of the elevation is compensated for by the ease and the speed of obtaining a result.", "contents": "[Study of orosomucoid in the newborn. Value in the diagnosis of bacterial infections]. The seromucoid concentration was estimated in 131 newborn infants who were divided into four groups (controls, dysmature-postmature, infected, miscellaneous). Elevation of seromucoids suggested neonatal bacterial infection. The non-specific nature of the elevation is compensated for by the ease and the speed of obtaining a result.", "PMID": 1015982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1198", "title": "[Acute intermittent porphyria at 4 months of age].", "content": "Acute intermittent porphyria was diagnosed in a child who presented with an acute abdomen and neurological signs of the age of four months. The diagnosis was confirmed by the absence of uroporphyrinogen synthetase in the erythrocytes. The rarity of the disorder at this age is emphasised.", "contents": "[Acute intermittent porphyria at 4 months of age]. Acute intermittent porphyria was diagnosed in a child who presented with an acute abdomen and neurological signs of the age of four months. The diagnosis was confirmed by the absence of uroporphyrinogen synthetase in the erythrocytes. The rarity of the disorder at this age is emphasised.", "PMID": 1015983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1199", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the human ceruminous apocrine gland. I. Secretory glandular cells.", "content": "The secretory portion of the apocrine sweat gland of the human external auditory meatus which is also called the ceruminous gland was observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The secretory glandular cells contain a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are often closely applied to large round mitochondria. These large mitochondria have no relationship to the secretory granules. Near the concave surface of the Golgi lamellae several tubules can be found. In these golgi-associated tubules a dark substance may accumulate to form specific large dense granules. Many less dense droplets or vacuoles may appear in these dark prosecretory granules and become liberated from their surface. Vacuoles formed in this manner then migrate to the apical cell surface and often discharge their contents into the gland lumen by the mechanism of exocytosis. Also, some of these vacuoles may be released into the lumen by the pinching off of small protrusions of cytoplasm, that is, they are released by the so-called apocrine secretory mechanism. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated not only in the dark prosecretory granules but also in clear vacuoles situated at the apical end of the cell and in the gland lumen. Such a histochemical finding may indicate that the secretory substance of the apocrine sweat gland may contain hydrolytic enzymes derived from lysosomes, which are the prosecretory granules of this gland, and these enzymes may play a role in dissolution and break down of the material extruded into the lumen by apocrine secretion. Apocrine secretory process of various sizes were observed on the luminal surface with the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the human ceruminous apocrine gland. I. Secretory glandular cells. The secretory portion of the apocrine sweat gland of the human external auditory meatus which is also called the ceruminous gland was observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The secretory glandular cells contain a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are often closely applied to large round mitochondria. These large mitochondria have no relationship to the secretory granules. Near the concave surface of the Golgi lamellae several tubules can be found. In these golgi-associated tubules a dark substance may accumulate to form specific large dense granules. Many less dense droplets or vacuoles may appear in these dark prosecretory granules and become liberated from their surface. Vacuoles formed in this manner then migrate to the apical cell surface and often discharge their contents into the gland lumen by the mechanism of exocytosis. Also, some of these vacuoles may be released into the lumen by the pinching off of small protrusions of cytoplasm, that is, they are released by the so-called apocrine secretory mechanism. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated not only in the dark prosecretory granules but also in clear vacuoles situated at the apical end of the cell and in the gland lumen. Such a histochemical finding may indicate that the secretory substance of the apocrine sweat gland may contain hydrolytic enzymes derived from lysosomes, which are the prosecretory granules of this gland, and these enzymes may play a role in dissolution and break down of the material extruded into the lumen by apocrine secretion. Apocrine secretory process of various sizes were observed on the luminal surface with the scanning electron microscope.", "PMID": 1015985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1200", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the human ceruminous apocrine gland. II. Myoepithelial cells.", "content": "The myoepithelial cells of the human ceruminous apocrine gland were observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The myoepithelial cells are long fibrous cells about 100-150 mum in length and 3-5 mum in width. They are arranged in parallel with each other, and their long axes are parallel to that of the secretory tubule itself. The tips of cells are often sharply pointed and their lateral tapering surface may be contiguous with adjacent cells forming a side-by-side contact, while other cells may have a blunt tip which is conjuncted with a similar tip of the next cell forming an end-to-end junction. The myoepithelial cells are joined to each other by desmosomes and there are also desmosomes at their junction with secretory cells. The outer surface of the cell abutting on the basal lamina has some exaggerated densities which are undoubtedly identical to the hemidesmosomes of epidermal cells. There are well developed foldings in the plasma membrane of the secretory cells, but the surface of the myoepithelial cells has very few foldings and projections. The relative shortage of intercellular attachment devices between the secretory and myeopithelial cells makes it easy to peel off the secretory cells to disclose the myoepithelium, a useful feature of scanning electron microscopy. The nucleus-containing part of the cell protrudes slightly upward and invades the secretory epithelium. The cytoplasmic rim surrounding the nucleus contains a small Golgi apparatus and some other organelles. The cytoplasm of the basal half of the cell contains closely packed myofilaments running parallel to the long axis of the cell. There is no definite arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments. Microtubules which often occur in pairs are arranged parallel to the myofilaments.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the human ceruminous apocrine gland. II. Myoepithelial cells. The myoepithelial cells of the human ceruminous apocrine gland were observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The myoepithelial cells are long fibrous cells about 100-150 mum in length and 3-5 mum in width. They are arranged in parallel with each other, and their long axes are parallel to that of the secretory tubule itself. The tips of cells are often sharply pointed and their lateral tapering surface may be contiguous with adjacent cells forming a side-by-side contact, while other cells may have a blunt tip which is conjuncted with a similar tip of the next cell forming an end-to-end junction. The myoepithelial cells are joined to each other by desmosomes and there are also desmosomes at their junction with secretory cells. The outer surface of the cell abutting on the basal lamina has some exaggerated densities which are undoubtedly identical to the hemidesmosomes of epidermal cells. There are well developed foldings in the plasma membrane of the secretory cells, but the surface of the myoepithelial cells has very few foldings and projections. The relative shortage of intercellular attachment devices between the secretory and myeopithelial cells makes it easy to peel off the secretory cells to disclose the myoepithelium, a useful feature of scanning electron microscopy. The nucleus-containing part of the cell protrudes slightly upward and invades the secretory epithelium. The cytoplasmic rim surrounding the nucleus contains a small Golgi apparatus and some other organelles. The cytoplasm of the basal half of the cell contains closely packed myofilaments running parallel to the long axis of the cell. There is no definite arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments. Microtubules which often occur in pairs are arranged parallel to the myofilaments.", "PMID": 1015986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1201", "title": "An electron microscopic study on the innervation in the taste buds of the mouse circumvallate papillae.", "content": "Taste buds of the mouse circumvallate papillae were studied by electron microscopy to elucidate the innervation involving the adrenergic nerve supply. Typical afferent synaptic contacts, with increased density of the membranes and aggregations of synaptic vesicles in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nerve endings, were demonstrated between the type III cells and the nerve endings. Along the regions of contact between the type II cells and the nerve endings, cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were often seen beneath the cell membrane, and the nerve endings contained relatively many synaptic-sized vesicles. Such an innervation seems to be efferent in nature. For the detection of the adrenergic nerve supply, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OH-DA) was injected after pretreatment with L-DOPA and nialamide. The mice showed numerous adrenergic nerve fibers in the connective tissue underlying the taste buds. On very few occasions, the adrenergic nerves penetrated the basal lamina of the taste buds and came into contact with the bud cells. Some adrenergic nerves were distributed among the epithelial cells around the taste buds. The reaction product from acetylcholine esterase activity was found around the adrenergic nerve fibers labeled with 5-OH-DA.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study on the innervation in the taste buds of the mouse circumvallate papillae. Taste buds of the mouse circumvallate papillae were studied by electron microscopy to elucidate the innervation involving the adrenergic nerve supply. Typical afferent synaptic contacts, with increased density of the membranes and aggregations of synaptic vesicles in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nerve endings, were demonstrated between the type III cells and the nerve endings. Along the regions of contact between the type II cells and the nerve endings, cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were often seen beneath the cell membrane, and the nerve endings contained relatively many synaptic-sized vesicles. Such an innervation seems to be efferent in nature. For the detection of the adrenergic nerve supply, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OH-DA) was injected after pretreatment with L-DOPA and nialamide. The mice showed numerous adrenergic nerve fibers in the connective tissue underlying the taste buds. On very few occasions, the adrenergic nerves penetrated the basal lamina of the taste buds and came into contact with the bud cells. Some adrenergic nerves were distributed among the epithelial cells around the taste buds. The reaction product from acetylcholine esterase activity was found around the adrenergic nerve fibers labeled with 5-OH-DA.", "PMID": 1015987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1202", "title": "Microcirculation of the rat small intestine as studied by the injection replica scanning electron microscope method.", "content": "Mucosal blood supply in the rat small intestine was studied by the injection replica scanning electron microscope method. The blood vascular plexus in the villus is originated at the tip of the villus and confluenced near the base of the villus. This supports the classical \"fountain pattern\" of MALL in the villous microcirculation. The capillary plexus in the crypt is derived at the base of the crypt and converged near the base of the crypt. The capillary plexuses in the villus and the crypt communicate with each other. It is considered that the basal segment of the villus, where the arterial termination is lacking, is supplied by the cryptal capillaries via this communication.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the rat small intestine as studied by the injection replica scanning electron microscope method. Mucosal blood supply in the rat small intestine was studied by the injection replica scanning electron microscope method. The blood vascular plexus in the villus is originated at the tip of the villus and confluenced near the base of the villus. This supports the classical \"fountain pattern\" of MALL in the villous microcirculation. The capillary plexus in the crypt is derived at the base of the crypt and converged near the base of the crypt. The capillary plexuses in the villus and the crypt communicate with each other. It is considered that the basal segment of the villus, where the arterial termination is lacking, is supplied by the cryptal capillaries via this communication.", "PMID": 1015988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1203", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study on the saccus vasculosus of the rainbow trout.", "content": "Both free and cracked surfaces of the saccus vasculosus in adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The saccus vasculosus is the rich-folded epithelium composed of highly specialized coronet cells, supporting cells, and presumable liquor-contact neurons. The coronet cells are characterized by both numerous specialized cilia, so-called \"globules\" projecting into the saccus lumen and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. By the appearance of these globules, coronet cells are roughly divided into two types: botryoidal coronet cells and flower-like. The former is supplied with grape-shaped globules, whose density is 60-80 pieces a cell. The latter contains club- or petal-shaped globules, which number 50-60 pieces a cell. The functional significance of these globules is additionally discussed. The free surface of the supporting cells is relatively smooth, and short microvilli lie scattered on the surface. The cells called liquor-contact neurons (the third type) possess a head-like protrusion where long solitary cilia can be recognized.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study on the saccus vasculosus of the rainbow trout. Both free and cracked surfaces of the saccus vasculosus in adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The saccus vasculosus is the rich-folded epithelium composed of highly specialized coronet cells, supporting cells, and presumable liquor-contact neurons. The coronet cells are characterized by both numerous specialized cilia, so-called \"globules\" projecting into the saccus lumen and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. By the appearance of these globules, coronet cells are roughly divided into two types: botryoidal coronet cells and flower-like. The former is supplied with grape-shaped globules, whose density is 60-80 pieces a cell. The latter contains club- or petal-shaped globules, which number 50-60 pieces a cell. The functional significance of these globules is additionally discussed. The free surface of the supporting cells is relatively smooth, and short microvilli lie scattered on the surface. The cells called liquor-contact neurons (the third type) possess a head-like protrusion where long solitary cilia can be recognized.", "PMID": 1015989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1204", "title": "Changes in glucoamylase activity under the influence of drugs affecting the adrenergic receptors in myocardium and skeletal muscle.", "content": "The activity of neutral glucoamylase and alpha-amylase were determined in the myocardium and skeletal muscle after in vivo pharmacologic stimulation of adrenergic receptors. The activity changes of these enzymes were found to not always occur parallelly. The activity of both these enzymes is decreased under beta-agonistic influence of isoprenaline, adrenaline, as well as under the influence of acetylcholine. On the other hand, alpha-agonistic function of phenylephrine mainly results in the increase of neutral glucoamylase activity. Similar effects are obtained by suprarenal ligation. The above pharmacological effects did not appear when the said pharmacologic drugs were added to incubated muscle extracts.", "contents": "Changes in glucoamylase activity under the influence of drugs affecting the adrenergic receptors in myocardium and skeletal muscle. The activity of neutral glucoamylase and alpha-amylase were determined in the myocardium and skeletal muscle after in vivo pharmacologic stimulation of adrenergic receptors. The activity changes of these enzymes were found to not always occur parallelly. The activity of both these enzymes is decreased under beta-agonistic influence of isoprenaline, adrenaline, as well as under the influence of acetylcholine. On the other hand, alpha-agonistic function of phenylephrine mainly results in the increase of neutral glucoamylase activity. Similar effects are obtained by suprarenal ligation. The above pharmacological effects did not appear when the said pharmacologic drugs were added to incubated muscle extracts.", "PMID": 1015990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1205", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacologic properties of pyridoyl derivatives of 3-methylaminoindole 2-methyltryptamine and isotryptamine.", "content": "Six new pyridoyl derivatives of 3-methylaminoindole, 2-methyltryptamine and isotryptamine were synthesized by condensation with chlorides of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids. The central action of these compounds seems to depress the central nervous system, as they reduce spontaneous motility (I, II, IV, V, VI) and amphetamine hypermotility (II, IV, V), prolong hexobarbital sleeping time (II, IV, V, VI), display analgesic action in the \"writhing test\" (all compounds) and in the \"hot plate test\" (IV, V). The compounds do not change body temperature and display no anticonvulsant action.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacologic properties of pyridoyl derivatives of 3-methylaminoindole 2-methyltryptamine and isotryptamine. Six new pyridoyl derivatives of 3-methylaminoindole, 2-methyltryptamine and isotryptamine were synthesized by condensation with chlorides of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids. The central action of these compounds seems to depress the central nervous system, as they reduce spontaneous motility (I, II, IV, V, VI) and amphetamine hypermotility (II, IV, V), prolong hexobarbital sleeping time (II, IV, V, VI), display analgesic action in the \"writhing test\" (all compounds) and in the \"hot plate test\" (IV, V). The compounds do not change body temperature and display no anticonvulsant action.", "PMID": 1015991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1206", "title": "Potential acetylcholinesterase reactivators: oxime and amidoxime derivatives.", "content": "Out of 12 oximes and amidoximes (3 of which were new to the literature) the following showed a distinct antilethal effect in DFP poisoning: RA14 (1-methylbenzimidazole-2-aldoxime methiodide), RA14 (pyridine-4-aldoxime dodecyl bromide), and RA24 (pyridine-2-aldoxime dodecyl bromide). These compounds also reactivated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro, but had no effect on this enzyme in vivo. Moreover, addition of the dodecyl chain to pyridinealdoxtimes, or in a less degree replacement of the pyridine ring with benzimidazole in aldoximes, distinctly increased acute toxicity and lipophilicity when compared with the parent pyridine compounds, along with protective action in DFP poisoning.", "contents": "Potential acetylcholinesterase reactivators: oxime and amidoxime derivatives. Out of 12 oximes and amidoximes (3 of which were new to the literature) the following showed a distinct antilethal effect in DFP poisoning: RA14 (1-methylbenzimidazole-2-aldoxime methiodide), RA14 (pyridine-4-aldoxime dodecyl bromide), and RA24 (pyridine-2-aldoxime dodecyl bromide). These compounds also reactivated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro, but had no effect on this enzyme in vivo. Moreover, addition of the dodecyl chain to pyridinealdoxtimes, or in a less degree replacement of the pyridine ring with benzimidazole in aldoximes, distinctly increased acute toxicity and lipophilicity when compared with the parent pyridine compounds, along with protective action in DFP poisoning.", "PMID": 1015993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1207", "title": "Evaluation of the influence of epoxide resins and their hardeners on the female body. II. Biochemical studies.", "content": "In women employed in an industrial plant in direct contact with epoxide resins and their hardeners, the following biochemical parameters were determined in blood: total protein, seromucoid, haptoglobin, hemoglobin variants, methemoglobin, alpha1-inhibitor of trypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline and acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucylaminopeptidase, and alanine aminopeptidase. Depending on duration of work, Hb A2 fraction and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly, and aspartate aminotransferase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities decreased. In pregnant women, leucylaminopeptidase activity and isozyme of placental alkaline phosphatase were decreased.", "contents": "Evaluation of the influence of epoxide resins and their hardeners on the female body. II. Biochemical studies. In women employed in an industrial plant in direct contact with epoxide resins and their hardeners, the following biochemical parameters were determined in blood: total protein, seromucoid, haptoglobin, hemoglobin variants, methemoglobin, alpha1-inhibitor of trypsin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline and acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucylaminopeptidase, and alanine aminopeptidase. Depending on duration of work, Hb A2 fraction and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly, and aspartate aminotransferase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities decreased. In pregnant women, leucylaminopeptidase activity and isozyme of placental alkaline phosphatase were decreased.", "PMID": 1015994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1208", "title": "Hydroproteolytic activity of the pancreas after single or fractionated x-ray irradiation of rats.", "content": "The enzymic activity of lipase, lysosomal markers (beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase) and cathepsin was checked in the pancreatic subcellular fraction of control and whole-body X-irradiated rats. Incubation of granules (zymogen and mitochondrial fraction) under hypoosmotic conditions resulted in greater activity of lipase and cathepsin in the irradiated than in the control group. However, formation of different pattern of enzymatic activity was found (both in the sediments and in the supernatant) in single and fractionated irradiated pancreas.", "contents": "Hydroproteolytic activity of the pancreas after single or fractionated x-ray irradiation of rats. The enzymic activity of lipase, lysosomal markers (beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase) and cathepsin was checked in the pancreatic subcellular fraction of control and whole-body X-irradiated rats. Incubation of granules (zymogen and mitochondrial fraction) under hypoosmotic conditions resulted in greater activity of lipase and cathepsin in the irradiated than in the control group. However, formation of different pattern of enzymatic activity was found (both in the sediments and in the supernatant) in single and fractionated irradiated pancreas.", "PMID": 1015995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1209", "title": "Flashbacks: a personal follow-up.", "content": "During the period 1971-1973, it was found that 53 out of 91 young drug abusers in a psychiatric hospital had experienced flashbacks. This applied to as many as 50 out of the 65 patients who had used LSD, but also to abusers of organic solvents and cannabis. As many as 38% of the patients were found to be severely incapacitated by their flashbacks. On a personal follow-up 1 1/2-4 years after the first therapeutic contact, 35 patients were still troubled by flashbacks. On the whole reactions were less intense than at the time of the first contact. No relation between the flashbacks and protracted psychotic development could be established. The overall clinical and social course was worse for patients with flashbacks than for the rest of the population. Patients still bothered by flashbacks used drugs and alcohol as sedatives to a greater extent than the rest.", "contents": "Flashbacks: a personal follow-up. During the period 1971-1973, it was found that 53 out of 91 young drug abusers in a psychiatric hospital had experienced flashbacks. This applied to as many as 50 out of the 65 patients who had used LSD, but also to abusers of organic solvents and cannabis. As many as 38% of the patients were found to be severely incapacitated by their flashbacks. On a personal follow-up 1 1/2-4 years after the first therapeutic contact, 35 patients were still troubled by flashbacks. On the whole reactions were less intense than at the time of the first contact. No relation between the flashbacks and protracted psychotic development could be established. The overall clinical and social course was worse for patients with flashbacks than for the rest of the population. Patients still bothered by flashbacks used drugs and alcohol as sedatives to a greater extent than the rest.", "PMID": 1016011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1210", "title": "Restricted associations of aphasics and schizophrenics.", "content": "Matched groups (N = 25) of fluent and nonfluent aphasics, brain-damaged and normal controls as well as schizophrenics were requested to name (1) as many animals and (2) as many things that are typically yellow as possible within 5 min. The main results of Gloning & M\u00fcller (1972) as to smaller numbers of correct responses, higher percentages of repetitions, shorter association clusters, and higher popularity in aphasics could be replicated for animal task. Comparing the data from both tasks for fluent and nonfluent aphasics with the various control groups led to considerable doubts as to what extent these results follow directly from quantitative differences in verbal output or have to be interpreted as qualitative differences in memory storage, retrieval, and self-editing processes.", "contents": "Restricted associations of aphasics and schizophrenics. Matched groups (N = 25) of fluent and nonfluent aphasics, brain-damaged and normal controls as well as schizophrenics were requested to name (1) as many animals and (2) as many things that are typically yellow as possible within 5 min. The main results of Gloning & M\u00fcller (1972) as to smaller numbers of correct responses, higher percentages of repetitions, shorter association clusters, and higher popularity in aphasics could be replicated for animal task. Comparing the data from both tasks for fluent and nonfluent aphasics with the various control groups led to considerable doubts as to what extent these results follow directly from quantitative differences in verbal output or have to be interpreted as qualitative differences in memory storage, retrieval, and self-editing processes.", "PMID": 1016012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1211", "title": "[Dysfunctions of space perception and spatial ability in schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-seven acute schizophrenics and 25 normal subjects were investigated with regard to their spatial perception, representation, and their spatial ability, Schizophrenics showed significantly poorer performances (in terms of quantity) in those variables, which characterized the ocular apprehension of structures and wholes, the relation of parts to a whole, or the analysis of a whole in its various components as well as the availability of visual engrams, partly in the sense of spatial representation, and the practical realization of imagined spatial configurations. On the other hand, in ocular apprehension, interpretation, and when necessary the practical realization of two-dimensional represented spatial symbols and configurations and perspective abilities there was only statistical trend for quantitatively poorer performances in schizophrenics compared with healthy persons. Factor analysis of the intercorrelation matrices for 14 variables separated out the same 4 factors in each group for space perception and spatial ability. In spite of the demonstrated \"quantitative\" differences for the single variables between the two groups a marked similarity in a \"qualitative\" sense was found, when the two-factor structures were compared mathematically (similarity coefficient: 0.664). In order to specify these differences, 56 schizophrenics were classified as paranoid or nonparanoid and investigated in the above-mentioned manner. While these groups did not show any significant quantitative difference concerning their performances at variable level, they showed entirely different structures using factor analysis. Spatial perception of the paranoid schizophrenics seemed less structured and their perceptual conception less systematical. On the other hand, when factor structures from nonparanoids and healthy controls were compared mathematically, both groups showed a marked similarity (0.783). An attempt was made to relate these results to other findings of literature and to theories of cognitive and perceptual dysfunctions of schizophrenics.", "contents": "[Dysfunctions of space perception and spatial ability in schizophrenia (author's transl)]. Thirty-seven acute schizophrenics and 25 normal subjects were investigated with regard to their spatial perception, representation, and their spatial ability, Schizophrenics showed significantly poorer performances (in terms of quantity) in those variables, which characterized the ocular apprehension of structures and wholes, the relation of parts to a whole, or the analysis of a whole in its various components as well as the availability of visual engrams, partly in the sense of spatial representation, and the practical realization of imagined spatial configurations. On the other hand, in ocular apprehension, interpretation, and when necessary the practical realization of two-dimensional represented spatial symbols and configurations and perspective abilities there was only statistical trend for quantitatively poorer performances in schizophrenics compared with healthy persons. Factor analysis of the intercorrelation matrices for 14 variables separated out the same 4 factors in each group for space perception and spatial ability. In spite of the demonstrated \"quantitative\" differences for the single variables between the two groups a marked similarity in a \"qualitative\" sense was found, when the two-factor structures were compared mathematically (similarity coefficient: 0.664). In order to specify these differences, 56 schizophrenics were classified as paranoid or nonparanoid and investigated in the above-mentioned manner. While these groups did not show any significant quantitative difference concerning their performances at variable level, they showed entirely different structures using factor analysis. Spatial perception of the paranoid schizophrenics seemed less structured and their perceptual conception less systematical. On the other hand, when factor structures from nonparanoids and healthy controls were compared mathematically, both groups showed a marked similarity (0.783). An attempt was made to relate these results to other findings of literature and to theories of cognitive and perceptual dysfunctions of schizophrenics.", "PMID": 1016013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1212", "title": "[Methodologic studies of the Hamilton rating scale for depression (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the scope of psychopharmacologic therapies, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was applied 3 times on each of 197 psychiatric patients. An extended version (24 symptoms) of the Hamilton Scale was employed, which included the original symptoms. Various formal analyses (frequency of symptoms, influence of sex, item analyses, estimation of reliability, factor analysis) allow the following conclusions: With the original version, the single factor solution is the most consistent; several factors are not acceptable. With the extended version (used in the U.S.A.) the single factor solution can be equally recommended, but the two factor solution could also be taken into consideration, whereby a distinction is made between retarded depression and somatic depression aspects. The total score of the Hamilton Scale is satisfactorily consistent and hardly dependent on sex.", "contents": "[Methodologic studies of the Hamilton rating scale for depression (author's transl)]. Within the scope of psychopharmacologic therapies, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was applied 3 times on each of 197 psychiatric patients. An extended version (24 symptoms) of the Hamilton Scale was employed, which included the original symptoms. Various formal analyses (frequency of symptoms, influence of sex, item analyses, estimation of reliability, factor analysis) allow the following conclusions: With the original version, the single factor solution is the most consistent; several factors are not acceptable. With the extended version (used in the U.S.A.) the single factor solution can be equally recommended, but the two factor solution could also be taken into consideration, whereby a distinction is made between retarded depression and somatic depression aspects. The total score of the Hamilton Scale is satisfactorily consistent and hardly dependent on sex.", "PMID": 1016014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1213", "title": "[Comparative investigations of psychoses in parents, children and siblings (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychoses in 441 hospital patients from 210 families have been investigated comparatively. In 106 families 109 parents and 117 children suffer as do 215 siblings in 104 families. It has been established that the sexual appurtenance does not have a decisive importance in the genetic transmission of the psychoses, while comparing the diagnoses, a high percentage (84.5%) of coincidence is founded. Similarities appear in the clinical features, in their course, and the therapeutical effect. The psychoses begin at an earlier age and are taking a heavier course in children, when compared to parents and in the younger brothers and sisters when compared to the elder. In couples with different diagnoses, a similarity is determined as far as the investigated indices are concerned. The clinical features are atypical and symptoms and syndromes, characteristic for the different families, are manifested.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations of psychoses in parents, children and siblings (author's transl)]. Psychoses in 441 hospital patients from 210 families have been investigated comparatively. In 106 families 109 parents and 117 children suffer as do 215 siblings in 104 families. It has been established that the sexual appurtenance does not have a decisive importance in the genetic transmission of the psychoses, while comparing the diagnoses, a high percentage (84.5%) of coincidence is founded. Similarities appear in the clinical features, in their course, and the therapeutical effect. The psychoses begin at an earlier age and are taking a heavier course in children, when compared to parents and in the younger brothers and sisters when compared to the elder. In couples with different diagnoses, a similarity is determined as far as the investigated indices are concerned. The clinical features are atypical and symptoms and syndromes, characteristic for the different families, are manifested.", "PMID": 1016015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1214", "title": "[Visual stabilization of free stance in infants: a sign of maturity (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the visual contribution to postural stabilization has been tested using a large visual display rotating around the stationary subject's line of sight. This, in the adult, causes a marked optokinetic postural reaction with a shift of the body center of gravity toward the direction of pattern motion. Scalings of the reactions in children between 6 months and 16 years revealed three phases of development: (1) 6--12-month-old-babies show none or very little optokinetic disturbance of their newly acquired ability to sit. With the development of upright stance and gait, optokinetic influences become increasingly important. (2) Children between the age of 2--5 show a marked dependence of postural stability on vision. In them, the disturbing optokinetic stimulus leads to a marked ipsilateral postural deviation or irresistible fall. (3) From 5 to 15 years of age, visual effects on postural balance slowly decrease to their final strength in adulthood--moderate head and body tilt--in response to the rotating stimulus. It is concluded that the optokinetic loop participates rather late in the multisensory process of postural stabilization. The calibration of the three main loops, visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive, seems to be sequential and mutually interactive. Optimal functioning requires the continuous evaluation of the reafferent sensory consequences of self-generated body movements. Optokinetic destabilization of stance requires the maturity of opto-vestibulo-spinal pathways. Its clinical applicability as a maturity test, however, sofar seems limited.", "contents": "[Visual stabilization of free stance in infants: a sign of maturity (author's transl)]. The development of the visual contribution to postural stabilization has been tested using a large visual display rotating around the stationary subject's line of sight. This, in the adult, causes a marked optokinetic postural reaction with a shift of the body center of gravity toward the direction of pattern motion. Scalings of the reactions in children between 6 months and 16 years revealed three phases of development: (1) 6--12-month-old-babies show none or very little optokinetic disturbance of their newly acquired ability to sit. With the development of upright stance and gait, optokinetic influences become increasingly important. (2) Children between the age of 2--5 show a marked dependence of postural stability on vision. In them, the disturbing optokinetic stimulus leads to a marked ipsilateral postural deviation or irresistible fall. (3) From 5 to 15 years of age, visual effects on postural balance slowly decrease to their final strength in adulthood--moderate head and body tilt--in response to the rotating stimulus. It is concluded that the optokinetic loop participates rather late in the multisensory process of postural stabilization. The calibration of the three main loops, visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive, seems to be sequential and mutually interactive. Optimal functioning requires the continuous evaluation of the reafferent sensory consequences of self-generated body movements. Optokinetic destabilization of stance requires the maturity of opto-vestibulo-spinal pathways. Its clinical applicability as a maturity test, however, sofar seems limited.", "PMID": 1016016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1215", "title": "Effects of selective sleep deprivation on sleep-linked prolactin and growth hormone secretion.", "content": "1. The secretion of prolactin and growth-hormone (hGH) was investigated during sleep in 10 healthy volunteers (8 males and 2 females): The comparison of one baseline night, one night after daytime physical exercise, and one night with selective deprivation of sleep stages 3 and 4 and paradoxical sleep showed clear differences of prolactin and hGH secretion during sleep. 2. Prolactin secretion is entrained into the sleep cycle of Non-REM and REM periods. A maximum of plasma hormone elevations occurs during the first quarter of sleep cycles, i.e., during Non-REM periods and less frequent rises at the end of the cycles, mainly during REM periods. 3. In contrast to growth hormone, concentrations of prolactin remain high also during later cycles occurring toward morning. This shows that high prolactin, but not high concentrations of hGH, regularly occur during sleep cycles with small amounts of slow-wave sleep. 4. Maximal prolactin concentrations during sleep are affected neither by preceding daytime physical exercise nor by selective deprivation of slow sleep stages 3 and 4. This is further evidence that slow-wave sleep stages are not necessary for the development of high plasma prolactin concentrations. However, peak values of growth hormone in the first and second cycle are significantly diminished after selective deprivation of sleep stages 3 and 4. 5. In abnormally long sleep cycles with artificial delay of the first REM period, the cyclical rhythmicity of prolactin release seems disturbed. This is further evidence for the sleep-dependent rhythmicity in the secretion of this hormone.", "contents": "Effects of selective sleep deprivation on sleep-linked prolactin and growth hormone secretion. 1. The secretion of prolactin and growth-hormone (hGH) was investigated during sleep in 10 healthy volunteers (8 males and 2 females): The comparison of one baseline night, one night after daytime physical exercise, and one night with selective deprivation of sleep stages 3 and 4 and paradoxical sleep showed clear differences of prolactin and hGH secretion during sleep. 2. Prolactin secretion is entrained into the sleep cycle of Non-REM and REM periods. A maximum of plasma hormone elevations occurs during the first quarter of sleep cycles, i.e., during Non-REM periods and less frequent rises at the end of the cycles, mainly during REM periods. 3. In contrast to growth hormone, concentrations of prolactin remain high also during later cycles occurring toward morning. This shows that high prolactin, but not high concentrations of hGH, regularly occur during sleep cycles with small amounts of slow-wave sleep. 4. Maximal prolactin concentrations during sleep are affected neither by preceding daytime physical exercise nor by selective deprivation of slow sleep stages 3 and 4. This is further evidence that slow-wave sleep stages are not necessary for the development of high plasma prolactin concentrations. However, peak values of growth hormone in the first and second cycle are significantly diminished after selective deprivation of sleep stages 3 and 4. 5. In abnormally long sleep cycles with artificial delay of the first REM period, the cyclical rhythmicity of prolactin release seems disturbed. This is further evidence for the sleep-dependent rhythmicity in the secretion of this hormone.", "PMID": 1016017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1216", "title": "[Concepts of psychiatric diagnoses: a further investigation of the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 128 physicians and psychologists, working in six psychiatric hospitals, were asked to allocate 10 psychiatric diagnoses on the basis of typical clinical criteria (symptoms, course of illness, etiological and anamnestic data), with which they were supplied. The correct diagnosis was made in 45.3%, while in 82% the broad diagnostic group was correctly ascribed. The respondents were divided into two groups, according to the amount of diagnostic data they had been given (though in fact the information necessary for differential diagnosis was given equally to both groups). The group which made diagnosis on the grounds of more comprehensive data (ten characteristic diagnostic items) did significantly worse them the group which had few data (six characteristic items). The stereotypes for mania, endogenous depression, obsessional-compulsive neurosis, and antisocial personality disorder were correctly defined by 75% of more of the respondents. The profiles of the remaining six diagnostic groups were associated with the corresponding diagnoses by 50% or fewer of the respondents.", "contents": "[Concepts of psychiatric diagnoses: a further investigation of the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses (author's transl)]. A total of 128 physicians and psychologists, working in six psychiatric hospitals, were asked to allocate 10 psychiatric diagnoses on the basis of typical clinical criteria (symptoms, course of illness, etiological and anamnestic data), with which they were supplied. The correct diagnosis was made in 45.3%, while in 82% the broad diagnostic group was correctly ascribed. The respondents were divided into two groups, according to the amount of diagnostic data they had been given (though in fact the information necessary for differential diagnosis was given equally to both groups). The group which made diagnosis on the grounds of more comprehensive data (ten characteristic diagnostic items) did significantly worse them the group which had few data (six characteristic items). The stereotypes for mania, endogenous depression, obsessional-compulsive neurosis, and antisocial personality disorder were correctly defined by 75% of more of the respondents. The profiles of the remaining six diagnostic groups were associated with the corresponding diagnoses by 50% or fewer of the respondents.", "PMID": 1016018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1217", "title": "[Autoradiographic investigations in repeated experimental brain concussion (author's transl)].", "content": "Single brain concussion in rabbits causes an increased proliferation of glial and mesenchymal cells. Repeated experimental concussions in rabbits (3 times at intervals of 24 h) led to an increased incorporation of H3-thymidine in glial and mesenchymal cells with a maximum at 48 h after the third concussion. This is interpreted as an indication of increased cell proliferation. The first and the second concussion did not cause a comparable reaction, thus suggesting that concussions may inhibit DNA synthesis under the conditions of our experimental setup. When the concussions were induced at an interval of 48 h the result was different: 48 h after each concussion we found an increase of labeled cells compared with the controls. After the second concussion the reaction was still more enhanced compared with the reaction following the first concussion. In contrast to this the number of labeled cells after the third concussion was significantly decreased compared with those after the second one. Parallels with pugilistic encephalopathy are discussed.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic investigations in repeated experimental brain concussion (author's transl)]. Single brain concussion in rabbits causes an increased proliferation of glial and mesenchymal cells. Repeated experimental concussions in rabbits (3 times at intervals of 24 h) led to an increased incorporation of H3-thymidine in glial and mesenchymal cells with a maximum at 48 h after the third concussion. This is interpreted as an indication of increased cell proliferation. The first and the second concussion did not cause a comparable reaction, thus suggesting that concussions may inhibit DNA synthesis under the conditions of our experimental setup. When the concussions were induced at an interval of 48 h the result was different: 48 h after each concussion we found an increase of labeled cells compared with the controls. After the second concussion the reaction was still more enhanced compared with the reaction following the first concussion. In contrast to this the number of labeled cells after the third concussion was significantly decreased compared with those after the second one. Parallels with pugilistic encephalopathy are discussed.", "PMID": 1016019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1218", "title": "Season of birth and Schneider-oriented diagnosis of schizophrenia, \"neurosis\" and psychopathy.", "content": "Most earlier studies and all studies on national samples in Scandinavia and in England and Wales have shown that schizophrenics have a significant excess of births in the early months of the year when compared with the expected distribution of the normal population. The present German study, carried out on schizophrenic patients diagnosed in a strongly Kurt Schneider--oriented clinic, in contrast to almost all other authors, demonstrated no such significant overrepresentation of births in the winter months. Thus, the findings of Danneel's (1973) German report, also utilizing Schneider-diagnosed schizophrenics, seem, at least for the present, to be confirmed.", "contents": "Season of birth and Schneider-oriented diagnosis of schizophrenia, \"neurosis\" and psychopathy. Most earlier studies and all studies on national samples in Scandinavia and in England and Wales have shown that schizophrenics have a significant excess of births in the early months of the year when compared with the expected distribution of the normal population. The present German study, carried out on schizophrenic patients diagnosed in a strongly Kurt Schneider--oriented clinic, in contrast to almost all other authors, demonstrated no such significant overrepresentation of births in the winter months. Thus, the findings of Danneel's (1973) German report, also utilizing Schneider-diagnosed schizophrenics, seem, at least for the present, to be confirmed.", "PMID": 1016020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1219", "title": "[Clinical observations on the psychopathology of amnesic episodes (transient global amnesia) (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations obtained by psychopathologic examination and some psychologic testing of two patients in the course of amnesic episodes (transient global amnesia) are presented and discussed. In both cases the psychopathologic findings are those of a reversible isolated amnesic syndrome, characterized by diffuse retrograde amnesia and recent memory deficit, whereas immediate and remote (personal) memory are preserved. Stereotype questions, disorientation in time, and--in one case--anxious restlessness, which accompany the amnesic syndrome, are probably due to impaired memory and the patient's awareness of it. This typical syndrome allows differentiation of amnesic episodes from other types of amnesia. In the first case, which had been under clinical observation from the beginning to the end of the amnesic episode, a special evolution of the event could be ascertained. The acute amnesic episode reached its climax with a certain delay and thereafter decreased gradually. It can be presumed that--at least during the remission phase in the second case--the ability of recall is impaired rather than that of registration and retention. Other findings obtained in the second case--and compared with observations in the literature--point out that in the phase of remission the timespan of retrieval seems to become longer and, in respect to previously applied sensory modalities, improves in a different manner.", "contents": "[Clinical observations on the psychopathology of amnesic episodes (transient global amnesia) (author's transl)]. Observations obtained by psychopathologic examination and some psychologic testing of two patients in the course of amnesic episodes (transient global amnesia) are presented and discussed. In both cases the psychopathologic findings are those of a reversible isolated amnesic syndrome, characterized by diffuse retrograde amnesia and recent memory deficit, whereas immediate and remote (personal) memory are preserved. Stereotype questions, disorientation in time, and--in one case--anxious restlessness, which accompany the amnesic syndrome, are probably due to impaired memory and the patient's awareness of it. This typical syndrome allows differentiation of amnesic episodes from other types of amnesia. In the first case, which had been under clinical observation from the beginning to the end of the amnesic episode, a special evolution of the event could be ascertained. The acute amnesic episode reached its climax with a certain delay and thereafter decreased gradually. It can be presumed that--at least during the remission phase in the second case--the ability of recall is impaired rather than that of registration and retention. Other findings obtained in the second case--and compared with observations in the literature--point out that in the phase of remission the timespan of retrieval seems to become longer and, in respect to previously applied sensory modalities, improves in a different manner.", "PMID": 1016021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1220", "title": "[Isobutylene diurea as a new source of NPN for ruminants. 1. Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acid composition after feeding of isobutylene diurea to sheep].", "content": "The paper first presents a survey of the existing literature where studies on the effects of isobutylidene diurea (IBDH) as NPN source for ruminants are discussed. Following this the authors discuss their own experiments on IBDH turnover. IBDH showed no toxi cation when tested in toxicity studies with rats which were carried out under standardized conditions. Within the framework of metabolism trial 4 growing male sheep (average liveweight: 30 kg) were fed a semisynthetic diet containing IBDH as sole N source. Each animal received 60 g IBDH per day. The average value for the apparent N digestibility was found to be 77.6%, the percentage for the average N ballance was 27.6%. The blood of the sheep was investigated, on a comparative basis, for the behaviour of free amino acids after the administration of an experimental semisynthetic diet containing IBDH or extracted soya bean meal as sole N source. The use of IBDH produced a higher concentration of free amino acids and a five-fold increase if urea concentrations in the blood plasma but reduced the Asp, Cys and Tyr levels when compared with the feeding of extracted soya bean meal. Similarly, IBDH supplementation increased the relative proportions of Gly, Lys, and His in blood plasma but reduced those of Asp, Val and Tyr. A positive relationship between the rate of IBDH hydrolysis and the decrease in pH was found in experiments studying the hydrolysis behaviour of IBDH at pH values from 1-7.", "contents": "[Isobutylene diurea as a new source of NPN for ruminants. 1. Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acid composition after feeding of isobutylene diurea to sheep]. The paper first presents a survey of the existing literature where studies on the effects of isobutylidene diurea (IBDH) as NPN source for ruminants are discussed. Following this the authors discuss their own experiments on IBDH turnover. IBDH showed no toxi cation when tested in toxicity studies with rats which were carried out under standardized conditions. Within the framework of metabolism trial 4 growing male sheep (average liveweight: 30 kg) were fed a semisynthetic diet containing IBDH as sole N source. Each animal received 60 g IBDH per day. The average value for the apparent N digestibility was found to be 77.6%, the percentage for the average N ballance was 27.6%. The blood of the sheep was investigated, on a comparative basis, for the behaviour of free amino acids after the administration of an experimental semisynthetic diet containing IBDH or extracted soya bean meal as sole N source. The use of IBDH produced a higher concentration of free amino acids and a five-fold increase if urea concentrations in the blood plasma but reduced the Asp, Cys and Tyr levels when compared with the feeding of extracted soya bean meal. Similarly, IBDH supplementation increased the relative proportions of Gly, Lys, and His in blood plasma but reduced those of Asp, Val and Tyr. A positive relationship between the rate of IBDH hydrolysis and the decrease in pH was found in experiments studying the hydrolysis behaviour of IBDH at pH values from 1-7.", "PMID": 1016050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1221", "title": "[Histological studies on cow intestinal mucosa and electron microscopic studies of the ruminal epithelium of cows fed a deficient diet for a prolonged time].", "content": "Histological and histochemical studies were carried out on the gastro-intestinal mucosa of three experimental cows (roughages/maize silage) and three control animals. The animals were slaughtered on termination of the long-term trial. Mucosa samples were taken, for further study, from the rumen, the duodenum, the jejunum, the large intestine and the appendix. Histochemical analysis did not reveal any essential differences in the activities of non-specific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase and lactic acid dehydrogenase in the mucosa of the rumen, the large and the small intestine and the appendix of both the experimental animals and the controls. The experimental animals were found to exhibit a higher rate of glutamate-dehydrogenase activity in the ruminal mucosa and in the mucosa of the large and small intestine. A higher succinate dehydrogenase activity was observed in the ruminal mucosa of the experimental animals, relative to that of the controls, while the activity in the intestinal mucosa was decreased. Only slight changes were noted in the activity of the enzymatic systems tested. Electron microscopic studies did not reveal any differences in the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the ruminal mucosa in both the experimental animal and the controls.", "contents": "[Histological studies on cow intestinal mucosa and electron microscopic studies of the ruminal epithelium of cows fed a deficient diet for a prolonged time]. Histological and histochemical studies were carried out on the gastro-intestinal mucosa of three experimental cows (roughages/maize silage) and three control animals. The animals were slaughtered on termination of the long-term trial. Mucosa samples were taken, for further study, from the rumen, the duodenum, the jejunum, the large intestine and the appendix. Histochemical analysis did not reveal any essential differences in the activities of non-specific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase and lactic acid dehydrogenase in the mucosa of the rumen, the large and the small intestine and the appendix of both the experimental animals and the controls. The experimental animals were found to exhibit a higher rate of glutamate-dehydrogenase activity in the ruminal mucosa and in the mucosa of the large and small intestine. A higher succinate dehydrogenase activity was observed in the ruminal mucosa of the experimental animals, relative to that of the controls, while the activity in the intestinal mucosa was decreased. Only slight changes were noted in the activity of the enzymatic systems tested. Electron microscopic studies did not reveal any differences in the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the ruminal mucosa in both the experimental animal and the controls.", "PMID": 1016051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1222", "title": "[Excessive oral administration of iron to sheep. 1. Digestibility of rations, results of fattening and carcass yields].", "content": "4 digestibility trials (4 male sheep per group) and 2 growth trials were carried out with 24 (V 1) and 32 (V 2) fattening lambs to investigate the effect of abundant oral Fe doses on the digestibility of crude nutrients in a ration of barley + dried green feed and on the results of fattening and carcass yields. Fe supplementation (less than 1400 mg per sheep/day) did not significantly change the digestibility coefficients of crude nutrients. Increasing Fe levels in the concentrates decreased the rates of liveweight increase and food consumption in both growth trials. Well-established statistical evidence was provided for the decline in absolute carcass yields resulting from the lower weight of the lambs at the end of the fattening period after Fe supplementation.", "contents": "[Excessive oral administration of iron to sheep. 1. Digestibility of rations, results of fattening and carcass yields]. 4 digestibility trials (4 male sheep per group) and 2 growth trials were carried out with 24 (V 1) and 32 (V 2) fattening lambs to investigate the effect of abundant oral Fe doses on the digestibility of crude nutrients in a ration of barley + dried green feed and on the results of fattening and carcass yields. Fe supplementation (less than 1400 mg per sheep/day) did not significantly change the digestibility coefficients of crude nutrients. Increasing Fe levels in the concentrates decreased the rates of liveweight increase and food consumption in both growth trials. Well-established statistical evidence was provided for the decline in absolute carcass yields resulting from the lower weight of the lambs at the end of the fattening period after Fe supplementation.", "PMID": 1016052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1223", "title": "[Nickel content in the milk of lactating rats under intake of various amounts of nickel].", "content": "Model experiments were carried out with rats showing that the average Ni concentrations in the milk of the experimental animals receiving a Ni deficient diet (40 ppb of dietary Ni), relative to those of the controls (20 ppm), declined from 1088 ng/g to 726 ng/g (33%). This produced a Ni deficiency in the youngs of the rats resulting in retarded growth, reduced Fe absorption and a decline in enzymatic activity. An increase in the Ni content of the milk from both the experimental animals and the controls was observed during lactation. In the Ni deficient group this upward trend was longer noticeable from about the middle of the lactation period onwards. Animals in the Ni deficient group excreted about three times as much Ni through the milk as was ingested with the food. Because of the wide range of deviations of the Ni content in the different animals the Ni content of the milk cannot be used, under practical conditions, as an index of a state of Ni deficiency.", "contents": "[Nickel content in the milk of lactating rats under intake of various amounts of nickel]. Model experiments were carried out with rats showing that the average Ni concentrations in the milk of the experimental animals receiving a Ni deficient diet (40 ppb of dietary Ni), relative to those of the controls (20 ppm), declined from 1088 ng/g to 726 ng/g (33%). This produced a Ni deficiency in the youngs of the rats resulting in retarded growth, reduced Fe absorption and a decline in enzymatic activity. An increase in the Ni content of the milk from both the experimental animals and the controls was observed during lactation. In the Ni deficient group this upward trend was longer noticeable from about the middle of the lactation period onwards. Animals in the Ni deficient group excreted about three times as much Ni through the milk as was ingested with the food. Because of the wide range of deviations of the Ni content in the different animals the Ni content of the milk cannot be used, under practical conditions, as an index of a state of Ni deficiency.", "PMID": 1016053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1224", "title": "[The problem of the use of urea in feeding swine].", "content": "For a period of 9 days growing fattening pigs (with liveweights ranging from 40 to 50 kgs were fed a ration of autumn barley, dried skim mild and wheat gluten supplemented with 0.5% of 15N labelled urea (12.5% of the total N). The N balance and the rate of 15N protein retention as well as the rates of protein and amino acid synthesis in the different organs and tissues of the carcasses were estimated by emission spectrometry after amino acid fractionation. On an average, 19.3% of the ingested urea were retained, while only 4% N were retained in the essential amino acids found in the carcasses. This proportion will, to a large extent, result from transamination processes and, to a lesser extent, from microbia synthesis. From this it may be concluded that urea N does not induce any appreciable synthesis of amino acids in pigs so that urea cannot be regarded as a suitable substitute for protein feeds in the feeding of monogastric animals.", "contents": "[The problem of the use of urea in feeding swine]. For a period of 9 days growing fattening pigs (with liveweights ranging from 40 to 50 kgs were fed a ration of autumn barley, dried skim mild and wheat gluten supplemented with 0.5% of 15N labelled urea (12.5% of the total N). The N balance and the rate of 15N protein retention as well as the rates of protein and amino acid synthesis in the different organs and tissues of the carcasses were estimated by emission spectrometry after amino acid fractionation. On an average, 19.3% of the ingested urea were retained, while only 4% N were retained in the essential amino acids found in the carcasses. This proportion will, to a large extent, result from transamination processes and, to a lesser extent, from microbia synthesis. From this it may be concluded that urea N does not induce any appreciable synthesis of amino acids in pigs so that urea cannot be regarded as a suitable substitute for protein feeds in the feeding of monogastric animals.", "PMID": 1016054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1225", "title": "[The substitution of lysine supplemented high protein wheat for protein feeds during the rearing and laying periods of hens. 8. Nitrogen excretion and true amino acid digestibility as an effect of various lysine levels and successive laying periods].", "content": "Digestibility trials were performed with laying hens receiving 3 types of rations containing equal proportions of the same dietary components. The percentage of high-protein wheat in these rations was 74%. Ration I was supplemented with 0.12% lysine while 0.06% lysine was added to ration II; ration III remained unsupplemented. The crude protein content of rations 1 to 3 was 16.1%, 16.5% and 16.6%, respectively. The corresponding lysine percentages were 0.66, 0.62 and 0.56. Studies were made to investigate the influence of different lysine levels on the rate of N excretion and various amino acid data. These studies were carried out during two successive laying periods. Only random differences between the data for urinary N excretion and N balances per kg liveweight were obtained in the two laying periods and for the different lysine levels. The true lysine digestibility was significantly lower in the poor-lysine ration as compared with the ration with 0.66% lysine. Moreover, the absorptive capacity for thio-amino acids is influenced by the lysine level of the ration. The proportion of lysine contained in faecal crude protein increased with the decreasing lysine content of the ration. Similarly, the total number of amino acids present in faecal crude protein increased with the declining supply of lysine. These findings suggest that relatively more NPN compounds are excreted in the faeces if adequate amounts of amino acids are supplied rather than when one amino acid is deficient.", "contents": "[The substitution of lysine supplemented high protein wheat for protein feeds during the rearing and laying periods of hens. 8. Nitrogen excretion and true amino acid digestibility as an effect of various lysine levels and successive laying periods]. Digestibility trials were performed with laying hens receiving 3 types of rations containing equal proportions of the same dietary components. The percentage of high-protein wheat in these rations was 74%. Ration I was supplemented with 0.12% lysine while 0.06% lysine was added to ration II; ration III remained unsupplemented. The crude protein content of rations 1 to 3 was 16.1%, 16.5% and 16.6%, respectively. The corresponding lysine percentages were 0.66, 0.62 and 0.56. Studies were made to investigate the influence of different lysine levels on the rate of N excretion and various amino acid data. These studies were carried out during two successive laying periods. Only random differences between the data for urinary N excretion and N balances per kg liveweight were obtained in the two laying periods and for the different lysine levels. The true lysine digestibility was significantly lower in the poor-lysine ration as compared with the ration with 0.66% lysine. Moreover, the absorptive capacity for thio-amino acids is influenced by the lysine level of the ration. The proportion of lysine contained in faecal crude protein increased with the decreasing lysine content of the ration. Similarly, the total number of amino acids present in faecal crude protein increased with the declining supply of lysine. These findings suggest that relatively more NPN compounds are excreted in the faeces if adequate amounts of amino acids are supplied rather than when one amino acid is deficient.", "PMID": 1016055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1226", "title": "[The substitution of protein feed by lysine supplemented high protein wheat during the rearing and laying period in hens. 9. True amino acid digestibility of rations with varying lysine levels in hens who had a colostomy].", "content": "24 experimental birds were fed the same basal ration containing 74% high-protein wheat, 4% extracted soya bean meal, 7% extracted groundnut meal, 2% feed yeast, 1.75% dried green meal, 1.25% mixed vitamins and 10% of a mineral mixture. The birds were placed in 4 groups each comprising 6 hens. The first two groups received an optimum of lysine (0.68%) added to the ration. The rations for the two other groups contained 0.55% lysine. 6 birds of each group receiving either the lysinesupplemented or the unsupplemented rations were colostomated to investigate in which way the hydrolysed urine would affect the true amino acid digestibility. 8.3% of urinary N from the total amount of faecal N were precipitated as uranyl acetate in the faeces of hens fed the lysine-supplemented ration as compared with 7.3% urinary N in birds receiving the unsupplemented ration. The corresponding figures for non-precipitable faecal N were 8.9% and 8.2%. A comparison was made between the levels of amino acids excreted by colostomated and non-colostomated hens showing that 12.4% +/- 3% and 11.7% +/- 3% more amino acids (figures for the supplemented and unsupplemented rations) were excreted in the presence of urine. On the basis of these results the authors recommend that only colostomated hens should be used in digestibility and total metabolism trials.", "contents": "[The substitution of protein feed by lysine supplemented high protein wheat during the rearing and laying period in hens. 9. True amino acid digestibility of rations with varying lysine levels in hens who had a colostomy]. 24 experimental birds were fed the same basal ration containing 74% high-protein wheat, 4% extracted soya bean meal, 7% extracted groundnut meal, 2% feed yeast, 1.75% dried green meal, 1.25% mixed vitamins and 10% of a mineral mixture. The birds were placed in 4 groups each comprising 6 hens. The first two groups received an optimum of lysine (0.68%) added to the ration. The rations for the two other groups contained 0.55% lysine. 6 birds of each group receiving either the lysinesupplemented or the unsupplemented rations were colostomated to investigate in which way the hydrolysed urine would affect the true amino acid digestibility. 8.3% of urinary N from the total amount of faecal N were precipitated as uranyl acetate in the faeces of hens fed the lysine-supplemented ration as compared with 7.3% urinary N in birds receiving the unsupplemented ration. The corresponding figures for non-precipitable faecal N were 8.9% and 8.2%. A comparison was made between the levels of amino acids excreted by colostomated and non-colostomated hens showing that 12.4% +/- 3% and 11.7% +/- 3% more amino acids (figures for the supplemented and unsupplemented rations) were excreted in the presence of urine. On the basis of these results the authors recommend that only colostomated hens should be used in digestibility and total metabolism trials.", "PMID": 1016056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1227", "title": "[Studies on methods for the determination of amino acid requirements for metabolic balance based on the oxidation rate of 14C labeled lysine to 14CO2].", "content": "Male experimental rats (100 gm liveweight) were distributed into 10 groups of 8 animals each and received balanced diets, with the exception of lysine which was added to the diets in graded amounts in such a way that the lysine content of the diets ranged from 2.44 to 5.92 gm/16 gm N. After a feeding period of 7 days the animals received 3H- and 14C lysine injected intraperitoneally, 4 animals of each group were investigated for the total CO2 excretion and 14CO2 excretion during the first 2 hrs after the injection and for the urinary excretion of radioactivity (48 hours). The remaining animals in each group were used for determining the plasma amino acids and for establishing the specific radioactivity of free lysine in the liver and muscles after an 1-hour incorporation period. Total CO2 excretion was not found to be influenced by the lysine contents while the level of excretion of 14C activity through CO2 and that of specific 14C activity of CO2 increased with increasing lysine concentrations. This produced a broken curve pattern, showing an increased release of 14CO2 (under maintenance conditions) if the diet contained 4 gm lysine/16 gm N and more. Investigations for the specific 14C activity of free lysine in the liver, the main site of lysine oxidation, showed that the increase in 14CO2 release was due to an enhanced rate of lysine catabolism and was not brought about by changes in the pool volume or in specific radioactivity. The levels of urinary 14C excretion were not found to be related to the lysine content of the diets, whereas the curve pattern of 3H excretion observed 5 to 8 hrs after injection was similar to that of 14CO2 excretion. The lysine content of blood plasma and the content of free lysine in the liver increased continuously with increasing levels of dietary lysine. The methodological studies made in the present paper showed that in scientific research a determination of amino acid requirements on the basis of CO2 oxidation data may be a very exact and sensitive method. It will also yield values for maintenance requirements.", "contents": "[Studies on methods for the determination of amino acid requirements for metabolic balance based on the oxidation rate of 14C labeled lysine to 14CO2]. Male experimental rats (100 gm liveweight) were distributed into 10 groups of 8 animals each and received balanced diets, with the exception of lysine which was added to the diets in graded amounts in such a way that the lysine content of the diets ranged from 2.44 to 5.92 gm/16 gm N. After a feeding period of 7 days the animals received 3H- and 14C lysine injected intraperitoneally, 4 animals of each group were investigated for the total CO2 excretion and 14CO2 excretion during the first 2 hrs after the injection and for the urinary excretion of radioactivity (48 hours). The remaining animals in each group were used for determining the plasma amino acids and for establishing the specific radioactivity of free lysine in the liver and muscles after an 1-hour incorporation period. Total CO2 excretion was not found to be influenced by the lysine contents while the level of excretion of 14C activity through CO2 and that of specific 14C activity of CO2 increased with increasing lysine concentrations. This produced a broken curve pattern, showing an increased release of 14CO2 (under maintenance conditions) if the diet contained 4 gm lysine/16 gm N and more. Investigations for the specific 14C activity of free lysine in the liver, the main site of lysine oxidation, showed that the increase in 14CO2 release was due to an enhanced rate of lysine catabolism and was not brought about by changes in the pool volume or in specific radioactivity. The levels of urinary 14C excretion were not found to be related to the lysine content of the diets, whereas the curve pattern of 3H excretion observed 5 to 8 hrs after injection was similar to that of 14CO2 excretion. The lysine content of blood plasma and the content of free lysine in the liver increased continuously with increasing levels of dietary lysine. The methodological studies made in the present paper showed that in scientific research a determination of amino acid requirements on the basis of CO2 oxidation data may be a very exact and sensitive method. It will also yield values for maintenance requirements.", "PMID": 1016057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1228", "title": "[Studies on the true amino acid digestibility in pigs of various wheat varieties from the Soviet Union].", "content": "Studies were carried out with pigs for determining, with classical methods, the true digestibility of amino acids contained in 5 intensively grown wheat varieties imported from the Soviet Union and in one wheat variety grown in the GDR. Of all the varieties tested the variety Mironovskaya 808 exhibited the best characteristics. An extremely low true lysine digestibility was established for the variety Avrora (68%). If this variety is to be more extensively grown and used for feeding purposes further studies will have to be made to see whether this low lysine digestibility is really characteristic of this variety.", "contents": "[Studies on the true amino acid digestibility in pigs of various wheat varieties from the Soviet Union]. Studies were carried out with pigs for determining, with classical methods, the true digestibility of amino acids contained in 5 intensively grown wheat varieties imported from the Soviet Union and in one wheat variety grown in the GDR. Of all the varieties tested the variety Mironovskaya 808 exhibited the best characteristics. An extremely low true lysine digestibility was established for the variety Avrora (68%). If this variety is to be more extensively grown and used for feeding purposes further studies will have to be made to see whether this low lysine digestibility is really characteristic of this variety.", "PMID": 1016058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1229", "title": "[The effect of addition of formic acid to the rations on the energy metabolism of sheep and young bulls].", "content": "Total metabolism trials were carried out with 8 fattening bulls and 4 male sheep receiving rations supplemented with formic acid. Comparative trials were performed with lucerne conservates. The following results were obtained: Formic acid supplements of up to 0.7 gm/kg liveweight per animal/day did not influence the ruminal fermentation and the digestibility of the food beyond ordinary dissimilation processes nor did they influence the energy turnover in the animals. Already in the rumen, the added HCOOH was largely broken down into CO2 and CH4. Higher levels of N retention were observed if the animals were fed fresh lucerne silage supplemented with formic acid as compared with dried green feed and the other types of silage.", "contents": "[The effect of addition of formic acid to the rations on the energy metabolism of sheep and young bulls]. Total metabolism trials were carried out with 8 fattening bulls and 4 male sheep receiving rations supplemented with formic acid. Comparative trials were performed with lucerne conservates. The following results were obtained: Formic acid supplements of up to 0.7 gm/kg liveweight per animal/day did not influence the ruminal fermentation and the digestibility of the food beyond ordinary dissimilation processes nor did they influence the energy turnover in the animals. Already in the rumen, the added HCOOH was largely broken down into CO2 and CH4. Higher levels of N retention were observed if the animals were fed fresh lucerne silage supplemented with formic acid as compared with dried green feed and the other types of silage.", "PMID": 1016059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1230", "title": "[The protozoa population in the rumen of fattening bulls fed varying feed and the effect of artificial transfer of protozoa].", "content": "High protozoa concentrations were found in the ruminal fluid of fattening bulls weighing 400 kg which were raised for the first five months of age in a large-size calf-raising plant. The ruminal fluid of these bulls, however, contained no protozoa of the group Holotricha. If the animals were fed a mixture of concentrates and pelleted straw (pH 6, 12.5 mMole of volatile fatty acids per 100 ml) 1 ml of the ruminal fluid was found to contain 827,000 protozoa whereas if the animals received rations rich in concentrates (pH 5.8, 14 mMole of volatile fatty acids) 1 ml of ruminal fluid contained only 578,000. Through protozoa transfer carried out by infusing 41 of a mixture of ruminal fluid from other cows per animal it was possible to settle other species, viz. Isotricha, Dasytricha and Ophryoscolex; this, in turn, produced a concomitant decrease in the number of Entodinium and a noticeable decline in the total protozoa population. Further work will be necessary to find out whether it would be advisable to influence the protozoa population of growing cattle kept in large-size cow plants in similar ways as described above.", "contents": "[The protozoa population in the rumen of fattening bulls fed varying feed and the effect of artificial transfer of protozoa]. High protozoa concentrations were found in the ruminal fluid of fattening bulls weighing 400 kg which were raised for the first five months of age in a large-size calf-raising plant. The ruminal fluid of these bulls, however, contained no protozoa of the group Holotricha. If the animals were fed a mixture of concentrates and pelleted straw (pH 6, 12.5 mMole of volatile fatty acids per 100 ml) 1 ml of the ruminal fluid was found to contain 827,000 protozoa whereas if the animals received rations rich in concentrates (pH 5.8, 14 mMole of volatile fatty acids) 1 ml of ruminal fluid contained only 578,000. Through protozoa transfer carried out by infusing 41 of a mixture of ruminal fluid from other cows per animal it was possible to settle other species, viz. Isotricha, Dasytricha and Ophryoscolex; this, in turn, produced a concomitant decrease in the number of Entodinium and a noticeable decline in the total protozoa population. Further work will be necessary to find out whether it would be advisable to influence the protozoa population of growing cattle kept in large-size cow plants in similar ways as described above.", "PMID": 1016060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1231", "title": "[The effect of straw in ground and pelleted form on the rumen fermentation and protozoa].", "content": "Cows possessing a large ruminal fistula were fed straw meal and pelleted wheat straw to investigate its effect on ruminal fermentation (concentration of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (FFS), pH, molar proportions of FFS, rates of FFS production) and on the protozoa population. The straw-concentrate mixture used in the present trial contained 40% of straw. The feeding of pelleted straw produced a significant rise in FFS concentrations (from 8.8. to 12.3 mMole/100 ml) and a corresponding decline of pH (from 6.7 to 6.1). With high molar proportions of acetate (72 mole%) the influence of the straw diet on molar FFS proportions was low. The NH3 peak observed 1 hr after feeding was higher with the pelleted straw than with the straw meal. The feeding of finely gound straw produced a higher level of FFS production (by 10%) than that of straw pellets. (3.88 and 4.29 mMole per gm DM). The number of protozoa (per ml of ruminal fluid) was 335,000 (straw meal) and 121,833 (pellets). The number of large infusorial cells (Isotricha, Diplodinium, Ophryoscolex) decreased correspondingly from 70,000 (straw meal) to 18,870 per ml (pellets). These results suggest that the feeding of pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures to cows as sole feed will not bring about optimum conditions for ruminal fermentation (FFS formation, protein synthesis) and for the layering of ruminal contents.", "contents": "[The effect of straw in ground and pelleted form on the rumen fermentation and protozoa]. Cows possessing a large ruminal fistula were fed straw meal and pelleted wheat straw to investigate its effect on ruminal fermentation (concentration of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (FFS), pH, molar proportions of FFS, rates of FFS production) and on the protozoa population. The straw-concentrate mixture used in the present trial contained 40% of straw. The feeding of pelleted straw produced a significant rise in FFS concentrations (from 8.8. to 12.3 mMole/100 ml) and a corresponding decline of pH (from 6.7 to 6.1). With high molar proportions of acetate (72 mole%) the influence of the straw diet on molar FFS proportions was low. The NH3 peak observed 1 hr after feeding was higher with the pelleted straw than with the straw meal. The feeding of finely gound straw produced a higher level of FFS production (by 10%) than that of straw pellets. (3.88 and 4.29 mMole per gm DM). The number of protozoa (per ml of ruminal fluid) was 335,000 (straw meal) and 121,833 (pellets). The number of large infusorial cells (Isotricha, Diplodinium, Ophryoscolex) decreased correspondingly from 70,000 (straw meal) to 18,870 per ml (pellets). These results suggest that the feeding of pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures to cows as sole feed will not bring about optimum conditions for ruminal fermentation (FFS formation, protein synthesis) and for the layering of ruminal contents.", "PMID": 1016061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1232", "title": "[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in the lactating pig with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 1. Report. Description of the study methods for protein utilization in the use of peanut extraction residues and dry skim milk in the ration].", "content": "A method is discussed which has been used to investigate protein utilization in lactating sows. Two N balance trials were carried out to establish the degree of protein utilization of mixed feed rations. The rations contained barley, oats and flaked potatoes. Extracted pea nut meal or, for comparison, dried skim milk, were added as protein sources. The average biological value achieved was 42% if extracted pea nut meal was fed and 59% if dried skim milk was added. The corresponding PPV data were 33% for the rations containing extracted pea nut meal and 49% for the dried skim milk rations. Balances made for the rate of dietary amino acid intake and amino acid excretion in the milk showed that lysine deficiency occurred when rations were fed containing the extracted pea nut meal.", "contents": "[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in the lactating pig with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 1. Report. Description of the study methods for protein utilization in the use of peanut extraction residues and dry skim milk in the ration]. A method is discussed which has been used to investigate protein utilization in lactating sows. Two N balance trials were carried out to establish the degree of protein utilization of mixed feed rations. The rations contained barley, oats and flaked potatoes. Extracted pea nut meal or, for comparison, dried skim milk, were added as protein sources. The average biological value achieved was 42% if extracted pea nut meal was fed and 59% if dried skim milk was added. The corresponding PPV data were 33% for the rations containing extracted pea nut meal and 49% for the dried skim milk rations. Balances made for the rate of dietary amino acid intake and amino acid excretion in the milk showed that lysine deficiency occurred when rations were fed containing the extracted pea nut meal.", "PMID": 1016062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1233", "title": "[The effect of proteinase inhibitors in rats. 1. Report. Effect of a short-term application on the N balance, the free amino acids in liver and muscles and the biological half-life of the intestinal tissue proteins].", "content": "Short-term trials with a triazin derivative and a peptide aldehyde were carried out to investigate the in-vivo administration of proteinase inhibitors in rats for improving the N balance of the animals. The results of N balances suggest that the peptide aldehyde may be regarded as a promising substance that may be used to increase the rate of utilization of the absorbed N in the intermediary metabolism. The short-term use of both active compounds did not affect the true N digestibility. The two compounds did not influence the concentration of free amino acids in the liver and muscle tissue under the experimental feeding conditions used. Similarly, tests of the biological half-life of proteins taken from the small and large intestine did not reveal any changes due to the presence of the inhibitors. Animals receiving a protein-free diet exhibited longer half-life periods for proteins from the small and large intestine compared with animals of the other groups. A protein-free nutrition of the animals caused a general increase in the levels of free non-essential amino acids in the liver. This was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in essential amino acids. The same type of nutrition led to a general decline in the concentration of free amino acids in muscular tissue, particularly of the essential amino acids. High-protein nutrition led especially to an increase in the concentration of branched-chain amino acids in both types of tissues investigated.", "contents": "[The effect of proteinase inhibitors in rats. 1. Report. Effect of a short-term application on the N balance, the free amino acids in liver and muscles and the biological half-life of the intestinal tissue proteins]. Short-term trials with a triazin derivative and a peptide aldehyde were carried out to investigate the in-vivo administration of proteinase inhibitors in rats for improving the N balance of the animals. The results of N balances suggest that the peptide aldehyde may be regarded as a promising substance that may be used to increase the rate of utilization of the absorbed N in the intermediary metabolism. The short-term use of both active compounds did not affect the true N digestibility. The two compounds did not influence the concentration of free amino acids in the liver and muscle tissue under the experimental feeding conditions used. Similarly, tests of the biological half-life of proteins taken from the small and large intestine did not reveal any changes due to the presence of the inhibitors. Animals receiving a protein-free diet exhibited longer half-life periods for proteins from the small and large intestine compared with animals of the other groups. A protein-free nutrition of the animals caused a general increase in the levels of free non-essential amino acids in the liver. This was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in essential amino acids. The same type of nutrition led to a general decline in the concentration of free amino acids in muscular tissue, particularly of the essential amino acids. High-protein nutrition led especially to an increase in the concentration of branched-chain amino acids in both types of tissues investigated.", "PMID": 1016063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1234", "title": "[The nitrogen metabolism of broiler chickens with 15N-labeled wheat. 2. Report. 15N concentration in the gastrointestinal tract and its contents].", "content": "17 broilers received a wheat-soya bean meal-pea nut ration containing an excess of 15N atom% (6.54%). The birds were slaughtered 3, 6, 12, 36, 60 and 108 hours after the last 15N'-intake. Up to 12 hrs after slaughtering the contents of the crop and the stomachs were found to contain a higher excess of 15N atom% than the food. The contents of the small intestine at that time contained only 1/4 of the 15N concentration present in the crop and the stomachs (2.7%). Later on the excess of 15N atom% decreased to 1.7%, 1.4% and 0.8% and was 4 times as high as that found in the crop and the stomach. Higher 15N' concentrations, compared with those in the small intestine, were found in the contents of the caecum, the colon, and the rectum, for a period of up to 12 hrs after administration of the last portion of labelled food. The 15N' concentrations in the crop and the stomachs are due to a more prolonged storage of wheat relative to that of the extracted meals. The interrelationship between the contents of the small intestine and the contents of the higher sections of the gastro-intestinal tract suggests that a secretion of N-containing substances takes place, although it was not possible to determine these substances quantitatively. Values for the excess of 15N atom% in the crop and oesophagus and in the muscular stomach were found to be in close correspondence both with regard to their level and time pattern. The decline in the glandular stomach was more rapid than in the muscular stomach. A very close correlation (r=0.99) was found between the 15N atom% in the contents of the intestine and in the intestinal wall. The N content of the small intestine (expressed as mg) was significantly higher after 3 hrs and 6 hrs of fasting than after a fasting period of 12 hours. Theoretical aspects of the involvement of the intestine in the process of metabolism are discussed in some detail.", "contents": "[The nitrogen metabolism of broiler chickens with 15N-labeled wheat. 2. Report. 15N concentration in the gastrointestinal tract and its contents]. 17 broilers received a wheat-soya bean meal-pea nut ration containing an excess of 15N atom% (6.54%). The birds were slaughtered 3, 6, 12, 36, 60 and 108 hours after the last 15N'-intake. Up to 12 hrs after slaughtering the contents of the crop and the stomachs were found to contain a higher excess of 15N atom% than the food. The contents of the small intestine at that time contained only 1/4 of the 15N concentration present in the crop and the stomachs (2.7%). Later on the excess of 15N atom% decreased to 1.7%, 1.4% and 0.8% and was 4 times as high as that found in the crop and the stomach. Higher 15N' concentrations, compared with those in the small intestine, were found in the contents of the caecum, the colon, and the rectum, for a period of up to 12 hrs after administration of the last portion of labelled food. The 15N' concentrations in the crop and the stomachs are due to a more prolonged storage of wheat relative to that of the extracted meals. The interrelationship between the contents of the small intestine and the contents of the higher sections of the gastro-intestinal tract suggests that a secretion of N-containing substances takes place, although it was not possible to determine these substances quantitatively. Values for the excess of 15N atom% in the crop and oesophagus and in the muscular stomach were found to be in close correspondence both with regard to their level and time pattern. The decline in the glandular stomach was more rapid than in the muscular stomach. A very close correlation (r=0.99) was found between the 15N atom% in the contents of the intestine and in the intestinal wall. The N content of the small intestine (expressed as mg) was significantly higher after 3 hrs and 6 hrs of fasting than after a fasting period of 12 hours. Theoretical aspects of the involvement of the intestine in the process of metabolism are discussed in some detail.", "PMID": 1016064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1235", "title": "Study of the lymphocyte in vitro response to rubella antigen and phytohemagglutinin by a whole blood method.", "content": "A whole blood culture method was used to study lymphocyte in vitro responses to rubella antigen and to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in rubella infection. The acute phase of infection in four cases was characterized by high spontaneous incorporation of 14C-thymidine in the cultures, unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to rubella antigen, and absence of response, or relatively low response, to PHA. Cells showing vigorous in vitro response to rubella antigen appeared at about two weeks after the onset of rash. Lymphocyte PHA response returned to normal by day 31. Three rubella vaccinees exhibited a similar response. The use of whole blood lymphocyte cultures stimulated with multiple doses of mitogen and with antigen appears to be a promising technique for studies of \"general\" and \"specific\" cell-mediated immunity in viral infections.", "contents": "Study of the lymphocyte in vitro response to rubella antigen and phytohemagglutinin by a whole blood method. A whole blood culture method was used to study lymphocyte in vitro responses to rubella antigen and to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in rubella infection. The acute phase of infection in four cases was characterized by high spontaneous incorporation of 14C-thymidine in the cultures, unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to rubella antigen, and absence of response, or relatively low response, to PHA. Cells showing vigorous in vitro response to rubella antigen appeared at about two weeks after the onset of rash. Lymphocyte PHA response returned to normal by day 31. Three rubella vaccinees exhibited a similar response. The use of whole blood lymphocyte cultures stimulated with multiple doses of mitogen and with antigen appears to be a promising technique for studies of \"general\" and \"specific\" cell-mediated immunity in viral infections.", "PMID": 1016065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1236", "title": "[Problems of pathomorphology of generalized Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon in endotoxic shock].", "content": "On the basis of 52 sectional observation on post-delivery and post-abortion complications the clinico-morphological picture of endotoxin shock, which proceeded according to the type of the generalized phenomenon of Sanarelli-Schwartzmann, is discussed. The condition was characterized by an acute onset, signs of shock with a drop of arterial pressure, the hemorrhagic syndrome. Morphologically, disorder of the microcirculation was observed: hyperemia, stases in many organs, disseminated microthrombosis in capillaries. The thrombosis was complicated by origination of necroses of the adrenal cortex and adrenals, hypophysis, by ulcers in the stomach and intestine. The \"coagulopathy of consumption\" was the cause of appearing multiple hemorrhages and bleedings.", "contents": "[Problems of pathomorphology of generalized Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon in endotoxic shock]. On the basis of 52 sectional observation on post-delivery and post-abortion complications the clinico-morphological picture of endotoxin shock, which proceeded according to the type of the generalized phenomenon of Sanarelli-Schwartzmann, is discussed. The condition was characterized by an acute onset, signs of shock with a drop of arterial pressure, the hemorrhagic syndrome. Morphologically, disorder of the microcirculation was observed: hyperemia, stases in many organs, disseminated microthrombosis in capillaries. The thrombosis was complicated by origination of necroses of the adrenal cortex and adrenals, hypophysis, by ulcers in the stomach and intestine. The \"coagulopathy of consumption\" was the cause of appearing multiple hemorrhages and bleedings.", "PMID": 1016078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1237", "title": "[Acute renal insufficiency in exogenous poisoning (problems of classification and pathogenesis)].", "content": "Acute renal insufficiency (ARI) -- one of the most frequent manifestations of many exogenous intoxications. On the ground of a morphological investigation of 625 kidneys in poisoning with various poisons, the authors have come to the conclusion that the acute nephrotic syndrome is the basis of ARI in a \"toxic\" kidney\". A morphological classification of the nephrotic syndrome is given: necrotic nephrosis hydropic nephrosis (glycolic nephrosis), cortical necrosis of the kidney, excretory nephrosis, acute lipid nephrosis. Morphological characteristics of the nephrotic syndrome forms referred to above are presented. Lesions of the kidney in exogenous intoxications are caused first of all by the direct toxic action of a poison. Toxic shock is an important factor in the development of ARI.", "contents": "[Acute renal insufficiency in exogenous poisoning (problems of classification and pathogenesis)]. Acute renal insufficiency (ARI) -- one of the most frequent manifestations of many exogenous intoxications. On the ground of a morphological investigation of 625 kidneys in poisoning with various poisons, the authors have come to the conclusion that the acute nephrotic syndrome is the basis of ARI in a \"toxic\" kidney\". A morphological classification of the nephrotic syndrome is given: necrotic nephrosis hydropic nephrosis (glycolic nephrosis), cortical necrosis of the kidney, excretory nephrosis, acute lipid nephrosis. Morphological characteristics of the nephrotic syndrome forms referred to above are presented. Lesions of the kidney in exogenous intoxications are caused first of all by the direct toxic action of a poison. Toxic shock is an important factor in the development of ARI.", "PMID": 1016079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1238", "title": "[Desmoid tumors and their mitotic system (morphological diagnosis and problems of prognosis)].", "content": "Results of histological studies of desmoid tumours of various localisation and determination of their mitotic regimen are presented. the mitotic regimen of nonrelapsing desmoids is characterized by an extremely low mitotic index (on the average 0.9 mitosis per 1000 cells), a normal ratio of phases of mitosis and by the presence of only individual pathological mitoses. In the group of relapsing desmoids the mitotic index on the average is 2.4%; the analysis of the percentage ratio of mitosis phases reveals predominance of metaphases, the frequency of pathological mitoses being increased. These changes apparently reflect the trend of these tumours towards the unlimited growth, which is confirmed by their clinical course.", "contents": "[Desmoid tumors and their mitotic system (morphological diagnosis and problems of prognosis)]. Results of histological studies of desmoid tumours of various localisation and determination of their mitotic regimen are presented. the mitotic regimen of nonrelapsing desmoids is characterized by an extremely low mitotic index (on the average 0.9 mitosis per 1000 cells), a normal ratio of phases of mitosis and by the presence of only individual pathological mitoses. In the group of relapsing desmoids the mitotic index on the average is 2.4%; the analysis of the percentage ratio of mitosis phases reveals predominance of metaphases, the frequency of pathological mitoses being increased. These changes apparently reflect the trend of these tumours towards the unlimited growth, which is confirmed by their clinical course.", "PMID": 1016080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1239", "title": "[Topography of changes in the mucosa of the gastro-duodenal region in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer].", "content": "Topographic studies of 789 gastro- and duodenobiopsies obtained from 493 patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer and from 37 individuals without gastro-duodenal pathology obtained various regions of the stomach and the duodenum were carried out. It was found out that investigation of only one piece of the tissue not in all cases reflected a histological state of the mucosa of the certain regions of the gastro-duodenal area. An isolated gastritis in the body of the stomach in patients with chronic gastritis was found to occur 3 times as seldom as in its distal region. The mucosa of the duodenum was affected almost equally often both in peptic ulcer of this organ and in chronic gastritis. In a number of patients the clinical picture diagnosed as chronic gastritis in reality turned out to be caused by morphological changes in the mucosa of the duodenum, but not of the stomach. At the same time, in a duodenal localization of ulcer not infrequently there were observed histological changes in the gastric mucosa aggravating the course of the main pathological process.", "contents": "[Topography of changes in the mucosa of the gastro-duodenal region in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer]. Topographic studies of 789 gastro- and duodenobiopsies obtained from 493 patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer and from 37 individuals without gastro-duodenal pathology obtained various regions of the stomach and the duodenum were carried out. It was found out that investigation of only one piece of the tissue not in all cases reflected a histological state of the mucosa of the certain regions of the gastro-duodenal area. An isolated gastritis in the body of the stomach in patients with chronic gastritis was found to occur 3 times as seldom as in its distal region. The mucosa of the duodenum was affected almost equally often both in peptic ulcer of this organ and in chronic gastritis. In a number of patients the clinical picture diagnosed as chronic gastritis in reality turned out to be caused by morphological changes in the mucosa of the duodenum, but not of the stomach. At the same time, in a duodenal localization of ulcer not infrequently there were observed histological changes in the gastric mucosa aggravating the course of the main pathological process.", "PMID": 1016081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1240", "title": "[Morphological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Histo-cytological parallels].", "content": "A detailed parallel histo-cytological investigation of 100 observations on renal cell carcinoma showed that these tumours had a various macro- and microscopic structure. For the substantiation of correct diagnosis material should be taken from several places of the tumour of different microscopic structure. In diagnosis all detected variants of the structure of the tumour and the degree of cellular anaplasia should be mentioned. A clear-cell variant in the pure form was revealed in 52% of cases, other one-type variants were very rare (7%). In tumours of a mixed structure (41%) there were observed various combinations of all the variants occurring in the order: clear-cell, granular-cell, sarcoma-like, glandular. Collation of Histological and cytological data showed that in the overwhelming majority of cases (97%) there was a complete coincidence in determination of the morphological type of renal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "[Morphological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Histo-cytological parallels]. A detailed parallel histo-cytological investigation of 100 observations on renal cell carcinoma showed that these tumours had a various macro- and microscopic structure. For the substantiation of correct diagnosis material should be taken from several places of the tumour of different microscopic structure. In diagnosis all detected variants of the structure of the tumour and the degree of cellular anaplasia should be mentioned. A clear-cell variant in the pure form was revealed in 52% of cases, other one-type variants were very rare (7%). In tumours of a mixed structure (41%) there were observed various combinations of all the variants occurring in the order: clear-cell, granular-cell, sarcoma-like, glandular. Collation of Histological and cytological data showed that in the overwhelming majority of cases (97%) there was a complete coincidence in determination of the morphological type of renal cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 1016084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1241", "title": "[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans].", "content": "Observations were conducted on 26 patients with protruding dermatofibrosarcoma of the skin. Histological and histochemical characteristics, as well as the mitotic regimen of these tumours, were investigated. Protruding dermatofibrosarcoma is a fibroblastic tumour characterized by a slow growth, usually a big size, persistent multiple reoccurrence, late metastases into the lymphatic nodes and lungs. No regularities concerning periods and frequency of developing of reoccurrences could be established. Clinico-anatomical collations failed to show correlation between the mitotic activity of dermatofibrosarcomas and the degree of their malignancy and rate of growth of the tumour.", "contents": "[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]. Observations were conducted on 26 patients with protruding dermatofibrosarcoma of the skin. Histological and histochemical characteristics, as well as the mitotic regimen of these tumours, were investigated. Protruding dermatofibrosarcoma is a fibroblastic tumour characterized by a slow growth, usually a big size, persistent multiple reoccurrence, late metastases into the lymphatic nodes and lungs. No regularities concerning periods and frequency of developing of reoccurrences could be established. Clinico-anatomical collations failed to show correlation between the mitotic activity of dermatofibrosarcomas and the degree of their malignancy and rate of growth of the tumour.", "PMID": 1016085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1242", "title": "[Enzymohistochemical and immunomorphological study of experimental thyroid gland carcinoma].", "content": "A total of 8 medullary carcinimas, 134 adenomas of C-cells, 32 solid focal over-growths of C-cells, and 124 normal thyroid glands of rats were investigated by histochemical, immunomorphological and histological methods. Modullary carcinomas were characterized by a high enzymes of hydrolysis of ethers of carboxylic acids, tissue respiration, and by a moderate or low activity of enzymes of the initial link of glycolysis, oxidative deamination, synthesis of amino acids, hydrolysis of monoethers of orthophosphoric acid, pentose and citric acid cycles. In medullary carcinomas, as well as in normal C-cells and adenomas of C-cells, there was revealed the phenomenon of occult metachromasia with the absence of a microsomal tissue-specific antigen and direct reaction to amyloid. The authors consider medullary carcinomas to be analogues of solid carcinoma with amyloidosis of the stroma of the human thyroid gland, differing from the latter by specific metabolic reactions, and therefore, they may serve as an experimental model in studies of these diseases.", "contents": "[Enzymohistochemical and immunomorphological study of experimental thyroid gland carcinoma]. A total of 8 medullary carcinimas, 134 adenomas of C-cells, 32 solid focal over-growths of C-cells, and 124 normal thyroid glands of rats were investigated by histochemical, immunomorphological and histological methods. Modullary carcinomas were characterized by a high enzymes of hydrolysis of ethers of carboxylic acids, tissue respiration, and by a moderate or low activity of enzymes of the initial link of glycolysis, oxidative deamination, synthesis of amino acids, hydrolysis of monoethers of orthophosphoric acid, pentose and citric acid cycles. In medullary carcinomas, as well as in normal C-cells and adenomas of C-cells, there was revealed the phenomenon of occult metachromasia with the absence of a microsomal tissue-specific antigen and direct reaction to amyloid. The authors consider medullary carcinomas to be analogues of solid carcinoma with amyloidosis of the stroma of the human thyroid gland, differing from the latter by specific metabolic reactions, and therefore, they may serve as an experimental model in studies of these diseases.", "PMID": 1016086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1243", "title": "[Histochemical characteristics of mast cells in hemangiomas].", "content": "Mast cells of hemangiomas localized in the skin and in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, have a similar histochemical characteristics of protein and carbohydrate components. The histochemical characteristics of the carbohydrate component indicate either a high (as compared with the norm) degree of sulfating of heparin molecules, or quantitative accumulation of its molecules in the mast cells cytoplasm. Moreover, in mast cells there were revealed protein and a neutral carbohydrate component. An assumption is put forward that histochemical changes in mast cells in hemangiomas were of compensatory-adaptive character and were directed to prevent the thrombogenesis in hemangiomas.", "contents": "[Histochemical characteristics of mast cells in hemangiomas]. Mast cells of hemangiomas localized in the skin and in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, have a similar histochemical characteristics of protein and carbohydrate components. The histochemical characteristics of the carbohydrate component indicate either a high (as compared with the norm) degree of sulfating of heparin molecules, or quantitative accumulation of its molecules in the mast cells cytoplasm. Moreover, in mast cells there were revealed protein and a neutral carbohydrate component. An assumption is put forward that histochemical changes in mast cells in hemangiomas were of compensatory-adaptive character and were directed to prevent the thrombogenesis in hemangiomas.", "PMID": 1016087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1244", "title": "[Vascular changes in genesis of necrotic and inflammatory lesions of the lungs in Wegener's granulomatosis].", "content": "Clinico-morphological and histochemical studies of changes in the lungs were carried out in 15 fatal cases of Wegner's granulomatosis. Morphological manifestations of the lesions consisted in bilateral extensive destructive-productive panangiitis in the system of bronchial, was well as pulmonary arteries and veins. As a rule, there developed an extremely polymorphic granular tissue which subsequently underwent necrosis with resulting cavern formation. Deep and sometimes irreversible changes observed in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed led to alveolar-capillary blockade and hypoxia, the latter culminating with circulatory crisis. Drastic dyscirculatory disorders were complicated with auto- and superinfection: development of destructive-suppurative bronchitis, peribronchitis, interstitial and also confluent pneumonia with \"motley\" exudate in alveoli, not infrequently with an abscess formation, sometimes with formation of hyaline membranes. The whole complex of these changes play a significant part in pathogenesis of pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency occurring in the majority of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and often is responsible for fatal outcomes.", "contents": "[Vascular changes in genesis of necrotic and inflammatory lesions of the lungs in Wegener's granulomatosis]. Clinico-morphological and histochemical studies of changes in the lungs were carried out in 15 fatal cases of Wegner's granulomatosis. Morphological manifestations of the lesions consisted in bilateral extensive destructive-productive panangiitis in the system of bronchial, was well as pulmonary arteries and veins. As a rule, there developed an extremely polymorphic granular tissue which subsequently underwent necrosis with resulting cavern formation. Deep and sometimes irreversible changes observed in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed led to alveolar-capillary blockade and hypoxia, the latter culminating with circulatory crisis. Drastic dyscirculatory disorders were complicated with auto- and superinfection: development of destructive-suppurative bronchitis, peribronchitis, interstitial and also confluent pneumonia with \"motley\" exudate in alveoli, not infrequently with an abscess formation, sometimes with formation of hyaline membranes. The whole complex of these changes play a significant part in pathogenesis of pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency occurring in the majority of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and often is responsible for fatal outcomes.", "PMID": 1016088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1245", "title": "[Carcinosarcoma of the larynx].", "content": "Sometimes in the larynx tumours develop having the structure of carcinosarcoma and growing in the form polyp. Histologically they consist of squamous-cell carcinoma and sarcomatous stroma. An observation in which contrary to the cases described earlier, the tumour consisted not of two, but of three tumour components, is discussed.", "contents": "[Carcinosarcoma of the larynx]. Sometimes in the larynx tumours develop having the structure of carcinosarcoma and growing in the form polyp. Histologically they consist of squamous-cell carcinoma and sarcomatous stroma. An observation in which contrary to the cases described earlier, the tumour consisted not of two, but of three tumour components, is discussed.", "PMID": 1016089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1246", "title": "[Possibilities of studying 3-dimensional structure of the arterial wall with help of scanning electron microscope].", "content": "A complex of methods for investigation of the architectonics of the vascular wall is suggested. It was established that an elastin carcass of all the layers of the arterial wall was formed of laminar membranes consisting of cylindrical elastic fibers with a diameter 1.5--3 mcm having a fibrillar structure. The window-like structure of the laminas was due to separation of bibers. In the laminar membranes of the intima and media, including internal ones, elastic fibers had circular, and in adventitia--longitudinal distribution, which ensured radial and longitudinal elasticity of the wall of arteries. Smooth muscle cells, that had spiral orientation, were attached with their ends to the adjacent membranes thus regulating their tonus. They are surrounded with elastic and collagenous fibrillas, which cover also membranes and connect all the layers of the wall of arteries into one morpho-functional system with a high structural stability and plasticity.", "contents": "[Possibilities of studying 3-dimensional structure of the arterial wall with help of scanning electron microscope]. A complex of methods for investigation of the architectonics of the vascular wall is suggested. It was established that an elastin carcass of all the layers of the arterial wall was formed of laminar membranes consisting of cylindrical elastic fibers with a diameter 1.5--3 mcm having a fibrillar structure. The window-like structure of the laminas was due to separation of bibers. In the laminar membranes of the intima and media, including internal ones, elastic fibers had circular, and in adventitia--longitudinal distribution, which ensured radial and longitudinal elasticity of the wall of arteries. Smooth muscle cells, that had spiral orientation, were attached with their ends to the adjacent membranes thus regulating their tonus. They are surrounded with elastic and collagenous fibrillas, which cover also membranes and connect all the layers of the wall of arteries into one morpho-functional system with a high structural stability and plasticity.", "PMID": 1016090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1247", "title": "[Nature of diverse molecular diseases in man].", "content": "The article comprises the literature data on a new group of enzymopathies in man associated with the defect of the cell reparative mechanisms, which in the norm restore damages of DNA induced by factors of a different character. Special attention is paid to molecular processes observed in the hereditary disease in man--xeroderma characterized by a high sensitivity of the patient to ultraviolet irradiation and by a high incidence of cancer of the skin. Experimental evidences are presented testifying to an elevated sensitivity of cells of such patients to carcinogens, some viruses, and illustrating peculiar features of formation of structural mutations of chromosomes induced by physical, chemical and biological agents. Defects of individual enzymes of reparation in progeria, Fanconi's anemia and some other human diseases are described. The author recommends to simulate defects of reparative enzymes on diploid human cells infected with the virus of leukemia.", "contents": "[Nature of diverse molecular diseases in man]. The article comprises the literature data on a new group of enzymopathies in man associated with the defect of the cell reparative mechanisms, which in the norm restore damages of DNA induced by factors of a different character. Special attention is paid to molecular processes observed in the hereditary disease in man--xeroderma characterized by a high sensitivity of the patient to ultraviolet irradiation and by a high incidence of cancer of the skin. Experimental evidences are presented testifying to an elevated sensitivity of cells of such patients to carcinogens, some viruses, and illustrating peculiar features of formation of structural mutations of chromosomes induced by physical, chemical and biological agents. Defects of individual enzymes of reparation in progeria, Fanconi's anemia and some other human diseases are described. The author recommends to simulate defects of reparative enzymes on diploid human cells infected with the virus of leukemia.", "PMID": 1016091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1248", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "On the basis of studies of the histological structure of 7 parathyreoadenomas removed in connection with primary hyperparathyroidism three types of their structure (trabecular, acinose, and solid) were singled out. As to their cellular composition, the adenomas could be divided into clear-cell and dark-cell adenomas (of main cells), oxyphilic adenomas, and adenomas of C-cells. The same cells (predominantly main clear cells) were found in the 9 studied hyperplastic parathyroid glands. Certain differences between the ultrastructure of cells of parathyreoadenomas and that of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands were established.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism]. On the basis of studies of the histological structure of 7 parathyreoadenomas removed in connection with primary hyperparathyroidism three types of their structure (trabecular, acinose, and solid) were singled out. As to their cellular composition, the adenomas could be divided into clear-cell and dark-cell adenomas (of main cells), oxyphilic adenomas, and adenomas of C-cells. The same cells (predominantly main clear cells) were found in the 9 studied hyperplastic parathyroid glands. Certain differences between the ultrastructure of cells of parathyreoadenomas and that of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands were established.", "PMID": 1016092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1249", "title": "[Dynamics of necrotic changes in skeletal muscle in the prolonged crush syndrome].", "content": "Forms, dynamics of and relationships between necrotic changes in the skeletal muscles in the early period of the crush syndrome, following 9-hour compression of the soft tissue of the dog's thigh and 2 -- 7 hours after removal of the press are considered. Two interdependent forms of necrosis of muscles have been established -- diskoid and coagulative. Electron-microscopy studies showed that discoid necrosis of muscular fibres began with the lysis of the myofilaments of isotropic disks and Z-strips with subsequent destruction of myofibrils and outcome into myolosis. The peculiar feature of this form of necrosis was nearly complete absence of lysosomes. In a light microscope discoid necrosis was revealed as clear-cut transversed streaky fibres. Morphologically, coagulation necrosis was manifested on the ultrastructural level by formation of myofilic conglomerates consisting of overcontracted myofibrils, these being subjected to gradual fragmentation and splitting by hydrolases of leukocytes and macrophages. Discoid necrosis predominated in the muscles prior to the removal of the press and apparently developed because of ischemia. Coagulation necrosis of myofibrils was observed mostly following re-vascularization and might be one of outcomes of discoid necrosis.", "contents": "[Dynamics of necrotic changes in skeletal muscle in the prolonged crush syndrome]. Forms, dynamics of and relationships between necrotic changes in the skeletal muscles in the early period of the crush syndrome, following 9-hour compression of the soft tissue of the dog's thigh and 2 -- 7 hours after removal of the press are considered. Two interdependent forms of necrosis of muscles have been established -- diskoid and coagulative. Electron-microscopy studies showed that discoid necrosis of muscular fibres began with the lysis of the myofilaments of isotropic disks and Z-strips with subsequent destruction of myofibrils and outcome into myolosis. The peculiar feature of this form of necrosis was nearly complete absence of lysosomes. In a light microscope discoid necrosis was revealed as clear-cut transversed streaky fibres. Morphologically, coagulation necrosis was manifested on the ultrastructural level by formation of myofilic conglomerates consisting of overcontracted myofibrils, these being subjected to gradual fragmentation and splitting by hydrolases of leukocytes and macrophages. Discoid necrosis predominated in the muscles prior to the removal of the press and apparently developed because of ischemia. Coagulation necrosis of myofibrils was observed mostly following re-vascularization and might be one of outcomes of discoid necrosis.", "PMID": 1016093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1250", "title": "[Pathomorphology of the nervous system in beta-thalassemia major].", "content": "Pathomorphology of symmetrical areas of various departments of the central nervous system was studied in 8 children aged 3--8 years who had died of beta-thalassaemia major. In 5 patients transient cerebral vascular disorders occurred against the background of hemolytic crisis, in 2 -- phenomena of polyradiculoneuritis, in 1 -- spinal desorders with lower flaccid paraparesis. Vessles were found to be damaged by the pathological process first. Impairment of permeability of vascular membranes, hemorrhages and edema of the brain substance were observed. As to neurons lesions, along with normal neurons there were nerve cells with reactive and dystrophic changes. In pulpous nerve fibres periaxonal alterations and Wallerian degeneration predominated. The combination of the erythroblastic process with secondary impairment of the metabolism, toxicosis, hypoxaemia contributed to the mixed character of the morphological changes, which accounted for the polymorphism of neurological symptoms.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of the nervous system in beta-thalassemia major]. Pathomorphology of symmetrical areas of various departments of the central nervous system was studied in 8 children aged 3--8 years who had died of beta-thalassaemia major. In 5 patients transient cerebral vascular disorders occurred against the background of hemolytic crisis, in 2 -- phenomena of polyradiculoneuritis, in 1 -- spinal desorders with lower flaccid paraparesis. Vessles were found to be damaged by the pathological process first. Impairment of permeability of vascular membranes, hemorrhages and edema of the brain substance were observed. As to neurons lesions, along with normal neurons there were nerve cells with reactive and dystrophic changes. In pulpous nerve fibres periaxonal alterations and Wallerian degeneration predominated. The combination of the erythroblastic process with secondary impairment of the metabolism, toxicosis, hypoxaemia contributed to the mixed character of the morphological changes, which accounted for the polymorphism of neurological symptoms.", "PMID": 1016094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1251", "title": "[Morphology and pathogenesis of peritonitogenic pancreatitis].", "content": "Morphological studies of the pancreas in patients who had died of peritonitis at various periods of its development were carried out. Moreover, an experiment was fulfiled on reproducing peritonitis on 41 dogs. In the pancreas in all sectional observations there was observed a picture of acute inflammatory process of a various degree of intensity (peritonitogenic pancreatitis) depending upon the form of peritonitis. It was established that in pathogenesis of acute peritonitogenic pancreatitis an important role was played by direct transfer of the inflammatory process to the tissue of the gland on the side of the abdominal cavity. At the same time, of great importance were also regurgitation of the intestinal content into the system of the excretory ducts of the gland and hemodynamic disorders. The morphological picture of the reproduced in the experiment on dogs acute peritonitogenic pancreatitis was similar to that in the section observations. Both sectional and experimental data confirm the duct-enzymatic theory, or the theory of \"common canal\", of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis in general of and peritonitogenic pancreatitis in particular.", "contents": "[Morphology and pathogenesis of peritonitogenic pancreatitis]. Morphological studies of the pancreas in patients who had died of peritonitis at various periods of its development were carried out. Moreover, an experiment was fulfiled on reproducing peritonitis on 41 dogs. In the pancreas in all sectional observations there was observed a picture of acute inflammatory process of a various degree of intensity (peritonitogenic pancreatitis) depending upon the form of peritonitis. It was established that in pathogenesis of acute peritonitogenic pancreatitis an important role was played by direct transfer of the inflammatory process to the tissue of the gland on the side of the abdominal cavity. At the same time, of great importance were also regurgitation of the intestinal content into the system of the excretory ducts of the gland and hemodynamic disorders. The morphological picture of the reproduced in the experiment on dogs acute peritonitogenic pancreatitis was similar to that in the section observations. Both sectional and experimental data confirm the duct-enzymatic theory, or the theory of \"common canal\", of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis in general of and peritonitogenic pancreatitis in particular.", "PMID": 1016095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1252", "title": "[So-called empty liver cell nuclei in hepato-cerebral dystrophy and other diseases].", "content": "The frequency of identification of \"empty\" nuclei of hepatocytes was investigated in 65 patients (25 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy, 18 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, 15 patients with chronic diseases of the extrapyramidal nervous system and other diseases) with the help of fluorescent and electron microscopy, cytophotometric determination of DNA, and on the basks of bioptic material (in 60 patients) and autopsy findings (in 5 cases). The so-called \"empty\" nuclei of hepatocytes are not specific for hepato-cerebral dystrophy, although in this disease they were observed in a greater number than in other diseases. Their dependence on the degree of portal hypertension and on some endocrine factors was noted. \"Empty\" nuclei were identified most often in the periportal regions and were characterized by a considerable increase in the volume, invaginations of the membrane, intranuclear inclusions, polyploidy. The study of polyploidy of the ordinary nuclei of hepatocytes in hepatocytes in hepato-cerebral dystrophy, bearing in mind the reduplicated DNA, revealed the predominance of diploid nuclei.", "contents": "[So-called empty liver cell nuclei in hepato-cerebral dystrophy and other diseases]. The frequency of identification of \"empty\" nuclei of hepatocytes was investigated in 65 patients (25 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy, 18 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, 15 patients with chronic diseases of the extrapyramidal nervous system and other diseases) with the help of fluorescent and electron microscopy, cytophotometric determination of DNA, and on the basks of bioptic material (in 60 patients) and autopsy findings (in 5 cases). The so-called \"empty\" nuclei of hepatocytes are not specific for hepato-cerebral dystrophy, although in this disease they were observed in a greater number than in other diseases. Their dependence on the degree of portal hypertension and on some endocrine factors was noted. \"Empty\" nuclei were identified most often in the periportal regions and were characterized by a considerable increase in the volume, invaginations of the membrane, intranuclear inclusions, polyploidy. The study of polyploidy of the ordinary nuclei of hepatocytes in hepatocytes in hepato-cerebral dystrophy, bearing in mind the reduplicated DNA, revealed the predominance of diploid nuclei.", "PMID": 1016096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1253", "title": "[Functional morphology of vessels in the distribution of the pulmonary circulation of people adapted to the Northeast USSR].", "content": "Studies of the contrasted vessels of the lungs in practically healthy men who had lived in the north-eastern region of the USSR over 3 years and who had died of casual causes in Magadan were carried out by stereoroentgenogrammetry and morphometry. The studies revealed a rearrangement of the distribution arteries of the lesser circulation according to the hypervolemic type: a reliable dilatation of the lumen, thinning of the walls of the right pulmonary artery, superlobar trunk, branches of the segmentary arteries of the superior and middle lobes of the lung. The pronounced desorganization and perish of elastic laminae in the wall of the stretched arteries were compensated by the appearance of layers of the smooth muscles -- by the so-called hypermuscularization of arteries of the elastic type. The enlarged capapcity and intensification of the blood flow in the arteries of the superior and middle lobes of the lung represented an important mechanism of adaptation of the lesser circulation in man under extreme climatic conditions in the north-eastern region of the USSR.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of vessels in the distribution of the pulmonary circulation of people adapted to the Northeast USSR]. Studies of the contrasted vessels of the lungs in practically healthy men who had lived in the north-eastern region of the USSR over 3 years and who had died of casual causes in Magadan were carried out by stereoroentgenogrammetry and morphometry. The studies revealed a rearrangement of the distribution arteries of the lesser circulation according to the hypervolemic type: a reliable dilatation of the lumen, thinning of the walls of the right pulmonary artery, superlobar trunk, branches of the segmentary arteries of the superior and middle lobes of the lung. The pronounced desorganization and perish of elastic laminae in the wall of the stretched arteries were compensated by the appearance of layers of the smooth muscles -- by the so-called hypermuscularization of arteries of the elastic type. The enlarged capapcity and intensification of the blood flow in the arteries of the superior and middle lobes of the lung represented an important mechanism of adaptation of the lesser circulation in man under extreme climatic conditions in the north-eastern region of the USSR.", "PMID": 1016097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1254", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles of rats with experimental salt hypertension].", "content": "The ultrastructure of arterioles in experimental salt loading in rats was studied. It was established that prolonged feeding with salt-rich diet led to stable hypertension in some experimental animals, and ultrastructural changes in arterioles were noted only in rats which had developed stable hypertension. The changes in arterioles in experimental salt hypertension in principle were similar to those observed in other chronic forms of hypertensive states, but they developed slower and were less pronounced. The present study does not confirm the views advocated by some authors about a direct effect of salt on the ultrastructure of the arteriolar wall. The mechanism responsible for the changes in the arterial wall occurring in experimental salt hypertension remains unclear.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles of rats with experimental salt hypertension]. The ultrastructure of arterioles in experimental salt loading in rats was studied. It was established that prolonged feeding with salt-rich diet led to stable hypertension in some experimental animals, and ultrastructural changes in arterioles were noted only in rats which had developed stable hypertension. The changes in arterioles in experimental salt hypertension in principle were similar to those observed in other chronic forms of hypertensive states, but they developed slower and were less pronounced. The present study does not confirm the views advocated by some authors about a direct effect of salt on the ultrastructure of the arteriolar wall. The mechanism responsible for the changes in the arterial wall occurring in experimental salt hypertension remains unclear.", "PMID": 1016098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1255", "title": "Presentation and detection of chronic renal disease in children and adults.", "content": "Chronic renal failure develops slowly and insidiously in most patients. Prevention depends on the early detection and full assessment of the patient at risk. Indications for investigation in children and adults with glomerulonephritis and urinary infection are outlined.", "contents": "Presentation and detection of chronic renal disease in children and adults. Chronic renal failure develops slowly and insidiously in most patients. Prevention depends on the early detection and full assessment of the patient at risk. Indications for investigation in children and adults with glomerulonephritis and urinary infection are outlined.", "PMID": 1016111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1256", "title": "Investigation of urinary infection in childhood.", "content": "The first proven urinary infection in both girls and boys should be investigated with an IVP and micturating cystourethrogram. If both investigations are normal, recurrent infections will not produce renal scars. Renal scars will develop in 10 per cent of children with reflux, unless renal infections are prevented by appropriate drug or surgical treatment.", "contents": "Investigation of urinary infection in childhood. The first proven urinary infection in both girls and boys should be investigated with an IVP and micturating cystourethrogram. If both investigations are normal, recurrent infections will not produce renal scars. Renal scars will develop in 10 per cent of children with reflux, unless renal infections are prevented by appropriate drug or surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1016112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1257", "title": "SI units in clinical pathology.", "content": "By now, most doctors in Australia will have had some experience with the new SI units which are being used for pathology test results, especially chemical pathology. While the usage of SI units has spread rapidly through public hospitals in Australia, spread in the non-hospital sector has been slower. However, the change will occur, and so the following is presented to assist general practitioners to understand the reasons for the change, and to interpret results expressed in the new system.", "contents": "SI units in clinical pathology. By now, most doctors in Australia will have had some experience with the new SI units which are being used for pathology test results, especially chemical pathology. While the usage of SI units has spread rapidly through public hospitals in Australia, spread in the non-hospital sector has been slower. However, the change will occur, and so the following is presented to assist general practitioners to understand the reasons for the change, and to interpret results expressed in the new system.", "PMID": 1016113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1258", "title": "Survey of general practice--1971.", "content": "In this survey an attempt has been made to document a profile of certain aspects of the work carried out by a general practitioner in Australia. This includes the type of practice, and especially the range and frequency of the procedures he carries out. It is realised that, as this survey was conducted in 1971, some of the facts may have become dated. However, a proportion of the information given is unobtainable elsewhere, and it is believed that through publishing the survey, interested readers may be prompted to seek additional information from the author.", "contents": "Survey of general practice--1971. In this survey an attempt has been made to document a profile of certain aspects of the work carried out by a general practitioner in Australia. This includes the type of practice, and especially the range and frequency of the procedures he carries out. It is realised that, as this survey was conducted in 1971, some of the facts may have become dated. However, a proportion of the information given is unobtainable elsewhere, and it is believed that through publishing the survey, interested readers may be prompted to seek additional information from the author.", "PMID": 1016115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1259", "title": "Effects of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medullary hormones on dog hind limb blood flow after haemorrhage.", "content": "The contributions of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medullary catecholamines to the response of dog hind limb resistance vessels to haemorrhage were examined. Anaesthetized dogs were bled either 30% or 45% of blood volume. There was little difference between the vascular conductance response in untreated hind limbs and sympathectomized limbs. Conductance in limbs that had been both sympathectomized and alpha-adrenergically blocked with phenoxybenzamine was markedly above that of untreated limbs. Blood flow in both the untreated limbs and the sympathectomized limbs was closely similar to that predicted from the pressure-flow curve for the hind limbs obtained in non-bled dogs. Flow was higher than predicted in the limbs with combined sympathectomy and alpha-adrenergic blockade. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system exerted little vasoconstrictive influence after haemorrhage, but that circulatory catecholamines exerted a strong vasoconstrictive influence that was opposed in the normal limbs by an almost equally powerful vasodilatory force of undetermined origin.", "contents": "Effects of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medullary hormones on dog hind limb blood flow after haemorrhage. The contributions of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medullary catecholamines to the response of dog hind limb resistance vessels to haemorrhage were examined. Anaesthetized dogs were bled either 30% or 45% of blood volume. There was little difference between the vascular conductance response in untreated hind limbs and sympathectomized limbs. Conductance in limbs that had been both sympathectomized and alpha-adrenergically blocked with phenoxybenzamine was markedly above that of untreated limbs. Blood flow in both the untreated limbs and the sympathectomized limbs was closely similar to that predicted from the pressure-flow curve for the hind limbs obtained in non-bled dogs. Flow was higher than predicted in the limbs with combined sympathectomy and alpha-adrenergic blockade. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system exerted little vasoconstrictive influence after haemorrhage, but that circulatory catecholamines exerted a strong vasoconstrictive influence that was opposed in the normal limbs by an almost equally powerful vasodilatory force of undetermined origin.", "PMID": 1016119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1260", "title": "Release of gastrin by vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to food.", "content": "Gastric pouches were constructed in 8 dogs; in 4 they were of denervated type and in 4 the innervation was intact. An oesophageal fistula was then prepared in each dog. The acid secretory response to oral, tube and sham feeding was determined before and after denervation of the pyloric antrum. The results support the view that vagal release of gastrin makes a relatively small contribution to the total acid secretory response to food.", "contents": "Release of gastrin by vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to food. Gastric pouches were constructed in 8 dogs; in 4 they were of denervated type and in 4 the innervation was intact. An oesophageal fistula was then prepared in each dog. The acid secretory response to oral, tube and sham feeding was determined before and after denervation of the pyloric antrum. The results support the view that vagal release of gastrin makes a relatively small contribution to the total acid secretory response to food.", "PMID": 1016120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1261", "title": "The origin of immunoglobulins in salivary secretion of sheep.", "content": "A comparative study was made on the secretion of IgG1 and IgA into parotid and submaxillary saliva of sheep. The purpose of the study was to examine the suggestion that in the external secretory organs of ruminants there is an inverse relationship between the capacity to selectively transfer IgG1 and the development of the IgA secretory system. Despite a marked difference in the secretion of IgA between the parotid and submaxillary salivary glands, the magnitude of selective transfer of IgG1 was similar. Thus, there appears to be no relationship between the selective transfer of IgG1 and the secretion of IgA into the saliva of sheep.", "contents": "The origin of immunoglobulins in salivary secretion of sheep. A comparative study was made on the secretion of IgG1 and IgA into parotid and submaxillary saliva of sheep. The purpose of the study was to examine the suggestion that in the external secretory organs of ruminants there is an inverse relationship between the capacity to selectively transfer IgG1 and the development of the IgA secretory system. Despite a marked difference in the secretion of IgA between the parotid and submaxillary salivary glands, the magnitude of selective transfer of IgG1 was similar. Thus, there appears to be no relationship between the selective transfer of IgG1 and the secretion of IgA into the saliva of sheep.", "PMID": 1016121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1262", "title": "Relationship between vasoconstriction and histamine induced vasodilation.", "content": "Histamine produced significantly greater vasodilation in rabbit ear arteries constricted by noradrenaline than when the same arteries were constricted by either caffeine or barium. Histamine dilation in the presence of caffeine was also significantly greater than that in the presence of barium. These results suggest that histamine may produce vasodilation through at least two different modifications of intracellular calcium mobilisation.", "contents": "Relationship between vasoconstriction and histamine induced vasodilation. Histamine produced significantly greater vasodilation in rabbit ear arteries constricted by noradrenaline than when the same arteries were constricted by either caffeine or barium. Histamine dilation in the presence of caffeine was also significantly greater than that in the presence of barium. These results suggest that histamine may produce vasodilation through at least two different modifications of intracellular calcium mobilisation.", "PMID": 1016122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1263", "title": "An evaluation of selective broths based on the bi-selenite ion and on hypertonic strontium chloride in Salmonellae detection in egg products.", "content": "Of the 104 isolations of Salmonella sp. from egg pulp, 97 were obtained from strontium chloride M broth, 42 from strontium selenite broth and 57 from strontium selenite A broth. The results suggest that the first medium may be used more successfully than bi-selenite based media for enrichment and subsequent detection of salmonellae in egg products; however, the growth of S. pullorum was not satisfactory in strontium chloride M broth.", "contents": "An evaluation of selective broths based on the bi-selenite ion and on hypertonic strontium chloride in Salmonellae detection in egg products. Of the 104 isolations of Salmonella sp. from egg pulp, 97 were obtained from strontium chloride M broth, 42 from strontium selenite broth and 57 from strontium selenite A broth. The results suggest that the first medium may be used more successfully than bi-selenite based media for enrichment and subsequent detection of salmonellae in egg products; however, the growth of S. pullorum was not satisfactory in strontium chloride M broth.", "PMID": 1016123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1264", "title": "Passive transfer of immunity to infection with Nematospiroides dubius from immunised mice to their offspring.", "content": "The results given below show that, whilst it is not possible to transfer immunity to infections with Nematospiroides dubius passively with serum from immune mice to normal adult mice, young born to immune females are resistant to this infection. The immunity is dependent on an intake of immunoglobulin via the milk for a period longer than 24 h. The passive transfer of immunity from immune mothers to neonatal mice does not appear to be dependent on a specific class of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Passive transfer of immunity to infection with Nematospiroides dubius from immunised mice to their offspring. The results given below show that, whilst it is not possible to transfer immunity to infections with Nematospiroides dubius passively with serum from immune mice to normal adult mice, young born to immune females are resistant to this infection. The immunity is dependent on an intake of immunoglobulin via the milk for a period longer than 24 h. The passive transfer of immunity from immune mothers to neonatal mice does not appear to be dependent on a specific class of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 1016124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1265", "title": "Intrahepatic microvascular changes in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic livers in the rat.", "content": "Liver cirrhosis was produced in the rat by combined carbon tetrachloride-phenobarbitone treatment, and the microcirculation in the cirrhotic liver was observed by a quantitative in vivo transillumination technique. The total sinusoidal flow in the observed region of the cirrhotic liver did not differ significantly from that in the normal liver, despite the reduced number of sinusoids and the increased portal venous pressure. The cirrhotic liver also presented a fast-velocity population of portal and hepatic venules and sinusoids in addition to the normal slow-velocity population. The possible mechanism of these \"arterialized\" microvessels is discussed.", "contents": "Intrahepatic microvascular changes in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic livers in the rat. Liver cirrhosis was produced in the rat by combined carbon tetrachloride-phenobarbitone treatment, and the microcirculation in the cirrhotic liver was observed by a quantitative in vivo transillumination technique. The total sinusoidal flow in the observed region of the cirrhotic liver did not differ significantly from that in the normal liver, despite the reduced number of sinusoids and the increased portal venous pressure. The cirrhotic liver also presented a fast-velocity population of portal and hepatic venules and sinusoids in addition to the normal slow-velocity population. The possible mechanism of these \"arterialized\" microvessels is discussed.", "PMID": 1016125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1266", "title": "Effect of the ligation of hepatic artery on the microcirculation in the cirrhotic liver in the rat.", "content": "The significance of the hepatic arterial supply in the intrahepatic microcirculation in normal and carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic livers was studied by dye injection method and by ligation of the hepatic artery. The in vivo distribution of dye injected into the hepatic artery evidenced the presence of arterio-venous shunts in the cirrhotic liver. When the hepatic artery of the cirrhotic liver was ligated, the elevated portal venous pressure dropped significantly, and the fast-flowing population of microvessels and sinusoids in the bimodal frequency distribution plot disappeared. The fast-flowing microvessel and sinusoids appeared to be the \"arterial\" microvessels and sinusoids, and they were converted into the slow-flowing venous channels after hepatic arterial ligation. The transmission of arterial pressure via the A-V shunts may be of greater significance in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension than previously believed.", "contents": "Effect of the ligation of hepatic artery on the microcirculation in the cirrhotic liver in the rat. The significance of the hepatic arterial supply in the intrahepatic microcirculation in normal and carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic livers was studied by dye injection method and by ligation of the hepatic artery. The in vivo distribution of dye injected into the hepatic artery evidenced the presence of arterio-venous shunts in the cirrhotic liver. When the hepatic artery of the cirrhotic liver was ligated, the elevated portal venous pressure dropped significantly, and the fast-flowing population of microvessels and sinusoids in the bimodal frequency distribution plot disappeared. The fast-flowing microvessel and sinusoids appeared to be the \"arterial\" microvessels and sinusoids, and they were converted into the slow-flowing venous channels after hepatic arterial ligation. The transmission of arterial pressure via the A-V shunts may be of greater significance in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension than previously believed.", "PMID": 1016126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1267", "title": "Serological evidence of inter-epidemic infection of feral pigs in New South Wales with Murray Valley encephalitis virus.", "content": "The sera of 617 feral pigs, collected from three widely separated areas of northern and central New South Wales, were examined for antibody to Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and to Ross River virus. Haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody was detected to MVE in 58% of sera and to Ross River virus in 15% of sera. Neutralization tests suggested that the MVE HI antibody resulted from infection with MVE virus in the summers of 1971-1972 and 1972-1973 when the virus was not known to be active in New South Wales. These same tests suggested that more than one flavivirus infected the feral pigs in the summer of 1973-1974 and that Kunjin virus was active in the summer of 1975-1976.", "contents": "Serological evidence of inter-epidemic infection of feral pigs in New South Wales with Murray Valley encephalitis virus. The sera of 617 feral pigs, collected from three widely separated areas of northern and central New South Wales, were examined for antibody to Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and to Ross River virus. Haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody was detected to MVE in 58% of sera and to Ross River virus in 15% of sera. Neutralization tests suggested that the MVE HI antibody resulted from infection with MVE virus in the summers of 1971-1972 and 1972-1973 when the virus was not known to be active in New South Wales. These same tests suggested that more than one flavivirus infected the feral pigs in the summer of 1973-1974 and that Kunjin virus was active in the summer of 1975-1976.", "PMID": 1016127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1268", "title": "Basophil leucocytes in cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in nematode-infected guinea-pigs.", "content": "Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were elicited in guinea-pigs infected with the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis by injecting them with a crude extract of T. colubriformis fourth-stage larvae. The reaction was characterized by early oedema and pronounced cellular infiltration, initially with neutrophils but later with mononuclear cells, basophils and variable numbers of eosinophils. Because basophils have been implicated as effector cells in the protective immune response of guinea-pigs to this nematode, the capacity to elicit a basophil-rich cellular infiltrate in infected animals might be a useful assay for T. colubriformis protective antigen(s).", "contents": "Basophil leucocytes in cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in nematode-infected guinea-pigs. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were elicited in guinea-pigs infected with the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis by injecting them with a crude extract of T. colubriformis fourth-stage larvae. The reaction was characterized by early oedema and pronounced cellular infiltration, initially with neutrophils but later with mononuclear cells, basophils and variable numbers of eosinophils. Because basophils have been implicated as effector cells in the protective immune response of guinea-pigs to this nematode, the capacity to elicit a basophil-rich cellular infiltrate in infected animals might be a useful assay for T. colubriformis protective antigen(s).", "PMID": 1016128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1269", "title": "The relationship between the transfer of immunoglobulins, sodium and potassium into mammary secretion of the parturient ewe.", "content": "The experiment comprised two sections. First, radiotracer techniques were used to study the metabolism of IgG1 and IgG2 in 5 non-pregnant and 4 pregnant ewes. In the pregnant ewes, the rates of synthesis for IgG1 and IgG2 were similar to the rates observed in non-pregnant animals. However, the irreversible loss of IgG1 was significantly greater than IgG2 in pregnant ewes and IgG1 in non-pregnant ewes. Additionally, it was found that most of the IgG1 and virtually all of the IgG2 in mammary secretion was serum derived. Secondly, the levels of sodium, potassium and lactose and the selective index for IgG1 in mammary secretions of 5 pregnant ewes were monitored over the parturient period. The values of all the measures remained relatively constant until one day before parturition. From one day pre-partum, the levels of potassium and lactose in mammary secretion began to increase and had risen 2-3 fold by 5 days post-partum. Over the same period, the selective index for IgG1 decreased 20 fold, wehreas the level of sodium fell from approximately 32 mmol/l to 18 mmol/l. The concentration of IgG1 in plasma slowly declined from approximately 23 g/l to 15 g/l over the last 10 days of pregnancy. During the parturient period, the decline in plasma IgG1 levels, in comparison with IgG2, without alteration in the rates of synthesis of either immunoglobulin, supports the hypothesis that selective transport of IgG1 into mammary secretion occurs without degradation. The results also indicate that the transport of sodium and potassium into mammary secretions are altered over the parturient period.", "contents": "The relationship between the transfer of immunoglobulins, sodium and potassium into mammary secretion of the parturient ewe. The experiment comprised two sections. First, radiotracer techniques were used to study the metabolism of IgG1 and IgG2 in 5 non-pregnant and 4 pregnant ewes. In the pregnant ewes, the rates of synthesis for IgG1 and IgG2 were similar to the rates observed in non-pregnant animals. However, the irreversible loss of IgG1 was significantly greater than IgG2 in pregnant ewes and IgG1 in non-pregnant ewes. Additionally, it was found that most of the IgG1 and virtually all of the IgG2 in mammary secretion was serum derived. Secondly, the levels of sodium, potassium and lactose and the selective index for IgG1 in mammary secretions of 5 pregnant ewes were monitored over the parturient period. The values of all the measures remained relatively constant until one day before parturition. From one day pre-partum, the levels of potassium and lactose in mammary secretion began to increase and had risen 2-3 fold by 5 days post-partum. Over the same period, the selective index for IgG1 decreased 20 fold, wehreas the level of sodium fell from approximately 32 mmol/l to 18 mmol/l. The concentration of IgG1 in plasma slowly declined from approximately 23 g/l to 15 g/l over the last 10 days of pregnancy. During the parturient period, the decline in plasma IgG1 levels, in comparison with IgG2, without alteration in the rates of synthesis of either immunoglobulin, supports the hypothesis that selective transport of IgG1 into mammary secretion occurs without degradation. The results also indicate that the transport of sodium and potassium into mammary secretions are altered over the parturient period.", "PMID": 1016129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1270", "title": "Fibrinogen-like proteins and fibrinolytic proteins in a saline eluate from sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes.", "content": "Plasminogen and a spectrum of fibrinogen-like proteins are found in a saline eluate of sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes. It seems probable that these proteins are membrane bound in vivo, and, as such, their physiological significance is discussed.", "contents": "Fibrinogen-like proteins and fibrinolytic proteins in a saline eluate from sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes. Plasminogen and a spectrum of fibrinogen-like proteins are found in a saline eluate of sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes. It seems probable that these proteins are membrane bound in vivo, and, as such, their physiological significance is discussed.", "PMID": 1016130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1271", "title": "Inhibition of intestinal uptake of amino acids by unconjugated bile salt.", "content": "The unconjugated bile salt, sodium deoxycholate, at a concentration of 0.5 mM was shown to inhibit the intestinal uptake of the amino acids L-glycine, L-leucine, L-proline, L-lysine and L-tyrosine in rats in vitro. This effect was acutely reversible except for the basis amino acid L-lysine and is therefore not simply due to tissue damage. These results, and the recent finding that sodium deoxycholate inhibits intestinal absorption of amino acids in vivo, suggest that impaired intestinal amino acid transport may contribute to hypoproteinaemia in patients with bacterial overgrowth in the upper small intestine in whom deoxycholate is present in the small intestinal lumen in excessive concentrations.", "contents": "Inhibition of intestinal uptake of amino acids by unconjugated bile salt. The unconjugated bile salt, sodium deoxycholate, at a concentration of 0.5 mM was shown to inhibit the intestinal uptake of the amino acids L-glycine, L-leucine, L-proline, L-lysine and L-tyrosine in rats in vitro. This effect was acutely reversible except for the basis amino acid L-lysine and is therefore not simply due to tissue damage. These results, and the recent finding that sodium deoxycholate inhibits intestinal absorption of amino acids in vivo, suggest that impaired intestinal amino acid transport may contribute to hypoproteinaemia in patients with bacterial overgrowth in the upper small intestine in whom deoxycholate is present in the small intestinal lumen in excessive concentrations.", "PMID": 1016131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1272", "title": "The effects of 2-phenylalanine 8-lysine vasopressin (octapressin) on blood vessels in the rat tail.", "content": "Isolated perfused segments of the ventral rat tail artery have been used in this study to investigate the effects of octapressin on vascular smooth muscle and its interaction with other vasoconstrictor agents. It was found that repeated octapressin administration was associated with tachyphylaxis and that the onset and rate of development of this phenomenon could be modified by cocaine. The constrictor action of catecholamines, electrical stimulation and serotonin on the rat tail artery was potentiated by octapressin. Mechanisms which may be involved in octapressin tachyphylaxis are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of 2-phenylalanine 8-lysine vasopressin (octapressin) on blood vessels in the rat tail. Isolated perfused segments of the ventral rat tail artery have been used in this study to investigate the effects of octapressin on vascular smooth muscle and its interaction with other vasoconstrictor agents. It was found that repeated octapressin administration was associated with tachyphylaxis and that the onset and rate of development of this phenomenon could be modified by cocaine. The constrictor action of catecholamines, electrical stimulation and serotonin on the rat tail artery was potentiated by octapressin. Mechanisms which may be involved in octapressin tachyphylaxis are discussed.", "PMID": 1016132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1273", "title": "The induction of parturition using dexamethasone.", "content": "Premature parturition was successfully induced with a preparation containing 2 dexamethasone esters in 709 out of 716 cows and heifers of gestational periods ranging from 3 to 8 months. A mortality rate of 38.5% was experienced among calves produced by induced cows, while only a 2.7% mortality rate occurred among 4,330 calves from normal parturitions. Approximately 50% of all treated cattle retained foetal membranes, but with apparently no ill-effect. The treatment apparently did not affect milk production, post-calving fertility, and the overall incidence of dystocias in cows and post-calving diseases. Three deaths occurred among induced cattle, but they could not be attributed to the treatment. It was concluded that the technique may prove to be of great value in dairy cattle, in seasonal milking areas.", "contents": "The induction of parturition using dexamethasone. Premature parturition was successfully induced with a preparation containing 2 dexamethasone esters in 709 out of 716 cows and heifers of gestational periods ranging from 3 to 8 months. A mortality rate of 38.5% was experienced among calves produced by induced cows, while only a 2.7% mortality rate occurred among 4,330 calves from normal parturitions. Approximately 50% of all treated cattle retained foetal membranes, but with apparently no ill-effect. The treatment apparently did not affect milk production, post-calving fertility, and the overall incidence of dystocias in cows and post-calving diseases. Three deaths occurred among induced cattle, but they could not be attributed to the treatment. It was concluded that the technique may prove to be of great value in dairy cattle, in seasonal milking areas.", "PMID": 1016133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1274", "title": "Infection rates and outbreaks of disease due to Babesia argentina in unvaccinated cattle on 5 beef properties in south-eastern Queensland.", "content": "Serums from unvaccinated groups in 5 herds of beef-cattle in South-East Queensland were tested for antibodies to Babesia argentina at intervals while the cattle were increasing in age from about 6 months. An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used. Infection rates, indicating the proportions of the groups that had been exposed to tick-transmitted infection were 49.2, 56.9 and 69.1% for cattle aged approximately 6, 12 and 18 months, respectively. The degree to which cattle were infested with the vector, Boophilus microplus, was estimated. There appeared to be a strong correlation between infection rate and tick incidence. Four serologically negative animals died of either confirmed or suspected babesiosis during the sampling period. Sickness was observed in 5 others. The serological status of 57 changes from negative to positive without symptoms being observed, indicating relatively low mortality and morbidity rates in the enzootic situation studied.", "contents": "Infection rates and outbreaks of disease due to Babesia argentina in unvaccinated cattle on 5 beef properties in south-eastern Queensland. Serums from unvaccinated groups in 5 herds of beef-cattle in South-East Queensland were tested for antibodies to Babesia argentina at intervals while the cattle were increasing in age from about 6 months. An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used. Infection rates, indicating the proportions of the groups that had been exposed to tick-transmitted infection were 49.2, 56.9 and 69.1% for cattle aged approximately 6, 12 and 18 months, respectively. The degree to which cattle were infested with the vector, Boophilus microplus, was estimated. There appeared to be a strong correlation between infection rate and tick incidence. Four serologically negative animals died of either confirmed or suspected babesiosis during the sampling period. Sickness was observed in 5 others. The serological status of 57 changes from negative to positive without symptoms being observed, indicating relatively low mortality and morbidity rates in the enzootic situation studied.", "PMID": 1016134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1275", "title": "Vaccination with Babesia argentina in 5 beef herds in south-eastern Queensland.", "content": "Observations on the use of a vaccine containing Babesia argentina in 5 partly susceptible beef herds in south-eastern Queensland were made on 1,029 female breeding cattle over a period of 4 years. Groups averaging about 20 heifers were given 0, 1, 2 or 3 vaccinations. Incidence derived from groups experiencing clinical attacks were 17.9% for unvaccinated cattle and 1.2% for vaccinates. Increasing the number of vaccinations did not appear to increase protection. The one clinical manifestation of infection with B. bigemina was associated with a concurrent reaction to vaccination with Anaplasma centrale. There were no cases of haemolytic anaemia in new-born calves. No severe reactions followed primary vaccination, but 2 revaccinated animals became sick.", "contents": "Vaccination with Babesia argentina in 5 beef herds in south-eastern Queensland. Observations on the use of a vaccine containing Babesia argentina in 5 partly susceptible beef herds in south-eastern Queensland were made on 1,029 female breeding cattle over a period of 4 years. Groups averaging about 20 heifers were given 0, 1, 2 or 3 vaccinations. Incidence derived from groups experiencing clinical attacks were 17.9% for unvaccinated cattle and 1.2% for vaccinates. Increasing the number of vaccinations did not appear to increase protection. The one clinical manifestation of infection with B. bigemina was associated with a concurrent reaction to vaccination with Anaplasma centrale. There were no cases of haemolytic anaemia in new-born calves. No severe reactions followed primary vaccination, but 2 revaccinated animals became sick.", "PMID": 1016135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1276", "title": "Tuberculosis-like granulomas in cattle caused by Actinomycetes.", "content": "From 280 lesions from normal cattle at slaughter, 10 were found to contain thin, branching, Gram-positive organisms belonging to the Nocardia/Streptomyces group and this was confirmed by culture in 3 cases. Macroscopically the older lesions were similar in appearance to those of tuberculosis. Microscopically, all lesions contained numerous foreign body giant cells and thin, branching organisms. The older lesions also contained areas of necrosis, caseation, mineralisation and fibrosis.", "contents": "Tuberculosis-like granulomas in cattle caused by Actinomycetes. From 280 lesions from normal cattle at slaughter, 10 were found to contain thin, branching, Gram-positive organisms belonging to the Nocardia/Streptomyces group and this was confirmed by culture in 3 cases. Macroscopically the older lesions were similar in appearance to those of tuberculosis. Microscopically, all lesions contained numerous foreign body giant cells and thin, branching organisms. The older lesions also contained areas of necrosis, caseation, mineralisation and fibrosis.", "PMID": 1016136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1277", "title": "A pathological and bacteriological study of the mammary glands of beef cows in north Queensland.", "content": "Pathological and bacteriological studies were made of a total of 507 udders from slaughtered beef cows originating from various locations in northern Queensland. Incidence of supernumerary tests was 28%, their distribution being caudal (80%), intercalary (8%), ramal (5%) and anterior 1%; 6% had both caudal and intercalary teats. They were seen most frequency in British breed and British-Brahman crossbreds (each 29%) and less frequently in Brahmans (22%). Gross lesions were found in 11.4% of cows; these lesions comprised cysts (2.8%), leech infestation (1.0%), mastitis (0.6%), teat occlusionsion (3.9%), papillomatosis (1.2%), cutaneous horns (0.4%), teat fistulas (0.4%), teat trauma (0.6%) and udder fibrosis (0.6%). Mastitis was obviously low in occurrence, while leech infestation and teat occlusion were relatively frequent in cows from one area. Bacteriological examination of single quarters in 364 cows, revealed infection in 154 (42.3%). A total of 199 isolations were made of which 3.5% were recognised mastitis pathogens. Pathological conditions were found, and bacterial isolations were made more frequently in aged than in mature or young cows.", "contents": "A pathological and bacteriological study of the mammary glands of beef cows in north Queensland. Pathological and bacteriological studies were made of a total of 507 udders from slaughtered beef cows originating from various locations in northern Queensland. Incidence of supernumerary tests was 28%, their distribution being caudal (80%), intercalary (8%), ramal (5%) and anterior 1%; 6% had both caudal and intercalary teats. They were seen most frequency in British breed and British-Brahman crossbreds (each 29%) and less frequently in Brahmans (22%). Gross lesions were found in 11.4% of cows; these lesions comprised cysts (2.8%), leech infestation (1.0%), mastitis (0.6%), teat occlusionsion (3.9%), papillomatosis (1.2%), cutaneous horns (0.4%), teat fistulas (0.4%), teat trauma (0.6%) and udder fibrosis (0.6%). Mastitis was obviously low in occurrence, while leech infestation and teat occlusion were relatively frequent in cows from one area. Bacteriological examination of single quarters in 364 cows, revealed infection in 154 (42.3%). A total of 199 isolations were made of which 3.5% were recognised mastitis pathogens. Pathological conditions were found, and bacterial isolations were made more frequently in aged than in mature or young cows.", "PMID": 1016137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1278", "title": "Polyarthritis of pigs in western Australia: the role of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.", "content": "A 3-month survey of polyarthritis in pigs was carried out at 3 metropolitan abattoirs in Western Australia. The incidence of total carcass condemnations for polyarthritis was 0.46% and partial condemnation for \"arthritis\" 1.66% of 15,919 pigs. It was demonstrated that the majority of joint lesions found in either total or partial condemnations were identical pathological conditions, usually differing only in the number of joints involved. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from the joints of 63% of pigs condemned for polyarthritis; it appears that this organism is the most significant aetiological agent of polyarthritis in Western Australia. The role of mycoplasmas has not been determined. The groww and microscopic lesions seen in affected joints were those of a non-suppurative proliferative polysynovitis. The stifle and elbow joints showed the highest incidence of the most severe lesions. Pigs condemned for polyarthritis over a 6-month period were traced back to 125 farms. Eighty per cent of pigs that had been condemned for polyarthritis had not been vaccinated against erysipelas or were of doubtful vaccination status. Only 3% of pigs had been vaccinated as recommended. The results would suggest that erysipelas vaccine is not directly implicated in the pathogenesis of polyarthritis. The majority of pigs condemned for polyarthritis originated from poorly managed small piggeries run as sideline enterprises. There was no significant pattern to the geographical distribution of polyarthritis cases in Western Australia. Likewise, no significant realtionship was established between polyarthritis condemnations and either breed, sex or bodyweight of thepigs involved.", "contents": "Polyarthritis of pigs in western Australia: the role of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. A 3-month survey of polyarthritis in pigs was carried out at 3 metropolitan abattoirs in Western Australia. The incidence of total carcass condemnations for polyarthritis was 0.46% and partial condemnation for \"arthritis\" 1.66% of 15,919 pigs. It was demonstrated that the majority of joint lesions found in either total or partial condemnations were identical pathological conditions, usually differing only in the number of joints involved. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from the joints of 63% of pigs condemned for polyarthritis; it appears that this organism is the most significant aetiological agent of polyarthritis in Western Australia. The role of mycoplasmas has not been determined. The groww and microscopic lesions seen in affected joints were those of a non-suppurative proliferative polysynovitis. The stifle and elbow joints showed the highest incidence of the most severe lesions. Pigs condemned for polyarthritis over a 6-month period were traced back to 125 farms. Eighty per cent of pigs that had been condemned for polyarthritis had not been vaccinated against erysipelas or were of doubtful vaccination status. Only 3% of pigs had been vaccinated as recommended. The results would suggest that erysipelas vaccine is not directly implicated in the pathogenesis of polyarthritis. The majority of pigs condemned for polyarthritis originated from poorly managed small piggeries run as sideline enterprises. There was no significant pattern to the geographical distribution of polyarthritis cases in Western Australia. Likewise, no significant realtionship was established between polyarthritis condemnations and either breed, sex or bodyweight of thepigs involved.", "PMID": 1016138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1279", "title": "Complications following a ruptured bladder in a 60-day-old foal.", "content": "The death of a 60-day-old foal due to massive haemorrhage associated with erosion of the left umbilical artery into the left ureter is reported. Surgical repair attempts are described together with post-mortem findings.", "contents": "Complications following a ruptured bladder in a 60-day-old foal. The death of a 60-day-old foal due to massive haemorrhage associated with erosion of the left umbilical artery into the left ureter is reported. Surgical repair attempts are described together with post-mortem findings.", "PMID": 1016139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1280", "title": "Congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in Australia. Distribution of antibodies to Akabane virus in Australian Cattle after the 1974 epizootic.", "content": "At the end of the 1974 epizootic of bovine congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in south-eastern New South Wales, an Australia-wide serological survey (about 4,000 serums) was made to determine the ditribution of cattle possessing serum neutralising antibodies against Akabane virus. Eighty per cent of the serums from cattle in northern Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland) were positive. A detailed study in the epizootic area in New South Wales (particularly around Bega) showed that 80 to 100% of serums from cows in herds in this area possessed neutralising antibodies. The animals possessing antibodies extended as far south as Genoa in north-eastern Victoria, and as far west as Darlington Point on the Murrumbidgee River. There were no positive herds along the Murray River, where an outbreak of the mosquito-borne disease Murray Valley encephalitis occurred in 1974. Serums tested from cows in the rest of Victoria, South Australia, south-western Western Australia, and Tasmania were negative. Arthrogrypotic calves born in Tasmania and south-western Western Australia were not associated with the presence of Akabane virus. In Papua New Guinea, serums collected from cattle at Boroka, Lae, and Goroka did not possess neutralising antibodies. The distribution of cattle possessing antibodies in Australia would fit a spread of the virus by Culicoides brevitarsis, a biting midge from which Akabane virus had been isolated on three occasions. The possibility of other vectors, as well as C. brevitarsis, was suggested by the presence of cows possessing antibodies at Alice Springs, where this biting midge has not been found. Possibly most cattle in northern Australia become infected early in life. The epizootics in New South Wales could occur when seasonal conditions allow a southerly extension of virus-infected C. brevitarsis which feed on susceptible pregnant animals. C. brevitarsis also bites sheep, and both neutralising antibodies to Akabane virus and congenitally deformed lambs have been observed in the epizootic area. An understanding of the distribtuion of Akabane virus and C. brevitarsis, a possible Australian vector for bluetongue virus, may prove useful if bluetongue should enter Australia.", "contents": "Congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in Australia. Distribution of antibodies to Akabane virus in Australian Cattle after the 1974 epizootic. At the end of the 1974 epizootic of bovine congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in south-eastern New South Wales, an Australia-wide serological survey (about 4,000 serums) was made to determine the ditribution of cattle possessing serum neutralising antibodies against Akabane virus. Eighty per cent of the serums from cattle in northern Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland) were positive. A detailed study in the epizootic area in New South Wales (particularly around Bega) showed that 80 to 100% of serums from cows in herds in this area possessed neutralising antibodies. The animals possessing antibodies extended as far south as Genoa in north-eastern Victoria, and as far west as Darlington Point on the Murrumbidgee River. There were no positive herds along the Murray River, where an outbreak of the mosquito-borne disease Murray Valley encephalitis occurred in 1974. Serums tested from cows in the rest of Victoria, South Australia, south-western Western Australia, and Tasmania were negative. Arthrogrypotic calves born in Tasmania and south-western Western Australia were not associated with the presence of Akabane virus. In Papua New Guinea, serums collected from cattle at Boroka, Lae, and Goroka did not possess neutralising antibodies. The distribution of cattle possessing antibodies in Australia would fit a spread of the virus by Culicoides brevitarsis, a biting midge from which Akabane virus had been isolated on three occasions. The possibility of other vectors, as well as C. brevitarsis, was suggested by the presence of cows possessing antibodies at Alice Springs, where this biting midge has not been found. Possibly most cattle in northern Australia become infected early in life. The epizootics in New South Wales could occur when seasonal conditions allow a southerly extension of virus-infected C. brevitarsis which feed on susceptible pregnant animals. C. brevitarsis also bites sheep, and both neutralising antibodies to Akabane virus and congenitally deformed lambs have been observed in the epizootic area. An understanding of the distribtuion of Akabane virus and C. brevitarsis, a possible Australian vector for bluetongue virus, may prove useful if bluetongue should enter Australia.", "PMID": 1016149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1281", "title": "Custom collection and processing of bull semen.", "content": "Three systems of custom collection and processing of semen are reported. In the first system, semen was collected, evaluated and partially diluted and returned to a central Government laboratory for final dilution and freezing. In the second system the procedure was similar to the first except the semen was returned to the author's laboratory for final dilution and freezing. System 2 reduced the failure to process rate from 20.4% to 6%, but did not significantly improve fertility (64% v's 68% for systems 1 and 2 respectively). A single-stage diluent was used in system 3 and the time from collection to freezing in the author's laboratory was reduced. Both the failure to process rate (0.1%) and the fertility rate of the semen (76%) improved over the other 2 systems.", "contents": "Custom collection and processing of bull semen. Three systems of custom collection and processing of semen are reported. In the first system, semen was collected, evaluated and partially diluted and returned to a central Government laboratory for final dilution and freezing. In the second system the procedure was similar to the first except the semen was returned to the author's laboratory for final dilution and freezing. System 2 reduced the failure to process rate from 20.4% to 6%, but did not significantly improve fertility (64% v's 68% for systems 1 and 2 respectively). A single-stage diluent was used in system 3 and the time from collection to freezing in the author's laboratory was reduced. Both the failure to process rate (0.1%) and the fertility rate of the semen (76%) improved over the other 2 systems.", "PMID": 1016151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1282", "title": "Control of reproductive function of cattle using cloprostenol.", "content": "Two intramuscular injections of cloprostenol were given 12 days apart to synchronise oestrus in a group of 47 heifers and following the second injection, 38 were found in oestrus in 2 to 6 days, 1 in 11 days and 8 in 22 to 27 days. The conception rate of the synchronised animals was 24 of 38 (63%). Twenty-nine heifers were given injections of cloprostenol in late pregnancy and parturition was induced with a latent period of 6 +/- 3 days when injected at 266 to 267 days. When injected at 254 to 262 days, 3 of 16 heifers (19%) were unresponsive and the remainder calved with a latent period of 12 +/- 6 days. The survival rate of calves from induced heifers was 71% with 80% survival from controls. Approximately 50% of the induced heifers, and none of the controls, retained their foetal membranes.", "contents": "Control of reproductive function of cattle using cloprostenol. Two intramuscular injections of cloprostenol were given 12 days apart to synchronise oestrus in a group of 47 heifers and following the second injection, 38 were found in oestrus in 2 to 6 days, 1 in 11 days and 8 in 22 to 27 days. The conception rate of the synchronised animals was 24 of 38 (63%). Twenty-nine heifers were given injections of cloprostenol in late pregnancy and parturition was induced with a latent period of 6 +/- 3 days when injected at 266 to 267 days. When injected at 254 to 262 days, 3 of 16 heifers (19%) were unresponsive and the remainder calved with a latent period of 12 +/- 6 days. The survival rate of calves from induced heifers was 71% with 80% survival from controls. Approximately 50% of the induced heifers, and none of the controls, retained their foetal membranes.", "PMID": 1016152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1283", "title": "The incidence of dystocia in Dorset Horn ewes.", "content": "The incidence of dystocia was recorded in flocks of Dorset Horn ewes lambing in winter, spring or summer and grazed at 8, 12 or 16 ewes per hectare over a ten-year period. The mean incidence of dystocia was 34% of ewes lambing. Significantly more ewes experience a difficult birth at winter (35%) and spring (39%) than summer (26%) lambings. Neither stocking rates nor pre-lambing ewe bodyweight were related to the incidence of dystocia. The incidence of dystocia was significantly greater in 2-year-old ewes than in any other age group. Foetal size was of major importance in the occurrence of dystocia. Approximately 60% of single and twin born lambs that had birth weights greater than 4.5 kg had a difficult birth whereas in lambs weighing less than 3.2 kg only about 10% were affected. Thirty-six per cent of all perinatal mortality was attributable to dystocia. Approximately 27% of single and 73% of twin presentations in assisted births were abnormal, 31% of all lambs assisted had 1 or both legs retained, 4% had posterior (including breech) presentations and the remaining 8% were of varied forms of malpresentation. Significantly more single male than female lambs experienced a difficult birth and the mean birth weights of single, twin and triplet born lambs that had a difficult birth were greater than the birth weights of singles, twins and triplets born normally.", "contents": "The incidence of dystocia in Dorset Horn ewes. The incidence of dystocia was recorded in flocks of Dorset Horn ewes lambing in winter, spring or summer and grazed at 8, 12 or 16 ewes per hectare over a ten-year period. The mean incidence of dystocia was 34% of ewes lambing. Significantly more ewes experience a difficult birth at winter (35%) and spring (39%) than summer (26%) lambings. Neither stocking rates nor pre-lambing ewe bodyweight were related to the incidence of dystocia. The incidence of dystocia was significantly greater in 2-year-old ewes than in any other age group. Foetal size was of major importance in the occurrence of dystocia. Approximately 60% of single and twin born lambs that had birth weights greater than 4.5 kg had a difficult birth whereas in lambs weighing less than 3.2 kg only about 10% were affected. Thirty-six per cent of all perinatal mortality was attributable to dystocia. Approximately 27% of single and 73% of twin presentations in assisted births were abnormal, 31% of all lambs assisted had 1 or both legs retained, 4% had posterior (including breech) presentations and the remaining 8% were of varied forms of malpresentation. Significantly more single male than female lambs experienced a difficult birth and the mean birth weights of single, twin and triplet born lambs that had a difficult birth were greater than the birth weights of singles, twins and triplets born normally.", "PMID": 1016153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1284", "title": "Simulated natural infection of chickens with Australian lentogenic newcastle disease virus and subsequent challenge with virulent virus.", "content": "A total of 291 eight-week-old chickens were exposed to chickens infected with either of two Australian lentogenic strains (V4 and AVL NDV-1) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). At 3 weeks after exposure, all chickens exposed to V4 infected chickens had developed haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody. All chickens exposed to AVL NDV-1 virus infected chickens had developed HI antibody 5 weeks later. This sudden late appearance of HI antibody, to titres higher than those observed with V4 chickens, was explained by V4 virus being introduced to the AVL NDV-1 group of chickens. When groups of these chickens were challenged with Roakin virus (mesogenic NDV) at 3 weeks and Fontana 1083 virus (viscerotropic velogenic NDV) and Texas GB virus (neutrotropic NDV) at 3, 5, 10 and 21 weeks only three chickens developed clinical illness one of which died. These chickens were one AVL NDV-1 chicken contact challenged with Fontana 1083 virus at 3 weeks, one V4 chicken oronasally challenged with Texas GB virus at 5 weeks and one V4 chicken challenged oronasally with Fontana 1083 virus at 10 weeks. Susceptible non-vaccinated chickens died soon after challenge. Challenge by oronasal infection with 10(7.0) ELD50 of virus or contact with susceptible infected chickens enabled virulent virus to be isolated from most chickens and was accompanied by a large anamnestic increase in serum HI antibody.", "contents": "Simulated natural infection of chickens with Australian lentogenic newcastle disease virus and subsequent challenge with virulent virus. A total of 291 eight-week-old chickens were exposed to chickens infected with either of two Australian lentogenic strains (V4 and AVL NDV-1) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). At 3 weeks after exposure, all chickens exposed to V4 infected chickens had developed haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody. All chickens exposed to AVL NDV-1 virus infected chickens had developed HI antibody 5 weeks later. This sudden late appearance of HI antibody, to titres higher than those observed with V4 chickens, was explained by V4 virus being introduced to the AVL NDV-1 group of chickens. When groups of these chickens were challenged with Roakin virus (mesogenic NDV) at 3 weeks and Fontana 1083 virus (viscerotropic velogenic NDV) and Texas GB virus (neutrotropic NDV) at 3, 5, 10 and 21 weeks only three chickens developed clinical illness one of which died. These chickens were one AVL NDV-1 chicken contact challenged with Fontana 1083 virus at 3 weeks, one V4 chicken oronasally challenged with Texas GB virus at 5 weeks and one V4 chicken challenged oronasally with Fontana 1083 virus at 10 weeks. Susceptible non-vaccinated chickens died soon after challenge. Challenge by oronasal infection with 10(7.0) ELD50 of virus or contact with susceptible infected chickens enabled virulent virus to be isolated from most chickens and was accompanied by a large anamnestic increase in serum HI antibody.", "PMID": 1016154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1285", "title": "Some factors affecting the measurement of blood inorganic phosphorus in cattle.", "content": "Sixty cows were studied over 3 days, to determine the effect of site of sampling, handling stress and the tranquilliser xylazine hydrochloride, on blood inorganic phosphorus (P). Jugular venous and coccygeal mixed arterial and venous blood were compared. Saliva was also analysed for P. Buffered and unbuffered trichloracetic acid (TCA) were compared as deproteinising agents. Tail blood P was consistently 12% (range 7-17%) higher than that from the jugular vein (P less than 0.01). This difference decreased when jugular blood was sampled first but increased following administration of the tranquilliser. The drug significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the concentration of P in the saliva on 2 out of 3 days. The possible role of salivary P in affecting jugular P values, is discussed. The buffered TCA analyses gave consistently lower P readings than the unbuffered analyses. The magnitude of this effect was time dependent, being greater when the samples were left for 4 days (P less than 0.05) than when analysed the next day. There was a very strong correlation between plasma and whole blood P. It was concluded that the tissue of choice in phosphorus studies is tail blood (plasma or serum) treated with buffered TCA.", "contents": "Some factors affecting the measurement of blood inorganic phosphorus in cattle. Sixty cows were studied over 3 days, to determine the effect of site of sampling, handling stress and the tranquilliser xylazine hydrochloride, on blood inorganic phosphorus (P). Jugular venous and coccygeal mixed arterial and venous blood were compared. Saliva was also analysed for P. Buffered and unbuffered trichloracetic acid (TCA) were compared as deproteinising agents. Tail blood P was consistently 12% (range 7-17%) higher than that from the jugular vein (P less than 0.01). This difference decreased when jugular blood was sampled first but increased following administration of the tranquilliser. The drug significantly (P less than 0.01) increased the concentration of P in the saliva on 2 out of 3 days. The possible role of salivary P in affecting jugular P values, is discussed. The buffered TCA analyses gave consistently lower P readings than the unbuffered analyses. The magnitude of this effect was time dependent, being greater when the samples were left for 4 days (P less than 0.05) than when analysed the next day. There was a very strong correlation between plasma and whole blood P. It was concluded that the tissue of choice in phosphorus studies is tail blood (plasma or serum) treated with buffered TCA.", "PMID": 1016155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1286", "title": "A study of nephritis of beef cattle in North Queensland.", "content": "The incidence of subclinical nephritis in beef cattle slaughtered at a Townsville abattoir during the period 1970-73 was 3.8 percent. A rising incidence coincided with the wet summer of 1973-74 reaching a peak of 8.2 percent thereafter in June 1974. All but 1 of 100 cases macroscopically identified as nephritis and studied histologically proved to be of interstitial type in which lymphocytic infiltration predominated. Follicular lymphoid hyperplasia was also a common feature. The exceptional case showed proliferative glomerulonephritis. Leptospires were isolated from 16 percent of cases cultured, and observed in 8 percent of specimens examined histologically. All of the 8 isolates subjected to serogrouping were L. pomona. Of the animals tested serologically against 2 serotypes 66.2 percent were positive to L. pomona (33.8 percent), L. hardjo (18.9 percent) or both (13.5 percent). The total incidence is significantly higher than in other random surveys carried out in the region. These findings suggest that Leptospira sp. are a major cause of bovine nephritis. Since other pathogens endemic in the area, for example, Babesia and Theileria sp., may be capable of causing nephritis in cattle an accurate assessment of the aetiology of that form of renal disease in north Queensland cannot yet be made.", "contents": "A study of nephritis of beef cattle in North Queensland. The incidence of subclinical nephritis in beef cattle slaughtered at a Townsville abattoir during the period 1970-73 was 3.8 percent. A rising incidence coincided with the wet summer of 1973-74 reaching a peak of 8.2 percent thereafter in June 1974. All but 1 of 100 cases macroscopically identified as nephritis and studied histologically proved to be of interstitial type in which lymphocytic infiltration predominated. Follicular lymphoid hyperplasia was also a common feature. The exceptional case showed proliferative glomerulonephritis. Leptospires were isolated from 16 percent of cases cultured, and observed in 8 percent of specimens examined histologically. All of the 8 isolates subjected to serogrouping were L. pomona. Of the animals tested serologically against 2 serotypes 66.2 percent were positive to L. pomona (33.8 percent), L. hardjo (18.9 percent) or both (13.5 percent). The total incidence is significantly higher than in other random surveys carried out in the region. These findings suggest that Leptospira sp. are a major cause of bovine nephritis. Since other pathogens endemic in the area, for example, Babesia and Theileria sp., may be capable of causing nephritis in cattle an accurate assessment of the aetiology of that form of renal disease in north Queensland cannot yet be made.", "PMID": 1016164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1287", "title": "Anthelmintic treatment of young beef cattle in the Wallum region of south-eastern Queensland.", "content": "An anthelmintic treatment trial on 125 Brahman-British crossbred 2 to 4 month old calves was undertaken on Wallum country in south eastern Queesland. The calves were divided into 5 experimental groups, grazed together and treated as follows for 17 months: Group 1--Untreated controls; Group 2--Monthly levamisole--niclosamide on 4 occasions; Group 3--Monthly levamisole until 1 month after weaning; Group 4--Levamisole 3 to 6 weeks after saturating rains; Group 5--No levamisole--niclosamide as for Group 2. The mean body weight gains for cattle in Groups 1 to 5 were 95, 124, 105, 121 and 97 kg respectively. Four cattle were lost from each of Groups 1 and 3 and five from Group 5. Most of these losses occurred towards the end of the second summer rainfall season. Faecal egg count maxima were recorded around weaning in untreated groups and during the summer rainfall period of both the first and second summer in all groups. The most prevalent nematode species encountered were H. placei, Cooperia spp and O. ostertagi. It is recommended that in this region cattle under 2 years of age should receive anthelmintic treatment at least in autumn and spring.", "contents": "Anthelmintic treatment of young beef cattle in the Wallum region of south-eastern Queensland. An anthelmintic treatment trial on 125 Brahman-British crossbred 2 to 4 month old calves was undertaken on Wallum country in south eastern Queesland. The calves were divided into 5 experimental groups, grazed together and treated as follows for 17 months: Group 1--Untreated controls; Group 2--Monthly levamisole--niclosamide on 4 occasions; Group 3--Monthly levamisole until 1 month after weaning; Group 4--Levamisole 3 to 6 weeks after saturating rains; Group 5--No levamisole--niclosamide as for Group 2. The mean body weight gains for cattle in Groups 1 to 5 were 95, 124, 105, 121 and 97 kg respectively. Four cattle were lost from each of Groups 1 and 3 and five from Group 5. Most of these losses occurred towards the end of the second summer rainfall season. Faecal egg count maxima were recorded around weaning in untreated groups and during the summer rainfall period of both the first and second summer in all groups. The most prevalent nematode species encountered were H. placei, Cooperia spp and O. ostertagi. It is recommended that in this region cattle under 2 years of age should receive anthelmintic treatment at least in autumn and spring.", "PMID": 1016165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1288", "title": "Humpy back of sheep. Clinical and pathological observations.", "content": "Humpy back, a disease of Merino sheep in western Queesland, occurs during mustering for shearing. It is usually seen in summer 6-10 weeks after substantial rainfall and is thought to be caused by the ingestion of a toxic plant. The disease is characterised clinically by a short-stepping, stilted gait of the hind limbs, followed by lowering of the head, arching of the back and inability to continue walking. Histopathological examination of 8 cases from 5 properties revealed a Wallerian degeneration of the white matter throughout the length of the spinal cord with the ventral and lateral columns most severely affected. A similar degenerative change was seen in the posterior cerebellar peduncles of 3 of the sheep. A more severe hind limb incoordination with more extensive degeneration of the white matter of the spinal cord, medulla and cerebellum was seen in a case of humpy back of two years duration. Similar, but much milder, spinal cord lesions were found in apparently unaffected sheep from the same group as the sheep affected with humpy back on 2 properties. Severe myodegeneration of hind limb muscle groups was seen in 3 affected sheep. It was thought to be associated with the long rail journey (1500 km) to the laboratory after the sheep were affected in the field.", "contents": "Humpy back of sheep. Clinical and pathological observations. Humpy back, a disease of Merino sheep in western Queesland, occurs during mustering for shearing. It is usually seen in summer 6-10 weeks after substantial rainfall and is thought to be caused by the ingestion of a toxic plant. The disease is characterised clinically by a short-stepping, stilted gait of the hind limbs, followed by lowering of the head, arching of the back and inability to continue walking. Histopathological examination of 8 cases from 5 properties revealed a Wallerian degeneration of the white matter throughout the length of the spinal cord with the ventral and lateral columns most severely affected. A similar degenerative change was seen in the posterior cerebellar peduncles of 3 of the sheep. A more severe hind limb incoordination with more extensive degeneration of the white matter of the spinal cord, medulla and cerebellum was seen in a case of humpy back of two years duration. Similar, but much milder, spinal cord lesions were found in apparently unaffected sheep from the same group as the sheep affected with humpy back on 2 properties. Severe myodegeneration of hind limb muscle groups was seen in 3 affected sheep. It was thought to be associated with the long rail journey (1500 km) to the laboratory after the sheep were affected in the field.", "PMID": 1016166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1289", "title": "Studies on the prevalence of ringworm among horses in racing and breeding stables.", "content": "A survey of 568 horses in training and 2,535 horses on breeding farms has shown 32 percent of the horses in training to be clinically affected while only 1.1 percent of breeding horses were affected with pathogenic dermatophytes. The majority of lesions on racing horses were located on the girth areas. Trichophyton equinum var. autotrophicum, M. canis and M. equinum were found to be restricted to racing horses only. M. gypseum occurred in racing, riding and breeding horses.", "contents": "Studies on the prevalence of ringworm among horses in racing and breeding stables. A survey of 568 horses in training and 2,535 horses on breeding farms has shown 32 percent of the horses in training to be clinically affected while only 1.1 percent of breeding horses were affected with pathogenic dermatophytes. The majority of lesions on racing horses were located on the girth areas. Trichophyton equinum var. autotrophicum, M. canis and M. equinum were found to be restricted to racing horses only. M. gypseum occurred in racing, riding and breeding horses.", "PMID": 1016167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1290", "title": "A standardised haemagglutination inhibition test for porcine parvovirus antibody.", "content": "Basic variables of the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for porcine parvovirus antibody were investigated. Nonspecific serum inhibitors were satisfactorily removed without loss of specific antibody when undiluted serum was adsorbed with 25 percent kaolin in borate saline at pH 9.0. Natural haemagglutinins in test serums could be completely removed using 0.1 ml of packed erythrocytes to 0.6 ml of kaolin treated serums. Adsorption of prediluted serum resulted in a depression of specific antibody titres. Highest HI titres were obtained using guinea pig erythrocytes, following incubation of virus-serum mixtures for 18 hours at 4 degrees C, 3 hours at 25 degrees C or 2 hours at 37 degrees C. Micro- and macro-tests gave comparable HI titres.", "contents": "A standardised haemagglutination inhibition test for porcine parvovirus antibody. Basic variables of the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for porcine parvovirus antibody were investigated. Nonspecific serum inhibitors were satisfactorily removed without loss of specific antibody when undiluted serum was adsorbed with 25 percent kaolin in borate saline at pH 9.0. Natural haemagglutinins in test serums could be completely removed using 0.1 ml of packed erythrocytes to 0.6 ml of kaolin treated serums. Adsorption of prediluted serum resulted in a depression of specific antibody titres. Highest HI titres were obtained using guinea pig erythrocytes, following incubation of virus-serum mixtures for 18 hours at 4 degrees C, 3 hours at 25 degrees C or 2 hours at 37 degrees C. Micro- and macro-tests gave comparable HI titres.", "PMID": 1016168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1291", "title": "Leptospiral agglutinins in dogs in Sydney.", "content": "From June 1971 to June 1972, sera from 600 dogs in Sydney were tested for leptospiral agglutinins by a rapid slide agglutination method. The end-point titre was taken at 50 percent agglutination of the live organisms. Forty-one samples (6.8 percent) had a significant leptospiral titres (100 or greater) and 5 of these reacted to 2 serotypes. Thirty serums (5 percent) contained agglutinins against L. copenhageni, and 6 (1 percent) against L. pomona, while a few samples reacted against hardjo, tarassovi, australis, grippotyphosa or pyrogenes serotypes. No significant titres were found to L. canicola, L. hebdomadis, L. autumnalis or L. bataviae.", "contents": "Leptospiral agglutinins in dogs in Sydney. From June 1971 to June 1972, sera from 600 dogs in Sydney were tested for leptospiral agglutinins by a rapid slide agglutination method. The end-point titre was taken at 50 percent agglutination of the live organisms. Forty-one samples (6.8 percent) had a significant leptospiral titres (100 or greater) and 5 of these reacted to 2 serotypes. Thirty serums (5 percent) contained agglutinins against L. copenhageni, and 6 (1 percent) against L. pomona, while a few samples reacted against hardjo, tarassovi, australis, grippotyphosa or pyrogenes serotypes. No significant titres were found to L. canicola, L. hebdomadis, L. autumnalis or L. bataviae.", "PMID": 1016169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1292", "title": "Evaluation of physical performance by rectangular-triangular bicycle ergometry and computer-assisted ergospirometry.", "content": "A great deal of information about physical adjustment to work can be obtained from quantitative stress testing. Maximal stress limited by symptoms of exertional intolerance is the concept of the 2 min duration work increment test (rectangular-triangular exercise test). Compared to steady-state work tests strict observation of the standardized procedure- and computer assisted evaluation of ergospirometric parameters offer innovatory opportunities: (1) the test is of short duration (8-14 min), (2) the subjects recover rapidly, even from an exhausting test, (3) one is more likely to be able to observe plateauing of VO2, should determination of maximal VO2 be desired, (4) adaptation to increasing work rates and maximal work capacity is assessable, (5) computer technics provide on-line assessment of aerobic and anaerobic power in quantitative terms, (6) measurements proved to be highly reproducible, (7) the relationship between variables such as increments of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, respiratory minute volume, oxygen uptake during the early phase of the non-steady-state condition and the index of anaerobic power, and the influence of factors such as work load and work output, has been studied to derive standard values. Soft-ware programs have been designed to estimate deviation of parameters actually measured from standard values in terms of multiples of the standard deviation of the standard regression line. In particular, evaluating oxygen uptake during short time-intervals (0.5 min) provides information about adequate adaptational forces of the cardio-circulatory system. Energy that is not accounted for by reactions involving the VO2 measured is computed by substracting the caloric equivalent of oxygen uptake during work exceeding the steady-state level during rest from the energy demand to sustain a given work load aerobically. This index of anaerobic power is defined in kcal, cal/kg body wt., and as a percentage of the total amount of energy required (moderately trained athletes 350-500 cal/kg; sedentary people 200-300 cal/kg). A close relationship to parameters of metabolic acidosis (base excess) exists. It is concluded that the physical performance of sedentary people, athletes and patients with impaired cardio-pulmonary function can be more precisely qualified in quantitative terms by means of computer assisted rectangular-triangular ergospirometry. Results obtained in patients with diseased conditions must be carefully interpreted, their condition suggesting the use of more invasive investigations to reveal the pathophysiologic mechanism.", "contents": "Evaluation of physical performance by rectangular-triangular bicycle ergometry and computer-assisted ergospirometry. A great deal of information about physical adjustment to work can be obtained from quantitative stress testing. Maximal stress limited by symptoms of exertional intolerance is the concept of the 2 min duration work increment test (rectangular-triangular exercise test). Compared to steady-state work tests strict observation of the standardized procedure- and computer assisted evaluation of ergospirometric parameters offer innovatory opportunities: (1) the test is of short duration (8-14 min), (2) the subjects recover rapidly, even from an exhausting test, (3) one is more likely to be able to observe plateauing of VO2, should determination of maximal VO2 be desired, (4) adaptation to increasing work rates and maximal work capacity is assessable, (5) computer technics provide on-line assessment of aerobic and anaerobic power in quantitative terms, (6) measurements proved to be highly reproducible, (7) the relationship between variables such as increments of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, respiratory minute volume, oxygen uptake during the early phase of the non-steady-state condition and the index of anaerobic power, and the influence of factors such as work load and work output, has been studied to derive standard values. Soft-ware programs have been designed to estimate deviation of parameters actually measured from standard values in terms of multiples of the standard deviation of the standard regression line. In particular, evaluating oxygen uptake during short time-intervals (0.5 min) provides information about adequate adaptational forces of the cardio-circulatory system. Energy that is not accounted for by reactions involving the VO2 measured is computed by substracting the caloric equivalent of oxygen uptake during work exceeding the steady-state level during rest from the energy demand to sustain a given work load aerobically. This index of anaerobic power is defined in kcal, cal/kg body wt., and as a percentage of the total amount of energy required (moderately trained athletes 350-500 cal/kg; sedentary people 200-300 cal/kg). A close relationship to parameters of metabolic acidosis (base excess) exists. It is concluded that the physical performance of sedentary people, athletes and patients with impaired cardio-pulmonary function can be more precisely qualified in quantitative terms by means of computer assisted rectangular-triangular ergospirometry. Results obtained in patients with diseased conditions must be carefully interpreted, their condition suggesting the use of more invasive investigations to reveal the pathophysiologic mechanism.", "PMID": 1016187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1293", "title": "The influence of calcium and beta-sympathomimetics on force-frequency relationship and resting potentiation in guinea pig papillary muscle.", "content": "The influence of various calcium concentrations and of the beta-sympathomimeticum orciprenaline (Alupent) on the force-frequency relationship and on the resting potentiation of isolated isometrically contracting papillary muscles of the guinea pig heart was studied. Elevation of Ca concentration and/or addition of orciprenaline augment the amplitudes of contractions elicited by rhythmical stimulation, but they diminish the amplitudes of test contractions elicited after a test interval of 1-2 s. It is suggested that calcium and orciprenaline strengthen the calcium loss from the sarcoplasmic reticulum out of the cell during a prolonged interval.", "contents": "The influence of calcium and beta-sympathomimetics on force-frequency relationship and resting potentiation in guinea pig papillary muscle. The influence of various calcium concentrations and of the beta-sympathomimeticum orciprenaline (Alupent) on the force-frequency relationship and on the resting potentiation of isolated isometrically contracting papillary muscles of the guinea pig heart was studied. Elevation of Ca concentration and/or addition of orciprenaline augment the amplitudes of contractions elicited by rhythmical stimulation, but they diminish the amplitudes of test contractions elicited after a test interval of 1-2 s. It is suggested that calcium and orciprenaline strengthen the calcium loss from the sarcoplasmic reticulum out of the cell during a prolonged interval.", "PMID": 1016186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1294", "title": "[A variant analysis of static body mass, height, surface area, radiological heart volume and aerobic capacity. Comparison findings between 200 high performance athletes with 80 untrained persons (author's transl)].", "content": "Static body mass and parameters of aerobic capacities were investigated in 200 high performance athletes and 80 untrained persons. The results were subjected to a variant analysis. A subdivision of the athletes into strength and endurance sports has been shown to be of value. The mean range in untrained persons, strength athletes, endurance sports athletes and other athletes is presented. Significant variations were observed. Body mass, height and surface area was measured and the findings in athletes and untrained persons were compared. From the variant analysis of absolute and relative heart volume, the statement can be made, that athletes have larger hearts and that differences between sports exist. On the average the maximal O2-Puls and maximal Wattpuls as a measure of the aerobic capacity are greater in trained than in untrained persons. A close correlation between maximal O2-Puls and Wattpuls was demonstrated. Between strength and endurance athletes significant differences in both parameters are observed. A comparison of several statistics from the West German sport medicine literature of recent decades has shown, that in spite of changes in training quality and quantity in high performances athletes no evidence could be found for an increase in the performance parameters of the aerobic capacity.", "contents": "[A variant analysis of static body mass, height, surface area, radiological heart volume and aerobic capacity. Comparison findings between 200 high performance athletes with 80 untrained persons (author's transl)]. Static body mass and parameters of aerobic capacities were investigated in 200 high performance athletes and 80 untrained persons. The results were subjected to a variant analysis. A subdivision of the athletes into strength and endurance sports has been shown to be of value. The mean range in untrained persons, strength athletes, endurance sports athletes and other athletes is presented. Significant variations were observed. Body mass, height and surface area was measured and the findings in athletes and untrained persons were compared. From the variant analysis of absolute and relative heart volume, the statement can be made, that athletes have larger hearts and that differences between sports exist. On the average the maximal O2-Puls and maximal Wattpuls as a measure of the aerobic capacity are greater in trained than in untrained persons. A close correlation between maximal O2-Puls and Wattpuls was demonstrated. Between strength and endurance athletes significant differences in both parameters are observed. A comparison of several statistics from the West German sport medicine literature of recent decades has shown, that in spite of changes in training quality and quantity in high performances athletes no evidence could be found for an increase in the performance parameters of the aerobic capacity.", "PMID": 1016188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1295", "title": "Maximal rate of pressure rise and time parameters in the right ventricle under isovolumic conditions. Investigations in the canine heart-lung preparation.", "content": "In contrast to the left ventricle, the maximal rate of intraventricular pressure rise in the right ventricle does not occur within the isovolumic phase of the contraction. Occlusion of the pulmonary artery by inflation of a balloon during the diastole causes an isovolumic systole of the following heart beat. The canine heart-lung preparation was used to test whether dP/dtmax measured isovolumically and the peak ventricular pressure Pmax as well as the parameters derived are useful indices for the contractile state of the right ventricle. Changes only of the aortic pressure influence neither dP/dtmax, Pmax and the time values from the onset of contraction to dP/dtmax (t-dP/dtmax), nor the time to Pmax (t-Pmax). A rise in heart frequency leads to an increase in dP/dtmax and Pmax at lowered enddiastolic pressure. It does not influence the time interval t-dP/dtmax and t-Pmax. With augmented diastolic filling, dP/dtmax as well as Pmax increase, and t-dP/dtmax and t-Pmax are extended. The present study suggests that dP/dtmax and Pmax measured isovolumically provide accurate and practical measurements of right ventricular contractility, provided that changes in enddiastolic pressure and heart frequency are taken into account. The time parameters are found to be not useful.", "contents": "Maximal rate of pressure rise and time parameters in the right ventricle under isovolumic conditions. Investigations in the canine heart-lung preparation. In contrast to the left ventricle, the maximal rate of intraventricular pressure rise in the right ventricle does not occur within the isovolumic phase of the contraction. Occlusion of the pulmonary artery by inflation of a balloon during the diastole causes an isovolumic systole of the following heart beat. The canine heart-lung preparation was used to test whether dP/dtmax measured isovolumically and the peak ventricular pressure Pmax as well as the parameters derived are useful indices for the contractile state of the right ventricle. Changes only of the aortic pressure influence neither dP/dtmax, Pmax and the time values from the onset of contraction to dP/dtmax (t-dP/dtmax), nor the time to Pmax (t-Pmax). A rise in heart frequency leads to an increase in dP/dtmax and Pmax at lowered enddiastolic pressure. It does not influence the time interval t-dP/dtmax and t-Pmax. With augmented diastolic filling, dP/dtmax as well as Pmax increase, and t-dP/dtmax and t-Pmax are extended. The present study suggests that dP/dtmax and Pmax measured isovolumically provide accurate and practical measurements of right ventricular contractility, provided that changes in enddiastolic pressure and heart frequency are taken into account. The time parameters are found to be not useful.", "PMID": 1016189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1296", "title": "The maximal rate of pressure rise in the right ventricle of isolated canine hearts in isovolumic and auxotonic systole under various hemodynamic and inotropic conditions.", "content": "The influence of changes in pre- and afterload, heart frequency and inotropic state on the difference between right ventricular dP/dtmax measured isovolumically and auxotonically has been investigated in canine heart-lung preparations. Isovolumic systoles were obtained by occluding the pulmonary artery during diastole by balloon inflation. The mean difference between isovolumic and auxotonic dP/dtmax is 40 mm Hg/sec (15 to 80 mm Hg/sec) - i.e. about 10% of the value measured auxotonically. Neither hemodynamic (pre- and afterload changes) nor inotropic changes influence this difference. Heart rate increase from 140 to 200/min also has no effect. This corresponds with the unchanged time interval between pulmonary valve opening and right ventricular dP/dtmax under all these conditions. Only heart rates below 100/min seem to enhance the difference between isovolumic and auxotonic dP/dtmax. Since the difference is not altered at various inotropic states, the result of this study leads to the conclusion that the relative changes in contractility could be slightly overestimated by using the auxotonic dP/dtmax for inotropic assessment. Practically, this inexactitude is within the error range of the method. Therefore, the use of dP/dtmax measured auxotonically does not introduce a marked disadvantage related to isovolumic dP/dtmax for assessment of relative inotropic changes of the right ventricle in isolated hearts.", "contents": "The maximal rate of pressure rise in the right ventricle of isolated canine hearts in isovolumic and auxotonic systole under various hemodynamic and inotropic conditions. The influence of changes in pre- and afterload, heart frequency and inotropic state on the difference between right ventricular dP/dtmax measured isovolumically and auxotonically has been investigated in canine heart-lung preparations. Isovolumic systoles were obtained by occluding the pulmonary artery during diastole by balloon inflation. The mean difference between isovolumic and auxotonic dP/dtmax is 40 mm Hg/sec (15 to 80 mm Hg/sec) - i.e. about 10% of the value measured auxotonically. Neither hemodynamic (pre- and afterload changes) nor inotropic changes influence this difference. Heart rate increase from 140 to 200/min also has no effect. This corresponds with the unchanged time interval between pulmonary valve opening and right ventricular dP/dtmax under all these conditions. Only heart rates below 100/min seem to enhance the difference between isovolumic and auxotonic dP/dtmax. Since the difference is not altered at various inotropic states, the result of this study leads to the conclusion that the relative changes in contractility could be slightly overestimated by using the auxotonic dP/dtmax for inotropic assessment. Practically, this inexactitude is within the error range of the method. Therefore, the use of dP/dtmax measured auxotonically does not introduce a marked disadvantage related to isovolumic dP/dtmax for assessment of relative inotropic changes of the right ventricle in isolated hearts.", "PMID": 1016190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1297", "title": "[The noninvasive determination of cardiac output by means of impedance cardiography. Comparative evaluation with a thermal dilution technique (author's transl)].", "content": "When a high frequency alternating current is passed through the thorax by means of tape-electrodes, the electrical impedance Z is changing synchronously with the cardiac cycle. The relation between the first derivative dZ/dt and the stroke volume is the basis for the application of impedance cardiography (IK) Determinations of cardiac output (CO) at rest during ergometer exercise using this noninvasive technique were compared with CO values obtained by the thermal dilution method. In 57 subjects simultaneous determinations using both methods were performed at resting conditions. The correlation coefficient was r = 0.63. In addition, in 48 of the subjects CO was measured with both methods during supine ergometer exercise. Comparison of the exercise values resulted in a correlation coefficient of r = 0.63. In all 48 cases there was a concordant change of the IK and thermodilution CO values. It is concluded that relative changes of CO are reliably detected by IK. The absolute values can be utilized only approximately.", "contents": "[The noninvasive determination of cardiac output by means of impedance cardiography. Comparative evaluation with a thermal dilution technique (author's transl)]. When a high frequency alternating current is passed through the thorax by means of tape-electrodes, the electrical impedance Z is changing synchronously with the cardiac cycle. The relation between the first derivative dZ/dt and the stroke volume is the basis for the application of impedance cardiography (IK) Determinations of cardiac output (CO) at rest during ergometer exercise using this noninvasive technique were compared with CO values obtained by the thermal dilution method. In 57 subjects simultaneous determinations using both methods were performed at resting conditions. The correlation coefficient was r = 0.63. In addition, in 48 of the subjects CO was measured with both methods during supine ergometer exercise. Comparison of the exercise values resulted in a correlation coefficient of r = 0.63. In all 48 cases there was a concordant change of the IK and thermodilution CO values. It is concluded that relative changes of CO are reliably detected by IK. The absolute values can be utilized only approximately.", "PMID": 1016191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1298", "title": "A classification of tumor development based on an analysis of enzymes in tissue sections of hypernephroid carcinoma in man.", "content": "Sections of hypernephroid carcinoma from 20 cases were investigated for aldolase isozymes A and B by a mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique, and for the brush border membrane enzymes aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase by conventional histochemical techniques. It was found that the cases could be grouped into four types: type 1 (1 case) contained all 4 enzymes; type 2 (7 cases) contained all enzymes except aldolase-B; type 3 (7 cases) possessed aldolase-A and one brush border membrane enzyme; type 4 (5 cases) contained only aldolase-A. The aldolase-A concentration in all tumor cells was higher than that in proximal tubule cells, whereas the concentration of the two brush border enzymes was lower. In cases tydolase-B and/or higher amounts of the brush border enzymes than the surrounding cells. No correlation was observed between clear cell and granular cell hypernephroid carcinomas or the invasiveness or the nuclear polymorphism of the tumors on the one hand with their enzyme type on the other. These histological enzyme analyses suggest that most, if not all, hypernephroid carcinomas are derived from kidney proximal tubule cells and that the tumor cells then progressively lose aldolase-B, and subsequently the brush border enzymes, but at the same time producing more aldolase-A. The presence of the enzyme-rich patches suggest different patterns of proliferation and differentiation among the tumor cell population. Three tumors other than hypernephroid carcinoma were also examined in this way. The results suggest that histoenzymological analyses are of general applicability in studies of tumor progression. They should also be useful for biopsy and aspiration cytology.", "contents": "A classification of tumor development based on an analysis of enzymes in tissue sections of hypernephroid carcinoma in man. Sections of hypernephroid carcinoma from 20 cases were investigated for aldolase isozymes A and B by a mixed aggregation immuno-cytochemical technique, and for the brush border membrane enzymes aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase by conventional histochemical techniques. It was found that the cases could be grouped into four types: type 1 (1 case) contained all 4 enzymes; type 2 (7 cases) contained all enzymes except aldolase-B; type 3 (7 cases) possessed aldolase-A and one brush border membrane enzyme; type 4 (5 cases) contained only aldolase-A. The aldolase-A concentration in all tumor cells was higher than that in proximal tubule cells, whereas the concentration of the two brush border enzymes was lower. In cases tydolase-B and/or higher amounts of the brush border enzymes than the surrounding cells. No correlation was observed between clear cell and granular cell hypernephroid carcinomas or the invasiveness or the nuclear polymorphism of the tumors on the one hand with their enzyme type on the other. These histological enzyme analyses suggest that most, if not all, hypernephroid carcinomas are derived from kidney proximal tubule cells and that the tumor cells then progressively lose aldolase-B, and subsequently the brush border enzymes, but at the same time producing more aldolase-A. The presence of the enzyme-rich patches suggest different patterns of proliferation and differentiation among the tumor cell population. Three tumors other than hypernephroid carcinoma were also examined in this way. The results suggest that histoenzymological analyses are of general applicability in studies of tumor progression. They should also be useful for biopsy and aspiration cytology.", "PMID": 1016198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1299", "title": "Quantitative electron microscopic study of capillaries in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A systematic microscopic examination of all elements of the capillary wall was performed on quadriceps muscle biopsies from 9 diabetic patients and 8 controls. The capillary basement membrane (CBM) was markedly thicker in diabetics; it consisted of several lamellae and contained large vacuoles which were never observed in non-diabetic subjects. Large magnifications revealed fibrils in greater number and markedly larger in diameter in diabetics, these accounting for a considerable volume of the CBM and the adventitia and increased diameter and thickness of the capillary wall, without encroaching on the lumen. The intracellular fibrils in pericytes and endothelial cells were also larger and thicker in diabetic subjects. The prevalence of fibrillar material in the vascular disease of diabetes mellitus suggests the importance of research into possible measures to arrest fibril formation.", "contents": "Quantitative electron microscopic study of capillaries in diabetes mellitus. A systematic microscopic examination of all elements of the capillary wall was performed on quadriceps muscle biopsies from 9 diabetic patients and 8 controls. The capillary basement membrane (CBM) was markedly thicker in diabetics; it consisted of several lamellae and contained large vacuoles which were never observed in non-diabetic subjects. Large magnifications revealed fibrils in greater number and markedly larger in diameter in diabetics, these accounting for a considerable volume of the CBM and the adventitia and increased diameter and thickness of the capillary wall, without encroaching on the lumen. The intracellular fibrils in pericytes and endothelial cells were also larger and thicker in diabetic subjects. The prevalence of fibrillar material in the vascular disease of diabetes mellitus suggests the importance of research into possible measures to arrest fibril formation.", "PMID": 1016199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1300", "title": "The significance of DNA flow-through fluorescence cytophotometry for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma.", "content": "Flow-through fluorescence cytophotometric determination of nuclear DNA content was employed for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. Fine needle aspiration biopsy material from the prostate of 220 patients was used for study. A false negative rate of 11.4% and a false positive rate of 29.7% were obtained when the results of flow-through photometry were compared with those of traditional cytodiagnosis. It was found that 4.5% of the specimens were unsuitable for cytologic diagnosis and 10.9% for flow-through cytophotometry. False negative DNA histograms may be due to two factors: either the number of tumor cells is small or there are tumor cells whose nuclear DNA content does not differ from that of a normal cell population. False positive findings result from proliferating cells in inflammatory activation. Errors in preparation of the material and mechanical mistakes, such as cellular clumping and coincidences, are less likely causes. The greater percentage of specimens which were inadequate for cytophotometry was due to the large number of cells needed for a utilizable flow-through photometric histogram. The high rate of false negative and false positive results (11.4% and 29.7%, respectively) argues against using flow-through photometric nuclear DNA determination for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma.", "contents": "The significance of DNA flow-through fluorescence cytophotometry for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. Flow-through fluorescence cytophotometric determination of nuclear DNA content was employed for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. Fine needle aspiration biopsy material from the prostate of 220 patients was used for study. A false negative rate of 11.4% and a false positive rate of 29.7% were obtained when the results of flow-through photometry were compared with those of traditional cytodiagnosis. It was found that 4.5% of the specimens were unsuitable for cytologic diagnosis and 10.9% for flow-through cytophotometry. False negative DNA histograms may be due to two factors: either the number of tumor cells is small or there are tumor cells whose nuclear DNA content does not differ from that of a normal cell population. False positive findings result from proliferating cells in inflammatory activation. Errors in preparation of the material and mechanical mistakes, such as cellular clumping and coincidences, are less likely causes. The greater percentage of specimens which were inadequate for cytophotometry was due to the large number of cells needed for a utilizable flow-through photometric histogram. The high rate of false negative and false positive results (11.4% and 29.7%, respectively) argues against using flow-through photometric nuclear DNA determination for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma.", "PMID": 1016200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1301", "title": "The influence of dihydroergotamine on adenosine-induced and reactive coronary vasodilation. Interaction of dihydroergotamine and coronary vasodilation.", "content": "The influence of dihydroergotamine on adenosine-induced and reactive vasodilation after long and short periods of coronary artery occlusion was investigated in thoracotomized dogs. Adenosine-induced vasodilation (intracoronary administration) and vasodilation after long periods of coronary artery occlusion (25-35 beats) were similarly influenced, i.e. decreased by the i.v. administration of 10 mug/kg dihydroergotamine. By contrast vasodilation after short periods of coronary artery occlusion (4-7 beats) tended to be increased. This difference in response is thought to arise from two distinct mechanisms of coronary vasodilation after coronary artery occlusion depending on the duration of the occlusion period. The vasodilation after short periods of coronary artery occlusion possibly corresponds to physiological autoregulation. With longer periods of coronary artery occlusion an additional, consecutive mechanism is called into action.", "contents": "The influence of dihydroergotamine on adenosine-induced and reactive coronary vasodilation. Interaction of dihydroergotamine and coronary vasodilation. The influence of dihydroergotamine on adenosine-induced and reactive vasodilation after long and short periods of coronary artery occlusion was investigated in thoracotomized dogs. Adenosine-induced vasodilation (intracoronary administration) and vasodilation after long periods of coronary artery occlusion (25-35 beats) were similarly influenced, i.e. decreased by the i.v. administration of 10 mug/kg dihydroergotamine. By contrast vasodilation after short periods of coronary artery occlusion (4-7 beats) tended to be increased. This difference in response is thought to arise from two distinct mechanisms of coronary vasodilation after coronary artery occlusion depending on the duration of the occlusion period. The vasodilation after short periods of coronary artery occlusion possibly corresponds to physiological autoregulation. With longer periods of coronary artery occlusion an additional, consecutive mechanism is called into action.", "PMID": 1016194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1302", "title": "Experimental hypothyroidism: depression of myocardial contractile function and hemodynamics and their reversibility by substitution with thyroid hormones.", "content": "Hemodynamics and myocardial muscle mechanics have been studied in 22 euthyroid and 60 hypothyroid cats in which experimental hypothyroidism has been produced by thyroidectomy 61 days prior to the examination. Left ventricular to body weight ratio was altered due to a decrease in left ventricular weight and an increase in body weight. Heart rate, cardiac output and cardiac index were decreased (by 12-15 per cent), whereas stroke volume remained unchanges. Peak systolic pressure of the left ventricle was moderately decreased, the other pressures were in the normal range. There was a marked and significant reduction of isovolumic contractility indices indicating a depression of myocardial contractility in situ by 20-27 per cent. The isolated ventricular myocardium exhibited decreases of isotonic muscle shortening, of maximum isometric tension development and of the rates of both, isotonic shortening and isometric tension development by 12-35 per cent. Force-velocity relationships of contraction and relaxation were depressed to lower values of contraction and relaxation velocity as well as of maximum isometric muscle tension. The alterations in myocardial muscle mechanics and hemodynamics were completely reversible following substitution of the hypothyroid group with physiological doses of L-thyroxine (5 mug/kg/day for 8-18 days). Excess increases of parameters of myocardial performance were found following substitution of the hypothyroid group with L-thyroxine (500 mug/kg/day) in accordance with the induction of experimental hyperthyroidism in these animals. The results demonstrate impaired myocardial contractility and hemodynamics in experimental hypothyroidism. These changes are completely reversible by substitution with L-thyroxine in accordance with a reversible thyroid cardiomyopathy. The cellular mechanisms responsible for the altered cardiac activity in experimental hypothyroidism are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental hypothyroidism: depression of myocardial contractile function and hemodynamics and their reversibility by substitution with thyroid hormones. Hemodynamics and myocardial muscle mechanics have been studied in 22 euthyroid and 60 hypothyroid cats in which experimental hypothyroidism has been produced by thyroidectomy 61 days prior to the examination. Left ventricular to body weight ratio was altered due to a decrease in left ventricular weight and an increase in body weight. Heart rate, cardiac output and cardiac index were decreased (by 12-15 per cent), whereas stroke volume remained unchanges. Peak systolic pressure of the left ventricle was moderately decreased, the other pressures were in the normal range. There was a marked and significant reduction of isovolumic contractility indices indicating a depression of myocardial contractility in situ by 20-27 per cent. The isolated ventricular myocardium exhibited decreases of isotonic muscle shortening, of maximum isometric tension development and of the rates of both, isotonic shortening and isometric tension development by 12-35 per cent. Force-velocity relationships of contraction and relaxation were depressed to lower values of contraction and relaxation velocity as well as of maximum isometric muscle tension. The alterations in myocardial muscle mechanics and hemodynamics were completely reversible following substitution of the hypothyroid group with physiological doses of L-thyroxine (5 mug/kg/day for 8-18 days). Excess increases of parameters of myocardial performance were found following substitution of the hypothyroid group with L-thyroxine (500 mug/kg/day) in accordance with the induction of experimental hyperthyroidism in these animals. The results demonstrate impaired myocardial contractility and hemodynamics in experimental hypothyroidism. These changes are completely reversible by substitution with L-thyroxine in accordance with a reversible thyroid cardiomyopathy. The cellular mechanisms responsible for the altered cardiac activity in experimental hypothyroidism are discussed.", "PMID": 1016193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1303", "title": "[Postmortem demonstration of portal vein collateral circulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Postmortem investigation of esophageal varices and the portal system is difficult, because veins are collapsed at autopsy. The demonstration of varices is possible by illumination of the isolated mucous membrane or by puncturing esophageal varices and filing them with different materials. We use a 15% aqueous gelatine solution (if needed with additional barium sulfate for x-ray examination) which is supplemented by 40% formaldehyde (40 ml in 1 1 gelatine solution). The superior mesenteric vein is catheterized and filled by a clyster-pump. The mixture of gelatine and formaldehyde hardens within a few minutes. The autopsy is delayed only about half an hour. Within this time the portal system is well outlined. This method can show exactly the drainage of the portal system into the inferior vena cava. In cases of portocaval shunt or of esophageal transsection the result of the operation can be verified. The localization of the bleeding source of esophageal varices can be demonstrated by escape of the filling mass.", "contents": "[Postmortem demonstration of portal vein collateral circulation (author's transl)]. Postmortem investigation of esophageal varices and the portal system is difficult, because veins are collapsed at autopsy. The demonstration of varices is possible by illumination of the isolated mucous membrane or by puncturing esophageal varices and filing them with different materials. We use a 15% aqueous gelatine solution (if needed with additional barium sulfate for x-ray examination) which is supplemented by 40% formaldehyde (40 ml in 1 1 gelatine solution). The superior mesenteric vein is catheterized and filled by a clyster-pump. The mixture of gelatine and formaldehyde hardens within a few minutes. The autopsy is delayed only about half an hour. Within this time the portal system is well outlined. This method can show exactly the drainage of the portal system into the inferior vena cava. In cases of portocaval shunt or of esophageal transsection the result of the operation can be verified. The localization of the bleeding source of esophageal varices can be demonstrated by escape of the filling mass.", "PMID": 1016201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1304", "title": "Effects of fendilin hydrochloride (sensit) on systemic and coronary hemodynamics and on retrograde coronary blood flow in dogs.", "content": "Fendilin hydrochloride was tested in 9 normal anesthetized dogs and in 7 anesthetized dogs with acute coronary artery occlusion. The compound (1 mg/kg i.v.) caused a slight short lasting increase in coronary blood flow together with an increase in cardiac metabolic rate for oxygen of similar magnitude. There was no measurable effect on collateral conductance. No noteworthy effects on systemic hemodynamics were observed.", "contents": "Effects of fendilin hydrochloride (sensit) on systemic and coronary hemodynamics and on retrograde coronary blood flow in dogs. Fendilin hydrochloride was tested in 9 normal anesthetized dogs and in 7 anesthetized dogs with acute coronary artery occlusion. The compound (1 mg/kg i.v.) caused a slight short lasting increase in coronary blood flow together with an increase in cardiac metabolic rate for oxygen of similar magnitude. There was no measurable effect on collateral conductance. No noteworthy effects on systemic hemodynamics were observed.", "PMID": 1016195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1305", "title": "Hemodynamic response to digitalization in patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease (HCD) and incipient myocardial dysfunction underwent hemodynamic studies at rest and during exercise before and 30 minutes after administration of 0.6 mg beta-methyl-digoxin intravenously. Measurements were made during right heart catheterization with a balloon-tipped catheter. The hemodynamic changes after administration of digitalis did not demonstrate a consistent and uniform improvement of cardiac performance in all patients with HCD and myocardial dysfunction. When separating 11 patients with pervious myocardial infarctions or documented coronary artery disease (CAD) (= Group I) from the remaining 17 subjects without clinical and/or angiographic signs of CAD (= Group II), there were significant differences in the hemodynamic response to digitalis: In Group I, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) after digitalis decreased only slightly and insignificantly from 8.7 to 7.4 mm Hg at rest and from 27.6 to 26.4 mm Hg during steady state exercise. Cardiac output (CO) remained essentially unchanged with a tendency to decrease after digitalis: 5.9 vs. 5.8 L/min at rest and 11.5 vs 11.1 L/min during exercise. At rest, even patients of Group II showed only minor decrease of PAWP from 8.8 to 7.2 mm Hg; during exercise these patients demonstrated marked improvement of cardiac performance with a significant decrease of PAWP after digitalis from 27.8 to 22.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). With one exception, there was a more or less pronounced reduction of PAWP after the drug was given. No significant change of CO after digitalis was measured in this group: 6.2 vs. 5.9 L/min at rest and 13.4 vs. 13.5 L/min during exercise. The different hemodynamic patterns of responders and non-responders to the glycoside will be discussed.", "contents": "Hemodynamic response to digitalization in patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Twenty-eight patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease (HCD) and incipient myocardial dysfunction underwent hemodynamic studies at rest and during exercise before and 30 minutes after administration of 0.6 mg beta-methyl-digoxin intravenously. Measurements were made during right heart catheterization with a balloon-tipped catheter. The hemodynamic changes after administration of digitalis did not demonstrate a consistent and uniform improvement of cardiac performance in all patients with HCD and myocardial dysfunction. When separating 11 patients with pervious myocardial infarctions or documented coronary artery disease (CAD) (= Group I) from the remaining 17 subjects without clinical and/or angiographic signs of CAD (= Group II), there were significant differences in the hemodynamic response to digitalis: In Group I, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) after digitalis decreased only slightly and insignificantly from 8.7 to 7.4 mm Hg at rest and from 27.6 to 26.4 mm Hg during steady state exercise. Cardiac output (CO) remained essentially unchanged with a tendency to decrease after digitalis: 5.9 vs. 5.8 L/min at rest and 11.5 vs 11.1 L/min during exercise. At rest, even patients of Group II showed only minor decrease of PAWP from 8.8 to 7.2 mm Hg; during exercise these patients demonstrated marked improvement of cardiac performance with a significant decrease of PAWP after digitalis from 27.8 to 22.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). With one exception, there was a more or less pronounced reduction of PAWP after the drug was given. No significant change of CO after digitalis was measured in this group: 6.2 vs. 5.9 L/min at rest and 13.4 vs. 13.5 L/min during exercise. The different hemodynamic patterns of responders and non-responders to the glycoside will be discussed.", "PMID": 1016192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1306", "title": "Studies on the regulation of myocardial blood flow in man. I.: Training effects on blood flow and metabolism of the healthy heart at rest and during standardized heavy exercise.", "content": "In a comparative study 11 athletes and 11 untrained students were investigated at rest, of these 6 trained and 5 untrained individuals during exercise as well. Myocardial blood flow was measured by the argon method. Myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial substrate uptake of glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids and cardiac output were determined by the direct Fick principle. Exercise was standardized according to 65% of an individual's maximal oxygen uptake (delta VO2 max). Coronary flow reserve was determined by dipyridamole injections. All measurements were made during hemodynamic and respiratory steady-state conditions with the subject in a supine position. At rest, myocardial blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were significantly lower in trained subjects compared to the untrained ones. These differences were more pronounced during heavy exercise. They cannot be explained completely by hemodynamic parameters. - During exercise, myocardial substrate uptake shifted to a predominant lactate uptake of almost 90% of total substrate uptake. Total substrate uptake as well as lactate uptake correlated significantly with myocardial oxygen. - Coronary flow reserve was lower in the trained group. It is concluded that the heart muscle of a trained individual requires less energy at a given work load than in the untrained state.", "contents": "Studies on the regulation of myocardial blood flow in man. I.: Training effects on blood flow and metabolism of the healthy heart at rest and during standardized heavy exercise. In a comparative study 11 athletes and 11 untrained students were investigated at rest, of these 6 trained and 5 untrained individuals during exercise as well. Myocardial blood flow was measured by the argon method. Myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial substrate uptake of glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids and cardiac output were determined by the direct Fick principle. Exercise was standardized according to 65% of an individual's maximal oxygen uptake (delta VO2 max). Coronary flow reserve was determined by dipyridamole injections. All measurements were made during hemodynamic and respiratory steady-state conditions with the subject in a supine position. At rest, myocardial blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were significantly lower in trained subjects compared to the untrained ones. These differences were more pronounced during heavy exercise. They cannot be explained completely by hemodynamic parameters. - During exercise, myocardial substrate uptake shifted to a predominant lactate uptake of almost 90% of total substrate uptake. Total substrate uptake as well as lactate uptake correlated significantly with myocardial oxygen. - Coronary flow reserve was lower in the trained group. It is concluded that the heart muscle of a trained individual requires less energy at a given work load than in the untrained state.", "PMID": 1016196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1307", "title": "[Evaluation of arterial occlusive disease].", "content": "In giving an opinion on arterial circulation disorders, an arterial occlusion is predominant. As a rule, the diagnosis based on anamnestic data, clinical examinations and some functional tests causes no difficulties. An angiography simplifies the evaluation, but it should be carried out only to distinguish a generalized vasculopathy from a local one. The arterial occlusion is a chronic and progressive disease with coronary vessels being mainly involved. The muscular force of the patient is reduced, local infections and traumatisms menace him thus reducing his working capacity. Anticoagulants must often be given continuously, the vascular systems of the heart and the brain may be impaired. It is extremely difficult to elucidate causal relationships, especially in case of injuries suffered during military service. It is the general opinion nowadays that cold-injuries entail a limited angiitis but no generalized vasculopathy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of arterial occlusive disease]. In giving an opinion on arterial circulation disorders, an arterial occlusion is predominant. As a rule, the diagnosis based on anamnestic data, clinical examinations and some functional tests causes no difficulties. An angiography simplifies the evaluation, but it should be carried out only to distinguish a generalized vasculopathy from a local one. The arterial occlusion is a chronic and progressive disease with coronary vessels being mainly involved. The muscular force of the patient is reduced, local infections and traumatisms menace him thus reducing his working capacity. Anticoagulants must often be given continuously, the vascular systems of the heart and the brain may be impaired. It is extremely difficult to elucidate causal relationships, especially in case of injuries suffered during military service. It is the general opinion nowadays that cold-injuries entail a limited angiitis but no generalized vasculopathy.", "PMID": 1016212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1308", "title": "[\"Superficial spreading melanoma\" within a psoriasis focus as a delayed sequela following arsenic therapy for psoriasis].", "content": "After a longlasting psoriasis (25-30 years) and after an arsenotherapy of psoriasis per os fifteen years ago an arsenic-caused injury occured with formation of a melanoma within the surrounding psoriasis. In examinating comparable Moselle vine dressers with late arsenic-caused injuries during the years 1972-1975, altogether 1600 examinations, precancerosis, basaliomas, morbus-Bowen, spinaliomas, and transitional epithelium carcinomas have been found and have been histologically confirmed. No melano malignom has been found. Al in eleven other cases of vine dressers with arsenic-caused late injuries showing keratosis, precancerosis, and basaliomas together with a long-lasting psoriasis vulgaris no melano malignom has been found.", "contents": "[\"Superficial spreading melanoma\" within a psoriasis focus as a delayed sequela following arsenic therapy for psoriasis]. After a longlasting psoriasis (25-30 years) and after an arsenotherapy of psoriasis per os fifteen years ago an arsenic-caused injury occured with formation of a melanoma within the surrounding psoriasis. In examinating comparable Moselle vine dressers with late arsenic-caused injuries during the years 1972-1975, altogether 1600 examinations, precancerosis, basaliomas, morbus-Bowen, spinaliomas, and transitional epithelium carcinomas have been found and have been histologically confirmed. No melano malignom has been found. Al in eleven other cases of vine dressers with arsenic-caused late injuries showing keratosis, precancerosis, and basaliomas together with a long-lasting psoriasis vulgaris no melano malignom has been found.", "PMID": 1016213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1309", "title": "Studies on live attenuated mumps vaccine. II. Follow-up study on the efficacy of Biken Vaccine.", "content": "Clinical and serological follow-ups were made on 18 children for 3 years and on another 18 children for 4 years, after immunization against mumps by attenuated mumps vaccine; Biken vaccine. To evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine, matched controls were studied during the same period. Serological examinations revealed that 77% of the vaccinees and 93% of the controls were infected with mumps after close contacts with mumps patients. Regular mumps was contracted by 88% of the controls, but none of the vaccinees. There was no substantial decrease in the antibody titers in unexposed vaccinees after vaccination.", "contents": "Studies on live attenuated mumps vaccine. II. Follow-up study on the efficacy of Biken Vaccine. Clinical and serological follow-ups were made on 18 children for 3 years and on another 18 children for 4 years, after immunization against mumps by attenuated mumps vaccine; Biken vaccine. To evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine, matched controls were studied during the same period. Serological examinations revealed that 77% of the vaccinees and 93% of the controls were infected with mumps after close contacts with mumps patients. Regular mumps was contracted by 88% of the controls, but none of the vaccinees. There was no substantial decrease in the antibody titers in unexposed vaccinees after vaccination.", "PMID": 1016214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1310", "title": "Isolation and purification of D-alanyl-meso-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid endopeptidase of Streptomyces L-3 enzyme using soluble substrates of known chemical structure from Lactobacillus plantarum cell wall digests.", "content": "D-alanyl-meso-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid (D-Alanyl-meso-A2pm) endopeptidase was isolated and purified from a crude Streptomyces L-3 enzyme preparation by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing in a density gradient. During its purification, its hydrolytic activity was assayed on cell walls of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and soluble glycopeptides and peptides, of known chemical structures, prepared enzymatically from these cell walls. A fraction with an isoelectric point of pH 7.9 cleaved the bond between the carboxyl group of the D-alanine residue at the C-terminal in one peptide subunit and one of the two amino groups of the A2pm residue in the neighboring peptide subunit. Unlike the crude enzyme, the endopeptidase in this fraction showed no N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, A2pm carboxyamide amidase or proteinase(s) activity and it was immunologically homogeneous.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of D-alanyl-meso-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid endopeptidase of Streptomyces L-3 enzyme using soluble substrates of known chemical structure from Lactobacillus plantarum cell wall digests. D-alanyl-meso-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid (D-Alanyl-meso-A2pm) endopeptidase was isolated and purified from a crude Streptomyces L-3 enzyme preparation by ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing in a density gradient. During its purification, its hydrolytic activity was assayed on cell walls of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and soluble glycopeptides and peptides, of known chemical structures, prepared enzymatically from these cell walls. A fraction with an isoelectric point of pH 7.9 cleaved the bond between the carboxyl group of the D-alanine residue at the C-terminal in one peptide subunit and one of the two amino groups of the A2pm residue in the neighboring peptide subunit. Unlike the crude enzyme, the endopeptidase in this fraction showed no N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, A2pm carboxyamide amidase or proteinase(s) activity and it was immunologically homogeneous.", "PMID": 1016217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1311", "title": "Studies of the cell envelope of Vibrio para-haemolyticus A55: isolation and purification of bag-shaped peptidoglycan (murein sacculus).", "content": "The peptidoglycan (PG) component of the envelope of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 was studied in relation to the salt dependency of the organism. A bag-shaped PG (murein sacculus) was isolated and purified by digestion of freshly harvested intact whole cells with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and then protease treatment. Whole cells lyze in salt-deficient or hypotonic conditions and this can be measured by turbidometry. Lysis is prevented by addition of 0.35 M NaCl or acidification to below pH 4.5. The isolated PG or murein sacculi did not seem to require salt for structural integrity. The PG obtained by the same method from subcellular fractions, that is, envelope fractions, prepared either with or without NaCl, was extensively fragmented. The main amino acids and amino sugars of the murein sacculus were glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, 2, 6-diamnopimelic acid (A2pm) in a molar ratio of 0.4:0.6:1.7:0.9:1.0. A polyglucose, which was only degraded by Pseudomonas isoamylase,and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHBA) were found in the murein sacculus. The murein sacculus of the organism is discussed in comparison with PG of other gram negative bacteria and marine or halophilic microorganisms.", "contents": "Studies of the cell envelope of Vibrio para-haemolyticus A55: isolation and purification of bag-shaped peptidoglycan (murein sacculus). The peptidoglycan (PG) component of the envelope of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 was studied in relation to the salt dependency of the organism. A bag-shaped PG (murein sacculus) was isolated and purified by digestion of freshly harvested intact whole cells with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and then protease treatment. Whole cells lyze in salt-deficient or hypotonic conditions and this can be measured by turbidometry. Lysis is prevented by addition of 0.35 M NaCl or acidification to below pH 4.5. The isolated PG or murein sacculi did not seem to require salt for structural integrity. The PG obtained by the same method from subcellular fractions, that is, envelope fractions, prepared either with or without NaCl, was extensively fragmented. The main amino acids and amino sugars of the murein sacculus were glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, 2, 6-diamnopimelic acid (A2pm) in a molar ratio of 0.4:0.6:1.7:0.9:1.0. A polyglucose, which was only degraded by Pseudomonas isoamylase,and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHBA) were found in the murein sacculus. The murein sacculus of the organism is discussed in comparison with PG of other gram negative bacteria and marine or halophilic microorganisms.", "PMID": 1016218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1312", "title": "Genetic control of heat sensitivity and activity level of murine arylsulfatase B.", "content": "BALB/c male mice possess twofold higher kidney p-nitrocatechol-SO4 arylsulfatase B than do A/HeJ male mice; however, their liver arylsulfatase activities are comparable. Twentyfold-purified kidney arylsulfatases B from these two strains have similar Michaelis constants, electrophoretic mobilities, pH optima, and inhibitor profiles; however, the BALB/c enzyme is more heat stable than the A/HeJ enzyme. BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, and SWR/J mice share an autosomal allele, As-1a, which apparently determines the heat-stable arylsulfatase B, while A/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice possess the As-1b allele, which determines the heat-sensitive enzyme. A second autosomal locus, Asr-1, determines liver arylsulfatase B activity. C57BL/6J mice carry the Asr-1a allele, which results in high liver activities, while C3H/HeJ mice are homozygous for the low-activity allele, Asr-1b. Male mice generally have 30-40% higher kidney activities than females; however, female kidney arylsulfatase activities rise and actually surpass those of males during late pregnancy and lactation.", "contents": "Genetic control of heat sensitivity and activity level of murine arylsulfatase B. BALB/c male mice possess twofold higher kidney p-nitrocatechol-SO4 arylsulfatase B than do A/HeJ male mice; however, their liver arylsulfatase activities are comparable. Twentyfold-purified kidney arylsulfatases B from these two strains have similar Michaelis constants, electrophoretic mobilities, pH optima, and inhibitor profiles; however, the BALB/c enzyme is more heat stable than the A/HeJ enzyme. BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, and SWR/J mice share an autosomal allele, As-1a, which apparently determines the heat-stable arylsulfatase B, while A/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice possess the As-1b allele, which determines the heat-sensitive enzyme. A second autosomal locus, Asr-1, determines liver arylsulfatase B activity. C57BL/6J mice carry the Asr-1a allele, which results in high liver activities, while C3H/HeJ mice are homozygous for the low-activity allele, Asr-1b. Male mice generally have 30-40% higher kidney activities than females; however, female kidney arylsulfatase activities rise and actually surpass those of males during late pregnancy and lactation.", "PMID": 1016219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1313", "title": "The enzymatic deficiency conditioned by the shrunken-1 mutations in maize.", "content": "Evidence is presented to show that the Sh locus specifies sucrose synthetase in the developing endosperm of maize. The sh/sh/sh endosperm possesses less than 10% sucrose synthetase activity as compared to the normal Sh/sh/sh endosperm. The residual enzyme activity in five independently derived mutant genotypes is attributable to a protein molecule of different electrophoretic and immunochemical specificities that is presumably independent of the sh locus. Sucrose synthetase activity in the embryo in both the genotypes is electrophoretically indistinguishable from the one present in the mutant endosperm. Mutant endosperm has a reduced starch content as compared to the normal. This observation constitutes genetic evidence supporting a critical role for sucrose synthetase in starch biosynthesis.", "contents": "The enzymatic deficiency conditioned by the shrunken-1 mutations in maize. Evidence is presented to show that the Sh locus specifies sucrose synthetase in the developing endosperm of maize. The sh/sh/sh endosperm possesses less than 10% sucrose synthetase activity as compared to the normal Sh/sh/sh endosperm. The residual enzyme activity in five independently derived mutant genotypes is attributable to a protein molecule of different electrophoretic and immunochemical specificities that is presumably independent of the sh locus. Sucrose synthetase activity in the embryo in both the genotypes is electrophoretically indistinguishable from the one present in the mutant endosperm. Mutant endosperm has a reduced starch content as compared to the normal. This observation constitutes genetic evidence supporting a critical role for sucrose synthetase in starch biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1016220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1314", "title": "Multiple structural genes for the alpha chain of canine (Canis familiaris) hemoglobin.", "content": "There are two forms of the alpha chain of canine hemoglobin differing only at residue 130. One form (taualpha) contains threonine at this position, the other (Aalpha) contains alanine. Studies of two Labrador dog families strongly support the existance of multiple alpha-chain structural genes as the basis of the alpha-chain heterogeneity. There must be at least one gene locus for Talpha and one for Aalpha; the exact number of loci has not been determined. Two other dog breeds, the Basenji and the Beagle, also have both Talpha and Aalpha chains.", "contents": "Multiple structural genes for the alpha chain of canine (Canis familiaris) hemoglobin. There are two forms of the alpha chain of canine hemoglobin differing only at residue 130. One form (taualpha) contains threonine at this position, the other (Aalpha) contains alanine. Studies of two Labrador dog families strongly support the existance of multiple alpha-chain structural genes as the basis of the alpha-chain heterogeneity. There must be at least one gene locus for Talpha and one for Aalpha; the exact number of loci has not been determined. Two other dog breeds, the Basenji and the Beagle, also have both Talpha and Aalpha chains.", "PMID": 1016221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1315", "title": "Analysis of repetitive DNA in three species of Gossypium.", "content": "The rate of reassociation of denatured DNA was determined for two selected diploid species, Gossypium thurberi (D genome) and G. arboreum (A genome), and one allotetraploid species, G. hirsutum (AD genome). The relative genome size and DNA content of the chromosomes of the diploids were A greater than D. Renaturation curves indicated that the differences in genome sizes were due primarily to the repetitive DNA content.", "contents": "Analysis of repetitive DNA in three species of Gossypium. The rate of reassociation of denatured DNA was determined for two selected diploid species, Gossypium thurberi (D genome) and G. arboreum (A genome), and one allotetraploid species, G. hirsutum (AD genome). The relative genome size and DNA content of the chromosomes of the diploids were A greater than D. Renaturation curves indicated that the differences in genome sizes were due primarily to the repetitive DNA content.", "PMID": 1016222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1316", "title": "Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic studies on blood enzymes and proteins in arctic and silver foxes.", "content": "Twenty-seven blood enzymes and proteins, whose structures are presumably controlled by at least 33 genes, were assayed in Arctic and silver foxes by starch gel electrophoresis. Two types of protein and enzyme electrophoretic patterns were distinguished: one exhibiting a single enzyme, the other several isozymes. The two fox species were found to differ in seven of the 27 enzymes and proteins studied: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, erythrocyte carboxylesterase, diaphorase, prealbumin, transferrin, and albumin. No differences were established between the species for the other enzymes and proteins. The data are interpreted as evidence for the existance of a set of enzymes and proteins differentiating the Arctic from the silver fox.", "contents": "Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic studies on blood enzymes and proteins in arctic and silver foxes. Twenty-seven blood enzymes and proteins, whose structures are presumably controlled by at least 33 genes, were assayed in Arctic and silver foxes by starch gel electrophoresis. Two types of protein and enzyme electrophoretic patterns were distinguished: one exhibiting a single enzyme, the other several isozymes. The two fox species were found to differ in seven of the 27 enzymes and proteins studied: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, erythrocyte carboxylesterase, diaphorase, prealbumin, transferrin, and albumin. No differences were established between the species for the other enzymes and proteins. The data are interpreted as evidence for the existance of a set of enzymes and proteins differentiating the Arctic from the silver fox.", "PMID": 1016223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1317", "title": "Chromosome number and flavonoid synthesis in Briza L. (Gramineae).", "content": "Following a recent reidentification of the apigenin C-glycosides in diploid Briza media, the luteolin C-glycosides were reexamined and three acylated derivatives of a luteolin C-glycoside were found. In an attempt to identify the chromosome or group of chromosomes responsible for the change in flavonoid synthesis from 4'-hydroxy- in diploid plants to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone C-glycosides in autotetraploid plants, leaf flavonoids of artificially produced aneuploids of B. media were examined. Among these plants three different leaf flavonoid profiles were recognized: diploid, tetraploid, and a \"modified\" tetraploid pattern. All the aneuploids with the normal or \"modified\" tetraploid pattern were trisomic for one of the small acrocentric chromosomes. Induced polyploids of other Briza species were usually found to have similar flavonoid patterns in the two chromosome races. Flavonoid sulfates were found in three South American species but are absent from all the European species.", "contents": "Chromosome number and flavonoid synthesis in Briza L. (Gramineae). Following a recent reidentification of the apigenin C-glycosides in diploid Briza media, the luteolin C-glycosides were reexamined and three acylated derivatives of a luteolin C-glycoside were found. In an attempt to identify the chromosome or group of chromosomes responsible for the change in flavonoid synthesis from 4'-hydroxy- in diploid plants to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone C-glycosides in autotetraploid plants, leaf flavonoids of artificially produced aneuploids of B. media were examined. Among these plants three different leaf flavonoid profiles were recognized: diploid, tetraploid, and a \"modified\" tetraploid pattern. All the aneuploids with the normal or \"modified\" tetraploid pattern were trisomic for one of the small acrocentric chromosomes. Induced polyploids of other Briza species were usually found to have similar flavonoid patterns in the two chromosome races. Flavonoid sulfates were found in three South American species but are absent from all the European species.", "PMID": 1016224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1318", "title": "Identification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosomes with genes controlling the level of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and acid proteinase using the Chinese Spring-Hope substitution lines.", "content": "The levels of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and acid proteinase were compared in the primary leaves of 8-day-old wheat seedlings of Chinese Spring, Hope, and the 21 disomic substitution lines of Hope in Chinese Spring. Two chromosomes, 7B and 7D, were considered to contain genes controlling the level of nitrate reductase. Substitution of Hope chromosome 7B caused a highly significant increase in the in vitro stability of nitrate reductase. Nitrite reductase appeared to be controlled by two major genes, located on chromosomes 4D and 7D, and two minor genes, located on chromosomes 3D and 5A. In the case of acid proteinase, substitution of chromosome 1D caused a significant reduction in enzyme activity.", "contents": "Identification of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosomes with genes controlling the level of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and acid proteinase using the Chinese Spring-Hope substitution lines. The levels of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and acid proteinase were compared in the primary leaves of 8-day-old wheat seedlings of Chinese Spring, Hope, and the 21 disomic substitution lines of Hope in Chinese Spring. Two chromosomes, 7B and 7D, were considered to contain genes controlling the level of nitrate reductase. Substitution of Hope chromosome 7B caused a highly significant increase in the in vitro stability of nitrate reductase. Nitrite reductase appeared to be controlled by two major genes, located on chromosomes 4D and 7D, and two minor genes, located on chromosomes 3D and 5A. In the case of acid proteinase, substitution of chromosome 1D caused a significant reduction in enzyme activity.", "PMID": 1016225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1319", "title": "Genetic control and distribution of leucine aminopeptidase in the cultivated chenopods (Chenopodium) and related weed taxa.", "content": "Isozymes of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in leaf tissue of the cultivated chenopods (Chenopodium quinoa and C. nuttalliae) and their sympatric weedy relatives (C. hircinum and C. berlandieri) can be electrophoretically resolved into a sum total of five anodally migrating bands. These are the products of two unlinked gene loci which apparently reflect genetic duplication via allotetraploidy. Accessions from the Andean and Mexican areas of cultivation are characterized by a lack of electrophoretically detectable variation. Andean weed and cultigen accessions appear to be genetically identical at both Lap loci, as do weed and cultigen material from Mexico. The two cultigens, and their sympatric weeds, can be differentiated by variation at the Lap-B locus, whereas they are monomorphic at Lap-A. This locus is, however, highly polymorphic in weedy C. berlandieri populations of western North America.", "contents": "Genetic control and distribution of leucine aminopeptidase in the cultivated chenopods (Chenopodium) and related weed taxa. Isozymes of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in leaf tissue of the cultivated chenopods (Chenopodium quinoa and C. nuttalliae) and their sympatric weedy relatives (C. hircinum and C. berlandieri) can be electrophoretically resolved into a sum total of five anodally migrating bands. These are the products of two unlinked gene loci which apparently reflect genetic duplication via allotetraploidy. Accessions from the Andean and Mexican areas of cultivation are characterized by a lack of electrophoretically detectable variation. Andean weed and cultigen accessions appear to be genetically identical at both Lap loci, as do weed and cultigen material from Mexico. The two cultigens, and their sympatric weeds, can be differentiated by variation at the Lap-B locus, whereas they are monomorphic at Lap-A. This locus is, however, highly polymorphic in weedy C. berlandieri populations of western North America.", "PMID": 1016226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1320", "title": "Correlation between structural variation and activity of murine kidney beta-galactosidase: implications for genetic control.", "content": "Two closely linked regulatory genes have been reported to control activity levels of beta-galactosidases in murine tissues. The specific effects of these genes on murine glycolipid metabolism have not been elucidated. A/HeJ kidney 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-galactosidase exhibited lower thermostability than the corresponding C57BL/6J and SWR/J enzymes. This altered response to heat segregated with the Bgsh allele among progeny derived from backcrosses of F1 (A/HeJ; SWR/J) mice to the respective parental strains. Restriction of the heat-sensitive A/HeJ beta-galactosidase to kidney tissue suggests that it is not determined by the Bgs locus, since the latter appears to be expressed in all tissues. More likely, the Bgs region of chromosome 9 contains a gene cluster consisting of a number of regulatory and structural loci. The proposed structural genes share affinity for the artificial substrates commonly employed for their assay but may differ in their relative affinities for glycosphingolipid substrates. Presence of the Bgsh allele results in an increase of kidney GM1-ganglioside-beta-galactosidase; however, galactosylceramide-beta-galactosidase appears unaffected by this allele.", "contents": "Correlation between structural variation and activity of murine kidney beta-galactosidase: implications for genetic control. Two closely linked regulatory genes have been reported to control activity levels of beta-galactosidases in murine tissues. The specific effects of these genes on murine glycolipid metabolism have not been elucidated. A/HeJ kidney 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-galactosidase exhibited lower thermostability than the corresponding C57BL/6J and SWR/J enzymes. This altered response to heat segregated with the Bgsh allele among progeny derived from backcrosses of F1 (A/HeJ; SWR/J) mice to the respective parental strains. Restriction of the heat-sensitive A/HeJ beta-galactosidase to kidney tissue suggests that it is not determined by the Bgs locus, since the latter appears to be expressed in all tissues. More likely, the Bgs region of chromosome 9 contains a gene cluster consisting of a number of regulatory and structural loci. The proposed structural genes share affinity for the artificial substrates commonly employed for their assay but may differ in their relative affinities for glycosphingolipid substrates. Presence of the Bgsh allele results in an increase of kidney GM1-ganglioside-beta-galactosidase; however, galactosylceramide-beta-galactosidase appears unaffected by this allele.", "PMID": 1016227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1321", "title": "On the detection of functional and structural enzyme mutants by coordinated affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing.", "content": "A method of studying structural and functional heterogeneity of enzymes has been developed and tested on chymotrypsin. The enzyme, prepared from single mouse pancreata, has been fractionated with respect to function and charge content by a combination of affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. By comparing chymotrypsin isolated from isogenic strains, chymotrypsinogen of strains A/Sn and NZB was found to be genetically heterogeneous, thus not revealed as different chymotrypsin forms of a single zymogen. Chymotrypsinogen originating from two loci was investigated, and structural and functional differences of the corresponding enzymes were determined. At both loci, structural allelomorphism was indicated. At one locus, the structural heterogeneity was also found to be reflected in functional heterogeneity of the corresponding enzymes. By mating the two strains and fractionating the enzyme of the cross, the differences were shown to be inherited.", "contents": "On the detection of functional and structural enzyme mutants by coordinated affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. A method of studying structural and functional heterogeneity of enzymes has been developed and tested on chymotrypsin. The enzyme, prepared from single mouse pancreata, has been fractionated with respect to function and charge content by a combination of affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. By comparing chymotrypsin isolated from isogenic strains, chymotrypsinogen of strains A/Sn and NZB was found to be genetically heterogeneous, thus not revealed as different chymotrypsin forms of a single zymogen. Chymotrypsinogen originating from two loci was investigated, and structural and functional differences of the corresponding enzymes were determined. At both loci, structural allelomorphism was indicated. At one locus, the structural heterogeneity was also found to be reflected in functional heterogeneity of the corresponding enzymes. By mating the two strains and fractionating the enzyme of the cross, the differences were shown to be inherited.", "PMID": 1016228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1322", "title": "An investigation of the products of 53 gene loci in three species of wild Canidae: Canis lupus, Canis latrans, and Canis familiaris.", "content": "This article describes an investigation of inter- and intraspecific variation in three small populations of wild Canidae-wolf, coyote, and dingo. The products of 53 gene loci were examined. Very little interspecies variation was observed, but the level of intraspecific variation was compatible with that found in man.", "contents": "An investigation of the products of 53 gene loci in three species of wild Canidae: Canis lupus, Canis latrans, and Canis familiaris. This article describes an investigation of inter- and intraspecific variation in three small populations of wild Canidae-wolf, coyote, and dingo. The products of 53 gene loci were examined. Very little interspecies variation was observed, but the level of intraspecific variation was compatible with that found in man.", "PMID": 1016229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1323", "title": "Gene action in fish of tetraploid origin. V. Cellular RNA and protein content and enzyme activities in cyprinid, clupeoid, and salmonoid species.", "content": "The ratio of cellular RNA and protein content is about 1:1 between phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid species of the teleost family Cyprinidae, but is roughly in proportion to ploidy in species of the teleost order Isospondyli. Enzyme activities do not unequivocally comply with this scheme. These findings are discussed in view of the hypothesis that a regulatory mechanism which reduces genic activity has evolved in the tetraploid cyprinids but not in the tetraploid species of the order Isopondyli.", "contents": "Gene action in fish of tetraploid origin. V. Cellular RNA and protein content and enzyme activities in cyprinid, clupeoid, and salmonoid species. The ratio of cellular RNA and protein content is about 1:1 between phylogenetically diploid and tetraploid species of the teleost family Cyprinidae, but is roughly in proportion to ploidy in species of the teleost order Isospondyli. Enzyme activities do not unequivocally comply with this scheme. These findings are discussed in view of the hypothesis that a regulatory mechanism which reduces genic activity has evolved in the tetraploid cyprinids but not in the tetraploid species of the order Isopondyli.", "PMID": 1016230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1324", "title": "Genetic study of pancreatic proteinase in mice (Mus musculus): linkage of the Prt-2 locus on chromosome 8.", "content": "The Prt-2 locus is linked with Es-1 and Es-2 loci on chromosome 8 (linkage group XVIII). Recombination frequencies were 8.2% between Es-1 and Es-2 12.7% between Es-1 and Prt-2, and 4.5% between Es-2 and Prt-2. From these data, the map position of Prt-2 has been estimated on chromosome 8. The Prt-1 and Prt-3 loci, which are linked very closely on the same chromosome, were not determined.", "contents": "Genetic study of pancreatic proteinase in mice (Mus musculus): linkage of the Prt-2 locus on chromosome 8. The Prt-2 locus is linked with Es-1 and Es-2 loci on chromosome 8 (linkage group XVIII). Recombination frequencies were 8.2% between Es-1 and Es-2 12.7% between Es-1 and Prt-2, and 4.5% between Es-2 and Prt-2. From these data, the map position of Prt-2 has been estimated on chromosome 8. The Prt-1 and Prt-3 loci, which are linked very closely on the same chromosome, were not determined.", "PMID": 1016231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1325", "title": "Demonstration of a new mammalian isoleucine catabolic pathway yielding an Rseries of metabolites.", "content": "1. Normal human urine contains small amounts (less than 4 mg/g of creatinine) of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, formed, we believe, by a previously undisclosed endogenous catabolic pathway for the oxidation of a newly described series of R metabolites of isoleucine. 2. Urinary excretion of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid is variably increased in defects of isoleucine oxidation at distal steps in the catabolic pathway (3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase deficiency and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency) and is diminished when proximal steps of the oxidative pathway are blocked as in branched-chain oxo acid decarboxylase deficiency ('maple-syrup-urine' disease). 3. Precursors of R-pathway metabolites [R(-)-2-methylbutyrate and 2-ethylacrylate ] lead to increased 2-ethylhydracrylate excretion in the mammal(rat, rabbit and dog); the corresponding S metabolites [S(+)-2-methylbutyric acid and tiglic acid ], when given in equimolar amounts, have little effect on its excretion, suggesting that little or no interconversion between S and R metabolites occurs in vivo. 4. Studies with 2H-labelled precursors indicate that conversion of R 2-methylbutyrate into 2-ethylhydracrylic acid occurs by a direct pathway (apparently via 2-ethylacrylic acid). 5. The further oxidation of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid to ethylmalonic acid was demonstrated, and may be analogous to S-metabolite oxidation via methyl malonate. 6. Valine metabolites do not interact with the R=isoleucine pathway under the conditions of these experiments in vivo.", "contents": "Demonstration of a new mammalian isoleucine catabolic pathway yielding an Rseries of metabolites. 1. Normal human urine contains small amounts (less than 4 mg/g of creatinine) of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, formed, we believe, by a previously undisclosed endogenous catabolic pathway for the oxidation of a newly described series of R metabolites of isoleucine. 2. Urinary excretion of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid is variably increased in defects of isoleucine oxidation at distal steps in the catabolic pathway (3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase deficiency and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency) and is diminished when proximal steps of the oxidative pathway are blocked as in branched-chain oxo acid decarboxylase deficiency ('maple-syrup-urine' disease). 3. Precursors of R-pathway metabolites [R(-)-2-methylbutyrate and 2-ethylacrylate ] lead to increased 2-ethylhydracrylate excretion in the mammal(rat, rabbit and dog); the corresponding S metabolites [S(+)-2-methylbutyric acid and tiglic acid ], when given in equimolar amounts, have little effect on its excretion, suggesting that little or no interconversion between S and R metabolites occurs in vivo. 4. Studies with 2H-labelled precursors indicate that conversion of R 2-methylbutyrate into 2-ethylhydracrylic acid occurs by a direct pathway (apparently via 2-ethylacrylic acid). 5. The further oxidation of 2-ethylhydracrylic acid to ethylmalonic acid was demonstrated, and may be analogous to S-metabolite oxidation via methyl malonate. 6. Valine metabolites do not interact with the R=isoleucine pathway under the conditions of these experiments in vivo.", "PMID": 1016232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1326", "title": "Radioactive labelling of ribosomal proteins with reductive alkylation and its use in studying ribosome-cytosol interactions.", "content": "Mouse brain ribosomes were radioactively labelled by a cell-free reductive alkylation reaction with NaBH4 and [14C]formaldehyde. The radioactivity was largely associated with ribosomal proteins, but little, if any, of the rRNA was radioactive after the alkylation procedure. Both ribosomal structural proteins and loosely associated components were successfully labelled by this procedure. The sedimentation properties of the ribosomes were unaltered and their ability to carry out poly(U)-directed protein synthesis, although decreased, was largely retained. Incubation of 14C-labelled ribosomes with brain cytosol resulted in a 17% loss of radioactivity, although treatment of the ribosomes with 1.0 m-KCl to remove the loosely associated factors rendered the ribonucleoprotein particles resistant to cytosol effects. The ribosome-cytosol interactions did not appear to be related to an exchange process, since the released radioactivity was largely degraded to acid-soluble material. In addition, the incubation of native ribosomes with brain cytosol resulted in an almost complete loss in the ability of the ribosomes to participate in cell-free protein synthesis.", "contents": "Radioactive labelling of ribosomal proteins with reductive alkylation and its use in studying ribosome-cytosol interactions. Mouse brain ribosomes were radioactively labelled by a cell-free reductive alkylation reaction with NaBH4 and [14C]formaldehyde. The radioactivity was largely associated with ribosomal proteins, but little, if any, of the rRNA was radioactive after the alkylation procedure. Both ribosomal structural proteins and loosely associated components were successfully labelled by this procedure. The sedimentation properties of the ribosomes were unaltered and their ability to carry out poly(U)-directed protein synthesis, although decreased, was largely retained. Incubation of 14C-labelled ribosomes with brain cytosol resulted in a 17% loss of radioactivity, although treatment of the ribosomes with 1.0 m-KCl to remove the loosely associated factors rendered the ribonucleoprotein particles resistant to cytosol effects. The ribosome-cytosol interactions did not appear to be related to an exchange process, since the released radioactivity was largely degraded to acid-soluble material. In addition, the incubation of native ribosomes with brain cytosol resulted in an almost complete loss in the ability of the ribosomes to participate in cell-free protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1016233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1327", "title": "The effect of calcium ions on testosterone production in Leydig cells from rat testis.", "content": "Leydig-cell suspensions, prepared from rat testes, were incubated with different amounts of Ca2+ with and without added luteinizing hormone. The basal testosterone production in the absence of luteinizing hormone was unaffected by the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium. The luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production, however, was progressively decreased in the absence of Ca2+ to one-third of that with 2.50 mM-Ca2+. This decrease in luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production was independent of the different concentrations of luteinizing hormone (0-10mug/ml) used and could be restored by the addition of Ca2+ to the incubation medium. The restoration of the stimulation was achieved within 30 min after the addition of Ca2+ to the medium. Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by luteinizing hormone was not decreased by omission of Ca2+ from the incubation medium, suggesting that Ca2+ may be involved in steroidogenesis at a stage beyond the luteinizing hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase-protein kinase system.", "contents": "The effect of calcium ions on testosterone production in Leydig cells from rat testis. Leydig-cell suspensions, prepared from rat testes, were incubated with different amounts of Ca2+ with and without added luteinizing hormone. The basal testosterone production in the absence of luteinizing hormone was unaffected by the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium. The luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production, however, was progressively decreased in the absence of Ca2+ to one-third of that with 2.50 mM-Ca2+. This decrease in luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production was independent of the different concentrations of luteinizing hormone (0-10mug/ml) used and could be restored by the addition of Ca2+ to the incubation medium. The restoration of the stimulation was achieved within 30 min after the addition of Ca2+ to the medium. Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase by luteinizing hormone was not decreased by omission of Ca2+ from the incubation medium, suggesting that Ca2+ may be involved in steroidogenesis at a stage beyond the luteinizing hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase-protein kinase system.", "PMID": 1016234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1328", "title": "Total plasmalogens and O-(acylalkylglycerophosphoryl) ethanolamine from labelled hexadecanol and palmitate during hypoxia and anoxia in rat heart.", "content": "By the use of the Langendorff technique, surviving isolated rat hearts were perfused with [1-14 C] palmitate, [1-14C] hexadecanol or [1-14C,1-3H] hexadecanol under normal or anoxic conditions. After perfusion for 30min with either precursor, when oxygenated or in an hypoxic condition, or when 1mM-KCN was included in the system, the heart tissues showed no significant chemical changes in their content of total lipids, total phospholipids or total ethanolamine-containing phospholipids. Changes were observed in the ratio of alkyl-to alk-1-enyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in the tissue perfused with N2+CO1 plus CN-. A slight increase from 4.0+/-0.3 to 4.9+/-0.2% in alkyl derivatives and a decrease from 11.2+/-0.4 to 9.4+/-0.3% in alk-1-enyl derivatives was observed. The incorporation of the [14C] palmitate and the [14C] hexadecanol into the recovered phospholipids and plasmalogens was severely decreased in the tissues perfused with CN-: in the hypoxic state only a mild inhibition was observed compared with the oxygenated systems. Considerable 3H from [1-14C, 1-3H] hexadecanol was retained (25-35%) in the alk-1-enylether chains of plasmalogens under both the oxygenated conditions and with CN-, suggesting that the same mechanism of incorporation is operational at high or low O2 concentrations. The results are consistent with an O2-dependent, CN-sensitive step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens in the rat heart.", "contents": "Total plasmalogens and O-(acylalkylglycerophosphoryl) ethanolamine from labelled hexadecanol and palmitate during hypoxia and anoxia in rat heart. By the use of the Langendorff technique, surviving isolated rat hearts were perfused with [1-14 C] palmitate, [1-14C] hexadecanol or [1-14C,1-3H] hexadecanol under normal or anoxic conditions. After perfusion for 30min with either precursor, when oxygenated or in an hypoxic condition, or when 1mM-KCN was included in the system, the heart tissues showed no significant chemical changes in their content of total lipids, total phospholipids or total ethanolamine-containing phospholipids. Changes were observed in the ratio of alkyl-to alk-1-enyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in the tissue perfused with N2+CO1 plus CN-. A slight increase from 4.0+/-0.3 to 4.9+/-0.2% in alkyl derivatives and a decrease from 11.2+/-0.4 to 9.4+/-0.3% in alk-1-enyl derivatives was observed. The incorporation of the [14C] palmitate and the [14C] hexadecanol into the recovered phospholipids and plasmalogens was severely decreased in the tissues perfused with CN-: in the hypoxic state only a mild inhibition was observed compared with the oxygenated systems. Considerable 3H from [1-14C, 1-3H] hexadecanol was retained (25-35%) in the alk-1-enylether chains of plasmalogens under both the oxygenated conditions and with CN-, suggesting that the same mechanism of incorporation is operational at high or low O2 concentrations. The results are consistent with an O2-dependent, CN-sensitive step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens in the rat heart.", "PMID": 1016235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1329", "title": "Intranuclear maturation pathways of rat liver ribosomal ribonucleic acids.", "content": "The maturation of pre-rRNA (precursor to rRNA)in liver nuclei is studied by agar/ureagel electrophoresis, kinetics of labelling in vivo with [14C] orotate and electron-microscopic observation of secondary structure of RNA molecules. (1) Processing starts from primary pre-rRNA molecules with average mol. wt. 4.6X10(6)(45S) containing the segments of both 28S and 18S rRNA. These molecules form a heterogeneous peak on electrophoresis. The 28S rRNA segment is homogeneous in its secondary structure. However, the large transcribed spacer segment (presumably at the 5'-end) is heterogeneous in size and secondary structure. A minor early labelled RNA component with mol.wt. about 5.8X10(6) is reproducibly found, but its role as a pre-rRNA species remains to be determined. (2) The following intermediate pre-rRNA species are identified: 3.25X10(6) mol.wt.(41S), a precursor common to both mature rRNA species ; 2.60X10(6)(36S) and 2.15X10(6)(32S) precursors to 28S rRNA; 1.05X10(6) (21S) precursor to 18S rRNA. The pre-rRNA molecules in rat liver are identical in size and secondary structure with those observed in other mammalian cells. These results suggest that the endonuclease-cleavage sites along the pre-rRNA chain are identical in all mammalian cells. (3) Labelling kinetics and the simultaneous existence of both 36S and 21S pre-rRNA reveal that processing of primary pre-rRNA in adult rat liver occurs simultaneously by at least two major pathways: (i) 45S leads to 41S leads to 32S+21S leads to 28S+18S rRNA and (ii) 45S leads to 41S leads to 36S+18S leads to 32S leads to 28S rRNA. The two pathways differ by the temporal sequence of endonuclease attack along the 41 S pre-rRNA chain. A minor fraction (mol.wt.2.9X10(6), 39S) is identified as most likely originating by a direct split of 28S rRNA from 45S pre-rRNA. These results show that in liver considerable flexibility exists in the order of cleavage of pre-rRNA molecules during processing.", "contents": "Intranuclear maturation pathways of rat liver ribosomal ribonucleic acids. The maturation of pre-rRNA (precursor to rRNA)in liver nuclei is studied by agar/ureagel electrophoresis, kinetics of labelling in vivo with [14C] orotate and electron-microscopic observation of secondary structure of RNA molecules. (1) Processing starts from primary pre-rRNA molecules with average mol. wt. 4.6X10(6)(45S) containing the segments of both 28S and 18S rRNA. These molecules form a heterogeneous peak on electrophoresis. The 28S rRNA segment is homogeneous in its secondary structure. However, the large transcribed spacer segment (presumably at the 5'-end) is heterogeneous in size and secondary structure. A minor early labelled RNA component with mol.wt. about 5.8X10(6) is reproducibly found, but its role as a pre-rRNA species remains to be determined. (2) The following intermediate pre-rRNA species are identified: 3.25X10(6) mol.wt.(41S), a precursor common to both mature rRNA species ; 2.60X10(6)(36S) and 2.15X10(6)(32S) precursors to 28S rRNA; 1.05X10(6) (21S) precursor to 18S rRNA. The pre-rRNA molecules in rat liver are identical in size and secondary structure with those observed in other mammalian cells. These results suggest that the endonuclease-cleavage sites along the pre-rRNA chain are identical in all mammalian cells. (3) Labelling kinetics and the simultaneous existence of both 36S and 21S pre-rRNA reveal that processing of primary pre-rRNA in adult rat liver occurs simultaneously by at least two major pathways: (i) 45S leads to 41S leads to 32S+21S leads to 28S+18S rRNA and (ii) 45S leads to 41S leads to 36S+18S leads to 32S leads to 28S rRNA. The two pathways differ by the temporal sequence of endonuclease attack along the 41 S pre-rRNA chain. A minor fraction (mol.wt.2.9X10(6), 39S) is identified as most likely originating by a direct split of 28S rRNA from 45S pre-rRNA. These results show that in liver considerable flexibility exists in the order of cleavage of pre-rRNA molecules during processing.", "PMID": 1016236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1330", "title": "Re-activation of the peptidyltransferase centre of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes after inactivation by exposure to low concentrations of magnesium ion.", "content": "1. The larger subrivosomal particles of rabbit reticulocytes retained full activity in the puromycin reaction and in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis after 4h at 0 degrees C when buffered 0.5M-NH4Cl/10-30mM-MgCl2 was the solvent. 2. Activity in the puromycin reaction was diminished to approx 10% after 15-30 min at 0 degrees C when the concentration of MgCl2 was lowered to 2mM. 3. Activity was not restored when the concentration of MgCl2 was raised from 2mM to 10-30 mM at 0 degrees C. However, activity was recovered as measured by both assay systems when the ribosome fraction was heated to 37 degrees C at the higher concentrations of MgCl2. 4. Recovery of activity was noted during the course of the polyphenylalanine synthesis in 50 mM-KCl/5mM-MgCl2/25mM-Tris/HCl, pH 7.6, at 37 degrees C. Re-activation was slow at 20 degrees C and below. 5. No more than about 5% of the protein moiety of the subparticle was lost in 0.5M-NH4Cl on decreasing MgCl2 concentration from 10mM to 2mM. No proteins were detected in the supernatant fractions by gel electrophoresis after ribosomes were separated by differential centrifugation. The supernatant fraction was not essential for the recovery of activity. However, at higher (e.g. 1M) concentrations of NH4Cl, proteins were split from the subparticle. 6. The loss and regain of activity found on lowering and restoring the concentration of MgCl2 at 0.5M-NH4Cl appears to arise from a conformational change that does not seem to be associated with a loss and regain of particular proteins. 7. A 2% decrease in E260 was noticed when the concentration of Mg2+ was restored, and the change in the spectrum indicated a net increase of approx. 100A-U base-pairs per subribosomal particle. 8. When the concentration of Mg2+ was restored, S20,W of the subparticle remained at 52+/- 1S until the sample was incubated at 37 degrees C when S20,W increased to 56 +/- 1S compared with the value of 58 +/- 1S for the subparticle as originally isolated.", "contents": "Re-activation of the peptidyltransferase centre of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes after inactivation by exposure to low concentrations of magnesium ion. 1. The larger subrivosomal particles of rabbit reticulocytes retained full activity in the puromycin reaction and in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis after 4h at 0 degrees C when buffered 0.5M-NH4Cl/10-30mM-MgCl2 was the solvent. 2. Activity in the puromycin reaction was diminished to approx 10% after 15-30 min at 0 degrees C when the concentration of MgCl2 was lowered to 2mM. 3. Activity was not restored when the concentration of MgCl2 was raised from 2mM to 10-30 mM at 0 degrees C. However, activity was recovered as measured by both assay systems when the ribosome fraction was heated to 37 degrees C at the higher concentrations of MgCl2. 4. Recovery of activity was noted during the course of the polyphenylalanine synthesis in 50 mM-KCl/5mM-MgCl2/25mM-Tris/HCl, pH 7.6, at 37 degrees C. Re-activation was slow at 20 degrees C and below. 5. No more than about 5% of the protein moiety of the subparticle was lost in 0.5M-NH4Cl on decreasing MgCl2 concentration from 10mM to 2mM. No proteins were detected in the supernatant fractions by gel electrophoresis after ribosomes were separated by differential centrifugation. The supernatant fraction was not essential for the recovery of activity. However, at higher (e.g. 1M) concentrations of NH4Cl, proteins were split from the subparticle. 6. The loss and regain of activity found on lowering and restoring the concentration of MgCl2 at 0.5M-NH4Cl appears to arise from a conformational change that does not seem to be associated with a loss and regain of particular proteins. 7. A 2% decrease in E260 was noticed when the concentration of Mg2+ was restored, and the change in the spectrum indicated a net increase of approx. 100A-U base-pairs per subribosomal particle. 8. When the concentration of Mg2+ was restored, S20,W of the subparticle remained at 52+/- 1S until the sample was incubated at 37 degrees C when S20,W increased to 56 +/- 1S compared with the value of 58 +/- 1S for the subparticle as originally isolated.", "PMID": 1016237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1331", "title": "Reassembly of the peptidyltransferase centre of larger subparticles of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes from a core-particle and split-protein fraction.", "content": "We report the reconstruction, from a core-particle and split-protein fraction, of the larger subribosomal particle of rabbit reticulocytes. The reassembled particle was active in polyphenylalanine synthesis and in the puromycin reaction. The core-particles and split-protein fractions were obtained by treatment of the larger subparticle with salt solutions containing NH4+ and Mg2+ in the molar ratio 40:1 over the range 2.25-2.75 M-NH4Cl/56-69mM-MgCl2 at 0 degrees C. This treatment led to the loss of about eight proteins (approx. 17% of the protein moiety), which were found wholly or largely in the split-protein fraction as shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The core particle retained 5S rRNA and had much decreased (no more than 10% of control) ability to function in the puromycin reaction or in poly (U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. Activity was recovered when the recombined core-particle and split-protein fractions were dialysed overnight at 4 degrees C against 0.3M-NH4Cl/15mM-MgCl2/1mM-dithiothreitol/15% (v/v) glycerol/20mM-Tris/HCl, pH 7.6, and then heated for 1 h at 37 degreesEES C. The recovery was 40-80% of the original activity. Raising the concentration of MgCL2 to 300 mM in 2.5 M-NH4CL led to the removal of seven rather than eight proteins, and the core particle remained active in the puromycin reaction. We infer that the protein retained by raising the concentration of Mg2+ is an essential component of the peptidyltransferase centre of the ribosome.", "contents": "Reassembly of the peptidyltransferase centre of larger subparticles of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes from a core-particle and split-protein fraction. We report the reconstruction, from a core-particle and split-protein fraction, of the larger subribosomal particle of rabbit reticulocytes. The reassembled particle was active in polyphenylalanine synthesis and in the puromycin reaction. The core-particles and split-protein fractions were obtained by treatment of the larger subparticle with salt solutions containing NH4+ and Mg2+ in the molar ratio 40:1 over the range 2.25-2.75 M-NH4Cl/56-69mM-MgCl2 at 0 degrees C. This treatment led to the loss of about eight proteins (approx. 17% of the protein moiety), which were found wholly or largely in the split-protein fraction as shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The core particle retained 5S rRNA and had much decreased (no more than 10% of control) ability to function in the puromycin reaction or in poly (U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. Activity was recovered when the recombined core-particle and split-protein fractions were dialysed overnight at 4 degrees C against 0.3M-NH4Cl/15mM-MgCl2/1mM-dithiothreitol/15% (v/v) glycerol/20mM-Tris/HCl, pH 7.6, and then heated for 1 h at 37 degreesEES C. The recovery was 40-80% of the original activity. Raising the concentration of MgCL2 to 300 mM in 2.5 M-NH4CL led to the removal of seven rather than eight proteins, and the core particle remained active in the puromycin reaction. We infer that the protein retained by raising the concentration of Mg2+ is an essential component of the peptidyltransferase centre of the ribosome.", "PMID": 1016238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1332", "title": "Developmental changes in purine phosphoribosyltransferases in human and rat tissues.", "content": "1. The hypoxanthine/guanine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities in a wide variety of human tissues were studied during their growth and development from foetal life onward. A wide range of activities develop after birth, with especially high values in the central nervous system and testes. 2. Postnatal development of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was also defined in the rat. Although there were increases in the central nervous system and testes, there was also a rise in activity in the liver, which was less marked in man. 3. A sensitive radiochemical assay method, using dTTP to inhibit 5'-nucleotidase activity, suitable for tissue extracts, was developed. 4. No definite evidence of the existence of tissue-specific isoenzymes of hypoxanthine/guanine or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was found. Hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in testes, however, had a significantly different thermal-denaturation rate constant. 5. The findings are discussed in an attempt to relate activity of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase to biological function. Growth as well as some developmental changes appear to be related to increase in the activity of this enzyme.", "contents": "Developmental changes in purine phosphoribosyltransferases in human and rat tissues. 1. The hypoxanthine/guanine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities in a wide variety of human tissues were studied during their growth and development from foetal life onward. A wide range of activities develop after birth, with especially high values in the central nervous system and testes. 2. Postnatal development of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was also defined in the rat. Although there were increases in the central nervous system and testes, there was also a rise in activity in the liver, which was less marked in man. 3. A sensitive radiochemical assay method, using dTTP to inhibit 5'-nucleotidase activity, suitable for tissue extracts, was developed. 4. No definite evidence of the existence of tissue-specific isoenzymes of hypoxanthine/guanine or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was found. Hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in testes, however, had a significantly different thermal-denaturation rate constant. 5. The findings are discussed in an attempt to relate activity of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase to biological function. Growth as well as some developmental changes appear to be related to increase in the activity of this enzyme.", "PMID": 1016239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1333", "title": "Degradation of hepatic zinc-thionein after parenteral zinc administration.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight protein, zinc-thionein, a metallothionein, was implicated as having a regulatory function in zinc metabolism. The half-life (t 1/2) of hepatic zinc-thionein was determined by pulse-labelling with either L-[35S] cystine and/or 65Zn. In two experiments with L-[35S]cystine, the t 1/2 of zinc-thionein was 18h and 19h. Most of the soluble 35S-labelled hepatic proteins had a t 1/2 of 4 days. The t 1/2 of zinc-thionein calculated by using 65Zn was 20h. The close similarity between the calculated and measured t 1/2 values for zinc-thionein suggests that release of Zn2+ from zinc-thionein probably occurs simultaneously with degradation of the protein moiety.", "contents": "Degradation of hepatic zinc-thionein after parenteral zinc administration. A low-molecular-weight protein, zinc-thionein, a metallothionein, was implicated as having a regulatory function in zinc metabolism. The half-life (t 1/2) of hepatic zinc-thionein was determined by pulse-labelling with either L-[35S] cystine and/or 65Zn. In two experiments with L-[35S]cystine, the t 1/2 of zinc-thionein was 18h and 19h. Most of the soluble 35S-labelled hepatic proteins had a t 1/2 of 4 days. The t 1/2 of zinc-thionein calculated by using 65Zn was 20h. The close similarity between the calculated and measured t 1/2 values for zinc-thionein suggests that release of Zn2+ from zinc-thionein probably occurs simultaneously with degradation of the protein moiety.", "PMID": 1016240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1334", "title": "Tryptophan concentrations in rat brain. Failure to correlate with free serum tryptophan or its ratio to the sum of other serum neutral amino acids.", "content": "Groups of rats were deprived of food overnight and then given free access to diets designed to raise (carbohydrate) or lower (carbohydrate and large neutral amino acids) brain tryptophan concentrations. Similar diets were supplemented with 40% fat and fed to other groups. All animals were killed 2h after food presentation. Sera from animals fed carbohydrate plus fat contained 2.5 times as much free tryptophan concentrations did not differ. Similarly, sera from rats fed on carbohydrate, large neutral amino acids, and 40% fat contained 5 times as much free tryptophan as those from rats given this meal without fat, but brain tryptophan concentrations increased by only 26%. Correlations were made between brain tryptophan and (1) free serum tryptophan, (2) the ratio of free serum tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids in serum that compete with it for uptake into the brain, (3) total serum tryptophan or (4) the ratio of total serum tryptophan to the sum of its circulating competitors. The r values for correlations (3) and (4) (i.e. those involving total serum tryptophan) were appreciably higher than those for correlations (1) and (2). Brain tyrosine concentrations also were found to correlate well with the ratio of serum tyrosine to the sum of its competitors. Competition for uptake into the brain among large neutral amino acids (represented here by serum ratios) thus appears to determine the changes in the brain concentrations of these amino acids under physiological conditions(i.e. after food consumption). Total, not free, serum tryptophan is the relevant index for predicting brain tryptophan concentrations.", "contents": "Tryptophan concentrations in rat brain. Failure to correlate with free serum tryptophan or its ratio to the sum of other serum neutral amino acids. Groups of rats were deprived of food overnight and then given free access to diets designed to raise (carbohydrate) or lower (carbohydrate and large neutral amino acids) brain tryptophan concentrations. Similar diets were supplemented with 40% fat and fed to other groups. All animals were killed 2h after food presentation. Sera from animals fed carbohydrate plus fat contained 2.5 times as much free tryptophan concentrations did not differ. Similarly, sera from rats fed on carbohydrate, large neutral amino acids, and 40% fat contained 5 times as much free tryptophan as those from rats given this meal without fat, but brain tryptophan concentrations increased by only 26%. Correlations were made between brain tryptophan and (1) free serum tryptophan, (2) the ratio of free serum tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids in serum that compete with it for uptake into the brain, (3) total serum tryptophan or (4) the ratio of total serum tryptophan to the sum of its circulating competitors. The r values for correlations (3) and (4) (i.e. those involving total serum tryptophan) were appreciably higher than those for correlations (1) and (2). Brain tyrosine concentrations also were found to correlate well with the ratio of serum tyrosine to the sum of its competitors. Competition for uptake into the brain among large neutral amino acids (represented here by serum ratios) thus appears to determine the changes in the brain concentrations of these amino acids under physiological conditions(i.e. after food consumption). Total, not free, serum tryptophan is the relevant index for predicting brain tryptophan concentrations.", "PMID": 1016241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1335", "title": "A quantitative study of pinocytosis and lysosome function in experimentally induced lysosomal storage.", "content": "The highly pinocytic epithelial cells of the visceral yolk sac from 17.5-day rat conceptuses were used as a model in which to induce engorgement of the vacuolar system by direct accumulation of substances that are not hydrolysed by lysosomal enzymes. The ultra-structural appearances of these cells in pregnant animals that 24-48h before had received intraperitoneal injections of Triton WR-1339, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran or sucrose revealed gross abnormalities that were confined to the vacuolar system; in comparison with normal tissue the number, and in some cases the size, of vacuoles was increased, leading to close packing within the apical cytoplasm and distortion of the normal rounded shape. By culturing yolk sacs in vitro, rates of ingestion of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone and of 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin were determined, together with the rate of digestion of the labelled protein. The rates of exocytosis of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone and of lysosomal enzymes were also determined. No significant differences between normal and highly vacuolated tissues were found. Apparently marked vacuolation of these cells by these agents is without significant effect on pinocytosis, exocytosis or intralysosomal proteolysis.", "contents": "A quantitative study of pinocytosis and lysosome function in experimentally induced lysosomal storage. The highly pinocytic epithelial cells of the visceral yolk sac from 17.5-day rat conceptuses were used as a model in which to induce engorgement of the vacuolar system by direct accumulation of substances that are not hydrolysed by lysosomal enzymes. The ultra-structural appearances of these cells in pregnant animals that 24-48h before had received intraperitoneal injections of Triton WR-1339, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran or sucrose revealed gross abnormalities that were confined to the vacuolar system; in comparison with normal tissue the number, and in some cases the size, of vacuoles was increased, leading to close packing within the apical cytoplasm and distortion of the normal rounded shape. By culturing yolk sacs in vitro, rates of ingestion of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone and of 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin were determined, together with the rate of digestion of the labelled protein. The rates of exocytosis of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone and of lysosomal enzymes were also determined. No significant differences between normal and highly vacuolated tissues were found. Apparently marked vacuolation of these cells by these agents is without significant effect on pinocytosis, exocytosis or intralysosomal proteolysis.", "PMID": 1016242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1336", "title": "Latency of some glycosidases of rat liver lysosomes.", "content": "The latency of the alpha-glucosidase activity of intact rat liver lysosomes was studied by using four substrates (glycogen, maltose, p-nitrophenyl, alpha-glucoside, alpha-fluoroglucoside) at a range of substrate concentrations. The results indicate that the entire lysosome population is impermeable to glycogen and maltose, but a proportion of lysosomes are permeable to alpha-fluoroglucoside and a still higher proportion permeable to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside. Incubation at 37 degrees C in an osmotically protected buffer of of pH 5.0 caused lysosomes to become permeable to previously impermeant substrates and ultimately to release their alpha-glucosidase into the medium. The latencies of lysosomal beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were examined by using p-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside and beta-galactoside as substrates. The results indicate permeability properties to these substrates similar to that to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside. On incubation in an osmotically protected buffer of pH 5, lysosomes progressively released their beta-galactosidase in soluble form, but beta-glucosidase remained attached to sedimentable material. Lysosomal beta-glucosidase was inhibited by 0.1% Triton X-100; alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were not inhibited.", "contents": "Latency of some glycosidases of rat liver lysosomes. The latency of the alpha-glucosidase activity of intact rat liver lysosomes was studied by using four substrates (glycogen, maltose, p-nitrophenyl, alpha-glucoside, alpha-fluoroglucoside) at a range of substrate concentrations. The results indicate that the entire lysosome population is impermeable to glycogen and maltose, but a proportion of lysosomes are permeable to alpha-fluoroglucoside and a still higher proportion permeable to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside. Incubation at 37 degrees C in an osmotically protected buffer of of pH 5.0 caused lysosomes to become permeable to previously impermeant substrates and ultimately to release their alpha-glucosidase into the medium. The latencies of lysosomal beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were examined by using p-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside and beta-galactoside as substrates. The results indicate permeability properties to these substrates similar to that to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside. On incubation in an osmotically protected buffer of pH 5, lysosomes progressively released their beta-galactosidase in soluble form, but beta-glucosidase remained attached to sedimentable material. Lysosomal beta-glucosidase was inhibited by 0.1% Triton X-100; alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were not inhibited.", "PMID": 1016243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1337", "title": "Effect of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid on glycosylations of collagen in chick-embryo tendon cells.", "content": "The glycosylations of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo tendon cells were studied by using pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]-lysine. The hydroxylation of lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxylysine continued after a 5 min pulse label for up to about 10 min during the chase period. These data differ from those obtained previously in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells, in which, after a similar 5 min pulse label, these reactions continued during the chase period for up to about 20 min. The collagen synthesized by the isolated chick-embryo tendon cells differed markedly from the type I collagen of adult tissues in its degree of hydroxylation of lysine residues and glycosylations of hydroxylysine residues. When the isolated tendon cells were incubated in the presence of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, the degree of glycosylations of hydroxylysine during the first 10 min of the chase period was identical with that in cells incubated without thcarboxylic acid for at least 60 min, whereas no additional glycosylations took place in the control cells after the 10 min time-point. As a consequence, the collagen synthesized in the presence of this compound contained more carbohydrate than did the collagen synthesized by the control cells. Additional experiments indicated that azetidine-2-carboxylic acid did not increase the collagen glycosyltransferase activities in the tendon cells or the rate of glycosylation reactions when added directly to the enzyme incubation mixture. Control experiments with colchicine indicated that the delay in the rate of collagen secretion, which was observed in the presence of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, did not in itself affect the degree of glycosylations of collagen. The results thus suggest that the increased glycosylations were due to inhibition of the collagen triple-helix formation, which is known to occur in the presence of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.", "contents": "Effect of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid on glycosylations of collagen in chick-embryo tendon cells. The glycosylations of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo tendon cells were studied by using pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]-lysine. The hydroxylation of lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxylysine continued after a 5 min pulse label for up to about 10 min during the chase period. These data differ from those obtained previously in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells, in which, after a similar 5 min pulse label, these reactions continued during the chase period for up to about 20 min. The collagen synthesized by the isolated chick-embryo tendon cells differed markedly from the type I collagen of adult tissues in its degree of hydroxylation of lysine residues and glycosylations of hydroxylysine residues. When the isolated tendon cells were incubated in the presence of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, the degree of glycosylations of hydroxylysine during the first 10 min of the chase period was identical with that in cells incubated without thcarboxylic acid for at least 60 min, whereas no additional glycosylations took place in the control cells after the 10 min time-point. As a consequence, the collagen synthesized in the presence of this compound contained more carbohydrate than did the collagen synthesized by the control cells. Additional experiments indicated that azetidine-2-carboxylic acid did not increase the collagen glycosyltransferase activities in the tendon cells or the rate of glycosylation reactions when added directly to the enzyme incubation mixture. Control experiments with colchicine indicated that the delay in the rate of collagen secretion, which was observed in the presence of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, did not in itself affect the degree of glycosylations of collagen. The results thus suggest that the increased glycosylations were due to inhibition of the collagen triple-helix formation, which is known to occur in the presence of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.", "PMID": 1016244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1338", "title": "Platelet-aggregating activity of type I and type III collagens from human aorta and chicken skin.", "content": "Human or chicken type III collagen dissolved in 0.1 M-acetic acid was much more potent than type I collagen at inducing platelet aggregation. After incubation in 0.38M-Na2HPO4 to promote fibrillogenesis, the platelet-aggregating activity of both collagen types increased, and type I was then virtually equiactive with type III. Preincubation in cell-free plasma increased the activity of chicken but not that of human collagen. The platelet-aggregating activity of type III collagen did not appear to depend on the integrity of the intrachain disulphide bonds.", "contents": "Platelet-aggregating activity of type I and type III collagens from human aorta and chicken skin. Human or chicken type III collagen dissolved in 0.1 M-acetic acid was much more potent than type I collagen at inducing platelet aggregation. After incubation in 0.38M-Na2HPO4 to promote fibrillogenesis, the platelet-aggregating activity of both collagen types increased, and type I was then virtually equiactive with type III. Preincubation in cell-free plasma increased the activity of chicken but not that of human collagen. The platelet-aggregating activity of type III collagen did not appear to depend on the integrity of the intrachain disulphide bonds.", "PMID": 1016245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1339", "title": "Effect of maternal ethanol consumption on foetal and neonatal rat hepatic protein synthesis.", "content": "Effects of maternal ethanol consumption were investigated on the rates of protein synthehsis by livers of foetal and neonatal rats both in vivo and in vitro, and on the activities of enzymes involved in protein synthesis and degradation. The rates of general protein synthesis by ribosomes in vitro studied by measuring the incorporation of [14C]leucine into ribosomal protein showed that maternal ethanol consumption resulted in an inhibition of the rates of protein synthesis by both foetal and neonatal livers from the ethanol-fed group. The rates of incorporation of intravenously injected [14C]leucine into hepatic proteins were also significantly lower in the foetal, neonatal and adult livers from the ethanol-fed group. Incubation of adult-rat liver slices with ethanol resulted in an inhibition of the incorporation of [14C]leucine into hepatic proteins; however, this effect was not observed in the foetal liver slices. This effect of externally added ethanol was at least partially prevented by the addition of pyrazole to the adult liver slices. Pyrazole addition to foetal liver slices was without significant effect on the rates of protein synthesis. Cross-mixing experiments showed that the capacity of both hepatic ribosomes and pH5 enzyme fractions to synthesize proteins was decreased in the foetal liver from the ethanol-fed group. Maternal ethanol consumption resulted in a decrease in hepatic total RNA content, RNA/DNA ratio and ribosomal protein content in the foetal liver. Foetal hepatic DNA content was not significantly affected. Ethanol consumption resulted in a significant decrease in proteolytic activity and the activity of tryptophan oxygenase in the foetal, neonatal and adult livers. It is possible that the mechanisms of inhibition of protein synthesis observed here in the foetal liver after maternal ethanol consumption may be responsible for at least some of the changes observed in 'foetal alcohol syndrome'.", "contents": "Effect of maternal ethanol consumption on foetal and neonatal rat hepatic protein synthesis. Effects of maternal ethanol consumption were investigated on the rates of protein synthehsis by livers of foetal and neonatal rats both in vivo and in vitro, and on the activities of enzymes involved in protein synthesis and degradation. The rates of general protein synthesis by ribosomes in vitro studied by measuring the incorporation of [14C]leucine into ribosomal protein showed that maternal ethanol consumption resulted in an inhibition of the rates of protein synthesis by both foetal and neonatal livers from the ethanol-fed group. The rates of incorporation of intravenously injected [14C]leucine into hepatic proteins were also significantly lower in the foetal, neonatal and adult livers from the ethanol-fed group. Incubation of adult-rat liver slices with ethanol resulted in an inhibition of the incorporation of [14C]leucine into hepatic proteins; however, this effect was not observed in the foetal liver slices. This effect of externally added ethanol was at least partially prevented by the addition of pyrazole to the adult liver slices. Pyrazole addition to foetal liver slices was without significant effect on the rates of protein synthesis. Cross-mixing experiments showed that the capacity of both hepatic ribosomes and pH5 enzyme fractions to synthesize proteins was decreased in the foetal liver from the ethanol-fed group. Maternal ethanol consumption resulted in a decrease in hepatic total RNA content, RNA/DNA ratio and ribosomal protein content in the foetal liver. Foetal hepatic DNA content was not significantly affected. Ethanol consumption resulted in a significant decrease in proteolytic activity and the activity of tryptophan oxygenase in the foetal, neonatal and adult livers. It is possible that the mechanisms of inhibition of protein synthesis observed here in the foetal liver after maternal ethanol consumption may be responsible for at least some of the changes observed in 'foetal alcohol syndrome'.", "PMID": 1016246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1340", "title": "A proposed sequence of hormones controlling the induction of luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and progesterone withdrawal in the late-pregnant rat.", "content": "1. The previously reported induction of luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase by administration of aminoglutethimide to late-pregnant rats was shown to be unaffected by prior removal of the foetuses. Aminoglutethimide therefore does not act via the foetuses in this context. 2. The ability of injected oestrogen to prevent the above induction was lost by delaying the injection for 12h after aminoglutethimide, although the increase in enzyme activity begins only after 24h. 3. Induction of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase by foetoplacental removal on day 18 of pregnancy was inhibited by human choriogonadotropin, lutropin (luteinizing hormone) and pregnant-mare serum gonadotropin, but not by somatotropin (growth hormone), thyrotropin or follitropin (follicle-stimulating hormone) 4. Indomethacin blocked the normal induction of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in late pregnancy and that caused by aminoglutethimide. It partially blocked that caused by human choriogonadotropin given on days 19-20 and that caused by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on days 5-6, but failed to block that caused by human choriogonadotropin on days 15-16 or by foetoplacental removal on day 18 of pregnancy. 5. These findings, and the control of progesterone synthesis in late pregnancy, are interpreted in terms of a sequence of hormonal or enzymic syntheses, each of which is inhibited by the product of the preceding synthesis.", "contents": "A proposed sequence of hormones controlling the induction of luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and progesterone withdrawal in the late-pregnant rat. 1. The previously reported induction of luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase by administration of aminoglutethimide to late-pregnant rats was shown to be unaffected by prior removal of the foetuses. Aminoglutethimide therefore does not act via the foetuses in this context. 2. The ability of injected oestrogen to prevent the above induction was lost by delaying the injection for 12h after aminoglutethimide, although the increase in enzyme activity begins only after 24h. 3. Induction of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase by foetoplacental removal on day 18 of pregnancy was inhibited by human choriogonadotropin, lutropin (luteinizing hormone) and pregnant-mare serum gonadotropin, but not by somatotropin (growth hormone), thyrotropin or follitropin (follicle-stimulating hormone) 4. Indomethacin blocked the normal induction of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in late pregnancy and that caused by aminoglutethimide. It partially blocked that caused by human choriogonadotropin given on days 19-20 and that caused by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on days 5-6, but failed to block that caused by human choriogonadotropin on days 15-16 or by foetoplacental removal on day 18 of pregnancy. 5. These findings, and the control of progesterone synthesis in late pregnancy, are interpreted in terms of a sequence of hormonal or enzymic syntheses, each of which is inhibited by the product of the preceding synthesis.", "PMID": 1016247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1341", "title": "The glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and monoacylglycerol pathways of glycerolipid synthesis in rat adipose-tissue homogenates.", "content": "1. Fat-free homogenates from the epididymal fat-pads of rats were used to measure the rate of palmitate esterification with different substrates. The effectiveness of the acyl acceptors decreased in the order glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 2-octadecenyl-glycerol and 2-hexadecylglycerol. 2. Glycerol phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate inhibited their rates of esterification in a mutually competitive manner. 3. The esterification of glycerol phosphate was also inhibited in a partially competitive manner by 2-octadecenylglycerol and to a lesser extent by 2-hexadecylglycerol. However, glycerol phosphate did not inhibit the esterification of 2-octadecenylglycerol. 4. The esterification of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-hexadecylglycerol was more sensitive to inhibition by clofenapate than was that of glycerol phosphate. Norfenfluramine was more effective in inhibiting the esterification of 2-hexadecylglycerol than that of glycerol phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 5 It is concluded that rat adipose tissue can synthesize glycerolipids by three independent routes.", "contents": "The glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and monoacylglycerol pathways of glycerolipid synthesis in rat adipose-tissue homogenates. 1. Fat-free homogenates from the epididymal fat-pads of rats were used to measure the rate of palmitate esterification with different substrates. The effectiveness of the acyl acceptors decreased in the order glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 2-octadecenyl-glycerol and 2-hexadecylglycerol. 2. Glycerol phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate inhibited their rates of esterification in a mutually competitive manner. 3. The esterification of glycerol phosphate was also inhibited in a partially competitive manner by 2-octadecenylglycerol and to a lesser extent by 2-hexadecylglycerol. However, glycerol phosphate did not inhibit the esterification of 2-octadecenylglycerol. 4. The esterification of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-hexadecylglycerol was more sensitive to inhibition by clofenapate than was that of glycerol phosphate. Norfenfluramine was more effective in inhibiting the esterification of 2-hexadecylglycerol than that of glycerol phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 5 It is concluded that rat adipose tissue can synthesize glycerolipids by three independent routes.", "PMID": 1016248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1342", "title": "The effects of diet on the esterification of glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-hexadecylglycerol by homogenates of rat adipose tissue.", "content": "1. Male rats were fed for 5 weeks after weaning on a diet containing (by weight) 59% of starch or on diets that contained 39% of starch and 20% of either sucrose, beef tallow or corn oil. 2. The rats fed on the beef tallow consumed more energy than did the rats fed on the starch and sucrose diets. The rats fed on the corn oil drank less water than did the other groups of rats. 3. There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of body-weight gain, epididymal-fat-pad weight and in the size, number and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes in the fat-pads. 4. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between the activities of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase in individual rats. Both of these activities were highest in the group fed on the high-starch diet and both correlated with the consumption of glucose by individual rats in the four groups. 5. The percentage of glycerol phosphate converted into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol was positively correlated with the mean diameters, surface area and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes for individual rats and was greates in the sucrose-fed rats. 6. The specific activity of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase was highest in the rats fed on beef tallow. This activity was positively correlated with the energy intake for all dietary groups over the 5-week feeding period. 7. The results are discussed in terms of the functions of the three routes of glycerolipid synthesis in adipose tissue.", "contents": "The effects of diet on the esterification of glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-hexadecylglycerol by homogenates of rat adipose tissue. 1. Male rats were fed for 5 weeks after weaning on a diet containing (by weight) 59% of starch or on diets that contained 39% of starch and 20% of either sucrose, beef tallow or corn oil. 2. The rats fed on the beef tallow consumed more energy than did the rats fed on the starch and sucrose diets. The rats fed on the corn oil drank less water than did the other groups of rats. 3. There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of body-weight gain, epididymal-fat-pad weight and in the size, number and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes in the fat-pads. 4. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between the activities of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase in individual rats. Both of these activities were highest in the group fed on the high-starch diet and both correlated with the consumption of glucose by individual rats in the four groups. 5. The percentage of glycerol phosphate converted into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol was positively correlated with the mean diameters, surface area and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes for individual rats and was greates in the sucrose-fed rats. 6. The specific activity of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase was highest in the rats fed on beef tallow. This activity was positively correlated with the energy intake for all dietary groups over the 5-week feeding period. 7. The results are discussed in terms of the functions of the three routes of glycerolipid synthesis in adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1016249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1343", "title": "Uptake and effects of copper in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The rate and extent of Cu2+ uptake by rat liver mitochondria was measured under various conditions. 1. The uptake is both greater and faster without an energy supply. 2. The uptake, when occuring in ionic media, has a biphasic character, that is it always slows down after an initial burst, and then re-accelerates. 3. Uptake of Cu2+ in the presence of energy initiates K+ uptake from K+-containing media with accompanying swelling and respiratory stimulation. Depending on the amounts of Cu2+ added and the K+ concentration, an inhibition of respiration later ensues. 4. Chelation of the Cu2+ by substrates (notably glutamate) decreases the effects. 5. Prior exposure to Cu2+ decreases or prevents energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake.", "contents": "Uptake and effects of copper in rat liver mitochondria. The rate and extent of Cu2+ uptake by rat liver mitochondria was measured under various conditions. 1. The uptake is both greater and faster without an energy supply. 2. The uptake, when occuring in ionic media, has a biphasic character, that is it always slows down after an initial burst, and then re-accelerates. 3. Uptake of Cu2+ in the presence of energy initiates K+ uptake from K+-containing media with accompanying swelling and respiratory stimulation. Depending on the amounts of Cu2+ added and the K+ concentration, an inhibition of respiration later ensues. 4. Chelation of the Cu2+ by substrates (notably glutamate) decreases the effects. 5. Prior exposure to Cu2+ decreases or prevents energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake.", "PMID": 1016250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1344", "title": "Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "1. The galactose-elimination rate in perfused livers from starved rats was decreased in the presence of ethanol (2-28mM) to one-third of the control values. Orotate injections partly reversed the effect of ethanol, so that the galactose-elimination rate was about two-thirds of the control values. Orotate alone had no effect on the galactose-elimination rate. 2. Ethanol increased [galactose 1-phosphate] and [UDP-galactose], and decreased (UDP-glucose] and [UTP], both with and without orotate. Orotate increased [UTP], [UDP-galactose], both with and without ethanol. The increase of [galactose 1-phosphate] in the presence of ethanol was inhibited by orotate. Orotate alone had no appreciable effect on [galactose 1-phosphate]. 3. Both the effect of ethanol and that of orotate on the galactose-elimination rate can be accounted for by assuming inhibition of galactokinase by galactose 1-phosphate with Ki about 0.2mM, the inhibition being either non-competitive or uncompetitive. 4. The primary effect of ethanol seems to be inhibition of UDP-glucose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), followed by accumulation of UDP-galactose, trapping of UDP-glucose and increase of [galactose 1-phosphate]. Orotate decreased the effect of ethanol, probably by increasing [UDP-glucose].", "contents": "Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. 1. The galactose-elimination rate in perfused livers from starved rats was decreased in the presence of ethanol (2-28mM) to one-third of the control values. Orotate injections partly reversed the effect of ethanol, so that the galactose-elimination rate was about two-thirds of the control values. Orotate alone had no effect on the galactose-elimination rate. 2. Ethanol increased [galactose 1-phosphate] and [UDP-galactose], and decreased (UDP-glucose] and [UTP], both with and without orotate. Orotate increased [UTP], [UDP-galactose], both with and without ethanol. The increase of [galactose 1-phosphate] in the presence of ethanol was inhibited by orotate. Orotate alone had no appreciable effect on [galactose 1-phosphate]. 3. Both the effect of ethanol and that of orotate on the galactose-elimination rate can be accounted for by assuming inhibition of galactokinase by galactose 1-phosphate with Ki about 0.2mM, the inhibition being either non-competitive or uncompetitive. 4. The primary effect of ethanol seems to be inhibition of UDP-glucose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), followed by accumulation of UDP-galactose, trapping of UDP-glucose and increase of [galactose 1-phosphate]. Orotate decreased the effect of ethanol, probably by increasing [UDP-glucose].", "PMID": 1016251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1345", "title": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in rabbit erythroid cells.", "content": "Kinetic studies on the synthesis of RNA in mature bone-marrow erythroid cells from rabbits were made by measuring the incorporation of [2-3H]adenosine into the ATP pool and RNA over periods up to 8h. By use of equations to fit the pool specific radioactivity and an equation using the same type of pool to generate the rate of linear DNA synthesis, good agreement between the pool parameters is found, provided that the ATP pool is measured in whole cell extracts, and assuming that the dATP and ATP pools equilibrate rapidly. RNA-synthesis rates were measured by using curve fits to equations developed by using the pool specific-radioactivity curves. The rate of synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA varied in three experiments from 90 to 220mol/min per cell, with half-life of nuclear processing of 12-22 min with a mean of 16 min. Ribosomal RNA is synthesized at a rate of 70-200 mol/min per cell with an average half-life of nuclear processing of 37 min for the 18S RNA and 214 min for the 28S RNA. When the stable rRNA components are subtracted from the nRNA synthesis, the rate of nRNA synthesis is between 2 and 6fg/min per cell with an average half-life of degradation of 27 min. The rate of synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA is 1.5-3.5% of the RNA-synthesis rates. These rates are compared with the RNA-synthesis rates found in L cells and concentrations of globin mRNA found in various erythroid-cell preparations.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in rabbit erythroid cells. Kinetic studies on the synthesis of RNA in mature bone-marrow erythroid cells from rabbits were made by measuring the incorporation of [2-3H]adenosine into the ATP pool and RNA over periods up to 8h. By use of equations to fit the pool specific radioactivity and an equation using the same type of pool to generate the rate of linear DNA synthesis, good agreement between the pool parameters is found, provided that the ATP pool is measured in whole cell extracts, and assuming that the dATP and ATP pools equilibrate rapidly. RNA-synthesis rates were measured by using curve fits to equations developed by using the pool specific-radioactivity curves. The rate of synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA varied in three experiments from 90 to 220mol/min per cell, with half-life of nuclear processing of 12-22 min with a mean of 16 min. Ribosomal RNA is synthesized at a rate of 70-200 mol/min per cell with an average half-life of nuclear processing of 37 min for the 18S RNA and 214 min for the 28S RNA. When the stable rRNA components are subtracted from the nRNA synthesis, the rate of nRNA synthesis is between 2 and 6fg/min per cell with an average half-life of degradation of 27 min. The rate of synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA is 1.5-3.5% of the RNA-synthesis rates. These rates are compared with the RNA-synthesis rates found in L cells and concentrations of globin mRNA found in various erythroid-cell preparations.", "PMID": 1016252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1346", "title": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. Nitrogenous hexahydroindane derivatives formed from cholic acid by Streptomyces rubescens.", "content": "The metabolism of cholic acid (I) by Streptomyces rubescens was investigated. This organism effected ring A cleavage, side-chain shortening and amide bond formation and gave the following metabolites: (4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1 beta-yl]valeric acid (IIa) and its mono-amide (valeramide) (IIb); and 2,3,4,6, 6abeta,7,8,9,9aalpha,9bbeta-decahydro-6abeta-methyl-1H-cyclopenta[f]quinoline-3,7-dione(IIIe)and its homologues with the beta-oriented side chains, valeric acid, valeramide, butanone and propionic acid, in the place of the oxo group at C-7, i.e.compounds (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc) and (IIId) respectively. All the nitrogenous metabolites were new compounds, and their structures were established by partial synthesis except for the metabolite (IIIc). The mechanism of formation of these metabolites is considered. A degradative pathway of cholic acid (I) into the metabolites is also tentatively proposed.", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. Nitrogenous hexahydroindane derivatives formed from cholic acid by Streptomyces rubescens. The metabolism of cholic acid (I) by Streptomyces rubescens was investigated. This organism effected ring A cleavage, side-chain shortening and amide bond formation and gave the following metabolites: (4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1 beta-yl]valeric acid (IIa) and its mono-amide (valeramide) (IIb); and 2,3,4,6, 6abeta,7,8,9,9aalpha,9bbeta-decahydro-6abeta-methyl-1H-cyclopenta[f]quinoline-3,7-dione(IIIe)and its homologues with the beta-oriented side chains, valeric acid, valeramide, butanone and propionic acid, in the place of the oxo group at C-7, i.e.compounds (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc) and (IIId) respectively. All the nitrogenous metabolites were new compounds, and their structures were established by partial synthesis except for the metabolite (IIIc). The mechanism of formation of these metabolites is considered. A degradative pathway of cholic acid (I) into the metabolites is also tentatively proposed.", "PMID": 1016253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1347", "title": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. The conjugation of a certain cholic acid metabolite with amino acids in Corynebacterium equi.", "content": "1. (4R)-4[4alpha-(2-Carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (II) could not be utilized by Arthrobacter simplex, even though the acid was one of the metabolites formed from cholic acid (I) by this organism. Therefore the further degradation of the acid (II) by Corynebacterium equi was investigated to identify the intermediates involved in the cholic acid degradation. 2. The organism, cultured in a medium containing the acid (II) as the sole source of carbon, produced unexpected metabolites, the conjugates of this original acid (II) with amino acids or their derivatives, although the yield was very low. These new metabolites were isolated and identified by chemical synthesis as the Na-((4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3a alpha-hexahydro-7a beta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1 beta-yl]-valeryl) derivatives of L-alanine, glutamic acid, O-acetylhomoserine and glutamine, i.e. compounds (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIId) respectively. 3. The possibility that the bacterial synthetic reaction observed in the acid (II) metabolism with C. equi is analogous to peptide conjugation known in both animals and higher plants is discussed. A possible mechanism for this bacterial conjugation is also considered.", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. The conjugation of a certain cholic acid metabolite with amino acids in Corynebacterium equi. 1. (4R)-4[4alpha-(2-Carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (II) could not be utilized by Arthrobacter simplex, even though the acid was one of the metabolites formed from cholic acid (I) by this organism. Therefore the further degradation of the acid (II) by Corynebacterium equi was investigated to identify the intermediates involved in the cholic acid degradation. 2. The organism, cultured in a medium containing the acid (II) as the sole source of carbon, produced unexpected metabolites, the conjugates of this original acid (II) with amino acids or their derivatives, although the yield was very low. These new metabolites were isolated and identified by chemical synthesis as the Na-((4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3a alpha-hexahydro-7a beta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1 beta-yl]-valeryl) derivatives of L-alanine, glutamic acid, O-acetylhomoserine and glutamine, i.e. compounds (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIId) respectively. 3. The possibility that the bacterial synthetic reaction observed in the acid (II) metabolism with C. equi is analogous to peptide conjugation known in both animals and higher plants is discussed. A possible mechanism for this bacterial conjugation is also considered.", "PMID": 1016254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1348", "title": "Lack of effect of amino acid concentration on protein synthesis in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effect of increasing the perfusate concentration of amino acids on the incorporation of labelled valine into protein was followed in perfusions of rat livers lasting for 2h. A fixed amount of labelled and unlabelled valine was added to the perfusate as the other amino acids were increased in multiples of the concentrations normally found in rat plasma. Under these conditions no increase in valine incorporation was observed, which appeared to be in conflict with results published by other workers, However, a different method of labelling from that used here was used in the earlier studies. An increasing amount of a labelled amino acid was added as the concentrations of the unlabelled amino acids were increased in the perfusate. An experiment directly comparing to the two labelling methods produced results that indicated that the apparent increase in liver protein synthesis observed by the other workers could have been due to the method of radioisotope addition. It is therefore concluded that increasing the perfusate concentration of amino acids does not increase amino acid incorporation into liver protein.", "contents": "Lack of effect of amino acid concentration on protein synthesis in the perfused rat liver. The effect of increasing the perfusate concentration of amino acids on the incorporation of labelled valine into protein was followed in perfusions of rat livers lasting for 2h. A fixed amount of labelled and unlabelled valine was added to the perfusate as the other amino acids were increased in multiples of the concentrations normally found in rat plasma. Under these conditions no increase in valine incorporation was observed, which appeared to be in conflict with results published by other workers, However, a different method of labelling from that used here was used in the earlier studies. An increasing amount of a labelled amino acid was added as the concentrations of the unlabelled amino acids were increased in the perfusate. An experiment directly comparing to the two labelling methods produced results that indicated that the apparent increase in liver protein synthesis observed by the other workers could have been due to the method of radioisotope addition. It is therefore concluded that increasing the perfusate concentration of amino acids does not increase amino acid incorporation into liver protein.", "PMID": 1016255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1349", "title": "Carcass glycogen as a potential source of glucose during short-term starvation.", "content": "In small rats deprived of food for 19h (or 43h), 36% (or 39%) of the glycogen that disappeared was lost from the carcass and 64% (or 61%) from liver. Carcass glycogen is potentially a substantial source of glucose during short-term starvation via the Cori cycle.", "contents": "Carcass glycogen as a potential source of glucose during short-term starvation. In small rats deprived of food for 19h (or 43h), 36% (or 39%) of the glycogen that disappeared was lost from the carcass and 64% (or 61%) from liver. Carcass glycogen is potentially a substantial source of glucose during short-term starvation via the Cori cycle.", "PMID": 1016256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1350", "title": "Effect of detergents on the N-and ring-hydroxylation of 2-acetamidofluorene by hamster liver microsomal preparations.", "content": "Effects of detergents such as cholate, deoxycholate and Triton X-100 were studied on N-and ring-hydroxylation of 2-acetamidofluorene by reconstituted and unresolved microsomal systems from livers of hamsters pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. Triton X-100 (2.5 mg/nmol of cytochrome P-448) inhibited N-and ring-hydroxylation by wholemicrosomal preparations by 40 and 90% respectively Deoxycholate at the same concentration inhibited both hydroxylations completely, whereas cholate inhibited N-and ring-hydroxylation by 40 and 50% respectively. In reconstitution studies, the presence of Triton X-100(0.5-1.0mg/nmol of cytochrome P-448) along with unsolubilized cytochrome P-448 fraction and solubilized reductase fraction increased N-hydroxylation to an appreciable extent compared with ring-hydroxylation. Both cholate and deoxycholate at 0.5-1.0 mg concentrations had a greater stimulatory effect on ring-than on N-hydroxylation activity in such a reconstituted system.", "contents": "Effect of detergents on the N-and ring-hydroxylation of 2-acetamidofluorene by hamster liver microsomal preparations. Effects of detergents such as cholate, deoxycholate and Triton X-100 were studied on N-and ring-hydroxylation of 2-acetamidofluorene by reconstituted and unresolved microsomal systems from livers of hamsters pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. Triton X-100 (2.5 mg/nmol of cytochrome P-448) inhibited N-and ring-hydroxylation by wholemicrosomal preparations by 40 and 90% respectively Deoxycholate at the same concentration inhibited both hydroxylations completely, whereas cholate inhibited N-and ring-hydroxylation by 40 and 50% respectively. In reconstitution studies, the presence of Triton X-100(0.5-1.0mg/nmol of cytochrome P-448) along with unsolubilized cytochrome P-448 fraction and solubilized reductase fraction increased N-hydroxylation to an appreciable extent compared with ring-hydroxylation. Both cholate and deoxycholate at 0.5-1.0 mg concentrations had a greater stimulatory effect on ring-than on N-hydroxylation activity in such a reconstituted system.", "PMID": 1016257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1351", "title": "[The physiotherapic aspect of omeral epicondilitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe history, etiopatogenesis, clinic, therapy of omeral epicondilitis, very frequent affection. Physiotherapic aspects are studied by different methods. The indications are different compared to clinical aspect, pain modality, relapse eventuality. They conclude with personal considerations based on what observed in Orthopedic Clinica of Parma University.", "contents": "[The physiotherapic aspect of omeral epicondilitis (author's transl)]. The Authors describe history, etiopatogenesis, clinic, therapy of omeral epicondilitis, very frequent affection. Physiotherapic aspects are studied by different methods. The indications are different compared to clinical aspect, pain modality, relapse eventuality. They conclude with personal considerations based on what observed in Orthopedic Clinica of Parma University.", "PMID": 1016267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1352", "title": "[Observations on the frequency of neoplasms and inflammatory processes of the oral cavity during the period from 1961 to 1970 (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors carried out a clinical and statistical study of the frequency of malignant and benign neoplasms, inflammatory processes and pre-cancerous states in the mouth over the period from 1961 to 1970, comparing their findings with those provided by a previous investigation covering a similar period of time. Benign tumours appear to be more frequent than malignant ones, and the latter are found most frequently in males in their fifties. The most frequent site of malignant tumours is the lower lip, and histologically they are mainly found to be epithelial.", "contents": "[Observations on the frequency of neoplasms and inflammatory processes of the oral cavity during the period from 1961 to 1970 (author's transl)]. The Authors carried out a clinical and statistical study of the frequency of malignant and benign neoplasms, inflammatory processes and pre-cancerous states in the mouth over the period from 1961 to 1970, comparing their findings with those provided by a previous investigation covering a similar period of time. Benign tumours appear to be more frequent than malignant ones, and the latter are found most frequently in males in their fifties. The most frequent site of malignant tumours is the lower lip, and histologically they are mainly found to be epithelial.", "PMID": 1016266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1353", "title": "[Oral and i.v. iron therapy in haemodialysis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Low serum iron level with a transferrin saturation below 16% is a crucial aetiologic factor of anaemia in haemodialysed patients. Current therapy usually is a correct dialytic and dietetic treatment and i.v. iron supply. Two groups of haemodialysis patients with low serum iron but a normal transferrin saturation, have been studied by comparing the efficacy of the i.v. and the oral iron supply. The serum iron of the two groups changed from low to normal level with highly significant difference. Haemoglobin and haematocrit did not change because of the normal transferrin saturation before the treatment. In conclusion, in uraemic patients treated by chronic dialysis, the oral and the i.v. iron therapy probably give the same result.", "contents": "[Oral and i.v. iron therapy in haemodialysis patients (author's transl)]. Low serum iron level with a transferrin saturation below 16% is a crucial aetiologic factor of anaemia in haemodialysed patients. Current therapy usually is a correct dialytic and dietetic treatment and i.v. iron supply. Two groups of haemodialysis patients with low serum iron but a normal transferrin saturation, have been studied by comparing the efficacy of the i.v. and the oral iron supply. The serum iron of the two groups changed from low to normal level with highly significant difference. Haemoglobin and haematocrit did not change because of the normal transferrin saturation before the treatment. In conclusion, in uraemic patients treated by chronic dialysis, the oral and the i.v. iron therapy probably give the same result.", "PMID": 1016270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1354", "title": "[Effect of carbenoxolone (CBO) on metabolism of nucleic acids, polyamines and proteins of gastric mucosa \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Carbenoxolone was administrated, by intubation per os, to guinea-pigs, then the animals were killed 2 and 4 hours later. In perfusion experiments, carbenoxolone was injected for 5,10 and 20 min respectively. The results show a decreased uptake of formiate-H3 into RNA and DNA in vivo. During perfusion of stomach, CBO causes a precocious enhancement of specific radioactivity of nucleic acids, then a decrease was observed. The pattern of polyamines in perfused stomach shows an increased uptake of putrescine-C14 into spermidine. Finally, the specific radioactivity of proteins was enhanced in vivo and in vitro by CBO. The results demonstrate that the drug  alterates the proliferative cell cycle and induces the synthesis of proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of carbenoxolone (CBO) on metabolism of nucleic acids, polyamines and proteins of gastric mucosa \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\" (author's transl)]. Carbenoxolone was administrated, by intubation per os, to guinea-pigs, then the animals were killed 2 and 4 hours later. In perfusion experiments, carbenoxolone was injected for 5,10 and 20 min respectively. The results show a decreased uptake of formiate-H3 into RNA and DNA in vivo. During perfusion of stomach, CBO causes a precocious enhancement of specific radioactivity of nucleic acids, then a decrease was observed. The pattern of polyamines in perfused stomach shows an increased uptake of putrescine-C14 into spermidine. Finally, the specific radioactivity of proteins was enhanced in vivo and in vitro by CBO. The results demonstrate that the drug  alterates the proliferative cell cycle and induces the synthesis of proteins.", "PMID": 1016271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1355", "title": "[Acid-base modifications induced by treatment with concentration-reinfusion of ascitis fluid in cyrrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 9 cyrrhotic patients with ascites we have studied the acid base status and the renal acidogenic capacity (urinary titrable acidity, ammonia) before, during and after reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid. Acid-base parameters have been evaluated also in the ascitic fluid and in the concentrated reinfusion fluid. The treatment does not determine any significant variation of acid base equilibrium in the cyrrhotic patients, while there is a remarkable loosing of CO2 with lowering of pCO2 in the concentrated ascitic fluid. We discuss the main physiopathological factors involved in such a type of treatment.", "contents": "[Acid-base modifications induced by treatment with concentration-reinfusion of ascitis fluid in cyrrhosis (author's transl)]. In 9 cyrrhotic patients with ascites we have studied the acid base status and the renal acidogenic capacity (urinary titrable acidity, ammonia) before, during and after reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid. Acid-base parameters have been evaluated also in the ascitic fluid and in the concentrated reinfusion fluid. The treatment does not determine any significant variation of acid base equilibrium in the cyrrhotic patients, while there is a remarkable loosing of CO2 with lowering of pCO2 in the concentrated ascitic fluid. We discuss the main physiopathological factors involved in such a type of treatment.", "PMID": 1016272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1356", "title": "[The diagnostic accuracy of liver scanning by Tc99m s.c. (Confrontation with autoptic reports) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors for an exact valuation of the diagnosis of epatic diseases by Tc99m s.c. verified all autoptic reports of the Ospedali Riuniti in Parma during the 3 last years. The Authors value diagnostic accuracy concerning the examinated cases of the epatic scanning.", "contents": "[The diagnostic accuracy of liver scanning by Tc99m s.c. (Confrontation with autoptic reports) (author's transl)]. The Authors for an exact valuation of the diagnosis of epatic diseases by Tc99m s.c. verified all autoptic reports of the Ospedali Riuniti in Parma during the 3 last years. The Authors value diagnostic accuracy concerning the examinated cases of the epatic scanning.", "PMID": 1016269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1357", "title": "[Regulation of amino acid transport in avian fibroblasts from growing and quiescent cell cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "The regulation of amino acid transport across the cell membrane by adaptive mechanisms has been studied in chick embryo fibroblasts obtained from growing and quiescent cell cultures. Changes in transport activity as a function of time under various in vitro conditions (amino acid dependence, active and inhibited protein synthesis) have been evaluated by measurements of initial entry rates with representative amino acids.", "contents": "[Regulation of amino acid transport in avian fibroblasts from growing and quiescent cell cultures (author's transl)]. The regulation of amino acid transport across the cell membrane by adaptive mechanisms has been studied in chick embryo fibroblasts obtained from growing and quiescent cell cultures. Changes in transport activity as a function of time under various in vitro conditions (amino acid dependence, active and inhibited protein synthesis) have been evaluated by measurements of initial entry rates with representative amino acids.", "PMID": 1016273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1358", "title": "[Fulminant acute hepatitis treated by immunologic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the most recent results on immunological pathogenetic mechanism, on which seems to be based the malignant evolution of acute viral hepatitis the AA. have treated a patient affected of acute fulminant hepatitis by means of immunologic therapy with specific globulins anti-HBsAg. The result of this personal experience and the analysis of the data from the literature suggest the opportunity to use specific antibodies (HBsAb) associated with syntomatic and depurative therapies, with obvious limits of single experience.", "contents": "[Fulminant acute hepatitis treated by immunologic therapy (author's transl)]. Following the most recent results on immunological pathogenetic mechanism, on which seems to be based the malignant evolution of acute viral hepatitis the AA. have treated a patient affected of acute fulminant hepatitis by means of immunologic therapy with specific globulins anti-HBsAg. The result of this personal experience and the analysis of the data from the literature suggest the opportunity to use specific antibodies (HBsAb) associated with syntomatic and depurative therapies, with obvious limits of single experience.", "PMID": 1016268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1359", "title": "[Adriamycin induced chronic cardiotoxicity: a morphological ultrastructural study on ventricular myocardium and conducting system of rabbit heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The administration of high doses of adriamycin in rabbits causes morphologically evident alterations of cardiac myocites, such as cellular structure disorganization, myofilaments disappearance and vacuolar degeneration through the cytoplasm. The less damaged myocites show protein synthesis activation with newly produced myofilaments. Macrophages and fibroblasts are seen in the interstitium among markedly injured cells. As a response to the toxic damage induced by adriamycin, it would be seen an hypertrophic compensatory response in the well preserved cells and interstitial fibrosis. The conducting system shows similar but less extensive lesions as the ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "[Adriamycin induced chronic cardiotoxicity: a morphological ultrastructural study on ventricular myocardium and conducting system of rabbit heart (author's transl)]. The administration of high doses of adriamycin in rabbits causes morphologically evident alterations of cardiac myocites, such as cellular structure disorganization, myofilaments disappearance and vacuolar degeneration through the cytoplasm. The less damaged myocites show protein synthesis activation with newly produced myofilaments. Macrophages and fibroblasts are seen in the interstitium among markedly injured cells. As a response to the toxic damage induced by adriamycin, it would be seen an hypertrophic compensatory response in the well preserved cells and interstitial fibrosis. The conducting system shows similar but less extensive lesions as the ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 1016274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1360", "title": "[Lesions of the femoral nerve during the gynaecological operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors present two cases of unilateral and bilateral lesions of the femoral nerve and emphasize the frequency, the characteristics, the mechanisms and the course of such lesions.", "contents": "[Lesions of the femoral nerve during the gynaecological operations (author's transl)]. The Authors present two cases of unilateral and bilateral lesions of the femoral nerve and emphasize the frequency, the characteristics, the mechanisms and the course of such lesions.", "PMID": 1016275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1361", "title": "[Diagnostic problems posed by hypotrophic facio-scapulo-humeral syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors, on the ground of the literature and of their own observations, stress the diagnostic non specificity of hypotrophic facio-scapulo-humeral syndromes: these sindromes, contrary to the current opinion, aren't always of primitive myodistrophic nature but may also be \"neurogenic\", inflammatory, collagenopathis, etc. In this connection they present an illustrative case of facio-scapulo-humeral syndrome which had clinical features typically \"myogenic\" but turned out to be \"neurogenic\" after electromyographic and histochemical investigation.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems posed by hypotrophic facio-scapulo-humeral syndromes (author's transl)]. The Authors, on the ground of the literature and of their own observations, stress the diagnostic non specificity of hypotrophic facio-scapulo-humeral syndromes: these sindromes, contrary to the current opinion, aren't always of primitive myodistrophic nature but may also be \"neurogenic\", inflammatory, collagenopathis, etc. In this connection they present an illustrative case of facio-scapulo-humeral syndrome which had clinical features typically \"myogenic\" but turned out to be \"neurogenic\" after electromyographic and histochemical investigation.", "PMID": 1016276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1362", "title": "[Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on serum digoxin concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of digitalis following cardiopulmonary bypass is studied by digitalemia's radioimmunoassay. The Authors does not find relation between digitalis and post operative arrhytmias. They think digitalis's tolerance is very good but suggest that further studies are necessary to state the correct use of the drug after open heart surgery.", "contents": "[Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on serum digoxin concentration (author's transl)]. The use of digitalis following cardiopulmonary bypass is studied by digitalemia's radioimmunoassay. The Authors does not find relation between digitalis and post operative arrhytmias. They think digitalis's tolerance is very good but suggest that further studies are necessary to state the correct use of the drug after open heart surgery.", "PMID": 1016278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1363", "title": "[Long term follow-up after radical mastectomy for breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "110 of 126 patients treated with Halsted mastectomy and postoperative loco-regional radiotherapy, during period 1961-1969 have been controlled. Overall 5 years survival resulted as following: Columbia Clinical Classification stage A 90,6%, stage B 66,6%, stage C 28,5%, stage D 33,3%; 10 years survival in patients operated on in the period 1961-64 was: stage A 69,2%, stage B 53,3%, stage C 40%, stage D 0%. On the basis of the satisfing results obtained the authors conclude that it appears by now unjustified to modify this method in treating stage A and B breast cancer either utilizing less extended resections, or renoncing to the postoperative irradiation.", "contents": "[Long term follow-up after radical mastectomy for breast cancer (author's transl)]. 110 of 126 patients treated with Halsted mastectomy and postoperative loco-regional radiotherapy, during period 1961-1969 have been controlled. Overall 5 years survival resulted as following: Columbia Clinical Classification stage A 90,6%, stage B 66,6%, stage C 28,5%, stage D 33,3%; 10 years survival in patients operated on in the period 1961-64 was: stage A 69,2%, stage B 53,3%, stage C 40%, stage D 0%. On the basis of the satisfing results obtained the authors conclude that it appears by now unjustified to modify this method in treating stage A and B breast cancer either utilizing less extended resections, or renoncing to the postoperative irradiation.", "PMID": 1016277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1364", "title": "[The problem of spinal myoclonus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of the so called \"spinal myoclonus\" in a 71 year-old-man affected by lung carcinoma is reported. Clinical manifestations and comparison with similar previously described in literature induce to believe in the existence of a myoclonic syndrome, whose pattern seems to give support to the attribute of \"spinal\", at least as conventional term. An involvement of intercalated neurons is advanced as pathogenic ground. Anyhow, possible suprasegmental implications are also considered.", "contents": "[The problem of spinal myoclonus (author's transl)]. A case of the so called \"spinal myoclonus\" in a 71 year-old-man affected by lung carcinoma is reported. Clinical manifestations and comparison with similar previously described in literature induce to believe in the existence of a myoclonic syndrome, whose pattern seems to give support to the attribute of \"spinal\", at least as conventional term. An involvement of intercalated neurons is advanced as pathogenic ground. Anyhow, possible suprasegmental implications are also considered.", "PMID": 1016279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1365", "title": "[On the mechanism of the formation of traumatic lesions of the larynx: observations on three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, having drawn attention to the rarity of traumatic lesions of the larynx, illustrate three cases mentioning in particular the disproportion between the external and internal lesions, (as has already been pointed out by other authors), and the mechanism of the formation of such lesions. This, in particular, on the strenght of interpretations of slight cutaneous lesions.", "contents": "[On the mechanism of the formation of traumatic lesions of the larynx: observations on three cases (author's transl)]. The authors, having drawn attention to the rarity of traumatic lesions of the larynx, illustrate three cases mentioning in particular the disproportion between the external and internal lesions, (as has already been pointed out by other authors), and the mechanism of the formation of such lesions. This, in particular, on the strenght of interpretations of slight cutaneous lesions.", "PMID": 1016280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1366", "title": "[The Guyon's tunnel syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors present two cases of compression of the ulnar nerve at the level of the Guyon's tunnel with a peculiar etiology. In fact, in the first patient the compression was caused by dilatation of veins accompaning the nerve and in the second case by the hypertrophic \"piso hamata\" ligament. The Authors also take the opportunity of making some pathogenetic and someiotic considerations this syndrome.", "contents": "[The Guyon's tunnel syndrome (author's transl)]. The Authors present two cases of compression of the ulnar nerve at the level of the Guyon's tunnel with a peculiar etiology. In fact, in the first patient the compression was caused by dilatation of veins accompaning the nerve and in the second case by the hypertrophic \"piso hamata\" ligament. The Authors also take the opportunity of making some pathogenetic and someiotic considerations this syndrome.", "PMID": 1016281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1367", "title": "Bronchial histamine reactivity: its relationship to the reactivity of the bronchi to allergens.", "content": "The aim of this study was to examine the proposal that the magnitude of the response of the bronchi to an immediate allergic reaction depends not only on the degree of sensitization of the bronchi by allergen specific IgE antibody but also on the reactivity of the bronchi to the vasoactive mediators which are released during immediate allergic reactions. This was done by determining the bronchial reactivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to histamine of both symptomatic and asymptomatic groups of atopic subjects who had comparable serum levels of D. pteronyssinus specific IgE. Positive bronchial responses to the D. pteronyssinus extract were recorded with both the symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, the mean bronchial threshold dose of allergen being significantly higher in the asymptomatic than in the asthmatic patients. There was a highly significant correlation between the serum level of allergen specific IgE and the bronchial threshold dose of allergen extract and also between the bronchial threshold dose of allergen extract and of histamine in all groups of subjects. The ability to predict bronchial reactivity to the allergen from the serum level of allergen specific IgE within each group was significantly better if the bronchial reactivity to histamine was included in the correlation analysis. This supports the hypothesis that whether a particular subject who is producing specific IgE antibody will develop symptoms on the inhalation of that allergen depends not only on the amount of allergen which he inhales and on the degree of sensitization of his bronchi but also on the reactivity of his bronchi to the vasoactive mediators which are released by allergen-IgE interaction.", "contents": "Bronchial histamine reactivity: its relationship to the reactivity of the bronchi to allergens. The aim of this study was to examine the proposal that the magnitude of the response of the bronchi to an immediate allergic reaction depends not only on the degree of sensitization of the bronchi by allergen specific IgE antibody but also on the reactivity of the bronchi to the vasoactive mediators which are released during immediate allergic reactions. This was done by determining the bronchial reactivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to histamine of both symptomatic and asymptomatic groups of atopic subjects who had comparable serum levels of D. pteronyssinus specific IgE. Positive bronchial responses to the D. pteronyssinus extract were recorded with both the symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, the mean bronchial threshold dose of allergen being significantly higher in the asymptomatic than in the asthmatic patients. There was a highly significant correlation between the serum level of allergen specific IgE and the bronchial threshold dose of allergen extract and also between the bronchial threshold dose of allergen extract and of histamine in all groups of subjects. The ability to predict bronchial reactivity to the allergen from the serum level of allergen specific IgE within each group was significantly better if the bronchial reactivity to histamine was included in the correlation analysis. This supports the hypothesis that whether a particular subject who is producing specific IgE antibody will develop symptoms on the inhalation of that allergen depends not only on the amount of allergen which he inhales and on the degree of sensitization of his bronchi but also on the reactivity of his bronchi to the vasoactive mediators which are released by allergen-IgE interaction.", "PMID": 1016288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1368", "title": "A new immunodiagnostic test in onchocerciasis.", "content": "The radioallergosorbent (RAST) technique was used as a diagnostic test for onchocerciasis. IgE antibodies for Dirofilaria immitis antigen were found in thirty-one of fifty-seven (54%) affected patients.", "contents": "A new immunodiagnostic test in onchocerciasis. The radioallergosorbent (RAST) technique was used as a diagnostic test for onchocerciasis. IgE antibodies for Dirofilaria immitis antigen were found in thirty-one of fifty-seven (54%) affected patients.", "PMID": 1016289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1369", "title": "[Studies on the water quality of the river Po and its tributaries between Monte Cremona and Casalmaggiore. II. Period 1971-2].", "content": "The results relating to the research carried out on the river Po upstream and downstream Cremona town, at Casalmaggiore and at the mouths of the right side tributaries Arda-Ongina and Taro in the period 1971-72 are reported in the present note. The samplings took place once every month and on the same day flow measurements were effected by the Magistracy of the river Po in the five stations. The results of this first series of sampling have shown a good stability of the water quality of the river Po, in the different seasons and in the different hydrological conditions. No significative differences were poi nted out for the most part of the determined parameters between the stations upstream and downstream Cremona and Casalmaggiore, except the turbid load (turbidity, suspended matter at 105 degrees C, setteable solids) which presented at Casalmaggiore an average value absolutely higher than the calculated one which was achieved considering concentrations and river flow at Cremona and at the mouths of Arda-Ongina and Taro. With few exceptions the water quality keeps a good level for fish life and its actual pollution degree let us think it possible to improve the situation in a short time. Only microbiological parameters are excepted, as they exceed the proposed limits for recreation and bathing uses (W.Q.C.).", "contents": "[Studies on the water quality of the river Po and its tributaries between Monte Cremona and Casalmaggiore. II. Period 1971-2]. The results relating to the research carried out on the river Po upstream and downstream Cremona town, at Casalmaggiore and at the mouths of the right side tributaries Arda-Ongina and Taro in the period 1971-72 are reported in the present note. The samplings took place once every month and on the same day flow measurements were effected by the Magistracy of the river Po in the five stations. The results of this first series of sampling have shown a good stability of the water quality of the river Po, in the different seasons and in the different hydrological conditions. No significative differences were poi nted out for the most part of the determined parameters between the stations upstream and downstream Cremona and Casalmaggiore, except the turbid load (turbidity, suspended matter at 105 degrees C, setteable solids) which presented at Casalmaggiore an average value absolutely higher than the calculated one which was achieved considering concentrations and river flow at Cremona and at the mouths of Arda-Ongina and Taro. With few exceptions the water quality keeps a good level for fish life and its actual pollution degree let us think it possible to improve the situation in a short time. Only microbiological parameters are excepted, as they exceed the proposed limits for recreation and bathing uses (W.Q.C.).", "PMID": 1016283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1370", "title": "Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--fumes from 'Multicore' soldering flux and colophony resin.", "content": "Four patients with occupational asthma associated with exposure to soldering flux or hot-melt glue containing pine resin (colophony) were subjected to occupational type inhalation challenge testing. All four gave immediate bronchial reactions to inhalation of the fumes, varying from one breath to 3 min of exposure. The clinical history and provocation test reactions suggest hypersensitivity to colophony fumes.", "contents": "Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--fumes from 'Multicore' soldering flux and colophony resin. Four patients with occupational asthma associated with exposure to soldering flux or hot-melt glue containing pine resin (colophony) were subjected to occupational type inhalation challenge testing. All four gave immediate bronchial reactions to inhalation of the fumes, varying from one breath to 3 min of exposure. The clinical history and provocation test reactions suggest hypersensitivity to colophony fumes.", "PMID": 1016290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1371", "title": "[Syringomyelia: four clinical cases are reported as opportunity to reexamine the pathogenetic hypotheses (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper four clinical cases of syringomyelia are presented as an opportunity to reexamine more discussed pathogenetic hypotheses. The authors are referring in particular to Gardner's theory since he has the merit of explaining the anomalies often associated with syringomyelia. In Gardner's opinion syringomyelia might be due to the non-perforation of the rhombic roof.", "contents": "[Syringomyelia: four clinical cases are reported as opportunity to reexamine the pathogenetic hypotheses (author's transl)]. In this paper four clinical cases of syringomyelia are presented as an opportunity to reexamine more discussed pathogenetic hypotheses. The authors are referring in particular to Gardner's theory since he has the merit of explaining the anomalies often associated with syringomyelia. In Gardner's opinion syringomyelia might be due to the non-perforation of the rhombic roof.", "PMID": 1016285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1372", "title": "Allergenic potency of bee antigens measured by RAST inhibition.", "content": "The potency of various bee antigens including bee venom, several whole bee body extracts and fractions of bee venom was studied using the RAST inhibition method. As compared to whole bee body extract, bee venom was a much more potent inhibitor of both bee venom and whole body RAST, suggesting that venom has a greater capacity to bind specific bee IgE antibodies. Whole body extracts also varied substantially in their inhibiting activity. Phospholipase A and hyaluronidase were the most potent of the bee venom fractions suggesting their potential use as an assay for standardization of insect extracts.", "contents": "Allergenic potency of bee antigens measured by RAST inhibition. The potency of various bee antigens including bee venom, several whole bee body extracts and fractions of bee venom was studied using the RAST inhibition method. As compared to whole bee body extract, bee venom was a much more potent inhibitor of both bee venom and whole body RAST, suggesting that venom has a greater capacity to bind specific bee IgE antibodies. Whole body extracts also varied substantially in their inhibiting activity. Phospholipase A and hyaluronidase were the most potent of the bee venom fractions suggesting their potential use as an assay for standardization of insect extracts.", "PMID": 1016291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1373", "title": "[Duchenne muscular dystrophy in girls (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA., after a review cases of girls suffering from a muscular dystrophy like Duchenne, present two cases that they think to set in the same nosographical context. Even though they admit its extreme rarity and the possiblility that many cases previously published are controversial, they accept that Duchenne myodistrophic syndromes certainly occur in girls, even if their substantial nature remain uncertain.", "contents": "[Duchenne muscular dystrophy in girls (author's transl)]. The AA., after a review cases of girls suffering from a muscular dystrophy like Duchenne, present two cases that they think to set in the same nosographical context. Even though they admit its extreme rarity and the possiblility that many cases previously published are controversial, they accept that Duchenne myodistrophic syndromes certainly occur in girls, even if their substantial nature remain uncertain.", "PMID": 1016284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1374", "title": "[International strategies in medical education: technical assistance and technical cooperation].", "content": "This article reviews the evolution of international activity for national development in general and for medical education in particular. The concepts of traditional technical aid and the new method of technical cooperation are studied. That method appeared just before the beginning of this decade as a response to needs existing at the time to coordinate development with the emerging international economic order. This article discusses the emphasis given to strategy in this new concept of international activity. Strategy, in this sense, consists of a clear definition of goals and objectives by the countries themselves, mobilization of local resources, and full participation of national personnel in all phases of the process. The projects promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in applying technical cooperation to the field of health manpower training are discussed. Such activities include: coordinating the above mentioned training, providing overall support for institutional development, training professors and administrators, developing educational technology, creating and developing a network of biomedical information, developing social sciences as applied to medicine, and encouraging medical, epidemiological, social, and operational research.", "contents": "[International strategies in medical education: technical assistance and technical cooperation]. This article reviews the evolution of international activity for national development in general and for medical education in particular. The concepts of traditional technical aid and the new method of technical cooperation are studied. That method appeared just before the beginning of this decade as a response to needs existing at the time to coordinate development with the emerging international economic order. This article discusses the emphasis given to strategy in this new concept of international activity. Strategy, in this sense, consists of a clear definition of goals and objectives by the countries themselves, mobilization of local resources, and full participation of national personnel in all phases of the process. The projects promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in applying technical cooperation to the field of health manpower training are discussed. Such activities include: coordinating the above mentioned training, providing overall support for institutional development, training professors and administrators, developing educational technology, creating and developing a network of biomedical information, developing social sciences as applied to medicine, and encouraging medical, epidemiological, social, and operational research.", "PMID": 1016292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1375", "title": "[Combined treatment for malignant primitive brain tumors in infants using CCNU, neurosurgery and radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The preliminary data (13 cases) is used to make a comparison between the survival length from the beginning of chemotherapy of these pediatric neuro-oncotypes with that of adults bearing sovra-tentorial astrocytomas or glioblastomas given the same treatment. Approximating, by means of normal distributions, the experimental results the Authors also note that the clinical efficacy of CCNU is more or less the same for infants and adults.", "contents": "[Combined treatment for malignant primitive brain tumors in infants using CCNU, neurosurgery and radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The preliminary data (13 cases) is used to make a comparison between the survival length from the beginning of chemotherapy of these pediatric neuro-oncotypes with that of adults bearing sovra-tentorial astrocytomas or glioblastomas given the same treatment. Approximating, by means of normal distributions, the experimental results the Authors also note that the clinical efficacy of CCNU is more or less the same for infants and adults.", "PMID": 1016286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1376", "title": "[Considerations on graduate education of sanitary engineering in Latin America].", "content": "The author reviews the profound process of change in Latin America which presents serious problems for environmental engineering and, consequently, for education in the various disciplines that comprise this specialization. The explosive growth of knowledge and the increase responsibilities of professionals place extreme pressure on engineering schools. These schools are forced to consider curricular changes as well as changes in admission policies and in the image and the service which they should present to society. At the present time, 25 engineering schools offer an \"option\" of sanitary engineering and 12 schools offer graduate courses for an M.A. in environmental engineering. In the schools themselves, a combination of fulltime and part-time professors prevails. Graduate teaching programs are expected to provide: a) increasingly complex, new scientific and technologic knowledge, b) duly selected disciplines; and c) balanced management techniques. Certain plans of action may be considered. Among these are increasing the number of schools that offer graduate courses, revising curricula, encouraging higher enrollment, including research as a standard element in teaching and, in general, seeking higher standards of excellent. Prospects for the future seem to indicate that the following actions should be taken: 1) increasing interdisciplinary programs; 2) making use of the potential offered by continuing education; and 3) encouraging the development of doctoral studies.", "contents": "[Considerations on graduate education of sanitary engineering in Latin America]. The author reviews the profound process of change in Latin America which presents serious problems for environmental engineering and, consequently, for education in the various disciplines that comprise this specialization. The explosive growth of knowledge and the increase responsibilities of professionals place extreme pressure on engineering schools. These schools are forced to consider curricular changes as well as changes in admission policies and in the image and the service which they should present to society. At the present time, 25 engineering schools offer an \"option\" of sanitary engineering and 12 schools offer graduate courses for an M.A. in environmental engineering. In the schools themselves, a combination of fulltime and part-time professors prevails. Graduate teaching programs are expected to provide: a) increasingly complex, new scientific and technologic knowledge, b) duly selected disciplines; and c) balanced management techniques. Certain plans of action may be considered. Among these are increasing the number of schools that offer graduate courses, revising curricula, encouraging higher enrollment, including research as a standard element in teaching and, in general, seeking higher standards of excellent. Prospects for the future seem to indicate that the following actions should be taken: 1) increasing interdisciplinary programs; 2) making use of the potential offered by continuing education; and 3) encouraging the development of doctoral studies.", "PMID": 1016294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1377", "title": "[Post-traumatic syringomyelia (author's transl)].", "content": "We have examined a clinical case concerning a patient who, five years after a spinal cord injury, showed a series of symptoms due to the presence of a intramedullary cyst according to neurologists' general opinion. They think this cavitation is a development of acute myelomalacic cores or of a central haemorrhage. The extension of the cavities is regarded as a result of trasmission of venous pressure, brought about by coughing, straining and sneezing, to the spinal cord and of tethering of the cord at the side of trauma by dense arachnoidal adhesions, hence its adaptability to the extremes of movements is hampered.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic syringomyelia (author's transl)]. We have examined a clinical case concerning a patient who, five years after a spinal cord injury, showed a series of symptoms due to the presence of a intramedullary cyst according to neurologists' general opinion. They think this cavitation is a development of acute myelomalacic cores or of a central haemorrhage. The extension of the cavities is regarded as a result of trasmission of venous pressure, brought about by coughing, straining and sneezing, to the spinal cord and of tethering of the cord at the side of trauma by dense arachnoidal adhesions, hence its adaptability to the extremes of movements is hampered.", "PMID": 1016282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1378", "title": "[The chemiolysis of the hypophysis: a technical improvement (author's transl)].", "content": "The anesthesist is very often asked to manage severe painful syndromes in patients suffering widespread malignant tumours. So often, the extent of neoplastic diffusion is such that common technics for analgesic block cannot be performed. The chemiolysis of the hypophysis-according to Moricca-performed primarily for therapeutic purposes has also shown a powerful analgesic effect.", "contents": "[The chemiolysis of the hypophysis: a technical improvement (author's transl)]. The anesthesist is very often asked to manage severe painful syndromes in patients suffering widespread malignant tumours. So often, the extent of neoplastic diffusion is such that common technics for analgesic block cannot be performed. The chemiolysis of the hypophysis-according to Moricca-performed primarily for therapeutic purposes has also shown a powerful analgesic effect.", "PMID": 1016287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1379", "title": "IMP: a new method for health problem assessment.", "content": "This paper presents a new method for health problem assessment, called IMP. It is based upon the premise that the critical step in the development of policy decisions isthe definition of health problems at the community level. The method is an extension of the Delphi technique but has been significantly improved by the determination of the critical variables in the problem set and by the incroporation of a structured logic system and of professional judgment. The study compares the IMP method with data gathered by traditional, epidemiological prevalence surveys and also with data from a computer simulation. The conclusion is unavoidable: the IMP method is an accurate as the other methods, at far less cost. The problem of preventable bureaucratic blindness has been used as an illustration of the application of this technique.", "contents": "IMP: a new method for health problem assessment. This paper presents a new method for health problem assessment, called IMP. It is based upon the premise that the critical step in the development of policy decisions isthe definition of health problems at the community level. The method is an extension of the Delphi technique but has been significantly improved by the determination of the critical variables in the problem set and by the incroporation of a structured logic system and of professional judgment. The study compares the IMP method with data gathered by traditional, epidemiological prevalence surveys and also with data from a computer simulation. The conclusion is unavoidable: the IMP method is an accurate as the other methods, at far less cost. The problem of preventable bureaucratic blindness has been used as an illustration of the application of this technique.", "PMID": 1016339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1380", "title": "Evaluating drugs and determining the drug needs of developed and developing countries.", "content": "The practice of reviewing drug utilization provides a surveillance system for monitoring the efficiency of drug distribution and drug consumption; it also provides a data base for the interpretation of the frequency of adverse drug reactions and helps to identify gaps in the delivery of a crucial aspect of health services: the provision of safe and efficacious medicines. Malconsumption (either over- or under-utilization or needless prescribing) can be identified and economies might be achieved, once these problems are corrected. Linking drug utilization with standard health indices, such as morbidity and mortality rates, can help assess the effects of widely used drugs, both adverse and beneficial. Drug utilization review should be considered an essential activity of a well-organized health delivery system; it has great potential for both health planning and evaluation. These positions are discussed as they relate to developed and developing countries.", "contents": "Evaluating drugs and determining the drug needs of developed and developing countries. The practice of reviewing drug utilization provides a surveillance system for monitoring the efficiency of drug distribution and drug consumption; it also provides a data base for the interpretation of the frequency of adverse drug reactions and helps to identify gaps in the delivery of a crucial aspect of health services: the provision of safe and efficacious medicines. Malconsumption (either over- or under-utilization or needless prescribing) can be identified and economies might be achieved, once these problems are corrected. Linking drug utilization with standard health indices, such as morbidity and mortality rates, can help assess the effects of widely used drugs, both adverse and beneficial. Drug utilization review should be considered an essential activity of a well-organized health delivery system; it has great potential for both health planning and evaluation. These positions are discussed as they relate to developed and developing countries.", "PMID": 1016340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1381", "title": "Health services research and health policy.", "content": "Health services research (HSR) has the potential to influence the decision-making process in a health services system that is acutelearchers feel, with some truth, that their research has had only a limited effect on health policy. Some reasons for this are described, including the primacy of political, rather than technical, considerations in policy making, the lack of a comprehensive health policy, and the poor quality and irrelevance of much HSR. The role of funding for HSR by the Federal government is described; it is shown that the Federal effort is fragmented, despite the consolidation efforts made in 1968. Increased support for specific targeted, problem-solving health services research is proposed, and some possible methods to achieve this are described.", "contents": "Health services research and health policy. Health services research (HSR) has the potential to influence the decision-making process in a health services system that is acutelearchers feel, with some truth, that their research has had only a limited effect on health policy. Some reasons for this are described, including the primacy of political, rather than technical, considerations in policy making, the lack of a comprehensive health policy, and the poor quality and irrelevance of much HSR. The role of funding for HSR by the Federal government is described; it is shown that the Federal effort is fragmented, despite the consolidation efforts made in 1968. Increased support for specific targeted, problem-solving health services research is proposed, and some possible methods to achieve this are described.", "PMID": 1016341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1382", "title": "A proposal for a primary care registry.", "content": "A regional, voluntary, registry mechanism is proposed through which any citizen could indicate his intention of seeking primary health care from a physician, clinic, or institution that has also registered. By mutual agreement, the provider would recognize the registrant as a regular primary care patient. Providers would regularly receive lists of their registered primary care patients, including descriptive statistical summaries where appropriate. Such a registry would aid health care planners to promote a more equitable and efficient delivery system for primary care services.", "contents": "A proposal for a primary care registry. A regional, voluntary, registry mechanism is proposed through which any citizen could indicate his intention of seeking primary health care from a physician, clinic, or institution that has also registered. By mutual agreement, the provider would recognize the registrant as a regular primary care patient. Providers would regularly receive lists of their registered primary care patients, including descriptive statistical summaries where appropriate. Such a registry would aid health care planners to promote a more equitable and efficient delivery system for primary care services.", "PMID": 1016342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1383", "title": "Building a comprehensive geriatric health care system: a case study.", "content": "This case study focuses on the efforts of three urban medical care institutions--a Health Maintenance Organization, a nursing home, and a university hospital--to form an interorganizational relationship. The purpose of the relationship was to utilize the services of the three organizations in order to respond to the comprehensive health needs of an urban geriatric population. Movements in this triadic organizational relationship are described and analyzed in terms of four conceptual stages--exploration, negotiation, interaction and performance, and termination. Problems arising during these stages were not resolved and the relationship was terminated after approximately two years of existence. A sociological discussion of the case focuses on why the relationship failed. The organizational relationship was disrupted by three stresses that occurred during the four stages of the relationship. Stresses emerged for each organization in the areas of organizational integration, professional coordination, and environmental adaptation, making it difficult for the three to become integrated into an organizational system. As a result, the HMO, the nursing home, and the hospital did not benefit from relationships that could have enabled them to develop the multi-organizational system necessary to sustain an innovative, comprehansive geriatric health project. If, as Whitehead said, the greatest invention of the nineteenth century was the invention of the method of invention, the task of the succedding century has been to organize inventiveness. The difference is not in the nature of invention or of inventors, but in the manner in which the context of social institutions is organized for their support.", "contents": "Building a comprehensive geriatric health care system: a case study. This case study focuses on the efforts of three urban medical care institutions--a Health Maintenance Organization, a nursing home, and a university hospital--to form an interorganizational relationship. The purpose of the relationship was to utilize the services of the three organizations in order to respond to the comprehensive health needs of an urban geriatric population. Movements in this triadic organizational relationship are described and analyzed in terms of four conceptual stages--exploration, negotiation, interaction and performance, and termination. Problems arising during these stages were not resolved and the relationship was terminated after approximately two years of existence. A sociological discussion of the case focuses on why the relationship failed. The organizational relationship was disrupted by three stresses that occurred during the four stages of the relationship. Stresses emerged for each organization in the areas of organizational integration, professional coordination, and environmental adaptation, making it difficult for the three to become integrated into an organizational system. As a result, the HMO, the nursing home, and the hospital did not benefit from relationships that could have enabled them to develop the multi-organizational system necessary to sustain an innovative, comprehansive geriatric health project. If, as Whitehead said, the greatest invention of the nineteenth century was the invention of the method of invention, the task of the succedding century has been to organize inventiveness. The difference is not in the nature of invention or of inventors, but in the manner in which the context of social institutions is organized for their support.", "PMID": 1016343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1384", "title": "Medical care as a commodity: an exploration of the shipping behavior of patients.", "content": "A 10% household sample of high- and low-income census tracts was interviewed to assess the extent of doctor shopping. In 632 households studied, 53% of high socioeconomic status and 51% of low socioeconomic status families had shopped for or changed doctors of their own volition. During the previous year, 4% of each socioeconomic group had consulted more than one doctor without referral for the same episode of illness. Shoppers could be distinguished from non-shoppers--shoppers were younger, were better informed about medical specialties, were less self-reliant, more hypochondriacal, expressed less hostility towarn physicians, and had less positive attitudes toward the medical care system. The differences between shoppers and non-shoppers were generally similar for both high and low socioeconomic status groups. In addition, 52% of the families studied had been forced to change doctors because of circumstances beyond their control, i.e., the patient moved or the doctor moved, retired, or died.", "contents": "Medical care as a commodity: an exploration of the shipping behavior of patients. A 10% household sample of high- and low-income census tracts was interviewed to assess the extent of doctor shopping. In 632 households studied, 53% of high socioeconomic status and 51% of low socioeconomic status families had shopped for or changed doctors of their own volition. During the previous year, 4% of each socioeconomic group had consulted more than one doctor without referral for the same episode of illness. Shoppers could be distinguished from non-shoppers--shoppers were younger, were better informed about medical specialties, were less self-reliant, more hypochondriacal, expressed less hostility towarn physicians, and had less positive attitudes toward the medical care system. The differences between shoppers and non-shoppers were generally similar for both high and low socioeconomic status groups. In addition, 52% of the families studied had been forced to change doctors because of circumstances beyond their control, i.e., the patient moved or the doctor moved, retired, or died.", "PMID": 1016345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1385", "title": "Preventive and episodic health care of inner-city children.", "content": "Children in low-income, inner-city households who used different sources of ambulatory care were analyzed with regard to their experiences in securing preventive and episodic illness care. This analysis is derived from a larger study that investigated the utilization of health care systems by groups within an inner-city community; it focused on the Outpatient Department of a large teaching hospital and on the impact of a new Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). Data were obtained through household interviews of three sample populations: enrollees in an HMO, residents of a public housing project, and persons from the general community. When preventive health care was examined, our findings showed that, while the majority of children of school age were immunized, only about half of the children under age 6 were. Among children aged 3 through 5, those attending day care centers were more likely to be immunized than those not in such programs. There were indications that children using the HMO were more frequently receiving preventive services, particularly general physical examinations. There was no relationship between the usual source of care, or day care participation, and whether a child received care for an episode of illness. There were differences by age and usual source of care in seeking care for earaches and in receiving regular care for asthma. The patterns of health care utilization found in this study promote interest in the influence of the source of ambulatory care for children in other socioeconomic groups.", "contents": "Preventive and episodic health care of inner-city children. Children in low-income, inner-city households who used different sources of ambulatory care were analyzed with regard to their experiences in securing preventive and episodic illness care. This analysis is derived from a larger study that investigated the utilization of health care systems by groups within an inner-city community; it focused on the Outpatient Department of a large teaching hospital and on the impact of a new Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). Data were obtained through household interviews of three sample populations: enrollees in an HMO, residents of a public housing project, and persons from the general community. When preventive health care was examined, our findings showed that, while the majority of children of school age were immunized, only about half of the children under age 6 were. Among children aged 3 through 5, those attending day care centers were more likely to be immunized than those not in such programs. There were indications that children using the HMO were more frequently receiving preventive services, particularly general physical examinations. There was no relationship between the usual source of care, or day care participation, and whether a child received care for an episode of illness. There were differences by age and usual source of care in seeking care for earaches and in receiving regular care for asthma. The patterns of health care utilization found in this study promote interest in the influence of the source of ambulatory care for children in other socioeconomic groups.", "PMID": 1016346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1386", "title": "[Contribution to the problem of Arthrogryposis multiplex (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Arthrogryposis multiplex appearing after birth and of no characteristical course is described. It is shown that in respect to existing works for diagnosis of Arthrogryposis multiplex the insufficiency of the hitherto existing valid diagnostic criterions is obvious. This especially because the pathogenesis of Arthrogryposis multiplex is unknown. Trying to look for the condition of the connective tissue of our patient, it was found that the collagen of skin shows a young matter of polymerisation and a nearly correlating electron microscopical picture.", "contents": "[Contribution to the problem of Arthrogryposis multiplex (author's transl)]. A case of Arthrogryposis multiplex appearing after birth and of no characteristical course is described. It is shown that in respect to existing works for diagnosis of Arthrogryposis multiplex the insufficiency of the hitherto existing valid diagnostic criterions is obvious. This especially because the pathogenesis of Arthrogryposis multiplex is unknown. Trying to look for the condition of the connective tissue of our patient, it was found that the collagen of skin shows a young matter of polymerisation and a nearly correlating electron microscopical picture.", "PMID": 1016391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1387", "title": "[Treatment of arthritic psoriasis with Demoplas Clinical and scintigraphic study in 10 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, X-ray, and scintigraphic (6mCi 99mtechnetium pertechnetate, 4mCi 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate) tests for joint involvement were conducted on 11 inpatients with psoriasis (4 female, 7 male), 6 of them cases of what is conventionally termed psoriatic arthropathy. These tests were performed both before and after a 12-day period of therapy with daily 4 x 1 coated tablets of Demoplas containing 150 mg phenylbutazone Scintigraphic tests showed that pathological radionuclide concentrations were present in at least one joint or group of joints in 10 out of 11 patients. Following therapy the previously pathological scintigraphic findings had stabilized completely in 4 patients and partially in 3 patients, but had not stabilized in 3 patients. The results of therapy with Demoplas as demonstrated by joint scintigraphy were thus good to satisfactory in 7 patients and unsatisfactory in 3 patients- possibly owing to the short duration of therapy. The improvement in scintigraphic results testifies to the therapeutic action of phenylbutazone on arthritic psoriasis. This can also be regarded as additional proof that psoriatic joint involvement is of an inflammatory and proliferative nature.", "contents": "[Treatment of arthritic psoriasis with Demoplas Clinical and scintigraphic study in 10 patients (author's transl)]. Clinical, X-ray, and scintigraphic (6mCi 99mtechnetium pertechnetate, 4mCi 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate) tests for joint involvement were conducted on 11 inpatients with psoriasis (4 female, 7 male), 6 of them cases of what is conventionally termed psoriatic arthropathy. These tests were performed both before and after a 12-day period of therapy with daily 4 x 1 coated tablets of Demoplas containing 150 mg phenylbutazone Scintigraphic tests showed that pathological radionuclide concentrations were present in at least one joint or group of joints in 10 out of 11 patients. Following therapy the previously pathological scintigraphic findings had stabilized completely in 4 patients and partially in 3 patients, but had not stabilized in 3 patients. The results of therapy with Demoplas as demonstrated by joint scintigraphy were thus good to satisfactory in 7 patients and unsatisfactory in 3 patients- possibly owing to the short duration of therapy. The improvement in scintigraphic results testifies to the therapeutic action of phenylbutazone on arthritic psoriasis. This can also be regarded as additional proof that psoriatic joint involvement is of an inflammatory and proliferative nature.", "PMID": 1016392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1388", "title": "Ammonia absorption from the rumen to the systemic circulation with urea poisoning in goats.", "content": "To confirm the transfer of ammonia leaking from the rumen content via the liver to the perid by laparotomy. When ammonia leakage from the hepatic vein occurred, it was followed by an increase in ammonia concentration in the jugular vein. There were increases of ammonia concentration in the intestinal vein and in the thoracic duct after urea drenching. These increases suggested neither trapping ammonia in the peritoneal fluid nor responsibility for increases of ammonia in the systemic circulation, respectively. At times when respiration ceased due to urea poisoning, the peritoneal fluids wee in the fluid. The hypothesis of the peritoneal cavity-thoracic duct route of ammonia absorption, presented by some of previous workers on urea toxicity, was not supported in the present study.", "contents": "Ammonia absorption from the rumen to the systemic circulation with urea poisoning in goats. To confirm the transfer of ammonia leaking from the rumen content via the liver to the perid by laparotomy. When ammonia leakage from the hepatic vein occurred, it was followed by an increase in ammonia concentration in the jugular vein. There were increases of ammonia concentration in the intestinal vein and in the thoracic duct after urea drenching. These increases suggested neither trapping ammonia in the peritoneal fluid nor responsibility for increases of ammonia in the systemic circulation, respectively. At times when respiration ceased due to urea poisoning, the peritoneal fluids wee in the fluid. The hypothesis of the peritoneal cavity-thoracic duct route of ammonia absorption, presented by some of previous workers on urea toxicity, was not supported in the present study.", "PMID": 1016396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1389", "title": "[Present status of pharmacoradiology of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Based upon the findings in over 1200 patients, technique, indication and validity of pharmacoradiology in examinations of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small and large intestine are critically evaluated and summarized. Dosis, effects, side effects and contraindications of the mostly applied pharmaca (Buscopan, Pro-Banthine, Paspertin, Glucagon, Cholecystokinin and Caerulein) are listed. The value of pharmacoradiology of the gastrointestinal tract for clinical roentgenology is stressed.", "contents": "[Present status of pharmacoradiology of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. Based upon the findings in over 1200 patients, technique, indication and validity of pharmacoradiology in examinations of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small and large intestine are critically evaluated and summarized. Dosis, effects, side effects and contraindications of the mostly applied pharmaca (Buscopan, Pro-Banthine, Paspertin, Glucagon, Cholecystokinin and Caerulein) are listed. The value of pharmacoradiology of the gastrointestinal tract for clinical roentgenology is stressed.", "PMID": 1016416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1390", "title": "[Visceral and peripheral pharmacoangiography with angiotensin and bradykinin (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study of 156 patients a total of 110 pharmacoangiographic examinations using Angiotensin and 46 investigations with Bradykinin were performed. In 21 cases both pharmaca were applied. In 111 patients with pathologic findings (tumors, cysts and inflammatory lesions) diagnostic information compared with conventional angiography, was improved in 80, equal in 26 and reduced in 5 cases. In 21 studied patients using Angiotensin and Bradykinin, the overall diagnostic information was improved. Angiotensin is a suitable pharmacon in demonstration of malignant lesions. Bradykinin improves the demonstration of vessels affected by local inflammation and allows better visualization of the veins. The application of both pharmaca may help in certain cases to differentiate between inflammatory and malignant lesions.", "contents": "[Visceral and peripheral pharmacoangiography with angiotensin and bradykinin (author's transl)]. In a prospective study of 156 patients a total of 110 pharmacoangiographic examinations using Angiotensin and 46 investigations with Bradykinin were performed. In 21 cases both pharmaca were applied. In 111 patients with pathologic findings (tumors, cysts and inflammatory lesions) diagnostic information compared with conventional angiography, was improved in 80, equal in 26 and reduced in 5 cases. In 21 studied patients using Angiotensin and Bradykinin, the overall diagnostic information was improved. Angiotensin is a suitable pharmacon in demonstration of malignant lesions. Bradykinin improves the demonstration of vessels affected by local inflammation and allows better visualization of the veins. The application of both pharmaca may help in certain cases to differentiate between inflammatory and malignant lesions.", "PMID": 1016417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1391", "title": "[Visualisation of gastric wall lesions in malignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple and harmless method to determine the thickness of the stomach wall is described. The examination consists of a pneumoperitoneum with CO2 and a barium meal. The principle is the absorption of x-rays in three different media: gas, stomcah wall and barium. The method allows determination of the tumor-size and may avoid unnecessary surgery. All cases were verified by operation or autopsy.", "contents": "[Visualisation of gastric wall lesions in malignant tumors (author's transl)]. A simple and harmless method to determine the thickness of the stomach wall is described. The examination consists of a pneumoperitoneum with CO2 and a barium meal. The principle is the absorption of x-rays in three different media: gas, stomcah wall and barium. The method allows determination of the tumor-size and may avoid unnecessary surgery. All cases were verified by operation or autopsy.", "PMID": 1016418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1392", "title": "Electron microscopy of stages of Isospora felis of the cat in the mesenteric lymph node of the mouse.", "content": "Stages of Isospora felis of the cat in the mesenteric lymph node of the mouse 25 days after oral inoculation with oocysts, have been described at the ultrastructural level. The organisms occurred singly within parasitophorous vacuoles in host cell cytoplasm and were sporozoite-like, having a large crystalloid body up to 5.5 mum in length posterior to the nucleus. The size and appearance of the parasitophorous vacuole varied. Some vacuoles contained numerous, small, electron dense granules about 30 nm in diameter. Because of the aggregation of granules and their arrangement within the parasitophorous vacuole, the impression was sometimes gained by light microscopy that parasites were surrounded by a sheath or cyst wall. However, a cyst wall was not present. In host cells, spherical, membrane-bound bodies with a homogeneous, electron dense core and a maximum diameter of 0.25 mum were filed along the limiting membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole. These extra-intestinal parasites were considered to be waiting stages, with a biological function similar to that of the tissue cyst stage of other general of isosporan coccidia.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of stages of Isospora felis of the cat in the mesenteric lymph node of the mouse. Stages of Isospora felis of the cat in the mesenteric lymph node of the mouse 25 days after oral inoculation with oocysts, have been described at the ultrastructural level. The organisms occurred singly within parasitophorous vacuoles in host cell cytoplasm and were sporozoite-like, having a large crystalloid body up to 5.5 mum in length posterior to the nucleus. The size and appearance of the parasitophorous vacuole varied. Some vacuoles contained numerous, small, electron dense granules about 30 nm in diameter. Because of the aggregation of granules and their arrangement within the parasitophorous vacuole, the impression was sometimes gained by light microscopy that parasites were surrounded by a sheath or cyst wall. However, a cyst wall was not present. In host cells, spherical, membrane-bound bodies with a homogeneous, electron dense core and a maximum diameter of 0.25 mum were filed along the limiting membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole. These extra-intestinal parasites were considered to be waiting stages, with a biological function similar to that of the tissue cyst stage of other general of isosporan coccidia.", "PMID": 1016475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1393", "title": "[Scanning electron microscope studies of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper, morphologic studies on experimental echinococcosis are reported. Following i.p. infection of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with Echinococcus multilocularis scolices, the development of cysts within the internal organs of the experimental animals could be readily visualized by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscope studies of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts (author's transl)]. In the present paper, morphologic studies on experimental echinococcosis are reported. Following i.p. infection of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with Echinococcus multilocularis scolices, the development of cysts within the internal organs of the experimental animals could be readily visualized by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1016476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1394", "title": "The development of brood capsules and protoscolices in secondary hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. A histological study.", "content": "Using the Mongolian jird (Meriones unguiculatus) as a laboratory host for the cystic stage of the British horse strain of Echinococcus granulosus, the mode of development of brood capsules and protoscolices was studied histologically. The successive stages in development in secondary hydatid cysts are described and shown to correspond closely with previous observations on primary hydatid cysts. The usefulness of this experimental model for future ultrastructural studies is emphasized.", "contents": "The development of brood capsules and protoscolices in secondary hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. A histological study. Using the Mongolian jird (Meriones unguiculatus) as a laboratory host for the cystic stage of the British horse strain of Echinococcus granulosus, the mode of development of brood capsules and protoscolices was studied histologically. The successive stages in development in secondary hydatid cysts are described and shown to correspond closely with previous observations on primary hydatid cysts. The usefulness of this experimental model for future ultrastructural studies is emphasized.", "PMID": 1016477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1395", "title": "Stereoscan studies of eggs, free-swimming and penetrating miracidia and early sporocysts of Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "The egg of Fasciola hepatica has a smooth surface with a slightly elevated circle marking the fracture of the operculum. The operculum and the aperture have crenated edges. The epithelial cells of the miracidium are covered with long cilia. When miracidia are vibrated in an ultrasonic cleaner the cilia of the epithelial cells of the four posteroir tiers are broken off only leaving longitudinal rows of cilium stubs, whereas the cilia of the first tier are still retained. The apical papilla is provided with a dorso-ventral furrow, multiciliated pits and isolated sensory cilia. The narrow intercellular ridge is smooth, whereas the epithelial cells have small cytoplasmic knobs between the cilia. The penetration into the snail (Lymnaea truncatula) and the transforamtion into sporocyst may be separated into three phases. (1) Less than 1 min after attachment to the snail the ciliated cells of the anterior tier are shed and swim away. (2) The cilia of the remaining cells beat violently and after about 5 min most cilia are broken off near the cell surface. The miracidium remains for about 15 min embedded as far as the intracellular ridge receptors (lateral papillae and sheathed ciliated nerve endings). During this period extensive contraction and relaxation of the body are performed. (3) The final penetration of the snail epithelium takes about 15 min. Simultaneously with the penetration into the snail tissue the \"bald\" cells (epithelial cells with cilium stubs only) of the four posterior tiers loosen, florm globules and fall off. The surface below the cells is smooth and in cytoplasmic continuity with the intercellular ridge and the apical papilla, and this syncytium forms the later tegument of the sporocyst. After a few days the tegument of the sporocyst is provided with microvillus-like projections and the apical papilla and sensory structures are lost.", "contents": "Stereoscan studies of eggs, free-swimming and penetrating miracidia and early sporocysts of Fasciola hepatica. The egg of Fasciola hepatica has a smooth surface with a slightly elevated circle marking the fracture of the operculum. The operculum and the aperture have crenated edges. The epithelial cells of the miracidium are covered with long cilia. When miracidia are vibrated in an ultrasonic cleaner the cilia of the epithelial cells of the four posteroir tiers are broken off only leaving longitudinal rows of cilium stubs, whereas the cilia of the first tier are still retained. The apical papilla is provided with a dorso-ventral furrow, multiciliated pits and isolated sensory cilia. The narrow intercellular ridge is smooth, whereas the epithelial cells have small cytoplasmic knobs between the cilia. The penetration into the snail (Lymnaea truncatula) and the transforamtion into sporocyst may be separated into three phases. (1) Less than 1 min after attachment to the snail the ciliated cells of the anterior tier are shed and swim away. (2) The cilia of the remaining cells beat violently and after about 5 min most cilia are broken off near the cell surface. The miracidium remains for about 15 min embedded as far as the intracellular ridge receptors (lateral papillae and sheathed ciliated nerve endings). During this period extensive contraction and relaxation of the body are performed. (3) The final penetration of the snail epithelium takes about 15 min. Simultaneously with the penetration into the snail tissue the \"bald\" cells (epithelial cells with cilium stubs only) of the four posterior tiers loosen, florm globules and fall off. The surface below the cells is smooth and in cytoplasmic continuity with the intercellular ridge and the apical papilla, and this syncytium forms the later tegument of the sporocyst. After a few days the tegument of the sporocyst is provided with microvillus-like projections and the apical papilla and sensory structures are lost.", "PMID": 1016478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1396", "title": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. II. Model experiments comparing circular and annular lumen area reduction.", "content": "Experiments and a simple theoretical analysis have been performed concerning the flow through circular (stenosis) and annular (catheter piece) lumen area reduction of rigid- and elastic-walled vessels. Both steady and pulsatile flow at various volumetric flow rates were investigated. A good agreement between the experimental and the analytical results has been found. A critical annular lumen area reduction exists on a par with the well-known critical stenosis. The strongest reduction in pressure and in volumetric flow rate was caused by the catheter pieces, compared with the stenoses. The per cent reduction in pulse mean pressure and in volumetric mean velocity at pulsatile flow was equal to the per cent reduction in pressure and volumetric mean velocity at steady flow. The influence of the geometrical shape of the stenoses and the catheter pieces is further discussed.", "contents": "Hydro- and hemodynamic effects of catheterization of vessels. II. Model experiments comparing circular and annular lumen area reduction. Experiments and a simple theoretical analysis have been performed concerning the flow through circular (stenosis) and annular (catheter piece) lumen area reduction of rigid- and elastic-walled vessels. Both steady and pulsatile flow at various volumetric flow rates were investigated. A good agreement between the experimental and the analytical results has been found. A critical annular lumen area reduction exists on a par with the well-known critical stenosis. The strongest reduction in pressure and in volumetric flow rate was caused by the catheter pieces, compared with the stenoses. The per cent reduction in pulse mean pressure and in volumetric mean velocity at pulsatile flow was equal to the per cent reduction in pressure and volumetric mean velocity at steady flow. The influence of the geometrical shape of the stenoses and the catheter pieces is further discussed.", "PMID": 1016498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1397", "title": "Technique of coronary angiography.", "content": "A new manufacturing process and new shapes of the left and right catheters for coronary angiography by the transfemoral route increase the safety of the examination by reducing the time and avoiding the risks involved in catheter occlusion of the arteries. The simultaneous filling of the sinus and the whole coronary artery from its origin increases the anatomic information. Pressure-monitoring is unnecessary.", "contents": "Technique of coronary angiography. A new manufacturing process and new shapes of the left and right catheters for coronary angiography by the transfemoral route increase the safety of the examination by reducing the time and avoiding the risks involved in catheter occlusion of the arteries. The simultaneous filling of the sinus and the whole coronary artery from its origin increases the anatomic information. Pressure-monitoring is unnecessary.", "PMID": 1016501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1398", "title": "Growth rate of renal carcinoma as demonstrated by repeat angiography.", "content": "Thirteen patients with renal carcinoma, primarily not operated upon, were re-evaluated 1 to 71 months after the first nephroangiography. Tumour progression could be demonstrated in 7 cases with a maximum linear diametric growth rate of 0.5 cm/2.5 months. The reasons for absence of growth in the remainder are not apparent, but probably related to the state of immunologic defense mechanism of the host.", "contents": "Growth rate of renal carcinoma as demonstrated by repeat angiography. Thirteen patients with renal carcinoma, primarily not operated upon, were re-evaluated 1 to 71 months after the first nephroangiography. Tumour progression could be demonstrated in 7 cases with a maximum linear diametric growth rate of 0.5 cm/2.5 months. The reasons for absence of growth in the remainder are not apparent, but probably related to the state of immunologic defense mechanism of the host.", "PMID": 1016502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1399", "title": "Epinephrine in the angiographic evaluation of experimental kidney trauma.", "content": "Selective nephroangiography was performed in the dog following percutaneous needle biopsy to evaluate epinephrine response. Traumatized vessels respond normally to epinephrine, often with increased extravasation as the vessel recovers from epinephrine. A selective inability of the traumatized vessel to constrict was not noted.", "contents": "Epinephrine in the angiographic evaluation of experimental kidney trauma. Selective nephroangiography was performed in the dog following percutaneous needle biopsy to evaluate epinephrine response. Traumatized vessels respond normally to epinephrine, often with increased extravasation as the vessel recovers from epinephrine. A selective inability of the traumatized vessel to constrict was not noted.", "PMID": 1016504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1400", "title": "Complications of percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "After 5,300 percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy procedures in 2,726 patients pneumothorax occurred in 27.2 per cent of the patients. Only 7.7 per cent required exsufflation or drainage. The factors influencing the relative frequency and the severity of pneumothorax are discussed. Bleeding around the punctured lesions was found in 11 per cent, and hemoptysis in 2 per cent but were of no clinical importance. In one case evidence of needle track implantation was found. The theoretical and practical importance of tumour cell spread and spread of infection through the needle track is discussed. No air embolism or mortality occurred.", "contents": "Complications of percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy. After 5,300 percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy procedures in 2,726 patients pneumothorax occurred in 27.2 per cent of the patients. Only 7.7 per cent required exsufflation or drainage. The factors influencing the relative frequency and the severity of pneumothorax are discussed. Bleeding around the punctured lesions was found in 11 per cent, and hemoptysis in 2 per cent but were of no clinical importance. In one case evidence of needle track implantation was found. The theoretical and practical importance of tumour cell spread and spread of infection through the needle track is discussed. No air embolism or mortality occurred.", "PMID": 1016505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1401", "title": "Pneumocystography of benign and malignant intracystic growths of the female breast.", "content": "Pneumocystography established the preoperative diagnosis of 20 intracystic breast tumours including 9 benign intracystic papillomas and 11 cases of intracystic carcinoma generally considered to be a rarity. The method is described and details about the clinical and radiologic appearances of both benign and malignant intracystic tumours are given. The importance and advantages of the method are emphasized.", "contents": "Pneumocystography of benign and malignant intracystic growths of the female breast. Pneumocystography established the preoperative diagnosis of 20 intracystic breast tumours including 9 benign intracystic papillomas and 11 cases of intracystic carcinoma generally considered to be a rarity. The method is described and details about the clinical and radiologic appearances of both benign and malignant intracystic tumours are given. The importance and advantages of the method are emphasized.", "PMID": 1016506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1402", "title": "Bone growth in the rabbit after irradiation.", "content": "The effect on bone growth of two locally given, different, unfractionated radiation doses (0.1 and 24 Gy) was tested in a rabbit litter aged 57 days. The effects on growth were registered with roentgen stereophotogrammetric length measurements for 75 days after irradiation. Growth of the right irradiated tibia was compared with the growth of the left non-irradiated tibia. After 7 to 9 days, 24 Gy had caused a linear fall in growth to about 15 per cent. After a period of complete cessation, a slight growth was registered. 0.1 Gy had no significant growth retarding effect.", "contents": "Bone growth in the rabbit after irradiation. The effect on bone growth of two locally given, different, unfractionated radiation doses (0.1 and 24 Gy) was tested in a rabbit litter aged 57 days. The effects on growth were registered with roentgen stereophotogrammetric length measurements for 75 days after irradiation. Growth of the right irradiated tibia was compared with the growth of the left non-irradiated tibia. After 7 to 9 days, 24 Gy had caused a linear fall in growth to about 15 per cent. After a period of complete cessation, a slight growth was registered. 0.1 Gy had no significant growth retarding effect.", "PMID": 1016507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1403", "title": "Radiologic aspects of BCG-osteomyelitis in infants and children.", "content": "An account is given of results of the radiologic examination of 29 infants and children with bone tuberculosis caused by the Bacilli Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) as a complication to intradermal vaccination. The diagnosis is based on radiologic appearances, microscopy and bacteriologic examination of specimens obtained from the bone lesions. The radiologic appearance of the bone lesions is in most cases characteristic and differs decisively from that of pyogenic osteomyelitis and malignant disease.", "contents": "Radiologic aspects of BCG-osteomyelitis in infants and children. An account is given of results of the radiologic examination of 29 infants and children with bone tuberculosis caused by the Bacilli Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) as a complication to intradermal vaccination. The diagnosis is based on radiologic appearances, microscopy and bacteriologic examination of specimens obtained from the bone lesions. The radiologic appearance of the bone lesions is in most cases characteristic and differs decisively from that of pyogenic osteomyelitis and malignant disease.", "PMID": 1016508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1404", "title": "Pelvimetry in breech and cephalic presentation.", "content": "Pelvic measurements in a group of 115 women delivering in breech presentation were compared with those in a group of 100 delivering in cephalic presentation. The average pelvic measurements were all a few mm larger in the breech cases and the average sum of the outlet diameters was significantly larger. Pelvic disproportion was not more common in breech presentation and no support was found for the theory that large pelvic measurements predispose to breech presentation. The small differences found are attributed to the moulding of the pelvis occurring during parturition.", "contents": "Pelvimetry in breech and cephalic presentation. Pelvic measurements in a group of 115 women delivering in breech presentation were compared with those in a group of 100 delivering in cephalic presentation. The average pelvic measurements were all a few mm larger in the breech cases and the average sum of the outlet diameters was significantly larger. Pelvic disproportion was not more common in breech presentation and no support was found for the theory that large pelvic measurements predispose to breech presentation. The small differences found are attributed to the moulding of the pelvis occurring during parturition.", "PMID": 1016509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1405", "title": "Radiographic measurements on the radio-carpal joint in distal radial fractures.", "content": "Radiography of 40 wrists with fractures in the distal part of radius was performed. In the lateral view the inclination of the radial joint surface was analysed in different degrees of pronation and supination. The central ray was directed 15 degrees proximally and the results were compared with those obtained with a perpendicular central ray. In the perpendicular projections even moderate differences in pronation or supination between two examinations could seriously alter the measured inclination of the joint surface of the radius. The projection with the central ray directed 15 degrees proximally highly significantly decreased the errors between the measurements when compared to the perpendicular projection. The joint surface was depicted more dorsally inclined than in the perpendicular projection.", "contents": "Radiographic measurements on the radio-carpal joint in distal radial fractures. Radiography of 40 wrists with fractures in the distal part of radius was performed. In the lateral view the inclination of the radial joint surface was analysed in different degrees of pronation and supination. The central ray was directed 15 degrees proximally and the results were compared with those obtained with a perpendicular central ray. In the perpendicular projections even moderate differences in pronation or supination between two examinations could seriously alter the measured inclination of the joint surface of the radius. The projection with the central ray directed 15 degrees proximally highly significantly decreased the errors between the measurements when compared to the perpendicular projection. The joint surface was depicted more dorsally inclined than in the perpendicular projection.", "PMID": 1016511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1406", "title": "Thromboresistance and stability of a heparinized polymer.", "content": "Untreated shunts and shunts heparinized according to a modification of the method of Eriksson et coll. were inserted between the femoral artery and vein in mongrels. Scanning electron microscopy of pieces excised at different time periods of exposure to blood was performed. The heparinized surface had excellent thromboresistant properties with no thrombus formation after 4 hours, while the untreated shunts were covered with platelets already within 20 min. The leakage of heparin in vitro was less than 3 per cent of the total wall-bonded heparin during 90 min.", "contents": "Thromboresistance and stability of a heparinized polymer. Untreated shunts and shunts heparinized according to a modification of the method of Eriksson et coll. were inserted between the femoral artery and vein in mongrels. Scanning electron microscopy of pieces excised at different time periods of exposure to blood was performed. The heparinized surface had excellent thromboresistant properties with no thrombus formation after 4 hours, while the untreated shunts were covered with platelets already within 20 min. The leakage of heparin in vitro was less than 3 per cent of the total wall-bonded heparin during 90 min.", "PMID": 1016512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1407", "title": "[Australia antigen in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Australian antigen (Au Ag) was first described by Blumberg in the serum of an Australian aborigen. Its main clinical significance is based on the fact of its association with the presence of hepatitis B (Okochi, Nurakami, 1968; Prince, 1968) (9). Almeida (1969) outlines the intervention of immune complexes on the production of the referred illness. Later works show the importance of the type of immunologic response created by Au Ag (2). Alpert et al. (1) (1970) state the possibility that immune complexes developed by Au Ag and anti Au Ag antibodies may produce in patients with hepatitis B other allied manifestations including arthritis. On the basis of similar immunopathological findings (illnesses including immunocomplexes on their production), Au Ag investigation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been the object of several works, whose results reveal certain discrepancies. We have investigated the presence of Au Ag on 70 patients whose diagnostic was RA \"classical (according to the judgement of the American Rheumatism Association). We used immunoelectrophoresis (counter immunoelectrophoresis-CIEP-) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques. We prepared individual records including clinical, epidemic, biochemical and personal data. Au Ag investigation both through different techniques gave negative results in 70 cases, of which only four referred a possible previous hepatitis B clinic history, not showing during the investigation suggestive clinical data of hepatitis or biochemical alterations. Panus et al. (1970) (5), Desche-Labarte et al. (1972), Trempo (1972), Burrel (1973) (6), Serr\u00e9 et al. (1973) (8), obtained negative results in the matter, with similar or lower casuistics than ours. Notwithstanding Roqu\u00e9s et al. (1975) (7), in 300 cases of RA showed the presence of Au Ag in a significant number of cases (5%) as compared to Au Ag incidence in the French population (estimated in about 0.22%) (6). However, Roqu\u00e9s did not find in their Au Ag positive cases any evidence which enables to think that this antigen has played an important role on the origin and development of the rheumatic illness. These important discrepancies may be due to different reasons: a) Use of different techniques for Au Ag detection. b) The transitory character of the presence of Au Ag in the serum. c) Important differences in the antigen geographic distribution. d) Previous hepatitis B. There are som other factors which have attained importance recently, as a consequence of the broad epidemiological studies carried out. So, Au Ag increased incidence has been found--statistically significant--on groups of persons who have been submitted to several surgical interventions and/or have needed repeated hospitalizations or reiterated blood transfusions (6). These three conditions--especially the first two--are accomplished in an illness with chronic and invalidating characteristics as RA...", "contents": "[Australia antigen in rheumatoid arthritis]. Australian antigen (Au Ag) was first described by Blumberg in the serum of an Australian aborigen. Its main clinical significance is based on the fact of its association with the presence of hepatitis B (Okochi, Nurakami, 1968; Prince, 1968) (9). Almeida (1969) outlines the intervention of immune complexes on the production of the referred illness. Later works show the importance of the type of immunologic response created by Au Ag (2). Alpert et al. (1) (1970) state the possibility that immune complexes developed by Au Ag and anti Au Ag antibodies may produce in patients with hepatitis B other allied manifestations including arthritis. On the basis of similar immunopathological findings (illnesses including immunocomplexes on their production), Au Ag investigation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been the object of several works, whose results reveal certain discrepancies. We have investigated the presence of Au Ag on 70 patients whose diagnostic was RA \"classical (according to the judgement of the American Rheumatism Association). We used immunoelectrophoresis (counter immunoelectrophoresis-CIEP-) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques. We prepared individual records including clinical, epidemic, biochemical and personal data. Au Ag investigation both through different techniques gave negative results in 70 cases, of which only four referred a possible previous hepatitis B clinic history, not showing during the investigation suggestive clinical data of hepatitis or biochemical alterations. Panus et al. (1970) (5), Desche-Labarte et al. (1972), Trempo (1972), Burrel (1973) (6), Serr\u00e9 et al. (1973) (8), obtained negative results in the matter, with similar or lower casuistics than ours. Notwithstanding Roqu\u00e9s et al. (1975) (7), in 300 cases of RA showed the presence of Au Ag in a significant number of cases (5%) as compared to Au Ag incidence in the French population (estimated in about 0.22%) (6). However, Roqu\u00e9s did not find in their Au Ag positive cases any evidence which enables to think that this antigen has played an important role on the origin and development of the rheumatic illness. These important discrepancies may be due to different reasons: a) Use of different techniques for Au Ag detection. b) The transitory character of the presence of Au Ag in the serum. c) Important differences in the antigen geographic distribution. d) Previous hepatitis B. There are som other factors which have attained importance recently, as a consequence of the broad epidemiological studies carried out. So, Au Ag increased incidence has been found--statistically significant--on groups of persons who have been submitted to several surgical interventions and/or have needed repeated hospitalizations or reiterated blood transfusions (6). These three conditions--especially the first two--are accomplished in an illness with chronic and invalidating characteristics as RA...", "PMID": 1016531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1408", "title": "Cultures of house-dust mites on animal skin scales.", "content": "The main constituent of one of the most suitable media for growing house-dust mites (D. pteronyssinus) are human skin scales. In this study it is shown that skin scales of a number of other animals are also accepted as food by these mites, with evidence of allergen production. Production of house-dust mite allergen for diagnosis and treatment should not be done on non-human animal skin scales, because of their own high allergenicity.", "contents": "Cultures of house-dust mites on animal skin scales. The main constituent of one of the most suitable media for growing house-dust mites (D. pteronyssinus) are human skin scales. In this study it is shown that skin scales of a number of other animals are also accepted as food by these mites, with evidence of allergen production. Production of house-dust mite allergen for diagnosis and treatment should not be done on non-human animal skin scales, because of their own high allergenicity.", "PMID": 1016532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1409", "title": "The interpretation of total IgE in patients with allergy.", "content": "IgE level was determined by radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST) using Phadebas IgE test in the sera of 37 patients with allergic manifestations to inhalant agents, foods, drugs and insect stings. High IgE level was found in 90% of the inhalant group and in 87.5% of the food group, whilst in the drug and in the insect sting groups the incidence was 9.1% and 0%, respectively.", "contents": "The interpretation of total IgE in patients with allergy. IgE level was determined by radioimmunosorbent technique (RIST) using Phadebas IgE test in the sera of 37 patients with allergic manifestations to inhalant agents, foods, drugs and insect stings. High IgE level was found in 90% of the inhalant group and in 87.5% of the food group, whilst in the drug and in the insect sting groups the incidence was 9.1% and 0%, respectively.", "PMID": 1016533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1410", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease. Clinical and histopathological aspects].", "content": "Histopathological aspects with relative classification criteria and anatomoclinical features are examined in a review of Hodgkin's disease. The major classifications proposed are reported and discussed, mention being made of that of Jackson and Parker going back to 1944 (paragranuloma, granuloma and sarcoma) which provided the starting point for further discussion and research. Through a reworking of the calssification of Lukes et al. (1963) this led to the adoption of the Rye classification (1965) which distinguished 4 varieties: lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion. This classification is still accepted by most researchers. The first part of the paper is completed by some cytological and microscopic findings. The anatomoclinical classification criteria (Rye and Ann Arbor) are then described. The clinical aspects of the various localizations, symptomatology and haematological findings are examined. Finally, a small personal series is reported, emphasis being laid on the fact that often it is only by explorative laparotomy completed by splenectomy that it is possible to obtain a definite judgment on the real clinical stage of the disease, together with better therapeutic results.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease. Clinical and histopathological aspects]. Histopathological aspects with relative classification criteria and anatomoclinical features are examined in a review of Hodgkin's disease. The major classifications proposed are reported and discussed, mention being made of that of Jackson and Parker going back to 1944 (paragranuloma, granuloma and sarcoma) which provided the starting point for further discussion and research. Through a reworking of the calssification of Lukes et al. (1963) this led to the adoption of the Rye classification (1965) which distinguished 4 varieties: lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion. This classification is still accepted by most researchers. The first part of the paper is completed by some cytological and microscopic findings. The anatomoclinical classification criteria (Rye and Ann Arbor) are then described. The clinical aspects of the various localizations, symptomatology and haematological findings are examined. Finally, a small personal series is reported, emphasis being laid on the fact that often it is only by explorative laparotomy completed by splenectomy that it is possible to obtain a definite judgment on the real clinical stage of the disease, together with better therapeutic results.", "PMID": 1016550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1411", "title": "[Various comparative data on the distribution of arterial pressure and on the prevalence of arterial hypertension in samples of the Italian population].", "content": "After a foreword concerning the present interest for the epidemiology of arterial hypertension mainly in relationship with the prevalence of the condition, its recognition in the general population and its systematic treatment, three separate chapters show the distribution of arterial blood pressure, its mean values and the prevalence of hypertension collected by three research groups: the Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Camillo Hospital, Rome, with 8 population groups (6929 subjects of whom 447 women, aged 20 to 64, belonging to the city of Rome and to other locations of 5 different regions); the II Medical Clinic, University of Padua, with 2 population groups (5852 men and women aged 20-64, belonging to a defined area of Veneto); the Research Group of the Roman Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, with 2 population groups (2611 men aged 40-59, from Rome). The data provide a description of some characteristics of blood pressure and hypertension in different Italian areas and population groups and show the existence of large differences in the mean values of blood pressure and in the prevalence of hypertension, also within the country.", "contents": "[Various comparative data on the distribution of arterial pressure and on the prevalence of arterial hypertension in samples of the Italian population]. After a foreword concerning the present interest for the epidemiology of arterial hypertension mainly in relationship with the prevalence of the condition, its recognition in the general population and its systematic treatment, three separate chapters show the distribution of arterial blood pressure, its mean values and the prevalence of hypertension collected by three research groups: the Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Camillo Hospital, Rome, with 8 population groups (6929 subjects of whom 447 women, aged 20 to 64, belonging to the city of Rome and to other locations of 5 different regions); the II Medical Clinic, University of Padua, with 2 population groups (5852 men and women aged 20-64, belonging to a defined area of Veneto); the Research Group of the Roman Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, with 2 population groups (2611 men aged 40-59, from Rome). The data provide a description of some characteristics of blood pressure and hypertension in different Italian areas and population groups and show the existence of large differences in the mean values of blood pressure and in the prevalence of hypertension, also within the country.", "PMID": 1016555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1412", "title": "[Susceptibility of leukemias with increased antigenicity to immunological lysis].", "content": "Leukaemic sublines obtained following in vivo treatment with antineoplastic drugs present increased antigenic properties and these are transmitted in heredity after suspension of treatment. The pharmaco-altered sublines are rejected by compatible animals with related lymphoma. Susceptibility to humoral and cellular immunological lysis on the part of pharmaco-altered sublines with respect to related lines has been studied. Lymphocytes of C3HC57Bl/10 mise and non-inbred rats immune to histocompatibility antigens of mouse DBA/2 exert the same lysis action towards related cells as towards pharmaco-altered cells. The same susceptibility to lysis on the part of various cell populations was observed with cytotoxic antisera obtained in the same animals. Nor did the immunitary response obtained by inoculating the tumours show any different \"fragility\" to immunological lysis. Rejection of the pharmaco-altered sublines does not appear to be even partially due to increased fragility with respect to immunitary functions.", "contents": "[Susceptibility of leukemias with increased antigenicity to immunological lysis]. Leukaemic sublines obtained following in vivo treatment with antineoplastic drugs present increased antigenic properties and these are transmitted in heredity after suspension of treatment. The pharmaco-altered sublines are rejected by compatible animals with related lymphoma. Susceptibility to humoral and cellular immunological lysis on the part of pharmaco-altered sublines with respect to related lines has been studied. Lymphocytes of C3HC57Bl/10 mise and non-inbred rats immune to histocompatibility antigens of mouse DBA/2 exert the same lysis action towards related cells as towards pharmaco-altered cells. The same susceptibility to lysis on the part of various cell populations was observed with cytotoxic antisera obtained in the same animals. Nor did the immunitary response obtained by inoculating the tumours show any different \"fragility\" to immunological lysis. Rejection of the pharmaco-altered sublines does not appear to be even partially due to increased fragility with respect to immunitary functions.", "PMID": 1016557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1413", "title": "[Induced changes of the deflux coefficient, scleral resistance, intraocular tension and visual field in eyes subjected to external trabeculotomy].", "content": "Changes in intraocular tension, the visual field, scleral rigidity and the deflux coefficient of the aqueous humor following external trabeculotomy indicate that this operation is at least as successful as others employed in the management of glaucoma.", "contents": "[Induced changes of the deflux coefficient, scleral resistance, intraocular tension and visual field in eyes subjected to external trabeculotomy]. Changes in intraocular tension, the visual field, scleral rigidity and the deflux coefficient of the aqueous humor following external trabeculotomy indicate that this operation is at least as successful as others employed in the management of glaucoma.", "PMID": 1016559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1414", "title": "[Significance of the electric current characteristics used in rheography. Study on the relationship between frequency, voltage and intensity of the current with reference to impedance values of the body mass].", "content": "Impedance variations of corporeal segments were evaluated in relation to the variations in current frequency and intensity using a tetrapolar measuring apparatus. The results appear to confirm the reliability of the technique and, on the basis of the study of current transmission in the segment, it is suggested that frequencies between 70 and 240 KHz. particularly around 140 KHz, are the most suited to this type of measurement.", "contents": "[Significance of the electric current characteristics used in rheography. Study on the relationship between frequency, voltage and intensity of the current with reference to impedance values of the body mass]. Impedance variations of corporeal segments were evaluated in relation to the variations in current frequency and intensity using a tetrapolar measuring apparatus. The results appear to confirm the reliability of the technique and, on the basis of the study of current transmission in the segment, it is suggested that frequencies between 70 and 240 KHz. particularly around 140 KHz, are the most suited to this type of measurement.", "PMID": 1016556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1415", "title": "[Characteristics of the population which submits to medical check-ups. Analysis on a sample of 1000 patients examined in the Italian Diagnostic Center].", "content": "A statistical analysis was made of the historical questionnaires filled in by 1000 adults subjected to a check-up at the Italian Diagnostic Centre, the aim being to assess the medical and social background of persons taking advantage of services of this kind.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the population which submits to medical check-ups. Analysis on a sample of 1000 patients examined in the Italian Diagnostic Center]. A statistical analysis was made of the historical questionnaires filled in by 1000 adults subjected to a check-up at the Italian Diagnostic Centre, the aim being to assess the medical and social background of persons taking advantage of services of this kind.", "PMID": 1016560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1416", "title": "[Positive ionotropic action of glucose-1-phosphate. Clinical research during heart catheterization].", "content": "The effect of glucose-1-phosphate, administered in a single dose (5 g by slow intravenous route), on myocardial contractility was evaluated in a group of patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The study of the hemodynamic values observed demonstrated that glucose-1-phosphate has positive inotropic action and is able to strengthen the effect of the cardioactive glucosides.", "contents": "[Positive ionotropic action of glucose-1-phosphate. Clinical research during heart catheterization]. The effect of glucose-1-phosphate, administered in a single dose (5 g by slow intravenous route), on myocardial contractility was evaluated in a group of patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The study of the hemodynamic values observed demonstrated that glucose-1-phosphate has positive inotropic action and is able to strengthen the effect of the cardioactive glucosides.", "PMID": 1016558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1417", "title": "[A perinatal mortality sample].", "content": "The Authors consider the cases of delivery occurred in the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Parma University in the five-year period 1971-5 and the relative perinatal mortality. Whereas fetal mortality during labour has gone to be progressively reduced by the modern monitoring techniques, considerable importance is still attached to pre-partum fetal mortality. As a result of the examination of the causes, EPH Gestosis appears to be the most responsible one and the Authors emphasize its inadequate prophylaxis.", "contents": "[A perinatal mortality sample]. The Authors consider the cases of delivery occurred in the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Parma University in the five-year period 1971-5 and the relative perinatal mortality. Whereas fetal mortality during labour has gone to be progressively reduced by the modern monitoring techniques, considerable importance is still attached to pre-partum fetal mortality. As a result of the examination of the causes, EPH Gestosis appears to be the most responsible one and the Authors emphasize its inadequate prophylaxis.", "PMID": 1016562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1418", "title": "[Case of pulmonary fibrosis with normal thoracic x-ray].", "content": "Respiratory performance tests and the gas diffusion data sometimes clinch the diagnosis of lung disease when all other findings are negative. A subject with cyanosis, dyspnea, drumstick fingers, a normal chest X-ray picture and restrictive functional changes accompanied by inefficient diffusion is described.", "contents": "[Case of pulmonary fibrosis with normal thoracic x-ray]. Respiratory performance tests and the gas diffusion data sometimes clinch the diagnosis of lung disease when all other findings are negative. A subject with cyanosis, dyspnea, drumstick fingers, a normal chest X-ray picture and restrictive functional changes accompanied by inefficient diffusion is described.", "PMID": 1016561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1419", "title": "[Resistance to antibiotics and resistance factors in Salmonella wien strains isolated in Sicily].", "content": "The majority of the strains of S. wien isolated in Sicily were resistant to six different antibiotics, showing the same resistance pattern (ASKCTSu) observed in strains isolated in other provinces of Italy. After conjugation with E. coli K12, the transfer of the whole pattern or of various groups of resistances was observed, which suggests the presence of several co-existent R plasmids. The results obtained suggest that the various outbreaks occurred in Italy have the same origin. They can be correlated with the epidemic of S. wien with the same transferable pattern of antibiotic resistance, spread in France in recent years from Algiers.", "contents": "[Resistance to antibiotics and resistance factors in Salmonella wien strains isolated in Sicily]. The majority of the strains of S. wien isolated in Sicily were resistant to six different antibiotics, showing the same resistance pattern (ASKCTSu) observed in strains isolated in other provinces of Italy. After conjugation with E. coli K12, the transfer of the whole pattern or of various groups of resistances was observed, which suggests the presence of several co-existent R plasmids. The results obtained suggest that the various outbreaks occurred in Italy have the same origin. They can be correlated with the epidemic of S. wien with the same transferable pattern of antibiotic resistance, spread in France in recent years from Algiers.", "PMID": 1016572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1420", "title": "[Determination of the retention indices (Rf) of hypnotic and anticonvulsant sedatives by thin layer chromatography using Merck silica gel plates (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the sometimes considerable differences between absolute retention indices (Rf) given in the literature even with the same solvent, same type of adsorbent layer and same operating temperature, the Author proposes the adoption of a standard method derived from the analytical repeatability of Rf values on a thin layer; this would provide a means of searching for a specific parameter by which to identify whole categories of drugs, classified according to their primary therapeutic activity. The study here covers numerous items in the category of hypnotic and anticonvulsant sedatives (barbiturates, non-barbiturate hypnotic drugs, hydantoins, suxinimides, and anticonvulsant agents with various different structures.", "contents": "[Determination of the retention indices (Rf) of hypnotic and anticonvulsant sedatives by thin layer chromatography using Merck silica gel plates (author's transl)]. In view of the sometimes considerable differences between absolute retention indices (Rf) given in the literature even with the same solvent, same type of adsorbent layer and same operating temperature, the Author proposes the adoption of a standard method derived from the analytical repeatability of Rf values on a thin layer; this would provide a means of searching for a specific parameter by which to identify whole categories of drugs, classified according to their primary therapeutic activity. The study here covers numerous items in the category of hypnotic and anticonvulsant sedatives (barbiturates, non-barbiturate hypnotic drugs, hydantoins, suxinimides, and anticonvulsant agents with various different structures.", "PMID": 1016566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1421", "title": "Trace elements and immunologic defects. Zinc deficiency and activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in lymphocyte of mice.", "content": "Activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in peripheral blood lymphocytes of mice fed a low-Zn diet has been studied. The study comprised 40 CBA T6T6 mice, female, aged 8 weeks, with body weight equal to about 18.0 g. The animals were fed during 10 days with a low-Zn diet. This latter diet, as well as the control one contained 0.8 mg% and 11.4 mg% of zinc, respectively; potable water contained 0.06 mg% of this element. Activity of the enzyme was determined semiquantitatively using cytochemical method of Barka and Anderson. Peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice fed a low-Zn diet exhibited statistically significant lowering of the intracellular enzyme activity when compared with control groups. Absolute count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was also significantly lowered. The Authors discuss the importance of their observations for evaluation of immune reactivity in trace-elements-deficient animals.", "contents": "Trace elements and immunologic defects. Zinc deficiency and activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in lymphocyte of mice. Activity of lysosomal acid phosphatase in peripheral blood lymphocytes of mice fed a low-Zn diet has been studied. The study comprised 40 CBA T6T6 mice, female, aged 8 weeks, with body weight equal to about 18.0 g. The animals were fed during 10 days with a low-Zn diet. This latter diet, as well as the control one contained 0.8 mg% and 11.4 mg% of zinc, respectively; potable water contained 0.06 mg% of this element. Activity of the enzyme was determined semiquantitatively using cytochemical method of Barka and Anderson. Peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice fed a low-Zn diet exhibited statistically significant lowering of the intracellular enzyme activity when compared with control groups. Absolute count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was also significantly lowered. The Authors discuss the importance of their observations for evaluation of immune reactivity in trace-elements-deficient animals.", "PMID": 1016573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1422", "title": "[Isotopic study of the C.S.F. hydrodynamic in the Arnold-Chiari malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of Arnold-Chiari malformation Type I were studied according to the following instrumental protocol; skull and atlanto-occipital hinge X-rays, including the tomography of these regions, X-rays of the spine, vertebral angiography, isotopic cisternography using RIHSA injected intraspinally, fractionated pneumoencephalography, Dimer-X ventriculography and iodized myelography. The AA emphasize the importance of the cisternographic test with radioisotopes for pre-operative and post-operative control of the C.S.F. dynamic.", "contents": "[Isotopic study of the C.S.F. hydrodynamic in the Arnold-Chiari malformation (author's transl)]. Six cases of Arnold-Chiari malformation Type I were studied according to the following instrumental protocol; skull and atlanto-occipital hinge X-rays, including the tomography of these regions, X-rays of the spine, vertebral angiography, isotopic cisternography using RIHSA injected intraspinally, fractionated pneumoencephalography, Dimer-X ventriculography and iodized myelography. The AA emphasize the importance of the cisternographic test with radioisotopes for pre-operative and post-operative control of the C.S.F. dynamic.", "PMID": 1016564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1423", "title": "[I.U.D., pregnancy, perforation of the uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "The author report a case of pregnancy reaching as far as the 37th week in a patient holding an I.U.D. certainly in site at the beginning of pregnancy and with asymptomatic perforation of the uterus during the pregnancy with incorporation of the device by the omentum. Emphasis is laid on the importance of echographic monitoring for the location of I.U.D.s especially when the anchor thread of the device is not to be found in the vagina and initial pregnancy is suspected. On the other hand, as yet available data are not sufficient for assessing the influence of copper devices on the fetal condition.", "contents": "[I.U.D., pregnancy, perforation of the uterus (author's transl)]. The author report a case of pregnancy reaching as far as the 37th week in a patient holding an I.U.D. certainly in site at the beginning of pregnancy and with asymptomatic perforation of the uterus during the pregnancy with incorporation of the device by the omentum. Emphasis is laid on the importance of echographic monitoring for the location of I.U.D.s especially when the anchor thread of the device is not to be found in the vagina and initial pregnancy is suspected. On the other hand, as yet available data are not sufficient for assessing the influence of copper devices on the fetal condition.", "PMID": 1016568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1424", "title": "IgG, IgA and IgM concentration in human sera from different age groups: statistical evaluation.", "content": "A statistical analysis is presented of the results obtained from the measure of the serum concentration of IgG, A, M in 773 blood donors. In each of the two groups identified by sex, four subgroups were established according to age in ten years intervals from 20 to 59. On the basis of the results of the analysis, different fiducial intervals of normal values (calculated as mean +/- 2 X standard deviation) have been proposed. 1) A unique interval for IgG: 87-234 U.I. 2) Two intervals for IgA: 54-236 U.I. for subjects under 40 years and 64-270 U.I. for subjects over 40 years. 3) Four intervals for IgM: one for males under 40 years: 65-364 U.I., one for males over 40 years: 57-314 U.I., one for females under 50 years: 47-363 U.I., and one for females over 50 years: 53-434 U.I.", "contents": "IgG, IgA and IgM concentration in human sera from different age groups: statistical evaluation. A statistical analysis is presented of the results obtained from the measure of the serum concentration of IgG, A, M in 773 blood donors. In each of the two groups identified by sex, four subgroups were established according to age in ten years intervals from 20 to 59. On the basis of the results of the analysis, different fiducial intervals of normal values (calculated as mean +/- 2 X standard deviation) have been proposed. 1) A unique interval for IgG: 87-234 U.I. 2) Two intervals for IgA: 54-236 U.I. for subjects under 40 years and 64-270 U.I. for subjects over 40 years. 3) Four intervals for IgM: one for males under 40 years: 65-364 U.I., one for males over 40 years: 57-314 U.I., one for females under 50 years: 47-363 U.I., and one for females over 50 years: 53-434 U.I.", "PMID": 1016575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1425", "title": "[High performance thin-layer chromatography in specific blood diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Furthering their research into the differentiation of various haemoglobins (both human and animal) with the use of thin layer chromatographic methods, the Authors have applied Kaiser's high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) to the specific diagnosis of blood. Although the method was superior to ascending one-dimensional thin layer chromatography for its sensitivity, Rf reproducibility and much briefer migration times, it did not turn out to be suitable for application to the specific requirements of forensic haematology.", "contents": "[High performance thin-layer chromatography in specific blood diagnosis (author's transl)]. Furthering their research into the differentiation of various haemoglobins (both human and animal) with the use of thin layer chromatographic methods, the Authors have applied Kaiser's high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) to the specific diagnosis of blood. Although the method was superior to ascending one-dimensional thin layer chromatography for its sensitivity, Rf reproducibility and much briefer migration times, it did not turn out to be suitable for application to the specific requirements of forensic haematology.", "PMID": 1016565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1426", "title": "Administration of antigen by intralymphatic route in the rat I. Humoral response to soluble antigens. (delta). Preliminary report.", "content": "Male rats were immunized against bovine albumin injected by either intradermic or intralymphatic routes. A significantly higher number of animals treated by the latter route did respond, probably because antigens introduced by this route directly reach lymph nodes, by passing blood and tissue lytic enzymes.", "contents": "Administration of antigen by intralymphatic route in the rat I. Humoral response to soluble antigens. (delta). Preliminary report. Male rats were immunized against bovine albumin injected by either intradermic or intralymphatic routes. A significantly higher number of animals treated by the latter route did respond, probably because antigens introduced by this route directly reach lymph nodes, by passing blood and tissue lytic enzymes.", "PMID": 1016576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1427", "title": "Effect of non-permissive temperature on protein synthesis of frog virus 3 infected cells.", "content": "In the present paper we describe the kinetics of virus specific protein synthesis in FV3-infected BHK cells incubated at the non-permissive temperature of 33 degrees C. Some quantitative differences were detected, in comparison with proteins synthesized at permissive temperature (26 degrees C). Thereafter we studied the fate of polypeptides pulse labelled at non-permissive temperature, by shifting the infected cells to permissive temperature. In such experimental conditions infectious virus is readily produced; however the profiles of electrophoretically separated polypeptides did not differ remarkably from those obtained from cells maintained at 33 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of non-permissive temperature on protein synthesis of frog virus 3 infected cells. In the present paper we describe the kinetics of virus specific protein synthesis in FV3-infected BHK cells incubated at the non-permissive temperature of 33 degrees C. Some quantitative differences were detected, in comparison with proteins synthesized at permissive temperature (26 degrees C). Thereafter we studied the fate of polypeptides pulse labelled at non-permissive temperature, by shifting the infected cells to permissive temperature. In such experimental conditions infectious virus is readily produced; however the profiles of electrophoretically separated polypeptides did not differ remarkably from those obtained from cells maintained at 33 degrees C.", "PMID": 1016578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1428", "title": "[Prevalence of antibodies to A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/3/75 and B/Hong Kong/5/72 influenza viruses in the population of Milan examined in the late spring of 1976 and evaluation of the past experience of the same population with probable agent of the 1918-20 pandemics].", "content": "Hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (h.i.a.) to influenza viruses A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/3/75 and B/Hong Kong/5/72 were titrated in 227 serum samples collected in Milan in the late spring 1976 from healthy subjects of 0 to 90 years of age. In 185 of these neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies (n.i.a.) for the type A strains were also titrated. Subjects up to 40 years of age lack h.i.a. to A/New Jersey/76 strain; antibody levels equal to or greater than 1:40 are occasionally present in the 41-50 year group and the incidence rises to 75% and more after 60 years. N.i.a. are absent in the sera from persons of 0-30 years and titers equal to or greater than 1:100 were found only in the age group over 40. Of the sera examined 44% is lacking in h.i.a. to A/Victoria/3/75 strain and antibodies at protective levels were found in 14% of the subjects, usually among the youngest (0-15 years) and the elderly (over 60 years). N.i.a. for this strain are present in 40% of the samples and 10% have titers equal to or greater than 1.100. Half of the sera under test has h.i.a. to B/Hong Kong/5/72 strain, but only 19% with titers equal to or greater than 1:40. The age distribution of h.i. and n.i. antibodies to A/New Jersey/76 virus suggests that strains antigenically related to the swine virus were widespread in our population until about 1929. The presence of n.i.a., but not of h.i.a. in subjects born between 1935 and 1946 supports the hypothesis of cross-reaction between the neuraminidases of the swine and of the A-O strains.", "contents": "[Prevalence of antibodies to A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/3/75 and B/Hong Kong/5/72 influenza viruses in the population of Milan examined in the late spring of 1976 and evaluation of the past experience of the same population with probable agent of the 1918-20 pandemics]. Hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies (h.i.a.) to influenza viruses A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/3/75 and B/Hong Kong/5/72 were titrated in 227 serum samples collected in Milan in the late spring 1976 from healthy subjects of 0 to 90 years of age. In 185 of these neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies (n.i.a.) for the type A strains were also titrated. Subjects up to 40 years of age lack h.i.a. to A/New Jersey/76 strain; antibody levels equal to or greater than 1:40 are occasionally present in the 41-50 year group and the incidence rises to 75% and more after 60 years. N.i.a. are absent in the sera from persons of 0-30 years and titers equal to or greater than 1:100 were found only in the age group over 40. Of the sera examined 44% is lacking in h.i.a. to A/Victoria/3/75 strain and antibodies at protective levels were found in 14% of the subjects, usually among the youngest (0-15 years) and the elderly (over 60 years). N.i.a. for this strain are present in 40% of the samples and 10% have titers equal to or greater than 1.100. Half of the sera under test has h.i.a. to B/Hong Kong/5/72 strain, but only 19% with titers equal to or greater than 1:40. The age distribution of h.i. and n.i. antibodies to A/New Jersey/76 virus suggests that strains antigenically related to the swine virus were widespread in our population until about 1929. The presence of n.i.a., but not of h.i.a. in subjects born between 1935 and 1946 supports the hypothesis of cross-reaction between the neuraminidases of the swine and of the A-O strains.", "PMID": 1016579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1429", "title": "[Evaluation of the immunity to A/swine influenza virus in a sample of population of Rome].", "content": "Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in respect of type A/swine influenza virus (strain NIB/3) were titrated on 225 serum specimens taken in Rome during 1976. No HI antibodies to the A/swine virus were found in the serum specimens of the 155 subjects under 50 years of age, while the majority (94%) of the serum specimens of the subjects over 70 years of age showed HI antibody reactivity to the virus, with a mean geometric titre of 21.75. The vaccination of 38 individuals over 50 years of age with live attenuated influenza virus (strain H3N2 - A/Port Chalmers/1/73) failed to cause any elevation of HI antibody titres against A/swine influenza virus, though producing significant seroconversion in respect of the A/Port Chalmers influenza virus in more than 60% of the vaccinees.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the immunity to A/swine influenza virus in a sample of population of Rome]. Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in respect of type A/swine influenza virus (strain NIB/3) were titrated on 225 serum specimens taken in Rome during 1976. No HI antibodies to the A/swine virus were found in the serum specimens of the 155 subjects under 50 years of age, while the majority (94%) of the serum specimens of the subjects over 70 years of age showed HI antibody reactivity to the virus, with a mean geometric titre of 21.75. The vaccination of 38 individuals over 50 years of age with live attenuated influenza virus (strain H3N2 - A/Port Chalmers/1/73) failed to cause any elevation of HI antibody titres against A/swine influenza virus, though producing significant seroconversion in respect of the A/Port Chalmers influenza virus in more than 60% of the vaccinees.", "PMID": 1016580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1430", "title": "[Complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition reactions in the seroepidemiologic evaluation of an influenza A epidemic].", "content": "Complement-fixing (CF), hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies in respect of type A influenza virus were titrated on 2080 serum specimens. The sera were collected between December 1974 and May 1975 for the open population of Rome, in groups of an average of 300 samples per month. Influenza type A strains, related to the Port Chalmers variant, were isolated in Rome in January and February 1975, during that time a significant increase of antibody titers and of serum positivity was detected. The increase of positive response for influenza type A antigen was of 21%, 17% and 8% for FC, HI and NI reactions, respectively. The NI reaction proved to be less responsive that the CF and HI reactions for the purposes of sero-epidemiological evaluation of the influenza epidemic.", "contents": "[Complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition reactions in the seroepidemiologic evaluation of an influenza A epidemic]. Complement-fixing (CF), hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies in respect of type A influenza virus were titrated on 2080 serum specimens. The sera were collected between December 1974 and May 1975 for the open population of Rome, in groups of an average of 300 samples per month. Influenza type A strains, related to the Port Chalmers variant, were isolated in Rome in January and February 1975, during that time a significant increase of antibody titers and of serum positivity was detected. The increase of positive response for influenza type A antigen was of 21%, 17% and 8% for FC, HI and NI reactions, respectively. The NI reaction proved to be less responsive that the CF and HI reactions for the purposes of sero-epidemiological evaluation of the influenza epidemic.", "PMID": 1016581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1431", "title": "[Methods for identification of rhodochrous bacterial complex].", "content": "Branching observation, color and emulsionability of colonies, growth on BHI-agar, Mc Conkey-agar, Sabouraud, Mannitol Salt-agar, galattosidase, degradation of polyethylene glicol in 7H-10 medium, drug sensitivity to antituberculous drugs and semi-synthetic penicillins are reactions able to differentiate the rhodochrous complex from pathogenic pigmented Mycobacteria and Nocardia. Numerical taxonomy performed among 14 strains belonging to rhodochrous complex and 17 strains of Nocardia revealed a distinct separation of the two species and the non omogeneity of rhodochrous complex.", "contents": "[Methods for identification of rhodochrous bacterial complex]. Branching observation, color and emulsionability of colonies, growth on BHI-agar, Mc Conkey-agar, Sabouraud, Mannitol Salt-agar, galattosidase, degradation of polyethylene glicol in 7H-10 medium, drug sensitivity to antituberculous drugs and semi-synthetic penicillins are reactions able to differentiate the rhodochrous complex from pathogenic pigmented Mycobacteria and Nocardia. Numerical taxonomy performed among 14 strains belonging to rhodochrous complex and 17 strains of Nocardia revealed a distinct separation of the two species and the non omogeneity of rhodochrous complex.", "PMID": 1016582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1432", "title": "An improved method for PHA-culturing mouse lymphocytes using Ficoll-Hypaque gradient.", "content": "A simple, reproducible method is described for in vitro culture of mouse lymphocytes purified by differential centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Peripheral blood, spleen and thymus purified lymphocytes responded well to in vitro PHA stimulation as measured by blast transformation and tritiated thymidine incorporation; the lowest values were observed with thymus lymphocytes.", "contents": "An improved method for PHA-culturing mouse lymphocytes using Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. A simple, reproducible method is described for in vitro culture of mouse lymphocytes purified by differential centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Peripheral blood, spleen and thymus purified lymphocytes responded well to in vitro PHA stimulation as measured by blast transformation and tritiated thymidine incorporation; the lowest values were observed with thymus lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1016583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1433", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin unresponsiveness of spleen cells of mice bearing an allogeneic lymphoma.", "content": "The in vitro response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in BALB mice bearing an allogeneic AKR lymphoma (progressors). A significant decrease in blast transformation and DNA synthesis was observed in these animals as compared with those rejecting the tumor (regressors) or with unchallenged controls. It is postulated that either an alteration in PHA lymphocyte receptors or the presence of enhancing serum factors may be responsible for this decrease in PHA response.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin unresponsiveness of spleen cells of mice bearing an allogeneic lymphoma. The in vitro response of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in BALB mice bearing an allogeneic AKR lymphoma (progressors). A significant decrease in blast transformation and DNA synthesis was observed in these animals as compared with those rejecting the tumor (regressors) or with unchallenged controls. It is postulated that either an alteration in PHA lymphocyte receptors or the presence of enhancing serum factors may be responsible for this decrease in PHA response.", "PMID": 1016584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1434", "title": "[Demonstration of a granulocyte defect in aged persons correlated with the presence of autoantibodies].", "content": "Assessment of PMN leukocyte function and search for autoantibodies were performed in 36 aged human subjects (more than 60 years of age) and in 15 younger controls (40 to 60 years of age). Autoantibodies were found in 15 of the 36 aged subjects, and in none of the controls. Leukocyte function defects were therefore correlated to old age and to markers of autoimmunity. Phagocytosis of bacteria was significantly impaired in both groups of old-aged subjects, irrespective to the presence or absence of autoimmunity. Intracellular killing of bacteria was shown to be normal in all the examined subjects. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by resting and latex-stimulated leukocytes was significantly impaired only in the group of old-aged subjects with autoimmunity. These leukocyte function defects are similar to those already described in human autoimmune diseases -- particularly S.I.E. -- and confirm the possible association between P.M.N. dysfunction and autoimmunity.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a granulocyte defect in aged persons correlated with the presence of autoantibodies]. Assessment of PMN leukocyte function and search for autoantibodies were performed in 36 aged human subjects (more than 60 years of age) and in 15 younger controls (40 to 60 years of age). Autoantibodies were found in 15 of the 36 aged subjects, and in none of the controls. Leukocyte function defects were therefore correlated to old age and to markers of autoimmunity. Phagocytosis of bacteria was significantly impaired in both groups of old-aged subjects, irrespective to the presence or absence of autoimmunity. Intracellular killing of bacteria was shown to be normal in all the examined subjects. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by resting and latex-stimulated leukocytes was significantly impaired only in the group of old-aged subjects with autoimmunity. These leukocyte function defects are similar to those already described in human autoimmune diseases -- particularly S.I.E. -- and confirm the possible association between P.M.N. dysfunction and autoimmunity.", "PMID": 1016585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1435", "title": "[Infection due to hepatitis B virus and host immune response].", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated in patients who recovered from acute hepatitis B and in chronic carriers of the antigen, either with or without liver disease. The study was performed using leucocyte migration inhibition test and purified HBsAg. In antigen-negative post-hepatitis patients the frequency of cellular immunity to HBsAg (63.6%) showed a significant difference to controls. On the other hand, only one out of 5 antigen-positive post-hepatitis patients showed sensitisation to HBsAg; four out of these cases had chronic hepatitis at liver biopsy. In HBsAg-chronic carriers, with or without liver disease, the frequency of CMI to HBsAg was not significant to controls. A significant correlation was noted between inflammatory activity and inhibition of migration. Our results suggest that a normal cellular immune response to HBsAg is necessary for the recovery from acute hepatitis B and for the clearance of the virus. In HBsAg-chronic carriers this response seems to be absent or inadequate, leading to the state of healthy chronic carriers or to the evolution to HBsAg-chronic hepatitis, respectively. The high frequency of CMI in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis, suggests that hepatitis B virus infection may play a role in the ethiology of the disease.", "contents": "[Infection due to hepatitis B virus and host immune response]. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was investigated in patients who recovered from acute hepatitis B and in chronic carriers of the antigen, either with or without liver disease. The study was performed using leucocyte migration inhibition test and purified HBsAg. In antigen-negative post-hepatitis patients the frequency of cellular immunity to HBsAg (63.6%) showed a significant difference to controls. On the other hand, only one out of 5 antigen-positive post-hepatitis patients showed sensitisation to HBsAg; four out of these cases had chronic hepatitis at liver biopsy. In HBsAg-chronic carriers, with or without liver disease, the frequency of CMI to HBsAg was not significant to controls. A significant correlation was noted between inflammatory activity and inhibition of migration. Our results suggest that a normal cellular immune response to HBsAg is necessary for the recovery from acute hepatitis B and for the clearance of the virus. In HBsAg-chronic carriers this response seems to be absent or inadequate, leading to the state of healthy chronic carriers or to the evolution to HBsAg-chronic hepatitis, respectively. The high frequency of CMI in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis, suggests that hepatitis B virus infection may play a role in the ethiology of the disease.", "PMID": 1016586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1436", "title": "[The sexual transmission of Australia antigen (HBsAg)].", "content": "Examination was made of 300 serum specimens taken from patients with latent syphilis, in order to study the incidence of HBsAg antigen as compared with the normal population. Examination was by means of counter immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and electron microscope with negative staining. The incidence as shown by counter immunoelectrophoresis is 2.33%, by RIA 10% with 86.6% of sub-type AY and 13.3% of sub-type AD, which is significantly higher than the incidence in the normal population. These data would therefore seem to confirm the possibility of sexual transmission of hepatitis B.", "contents": "[The sexual transmission of Australia antigen (HBsAg)]. Examination was made of 300 serum specimens taken from patients with latent syphilis, in order to study the incidence of HBsAg antigen as compared with the normal population. Examination was by means of counter immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and electron microscope with negative staining. The incidence as shown by counter immunoelectrophoresis is 2.33%, by RIA 10% with 86.6% of sub-type AY and 13.3% of sub-type AD, which is significantly higher than the incidence in the normal population. These data would therefore seem to confirm the possibility of sexual transmission of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 1016587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1437", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of Peptichemio action on mouse sarcoma 180.", "content": "The electron microscope study of the cellular elements originating from mice experimental tumours (sarcoma 180) treated and non-treated with Peptichemio showed alterations of the nuclear and cytoplasmic structures in the animals treated. The data herein accord fully with the results obtained by other histological, biochemical and biomolecular techniques and make it possible once again to lay stress on the double alkylating and antimetabolic action of this antitumour drug, very likely taking place simultaneously both at nuclear and cytoplasmic level.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of Peptichemio action on mouse sarcoma 180. The electron microscope study of the cellular elements originating from mice experimental tumours (sarcoma 180) treated and non-treated with Peptichemio showed alterations of the nuclear and cytoplasmic structures in the animals treated. The data herein accord fully with the results obtained by other histological, biochemical and biomolecular techniques and make it possible once again to lay stress on the double alkylating and antimetabolic action of this antitumour drug, very likely taking place simultaneously both at nuclear and cytoplasmic level.", "PMID": 1016588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1438", "title": "[The coagulase test. I].", "content": "A syntetic review of data about the free coagulase and the clumping factor has been made. The importance of the test, the different methods, the possible reasons of mistake are discussed.", "contents": "[The coagulase test. I]. A syntetic review of data about the free coagulase and the clumping factor has been made. The importance of the test, the different methods, the possible reasons of mistake are discussed.", "PMID": 1016589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1439", "title": "Immunization against human and swine-like influenza A: serological response to two inactivated vaccines of different formulation.", "content": "The immunizing capacity and the tolerability of two purified vaccines containing the inactivated A/New Jersey/76 ( x 53 recombinant) swine-like strain were studied. A trivalent vaccine (A/New Jersey/76-300 I.U.; A/Victoria 3/75-300 I.U.; B/Hong Kong 5/75-300 I.U.) was administered to 31 subjects over 50 years of age. No side-effects were observed and it caused a good HI antibody response to A/New Jersey/76, fairly good for B strain and modest for A/Victoria 3/75. A monovalent vaccine (A/New Jersey/76-400 I.U.) was administered to 32 subjects in the age range from 16 to 43 years. HI antibodies occurred in 84% of the subjects, devoid of antibodies before vaccination. Younger subjects (between 16-20 years) generally developed fairly low antibody titres; one among them (16-year-old) had a temperature rise within 48 h after vaccination. The Authors expect that the X 53 recombinant with the surface antigens of the A/New Jersey/76 strain may be employed for the preparation of the inactivated vaccine to be used in an emergency situation and discuss the composition of the vaccine more adapt for the present epidemiological situation.", "contents": "Immunization against human and swine-like influenza A: serological response to two inactivated vaccines of different formulation. The immunizing capacity and the tolerability of two purified vaccines containing the inactivated A/New Jersey/76 ( x 53 recombinant) swine-like strain were studied. A trivalent vaccine (A/New Jersey/76-300 I.U.; A/Victoria 3/75-300 I.U.; B/Hong Kong 5/75-300 I.U.) was administered to 31 subjects over 50 years of age. No side-effects were observed and it caused a good HI antibody response to A/New Jersey/76, fairly good for B strain and modest for A/Victoria 3/75. A monovalent vaccine (A/New Jersey/76-400 I.U.) was administered to 32 subjects in the age range from 16 to 43 years. HI antibodies occurred in 84% of the subjects, devoid of antibodies before vaccination. Younger subjects (between 16-20 years) generally developed fairly low antibody titres; one among them (16-year-old) had a temperature rise within 48 h after vaccination. The Authors expect that the X 53 recombinant with the surface antigens of the A/New Jersey/76 strain may be employed for the preparation of the inactivated vaccine to be used in an emergency situation and discuss the composition of the vaccine more adapt for the present epidemiological situation.", "PMID": 1016590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1440", "title": "With reference to a simple kit for short-term lymphocyte culture tested in experimental animals.", "content": "The results on blastic transformation of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from different species of experimental animals studied in short-term cell culture made with a fully pre-prepared Kit, are here illustrated and discussed. Lymphocyte donors were: mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, and rabbits. The Kit used in these experiments was the so-called Blasto-Kit, prepared by the Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese. It contains a lyophilized mixture of all the culture medium components, including the mitogen (in our study: PHA). The lyophilized mixture was diluted with the proper solvent just at the culture time, and then supplemented  with 5 drops (200 mul) of whole blood. The extent of blastic transformation was evaluated in morphology, by counting the blast-like cells on culture smears; but the method provides adequate data also when lymphocyte transformation is evaluated via the extent of 3H-Tdr incorporation. The results showed quite significant discrimination (blastic indices) between the mitogen stimulated cultures and the non-stimulated controls in all the animals tested. On the other hand, different transformation extents were observed in relationship to the single animal species: it appeared that guinea-pigs, and mostly the rabbits gave the most beautiful blast-like cells, which appears to indicate that they are the most appropriate for this study among all those tested. It should be finally emphasized that : (1) the simplicity of the method makes the investigation on the transformation capability of lymphocytes easy to be carried out in every Lab; and (2), the small quantity of blood which is needed to perform the test makes it possible to investigate each single animal even in the case, when it has to be examined before, during, and after given treatments.", "contents": "With reference to a simple kit for short-term lymphocyte culture tested in experimental animals. The results on blastic transformation of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from different species of experimental animals studied in short-term cell culture made with a fully pre-prepared Kit, are here illustrated and discussed. Lymphocyte donors were: mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, and rabbits. The Kit used in these experiments was the so-called Blasto-Kit, prepared by the Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese. It contains a lyophilized mixture of all the culture medium components, including the mitogen (in our study: PHA). The lyophilized mixture was diluted with the proper solvent just at the culture time, and then supplemented  with 5 drops (200 mul) of whole blood. The extent of blastic transformation was evaluated in morphology, by counting the blast-like cells on culture smears; but the method provides adequate data also when lymphocyte transformation is evaluated via the extent of 3H-Tdr incorporation. The results showed quite significant discrimination (blastic indices) between the mitogen stimulated cultures and the non-stimulated controls in all the animals tested. On the other hand, different transformation extents were observed in relationship to the single animal species: it appeared that guinea-pigs, and mostly the rabbits gave the most beautiful blast-like cells, which appears to indicate that they are the most appropriate for this study among all those tested. It should be finally emphasized that : (1) the simplicity of the method makes the investigation on the transformation capability of lymphocytes easy to be carried out in every Lab; and (2), the small quantity of blood which is needed to perform the test makes it possible to investigate each single animal even in the case, when it has to be examined before, during, and after given treatments.", "PMID": 1016591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1441", "title": "[Liver-specific proteins and autoimmunity in inflammatory liver diseases].", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity to a liver specific membrane protein (LP1) has been studied in patients with different types of liver diseases, using the leucocyte migration inhibition test. A high frequency of cellular sensitization to LP1 was detected in untreated chronic active hepatitis, with no significant differences between HBsAg-positive and negative cases. Inhibition of migration is a long-lasting reaction in the spontaneous evolution of the disease, while immunosuppressive treatment normalizes the test only in cases with complete remission. In viral hepatitis B cell-mediated immunity to the liver specific membrane protein can be detected in the acute phase of the disease as a time-limited reaction, exhausted with the clearance of the virus from the liver. An inhibition of migration with LP1 was found also in some cases of HBsAg-positive post-hepatitis patients, in chronic persistant hepatitis, mainly HBsAg-positive, and in asymptomatic chronic carriers of the antigen B. Most of these cases showed a progression to chronic active hepatitis, in clinical and histopathological prospective studies. Our results suggest that cell-mediated immune response to liver specific antigens plays a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis. Moreover the evaluation of these reactions in chronic liver diseases may help in the diagnosis and in the control of the immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatitis B virus infection must be considered one of the possible cause responsible for the rising of autoimmunity to the liver.", "contents": "[Liver-specific proteins and autoimmunity in inflammatory liver diseases]. Cell-mediated immunity to a liver specific membrane protein (LP1) has been studied in patients with different types of liver diseases, using the leucocyte migration inhibition test. A high frequency of cellular sensitization to LP1 was detected in untreated chronic active hepatitis, with no significant differences between HBsAg-positive and negative cases. Inhibition of migration is a long-lasting reaction in the spontaneous evolution of the disease, while immunosuppressive treatment normalizes the test only in cases with complete remission. In viral hepatitis B cell-mediated immunity to the liver specific membrane protein can be detected in the acute phase of the disease as a time-limited reaction, exhausted with the clearance of the virus from the liver. An inhibition of migration with LP1 was found also in some cases of HBsAg-positive post-hepatitis patients, in chronic persistant hepatitis, mainly HBsAg-positive, and in asymptomatic chronic carriers of the antigen B. Most of these cases showed a progression to chronic active hepatitis, in clinical and histopathological prospective studies. Our results suggest that cell-mediated immune response to liver specific antigens plays a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis. Moreover the evaluation of these reactions in chronic liver diseases may help in the diagnosis and in the control of the immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatitis B virus infection must be considered one of the possible cause responsible for the rising of autoimmunity to the liver.", "PMID": 1016592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1442", "title": "Peripheral lymphocytes in paraproteinemia.", "content": "In 22 cases of myeloma and 12 cases of benign paraproteinemia the functional situation of circulating lymphocytes was studied. The technique used was the incorporation of 3H-Thymidine after PHA stimulation. E rosette formation and immunoglobulin bearing cells were evaluated. A reduction of 3H-Thymidine incorporation in the blastic cells was seen in the patients with myeloma (2,942 +/- 421 cpm/10(6) lymphocytes in respect to 13,182 +/- 920 of the control group). The difference was statistically significant: p less than 0.001. In benign monoclonal gammopathies the reduction was moderate and was at the limits of the significance: 9,482 +/- 1,100. The percentage of E rosettes and of immunoglobulins bearing cells was normal. The different behaviour of the blastic response in vitro in the two groups of patients tested confirms that the respective condition of the immunocompetent system is clearly different. A possible interpretation of this type of behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral lymphocytes in paraproteinemia. In 22 cases of myeloma and 12 cases of benign paraproteinemia the functional situation of circulating lymphocytes was studied. The technique used was the incorporation of 3H-Thymidine after PHA stimulation. E rosette formation and immunoglobulin bearing cells were evaluated. A reduction of 3H-Thymidine incorporation in the blastic cells was seen in the patients with myeloma (2,942 +/- 421 cpm/10(6) lymphocytes in respect to 13,182 +/- 920 of the control group). The difference was statistically significant: p less than 0.001. In benign monoclonal gammopathies the reduction was moderate and was at the limits of the significance: 9,482 +/- 1,100. The percentage of E rosettes and of immunoglobulins bearing cells was normal. The different behaviour of the blastic response in vitro in the two groups of patients tested confirms that the respective condition of the immunocompetent system is clearly different. A possible interpretation of this type of behaviour is discussed.", "PMID": 1016593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1443", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory agents and lymphocytary reactivity].", "content": "The acetylsalicylic acid, like other drugs with analogous properties, is an anti-inflammatory drug, whose mechanism of action is still unknown. Lymphocyte release, on stimulation, phlogogenic substances (lymphokines) which are responsible for some phlogistic processes, above all chronic. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits some lymphocyte functions, therfore its mechanism of action may be possibly accounted for by this activity. This paper dealt with the effect observed that acetylsalicylic acid on mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastization. In vitro it was observed that acetylsalicylic acid inhibits blastization only when it is present in the incubation medium and that the inhibitor effect is dose dependent. In vivo, in the rat, it was observed that acetylsalicylic acid inhibits blastization only when administered some hours before lymphocyte withdrawal. The Authors believe that this effect may be accounted for by a metabolite of the drug itself.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory agents and lymphocytary reactivity]. The acetylsalicylic acid, like other drugs with analogous properties, is an anti-inflammatory drug, whose mechanism of action is still unknown. Lymphocyte release, on stimulation, phlogogenic substances (lymphokines) which are responsible for some phlogistic processes, above all chronic. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits some lymphocyte functions, therfore its mechanism of action may be possibly accounted for by this activity. This paper dealt with the effect observed that acetylsalicylic acid on mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastization. In vitro it was observed that acetylsalicylic acid inhibits blastization only when it is present in the incubation medium and that the inhibitor effect is dose dependent. In vivo, in the rat, it was observed that acetylsalicylic acid inhibits blastization only when administered some hours before lymphocyte withdrawal. The Authors believe that this effect may be accounted for by a metabolite of the drug itself.", "PMID": 1016594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1444", "title": "[Sensitization to metals in patients submitted to arthroplasty].", "content": "The sensitization of the patients submitted to arthroplasty has been pointed out with increasing frequency. This paper attempted to establish the occurrence rate and the importance of this sensitization in patients submitted to arthroplasty of metallic or plastic type, by means of the patch-test, blastization and macrophage inhibition test. The highest positivity incidence was observed towards chromium (9.7%) and cobalt (6.4%) in the patients submitted to arthroplasty of metallic type, while that of plastic type showed a 1% positivity to methylacrylate. These data stress the importance of the adoption of the patch-test in all patients, before being submitted to any type of prosthesis, and of the preferential use of those prostheses which turned out less sensitizing.", "contents": "[Sensitization to metals in patients submitted to arthroplasty]. The sensitization of the patients submitted to arthroplasty has been pointed out with increasing frequency. This paper attempted to establish the occurrence rate and the importance of this sensitization in patients submitted to arthroplasty of metallic or plastic type, by means of the patch-test, blastization and macrophage inhibition test. The highest positivity incidence was observed towards chromium (9.7%) and cobalt (6.4%) in the patients submitted to arthroplasty of metallic type, while that of plastic type showed a 1% positivity to methylacrylate. These data stress the importance of the adoption of the patch-test in all patients, before being submitted to any type of prosthesis, and of the preferential use of those prostheses which turned out less sensitizing.", "PMID": 1016595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1445", "title": "Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach.", "content": "The Authors report the results concerning the control of the presence of bacterial endotoxins in parenteral drugs, blood products and immunological reagents and drugs, by means of Limulus amebocyte lysate test. All the data suggest that Limulus assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive test, mostly when it is correctly performed.", "contents": "Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach. The Authors report the results concerning the control of the presence of bacterial endotoxins in parenteral drugs, blood products and immunological reagents and drugs, by means of Limulus amebocyte lysate test. All the data suggest that Limulus assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive test, mostly when it is correctly performed.", "PMID": 1016596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1446", "title": "Pressure antagonism of anaesthetic-induced conduction failure in frog peripheral nerve.", "content": "Experiments to investigate pressure-induced antagonism of the effects of general anaesthetics in isolated peripheral nerve from the frog are described. The doses of four gaseous general anaesthetic agents required to reduce electrically evoked action potentials by 50% (mean +/- SEM) were nitrous oxide 490 +/- 40.4 kPa, ethylene 665 +/- 212 kPa, dichlorodifluoromethane 108 +/- 17.2 kPa and cyclopropane 70 +/- 5 kPa. The combination of high pressure and the anaesthetic agent partially or completely restored the action potential amplitudes for the gaseous and some of the volatile agents (chloroform, diethyl ether, helothane). However, reversal of the effects of other volatile agents (ethanol, butanol), sodium pentobarbitone and two local anaesthetic agents (procaine, dibucaine) did not occur. The pressures used to effect a reversal were less than anticipated. This apparent inconsistency with the critical volume hypothesis for anaesthesia is discussed.", "contents": "Pressure antagonism of anaesthetic-induced conduction failure in frog peripheral nerve. Experiments to investigate pressure-induced antagonism of the effects of general anaesthetics in isolated peripheral nerve from the frog are described. The doses of four gaseous general anaesthetic agents required to reduce electrically evoked action potentials by 50% (mean +/- SEM) were nitrous oxide 490 +/- 40.4 kPa, ethylene 665 +/- 212 kPa, dichlorodifluoromethane 108 +/- 17.2 kPa and cyclopropane 70 +/- 5 kPa. The combination of high pressure and the anaesthetic agent partially or completely restored the action potential amplitudes for the gaseous and some of the volatile agents (chloroform, diethyl ether, helothane). However, reversal of the effects of other volatile agents (ethanol, butanol), sodium pentobarbitone and two local anaesthetic agents (procaine, dibucaine) did not occur. The pressures used to effect a reversal were less than anticipated. This apparent inconsistency with the critical volume hypothesis for anaesthesia is discussed.", "PMID": 1016641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1447", "title": "The effect of splenectomy on circulatory adjustments to hypoxaemia in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "Six intact and seven splenectomized dogs were subjected to a similar degree of hypoxaemia while under light anaesthesia and artificial ventilation. In the intact animals, heart rate, cardiac output, myocardial contractility and oxygen consumption were increased as a result of hypoxaemia; oxygen transport was not affected. In the splenectomized animals the changes in cardiac output and myocardial contractility were small, and oxygen availability was decreased.", "contents": "The effect of splenectomy on circulatory adjustments to hypoxaemia in the anaesthetized dog. Six intact and seven splenectomized dogs were subjected to a similar degree of hypoxaemia while under light anaesthesia and artificial ventilation. In the intact animals, heart rate, cardiac output, myocardial contractility and oxygen consumption were increased as a result of hypoxaemia; oxygen transport was not affected. In the splenectomized animals the changes in cardiac output and myocardial contractility were small, and oxygen availability was decreased.", "PMID": 1016642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1448", "title": "A further study of general anaesthesia for Caesarean section.", "content": "Methoxyflurane or trichloroethylene in concentrations of 0.2% or 0.1% used in anaesthesia for Caesarean section were compared. There were no differences in the acid-base state or the clinical condition of the infant at delivery, or in the incidence of maternal complications, which could be related to the choice of volatile agent. Either volatile agent in the 0.2% concentration was associated with an overall incidence of maternal awareness and unpleasant dreams of 2.5%, compared with 4.9% when the 0.1% concentration was used. The incidence of maternal nausea and vomiting was less in the 0.2% series. There was an apparent relationship between the induction-delivery interval and (a) the degree of neonatal acidosis and (b) the Apgar-minus-colour scores at one minute ((A-C)1). The correlation between those indices of increasing foetal depression and increasing length of the uterine incision-delivery interval was highly significant. There was no systematic relationship between the one-minute score for \"colour\" and the umbilical artery PO2.", "contents": "A further study of general anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Methoxyflurane or trichloroethylene in concentrations of 0.2% or 0.1% used in anaesthesia for Caesarean section were compared. There were no differences in the acid-base state or the clinical condition of the infant at delivery, or in the incidence of maternal complications, which could be related to the choice of volatile agent. Either volatile agent in the 0.2% concentration was associated with an overall incidence of maternal awareness and unpleasant dreams of 2.5%, compared with 4.9% when the 0.1% concentration was used. The incidence of maternal nausea and vomiting was less in the 0.2% series. There was an apparent relationship between the induction-delivery interval and (a) the degree of neonatal acidosis and (b) the Apgar-minus-colour scores at one minute ((A-C)1). The correlation between those indices of increasing foetal depression and increasing length of the uterine incision-delivery interval was highly significant. There was no systematic relationship between the one-minute score for \"colour\" and the umbilical artery PO2.", "PMID": 1016643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1449", "title": "Haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption during isoflurane (forane) anaesthesia in geriatric patients.", "content": "The influence of isoflurane on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption was examined in seven geriatric patients under conditions of controlled ventilation and a normal arterial carbon dioxide tension. During isoflurane/nitrous oxide in oxygen anaesthesia (0.75 and 1.5 vol% inspired isoflurane) no significant changes occurred in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure. Arterial pressure decreased, as did total peripheral resistance. A reduction in left ventricular maximum dp/dt (18-39%) was, at least in part, a result of changes in loading conditions. Total body (CaO2--CVO2) and base excess values remained within the normal range. We consider that the oxygen supply was adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body as a whole. Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased by 25% during 0.75 vol% inspired isoflurane and by 43.5% with deepening of anaesthesia (1.5 vol% isoflurane).", "contents": "Haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption during isoflurane (forane) anaesthesia in geriatric patients. The influence of isoflurane on haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption was examined in seven geriatric patients under conditions of controlled ventilation and a normal arterial carbon dioxide tension. During isoflurane/nitrous oxide in oxygen anaesthesia (0.75 and 1.5 vol% inspired isoflurane) no significant changes occurred in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure. Arterial pressure decreased, as did total peripheral resistance. A reduction in left ventricular maximum dp/dt (18-39%) was, at least in part, a result of changes in loading conditions. Total body (CaO2--CVO2) and base excess values remained within the normal range. We consider that the oxygen supply was adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body as a whole. Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased by 25% during 0.75 vol% inspired isoflurane and by 43.5% with deepening of anaesthesia (1.5 vol% isoflurane).", "PMID": 1016644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1450", "title": "Pharmacokinetic analysis using an electrical analogue.", "content": "After i.v. administration, the distribution and elimination of many drugs may be simulated by a compartmental mathematical model. The analogue can be used to construct such models in electrical terms. When programmed with an appropriate model, the analogue can be used in a wide range of predictive studies. The application of the analogue is illustrated by analysis of serial plasma concentrations of fentanyl and pancuronium.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic analysis using an electrical analogue. After i.v. administration, the distribution and elimination of many drugs may be simulated by a compartmental mathematical model. The analogue can be used to construct such models in electrical terms. When programmed with an appropriate model, the analogue can be used in a wide range of predictive studies. The application of the analogue is illustrated by analysis of serial plasma concentrations of fentanyl and pancuronium.", "PMID": 1016645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1451", "title": "Tubocurarine and the neonate.", "content": "Tubocurarine, given as a single bolus, may be used safely for neuromuscular blockade in the neonate. The recommended dose is 250 mug/kg at birth, increasing to 500 mug/kg at 28 days of age. This dose should be reduced in the event of prematurity, acidosis or hypothermia, or when certain antibiotics or inhalation anaesthetic agents are present in the tissues. A single dose as described has a duration of approximately 1 h and it is only after this time that satisfactory antagonism can be obtained. The potency of pancuronium when compared with tubocurarine in the study is 6:1, from birth to 28 days.", "contents": "Tubocurarine and the neonate. Tubocurarine, given as a single bolus, may be used safely for neuromuscular blockade in the neonate. The recommended dose is 250 mug/kg at birth, increasing to 500 mug/kg at 28 days of age. This dose should be reduced in the event of prematurity, acidosis or hypothermia, or when certain antibiotics or inhalation anaesthetic agents are present in the tissues. A single dose as described has a duration of approximately 1 h and it is only after this time that satisfactory antagonism can be obtained. The potency of pancuronium when compared with tubocurarine in the study is 6:1, from birth to 28 days.", "PMID": 1016646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1452", "title": "Laryngeal incompetence during neuroleptanalgesia in combination with diazepam.", "content": "In eight patients, following carotid angiography under neuroleptanalgesia, a radiopaque dye was instilled into the pharynx. The chest was x-rayed 15 min later. All eight patients were observed to have aspirated the dye. The technique of neuroleptanalgesia described should not be used without safeguarding the airway in patients liable to regurgitate and inhale gastric contents.", "contents": "Laryngeal incompetence during neuroleptanalgesia in combination with diazepam. In eight patients, following carotid angiography under neuroleptanalgesia, a radiopaque dye was instilled into the pharynx. The chest was x-rayed 15 min later. All eight patients were observed to have aspirated the dye. The technique of neuroleptanalgesia described should not be used without safeguarding the airway in patients liable to regurgitate and inhale gastric contents.", "PMID": 1016647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1453", "title": "Tetany, tetanus or drug reaction? A case report.", "content": "An 8-year-old child was given perphenazine to prevent vomiting after surgery and developed an acute dystonic reaction; There were features of both tetany and tetanus without any of the classical features of extrapyramidal disturbance. The diagnostic difficulties are discussed. The reaction was treated successfully with i.v. diazepam. The prescribing of anti-emetics after surgery is examined critically with special reference to children.", "contents": "Tetany, tetanus or drug reaction? A case report. An 8-year-old child was given perphenazine to prevent vomiting after surgery and developed an acute dystonic reaction; There were features of both tetany and tetanus without any of the classical features of extrapyramidal disturbance. The diagnostic difficulties are discussed. The reaction was treated successfully with i.v. diazepam. The prescribing of anti-emetics after surgery is examined critically with special reference to children.", "PMID": 1016648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1454", "title": "Hypersensitivity to suxamethonium in a Suffolk family.", "content": "Suxamethonium apnoea developed in a patient who was a homozygote for the atypical gene. Fifty-five members of the patient's family were investigated. Seven further homozygotes were found. Suxamethonium apnoea had been demonstrated previously in one of these. Thirty-two members of the family were heterozygotes.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to suxamethonium in a Suffolk family. Suxamethonium apnoea developed in a patient who was a homozygote for the atypical gene. Fifty-five members of the patient's family were investigated. Seven further homozygotes were found. Suxamethonium apnoea had been demonstrated previously in one of these. Thirty-two members of the family were heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1016649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1455", "title": "[Purification of alpha-amylase by affinity chromatography on cross-linked starch].", "content": "Affinity chromatography on cross-linked starch affords a simple and rapid procedure for alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1.) purification. When starch is cross-linked in alkaline medium by epichlorhydrin in the conditions described, the insoluble polysaccharide obtained is able to retain specifically the alpha-amylase which is then eluted with 2M maltose solution. alpha-amylase can be obtained in a pure form with a 60% yield. The exoenzyme beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) is not retained by the support and is eluted with other contaminant proteins. Therefore, this procedure allows the separation of the endo- and exoamylase activities.", "contents": "[Purification of alpha-amylase by affinity chromatography on cross-linked starch]. Affinity chromatography on cross-linked starch affords a simple and rapid procedure for alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1.) purification. When starch is cross-linked in alkaline medium by epichlorhydrin in the conditions described, the insoluble polysaccharide obtained is able to retain specifically the alpha-amylase which is then eluted with 2M maltose solution. alpha-amylase can be obtained in a pure form with a 60% yield. The exoenzyme beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) is not retained by the support and is eluted with other contaminant proteins. Therefore, this procedure allows the separation of the endo- and exoamylase activities.", "PMID": 1016650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1456", "title": "[Primary structure of the casein macropeptide of caprine kappa casein].", "content": "The amino acid sequence of caprine CMP, the negatively charged C-terminal fragment released by chymosin (rennin EC 3.4.23.4) from goat K-casein at the initial stage of the milk-clotting process, has been investigated. The complete sequence has been determined by analysing chymotryptic and \"thermolysin\" fragments of the CMP. Caprine CMP contains 66 amino acid residues, 2 being phosphorylated. Asp2, Asn5, Thr11, Ser6, SerP2, Glu7, Gln2, Pro6, Ala9 Val5, Met1, Ile6, Lys3, His1, and the carbohydrate-free polypeptide chain has a molecular weight of 6,998 daltons. The occurrence in caprine CMP of an additional phosphate group, linked to serine 168 in the C-terminal region Thr-Ser168-Thr-Glu170-Val.OH of the polypeptide chain, has given support to the phosphorylation code for caseins that we postulated earlier [28, 27]. According to this hypothesis, a specific phosphoryl kinase may recognize an anionic phosphorylation site corresponding to the tripeptide sequence Thr/Ser-X-Glu, X being any amino acid residue. Since the C-terminal sequence of bovine and caprine CMPs differ by the substitution Ala/Glu170 (caprine), phosphorylation of caprine serine 168 could be explained by the occurrence of the new phosphorylation site Ser168-Thr-Glu170.", "contents": "[Primary structure of the casein macropeptide of caprine kappa casein]. The amino acid sequence of caprine CMP, the negatively charged C-terminal fragment released by chymosin (rennin EC 3.4.23.4) from goat K-casein at the initial stage of the milk-clotting process, has been investigated. The complete sequence has been determined by analysing chymotryptic and \"thermolysin\" fragments of the CMP. Caprine CMP contains 66 amino acid residues, 2 being phosphorylated. Asp2, Asn5, Thr11, Ser6, SerP2, Glu7, Gln2, Pro6, Ala9 Val5, Met1, Ile6, Lys3, His1, and the carbohydrate-free polypeptide chain has a molecular weight of 6,998 daltons. The occurrence in caprine CMP of an additional phosphate group, linked to serine 168 in the C-terminal region Thr-Ser168-Thr-Glu170-Val.OH of the polypeptide chain, has given support to the phosphorylation code for caseins that we postulated earlier [28, 27]. According to this hypothesis, a specific phosphoryl kinase may recognize an anionic phosphorylation site corresponding to the tripeptide sequence Thr/Ser-X-Glu, X being any amino acid residue. Since the C-terminal sequence of bovine and caprine CMPs differ by the substitution Ala/Glu170 (caprine), phosphorylation of caprine serine 168 could be explained by the occurrence of the new phosphorylation site Ser168-Thr-Glu170.", "PMID": 1016651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1457", "title": "[Preparation and immunoephelometric quantitation of fibrinogen in rabbits].", "content": "Pure rabbit fibrinogen was prepared by a method involving two ammonium sulfate precipitations, one 2 M phosphate buffer precipitation, one DEAE cellulose chromatography and lastly one Sepharose 6 B chromatography. The aminoacid composition was determined and an immunonephelemetric assay was proposed. This assay followed an accurate determination of fibrinogen concentration in a rabbit with inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "[Preparation and immunoephelometric quantitation of fibrinogen in rabbits]. Pure rabbit fibrinogen was prepared by a method involving two ammonium sulfate precipitations, one 2 M phosphate buffer precipitation, one DEAE cellulose chromatography and lastly one Sepharose 6 B chromatography. The aminoacid composition was determined and an immunonephelemetric assay was proposed. This assay followed an accurate determination of fibrinogen concentration in a rabbit with inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 1016652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1458", "title": "Transfer ribonucleic acid methylase activity in adult and foetal rat liver.", "content": "Foetal rat liver extracts were found to have higher tRNA methylene activities than corresponding extracts of adult liver. When the specific activities were expressed per mg of liver or per mg of protein, the foetal tRNA methylating enzymes were respectively 2.5 and 6 times higher than those of adult livers. The presence of an inhibitor in adult liver can be excluded, since the same recoveries of total tRNA methylase activity were obtained after partial purification of both adult and foetal liver extracts: yields were close to 100%. The apparent Km's for the substrates in the methylating reactions were the same when tRNA methylases from either adult or foetal liver were used: values were 0.2 muM for Escherichia coli tRNA and 2.1 muM for S-adenosyl-L-methionine. After T1-T2 ribonuclease digestion of an in vitro methylated tRNA, similar methyl nucleotide patterns were observed in foetal and adult enzymatic extracts. It is concluded that the same tRNA methylase pool is present in adult and foetal liver. In addition, it is hypothesized that the different reaction rates exhibited by these enzymes might be due to the tRNA functional requirements rather than to the presence of a tRNA methylase inhibitor.", "contents": "Transfer ribonucleic acid methylase activity in adult and foetal rat liver. Foetal rat liver extracts were found to have higher tRNA methylene activities than corresponding extracts of adult liver. When the specific activities were expressed per mg of liver or per mg of protein, the foetal tRNA methylating enzymes were respectively 2.5 and 6 times higher than those of adult livers. The presence of an inhibitor in adult liver can be excluded, since the same recoveries of total tRNA methylase activity were obtained after partial purification of both adult and foetal liver extracts: yields were close to 100%. The apparent Km's for the substrates in the methylating reactions were the same when tRNA methylases from either adult or foetal liver were used: values were 0.2 muM for Escherichia coli tRNA and 2.1 muM for S-adenosyl-L-methionine. After T1-T2 ribonuclease digestion of an in vitro methylated tRNA, similar methyl nucleotide patterns were observed in foetal and adult enzymatic extracts. It is concluded that the same tRNA methylase pool is present in adult and foetal liver. In addition, it is hypothesized that the different reaction rates exhibited by these enzymes might be due to the tRNA functional requirements rather than to the presence of a tRNA methylase inhibitor.", "PMID": 1016653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1459", "title": "[Biological methylations in the crab Carcinus maenas; in vitro inhibition by a fraction purified from androgen gland extracts].", "content": "Extracts from muscles, testis, seminal vesicles and ovaries of the Crab, Carcinus maenas, have been studied in vitro, in presence of [14C]-methyl S-adenosylmethionine, with an E. coli tRNA as methyl acceptor. The highest level of methylases is found in the testis. It has been reported previously that a purified fraction extracted from the androgenic glands of Carcinus maenas inhibits the vitellogenesis in ovaries. We now show that the same fraction inhibits tRNA methylation in an extract of testis as methylase; a 50% inhibition is obtained with about 10 mug of a purified fraction corresponding to 15 glands. With an enzymatic preparation from the ovaries, a 50% inhibition of the tRNA methylase is observed with the purified extract from 4 glands.", "contents": "[Biological methylations in the crab Carcinus maenas; in vitro inhibition by a fraction purified from androgen gland extracts]. Extracts from muscles, testis, seminal vesicles and ovaries of the Crab, Carcinus maenas, have been studied in vitro, in presence of [14C]-methyl S-adenosylmethionine, with an E. coli tRNA as methyl acceptor. The highest level of methylases is found in the testis. It has been reported previously that a purified fraction extracted from the androgenic glands of Carcinus maenas inhibits the vitellogenesis in ovaries. We now show that the same fraction inhibits tRNA methylation in an extract of testis as methylase; a 50% inhibition is obtained with about 10 mug of a purified fraction corresponding to 15 glands. With an enzymatic preparation from the ovaries, a 50% inhibition of the tRNA methylase is observed with the purified extract from 4 glands.", "PMID": 1016654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1460", "title": "[Structure, amount and composition of sulfuric, sulfonic and phosphoric esters of glycosyldiglycerides of three fucacea].", "content": "The mono and polyester glycosyl sulfates or phosphate diglycerides account for a group of polar lipids which is found in large amounts in the three fucacae that are studied: Pelvetia canaliculata (L) Deen and Thur, Fucus vesiculosus (L), Fucus serratus (L).  These polar lipids have been shown to have complex structures, most of them are unknown in the present nomenclature. Both quantity and composition of these polar lipids are species characteristics, forming the equipment of polar lipids for every species of algae. Glycosyl ester sulfate and phosphate diglycerides are very unstable substances when pure, moreover photolabile and thremodegradable. This extreme fragility caused many difficulties in the determination of molecular structures which require a very high purity of isolated substances, The determination of the structures, studies of quantities and composition cytological localization of these polar lipids should allow to define clearly their physiological function and importance from the biochemical and ecological point of view.", "contents": "[Structure, amount and composition of sulfuric, sulfonic and phosphoric esters of glycosyldiglycerides of three fucacea]. The mono and polyester glycosyl sulfates or phosphate diglycerides account for a group of polar lipids which is found in large amounts in the three fucacae that are studied: Pelvetia canaliculata (L) Deen and Thur, Fucus vesiculosus (L), Fucus serratus (L).  These polar lipids have been shown to have complex structures, most of them are unknown in the present nomenclature. Both quantity and composition of these polar lipids are species characteristics, forming the equipment of polar lipids for every species of algae. Glycosyl ester sulfate and phosphate diglycerides are very unstable substances when pure, moreover photolabile and thremodegradable. This extreme fragility caused many difficulties in the determination of molecular structures which require a very high purity of isolated substances, The determination of the structures, studies of quantities and composition cytological localization of these polar lipids should allow to define clearly their physiological function and importance from the biochemical and ecological point of view.", "PMID": 1016655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1461", "title": "[Aliphatic alcohol sulfates: new polar lipids isolated from various Fucacea].", "content": "Four new sulfolipids have been found in the three Fucacea from the coast of Britany P. canaliculata (L) Deen et Thur, F. vesiculosus (L), F. serratus (L). These four polar lipids form a separate group, their structures being very different from those of the glyceride by-products already known. By acid hydrolysis of these substances the aliphatic mono and dialcohols can be separated. The aliphatic hydrocarbons studied by gas chromatography and spectrometric methods (IR, MASS), have been established as being saturated C30 mono or dialcohols, saturated C18 and C20 monoinsaturated dialcohols. SAA are the only substances found: there was no sulfonate or phosphate ester in the three algae studied. The quantity and composition of SAA are not characteristic of the species. Their variations depend on the physiological and biochemical states of the thallus and on the conditions of extraction and purification.", "contents": "[Aliphatic alcohol sulfates: new polar lipids isolated from various Fucacea]. Four new sulfolipids have been found in the three Fucacea from the coast of Britany P. canaliculata (L) Deen et Thur, F. vesiculosus (L), F. serratus (L). These four polar lipids form a separate group, their structures being very different from those of the glyceride by-products already known. By acid hydrolysis of these substances the aliphatic mono and dialcohols can be separated. The aliphatic hydrocarbons studied by gas chromatography and spectrometric methods (IR, MASS), have been established as being saturated C30 mono or dialcohols, saturated C18 and C20 monoinsaturated dialcohols. SAA are the only substances found: there was no sulfonate or phosphate ester in the three algae studied. The quantity and composition of SAA are not characteristic of the species. Their variations depend on the physiological and biochemical states of the thallus and on the conditions of extraction and purification.", "PMID": 1016656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1462", "title": "Ocular development and involution in the European cave salamander, Proteus anguinus laurenti.", "content": "The anatomy and development of the eye of Proteus anguinus are described. The relationships between organogenesis of the eye in embryos and larva and its involution in the young and the adult are discussed. The availability (in breeding cultures) of a significant number of Proteus embryos (which are normally rare) allowed experimental analysis of the effects of light, xenoplastic differentiation and thyroid hormones on the development of the eye. The results of this study suggest that development and involution of the eye of Proteus are controlled by genetic factors which are not greatly influenced by environment, and one can, therefore, consider the microphthalmy of Proteus as a relict characteristic which is the result of a specific development with disturbance of the normal ontogenic process.", "contents": "Ocular development and involution in the European cave salamander, Proteus anguinus laurenti. The anatomy and development of the eye of Proteus anguinus are described. The relationships between organogenesis of the eye in embryos and larva and its involution in the young and the adult are discussed. The availability (in breeding cultures) of a significant number of Proteus embryos (which are normally rare) allowed experimental analysis of the effects of light, xenoplastic differentiation and thyroid hormones on the development of the eye. The results of this study suggest that development and involution of the eye of Proteus are controlled by genetic factors which are not greatly influenced by environment, and one can, therefore, consider the microphthalmy of Proteus as a relict characteristic which is the result of a specific development with disturbance of the normal ontogenic process.", "PMID": 1016662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1463", "title": "Observations on the feeding mechanism, diet and digestive physiology of Histriobdella homari Van Beneden 1858: an aberrant polychaete symbiotic with North American and European lobsters.", "content": "1. The aberrant annelid Histriobdella homari (Polychaeta:Eunicida) lives in the branchial chambers of the marine lobsters Homarus americanus and H. vulgaris where it feeds on the rich microflora of bacteria, blue-green algae and related organisms which grow on the inner surface of the branchial chamber, the setae fringing the edges of the carapace, the gill filaments and, especially, the surfaces and setae of the epipodite plates between the gills. H. homari, therefore, is to be regarded as an epizoic microphagous cleaning symbiote of the lobsters. 2. The alimentary canal consists of mouth, buccal cavity, oesophagus, proventriculus, stomach, intestine and anus. The much-modified proboscis lies ventrally below the oesophagus and proventriculus, with its anterior portions protruding into the rear of the buccal cavity. 3. The proboscis consists of two fixed parallel mandibles, a transverse carrier which slides upon the mandibles and to which is attached, posteriorly, a median flexible dorsal rod and, anteriorly, four pairs of movable articulated maxillae, paired external and internal retractor muscles and various tensor, flexor and extensor muscles. 4. Contraction of the retractor muscles withdraws the carrier and maxillae posteriorly, causing bowing of the dorsal rod which is fixed at its posterior end. Relaxation of the muscles allows the rod to straighten and, thus, causes protraction of the carrier and protraction and lateral expansion of the maxillae. Contraction and relaxation of the relaxation of the retractor muscles are supplemented by appropriate changes in the other muscular components of the proboscis. 5. During feeding the serrated anterior ends of the mandibles are applied to the food, the maxillae are fully expanded and then dawn ventro-posteriorly toward the mid-line by contraction of the retractor muscles in the effective movement of the feeding mechanism. This draws the food organisms across the anterior ends of the mandibles, detaching them from the substratum and allowing their ingestion by ciliary action. The first pair of maxillae are also capable of independent action and can be used while the remainder of the proboscis apparatus is held in the protracted position. 6. Detached microorganisms are entangled in a sticky mucous secretion from the salivary glands; other salivary secretions provide a transport medium for the clumped particles and a third set contain C-esterases which initiate digestion. 7. Ingested food is held briefly in the proventriculus, then passed to the stomach where gland cells secrete A- and C-esterases which continue and extend the digestion initiated by the salivary C-esterases. 8. Some soluble products of gastric digestion are taken up by absorptive cells in the stomach wall and their digestion is completed intracellularly by enzymes which include  beta-glucuronidase. Others pass into the intestine for absorption and completion of digestion by cells similar to the gastric absorptive cells but which lack beta-glucuronidase...", "contents": "Observations on the feeding mechanism, diet and digestive physiology of Histriobdella homari Van Beneden 1858: an aberrant polychaete symbiotic with North American and European lobsters. 1. The aberrant annelid Histriobdella homari (Polychaeta:Eunicida) lives in the branchial chambers of the marine lobsters Homarus americanus and H. vulgaris where it feeds on the rich microflora of bacteria, blue-green algae and related organisms which grow on the inner surface of the branchial chamber, the setae fringing the edges of the carapace, the gill filaments and, especially, the surfaces and setae of the epipodite plates between the gills. H. homari, therefore, is to be regarded as an epizoic microphagous cleaning symbiote of the lobsters. 2. The alimentary canal consists of mouth, buccal cavity, oesophagus, proventriculus, stomach, intestine and anus. The much-modified proboscis lies ventrally below the oesophagus and proventriculus, with its anterior portions protruding into the rear of the buccal cavity. 3. The proboscis consists of two fixed parallel mandibles, a transverse carrier which slides upon the mandibles and to which is attached, posteriorly, a median flexible dorsal rod and, anteriorly, four pairs of movable articulated maxillae, paired external and internal retractor muscles and various tensor, flexor and extensor muscles. 4. Contraction of the retractor muscles withdraws the carrier and maxillae posteriorly, causing bowing of the dorsal rod which is fixed at its posterior end. Relaxation of the muscles allows the rod to straighten and, thus, causes protraction of the carrier and protraction and lateral expansion of the maxillae. Contraction and relaxation of the relaxation of the retractor muscles are supplemented by appropriate changes in the other muscular components of the proboscis. 5. During feeding the serrated anterior ends of the mandibles are applied to the food, the maxillae are fully expanded and then dawn ventro-posteriorly toward the mid-line by contraction of the retractor muscles in the effective movement of the feeding mechanism. This draws the food organisms across the anterior ends of the mandibles, detaching them from the substratum and allowing their ingestion by ciliary action. The first pair of maxillae are also capable of independent action and can be used while the remainder of the proboscis apparatus is held in the protracted position. 6. Detached microorganisms are entangled in a sticky mucous secretion from the salivary glands; other salivary secretions provide a transport medium for the clumped particles and a third set contain C-esterases which initiate digestion. 7. Ingested food is held briefly in the proventriculus, then passed to the stomach where gland cells secrete A- and C-esterases which continue and extend the digestion initiated by the salivary C-esterases. 8. Some soluble products of gastric digestion are taken up by absorptive cells in the stomach wall and their digestion is completed intracellularly by enzymes which include  beta-glucuronidase. Others pass into the intestine for absorption and completion of digestion by cells similar to the gastric absorptive cells but which lack beta-glucuronidase...", "PMID": 1016663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1464", "title": "Thermal compensation in protein and RNA synthesis during the intermolt cycle of the American lobster, Homarus americanus.", "content": "1. The in vitro rates of incorporation of precursors into protein and RNA and the concentration of RNA were measured in tissues of intermolt and premolt lobsters acclimated to 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Midgut gland, abdominal muscle and gill of intermolt lobsters respond to temperature acclimation by a compensatory translation of the rate-temperature (R-T) curves with respect to the rates of incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-uridine into the acid-insoluble fraction. Midgut gland and muscle of premolt animals exhibit either no compensation or inverse compensation; gill tissue exhibits a rotation of the R-T curve. 2. The existence of the complete de novo pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis is demonstrated in the class Crustacea. NaH14 CO2 is incorporated into orotic acid and orotic-14 C-acid is incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction. 3. Both the concentration of RNA and the rates of incorporation of precursors of both the salvage and de novo pyrimidine pathways are enhanced in the midgut gland of premolt lobsters, relative to intermolt tissue, under conditions of warm-acclimation.", "contents": "Thermal compensation in protein and RNA synthesis during the intermolt cycle of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. 1. The in vitro rates of incorporation of precursors into protein and RNA and the concentration of RNA were measured in tissues of intermolt and premolt lobsters acclimated to 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Midgut gland, abdominal muscle and gill of intermolt lobsters respond to temperature acclimation by a compensatory translation of the rate-temperature (R-T) curves with respect to the rates of incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-uridine into the acid-insoluble fraction. Midgut gland and muscle of premolt animals exhibit either no compensation or inverse compensation; gill tissue exhibits a rotation of the R-T curve. 2. The existence of the complete de novo pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis is demonstrated in the class Crustacea. NaH14 CO2 is incorporated into orotic acid and orotic-14 C-acid is incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction. 3. Both the concentration of RNA and the rates of incorporation of precursors of both the salvage and de novo pyrimidine pathways are enhanced in the midgut gland of premolt lobsters, relative to intermolt tissue, under conditions of warm-acclimation.", "PMID": 1016664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1465", "title": "Morphological adaptation to thermal stress in a marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus.", "content": "Populations of Fundulus heteroclitus (Cyprinodontidae), a coastal marine fish, were studied in control and artificially heated environments on the north shore of Long Island to determine patterns of variation in morphology and the extent to which this variation reflected adaptation to environmental characteristics. Principal components and discriminant function analyses were used to analyze variation in and among seventeen morphological characters. Fishes living in water artificially heated by a power plant exhibited marked divergence from control populations in head morphology, and convergence with a population sampled at more southern latitudes. Hence, these differences were interpreted as adaptations to warm environments. Greater morphological variation is detected at the heated locality than at control localities, and this may be partially due to a breakdown in developmental homeostasis, and partially due to selection favoring phenotypes that are rare in this environment.", "contents": "Morphological adaptation to thermal stress in a marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Populations of Fundulus heteroclitus (Cyprinodontidae), a coastal marine fish, were studied in control and artificially heated environments on the north shore of Long Island to determine patterns of variation in morphology and the extent to which this variation reflected adaptation to environmental characteristics. Principal components and discriminant function analyses were used to analyze variation in and among seventeen morphological characters. Fishes living in water artificially heated by a power plant exhibited marked divergence from control populations in head morphology, and convergence with a population sampled at more southern latitudes. Hence, these differences were interpreted as adaptations to warm environments. Greater morphological variation is detected at the heated locality than at control localities, and this may be partially due to a breakdown in developmental homeostasis, and partially due to selection favoring phenotypes that are rare in this environment.", "PMID": 1016665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1466", "title": "Development and metamorphosis of the sea-star, Astropecten scoparius Valenciennes.", "content": "1. Astropecten scoparius develops to a bipinnaria with simple ciliary bands and short bipinnari arms through a wrinkled blastula by holoblastic, radial cleavage. 2. About seven days after insemination, the posterior portion of the bipinnaria becomes swollen and fine spicules appear on it, while the anterior portion, the stalk, remains unchanged. 3. Metamorphosis takes place gradually at the posterior portion, while the metamorphosing bipinnaria is pelagic. Two weeks after insemination, the stalk rapidly shrinks and the larva sinks to the bottom. 4. About 18 days after insemination, the juvenile completes metamorphois with the opening of the mouth. The newly metamorphosed juvenile is 600 mu in diameter and each arm bears two pairs of the tube-feet, each having a sucker at the tip, and one terminal tentacle with red eye-spot. 5. The aboral skeletal system of the juvenile immediately after metamorphosis is composed of one central, one madreporic, ten radial and interradial plates, in addition to five terminal plates on the arms. 6. The juveniles smaller than about one cm in R do not bear some of the diagnostic features in this species. 7. A characteristic feature of the development of Astropecten, i.e., the lack of a brachiolaria stage, is stressed. The term \"nonbrachiolarian type\" is tentatively proposed to distinguish the development of Astropecten and Luidia, which do not pass through a brachiolaria stage, from the usual indirect type of development.", "contents": "Development and metamorphosis of the sea-star, Astropecten scoparius Valenciennes. 1. Astropecten scoparius develops to a bipinnaria with simple ciliary bands and short bipinnari arms through a wrinkled blastula by holoblastic, radial cleavage. 2. About seven days after insemination, the posterior portion of the bipinnaria becomes swollen and fine spicules appear on it, while the anterior portion, the stalk, remains unchanged. 3. Metamorphosis takes place gradually at the posterior portion, while the metamorphosing bipinnaria is pelagic. Two weeks after insemination, the stalk rapidly shrinks and the larva sinks to the bottom. 4. About 18 days after insemination, the juvenile completes metamorphois with the opening of the mouth. The newly metamorphosed juvenile is 600 mu in diameter and each arm bears two pairs of the tube-feet, each having a sucker at the tip, and one terminal tentacle with red eye-spot. 5. The aboral skeletal system of the juvenile immediately after metamorphosis is composed of one central, one madreporic, ten radial and interradial plates, in addition to five terminal plates on the arms. 6. The juveniles smaller than about one cm in R do not bear some of the diagnostic features in this species. 7. A characteristic feature of the development of Astropecten, i.e., the lack of a brachiolaria stage, is stressed. The term \"nonbrachiolarian type\" is tentatively proposed to distinguish the development of Astropecten and Luidia, which do not pass through a brachiolaria stage, from the usual indirect type of development.", "PMID": 1016666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1467", "title": "Symbiotic association of Photobacterium fischeri with the marine luminous fish Monocentris japonica; a model of symbiosis based on bacterial studies.", "content": "Isolation of bacteria from the luminous organ of the fish Monocentris japonica has revealed that the organ contains a pure culture of luminous bacteria. For the four fish examined, all contained Photobacterium  fischeri as their luminous bacterial symbiont. This is the first time that P. fischeri has been identified in a symbiotic association. A representative isolate (MJl) of the light organ population was selected for in vivo studies of its luminous system. Several physiological features suggest adaptation for symbiotic existence. First, MJl has been shown to produce and respond to an inducer of luciferase that could accumulate in the light organ. Secondly, the specific activity of light production was seen to be maximal under low, growth-limiting concentrations of oxygen. Thirdly, unlike another luminous species (Beneckea harveyi), synthesis of the light production system of these bacteria is not catabolite repressed by glucose--a possible source of nutrition in the light organ. Fourthly, when grown aerobically on glucose these bacteria excrete pyruvic acid into the medium. This production of pyruvate is a major process, accounting for 30-40% of the glucose utilized and may serve as a form of regulatory and nutritional communication with the host.", "contents": "Symbiotic association of Photobacterium fischeri with the marine luminous fish Monocentris japonica; a model of symbiosis based on bacterial studies. Isolation of bacteria from the luminous organ of the fish Monocentris japonica has revealed that the organ contains a pure culture of luminous bacteria. For the four fish examined, all contained Photobacterium  fischeri as their luminous bacterial symbiont. This is the first time that P. fischeri has been identified in a symbiotic association. A representative isolate (MJl) of the light organ population was selected for in vivo studies of its luminous system. Several physiological features suggest adaptation for symbiotic existence. First, MJl has been shown to produce and respond to an inducer of luciferase that could accumulate in the light organ. Secondly, the specific activity of light production was seen to be maximal under low, growth-limiting concentrations of oxygen. Thirdly, unlike another luminous species (Beneckea harveyi), synthesis of the light production system of these bacteria is not catabolite repressed by glucose--a possible source of nutrition in the light organ. Fourthly, when grown aerobically on glucose these bacteria excrete pyruvic acid into the medium. This production of pyruvate is a major process, accounting for 30-40% of the glucose utilized and may serve as a form of regulatory and nutritional communication with the host.", "PMID": 1016667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1468", "title": "Exchanges of sodium and chloride at low salinities by Nereis diversicolor (Annelida, Polychaeta).", "content": "1. Experiments to compare the exchange (total influx) of sodium and chloride in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor in steady-state adaptation to very low salinities are reported. 2. The Na-uptake mechanism shows a high affinity for sodium, reaching half the maximal uptake rate at an external Na-concentration of 8-10 mM/liter (ca. 2% SW), and becomes \"saturated\" or reaches a plateau of uptake at concentrations of 40-50 mM/liter (ca. 10% SW) up to ca. 350 mM/liter (75% SW), above which Na-exchange is proportional to the external concentration. 3. The Cl-uptake curve differs from the Na-uptake curve in showing a relative depression at very low salinities before reaching \"saturation\" at Cl-concentrations of 50-60 mM/liter (ca. 10% SW). Cl-uptake becomes proportional to external concentration in salinities of 50% SW or greater, suggestive of passive diffusion in the ionic and osmotic conforming range. 4. It is shown that the permeability of the body wall, both to Na and to Cl, is reduced at very low salinities, thus destroying one of the assumptions upon which a previously-presented balance-sheet for chloride exchanges in N. diversicolor was based (Smith, 1970a). 5. Attempts to demonstrate an activation of the Na-uptake mechanism at very low salinities were inconclusive; reduction of body-wall permeability to sodium masks any possible activation. 6. It is suggested that the inside-negative body-wall potential is related to the depression of the Cl-uptake curve in salinities below 10% SW.", "contents": "Exchanges of sodium and chloride at low salinities by Nereis diversicolor (Annelida, Polychaeta). 1. Experiments to compare the exchange (total influx) of sodium and chloride in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor in steady-state adaptation to very low salinities are reported. 2. The Na-uptake mechanism shows a high affinity for sodium, reaching half the maximal uptake rate at an external Na-concentration of 8-10 mM/liter (ca. 2% SW), and becomes \"saturated\" or reaches a plateau of uptake at concentrations of 40-50 mM/liter (ca. 10% SW) up to ca. 350 mM/liter (75% SW), above which Na-exchange is proportional to the external concentration. 3. The Cl-uptake curve differs from the Na-uptake curve in showing a relative depression at very low salinities before reaching \"saturation\" at Cl-concentrations of 50-60 mM/liter (ca. 10% SW). Cl-uptake becomes proportional to external concentration in salinities of 50% SW or greater, suggestive of passive diffusion in the ionic and osmotic conforming range. 4. It is shown that the permeability of the body wall, both to Na and to Cl, is reduced at very low salinities, thus destroying one of the assumptions upon which a previously-presented balance-sheet for chloride exchanges in N. diversicolor was based (Smith, 1970a). 5. Attempts to demonstrate an activation of the Na-uptake mechanism at very low salinities were inconclusive; reduction of body-wall permeability to sodium masks any possible activation. 6. It is suggested that the inside-negative body-wall potential is related to the depression of the Cl-uptake curve in salinities below 10% SW.", "PMID": 1016668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1469", "title": "Osmotic adjustment in an estuarine population of Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822) (Muricidae, Gastropoda).", "content": "Individuals from a subtidal, estuarine population of the common oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822), were brought into the laboratory and tested for osmotic adjustment to changing salinity. Tissue variables monitored at seven experimental salinities ranging from 10 to 40% were tissue fluid osmolality, chloride, sodium, potassium, free amino acids (FAA), ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) and water content. The results of this study demonstrate that the test animals did not exhibit anisosmotic regulation at any of the experimental salinities. However, the data do suggest a high degree of hyper-ionic regulation of potassium at all experimental salinities and a hyporegulation of sodium between the 25 and 40% salinities. Taurine, aspartic acid, alanine and glycine were the four FAA present in relatively consistent high amounts. These four amino acids comprised from 59.6 to 75.7% of the total FAA pools. It is postulated that the population does not maintain its euryhaline survival status through an osmoregulatory mechanism. Rather, the population has probably adapted physiologically to withstand dilution of its body fluids during spring conditions of low salinities.", "contents": "Osmotic adjustment in an estuarine population of Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822) (Muricidae, Gastropoda). Individuals from a subtidal, estuarine population of the common oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822), were brought into the laboratory and tested for osmotic adjustment to changing salinity. Tissue variables monitored at seven experimental salinities ranging from 10 to 40% were tissue fluid osmolality, chloride, sodium, potassium, free amino acids (FAA), ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) and water content. The results of this study demonstrate that the test animals did not exhibit anisosmotic regulation at any of the experimental salinities. However, the data do suggest a high degree of hyper-ionic regulation of potassium at all experimental salinities and a hyporegulation of sodium between the 25 and 40% salinities. Taurine, aspartic acid, alanine and glycine were the four FAA present in relatively consistent high amounts. These four amino acids comprised from 59.6 to 75.7% of the total FAA pools. It is postulated that the population does not maintain its euryhaline survival status through an osmoregulatory mechanism. Rather, the population has probably adapted physiologically to withstand dilution of its body fluids during spring conditions of low salinities.", "PMID": 1016669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1470", "title": "A method of measuring the temporal/distance factors of gait.", "content": "There exist many clinical situations where it is desirable to have some measure of a patient's ability to walk. The complex nature of human locomotion is reflected by the number of parameters that have been measured in previous studies of gait analysis. The temporal/distance factors of gait have been found to be extremely useful as a measure of a person's functional mobility. This paper describes a system which has been developed to measure these parameters of gait.", "contents": "A method of measuring the temporal/distance factors of gait. There exist many clinical situations where it is desirable to have some measure of a patient's ability to walk. The complex nature of human locomotion is reflected by the number of parameters that have been measured in previous studies of gait analysis. The temporal/distance factors of gait have been found to be extremely useful as a measure of a person's functional mobility. This paper describes a system which has been developed to measure these parameters of gait.", "PMID": 1016677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1471", "title": "A solid state delayed auditory feedback system for speech therapy.", "content": "A delayed auditory feedback system has been constructed using solid state integrated circuit components. The construction of the instrument is described and the advantages of such an electronic device over conventional electro-mechanical systems are discussed.", "contents": "A solid state delayed auditory feedback system for speech therapy. A delayed auditory feedback system has been constructed using solid state integrated circuit components. The construction of the instrument is described and the advantages of such an electronic device over conventional electro-mechanical systems are discussed.", "PMID": 1016678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1472", "title": "Elevated myo-inositol concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates and of patients with an impaired state of consciousness.", "content": "A simple, semiquantitative paper chromatographic method was used to identify samples of cerebrospinal fluid containing elevated concentrations of myo-inositol. All patients whose CSF inositol concentrations were greater than 70 mug/ml (as determined by S. carlsbergensis microbiological assay) showed disturbances of the state of consciousness, reported as stupor, coma or confusion in adults, or apathy and stupor in infants. An elevated level of inositol in cerebrospinal fluid appeared to be a characteristic finding in infants under one year of age. Among other age groups no common etiology was correlated with high inositol concentration.", "contents": "Elevated myo-inositol concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates and of patients with an impaired state of consciousness. A simple, semiquantitative paper chromatographic method was used to identify samples of cerebrospinal fluid containing elevated concentrations of myo-inositol. All patients whose CSF inositol concentrations were greater than 70 mug/ml (as determined by S. carlsbergensis microbiological assay) showed disturbances of the state of consciousness, reported as stupor, coma or confusion in adults, or apathy and stupor in infants. An elevated level of inositol in cerebrospinal fluid appeared to be a characteristic finding in infants under one year of age. Among other age groups no common etiology was correlated with high inositol concentration.", "PMID": 1016679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1473", "title": "Inhibition of free fatty acid release from isolated rat epididymal fat cells by some natural occurring organic acids.", "content": "The effects of some mono-, di- and tricarboxylic substrates (acetate, pyruvate, L-lactate, L-alanine, D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate, succinate, D,L-malate, alpha-oxoglutarate, L-glutamate and citrate) on the basal lypolytic activity of isolated white adipocytes from fasted rats were investigated \"in vitro\". At concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM, the compounds tested, except lactate, had no influence on the rate of glycerol release but markedly reduced the free fatty acid (FFA) release. Lactate reduced both the glycerol and FFA release. As this \"in vitro\" lowering effect on FFA release was observed using concentrations occurring \"in vivo\" in the blood for lactate, beta-hydrobutyrate, and alanine, these results suggest that, besides lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, alanine may also assume an important role in the \"in vivo\" regulation of peripheral FFA mobilization and consequently of ketogenesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of free fatty acid release from isolated rat epididymal fat cells by some natural occurring organic acids. The effects of some mono-, di- and tricarboxylic substrates (acetate, pyruvate, L-lactate, L-alanine, D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate, succinate, D,L-malate, alpha-oxoglutarate, L-glutamate and citrate) on the basal lypolytic activity of isolated white adipocytes from fasted rats were investigated \"in vitro\". At concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM, the compounds tested, except lactate, had no influence on the rate of glycerol release but markedly reduced the free fatty acid (FFA) release. Lactate reduced both the glycerol and FFA release. As this \"in vitro\" lowering effect on FFA release was observed using concentrations occurring \"in vivo\" in the blood for lactate, beta-hydrobutyrate, and alanine, these results suggest that, besides lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, alanine may also assume an important role in the \"in vivo\" regulation of peripheral FFA mobilization and consequently of ketogenesis.", "PMID": 1016680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1474", "title": "Enhancement of murine erythrocyte auto-antibody responses by Rauscher leukemogenic virus and by a weak allogeneic stimulation.", "content": "B6/c mice do not develop spontaneous positive direct Coomb's tests (DCT), but they are highly susceptible to the induction of erythrocyte auto-antibodies by immunization with cross reacting rat blood cells (36% positive DCT). Rauscher leukemogenic virus (RLV) does not directly induce DCT in these susceptible mice; neither does the inoculation of parental spleen cells. On the other hand both RLV and allogeneic stimulation by parental spleen cells enhance the incidence of the rat blood cell-induced DCT (up to 75% and 69% respectively). This is discussed in terms of a separate etiology to antinuclear and anti-erythrocyte auto-antibodies and of the possible mechanisms of auto-immune stimulation by oncogenic viruses or allogeneic stimulation.", "contents": "Enhancement of murine erythrocyte auto-antibody responses by Rauscher leukemogenic virus and by a weak allogeneic stimulation. B6/c mice do not develop spontaneous positive direct Coomb's tests (DCT), but they are highly susceptible to the induction of erythrocyte auto-antibodies by immunization with cross reacting rat blood cells (36% positive DCT). Rauscher leukemogenic virus (RLV) does not directly induce DCT in these susceptible mice; neither does the inoculation of parental spleen cells. On the other hand both RLV and allogeneic stimulation by parental spleen cells enhance the incidence of the rat blood cell-induced DCT (up to 75% and 69% respectively). This is discussed in terms of a separate etiology to antinuclear and anti-erythrocyte auto-antibodies and of the possible mechanisms of auto-immune stimulation by oncogenic viruses or allogeneic stimulation.", "PMID": 1016681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1475", "title": "Fluorescence and flow dichroism of F-actin-epsilon-ADP; the orientation of the admine plane relative to the long axis of F-actin.", "content": "The excitation polarization spectrum of epsilon-ADP bound to F-actin shows that two absorption dipoles at 260 nm and 340 nm are oriented in different directions relative to the emission dipole. On the other hand, the linear dichroism of F-actin-epsilon-ADP gives that the dichroic ratio of the bound epsilon-ADP is approximately constant (about-0.5) in the wavelength region form 250 to 350nm. Furthermore, the fluorescence polarization of epsilon-ADP bound to F-actin which is oriented in the field of flow shows that the emission dipole is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of F-actin. From these observations we conclude that the adenine plane of the bound nucleotide is almost perpendicular to the long axis of F-actin.", "contents": "Fluorescence and flow dichroism of F-actin-epsilon-ADP; the orientation of the admine plane relative to the long axis of F-actin. The excitation polarization spectrum of epsilon-ADP bound to F-actin shows that two absorption dipoles at 260 nm and 340 nm are oriented in different directions relative to the emission dipole. On the other hand, the linear dichroism of F-actin-epsilon-ADP gives that the dichroic ratio of the bound epsilon-ADP is approximately constant (about-0.5) in the wavelength region form 250 to 350nm. Furthermore, the fluorescence polarization of epsilon-ADP bound to F-actin which is oriented in the field of flow shows that the emission dipole is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of F-actin. From these observations we conclude that the adenine plane of the bound nucleotide is almost perpendicular to the long axis of F-actin.", "PMID": 1016682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1476", "title": "Optical studies on complexes between DNA and pseudoisocyanine.", "content": "Linear dichroism (LD) results when pseudoisocyanine=PIC (1,1-diethy1-2,2-cyannine iodide) binds to flow-oriented DNA. LD may be used to follow the complexation both stoichmetrically and structurally, since when specified to unti complex concentration LD provides a measure of the average orientation of the absorbing transition dipole. Two different types of complexes can be distinguished: I. One strong, ionic-strength insensitive complex with monomeric PIC with an orientation indication intercalation. II. Several weaker complexes of electrostatic nature (only observed at I less than 0.2M Na Cl) among which those with dimeric (IIa) and with polymeric (IIb) PIC are concluded both from LD and from circular dichroism (CD). The dimer is probably formed by employing one intercalated PIC as a second site. The polymer complex is characterized by a very sharp absorption band at 553 nm polarized parallel to the DNA-axis (with positive LD and positive CL). The structure, a right-handed helical array of PIC molecules, is discussed in terms of exciton theory in relation to that of polymeric free PIC (\"Scheibe polymer\") which is also shown to interact with DNA (IIc) yielding a large aggregate which is degraded at a distinct flow force field...", "contents": "Optical studies on complexes between DNA and pseudoisocyanine. Linear dichroism (LD) results when pseudoisocyanine=PIC (1,1-diethy1-2,2-cyannine iodide) binds to flow-oriented DNA. LD may be used to follow the complexation both stoichmetrically and structurally, since when specified to unti complex concentration LD provides a measure of the average orientation of the absorbing transition dipole. Two different types of complexes can be distinguished: I. One strong, ionic-strength insensitive complex with monomeric PIC with an orientation indication intercalation. II. Several weaker complexes of electrostatic nature (only observed at I less than 0.2M Na Cl) among which those with dimeric (IIa) and with polymeric (IIb) PIC are concluded both from LD and from circular dichroism (CD). The dimer is probably formed by employing one intercalated PIC as a second site. The polymer complex is characterized by a very sharp absorption band at 553 nm polarized parallel to the DNA-axis (with positive LD and positive CL). The structure, a right-handed helical array of PIC molecules, is discussed in terms of exciton theory in relation to that of polymeric free PIC (\"Scheibe polymer\") which is also shown to interact with DNA (IIc) yielding a large aggregate which is degraded at a distinct flow force field...", "PMID": 1016683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1477", "title": "Model calculations of casein micelle size distributions.", "content": "A previously proposed model for the formation and structure of casein micelles from subunits of variable composition is used to calculate theoretical micelle size distributions. Using the fractional content of k-casein as the only variable but with a value near that observed in a sample of milk serum, the model successfully reproduces experimentally determined distributions. Predicted size distributions are quite sensitive to the value of the variable and shift toward smaller average size as the assumed fractional content k-casein gets larger. Also, there is a discontinuity in the distributions which predicts that there will be essentially no micelles with radii smaller than 25-30 nm. These predictions are all in accord with experimental observations. The good agreement between theory and experimenet supports the micelle structure suggested by the model.", "contents": "Model calculations of casein micelle size distributions. A previously proposed model for the formation and structure of casein micelles from subunits of variable composition is used to calculate theoretical micelle size distributions. Using the fractional content of k-casein as the only variable but with a value near that observed in a sample of milk serum, the model successfully reproduces experimentally determined distributions. Predicted size distributions are quite sensitive to the value of the variable and shift toward smaller average size as the assumed fractional content k-casein gets larger. Also, there is a discontinuity in the distributions which predicts that there will be essentially no micelles with radii smaller than 25-30 nm. These predictions are all in accord with experimental observations. The good agreement between theory and experimenet supports the micelle structure suggested by the model.", "PMID": 1016684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1478", "title": "On the analysis of linear binding effects associated with curved Scatchard plots.", "content": "First the question is examined as to which binding data, especially if given as Scatchard plots, can be described in terms of a basic model mechanism. This referes to a linear lattice of equivalent binding sites (as for example located on a linear biopolymer) which can exert cooperative interaction between nearest neighbors. It is shown that the effect of overlapping of potential site (so-called \"multiple-contact\"binding), as may occur with larger ligands, will largely be compensated by a higher degree of cooperativity. Therefore, in practice such properties can scarcely be separated by means of oridnary binding experiments. A pronounced inflection point in the Scatchard plot turns out to be clearly indicating a more complex mechanism involving at least two rather antagonistic cooperative interactions which may, however, occur even between equivalent binding sites. Finally some consequences of different classes of bindings sites are considered. In particular a simple approach is introduced by which the binding to mutually exclusive classes of sites may be described. Such a model is of interest for multiple-mode binding of ionic ligands to oppositely charged polymers.", "contents": "On the analysis of linear binding effects associated with curved Scatchard plots. First the question is examined as to which binding data, especially if given as Scatchard plots, can be described in terms of a basic model mechanism. This referes to a linear lattice of equivalent binding sites (as for example located on a linear biopolymer) which can exert cooperative interaction between nearest neighbors. It is shown that the effect of overlapping of potential site (so-called \"multiple-contact\"binding), as may occur with larger ligands, will largely be compensated by a higher degree of cooperativity. Therefore, in practice such properties can scarcely be separated by means of oridnary binding experiments. A pronounced inflection point in the Scatchard plot turns out to be clearly indicating a more complex mechanism involving at least two rather antagonistic cooperative interactions which may, however, occur even between equivalent binding sites. Finally some consequences of different classes of bindings sites are considered. In particular a simple approach is introduced by which the binding to mutually exclusive classes of sites may be described. Such a model is of interest for multiple-mode binding of ionic ligands to oppositely charged polymers.", "PMID": 1016685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1479", "title": "Aggregation of chlorophylls in monolayers.", "content": "The interaction of dioxane vapor with monolayer and multilayers of chlorophyll has been studied using electronic and infarared spectroscopies. Our results indicate the formation of a complex implying the oxygene of the dioxanc molecules with the magnesiums of adjacent chlorophyll molecules. These results are consistent with the molecular orbital calculations, using the \"free electron network\" method done by Le Brech, Leblanc and Antippa [Chem. Phys. Letters 26(1974) 37-44].", "contents": "Aggregation of chlorophylls in monolayers. The interaction of dioxane vapor with monolayer and multilayers of chlorophyll has been studied using electronic and infarared spectroscopies. Our results indicate the formation of a complex implying the oxygene of the dioxanc molecules with the magnesiums of adjacent chlorophyll molecules. These results are consistent with the molecular orbital calculations, using the \"free electron network\" method done by Le Brech, Leblanc and Antippa [Chem. Phys. Letters 26(1974) 37-44].", "PMID": 1016686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1480", "title": "High pressure enzyme kinetics of dextransucrase.", "content": "The pressure dependence of enzymatic dextran formation has been observed up to 1000 at for several substrate concentrations. First order denaturation effects could be separated from the thermodynamic effects, which lead to a volume of 30.4 to 44.0 ccm per mole for the formation and -13.6ccm per mole for the activation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Denaturation depends on the substrate concentration. This leads to the conslusion that only the free enzyme is denatured, wheras the ES complex is stable.", "contents": "High pressure enzyme kinetics of dextransucrase. The pressure dependence of enzymatic dextran formation has been observed up to 1000 at for several substrate concentrations. First order denaturation effects could be separated from the thermodynamic effects, which lead to a volume of 30.4 to 44.0 ccm per mole for the formation and -13.6ccm per mole for the activation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Denaturation depends on the substrate concentration. This leads to the conslusion that only the free enzyme is denatured, wheras the ES complex is stable.", "PMID": 1016687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1481", "title": "Thermodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte solutions containing mixtures of monovalent and trivalent counterions.", "content": "The osmotic coefficients, heats of dilution, and volume changes on dilution of aqueous solutions containing mixtures of polystyrenesulfonic acid and its lanthanum salt have been determined at 25 degrees C. The curve representing the osmotic coefficient as a function of the equivalent fraction of the acid has a maximum; the corresponding curves for the enthalpy and volume changes on dilution have a sigmoidal shape. Experimental results have been compared with predictions of the theory based on the cell model with cylindrical symmetry. A semiquantitative agreement between theory and experiment has been found.", "contents": "Thermodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte solutions containing mixtures of monovalent and trivalent counterions. The osmotic coefficients, heats of dilution, and volume changes on dilution of aqueous solutions containing mixtures of polystyrenesulfonic acid and its lanthanum salt have been determined at 25 degrees C. The curve representing the osmotic coefficient as a function of the equivalent fraction of the acid has a maximum; the corresponding curves for the enthalpy and volume changes on dilution have a sigmoidal shape. Experimental results have been compared with predictions of the theory based on the cell model with cylindrical symmetry. A semiquantitative agreement between theory and experiment has been found.", "PMID": 1016688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1482", "title": "Investigation of the electronic term scheme of deoxygenated human haemoglobin by a least squares fit procedure using simultaneously magnetic susceptibility and M\u00f6ssbauer data.", "content": "The calculation of the magnetic susceptibility from a published term scheme for the ferrous iron in deoxygenated human haemoglobin is discussed and a procedure for the simultaneous least squares fit of susceptibility and M\u00f6ssbauer data is presented. The application of this procedure to the appropriate measurements on human haemoglobin leads to a rearrangement of the low lying electronic levels of the iron. The term schemes received as results of two different sets of susceptibility data used in combination with one set of M\u00f6ssbauer data overlap with their error bars. The obtained level scheme of the Fe is correlated with the distance of the iron atom from the haem plane and the distance Fe-HIS F8, and some biological implications of these correlations are discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of the electronic term scheme of deoxygenated human haemoglobin by a least squares fit procedure using simultaneously magnetic susceptibility and M\u00f6ssbauer data. The calculation of the magnetic susceptibility from a published term scheme for the ferrous iron in deoxygenated human haemoglobin is discussed and a procedure for the simultaneous least squares fit of susceptibility and M\u00f6ssbauer data is presented. The application of this procedure to the appropriate measurements on human haemoglobin leads to a rearrangement of the low lying electronic levels of the iron. The term schemes received as results of two different sets of susceptibility data used in combination with one set of M\u00f6ssbauer data overlap with their error bars. The obtained level scheme of the Fe is correlated with the distance of the iron atom from the haem plane and the distance Fe-HIS F8, and some biological implications of these correlations are discussed.", "PMID": 1016689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1483", "title": "The problem of nonstationary ion fluxes in excitable membranes.", "content": "Time-dependent electrodiffusion through a membrane is analysed within a simple model treating the boundary-layers in a consistent manner. It is shown that time-independent reversal potentials for the ion fluxes exist only under steady-state conditions. We argue that this result holds very generally. Therefore nonstationary effect like ion storage and depletion inside the membrane should not contribute to the phenomena of excitability.", "contents": "The problem of nonstationary ion fluxes in excitable membranes. Time-dependent electrodiffusion through a membrane is analysed within a simple model treating the boundary-layers in a consistent manner. It is shown that time-independent reversal potentials for the ion fluxes exist only under steady-state conditions. We argue that this result holds very generally. Therefore nonstationary effect like ion storage and depletion inside the membrane should not contribute to the phenomena of excitability.", "PMID": 1016690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1484", "title": "Theory of fluorescence polarization of oriented pigment molecules in spherical arrays.", "content": "Theoretical results are presented which are appropriate for the analysis of the static polarized fluorescence experiment with oriented pigment molecules in spherical arrays (vesicles). Though the global orientation mediated over the whole sphere is isotropic, the fluorescent molecules may have preferred local orientation with respect to the local plane. As in a former paper, concerning fluroescence polarization in planar arrays, three basic (local) orientation distributions of the electronic transition moments are investigated, which may be expected to describe a wide class of real cases with sufficient accuracy. Analytic expressions for the degree of polarization are derived. One important result is that the degree of polarization may be extremely dependent on the local orientation of transition moments. Hence the usual method of determination of microviscosities from experiments with vesicles with the use of the theory of fluorescence polarization for macromolecules in solutions should be regarded with great caution.", "contents": "Theory of fluorescence polarization of oriented pigment molecules in spherical arrays. Theoretical results are presented which are appropriate for the analysis of the static polarized fluorescence experiment with oriented pigment molecules in spherical arrays (vesicles). Though the global orientation mediated over the whole sphere is isotropic, the fluorescent molecules may have preferred local orientation with respect to the local plane. As in a former paper, concerning fluroescence polarization in planar arrays, three basic (local) orientation distributions of the electronic transition moments are investigated, which may be expected to describe a wide class of real cases with sufficient accuracy. Analytic expressions for the degree of polarization are derived. One important result is that the degree of polarization may be extremely dependent on the local orientation of transition moments. Hence the usual method of determination of microviscosities from experiments with vesicles with the use of the theory of fluorescence polarization for macromolecules in solutions should be regarded with great caution.", "PMID": 1016691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1485", "title": "Orientation and rotational freedom of fluorescent probes in lecithin bilayers.", "content": "The fluorescence polarization properties of lecithin bilayers stained with 2,6-MANS and 1,8 ANS under applied potential steps have been studied. The fluorescence signal components of both dyes were found to have different sign and relative amplitude, suggesting that 1,8-ANS and 2,6-MANS behave differently when bound to black lipid membranes. In order to determine the location and the extent of rotational brownian motions of the bound chromophores, the experimental data were analyzed by using a simplified physico-mathematical model. According to it 2,6-MANS appears to have a ratio rho/tau higher than 1.8-ANS (rho being the rotational relaxation of in plane rotations and tau the lifetime of the excited singlet state of the bound molecules), suggesting that the former chromophore is more tightly held inside the bilayers. Furthermore, 2,6-MANS is found to possess the absorption and emission oscillators more closely oriented to the normal of membrane surface, while 1,8-ANS has both oscillators almost near the plane of the bilayers. The results furnish also a fair estimate of the random molecular motion own by the phospholipid molecules at room temperature. The comparison of the present data with those obtained from squid axon membranes confirms the validity of the proposed physical model, yielding a rough estimate of the axon membrane-area covered by integral protein macromolecules. These preliminary results derived from lecithin model membranes suggest that fluorescence polarization techniques can provide valuable informations if applied to study the macromolecular organization of in vitro reconstituted membranes.", "contents": "Orientation and rotational freedom of fluorescent probes in lecithin bilayers. The fluorescence polarization properties of lecithin bilayers stained with 2,6-MANS and 1,8 ANS under applied potential steps have been studied. The fluorescence signal components of both dyes were found to have different sign and relative amplitude, suggesting that 1,8-ANS and 2,6-MANS behave differently when bound to black lipid membranes. In order to determine the location and the extent of rotational brownian motions of the bound chromophores, the experimental data were analyzed by using a simplified physico-mathematical model. According to it 2,6-MANS appears to have a ratio rho/tau higher than 1.8-ANS (rho being the rotational relaxation of in plane rotations and tau the lifetime of the excited singlet state of the bound molecules), suggesting that the former chromophore is more tightly held inside the bilayers. Furthermore, 2,6-MANS is found to possess the absorption and emission oscillators more closely oriented to the normal of membrane surface, while 1,8-ANS has both oscillators almost near the plane of the bilayers. The results furnish also a fair estimate of the random molecular motion own by the phospholipid molecules at room temperature. The comparison of the present data with those obtained from squid axon membranes confirms the validity of the proposed physical model, yielding a rough estimate of the axon membrane-area covered by integral protein macromolecules. These preliminary results derived from lecithin model membranes suggest that fluorescence polarization techniques can provide valuable informations if applied to study the macromolecular organization of in vitro reconstituted membranes.", "PMID": 1016692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1486", "title": "Kinetic isotope effects in the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Kinetics were determined for the four transients K590, L540, M410, O660 of the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR570) both in 1H2O and in 2H2O over a wide temperature range. Breaks in the Arrhenius plots, observed at 25 degrees-32 degrees for the longest-lived transients coincide with a transition point in the microviscosity of the membrane as measured by depolarization of an added fluorescent probe. The earliest isotope effect occurs in the decay of L540, and is present in the subsequent formation and decay of M410 and O660. Thus in the light-driven proton pump of BR570, proton ejection from the Schiff base correlates with decay of L540 and reprotonation occurs with the decay of both M410 and O660 back to BR570.", "contents": "Kinetic isotope effects in the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin. Kinetics were determined for the four transients K590, L540, M410, O660 of the photochemical cycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR570) both in 1H2O and in 2H2O over a wide temperature range. Breaks in the Arrhenius plots, observed at 25 degrees-32 degrees for the longest-lived transients coincide with a transition point in the microviscosity of the membrane as measured by depolarization of an added fluorescent probe. The earliest isotope effect occurs in the decay of L540, and is present in the subsequent formation and decay of M410 and O660. Thus in the light-driven proton pump of BR570, proton ejection from the Schiff base correlates with decay of L540 and reprotonation occurs with the decay of both M410 and O660 back to BR570.", "PMID": 1016693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1487", "title": "Complementary molecular models of learning and memory.", "content": "The functional capabilities of the brain are formally characterizable interms of a finite system along with a memory space which it can manipulate. Two types of learning are possible: (1) modification-based learning, associated with alternate realizations of the finite system; (2) memory-based learning, associated with the assimilation, manipulation, and retrieval of memories. Constructive models which fulfill these conditions and which at the same time operate on the basis of molecular information processing principles have certain general features. We describe these features in terms of two interfaced submodels, the first for the finite system and the second for the memory space. The finite system may be realized by networks of neurons in which the specificity of enzyme molecules controls the nerve impulse. Such a realization is amenable to modification-based learning mediated by processes analogous to those of natural evolution and selective theories of antibody synthesis. The memory space is realizable by networks of neurons in which the conformation of dendritic receptor molecules controls the nerve impulse. In this case certain neurons firing in response to an external input undergo sensitization at the dendrites and in such a way that they are loadable and later callable by reference neurons, thereby allowing for reconstruction of manipulation of the firing pattern associated with this input. The overall construction makes a large number of biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and psychological predictions which are either testable or in good agreement with fact.", "contents": "Complementary molecular models of learning and memory. The functional capabilities of the brain are formally characterizable interms of a finite system along with a memory space which it can manipulate. Two types of learning are possible: (1) modification-based learning, associated with alternate realizations of the finite system; (2) memory-based learning, associated with the assimilation, manipulation, and retrieval of memories. Constructive models which fulfill these conditions and which at the same time operate on the basis of molecular information processing principles have certain general features. We describe these features in terms of two interfaced submodels, the first for the finite system and the second for the memory space. The finite system may be realized by networks of neurons in which the specificity of enzyme molecules controls the nerve impulse. Such a realization is amenable to modification-based learning mediated by processes analogous to those of natural evolution and selective theories of antibody synthesis. The memory space is realizable by networks of neurons in which the conformation of dendritic receptor molecules controls the nerve impulse. In this case certain neurons firing in response to an external input undergo sensitization at the dendrites and in such a way that they are loadable and later callable by reference neurons, thereby allowing for reconstruction of manipulation of the firing pattern associated with this input. The overall construction makes a large number of biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and psychological predictions which are either testable or in good agreement with fact.", "PMID": 1016695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1488", "title": "Abiotic synthesis of some polysaccharide-like and polypeptide-like structures in cold plasma.", "content": "Starting from methane, ammonia and water vapors polypeptide-like and polysaccharide-like structures have been synthesized in cold plasma conditions. By gel filtration analysis of the raw product eight fractions of different molecular weight have been separated. The partial chemical nature of each fraction and of the hydrolysis products has been determined using elementary analysis, IR spectroscopy, paper, thin-layer and gas-chromatography. It is noteworthy that higher proportions of H2O in the feed composition increase the amount of sugar and polysaccharide-like compounds in the reaction product.", "contents": "Abiotic synthesis of some polysaccharide-like and polypeptide-like structures in cold plasma. Starting from methane, ammonia and water vapors polypeptide-like and polysaccharide-like structures have been synthesized in cold plasma conditions. By gel filtration analysis of the raw product eight fractions of different molecular weight have been separated. The partial chemical nature of each fraction and of the hydrolysis products has been determined using elementary analysis, IR spectroscopy, paper, thin-layer and gas-chromatography. It is noteworthy that higher proportions of H2O in the feed composition increase the amount of sugar and polysaccharide-like compounds in the reaction product.", "PMID": 1016697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1489", "title": "[Mechanism of the fast neurogenic component of the respiratory response to muscular work].", "content": "Dynamics of pulmonary ventilation, electric activity of the intercostal muscles and of the alveolar gas composition was studied in 12 healthy men during dosaged muscular work; these men were given different gas mixtures to breathe. The respiratory response at the initial period of work in inhalation of the hypoxic-hypercapnic gas mixture was greater than that in persons who breathed room air. This response practically disappeared after oxygen hyperventilation. Apparently the rapid component of the ventilation response to the muscular work was largely due to increased sensitivity of the respiratory centre to the chemoreceptive drive.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the fast neurogenic component of the respiratory response to muscular work]. Dynamics of pulmonary ventilation, electric activity of the intercostal muscles and of the alveolar gas composition was studied in 12 healthy men during dosaged muscular work; these men were given different gas mixtures to breathe. The respiratory response at the initial period of work in inhalation of the hypoxic-hypercapnic gas mixture was greater than that in persons who breathed room air. This response practically disappeared after oxygen hyperventilation. Apparently the rapid component of the ventilation response to the muscular work was largely due to increased sensitivity of the respiratory centre to the chemoreceptive drive.", "PMID": 1016698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1490", "title": "[Changes in the cerebral serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the brains of white rats trained with emotionally different reinforcement].", "content": "The changes in the serotonin (5-OT) and noradrenaline (NA) content in the brain of rats taught on the emotionally-positive (food) and emotionally-negative (pain) reinforcement were compared. The process of animal learning was accompanied by increase in the biogenic amine level. But when the teaching was conducted on the emotionally-positive reinforcement there was a greater increase in the 5-OT and NA level than in the case of the emotionally negative reinforcement. The process of animal teaching on food reinforcement was accompanied by an elevation of 5-OT chiefly in the cerebral cortex which apparently reflected the active functioning of the 5-OT system. An intensification of the NA system occurred in teaching the animals in the defence situation. A conclusion was thus drawn that the character of the changes in the biogenic amine level in the brain during learning depended on the emotions experienced by the animal (the emotional reinforcement utilized).", "contents": "[Changes in the cerebral serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the brains of white rats trained with emotionally different reinforcement]. The changes in the serotonin (5-OT) and noradrenaline (NA) content in the brain of rats taught on the emotionally-positive (food) and emotionally-negative (pain) reinforcement were compared. The process of animal learning was accompanied by increase in the biogenic amine level. But when the teaching was conducted on the emotionally-positive reinforcement there was a greater increase in the 5-OT and NA level than in the case of the emotionally negative reinforcement. The process of animal teaching on food reinforcement was accompanied by an elevation of 5-OT chiefly in the cerebral cortex which apparently reflected the active functioning of the 5-OT system. An intensification of the NA system occurred in teaching the animals in the defence situation. A conclusion was thus drawn that the character of the changes in the biogenic amine level in the brain during learning depended on the emotions experienced by the animal (the emotional reinforcement utilized).", "PMID": 1016699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1491", "title": "[Effect of copper, manganese and cobalt ions on the chemical sensitivity of interoceptors].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on 82 cats; a study was made of the influence of copper, manganese and cobalt on the chemical sensitivity of interoceptors. Administration of copper chloride caused inversion of the reflex reactions of the blood pressure and respiration to acetylcholine, cobalt chloride weakened these reactions, and manganese chloride intensified them. It is supposed that changes in the interoceptive reflexes observed depended chiefly on the direct action of microelements on the functional condition of the interoceptors.", "contents": "[Effect of copper, manganese and cobalt ions on the chemical sensitivity of interoceptors]. Acute experiments were conducted on 82 cats; a study was made of the influence of copper, manganese and cobalt on the chemical sensitivity of interoceptors. Administration of copper chloride caused inversion of the reflex reactions of the blood pressure and respiration to acetylcholine, cobalt chloride weakened these reactions, and manganese chloride intensified them. It is supposed that changes in the interoceptive reflexes observed depended chiefly on the direct action of microelements on the functional condition of the interoceptors.", "PMID": 1016700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1492", "title": "[Functional state of the left ventricle of the heart in cardiocytotoxic shock].", "content": "Changes in the cardiodynamics and the contractile myocardium function under experimental shock caused by intracoronary injection of the anticardial cytotoxic serum were studied on 20 anesthetized dogs. Along with the symptoms of disturbance of the left ventricle function (a decrease of the systolic index, stroke work index of the left ventricle, rate of the intraventricular pressure rise, indices of myocardial contractility, ejection fraction) a decrease of the end-diastolic volume and pressure in the left ventricle was observed. These data show that disturbances in the cardiodynamics were cause not only by the cytotoxic heart damage, but also by derangement of the blood flow to the left heart.", "contents": "[Functional state of the left ventricle of the heart in cardiocytotoxic shock]. Changes in the cardiodynamics and the contractile myocardium function under experimental shock caused by intracoronary injection of the anticardial cytotoxic serum were studied on 20 anesthetized dogs. Along with the symptoms of disturbance of the left ventricle function (a decrease of the systolic index, stroke work index of the left ventricle, rate of the intraventricular pressure rise, indices of myocardial contractility, ejection fraction) a decrease of the end-diastolic volume and pressure in the left ventricle was observed. These data show that disturbances in the cardiodynamics were cause not only by the cytotoxic heart damage, but also by derangement of the blood flow to the left heart.", "PMID": 1016701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1493", "title": "[Effect of different types of excessive feeding on the state of vascular walls in rats].", "content": "Immature male rats were overfed for a long time with an excess of fats or carbohydrates; this caused obesity. Carbohydrate overfeeding led to a greater body weight gain and a greater increase in the weight of epididymal fat and of the adipose cell volume than fat overfeeding, but failed to decrease the lipolytic activity of the aorta. Prolonged fat overfeeding decreased the lipolytic activity of the aorta considerably. Thus, the results of the mentioned experiments showed that the predisposition of the aortic wall to atherogenesis did not correlate with the gain in weight and depended on the character of nutrition.", "contents": "[Effect of different types of excessive feeding on the state of vascular walls in rats]. Immature male rats were overfed for a long time with an excess of fats or carbohydrates; this caused obesity. Carbohydrate overfeeding led to a greater body weight gain and a greater increase in the weight of epididymal fat and of the adipose cell volume than fat overfeeding, but failed to decrease the lipolytic activity of the aorta. Prolonged fat overfeeding decreased the lipolytic activity of the aorta considerably. Thus, the results of the mentioned experiments showed that the predisposition of the aortic wall to atherogenesis did not correlate with the gain in weight and depended on the character of nutrition.", "PMID": 1016702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1494", "title": "[Erythropoietic activity of human blood following exposure to hyperbaric hyperoxygenation].", "content": "Before exposure of man to hyperoxia the blood plasma posessed erythropoietic activity, but 18 to 20 hours after exposure to compressed air condition in the high pressure chamber corresponding to the depth of 100 metres there proved to be a marked fall of the erythropoietic activity. No statistically significant shifts were revealed in the peripheral blood indices by that time.", "contents": "[Erythropoietic activity of human blood following exposure to hyperbaric hyperoxygenation]. Before exposure of man to hyperoxia the blood plasma posessed erythropoietic activity, but 18 to 20 hours after exposure to compressed air condition in the high pressure chamber corresponding to the depth of 100 metres there proved to be a marked fall of the erythropoietic activity. No statistically significant shifts were revealed in the peripheral blood indices by that time.", "PMID": 1016703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1495", "title": "[Interrelationship between the structure, microcirculation and tissue-vascular permeability of the liver after experimental toxic damage].", "content": "Biomicroscopic and morphological studies demonstrated that in experimental heliotrine affection  of the liver there occurred very early and marked microcirculatory disturbances which preceded the parenchymal damage. With the further progress of the pathomorphological changes and chronization of the pathological process in the liver one of the leading roles was played by the advance of microcirculatory disturbances and of the tissue-vascular permeability leading to hypoxia of the hepatic tissue and derangement of the metabolic processes in the organ.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between the structure, microcirculation and tissue-vascular permeability of the liver after experimental toxic damage]. Biomicroscopic and morphological studies demonstrated that in experimental heliotrine affection  of the liver there occurred very early and marked microcirculatory disturbances which preceded the parenchymal damage. With the further progress of the pathomorphological changes and chronization of the pathological process in the liver one of the leading roles was played by the advance of microcirculatory disturbances and of the tissue-vascular permeability leading to hypoxia of the hepatic tissue and derangement of the metabolic processes in the organ.", "PMID": 1016704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1496", "title": "[Role of the kidneys in the mechanism of erythrodieresis in hemolytic (phenylhydrazine) and acute posthemorrhagic anemia].", "content": "The degree of hemolysis was studied comparatively in intact and nephrectomized rats after the phenylhydrazine injection. In the nephrectomized animals hemolytic (phenylhydrazine) anemia was expressed by a lesser reduction of the total erythrocyte count, of the percentage of Cr51-labeled erythrocytes, and of the intensity of the reaction for hemosiderin in the organs and tissues. A lesser degree of erythrodieresis was found in the nephrectomized rats and after an acute unsubstituted blood loss. Blood perfusion through the kidney of anemic rats led to increase of the potassium concentration in the plasma perfusate, reduction of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes, their resistance, hemolysis duration, and to decrease of albumin fractions with the mol wt of from 74 500 to 27 000 in the erythrocyte stroma.", "contents": "[Role of the kidneys in the mechanism of erythrodieresis in hemolytic (phenylhydrazine) and acute posthemorrhagic anemia]. The degree of hemolysis was studied comparatively in intact and nephrectomized rats after the phenylhydrazine injection. In the nephrectomized animals hemolytic (phenylhydrazine) anemia was expressed by a lesser reduction of the total erythrocyte count, of the percentage of Cr51-labeled erythrocytes, and of the intensity of the reaction for hemosiderin in the organs and tissues. A lesser degree of erythrodieresis was found in the nephrectomized rats and after an acute unsubstituted blood loss. Blood perfusion through the kidney of anemic rats led to increase of the potassium concentration in the plasma perfusate, reduction of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes, their resistance, hemolysis duration, and to decrease of albumin fractions with the mol wt of from 74 500 to 27 000 in the erythrocyte stroma.", "PMID": 1016705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1497", "title": "[Functional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal system of guinea pigs under the influence of angular acceleration].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. A study was made of the influence of increased gravitation on the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system. It appeared that a single centrifugation led to the activation of the mentioned system; however, repeated action of the angular accelerations on the animal organism failed to lead to any increase in the blood corticosteroid level (on the 6th-11th days); this can be attributed to the adaptation of the central link of the hypophysio-adrenal system to the given stimulus, and not to the exhaustion of the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "[Functional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal system of guinea pigs under the influence of angular acceleration]. Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. A study was made of the influence of increased gravitation on the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system. It appeared that a single centrifugation led to the activation of the mentioned system; however, repeated action of the angular accelerations on the animal organism failed to lead to any increase in the blood corticosteroid level (on the 6th-11th days); this can be attributed to the adaptation of the central link of the hypophysio-adrenal system to the given stimulus, and not to the exhaustion of the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 1016706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1498", "title": "[Effect of cytostatic drugs on fever development following administration of bacterial pyrogen].", "content": "A study was made of the development of pyretic reaction to the administration of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (pyrogenal) after preliminary treatment of rabbits with actinomycin D and cortisone. Such treatment failed to change the reactivity of thermoregulating centres to the endogenous pyrogen. Intravenous injection of bacterial pyrogen was followed by marked shortening of pyretic reaction; the reaction was markedly inhibited in response to its intracysternal administration. An important role played by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the formation of endogenous pyrogens in the mechanism of pyrexia induced by bacterial pyrogens was shown in this work.", "contents": "[Effect of cytostatic drugs on fever development following administration of bacterial pyrogen]. A study was made of the development of pyretic reaction to the administration of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (pyrogenal) after preliminary treatment of rabbits with actinomycin D and cortisone. Such treatment failed to change the reactivity of thermoregulating centres to the endogenous pyrogen. Intravenous injection of bacterial pyrogen was followed by marked shortening of pyretic reaction; the reaction was markedly inhibited in response to its intracysternal administration. An important role played by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the formation of endogenous pyrogens in the mechanism of pyrexia induced by bacterial pyrogens was shown in this work.", "PMID": 1016707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1499", "title": "[Changes in the activity of 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase in the adrenals of rat fetuses following decapitation in utero].", "content": "The activity of 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal cortex of 21-day fetuses in control and 3 days after decapitation in utero was estimated quantitatively by microspectrophotometry. The enzyme activity calculated as per conditioned cell in the fascicular zone exceeded that in the forming glomerular zone. After hypophysectomy the activity of the 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase decreased in both the fascicular and glomerular zones.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase in the adrenals of rat fetuses following decapitation in utero]. The activity of 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal cortex of 21-day fetuses in control and 3 days after decapitation in utero was estimated quantitatively by microspectrophotometry. The enzyme activity calculated as per conditioned cell in the fascicular zone exceeded that in the forming glomerular zone. After hypophysectomy the activity of the 3beta-OH-steroid dehydrogenase decreased in both the fascicular and glomerular zones.", "PMID": 1016708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1500", "title": "[Effect of insulin on the adipose tissue of patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A study was made of insulin sensitivity of the adipose tissue biopsied in 11 healthy women, and in 10 women with normal weight suffering from newly-detected diabetes mellitus. In difference from healthy persons in the adipose tissue of patients suffering from diabetes, insulin in a concentration of 50 mu/ml failed to enhance the oxidation of glucose to CO2, and in a concentration of 50 and 100 mu/ml failed to enhance the glycogen synthesis from glucose. Reduction of the sensitivity of different ways of glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue to insulin in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus pointed to the possibility of disturbance of insulin interaction with the cell membrane in this disease.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on the adipose tissue of patients with diabetes mellitus]. A study was made of insulin sensitivity of the adipose tissue biopsied in 11 healthy women, and in 10 women with normal weight suffering from newly-detected diabetes mellitus. In difference from healthy persons in the adipose tissue of patients suffering from diabetes, insulin in a concentration of 50 mu/ml failed to enhance the oxidation of glucose to CO2, and in a concentration of 50 and 100 mu/ml failed to enhance the glycogen synthesis from glucose. Reduction of the sensitivity of different ways of glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue to insulin in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus pointed to the possibility of disturbance of insulin interaction with the cell membrane in this disease.", "PMID": 1016709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1501", "title": "[Heterogeneous hemoglobin system in anemic rats].", "content": "Fractional contents of hemoglobins of the peripheral blood, spleen and the bone marrow was studied in intact and anemic rats by using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Anemia was caused by injection of phenylhydrazine (HCl) into the animals. The principal regularities in the formation of the heterogeneous system of hemoglobin, depending on its source and the animal condition, was established. Possible mechanisms responsible for the rebuilding of the fractional contents of the protein investigated and its biological sense are discussed.", "contents": "[Heterogeneous hemoglobin system in anemic rats]. Fractional contents of hemoglobins of the peripheral blood, spleen and the bone marrow was studied in intact and anemic rats by using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Anemia was caused by injection of phenylhydrazine (HCl) into the animals. The principal regularities in the formation of the heterogeneous system of hemoglobin, depending on its source and the animal condition, was established. Possible mechanisms responsible for the rebuilding of the fractional contents of the protein investigated and its biological sense are discussed.", "PMID": 1016710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1502", "title": "[RNA concentration in neuron-neuroglia systems of the retina and visual zones of the cerebral cortex during light deprivation and light stimulation].", "content": "A two-wave-length cytophotometry of the gallocyanin-chromium alum-stained preparations showed that in adult rats kept for 30 days in complete darkness there was a decrease in the RNA content in the perineuronal neuroglia of the retinal ganglion cell layer only, with no changes in the corresponding neurons. No changes were found in the neurons and in the perineuronal glia of the layer II---III of the visual cerebral cortex. After the end of light deprivation a 2-hour stimulation with a constant or flickering light did not influence the RNA content in the neurons of both regions of the visual analyzer studied, whereas in control rats this stimulation induced a marked increase in the RNA content in these neurons. Qualitative changes in the metabolism of the cellular RNA in the nervous system of adult animals under the effect of light deprivation are emphasized. Differences in the biochemical peculiarities of various neuron-neuroglia systems, depending on their localization in the visual analyzer, are discussed.", "contents": "[RNA concentration in neuron-neuroglia systems of the retina and visual zones of the cerebral cortex during light deprivation and light stimulation]. A two-wave-length cytophotometry of the gallocyanin-chromium alum-stained preparations showed that in adult rats kept for 30 days in complete darkness there was a decrease in the RNA content in the perineuronal neuroglia of the retinal ganglion cell layer only, with no changes in the corresponding neurons. No changes were found in the neurons and in the perineuronal glia of the layer II---III of the visual cerebral cortex. After the end of light deprivation a 2-hour stimulation with a constant or flickering light did not influence the RNA content in the neurons of both regions of the visual analyzer studied, whereas in control rats this stimulation induced a marked increase in the RNA content in these neurons. Qualitative changes in the metabolism of the cellular RNA in the nervous system of adult animals under the effect of light deprivation are emphasized. Differences in the biochemical peculiarities of various neuron-neuroglia systems, depending on their localization in the visual analyzer, are discussed.", "PMID": 1016712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1503", "title": "[Effect of muscular load on the invertase activity of the small intestine].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on male albino rats; a study was made of the invertase activity of the proximal, middle and distal portions of the small intestine after a 2-, 4- and 10-hour muscular load in the form of swimming in water at a temperature of 35 +/- 1 degree C. After 2 hours of swimming the invertase activity in the first two portions showed a rather sharp fall; it was restored to the initial level in 48--72 hours. This reduction was much less in the distal portion. Both the 4- and the 10-hour swimming led to an insignificant elevation of the enzymatic activity in all the three portions during 24 hours, with a subsequent decrease in the first two portions and a marked elevation in the distal portion after 48 hours. It is supposed that these changes were realized by means of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system by the principle of the common nonspecific adaptive syndrome.", "contents": "[Effect of muscular load on the invertase activity of the small intestine]. Acute experiments were conducted on male albino rats; a study was made of the invertase activity of the proximal, middle and distal portions of the small intestine after a 2-, 4- and 10-hour muscular load in the form of swimming in water at a temperature of 35 +/- 1 degree C. After 2 hours of swimming the invertase activity in the first two portions showed a rather sharp fall; it was restored to the initial level in 48--72 hours. This reduction was much less in the distal portion. Both the 4- and the 10-hour swimming led to an insignificant elevation of the enzymatic activity in all the three portions during 24 hours, with a subsequent decrease in the first two portions and a marked elevation in the distal portion after 48 hours. It is supposed that these changes were realized by means of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system by the principle of the common nonspecific adaptive syndrome.", "PMID": 1016713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1504", "title": "[Structural changes in nucleoprotein systems under the influence of serum from ill and healthy subjects].", "content": "A thermomechanical method was applied to the study of the interaction of the model desoxyribonucleoprotein systems (DNP-systems) of chromatin with the blood sera of healthy and sick persons. It was demonstrated that the blood sera of healthy persons caused decondensation of the DNP-systems. The intensity of this action varied when the sera with the composition altered as a result of pathology were used: the sera of the patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus increased the condensation; in comparison with the sera of healthy persons, the sera of schizophrenic patients intensified the DNP-system decondensation. The sera action was not connected with the activity of the serum enzymes. The role played by the serum components in regulation of the structural-functional chromatin properties is discussed.", "contents": "[Structural changes in nucleoprotein systems under the influence of serum from ill and healthy subjects]. A thermomechanical method was applied to the study of the interaction of the model desoxyribonucleoprotein systems (DNP-systems) of chromatin with the blood sera of healthy and sick persons. It was demonstrated that the blood sera of healthy persons caused decondensation of the DNP-systems. The intensity of this action varied when the sera with the composition altered as a result of pathology were used: the sera of the patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus increased the condensation; in comparison with the sera of healthy persons, the sera of schizophrenic patients intensified the DNP-system decondensation. The sera action was not connected with the activity of the serum enzymes. The role played by the serum components in regulation of the structural-functional chromatin properties is discussed.", "PMID": 1016714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1505", "title": "[Isolation of the most active DNA synthesizing cells of hematopoietic organs by fractionation on a density gradient of albumin].", "content": "After separation of the bone marrow or the spleen suspension on the discontinuous albumin gradient cell fractions were obtained in which the activity of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, aspartate carbamoyl transferase, as well as the rate of the 14C-thymidine incorporation in the DNA was 2 to 3 times higher than in the original suspension. The most actively DNA-synthesizing cells were concentrated in the 5th-6th fractions when the osmolarity of 35% BSA was 370 mOsm, or in the 2nd-3rd fractions when the osmolarity of 35% BSA was 380 mOsm.", "contents": "[Isolation of the most active DNA synthesizing cells of hematopoietic organs by fractionation on a density gradient of albumin]. After separation of the bone marrow or the spleen suspension on the discontinuous albumin gradient cell fractions were obtained in which the activity of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, aspartate carbamoyl transferase, as well as the rate of the 14C-thymidine incorporation in the DNA was 2 to 3 times higher than in the original suspension. The most actively DNA-synthesizing cells were concentrated in the 5th-6th fractions when the osmolarity of 35% BSA was 370 mOsm, or in the 2nd-3rd fractions when the osmolarity of 35% BSA was 380 mOsm.", "PMID": 1016715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1506", "title": "[Participation of GABA and glycine in the formation of somato-sympathetic reflexes].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on cats with intact spinal cord, and after spinalization a study was made of the action of strychnine and picrotoxin (synaptic GABA and glycine antagonists) on the components of somatosynaptic reflexes caused by stimulation of the skin and muscular intercostal afferents. Induced potentials were recorded in the white ramus of the third thoracic segment. The action of strychnine and picrotoxin on the values of different reflex components was not identical; this pointed to a different localization of the inhibitory action of GABA and glycine in the central link of the somatosympathetic reflex arch.", "contents": "[Participation of GABA and glycine in the formation of somato-sympathetic reflexes]. Experiments were conducted on cats with intact spinal cord, and after spinalization a study was made of the action of strychnine and picrotoxin (synaptic GABA and glycine antagonists) on the components of somatosynaptic reflexes caused by stimulation of the skin and muscular intercostal afferents. Induced potentials were recorded in the white ramus of the third thoracic segment. The action of strychnine and picrotoxin on the values of different reflex components was not identical; this pointed to a different localization of the inhibitory action of GABA and glycine in the central link of the somatosympathetic reflex arch.", "PMID": 1016716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1507", "title": "[Analysis of the effect of morphine and promedol on uptake and release of noradrenaline by myocardial tissue].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of morphine and promedol on the content, uptake, and release of norepinephrine (NE) on rat myocardium. Promedol proved to decrease the NE level in the myocardium. Morphine failed to influence the release of the NE-14C from the isolated perfused heart, whereas promedol increased it significantly, altering both the \"slow\" and the \"rapid\" release of the mediator. Promedol failed to influence the uptake of NE-14C by the perfused heart, whereas morphine decreased it significantly. The competition between morphine and NE was characterized by the effect of incomplete inhibition: morphine and NE produced reciprocal effects on the affinity of one another to the receptor, and their interaction depended on the ratio of the concentrations of these drugs.", "contents": "[Analysis of the effect of morphine and promedol on uptake and release of noradrenaline by myocardial tissue]. A study was made of the effect of morphine and promedol on the content, uptake, and release of norepinephrine (NE) on rat myocardium. Promedol proved to decrease the NE level in the myocardium. Morphine failed to influence the release of the NE-14C from the isolated perfused heart, whereas promedol increased it significantly, altering both the \"slow\" and the \"rapid\" release of the mediator. Promedol failed to influence the uptake of NE-14C by the perfused heart, whereas morphine decreased it significantly. The competition between morphine and NE was characterized by the effect of incomplete inhibition: morphine and NE produced reciprocal effects on the affinity of one another to the receptor, and their interaction depended on the ratio of the concentrations of these drugs.", "PMID": 1016717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1508", "title": "[Synchronization of cellular proliferation in mice with sarcoma 37 by using hydroxyurea].", "content": "The synchronizing effect of hydroxyurea on the passage of sarcoma 37 cells through the stage of the S-phase and mitosis was investigated in albino mice. The study was performed with consideration to the circadian variations in the mitotic activity and the labelled nuclei indices. The degree of synchronization was assessed by the changes in the cell count and the rate of changes in synchronicity. The tumour consisted of at least two cell populations in which the variations in the number of cells both at the S-period, and, possibly, in mitosis were shifted in respect to one another by phase. The rate of artificial cell synchronization in the mitosis proved to be much greater than the natural one in the tumour undivided into individual populations. However, the number of cells subjected to artificial synchronization showed no significant difference not only from the cell count in the tumour undivided into individual populations, but also from the number of cells synchronized naturally in one of the populations. This could be explained by the fact that hydroxyurea acted on one group of cells only since variations in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells were shifted in individual populations in respect to one another by phase.", "contents": "[Synchronization of cellular proliferation in mice with sarcoma 37 by using hydroxyurea]. The synchronizing effect of hydroxyurea on the passage of sarcoma 37 cells through the stage of the S-phase and mitosis was investigated in albino mice. The study was performed with consideration to the circadian variations in the mitotic activity and the labelled nuclei indices. The degree of synchronization was assessed by the changes in the cell count and the rate of changes in synchronicity. The tumour consisted of at least two cell populations in which the variations in the number of cells both at the S-period, and, possibly, in mitosis were shifted in respect to one another by phase. The rate of artificial cell synchronization in the mitosis proved to be much greater than the natural one in the tumour undivided into individual populations. However, the number of cells subjected to artificial synchronization showed no significant difference not only from the cell count in the tumour undivided into individual populations, but also from the number of cells synchronized naturally in one of the populations. This could be explained by the fact that hydroxyurea acted on one group of cells only since variations in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells were shifted in individual populations in respect to one another by phase.", "PMID": 1016718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1509", "title": "[Inhibiting effect of cholera vibrio neuraminidase in Rauscher mouse leukemia].", "content": "A study was made of the inhibitory effect of neuraminidase of cholera vibrio in mouse Rauscher leukemia. It was shown that the processing of cells of the spleen of mice suffering from leukemia with neuraminidase (in a dose of 50 units/ml and more) significantly inhibited the capacity of these cells to induce leukemia in their injection to BALB/c mice. In the mentioned concentration neuraminidase injected repeatedly parenterally produced no therapeutic effect in Rauscher leukemia.", "contents": "[Inhibiting effect of cholera vibrio neuraminidase in Rauscher mouse leukemia]. A study was made of the inhibitory effect of neuraminidase of cholera vibrio in mouse Rauscher leukemia. It was shown that the processing of cells of the spleen of mice suffering from leukemia with neuraminidase (in a dose of 50 units/ml and more) significantly inhibited the capacity of these cells to induce leukemia in their injection to BALB/c mice. In the mentioned concentration neuraminidase injected repeatedly parenterally produced no therapeutic effect in Rauscher leukemia.", "PMID": 1016719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1510", "title": "[Effect of the enterotropic carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on the level of biogenic amines in the hypothalamus of rats].", "content": "The hypothalamic levels of noradrenaline (NA), dophamine (DA), serotonine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were found to be decreased in male rats 24 hours after subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) in a dose of 21 mg/kg. During 3 to 12 hrs after the SDMH treatment the hypothalamic level of NA was decreased, whereas the 5-HT turnover became greater. The hypothalamic histamine level increased 30 min after the SDMH injection only. In the brain stem and the great hemispheres the biogenic amine level displayed no significant changes under the effect of SDMH. The endocrine-metabolic changes due to the selected SDMH effect on the hypothalamic biogenic amine level are supposed to be of great significance in the realization of the carcinogenic action of SDMH in rats.", "contents": "[Effect of the enterotropic carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on the level of biogenic amines in the hypothalamus of rats]. The hypothalamic levels of noradrenaline (NA), dophamine (DA), serotonine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were found to be decreased in male rats 24 hours after subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) in a dose of 21 mg/kg. During 3 to 12 hrs after the SDMH treatment the hypothalamic level of NA was decreased, whereas the 5-HT turnover became greater. The hypothalamic histamine level increased 30 min after the SDMH injection only. In the brain stem and the great hemispheres the biogenic amine level displayed no significant changes under the effect of SDMH. The endocrine-metabolic changes due to the selected SDMH effect on the hypothalamic biogenic amine level are supposed to be of great significance in the realization of the carcinogenic action of SDMH in rats.", "PMID": 1016720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1511", "title": "[Possibility of migration of several elements in biological systems following x-irradiation].", "content": "The effect of local X-irradiation on the content of trace elements of subcellular fractions (nuclear, mitochondrial) and the blood serum of rats with sarcoma M-1 was studied. It was shown that systematic local irradiation of sarcoma M-1 (single dose--250 R) during the tumour growth promoted zinc redistribution from the nuclei into the mitochondria. In addition, there were revealed statistically significant postirradiation changes in the blood serum Ca content of rats with sarcoma M-1 after one-time local irradiation of the tumour with 1000 R.", "contents": "[Possibility of migration of several elements in biological systems following x-irradiation]. The effect of local X-irradiation on the content of trace elements of subcellular fractions (nuclear, mitochondrial) and the blood serum of rats with sarcoma M-1 was studied. It was shown that systematic local irradiation of sarcoma M-1 (single dose--250 R) during the tumour growth promoted zinc redistribution from the nuclei into the mitochondria. In addition, there were revealed statistically significant postirradiation changes in the blood serum Ca content of rats with sarcoma M-1 after one-time local irradiation of the tumour with 1000 R.", "PMID": 1016721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1512", "title": "[Comparative study of the level of mitotic activity and duration of mitosis over a 24 hour period in mouse tumors and normal tissue].", "content": "Circadian rhythm of cell division in the forestomack epithelium proved to be largely similar to that in the transplantable (continuous) carcinoma of the forestomack; the duration of mitosis in these tissues changed in the course of 24-hours. The mean 24-hour mitotic activity in the tumour was double that in the forestomack contrary to this, colchamine (colcemide) accumulated in the course of the 24-hours 121.1% mitoses in the forestomack and 83.8% mitoses in the carcinoma. A greater number of mitoses in the tumour with the usual count is attributed to the fact that the mean 24-hour duration of mitosis of the remen carcinoma was 2.7 greater than in the epithelium of the forestomack.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the level of mitotic activity and duration of mitosis over a 24 hour period in mouse tumors and normal tissue]. Circadian rhythm of cell division in the forestomack epithelium proved to be largely similar to that in the transplantable (continuous) carcinoma of the forestomack; the duration of mitosis in these tissues changed in the course of 24-hours. The mean 24-hour mitotic activity in the tumour was double that in the forestomack contrary to this, colchamine (colcemide) accumulated in the course of the 24-hours 121.1% mitoses in the forestomack and 83.8% mitoses in the carcinoma. A greater number of mitoses in the tumour with the usual count is attributed to the fact that the mean 24-hour duration of mitosis of the remen carcinoma was 2.7 greater than in the epithelium of the forestomack.", "PMID": 1016722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1513", "title": "[Mitotic activity changes in the corneal epithelium of rats of different ages following exposure to pain].", "content": "A study was made of pain stimulus (amputation of 1/3 of the tail) on the mitotic activity in the corneal epithelium of 21-day fetuses, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 15-, 20- and 25-day rats. In 45 minutes after the infliction of trauma no significant change was seen in the cornea of the fetuses and of the one-day-old ratlings. A gradual establishment of the reactive inhibition of mitoses in response to pain occurred between the 3rd and the 10th day of postnatal development. This reaction became more intense after the 10th day, reaching the maximum by the 25th day. Reactive inhibition of the mitotic activity was connected with the inhibition of the entrance of cells into mitosis.", "contents": "[Mitotic activity changes in the corneal epithelium of rats of different ages following exposure to pain]. A study was made of pain stimulus (amputation of 1/3 of the tail) on the mitotic activity in the corneal epithelium of 21-day fetuses, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 15-, 20- and 25-day rats. In 45 minutes after the infliction of trauma no significant change was seen in the cornea of the fetuses and of the one-day-old ratlings. A gradual establishment of the reactive inhibition of mitoses in response to pain occurred between the 3rd and the 10th day of postnatal development. This reaction became more intense after the 10th day, reaching the maximum by the 25th day. Reactive inhibition of the mitotic activity was connected with the inhibition of the entrance of cells into mitosis.", "PMID": 1016723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1514", "title": "[Diurnal changes in the number of mitoses and cells synthesizing DNA in the tissues of young rats].", "content": "Regular circadian variations in the mitotic index and in the number of cells synthesizing DNA (labelled nuclei index) were shown in the liver, epidermis, and in the exocrine portion of the pancreas in 7-day-old rats. The nature of these changes differed in the tissues under study. No regular correlations between the carcadian variations in these two indices were revealed.", "contents": "[Diurnal changes in the number of mitoses and cells synthesizing DNA in the tissues of young rats]. Regular circadian variations in the mitotic index and in the number of cells synthesizing DNA (labelled nuclei index) were shown in the liver, epidermis, and in the exocrine portion of the pancreas in 7-day-old rats. The nature of these changes differed in the tissues under study. No regular correlations between the carcadian variations in these two indices were revealed.", "PMID": 1016724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1515", "title": "[Changes in the mitotic activity of the corneal epithelium of white rats following coolong of the animals at different times of the day].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of moderate hypothermia on the mitotic activity of albino rat corneal epithelium. The animals were cooled by the contact method for one hour to 28 degrees C; such procedure was conducted at 6 a.m., at noon, and at 6 p.m.; the epithelial reaction to cooling proved to depend on the time, the greatest suppression of mitotic activity (14-fold) occurring at daytime 3 hours after the cooling. A tendency to normalization of cell division was observed 6 and 12 hours after the cooling. The number of mitoses decreased 3 hours after the evening cooling, no changes in the mitotic activity in 3 and 6 hours after the morning cooling; cell division was found to be suppressed in 12 hours.", "contents": "[Changes in the mitotic activity of the corneal epithelium of white rats following coolong of the animals at different times of the day]. A study was made of the influence of moderate hypothermia on the mitotic activity of albino rat corneal epithelium. The animals were cooled by the contact method for one hour to 28 degrees C; such procedure was conducted at 6 a.m., at noon, and at 6 p.m.; the epithelial reaction to cooling proved to depend on the time, the greatest suppression of mitotic activity (14-fold) occurring at daytime 3 hours after the cooling. A tendency to normalization of cell division was observed 6 and 12 hours after the cooling. The number of mitoses decreased 3 hours after the evening cooling, no changes in the mitotic activity in 3 and 6 hours after the morning cooling; cell division was found to be suppressed in 12 hours.", "PMID": 1016725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1516", "title": "[Effect of spleen and bone marrow regeneration on the number of hematopoietic colonies in mouse spleen].", "content": "The spleen (2/3) was removed in CBA male mice (the 1st group); in the 2nd group the bone marrow from the right posterior shin was removed. The hemopoietic splenic colonies were counted on the 8th day after the lethal irradiation and injection of 1 X 10(-6) nucleated cells of the intact spleen. A significant increase of the number of colonies in comparison with their number in control intact mice was observed. The authors suppose that this increase could also be caused by the local influence of the regenerating stroma of the spleen and by some stimulating factor discharge by the regenerating hemopoietic tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of spleen and bone marrow regeneration on the number of hematopoietic colonies in mouse spleen]. The spleen (2/3) was removed in CBA male mice (the 1st group); in the 2nd group the bone marrow from the right posterior shin was removed. The hemopoietic splenic colonies were counted on the 8th day after the lethal irradiation and injection of 1 X 10(-6) nucleated cells of the intact spleen. A significant increase of the number of colonies in comparison with their number in control intact mice was observed. The authors suppose that this increase could also be caused by the local influence of the regenerating stroma of the spleen and by some stimulating factor discharge by the regenerating hemopoietic tissue.", "PMID": 1016726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1517", "title": "[Recovery processes in the muscles of dogs following free transplantation under auto- and homoplastic conditions].", "content": "Whole gastrocnemius muscles, preliminarily (one month before) denervated, were auto- and homotransplanted in dogs. The transplanted muscles took at the site of transplantation; some of the transplanted material was lost and was resorbed; myoblasts were released from the viable disintegrating material. The muscle organ was built anew as a result of further differentiation of myogenic elements in the autotransplants under conditions of timely restoration of the circulation and innervation. No stable take of the transplant occurred in the case of homoplasty--the newlyformed muscle was lost as a result of the incompatibility reaction. Thus, preliminary denervation serves as an effective means of preparation of the muscle tissue for the autotransplantation.", "contents": "[Recovery processes in the muscles of dogs following free transplantation under auto- and homoplastic conditions]. Whole gastrocnemius muscles, preliminarily (one month before) denervated, were auto- and homotransplanted in dogs. The transplanted muscles took at the site of transplantation; some of the transplanted material was lost and was resorbed; myoblasts were released from the viable disintegrating material. The muscle organ was built anew as a result of further differentiation of myogenic elements in the autotransplants under conditions of timely restoration of the circulation and innervation. No stable take of the transplant occurred in the case of homoplasty--the newlyformed muscle was lost as a result of the incompatibility reaction. Thus, preliminary denervation serves as an effective means of preparation of the muscle tissue for the autotransplantation.", "PMID": 1016727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1518", "title": "[Cytologic changes in the myocardia of rats trained to altitude hypoxia].", "content": "Rats trained to the high-altitude hypoxia displayed signs of intensification of both the plastic and lytic processes; one of these processes prevailed in different cells. There was no significant change in the mitochondrial and myofibrillar ratio. An increase of the relative volume of the microcirculatory bed on account of dilatation of small vessels without any increase of their count was noted.", "contents": "[Cytologic changes in the myocardia of rats trained to altitude hypoxia]. Rats trained to the high-altitude hypoxia displayed signs of intensification of both the plastic and lytic processes; one of these processes prevailed in different cells. There was no significant change in the mitochondrial and myofibrillar ratio. An increase of the relative volume of the microcirculatory bed on account of dilatation of small vessels without any increase of their count was noted.", "PMID": 1016728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1519", "title": "[Effect of sympathomimetic substances and DOPA on the ultrastructure of the nervous apparatus of the heart].", "content": "After a single administration of norepinephrine or DOPA to albino rats there occurred an incorporation of norepinephrine into the adrenergic axons of the heart and its deposition in the form of granules in small synaptic vesicles, about 300 A in diameter. The adrenergic and cholinergic axons can be thus differentiated. The amount of cholinergic axons in the auricles is greater than that of the adrenergic ones. The adrenergic terminals came into the most intimate contact with the cholinergic terminals and with the endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and the myocardial muscle cells. It is supposed that adrenergic fibers can act upon the heart muscle in three ways: by means of presynaptic inhibition through the cholinergic axons, by humoral route, and directly on the myocardial muscle cells.", "contents": "[Effect of sympathomimetic substances and DOPA on the ultrastructure of the nervous apparatus of the heart]. After a single administration of norepinephrine or DOPA to albino rats there occurred an incorporation of norepinephrine into the adrenergic axons of the heart and its deposition in the form of granules in small synaptic vesicles, about 300 A in diameter. The adrenergic and cholinergic axons can be thus differentiated. The amount of cholinergic axons in the auricles is greater than that of the adrenergic ones. The adrenergic terminals came into the most intimate contact with the cholinergic terminals and with the endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and the myocardial muscle cells. It is supposed that adrenergic fibers can act upon the heart muscle in three ways: by means of presynaptic inhibition through the cholinergic axons, by humoral route, and directly on the myocardial muscle cells.", "PMID": 1016729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1520", "title": "[Electron-microscopic study of satellite cell formation in skeletal muscle under conditions of physical loading].", "content": "An increase of condensed chromatin was found in the nuclei of the muscle fibers of rat skeletal muscle after secondary exhastive physical exercises. Some nuclei of the muscle fibers with a part of the sarcoplasm separated from the muscle fibers. Satellite cells formed from the separated parts of the muscle fibers.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic study of satellite cell formation in skeletal muscle under conditions of physical loading]. An increase of condensed chromatin was found in the nuclei of the muscle fibers of rat skeletal muscle after secondary exhastive physical exercises. Some nuclei of the muscle fibers with a part of the sarcoplasm separated from the muscle fibers. Satellite cells formed from the separated parts of the muscle fibers.", "PMID": 1016730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1521", "title": "[RNA synthesis in the circular nucleoli of hepatocytes].", "content": "By analysis of serial sections it has been revealed that the so-called ring-like nucleoli of hepatocytes consist of a cavity with an amorphous contents surrounded by fibrillar and granular material. Such nucleoli are sometimes encountered in normal animals; the number of ring-like nucleoli increases considerably in chronic pathological process caused by repeated CCl4 injections. The capacity of RNA synthesis in the ring-like nucleoli was revealed by means of electron-microscopic autoradiography.", "contents": "[RNA synthesis in the circular nucleoli of hepatocytes]. By analysis of serial sections it has been revealed that the so-called ring-like nucleoli of hepatocytes consist of a cavity with an amorphous contents surrounded by fibrillar and granular material. Such nucleoli are sometimes encountered in normal animals; the number of ring-like nucleoli increases considerably in chronic pathological process caused by repeated CCl4 injections. The capacity of RNA synthesis in the ring-like nucleoli was revealed by means of electron-microscopic autoradiography.", "PMID": 1016731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1522", "title": "[Topographic features of the ultrastructure of parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (morphometric study)].", "content": "A new methodical approach to the study of the ultrastructure of the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa is suggested. Electron microscopic study of peculiarities of the submicroscopic cell organization at the three main levels (the generative zone, the zone of the most active cells, and the gland floor) is necessarily followed by the morphometric analysis of the results obtained. Marked differences in the ultrastructural morphometric indices of the parietal cells located at various levels of the glands were demonstrated with the aid of the mentioned method. Despite certain difficulties, such approach can be also applied to the study of other cell elements of the gastric mucosa and also of many other tissues with continuous quick cell renewal.", "contents": "[Topographic features of the ultrastructure of parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (morphometric study)]. A new methodical approach to the study of the ultrastructure of the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa is suggested. Electron microscopic study of peculiarities of the submicroscopic cell organization at the three main levels (the generative zone, the zone of the most active cells, and the gland floor) is necessarily followed by the morphometric analysis of the results obtained. Marked differences in the ultrastructural morphometric indices of the parietal cells located at various levels of the glands were demonstrated with the aid of the mentioned method. Despite certain difficulties, such approach can be also applied to the study of other cell elements of the gastric mucosa and also of many other tissues with continuous quick cell renewal.", "PMID": 1016732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1523", "title": "[Assessment of human regional cerebral circulation by venocclusive rheoplethysmoencephalography].", "content": "A possibility was shown of using the method of venocclusion rheoplethysmoencephalography (RPEG) for the assessment of the extent of changes in the cerebral circulation (CC) in individual regions of the cerebral hemispheres of a practically healthy man in various functional loads. The changes in the CC was recorded in per cent in respect to its initial background value. Data on the increase (by 114%) of the CC in the centralparietal region of the left cerebral hemisphere in movement with the right hand and on its reduction (by 45%) in sound stimulation. In the adjacent (temporal) region the changes in the CC were of other character.", "contents": "[Assessment of human regional cerebral circulation by venocclusive rheoplethysmoencephalography]. A possibility was shown of using the method of venocclusion rheoplethysmoencephalography (RPEG) for the assessment of the extent of changes in the cerebral circulation (CC) in individual regions of the cerebral hemispheres of a practically healthy man in various functional loads. The changes in the CC was recorded in per cent in respect to its initial background value. Data on the increase (by 114%) of the CC in the centralparietal region of the left cerebral hemisphere in movement with the right hand and on its reduction (by 45%) in sound stimulation. In the adjacent (temporal) region the changes in the CC were of other character.", "PMID": 1016733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1524", "title": "[Morphofunctional express-diagnosis of liver conditons].", "content": "Methods of simultaneous detection of the vitally-essential indices of the hepatic tissue status by injecting neutral red vital dye into the portal vein are described. The liver tissue morphological status, the hepatic cell absorbing capacity, the blood microcirculatory efficacy and the pH shift were assessed on a histological preparation from the liver slice. The dye was extracted from the other portion of the same liver slice and the total amount of the dye absorbed was estimated.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional express-diagnosis of liver conditons]. Methods of simultaneous detection of the vitally-essential indices of the hepatic tissue status by injecting neutral red vital dye into the portal vein are described. The liver tissue morphological status, the hepatic cell absorbing capacity, the blood microcirculatory efficacy and the pH shift were assessed on a histological preparation from the liver slice. The dye was extracted from the other portion of the same liver slice and the total amount of the dye absorbed was estimated.", "PMID": 1016734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1525", "title": "Influence of magnesium on calcium- and potassium-related responses in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The influence of Mg on Ca- and K-related responses of rabbit aortic strips was studied. Aortic strips bathed in either a K-free or 60.0 mM K solution were less sensitive to Ca in the presence of 1.2 mm Mg. Ca induced greater maximum tension in the aortic strips in the presence of Mg when bathed in 60.0 mM K. Addition of K to a K-free medium induced a slight relaxation at low concentrations (is less than 1.0 mm) which was Ca dependent. The relaxation was less in the presence of Mg. Wiolution were less sensitive to Ca in the presence of 1.2 mm Mg. Ca induced greater maximum tension in the aortic strips in the presence of Mg when bathed in 60.0 mm K. Addition of K to a K-free medium induced a slight relaxation at low concentrations (is less thth Mg in the medium throughout the experiment (90 min), the threshold concentration of K, including a contractile response, was increased as was the maximum tension. Acute addition of Mg decreased the maximum response to K. When K was lowered from 5.4 to 0.0 mm a contractile response, absent in the presence of Mg, occurred. When the K was increased, the tension returned to baseline. At 25-30 mm K, the tension again increased, reaching a maximum at 40-50 mm K. Ca uptake was stimulated at all K concentrations producing a contraction. Mg depressed this increase in uptake. 45Ca efflux was more rapid into a 50.0 mm than into 0.0 mm K solution. Mg delayed Ca efflux. It is concluded from these data that Mg has two components in its effect on the Ca associated with K responses. One is a competition with Ca at extracellular sites probably at the membrane, and the other is intracellular, probably a competition with Ca at sequestration sites.", "contents": "Influence of magnesium on calcium- and potassium-related responses in vascular smooth muscle. The influence of Mg on Ca- and K-related responses of rabbit aortic strips was studied. Aortic strips bathed in either a K-free or 60.0 mM K solution were less sensitive to Ca in the presence of 1.2 mm Mg. Ca induced greater maximum tension in the aortic strips in the presence of Mg when bathed in 60.0 mM K. Addition of K to a K-free medium induced a slight relaxation at low concentrations (is less than 1.0 mm) which was Ca dependent. The relaxation was less in the presence of Mg. Wiolution were less sensitive to Ca in the presence of 1.2 mm Mg. Ca induced greater maximum tension in the aortic strips in the presence of Mg when bathed in 60.0 mm K. Addition of K to a K-free medium induced a slight relaxation at low concentrations (is less thth Mg in the medium throughout the experiment (90 min), the threshold concentration of K, including a contractile response, was increased as was the maximum tension. Acute addition of Mg decreased the maximum response to K. When K was lowered from 5.4 to 0.0 mm a contractile response, absent in the presence of Mg, occurred. When the K was increased, the tension returned to baseline. At 25-30 mm K, the tension again increased, reaching a maximum at 40-50 mm K. Ca uptake was stimulated at all K concentrations producing a contraction. Mg depressed this increase in uptake. 45Ca efflux was more rapid into a 50.0 mm than into 0.0 mm K solution. Mg delayed Ca efflux. It is concluded from these data that Mg has two components in its effect on the Ca associated with K responses. One is a competition with Ca at extracellular sites probably at the membrane, and the other is intracellular, probably a competition with Ca at sequestration sites.", "PMID": 1016735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1526", "title": "Standstill of nailfold capillary blood flow during cooling in scleroderma and Raynaud's syndrome.", "content": "Capillary blood flow in nailfold capillaries, observed continuously by capillary microscopy during standardized cold exposure (16 degrees C) has been compared in 15 patients with scleroderma (SD), 6 patients with Raynaud's syndrome (RS) without known organic pathology, and 9 normal controls. Capillary microscopy affords direct observation of capillary blood flow and allows one to determine if standstill of capillary circulation occurs (as defined by the movement of the red blood cell column), a state impossible to differentiate from near zero flow by conventional methods. Complete standstill of capillary blood flow occurred in 10 of 15 patients with SD and in 1 of 6 patients with RS. Intermittent standstill was observed in 5 of 15 SD and in 4 of 6 RS patients. In all normal subjects and in 1 of 6 patients with RS the capillary blood flow continued throughout the cooling period. Thus all 15 patients with SD and 5 of 6 patients with RS could be distinguished from control subjects by the development of capillary standstill on cooling. It is concluded that capillary microscopy can separate SD and RS patients from control subjects during cold exposure and may be useful in early diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatic syndromes and in the evaluation of therapy designed to improve the nutritional capillary blood flow of the skin. Whereas the complete standstill of capillary blood flow appears to be definitely associated with pathology, the intermittent standstill pattern as defined in this study may be an exaggerated form of flow fluctuation also seen in normal subjects. A larger number of subjects will have to be studied to determine whether patients with RS of the vasopastic type without connective tissue disease can be distinguished from normal subjects with low finger blood flow rates in cold conditions.", "contents": "Standstill of nailfold capillary blood flow during cooling in scleroderma and Raynaud's syndrome. Capillary blood flow in nailfold capillaries, observed continuously by capillary microscopy during standardized cold exposure (16 degrees C) has been compared in 15 patients with scleroderma (SD), 6 patients with Raynaud's syndrome (RS) without known organic pathology, and 9 normal controls. Capillary microscopy affords direct observation of capillary blood flow and allows one to determine if standstill of capillary circulation occurs (as defined by the movement of the red blood cell column), a state impossible to differentiate from near zero flow by conventional methods. Complete standstill of capillary blood flow occurred in 10 of 15 patients with SD and in 1 of 6 patients with RS. Intermittent standstill was observed in 5 of 15 SD and in 4 of 6 RS patients. In all normal subjects and in 1 of 6 patients with RS the capillary blood flow continued throughout the cooling period. Thus all 15 patients with SD and 5 of 6 patients with RS could be distinguished from control subjects by the development of capillary standstill on cooling. It is concluded that capillary microscopy can separate SD and RS patients from control subjects during cold exposure and may be useful in early diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatic syndromes and in the evaluation of therapy designed to improve the nutritional capillary blood flow of the skin. Whereas the complete standstill of capillary blood flow appears to be definitely associated with pathology, the intermittent standstill pattern as defined in this study may be an exaggerated form of flow fluctuation also seen in normal subjects. A larger number of subjects will have to be studied to determine whether patients with RS of the vasopastic type without connective tissue disease can be distinguished from normal subjects with low finger blood flow rates in cold conditions.", "PMID": 1016736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1527", "title": "Comparison of the excitatory and inhibitory effects of angiotensin and vasopressin on mammalian portal vein.", "content": "Angiotensin produced inhibitory and excitatory responses in guinea pig portal vein and excitatory responses in rabbit and rat portal vein. Vasopressin produced inhibitory responses in guinea pig and rabbit portal vein and excitatory and inhibitory responses in rat portal vein. In guinea pig portal vein, inhibition by angiotensin and vasopressin was associated with an increase in membrane potential which was, on average, smaller than that produced by isoprenaline, and with a suppression of spike discharges. Tachyphylaxis of the responses to angiotensin and vasopressin in portal vein was not observed and their effects were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, atropine and phentolamine plus propranolol.", "contents": "Comparison of the excitatory and inhibitory effects of angiotensin and vasopressin on mammalian portal vein. Angiotensin produced inhibitory and excitatory responses in guinea pig portal vein and excitatory responses in rabbit and rat portal vein. Vasopressin produced inhibitory responses in guinea pig and rabbit portal vein and excitatory and inhibitory responses in rat portal vein. In guinea pig portal vein, inhibition by angiotensin and vasopressin was associated with an increase in membrane potential which was, on average, smaller than that produced by isoprenaline, and with a suppression of spike discharges. Tachyphylaxis of the responses to angiotensin and vasopressin in portal vein was not observed and their effects were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, atropine and phentolamine plus propranolol.", "PMID": 1016737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1528", "title": "Density of perivascular nerves on some cerebral and extracerebral blood vessels.", "content": "The perivascular adrenergic nerves were counted as they crossed a grid-line superimposed on rat cerebral or femoral arteries and arterioles, and on the portal vein and its tributaries. The nerves were visualized with the formaldehyde-vapor, fluorescence technique. No support was received for the hypothesis that cerebral vessels are better innervated than extracerebral vessels. In fact, the density of nerves was significantly greater on the femoral and portal vessels than on the cerebral.", "contents": "Density of perivascular nerves on some cerebral and extracerebral blood vessels. The perivascular adrenergic nerves were counted as they crossed a grid-line superimposed on rat cerebral or femoral arteries and arterioles, and on the portal vein and its tributaries. The nerves were visualized with the formaldehyde-vapor, fluorescence technique. No support was received for the hypothesis that cerebral vessels are better innervated than extracerebral vessels. In fact, the density of nerves was significantly greater on the femoral and portal vessels than on the cerebral.", "PMID": 1016738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1529", "title": "[Development of the renal glomerulus examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "The kidneys of 2 to 10 days old albino rats were fixed by perfusion and examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, vascular casts of renal vessels in rats of the same ages were effectuated by injection of methacrylate into the aorta and observed by SEM. The observation of glomerulogenesis in different stages has indicated that the glomerular capillaries originate in the interstitial vessels which penetrate into the cleft formed in the wall of the renal vesicle. Initially the capillaries have an aspect of small sinusoids which then expand peripherally and undergo successive subdivisions: the anastomosis in each glomerular lobule persists. The podocytes originate from the cells of the renal vesicle facing the penetrating capillaries. The initially primitive cells branch off successively and extend around the expanding capillaries with their small processes -- the foot processes which interdigitate with the corresponding structures of the neighbour cells.", "contents": "[Development of the renal glomerulus examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy]. The kidneys of 2 to 10 days old albino rats were fixed by perfusion and examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, vascular casts of renal vessels in rats of the same ages were effectuated by injection of methacrylate into the aorta and observed by SEM. The observation of glomerulogenesis in different stages has indicated that the glomerular capillaries originate in the interstitial vessels which penetrate into the cleft formed in the wall of the renal vesicle. Initially the capillaries have an aspect of small sinusoids which then expand peripherally and undergo successive subdivisions: the anastomosis in each glomerular lobule persists. The podocytes originate from the cells of the renal vesicle facing the penetrating capillaries. The initially primitive cells branch off successively and extend around the expanding capillaries with their small processes -- the foot processes which interdigitate with the corresponding structures of the neighbour cells.", "PMID": 1016739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1530", "title": "[Descriptive anatomy of the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve (preliminary study)].", "content": "By 25 dissections, an angulation of 40 degrees at the emergency of the trigeminal nerve was observed. To the three types of fibers described by SICARD, a fourth type is added of V2 fibers wrapped by cranio-median and caudo-lateral fibres. Two groups form the motor root, a postero-superior group and an antero-inferior group. Anastomoses exist between the motor and sensitive roots as well as a few unusual sensitive rootlets.", "contents": "[Descriptive anatomy of the posterior root of the trigeminal nerve (preliminary study)]. By 25 dissections, an angulation of 40 degrees at the emergency of the trigeminal nerve was observed. To the three types of fibers described by SICARD, a fourth type is added of V2 fibers wrapped by cranio-median and caudo-lateral fibres. Two groups form the motor root, a postero-superior group and an antero-inferior group. Anastomoses exist between the motor and sensitive roots as well as a few unusual sensitive rootlets.", "PMID": 1016740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1531", "title": "[Pulmonary atresia (with ventricular septal defect)].", "content": "The study has been carried out on eight cases of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, this abnormality involves both valvular atresia and the stenosis of the outflow tract of the right ventricle; that means a pulmonary atresia both valvular and infundibular. The atresia is always combined with a dextroposition of the aorta, overriding the ventricular septum; often with an auricular septal defect or a patency of the foramen ovale. In two cases, other associative caridac malformations exist : either a single ventricle or an atresia of the tricuspid valve. The arterial supply to the lungs may be assured by a persistent duct or by systemic arteries, or an association of both.", "contents": "[Pulmonary atresia (with ventricular septal defect)]. The study has been carried out on eight cases of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, this abnormality involves both valvular atresia and the stenosis of the outflow tract of the right ventricle; that means a pulmonary atresia both valvular and infundibular. The atresia is always combined with a dextroposition of the aorta, overriding the ventricular septum; often with an auricular septal defect or a patency of the foramen ovale. In two cases, other associative caridac malformations exist : either a single ventricle or an atresia of the tricuspid valve. The arterial supply to the lungs may be assured by a persistent duct or by systemic arteries, or an association of both.", "PMID": 1016741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1532", "title": "[Effects of adaptation temperature on the development of brown adipose tissue in the rat].", "content": "Male Long Evans rats were acclimated to 28 degrees C, 5 degrees C or to a daily fluctuating temperature (Cy group). The development of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was compared to that of controls maintained at 22 degrees C. Acclimation to 28 degrees C did not affect the BAT weight. After 10 days of cold exposure, the total BAT weight was increased in the 5 degrees C group, but not in the Cy group compared to controls. After four months the BAT weight was increased by about 130% in 5 degrees C group and only by 60% in Cy. In both groups the increase of abdominal BAT was four times larger than the interscapular one. No histological difference was observed between interscapular and abdominal BAT of cold acclimated rats : the size of lipid droplets is smaller than in controls. The physiological significance of the important cold induced hypertrophy of abdominal BAT is discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of adaptation temperature on the development of brown adipose tissue in the rat]. Male Long Evans rats were acclimated to 28 degrees C, 5 degrees C or to a daily fluctuating temperature (Cy group). The development of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was compared to that of controls maintained at 22 degrees C. Acclimation to 28 degrees C did not affect the BAT weight. After 10 days of cold exposure, the total BAT weight was increased in the 5 degrees C group, but not in the Cy group compared to controls. After four months the BAT weight was increased by about 130% in 5 degrees C group and only by 60% in Cy. In both groups the increase of abdominal BAT was four times larger than the interscapular one. No histological difference was observed between interscapular and abdominal BAT of cold acclimated rats : the size of lipid droplets is smaller than in controls. The physiological significance of the important cold induced hypertrophy of abdominal BAT is discussed.", "PMID": 1016742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1533", "title": "[Study of correlations linking the volumes of the hypophyseal lobes and the epiphysis to body and brain weights in Chiroptera].", "content": "Study of the correlations binding the different lobes of the hypophysis and the pineal gland to body weight and brain weight in Chiroptera shows that the hypophysis is better correlated to body and brain weight than the pineal gland, fact that we already observed in Rodents and Primates. The allometry coefficient (M.R.A.) related to body weight varies from 0,80 to 0,98 for the hypophyseal lobes. The value of this coefficient for the pineal gland (1,60) is greater than that found (1,009) in another group of Mammals (Insectivora, Lemurians and Primates). It is less sure as the important variations in volume of this gland determine a lower correlation coefficient.", "contents": "[Study of correlations linking the volumes of the hypophyseal lobes and the epiphysis to body and brain weights in Chiroptera]. Study of the correlations binding the different lobes of the hypophysis and the pineal gland to body weight and brain weight in Chiroptera shows that the hypophysis is better correlated to body and brain weight than the pineal gland, fact that we already observed in Rodents and Primates. The allometry coefficient (M.R.A.) related to body weight varies from 0,80 to 0,98 for the hypophyseal lobes. The value of this coefficient for the pineal gland (1,60) is greater than that found (1,009) in another group of Mammals (Insectivora, Lemurians and Primates). It is less sure as the important variations in volume of this gland determine a lower correlation coefficient.", "PMID": 1016743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1534", "title": "[Comparison of the intraspecific growth of the endocranial organs (hypophyseal lobes, pineal gland, SFO) in the white Wistar rat. Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), with their interspecific growth in the rodents].", "content": "The intraspecific growth of various endocranian organs (hypophysis, pineal gland and SFO) in the Rat compared to a group of Rodents shows that their allometry coefficient/somatic weight is : close to isometry for the anterior and intermediate lobes of the hypophysis which is suitable for endocrine glands; lower and close to that found for the relation brain weight/somatic weight for the nervous lobe in the Rat and in Rodents; and extremely low (0,33) for the SFO in the Rat, which is comparable to that found in Rodents (0,44). The allometry coefficient found for the pineal gland is not comparable to that found in Rodents (1,25). Many facts (important intra and interspecific variations, existence of species or individuals deprived of pineal gland) seem to indicate that this gland is not related to an essential somatic function.", "contents": "[Comparison of the intraspecific growth of the endocranial organs (hypophyseal lobes, pineal gland, SFO) in the white Wistar rat. Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), with their interspecific growth in the rodents]. The intraspecific growth of various endocranian organs (hypophysis, pineal gland and SFO) in the Rat compared to a group of Rodents shows that their allometry coefficient/somatic weight is : close to isometry for the anterior and intermediate lobes of the hypophysis which is suitable for endocrine glands; lower and close to that found for the relation brain weight/somatic weight for the nervous lobe in the Rat and in Rodents; and extremely low (0,33) for the SFO in the Rat, which is comparable to that found in Rodents (0,44). The allometry coefficient found for the pineal gland is not comparable to that found in Rodents (1,25). Many facts (important intra and interspecific variations, existence of species or individuals deprived of pineal gland) seem to indicate that this gland is not related to an essential somatic function.", "PMID": 1016744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1535", "title": "[Fine structure of the public symphysis in the mouse].", "content": "Classical histological descriptions of the modifications of the mouse pubic symphysis (PS) during pregnancy did not take sufficient account of its structural heterogeneity. Precise morphological study of the PS, in adult male and virgin female mice, was carried out under light and electronic microscopy. Our observations on pregnant females are still imcomplete. Two regions of the PS should be distinguished according to their structure and evolution during pregnancy. The cranial region shows diarthrodial articular characteristics. This region disappears in the female during the first pregnancy and is not reconstituted after parturition. The caudal region comprises two types of cells in the female : typical chondrocytes and a peculiar cell-type whose function has yet to be defined. The latter seems to be responsible for the loose structure of the symphyseal cartilage and to contribute to the development of pseudocavities in the ligament in the final days of pregnancy. It is possible that such cells may be stimulated by relaxin and may secrete a hydrophilic factor such as hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "[Fine structure of the public symphysis in the mouse]. Classical histological descriptions of the modifications of the mouse pubic symphysis (PS) during pregnancy did not take sufficient account of its structural heterogeneity. Precise morphological study of the PS, in adult male and virgin female mice, was carried out under light and electronic microscopy. Our observations on pregnant females are still imcomplete. Two regions of the PS should be distinguished according to their structure and evolution during pregnancy. The cranial region shows diarthrodial articular characteristics. This region disappears in the female during the first pregnancy and is not reconstituted after parturition. The caudal region comprises two types of cells in the female : typical chondrocytes and a peculiar cell-type whose function has yet to be defined. The latter seems to be responsible for the loose structure of the symphyseal cartilage and to contribute to the development of pseudocavities in the ligament in the final days of pregnancy. It is possible that such cells may be stimulated by relaxin and may secrete a hydrophilic factor such as hyaluronic acid.", "PMID": 1016745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1536", "title": "[Validity of descriptive characteristics in the sexual differentiation of the skull].", "content": "Revision of former results concerning the sexing of skulls by anatomical characteristcs, confirms the interest of the following data : superciliary arches protuberance, upper orbitary rim's shape, supramastoidian temporal crest protuberance. Other data have no bearing for this problem.", "contents": "[Validity of descriptive characteristics in the sexual differentiation of the skull]. Revision of former results concerning the sexing of skulls by anatomical characteristcs, confirms the interest of the following data : superciliary arches protuberance, upper orbitary rim's shape, supramastoidian temporal crest protuberance. Other data have no bearing for this problem.", "PMID": 1016746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1537", "title": "[Structural correlations between dimensions of the trunk].", "content": "Almost all the great dimensions of the trunk are correlated. Some of them correspond to the social stratification of the biological characteristics, others to anatomical structures, as shown by the study of partial correlations for a given stature, or by multiple partial correlations for a given stature and weight.", "contents": "[Structural correlations between dimensions of the trunk]. Almost all the great dimensions of the trunk are correlated. Some of them correspond to the social stratification of the biological characteristics, others to anatomical structures, as shown by the study of partial correlations for a given stature, or by multiple partial correlations for a given stature and weight.", "PMID": 1016747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1538", "title": "[Ultrastructural variations of synapses in the normal human cerebral cortex].", "content": "The numerous synapses in the normal human brain cortex display various aspects. The authors have also observed some electronic type synapses which are more numerous around the pericaryons. The cortical synapses are classed according to their synaptic vesicle richness : synapses with very few vesicles, synapses very rich in vesicles and synapses with a middling vesicular density. With the help of observations on these aspects and on variations of the synaptic cleft and that of the postsynaptic density, the authors advance an hypothesis on synaptic plasticity, the synaptic structures going from a simple intercellular contact (probably non functional) to a completly formed synapse and vice versa.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural variations of synapses in the normal human cerebral cortex]. The numerous synapses in the normal human brain cortex display various aspects. The authors have also observed some electronic type synapses which are more numerous around the pericaryons. The cortical synapses are classed according to their synaptic vesicle richness : synapses with very few vesicles, synapses very rich in vesicles and synapses with a middling vesicular density. With the help of observations on these aspects and on variations of the synaptic cleft and that of the postsynaptic density, the authors advance an hypothesis on synaptic plasticity, the synaptic structures going from a simple intercellular contact (probably non functional) to a completly formed synapse and vice versa.", "PMID": 1016748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1539", "title": "[Dendroarchitectonic study of the inferior colliculus in the cat].", "content": "A network analysis of dendritic fields of the cells of the inferior colliculus has been performed in the adult cat. The cells of the dorso-medial nucleus have a smaller volume, less terminal segments and more dendritic spines than the cells of the ventral lateral nucleus. The bifurcation ratio of the different cells makes it possible to separate two different types of cells: order 2 cells with a strictly monochotomous branching on random segment and order 3 cells which dendrites grown by terminal branching on random pendant arcs.", "contents": "[Dendroarchitectonic study of the inferior colliculus in the cat]. A network analysis of dendritic fields of the cells of the inferior colliculus has been performed in the adult cat. The cells of the dorso-medial nucleus have a smaller volume, less terminal segments and more dendritic spines than the cells of the ventral lateral nucleus. The bifurcation ratio of the different cells makes it possible to separate two different types of cells: order 2 cells with a strictly monochotomous branching on random segment and order 3 cells which dendrites grown by terminal branching on random pendant arcs.", "PMID": 1016749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1540", "title": "[The internal remodeling of compact bone in children].", "content": "The internal remodeling of bone in children is characterized by the presence of large osteones with irregular undermineralized deposits and large Havers canals. These Havers canals undergo a lateral displacement by progressive erosion of their internal side. These remodeling units decrease progressively in number and in dimensions and disappear after the age of 12 years. The metabolic necessities of childhood would explain the importance of the remodeling. The decentred form evokes a relation to strains imposed on the bone.", "contents": "[The internal remodeling of compact bone in children]. The internal remodeling of bone in children is characterized by the presence of large osteones with irregular undermineralized deposits and large Havers canals. These Havers canals undergo a lateral displacement by progressive erosion of their internal side. These remodeling units decrease progressively in number and in dimensions and disappear after the age of 12 years. The metabolic necessities of childhood would explain the importance of the remodeling. The decentred form evokes a relation to strains imposed on the bone.", "PMID": 1016750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1541", "title": "Behavior of mallard ducklings from parents fed 3 ppm DDE.", "content": "Mallard ducks fed a diet containing 3 ppm DDE (equal to about 0.6 ppm in a natural succulent diet) laid eggs that contained an average of 5.8 ppm DDE; ducklings that hatched from these eggs differed from controls in behavioral tests designed to measure responses to a maternal call and to a frightening stimulus. In response to the maternal call, ducklings from parents fed DDE were hyper-responsive; compared to controls, a greater percentage approached the call and a greater percentage of those that approached remained near the call for the remainder of the test. In a test of avoidance behavior, ducklings whose parents were fed DDE traveled shorter distances from the firghtening stimulus than did controls.", "contents": "Behavior of mallard ducklings from parents fed 3 ppm DDE. Mallard ducks fed a diet containing 3 ppm DDE (equal to about 0.6 ppm in a natural succulent diet) laid eggs that contained an average of 5.8 ppm DDE; ducklings that hatched from these eggs differed from controls in behavioral tests designed to measure responses to a maternal call and to a frightening stimulus. In response to the maternal call, ducklings from parents fed DDE were hyper-responsive; compared to controls, a greater percentage approached the call and a greater percentage of those that approached remained near the call for the remainder of the test. In a test of avoidance behavior, ducklings whose parents were fed DDE traveled shorter distances from the firghtening stimulus than did controls.", "PMID": 1016752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1542", "title": "Effects of lead nitrate ingestion on open-field behavior of mallard ducklings.", "content": "Mallard ducklings were fed a control diet or a diet containing 5, 50, or 500 ppm lead as lead nitrate, ad libitum, and their open-field behavior was tested after either 3 or 8 days on treatments. Differences in open-field performances among treatments were not significant. Percentage weight gain differed significantly among treatment groups over an 8 day period, with the least growth occurring in the 5 ppm treatment group.", "contents": "Effects of lead nitrate ingestion on open-field behavior of mallard ducklings. Mallard ducklings were fed a control diet or a diet containing 5, 50, or 500 ppm lead as lead nitrate, ad libitum, and their open-field behavior was tested after either 3 or 8 days on treatments. Differences in open-field performances among treatments were not significant. Percentage weight gain differed significantly among treatment groups over an 8 day period, with the least growth occurring in the 5 ppm treatment group.", "PMID": 1016762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1543", "title": "Venous carbon dioxide tensions in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Eighteen patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease (arterial PCO2 greater than 45 mmHg arterial PCO2 less than 55 mmHg) were studied during a stable period of their disease. Samples of arterial blood and blood from the main pulmonary artery, internal jugular vein, hepatic vein, renal vein and femoral vein were taken by manipulating a Cournand catheter to each of these sites in rapid succession. An estimate of the regional distribution of blood flow was derived from the arterio-venous oxygen content difference of each organ. Expired air was collected into a spirometer. There was a redistribution of blood flow in these patients with chronic lung disease in accord with the observations made by others in the past. Carbon dioxide concentration in the venous blood depends on 1. the blood flow to an organ, and 2. the carbon dioxide production by the organ. The total body CO2 production was within normal limits and there is no reason to suspect any alteration in carbon dioxide production by individual organs in these resting patients. Thus the venous CO2 levels are intimately linked with organ blood flow but even a substantial increase in organ blood flow cannot always compensate for the disorder in the lung. The exact role of CO2 in regulating the peripheral circulation cannot be assessed from this study but they do emphasize the importance of regional blood flow in regulating the concentration of CO2 in the venous blood and presumably in the tissues making up the organ.", "contents": "Venous carbon dioxide tensions in chronic obstructive lung disease. Eighteen patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease (arterial PCO2 greater than 45 mmHg arterial PCO2 less than 55 mmHg) were studied during a stable period of their disease. Samples of arterial blood and blood from the main pulmonary artery, internal jugular vein, hepatic vein, renal vein and femoral vein were taken by manipulating a Cournand catheter to each of these sites in rapid succession. An estimate of the regional distribution of blood flow was derived from the arterio-venous oxygen content difference of each organ. Expired air was collected into a spirometer. There was a redistribution of blood flow in these patients with chronic lung disease in accord with the observations made by others in the past. Carbon dioxide concentration in the venous blood depends on 1. the blood flow to an organ, and 2. the carbon dioxide production by the organ. The total body CO2 production was within normal limits and there is no reason to suspect any alteration in carbon dioxide production by individual organs in these resting patients. Thus the venous CO2 levels are intimately linked with organ blood flow but even a substantial increase in organ blood flow cannot always compensate for the disorder in the lung. The exact role of CO2 in regulating the peripheral circulation cannot be assessed from this study but they do emphasize the importance of regional blood flow in regulating the concentration of CO2 in the venous blood and presumably in the tissues making up the organ.", "PMID": 1016768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1544", "title": "Acid-base changes in acute exacerbation of chronic hypercapnia in man.", "content": "Acid-base parameters were studied in 10 adult patients with chronic respiratory failure during spontaneous acute exacerbations of chronic hypercapnia and after return and stabilization of PaCO2 values at previous levels with improvement of clinical conditions. All factors interfering with acid-base equilibrium were carefully avoided. The results of this investigation confirm qualitatively those obtained by GOLDSTEIN et al. [7] in dog studies and those of INGRAM et al. [9]in human studies: increasing degrees of chronic hypercapnia tend to minimize the pH reduction induced by acute PACO2 changes. From a quantitative standpoint INGRAM's data in humans are considerably different from GOLDSTEIN's data obtained in dogs. Our data, although numerically limited, confirm the acute deltaH+/deltaPaCO2 slope obtained from dogs by GOLDSTEIN et al. As data are not yet sufficient, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. However the pattern of acid-base equilibrium changes in man in this situation seems to be similar to that observed by GOLDSTEIN et al. in the dog and could be described with reasonable accuracy by the theoretical model of LEUENBERGER et al.[13].", "contents": "Acid-base changes in acute exacerbation of chronic hypercapnia in man. Acid-base parameters were studied in 10 adult patients with chronic respiratory failure during spontaneous acute exacerbations of chronic hypercapnia and after return and stabilization of PaCO2 values at previous levels with improvement of clinical conditions. All factors interfering with acid-base equilibrium were carefully avoided. The results of this investigation confirm qualitatively those obtained by GOLDSTEIN et al. [7] in dog studies and those of INGRAM et al. [9]in human studies: increasing degrees of chronic hypercapnia tend to minimize the pH reduction induced by acute PACO2 changes. From a quantitative standpoint INGRAM's data in humans are considerably different from GOLDSTEIN's data obtained in dogs. Our data, although numerically limited, confirm the acute deltaH+/deltaPaCO2 slope obtained from dogs by GOLDSTEIN et al. As data are not yet sufficient, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. However the pattern of acid-base equilibrium changes in man in this situation seems to be similar to that observed by GOLDSTEIN et al. in the dog and could be described with reasonable accuracy by the theoretical model of LEUENBERGER et al.[13].", "PMID": 1016767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1545", "title": "[Effects of long term hypercapnia on plasma amino acids in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats have been placed for periods from two hours to 22 days in a chamber, the atmosphere of which was enriched in CO2 (FICO2: 0.10). The acute phase of hypercapnia induces multidirectional changes of many plasma amino acids. Some of these changes lessen or become of an opposite direction during the first days of exposure; most of them disappear when the hypercapnic acidosis is partly compensated. The variety of these reactions seems due to the fact that CO2 brings into play various mechanisms of synthesis, circulation and catabolism.", "contents": "[Effects of long term hypercapnia on plasma amino acids in the rat (author's transl)]. Rats have been placed for periods from two hours to 22 days in a chamber, the atmosphere of which was enriched in CO2 (FICO2: 0.10). The acute phase of hypercapnia induces multidirectional changes of many plasma amino acids. Some of these changes lessen or become of an opposite direction during the first days of exposure; most of them disappear when the hypercapnic acidosis is partly compensated. The variety of these reactions seems due to the fact that CO2 brings into play various mechanisms of synthesis, circulation and catabolism.", "PMID": 1016769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1546", "title": "[Intermediates of erythrocyte glycolysis during three days hypercapnia in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten mongrel dogs (mean weight: 27 kg) awake and with an implanted femoral catheter have been maintained for three days in a controlled chamber (10% CO2 and 21% O2). Arterial blood samples, taken before admission and after one, two, four, six, 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure, allowed to study blood gases and acid-base equilibrium. Glycemia, phosphatemia, erythrocyte concentration of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), fructose-1,6-diphosphate (F-1,6-DP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), pyruvate, lactate and ATP were also titrated by various enzymatic methods. In addition, nine reference subjects were studied in air (without CO2). During the hypercapnia, [H+] rapidly increases to 70 nmol/1, then progressively decreases after 24 hours, while [HCO3-] slowly rises. The glycemia stays high during the whole exposure. There is also an increase in inorganic phosphate, G-6-P and F-6-P, but during the first 24 hours only. F-1,6-DP, pyruvate and lactate remain lowered during the whole exposure. The 2,3-DPG diminishes after the sixth hour. These phenomena, related to the acidosis and probably to the phosphofructokinase inhibition don't arise in the reference subjects. However the latter present after a two and four hour-stay in the chamber a small decrease in pyruvicemia and lactacidemia.", "contents": "[Intermediates of erythrocyte glycolysis during three days hypercapnia in the dog (author's transl)]. Ten mongrel dogs (mean weight: 27 kg) awake and with an implanted femoral catheter have been maintained for three days in a controlled chamber (10% CO2 and 21% O2). Arterial blood samples, taken before admission and after one, two, four, six, 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure, allowed to study blood gases and acid-base equilibrium. Glycemia, phosphatemia, erythrocyte concentration of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), fructose-1,6-diphosphate (F-1,6-DP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), pyruvate, lactate and ATP were also titrated by various enzymatic methods. In addition, nine reference subjects were studied in air (without CO2). During the hypercapnia, [H+] rapidly increases to 70 nmol/1, then progressively decreases after 24 hours, while [HCO3-] slowly rises. The glycemia stays high during the whole exposure. There is also an increase in inorganic phosphate, G-6-P and F-6-P, but during the first 24 hours only. F-1,6-DP, pyruvate and lactate remain lowered during the whole exposure. The 2,3-DPG diminishes after the sixth hour. These phenomena, related to the acidosis and probably to the phosphofructokinase inhibition don't arise in the reference subjects. However the latter present after a two and four hour-stay in the chamber a small decrease in pyruvicemia and lactacidemia.", "PMID": 1016772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1547", "title": "[Metabolism during exercise in young men breathing 4% CO2 (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen young men (on the average 25 years), well trained (maximal oxygen consumption, VO2 max., between 2.7 to 3.5 1) have been studied at two different levels of exercise: 90 and 140 watts (about 40 and 70% of VO2 max.) in chamber, where the atmosphere was regulated. The subjects performed the exercise after a sojourn of six hours in the chamber, at the same level, either in air or in hypercapnic conditions (FICO2: 0.04; FIO2: 0.21); the order of the exercise tests was determined at random. The rise of total ventilation (VE) during exercise in CO2 atmosphere was particularly related to the increased tidal volume (VT). In spite of the larger increase of VE in hypercapnia, CO2 output (VCO2) and respiratory quotient (R) were lower while PaCO2 was elevated (48 at rest and 54 mmHg during exercise). Oxygen consumption during exercise was the same in both conditions. Values of arterial lactic acid concentration were not different at 90 watts level. On the contrary, at the level of 140 watts, the lactic acid concentration was significantly lower in CO2 atmosphere. The well known changes during exercise of other electrolytes (rise of Na+, K+ and total Ca) was similar in air and in CO2. Only the inorganic phosphorus was higher in CO2 atmosphere at 140 watts.", "contents": "[Metabolism during exercise in young men breathing 4% CO2 (author's transl)]. Fourteen young men (on the average 25 years), well trained (maximal oxygen consumption, VO2 max., between 2.7 to 3.5 1) have been studied at two different levels of exercise: 90 and 140 watts (about 40 and 70% of VO2 max.) in chamber, where the atmosphere was regulated. The subjects performed the exercise after a sojourn of six hours in the chamber, at the same level, either in air or in hypercapnic conditions (FICO2: 0.04; FIO2: 0.21); the order of the exercise tests was determined at random. The rise of total ventilation (VE) during exercise in CO2 atmosphere was particularly related to the increased tidal volume (VT). In spite of the larger increase of VE in hypercapnia, CO2 output (VCO2) and respiratory quotient (R) were lower while PaCO2 was elevated (48 at rest and 54 mmHg during exercise). Oxygen consumption during exercise was the same in both conditions. Values of arterial lactic acid concentration were not different at 90 watts level. On the contrary, at the level of 140 watts, the lactic acid concentration was significantly lower in CO2 atmosphere. The well known changes during exercise of other electrolytes (rise of Na+, K+ and total Ca) was similar in air and in CO2. Only the inorganic phosphorus was higher in CO2 atmosphere at 140 watts.", "PMID": 1016774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1548", "title": "[Iliac crest bone CO2 and CO2/Ca ratio in man during respiratory failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The bone is often considered as a slow exchanger and bone sampling from the iliac crest, by needle-biopsy, is a commonly used and atraumatic technique; therefore the significance of the evolution of CO2 stores has been investigated in iliac crest in respiratory failure. Samples are taken before ventilation and on the first, second, and in some cases third days after ventilation. The results show that ageing is to be considered, since the CO2/Ca ratio varies according to the age group (0.84 at 30 years and 1.35 at 60 years). Patients with respiratory failure may be distributed into two main categories: hypoxic patients without hypercapnia, and patients with predominant hypercapnia. Hypercapnic patients may be differentiated from the hypoxic ones, both before assisted ventilation and on account of the dynamic phenomena that come into play during respiratory support in this group of patients. If the equilibrium state (at least five days with rigorously steady gazometry), before assisted ventilation, remains unknown, it is not possible to distribute the patients in one of these two groups. The results' significance is discussed, as well as the possible therapeutic applications.", "contents": "[Iliac crest bone CO2 and CO2/Ca ratio in man during respiratory failure (author's transl)]. The bone is often considered as a slow exchanger and bone sampling from the iliac crest, by needle-biopsy, is a commonly used and atraumatic technique; therefore the significance of the evolution of CO2 stores has been investigated in iliac crest in respiratory failure. Samples are taken before ventilation and on the first, second, and in some cases third days after ventilation. The results show that ageing is to be considered, since the CO2/Ca ratio varies according to the age group (0.84 at 30 years and 1.35 at 60 years). Patients with respiratory failure may be distributed into two main categories: hypoxic patients without hypercapnia, and patients with predominant hypercapnia. Hypercapnic patients may be differentiated from the hypoxic ones, both before assisted ventilation and on account of the dynamic phenomena that come into play during respiratory support in this group of patients. If the equilibrium state (at least five days with rigorously steady gazometry), before assisted ventilation, remains unknown, it is not possible to distribute the patients in one of these two groups. The results' significance is discussed, as well as the possible therapeutic applications.", "PMID": 1016776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1549", "title": "[CO2 storage in various organs during chronic experimental hypercapnia (author's transl)].", "content": "The total CO2 is titrated in liver, abdominal and leg's muscles, brain and thigh-bone of rats exposed to 8 +/- 1% of carbon dioxide under normoxic (20-23% of O2) and normobaric conditions during zero, two, four or six weeks. Total (H2Ot) and extracellular (H2Oe) water is measured in these organs by the 3H-inulin method. The CO2 storage in organs is expressed in relation to the PaCO2 increase (mmol-kg-1 fresh tissue-torr-1). During a four week hypercapnia, this CO2 increase is very important in bone and brain compared with that of other organs and of the whole body. With regard to the whole body, the bone CO2 content is still increasing after four weeks. The increase in extracellular bicarbonate (delta[HCO3-e]/delta PaCO2) is negligible (1/100 th) in comparison with the whole carbonic increase (delta CO2/delta PaCO2). The bone extracellular compartment diminishes in relation with the experimentation duration, without any significant change in H2Oi (Student's analysis). A factorial analysis (BENZECRI) shows that the weight of H2Oe in the information diminishes for all organs, both with the duration of normal subjects observation (ageing) and with the hypercapnia duration.", "contents": "[CO2 storage in various organs during chronic experimental hypercapnia (author's transl)]. The total CO2 is titrated in liver, abdominal and leg's muscles, brain and thigh-bone of rats exposed to 8 +/- 1% of carbon dioxide under normoxic (20-23% of O2) and normobaric conditions during zero, two, four or six weeks. Total (H2Ot) and extracellular (H2Oe) water is measured in these organs by the 3H-inulin method. The CO2 storage in organs is expressed in relation to the PaCO2 increase (mmol-kg-1 fresh tissue-torr-1). During a four week hypercapnia, this CO2 increase is very important in bone and brain compared with that of other organs and of the whole body. With regard to the whole body, the bone CO2 content is still increasing after four weeks. The increase in extracellular bicarbonate (delta[HCO3-e]/delta PaCO2) is negligible (1/100 th) in comparison with the whole carbonic increase (delta CO2/delta PaCO2). The bone extracellular compartment diminishes in relation with the experimentation duration, without any significant change in H2Oi (Student's analysis). A factorial analysis (BENZECRI) shows that the weight of H2Oe in the information diminishes for all organs, both with the duration of normal subjects observation (ageing) and with the hypercapnia duration.", "PMID": 1016773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1550", "title": "[Bone electrolytes in experimental chronic hypercapnia (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the skeleton in electrolyte equilibrium, well known for various diseases, remains difficult to understand during chronic hypercapnia. An experimental study of normoxic (O2:21%) hypercapnia (CO2:8 +/- 1%) was carried out for two, four and six weeks, followed by a systematic quantitative determination, in thigh-bone samples of Na+, K+, Ca++, PO4--, N2 and CO2 in 72 rats, and of total H2O and extracellular H2O (H2Oe) in 129 rats. Considering the mean values of groups (from 16 to 42 subjects for each group), at various times of hypercapnia, bone K+ was increased during hypercapnia (+3 to 4 X 10(-3) mEq/g fresh tissue), Ca++ diminished (--12.5 to 15.4 mEq). PO4-- and Na+ temporarily decreased at two and four weeks of hypercapnia. On account of the scatter of individual results, only the variation of K+ was statistically significant (at two weeks). This increase in bone K+, accompanying a partially compensated acidaemia, is to compare with the significant hyperkaliemia observed at two and four weeks, whereas this period is characterized by a decrease in K+ in skeletal muscle, as shown in a previous work. In a group of 72 rats, the analysis of correspondances and correlations points out the bone CO2 as a very significant variable, opposite to the variable H2Oe. PO4--is positively correlated to Na+. The complexity of the results does not permit a decisive interpretation of the phenomenon. On the other hand, this study corroborates the bone calcium loss and reveals the gain in bone potassium during hypercapnia.", "contents": "[Bone electrolytes in experimental chronic hypercapnia (author's transl)]. The role of the skeleton in electrolyte equilibrium, well known for various diseases, remains difficult to understand during chronic hypercapnia. An experimental study of normoxic (O2:21%) hypercapnia (CO2:8 +/- 1%) was carried out for two, four and six weeks, followed by a systematic quantitative determination, in thigh-bone samples of Na+, K+, Ca++, PO4--, N2 and CO2 in 72 rats, and of total H2O and extracellular H2O (H2Oe) in 129 rats. Considering the mean values of groups (from 16 to 42 subjects for each group), at various times of hypercapnia, bone K+ was increased during hypercapnia (+3 to 4 X 10(-3) mEq/g fresh tissue), Ca++ diminished (--12.5 to 15.4 mEq). PO4-- and Na+ temporarily decreased at two and four weeks of hypercapnia. On account of the scatter of individual results, only the variation of K+ was statistically significant (at two weeks). This increase in bone K+, accompanying a partially compensated acidaemia, is to compare with the significant hyperkaliemia observed at two and four weeks, whereas this period is characterized by a decrease in K+ in skeletal muscle, as shown in a previous work. In a group of 72 rats, the analysis of correspondances and correlations points out the bone CO2 as a very significant variable, opposite to the variable H2Oe. PO4--is positively correlated to Na+. The complexity of the results does not permit a decisive interpretation of the phenomenon. On the other hand, this study corroborates the bone calcium loss and reveals the gain in bone potassium during hypercapnia.", "PMID": 1016778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1551", "title": "[CO2 \"wash-out\" : a factor contributing to increase myocardial performance in the face of hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "The cardiovascular system of the anaesthetized dog has been used as an experimental model for studying the mechanisms of the haemodynamic responses to hypoxia. Together with aortic and left circumflex coronary artery blood flow (electromagnetic flow transducers), aortic and left ventricular pressures have been recorded and blood has been sampled from the aorta and the coronary sinus (PO2, PCO2, pH). During short periods of hypoxia an improvement of myocardial performance has been observed both before and after administration of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker and a marked reduction of coronary sinus PCO2 has been noted. When hypoxia was caused by a mixture of nitrogen (95%) and CO2 (5%) an improvement of performance was observed only before administration of the beta-blocker. The slope of the relationship between PCSCO2 and cardiac performance was found to be similar before and after administration of the beta-blocker and also similar to that observed in studies of the response of the isolated heart muscle to acute hypocapnia. Besides beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation, a reduction of coronary sinus PCO2 (CO2 wash-out due to an increase of coronary blood flow) could be a factor contributing to the maintenance of myocardial performance in the face of hypoxia.", "contents": "[CO2 \"wash-out\" : a factor contributing to increase myocardial performance in the face of hypoxia (author's transl)]. The cardiovascular system of the anaesthetized dog has been used as an experimental model for studying the mechanisms of the haemodynamic responses to hypoxia. Together with aortic and left circumflex coronary artery blood flow (electromagnetic flow transducers), aortic and left ventricular pressures have been recorded and blood has been sampled from the aorta and the coronary sinus (PO2, PCO2, pH). During short periods of hypoxia an improvement of myocardial performance has been observed both before and after administration of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker and a marked reduction of coronary sinus PCO2 has been noted. When hypoxia was caused by a mixture of nitrogen (95%) and CO2 (5%) an improvement of performance was observed only before administration of the beta-blocker. The slope of the relationship between PCSCO2 and cardiac performance was found to be similar before and after administration of the beta-blocker and also similar to that observed in studies of the response of the isolated heart muscle to acute hypocapnia. Besides beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation, a reduction of coronary sinus PCO2 (CO2 wash-out due to an increase of coronary blood flow) could be a factor contributing to the maintenance of myocardial performance in the face of hypoxia.", "PMID": 1016780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1552", "title": "[Acute hypercapnia and bile. Experimental studies in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The bile acid-base parameters are analyzed in 42 male Wistar rats under pentobarbital anaesthesia, in normal conditions of blood acid-base equilibrium. The reproducibility of the results is emphasized. In acute hypercapnia (FICO2 : 0.12 for 15 min) without hypoxia, and for the same increase in PCO2, and pH variation is lesser in bile than in blood, thus showing an high buffer capacity. In vitro and in vivo comparative studies show that bile buffer capacity is about five times higher in vivo, independently of a possible increase in choleresis. Comparative studies of bile-acid-base equilibrium are effected during perfusions of dehydrocholate, sodium taurocholate, secretin and acetazolamide. Sodium and chlorine remain stable during hypercapnia both in blood and in bile ; potassium concentration is increased in the two media. To explain these results, the role of the liver is still to specify.", "contents": "[Acute hypercapnia and bile. Experimental studies in the rat (author's transl)]. The bile acid-base parameters are analyzed in 42 male Wistar rats under pentobarbital anaesthesia, in normal conditions of blood acid-base equilibrium. The reproducibility of the results is emphasized. In acute hypercapnia (FICO2 : 0.12 for 15 min) without hypoxia, and for the same increase in PCO2, and pH variation is lesser in bile than in blood, thus showing an high buffer capacity. In vitro and in vivo comparative studies show that bile buffer capacity is about five times higher in vivo, independently of a possible increase in choleresis. Comparative studies of bile-acid-base equilibrium are effected during perfusions of dehydrocholate, sodium taurocholate, secretin and acetazolamide. Sodium and chlorine remain stable during hypercapnia both in blood and in bile ; potassium concentration is increased in the two media. To explain these results, the role of the liver is still to specify.", "PMID": 1016782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1553", "title": "Carbon dioxide and liver blood flow.", "content": "This study was designed to determine blood flow to the liver during hypercapnia and combined hypercapnia-hypoxia with the portal vein and hepatic artery intact except for placement of an electromagnetic flow probe around these vessels. Twenty mongrel dogs weighing 30-45 kg were anesthetized with pentobarbital and flow probes and occluders were surgically implanted. Ten of these dogs were subjected to hypercapnia alone. During inspiration of 6% CO2 in room air, portal vein flow increased from 588 +/- 73 ml/min to 731 +/- 113 ml/min (p less than .05), while hepatic artery flow did not change significantly from its control mean of 221 +/- 38 ml/min. In the remaining dogs, inhalation of 6% O2 resulted in a reduction of portal blood flow within 30 min from 527 +/- 55 ml/min to 381 +/- 41 ml/min (p less than .01). Again, mean hepatic artery flow did not increase significantly above its control of 273 +/- 43 ml/min. Subsequent inhalation of 6% CO2 plus 6% O2 (combined hypercapniahypoxia) for 30 min in these same animals resulted in a significant increase of portal vein blood flow from 514 +/- 46 ml/min to 716 +/- 116 ml/min (p less than .05). Thus, hypercapnia alone increases total liver blood flow, primarily by an increase in portal vein flow. Hypoxia results in a decrease in portal vein flow. The superimposition of hypercapnia on hypoxia restores blood flow to a level close to that found with hypercapnia alone. Hypercapnia in the range of 63 +/- 4 mmHg PCO2 overwhelms the tendency toward a reduction of portal vein blood flow induced by an arterial PO2 of 42 +/- 5 mmHg in the presence of mild hypocapnia (PCO2 : 30.2 +/- 1 mmHg).", "contents": "Carbon dioxide and liver blood flow. This study was designed to determine blood flow to the liver during hypercapnia and combined hypercapnia-hypoxia with the portal vein and hepatic artery intact except for placement of an electromagnetic flow probe around these vessels. Twenty mongrel dogs weighing 30-45 kg were anesthetized with pentobarbital and flow probes and occluders were surgically implanted. Ten of these dogs were subjected to hypercapnia alone. During inspiration of 6% CO2 in room air, portal vein flow increased from 588 +/- 73 ml/min to 731 +/- 113 ml/min (p less than .05), while hepatic artery flow did not change significantly from its control mean of 221 +/- 38 ml/min. In the remaining dogs, inhalation of 6% O2 resulted in a reduction of portal blood flow within 30 min from 527 +/- 55 ml/min to 381 +/- 41 ml/min (p less than .01). Again, mean hepatic artery flow did not increase significantly above its control of 273 +/- 43 ml/min. Subsequent inhalation of 6% CO2 plus 6% O2 (combined hypercapniahypoxia) for 30 min in these same animals resulted in a significant increase of portal vein blood flow from 514 +/- 46 ml/min to 716 +/- 116 ml/min (p less than .05). Thus, hypercapnia alone increases total liver blood flow, primarily by an increase in portal vein flow. Hypoxia results in a decrease in portal vein flow. The superimposition of hypercapnia on hypoxia restores blood flow to a level close to that found with hypercapnia alone. Hypercapnia in the range of 63 +/- 4 mmHg PCO2 overwhelms the tendency toward a reduction of portal vein blood flow induced by an arterial PO2 of 42 +/- 5 mmHg in the presence of mild hypocapnia (PCO2 : 30.2 +/- 1 mmHg).", "PMID": 1016783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1554", "title": "[Variation of effective compliance with respiratory frequency. Test of inhomogeneity of the ventilatory mechanical system (author's transl)].", "content": "A decrease in effective compliance (Ce) with increase in respiratory frequency (f) is considered as representing an inhomogeneity in the distribution of the pulmonary time constants. The Ce variation in relation with f reflects the inadequacy of the first order linear mono-alveolar model usually used to describe the ventilatory mechanical properties. Such an assertion is widely accepted, but few attempts have been done to validate this point in patients and to determine the various components likely to affect the Ce, f relationship. In 171 patients, selected in order to sample different types of lesions of some pulmonary structures, the authors calculated the next functional parameters : VC/theoretical VC ratio, RV by dilution method and by plethysmography, airway resistance and distribution index of inspired gas. Moreover, by means of a computerised system, the effective compliance and its variation with respiratory frequency have been calculated. After discussion of the procedure and of the method used to express the compliance-frequency relationship (linear regression), the authors develop the arguments which allow to assert that despite the elementary type of expression the relation is a good discriminative parameter. Its signification is discussed by analysing results obtained in patients and by simulating a mathematical model of the ventilatory mechanics where the mechanical parameters are distributed. It seems likely that a negative slope of the compliance-frequency relationship expresses an important mechanical inhomogeneity. Taking into account the fact that the whole frequency-compliance relationship gives little information, at this moment, in the face of an unpleasant test for the patients, the authors propose a simplified procedure, adapted to the usual practice.", "contents": "[Variation of effective compliance with respiratory frequency. Test of inhomogeneity of the ventilatory mechanical system (author's transl)]. A decrease in effective compliance (Ce) with increase in respiratory frequency (f) is considered as representing an inhomogeneity in the distribution of the pulmonary time constants. The Ce variation in relation with f reflects the inadequacy of the first order linear mono-alveolar model usually used to describe the ventilatory mechanical properties. Such an assertion is widely accepted, but few attempts have been done to validate this point in patients and to determine the various components likely to affect the Ce, f relationship. In 171 patients, selected in order to sample different types of lesions of some pulmonary structures, the authors calculated the next functional parameters : VC/theoretical VC ratio, RV by dilution method and by plethysmography, airway resistance and distribution index of inspired gas. Moreover, by means of a computerised system, the effective compliance and its variation with respiratory frequency have been calculated. After discussion of the procedure and of the method used to express the compliance-frequency relationship (linear regression), the authors develop the arguments which allow to assert that despite the elementary type of expression the relation is a good discriminative parameter. Its signification is discussed by analysing results obtained in patients and by simulating a mathematical model of the ventilatory mechanics where the mechanical parameters are distributed. It seems likely that a negative slope of the compliance-frequency relationship expresses an important mechanical inhomogeneity. Taking into account the fact that the whole frequency-compliance relationship gives little information, at this moment, in the face of an unpleasant test for the patients, the authors propose a simplified procedure, adapted to the usual practice.", "PMID": 1016786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1555", "title": "The effect of inhalation hypercapnia in healthy subjects on the acidity of gastric juice.", "content": "The pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer associated with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease is complicated, as is the pathogenesis of these two disease entities separately. It is evident that a multifactorial dependence is involved which has not yet been resolved completely. Hence, there is no \"magna cause morbi\" but rather a multiform and dynamically variable chain of causes, consequences and conditions, some of which may be of genetic dependence. In the possible complex of causes leading to the genesis of gastroduodenal ulcer associated with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, the author investigated the effect of isolated hypercapnia on the acidity of gastric juice and mucous membrane in 18 healthy normacid subjects. The results of this study that in healthy subjects isolated hypercapnia leads to a statistically significant increase in acidity of gastric juice and mucous membrane.", "contents": "The effect of inhalation hypercapnia in healthy subjects on the acidity of gastric juice. The pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer associated with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease is complicated, as is the pathogenesis of these two disease entities separately. It is evident that a multifactorial dependence is involved which has not yet been resolved completely. Hence, there is no \"magna cause morbi\" but rather a multiform and dynamically variable chain of causes, consequences and conditions, some of which may be of genetic dependence. In the possible complex of causes leading to the genesis of gastroduodenal ulcer associated with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, the author investigated the effect of isolated hypercapnia on the acidity of gastric juice and mucous membrane in 18 healthy normacid subjects. The results of this study that in healthy subjects isolated hypercapnia leads to a statistically significant increase in acidity of gastric juice and mucous membrane.", "PMID": 1016781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1556", "title": "Mucociliary transport in central and intermediate size airways: effect of aminophyllin.", "content": "Mucociliary transport and the percentage of ciliated cells were studied in large and intermediate sized airways (generations 0-3) of anesthetized mongrel dogs before and after aminophyllin administration. The mean percentage of ciliated cells decreased respectively from 22.0% and 25.4% in the trachea and main bronchi to 8.0% in the lobar and 2.7% in the segmental bronchi. The fastest mean mucous velocity was found in the trachea (4.9 mm/min, S.E. 1.0). Mucous velocity decreased 38% from the trachea to the main bronchi, 55% to the lobar bronchi, and 66% to the segmental bronchi. A positive correlation (r = 0.75) was demonstrated between mucous velocity and the percentage of ciliated cells. After aminophyllin administration, mucous velocity increased 59% in the trachea and 27% in the main bronchi. No statistical difference in mucous velocity could be demonstrated in the smaller airways after aminophyllin, probably due to relative insensitivity of the method in short bronchi with low mucous velocities.", "contents": "Mucociliary transport in central and intermediate size airways: effect of aminophyllin. Mucociliary transport and the percentage of ciliated cells were studied in large and intermediate sized airways (generations 0-3) of anesthetized mongrel dogs before and after aminophyllin administration. The mean percentage of ciliated cells decreased respectively from 22.0% and 25.4% in the trachea and main bronchi to 8.0% in the lobar and 2.7% in the segmental bronchi. The fastest mean mucous velocity was found in the trachea (4.9 mm/min, S.E. 1.0). Mucous velocity decreased 38% from the trachea to the main bronchi, 55% to the lobar bronchi, and 66% to the segmental bronchi. A positive correlation (r = 0.75) was demonstrated between mucous velocity and the percentage of ciliated cells. After aminophyllin administration, mucous velocity increased 59% in the trachea and 27% in the main bronchi. No statistical difference in mucous velocity could be demonstrated in the smaller airways after aminophyllin, probably due to relative insensitivity of the method in short bronchi with low mucous velocities.", "PMID": 1016787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1557", "title": "Disturbances in pulmonary gaseous exchange in primary hyperlipoproteinemias.", "content": "Carbon monoxide diffusion (DLCO), blood gas analysis at rest and after exercise, distribution of ventilation and perfusion by Xenon 133 were carried out in 43 hyperlipidemic patients, Fredrickson's types I, IIA, IIB, and IV. DLCO was significantly reduced in hypertriglyceridemic and to a lesser degree in hypercholesterolemic patients. A significant negative correlation was found between DLCO and triglyceride values. Significantly lower basal PaO2 values, which improved after exercise, were observed in both type IIA and type IV hyperlipemic patients. The ventilation/perfusion ratio distribution (V/Q) did not increase from the basal to the apical segments of the lungs in hyperlipidemic patients as it did in normals. The hypothesis of an alteration in pulmonary surface-active lipoprotein, directly related to hyperlipoproteinemia or indirectly caused by fat microembolism, may explain the reduced DLCO, the loss of V/Q gradient, and the decrease in PaO2 (which improves after exercise) observed in hyperlipemic patients. Disturbances in pulmonary gas exchange and PaO2 reduction could play an important role in the pathogenesis of both angina pain due to ischaemic heart disease, which is frequently observed in hyperlipemic patients, and the postprandial angina syndrome.", "contents": "Disturbances in pulmonary gaseous exchange in primary hyperlipoproteinemias. Carbon monoxide diffusion (DLCO), blood gas analysis at rest and after exercise, distribution of ventilation and perfusion by Xenon 133 were carried out in 43 hyperlipidemic patients, Fredrickson's types I, IIA, IIB, and IV. DLCO was significantly reduced in hypertriglyceridemic and to a lesser degree in hypercholesterolemic patients. A significant negative correlation was found between DLCO and triglyceride values. Significantly lower basal PaO2 values, which improved after exercise, were observed in both type IIA and type IV hyperlipemic patients. The ventilation/perfusion ratio distribution (V/Q) did not increase from the basal to the apical segments of the lungs in hyperlipidemic patients as it did in normals. The hypothesis of an alteration in pulmonary surface-active lipoprotein, directly related to hyperlipoproteinemia or indirectly caused by fat microembolism, may explain the reduced DLCO, the loss of V/Q gradient, and the decrease in PaO2 (which improves after exercise) observed in hyperlipemic patients. Disturbances in pulmonary gas exchange and PaO2 reduction could play an important role in the pathogenesis of both angina pain due to ischaemic heart disease, which is frequently observed in hyperlipemic patients, and the postprandial angina syndrome.", "PMID": 1016788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1558", "title": "[Value and reproducibility of TLCO, TMCO and Vc in healthy subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Transfer factor (TLCO) and its components (TMCO and Vc) have been measured in 47 healthy subjects. The regressions with respect to age and body surface were close to those found in the literature. The reproducibility of these indices has been investigated in a sub-group of 5 subjects, examined at two days intervals, for 24 to 42 days. For TLCO measured with a 16% O2 mixture, the reproducibility was good (coefficient of variation of 5%). For Vc and TMCO, the dispersion was more important and varied among the subjects. The lack of reproducibility appeared to be due, among other factors, to reading errors on the variables, and more frequently FACO. Four among these 5 subjects were asked to keep alveolar pressure close to atmospheric during the apnea; the coefficient of variation decreased from 23.5 to 7.5% for Vc and from 25.9 to 12.4% for TMCO.", "contents": "[Value and reproducibility of TLCO, TMCO and Vc in healthy subjects (author's transl)]. Transfer factor (TLCO) and its components (TMCO and Vc) have been measured in 47 healthy subjects. The regressions with respect to age and body surface were close to those found in the literature. The reproducibility of these indices has been investigated in a sub-group of 5 subjects, examined at two days intervals, for 24 to 42 days. For TLCO measured with a 16% O2 mixture, the reproducibility was good (coefficient of variation of 5%). For Vc and TMCO, the dispersion was more important and varied among the subjects. The lack of reproducibility appeared to be due, among other factors, to reading errors on the variables, and more frequently FACO. Four among these 5 subjects were asked to keep alveolar pressure close to atmospheric during the apnea; the coefficient of variation decreased from 23.5 to 7.5% for Vc and from 25.9 to 12.4% for TMCO.", "PMID": 1016789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1559", "title": "[Effect of atmospheric pollution on respiratory function in children from Venice (author's transl)].", "content": "The respiratory function has been compared in two standard school populations. A sample, of 700 children from the industrial quarters of Venice (highly polluted) and 350 children from the Historic Center (not polluted), has been subjected to a respiratory questionnaire, clinical investigation and plethysmographic functional testing with measurement of airways resistance by the panting method. The changes in the airways resistance were related to the residing area and to the bronchitic episodes in the past, while the family's socio-economic situation and the living area did not play any role.", "contents": "[Effect of atmospheric pollution on respiratory function in children from Venice (author's transl)]. The respiratory function has been compared in two standard school populations. A sample, of 700 children from the industrial quarters of Venice (highly polluted) and 350 children from the Historic Center (not polluted), has been subjected to a respiratory questionnaire, clinical investigation and plethysmographic functional testing with measurement of airways resistance by the panting method. The changes in the airways resistance were related to the residing area and to the bronchitic episodes in the past, while the family's socio-economic situation and the living area did not play any role.", "PMID": 1016785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1560", "title": "Brain organic acids during hypercapnia.", "content": "Experiments in rats during acute and prolonged periods of hypercapnia show important changes in the glutamate and glutamine content of the brain. Compartmentation studies using labelled glutamate intracisternally injected show an increased turnover of the small glutamate compartment. The possible pathophysiological significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Brain organic acids during hypercapnia. Experiments in rats during acute and prolonged periods of hypercapnia show important changes in the glutamate and glutamine content of the brain. Compartmentation studies using labelled glutamate intracisternally injected show an increased turnover of the small glutamate compartment. The possible pathophysiological significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 1016784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1561", "title": "Early detection of airway abnormalities in a selected group of population.", "content": "Functional data were collected from 5,746 males from a country region, whose ages ranged from 14 to 65 years. Out of this population we excluded a group of 466 males (9%) who had abnormal results of traditional pulmonary function screening tests (FVC less than 80% reference values or FEV1% FVC less than 70%) and chose a group of 1,092 males (19%) with normal values for the above two parameters but with abnormal forced mid-expiratory flow. In randomly selected persons of the second group we found frequency dependent dynamic compliance (100%), abnormal maximum expiratory flow at 25% of vital capacity (98%), increased residual volume (76%), decreased maximum expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (67%), and increased closing capacity (57%); on the contrary static complicane and airway resistance were normal. To account for these results we suppose that measurement of forced mid-expiratory flow, abnormal values of which we obtained in practically one fifth of the experimental population, could represent, in agreement with other reports, a suitable screening test for first or early detection of airway abnormalities.", "contents": "Early detection of airway abnormalities in a selected group of population. Functional data were collected from 5,746 males from a country region, whose ages ranged from 14 to 65 years. Out of this population we excluded a group of 466 males (9%) who had abnormal results of traditional pulmonary function screening tests (FVC less than 80% reference values or FEV1% FVC less than 70%) and chose a group of 1,092 males (19%) with normal values for the above two parameters but with abnormal forced mid-expiratory flow. In randomly selected persons of the second group we found frequency dependent dynamic compliance (100%), abnormal maximum expiratory flow at 25% of vital capacity (98%), increased residual volume (76%), decreased maximum expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (67%), and increased closing capacity (57%); on the contrary static complicane and airway resistance were normal. To account for these results we suppose that measurement of forced mid-expiratory flow, abnormal values of which we obtained in practically one fifth of the experimental population, could represent, in agreement with other reports, a suitable screening test for first or early detection of airway abnormalities.", "PMID": 1016791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1562", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of chronic obstructive lung disease, A statistical analysis of the discriminating power of various lung function tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 65 patients admitted to the hospital for chronic obstructive lung disease, the following pulmonary tests were systematically performed : spirometric vital capacity and total lung capacity, FEV1, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity measured by body plethysmography, airway resistance and specific conductance, CO diffusion capacity measured by single-breath test, N2 clearance by single breath oxygen dilution, and blood gases. The patients were divided into bronchitics, emphysematous and broncho-emphysematous, according to the clinical and radiological Nash's score, and to another personal score derived from the former. The simple and multiple correlations between the clinico-radiological score and the functional results are low. The clustering analysis groups the 65 patients into four clouds of points, around two principal axes : the volume axis and the overinflation axis. This study indicates that the most suggestive results for emphysema diagnosis are increased FRC and TLC and low Tlco/V'a. The clinical score is not dominant for the clustering of the patients into the dynamic clouds. Beneath the bronchitic, the broncho-emphysematous and the emphysematous groups, the clustering analysis individualizes a fourth group of cases characterized by chronic asthma, and which were not isolated by Nash's score.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of chronic obstructive lung disease, A statistical analysis of the discriminating power of various lung function tests (author's transl)]. Among 65 patients admitted to the hospital for chronic obstructive lung disease, the following pulmonary tests were systematically performed : spirometric vital capacity and total lung capacity, FEV1, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity measured by body plethysmography, airway resistance and specific conductance, CO diffusion capacity measured by single-breath test, N2 clearance by single breath oxygen dilution, and blood gases. The patients were divided into bronchitics, emphysematous and broncho-emphysematous, according to the clinical and radiological Nash's score, and to another personal score derived from the former. The simple and multiple correlations between the clinico-radiological score and the functional results are low. The clustering analysis groups the 65 patients into four clouds of points, around two principal axes : the volume axis and the overinflation axis. This study indicates that the most suggestive results for emphysema diagnosis are increased FRC and TLC and low Tlco/V'a. The clinical score is not dominant for the clustering of the patients into the dynamic clouds. Beneath the bronchitic, the broncho-emphysematous and the emphysematous groups, the clustering analysis individualizes a fourth group of cases characterized by chronic asthma, and which were not isolated by Nash's score.", "PMID": 1016790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1563", "title": "Emphysema as possible explanation for the alteration of expiratory PO2 and PCO2 curves.", "content": "The present explanation of the shape of deformed expiratory partial pressure curves of O2, CO2, N2 and foreign gases as being caused by sequential convective emptying of compartments with decreasing VA/Q is put into question, since the same deformation can be observed in healthy subjects during simultaneous breathing of helium and SF6, where the SF6 curve is deformed and the helium curve has a normal shape. The high molecular weight of SF6 causes a delay of its gaseous diffusion from the peripheral air spaces of the lung. A similar delay can be caused by emphysematous changes such as a longer distance for diffusion, an increased alveolar volume and a reduction of the number of small airways, where the gas has to pass through. Different data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, from induced changes of bronchomotor tone, from comparison of patients with relatively pure emphysema and patients with airway obstruction and from autopsy suggest that stratification and serial inhomogeneities, caused by emphysema, are at least a reasonable, if not a better explanation for the deformation than the VA/Q concept with sequential emptying of parallel units.", "contents": "Emphysema as possible explanation for the alteration of expiratory PO2 and PCO2 curves. The present explanation of the shape of deformed expiratory partial pressure curves of O2, CO2, N2 and foreign gases as being caused by sequential convective emptying of compartments with decreasing VA/Q is put into question, since the same deformation can be observed in healthy subjects during simultaneous breathing of helium and SF6, where the SF6 curve is deformed and the helium curve has a normal shape. The high molecular weight of SF6 causes a delay of its gaseous diffusion from the peripheral air spaces of the lung. A similar delay can be caused by emphysematous changes such as a longer distance for diffusion, an increased alveolar volume and a reduction of the number of small airways, where the gas has to pass through. Different data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, from induced changes of bronchomotor tone, from comparison of patients with relatively pure emphysema and patients with airway obstruction and from autopsy suggest that stratification and serial inhomogeneities, caused by emphysema, are at least a reasonable, if not a better explanation for the deformation than the VA/Q concept with sequential emptying of parallel units.", "PMID": 1016796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1564", "title": "[Relationship between the initial dimensions of bronchial ring and its contraction after acetylcholine (author's transl)].", "content": "Contractions produced by comulative doses of acetylcholine were studied in isolated canine bronchical rings from 2 to 10 mm internal diameter. The maximal active tension achieved was directly related to the initial caliber of the ring and to the amount of smooth  muscle. The maximal decrease in caliber was relatively greater (--39%) in the smaller than in the larger bronchi (--17%). However the corresponding increase in airway resistance may be predicted to be more important in the larger resistive bronchi.", "contents": "[Relationship between the initial dimensions of bronchial ring and its contraction after acetylcholine (author's transl)]. Contractions produced by comulative doses of acetylcholine were studied in isolated canine bronchical rings from 2 to 10 mm internal diameter. The maximal active tension achieved was directly related to the initial caliber of the ring and to the amount of smooth  muscle. The maximal decrease in caliber was relatively greater (--39%) in the smaller than in the larger bronchi (--17%). However the corresponding increase in airway resistance may be predicted to be more important in the larger resistive bronchi.", "PMID": 1016794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1565", "title": "A sampling method for mean alveolar gas in normal subjects and patients with respiratory disease.", "content": "The paper describes an alveolar gas sampling method based on the criterion of equality of mean alveolar (RA) and expired (RE) respiratory quotients. Expired gas is sampled at an expired volume equal to VT/2 + VD by means of a mechanical sampler controlled by an analog computer. Eleven normal subjects and 50 patients with cardiopulmonary disease have been tested. When the difference between mean alveolar and expired respiratory quotients did not exceed 0.05, the result was considered to be satisfactory. Such results have been obtained in 40 patients and all of the normal subjects. For the remaining 10 patients, either experimental error and/or particular non-homogeneities in ventilation seemed to be the cause of the unsatisfactory results. Arterial to alveolar PCO2 differences have been calculated. The mean difference in normal subjects was never negative (1.86 +/- 1.58 torr).", "contents": "A sampling method for mean alveolar gas in normal subjects and patients with respiratory disease. The paper describes an alveolar gas sampling method based on the criterion of equality of mean alveolar (RA) and expired (RE) respiratory quotients. Expired gas is sampled at an expired volume equal to VT/2 + VD by means of a mechanical sampler controlled by an analog computer. Eleven normal subjects and 50 patients with cardiopulmonary disease have been tested. When the difference between mean alveolar and expired respiratory quotients did not exceed 0.05, the result was considered to be satisfactory. Such results have been obtained in 40 patients and all of the normal subjects. For the remaining 10 patients, either experimental error and/or particular non-homogeneities in ventilation seemed to be the cause of the unsatisfactory results. Arterial to alveolar PCO2 differences have been calculated. The mean difference in normal subjects was never negative (1.86 +/- 1.58 torr).", "PMID": 1016797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1566", "title": "[Radiological indices of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "This study attempted to correlate mean pulmonary arterial pressure with four radiological indices of pulmonary hypertension in 159 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure at rest (PAPR) and with exercise (PAPE) and four indices measured from the plain chest radiograph were considered. The measurements were: 1) DIP: the distance between the bifurcation of the right and left main pulmonary arteries, 2) DIP/T X 100 where T is a maximal thoracic diameter, 3) R: the diameter of the right descending pulmonary artery, and 4) R/h x 100 where h is T/2. The mean index values +/- SD obtained from three observers were: DIP = 11.4 +/- 1 cm, DIP/T x 100 = 36.1 +/- 3.5 R = 1.9 +/- 4cm, R/h x 100 = 12 +/- 2.7. An analysis of variation demonstrated that the interobserver error was unacceptable for R and R/h x 100 but small for DIP and DIP/T x 100. Increased PAP does not implicate high index values but high values specify abnormal PAP. The results suggest that DIP greater than 13 cm or DIP/T x 100 greater than 42 are diagnostic. A minority presented such values, but in 20 to 30% of these cases this preceded clinical or electrocardiographic manifestations of cor pulmonale.", "contents": "[Radiological indices of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (author's transl)]. This study attempted to correlate mean pulmonary arterial pressure with four radiological indices of pulmonary hypertension in 159 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure at rest (PAPR) and with exercise (PAPE) and four indices measured from the plain chest radiograph were considered. The measurements were: 1) DIP: the distance between the bifurcation of the right and left main pulmonary arteries, 2) DIP/T X 100 where T is a maximal thoracic diameter, 3) R: the diameter of the right descending pulmonary artery, and 4) R/h x 100 where h is T/2. The mean index values +/- SD obtained from three observers were: DIP = 11.4 +/- 1 cm, DIP/T x 100 = 36.1 +/- 3.5 R = 1.9 +/- 4cm, R/h x 100 = 12 +/- 2.7. An analysis of variation demonstrated that the interobserver error was unacceptable for R and R/h x 100 but small for DIP and DIP/T x 100. Increased PAP does not implicate high index values but high values specify abnormal PAP. The results suggest that DIP greater than 13 cm or DIP/T x 100 greater than 42 are diagnostic. A minority presented such values, but in 20 to 30% of these cases this preceded clinical or electrocardiographic manifestations of cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 1016798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1567", "title": "Respiratory function of infants in relation to subsequent respiratory disease: an epidemiological study.", "content": "Crying ventilatory function was measured in 487 infants shortly after birth. Over the following five years 129 infants suffered attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis. Their initial crying ventilatory function was compared with that of the 358 infants who escaped these illnesses. No statistically significant differences were found in crying ventilatory function between these two groups of infants. This has been interpreted as indicating that newborn infants who subsequently suffer attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis do not start life with deficits in their ventilatory function. In the same study crying ventilatory function was measured in 550 infants at their first birthday; 70 had suffered attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis by that age and made a clinical recovery. Their crying ventilatory function showed no consistent difference from the 480 infants who escaped their illnesses. The reasons for the lack of a difference in crying ventilatory function is discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory function of infants in relation to subsequent respiratory disease: an epidemiological study. Crying ventilatory function was measured in 487 infants shortly after birth. Over the following five years 129 infants suffered attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis. Their initial crying ventilatory function was compared with that of the 358 infants who escaped these illnesses. No statistically significant differences were found in crying ventilatory function between these two groups of infants. This has been interpreted as indicating that newborn infants who subsequently suffer attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis do not start life with deficits in their ventilatory function. In the same study crying ventilatory function was measured in 550 infants at their first birthday; 70 had suffered attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis by that age and made a clinical recovery. Their crying ventilatory function showed no consistent difference from the 480 infants who escaped their illnesses. The reasons for the lack of a difference in crying ventilatory function is discussed.", "PMID": 1016799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1568", "title": "[Reference values of pulmonary compliance (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary compliance has been measured, using a classical method in 156 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 74 years, breathing spontaneously. Pulmonary compliance (ml-cmH2O-1) was related to height in meters (H) by an allometric relationship such as C = aHb. As b was not significantly different from three, than C/H3 ratio was studied. This ratio was not dependent on age so that it was possible to establish that, in men, C (ml-cmH2O-1) = 36.6 H3 (m) and in women, C (ml-cmH2O-1) = 33.3 H3 (m). These two relationships were significantly different. From these relationships and from reference values of pulmonary volumes, specific pulmonary compliance could be calculated but since confidence limits were very wide, their utilization is limited. Furthermore, it is difficult to apply specific compliance in respiratory impairment.", "contents": "[Reference values of pulmonary compliance (author's transl)]. Pulmonary compliance has been measured, using a classical method in 156 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 74 years, breathing spontaneously. Pulmonary compliance (ml-cmH2O-1) was related to height in meters (H) by an allometric relationship such as C = aHb. As b was not significantly different from three, than C/H3 ratio was studied. This ratio was not dependent on age so that it was possible to establish that, in men, C (ml-cmH2O-1) = 36.6 H3 (m) and in women, C (ml-cmH2O-1) = 33.3 H3 (m). These two relationships were significantly different. From these relationships and from reference values of pulmonary volumes, specific pulmonary compliance could be calculated but since confidence limits were very wide, their utilization is limited. Furthermore, it is difficult to apply specific compliance in respiratory impairment.", "PMID": 1016800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1569", "title": "Rebreathing and single breath pulmonary CO diffusing capacity in man at rest and exercise studied by C18O isotope.", "content": "The pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, Dco, was estimated in normal subjects, using both a single breath technique (DcoSB) and a rebreathing technique (DcoRB). In order to measure CO by mass spectrometry, the stable isotope C(18)O was used. In three normal subjects Dco was measured at different lung volumes at rest, and at different levels of bicycle exercise. DcoRB was found on the average 30% higher than DcoSB when compared at the same mean lung volume, and both increased slightly during exercise. The advantages and drawbacks of the rebreathing method are critically discussed.", "contents": "Rebreathing and single breath pulmonary CO diffusing capacity in man at rest and exercise studied by C18O isotope. The pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, Dco, was estimated in normal subjects, using both a single breath technique (DcoSB) and a rebreathing technique (DcoRB). In order to measure CO by mass spectrometry, the stable isotope C(18)O was used. In three normal subjects Dco was measured at different lung volumes at rest, and at different levels of bicycle exercise. DcoRB was found on the average 30% higher than DcoSB when compared at the same mean lung volume, and both increased slightly during exercise. The advantages and drawbacks of the rebreathing method are critically discussed.", "PMID": 1016802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1570", "title": "Diurnal variations and reproducibility of the N2 closing volume test in healthy subjects.", "content": "To assess the diurnal variation of closing volume measurements, 11 non-smokers and 10 somkers, all healthy, were tested with the single-breath nitrogen test. In each subject, 3 satisfactory tracings were recorded at 9:a.m., 11:a.m., 1:p.m., 3:p.m. and 5:p.m. on each of two consecutive days. Duplicate copies of the tracings were read in radom order by two independent observers. The \"best+ and the mean values of closing volume to vital capacity ratio (CV/VC or phase 4/VC) and of the slppe of phase 3 were calculated. The study shows that: (1) the time of the day may be a source of variation of the closing volume measurements. Meals and cigarette smoke did not appear to be responsible for this diurnal variation, (2) values obtained with the \"best\" tracing method can, at least in some readers, give systematic differences with the mean of several traces, (3) individual variations in CV/VC and in the slope of phase 3 are the highest with the \"best\" trace analysis, and (4) the vlaues obtained by two independent readers may significantly differ. The differences observed between hours, although significant, were nevertheless small in magnitude and did not explain most of the variation of the measurements. Variations in trace aspect were small in some subjects. The reproducibility of the test was remarkable in them, at least when the junction of phase 4 with phase 3 was well defined. In other subjects, the coefficient of variation was high mainly because of varying curve shape and/or poorly defined departure of phase 4. This explains for a great part the intra-and interreader variations observed in this study.", "contents": "Diurnal variations and reproducibility of the N2 closing volume test in healthy subjects. To assess the diurnal variation of closing volume measurements, 11 non-smokers and 10 somkers, all healthy, were tested with the single-breath nitrogen test. In each subject, 3 satisfactory tracings were recorded at 9:a.m., 11:a.m., 1:p.m., 3:p.m. and 5:p.m. on each of two consecutive days. Duplicate copies of the tracings were read in radom order by two independent observers. The \"best+ and the mean values of closing volume to vital capacity ratio (CV/VC or phase 4/VC) and of the slppe of phase 3 were calculated. The study shows that: (1) the time of the day may be a source of variation of the closing volume measurements. Meals and cigarette smoke did not appear to be responsible for this diurnal variation, (2) values obtained with the \"best\" tracing method can, at least in some readers, give systematic differences with the mean of several traces, (3) individual variations in CV/VC and in the slope of phase 3 are the highest with the \"best\" trace analysis, and (4) the vlaues obtained by two independent readers may significantly differ. The differences observed between hours, although significant, were nevertheless small in magnitude and did not explain most of the variation of the measurements. Variations in trace aspect were small in some subjects. The reproducibility of the test was remarkable in them, at least when the junction of phase 4 with phase 3 was well defined. In other subjects, the coefficient of variation was high mainly because of varying curve shape and/or poorly defined departure of phase 4. This explains for a great part the intra-and interreader variations observed in this study.", "PMID": 1016803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1571", "title": "Ventilatory impairment and hypoxemia in chronic non-specific lung disease.", "content": "The relation between arterial oxygen tension at rest (Pao2) and ventilatory performance (VC and FEV1.0) was studied (198 determinations) in a group of 156 patients (11 females) aged 31 to 76 (mean 52.1) years, with chronic non-specific lung disease (asthmatics non included). The average results were 72.7 mmHg for Pao2, 2.87 1 for VC, 1.32 1 for FEV1.0 and 44.9 % for the FEV1.0/VC ratio. Ninety per cent of the patients had ventilatory impairment (FEV1.0 less than 81 % predicted) and 2/3 had hypoxemia (Pao2 less than 75 mmHg). The Pao2 - spirometric variables linear correlation coefficients were of medium value (0.35 to 0.51), but highly significant due to the large number of observations. The correlation was high in patients with severe ventilatory defect (FEV1.0 less than 40% pred.), weak in those with moderate (FEV1.0 41-60 % pred.) and absent in those with minor or absent ventilatory impairment. In respect to the clinical type of obstructive disease, Pao2 and FEV1.0 showed a high correlation (r=0.69) in \"bronchitics\", a looser one (r=0.45) in \"intermediate\" patients, and no correlation for \"emphysema\" patients. The regression equation relating Pao2 and FEV1.0 (Pao2=64.4 + 5.9 X litres) had too high a standard error of estimate (20 % of the mean) to be of practical value.", "contents": "Ventilatory impairment and hypoxemia in chronic non-specific lung disease. The relation between arterial oxygen tension at rest (Pao2) and ventilatory performance (VC and FEV1.0) was studied (198 determinations) in a group of 156 patients (11 females) aged 31 to 76 (mean 52.1) years, with chronic non-specific lung disease (asthmatics non included). The average results were 72.7 mmHg for Pao2, 2.87 1 for VC, 1.32 1 for FEV1.0 and 44.9 % for the FEV1.0/VC ratio. Ninety per cent of the patients had ventilatory impairment (FEV1.0 less than 81 % predicted) and 2/3 had hypoxemia (Pao2 less than 75 mmHg). The Pao2 - spirometric variables linear correlation coefficients were of medium value (0.35 to 0.51), but highly significant due to the large number of observations. The correlation was high in patients with severe ventilatory defect (FEV1.0 less than 40% pred.), weak in those with moderate (FEV1.0 41-60 % pred.) and absent in those with minor or absent ventilatory impairment. In respect to the clinical type of obstructive disease, Pao2 and FEV1.0 showed a high correlation (r=0.69) in \"bronchitics\", a looser one (r=0.45) in \"intermediate\" patients, and no correlation for \"emphysema\" patients. The regression equation relating Pao2 and FEV1.0 (Pao2=64.4 + 5.9 X litres) had too high a standard error of estimate (20 % of the mean) to be of practical value.", "PMID": 1016801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1572", "title": "[Rheology of bronchial secretions and mucociliary transport (author's transl)].", "content": "Optimal relationships between mucociliary clearance and rheological properties of bronchial secretions expectorated by patients with chronic bronchitis have been analysed by successive measurements of visco-elasticity with a rotational rheometer and of transport velocity on frog palate mucosa. It appears that the role of the elastic component is predominent. Sputum characterized by very low strain recovery (SR less than 4 units) or conversely by very high elasticity (SR greater than 20 units) is transported at a low rate in comparison to that of the control frog mucus (relative transport rate less than 0.5). Pronounced hyperviscosity of sputum (no greater than 200 poises) appears also as a limiting factor to the mucociliary transport. The best transported secretions (relative transport rate greater than 0.7) are characterized by a relative elasticity (SR) of 4 to 13 units and a viscosity (no) of 25 to 200 poises. Under the action of mucolytic agents such as N-acetylcysteine, sputum initially characterized by low strain recovery (SR less than 4 units) is transported at a much slower rate which is related to the increased loss of elasticity. These results indicate that mucolytic drugs must be administered with great care in patients with chronic bronchitis. Moreover, they should not be used in patients with very low visco-elastic secretions which reflect the non-functional state of the bronchial mucosa.", "contents": "[Rheology of bronchial secretions and mucociliary transport (author's transl)]. Optimal relationships between mucociliary clearance and rheological properties of bronchial secretions expectorated by patients with chronic bronchitis have been analysed by successive measurements of visco-elasticity with a rotational rheometer and of transport velocity on frog palate mucosa. It appears that the role of the elastic component is predominent. Sputum characterized by very low strain recovery (SR less than 4 units) or conversely by very high elasticity (SR greater than 20 units) is transported at a low rate in comparison to that of the control frog mucus (relative transport rate less than 0.5). Pronounced hyperviscosity of sputum (no greater than 200 poises) appears also as a limiting factor to the mucociliary transport. The best transported secretions (relative transport rate greater than 0.7) are characterized by a relative elasticity (SR) of 4 to 13 units and a viscosity (no) of 25 to 200 poises. Under the action of mucolytic agents such as N-acetylcysteine, sputum initially characterized by low strain recovery (SR less than 4 units) is transported at a much slower rate which is related to the increased loss of elasticity. These results indicate that mucolytic drugs must be administered with great care in patients with chronic bronchitis. Moreover, they should not be used in patients with very low visco-elastic secretions which reflect the non-functional state of the bronchial mucosa.", "PMID": 1016804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1573", "title": "[Hyperalaninaemia during acute hypoxia in the anesthetized rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood alanine (Ala), an important glucose precursor, has been demonstrated to result mainly from the transamination of pyruvate derived from glucose in muscle [10]. A positive relationship between blood pyruvate and blood alanine was reported during muscular exercise and fasting. The alanine/pyruvate relationship in arterial blood has been studied in male fasted anesthetized rabbits before, during and after a short term hypoxic stress (50 minutes). Three groups of animals were studied : normoxic control (FIO2 = 0.28 ; n = 3) (C), hypoxic hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.10 ; n = 4) (HH) and hypoxia induced by respiring the animals with a carbon monoxide containing gas mixture (FIO2 = 0.28, FICO = 0.002 ; n = 6) (HCO). The hypoxic stress was of similar magnitude in HH and HCO groups. During the hypoxic periods an increase of [Ala] was observed along with hyperlactatemia and hyperpyruvatemia. Hyperalaninemia and hyperlactatemia was higher in HH than in HCO groups and hyperglycemia was observed only in HH group (adrenergic stimulation). In normoxic conditions [Ala] correlates positively with pyruvate. This relationship vanishes during the hypoxic and post hypoxic periods. The percentage increase of [Ala] during hypoxia was larger than that of pyruvate. These data, as well as recent reports in the literature, suggest that elevated [Ala] during hypoxia may result from increased muscular production from glycolytic pyruvate and other amino acids and decreased hepatic utilization (gluconeogenesis).", "contents": "[Hyperalaninaemia during acute hypoxia in the anesthetized rabbit (author's transl)]. Blood alanine (Ala), an important glucose precursor, has been demonstrated to result mainly from the transamination of pyruvate derived from glucose in muscle [10]. A positive relationship between blood pyruvate and blood alanine was reported during muscular exercise and fasting. The alanine/pyruvate relationship in arterial blood has been studied in male fasted anesthetized rabbits before, during and after a short term hypoxic stress (50 minutes). Three groups of animals were studied : normoxic control (FIO2 = 0.28 ; n = 3) (C), hypoxic hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.10 ; n = 4) (HH) and hypoxia induced by respiring the animals with a carbon monoxide containing gas mixture (FIO2 = 0.28, FICO = 0.002 ; n = 6) (HCO). The hypoxic stress was of similar magnitude in HH and HCO groups. During the hypoxic periods an increase of [Ala] was observed along with hyperlactatemia and hyperpyruvatemia. Hyperalaninemia and hyperlactatemia was higher in HH than in HCO groups and hyperglycemia was observed only in HH group (adrenergic stimulation). In normoxic conditions [Ala] correlates positively with pyruvate. This relationship vanishes during the hypoxic and post hypoxic periods. The percentage increase of [Ala] during hypoxia was larger than that of pyruvate. These data, as well as recent reports in the literature, suggest that elevated [Ala] during hypoxia may result from increased muscular production from glycolytic pyruvate and other amino acids and decreased hepatic utilization (gluconeogenesis).", "PMID": 1016805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1574", "title": "Neurophysiology of pain-peripheral aspects. Speculation concerning the possibility of a unitary peripheral cutaneous input system for pressure, hot, cold and tissue damage.", "content": "The gate theory of pain is criticized at three levels: (1) at the dorsal horn \"gate\", where pre-synaptic inhibition in the primary afferent endings may go beyond mere reduction of synaptic power at the afferent endings and induce antidromic impulses (dorsal root reflexes) that may modulate peripherally by blocking; (2) central to the \"gate\", where postsynaptic neuronal repetitive (epileptiform) firing is believed to be an important underlying mechanism in clinical chronic pain syndromes; and, (3) in the periphery, where there is more to input coding than a balance between the ratio of large and smaller fiber inputs. Contrary to the belief of many sensory neurophysiologists, the present authors contend that pattern theory is viable; and that specificity, while important and not to be ignored, should be considered as only a partially evolved refinement superimposed on a basic underlying spatial and temporal patterning of input that probably requires central decoding, which begins in the dorsal horn.", "contents": "Neurophysiology of pain-peripheral aspects. Speculation concerning the possibility of a unitary peripheral cutaneous input system for pressure, hot, cold and tissue damage. The gate theory of pain is criticized at three levels: (1) at the dorsal horn \"gate\", where pre-synaptic inhibition in the primary afferent endings may go beyond mere reduction of synaptic power at the afferent endings and induce antidromic impulses (dorsal root reflexes) that may modulate peripherally by blocking; (2) central to the \"gate\", where postsynaptic neuronal repetitive (epileptiform) firing is believed to be an important underlying mechanism in clinical chronic pain syndromes; and, (3) in the periphery, where there is more to input coding than a balance between the ratio of large and smaller fiber inputs. Contrary to the belief of many sensory neurophysiologists, the present authors contend that pattern theory is viable; and that specificity, while important and not to be ignored, should be considered as only a partially evolved refinement superimposed on a basic underlying spatial and temporal patterning of input that probably requires central decoding, which begins in the dorsal horn.", "PMID": 1016817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1575", "title": "Technique for accurate localization with the CT scanner.", "content": "A method for accurate localization of intracranial lesions on CT scans is described, using a marker wire and a radiograph exposed by the CT scanner.", "contents": "Technique for accurate localization with the CT scanner. A method for accurate localization of intracranial lesions on CT scans is described, using a marker wire and a radiograph exposed by the CT scanner.", "PMID": 1016819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1576", "title": "A brief trial of phenytoin therapy for thalamic pain.", "content": "Phenytoin was given in full dosage to eight patients with thalamic pain and two others with intractable pain resistant to other forms of treatment. Serum levels were monitored and correlated with dosage levels. Three patients improved markedly, two improved only minimally, two were unchanged, and three were worse. Those patients who had improved noted return of original pain on stopping phenytoin. The results indicate the need for a further study of the drug in thalamic and other chronic pain states.", "contents": "A brief trial of phenytoin therapy for thalamic pain. Phenytoin was given in full dosage to eight patients with thalamic pain and two others with intractable pain resistant to other forms of treatment. Serum levels were monitored and correlated with dosage levels. Three patients improved markedly, two improved only minimally, two were unchanged, and three were worse. Those patients who had improved noted return of original pain on stopping phenytoin. The results indicate the need for a further study of the drug in thalamic and other chronic pain states.", "PMID": 1016820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1577", "title": "The management of the patient with calcium stones.", "content": "Results of investigation of 800 patients with renal calculi are presented. The high incidence of medullary sponge kidneys (tubular ectasia) in patients of either sex is stressed as is the low incidence of idiopathic hypercalciuria in the female. Hydrochlorothiazide has been found to be highly effective in preventing recurrence of calcium stones in our personal experience with over 300 patients who have been treated for as long as 14 years with this agent. The efficacy and mode of action of other measures advocated for stone prevention is reviewed.", "contents": "The management of the patient with calcium stones. Results of investigation of 800 patients with renal calculi are presented. The high incidence of medullary sponge kidneys (tubular ectasia) in patients of either sex is stressed as is the low incidence of idiopathic hypercalciuria in the female. Hydrochlorothiazide has been found to be highly effective in preventing recurrence of calcium stones in our personal experience with over 300 patients who have been treated for as long as 14 years with this agent. The efficacy and mode of action of other measures advocated for stone prevention is reviewed.", "PMID": 1016824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1578", "title": "Size of renal calculi, recurrence rate and follow-up.", "content": "Stones smaller than 5 mm in diameter seldom need any operation other than the use of the stone-basket. Stones larger than 10 mm in diameter usually need an operation, are more often accompanied by infection, and have a higher recurrence rate. The size of the stone is unrelated to the level of urinary calcium or to body surface area. In planning the follow-up of patients with calculi the size of the first stone is a useful guide.", "contents": "Size of renal calculi, recurrence rate and follow-up. Stones smaller than 5 mm in diameter seldom need any operation other than the use of the stone-basket. Stones larger than 10 mm in diameter usually need an operation, are more often accompanied by infection, and have a higher recurrence rate. The size of the stone is unrelated to the level of urinary calcium or to body surface area. In planning the follow-up of patients with calculi the size of the first stone is a useful guide.", "PMID": 1016825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1579", "title": "Recurrence of infected calculi following postoperative renal irrigation with stone solvent.", "content": "Renacidin has been shown to dissolve small fragments of infected renal calculi in vitro. 34 patients with infected calculi have undergone pyelolithotomy and postoperative renal irrigation with Renacidin. 30 patients were women and Proteus was the commonest infecting organism. Renal irrigation appears to be safe if closely monitored and covered by antibiotic therapy. 24.4% of calculi had recurred at a mean follow-up of 42 months. The rate of recurrence or unilateral calculi was much less than that of bilateral calculi (15% vs. 40%). Persistent postoperative urinary tract infections later led to recurrent stone formation.", "contents": "Recurrence of infected calculi following postoperative renal irrigation with stone solvent. Renacidin has been shown to dissolve small fragments of infected renal calculi in vitro. 34 patients with infected calculi have undergone pyelolithotomy and postoperative renal irrigation with Renacidin. 30 patients were women and Proteus was the commonest infecting organism. Renal irrigation appears to be safe if closely monitored and covered by antibiotic therapy. 24.4% of calculi had recurred at a mean follow-up of 42 months. The rate of recurrence or unilateral calculi was much less than that of bilateral calculi (15% vs. 40%). Persistent postoperative urinary tract infections later led to recurrent stone formation.", "PMID": 1016826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1580", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism---a review of cases in the Sheffield area.", "content": "73 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are reviewed. The elevated serum calcium was the main diagnostic index but estimation of the parathyroid hormone was useful confirmatory evidence when raised. A normal level does not exclude the diagnosis being found in 32% of patients. Intravenous methylene blue was a useful adjunct to surgery. 95% of the patients had relief of their hypercalcaemia after a single operation. 78% of patients had stones and there was a marked reduction in further stone formation after surgery.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism---a review of cases in the Sheffield area. 73 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are reviewed. The elevated serum calcium was the main diagnostic index but estimation of the parathyroid hormone was useful confirmatory evidence when raised. A normal level does not exclude the diagnosis being found in 32% of patients. Intravenous methylene blue was a useful adjunct to surgery. 95% of the patients had relief of their hypercalcaemia after a single operation. 78% of patients had stones and there was a marked reduction in further stone formation after surgery.", "PMID": 1016827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1581", "title": "Reflux induced pelvi-ureteric obstruction.", "content": "The phenomenon of pelvi-ureteric obstruction which is induced by vesico-ureteric reflux is well documented but ill understood. The radiographic findings can be impressive to an extent that obstruction is probably often over-diagnosed. Before considering a pyeloplasty it is essential to confirm the true obstructive nature of the problem. Where the urogram is not suggestive of an obstruction a re-implantation of the ureter will usually stop the gross pelvic dilatation. It is suggested that the obstruction is at least partially an active process.", "contents": "Reflux induced pelvi-ureteric obstruction. The phenomenon of pelvi-ureteric obstruction which is induced by vesico-ureteric reflux is well documented but ill understood. The radiographic findings can be impressive to an extent that obstruction is probably often over-diagnosed. Before considering a pyeloplasty it is essential to confirm the true obstructive nature of the problem. Where the urogram is not suggestive of an obstruction a re-implantation of the ureter will usually stop the gross pelvic dilatation. It is suggested that the obstruction is at least partially an active process.", "PMID": 1016828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1582", "title": "Occupational bladder tumour cases identified during ten years' interviewing of patients.", "content": "All patients attending the Royal Marsden Hospital with urothelial tumours have their occupational histories taken. About 10% of histories suggest a possibility of past exposure to urinary carcinogens, and on examination 4% indicate definite exposures justifying claims for Prescribed Industrial Disease benefit.", "contents": "Occupational bladder tumour cases identified during ten years' interviewing of patients. All patients attending the Royal Marsden Hospital with urothelial tumours have their occupational histories taken. About 10% of histories suggest a possibility of past exposure to urinary carcinogens, and on examination 4% indicate definite exposures justifying claims for Prescribed Industrial Disease benefit.", "PMID": 1016829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1583", "title": "Inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract.", "content": "A study of 35 cases of inverted papilloma of urothelium confirms that it is a distinctive entity and typically benign. These lesions occur mainly in males, may be multiple, and are sometimes situated elsewhere than in or near the trigone, which is their characteristic site. Their precise histogenesis remains uncertain. It must be stressed that not all transitional cell tumours of inverted pattern are of this type; some will have the appearance of and behave as malignant tumours. The same diagnostic criteria of malignancy established for the more common exophytic papillary neoplasms must be applied also to the inverted papillary tumours herein described.", "contents": "Inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract. A study of 35 cases of inverted papilloma of urothelium confirms that it is a distinctive entity and typically benign. These lesions occur mainly in males, may be multiple, and are sometimes situated elsewhere than in or near the trigone, which is their characteristic site. Their precise histogenesis remains uncertain. It must be stressed that not all transitional cell tumours of inverted pattern are of this type; some will have the appearance of and behave as malignant tumours. The same diagnostic criteria of malignancy established for the more common exophytic papillary neoplasms must be applied also to the inverted papillary tumours herein described.", "PMID": 1016830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1584", "title": "The value of lymphography in the management of bladder cancer.", "content": "228 bilateral pedal lymphograms in patients with bladder cancer have been correlated with the features of the primary bladder tumour and patient survival. In 70 cases, radiographic findings were correlated with operative node histology. The results show that it is not possible to predict accurately which cases have lymphatic spread without this investigation. Positive lymphograms were found in 91 cases, and were associated with a very poor prognosis. Only 6% of patients with unilaterally involved iliac nodes survived 5 years, and all patients with bilateral iliac or para-aortic disease died within 3 years. Histological correlation was found in 90% of cases, and the results indicate that this investigation slightly underestimates the incidence and extent of microscopic lymphatic metastases. It is concluded that this investigation is essential in planning the treatment of infiltrating bladder tumours.", "contents": "The value of lymphography in the management of bladder cancer. 228 bilateral pedal lymphograms in patients with bladder cancer have been correlated with the features of the primary bladder tumour and patient survival. In 70 cases, radiographic findings were correlated with operative node histology. The results show that it is not possible to predict accurately which cases have lymphatic spread without this investigation. Positive lymphograms were found in 91 cases, and were associated with a very poor prognosis. Only 6% of patients with unilaterally involved iliac nodes survived 5 years, and all patients with bilateral iliac or para-aortic disease died within 3 years. Histological correlation was found in 90% of cases, and the results indicate that this investigation slightly underestimates the incidence and extent of microscopic lymphatic metastases. It is concluded that this investigation is essential in planning the treatment of infiltrating bladder tumours.", "PMID": 1016831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1585", "title": "Radiotherapy in the treatment of recurrent bladder cancer.", "content": "A retrospective review of 1,518 cases of transitional cell carcinoma treated by supervoltage irradiation is presented. The majority of patients had recurrent disease after previous treatment. An appreciable salvage rate has been achieved. A \"high risk\" group for distant metastases has been identified (T3) and the suggestion is made that adjunctive therapy be employed to deal with occult metastases. The place of preoperative irradiation in Stage T2 tumours has been referred to. It is recognised that this is an ageing population. Many die not of their cancer but from other causes. It is difficult to compare these results with others published because of problems in selection and differences in staging the tumours.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the treatment of recurrent bladder cancer. A retrospective review of 1,518 cases of transitional cell carcinoma treated by supervoltage irradiation is presented. The majority of patients had recurrent disease after previous treatment. An appreciable salvage rate has been achieved. A \"high risk\" group for distant metastases has been identified (T3) and the suggestion is made that adjunctive therapy be employed to deal with occult metastases. The place of preoperative irradiation in Stage T2 tumours has been referred to. It is recognised that this is an ageing population. Many die not of their cancer but from other causes. It is difficult to compare these results with others published because of problems in selection and differences in staging the tumours.", "PMID": 1016832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1586", "title": "Hyperthermia in the treatment of bladder tumours.", "content": "High temperature bladder irrigation was employed in 4 men as an alternative to cystectomy because of their age and frailty. Hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder from 63 degree C for 70 minutes to 82 degree C for 25 minutes caused partial, but not total, necrosis of the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma appears to be resistant in vivo, in some cases, to heating at temperatures that destroy adjacent normal structures. Hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder at these high temperatures may be hazardous. In view of these findings we cannot recommend high temperature bladder irrigation as an alternative to cystectomy even in poor risk patients.", "contents": "Hyperthermia in the treatment of bladder tumours. High temperature bladder irrigation was employed in 4 men as an alternative to cystectomy because of their age and frailty. Hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder from 63 degree C for 70 minutes to 82 degree C for 25 minutes caused partial, but not total, necrosis of the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma appears to be resistant in vivo, in some cases, to heating at temperatures that destroy adjacent normal structures. Hyperthermic irrigation of the bladder at these high temperatures may be hazardous. In view of these findings we cannot recommend high temperature bladder irrigation as an alternative to cystectomy even in poor risk patients.", "PMID": 1016833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1587", "title": "Treatment of advanced bladder cancer with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "The cytotoxic drug combination of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil has resulted in a 35% objective response in 20 patients with advanced bladder cancer. This has been achieved with minimal toxicity and on an out-patient basis. If the survival rate of patients with invasive bladder cancer is to be improved it seems likely that some form of systemic treatment will need to be added to the local measures currently in use. Further studies of different chemotherapeutic agents should help to define an effective and safe form of adjunvant therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced bladder cancer with adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil. The cytotoxic drug combination of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil has resulted in a 35% objective response in 20 patients with advanced bladder cancer. This has been achieved with minimal toxicity and on an out-patient basis. If the survival rate of patients with invasive bladder cancer is to be improved it seems likely that some form of systemic treatment will need to be added to the local measures currently in use. Further studies of different chemotherapeutic agents should help to define an effective and safe form of adjunvant therapy.", "PMID": 1016834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1588", "title": "The endemic bladder stones of Indonesia---epidemiology and clinical features.", "content": "Bladder stone is a relatively common disease of childhood in West Sumatra with an incidence of 8.3/100,000 population per year. We have studied 87 cases with a peak age of onset of 2-4 years and a male/female ratio of 12:1. The majority of these are from poor families with a diet low in protein and phosphate. Diarrhoea is common. The composition of the stones is primarily ammonium acid urate. Patients with sterile urine have shown significantly higher levels of urinary ammonia than controls, and only approximately 50% of patients' urine were infected. This is consistent with excretion of a high acid load, due both to an acidogenic rice diet and diarrhoea, combined with a low level of phosphate. This condition was once endemic in Europe but is now confined to a belt of countries from the Balkans through Asia.", "contents": "The endemic bladder stones of Indonesia---epidemiology and clinical features. Bladder stone is a relatively common disease of childhood in West Sumatra with an incidence of 8.3/100,000 population per year. We have studied 87 cases with a peak age of onset of 2-4 years and a male/female ratio of 12:1. The majority of these are from poor families with a diet low in protein and phosphate. Diarrhoea is common. The composition of the stones is primarily ammonium acid urate. Patients with sterile urine have shown significantly higher levels of urinary ammonia than controls, and only approximately 50% of patients' urine were infected. This is consistent with excretion of a high acid load, due both to an acidogenic rice diet and diarrhoea, combined with a low level of phosphate. This condition was once endemic in Europe but is now confined to a belt of countries from the Balkans through Asia.", "PMID": 1016835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1589", "title": "Distension therapy for the unstable bladder: later results including an assessment of repeat distensions.", "content": "51 patients with urgency and urge incontinence of urine and enuresis have been treated by prolonged bladder distension. At recent follow-up, 16 patients were symptom free, 25 substantially improved and 10 symptomatically unchanged, at a mean of 13 months after distension. 13 patients whose symptoms relapsed after a previous distension or who failed to obtain a satisfactory improvement have had a further distension for a more prolonged period. The early results in this group are not as good as for patients having first distensions, although 2 patients have become symptom free, and 6 have shown a substantial symptomatic improvement.", "contents": "Distension therapy for the unstable bladder: later results including an assessment of repeat distensions. 51 patients with urgency and urge incontinence of urine and enuresis have been treated by prolonged bladder distension. At recent follow-up, 16 patients were symptom free, 25 substantially improved and 10 symptomatically unchanged, at a mean of 13 months after distension. 13 patients whose symptoms relapsed after a previous distension or who failed to obtain a satisfactory improvement have had a further distension for a more prolonged period. The early results in this group are not as good as for patients having first distensions, although 2 patients have become symptom free, and 6 have shown a substantial symptomatic improvement.", "PMID": 1016836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1590", "title": "Clinical and experimental studies on the action of prostaglandins and their synthesis inhibitors on detrusor muscle in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Experiments on muscle strips have shown that prostaglandin is naturally produced by the detrusor, and acts to increase the tone and spontaneous activity. An intimate relation between acetylcholine and prostaglandin has been demonstrated. Therapeutic application of prostaglandins has been successful in the treatment of chronic retention in women.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental studies on the action of prostaglandins and their synthesis inhibitors on detrusor muscle in vitro and in vivo. Experiments on muscle strips have shown that prostaglandin is naturally produced by the detrusor, and acts to increase the tone and spontaneous activity. An intimate relation between acetylcholine and prostaglandin has been demonstrated. Therapeutic application of prostaglandins has been successful in the treatment of chronic retention in women.", "PMID": 1016837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1591", "title": "Anti-reflux surgery in the congenital neuropathic bladder.", "content": "42 refluxing ureters were re-implanted into the bladder in 28 children with neuropathy. In each case other measures directed at enhancing bladder emptying were employed. Reflux was cured in 36 of 38 ureters investigated after operation. The incidence of contralateral reflux following unilateral re-implantation was 50%. 1 of 12 undilated units showed late post-operative deterioration. 22 of 28 initially hydroureteronephrotic units either improved or stabilised  at a satisfactory level. In 6 children urinary diversion was subsequently performed because of persistent reflux (2 cases), postoperative deterioration (1 case) or failure of severely dilated upper tracts to improve (3 cases). Since reflux from a high pressure bladder can rapidly cause severe renal damage, cystography is indicated when there is clinical or pyelographic suspicion of its existence. Operative cure is needed when reflux is of major degree or if, when of lesser severity, it does not stop spontaneously following improved bladder emptying resulting from therapeutic lessening of the urethral resistance.", "contents": "Anti-reflux surgery in the congenital neuropathic bladder. 42 refluxing ureters were re-implanted into the bladder in 28 children with neuropathy. In each case other measures directed at enhancing bladder emptying were employed. Reflux was cured in 36 of 38 ureters investigated after operation. The incidence of contralateral reflux following unilateral re-implantation was 50%. 1 of 12 undilated units showed late post-operative deterioration. 22 of 28 initially hydroureteronephrotic units either improved or stabilised  at a satisfactory level. In 6 children urinary diversion was subsequently performed because of persistent reflux (2 cases), postoperative deterioration (1 case) or failure of severely dilated upper tracts to improve (3 cases). Since reflux from a high pressure bladder can rapidly cause severe renal damage, cystography is indicated when there is clinical or pyelographic suspicion of its existence. Operative cure is needed when reflux is of major degree or if, when of lesser severity, it does not stop spontaneously following improved bladder emptying resulting from therapeutic lessening of the urethral resistance.", "PMID": 1016838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1592", "title": "The assessment of sphincteric activity in patients following trans-sphincteric urethral reconstruction.", "content": "12 patients who had previously undergone trans-sphincteric urethral reconstruction were studied with regard to their sphincter mechanisms. The method of study was by urethral pressure profile and urethral voluntary sphincteric pressure increment. This study showed that patients may undergo trans-sphincteric urethral reconstruction with preservation of normal profiles and voluntary pressure increases indicating preservation of the \"external\" sphincter mechanism.", "contents": "The assessment of sphincteric activity in patients following trans-sphincteric urethral reconstruction. 12 patients who had previously undergone trans-sphincteric urethral reconstruction were studied with regard to their sphincter mechanisms. The method of study was by urethral pressure profile and urethral voluntary sphincteric pressure increment. This study showed that patients may undergo trans-sphincteric urethral reconstruction with preservation of normal profiles and voluntary pressure increases indicating preservation of the \"external\" sphincter mechanism.", "PMID": 1016839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1593", "title": "An assessment of surgical treatment of vesical outlet obstruction in spinal cord injury: a review of 471 cases.", "content": "An assessment of 139 cases of outlet obstruction following spinal cord injury, in a consecutive series of 471 patients, is presented. The figures in relation to the level and extent of the spinal lesion and the type of operation (transurethral resection and external sphincterotomy), are reviewed. The incidence of repeat operation is recorded and assessed. It is concluded that transurethral resection and external sphincterotomy, either alone or combined, will relieve outlet obstruction in most cases of neuropathic bladder following spinal cord injury.", "contents": "An assessment of surgical treatment of vesical outlet obstruction in spinal cord injury: a review of 471 cases. An assessment of 139 cases of outlet obstruction following spinal cord injury, in a consecutive series of 471 patients, is presented. The figures in relation to the level and extent of the spinal lesion and the type of operation (transurethral resection and external sphincterotomy), are reviewed. The incidence of repeat operation is recorded and assessed. It is concluded that transurethral resection and external sphincterotomy, either alone or combined, will relieve outlet obstruction in most cases of neuropathic bladder following spinal cord injury.", "PMID": 1016840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1594", "title": "A simple artificial implantable sphincter.", "content": "A device is presented for the cure of urinary incontinence in males. 16 cases have been operated on, 10 have been cured, 1 improved and 5 failed. Most of the failures were due to sepsis. Despite this small number of cases the results are extremely encouraging. The device, because of its simplicity, both in construction and ease of insertion, is considered worthy of extensive trials.", "contents": "A simple artificial implantable sphincter. A device is presented for the cure of urinary incontinence in males. 16 cases have been operated on, 10 have been cured, 1 improved and 5 failed. Most of the failures were due to sepsis. Despite this small number of cases the results are extremely encouraging. The device, because of its simplicity, both in construction and ease of insertion, is considered worthy of extensive trials.", "PMID": 1016841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1595", "title": "Excretion urography in the investigation of prostatism.", "content": "The excretion urogram and urodynamic studies of 201 patients presenting with prostatism were reviewed. The urographic features of trabeculation and diverticula were found to be associated with bladder instability as shown on inflow cystometry but not to be associated with outflow obstruction as shown by the pressure-flow analysis of micturition. The bladder shadow on the preliminary film and the bladder size on the post-evacuation film were associated with the measured residual urine and with outflow obstruction. The basal prostatic filling defect was also associated with outflow obstruction.", "contents": "Excretion urography in the investigation of prostatism. The excretion urogram and urodynamic studies of 201 patients presenting with prostatism were reviewed. The urographic features of trabeculation and diverticula were found to be associated with bladder instability as shown on inflow cystometry but not to be associated with outflow obstruction as shown by the pressure-flow analysis of micturition. The bladder shadow on the preliminary film and the bladder size on the post-evacuation film were associated with the measured residual urine and with outflow obstruction. The basal prostatic filling defect was also associated with outflow obstruction.", "PMID": 1016842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1596", "title": "Lymphography and pelvic lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "20 of 45 new patients with prostatic carcinoma have undergone lymphography and lymphadenectomy to determine the N-category. The overall accuracy of lymphography was 75%. Lymphadenectomy was a safe procedure with minimal morbidity. Although it would be premature to recommend its universal adoption in the management of this disease, its further application and study seems desirable. Full TNM classification has proved to be of considerable value in the management of these patients. This study confirms that 50% of T3 MO tumours are free of lymph node metastases.", "contents": "Lymphography and pelvic lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the prostate. 20 of 45 new patients with prostatic carcinoma have undergone lymphography and lymphadenectomy to determine the N-category. The overall accuracy of lymphography was 75%. Lymphadenectomy was a safe procedure with minimal morbidity. Although it would be premature to recommend its universal adoption in the management of this disease, its further application and study seems desirable. Full TNM classification has proved to be of considerable value in the management of these patients. This study confirms that 50% of T3 MO tumours are free of lymph node metastases.", "PMID": 1016843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1597", "title": "Hypospadias--problems of postoperative fistulae formation and a modified 2-stage procedure to reduce these.", "content": "A retrospective review of hypospadias repair reveals a high incidence of postoperative fistula nad stenosis. Further studies using Silicone casts have revealed a potential cause for the occurrence of these complications. The close co-operation between urologists and plastic surgeons has resulted in a grea er awareness of the surgical problems and the development of a simplified 2-stage technique which it is hoped will reduce these.", "contents": "Hypospadias--problems of postoperative fistulae formation and a modified 2-stage procedure to reduce these. A retrospective review of hypospadias repair reveals a high incidence of postoperative fistula nad stenosis. Further studies using Silicone casts have revealed a potential cause for the occurrence of these complications. The close co-operation between urologists and plastic surgeons has resulted in a grea er awareness of the surgical problems and the development of a simplified 2-stage technique which it is hoped will reduce these.", "PMID": 1016845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1598", "title": "Plasma gonadotrophic hormones, testicular biopsy and seminal analysis in the men of infertile marriages.", "content": "The first step in the investigation of infertile men is to obtain 2 seminal analyses 3 days after the previous ejaculation. Clinical assessment of testicular size is an unreliable means of assessing spermatogenesis and is best done by performing bilateral testicular biopsies. Azoospermic men with grossly elevated FSH levels should be advised to consider AID or adoption. Those with normal or mildly elevated FSH levels should undergo testicular exploration in an attempt to correct an obstructive lesion. Azoospermic men with subnormal FSH levels may have an isolated hormone defect which will respond to treatment with Pergonal. Different treatment programmes for oligozoospermic men depending on the results of the FSH and LH assays may lead to a more rational approach to therapy. Infertility associated with varicocele may possibly be associated with a local disturbance of \"inhibin\" and FSH concentrations.", "contents": "Plasma gonadotrophic hormones, testicular biopsy and seminal analysis in the men of infertile marriages. The first step in the investigation of infertile men is to obtain 2 seminal analyses 3 days after the previous ejaculation. Clinical assessment of testicular size is an unreliable means of assessing spermatogenesis and is best done by performing bilateral testicular biopsies. Azoospermic men with grossly elevated FSH levels should be advised to consider AID or adoption. Those with normal or mildly elevated FSH levels should undergo testicular exploration in an attempt to correct an obstructive lesion. Azoospermic men with subnormal FSH levels may have an isolated hormone defect which will respond to treatment with Pergonal. Different treatment programmes for oligozoospermic men depending on the results of the FSH and LH assays may lead to a more rational approach to therapy. Infertility associated with varicocele may possibly be associated with a local disturbance of \"inhibin\" and FSH concentrations.", "PMID": 1016846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1599", "title": "The development of the isthmo-optic nucleus.", "content": "The nucleus of origin of centrifugal fibers to the retina (the so-called isthmo-optic nucleus - ION) has been used as a model for the study of the major features of neural development, from the period of cell proliferation until after the formation of its afferent and efferent connections. 3H-thymidine autoradiography has established that in the chick cells of the ION are generated (i.e., become post-mitotic) between the middle of the 5th and the end of the 7th days of incubation. The first-formed cells are found in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus, while those that are generated at successively later stages come to occupy progressively more medial and dorsal positions within the nucleus. The anlage of the ION can be identified on the 8th day of incubation, and by the 11th day, when it is numerically complete, it occupies a prominent position in the caudo-dorsal part of the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the IVth nerve nucleus. At this stage the nucleus contains about 22,000 neurons, and shows no signs of cytoarchitectonic differentiation. Between the 13th and 17th days of incubation, about 60% of the neurons in the nucleus degenerate; as a result of this degeneration, the arrival of afferent fibers, and the growth of the cells' processes, the nucleus comes to have its characteristic adult form of a complex, folded, bilaminar sheet, in which each part of the retina is precisely represented. Experiments based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the eye indicate that the first centrifugal fibers, in the isthmo-optic tract (IOT), reach the retina on the 10 day of incubation, and by the 12th day all but about 5% of the neurons in the ION can be retrogradely labeled in this way...", "contents": "The development of the isthmo-optic nucleus. The nucleus of origin of centrifugal fibers to the retina (the so-called isthmo-optic nucleus - ION) has been used as a model for the study of the major features of neural development, from the period of cell proliferation until after the formation of its afferent and efferent connections. 3H-thymidine autoradiography has established that in the chick cells of the ION are generated (i.e., become post-mitotic) between the middle of the 5th and the end of the 7th days of incubation. The first-formed cells are found in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus, while those that are generated at successively later stages come to occupy progressively more medial and dorsal positions within the nucleus. The anlage of the ION can be identified on the 8th day of incubation, and by the 11th day, when it is numerically complete, it occupies a prominent position in the caudo-dorsal part of the midbrain tegmentum at the level of the IVth nerve nucleus. At this stage the nucleus contains about 22,000 neurons, and shows no signs of cytoarchitectonic differentiation. Between the 13th and 17th days of incubation, about 60% of the neurons in the nucleus degenerate; as a result of this degeneration, the arrival of afferent fibers, and the growth of the cells' processes, the nucleus comes to have its characteristic adult form of a complex, folded, bilaminar sheet, in which each part of the retina is precisely represented. Experiments based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the eye indicate that the first centrifugal fibers, in the isthmo-optic tract (IOT), reach the retina on the 10 day of incubation, and by the 12th day all but about 5% of the neurons in the ION can be retrogradely labeled in this way...", "PMID": 1016847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1600", "title": "Brain circuits for consciousness.", "content": "The question is explored of the location of consciousness in the human brain. The author's own studies of defects of consciousness as the result of the splitting of the corpus callosum are described and disorders of consciousness associated with damage to other specific areas of the brain, are reviewed. A circuit spanning the brain is described which stretches from the parietal lobe at one side to the parietal lobe at the other and includes the splenium of the corpus callosum. The medial banks of the hemispheres, the callosal as well as the cingulate areas, are also thought to be involved.", "contents": "Brain circuits for consciousness. The question is explored of the location of consciousness in the human brain. The author's own studies of defects of consciousness as the result of the splitting of the corpus callosum are described and disorders of consciousness associated with damage to other specific areas of the brain, are reviewed. A circuit spanning the brain is described which stretches from the parietal lobe at one side to the parietal lobe at the other and includes the splenium of the corpus callosum. The medial banks of the hemispheres, the callosal as well as the cingulate areas, are also thought to be involved.", "PMID": 1016848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1601", "title": "Telencephalon of the lizard Gekko gecko (Linnaeus): some connections of the cortex and dorsal ventricular ridge.", "content": "Interhemispheric connections of the telencephalon in the lizard, Gekko, were studied with anterograde degeneration methods following lesions variously placed in the medial, dorsal, and lateral cortices and/or the dorsal ventricular ridge (D.V.R.). After lesions involving dorsal cortex, the medial wall, and the DVR, the majority of degenerated fibers decussate in the hippocampal commissure and terminate in the septum, medial wall, dorsal cortex, and the lateral edge of the DVR contralaterally. Lesions confined to dorsal cortex result in a similar pattern of degeneration, while lesions confined to the lateral wall result in degeneration in the contralateral lateral cortex, DVR and striatum, mainly via the anterior commissure. Some variation has been reported on the pattern of interhemispheric projections among reptiles studied to date; two possible interpretations of the data are that (1) dorsal cortex may be homologous as a field to parts of both neocortex and the hippocampal formation of mammals or (2) only the lateral part of dorsal cortex may be homologous to neocortex.", "contents": "Telencephalon of the lizard Gekko gecko (Linnaeus): some connections of the cortex and dorsal ventricular ridge. Interhemispheric connections of the telencephalon in the lizard, Gekko, were studied with anterograde degeneration methods following lesions variously placed in the medial, dorsal, and lateral cortices and/or the dorsal ventricular ridge (D.V.R.). After lesions involving dorsal cortex, the medial wall, and the DVR, the majority of degenerated fibers decussate in the hippocampal commissure and terminate in the septum, medial wall, dorsal cortex, and the lateral edge of the DVR contralaterally. Lesions confined to dorsal cortex result in a similar pattern of degeneration, while lesions confined to the lateral wall result in degeneration in the contralateral lateral cortex, DVR and striatum, mainly via the anterior commissure. Some variation has been reported on the pattern of interhemispheric projections among reptiles studied to date; two possible interpretations of the data are that (1) dorsal cortex may be homologous as a field to parts of both neocortex and the hippocampal formation of mammals or (2) only the lateral part of dorsal cortex may be homologous to neocortex.", "PMID": 1016849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1602", "title": "Behavioral correlates of 'tectal compression' in goldfish. I. Intensity and pattern discrimination.", "content": "Goldfish were trained to perform visual intensity and pattern discriminations. Three groups of fish had bilateral ablation of the caudal optic tectum, a fourth consisted of unoperated controls and a fifth group consisted of sham-operated controls. The fish were tested after various postoperative intervals ranging from 19 to 147 days. The lesions produced modest deficits in intensity discrimination irrespective of postoperative interval. The fish that began training on the pattern discrimination after 14-18 postoperative days showed no improvement in performance. Fish that began training after 39 postoperative days showed improvements in performance after about 65 postoperative days. The group that began training 158-160 postoperative days showed steady and persistent improvements in discrimination performance. The results suggest that improvements in pattern vision after partial tectal ablation follow the same time course as compression of the retinotectal map after partial ablation of the tectum.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of 'tectal compression' in goldfish. I. Intensity and pattern discrimination. Goldfish were trained to perform visual intensity and pattern discriminations. Three groups of fish had bilateral ablation of the caudal optic tectum, a fourth consisted of unoperated controls and a fifth group consisted of sham-operated controls. The fish were tested after various postoperative intervals ranging from 19 to 147 days. The lesions produced modest deficits in intensity discrimination irrespective of postoperative interval. The fish that began training on the pattern discrimination after 14-18 postoperative days showed no improvement in performance. Fish that began training after 39 postoperative days showed improvements in performance after about 65 postoperative days. The group that began training 158-160 postoperative days showed steady and persistent improvements in discrimination performance. The results suggest that improvements in pattern vision after partial tectal ablation follow the same time course as compression of the retinotectal map after partial ablation of the tectum.", "PMID": 1016850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1603", "title": "Behavioral correlates of 'tectal compression' in goldfish. II. Visual acuity.", "content": "Visual acuity was measured in three normal goldfish and two goldfish in which the caudal optic tectum had been ablated bilaterally. Compression of the retinotectal map was assumed to have occurred in the two operated fish, which were tested more than 200 days after surgery. The results indicated that the visual acuity of the normal fish ranged from 0.94 to 0.95 degrees of visual angle. The visual acuity of the fish with presumed compression of their retinotectal maps ranged from 1.91 to 2.07 degrees. The results suggest that compression of the retinotectal map occurs at the expense of the spatial-resolution ability of the visual system.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of 'tectal compression' in goldfish. II. Visual acuity. Visual acuity was measured in three normal goldfish and two goldfish in which the caudal optic tectum had been ablated bilaterally. Compression of the retinotectal map was assumed to have occurred in the two operated fish, which were tested more than 200 days after surgery. The results indicated that the visual acuity of the normal fish ranged from 0.94 to 0.95 degrees of visual angle. The visual acuity of the fish with presumed compression of their retinotectal maps ranged from 1.91 to 2.07 degrees. The results suggest that compression of the retinotectal map occurs at the expense of the spatial-resolution ability of the visual system.", "PMID": 1016851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1604", "title": "The mineral dust load of human lungs.", "content": "Studies of the dust content of lungs from non-industrially exposed city dwellers have shown that many people build up during life a total dust load of 2 grammes or more. This dust load may include up to 17 X 10(6) mineral fibres large enough to be visible with the light microscope and 360 X 10(8) fibres visible only by electron-microscopy. All lungs examined contained a small percentage of fibres that appeared structurally similar to chrysotile asbestos. It was found that the total dust content and content of light microscope sized mineral fibres was much lower in a non-industrialised city than in one with a high level of heavy industry, but levels of electron-microscope sized fibres did not differ markedly between the two groups. It would appear that these very small fibres are part of a general mineralogical background rather than resulting from industrial atmospheric pollution. This was further indicated by the fact that many of the dust particles, including large numbers of the fibrous ones proved to be derived from diatom skeletons.", "contents": "The mineral dust load of human lungs. Studies of the dust content of lungs from non-industrially exposed city dwellers have shown that many people build up during life a total dust load of 2 grammes or more. This dust load may include up to 17 X 10(6) mineral fibres large enough to be visible with the light microscope and 360 X 10(8) fibres visible only by electron-microscopy. All lungs examined contained a small percentage of fibres that appeared structurally similar to chrysotile asbestos. It was found that the total dust content and content of light microscope sized mineral fibres was much lower in a non-industrialised city than in one with a high level of heavy industry, but levels of electron-microscope sized fibres did not differ markedly between the two groups. It would appear that these very small fibres are part of a general mineralogical background rather than resulting from industrial atmospheric pollution. This was further indicated by the fact that many of the dust particles, including large numbers of the fibrous ones proved to be derived from diatom skeletons.", "PMID": 1016872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1605", "title": "Isoelectric points and molecular weights of salt-extractable ribosomal proteins.", "content": "Rat liver ribosomes prepared in low salt buffer contain basic and acidic proteins not found on ribosomes washed in high salt buffer. Proteins extracted from liver ribosomes by 500 mM KCL were characterized by acid urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel isoelectric focusing. The salt-solubilized proteins contain 12 polypeptides with a molecular weight over 67000, several polypeptides with molecular weights less than 67 000, and three polypeptides whose molecular weight exceeded 130 000. Ten to 12 of the proteins were basic, and about 24 acidic proteins were partially or wholly extracted from the ribosomes. Four of the acidic proteins have isoelectric points less than 4.5.", "contents": "Isoelectric points and molecular weights of salt-extractable ribosomal proteins. Rat liver ribosomes prepared in low salt buffer contain basic and acidic proteins not found on ribosomes washed in high salt buffer. Proteins extracted from liver ribosomes by 500 mM KCL were characterized by acid urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel isoelectric focusing. The salt-solubilized proteins contain 12 polypeptides with a molecular weight over 67000, several polypeptides with molecular weights less than 67 000, and three polypeptides whose molecular weight exceeded 130 000. Ten to 12 of the proteins were basic, and about 24 acidic proteins were partially or wholly extracted from the ribosomes. Four of the acidic proteins have isoelectric points less than 4.5.", "PMID": 1016914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1606", "title": "Preparation of active run-off 80S ribosomes and their subunits from mouse liver.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of active \"run-off\" 80S ribosomes and 40S and 60S subunits of mouse liver. A polysome preparation was incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min under the condition for protein synthesis (4 mM Mg2+, 100 mM KCL). Puromycin (10 mM)and 2 M KCL were added to a final concentration of 0.1 mM and 500 mM, respectively, and the reaction mixture was further incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min. This latter treatment destabilized small polysomes and \"stuck\" 80S particles, which were remaining after the first incubation, leading to complete release of 40S and 60S particles. Thus, the present method minimized variations in yield of subunits due to polysome preparations and preincubation conditions. The subunits were separated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation or recovered by precipitation following reassociation into 80S particles (run-off 80S). The reformation of 80S particles from the subunits occurred spontaneously at 5 mM Mg2+ and 100mM KCL. The isolated 40S and 60S subunits, separately, showed low phenylalanine-incorporating activity in the presence of poly(U), but when recombined, polymerized up to 10 phenylalanine residues per couple.", "contents": "Preparation of active run-off 80S ribosomes and their subunits from mouse liver. A method is described for the preparation of active \"run-off\" 80S ribosomes and 40S and 60S subunits of mouse liver. A polysome preparation was incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min under the condition for protein synthesis (4 mM Mg2+, 100 mM KCL). Puromycin (10 mM)and 2 M KCL were added to a final concentration of 0.1 mM and 500 mM, respectively, and the reaction mixture was further incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min. This latter treatment destabilized small polysomes and \"stuck\" 80S particles, which were remaining after the first incubation, leading to complete release of 40S and 60S particles. Thus, the present method minimized variations in yield of subunits due to polysome preparations and preincubation conditions. The subunits were separated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation or recovered by precipitation following reassociation into 80S particles (run-off 80S). The reformation of 80S particles from the subunits occurred spontaneously at 5 mM Mg2+ and 100mM KCL. The isolated 40S and 60S subunits, separately, showed low phenylalanine-incorporating activity in the presence of poly(U), but when recombined, polymerized up to 10 phenylalanine residues per couple.", "PMID": 1016915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1607", "title": "Purine catabolism in man: inhibition of 5'-phosphomonesterase activities from placental microsomes.", "content": "The 5'-phosphomonoesterase activity of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.5) participates in the catabolism of purine ribonucleotides to uric acid in humans. Initial velocity studies of 5'-nucleotidase suggest a sequential mechanism of interaction between AMP nad MgCl2, with a Km of 14 and 3 muM, respectively. With product inhibition studies the apparent Ki's for adenosine, inosine, cytidine, and inorganic phosphate were 0.4, 3.0, 5.0, and 42 mM, respectively. A large number of nucleoside mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate compounds were inhibitors of the enzyme. Allopurinol ribonucleotide, ADP, or ATP were competitive inhititors when AMP was the substrate, with a Ki slope of 120 muM. The phosphomonoesterase activity of human placental microsomal alkaline phosphatase had a pH optimum of 10.0 and had only 18% of maximum activity at pH 7.4. Substrates and inhibitors included almost any phosphorylated compound. The Km for AMP was 0.4 mM and the apparent Ki for Pi was 0.6 mM. Activity was increased only 19% by 5 mM MgCl2. These observations suggest that 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase may be inhibited by ATP and Pi, respectively, under normal intracellular conditions, and that AMP may be preferentially hydrolyzed by 5'-nucleotidase.", "contents": "Purine catabolism in man: inhibition of 5'-phosphomonesterase activities from placental microsomes. The 5'-phosphomonoesterase activity of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.5) participates in the catabolism of purine ribonucleotides to uric acid in humans. Initial velocity studies of 5'-nucleotidase suggest a sequential mechanism of interaction between AMP nad MgCl2, with a Km of 14 and 3 muM, respectively. With product inhibition studies the apparent Ki's for adenosine, inosine, cytidine, and inorganic phosphate were 0.4, 3.0, 5.0, and 42 mM, respectively. A large number of nucleoside mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate compounds were inhibitors of the enzyme. Allopurinol ribonucleotide, ADP, or ATP were competitive inhititors when AMP was the substrate, with a Ki slope of 120 muM. The phosphomonoesterase activity of human placental microsomal alkaline phosphatase had a pH optimum of 10.0 and had only 18% of maximum activity at pH 7.4. Substrates and inhibitors included almost any phosphorylated compound. The Km for AMP was 0.4 mM and the apparent Ki for Pi was 0.6 mM. Activity was increased only 19% by 5 mM MgCl2. These observations suggest that 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase may be inhibited by ATP and Pi, respectively, under normal intracellular conditions, and that AMP may be preferentially hydrolyzed by 5'-nucleotidase.", "PMID": 1016916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1608", "title": "Decreased uptake of orotate in kidney tumors.", "content": "The uptake of isotope by three transplanted kidney tumors after i.p. injection of 3H-labeled orotate was less than 5% of that in the host kidney cortex. A decrease of similar magnitude in the uptake into the acid-soluble tissue fractions from the kidney tumors was observed with very low incorporation into RNA relative to the host kidney cortex. Total uptake of orotate-3H and incorporation into RNA were several fold higher in the normal kidney cortex than in the kidney medulla and for the kidney cortex both parameters were less in young than in old rats. The uptake of uracil-3H by two kidney tumors was approximately 40% of that in the kidney cortex of host rats. Although the uptake of orotate-3H in kidney cortex was greater than that for uracil-3H the reverse situation was observed with kidney tumors, indicating that renal neoplasia in the rat is accompanied by an altered pattern of uptake of these metabolites.", "contents": "Decreased uptake of orotate in kidney tumors. The uptake of isotope by three transplanted kidney tumors after i.p. injection of 3H-labeled orotate was less than 5% of that in the host kidney cortex. A decrease of similar magnitude in the uptake into the acid-soluble tissue fractions from the kidney tumors was observed with very low incorporation into RNA relative to the host kidney cortex. Total uptake of orotate-3H and incorporation into RNA were several fold higher in the normal kidney cortex than in the kidney medulla and for the kidney cortex both parameters were less in young than in old rats. The uptake of uracil-3H by two kidney tumors was approximately 40% of that in the kidney cortex of host rats. Although the uptake of orotate-3H in kidney cortex was greater than that for uracil-3H the reverse situation was observed with kidney tumors, indicating that renal neoplasia in the rat is accompanied by an altered pattern of uptake of these metabolites.", "PMID": 1016935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1609", "title": "Shapes of carcinogenic benz[alpha]anthracenes: an x-ray crystal structure analysis of 12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene.", "content": "The crystal structure of the moderately active carcinogen 12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene (12-MBA) has been determined by application of direct methods to X-ray single-crystal diffraction data. Least-squares refinement to a residual R = 0.09 over 929 independent reflections enabled carbon positions to be established with apparent e.s.d.s. of atomic coordinates about 0.008 A. Deviation from planarity is exemplified by the 15.5 degrees inclination of the benz ring (A) to the anthracene nucleus and by the 0.89 A distance of the methyl carbon out of the best plane through the whole benzanthracene nucleus. Comparison with the structure of the highly carcinogenic 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (7,12-DMBA), and with the recently solved structures of the weak carcinogen 1-MBA and the extremely weak carcinogen 1,12-DMBA, shows a close similarity in the anthracene parts; in 1-MBA, and 1,12-DMBA, the phenanthrenic K-region bond is close to 1.34 A and the M-region bond about 1.38 A. In 12-MBA, overcrowding in the 'bay' region causes the central anthracene ring C and the benz ring A each to be bent about 10 degrees in opposite directions from the phenanthrenic B ring, much as in 1-MBA and 7,12-DMBA, but less than in 1,12-DMBA; the 12-methyl carbon lies about the same distance (0.55 A) above the anthracene plane in 12-MBA as in 1,12-MBA and 7,12-DMBA.", "contents": "Shapes of carcinogenic benz[alpha]anthracenes: an x-ray crystal structure analysis of 12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene. The crystal structure of the moderately active carcinogen 12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene (12-MBA) has been determined by application of direct methods to X-ray single-crystal diffraction data. Least-squares refinement to a residual R = 0.09 over 929 independent reflections enabled carbon positions to be established with apparent e.s.d.s. of atomic coordinates about 0.008 A. Deviation from planarity is exemplified by the 15.5 degrees inclination of the benz ring (A) to the anthracene nucleus and by the 0.89 A distance of the methyl carbon out of the best plane through the whole benzanthracene nucleus. Comparison with the structure of the highly carcinogenic 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (7,12-DMBA), and with the recently solved structures of the weak carcinogen 1-MBA and the extremely weak carcinogen 1,12-DMBA, shows a close similarity in the anthracene parts; in 1-MBA, and 1,12-DMBA, the phenanthrenic K-region bond is close to 1.34 A and the M-region bond about 1.38 A. In 12-MBA, overcrowding in the 'bay' region causes the central anthracene ring C and the benz ring A each to be bent about 10 degrees in opposite directions from the phenanthrenic B ring, much as in 1-MBA and 7,12-DMBA, but less than in 1,12-DMBA; the 12-methyl carbon lies about the same distance (0.55 A) above the anthracene plane in 12-MBA as in 1,12-MBA and 7,12-DMBA.", "PMID": 1016936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1610", "title": "Temporal changes in chromatin isolated from Friend virus-infected mouse spleens.", "content": "Differences noted in enzyme II directed RNA synthesis under varying salt conditions in nuclei isolated from uninfected and Friend virus (FV)-infected spleen cells, have been attributed to chromosomal modifications (Babcock and Rich 1973). This investigation was undertaken to determine if compositional changes occur in the chromatin of FV-infected spleens, which correlate with an altered rate of synthesis by enzyme II. A quantitative study of the chromatin constituents at various times after infection indicated that they vary in the same temporal manner as the rate of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Relative to DNA, RNA, histone, and nonhistone protein reached a maximum at 14 days postinfection. This was followed by a gradual decrease during the remainder of the infection. Chromatin endogenous DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity varied in the same manner, suggesting that RNA synthesis directed by enzyme II is modulated by chromosomal proteins.", "contents": "Temporal changes in chromatin isolated from Friend virus-infected mouse spleens. Differences noted in enzyme II directed RNA synthesis under varying salt conditions in nuclei isolated from uninfected and Friend virus (FV)-infected spleen cells, have been attributed to chromosomal modifications (Babcock and Rich 1973). This investigation was undertaken to determine if compositional changes occur in the chromatin of FV-infected spleens, which correlate with an altered rate of synthesis by enzyme II. A quantitative study of the chromatin constituents at various times after infection indicated that they vary in the same temporal manner as the rate of RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Relative to DNA, RNA, histone, and nonhistone protein reached a maximum at 14 days postinfection. This was followed by a gradual decrease during the remainder of the infection. Chromatin endogenous DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity varied in the same manner, suggesting that RNA synthesis directed by enzyme II is modulated by chromosomal proteins.", "PMID": 1016937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1611", "title": "Theoretical prediction of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of chemical substances.", "content": "The pseudopotential with respect to free electrons has been calculated for a series of chemical substances. These potentials are different for carcinogenic, mutagenic-carcinogenic, and mutagenic substances thus allowing the theoretical prediction of their biological activity. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of the interaction potential.", "contents": "Theoretical prediction of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of chemical substances. The pseudopotential with respect to free electrons has been calculated for a series of chemical substances. These potentials are different for carcinogenic, mutagenic-carcinogenic, and mutagenic substances thus allowing the theoretical prediction of their biological activity. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of the interaction potential.", "PMID": 1016938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1612", "title": "Minimizing false negatives in electron microscope searches for virus or other specific features of cancer cells.", "content": "Electron microscopic searches for virus particles and other specific features of cancer cells involve exceptionally poor sampling statistics. It is probable that most searches conducted in the past were of limited value in establishing whether such viruses or special features are associated with one or more tumor types. On the other hand, in a few cases, the electron microscope has provided the first, or even the only, evidence of virus particles. A radical change in the way the electron microscope is applied to this problem is suggested whereby a high-voltage microscope is used to examine thicker sections and an image-processing arrangement is used to focus and select images and to search the images for virus particles. It is suggested that it is important to distinguish virus producers amongst oncogenic viral genome carriers since these may be in a more advanced state of tumor induction and may be capable of transmitting the virus to others.", "contents": "Minimizing false negatives in electron microscope searches for virus or other specific features of cancer cells. Electron microscopic searches for virus particles and other specific features of cancer cells involve exceptionally poor sampling statistics. It is probable that most searches conducted in the past were of limited value in establishing whether such viruses or special features are associated with one or more tumor types. On the other hand, in a few cases, the electron microscope has provided the first, or even the only, evidence of virus particles. A radical change in the way the electron microscope is applied to this problem is suggested whereby a high-voltage microscope is used to examine thicker sections and an image-processing arrangement is used to focus and select images and to search the images for virus particles. It is suggested that it is important to distinguish virus producers amongst oncogenic viral genome carriers since these may be in a more advanced state of tumor induction and may be capable of transmitting the virus to others.", "PMID": 1016939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1613", "title": "Behavior of rat liver catalase during electrophoresis in a pH gradient.", "content": "Investigations were conducted on the distribution of rat liver catalase subsequent to electrofocusing in a pH gradient. Differences were observed depending on the enzyme being extracted from the total mitochondrial fraction, from the supernatant of the homogenate or from purified peroxisomes. Catalase solubilized from the total mitochondrial fraction exhibits an apparent isoelectric point lower than that of catalase derived from the supernatant. Catalase released from purified peroxisomes shows a behavior similar to that of the supernatant catalase. It has been concluded that, in a total mitochondrial fraction, a factor is present that alters the electric charge of the catalase molecule during or after the extraction of the enzyme. This factor is probably associated with lysosomes existing together with peroxisomes and mitochondria in a total mitochondrial fraction. As a matter of fact, the addition of an extract of purified lysosomes to purified peroxisomes or to supernatant will cause a shift towards a more acid pH of catalase distribution subsequent to electrofocalization.", "contents": "Behavior of rat liver catalase during electrophoresis in a pH gradient. Investigations were conducted on the distribution of rat liver catalase subsequent to electrofocusing in a pH gradient. Differences were observed depending on the enzyme being extracted from the total mitochondrial fraction, from the supernatant of the homogenate or from purified peroxisomes. Catalase solubilized from the total mitochondrial fraction exhibits an apparent isoelectric point lower than that of catalase derived from the supernatant. Catalase released from purified peroxisomes shows a behavior similar to that of the supernatant catalase. It has been concluded that, in a total mitochondrial fraction, a factor is present that alters the electric charge of the catalase molecule during or after the extraction of the enzyme. This factor is probably associated with lysosomes existing together with peroxisomes and mitochondria in a total mitochondrial fraction. As a matter of fact, the addition of an extract of purified lysosomes to purified peroxisomes or to supernatant will cause a shift towards a more acid pH of catalase distribution subsequent to electrofocalization.", "PMID": 1016940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1614", "title": "Transfer RNA and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases in hormone dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice: II. Isoacceptor tRNA's in hormone dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice.", "content": "The chromatographic elution profiles of 15 aminoacyl tRNA's from dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice have been studied using the reversed phase chromatography (RPC 5). The seryl tRNA from the dependent tumor displayed three isoacceptor peaks while only two isoacceptor peaks were observed in the case of the independent tumor when the tRNA's were charged in the presence of the GR mice liver enzyme. Charging of the tRNA's with radioactive leucine by homologous and heterologous enzyme revealed major differences in the leucyl isoacceptor species. The homologous dependent tumor system charges five leucyl tRNA species while the independent system only charges four. The leucyl tRNA from the dependent tumor has a new peak which is only recognized by its own enzyme, but this peak is either suppressed or completely absent in the independent tumor.", "contents": "Transfer RNA and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases in hormone dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice: II. Isoacceptor tRNA's in hormone dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice. The chromatographic elution profiles of 15 aminoacyl tRNA's from dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice have been studied using the reversed phase chromatography (RPC 5). The seryl tRNA from the dependent tumor displayed three isoacceptor peaks while only two isoacceptor peaks were observed in the case of the independent tumor when the tRNA's were charged in the presence of the GR mice liver enzyme. Charging of the tRNA's with radioactive leucine by homologous and heterologous enzyme revealed major differences in the leucyl isoacceptor species. The homologous dependent tumor system charges five leucyl tRNA species while the independent system only charges four. The leucyl tRNA from the dependent tumor has a new peak which is only recognized by its own enzyme, but this peak is either suppressed or completely absent in the independent tumor.", "PMID": 1016941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1615", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of different nitroso-compounds in chinese hamsters: N-dibutylnitrosamine and N-nitrosomethylurea.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) (CH) were subcutaneously (s.c.) treated with 1/5, 1/10 or 1/20 the mean lethal dose (LD50) of N-dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) or N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU). In several respects these two substances produced the same organotropy in the CH as in the Syrian golden (SGH) and European hamsters (EH). DBN prolonged lung tumours and neoplasms of the injection site. NMU induced tumours of the injection site only.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of different nitroso-compounds in chinese hamsters: N-dibutylnitrosamine and N-nitrosomethylurea. Three hundred and twenty Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) (CH) were subcutaneously (s.c.) treated with 1/5, 1/10 or 1/20 the mean lethal dose (LD50) of N-dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) or N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU). In several respects these two substances produced the same organotropy in the CH as in the Syrian golden (SGH) and European hamsters (EH). DBN prolonged lung tumours and neoplasms of the injection site. NMU induced tumours of the injection site only.", "PMID": 1016942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1616", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "A study was made to determine whether and to what extent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are present in human bronchial carcinoma. Twenty-four carcinomas, obtained from surgical operations and autopsies, were examined. The samples were tested for 12 PAH; these were determined by direct fluorescence analysis on thin-layer plates. Only 4 of the 12 PAH were detected in the cancerous tissue: benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene. Beno(a)pyrene was found in all carcinomas. The reasons for increased concentration of the detected PAH in cancerous tissue are discussed with respect to deposition and elimination of inhaled particles as well as the metabolism of these compounds.", "contents": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human bronchial carcinoma. A study was made to determine whether and to what extent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are present in human bronchial carcinoma. Twenty-four carcinomas, obtained from surgical operations and autopsies, were examined. The samples were tested for 12 PAH; these were determined by direct fluorescence analysis on thin-layer plates. Only 4 of the 12 PAH were detected in the cancerous tissue: benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene. Beno(a)pyrene was found in all carcinomas. The reasons for increased concentration of the detected PAH in cancerous tissue are discussed with respect to deposition and elimination of inhaled particles as well as the metabolism of these compounds.", "PMID": 1016943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1617", "title": "A further pancreatic carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters: N-nitroso-bis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine.", "content": "Weekly subcutaneous injection of N-nitroso-bis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine (BAP) for 20 weeks to Syrian golden hamsters induced pancreatic neoplasms in 50% of the animals, as early as 15 weeks from the start of treatment. The carcinogenic potency and organotropic spectrum of BAP were similar to those of N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP). Metabolism studies indicated that BAP was readily converted in vivo to BHP and that BHP was also the major urinary metabolite.", "contents": "A further pancreatic carcinogen in Syrian golden hamsters: N-nitroso-bis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine. Weekly subcutaneous injection of N-nitroso-bis(2-acetoxypropyl)amine (BAP) for 20 weeks to Syrian golden hamsters induced pancreatic neoplasms in 50% of the animals, as early as 15 weeks from the start of treatment. The carcinogenic potency and organotropic spectrum of BAP were similar to those of N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP). Metabolism studies indicated that BAP was readily converted in vivo to BHP and that BHP was also the major urinary metabolite.", "PMID": 1016944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1618", "title": "Human breast carcinoma: heterotransplantation to newborn rats.", "content": "Cultured cells from a human breast carcinoma (HBC) were injected subcutaneously in newborn cortisone-treated Sprague-Dawley rats (CNBR). Tumors of predominantly epithelial nature appeared in all within 30 days, and wipespread metastases occured often. Cells cultured from these tumors rapidly produced similar tumors in CNBR. Rat-to-rat passage by implanting fragments of tumor tissue was 100% successful in CNBR. The in vivo model described is simple and inexpensive.", "contents": "Human breast carcinoma: heterotransplantation to newborn rats. Cultured cells from a human breast carcinoma (HBC) were injected subcutaneously in newborn cortisone-treated Sprague-Dawley rats (CNBR). Tumors of predominantly epithelial nature appeared in all within 30 days, and wipespread metastases occured often. Cells cultured from these tumors rapidly produced similar tumors in CNBR. Rat-to-rat passage by implanting fragments of tumor tissue was 100% successful in CNBR. The in vivo model described is simple and inexpensive.", "PMID": 1016945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1619", "title": "Tumorgenicity of L cell derivatives and hybrid cells derived from them.", "content": "Hybridization studies on high and low malignant L cell derivatives support our previous conclusions, in showing that crosses between highly tumorigenic and poorly tumorigenic lines to a marked suppression of the malignant phenotype. Malignant behaviour is not, however, suppressed when cells from one highly tumorigenic line are crossed with those of another tumorigenic line. The present results show further that these rules apply even when all the cells crossed are closely related derivatives of one cell line.", "contents": "Tumorgenicity of L cell derivatives and hybrid cells derived from them. Hybridization studies on high and low malignant L cell derivatives support our previous conclusions, in showing that crosses between highly tumorigenic and poorly tumorigenic lines to a marked suppression of the malignant phenotype. Malignant behaviour is not, however, suppressed when cells from one highly tumorigenic line are crossed with those of another tumorigenic line. The present results show further that these rules apply even when all the cells crossed are closely related derivatives of one cell line.", "PMID": 1016946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1620", "title": "Investigations on esophageal carcinogenicity by methyl-phenyl-nitrosamine and ethyl alcohol in rats.", "content": "Methyl-phenyl-nitrosamine was administered subcutaneously or orally to Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinomas of the esophagus were found in 46-87% of the animals. The induction period of tumors was 170-290 days. Simultaneous application of 25% ethyl alcohol given instead of drinking water did not alter tumor incidences and induction periods. Hepatotoxic effects of ethyl alcohol were not observed. Mean life expectancies of animals were not reduced.", "contents": "Investigations on esophageal carcinogenicity by methyl-phenyl-nitrosamine and ethyl alcohol in rats. Methyl-phenyl-nitrosamine was administered subcutaneously or orally to Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinomas of the esophagus were found in 46-87% of the animals. The induction period of tumors was 170-290 days. Simultaneous application of 25% ethyl alcohol given instead of drinking water did not alter tumor incidences and induction periods. Hepatotoxic effects of ethyl alcohol were not observed. Mean life expectancies of animals were not reduced.", "PMID": 1016947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1621", "title": "Vaccinia virus: the possibilities of its oncogenicity in humans.", "content": "Contrary to the earlier generally accepted view that vaccinia virus replicates in the cytoplasm only of suitable target cells, steadily accumulating data show that the viral genome spends a limited period of time in the nucleus. This, together with the many cases where a close association has been suspected or established between skin cancer and vaccination, suggests that vaccinia virus may, under certain yet undefined physiological conditions, act as an oncogenic virus in humans.", "contents": "Vaccinia virus: the possibilities of its oncogenicity in humans. Contrary to the earlier generally accepted view that vaccinia virus replicates in the cytoplasm only of suitable target cells, steadily accumulating data show that the viral genome spends a limited period of time in the nucleus. This, together with the many cases where a close association has been suspected or established between skin cancer and vaccination, suggests that vaccinia virus may, under certain yet undefined physiological conditions, act as an oncogenic virus in humans.", "PMID": 1016948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1622", "title": "Early membrane alterations in isolated cells treated in vitro with chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Membrane alterations were detected in isolated epithelial cells treated in vitro with 5 x 10(-4) M dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) or 1.2 x 10(-9) M diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 30 min. Addition of DBN to bladder cells and DES to endometrial cells elicited a striking increment in Con A-mediated hemadsorption, but not Con A binding, to the treated cells as compared to those not treated with carcinogens. Concomitantly, release of the lysosomal proteinase, cathepsin B1, to the extracellular medium was essentially doubled in the preparations exposed to the carcinogens, as compared to corresponding controls. The increased cellular hemagglutination in response to carcinogen treatment was significantly reduced by prior incubation of the epithelial cells with ovomucoid, a proteinase inhibitor that suppresses the activity of cathepsin B1.", "contents": "Early membrane alterations in isolated cells treated in vitro with chemical carcinogens. Membrane alterations were detected in isolated epithelial cells treated in vitro with 5 x 10(-4) M dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) or 1.2 x 10(-9) M diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 30 min. Addition of DBN to bladder cells and DES to endometrial cells elicited a striking increment in Con A-mediated hemadsorption, but not Con A binding, to the treated cells as compared to those not treated with carcinogens. Concomitantly, release of the lysosomal proteinase, cathepsin B1, to the extracellular medium was essentially doubled in the preparations exposed to the carcinogens, as compared to corresponding controls. The increased cellular hemagglutination in response to carcinogen treatment was significantly reduced by prior incubation of the epithelial cells with ovomucoid, a proteinase inhibitor that suppresses the activity of cathepsin B1.", "PMID": 1016949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1623", "title": "Modification of photocarcinogenesis by two immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "The carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the skin of hairless (hr) mice was modified by two immunosuppressive agents, rabbit anti-mouse lymphocytic serum (ALS), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP). Daily exposure of mice to UVR resulted in multiple tumor production. Carcinogenesis was measured in terms of affected mice (prevalence) and numbers of tumors produced. By both criteria, photocarcinogenesis was enhanced by ALS but inhibited by 6MP.", "contents": "Modification of photocarcinogenesis by two immunosuppressive agents. The carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the skin of hairless (hr) mice was modified by two immunosuppressive agents, rabbit anti-mouse lymphocytic serum (ALS), and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP). Daily exposure of mice to UVR resulted in multiple tumor production. Carcinogenesis was measured in terms of affected mice (prevalence) and numbers of tumors produced. By both criteria, photocarcinogenesis was enhanced by ALS but inhibited by 6MP.", "PMID": 1016950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1624", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine in three unrelated strains of mice: genetic dependence of the induced tumor types and incidence.", "content": "The carcinogenic effects of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were studied in three inbred strains of mice. The most predominant tumors observed were lung adenomas, leukemia, and liver tumors. Mice of strain AKR/J developed both leukemia and lung tumors; SWR/J mice were most susceptible to lung tumor development; and in C57BL/6J mice liver lesions including liver tumors occurred. The influence of the genetic background on the organ susceptibility to DEN-carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine in three unrelated strains of mice: genetic dependence of the induced tumor types and incidence. The carcinogenic effects of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were studied in three inbred strains of mice. The most predominant tumors observed were lung adenomas, leukemia, and liver tumors. Mice of strain AKR/J developed both leukemia and lung tumors; SWR/J mice were most susceptible to lung tumor development; and in C57BL/6J mice liver lesions including liver tumors occurred. The influence of the genetic background on the organ susceptibility to DEN-carcinogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1016951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1625", "title": "Proliferation of endocrine (APUD-type) cells during early N-diethylnitrosamine-induced lung carcinogenesis in hamsters.", "content": "Pronounced proliferation of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylase activity (APUD-type) cells was found in the segmental bronchi and bronchioles of Syrian golden hamsters during N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced lung carcinogenesis. Since similar epithelial alterations did not occur in previous experiments after benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) treatment, it is concluded that the initial stages of lung carcinogenesis differ with respect to the carcinogen administered.", "contents": "Proliferation of endocrine (APUD-type) cells during early N-diethylnitrosamine-induced lung carcinogenesis in hamsters. Pronounced proliferation of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylase activity (APUD-type) cells was found in the segmental bronchi and bronchioles of Syrian golden hamsters during N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced lung carcinogenesis. Since similar epithelial alterations did not occur in previous experiments after benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) treatment, it is concluded that the initial stages of lung carcinogenesis differ with respect to the carcinogen administered.", "PMID": 1016952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1626", "title": "DNA damage and repair in intact animals. Single-stranded regions in rat liver DNA following administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Rat liver DNA was radioactively labelled by administration of [3H]thymidine following partial hepatectomy. Two weeks later, the rats were treated with the carcinogen, dimethylnitrosamine. DNA was isolated and fractionated by elution from benzoylated DEAE-cellulose with NaCl and caffeine solution. The caffeine-eluted fraction was increased by administration of dimethylnitrosamine. This increase was proportional to the dose of carcinogen injected and persisted for at least 24 h after administration of the carcinogen. These data, together with the results of hydroxyapatite chromatography, suggest that the DNA contains short single-stranded sections associated with much longer regions of native DNA.", "contents": "DNA damage and repair in intact animals. Single-stranded regions in rat liver DNA following administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Rat liver DNA was radioactively labelled by administration of [3H]thymidine following partial hepatectomy. Two weeks later, the rats were treated with the carcinogen, dimethylnitrosamine. DNA was isolated and fractionated by elution from benzoylated DEAE-cellulose with NaCl and caffeine solution. The caffeine-eluted fraction was increased by administration of dimethylnitrosamine. This increase was proportional to the dose of carcinogen injected and persisted for at least 24 h after administration of the carcinogen. These data, together with the results of hydroxyapatite chromatography, suggest that the DNA contains short single-stranded sections associated with much longer regions of native DNA.", "PMID": 1016953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1627", "title": "On the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene in volcano exhausts.", "content": "The content of benzo(a)pyrene in the juvenile ashes of the volcano Tyatya (Kunashir Island, Kuriles) and in the soil, vegetation and volcanic mud collected near volcanos in Kamchatka was studied. It was concluded that volcanic activity does not play a large role in forming the background level of this carcinogen in the human environment.", "contents": "On the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene in volcano exhausts. The content of benzo(a)pyrene in the juvenile ashes of the volcano Tyatya (Kunashir Island, Kuriles) and in the soil, vegetation and volcanic mud collected near volcanos in Kamchatka was studied. It was concluded that volcanic activity does not play a large role in forming the background level of this carcinogen in the human environment.", "PMID": 1016954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1628", "title": "Stimulatory effect of staphylococcal leukocidin on granulopoiesis disturbed by cytostatic agents.", "content": "Functional tests of granulopoiesis (leukocytosis, bone marrow picture, incubation in vitro of bone marrow with [3H]thymidine followed by radioautography and counting of labeled promyelocytes and myelocytes, serum muramidase level, liberation of granulocyte bone marrow reserve, Nitro-BT reduction in blood granulocytes, enzyme cytochemistry, and phagocytosis) were performed in rabbits given bubulphan (10 mg/kg) or 5-fluorouracil (200 mg/kg). Determinations were carried on serially during treatment with cytostatics. Some of the cytostatic-treated animals received intravenous (i.v.) injections of purified staphylococcal leukocidin in daily doses of 0.1 mg/kg. In control animals, theleukocidin resulted in stimulation of granulopoiesis (leukocytosis, increased number of [3H]thymidine-labeled myelocytes, elevated serum muramidase level). Animals receiving cytostatics suffered from marked inhibition of granulopoiesis accompanied by decrease of bone marrow granulocyte reserve. Injection of staphylococcal leukocidin during the period of myelosuppression evoked by cytostatics resulted in partial protection of granylopoiesis and faster regeneration of the leukocyte system.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of staphylococcal leukocidin on granulopoiesis disturbed by cytostatic agents. Functional tests of granulopoiesis (leukocytosis, bone marrow picture, incubation in vitro of bone marrow with [3H]thymidine followed by radioautography and counting of labeled promyelocytes and myelocytes, serum muramidase level, liberation of granulocyte bone marrow reserve, Nitro-BT reduction in blood granulocytes, enzyme cytochemistry, and phagocytosis) were performed in rabbits given bubulphan (10 mg/kg) or 5-fluorouracil (200 mg/kg). Determinations were carried on serially during treatment with cytostatics. Some of the cytostatic-treated animals received intravenous (i.v.) injections of purified staphylococcal leukocidin in daily doses of 0.1 mg/kg. In control animals, theleukocidin resulted in stimulation of granulopoiesis (leukocytosis, increased number of [3H]thymidine-labeled myelocytes, elevated serum muramidase level). Animals receiving cytostatics suffered from marked inhibition of granulopoiesis accompanied by decrease of bone marrow granulocyte reserve. Injection of staphylococcal leukocidin during the period of myelosuppression evoked by cytostatics resulted in partial protection of granylopoiesis and faster regeneration of the leukocyte system.", "PMID": 1016955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1629", "title": "Decreased transforming ability of a temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 12.", "content": "A mutant of human adenovirus type 12, temperature-sensitive for virus replication an for the enhancement of thymidine incorporation in resting human embryonic kidney cells, is described. The mutant was also temperature-sensitive for transformation of rat cells. The results indicate that a viral gene required for the virus growth cycle is also required for transformation.", "contents": "Decreased transforming ability of a temperature-sensitive mutant of human adenovirus type 12. A mutant of human adenovirus type 12, temperature-sensitive for virus replication an for the enhancement of thymidine incorporation in resting human embryonic kidney cells, is described. The mutant was also temperature-sensitive for transformation of rat cells. The results indicate that a viral gene required for the virus growth cycle is also required for transformation.", "PMID": 1016956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1630", "title": "Random repression, immunological surveillance and hyperthermia.", "content": "A theoretical model of random repression of genetic information in a cancer cell is related to the efficiency of the immune system in removing cancer cells. It is suggested that at some elevated temperature, binding of a certain repressor molecule to the genome ceases and that the cell loses its random properties. We conclude with the idea that elevated temperature increases the efficiency of the immune system.", "contents": "Random repression, immunological surveillance and hyperthermia. A theoretical model of random repression of genetic information in a cancer cell is related to the efficiency of the immune system in removing cancer cells. It is suggested that at some elevated temperature, binding of a certain repressor molecule to the genome ceases and that the cell loses its random properties. We conclude with the idea that elevated temperature increases the efficiency of the immune system.", "PMID": 1016957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1631", "title": "Effect of sodium ascorbate on tumor induction in rats treated with morpholine and sodium nitrite, and with nitrosomorpholine.", "content": "Groups of male MRC Wistar rats were treated for 2 years either with morpholine (10 g/kg food) together with sodium nitrite (3 g/l drinking water) or with N-nitrosomorpholine (NM, 0.15g/l drinking water). In both cases, a group of rats was given sodium ascorbate (22.7 g/kg food) in addition to these treatments. When ascorbate was present, the liver tumors induced by morpholine and nitrite showed a 1.7-fold longer induction period, a slightly lower incidence, and an absence of metastases in the lungs, indicating that ascorbate had inhibited the in vivo formation of NM. Ascorbate did not affect liver tumor induction by the performed NM. The group treated with morpholine, nitrite, and ascorbate had a 54% incidence of forestomach tumors, including an 18% incidence of squamous cell carcinomas, possibly because ascorbate promoted NM action in this organ.", "contents": "Effect of sodium ascorbate on tumor induction in rats treated with morpholine and sodium nitrite, and with nitrosomorpholine. Groups of male MRC Wistar rats were treated for 2 years either with morpholine (10 g/kg food) together with sodium nitrite (3 g/l drinking water) or with N-nitrosomorpholine (NM, 0.15g/l drinking water). In both cases, a group of rats was given sodium ascorbate (22.7 g/kg food) in addition to these treatments. When ascorbate was present, the liver tumors induced by morpholine and nitrite showed a 1.7-fold longer induction period, a slightly lower incidence, and an absence of metastases in the lungs, indicating that ascorbate had inhibited the in vivo formation of NM. Ascorbate did not affect liver tumor induction by the performed NM. The group treated with morpholine, nitrite, and ascorbate had a 54% incidence of forestomach tumors, including an 18% incidence of squamous cell carcinomas, possibly because ascorbate promoted NM action in this organ.", "PMID": 1016958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1632", "title": "Skin tumor initiating ability of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5- 7,5- and 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides and 7,8-diol.", "content": "The skin tumor initiating abilities of both K-region and non-K-region epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene(BP) were determined in mice using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. BP-4,5-epoxide and BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti) were found to be weak tumor initiators whereas BP-7,8-epoxide had about a third of the activity as the parent hydrocarbon, BP. However, the 7,8-dihydrodiol of BP was found to be approximately as potent as BP suggesting that it may be a proximate carcinogen.", "contents": "Skin tumor initiating ability of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5- 7,5- and 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides and 7,8-diol. The skin tumor initiating abilities of both K-region and non-K-region epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene(BP) were determined in mice using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. BP-4,5-epoxide and BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti) were found to be weak tumor initiators whereas BP-7,8-epoxide had about a third of the activity as the parent hydrocarbon, BP. However, the 7,8-dihydrodiol of BP was found to be approximately as potent as BP suggesting that it may be a proximate carcinogen.", "PMID": 1016959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1633", "title": "The effect of withaferin A on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. An electron-microscope study.", "content": "Cultures of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were treated with withaferin A and examined by an electron microscope. The compound was found to affect the spindle microtubules of cells in metaphase. There were no intact pole-to-pole microtubules or pole-to-kinetochore microtubules found in the treated cells; the centrioles were located in the center. Furthermore, cells at interphase were also affected, the membrane system of the cells being damaged.", "contents": "The effect of withaferin A on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. An electron-microscope study. Cultures of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were treated with withaferin A and examined by an electron microscope. The compound was found to affect the spindle microtubules of cells in metaphase. There were no intact pole-to-pole microtubules or pole-to-kinetochore microtubules found in the treated cells; the centrioles were located in the center. Furthermore, cells at interphase were also affected, the membrane system of the cells being damaged.", "PMID": 1016960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1634", "title": "The effect of withaferin A, a natural steroidal lactone, on the fine structure of S-180 tumor cells.", "content": "Mouse sarcoma 180 (S-180) solid and ascites tumor cells were treated in vivo and in vitro with withaferin A and observed with the electron microscope. The compound was found to effect this spindle microtubules of cells in metaphase. An interesting finding was the double membranes surrounding the chromosomes in the treated cells; probably the nuclei were reconstructed directly from the metaphase stage in the in vivo withaferin A-treated cells. In addition the membranes of the cells in interphase were affected by in vivo or in vitro treatment with the compound.", "contents": "The effect of withaferin A, a natural steroidal lactone, on the fine structure of S-180 tumor cells. Mouse sarcoma 180 (S-180) solid and ascites tumor cells were treated in vivo and in vitro with withaferin A and observed with the electron microscope. The compound was found to effect this spindle microtubules of cells in metaphase. An interesting finding was the double membranes surrounding the chromosomes in the treated cells; probably the nuclei were reconstructed directly from the metaphase stage in the in vivo withaferin A-treated cells. In addition the membranes of the cells in interphase were affected by in vivo or in vitro treatment with the compound.", "PMID": 1016961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1635", "title": "Effect of chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine on the excision of O6-methylguanine from rat liver DNA.", "content": "Rats were exposed chronically to unlabelled N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (25 ppm in the drinking water) then given a single dose of N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea (10 mg/kg body weight). The rates of loss of tritium-labeled 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine from the liver DNA in control and dimethylnitrosamine-treated rats were found not to be significantly different. Thus, under the conditions used, inhibition of the O6-methylguanine excision repair system does not seem to be a factor in the induction of liver tumours by chronic DMN application.", "contents": "Effect of chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine on the excision of O6-methylguanine from rat liver DNA. Rats were exposed chronically to unlabelled N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (25 ppm in the drinking water) then given a single dose of N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea (10 mg/kg body weight). The rates of loss of tritium-labeled 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine from the liver DNA in control and dimethylnitrosamine-treated rats were found not to be significantly different. Thus, under the conditions used, inhibition of the O6-methylguanine excision repair system does not seem to be a factor in the induction of liver tumours by chronic DMN application.", "PMID": 1016962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1636", "title": "Induction of renal pelvic tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats by di-isopropanolnitrosamine.", "content": "Transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas of the renal pelvis were observed in Sprague-Dawley rats after subcutaneous (s.c.) treatment with di-isopropranolnitrosamine (DIPN). These tumours occurred unilaterally and appeared as early as 24 weeks after the commencement of treatment. The tumours frequently filled the entire renal pelvis and compressed the kidney parenchyma. The malignant neoplasms demonstrated infiltrative growth into the adjacent medullary parenchyma.", "contents": "Induction of renal pelvic tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats by di-isopropanolnitrosamine. Transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas of the renal pelvis were observed in Sprague-Dawley rats after subcutaneous (s.c.) treatment with di-isopropranolnitrosamine (DIPN). These tumours occurred unilaterally and appeared as early as 24 weeks after the commencement of treatment. The tumours frequently filled the entire renal pelvis and compressed the kidney parenchyma. The malignant neoplasms demonstrated infiltrative growth into the adjacent medullary parenchyma.", "PMID": 1016963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1637", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of adriamycin cardiotoxicity in children.", "content": "Thirty children with malignant solid tumors receiving adriamycin had serial evaluation of left ventricular (LV) function by echocardiography. The echocardiographic studies showed a progressive decrease in myocardial contractility as evidenced by changes in several parameters of LV function with increasing cumulative doses of the drug. Using the patients as their own controls, serial echocardiography appears to be a reliable method for detecting early alteration of cardiac function in the asymptomatic patient. This technique may prove useful to prevent cardiomyopathy secondary to adriamycin and to prolong therapy beyond the currently established limits.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of adriamycin cardiotoxicity in children. Thirty children with malignant solid tumors receiving adriamycin had serial evaluation of left ventricular (LV) function by echocardiography. The echocardiographic studies showed a progressive decrease in myocardial contractility as evidenced by changes in several parameters of LV function with increasing cumulative doses of the drug. Using the patients as their own controls, serial echocardiography appears to be a reliable method for detecting early alteration of cardiac function in the asymptomatic patient. This technique may prove useful to prevent cardiomyopathy secondary to adriamycin and to prolong therapy beyond the currently established limits.", "PMID": 1016964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1638", "title": "Studies of the effects of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone on some hepatic oxidations and conjugations.", "content": "The effects of low and high doses of three anticancer agents, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (given individually or in various combinations), on oxidative and conjugation pathways were studied in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Cyclophosphamide used alone at low doses decreased aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine demethylase activities by about 20% and at high doses produced a 30%-50% decrease in the specific activities of several microsomal mixed-function oxygenase activities, in the contents of cytochromes P-450 and b5, and in the magnitudes of type I and II drug-binding spectrum. The levels of microsomal glucouronidase, glucuronyl transferase, and sulfatase per gram of liver were also decreased (30%-50%) by the high dose of cyclophosphamide. The high dose of cyclophosphamide in conjunction with either vincristine or prednisone also produced a noticeable decrease in several activities tested; however, when cyclophosphamide was given at either low or high doses in combination with vincristine and prednisone, the activities tested were comparable to those seen in untreated controls. The mechanism of this protection is presently unknown. Vincristine, at both low and high doses, produced little effect on oxidative pathways; however, at low doses it caused a significant increase (80%) in the specific activity of hepatic microsomal sulfatase. This effect was also discernible when vincristine was given in combination with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Other than producing a 15% decrease in liver weight and a 40% decrease in the specific activity of microsomal glucuronidase, the high dose of prednisone used had no effect on various activities tested. Results of these studies indicate a potential for drug interaction among anticancer agents and supportive drugs used in combination cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Studies of the effects of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone on some hepatic oxidations and conjugations. The effects of low and high doses of three anticancer agents, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (given individually or in various combinations), on oxidative and conjugation pathways were studied in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Cyclophosphamide used alone at low doses decreased aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine demethylase activities by about 20% and at high doses produced a 30%-50% decrease in the specific activities of several microsomal mixed-function oxygenase activities, in the contents of cytochromes P-450 and b5, and in the magnitudes of type I and II drug-binding spectrum. The levels of microsomal glucouronidase, glucuronyl transferase, and sulfatase per gram of liver were also decreased (30%-50%) by the high dose of cyclophosphamide. The high dose of cyclophosphamide in conjunction with either vincristine or prednisone also produced a noticeable decrease in several activities tested; however, when cyclophosphamide was given at either low or high doses in combination with vincristine and prednisone, the activities tested were comparable to those seen in untreated controls. The mechanism of this protection is presently unknown. Vincristine, at both low and high doses, produced little effect on oxidative pathways; however, at low doses it caused a significant increase (80%) in the specific activity of hepatic microsomal sulfatase. This effect was also discernible when vincristine was given in combination with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Other than producing a 15% decrease in liver weight and a 40% decrease in the specific activity of microsomal glucuronidase, the high dose of prednisone used had no effect on various activities tested. Results of these studies indicate a potential for drug interaction among anticancer agents and supportive drugs used in combination cancer chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1016965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1639", "title": "Survival and cycle-progression delay of human lymphoma cells in vitro exposed to VP-16-213.", "content": "The lethal and kinetic effects of VP-16-213 were analyzed in a human lymphoid cell line (T1 cells) in vitro. When asynchronous T1 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of VP-16-213 for 1 hour, an exponential survival curve with a Do (mean lethal dose equal to the concentration required to reduce survival by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve) of 3 mug/ml was obtained. Increasing exposure time also reduced survival exponentially. Synchronized cells showed age-dependent sensitivity to VP-16-213 with the greatest lethal damage experienced by cells treated in S and G2 phase. The major kinetic response of the T1 cells to VP-16-213 was a delay in G2 phase, the extent and duration of which was a function of drug concentration, exposure time, and cell cycle stage of drug addition; thus, cells in S phase were most effectively blocked in the subsequent G2 phase. Continuous treatment with concentrations of VP-16-213 (greater than 0.5 mug/ml for greater than 3 hours) caused a retardation of S-phase transit with prompt recovery after drug release. Treatment with 10.0 mug/ml for greater than 3 hours resulted in a \"frozen state\" of the whole life cycle, inducing only minor compartment changes. DNA synthesis was inhibited in the majority of cells with an S-phase DNA content. There was no correlation between the extent of perturbation and lethal effects after treatment with VP-16-213.", "contents": "Survival and cycle-progression delay of human lymphoma cells in vitro exposed to VP-16-213. The lethal and kinetic effects of VP-16-213 were analyzed in a human lymphoid cell line (T1 cells) in vitro. When asynchronous T1 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of VP-16-213 for 1 hour, an exponential survival curve with a Do (mean lethal dose equal to the concentration required to reduce survival by 63% on the exponential part of the survival curve) of 3 mug/ml was obtained. Increasing exposure time also reduced survival exponentially. Synchronized cells showed age-dependent sensitivity to VP-16-213 with the greatest lethal damage experienced by cells treated in S and G2 phase. The major kinetic response of the T1 cells to VP-16-213 was a delay in G2 phase, the extent and duration of which was a function of drug concentration, exposure time, and cell cycle stage of drug addition; thus, cells in S phase were most effectively blocked in the subsequent G2 phase. Continuous treatment with concentrations of VP-16-213 (greater than 0.5 mug/ml for greater than 3 hours) caused a retardation of S-phase transit with prompt recovery after drug release. Treatment with 10.0 mug/ml for greater than 3 hours resulted in a \"frozen state\" of the whole life cycle, inducing only minor compartment changes. DNA synthesis was inhibited in the majority of cells with an S-phase DNA content. There was no correlation between the extent of perturbation and lethal effects after treatment with VP-16-213.", "PMID": 1016966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1640", "title": "Studies with 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride. II. Effects on macromolecular synthesis in cell culture and evidence for alkylating activity.", "content": "2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride (NSC-135758) inhibited DNA synthesis but not RNA and protein synthesis in Adenocarcinoma 755 cells in culture. The expression of such inhibition was delayed in time; it was necessary to expose tumor cells to NSC-135758 for 10-12 hours before measuring the macromolecular synthesis in order to demonstrate selective inhibition of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was demonstrated to be irreversible in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in culture. Exposure of cells in suspension culture to NSC-135758 or to melphalan for 1-4 hours, and then incubation of cells in the absence of an inhibitor for 20 hours, resulted in preferential inhibition of DNA synthesis; inhibition of RNA synthesis was observed under these conditions but was less pronounced. Chemical evidence for alkylating activity of NSC-135758 and of the bis-aziridine derived from it (NSC-201424) was obtained by demonstrating their reaction with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. NSC-135758 was more potent as a cytotoxic agent than was its derivative, a result which suggests that NSC-135758 is the active alkylating agent. Reaction of NSC-135758 with diethylamine was examined; the product obtained upon alkylation of diethylamine by NSC-135758 was identified from its proton magnetic resonance spectrum and by field desorption mass spectral analysis. These results support the view that NSC-135758 acts as an alkylating agent in inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of tumor cells in culture.", "contents": "Studies with 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride. II. Effects on macromolecular synthesis in cell culture and evidence for alkylating activity. 2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride (NSC-135758) inhibited DNA synthesis but not RNA and protein synthesis in Adenocarcinoma 755 cells in culture. The expression of such inhibition was delayed in time; it was necessary to expose tumor cells to NSC-135758 for 10-12 hours before measuring the macromolecular synthesis in order to demonstrate selective inhibition of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was demonstrated to be irreversible in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in culture. Exposure of cells in suspension culture to NSC-135758 or to melphalan for 1-4 hours, and then incubation of cells in the absence of an inhibitor for 20 hours, resulted in preferential inhibition of DNA synthesis; inhibition of RNA synthesis was observed under these conditions but was less pronounced. Chemical evidence for alkylating activity of NSC-135758 and of the bis-aziridine derived from it (NSC-201424) was obtained by demonstrating their reaction with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. NSC-135758 was more potent as a cytotoxic agent than was its derivative, a result which suggests that NSC-135758 is the active alkylating agent. Reaction of NSC-135758 with diethylamine was examined; the product obtained upon alkylation of diethylamine by NSC-135758 was identified from its proton magnetic resonance spectrum and by field desorption mass spectral analysis. These results support the view that NSC-135758 acts as an alkylating agent in inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of tumor cells in culture.", "PMID": 1016967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1641", "title": "Studies with 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride. III. Biochemical and therapeutic effects in L1210 leukemias sensitive and resistant to alkylating agents: comparison with melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and BCNU.", "content": "2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride (NSC-135758) selectively inhibits DNA synthesis in L1210/0 leukemia and in cyclophosphamide-resistant L1210 (L1210/CPA). Melphalan (L-PAM) inhibits nucleic-acid synthesis but not protein synthesis in L1210/0 and L1210/CPA. CPA selectively inhibits DNA synthesis in L1210/0 but does not inhibit DNA synthesis in L1210/CPA. NSC-135758 is as active in vivo against L1210/CPA and BCNU-resistant L1210 (L1210/BCNU) as it is against L1210/0. It is inactive against ic implanted L1210/0. These data clearly indicate important differences in the biologic activity of this compound compared to either CPA or BCNU. L-PAM is similar to NSC-135758 in activity against L1210/CPA and L1210/BCNU.", "contents": "Studies with 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride. III. Biochemical and therapeutic effects in L1210 leukemias sensitive and resistant to alkylating agents: comparison with melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and BCNU. 2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride (NSC-135758) selectively inhibits DNA synthesis in L1210/0 leukemia and in cyclophosphamide-resistant L1210 (L1210/CPA). Melphalan (L-PAM) inhibits nucleic-acid synthesis but not protein synthesis in L1210/0 and L1210/CPA. CPA selectively inhibits DNA synthesis in L1210/0 but does not inhibit DNA synthesis in L1210/CPA. NSC-135758 is as active in vivo against L1210/CPA and BCNU-resistant L1210 (L1210/BCNU) as it is against L1210/0. It is inactive against ic implanted L1210/0. These data clearly indicate important differences in the biologic activity of this compound compared to either CPA or BCNU. L-PAM is similar to NSC-135758 in activity against L1210/CPA and L1210/BCNU.", "PMID": 1016968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1642", "title": "Amino acid-conferred resistance to melphalan. I. Structure-activity relationship in cultured murine L1210 leukemia cells.", "content": "Melphalan cytotoxicity to murine L1210 leukemia cells in culture was reduced in growth medium containing amino acids. Investigation of the effect of single amino acids revealed that the L-isomers of glutamine and leucine, but not the D-isomers, were the most active in decreasing cytotoxicity. Protection was concentration dependent, with maximum protection occurring at approximately 0.25 mM, a physiologic concentration. The LD90 for melphalan in the presence of 0.1 mM L-glutamine or L-leucine was increased by 7.3- and 10.8-fold respectively, under conditions where the cells had been pre-incubated with the amino acids. These results are interpreted to suggest that melphalan transport by the L1210 leukemia cell is mediated by a system also responsible for the transport of glutamine and leucine and that interaction with such a system may play a significant role in the chemotherapeutic activity of this alkylating agent.", "contents": "Amino acid-conferred resistance to melphalan. I. Structure-activity relationship in cultured murine L1210 leukemia cells. Melphalan cytotoxicity to murine L1210 leukemia cells in culture was reduced in growth medium containing amino acids. Investigation of the effect of single amino acids revealed that the L-isomers of glutamine and leucine, but not the D-isomers, were the most active in decreasing cytotoxicity. Protection was concentration dependent, with maximum protection occurring at approximately 0.25 mM, a physiologic concentration. The LD90 for melphalan in the presence of 0.1 mM L-glutamine or L-leucine was increased by 7.3- and 10.8-fold respectively, under conditions where the cells had been pre-incubated with the amino acids. These results are interpreted to suggest that melphalan transport by the L1210 leukemia cell is mediated by a system also responsible for the transport of glutamine and leucine and that interaction with such a system may play a significant role in the chemotherapeutic activity of this alkylating agent.", "PMID": 1016969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1643", "title": "Synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose.", "content": "Condensation of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide with benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (2) gave an alpha-D-linked disaccharide, further transformed by removal of the carbonyl and benzylidene groups and acetylation into the previously reported benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene groups and acetylation into the previously reported benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Condensation of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1,2,-O-(l-ethoxyethylidene)-alpha-D-glucopyranose or 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide with 2 gave benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2 O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Removal of the acetyl group at O-2, followed by oxidation with acetic anhydride-dimethyl sulfoxide, gave the beta-D-arabino-hexosid-2-ulose 14. Reduction with sodium borohydride, and removal of the protective groups, gave 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose, which was characterized as the heptaacetate. The anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage was ascertained by comparison with the alpha-D-linked analog.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose. Condensation of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide with benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (2) gave an alpha-D-linked disaccharide, further transformed by removal of the carbonyl and benzylidene groups and acetylation into the previously reported benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene groups and acetylation into the previously reported benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Condensation of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1,2,-O-(l-ethoxyethylidene)-alpha-D-glucopyranose or 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide with 2 gave benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2 O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Removal of the acetyl group at O-2, followed by oxidation with acetic anhydride-dimethyl sulfoxide, gave the beta-D-arabino-hexosid-2-ulose 14. Reduction with sodium borohydride, and removal of the protective groups, gave 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose, which was characterized as the heptaacetate. The anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage was ascertained by comparison with the alpha-D-linked analog.", "PMID": 1016981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1644", "title": "The synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose.", "content": "Condensation of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide with 2-amino-2-N,3-O-carbonyl-5.6-O-isopropylidene-D-glucose diethyl acetal gave, unexpectedly, 2-amino-2-N,3-O-carbonyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-5,6-O-isopropylidene-D-glucose diethyl acetal, futher transformed, by de-esterification followed by acetylation, into the previously known 2-amino-2-N,3-O-carbonyl-2-deoxy-5,6-O-isopropylidene-4-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose diethyl acetal and its tetra-O-acetyl derivative. Benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside was condensed with 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide to give benzyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Removal of the 2-O-acetyl group, followed by oxidation with acetic anhydridedimethyl sulfoxide, gave a beta-D-arabino-hexosid-2-ulose (25). After reduction with sodium borohydride, removal of the benzyl groups gave crystalline 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose (27). The anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage was ascertained by comparison with the alpha-D-linked disaccharide.", "contents": "The synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose. Condensation of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl bromide with 2-amino-2-N,3-O-carbonyl-5.6-O-isopropylidene-D-glucose diethyl acetal gave, unexpectedly, 2-amino-2-N,3-O-carbonyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-5,6-O-isopropylidene-D-glucose diethyl acetal, futher transformed, by de-esterification followed by acetylation, into the previously known 2-amino-2-N,3-O-carbonyl-2-deoxy-5,6-O-isopropylidene-4-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose diethyl acetal and its tetra-O-acetyl derivative. Benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside was condensed with 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide to give benzyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Removal of the 2-O-acetyl group, followed by oxidation with acetic anhydridedimethyl sulfoxide, gave a beta-D-arabino-hexosid-2-ulose (25). After reduction with sodium borohydride, removal of the benzyl groups gave crystalline 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose (27). The anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage was ascertained by comparison with the alpha-D-linked disaccharide.", "PMID": 1016982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1645", "title": "Synthesis of prumycin and related compounds.", "content": "Prumycin (1) and related compounds have been synthesized from benzyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-deoxy-5,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucofuranoside (4). Benzoylation of 4, followed by deisopropylidenation, gave benzyl 3-O-benzoyl-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucofuranoside (6), which was converted, via oxidative cleavage at C-5-C-6 and subsequent reduction, into the related benzyl beta-D-xylofuranoside derivative (7). Benzylation of 3-O-benzoyl-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-amino-2-deoxy-D-xylopyranose (8), derived from 7 by hydrolysis, afforded the corresponding DERIVATIVES (9,11) of beta-and alpha-D-xylopyranoside, and compound 7 as a minor product. Treatment of benzyl 3-O-benzoyl-2(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-deoxy-4-O-mesyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (10), formed by mesylation of 9, with sodium azide in N,N-dimethylformamide gave benzyl 4-azido-3-O-benzoyl-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2,4-dideoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (13), which was debenzoylated to compound 14. Selective reduction of the azide group in 14, and condensation of the 4-amine with N-[N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-D-alaninoyloxy]succinimide, gave the corresponding derivative (15) of 1. Reductive removal of the protecting groups of 15 afforded 1. Prumycin analogs were also synthesized from compound 14. Evidence in support of the structures assigned to the new derivatives is presented.", "contents": "Synthesis of prumycin and related compounds. Prumycin (1) and related compounds have been synthesized from benzyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-deoxy-5,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucofuranoside (4). Benzoylation of 4, followed by deisopropylidenation, gave benzyl 3-O-benzoyl-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucofuranoside (6), which was converted, via oxidative cleavage at C-5-C-6 and subsequent reduction, into the related benzyl beta-D-xylofuranoside derivative (7). Benzylation of 3-O-benzoyl-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-amino-2-deoxy-D-xylopyranose (8), derived from 7 by hydrolysis, afforded the corresponding DERIVATIVES (9,11) of beta-and alpha-D-xylopyranoside, and compound 7 as a minor product. Treatment of benzyl 3-O-benzoyl-2(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-deoxy-4-O-mesyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (10), formed by mesylation of 9, with sodium azide in N,N-dimethylformamide gave benzyl 4-azido-3-O-benzoyl-2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2,4-dideoxy-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (13), which was debenzoylated to compound 14. Selective reduction of the azide group in 14, and condensation of the 4-amine with N-[N-benzyloxycarbonyl)-D-alaninoyloxy]succinimide, gave the corresponding derivative (15) of 1. Reductive removal of the protecting groups of 15 afforded 1. Prumycin analogs were also synthesized from compound 14. Evidence in support of the structures assigned to the new derivatives is presented.", "PMID": 1016984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1646", "title": "Methylation studies of the polysaccharides resulting from sequential Smith-degradations of the galactan from the snail Strophocheilus oblongus.", "content": "When the galactan from the albumen glands of the snail Strophocheilus oblongus was submitted to three Smith-degradation, the degraded polysaccharide, isolated in 6% yield, was much more linear. Methylation analysis showed that the Smith-degraded polysaccharide gave an increased percentage of 2,4,6-tri, decreased percentages of 2,3,4,6-tetra-and 2,4-di, and a large variation in the amount of 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose. The sugars in the polysaccharide which result in the formation of 2,3,4,6-tetra- and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose are destoryed in subsequent degradation procedures. The above observations suggest that the degradation by periodate oxidation proceeds via non-reducing end-groups and though some internal residues that are exposed as the degradation proceeds. As a result of the overall process, new non-reducing end-groups are formed and new (1 leads to 6)-linked D-galactose residues are then exposed. The  isolation of glycosides of low molecular weight supports the suggestion that the molecule, in the main, is sequentially degraded from the external layers.", "contents": "Methylation studies of the polysaccharides resulting from sequential Smith-degradations of the galactan from the snail Strophocheilus oblongus. When the galactan from the albumen glands of the snail Strophocheilus oblongus was submitted to three Smith-degradation, the degraded polysaccharide, isolated in 6% yield, was much more linear. Methylation analysis showed that the Smith-degraded polysaccharide gave an increased percentage of 2,4,6-tri, decreased percentages of 2,3,4,6-tetra-and 2,4-di, and a large variation in the amount of 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose. The sugars in the polysaccharide which result in the formation of 2,3,4,6-tetra- and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose are destoryed in subsequent degradation procedures. The above observations suggest that the degradation by periodate oxidation proceeds via non-reducing end-groups and though some internal residues that are exposed as the degradation proceeds. As a result of the overall process, new non-reducing end-groups are formed and new (1 leads to 6)-linked D-galactose residues are then exposed. The  isolation of glycosides of low molecular weight supports the suggestion that the molecule, in the main, is sequentially degraded from the external layers.", "PMID": 1016985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1647", "title": "Synthesis of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-D-mannose and its interaction with various lectins.", "content": "2-Methyl-[3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha D-glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2oxazoline (4) was prepared from 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride. Condensation of 3,4:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal with 4 in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-3,4:5,6-di-O-ispropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal (6) in 8.6% yield. Catalytic deacetylation of 6 with sodium methoxide, followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid, gave O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-D-mannose (7). The inhibitory activities of 7 and related sugars against the henagglutinating activities of various lectins were assayed, and 7 was found to be a good inhibitor against Phaseolus vulgaris hemagglutinin.", "contents": "Synthesis of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-D-mannose and its interaction with various lectins. 2-Methyl-[3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha D-glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2oxazoline (4) was prepared from 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride. Condensation of 3,4:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal with 4 in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-3,4:5,6-di-O-ispropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal (6) in 8.6% yield. Catalytic deacetylation of 6 with sodium methoxide, followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid, gave O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-D-mannose (7). The inhibitory activities of 7 and related sugars against the henagglutinating activities of various lectins were assayed, and 7 was found to be a good inhibitor against Phaseolus vulgaris hemagglutinin.", "PMID": 1016986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1648", "title": "Chemical modification of aminocyclitol antibiotics.", "content": "The aminocyclitol antibiotic neamine has been chemically modified at the hydroxyl group on C-6 of the 2-deoxystrepatamine moiety. The partially acetylated neamine derivatives, 6,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- (3) and 5,3-57,4-tri-O-acetyl-1,3,2,6-tetra-N-(ethoxycarbonyl)neamine (4), were prepared by random hydrolysis of the 5,6-O-ethoxyethylidene derivative (2), followed by chromatographic purification. Condensation of 4 and 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride led to 6-O-(beta-D-ribonfuranosyl)neamine (7). Analogous condensation of 4 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide afforded the corresponding 6-O-(D-hexopyranosyl)neamines.", "contents": "Chemical modification of aminocyclitol antibiotics. The aminocyclitol antibiotic neamine has been chemically modified at the hydroxyl group on C-6 of the 2-deoxystrepatamine moiety. The partially acetylated neamine derivatives, 6,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- (3) and 5,3-57,4-tri-O-acetyl-1,3,2,6-tetra-N-(ethoxycarbonyl)neamine (4), were prepared by random hydrolysis of the 5,6-O-ethoxyethylidene derivative (2), followed by chromatographic purification. Condensation of 4 and 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride led to 6-O-(beta-D-ribonfuranosyl)neamine (7). Analogous condensation of 4 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide afforded the corresponding 6-O-(D-hexopyranosyl)neamines.", "PMID": 1016987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1649", "title": "Changes in carbohydrate content of surface membranes of human erythrocytes during ageing.", "content": "The carbohydrate content (neutral hexoses, fucose, sialic acid, and hexosamine) of human erythrocytes is significantly higher in young than in old erythrocytes. The differences observed in the carbohydrate content of surface glycopeptides, obtained after incubation with either Pronase or trypsin, is still more striking, suggesting important modifications of the carbohydrate moeties of the erythrocyte membrane during in vivo ageing.", "contents": "Changes in carbohydrate content of surface membranes of human erythrocytes during ageing. The carbohydrate content (neutral hexoses, fucose, sialic acid, and hexosamine) of human erythrocytes is significantly higher in young than in old erythrocytes. The differences observed in the carbohydrate content of surface glycopeptides, obtained after incubation with either Pronase or trypsin, is still more striking, suggesting important modifications of the carbohydrate moeties of the erythrocyte membrane during in vivo ageing.", "PMID": 1016988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1650", "title": "Venous pressure and exercise tolerance.", "content": "Compared to the number of contractions obtained when a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm was at zero pressure, inflation of the cuff to pressures ranging between 5 and 40 mm Hg resulted in an augmentation of the number of hand contractions that could be performed prior to the development of ipsilateral severe fatigue or intolerable pain. Cuff pressures of 60 mm Hg reduced the number of contractions below the control level. These results are consistent with the concept that exercise during venous congestion facilitates the washout of the toxic catabolite presumed to be produced during muscular contraction.", "contents": "Venous pressure and exercise tolerance. Compared to the number of contractions obtained when a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm was at zero pressure, inflation of the cuff to pressures ranging between 5 and 40 mm Hg resulted in an augmentation of the number of hand contractions that could be performed prior to the development of ipsilateral severe fatigue or intolerable pain. Cuff pressures of 60 mm Hg reduced the number of contractions below the control level. These results are consistent with the concept that exercise during venous congestion facilitates the washout of the toxic catabolite presumed to be produced during muscular contraction.", "PMID": 1016993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1651", "title": "Factors affecting the transvalvar pressure difference in a hydraulic model of aortic stenosis.", "content": "Mechanical factors that can modify the peak transvalvar pressure differences (delta P) in aortic stenosis were evaluated in a model. A latex rubber sac simulated the ventricle. Expansion of the walls of the sac by means of a negative pressure applied to its outer wall introduced a measure volume into the sac and placed the wall materials under tension. The stretched sac was then permitted to contract and to expel its contents through \"aortic valvar\" orifices of various severities of stenosis, into an aortic standpipe of selected diameters (compliances). Factors that increased the peak delta P included the strength (thickness) of the ventricular wall, the rate at which it mobilized and applied its tensile force to compress the sac contents, the unstressed volume of the sac, the total volume in the sac at onset of contraction, the severity of the valvar stenosis, the compliance of the aorta, the rate of arterial run-off, and the aortic diastolic pressure. Loss of forward stroke volume due to mitral regurgitation lowered the peak delta P. Elevations in diastolic arterial pressure also lowered delta P. All of these mechanical factors should be considered in the analysis of the severity of clinical aortic valvar stenosis and in decisions for medical therapy and surgical correction. The several factors which do not depend directly on the orifice area or on the forward stroke volume vitiate the sole use of the orifice formula in the analysis of the dynamics of aortic stenosis. The application of this approach in related problems is indicated.", "contents": "Factors affecting the transvalvar pressure difference in a hydraulic model of aortic stenosis. Mechanical factors that can modify the peak transvalvar pressure differences (delta P) in aortic stenosis were evaluated in a model. A latex rubber sac simulated the ventricle. Expansion of the walls of the sac by means of a negative pressure applied to its outer wall introduced a measure volume into the sac and placed the wall materials under tension. The stretched sac was then permitted to contract and to expel its contents through \"aortic valvar\" orifices of various severities of stenosis, into an aortic standpipe of selected diameters (compliances). Factors that increased the peak delta P included the strength (thickness) of the ventricular wall, the rate at which it mobilized and applied its tensile force to compress the sac contents, the unstressed volume of the sac, the total volume in the sac at onset of contraction, the severity of the valvar stenosis, the compliance of the aorta, the rate of arterial run-off, and the aortic diastolic pressure. Loss of forward stroke volume due to mitral regurgitation lowered the peak delta P. Elevations in diastolic arterial pressure also lowered delta P. All of these mechanical factors should be considered in the analysis of the severity of clinical aortic valvar stenosis and in decisions for medical therapy and surgical correction. The several factors which do not depend directly on the orifice area or on the forward stroke volume vitiate the sole use of the orifice formula in the analysis of the dynamics of aortic stenosis. The application of this approach in related problems is indicated.", "PMID": 1016994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1652", "title": "Effect of ischemia and infarction on regional content of adenine nucleotides and derivatives in canine left ventricle.", "content": "Samples of myocardium from four areas of ischemic and infarcted canine ventricle were examined over a 20-day period for content of the three adenine nucleotides as well as inosine, hypoxanthine, adenosine, and inosine monophosphate. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of central and peripheral areas within the infarct fell to 11% and 8% of control, respectively, 1 day after coronary occlusion. The total adenine nucleotide (TAN) content in these areas fell to 17% of control and showed no significant recovery during the period of study. In the functional myocardium immediately surrounding the infarct the ATP content was depressed to 58% control after 1 day, and the TAN content was also depressed. In the healthy myocardium near the apex, the ATP content was significantly depressed only at the 3-day sample period. Adenine nucleotide derivatives were detected only at 30 min in the central ischemic area. The absence of the nucleoside and nucleobase compounds formed during adenine nucleotide degradation is attributed to their high membrane diffusibility. Loss of these compounds is considered a contributing factor in the prolonged depression of adenine nucleotide content in both ischemic and non-ischemic regions.", "contents": "Effect of ischemia and infarction on regional content of adenine nucleotides and derivatives in canine left ventricle. Samples of myocardium from four areas of ischemic and infarcted canine ventricle were examined over a 20-day period for content of the three adenine nucleotides as well as inosine, hypoxanthine, adenosine, and inosine monophosphate. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of central and peripheral areas within the infarct fell to 11% and 8% of control, respectively, 1 day after coronary occlusion. The total adenine nucleotide (TAN) content in these areas fell to 17% of control and showed no significant recovery during the period of study. In the functional myocardium immediately surrounding the infarct the ATP content was depressed to 58% control after 1 day, and the TAN content was also depressed. In the healthy myocardium near the apex, the ATP content was significantly depressed only at the 3-day sample period. Adenine nucleotide derivatives were detected only at 30 min in the central ischemic area. The absence of the nucleoside and nucleobase compounds formed during adenine nucleotide degradation is attributed to their high membrane diffusibility. Loss of these compounds is considered a contributing factor in the prolonged depression of adenine nucleotide content in both ischemic and non-ischemic regions.", "PMID": 1016995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1653", "title": "Massive left atrial thrombus: a case report.", "content": "This case report describes a patient with aortic and mitral valvular disease who had a massive left atrial thrombus. The left atrial thrombus produced a disappearance of signs of mitral stenosis and a reversed pan diastolic mitral valve gradient. This gradient occurred in the absence of any diastolic mitral insufficiency and may have been due to artifactual lowering of the left atrial pressure by an organized left atrial clot.", "contents": "Massive left atrial thrombus: a case report. This case report describes a patient with aortic and mitral valvular disease who had a massive left atrial thrombus. The left atrial thrombus produced a disappearance of signs of mitral stenosis and a reversed pan diastolic mitral valve gradient. This gradient occurred in the absence of any diastolic mitral insufficiency and may have been due to artifactual lowering of the left atrial pressure by an organized left atrial clot.", "PMID": 1016996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1654", "title": "Selection of temperature-sensitive CHL asparagyl-tRNA synthetase mutants using the toxic lysine analog, S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine.", "content": "We developed a procedure, using the toxic lysine analog S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine (thialysine) as the selective agent, to obtain mutant Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts with temperature-sensitive defects affecting protein synthesis. The procedure is efficient, rapid, and simple. Using this selective system, we isolated six temperature-sensitive mutants that fail to grow (plating efficiencies less than 10-5) and synthesize protein at 39 degrees C. The temperature-sensitive phenotype of five of the six mutants is suppressed in vivo by exogenous asparagine. In the mutant studied in the greatest detail, asparagyl-tRNA synthetase activity is extremely thermolabile in vitro. Asparagine-suppressible, temperature-sensitive mutants are induced at a high frequency by the mutagen ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS), and they can be efficiently recovered using the proper selective conditions. Our results suggest that CHL cells have only one functional copy of the gene encoding for asparagyl-tRNA synthetase.", "contents": "Selection of temperature-sensitive CHL asparagyl-tRNA synthetase mutants using the toxic lysine analog, S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine. We developed a procedure, using the toxic lysine analog S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine (thialysine) as the selective agent, to obtain mutant Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts with temperature-sensitive defects affecting protein synthesis. The procedure is efficient, rapid, and simple. Using this selective system, we isolated six temperature-sensitive mutants that fail to grow (plating efficiencies less than 10-5) and synthesize protein at 39 degrees C. The temperature-sensitive phenotype of five of the six mutants is suppressed in vivo by exogenous asparagine. In the mutant studied in the greatest detail, asparagyl-tRNA synthetase activity is extremely thermolabile in vitro. Asparagine-suppressible, temperature-sensitive mutants are induced at a high frequency by the mutagen ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS), and they can be efficiently recovered using the proper selective conditions. Our results suggest that CHL cells have only one functional copy of the gene encoding for asparagyl-tRNA synthetase.", "PMID": 1017011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1655", "title": "Control of lysozyme induction in the differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells.", "content": "A system has been developed with clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells in culture to study the induction of synthesis and secretion of lysozyme in relation to other steps in myeloid cell differentiation. Lysozyme was initially absent in all the clones studied. The different clones can be divided into three types according to their ability to be induced to undergo normal cell differentiation by the protein inducer MGI (macrophage and granulocyte inducer). One type of clone that can be induced by MGI to form Fc and C3 receptors and differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes (MGI+D+) was also induced by MGI to synthesize and secrete lysozyme. Lysozyme was induced after Fc and C3 receptors, and labeling with 35S-methionine has shown that the induced lysozyme was newly synthesized. MGI+D+ clones were also induced to synthesize and secrete lysozyme by dexamethasone, prednisolone, cytosine arabinoside, or thymidine and in one of four clones by dimethylsulfoxide but not by sodium butyrate. Inhibition of cell multiplication by itself was not sufficient to induce lysozyme synthesis. A second type of clone which can be induced by MGI to form Fc and C3 receptors but not mature cells (MGI+D-) was more weakly inducible by MGI for lysozyme and was not inducible by any of the other compounds. A third type of clone (MGI-D) MGI for receptors or mature cells. One of four MGI-D- clones was induced to synthesize but not secrete lysozyme by dexamethasone together with sodium butyrate, but there was no lysozyme induction by MGI or any of the other compounds separately. The different clones maintained their different properties for at least 6 months in culture. The results indicate that clones with different hereditary blocks in the ability to be induced to differentiate by specific compounds can be used to dissect the process of myeloid cell differentiation, that the sequence of differentiation is induction of Fc and C3 receptors leads to lysozyme leads to mature cells, and that there are separate controls for these developmental steps.", "contents": "Control of lysozyme induction in the differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. A system has been developed with clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells in culture to study the induction of synthesis and secretion of lysozyme in relation to other steps in myeloid cell differentiation. Lysozyme was initially absent in all the clones studied. The different clones can be divided into three types according to their ability to be induced to undergo normal cell differentiation by the protein inducer MGI (macrophage and granulocyte inducer). One type of clone that can be induced by MGI to form Fc and C3 receptors and differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes (MGI+D+) was also induced by MGI to synthesize and secrete lysozyme. Lysozyme was induced after Fc and C3 receptors, and labeling with 35S-methionine has shown that the induced lysozyme was newly synthesized. MGI+D+ clones were also induced to synthesize and secrete lysozyme by dexamethasone, prednisolone, cytosine arabinoside, or thymidine and in one of four clones by dimethylsulfoxide but not by sodium butyrate. Inhibition of cell multiplication by itself was not sufficient to induce lysozyme synthesis. A second type of clone which can be induced by MGI to form Fc and C3 receptors but not mature cells (MGI+D-) was more weakly inducible by MGI for lysozyme and was not inducible by any of the other compounds. A third type of clone (MGI-D) MGI for receptors or mature cells. One of four MGI-D- clones was induced to synthesize but not secrete lysozyme by dexamethasone together with sodium butyrate, but there was no lysozyme induction by MGI or any of the other compounds separately. The different clones maintained their different properties for at least 6 months in culture. The results indicate that clones with different hereditary blocks in the ability to be induced to differentiate by specific compounds can be used to dissect the process of myeloid cell differentiation, that the sequence of differentiation is induction of Fc and C3 receptors leads to lysozyme leads to mature cells, and that there are separate controls for these developmental steps.", "PMID": 1017012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1656", "title": "The expression of three abundance classes of messenger RNA in mouse tissues.", "content": "Using the technique of mRNA-cDNA hybridization, we have shown that there are between 11,500 and 12,500 different mRNAs in three different mouse tissues:kidneys, brains, and livers. Several experiments suggest that in each tissue the mRNAs are organized into three abundance classes rather than as a continumm with respect to concentration. Cross-hybridization experminets show that the most abundant class of mRNA in each tissue is characteristic, and that a high proportion of the total sequences are common between tissues. For a more complete analysis, cDNA was fractionated into three classes. Studies using isolated abundant cDNA show that some abundant sequences of liver and kidney are present in other tissues, but among the lower frequency classes. Thus tissue-specific differences in mRNA populations may be related to abundance as well as qualitative differences. Using isolated middle frequency cDNA of the kidney, it was shown that of the 550 or so sequences in this class, approximately 500 are shared with the liver. Similarly, between 9,500 and 10,500 of the low frequency kidney cDNAs are shared with the brain and liver, respectively, suggesting that the majority of mRNAs may be involved with \"housekeeping\" activities. In an attempt to see whether abundance of mRNA is related to repetition of the sequence in the genome, it was shown that abundant and middle frequency cDNA of the liver and kidney contain a component that anneals with DNA repeated approximately 100 fold. However, the low frequency cDNA of the kidney contains no repeated sequences.", "contents": "The expression of three abundance classes of messenger RNA in mouse tissues. Using the technique of mRNA-cDNA hybridization, we have shown that there are between 11,500 and 12,500 different mRNAs in three different mouse tissues:kidneys, brains, and livers. Several experiments suggest that in each tissue the mRNAs are organized into three abundance classes rather than as a continumm with respect to concentration. Cross-hybridization experminets show that the most abundant class of mRNA in each tissue is characteristic, and that a high proportion of the total sequences are common between tissues. For a more complete analysis, cDNA was fractionated into three classes. Studies using isolated abundant cDNA show that some abundant sequences of liver and kidney are present in other tissues, but among the lower frequency classes. Thus tissue-specific differences in mRNA populations may be related to abundance as well as qualitative differences. Using isolated middle frequency cDNA of the kidney, it was shown that of the 550 or so sequences in this class, approximately 500 are shared with the liver. Similarly, between 9,500 and 10,500 of the low frequency kidney cDNAs are shared with the brain and liver, respectively, suggesting that the majority of mRNAs may be involved with \"housekeeping\" activities. In an attempt to see whether abundance of mRNA is related to repetition of the sequence in the genome, it was shown that abundant and middle frequency cDNA of the liver and kidney contain a component that anneals with DNA repeated approximately 100 fold. However, the low frequency cDNA of the kidney contains no repeated sequences.", "PMID": 1017013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1657", "title": "A radiological analysis of the transcription units for heterogeneous nuclear RNA in cultured murine cells.", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation of cultured murine cells damages chromosomal DNA, thus causing premature termination of synthesis of hnRNA chains. We have utilized this effect for measuring the sizes of transcription units for the various classes of hnRNA. Target size analyses of the loss of synthesis of hnRNA species suggest that hnRNA, through its entire size range, constitutes mostly primary transcripts-that is, the shorter RNA molecules are not processed from longer precursors. Polyadenylated hnRNA appears to be a primary transcript as well. Our data, however, are also consistent with processing of precursors to poly(A)+ hnRNA from the 5'termini of larger hnRNA molecules. They are not consistent with models which postulate that poly(A)+ hnRNA sequences originate at the 3' termini of precursors which are considerably larger (greater than 30%) than the polyadenylated hnRNA molecules themselves. Finally, we have found that the process of polyadenylation is not measurably affected by ultraviolet irradiation of cells.", "contents": "A radiological analysis of the transcription units for heterogeneous nuclear RNA in cultured murine cells. Ultraviolet irradiation of cultured murine cells damages chromosomal DNA, thus causing premature termination of synthesis of hnRNA chains. We have utilized this effect for measuring the sizes of transcription units for the various classes of hnRNA. Target size analyses of the loss of synthesis of hnRNA species suggest that hnRNA, through its entire size range, constitutes mostly primary transcripts-that is, the shorter RNA molecules are not processed from longer precursors. Polyadenylated hnRNA appears to be a primary transcript as well. Our data, however, are also consistent with processing of precursors to poly(A)+ hnRNA from the 5'termini of larger hnRNA molecules. They are not consistent with models which postulate that poly(A)+ hnRNA sequences originate at the 3' termini of precursors which are considerably larger (greater than 30%) than the polyadenylated hnRNA molecules themselves. Finally, we have found that the process of polyadenylation is not measurably affected by ultraviolet irradiation of cells.", "PMID": 1017014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1658", "title": "Identification and characterization of multiple forms of actin.", "content": "Multiple forms of actin have been found in a variety of mammalian cell lines and tissues by the use of high resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One form (alpha actin) was found only in differentiated muscle cells, and its synthesis is induced during myogenesis in culture. Two other forms (beta and gamma actin) are present in all nonmuscle cell types examined, and they continue to be synthesized in cultured muscle cells after fusion. Tryptic peptide comparisons have shown that muscle actin is distinguished from the two \"nonmuscle\" actins by several peptide differences, and that the two non-muscle actins are nearly identical. All three forms contain equimolar amounts of N-methylhistidine, and extensive controls have shown no evidence of artifactual heterogeneity. In addition to the three major actins, two other proteins were identified as probably forms of actin by affinity for DNAase I-agarose. These proteins are similar in charge and molecular weight to the major actin forms, but are unstable and have lifetimes in the cell of less than 2 hr.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of multiple forms of actin. Multiple forms of actin have been found in a variety of mammalian cell lines and tissues by the use of high resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One form (alpha actin) was found only in differentiated muscle cells, and its synthesis is induced during myogenesis in culture. Two other forms (beta and gamma actin) are present in all nonmuscle cell types examined, and they continue to be synthesized in cultured muscle cells after fusion. Tryptic peptide comparisons have shown that muscle actin is distinguished from the two \"nonmuscle\" actins by several peptide differences, and that the two non-muscle actins are nearly identical. All three forms contain equimolar amounts of N-methylhistidine, and extensive controls have shown no evidence of artifactual heterogeneity. In addition to the three major actins, two other proteins were identified as probably forms of actin by affinity for DNAase I-agarose. These proteins are similar in charge and molecular weight to the major actin forms, but are unstable and have lifetimes in the cell of less than 2 hr.", "PMID": 1017015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1659", "title": "The effect of ecdysterone on nonhistone proteins in salivary gland chromosomes of Sciara coprophila.", "content": "Synthesis and transport of proteins to the cell nucleus during puff induction was studied in S. coprophila. Changes in grain distribution along chromosomes (L-methionine [35S] incorporation into protein) were correlated with puffs induced by ecdysterone in vitro; A pattern of specific labelling at the sites of incipient puffs was noted within 2 h after the addition of the hormone, i.e. grains on the chromosomes were in clusters, characteristic for this time point and not seen in the controls (where only non-specific labeling was noted 0-4 h). Characteristic chromosomal puffs appeared between 3-4 h after the addition of ecdysterone. It was concluded that during ecdysterone-induced puff formation in salivary gland chromosomes, proteins which had been previously synthesized were selectively transported from the cytoplasm to specific sites on the chromosomes.", "contents": "The effect of ecdysterone on nonhistone proteins in salivary gland chromosomes of Sciara coprophila. Synthesis and transport of proteins to the cell nucleus during puff induction was studied in S. coprophila. Changes in grain distribution along chromosomes (L-methionine [35S] incorporation into protein) were correlated with puffs induced by ecdysterone in vitro; A pattern of specific labelling at the sites of incipient puffs was noted within 2 h after the addition of the hormone, i.e. grains on the chromosomes were in clusters, characteristic for this time point and not seen in the controls (where only non-specific labeling was noted 0-4 h). Characteristic chromosomal puffs appeared between 3-4 h after the addition of ecdysterone. It was concluded that during ecdysterone-induced puff formation in salivary gland chromosomes, proteins which had been previously synthesized were selectively transported from the cytoplasm to specific sites on the chromosomes.", "PMID": 1017016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1660", "title": "Changes in type of collagen synthesized by chick fibroblasts in vitro in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Chick embryo fibroblasts cease to synthesize their normal collagen product when grown in the presence of the thymidine analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The drug causes an alteration of synthesis from the normal Type I collagen (alpha1 (I)2alpha2) to a mixture of Type I and Type I trimer (alpha1(I)3). While the significance of the synthesis of Type I trimer is unclear, it has been noted that chondrocytes synthesize this collagen type following in vitro senescence and in the presence of BrdU. Since BrdU may cause a switching in the temporal pattern of collagen biosynthesis in chondrocytes and in fibroblasts it is proposed that BrdU may alter the normal regulatory controls acquired by the cells during the course of their differentiation. The synthesis of type I trimer might provide a marker for such a break-down in a wide variety of cell types.", "contents": "Changes in type of collagen synthesized by chick fibroblasts in vitro in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Chick embryo fibroblasts cease to synthesize their normal collagen product when grown in the presence of the thymidine analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The drug causes an alteration of synthesis from the normal Type I collagen (alpha1 (I)2alpha2) to a mixture of Type I and Type I trimer (alpha1(I)3). While the significance of the synthesis of Type I trimer is unclear, it has been noted that chondrocytes synthesize this collagen type following in vitro senescence and in the presence of BrdU. Since BrdU may cause a switching in the temporal pattern of collagen biosynthesis in chondrocytes and in fibroblasts it is proposed that BrdU may alter the normal regulatory controls acquired by the cells during the course of their differentiation. The synthesis of type I trimer might provide a marker for such a break-down in a wide variety of cell types.", "PMID": 1017017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1661", "title": "Recombination of embryonic haemoglobin chains during the development of the chick.", "content": "Embryonic differentiation is at present interpreted as the expression of variable gene activity. It is commonly thought that derepression of operator gene groups is the main cause of progress during development. However it is equally possible that gene repression plays a role in the appearance of new phenotypic characteristics. This paper illustrates such a possibility. It is known that in chickens embryonic haemoglobins exist which are replaced by other haemoglobins at about the sixth day of incubation. Analyses of globin chain composition of these haemoglobins by chromatography and urea/starch gel electrophoresis as well as TLC-fingerprinting and amino acid analyses of the individual globin chains showed that the haemoglobin switch was not associated with appearance of new globin chains but rather with disappearance of a number of embryonic chains. Moreover the relative proportion of the various chains changed at that time. From these findings we conclude that new haemoglobins arise from a recombination ('hybridization in vivo') of those globin chains which remain after the repression of a gene coding for embryonic chains.", "contents": "Recombination of embryonic haemoglobin chains during the development of the chick. Embryonic differentiation is at present interpreted as the expression of variable gene activity. It is commonly thought that derepression of operator gene groups is the main cause of progress during development. However it is equally possible that gene repression plays a role in the appearance of new phenotypic characteristics. This paper illustrates such a possibility. It is known that in chickens embryonic haemoglobins exist which are replaced by other haemoglobins at about the sixth day of incubation. Analyses of globin chain composition of these haemoglobins by chromatography and urea/starch gel electrophoresis as well as TLC-fingerprinting and amino acid analyses of the individual globin chains showed that the haemoglobin switch was not associated with appearance of new globin chains but rather with disappearance of a number of embryonic chains. Moreover the relative proportion of the various chains changed at that time. From these findings we conclude that new haemoglobins arise from a recombination ('hybridization in vivo') of those globin chains which remain after the repression of a gene coding for embryonic chains.", "PMID": 1017018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1662", "title": "Evidence of hormonal control of the nucleolar activity in Sciara ocellaris.", "content": "The nucleolus organizing region in the salivary gland of Sciara ocellaris becomes gradually less active as the larvae approach pupation. The cytological visible condensation of the nucleolar puff is paralleled by a decrease in the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the ribosomal RNA. Alterations in the nucleolar behavior were brought about by extirpation of the neuroendocrine glands at six stages of development. There is a 'critical stage' during the 7th day of the 4th instar when the hormonal stimulus for pupation occurs. If the ligature is performed before this stage the NOR remains expanded and the larval-pupal ecdysis is inhibited; if done later on the NOR condenses at a normal rate and the ligated larvae mount to head-less pupae. These results suggest that inhibition of rRNA synthesis and consequent condensation of the NOR is under the control of the moulting hormone.", "contents": "Evidence of hormonal control of the nucleolar activity in Sciara ocellaris. The nucleolus organizing region in the salivary gland of Sciara ocellaris becomes gradually less active as the larvae approach pupation. The cytological visible condensation of the nucleolar puff is paralleled by a decrease in the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the ribosomal RNA. Alterations in the nucleolar behavior were brought about by extirpation of the neuroendocrine glands at six stages of development. There is a 'critical stage' during the 7th day of the 4th instar when the hormonal stimulus for pupation occurs. If the ligature is performed before this stage the NOR remains expanded and the larval-pupal ecdysis is inhibited; if done later on the NOR condenses at a normal rate and the ligated larvae mount to head-less pupae. These results suggest that inhibition of rRNA synthesis and consequent condensation of the NOR is under the control of the moulting hormone.", "PMID": 1017019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1663", "title": "[Pseudocysts of the pancreas. (Personal cases)].", "content": "After reviewing all the various procedures for surgical treatment of pseudocysts of the pancreas, the Authors, analysing the advantages and disadvantages of each method, present a set of nineteen personal cases treated by simple cystogastrostomy, simple cystojejunostomy and cystojejunostomy combined with entero-entero-anastomosis according to Braun, or cystojejunostomy on defunctionalised loop according to Roux. After stading the overall criteria for selection of the technique to be applied individually, the Authors conclude by stressing the advantages that cystojejunostomy on defunctionalised loop according to Roux offers as compared with all the other procedures.", "contents": "[Pseudocysts of the pancreas. (Personal cases)]. After reviewing all the various procedures for surgical treatment of pseudocysts of the pancreas, the Authors, analysing the advantages and disadvantages of each method, present a set of nineteen personal cases treated by simple cystogastrostomy, simple cystojejunostomy and cystojejunostomy combined with entero-entero-anastomosis according to Braun, or cystojejunostomy on defunctionalised loop according to Roux. After stading the overall criteria for selection of the technique to be applied individually, the Authors conclude by stressing the advantages that cystojejunostomy on defunctionalised loop according to Roux offers as compared with all the other procedures.", "PMID": 1017118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1664", "title": "[Arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialytic treatment].", "content": "In view of the necessity for patients under periodical dialysis to preserve in operating condition the artero-venous fistulas performed on them, so that the application of the dialytic processes is extended as much as possible, particular technical suggestions are put forward, also taking into account the requirements of immediate dialysis for acute uremia and endeavouring to recover any artery and vein that may be used for external by-passes.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialytic treatment]. In view of the necessity for patients under periodical dialysis to preserve in operating condition the artero-venous fistulas performed on them, so that the application of the dialytic processes is extended as much as possible, particular technical suggestions are put forward, also taking into account the requirements of immediate dialysis for acute uremia and endeavouring to recover any artery and vein that may be used for external by-passes.", "PMID": 1017120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1665", "title": "[Use of the femoral artery for chronic hemodialytic treatment].", "content": "In 4 patients subjected to periodical haemodialytic treatment a new route of access to the vessels was used; the common femoral artery and the large saphena to the outlet into the femoral vein. All four patients presented serious problems with regard to application of a new shunt in view of the previous reiterated use of the vessels commonly utilized. At the maximum distance of 46 months from implantation, only one of the four by-passes is still in use; 2 were removed for obstruction and the fourth, still operating at the time, was removed for a renal transplant performed on the patient. In view of the frequency  of troubles and the use-months of the femoral by-pass compared with the traditional ones, the femoral route of access may be considered favourably when the traditional shunt implantation or fistula creation procedures are precluded.", "contents": "[Use of the femoral artery for chronic hemodialytic treatment]. In 4 patients subjected to periodical haemodialytic treatment a new route of access to the vessels was used; the common femoral artery and the large saphena to the outlet into the femoral vein. All four patients presented serious problems with regard to application of a new shunt in view of the previous reiterated use of the vessels commonly utilized. At the maximum distance of 46 months from implantation, only one of the four by-passes is still in use; 2 were removed for obstruction and the fourth, still operating at the time, was removed for a renal transplant performed on the patient. In view of the frequency  of troubles and the use-months of the femoral by-pass compared with the traditional ones, the femoral route of access may be considered favourably when the traditional shunt implantation or fistula creation procedures are precluded.", "PMID": 1017121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1666", "title": "[Retroperitoneal liposarcoma].", "content": "The various aspects of this comparatively rare neoplasia are discussed on the basis of two cases of retroperitoneal liposarcoma and an analysis of the literature. Consideration are expressed on the clinical symptoms, the pathological anatomy, its marked tendency to evolve with repeated local relapses and the need to properly localise the mass and the feeding peduncles prior to the operation, so that radical exercise can be performed, since this leads to a more favourable long-term prognosis. The utility of radiotherapy, which leads to a lengthened period of freedom from the disease and to an increased  survival time, is also stressed.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal liposarcoma]. The various aspects of this comparatively rare neoplasia are discussed on the basis of two cases of retroperitoneal liposarcoma and an analysis of the literature. Consideration are expressed on the clinical symptoms, the pathological anatomy, its marked tendency to evolve with repeated local relapses and the need to properly localise the mass and the feeding peduncles prior to the operation, so that radical exercise can be performed, since this leads to a more favourable long-term prognosis. The utility of radiotherapy, which leads to a lengthened period of freedom from the disease and to an increased  survival time, is also stressed.", "PMID": 1017122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1667", "title": "[Senile dysplasias of Vater's ampulla].", "content": "Adenomiosis of Vater's papilla is an organospecific dysplastic process, clearly linked to age and not dependent on other pathological processes of the biliary axis. The reasons for which it is diagnosed in preoperative biopsies with a frequency lower than should be expected on the basis of investigations performed on cadavers are stated. In particular, pathogenetic weight is stressed as a cause of Vaterian stenosis, especially in elderly subjects cholecystectomized many years earlier.", "contents": "[Senile dysplasias of Vater's ampulla]. Adenomiosis of Vater's papilla is an organospecific dysplastic process, clearly linked to age and not dependent on other pathological processes of the biliary axis. The reasons for which it is diagnosed in preoperative biopsies with a frequency lower than should be expected on the basis of investigations performed on cadavers are stated. In particular, pathogenetic weight is stressed as a cause of Vaterian stenosis, especially in elderly subjects cholecystectomized many years earlier.", "PMID": 1017125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1668", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and effects of propranolol in terminal uraemic patients and in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment.", "content": "Propranolol blood and plasma levels were measured after a single oral dose of 40 mg in patients with chronic renal failure, in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment, and in healthy volunteers. Peak levels were observed in all cases within 1.5 to 3 hours. However, peak blood and plasma concentrations of propranolol in the chronic renal failure group were 2- to 3-fold higher (161 +/- 41 ng/ml) than those observed in the dialysis patients (47 +/- 9 ng/ml) and in the healthy volunteers (26 +/- 1 ng/ml). The apparent plasma clearance was also significantly reduced in the patients with chronic renal failure. The data suggest a reduced hepatic extraction in chronic renal failure patients. A significant increase in the fraction of the dose available to the systemic circulation was also found, together with a modification of apparent plasma half-life and volume of distribution in regular dialysis patients during the dialysis day as compared with the after-dialysis day. No extraction of propranolol by the dialyzer was noticed. Marked fluctuations in propranolol blood concentrations were also observed in patients on regular dialysis following continuous propranolol treatment. The suppressive effect of propranolol on plasma renin activity did not fully correlate with the hypotensive effect of the drug. On the basis of the reported data, propranolol should be used with great caution and at low doses in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and effects of propranolol in terminal uraemic patients and in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment. Propranolol blood and plasma levels were measured after a single oral dose of 40 mg in patients with chronic renal failure, in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment, and in healthy volunteers. Peak levels were observed in all cases within 1.5 to 3 hours. However, peak blood and plasma concentrations of propranolol in the chronic renal failure group were 2- to 3-fold higher (161 +/- 41 ng/ml) than those observed in the dialysis patients (47 +/- 9 ng/ml) and in the healthy volunteers (26 +/- 1 ng/ml). The apparent plasma clearance was also significantly reduced in the patients with chronic renal failure. The data suggest a reduced hepatic extraction in chronic renal failure patients. A significant increase in the fraction of the dose available to the systemic circulation was also found, together with a modification of apparent plasma half-life and volume of distribution in regular dialysis patients during the dialysis day as compared with the after-dialysis day. No extraction of propranolol by the dialyzer was noticed. Marked fluctuations in propranolol blood concentrations were also observed in patients on regular dialysis following continuous propranolol treatment. The suppressive effect of propranolol on plasma renin activity did not fully correlate with the hypotensive effect of the drug. On the basis of the reported data, propranolol should be used with great caution and at low doses in chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1017154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1669", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics in infants and children.", "content": "Wide variations in drug dose recommendations for children of the same or different ages reflect the inadequacy of data on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Selected aspects of available literature on pharmacokinetics of drugs used in older infants and children has been reviewed with special attention to calculation of an age-appropriate dose. During the neonatal period and early infancy the elimination of many drugs that are excreted in the urine in unchanged form is restricted by the immaturity of glomerular filtration and renal tubular secretion. On the other hand, in late infancy and/or in childhood, a similar or greater rate of elimination from plasma than in adults has been observed for many drugs, notably digoxin, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, diazoxide, clindamycin and propoxyphene. Consistent with this, it has been shown that some drugs exhibit a lower plasma level/dose ratio in infancy and early childhood as compared with the adult. This is true for phenobarbitone, phenytoin and ethosuximide. Some age groups of children remain uninvestigated with regard to pharmacokinetics, even for the drugs reviewed. Therefore, pediatric therapy remains empirically based for many drugs.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics in infants and children. Wide variations in drug dose recommendations for children of the same or different ages reflect the inadequacy of data on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Selected aspects of available literature on pharmacokinetics of drugs used in older infants and children has been reviewed with special attention to calculation of an age-appropriate dose. During the neonatal period and early infancy the elimination of many drugs that are excreted in the urine in unchanged form is restricted by the immaturity of glomerular filtration and renal tubular secretion. On the other hand, in late infancy and/or in childhood, a similar or greater rate of elimination from plasma than in adults has been observed for many drugs, notably digoxin, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, diazoxide, clindamycin and propoxyphene. Consistent with this, it has been shown that some drugs exhibit a lower plasma level/dose ratio in infancy and early childhood as compared with the adult. This is true for phenobarbitone, phenytoin and ethosuximide. Some age groups of children remain uninvestigated with regard to pharmacokinetics, even for the drugs reviewed. Therefore, pediatric therapy remains empirically based for many drugs.", "PMID": 1017153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1670", "title": "Photoepicutaneous testing with the chamber method.", "content": "The chamber test, so far successfully applied to epicutaneous testing, proved to be suitable for photoepicutaneous testing as well. A simple and reliable method was developed by dividing the test areas (after removing the tests from the skin) into two equal parts, one for ultraviolet irradiation and the other for dark control. Variations in the amounts of the test substances had a slight influence on the size but not on the strength of the reactions.", "contents": "Photoepicutaneous testing with the chamber method. The chamber test, so far successfully applied to epicutaneous testing, proved to be suitable for photoepicutaneous testing as well. A simple and reliable method was developed by dividing the test areas (after removing the tests from the skin) into two equal parts, one for ultraviolet irradiation and the other for dark control. Variations in the amounts of the test substances had a slight influence on the size but not on the strength of the reactions.", "PMID": 1017177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1671", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from propellants in deodorant sprays in combination with allergy to ethyl chloride.", "content": "Allergic contact eczema from the use of deodorant sprays is sometimes caused by sensitization to the propellants. Positive reactions were seen in three patients when patch testing to Freon 11 (trichloromonofluoromethane). One patient also reacted to Freon 12 (dichlorofluoromethane). Another patient had an eczematous eruption after ethyl chloride was sprayed on the skin prior to taking biopsy. The two other patients showed strongly positive patch tests with this compound. Further investigations of the sensitizing capacity propellants with chemical resemblance have to be carried out to solve the problem of cross-sensitization.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from propellants in deodorant sprays in combination with allergy to ethyl chloride. Allergic contact eczema from the use of deodorant sprays is sometimes caused by sensitization to the propellants. Positive reactions were seen in three patients when patch testing to Freon 11 (trichloromonofluoromethane). One patient also reacted to Freon 12 (dichlorofluoromethane). Another patient had an eczematous eruption after ethyl chloride was sprayed on the skin prior to taking biopsy. The two other patients showed strongly positive patch tests with this compound. Further investigations of the sensitizing capacity propellants with chemical resemblance have to be carried out to solve the problem of cross-sensitization.", "PMID": 1017178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1672", "title": "Rejection of metal to metal prosthesis and skin sensitivity to cobalt.", "content": "Metal to metal prostheses give satisfactory results in 90% of patients. About half of the failure rate may be due to allergic reaction to the metals involved, particularly cobalt. A total of 35 patients in this unsatisfactory group have been patch-tested; 16 were positive to metals, 13 to cobalt, 4 to nickel, and 2 to chromate. Only two patients showed any skin lesions - one a localized dermatitis round the knee joint from nickel sensitivity, and one to cobalt who had a widespread scattered circular erythematous lesion suggestive of a generalized allergic vasculitis. Patients requiring a metal/metal prosthesis should have a careful history taken for metal sensitivity and be patch-tested with the metals. All the patients in this investigation had metal/metal prostheses and no reaction was seen after metal/high density polyethylene implants. Titanium 318 may be a satisfactory substitute for cobalt chrome alloy if reactions are encountered.", "contents": "Rejection of metal to metal prosthesis and skin sensitivity to cobalt. Metal to metal prostheses give satisfactory results in 90% of patients. About half of the failure rate may be due to allergic reaction to the metals involved, particularly cobalt. A total of 35 patients in this unsatisfactory group have been patch-tested; 16 were positive to metals, 13 to cobalt, 4 to nickel, and 2 to chromate. Only two patients showed any skin lesions - one a localized dermatitis round the knee joint from nickel sensitivity, and one to cobalt who had a widespread scattered circular erythematous lesion suggestive of a generalized allergic vasculitis. Patients requiring a metal/metal prosthesis should have a careful history taken for metal sensitivity and be patch-tested with the metals. All the patients in this investigation had metal/metal prostheses and no reaction was seen after metal/high density polyethylene implants. Titanium 318 may be a satisfactory substitute for cobalt chrome alloy if reactions are encountered.", "PMID": 1017180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1673", "title": "Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum.", "content": "Five individuals developed striate bullous dermatitis two days after exposure on a clear day to Heracleum mantegazzianum, Umbelliferae (Parsnip) family. Photopatch testing confirmed phototoxicity from the plant. This and 28 other Heracleum species yield linear furanocoumarins.", "contents": "Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum. Five individuals developed striate bullous dermatitis two days after exposure on a clear day to Heracleum mantegazzianum, Umbelliferae (Parsnip) family. Photopatch testing confirmed phototoxicity from the plant. This and 28 other Heracleum species yield linear furanocoumarins.", "PMID": 1017181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1674", "title": "Cement burns.", "content": "Four cases are presented of men who sustained burns after contact with premixed concrete. The pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "Cement burns. Four cases are presented of men who sustained burns after contact with premixed concrete. The pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1017182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1675", "title": "Sensitization to propantheline bromide, trichlorocarbanilide and propylene glycol in an antiperspirant.", "content": "Out of 14 patients with axillary dermatitis due to an antiperspirant, and with positive patch test reactions to the product, the sensitizer could be demonstrated in 12. Of these, 11 were positive to propantheline bromide, 3 to trichlorocarbanilide and one to propylene glycol. The antiperspirant contains 90% propylene glycol, which is an irritant under occlusion. When applied in the axillae, where occlusive conditions usually prevail, an irritant effect of propylene glycol may have promoted sensitization to the ingredients of the antiperspirant.", "contents": "Sensitization to propantheline bromide, trichlorocarbanilide and propylene glycol in an antiperspirant. Out of 14 patients with axillary dermatitis due to an antiperspirant, and with positive patch test reactions to the product, the sensitizer could be demonstrated in 12. Of these, 11 were positive to propantheline bromide, 3 to trichlorocarbanilide and one to propylene glycol. The antiperspirant contains 90% propylene glycol, which is an irritant under occlusion. When applied in the axillae, where occlusive conditions usually prevail, an irritant effect of propylene glycol may have promoted sensitization to the ingredients of the antiperspirant.", "PMID": 1017183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1676", "title": "Contact hypersensitivity to sesquiterpene lactones in Chyrsanthemum dermatitis.", "content": "In six persons with contact allergy to chrysanthemum of florists, patch tests were performed with 25 sequiterpene lactones. Positive responses were observed to 15 lactones. The most frequently encountered positive responses were to alantolactone (positive in all cases) and to arbusculin A, 8-deoxycumambrin, ambrosin, damsin and psilostachynin. The findings corroborate the assumption that an alpha-methylene group attached to the gamma-lactone ring is an essential prerequisite for allergenic activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Pyrethrum produced a positive reaction in one of the patients, pyrethrins gave negative reactions in all. Some of the chrysanthemum patients were also hypersensitive to turpentine and colophony and to garlic, primin and tars.", "contents": "Contact hypersensitivity to sesquiterpene lactones in Chyrsanthemum dermatitis. In six persons with contact allergy to chrysanthemum of florists, patch tests were performed with 25 sequiterpene lactones. Positive responses were observed to 15 lactones. The most frequently encountered positive responses were to alantolactone (positive in all cases) and to arbusculin A, 8-deoxycumambrin, ambrosin, damsin and psilostachynin. The findings corroborate the assumption that an alpha-methylene group attached to the gamma-lactone ring is an essential prerequisite for allergenic activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Pyrethrum produced a positive reaction in one of the patients, pyrethrins gave negative reactions in all. Some of the chrysanthemum patients were also hypersensitive to turpentine and colophony and to garlic, primin and tars.", "PMID": 1017184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1677", "title": "Results of routine office patch testing.", "content": "The results of patch testing over the past 18 months in a general dermatology clinic are presented and compared with the data recently reported by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Good correlation exists between the results of the two studies for all the reported allergens except nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate. The increased incidence of sensitivity to these allergens reported in our series probably reflects the tendency for all metal related contact dermatitis to be referred to our clinic, even though recognized as such by the referring physician. The 16.8% reactivity to a dye mix used in our screening kit, and not reported by others, proved most interesting. In the light of continuing reports of dye related allergic contact dermatitis, our experience prompts us to suggest that a dye mix of some sort should be evaluated in future large-scale studies of patch test screening kits.", "contents": "Results of routine office patch testing. The results of patch testing over the past 18 months in a general dermatology clinic are presented and compared with the data recently reported by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Good correlation exists between the results of the two studies for all the reported allergens except nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate. The increased incidence of sensitivity to these allergens reported in our series probably reflects the tendency for all metal related contact dermatitis to be referred to our clinic, even though recognized as such by the referring physician. The 16.8% reactivity to a dye mix used in our screening kit, and not reported by others, proved most interesting. In the light of continuing reports of dye related allergic contact dermatitis, our experience prompts us to suggest that a dye mix of some sort should be evaluated in future large-scale studies of patch test screening kits.", "PMID": 1017185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1678", "title": "Squaric-acid-diethylester - a strong sensitizer.", "content": "A patient developed a circumscribed contact dermatitis after a single contact with squaric-acid-diethylester (SADE). Patch tests with low concentrations of SADE were positive. Based on these observations, experimental studies on the sensitizing capacity of SADE were performed on guinea-pigs. The results disclosed that this compound is a strong sensitizer. Derivatives of SADE, such as the nearly insoluble squaric acid, squaric acid-1,2-diamide and dithio-N,N'-dicyclohexyle-1,2-diamide were not able to produce allergic skin reactions in the sensitized patient nor in guinea pigs. The chemistry and the range of uses of squaric acid and its derivatives are briefly mentioned. A hypothesis on the molecular mechanism of conjugation of SADE to human proteins and thereby on sensitization is discussed. A warning is given for taking precautionary measures before handling this substance.", "contents": "Squaric-acid-diethylester - a strong sensitizer. A patient developed a circumscribed contact dermatitis after a single contact with squaric-acid-diethylester (SADE). Patch tests with low concentrations of SADE were positive. Based on these observations, experimental studies on the sensitizing capacity of SADE were performed on guinea-pigs. The results disclosed that this compound is a strong sensitizer. Derivatives of SADE, such as the nearly insoluble squaric acid, squaric acid-1,2-diamide and dithio-N,N'-dicyclohexyle-1,2-diamide were not able to produce allergic skin reactions in the sensitized patient nor in guinea pigs. The chemistry and the range of uses of squaric acid and its derivatives are briefly mentioned. A hypothesis on the molecular mechanism of conjugation of SADE to human proteins and thereby on sensitization is discussed. A warning is given for taking precautionary measures before handling this substance.", "PMID": 1017186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1679", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis to a salicyclic acid plaster.", "content": "We report two patients who developed allergic eczematous contact dermatitis to a salacid plaster used to treat plantar warts. Both patients were subsequently shown to be allergic to dehydroabietic acid, a resin contained in the plaster.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis to a salicyclic acid plaster. We report two patients who developed allergic eczematous contact dermatitis to a salacid plaster used to treat plantar warts. Both patients were subsequently shown to be allergic to dehydroabietic acid, a resin contained in the plaster.", "PMID": 1017187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1680", "title": "Computer-derived exposure lights for common contact dermatitis antigens.", "content": "An established computer file was searched for lists of products containing 45 antigens recognized as causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The final lists included over 8000 products. The problem, ptoential and limitations of such lists are discussed.", "contents": "Computer-derived exposure lights for common contact dermatitis antigens. An established computer file was searched for lists of products containing 45 antigens recognized as causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The final lists included over 8000 products. The problem, ptoential and limitations of such lists are discussed.", "PMID": 1017188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1681", "title": "Histological differences between irritant and allergic patch test reactions in man.", "content": "The results of a study of the histological aspects of the application of DNCB on the skin of unsensitized and sensitized persons are discussed. The nature of the histological changes in primary irritant and allergic reactions to DNCB in human skin appeared to be identical. The differences appeared to be primarily of a quantitative character. It is furthermore concluded from data in the literature that the skin of some persons may react with a primary irritant reaction to concentrations of a compound thought to cause only allergic reactions. In these persons histological examination of the patch test result may give insufficient clues as to the nature of the reaction. The practical consequences of the data presented are discussed.", "contents": "Histological differences between irritant and allergic patch test reactions in man. The results of a study of the histological aspects of the application of DNCB on the skin of unsensitized and sensitized persons are discussed. The nature of the histological changes in primary irritant and allergic reactions to DNCB in human skin appeared to be identical. The differences appeared to be primarily of a quantitative character. It is furthermore concluded from data in the literature that the skin of some persons may react with a primary irritant reaction to concentrations of a compound thought to cause only allergic reactions. In these persons histological examination of the patch test result may give insufficient clues as to the nature of the reaction. The practical consequences of the data presented are discussed.", "PMID": 1017189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1682", "title": "The development of metal hypersensitivity in patients with metal-to-plastic hip arthroplasties.", "content": "Sixty-six patients who had to undergo total hip replacement by means of a metal-to-plastic Stanmore prosthesis, were patch-tested prior to and 6 to 12 months after surgery with the standard ICDRG all allergens series and with acrylic monomer 5% in acetone. In 62 patients the history of metal allergy as well as the patch tests to all tested allergens were negative. One patient with a history of metal allergy reacted negatively before surgery; about 6 months after surgery the patch test to nickel sulphate was positive (2 plus). Three other patients developed positive patch test reaction after surgery: two reacted positively to nickel sulphate (2 plus) and one to cobalt chloride (2 plus). In none of the 66 patients have local side effects of the prostheses been found to date.", "contents": "The development of metal hypersensitivity in patients with metal-to-plastic hip arthroplasties. Sixty-six patients who had to undergo total hip replacement by means of a metal-to-plastic Stanmore prosthesis, were patch-tested prior to and 6 to 12 months after surgery with the standard ICDRG all allergens series and with acrylic monomer 5% in acetone. In 62 patients the history of metal allergy as well as the patch tests to all tested allergens were negative. One patient with a history of metal allergy reacted negatively before surgery; about 6 months after surgery the patch test to nickel sulphate was positive (2 plus). Three other patients developed positive patch test reaction after surgery: two reacted positively to nickel sulphate (2 plus) and one to cobalt chloride (2 plus). In none of the 66 patients have local side effects of the prostheses been found to date.", "PMID": 1017190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1683", "title": "Phototoxicity of methoxsalen in various vehicles.", "content": "Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) was used as the photoxic substance in the study of the properties of various vehicles in photoepicutaneous testing. Macrogols as such were relatively poor bases, and positive reactions were seen only occasionally at a concentration of 0.05% methoxsalen. Increasing amounts of water in macrogols brought forth more numerous and stronger reactions. The photoxicity also increased when ethanol was added. The reactions were, however, weaker than to those with aqueous bases. Wool fat and glycerol as vehicles usually reacted in the same way as polyethylene glycols when water was added. An explanation of the mechanism of the changes in the properties of vehicles due to the addition of water/ethanol requires further investigation.", "contents": "Phototoxicity of methoxsalen in various vehicles. Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) was used as the photoxic substance in the study of the properties of various vehicles in photoepicutaneous testing. Macrogols as such were relatively poor bases, and positive reactions were seen only occasionally at a concentration of 0.05% methoxsalen. Increasing amounts of water in macrogols brought forth more numerous and stronger reactions. The photoxicity also increased when ethanol was added. The reactions were, however, weaker than to those with aqueous bases. Wool fat and glycerol as vehicles usually reacted in the same way as polyethylene glycols when water was added. An explanation of the mechanism of the changes in the properties of vehicles due to the addition of water/ethanol requires further investigation.", "PMID": 1017191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1684", "title": "Incidence of neomycin and framycetin sensitivity.", "content": "A total of 450 consecutive patients were patch-tested to both neomycin and framycetin (20% in petrolatum). Thirteen patients were sensitive to both preparations, 10 to neomycin alone and four to framycetin alone. The significance of these results is discussed, with particular reference to the constituents of the preparations and the allergenic groups involved.", "contents": "Incidence of neomycin and framycetin sensitivity. A total of 450 consecutive patients were patch-tested to both neomycin and framycetin (20% in petrolatum). Thirteen patients were sensitive to both preparations, 10 to neomycin alone and four to framycetin alone. The significance of these results is discussed, with particular reference to the constituents of the preparations and the allergenic groups involved.", "PMID": 1017192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1685", "title": "The place of irradiation in the treatment of malignant tumors of the salivary glands.", "content": "1. Radiation therapy is not indicated after surgical removal with adequate margins of low-grade tumor. 2. Radiation therapy is indicated with a) Inadequate surgical margins in low-grade tumors b) All high-grade tumors c) All recurrent malignant tumors 3. Irradiation of nerve pathways is indicated with demonstrated nerve and perineural invasion and/or with adenoicystic carcinoma. 4. Irradiation of the entire ipsilateral neck is indicated a) Wtih high-grade tumors unless radical neck dissection shows negative nodes b) In the place of radical neck dissection.", "contents": "The place of irradiation in the treatment of malignant tumors of the salivary glands. 1. Radiation therapy is not indicated after surgical removal with adequate margins of low-grade tumor. 2. Radiation therapy is indicated with a) Inadequate surgical margins in low-grade tumors b) All high-grade tumors c) All recurrent malignant tumors 3. Irradiation of nerve pathways is indicated with demonstrated nerve and perineural invasion and/or with adenoicystic carcinoma. 4. Irradiation of the entire ipsilateral neck is indicated a) Wtih high-grade tumors unless radical neck dissection shows negative nodes b) In the place of radical neck dissection.", "PMID": 1017204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1686", "title": "The \"vanilla fudge\" cyst.", "content": "A white cyst, partially covered by jet black splotches and streaks, had a surface appearance of vanilla fudge ice cream. Histologically, the cyst was lined with two distinctly different types of follicular epithelium--one identical to that of the infundibulum and the other to that of the matrix. The black pigment was melanin, produced by numerous dendritic melanocytes that were situated only in the region of the epithelium-resembling matrix.", "contents": "The \"vanilla fudge\" cyst. A white cyst, partially covered by jet black splotches and streaks, had a surface appearance of vanilla fudge ice cream. Histologically, the cyst was lined with two distinctly different types of follicular epithelium--one identical to that of the infundibulum and the other to that of the matrix. The black pigment was melanin, produced by numerous dendritic melanocytes that were situated only in the region of the epithelium-resembling matrix.", "PMID": 1017214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1687", "title": "The systolic click-murmur syndrome: clinical recognition and management.", "content": "The midsystolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome is a complex entity with variable manifestations that involves a primary process causing myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve leaflet(s) and subsequent systolic mitral valve leaflet prolapse. Other cardiac diseases may cause mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation associated with a midsystolic click that mimics this primary syndrome. The prolapsing mitral valve leaflet(s) syndrome occasionally may be familial. Most patients are asymptomatic but some complain of chest pain, palpitation, dyspnea or fatigue. Prolapsing mitral valve leaflet(s) can be distinguished from other causes of systolic clicks and mitral regurgitation murmurs by the characteristic movement of the clikmurmur complex in systole with various hemodynamic interventions. The clinical diagnosis usually can be confirmed by echocardiography, which demonstrates the abnormally prolapsdrome usually is minimal but can be progressive and lead to the need for prosthetic valve replacement. Most symptomatic patients can be managed medically but some require cardiac catheterization to evaluate the possibility of coexistent coronary artery disease, to assess the degree of mitral regurgitation and to evaluate other associated cardiac lesions. All patients with this syndrome should receive antibiotic prophylaxis prior to any surgical or dental procedures. Those patients suspected of having arrhythmias should be evaluated by continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring and dangerous arrhythmias probably should be treated. The prognosis usually is excellent, but sudden death and rapidly progressive mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae have been reported. Although more than a decade has elapsed since the midsystolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome was first recognized, much remains to be learned about this common but complex clinical entity.", "contents": "The systolic click-murmur syndrome: clinical recognition and management. The midsystolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome is a complex entity with variable manifestations that involves a primary process causing myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve leaflet(s) and subsequent systolic mitral valve leaflet prolapse. Other cardiac diseases may cause mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation associated with a midsystolic click that mimics this primary syndrome. The prolapsing mitral valve leaflet(s) syndrome occasionally may be familial. Most patients are asymptomatic but some complain of chest pain, palpitation, dyspnea or fatigue. Prolapsing mitral valve leaflet(s) can be distinguished from other causes of systolic clicks and mitral regurgitation murmurs by the characteristic movement of the clikmurmur complex in systole with various hemodynamic interventions. The clinical diagnosis usually can be confirmed by echocardiography, which demonstrates the abnormally prolapsdrome usually is minimal but can be progressive and lead to the need for prosthetic valve replacement. Most symptomatic patients can be managed medically but some require cardiac catheterization to evaluate the possibility of coexistent coronary artery disease, to assess the degree of mitral regurgitation and to evaluate other associated cardiac lesions. All patients with this syndrome should receive antibiotic prophylaxis prior to any surgical or dental procedures. Those patients suspected of having arrhythmias should be evaluated by continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring and dangerous arrhythmias probably should be treated. The prognosis usually is excellent, but sudden death and rapidly progressive mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae have been reported. Although more than a decade has elapsed since the midsystolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome was first recognized, much remains to be learned about this common but complex clinical entity.", "PMID": 1017208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1688", "title": "Cutaneous bilharzial granulomas: a histopathologic study.", "content": "Histopathological studies were done on seven cutaneous lesions; all but two were clinically diagnosed as cutaneous bilharzial granulomas. Epidermal, dermal, vascular, sweat and sebaceous gland changes were demonstrated. The purpose of this paper is to present the pathogenesis of these granulomas.", "contents": "Cutaneous bilharzial granulomas: a histopathologic study. Histopathological studies were done on seven cutaneous lesions; all but two were clinically diagnosed as cutaneous bilharzial granulomas. Epidermal, dermal, vascular, sweat and sebaceous gland changes were demonstrated. The purpose of this paper is to present the pathogenesis of these granulomas.", "PMID": 1017215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1689", "title": "Update: seabather's eruption and swimmer's itch.", "content": "Swimmer's itch and seabather's eruption, while similar in morphology, differ in important aspects. Seabather's eruption occurs chiefly in salt water and involves covered parts of the body. Swimmer's itch occurs chiefly in fresh water and involves uncovered parts. The cause of swimmer's itch is definitely known to be schistosome cercariae, while the cause of seabather's eruption is for the most part unknown. Algae, coelenterates and schistosomes as well as other organisms found in seawater have been suggested. Control of swimmer's itch is best accomplished by decreasing the snail population.", "contents": "Update: seabather's eruption and swimmer's itch. Swimmer's itch and seabather's eruption, while similar in morphology, differ in important aspects. Seabather's eruption occurs chiefly in salt water and involves covered parts of the body. Swimmer's itch occurs chiefly in fresh water and involves uncovered parts. The cause of swimmer's itch is definitely known to be schistosome cercariae, while the cause of seabather's eruption is for the most part unknown. Algae, coelenterates and schistosomes as well as other organisms found in seawater have been suggested. Control of swimmer's itch is best accomplished by decreasing the snail population.", "PMID": 1017216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1690", "title": "Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A case of specific cutaneous Hodgkin's disease, which is sparsely mentioned in the literature, is reported. The lesion was nodulo-ulcerative and corresponded to the Grosz-Hirschfield type. It was confirmed by biopsy and the pattern was similar to that of an excised supraclavicular node examined two years previously. The lesion responded to treatment with gentamicin topically, clindamycin orally and 500 r of cauterizing X-ray. There has been no recurrence to date and no other new cutaneous lesions. This report further confirms what Ferdinand von Hebra implied one hundred years ago--that a dermatologist should not only know skin diseases but also the cutaneous manifestations of visceral diseases.", "contents": "Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease. A case of specific cutaneous Hodgkin's disease, which is sparsely mentioned in the literature, is reported. The lesion was nodulo-ulcerative and corresponded to the Grosz-Hirschfield type. It was confirmed by biopsy and the pattern was similar to that of an excised supraclavicular node examined two years previously. The lesion responded to treatment with gentamicin topically, clindamycin orally and 500 r of cauterizing X-ray. There has been no recurrence to date and no other new cutaneous lesions. This report further confirms what Ferdinand von Hebra implied one hundred years ago--that a dermatologist should not only know skin diseases but also the cutaneous manifestations of visceral diseases.", "PMID": 1017218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1691", "title": "Trichloroacetic acid peeling.", "content": "Trichloroacetic acid peeling refers to a system whereby a corrosive chemical is applied to the skin. The resultant good effect is due to epidermal regeneration, as well as the regenerating of new collagen in the dermis. The technique of deep chemical peeling in treatment of actinic degeneration and acne scarring is presented.", "contents": "Trichloroacetic acid peeling. Trichloroacetic acid peeling refers to a system whereby a corrosive chemical is applied to the skin. The resultant good effect is due to epidermal regeneration, as well as the regenerating of new collagen in the dermis. The technique of deep chemical peeling in treatment of actinic degeneration and acne scarring is presented.", "PMID": 1017220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1692", "title": "Cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism including purpura and ecchymoses.", "content": "Hypothyroidism has distinctive cutaneous manifestations which may be diagnostic. Biopsy and histologic study of the skin may provide a simple and useful tool for diagnosing hypothyroidism. Purpura and ecchymoses, although not often mentioned among cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism, occurred in nine of 222 hypothyroid patients at Ochsner Clinic between 1958 and 1972.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism including purpura and ecchymoses. Hypothyroidism has distinctive cutaneous manifestations which may be diagnostic. Biopsy and histologic study of the skin may provide a simple and useful tool for diagnosing hypothyroidism. Purpura and ecchymoses, although not often mentioned among cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism, occurred in nine of 222 hypothyroid patients at Ochsner Clinic between 1958 and 1972.", "PMID": 1017224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1693", "title": "Herpes zoster: a cause of acute detrusor muscle paralysis.", "content": "The essence of this report is to apprise the dermatologist of this fascinating but unusual complication of herpes zoster and to underscore the help he may give in establishing the diagnosis along with assisting in the management of this disorder.", "contents": "Herpes zoster: a cause of acute detrusor muscle paralysis. The essence of this report is to apprise the dermatologist of this fascinating but unusual complication of herpes zoster and to underscore the help he may give in establishing the diagnosis along with assisting in the management of this disorder.", "PMID": 1017225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1694", "title": "Photoallergy induced by quinidine.", "content": "An 82-year-old woman presented with a lichenified dermatitis over light-exposed areas. The eruption cleared upon withdrawal of quinidine and recurred on re-administration of the drug. Though quinidine has not been recognized as a photo-sensitizing agent, upon review of the literature we have uncovered other cases which meet the criteria and justify including this drug among those capable of causing such reactions.", "contents": "Photoallergy induced by quinidine. An 82-year-old woman presented with a lichenified dermatitis over light-exposed areas. The eruption cleared upon withdrawal of quinidine and recurred on re-administration of the drug. Though quinidine has not been recognized as a photo-sensitizing agent, upon review of the literature we have uncovered other cases which meet the criteria and justify including this drug among those capable of causing such reactions.", "PMID": 1017226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1695", "title": "Coexistence of discoid lupus erythematosus and porphyria cutanea tarda.", "content": "A case of coexistent porphyria cutanea tarda and discoid lupus erythematosus is presented. Abnormal urinary porphyrins, the presence of liver fluorescence, chronic alcoholism, fatty metamorphosis of the liver and histologically typical LE with the demonstration of basement membrane fluorescence were present in the patient. Awareness of the possible coexistence of these two conditions is of practical significance for the practicing dermatologist. The nature of the relationship between these conditions remains obscure. Is it coincidental or does it represent a common pathophysiological mechanism? Further work on this unique pair of diseases seems indicated.", "contents": "Coexistence of discoid lupus erythematosus and porphyria cutanea tarda. A case of coexistent porphyria cutanea tarda and discoid lupus erythematosus is presented. Abnormal urinary porphyrins, the presence of liver fluorescence, chronic alcoholism, fatty metamorphosis of the liver and histologically typical LE with the demonstration of basement membrane fluorescence were present in the patient. Awareness of the possible coexistence of these two conditions is of practical significance for the practicing dermatologist. The nature of the relationship between these conditions remains obscure. Is it coincidental or does it represent a common pathophysiological mechanism? Further work on this unique pair of diseases seems indicated.", "PMID": 1017227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1696", "title": "Porphyria precipitated by hydroxychloroquine treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This case report emphasizes the fact that patients presenting with photosensitivity could have lupus erythematosus or porphyria or both; and since the therapy for one may aggravate the other, extreme caution is indicated.", "contents": "Porphyria precipitated by hydroxychloroquine treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. This case report emphasizes the fact that patients presenting with photosensitivity could have lupus erythematosus or porphyria or both; and since the therapy for one may aggravate the other, extreme caution is indicated.", "PMID": 1017229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1697", "title": "Radiotherapy of skin cancer: modern indications and techniques.", "content": "Skin cancer is the most frequent indication for radiation therapy in dermatology. X-ray treatments are particularly valuable in cutaneous neoplasms in special anatomical locations. Advantages and disadvantages of dermatologic radiation therapy are outlined, and modern indications, radiation methods and the selection of physical radiation factors are discussed.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of skin cancer: modern indications and techniques. Skin cancer is the most frequent indication for radiation therapy in dermatology. X-ray treatments are particularly valuable in cutaneous neoplasms in special anatomical locations. Advantages and disadvantages of dermatologic radiation therapy are outlined, and modern indications, radiation methods and the selection of physical radiation factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1017232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1698", "title": "Geographic lip: a variant of geopgraphic tongue.", "content": "The following aspects of the classic geographic tongue are discussed: clinical polymorphism with the appearance of annulus migrans, histological appearacne of the spongiform pustule, frequent association with pustular psoriasis and related diseases, and its relationship to psoriasis buccalis. Two cases of geographic lip are described in which annulus migrans was present. In one case, the geographic lip was associated with a plicated lip, a labial form of plicated tongue.", "contents": "Geographic lip: a variant of geopgraphic tongue. The following aspects of the classic geographic tongue are discussed: clinical polymorphism with the appearance of annulus migrans, histological appearacne of the spongiform pustule, frequent association with pustular psoriasis and related diseases, and its relationship to psoriasis buccalis. Two cases of geographic lip are described in which annulus migrans was present. In one case, the geographic lip was associated with a plicated lip, a labial form of plicated tongue.", "PMID": 1017233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1699", "title": "Lichen spinulosus: response to therapy.", "content": "Two cases of lichen spinulosus and the response to therapy with Keralyt under occlusion are presented. It is evident that Keralyt under occlusion for two consecutive weeks will clear these lesions. However, twice weekly application of Keralyt must be used in order to keep these areas free of lesions. An undesirable side effect in the two patients presented was a burning, stinging sensation immediately following application of Keralyt.", "contents": "Lichen spinulosus: response to therapy. Two cases of lichen spinulosus and the response to therapy with Keralyt under occlusion are presented. It is evident that Keralyt under occlusion for two consecutive weeks will clear these lesions. However, twice weekly application of Keralyt must be used in order to keep these areas free of lesions. An undesirable side effect in the two patients presented was a burning, stinging sensation immediately following application of Keralyt.", "PMID": 1017234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1700", "title": "Common warts: immunity as a result of therapy.", "content": "Warts that don't regress frequently have wart cell specific immune globulin M(IgM), but no wart virus specific Immune Globulin M (IgM) in the circulatory system. Warts that regress spontaneously have multiple circulating antibodies-wart cell specific IgM, IgG, and IgA. When the antibodies of IgG class appear in the circulation, the warts will commonly disappear. Topical application of cell toxic, irritant materials will elicit discernible amounts of virus specific IgM and IgG. Those B Cells which produce IgG have a \"computer bank memory\" and IgG should be recalled if wart virus antigen reappears as a result of reinfection. Therefore, persistent, consistent, topical application of irritant modalities to warts that will cause them to regress and disappear, should confer immunity on the individual through the production of wart virus specific IgG. Over a seven-year span 150 cases of wart were cleared in our office by an irritant method. In that group of cases there were eight recurrences. Two cases cleared spontaneously within two weeks, and four cleared with an acute inflammatory response within a few days of reirritation.", "contents": "Common warts: immunity as a result of therapy. Warts that don't regress frequently have wart cell specific immune globulin M(IgM), but no wart virus specific Immune Globulin M (IgM) in the circulatory system. Warts that regress spontaneously have multiple circulating antibodies-wart cell specific IgM, IgG, and IgA. When the antibodies of IgG class appear in the circulation, the warts will commonly disappear. Topical application of cell toxic, irritant materials will elicit discernible amounts of virus specific IgM and IgG. Those B Cells which produce IgG have a \"computer bank memory\" and IgG should be recalled if wart virus antigen reappears as a result of reinfection. Therefore, persistent, consistent, topical application of irritant modalities to warts that will cause them to regress and disappear, should confer immunity on the individual through the production of wart virus specific IgG. Over a seven-year span 150 cases of wart were cleared in our office by an irritant method. In that group of cases there were eight recurrences. Two cases cleared spontaneously within two weeks, and four cleared with an acute inflammatory response within a few days of reirritation.", "PMID": 1017235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1701", "title": "Accidental vaccinia of the vulva.", "content": "Vaccinia of the vulva in a 32-year-old married woman is described. The vaccination was apparently due to a heteroinoculation from her husband during sexual contact. Clinically it presented as an indurated ulcer with a few isolated umbilicated vesicles and was associated with an acute biological false-positive serological reactions.", "contents": "Accidental vaccinia of the vulva. Vaccinia of the vulva in a 32-year-old married woman is described. The vaccination was apparently due to a heteroinoculation from her husband during sexual contact. Clinically it presented as an indurated ulcer with a few isolated umbilicated vesicles and was associated with an acute biological false-positive serological reactions.", "PMID": 1017236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1702", "title": "Tinea pedis in children.", "content": "Many children have dermatoses involving the feet. Such problems are often misdiagnosed as tinea pedis, which is relatively uncommon in this age group. On the other hand, tinea pedis should not be ignored as a diagnostic possibility just because of its infrequent occurrence. Six cases are reported to demonstrate that this diagnosis will be missed if appropriate laboratory studies are not done as a part of the evaluation of these dermatoses.", "contents": "Tinea pedis in children. Many children have dermatoses involving the feet. Such problems are often misdiagnosed as tinea pedis, which is relatively uncommon in this age group. On the other hand, tinea pedis should not be ignored as a diagnostic possibility just because of its infrequent occurrence. Six cases are reported to demonstrate that this diagnosis will be missed if appropriate laboratory studies are not done as a part of the evaluation of these dermatoses.", "PMID": 1017237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1703", "title": "Hormonal dependency in Darier disease.", "content": "Variation in the severity of keratosis follicularis relative to states of homonal change was noted in eight women with the disease. Observations included frequent onset near puberty, puberty, exacerbation during menses, and improvement while patients are pregnant or on oral contraceptive agents. It is proposed that states of relative estrogen excess are associated with quiescence of this skin disorder. In support of this hypothesis, three postpubertal women with Darier desease were observed to undergo significant improvement with the use of estrogen-dominant birth control pills.", "contents": "Hormonal dependency in Darier disease. Variation in the severity of keratosis follicularis relative to states of homonal change was noted in eight women with the disease. Observations included frequent onset near puberty, puberty, exacerbation during menses, and improvement while patients are pregnant or on oral contraceptive agents. It is proposed that states of relative estrogen excess are associated with quiescence of this skin disorder. In support of this hypothesis, three postpubertal women with Darier desease were observed to undergo significant improvement with the use of estrogen-dominant birth control pills.", "PMID": 1017238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1704", "title": "Axillary and inguinal striae induced by systemic absorption of a topical corticosteroid.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman developed huge atrophic striae in the axillary and inguinal areas from the topical application, with occlusion, of potent corticosteroid preparation applied to the axillary or inguinal areas. It is postulated that the mechanism is systemic absorption of enough medication to produce a state of hyperadrenalism with subsequent striae formation as a sequela.", "contents": "Axillary and inguinal striae induced by systemic absorption of a topical corticosteroid. A 21-year-old woman developed huge atrophic striae in the axillary and inguinal areas from the topical application, with occlusion, of potent corticosteroid preparation applied to the axillary or inguinal areas. It is postulated that the mechanism is systemic absorption of enough medication to produce a state of hyperadrenalism with subsequent striae formation as a sequela.", "PMID": 1017240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1705", "title": "Lupus erythematosus exacerbated by griseofulvin.", "content": "Because griseofulvin is one of the safest systemic medications, its side effects are often forgotten. This paper serves as a reminder that griseofulvin can precipitate or exacerbate lupus erythematosus. Two patients are described: one had a photosensitivity reaction to griseofulvin which precipitated discoid LE skin lesions, without any previous evidence of LE. The other, who had known systemic LE, developed a systemic reaction, consisting of fever and malasise.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus exacerbated by griseofulvin. Because griseofulvin is one of the safest systemic medications, its side effects are often forgotten. This paper serves as a reminder that griseofulvin can precipitate or exacerbate lupus erythematosus. Two patients are described: one had a photosensitivity reaction to griseofulvin which precipitated discoid LE skin lesions, without any previous evidence of LE. The other, who had known systemic LE, developed a systemic reaction, consisting of fever and malasise.", "PMID": 1017241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1706", "title": "Immunologic mechanisms of infectious syphilis.", "content": "We believe that humoral and cellular immunity both are involved in the response of the host to infection with T. pallidum. A complex interaction between stimulation and suppression of cell-mediated immunity may be involved. This interaction may explain the unusual clinical course in which secondary syphilis waxes and wanes before culminating in immunity.", "contents": "Immunologic mechanisms of infectious syphilis. We believe that humoral and cellular immunity both are involved in the response of the host to infection with T. pallidum. A complex interaction between stimulation and suppression of cell-mediated immunity may be involved. This interaction may explain the unusual clinical course in which secondary syphilis waxes and wanes before culminating in immunity.", "PMID": 1017252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1707", "title": "Lupus erythematosus and reactive tests for syphilis: update.", "content": "Sera of patients with lupus erythematosus can produce false-positive reactions in most serologic tests for syphilis, including the FTA-ABS test. False-positive reactions in the FTA-ABS test can exhibit beaded, borderline or reactive patterns of fluorescence. Beaded fluorescence is commonly associated with anti-DNA antibody and other correlates of lupus activity. Borderline and reactive results are common in both systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus, and are usually not associated with increased clinical activity. TPI and MHA-TP tests appear helpful in detecting false-positive FTA-ABS results.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus and reactive tests for syphilis: update. Sera of patients with lupus erythematosus can produce false-positive reactions in most serologic tests for syphilis, including the FTA-ABS test. False-positive reactions in the FTA-ABS test can exhibit beaded, borderline or reactive patterns of fluorescence. Beaded fluorescence is commonly associated with anti-DNA antibody and other correlates of lupus activity. Borderline and reactive results are common in both systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus, and are usually not associated with increased clinical activity. TPI and MHA-TP tests appear helpful in detecting false-positive FTA-ABS results.", "PMID": 1017253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1708", "title": "Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid in syphilis.", "content": "In the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, a cerebrospinal fluid cell count or cerebrospinal fluid total protein are inconclusive by themselves, but together with a cerebrospinal fluid VDRL are of great diagnostic value. At present, the VDRL Slide Test on Spinal Fluid remains the serologic test of choice for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. The significance and specificity of treponemal tests on spinal fluid remain to be established. Like all other laboratory tests, cerebrospinal fluid findings may be variable and an absolute diagnosis of neurosyphilis should not be made on the result of any one laboratory test alone, but should be viewed in light of all laboratory evidence, including serum serologic tests, and clinical findings.", "contents": "Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid in syphilis. In the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, a cerebrospinal fluid cell count or cerebrospinal fluid total protein are inconclusive by themselves, but together with a cerebrospinal fluid VDRL are of great diagnostic value. At present, the VDRL Slide Test on Spinal Fluid remains the serologic test of choice for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. The significance and specificity of treponemal tests on spinal fluid remain to be established. Like all other laboratory tests, cerebrospinal fluid findings may be variable and an absolute diagnosis of neurosyphilis should not be made on the result of any one laboratory test alone, but should be viewed in light of all laboratory evidence, including serum serologic tests, and clinical findings.", "PMID": 1017254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1709", "title": "Genital candidiasis: topical management with clotrimazole.", "content": "Clotrimazole was administered in the form of 100 mg tablets to patients with vaginal candidiasis, and in the form of a 1% solution to patients with cutaneous candidiasis of the genital and perigenital areas. The clinical and mycological response observed and the excellent tolerance and lack of side effects indicate that clotrimazole may be proposed as a treatment for candidiasis.", "contents": "Genital candidiasis: topical management with clotrimazole. Clotrimazole was administered in the form of 100 mg tablets to patients with vaginal candidiasis, and in the form of a 1% solution to patients with cutaneous candidiasis of the genital and perigenital areas. The clinical and mycological response observed and the excellent tolerance and lack of side effects indicate that clotrimazole may be proposed as a treatment for candidiasis.", "PMID": 1017256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1710", "title": "Familial malignant melanoma.", "content": "Two sisters simultaneously developed a superficial spreading malignant melanoma on their legs. Concurrently, a brother was affected with fatal metastatic melanoma. Several explanations for familial malignant melanoma are reviewed, including: 1. Genetically determined predisposition; ,2 Phenotypic and environmental factors; and 3. Infectious etiology (virus?). Relatives of patients who develop malignant melanoma spould be aware that they have a higher risk than the general population of developing this serious type of cancer.", "contents": "Familial malignant melanoma. Two sisters simultaneously developed a superficial spreading malignant melanoma on their legs. Concurrently, a brother was affected with fatal metastatic melanoma. Several explanations for familial malignant melanoma are reviewed, including: 1. Genetically determined predisposition; ,2 Phenotypic and environmental factors; and 3. Infectious etiology (virus?). Relatives of patients who develop malignant melanoma spould be aware that they have a higher risk than the general population of developing this serious type of cancer.", "PMID": 1017264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1711", "title": "Hidradenitis suppurativa occurring on the leg.", "content": "The case of a patient with a recurrent, painful ulceration on the lower leg, clinically and histologically resembling hidradenitis suppurativa, is presented. The fact that this site is devoid of apocrine glands supports the concept that apocrine involvement in hidradenitis suppurativa is coincidental and that these glands are involved secondarily. It is suggested that in this patient the pathogenesis of the disease is follicular occlusion rather than selective apocrine poral closure.", "contents": "Hidradenitis suppurativa occurring on the leg. The case of a patient with a recurrent, painful ulceration on the lower leg, clinically and histologically resembling hidradenitis suppurativa, is presented. The fact that this site is devoid of apocrine glands supports the concept that apocrine involvement in hidradenitis suppurativa is coincidental and that these glands are involved secondarily. It is suggested that in this patient the pathogenesis of the disease is follicular occlusion rather than selective apocrine poral closure.", "PMID": 1017265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1712", "title": "Photolocalized tinea facialis.", "content": "The case of a 34-year-old white woman with tinea facialis that persisted for nine months prior to diagnosis is presented. The confluent plaquelike erythematous eruption of the face with eyelid lichenification that flared outdoors was thought to represent polymorphic light eruption and was refractory to antibiotics, corticosteroids (topical and systemic), and antimalarials. A KOH preparation was positive when the dermatosis spilled onto the mandibular region, and restaining of the initial skin biopsy revealed fungal hyphae. Complete resolution was accomplished with griseofulvin and MicTin. Tinea cab be added to the list of infectious agents that have a photosensitivity component. The fungus possibly \"photolocalizes\" to sun-damaged areas, ie, areas of increased capillary permeability. This case illustrates the importance of including tinea in considering diagnoses of sun-exposed lesions of the face.", "contents": "Photolocalized tinea facialis. The case of a 34-year-old white woman with tinea facialis that persisted for nine months prior to diagnosis is presented. The confluent plaquelike erythematous eruption of the face with eyelid lichenification that flared outdoors was thought to represent polymorphic light eruption and was refractory to antibiotics, corticosteroids (topical and systemic), and antimalarials. A KOH preparation was positive when the dermatosis spilled onto the mandibular region, and restaining of the initial skin biopsy revealed fungal hyphae. Complete resolution was accomplished with griseofulvin and MicTin. Tinea cab be added to the list of infectious agents that have a photosensitivity component. The fungus possibly \"photolocalizes\" to sun-damaged areas, ie, areas of increased capillary permeability. This case illustrates the importance of including tinea in considering diagnoses of sun-exposed lesions of the face.", "PMID": 1017266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1713", "title": "Acanthosis nigricans and wart-like lesions associated with metastatic carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "A 63-year-old white man developed malignant acanthosis nigricans one year after a hemigastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Multiple \"wart-like\" lesions involving the dorsa of the hands, arms and trunk were also present. The malignant acanthosis nigricans in the patient appears to have paralledled the course of the metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Discrete verrucous lesions can occur in malignant acanthosis nigricans which histopathologically may show either squamous or basal cell hyperplasia.", "contents": "Acanthosis nigricans and wart-like lesions associated with metastatic carcinoma of the stomach. A 63-year-old white man developed malignant acanthosis nigricans one year after a hemigastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Multiple \"wart-like\" lesions involving the dorsa of the hands, arms and trunk were also present. The malignant acanthosis nigricans in the patient appears to have paralledled the course of the metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Discrete verrucous lesions can occur in malignant acanthosis nigricans which histopathologically may show either squamous or basal cell hyperplasia.", "PMID": 1017267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1714", "title": "Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans.", "content": "A 46-year-old Negro man with poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans is described. The disease progressed graduall.y for 22 years, with lesions appearing over the neck, trunk and extremities in an asymmetrical distribution, but it did not become lymphoma or collagen disease. Treatment did not appear to influence the course of the disease.", "contents": "Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans. A 46-year-old Negro man with poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans is described. The disease progressed graduall.y for 22 years, with lesions appearing over the neck, trunk and extremities in an asymmetrical distribution, but it did not become lymphoma or collagen disease. Treatment did not appear to influence the course of the disease.", "PMID": 1017268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1715", "title": "Painful pigmented prosthesis pressure papules.", "content": "Two patients who presented with tender hyperkeratotic papules involving their weight-bear.ing amputation stumps were studied. Although these clinical findings are common in the experience of prosthetists, the author has been unable to find any documentation of these findings in the literature. All attempts at relining and reshaping the cups of the original offending prostheses by experienced prosthetists were unsuccessful. The eruption cleared only after entirely new prostheses were designed. It would appear that this condition is due to a poorly fitting prosthesis.", "contents": "Painful pigmented prosthesis pressure papules. Two patients who presented with tender hyperkeratotic papules involving their weight-bear.ing amputation stumps were studied. Although these clinical findings are common in the experience of prosthetists, the author has been unable to find any documentation of these findings in the literature. All attempts at relining and reshaping the cups of the original offending prostheses by experienced prosthetists were unsuccessful. The eruption cleared only after entirely new prostheses were designed. It would appear that this condition is due to a poorly fitting prosthesis.", "PMID": 1017269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1716", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans.", "content": "Erythema chronicum migrans is characterized by an expanding erythematous band about an arthropod bite. While rare, it is an important disease to recognize because of its rapid response to even modest doses of antibiotics. This response and the association with arthropod bites suggest a microbial vector. Richettsial titers have been demonstrated in several cases but we were unable to show them in our patient, who we believe is the second reported case of erythema chronicum migrans incurred by an American without traveling abroad.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans. Erythema chronicum migrans is characterized by an expanding erythematous band about an arthropod bite. While rare, it is an important disease to recognize because of its rapid response to even modest doses of antibiotics. This response and the association with arthropod bites suggest a microbial vector. Richettsial titers have been demonstrated in several cases but we were unable to show them in our patient, who we believe is the second reported case of erythema chronicum migrans incurred by an American without traveling abroad.", "PMID": 1017270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1717", "title": "Superficial and deep granulomatous lesions caused by Trichophyton violaceum.", "content": "A patient with cutaneous and reticulo-endothelial lesions, lymphadenopathy and osteitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum is presented. Two types of skin lesions were found: 1. Erythematous, scaly plaques on the arms, chest and abdomen; 2. areas of diffuse infiltration, granulomatous ulceration, fistulation and destruction of the sternal bone. Long-term treatment with penicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and griseofulvin, gave temporary improvement.", "contents": "Superficial and deep granulomatous lesions caused by Trichophyton violaceum. A patient with cutaneous and reticulo-endothelial lesions, lymphadenopathy and osteitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum is presented. Two types of skin lesions were found: 1. Erythematous, scaly plaques on the arms, chest and abdomen; 2. areas of diffuse infiltration, granulomatous ulceration, fistulation and destruction of the sternal bone. Long-term treatment with penicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and griseofulvin, gave temporary improvement.", "PMID": 1017271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1718", "title": "Insect sting allergy.", "content": "Allergy to insect stings may be quite serious, and occasionally lethal. Evaluation of these patients involves careful history taking. Skin testing for the stinging insects is helpful both for diagnosis and finding a beginning dose for hyposensitizing injections. According to many reports, these injections have been very effective in preventing subsequent severe reactions to insect stings. Prompt emergency treatment usually involves adrenalin injections. Insect avoidance procedures are effective.", "contents": "Insect sting allergy. Allergy to insect stings may be quite serious, and occasionally lethal. Evaluation of these patients involves careful history taking. Skin testing for the stinging insects is helpful both for diagnosis and finding a beginning dose for hyposensitizing injections. According to many reports, these injections have been very effective in preventing subsequent severe reactions to insect stings. Prompt emergency treatment usually involves adrenalin injections. Insect avoidance procedures are effective.", "PMID": 1017275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1719", "title": "Allergic reactions to molds.", "content": "Allergy to mold is common, and results from inhalation of mold spores or ingestion of mold related foods. Mold spores are complex, hardy organisms capable of eliciting diverse immune responses and illnesses which may be mild or severe. Diagnosis and treatment with mold antigens are outlined and environmental recommendations made. Mechanisms of reactions to treatment of mold allergy are postulated.", "contents": "Allergic reactions to molds. Allergy to mold is common, and results from inhalation of mold spores or ingestion of mold related foods. Mold spores are complex, hardy organisms capable of eliciting diverse immune responses and illnesses which may be mild or severe. Diagnosis and treatment with mold antigens are outlined and environmental recommendations made. Mechanisms of reactions to treatment of mold allergy are postulated.", "PMID": 1017276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1720", "title": "Psoriasis: treatment with a tar gel.", "content": "Crude coal tar has long been an effective and safe form of therapy for psoriasis. However, as compounded in an ointment base it has many objectional features and usually is limited to hospital use. A new tar gel has been studied which appears to equal the effectiveness of crude coal tar, is convenient to apply, and is cosmetically acceptable. This new tar preparation is a valuable addition to the therapy of psoriasis.", "contents": "Psoriasis: treatment with a tar gel. Crude coal tar has long been an effective and safe form of therapy for psoriasis. However, as compounded in an ointment base it has many objectional features and usually is limited to hospital use. A new tar gel has been studied which appears to equal the effectiveness of crude coal tar, is convenient to apply, and is cosmetically acceptable. This new tar preparation is a valuable addition to the therapy of psoriasis.", "PMID": 1017281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1721", "title": "Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "A case report of a young girl with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is presented. The patient showed cutaneous and skeletal findings characteristic of the syndrome. Multiple basal cell carcinomas, rib abnormalities, along with clinical evidence of frontal bossing and ocular hypertelorism were the primary features of the syndrome in this patient. It is suggested that other characteristics of the syndrome, such as jaw cysts, palmar and plantar pitting and calcification of the falx cerebri will develop as the patient grows older. Careful observation, particularly for medulloblastoma and malignant degeneration and invasiveness of basal cell carcinomas, will be an integral part of this young patient's care.", "contents": "Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. A case report of a young girl with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is presented. The patient showed cutaneous and skeletal findings characteristic of the syndrome. Multiple basal cell carcinomas, rib abnormalities, along with clinical evidence of frontal bossing and ocular hypertelorism were the primary features of the syndrome in this patient. It is suggested that other characteristics of the syndrome, such as jaw cysts, palmar and plantar pitting and calcification of the falx cerebri will develop as the patient grows older. Careful observation, particularly for medulloblastoma and malignant degeneration and invasiveness of basal cell carcinomas, will be an integral part of this young patient's care.", "PMID": 1017290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1722", "title": "Erthropoietic protoporphyria: first report of cases in the American Nergo.", "content": "The first two cases of erthropoietic protoporphyria in the American Nergo are reported. The eruption was limited to the lips, subungual and periungual areas, which are relatively nonpigmented. Onset was at a later age and length of sun exposure required to produce symptoms was longer than that in most whites with the disease. The different presentation in Negroes is believed to be related to their increased pigmentation. Melanin appears to provide protection because of its free radical formation and absorption of 400 nm electromagnetic radiation.", "contents": "Erthropoietic protoporphyria: first report of cases in the American Nergo. The first two cases of erthropoietic protoporphyria in the American Nergo are reported. The eruption was limited to the lips, subungual and periungual areas, which are relatively nonpigmented. Onset was at a later age and length of sun exposure required to produce symptoms was longer than that in most whites with the disease. The different presentation in Negroes is believed to be related to their increased pigmentation. Melanin appears to provide protection because of its free radical formation and absorption of 400 nm electromagnetic radiation.", "PMID": 1017298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1723", "title": "The esthetics of hair transplantation.", "content": "There are many potential candidates, and greater attention to esthetic considerations has accelerated the interest in the hair transplantation field. Although discriminatory selection is essential, there are few interested patients who could not benefit from this procedure. Successful hair transplantation and patient satisfaction depend on the physician's skillful sustained concentration on the frontal hairline, tenacious motivation of the patient to seek a sufficient number of transplants, and the choice of a pleasing hair style with utilization of recommended grooming aids.", "contents": "The esthetics of hair transplantation. There are many potential candidates, and greater attention to esthetic considerations has accelerated the interest in the hair transplantation field. Although discriminatory selection is essential, there are few interested patients who could not benefit from this procedure. Successful hair transplantation and patient satisfaction depend on the physician's skillful sustained concentration on the frontal hairline, tenacious motivation of the patient to seek a sufficient number of transplants, and the choice of a pleasing hair style with utilization of recommended grooming aids.", "PMID": 1017299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1724", "title": "Skin changes and lesions in our senior citizens: incidences.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-three community volunteers were interviewed and examined. After a decade, the 69 survivors were again interviewed and examined. The incidences of their skin changes and lesions were recorded and interrelationships sought relative to internal and external signs of aging. Asteatosis of moderate or severe degree, large numbers of scrotal angiomas in men, and retention of nevi appeared to be associated with a relatively shortened life expectancy and may be signs of decline and approaching death in older individuals.", "contents": "Skin changes and lesions in our senior citizens: incidences. One hundred and sixty-three community volunteers were interviewed and examined. After a decade, the 69 survivors were again interviewed and examined. The incidences of their skin changes and lesions were recorded and interrelationships sought relative to internal and external signs of aging. Asteatosis of moderate or severe degree, large numbers of scrotal angiomas in men, and retention of nevi appeared to be associated with a relatively shortened life expectancy and may be signs of decline and approaching death in older individuals.", "PMID": 1017303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1725", "title": "Surgical management of herpes simplex keratitis.", "content": "The various surgical managements of herpes simplex keratitis are listed. Our management is \"atraumatic\" keratoplasty, if vision is reduced, if the disease is protracted, or if perforation occurs. Our preoperative care is aimed at the production of a quiet eye with no active virus infection, by the use of antiviral drops, steroids, antibiotics, and bandage contact lenses. Removal of all corneal disease is desirable, but not mandatory. Perforations are managed in the same manner, but the host window is started at the perforation. Postoperative management is characterized by the use of therapeutic modalities necessary to prevent or treat complications, including steroids and frequent observation to check for complications of treatment. Our understanding of herpes simplex virus infections as they relate to surgical management is presented. The results of treatment warrant continuation of our efforts--but lead to the conclusion that it would be most helpful if latent virus infection could be eradicated.", "contents": "Surgical management of herpes simplex keratitis. The various surgical managements of herpes simplex keratitis are listed. Our management is \"atraumatic\" keratoplasty, if vision is reduced, if the disease is protracted, or if perforation occurs. Our preoperative care is aimed at the production of a quiet eye with no active virus infection, by the use of antiviral drops, steroids, antibiotics, and bandage contact lenses. Removal of all corneal disease is desirable, but not mandatory. Perforations are managed in the same manner, but the host window is started at the perforation. Postoperative management is characterized by the use of therapeutic modalities necessary to prevent or treat complications, including steroids and frequent observation to check for complications of treatment. Our understanding of herpes simplex virus infections as they relate to surgical management is presented. The results of treatment warrant continuation of our efforts--but lead to the conclusion that it would be most helpful if latent virus infection could be eradicated.", "PMID": 1017311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1726", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum with carcinoid tumor.", "content": "A patient with the classic lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum was found on autopsy to have a carcinoid tumor of the ileum. The simultaneous occurrence of a carcinoid tumor with pyoderma gangrenosum is interesting because both conditions are associated with immunologic defects.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum with carcinoid tumor. A patient with the classic lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum was found on autopsy to have a carcinoid tumor of the ileum. The simultaneous occurrence of a carcinoid tumor with pyoderma gangrenosum is interesting because both conditions are associated with immunologic defects.", "PMID": 1017312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1727", "title": "Synthesis of nuclear acidic proteins in mature and immature avian erythrocytes.", "content": "The synthesis of the nuclear acidic proteins in immature and mature avian erythroid cells was compared. Synthesis of these proteins was found to occur in both types of cells. However, there are quantitative and qualitative differences in incorporation of labelled amino acids into the electrophoretic patterns of these proteins. There was an overall decline in the specific activity of the proteins as erythrocyte maturation proceeds. In particular, one protein band of molecular weight 81,000 is predominantly synthesizied in the immature cells but not in the mature cells.", "contents": "Synthesis of nuclear acidic proteins in mature and immature avian erythrocytes. The synthesis of the nuclear acidic proteins in immature and mature avian erythroid cells was compared. Synthesis of these proteins was found to occur in both types of cells. However, there are quantitative and qualitative differences in incorporation of labelled amino acids into the electrophoretic patterns of these proteins. There was an overall decline in the specific activity of the proteins as erythrocyte maturation proceeds. In particular, one protein band of molecular weight 81,000 is predominantly synthesizied in the immature cells but not in the mature cells.", "PMID": 1017314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1728", "title": "The DNA of Volvox carteri: a biophysical and biosynthetic characterization.", "content": "Various biophysical and biosynthetic characteristics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Volvox carteri are examined. The DNA from three strains (HK-10,NB-7 and KA-1) is compared, and all strains are shown to contain at least two distinct DNA species which band at densities of 1.714-1.715 and 1.704-1.705 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl and correspond to nuclear and \"cytoplasmic\" DNA, respectively. Base compositions calculated from these densities, 55-56% G+C for nuclear DNA, and 45-46% G+C for cytoplasmic DNA, are in close agreement with % G+C values estimated from thermal denaturation data. DNA from strain KA-1 has a third component with a buoyant density of 1.693 g/cm3. DNA synthesis is analysed using radioactively labelled heterogeneously grown strains of Volvox carteri and profiles obtained following preparative CsCl density gradient centrifugation are presented. In addition, dissimilarities in patterns of DNA synthesis at various periods in the asexual life cycle are reported for synchronous cultures of strain HK-10. These differences in temporal patterns of DNA synthesis clearly indicate that while nuclear DNA is make to some degree throughout the life cycle, cytoplasmic DNA synthesis appears to occur only at discrete intervals.", "contents": "The DNA of Volvox carteri: a biophysical and biosynthetic characterization. Various biophysical and biosynthetic characteristics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Volvox carteri are examined. The DNA from three strains (HK-10,NB-7 and KA-1) is compared, and all strains are shown to contain at least two distinct DNA species which band at densities of 1.714-1.715 and 1.704-1.705 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl and correspond to nuclear and \"cytoplasmic\" DNA, respectively. Base compositions calculated from these densities, 55-56% G+C for nuclear DNA, and 45-46% G+C for cytoplasmic DNA, are in close agreement with % G+C values estimated from thermal denaturation data. DNA from strain KA-1 has a third component with a buoyant density of 1.693 g/cm3. DNA synthesis is analysed using radioactively labelled heterogeneously grown strains of Volvox carteri and profiles obtained following preparative CsCl density gradient centrifugation are presented. In addition, dissimilarities in patterns of DNA synthesis at various periods in the asexual life cycle are reported for synchronous cultures of strain HK-10. These differences in temporal patterns of DNA synthesis clearly indicate that while nuclear DNA is make to some degree throughout the life cycle, cytoplasmic DNA synthesis appears to occur only at discrete intervals.", "PMID": 1017315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1729", "title": "Quantitative analysis of human chromosome segregation in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "The presumed random and independent process of human chromosome segregation in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids was studied. The results of chromosome analysis on 196 cells from 15 related hybrid strains have provided the first convincing evidence that segregation of human chromosomes can be nonindependent and often concordant. Different human chromosomes were not retained with equal frequency in these hybrid clones. Some were present in 80% of all the cells, whereas others appeared in less than 10% of the same cells. Linear regression analysis was used to test for correlation of the frequencies of all pair-wise combinations of human chromosomes present in these hybrid clones. Twenty-two of 136 possible correlations were statistically significant, indicating that concordant segregation of particular pairs of human chromosomes is a rather frequent occurrence.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of human chromosome segregation in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The presumed random and independent process of human chromosome segregation in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids was studied. The results of chromosome analysis on 196 cells from 15 related hybrid strains have provided the first convincing evidence that segregation of human chromosomes can be nonindependent and often concordant. Different human chromosomes were not retained with equal frequency in these hybrid clones. Some were present in 80% of all the cells, whereas others appeared in less than 10% of the same cells. Linear regression analysis was used to test for correlation of the frequencies of all pair-wise combinations of human chromosomes present in these hybrid clones. Twenty-two of 136 possible correlations were statistically significant, indicating that concordant segregation of particular pairs of human chromosomes is a rather frequent occurrence.", "PMID": 1017316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1730", "title": "Cytological demonstration of mitotic crossing-over in man.", "content": "Quadriradial (QR) configurations from four different human lymphocyte metaphase samples have been analyzed: a patient with Fanconi's anemia; normal female cells X-irradiated with 150 or 200 R in S or G2; spontaneous QRs occurring in 13,584 metaphases; and cells from two sibs with Bloom's syndrome. That mitotic chiasmata are caused by crossing-over rather than by random breakage and reunion was concluded from the following observations: (1) In the spontaneous sample, mitotic chiasmata are about as frequent as all other QRs together. (2) The frequencies of mitotic chiasmata and of other QRs are not correlated in the different samples. (3) The break points in other QRs are situated at random relative to chromosome length, whereas the distribution of chiasmata is highly nonrandom. (4) Although the centromeres of chromatid translocations occur in alternate and adjacent positions with approximately equal frequencies, there are very few adjacent counterparts to mitotic chiasmata. These can best be interpreted as a result of an abnormal U-type rejoining of chromatids in a chiasma. (5) Chiasmata found in heteromorphic chromosome pairs show that crossing-over has, indeed, taken place.", "contents": "Cytological demonstration of mitotic crossing-over in man. Quadriradial (QR) configurations from four different human lymphocyte metaphase samples have been analyzed: a patient with Fanconi's anemia; normal female cells X-irradiated with 150 or 200 R in S or G2; spontaneous QRs occurring in 13,584 metaphases; and cells from two sibs with Bloom's syndrome. That mitotic chiasmata are caused by crossing-over rather than by random breakage and reunion was concluded from the following observations: (1) In the spontaneous sample, mitotic chiasmata are about as frequent as all other QRs together. (2) The frequencies of mitotic chiasmata and of other QRs are not correlated in the different samples. (3) The break points in other QRs are situated at random relative to chromosome length, whereas the distribution of chiasmata is highly nonrandom. (4) Although the centromeres of chromatid translocations occur in alternate and adjacent positions with approximately equal frequencies, there are very few adjacent counterparts to mitotic chiasmata. These can best be interpreted as a result of an abnormal U-type rejoining of chromatids in a chiasma. (5) Chiasmata found in heteromorphic chromosome pairs show that crossing-over has, indeed, taken place.", "PMID": 1017317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1731", "title": "Chronobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of mesor-hypertension.", "content": "An elevation of systolic and diastolic bloodpressure to values regarded as abnormal ones on the basis of conventional criteria was recognized by self-measurement. For both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the overall means adjusted for rhythms, the so-called mesors, also were elevated in the light of their response to treatment: these mesors were found to be lowered with statistical significance when values during treatment were compared by an objective test with values measured before treatment. Individualized rhythmometry quantitatively characterizes a predictalbe portion of the variability in human blood pressure and tests for the statistical significance of changes in blood pressure as a function of the treatment and also as a function of the  circadian timing of such treatment. The case report thus illustrates an individualized chronotherapy of systolic and diastolic mesor-hypertension, diagnosed retrospectively from the tested effect of hydrochlorothiazide. In the case reported, and perhaps routinely, computer-analyzed self-measurements can serve 1) to prescribe the right kind and amount with the right timing, for a given therapy, and 2) for diagnosis and prevention as well (Meyer et al.; Halberg et al.).", "contents": "Chronobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of mesor-hypertension. An elevation of systolic and diastolic bloodpressure to values regarded as abnormal ones on the basis of conventional criteria was recognized by self-measurement. For both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the overall means adjusted for rhythms, the so-called mesors, also were elevated in the light of their response to treatment: these mesors were found to be lowered with statistical significance when values during treatment were compared by an objective test with values measured before treatment. Individualized rhythmometry quantitatively characterizes a predictalbe portion of the variability in human blood pressure and tests for the statistical significance of changes in blood pressure as a function of the treatment and also as a function of the  circadian timing of such treatment. The case report thus illustrates an individualized chronotherapy of systolic and diastolic mesor-hypertension, diagnosed retrospectively from the tested effect of hydrochlorothiazide. In the case reported, and perhaps routinely, computer-analyzed self-measurements can serve 1) to prescribe the right kind and amount with the right timing, for a given therapy, and 2) for diagnosis and prevention as well (Meyer et al.; Halberg et al.).", "PMID": 1017359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1732", "title": "Evidence for a circadian oscillation in the gonadal response of the tropical weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus) to programmed photoperiod.", "content": "The effect of an asymmetrical skeleton photoperiod scheduleee was studied on the gonadal development in a tropical finch, the weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus). The schedul comprised a short nonstimulatory primary photoperiod of 6 hrs and a secondary  much shorter lightperiod given as a 15-min light pulse at different times in the dark period. The light pulse 11 hrs after the basic period resulted in gonadal stimulation, while light pulse in contimuation with the basic period or 8, 14 or 21 hrs after the basicperiod was not stimulatory. The \"photoinducible phase\" was much more precisely outlined by shifting the birds from an 8-h to a 10-h pulse, and from an 11-h to 12-h pulse and was found to be very short, lasting about an hour falling between 11 and 12 hrs after the primary light period. The short photoinducible phase may be of an adaptive value since in the tropics the difference between the shortest and the longest daylength is also rather small (3 hrs and 15 min at Varanasi, 25degrees N). Clearly the weaver bird possesses a fine time-measuring device involving an endogenous circadian rhythm in photosensitivity. In nature, spermatogenesis in this bird also begins in March when the daylength exceeds 11 hrs (thus perhaps coinciding with the photoinducible phase). In rather small, photoperiod may not serve as a cue to trigger seasonal reproductive periodicity, it seems that photoperiod can act as a Zeitgeber for the initiation of spermatogenesis in the weaver bird at least.", "contents": "Evidence for a circadian oscillation in the gonadal response of the tropical weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus) to programmed photoperiod. The effect of an asymmetrical skeleton photoperiod scheduleee was studied on the gonadal development in a tropical finch, the weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus). The schedul comprised a short nonstimulatory primary photoperiod of 6 hrs and a secondary  much shorter lightperiod given as a 15-min light pulse at different times in the dark period. The light pulse 11 hrs after the basic period resulted in gonadal stimulation, while light pulse in contimuation with the basic period or 8, 14 or 21 hrs after the basicperiod was not stimulatory. The \"photoinducible phase\" was much more precisely outlined by shifting the birds from an 8-h to a 10-h pulse, and from an 11-h to 12-h pulse and was found to be very short, lasting about an hour falling between 11 and 12 hrs after the primary light period. The short photoinducible phase may be of an adaptive value since in the tropics the difference between the shortest and the longest daylength is also rather small (3 hrs and 15 min at Varanasi, 25degrees N). Clearly the weaver bird possesses a fine time-measuring device involving an endogenous circadian rhythm in photosensitivity. In nature, spermatogenesis in this bird also begins in March when the daylength exceeds 11 hrs (thus perhaps coinciding with the photoinducible phase). In rather small, photoperiod may not serve as a cue to trigger seasonal reproductive periodicity, it seems that photoperiod can act as a Zeitgeber for the initiation of spermatogenesis in the weaver bird at least.", "PMID": 1017360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1733", "title": "The role of pineal and eyes in the photoperiodic effect on the gonad of the medaka, Oryzias latipes.", "content": "Studies on gonadal development in the female medaka, Oryzias latipes, intact, blinded or blinded-pinealectomized, maintained on different lighting schedules, i.e. LD14:10 and LD 10:14 and under natural daylight conditions, revealed that: 1)blinded fish were capable of responding to annual photoperiodic shifts with alterations of gonadal development, if the pineal was left intact; 2)the mean gonosomatic index(GSI) was higher in blinded fish than in intact fish, during a period from October through April, under LD 14:10, LD 10:14 and the natural daylight conditions; 3)when reared under the natural daylight conditions, the mean GSI in blinded fish was approximately half of that in intact ones in May and June, although the values were significantly larger than those in fish examined during all the other seasons; and 4)in December, the mean GSI was larger in blinded-pinealectomized fish than in intact and blinded ones. These findings seem to indicate that, during the breeding season, the gonadal growth in the medaka is stimulated by the pineal blocking the inhibitory mechanism against the hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadotropic system, whereas during non-breeding seasons, the gonadal involution is induced by an anti-gonadal factor released by the pineal. It is likely that the effects of photoperiods are exerted on the pineal through the eyes.", "contents": "The role of pineal and eyes in the photoperiodic effect on the gonad of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Studies on gonadal development in the female medaka, Oryzias latipes, intact, blinded or blinded-pinealectomized, maintained on different lighting schedules, i.e. LD14:10 and LD 10:14 and under natural daylight conditions, revealed that: 1)blinded fish were capable of responding to annual photoperiodic shifts with alterations of gonadal development, if the pineal was left intact; 2)the mean gonosomatic index(GSI) was higher in blinded fish than in intact fish, during a period from October through April, under LD 14:10, LD 10:14 and the natural daylight conditions; 3)when reared under the natural daylight conditions, the mean GSI in blinded fish was approximately half of that in intact ones in May and June, although the values were significantly larger than those in fish examined during all the other seasons; and 4)in December, the mean GSI was larger in blinded-pinealectomized fish than in intact and blinded ones. These findings seem to indicate that, during the breeding season, the gonadal growth in the medaka is stimulated by the pineal blocking the inhibitory mechanism against the hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadotropic system, whereas during non-breeding seasons, the gonadal involution is induced by an anti-gonadal factor released by the pineal. It is likely that the effects of photoperiods are exerted on the pineal through the eyes.", "PMID": 1017361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1734", "title": "Antecedents of narcotic use and addiction. A study of 898 Vietnam veterans.", "content": "Previous studies of predictors of narcotic abuse have been retrospective and based on samples of long-term addicts obtained from legal or medical channels. There are several methodological problems in this approach. The present study is an attempt to test certain alleged predictors of narcotic use in a cohort of 898 Vietnam veterans. The design overcomes several of the methodological weaknesses of previous studies. Eight variables which have been reported as predictors of drug use or addiction in the drug literature were inquired about during a personal interview which included the premilitary life of each subject. The antecedent variables were socioeconomic background, inner city residence, psychiatric illness, broken home, race, employment history, education and antisocial history. Using information obtained from interviews and military records, we then tested the predictive value of each of these antecedents by comparing narcotic used and addiction in Vietman and use after Vietnam in men differing with respect to each antecedent. Results indicate that some of the variables were very poor, and others very good predictors of the various levels of narcotic involvement. The predictive value and overall importance of each of the variables we tested are discussed.", "contents": "Antecedents of narcotic use and addiction. A study of 898 Vietnam veterans. Previous studies of predictors of narcotic abuse have been retrospective and based on samples of long-term addicts obtained from legal or medical channels. There are several methodological problems in this approach. The present study is an attempt to test certain alleged predictors of narcotic use in a cohort of 898 Vietnam veterans. The design overcomes several of the methodological weaknesses of previous studies. Eight variables which have been reported as predictors of drug use or addiction in the drug literature were inquired about during a personal interview which included the premilitary life of each subject. The antecedent variables were socioeconomic background, inner city residence, psychiatric illness, broken home, race, employment history, education and antisocial history. Using information obtained from interviews and military records, we then tested the predictive value of each of these antecedents by comparing narcotic used and addiction in Vietman and use after Vietnam in men differing with respect to each antecedent. Results indicate that some of the variables were very poor, and others very good predictors of the various levels of narcotic involvement. The predictive value and overall importance of each of the variables we tested are discussed.", "PMID": 1017369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1735", "title": "Treatment effectiveness as judged by successfully and unsuccessfully treated alcoholics.", "content": "Thirty-seven successfully and 46 unsuccessfully treated male alcoholics were asked to judge the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of six treatment methods routinely offered by a state hospital. For each treatment method, the total frequencies of judgments of most and least helpful, respectively, were as follows: detoxification (16%, 14%), lectures (16%, 20%), group therapy (54%, 7%), individual counseling (26%, 6%), work therapy (17%, 22%) and family therapy (13%, 14%). The two groups of subjects differed significantly in the frequencies of treatment methods judged to be \"least helpful\", but not in the frequencies of \"most helpful\" treatment. The similarity between the judgments of successfully and unsuccessfully treated alcoholics might reflect the positive effects of previous treatment in the unsuccessful group.", "contents": "Treatment effectiveness as judged by successfully and unsuccessfully treated alcoholics. Thirty-seven successfully and 46 unsuccessfully treated male alcoholics were asked to judge the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of six treatment methods routinely offered by a state hospital. For each treatment method, the total frequencies of judgments of most and least helpful, respectively, were as follows: detoxification (16%, 14%), lectures (16%, 20%), group therapy (54%, 7%), individual counseling (26%, 6%), work therapy (17%, 22%) and family therapy (13%, 14%). The two groups of subjects differed significantly in the frequencies of treatment methods judged to be \"least helpful\", but not in the frequencies of \"most helpful\" treatment. The similarity between the judgments of successfully and unsuccessfully treated alcoholics might reflect the positive effects of previous treatment in the unsuccessful group.", "PMID": 1017371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1736", "title": "Addicts' attitudes toward drugs: a semantic-differential study.", "content": "The Drug Rating Scale, an adaptation of the Osgood semantic-differential technique, was devised to measure the connotative aspects of attitudes toward drugs. Sixty-two heroin-addict clients and fourteen staff members of the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic completed the Scale. The Addict group tended to regard heroin in a negative light, possibly consistent with their own lack of self-esteem. Amphetamines and LSD had the greatest distance from heroin in the addicts' \"semantic space\"; this was consistent with addicts' relative preference for alternative drugs to heroin. The evaluative and activity dimensions provided a plausible assignment of the eight drugs inquired about into four quadrants.", "contents": "Addicts' attitudes toward drugs: a semantic-differential study. The Drug Rating Scale, an adaptation of the Osgood semantic-differential technique, was devised to measure the connotative aspects of attitudes toward drugs. Sixty-two heroin-addict clients and fourteen staff members of the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic completed the Scale. The Addict group tended to regard heroin in a negative light, possibly consistent with their own lack of self-esteem. Amphetamines and LSD had the greatest distance from heroin in the addicts' \"semantic space\"; this was consistent with addicts' relative preference for alternative drugs to heroin. The evaluative and activity dimensions provided a plausible assignment of the eight drugs inquired about into four quadrants.", "PMID": 1017372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1737", "title": "Reassessing the goal of drug education: diversity of preference among teachers and students.", "content": "Most of the proponents of drug education assume that the primary objective of such programs is to deter student drug use. To test this assumption, administrators, students and teachers from six public school districts were surveyed about what they thought the primary role of the school should be. While most administrators and teachers thought that the school's role should be limited to developing responsible attitudes or providing drug information, students selected a more diverse set of objectives for the schools. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Reassessing the goal of drug education: diversity of preference among teachers and students. Most of the proponents of drug education assume that the primary objective of such programs is to deter student drug use. To test this assumption, administrators, students and teachers from six public school districts were surveyed about what they thought the primary role of the school should be. While most administrators and teachers thought that the school's role should be limited to developing responsible attitudes or providing drug information, students selected a more diverse set of objectives for the schools. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1017373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1738", "title": "Metabolic disposition of 2-phenylethylamine and the role of depression in methadone-dependent and detoxified patients.", "content": "We have now postulated that differences in the innate capacity of individuals to synthesize, store and utilize biogenic amines may provide the biological basis for human abuse of narcotic and other drugs, and that these drugs are used in an apparent unconscious effort to self-medicate against an inherent affective disorder. In this communication, we attempted a preliminary characterization of the narcotics withdrawal syndrome on biochemical and clinical parameters. Abstinence was found to be characterized by low urinary excretion of 2-phenylethylamine and depression. An indication for use of tricyclic drugs has been discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic disposition of 2-phenylethylamine and the role of depression in methadone-dependent and detoxified patients. We have now postulated that differences in the innate capacity of individuals to synthesize, store and utilize biogenic amines may provide the biological basis for human abuse of narcotic and other drugs, and that these drugs are used in an apparent unconscious effort to self-medicate against an inherent affective disorder. In this communication, we attempted a preliminary characterization of the narcotics withdrawal syndrome on biochemical and clinical parameters. Abstinence was found to be characterized by low urinary excretion of 2-phenylethylamine and depression. An indication for use of tricyclic drugs has been discussed.", "PMID": 1017374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1739", "title": "Neurological assessment of patients on prolonged methadone maintenance.", "content": "Medical histories, neurological examinations and electroencephalograms of 25 methadone-maintained subjects were compared with those of 25 abstinent controls. Comparisons on all measures failed to show significant differences between groups. The incidence of abnormalities was low for all subjects. None of the observed conditions appeared to involve methadone in their etiology.", "contents": "Neurological assessment of patients on prolonged methadone maintenance. Medical histories, neurological examinations and electroencephalograms of 25 methadone-maintained subjects were compared with those of 25 abstinent controls. Comparisons on all measures failed to show significant differences between groups. The incidence of abnormalities was low for all subjects. None of the observed conditions appeared to involve methadone in their etiology.", "PMID": 1017375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1740", "title": "Clinical pharmacological studies with 6-azidomorphine.", "content": "The intravenous (i.v.) administration of 4 mug/kg 6-deoxy-6-dihydroazido-isomorphine (6-AM) base to healthy, young adult male volunteers caused no circulatory and relatively little, short-lasting respiratory depression. Of the ten volunteers all felt lightheaded, two became euphoric and when they became ambulatory at the end of the experiment, three vomited and two other became nauseated. The intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the same dose of 6-AM had considerable analgesic effect against various types of experimental pain. It was more effective against ischemic pain, than against pain induced by electrical stimulation of the earlobe or the tooth pulp and it effected severe pain more than mild or moderate pain. In the six subjects investigated, 6-AM produced significant myosis. Of the 16 subjects who received 4 mug/kg 6-AM i.m. five experienced mild euphoria, two felt lightheaded, six became pale and sweaty in the course of the experiments carried out in the sitting position. When they becam ambulatory after the completion of the experiments, two subjects vomited and six others became nauseated. The findings of this study indicate that 6-AM causes less circulatory and respiratory depression than is to be expected from equianalgetic doses of morphine. Its other side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting) are also less frequent and severe than those encountered after the administration of comparable doses of morphine to ambulating volunteers.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacological studies with 6-azidomorphine. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of 4 mug/kg 6-deoxy-6-dihydroazido-isomorphine (6-AM) base to healthy, young adult male volunteers caused no circulatory and relatively little, short-lasting respiratory depression. Of the ten volunteers all felt lightheaded, two became euphoric and when they became ambulatory at the end of the experiment, three vomited and two other became nauseated. The intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the same dose of 6-AM had considerable analgesic effect against various types of experimental pain. It was more effective against ischemic pain, than against pain induced by electrical stimulation of the earlobe or the tooth pulp and it effected severe pain more than mild or moderate pain. In the six subjects investigated, 6-AM produced significant myosis. Of the 16 subjects who received 4 mug/kg 6-AM i.m. five experienced mild euphoria, two felt lightheaded, six became pale and sweaty in the course of the experiments carried out in the sitting position. When they becam ambulatory after the completion of the experiments, two subjects vomited and six others became nauseated. The findings of this study indicate that 6-AM causes less circulatory and respiratory depression than is to be expected from equianalgetic doses of morphine. Its other side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting) are also less frequent and severe than those encountered after the administration of comparable doses of morphine to ambulating volunteers.", "PMID": 1017377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1741", "title": "Seven attitude scales used in assessing cannabis use amongst students.", "content": "A number of newly constructed attitude measures are described and correlated with two previously established measures, on a sample of 830 university students. Scales were devised to measure political orientation, permissive-restrictiveness, puritan ethic, parental congruence and extra-intra punitiveness. In addition a checklist concerned with degree of social and political activity, a modified (shortened) version of Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test, Srole's Test of Anomie (complete), and the shortened form of the E.P.I. were used. Item loadings on the main facotr in each scale and overall correlations between the scales are given.", "contents": "Seven attitude scales used in assessing cannabis use amongst students. A number of newly constructed attitude measures are described and correlated with two previously established measures, on a sample of 830 university students. Scales were devised to measure political orientation, permissive-restrictiveness, puritan ethic, parental congruence and extra-intra punitiveness. In addition a checklist concerned with degree of social and political activity, a modified (shortened) version of Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test, Srole's Test of Anomie (complete), and the shortened form of the E.P.I. were used. Item loadings on the main facotr in each scale and overall correlations between the scales are given.", "PMID": 1017378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1742", "title": "Neuronal depletion in the globus pallidus of heroin addicts.", "content": "Decreased neuronal population densities are described in the globus pallidus of narcotic addicts. Toxicologic studies indicate mixed addiction to be frequent, but exposure to parenteral heroin is the only common factor. This permanent brain damage seems more likely to be caused by recurrent episodes of hypoxia during severe reactions to narcotics than to be related to direct neurotoxic effects of heroin. The lesion may account for some of the long term changes observed in addicts.", "contents": "Neuronal depletion in the globus pallidus of heroin addicts. Decreased neuronal population densities are described in the globus pallidus of narcotic addicts. Toxicologic studies indicate mixed addiction to be frequent, but exposure to parenteral heroin is the only common factor. This permanent brain damage seems more likely to be caused by recurrent episodes of hypoxia during severe reactions to narcotics than to be related to direct neurotoxic effects of heroin. The lesion may account for some of the long term changes observed in addicts.", "PMID": 1017379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1743", "title": "Motivation for alcohol in rats: position and bottle preferences do not cause drinking.", "content": "Position preference, i.e., the tendency to drink from onelocation rather than the other, was found to be relatively unimportant in determining the drinking behavior of rats presented with a choice between water and a 7% (v/v) ethanol solution in typical two-bottle choice situations. It accounted for essentially none of the variance in rats generally drinking more alcohol solution than water after prolonged previous alcohol experience, and in rats consuming very little alcohol; only in rats drinking slightly less alcohol solution than water was it found to have an influence. Similarly, bottle preference, i.e., the tendency to drink from one of the two bottles regardless of its position or contents, andposition preference were found to have almost no effect on heavy-drinking rats even on their first day of exposure and on low-drinking rats after about three days of access to alcohol.", "contents": "Motivation for alcohol in rats: position and bottle preferences do not cause drinking. Position preference, i.e., the tendency to drink from onelocation rather than the other, was found to be relatively unimportant in determining the drinking behavior of rats presented with a choice between water and a 7% (v/v) ethanol solution in typical two-bottle choice situations. It accounted for essentially none of the variance in rats generally drinking more alcohol solution than water after prolonged previous alcohol experience, and in rats consuming very little alcohol; only in rats drinking slightly less alcohol solution than water was it found to have an influence. Similarly, bottle preference, i.e., the tendency to drink from one of the two bottles regardless of its position or contents, andposition preference were found to have almost no effect on heavy-drinking rats even on their first day of exposure and on low-drinking rats after about three days of access to alcohol.", "PMID": 1017380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1744", "title": "The drinking habits of residents of a rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option: a preliminary report.", "content": "Residents of an alcoholism rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option were asked to give daily reports on their drinking. Program staff were also asked to report evide-ce of resident drinking. A comparison of information from these two sources showed, among other things, that residents were generally reluctant to report drinking which was proscribed the the program. Such drinking as was reported varied from isolated, non-problematic, small quantity drinking, to heavy, regular and problem-producing drinking. In general, residents' drinking did not prevent them from work while in residence. The men's reluctance to report proscribed drinking is seen as largely accounted for by the system of fines for intoxication and drinking without rights. It is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.t is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.", "contents": "The drinking habits of residents of a rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option: a preliminary report. Residents of an alcoholism rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option were asked to give daily reports on their drinking. Program staff were also asked to report evide-ce of resident drinking. A comparison of information from these two sources showed, among other things, that residents were generally reluctant to report drinking which was proscribed the the program. Such drinking as was reported varied from isolated, non-problematic, small quantity drinking, to heavy, regular and problem-producing drinking. In general, residents' drinking did not prevent them from work while in residence. The men's reluctance to report proscribed drinking is seen as largely accounted for by the system of fines for intoxication and drinking without rights. It is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.t is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.", "PMID": 1017381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1745", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of amphetamines in rat parotid saliva.", "content": "Amphetamines, a commonly abused class of drugs, have been detected in various biological specimens, in particular, urine and blood. However, little information is available concerning the detection of these drugs in saliva. This investigation, utilizing the rat salivary secretions, has been attempted to establish the ability of amphetamines to be secreted in saliva and to determine the feasibility of using radioimmunoassay (RIA) for drug detection in saliva. The results of this investigation showed that (1) d-amphetamine and methamphetamine decreased salivary flow, (2) after d-amphetamine RIA tests were demonstrated in both saliva and plasma for a period of fifty minutes, and (3) positive RIA reactions were obtained by the following metamphetamine metabolites: amphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine. Methamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine were found to be non-reactive in the radioimmunoassay procedure. The results indicate that saliva could be radioimmunoassayed for the detection of amphetamine or amphetamine derivatives after the administration of either d-amphetamine and methamphetamine.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of amphetamines in rat parotid saliva. Amphetamines, a commonly abused class of drugs, have been detected in various biological specimens, in particular, urine and blood. However, little information is available concerning the detection of these drugs in saliva. This investigation, utilizing the rat salivary secretions, has been attempted to establish the ability of amphetamines to be secreted in saliva and to determine the feasibility of using radioimmunoassay (RIA) for drug detection in saliva. The results of this investigation showed that (1) d-amphetamine and methamphetamine decreased salivary flow, (2) after d-amphetamine RIA tests were demonstrated in both saliva and plasma for a period of fifty minutes, and (3) positive RIA reactions were obtained by the following metamphetamine metabolites: amphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine. Methamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine were found to be non-reactive in the radioimmunoassay procedure. The results indicate that saliva could be radioimmunoassayed for the detection of amphetamine or amphetamine derivatives after the administration of either d-amphetamine and methamphetamine.", "PMID": 1017382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1746", "title": "A sociological theory of the diffusion and social setting of opiate addiction.", "content": "The theory presented here is intended to apply to socially deprived areas where heroin addiction is endemic, narcotics are available, and adolescents are not naive about the consequences of heroin use. In such settings rapid epidemic changes occur in which within a short period of time large numbers are involved. The transition of heroin use is a conversion-type phemonenon which is facilitated by the basic belief system, the network of social circles and the social and psychological inducements for compliance.", "contents": "A sociological theory of the diffusion and social setting of opiate addiction. The theory presented here is intended to apply to socially deprived areas where heroin addiction is endemic, narcotics are available, and adolescents are not naive about the consequences of heroin use. In such settings rapid epidemic changes occur in which within a short period of time large numbers are involved. The transition of heroin use is a conversion-type phemonenon which is facilitated by the basic belief system, the network of social circles and the social and psychological inducements for compliance.", "PMID": 1017383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1747", "title": "Experiences of a methadone detoxification programme for opium addicts.", "content": "The conduction of a new programme of methadone detoxification of opium addicts in a general hospital setting is described. A blind technique of dispensing methadone in a powdered form mixed with powdered aspirin to two groups of opium addicts was used: Group A were given a gradual reduction of the methadone over a period of ten days, while group B were maintained on the initial stabilising dose for the ten days and then abruptly withdrawn from methadone on the eleventh day. It was observed that the number of complaints and abstinence symptoms was markedly reduced in Group B. It is suggested that this technique is a major improvement over the standard progressive reduction method of methadone detoxification. A follow-up of these patients over a period of 1 1/2 years is reported.", "contents": "Experiences of a methadone detoxification programme for opium addicts. The conduction of a new programme of methadone detoxification of opium addicts in a general hospital setting is described. A blind technique of dispensing methadone in a powdered form mixed with powdered aspirin to two groups of opium addicts was used: Group A were given a gradual reduction of the methadone over a period of ten days, while group B were maintained on the initial stabilising dose for the ten days and then abruptly withdrawn from methadone on the eleventh day. It was observed that the number of complaints and abstinence symptoms was markedly reduced in Group B. It is suggested that this technique is a major improvement over the standard progressive reduction method of methadone detoxification. A follow-up of these patients over a period of 1 1/2 years is reported.", "PMID": 1017384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1748", "title": "The impact of methadone and drug-free treatment on criminal behavior.", "content": "The present study was initiated to evaluate the effect of methadone versus drug-free treatment on a series of criminal involvement measures. A 50% random sample of the 776 clients who had registered with the Central Intake Unit over a one year period was selected for intensive study. Data were collected through examination of intake and treatment files for pre- and post-admission time periods. Arrest, conviction and incarceration rates as well as correctional status were measured and compared across pre-treatment, intake and three month post-intake periods. The arrest rate for the total sample decreased radically from 92.8% upon entering treatment to 8% after three months in treatment. The subsequent rates at 6, 9 and 12 months decreased in a fairly consistent manner. This trend was similar in the methadone, drug-free, and methadone/drug-free groups for either arrests, convictions or incarceration rates with time in treatment. The relationship between arrests and employment and drug use was also examined. No association was found between use of opiates as measured by urinalysis results and frequency of arrest. Similarly, arrest rates showed no significant association with employment rates during the first nine months of treatment, although the comparison at twelve months was significant with only 16.7% of those employed clients being arrested.", "contents": "The impact of methadone and drug-free treatment on criminal behavior. The present study was initiated to evaluate the effect of methadone versus drug-free treatment on a series of criminal involvement measures. A 50% random sample of the 776 clients who had registered with the Central Intake Unit over a one year period was selected for intensive study. Data were collected through examination of intake and treatment files for pre- and post-admission time periods. Arrest, conviction and incarceration rates as well as correctional status were measured and compared across pre-treatment, intake and three month post-intake periods. The arrest rate for the total sample decreased radically from 92.8% upon entering treatment to 8% after three months in treatment. The subsequent rates at 6, 9 and 12 months decreased in a fairly consistent manner. This trend was similar in the methadone, drug-free, and methadone/drug-free groups for either arrests, convictions or incarceration rates with time in treatment. The relationship between arrests and employment and drug use was also examined. No association was found between use of opiates as measured by urinalysis results and frequency of arrest. Similarly, arrest rates showed no significant association with employment rates during the first nine months of treatment, although the comparison at twelve months was significant with only 16.7% of those employed clients being arrested.", "PMID": 1017385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1749", "title": "Drug abuse: a manifestation of the cyclic nature of human behavior.", "content": "The authors conclude that a cyclic pattern of drug use behavior can be documented in a given population. While such a study provides a microcosmic view of such behavior, it is postulated that this same cyclic pattern was experienced in the macrocosm of society at large by drug-abusing populations over centuries past.", "contents": "Drug abuse: a manifestation of the cyclic nature of human behavior. The authors conclude that a cyclic pattern of drug use behavior can be documented in a given population. While such a study provides a microcosmic view of such behavior, it is postulated that this same cyclic pattern was experienced in the macrocosm of society at large by drug-abusing populations over centuries past.", "PMID": 1017386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1750", "title": "A study on the personality characteristics of Iranian addicts.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to investigate the personality characteristics of addicts in Iran and to investigate the applicability of the Persian version of the Manson Evaluation Scale in a sample of 107 hospitalized male addicts as compared with a group of 90 non-addicts. All MES values attained statistically significant t-value at or better than 0.01 level of confidence between the two groups. The study supports findings in Western socities except that our sample exhibits psychoneurotic traits more than psychopathic trends.", "contents": "A study on the personality characteristics of Iranian addicts. The present study was undertaken to investigate the personality characteristics of addicts in Iran and to investigate the applicability of the Persian version of the Manson Evaluation Scale in a sample of 107 hospitalized male addicts as compared with a group of 90 non-addicts. All MES values attained statistically significant t-value at or better than 0.01 level of confidence between the two groups. The study supports findings in Western socities except that our sample exhibits psychoneurotic traits more than psychopathic trends.", "PMID": 1017387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1751", "title": "[Possibilities for information processing and operations simplification in multidimensional tasks of morphokinetic synthesis].", "content": "The authors propose an iterative method for separating classes of objects by reduction of multidimentional space of sings, which describe objects by twodimentional space of two integral processings of the differences between sings. For this purpose the differences are evaluated by three steps rating: positive difference, negative difference and no difference. The proposed iterative algorhythm allows by finite and a small number of procedures to remove indeterminace which in the general case is contained in the so defined on the work integral processings. The application of the algorhythm does not require a special mathematical training. Represantation of the objects by integral characteristics is made in twodimentional space. In the paper the report the authors give a generalization for the case of M-steps rating for evaluation of the differences between the signs of the objects.", "contents": "[Possibilities for information processing and operations simplification in multidimensional tasks of morphokinetic synthesis]. The authors propose an iterative method for separating classes of objects by reduction of multidimentional space of sings, which describe objects by twodimentional space of two integral processings of the differences between sings. For this purpose the differences are evaluated by three steps rating: positive difference, negative difference and no difference. The proposed iterative algorhythm allows by finite and a small number of procedures to remove indeterminace which in the general case is contained in the so defined on the work integral processings. The application of the algorhythm does not require a special mathematical training. Represantation of the objects by integral characteristics is made in twodimentional space. In the paper the report the authors give a generalization for the case of M-steps rating for evaluation of the differences between the signs of the objects.", "PMID": 1017407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1752", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of carbon tetrachloride poisoned liver in the presence of iron loading].", "content": "The author examined the influence of abnormal amounts of iron on the development of early fibrosis (14th day), early and advanced cirrhosis (45th and 90th day) in liver esperimentaly damaged by carbon tetrachloride by means of morphological and histochemical methods. On the basis of the obtained data she could suggest that while at early stages iron did not have significant influence on the rate of development and gravity of the pathologic process, later (advanced cirrhosis) the changes were less manifested. She asumed that three valence iron, administered in the organism of the animals intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride, improved the course of the metabolic processes in the damaged liver cells, a manifestation of which was later and weaker development of the cirrhotic process.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of carbon tetrachloride poisoned liver in the presence of iron loading]. The author examined the influence of abnormal amounts of iron on the development of early fibrosis (14th day), early and advanced cirrhosis (45th and 90th day) in liver esperimentaly damaged by carbon tetrachloride by means of morphological and histochemical methods. On the basis of the obtained data she could suggest that while at early stages iron did not have significant influence on the rate of development and gravity of the pathologic process, later (advanced cirrhosis) the changes were less manifested. She asumed that three valence iron, administered in the organism of the animals intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride, improved the course of the metabolic processes in the damaged liver cells, a manifestation of which was later and weaker development of the cirrhotic process.", "PMID": 1017408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1753", "title": "[Structuro-functional parallels in several liver lesions in rats resulting from dietary protein deficiency].", "content": "The authors examined 60 white rats of the Wistar strain with initial age of four monts and weight of 200 -- 15 gm, subjected to deficient food regime with varous protein content (5.74%, 11.48%, but the control was 17.50% of protein) for a period of 16 weeks. After this period half of the animals were stimulated by an antigen -- 10% of human gamma globulin. They determined total protein and protein fractions in serum, histological changes in liver and some morphometric indices. It was established that there was a correlation between the level of serum proteins and the observed changes in liver parenchyma and mesenchyma, in which the factor \"protein deficit\" had significantly greater effect than the factor \"heterologous serum protein\" as an antigenic stimulus.", "contents": "[Structuro-functional parallels in several liver lesions in rats resulting from dietary protein deficiency]. The authors examined 60 white rats of the Wistar strain with initial age of four monts and weight of 200 -- 15 gm, subjected to deficient food regime with varous protein content (5.74%, 11.48%, but the control was 17.50% of protein) for a period of 16 weeks. After this period half of the animals were stimulated by an antigen -- 10% of human gamma globulin. They determined total protein and protein fractions in serum, histological changes in liver and some morphometric indices. It was established that there was a correlation between the level of serum proteins and the observed changes in liver parenchyma and mesenchyma, in which the factor \"protein deficit\" had significantly greater effect than the factor \"heterologous serum protein\" as an antigenic stimulus.", "PMID": 1017409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1754", "title": "[Changes in myocardial activity of several enzymes of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentosephosphate shunt in rats with experimental hypertension].", "content": "The authors examined dynamicaly from the third day to the third month the activity of enzymes, participating in glycolysis (ALD, PK, LDH), pentosemonophosphate shunt (G6P-DH), citric cycle (MDH, INDH) in the myocardium of rats with hypertension, induced by the method of Selye, modified by Kolarova. There were phase changes in enzymatic activity in the myocardium, manifested at the first stages by lowering (LDH, ALD, INDH) or elevation (MDH, PK, G6-DH). The activity of all examined enzymes was over that of the control group on the thirteenth day, while there were also oscillations on the nineteenth day. Only the actimity of G6-DH revealed a progressive elevation during the whole experimental period. The changes in the enzymic activity of the myocardium at the first stages were interpreted as a sign of nonspecific adaptation to the changed conditions of heart activity. The later changes were manifestations of the disturbances at various metabolic links, which were unevenly involved in the processes of myocardial hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Changes in myocardial activity of several enzymes of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentosephosphate shunt in rats with experimental hypertension]. The authors examined dynamicaly from the third day to the third month the activity of enzymes, participating in glycolysis (ALD, PK, LDH), pentosemonophosphate shunt (G6P-DH), citric cycle (MDH, INDH) in the myocardium of rats with hypertension, induced by the method of Selye, modified by Kolarova. There were phase changes in enzymatic activity in the myocardium, manifested at the first stages by lowering (LDH, ALD, INDH) or elevation (MDH, PK, G6-DH). The activity of all examined enzymes was over that of the control group on the thirteenth day, while there were also oscillations on the nineteenth day. Only the actimity of G6-DH revealed a progressive elevation during the whole experimental period. The changes in the enzymic activity of the myocardium at the first stages were interpreted as a sign of nonspecific adaptation to the changed conditions of heart activity. The later changes were manifestations of the disturbances at various metabolic links, which were unevenly involved in the processes of myocardial hypertrophy.", "PMID": 1017410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1755", "title": "[Effect of preparation TB-68 on spermatopoiesis in rats (autoradiographic study)].", "content": "Male mature rats were treated per of with TB-68 and intraperitonealy with 3H-thymidine during 7 and 12 days. By means of statistical count of labelled cells in semi niferous tubules a considerable increase of DNA replicating cells in experimental animals was established. The higher percentage of labelled calls reveales an stimulating effect of TB-68 concerning the spermatogonial proliferation, some acceleration of the meiosis and positive influence of the spermatopoiesis as a whole.", "contents": "[Effect of preparation TB-68 on spermatopoiesis in rats (autoradiographic study)]. Male mature rats were treated per of with TB-68 and intraperitonealy with 3H-thymidine during 7 and 12 days. By means of statistical count of labelled cells in semi niferous tubules a considerable increase of DNA replicating cells in experimental animals was established. The higher percentage of labelled calls reveales an stimulating effect of TB-68 concerning the spermatogonial proliferation, some acceleration of the meiosis and positive influence of the spermatopoiesis as a whole.", "PMID": 1017411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1756", "title": "[Effect of arpenal on the EMG-potentials of the anterior tibial muscle in cats during acute phosdrine poisoning].", "content": "The authors examined the changes in the nerve-muscular conductivit occuring after acute poisoning with phosdrine and treatment with arpenal and oximic reacytivators of HE-toxogonine and TMB-4 on 20 cats, anesthethised with urethane and atropine protection under the conditions of artificinal respiration. They found that there was a total nerve-muscular block cessation of the mediation in the myoneural synaptic zones, characterized by complete cessation also of the induced electrical responses after single and serial stimuli, during acute intoxications with phosdrine, used in lethal doses of 300 mg/kg intramuscularly. After treatment with H-cholinolitics (arpenal) there was a quick recovery of the muscle contractions as well as of the evoked myopotentials after stimulation with single electric stimuli. In contrast to the oximnic reactivators of He (toxogonine, TMB-4) during serial electric stimuli (10,20 and 30 per second after treatment with arpenal there was a quick contraction only after the first stimulus, after which a progresive weakening of the induced electric myopotentials followed till the appearence of a total nerve-muscular block. This phenomenon was explained by the lack of reactivating properties of H-cholinolitics to HE, inhibited by FOV.", "contents": "[Effect of arpenal on the EMG-potentials of the anterior tibial muscle in cats during acute phosdrine poisoning]. The authors examined the changes in the nerve-muscular conductivit occuring after acute poisoning with phosdrine and treatment with arpenal and oximic reacytivators of HE-toxogonine and TMB-4 on 20 cats, anesthethised with urethane and atropine protection under the conditions of artificinal respiration. They found that there was a total nerve-muscular block cessation of the mediation in the myoneural synaptic zones, characterized by complete cessation also of the induced electrical responses after single and serial stimuli, during acute intoxications with phosdrine, used in lethal doses of 300 mg/kg intramuscularly. After treatment with H-cholinolitics (arpenal) there was a quick recovery of the muscle contractions as well as of the evoked myopotentials after stimulation with single electric stimuli. In contrast to the oximnic reactivators of He (toxogonine, TMB-4) during serial electric stimuli (10,20 and 30 per second after treatment with arpenal there was a quick contraction only after the first stimulus, after which a progresive weakening of the induced electric myopotentials followed till the appearence of a total nerve-muscular block. This phenomenon was explained by the lack of reactivating properties of H-cholinolitics to HE, inhibited by FOV.", "PMID": 1017412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1757", "title": "Physiologic basis and interpretation of common indices of respiratory mechanical function.", "content": "Tests of pulmonary mechanical function may be used in determining the prominent site of pulmonary reaction to intervention. Responses may be localized from a knowledge of changes in lung resistance and compliance. A peripheral airway or parenchymal response is characterized by a decrease in lung compliance. A central airway reaction is characterized by an increase in pulmonary resistance. In mixed reactions both parameters may change. In this communication some of the physiologic determinants of pulmonary resistance and compliance are discussed and examples of localized responses given.", "contents": "Physiologic basis and interpretation of common indices of respiratory mechanical function. Tests of pulmonary mechanical function may be used in determining the prominent site of pulmonary reaction to intervention. Responses may be localized from a knowledge of changes in lung resistance and compliance. A peripheral airway or parenchymal response is characterized by a decrease in lung compliance. A central airway reaction is characterized by an increase in pulmonary resistance. In mixed reactions both parameters may change. In this communication some of the physiologic determinants of pulmonary resistance and compliance are discussed and examples of localized responses given.", "PMID": 1017415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1758", "title": "Role of metabolic activation in the pathogenesis of chemically induced pulmonary disease: mechanism of action of the lung-toxic furan, 4-ipomeanol.", "content": "Many xenobiotics produce hepatic injury due to their metabolism in the liver to highly reactive electrophile intermediates which form covalent conjugates with nucleophilic cellular constituents. This presentation describes studies indicating that the production of chemically reactive metabolites by pulmonary metabolism of xenobiotics can also play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of chemically induced lung disease.", "contents": "Role of metabolic activation in the pathogenesis of chemically induced pulmonary disease: mechanism of action of the lung-toxic furan, 4-ipomeanol. Many xenobiotics produce hepatic injury due to their metabolism in the liver to highly reactive electrophile intermediates which form covalent conjugates with nucleophilic cellular constituents. This presentation describes studies indicating that the production of chemically reactive metabolites by pulmonary metabolism of xenobiotics can also play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of chemically induced lung disease.", "PMID": 1017416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1759", "title": "Paraquat toxicity: proposed mechanism of action involving lipid peroxidation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that paraquat pulmonary toxicity results from cyclic reduction-oxidation of paraquat with sequential generation of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen and initiation of lipid peroxidation. In vitro mouse lung microsomes catalyzed an NADPH-dependent, single-electron reduction of paraquat. Incubation of paraquat with NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and purified microsomal lipid increased malondialdehyde production is a concentration dependent manner. Addition of either superoxide dismutase or a single oxygen trapping agent 1,3-dipheylisobenzo furan inhibited paraquat stimulated lipid peroxidation. In vivo, pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital decreased paraquat toxicity, possibly by competing for electrons which might otherwise reduce paraquat. In contrast, paraquat toxicity in mice was increased by exposure to 100% oxygen and by deficiencies of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin E, or reduced glutahione (GSH). Paraquat, given IP to mice, at 30 mg/kg, decreased concentrations of the water-soluble antioxidant GSH in liver and lipid soluble antioxidants in lung. Oxygen-tolerant rats, which hae increased activities of pulmonary enzymes which combat lipid peroxidation, were also tolerant to lethal doses of paraquat as indicated by an increased paraquat LT50. Furthermore, rats chronically exposed to 100 ppm paraquat in the water had elevated pulmonary activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and GSH reductase. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is involved in the toxicity of paraquat.", "contents": "Paraquat toxicity: proposed mechanism of action involving lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that paraquat pulmonary toxicity results from cyclic reduction-oxidation of paraquat with sequential generation of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen and initiation of lipid peroxidation. In vitro mouse lung microsomes catalyzed an NADPH-dependent, single-electron reduction of paraquat. Incubation of paraquat with NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and purified microsomal lipid increased malondialdehyde production is a concentration dependent manner. Addition of either superoxide dismutase or a single oxygen trapping agent 1,3-dipheylisobenzo furan inhibited paraquat stimulated lipid peroxidation. In vivo, pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital decreased paraquat toxicity, possibly by competing for electrons which might otherwise reduce paraquat. In contrast, paraquat toxicity in mice was increased by exposure to 100% oxygen and by deficiencies of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin E, or reduced glutahione (GSH). Paraquat, given IP to mice, at 30 mg/kg, decreased concentrations of the water-soluble antioxidant GSH in liver and lipid soluble antioxidants in lung. Oxygen-tolerant rats, which hae increased activities of pulmonary enzymes which combat lipid peroxidation, were also tolerant to lethal doses of paraquat as indicated by an increased paraquat LT50. Furthermore, rats chronically exposed to 100 ppm paraquat in the water had elevated pulmonary activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and GSH reductase. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is involved in the toxicity of paraquat.", "PMID": 1017417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1760", "title": "Secretory cells of the peripheral pulmonary epithelium as targets for toxic agents.", "content": "The extracellular lining of the pulmonary peripheral airways is of vital importance to the lung. In this report, some aspects of the pulmonary extracellular lining and the epithelial cells believed to be responsible for its formation and secretion have been briefly reviewed. The influence of a number of toxic agents on the extracellular lining either directly or via those cells involved in its formation indicates that the extracellular lining may be important in understanding numerous toxic agent interactions with the lung.", "contents": "Secretory cells of the peripheral pulmonary epithelium as targets for toxic agents. The extracellular lining of the pulmonary peripheral airways is of vital importance to the lung. In this report, some aspects of the pulmonary extracellular lining and the epithelial cells believed to be responsible for its formation and secretion have been briefly reviewed. The influence of a number of toxic agents on the extracellular lining either directly or via those cells involved in its formation indicates that the extracellular lining may be important in understanding numerous toxic agent interactions with the lung.", "PMID": 1017418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1761", "title": "Inhalation exposure of animals.", "content": "Relative advantages and disadvantages and important design criteria for various exposure methods are presented. Five types of exposures are discussed: whole-body chambers, head-only exposures, nose or mouth-only methods, lung-only exposures, and partial-lung exposures. Design considerations covered include: air cleaning and conditioning; construction materials; losses of exposure materials; evenness of exposure; sampling biases; animal observation and care; noise and vibration control, safe exhausts, chamber loading, reliability, pressure fluctuations; neck seals, masks, animal restraint methods; and animal comfort. Ethical considerations in use of animals in inhalation experiments are also discussed.", "contents": "Inhalation exposure of animals. Relative advantages and disadvantages and important design criteria for various exposure methods are presented. Five types of exposures are discussed: whole-body chambers, head-only exposures, nose or mouth-only methods, lung-only exposures, and partial-lung exposures. Design considerations covered include: air cleaning and conditioning; construction materials; losses of exposure materials; evenness of exposure; sampling biases; animal observation and care; noise and vibration control, safe exhausts, chamber loading, reliability, pressure fluctuations; neck seals, masks, animal restraint methods; and animal comfort. Ethical considerations in use of animals in inhalation experiments are also discussed.", "PMID": 1017420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1762", "title": "An isolated perfused rat lung preparation.", "content": "An isolated perfused rat lung preparation (IPL) is described and its physiologic status is evaluated. The evaluation includes light and electron microscopy after perfusion and estimations of substrate utilization. ATP content, lactate production, and incorporation of glucose carbons into lipids and CO2. It is concluded that the IPL is useful for short-term metabolic and physiologic experiments and offers some unique advantages in evaluating effects of reactive gases upon lung function.", "contents": "An isolated perfused rat lung preparation. An isolated perfused rat lung preparation (IPL) is described and its physiologic status is evaluated. The evaluation includes light and electron microscopy after perfusion and estimations of substrate utilization. ATP content, lactate production, and incorporation of glucose carbons into lipids and CO2. It is concluded that the IPL is useful for short-term metabolic and physiologic experiments and offers some unique advantages in evaluating effects of reactive gases upon lung function.", "PMID": 1017421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1763", "title": "Studies on the uptake, metabolism, and release of endogenous and exogenous chemicals by use of the isolated perfused lung.", "content": "The isolated perfused lung is a valuable tool for studying many lung functions. The kinds of information one can obtain from the isolated perfused lung are illustrated by examples from our studies on the uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous chemicals.", "contents": "Studies on the uptake, metabolism, and release of endogenous and exogenous chemicals by use of the isolated perfused lung. The isolated perfused lung is a valuable tool for studying many lung functions. The kinds of information one can obtain from the isolated perfused lung are illustrated by examples from our studies on the uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous chemicals.", "PMID": 1017422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1764", "title": "Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing.", "content": "Fragments of tracheal epithelium alone or in continuity with connective tissues, can be maintained in culture medium and used for short term or long term studies of toxicity of a variety of chemicals. Large numbers of uniform cultures are prepared with the aid of a slicing device or by application of simple method for dissecting sheets of epithelium free from underlying cartilage. The cultures may be placed in an exposure chamber-incubator mounted on a microscope stage and monitored continually for ciliostasis and exfoliation of cells. Morphology is further studied by fixation of selected specimens and preparation for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Synthetic functions are evaluated by autoradiographic measurement of incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules and other dynamic features are indirectly assessed by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Short-term studies using these several techniques have shown that ciliostasis does not correlate with cell injury in all instances, and a long-term study has demonstrated dose dependence of a cytotoxic agent when duration of culture viability is measured. The method lends itself to a broad range of investigations in which dose, period of exposure, and role of cofactors must be independently and quantitatively assessed.", "contents": "Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. Fragments of tracheal epithelium alone or in continuity with connective tissues, can be maintained in culture medium and used for short term or long term studies of toxicity of a variety of chemicals. Large numbers of uniform cultures are prepared with the aid of a slicing device or by application of simple method for dissecting sheets of epithelium free from underlying cartilage. The cultures may be placed in an exposure chamber-incubator mounted on a microscope stage and monitored continually for ciliostasis and exfoliation of cells. Morphology is further studied by fixation of selected specimens and preparation for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Synthetic functions are evaluated by autoradiographic measurement of incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules and other dynamic features are indirectly assessed by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Short-term studies using these several techniques have shown that ciliostasis does not correlate with cell injury in all instances, and a long-term study has demonstrated dose dependence of a cytotoxic agent when duration of culture viability is measured. The method lends itself to a broad range of investigations in which dose, period of exposure, and role of cofactors must be independently and quantitatively assessed.", "PMID": 1017423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1765", "title": "Biochemical studies of isolated hamster tracheal epithelium.", "content": "The epithelial lining of respiratory air passageways is a primary target tissue for toxicity and carcinogenesis in man and in animal models of human disease. The importance of this target tissue was the basis for development of methods to study its biochemistry, and with this information to distinguish the unique properties of this tissue from properties common to all cell types. Biochemical methods employed labeling of macromolecules in isolated hamster treacheas during brief (less than 4 hr) incubation in vitro. Studies of RNA metabolism in isolated tracheas demonstrated a pattern of maturation of ribosomal RNA like that shown for other cell types. Alterations in RNA metabolism were observed in isolated tracheas obtained from vitamin A-deficient hamsters and hamsters previously treated by intratracheal administration of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) plus ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in vivo. Studies with toyocamycin, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin, all inhibitors of RNA metabolism, were performed to characterize the class of RNA molecules with a decreased proportion of labeling in tracheas from vitamin A deficient hamsters. In another series of experiments, BP was shown to bind to DNA in epithelial cells of isolated tracheas. The quantity of BP binding was increased by prior intratracheal treatment of hamsters with BP plus Fe2O3 in vivo, this induced binding was inhibited by addition of 7,8-benzoflavone to the incubation medium. Increased BP binding was also observed in isolated tracheas from hamsters believed to be in states of increased susceptibility to respiratory carcinogenesis in vivo. The results show that biochemical studies are feasible with this tissue. Furthermore, a number of questions of importance with regard to this target epithelium are best studied directly in its constituent cells.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of isolated hamster tracheal epithelium. The epithelial lining of respiratory air passageways is a primary target tissue for toxicity and carcinogenesis in man and in animal models of human disease. The importance of this target tissue was the basis for development of methods to study its biochemistry, and with this information to distinguish the unique properties of this tissue from properties common to all cell types. Biochemical methods employed labeling of macromolecules in isolated hamster treacheas during brief (less than 4 hr) incubation in vitro. Studies of RNA metabolism in isolated tracheas demonstrated a pattern of maturation of ribosomal RNA like that shown for other cell types. Alterations in RNA metabolism were observed in isolated tracheas obtained from vitamin A-deficient hamsters and hamsters previously treated by intratracheal administration of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) plus ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in vivo. Studies with toyocamycin, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin, all inhibitors of RNA metabolism, were performed to characterize the class of RNA molecules with a decreased proportion of labeling in tracheas from vitamin A deficient hamsters. In another series of experiments, BP was shown to bind to DNA in epithelial cells of isolated tracheas. The quantity of BP binding was increased by prior intratracheal treatment of hamsters with BP plus Fe2O3 in vivo, this induced binding was inhibited by addition of 7,8-benzoflavone to the incubation medium. Increased BP binding was also observed in isolated tracheas from hamsters believed to be in states of increased susceptibility to respiratory carcinogenesis in vivo. The results show that biochemical studies are feasible with this tissue. Furthermore, a number of questions of importance with regard to this target epithelium are best studied directly in its constituent cells.", "PMID": 1017424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1766", "title": "Labelling and metabolism of methionine-methyl-11 C.", "content": "Carbon 11 which is a 20.4 minutes half life isotope emitting positrons was used for methionine labelling on the methyl group by action of 11C-methyl-iodide on DL or L homocysteine. With the method described, 20 to 30 mCi of 11C-methyl-methionine (Specific activity 50 mCi/muM) may be obtained within 25 minutes. The 20 Mev proton beam used for 11C production was 10 muA. The metabolism of 11C methionine studied on mice shows a high uptake in pancreas and to a smaller extent in brain. On humans sequential images were obtained at the head level which allowed measurement of the uptake of the radio-labelled compound in the brain so as to study the radioactivity curve in different parts of the organ.", "contents": "Labelling and metabolism of methionine-methyl-11 C. Carbon 11 which is a 20.4 minutes half life isotope emitting positrons was used for methionine labelling on the methyl group by action of 11C-methyl-iodide on DL or L homocysteine. With the method described, 20 to 30 mCi of 11C-methyl-methionine (Specific activity 50 mCi/muM) may be obtained within 25 minutes. The 20 Mev proton beam used for 11C production was 10 muA. The metabolism of 11C methionine studied on mice shows a high uptake in pancreas and to a smaller extent in brain. On humans sequential images were obtained at the head level which allowed measurement of the uptake of the radio-labelled compound in the brain so as to study the radioactivity curve in different parts of the organ.", "PMID": 1017425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1767", "title": "Experience with 201 thallium in detection of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Our preliminary experimental and clinical results with 201Tl myocardial scanning are presented. 48 patients with normal coronary vessels, acute trasmural myocardial infarction, localized and diffuse coronary heart diseases and congestive myocardiopathy were investigated. Results of scans and the usual cardiological investigations were in good agreement thus justifying further use of 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy as an adjunctive method in cardiology.", "contents": "Experience with 201 thallium in detection of myocardial infarction. Our preliminary experimental and clinical results with 201Tl myocardial scanning are presented. 48 patients with normal coronary vessels, acute trasmural myocardial infarction, localized and diffuse coronary heart diseases and congestive myocardiopathy were investigated. Results of scans and the usual cardiological investigations were in good agreement thus justifying further use of 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy as an adjunctive method in cardiology.", "PMID": 1017426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1768", "title": "The uptake of gallium 67 in colonic macrophages.", "content": "A case is presented in which a patient with a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma showed high gallium concentration in the segment with melanosis coli proximal to the obstruction. Although in this case the Gallium was associated with an increased number of faecal pigment containing macrophages it is unlikely that macrophages are the main factor in tumour uptake of Gallium compounds.", "contents": "The uptake of gallium 67 in colonic macrophages. A case is presented in which a patient with a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma showed high gallium concentration in the segment with melanosis coli proximal to the obstruction. Although in this case the Gallium was associated with an increased number of faecal pigment containing macrophages it is unlikely that macrophages are the main factor in tumour uptake of Gallium compounds.", "PMID": 1017427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1769", "title": "Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid. In vitro studies of various commercial kits.", "content": "The quality of five commercial 99mTc-sulfur colloid kits was compared. A number of chemical parameters, which characterize the colloids, was used in order to study the influence of variations in the preparation procedures and storage of the final products. The differences between the kits could mainly be referred to the order of addition of the reagents. The quality was generally unaffected by variations in time-intervals during preparation. However, a certain heating time was necessary for optimal labeling. Variations in quantities of acid and buffer were found to influence the particle size as well as the content of unreacted pertechnetate. No deterioration in quality by storage was observed; on the contrary in some cases the content of free activity decreased.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid. In vitro studies of various commercial kits. The quality of five commercial 99mTc-sulfur colloid kits was compared. A number of chemical parameters, which characterize the colloids, was used in order to study the influence of variations in the preparation procedures and storage of the final products. The differences between the kits could mainly be referred to the order of addition of the reagents. The quality was generally unaffected by variations in time-intervals during preparation. However, a certain heating time was necessary for optimal labeling. Variations in quantities of acid and buffer were found to influence the particle size as well as the content of unreacted pertechnetate. No deterioration in quality by storage was observed; on the contrary in some cases the content of free activity decreased.", "PMID": 1017428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1770", "title": "Specificity of immunoassays. I. Effect of plasma proteins on the specificity of steroid immunoassay.", "content": "The theory of the measurement of the specificity of antigen binding by antibodies is reviewed. The specificity of steroid immunoassay has been investigated using a new solid phase radioimmunoassay system. The effects of plasma proteins on the specificity of the immunoassays have been tested. The methods used and the conclusions reached have been tested with homogeneous antibodies in order to simplify the interpretation of the results obtained. A new criterium of antibody homogeneity is proposed. The importance of correcting all results accurately for \"non-specific binding\" is emphasised. A new method for plotting radioimmunoassay standard curves is presented.", "contents": "Specificity of immunoassays. I. Effect of plasma proteins on the specificity of steroid immunoassay. The theory of the measurement of the specificity of antigen binding by antibodies is reviewed. The specificity of steroid immunoassay has been investigated using a new solid phase radioimmunoassay system. The effects of plasma proteins on the specificity of the immunoassays have been tested. The methods used and the conclusions reached have been tested with homogeneous antibodies in order to simplify the interpretation of the results obtained. A new criterium of antibody homogeneity is proposed. The importance of correcting all results accurately for \"non-specific binding\" is emphasised. A new method for plotting radioimmunoassay standard curves is presented.", "PMID": 1017429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1771", "title": "Trace elements analysis in biological samples by radioisotopic x-ray fluorescence.", "content": "The X-ray fluorescence technique, induced by radioisotopic sources, provides a very simple method for the simultaneous analysis of trace elements in biological samples. For blood, serum, platelets, etc., samples of about 0.1 ml were deposited on filter paper disks, dried, and analyzed. In such a way the \"thin specimen\" approximation is realized, resulting in the following advantages: The X-ray intensity of a given element is a liner function of mass per unit area over several orders of magnitude. Interelement effects became negligible. The ratio of fluorescent X-rays to scattered radiation is increased. The sensitivity of the technique for elements with atomic number ranging from about 20-92 varies from some units to some tens of parts per million by weight in 100 s measuring time, by using a gas proportional counter, and from about some tenths to some parts per million by using an X-ray semiconductor detector, in a measuring time of 10(3)-10(4)s. In such a way and with the described features, the Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br content of several speciments of blood and serum was determined. Measurements were further carried out in order to labelling blood components with stable tracers and to detect their concentration by means of the X-ray fluorescence technique. The life span of platelets was, for example, measured after labelling platelets with stable Selenocystine. The sensitivity of the XRF technique can further be enhanced by about three orders of magnitude by using a pre-enrichment step with ion-exchange resins and liquid volumes not lower than 500 ml. Urine analyses have been carried in such a way, and copper in about 20 ml serum after selective extraction.", "contents": "Trace elements analysis in biological samples by radioisotopic x-ray fluorescence. The X-ray fluorescence technique, induced by radioisotopic sources, provides a very simple method for the simultaneous analysis of trace elements in biological samples. For blood, serum, platelets, etc., samples of about 0.1 ml were deposited on filter paper disks, dried, and analyzed. In such a way the \"thin specimen\" approximation is realized, resulting in the following advantages: The X-ray intensity of a given element is a liner function of mass per unit area over several orders of magnitude. Interelement effects became negligible. The ratio of fluorescent X-rays to scattered radiation is increased. The sensitivity of the technique for elements with atomic number ranging from about 20-92 varies from some units to some tens of parts per million by weight in 100 s measuring time, by using a gas proportional counter, and from about some tenths to some parts per million by using an X-ray semiconductor detector, in a measuring time of 10(3)-10(4)s. In such a way and with the described features, the Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br content of several speciments of blood and serum was determined. Measurements were further carried out in order to labelling blood components with stable tracers and to detect their concentration by means of the X-ray fluorescence technique. The life span of platelets was, for example, measured after labelling platelets with stable Selenocystine. The sensitivity of the XRF technique can further be enhanced by about three orders of magnitude by using a pre-enrichment step with ion-exchange resins and liquid volumes not lower than 500 ml. Urine analyses have been carried in such a way, and copper in about 20 ml serum after selective extraction.", "PMID": 1017430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1772", "title": "A rational approach toward determining the candidacy of the prostatic cancer patient for cryoimmunotherapy: an interim report.", "content": "While receiving only cursory attention compared to that of other malignant neoplasms, studies of patients with prostatic cancer have suggested that host responses, mediated in part by immunobiologic factors, may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and thus, the therapeutic management of this disease. For nearly a decade cryosurgery has gradually attained some degree of acceptance as one of the efficacious treatment modalities available in the therapeutic armamentarium for prostatic cancer. In addition to the localized destruction of the primary tumour, reports of secondary tumour cell destruction, i.e. of distant metastases, have supported the suggestion that cryosurgery, as documented in various animal species, may also be immunopotentiating in man. Although our understanding of immunopotentiation of the host's response to tumour via cryosurgery is far from complete, information derived from experimental studies demonstrating that the developement of an immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate may be attributed to androgenically and ontogenically dependent autoantigens may have clinical relevance. This together with knowledge that in the therapeutic management of the patient with prostatic cancer we are confronted with the treatment of an individual who, in the majority of cases, possesses waning immunocompetence, emphasizes the potential significance of evaluating what may be referred to as the 'cryosensitivity' of the prospective cryosurgical patient. At present this 'cryosensitivity' may be said to be dependent upon: (1) concentration of prostatic tissue [secretory(tumour?)]-specific or tumour-associated auto-(neo?) antigen(s); (2) physiologic state (elaboration of androgen), and (3) immunocompetence. It is hopeful that evaluation of these parameters may provide a rational approach toward determining the acceptability of cryosurgery as the treatment of choice in a given patient.", "contents": "A rational approach toward determining the candidacy of the prostatic cancer patient for cryoimmunotherapy: an interim report. While receiving only cursory attention compared to that of other malignant neoplasms, studies of patients with prostatic cancer have suggested that host responses, mediated in part by immunobiologic factors, may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and thus, the therapeutic management of this disease. For nearly a decade cryosurgery has gradually attained some degree of acceptance as one of the efficacious treatment modalities available in the therapeutic armamentarium for prostatic cancer. In addition to the localized destruction of the primary tumour, reports of secondary tumour cell destruction, i.e. of distant metastases, have supported the suggestion that cryosurgery, as documented in various animal species, may also be immunopotentiating in man. Although our understanding of immunopotentiation of the host's response to tumour via cryosurgery is far from complete, information derived from experimental studies demonstrating that the developement of an immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate may be attributed to androgenically and ontogenically dependent autoantigens may have clinical relevance. This together with knowledge that in the therapeutic management of the patient with prostatic cancer we are confronted with the treatment of an individual who, in the majority of cases, possesses waning immunocompetence, emphasizes the potential significance of evaluating what may be referred to as the 'cryosensitivity' of the prospective cryosurgical patient. At present this 'cryosensitivity' may be said to be dependent upon: (1) concentration of prostatic tissue [secretory(tumour?)]-specific or tumour-associated auto-(neo?) antigen(s); (2) physiologic state (elaboration of androgen), and (3) immunocompetence. It is hopeful that evaluation of these parameters may provide a rational approach toward determining the acceptability of cryosurgery as the treatment of choice in a given patient.", "PMID": 1017432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1773", "title": "Inactivation of 5-fluorouracil by the liver during continuous regional and systemic infusion in pigs.", "content": "During continuous systemic or portal infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to anaesthetized pigs, the cytostatic activity was reduced in blood traversing the liver. The liver eliminated between 15 and 50% of the amount 5-FU given per time unit. During jugular infusion the concentration of cytostatic compounds in portal blood was equal to or less than in systemic blood. The cytostatic activity was much higher in portal blood and lower in systemic blood during portal infusion. The findings speak in favour of portal infusions of 5-FU to patients with disseminated cancer in the liver.", "contents": "Inactivation of 5-fluorouracil by the liver during continuous regional and systemic infusion in pigs. During continuous systemic or portal infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to anaesthetized pigs, the cytostatic activity was reduced in blood traversing the liver. The liver eliminated between 15 and 50% of the amount 5-FU given per time unit. During jugular infusion the concentration of cytostatic compounds in portal blood was equal to or less than in systemic blood. The cytostatic activity was much higher in portal blood and lower in systemic blood during portal infusion. The findings speak in favour of portal infusions of 5-FU to patients with disseminated cancer in the liver.", "PMID": 1017433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1774", "title": "The effects of transections on the basic electrical rhythm in the canine jejunum.", "content": "The basic electrical rhythm (BER) was studied in situ in the jejunum in 14 anaesthetized mongrel dogs by the mean six monopolar electrodes. The BER frequency was measured in the intact intestine and after proximal and distal transections of the gut 5 cm apart from the electrodes. No significant differences were found between the BER frequencies recorded by each electrode, demonstrating the existence of a frequency plateau which remained after each transection. In the intact intestine the frequency in the plateau was 13.2 +/- 0.3 cpm2. After the proximal transection, this frequency dropped to 12.0 +/- 0.4 cpm (p less than 0.05) and, after the distal transection, it dropped to 10.9 +/- 0.4 cpm (p less than 0.005). This last frequency change shows the influence of the distal intestine on the electrical behaviour of the jejunum.", "contents": "The effects of transections on the basic electrical rhythm in the canine jejunum. The basic electrical rhythm (BER) was studied in situ in the jejunum in 14 anaesthetized mongrel dogs by the mean six monopolar electrodes. The BER frequency was measured in the intact intestine and after proximal and distal transections of the gut 5 cm apart from the electrodes. No significant differences were found between the BER frequencies recorded by each electrode, demonstrating the existence of a frequency plateau which remained after each transection. In the intact intestine the frequency in the plateau was 13.2 +/- 0.3 cpm2. After the proximal transection, this frequency dropped to 12.0 +/- 0.4 cpm (p less than 0.05) and, after the distal transection, it dropped to 10.9 +/- 0.4 cpm (p less than 0.005). This last frequency change shows the influence of the distal intestine on the electrical behaviour of the jejunum.", "PMID": 1017434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1775", "title": "Survival in burned mice after treatment with tryglycylvasopressin.", "content": "Standardized skin burn injuries were induced in 253 NMRI mice. The burned surface corresponded to 15% of the total surface of a 25-gram mouse. All animals received intraperitoneal injection of an isotonic saline solution in a dose of 20% of body weight/day for 5 days. The material was divided into three groups, i.e. group A (controls) which received no further treatment, groups B and C which, in addition, received triglycylvasopressin (a vasopressin with prolonged effect) 100 and 200 mug/kg body weight, respectively, subcutaneously twice a day. The highest survival rate was registered in group B (61%), while the controls had a survival of 36%.", "contents": "Survival in burned mice after treatment with tryglycylvasopressin. Standardized skin burn injuries were induced in 253 NMRI mice. The burned surface corresponded to 15% of the total surface of a 25-gram mouse. All animals received intraperitoneal injection of an isotonic saline solution in a dose of 20% of body weight/day for 5 days. The material was divided into three groups, i.e. group A (controls) which received no further treatment, groups B and C which, in addition, received triglycylvasopressin (a vasopressin with prolonged effect) 100 and 200 mug/kg body weight, respectively, subcutaneously twice a day. The highest survival rate was registered in group B (61%), while the controls had a survival of 36%.", "PMID": 1017435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1776", "title": "Pancreatic metabolic rate measured in vivo with heat-accumulation technique.", "content": "This study is the first attempt to apply the heat-accumulation technique for metabolic studies to the pancreas. The initial temperature rise during arterial occlusion was measured with thermocouples sutured into the pancreas of seven anaesthetized pigs. Temperature recording were obtained during alterations of the metabolism induced by infusions of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and sodium cyanide (NaCN) into the pancreatic head. DNP 2.0 mg/min almost doubled, and NaCN 0.6 mg/min reduced the heat accumulation rate to one half of control. In four pigs the metabolism was estimated by measurements of oxygen consumption in an isolated in situ preparation of the pancreatic head. Median metabolic rate in the unstimulated gland was 0.09 cal/cm3-min. Metabolic rate estimated by heat-accumulation technique in a similar situation was 0.11 cal/cm3-min. The method is considered useful for evaluation of relative variations of pancreatic metabolism.", "contents": "Pancreatic metabolic rate measured in vivo with heat-accumulation technique. This study is the first attempt to apply the heat-accumulation technique for metabolic studies to the pancreas. The initial temperature rise during arterial occlusion was measured with thermocouples sutured into the pancreas of seven anaesthetized pigs. Temperature recording were obtained during alterations of the metabolism induced by infusions of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and sodium cyanide (NaCN) into the pancreatic head. DNP 2.0 mg/min almost doubled, and NaCN 0.6 mg/min reduced the heat accumulation rate to one half of control. In four pigs the metabolism was estimated by measurements of oxygen consumption in an isolated in situ preparation of the pancreatic head. Median metabolic rate in the unstimulated gland was 0.09 cal/cm3-min. Metabolic rate estimated by heat-accumulation technique in a similar situation was 0.11 cal/cm3-min. The method is considered useful for evaluation of relative variations of pancreatic metabolism.", "PMID": 1017436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1777", "title": "Memory and blood pressure in the aged.", "content": "Memory loss, as measured by the Wechsler Memory scale was examined as a function of diastolic blood pressure during a 6.5-year follow-up period among individuals initially tested in their 60's. On the initial testing, memory was not related to blood pressure. At the end of the follow-up period, the hypertensives showed greater impairment in memory for nonverbal material involving time limits and a psychomotor component than did their age peers with normotensive and borderline elevations of blood pressure. The hypertensives' poor performance, however, was found only on specific sub-task items and appeared not to be influenced by item difficulty alone but rather by other performance factors such as difficulty in deciding what to do, understanding test instructions, or state anxiety associated with the testing situation. Memory for highly meaningful verbal material was not related to blood pressure.", "contents": "Memory and blood pressure in the aged. Memory loss, as measured by the Wechsler Memory scale was examined as a function of diastolic blood pressure during a 6.5-year follow-up period among individuals initially tested in their 60's. On the initial testing, memory was not related to blood pressure. At the end of the follow-up period, the hypertensives showed greater impairment in memory for nonverbal material involving time limits and a psychomotor component than did their age peers with normotensive and borderline elevations of blood pressure. The hypertensives' poor performance, however, was found only on specific sub-task items and appeared not to be influenced by item difficulty alone but rather by other performance factors such as difficulty in deciding what to do, understanding test instructions, or state anxiety associated with the testing situation. Memory for highly meaningful verbal material was not related to blood pressure.", "PMID": 1017437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1778", "title": "Biogenic amines in the Caenorhabditis briggsae.", "content": "Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin were demonstrated from homogenates of Caenrohabditis briggsae by two-dimensional thin layer chromotography and the identification confirmed by gas liquid chromtography. In Vitro studies with 14C precursors of these biogenic amines demonstrate the ability of C. briggsae to synthesize each compound. The results provide required preliminary data for studying the neurophysiology of aging utilizing the nematode as a model.", "contents": "Biogenic amines in the Caenorhabditis briggsae. Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin were demonstrated from homogenates of Caenrohabditis briggsae by two-dimensional thin layer chromotography and the identification confirmed by gas liquid chromtography. In Vitro studies with 14C precursors of these biogenic amines demonstrate the ability of C. briggsae to synthesize each compound. The results provide required preliminary data for studying the neurophysiology of aging utilizing the nematode as a model.", "PMID": 1017438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1779", "title": "Age differences in learning and memory on a digit-symbol substitution task.", "content": "Fifteen young (18 to 28 years) and fifteen old (65 to 75 years) persons were given ten 30-second trials on a modified Digit-Symbol task. Both immediate and delayed (24-hour) recall and recognition measures were used to determine how well they remembered the digit-symbol pairs. Both age groups showed similar, significantly improvement over the 10 trials, although the performance level of the young group was higher throughout. The young group showed significantly higher recall and recognition (both immediate and delayed) for the digit-symbol pairs and were more likely to report the use of mnemonic techniques in learning the pairs.", "contents": "Age differences in learning and memory on a digit-symbol substitution task. Fifteen young (18 to 28 years) and fifteen old (65 to 75 years) persons were given ten 30-second trials on a modified Digit-Symbol task. Both immediate and delayed (24-hour) recall and recognition measures were used to determine how well they remembered the digit-symbol pairs. Both age groups showed similar, significantly improvement over the 10 trials, although the performance level of the young group was higher throughout. The young group showed significantly higher recall and recognition (both immediate and delayed) for the digit-symbol pairs and were more likely to report the use of mnemonic techniques in learning the pairs.", "PMID": 1017439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1780", "title": "Disparate time spans in sequential studies of aging.", "content": "In several published studies of intelligence and adult age, a sequential design was used in which birth cohort and time of measurement were the independent variables in an ANOVA. The time span of these two variables were quite disparate; the cohort variable covered about 50 years whereas the time-of-measurement variable covered 7 or 14 years. It was demonstrated here that when time spans are disparate, even when all differences are attributable entirely to age changes, the F values typically will be larger for the cohort variable and errors in interpretations became likely. When cohort differences are statistically significant and time-of-measurement differences are not, the conclusion that age differences are \"generational\" and not due to age changes within individuals may be wrong.", "contents": "Disparate time spans in sequential studies of aging. In several published studies of intelligence and adult age, a sequential design was used in which birth cohort and time of measurement were the independent variables in an ANOVA. The time span of these two variables were quite disparate; the cohort variable covered about 50 years whereas the time-of-measurement variable covered 7 or 14 years. It was demonstrated here that when time spans are disparate, even when all differences are attributable entirely to age changes, the F values typically will be larger for the cohort variable and errors in interpretations became likely. When cohort differences are statistically significant and time-of-measurement differences are not, the conclusion that age differences are \"generational\" and not due to age changes within individuals may be wrong.", "PMID": 1017440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1781", "title": "Health status as a variable in aging research.", "content": "Findings from several studies bearing on the association between disease and age-associated behavior changes were briefly reviewed in order to stress the need for health assessment in gerontological psychology research. Despite the evidence favoring the need for health assessment such procedures have generally not been undertaken. Implications for experimental aging research were discussed.", "contents": "Health status as a variable in aging research. Findings from several studies bearing on the association between disease and age-associated behavior changes were briefly reviewed in order to stress the need for health assessment in gerontological psychology research. Despite the evidence favoring the need for health assessment such procedures have generally not been undertaken. Implications for experimental aging research were discussed.", "PMID": 1017441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1782", "title": "Partitioning chi-square the analysis of contingency tables with repeated measurements.", "content": "Categorical variables are commonly used in gerontological research. Although analysis of such variables presents no problem as long as the observations are independent, problems do arise when they are found in a design with repeated measurements. In this paper, two procedures from the statistics literature are combined to provide an analysis for data from a mixture of between and within categorical variables. First, a response pattern is used to form a contingency table with observations which are completely independent. Next, the Pearson chi-square statistic from the table is partitioned to provide tests analogous to simple effects in analysis of variance.", "contents": "Partitioning chi-square the analysis of contingency tables with repeated measurements. Categorical variables are commonly used in gerontological research. Although analysis of such variables presents no problem as long as the observations are independent, problems do arise when they are found in a design with repeated measurements. In this paper, two procedures from the statistics literature are combined to provide an analysis for data from a mixture of between and within categorical variables. First, a response pattern is used to form a contingency table with observations which are completely independent. Next, the Pearson chi-square statistic from the table is partitioned to provide tests analogous to simple effects in analysis of variance.", "PMID": 1017442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1783", "title": "\"Attitudes\" toward the elderly: a comparison of measures.", "content": "College students were presented five questionnaires traditionally used to assess attitudes toward old people. The intercorrelations among the measures were low, accounting for no more than 24% of the variance between any two measures. The results suggest that the measures are not equivalent; it was argued that the practice of utilizing a single instrument to measure attitudes toward the elderly may contribute to inconsistencies reported in the literature.", "contents": "\"Attitudes\" toward the elderly: a comparison of measures. College students were presented five questionnaires traditionally used to assess attitudes toward old people. The intercorrelations among the measures were low, accounting for no more than 24% of the variance between any two measures. The results suggest that the measures are not equivalent; it was argued that the practice of utilizing a single instrument to measure attitudes toward the elderly may contribute to inconsistencies reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1017443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1784", "title": "Age differences in cognition in healthy educated men: a factor analysis of experimental measures.", "content": "Performance measures for a wide variety of cognitive laboratory tasks were factor analyzed, and the factors were identifiable as aspects of cognitive processing. The sample consisted of 96 healthy, educated men whose ages ranged from 20 to 80 yr. The factors were identified as speed of information processing, secondary memory, attention, and primary processing efficiency. Factor scores for each factor were correlated with age; r = -0.35, -0.30, -0.40, and -0.15 respectively, with better performance associated with lower age. The sample was divided into subsamples of 32 young (20-39), 32 middle (40-59), and 32 old (60-80) subjects; and each subsample was factor-analyzed separately to determine whether the factor structure was similar for all age groups. Evidence for factor-structure invariance with adult age was found in that all four factors in the primary analysis were identifiable in each of the age subsamples. The findings are consistent with a model of continual cognitive decline with age in healthy, educated adult males.", "contents": "Age differences in cognition in healthy educated men: a factor analysis of experimental measures. Performance measures for a wide variety of cognitive laboratory tasks were factor analyzed, and the factors were identifiable as aspects of cognitive processing. The sample consisted of 96 healthy, educated men whose ages ranged from 20 to 80 yr. The factors were identified as speed of information processing, secondary memory, attention, and primary processing efficiency. Factor scores for each factor were correlated with age; r = -0.35, -0.30, -0.40, and -0.15 respectively, with better performance associated with lower age. The sample was divided into subsamples of 32 young (20-39), 32 middle (40-59), and 32 old (60-80) subjects; and each subsample was factor-analyzed separately to determine whether the factor structure was similar for all age groups. Evidence for factor-structure invariance with adult age was found in that all four factors in the primary analysis were identifiable in each of the age subsamples. The findings are consistent with a model of continual cognitive decline with age in healthy, educated adult males.", "PMID": 1017444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1785", "title": "Age and tachistoscopic perception.", "content": "A perception experiment involving tachistoscopic exposures of 10 alphabetic characters was conducted in order to answer the following questions. Do young and old adult subjects exhibit performance differences in tachistoscopic perception which involves the earliest stages of information processing; and, if so, what is the nature of these differences? The answer to the first part of the question was a clear and definite yes. Old adult subjects were found to perform at a significantly lower level than younger adult subjects in nearly all measures of perceptual performance. With respect to the second part of the question, both strategy and capacity differences were found to be responsible for the poorer performance of the older subjects. The older subjects used a suboptimal performance strategy more frequently, and were apparently slower at processing visual information than younger subjects.", "contents": "Age and tachistoscopic perception. A perception experiment involving tachistoscopic exposures of 10 alphabetic characters was conducted in order to answer the following questions. Do young and old adult subjects exhibit performance differences in tachistoscopic perception which involves the earliest stages of information processing; and, if so, what is the nature of these differences? The answer to the first part of the question was a clear and definite yes. Old adult subjects were found to perform at a significantly lower level than younger adult subjects in nearly all measures of perceptual performance. With respect to the second part of the question, both strategy and capacity differences were found to be responsible for the poorer performance of the older subjects. The older subjects used a suboptimal performance strategy more frequently, and were apparently slower at processing visual information than younger subjects.", "PMID": 1017445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1786", "title": "Aging and in vivo norepinephrine-uptake in mammalian brain.", "content": "In order to examine the cellular effect of aging in the central nervous system, the regional distribution and the dynamic aspects of catecholamine metabolism in the brain were investigated. Results indicated that the endogenous norepinephrine (NE) content is lower in hypothalamus and brain stem of older rats (25 mo. n = 6) than younger rats (12 mo. n = 6). We have also observed in these animals that the age pigments were apparently absent in the brain tissue of young rats but become a very distinct feature for the old rats and that the catecholamine strong vesicles appear to be less dense in the nerve terminals of old as compared with the young ones. 3H-NE was administered intracerebrally to mice of different age groups (4, 8, 12, 21 and 24 months) and the NE-uptake activity was examined by measuring the radioactive NE inside the isolated synaptosomes 5 min after 3H-NE injection. The result indicated that the young group (4 mo) has highest uptake activity. The uptake activity decrease with the older mice and reached the lowest in the age group of 21-24 mo. The decrease in NE-uptake activity may be related to the deterioration of synaptosomal membranes.", "contents": "Aging and in vivo norepinephrine-uptake in mammalian brain. In order to examine the cellular effect of aging in the central nervous system, the regional distribution and the dynamic aspects of catecholamine metabolism in the brain were investigated. Results indicated that the endogenous norepinephrine (NE) content is lower in hypothalamus and brain stem of older rats (25 mo. n = 6) than younger rats (12 mo. n = 6). We have also observed in these animals that the age pigments were apparently absent in the brain tissue of young rats but become a very distinct feature for the old rats and that the catecholamine strong vesicles appear to be less dense in the nerve terminals of old as compared with the young ones. 3H-NE was administered intracerebrally to mice of different age groups (4, 8, 12, 21 and 24 months) and the NE-uptake activity was examined by measuring the radioactive NE inside the isolated synaptosomes 5 min after 3H-NE injection. The result indicated that the young group (4 mo) has highest uptake activity. The uptake activity decrease with the older mice and reached the lowest in the age group of 21-24 mo. The decrease in NE-uptake activity may be related to the deterioration of synaptosomal membranes.", "PMID": 1017446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1787", "title": "Growth, development and activity in rat offspring following maternal drug exposure.", "content": "Seventy-nine Sprague-Dawley derived primimparous rats were injected subcutaneously throughout pregnancy and the nursing period with either (1) 30 mg/kg of pure nicotine, (2) 5.0 mg/kg methamphetamine HCL, (3) saline vehicle, or, (4) non-injected. Vital and developmental measures were taken on the offspring throughout the nursing period and for one additional week. Metamphetamine-injected females had a shorter, and nicotine-injected females a longer gestational period, and both gained less weight over the 21-day period than the control groups. The pups of methamphetamine and nicotine dams were significantly underweight at birth and the 28 day postnatal period and exhibited developmental delay. Male offspring were divided into behavioral, aging, and autopsy on Day 28. Male offspring of methamphetamine-injected dams remained significantly lighter in weight for the first 15 months of life (aging groups). Their counterparts in the behavioral groups and the offspring of non-injected dams exhibited significantly greater activity for eight of the first twelve monthly assessments which began at 90 days of age. Additional vital, performance, and sensory measures will continue throughout the lifespan of the animals.", "contents": "Growth, development and activity in rat offspring following maternal drug exposure. Seventy-nine Sprague-Dawley derived primimparous rats were injected subcutaneously throughout pregnancy and the nursing period with either (1) 30 mg/kg of pure nicotine, (2) 5.0 mg/kg methamphetamine HCL, (3) saline vehicle, or, (4) non-injected. Vital and developmental measures were taken on the offspring throughout the nursing period and for one additional week. Metamphetamine-injected females had a shorter, and nicotine-injected females a longer gestational period, and both gained less weight over the 21-day period than the control groups. The pups of methamphetamine and nicotine dams were significantly underweight at birth and the 28 day postnatal period and exhibited developmental delay. Male offspring were divided into behavioral, aging, and autopsy on Day 28. Male offspring of methamphetamine-injected dams remained significantly lighter in weight for the first 15 months of life (aging groups). Their counterparts in the behavioral groups and the offspring of non-injected dams exhibited significantly greater activity for eight of the first twelve monthly assessments which began at 90 days of age. Additional vital, performance, and sensory measures will continue throughout the lifespan of the animals.", "PMID": 1017447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1788", "title": "Age, sex and genotype effects on stimulus exploration and locomotor activity in young mice.", "content": "Age and sex effects on stimulus exploration and locomotor activity were investigated in three genetic stocks of mice. Three measures of exploratory behavior and one measure of locomotor activity were recorded in an arena testing situation. The results showed that measures requiring locomotor activity are more affected by differences in age and sex than measures of stimulus exploration. The results are discussed in terms of the previously established genetic models of stimulus exploration and activity.", "contents": "Age, sex and genotype effects on stimulus exploration and locomotor activity in young mice. Age and sex effects on stimulus exploration and locomotor activity were investigated in three genetic stocks of mice. Three measures of exploratory behavior and one measure of locomotor activity were recorded in an arena testing situation. The results showed that measures requiring locomotor activity are more affected by differences in age and sex than measures of stimulus exploration. The results are discussed in terms of the previously established genetic models of stimulus exploration and activity.", "PMID": 1017448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1789", "title": "Matching, the null hypothesis and the aging variable: would the real age effect please stand up.", "content": "The concepts of hypothesis testing and maching are discussed in terms of their relationship to the findings of no age differences and sample bias, respectively. Suggestions are also offered concerned statistical substitutes for more rigid experimental controls.", "contents": "Matching, the null hypothesis and the aging variable: would the real age effect please stand up. The concepts of hypothesis testing and maching are discussed in terms of their relationship to the findings of no age differences and sample bias, respectively. Suggestions are also offered concerned statistical substitutes for more rigid experimental controls.", "PMID": 1017449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1790", "title": "Age-related increase of cuticle permeability in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae.", "content": "The external cuticular surface of nematodes, which resembles cellular membranes in certain ways, appears to deteriorate with age. For example, when the permeabilities to radioactive water of young and old nematodes were compared, and the data were corrected for the different surface: volume ratios, the older nematodes were significantly more permeable. In both living and dead nematodes, the same rates of water exchange were observed, indicating that the major route of exchange was probably by passive diffusion through the cuticle rather than by active processes such as swallowing or excreting water.", "contents": "Age-related increase of cuticle permeability in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. The external cuticular surface of nematodes, which resembles cellular membranes in certain ways, appears to deteriorate with age. For example, when the permeabilities to radioactive water of young and old nematodes were compared, and the data were corrected for the different surface: volume ratios, the older nematodes were significantly more permeable. In both living and dead nematodes, the same rates of water exchange were observed, indicating that the major route of exchange was probably by passive diffusion through the cuticle rather than by active processes such as swallowing or excreting water.", "PMID": 1017450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1791", "title": "The relationship of scoring treatment and age in perceptual-integrative performance.", "content": "The present study was designed to reexamine the hypothesis that timed perceptual-integrative performance tests are negatively biased measures of the abilities of the elderly. Unlike an earlier study by Doppelt and Wallace (1955) which did not support this hypothesis, the current study consisted of a college-age group in addition to the elderly group, and also included an additional scoring treatment. Each subject was tested with the WAIS Block Design and Object Assembly. Tests were scored in three ways: (1) Standard scoring (WAIS Manual); (2) \"regular\" scoring (timed, omitting bonus points); (3) \"Irregular\" scoring (untimed, omitting bonus points). For both tests, Age, Scoring, and the Age by Scoring ineraction were significant. Post hoc analyses for significant effects suggest that the elderly are helped most by additional solution time, whereas younger adults derive greater benefits from the bonus points for quick performance. The results also suggest that subjects must be of sufficiently high ability to effectively use increased or unlimited solution time.", "contents": "The relationship of scoring treatment and age in perceptual-integrative performance. The present study was designed to reexamine the hypothesis that timed perceptual-integrative performance tests are negatively biased measures of the abilities of the elderly. Unlike an earlier study by Doppelt and Wallace (1955) which did not support this hypothesis, the current study consisted of a college-age group in addition to the elderly group, and also included an additional scoring treatment. Each subject was tested with the WAIS Block Design and Object Assembly. Tests were scored in three ways: (1) Standard scoring (WAIS Manual); (2) \"regular\" scoring (timed, omitting bonus points); (3) \"Irregular\" scoring (untimed, omitting bonus points). For both tests, Age, Scoring, and the Age by Scoring ineraction were significant. Post hoc analyses for significant effects suggest that the elderly are helped most by additional solution time, whereas younger adults derive greater benefits from the bonus points for quick performance. The results also suggest that subjects must be of sufficiently high ability to effectively use increased or unlimited solution time.", "PMID": 1017451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1792", "title": "The effect of age on the speed of sentence formation and incidental learning.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that older persons tend not to use verbal mediators in paired-associate learning because it takes them too long to form an appropriate mediator, the time needed by young and old subjects to generate sentences incorporating given pairs of nouns was measured. Older subjects formed sentences just as rapidly as did the young. Despite their equivalent speed in creating these verbal associations when tested later for the occurrence of incidental learning of the noun pairs, the older subjects showed much poorer recall than did the younger subjects. This age difference in learning did not appear to be a function of any major dissimilarities in the generated sentences themselves, i.e., in the grammatical constructions used, or in the imageability of the relationships expressed by the sentences. The rated imagery value of the stimulus nouns was found to affect both the speed of sentence formation and the accuracy of incidental learning; in both younger and older subjects, formation time was less, and recall was better for the high imagery noun pairs.", "contents": "The effect of age on the speed of sentence formation and incidental learning. To test the hypothesis that older persons tend not to use verbal mediators in paired-associate learning because it takes them too long to form an appropriate mediator, the time needed by young and old subjects to generate sentences incorporating given pairs of nouns was measured. Older subjects formed sentences just as rapidly as did the young. Despite their equivalent speed in creating these verbal associations when tested later for the occurrence of incidental learning of the noun pairs, the older subjects showed much poorer recall than did the younger subjects. This age difference in learning did not appear to be a function of any major dissimilarities in the generated sentences themselves, i.e., in the grammatical constructions used, or in the imageability of the relationships expressed by the sentences. The rated imagery value of the stimulus nouns was found to affect both the speed of sentence formation and the accuracy of incidental learning; in both younger and older subjects, formation time was less, and recall was better for the high imagery noun pairs.", "PMID": 1017452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1793", "title": "Differences in the sequential integration of form as a function of age and interstimulus interval.", "content": "The sequential integration of visual stimuli was studied in 12 young (18-28 years) and 12 old (51-62 years) men and women. Stimuli were constructed as corresponding word halves and inter-stimulus intervals (ISI's) of varied duration (0-150 msec.) were introduced between the presentation of the two halves. Correct word identification was found to be an inverse function of ISI for both young and old subjects. The number of stimuli correctly identified was significantly lower for the older subjects at all levels of ISI. None of the interactions of age, sex, and ISI was significant. The data appear to question the \"stimulus persistence\" model as applied to age differences in the temporal organization of form.", "contents": "Differences in the sequential integration of form as a function of age and interstimulus interval. The sequential integration of visual stimuli was studied in 12 young (18-28 years) and 12 old (51-62 years) men and women. Stimuli were constructed as corresponding word halves and inter-stimulus intervals (ISI's) of varied duration (0-150 msec.) were introduced between the presentation of the two halves. Correct word identification was found to be an inverse function of ISI for both young and old subjects. The number of stimuli correctly identified was significantly lower for the older subjects at all levels of ISI. None of the interactions of age, sex, and ISI was significant. The data appear to question the \"stimulus persistence\" model as applied to age differences in the temporal organization of form.", "PMID": 1017453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1794", "title": "Speed and age: multiple rates of age decline.", "content": "There is frequent reference in the literature on aging and performance to the \"slowing with age phenomenon\". If there truly is one \"slowing with age\" phenomenon, then all activities requiring speeded performance should decline with age at approximately the same rate. This report compares relative rates of age decline in several speeded physical activities ranging from simple reaction time to long distance running events. The activities differ in the rate of slowing with those requiring a greater muscular involvement or more stamina exhibiting the steepest declines. It is concluded that when one refers to slowing with age it is necessary to be quite specific about the activity to which one is referring because different activities decline at different rates.", "contents": "Speed and age: multiple rates of age decline. There is frequent reference in the literature on aging and performance to the \"slowing with age phenomenon\". If there truly is one \"slowing with age\" phenomenon, then all activities requiring speeded performance should decline with age at approximately the same rate. This report compares relative rates of age decline in several speeded physical activities ranging from simple reaction time to long distance running events. The activities differ in the rate of slowing with those requiring a greater muscular involvement or more stamina exhibiting the steepest declines. It is concluded that when one refers to slowing with age it is necessary to be quite specific about the activity to which one is referring because different activities decline at different rates.", "PMID": 1017454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1795", "title": "Attrition in a longitudinal study of an aged population.", "content": "This report focuses upon attrition in longitudinal studies of older persons using a Florida survey as an illustration. In 1959 interviews were completed with a probability sample (N = 2544) of older noninstutionalized residents (age 65+) of a retirement community. Data were collected on health status, health practices, social factors, and activities. Nine years later a follow-up study of the same sample was undertaken. In this report 1959 data for 2497 of these persons are analyzed by results of the 1968 effort (reinterviewed, lost to follow-up, or deceased). About one third of this highly migratory sample could not be located in 1968; death certificates were located for another one third; and the remaining one third was reinterviewed. Social characteristics, housing arrangements, activities, and chronic conditions of the three subpopulations are compared. Persons reinterviewed were found to differ from dropouts in age, sex, type of dwelling unit, activity patterns, and prevalence of chronic conditions. No significant differences were found in educational level, household composition, usual occupation, and retirement status (when controlled for sex).", "contents": "Attrition in a longitudinal study of an aged population. This report focuses upon attrition in longitudinal studies of older persons using a Florida survey as an illustration. In 1959 interviews were completed with a probability sample (N = 2544) of older noninstutionalized residents (age 65+) of a retirement community. Data were collected on health status, health practices, social factors, and activities. Nine years later a follow-up study of the same sample was undertaken. In this report 1959 data for 2497 of these persons are analyzed by results of the 1968 effort (reinterviewed, lost to follow-up, or deceased). About one third of this highly migratory sample could not be located in 1968; death certificates were located for another one third; and the remaining one third was reinterviewed. Social characteristics, housing arrangements, activities, and chronic conditions of the three subpopulations are compared. Persons reinterviewed were found to differ from dropouts in age, sex, type of dwelling unit, activity patterns, and prevalence of chronic conditions. No significant differences were found in educational level, household composition, usual occupation, and retirement status (when controlled for sex).", "PMID": 1017455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1796", "title": "Thresholds of food odors in the elderly.", "content": "Thresholds for nine food odors were found for two groups of subjects, young and elderly. Dravniek's dynamic triangle olfactometer, which employs the forced-choice, triangle principle and controls for guessing was used. Elderly subjects were found to have a considerably reduced sensitivity to these odors compared with young subjects.", "contents": "Thresholds of food odors in the elderly. Thresholds for nine food odors were found for two groups of subjects, young and elderly. Dravniek's dynamic triangle olfactometer, which employs the forced-choice, triangle principle and controls for guessing was used. Elderly subjects were found to have a considerably reduced sensitivity to these odors compared with young subjects.", "PMID": 1017456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1797", "title": "Relationship between central and autonomic nervous system activity: correlates of psychomotor performance in elderly men.", "content": "The relationship between heart rate deceleration (HRD) and the contingent negative variation (CNV) was evaluated in 12 healthy, elderly men during performance of a signaled reaction time task. While amplitude of the CNV and HRD did parallel RT, CNV alone was found to be predictive of individual differences in speed of response indicating that phasic concordance of these physiological responses is probably not an important factor in age changes in RT. The results indicate the probable importance of central physiological indices such as the CNV over peripheral events such as HRD in the evaluation of RT performance in elderly individuals.", "contents": "Relationship between central and autonomic nervous system activity: correlates of psychomotor performance in elderly men. The relationship between heart rate deceleration (HRD) and the contingent negative variation (CNV) was evaluated in 12 healthy, elderly men during performance of a signaled reaction time task. While amplitude of the CNV and HRD did parallel RT, CNV alone was found to be predictive of individual differences in speed of response indicating that phasic concordance of these physiological responses is probably not an important factor in age changes in RT. The results indicate the probable importance of central physiological indices such as the CNV over peripheral events such as HRD in the evaluation of RT performance in elderly individuals.", "PMID": 1017457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1798", "title": "Ethanol preference in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice at three ages and eight ethanol concentrations.", "content": "Eight ethanol concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%) were used. A reduction in ethanol preference with increasing age was seen in the C57BL/6 mice, but not in the BALB/c animals. For C57BL/6 mice the largest difference in ethanol preference occurred between the 10% and 18% ethanol solutions. It was found that the ethanol preference of the 14-16 mo. C57BL/6 mice was similar to the 7-9 mo. old C57BL/6 mice at the first 5 concentrations. For the remaining concentrations the 14-16 mo. mice more closely resembled the 22-24 mo. mice in ethanol preference. The results of this study suggested that increased age does not simply result in a reduction in ethanol preference, but is a function of the genotype and concentration of the ethanol solution.", "contents": "Ethanol preference in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice at three ages and eight ethanol concentrations. Eight ethanol concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%) were used. A reduction in ethanol preference with increasing age was seen in the C57BL/6 mice, but not in the BALB/c animals. For C57BL/6 mice the largest difference in ethanol preference occurred between the 10% and 18% ethanol solutions. It was found that the ethanol preference of the 14-16 mo. C57BL/6 mice was similar to the 7-9 mo. old C57BL/6 mice at the first 5 concentrations. For the remaining concentrations the 14-16 mo. mice more closely resembled the 22-24 mo. mice in ethanol preference. The results of this study suggested that increased age does not simply result in a reduction in ethanol preference, but is a function of the genotype and concentration of the ethanol solution.", "PMID": 1017458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1799", "title": "The relationship of task reinforcement to personal loss themes revealed in earliest memories of elderly subjects.", "content": "Institutionalization of the aged has been viewed as an environmental stressor, producing covert negative affect which is manifest as personal loss themes in the individual's earliest memories. It was hypothesized that reinforcement given for a cognitive task would produce a positive emotional response in the individual and result in decreased personal loss feelings. Subjects were 64 elderly persons (aged 65-88); half of each sex, half nursing home and half community residents, half receiving reinforcement and half receiving none. Subjects' earliest memories were scored for personal loss themes. Significant findings were that among subjects who were reinforced, those in the community had higher loss scores than those in the nursing home; there was no difference in loss scores between community and nursing residents who had not been reinforced. Among community subjects, those who were reinforced had significantly higher loss scores than those who were not; the opposite tendency was observed in nursing home subjects.", "contents": "The relationship of task reinforcement to personal loss themes revealed in earliest memories of elderly subjects. Institutionalization of the aged has been viewed as an environmental stressor, producing covert negative affect which is manifest as personal loss themes in the individual's earliest memories. It was hypothesized that reinforcement given for a cognitive task would produce a positive emotional response in the individual and result in decreased personal loss feelings. Subjects were 64 elderly persons (aged 65-88); half of each sex, half nursing home and half community residents, half receiving reinforcement and half receiving none. Subjects' earliest memories were scored for personal loss themes. Significant findings were that among subjects who were reinforced, those in the community had higher loss scores than those in the nursing home; there was no difference in loss scores between community and nursing residents who had not been reinforced. Among community subjects, those who were reinforced had significantly higher loss scores than those who were not; the opposite tendency was observed in nursing home subjects.", "PMID": 1017459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1800", "title": "Misuse of analysis of covariance in aging research revisited.", "content": "Storandt and Hudson's treatment of the issue of which general linear model technique is preferable to use when age effects are confounded is misleading. Contrary to their position that hierarchical ANOVA or step-wise multiple regression is superior to ANCOVA, it is demonstrated, using hypothetical data, that identical amounts of variance can be explained by ANCOVA relative to hierarchical ANOVA and multiple regression. Multiple regression is recommended as the most appropriate technique for a variety of pragmatic reasons concerning calculation of significance tests, the distinction between gross and net effects, and the choice of the metric used in measurement.", "contents": "Misuse of analysis of covariance in aging research revisited. Storandt and Hudson's treatment of the issue of which general linear model technique is preferable to use when age effects are confounded is misleading. Contrary to their position that hierarchical ANOVA or step-wise multiple regression is superior to ANCOVA, it is demonstrated, using hypothetical data, that identical amounts of variance can be explained by ANCOVA relative to hierarchical ANOVA and multiple regression. Multiple regression is recommended as the most appropriate technique for a variety of pragmatic reasons concerning calculation of significance tests, the distinction between gross and net effects, and the choice of the metric used in measurement.", "PMID": 1017460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1801", "title": "Monetary incentive, age, and cognition.", "content": "Results from studies of cohort differences suggest that older and younger volunteers may differ in aspects other than age. In this study subjects, who had or had not been promised $10.00 payment for their participation, were compared on certain personality and intelligence factors. No differences between incentive conditions were observed for 2466 potential subjects on willingness to participate, nor for 591 subjects eventually tested on their scores on the Primary Mental Abilities Test, the Test of Behavioral Rigidity and Cattell's 16 PF. However, differences by incentive condition were observed on the intercorrelation matrices for women on Form B of the 16 PF. Results of these analyses suggest that, with few exceptions, supplying a monetary incentive to induce subjects to participate in a study does not significantly alter the characteristics of a volunteer sample with regard to age or sex.", "contents": "Monetary incentive, age, and cognition. Results from studies of cohort differences suggest that older and younger volunteers may differ in aspects other than age. In this study subjects, who had or had not been promised $10.00 payment for their participation, were compared on certain personality and intelligence factors. No differences between incentive conditions were observed for 2466 potential subjects on willingness to participate, nor for 591 subjects eventually tested on their scores on the Primary Mental Abilities Test, the Test of Behavioral Rigidity and Cattell's 16 PF. However, differences by incentive condition were observed on the intercorrelation matrices for women on Form B of the 16 PF. Results of these analyses suggest that, with few exceptions, supplying a monetary incentive to induce subjects to participate in a study does not significantly alter the characteristics of a volunteer sample with regard to age or sex.", "PMID": 1017461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1802", "title": "Aging effects on hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine content in the male rat.", "content": "Hypothalamic content of dopamine and norepinephrine was measured in young (4 mo) and aged (24-26 mo) male rats by aluminum oxide adsorption and microfluorescence. Hypothalamic content of both dopamine and norepinephrine was significantly less in aged than in the young groups. Average dopamine content of the young and aged groups was 32.5 +/- 9.3 and 15.6 +/- 2.5 ng/hypothalamus, respectively. Norepinephrine content averaged 47.6 +/- 10.7 and 22.8 +/- 1.8 ng/hypothalamus in the young and aged groups. These data suggested that alterations in hypothalamic catecholamine function contribute to changes in endocrine control mechanisms during aging.", "contents": "Aging effects on hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine content in the male rat. Hypothalamic content of dopamine and norepinephrine was measured in young (4 mo) and aged (24-26 mo) male rats by aluminum oxide adsorption and microfluorescence. Hypothalamic content of both dopamine and norepinephrine was significantly less in aged than in the young groups. Average dopamine content of the young and aged groups was 32.5 +/- 9.3 and 15.6 +/- 2.5 ng/hypothalamus, respectively. Norepinephrine content averaged 47.6 +/- 10.7 and 22.8 +/- 1.8 ng/hypothalamus in the young and aged groups. These data suggested that alterations in hypothalamic catecholamine function contribute to changes in endocrine control mechanisms during aging.", "PMID": 1017462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1803", "title": "O- and N-alkylation with \"Meerwein's reagent\": the unusual behaviour of two lactams.", "content": "Usually tertiary oxonium salts are excellent O-alkylating agents of lactams; in some cases indiscriminate O- and N-alkylations have been described. In this paper the particular behaviour towards Meerwein's reagent of two isomers with a lactamic structure is pointed out: in one case the usual O-alkylation occurs, in the other N-alkylation is the only reaction that takes place.", "contents": "O- and N-alkylation with \"Meerwein's reagent\": the unusual behaviour of two lactams. Usually tertiary oxonium salts are excellent O-alkylating agents of lactams; in some cases indiscriminate O- and N-alkylations have been described. In this paper the particular behaviour towards Meerwein's reagent of two isomers with a lactamic structure is pointed out: in one case the usual O-alkylation occurs, in the other N-alkylation is the only reaction that takes place.", "PMID": 1017478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1804", "title": "[Effects of various natural prostaglandins on human gastrointestinal motility in vitro].", "content": "The effects of three natural prostaglandins, E1, E2 and F2alpha, on the human gastrointestinal tract were investigated by means of an in vitro technique. Prostaglandin F2alpha showed a stimulatory effect on all the segments examined and its activity was comparable to that of acetylcholine (threshold doses 0.5-2 mug). Prostaglandin E1 relaxed the circular muscles of the stomach (minimum active dose was 1 mug/ml) but contracted the longitudinal ones and taenia coli. Prostaglandin E2 showed an interesting inhibition of the stimulant effect of acetylchooline on circular muscles of the stomach (1 mug/ml) and a weak spasmogenic activity on the other tracts. The mechanism of action of prostaglandins has not been completely elucidated; it seems plausible to suggest a direct effect of the drugs on the smooth muscle, however the release of an unknown mediator cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[Effects of various natural prostaglandins on human gastrointestinal motility in vitro]. The effects of three natural prostaglandins, E1, E2 and F2alpha, on the human gastrointestinal tract were investigated by means of an in vitro technique. Prostaglandin F2alpha showed a stimulatory effect on all the segments examined and its activity was comparable to that of acetylcholine (threshold doses 0.5-2 mug). Prostaglandin E1 relaxed the circular muscles of the stomach (minimum active dose was 1 mug/ml) but contracted the longitudinal ones and taenia coli. Prostaglandin E2 showed an interesting inhibition of the stimulant effect of acetylchooline on circular muscles of the stomach (1 mug/ml) and a weak spasmogenic activity on the other tracts. The mechanism of action of prostaglandins has not been completely elucidated; it seems plausible to suggest a direct effect of the drugs on the smooth muscle, however the release of an unknown mediator cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 1017479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1805", "title": "[Homoanalogs of aldofuranosylnucleosides. XI. 3,6-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-(5-halogenouracil-1-yl)-D-mannitol].", "content": "3,6-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-(5-bromouracil-1-yl)-D-mannitol (II) and 3,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-1-(5-iodouracil-1-yl)-D-mannitol (III) were prepared by direct halogenation of the corresponding bis-homonucleosides; the 5-fluoro isomer (V) was prepared by N-alkylation of 5-fluorouracil by 2-o-acetyl-3,6-anhydro-4,5-o-isopropylidene-1-o-p-tolysulfonyl-D-mannitol in dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of potassium carbonate followed by hydrolysis of the protective groups in an acid medium. The ultraviolet spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of these compounds are described and the results of pharmacological tests on L 1210 leukemic cells are given.", "contents": "[Homoanalogs of aldofuranosylnucleosides. XI. 3,6-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-(5-halogenouracil-1-yl)-D-mannitol]. 3,6-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-(5-bromouracil-1-yl)-D-mannitol (II) and 3,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-1-(5-iodouracil-1-yl)-D-mannitol (III) were prepared by direct halogenation of the corresponding bis-homonucleosides; the 5-fluoro isomer (V) was prepared by N-alkylation of 5-fluorouracil by 2-o-acetyl-3,6-anhydro-4,5-o-isopropylidene-1-o-p-tolysulfonyl-D-mannitol in dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of potassium carbonate followed by hydrolysis of the protective groups in an acid medium. The ultraviolet spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of these compounds are described and the results of pharmacological tests on L 1210 leukemic cells are given.", "PMID": 1017480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1806", "title": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. V. Imidazo/2,1-b/thiazole-6-ascetic acids and imidazo/2,1-b/benzothiazole-2-acetic acids].", "content": "We have prepared a group of ethyl imidazo [2,1-b]thiazole-6- and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole-2-acetates, starting from some substituted 2-aminothiazoles and 2-aminobenzothiazoles, by reaction with ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate. From these esters we have obtained the corresponding acetic acids, and we have tested their anti-inflammatory activity.", "contents": "[Research on heterocyclic compounds. V. Imidazo/2,1-b/thiazole-6-ascetic acids and imidazo/2,1-b/benzothiazole-2-acetic acids]. We have prepared a group of ethyl imidazo [2,1-b]thiazole-6- and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole-2-acetates, starting from some substituted 2-aminothiazoles and 2-aminobenzothiazoles, by reaction with ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate. From these esters we have obtained the corresponding acetic acids, and we have tested their anti-inflammatory activity.", "PMID": 1017481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1807", "title": "Structure-activity relationship for antitumor thiosemicarbazones.", "content": "The in vitro antitumore activity of a series of thiosemicarbazones was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. Both lipophilic and electronic effects are shown to play an important role.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationship for antitumor thiosemicarbazones. The in vitro antitumore activity of a series of thiosemicarbazones was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. Both lipophilic and electronic effects are shown to play an important role.", "PMID": 1017482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1808", "title": "Antimycotic activity in vitro and in vivo of a new hydrosoluble polyene antibiotic.", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo activity of a new water soluble polyene antibiotic, anmed SPA-S-222, has been studied on numerous Candida and Cryptococcus species. The in vitro tests were carried out in comparison with nystatin and amphotericin B whose antimycotic properties are already well known. The inhibition of \"germination\" of various strains of Candida albicans was also investigated. The results show that SPA-S-222 has greater antimycotic activity than nystatin or amphotericin B. Tests on the protection afforded by SPA-S-222 in Swiss albino mice infected with C, albicans were satisfactory as regards both the total protective dose and the partial protective dose (P.D. 50%).", "contents": "Antimycotic activity in vitro and in vivo of a new hydrosoluble polyene antibiotic. The in vitro and in vivo activity of a new water soluble polyene antibiotic, anmed SPA-S-222, has been studied on numerous Candida and Cryptococcus species. The in vitro tests were carried out in comparison with nystatin and amphotericin B whose antimycotic properties are already well known. The inhibition of \"germination\" of various strains of Candida albicans was also investigated. The results show that SPA-S-222 has greater antimycotic activity than nystatin or amphotericin B. Tests on the protection afforded by SPA-S-222 in Swiss albino mice infected with C, albicans were satisfactory as regards both the total protective dose and the partial protective dose (P.D. 50%).", "PMID": 1017483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1809", "title": "Derivatives of 2H,3H-benzimidazo(1,2-b)oxazole.", "content": "The Authors report the synthesis and chemical properties of a number of derivatives of 2H,3H-benzimidazo(1,2-b)oxazole. These substances were prepared in order to investigate their pharmacological activity.", "contents": "Derivatives of 2H,3H-benzimidazo(1,2-b)oxazole. The Authors report the synthesis and chemical properties of a number of derivatives of 2H,3H-benzimidazo(1,2-b)oxazole. These substances were prepared in order to investigate their pharmacological activity.", "PMID": 1017484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1810", "title": "[Relationship between chemical structure and sweet taste. XIII. Derivatives of L-acylamidosuccinanilic acids].", "content": "Several derivatives of L-acylamidosuccinanilic acids have been prepared inorder to study the relationship between the chemical structure and the sweetening activity by modifying the amino or the acylamido portions of the molecule. Some synthesized compounds possess a pronounced sweet taste, the L-4'-nitro-(2,2,2-trichloroacetamido)succinanilic acid is the most outstanding compound, being approximately 3000-4500 times as sweet as sucrose.", "contents": "[Relationship between chemical structure and sweet taste. XIII. Derivatives of L-acylamidosuccinanilic acids]. Several derivatives of L-acylamidosuccinanilic acids have been prepared inorder to study the relationship between the chemical structure and the sweetening activity by modifying the amino or the acylamido portions of the molecule. Some synthesized compounds possess a pronounced sweet taste, the L-4'-nitro-(2,2,2-trichloroacetamido)succinanilic acid is the most outstanding compound, being approximately 3000-4500 times as sweet as sucrose.", "PMID": 1017485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1811", "title": "[Retrospective analysis of drug projection using correlative technics].", "content": "The problem of choosing substituents to allow correct correlative analysis according to the \"Hausch Approach\" is discussed. The problem of colinearity among parameters is considered in a case study on 296 anilides which inhibit the Hill reaction. The difficulty in of determining whether, pi or MR is the important variable in changes in activity is shown. \"Cluster analysis\" is discussed and proposed as a rational method for the selection of substituents to be introduced into biologically active structure in order to explore the scope of each defined physico-chemical parameter. An example of the use of this method conerning auxin activity of 1- and 2-benzotriazole derivatives is given.", "contents": "[Retrospective analysis of drug projection using correlative technics]. The problem of choosing substituents to allow correct correlative analysis according to the \"Hausch Approach\" is discussed. The problem of colinearity among parameters is considered in a case study on 296 anilides which inhibit the Hill reaction. The difficulty in of determining whether, pi or MR is the important variable in changes in activity is shown. \"Cluster analysis\" is discussed and proposed as a rational method for the selection of substituents to be introduced into biologically active structure in order to explore the scope of each defined physico-chemical parameter. An example of the use of this method conerning auxin activity of 1- and 2-benzotriazole derivatives is given.", "PMID": 1017486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1812", "title": "Biological activities of a new specific stimulant of histamine H2 receptors.", "content": "Compound N-methyl-2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)ethylamine (5-methyl-N-methylhistamine) was submitted to a thorough pharmacological examination and was found to be a potent stimulant of H2 receptors, devoid of any appreciable effect on H1 receptors. Because of its high degree of specificity it therefore seems to represent an interesting drug to be used in clinical gastric secretory tests and an useful tool for the study of histamine H2 receptors.", "contents": "Biological activities of a new specific stimulant of histamine H2 receptors. Compound N-methyl-2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)ethylamine (5-methyl-N-methylhistamine) was submitted to a thorough pharmacological examination and was found to be a potent stimulant of H2 receptors, devoid of any appreciable effect on H1 receptors. Because of its high degree of specificity it therefore seems to represent an interesting drug to be used in clinical gastric secretory tests and an useful tool for the study of histamine H2 receptors.", "PMID": 1017487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1813", "title": "[Influence of frequency of splanchnic nerve stimulation on development of habituation in the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Changes of amplitude of evoked potentials in the areas SI and SII of the cortex on repeated stimulation of the splanchnic nerve were studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The rate of decrement amplitude responses is increased with increasing of the frequency of stimulation from 0.5 to 5 stimuli per 1 sec. in the focus of maximal activity and in peripheral areas SI and SII. The decrement responses are more obvious in the peripheral sites of these areas. The data obtained seem to indicate a development of habituation in the cortex.", "contents": "[Influence of frequency of splanchnic nerve stimulation on development of habituation in the cat cerebral cortex]. Changes of amplitude of evoked potentials in the areas SI and SII of the cortex on repeated stimulation of the splanchnic nerve were studied in anesthetized and immobilized cats. The rate of decrement amplitude responses is increased with increasing of the frequency of stimulation from 0.5 to 5 stimuli per 1 sec. in the focus of maximal activity and in peripheral areas SI and SII. The decrement responses are more obvious in the peripheral sites of these areas. The data obtained seem to indicate a development of habituation in the cortex.", "PMID": 1017506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1814", "title": "[Role of the medial region of the hypothalamus in regulating the activity of the respiratory neurons of the medulla oblongata].", "content": "The influence of high frequency stimulation of postero- and anteromedial hypothalamic regions on the activity of single neurons of the bulbar respiratory center was studied in anesthetized cats with normal respiration. No strictly localized facilitatory or inhibitory points were found in these regions. Excitatory as well as inhibitory descending pathways were activated by the hypothalamic stimulation. The effect was mainly facilitating. The excitatory and inhibitory influences of the medial hypothalamus modulated spike activity of both inspiratory and expiratory neurons of the bulbar respiratory center. Some functional aspects of the mechanism for hypothalamic regulation of the activity of bulbar respiratory neurons are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of the medial region of the hypothalamus in regulating the activity of the respiratory neurons of the medulla oblongata]. The influence of high frequency stimulation of postero- and anteromedial hypothalamic regions on the activity of single neurons of the bulbar respiratory center was studied in anesthetized cats with normal respiration. No strictly localized facilitatory or inhibitory points were found in these regions. Excitatory as well as inhibitory descending pathways were activated by the hypothalamic stimulation. The effect was mainly facilitating. The excitatory and inhibitory influences of the medial hypothalamus modulated spike activity of both inspiratory and expiratory neurons of the bulbar respiratory center. Some functional aspects of the mechanism for hypothalamic regulation of the activity of bulbar respiratory neurons are discussed.", "PMID": 1017507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1815", "title": "[Features of individual sympathetic preganglionic neurons and their axons in the superior thoracic portion of the spinal cord].", "content": "The existence of B- and C-preganglionic fibers in T3 spinal cord segment was shown with the aid of recording the antidromic waves in the ventral root filaments elicited by corresponding white ramus stimulation. Conduction velocity, excitability, and refractory period of these fibers were obtained. Antidromic discharges of sympathetic preganglionic neurons with high-speed B-axons were found in ventral horn. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lateral horn have B-axons with slower conduction velocity, and those situated in lateral part of the intermediate zone have C-axons.", "contents": "[Features of individual sympathetic preganglionic neurons and their axons in the superior thoracic portion of the spinal cord]. The existence of B- and C-preganglionic fibers in T3 spinal cord segment was shown with the aid of recording the antidromic waves in the ventral root filaments elicited by corresponding white ramus stimulation. Conduction velocity, excitability, and refractory period of these fibers were obtained. Antidromic discharges of sympathetic preganglionic neurons with high-speed B-axons were found in ventral horn. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the lateral horn have B-axons with slower conduction velocity, and those situated in lateral part of the intermediate zone have C-axons.", "PMID": 1017509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1816", "title": "[Phasic character of the process of color sensitivity in the visual analyzer].", "content": "In subjects with normal three-chromatic vision, during long-term uninterrupted adaptation (6--8 min) to spectral stimuli of different spectral areas (lambda=650+585 nm; lambda=535+585 nm), it was found that the state of color sensitivity undergoes changes in the form of alternating active (correct) and passive (wrong) phases of color discrimination. First, the phase of active color discrimination prevails, then both phases become sort of balanced, and in the end of the adaptation the phase of passive color discrimination increases considerably. The time of duration of these phases depends on the wave--length of the adapting stimulus.", "contents": "[Phasic character of the process of color sensitivity in the visual analyzer]. In subjects with normal three-chromatic vision, during long-term uninterrupted adaptation (6--8 min) to spectral stimuli of different spectral areas (lambda=650+585 nm; lambda=535+585 nm), it was found that the state of color sensitivity undergoes changes in the form of alternating active (correct) and passive (wrong) phases of color discrimination. First, the phase of active color discrimination prevails, then both phases become sort of balanced, and in the end of the adaptation the phase of passive color discrimination increases considerably. The time of duration of these phases depends on the wave--length of the adapting stimulus.", "PMID": 1017510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1817", "title": "[Interaction of muscle fibers in preserving indefatiguability].", "content": "Dynamics of isometric tension, EMG, and character of AP generation were studied in separate muscle fibers in albino rats during prolonged indirect stimulation (40 HZ) of m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus. M. soleus was capable to maintain 50--60% of maximal tension during 2.5 hrs, whereas m. gastrocnemius maintained only 15--20% of the maximal tension for about 15 min after the onset of stimulation. According to character of AP generation, fibers of the muscles were divided into three major types: \"silent\", sporadically functioning, and constantly functioning. Mechanisms of these features of the muscle function are discussed.", "contents": "[Interaction of muscle fibers in preserving indefatiguability]. Dynamics of isometric tension, EMG, and character of AP generation were studied in separate muscle fibers in albino rats during prolonged indirect stimulation (40 HZ) of m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus. M. soleus was capable to maintain 50--60% of maximal tension during 2.5 hrs, whereas m. gastrocnemius maintained only 15--20% of the maximal tension for about 15 min after the onset of stimulation. According to character of AP generation, fibers of the muscles were divided into three major types: \"silent\", sporadically functioning, and constantly functioning. Mechanisms of these features of the muscle function are discussed.", "PMID": 1017511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1818", "title": "[Effect of intravenous infusions of thrombin and heterogenous blood on lymph coagulability].", "content": "In dogs, i.v. administration of thrombin leads to hypocoagulation, consumption of fibrinogen, increasing fibrinolysis, and to a slight raise of antithrombin. This has no connection with appearance of natural anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents in the lymph stream. After the heterotransfusion shock, apart from hypocoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis in the blood, the incoagulability of lymph developes due to a sharp increase of free heparin in it. The hypocoagulation after the heterotransfusion shock seems to depend on appearance of anticoagulants in the tissue fluid and lymph. Common and different features of thrombin and heterogenic blood effects on the mechanism of hypocoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis, are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of intravenous infusions of thrombin and heterogenous blood on lymph coagulability]. In dogs, i.v. administration of thrombin leads to hypocoagulation, consumption of fibrinogen, increasing fibrinolysis, and to a slight raise of antithrombin. This has no connection with appearance of natural anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents in the lymph stream. After the heterotransfusion shock, apart from hypocoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis in the blood, the incoagulability of lymph developes due to a sharp increase of free heparin in it. The hypocoagulation after the heterotransfusion shock seems to depend on appearance of anticoagulants in the tissue fluid and lymph. Common and different features of thrombin and heterogenic blood effects on the mechanism of hypocoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis, are discussed.", "PMID": 1017512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1819", "title": "Benin: nutritional considerations on trace elements in the diet.", "content": "The increasing use of the atomic absorption technique makes it possible to study man's trace-element requirements with a very accurate methodology. Some of these elements are present in the daily diet in minute quantities of micrograms which are, however, indispensable for the proper functioning of the body. But apart from such trace quantities present in conditions which are not affected by abnormal environmental concentration, there may be situations in which trace-element levels in foods and diets reach very high values. If very high, the levels may expose a population to the risk of toxicity; on the other hand, they may lead to wrong interpretations of trace-element requirements because they may lead the nutritionist to regard some high values as normal levels and therefore appropriate for meeting man's requirements. Inversely, they may also induce the nutritionist to regard lower values as unsatisfactory. Therefore, since these environmental factors, which are not always identifiable, can induce erroneous judgements due to overestimation of the requirements, it would seem appropriate, if figures on the total supplies of the diet are to be used, to refer to the tabled values of the individual foods of the diet, rather than to analyses of the whole diet ready for consumption. In fact, an abnormally high or low value of a trace element of any single food of a food composition table would have little influence on the calculation of the total supply of the diet, whereas the use of values obtained from meals which have been exposed to contamination during technological processes(e.g., through the cooking water of foods or cooking utensils) may result in overestimation. However, the analysis of global diets seems to be the method of choice in toxicological research, because in this type of investigations the basic elements of an evaluation often derive indeed from abnormal conditions identified at consumer level. Regarding the importance of copper and iron in haematopoiesis, the following hypotheses can be put forward: (a) In the haematopoietic phenomena occurring in intrauterine life, copper seems to play a role equal to that of iron, and perhaps even more important. (b) This role does not seem to be an autonomous one, but is mediated by availability of serum globulin to the child. In other words, this hypothesis relates the problem more generally to the protein nutrition of mother and foetus...", "contents": "Benin: nutritional considerations on trace elements in the diet. The increasing use of the atomic absorption technique makes it possible to study man's trace-element requirements with a very accurate methodology. Some of these elements are present in the daily diet in minute quantities of micrograms which are, however, indispensable for the proper functioning of the body. But apart from such trace quantities present in conditions which are not affected by abnormal environmental concentration, there may be situations in which trace-element levels in foods and diets reach very high values. If very high, the levels may expose a population to the risk of toxicity; on the other hand, they may lead to wrong interpretations of trace-element requirements because they may lead the nutritionist to regard some high values as normal levels and therefore appropriate for meeting man's requirements. Inversely, they may also induce the nutritionist to regard lower values as unsatisfactory. Therefore, since these environmental factors, which are not always identifiable, can induce erroneous judgements due to overestimation of the requirements, it would seem appropriate, if figures on the total supplies of the diet are to be used, to refer to the tabled values of the individual foods of the diet, rather than to analyses of the whole diet ready for consumption. In fact, an abnormally high or low value of a trace element of any single food of a food composition table would have little influence on the calculation of the total supply of the diet, whereas the use of values obtained from meals which have been exposed to contamination during technological processes(e.g., through the cooking water of foods or cooking utensils) may result in overestimation. However, the analysis of global diets seems to be the method of choice in toxicological research, because in this type of investigations the basic elements of an evaluation often derive indeed from abnormal conditions identified at consumer level. Regarding the importance of copper and iron in haematopoiesis, the following hypotheses can be put forward: (a) In the haematopoietic phenomena occurring in intrauterine life, copper seems to play a role equal to that of iron, and perhaps even more important. (b) This role does not seem to be an autonomous one, but is mediated by availability of serum globulin to the child. In other words, this hypothesis relates the problem more generally to the protein nutrition of mother and foetus...", "PMID": 1017519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1820", "title": "Role of keratinases in dermatophytosis. IV. Reactivities of sera from guinea pigs with heat-inactivated keratinase II.", "content": "Complement-fixing antibodies to the heat-inactivated keratinase II of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum were detectable in sera from approximately 40% of the Hartley strain guinea pigs previously infected with this dermatophyte. However, no precipitating antibodies to the heat-inactivated keratinase II were detectable in these sera. Guinea pigs immunized with the heat-inactivated keratinase II had both complement-fixing and precipitating antibodies to the keratinase II. Circulating antibodies in sera from both the infected and the immunized guinea pigs also reacted with the active keratinase II but did not inhibit its proteolytic activity.", "contents": "Role of keratinases in dermatophytosis. IV. Reactivities of sera from guinea pigs with heat-inactivated keratinase II. Complement-fixing antibodies to the heat-inactivated keratinase II of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum were detectable in sera from approximately 40% of the Hartley strain guinea pigs previously infected with this dermatophyte. However, no precipitating antibodies to the heat-inactivated keratinase II were detectable in these sera. Guinea pigs immunized with the heat-inactivated keratinase II had both complement-fixing and precipitating antibodies to the keratinase II. Circulating antibodies in sera from both the infected and the immunized guinea pigs also reacted with the active keratinase II but did not inhibit its proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 1017526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1821", "title": "[Corneal lesions in ichthyosis].", "content": "Corneal lesions in ichthyosis, here combined with alopecia, are rarely described in the literature. The present observation relates to two sisters, whose grandparents were siblings. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive, as is usual in ichthyosis congenita but is also observed in ichthyosis vulgaris. The clinical picture and the histological findings correspond to ichthyosis vulgaris.", "contents": "[Corneal lesions in ichthyosis]. Corneal lesions in ichthyosis, here combined with alopecia, are rarely described in the literature. The present observation relates to two sisters, whose grandparents were siblings. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive, as is usual in ichthyosis congenita but is also observed in ichthyosis vulgaris. The clinical picture and the histological findings correspond to ichthyosis vulgaris.", "PMID": 1017527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1822", "title": "Treatment of vitiligo with oral corticosteroids.", "content": "17 patients with generalized vitiligo and 5 patients with localized vitiligo were treated with oral corticosteroids. Six patients with generalized vitiligo showed over 75% repigmentation in at least one of the patches. Two patients with generalized vitiligo and 1 patient with localized vitiligo showed a partial repigmentation of 25-75%, while 5 patients with generalized vitiligo and 1 patient with localized vitiligo showed a minimal repigmentation of less than 25%. Four patients with generalized vitiligo and 3 patients with localized vitiligo failed to respond. Repigmentation became evident within 4 weeks in most cases, and in general was more markedly noted in exposed areas.", "contents": "Treatment of vitiligo with oral corticosteroids. 17 patients with generalized vitiligo and 5 patients with localized vitiligo were treated with oral corticosteroids. Six patients with generalized vitiligo showed over 75% repigmentation in at least one of the patches. Two patients with generalized vitiligo and 1 patient with localized vitiligo showed a partial repigmentation of 25-75%, while 5 patients with generalized vitiligo and 1 patient with localized vitiligo showed a minimal repigmentation of less than 25%. Four patients with generalized vitiligo and 3 patients with localized vitiligo failed to respond. Repigmentation became evident within 4 weeks in most cases, and in general was more markedly noted in exposed areas.", "PMID": 1017528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1823", "title": "Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the tongue.", "content": "A case is reported of severe transient macroglossia after biopsy from the tongue in a 13-year-old boy who has had intermittent macroglossia since the age of 1 year as a result of extensive lymphangioma circumscriptum of the tongue. The acute lesions appear to result from haemorrhage into the lymphatic spaces following rupture of blood vessels in connective tissue septa and possibly secondary infection.", "contents": "Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the tongue. A case is reported of severe transient macroglossia after biopsy from the tongue in a 13-year-old boy who has had intermittent macroglossia since the age of 1 year as a result of extensive lymphangioma circumscriptum of the tongue. The acute lesions appear to result from haemorrhage into the lymphatic spaces following rupture of blood vessels in connective tissue septa and possibly secondary infection.", "PMID": 1017530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1824", "title": "Generalized granuloma anulare in a 15-month-old infant.", "content": "A Japanese girl aged 15 months had an eruption of 3 months' duration on the face, trunk, and extremities except for the palms and soles. The lesions were infiltrated papules varying from 2 to 3 mm in diameter. Blood eosinophilia of 5% was demonstrated. Skin biopsy specimen revealed a necrobiotic palisading granuloma in the corium. All lesions began to subside after 1 weeks' administration of oral corticosteroid and completely involuted in 2 months. A possible etiologic role of insect bites was considered.", "contents": "Generalized granuloma anulare in a 15-month-old infant. A Japanese girl aged 15 months had an eruption of 3 months' duration on the face, trunk, and extremities except for the palms and soles. The lesions were infiltrated papules varying from 2 to 3 mm in diameter. Blood eosinophilia of 5% was demonstrated. Skin biopsy specimen revealed a necrobiotic palisading granuloma in the corium. All lesions began to subside after 1 weeks' administration of oral corticosteroid and completely involuted in 2 months. A possible etiologic role of insect bites was considered.", "PMID": 1017531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1825", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in epidermodysplasia verruciformis.", "content": "Investigations were performed in 6 cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and 2 healthy family members. Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was studied by measuring response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), percentrages of E- and EAC-rosette-forming lymphocytes, bacterial skin tests, and allergic reactions to dinitrochloro-benzene (DNCB). Impairment of CMI was manifested by reduction in the percentage of E rosettes, and lowered response to PHA, and- to a lesser degree- to Con A. The immune response to DNCB sensitization was invariably negative. Impairment of CMI was greater in cases of long duration and with extensive lesions. The cases of similar duration and extent of lesions, which never showed tendency to tumor formation, were not different in CMI in comparison with cases with numerous tumors. Only in cases with very advanced tumors CMI was impaired parallel to the gravity of the patient's general condition.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Investigations were performed in 6 cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and 2 healthy family members. Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was studied by measuring response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), percentrages of E- and EAC-rosette-forming lymphocytes, bacterial skin tests, and allergic reactions to dinitrochloro-benzene (DNCB). Impairment of CMI was manifested by reduction in the percentage of E rosettes, and lowered response to PHA, and- to a lesser degree- to Con A. The immune response to DNCB sensitization was invariably negative. Impairment of CMI was greater in cases of long duration and with extensive lesions. The cases of similar duration and extent of lesions, which never showed tendency to tumor formation, were not different in CMI in comparison with cases with numerous tumors. Only in cases with very advanced tumors CMI was impaired parallel to the gravity of the patient's general condition.", "PMID": 1017532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1826", "title": "Onset of the vasoconstrictor effect of diflucortolone valerate, betamethasone valerate, and fluocinolone acetonide ointments applied for varying periods under occlusive dressings.", "content": "Evaluation of cutaneous vasoconstriction after applications of varying duration of topical corticoids on the flexor surfaces of the forearms of 20 patients with intact skin shows a significantly faster blanching effect with diflucortolone valerate ointment than with fluocinolone acetonide and betamethasone valerate ointments. Furthermore, the test shows that even for a highly active preparation, such as the diflucortolone valerate ointment, an application time of less than 3 h only exceptionally leads to vasoconstriction in the healthy skin.", "contents": "Onset of the vasoconstrictor effect of diflucortolone valerate, betamethasone valerate, and fluocinolone acetonide ointments applied for varying periods under occlusive dressings. Evaluation of cutaneous vasoconstriction after applications of varying duration of topical corticoids on the flexor surfaces of the forearms of 20 patients with intact skin shows a significantly faster blanching effect with diflucortolone valerate ointment than with fluocinolone acetonide and betamethasone valerate ointments. Furthermore, the test shows that even for a highly active preparation, such as the diflucortolone valerate ointment, an application time of less than 3 h only exceptionally leads to vasoconstriction in the healthy skin.", "PMID": 1017533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1827", "title": "The epidemiology of hyperlipoproteinemia in a Rumanian general population sample. Study of 7,085 cases.", "content": "Using a two stages screening method the prevalence in the general population of hyperlipoproteinemias (HLP), separated in the five types proposed by Fredrickson, Levy and Lees, and adopted by WHO has been studied. The study included 7,085 subjects of both sexes, aged 25-65 years, representing 84,52 % of a population taken at random within a district of Bucarest. HLP was found in 1,013 cases, i.e. 14,29 % of the investigated population. 48.37 % were men and 51.63 % women. The prevalence of HLP was lowest in the first decace of age studied (25-35 years) and highest in the last two decades (45-65 years). Overweight was more frequently encountered in these patients (64.46 %) than in the total population (32.3 %). Of the 1,013 cases with HLP, 42.35 % (6.05 % of the total population) were of type IV, 27.05 % (3.86 % of the total population) of type II-b, 22.80 % (3.26 % of the total population) of type II-a, 4.74 % (0.67 % of the total population) of the type III and 3.06 % (0.43 % of the total population) of the type V. 22.70 % of the HLP patients were considered primary familial HLP, 66.54 % primary non-familial HLP and 10.76 % secondary HLP; IN 109 secondary HLP, the most frequently encountered disease was diabetes mellitus (42.20 %), followed by hypothyroidism (24.77 %), alcoholism (12.84 %), obstructive liver diseases (9.17 %), pancreatitis (5.50 %), nephrotic syndrome (2.75 %) and treatment with estrogens and steroids (2.75 %).", "contents": "The epidemiology of hyperlipoproteinemia in a Rumanian general population sample. Study of 7,085 cases. Using a two stages screening method the prevalence in the general population of hyperlipoproteinemias (HLP), separated in the five types proposed by Fredrickson, Levy and Lees, and adopted by WHO has been studied. The study included 7,085 subjects of both sexes, aged 25-65 years, representing 84,52 % of a population taken at random within a district of Bucarest. HLP was found in 1,013 cases, i.e. 14,29 % of the investigated population. 48.37 % were men and 51.63 % women. The prevalence of HLP was lowest in the first decace of age studied (25-35 years) and highest in the last two decades (45-65 years). Overweight was more frequently encountered in these patients (64.46 %) than in the total population (32.3 %). Of the 1,013 cases with HLP, 42.35 % (6.05 % of the total population) were of type IV, 27.05 % (3.86 % of the total population) of type II-b, 22.80 % (3.26 % of the total population) of type II-a, 4.74 % (0.67 % of the total population) of the type III and 3.06 % (0.43 % of the total population) of the type V. 22.70 % of the HLP patients were considered primary familial HLP, 66.54 % primary non-familial HLP and 10.76 % secondary HLP; IN 109 secondary HLP, the most frequently encountered disease was diabetes mellitus (42.20 %), followed by hypothyroidism (24.77 %), alcoholism (12.84 %), obstructive liver diseases (9.17 %), pancreatitis (5.50 %), nephrotic syndrome (2.75 %) and treatment with estrogens and steroids (2.75 %).", "PMID": 1017536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1828", "title": "[Diabetes and synovial chondromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the series of the fourty cases of synovial chondromatosis observed at the the department of rheumatology of Marseille since 1960, seventeen patients were suffering from diabetes mellitus, all of them not-insulin-dependent. This raises the question of the nature of this association, not previously reported.", "contents": "[Diabetes and synovial chondromatosis (author's transl)]. In the series of the fourty cases of synovial chondromatosis observed at the the department of rheumatology of Marseille since 1960, seventeen patients were suffering from diabetes mellitus, all of them not-insulin-dependent. This raises the question of the nature of this association, not previously reported.", "PMID": 1017537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1829", "title": "Vitamin B 12 and folic acid serum levels in diabetics under various therapeutic regimens.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to reconsider the problem of the haematological consequences of biguanide treatment by evaluating serum vitamin B 12 and folic acid levels as well as classical haematological parameters in 30 diabetics treated by metformin. For purpose of comparison, similar evaluations were done in diabetics treated with insulin (27 patients) or sulfonylureas (13 patients). Results indicated that mean serum levels of vitamin B 12 were significantly lower in patients receiving metformin than in both other groups. In the metformin-treated group, five patients had serum levels of vitamin B 12 below 270 pg/ml and five had borderline values. No difference was found in the mean serum folic acid levels between the three groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the red blood cell counts, volumes or haemoglogin concentrations nor in the mean values of serum iron and lacticodeshydrogenase levels between the three groups. Since the haematologic and neurologic complications of vitamin B 12 deficiency may only appear after the deficiency had existed for 10-15 years, the lack of haematological alteration may be explained by the fact that the vitamin B 12 deficiency was not present for a sufficient period of time. We conclude that it may be wise to monitor the haematological values as well as vitamin B 12 levels at regular intervals in diabetic patients treated with metformin so that B 12 hypovitaminosis and its complications can be prevented.", "contents": "Vitamin B 12 and folic acid serum levels in diabetics under various therapeutic regimens. The aim of the present study was to reconsider the problem of the haematological consequences of biguanide treatment by evaluating serum vitamin B 12 and folic acid levels as well as classical haematological parameters in 30 diabetics treated by metformin. For purpose of comparison, similar evaluations were done in diabetics treated with insulin (27 patients) or sulfonylureas (13 patients). Results indicated that mean serum levels of vitamin B 12 were significantly lower in patients receiving metformin than in both other groups. In the metformin-treated group, five patients had serum levels of vitamin B 12 below 270 pg/ml and five had borderline values. No difference was found in the mean serum folic acid levels between the three groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the red blood cell counts, volumes or haemoglogin concentrations nor in the mean values of serum iron and lacticodeshydrogenase levels between the three groups. Since the haematologic and neurologic complications of vitamin B 12 deficiency may only appear after the deficiency had existed for 10-15 years, the lack of haematological alteration may be explained by the fact that the vitamin B 12 deficiency was not present for a sufficient period of time. We conclude that it may be wise to monitor the haematological values as well as vitamin B 12 levels at regular intervals in diabetic patients treated with metformin so that B 12 hypovitaminosis and its complications can be prevented.", "PMID": 1017538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1830", "title": "Hypoglycaemia induced by adrenal gland neoplasia (Anderson's syndrome) : report of a case.", "content": "A patient with hypoglycaemia associated with an adrenal neoplasia (Anderson's syndrome) is reported. Endocrinological investigation showed increased secretion of cortisol and catecholamines as well as an increased urinary steroid excretion along with profound inhibition of both basal and stimulated insulin secretion. During IVGTT, Conard's coefficient was reduced. The hyperglycemic response to glucagon injection was blunted, suggesting that liver glycogen stores were decreased or unavailable.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemia induced by adrenal gland neoplasia (Anderson's syndrome) : report of a case. A patient with hypoglycaemia associated with an adrenal neoplasia (Anderson's syndrome) is reported. Endocrinological investigation showed increased secretion of cortisol and catecholamines as well as an increased urinary steroid excretion along with profound inhibition of both basal and stimulated insulin secretion. During IVGTT, Conard's coefficient was reduced. The hyperglycemic response to glucagon injection was blunted, suggesting that liver glycogen stores were decreased or unavailable.", "PMID": 1017539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1831", "title": "[Sex differences in the blood glucose fall induced by short fasts (author's transl)].", "content": "Overnight fasting venous plasma glucose concentration was lower in premenopausal women than in men. This difference increased during a low caloric and low carbohydrate diet and above all after a 48 h fasting period. Venous blood glucose variation during this period of fasting was the same in post-menopausal women as in men. These facts and the previous observation by our group of a fall in fasting and post absorptive venous blood glucose after intramuscular injection of oestradiol benzoate (10) indicate that sex variations in the blood glucose fall following a period of fasting are at least partly linked to the oestrogenic status of the premenopausal woman.", "contents": "[Sex differences in the blood glucose fall induced by short fasts (author's transl)]. Overnight fasting venous plasma glucose concentration was lower in premenopausal women than in men. This difference increased during a low caloric and low carbohydrate diet and above all after a 48 h fasting period. Venous blood glucose variation during this period of fasting was the same in post-menopausal women as in men. These facts and the previous observation by our group of a fall in fasting and post absorptive venous blood glucose after intramuscular injection of oestradiol benzoate (10) indicate that sex variations in the blood glucose fall following a period of fasting are at least partly linked to the oestrogenic status of the premenopausal woman.", "PMID": 1017540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1832", "title": "Accuracy of diagnosis of cancer among autopsy cases: JNIH--ABCC population for Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "content": "The accuracy of death certificate diagnoses of cancer in the fixed population of about 100,000 samples in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was determined for the period 1961 approximately 1970 by comparison with autopsy findings. In general, when the death certificate listed cancer as a cause of death it was found at autopsy in a high proportion of cases. However, cancer was not always reported on death certificates, indicating that cancer occurs more frequently than recorded by official mortality statistics. Older persons, persons who die at home, and persons with certain cancers are more likely not to have cancer named on their death certificates. It is estimated that in the 10,749 deaths occurring at home or in hospital, there were 32% more deaths due to cancer than certified on death certificates (3,095 vs. 2,345) and for persons aged 70 or more dying at home it is estimated there were 55% more stomach cancer (269 estimated vs. 174 listed) and 244% more lung cancer (141 estimated vs. 41 listed) than were certified on death certificates. The death certificate is not a good source of information for cancer of the cervix because many cases of this disease reported on death certificates as cancer of the uterus. This practice needs to be taken into account in the use of mortality data for cervical cancer in Japan.", "contents": "Accuracy of diagnosis of cancer among autopsy cases: JNIH--ABCC population for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The accuracy of death certificate diagnoses of cancer in the fixed population of about 100,000 samples in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was determined for the period 1961 approximately 1970 by comparison with autopsy findings. In general, when the death certificate listed cancer as a cause of death it was found at autopsy in a high proportion of cases. However, cancer was not always reported on death certificates, indicating that cancer occurs more frequently than recorded by official mortality statistics. Older persons, persons who die at home, and persons with certain cancers are more likely not to have cancer named on their death certificates. It is estimated that in the 10,749 deaths occurring at home or in hospital, there were 32% more deaths due to cancer than certified on death certificates (3,095 vs. 2,345) and for persons aged 70 or more dying at home it is estimated there were 55% more stomach cancer (269 estimated vs. 174 listed) and 244% more lung cancer (141 estimated vs. 41 listed) than were certified on death certificates. The death certificate is not a good source of information for cancer of the cervix because many cases of this disease reported on death certificates as cancer of the uterus. This practice needs to be taken into account in the use of mortality data for cervical cancer in Japan.", "PMID": 1017579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1833", "title": "Predication of the effect of carcinostatic agents on tumor-bearing host by the sensitivity test using acid phosphatase activity in vitro.", "content": "For the purpose of predicting the effect of carcinostatic agents on tumor-bearing host in vitro, a sensitivity test of a drug in tumor bearers was developed. This test is based on the change in the specific activity of acid phosphatase of individual tumor and liver tissue, and the difference in them was used as an indicator of effectiveness. The value was called the \"effective value.\" The present papar is concerned with the relationship between the effective value and effectiveness of the agents in rodents and man. The results showed that the effective value became higher with increasing concentration of Mitomycin-C incubated with tumor and liver tissues. The survival time of Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, which were given Mitomycin-C intraperitoneally, was longer and increase in the dose of Mitomycin-C. In ascitic or subcutaneous form of Ehrlich carcinoma, AH-130, and Yoshida sarcoma, the effective value was parallel with the survival time of or the inhibition of tumor growth in tumor-bearing animals treated with Mitomycin-C. In 25 patients with gastric carcinoma treated with Mitomycin-C, the postoperative survival time was more closely correlated with the effective value calculated by the titers of both tumor and liver than the value of tumor alone.", "contents": "Predication of the effect of carcinostatic agents on tumor-bearing host by the sensitivity test using acid phosphatase activity in vitro. For the purpose of predicting the effect of carcinostatic agents on tumor-bearing host in vitro, a sensitivity test of a drug in tumor bearers was developed. This test is based on the change in the specific activity of acid phosphatase of individual tumor and liver tissue, and the difference in them was used as an indicator of effectiveness. The value was called the \"effective value.\" The present papar is concerned with the relationship between the effective value and effectiveness of the agents in rodents and man. The results showed that the effective value became higher with increasing concentration of Mitomycin-C incubated with tumor and liver tissues. The survival time of Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, which were given Mitomycin-C intraperitoneally, was longer and increase in the dose of Mitomycin-C. In ascitic or subcutaneous form of Ehrlich carcinoma, AH-130, and Yoshida sarcoma, the effective value was parallel with the survival time of or the inhibition of tumor growth in tumor-bearing animals treated with Mitomycin-C. In 25 patients with gastric carcinoma treated with Mitomycin-C, the postoperative survival time was more closely correlated with the effective value calculated by the titers of both tumor and liver than the value of tumor alone.", "PMID": 1017580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1834", "title": "Interaction of antitumor agents including carboquone in sarcoma-180 system.", "content": "Combination effect of antitumor agents including carboquone was evaluated on the concept of pharmacological synergism and not therapeutic synergism in ascites sarcoma-180 system. Combinations of carboquone plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and Methotrexate in simultaneous administration and carboquone plus doxorubicin in alternate one provided synergism. Combination effect of agents was affected by the schedule of drug administration. Toxicity of carboquone in combination with many antitumor agents, generally, decreased in simultaneous administration. Approved agents in combination with carboquone in simultaneous administration were Mitomycin-C, daunorubicin, Actinomycin-d, vinblastine, vincristine, Ancytabine, and 6-mercaptopurine. Those in alternate administration were Actinomycin-D and vinblastine.", "contents": "Interaction of antitumor agents including carboquone in sarcoma-180 system. Combination effect of antitumor agents including carboquone was evaluated on the concept of pharmacological synergism and not therapeutic synergism in ascites sarcoma-180 system. Combinations of carboquone plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and Methotrexate in simultaneous administration and carboquone plus doxorubicin in alternate one provided synergism. Combination effect of agents was affected by the schedule of drug administration. Toxicity of carboquone in combination with many antitumor agents, generally, decreased in simultaneous administration. Approved agents in combination with carboquone in simultaneous administration were Mitomycin-C, daunorubicin, Actinomycin-d, vinblastine, vincristine, Ancytabine, and 6-mercaptopurine. Those in alternate administration were Actinomycin-D and vinblastine.", "PMID": 1017581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1835", "title": "Antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis in a murine syngeneic tumor system.", "content": "Peritoneal immune macrophages from C3H mice immunized against syngeneic MM46 ascites tumor cells specifically lysed these tumor cells in the presence of immune sera in vitro. An active factor(s) essential for macrophage-mediated cytolysis was purified nonspecifically by gel filtration and then three types of ion-exchange column chromatography. One factor was a specific antibody belonging to the IgG2 a subclass. Neither immune macrophages nor the syngeneic antitumor antibody alone had a cytolytic action on the target cells. Thus, we named the reaction antibody-dependent immune macrophage-mediated cytolysis. The immune macrophages apparently destroyed the sensitized tumor cells in vitro by a nonphagocytic form of cell-contact and this type of cytolysis was independent of a complement. No evidence was obtained for a soluble cytotoxic factor released on interaction of immune macrophages with sensitized tumor cells. Living immune macrophages were essential for the cytolytic action and their activity depended on contractile microfilaments and protein synthesis as revealed by studies with specific inhibitors.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis in a murine syngeneic tumor system. Peritoneal immune macrophages from C3H mice immunized against syngeneic MM46 ascites tumor cells specifically lysed these tumor cells in the presence of immune sera in vitro. An active factor(s) essential for macrophage-mediated cytolysis was purified nonspecifically by gel filtration and then three types of ion-exchange column chromatography. One factor was a specific antibody belonging to the IgG2 a subclass. Neither immune macrophages nor the syngeneic antitumor antibody alone had a cytolytic action on the target cells. Thus, we named the reaction antibody-dependent immune macrophage-mediated cytolysis. The immune macrophages apparently destroyed the sensitized tumor cells in vitro by a nonphagocytic form of cell-contact and this type of cytolysis was independent of a complement. No evidence was obtained for a soluble cytotoxic factor released on interaction of immune macrophages with sensitized tumor cells. Living immune macrophages were essential for the cytolytic action and their activity depended on contractile microfilaments and protein synthesis as revealed by studies with specific inhibitors.", "PMID": 1017582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1836", "title": "Methylguanidine content in food.", "content": "A combination of column chromatography using microcrystalline cellulose and ion-exchange resin, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatogrraphy-mass spectometry was used to determine the content of methylguanidine in various meats of fish and animals, and their processed products. All the samples of fresh fish meat and beef analyzed contained trace amounts (0.2 approximately 0.9 ppm) of methylguanidine. Various types of dried or canned fish also contained trace amounts, while most of the \"Bushi-rui,\" a highly processed dried meat of bonito, mackerel, or sardine contained 21 to 106 ppm of the compound. Two brands of peptone made by digesting meat probably with pepsin and trypsin also contained 12 and 70 ppm of methylguanidine, respectively. Samples of ham, sausage, salami sausage, powdered skim-milk, and a few others did not contain any detectable amount (less than 0.2 ppm).", "contents": "Methylguanidine content in food. A combination of column chromatography using microcrystalline cellulose and ion-exchange resin, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatogrraphy-mass spectometry was used to determine the content of methylguanidine in various meats of fish and animals, and their processed products. All the samples of fresh fish meat and beef analyzed contained trace amounts (0.2 approximately 0.9 ppm) of methylguanidine. Various types of dried or canned fish also contained trace amounts, while most of the \"Bushi-rui,\" a highly processed dried meat of bonito, mackerel, or sardine contained 21 to 106 ppm of the compound. Two brands of peptone made by digesting meat probably with pepsin and trypsin also contained 12 and 70 ppm of methylguanidine, respectively. Samples of ham, sausage, salami sausage, powdered skim-milk, and a few others did not contain any detectable amount (less than 0.2 ppm).", "PMID": 1017583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1837", "title": "Differentiation of host-mediated antitumor agents from mitotic posons by the antitumor foot-pad reaction in Ehrlich carcinoma-ddY mouse system.", "content": "The effect of antitumor agents (lentinan, PS-K, Mitomycin-C, 6-mercaptopurine, etc.) on the antitumor delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) measured by the foot-pad test was compared with their effect on tumor growth in ddY mice with Ehrlich tumor. These agents all inhibited growth of Ehrlich carcinoma. Lentianan and PS-K enhanced the antitumor DHR, but Mitomycin-C and 6-mercaptopurine did not. By plotting the effect of agents on the anti-tumor DHR against these effects on tumor weight, host-mediated antitumor agents could be differentiated from mitotic poisons. Attempts to distinguish these two types of agents by the same method using a syngeneic tumor system were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Differentiation of host-mediated antitumor agents from mitotic posons by the antitumor foot-pad reaction in Ehrlich carcinoma-ddY mouse system. The effect of antitumor agents (lentinan, PS-K, Mitomycin-C, 6-mercaptopurine, etc.) on the antitumor delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) measured by the foot-pad test was compared with their effect on tumor growth in ddY mice with Ehrlich tumor. These agents all inhibited growth of Ehrlich carcinoma. Lentianan and PS-K enhanced the antitumor DHR, but Mitomycin-C and 6-mercaptopurine did not. By plotting the effect of agents on the anti-tumor DHR against these effects on tumor weight, host-mediated antitumor agents could be differentiated from mitotic poisons. Attempts to distinguish these two types of agents by the same method using a syngeneic tumor system were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1017584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1838", "title": "Blastoid transformation of human lymphocytes cultured with protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, in vitro.", "content": "The protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, isolated from a mushroom, Coriolus versicolor, was found to stimulate human lymphocytes and induce them into blastogenesis in vitro. This stimulatory effect seemed to be nonspecific since lymphocytes from cord blood of newborn babies were also stimulated by PS-K. The highest lymphocyte blastogenesis by PS-K was observed after 5 days in culture.", "contents": "Blastoid transformation of human lymphocytes cultured with protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, in vitro. The protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, isolated from a mushroom, Coriolus versicolor, was found to stimulate human lymphocytes and induce them into blastogenesis in vitro. This stimulatory effect seemed to be nonspecific since lymphocytes from cord blood of newborn babies were also stimulated by PS-K. The highest lymphocyte blastogenesis by PS-K was observed after 5 days in culture.", "PMID": 1017585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1839", "title": "Micrometastasis in resected lungs of lung cancer patients.", "content": "In order to find causes for recurrence and/or metastasis after removal of human lung cancer, microscopic metastasis was examined histologically in the seemly unaffected areas of the lung in primary lung cancer patients. In 55 of 116 cases (47%), microscopic metastases were found in the areas of the lung which looked normal. These micrometastases were localized in 22 cases and disseminated in 33 cases. The sites where tumor cells were growing were identified in lung tissue as blood vessels, lymphatics, and aerial spaces, although it was difficult to identify a few cases. The incidence of microscopic metastases was significantly lower in the lungs of the group in which the diameter of a tumor was less than 3 cm, than those in which the diameter was more than 3 cm. In addition there was a significant decrease in the rate of microscopic spreads in the specimens without lymph node involvement as compared to those with lymph node involvement. The rate of postoperative recurrence and/or metastases was significantly high in the cases with micrometastasis compared to those without, suggesting that most of the microscopic spreads would become distinct tumors if unresected.", "contents": "Micrometastasis in resected lungs of lung cancer patients. In order to find causes for recurrence and/or metastasis after removal of human lung cancer, microscopic metastasis was examined histologically in the seemly unaffected areas of the lung in primary lung cancer patients. In 55 of 116 cases (47%), microscopic metastases were found in the areas of the lung which looked normal. These micrometastases were localized in 22 cases and disseminated in 33 cases. The sites where tumor cells were growing were identified in lung tissue as blood vessels, lymphatics, and aerial spaces, although it was difficult to identify a few cases. The incidence of microscopic metastases was significantly lower in the lungs of the group in which the diameter of a tumor was less than 3 cm, than those in which the diameter was more than 3 cm. In addition there was a significant decrease in the rate of microscopic spreads in the specimens without lymph node involvement as compared to those with lymph node involvement. The rate of postoperative recurrence and/or metastases was significantly high in the cases with micrometastasis compared to those without, suggesting that most of the microscopic spreads would become distinct tumors if unresected.", "PMID": 1017586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1840", "title": "Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in a variety of experimental tumors.", "content": "Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil against various tumors was examined. Therapeutic ratio (ILSmax/ILS30) in L-1210 system was 4.5 by oral administration, while those of 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil were 1.9 and 1.0, respectively. Therapeutic ratio of the compound in C-1498 system was 11, while those of 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil were 3.3 and 2.5, respectively. 1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluurouracil was also active against solid and ascites tumors by oral administration. It was markedly active against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma, adenocarcinoma=755, and ascites sarcoma-180, and moderately active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. This compound had a wider tumor spectrum than 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil by oral administration.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in a variety of experimental tumors. Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil against various tumors was examined. Therapeutic ratio (ILSmax/ILS30) in L-1210 system was 4.5 by oral administration, while those of 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil were 1.9 and 1.0, respectively. Therapeutic ratio of the compound in C-1498 system was 11, while those of 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil were 3.3 and 2.5, respectively. 1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluurouracil was also active against solid and ascites tumors by oral administration. It was markedly active against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma, adenocarcinoma=755, and ascites sarcoma-180, and moderately active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. This compound had a wider tumor spectrum than 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil by oral administration.", "PMID": 1017587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1841", "title": "Further studies on the isozyme patterns of branched-chain amino acid transminase in cultured rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Among several lines of cultured rat hepatocytes examined, one line, IAR-22, contained enzyme III as well as enzyme I of the isozymes of branched-chain amino acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.42) and this cell line was tumorigenic. None of the cell lines tested contained enzyme II (EC 2.6.1.6) or tyrosine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.5) and addition of dexamethasone did not induce these transaminases. The PC-1 line, containing only enzyme I and having a high percentage of diploid cells, showed deviation of its chromosomal number and tumorigenicity, but no change in its isozyme pattern when transformed with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Therefore, judging from expression of isozymes of the transaminase, this transformed cell line retained moderate differentiation.", "contents": "Further studies on the isozyme patterns of branched-chain amino acid transminase in cultured rat hepatocytes. Among several lines of cultured rat hepatocytes examined, one line, IAR-22, contained enzyme III as well as enzyme I of the isozymes of branched-chain amino acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.42) and this cell line was tumorigenic. None of the cell lines tested contained enzyme II (EC 2.6.1.6) or tyrosine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.5) and addition of dexamethasone did not induce these transaminases. The PC-1 line, containing only enzyme I and having a high percentage of diploid cells, showed deviation of its chromosomal number and tumorigenicity, but no change in its isozyme pattern when transformed with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Therefore, judging from expression of isozymes of the transaminase, this transformed cell line retained moderate differentiation.", "PMID": 1017588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1842", "title": "Effect of enterohepatic circulation on bile production in regenerating liver.", "content": "In an investigation of the role of portal blood flow in bile production and of changes in the enterohepatic circulation of bile in the regenerating liver, various branches of the portal vein were ligated in dogs, bile was collected from the liver lobes supplied by ligated and by nonligated portal branches, and the composition of the bile was analyzed. 1. Bile flow and bilirubin excretion from the ligated, atrophic liver lobes decreased with a disappearance of glycine-conjugated bile acids, but bilirubin excretion and especially bile flow increased greatly without any changes in bile acids composition in the nonligated, regenerating liver lobes as the portal blood flow to them per liver weight increased. 2. Infusion of gallbladder bile into the terminal ileum stimulated bile secretion in the nonligated lobes in the postoperative period, but not in the ligated lobes except immediately after the ligation of the portal vein branches supplying two-thirds of the liver. These findings indicate that bile secretion by the ligated lobes could be stimulated via the hepatic artery and the nonligated lobes might be via both the portal vein and the hepatic artery after the infusion during early postoperative period.", "contents": "Effect of enterohepatic circulation on bile production in regenerating liver. In an investigation of the role of portal blood flow in bile production and of changes in the enterohepatic circulation of bile in the regenerating liver, various branches of the portal vein were ligated in dogs, bile was collected from the liver lobes supplied by ligated and by nonligated portal branches, and the composition of the bile was analyzed. 1. Bile flow and bilirubin excretion from the ligated, atrophic liver lobes decreased with a disappearance of glycine-conjugated bile acids, but bilirubin excretion and especially bile flow increased greatly without any changes in bile acids composition in the nonligated, regenerating liver lobes as the portal blood flow to them per liver weight increased. 2. Infusion of gallbladder bile into the terminal ileum stimulated bile secretion in the nonligated lobes in the postoperative period, but not in the ligated lobes except immediately after the ligation of the portal vein branches supplying two-thirds of the liver. These findings indicate that bile secretion by the ligated lobes could be stimulated via the hepatic artery and the nonligated lobes might be via both the portal vein and the hepatic artery after the infusion during early postoperative period.", "PMID": 1017590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1843", "title": "Studies on the functional disturbances of the papillary region using a pressure sensor.", "content": "Investigation of the duodenal papilla and the bile duct by EPCG is essential to diagnose the organic and functional disturbances of the papillary region. We have developed a pressure sensor based on a semi-conductor in order to obtain a more objective observation of pathological conditions in the papillary region. Using a duodenofiberscope, the pressure sensor was placed on the tip of canula, and it was inserted into the papilla and measured the movements of the papillary region. The pressure sensor method was carried out in 18 normal subjects and 69 patients with various diseases. As the result of analysis of wave forms in normal subjects, regular wave form patterns were obtained. In about 71% of cases with biliary diseases irregular wave forms were observed. Irregular wave form patterns were also observed 40% of cases with cholecystolithiasis, while irregular patterns were revealed in 86% cases with choledocholithiasis. The pressure sensor method during for duodenofiberscopy is important diagnostic procedure for the determination of functional disturbances in the papillary region.", "contents": "Studies on the functional disturbances of the papillary region using a pressure sensor. Investigation of the duodenal papilla and the bile duct by EPCG is essential to diagnose the organic and functional disturbances of the papillary region. We have developed a pressure sensor based on a semi-conductor in order to obtain a more objective observation of pathological conditions in the papillary region. Using a duodenofiberscope, the pressure sensor was placed on the tip of canula, and it was inserted into the papilla and measured the movements of the papillary region. The pressure sensor method was carried out in 18 normal subjects and 69 patients with various diseases. As the result of analysis of wave forms in normal subjects, regular wave form patterns were obtained. In about 71% of cases with biliary diseases irregular wave forms were observed. Irregular wave form patterns were also observed 40% of cases with cholecystolithiasis, while irregular patterns were revealed in 86% cases with choledocholithiasis. The pressure sensor method during for duodenofiberscopy is important diagnostic procedure for the determination of functional disturbances in the papillary region.", "PMID": 1017591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1844", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. I. Studies on sialic acid-free glycoproteins-improved competitive binding assay of desialylated glycoprotein by rat liver plasma membrane.", "content": "An improved method for quantitation of desialylated glycoproteins was developed. The assay was carried out in non-saturating condition other than saturating condition which has been used by the other authors. In the present method a lower radioactivity in the assay solution can be used. Standard curves obtained by adding an increasing amount of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein to the assay solution made it possible to measure desialylated glycoproteins equivalent to 5-200 ng of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein used for the assay could be prepared in large scale by hydrolysis with 0.1 N-H2SO4.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. I. Studies on sialic acid-free glycoproteins-improved competitive binding assay of desialylated glycoprotein by rat liver plasma membrane. An improved method for quantitation of desialylated glycoproteins was developed. The assay was carried out in non-saturating condition other than saturating condition which has been used by the other authors. In the present method a lower radioactivity in the assay solution can be used. Standard curves obtained by adding an increasing amount of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein to the assay solution made it possible to measure desialylated glycoproteins equivalent to 5-200 ng of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein used for the assay could be prepared in large scale by hydrolysis with 0.1 N-H2SO4.", "PMID": 1017592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1845", "title": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. II. Radioimmunoassay of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for human alpha1-acid glycoprotein has been developed. 97.8% of 125I-alpha1-acid glycoprotein prepared for the assay were immunoprecipitable with specific anti-sera against the protein. alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration in sera from normal adults was found to range between 70 and 114 mg/100 ml, with a mean of 93. Fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis caused a significant lowering of alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration. Sera obtained from patients with acute hepatitis in convalescence, chronic inactive hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis gave normal concentration of the glycoprotein.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. II. Radioimmunoassay of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. A radioimmunoassay for human alpha1-acid glycoprotein has been developed. 97.8% of 125I-alpha1-acid glycoprotein prepared for the assay were immunoprecipitable with specific anti-sera against the protein. alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration in sera from normal adults was found to range between 70 and 114 mg/100 ml, with a mean of 93. Fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis caused a significant lowering of alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration. Sera obtained from patients with acute hepatitis in convalescence, chronic inactive hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis gave normal concentration of the glycoprotein.", "PMID": 1017593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1846", "title": "Gastric carcinoma combined with distant gastric ulcer.", "content": "The cases of the gastric carcinoma combined with distant benign gastric ulcer were 90 of 1257, 7.1%, and the carcinomas were frequently found in the lesser curvature of the antrum and the combined gastric ulcers frequently in the lesser curvature and posterior wall of the corpus. Average age in the combined cases was 58.8 which was older about 7 years than that in the cases of the gastric ulcer. The cases, in which the ulceration in the gastric ulcer was same or deeper than that in the gastric carcinoma, occupied about 70% of these combined cases. It should be considered that the malignant transformation does not always occur in the preceding ulcerative lesion. However, the intestinal metaplasia was usually severe, and so the well-differentiated carcinomas were twice frequent to the low-differentiated ones. The repeated regeneration of the epithelial cells associated with the erosive or ulcerative change may be of some relation to the carcinogenesis, because the intestinal metaplasia appears usually associated with the repeated defect and repair of the propria mucosae.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma combined with distant gastric ulcer. The cases of the gastric carcinoma combined with distant benign gastric ulcer were 90 of 1257, 7.1%, and the carcinomas were frequently found in the lesser curvature of the antrum and the combined gastric ulcers frequently in the lesser curvature and posterior wall of the corpus. Average age in the combined cases was 58.8 which was older about 7 years than that in the cases of the gastric ulcer. The cases, in which the ulceration in the gastric ulcer was same or deeper than that in the gastric carcinoma, occupied about 70% of these combined cases. It should be considered that the malignant transformation does not always occur in the preceding ulcerative lesion. However, the intestinal metaplasia was usually severe, and so the well-differentiated carcinomas were twice frequent to the low-differentiated ones. The repeated regeneration of the epithelial cells associated with the erosive or ulcerative change may be of some relation to the carcinogenesis, because the intestinal metaplasia appears usually associated with the repeated defect and repair of the propria mucosae.", "PMID": 1017594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1847", "title": "Sibling cases of chronic recurrent hepatocerebral disease with hypercitrullinemia.", "content": "Two sibling cases with chronic recurrent hepato-cerebral syndrome which correspond to the nutritional form of hepato-cerebral disease entitled by Shikata et al. and the data of plasma free aminoacids analyses of these cases were reported. The one case is 27 years old male and the other case is 36 years old female. Their parents were cousins. Both cases have had unbalanced diet, especially liked legumes unusually. Their main symptom was recurrent disturbance of conciousness and convulsive seizures. Slight abnormality of liver function test and hyperammonemia were demonstrated. Electroencephalogram showed the pattern of triphasic wave. Coeliac angiography did not revealed a portal-systemic shunt. Hepatic biopsy specimen revealed liver fibrosis with fatty change in the one case and mild fatty change in the other case. Analyses of plasma free aminoacids showed particurally high level of citrulline in both cases. From the results of plasma free aminoacids analyses, it is considered that pathogenesis of these patients is congenital hereditary urea cycle disorders.", "contents": "Sibling cases of chronic recurrent hepatocerebral disease with hypercitrullinemia. Two sibling cases with chronic recurrent hepato-cerebral syndrome which correspond to the nutritional form of hepato-cerebral disease entitled by Shikata et al. and the data of plasma free aminoacids analyses of these cases were reported. The one case is 27 years old male and the other case is 36 years old female. Their parents were cousins. Both cases have had unbalanced diet, especially liked legumes unusually. Their main symptom was recurrent disturbance of conciousness and convulsive seizures. Slight abnormality of liver function test and hyperammonemia were demonstrated. Electroencephalogram showed the pattern of triphasic wave. Coeliac angiography did not revealed a portal-systemic shunt. Hepatic biopsy specimen revealed liver fibrosis with fatty change in the one case and mild fatty change in the other case. Analyses of plasma free aminoacids showed particurally high level of citrulline in both cases. From the results of plasma free aminoacids analyses, it is considered that pathogenesis of these patients is congenital hereditary urea cycle disorders.", "PMID": 1017595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1848", "title": "The application of caerulein to cholangiography.", "content": "Caerulein was applied to oral cholecystography and the opacity of the common bile duct was evaluated at intervals. To 127 subjects whose gallbladder had been visualized by cholecystography was administered caerulein by intramuscular route in a dose of 0.2 mug per kg of body weight. As a result: 1. The visualization of the common bile duct reached its maximum 15 minutes after administration of caerulein (52% of the subjects); in total, 62.2% of the subjects responded to this cholecystography. 2. The visualization by caerulein was superior to that by the yolk both in its rate and intensity. 3. The cholangiogram taken after administration of caerulein was preferably available for diagnosis of bile duct lesions. Caerulein used for a pretreatment of drip infusion cholangiography (DIC) remarkably improved the picture in 3 of the 10 subjects in whom DIC alone had failed to show the bile duct. Thus, the application of caerulein to cholangiography facilitated diagnosis of bile duct lesions.", "contents": "The application of caerulein to cholangiography. Caerulein was applied to oral cholecystography and the opacity of the common bile duct was evaluated at intervals. To 127 subjects whose gallbladder had been visualized by cholecystography was administered caerulein by intramuscular route in a dose of 0.2 mug per kg of body weight. As a result: 1. The visualization of the common bile duct reached its maximum 15 minutes after administration of caerulein (52% of the subjects); in total, 62.2% of the subjects responded to this cholecystography. 2. The visualization by caerulein was superior to that by the yolk both in its rate and intensity. 3. The cholangiogram taken after administration of caerulein was preferably available for diagnosis of bile duct lesions. Caerulein used for a pretreatment of drip infusion cholangiography (DIC) remarkably improved the picture in 3 of the 10 subjects in whom DIC alone had failed to show the bile duct. Thus, the application of caerulein to cholangiography facilitated diagnosis of bile duct lesions.", "PMID": 1017596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1849", "title": "Basic studies on cholesterol solubilization in bile salt solution.", "content": "Previous studies on cholesterol solubilization by bile salts have often shown inconsistencies. To obtain basic informations on this problem, cholesterol solubilization in the aqueous solution of several bile salts have been reexamined. Kinetic studies revealed that not only the rate but also the magnitude of solubilization depended on the amount of excess cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt. An appropriate proportion of added cholesterol to bile salt was evaluated as 1:5-10 (w/w), corresponding to about 200% excess amount to approximate supposed solubility. The solubilization equilibrium was rather difficult to fix and must be checked by the procedure used. A linear relation was obtained between the quantity of solubilized cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt. The slope of the straight line was designated k. As the solubilizing power could be given by the ratio of the solubilizate to the solubilizer, it was expressed numerically by k value as well as graphically by the molar ratio of cholesterol to bile salt as ordinate and the molar concentration of bile salt as abscissa in which the above relation was hyperbolic, k being as asymptote. k values obtained for cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and equimolar cholate-deoxycholate mixture were 3.72 X 10(-2), 6.79 X 10(-2), 8.10 X 10(-2) and 6.55 X 10(-2) respectively.", "contents": "Basic studies on cholesterol solubilization in bile salt solution. Previous studies on cholesterol solubilization by bile salts have often shown inconsistencies. To obtain basic informations on this problem, cholesterol solubilization in the aqueous solution of several bile salts have been reexamined. Kinetic studies revealed that not only the rate but also the magnitude of solubilization depended on the amount of excess cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt. An appropriate proportion of added cholesterol to bile salt was evaluated as 1:5-10 (w/w), corresponding to about 200% excess amount to approximate supposed solubility. The solubilization equilibrium was rather difficult to fix and must be checked by the procedure used. A linear relation was obtained between the quantity of solubilized cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt. The slope of the straight line was designated k. As the solubilizing power could be given by the ratio of the solubilizate to the solubilizer, it was expressed numerically by k value as well as graphically by the molar ratio of cholesterol to bile salt as ordinate and the molar concentration of bile salt as abscissa in which the above relation was hyperbolic, k being as asymptote. k values obtained for cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and equimolar cholate-deoxycholate mixture were 3.72 X 10(-2), 6.79 X 10(-2), 8.10 X 10(-2) and 6.55 X 10(-2) respectively.", "PMID": 1017597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1850", "title": "Studies on intestinal malabsorption in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Pancreozymin-secretin test (PS test) and intestinal absorption tests were performed in 21 patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis and 32 patients with chronic noncalcific pancreatitis to evaluate exocrine functions of the pancreas. And the following results were confirmed. (1) Fecal fat excretion increased in 33% of chronic pancreatitis (47% of calcific pancreatitis and 25% of noncalcific pancreatitis). Serum carotene leves showed significantly low levels in 44% of chronic pancreatitis (67% of calcific pancreatitis and 27% of noncalcific pancreatitis). (2) D-xylose tolerance test was abnormally low in only 6% of chronic pancreatitis, but Schilling test was evaluated abnormally low in 29% of chronic pancreatitis (50% of calcific pancreatitis and 11% of noncalcific pancreatitis). (3) Fecal fat excretion increased in cases of severe exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas with decreased amylase output and decreased maximum bicarbonate concentration in PS test. (4) Correlation of fecal fat excretion to maximum bicarbonate concentration was statistically significant, but those to amylase output or volume of pancreatic juice were not significant. (5) Antacid drugs combined with pancreatic extracts seems to be indispensable in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis as far as malabsorption in chronic pancreatitis is concerned.", "contents": "Studies on intestinal malabsorption in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreozymin-secretin test (PS test) and intestinal absorption tests were performed in 21 patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis and 32 patients with chronic noncalcific pancreatitis to evaluate exocrine functions of the pancreas. And the following results were confirmed. (1) Fecal fat excretion increased in 33% of chronic pancreatitis (47% of calcific pancreatitis and 25% of noncalcific pancreatitis). Serum carotene leves showed significantly low levels in 44% of chronic pancreatitis (67% of calcific pancreatitis and 27% of noncalcific pancreatitis). (2) D-xylose tolerance test was abnormally low in only 6% of chronic pancreatitis, but Schilling test was evaluated abnormally low in 29% of chronic pancreatitis (50% of calcific pancreatitis and 11% of noncalcific pancreatitis). (3) Fecal fat excretion increased in cases of severe exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas with decreased amylase output and decreased maximum bicarbonate concentration in PS test. (4) Correlation of fecal fat excretion to maximum bicarbonate concentration was statistically significant, but those to amylase output or volume of pancreatic juice were not significant. (5) Antacid drugs combined with pancreatic extracts seems to be indispensable in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis as far as malabsorption in chronic pancreatitis is concerned.", "PMID": 1017598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1851", "title": "Effect of intraluminal oxygen on experimental ischaemia of the intestine.", "content": "The small bowel of 44 rats has been made ischaemic for 120 minutes by occluding the superior mesenteric artery. Gaseous oxygen was introduced into the small bowel lumen of 18 of the rats, and gaseous nitrogen into the bowel lumen of a further eight, 30 minutes after the start of the ischaemia. The mortality rate of the control group of 18 rats was 89%, significantly higher than the 39% mortality of the oxygen-treated rats (p less than 0-005). None of the eight rats treated with intraluminal nitrogen survived. Histological changes caused by ischaemia were much reduced in the intestine of the oxygen treated rats. It is suggested that intraluminal oxygen might be useful additional form of therapy for the treatment of the partially ischaemic bowel that may be retained after the resection of definitely non-viable ischaemic bowel at initial laparotomy.", "contents": "Effect of intraluminal oxygen on experimental ischaemia of the intestine. The small bowel of 44 rats has been made ischaemic for 120 minutes by occluding the superior mesenteric artery. Gaseous oxygen was introduced into the small bowel lumen of 18 of the rats, and gaseous nitrogen into the bowel lumen of a further eight, 30 minutes after the start of the ischaemia. The mortality rate of the control group of 18 rats was 89%, significantly higher than the 39% mortality of the oxygen-treated rats (p less than 0-005). None of the eight rats treated with intraluminal nitrogen survived. Histological changes caused by ischaemia were much reduced in the intestine of the oxygen treated rats. It is suggested that intraluminal oxygen might be useful additional form of therapy for the treatment of the partially ischaemic bowel that may be retained after the resection of definitely non-viable ischaemic bowel at initial laparotomy.", "PMID": 1017710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1852", "title": "Evidence for the mixing of residue in the human gut.", "content": "Mixing the residue in the gut has been studied in 24 normal subjects using five different types of radio-opaque pellets. By giving single doses of different pellets to the subjects on three successive days and measuring their appearances in the stool by radiographs evidence of mixing was found in 83% of studies. Mean transit time (MTT) of markers through the gut was measured from the single dose studies (MTT-S) and also by giving the pellets to subjects continuously with each meal (MTT-C). By comparing MTT-C with MTT-S evidence was found for a mixing pool with exponential decay. The turnover time of this pool was estimated as about 30% of the total MTT.", "contents": "Evidence for the mixing of residue in the human gut. Mixing the residue in the gut has been studied in 24 normal subjects using five different types of radio-opaque pellets. By giving single doses of different pellets to the subjects on three successive days and measuring their appearances in the stool by radiographs evidence of mixing was found in 83% of studies. Mean transit time (MTT) of markers through the gut was measured from the single dose studies (MTT-S) and also by giving the pellets to subjects continuously with each meal (MTT-C). By comparing MTT-C with MTT-S evidence was found for a mixing pool with exponential decay. The turnover time of this pool was estimated as about 30% of the total MTT.", "PMID": 1017711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1853", "title": "Effect of motilin on the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "content": "The effect of motilin on lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in unanesthetised specially trained dogs using an infusion manometric technique. Motilin produced significant rises in resting pressure and contractions of the LES after doses ranging from 0-009 mug/kg to 0-05 mug/kg. Doses greater than 0-05 mug/kg resulted in repetitive high amplitude contractions. Atropine 30 mug/kg completely abolished the effect of the lower doses of motilin. Higher doses of motilin in atropinised dogs still caused a small rise in baseline pressure and contractile activity still appeared. Hexamethonium 2 mg/kg resulted in both a diminished rise in LES pressure and the disappearance of contractions after motilin. Hexamethonium and atropine together completely abolished the LES response to motilin. We conclude that motilin increases LES pressure by acting on preganglionic cholinergic neurones to release acetylcholine which excites other cholinergic neurones supplying the circular muscle of the LES.", "contents": "Effect of motilin on the lower oesophageal sphincter. The effect of motilin on lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in unanesthetised specially trained dogs using an infusion manometric technique. Motilin produced significant rises in resting pressure and contractions of the LES after doses ranging from 0-009 mug/kg to 0-05 mug/kg. Doses greater than 0-05 mug/kg resulted in repetitive high amplitude contractions. Atropine 30 mug/kg completely abolished the effect of the lower doses of motilin. Higher doses of motilin in atropinised dogs still caused a small rise in baseline pressure and contractile activity still appeared. Hexamethonium 2 mg/kg resulted in both a diminished rise in LES pressure and the disappearance of contractions after motilin. Hexamethonium and atropine together completely abolished the LES response to motilin. We conclude that motilin increases LES pressure by acting on preganglionic cholinergic neurones to release acetylcholine which excites other cholinergic neurones supplying the circular muscle of the LES.", "PMID": 1017712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1854", "title": "Responses of the competent and incompetent lower oesophageal sphincter to pentagastrin and abdominal compression.", "content": "Responses of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) to pentagastrin, given by continuous intravenous infusion in doses ranging between 0 and 9 mug/kg/h, and to external abdominal compression were measured by infused catheters in healthy subjects and in a group of patients with reflux oesophagitis. In separate experiments, pressures were measured both by sensors stationary within the LOS, and by repeated continuous withdrawals of sensors from stomach to distal oesophagus. In normal subjects, doses of pentagastrin within the physiological range (0.9 mug/kg/h) produced modest but statistically significant increases in LOS pressure. By comparison, sphincteric responses in patients with oesophagitis were small and a dose of 4-5 mug/kg/h was the lowest that produced a significant increase in LOS pressure. During abdominal compression increases in LOS pressure did not significantly exceed increases in intragastric pressure in either patients or normal subjects. This was so at all doses of pentagastrin that were tested. Hence, there was no evidence of synergism between the effects of pentagastrin and abdominal compression upon the LOS. We infer from our findings that gastrin does play a modest role in the physiological regulation of human LOS tone. Relative insensitivity of the incompetent LOS to pentagastrin represents, we believe, sphincteric muscle failure. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that LOS incompetence is due to loss or impairment of an adaptive response of the LOS to alterations in intra-abdominal pressure.", "contents": "Responses of the competent and incompetent lower oesophageal sphincter to pentagastrin and abdominal compression. Responses of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) to pentagastrin, given by continuous intravenous infusion in doses ranging between 0 and 9 mug/kg/h, and to external abdominal compression were measured by infused catheters in healthy subjects and in a group of patients with reflux oesophagitis. In separate experiments, pressures were measured both by sensors stationary within the LOS, and by repeated continuous withdrawals of sensors from stomach to distal oesophagus. In normal subjects, doses of pentagastrin within the physiological range (0.9 mug/kg/h) produced modest but statistically significant increases in LOS pressure. By comparison, sphincteric responses in patients with oesophagitis were small and a dose of 4-5 mug/kg/h was the lowest that produced a significant increase in LOS pressure. During abdominal compression increases in LOS pressure did not significantly exceed increases in intragastric pressure in either patients or normal subjects. This was so at all doses of pentagastrin that were tested. Hence, there was no evidence of synergism between the effects of pentagastrin and abdominal compression upon the LOS. We infer from our findings that gastrin does play a modest role in the physiological regulation of human LOS tone. Relative insensitivity of the incompetent LOS to pentagastrin represents, we believe, sphincteric muscle failure. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that LOS incompetence is due to loss or impairment of an adaptive response of the LOS to alterations in intra-abdominal pressure.", "PMID": 1017713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1855", "title": "Pancreatitis--a retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective study has been made of all adult patients admitted to Manchester Royal Infirmary with exocrine pancreatic disease between 1968 and 1974, in order to define the factors which influence the variable mortality and morbidity rates in published accounts of patients with acute pancreatitis. The most plausible explanation is that some series with low mortality rates include a variable number of patients with relapsing acute pancreatitis and acute exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. Both these pathological entities have a negligible mortality and morbidity rate compared with single attacks of acute pancreatitis. The difficulties encountered by the clinician in determining the prognosis of acute pancreatitis at the time of admission to hospital are discussed. Attention is drawn to the differing role of alcohol as an aetiological factor in relapsing chronic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatitis--a retrospective study. A retrospective study has been made of all adult patients admitted to Manchester Royal Infirmary with exocrine pancreatic disease between 1968 and 1974, in order to define the factors which influence the variable mortality and morbidity rates in published accounts of patients with acute pancreatitis. The most plausible explanation is that some series with low mortality rates include a variable number of patients with relapsing acute pancreatitis and acute exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. Both these pathological entities have a negligible mortality and morbidity rate compared with single attacks of acute pancreatitis. The difficulties encountered by the clinician in determining the prognosis of acute pancreatitis at the time of admission to hospital are discussed. Attention is drawn to the differing role of alcohol as an aetiological factor in relapsing chronic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1017714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1856", "title": "Suppression of giardiasis during the intestinal phase of trichinosis in the mouse.", "content": "The interaction of the intestinal phases of Giardia muris and Trichinella spiralis was investigated in Swiss albino mice. Intraoesophageal inoculation of G. muris cysts seven days before, or seven days after, similar inoculation of T. spiralis larvae resulted in significant reduction in the numbers of Giardia trophozoites in small bowel and Giardia cysts in stools. This effect was not observed when G. muris cysts were administered after resolution of the intestinal phase of trichinosis. Giardiasis had no effect on trichinosis as assessed by numbers of adult worms in small bowel and larvae in skeletal muscles. Studies of small bowel morphology showed that the intestinal phase of trichinosis was associated with increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, a significant increase in Paneth cells in crypts, and a marked reduction in the villus:crypt ratio of jejunum. These observations suggest that the intestinal phase of trichinosis induced environmental changes in small bowel, perhaps related to inflammation, which resulted in suppression of proliferation of Giardia trophozoites.", "contents": "Suppression of giardiasis during the intestinal phase of trichinosis in the mouse. The interaction of the intestinal phases of Giardia muris and Trichinella spiralis was investigated in Swiss albino mice. Intraoesophageal inoculation of G. muris cysts seven days before, or seven days after, similar inoculation of T. spiralis larvae resulted in significant reduction in the numbers of Giardia trophozoites in small bowel and Giardia cysts in stools. This effect was not observed when G. muris cysts were administered after resolution of the intestinal phase of trichinosis. Giardiasis had no effect on trichinosis as assessed by numbers of adult worms in small bowel and larvae in skeletal muscles. Studies of small bowel morphology showed that the intestinal phase of trichinosis was associated with increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, a significant increase in Paneth cells in crypts, and a marked reduction in the villus:crypt ratio of jejunum. These observations suggest that the intestinal phase of trichinosis induced environmental changes in small bowel, perhaps related to inflammation, which resulted in suppression of proliferation of Giardia trophozoites.", "PMID": 1017715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1857", "title": "Galactose elimination capacity as a prognostic index in patients with fulminant liver failure.", "content": "In 25 patients with fulminant hepatic failure the prognostic value of a quantitative liver function test, the galactose elimination capacity, was assessed and comapred with routine liver function tests and clinical features. The galactose elimination capacity was significantly higher (P less than 0-05) in the five patients who survived than in the 20 patients who died. None of the other liver function tests, was significantly different. The values of the galactose elimination capacity overlapped considerably between survivors and non-survivors, but all patients with a galactose elimination capacity below 12-8 mumol galactose/min and kg body weight died. The disease among most patients who died having a galactose elimination capacity greater than 13 mumol ran a subacute course. It is suggested that quantitative liver function tests be included when new treatments of fulminant hepatic failure are investigated.", "contents": "Galactose elimination capacity as a prognostic index in patients with fulminant liver failure. In 25 patients with fulminant hepatic failure the prognostic value of a quantitative liver function test, the galactose elimination capacity, was assessed and comapred with routine liver function tests and clinical features. The galactose elimination capacity was significantly higher (P less than 0-05) in the five patients who survived than in the 20 patients who died. None of the other liver function tests, was significantly different. The values of the galactose elimination capacity overlapped considerably between survivors and non-survivors, but all patients with a galactose elimination capacity below 12-8 mumol galactose/min and kg body weight died. The disease among most patients who died having a galactose elimination capacity greater than 13 mumol ran a subacute course. It is suggested that quantitative liver function tests be included when new treatments of fulminant hepatic failure are investigated.", "PMID": 1017716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1858", "title": "Idiopathic bile acid catharsis.", "content": "In the course of extensive routine screening for bile acid malabsorption a few patients were detected in whom chronic diarrhoea was apparently induced by excess bile acid loss which was neither associated with demonstrable conventional ileopathy nor with any other disorder allied to diarrhoea. In three patients subjected to scrutiny the results obtained were in harmony with a concept of idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Ingestion of cholestyramine was followed by immediate relief, but the diarrhoea recurred whenever this treatment was withdrawn. It it suggested that idiopathic bile acid catharsis should be suspected in patients with unexplained chronic diarrhoea and especially in those with a diagnosis of irritable colon with diarrhoea.", "contents": "Idiopathic bile acid catharsis. In the course of extensive routine screening for bile acid malabsorption a few patients were detected in whom chronic diarrhoea was apparently induced by excess bile acid loss which was neither associated with demonstrable conventional ileopathy nor with any other disorder allied to diarrhoea. In three patients subjected to scrutiny the results obtained were in harmony with a concept of idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Ingestion of cholestyramine was followed by immediate relief, but the diarrhoea recurred whenever this treatment was withdrawn. It it suggested that idiopathic bile acid catharsis should be suspected in patients with unexplained chronic diarrhoea and especially in those with a diagnosis of irritable colon with diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1017717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1859", "title": "Intravenous administration of diazepam in patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "The EEG response and drug kinetics after intravenous infusion of diazepam at 1-0 mg/min until nystagmus, dysarthria, and moderate sedation developed, has been investigated in five normal subjects and 17 patients with chronic liver disease. Diazepam induced adequate premedication with a similar clinical response in all subjects with no adverse reactions. Maximal response was during or within five minutes of infusion. The dose of diazepam required in liver chronic disease was 17-9 +/- 1-4 mg (M +/- SEM) compared with 27 +/- 5-4 mg in controls (p less than 0-01). Dose correlated significantly with serum albumin (p less than  0-05). Baseline mean dominant frequency (MDF) and slow wave index (SWI) significantly correlated with albumin (p less than 0-01). After diazepam, the MDF decreased and SWI increased. The change was greatest at the time of maximal clinical response. It was greater in liverdisease and was greatest in patients with previous hepaticencephalopathy. In spite of reduced dose requirements in liver disease, there was no significant difference in plasma concentration at the end of drug infusion...", "contents": "Intravenous administration of diazepam in patients with chronic liver disease. The EEG response and drug kinetics after intravenous infusion of diazepam at 1-0 mg/min until nystagmus, dysarthria, and moderate sedation developed, has been investigated in five normal subjects and 17 patients with chronic liver disease. Diazepam induced adequate premedication with a similar clinical response in all subjects with no adverse reactions. Maximal response was during or within five minutes of infusion. The dose of diazepam required in liver chronic disease was 17-9 +/- 1-4 mg (M +/- SEM) compared with 27 +/- 5-4 mg in controls (p less than 0-01). Dose correlated significantly with serum albumin (p less than  0-05). Baseline mean dominant frequency (MDF) and slow wave index (SWI) significantly correlated with albumin (p less than 0-01). After diazepam, the MDF decreased and SWI increased. The change was greatest at the time of maximal clinical response. It was greater in liverdisease and was greatest in patients with previous hepaticencephalopathy. In spite of reduced dose requirements in liver disease, there was no significant difference in plasma concentration at the end of drug infusion...", "PMID": 1017718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1860", "title": "Patchiness and duodenal-jejunal variation of the mucosal abnormality in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "The incidence and degree of patchiness of mucosal abnormality in both coeliac disease (CD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is documented. As judged by both stereomicroscopy and subjective histology, patchiness occurred frequently in both CDand DH patients. In most cases the difference of abnormality was of only one grade, but in approximately 25% as assessed by stereomicroscopy and 10% as assessed by histology the difference was of two or more grades. In control subjects with normal small bowel mucosa the variation of the mucosal appearance between the duodenum and proximal jejunum was studied. Contrary to popular belief, no significant difference of villous and crypt measurements or of apparent villous \"bridging\" and \"branching\" between these two sites was found, if only well-orientated sections were studied. The stereomicroscopic appearances were also similar at these two sites, although villi tended to be broader in the duodenal biopsies. The duodenal-jejunal variation was also studied in CD and DH patients and although by both stereomicroscopy and subjective histology the appearances were similar in most patients, in approximately 33% the duodenal abnormality was the most severe and, surprisingly, the jejunal abnormality was more severe in approximately 15%. It is concluded that multiple, precisely located biopsies of both the duodenum and proximal jejunum are invaluable in the investigation of small bowel disease and in assessing response to treatment.", "contents": "Patchiness and duodenal-jejunal variation of the mucosal abnormality in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. The incidence and degree of patchiness of mucosal abnormality in both coeliac disease (CD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is documented. As judged by both stereomicroscopy and subjective histology, patchiness occurred frequently in both CDand DH patients. In most cases the difference of abnormality was of only one grade, but in approximately 25% as assessed by stereomicroscopy and 10% as assessed by histology the difference was of two or more grades. In control subjects with normal small bowel mucosa the variation of the mucosal appearance between the duodenum and proximal jejunum was studied. Contrary to popular belief, no significant difference of villous and crypt measurements or of apparent villous \"bridging\" and \"branching\" between these two sites was found, if only well-orientated sections were studied. The stereomicroscopic appearances were also similar at these two sites, although villi tended to be broader in the duodenal biopsies. The duodenal-jejunal variation was also studied in CD and DH patients and although by both stereomicroscopy and subjective histology the appearances were similar in most patients, in approximately 33% the duodenal abnormality was the most severe and, surprisingly, the jejunal abnormality was more severe in approximately 15%. It is concluded that multiple, precisely located biopsies of both the duodenum and proximal jejunum are invaluable in the investigation of small bowel disease and in assessing response to treatment.", "PMID": 1017719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1861", "title": "Potential difference across the normal and the abnormal gastric mucosa in man.", "content": "The mucosal potential difference in the body of the stomach was measured in 18 patients with gastric ulcers, five with gastritis, and three with pernicious anaemia. The results were compared with those of 12 normal volunteers. Significantly lower than normal levels were found in the groups of patients with gastric ulcers and gastritis. The patients with pernicious anaemia had even lower potential differences. In an additional 25 subjects, measurements were made in the duodenal bulb and at five sites in the stomach under direct vision at endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from each site for histology. Subjects with gastritis at the high lesser curve had a significantly lower potential difference at that site than those without gastritis. In the latter group, the potential difference at the high lesser curve was as low as in the antrum, and invariably lower than at the high greater curve.", "contents": "Potential difference across the normal and the abnormal gastric mucosa in man. The mucosal potential difference in the body of the stomach was measured in 18 patients with gastric ulcers, five with gastritis, and three with pernicious anaemia. The results were compared with those of 12 normal volunteers. Significantly lower than normal levels were found in the groups of patients with gastric ulcers and gastritis. The patients with pernicious anaemia had even lower potential differences. In an additional 25 subjects, measurements were made in the duodenal bulb and at five sites in the stomach under direct vision at endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from each site for histology. Subjects with gastritis at the high lesser curve had a significantly lower potential difference at that site than those without gastritis. In the latter group, the potential difference at the high lesser curve was as low as in the antrum, and invariably lower than at the high greater curve.", "PMID": 1017720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1862", "title": "Predictive value of perioperative gastric acid tests.", "content": "Preoperative acid studies and early postoperative insulin tests in 275 patients undergoing various forms of vagotomy have been related to recurrent ulceration. Follow-up time has been from two to nine years, mean 4-3 years. Recurrence is directly related to basal acidity in both tests but is not related to stimulated acid levels preoperatively. In the insulin tests higher levels of acidity after insulin are associated with a higher incidence of recurrence. When positive, Hollander's and multiple criteria are both associated with a higher recurrence rate.", "contents": "Predictive value of perioperative gastric acid tests. Preoperative acid studies and early postoperative insulin tests in 275 patients undergoing various forms of vagotomy have been related to recurrent ulceration. Follow-up time has been from two to nine years, mean 4-3 years. Recurrence is directly related to basal acidity in both tests but is not related to stimulated acid levels preoperatively. In the insulin tests higher levels of acidity after insulin are associated with a higher incidence of recurrence. When positive, Hollander's and multiple criteria are both associated with a higher recurrence rate.", "PMID": 1017721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1863", "title": "Antifactor Xa activity measured with amidolytic methods.", "content": "Methods for the assay of antifactor Xa activity in the presence and absence of heparin are described. Diluted plasma is incubated with bovine, activated factor X (Xa) in stage I, and remaining Xa is measured with the chromogene substrate Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA in stage II. In the presence of heparin, the inactivation is completed in 30 sec, and this method measures total Xa-inactivating capacity in diluted plasma (Method I). In a clincal material, this capacity showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.85) to the thrombin-inactivating capacity of diluted heparinized plasma (heparin cofactor activity) and apparently reflects antithrombin III (At-III) concentration. In the absence of heparin, the inactivation of factor xa occurs slowly. With an incubation of 5 min, about 25% of Xa is inactivated, and this assay reflects initial inactivation of Xa (Method II). With this method, a positive, but less strong correlation to the thrombin-inactivating capacity was found (r=0.58), indicating that inhibitors different from At-III accounts for a minor part of the initial inactivation. Determinations in plasma, in which At-III was removed by immunoadsorption, indicated that At-III accounts for about 80% of the initial inactivation. The results of the assays are not significantly influenced by varying concentrations of fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation products or heparin in the test plasma.", "contents": "Antifactor Xa activity measured with amidolytic methods. Methods for the assay of antifactor Xa activity in the presence and absence of heparin are described. Diluted plasma is incubated with bovine, activated factor X (Xa) in stage I, and remaining Xa is measured with the chromogene substrate Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA in stage II. In the presence of heparin, the inactivation is completed in 30 sec, and this method measures total Xa-inactivating capacity in diluted plasma (Method I). In a clincal material, this capacity showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.85) to the thrombin-inactivating capacity of diluted heparinized plasma (heparin cofactor activity) and apparently reflects antithrombin III (At-III) concentration. In the absence of heparin, the inactivation of factor xa occurs slowly. With an incubation of 5 min, about 25% of Xa is inactivated, and this assay reflects initial inactivation of Xa (Method II). With this method, a positive, but less strong correlation to the thrombin-inactivating capacity was found (r=0.58), indicating that inhibitors different from At-III accounts for a minor part of the initial inactivation. Determinations in plasma, in which At-III was removed by immunoadsorption, indicated that At-III accounts for about 80% of the initial inactivation. The results of the assays are not significantly influenced by varying concentrations of fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation products or heparin in the test plasma.", "PMID": 1017722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1864", "title": "Evaluation of hypercoagulability in septic abortion.", "content": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) were determined in patients with septic abortion (body temperatures of more than 39 degree C and/or chills without apparent signs of endotoxic shock), with infected abortion, with non-infected abortion and with normal pregnancies. Quantitative gel filtration (4% agarose) of beta-alanine precipitated plasma samples yielded the relative (percent of total fibrinogen content) and absolute (mg/100 ml plasma) amount of SFMC. The relative (5.5+/-1.4%, mean+/-SD) and absolute (21.5+/-8.6 mg/100 ml) amount of SFMC was significantly increased in patients with septic abortion compared to patients with normal pregnancies or non-infected abortion (p less than 0.001). Patients with infected abortion (p less than 0.001). Patients with infected abortion already revealed increased levels of SFMC (4.3+/-1.2%, 14.2+/-6.8 mg/100 ml) though their platelet count was still unaltered (infected abortion: 221+/-47 X 10(3) platelets/mm3; septic abortion; 99+/-36 X 10(3) platelets/mm3). The use of heparin in patients with septic abortion resulted in a decrease in SFMC. Chain characterization of SFMC frequently revealed a slight degradation of the alpha-chains probably due to fibrinolytic activity in vivo; gamma-gamma dimers representing intermolecular covalent bindings were not observed. The findings are in agreement with our former assumption that patients with septic abortion have a pronounced state of hypercoagulability.", "contents": "Evaluation of hypercoagulability in septic abortion. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) were determined in patients with septic abortion (body temperatures of more than 39 degree C and/or chills without apparent signs of endotoxic shock), with infected abortion, with non-infected abortion and with normal pregnancies. Quantitative gel filtration (4% agarose) of beta-alanine precipitated plasma samples yielded the relative (percent of total fibrinogen content) and absolute (mg/100 ml plasma) amount of SFMC. The relative (5.5+/-1.4%, mean+/-SD) and absolute (21.5+/-8.6 mg/100 ml) amount of SFMC was significantly increased in patients with septic abortion compared to patients with normal pregnancies or non-infected abortion (p less than 0.001). Patients with infected abortion (p less than 0.001). Patients with infected abortion already revealed increased levels of SFMC (4.3+/-1.2%, 14.2+/-6.8 mg/100 ml) though their platelet count was still unaltered (infected abortion: 221+/-47 X 10(3) platelets/mm3; septic abortion; 99+/-36 X 10(3) platelets/mm3). The use of heparin in patients with septic abortion resulted in a decrease in SFMC. Chain characterization of SFMC frequently revealed a slight degradation of the alpha-chains probably due to fibrinolytic activity in vivo; gamma-gamma dimers representing intermolecular covalent bindings were not observed. The findings are in agreement with our former assumption that patients with septic abortion have a pronounced state of hypercoagulability.", "PMID": 1017723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1865", "title": "A technique for the evaluation of platelet-collagen adhesiveness in vitro.", "content": "A method for the evaluation in vitro of platelet-collagen adhesiveness has been developed. This method is based on counting platelets both before and after their contact with an insoluble collagen (IC) suspension. The results are expressed as adhesiveness index (AI). A number of variables which could influence the test has been evaluated and standardized in a way suitable for the routinary use of the technique described.", "contents": "A technique for the evaluation of platelet-collagen adhesiveness in vitro. A method for the evaluation in vitro of platelet-collagen adhesiveness has been developed. This method is based on counting platelets both before and after their contact with an insoluble collagen (IC) suspension. The results are expressed as adhesiveness index (AI). A number of variables which could influence the test has been evaluated and standardized in a way suitable for the routinary use of the technique described.", "PMID": 1017724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1866", "title": "Coagulation defect in experimental trypanosomial infection.", "content": "Some coagulation parameters have been studied in animals experimentally infected with trypanosomial organisms (T. brucei or T. congolense). The partial thromboplastin time test with kaolin was regularly abnormally prolonged in all animals during infection. Although results of some coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway cannot be used to explain this finding, it is suggested that the partial thromboplastin time test can be used as a test to monitor infection and recovery from this organism.", "contents": "Coagulation defect in experimental trypanosomial infection. Some coagulation parameters have been studied in animals experimentally infected with trypanosomial organisms (T. brucei or T. congolense). The partial thromboplastin time test with kaolin was regularly abnormally prolonged in all animals during infection. Although results of some coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway cannot be used to explain this finding, it is suggested that the partial thromboplastin time test can be used as a test to monitor infection and recovery from this organism.", "PMID": 1017725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1867", "title": "Treatment of thrombosis by sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase. Clinical pharmacology and rheology.", "content": "The effects of sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase are reported in a series of patients with thrombotic disease. Measurements have been made in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and whole blood and plasma viscosity. Intravenous infusion of ancrod resulted in a significant reduction in plasma fibrinogen which was associated with highly significant reduction in both plasma and whole blood viscosity. Sequential therapy with streptokinase resulted in a gradual rise in fibrinogen and a slight but significant rise in whole blood and plasma viscosity. All patients showed clinical improvement and no haemorrhagic complications resulted.", "contents": "Treatment of thrombosis by sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase. Clinical pharmacology and rheology. The effects of sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase are reported in a series of patients with thrombotic disease. Measurements have been made in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and whole blood and plasma viscosity. Intravenous infusion of ancrod resulted in a significant reduction in plasma fibrinogen which was associated with highly significant reduction in both plasma and whole blood viscosity. Sequential therapy with streptokinase resulted in a gradual rise in fibrinogen and a slight but significant rise in whole blood and plasma viscosity. All patients showed clinical improvement and no haemorrhagic complications resulted.", "PMID": 1017726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1868", "title": "Distribution and variation of fibrinolytic activity in the walls of human arteries and veins.", "content": "A systematic study on the location and intensity of the fibrinolytic activity in more than 500 samples of human arteries and veins from 50 routine necropsies and 35 blood vessel biopsies was performed. Data were obtained for an overall comparison of the fibrinolytic activity along and across the walls of human blood vessels by the use of a standardized fibrin slide technique. Arteries generally showed little or no fibrinolytic activity in the intima and media but strong activity in the adventitia. Veins showed a comparable strong fibrinolytic activity in the external layer of loose connective tissue. Fibrinolytic activity in the venous intima, media and adventitia was generally weaker but varied greatly according to position in the body. Veins situated in the lower parts of the body had less fibrinolytic activity than the veins at the upper levels. Fibrinolytic activity was found to be related to the endothelium of the vasa vasorum and/or of the main lumen of the vascular wall. Increased fibrinolytic activity was observed in arteries and veins in cases of sudden death, vasogenic shock, cerebral hemorrhage and cirrhosis. Decreased fibrinolytic activity was encountered in blood vessels in cases of endotoxin shock, hyaline membrane disease and a case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.", "contents": "Distribution and variation of fibrinolytic activity in the walls of human arteries and veins. A systematic study on the location and intensity of the fibrinolytic activity in more than 500 samples of human arteries and veins from 50 routine necropsies and 35 blood vessel biopsies was performed. Data were obtained for an overall comparison of the fibrinolytic activity along and across the walls of human blood vessels by the use of a standardized fibrin slide technique. Arteries generally showed little or no fibrinolytic activity in the intima and media but strong activity in the adventitia. Veins showed a comparable strong fibrinolytic activity in the external layer of loose connective tissue. Fibrinolytic activity in the venous intima, media and adventitia was generally weaker but varied greatly according to position in the body. Veins situated in the lower parts of the body had less fibrinolytic activity than the veins at the upper levels. Fibrinolytic activity was found to be related to the endothelium of the vasa vasorum and/or of the main lumen of the vascular wall. Increased fibrinolytic activity was observed in arteries and veins in cases of sudden death, vasogenic shock, cerebral hemorrhage and cirrhosis. Decreased fibrinolytic activity was encountered in blood vessels in cases of endotoxin shock, hyaline membrane disease and a case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.", "PMID": 1017727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1869", "title": "First record of bacillary rickettsia-like organisms in European tick Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer).", "content": "Bacillary rickettsia-like organisms (BRLO) were found in the tick Dermacentor marginatus. They are gram-negative and differ from common bacteria and reckettsiae both in the cultivation conditions and morphology. BRLO are non-pathogenic for ticks and guinea pigs. In our studies they were isolated on half-engorged females of D. marginatus, on which they are still maintained.", "contents": "First record of bacillary rickettsia-like organisms in European tick Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer). Bacillary rickettsia-like organisms (BRLO) were found in the tick Dermacentor marginatus. They are gram-negative and differ from common bacteria and reckettsiae both in the cultivation conditions and morphology. BRLO are non-pathogenic for ticks and guinea pigs. In our studies they were isolated on half-engorged females of D. marginatus, on which they are still maintained.", "PMID": 1017754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1870", "title": "Observations on the development of Rhabdochona phoxini Moravec, 1968 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae).", "content": "The life-cycle of the nematode Rhabdochona phoxini, an intestinal parasite of the fish Phoxinus phoxinus, has been studied experimentally. The mayfly nymphs, Habrophlebia lauta Eaton and H. fusca (Curtis) were found to serve as experimental intermediate hosts. After the eggs of R. phoxini have been swallowed by the mayfly nymph, the toothed first-stage larvae of this parasite are released and penetrate through the intestinal wall into t-e body cavity of the mayfly. Before reaching the infective third stage, the larvae moult twice in the body of the invertebrate host (2 to 16 and20 to 36 days after infection at water temperatures of 13--15 degrees C). However, the development of the encysted infective larvae does not cease in the intermediate host and the larvae may undergo one more moult. One of two moults then occur in the intestine of the definitive host (Phoxinus phoxinus) (depending on the fact whether it was infected with third- or fourth-stage larvae) before the larvae attain the maturity. The development of R. phoxini in the definitive host lasts about two months.", "contents": "Observations on the development of Rhabdochona phoxini Moravec, 1968 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae). The life-cycle of the nematode Rhabdochona phoxini, an intestinal parasite of the fish Phoxinus phoxinus, has been studied experimentally. The mayfly nymphs, Habrophlebia lauta Eaton and H. fusca (Curtis) were found to serve as experimental intermediate hosts. After the eggs of R. phoxini have been swallowed by the mayfly nymph, the toothed first-stage larvae of this parasite are released and penetrate through the intestinal wall into t-e body cavity of the mayfly. Before reaching the infective third stage, the larvae moult twice in the body of the invertebrate host (2 to 16 and20 to 36 days after infection at water temperatures of 13--15 degrees C). However, the development of the encysted infective larvae does not cease in the intermediate host and the larvae may undergo one more moult. One of two moults then occur in the intestine of the definitive host (Phoxinus phoxinus) (depending on the fact whether it was infected with third- or fourth-stage larvae) before the larvae attain the maturity. The development of R. phoxini in the definitive host lasts about two months.", "PMID": 1017755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1871", "title": "Morphological determination of the age of Cysticercus bovis in very young calves with cysticercosis.", "content": "Characteristics and measurements are given for early developmental stages of Cysticercus bovis. The data emerging from our study indicate that the age of a one to two month-old larva from a spontaneous infection can reliably be determined in histological sections. On these grounds we have been able to determine that the cysticercus infection in the two calves (aged 21 and 27 days respectively) had been acquired prenatally.", "contents": "Morphological determination of the age of Cysticercus bovis in very young calves with cysticercosis. Characteristics and measurements are given for early developmental stages of Cysticercus bovis. The data emerging from our study indicate that the age of a one to two month-old larva from a spontaneous infection can reliably be determined in histological sections. On these grounds we have been able to determine that the cysticercus infection in the two calves (aged 21 and 27 days respectively) had been acquired prenatally.", "PMID": 1017756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1872", "title": "Influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in thermophilic oak forest.", "content": "Under conditions of the South Moravian thermophilic oak forest (Valtice near Breclav), the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus was studied by continuous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) in three different biotopes: forest, margin of the forest and meadow. Simultaneously conditions and the process of tick hibernation were studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). Observations made in the winter and vegetation periods were assessed by mathematical-statistical tests. Results obtained in the forest biotope and at its margin are presented in this paper; results from the meadow biotope will be published separately.", "contents": "Influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in thermophilic oak forest. Under conditions of the South Moravian thermophilic oak forest (Valtice near Breclav), the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus was studied by continuous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) in three different biotopes: forest, margin of the forest and meadow. Simultaneously conditions and the process of tick hibernation were studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). Observations made in the winter and vegetation periods were assessed by mathematical-statistical tests. Results obtained in the forest biotope and at its margin are presented in this paper; results from the meadow biotope will be published separately.", "PMID": 1017757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1873", "title": "On the regularities of distribution of Hypoderma bovis De Geer larvae parasitizing cattle herds in different parts of the range of this warble fly.", "content": "The type and parameters of the distribution of the second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis in cattle herds in Czechoslovakia (54 herds, 7233 head), Mongolia (20 herds, 1809 head) and the USSR (48 herds, 4978 head) were studied. A statistical analysis showed a) that in the majority of cases negative binomial distribution serves as a model of the distribution of larvae with sufficient reliability; b) that the regularity of dependence of the distribution exponent k of the negative binomial distribution on the incidence of infestation remains constant in different parts of the range of this warble fly. The latter fact indicates that the regulatory systems limiting the population numbers of this warble fly are associated with host-parasite relationships and do not depend on a complex of conditions specific for various natural zones. In order to understand the regulatory processes in parasite populations it is necessary to study equally the regulatory mechanisms operating primarily on  the level of specimens as well as the regulatory systems operating on the level of populations.", "contents": "On the regularities of distribution of Hypoderma bovis De Geer larvae parasitizing cattle herds in different parts of the range of this warble fly. The type and parameters of the distribution of the second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis in cattle herds in Czechoslovakia (54 herds, 7233 head), Mongolia (20 herds, 1809 head) and the USSR (48 herds, 4978 head) were studied. A statistical analysis showed a) that in the majority of cases negative binomial distribution serves as a model of the distribution of larvae with sufficient reliability; b) that the regularity of dependence of the distribution exponent k of the negative binomial distribution on the incidence of infestation remains constant in different parts of the range of this warble fly. The latter fact indicates that the regulatory systems limiting the population numbers of this warble fly are associated with host-parasite relationships and do not depend on a complex of conditions specific for various natural zones. In order to understand the regulatory processes in parasite populations it is necessary to study equally the regulatory mechanisms operating primarily on  the level of specimens as well as the regulatory systems operating on the level of populations.", "PMID": 1017758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1874", "title": "A biofeedback study of postural sway.", "content": "An experiment was performed to control postural sway under auditory and visual feedback signals using a new apparatus. The subjects of 52 healthy high school girls were divided into 13 small groups. Each small group had four subjects who were assigned to one of the following four groups; 1) visual feedback group, 2) auditory feedback group, 3) auditory and visual feedback group, and 4) control group. Comparisons were made as to the duration of the green lamp being on, which indicated sway stayed around the initial central gravity. The results showed that auditory and visual feedback groups had a significant increase in the duration as compared to other three groups. With regard to the changes in the areas of postural sway, the largest increase was seen in the auditory and visual group. While the three feedback groups showed downward curves, the control group showed an upward one. Thus it is suggested that postural sway can be voluntarily controlled by a combination of an auditury feedback procedure and a visual feedback procedure, but not be either of them independently.", "contents": "A biofeedback study of postural sway. An experiment was performed to control postural sway under auditory and visual feedback signals using a new apparatus. The subjects of 52 healthy high school girls were divided into 13 small groups. Each small group had four subjects who were assigned to one of the following four groups; 1) visual feedback group, 2) auditory feedback group, 3) auditory and visual feedback group, and 4) control group. Comparisons were made as to the duration of the green lamp being on, which indicated sway stayed around the initial central gravity. The results showed that auditory and visual feedback groups had a significant increase in the duration as compared to other three groups. With regard to the changes in the areas of postural sway, the largest increase was seen in the auditory and visual group. While the three feedback groups showed downward curves, the control group showed an upward one. Thus it is suggested that postural sway can be voluntarily controlled by a combination of an auditury feedback procedure and a visual feedback procedure, but not be either of them independently.", "PMID": 1017761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1875", "title": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of lateral geniculate body neurons to light.", "content": "Effects of electrical stimulation of substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were studied. Responses of the neurons to flash were enhanced or inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the substantia nigra. Enhancement of firing by nigral stimulation more often occurred in neurons excited primarily by flash, but inhibition was more commonly observed in those which showed a primary neuronal silence after light.", "contents": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of lateral geniculate body neurons to light. Effects of electrical stimulation of substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were studied. Responses of the neurons to flash were enhanced or inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the substantia nigra. Enhancement of firing by nigral stimulation more often occurred in neurons excited primarily by flash, but inhibition was more commonly observed in those which showed a primary neuronal silence after light.", "PMID": 1017764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1876", "title": "Accountability: a critical dimension in health care.", "content": "The intent of this paper has been to present the notion that the public's demands for accountability present health professionals with unprecedented opportunities. Good health is the bedrock upon which social progress, personal attainment, and individual happiness are built. If health professionals are personally accountable and if they work cooperatively, they can transform the energy now expended in lamenting about crises of confidence, crises of control, and crises of performance into positive action directed toward improving the nation's health. Their rewards will indeed be great.", "contents": "Accountability: a critical dimension in health care. The intent of this paper has been to present the notion that the public's demands for accountability present health professionals with unprecedented opportunities. Good health is the bedrock upon which social progress, personal attainment, and individual happiness are built. If health professionals are personally accountable and if they work cooperatively, they can transform the energy now expended in lamenting about crises of confidence, crises of control, and crises of performance into positive action directed toward improving the nation's health. Their rewards will indeed be great.", "PMID": 1017781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1877", "title": "Health care from a behavioral-ecological viewpoint.", "content": "While the intended thrust of this paper has been to elicidate the tremendous potential of the behavioral-ecological perspective for health care research and application, the intent has not been to underplay the important role of the biological sciences in the same venture. However, it is my contention that a behavioral-ecological approach to the study of health care has been widely neglected in health care functions and research. In terms of conventional research designs and terminology, the behavioral-ecological research implications can be summarized as follows: a behavioral-ecological perspective of health care research suggests research that is experimental rather than correlational-descriptive; that focuses, because of its naturalistic thrust, on external validity more than internal validity; that incorporates as independent design variables the environmental context in which health behaviors occur; and that allows single-subject as well as multiple-group designs as research strategy. Finally, in terms of dependent variables, the research design requires a clear identification of the observable characteristics of the target health behaviors under consideration. In summary, health research geared toward professional goals appears to profit significantly from an ecological-behavioral approach which provides a model of high explication, specificity, and objectivity for knowledge generation and immediate application.", "contents": "Health care from a behavioral-ecological viewpoint. While the intended thrust of this paper has been to elicidate the tremendous potential of the behavioral-ecological perspective for health care research and application, the intent has not been to underplay the important role of the biological sciences in the same venture. However, it is my contention that a behavioral-ecological approach to the study of health care has been widely neglected in health care functions and research. In terms of conventional research designs and terminology, the behavioral-ecological research implications can be summarized as follows: a behavioral-ecological perspective of health care research suggests research that is experimental rather than correlational-descriptive; that focuses, because of its naturalistic thrust, on external validity more than internal validity; that incorporates as independent design variables the environmental context in which health behaviors occur; and that allows single-subject as well as multiple-group designs as research strategy. Finally, in terms of dependent variables, the research design requires a clear identification of the observable characteristics of the target health behaviors under consideration. In summary, health research geared toward professional goals appears to profit significantly from an ecological-behavioral approach which provides a model of high explication, specificity, and objectivity for knowledge generation and immediate application.", "PMID": 1017782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1878", "title": "Predictive nursing: the baby and parents.", "content": "Predictive nursing as a health care strategy is not entirely new. What is new and emerging are means of sharpening our assessments of the events and conditions that support health, as well as specific models engaging the individual in assessing and altering or maintaining his position on the health continuum. This study has been shared with the readers to provide an encouraging direction toward new modes of health care delivery. We believe it is the most encouraging strategy for assisting families in promoting optimal health of infants from a very early point in the infant's life. The assessment techniques discussed in this paper relate to methods of identifying individual behavior patterns of newborn infants, behavioral interaction patterns of parents and infants during the early months and years of life, and the parents' perception of the infant. All of these measures are now being tested by the Nursing Child Assessment Project staff and will result in a systematic format of screening and assessing infants and families \"at risk\". With current knowledge, astoundingly correct predictions about cognitive development and achievement at school age of groups of children can be made with information about the mother's levels of education and the events of the perinatal periods. The measures discussed in this article concerning the infants' behavior, parent-child interaction, and the parents' perception of the child are factors which will go beyond our present ability to identify potential problems early. Predictive nursing of the infant and young child is our eventual goal. This means going a step beyond the current level of practice by beginning to systematically identify the proneness of individuals to good or bad health outcomes--specifically, the proneness of children to have developmental delays or problems--and to then provide a meaningful type of intervention before the developmental problem occurs.", "contents": "Predictive nursing: the baby and parents. Predictive nursing as a health care strategy is not entirely new. What is new and emerging are means of sharpening our assessments of the events and conditions that support health, as well as specific models engaging the individual in assessing and altering or maintaining his position on the health continuum. This study has been shared with the readers to provide an encouraging direction toward new modes of health care delivery. We believe it is the most encouraging strategy for assisting families in promoting optimal health of infants from a very early point in the infant's life. The assessment techniques discussed in this paper relate to methods of identifying individual behavior patterns of newborn infants, behavioral interaction patterns of parents and infants during the early months and years of life, and the parents' perception of the infant. All of these measures are now being tested by the Nursing Child Assessment Project staff and will result in a systematic format of screening and assessing infants and families \"at risk\". With current knowledge, astoundingly correct predictions about cognitive development and achievement at school age of groups of children can be made with information about the mother's levels of education and the events of the perinatal periods. The measures discussed in this article concerning the infants' behavior, parent-child interaction, and the parents' perception of the child are factors which will go beyond our present ability to identify potential problems early. Predictive nursing of the infant and young child is our eventual goal. This means going a step beyond the current level of practice by beginning to systematically identify the proneness of individuals to good or bad health outcomes--specifically, the proneness of children to have developmental delays or problems--and to then provide a meaningful type of intervention before the developmental problem occurs.", "PMID": 1017784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1879", "title": "Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community.", "content": "The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, \"taking care of self and others\", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, \"taking care of self and others\" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.", "contents": "Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community. The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, \"taking care of self and others\", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, \"taking care of self and others\" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.", "PMID": 1017785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1880", "title": "Oestradiol receptors in non-neoplastic gynaecomastic tissue of phenotypic males.", "content": "Cytoplasmic oestradiol receptors have been reported in breast tumor tissue but not in the uninvolved tissue from the same patients. Since gynaecomastic tissue is highly predisposed to neoplastic transformation, such receptors were looked for in this tissue from 13 phenotypic males of whom 6 had Klinefelter's syndrome. High affinity saturable binding (Kd approximately 10(-10) M) of 3H-oestradiol-17 beta was found in the breast tissue from 12 of these patients by gel elution and dextran-coated charcoal techniques. The concentration of binding sites were found to range from 16 to 359 fmol/mg cytosol protein. Previous studies by the present authors showing steroid aromatising capacity and the present finding of specific oestradiol receptors in a 'high-risk tissue' in the absence of any histologically detectable neoplasms might be relevant in elucidating the natural history of breast cancer in such individuals.", "contents": "Oestradiol receptors in non-neoplastic gynaecomastic tissue of phenotypic males. Cytoplasmic oestradiol receptors have been reported in breast tumor tissue but not in the uninvolved tissue from the same patients. Since gynaecomastic tissue is highly predisposed to neoplastic transformation, such receptors were looked for in this tissue from 13 phenotypic males of whom 6 had Klinefelter's syndrome. High affinity saturable binding (Kd approximately 10(-10) M) of 3H-oestradiol-17 beta was found in the breast tissue from 12 of these patients by gel elution and dextran-coated charcoal techniques. The concentration of binding sites were found to range from 16 to 359 fmol/mg cytosol protein. Previous studies by the present authors showing steroid aromatising capacity and the present finding of specific oestradiol receptors in a 'high-risk tissue' in the absence of any histologically detectable neoplasms might be relevant in elucidating the natural history of breast cancer in such individuals.", "PMID": 1017790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1881", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for non-suppressible insulin-like activity.", "content": "By immunizing rabbits--tolerant against the bulk of normal human serum proteins--with highly purified non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S), an antiserum was obtained which made possible the development of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Its sensitivity is about 30 pg NSILA-S per tube or 150 pg NSILA-S/ml. The specificity exceeds that of the bioassay used for comparison which is based in the stimulation by NSILA-S of 125IUDR incorporation into chicken fibroblasts in culture. The radioimmunoassay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to allow direct NSILA-S measurement in serum or plasma samples of humans and experimental animals. In human plasma samples NSILA-S levels, carrying between less than 0.15 and 25 ng/ml , were found to have an average of about 4 ng/ml. In rats higher levels were observed with a mean of 7.7 ng/ml in 4-week-old animals, increasing to about 60 ng/ml in 6-month-old rats. In fasting rats the NSILA-S plasma level is reduced. In acid-treated samples of plasma considerably higher NSILA-S amounts are found.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for non-suppressible insulin-like activity. By immunizing rabbits--tolerant against the bulk of normal human serum proteins--with highly purified non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S), an antiserum was obtained which made possible the development of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Its sensitivity is about 30 pg NSILA-S per tube or 150 pg NSILA-S/ml. The specificity exceeds that of the bioassay used for comparison which is based in the stimulation by NSILA-S of 125IUDR incorporation into chicken fibroblasts in culture. The radioimmunoassay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to allow direct NSILA-S measurement in serum or plasma samples of humans and experimental animals. In human plasma samples NSILA-S levels, carrying between less than 0.15 and 25 ng/ml , were found to have an average of about 4 ng/ml. In rats higher levels were observed with a mean of 7.7 ng/ml in 4-week-old animals, increasing to about 60 ng/ml in 6-month-old rats. In fasting rats the NSILA-S plasma level is reduced. In acid-treated samples of plasma considerably higher NSILA-S amounts are found.", "PMID": 1017791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1882", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in hypothyroidism.", "content": "The quantitative nitroblue-tetrazolium test demonstrated that polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with hypothyroidism reduced the dye less well than leucocytes from euthyroid persons. The ability of these cells to ingest and kill staphylococci were unimpaired. The abnormality of the nitroblue-tetrazolium test in hypothyroid patients was corrected after their treatment with thyroxine.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in hypothyroidism. The quantitative nitroblue-tetrazolium test demonstrated that polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with hypothyroidism reduced the dye less well than leucocytes from euthyroid persons. The ability of these cells to ingest and kill staphylococci were unimpaired. The abnormality of the nitroblue-tetrazolium test in hypothyroid patients was corrected after their treatment with thyroxine.", "PMID": 1017792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1883", "title": "Failure of cyprohepatdine to inhibit vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in a patient with Cushing's disease.", "content": "A case of a 21-year-old woman with Cushing's disease due to a pituitary tumor is described. The patient was treated with cyprohepatadine for 4 weeks immediately following pituitary alpha-particle irradiation. A standard vasopressin test to measure ACTH-mediated cortisol release was performed four times: prior to pituitary irradiation, after irradiation, after 4 weeks of cyproheptadine therapy, and off cyproheptadine for 2 weeks. Cyproheptadine failed to modify vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in the patient described. This study suggests that cyproheptadine, which has previously been shown to decrease ACTH secretion, probably acts principally at the hypothalamic, rather than at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Failure of cyprohepatdine to inhibit vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in a patient with Cushing's disease. A case of a 21-year-old woman with Cushing's disease due to a pituitary tumor is described. The patient was treated with cyprohepatadine for 4 weeks immediately following pituitary alpha-particle irradiation. A standard vasopressin test to measure ACTH-mediated cortisol release was performed four times: prior to pituitary irradiation, after irradiation, after 4 weeks of cyproheptadine therapy, and off cyproheptadine for 2 weeks. Cyproheptadine failed to modify vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in the patient described. This study suggests that cyproheptadine, which has previously been shown to decrease ACTH secretion, probably acts principally at the hypothalamic, rather than at the pituitary level.", "PMID": 1017793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1884", "title": "[Basic peptides in bee venom, II. Synthesis of two pentapeptides from the sequence of the mast-cell-degrading peptide (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of two protected pentapeptides is described. The peptides are fragments of the sequence of a mast-cell degranulating peptide from bee venom. The fragments Boc-Lys(Z)-Ile-Cys(SiPr)-Gly-Lys(Z)(I) and Boc-Pro-His(Trt)-Ile-Cys(Trt)-Arg(Tos) (II) were synthesized conventionally. The deprotection of the alpha-amino group by HCl/acetic acid of Boc-Ile-Cys(SiPr)-Gly-Lys(Z) was accompanied by a disulfide exchange at the cysteine residue. After the hydrolysis of fragment II with 6N HCl, allo-isoleucine could be detected by gas chromatography and amino-acid analysis.", "contents": "[Basic peptides in bee venom, II. Synthesis of two pentapeptides from the sequence of the mast-cell-degrading peptide (author's transl)]. The synthesis of two protected pentapeptides is described. The peptides are fragments of the sequence of a mast-cell degranulating peptide from bee venom. The fragments Boc-Lys(Z)-Ile-Cys(SiPr)-Gly-Lys(Z)(I) and Boc-Pro-His(Trt)-Ile-Cys(Trt)-Arg(Tos) (II) were synthesized conventionally. The deprotection of the alpha-amino group by HCl/acetic acid of Boc-Ile-Cys(SiPr)-Gly-Lys(Z) was accompanied by a disulfide exchange at the cysteine residue. After the hydrolysis of fragment II with 6N HCl, allo-isoleucine could be detected by gas chromatography and amino-acid analysis.", "PMID": 1017794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1885", "title": "[An enzymic assay for the determination of vitamin B12 (author's transl)].", "content": "A procedure which extends the very sensitive propanediol-dehydratase reaction for 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamine determination to cyanocobalamine and hydroxocobalamine is described. In this procedure, the cobalamines are adenosylated by vitamin B12 coenzyme synthetase and the resulting 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamine can be determined by the propanediol-dehydratase reaction. Aldehyde, the product of the latter, can be registered by the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction.", "contents": "[An enzymic assay for the determination of vitamin B12 (author's transl)]. A procedure which extends the very sensitive propanediol-dehydratase reaction for 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamine determination to cyanocobalamine and hydroxocobalamine is described. In this procedure, the cobalamines are adenosylated by vitamin B12 coenzyme synthetase and the resulting 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamine can be determined by the propanediol-dehydratase reaction. Aldehyde, the product of the latter, can be registered by the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction.", "PMID": 1017795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1886", "title": "Neuraminic acid derivatives newly discovered in humans: N-acetyl-9-O-L-lactoylneuraminic acid, N,9-O-Diacetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid.", "content": "The free and glycosidically bound acylneuraminic acids from human serum and saliva and the free acylneuraminic acids from human urine have been characterized by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Acylneuraminic acid mixtures obtained from serum and saliva contain mainly N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-9-O-L-lactoylneuraminic acid, whereas small amounts of N,9-O-diacetylneuraminic acid are also present. No free N,O-diacylneuraminic acids could be detected in the urine samples. None of the investigated fluids contained N-glycoloylneuraminic acid. The unsaturated N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid is usually a component of the free acylneuraminic acid fractions of serum, saliva and urine. The body fluids of a patient with sialuria contain the same O-acylated and unsaturated N-acetyl neuraminic acid derivatives as mentioned above, but the total amounts of free acylneuraminic acids in these materials are significantly higher than found for normal persons.", "contents": "Neuraminic acid derivatives newly discovered in humans: N-acetyl-9-O-L-lactoylneuraminic acid, N,9-O-Diacetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid. The free and glycosidically bound acylneuraminic acids from human serum and saliva and the free acylneuraminic acids from human urine have been characterized by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Acylneuraminic acid mixtures obtained from serum and saliva contain mainly N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-9-O-L-lactoylneuraminic acid, whereas small amounts of N,9-O-diacetylneuraminic acid are also present. No free N,O-diacylneuraminic acids could be detected in the urine samples. None of the investigated fluids contained N-glycoloylneuraminic acid. The unsaturated N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid is usually a component of the free acylneuraminic acid fractions of serum, saliva and urine. The body fluids of a patient with sialuria contain the same O-acylated and unsaturated N-acetyl neuraminic acid derivatives as mentioned above, but the total amounts of free acylneuraminic acids in these materials are significantly higher than found for normal persons.", "PMID": 1017796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1887", "title": "Studies on the kynurenine adminotransferase activity in rat liver and kidney.", "content": "The kynurenine aminotransferase activity of supernatant and mitochondrial fractions obtained from rat liver and kidney was studied with L-kynurenine and L-3-hydroxykynurenine as substrates. A substrate inhibition with L-kynurenine at concentrations higher than 6-7mM was observed with all four enzyme preparations. This did not happen with L-3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Moreover, the liver mitochondrial enzyme shows a Km for pyridoxal phosphate 2-4 times smaller than the other preparations when assayed with L-3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Therefore, the accumulation of xanthurenic acid and not of kynurenic acid in B6 deficiency could be related both to this high activity of liver mitochondrial kynurenine aminotransferase with L-3-hydroxykynurenine, even at small concentrations of B6, and to substrate inhibition observed with L-kynurenine and not with L-3-hydroxykynurenine.", "contents": "Studies on the kynurenine adminotransferase activity in rat liver and kidney. The kynurenine aminotransferase activity of supernatant and mitochondrial fractions obtained from rat liver and kidney was studied with L-kynurenine and L-3-hydroxykynurenine as substrates. A substrate inhibition with L-kynurenine at concentrations higher than 6-7mM was observed with all four enzyme preparations. This did not happen with L-3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Moreover, the liver mitochondrial enzyme shows a Km for pyridoxal phosphate 2-4 times smaller than the other preparations when assayed with L-3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Therefore, the accumulation of xanthurenic acid and not of kynurenic acid in B6 deficiency could be related both to this high activity of liver mitochondrial kynurenine aminotransferase with L-3-hydroxykynurenine, even at small concentrations of B6, and to substrate inhibition observed with L-kynurenine and not with L-3-hydroxykynurenine.", "PMID": 1017797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1888", "title": "Haemocyanins in spiders, III. Chemical and physical properties of the proteins in Dugesiella and Cupiennius blood.", "content": "The haemolymph of the tarantulas, Dugesiella (Eurypelma) californica and Dugesiella (Eurypelma) helluo contains high molecular weight haemocyanin (80-82% of total blood proteins) and a second protein not related to haemocyanin (18-20%). In the Lycosid spider, Cupiennius salei, haemocyanin (75% of total blood protein) occurs in two states of association. The haemocyanins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, or preparative gel electrophoresis. Their sedimentation constants are 36.7 S (both tarantulas), 23.4 S and 15.9 S (Cupiennius). After alkaline dissociation, polypeptides sedimenting at 5.8 S (D. californica) and 4.7 S (Cupiennius) were obtained. The molecular weight of the intact functional subunit is (by sedimentation equilibrium) 70 300 (D. californica) and 69 900 (Cupiennius). Copper analysis results in closely similar values. By sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, molecular weights of 71 000 (D. californica), 72 000 (Cupiennius) and 74 000 (D. helluo) were obtained. Denaturation with various agents did not lead to smaller polypeptides. The amino acid composition of the haemocyanins was determined (Table 1). The amino end group is blocked. The haemocyanins contain 1.2-1.5% of neutral carbohydrates and 0.3-0.5% of glucosamine (possibly acetylated). The neutral carbohydrates were identified with glucose, mannose, fucose, and arabinose, glucose being the dominant species. Neuraminic acid was not detected. The haemocyanins of the three species cannot be distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties, while there is a significant difference in amino acid composition between tarantula and Cupiennius haemocyanins. The second, non-respiratory protein isolated from spider blood sediments with 16.1 S (Dugesiella) or 15.9 S (Cupiennius). Its isoelectric point is at pH 5.5 It is stable in weakly alkaline solutions but can be denatured to yield polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 95 000 and 110 000. The amino acid composition is reported. As in the haemocyanins, the N-terminus is blocked. The carbohydrate content is 0.9%, glucose being the only sugar identified.", "contents": "Haemocyanins in spiders, III. Chemical and physical properties of the proteins in Dugesiella and Cupiennius blood. The haemolymph of the tarantulas, Dugesiella (Eurypelma) californica and Dugesiella (Eurypelma) helluo contains high molecular weight haemocyanin (80-82% of total blood proteins) and a second protein not related to haemocyanin (18-20%). In the Lycosid spider, Cupiennius salei, haemocyanin (75% of total blood protein) occurs in two states of association. The haemocyanins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, or preparative gel electrophoresis. Their sedimentation constants are 36.7 S (both tarantulas), 23.4 S and 15.9 S (Cupiennius). After alkaline dissociation, polypeptides sedimenting at 5.8 S (D. californica) and 4.7 S (Cupiennius) were obtained. The molecular weight of the intact functional subunit is (by sedimentation equilibrium) 70 300 (D. californica) and 69 900 (Cupiennius). Copper analysis results in closely similar values. By sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, molecular weights of 71 000 (D. californica), 72 000 (Cupiennius) and 74 000 (D. helluo) were obtained. Denaturation with various agents did not lead to smaller polypeptides. The amino acid composition of the haemocyanins was determined (Table 1). The amino end group is blocked. The haemocyanins contain 1.2-1.5% of neutral carbohydrates and 0.3-0.5% of glucosamine (possibly acetylated). The neutral carbohydrates were identified with glucose, mannose, fucose, and arabinose, glucose being the dominant species. Neuraminic acid was not detected. The haemocyanins of the three species cannot be distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties, while there is a significant difference in amino acid composition between tarantula and Cupiennius haemocyanins. The second, non-respiratory protein isolated from spider blood sediments with 16.1 S (Dugesiella) or 15.9 S (Cupiennius). Its isoelectric point is at pH 5.5 It is stable in weakly alkaline solutions but can be denatured to yield polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 95 000 and 110 000. The amino acid composition is reported. As in the haemocyanins, the N-terminus is blocked. The carbohydrate content is 0.9%, glucose being the only sugar identified.", "PMID": 1017798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1889", "title": "Hydrophobic agaroses: basis for a model of multivalent effector-receptor interactions.", "content": "An increase in the density of butyl residues bound to Sepharose 4B leads to an enhancement of the affinity of these gels for phosphorylase b in the presence of 1.1M ammonium sulfate. A Hill coefficient of 2.9 indicates that a minimum of ca. 3 binding sites is involved in the positive cooperative adsorption of this enzyme. Binding studies of phosphorylase b on butyl-Sepharose of a specific degree of substitution demonstrate that the affinity of the gel for this ligand decreases as a function of fractional saturation. A Hill coefficient of 0.44 indicates negative cooperativity as a result of multivalent binding. From these observations a multivalent, mobile receptor model is derived which can explain such characteristics of effector-receptor interactions as: positive and negative cooperativity, high binding constants and low dissociation rate constants. The application of this model to experiments taken from the literature on the binding of the multivalent effectors concanavalin A and cholera toxin to fat cells shows that the postulated mode of interactions is probably realized in nature.", "contents": "Hydrophobic agaroses: basis for a model of multivalent effector-receptor interactions. An increase in the density of butyl residues bound to Sepharose 4B leads to an enhancement of the affinity of these gels for phosphorylase b in the presence of 1.1M ammonium sulfate. A Hill coefficient of 2.9 indicates that a minimum of ca. 3 binding sites is involved in the positive cooperative adsorption of this enzyme. Binding studies of phosphorylase b on butyl-Sepharose of a specific degree of substitution demonstrate that the affinity of the gel for this ligand decreases as a function of fractional saturation. A Hill coefficient of 0.44 indicates negative cooperativity as a result of multivalent binding. From these observations a multivalent, mobile receptor model is derived which can explain such characteristics of effector-receptor interactions as: positive and negative cooperativity, high binding constants and low dissociation rate constants. The application of this model to experiments taken from the literature on the binding of the multivalent effectors concanavalin A and cholera toxin to fat cells shows that the postulated mode of interactions is probably realized in nature.", "PMID": 1017799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1890", "title": "Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequence of three toxins (CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom.", "content": "Three toxins (CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-7) were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the serological properties, the sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-7 resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.", "contents": "Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequence of three toxins (CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom. Three toxins (CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-7) were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the serological properties, the sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-7 resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.", "PMID": 1017800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1891", "title": "Liver cell heterogeneity. The distribution of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in the liver lobule of fed and starved rats.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were determined in microdissected freeze-dried liver cells from the periportal and pericentral area of the liver lobule. Pyruvate kinase activity was measured by a microfluorimetric procedure adapted to 20-200 ng tissue dry weight. In livers from fed rats, its activity was twice as high in the central zone as in the periportal cells; starvation reduced this gradient by decreasing central activities. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was measured by a microradiochemical technique in 100-300 ng tissue dry weight. In livers from fed rats, this enzyme was nearly 3 times more active in the periportal cells than in the central area. Starvation increased this enzyme in both zones with a more pronounced change in the central cells. The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver lobule. Gluconegenesis seems to be localized preferentially in periportal hepatocytes, whereas the glycolytic enzyme was found to be more active in cells surrounding the pericentral liver cells.", "contents": "Liver cell heterogeneity. The distribution of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in the liver lobule of fed and starved rats. Pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were determined in microdissected freeze-dried liver cells from the periportal and pericentral area of the liver lobule. Pyruvate kinase activity was measured by a microfluorimetric procedure adapted to 20-200 ng tissue dry weight. In livers from fed rats, its activity was twice as high in the central zone as in the periportal cells; starvation reduced this gradient by decreasing central activities. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was measured by a microradiochemical technique in 100-300 ng tissue dry weight. In livers from fed rats, this enzyme was nearly 3 times more active in the periportal cells than in the central area. Starvation increased this enzyme in both zones with a more pronounced change in the central cells. The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver lobule. Gluconegenesis seems to be localized preferentially in periportal hepatocytes, whereas the glycolytic enzyme was found to be more active in cells surrounding the pericentral liver cells.", "PMID": 1017801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1892", "title": "[The sequence of a dimetric hemoglobin (component IIbeta, Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera) (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary structure of the dimeric hemoglobin CTT 11beta from the insect larva Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera) is given. The sequence of a dimeric hemoglobin is presented for the first time. Some details of this primary structure are discussed and compared with human alpha-chains. The sequence was determined automatically.", "contents": "[The sequence of a dimetric hemoglobin (component IIbeta, Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera) (author's transl)]. The primary structure of the dimeric hemoglobin CTT 11beta from the insect larva Chironomus thummi thummi (Diptera) is given. The sequence of a dimeric hemoglobin is presented for the first time. Some details of this primary structure are discussed and compared with human alpha-chains. The sequence was determined automatically.", "PMID": 1017802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1893", "title": "CPK isoenzymes in evaluation of myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "Enzymatic criteria for diagnosis of myocardial infarction have suffered from a lack of specificity, since enzyme elevations also occur in noncardiac disorders. The MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase has provided a way out of this difficulty. Not only is it specific to injured myocardium but a recently developed plasma assay makes possible both diagnosis and, in many cases, measurement of the extent of damage.", "contents": "CPK isoenzymes in evaluation of myocardial ischemic injury. Enzymatic criteria for diagnosis of myocardial infarction have suffered from a lack of specificity, since enzyme elevations also occur in noncardiac disorders. The MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase has provided a way out of this difficulty. Not only is it specific to injured myocardium but a recently developed plasma assay makes possible both diagnosis and, in many cases, measurement of the extent of damage.", "PMID": 1017827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1894", "title": "Reconstruction ('undiversion') of the diverted urinary tract.", "content": "Two operations to permit urinary drainage had been performed in a 2 1/2-year-old boy born with obstructing urethral valves, but infections and other compications were a constant threat, especially since the child had only one functioning kidney. After the anomalous valves were ablated endoscopically, the urinary tract was reconstructed, as shown here, to \"undivert\" the previously fashioned ileal loop bypass.", "contents": "Reconstruction ('undiversion') of the diverted urinary tract. Two operations to permit urinary drainage had been performed in a 2 1/2-year-old boy born with obstructing urethral valves, but infections and other compications were a constant threat, especially since the child had only one functioning kidney. After the anomalous valves were ablated endoscopically, the urinary tract was reconstructed, as shown here, to \"undivert\" the previously fashioned ileal loop bypass.", "PMID": 1017828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1895", "title": "Dietary fiber and diverticular disease.", "content": "Can the regular consumption of bran and other fibrous foods help in preventing diseases of the colon? Indirect evidence supports the idea, although much remains to be learned. It seems probable that bulkier feces could increase the diameter of the colon and prevent sudden sharp rises in pressure that are believed to be responsible for the formation of diverticula. For most people, fiber is probably harmless and it may do some good.", "contents": "Dietary fiber and diverticular disease. Can the regular consumption of bran and other fibrous foods help in preventing diseases of the colon? Indirect evidence supports the idea, although much remains to be learned. It seems probable that bulkier feces could increase the diameter of the colon and prevent sudden sharp rises in pressure that are believed to be responsible for the formation of diverticula. For most people, fiber is probably harmless and it may do some good.", "PMID": 1017830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1896", "title": "Partial hepatectomy for metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "Three years after colonic resection for a rectal carcinoma, the patient evinced some weight loss and alkaline phosphatase elevation. Detailed workup revealed what appeared to be a solitary, well-defined metastatic lesion of the right hepatic lobe. Since the patient could be considered a good candidate for surgery, and given the grim prognosis of alternative approaches, hepatic lobectomy was carried out, as described here.", "contents": "Partial hepatectomy for metastatic carcinoma. Three years after colonic resection for a rectal carcinoma, the patient evinced some weight loss and alkaline phosphatase elevation. Detailed workup revealed what appeared to be a solitary, well-defined metastatic lesion of the right hepatic lobe. Since the patient could be considered a good candidate for surgery, and given the grim prognosis of alternative approaches, hepatic lobectomy was carried out, as described here.", "PMID": 1017833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1897", "title": "GI problems in children: II.", "content": "Accurate differentiation of such disorders as intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis and the two types of megacolon must precede attempts at treatment. Gastroesophageal reflux, viral hepatitis, and Reye's syndrome are also discussed.", "contents": "GI problems in children: II. Accurate differentiation of such disorders as intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis and the two types of megacolon must precede attempts at treatment. Gastroesophageal reflux, viral hepatitis, and Reye's syndrome are also discussed.", "PMID": 1017834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1898", "title": "Blood glucose: how reliable an indicator of brain glucose?", "content": "It is usually assumed that the concentration of glucose in the brain reflects that in the blood, so that measuring the latter provides an accurate index of the former. However, in two experimental situations analogous to anoxia and salicylate poisoning, brain glucose was found to be dangerously low in the presence of normal or even elevated blood glucose levels, and in these experiments administering glucose prolonged survival.", "contents": "Blood glucose: how reliable an indicator of brain glucose? It is usually assumed that the concentration of glucose in the brain reflects that in the blood, so that measuring the latter provides an accurate index of the former. However, in two experimental situations analogous to anoxia and salicylate poisoning, brain glucose was found to be dangerously low in the presence of normal or even elevated blood glucose levels, and in these experiments administering glucose prolonged survival.", "PMID": 1017836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1899", "title": "A cytotoxic substance in insect cell culture spent media.", "content": "Spent media from five different insect cell lines when inoculated into Trichoplusia ni (TN-368) cultures produced cytotoxicity resulting in rounding and detachment of cells. The substance in spent medium from the established cellline Carpocapsa pomonella (CP-169) is believed to be a toxin, based on the failure to serially passage the agent, the early appearance of the cytotoxic effect, and the inability to detect microbes by culturing techniques as well as by electron microscopy. The ability to extract the toxic substance from CP-169 cells indicates that it is cell associated. Biophysical and biochemical properties of the CP-169 cytotoxin are presented.", "contents": "A cytotoxic substance in insect cell culture spent media. Spent media from five different insect cell lines when inoculated into Trichoplusia ni (TN-368) cultures produced cytotoxicity resulting in rounding and detachment of cells. The substance in spent medium from the established cellline Carpocapsa pomonella (CP-169) is believed to be a toxin, based on the failure to serially passage the agent, the early appearance of the cytotoxic effect, and the inability to detect microbes by culturing techniques as well as by electron microscopy. The ability to extract the toxic substance from CP-169 cells indicates that it is cell associated. Biophysical and biochemical properties of the CP-169 cytotoxin are presented.", "PMID": 1017845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1900", "title": "[Problems of amoebiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem by the amoebiasis is to differenciate the symptoms against the other similar diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract, also in cases of amoebic-abscesses in liver, lungs, brain and other organs. The presence of zystes and minutaforms of E. histolytica in the stool is not to identify with amoebic-dysenterie. Dysenterie in the tropics can have many different reasons and not alone amoebic infection. Persons with amoebic-infection are under the hygienic condition of central-europe not a risk for their surrounding persons and not like persons who excrete salmonelles. For the diagnostic the restoscopical picture and the X-ray of the colon are very important. To clear the diagnosis amoebic-liverabscess serological tests, , immunelectrophoresis and immundiffusion are necessary, especially szintigraphic or sonographic examination; For therapie of amoebiasis we have to-day very good drugs. Even the liver abscess early diagnosed is possible to cure.", "contents": "[Problems of amoebiasis (author's transl)]. The problem by the amoebiasis is to differenciate the symptoms against the other similar diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract, also in cases of amoebic-abscesses in liver, lungs, brain and other organs. The presence of zystes and minutaforms of E. histolytica in the stool is not to identify with amoebic-dysenterie. Dysenterie in the tropics can have many different reasons and not alone amoebic infection. Persons with amoebic-infection are under the hygienic condition of central-europe not a risk for their surrounding persons and not like persons who excrete salmonelles. For the diagnostic the restoscopical picture and the X-ray of the colon are very important. To clear the diagnosis amoebic-liverabscess serological tests, , immunelectrophoresis and immundiffusion are necessary, especially szintigraphic or sonographic examination; For therapie of amoebiasis we have to-day very good drugs. Even the liver abscess early diagnosed is possible to cure.", "PMID": 1017846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1901", "title": "[Treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium with metritionate in OPD-patients (author's transl)].", "content": "40 patients--5 to 50 years of age--voiding eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in their urine--underwent treatment with Metrifonate at the OPD of Bong Mine Hospital, Liberia. The patients received 10 mg/kg body weight 3 times at a fortnight's interval. The drug was swallowed under medical supervision. 27 patients no longer passed eggs after the 1. dose of Metrifonate, 37 no longer voided eggs after the 2. administration. 1 patient did not show up for control after the 3. dose. Theoretically he may not be healed. 1 other patient who came for control after 12 months had been exposed to reinfection and again voided eggs in her urine. She had been negative after the 2. treatment. Reinfection may have happened. Patients could be controlled over a period of 6-14 months. Thus, Metrifonate seems to be an effective drug in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis. Side-effects (nausea, abdominal pains, and--very rare--vomiting) were mild and disappeared spontaneously within less than 24 hours after medication. Patients did not have to interrupt school, daily activities, and treatment. Statistically, Metrifonate did not show any influence on transaminase SGOT, SGPT, and LDH during and after the course of treatment. The same evaluation applies to eosinophilia. There is no increase or decrease of this particular type of cell during and after treatment 7 patients showed alterations of their ECG curves. There were changes of the T-wave in V1-4. In adults traces were normal again several months after completion of treatment. It seems to be difficult to interpret ECGs in West African youngsters. X-ray photos of the lungs never revealed any pathological findings which could be connected to the course of treatment. Metrifonate seems to be a valuable drug in treatment of Schistosoma haematobium-infection. The drug is well tolerated if the treatment scheme--mentioned above--is used.", "contents": "[Treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium with metritionate in OPD-patients (author's transl)]. 40 patients--5 to 50 years of age--voiding eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in their urine--underwent treatment with Metrifonate at the OPD of Bong Mine Hospital, Liberia. The patients received 10 mg/kg body weight 3 times at a fortnight's interval. The drug was swallowed under medical supervision. 27 patients no longer passed eggs after the 1. dose of Metrifonate, 37 no longer voided eggs after the 2. administration. 1 patient did not show up for control after the 3. dose. Theoretically he may not be healed. 1 other patient who came for control after 12 months had been exposed to reinfection and again voided eggs in her urine. She had been negative after the 2. treatment. Reinfection may have happened. Patients could be controlled over a period of 6-14 months. Thus, Metrifonate seems to be an effective drug in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis. Side-effects (nausea, abdominal pains, and--very rare--vomiting) were mild and disappeared spontaneously within less than 24 hours after medication. Patients did not have to interrupt school, daily activities, and treatment. Statistically, Metrifonate did not show any influence on transaminase SGOT, SGPT, and LDH during and after the course of treatment. The same evaluation applies to eosinophilia. There is no increase or decrease of this particular type of cell during and after treatment 7 patients showed alterations of their ECG curves. There were changes of the T-wave in V1-4. In adults traces were normal again several months after completion of treatment. It seems to be difficult to interpret ECGs in West African youngsters. X-ray photos of the lungs never revealed any pathological findings which could be connected to the course of treatment. Metrifonate seems to be a valuable drug in treatment of Schistosoma haematobium-infection. The drug is well tolerated if the treatment scheme--mentioned above--is used.", "PMID": 1017847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1902", "title": "[Fatal diphtheria in a 26-year-old man. Repetitorium; Known and current aspects of diphtheria].", "content": "This paper reports on a 26 year old male who died of toxic diphtheria with all typical features such as: Bullneck, paralysis of the soft palate, renal failure accompanied by proteinuria and--most notably--myocarditis (very typical microscopically) with circulatory disturbances and finally left and right hand failure. The myocarditis hat caused increases of SGOT, SGPT, CPK, LDH and HBDH to values not seen before by us in the course of myocarditis. The patient had been immunized against diphtheria as a child. Initial treatment consisted of the application of ampicillin which caused rapid regression of the local symptoms in the pharyngeal region including the bullneck-symptom; of course the course of intoxication was not influenced, even after the patient had been admitted to the hospital, the disease correctly diagnosed and antitoxin given three days before death.", "contents": "[Fatal diphtheria in a 26-year-old man. Repetitorium; Known and current aspects of diphtheria]. This paper reports on a 26 year old male who died of toxic diphtheria with all typical features such as: Bullneck, paralysis of the soft palate, renal failure accompanied by proteinuria and--most notably--myocarditis (very typical microscopically) with circulatory disturbances and finally left and right hand failure. The myocarditis hat caused increases of SGOT, SGPT, CPK, LDH and HBDH to values not seen before by us in the course of myocarditis. The patient had been immunized against diphtheria as a child. Initial treatment consisted of the application of ampicillin which caused rapid regression of the local symptoms in the pharyngeal region including the bullneck-symptom; of course the course of intoxication was not influenced, even after the patient had been admitted to the hospital, the disease correctly diagnosed and antitoxin given three days before death.", "PMID": 1017848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1903", "title": "[Assessment of the efficiency of vaccination against influenza (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficiency of the vaccination against influenza resp. its assessment depends on methodological factors, on the vaccine in use and on the epidemiological situation. According to serological tests protection rates (p) may be found of 0,8-0,9; a combined clinical and serological evaluation leads to a value of p=0,7 and after clinical estimation p=0,5. For statistical evaluation it is important to know whether the groups of persons to be compared were randomized or selected. Vaccination groups consisting of volunteers were selected in as much as the vaccines apparently exhibited a higher premorbidity than the control groups. Further on the protection rate is influenced by the number of vaccinations performed. Another very important factor is the composition of the vaccine in use, which should be in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO. Concentration of antigen and addition of adiuvant also influences the efficiency of inactivated vaccines. The antigenic composition is also relevant in live attenuated vaccines. Epidemiological factors are of importance in as much as the efficiency of the vaccination rises with the morbidity of the population. However, even in interepidemic periods the vaccination offers a certain degree of clinically observable protection (0,3). The indication for vaccination against influenza is influenced by age. In older persons the vaccination depresses morbidity and mortality rates, in middle aged working people lower morbidity and a drop in days of absence resulted as consequence of a vaccination campaign, whereas in children shedding of virus is prevented by the vaccination.", "contents": "[Assessment of the efficiency of vaccination against influenza (author's transl)]. The efficiency of the vaccination against influenza resp. its assessment depends on methodological factors, on the vaccine in use and on the epidemiological situation. According to serological tests protection rates (p) may be found of 0,8-0,9; a combined clinical and serological evaluation leads to a value of p=0,7 and after clinical estimation p=0,5. For statistical evaluation it is important to know whether the groups of persons to be compared were randomized or selected. Vaccination groups consisting of volunteers were selected in as much as the vaccines apparently exhibited a higher premorbidity than the control groups. Further on the protection rate is influenced by the number of vaccinations performed. Another very important factor is the composition of the vaccine in use, which should be in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO. Concentration of antigen and addition of adiuvant also influences the efficiency of inactivated vaccines. The antigenic composition is also relevant in live attenuated vaccines. Epidemiological factors are of importance in as much as the efficiency of the vaccination rises with the morbidity of the population. However, even in interepidemic periods the vaccination offers a certain degree of clinically observable protection (0,3). The indication for vaccination against influenza is influenced by age. In older persons the vaccination depresses morbidity and mortality rates, in middle aged working people lower morbidity and a drop in days of absence resulted as consequence of a vaccination campaign, whereas in children shedding of virus is prevented by the vaccination.", "PMID": 1017849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1904", "title": "[Lysosomal proteinasen and peptidasen in serum of children with inflammatory diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In the serum of 43 children the activities of proteinases and peptidases by mean of 41 substrates have been determined in order to get knowledge of overall activities and differentiation of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes. Proteinases, cathepsins A, B, C and D, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases and aminoacidarylamidases have been checked. The enzyme pattern of the serum of a collective of 15 healthy children or those without serious clinical signs is demonstrated, also the alterations and differentiations in the serum of children with leucemia, pneumonia, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, other inflammatory diseases and common diseases. Leucyl-glycyl-glycyltripeptidase, glycyl-glycyl-glycyltripeptidase, a proteosterase, carboxypeptidase A, a neutrale proteinase and basic proteinase (cathepsin B) and cathepsin C are increased. A distinct elevation has been found only in children with leucemia and pneumonia.", "contents": "[Lysosomal proteinasen and peptidasen in serum of children with inflammatory diseases (author's transl)]. In the serum of 43 children the activities of proteinases and peptidases by mean of 41 substrates have been determined in order to get knowledge of overall activities and differentiation of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes. Proteinases, cathepsins A, B, C and D, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases and aminoacidarylamidases have been checked. The enzyme pattern of the serum of a collective of 15 healthy children or those without serious clinical signs is demonstrated, also the alterations and differentiations in the serum of children with leucemia, pneumonia, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, other inflammatory diseases and common diseases. Leucyl-glycyl-glycyltripeptidase, glycyl-glycyl-glycyltripeptidase, a proteosterase, carboxypeptidase A, a neutrale proteinase and basic proteinase (cathepsin B) and cathepsin C are increased. A distinct elevation has been found only in children with leucemia and pneumonia.", "PMID": 1017850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1905", "title": "Hydrocephalus due to prenatal infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "The results are presented of serological examinations in a total of 4235 subjects including blood donors (341 persons), pregnant women (1784), newborns (833), patients with malignant tumours (248), patients with influenza-like diseases (548), patients with abacterial meningitis (295), infants under one year with hydrocephalus (40), infants under two years with other nervous system diseases (110), mothers of seropositive children with hydrocephalus (12) and mothers of seronegative children with hydrocephalus (24). The investigations revealed 16 cases of serologically confirmed prenatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Immunofluorescent antibody to this virus was detected in the children in most cases at high titers and in their mothers at moderate and low titers. In 14 children hydrocephalus was manifest, one child was suffering from infantile cerebral palsy, and one child from congenital right side blepharoptosis. Foci of chorioretinal degeneration were found in 14 patients. During pregnancy six mothers had an influenza-like illness; the other ten mothers denied any disease associated with fever.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus due to prenatal infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The results are presented of serological examinations in a total of 4235 subjects including blood donors (341 persons), pregnant women (1784), newborns (833), patients with malignant tumours (248), patients with influenza-like diseases (548), patients with abacterial meningitis (295), infants under one year with hydrocephalus (40), infants under two years with other nervous system diseases (110), mothers of seropositive children with hydrocephalus (12) and mothers of seronegative children with hydrocephalus (24). The investigations revealed 16 cases of serologically confirmed prenatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Immunofluorescent antibody to this virus was detected in the children in most cases at high titers and in their mothers at moderate and low titers. In 14 children hydrocephalus was manifest, one child was suffering from infantile cerebral palsy, and one child from congenital right side blepharoptosis. Foci of chorioretinal degeneration were found in 14 patients. During pregnancy six mothers had an influenza-like illness; the other ten mothers denied any disease associated with fever.", "PMID": 1017876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1906", "title": "Concentrations of cefazolin in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Tissue concentrations of cefazolin were measured in 18 patients undergoing urological operations. Specimens of skeletal muscle and blood were taken simultaneously at predetermined intervals. The concentrations in serum and homogenized skeletal muscle were determined by means of the agar well diffusion method. A comparison of standard curves obtained with phosphate buffer solution and the supernatant of muscle homogenate revealed no substantial binding of cefazolin to the supernatant of muscle homogenate. Because of methodological difficulties in determining the different compartments of a tissue specimen concentrations in tissue were not corrected. Within two hours after a short infusion (25 min.) of 2 g of Cefazolin in muscle tissue a peak concentration of 20 mug/g was reached. A tissue level above 10 mug/g maintained for three hours. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibited at a lower concentration.", "contents": "Concentrations of cefazolin in human skeletal muscle. Tissue concentrations of cefazolin were measured in 18 patients undergoing urological operations. Specimens of skeletal muscle and blood were taken simultaneously at predetermined intervals. The concentrations in serum and homogenized skeletal muscle were determined by means of the agar well diffusion method. A comparison of standard curves obtained with phosphate buffer solution and the supernatant of muscle homogenate revealed no substantial binding of cefazolin to the supernatant of muscle homogenate. Because of methodological difficulties in determining the different compartments of a tissue specimen concentrations in tissue were not corrected. Within two hours after a short infusion (25 min.) of 2 g of Cefazolin in muscle tissue a peak concentration of 20 mug/g was reached. A tissue level above 10 mug/g maintained for three hours. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibited at a lower concentration.", "PMID": 1017877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1907", "title": "Viridans streptococci associated with periapical dental abscesses.", "content": "Viridans streptococci isolated in apparently pure culture from periapical dental abscess have been examined. It has been found that each abscesses is associated with only one type of a given species of Streptococcus. The distribution of types of Strep. mitis found in abscesses differed from the distribution in healthy mouths, but no particular type occurred significantly more often in abscesses than in mouths.", "contents": "Viridans streptococci associated with periapical dental abscesses. Viridans streptococci isolated in apparently pure culture from periapical dental abscess have been examined. It has been found that each abscesses is associated with only one type of a given species of Streptococcus. The distribution of types of Strep. mitis found in abscesses differed from the distribution in healthy mouths, but no particular type occurred significantly more often in abscesses than in mouths.", "PMID": 1017878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1908", "title": "[The patient as a source of bacteria in intensive care units: influence of antibiotics and tracheal intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "133 patients in an intensive care unit, who prior to admission had not shown any signs of bacterial infection and had not received antibiotic treatment, were assigned to two groups at random. One group received antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins (+Pat.), the other group did not receive antibiotics (-Pat.). Staph. aureus was the most frequent facultative pathogen in tracheal secretions and in the environment of \"-Pat.\". This organism was significantly more frequent in \"-Pat.\" than in \"+Pat.\" in both the tracheal secretions and the environment. Klebsiella spp. outnumbered all other species in \"+Pat.\". They were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of \"+Pat.\" than of \"-Pat.\". In the first week of hospitalisation marked changes were seen in bacterial flora of tracheal secretions of \"+Pat.\". Colonization with grammnegative bacteria rose to nearly 100%, the frequency of Staph. aureus diminishing at the same time. Monitoring by contact cultures revealed that gramnegative rods were significantly more numerous in the environment of \"+Pat.\" than of \"-Pat.\". Matching bacterial strains cultured from tracheal secretions and from the environment of the patients proved that \"+Pat. spread significantly higher numbers of their gramnegative bacteria into the environment. The same is true of \"-Pat.\" for Staph. aureus. Intubation had no noticeable effect on the degree of contamination of the surroundings with Staph. aureus. Gramnegative rods were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of patients with intubation than in patients without. The same trend was observed for environmental contamination. As the clinical results of this study have shown, antibiotic prophylaxis does not protect patients from infections to the extent expected. Patients, and particularly intubated patients, receiving antibiotic treatment have to be considered as sources of highly resistant gramnegative organisms.", "contents": "[The patient as a source of bacteria in intensive care units: influence of antibiotics and tracheal intubation (author's transl)]. 133 patients in an intensive care unit, who prior to admission had not shown any signs of bacterial infection and had not received antibiotic treatment, were assigned to two groups at random. One group received antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins (+Pat.), the other group did not receive antibiotics (-Pat.). Staph. aureus was the most frequent facultative pathogen in tracheal secretions and in the environment of \"-Pat.\". This organism was significantly more frequent in \"-Pat.\" than in \"+Pat.\" in both the tracheal secretions and the environment. Klebsiella spp. outnumbered all other species in \"+Pat.\". They were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of \"+Pat.\" than of \"-Pat.\". In the first week of hospitalisation marked changes were seen in bacterial flora of tracheal secretions of \"+Pat.\". Colonization with grammnegative bacteria rose to nearly 100%, the frequency of Staph. aureus diminishing at the same time. Monitoring by contact cultures revealed that gramnegative rods were significantly more numerous in the environment of \"+Pat.\" than of \"-Pat.\". Matching bacterial strains cultured from tracheal secretions and from the environment of the patients proved that \"+Pat. spread significantly higher numbers of their gramnegative bacteria into the environment. The same is true of \"-Pat.\" for Staph. aureus. Intubation had no noticeable effect on the degree of contamination of the surroundings with Staph. aureus. Gramnegative rods were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of patients with intubation than in patients without. The same trend was observed for environmental contamination. As the clinical results of this study have shown, antibiotic prophylaxis does not protect patients from infections to the extent expected. Patients, and particularly intubated patients, receiving antibiotic treatment have to be considered as sources of highly resistant gramnegative organisms.", "PMID": 1017879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1909", "title": "Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of netilmicin.", "content": "Comparative functional and histological tests were performed in eight groups of ten quinea pigs each, which were administered 50, 75, 100 and 150 mg of netilmicin respecitvely b.i.d. for 29 days, 15 and 25 mg of gentamicin and 50 and 100 mg of amikacin per kg body weight respecitvely b.i.d. and in one control group of ten animals. The tests showed a low degree of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of netilmicin.", "contents": "Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of netilmicin. Comparative functional and histological tests were performed in eight groups of ten quinea pigs each, which were administered 50, 75, 100 and 150 mg of netilmicin respecitvely b.i.d. for 29 days, 15 and 25 mg of gentamicin and 50 and 100 mg of amikacin per kg body weight respecitvely b.i.d. and in one control group of ten animals. The tests showed a low degree of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of netilmicin.", "PMID": 1017880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1910", "title": "[The nitroblue tetrazolium test in the diagnosis of purulent meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed in 26 children suffering from purulent meningitis using the technique of Gifford and Malawista modified by Kim et al. 53.,% of the children showed a relative and absolute elevation in the nelative NBT-value only, 15.4% had an absolute elevation of the formazan cell count only, and 19.2% showed values within the normal range. While the elevation of the relative NBT-value is important for diagnosis, results showing normal absolute and relative NBT-values or elevate absolute NBT-values only should not be used for establishing the diagnosis of bacterial infection. In such cases the negative result may demonstrate a neutrophil dysfunction state during severe systemic illness.", "contents": "[The nitroblue tetrazolium test in the diagnosis of purulent meningitis (author's transl)]. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed in 26 children suffering from purulent meningitis using the technique of Gifford and Malawista modified by Kim et al. 53.,% of the children showed a relative and absolute elevation in the nelative NBT-value only, 15.4% had an absolute elevation of the formazan cell count only, and 19.2% showed values within the normal range. While the elevation of the relative NBT-value is important for diagnosis, results showing normal absolute and relative NBT-values or elevate absolute NBT-values only should not be used for establishing the diagnosis of bacterial infection. In such cases the negative result may demonstrate a neutrophil dysfunction state during severe systemic illness.", "PMID": 1017881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1911", "title": "[The problem of resistance to antibiotics: a focal point of research in molecular genetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The molecular basis of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is discussed as an example of one of the focal points of research in bacterial genetics. The practical implications of research in this field are pointed out, and measures for curbing antibiotic resistance are suggested.", "contents": "[The problem of resistance to antibiotics: a focal point of research in molecular genetics (author's transl)]. The molecular basis of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is discussed as an example of one of the focal points of research in bacterial genetics. The practical implications of research in this field are pointed out, and measures for curbing antibiotic resistance are suggested.", "PMID": 1017882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1912", "title": "[Clinical study of septicaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The internationally accepted term septicaemia is used to describe illnesses in which pathogenic microorganisms are present in the blood. Septicaemia should be defined according to the causative organism, the portal of entry and the underlying disease. In the last 16 years the causative organisms in 788 cases of septicaemia in our hospital were found to be gram-positive cocci in 28.1% gram-negative rods in 37.6%, and other organisms in 24.i%. Infections with Psuedomonas in particular have become more frequent in recent years. The range of causative organisms in septicaemia varies considerably with the patient groups involved. Thus patients with myeloid insufficiency contracted primarily gram-negative septicaemia. As in the past, the pathogens in endocarditis today are primarily streptococci. In hemodialysis staphylococci and gram-negative rods are shown to occur with equal frequency. The most important clinical manifestation of septicaemia is fever with rigor. The poor prognosis in gram-negative septicaemia is mainly due to the onset of septic shock. Skin colonisation is often a typical sign of septicaemia and can also sometimes serve as a diagnostic indication. Hemorrhagic pustules surrounded by a zone of inflammation are typical in septicaemia caused by meningococci or gonococci. Skin eruptions are rare in septicaemia caused by streptococci of staphylococci. Whereas skin eruptions are absent in septicaemia due to enterobacteria, they are very often present in septicaemia caused by Pseudomonas. In bacterial endocarditis a wide variety of skin lesions can occur.", "contents": "[Clinical study of septicaemia (author's transl)]. The internationally accepted term septicaemia is used to describe illnesses in which pathogenic microorganisms are present in the blood. Septicaemia should be defined according to the causative organism, the portal of entry and the underlying disease. In the last 16 years the causative organisms in 788 cases of septicaemia in our hospital were found to be gram-positive cocci in 28.1% gram-negative rods in 37.6%, and other organisms in 24.i%. Infections with Psuedomonas in particular have become more frequent in recent years. The range of causative organisms in septicaemia varies considerably with the patient groups involved. Thus patients with myeloid insufficiency contracted primarily gram-negative septicaemia. As in the past, the pathogens in endocarditis today are primarily streptococci. In hemodialysis staphylococci and gram-negative rods are shown to occur with equal frequency. The most important clinical manifestation of septicaemia is fever with rigor. The poor prognosis in gram-negative septicaemia is mainly due to the onset of septic shock. Skin colonisation is often a typical sign of septicaemia and can also sometimes serve as a diagnostic indication. Hemorrhagic pustules surrounded by a zone of inflammation are typical in septicaemia caused by meningococci or gonococci. Skin eruptions are rare in septicaemia caused by streptococci of staphylococci. Whereas skin eruptions are absent in septicaemia due to enterobacteria, they are very often present in septicaemia caused by Pseudomonas. In bacterial endocarditis a wide variety of skin lesions can occur.", "PMID": 1017883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1913", "title": "[Ototoxicity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on advances in our knowledge of the ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and amikacin in the inner ear, cerebrospinal fluid, compartments of the eye and serum were determined by means of pharmacokinetical investigations. The influence of long-term treatment, and the effects of otitis media and uremia were also studied. Furthermore, the influence of therapeutic methods on ototoxic damage was investigated, and the ototoxicity of these antibiotics was compared. The experiments were performed in guinea pigs, concentrations of the antibiotics being measured by a microbiological method and confirmed by investigations with C14 labeled gentamicin. The hair cell degeneration pattern after administration of the new aminoglycosides was determined using surface preparations. The prophylactic effect upon ototoxicity of the administration of dimercaptopropanol or of dividing up the daily dosage was examined. Studies were made of ototoxicity in children, and in patients with otitis media or renal impairment, and the effect of simultaneous ethacrynic acid or noise was assessed. The problem of delayed and progressive ototoxicity, and the reversibility of ototoxic damage caused by these antibiotics was examined histologically, and the ototoxicity of gentamacin, tobramycin, sisomicin and amikacin was compared. The influence of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics upon the amount of acidic and alkaline phosphatase and unspecific esterases in the inner ear was studied. The clinical importance of the latest experimental findings is emphasised. The clinical picture of ototoxic damage after administration of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics shows no special characteristics. The ototoxicity of these antibiotics after topical use is mentioned. Attention is drawn to guidelines for the prevention of ototoxic damage by aminoglycosides.", "contents": "[Ototoxicity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics (author's transl)]. A report is given on advances in our knowledge of the ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and amikacin in the inner ear, cerebrospinal fluid, compartments of the eye and serum were determined by means of pharmacokinetical investigations. The influence of long-term treatment, and the effects of otitis media and uremia were also studied. Furthermore, the influence of therapeutic methods on ototoxic damage was investigated, and the ototoxicity of these antibiotics was compared. The experiments were performed in guinea pigs, concentrations of the antibiotics being measured by a microbiological method and confirmed by investigations with C14 labeled gentamicin. The hair cell degeneration pattern after administration of the new aminoglycosides was determined using surface preparations. The prophylactic effect upon ototoxicity of the administration of dimercaptopropanol or of dividing up the daily dosage was examined. Studies were made of ototoxicity in children, and in patients with otitis media or renal impairment, and the effect of simultaneous ethacrynic acid or noise was assessed. The problem of delayed and progressive ototoxicity, and the reversibility of ototoxic damage caused by these antibiotics was examined histologically, and the ototoxicity of gentamacin, tobramycin, sisomicin and amikacin was compared. The influence of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics upon the amount of acidic and alkaline phosphatase and unspecific esterases in the inner ear was studied. The clinical importance of the latest experimental findings is emphasised. The clinical picture of ototoxic damage after administration of the new aminoglycoside antibiotics shows no special characteristics. The ototoxicity of these antibiotics after topical use is mentioned. Attention is drawn to guidelines for the prevention of ototoxic damage by aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 1017884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1914", "title": "Dextran-induced anaphylactoid reactions in man: role of dextran reactive antibodies.", "content": "Dextran reactive antibodies (DRA) were studied in 123 patients having experienced dextran-induced anaphylactoid reactions (DIAR) during 1970-1975. No evidence for reaginic DRA was obtained by radioallergosorbent technique and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in Cynomolgus monkeys; total IgE levels were within normal range. It is concluded that DIAR are not mediated by dextran-specific reagins. Further, no reaginic antibodies against potential contaminants from the dextran manufacturing process were demonstrable. In two population samples of normal human sera from Sweden and Germany hemagglutinating DRA (IgG, IgA, and IgM classes) were found in 63 and 74%, high titres (16-256) comprising 14 and 25%. In dextran reactors a direct positive correlation between titres of hemagglutinating DRA and increasing severity of DIAR was observed. The accumulation of high DRA titres in severe reactions may be taken as circumstantial evidence for the causal role of hemagglutinating DRA in these cases. However, if high titres of DRA alone were responsible for triggering DIAR, the expected frequency would be more than thousand times higher than the reported global incidence of DIAR. To explain this discrepancy, involvement of certain Ig classes or subgroups, possibly in combination with other predisposing factors is suggested. In mild reactions DRA appear to play a negligible role. Positive dextran wheal and flare reactions, often correlated with high titres of hemagglutinating DRA, were seen in 32% of dextran reactors, indicating that skin tests are of limited predictive value. No significant difference between sexes, age groups, or pre- and intraoperatively started dextran infusions was observed; association with certain diseases was not apparent.", "contents": "Dextran-induced anaphylactoid reactions in man: role of dextran reactive antibodies. Dextran reactive antibodies (DRA) were studied in 123 patients having experienced dextran-induced anaphylactoid reactions (DIAR) during 1970-1975. No evidence for reaginic DRA was obtained by radioallergosorbent technique and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in Cynomolgus monkeys; total IgE levels were within normal range. It is concluded that DIAR are not mediated by dextran-specific reagins. Further, no reaginic antibodies against potential contaminants from the dextran manufacturing process were demonstrable. In two population samples of normal human sera from Sweden and Germany hemagglutinating DRA (IgG, IgA, and IgM classes) were found in 63 and 74%, high titres (16-256) comprising 14 and 25%. In dextran reactors a direct positive correlation between titres of hemagglutinating DRA and increasing severity of DIAR was observed. The accumulation of high DRA titres in severe reactions may be taken as circumstantial evidence for the causal role of hemagglutinating DRA in these cases. However, if high titres of DRA alone were responsible for triggering DIAR, the expected frequency would be more than thousand times higher than the reported global incidence of DIAR. To explain this discrepancy, involvement of certain Ig classes or subgroups, possibly in combination with other predisposing factors is suggested. In mild reactions DRA appear to play a negligible role. Positive dextran wheal and flare reactions, often correlated with high titres of hemagglutinating DRA, were seen in 32% of dextran reactors, indicating that skin tests are of limited predictive value. No significant difference between sexes, age groups, or pre- and intraoperatively started dextran infusions was observed; association with certain diseases was not apparent.", "PMID": 1017885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1915", "title": "Effect of catecholamines and sympatholytics on survival and circulatory parameters in protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea pigs.", "content": "Protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea pigs led to death in over 90% of the animals, and good protection was obtained with an infusion of adrenaline after dibenamine pretreatment. Adrenaline alone, in doses which prevented the anaphylactic fall of arterial blood pressure, had no beneficial effect. Practolol abolished the therapeutic action of the combination of dibenamine/adrenaline. Stimulation of beta-receptors by isoproterenol did not increase the survival rate. With dopamine, however, a significant prolongation of the survival times was obtained.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines and sympatholytics on survival and circulatory parameters in protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea pigs. Protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea pigs led to death in over 90% of the animals, and good protection was obtained with an infusion of adrenaline after dibenamine pretreatment. Adrenaline alone, in doses which prevented the anaphylactic fall of arterial blood pressure, had no beneficial effect. Practolol abolished the therapeutic action of the combination of dibenamine/adrenaline. Stimulation of beta-receptors by isoproterenol did not increase the survival rate. With dopamine, however, a significant prolongation of the survival times was obtained.", "PMID": 1017886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1916", "title": "The requirement of thymus competence for both humoral and cell-mediated steps in expulsion of Nippostorngylus brasiliensis from mice.", "content": "The worm damaging process (step 1 of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis expulsion from rodents) does not occur in congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice as determined by worm morphology, female worm fecundity, and kinetics of worm expulsion upon transfer into normal rats. Expulsion of damaged N. brasiliensis (step 2) does not occur subsequent to transfer of such worms from rats into nude mice. Morphological changes and reduced fecundity appeared in adult worms from normal thymus-bearing mice as early as the first day of patency (day 6 of infection). Thus, the worm damaging process is initiated several days earlier in mice than in rats and may, therefore, account for the reduced longevity of N. brasiliensis in mice compared with rats.", "contents": "The requirement of thymus competence for both humoral and cell-mediated steps in expulsion of Nippostorngylus brasiliensis from mice. The worm damaging process (step 1 of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis expulsion from rodents) does not occur in congenitally thymus-deficient (nude) mice as determined by worm morphology, female worm fecundity, and kinetics of worm expulsion upon transfer into normal rats. Expulsion of damaged N. brasiliensis (step 2) does not occur subsequent to transfer of such worms from rats into nude mice. Morphological changes and reduced fecundity appeared in adult worms from normal thymus-bearing mice as early as the first day of patency (day 6 of infection). Thus, the worm damaging process is initiated several days earlier in mice than in rats and may, therefore, account for the reduced longevity of N. brasiliensis in mice compared with rats.", "PMID": 1017887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1917", "title": "Cryoprecipitates and immune complexes: differentiation between cold insoluble immune complexes and nonspecific cryoprecipitates.", "content": "Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes occurred in 77% of rabbits immunized with 125I BSA. 9.8% of the total cryoprotein was 125I BSA. This represented 43% of the serum antigen. Tripling the antigen concentration in vitro decreased the amount of cold insoluble antigen by as much as 83%. In nonspecific cryoprecipitates only 0.4% of the total cryoprotein was 125I BSA. This represented only 0.028% of the serum antigen. Tripling of the antigen concentration in vitro increased the amount of cold insoluble antigen. Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes occur at a critical antigen-antibody ratio and can be differentiated from nonspecific cryoprecipitates.", "contents": "Cryoprecipitates and immune complexes: differentiation between cold insoluble immune complexes and nonspecific cryoprecipitates. Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes occurred in 77% of rabbits immunized with 125I BSA. 9.8% of the total cryoprotein was 125I BSA. This represented 43% of the serum antigen. Tripling the antigen concentration in vitro decreased the amount of cold insoluble antigen by as much as 83%. In nonspecific cryoprecipitates only 0.4% of the total cryoprotein was 125I BSA. This represented only 0.028% of the serum antigen. Tripling of the antigen concentration in vitro increased the amount of cold insoluble antigen. Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes occur at a critical antigen-antibody ratio and can be differentiated from nonspecific cryoprecipitates.", "PMID": 1017888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1918", "title": "Effect of alterations in metabolic rate on the duration of tolerance in neonatally injected animals.", "content": "Exposure to low environmental temperature caused a decrease in the half-life of human albumin (HA) in rabbits injected with 20 mg HA at birth, and a twofold increase in the proportion of animals which lost their tolerance by 150 days of age. Administration of thyroxin produced an even greater effect with respect to tolerance loss. Simlar mechanisms may be involved in the effects of cold exposure and thyroxin administration on tolerance duration. One possible mecahnism is that the duration of tolerance is dependent upon the metabolic half-life of the tolerance-inducing antigen. An alternative mechanism could be a cold- or thyroxin-induced enhancement of the recruitment of immunologically competent cells from an undifferentiated population of stem cells.", "contents": "Effect of alterations in metabolic rate on the duration of tolerance in neonatally injected animals. Exposure to low environmental temperature caused a decrease in the half-life of human albumin (HA) in rabbits injected with 20 mg HA at birth, and a twofold increase in the proportion of animals which lost their tolerance by 150 days of age. Administration of thyroxin produced an even greater effect with respect to tolerance loss. Simlar mechanisms may be involved in the effects of cold exposure and thyroxin administration on tolerance duration. One possible mecahnism is that the duration of tolerance is dependent upon the metabolic half-life of the tolerance-inducing antigen. An alternative mechanism could be a cold- or thyroxin-induced enhancement of the recruitment of immunologically competent cells from an undifferentiated population of stem cells.", "PMID": 1017889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1919", "title": "Studies on passive transfer of anti-dextran and anti-egg albumin reactivity in the rat.", "content": "We were unable, passively, to transfer reactivity against dextran to the skin or peritoneal mast cells of non-dextran-reactive rats, by using serum or material eluted at pH 3 from mast cells of spontaneously dextran-reactive rats. When the dextran-reactive donor rats had also been immunized against egg albumin (EA) with pertussis vaccine (inducing IgE anti-EA antibody), passive sensitivity against EA (but not against dextran) could easily be transferred. The results indicated that the anti-dextran reactivity is not due to IgE antibody. Systemic reactions against dextran and EA differed in pattern, supporting the concept that the two substances acted through different mechanisms.", "contents": "Studies on passive transfer of anti-dextran and anti-egg albumin reactivity in the rat. We were unable, passively, to transfer reactivity against dextran to the skin or peritoneal mast cells of non-dextran-reactive rats, by using serum or material eluted at pH 3 from mast cells of spontaneously dextran-reactive rats. When the dextran-reactive donor rats had also been immunized against egg albumin (EA) with pertussis vaccine (inducing IgE anti-EA antibody), passive sensitivity against EA (but not against dextran) could easily be transferred. The results indicated that the anti-dextran reactivity is not due to IgE antibody. Systemic reactions against dextran and EA differed in pattern, supporting the concept that the two substances acted through different mechanisms.", "PMID": 1017890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1920", "title": "IgE production in five inbred rat strains following immunization with alum-precipitated egg albumin.", "content": "Five inbred rat strains were assessed for their ability to mount IgE responses to alum-precipitated egg albumin (alum EA). Fischer (FI) and Lewis (LE) rats which possess the B1 at the major histocompatibility (Ag-G) locus exhibited weak IgE responses to this antigen. High titer IgE responses were obtained in rats possessing the B3 allele at the Ag-B locus. In some instances the anti-EA IgE response was enhanced following an infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. An effort was also made in these studies to determine whether or not there is some correlation between high IgE production and a depressed capacity for cellular immunity. The basis of these experiments was twofold: (a) recent reports have shown elevated serum levels of IgE in some clinical diseases where cellular immunity is depressed, and (b) in the studies reported here, high titers of IgE were obtained in one rat strain known to be somewhat deficient in its capacity for cellular immunity, whereas very low titers were produced by a strain which is much stronger in this respect. From the results obtained, there appears to be no correlation between IgE production and an inherently weaker capacity for cellular immunity.", "contents": "IgE production in five inbred rat strains following immunization with alum-precipitated egg albumin. Five inbred rat strains were assessed for their ability to mount IgE responses to alum-precipitated egg albumin (alum EA). Fischer (FI) and Lewis (LE) rats which possess the B1 at the major histocompatibility (Ag-G) locus exhibited weak IgE responses to this antigen. High titer IgE responses were obtained in rats possessing the B3 allele at the Ag-B locus. In some instances the anti-EA IgE response was enhanced following an infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. An effort was also made in these studies to determine whether or not there is some correlation between high IgE production and a depressed capacity for cellular immunity. The basis of these experiments was twofold: (a) recent reports have shown elevated serum levels of IgE in some clinical diseases where cellular immunity is depressed, and (b) in the studies reported here, high titers of IgE were obtained in one rat strain known to be somewhat deficient in its capacity for cellular immunity, whereas very low titers were produced by a strain which is much stronger in this respect. From the results obtained, there appears to be no correlation between IgE production and an inherently weaker capacity for cellular immunity.", "PMID": 1017891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1921", "title": "Adenylate cyclase activity in heart and lung: effect of epinephrine and histamine in control and sensitized guinea pigs.", "content": "The effect of epinephrine and histamine on adenylate cyclase activity in lungs and hearts of control and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs was investigated. Epinephrine at 10(-6) M concentration stimulated adenylate cyclase from both organs of the sensitized animals but had no effect on the enzyme from control tissues. At 10(-4) M, epinephrine stimulated equally the enzyme activity from the control and sensitized lungs and hearts. Histamine, 10(-6) and 10(-4), stimulated equally adenylate cyclase in tissues from both groups of animals. The results suggest that ovalbumin sensitization leads to hypersensitivity of the beta-adrenergic receptors to epinephrine without changing their sensitivity to histamine.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase activity in heart and lung: effect of epinephrine and histamine in control and sensitized guinea pigs. The effect of epinephrine and histamine on adenylate cyclase activity in lungs and hearts of control and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs was investigated. Epinephrine at 10(-6) M concentration stimulated adenylate cyclase from both organs of the sensitized animals but had no effect on the enzyme from control tissues. At 10(-4) M, epinephrine stimulated equally the enzyme activity from the control and sensitized lungs and hearts. Histamine, 10(-6) and 10(-4), stimulated equally adenylate cyclase in tissues from both groups of animals. The results suggest that ovalbumin sensitization leads to hypersensitivity of the beta-adrenergic receptors to epinephrine without changing their sensitivity to histamine.", "PMID": 1017892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1922", "title": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. I. A comparison between RAST, skin tests and provocation tests.", "content": "RAST analyses were performed with house dust, animal dander and eleven pollen allergens in 410 adult patients with asthma and/or rhinitis and the findings were compared with skin test and provocation test results. The overall correlation between 1,316 provocation tests and RAST was 78% and the correlation between 1,778 skin tests and RAST was 66%. The relationships between RAST and in vivo tests differed considerably from allergen to allergen. No significant differences were found between various age groups. According to the in vivo tests the RAST showed more often positive results in patients with pronounced allergy than in patients with low-grade allergy. Higher RAST classes were most often combined with positive in vivo tests. It is concluded that in cases with RAST classes 2-4, a reasonably well-established allergy diagnosis can be reached without the inclusion of additional in vivo tests. In other cases, however, application of further diagnostic methods is required.", "contents": "Diagnosis of reaginic allergy with house dust, animal dander and pollen allergens in adult patients. I. A comparison between RAST, skin tests and provocation tests. RAST analyses were performed with house dust, animal dander and eleven pollen allergens in 410 adult patients with asthma and/or rhinitis and the findings were compared with skin test and provocation test results. The overall correlation between 1,316 provocation tests and RAST was 78% and the correlation between 1,778 skin tests and RAST was 66%. The relationships between RAST and in vivo tests differed considerably from allergen to allergen. No significant differences were found between various age groups. According to the in vivo tests the RAST showed more often positive results in patients with pronounced allergy than in patients with low-grade allergy. Higher RAST classes were most often combined with positive in vivo tests. It is concluded that in cases with RAST classes 2-4, a reasonably well-established allergy diagnosis can be reached without the inclusion of additional in vivo tests. In other cases, however, application of further diagnostic methods is required.", "PMID": 1017893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1923", "title": "Immunoglobulins in nasal secretion with special reference to IgE. I. Methodological studies.", "content": "Different ways of collecting relatively large volumes of nasal secretion with as physiological a composition as possible were studied. Nasal secretion was collected by the so-called nasal spray washing method from 5 patients with allergic rhinitis due to pollen and 5 healthy persons during a pollen-free season. The collection was performed without any provocation and following nasal provocation with histamine or allergen solution. With the radioimmunosorbent test, in which the lower limit of measurement was 0.1 units/ml, IgE could be quantified in 52 of 60 analysed secretions. IgA, IgG and albumin were demonstrated in all secretions. In the allergic patients, following histamine and allergen provocation, a relative increase in the concentration of IgE and albumin and a significant decrease of the IgA/albumin ratio in nasal secretion was found. In the healthy subjects, such changes in the secretion were observed only after histamine provocation. Calculations also suggested some local production of IgE, but not at all of the same order of magnitude as of IgA.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in nasal secretion with special reference to IgE. I. Methodological studies. Different ways of collecting relatively large volumes of nasal secretion with as physiological a composition as possible were studied. Nasal secretion was collected by the so-called nasal spray washing method from 5 patients with allergic rhinitis due to pollen and 5 healthy persons during a pollen-free season. The collection was performed without any provocation and following nasal provocation with histamine or allergen solution. With the radioimmunosorbent test, in which the lower limit of measurement was 0.1 units/ml, IgE could be quantified in 52 of 60 analysed secretions. IgA, IgG and albumin were demonstrated in all secretions. In the allergic patients, following histamine and allergen provocation, a relative increase in the concentration of IgE and albumin and a significant decrease of the IgA/albumin ratio in nasal secretion was found. In the healthy subjects, such changes in the secretion were observed only after histamine provocation. Calculations also suggested some local production of IgE, but not at all of the same order of magnitude as of IgA.", "PMID": 1017894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1924", "title": "Immunoglobulins in nasal secretion with special reference to IgE. II. Seasonal studies of Timothy-specific IgE-antibody in patients with allergic rhinitis.", "content": "14 adult patients with allergic rhinitis due to timothy pollen were observed for 13 weeks during the grass pollen season. IgE, IgA and timothy-specific IgE antibodies could be quantified in all serum and secretion samples. Total IgE and specific IgE antibodies in both serum and secretion reached significantly higher levels in samples taken during and after the pollen season than before the season. These seasonal changes proved to be significantly more pronounced in nasal secretion than in serum. An indication of local production in the nasal mucosa of IgE, IgA and secific IgE antibodies was also found.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in nasal secretion with special reference to IgE. II. Seasonal studies of Timothy-specific IgE-antibody in patients with allergic rhinitis. 14 adult patients with allergic rhinitis due to timothy pollen were observed for 13 weeks during the grass pollen season. IgE, IgA and timothy-specific IgE antibodies could be quantified in all serum and secretion samples. Total IgE and specific IgE antibodies in both serum and secretion reached significantly higher levels in samples taken during and after the pollen season than before the season. These seasonal changes proved to be significantly more pronounced in nasal secretion than in serum. An indication of local production in the nasal mucosa of IgE, IgA and secific IgE antibodies was also found.", "PMID": 1017895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1925", "title": "Anaphylactoid reactions in rats and the blood sugar level.", "content": "When the blood sugar level in rats is reduced by insulin, the carrageenan-anaphylactoid reaction in one hindpaw is inhibited although the dextran-anaphylactoid reaction in the other hindpaw of the same animals is potentiated. When the blood sugar level is raised after alloxan pretreatment, the carrageenan reaction is potentiated whereas the dextran reaction is inhibited. The results support the hypothesis that the two local irritants exert their effects by involving different mechanisms.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reactions in rats and the blood sugar level. When the blood sugar level in rats is reduced by insulin, the carrageenan-anaphylactoid reaction in one hindpaw is inhibited although the dextran-anaphylactoid reaction in the other hindpaw of the same animals is potentiated. When the blood sugar level is raised after alloxan pretreatment, the carrageenan reaction is potentiated whereas the dextran reaction is inhibited. The results support the hypothesis that the two local irritants exert their effects by involving different mechanisms.", "PMID": 1017896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1926", "title": "In vitro activity of anti-DNA antibodies from SLE patients in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphoid cells from normal individuals were cytotoxic to target cells coated with DNA when incubated with serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but not when incubated with serum from normal subjects. Sera from SLE patients with clinically acitve disease were more active than sera obtained from those patients in remission. In the absence of normal lymphocytes, SLE sera were not cytotoxic to the DNA-coated cells. The active fraction in the serum appeared to be IgG anti-DNA antibodies. These studies indicate that anti-DNA can operate through the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mechanisms in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro activity of anti-DNA antibodies from SLE patients in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Peripheral blood lymphoid cells from normal individuals were cytotoxic to target cells coated with DNA when incubated with serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but not when incubated with serum from normal subjects. Sera from SLE patients with clinically acitve disease were more active than sera obtained from those patients in remission. In the absence of normal lymphocytes, SLE sera were not cytotoxic to the DNA-coated cells. The active fraction in the serum appeared to be IgG anti-DNA antibodies. These studies indicate that anti-DNA can operate through the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mechanisms in vitro.", "PMID": 1017897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1927", "title": "Carrageenan and dextran in rats.", "content": "Carrageenan injected subcutaneously into one hindpaw of the rat produces an anaphylactoid reaction which prevents the same paw responding to a second dose 14 days later but does not alter the response to dextran. However, dextran does not modify the response of the hindpaw to a subsequent dose of either dextran or carrageenan 14 days later. When using these models of inflammation for testing the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs, valuable extra information may be gained by adopting the cross-over technique and using both paws of each animal.", "contents": "Carrageenan and dextran in rats. Carrageenan injected subcutaneously into one hindpaw of the rat produces an anaphylactoid reaction which prevents the same paw responding to a second dose 14 days later but does not alter the response to dextran. However, dextran does not modify the response of the hindpaw to a subsequent dose of either dextran or carrageenan 14 days later. When using these models of inflammation for testing the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs, valuable extra information may be gained by adopting the cross-over technique and using both paws of each animal.", "PMID": 1017898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1928", "title": "Factors in the tissue eosinophil responses in human immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Factors underlying the eosinophil responses in the tissue sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions have been investigated. A quantitative assessment of the number of eosinophils appearing in skin test reactions to ragweed antigen and compound 48/80 in ragweed-sensitive humans has been compared with several other parameters. There was a moderate, statistically significant, correlation with serum levels of IgE-class antiragweed antibody; also, eosinophil responses were minimal or absent in minimally positive threshold dilution skin tests. Tissue eosinophil responses were generally limited to those with baseline blood eosinophil levels of at least 150 mm3; however, there was no correlation between blood and tissue eosinophil levels in individual subjects. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of the observed tissue eosinophil responses may be multifactorial.", "contents": "Factors in the tissue eosinophil responses in human immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Factors underlying the eosinophil responses in the tissue sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions have been investigated. A quantitative assessment of the number of eosinophils appearing in skin test reactions to ragweed antigen and compound 48/80 in ragweed-sensitive humans has been compared with several other parameters. There was a moderate, statistically significant, correlation with serum levels of IgE-class antiragweed antibody; also, eosinophil responses were minimal or absent in minimally positive threshold dilution skin tests. Tissue eosinophil responses were generally limited to those with baseline blood eosinophil levels of at least 150 mm3; however, there was no correlation between blood and tissue eosinophil levels in individual subjects. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of the observed tissue eosinophil responses may be multifactorial.", "PMID": 1017900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1929", "title": "From heroin to methadone-social role changes and reinforcement differentials in relation to outcome on methadone. Part II. The study of social role changes.", "content": "The life-styles of addicts who are Successful, Marginally Successful, and Failures in a methadone maintenance program are examined by in-depth interviews in five time periods-early family life, the preheroin period, late heroin, premethadone, and methadone maintenance. The hypothesis is confirmed that the more the methadone patient has managed to develop a new and more conventional set of peer group, familial, and occupational roles, the greater the likelihood of his success on methadone maintenance. The in-depth view of the groups over time suggests that the pattern of alternation of positive reinforcements and punishing situations may be associated with outcome.", "contents": "From heroin to methadone-social role changes and reinforcement differentials in relation to outcome on methadone. Part II. The study of social role changes. The life-styles of addicts who are Successful, Marginally Successful, and Failures in a methadone maintenance program are examined by in-depth interviews in five time periods-early family life, the preheroin period, late heroin, premethadone, and methadone maintenance. The hypothesis is confirmed that the more the methadone patient has managed to develop a new and more conventional set of peer group, familial, and occupational roles, the greater the likelihood of his success on methadone maintenance. The in-depth view of the groups over time suggests that the pattern of alternation of positive reinforcements and punishing situations may be associated with outcome.", "PMID": 1017903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1930", "title": "Behavioral competence training: a model of rehabilitation.", "content": "Approaches to the treatment and rehabilitation of drug abuse populations are examined. It is argued that a new model is needed which will more effectively assist in the task of rehabilitation than traditional psychiatric treatment or completely medically oriented programs. A Behavioral Competence Training Model is proposed, based on learning concepts of behavior and psychosocial definitions of adjustment. Its implications for assessment, therapeutic design, and research are discussed. It is concluded that despite possible limitations, the model has a definite place in the rehabilitative process, and may effectively be included in any multiform program serving a diverse population.", "contents": "Behavioral competence training: a model of rehabilitation. Approaches to the treatment and rehabilitation of drug abuse populations are examined. It is argued that a new model is needed which will more effectively assist in the task of rehabilitation than traditional psychiatric treatment or completely medically oriented programs. A Behavioral Competence Training Model is proposed, based on learning concepts of behavior and psychosocial definitions of adjustment. Its implications for assessment, therapeutic design, and research are discussed. It is concluded that despite possible limitations, the model has a definite place in the rehabilitative process, and may effectively be included in any multiform program serving a diverse population.", "PMID": 1017904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1931", "title": "The veridicality of addicts' self-reports in social research.", "content": "This report examines the accuracy or veridicality of information obtained through interviews with drug addicts. Comparisons were made between the self-reports on six items of the interview and official records of the Baltimore City Police Department, the Baltimore City Juvenile Court, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The findings provide no evidence of systematic distortion intended to \"cover-up\" the criminal side of addict life. While errors of recall probably do affect self-reports, the incomplete status of official records frequently used to validate self-reports should be of equal concern.", "contents": "The veridicality of addicts' self-reports in social research. This report examines the accuracy or veridicality of information obtained through interviews with drug addicts. Comparisons were made between the self-reports on six items of the interview and official records of the Baltimore City Police Department, the Baltimore City Juvenile Court, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The findings provide no evidence of systematic distortion intended to \"cover-up\" the criminal side of addict life. While errors of recall probably do affect self-reports, the incomplete status of official records frequently used to validate self-reports should be of equal concern.", "PMID": 1017905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1932", "title": "Group embedded figures test performance as a predictor of cognitive impairment among alcoholics.", "content": "The present study investigated the sensitivity of the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) as a predictor of cognitive impairment among alcoholics. The GEFT, Shipley-Hartford, and Memory-for-Designs tests were administered to 90 male alcoholics. GEFT performance correlated significantly with measures of impairment even when the influence of age and education were controlled. Field-dependent Ss performed at a significantly more impaired level on measures of abstract reasoning, perceptual-motor function, and short-term visual-spatial memory when compared with intermediate and field independent Ss; no differences were found among groups on general verbal ability. The results suggest that the GEFT might profitably be included in screening batteries for impaired cognitive function.", "contents": "Group embedded figures test performance as a predictor of cognitive impairment among alcoholics. The present study investigated the sensitivity of the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) as a predictor of cognitive impairment among alcoholics. The GEFT, Shipley-Hartford, and Memory-for-Designs tests were administered to 90 male alcoholics. GEFT performance correlated significantly with measures of impairment even when the influence of age and education were controlled. Field-dependent Ss performed at a significantly more impaired level on measures of abstract reasoning, perceptual-motor function, and short-term visual-spatial memory when compared with intermediate and field independent Ss; no differences were found among groups on general verbal ability. The results suggest that the GEFT might profitably be included in screening batteries for impaired cognitive function.", "PMID": 1017906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1933", "title": "Drug dependence and self-esteem.", "content": "A number of recent studies have dealt with variables related to self-esteem, but despite suggestions in the literature, there are few empirical studies concerned with the association between self-esteem and drug dependence. In an investigation of self-esteem, 71 subjects completed semantic differential forms for their self and ideal-self concepts. Four hypotheses were investigated. It was predicted that differences in self-esteem (as measured by the discrepancy between self and ideal-self concepts), would be found between inpatient and outpatient groups, males and females, intravenous and oral users, and between drug-dependent subjects and a control group. No differences were found between inpatients and outpatients, or between intravenous and oral groups. However, females who were dependent upon drugs were found to have lower self-esteem than males in terms of the evaluation factor. No such sex differences were found between all drug groups and the control group on the evaluation and potency factors. It is suggested that the results show considerable deficiencies of self-esteem among drug-dependent patients, and that female addicts are especially deficient in this respect. In terms of etiology, this association between drug dependence and low self-esteem may indicate that those individuals with a deficient self-image who are exposed to drugs may be at risk; this may carry implications also for alcohol and nicotine dependence. It is suggested that self-image therapy may be of value for certain drug-dependent patients, especially females.", "contents": "Drug dependence and self-esteem. A number of recent studies have dealt with variables related to self-esteem, but despite suggestions in the literature, there are few empirical studies concerned with the association between self-esteem and drug dependence. In an investigation of self-esteem, 71 subjects completed semantic differential forms for their self and ideal-self concepts. Four hypotheses were investigated. It was predicted that differences in self-esteem (as measured by the discrepancy between self and ideal-self concepts), would be found between inpatient and outpatient groups, males and females, intravenous and oral users, and between drug-dependent subjects and a control group. No differences were found between inpatients and outpatients, or between intravenous and oral groups. However, females who were dependent upon drugs were found to have lower self-esteem than males in terms of the evaluation factor. No such sex differences were found between all drug groups and the control group on the evaluation and potency factors. It is suggested that the results show considerable deficiencies of self-esteem among drug-dependent patients, and that female addicts are especially deficient in this respect. In terms of etiology, this association between drug dependence and low self-esteem may indicate that those individuals with a deficient self-image who are exposed to drugs may be at risk; this may carry implications also for alcohol and nicotine dependence. It is suggested that self-image therapy may be of value for certain drug-dependent patients, especially females.", "PMID": 1017907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1934", "title": "Nonmedical drug use by high school students: a three-year survey study.", "content": "The characteristics of high school student nonmedical drug users and nonusers were assessed by three successive yearly surveys. The surveys asked about respondents' personal, parent, and family characteristics; their behavior; their attitudes concerning themselves; their parents and family, adult society, and school. Drug use estimates for respondents' parents and peers, as well as themselves, were also assessed. Drug users were consistently different from nonusers in many areas. The incidence of drug increased in each of the three successive surveys, drug users tending to be older and male. With regard to behavior, drug users more frequently acted in a nonadult approved manner than nonusers. Drug users estimated their parents more likely to use alcohol and cigarettes, and estimated more peers to use nonmedical drugs than nonusers. Prediction of drug users from the data could be made with 80% and better accuracy. The findings are discussed in terms of their significance in understanding the nature of adolescent drug use.", "contents": "Nonmedical drug use by high school students: a three-year survey study. The characteristics of high school student nonmedical drug users and nonusers were assessed by three successive yearly surveys. The surveys asked about respondents' personal, parent, and family characteristics; their behavior; their attitudes concerning themselves; their parents and family, adult society, and school. Drug use estimates for respondents' parents and peers, as well as themselves, were also assessed. Drug users were consistently different from nonusers in many areas. The incidence of drug increased in each of the three successive surveys, drug users tending to be older and male. With regard to behavior, drug users more frequently acted in a nonadult approved manner than nonusers. Drug users estimated their parents more likely to use alcohol and cigarettes, and estimated more peers to use nonmedical drugs than nonusers. Prediction of drug users from the data could be made with 80% and better accuracy. The findings are discussed in terms of their significance in understanding the nature of adolescent drug use.", "PMID": 1017908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1935", "title": "A follow-up study of dropouts from a methadone maintenance program.", "content": "This is a follow-up study of 112 dropouts from one of the largest methadone maintenance programs in New York City. It was found that 47% of the sample were on methadone at other programs at the time of the follow-up interviews, 26% were drug-free, 16% were using drugs, and 11% were in institutions. However, because of certain sample biases, inferences to the total population of dropouts were made through weighted estimates. A more accurate, although approximated, percentage distribution of the outcomes is that 20% of all dropouts were on methadone at other programs, 43% were drug-free, 23% were using heroin again, and 14% were in institutions. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "A follow-up study of dropouts from a methadone maintenance program. This is a follow-up study of 112 dropouts from one of the largest methadone maintenance programs in New York City. It was found that 47% of the sample were on methadone at other programs at the time of the follow-up interviews, 26% were drug-free, 16% were using drugs, and 11% were in institutions. However, because of certain sample biases, inferences to the total population of dropouts were made through weighted estimates. A more accurate, although approximated, percentage distribution of the outcomes is that 20% of all dropouts were on methadone at other programs, 43% were drug-free, 23% were using heroin again, and 14% were in institutions. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1017909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1936", "title": "An application of stepwise discriminant analysis to the characterization of military heroin dependents, illicit drug users, and psychiatric patients.", "content": "This application of stepwise discriminant analysis explores a way to structure skewed-sample interview data, discusses some implications of the results and the conceptual limitations of assumptions about deviancy, and suggests a focus for future studies of the complex phenomena of drug abuse. The methodology differs from previous reports in that it uses a constant probability level, letting the computational procedure determine the number of significant variables. It also provides a method of determining the \"chance\" level (the amount of correct classification when there are no differences between the groups) so that the observed correct classification values may be usefully interpreted.", "contents": "An application of stepwise discriminant analysis to the characterization of military heroin dependents, illicit drug users, and psychiatric patients. This application of stepwise discriminant analysis explores a way to structure skewed-sample interview data, discusses some implications of the results and the conceptual limitations of assumptions about deviancy, and suggests a focus for future studies of the complex phenomena of drug abuse. The methodology differs from previous reports in that it uses a constant probability level, letting the computational procedure determine the number of significant variables. It also provides a method of determining the \"chance\" level (the amount of correct classification when there are no differences between the groups) so that the observed correct classification values may be usefully interpreted.", "PMID": 1017910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1937", "title": "Prediction of successful response to multimodality treatment among heroin addicts.", "content": "In an effort to identify predictor variables associated with successful response to multimodality treatment among heroin addicts, this investigation compared addict-clients classified by means of behavioral ratings into success and failure groups on 16 social history and 18 psychological variables using stepwise discrimination techniques. Statistical analyses correctly classified 100% of the treatment failure group and 92% of treatment successes. Successful clients were characterized by more advanced educational achievement at intake, later onset of opiate use, higher scores on MMPI Scales Es and L, and lower scores on MMPI Scale 7. Results suggest that collection and nanlyses of such data at intake may provide a reliable basis for prediction of treatment outcome as well as an objective means for early identification of \"high risk\" individuals who may require a more concentrated and individualized therapeutic effort.", "contents": "Prediction of successful response to multimodality treatment among heroin addicts. In an effort to identify predictor variables associated with successful response to multimodality treatment among heroin addicts, this investigation compared addict-clients classified by means of behavioral ratings into success and failure groups on 16 social history and 18 psychological variables using stepwise discrimination techniques. Statistical analyses correctly classified 100% of the treatment failure group and 92% of treatment successes. Successful clients were characterized by more advanced educational achievement at intake, later onset of opiate use, higher scores on MMPI Scales Es and L, and lower scores on MMPI Scale 7. Results suggest that collection and nanlyses of such data at intake may provide a reliable basis for prediction of treatment outcome as well as an objective means for early identification of \"high risk\" individuals who may require a more concentrated and individualized therapeutic effort.", "PMID": 1017912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1938", "title": "Evaluation of drug prevention programs by youths in a middle-class community.", "content": "Based on an analysis of data fron a survey of middle-class junior and senior high school youths in a New York City surban community, this paper examines: (1) young peoples' reaction to various drug prevention programs in which they have involved and (2) the program topics they would like to see discussed. Important relationships are found to exist between substance use, prevention program evaluations, and desired program topics. The results suggest that the youths selectively relate to and want prevention experiences that confirm their substance relationships.", "contents": "Evaluation of drug prevention programs by youths in a middle-class community. Based on an analysis of data fron a survey of middle-class junior and senior high school youths in a New York City surban community, this paper examines: (1) young peoples' reaction to various drug prevention programs in which they have involved and (2) the program topics they would like to see discussed. Important relationships are found to exist between substance use, prevention program evaluations, and desired program topics. The results suggest that the youths selectively relate to and want prevention experiences that confirm their substance relationships.", "PMID": 1017913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1939", "title": "Retention of patients in the New York City methadone maintenance treatment program.", "content": "The retention, termination, and readmission of patients admitted to the New York City Methadone Maintenance Program from November 1970 through the end of 1973 were analyzed. Sixty-seven percent of patients remained in continuous treatment for 1 year and 50% for 2 years. The retention of patients admitted in successive years declined. Women had somewhat higher retention than men, as did patients over age 30 compared with those 30 or under; there were no differences among ethnic groups. Termination rates were determined for specific reasons for termination from the program as a function of length of time in treatment and also for calendar trimesters. A sharp increase in the rate of voluntary terminations was noted during the second and third trimesters of 1973. Rates of readmission to the program were obtained, specific for reason for first termination and length of time in initial treatment. One out of five terminated patients was readmitted to the program within 24 months.", "contents": "Retention of patients in the New York City methadone maintenance treatment program. The retention, termination, and readmission of patients admitted to the New York City Methadone Maintenance Program from November 1970 through the end of 1973 were analyzed. Sixty-seven percent of patients remained in continuous treatment for 1 year and 50% for 2 years. The retention of patients admitted in successive years declined. Women had somewhat higher retention than men, as did patients over age 30 compared with those 30 or under; there were no differences among ethnic groups. Termination rates were determined for specific reasons for termination from the program as a function of length of time in treatment and also for calendar trimesters. A sharp increase in the rate of voluntary terminations was noted during the second and third trimesters of 1973. Rates of readmission to the program were obtained, specific for reason for first termination and length of time in initial treatment. One out of five terminated patients was readmitted to the program within 24 months.", "PMID": 1017914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1940", "title": "Connections of superficial and internal adrenal veins.", "content": "Histologic specimens, microangiograms, as well as corrosion and dissection preparations of 220 human adrenals were evaluated in order to determine the venous pattern. All the glands were subjected to examination after injection of Micropaque into the central vein. Numerous connections of intra-and extraglandular veins were demonstrated. They varied in calibre from a few microns to 2 mm. The distribution of anastomoses was not uniform. They was much more numerous of the anterior aspect than on the posterior of renal surfaces of the gland. The anastomoses play an important part in adrenal function and adrenal circulation, creating the possibilty of bidirectional onflow of the venous blood from the gland. Such venous arrangement permits to ligate safely the central vein and to fill both venous systems (intra-and extraglandular) with opaque medium during adrenophlebography.", "contents": "Connections of superficial and internal adrenal veins. Histologic specimens, microangiograms, as well as corrosion and dissection preparations of 220 human adrenals were evaluated in order to determine the venous pattern. All the glands were subjected to examination after injection of Micropaque into the central vein. Numerous connections of intra-and extraglandular veins were demonstrated. They varied in calibre from a few microns to 2 mm. The distribution of anastomoses was not uniform. They was much more numerous of the anterior aspect than on the posterior of renal surfaces of the gland. The anastomoses play an important part in adrenal function and adrenal circulation, creating the possibilty of bidirectional onflow of the venous blood from the gland. Such venous arrangement permits to ligate safely the central vein and to fill both venous systems (intra-and extraglandular) with opaque medium during adrenophlebography.", "PMID": 1017918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1941", "title": "Tumours of the testis. A report of 128 cases.", "content": "The records of 128 patients treated between 1960 and 1971 at the University Hospital, Lund, because of tumour of the testis were analysed in respect of age at onset of the tumour, symptoms, histology, diagnosis, treatment and survival rate. Teratoma occured in 67 cases, in the majority at the age of 20-30 years. Treatment consisted in orchiectomy, lymphadenectomy, administration of cytostatics and radiation alone or combined, depending upon the histology and spread of the tumour. The 5-year survival rate was 40%. Sixty-one patients had seminoma, most of which appeared between 30 and 40 years of age. The patients were treated with orchiectomy and radiation. The 5-year survival rate was 82%.", "contents": "Tumours of the testis. A report of 128 cases. The records of 128 patients treated between 1960 and 1971 at the University Hospital, Lund, because of tumour of the testis were analysed in respect of age at onset of the tumour, symptoms, histology, diagnosis, treatment and survival rate. Teratoma occured in 67 cases, in the majority at the age of 20-30 years. Treatment consisted in orchiectomy, lymphadenectomy, administration of cytostatics and radiation alone or combined, depending upon the histology and spread of the tumour. The 5-year survival rate was 40%. Sixty-one patients had seminoma, most of which appeared between 30 and 40 years of age. The patients were treated with orchiectomy and radiation. The 5-year survival rate was 82%.", "PMID": 1017919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1942", "title": "Uremic autonomic neuropathy: evaluation of ephedrine sulphate therapy for hemodialysis-induced hypotension.", "content": "The hemodynamic response to ephedrine sulphate were studied in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis therapy with chronic renal failure due to renal amyloidosis. The evaluation (including cardiac catheterization studies) and estimation of responses to Valsalva maneuvers before and after ephedrine administration documented the diagnosis of autonomic insufficiency. Oral ephedrine failed to influence the episodes of severe dialysis-induced hypotension. Also the patient did not benefit from the infusion of Aramine. These studies suggest that catecholamine stores of adrenergic nerves may be depleted in uremic patients with clinical signs of autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "Uremic autonomic neuropathy: evaluation of ephedrine sulphate therapy for hemodialysis-induced hypotension. The hemodynamic response to ephedrine sulphate were studied in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis therapy with chronic renal failure due to renal amyloidosis. The evaluation (including cardiac catheterization studies) and estimation of responses to Valsalva maneuvers before and after ephedrine administration documented the diagnosis of autonomic insufficiency. Oral ephedrine failed to influence the episodes of severe dialysis-induced hypotension. Also the patient did not benefit from the infusion of Aramine. These studies suggest that catecholamine stores of adrenergic nerves may be depleted in uremic patients with clinical signs of autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 1017920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1943", "title": "Double renal biopsy with Menghini needle.", "content": "The complications of percutaneous renal biopsy with Menghini needle, performed in 400 cases by the author, are reviewed. Position of the kidney was located by intravenous pyelography and was checked by further radiography if 1. the pyelogram was of inadequate technique, 2. the kidneys were small, or 3. ptotic. In two thirds of the cases the specimens were taken in duplicates, so as to provide sufficient material for light-, electron-, polarization-microscopic and immunofluorescent studies. On the evidence of the present observations the technique of double biopsy involves no higher incidence of complications than the conventional procedure, nor did it cause complications of major severity in the individual cases.", "contents": "Double renal biopsy with Menghini needle. The complications of percutaneous renal biopsy with Menghini needle, performed in 400 cases by the author, are reviewed. Position of the kidney was located by intravenous pyelography and was checked by further radiography if 1. the pyelogram was of inadequate technique, 2. the kidneys were small, or 3. ptotic. In two thirds of the cases the specimens were taken in duplicates, so as to provide sufficient material for light-, electron-, polarization-microscopic and immunofluorescent studies. On the evidence of the present observations the technique of double biopsy involves no higher incidence of complications than the conventional procedure, nor did it cause complications of major severity in the individual cases.", "PMID": 1017921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1944", "title": "Typing of hyperlipoproteinemia in an Israel hospital.", "content": "In this study we report on lipid and lipoprotein levels among a patient population at the Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem. The normal group consisted at 65 examinees whose mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 208 and 104 mg/dl, respectively. Lipoprotein lipid levels were determined after ultracentrifugation and specific polyanion precipitation. All procedures were monitored by lipoprotein electrophoresis on paper. The mean levels of very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins of the normal group, expressed as cholesterol, were 24, 140 and 44 mg/dl, respectively. Of the 285 patients investigated, 280 were classified as having lipoprotein patterns of type IIa (117), IIb (90) or IV (73); two patients had type III; and three patients had type V hyperlipoproteinemia. All groups differed considerably in their plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Based on individual values the ratios of plasma triglyceride to plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride to very low density lipid cholesterol were calculated. The low density lipoprotein cholesterol content was also calculated by subtracting the high density lipoprotein and an assumed very low density lipoprotein cholesterol content (plasma triglyceride level divided by 5) from the total plasma cholesterol. It is suggested that by the use of these values, together with lipoprotein electrophoretic procedures, the ocrrect typing of hyperlipoproteinemia can be established for most patients, without the use of the ultracentrifuge.", "contents": "Typing of hyperlipoproteinemia in an Israel hospital. In this study we report on lipid and lipoprotein levels among a patient population at the Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem. The normal group consisted at 65 examinees whose mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 208 and 104 mg/dl, respectively. Lipoprotein lipid levels were determined after ultracentrifugation and specific polyanion precipitation. All procedures were monitored by lipoprotein electrophoresis on paper. The mean levels of very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins of the normal group, expressed as cholesterol, were 24, 140 and 44 mg/dl, respectively. Of the 285 patients investigated, 280 were classified as having lipoprotein patterns of type IIa (117), IIb (90) or IV (73); two patients had type III; and three patients had type V hyperlipoproteinemia. All groups differed considerably in their plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Based on individual values the ratios of plasma triglyceride to plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride to very low density lipid cholesterol were calculated. The low density lipoprotein cholesterol content was also calculated by subtracting the high density lipoprotein and an assumed very low density lipoprotein cholesterol content (plasma triglyceride level divided by 5) from the total plasma cholesterol. It is suggested that by the use of these values, together with lipoprotein electrophoretic procedures, the ocrrect typing of hyperlipoproteinemia can be established for most patients, without the use of the ultracentrifuge.", "PMID": 1017927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1945", "title": "Effects of exposure to Finnish sauna.", "content": "Pathophysiological effects of exposure to Finnish sauna (80 to 90 C, 30 to 40% relative humidity) were investigated in 60 volunteers--33 men and 27 women aged between 18 and 63 years. The volunteers entered the sauna after a rest period of 20 min, and remained there for 20 min or until they suffered discomfort. Weight, height, rectal and skin temperatures, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates and ECG were recorded 20 min prior to the sauna, during the sauna, and 20 min after leaving the sauna. Marked physiological changes appeared in the first few minutes in the sauna without any prodromal warning. At the 20th min the mean heart rate was 143 +/- 25 (SD) beats/min (greater than 160 beats/min in 32% of the subjects). Mean rectal temperature was 38.6 +/- 0.6 (SD) C (greater than 39 C in 22%): mean skin temperature was 40.4 +/- 1 (SD) C (greater than 40 C in 35%); mean systolic blood pressure was 130.5 +/- 26.6 (SD) mm Hg (greater than 160 mm Hg in 17%); and mean diastolic pressure was 66.6 +/- 15.9 (SD) mm Hg (greater than 50 mm Hg in 17%). The mean total sweat loss was 457 +/- 264 (SD) g. Three subjects experienced syncope, and one developed an anginal attack; ECG changes suggestive of coronary insufficiency were recorded. No decrease in blood pressure occurred in patients with preexisting high blood pressure. It is concluded that sauna bathing involves dangers to the bather's health, which may appear suddenly, without prodromal warning signs.", "contents": "Effects of exposure to Finnish sauna. Pathophysiological effects of exposure to Finnish sauna (80 to 90 C, 30 to 40% relative humidity) were investigated in 60 volunteers--33 men and 27 women aged between 18 and 63 years. The volunteers entered the sauna after a rest period of 20 min, and remained there for 20 min or until they suffered discomfort. Weight, height, rectal and skin temperatures, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates and ECG were recorded 20 min prior to the sauna, during the sauna, and 20 min after leaving the sauna. Marked physiological changes appeared in the first few minutes in the sauna without any prodromal warning. At the 20th min the mean heart rate was 143 +/- 25 (SD) beats/min (greater than 160 beats/min in 32% of the subjects). Mean rectal temperature was 38.6 +/- 0.6 (SD) C (greater than 39 C in 22%): mean skin temperature was 40.4 +/- 1 (SD) C (greater than 40 C in 35%); mean systolic blood pressure was 130.5 +/- 26.6 (SD) mm Hg (greater than 160 mm Hg in 17%); and mean diastolic pressure was 66.6 +/- 15.9 (SD) mm Hg (greater than 50 mm Hg in 17%). The mean total sweat loss was 457 +/- 264 (SD) g. Three subjects experienced syncope, and one developed an anginal attack; ECG changes suggestive of coronary insufficiency were recorded. No decrease in blood pressure occurred in patients with preexisting high blood pressure. It is concluded that sauna bathing involves dangers to the bather's health, which may appear suddenly, without prodromal warning signs.", "PMID": 1017928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1946", "title": "Cardiovascular complications in matched pairs of low and normal renin hypertensive patients.", "content": "A nomogram for plasma renin activity (PRA), based on 31 normal volunteers, was constructed, and the 95% tolerance limits were computed to the regression line of PRA on 24-h urinary sodium excretion. On this nomogram, reproducibility of the PRA profile for the same patient with essential hypertension was good. Retrospectively, 20 essential hypertension patients with low PRA were matched for age and sex with essential hypertension patients with normal PRA. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in either the number of cardiovascular complications or in the blood pressure means. It is concluded that the incidence of cardiovascular complications tends to be similar in all cases of essential hypertension of a similar degree of severity.", "contents": "Cardiovascular complications in matched pairs of low and normal renin hypertensive patients. A nomogram for plasma renin activity (PRA), based on 31 normal volunteers, was constructed, and the 95% tolerance limits were computed to the regression line of PRA on 24-h urinary sodium excretion. On this nomogram, reproducibility of the PRA profile for the same patient with essential hypertension was good. Retrospectively, 20 essential hypertension patients with low PRA were matched for age and sex with essential hypertension patients with normal PRA. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in either the number of cardiovascular complications or in the blood pressure means. It is concluded that the incidence of cardiovascular complications tends to be similar in all cases of essential hypertension of a similar degree of severity.", "PMID": 1017929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1947", "title": "Variations in acoustic admittance related to type of ear tip. A plea for a standardized method.", "content": "In order to assess the validity of using various ear tips, tympanometry and acoustic admittance were studied in 20 young healthy subjects, and three different types of ear tip used to seal the external auditory canal. Significant variations in the admittance components and tympanometry curves were observed, resulting most probably from changes in the canal volume and the physical nature of the tipe. It appears advisable to develop and adopt an appropriate, standard ear tip for studies of admittance audiometry.", "contents": "Variations in acoustic admittance related to type of ear tip. A plea for a standardized method. In order to assess the validity of using various ear tips, tympanometry and acoustic admittance were studied in 20 young healthy subjects, and three different types of ear tip used to seal the external auditory canal. Significant variations in the admittance components and tympanometry curves were observed, resulting most probably from changes in the canal volume and the physical nature of the tipe. It appears advisable to develop and adopt an appropriate, standard ear tip for studies of admittance audiometry.", "PMID": 1017930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1948", "title": "Effect of levan on the stages of development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was induced in male guinea pigs of the N13 strain by inoculation of an emulsion of basic protein of myelin with complete Freund's adjuvant. The disease was also passively transferred to other animals of the same strain by i.p. injection of sensitized lymphocytes obtained from donors inoculated with the antigenic emulsion eight days previously. Daily administration of levan markedly reduced the incidence and severity of the disease in actively sensitized animals. Little, if any, effect was obtained by levan treatment of animals with the passively transferred disease. The findings indicate that the previously reported inhibitory effect of levan on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is probably due mainly to a derangement of the afferent path (stage of sensitization). Administration of levan also causes a depletion of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and this may presumably also affect the efferent path.", "contents": "Effect of levan on the stages of development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was induced in male guinea pigs of the N13 strain by inoculation of an emulsion of basic protein of myelin with complete Freund's adjuvant. The disease was also passively transferred to other animals of the same strain by i.p. injection of sensitized lymphocytes obtained from donors inoculated with the antigenic emulsion eight days previously. Daily administration of levan markedly reduced the incidence and severity of the disease in actively sensitized animals. Little, if any, effect was obtained by levan treatment of animals with the passively transferred disease. The findings indicate that the previously reported inhibitory effect of levan on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is probably due mainly to a derangement of the afferent path (stage of sensitization). Administration of levan also causes a depletion of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and this may presumably also affect the efferent path.", "PMID": 1017931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1949", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in constrictive pericarditis. A case report.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in a 73-year-old woman with constrictive calcified pericarditis are presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by physical examination, chest X-rays and cardiac catheterization. The echocardiogram demonstrated abnormal motion of the interventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterior wall, multiple thickened echoes of the posterior pericardium, and a localized dense band of anterior pericardial echoes, which corresponded to the calcification seen on the chest X-ray.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in constrictive pericarditis. A case report. The echocardiographic findings in a 73-year-old woman with constrictive calcified pericarditis are presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by physical examination, chest X-rays and cardiac catheterization. The echocardiogram demonstrated abnormal motion of the interventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterior wall, multiple thickened echoes of the posterior pericardium, and a localized dense band of anterior pericardial echoes, which corresponded to the calcification seen on the chest X-ray.", "PMID": 1017932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1950", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of heterozygous beta-thalassemia.", "content": "The parents of a child with homozygous thalassemia of the beta O variety requested prenatal diagnosis during a subsequent pregnancy. At the 19th week of pregnancy, a sample of blood containing fetal cells was obtained by placentocentesis. Radiochromatography of globin chains demonstrated production of a beta-chain with a beta/gamma synthetic ratio of 0.049, which is low for this gestational age. The conclusion that the child would be heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene was confirmed after birth.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of heterozygous beta-thalassemia. The parents of a child with homozygous thalassemia of the beta O variety requested prenatal diagnosis during a subsequent pregnancy. At the 19th week of pregnancy, a sample of blood containing fetal cells was obtained by placentocentesis. Radiochromatography of globin chains demonstrated production of a beta-chain with a beta/gamma synthetic ratio of 0.049, which is low for this gestational age. The conclusion that the child would be heterozygous for the beta-thalassemia gene was confirmed after birth.", "PMID": 1017933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1951", "title": "Hypercalcemia during the polyuric stage of acute renal failure.", "content": "Hypercalcemia developed during the polyuric phase of acute renal failure in a patient with crush injury. The hypercalcemia persisted for one week, with a maximal serum calcium level of 13.1 mg/dl. Possible mechanisms for the hypercalcemia are discussed, with emphasis on the combined effect of extensive tissue damage and acute renal failure.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia during the polyuric stage of acute renal failure. Hypercalcemia developed during the polyuric phase of acute renal failure in a patient with crush injury. The hypercalcemia persisted for one week, with a maximal serum calcium level of 13.1 mg/dl. Possible mechanisms for the hypercalcemia are discussed, with emphasis on the combined effect of extensive tissue damage and acute renal failure.", "PMID": 1017934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1952", "title": "Chordal rupture: a common complication of myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve.", "content": "In two patients with a clinical picture of acute mitral insufficiency, the presence of chordal rupture secondary to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve was disclosed during surgery. There was no evidence of previous rheumatic valvulitis, subacute bacterial endocarditis or other etiologies. It appears from the literature and from the cases described that ruptured chorda tendinea is a not uncommon complication of myxomatous transformation of the mitral valve. While this fact has been mentioned in anatomophological reports, clinicians are less aware of the association. In the absence of supportive evidence for a rheumatic or arteriosclerotic etiology, a clinical picture of acute mitral insufficiency should suggest ruptured chorda tendinea secondary to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral apparatus. This is particularly true in older patients, especially among those followed for a midsystolic click-late systolic murmur or an apical pansystolic murmur of pure mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Chordal rupture: a common complication of myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve. In two patients with a clinical picture of acute mitral insufficiency, the presence of chordal rupture secondary to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve was disclosed during surgery. There was no evidence of previous rheumatic valvulitis, subacute bacterial endocarditis or other etiologies. It appears from the literature and from the cases described that ruptured chorda tendinea is a not uncommon complication of myxomatous transformation of the mitral valve. While this fact has been mentioned in anatomophological reports, clinicians are less aware of the association. In the absence of supportive evidence for a rheumatic or arteriosclerotic etiology, a clinical picture of acute mitral insufficiency should suggest ruptured chorda tendinea secondary to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral apparatus. This is particularly true in older patients, especially among those followed for a midsystolic click-late systolic murmur or an apical pansystolic murmur of pure mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 1017935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1953", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta with mitral insufficiency due to ballooning of the mitral valve. A case report.", "content": "A further case of osteogenesis imperfecta with valvular heart disease is added to the 12 already reported in the literature. The presence of a dilated mitral annulus and a ballooned mitral leaflet in this case together with the findings reported in the literature leave little doubt as to the relationship between the valvular lesion and the underlying connective tissue disorder.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta with mitral insufficiency due to ballooning of the mitral valve. A case report. A further case of osteogenesis imperfecta with valvular heart disease is added to the 12 already reported in the literature. The presence of a dilated mitral annulus and a ballooned mitral leaflet in this case together with the findings reported in the literature leave little doubt as to the relationship between the valvular lesion and the underlying connective tissue disorder.", "PMID": 1017936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1954", "title": "Predictive value of cervical dilatation rates in labor in multiparous women.", "content": "A modified version of Philpott's partogram, previously used by us to analyze patterns of labor in primiparous and grand multiparous women in Israel, was applied to multiparous women. The results for labor in multiparous women closely resemble those found for primiparous and grand multiparous labors. The rate of cervical dilatation, as measured early in the active phase of labor [initial rate (IR)], is an accurate indicator of the outcome of labor. Ninety-eight percent of all multiparas with an IR of cervical dilatation of 0.75 cm/h or greater delivered spontaneously. Sixty-two percent of women with an IR of less than 0.75 cm/h required an assisted delivery or cesarean section. Mean IR of cervical dilatation for spontaneous deliveries, assisted deliveries, and cesarean sections were, respectively, 1.53, 0.67, and 0.46 cm/h. No significant differences were observed among different population groups. Cervical dilatation rates among all parities appeared similar. The only major difference was in dilatation rates for assisted delivery in primiparas, which were faster than in labors in multiparous or grand multiparous women.", "contents": "Predictive value of cervical dilatation rates in labor in multiparous women. A modified version of Philpott's partogram, previously used by us to analyze patterns of labor in primiparous and grand multiparous women in Israel, was applied to multiparous women. The results for labor in multiparous women closely resemble those found for primiparous and grand multiparous labors. The rate of cervical dilatation, as measured early in the active phase of labor [initial rate (IR)], is an accurate indicator of the outcome of labor. Ninety-eight percent of all multiparas with an IR of cervical dilatation of 0.75 cm/h or greater delivered spontaneously. Sixty-two percent of women with an IR of less than 0.75 cm/h required an assisted delivery or cesarean section. Mean IR of cervical dilatation for spontaneous deliveries, assisted deliveries, and cesarean sections were, respectively, 1.53, 0.67, and 0.46 cm/h. No significant differences were observed among different population groups. Cervical dilatation rates among all parities appeared similar. The only major difference was in dilatation rates for assisted delivery in primiparas, which were faster than in labors in multiparous or grand multiparous women.", "PMID": 1017939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1955", "title": "Fertility and perinatal and infant mortality in the Jewish population of Beersheba and the Negev, 1972.", "content": "There were 4,569 Jewish births in the Negev (southern Israel) in 1972, the first year of birth registration by the Unit for Evaluation and Planning of Kupat Holim and the Ben-Gurion University center for Health Sciences. The crude birth rate was 28.8 per 1,000 population, with 130.7 live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years. Total fertility was 3.9 per woman, varying from 3.4 in the kibbutzim and 3.5 in Beersheba to 5.2 in the moshavim (collective settlements) and 3.7 to 6.3 in the development towns. Late fetal and perinatal death rates were 9.4 and 19.0/1,000, and the neonatal and infant mortality rates, 11.0 and 18.1/1,000 respectively. The proportion of males was 0.51, the twinning rate was 9.5/1,000 women delivered, and 1.1% of babies were illegitimate. Low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg) was recorded in 6.9% of births. Fifty-three percent of births were to immigrant mothers from North Africa; the remainder were divided equally among mothers born in Israel, the Asian Near East, and Western countries. The Asian immigrant group was at high risk for infant death, with a rate of 3.64/1,000 as compared with 14.8, 14.2 and 5.8 recorded for the offspring of mothers born in Israel, North Africa and Western countries, respectively. Patterns of mortality in relation to maternal age, birth order and education were similar to those reported for developed countries.", "contents": "Fertility and perinatal and infant mortality in the Jewish population of Beersheba and the Negev, 1972. There were 4,569 Jewish births in the Negev (southern Israel) in 1972, the first year of birth registration by the Unit for Evaluation and Planning of Kupat Holim and the Ben-Gurion University center for Health Sciences. The crude birth rate was 28.8 per 1,000 population, with 130.7 live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years. Total fertility was 3.9 per woman, varying from 3.4 in the kibbutzim and 3.5 in Beersheba to 5.2 in the moshavim (collective settlements) and 3.7 to 6.3 in the development towns. Late fetal and perinatal death rates were 9.4 and 19.0/1,000, and the neonatal and infant mortality rates, 11.0 and 18.1/1,000 respectively. The proportion of males was 0.51, the twinning rate was 9.5/1,000 women delivered, and 1.1% of babies were illegitimate. Low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg) was recorded in 6.9% of births. Fifty-three percent of births were to immigrant mothers from North Africa; the remainder were divided equally among mothers born in Israel, the Asian Near East, and Western countries. The Asian immigrant group was at high risk for infant death, with a rate of 3.64/1,000 as compared with 14.8, 14.2 and 5.8 recorded for the offspring of mothers born in Israel, North Africa and Western countries, respectively. Patterns of mortality in relation to maternal age, birth order and education were similar to those reported for developed countries.", "PMID": 1017940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1956", "title": "Tay-Sachs disease in a Moroccan Jewish family:  a possible new mutation.", "content": "The parents of a Jewish Moroccan family, in which a previous child had died of Tay-Sachs disease, both proved to be carriers of the mutant gene. Hexosaminidase A activity in the father was similar to that in Ashkenazic heterozygotes, while the mother showed extremely low hexosaminidase A activity in peripheral leukocytes. Amniocentesis was performed on the mother during a subsequent pregnancy; the fetus proved to be affected and the pregnancy was interrupted. Acrylamide isoelectrofocusing of fetal liver and leukocytes of additional family members revealed a variant mutation for Tay-Sachs disease.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs disease in a Moroccan Jewish family:  a possible new mutation. The parents of a Jewish Moroccan family, in which a previous child had died of Tay-Sachs disease, both proved to be carriers of the mutant gene. Hexosaminidase A activity in the father was similar to that in Ashkenazic heterozygotes, while the mother showed extremely low hexosaminidase A activity in peripheral leukocytes. Amniocentesis was performed on the mother during a subsequent pregnancy; the fetus proved to be affected and the pregnancy was interrupted. Acrylamide isoelectrofocusing of fetal liver and leukocytes of additional family members revealed a variant mutation for Tay-Sachs disease.", "PMID": 1017941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1957", "title": "Frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were examined in a population of 10 normal individuals (five males and five females) and compared with those in patients with various numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations. Statistically significant differences within each group were observed among the normal subjects as well as among patients with similar cytogenetic aberrations. A consistent nonrandom distribution of SCE, with regard to chromosome length, was demonstrated, with a significant increase of SCE in the centromere region of some chromosomes.", "contents": "Frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes. The frequency and distribution of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were examined in a population of 10 normal individuals (five males and five females) and compared with those in patients with various numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations. Statistically significant differences within each group were observed among the normal subjects as well as among patients with similar cytogenetic aberrations. A consistent nonrandom distribution of SCE, with regard to chromosome length, was demonstrated, with a significant increase of SCE in the centromere region of some chromosomes.", "PMID": 1017942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1958", "title": "Coexistence of factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency and Gaucher's disease.", "content": "The findings of Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency in a patient with Gaucher's disease was investigated. A family study, which included measurements of leukocyte glucocerebrosidase activity and Factor XI levels, revealed that the two genetic disorders segregated independently. One of 12 additional unrelated patients with Gaucher's disease showed a diminished Factor XI level and two of seven unrelated  Factor XI-deficient patients showed decreased glucocerebrosidase activity. It is possible that the common occurrence of both genetic disorders results from a high gene frequency of both defects in Ashkenazic Jews.", "contents": "Coexistence of factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency and Gaucher's disease. The findings of Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency in a patient with Gaucher's disease was investigated. A family study, which included measurements of leukocyte glucocerebrosidase activity and Factor XI levels, revealed that the two genetic disorders segregated independently. One of 12 additional unrelated patients with Gaucher's disease showed a diminished Factor XI level and two of seven unrelated  Factor XI-deficient patients showed decreased glucocerebrosidase activity. It is possible that the common occurrence of both genetic disorders results from a high gene frequency of both defects in Ashkenazic Jews.", "PMID": 1017943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1959", "title": "Effect of calcium content of diet on absorption of diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "The effect produced by changes in the calcium content of the diet on the plasma concentration of diphenylhydantoin was studied. In subjects on a high calcium intake, plasma diphenylhydantoin levels were significantly lowered, probalby resulting from both the formation of an insoluble calcium-drug complex and the direct effect of calcium on the intestinal membrane. A similar but less pronounced effect was observed when calcium-rich foods were excluded from the diet. These observations indicate the need for a balanced calcium diet during diphenylhydantoin treatment.", "contents": "Effect of calcium content of diet on absorption of diphenylhydantoin. The effect produced by changes in the calcium content of the diet on the plasma concentration of diphenylhydantoin was studied. In subjects on a high calcium intake, plasma diphenylhydantoin levels were significantly lowered, probalby resulting from both the formation of an insoluble calcium-drug complex and the direct effect of calcium on the intestinal membrane. A similar but less pronounced effect was observed when calcium-rich foods were excluded from the diet. These observations indicate the need for a balanced calcium diet during diphenylhydantoin treatment.", "PMID": 1017944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1960", "title": "Chronic saline loading in anoxic renal failure in rats.", "content": "The effect of saline loading was compared in two types of experimental acute renal failure--due to i.m. administration of glycerol or to anoxia. In the glycerol model, chronic saline loading for about three weeks  prior to the experiment achieved almost complete prevention of the uremia. The blood urea and serum creatinine levels 24 h after the experiment were 44 +/- 2 and 1.3 +/- 0.3 se) mg/dl, respectively. The values for the water-drinking rats were 292 +/- 23 and 3.7 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, respectively. In the anoxic model of acute renal failure, produced by uninephrectomy and contralateral renal artery clamping, chronic saline loading reduced the severity of the resultant uremia, although less impressively than in the glycerol model. The blood urea and serum creatinine 24 h after the experiment were 148 +/- 15 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. The values for the water-drinking rats were 237 +/- 15 and 2.3 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. Plasma renin activity was similar in the saline-loaded rats in both the toxic and anoxic models. It seems, therefore, that all known models of acute renal failure have at least a common pathogenic mechanism, which can be influenced by chronic saline loading prior to onset of the disease, and which is most probably not renin dependent. In the anoxic model additional factors, which cannot be counteracted by chronic saline loading, are active in the development of uremia.", "contents": "Chronic saline loading in anoxic renal failure in rats. The effect of saline loading was compared in two types of experimental acute renal failure--due to i.m. administration of glycerol or to anoxia. In the glycerol model, chronic saline loading for about three weeks  prior to the experiment achieved almost complete prevention of the uremia. The blood urea and serum creatinine levels 24 h after the experiment were 44 +/- 2 and 1.3 +/- 0.3 se) mg/dl, respectively. The values for the water-drinking rats were 292 +/- 23 and 3.7 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, respectively. In the anoxic model of acute renal failure, produced by uninephrectomy and contralateral renal artery clamping, chronic saline loading reduced the severity of the resultant uremia, although less impressively than in the glycerol model. The blood urea and serum creatinine 24 h after the experiment were 148 +/- 15 and 1.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. The values for the water-drinking rats were 237 +/- 15 and 2.3 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. Plasma renin activity was similar in the saline-loaded rats in both the toxic and anoxic models. It seems, therefore, that all known models of acute renal failure have at least a common pathogenic mechanism, which can be influenced by chronic saline loading prior to onset of the disease, and which is most probably not renin dependent. In the anoxic model additional factors, which cannot be counteracted by chronic saline loading, are active in the development of uremia.", "PMID": 1017945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1961", "title": "Distribution of room size in hospitals.", "content": "In the design of such complex buildings as hospitals the planner's problem is to provide a minimal amount of permanent structure so that it shall not get in the way of functional behavior of the occupants and their ability to change their environment. The purpose of this study was to discover which intervals seem to occur in hospitals by measuring the room size distribution found in existing buildings or buildings ready for construction. The results seem to confirm that the range of room sizes required is small and that exceptions are relatively rare.", "contents": "Distribution of room size in hospitals. In the design of such complex buildings as hospitals the planner's problem is to provide a minimal amount of permanent structure so that it shall not get in the way of functional behavior of the occupants and their ability to change their environment. The purpose of this study was to discover which intervals seem to occur in hospitals by measuring the room size distribution found in existing buildings or buildings ready for construction. The results seem to confirm that the range of room sizes required is small and that exceptions are relatively rare.", "PMID": 1017946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1962", "title": "How many beds should a hospital department serve?", "content": "Departmental cost functions are constructed for selected hospital departments, using total number of beds in the hospital served as a proxy output measure. Calculation of maxima or minima for the resulting cost functions reveals that, on average, different departments have extremes in their cost functions of different levels of output. A relative cost index is constructed, using parameters of the departmental cost functions, and departmental costs are compared across regions. The significance of departmental differences in optimum output is discussed with regard to sharing of services and modified system design.", "contents": "How many beds should a hospital department serve? Departmental cost functions are constructed for selected hospital departments, using total number of beds in the hospital served as a proxy output measure. Calculation of maxima or minima for the resulting cost functions reveals that, on average, different departments have extremes in their cost functions of different levels of output. A relative cost index is constructed, using parameters of the departmental cost functions, and departmental costs are compared across regions. The significance of departmental differences in optimum output is discussed with regard to sharing of services and modified system design.", "PMID": 1017947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1963", "title": "Episodes of illness and access to care in the inner city: a comparison of HMO and non-HMO populations.", "content": "Using data from a 1974 household survey, accessibility to ambulatory care is compared for residents of an inner-city area (East Baltimore) whose usual source of care is an HMO (the East Baltimore Medical Plan) and residents of the same area with other usual sources of care. Accessibility is measured by the probability of receiving care for an episode of illness. Results from multivariate linear and probit regressions indicate that children using the HMO are more likely to receive care than are children with other usual care sources, but no significant differences in the probability of receiving care are found among adults. Evidence of a substitution of telephone care for in-person care is also found among persons using the HMO. Data from a 1971 household survey of the same area suggest that selectivity is not an important confounding factor in the analysis.", "contents": "Episodes of illness and access to care in the inner city: a comparison of HMO and non-HMO populations. Using data from a 1974 household survey, accessibility to ambulatory care is compared for residents of an inner-city area (East Baltimore) whose usual source of care is an HMO (the East Baltimore Medical Plan) and residents of the same area with other usual sources of care. Accessibility is measured by the probability of receiving care for an episode of illness. Results from multivariate linear and probit regressions indicate that children using the HMO are more likely to receive care than are children with other usual care sources, but no significant differences in the probability of receiving care are found among adults. Evidence of a substitution of telephone care for in-person care is also found among persons using the HMO. Data from a 1971 household survey of the same area suggest that selectivity is not an important confounding factor in the analysis.", "PMID": 1017948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1964", "title": "A social systems model of hospital utilization.", "content": "A social systems model for the health services system serving the state of New Mexico is presented. Utilization of short-term general hospitals is viewed as a function of sociodemographic characteristics of the population and of the supply of health manpower and facilities available to that population. The model includes a network specifying the causal relationships hypothesized as existing among a set of social, demographic, and economic variables known to be related to the supply of health manpower and facilities and to their utilization. Inclusion of feedback into the model as well as lagged values of physician supply variables permits examination of the dynamic behavior of the social system over time. A method for deriving the reduced form of the structural model is presented along with the reduced-form equations. These equations provide valuable information for policy decisions regarding the likely consequences of changes in the structure of the population and in the supply of health manpower and facilities. The structural and reduced-form equations have been used to predict the consequences for one New Mexico county of state and federal policies that would affect the organization and delivery of health services.", "contents": "A social systems model of hospital utilization. A social systems model for the health services system serving the state of New Mexico is presented. Utilization of short-term general hospitals is viewed as a function of sociodemographic characteristics of the population and of the supply of health manpower and facilities available to that population. The model includes a network specifying the causal relationships hypothesized as existing among a set of social, demographic, and economic variables known to be related to the supply of health manpower and facilities and to their utilization. Inclusion of feedback into the model as well as lagged values of physician supply variables permits examination of the dynamic behavior of the social system over time. A method for deriving the reduced form of the structural model is presented along with the reduced-form equations. These equations provide valuable information for policy decisions regarding the likely consequences of changes in the structure of the population and in the supply of health manpower and facilities. The structural and reduced-form equations have been used to predict the consequences for one New Mexico county of state and federal policies that would affect the organization and delivery of health services.", "PMID": 1017949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1965", "title": "An approach to an index of hospital performance.", "content": "Two indexes are described, based on measures of administrative effectiveness and patient care effectiveness. The measures used were selected and ranked by a Delphi panel from a list of 30 measures drawn from the literature. Weights were assigned by the panel to 19 selected measures. The resulting indexes did well in a test on data collected from 32 Texas hospitals.", "contents": "An approach to an index of hospital performance. Two indexes are described, based on measures of administrative effectiveness and patient care effectiveness. The measures used were selected and ranked by a Delphi panel from a list of 30 measures drawn from the literature. Weights were assigned by the panel to 19 selected measures. The resulting indexes did well in a test on data collected from 32 Texas hospitals.", "PMID": 1017950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1966", "title": "Psychological and neurodevelopmental outcome of high risk newborn infants.", "content": "Among 142 high-risk-newborns, 111 could be regularly followed-up to 3 years of age. 79 (71%) are normal, 6 (5.5%) have minor neurological sequels, 9 (8.1%) have major neurological sequels, associated in 4 cases with mental deficiency, 16 (14.5%) have developmental abnormalities (speech delay, behavioral problems, perceptual-motor and praxis disturbances), and one mental deficiency without neurological sequels. Neonatal cerebral distress proved to be the most dangerous clinical situation with regard to the ultimate neurodevelopmental prognosis (73.6% of neurological sequels or developmental abnormalities). The presence of transient abnormalities of tone in the course of the first year of life was associated with ultimate developmental abnormalities in 33.3% of the cases. Social and cultural status seemed to play a role in the intellectual, linguistic and perceptual-motor performance of this group of infants. In spite of these encouraging results, the need for a systematic long term follow-up of high risk newborns is stressed, since neurological sequels and developmental abnormalities are approximately 4 times more frequent in this group than in a normal infantile population.", "contents": "Psychological and neurodevelopmental outcome of high risk newborn infants. Among 142 high-risk-newborns, 111 could be regularly followed-up to 3 years of age. 79 (71%) are normal, 6 (5.5%) have minor neurological sequels, 9 (8.1%) have major neurological sequels, associated in 4 cases with mental deficiency, 16 (14.5%) have developmental abnormalities (speech delay, behavioral problems, perceptual-motor and praxis disturbances), and one mental deficiency without neurological sequels. Neonatal cerebral distress proved to be the most dangerous clinical situation with regard to the ultimate neurodevelopmental prognosis (73.6% of neurological sequels or developmental abnormalities). The presence of transient abnormalities of tone in the course of the first year of life was associated with ultimate developmental abnormalities in 33.3% of the cases. Social and cultural status seemed to play a role in the intellectual, linguistic and perceptual-motor performance of this group of infants. In spite of these encouraging results, the need for a systematic long term follow-up of high risk newborns is stressed, since neurological sequels and developmental abnormalities are approximately 4 times more frequent in this group than in a normal infantile population.", "PMID": 1017980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1967", "title": "[Early treatment of cerebral movement disorders: findings among 50 school children].", "content": "It is difficult to assess objectively the effectiveness of treating children with cerebral palsy during the first year of life. 50 pupils with cerebral palsy were selected for handicap and intelligence and carefully examined. All children were treated with the neurodevelopmental technique of BOBATH, 22 of them within the first year of life, 28 thereafter. The examination in school age showed differences between the two groups. When treatment is commenced before nine months of age, children with spastic diplegia resulting from premature birth are unlikely to require special schooling for reasons of their physical handicap. After early treatment, patients with severe neuromuscular dysfunction in early life frequently display disturbances of a predominantly ataxic nature when reaching school age. Spasticity appears to respond well and athetosis less favorably to early treatment. More severe brain damage in the early treated children is possibly indicated by the higher incidence of epilepsy. Pupils who were treated early show significantly fewer behavioural disturbances, with the exception of cases where symbiotic neurosis in the mother is present. This is important for the development of the personality and the individual capacity of integration.", "contents": "[Early treatment of cerebral movement disorders: findings among 50 school children]. It is difficult to assess objectively the effectiveness of treating children with cerebral palsy during the first year of life. 50 pupils with cerebral palsy were selected for handicap and intelligence and carefully examined. All children were treated with the neurodevelopmental technique of BOBATH, 22 of them within the first year of life, 28 thereafter. The examination in school age showed differences between the two groups. When treatment is commenced before nine months of age, children with spastic diplegia resulting from premature birth are unlikely to require special schooling for reasons of their physical handicap. After early treatment, patients with severe neuromuscular dysfunction in early life frequently display disturbances of a predominantly ataxic nature when reaching school age. Spasticity appears to respond well and athetosis less favorably to early treatment. More severe brain damage in the early treated children is possibly indicated by the higher incidence of epilepsy. Pupils who were treated early show significantly fewer behavioural disturbances, with the exception of cases where symbiotic neurosis in the mother is present. This is important for the development of the personality and the individual capacity of integration.", "PMID": 1017981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1968", "title": "Cutaneous pO2-measurements in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Correlation between cutaneously measured pO2-values and arterial pO2 in 9 newborns with respiratory distress syndromes was investigated with the Basel skin-electrode [3]. At an electrode temperature of 42 degrees C, correlation was low (r = 0.63), at 43 degrees C the coefficient increased to 0.71 at 44 degrees C the over all statistical correlation improved markedly (r = 0.97). cpO2 for given paO2-values, however, varied widely: reliable discrimination between hypo-, normo- and hyperoxemia was impossible. Continuous registration allows recognition of the consequences of common clinical situations and nursing manipulations on cpO2. The electrode, however, is still susceptible of technical modifications.", "contents": "Cutaneous pO2-measurements in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. Correlation between cutaneously measured pO2-values and arterial pO2 in 9 newborns with respiratory distress syndromes was investigated with the Basel skin-electrode [3]. At an electrode temperature of 42 degrees C, correlation was low (r = 0.63), at 43 degrees C the coefficient increased to 0.71 at 44 degrees C the over all statistical correlation improved markedly (r = 0.97). cpO2 for given paO2-values, however, varied widely: reliable discrimination between hypo-, normo- and hyperoxemia was impossible. Continuous registration allows recognition of the consequences of common clinical situations and nursing manipulations on cpO2. The electrode, however, is still susceptible of technical modifications.", "PMID": 1017982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1969", "title": "Hepatic toxicity of antituberculous drugs in children.", "content": "Three cases of children who developed hepatic toxicity of different degree while on antituberculous treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin are reported. The clinical picture is presented and the pathogenesis of the hepatic damage is discussed. The pathological findings in the liver are those of a drug induced hepatitis. The combined treatment of tuberculosis in children with isoniazid and rifampicin is potentially dangerous and should be reserved for cases in which resistance to other drugs has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Hepatic toxicity of antituberculous drugs in children. Three cases of children who developed hepatic toxicity of different degree while on antituberculous treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin are reported. The clinical picture is presented and the pathogenesis of the hepatic damage is discussed. The pathological findings in the liver are those of a drug induced hepatitis. The combined treatment of tuberculosis in children with isoniazid and rifampicin is potentially dangerous and should be reserved for cases in which resistance to other drugs has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1017983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1970", "title": "Vascular obstruction of the superior renal calyces in children.", "content": "The authors describe 5 cases with a pathology peculiar to the superior calyces due to vascular compression, observed from 1969 to 1975 among 938 urographic tests performed in the Pediatric Clinic of Florence. Three of these cases have been checked up to this date. In every patient the urographic tests show clear evidence of a vascular compression at the level of the right upper calyces, associated with stasis and/or ectasis. In two cases there is a symptomatology of abdominal pains; in the remaining 3 patients haematuria is revealed. It is important, particularly in children, to follow the course of the clinical and urographic features, in order to carry out a surgical intervention at the right moment, according to the evolution of the process. The chronic segmental (upper pole) pyelonephritis is the most dangerous evolution.", "contents": "Vascular obstruction of the superior renal calyces in children. The authors describe 5 cases with a pathology peculiar to the superior calyces due to vascular compression, observed from 1969 to 1975 among 938 urographic tests performed in the Pediatric Clinic of Florence. Three of these cases have been checked up to this date. In every patient the urographic tests show clear evidence of a vascular compression at the level of the right upper calyces, associated with stasis and/or ectasis. In two cases there is a symptomatology of abdominal pains; in the remaining 3 patients haematuria is revealed. It is important, particularly in children, to follow the course of the clinical and urographic features, in order to carry out a surgical intervention at the right moment, according to the evolution of the process. The chronic segmental (upper pole) pyelonephritis is the most dangerous evolution.", "PMID": 1017985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1971", "title": "Primary proximal renal tubular acidosis; A therapeutical approach and long term follow-up.", "content": "This paper reports a case of proximal renal tubular acidosis followed during 4 years, in a 4-year-old girl. High doses of alkali could not be administered owing to gastric intolerance of the patient; diuretic therapy carries the risk of causing severe dehydration or hypotension. We administered such a dose of NaHCO3 to obtain a normal blood pH--with persistent hyperventilation-, subnormal bicarbonatemia, and acid urine. This treatment could cause an improvement of rickets, growth and laboratory data. At present, the biochemical data, including urinary excretion of bicarbonate with normal bicarbonatemia, are normal; this indicates a spontaneous recovery of the syndrome. We think that low doses of alkali are useful in the transient form of proximal renal tubular acidosis to prevent bone lesions and failure to thrive. But even in the irreversible form of this syndrome--when high alkali doses and diuretics cause dangerous effects--this therapy may be useful to treat some symptoms.", "contents": "Primary proximal renal tubular acidosis; A therapeutical approach and long term follow-up. This paper reports a case of proximal renal tubular acidosis followed during 4 years, in a 4-year-old girl. High doses of alkali could not be administered owing to gastric intolerance of the patient; diuretic therapy carries the risk of causing severe dehydration or hypotension. We administered such a dose of NaHCO3 to obtain a normal blood pH--with persistent hyperventilation-, subnormal bicarbonatemia, and acid urine. This treatment could cause an improvement of rickets, growth and laboratory data. At present, the biochemical data, including urinary excretion of bicarbonate with normal bicarbonatemia, are normal; this indicates a spontaneous recovery of the syndrome. We think that low doses of alkali are useful in the transient form of proximal renal tubular acidosis to prevent bone lesions and failure to thrive. But even in the irreversible form of this syndrome--when high alkali doses and diuretics cause dangerous effects--this therapy may be useful to treat some symptoms.", "PMID": 1017986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1972", "title": "On the homology of the alisphenoid.", "content": "The relationships of the elements of the cavum epiptericum in a hypothetical primitive mammalian precursor are reconstructed, and these are analysed in relation to the development of recent mammals, especially the fruit bat Nyctinomus johorensis. The alisphenoid in mammals is part cartilage bone, part membrane bone. The mammalian homologue of the primitive reptilian processus ascendens appears to be internal to the maxillary nerve. If so, then the 'lamina ascendens', that portion of the alisphenoid of mammals which lies between maxillary and mandibular nerves, cannot be a true processus ascendens but must be neomorphic. It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale. In Ditremata the alisphenoid is completed by an element of membrane bone; this, it is suggested here, originated as the anterior lamina of the periotic in cynodonts, which is retained in monotremes. It is suggested that the alicochlear commissure of mammals originated as the later flange of the periotic in cynodonts.", "contents": "On the homology of the alisphenoid. The relationships of the elements of the cavum epiptericum in a hypothetical primitive mammalian precursor are reconstructed, and these are analysed in relation to the development of recent mammals, especially the fruit bat Nyctinomus johorensis. The alisphenoid in mammals is part cartilage bone, part membrane bone. The mammalian homologue of the primitive reptilian processus ascendens appears to be internal to the maxillary nerve. If so, then the 'lamina ascendens', that portion of the alisphenoid of mammals which lies between maxillary and mandibular nerves, cannot be a true processus ascendens but must be neomorphic. It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale. In Ditremata the alisphenoid is completed by an element of membrane bone; this, it is suggested here, originated as the anterior lamina of the periotic in cynodonts, which is retained in monotremes. It is suggested that the alicochlear commissure of mammals originated as the later flange of the periotic in cynodonts.", "PMID": 1018003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1973", "title": "An autoradiographical study of [3H]thymidine incorporation into subcutaneously transplanted mouse molar teeth. Cell proliferation and migration in transplanted teeth.", "content": "Mice bearing either allografts or isografts of 10 day old molar teeth were injected with [3H]thymidine to identify proliferating and migrating cells within the graft and surrounding tissues. In isografts proliferating cells were found successively in the area underlying the cervix, in the cervical pulp and the coronal pulp. However, cells did not migrate from the cervical host tissue into the pulp, and it was concluded that donor cells are responsible for reparative processes in tooth isografts. Very few labelled cells were identified at any time in tooth allografts, which were not repaired. It is suggested that allografts are not repaired because allogeneic inhibition prevents the residual donor tissue from proliferating and differentiating. Inhibition of proliferation of residual cells may also account for the absence of a cell-mediated immune response to tooth allografts.", "contents": "An autoradiographical study of [3H]thymidine incorporation into subcutaneously transplanted mouse molar teeth. Cell proliferation and migration in transplanted teeth. Mice bearing either allografts or isografts of 10 day old molar teeth were injected with [3H]thymidine to identify proliferating and migrating cells within the graft and surrounding tissues. In isografts proliferating cells were found successively in the area underlying the cervix, in the cervical pulp and the coronal pulp. However, cells did not migrate from the cervical host tissue into the pulp, and it was concluded that donor cells are responsible for reparative processes in tooth isografts. Very few labelled cells were identified at any time in tooth allografts, which were not repaired. It is suggested that allografts are not repaired because allogeneic inhibition prevents the residual donor tissue from proliferating and differentiating. Inhibition of proliferation of residual cells may also account for the absence of a cell-mediated immune response to tooth allografts.", "PMID": 1018004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1974", "title": "The interfrontal bone and mutant genes in the mouse.", "content": "The relationship between corrected skull width and the presence and size of an interfrontal bone is discussed with regard to the effect of certain mutant genes in the mouse known to affect the development of the neural tube. All genes reviewed which increase the incidence of the interfrontal bone and affect the neural tube also change the proportions of the adult skull.", "contents": "The interfrontal bone and mutant genes in the mouse. The relationship between corrected skull width and the presence and size of an interfrontal bone is discussed with regard to the effect of certain mutant genes in the mouse known to affect the development of the neural tube. All genes reviewed which increase the incidence of the interfrontal bone and affect the neural tube also change the proportions of the adult skull.", "PMID": 1018005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1975", "title": "Retardation of bone growth in triamcinolone-treated mice.", "content": "Immature mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The epiphyseal cartilage plate and its surrounding bone from the humeral head were studied histologically at regular intervals. Concomitantly, roentgenographic measurements were performed on the humeri in toto. By the tenth injection significant morphological changes were noted in the cartilaginous plate, followed by complete cessation of bone growth. Severe triglyceride accumulation appeared in the experimental livers and humeral bone marrow. Osteoporosis also occurred and became severe from the fifth week of triamcinolone administration. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed.", "contents": "Retardation of bone growth in triamcinolone-treated mice. Immature mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The epiphyseal cartilage plate and its surrounding bone from the humeral head were studied histologically at regular intervals. Concomitantly, roentgenographic measurements were performed on the humeri in toto. By the tenth injection significant morphological changes were noted in the cartilaginous plate, followed by complete cessation of bone growth. Severe triglyceride accumulation appeared in the experimental livers and humeral bone marrow. Osteoporosis also occurred and became severe from the fifth week of triamcinolone administration. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1018006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1976", "title": "The functional anatomy of the bronchial circulation of the domestic fowl.", "content": "The bronchial circulation was studied in 25 adult domestic fowls. The right and left bronchial arteries originated caudal to the syrinx from a bronchoesophageal artery which is a branch of the right common carotid artery. Each bronchial artery ramified on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the corresponding primary bronchus and finally anastomosed directly with a branch of the pulmonary artery at the hilus of the lung. Thr bronchial artery did not accompany the intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The branches of each bronchial artery formed an anastomosing network on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The calibre of the bronchial artery at its anastomosis with the branch of the pulmonary artery was greater than at its origin from the bronchoesophageal artery. Intravenous injections of Lycopodium spores indicated that the blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the bronchial artery. Small bronchial veins drained the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus into the pulmonary vein and the oesophageal veins. The intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus was supplied by branches of the pulmonary artery and drained by tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The blood supply to the primary bronchus could constitute a shunt capable of passing blood from the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary vein without going through the exchange tissue. The parabronchial (atrial) muscles received a blood supply directly from the exchange tissue via septal venules which formed a network underneath the muscle bundles, without actually penetrating between the muscle cells. These venules drained into atrial veins which were tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The atrial muscles probably also received oxygen by direct diffusion from the parabronchial lumen. The pleura was supplied by the oesophageal branches of the bronchoesophageal artery, and by small twigs from the internal thoracic and intercostal arteries.", "contents": "The functional anatomy of the bronchial circulation of the domestic fowl. The bronchial circulation was studied in 25 adult domestic fowls. The right and left bronchial arteries originated caudal to the syrinx from a bronchoesophageal artery which is a branch of the right common carotid artery. Each bronchial artery ramified on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the corresponding primary bronchus and finally anastomosed directly with a branch of the pulmonary artery at the hilus of the lung. Thr bronchial artery did not accompany the intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The branches of each bronchial artery formed an anastomosing network on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The calibre of the bronchial artery at its anastomosis with the branch of the pulmonary artery was greater than at its origin from the bronchoesophageal artery. Intravenous injections of Lycopodium spores indicated that the blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the bronchial artery. Small bronchial veins drained the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus into the pulmonary vein and the oesophageal veins. The intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus was supplied by branches of the pulmonary artery and drained by tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The blood supply to the primary bronchus could constitute a shunt capable of passing blood from the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary vein without going through the exchange tissue. The parabronchial (atrial) muscles received a blood supply directly from the exchange tissue via septal venules which formed a network underneath the muscle bundles, without actually penetrating between the muscle cells. These venules drained into atrial veins which were tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The atrial muscles probably also received oxygen by direct diffusion from the parabronchial lumen. The pleura was supplied by the oesophageal branches of the bronchoesophageal artery, and by small twigs from the internal thoracic and intercostal arteries.", "PMID": 1018007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1977", "title": "Cyto-differentiation and portal vascular development in the mouse adenohypophysis.", "content": "Pituitaries of fetal and postnatal (15 days p.c.-28 days p.n.) and adult (male) mice were studied by light and electron microscopy to correlate the developmental pattern of the hypothalamo-hypophysial vascular system with the time of onset of function of the adenohypophysis. The superior and anterior regions of the adenohypophysis become vascularized at 17 days p.c., when portal vessels extend from oral primary plexus to the pars distalis for the first time. Adenohypophysial vascularity and the number of portal vessels steadily increase to reach the adult pattern at 5 days p.n. At 1 day p.n. deep capillary loops appear in the caudal regions of the oral primary plexus; a capillary (tangential) plexus underlies the ependymal lining of the third ventricle by 6 days p.n. Superficial capillary loops were not observed until the third postnatal week. Granulation of secretory cells commences at 16 days p.c., predominantly in the upper and anterior adenohypophysis; at 17 days thyrotropes, gonadotropes and corticotropes are recognizable and by morphological criteria appear actively secretory on days 17-18 p.c., although few appear active at 19 days p.c. and 1 day p.n. Somatotropes are first seen at 18 days p.c., predominantly in the central and lateral regions of the pars distalis. Active secretory cells increase in number over the period 2-10 days p.n., but after 11 days p.n. thyrotropes and corticotropes seem to become progressively less active; fewer gonadotropes are seen after 15 days p.n., and these apparently become progressively less active from day 19. Most somatotropes appear active until 28 days p.n. The observations suggest that hypothalamic control of adenohypophysial function may exist in the mouse from 17 days p.c.", "contents": "Cyto-differentiation and portal vascular development in the mouse adenohypophysis. Pituitaries of fetal and postnatal (15 days p.c.-28 days p.n.) and adult (male) mice were studied by light and electron microscopy to correlate the developmental pattern of the hypothalamo-hypophysial vascular system with the time of onset of function of the adenohypophysis. The superior and anterior regions of the adenohypophysis become vascularized at 17 days p.c., when portal vessels extend from oral primary plexus to the pars distalis for the first time. Adenohypophysial vascularity and the number of portal vessels steadily increase to reach the adult pattern at 5 days p.n. At 1 day p.n. deep capillary loops appear in the caudal regions of the oral primary plexus; a capillary (tangential) plexus underlies the ependymal lining of the third ventricle by 6 days p.n. Superficial capillary loops were not observed until the third postnatal week. Granulation of secretory cells commences at 16 days p.c., predominantly in the upper and anterior adenohypophysis; at 17 days thyrotropes, gonadotropes and corticotropes are recognizable and by morphological criteria appear actively secretory on days 17-18 p.c., although few appear active at 19 days p.c. and 1 day p.n. Somatotropes are first seen at 18 days p.c., predominantly in the central and lateral regions of the pars distalis. Active secretory cells increase in number over the period 2-10 days p.n., but after 11 days p.n. thyrotropes and corticotropes seem to become progressively less active; fewer gonadotropes are seen after 15 days p.n., and these apparently become progressively less active from day 19. Most somatotropes appear active until 28 days p.n. The observations suggest that hypothalamic control of adenohypophysial function may exist in the mouse from 17 days p.c.", "PMID": 1018008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1978", "title": "The nerve supply and conducting system of the human heart at the end of the embryonic period proper.", "content": "The nerve supply and conducting system were studied in a stage 23 human embryo of exceptional histological quality. The nerves on the right side arose from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments. Out of their interconnexions vagoxympathetic nerves emerged, which (1) sent a branch in front of the trachea to the aorticopulmonary ganglion, thereby supplying arterial and venous structures, and (2) formed the right sinal nerve, which supplied the sinu-atrial node, and gave filaments to the interatrial septum which could be traced to the atrioventricular node and pulmonary veins. The nerves on the left side arose similarly from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments. These formed several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion. Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava. The thoracic vagal filaments descended to the left of the arch of the aorta and supplied chiefly the arterial end of the heart. No thoracic sympathetic cardiac filaments were found. The sinu-atrial node began as a crescentic mass in front of the lower part of the superior vena cava. It gradually extended on each side of the superior vena cava and came to form its posterior wall at a more caudal level. The atrial myocardium that formed the septum spurium, venous valves, and interatrial septum could be traced from the sinu-atrial to the atrioventricular node. Myocardium also encircled the atrial aspects of the atrioventricular orifices, and could be traced caudally to the atrioventricular nde. The atrioventricular node was a conspicuous mass in the anterior and lower part of the interatrial septum, from which a clearly defined bundle left to enter the interventricular septum. Right and left limbs were observed, the former being a rounded bundle that passed immediately in front of the root of the aorta.", "contents": "The nerve supply and conducting system of the human heart at the end of the embryonic period proper. The nerve supply and conducting system were studied in a stage 23 human embryo of exceptional histological quality. The nerves on the right side arose from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments. Out of their interconnexions vagoxympathetic nerves emerged, which (1) sent a branch in front of the trachea to the aorticopulmonary ganglion, thereby supplying arterial and venous structures, and (2) formed the right sinal nerve, which supplied the sinu-atrial node, and gave filaments to the interatrial septum which could be traced to the atrioventricular node and pulmonary veins. The nerves on the left side arose similarly from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments. These formed several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion. Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava. The thoracic vagal filaments descended to the left of the arch of the aorta and supplied chiefly the arterial end of the heart. No thoracic sympathetic cardiac filaments were found. The sinu-atrial node began as a crescentic mass in front of the lower part of the superior vena cava. It gradually extended on each side of the superior vena cava and came to form its posterior wall at a more caudal level. The atrial myocardium that formed the septum spurium, venous valves, and interatrial septum could be traced from the sinu-atrial to the atrioventricular node. Myocardium also encircled the atrial aspects of the atrioventricular orifices, and could be traced caudally to the atrioventricular nde. The atrioventricular node was a conspicuous mass in the anterior and lower part of the interatrial septum, from which a clearly defined bundle left to enter the interventricular septum. Right and left limbs were observed, the former being a rounded bundle that passed immediately in front of the root of the aorta.", "PMID": 1018009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1979", "title": "Plantar aponeurosis and internal architecture of the ball of the foot.", "content": "On the basis of its internal structure, the ball of the foot can be divided into three transverse areas, each with a different mechanical function: (1) an area proximal to the heads of the metatarsals in which the retinacula cutis are developed into a series of transverse bands, and in which the deep fibres of the plantar aponeurosis form ten sagittal septa connected to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament and through this the proximal phalanges of the toes, (2) an area below the heads of the metatarsals in which vertical fibres from the joint capsules and the sides of the fibrous flexor sheaths form a cushion below each metatarsal head, and in which fat bodies  cover the digital nerves and vessels in their passage between the cushions, and (3) a distal area which comprises the interdigital web. The superficial fibres of the plantar aponeurosis are inserted into the skin of this distal area, and deep to them the plantar interdigital ligament forms a series of transverse lamellae connected to the proximal phalanges by a mooring ligament which arches from one fibrous flexor sheath to the next. When the metatarsophalangeal joints are extended, the fibres of the three areas are tensed and the skin is anchored firmly to the skeleton. The direction of the fibres in the distal and proximal area promotes the transfer of forces exerted on the skin during push-off and braking respectively, while the intermediate area is adapted to bear the weight of the body. A concentration of Pacinian corpuscles is found along the digital nerves in the weight-bearing area below the transverse metatarsal ligament. The nerves for the second, and especially for the third, interstice are close to or in contact with the sharp proximal edges of the sagittal septa.", "contents": "Plantar aponeurosis and internal architecture of the ball of the foot. On the basis of its internal structure, the ball of the foot can be divided into three transverse areas, each with a different mechanical function: (1) an area proximal to the heads of the metatarsals in which the retinacula cutis are developed into a series of transverse bands, and in which the deep fibres of the plantar aponeurosis form ten sagittal septa connected to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament and through this the proximal phalanges of the toes, (2) an area below the heads of the metatarsals in which vertical fibres from the joint capsules and the sides of the fibrous flexor sheaths form a cushion below each metatarsal head, and in which fat bodies  cover the digital nerves and vessels in their passage between the cushions, and (3) a distal area which comprises the interdigital web. The superficial fibres of the plantar aponeurosis are inserted into the skin of this distal area, and deep to them the plantar interdigital ligament forms a series of transverse lamellae connected to the proximal phalanges by a mooring ligament which arches from one fibrous flexor sheath to the next. When the metatarsophalangeal joints are extended, the fibres of the three areas are tensed and the skin is anchored firmly to the skeleton. The direction of the fibres in the distal and proximal area promotes the transfer of forces exerted on the skin during push-off and braking respectively, while the intermediate area is adapted to bear the weight of the body. A concentration of Pacinian corpuscles is found along the digital nerves in the weight-bearing area below the transverse metatarsal ligament. The nerves for the second, and especially for the third, interstice are close to or in contact with the sharp proximal edges of the sagittal septa.", "PMID": 1018010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1980", "title": "Vascular segments in the human spleen.", "content": "Corrosion casts of human splenic arterial trees revealed the presence of two segments-a superior, and an inferior - in 84% of cases and three segments - a superior, a middle and an inferior - in 16% of cases. These segments are separated by avascular planes.", "contents": "Vascular segments in the human spleen. Corrosion casts of human splenic arterial trees revealed the presence of two segments-a superior, and an inferior - in 84% of cases and three segments - a superior, a middle and an inferior - in 16% of cases. These segments are separated by avascular planes.", "PMID": 1018011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1981", "title": "Action of chondroitinases. II. Numerical calculation of the degree of multiple attack.", "content": "Further investigation was carried out on the action patterns of two chondroitinase-AC [EC 4.2.2.5.] preparations obtained from Arthrobacter aurescens and Flavobacterium heparinum. To infer the action patterns of the chondroitinases, we proposed a new method for the calculation of the degree of multiple attack, based on the concept established by Robyt and French ((1967) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 122, 8-16). It was shown that the degree of multiple attack (DM) is represented by the ratio of the initial velocity of number-average degree of scission to that of viscosity-average degree of scission. By this method, DM for A-Chase was estimated to be 3.03 and for F-chase, 1.31.", "contents": "Action of chondroitinases. II. Numerical calculation of the degree of multiple attack. Further investigation was carried out on the action patterns of two chondroitinase-AC [EC 4.2.2.5.] preparations obtained from Arthrobacter aurescens and Flavobacterium heparinum. To infer the action patterns of the chondroitinases, we proposed a new method for the calculation of the degree of multiple attack, based on the concept established by Robyt and French ((1967) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 122, 8-16). It was shown that the degree of multiple attack (DM) is represented by the ratio of the initial velocity of number-average degree of scission to that of viscosity-average degree of scission. By this method, DM for A-Chase was estimated to be 3.03 and for F-chase, 1.31.", "PMID": 1018015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1982", "title": "Preferential acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the formamide linkage of N'-formylkynurenine in frozen solution.", "content": "Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the formamide linkage of N-acetyl-N'-formyl-L-kynurenineamide in frozen dilute hydrochloric acid solution followed first-order kinetics, yielding N-acetyl-L-kynurenineamide as the sole reaction product. The maximum rate of reaction in the frozen solution was found at around -7.5 degrees and approximated that of the reaction in liquid solution at 40 degrees. By freezing the dilute acid solution at -8 degrees the reaction was accelerated by 60 times compared with that in super-cooled liquid solution at the same temperature.", "contents": "Preferential acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the formamide linkage of N'-formylkynurenine in frozen solution. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the formamide linkage of N-acetyl-N'-formyl-L-kynurenineamide in frozen dilute hydrochloric acid solution followed first-order kinetics, yielding N-acetyl-L-kynurenineamide as the sole reaction product. The maximum rate of reaction in the frozen solution was found at around -7.5 degrees and approximated that of the reaction in liquid solution at 40 degrees. By freezing the dilute acid solution at -8 degrees the reaction was accelerated by 60 times compared with that in super-cooled liquid solution at the same temperature.", "PMID": 1018016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1983", "title": "A study of the native-denatured (N in equilibrium with D) transition in lysozyme. II. Kinetic analysis of protease digestion.", "content": "Kinetic analyses of the protease digestion of several chemical derivatives of lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] showed that only the D(denatured) state of the protein is digested and that the reaction velocity is proportional to the equilibrium constant (KD) of the N in equilibrium with D transition of the protein. Alteration of the net charge of lysozyme by acetylation caused a shift of the N in equilibrium with D transition to the right (ten-fold increase in KD compared to that of native enzyme). Both the formation of a lysozyme-inhibitor complex and the introduction of a covalent bond in the lysozyme molecule restricted the transition. The magnitude of the N in equilibrium with D transition is related to the susceptibility of lysozyme to protease digestion and it is estimated that the N in equilibrium with D transition in proteins is generally important in the intracellular catabolism of proteins.", "contents": "A study of the native-denatured (N in equilibrium with D) transition in lysozyme. II. Kinetic analysis of protease digestion. Kinetic analyses of the protease digestion of several chemical derivatives of lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] showed that only the D(denatured) state of the protein is digested and that the reaction velocity is proportional to the equilibrium constant (KD) of the N in equilibrium with D transition of the protein. Alteration of the net charge of lysozyme by acetylation caused a shift of the N in equilibrium with D transition to the right (ten-fold increase in KD compared to that of native enzyme). Both the formation of a lysozyme-inhibitor complex and the introduction of a covalent bond in the lysozyme molecule restricted the transition. The magnitude of the N in equilibrium with D transition is related to the susceptibility of lysozyme to protease digestion and it is estimated that the N in equilibrium with D transition in proteins is generally important in the intracellular catabolism of proteins.", "PMID": 1018017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1984", "title": "A method for the deductive and unique determination of the values of three parameters involved in fractional functions applicable to relaxation kinetics.", "content": "A novel method is proposed to determine deductively and uniquely the values of three parameters, a, b, and c in a fractional function of the form, y=a+bx/(c+x) where x and y are experimentally obtainable variables. This type of equation is frequently encountered in chemistry and biochemistry involving relaxation kinetics. The method of least squares with the Taylor expansion is employed for direct curve fitting of observed data to the fractional function. Approximate values of the parameters, which are always necessary prior to commending the above procedure, can be obtained by the method of rearrangement after canceling the denominator of fractional functions. This procedure is very simple, but very effective for estimating provisional values of the parameters. Deductive and unique determination of the parameters involved in the fractional function shown above can be accomplished for the first time by the combination of these two procedures. This method is extended to include the analysis of relaxation kinetic data such as those of temperature-jump method where the determination of equilibrium concentrations of reactants in addition to the three parameters is also necessary.", "contents": "A method for the deductive and unique determination of the values of three parameters involved in fractional functions applicable to relaxation kinetics. A novel method is proposed to determine deductively and uniquely the values of three parameters, a, b, and c in a fractional function of the form, y=a+bx/(c+x) where x and y are experimentally obtainable variables. This type of equation is frequently encountered in chemistry and biochemistry involving relaxation kinetics. The method of least squares with the Taylor expansion is employed for direct curve fitting of observed data to the fractional function. Approximate values of the parameters, which are always necessary prior to commending the above procedure, can be obtained by the method of rearrangement after canceling the denominator of fractional functions. This procedure is very simple, but very effective for estimating provisional values of the parameters. Deductive and unique determination of the parameters involved in the fractional function shown above can be accomplished for the first time by the combination of these two procedures. This method is extended to include the analysis of relaxation kinetic data such as those of temperature-jump method where the determination of equilibrium concentrations of reactants in addition to the three parameters is also necessary.", "PMID": 1018018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1985", "title": "Incorporation of [14C]glucose from UDP[14C]glucose into a phosphoglycolipid by cell-free particulate systems of a moderately halophilic gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas halosaccharolytica ATCC 29423.", "content": "A glucosyl group from uridine diphosphate [U-14C]glucose is incorporated into a phosphoglycolipid, probably a glucosylphosphatidylglycerol, by a disrupted membrane enzyme preparation from a gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, Pseudomonas halosaccharolytica ATCC 29423. The conversion of [14C]phosphatidylglycerol into phosphoglycolipid by the particulate preparation was also enhanced in the presence of non-labelled UDP-glucose. A chemical degradation study of labelled phosphoglycolipid showed the bulk of the radioactivity from UDP[U-14C]glucose to be associated with the glucose moiety, which also appeared to be attached to the hydroxyl group of a second glycerol.", "contents": "Incorporation of [14C]glucose from UDP[14C]glucose into a phosphoglycolipid by cell-free particulate systems of a moderately halophilic gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas halosaccharolytica ATCC 29423. A glucosyl group from uridine diphosphate [U-14C]glucose is incorporated into a phosphoglycolipid, probably a glucosylphosphatidylglycerol, by a disrupted membrane enzyme preparation from a gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, Pseudomonas halosaccharolytica ATCC 29423. The conversion of [14C]phosphatidylglycerol into phosphoglycolipid by the particulate preparation was also enhanced in the presence of non-labelled UDP-glucose. A chemical degradation study of labelled phosphoglycolipid showed the bulk of the radioactivity from UDP[U-14C]glucose to be associated with the glucose moiety, which also appeared to be attached to the hydroxyl group of a second glycerol.", "PMID": 1018019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1986", "title": "Polyamine-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity from rat-liver nuclei.", "content": "When nuclei isolated from rat liver in a low salt buffer were washed with 0.1 M NaCl solution, the supernatant showed a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. The activity required Mg2+ and in addition spermine or spermidine, and its optimal pH was 7.2-7.4. The activity was higher on denatured (single stranded) DNA than on double-helical DNA. With both substrates the activity was highest at a polyamine concentration at which the DNA-polyamine complex began to precipitate. No Mg2++Ca2+ dependent DNase activity was detected in the preparation.", "contents": "Polyamine-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity from rat-liver nuclei. When nuclei isolated from rat liver in a low salt buffer were washed with 0.1 M NaCl solution, the supernatant showed a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. The activity required Mg2+ and in addition spermine or spermidine, and its optimal pH was 7.2-7.4. The activity was higher on denatured (single stranded) DNA than on double-helical DNA. With both substrates the activity was highest at a polyamine concentration at which the DNA-polyamine complex began to precipitate. No Mg2++Ca2+ dependent DNase activity was detected in the preparation.", "PMID": 1018020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1987", "title": "The effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the absorption spectra of alpha and beta chains in nitrosyl hemoglobin.", "content": "The spectral changes of nitrosyl hemoglobin on addition of inositol hexaphosphate were studied in hybrid-heme hemoglobins. The results showed that the decrease in absorption in the Soret region was mainly due to a spectral change in alpha chains, and that the tension on heme in the quaternary T structure was much stronger in alpha than in beta chains.", "contents": "The effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the absorption spectra of alpha and beta chains in nitrosyl hemoglobin. The spectral changes of nitrosyl hemoglobin on addition of inositol hexaphosphate were studied in hybrid-heme hemoglobins. The results showed that the decrease in absorption in the Soret region was mainly due to a spectral change in alpha chains, and that the tension on heme in the quaternary T structure was much stronger in alpha than in beta chains.", "PMID": 1018021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1988", "title": "An anomaly in the resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome P-450cam in the ferrous high-spin state.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome P-450cam (P-450cam) and its enzymatically inactive form (P-420) in various oxidation and spin states were measured for the first time. The Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam was unusual in the sense that the \"oxidation-state marker\" appeared at an unexpectedly lower frequency (1346 cm-1) in comparison with those of other reduced hemoproteins (approximately 1355-approximately 1365 cm-1), whereas that of oxidized P-450cam was located at a normal frequency. This anomaly in the Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam can be explained by assuming electron delocalization from the fifth ligand, presumably a thiolate anion, to the antibonding pi orbital of the porphyrin ring. The corresponding Raman line of reduced P-420 appeared at a normal frequency (1360 cm-1), suggesting a status change or replacement of the fifth ligand upon conversion from P-450cam to P-420. The Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam-metyrapone complex was very similar to that of ferrous cytochrome b5.", "contents": "An anomaly in the resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome P-450cam in the ferrous high-spin state. Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome P-450cam (P-450cam) and its enzymatically inactive form (P-420) in various oxidation and spin states were measured for the first time. The Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam was unusual in the sense that the \"oxidation-state marker\" appeared at an unexpectedly lower frequency (1346 cm-1) in comparison with those of other reduced hemoproteins (approximately 1355-approximately 1365 cm-1), whereas that of oxidized P-450cam was located at a normal frequency. This anomaly in the Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam can be explained by assuming electron delocalization from the fifth ligand, presumably a thiolate anion, to the antibonding pi orbital of the porphyrin ring. The corresponding Raman line of reduced P-420 appeared at a normal frequency (1360 cm-1), suggesting a status change or replacement of the fifth ligand upon conversion from P-450cam to P-420. The Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam-metyrapone complex was very similar to that of ferrous cytochrome b5.", "PMID": 1018022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1989", "title": "Amino acid composition of peptidoglycan in Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "Peptidoglycan of a gram-negative stalked bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus CB13, contained alanine, diaminopimelic acid, and glutamic acid, in molar ratios of 2 : 1 : 1. The amino acid compositions of peptidoglycans isolated from cultures enriched in swarmer and stalked cells, and from a stalk-less mutant were similar. This finding conflicts with a previous observation that swarmer peptidoglycan does not contain diaminopimelic acid (Goodwin and Shedlarski (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 170, 23-36). It appears that, despite the morphological differences, the Caulobacter cells all contain a similar peptidoglycan in the cell wall.", "contents": "Amino acid composition of peptidoglycan in Caulobacter crescentus. Peptidoglycan of a gram-negative stalked bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus CB13, contained alanine, diaminopimelic acid, and glutamic acid, in molar ratios of 2 : 1 : 1. The amino acid compositions of peptidoglycans isolated from cultures enriched in swarmer and stalked cells, and from a stalk-less mutant were similar. This finding conflicts with a previous observation that swarmer peptidoglycan does not contain diaminopimelic acid (Goodwin and Shedlarski (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 170, 23-36). It appears that, despite the morphological differences, the Caulobacter cells all contain a similar peptidoglycan in the cell wall.", "PMID": 1018023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1990", "title": "The site-specific deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus (endonuclease R.Bpu1387).", "content": "A new site-specific endonuclease (DNase) was isolated from the cells of Bacillus pumilus AHU 1387 strain. This enzyme (endonuclease R.Bpu 1387) introduced double-stranded scissions at unique sites on DNA's of coli phage lambda, lambdadvl, coli phage T7, Bacillus phage phi105C, Bacillus phage SP10, and Simian Virus 40, in the presence of magnesium ion. The activity was stimulated by the presence of NaCl.", "contents": "The site-specific deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus (endonuclease R.Bpu1387). A new site-specific endonuclease (DNase) was isolated from the cells of Bacillus pumilus AHU 1387 strain. This enzyme (endonuclease R.Bpu 1387) introduced double-stranded scissions at unique sites on DNA's of coli phage lambda, lambdadvl, coli phage T7, Bacillus phage phi105C, Bacillus phage SP10, and Simian Virus 40, in the presence of magnesium ion. The activity was stimulated by the presence of NaCl.", "PMID": 1018024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1991", "title": "A five-year assessment of controlled trials of in-patient and out-patient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy. Studies in Masan and Pusan, Korea. Fifth report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine.", "content": "In two centres in Korea 350 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random: in Masan to in-patient rest in bed (IP) for six months followed by out-patient treatment or to ambulatory out-patient treatment (OP) from the start; in Pusan to out-patient treatment with a plaster-of-Paris jacket (J) for nine months or to ambulatory treatment without any support (No J). All patients recieved chemotherapy with PAS with isoniazid for eighteen months, either supplemented with streptomycin for the first three months (SPH) or without this supplement (PH), by random allocation. The main analysis of this report concerns 299 patients (eighty-three IP, eighty-three OP, sixty-three J, seventy No J; 143 SPH, 156 PH). Pre-treatment factors were similar in both centres except that the patients in Pusan had, on average, less extensive lesions although in a greater proportion the disease was radiographically active. One patient (J/SPH) died with active spinal disease and three (all No J/SPH) with paraplegia. A fifth patient (IP/PH) who died from cardio respiratory failure also had pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty-three patients required operation and/or additional chemotherapy for the spinal lesion. A sinus or clinically evident abscess was either present initially or developed during treatment in 41 per cent of patients. Residual lesions persisted in ten patients (four IP, two OP, one J, three No J; six SPH, four PH) at five years. Thirty-two patients had paraparesis on admission or developing later. Complete resolution occurred in twenty on the allocated regimen and in eight after operation or additional chemotherapy or both. Of the remaining four atients, all of whom had operation and additional chemotherapy, three died and one still had paraparesis at five years. Of 295 patients assessed at five years 89 per cent had a favourable status. The proportions of the patients responding favourably were similar in the IP (91 per cent) and OP (89 per cent) series, in the J (90 per cent) and No J (84 per cent) series and in the SPH (86 per cent) and PH (92 per cent) series.", "contents": "A five-year assessment of controlled trials of in-patient and out-patient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy. Studies in Masan and Pusan, Korea. Fifth report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine. In two centres in Korea 350 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random: in Masan to in-patient rest in bed (IP) for six months followed by out-patient treatment or to ambulatory out-patient treatment (OP) from the start; in Pusan to out-patient treatment with a plaster-of-Paris jacket (J) for nine months or to ambulatory treatment without any support (No J). All patients recieved chemotherapy with PAS with isoniazid for eighteen months, either supplemented with streptomycin for the first three months (SPH) or without this supplement (PH), by random allocation. The main analysis of this report concerns 299 patients (eighty-three IP, eighty-three OP, sixty-three J, seventy No J; 143 SPH, 156 PH). Pre-treatment factors were similar in both centres except that the patients in Pusan had, on average, less extensive lesions although in a greater proportion the disease was radiographically active. One patient (J/SPH) died with active spinal disease and three (all No J/SPH) with paraplegia. A fifth patient (IP/PH) who died from cardio respiratory failure also had pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty-three patients required operation and/or additional chemotherapy for the spinal lesion. A sinus or clinically evident abscess was either present initially or developed during treatment in 41 per cent of patients. Residual lesions persisted in ten patients (four IP, two OP, one J, three No J; six SPH, four PH) at five years. Thirty-two patients had paraparesis on admission or developing later. Complete resolution occurred in twenty on the allocated regimen and in eight after operation or additional chemotherapy or both. Of the remaining four atients, all of whom had operation and additional chemotherapy, three died and one still had paraparesis at five years. Of 295 patients assessed at five years 89 per cent had a favourable status. The proportions of the patients responding favourably were similar in the IP (91 per cent) and OP (89 per cent) series, in the J (90 per cent) and No J (84 per cent) series and in the SPH (86 per cent) and PH (92 per cent) series.", "PMID": 1018027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1992", "title": "Quantitative histology of the human growth plate.", "content": "This paper describes a study in the human femur of the relationship between cell division in growth cartilage and overall bone growth. Growth rates for the distal femur from birth to eighteen years were determined from serial radiographs available from the Harpenden Growth Study; An average of 1-4 cm/year was found for the ages of five to eight years. The development of the growth plate is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of femur sections. These sections were also used for quantitative histology; The length of the proliferation zone was estimated from cell counts to be twenty-four cells per column. On the basis of this value and the measured growth rate, an approximate mean cycle time of twenty days was found for the proliferating cells of the human growth plate. Since the corresponding cycle time is two days for rodent growth plates, which also have a different structure, it is unwise to extrapolate the findings in this tissue from mouse to man.", "contents": "Quantitative histology of the human growth plate. This paper describes a study in the human femur of the relationship between cell division in growth cartilage and overall bone growth. Growth rates for the distal femur from birth to eighteen years were determined from serial radiographs available from the Harpenden Growth Study; An average of 1-4 cm/year was found for the ages of five to eight years. The development of the growth plate is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of femur sections. These sections were also used for quantitative histology; The length of the proliferation zone was estimated from cell counts to be twenty-four cells per column. On the basis of this value and the measured growth rate, an approximate mean cycle time of twenty days was found for the proliferating cells of the human growth plate. Since the corresponding cycle time is two days for rodent growth plates, which also have a different structure, it is unwise to extrapolate the findings in this tissue from mouse to man.", "PMID": 1018028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1993", "title": "Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone.", "content": "Rosette strain gauges were attached to the cranial and caudal aspects of the proximal half of the radius in eight skeletally mature female sheep; The sheep's radius has a slight cranially convex curvature. During walking it was deformed so that the cranial surface was subjected to tension aligned along the bone's lon axis, and the caudal surface to compression similarly aligned. The compressive strain on the caudal aspect of the bone was consistently larger (X 1-9) than the tensile strain on the cranial aspect. The thickness of the cortex did not reflect this difference but in younger animals the process of osteonal remodelling seemed further advanced in the cortex which was customarily subject to the larger deformation. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to the technique of internal fixation and to our understanding of the basis of the mechanical adaptability of bone.", "contents": "Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone. Rosette strain gauges were attached to the cranial and caudal aspects of the proximal half of the radius in eight skeletally mature female sheep; The sheep's radius has a slight cranially convex curvature. During walking it was deformed so that the cranial surface was subjected to tension aligned along the bone's lon axis, and the caudal surface to compression similarly aligned. The compressive strain on the caudal aspect of the bone was consistently larger (X 1-9) than the tensile strain on the cranial aspect. The thickness of the cortex did not reflect this difference but in younger animals the process of osteonal remodelling seemed further advanced in the cortex which was customarily subject to the larger deformation. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to the technique of internal fixation and to our understanding of the basis of the mechanical adaptability of bone.", "PMID": 1018029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1994", "title": "The aetiology of congenital angulation of tubular bones with constriction of the medullary canal, and its relationship to congenital pseudarthrosis.", "content": "It is suggested that there is a group of cases of congenital angulation of tubular bones in which the lesion is a defect of ossification of the primary cartilaginous anlage and in which neurofibromatosis is not implicated. It appears that in this group the prognosis with regard to the resolution of deformity and the prevention of pseudarthrosis with conservative treatment or relatively simple surgical procedures is better than that in the neurofibromatous type.", "contents": "The aetiology of congenital angulation of tubular bones with constriction of the medullary canal, and its relationship to congenital pseudarthrosis. It is suggested that there is a group of cases of congenital angulation of tubular bones in which the lesion is a defect of ossification of the primary cartilaginous anlage and in which neurofibromatosis is not implicated. It appears that in this group the prognosis with regard to the resolution of deformity and the prevention of pseudarthrosis with conservative treatment or relatively simple surgical procedures is better than that in the neurofibromatous type.", "PMID": 1018030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1995", "title": "The pathogenesis of Perthes' disease.", "content": "It has been shown that in the puppy, two infarcts separated by an interval of four weeks produce a disorder of long duration which results in flattening and broadening of the femoral head and which reproduces the radiological changes seen in Perthes' disease in man. The histological appearances produced by two infarcts are characteristic. In this study the histological appearance of fifty-seven femoral head biopsy specimens in Perthes' disease in man have been studied. In 51 per cent of hips histopathological changes characteristic of double infarction were present, and there were grounds for postulating that double infarction might eventually occur in all cases. The findings support the concept that the deformation of the femoral head and the chronicity of Perthes' disease in man may be due at least as much or even more to repeated episodes of infarction and the ensuing abnormalities of growth as to mechanical factors related to weight-bearing.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Perthes' disease. It has been shown that in the puppy, two infarcts separated by an interval of four weeks produce a disorder of long duration which results in flattening and broadening of the femoral head and which reproduces the radiological changes seen in Perthes' disease in man. The histological appearances produced by two infarcts are characteristic. In this study the histological appearance of fifty-seven femoral head biopsy specimens in Perthes' disease in man have been studied. In 51 per cent of hips histopathological changes characteristic of double infarction were present, and there were grounds for postulating that double infarction might eventually occur in all cases. The findings support the concept that the deformation of the femoral head and the chronicity of Perthes' disease in man may be due at least as much or even more to repeated episodes of infarction and the ensuing abnormalities of growth as to mechanical factors related to weight-bearing.", "PMID": 1018031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1996", "title": "Spondylolytic fractures.", "content": "A method is described whereby fractures of the neural arch similar to those in spondylolysis are produced experimentally. The forces, bending moments and displacements required to initiate the fractures are given; The mechanical aspects in the aetiology of spondylolysis are explained by a simplified two-dimensional force analysis.", "contents": "Spondylolytic fractures. A method is described whereby fractures of the neural arch similar to those in spondylolysis are produced experimentally. The forces, bending moments and displacements required to initiate the fractures are given; The mechanical aspects in the aetiology of spondylolysis are explained by a simplified two-dimensional force analysis.", "PMID": 1018032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1997", "title": "Fracture-dislocations of the sacrum. Report of three cases.", "content": "The pattern of fracture-dislocation of the upper part of the sacrum is demonstrated in three patients. The fracture line followed the segmental form of the sacrum and was usually caused by a posterior force against the pelvis which had been locked by hip flexion and knee extension. Fractures of the lumbar transverse processes also occurred, presumably from avulsion by the quadratus lumborum muscle. The damage to the sacral plexus found in all three cases recovered after several months. Radiographs of the injury are difficult to obtain in severely injured patients but oblique views of the sacrum help to determine the extent of the forward dislocation.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocations of the sacrum. Report of three cases. The pattern of fracture-dislocation of the upper part of the sacrum is demonstrated in three patients. The fracture line followed the segmental form of the sacrum and was usually caused by a posterior force against the pelvis which had been locked by hip flexion and knee extension. Fractures of the lumbar transverse processes also occurred, presumably from avulsion by the quadratus lumborum muscle. The damage to the sacral plexus found in all three cases recovered after several months. Radiographs of the injury are difficult to obtain in severely injured patients but oblique views of the sacrum help to determine the extent of the forward dislocation.", "PMID": 1018033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1998", "title": "Successful replantation of a hand amputated through the metacarpus.", "content": "A successful replantation is reported of a hand completely severed by a circular saw through all five metacarpals. The sequence of primary reconstruction of all important structures beginning three hours after the injury and the functional results eighteen months later are presented.", "contents": "Successful replantation of a hand amputated through the metacarpus. A successful replantation is reported of a hand completely severed by a circular saw through all five metacarpals. The sequence of primary reconstruction of all important structures beginning three hours after the injury and the functional results eighteen months later are presented.", "PMID": 1018034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_1999", "title": "The clinical manifestations and pathomechanics of contracture of the extensor mechanism of the knee.", "content": "Experience with thirty-eight Asian children and adolescents who presented with either stiffness of the knee, genu recurvatum, habitual dislocation of the patella or congenital lateral dislocation of the patella showed that all those disorders were manifestations of contracture of the extensor mechanism, which fell into two groups according to the components involved. In Group I the main components affected were in the midline of the limb, namely rectus femoris and vastus intermedius; these patients presented with varying degrees of stiffness of the knee, or worse, with genu recurvatum. In Group II the main components involved were lateral to the midline of the limb, namely vastus lateralis and the ilio-tibial band; these patients presented with habitual dislocation of the patella, or worse, congenital lateral dislocation of the patella. In both groups untreated patients developed secondary adaptive changes such as subluxation of the tibia or marked genu valgum which made operative procedures more formidable and less effective. Release of the contracture should therefore be performed as early as possible.", "contents": "The clinical manifestations and pathomechanics of contracture of the extensor mechanism of the knee. Experience with thirty-eight Asian children and adolescents who presented with either stiffness of the knee, genu recurvatum, habitual dislocation of the patella or congenital lateral dislocation of the patella showed that all those disorders were manifestations of contracture of the extensor mechanism, which fell into two groups according to the components involved. In Group I the main components affected were in the midline of the limb, namely rectus femoris and vastus intermedius; these patients presented with varying degrees of stiffness of the knee, or worse, with genu recurvatum. In Group II the main components involved were lateral to the midline of the limb, namely vastus lateralis and the ilio-tibial band; these patients presented with habitual dislocation of the patella, or worse, congenital lateral dislocation of the patella. In both groups untreated patients developed secondary adaptive changes such as subluxation of the tibia or marked genu valgum which made operative procedures more formidable and less effective. Release of the contracture should therefore be performed as early as possible.", "PMID": 1018035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2000", "title": "Excision of the head of the radius in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The results of excision of the head of the radius in forty-four elbows affected by rheumatoid arthritis are presented. Relief of pain was obtained in 90 per cent and an increase in the range of flexion and extension was seen in 70 per cent. Involvement of the humero-ulnar joint seen radiologically is no contra-indication to the operation; simple excision of the radial head often gives gratifying results; In our experience the relief of pain and increased range of movement have greatly reduced the need for total replacement arthroplasty.", "contents": "Excision of the head of the radius in rheumatoid arthritis. The results of excision of the head of the radius in forty-four elbows affected by rheumatoid arthritis are presented. Relief of pain was obtained in 90 per cent and an increase in the range of flexion and extension was seen in 70 per cent. Involvement of the humero-ulnar joint seen radiologically is no contra-indication to the operation; simple excision of the radial head often gives gratifying results; In our experience the relief of pain and increased range of movement have greatly reduced the need for total replacement arthroplasty.", "PMID": 1018036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2001", "title": "Radial club hand with absence of the biceps muscle treated by centralisation of the ulna and triceps transfer. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two children with radial club hand and absence of the biceps muscle were treated by centralisation of the ulna into the carpus and triceps transfer. The two operations were performed only a short time apart so that the period between the procedures could be used to stretch the triceps and to enable the children to adapt to an altered position of the wrist and to mobility of the elbow at one step and following a single period of plaster immobilisation. It is very likely that function is better than it would have been had the condition remained untreated. Before operation the children had only a crude hook function of the hand against the forearm and could not bring the hand to the mouth. Even if function is not much improved, the improvement in appearance is considerable and is by itself sufficient to justify the procedures.", "contents": "Radial club hand with absence of the biceps muscle treated by centralisation of the ulna and triceps transfer. Report of two cases. Two children with radial club hand and absence of the biceps muscle were treated by centralisation of the ulna into the carpus and triceps transfer. The two operations were performed only a short time apart so that the period between the procedures could be used to stretch the triceps and to enable the children to adapt to an altered position of the wrist and to mobility of the elbow at one step and following a single period of plaster immobilisation. It is very likely that function is better than it would have been had the condition remained untreated. Before operation the children had only a crude hook function of the hand against the forearm and could not bring the hand to the mouth. Even if function is not much improved, the improvement in appearance is considerable and is by itself sufficient to justify the procedures.", "PMID": 1018037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2002", "title": "Whence the arthrogrypotics?", "content": "During the course of a nation-wide survey of patients with bone and joint deformities, twenty-six individuals with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, in the narrow and precise sense of the term, were investigated. No patient was more than twenty-four years of age. However, on a basis of the figures of population, it can be estimated that 21-0 +/- 6-5 older affected individuals should have been encountered. Furthermore, there was a relative excess of younger children. The series was reasonably unbiased, and as arthrogryposis is non-lethal the deficiency of affected adults is an anomalous finding. It is tentatively suggested that arthrogryposis might result from the intra-uterine influence of an unknown environmental agent which has been present in South Africa for only a limited period of time. Detection of this factor could be an important step in the prevention of the disease.", "contents": "Whence the arthrogrypotics? During the course of a nation-wide survey of patients with bone and joint deformities, twenty-six individuals with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, in the narrow and precise sense of the term, were investigated. No patient was more than twenty-four years of age. However, on a basis of the figures of population, it can be estimated that 21-0 +/- 6-5 older affected individuals should have been encountered. Furthermore, there was a relative excess of younger children. The series was reasonably unbiased, and as arthrogryposis is non-lethal the deficiency of affected adults is an anomalous finding. It is tentatively suggested that arthrogryposis might result from the intra-uterine influence of an unknown environmental agent which has been present in South Africa for only a limited period of time. Detection of this factor could be an important step in the prevention of the disease.", "PMID": 1018038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2003", "title": "An operation for chronic prepatellar bursitis.", "content": "An operation for chronic prepatellar bursitis is described in which only the posterior wall of the bursa is excised, thus preserving, undamaged, healthy and normally sensitive skin. This procedure is easier and less traumatic than complete excision of the bursa and results in fewer complications. It is suggested that removal of tha anterior wall of the bursa results in unnecessary and harmful interference with the underlying skin. The operation described gives a good functional and structural result; leaving the anterior wall of the bursa does not predispose to recurrence.", "contents": "An operation for chronic prepatellar bursitis. An operation for chronic prepatellar bursitis is described in which only the posterior wall of the bursa is excised, thus preserving, undamaged, healthy and normally sensitive skin. This procedure is easier and less traumatic than complete excision of the bursa and results in fewer complications. It is suggested that removal of tha anterior wall of the bursa results in unnecessary and harmful interference with the underlying skin. The operation described gives a good functional and structural result; leaving the anterior wall of the bursa does not predispose to recurrence.", "PMID": 1018039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2004", "title": "The locked patella. An unusual complication of haemophilia.", "content": "Mechanical derangements of the knee are an uncommon complication of chronic haemophiliac arthropathy. Two patients with locking of the patella were treated by manipulation. The mechanism of the injury was forced flexion of the knee joint beyond the limit of its restricted range. The injury is a serious one and may take six months to recover.", "contents": "The locked patella. An unusual complication of haemophilia. Mechanical derangements of the knee are an uncommon complication of chronic haemophiliac arthropathy. Two patients with locking of the patella were treated by manipulation. The mechanism of the injury was forced flexion of the knee joint beyond the limit of its restricted range. The injury is a serious one and may take six months to recover.", "PMID": 1018040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2005", "title": "Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. I. Division of the presumptive vegetative cell.", "content": "Ultrastructural features of embryogenic pollen in Datura innoxia are described, just prior to, during, and after completion of the first division of the presumptive vegetative cell. In anther cultures initiated towards the end of the microspore phase and incubated at 28 degrees C in darkness, the spores divide within 24 h and show features consistent with those of dividing spores in vivo. Cytokinesis is also normal in most of the spores and the gametophytic cell-plate curves round the presumptive generative nucleus in the usual highly ordered way. Further differentiation of the 2 gametophytic cells does not take place and the pollen either switches to embryogenesis or degenerates. After 48-72 h, the remaining viable pollen shows the vegetative cell in division. The cell, which has a large vacuole and thin layer of parietal cytoplasm carried over from the microspore, divides consistently in a plane parallel to the microspore division. The dividing wall follows a less-ordered course than the gametophytic wall and usually traverses the vacuole, small portions of which are incorporated into the daughter cell adjacent to the generative cell. The only structural changes in the vegetative cell associated with the change in programme appear to be an increase in electron density of both plastids and mitochondria and deposition of an electron-dense material (possibly lipid) on the tonoplast. The generative cell is attached to the intine when the vegetative cell divides. Ribosomal density increases in the generative cell and exceeds that in the vegetative cell. A thin electron-dense layer also appears in the generative-cell wall. It is concluded that embryogenesis commences as soon as the 2 gametophytic cells are laid down. Gene activity associated with postmitotic synthesis of RNA and protein in the vegetative cell is switched off. The data are discussed in relation to the first division of the embryogenic vegetative cells in Nicotiana tabacum.", "contents": "Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. I. Division of the presumptive vegetative cell. Ultrastructural features of embryogenic pollen in Datura innoxia are described, just prior to, during, and after completion of the first division of the presumptive vegetative cell. In anther cultures initiated towards the end of the microspore phase and incubated at 28 degrees C in darkness, the spores divide within 24 h and show features consistent with those of dividing spores in vivo. Cytokinesis is also normal in most of the spores and the gametophytic cell-plate curves round the presumptive generative nucleus in the usual highly ordered way. Further differentiation of the 2 gametophytic cells does not take place and the pollen either switches to embryogenesis or degenerates. After 48-72 h, the remaining viable pollen shows the vegetative cell in division. The cell, which has a large vacuole and thin layer of parietal cytoplasm carried over from the microspore, divides consistently in a plane parallel to the microspore division. The dividing wall follows a less-ordered course than the gametophytic wall and usually traverses the vacuole, small portions of which are incorporated into the daughter cell adjacent to the generative cell. The only structural changes in the vegetative cell associated with the change in programme appear to be an increase in electron density of both plastids and mitochondria and deposition of an electron-dense material (possibly lipid) on the tonoplast. The generative cell is attached to the intine when the vegetative cell divides. Ribosomal density increases in the generative cell and exceeds that in the vegetative cell. A thin electron-dense layer also appears in the generative-cell wall. It is concluded that embryogenesis commences as soon as the 2 gametophytic cells are laid down. Gene activity associated with postmitotic synthesis of RNA and protein in the vegetative cell is switched off. The data are discussed in relation to the first division of the embryogenic vegetative cells in Nicotiana tabacum.", "PMID": 1018041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2006", "title": "Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. II. The generative-cell wall.", "content": "In young pollen grains of Datura innoxia, a wall of the usual hemispherical type separates the 2 gametophytic cells initially and, in the electron microscope, appears as an electron-translucent matrix which is contiguous with the intine. Before detachment of the generative cell from the intine, the matrix decreases in thickness and in places is dispersed altogether leaving the plasmalemmae on either side of it in close apposition. A particularly prominent zone, triangular in profile, is left where the wall joins with the intine. After detachment of the cell, remnants of the matrix can be seen distributed irregularly around the cell and it is supposed that these are partly derived from material in the triangular zone as the cell is drawn away from the intine. The wall residues persist throughout the maturation phase of the pollen and are considered to be either callose resulting from incomplete digestion of the initial wall, or some other polysaccharide material which is unevenly laid down along the wall and concentrated at the junction with the intine. In pollen induced into embryogenesis by anther culture, wall material is also distributed irregularly around the detached cell in a series of discrete zones, but these are more extensive than in vivo, closer together and in many instances highly dilated. The wall profiles thus have a beaded appearance, the 'beads' being connected together by short links of the 2 apposed plasmalemmae. The contents of the swollen zones have a similar electron density to that of the matrix in vivo but also show traces of a fibrillar component. It is postulated that this unusual swelling is a prelude to dispersal of the wall by disruption of the plasmalemmal links and to the establishment of cytoplasmic continuity between the 2 cells. The significance of such binucleate pollen grains in the formation of non-haploid embryos is discussed.", "contents": "Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. II. The generative-cell wall. In young pollen grains of Datura innoxia, a wall of the usual hemispherical type separates the 2 gametophytic cells initially and, in the electron microscope, appears as an electron-translucent matrix which is contiguous with the intine. Before detachment of the generative cell from the intine, the matrix decreases in thickness and in places is dispersed altogether leaving the plasmalemmae on either side of it in close apposition. A particularly prominent zone, triangular in profile, is left where the wall joins with the intine. After detachment of the cell, remnants of the matrix can be seen distributed irregularly around the cell and it is supposed that these are partly derived from material in the triangular zone as the cell is drawn away from the intine. The wall residues persist throughout the maturation phase of the pollen and are considered to be either callose resulting from incomplete digestion of the initial wall, or some other polysaccharide material which is unevenly laid down along the wall and concentrated at the junction with the intine. In pollen induced into embryogenesis by anther culture, wall material is also distributed irregularly around the detached cell in a series of discrete zones, but these are more extensive than in vivo, closer together and in many instances highly dilated. The wall profiles thus have a beaded appearance, the 'beads' being connected together by short links of the 2 apposed plasmalemmae. The contents of the swollen zones have a similar electron density to that of the matrix in vivo but also show traces of a fibrillar component. It is postulated that this unusual swelling is a prelude to dispersal of the wall by disruption of the plasmalemmal links and to the establishment of cytoplasmic continuity between the 2 cells. The significance of such binucleate pollen grains in the formation of non-haploid embryos is discussed.", "PMID": 1018042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2007", "title": "Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. III. Incomplete microspore division.", "content": "During the microspore division in Datura innoxia, the mitotic spindle is oriented in planes both perpendicular (PE) and oblique (OB) to the spore wall against which the nucleus is situated. However, irrespective of polarity, the usual type of hemispherical wall is laid down at cytokinesis and isolates the generative cell from the rest of the pollen grain (type A). In PE spores the vegetative nucleus initially occupies a central position in the pollen grain, whereas in OB spores the vegetative nucleus lies at the periphery of the grain close to the generative cell. In anther cultures initiated just before the microspore division is due to take place, no marked change can be observed in either orientation or symmetry of the mitotic spindle when the spores divide. In some, however, cytokinesis is disrupted and deposition of the hemispherical wall arrested. In the absence of a complete wall, differentiation of the generative cell cannot take place and binucleate pollen grains are formed having 2 vegetative-type nuclei (type B). The 2 nuclei in the B pollens are always situated against the pollen-grain wall, suggesting that the disruption phenomenon is related to the OB spores. The incomplete wall always makes contact with the intine on the intine-side of the spindle. Wall material may be represented merely as short stubs projecting out from the intine into the cytoplasm, in which event the 2 nuclei lie close to each other and are separated by only a narrow zone of cytoplasm. In other grains the wall is partially developed between the nuclei and terminates at varying distances from the tonoplast; in these, the nuclei are separated by a wider zone of cytoplasm. The significance of these binucleate grains in pollen embryogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. III. Incomplete microspore division. During the microspore division in Datura innoxia, the mitotic spindle is oriented in planes both perpendicular (PE) and oblique (OB) to the spore wall against which the nucleus is situated. However, irrespective of polarity, the usual type of hemispherical wall is laid down at cytokinesis and isolates the generative cell from the rest of the pollen grain (type A). In PE spores the vegetative nucleus initially occupies a central position in the pollen grain, whereas in OB spores the vegetative nucleus lies at the periphery of the grain close to the generative cell. In anther cultures initiated just before the microspore division is due to take place, no marked change can be observed in either orientation or symmetry of the mitotic spindle when the spores divide. In some, however, cytokinesis is disrupted and deposition of the hemispherical wall arrested. In the absence of a complete wall, differentiation of the generative cell cannot take place and binucleate pollen grains are formed having 2 vegetative-type nuclei (type B). The 2 nuclei in the B pollens are always situated against the pollen-grain wall, suggesting that the disruption phenomenon is related to the OB spores. The incomplete wall always makes contact with the intine on the intine-side of the spindle. Wall material may be represented merely as short stubs projecting out from the intine into the cytoplasm, in which event the 2 nuclei lie close to each other and are separated by only a narrow zone of cytoplasm. In other grains the wall is partially developed between the nuclei and terminates at varying distances from the tonoplast; in these, the nuclei are separated by a wider zone of cytoplasm. The significance of these binucleate grains in pollen embryogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1018043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2008", "title": "Timing of nucleolar DNA replication in Amoeba proteus.", "content": "Light- and electron-microscope autoradiography have been used to follow the incorporation of [3H]thymidine at different stages during the interphase of synchronously growing populations of Amoeba proteus. Two main patterns were found for tritiated thymidine incorporation, i.e. DNA synthesis. The major incorporation was in the central region of the nucleus, but a lesser degree of incorporation occurred in the nucleolar region. The bulk of this nucleolar DNA was found to be late replicating, i.e. it replicated during the G2 phase.", "contents": "Timing of nucleolar DNA replication in Amoeba proteus. Light- and electron-microscope autoradiography have been used to follow the incorporation of [3H]thymidine at different stages during the interphase of synchronously growing populations of Amoeba proteus. Two main patterns were found for tritiated thymidine incorporation, i.e. DNA synthesis. The major incorporation was in the central region of the nucleus, but a lesser degree of incorporation occurred in the nucleolar region. The bulk of this nucleolar DNA was found to be late replicating, i.e. it replicated during the G2 phase.", "PMID": 1018044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2009", "title": "Circus movements and blebbing locomotion in dissociated embryonic cells of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Circus movements, which involve the circumferential rotation of a hyaline cytoplasmic protrusion, occur in cells obtained by EDTA dissociation of gastrula-stage Xenopus laevis embryos. Only a few dissociated blastula-stage cells show circus movements, more early gastrula-stage cells show them, and nearly all late gastrula-stage cells show them. Circus movements cease in cells prior to mitosis and begin again in daughter cells after mitosis is completed. In early gastrulae, only 17% of prospective endodermal cells show circus movements while 79% of prospective mesodern, archenteric roof, and posterior neural ectoderm do so. Isolated cells as well as groups of cells in vitro are often propelled by circus movements. There is an obvious antagonism between cell contact and circus movements. The morphogenetic significance of circus movements and blebbing locomotion is discussed.", "contents": "Circus movements and blebbing locomotion in dissociated embryonic cells of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis. Circus movements, which involve the circumferential rotation of a hyaline cytoplasmic protrusion, occur in cells obtained by EDTA dissociation of gastrula-stage Xenopus laevis embryos. Only a few dissociated blastula-stage cells show circus movements, more early gastrula-stage cells show them, and nearly all late gastrula-stage cells show them. Circus movements cease in cells prior to mitosis and begin again in daughter cells after mitosis is completed. In early gastrulae, only 17% of prospective endodermal cells show circus movements while 79% of prospective mesodern, archenteric roof, and posterior neural ectoderm do so. Isolated cells as well as groups of cells in vitro are often propelled by circus movements. There is an obvious antagonism between cell contact and circus movements. The morphogenetic significance of circus movements and blebbing locomotion is discussed.", "PMID": 1018045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2010", "title": "A decay of gap junctions in association with cell differentiation of neural retina in chick embryonic development.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved materials were performed on developing retinal tissues of 3- to 9-day-old chick embryos to clarify the junctional structures between neural retinal cells and between neural retinal cells and cells of the pigmented epithelium. Frequency, size and position of gap junctions in developing neural retina are different at each stage of development. In 3-day-old embryos, some cells adhere to each other by gap junctions immediately below the outer limiting membrane of neural retinae. The size and number of gap junctions increase remarkably during 5-6 days of incubation. In this period of development, well developed gap junctions consisting of subcompartments of intramembrane particles are found between cell surfaces at both the outer limiting membrane region and the deeper portion of the neural retina. Gap junctions disappear thereafter, and at 7-5 days of incubation, small gap junctions are predominant between cell surfaces at the outer limiting membrane region, while the frequency of gap junctions in the deeper portion is very low. At 9 days of incubation, gap junctions are rarely found. Typical gap junctions are always found between neural retinal cells and those of the pigmented epithelium in embryos up to 7-5 days of incubation. Tight junctions are not found in the neural retina or between neural retina and pigmented epithelium throughout the stages examined.", "contents": "A decay of gap junctions in association with cell differentiation of neural retina in chick embryonic development. Ultrastructural studies of thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved materials were performed on developing retinal tissues of 3- to 9-day-old chick embryos to clarify the junctional structures between neural retinal cells and between neural retinal cells and cells of the pigmented epithelium. Frequency, size and position of gap junctions in developing neural retina are different at each stage of development. In 3-day-old embryos, some cells adhere to each other by gap junctions immediately below the outer limiting membrane of neural retinae. The size and number of gap junctions increase remarkably during 5-6 days of incubation. In this period of development, well developed gap junctions consisting of subcompartments of intramembrane particles are found between cell surfaces at both the outer limiting membrane region and the deeper portion of the neural retina. Gap junctions disappear thereafter, and at 7-5 days of incubation, small gap junctions are predominant between cell surfaces at the outer limiting membrane region, while the frequency of gap junctions in the deeper portion is very low. At 9 days of incubation, gap junctions are rarely found. Typical gap junctions are always found between neural retinal cells and those of the pigmented epithelium in embryos up to 7-5 days of incubation. Tight junctions are not found in the neural retina or between neural retina and pigmented epithelium throughout the stages examined.", "PMID": 1018046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2011", "title": "Gap junctions in the differentiated neural retinae of newly hatched chickens.", "content": "Gap junctions in the neural retinae of newly hatched chickens were examined in thin section and by freeze cleaving. Unusual gap junctions containing linear arrays of intramembrane particles are found between principal and accessory cones which form a double cone at the region of the outer limiting membrane. These unusual gap junctions are often continuous with macular aggregates of hexagonally packed intramembrane particles which are characteristic of a typical gap junction. Typical gap junctions are also found in both the outer and the inner plexiform layers and in the outer nuclear layer, but are not so abundant as in the outer limiting membrane region. The sizes of intramembrane particles and their centre-to-centre spacing within the macular aggregate of a gap junction in differentiated neural retinae are slightly larger than those in undifferentiated neural retinae. Tight junctions are not found in differentiated neural retinae.", "contents": "Gap junctions in the differentiated neural retinae of newly hatched chickens. Gap junctions in the neural retinae of newly hatched chickens were examined in thin section and by freeze cleaving. Unusual gap junctions containing linear arrays of intramembrane particles are found between principal and accessory cones which form a double cone at the region of the outer limiting membrane. These unusual gap junctions are often continuous with macular aggregates of hexagonally packed intramembrane particles which are characteristic of a typical gap junction. Typical gap junctions are also found in both the outer and the inner plexiform layers and in the outer nuclear layer, but are not so abundant as in the outer limiting membrane region. The sizes of intramembrane particles and their centre-to-centre spacing within the macular aggregate of a gap junction in differentiated neural retinae are slightly larger than those in undifferentiated neural retinae. Tight junctions are not found in differentiated neural retinae.", "PMID": 1018047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2012", "title": "Mechanism of myofibril growth and proliferation in fish muscle.", "content": "The mechanisms of myofibril growth proliferation were investigated in the red and white muscles of fish. In both types of muscle the ratio of lattice filament spacings between the Z disk and M line was found to be greater than that required for perfect transformation of a square into a hexagonal lattice. This mismatch was considered to result in the thin filaments being pulled obliquely instead of at right angles to the Z disk. The angle of pull of the thin filaments was measured in longitudinal sections. The splitting process was found to decrease the degree of pull. Splitting was also observed in transverse sections of the peripheral myofibrils. In both red and white fibres these myofibrils were found to commence splitting when they reached a size of approximately 1-2 mum diameter. Evidence from ultrastructural and autoradiographical studies suggested that growth of the myofibrils within the fibres is centrifugal. The outermost myofibrils appear to be the ones which are being built up and which split. The data indicated that in fish muscle a considerable number of filaments may be added to the daughter regions whilst splitting of the myofibril is still continuing.", "contents": "Mechanism of myofibril growth and proliferation in fish muscle. The mechanisms of myofibril growth proliferation were investigated in the red and white muscles of fish. In both types of muscle the ratio of lattice filament spacings between the Z disk and M line was found to be greater than that required for perfect transformation of a square into a hexagonal lattice. This mismatch was considered to result in the thin filaments being pulled obliquely instead of at right angles to the Z disk. The angle of pull of the thin filaments was measured in longitudinal sections. The splitting process was found to decrease the degree of pull. Splitting was also observed in transverse sections of the peripheral myofibrils. In both red and white fibres these myofibrils were found to commence splitting when they reached a size of approximately 1-2 mum diameter. Evidence from ultrastructural and autoradiographical studies suggested that growth of the myofibrils within the fibres is centrifugal. The outermost myofibrils appear to be the ones which are being built up and which split. The data indicated that in fish muscle a considerable number of filaments may be added to the daughter regions whilst splitting of the myofibril is still continuing.", "PMID": 1018048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2013", "title": "A special pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa.", "content": "A special structural pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has been observed in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa. Two types of cells (clear and dark) cover the foldings of the renal sac; the dark cells are by far the most numerous. A cisterna of SER enveloping the nucleus appears invariably in both types of cells, with no disruptions, or small ones (from 50 to 90 nm) along its profile. The layer of cytoplasm lodged between the external nuclear membrane and this cisterna is found invariably to be from 0-20 to 0-25 mum in width. Glycogen is abundant in the cytoplasm as alpha particles, and also in the nucleus, but as beta particles. It is noteworthy that absolutely no glycogen is present in the layer of cytoplasm lodged between the nuclear membrane and the surrounding SER envelope. Long profiles of SER are also observed closely approaching and parallel to the plasma membrane of the dark cells. Considering the role of SER in glycogen metabolism in the kidney of the snail, the possible function of these cisternae as a support system ofr enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucides is discussed.", "contents": "A special pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa. A special structural pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has been observed in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa. Two types of cells (clear and dark) cover the foldings of the renal sac; the dark cells are by far the most numerous. A cisterna of SER enveloping the nucleus appears invariably in both types of cells, with no disruptions, or small ones (from 50 to 90 nm) along its profile. The layer of cytoplasm lodged between the external nuclear membrane and this cisterna is found invariably to be from 0-20 to 0-25 mum in width. Glycogen is abundant in the cytoplasm as alpha particles, and also in the nucleus, but as beta particles. It is noteworthy that absolutely no glycogen is present in the layer of cytoplasm lodged between the nuclear membrane and the surrounding SER envelope. Long profiles of SER are also observed closely approaching and parallel to the plasma membrane of the dark cells. Considering the role of SER in glycogen metabolism in the kidney of the snail, the possible function of these cisternae as a support system ofr enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucides is discussed.", "PMID": 1018049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2014", "title": "Phagocytosis of concanavalin A in normal and enucleated cultures of mammalian cells.", "content": "The fate of concanavalin A (Con A) bound to normal and enucleated L cells was followed at the ultrastructural level over a 20-h period. In both enucleates and normal cells the Con A is seen to be distributed in a uniform manner over the entire cell surface following a 30-min pulse with a low concentration of Con A. In the subsequent chase period the cells then aggregate the Con A and Con A sites into large clusters on the cell membrane. The cells then phagocytoze the Con A and large phagocytic vacuoles containing it are observed. Thus, enucleated cells are capable of phagocytozing Con A and its sites in the same manner as normal cells.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of concanavalin A in normal and enucleated cultures of mammalian cells. The fate of concanavalin A (Con A) bound to normal and enucleated L cells was followed at the ultrastructural level over a 20-h period. In both enucleates and normal cells the Con A is seen to be distributed in a uniform manner over the entire cell surface following a 30-min pulse with a low concentration of Con A. In the subsequent chase period the cells then aggregate the Con A and Con A sites into large clusters on the cell membrane. The cells then phagocytoze the Con A and large phagocytic vacuoles containing it are observed. Thus, enucleated cells are capable of phagocytozing Con A and its sites in the same manner as normal cells.", "PMID": 1018050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2015", "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming in Chara corallina studied by laser light scattering.", "content": "An apparatus is described by means of which the power versus frequency spectrum of the photomultiplier current can be obtained for laser light scattered by streaming cytoplasm in the algal cell Chara corallina. A Doppler peak is noted in the spectrum which is abolished when cytoplasmic streaming is arrested by electrical stimulation. For 5 cells of Chara, this simple laser-Doppler velocimeter gave streaming velocities (46-7 mum s-1, S.D. +/- 4-8 at 20 degrees C) similar to those obtained for the same cells using the light microscope (44-3 mum s-1, S.D. +/- 5-3 at 20 degrees C). A narrow distribution of streaming velocities is indicated. The technique described provides a rapid, quantitative assay of the in vivo rheological properties of cytoplasm.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic streaming in Chara corallina studied by laser light scattering. An apparatus is described by means of which the power versus frequency spectrum of the photomultiplier current can be obtained for laser light scattered by streaming cytoplasm in the algal cell Chara corallina. A Doppler peak is noted in the spectrum which is abolished when cytoplasmic streaming is arrested by electrical stimulation. For 5 cells of Chara, this simple laser-Doppler velocimeter gave streaming velocities (46-7 mum s-1, S.D. +/- 4-8 at 20 degrees C) similar to those obtained for the same cells using the light microscope (44-3 mum s-1, S.D. +/- 5-3 at 20 degrees C). A narrow distribution of streaming velocities is indicated. The technique described provides a rapid, quantitative assay of the in vivo rheological properties of cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1018051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2016", "title": "Assay of intercellular adhesiveness using cell-coated Sephadex beads as collecting particles.", "content": "A simple, rapid and precise method, based on a previous method, for measuring relative rates of intercellular adhesion is described. DEAE-Sephadex beads were treated with nitrocellulose in order to allow cells to grow on their surfaces. Balb/c 3T3 and Balb/c 3T12 cells were used to characterize the assay. They formed confluent cell layers on nitrocellulose-treated DEAE-Sephadex. These cell-coated beads were employed to collect 32P-labelled cells from single cell suspensions. Since they formed statistically uniform, large collecting surfaces, the collection of labelled cells was markedly improved as compared to the original assay. The cell-coated beads collected a large percentage of the labelled cells in a short time. The percentage of cells collected was independent of the concentration of labelled cells in the assay mixture, and the collection was linear for approximately 60 min. The variability between replicate assays was usually +/- 5%. The assay allows the rapid and precise determination of intercellular adhesion in large numbers of individual samples. These features make it useful to screen for effects of different treatments on intercellular adhesions.", "contents": "Assay of intercellular adhesiveness using cell-coated Sephadex beads as collecting particles. A simple, rapid and precise method, based on a previous method, for measuring relative rates of intercellular adhesion is described. DEAE-Sephadex beads were treated with nitrocellulose in order to allow cells to grow on their surfaces. Balb/c 3T3 and Balb/c 3T12 cells were used to characterize the assay. They formed confluent cell layers on nitrocellulose-treated DEAE-Sephadex. These cell-coated beads were employed to collect 32P-labelled cells from single cell suspensions. Since they formed statistically uniform, large collecting surfaces, the collection of labelled cells was markedly improved as compared to the original assay. The cell-coated beads collected a large percentage of the labelled cells in a short time. The percentage of cells collected was independent of the concentration of labelled cells in the assay mixture, and the collection was linear for approximately 60 min. The variability between replicate assays was usually +/- 5%. The assay allows the rapid and precise determination of intercellular adhesion in large numbers of individual samples. These features make it useful to screen for effects of different treatments on intercellular adhesions.", "PMID": 1018052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2017", "title": "Mechanisms of cell adhesion: early-forming junctions between aggregating fibroblasts.", "content": "When cultured fibroblasts (16C) are mildly dissociated with EGTA or trypsin/EDTA, they aggregate rapidly. The formation of aggregates has been found to involve junctions of the gap and adhaerens types which are seen by electron microscopy within minutes of allowing cells to come together. The process of adhesion between freshly dissociated, transformed 16C fibroblasts is therefore organized and establishes its usefulness as a model for studying cellular interactions in relation to supracellular organization.", "contents": "Mechanisms of cell adhesion: early-forming junctions between aggregating fibroblasts. When cultured fibroblasts (16C) are mildly dissociated with EGTA or trypsin/EDTA, they aggregate rapidly. The formation of aggregates has been found to involve junctions of the gap and adhaerens types which are seen by electron microscopy within minutes of allowing cells to come together. The process of adhesion between freshly dissociated, transformed 16C fibroblasts is therefore organized and establishes its usefulness as a model for studying cellular interactions in relation to supracellular organization.", "PMID": 1018053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2018", "title": "Jaw mechanics during release of the stuttering moment: some initial observations and interpretations.", "content": "As a part of a larger study (Hutchinson and Watkin, 1974), this investigation was undertaken to examine jaw mechanics during the release of stuttering moments. Six adult subjects (four stutters, ranging in severity, and two normal talkers) read a series of sentences containing phonetic sequences requiring jaw depression. Strain-gauge transducers were employed to record articulatory movement. Only those stutterings occurring immediately prior to and during jaw opening were studied. The results confirmed generally faster jaw velocities for the opening and closing gestures; which was interpreted to suggest that the spindle motor system is maximally active to preserve synchrony in on-going vocal tract events following the dysfluency. In cases where an asynchrony between vocalization and jaw opening was noted, it was suggested that imprecision in predicting voice onset resulted in articulatory-laryngeal incoordination. It would appear from these interpretations that the clinical efficacy of the \"pull out\" procedure results from reduced demands on the gamma loop system and facilitation of articulatory-laryngeal synchrony through reduced supraglottal velocities.", "contents": "Jaw mechanics during release of the stuttering moment: some initial observations and interpretations. As a part of a larger study (Hutchinson and Watkin, 1974), this investigation was undertaken to examine jaw mechanics during the release of stuttering moments. Six adult subjects (four stutters, ranging in severity, and two normal talkers) read a series of sentences containing phonetic sequences requiring jaw depression. Strain-gauge transducers were employed to record articulatory movement. Only those stutterings occurring immediately prior to and during jaw opening were studied. The results confirmed generally faster jaw velocities for the opening and closing gestures; which was interpreted to suggest that the spindle motor system is maximally active to preserve synchrony in on-going vocal tract events following the dysfluency. In cases where an asynchrony between vocalization and jaw opening was noted, it was suggested that imprecision in predicting voice onset resulted in articulatory-laryngeal incoordination. It would appear from these interpretations that the clinical efficacy of the \"pull out\" procedure results from reduced demands on the gamma loop system and facilitation of articulatory-laryngeal synchrony through reduced supraglottal velocities.", "PMID": 1018054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2019", "title": "Traumatic aphasia in children: a case study.", "content": "Traumatic aphasia in children has been recognized as a distinct clinical pathology, differing from adult aphasia in symptomatology and course of recovery. The upper limit for complete recovery has been identified as age 10. However, there is a paucity of literature documenting recovery of children with traumatic aphasia. It is apparent that definitive statements of the upper age limit for complete recovery from traumatic aphasia in children cannot be made at this time. This article reviews the literature concerning traumatic aphasia and presents case information of a 10-year-old traumatic aphasic girl seen at the North Texas State University Speech and Hearing Center. The design, execution, and assessment of therapeutic interaction and the observed language abilities of the client are reported.", "contents": "Traumatic aphasia in children: a case study. Traumatic aphasia in children has been recognized as a distinct clinical pathology, differing from adult aphasia in symptomatology and course of recovery. The upper limit for complete recovery has been identified as age 10. However, there is a paucity of literature documenting recovery of children with traumatic aphasia. It is apparent that definitive statements of the upper age limit for complete recovery from traumatic aphasia in children cannot be made at this time. This article reviews the literature concerning traumatic aphasia and presents case information of a 10-year-old traumatic aphasic girl seen at the North Texas State University Speech and Hearing Center. The design, execution, and assessment of therapeutic interaction and the observed language abilities of the client are reported.", "PMID": 1018055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2020", "title": "Relationship of clinician feedback to child initiated verbalization during language training.", "content": "A systematic observational procedure was used to obtain frequency counts of client and clinician initiated interchanges and clinician feedback during these interchanges. Repeated recordings were made of eight different speech pathologists interacting with two groups of four preschool children. Child responses to clinician initiated interchanges received significantly more positive feedback than child initiated verbalizations to the clinician. However, considerable variation among clinicians was found both in the frequency of spontaneous verbalizations by their clients and their reaction to this verbalization. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the type and amount of clinician feedback for client initiated verbalizations was significantly related to the frequency of these utterances to the clinician, but not to other children.", "contents": "Relationship of clinician feedback to child initiated verbalization during language training. A systematic observational procedure was used to obtain frequency counts of client and clinician initiated interchanges and clinician feedback during these interchanges. Repeated recordings were made of eight different speech pathologists interacting with two groups of four preschool children. Child responses to clinician initiated interchanges received significantly more positive feedback than child initiated verbalizations to the clinician. However, considerable variation among clinicians was found both in the frequency of spontaneous verbalizations by their clients and their reaction to this verbalization. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the type and amount of clinician feedback for client initiated verbalizations was significantly related to the frequency of these utterances to the clinician, but not to other children.", "PMID": 1018056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2021", "title": "Cognitive conditioning therapy in the treatment of stuttering.", "content": "A therapy is described in which clients vividly imagine the cognitions that usually trigger their stuttering, and then contingently experience a painful shock. With the cessation of shock, alternate desirable cognitions are imagined that are designed to facilitate fluent speech. A case study illustrating the treatment is presented. Stuttering is compared with addictive behaviors such as smoking, and it is concluded that cognitive commonalities exist among seemingly disparate behaviors. The cognitive conditioning framework provides an integrative model that can be usefully applied in a variety of situations.", "contents": "Cognitive conditioning therapy in the treatment of stuttering. A therapy is described in which clients vividly imagine the cognitions that usually trigger their stuttering, and then contingently experience a painful shock. With the cessation of shock, alternate desirable cognitions are imagined that are designed to facilitate fluent speech. A case study illustrating the treatment is presented. Stuttering is compared with addictive behaviors such as smoking, and it is concluded that cognitive commonalities exist among seemingly disparate behaviors. The cognitive conditioning framework provides an integrative model that can be usefully applied in a variety of situations.", "PMID": 1018057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2022", "title": "Perceptual and acoustic analysis of repetitions in stuttered speech.", "content": "This study presents perceptual and acoustic data on a carefully selected set of part-word repetitions from the speech of adult stutters. Results indicated that the schwa vowel was perceived in only 25% of the repetitions, far less than previously indicated. Spectrographic analysis showed that although abnormal consonant duration and C-V formant transitions characterized the initial segment of the stuttered word, the remainder of the word is identical to its identical to its fluently produced counterpart. The results were interpreted to mean that for the type of dysfluency selected, the articulatory breakdown is confined to the initial consonant, and it is likely that abnormal formant transitions from initial consonant to vowel, when present, are due to deviant formation of the consonant rather than to faulty transition dynamics.", "contents": "Perceptual and acoustic analysis of repetitions in stuttered speech. This study presents perceptual and acoustic data on a carefully selected set of part-word repetitions from the speech of adult stutters. Results indicated that the schwa vowel was perceived in only 25% of the repetitions, far less than previously indicated. Spectrographic analysis showed that although abnormal consonant duration and C-V formant transitions characterized the initial segment of the stuttered word, the remainder of the word is identical to its identical to its fluently produced counterpart. The results were interpreted to mean that for the type of dysfluency selected, the articulatory breakdown is confined to the initial consonant, and it is likely that abnormal formant transitions from initial consonant to vowel, when present, are due to deviant formation of the consonant rather than to faulty transition dynamics.", "PMID": 1018058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2023", "title": "A refinement of the concept \"reticence\".", "content": "This report has 1. Made a distinction between speech disorders involving defects and those that are primarily reticence, but in any case identified speech disorders as negotiated states as opposed to fixed disease states. 2. Argued that there is a clear analytical separation between speech disorders and speech behaviors which are indicative of neurotic disorders. 3. Attempted to remove anxiety as a component of the communication process by according it its rightful place, which is central in human personality. Furthermore, we have attempted to dispel the notion that anxiety is evil and the perennial (and sole) cause of speech disorders. 4. Identified a specialist known as the rhetoritherapist (a specially trained speech teacher) as the particular king of professional qualified to deal with speech disorders (in conjuction with speech pathologists and/or psychotherapists where necessary). We have accorded to the rhetoritherapist the province of instruction and training in all aspects of invention, delivery, and reception of rhetorical speech without reference to its moral intent. 5. Identified \"reticence\" as the most useful of the various imprecise terms used to refer to people with speech problems, because it is devoid of connotations that go beyond the speech process. Further refinement of specific categories of speech disorders is necessary to order to expand the repertoire of available treatment strategies. Such refinement will probably include reference to the various subprocesses of human speech identified earlier in this paper as they are related to the rhetorical situation. The rhetoritherapist thus emerges as the trouble-shooter, but not the \"psychotherapist,\" of speech pedagogy.", "contents": "A refinement of the concept \"reticence\". This report has 1. Made a distinction between speech disorders involving defects and those that are primarily reticence, but in any case identified speech disorders as negotiated states as opposed to fixed disease states. 2. Argued that there is a clear analytical separation between speech disorders and speech behaviors which are indicative of neurotic disorders. 3. Attempted to remove anxiety as a component of the communication process by according it its rightful place, which is central in human personality. Furthermore, we have attempted to dispel the notion that anxiety is evil and the perennial (and sole) cause of speech disorders. 4. Identified a specialist known as the rhetoritherapist (a specially trained speech teacher) as the particular king of professional qualified to deal with speech disorders (in conjuction with speech pathologists and/or psychotherapists where necessary). We have accorded to the rhetoritherapist the province of instruction and training in all aspects of invention, delivery, and reception of rhetorical speech without reference to its moral intent. 5. Identified \"reticence\" as the most useful of the various imprecise terms used to refer to people with speech problems, because it is devoid of connotations that go beyond the speech process. Further refinement of specific categories of speech disorders is necessary to order to expand the repertoire of available treatment strategies. Such refinement will probably include reference to the various subprocesses of human speech identified earlier in this paper as they are related to the rhetorical situation. The rhetoritherapist thus emerges as the trouble-shooter, but not the \"psychotherapist,\" of speech pedagogy.", "PMID": 1018059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2024", "title": "Giant and \"granular melanosomes\" in Leopard syndrome: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Electron microscopy of lentigines was performed to study the pigmentation abnormality in two children with LEOPARD syndrome. Giant melanosomes similar to those seen in caf\u00e9-au-lait spots of neurofibromatosis and nevus spilus were found in a lentigine from one of our cases. Our results show that \"spherical granular melanosomes\" described in neurofibromatosis, are lysosomal-like structures associated with the development of complex melanin granules. Our study also demonstrates that immature melanosomes are present in some keratinocytes of LEOPARD syndrome. This finding is in contrast to the prevailing concept that only mature melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes. The occurrence of individual melanosomes of normal size and shape in keratinocytes of skin in whites with LEOPARD syndrome, suggests that neither the size of melanosomes, nor the racial differences are the factors determining the distribution of melanosomes in keratinocytes.", "contents": "Giant and \"granular melanosomes\" in Leopard syndrome: an ultrastructural study. Electron microscopy of lentigines was performed to study the pigmentation abnormality in two children with LEOPARD syndrome. Giant melanosomes similar to those seen in caf\u00e9-au-lait spots of neurofibromatosis and nevus spilus were found in a lentigine from one of our cases. Our results show that \"spherical granular melanosomes\" described in neurofibromatosis, are lysosomal-like structures associated with the development of complex melanin granules. Our study also demonstrates that immature melanosomes are present in some keratinocytes of LEOPARD syndrome. This finding is in contrast to the prevailing concept that only mature melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes. The occurrence of individual melanosomes of normal size and shape in keratinocytes of skin in whites with LEOPARD syndrome, suggests that neither the size of melanosomes, nor the racial differences are the factors determining the distribution of melanosomes in keratinocytes.", "PMID": 1018060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2025", "title": "Lichenoid benign keratosis.", "content": "One hundred thirty-eight patients who presented with solitary cutaneous lesions appearing clinically as papules or plaques and histologically showing a lichenoid tissue reaction were studied. Many of the lesions occurred in sites not usually exposed to sunlight and histologically the lesions did not show significant atypical change in keratinocytes and many did not show evidence of solar elastosis in the superficial corium. Our study indicates that the lesions are benign keratoses showing a lichenoid tissue reaction or lichenoid benign keratoses.", "contents": "Lichenoid benign keratosis. One hundred thirty-eight patients who presented with solitary cutaneous lesions appearing clinically as papules or plaques and histologically showing a lichenoid tissue reaction were studied. Many of the lesions occurred in sites not usually exposed to sunlight and histologically the lesions did not show significant atypical change in keratinocytes and many did not show evidence of solar elastosis in the superficial corium. Our study indicates that the lesions are benign keratoses showing a lichenoid tissue reaction or lichenoid benign keratoses.", "PMID": 1018061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2026", "title": "Dermal changes in osteoporosis following prolonged treatment with human growth hormone.", "content": "Five patients with osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for a year and the changes in their skin were studied by light and electron microscopy. The abnormally thin skin of osteoporosis appeared to change towards normal after treatment with hGH. There was a consistent proliferation of blood vessels, and increased number of mast cells and fibrocytes. The collagen bundles and elastic tissue fibers appeared hyperplastic and more horizontally oriented. The fine, vertical elastic fibrils of the papillary dermis had appeared decreased before treatment, but seemed to be restored to their normal configuration after treatment. Since there was no evidence of stimulation of hair, sebum, or melanin such as occurs in acromegaly, it is suggested that the scope of the direct action of hGH on the skin is limited to mesenchymal structures.", "contents": "Dermal changes in osteoporosis following prolonged treatment with human growth hormone. Five patients with osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for a year and the changes in their skin were studied by light and electron microscopy. The abnormally thin skin of osteoporosis appeared to change towards normal after treatment with hGH. There was a consistent proliferation of blood vessels, and increased number of mast cells and fibrocytes. The collagen bundles and elastic tissue fibers appeared hyperplastic and more horizontally oriented. The fine, vertical elastic fibrils of the papillary dermis had appeared decreased before treatment, but seemed to be restored to their normal configuration after treatment. Since there was no evidence of stimulation of hair, sebum, or melanin such as occurs in acromegaly, it is suggested that the scope of the direct action of hGH on the skin is limited to mesenchymal structures.", "PMID": 1018062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2027", "title": "Deposition of complement in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs.", "content": "Deposits of C3 have been demonstrated at the dermo-epidermal junction in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. The deposits were granular in character and similar to those previously found in the lesions of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans. Immunoglobulin, C4 and candida antigen were not detected in the lesions. C3 was also found in a similar pattern at the dermo-epidermal junction of candida-infected skin from homozygous C4-deficient guinea pigs. From these observations, it is postulated that complement deposition occurs in these lesions as a result of alternative pathway activation, perhaps by cell wall components from the infecting organisms.", "contents": "Deposition of complement in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. Deposits of C3 have been demonstrated at the dermo-epidermal junction in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. The deposits were granular in character and similar to those previously found in the lesions of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans. Immunoglobulin, C4 and candida antigen were not detected in the lesions. C3 was also found in a similar pattern at the dermo-epidermal junction of candida-infected skin from homozygous C4-deficient guinea pigs. From these observations, it is postulated that complement deposition occurs in these lesions as a result of alternative pathway activation, perhaps by cell wall components from the infecting organisms.", "PMID": 1018063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2028", "title": "Transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous glands: natural phenomenon or artifact? A case report.", "content": "A sebaceous gland tumor on the back of a 28-year-old man underwent periodic exudation of yellowish material in association with local irritation. Pathological examination revealed entire sebaceous gland lobes lying subcorneally in the orifices of sebaceous follicles. This case appears to represent transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous gland lobes as a natural phenomenon rather than as an artifact.", "contents": "Transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous glands: natural phenomenon or artifact? A case report. A sebaceous gland tumor on the back of a 28-year-old man underwent periodic exudation of yellowish material in association with local irritation. Pathological examination revealed entire sebaceous gland lobes lying subcorneally in the orifices of sebaceous follicles. This case appears to represent transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous gland lobes as a natural phenomenon rather than as an artifact.", "PMID": 1018064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2029", "title": "Condylomata acuminata.", "content": "A 5-year-old Thoroughbred chestnut mare was presented because of multiple lesions noticed for approximately one year over the vulva and ther perianal areas. Clinically, there were moist warts that stood out because of their whitish color which contrasted strikingly with the surrounding, normally pigmented, uninvolved skin (Fig. 1). Repeated topical applications of 20% podophyllin in 95% ethyl alcohol produced rapid involution. Histopathologically, marked acanthosis, numerous mitoses, prominently vacuolated epidermal cells and a chronic dermal inflammatory infiltrate were seen (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). Interestingly, melanin in the basal cell layer was not visible in the lesions, but was very apparent in the normal epidermis at the edges of the lesions. Thus the contrast between the affected and the non-affected skin was also strikingly microscopically (Fig. 2 arrows).", "contents": "Condylomata acuminata. A 5-year-old Thoroughbred chestnut mare was presented because of multiple lesions noticed for approximately one year over the vulva and ther perianal areas. Clinically, there were moist warts that stood out because of their whitish color which contrasted strikingly with the surrounding, normally pigmented, uninvolved skin (Fig. 1). Repeated topical applications of 20% podophyllin in 95% ethyl alcohol produced rapid involution. Histopathologically, marked acanthosis, numerous mitoses, prominently vacuolated epidermal cells and a chronic dermal inflammatory infiltrate were seen (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). Interestingly, melanin in the basal cell layer was not visible in the lesions, but was very apparent in the normal epidermis at the edges of the lesions. Thus the contrast between the affected and the non-affected skin was also strikingly microscopically (Fig. 2 arrows).", "PMID": 1018065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2030", "title": "Clinical and theoretical considerations of a patient with narrow angles and shallow anterior chambers.", "content": "Clinicians must always be on the alert to identify those individuals who appear to be anatomically disposed to narrow angle glaucoma. However, it is not axiomatic that these individuals can be provoked into an attack even if a history of subacute attacks exists. In this paper, and in one other to follow, the case histories of several interesting patients that were seen by the author for routine eye examinations will be discussed. The intent of the papers is to demonstrate that the diagnosis of glaucoma, existent or potential, can be quite time consuming and is dependent on far more than just tonometry.", "contents": "Clinical and theoretical considerations of a patient with narrow angles and shallow anterior chambers. Clinicians must always be on the alert to identify those individuals who appear to be anatomically disposed to narrow angle glaucoma. However, it is not axiomatic that these individuals can be provoked into an attack even if a history of subacute attacks exists. In this paper, and in one other to follow, the case histories of several interesting patients that were seen by the author for routine eye examinations will be discussed. The intent of the papers is to demonstrate that the diagnosis of glaucoma, existent or potential, can be quite time consuming and is dependent on far more than just tonometry.", "PMID": 1018068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2031", "title": "Adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics.", "content": "The purpose of this article is to clarify some of the misunderstanding about adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics. Discussion will include: types of adverse reactions that are theoretically and practically possible; advice on handling the reactions that can occur; and precautions for minimizing their occurrence.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics. The purpose of this article is to clarify some of the misunderstanding about adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics. Discussion will include: types of adverse reactions that are theoretically and practically possible; advice on handling the reactions that can occur; and precautions for minimizing their occurrence.", "PMID": 1018069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2032", "title": "Protective spectacles for retinitis pigmentosa patients.", "content": "On the hypothesis that ophthalmic filters with appropriate light transmission characteristics may be beneficial in retarding the progress of retinal degeneration in early retinitis pigmentosa, the characteristics of several plastic and glass filters have been evaluated. A dark brown plastic goggle has been found which meets the theoretical criteria previously postulated for such protection. Its characteristics and those of other filters are compared with a lens which was specially designed for RP protection and was previously reported on by Adrian and Schmidt.", "contents": "Protective spectacles for retinitis pigmentosa patients. On the hypothesis that ophthalmic filters with appropriate light transmission characteristics may be beneficial in retarding the progress of retinal degeneration in early retinitis pigmentosa, the characteristics of several plastic and glass filters have been evaluated. A dark brown plastic goggle has been found which meets the theoretical criteria previously postulated for such protection. Its characteristics and those of other filters are compared with a lens which was specially designed for RP protection and was previously reported on by Adrian and Schmidt.", "PMID": 1018070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2033", "title": "Modification of Welch-Allyn \"11500 ophthalmoscope for visuoscopy.", "content": "Visuoscopy is an indispensable test in the evaluation of the monocular fixation pattern. Unfortunately, the instrumentation needed to accurately perform the test is often costly. A procedure describing how the Welch-Allyn \"11500 ophthalmoscope may be inexpensively modified for the routine performance of visuoscopy is presented.", "contents": "Modification of Welch-Allyn \"11500 ophthalmoscope for visuoscopy. Visuoscopy is an indispensable test in the evaluation of the monocular fixation pattern. Unfortunately, the instrumentation needed to accurately perform the test is often costly. A procedure describing how the Welch-Allyn \"11500 ophthalmoscope may be inexpensively modified for the routine performance of visuoscopy is presented.", "PMID": 1018071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2034", "title": "An evaluation of the use of topical anesthetics and low concentrations of phenylephrine HCl for mydriasis.", "content": "When used in conjunction with a topical anesthetic, low concentrations of phenylephrine HCl produce the same degree of mydriasis as is produced by higher concentrations of the drug used alone. Contrary to previously published reports, however, there is no evidence to suggest that the use of lower concentrations lessens the risk of adverse reactions. The analysis of available information given here suggests that the risks may in fact be increased when an anesthetic is used.", "contents": "An evaluation of the use of topical anesthetics and low concentrations of phenylephrine HCl for mydriasis. When used in conjunction with a topical anesthetic, low concentrations of phenylephrine HCl produce the same degree of mydriasis as is produced by higher concentrations of the drug used alone. Contrary to previously published reports, however, there is no evidence to suggest that the use of lower concentrations lessens the risk of adverse reactions. The analysis of available information given here suggests that the risks may in fact be increased when an anesthetic is used.", "PMID": 1018072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2035", "title": "Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by arsenite and cadmium: evidence for a vicinal dithiol requirement.", "content": "The effect of sodium arsenite and cadmium chloride on adenylate cyclase activity was examined in turkey erythrocyte membranes. Sodium arsenite was a weak inhibitor of adenylate cyclase -7mM produced only 60% inhibition. Its effect, however, was greatly potentiated by equimolar 2,3 dimercaprol- wherein 0.7 mM sodium arsenite inhibited 100% with an apparent Ki of 0.1 mM. Equimolar mercaptoethanol was less effective in potentiating sodium arsenite inhibition. Thus 0.7mM sodium arsenite in the presence of equimolar mercaptoethanol inhibited adenylate cyclase 56%. Excess 2,3 dimercaprol reversed inhibition by sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride. Sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride inhibited all forms of adenylate cyclase activity tested, including nonhormonal stimulation. Equimolar sodium arsenite and dimercaprol, at concentrations that caused 100% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, reduced the binding of the beta-receptor specific ligand iodohydroxybenzylpindolol by less than 15%. These results suggest that turkey erythrocyte membranes contain closely juxtaposed thiol groups and that interaction of such groups with arsenate interferes with the catalytic function of adenulate cyclase.", "contents": "Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by arsenite and cadmium: evidence for a vicinal dithiol requirement. The effect of sodium arsenite and cadmium chloride on adenylate cyclase activity was examined in turkey erythrocyte membranes. Sodium arsenite was a weak inhibitor of adenylate cyclase -7mM produced only 60% inhibition. Its effect, however, was greatly potentiated by equimolar 2,3 dimercaprol- wherein 0.7 mM sodium arsenite inhibited 100% with an apparent Ki of 0.1 mM. Equimolar mercaptoethanol was less effective in potentiating sodium arsenite inhibition. Thus 0.7mM sodium arsenite in the presence of equimolar mercaptoethanol inhibited adenylate cyclase 56%. Excess 2,3 dimercaprol reversed inhibition by sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride. Sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride inhibited all forms of adenylate cyclase activity tested, including nonhormonal stimulation. Equimolar sodium arsenite and dimercaprol, at concentrations that caused 100% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, reduced the binding of the beta-receptor specific ligand iodohydroxybenzylpindolol by less than 15%. These results suggest that turkey erythrocyte membranes contain closely juxtaposed thiol groups and that interaction of such groups with arsenate interferes with the catalytic function of adenulate cyclase.", "PMID": 1018066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2036", "title": "Accommodative blur in pilocarpine-treated glaucoma.", "content": "Accommodative blurring of distance visual acuity is a common problem among young patients being treated for glaucoma with pilocarpine. A single case is reported in which a clip-on prescription was given to alleviate such problems. The development of accommodative blur following instillation of pilocarpine is monitored. The dioptric changes required to restore distance acuity to 20/20 are also monitored.", "contents": "Accommodative blur in pilocarpine-treated glaucoma. Accommodative blurring of distance visual acuity is a common problem among young patients being treated for glaucoma with pilocarpine. A single case is reported in which a clip-on prescription was given to alleviate such problems. The development of accommodative blur following instillation of pilocarpine is monitored. The dioptric changes required to restore distance acuity to 20/20 are also monitored.", "PMID": 1018073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2037", "title": "Neurological syndromes involving the visual system.", "content": "Because optometrists are the primary deliverers of eye care, their role in pathology detection is of primary importance. The neurological syndromes of the visual system have been reviewed and put into a chart format as an aid to the optometric clinician.", "contents": "Neurological syndromes involving the visual system. Because optometrists are the primary deliverers of eye care, their role in pathology detection is of primary importance. The neurological syndromes of the visual system have been reviewed and put into a chart format as an aid to the optometric clinician.", "PMID": 1018074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2038", "title": "Polaroid photomacrography using the SX-70 camera.", "content": "This paper describes a technique for taking color photographs of the external eye using the Polaroid SX-70 camera and a biomicroscope. It is particularly useful in providing a photographic record of anomalies such as pterygium, in which the rate of progression across the cornea can be observed over a period of months or years.", "contents": "Polaroid photomacrography using the SX-70 camera. This paper describes a technique for taking color photographs of the external eye using the Polaroid SX-70 camera and a biomicroscope. It is particularly useful in providing a photographic record of anomalies such as pterygium, in which the rate of progression across the cornea can be observed over a period of months or years.", "PMID": 1018075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2039", "title": "The ligaments of the wrist.", "content": "The ligaments of the wrist were studied by dissecting ten fixed and seven fresh frozen wrists. In three other specimens multiple cross-sections were prepared. These studies show that the wrist ligaments can be classified into two groups: extrinsic and intrinsic. In the extrinsic group, the deep volar radiocarpal ligaments are three strong and very important structures connecting the radius to the capitate, the radius to the lunate, and, in a deeper layer, the radius to both the scaphoid and the lunate. A ligamentous deficiency was noted frequently between the capitate and the lunate. There also are very strong volar connections between the radius and the medial or ulnar carpus. These studies suggest that certain patients with a generalized ligamentous laxity and weakness will develop a pathological disruption of the volar ligaments with trauma. These torn volar ligaments should be repaired or reconstructed, for repair of only the dorsal ligaments seldom will provide good stability to such wrists.", "contents": "The ligaments of the wrist. The ligaments of the wrist were studied by dissecting ten fixed and seven fresh frozen wrists. In three other specimens multiple cross-sections were prepared. These studies show that the wrist ligaments can be classified into two groups: extrinsic and intrinsic. In the extrinsic group, the deep volar radiocarpal ligaments are three strong and very important structures connecting the radius to the capitate, the radius to the lunate, and, in a deeper layer, the radius to both the scaphoid and the lunate. A ligamentous deficiency was noted frequently between the capitate and the lunate. There also are very strong volar connections between the radius and the medial or ulnar carpus. These studies suggest that certain patients with a generalized ligamentous laxity and weakness will develop a pathological disruption of the volar ligaments with trauma. These torn volar ligaments should be repaired or reconstructed, for repair of only the dorsal ligaments seldom will provide good stability to such wrists.", "PMID": 1018078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2040", "title": "Comparison of histologic and functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair.", "content": "After repair, nerve stains of skin and subcutaneous tissue biopsies of 23 fingertips contained identifiable axons in all patients. The level of recovery was more advanced in some patients than in others, as manifested by identifiable nerve in various plexuses and receptors. Meissner's corpuscles were observed to be reinnervated in 12 of 17 patients and in 16 of 23 fingertips. The degree and level of reinnervation did not correlate with clinical testing or subjective impression of the result. The authors conclude that sensibility is the result of several factors active in the peripheral and central nervous system. Axonal regrowth is but one of these.", "contents": "Comparison of histologic and functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair. After repair, nerve stains of skin and subcutaneous tissue biopsies of 23 fingertips contained identifiable axons in all patients. The level of recovery was more advanced in some patients than in others, as manifested by identifiable nerve in various plexuses and receptors. Meissner's corpuscles were observed to be reinnervated in 12 of 17 patients and in 16 of 23 fingertips. The degree and level of reinnervation did not correlate with clinical testing or subjective impression of the result. The authors conclude that sensibility is the result of several factors active in the peripheral and central nervous system. Axonal regrowth is but one of these.", "PMID": 1018079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2041", "title": "Restoration of strong grasp and lateral pinch in tetraplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury.", "content": "Patients with tetraplegia who have \"strong\" sixth cervical neurologic (C-6) function often can be given active grasp and strong lateral pinch by tendon transfers and tenodeses. Wrist control can be retained by the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis and can permit transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to provide finger flexion. Either the brachioradialis or pronator teres then is available for transfer to restore adduction-opposition of the thumb with an in situ tendon graft of a paralyzed flexor superficialis rerouted to the thumb through a palmar fascial pulley. The other motor can provide thumb flexion for strong lateral pinch. Extrinsic extension can be provided by tendoeses. With seventh cervical neurologic (C-7) function retained, active digital extension is present and functional expectations are better. Ten hands in seven patients with traumatic tetraplegia from injuries at C-6 or C-7 level have been reconstructed. The average grasp and pinch force after operation was 5.5 and 3.0 Kg., respectively. All patients but one were pleased with the increased function a", "contents": "Restoration of strong grasp and lateral pinch in tetraplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury. Patients with tetraplegia who have \"strong\" sixth cervical neurologic (C-6) function often can be given active grasp and strong lateral pinch by tendon transfers and tenodeses. Wrist control can be retained by the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis and can permit transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to provide finger flexion. Either the brachioradialis or pronator teres then is available for transfer to restore adduction-opposition of the thumb with an in situ tendon graft of a paralyzed flexor superficialis rerouted to the thumb through a palmar fascial pulley. The other motor can provide thumb flexion for strong lateral pinch. Extrinsic extension can be provided by tendoeses. With seventh cervical neurologic (C-7) function retained, active digital extension is present and functional expectations are better. Ten hands in seven patients with traumatic tetraplegia from injuries at C-6 or C-7 level have been reconstructed. The average grasp and pinch force after operation was 5.5 and 3.0 Kg., respectively. All patients but one were pleased with the increased function a", "PMID": 1018080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2042", "title": "The importance of middle or long finger realignment in ulnar drift.", "content": "Based upon the hypothesis that ulnar drift is the result of a chain reaction starting with a medial shift of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint and progessing to subluxation of the extensor tendon and finally subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the author recommends early operative realignment. The extensor tendon is partially divided and a portion passed through the base of the phalanx, the intrinsic tendons are transferred to divided, the junctura tendnium is served, the periosteum is stripped from the neck of the metacarpal, and areas of bony erosions are curetted. In 25 patients with involvement of the middle finger only, alignment was maintained in all over a period of 3 months to 7 years, the average follow-up period being 1.4 years. When deformity was severe and the radical collateral ligament has been disrupted, correction was not always maintained. Early treatment is recommended.", "contents": "The importance of middle or long finger realignment in ulnar drift. Based upon the hypothesis that ulnar drift is the result of a chain reaction starting with a medial shift of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint and progessing to subluxation of the extensor tendon and finally subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the author recommends early operative realignment. The extensor tendon is partially divided and a portion passed through the base of the phalanx, the intrinsic tendons are transferred to divided, the junctura tendnium is served, the periosteum is stripped from the neck of the metacarpal, and areas of bony erosions are curetted. In 25 patients with involvement of the middle finger only, alignment was maintained in all over a period of 3 months to 7 years, the average follow-up period being 1.4 years. When deformity was severe and the radical collateral ligament has been disrupted, correction was not always maintained. Early treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 1018081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2043", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed seen by the author have been reviewed. Sixteen were thought to be primary tumors and eleven to be secondary to chronic exposure to radiation. All had been present for a long time prior to definitive treatment. The tumor was of low grade malignancy with a tendency to invade the distal phalanx. No metastases have been found. Treatment was amputation of the distal phalanx and involved tissues.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed. Twenty-seven cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed seen by the author have been reviewed. Sixteen were thought to be primary tumors and eleven to be secondary to chronic exposure to radiation. All had been present for a long time prior to definitive treatment. The tumor was of low grade malignancy with a tendency to invade the distal phalanx. No metastases have been found. Treatment was amputation of the distal phalanx and involved tissues.", "PMID": 1018082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2044", "title": "Digital nerve grafts with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve.", "content": "The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve was used as a nerve graft to bridge a defect in a digital nerve, when with the digit in full extension the nerve ends could not be approximated without tension. Thirteen grafts have been followed from 7 to 23 months. Two patients did not regain two point discrimination and therefore had a poor result. The remaining 11 patients recovered two point discrimination between 7 and 20 mm.", "contents": "Digital nerve grafts with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve was used as a nerve graft to bridge a defect in a digital nerve, when with the digit in full extension the nerve ends could not be approximated without tension. Thirteen grafts have been followed from 7 to 23 months. Two patients did not regain two point discrimination and therefore had a poor result. The remaining 11 patients recovered two point discrimination between 7 and 20 mm.", "PMID": 1018083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2045", "title": "Rate and extent of functional recovery after flexor tendon grafting with and without silicone rod preparation.", "content": "Forty-six consecutive patients requiring flexor tendon grafts were evaluated at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 24, 28, 34, and 52 weeks after grafting. The patients were divided into two groups: those who did not require a silicone rubber rod prior to tendon grafting (Group I), and those who did require a silicone rubber rod prior to grafting (Group II). Analysis of the rate of functional recovery as measured by total active motion, gross grip strength, and pinch grip strength showed no significant difference between the two groups. Analysis of the extent of functional recovery at one year, as measured by total active motion and distance of digital pulp from distal palmar crease, showed no significant differences between Groups I and II.", "contents": "Rate and extent of functional recovery after flexor tendon grafting with and without silicone rod preparation. Forty-six consecutive patients requiring flexor tendon grafts were evaluated at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 24, 28, 34, and 52 weeks after grafting. The patients were divided into two groups: those who did not require a silicone rubber rod prior to tendon grafting (Group I), and those who did require a silicone rubber rod prior to grafting (Group II). Analysis of the rate of functional recovery as measured by total active motion, gross grip strength, and pinch grip strength showed no significant difference between the two groups. Analysis of the extent of functional recovery at one year, as measured by total active motion and distance of digital pulp from distal palmar crease, showed no significant differences between Groups I and II.", "PMID": 1018084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2046", "title": "Patterns of neuromuscular activity following tendon transfer in the upper limb: a preliminary study.", "content": "Early results of a continuing study of the electrical activity of muscles after transfer, with an integrated system of electromyographic and video tape recording, recorded motions of the simple voluntary type, mostly with isometric contractions. A triceps-to-biceps transfer showed activity in the new motion one day after operation. A partial transfer of the pectoralis major (Clark) demonstrated isolated activity of the transfer after one year. A superficialis transfer to clawed ring and little fingers functioned to flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and to extend the interphalangeal joints. Transfer of superficialis to finger extensors showed that antagonists acted to provide unresisted extension. The original phasic activity of a muscle was retained in a study of extensor indicis proprius to thumb for opposition. New phasic activity was shown in transfer of extensor carpi radialis longus to digital flexors. In two instances of transfer of spastic wrist flexors to wrist extensors, the original phasic activity was retained, but in only one was the function assumed by the transfer even though wrist extension was improved.", "contents": "Patterns of neuromuscular activity following tendon transfer in the upper limb: a preliminary study. Early results of a continuing study of the electrical activity of muscles after transfer, with an integrated system of electromyographic and video tape recording, recorded motions of the simple voluntary type, mostly with isometric contractions. A triceps-to-biceps transfer showed activity in the new motion one day after operation. A partial transfer of the pectoralis major (Clark) demonstrated isolated activity of the transfer after one year. A superficialis transfer to clawed ring and little fingers functioned to flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and to extend the interphalangeal joints. Transfer of superficialis to finger extensors showed that antagonists acted to provide unresisted extension. The original phasic activity of a muscle was retained in a study of extensor indicis proprius to thumb for opposition. New phasic activity was shown in transfer of extensor carpi radialis longus to digital flexors. In two instances of transfer of spastic wrist flexors to wrist extensors, the original phasic activity was retained, but in only one was the function assumed by the transfer even though wrist extension was improved.", "PMID": 1018085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2047", "title": "The abducted little finger in low ulnar nerve palsy.", "content": "In 12 dissections the extensor digiti minimi tendons inserted into the abductor tubercle of the proximal phalanx. In eight of the 12, the tendons passed to the ulnar side of the abductor-adductor axis of the metacarpophalangeal joint. A separate tendon from the extensor digitorum communis to the little finger was found in only one dissection, with all others showing a connecting band which varies in its obliquity and thus in its adducting effect. To correct an abducted little finger, the ulnar portion of the extensor digiti minimi was transferred to the radial side of the little finger. Two methods were used: (1) the tendon was passed to the volar side of the metacarpophalangeal joint, if the joint could be hyperextended; if not, (2) a simple transfer to the radial collateral ligament was performed.", "contents": "The abducted little finger in low ulnar nerve palsy. In 12 dissections the extensor digiti minimi tendons inserted into the abductor tubercle of the proximal phalanx. In eight of the 12, the tendons passed to the ulnar side of the abductor-adductor axis of the metacarpophalangeal joint. A separate tendon from the extensor digitorum communis to the little finger was found in only one dissection, with all others showing a connecting band which varies in its obliquity and thus in its adducting effect. To correct an abducted little finger, the ulnar portion of the extensor digiti minimi was transferred to the radial side of the little finger. Two methods were used: (1) the tendon was passed to the volar side of the metacarpophalangeal joint, if the joint could be hyperextended; if not, (2) a simple transfer to the radial collateral ligament was performed.", "PMID": 1018086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2048", "title": "Proximal row carpectomy with muscle transfers for spastic paralysis.", "content": "Fourteen patients with spastic paralysis from various causes (eight with cerebral palsy) who needed minimal two handed activities to assist in self-care and who desired improvement in appearance were treated by proximal row carpectomy. In twelve transfer of flexor carpi ulnaris to extensor carpi radialis brevis was done, and in two the extensors of the wrist were shortened. Various other procedures were done in some patients. Prolonged splinting was carried out. Better extension of the wrist was obtained and supination improved more when the transfer was subcutaneous around the ulnar border than when through the interosseus membrane. Less tendency for the carpus to displace ulnarward was seen when the distal half of the scaphoid was not removed. Strength of grasp and pinch improved, but ability to release objects was diminished due to the more dorsiflexed position of the wrist. Subjective use for two handed activities was improved and the patients were satisfied with the appearance.", "contents": "Proximal row carpectomy with muscle transfers for spastic paralysis. Fourteen patients with spastic paralysis from various causes (eight with cerebral palsy) who needed minimal two handed activities to assist in self-care and who desired improvement in appearance were treated by proximal row carpectomy. In twelve transfer of flexor carpi ulnaris to extensor carpi radialis brevis was done, and in two the extensors of the wrist were shortened. Various other procedures were done in some patients. Prolonged splinting was carried out. Better extension of the wrist was obtained and supination improved more when the transfer was subcutaneous around the ulnar border than when through the interosseus membrane. Less tendency for the carpus to displace ulnarward was seen when the distal half of the scaphoid was not removed. Strength of grasp and pinch improved, but ability to release objects was diminished due to the more dorsiflexed position of the wrist. Subjective use for two handed activities was improved and the patients were satisfied with the appearance.", "PMID": 1018087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2049", "title": "The pronator quadratus in motions and in stabilization of the radius and ulna at the distal radioulnar joint.", "content": "Based upon the findings of dissections of 15 forearms and clinical observations in patients with disturbed architecture of the distal radioulnar joint, the pronator quadratus was found to be composed of two heads. A superficial head originated from the ulna and passed transversely to its insertion into the radius. It averaged 5.1 cm. in length, 4.5 cm. in width, 0.2 cm. in thickness, with a cross-sectional area of 0.95 cm.2 and a contractile volume of 2.6 cm.3. The deep head ran obliquely from a more proximal origin on the ulna to a distal insertion on the radius, with an average length of 4.0 cm., average width of 3.2 cm., and a thickness of 0.4 cm. Its average cross-sectional area was 1.64 cm.2 and its contractile volume 2.5 cm.3. A group of fibers occasionally was noted deep to both heads, running at right angles to them and paralleling the direction of the fibers of the interosseous membrane. The superficial head initiates pronation while the deep head coapts the joint surfaces and stabilizes the joint.", "contents": "The pronator quadratus in motions and in stabilization of the radius and ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. Based upon the findings of dissections of 15 forearms and clinical observations in patients with disturbed architecture of the distal radioulnar joint, the pronator quadratus was found to be composed of two heads. A superficial head originated from the ulna and passed transversely to its insertion into the radius. It averaged 5.1 cm. in length, 4.5 cm. in width, 0.2 cm. in thickness, with a cross-sectional area of 0.95 cm.2 and a contractile volume of 2.6 cm.3. The deep head ran obliquely from a more proximal origin on the ulna to a distal insertion on the radius, with an average length of 4.0 cm., average width of 3.2 cm., and a thickness of 0.4 cm. Its average cross-sectional area was 1.64 cm.2 and its contractile volume 2.5 cm.3. A group of fibers occasionally was noted deep to both heads, running at right angles to them and paralleling the direction of the fibers of the interosseous membrane. The superficial head initiates pronation while the deep head coapts the joint surfaces and stabilizes the joint.", "PMID": 1018088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2050", "title": "Opera-glass hand in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Characteristic deformities occur in the fingers, thumb, and wrist in the opera-glass hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Shortening and instability are the result of bone resorption and dislocation and can be severely disabling. Early spontaneous fusion of the proximal interphalangeal joint preserves digital length. Functional improvement can be obtained in the fingers by interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal prosthetic arthroplasty and in the thumb with metacarpophalangeal and/or interphalangeal arthrodesis. With interphalangeal arthrodesis, interposition grafts often are required in order to restore length and secure fusion. \"Prophylactic\" arthrodesis of interphalangeal joints should be considered when resorption seems imminent.", "contents": "Opera-glass hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Characteristic deformities occur in the fingers, thumb, and wrist in the opera-glass hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Shortening and instability are the result of bone resorption and dislocation and can be severely disabling. Early spontaneous fusion of the proximal interphalangeal joint preserves digital length. Functional improvement can be obtained in the fingers by interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal prosthetic arthroplasty and in the thumb with metacarpophalangeal and/or interphalangeal arthrodesis. With interphalangeal arthrodesis, interposition grafts often are required in order to restore length and secure fusion. \"Prophylactic\" arthrodesis of interphalangeal joints should be considered when resorption seems imminent.", "PMID": 1018089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2051", "title": "Volkmann's ischemic contracture due to soft tissue injury alone.", "content": "Fifteen upper extremities, in 14 patients in whom incipient or actual Volkmann's ischemic contracture was present, were seen in a 5 year period. Nine patients were stuporous due to drug overdose and had laid on the extremity; two had received a recent injury of main arterial trunks; two had sudden severe compression; one with chronic myelogenous leukemia had each arm involved at different times in a bizarre autoimmune response causing massive swelling. No patient had a fracture or dislocation. Pain and tenderness, loss of sensibility, resistant muscle contracture, and rock-hard muscle compartments were warning signs. Immediate fasciotomy was done. Useful function was restored when treatment was carried out in the early stages of the ischemia.", "contents": "Volkmann's ischemic contracture due to soft tissue injury alone. Fifteen upper extremities, in 14 patients in whom incipient or actual Volkmann's ischemic contracture was present, were seen in a 5 year period. Nine patients were stuporous due to drug overdose and had laid on the extremity; two had received a recent injury of main arterial trunks; two had sudden severe compression; one with chronic myelogenous leukemia had each arm involved at different times in a bizarre autoimmune response causing massive swelling. No patient had a fracture or dislocation. Pain and tenderness, loss of sensibility, resistant muscle contracture, and rock-hard muscle compartments were warning signs. Immediate fasciotomy was done. Useful function was restored when treatment was carried out in the early stages of the ischemia.", "PMID": 1018090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2052", "title": "The dorsal ganglion of the wrist: its pathogenesis, gross and microscopic anatomy, and surgical treatment.", "content": "During a period of 25 years, 500 dorsal ganglions of the wrist were treated surgically. Three hundred and forty-six were followed for a minimum of 9 months; there were three recurrences. Dissection of the cysts under magnification of six to 25 times and serial microscopic studies showed evidence of a one way, valvelike system between the scapholunate joint and the ganglion. Stress, as a cause of ganglions, is suggested. Operative treatment involved excising all attachments to the scapholunate ligament.", "contents": "The dorsal ganglion of the wrist: its pathogenesis, gross and microscopic anatomy, and surgical treatment. During a period of 25 years, 500 dorsal ganglions of the wrist were treated surgically. Three hundred and forty-six were followed for a minimum of 9 months; there were three recurrences. Dissection of the cysts under magnification of six to 25 times and serial microscopic studies showed evidence of a one way, valvelike system between the scapholunate joint and the ganglion. Stress, as a cause of ganglions, is suggested. Operative treatment involved excising all attachments to the scapholunate ligament.", "PMID": 1018091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2053", "title": "Digital vessel trauma from repetitive impact in baseball catchers.", "content": "The impact to the catcher's hand in baseball was studied. Modification or additional padding in the glove seems indicated to prevent vascular injury.", "contents": "Digital vessel trauma from repetitive impact in baseball catchers. The impact to the catcher's hand in baseball was studied. Modification or additional padding in the glove seems indicated to prevent vascular injury.", "PMID": 1018092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2054", "title": "[Electron microscopic and light microscopic studies of optical and cortical afferents in the lateral geniculate body, pars dorsalis, of albino rats with special attention to synaptic organization].", "content": "1. In the CGLd of the albino rat there are to be found two forms of retinal terminals in electronmicroscopic investigations, they are identical with 2a and 2b terminals described formerly in Golgi-preparations. 2. The small 2b terminals are situated previously in the extraglomerular neuropil, which is identical with the terminal part of P-neuron dendrites. They establish asymmetric GRAYtype I contacts with dendrites and spines of the relay-cell-dendrites. 3. The large 2a terminals form filamentous contacts with the smooth surfaces of the dendrites of the stem-and branching-zones. Synaptic contacts (GRAY I) are established with the grape-like appendages in the branching zone of P-neuron dendrites. 4. In the glomeruli of the CGLd there are three main components, which are the nerve endings of large optic axons, the interneuron dendritic terminals and the relay-cell-dendrites. They are surrounded by astrocytic processes. 5. In the extra-glomerular neuropil there are numerous small nerve endings, they form GRAY type I contacts with relay-cell-dendrites and their spines. They are partly identical with the type I endings in Golgi-preparations (cortical terminals). 6. After the eye enucleation and ablation of the visual cortex the type 2a and 2b and type 1 terminals degenerate. There are two forms of degeneration, the light and the dark one. 7. After eye enucleation two forms of degenerations in the degenerating retinal axons occur, which are the \"watery\" and the \"dense\" form. Besides the astrocytes the oligodendrocytes remove the destroyed particles. 8. The ultrastructural characteristics of the interneuronal dendritic terminals and their possible funktion are discussed. 9. There is added a table of the synonyma of CGLd structures.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and light microscopic studies of optical and cortical afferents in the lateral geniculate body, pars dorsalis, of albino rats with special attention to synaptic organization]. 1. In the CGLd of the albino rat there are to be found two forms of retinal terminals in electronmicroscopic investigations, they are identical with 2a and 2b terminals described formerly in Golgi-preparations. 2. The small 2b terminals are situated previously in the extraglomerular neuropil, which is identical with the terminal part of P-neuron dendrites. They establish asymmetric GRAYtype I contacts with dendrites and spines of the relay-cell-dendrites. 3. The large 2a terminals form filamentous contacts with the smooth surfaces of the dendrites of the stem-and branching-zones. Synaptic contacts (GRAY I) are established with the grape-like appendages in the branching zone of P-neuron dendrites. 4. In the glomeruli of the CGLd there are three main components, which are the nerve endings of large optic axons, the interneuron dendritic terminals and the relay-cell-dendrites. They are surrounded by astrocytic processes. 5. In the extra-glomerular neuropil there are numerous small nerve endings, they form GRAY type I contacts with relay-cell-dendrites and their spines. They are partly identical with the type I endings in Golgi-preparations (cortical terminals). 6. After the eye enucleation and ablation of the visual cortex the type 2a and 2b and type 1 terminals degenerate. There are two forms of degeneration, the light and the dark one. 7. After eye enucleation two forms of degenerations in the degenerating retinal axons occur, which are the \"watery\" and the \"dense\" form. Besides the astrocytes the oligodendrocytes remove the destroyed particles. 8. The ultrastructural characteristics of the interneuronal dendritic terminals and their possible funktion are discussed. 9. There is added a table of the synonyma of CGLd structures.", "PMID": 1018093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2055", "title": "Histoenzymological mapping of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii.", "content": "The paper deals with a detailed histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii. In AChE in contrast to BChE preparations, most of the nuclei reveal intense activity Interestingly, the hypothalamic nuclei demonstrate positive reactions to AChE but totally negative reactions in BChE preparations. The enzymatic activity in fiber tracts is totally negative for AChE; on the contrary, it is intensely positive for BChE. Neurosecretory substance, in the hypothalamic region, is positive for the two preparations of the enzymes. The role of these enzymes, as related to the functional activities of the various nuclei and fiber tracts, has also been discussed.", "contents": "Histoenzymological mapping of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii. The paper deals with a detailed histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii. In AChE in contrast to BChE preparations, most of the nuclei reveal intense activity Interestingly, the hypothalamic nuclei demonstrate positive reactions to AChE but totally negative reactions in BChE preparations. The enzymatic activity in fiber tracts is totally negative for AChE; on the contrary, it is intensely positive for BChE. Neurosecretory substance, in the hypothalamic region, is positive for the two preparations of the enzymes. The role of these enzymes, as related to the functional activities of the various nuclei and fiber tracts, has also been discussed.", "PMID": 1018094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2056", "title": "[Neuron structure of the rat septum telencephali].", "content": "1. The neuronal structure of the septum of adult rats was studied after GOLGI impregnation. On the basis of cytoarchitectonic investigations the septum of the rat was divided into three big nuclei: nuclei septalis lateralis, septalis medialis, and tractus diagonalis (s. ANDY and STEPHAN). 2. The nc. septalis medialis contains cells with pyramidal, oval, round, spindle-shaped, fusiforme or triangular pericarya, while in the nc. septalis lateralis cells with pyramidal pericarya are absent. In the nc. tractus diagonalis four different forms of cells bodies occur: oval, triangular, round, and parymidal ones. 3. The existence of single, characteristic cell forms is not restricted to certain areas within a nucleus; the different kinds of cells are distributed irregularly and arranged ina different distance. 4. Mostly after a dichotome division the dendrites spread into all directions (bipolar to star-shaped dendritic arborisation). An orientation of the dendrites of single neurones into a special direction (i.e. to the ventricle) was not observed. 5. Neurons of the septum have dendritic fields with a mean diameter of 300 mum. The dendritic diameter regularly remains constant in the distance between two branchings and decreases only after the division of the dendrite. 6. The distribution of spines on the dendrites is typical for interneurons. Immediately after their origin from the pericaryon the dividing dendrites have a segment free of spines which extends up to the first outgrowth of a lateral dendrite. In neurons with poorly ramified dendrites this spines-free segment is absent; the first spines are found close by the pericaryon. Bferore and after a ramification of dendrites a different density of spines exists. 7. The neurons of the septum are morphologically and functionally classified as interneurons. Their dendritic fields correspond to those of star cells and are even similar to pyramidal cells. For the cell types described a great structural variability in the dentritic arrangement occurs.", "contents": "[Neuron structure of the rat septum telencephali]. 1. The neuronal structure of the septum of adult rats was studied after GOLGI impregnation. On the basis of cytoarchitectonic investigations the septum of the rat was divided into three big nuclei: nuclei septalis lateralis, septalis medialis, and tractus diagonalis (s. ANDY and STEPHAN). 2. The nc. septalis medialis contains cells with pyramidal, oval, round, spindle-shaped, fusiforme or triangular pericarya, while in the nc. septalis lateralis cells with pyramidal pericarya are absent. In the nc. tractus diagonalis four different forms of cells bodies occur: oval, triangular, round, and parymidal ones. 3. The existence of single, characteristic cell forms is not restricted to certain areas within a nucleus; the different kinds of cells are distributed irregularly and arranged ina different distance. 4. Mostly after a dichotome division the dendrites spread into all directions (bipolar to star-shaped dendritic arborisation). An orientation of the dendrites of single neurones into a special direction (i.e. to the ventricle) was not observed. 5. Neurons of the septum have dendritic fields with a mean diameter of 300 mum. The dendritic diameter regularly remains constant in the distance between two branchings and decreases only after the division of the dendrite. 6. The distribution of spines on the dendrites is typical for interneurons. Immediately after their origin from the pericaryon the dividing dendrites have a segment free of spines which extends up to the first outgrowth of a lateral dendrite. In neurons with poorly ramified dendrites this spines-free segment is absent; the first spines are found close by the pericaryon. Bferore and after a ramification of dendrites a different density of spines exists. 7. The neurons of the septum are morphologically and functionally classified as interneurons. Their dendritic fields correspond to those of star cells and are even similar to pyramidal cells. For the cell types described a great structural variability in the dentritic arrangement occurs.", "PMID": 1018095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2057", "title": "Differences in psychological sex, adjustment, and familial influences among homosexual and nonhomosexual populations.", "content": "The present study investigated differences in psychological sex, present and past adjustment, and parental influences among homosexual cross-dressers, homosexual non-cross-dressers, applicants for sex change surgery, and heterosexuals. The homosexual non-cross dresser and heterosexual groups were found to have the most masculine gender role, with the sex change group having the most feminine gender identity. The two homosexual groups were most accepting of homosexuality, with the sex change group having the least acceptance of homosexuality. Support was not found for the prediction that the sex change group would have the worst present and past adjustment followed by the homosexual cross-dressers with the poorest past adjustment. As predicted, however, fathers were perceived as more nurturant in the heterosexual group than among the remaining three groups. These findings suggest that variations in sexual-life-style can be understood as manifestations of different combinations of the components of psychological sex and that a nurturant father is important in the development of a heterosexual life-style.", "contents": "Differences in psychological sex, adjustment, and familial influences among homosexual and nonhomosexual populations. The present study investigated differences in psychological sex, present and past adjustment, and parental influences among homosexual cross-dressers, homosexual non-cross-dressers, applicants for sex change surgery, and heterosexuals. The homosexual non-cross dresser and heterosexual groups were found to have the most masculine gender role, with the sex change group having the most feminine gender identity. The two homosexual groups were most accepting of homosexuality, with the sex change group having the least acceptance of homosexuality. Support was not found for the prediction that the sex change group would have the worst present and past adjustment followed by the homosexual cross-dressers with the poorest past adjustment. As predicted, however, fathers were perceived as more nurturant in the heterosexual group than among the remaining three groups. These findings suggest that variations in sexual-life-style can be understood as manifestations of different combinations of the components of psychological sex and that a nurturant father is important in the development of a heterosexual life-style.", "PMID": 1018096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2058", "title": "Age-status labeling in homosexual men.", "content": "Ninety-five homosexual men between 25 and 68 years of age were asked to classify themselves as young, middle-aged, or old. Most men in their 20s and 30s described themselves as young; most men in their 40s and all men over 50 described themselves as middle-aged. The popular suggestion of accelerated aging in homosexual men was not supported. Homosexual men who anticipate such accelerated aging might possess poorer physical and or psychological health than those who do not.", "contents": "Age-status labeling in homosexual men. Ninety-five homosexual men between 25 and 68 years of age were asked to classify themselves as young, middle-aged, or old. Most men in their 20s and 30s described themselves as young; most men in their 40s and all men over 50 described themselves as middle-aged. The popular suggestion of accelerated aging in homosexual men was not supported. Homosexual men who anticipate such accelerated aging might possess poorer physical and or psychological health than those who do not.", "PMID": 1018097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2059", "title": "Homosexuality in the Rorschach: a new look at the old signs.", "content": "Content responses to the Rorschach inkblot test have been used by clinicians to assess homosexuality. In comparing educated, adjusted male homosexuals to educated, adjusted heterosexuals, no differences were found between the groups when the traditional index of homosexuality on the Rorschach was used. The index was unable to distinguish the groups on a number of criteria. The reliability of the index was found to be significantly greater for the homosexual group than for the heterosexual group. It was suggested that the traditional index is not valid and that it should not be used in a clinical setting as a measure to assess homosexuality.", "contents": "Homosexuality in the Rorschach: a new look at the old signs. Content responses to the Rorschach inkblot test have been used by clinicians to assess homosexuality. In comparing educated, adjusted male homosexuals to educated, adjusted heterosexuals, no differences were found between the groups when the traditional index of homosexuality on the Rorschach was used. The index was unable to distinguish the groups on a number of criteria. The reliability of the index was found to be significantly greater for the homosexual group than for the heterosexual group. It was suggested that the traditional index is not valid and that it should not be used in a clinical setting as a measure to assess homosexuality.", "PMID": 1018098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2060", "title": "The effects of a homophile organization on the self-esteem and alienation of its members.", "content": "Wth the expanding number and kinds of homophile organizations, a need exists to evaluate the effect these organizations have upon their members. Stemming from a previous investigation by the author, this study of the relationship between membership in a homophile organization and the dependent variables Self-Esteem and Alienation was conducted. It was found that Self-Esteem remained unaffected while Alienation levels decreased initially but started rising again a 1-year period of participation in the organization. The author hypothesizes reasons for these relationships and suggest areas for subsequent investigations.", "contents": "The effects of a homophile organization on the self-esteem and alienation of its members. Wth the expanding number and kinds of homophile organizations, a need exists to evaluate the effect these organizations have upon their members. Stemming from a previous investigation by the author, this study of the relationship between membership in a homophile organization and the dependent variables Self-Esteem and Alienation was conducted. It was found that Self-Esteem remained unaffected while Alienation levels decreased initially but started rising again a 1-year period of participation in the organization. The author hypothesizes reasons for these relationships and suggest areas for subsequent investigations.", "PMID": 1018099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2061", "title": "Iatrogenic homosexuality: gender identity in seven 46,XX chromosomal females with hyperadrenocortical hermaphroditism born with a penis, three reared as boys, four reared as girls.", "content": "This paper describes seven chromosomal and gonadal females with the adrenogenital syndrome who were born with a penis as a result of extreme fetal androgenization. Four of them were reared as girls and differentiated a female gender identity with tomboyism. The other three were reared as boys, differentiated a male gender identity, and performed sexually as men with women partners. Even though these men are by no means homosexual in the everyday meaning of the term, the sexual relation is homosexual on the criteria of chromosomal and gonadal sex. The prenatal hormonal environment as well as the social experience of the rearing have thus demonstrated a formula for creating the perfect female homosexual.", "contents": "Iatrogenic homosexuality: gender identity in seven 46,XX chromosomal females with hyperadrenocortical hermaphroditism born with a penis, three reared as boys, four reared as girls. This paper describes seven chromosomal and gonadal females with the adrenogenital syndrome who were born with a penis as a result of extreme fetal androgenization. Four of them were reared as girls and differentiated a female gender identity with tomboyism. The other three were reared as boys, differentiated a male gender identity, and performed sexually as men with women partners. Even though these men are by no means homosexual in the everyday meaning of the term, the sexual relation is homosexual on the criteria of chromosomal and gonadal sex. The prenatal hormonal environment as well as the social experience of the rearing have thus demonstrated a formula for creating the perfect female homosexual.", "PMID": 1018100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2062", "title": "The use of stimulus/modeling videotapes in assertive training for homosexuals.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to develop and apply an experimental approach for teaching assertive behaviors in selective problematic interpersonal situations encountered by homosexuals. Specifically, the approach explicates a treatment format that combines the use of stimulus/modeling videotapes with behavioral rehearsals, videotape feedback, and home assignments. Results of a single-subject interrupted time-series analysis suggest that the client displayed significantly more assertive behaviors on four of the six criterion measures. The findings further suggest that with contextual modification this interventive format can be applied to a variety of sexual behavior patterns.", "contents": "The use of stimulus/modeling videotapes in assertive training for homosexuals. The purpose of this study was to develop and apply an experimental approach for teaching assertive behaviors in selective problematic interpersonal situations encountered by homosexuals. Specifically, the approach explicates a treatment format that combines the use of stimulus/modeling videotapes with behavioral rehearsals, videotape feedback, and home assignments. Results of a single-subject interrupted time-series analysis suggest that the client displayed significantly more assertive behaviors on four of the six criterion measures. The findings further suggest that with contextual modification this interventive format can be applied to a variety of sexual behavior patterns.", "PMID": 1018101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2063", "title": "Code switching and sexual orientation: a test of Bernstein's sociolinguistic theory.", "content": "Bernstein's theory was tested in the homosexual's \"closed\" community to determine code-switching ability and its relationship to jargon. Subjects told a story based on homoerotic photographs where knowledge of sexual orientation was varied. Rather than finding the restricted code associated with in-group communication, an analysis of data trends (since all hypotheses were rejected) suggests that homosexual hemophyly encouraged elaboration, and status differentiation resulted in a more restricted code. Story length was the most significant variable across groups. Some of Bernstein's theoretical explanations require modification to account for subjects' behavior in stigmatized social groups.", "contents": "Code switching and sexual orientation: a test of Bernstein's sociolinguistic theory. Bernstein's theory was tested in the homosexual's \"closed\" community to determine code-switching ability and its relationship to jargon. Subjects told a story based on homoerotic photographs where knowledge of sexual orientation was varied. Rather than finding the restricted code associated with in-group communication, an analysis of data trends (since all hypotheses were rejected) suggests that homosexual hemophyly encouraged elaboration, and status differentiation resulted in a more restricted code. Story length was the most significant variable across groups. Some of Bernstein's theoretical explanations require modification to account for subjects' behavior in stigmatized social groups.", "PMID": 1018102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2064", "title": "Forbidden colors of love: patterns of gay love and gay liberation.", "content": "A typology of styles of loving is applied to the search for partners among gay males, using a sample of advertisers in a gay newspaper. Characteristics of advertisers and of the partners they seek are analyzed. The impact of gay liberation ideology on gay male relationships is considered as a model of predicted changes in heterosexual male selection patterns.", "contents": "Forbidden colors of love: patterns of gay love and gay liberation. A typology of styles of loving is applied to the search for partners among gay males, using a sample of advertisers in a gay newspaper. Characteristics of advertisers and of the partners they seek are analyzed. The impact of gay liberation ideology on gay male relationships is considered as a model of predicted changes in heterosexual male selection patterns.", "PMID": 1018103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2065", "title": "Reported consequences of decriminalization of consensual adult homosexuality in seven American states.", "content": "This article reports results of a survey of police officials, prosecuting attorneys, and members of homosexual groups in the seven states that had decriminalized private homosexual behavior between consenting adults. Despite the dire predictions of many, the responses indicate that, among other things, decriminalization has had no effect on the involvement of homosexuals with minors, the use of force by homosexuals, or the amount of private homosexual behavior. Additionally, decriminalization reportedly eased somewhat the problems of the homosexual community and allowed the police to devote more time to the investigation of what generally are regarded as more serious criminal offenses.", "contents": "Reported consequences of decriminalization of consensual adult homosexuality in seven American states. This article reports results of a survey of police officials, prosecuting attorneys, and members of homosexual groups in the seven states that had decriminalized private homosexual behavior between consenting adults. Despite the dire predictions of many, the responses indicate that, among other things, decriminalization has had no effect on the involvement of homosexuals with minors, the use of force by homosexuals, or the amount of private homosexual behavior. Additionally, decriminalization reportedly eased somewhat the problems of the homosexual community and allowed the police to devote more time to the investigation of what generally are regarded as more serious criminal offenses.", "PMID": 1018104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2066", "title": "The role of cognitive and situational variables in aggression toward homosexuals.", "content": "The relationship of several antecedents of aggression toward homosexuals was investigated. Attitudes toward homosexuality, perceived similarity to the target homosexual, and type of prior contact with the target homosexual were found to interact in influencing such aggressiveness. The implication of these findings to the \"personal threat\" and \"scapegoating\" hypotheses of aggression toward homosexuals is discussed.", "contents": "The role of cognitive and situational variables in aggression toward homosexuals. The relationship of several antecedents of aggression toward homosexuals was investigated. Attitudes toward homosexuality, perceived similarity to the target homosexual, and type of prior contact with the target homosexual were found to interact in influencing such aggressiveness. The implication of these findings to the \"personal threat\" and \"scapegoating\" hypotheses of aggression toward homosexuals is discussed.", "PMID": 1018105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2067", "title": "Sexual aspirations and sexual behaviors among homosexually behaving males and females: the impact of the gay community.", "content": "Questionnaires were administered to 100 males and 168 females who expressed strong homoerotic aspirations. These two groups were further divided into those who were members of the gay community and those who were not. Two questions served to focus the research effort: (a) to what extent is the relationship between homoerotic sexual aspirations and subsequent gratifications different for homosexuality behaving females and males, and (b) what, if any, effect does membership in the gay community have on the sexual facilitation of these aspirations? Analysis of the data suggests that issues pertaining to differences between homosexually behaving males and females cannot be addressed apart from corresponding issues concerning the impact of the gay community as a facilitator of homoerotic sexual aspirations.", "contents": "Sexual aspirations and sexual behaviors among homosexually behaving males and females: the impact of the gay community. Questionnaires were administered to 100 males and 168 females who expressed strong homoerotic aspirations. These two groups were further divided into those who were members of the gay community and those who were not. Two questions served to focus the research effort: (a) to what extent is the relationship between homoerotic sexual aspirations and subsequent gratifications different for homosexuality behaving females and males, and (b) what, if any, effect does membership in the gay community have on the sexual facilitation of these aspirations? Analysis of the data suggests that issues pertaining to differences between homosexually behaving males and females cannot be addressed apart from corresponding issues concerning the impact of the gay community as a facilitator of homoerotic sexual aspirations.", "PMID": 1018106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2068", "title": "A factor-analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals.", "content": "A wide spectrum of opinions and beliefs concerning homosexuals was sampled, compiled into a questionnaire format, and administered to a large group of heterosexual subjects. Factor analysis yielded six independent sets of attitudes that describe the variance in heterosexual reactions to homosexuals. The relationship of sex differences and familiarity with homosexuals to variations in response style is discussed.", "contents": "A factor-analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals. A wide spectrum of opinions and beliefs concerning homosexuals was sampled, compiled into a questionnaire format, and administered to a large group of heterosexual subjects. Factor analysis yielded six independent sets of attitudes that describe the variance in heterosexual reactions to homosexuals. The relationship of sex differences and familiarity with homosexuals to variations in response style is discussed.", "PMID": 1018107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2069", "title": "Homophobia: the quest for a valid scale.", "content": "Using a modified version of Smith's \"homophobic scale\", this study examines attitudinal differences between 60 homosexual and 60 heterosexual Caucasian, middle-class males. While Smith's items fail to meet minimal Guttman Scalogram requirements, significant attitudinal differences were recorded between groups. Furthermore, homosexual subjects were significantly more liberal than heterosexual subjects regarding the propriety of masturbation extramarital sexual activities, as well as the sexual activities of their teenage sisters. Although homosexual subjects evidenced a consistent liberal attitude toward sexual behavior in general many heterosexuals indicated a strong margin of attitudinal uncertainty in their responses.", "contents": "Homophobia: the quest for a valid scale. Using a modified version of Smith's \"homophobic scale\", this study examines attitudinal differences between 60 homosexual and 60 heterosexual Caucasian, middle-class males. While Smith's items fail to meet minimal Guttman Scalogram requirements, significant attitudinal differences were recorded between groups. Furthermore, homosexual subjects were significantly more liberal than heterosexual subjects regarding the propriety of masturbation extramarital sexual activities, as well as the sexual activities of their teenage sisters. Although homosexual subjects evidenced a consistent liberal attitude toward sexual behavior in general many heterosexuals indicated a strong margin of attitudinal uncertainty in their responses.", "PMID": 1018108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2070", "title": "Lesbian/feminist orientation among male-to-female transsexuals.", "content": "Autobiographical case studies of two male-to-female transsexuals reveal a pattern of strong female identity couples with lesbian sexual-affectional preference and feminist value orientation. For both informants there is evidence of social concern and activism from an early age, which led them to perceive their gender dilemmas in a political as well as personal way. This case material challenge the notion that transsexuals are necessarily \"sexualy Uncle Toms\" and demonstrated that male-to-female transsexuals (like genetic women) can achieve an affirmative lesbian identity; it suggests more generally that the development of sexual identity is an ongoing, lifelong process.", "contents": "Lesbian/feminist orientation among male-to-female transsexuals. Autobiographical case studies of two male-to-female transsexuals reveal a pattern of strong female identity couples with lesbian sexual-affectional preference and feminist value orientation. For both informants there is evidence of social concern and activism from an early age, which led them to perceive their gender dilemmas in a political as well as personal way. This case material challenge the notion that transsexuals are necessarily \"sexualy Uncle Toms\" and demonstrated that male-to-female transsexuals (like genetic women) can achieve an affirmative lesbian identity; it suggests more generally that the development of sexual identity is an ongoing, lifelong process.", "PMID": 1018110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2071", "title": "Task demand as reflected in catecholamine excretion and heart rate.", "content": "Immediate effects and aftereffects of exposure to a color-word conflict task were studied in two groups of subjects, one of which performed the task without auditory interference (\"single conflict\"), the other with auditory interference (\"double conflict\"). Physiological arousal indices were more susceptible than performance measures to the level of task demand. Thus, the higher demand imposed by the double-conflict task was reflected in relatively larger increases of adrenaline excretion and heart rate, both during the conflict task and during the subsequent arithmetic task, whereas the performance measures remained unaffected.", "contents": "Task demand as reflected in catecholamine excretion and heart rate. Immediate effects and aftereffects of exposure to a color-word conflict task were studied in two groups of subjects, one of which performed the task without auditory interference (\"single conflict\"), the other with auditory interference (\"double conflict\"). Physiological arousal indices were more susceptible than performance measures to the level of task demand. Thus, the higher demand imposed by the double-conflict task was reflected in relatively larger increases of adrenaline excretion and heart rate, both during the conflict task and during the subsequent arithmetic task, whereas the performance measures remained unaffected.", "PMID": 1018111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2072", "title": "Why do women liver longer than men?", "content": "In the contemporary United States, mortality is 60% higher for males than for females. Forty percent of the excess of male mortality is due to arteriosclerotic heart disease, which is more common among men in part because they smoke cigarettes more than women do, and apparently also because they more often develop the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern. Men who do not develop this Behavior Pattern may have as low a risk of coronary heart disease as comparable women. Oophorectomy of young women may increase the risk of coronary heart disease, but administration of female hormones generally does not reduce risk. One third of the sex differential in mortality is due to men's higher rates of suicide, fatal motor vehicle and other accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, respiratory cancers and emphysema. Each of these causes of death is linked to behaviours which are encouraged or accepted more in males than in females: using guns, drinking alcohol, smoking, working at hazardous jobs, and seeming to be fearless. Thus, the behaviors expected of males in our society make a major contribution to their elevated mortality.", "contents": "Why do women liver longer than men? In the contemporary United States, mortality is 60% higher for males than for females. Forty percent of the excess of male mortality is due to arteriosclerotic heart disease, which is more common among men in part because they smoke cigarettes more than women do, and apparently also because they more often develop the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern. Men who do not develop this Behavior Pattern may have as low a risk of coronary heart disease as comparable women. Oophorectomy of young women may increase the risk of coronary heart disease, but administration of female hormones generally does not reduce risk. One third of the sex differential in mortality is due to men's higher rates of suicide, fatal motor vehicle and other accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, respiratory cancers and emphysema. Each of these causes of death is linked to behaviours which are encouraged or accepted more in males than in females: using guns, drinking alcohol, smoking, working at hazardous jobs, and seeming to be fearless. Thus, the behaviors expected of males in our society make a major contribution to their elevated mortality.", "PMID": 1018112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2073", "title": "Health patterns associated with type A behavior: a managerial population.", "content": "Type A Behavior is a behavioral syndrome found to be related to coronary heart disease and characterized by excessive drive, ambition, and competitiveness. Managers from 12 different companies were examined for this syndrome and for a number of the known risk factors in coronary heart disease (blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, smoking, and fitness). Those individuals exhibiting extreme Type A Behavior (Type A) showed significantly higher blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A greater percentage of these individuals were cigarette smokers. On serum uric acid there were no differences. In each age group, Type A's were less interested in exercise, although differences in cardio-respiratory fitness were found only in the oldest age group. Type A Behavior also was related to age, education, company growth rates, and stress symptoms. Overall, the Type A1's were found to be higher on a number of risk factors known to be associated with coronary heart disease. With regard to the Type A2's (individuals with less developed Type A Behavior), the findings were not conclusive.", "contents": "Health patterns associated with type A behavior: a managerial population. Type A Behavior is a behavioral syndrome found to be related to coronary heart disease and characterized by excessive drive, ambition, and competitiveness. Managers from 12 different companies were examined for this syndrome and for a number of the known risk factors in coronary heart disease (blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, smoking, and fitness). Those individuals exhibiting extreme Type A Behavior (Type A) showed significantly higher blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A greater percentage of these individuals were cigarette smokers. On serum uric acid there were no differences. In each age group, Type A's were less interested in exercise, although differences in cardio-respiratory fitness were found only in the oldest age group. Type A Behavior also was related to age, education, company growth rates, and stress symptoms. Overall, the Type A1's were found to be higher on a number of risk factors known to be associated with coronary heart disease. With regard to the Type A2's (individuals with less developed Type A Behavior), the findings were not conclusive.", "PMID": 1018113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2074", "title": "Effect of stress due to anticipated minor surgery upon in vivo platelet aggregation in humans.", "content": "When measured just prior to hospital admission, platelet aggregation was faster and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher compared to measurements just prior to surgery and upon discharge fromthe hospital.", "contents": "Effect of stress due to anticipated minor surgery upon in vivo platelet aggregation in humans. When measured just prior to hospital admission, platelet aggregation was faster and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher compared to measurements just prior to surgery and upon discharge fromthe hospital.", "PMID": 1018114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2075", "title": "Why do women live longer than men?", "content": "In the contemporary United States, males have 60 percent higher mortality than females. In Part I, published in the previous issue, we showed that 40 percent of this sex differential in mortality is due to a twofold elevation of arteriosclerotic heart disease among men. Major causes of higher rates of arteriosclerotic heart disease in men include greater cigarette smoking among men; probably a greater prevalence of the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern among men; and possibly a protective role of female hormones. In addition, men have higher death rates for lung cancer and emphysema, primarily because more men smoke cigarettes. In Part II we analyze the other major causes of men's higher death rates: accidents, suicide, and cirrhosis of the liver. Each of these is related to behaviors which are encouraged or accepted more in men than in women in our society--for example, using guns, being adventurous and acting unafraid, working at hazardous jobs and drinking alcohol. We conclude with suggestions for reducing male mortality; for example, by changing the social conditions which foster in men the behaviors that elevate their mortality.", "contents": "Why do women live longer than men? In the contemporary United States, males have 60 percent higher mortality than females. In Part I, published in the previous issue, we showed that 40 percent of this sex differential in mortality is due to a twofold elevation of arteriosclerotic heart disease among men. Major causes of higher rates of arteriosclerotic heart disease in men include greater cigarette smoking among men; probably a greater prevalence of the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern among men; and possibly a protective role of female hormones. In addition, men have higher death rates for lung cancer and emphysema, primarily because more men smoke cigarettes. In Part II we analyze the other major causes of men's higher death rates: accidents, suicide, and cirrhosis of the liver. Each of these is related to behaviors which are encouraged or accepted more in men than in women in our society--for example, using guns, being adventurous and acting unafraid, working at hazardous jobs and drinking alcohol. We conclude with suggestions for reducing male mortality; for example, by changing the social conditions which foster in men the behaviors that elevate their mortality.", "PMID": 1018115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2076", "title": "Stress, illness, and illness behavior.", "content": "This paper examines adaptation as a transactive process involving the skills and capacities of individuals and their supporting groups on the one hand, and the types of challenges they face on the other. Many difficulties in understanding stress processes in illness result from the confusion between illness and illness behavior. It is argued that the medical record is as much a history of the individual's behavior and social selection processes as it is a reflection of levels of physical health. Various examples are discussed, illustrating how medical records can be misleading in research examining the relationship between stress and illness, and how influences attributed to stress may be the result of illness behavior. The paper concludes by examining alternative conceptual models for studying the relationships between life challenges, illness behavior and illness.", "contents": "Stress, illness, and illness behavior. This paper examines adaptation as a transactive process involving the skills and capacities of individuals and their supporting groups on the one hand, and the types of challenges they face on the other. Many difficulties in understanding stress processes in illness result from the confusion between illness and illness behavior. It is argued that the medical record is as much a history of the individual's behavior and social selection processes as it is a reflection of levels of physical health. Various examples are discussed, illustrating how medical records can be misleading in research examining the relationship between stress and illness, and how influences attributed to stress may be the result of illness behavior. The paper concludes by examining alternative conceptual models for studying the relationships between life challenges, illness behavior and illness.", "PMID": 1018116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2077", "title": "Temporal uncertainty, anticipation time, and cognitive coping under threat.", "content": "The effects of temporal uncertainty, anticipation time, and coping orientations on anticipatory reactions to an inevitable electric shock were investigated. One hundred eight male subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions: they knew or did not know (temporal uncertainty) exactly when shock would occur; they waited either 1, 3, or 12 minutes for the shock, and were given either a vigilance, avoidance, or no orientation for preparing for the shock. Physiological measures were recorded continuously and pre- and post-trial questionnaires were completed to assess thoughts and feelings. Temporal uncertainty and anticipation time interacted to affect stress reactivity--i.e., as shock became imminent, temporal uncertainty led to the increased use of avoidant (as opposed to vigilant) modes of coping and was associated with a progressive lowering of reactivity, especially under the longer anticipation times. The results are consistent with the theory that coping processes mediate stress reactions under conditions of threat.", "contents": "Temporal uncertainty, anticipation time, and cognitive coping under threat. The effects of temporal uncertainty, anticipation time, and coping orientations on anticipatory reactions to an inevitable electric shock were investigated. One hundred eight male subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions: they knew or did not know (temporal uncertainty) exactly when shock would occur; they waited either 1, 3, or 12 minutes for the shock, and were given either a vigilance, avoidance, or no orientation for preparing for the shock. Physiological measures were recorded continuously and pre- and post-trial questionnaires were completed to assess thoughts and feelings. Temporal uncertainty and anticipation time interacted to affect stress reactivity--i.e., as shock became imminent, temporal uncertainty led to the increased use of avoidant (as opposed to vigilant) modes of coping and was associated with a progressive lowering of reactivity, especially under the longer anticipation times. The results are consistent with the theory that coping processes mediate stress reactions under conditions of threat.", "PMID": 1018117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2078", "title": "Urban commuting: crowdedness and catecholamine excretion.", "content": "Male passengers regularly commuting by train on the Stockholm-Nyn\u00e4shamn line were investigated on two morning trips to Stockholm. These trips were made under different levels of crowding, before (Trip 1) and after (Trip 2) a period of gas rationing during the oil crisis in 1974. However, seats were available for almost everyone during both trips. One group of subjects boarded the train at its first stop (Nyn\u00e4shamn), the other midway on its route (V\u00e4sterhaninge). Physiological reactions were assessed from the rate of catecholamine excretion in urine and subjective experiences were measured by self-ratings. The results showed that feelings of discomfort grew more intense as the train approached Stockholm and the number of passengers increased. Perceived crowdedness increased as the square of the number of passengers. During both trips the subjects from Nyn\u00e4shamn (longer trip) had a lower rate of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion on the train than those from V\u00e4sterhaninge. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of adrenaline excretion was higher for both groups during Trip 2, when the train was more crowded. The results support previous findings indicating that the stress involved in travelling by train varies more with the social and ecological conditions of the trip than with its length or duration.", "contents": "Urban commuting: crowdedness and catecholamine excretion. Male passengers regularly commuting by train on the Stockholm-Nyn\u00e4shamn line were investigated on two morning trips to Stockholm. These trips were made under different levels of crowding, before (Trip 1) and after (Trip 2) a period of gas rationing during the oil crisis in 1974. However, seats were available for almost everyone during both trips. One group of subjects boarded the train at its first stop (Nyn\u00e4shamn), the other midway on its route (V\u00e4sterhaninge). Physiological reactions were assessed from the rate of catecholamine excretion in urine and subjective experiences were measured by self-ratings. The results showed that feelings of discomfort grew more intense as the train approached Stockholm and the number of passengers increased. Perceived crowdedness increased as the square of the number of passengers. During both trips the subjects from Nyn\u00e4shamn (longer trip) had a lower rate of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion on the train than those from V\u00e4sterhaninge. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of adrenaline excretion was higher for both groups during Trip 2, when the train was more crowded. The results support previous findings indicating that the stress involved in travelling by train varies more with the social and ecological conditions of the trip than with its length or duration.", "PMID": 1018118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2079", "title": "Underload and overload in working life: outline of a multidisciplinary approach.", "content": "A research project is outlined in which concepts and methods from social psychology and psychophysiology are integrated in the study of human adaptation to underload and overload related to technically advanced work processes. Attempts are made to identify aversive factors in the work process by studying acute stress reactions, e.g., catecholamine excretion, in the course of work and relating these to long term, negative effects on well-being, job satisfaction and health. Data from a pilot study of sawmill workers support the view that machine-paced work characterized by a short work cycle and lack of control over the work process constitutes a threat to health and well being.", "contents": "Underload and overload in working life: outline of a multidisciplinary approach. A research project is outlined in which concepts and methods from social psychology and psychophysiology are integrated in the study of human adaptation to underload and overload related to technically advanced work processes. Attempts are made to identify aversive factors in the work process by studying acute stress reactions, e.g., catecholamine excretion, in the course of work and relating these to long term, negative effects on well-being, job satisfaction and health. Data from a pilot study of sawmill workers support the view that machine-paced work characterized by a short work cycle and lack of control over the work process constitutes a threat to health and well being.", "PMID": 1018119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2080", "title": "Effects of prolonged stress on coping style in terminal renal failure patients.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients with terminal renal failure and 59 comparison subjects matched on age, sex, origin, education and marital status were administered the Shanan Sentence Completion Test at the onset of hemodialysis, to test the hypothesis that 1) prolonged stress reduces the tendency to cope actively and that 2) the extent of reduction would vary according to the patients' background. Findings provided massive support for the first hypothesis; in nearly all aspects of coping style investigated, hemodialysis patients obtained significantly lower scores, indicative of passivity, negative self-perception and of tendencies to withdraw by denial from the harsh reality. Findings on the second hypothesis were equivocal. Only sex and education showed interaction with illness and coping. Women appeared to be more vulnerable than men. The effects of education on coping were reduced as a consequence of the illness. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for stress research and for the advancement of preventive measures in hemodialysis treatment.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged stress on coping style in terminal renal failure patients. Fifty-nine patients with terminal renal failure and 59 comparison subjects matched on age, sex, origin, education and marital status were administered the Shanan Sentence Completion Test at the onset of hemodialysis, to test the hypothesis that 1) prolonged stress reduces the tendency to cope actively and that 2) the extent of reduction would vary according to the patients' background. Findings provided massive support for the first hypothesis; in nearly all aspects of coping style investigated, hemodialysis patients obtained significantly lower scores, indicative of passivity, negative self-perception and of tendencies to withdraw by denial from the harsh reality. Findings on the second hypothesis were equivocal. Only sex and education showed interaction with illness and coping. Women appeared to be more vulnerable than men. The effects of education on coping were reduced as a consequence of the illness. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for stress research and for the advancement of preventive measures in hemodialysis treatment.", "PMID": 1018120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2081", "title": "Life events before myocardial infarction.", "content": "One-hundred and-twenty-one men between the ages of 35 and 65 who had been admitted to a Coronary Care Unit were interviewed within a mean of 2.3 days of that admission, concerning their experience of certain specified predesignated life events in the previous three months before myocardial infarction. Ninety-one of them who were proven to have sustained a myocardial infarction were randomly matched individually with 91 men from an industrial payroll for sex, age and occupational level. Both groups matched, as groups, on marital status and household size. Significantly more patients (p less than .01) than comparison subjects reported these life events in the three weeks before infarction, whether this was experienced acutely or in an anginal setting. Most events were apparently independent of patients' or comparison subjects control; these were reported significantly more often by patients, both during the entire 12 weeks prior to illness (p less than .01) and during the three weeks immediately before infarction (p less than .02). Methodological difficulties are delineated which hinder credence as to the role of life events before illness.", "contents": "Life events before myocardial infarction. One-hundred and-twenty-one men between the ages of 35 and 65 who had been admitted to a Coronary Care Unit were interviewed within a mean of 2.3 days of that admission, concerning their experience of certain specified predesignated life events in the previous three months before myocardial infarction. Ninety-one of them who were proven to have sustained a myocardial infarction were randomly matched individually with 91 men from an industrial payroll for sex, age and occupational level. Both groups matched, as groups, on marital status and household size. Significantly more patients (p less than .01) than comparison subjects reported these life events in the three weeks before infarction, whether this was experienced acutely or in an anginal setting. Most events were apparently independent of patients' or comparison subjects control; these were reported significantly more often by patients, both during the entire 12 weeks prior to illness (p less than .01) and during the three weeks immediately before infarction (p less than .02). Methodological difficulties are delineated which hinder credence as to the role of life events before illness.", "PMID": 1018121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2082", "title": "Hypersensitivity in the anterior median eye of a jumping spider.", "content": "Changes in sensitivity of the photoreceptor cells of the anterior median eye of the jumping spider Menemerus confusus Boes. et Str. have been studied by recording electroretinograms (ERGs) and receptor potentials. The amplitudes of the responses (ERGs and receptor potentials) increase during repetitive stimulation, with a maximum increase at 3-5 s intervals. The sensitivity of the photoreceptor cell is greater for about 60 s following illumination (maximum magnitude at 3-5 s) than it is during complete dark adaptation. This phenomenon, which we call 'hypersensitivity', is lost within one day following surgery in physiological saline. Upon loss of hypersensitivity, the sensitivity decrease during light adaptation is greater than for the normal eye and the small increase of sensitivity following the onset of illumination observed for the normal eye is lost.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity in the anterior median eye of a jumping spider. Changes in sensitivity of the photoreceptor cells of the anterior median eye of the jumping spider Menemerus confusus Boes. et Str. have been studied by recording electroretinograms (ERGs) and receptor potentials. The amplitudes of the responses (ERGs and receptor potentials) increase during repetitive stimulation, with a maximum increase at 3-5 s intervals. The sensitivity of the photoreceptor cell is greater for about 60 s following illumination (maximum magnitude at 3-5 s) than it is during complete dark adaptation. This phenomenon, which we call 'hypersensitivity', is lost within one day following surgery in physiological saline. Upon loss of hypersensitivity, the sensitivity decrease during light adaptation is greater than for the normal eye and the small increase of sensitivity following the onset of illumination observed for the normal eye is lost.", "PMID": 1018161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2083", "title": "The effects of osmotic stress on the electrical properties of the axons of a marine osmoconformer (Mala squinado. brachyura: crustacea).", "content": "In contrast to the depolarization observed in hyperosmotic media, exposure of peripheral nerve to hyposmotic conditions induced pronounced axonal hyperpolarization. It is suggested that this hyperpolarization resulted from increased potassium and chloride permeabilities which could assist axonal volume regulation in hyposmotic conditions. The hyperpolarization was readily reversible, but the spike-generating mechanism suffered irreversible damage at hyposmotic concentrations below 665 m-osmoles. It is suggested that this axonal damage contributes to the lethal effects of hyposmotic stress in this crustacean osmoconformer and, possibly, in some euryhaline osmoregulators.", "contents": "The effects of osmotic stress on the electrical properties of the axons of a marine osmoconformer (Mala squinado. brachyura: crustacea). In contrast to the depolarization observed in hyperosmotic media, exposure of peripheral nerve to hyposmotic conditions induced pronounced axonal hyperpolarization. It is suggested that this hyperpolarization resulted from increased potassium and chloride permeabilities which could assist axonal volume regulation in hyposmotic conditions. The hyperpolarization was readily reversible, but the spike-generating mechanism suffered irreversible damage at hyposmotic concentrations below 665 m-osmoles. It is suggested that this axonal damage contributes to the lethal effects of hyposmotic stress in this crustacean osmoconformer and, possibly, in some euryhaline osmoregulators.", "PMID": 1018162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2084", "title": "Spirillum swimming: theory and observations of propulsion by the flagellar bundle.", "content": "The hydrodynamics and energetics of helical swimming by the bacterium Spirillum sp. is analysed using observations from medium speed cine photomicrography and theory. The photographic records show that the swimming organism's flagellar bundles beat in a helical fashion just as other bacterial flagella do. The data are analysed according to the rotational resistive theory of Chwang & Wu (1971) in a simple-to-use parametric form with the viscous coefficients Cs and Cn calculated according to the method of Lighthill (1975). Results of the analysis show that Spirillum dissipated biochemical energy in performing work against fluid resistance to motion at an average rate of about 6 X 10(-8) dyne cm s-1 with some 62-72% of the power dissipation due to the non-contractile body. These relationships yield a relatively low hydromechanical efficiency which is reflected in swimming speeds much smaller than a representative eukaryote. In addition the Cn/Cs ratio for the body is shown to lie in the range 0-86-1-51 and that for the flagellar bundle in the range 1-46-1-63. The implications of the power calculations for the Berg & Anderson (1973) rotating shaft model are discussed and it is shown that a rotational resistive theory analysis predicts a 5-cross bridge M ring for each flagellum of Spirillum.", "contents": "Spirillum swimming: theory and observations of propulsion by the flagellar bundle. The hydrodynamics and energetics of helical swimming by the bacterium Spirillum sp. is analysed using observations from medium speed cine photomicrography and theory. The photographic records show that the swimming organism's flagellar bundles beat in a helical fashion just as other bacterial flagella do. The data are analysed according to the rotational resistive theory of Chwang & Wu (1971) in a simple-to-use parametric form with the viscous coefficients Cs and Cn calculated according to the method of Lighthill (1975). Results of the analysis show that Spirillum dissipated biochemical energy in performing work against fluid resistance to motion at an average rate of about 6 X 10(-8) dyne cm s-1 with some 62-72% of the power dissipation due to the non-contractile body. These relationships yield a relatively low hydromechanical efficiency which is reflected in swimming speeds much smaller than a representative eukaryote. In addition the Cn/Cs ratio for the body is shown to lie in the range 0-86-1-51 and that for the flagellar bundle in the range 1-46-1-63. The implications of the power calculations for the Berg & Anderson (1973) rotating shaft model are discussed and it is shown that a rotational resistive theory analysis predicts a 5-cross bridge M ring for each flagellum of Spirillum.", "PMID": 1018163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2085", "title": "Passive exchanges during water vapour absorption in mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): a new approach to studying the phenomenon.", "content": "The weights of single mealworms were continuously recorded at 20 degrees C during exposure to periods of constant humidity and to abrupt changes in atmospheric vapour pressure. Two exchange stages were recognized in each animal. Weight changes were either limited to slow losses, suggesting transpiration through the external cuticle, or showed more rapid humidity-dependent gains as well as losses. Rapid exchanges indicated that water was gained or lost through permeable barriers, from a fluid compartmet of significantly lower vapour pressure than the haemolymph, equivalent to about 90% R.H. Weight gains and losses during humidity changes provided evidence of a significant, passively exchanging fluid compartment located between the exchange surface and absorbing mechanism. Weight changes in faecal pellets following their elimination provide further support for a rectal site of atmospheric absorption.", "contents": "Passive exchanges during water vapour absorption in mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): a new approach to studying the phenomenon. The weights of single mealworms were continuously recorded at 20 degrees C during exposure to periods of constant humidity and to abrupt changes in atmospheric vapour pressure. Two exchange stages were recognized in each animal. Weight changes were either limited to slow losses, suggesting transpiration through the external cuticle, or showed more rapid humidity-dependent gains as well as losses. Rapid exchanges indicated that water was gained or lost through permeable barriers, from a fluid compartmet of significantly lower vapour pressure than the haemolymph, equivalent to about 90% R.H. Weight gains and losses during humidity changes provided evidence of a significant, passively exchanging fluid compartment located between the exchange surface and absorbing mechanism. Weight changes in faecal pellets following their elimination provide further support for a rectal site of atmospheric absorption.", "PMID": 1018164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2086", "title": "Neuronal basis of a sensory analyser, the acridid movement detector system. III. Control of response amplitude by tonic lateral inhibition.", "content": "1. The Lobular Giant Movement Detector neurone (LGMD) of Schistocerca responds with spikes when small areas of the visual field change in luminance. Previous work has shown that changes of +/- 1 log 10 unit are enough to produce maximal ON and OFF responses. 2. Using a 5 degree test area, it is shown that the number of spikes generated by such a stimulus depends on the luminance of the surrounding area. When the surround is dark, the response is maximal; when it is brightly lit, the response is minimal. Intermediate intensities produce intermediate values of response. A X 2 change in response is produced by about 3 log 10 units change in surround intensity. 3. A bright annulus, with diameters of 10-5 degrees and 25-8 degrees, inhibits both ON and OFF responses when concentric with the 5 degree test area, but not when it is 30 degrees eccentric to the test area. The inhibitory effect shows no decrease after 4 min. 4. These results are interpreted to indicate a tonic lateral inhibitory network, sited peripherally in the optic lobe prior to the divergence of the separate ON and OFF channels found in the projection from the medulla to the LGMD. It is probably identical with that described for the lamina by previous workers.", "contents": "Neuronal basis of a sensory analyser, the acridid movement detector system. III. Control of response amplitude by tonic lateral inhibition. 1. The Lobular Giant Movement Detector neurone (LGMD) of Schistocerca responds with spikes when small areas of the visual field change in luminance. Previous work has shown that changes of +/- 1 log 10 unit are enough to produce maximal ON and OFF responses. 2. Using a 5 degree test area, it is shown that the number of spikes generated by such a stimulus depends on the luminance of the surrounding area. When the surround is dark, the response is maximal; when it is brightly lit, the response is minimal. Intermediate intensities produce intermediate values of response. A X 2 change in response is produced by about 3 log 10 units change in surround intensity. 3. A bright annulus, with diameters of 10-5 degrees and 25-8 degrees, inhibits both ON and OFF responses when concentric with the 5 degree test area, but not when it is 30 degrees eccentric to the test area. The inhibitory effect shows no decrease after 4 min. 4. These results are interpreted to indicate a tonic lateral inhibitory network, sited peripherally in the optic lobe prior to the divergence of the separate ON and OFF channels found in the projection from the medulla to the LGMD. It is probably identical with that described for the lamina by previous workers.", "PMID": 1018165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2087", "title": "Primitive nervous systems: electrophysiology of the pharynx of the polyclad flatworm, Enchiridium punctatum.", "content": "1. Electrical activity accompanying motor activity can be recorded from the excised pharynx of Enchiridium punctatum. Multiple stimuli elicit behaviour which consists of an initial aperture closure followed by extension and then peristalsis. If the stimulus parameters are increased the preparation bends from side to side instead of proceeding through the behavioural sequence. Bending appears to inhibit other movements differentially. 2. The conduction involved with peristalsis is polarized and proceeds in a proximal direction. 3. With stimulus intensities greater than those needed to produce the behavioural response an initial muscle potential (IMP) is evoked. The IMP is frequency sensitive. Maximum facilitation occurs within 100 ms and drops to 50% of maximum within 250 ms. 4. Conduction velocities of the IMP range from 0-05 m s-1 to 1-9 m s-1. Conduction velocities appear to increase with facilitation.", "contents": "Primitive nervous systems: electrophysiology of the pharynx of the polyclad flatworm, Enchiridium punctatum. 1. Electrical activity accompanying motor activity can be recorded from the excised pharynx of Enchiridium punctatum. Multiple stimuli elicit behaviour which consists of an initial aperture closure followed by extension and then peristalsis. If the stimulus parameters are increased the preparation bends from side to side instead of proceeding through the behavioural sequence. Bending appears to inhibit other movements differentially. 2. The conduction involved with peristalsis is polarized and proceeds in a proximal direction. 3. With stimulus intensities greater than those needed to produce the behavioural response an initial muscle potential (IMP) is evoked. The IMP is frequency sensitive. Maximum facilitation occurs within 100 ms and drops to 50% of maximum within 250 ms. 4. Conduction velocities of the IMP range from 0-05 m s-1 to 1-9 m s-1. Conduction velocities appear to increase with facilitation.", "PMID": 1018166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2088", "title": "Rhythmic swimming activity in neurones of the isolated nerve cord of the leech.", "content": "1. Repeating bursts of motor neurone impulses have been recorded from the nerves of completely isolated nerve cords of the medicinal leech. The salient features of this burst rhythm are similar to those obtained in the semi-intact preparation during swimming. Hence the basic swimming rhythm is generated by a central oscillator. 2. Quantitative comparisons between the impulse patterns obtained from the isolated nerve cord and those obtained from a semi-intact preparation show that the variation in both dorsal to ventral motor neurone phasing and burst duration with swim cycle period differ in these two preparations. 3. The increase of intersegmental delay with period, which is a prominent feature of swimming behaviour of the intact animal, is not seen in either the semi-intact or isolated cord preparations. 4. In the semi-intact preparation, stretching the body wall or depolarizing an inhibitory motor neurone changes the burst duration of excitatory motor neurones in the same segment. In the isolated nerve cord, these manipulations also change the period of the swim cycle in the entire cord. 5. These comparisons suggest that sensory input stabilizes the centrally generated swimming rhythm, determines the phasing of the bursts of impulses from dorsal and ventral motor neurones, and matches the intersegmental delay to the cycle period so as to maintain a constant body shape at all rates of swimming.", "contents": "Rhythmic swimming activity in neurones of the isolated nerve cord of the leech. 1. Repeating bursts of motor neurone impulses have been recorded from the nerves of completely isolated nerve cords of the medicinal leech. The salient features of this burst rhythm are similar to those obtained in the semi-intact preparation during swimming. Hence the basic swimming rhythm is generated by a central oscillator. 2. Quantitative comparisons between the impulse patterns obtained from the isolated nerve cord and those obtained from a semi-intact preparation show that the variation in both dorsal to ventral motor neurone phasing and burst duration with swim cycle period differ in these two preparations. 3. The increase of intersegmental delay with period, which is a prominent feature of swimming behaviour of the intact animal, is not seen in either the semi-intact or isolated cord preparations. 4. In the semi-intact preparation, stretching the body wall or depolarizing an inhibitory motor neurone changes the burst duration of excitatory motor neurones in the same segment. In the isolated nerve cord, these manipulations also change the period of the swim cycle in the entire cord. 5. These comparisons suggest that sensory input stabilizes the centrally generated swimming rhythm, determines the phasing of the bursts of impulses from dorsal and ventral motor neurones, and matches the intersegmental delay to the cycle period so as to maintain a constant body shape at all rates of swimming.", "PMID": 1018167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2089", "title": "Evidence for calcium inactivation during hormone release in the rat neurohypophysis.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the relationship between 45Ca uptake into and hormone release from isolated rat neurohypophyses incubated in vitro. 2. Hormone secretion is triggered by high-K (56 mM) but long exposure to the stimulus does not generate a maintained release of hormone. 3. When hormone release began to wane, addition of Ba of La increased hormone output which suggests that the decline in output did not result from depletion of the neurosecretory granules at the nerve terminals. 4. 45Ca uptake is enhanced in the presence of high-K concentration, but the initial high rate declines during long exposure to the potassium stimulus with a time constant similar to that of the decline in hormone release. 5. After a period of incubation in a K-rich, calcium-free medium, addition of calcium to the medium induced hormone release. The magnitude of this release was dependent on the time of exposure to excess potassium. 6. After inactivation of secretion, mobilization of internal calcium by means of a calcium ionophore increased hormone release.", "contents": "Evidence for calcium inactivation during hormone release in the rat neurohypophysis. 1. A study has been made of the relationship between 45Ca uptake into and hormone release from isolated rat neurohypophyses incubated in vitro. 2. Hormone secretion is triggered by high-K (56 mM) but long exposure to the stimulus does not generate a maintained release of hormone. 3. When hormone release began to wane, addition of Ba of La increased hormone output which suggests that the decline in output did not result from depletion of the neurosecretory granules at the nerve terminals. 4. 45Ca uptake is enhanced in the presence of high-K concentration, but the initial high rate declines during long exposure to the potassium stimulus with a time constant similar to that of the decline in hormone release. 5. After a period of incubation in a K-rich, calcium-free medium, addition of calcium to the medium induced hormone release. The magnitude of this release was dependent on the time of exposure to excess potassium. 6. After inactivation of secretion, mobilization of internal calcium by means of a calcium ionophore increased hormone release.", "PMID": 1018168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2090", "title": "Heart action of the freshwater bivalve Anodonta anatina during activity.", "content": "1. Heart action of Anodonta anatina (L.) was investigated by recording the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart impedance, and ventricular and pericardial cavity pressure during different aspects of the normal behaviour. The contribution of mechanical and nervous mechanisms in controlling changes in heart action is discussed. 2. Pressure recordings were generally more reliable than the other methods and it is suggested that pericardial pressure pulses indicate the stroke volume output of the ventricle. 3. During spontaneous periods of prolonged shell closure there was an initial small increase in heart activity followed by a large reduction in both heart rate and systolic pressure, indicating that total heart output was considerably reduced. When the shell reopened, heart rate increased very rapidly with an initial overshoot of the normal level; systolic pressure increased more slowly with no overshoot. 4. These major changes in heart activity appear to be associated with respiratory changes and are controlled largely by the nervous regulatory system, but some minor rhythmic variations in the amplitude of heart beat are probably caused by mechanical factors. 5. Characteristic patterns of change in heart action were recorded during burrowing. These appear to result from haemodynamic changes associated with the muscular movements of the digging cycle. Control of the heart by the nervous regulatory system is apparently of much greater importance in relation to respiratory control than in relation to the haemodynamic functioning of the fluid-muscle system in locomotion.", "contents": "Heart action of the freshwater bivalve Anodonta anatina during activity. 1. Heart action of Anodonta anatina (L.) was investigated by recording the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart impedance, and ventricular and pericardial cavity pressure during different aspects of the normal behaviour. The contribution of mechanical and nervous mechanisms in controlling changes in heart action is discussed. 2. Pressure recordings were generally more reliable than the other methods and it is suggested that pericardial pressure pulses indicate the stroke volume output of the ventricle. 3. During spontaneous periods of prolonged shell closure there was an initial small increase in heart activity followed by a large reduction in both heart rate and systolic pressure, indicating that total heart output was considerably reduced. When the shell reopened, heart rate increased very rapidly with an initial overshoot of the normal level; systolic pressure increased more slowly with no overshoot. 4. These major changes in heart activity appear to be associated with respiratory changes and are controlled largely by the nervous regulatory system, but some minor rhythmic variations in the amplitude of heart beat are probably caused by mechanical factors. 5. Characteristic patterns of change in heart action were recorded during burrowing. These appear to result from haemodynamic changes associated with the muscular movements of the digging cycle. Control of the heart by the nervous regulatory system is apparently of much greater importance in relation to respiratory control than in relation to the haemodynamic functioning of the fluid-muscle system in locomotion.", "PMID": 1018169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2091", "title": "Modulation of Hydra attenuata rhythmic activity: phase response curve.", "content": "We investigated the effect of photic stimulation on the frequency of Hydra attenuata column contractions. We used positive or negative abrupt light transitions, single or repetitive light or darkness pulses, and alternation of light and darkness periods. The main results are: (a) The frequency of the contraction pulse trains (CPTs) varies transiently in response to an abrupt variation of the light intensity. (b) CPTs in progress can be inhibited by different types of photic stimuli. (c) The response time to a single photic stimulus varies during the inter-CPT interval and depends also on the polarity of the stimulus. (d) The CPTs are entrainable with repetitive light stimulation of various frequencies. (e) Long-lasting variations of the frequency of CPTs occur after the end of a repetitive light stimulation. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for the rhythym of column contractions is quite similar to that on which other biological rhythmic phenomena are based.", "contents": "Modulation of Hydra attenuata rhythmic activity: phase response curve. We investigated the effect of photic stimulation on the frequency of Hydra attenuata column contractions. We used positive or negative abrupt light transitions, single or repetitive light or darkness pulses, and alternation of light and darkness periods. The main results are: (a) The frequency of the contraction pulse trains (CPTs) varies transiently in response to an abrupt variation of the light intensity. (b) CPTs in progress can be inhibited by different types of photic stimuli. (c) The response time to a single photic stimulus varies during the inter-CPT interval and depends also on the polarity of the stimulus. (d) The CPTs are entrainable with repetitive light stimulation of various frequencies. (e) Long-lasting variations of the frequency of CPTs occur after the end of a repetitive light stimulation. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for the rhythym of column contractions is quite similar to that on which other biological rhythmic phenomena are based.", "PMID": 1018170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2092", "title": "Events following the infections of enucleate cells with measles virus.", "content": "The development of measles virus (Edmonston) and SSPE measles virus (Horta-Barbosa) has been examined in enucleate BSC 1 cells. New antigen synthesis in measles virus infected enucleate cells has been demonstrated by fluorescent antibody, by the formation of extensive syncytia from enucleate cells alone and by analysis of polypeptide formation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All polypeptides formed in nucleate cells were also present in enucleate cells but the amount synthesized was reduced to around 20% of that in nucleate cells. There was also a significant reduction in the amount of antigen detected by fluorescent antibody in enucleate as compared to nucleate preparations. Examination of RNA synthesis in infected enucleate cells revealed only a marginal increase in acid-insoluble material. Titration of the output of infectious virus from enucleate cells infected at both 37 and 31 degrees C indicated a consistent reduction of almost two log units compared to nucleate cells. That the enucleate cells were capable of replicating input genome at these times was demonstrated by the successful growth of respiratory syncytial virus, both at 37 and 31 degrees C. SSPE measles virus grew to higher yield in nucleate BSC 1 than measles virus but there was again a reduction of more than two log units in enucleate cells. All polypeptides synthesized in SSPE infected nucleate cells were apparent in enucleate cells.", "contents": "Events following the infections of enucleate cells with measles virus. The development of measles virus (Edmonston) and SSPE measles virus (Horta-Barbosa) has been examined in enucleate BSC 1 cells. New antigen synthesis in measles virus infected enucleate cells has been demonstrated by fluorescent antibody, by the formation of extensive syncytia from enucleate cells alone and by analysis of polypeptide formation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All polypeptides formed in nucleate cells were also present in enucleate cells but the amount synthesized was reduced to around 20% of that in nucleate cells. There was also a significant reduction in the amount of antigen detected by fluorescent antibody in enucleate as compared to nucleate preparations. Examination of RNA synthesis in infected enucleate cells revealed only a marginal increase in acid-insoluble material. Titration of the output of infectious virus from enucleate cells infected at both 37 and 31 degrees C indicated a consistent reduction of almost two log units compared to nucleate cells. That the enucleate cells were capable of replicating input genome at these times was demonstrated by the successful growth of respiratory syncytial virus, both at 37 and 31 degrees C. SSPE measles virus grew to higher yield in nucleate BSC 1 than measles virus but there was again a reduction of more than two log units in enucleate cells. All polypeptides synthesized in SSPE infected nucleate cells were apparent in enucleate cells.", "PMID": 1018171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2093", "title": "Homogenization-resistant and -susceptible components of tobacco mosaic virus replicative form RNA.", "content": "When prepared from tissue frozen with liquid nitrogen, tobacco mosaic virus replicative form RNA (TMV RF) was uniform in size but when prepared by high-speed homogenization, or when TMV RF prepared with liquid nitrogen was homogenized, 80 to 90% of the RF broke into relatively discrete pieces. The unbroken RF was not fragmented by additional homogenization. The TMV RF components susceptible and resistant to breakage, respectively, were synthesized with similar kinetics in relation to length of labelling period, but the slightly more resistant component was synthesized during the early infection period. Both components were produced by different strains of TMV but leaves infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle or southern bean mosaic viruses yielded only RF resistant to breakage. TMV replicative intermediate RNA was also broken by homogenization. The occurrence of the two RF components may be of significance in the replication of RNA viruses.", "contents": "Homogenization-resistant and -susceptible components of tobacco mosaic virus replicative form RNA. When prepared from tissue frozen with liquid nitrogen, tobacco mosaic virus replicative form RNA (TMV RF) was uniform in size but when prepared by high-speed homogenization, or when TMV RF prepared with liquid nitrogen was homogenized, 80 to 90% of the RF broke into relatively discrete pieces. The unbroken RF was not fragmented by additional homogenization. The TMV RF components susceptible and resistant to breakage, respectively, were synthesized with similar kinetics in relation to length of labelling period, but the slightly more resistant component was synthesized during the early infection period. Both components were produced by different strains of TMV but leaves infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle or southern bean mosaic viruses yielded only RF resistant to breakage. TMV replicative intermediate RNA was also broken by homogenization. The occurrence of the two RF components may be of significance in the replication of RNA viruses.", "PMID": 1018172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2094", "title": "Ortho- and paramyxoviruses from migrating feral ducks: characterization of a new group of influenza A viruses.", "content": "Ortho- and parainfluenza viruses isolated from the cloacas of migrating feral ducks shot on the Mississippi flyway included three strains of influenza. A virus (Hav6 Nav1, Hav6 Nl, Hav7 Neq2) as well as Newcastle disease virus. One influenza virus, A/duck/Memphis/546/74, possessed Hav3 haemagglutinin, but the neuraminidase was not inhibited by any of the known influenza reference antisera. The neuraminidase on this virus was related to the neuraminidases on A/duck/GDR/72 (H2 N?), A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (Hav 5 N?), A/duck/Ukraine/1/60 (Hav3 N?) and A/turkey/Wisconsin/68. We therefore propose that the neuraminidase on this group of influenza viruses be designated Nav6. The A/duck/Memphis/546/74 influenza virus caused an ocular discharge in 1 of 5 ducks and was shed in faeces for 10 days; it was stable in faecal samples for up to 3 days at 20 degrees C. These results suggest that ecological studies on influenza in avian species should include attempts to isolate virus from faeces. Faecal-oral transmission is an attractive explanation for the spread of influenza virus from feral birds to other animals.", "contents": "Ortho- and paramyxoviruses from migrating feral ducks: characterization of a new group of influenza A viruses. Ortho- and parainfluenza viruses isolated from the cloacas of migrating feral ducks shot on the Mississippi flyway included three strains of influenza. A virus (Hav6 Nav1, Hav6 Nl, Hav7 Neq2) as well as Newcastle disease virus. One influenza virus, A/duck/Memphis/546/74, possessed Hav3 haemagglutinin, but the neuraminidase was not inhibited by any of the known influenza reference antisera. The neuraminidase on this virus was related to the neuraminidases on A/duck/GDR/72 (H2 N?), A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (Hav 5 N?), A/duck/Ukraine/1/60 (Hav3 N?) and A/turkey/Wisconsin/68. We therefore propose that the neuraminidase on this group of influenza viruses be designated Nav6. The A/duck/Memphis/546/74 influenza virus caused an ocular discharge in 1 of 5 ducks and was shed in faeces for 10 days; it was stable in faecal samples for up to 3 days at 20 degrees C. These results suggest that ecological studies on influenza in avian species should include attempts to isolate virus from faeces. Faecal-oral transmission is an attractive explanation for the spread of influenza virus from feral birds to other animals.", "PMID": 1018173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2095", "title": "Xf phage invading the host cells with their protein coats.", "content": "The Xf phage coat protein associated with infected cells could not be removed by washing with antiserum and tris-EDTA buffer. Although the infected cells were consecutively washed 6 times with tris-EDTA buffer, the ratios of parental phage 6H-DNA to 14C-protein were not changed. A considerable amount of the parental 14C-protein and 3H-DNA in the original ratio were detected in the membrane and the soluble cytoplasmic fractions of infected cells. The studies of the change in Xf 14C-protein and 3H-DNA incorporation into the host cells and their release showed that DNA and protein penetrate together into the host cells during the first 60 min after infection (p.i.). While virtually all parental DNA was conserved, re-utilized and released from the infected cell 60 min p.i., no apparent release of parental protein was observed. Approx. 40% of the parental protein became degraded and could be washed from the infected cell after 90 min; the rest of the parental protein remained and probably was re-utilized by the host.", "contents": "Xf phage invading the host cells with their protein coats. The Xf phage coat protein associated with infected cells could not be removed by washing with antiserum and tris-EDTA buffer. Although the infected cells were consecutively washed 6 times with tris-EDTA buffer, the ratios of parental phage 6H-DNA to 14C-protein were not changed. A considerable amount of the parental 14C-protein and 3H-DNA in the original ratio were detected in the membrane and the soluble cytoplasmic fractions of infected cells. The studies of the change in Xf 14C-protein and 3H-DNA incorporation into the host cells and their release showed that DNA and protein penetrate together into the host cells during the first 60 min after infection (p.i.). While virtually all parental DNA was conserved, re-utilized and released from the infected cell 60 min p.i., no apparent release of parental protein was observed. Approx. 40% of the parental protein became degraded and could be washed from the infected cell after 90 min; the rest of the parental protein remained and probably was re-utilized by the host.", "PMID": 1018174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2096", "title": "On the regulation of protein synthesis in vaccinia virus infected cells.", "content": "All eukaryotic mRNA species show a characteristic individual translational efficiency under conditions of restricted polypeptide chain initiation caused by an increase in the osmolarity of the growth medium. In vaccinia virus infected L cells or HeLa cells virus mRNAs can be grouped into classes on the basis of their relative labelling under standard and hypertonic conditions. Under the latter conditions, most of the \"early\" mRNAs possess very high translational efficiencies, most of the \"intermediate\" mRNAs show an intermediate efficiency and the most prominent \"late\" mRNAs show a translational efficiency which is lower than that of other virus mRNAs but still higher than the average cellular mRNA. Late in the infection cycle virus mRNAs with a relative low translational efficiency are preferentially translated under standard growth conditions whereas \"early\" virus mRNAs which are still present and which show a higher translational resistance to hypertonic conditions are not translated. These results indicate a unique translational control operating late in the growth cycle of vaccinia virus.", "contents": "On the regulation of protein synthesis in vaccinia virus infected cells. All eukaryotic mRNA species show a characteristic individual translational efficiency under conditions of restricted polypeptide chain initiation caused by an increase in the osmolarity of the growth medium. In vaccinia virus infected L cells or HeLa cells virus mRNAs can be grouped into classes on the basis of their relative labelling under standard and hypertonic conditions. Under the latter conditions, most of the \"early\" mRNAs possess very high translational efficiencies, most of the \"intermediate\" mRNAs show an intermediate efficiency and the most prominent \"late\" mRNAs show a translational efficiency which is lower than that of other virus mRNAs but still higher than the average cellular mRNA. Late in the infection cycle virus mRNAs with a relative low translational efficiency are preferentially translated under standard growth conditions whereas \"early\" virus mRNAs which are still present and which show a higher translational resistance to hypertonic conditions are not translated. These results indicate a unique translational control operating late in the growth cycle of vaccinia virus.", "PMID": 1018175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2097", "title": "A rapid method for the quantitative study of RNA from canine distemper virus infected cells.", "content": "Centrifugation through CsCl was used to isolate 32P-labelled RNA in a one-step purification procedure. The method is suitable for quantitative as well as preparative studies and appears to have considerable advantages over conventional methods of RNA extraction. We have used this procedure to investigate the RNA synthesized in Vero cells infected with canine distemper virus (CDV). We show that the combination of CsCl centrifugation and affinity chromatography on poly-U Sepharose provides a rapid method for isolating messenger RNA from virus infected cells.", "contents": "A rapid method for the quantitative study of RNA from canine distemper virus infected cells. Centrifugation through CsCl was used to isolate 32P-labelled RNA in a one-step purification procedure. The method is suitable for quantitative as well as preparative studies and appears to have considerable advantages over conventional methods of RNA extraction. We have used this procedure to investigate the RNA synthesized in Vero cells infected with canine distemper virus (CDV). We show that the combination of CsCl centrifugation and affinity chromatography on poly-U Sepharose provides a rapid method for isolating messenger RNA from virus infected cells.", "PMID": 1018176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2098", "title": "Inhibition of vaccinia virus growth by the nucleoside analogue 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (virazole, ribavirin).", "content": "Virazole or Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) inhibits the growth of vaccinia virus at a concentration ode to a certain extent in the presence of Virazole, the DNA fails to acquire resistance to deoxyribonuclease and virus particles are not formed. Reversibility of the antiviral effect occurs when the drug is washed out from the infected cultures or when guanosine at an equimolar concentration is added.", "contents": "Inhibition of vaccinia virus growth by the nucleoside analogue 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (virazole, ribavirin). Virazole or Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) inhibits the growth of vaccinia virus at a concentration ode to a certain extent in the presence of Virazole, the DNA fails to acquire resistance to deoxyribonuclease and virus particles are not formed. Reversibility of the antiviral effect occurs when the drug is washed out from the infected cultures or when guanosine at an equimolar concentration is added.", "PMID": 1018177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2099", "title": "The use of contact B mode ultrasound in pediatric ophthalmology.", "content": "It has been shown that an ultrasound system such as the Bronson-Turner Contact B Mode can be added, fruitfully, to the armamentarium of the individual pediatric ophthalmologist. It can be used quickly and precisely with an ophthalmological training and without patient discomfort or anesthesia no matter what the age. Valuable anterior segment information can be readily gained without a waterbath. Examples are shown of children with opaque media who were found to have congenital cataracts and congenital aphakia, microphthalmos, PHPV, retinal anomalies and ectatic coloboma.", "contents": "The use of contact B mode ultrasound in pediatric ophthalmology. It has been shown that an ultrasound system such as the Bronson-Turner Contact B Mode can be added, fruitfully, to the armamentarium of the individual pediatric ophthalmologist. It can be used quickly and precisely with an ophthalmological training and without patient discomfort or anesthesia no matter what the age. Valuable anterior segment information can be readily gained without a waterbath. Examples are shown of children with opaque media who were found to have congenital cataracts and congenital aphakia, microphthalmos, PHPV, retinal anomalies and ectatic coloboma.", "PMID": 1018178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2100", "title": "Freeze-cleaved replicas of the anterior surface of the vitreous body in premature infants.", "content": "An electronmicroscopic structure of the anterior vitreous surface of premature human infant cadavers at the age of six, seven and eight months demonstrated with replica technique is presented. A regular hexagonal structure has been found behind the center of the lens. Towards the equator of the lens this structure is losing its regularity and may exhibit the forms of pentagons, rectangles, etc. This is probably due to the technique applied in the preparation. In one case a \"mixed type\" of fibrillar structure appeared, the arrangement of which does not seem to fit into the present concept of the orientation of the collagen fibrils.", "contents": "Freeze-cleaved replicas of the anterior surface of the vitreous body in premature infants. An electronmicroscopic structure of the anterior vitreous surface of premature human infant cadavers at the age of six, seven and eight months demonstrated with replica technique is presented. A regular hexagonal structure has been found behind the center of the lens. Towards the equator of the lens this structure is losing its regularity and may exhibit the forms of pentagons, rectangles, etc. This is probably due to the technique applied in the preparation. In one case a \"mixed type\" of fibrillar structure appeared, the arrangement of which does not seem to fit into the present concept of the orientation of the collagen fibrils.", "PMID": 1018181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2101", "title": "Strabismus in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "A group of 238 patients with cerebral palsy were identified of whom 108 could be studied through their charts. Only 20 of these patients had strabismus. Of this group, 10 received no surgical therapy. In these patients followed up to a period of four years, no evidence of significant change in the strabismic deviation was found. Patients who were treated by medical and optical means alone did not show evidence of improvement. Surgical therapy was effective in providing a cosmetically acceptable result. Surgery was performed between two and one-half and 13 years of age in eight patients, with an average age of surgery of 6.5 years. The results which we obtained are comparable to those obtained by others at an earlier age. It does not appear that the age of surgery affects the ultimate cosmetic nor functional outcome in children with cerebral palsy.", "contents": "Strabismus in children with cerebral palsy. A group of 238 patients with cerebral palsy were identified of whom 108 could be studied through their charts. Only 20 of these patients had strabismus. Of this group, 10 received no surgical therapy. In these patients followed up to a period of four years, no evidence of significant change in the strabismic deviation was found. Patients who were treated by medical and optical means alone did not show evidence of improvement. Surgical therapy was effective in providing a cosmetically acceptable result. Surgery was performed between two and one-half and 13 years of age in eight patients, with an average age of surgery of 6.5 years. The results which we obtained are comparable to those obtained by others at an earlier age. It does not appear that the age of surgery affects the ultimate cosmetic nor functional outcome in children with cerebral palsy.", "PMID": 1018183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2102", "title": "Aplasia of the optic nerve.", "content": "A case of unilateral true aplasia of the optic nerve in an otherwise normal and healthy child is presented. Twenty-eight previously reported cases of aplasia have been reviewed and classified according to criteria which we have presented. Only six of these cases, including the present case, represent true aplasia, manifested by total blindness and complete absence of the optic disc and retinal vessels.", "contents": "Aplasia of the optic nerve. A case of unilateral true aplasia of the optic nerve in an otherwise normal and healthy child is presented. Twenty-eight previously reported cases of aplasia have been reviewed and classified according to criteria which we have presented. Only six of these cases, including the present case, represent true aplasia, manifested by total blindness and complete absence of the optic disc and retinal vessels.", "PMID": 1018186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2103", "title": "Recurrence risks for retinoblastoma: a model for autosomal dominant disorders with complex inheritance.", "content": "The characteristics of retinoblastoma pertinent to genetic counseling are presented. Vogel's model for the inheritance pattern of the tumor is described and then used to derive recurrence risks for the important genetic counseling situations in retinoblastoma. The effect on the risk of the degree and number of unaffected relatives to the index case in a pedigree is quantified.", "contents": "Recurrence risks for retinoblastoma: a model for autosomal dominant disorders with complex inheritance. The characteristics of retinoblastoma pertinent to genetic counseling are presented. Vogel's model for the inheritance pattern of the tumor is described and then used to derive recurrence risks for the important genetic counseling situations in retinoblastoma. The effect on the risk of the degree and number of unaffected relatives to the index case in a pedigree is quantified.", "PMID": 1018187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2104", "title": "Comparative study of the surgical management of congenital esotropia of 50 prism diopter or less.", "content": "Fort-nine patients with congenital esotropia of 50 prism diopters or less were selected at random. Twenty-five had bimedial recessions performed initially followed by bilateral rectus resections when needed. Twenty-four had recession/resections performed initially and when needed, were followed by the same procedure on the fellow eye. The average corrections obtained after first procedure and after second procedure were compared and analyzed. The results showed the initial procedures of both groups to be equally effective. The results obtained after the second procedure in the recession/resection group were significantly better. Therefore, it would appear that for the patient we have described, the most effective surgical approach is ultimately the surgical regimen of recession/resection followed by the same procedure on the fellow eye.", "contents": "Comparative study of the surgical management of congenital esotropia of 50 prism diopter or less. Fort-nine patients with congenital esotropia of 50 prism diopters or less were selected at random. Twenty-five had bimedial recessions performed initially followed by bilateral rectus resections when needed. Twenty-four had recession/resections performed initially and when needed, were followed by the same procedure on the fellow eye. The average corrections obtained after first procedure and after second procedure were compared and analyzed. The results showed the initial procedures of both groups to be equally effective. The results obtained after the second procedure in the recession/resection group were significantly better. Therefore, it would appear that for the patient we have described, the most effective surgical approach is ultimately the surgical regimen of recession/resection followed by the same procedure on the fellow eye.", "PMID": 1018189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2105", "title": "A new approach to the Hirschberg test.", "content": "Forty patients with horizontal strabismus were examined in order to establish a correlation between measurements obtained by the alternate cover under the amblyoscope and measurements made by passively placing the corneal reflex in symmetry of that of the fixating eye. In order to reduce errors, the pupils were constricted to two mms and a very intense and bright one mm corneal reflex produced. Both measurements were very similar and a correlation of r=0,94 was found. Accuracy was significant at the p=0,005 level.", "contents": "A new approach to the Hirschberg test. Forty patients with horizontal strabismus were examined in order to establish a correlation between measurements obtained by the alternate cover under the amblyoscope and measurements made by passively placing the corneal reflex in symmetry of that of the fixating eye. In order to reduce errors, the pupils were constricted to two mms and a very intense and bright one mm corneal reflex produced. Both measurements were very similar and a correlation of r=0,94 was found. Accuracy was significant at the p=0,005 level.", "PMID": 1018190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2106", "title": "Clinical picture and management of subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit.", "content": "A subperiosteal hematoma was seen in a 14-year-old boy following a blow to his head during a car accident. The involved orbit exhibited exophthalmus and inability of the eye to move above the horizontal. X-rays revealed a hairline fracture of the skull and a hemotympanum was found on the injured side. A subperiosteal hematoma of the orbital roof was suspected. Needle aspiration of the blood from the orbital hematoma resulted in an almost immediate cure of all orbital and occular problems.", "contents": "Clinical picture and management of subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit. A subperiosteal hematoma was seen in a 14-year-old boy following a blow to his head during a car accident. The involved orbit exhibited exophthalmus and inability of the eye to move above the horizontal. X-rays revealed a hairline fracture of the skull and a hemotympanum was found on the injured side. A subperiosteal hematoma of the orbital roof was suspected. Needle aspiration of the blood from the orbital hematoma resulted in an almost immediate cure of all orbital and occular problems.", "PMID": 1018191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2107", "title": "Juvenile glaucoma in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.", "content": "A 10-year-old retarded child was seen by an ophthalmologist because of strabismus. Examination of the optic nerve heads revealed cupping consistant with glaucoma and initiated a referral. The appearance of this girl, with flat-broad based thumbs and toes, small head, low set ears, high arched brows, antimongoloid slant to the eyes, high arched palate, associated with mental retardation, and strabismus suggested the Rubinstein-Tabyi Syndrome. Gonioscopy revealed a high iris insertion, while tonometry indicated mildly elevated pressures in the right eye. Examination of the optic nerve heads showed large glaucomatous type cups, more so on the right with compromise of the temporal rim. Trabeculectomy was effective in controlling the intraocular pressure in the right eye. The association of juvenile glaucoma with the Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome requires that ophthalmic referral to assess glaucoma be an essential part of the evaluation.", "contents": "Juvenile glaucoma in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. A 10-year-old retarded child was seen by an ophthalmologist because of strabismus. Examination of the optic nerve heads revealed cupping consistant with glaucoma and initiated a referral. The appearance of this girl, with flat-broad based thumbs and toes, small head, low set ears, high arched brows, antimongoloid slant to the eyes, high arched palate, associated with mental retardation, and strabismus suggested the Rubinstein-Tabyi Syndrome. Gonioscopy revealed a high iris insertion, while tonometry indicated mildly elevated pressures in the right eye. Examination of the optic nerve heads showed large glaucomatous type cups, more so on the right with compromise of the temporal rim. Trabeculectomy was effective in controlling the intraocular pressure in the right eye. The association of juvenile glaucoma with the Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome requires that ophthalmic referral to assess glaucoma be an essential part of the evaluation.", "PMID": 1018193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2108", "title": "Trabeculectomy for adolescent onset glaucoma in the Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with adolescent onset glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber Syndrome have been presented. Both patients were successfully treated with ab externo trabeculectomy. This procedure is suggested as an additional means for controlling the late onset glaucoma associated with the syndrome without provoking additional complications or deterioration. Early treatment is emphasized before the irreversible changes of chronic glaucoma become manifest.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy for adolescent onset glaucoma in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. Two patients with adolescent onset glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber Syndrome have been presented. Both patients were successfully treated with ab externo trabeculectomy. This procedure is suggested as an additional means for controlling the late onset glaucoma associated with the syndrome without provoking additional complications or deterioration. Early treatment is emphasized before the irreversible changes of chronic glaucoma become manifest.", "PMID": 1018194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2109", "title": "Enucleations in Nigerian Igbo children.", "content": "A series of 32 eyes enucleated from Nigerian Igbo children has been reviewed. Retinoblastoma accounted for 19 enucleations, both sexes being equally affected and most growth being far advance. The seven cases of known trauma were with one exception encountered in boys and involved mostly plant material. Inflammatory pseudotumor was seen in two girls during the first year of life and malignant lymphoma in a boy of 15 years. Corneal ulceration was responsible for enucleation in three boys, one of them being the aftermath of measles.", "contents": "Enucleations in Nigerian Igbo children. A series of 32 eyes enucleated from Nigerian Igbo children has been reviewed. Retinoblastoma accounted for 19 enucleations, both sexes being equally affected and most growth being far advance. The seven cases of known trauma were with one exception encountered in boys and involved mostly plant material. Inflammatory pseudotumor was seen in two girls during the first year of life and malignant lymphoma in a boy of 15 years. Corneal ulceration was responsible for enucleation in three boys, one of them being the aftermath of measles.", "PMID": 1018196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2110", "title": "Experimental creeping muscle.", "content": "Using healthy rabbits, medial and lateral rectus muscles were recessed. Classical Swann incisions, along with limbal incisions with and without conjunctival recession, were performed. The second variable of reactability of suture material, utilizing absorbable 6-0 chromic and nonabsorbable 6-0 tycron sutures, was tested. Using a 9-0 nylon marking suture for documentation of area of recession, anterior advancement could be accurately measured. Five months after surgery, the animals were sacrificed, and each muscle was examined. Regardless of incision perfored and regardless of suture type used, no anterior advancement of retroplaced muscles occurred.", "contents": "Experimental creeping muscle. Using healthy rabbits, medial and lateral rectus muscles were recessed. Classical Swann incisions, along with limbal incisions with and without conjunctival recession, were performed. The second variable of reactability of suture material, utilizing absorbable 6-0 chromic and nonabsorbable 6-0 tycron sutures, was tested. Using a 9-0 nylon marking suture for documentation of area of recession, anterior advancement could be accurately measured. Five months after surgery, the animals were sacrificed, and each muscle was examined. Regardless of incision perfored and regardless of suture type used, no anterior advancement of retroplaced muscles occurred.", "PMID": 1018197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2111", "title": "Pediatric dosing considerations in ophthalmology.", "content": "In almost all cases concerned with topically applied ophthalmic drugs, no distinction is made between adults and infants or children with regard to the concentration and amount of drug used. Even though maximal therapeutic effects are usually observed, there can be significant short- and long-term toxicity problems. Based on some modest assumptions it should be possible to reduce doses without sacrificing therapeutic effectiveness in infants and children up to three years of age. The overriding concern should be, however, potential toxicity problems which may exist  in infants and children, in particular the neonate, due to their low body weight and the fact that in most cases, more than 90 percent of an instilled dose in potentially available to act systemically. Total body surface area can be used as a measure for determining potentially toxic doses in children. Especially for potent drugs, with both short- and long-term manifestations, toxicity considerations may necessitate some sacrifice in therapeutic effectiveness of a given drug or switching to an alternate drug in order to insure a reduction in toxic side effects.", "contents": "Pediatric dosing considerations in ophthalmology. In almost all cases concerned with topically applied ophthalmic drugs, no distinction is made between adults and infants or children with regard to the concentration and amount of drug used. Even though maximal therapeutic effects are usually observed, there can be significant short- and long-term toxicity problems. Based on some modest assumptions it should be possible to reduce doses without sacrificing therapeutic effectiveness in infants and children up to three years of age. The overriding concern should be, however, potential toxicity problems which may exist  in infants and children, in particular the neonate, due to their low body weight and the fact that in most cases, more than 90 percent of an instilled dose in potentially available to act systemically. Total body surface area can be used as a measure for determining potentially toxic doses in children. Especially for potent drugs, with both short- and long-term manifestations, toxicity considerations may necessitate some sacrifice in therapeutic effectiveness of a given drug or switching to an alternate drug in order to insure a reduction in toxic side effects.", "PMID": 1018198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2112", "title": "Giant hairy nevus: preventable cause of amblyopia.", "content": "An infant with a congenital giant hairy nevus causing occlusion of the visual axis of the right eye is presented. The nevus was removed at the early age of three weeks because of concern that the child would develop deprivation amblyopia. Since such nevi can undergo malignant changes, early removal may be justified for that reason alone.", "contents": "Giant hairy nevus: preventable cause of amblyopia. An infant with a congenital giant hairy nevus causing occlusion of the visual axis of the right eye is presented. The nevus was removed at the early age of three weeks because of concern that the child would develop deprivation amblyopia. Since such nevi can undergo malignant changes, early removal may be justified for that reason alone.", "PMID": 1018200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2113", "title": "Ocular pathology of Lowe's syndrome in a female infant.", "content": "The ocular pathologic findings are presented in a case of a female infant with clinical and biochemical evidence of Lowe's syndrome. A small but increasing number of reports suggest that the mode of inheritance is not always sex-linked. The ocular histopathologic findings in the present case parallel those previously described for this syndrome. While the pathologic findings in other systems are variable, it is thought that the constellation of lens and anterior segment changes are sufficiently characteristic to identify cases of Lowe's syndrome.", "contents": "Ocular pathology of Lowe's syndrome in a female infant. The ocular pathologic findings are presented in a case of a female infant with clinical and biochemical evidence of Lowe's syndrome. A small but increasing number of reports suggest that the mode of inheritance is not always sex-linked. The ocular histopathologic findings in the present case parallel those previously described for this syndrome. While the pathologic findings in other systems are variable, it is thought that the constellation of lens and anterior segment changes are sufficiently characteristic to identify cases of Lowe's syndrome.", "PMID": 1018203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2114", "title": "Atypical vertical retraction syndrome: a case study.", "content": "A case of unilateral retraction of the eyeball in downward gaze as well as downshoot with the retraction when an outward horizontal movement of the contralateral eye was attempted has been introduced. The case has an exotropia with inability to adduct involved eye. The face turned to the left to minimize diplopia in the primary position. During the retraction, the lid widened slightly. An analyses by electrooculography and electromyography suggested that there was an abnormal neural connection between the vertical recti of the involved eye and the contralateral lateral rectus muscle. Co-contraction of vertical recti and loss of the reciprocal innervation were seen at the involved eye. Surgical treatment for exotropia, and total transplantation of vertical recti to the insertion of the involved medial rectus resulted in a slight reduction of the exotropia with the face straight, but not in the retraction as well as adduction and elevation of the involved eye. Based on the results, a central mechanism to produce above abnormality was described.", "contents": "Atypical vertical retraction syndrome: a case study. A case of unilateral retraction of the eyeball in downward gaze as well as downshoot with the retraction when an outward horizontal movement of the contralateral eye was attempted has been introduced. The case has an exotropia with inability to adduct involved eye. The face turned to the left to minimize diplopia in the primary position. During the retraction, the lid widened slightly. An analyses by electrooculography and electromyography suggested that there was an abnormal neural connection between the vertical recti of the involved eye and the contralateral lateral rectus muscle. Co-contraction of vertical recti and loss of the reciprocal innervation were seen at the involved eye. Surgical treatment for exotropia, and total transplantation of vertical recti to the insertion of the involved medial rectus resulted in a slight reduction of the exotropia with the face straight, but not in the retraction as well as adduction and elevation of the involved eye. Based on the results, a central mechanism to produce above abnormality was described.", "PMID": 1018205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2115", "title": "Electroretinogram and visually evoked cortical potential in Tay-Sachs disease: a report of two cases.", "content": "The electroretinogram (ERG) and visually evoked cortical potential (VECP) were recorded in two cases of Tay-Sachs disease where diagnosis was well established: 1. ERGs of high amplitude and of normal wave form were recordable with prominent oscillatory potentials. Responses were always equal in both eyes. 2. VECPs were extinguished in both cases. These findings were interpreted as showing that Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the degeneration of ganglion cells in the nervous system and that the ganglion cells in the retina do not affect the ERGs of vertebrate animals.", "contents": "Electroretinogram and visually evoked cortical potential in Tay-Sachs disease: a report of two cases. The electroretinogram (ERG) and visually evoked cortical potential (VECP) were recorded in two cases of Tay-Sachs disease where diagnosis was well established: 1. ERGs of high amplitude and of normal wave form were recordable with prominent oscillatory potentials. Responses were always equal in both eyes. 2. VECPs were extinguished in both cases. These findings were interpreted as showing that Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the degeneration of ganglion cells in the nervous system and that the ganglion cells in the retina do not affect the ERGs of vertebrate animals.", "PMID": 1018206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2116", "title": "Bilateral retinoblastoma and verbal intelligence.", "content": "Sighted and blind patients with bilateral retinoblastoma were compared with their unaffected siblings on standardized tests of verbal intelligence. IQs of blind subjects were found to be significantly higher than those of their siblings while no such difference was noted between sighted subjects and their controls. It was concluded that the IQ superiority of the blind group is associated with blindness rather than with the disease.", "contents": "Bilateral retinoblastoma and verbal intelligence. Sighted and blind patients with bilateral retinoblastoma were compared with their unaffected siblings on standardized tests of verbal intelligence. IQs of blind subjects were found to be significantly higher than those of their siblings while no such difference was noted between sighted subjects and their controls. It was concluded that the IQ superiority of the blind group is associated with blindness rather than with the disease.", "PMID": 1018208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2117", "title": "The surgery and results following traumatic cataracts in children.", "content": "Ninety eyes undergoing surgery for the removal of traumatic cataracts have been evaluated. In this group, the visual results relate to the coincident complications and amblyopia. Most commonly, they may be related to the extent of the preoperative trauma to the injured eye or to the age of the patient at the time of the injury. Forty-eight eyes (54%) achieved an acuity of 20/20 to 20/80 with 38 (42%) eyes achieving acuity of 20/20 to 20/30. A visual result of 20/80 or better was obtained in 12 eyes of the 29 patients six years of age or less.", "contents": "The surgery and results following traumatic cataracts in children. Ninety eyes undergoing surgery for the removal of traumatic cataracts have been evaluated. In this group, the visual results relate to the coincident complications and amblyopia. Most commonly, they may be related to the extent of the preoperative trauma to the injured eye or to the age of the patient at the time of the injury. Forty-eight eyes (54%) achieved an acuity of 20/20 to 20/80 with 38 (42%) eyes achieving acuity of 20/20 to 20/30. A visual result of 20/80 or better was obtained in 12 eyes of the 29 patients six years of age or less.", "PMID": 1018217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2118", "title": "Physiological mediation of attitudinal responses.", "content": "A study was undertaken to try to ascertain the best model of the relationship between stimuli, physiological responses, and attitudes. Subjects were asked to indicate their attitudes toward various nations after having received various bogus information about how they responded physiologically to the stimuli. The results indicate the following: (a) In general, attitudes appear to be physiologically mediated; (b) physiological mediation of attitudes is strongest when prior knowledge about the stimuli is low but is independent of prior attitudes about the stimuli; (c) bogus physiological feedback does not seem to be verbally mediated; and (d) the most fruitful distinction between types of bogus feedback is between any feedback versus no feedback, not between change versus no change or between increase versus decrease in response.", "contents": "Physiological mediation of attitudinal responses. A study was undertaken to try to ascertain the best model of the relationship between stimuli, physiological responses, and attitudes. Subjects were asked to indicate their attitudes toward various nations after having received various bogus information about how they responded physiologically to the stimuli. The results indicate the following: (a) In general, attitudes appear to be physiologically mediated; (b) physiological mediation of attitudes is strongest when prior knowledge about the stimuli is low but is independent of prior attitudes about the stimuli; (c) bogus physiological feedback does not seem to be verbally mediated; and (d) the most fruitful distinction between types of bogus feedback is between any feedback versus no feedback, not between change versus no change or between increase versus decrease in response.", "PMID": 1018226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2119", "title": "Incidence of retinoblastoma in Malawi.", "content": "The annual incidence of retinoblastoma in Malawi seems to be two cases per 100,000 children under five or one case per 10,000 live births. A higher frequency of one case per 21,700 to 17,900 children under five or one per 4,340 to 3,580 live births has been found in the Zomba and Mangochi districts. Analyzing the cases according to sex and laterality, 61.1 percent of the unilateral cases were girls and 58.3 percent of the bilaterals were boys. Among boys, 33.3 percent were bilateral while unilateral involvement of the left eye was found in 19.1 percent. Among the girls, the frequency of bilateral cases was 18.5 percent while the unilateral involvement of right and left eye was nearly similar.", "contents": "Incidence of retinoblastoma in Malawi. The annual incidence of retinoblastoma in Malawi seems to be two cases per 100,000 children under five or one case per 10,000 live births. A higher frequency of one case per 21,700 to 17,900 children under five or one per 4,340 to 3,580 live births has been found in the Zomba and Mangochi districts. Analyzing the cases according to sex and laterality, 61.1 percent of the unilateral cases were girls and 58.3 percent of the bilaterals were boys. Among boys, 33.3 percent were bilateral while unilateral involvement of the left eye was found in 19.1 percent. Among the girls, the frequency of bilateral cases was 18.5 percent while the unilateral involvement of right and left eye was nearly similar.", "PMID": 1018220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2120", "title": "Sex typing and the avoidance of cross-sex behavior.", "content": "This article presents evidence for the hypothesis that cross-sex behavior is motivationally problematic for sex-typed individuals and that they actively avoid it as a result. In particular, when asked to indicate which of a series of paired activities they would prefer to perform for pay while being photographed, sex-typed subjects were more likely than either androgynous or sex-reversed subjects to prefer sex-appropriate activity and to resist sex-inappropriate activity, even though such choices cost them money. Moreover, actually engaging in cross-sex behavior caused sex-typed subjects to report greater psychological discomfort and more negative feelings about themselves.", "contents": "Sex typing and the avoidance of cross-sex behavior. This article presents evidence for the hypothesis that cross-sex behavior is motivationally problematic for sex-typed individuals and that they actively avoid it as a result. In particular, when asked to indicate which of a series of paired activities they would prefer to perform for pay while being photographed, sex-typed subjects were more likely than either androgynous or sex-reversed subjects to prefer sex-appropriate activity and to resist sex-inappropriate activity, even though such choices cost them money. Moreover, actually engaging in cross-sex behavior caused sex-typed subjects to report greater psychological discomfort and more negative feelings about themselves.", "PMID": 1018227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2121", "title": "Arachnoiditis and VECP change.", "content": "A five-year-old boy presented with tuberculous meningitis and subsequently developed amaurosis with optochiasmatic arachnoiditis (OCA) late in the convalescent stage of the illness. The visual evoked cortical potentials were correlated with the decreased and improved postoperative acuity. The diagnosis and classification of OCA have been discussed with emphasis given to prompt neurosurgical treatment.", "contents": "Arachnoiditis and VECP change. A five-year-old boy presented with tuberculous meningitis and subsequently developed amaurosis with optochiasmatic arachnoiditis (OCA) late in the convalescent stage of the illness. The visual evoked cortical potentials were correlated with the decreased and improved postoperative acuity. The diagnosis and classification of OCA have been discussed with emphasis given to prompt neurosurgical treatment.", "PMID": 1018222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2122", "title": "Congenital upper eyelid retraction.", "content": "This report describes a six-year-old boy born with a unilateral upper eyelid retraction resulting in mild exposure keratopathy. The fissure on that side was 4 millimeters larger and lagophthalmos was present. At the time of levator recession surgery, the muscle was found to have a restriction at the medial and lateral horns preventing downward excursion. This condition has some of the features of congenital orbital fibrosis and is postulated to have been due to an intrauterine infection or inflammation.", "contents": "Congenital upper eyelid retraction. This report describes a six-year-old boy born with a unilateral upper eyelid retraction resulting in mild exposure keratopathy. The fissure on that side was 4 millimeters larger and lagophthalmos was present. At the time of levator recession surgery, the muscle was found to have a restriction at the medial and lateral horns preventing downward excursion. This condition has some of the features of congenital orbital fibrosis and is postulated to have been due to an intrauterine infection or inflammation.", "PMID": 1018223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2123", "title": "Sugars and sugar derivatives which inhibit the short-circuit current of the everted small intestine of the rat.", "content": "1. The short-circuit current of everted rat intestine supported on a perforated cannula proved to be stable for up to 3 hr and has been used to study competition between transportable and non-transportable sugars. 2. 4,6-O-Ethylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranose (ethylidene glucose) and 4,6-O-benzylidene-e alpha-D-glucopyranos (benzylinene glucose), two nontransportable inhibitors of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes, were found to reduce the short-circuit current generated by transportable sugars such as galactose or 3-O-methyl glucose. 3. These compounds were also found to reduce the basal short-circuit current established by the everted intestine in a sugar-free Krebs solution. Both types of inhibition approached saturation at the higher concentrations used. 4. Similar inhibitory properties were shown by mannose, a non-actively accumulated monosaccharide, and by the beta-disaccharides lactose and cellobiose. 5. It is suggested that this common pattern of behaviour is due to the ability of these compounds to react with the sites for active hexose transfer but without translocation by the system. The significance of the inhibition of the basal short-circuit current is briefly discussed in this context.", "contents": "Sugars and sugar derivatives which inhibit the short-circuit current of the everted small intestine of the rat. 1. The short-circuit current of everted rat intestine supported on a perforated cannula proved to be stable for up to 3 hr and has been used to study competition between transportable and non-transportable sugars. 2. 4,6-O-Ethylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranose (ethylidene glucose) and 4,6-O-benzylidene-e alpha-D-glucopyranos (benzylinene glucose), two nontransportable inhibitors of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes, were found to reduce the short-circuit current generated by transportable sugars such as galactose or 3-O-methyl glucose. 3. These compounds were also found to reduce the basal short-circuit current established by the everted intestine in a sugar-free Krebs solution. Both types of inhibition approached saturation at the higher concentrations used. 4. Similar inhibitory properties were shown by mannose, a non-actively accumulated monosaccharide, and by the beta-disaccharides lactose and cellobiose. 5. It is suggested that this common pattern of behaviour is due to the ability of these compounds to react with the sites for active hexose transfer but without translocation by the system. The significance of the inhibition of the basal short-circuit current is briefly discussed in this context.", "PMID": 1018228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2124", "title": "Manganese-dependent propagated action potentials and their depression by electrical stimulation in guinea-pig myocardium perfused by sodium-free media.", "content": "1. Propagated action potentials were recorded in right ventricular papillary muscles from guinea-pig heart while exposed to Na-free, Ca-free and Mg-free solutions containing Mn. 2. When Na was totally replaced by 95 mM-Mn the overshoot was about 45 mV while the resting potential was about -90mV. 3. The overshoot of action potentials was increased by about 20-30 mV per tenfold increase of Mn concentration over the range of 2-50 mM. 4. Similar increases of overshoots with increasing of Mn concentration also occurred in the presence of 0-6 mM-Ca. Increasing of Ca from 5 to 20 mM had little influence on the overshoot but shortened the duration of the Mn-dependent action potential in the presence of 5 mM-MN. 5 Mn-dependent action potentials were not depressed by 3 X 10(5) M tetrodotoxin but by La. 6. These results suggest that Mn passes through the slow inward current channel to generate the action potential seen under the Na-free condition. 7. The overshoot and duration of the Mn-dependent action potential decreased with stimulation. At stimulus frequencies (Hz) of 0-5, 0-2, 0-1, 0-017 and 0-0033 the overshoot of action potential in 5 mM-Mn Tyrode decreased by 0-5-1 mV per an action potential.  This depression of the action potential is explained by assuming intracellular accumulation of Mn.", "contents": "Manganese-dependent propagated action potentials and their depression by electrical stimulation in guinea-pig myocardium perfused by sodium-free media. 1. Propagated action potentials were recorded in right ventricular papillary muscles from guinea-pig heart while exposed to Na-free, Ca-free and Mg-free solutions containing Mn. 2. When Na was totally replaced by 95 mM-Mn the overshoot was about 45 mV while the resting potential was about -90mV. 3. The overshoot of action potentials was increased by about 20-30 mV per tenfold increase of Mn concentration over the range of 2-50 mM. 4. Similar increases of overshoots with increasing of Mn concentration also occurred in the presence of 0-6 mM-Ca. Increasing of Ca from 5 to 20 mM had little influence on the overshoot but shortened the duration of the Mn-dependent action potential in the presence of 5 mM-MN. 5 Mn-dependent action potentials were not depressed by 3 X 10(5) M tetrodotoxin but by La. 6. These results suggest that Mn passes through the slow inward current channel to generate the action potential seen under the Na-free condition. 7. The overshoot and duration of the Mn-dependent action potential decreased with stimulation. At stimulus frequencies (Hz) of 0-5, 0-2, 0-1, 0-017 and 0-0033 the overshoot of action potential in 5 mM-Mn Tyrode decreased by 0-5-1 mV per an action potential.  This depression of the action potential is explained by assuming intracellular accumulation of Mn.", "PMID": 1018229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2125", "title": "Afferent sympathetic nerve fibres with aortic endings.", "content": "1. We recorded the electrical impulse activity of thirty-five single afferent fibres with aortic endings isolated from the third to the sixth left thoracic sympathetic rami communicantes of anaesthetized cats. The endings of each fibre were localized by mechanical probing of the opened aorta at the end of each experiment. 2. Twenty-four fibres had a single aortic receptive field. Eleven fibres had several and distinct receptive fields (from two to four): they were usually located in nearby aortic areas or, in addition, in other proximal portions of the arterial tree or in the adjacent pleura and connective tissue. 3. Twenty-nine fibres had conduction velocities ranging between 5 and 27 m/sec (Group Adelta), while six fibres had conduction velocities between 0-2 and 1-2m/sec (Group C). 4. The spontaneous impulse activity was in phase with the aortic pressure pulse and consisted of not more than one impulse per pressure pulse. It was increased during increases in aortic pressure and, conversely, decreased during decreases in aortic pressure. In vivo and post mortem studies showed that these mechanoreceptors had an impulse activity which rapidly adapted during sustained stimuli. They thus seem to signal pulsatile aortic stretch. 5. These aortic sympathetic afferents are likely to be part of a nervous pathway through which pressor reflexes, exhibiting positive feed-back characteristics, can elicited.", "contents": "Afferent sympathetic nerve fibres with aortic endings. 1. We recorded the electrical impulse activity of thirty-five single afferent fibres with aortic endings isolated from the third to the sixth left thoracic sympathetic rami communicantes of anaesthetized cats. The endings of each fibre were localized by mechanical probing of the opened aorta at the end of each experiment. 2. Twenty-four fibres had a single aortic receptive field. Eleven fibres had several and distinct receptive fields (from two to four): they were usually located in nearby aortic areas or, in addition, in other proximal portions of the arterial tree or in the adjacent pleura and connective tissue. 3. Twenty-nine fibres had conduction velocities ranging between 5 and 27 m/sec (Group Adelta), while six fibres had conduction velocities between 0-2 and 1-2m/sec (Group C). 4. The spontaneous impulse activity was in phase with the aortic pressure pulse and consisted of not more than one impulse per pressure pulse. It was increased during increases in aortic pressure and, conversely, decreased during decreases in aortic pressure. In vivo and post mortem studies showed that these mechanoreceptors had an impulse activity which rapidly adapted during sustained stimuli. They thus seem to signal pulsatile aortic stretch. 5. These aortic sympathetic afferents are likely to be part of a nervous pathway through which pressor reflexes, exhibiting positive feed-back characteristics, can elicited.", "PMID": 1018230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2126", "title": "Anomalies of the retinal veins and their incidence.", "content": "Nonaneurysmal anomalies of the retinal veins were studied in 1,400 consecutive locally and systemically healthy individuals whose ages ranged from eight to 66 years. The anomalies included veno-venous crossing, triconfluence, congenital dilatation, prepapillary loop, anomalous macular veins, and retinociliary vein. Excluding the last three, these anomalies are not at all rare. Hypotheses to explain the development of veno-venous crossings and the bifurcation of retinal veins are also presented.", "contents": "Anomalies of the retinal veins and their incidence. Nonaneurysmal anomalies of the retinal veins were studied in 1,400 consecutive locally and systemically healthy individuals whose ages ranged from eight to 66 years. The anomalies included veno-venous crossing, triconfluence, congenital dilatation, prepapillary loop, anomalous macular veins, and retinociliary vein. Excluding the last three, these anomalies are not at all rare. Hypotheses to explain the development of veno-venous crossings and the bifurcation of retinal veins are also presented.", "PMID": 1018224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2127", "title": "\"Tissue-drag\" with polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) sutures in strabismus surgery.", "content": "The new absorbable synthetic sutures, polyglycolic and (Dexon) and Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), are excellent sutures for strabismus surgery, but they have a bothersome tendency to attract adjacent tissue (tissue-drag). This difficulty is found especially with the 5-0 size suture, less so with the 6-0 size suture, and minimally with the 7-0 size suture. The presence and number of short, stubbly, protuberant strands (hooklets) seen on the surface of these sutures under high magnification correlates with the lack of ease with which the sutures pass through tissue. Other factors involved in tissue-drag include the crevices between braids in these sutures and the fiber-tissue friction due to the innate nature of the suture materials. Sutures which pass with ease through tissue, such as catgut and nonabsorbable sutures, are seen to have smooth surfaces under high magnification. Coating the 5-0 and 6-0 Dexon and Vicryl sutures to smooth their surfaces and reduce tissue-drag was ineffective with isotonic saline solution, minimally to moderately effective with glycerine and with methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol solutions, but highly effective with peanut and sesame oils. Though tissue-passage of Dexon and Vicryl sutures was much improved by coating with oil and entirely satisfactory, it still was not quite as good as with catgut. Clinically, the oil did not compromise the knot security or ease of handling of the sutures. No unusual postoperative reaction was seen with the use of the oiled sutures. Although oiling the synthetic absorbable sutures at time of surgery is effective, we recommend that suture manufacturers reduce the tissue-drag of synthetic absorbable sutures either by smoothing the surface in the manufacturing process or by developing an absorbable coating applied to the sutures during manufacture.", "contents": "\"Tissue-drag\" with polyglycolic acid (Dexon) and polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) sutures in strabismus surgery. The new absorbable synthetic sutures, polyglycolic and (Dexon) and Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), are excellent sutures for strabismus surgery, but they have a bothersome tendency to attract adjacent tissue (tissue-drag). This difficulty is found especially with the 5-0 size suture, less so with the 6-0 size suture, and minimally with the 7-0 size suture. The presence and number of short, stubbly, protuberant strands (hooklets) seen on the surface of these sutures under high magnification correlates with the lack of ease with which the sutures pass through tissue. Other factors involved in tissue-drag include the crevices between braids in these sutures and the fiber-tissue friction due to the innate nature of the suture materials. Sutures which pass with ease through tissue, such as catgut and nonabsorbable sutures, are seen to have smooth surfaces under high magnification. Coating the 5-0 and 6-0 Dexon and Vicryl sutures to smooth their surfaces and reduce tissue-drag was ineffective with isotonic saline solution, minimally to moderately effective with glycerine and with methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol solutions, but highly effective with peanut and sesame oils. Though tissue-passage of Dexon and Vicryl sutures was much improved by coating with oil and entirely satisfactory, it still was not quite as good as with catgut. Clinically, the oil did not compromise the knot security or ease of handling of the sutures. No unusual postoperative reaction was seen with the use of the oiled sutures. Although oiling the synthetic absorbable sutures at time of surgery is effective, we recommend that suture manufacturers reduce the tissue-drag of synthetic absorbable sutures either by smoothing the surface in the manufacturing process or by developing an absorbable coating applied to the sutures during manufacture.", "PMID": 1018225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2128", "title": "Influence of the sodium pump on intercellular communication in heart fibres: effect of intracellular injection of sodium ion on electrical coupling.", "content": "1. The effect of intracellular sodium injection on the electrical coupling between cardiac Purkinje cells was investigated. 2. It was found that an increase in the intracellular sodium concentration produces uncoupling in about 500 sec and increases the input resistance of the injected cell. Both effects were completely reversible. 3. Inhibition of the sodium pump by ouabain (6-8 x 10(7) M) also causes electrical uncoupling. 4. The decoupling of heart cells achieved by sodium injection was considerably accelerated in fibres treated with ouabain. 5. The influence of sodium injection on cell communication seems to be related to the intracellular calcium concentration 6. The above results indicate that the maintenance of a low intracellular sodium concentration by the sodium pump is essential for the preservation of a high junctional conductance in cardiac fibres.", "contents": "Influence of the sodium pump on intercellular communication in heart fibres: effect of intracellular injection of sodium ion on electrical coupling. 1. The effect of intracellular sodium injection on the electrical coupling between cardiac Purkinje cells was investigated. 2. It was found that an increase in the intracellular sodium concentration produces uncoupling in about 500 sec and increases the input resistance of the injected cell. Both effects were completely reversible. 3. Inhibition of the sodium pump by ouabain (6-8 x 10(7) M) also causes electrical uncoupling. 4. The decoupling of heart cells achieved by sodium injection was considerably accelerated in fibres treated with ouabain. 5. The influence of sodium injection on cell communication seems to be related to the intracellular calcium concentration 6. The above results indicate that the maintenance of a low intracellular sodium concentration by the sodium pump is essential for the preservation of a high junctional conductance in cardiac fibres.", "PMID": 1018231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2129", "title": "The force generated by a visceral smooth muscle.", "content": "1. Strips of taenia coli from the caecum of the guinea-pig were mounted in an organ bath at 37 degrees C; isometric contractions were elicited with 10(5)M carbachol. Each taenia was stretched to the length at which it produced the maximum active tension; it was then fixed and embedded for measurement of the transverse sectional area. 2. The maximal force produced ranged between 96-1 and 138-3 mN. This corresponded to a force of between 251 and 513 mN.mm(2) (mean: 416 +/-28 [n = 10]). Temperature changes in the range 23-38 degrees C had little effect on the maximal force output.3. When allowance is made for the extracellular space (about 32% of the transverse sectional area), for the non-muscular cells present in the taenia (about 5%), and for the non-contractile material present in the muscle cells (about 10%), the maximal force generated was about 734 mN.mm(2) of contractile material (or almost twice as large as in skeletal muscle).4. Electron microscopy revealed terminal apparatuses at the ends of muscle cells, anchoring the cells to the connective tissue, and cell-to-cell junctions (attachment plaques). In addition, many dense patches of dense bands, sites near the cell surface where filaments are seen to end, were scattered along the entire length of the muscle cell and lay close to bundles of collagen fibrils. 5. It is suggested that the production of such a large force by this smooth muscle is partly explained by the lateral attachment of some contractile units to sites along the entire cell length, which in their turn are anchored to the collagen network; the latter may be considered a sort of intramuscular tendon.", "contents": "The force generated by a visceral smooth muscle. 1. Strips of taenia coli from the caecum of the guinea-pig were mounted in an organ bath at 37 degrees C; isometric contractions were elicited with 10(5)M carbachol. Each taenia was stretched to the length at which it produced the maximum active tension; it was then fixed and embedded for measurement of the transverse sectional area. 2. The maximal force produced ranged between 96-1 and 138-3 mN. This corresponded to a force of between 251 and 513 mN.mm(2) (mean: 416 +/-28 [n = 10]). Temperature changes in the range 23-38 degrees C had little effect on the maximal force output.3. When allowance is made for the extracellular space (about 32% of the transverse sectional area), for the non-muscular cells present in the taenia (about 5%), and for the non-contractile material present in the muscle cells (about 10%), the maximal force generated was about 734 mN.mm(2) of contractile material (or almost twice as large as in skeletal muscle).4. Electron microscopy revealed terminal apparatuses at the ends of muscle cells, anchoring the cells to the connective tissue, and cell-to-cell junctions (attachment plaques). In addition, many dense patches of dense bands, sites near the cell surface where filaments are seen to end, were scattered along the entire length of the muscle cell and lay close to bundles of collagen fibrils. 5. It is suggested that the production of such a large force by this smooth muscle is partly explained by the lateral attachment of some contractile units to sites along the entire cell length, which in their turn are anchored to the collagen network; the latter may be considered a sort of intramuscular tendon.", "PMID": 1018232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2130", "title": "Spatial properties of horizontal cell responses in the turtle retina.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. Spatial properties of the responses were determined using brief flashes of monochromatic light. 2. For a light stimulus in the form of a long narrow slit the peak response decayed approximately exponentially with displacement from the centred position. 3. With variation in the area of a centred circular patch, the peak response increased in a graded manner with stimulus area but was not proportional to area. 4. The model of electrical coupling in the horizontal cell layer proposed by Naka & Rushton (1976) was applied to the results. For the case of dim illumination a simplification is applicable, and the voltage distribution for circular and slit-shaped patches of light can be expressed in terms of two unknowns: the voltage resulting from diffuse illumination and a characteristic 'length constant'. 5. The measured variation of response amplitude was well described by the theory. Measured length constants were distributed from less than 100 mum to greater than 1 mm, and in a given cell the values determined by the slit displacement method and the area variation method were in reasonable agreement. 6. It is concluded that with dim illumination the model provides an accurate description of the voltage spread in the cells. Deviations were found to occur at higher intensities and possible reasons are discussed. 7. The implications of the model on the measurement of resistance changes during illunination are discussed.", "contents": "Spatial properties of horizontal cell responses in the turtle retina. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. Spatial properties of the responses were determined using brief flashes of monochromatic light. 2. For a light stimulus in the form of a long narrow slit the peak response decayed approximately exponentially with displacement from the centred position. 3. With variation in the area of a centred circular patch, the peak response increased in a graded manner with stimulus area but was not proportional to area. 4. The model of electrical coupling in the horizontal cell layer proposed by Naka & Rushton (1976) was applied to the results. For the case of dim illumination a simplification is applicable, and the voltage distribution for circular and slit-shaped patches of light can be expressed in terms of two unknowns: the voltage resulting from diffuse illumination and a characteristic 'length constant'. 5. The measured variation of response amplitude was well described by the theory. Measured length constants were distributed from less than 100 mum to greater than 1 mm, and in a given cell the values determined by the slit displacement method and the area variation method were in reasonable agreement. 6. It is concluded that with dim illumination the model provides an accurate description of the voltage spread in the cells. Deviations were found to occur at higher intensities and possible reasons are discussed. 7. The implications of the model on the measurement of resistance changes during illunination are discussed.", "PMID": 1018237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2131", "title": "The relation between intercellular coupling and electrical noise in turtle photoreceptors.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings from cones and rods in the retina of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, revealed that in darkness the cell voltage fluctuated spontaneously about its mean level. The fluctuations were reduced during bright steady illmination of the cell often to a level close to that obtained with the electrode outside the cell where the noise did not change significantly during illumination. 2. The magnitude of the intrinsic dark noise (voltage variance in darkness minus voltage variance in strong light) varied widely from cell to cell. In the noisiest cones it was about 0-4 mV2 while in quiet cones it was often as low as 0-01 mV2. The noise appeared radom and could be fitted by a Gaussian probability density function. 3. The spread of voltage in the network of coupled photoreceptors was estimated by measuring the spatial profile of the response to a brief flash of constant intensity moved across the retina. For a light stimulus in the form of a long narrow slit, the peak flash response usually decayed exponentially with displacement from the centred position. 4. For maximum responses less than about 5 mV in cones, the length constant of exponential decay, lambda, varied from less than 10 mum to greater than 35 mum, and the values obtained in opposite directions were often unequal. Background illumination did not significantly change lambda. In cells with extremely narrow spatial profiles, an exponential fit to the decay could not be made reliably. 5. Occasionally the spatial profiles had definite secondary peaks. In the most pronounced examples in a red-sensitive cone and in a rod the maxima were separated by about 20 and 50 mum respectively; for each, one peak was approximately as sharp as the optical stimulator while the second was broader. 6. Cones with short length constants displayed high dark noise while cones with long length constants were relatively quiet. 7. Three models of electrical coupling between cells were investigated: one based on a distributed network, one on a discrete square grid arrangement, and one on a discrete hexagonal array. Each model predicts a strong dependence of both noise and input resistance on length constant, and for tightly coupled cells each predicts that voltage variance is proportional to lambda-2. 8. The measured relationship between voltage variance and lambda in a large sample of cones was well described by both discrete models when the average cell spacing was taken to be approximately 15 mum. 9...", "contents": "The relation between intercellular coupling and electrical noise in turtle photoreceptors. 1. Intracellular recordings from cones and rods in the retina of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, revealed that in darkness the cell voltage fluctuated spontaneously about its mean level. The fluctuations were reduced during bright steady illmination of the cell often to a level close to that obtained with the electrode outside the cell where the noise did not change significantly during illumination. 2. The magnitude of the intrinsic dark noise (voltage variance in darkness minus voltage variance in strong light) varied widely from cell to cell. In the noisiest cones it was about 0-4 mV2 while in quiet cones it was often as low as 0-01 mV2. The noise appeared radom and could be fitted by a Gaussian probability density function. 3. The spread of voltage in the network of coupled photoreceptors was estimated by measuring the spatial profile of the response to a brief flash of constant intensity moved across the retina. For a light stimulus in the form of a long narrow slit, the peak flash response usually decayed exponentially with displacement from the centred position. 4. For maximum responses less than about 5 mV in cones, the length constant of exponential decay, lambda, varied from less than 10 mum to greater than 35 mum, and the values obtained in opposite directions were often unequal. Background illumination did not significantly change lambda. In cells with extremely narrow spatial profiles, an exponential fit to the decay could not be made reliably. 5. Occasionally the spatial profiles had definite secondary peaks. In the most pronounced examples in a red-sensitive cone and in a rod the maxima were separated by about 20 and 50 mum respectively; for each, one peak was approximately as sharp as the optical stimulator while the second was broader. 6. Cones with short length constants displayed high dark noise while cones with long length constants were relatively quiet. 7. Three models of electrical coupling between cells were investigated: one based on a distributed network, one on a discrete square grid arrangement, and one on a discrete hexagonal array. Each model predicts a strong dependence of both noise and input resistance on length constant, and for tightly coupled cells each predicts that voltage variance is proportional to lambda-2. 8. The measured relationship between voltage variance and lambda in a large sample of cones was well described by both discrete models when the average cell spacing was taken to be approximately 15 mum. 9...", "PMID": 1018249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2132", "title": "Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. Voltage-clamp experiments were carried out in calf Purkinje fibres to determine the basis of transient depolarizations (TDs) associated with digitalis-induced arrhythmias. 2. Under the influence of strophanthidin, depolarizing clamp pulses were followed by a transient inward current (TI) which was small or absent in untreated preparations. The TI also appeared in the wake of a train of action potentials. 8. The TI can help generate spontaneous depolarizations in preparations showing the low voltage oscillations which often occur with advanced digitalis toxicity. 8. The TI can help generate spontaneous depolarizations in preparations showing the 'low voltage oscillation' which often occur with advanced digitais toxicity. It was designated TI because its magnitude and timing were appropriate to account for the TD. 3. Longitudinal voltage non-uniformity during the TI was determined with two voltage-recording micro-electrodes. Although the non-uniformity was not severe, the TI wave form was observed when the voltage difference signal was used to measure membrane current density. 4. Over the diastolic range of potential, the strophanthidin-induced TI appeared superimposed upon the normal pace-maker mechanism, the decay of a potassium current, iK2. The TI could be dissociated from iK2, however, by means of its unusual kinetic properties. 5. TIs could also be recorded at holding potentials positive to -55 mV, i.e. outside the range where iK2 deactivation occurs. 6. The TI amplitude showed a slow and strongly sigmoid dependence on the duration of the preceding depolarizing pulse. Stronger depolarizing reduced the TI amplitude, while slowing and exaggerating the sigmoid time-dependence. 7. Two clamp pulses in close succession gave additive effects in evoking a subsequent TI. This finding and the sigmoid time-dependence fit with previous observations that TDs are most prominent following a series of closely spaced action potentials.", "contents": "Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres. 1. Voltage-clamp experiments were carried out in calf Purkinje fibres to determine the basis of transient depolarizations (TDs) associated with digitalis-induced arrhythmias. 2. Under the influence of strophanthidin, depolarizing clamp pulses were followed by a transient inward current (TI) which was small or absent in untreated preparations. The TI also appeared in the wake of a train of action potentials. 8. The TI can help generate spontaneous depolarizations in preparations showing the low voltage oscillations which often occur with advanced digitalis toxicity. 8. The TI can help generate spontaneous depolarizations in preparations showing the 'low voltage oscillation' which often occur with advanced digitais toxicity. It was designated TI because its magnitude and timing were appropriate to account for the TD. 3. Longitudinal voltage non-uniformity during the TI was determined with two voltage-recording micro-electrodes. Although the non-uniformity was not severe, the TI wave form was observed when the voltage difference signal was used to measure membrane current density. 4. Over the diastolic range of potential, the strophanthidin-induced TI appeared superimposed upon the normal pace-maker mechanism, the decay of a potassium current, iK2. The TI could be dissociated from iK2, however, by means of its unusual kinetic properties. 5. TIs could also be recorded at holding potentials positive to -55 mV, i.e. outside the range where iK2 deactivation occurs. 6. The TI amplitude showed a slow and strongly sigmoid dependence on the duration of the preceding depolarizing pulse. Stronger depolarizing reduced the TI amplitude, while slowing and exaggerating the sigmoid time-dependence. 7. Two clamp pulses in close succession gave additive effects in evoking a subsequent TI. This finding and the sigmoid time-dependence fit with previous observations that TDs are most prominent following a series of closely spaced action potentials.", "PMID": 1018270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2133", "title": "On the analysis of nerve signals deduced from metacontrast experiments with human observers.", "content": "1. This paper reviews Alpern, Rushton & Torii's (1970a-d) derivation of the size of the inhibitory nerve signal arising from after flashes in the metacontrast experiment. 2. Their geometric argument is recast in terms of simple functional equations. This form of argument clearly displays the role of their assumptions in obtaining their main conclusion: nerve signal is linear in intensity over a range of 3-4 log units. 3. Two disadvantages of their approach are discussed. First, it is noted that in the presence of the data the assumption they employ in their analysis is logically equivalent to their conclusion. 4. Secondly, accepting their claim that the nerve signal generated by the after flash is linear over a broad range of intensities, and that this inhibitory signal simply cancels the excitatory signal of the test flash, leads to the conslusion that over this same intensity range the excitatory nerve signal is a power function with an exponent of close to two. This is incompatible with the suggestion that photoreceptor signals have been measured.", "contents": "On the analysis of nerve signals deduced from metacontrast experiments with human observers. 1. This paper reviews Alpern, Rushton & Torii's (1970a-d) derivation of the size of the inhibitory nerve signal arising from after flashes in the metacontrast experiment. 2. Their geometric argument is recast in terms of simple functional equations. This form of argument clearly displays the role of their assumptions in obtaining their main conclusion: nerve signal is linear in intensity over a range of 3-4 log units. 3. Two disadvantages of their approach are discussed. First, it is noted that in the presence of the data the assumption they employ in their analysis is logically equivalent to their conclusion. 4. Secondly, accepting their claim that the nerve signal generated by the after flash is linear over a broad range of intensities, and that this inhibitory signal simply cancels the excitatory signal of the test flash, leads to the conslusion that over this same intensity range the excitatory nerve signal is a power function with an exponent of close to two. This is incompatible with the suggestion that photoreceptor signals have been measured.", "PMID": 1018271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2134", "title": "Circadian and other rhythmic activity of neurones in the ventromedial nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area.", "content": "1. The frequency of firing was simultaneously recorded from single neurones of the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in urethane anaesthetized rats for many hours. 2. There were circadian changes of VMN and LHA neurone activity. The pattern of this circadian rhythm is as follows: throughout the day LHA neurones show higher activity than that of VMN, as indicated by higher frequency and more fluctuations in their rates of firing. In late afternoon the discharge rate of LHA neurones increases further, showing oscillations of short duration. In the early evening hours LHA neurone activity gradually goes down, as the VMN neurones become active. Throughout the night, VMN neurones are more active than those of LHA, just the opposite of the day period. In early morning hours VMN neurones gradually become quiet, while LHA neurones begin to show activity. 3. Superimposed on the circadian rhythm, at certain periods of the day, VMN and LHA neurones showed short duration oscillations in rate of firing, roughly every 7-15 sec and every 3-5 min. 4. Activities in neurones of the VMN and LHA were reciprocally related; a decrease in firing rate of one was associated with an increase in the other. This phenomenon was shown clearly by analysis of auto- and cross-correlation functions of firing patterns of VMN and LHA neurones. 5. The effects of stimulations of the prefrontal cortex and splanchnic afferents on VMN and LHA neurones depended on the basic firing frequency, thus they varied with the time of day. Definite relationships exist between basic firing frequency of a cell and the magnitude of changes evoked by these stimuli. Reactions of VMN and LHA neurones were the opposite in most instances. Septal stimulations (at more than 10/sec) always produced inhibition of LHA neurone activity. 6. Intravenous injection of glucose inhibited LHA neurones and accelerated firing of VMN cells. This was true during the day period as well as at night when background activities of VMN and LHA neurones were different from that of the day. 7. Stimulation of the septal area with subthreshold pulses at a low rate (1-0.3/sec) suppressed or altered oscillations in firing frequency of LHA neurones. Severance of connection between LHA and structures caudal thereto had no effect on LHA neurone firing rates or rhythms. Sections between the septal area and LHA, however, abolished or greatly altered the oscillatory rhythms of LHA cell activity, although spontaneous discharges continued at a somewhat lower rate for periods of hours. 8. Stimulation of suprachiasmatic nuclei with weak intensity and low frequency also changed oscillatory fluctuations in firing of LHA neurones. 9. Possible origins of circadian rhythm and oscillations of short duration in firing pattern of VMN and LHA neurones were discussed.", "contents": "Circadian and other rhythmic activity of neurones in the ventromedial nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area. 1. The frequency of firing was simultaneously recorded from single neurones of the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in urethane anaesthetized rats for many hours. 2. There were circadian changes of VMN and LHA neurone activity. The pattern of this circadian rhythm is as follows: throughout the day LHA neurones show higher activity than that of VMN, as indicated by higher frequency and more fluctuations in their rates of firing. In late afternoon the discharge rate of LHA neurones increases further, showing oscillations of short duration. In the early evening hours LHA neurone activity gradually goes down, as the VMN neurones become active. Throughout the night, VMN neurones are more active than those of LHA, just the opposite of the day period. In early morning hours VMN neurones gradually become quiet, while LHA neurones begin to show activity. 3. Superimposed on the circadian rhythm, at certain periods of the day, VMN and LHA neurones showed short duration oscillations in rate of firing, roughly every 7-15 sec and every 3-5 min. 4. Activities in neurones of the VMN and LHA were reciprocally related; a decrease in firing rate of one was associated with an increase in the other. This phenomenon was shown clearly by analysis of auto- and cross-correlation functions of firing patterns of VMN and LHA neurones. 5. The effects of stimulations of the prefrontal cortex and splanchnic afferents on VMN and LHA neurones depended on the basic firing frequency, thus they varied with the time of day. Definite relationships exist between basic firing frequency of a cell and the magnitude of changes evoked by these stimuli. Reactions of VMN and LHA neurones were the opposite in most instances. Septal stimulations (at more than 10/sec) always produced inhibition of LHA neurone activity. 6. Intravenous injection of glucose inhibited LHA neurones and accelerated firing of VMN cells. This was true during the day period as well as at night when background activities of VMN and LHA neurones were different from that of the day. 7. Stimulation of the septal area with subthreshold pulses at a low rate (1-0.3/sec) suppressed or altered oscillations in firing frequency of LHA neurones. Severance of connection between LHA and structures caudal thereto had no effect on LHA neurone firing rates or rhythms. Sections between the septal area and LHA, however, abolished or greatly altered the oscillatory rhythms of LHA cell activity, although spontaneous discharges continued at a somewhat lower rate for periods of hours. 8. Stimulation of suprachiasmatic nuclei with weak intensity and low frequency also changed oscillatory fluctuations in firing of LHA neurones. 9. Possible origins of circadian rhythm and oscillations of short duration in firing pattern of VMN and LHA neurones were discussed.", "PMID": 1018272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2135", "title": "Short-term synchronization of intercostal motoneurone activity.", "content": "1. The hypothesis is advanced that the joint occurrence of unitary excitatory post-synaptic potentials e.p.s.p.s) evoked in motoneurones by branches of common stem pre-synaptic fibres causes short-term synchronization of their discharge during the rising phases of the unitary e.p.s.p.s. 2. This hypothesis was tested using the pre- and post-stimulus time (PPST) histogram to detect synchronized firing among groups of intercostal motoneurones discharging in response to their natural synaptic drives. 3. Motor nerve action potentials were recorded monophasically from nerve filaments of the external intercostal muscles of anaesthetized, paralysed cats maintained on artificial ventilation. 4. Computer methods were used to measure peak spike amplitude, spike amplitude, spike interval and filament identification for simultaneous recordings from four filaments. The spike amplitude histograms were derived for each filament and groups of spikes were selected for analysis. 5. With spikes of one group designated as 'stimuli' (occurring at zero time) and those of a second as 'response' the PPST histogram was computed with different time bin widths. 6. With bin widths of 100 and 10 msec the central respiratory periodicity was apparent in the PPST histogram. With 1.0 msec bins the PPST histogram showed a narrow central peak extending to +/- 3.0 msec at its base. This 'short-term synchronization' supports the hypothesis of joint firing due to common presynaptic connectivity. 7. It was shown that detection of short-term synchronization was critically dependent on a sufficient quantity of data but that provided a simple criterion of adequate counts per bin in the PPST histogram was met, short-term synchronization could be detected between intercostal motoneurones of the same and adjacent segments.", "contents": "Short-term synchronization of intercostal motoneurone activity. 1. The hypothesis is advanced that the joint occurrence of unitary excitatory post-synaptic potentials e.p.s.p.s) evoked in motoneurones by branches of common stem pre-synaptic fibres causes short-term synchronization of their discharge during the rising phases of the unitary e.p.s.p.s. 2. This hypothesis was tested using the pre- and post-stimulus time (PPST) histogram to detect synchronized firing among groups of intercostal motoneurones discharging in response to their natural synaptic drives. 3. Motor nerve action potentials were recorded monophasically from nerve filaments of the external intercostal muscles of anaesthetized, paralysed cats maintained on artificial ventilation. 4. Computer methods were used to measure peak spike amplitude, spike amplitude, spike interval and filament identification for simultaneous recordings from four filaments. The spike amplitude histograms were derived for each filament and groups of spikes were selected for analysis. 5. With spikes of one group designated as 'stimuli' (occurring at zero time) and those of a second as 'response' the PPST histogram was computed with different time bin widths. 6. With bin widths of 100 and 10 msec the central respiratory periodicity was apparent in the PPST histogram. With 1.0 msec bins the PPST histogram showed a narrow central peak extending to +/- 3.0 msec at its base. This 'short-term synchronization' supports the hypothesis of joint firing due to common presynaptic connectivity. 7. It was shown that detection of short-term synchronization was critically dependent on a sufficient quantity of data but that provided a simple criterion of adequate counts per bin in the PPST histogram was met, short-term synchronization could be detected between intercostal motoneurones of the same and adjacent segments.", "PMID": 1018273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2136", "title": "Action potentials in the rat chromaffin cell and effects of acetylcholine.", "content": "1. Electrophysiological properties of the rat chromaffin cell were studied using intracellular recording techniques. 2. The resting potential in the chromaffin cell was -49 +/- 6 mV (mean +/- S.D., n = 14) in standard saline containing 10 mM-Ca whereas that in Na-free saline was -63 +/- 9 mV (n = 17). At rest, the membrane has a substantial Na permeability. 3. Action potentials were evoked by passing current through the recording electrode. In standard saline the major fraction of the action potential disappeared either upon omission of external Na ions from standard saline or addition of 1 muM tetrodotoxin (TTX). We conclude that action potentials in the chromaffin cell are due mainly to an increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na ions. 4. Small but significant regenerative action potentials were observed in Na-free saline, and when Ca in Na-free saline was replaced by Ba, prolonged action potentials occurred. We conclude that action potentials in the chromaffin cell also have a Ca component. 5. Iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) produced a transient membrane depolarization in standard saline. 6. Spontaneous action potentials were recorded extracellularly by microsuction electrodes. They occurred at a rate of 0-05-0-1/sec in almost all cells. 7. When the perfusion fluid contained 3 x 10(-7) M to 10(-4) M ACh the spike frequency increased up to about 2/sec. This stimulatory effect of ACh was blocked by 10(-7) M atropine but not by 10(-3) M hexamethonium nor by 10(-5) M-d-tubocurarine. 8. The importance of Ca entry during action potentials for catecholamine secretion is discussed", "contents": "Action potentials in the rat chromaffin cell and effects of acetylcholine. 1. Electrophysiological properties of the rat chromaffin cell were studied using intracellular recording techniques. 2. The resting potential in the chromaffin cell was -49 +/- 6 mV (mean +/- S.D., n = 14) in standard saline containing 10 mM-Ca whereas that in Na-free saline was -63 +/- 9 mV (n = 17). At rest, the membrane has a substantial Na permeability. 3. Action potentials were evoked by passing current through the recording electrode. In standard saline the major fraction of the action potential disappeared either upon omission of external Na ions from standard saline or addition of 1 muM tetrodotoxin (TTX). We conclude that action potentials in the chromaffin cell are due mainly to an increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na ions. 4. Small but significant regenerative action potentials were observed in Na-free saline, and when Ca in Na-free saline was replaced by Ba, prolonged action potentials occurred. We conclude that action potentials in the chromaffin cell also have a Ca component. 5. Iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) produced a transient membrane depolarization in standard saline. 6. Spontaneous action potentials were recorded extracellularly by microsuction electrodes. They occurred at a rate of 0-05-0-1/sec in almost all cells. 7. When the perfusion fluid contained 3 x 10(-7) M to 10(-4) M ACh the spike frequency increased up to about 2/sec. This stimulatory effect of ACh was blocked by 10(-7) M atropine but not by 10(-3) M hexamethonium nor by 10(-5) M-d-tubocurarine. 8. The importance of Ca entry during action potentials for catecholamine secretion is discussed", "PMID": 1018274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2137", "title": "Behaviour and aeration of the respiratory system in the domestic fowl embryo.", "content": "1. The monitoring of developmental stage and under-water dissection were used to examine the initial aeration of the respiratory system in domestic fowl embryos. 2. A virtually complete absence of free air within the chorioallantois was found before the beak had begun to make 'beak-clapping' movements, even when the membranes were already draped over its tip. 3. During the 'beak-clapping' stage, but before the membranes were pierced and before respiratory movements had begun, many embryos were found to contain free bubbles of air within the trachea and air sacs. 4. All embryos in which the respiratory system was aerated were found also to have froth in the crop or other parts of the digestive system. 5. Air was found in both the respiratory and digestive systems of all embryos examined after membrane penetration by the beak. 6. When air was injected into the chorioallantois before the stage of initial aeration it was recovered 5 min later from both the respiratory and digestive systems in under-water dissections. 7. It is suggested that lung ventilation takes place in the avian embryo in three distinct stages: the major air-ways become aerated, then respiratory movements begin and lastly the tertiary bronchi are slowly aerated. It is suggested also that movements involved in the imbibing of fluids play a part in aeration before the membranes are pierced.", "contents": "Behaviour and aeration of the respiratory system in the domestic fowl embryo. 1. The monitoring of developmental stage and under-water dissection were used to examine the initial aeration of the respiratory system in domestic fowl embryos. 2. A virtually complete absence of free air within the chorioallantois was found before the beak had begun to make 'beak-clapping' movements, even when the membranes were already draped over its tip. 3. During the 'beak-clapping' stage, but before the membranes were pierced and before respiratory movements had begun, many embryos were found to contain free bubbles of air within the trachea and air sacs. 4. All embryos in which the respiratory system was aerated were found also to have froth in the crop or other parts of the digestive system. 5. Air was found in both the respiratory and digestive systems of all embryos examined after membrane penetration by the beak. 6. When air was injected into the chorioallantois before the stage of initial aeration it was recovered 5 min later from both the respiratory and digestive systems in under-water dissections. 7. It is suggested that lung ventilation takes place in the avian embryo in three distinct stages: the major air-ways become aerated, then respiratory movements begin and lastly the tertiary bronchi are slowly aerated. It is suggested also that movements involved in the imbibing of fluids play a part in aeration before the membranes are pierced.", "PMID": 1018275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2138", "title": "Physiological properties and receptive fields of mechanosensory neurones in the head ganglion of the leech: comparison with homologous cells in segmental ganglia.", "content": "A study of the head ganglion of the leech was made to compare the properties of specific sensory cells in this ganglion with those of homologous neurones in the segmental ganglia. 1. In the head ganglion, cells were identified that had electrical properties, sensory modalities and adaptation properties similar to those of touch (T), pressure (P) and nociceptive (N) cells in the segmental ganglia. The cell bodies of these neurones were situated in characteristics positions that could be correlated with those in the segmental ganglia. Several lines of evidence suggested that they were primary sensory neurones. Fewer T, P and N neurones were identified in the head ganglion than would be expected from its six constituent segmental ganglia. 2. The receptive fields of identified T, P and N cells were situated on the external surface of the head and the interior of the mouth with considerable overlap. They were generally smaller in size than those situated on the main part of the body. The receptive fields were also displaced anteriorly so that some of them were situated in segments anterior to those of the innervating cells. 3. The morphology of the sensory cells in the head ganglion was studied by intracellular injection of horseradish perioxidase. The general branching characteristics of the cells and the structural appearance of their processes resembled those of homologous cells in the segmental ganglia. However, the routes taken to the periphery by some of the cells were not constant from head ganglion to head ganglion. This variability was confirmed by electrophysiological evidence, and differed from the constancy seen in segmental sensory cells.", "contents": "Physiological properties and receptive fields of mechanosensory neurones in the head ganglion of the leech: comparison with homologous cells in segmental ganglia. A study of the head ganglion of the leech was made to compare the properties of specific sensory cells in this ganglion with those of homologous neurones in the segmental ganglia. 1. In the head ganglion, cells were identified that had electrical properties, sensory modalities and adaptation properties similar to those of touch (T), pressure (P) and nociceptive (N) cells in the segmental ganglia. The cell bodies of these neurones were situated in characteristics positions that could be correlated with those in the segmental ganglia. Several lines of evidence suggested that they were primary sensory neurones. Fewer T, P and N neurones were identified in the head ganglion than would be expected from its six constituent segmental ganglia. 2. The receptive fields of identified T, P and N cells were situated on the external surface of the head and the interior of the mouth with considerable overlap. They were generally smaller in size than those situated on the main part of the body. The receptive fields were also displaced anteriorly so that some of them were situated in segments anterior to those of the innervating cells. 3. The morphology of the sensory cells in the head ganglion was studied by intracellular injection of horseradish perioxidase. The general branching characteristics of the cells and the structural appearance of their processes resembled those of homologous cells in the segmental ganglia. However, the routes taken to the periphery by some of the cells were not constant from head ganglion to head ganglion. This variability was confirmed by electrophysiological evidence, and differed from the constancy seen in segmental sensory cells.", "PMID": 1018276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2139", "title": "Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of the leech.", "content": "1. In segmental ganglia of the leech, the cutaneous mechanosensory neurones responding to to touch innervated the skin of their own segment and of part of the anterior and posterior adjacent segments. Each touch receptive field could be divided into three non-overlapping areas: a central part innervated by the branches of the cell which ran in the nerve roots of the ganglion containing the cell body, and anterior and posterior parts innervated by its branches which ran in the nerve roots of the anterior and posterior adjacent ganglia. 2. Impulses originating from the anterior and posterior parts of the receptive fields were susceptible to conduction block within the central nervous system when the touch cells fired repetitively at frequencies that could readily be elicited with weak mechanical stimulation. In contrast, impulses originating from the central part of the receptive fields were less susceptible to block. 3. The morphology of touch cells revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase suggested that conduction block occurred at specific bifurcation points where small cell processes joined the main process. Different physiological experiments supported this conclusion. 4. In some touch cells, bifurcation points with particularly low safety margins of conduction operated as low-pass filters, limiting the frequency of impulses capable of invading certain branches. 5. The results suggest that mechanical stimuli which would likely be encountered by the animal can lead to conduction block within its central nervous system and as a result modify its integrative activities.", "contents": "Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of the leech. 1. In segmental ganglia of the leech, the cutaneous mechanosensory neurones responding to to touch innervated the skin of their own segment and of part of the anterior and posterior adjacent segments. Each touch receptive field could be divided into three non-overlapping areas: a central part innervated by the branches of the cell which ran in the nerve roots of the ganglion containing the cell body, and anterior and posterior parts innervated by its branches which ran in the nerve roots of the anterior and posterior adjacent ganglia. 2. Impulses originating from the anterior and posterior parts of the receptive fields were susceptible to conduction block within the central nervous system when the touch cells fired repetitively at frequencies that could readily be elicited with weak mechanical stimulation. In contrast, impulses originating from the central part of the receptive fields were less susceptible to block. 3. The morphology of touch cells revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase suggested that conduction block occurred at specific bifurcation points where small cell processes joined the main process. Different physiological experiments supported this conclusion. 4. In some touch cells, bifurcation points with particularly low safety margins of conduction operated as low-pass filters, limiting the frequency of impulses capable of invading certain branches. 5. The results suggest that mechanical stimuli which would likely be encountered by the animal can lead to conduction block within its central nervous system and as a result modify its integrative activities.", "PMID": 1018277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2140", "title": "The thermal sensitivity of the polymodal nociceptors in the monkey.", "content": "1. The static and dynamic sensitivities to thermal and mechanical stimuli of polymodal nociceptors in hairy skin of the anaesthetized monkey have been investigated by recording activity in their primary nerve fibres. 2. Polymodal nociceptors responded to skin pricking, pinching and heating to temperatures higher than 40 degrees C. They did not respond to touch, stretch or cold. The conduction velocity of their axons was from 0.6 to 1.1 m/sec. 3. Three types of cutaneous receptive fields have been observed: single spot-like areas of 1-2 mm2; multiple spot-like areas of 1-2 mm2; and larger areas up to 25 mm2 with heterogeneous sensitivity. 4. Polymodal nociceptors were subjected to heat stimuli that commenced from a 33 or 37 degrees C adapting temperature. A series consisted of heating their receptive fields to 43, 45, 47 and 50 degrees C from one or the other adapting temperatures at a constant rate of 0.2 degrees C/sec. Each heat stimulus intensity was maintained for 4 min after which the skin was returned to the adapting temperature. Immediately after the first series the identical series was repeated in order to determine the effect of prior heating upon the dynamic responses to re-heating. The dynamic responses were characterized by three phases: an initiation of a discharge at a threshold level of skin temperature; a dynamic discharge during the suprathreshold change, that reached a peak frequency when the temperature reached its maximum; and an adaptation phase while the temperature remained at the high intensity. Adaptation was rapid initially, and then slowed during the final minutes at the high intensity. 5. Adapting the receptive field to either 33 degrees C or to 37 degrees C before the heat stimuli did not affect the sensitivity and the discharge pattern of the polymodal nocicpetors. 6. During the first series of stimulations, the threshold at which the individual polymodal nociceptors began to discharge to heat stimuli varied from 40 to 46.5 degrees C. The mean threshold of the population was 42.5 degrees C. 7. No change in the threshold was observed when responses to 0.2 and 1.5 degrees C/sec rates of heating were compared...", "contents": "The thermal sensitivity of the polymodal nociceptors in the monkey. 1. The static and dynamic sensitivities to thermal and mechanical stimuli of polymodal nociceptors in hairy skin of the anaesthetized monkey have been investigated by recording activity in their primary nerve fibres. 2. Polymodal nociceptors responded to skin pricking, pinching and heating to temperatures higher than 40 degrees C. They did not respond to touch, stretch or cold. The conduction velocity of their axons was from 0.6 to 1.1 m/sec. 3. Three types of cutaneous receptive fields have been observed: single spot-like areas of 1-2 mm2; multiple spot-like areas of 1-2 mm2; and larger areas up to 25 mm2 with heterogeneous sensitivity. 4. Polymodal nociceptors were subjected to heat stimuli that commenced from a 33 or 37 degrees C adapting temperature. A series consisted of heating their receptive fields to 43, 45, 47 and 50 degrees C from one or the other adapting temperatures at a constant rate of 0.2 degrees C/sec. Each heat stimulus intensity was maintained for 4 min after which the skin was returned to the adapting temperature. Immediately after the first series the identical series was repeated in order to determine the effect of prior heating upon the dynamic responses to re-heating. The dynamic responses were characterized by three phases: an initiation of a discharge at a threshold level of skin temperature; a dynamic discharge during the suprathreshold change, that reached a peak frequency when the temperature reached its maximum; and an adaptation phase while the temperature remained at the high intensity. Adaptation was rapid initially, and then slowed during the final minutes at the high intensity. 5. Adapting the receptive field to either 33 degrees C or to 37 degrees C before the heat stimuli did not affect the sensitivity and the discharge pattern of the polymodal nocicpetors. 6. During the first series of stimulations, the threshold at which the individual polymodal nociceptors began to discharge to heat stimuli varied from 40 to 46.5 degrees C. The mean threshold of the population was 42.5 degrees C. 7. No change in the threshold was observed when responses to 0.2 and 1.5 degrees C/sec rates of heating were compared...", "PMID": 1018278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2141", "title": "Live mass gains and wool production of merino sheep: three treatment programmes for parasite control.", "content": "A trial is described comparing the live mass gains and wool production of three groups of Merino sheep treated either at four-weekly intervals, strategically or not at all for the control of helminths and Oestrus ovis during a 19 month period. The group treated at four-weekly intervals had the greatest gain in masass was not greater than that of the group treated strategically. At both shearings the four-weekly treated group produced more wool than did the strategically treated group. The latter group produced more wool in total than did the untreated group. The seasonal incidence of nematodes, cestodes and Oestrus ovis on the trial farm was determined by the slaughter of tracer lambs at regular intervals.", "contents": "Live mass gains and wool production of merino sheep: three treatment programmes for parasite control. A trial is described comparing the live mass gains and wool production of three groups of Merino sheep treated either at four-weekly intervals, strategically or not at all for the control of helminths and Oestrus ovis during a 19 month period. The group treated at four-weekly intervals had the greatest gain in masass was not greater than that of the group treated strategically. At both shearings the four-weekly treated group produced more wool than did the strategically treated group. The latter group produced more wool in total than did the untreated group. The seasonal incidence of nematodes, cestodes and Oestrus ovis on the trial farm was determined by the slaughter of tracer lambs at regular intervals.", "PMID": 1018291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2142", "title": "Immunization against coccidiosis in fowls.", "content": "Immunity plays a major role in the control of coccidiosis. With the presently practised system of \"protected exposure\" under chemoprophylactic medication, problems are encountered because of seasonal variation in litter moisture and coccidial challenge. The alternative, \"controlled exposure\" or \"vaccination\" products a more solid immunity and more reliable results. This was found to be the method of choice in coccidiosis control in replacement pullets in the semi-arid subtropical climate of Rhodesia.", "contents": "Immunization against coccidiosis in fowls. Immunity plays a major role in the control of coccidiosis. With the presently practised system of \"protected exposure\" under chemoprophylactic medication, problems are encountered because of seasonal variation in litter moisture and coccidial challenge. The alternative, \"controlled exposure\" or \"vaccination\" products a more solid immunity and more reliable results. This was found to be the method of choice in coccidiosis control in replacement pullets in the semi-arid subtropical climate of Rhodesia.", "PMID": 1018292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2143", "title": "Subclinical septic bovine mastitis: critical evaluation of intramammary immunoglobulin therapy.", "content": "A series of 152 quarters affected with subclinical staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis was treated at random by intramammary infusion with one of 4 formulations containing inert solvent, specially prepared immunoglobulin (Ig) and antibiotics (penicillin G and streptomycin) in various combinations. The effect of treatment was measured by assessing the conversion of mastitic quarters to a normal or mastitis-negative state over a post-treatment period of 28 days. Considering the solvent as a placebo, solvent plus Ig had no significantly better effect than solvent only; solvent plus antibiotics gave results that were highly significant after 14 days even though about a third of the strains of S. aureus were resistant in vitro to one or both of the antibiotics; solvent plus antibiotics and Ig gave results that were highly significant during the whole 4 weeks after treatment. The Ig solution appeared to be considerably more effective against staphylococcal than streptococcal mastitis, but the small numbers precluded statistical analyses. It was concluded that use of the particular batch of Ig alone had no value in the treatment of the common forms of subclinical bacterial mastitis but that in combination with antibiotics the Ig had a somewhat better effect than was obtained with antibiotics alone.", "contents": "Subclinical septic bovine mastitis: critical evaluation of intramammary immunoglobulin therapy. A series of 152 quarters affected with subclinical staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis was treated at random by intramammary infusion with one of 4 formulations containing inert solvent, specially prepared immunoglobulin (Ig) and antibiotics (penicillin G and streptomycin) in various combinations. The effect of treatment was measured by assessing the conversion of mastitic quarters to a normal or mastitis-negative state over a post-treatment period of 28 days. Considering the solvent as a placebo, solvent plus Ig had no significantly better effect than solvent only; solvent plus antibiotics gave results that were highly significant after 14 days even though about a third of the strains of S. aureus were resistant in vitro to one or both of the antibiotics; solvent plus antibiotics and Ig gave results that were highly significant during the whole 4 weeks after treatment. The Ig solution appeared to be considerably more effective against staphylococcal than streptococcal mastitis, but the small numbers precluded statistical analyses. It was concluded that use of the particular batch of Ig alone had no value in the treatment of the common forms of subclinical bacterial mastitis but that in combination with antibiotics the Ig had a somewhat better effect than was obtained with antibiotics alone.", "PMID": 1018293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2144", "title": "The comparative incidence of subclinical bacterial bovine mastitis in 17 herds when using two sets of diagnostic criteria.", "content": "On the single examination of 6804 quarter milk samples during a routine mastitis survey in 17 herds it was found that whereas 12,4% of quarters were diagnosed as subclinically mastitic when using the IDF standard set of diagnostic criteria, only 2,4% were positive when applying the additional criterium of a positive test for bovine serum albumin. The remaining 10% of quarters were then classified as being affected with septic inflammation of the ducts. The ratio of true subclinical septic mastitis to duct and test canal infections is recorded and the implications of the findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The comparative incidence of subclinical bacterial bovine mastitis in 17 herds when using two sets of diagnostic criteria. On the single examination of 6804 quarter milk samples during a routine mastitis survey in 17 herds it was found that whereas 12,4% of quarters were diagnosed as subclinically mastitic when using the IDF standard set of diagnostic criteria, only 2,4% were positive when applying the additional criterium of a positive test for bovine serum albumin. The remaining 10% of quarters were then classified as being affected with septic inflammation of the ducts. The ratio of true subclinical septic mastitis to duct and test canal infections is recorded and the implications of the findings are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1018294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2145", "title": "Canine systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease, clinical manifestations and treatment.", "content": "The similarities between human and canine systemic lupus erythematosus are enumerated, using the incidence of symptoms reported for man as a guide to the possible incidence of clinical signs in the dog. Differences between the human and canine diseases are listed. Four clinical cases of the disease are reported. Diagnostic procedures were confined to the observation of clinical signs and serological and haematological methods.", "contents": "Canine systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease, clinical manifestations and treatment. The similarities between human and canine systemic lupus erythematosus are enumerated, using the incidence of symptoms reported for man as a guide to the possible incidence of clinical signs in the dog. Differences between the human and canine diseases are listed. Four clinical cases of the disease are reported. Diagnostic procedures were confined to the observation of clinical signs and serological and haematological methods.", "PMID": 1018295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2146", "title": "Canine tetanus.", "content": "A report of tetanus in a dog is presented. The symptoms were typical and the dog was successfully treated. The differential diagnoses and the therapy of tetanus are discussed with emphasis on the dose of antitoxin required.", "contents": "Canine tetanus. A report of tetanus in a dog is presented. The symptoms were typical and the dog was successfully treated. The differential diagnoses and the therapy of tetanus are discussed with emphasis on the dose of antitoxin required.", "PMID": 1018298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2147", "title": "A search for linkage in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Linkage between the locus for cystic fibrosis and other genetic markers was explored in 40 families from Birmingham and 20 from Manchester. No strong evidence was found for linkage with any of the markers examined. There was evidence against close linkage with ABO, HLA, and Rh.", "contents": "A search for linkage in cystic fibrosis. Linkage between the locus for cystic fibrosis and other genetic markers was explored in 40 families from Birmingham and 20 from Manchester. No strong evidence was found for linkage with any of the markers examined. There was evidence against close linkage with ABO, HLA, and Rh.", "PMID": 1018300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2148", "title": "A family study of coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "Families of 100 patients with coarctation of the aorta and 50 controls for age, sex, and social status were studied to assess the influence of genetic and environmental variables in the aetiology. A tendency to familial aggregation of the condition and other congenital heart defects compatible with multifactorial inheritance was discerned. Recurrence risk for sibs is approximately 1 in 200 for coarctation of the aorta, and 1% for any form of congenital heart defect. The heritability of coarctation is estimated at 58%. The tendency for other non-cardiac defects to occur in the patients with coarctation does not appear in their sibs and is not so pronounced as in some other congenital heart conditions. Of the several environmental variables examined, there was no definitive association with any other than season of birth, which implies a possible association with maternal infection; there is also a suggestion of a paternal age effect, but these require investigation in a prospective survey.", "contents": "A family study of coarctation of the aorta. Families of 100 patients with coarctation of the aorta and 50 controls for age, sex, and social status were studied to assess the influence of genetic and environmental variables in the aetiology. A tendency to familial aggregation of the condition and other congenital heart defects compatible with multifactorial inheritance was discerned. Recurrence risk for sibs is approximately 1 in 200 for coarctation of the aorta, and 1% for any form of congenital heart defect. The heritability of coarctation is estimated at 58%. The tendency for other non-cardiac defects to occur in the patients with coarctation does not appear in their sibs and is not so pronounced as in some other congenital heart conditions. Of the several environmental variables examined, there was no definitive association with any other than season of birth, which implies a possible association with maternal infection; there is also a suggestion of a paternal age effect, but these require investigation in a prospective survey.", "PMID": 1018301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2149", "title": "Infantile cystinosis in France: genetics, incidence, geographic distribution.", "content": "A national distribution of 66 French patients, from 49 sibships, has been studied. Segregation analysis, using the maximum likelihood method, was found to agree with the theoretical values expected in recessive autosomal inheritance. The birthplaces of these patients show an unequal geographic distribution of cystinosis, the incidence being higher in Western France. Compared with the total number of live births during the period 1959 to 1972, the minimum incidence of the condition in the province of Brittany is 1 per 25 909, and the gene frequency 0.0062. In the rest of France, the minimum incidence is 1 per 326,440 and the gene frequency 0.0018. Application of Dahlberg's formula gives a similar result. The mean inbreeding coefficient is 530 X 10(-5), a figure 23 times higher than the mean coefficient of France. An indirect test of inbreeding, the distance between parental birthplaces, was studied, first using the French administrative boundaries, second by using kilometers. This distance was constantly smaller for the parents of patients than for the parents of controls. Analysis of two erythrocyte polymorphisms (ABO and Rh) showed a large excess of group A patients when compared with overall French data. These findings are difficult to interpret on genetic grounds. The genetic reasons for the unequal geographic distribution of cystinosis in France are discussed.", "contents": "Infantile cystinosis in France: genetics, incidence, geographic distribution. A national distribution of 66 French patients, from 49 sibships, has been studied. Segregation analysis, using the maximum likelihood method, was found to agree with the theoretical values expected in recessive autosomal inheritance. The birthplaces of these patients show an unequal geographic distribution of cystinosis, the incidence being higher in Western France. Compared with the total number of live births during the period 1959 to 1972, the minimum incidence of the condition in the province of Brittany is 1 per 25 909, and the gene frequency 0.0062. In the rest of France, the minimum incidence is 1 per 326,440 and the gene frequency 0.0018. Application of Dahlberg's formula gives a similar result. The mean inbreeding coefficient is 530 X 10(-5), a figure 23 times higher than the mean coefficient of France. An indirect test of inbreeding, the distance between parental birthplaces, was studied, first using the French administrative boundaries, second by using kilometers. This distance was constantly smaller for the parents of patients than for the parents of controls. Analysis of two erythrocyte polymorphisms (ABO and Rh) showed a large excess of group A patients when compared with overall French data. These findings are difficult to interpret on genetic grounds. The genetic reasons for the unequal geographic distribution of cystinosis in France are discussed.", "PMID": 1018302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2150", "title": "Pyloric stenosis in the Oxford Record Linkage Study area.", "content": "The files of the Oxford Record Linkage Study were employed to identify 220 infants presenting with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) in the 6-year period 1966 to 1971. Information on these infants was obtained from birth certificates and maternity notes. The overall incidence was 2.5 per 1000 livebirths. There was a distinct seasonal variation, with highest incidence to infants born in the third quarter of the year as well as variation in incidence with area: the cities had much lower rates of IHPS than the adjacent rural or small urban areas. It was shown that the rates in the south and east of the area studied were far greater than in the north and west. In the present study there was no excess of primiparae, the peak maternal age group was 20 to 24; there was a slight excess of parents of social classes I and II; and a significant association with mothers who were Rhesus negative. The rate of IHPS among sibs was 85 per 1000. Though there was the usual correlation with the male sex (M:F ratio = 5.5:1), there was no variation with birthweight and only among the females was an association found with prolonged gestation. There appeared to be an inverse relation between gestation and age on admission to hospital.", "contents": "Pyloric stenosis in the Oxford Record Linkage Study area. The files of the Oxford Record Linkage Study were employed to identify 220 infants presenting with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) in the 6-year period 1966 to 1971. Information on these infants was obtained from birth certificates and maternity notes. The overall incidence was 2.5 per 1000 livebirths. There was a distinct seasonal variation, with highest incidence to infants born in the third quarter of the year as well as variation in incidence with area: the cities had much lower rates of IHPS than the adjacent rural or small urban areas. It was shown that the rates in the south and east of the area studied were far greater than in the north and west. In the present study there was no excess of primiparae, the peak maternal age group was 20 to 24; there was a slight excess of parents of social classes I and II; and a significant association with mothers who were Rhesus negative. The rate of IHPS among sibs was 85 per 1000. Though there was the usual correlation with the male sex (M:F ratio = 5.5:1), there was no variation with birthweight and only among the females was an association found with prolonged gestation. There appeared to be an inverse relation between gestation and age on admission to hospital.", "PMID": 1018303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2151", "title": "Lowe's syndrome: identification of carriers by lens examination.", "content": "Lens examinations were performed on 7 obligate and 7 possible carriers of the X-linked gene for Lowe's syndrome, and on 117 controls. By quantitatively grading punctate cortical opacities, it was possible to discriminate between the obligate carriers and the controls with a fair degree of confidence. In the age group most important for genetic counselling, that of child bearing, the data are too limited for the derivation of precise estimates, but may, nevertheless, be useful. More such data are needed.", "contents": "Lowe's syndrome: identification of carriers by lens examination. Lens examinations were performed on 7 obligate and 7 possible carriers of the X-linked gene for Lowe's syndrome, and on 117 controls. By quantitatively grading punctate cortical opacities, it was possible to discriminate between the obligate carriers and the controls with a fair degree of confidence. In the age group most important for genetic counselling, that of child bearing, the data are too limited for the derivation of precise estimates, but may, nevertheless, be useful. More such data are needed.", "PMID": 1018304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2152", "title": "Hereditary index finger polydactyly: phenotypic, radiological, dermatoglyphic, and genetic findings in a large family.", "content": "Index finger polydactyly in a Turkish family is reported. The transmission of the malformation fits the pattern of regular autosomal dominant inheritance. Some of the affected individuals had one or two phalanges on their first digits, but all had triphalangeal second fingers. Subjects with polydactyly had very interesting dermatoglyphs, such as an extra a triradius under the super-numerary index finger, the proximal radiant of this triradius (an extra A-line) ending on the radial border of the hand, and arch tibials in the hallucal areas. The carpal bones, beginning with os multangulum majus, or alternatively with the extra one were articulated with two metacarpals. A similar finding was found in the feet.", "contents": "Hereditary index finger polydactyly: phenotypic, radiological, dermatoglyphic, and genetic findings in a large family. Index finger polydactyly in a Turkish family is reported. The transmission of the malformation fits the pattern of regular autosomal dominant inheritance. Some of the affected individuals had one or two phalanges on their first digits, but all had triphalangeal second fingers. Subjects with polydactyly had very interesting dermatoglyphs, such as an extra a triradius under the super-numerary index finger, the proximal radiant of this triradius (an extra A-line) ending on the radial border of the hand, and arch tibials in the hallucal areas. The carpal bones, beginning with os multangulum majus, or alternatively with the extra one were articulated with two metacarpals. A similar finding was found in the feet.", "PMID": 1018306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2153", "title": "Haemoglobin E Saskatoon beta 22 Glu replaced by Lys in the Shetland Islands.", "content": "A survey of blood samples from the inhabitants of the Shetland Islands has revealed the presence of a variant haemoglobin in 1 individual out of the 345 tested. The rariant haemoglobin accounted for 46% of the total haemoglobin. Tryptic digestion and amino acid analysis indicated that the variant haemoglobin was caused by the substitution of a glutamic acid residue at position 22 in the beta chain by a lysine residue. This is the same amino acid substituion as found in haemoglobin E Saskatoon.", "contents": "Haemoglobin E Saskatoon beta 22 Glu replaced by Lys in the Shetland Islands. A survey of blood samples from the inhabitants of the Shetland Islands has revealed the presence of a variant haemoglobin in 1 individual out of the 345 tested. The rariant haemoglobin accounted for 46% of the total haemoglobin. Tryptic digestion and amino acid analysis indicated that the variant haemoglobin was caused by the substitution of a glutamic acid residue at position 22 in the beta chain by a lysine residue. This is the same amino acid substituion as found in haemoglobin E Saskatoon.", "PMID": 1018307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2154", "title": "Dicentric X isochromosomes in man.", "content": "Four cases of Turner's syndrome are presented in which an apparent X isochromosome i(Xq) has been found to possess two regions of centromeric heterochromatin. It is suggested that these chromosomes were isodicentric structures capable of functioning as monocentric elements as a result of the inactivation of one centromere. The prevalence of mosaicism is believed to be a consequence of the dicentric nature of these chromosomes, and it is considered possible that a high proportion of X isochromosmes are structurally dicentric. Banding patterns showed that the exchange site involved in the formation of the dicentric chromosome was different in at least three of the cases.", "contents": "Dicentric X isochromosomes in man. Four cases of Turner's syndrome are presented in which an apparent X isochromosome i(Xq) has been found to possess two regions of centromeric heterochromatin. It is suggested that these chromosomes were isodicentric structures capable of functioning as monocentric elements as a result of the inactivation of one centromere. The prevalence of mosaicism is believed to be a consequence of the dicentric nature of these chromosomes, and it is considered possible that a high proportion of X isochromosmes are structurally dicentric. Banding patterns showed that the exchange site involved in the formation of the dicentric chromosome was different in at least three of the cases.", "PMID": 1018308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2155", "title": "Severe mental retardation in a boy with partial trisomy 10q and partial monosomy 2q.", "content": "A severely mentally subnormal child with many physical stigmata was shown to have the karyotype 46,XY,-2,+der(2),t(2;10)(q31;q24)pat. Full evaluation of this patient's karyotype depended on the family studies. It was shown that a balanced translocation t(2,10) was present in 4 normal males in 3 generations.", "contents": "Severe mental retardation in a boy with partial trisomy 10q and partial monosomy 2q. A severely mentally subnormal child with many physical stigmata was shown to have the karyotype 46,XY,-2,+der(2),t(2;10)(q31;q24)pat. Full evaluation of this patient's karyotype depended on the family studies. It was shown that a balanced translocation t(2,10) was present in 4 normal males in 3 generations.", "PMID": 1018309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2156", "title": "Atypical serum cholinesterase in a family with congenital distichiasis.", "content": "This paper describes the coexistence of genetically determined reduced cholinesterase activity and congenital distichiasis in the same family. The pedigree suggests that these two autosomal dominant diseases are segregated independently and do not show evidence of linkage.", "contents": "Atypical serum cholinesterase in a family with congenital distichiasis. This paper describes the coexistence of genetically determined reduced cholinesterase activity and congenital distichiasis in the same family. The pedigree suggests that these two autosomal dominant diseases are segregated independently and do not show evidence of linkage.", "PMID": 1018310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2157", "title": "Triple X female and Turner's syndrome offspring.", "content": "A mentally retarded young female having 47 chromosomes with a triple X karotype produced a child with Turner's syndrome associated with mental defeciency. To our knowledge this is the first example of a triple X female giving birth to a child with Turner's syndrome.", "contents": "Triple X female and Turner's syndrome offspring. A mentally retarded young female having 47 chromosomes with a triple X karotype produced a child with Turner's syndrome associated with mental defeciency. To our knowledge this is the first example of a triple X female giving birth to a child with Turner's syndrome.", "PMID": 1018311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2158", "title": "Renal function studies in an infant with 4p (-) syndrome.", "content": "An infant with the syndrome of deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 is described. In addition, this child had renal insufficiency, which is found rarely in association with the 4p(--) syndrome. Previous reports of this syndrome have described only isolated gross structural abnormalites of the urinary tract. In the case discussed here, we present clinical and functional data which indicate that this patient had bilateral renal dysplasia.", "contents": "Renal function studies in an infant with 4p (-) syndrome. An infant with the syndrome of deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 is described. In addition, this child had renal insufficiency, which is found rarely in association with the 4p(--) syndrome. Previous reports of this syndrome have described only isolated gross structural abnormalites of the urinary tract. In the case discussed here, we present clinical and functional data which indicate that this patient had bilateral renal dysplasia.", "PMID": 1018312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2159", "title": "A case of ring chromosome.", "content": "A girl with a G22 ring chromosome is described. There are few physical abnormalities, performance quotient is in the low normal range but verbal skills are much retarded.", "contents": "A case of ring chromosome. A girl with a G22 ring chromosome is described. There are few physical abnormalities, performance quotient is in the low normal range but verbal skills are much retarded.", "PMID": 1018314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2160", "title": "Familial Ebstein's anomaly.", "content": "A family is described in which both a father and son are affected with Ebstein's anomaly, while several other family members manifest different cardiac malformations. Five additional instances of familial Ebstein's anomaly were found in the literature and compared with our family. Inspection of possible modes of inheritance in this group of families suggests that Ebstein's anomaly is probably inherited as a polygenic character with a threshold phenomenon.", "contents": "Familial Ebstein's anomaly. A family is described in which both a father and son are affected with Ebstein's anomaly, while several other family members manifest different cardiac malformations. Five additional instances of familial Ebstein's anomaly were found in the literature and compared with our family. Inspection of possible modes of inheritance in this group of families suggests that Ebstein's anomaly is probably inherited as a polygenic character with a threshold phenomenon.", "PMID": 1018315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2161", "title": "Partial trisomy D: a diagnostic and cytogenetic dilemma.", "content": "An 18-month-old proposita with psychomotor retardation and other congenital abnormalities is presented. Chromosomal analysis of both parents proved normal. However, the karyotype of the proposita contained 47 chromosomes in both lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts. The marker chromosome proved to be a deleted No. 14 or 15. Comparison of the reported cases of partial trisomy D indicates that a definitive clinical syndrome is not apparent in either case.", "contents": "Partial trisomy D: a diagnostic and cytogenetic dilemma. An 18-month-old proposita with psychomotor retardation and other congenital abnormalities is presented. Chromosomal analysis of both parents proved normal. However, the karyotype of the proposita contained 47 chromosomes in both lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts. The marker chromosome proved to be a deleted No. 14 or 15. Comparison of the reported cases of partial trisomy D indicates that a definitive clinical syndrome is not apparent in either case.", "PMID": 1018316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2162", "title": "Larsen syndrome in two generations of an Italian family.", "content": "This paper describes a familial case of Larsen syndrome. Typical anomalies were present in the propositus and 2 of his 6 daughters. In addition, all patients had progressive deafness and the 2 daughters had cleft palate. The certain exclusion of any consanguinity between the couple, suggests, in this instance, the dominant mode of transmission of the syndrome.", "contents": "Larsen syndrome in two generations of an Italian family. This paper describes a familial case of Larsen syndrome. Typical anomalies were present in the propositus and 2 of his 6 daughters. In addition, all patients had progressive deafness and the 2 daughters had cleft palate. The certain exclusion of any consanguinity between the couple, suggests, in this instance, the dominant mode of transmission of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1018317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2163", "title": "Evolutionary divergence and length of repetitive sequences in sea urchin DNA.", "content": "The organization of repetitive and single copy DNA sequences in sea urchin DNA has been examined with the single strand specific nuclease S1 from Aspergillus. Conditions and levels of enzyme were established so that single strand DNA was effectively digested while reassociated divergent repetitive duplexes remained enzyme resistant. About 25% of sea urchin DNA reassociates with repetitive kinetics to form S1 resistant duplexes of two distinct size classes derived from long and short repetitive sequences in the sea urchin genome. Fragments 2,000 nucleotides long were reassociated to Cot 20 and subjected to controlled digestion with S1 nuclease. About half of the resistant duplexes (13% of the DNA) are short, with a mode size of about 300 nucleotide pairs. This class exhibits significant sequence divergence, and principally consists of repetitive sequences which were interspersed with single copy sequences. About one-third of the long duplexes (4% of the DNA) are reduced in size after extensive S1 nuclease digestion to about 300 nucleotide pairs. About two-thirds of the long resistant duplexes (8% of the DNA) remains long after extensive SI nuclease digestion. These long reassociated duplexes are precisely base paired. The short duplexes are imprecisely paired with a melting temperature about 9 degrees C below that of precisely paired duplexes of the same length. The relationship between length of repetitive duplex and precision of repetition is confirmed by an independent method and has been observed in the DNA of a number of species over a wide phylogenetic area.", "contents": "Evolutionary divergence and length of repetitive sequences in sea urchin DNA. The organization of repetitive and single copy DNA sequences in sea urchin DNA has been examined with the single strand specific nuclease S1 from Aspergillus. Conditions and levels of enzyme were established so that single strand DNA was effectively digested while reassociated divergent repetitive duplexes remained enzyme resistant. About 25% of sea urchin DNA reassociates with repetitive kinetics to form S1 resistant duplexes of two distinct size classes derived from long and short repetitive sequences in the sea urchin genome. Fragments 2,000 nucleotides long were reassociated to Cot 20 and subjected to controlled digestion with S1 nuclease. About half of the resistant duplexes (13% of the DNA) are short, with a mode size of about 300 nucleotide pairs. This class exhibits significant sequence divergence, and principally consists of repetitive sequences which were interspersed with single copy sequences. About one-third of the long duplexes (4% of the DNA) are reduced in size after extensive S1 nuclease digestion to about 300 nucleotide pairs. About two-thirds of the long resistant duplexes (8% of the DNA) remains long after extensive SI nuclease digestion. These long reassociated duplexes are precisely base paired. The short duplexes are imprecisely paired with a melting temperature about 9 degrees C below that of precisely paired duplexes of the same length. The relationship between length of repetitive duplex and precision of repetition is confirmed by an independent method and has been observed in the DNA of a number of species over a wide phylogenetic area.", "PMID": 1018329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2164", "title": "Hemoglobin Vancouver [alpha2beta2(73)(E17) Asp replaced by Tyr]: its structure and function.", "content": "Hemoglobin Vancouver is a new abnormal hemoglobin with an amino acid substitution of the normal aspartyl residue 73 of the beta chain by a tyrosyl residue. It was discovered in a man of Chinese descent in association with beta thalassemia. It was subsequently detected in a sister in association with normal Hb A. The oxygen affinity of the abnormal hemoglobin is decreased but its subunit interaction is normal. The Bohr effect may be slightly increased. This is the fourth abnormal hemoglobin to be found with a substitution at beta73. The others are Hb C-Harlem (alpha2beta2 6Glu replaced by Val and 73 Asp replaced by Asn), Hb Korle-Bu (alpha2beta2 73Asp replaced by Asn), and Hb Mobile (alpha2beta2 73Asp replaced by Val). Although Hb Mobile was found in the present studies to have a decreased affinity for oxygen, Hbs C-Harlem and Korle-Bu have been reported to be normal. These observations of functional differences for variants of beta73 added to earlier observations of the role of the normal beta73 residue to the aggregation of sickle deoxyhemoglobin indicate that this position of the molecule may be important in intra as well as intermolecular interactions.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Vancouver [alpha2beta2(73)(E17) Asp replaced by Tyr]: its structure and function. Hemoglobin Vancouver is a new abnormal hemoglobin with an amino acid substitution of the normal aspartyl residue 73 of the beta chain by a tyrosyl residue. It was discovered in a man of Chinese descent in association with beta thalassemia. It was subsequently detected in a sister in association with normal Hb A. The oxygen affinity of the abnormal hemoglobin is decreased but its subunit interaction is normal. The Bohr effect may be slightly increased. This is the fourth abnormal hemoglobin to be found with a substitution at beta73. The others are Hb C-Harlem (alpha2beta2 6Glu replaced by Val and 73 Asp replaced by Asn), Hb Korle-Bu (alpha2beta2 73Asp replaced by Asn), and Hb Mobile (alpha2beta2 73Asp replaced by Val). Although Hb Mobile was found in the present studies to have a decreased affinity for oxygen, Hbs C-Harlem and Korle-Bu have been reported to be normal. These observations of functional differences for variants of beta73 added to earlier observations of the role of the normal beta73 residue to the aggregation of sickle deoxyhemoglobin indicate that this position of the molecule may be important in intra as well as intermolecular interactions.", "PMID": 1018330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2165", "title": "Congruency of phylogenies derived from different proteins. A molecular analysis of the phylogenetic position of cracid birds.", "content": "This communication examines the question of phylogenetic congruency--i.e., whether or not the branching order of evolutionary trees is independent of the protein studied. It was found that trees constructed for birds on the basis of immunological comparison of their transferrins, albumins, and ovalbumins agree approximately with a published tree based on the amino acid sequences of their lysozymes c. This congruency is especially noteworthy with respect to the phylogenetic position of the chachalaca, a Mexican bird classified on morphological grounds in the family Cracidae of the order Galliformes. At the protein level, this species differs as much from non-cracid galliform birds as does the duck, which belongs to another order. Despite the organismal similarity between cracid and non-cracid galliform birds, the molecular relationship is remote. If this contrast between organismal and molecular results had been based on comparative studies with only lysozyme, one could have ascribed the contrast to the possibility that chachalaca lysozyme was paralogous, rather than orthologous, to the other bird lysozymes c. Examination of several proteins is thus desirable in cases of possible paralogy.", "contents": "Congruency of phylogenies derived from different proteins. A molecular analysis of the phylogenetic position of cracid birds. This communication examines the question of phylogenetic congruency--i.e., whether or not the branching order of evolutionary trees is independent of the protein studied. It was found that trees constructed for birds on the basis of immunological comparison of their transferrins, albumins, and ovalbumins agree approximately with a published tree based on the amino acid sequences of their lysozymes c. This congruency is especially noteworthy with respect to the phylogenetic position of the chachalaca, a Mexican bird classified on morphological grounds in the family Cracidae of the order Galliformes. At the protein level, this species differs as much from non-cracid galliform birds as does the duck, which belongs to another order. Despite the organismal similarity between cracid and non-cracid galliform birds, the molecular relationship is remote. If this contrast between organismal and molecular results had been based on comparative studies with only lysozyme, one could have ascribed the contrast to the possibility that chachalaca lysozyme was paralogous, rather than orthologous, to the other bird lysozymes c. Examination of several proteins is thus desirable in cases of possible paralogy.", "PMID": 1018331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2166", "title": "Origin of organic compounds on the primitive earth and in meteorites.", "content": "The role and relative contributions of different forms of energy to the synthesis of amino acids and other organic compounds on the primitive earth, in the parent bodies or carbonaceous chondrites, and in the solar nebula are examined. A single source of energy or a single process would not account for all the organic compounds synthesized in the solar system. Electric discharges appear to produce amino acids more efficiently than other sources of energy and the composition of the synthesized amino acids is qualitatively similar to those found in the Murchison meteorite. Ultraviolet light is also likely to have played a major role in prebiotic synthesis. Although the energy in the sun's spectrum that can be absorbed by the major constituents of the primitive atmosphere is not large, reactive trace components such as H2S and formaldehyde absorb at longer wavelengths where greater amounts of energy are available and produce amino acids by reactions involving hot hydrogen atoms. The thermal reaction of CO + H2 + NH3 on Fischer-Tropsch catalysts generates intermediates that lead to amino acids and other organic compounds that have been found in meteorites. However, this synthesis appears to be less efficient than electric discharges and to require a special set of reaction conditions. It should be emphasized that after the reactive organic intermediates are generated by the above processes, the subsequent reactions which produce the more complete biochemical compounds are low temperature homogenous reactions occurring in an aqueous environment.", "contents": "Origin of organic compounds on the primitive earth and in meteorites. The role and relative contributions of different forms of energy to the synthesis of amino acids and other organic compounds on the primitive earth, in the parent bodies or carbonaceous chondrites, and in the solar nebula are examined. A single source of energy or a single process would not account for all the organic compounds synthesized in the solar system. Electric discharges appear to produce amino acids more efficiently than other sources of energy and the composition of the synthesized amino acids is qualitatively similar to those found in the Murchison meteorite. Ultraviolet light is also likely to have played a major role in prebiotic synthesis. Although the energy in the sun's spectrum that can be absorbed by the major constituents of the primitive atmosphere is not large, reactive trace components such as H2S and formaldehyde absorb at longer wavelengths where greater amounts of energy are available and produce amino acids by reactions involving hot hydrogen atoms. The thermal reaction of CO + H2 + NH3 on Fischer-Tropsch catalysts generates intermediates that lead to amino acids and other organic compounds that have been found in meteorites. However, this synthesis appears to be less efficient than electric discharges and to require a special set of reaction conditions. It should be emphasized that after the reactive organic intermediates are generated by the above processes, the subsequent reactions which produce the more complete biochemical compounds are low temperature homogenous reactions occurring in an aqueous environment.", "PMID": 1018332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2167", "title": "A basic study of the Hanssen technique for evaluation of single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "The purpose of this study was mainly to examine some basic problems of the Hanssen technique for the evaluation of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR). Firstly, experiments were performed using Wistar rats to determine the amount of C14-ferrocyanide necessary to give sufficient C14 radioactivity in dissected nephrons. Using 200 muCi of C14-ferrocyanide, the samples of dissected nephrons provided only twice as much as background. Hence, we chose the amount of 600 to 700 muCi of C14-ferrocyanide for each rat in the later experiments, which yielded the radioactivity 5 to 6 times as much as background. Secondly, the homogeneity of intrarenal C14-ferrocyanide distribution was tested. Five superficial (SUP) and juxtamedullary (JM) proximal tubules four different regions were dissected and the radioactivity of those nephrons was counted. The distribution of C14-ferrocyanide in each piece was representative of the overal distribution. The summary of morphologic and clearance studies were as follows. The mean lengths of proximal tubules of 40 SUP nephrons, 5.3 +/- 0.2 mm, and 39 JM nephrons, 6.3 +/- 0.1 mm, were significantly different (P less than 0.01). The mean glomerular diameter of the JM nephrons, 110 +/- 2.7 mu, was significantly greater than that of the SUP nephrons, 95 +/- 3.1 mu (P less than 0.01). The mean SNGFR of 129 SUP nephrons, 23.4 +/- 4.2 nl/min/100g Body Weight (BW), and that of 130 JM nephrons, 34.5 +/- 5.1 nl/min/100g BW, were significantly different (P less than 0.01). The ratio of superficial/juxtamedullary nephron glomerular filtration rate (S/JM Ratio) was 0.85 +/- 0.02. We conclude that C14-ferrocyanide is regularly distributed to the kidney and that it is necessary to infuse sufficient amount of C14-ferrocyanide in this technique.", "contents": "A basic study of the Hanssen technique for evaluation of single nephron glomerular filtration rate. The purpose of this study was mainly to examine some basic problems of the Hanssen technique for the evaluation of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR). Firstly, experiments were performed using Wistar rats to determine the amount of C14-ferrocyanide necessary to give sufficient C14 radioactivity in dissected nephrons. Using 200 muCi of C14-ferrocyanide, the samples of dissected nephrons provided only twice as much as background. Hence, we chose the amount of 600 to 700 muCi of C14-ferrocyanide for each rat in the later experiments, which yielded the radioactivity 5 to 6 times as much as background. Secondly, the homogeneity of intrarenal C14-ferrocyanide distribution was tested. Five superficial (SUP) and juxtamedullary (JM) proximal tubules four different regions were dissected and the radioactivity of those nephrons was counted. The distribution of C14-ferrocyanide in each piece was representative of the overal distribution. The summary of morphologic and clearance studies were as follows. The mean lengths of proximal tubules of 40 SUP nephrons, 5.3 +/- 0.2 mm, and 39 JM nephrons, 6.3 +/- 0.1 mm, were significantly different (P less than 0.01). The mean glomerular diameter of the JM nephrons, 110 +/- 2.7 mu, was significantly greater than that of the SUP nephrons, 95 +/- 3.1 mu (P less than 0.01). The mean SNGFR of 129 SUP nephrons, 23.4 +/- 4.2 nl/min/100g Body Weight (BW), and that of 130 JM nephrons, 34.5 +/- 5.1 nl/min/100g BW, were significantly different (P less than 0.01). The ratio of superficial/juxtamedullary nephron glomerular filtration rate (S/JM Ratio) was 0.85 +/- 0.02. We conclude that C14-ferrocyanide is regularly distributed to the kidney and that it is necessary to infuse sufficient amount of C14-ferrocyanide in this technique.", "PMID": 1018333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2168", "title": "The effects of atropine on atrio-ventricular conduction in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Studies with His bundle electrogram.", "content": "The effects of atropine on normal and anomalous A-V pathways were investigated using HBE in 40 cases consisting of 25 subjects without pre-excitation (group I) and 15 cases with WPW syndrome (group II). In group I, A-H interval shortened with a mean decrease of 30% following the administration of atropine (p less than 0.001), while P-A and H-V intervals as well as QRS duration remained unchanged. In group II the electrocardiogram showed WPW syndrome pattern (pattern W) in 12, normalization (pattern N) in 1 and both patterns (pattern WN) in 2 cases during the control study. In 10 cases pattern W persisted after atropine. Atropine changed pattern W to WN in 2 cases, WN to W in 1, WN to N in 1 and N to WN in one case. P-d interval remained constant. Atropine had no effect on the conduction time within atrium. His-Purkinje system and anomalous A-V pathway, but accelerated the transmission through A-V node. Atropine decreased the QRS duration of pattern W in 11 of 13 cases showing pattern W or WN both before and after atropine. Since the QRS duration showing pattern W correlated with P-H interval and (see article) and had the negative correlation with H-d interval (p less than 0.001), fusion mechanism was considered as the genesis of electrocardiographic pattern in most cases with WPW syndrome. Atropine influence was negative on QRS complex of pattern W i2 cases showing the co-existence of Kent bundle and James fibers or exclusive Kent bundle conduction. In the latter case the selection of antiarrhythmic agents should be made with caution. A-V dissociation with junctional rhythm developed in 9 cases (4 in group II) within 2 and a half minutes after atropine. The duration was as short as 15 seconds or less in 6 cases. The continuous tracing is necessary not to miss the AV dissociation. The disappearance of delta wave after atropine was observed during the change to pattern WN and the occurrence of A-V junctional rhythm or beat in 5 of 12 cases showing pattern W prior to the drug administration, and right bundle branch block was disclosed in 2 cases. The normalization of QRS complex also made it possible to measure His-Purkinje conduction time. In this point atropine is superior to the other antiarrhythmic agents which prolong H-V interval. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia induced after atropine revealed shorter A-H with fixed H-V and V-A intervals, compared with the tachycardia before atropine in one case. The administration of atropine serves as an aid to evaluate the participation of anomalous A-V pathway in the tachycardia circuit.", "contents": "The effects of atropine on atrio-ventricular conduction in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Studies with His bundle electrogram. The effects of atropine on normal and anomalous A-V pathways were investigated using HBE in 40 cases consisting of 25 subjects without pre-excitation (group I) and 15 cases with WPW syndrome (group II). In group I, A-H interval shortened with a mean decrease of 30% following the administration of atropine (p less than 0.001), while P-A and H-V intervals as well as QRS duration remained unchanged. In group II the electrocardiogram showed WPW syndrome pattern (pattern W) in 12, normalization (pattern N) in 1 and both patterns (pattern WN) in 2 cases during the control study. In 10 cases pattern W persisted after atropine. Atropine changed pattern W to WN in 2 cases, WN to W in 1, WN to N in 1 and N to WN in one case. P-d interval remained constant. Atropine had no effect on the conduction time within atrium. His-Purkinje system and anomalous A-V pathway, but accelerated the transmission through A-V node. Atropine decreased the QRS duration of pattern W in 11 of 13 cases showing pattern W or WN both before and after atropine. Since the QRS duration showing pattern W correlated with P-H interval and (see article) and had the negative correlation with H-d interval (p less than 0.001), fusion mechanism was considered as the genesis of electrocardiographic pattern in most cases with WPW syndrome. Atropine influence was negative on QRS complex of pattern W i2 cases showing the co-existence of Kent bundle and James fibers or exclusive Kent bundle conduction. In the latter case the selection of antiarrhythmic agents should be made with caution. A-V dissociation with junctional rhythm developed in 9 cases (4 in group II) within 2 and a half minutes after atropine. The duration was as short as 15 seconds or less in 6 cases. The continuous tracing is necessary not to miss the AV dissociation. The disappearance of delta wave after atropine was observed during the change to pattern WN and the occurrence of A-V junctional rhythm or beat in 5 of 12 cases showing pattern W prior to the drug administration, and right bundle branch block was disclosed in 2 cases. The normalization of QRS complex also made it possible to measure His-Purkinje conduction time. In this point atropine is superior to the other antiarrhythmic agents which prolong H-V interval. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia induced after atropine revealed shorter A-H with fixed H-V and V-A intervals, compared with the tachycardia before atropine in one case. The administration of atropine serves as an aid to evaluate the participation of anomalous A-V pathway in the tachycardia circuit.", "PMID": 1018334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2169", "title": "Experimental studies of effects of acute renal venous congestion on renal function --with particular reference to renal arterio-venous plasma sodium difference.", "content": "Effects of acute renal venous congestion on renal function were studies. In anesthetized mongrels with intermittent or sustained elevation of the renal venous pressure produced experimentally by unilateral constriction of the renal vein, changes in renal function were investigated with the clearance method and plasma concentrations of electrolytes, protein and Ht of collected arterial and venous blood oals were divided into two groups according to the initial conditions concerning the various level of renal arterio-venous plasma sodium. In dogs (Group A) whose initial values of renal arterio-venous plasma sodium difference were not less than -1 mEq/L, the difference showed a negative tendency both during intermittent and during continuous congestion. In dogs (Group B) whose initial values of the difference were less than -1 mEq/L, the difference showed a positive tendency during renal venous congestion. (2) In dogs of Group A, i) the sodium reabsorption rate increased when renal physiological values (GFR and RPF) remained unchanged (during intermittent congestion) as well as when these values decreased (during continuous congestion). ii) The calculated \"postglomerular\" oncotic pressure and the sodium reabsorption rate were strongly correlated at the control period, showing a slightly less correlation during intermittent renal congestion, whereas during sustained congestion, the latter increased independently of the former. iii) The NCPF/CPAH remained unchanged or slightly increased during intermittent congestion and was remarkably elevated during sustained congestion. (3) In dogs of Group B, i) Diminution of renal functions such as GFR and RPF was prominent during renal congestin and satisfactory recovery of renal functions to the initial level did not occur even after release from congestion. ii) No significant increase of sodium reabsorption rate was obtained during continuous renal congestion. (4) The balance of sodium ion between the kidney and blood of dogs of Group A was discussed. The effects of acute renal venous congestion on renal function were divided into two groups and it was concluded that this renal arteriovenous plasma sodium difference is a most significant factor.", "contents": "Experimental studies of effects of acute renal venous congestion on renal function --with particular reference to renal arterio-venous plasma sodium difference. Effects of acute renal venous congestion on renal function were studies. In anesthetized mongrels with intermittent or sustained elevation of the renal venous pressure produced experimentally by unilateral constriction of the renal vein, changes in renal function were investigated with the clearance method and plasma concentrations of electrolytes, protein and Ht of collected arterial and venous blood oals were divided into two groups according to the initial conditions concerning the various level of renal arterio-venous plasma sodium. In dogs (Group A) whose initial values of renal arterio-venous plasma sodium difference were not less than -1 mEq/L, the difference showed a negative tendency both during intermittent and during continuous congestion. In dogs (Group B) whose initial values of the difference were less than -1 mEq/L, the difference showed a positive tendency during renal venous congestion. (2) In dogs of Group A, i) the sodium reabsorption rate increased when renal physiological values (GFR and RPF) remained unchanged (during intermittent congestion) as well as when these values decreased (during continuous congestion). ii) The calculated \"postglomerular\" oncotic pressure and the sodium reabsorption rate were strongly correlated at the control period, showing a slightly less correlation during intermittent renal congestion, whereas during sustained congestion, the latter increased independently of the former. iii) The NCPF/CPAH remained unchanged or slightly increased during intermittent congestion and was remarkably elevated during sustained congestion. (3) In dogs of Group B, i) Diminution of renal functions such as GFR and RPF was prominent during renal congestin and satisfactory recovery of renal functions to the initial level did not occur even after release from congestion. ii) No significant increase of sodium reabsorption rate was obtained during continuous renal congestion. (4) The balance of sodium ion between the kidney and blood of dogs of Group A was discussed. The effects of acute renal venous congestion on renal function were divided into two groups and it was concluded that this renal arteriovenous plasma sodium difference is a most significant factor.", "PMID": 1018335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2170", "title": "Effect of changes in inputs to atrioventricular node on AV conduction.", "content": "The effect of different inputs into the atrioventricular node (AVN) on orthograde impulse transmission was studied. In rabbit AVN preparations, two stimulating electrodes were placed posteriorly in the crista terminalis (P) and anteriorly in the interatrial septum (A). Electric stimuli were given individually (P,A) or simultaneously (P + A). Premature stimulation, when properly timed (e.g. 70-100 msec at the basic cycle length of 400 msec) achieved AV conduction only in P + A but not in either P or A. Action potentials (APs) in AVN in this situation revealed an incomplete depolarization in P and A, but became a fullsized AP in P + A. This might be explained by summation. The site of simmation appeared to be in the upper node, because APs distal to the middle node as well as APs in the His bundle behaved in an \"all or none\" fashion. Time intervals between the stimulus artifact and the His bundle AP upstroke (S-H) were shorter in P + A was enhanced with the decrease of the S-H difference between P and A suggested an accelerated conduction by summation in AVN. A hyperpolarizing current flowing through the suction electrodes which were attached in the vicinity of AVN caused different amounts of S-H shortening between P and A input. The above data support the view that AVN has a summating property engendered by the slow inactivation of ionic channel on which the upstroke of AP depends and by the limited number and sites of atrial inputs which might connect with some preferential paths within the AVN.", "contents": "Effect of changes in inputs to atrioventricular node on AV conduction. The effect of different inputs into the atrioventricular node (AVN) on orthograde impulse transmission was studied. In rabbit AVN preparations, two stimulating electrodes were placed posteriorly in the crista terminalis (P) and anteriorly in the interatrial septum (A). Electric stimuli were given individually (P,A) or simultaneously (P + A). Premature stimulation, when properly timed (e.g. 70-100 msec at the basic cycle length of 400 msec) achieved AV conduction only in P + A but not in either P or A. Action potentials (APs) in AVN in this situation revealed an incomplete depolarization in P and A, but became a fullsized AP in P + A. This might be explained by summation. The site of simmation appeared to be in the upper node, because APs distal to the middle node as well as APs in the His bundle behaved in an \"all or none\" fashion. Time intervals between the stimulus artifact and the His bundle AP upstroke (S-H) were shorter in P + A was enhanced with the decrease of the S-H difference between P and A suggested an accelerated conduction by summation in AVN. A hyperpolarizing current flowing through the suction electrodes which were attached in the vicinity of AVN caused different amounts of S-H shortening between P and A input. The above data support the view that AVN has a summating property engendered by the slow inactivation of ionic channel on which the upstroke of AP depends and by the limited number and sites of atrial inputs which might connect with some preferential paths within the AVN.", "PMID": 1018336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2171", "title": "Automaticity and time-dependent conduction disturbance produced in canine ventricular myocardium. New aspects for initiation of ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "1) In isolated canine ventricular myocardium, automaticity could be induced by a passage of small depolarizing DC-currents. The mechanism was attributed to inflowing Ca++ and Na+ currents and time-dependent deactivation of outward K+ current under a condition of high membrane resistance due to an anomalous rectification. Significance of the automaticity was discussed in relation to the ventricular arrhythmias encountered in very early stage of myocardial infarction. 2) In in situ canine hearts, chloropromazine induced time (preceding cycle length)-dependent decrease in conduction velocity within the ventricle. Thus QRS-duration of non-premature beats was lenghtened at rapid pacing rates while QRS-duration of atrial premature beats was lengthened also at short coupling intervals in the drug-treated dogs. These slow conductions were not due to reduced take-off potential of action potentials bue due to drug-induced slow recovery of rapid Na+ system. The phenomenon may be responsible for reported QRS-prolongation and fatal ventricular arrhythmias encountered in the patients receiving phenothiazines.", "contents": "Automaticity and time-dependent conduction disturbance produced in canine ventricular myocardium. New aspects for initiation of ventricular arrhythmias. 1) In isolated canine ventricular myocardium, automaticity could be induced by a passage of small depolarizing DC-currents. The mechanism was attributed to inflowing Ca++ and Na+ currents and time-dependent deactivation of outward K+ current under a condition of high membrane resistance due to an anomalous rectification. Significance of the automaticity was discussed in relation to the ventricular arrhythmias encountered in very early stage of myocardial infarction. 2) In in situ canine hearts, chloropromazine induced time (preceding cycle length)-dependent decrease in conduction velocity within the ventricle. Thus QRS-duration of non-premature beats was lenghtened at rapid pacing rates while QRS-duration of atrial premature beats was lengthened also at short coupling intervals in the drug-treated dogs. These slow conductions were not due to reduced take-off potential of action potentials bue due to drug-induced slow recovery of rapid Na+ system. The phenomenon may be responsible for reported QRS-prolongation and fatal ventricular arrhythmias encountered in the patients receiving phenothiazines.", "PMID": 1018338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2172", "title": "Role of slow inward current in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmia.", "content": "Action potentials of premature beats in ventricular muscle fibers showed a transient prolongation of duration as well as an increase in second depolarization of the plateau phase when the preceding diastolic intervals were progressively shortened. These changes were abolished by manganese ions. Voltage clamp experiments also disclosed a transient increase in slow inward current in premature excitations, of which time course was very similar to that in action potential changes. These results suggested that prolongation of action potential durations was mainly brought about by changes in slow inward current and this was partly related to the characteristics of recovery from inactivation of this current. An increase of slow inward current produced depressed conduction on the subsequent beat and it also shared the effects to extend the areas of slow response. These effects may accelerate the occurrence of re-entry.", "contents": "Role of slow inward current in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmia. Action potentials of premature beats in ventricular muscle fibers showed a transient prolongation of duration as well as an increase in second depolarization of the plateau phase when the preceding diastolic intervals were progressively shortened. These changes were abolished by manganese ions. Voltage clamp experiments also disclosed a transient increase in slow inward current in premature excitations, of which time course was very similar to that in action potential changes. These results suggested that prolongation of action potential durations was mainly brought about by changes in slow inward current and this was partly related to the characteristics of recovery from inactivation of this current. An increase of slow inward current produced depressed conduction on the subsequent beat and it also shared the effects to extend the areas of slow response. These effects may accelerate the occurrence of re-entry.", "PMID": 1018339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2173", "title": "Mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia and pharmacological effects on it.", "content": "Electrophysiologic study in 30 patients with documented SVT, 16 of whom had preexcitation, and in 24 control subjects were reported. The mechanism of SVT were found to be various and to include reentry confined to the AV node, SA node or the atrium, reentry through accessory pathway and ectopic atrial automaticity. It was noted that some of SVT might use concealed accessory pathway in VA direction while the some of SVT in WPW syndrome might not utilize accessory pathways. Electrophysiological properties in cases with SVT did not differ from those observed in controls. There were no differences in the mode of electrophysiological action of drugs between XVT and control groups. Both propranolol and procaine amide slightly depressed AV conduction. However, the action of the drugs on echo zone were not the same. The basic mechanisms of the action of the drugs in SVT were discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia and pharmacological effects on it. Electrophysiologic study in 30 patients with documented SVT, 16 of whom had preexcitation, and in 24 control subjects were reported. The mechanism of SVT were found to be various and to include reentry confined to the AV node, SA node or the atrium, reentry through accessory pathway and ectopic atrial automaticity. It was noted that some of SVT might use concealed accessory pathway in VA direction while the some of SVT in WPW syndrome might not utilize accessory pathways. Electrophysiological properties in cases with SVT did not differ from those observed in controls. There were no differences in the mode of electrophysiological action of drugs between XVT and control groups. Both propranolol and procaine amide slightly depressed AV conduction. However, the action of the drugs on echo zone were not the same. The basic mechanisms of the action of the drugs in SVT were discussed.", "PMID": 1018340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2174", "title": "Purification of host DNA synthesis-suppressing factor (DSF) produced by infection with measles virus.", "content": "Host DNA synthesis-suppressing factor (DSF) produced into culture fluid of cloned HeLa cells (HeLa C-9) infected with a small plaque variant of Toyoshima strain of measles virus was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose, and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-200. The specific activity of the finally purified DSF was 302 units/mg of protein representing approximately 300-fold purification. The molecular weight of DSF was estimated to be about 55 000. By isoelectric focusing, two kinds of DSF having isoelectric points of 4.24 and 5.24 were detectable. The purified DSF was able to suppress host DNA synthesis of HeLa cells, continuous human lymphoid cells (NC-37), mouse L cells and Meth-A cells derived from an ascitic tumor of the mouse. The activity of the purified DSF was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 30 min or by treatment with trypsin.", "contents": "Purification of host DNA synthesis-suppressing factor (DSF) produced by infection with measles virus. Host DNA synthesis-suppressing factor (DSF) produced into culture fluid of cloned HeLa cells (HeLa C-9) infected with a small plaque variant of Toyoshima strain of measles virus was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose, and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-200. The specific activity of the finally purified DSF was 302 units/mg of protein representing approximately 300-fold purification. The molecular weight of DSF was estimated to be about 55 000. By isoelectric focusing, two kinds of DSF having isoelectric points of 4.24 and 5.24 were detectable. The purified DSF was able to suppress host DNA synthesis of HeLa cells, continuous human lymphoid cells (NC-37), mouse L cells and Meth-A cells derived from an ascitic tumor of the mouse. The activity of the purified DSF was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 30 min or by treatment with trypsin.", "PMID": 1018343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2175", "title": "Isolation of a small rod with lytic activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh sea water.", "content": "A small rod, capable of formine crater-like plaques on lawns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was isolated from a marine environment. The isolate was a gram-negative straight rod with round ends and was small in size, equal to that of halophilic Bdellovibrio strain 5501. The isolate appeared to have close taxonomic relationships to Cytophaga, since this bacterium moved slowly in a gliding manner on a solid agar surface, hydrolyzed agar and starch, contained yellow pigment and was halophilic. The isolate was able to grow not only under host-dependent but also under host-independent conditions when low nutrient media were used for cultivation, and its bacteriolytic mode was different from that of Bdellovibrio, an endoparasite. The isolate was halophilic and required Mg++ and Ca++ in addition to 3% saline for growth. The isolate showed a broad host rnage when tested for plaque-forming activity on gram-negative bacteria but not on the gram-positive bacteria tested so far.", "contents": "Isolation of a small rod with lytic activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh sea water. A small rod, capable of formine crater-like plaques on lawns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was isolated from a marine environment. The isolate was a gram-negative straight rod with round ends and was small in size, equal to that of halophilic Bdellovibrio strain 5501. The isolate appeared to have close taxonomic relationships to Cytophaga, since this bacterium moved slowly in a gliding manner on a solid agar surface, hydrolyzed agar and starch, contained yellow pigment and was halophilic. The isolate was able to grow not only under host-dependent but also under host-independent conditions when low nutrient media were used for cultivation, and its bacteriolytic mode was different from that of Bdellovibrio, an endoparasite. The isolate was halophilic and required Mg++ and Ca++ in addition to 3% saline for growth. The isolate showed a broad host rnage when tested for plaque-forming activity on gram-negative bacteria but not on the gram-positive bacteria tested so far.", "PMID": 1018344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2176", "title": "Binding of tobacco mosaic virus to membrane material isolated from tobacco leaves.", "content": "Binding of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to disrupted tobacco leaf membrane was studied. Membrane isolated from tobacco leaves was treated successively with (NH4)2SO4, Li-diiodosalicylate and then pronase. TMV-binding substance was thus isolated in a soluble form. From enzymatic digestion experiments, it was suggested that the binding substance was composed of lipid and carbohydrate.", "contents": "Binding of tobacco mosaic virus to membrane material isolated from tobacco leaves. Binding of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to disrupted tobacco leaf membrane was studied. Membrane isolated from tobacco leaves was treated successively with (NH4)2SO4, Li-diiodosalicylate and then pronase. TMV-binding substance was thus isolated in a soluble form. From enzymatic digestion experiments, it was suggested that the binding substance was composed of lipid and carbohydrate.", "PMID": 1018345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2177", "title": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and serum inhibitory effect in patients with gastric cancer.", "content": "The in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA was determined in patients with gastric cancer in various stages prior to the surgical treatment. The lymphocyte responsiveness in the presence of homologous pooled AB serum in patients of stages II, III and IV were markedly reduced as compared with that in healthy controls (stages II, III; p less than 0.05, stage IV; p less than 0.01). Inhibition of normal lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA by serum from patients in stages III and IV were statistically significant only in the advanced stage. It was concluded that the suppression of the immune response in the early stage of gastric cancer was mainly due to the impairment of lymphocyte itself, which advanced with the progress of the stage and was modified by the serum inhibitory effect in advanced stages. In patients with advanced cancer, the higher was the lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA and PWM prior to the initial treatment, the more effective was the immunotherapy. This shows that the indication of the immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancer could be initiated. Furthermore, the correlation between the lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA and the clinical results of immunotherapy was discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and serum inhibitory effect in patients with gastric cancer. The in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA was determined in patients with gastric cancer in various stages prior to the surgical treatment. The lymphocyte responsiveness in the presence of homologous pooled AB serum in patients of stages II, III and IV were markedly reduced as compared with that in healthy controls (stages II, III; p less than 0.05, stage IV; p less than 0.01). Inhibition of normal lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA by serum from patients in stages III and IV were statistically significant only in the advanced stage. It was concluded that the suppression of the immune response in the early stage of gastric cancer was mainly due to the impairment of lymphocyte itself, which advanced with the progress of the stage and was modified by the serum inhibitory effect in advanced stages. In patients with advanced cancer, the higher was the lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA and PWM prior to the initial treatment, the more effective was the immunotherapy. This shows that the indication of the immunotherapy in patients with advanced cancer could be initiated. Furthermore, the correlation between the lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA and the clinical results of immunotherapy was discussed.", "PMID": 1018347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2178", "title": "Carcinomas of the stomach in the young adults.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the gastric carcinomas in the young adults were described in special comparison with the carcinomas in the old men. They were found to be similar in many respects, but had some different features like the histologic findings with particular references to the histogenetic background.", "contents": "Carcinomas of the stomach in the young adults. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the gastric carcinomas in the young adults were described in special comparison with the carcinomas in the old men. They were found to be similar in many respects, but had some different features like the histologic findings with particular references to the histogenetic background.", "PMID": 1018348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2179", "title": "Evaluation of hepatic reserve for surgical treatment in portal hypertension.", "content": "Based on a hepatic hemodynamic study, estimated by hepatic catheterization technique in 233 patients of portal hypertension, a classification of hepatic reserve is proposed. Surgical treatments for preventing esophageal variceal bleeding which does not decrease portal pressure may safely be applied to the patients whose effective hepatic blood flow of over 300 ml/min/M2, intrahepatic shunting rate below 40 per cent, IGC disappearance rate of over 0.04 min-1, or BSP 30 minute retention rate of below 35 per cent.", "contents": "Evaluation of hepatic reserve for surgical treatment in portal hypertension. Based on a hepatic hemodynamic study, estimated by hepatic catheterization technique in 233 patients of portal hypertension, a classification of hepatic reserve is proposed. Surgical treatments for preventing esophageal variceal bleeding which does not decrease portal pressure may safely be applied to the patients whose effective hepatic blood flow of over 300 ml/min/M2, intrahepatic shunting rate below 40 per cent, IGC disappearance rate of over 0.04 min-1, or BSP 30 minute retention rate of below 35 per cent.", "PMID": 1018349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2180", "title": "Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation.", "content": "The technique of percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (intermittent  jets of oxygen under high pressure, 50 pounds per square inch [psi]) has been used for resuscitation during anesthesia and prior to tracheostomy, and has been established as an important adjunct to life-support techniques. The technical aspects are described together with experimental evidence that intermittent jet ventilation is necessary to eliminate carbon dioxide. The complications occurring with a series of 80 patients are reported along with experimental work in ventilation of dogs with compressed air sources, including truck tires. Emergency physicians should be familiar with this technique and equipment for its use should be readily available in the emergency department. The potential role of transtracheal ventilation in the mobile intensive care unit at accident sites has been explored and appears promising. Conventional airway support techniques should be applied prior to resorting to transtracheal ventilation.", "contents": "Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation. The technique of percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (intermittent  jets of oxygen under high pressure, 50 pounds per square inch [psi]) has been used for resuscitation during anesthesia and prior to tracheostomy, and has been established as an important adjunct to life-support techniques. The technical aspects are described together with experimental evidence that intermittent jet ventilation is necessary to eliminate carbon dioxide. The complications occurring with a series of 80 patients are reported along with experimental work in ventilation of dogs with compressed air sources, including truck tires. Emergency physicians should be familiar with this technique and equipment for its use should be readily available in the emergency department. The potential role of transtracheal ventilation in the mobile intensive care unit at accident sites has been explored and appears promising. Conventional airway support techniques should be applied prior to resorting to transtracheal ventilation.", "PMID": 1018350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2181", "title": "Hydrocarbon ingestion in children: a six-year retrospective study.", "content": "The results of a six-year retrospective study of 116 children admitted with the diagnosis of hydrocarbon ingestion showed that the major toxicity of hydrocarbons was to the respiratory tract, with 79 patients (68%) developing pneumonia. There was a significantly higher initial white blood cell count in children who developed pneumonia (15,900/cu mm vs 12,000/cu mm, p less than .001). All hydrocarbon products studied had a similar incidence of complicatons, except turpentine products, which had a significantly lower incidence of pneumonia (p less than .005). There was no correlation between amount ingested and development of complicatons. Initial treatment, which consisted of induced vomiting, gastric lavage, administration of oil or saline cathartics, was not associated with fewer complications. Oil administration correlated with higher incidence of pneumonia (p less than .025). The present study recomends only supportive treatment following hydrocarbon ingestion in children.", "contents": "Hydrocarbon ingestion in children: a six-year retrospective study. The results of a six-year retrospective study of 116 children admitted with the diagnosis of hydrocarbon ingestion showed that the major toxicity of hydrocarbons was to the respiratory tract, with 79 patients (68%) developing pneumonia. There was a significantly higher initial white blood cell count in children who developed pneumonia (15,900/cu mm vs 12,000/cu mm, p less than .001). All hydrocarbon products studied had a similar incidence of complicatons, except turpentine products, which had a significantly lower incidence of pneumonia (p less than .005). There was no correlation between amount ingested and development of complicatons. Initial treatment, which consisted of induced vomiting, gastric lavage, administration of oil or saline cathartics, was not associated with fewer complications. Oil administration correlated with higher incidence of pneumonia (p less than .025). The present study recomends only supportive treatment following hydrocarbon ingestion in children.", "PMID": 1018351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2182", "title": "Caffeine intoxication: a case of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.", "content": "Caffeinism is a syndrome resulting from the excessive ingestion of caffeine and characterized primarily by cardiovascular and central nervous system manifestations. A variety of tachyarrhythmias and extrasystoles are believed to reflect the toxic, cardiotonic effects of caffeine. A case of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) related to caffeine abuse is PAT. The importance of considering this and other less frequent conditions as potential causes for this arrhythmia is stressed.", "contents": "Caffeine intoxication: a case of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Caffeinism is a syndrome resulting from the excessive ingestion of caffeine and characterized primarily by cardiovascular and central nervous system manifestations. A variety of tachyarrhythmias and extrasystoles are believed to reflect the toxic, cardiotonic effects of caffeine. A case of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) related to caffeine abuse is PAT. The importance of considering this and other less frequent conditions as potential causes for this arrhythmia is stressed.", "PMID": 1018352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2183", "title": "Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Case report.", "content": "The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a response to the treatment of syphilis. The most common findings are fever, malaise, headache, and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions. The reaction is thought to be due to the effects of treponema breakdown products, and it should not be confused with an allergic reaction to the antibiotic employed. Thus, further therapy must not be withheld. Treatment is symptomatic.", "contents": "Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Case report. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a response to the treatment of syphilis. The most common findings are fever, malaise, headache, and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions. The reaction is thought to be due to the effects of treponema breakdown products, and it should not be confused with an allergic reaction to the antibiotic employed. Thus, further therapy must not be withheld. Treatment is symptomatic.", "PMID": 1018353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2184", "title": "A conceptual framework for emergency care planning.", "content": "The experience of functional program planning, in addition to facilitating the planning process for a new emergency unit, has had additional benefits. It has given the staff a common conceptual framework for analyzing patient care as provided and for identifying areas where improvements can be made. Also, a new approach has been developed for communicating with other departments and with hospital administration about day-to-day operating problems which may be useful for addressing other resource allocating and operating room time schedules. By developing a planning framework, it is possible to integrate the expertise of various services, while retaining an integrated overall orientation within which the efficacy of different proposals can be judged. This approach is critically important in helping to avoid the adverse effects of fragmented planning.", "contents": "A conceptual framework for emergency care planning. The experience of functional program planning, in addition to facilitating the planning process for a new emergency unit, has had additional benefits. It has given the staff a common conceptual framework for analyzing patient care as provided and for identifying areas where improvements can be made. Also, a new approach has been developed for communicating with other departments and with hospital administration about day-to-day operating problems which may be useful for addressing other resource allocating and operating room time schedules. By developing a planning framework, it is possible to integrate the expertise of various services, while retaining an integrated overall orientation within which the efficacy of different proposals can be judged. This approach is critically important in helping to avoid the adverse effects of fragmented planning.", "PMID": 1018354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2185", "title": "The emergency joint: arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis.", "content": "Arthrocentesis and the subsequent evaluation of synovial fluid is often the definitive diagnostic procedure for the patient presenting with a joint effusion or intrasynovial hemorrhage. The difficulty of performing arthrocentesis varies with the joint in question, but those joints most frequently involved are easily entered. The indications and contraindications for this procedure are discussed. Effusion-producing pathologic processes often yield fluids of a characteristic nature permitting their classifications into categories of noninflammatory (Group I), inflammatory (Group II), septic (Group III), and hemorrhagic. This categorization of the effusion may permit specific diagnosis or the narrowing of the differential diagnosis. Criteria are established on the basis of joint fluid features to differentiate septic arthritis, which requires inpatient treatment, from those entities for which the patient may reasonably be treated as an outpatient.", "contents": "The emergency joint: arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis. Arthrocentesis and the subsequent evaluation of synovial fluid is often the definitive diagnostic procedure for the patient presenting with a joint effusion or intrasynovial hemorrhage. The difficulty of performing arthrocentesis varies with the joint in question, but those joints most frequently involved are easily entered. The indications and contraindications for this procedure are discussed. Effusion-producing pathologic processes often yield fluids of a characteristic nature permitting their classifications into categories of noninflammatory (Group I), inflammatory (Group II), septic (Group III), and hemorrhagic. This categorization of the effusion may permit specific diagnosis or the narrowing of the differential diagnosis. Criteria are established on the basis of joint fluid features to differentiate septic arthritis, which requires inpatient treatment, from those entities for which the patient may reasonably be treated as an outpatient.", "PMID": 1018355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2186", "title": "Algorithm-directed triage in an emergency department.", "content": "At Brooke Army Medical Center the Emergency Services Section has developed an algorith,-directed triage system to be used by \"screeners\" who may be basic medical corpsmen but sometimes have had no previous medical experience. After 25 hours of classroom and 120 hours of on-the-job training, the screeners use the algorithms to triage patients into one of three treatment areas in the emergency section or to clinics outside the emergency section during the day and evening. The screeners may consult with a triage physician if the algorithm-directed disposition appears inappropriate, Triage dispositions of 78,822 patient visits during the calendar year 1975 are presented.", "contents": "Algorithm-directed triage in an emergency department. At Brooke Army Medical Center the Emergency Services Section has developed an algorith,-directed triage system to be used by \"screeners\" who may be basic medical corpsmen but sometimes have had no previous medical experience. After 25 hours of classroom and 120 hours of on-the-job training, the screeners use the algorithms to triage patients into one of three treatment areas in the emergency section or to clinics outside the emergency section during the day and evening. The screeners may consult with a triage physician if the algorithm-directed disposition appears inappropriate, Triage dispositions of 78,822 patient visits during the calendar year 1975 are presented.", "PMID": 1018360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2187", "title": "Effectiveness of nurse triage in the emergency department of an urban county hospital.", "content": "The effectiveness of patient triage by a specially trained registered nurse in the emergency department of an urban county hospital, San Francisco General Hospital, was evaluated over a three-month period. Ambulatory patients thought to have nonemergent illnesses were directed to the Walk-In Service for physician evaluation and treatment; the remainder were seen in the Emergency Service. In three months, 11,329 patients registered for care, and 4,150 (37%) were referred to the Walk-In Service. Of the 77 admitted patients, six were thought to require treatment within a few hours, 67 within hours to days, and four were considered elective admissions. There were no deaths. Error in triage was about equally divided between mistaken diagnosis and underestimated severity of illnes. The overall accuracy of triage was 98%.", "contents": "Effectiveness of nurse triage in the emergency department of an urban county hospital. The effectiveness of patient triage by a specially trained registered nurse in the emergency department of an urban county hospital, San Francisco General Hospital, was evaluated over a three-month period. Ambulatory patients thought to have nonemergent illnesses were directed to the Walk-In Service for physician evaluation and treatment; the remainder were seen in the Emergency Service. In three months, 11,329 patients registered for care, and 4,150 (37%) were referred to the Walk-In Service. Of the 77 admitted patients, six were thought to require treatment within a few hours, 67 within hours to days, and four were considered elective admissions. There were no deaths. Error in triage was about equally divided between mistaken diagnosis and underestimated severity of illnes. The overall accuracy of triage was 98%.", "PMID": 1018361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2188", "title": "Rape evidence kit: simplified procedures for the emergency department.", "content": "The crime of rape requires medical evaluation and therapy concomitant with the collection of legal evidence for potential prosecution. A practical, inexpensive evidence kit has been disigned that meets the needs of the local health department, police department, hospital emergency centers, and district attorney personnel. Costs of assembly and specimen analysis are assumed by the police department. Chain of custody is assured through tamper-proof bags, appropriate reporting forms and police involvement in specimen pick-up. Victims participate in chain of custody by sharing in collection and authorization. The requirement for physician appearance in court is thus lessened. Standardization of examination and reporting prompts all community hospitals to share in examinations, preventing over loading of a single, busy facility. Six months' experience had borne out the anticipated simplification of collection, standardization of reporting, and reduction of physician involvement in legal procedures.", "contents": "Rape evidence kit: simplified procedures for the emergency department. The crime of rape requires medical evaluation and therapy concomitant with the collection of legal evidence for potential prosecution. A practical, inexpensive evidence kit has been disigned that meets the needs of the local health department, police department, hospital emergency centers, and district attorney personnel. Costs of assembly and specimen analysis are assumed by the police department. Chain of custody is assured through tamper-proof bags, appropriate reporting forms and police involvement in specimen pick-up. Victims participate in chain of custody by sharing in collection and authorization. The requirement for physician appearance in court is thus lessened. Standardization of examination and reporting prompts all community hospitals to share in examinations, preventing over loading of a single, busy facility. Six months' experience had borne out the anticipated simplification of collection, standardization of reporting, and reduction of physician involvement in legal procedures.", "PMID": 1018363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2189", "title": "Laryngotracheal trauma: recognition and management.", "content": "In 23 patients with laryngotracheal trauma at the Louisville General Hospital during a ten-year period, 19 survived. One death was directly atributable to the airway injury. The most common postinjury complication was hoarsensess attributable to direct injury to the cords or recurrent nerve paralysis. One patient had further operation for subglottic stenosis. In general, blunt injuries were more severe than penetrating injuries. Subcutaneous emphysema, aphonia or dyshonia, hemoptysis, signs of injuries, a sucking wound, are presumptive findings of laryngotracheal injury. Appropriate endoscopy and radiographic studies should confirm the diagnosis. Control of the airway is achieved by emergency tracheostomy or intubation followed by tracheostomy. Prompt operative intervention and primary repair follow.", "contents": "Laryngotracheal trauma: recognition and management. In 23 patients with laryngotracheal trauma at the Louisville General Hospital during a ten-year period, 19 survived. One death was directly atributable to the airway injury. The most common postinjury complication was hoarsensess attributable to direct injury to the cords or recurrent nerve paralysis. One patient had further operation for subglottic stenosis. In general, blunt injuries were more severe than penetrating injuries. Subcutaneous emphysema, aphonia or dyshonia, hemoptysis, signs of injuries, a sucking wound, are presumptive findings of laryngotracheal injury. Appropriate endoscopy and radiographic studies should confirm the diagnosis. Control of the airway is achieved by emergency tracheostomy or intubation followed by tracheostomy. Prompt operative intervention and primary repair follow.", "PMID": 1018362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2190", "title": "The crush injury: a high risk wound.", "content": "A standardized experimental impact injury model was developed to produce soft tissue trauma that simulated impact injuries to soft tissue overlying the cranium. An aluminum impact instrument was constructed so as to deliver a measured amount of energy to a finite area of soft tissue over a fixed foundation. Impact injury resulted in readily demonstrable changes in the morphology of the tissue and its blood flow. As measured by the distribution of fluorescein dye, the blood flow to the impact site was considerably less than that to unwounded tissue. The magnitude of this reduction in blood flow to the site of injury was proportional to the level of energy absorbed by the tissue. The injury to skin resulting from the impact was restricted primarily to the subcutaneous tissue and panniculus carnosus. Loss of adipose tissue and necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers in these layers were associated with the development of a dense inflammatory infiltrate. The structural damage to the tissue and its reduced perfusion were correlated with the tissue's increased susceptibility to infection by bacteria delivered either by direct infection or as a result of a bacteremia. The magnitude of this damage to the host's defenses is, again, directly related to the amount of energy absorbed per unit area of soft tissue. Antibiotics did suppress the growth of bacteria in these experimental soft tissue impact wounds, even when treatment was delayed eight hours. While the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics was readily apparent in soft tissue impact wounds, the degree to which they could suppress bacteria in these wounds was less than that encountered in the treated control wounds not subjected to impact.", "contents": "The crush injury: a high risk wound. A standardized experimental impact injury model was developed to produce soft tissue trauma that simulated impact injuries to soft tissue overlying the cranium. An aluminum impact instrument was constructed so as to deliver a measured amount of energy to a finite area of soft tissue over a fixed foundation. Impact injury resulted in readily demonstrable changes in the morphology of the tissue and its blood flow. As measured by the distribution of fluorescein dye, the blood flow to the impact site was considerably less than that to unwounded tissue. The magnitude of this reduction in blood flow to the site of injury was proportional to the level of energy absorbed by the tissue. The injury to skin resulting from the impact was restricted primarily to the subcutaneous tissue and panniculus carnosus. Loss of adipose tissue and necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers in these layers were associated with the development of a dense inflammatory infiltrate. The structural damage to the tissue and its reduced perfusion were correlated with the tissue's increased susceptibility to infection by bacteria delivered either by direct infection or as a result of a bacteremia. The magnitude of this damage to the host's defenses is, again, directly related to the amount of energy absorbed per unit area of soft tissue. Antibiotics did suppress the growth of bacteria in these experimental soft tissue impact wounds, even when treatment was delayed eight hours. While the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics was readily apparent in soft tissue impact wounds, the degree to which they could suppress bacteria in these wounds was less than that encountered in the treated control wounds not subjected to impact.", "PMID": 1018372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2191", "title": "Provider performance in the recognition and treatment of telemetered electrocardiogram patterns.", "content": "A test of electrocardiogram diagnostic skills in the form of a ten-slide presentation of six-second rhythm strips was administered to 25 emergency department nurses, 23 intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, 34 cardiac technicians (CRT, EMT) and 37 physicians. The ICU nurses had the best performance overall. Physicians had difficulty with mechanical problems, viz, loose leads, flat line and inverted leads. ICU nurses had less difficulty identifying and treating flat line than did emergency department nurses. The study's limitations were that the sample was self-selected and that the providers might respond differently to a real life situation.", "contents": "Provider performance in the recognition and treatment of telemetered electrocardiogram patterns. A test of electrocardiogram diagnostic skills in the form of a ten-slide presentation of six-second rhythm strips was administered to 25 emergency department nurses, 23 intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, 34 cardiac technicians (CRT, EMT) and 37 physicians. The ICU nurses had the best performance overall. Physicians had difficulty with mechanical problems, viz, loose leads, flat line and inverted leads. ICU nurses had less difficulty identifying and treating flat line than did emergency department nurses. The study's limitations were that the sample was self-selected and that the providers might respond differently to a real life situation.", "PMID": 1018373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2192", "title": "A unique academic approach to critical care-emergency medicine training.", "content": "The four-year program for training physicians in critical care-emergency medicine at Sacramento Medical Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine is described. Its purpose is to train the physician in resuscitation, emergency care for life-threatening conditions, and intensive care, so that the graduate can staff community hospital emergency departments and intensive care units, be director of an emergency department or intensive care unit, or pursue an academic career in emergency medicine.", "contents": "A unique academic approach to critical care-emergency medicine training. The four-year program for training physicians in critical care-emergency medicine at Sacramento Medical Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine is described. Its purpose is to train the physician in resuscitation, emergency care for life-threatening conditions, and intensive care, so that the graduate can staff community hospital emergency departments and intensive care units, be director of an emergency department or intensive care unit, or pursue an academic career in emergency medicine.", "PMID": 1018374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2193", "title": "Abscess formation as a complication of parenteral methylphenidate abuse.", "content": "Case reports of five patients suffering from either skin abscesses or cellulitis following parenteral methylphenidate abuse are presented. Four patients had similar lesions consisting of abscesses or cellulitis which demonstrated typical signs and symptoms of an infective process and were treated with local symptomatic therapy, incision and drainage if indicated, and systemic antibiotics. The fifth patient suffered from a circular, necrotic, nonpurulent ulcer on the dorsum of the right foot which produced no local or systemic toxic effects. Attempts to culture a responsible organism yielded Streptococcus viridans, an organism which is normal flora of the skin and, although opportunistic, is generally considered nonpathogenic. These cases further substantiate the belief that local vasospasm, chemical irritation, or both, produced by the methylphenidate solution may primarily cause a necrotic ulcer susceptibble to secondary bacterial infection.", "contents": "Abscess formation as a complication of parenteral methylphenidate abuse. Case reports of five patients suffering from either skin abscesses or cellulitis following parenteral methylphenidate abuse are presented. Four patients had similar lesions consisting of abscesses or cellulitis which demonstrated typical signs and symptoms of an infective process and were treated with local symptomatic therapy, incision and drainage if indicated, and systemic antibiotics. The fifth patient suffered from a circular, necrotic, nonpurulent ulcer on the dorsum of the right foot which produced no local or systemic toxic effects. Attempts to culture a responsible organism yielded Streptococcus viridans, an organism which is normal flora of the skin and, although opportunistic, is generally considered nonpathogenic. These cases further substantiate the belief that local vasospasm, chemical irritation, or both, produced by the methylphenidate solution may primarily cause a necrotic ulcer susceptibble to secondary bacterial infection.", "PMID": 1018375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2194", "title": "Xylocaine viscous as an aid in the differential diagnosis of chest pain.", "content": "Sixty patients with chest pain, chest and epigastric pain, or predominantly epigastric pain, not explained by electrocardiographic (EKG) changes or pulmonary findings, were given 20 cc of Xylocaine Viscous orally. Thirty-seven out of 60 experienced complete or almost complete relief within 10 to 15 minutes. Of this group, none were found to have suffered a myocardial infarction. Of the 23 patients who did not experience pain relief, six had a myocardial infarction and seven were diagnosed as having cardiac angina. Determination of serum lidocaine levels after oral ingestion of 20 cc of Xylocaine Viscous in patients with normal gastric function demonstrated a maximum level of 0.55 mu/ml--a serum level unlikely to result in adverse side effects.", "contents": "Xylocaine viscous as an aid in the differential diagnosis of chest pain. Sixty patients with chest pain, chest and epigastric pain, or predominantly epigastric pain, not explained by electrocardiographic (EKG) changes or pulmonary findings, were given 20 cc of Xylocaine Viscous orally. Thirty-seven out of 60 experienced complete or almost complete relief within 10 to 15 minutes. Of this group, none were found to have suffered a myocardial infarction. Of the 23 patients who did not experience pain relief, six had a myocardial infarction and seven were diagnosed as having cardiac angina. Determination of serum lidocaine levels after oral ingestion of 20 cc of Xylocaine Viscous in patients with normal gastric function demonstrated a maximum level of 0.55 mu/ml--a serum level unlikely to result in adverse side effects.", "PMID": 1018376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2195", "title": "Can the well trained EMT-paramedic maintain skills and knowledge?", "content": "Reliable criteria exist to assess emergency medical technician (EMT)-paramedic team and individual competence. In addition to written and oral examiniation, reliable individual manipulative skill data, and on-scene observation of emergency care by responsible physicians, EMT-paramedic team competence may be assessed by using tracer conditions that reflect patient outcome converted to a standard base population per unit time. Using standard definitions of \"resuscitation\" and \"save,\" and the pulseless, nonbreathing patient as tracer, 75 (31%) of 241 patients were resuscitated and 34 (14%) were saved. Team manipulative skill competence may also be determined by an appropriate tracer.", "contents": "Can the well trained EMT-paramedic maintain skills and knowledge? Reliable criteria exist to assess emergency medical technician (EMT)-paramedic team and individual competence. In addition to written and oral examiniation, reliable individual manipulative skill data, and on-scene observation of emergency care by responsible physicians, EMT-paramedic team competence may be assessed by using tracer conditions that reflect patient outcome converted to a standard base population per unit time. Using standard definitions of \"resuscitation\" and \"save,\" and the pulseless, nonbreathing patient as tracer, 75 (31%) of 241 patients were resuscitated and 34 (14%) were saved. Team manipulative skill competence may also be determined by an appropriate tracer.", "PMID": 1018377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2196", "title": "The portable Doppler: practical applications in EMS care.", "content": "The practical application of a new, commercially available, portable Doppler ultrasound device to the operation of a busy city-county emergency department and ambulance service was investigated. An initial evaluation using healthy volunteers confirmed accuracy and reproducibility of the Doppler blood pressure readings comparable to that of auscultatory and palpatory measurement. In selected patients, the Doppler readings correlated well with readings from patients who had intra-arterial lines. When used in several low flow states, such as testing adequacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and verification of electromechanical dissociation, the Doppler aided the clinical evaluation and treatment in many cases where traditional methods were useless. The Doppler was also helpful in the evaluation of local arterial injury but this unit was not found sensitive enough for venous disease. Finally, the Doppler enhanced the obtaining of vital signs in the noisy environment of our ambulances.", "contents": "The portable Doppler: practical applications in EMS care. The practical application of a new, commercially available, portable Doppler ultrasound device to the operation of a busy city-county emergency department and ambulance service was investigated. An initial evaluation using healthy volunteers confirmed accuracy and reproducibility of the Doppler blood pressure readings comparable to that of auscultatory and palpatory measurement. In selected patients, the Doppler readings correlated well with readings from patients who had intra-arterial lines. When used in several low flow states, such as testing adequacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and verification of electromechanical dissociation, the Doppler aided the clinical evaluation and treatment in many cases where traditional methods were useless. The Doppler was also helpful in the evaluation of local arterial injury but this unit was not found sensitive enough for venous disease. Finally, the Doppler enhanced the obtaining of vital signs in the noisy environment of our ambulances.", "PMID": 1018378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2197", "title": "Prehospital use of the military anti-shock trouser (MAST).", "content": "Complications of prehospital use of the military anti-shock trouser (MAST) in treating hypotensive and hypovolemic patients have been few and minor. Undesirable consequences--compromised respiratory excursion or autonomic disturbances such as emesis, urination or defecation--were rare. Forty-seven (88.7%) of 53 patients with conditions classed as potentially lethal or severe survived. Close communications between prehospital and emergency department personnel can assure accurate transmission of circumstances of MAST application and result in optimal responses and improved inhospital patient care. Both \"false positives\" (supposed initial hypotension or hypovolemia) and \"false negatives\" (seeming stability in the face of major anatomic derangements) require a carefully structured operational sequence. Further evaluation of the device, particularly in cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary cases, is in progress.", "contents": "Prehospital use of the military anti-shock trouser (MAST). Complications of prehospital use of the military anti-shock trouser (MAST) in treating hypotensive and hypovolemic patients have been few and minor. Undesirable consequences--compromised respiratory excursion or autonomic disturbances such as emesis, urination or defecation--were rare. Forty-seven (88.7%) of 53 patients with conditions classed as potentially lethal or severe survived. Close communications between prehospital and emergency department personnel can assure accurate transmission of circumstances of MAST application and result in optimal responses and improved inhospital patient care. Both \"false positives\" (supposed initial hypotension or hypovolemia) and \"false negatives\" (seeming stability in the face of major anatomic derangements) require a carefully structured operational sequence. Further evaluation of the device, particularly in cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary cases, is in progress.", "PMID": 1018383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2198", "title": "Resuscitation--opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue.", "content": "The effectiveness of three techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue was studied and compared. The research involved patients who were anesthetized for elective surgery. The first group of patients, not breathing on their own, were ventilated by mouth-to-mouth breathing. The second group was unconscious, making spontaneous respiratory effort, but had total airway obstruction produced by the tongue from relaxation of the lower jaw. The three techniques--neck lift, chin lift, and jaw thrust--were performed on all patients in both groups. The adequacy of ventilation was compared subjectively and by measuring air flow with a Wright Respirometer. Results indicate that the chin lift technique provides the most consistently adequate airway.", "contents": "Resuscitation--opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. The effectiveness of three techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue was studied and compared. The research involved patients who were anesthetized for elective surgery. The first group of patients, not breathing on their own, were ventilated by mouth-to-mouth breathing. The second group was unconscious, making spontaneous respiratory effort, but had total airway obstruction produced by the tongue from relaxation of the lower jaw. The three techniques--neck lift, chin lift, and jaw thrust--were performed on all patients in both groups. The adequacy of ventilation was compared subjectively and by measuring air flow with a Wright Respirometer. Results indicate that the chin lift technique provides the most consistently adequate airway.", "PMID": 1018384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2199", "title": "Spontaneous bladder rupture: rare cause of peritonitis.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is an uncommon, but important, cause of generalized peritonitis. It is a surgical emergency which may be rapidly fatal if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Bladder disease or obstruction, coupled with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure usually accounts for the rupture. Characteristic symptoms are acute lower abdominal pain followed by generalized peritonitis. In most cases, the rupture is intra-peritoneal.", "contents": "Spontaneous bladder rupture: rare cause of peritonitis. Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is an uncommon, but important, cause of generalized peritonitis. It is a surgical emergency which may be rapidly fatal if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Bladder disease or obstruction, coupled with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure usually accounts for the rupture. Characteristic symptoms are acute lower abdominal pain followed by generalized peritonitis. In most cases, the rupture is intra-peritoneal.", "PMID": 1018385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2200", "title": "Hypothermia--a sign of hypoglycemia.", "content": "Hypothermia may occur in association with hypoglycemia, and indeed may be the only sign. Two cases are presented. In one, the patient presented with hypoglycemic encephalopathy. In the insulin dependent diabetic, the condition is life-threatening. Subnormal temperature is a clue to hypoglycemia in the alcoholic. The mechanism of hypothermia has been extensively studied, but remains unclear.", "contents": "Hypothermia--a sign of hypoglycemia. Hypothermia may occur in association with hypoglycemia, and indeed may be the only sign. Two cases are presented. In one, the patient presented with hypoglycemic encephalopathy. In the insulin dependent diabetic, the condition is life-threatening. Subnormal temperature is a clue to hypoglycemia in the alcoholic. The mechanism of hypothermia has been extensively studied, but remains unclear.", "PMID": 1018386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2201", "title": "An emergency intravenous route for the pediatric patient.", "content": "In pediatric patients, percutaneous venipuncture is preferable to cutdown, especially in inexperienced hands. The best route for maintenance fluid administration is a  No. 19, No. 21 or No. 23 scalp vein needle or No. 18 or No. 20 plastic cannula placed in a superficial hand or foot vein. An incision 1 cm proximal to the medial malleolus of the tibia over the great saphenous vein is the classic pediatric cutdown. Other alternatives are brachial vein, saphenous vein distal to the medial aspect of the knee and, in extreme emergencies, the external jugular vein or cephalic vein in the arm. The cutdown technique with facilitating suggestions and possible dangers is described.", "contents": "An emergency intravenous route for the pediatric patient. In pediatric patients, percutaneous venipuncture is preferable to cutdown, especially in inexperienced hands. The best route for maintenance fluid administration is a  No. 19, No. 21 or No. 23 scalp vein needle or No. 18 or No. 20 plastic cannula placed in a superficial hand or foot vein. An incision 1 cm proximal to the medial malleolus of the tibia over the great saphenous vein is the classic pediatric cutdown. Other alternatives are brachial vein, saphenous vein distal to the medial aspect of the knee and, in extreme emergencies, the external jugular vein or cephalic vein in the arm. The cutdown technique with facilitating suggestions and possible dangers is described.", "PMID": 1018387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2202", "title": "Emergency medical technician-paramedic training.", "content": "With a nationally standardized emergency medical technician-paramedic training program soon to be adopted, certain factors in the planning of training programs should be emphasized. (1) The facilities should provide an opportunity for the paramedics to gain clinical experience in intensive care units and emergency departments. Teaching must be appropriate to the students' educational background. (2) The course content should include advanced life-support. (3) Full-time and part-time programs must be developed, possibly using a modular format. (4) The operating procedure should conform to local medical and legal practice. (5) Mechanisms for evaluation and recertification must be developed. (6) Continuing education, as important or more important than the original training, should be included in program planning.", "contents": "Emergency medical technician-paramedic training. With a nationally standardized emergency medical technician-paramedic training program soon to be adopted, certain factors in the planning of training programs should be emphasized. (1) The facilities should provide an opportunity for the paramedics to gain clinical experience in intensive care units and emergency departments. Teaching must be appropriate to the students' educational background. (2) The course content should include advanced life-support. (3) Full-time and part-time programs must be developed, possibly using a modular format. (4) The operating procedure should conform to local medical and legal practice. (5) Mechanisms for evaluation and recertification must be developed. (6) Continuing education, as important or more important than the original training, should be included in program planning.", "PMID": 1018389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2203", "title": "Clinical use of the \"G-suit\".", "content": "The \"G-suit,\" a device for combating hypovolemic shock with external pneumatic counterpressure, represents an application of an old idea to a relatively common medical problem. Its simplicity of use and quick therapeutic effect buys time for the patient with hypovolemic shock, whether the suit is applied in the prehospital or emergency department setting.", "contents": "Clinical use of the \"G-suit\". The \"G-suit,\" a device for combating hypovolemic shock with external pneumatic counterpressure, represents an application of an old idea to a relatively common medical problem. Its simplicity of use and quick therapeutic effect buys time for the patient with hypovolemic shock, whether the suit is applied in the prehospital or emergency department setting.", "PMID": 1018390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2204", "title": "On-the-scene emergency care by the primary physician.", "content": "One year's experience with on-the-scene emergency responses by a rural family physician equipped for advanced life-support is analyzed. Three (6.7%) out of 45 consecutive emergency responses were lifesaving, specifically because the physician was there. No definite reduction in morbidity was documented. Accurate assessment of emergencies when reported and at the scene of spontaneous events was enhanced by the physician's familiarity with  the patient and/or the reporter. Economic considerations, useful equipment, and special problems encountered in on-the-scene emergency care are discussed. The primary physician is a reasonable candidate to provide on-the-scene emergency care, especially in communities where advanced life-support is otherwise inadequate. His properly equipped vehicle deserves emergency vehicle status. Simultaneous summoning of the physician along with other emergency personnel by a central dispatching agency would be ideal in these communities.", "contents": "On-the-scene emergency care by the primary physician. One year's experience with on-the-scene emergency responses by a rural family physician equipped for advanced life-support is analyzed. Three (6.7%) out of 45 consecutive emergency responses were lifesaving, specifically because the physician was there. No definite reduction in morbidity was documented. Accurate assessment of emergencies when reported and at the scene of spontaneous events was enhanced by the physician's familiarity with  the patient and/or the reporter. Economic considerations, useful equipment, and special problems encountered in on-the-scene emergency care are discussed. The primary physician is a reasonable candidate to provide on-the-scene emergency care, especially in communities where advanced life-support is otherwise inadequate. His properly equipped vehicle deserves emergency vehicle status. Simultaneous summoning of the physician along with other emergency personnel by a central dispatching agency would be ideal in these communities.", "PMID": 1018394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2205", "title": "Airway obstructed by foreign material: the Heimlich maneuver.", "content": "To investigate the application of a cough-creating thrust for the removal of airway-obstructing foreign material, the thrust was applied to six adult male anesthetized volunteers at the waist, at the low chest level, and at the midchest level, with the subjects in both the horizontal-lateral and the sitting positions. Air volume, peak air flow rate, and airway measurements were made. Both the low chest and midchest thrusts produced significantly better results than did the abdominal thrust. There were no side effects attributable to the thrusts. The ease of application and consistently better level of results indicate that the chest thrust is the technique of choice. The application of the chest thrust should be integrated into the concepts of basic life-support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "contents": "Airway obstructed by foreign material: the Heimlich maneuver. To investigate the application of a cough-creating thrust for the removal of airway-obstructing foreign material, the thrust was applied to six adult male anesthetized volunteers at the waist, at the low chest level, and at the midchest level, with the subjects in both the horizontal-lateral and the sitting positions. Air volume, peak air flow rate, and airway measurements were made. Both the low chest and midchest thrusts produced significantly better results than did the abdominal thrust. There were no side effects attributable to the thrusts. The ease of application and consistently better level of results indicate that the chest thrust is the technique of choice. The application of the chest thrust should be integrated into the concepts of basic life-support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "PMID": 1018395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2206", "title": "Psychiatric training for emergency medicine residents on a multidisciplinary team.", "content": "The Cincinnati General Hospital Emergency Department has a training program for emergency medicine residents on a multidisciplinary emergency psychiatry team. This essential training should occur in the emergency department setting rather than in psychiatric inpatient units of state hospital settings. There are advantages and disadvantages to this arrangement. Nonmedical members of the emergency psychiatry team train and support emergency medicine residents in a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Some observations are made about how the emergency medicine residents deal with emotionally disturbed patients. Finally, 80% of emergency medicine residents responded to questionnaire on their reactions to the multidisciplinary emergency psychiatry team.", "contents": "Psychiatric training for emergency medicine residents on a multidisciplinary team. The Cincinnati General Hospital Emergency Department has a training program for emergency medicine residents on a multidisciplinary emergency psychiatry team. This essential training should occur in the emergency department setting rather than in psychiatric inpatient units of state hospital settings. There are advantages and disadvantages to this arrangement. Nonmedical members of the emergency psychiatry team train and support emergency medicine residents in a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Some observations are made about how the emergency medicine residents deal with emotionally disturbed patients. Finally, 80% of emergency medicine residents responded to questionnaire on their reactions to the multidisciplinary emergency psychiatry team.", "PMID": 1018396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2207", "title": "Nerve blocks of the foot.", "content": "Emergency treatment of foot injuries can be made less painful by regional block anesthesia. There is limited medical literature on these techniques and many physicians, while familiar with regional anesthesia of the upper extremity, are not experienced with nerve blocks in the lower extremity. Infiltration anesthesia of the plantar structures of the foot and toes can be very painful and may inhibit healing. Regional anesthesia avoids both of these problems and can prove effective and useful. This paper discusses the techniques and possible complications of nerve block anesthesia of the foot.", "contents": "Nerve blocks of the foot. Emergency treatment of foot injuries can be made less painful by regional block anesthesia. There is limited medical literature on these techniques and many physicians, while familiar with regional anesthesia of the upper extremity, are not experienced with nerve blocks in the lower extremity. Infiltration anesthesia of the plantar structures of the foot and toes can be very painful and may inhibit healing. Regional anesthesia avoids both of these problems and can prove effective and useful. This paper discusses the techniques and possible complications of nerve block anesthesia of the foot.", "PMID": 1018397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2208", "title": "Upper airway obstruction.", "content": "A large number of diseases may present  with respiratory distress. In adults, upper airway obstruction (UAO) is relatively rare. Consequently, UAO may initially be overlooked in the differential diagnosis of the dyspneic patient. Because it may progress rapidly, delays or errors in diagnosis can be critical. During an eight-month period in one emergency department, seven adult patients with potentially life-threatening diseases of the upper airway were seen. To reacquaint physicians with the syndrome of mechanical obstruction of large airways, several illustrative cases are presented and the syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Upper airway obstruction. A large number of diseases may present  with respiratory distress. In adults, upper airway obstruction (UAO) is relatively rare. Consequently, UAO may initially be overlooked in the differential diagnosis of the dyspneic patient. Because it may progress rapidly, delays or errors in diagnosis can be critical. During an eight-month period in one emergency department, seven adult patients with potentially life-threatening diseases of the upper airway were seen. To reacquaint physicians with the syndrome of mechanical obstruction of large airways, several illustrative cases are presented and the syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 1018399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2209", "title": "[Evolution of pulmonary hypertension in the late period following correction of congenital heart defects].", "content": "The presented analysis is based on the data of haemodynamics studies in 62 congenital heart disease patients prior to and following surgery within 1 to 13 years (mean -- 5 years). Patent arterial duct ligation was performed in 34 cases, ventricular septal defect was closed in 28. Twenty of the patients had moderate, 42 -- high pulmonary hypertension (IIIa stage in 37 cases, IIIb stage -- in 5). Late postoperative haemodynamic studies have shown that Stage II patients demonstrated its normalization, the pulmonary artery pressure remaining above the normal level only in few cases in whom it had been 50 mm Hg and higher. In IIIa stage patients no normalization of haemodynamics is usually achieved, and in 9.1% of the cases an evolution of the total pulmonary resistance was noted. However, a distinct improvement of the haemodynamic parameters in the majority of such cases proves the efficacy of their urgical management. The persistence of high pulmonary hypertension or its progressive course in IIIb stage patients, caused by the spreading of the sclerotic process in the pulmonary vessles, indicates the inefficacy of surgery in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Evolution of pulmonary hypertension in the late period following correction of congenital heart defects]. The presented analysis is based on the data of haemodynamics studies in 62 congenital heart disease patients prior to and following surgery within 1 to 13 years (mean -- 5 years). Patent arterial duct ligation was performed in 34 cases, ventricular septal defect was closed in 28. Twenty of the patients had moderate, 42 -- high pulmonary hypertension (IIIa stage in 37 cases, IIIb stage -- in 5). Late postoperative haemodynamic studies have shown that Stage II patients demonstrated its normalization, the pulmonary artery pressure remaining above the normal level only in few cases in whom it had been 50 mm Hg and higher. In IIIa stage patients no normalization of haemodynamics is usually achieved, and in 9.1% of the cases an evolution of the total pulmonary resistance was noted. However, a distinct improvement of the haemodynamic parameters in the majority of such cases proves the efficacy of their urgical management. The persistence of high pulmonary hypertension or its progressive course in IIIb stage patients, caused by the spreading of the sclerotic process in the pulmonary vessles, indicates the inefficacy of surgery in this group of patients.", "PMID": 1018411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2210", "title": "[Diagnosis of thrombosis of the left atrium in rheumatic heart defects, using the main components methods].", "content": "A new method of diagnosis of left atrial thrombosis was developed for rheumatic heart disease patients. The mathematic method of the main components was used that permits to detect the thrombosis of the left atrium in 94.3% of the cases. Fourteen most frequently encountered symptoms of this complication were singled out, the probability of the occurrence of these symptoms was calculated for the patients with rheumatic heart diseases and atrial fibrillation with and without thrombosis. A computer was employed to develop the method, while no computer is needed for the diagnosis itself. Symptoms from the list must be identified in the given patient, the digital values of the main components found in the table be summed up with that of the free member, with due regard of the sign, and the presence of the thrombus be determined on the basis of the presented chart.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of thrombosis of the left atrium in rheumatic heart defects, using the main components methods]. A new method of diagnosis of left atrial thrombosis was developed for rheumatic heart disease patients. The mathematic method of the main components was used that permits to detect the thrombosis of the left atrium in 94.3% of the cases. Fourteen most frequently encountered symptoms of this complication were singled out, the probability of the occurrence of these symptoms was calculated for the patients with rheumatic heart diseases and atrial fibrillation with and without thrombosis. A computer was employed to develop the method, while no computer is needed for the diagnosis itself. Symptoms from the list must be identified in the given patient, the digital values of the main components found in the table be summed up with that of the free member, with due regard of the sign, and the presence of the thrombus be determined on the basis of the presented chart.", "PMID": 1018413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2211", "title": "[Interpretation of a bundle of His electrogram (using the spike potentials of the sinus node and atrial conduction tracts in the analysis)].", "content": "Spike potentials of the sinus node and of the atrial conductivity pathways were recorded by way of heart microcatheterization via the subclavian vein in 40 canine experiments and in 307 patients, using the obtained data for a more precise interpretation of the bundle of His electrogramme taken in the course of these examinations. The importance of the density of the spikes for their successful recording was studied, and it was found that the onset of the atrial A--wave preceeded that of the P-wave by 10-30 ms on ECG tracings recorded from the body surface. The atrial A--complex recorded with the aid of an intracardiac unipolar electrode from the right atrium was found to consist of a slow depolarization wave of the atria and of three spike potentials (A1, A2 and A3). The A2 spike coinsides with the peak of the P-wave in the II lead and reflects the moment of the impulse's arrival at the atrioventricular node along the Bachman and Wenkebach's tract, while the A3 spike coinsides with the termination of the P-wave in the II lead being dependent on the depolarization of the Torel's tract. The P--A interval should be measured between the sinus spike and the A2 spike, while the A--H interval--between the A2 spike and the H-potential.", "contents": "[Interpretation of a bundle of His electrogram (using the spike potentials of the sinus node and atrial conduction tracts in the analysis)]. Spike potentials of the sinus node and of the atrial conductivity pathways were recorded by way of heart microcatheterization via the subclavian vein in 40 canine experiments and in 307 patients, using the obtained data for a more precise interpretation of the bundle of His electrogramme taken in the course of these examinations. The importance of the density of the spikes for their successful recording was studied, and it was found that the onset of the atrial A--wave preceeded that of the P-wave by 10-30 ms on ECG tracings recorded from the body surface. The atrial A--complex recorded with the aid of an intracardiac unipolar electrode from the right atrium was found to consist of a slow depolarization wave of the atria and of three spike potentials (A1, A2 and A3). The A2 spike coinsides with the peak of the P-wave in the II lead and reflects the moment of the impulse's arrival at the atrioventricular node along the Bachman and Wenkebach's tract, while the A3 spike coinsides with the termination of the P-wave in the II lead being dependent on the depolarization of the Torel's tract. The P--A interval should be measured between the sinus spike and the A2 spike, while the A--H interval--between the A2 spike and the H-potential.", "PMID": 1018414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2212", "title": "[Coagulation of arterial and venous blood in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The conducted study has demonstrated that aged patients with large focal and transmural myocardial infarctions had coagulation changes throughout the acute period of the disease that manifested themselves predominantly in the arterial bed and displayed clear phase-wise fluctuations. The coagulability of peripheral venous blood failed to give a distinct picture of the true state of blood coagulation.", "contents": "[Coagulation of arterial and venous blood in acute myocardial infarct]. The conducted study has demonstrated that aged patients with large focal and transmural myocardial infarctions had coagulation changes throughout the acute period of the disease that manifested themselves predominantly in the arterial bed and displayed clear phase-wise fluctuations. The coagulability of peripheral venous blood failed to give a distinct picture of the true state of blood coagulation.", "PMID": 1018415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2213", "title": "[Interrelationship of lipid metabolic disorders and hemostasis in arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Proceeding from the obtained data, the authors conclude that two factors are of paramount importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: 1) lipid infiltration, 2) fibrin and platelets deposits on the vascular wall. It seems hardly proper to oppose the lipid-infiltrationab of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to the thrombogenic one, since they do not necessarily exclude one another. Moreover, they seem to present two aspects of a single process: on the one hand, lipids increase platelet adhesion and aggregation on the vascular wall; on the other hand, platelets during aggregation help the penetration of beta-lipoproteins into the arterial wall by increasing the permeability of the endothelium and by adsorbing cholesterol-rich beta-lipoproteins on their own surface. A vicious circle occurs that must underly one of the mechanisms of the atherosclerosis development.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of lipid metabolic disorders and hemostasis in arteriosclerosis]. Proceeding from the obtained data, the authors conclude that two factors are of paramount importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: 1) lipid infiltration, 2) fibrin and platelets deposits on the vascular wall. It seems hardly proper to oppose the lipid-infiltrationab of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to the thrombogenic one, since they do not necessarily exclude one another. Moreover, they seem to present two aspects of a single process: on the one hand, lipids increase platelet adhesion and aggregation on the vascular wall; on the other hand, platelets during aggregation help the penetration of beta-lipoproteins into the arterial wall by increasing the permeability of the endothelium and by adsorbing cholesterol-rich beta-lipoproteins on their own surface. A vicious circle occurs that must underly one of the mechanisms of the atherosclerosis development.", "PMID": 1018416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2214", "title": "[Method of using Sokolow's and Lyon's electrocardiographic signs for the diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale].", "content": "A method introduced by the authors for the diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale based on the evaluation of Sokolov's and Lion's electrocardiographic criteria is described. The results presented were checked by comparing the pathoanatomic data of 124 patients dying of chronic pulmonary lesions, as well as the analysis data of ECG recorded in 92 normal individuals with a vertical or semi-vertical electric position of the heart. The advantages of the suggested method over that of Widimski are indicated.", "contents": "[Method of using Sokolow's and Lyon's electrocardiographic signs for the diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale]. A method introduced by the authors for the diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale based on the evaluation of Sokolov's and Lion's electrocardiographic criteria is described. The results presented were checked by comparing the pathoanatomic data of 124 patients dying of chronic pulmonary lesions, as well as the analysis data of ECG recorded in 92 normal individuals with a vertical or semi-vertical electric position of the heart. The advantages of the suggested method over that of Widimski are indicated.", "PMID": 1018421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2215", "title": "[Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension with the aid of electrokymography].", "content": "Electrokymography was carried out in 198 patients with cor pulmonale and mitral defect with clinical signs of elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation. The electrokymographic signs of pulmonary hypertension were developed, as well as those for the evaluation of the functional state of the myocardium of both ventricles. In making the diagnosis of elevated--pressure in the pulmonary artery system of special importance is the analysis of the electrokymogrammes of the pulmonary artery, right atrium and right ventricle, and the determination of the pulse wave speed along the pulmonary vessels. The study of the electrokymogrammes and their comparison with the clinical pattern permitted to classify all the electrokymographic criteria of pulmonary hypertension into true and relative ones, requiring verification. A differentiated analysis of the systolic and diastolic phases of the left and right ventricles was conducted. All the phases of the cardiac cycle were calculated with due regard of the contractions rate. The phase analysis permitted to assess separately the functional state of the myocardium of both halves of the heart. Electrokymography helped to reveal pulmonary hypertension that could be often diagnosed with its aid at an early stage. It permitted to diagnos an initial reduction of the contractile finction of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension with the aid of electrokymography]. Electrokymography was carried out in 198 patients with cor pulmonale and mitral defect with clinical signs of elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation. The electrokymographic signs of pulmonary hypertension were developed, as well as those for the evaluation of the functional state of the myocardium of both ventricles. In making the diagnosis of elevated--pressure in the pulmonary artery system of special importance is the analysis of the electrokymogrammes of the pulmonary artery, right atrium and right ventricle, and the determination of the pulse wave speed along the pulmonary vessels. The study of the electrokymogrammes and their comparison with the clinical pattern permitted to classify all the electrokymographic criteria of pulmonary hypertension into true and relative ones, requiring verification. A differentiated analysis of the systolic and diastolic phases of the left and right ventricles was conducted. All the phases of the cardiac cycle were calculated with due regard of the contractions rate. The phase analysis permitted to assess separately the functional state of the myocardium of both halves of the heart. Electrokymography helped to reveal pulmonary hypertension that could be often diagnosed with its aid at an early stage. It permitted to diagnos an initial reduction of the contractile finction of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 1018422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2216", "title": "[Significance of external respiratory indices in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "The results of the presented study include the parameters of pulmonary ventilation, respiratory volumes, pulmonary diffusion, oxygen saturation of arterial blood in patients with mitral stenosis, aortic valve insufficiency, and primary forms of pulmonary hypertension, as well as the dynamics of several parameters of pulmonary respiration in a group of patients following an alleviation of their circulatory insufficiency. Some pecularities of the changes in the studied parameters were demonstrated with reference to the peculiarities of the haemodynamic shifts in the pulmonary circulation, to the nature of pulmonary hypertension in particular, as well as the correlation between the severity of the functional disorders in the pulmonary respiration system and the severity of circulatory insufficiency. Some pathogenetic mechanisms of the changes of certain pulmonary respiration parameters were analysed in the mentioned pathological conditions. The importance of a compound dynamic study of the pulmonary respiration state is emphasized for an objective assessment of the degree and peculiarities of the functional disorders developing in these conditions, and for an evaluation of the efficacy of the conducted treatment.", "contents": "[Significance of external respiratory indices in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension]. The results of the presented study include the parameters of pulmonary ventilation, respiratory volumes, pulmonary diffusion, oxygen saturation of arterial blood in patients with mitral stenosis, aortic valve insufficiency, and primary forms of pulmonary hypertension, as well as the dynamics of several parameters of pulmonary respiration in a group of patients following an alleviation of their circulatory insufficiency. Some pecularities of the changes in the studied parameters were demonstrated with reference to the peculiarities of the haemodynamic shifts in the pulmonary circulation, to the nature of pulmonary hypertension in particular, as well as the correlation between the severity of the functional disorders in the pulmonary respiration system and the severity of circulatory insufficiency. Some pathogenetic mechanisms of the changes of certain pulmonary respiration parameters were analysed in the mentioned pathological conditions. The importance of a compound dynamic study of the pulmonary respiration state is emphasized for an objective assessment of the degree and peculiarities of the functional disorders developing in these conditions, and for an evaluation of the efficacy of the conducted treatment.", "PMID": 1018423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2217", "title": "[Echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "The results of examination of patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension by means of the echocardiographic method are presented in the article. Basing on the analysis of their own data and foreign literature the authors have set out the most informative indices of pulmonary hypertension on the echogram of the vulve of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. It has been noted that in the left hypertension the form of the echocardiogram of the left cusp of the pulmonary valve is depressed, the amplitude of the precardiac wave \"a\" increased, and the amplitude and rate of the cusp opening decreased. The anterior-posterior size of the right ventricle is significantly increased and a parodoxal movement of the interventricular septum appears with a relative insufficiency of the tricupsid valve.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension]. The results of examination of patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension by means of the echocardiographic method are presented in the article. Basing on the analysis of their own data and foreign literature the authors have set out the most informative indices of pulmonary hypertension on the echogram of the vulve of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. It has been noted that in the left hypertension the form of the echocardiogram of the left cusp of the pulmonary valve is depressed, the amplitude of the precardiac wave \"a\" increased, and the amplitude and rate of the cusp opening decreased. The anterior-posterior size of the right ventricle is significantly increased and a parodoxal movement of the interventricular septum appears with a relative insufficiency of the tricupsid valve.", "PMID": 1018424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2218", "title": "[Changes in the electro- and vectorcardiograms in primary vascular pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "A progressive elevation of the blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation in patients with primary vascular pulmonary hypertension results in isolated hypertrophy of the right-ventricle. According to electro- and vectorcardiographic data of the McFee--Parungao system, a significant predominance of the right vetricular potentials is noted, distinct reorientattion observed in those sections of the vectors that may reflect the process of hypertrophy and dilatation of the outflow tracts of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Changes in the electro- and vectorcardiograms in primary vascular pulmonary hypertension]. A progressive elevation of the blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation in patients with primary vascular pulmonary hypertension results in isolated hypertrophy of the right-ventricle. According to electro- and vectorcardiographic data of the McFee--Parungao system, a significant predominance of the right vetricular potentials is noted, distinct reorientattion observed in those sections of the vectors that may reflect the process of hypertrophy and dilatation of the outflow tracts of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 1018425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2219", "title": "[Phonocardiogram characteristics in different forms of pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "To study the peculiarities of phonocardiogrammes in pulmonary hypertension of different genesis a comparison was conducted between the phonocardiographic data and those of heart catheterization and zonotomography. The study was conducted in 49 normal individuals and 177 patients with various lesions accompanied by an elevated pressure in the pulmonary vessels. It was found that no phonocardiographic peculiarities inherent in pulmonary hypertension are typical for any of the examined entities. The common features of pulmonary hypertension are: 1) growing amplitude of the pulmonary component of the II sound, increasing parallel to the degree of hypertension (with the exception of patients with chronic non-specific pulmonary lesions in whom the pulmonary component of the II sound does not grow, in absolute figures); 2) reduction of the coefficient II/IIIP of the II sound components, also developing parallel to the growth of hypertension; 3) detection of the ejection sound on the phonocardiogramme, as well as of a systolic murmur of the ejection and of a diastolic murmur; 4) increasing indices of the IV sound recordings in primary vascular hypertension. Not infrequently the amplitude of the Isound is also increased in cases of pulmonary hypertension, although its direct relationship with pulmonary hypertension is hardly possible.", "contents": "[Phonocardiogram characteristics in different forms of pulmonary hypertension]. To study the peculiarities of phonocardiogrammes in pulmonary hypertension of different genesis a comparison was conducted between the phonocardiographic data and those of heart catheterization and zonotomography. The study was conducted in 49 normal individuals and 177 patients with various lesions accompanied by an elevated pressure in the pulmonary vessels. It was found that no phonocardiographic peculiarities inherent in pulmonary hypertension are typical for any of the examined entities. The common features of pulmonary hypertension are: 1) growing amplitude of the pulmonary component of the II sound, increasing parallel to the degree of hypertension (with the exception of patients with chronic non-specific pulmonary lesions in whom the pulmonary component of the II sound does not grow, in absolute figures); 2) reduction of the coefficient II/IIIP of the II sound components, also developing parallel to the growth of hypertension; 3) detection of the ejection sound on the phonocardiogramme, as well as of a systolic murmur of the ejection and of a diastolic murmur; 4) increasing indices of the IV sound recordings in primary vascular hypertension. Not infrequently the amplitude of the Isound is also increased in cases of pulmonary hypertension, although its direct relationship with pulmonary hypertension is hardly possible.", "PMID": 1018426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2220", "title": "[Primary pulmonary hypertension and the difficulties of clinical diagnosis].", "content": "An analysis of 38 patients is presented of whom 23 had primary pulmonary hypertension proper, 6--congenital heart diseases, and in 6 pulmonary hypertension was combined with chronic recurrent thrombophlebitis and thromboembolic episodes in the pulmonary artery system, and in 3--with sclerodermia. The greatest difficulties arise when primary pulmonary hypertension has to be clinically differentiated from some congenital heart diseases (septal defects and patent Botalli duct). The discreapances of clinical and anatomic diagnoses of primary pulmonary hypertension happen most often in cases of the above mentioned congenital heart diseases. Catheterization of the cardiac cavities is an important tool in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension that permits to differentiate it from congenital heart diseases.", "contents": "[Primary pulmonary hypertension and the difficulties of clinical diagnosis]. An analysis of 38 patients is presented of whom 23 had primary pulmonary hypertension proper, 6--congenital heart diseases, and in 6 pulmonary hypertension was combined with chronic recurrent thrombophlebitis and thromboembolic episodes in the pulmonary artery system, and in 3--with sclerodermia. The greatest difficulties arise when primary pulmonary hypertension has to be clinically differentiated from some congenital heart diseases (septal defects and patent Botalli duct). The discreapances of clinical and anatomic diagnoses of primary pulmonary hypertension happen most often in cases of the above mentioned congenital heart diseases. Catheterization of the cardiac cavities is an important tool in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension that permits to differentiate it from congenital heart diseases.", "PMID": 1018428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2221", "title": "[Clinical and instrumental characteristics of primary high altitude arterial pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "The clinical pattern of primary high altitude pulmonary arterial hypertension observed in permanent residents of mountain regions is described. The diagnostic value of some non-invasive instrumental methods in primary high altitude pulmonary artery hypertension is analysed: electro- and vectorcardiography, rheopulmonography, and indirect pulmonary artery pressure determination. It is suggested to distinguish the labile, stable and decompensated forms of the disease on the basis of its clinical and functional peculiarities. The criterion for the initial two forms consists in the persistence of the pulmonary artery pressure elevation, while the latter form is established when the high altitude cor pulmonale gets decompensated. Functional vasoconstriction of the pulmonary resistive vessels was shown to play an important role in the genesis of the disease: the administration of 0.5 mg of nitroglycerine and a 5-minute oxygen inhalation caused a positive dynamics in the indices of the pulmonary rheogramme and a reduction of the pulmonary artery pressure, which did not reach the level of the plane inhabitants, though.", "contents": "[Clinical and instrumental characteristics of primary high altitude arterial pulmonary hypertension]. The clinical pattern of primary high altitude pulmonary arterial hypertension observed in permanent residents of mountain regions is described. The diagnostic value of some non-invasive instrumental methods in primary high altitude pulmonary artery hypertension is analysed: electro- and vectorcardiography, rheopulmonography, and indirect pulmonary artery pressure determination. It is suggested to distinguish the labile, stable and decompensated forms of the disease on the basis of its clinical and functional peculiarities. The criterion for the initial two forms consists in the persistence of the pulmonary artery pressure elevation, while the latter form is established when the high altitude cor pulmonale gets decompensated. Functional vasoconstriction of the pulmonary resistive vessels was shown to play an important role in the genesis of the disease: the administration of 0.5 mg of nitroglycerine and a 5-minute oxygen inhalation caused a positive dynamics in the indices of the pulmonary rheogramme and a reduction of the pulmonary artery pressure, which did not reach the level of the plane inhabitants, though.", "PMID": 1018429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2222", "title": "[Pneumooxyhemographic method for the comprehensive study of circulation and respiration].", "content": "Over 3000 pneumoxyhaemogrammes were recorded in 1840 persons. Periods, types and criteria of pathology were differentiated in the structure of the pneumoxyhaemogramme. The method permits to reveal early forms of cardiovascular pathology. It is applicable for the examination of both normals and patients for early diagnosis of cardiovascular pathology, for the control of the therapeutic effect, and for a dynamic observation in the course of a dispensary screening.", "contents": "[Pneumooxyhemographic method for the comprehensive study of circulation and respiration]. Over 3000 pneumoxyhaemogrammes were recorded in 1840 persons. Periods, types and criteria of pathology were differentiated in the structure of the pneumoxyhaemogramme. The method permits to reveal early forms of cardiovascular pathology. It is applicable for the examination of both normals and patients for early diagnosis of cardiovascular pathology, for the control of the therapeutic effect, and for a dynamic observation in the course of a dispensary screening.", "PMID": 1018430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2223", "title": "[Pulmonary circulation in ischemic heart diseases under bicycle ergometer load and acute strophanthin test conditions (based on data from catheterization of the right heart and pulmonary artery)].", "content": "On the basis of monitoring the systolic, diastolic and mean pulmonary artery pressur at rest, during ergometric exercises and under identical conditions following premedicatio with cardiac glycosides (48 measurements in 12 patients with ischaemic heart disease) the authors concluded on the importance of studying this parameter for the diagnosis of initial stage cardiac insufficiency, and on its high informativeness for deciding the indications for initiating therapy with cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "[Pulmonary circulation in ischemic heart diseases under bicycle ergometer load and acute strophanthin test conditions (based on data from catheterization of the right heart and pulmonary artery)]. On the basis of monitoring the systolic, diastolic and mean pulmonary artery pressur at rest, during ergometric exercises and under identical conditions following premedicatio with cardiac glycosides (48 measurements in 12 patients with ischaemic heart disease) the authors concluded on the importance of studying this parameter for the diagnosis of initial stage cardiac insufficiency, and on its high informativeness for deciding the indications for initiating therapy with cardiac glycosides.", "PMID": 1018432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2224", "title": "[Changes in the hemodynamic indices of the pulmonary circulation and in the functional state of the right ventricular myocardium in stage II hypertension under certain types of hypotensive therapy].", "content": "The author observed 76 patients with Stage II essential hypertension undergoing combined therapy with Rauwolfia serpentaria, Isobarine and Hypothiazid, 37 patients treated with Dopegit, and 44--with Obsidan. The examined patients demonstrated pulmonary arterial hypertension or a tendency towards its development, an increasing lung-ear time interval, and a reduced functional capacity of the right ventricular myocardium. A direct correlation was established between the level of blood pressure in the general circulation and the pressure in the pulmonary artery and the degree of blood flow deceleration in the lung-ear interval. Combined therapy results in a reduction of the elevated blood pressure not only in the general, but also in the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[Changes in the hemodynamic indices of the pulmonary circulation and in the functional state of the right ventricular myocardium in stage II hypertension under certain types of hypotensive therapy]. The author observed 76 patients with Stage II essential hypertension undergoing combined therapy with Rauwolfia serpentaria, Isobarine and Hypothiazid, 37 patients treated with Dopegit, and 44--with Obsidan. The examined patients demonstrated pulmonary arterial hypertension or a tendency towards its development, an increasing lung-ear time interval, and a reduced functional capacity of the right ventricular myocardium. A direct correlation was established between the level of blood pressure in the general circulation and the pressure in the pulmonary artery and the degree of blood flow deceleration in the lung-ear interval. Combined therapy results in a reduction of the elevated blood pressure not only in the general, but also in the pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 1018433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2225", "title": "[Pulmonary hemodynamics in the immediate and late periods after mitral commissurotomy in children, based on rheopulmonographic data].", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of rheopulmonograms the condition of the pulmonary blood flow was studied in 35 children with mitral stenosis prior to operation and on the 20--30th day and 6 months after the operation. There was revealed partial normalization of the pulmonary blood flow in patients with \"pure\" stenosis and insufficient effectiveness of commissurotomy in persons with concomitant mitral valve insufficiency.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hemodynamics in the immediate and late periods after mitral commissurotomy in children, based on rheopulmonographic data]. On the basis of the analysis of rheopulmonograms the condition of the pulmonary blood flow was studied in 35 children with mitral stenosis prior to operation and on the 20--30th day and 6 months after the operation. There was revealed partial normalization of the pulmonary blood flow in patients with \"pure\" stenosis and insufficient effectiveness of commissurotomy in persons with concomitant mitral valve insufficiency.", "PMID": 1018434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2226", "title": "[Intracardiac hemodynamics after pulmonary artery valvuloplasty].", "content": "Studies of intracardiac haemodynamics were conducted in 30 patients subjected to valvuloplasty of the pulmonary artery valve. The method of continuous (for several days) right ventricle and pulmonary artery catheterization was employed. The isometric hyperfunction of the right ventricle was found to persist following the elimination of pulmonary valve stenosis. Myocardial insufficiency then develops that requires intensive cardiac therapy.", "contents": "[Intracardiac hemodynamics after pulmonary artery valvuloplasty]. Studies of intracardiac haemodynamics were conducted in 30 patients subjected to valvuloplasty of the pulmonary artery valve. The method of continuous (for several days) right ventricle and pulmonary artery catheterization was employed. The isometric hyperfunction of the right ventricle was found to persist following the elimination of pulmonary valve stenosis. Myocardial insufficiency then develops that requires intensive cardiac therapy.", "PMID": 1018436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2227", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis and prognosis of the course of congenital heart defects with pulmonary stenosis].", "content": "An analysis of 433 observations is presented (164 cases of isolated pulmonary stenosis, 132 cases of its combination with atrial septal defect, and 137--with ventricular septal defect), the patients being 1 year 1 month to 36 years old, and the form of their heart disease being verified during surgery on a \"dry\" heart. The mentioned diseases were classified into 3 groups according to the tactical importance of the pulmonary stenosis. Haemodynamic studies in patients with pulmonary stenosis and an intact ventricular septum have demonstrated that with age right-ventricular hypertension progresses the faster the greater the pulmonary artery valve is stenosed. A combination of a valvular stenosis with a large ventricular communication is accompanied by a levelling of the pressure in both ventricles, its absolute figures being somewhat higher in patients over 16 years of age.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis and prognosis of the course of congenital heart defects with pulmonary stenosis]. An analysis of 433 observations is presented (164 cases of isolated pulmonary stenosis, 132 cases of its combination with atrial septal defect, and 137--with ventricular septal defect), the patients being 1 year 1 month to 36 years old, and the form of their heart disease being verified during surgery on a \"dry\" heart. The mentioned diseases were classified into 3 groups according to the tactical importance of the pulmonary stenosis. Haemodynamic studies in patients with pulmonary stenosis and an intact ventricular septum have demonstrated that with age right-ventricular hypertension progresses the faster the greater the pulmonary artery valve is stenosed. A combination of a valvular stenosis with a large ventricular communication is accompanied by a levelling of the pressure in both ventricles, its absolute figures being somewhat higher in patients over 16 years of age.", "PMID": 1018435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2228", "title": "[Accidents and lethality in ocular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The mortality and morbidity rates in eye surgery are low as compared to other surgical specialities. The lethality rate is not, however, as low as one might suppose if one follows the fate of patients which require postoperative transfer into other (non ophthalmologic) clinics. The morbidity rate differs markedly, depending on whether a local or general anesthetic is used. Following local anesthetics, the incidence of pulmonary emboli was 2.4 times greater, and thrombophlebitis twice as common as with general anesthetics, whereas cardiac complications occurred more frequently with general anesthetics. Pre- and postoperative measures are presented which have proven useful in the reduction and prevention of such mishaps.", "contents": "[Accidents and lethality in ocular surgery (author's transl)]. The mortality and morbidity rates in eye surgery are low as compared to other surgical specialities. The lethality rate is not, however, as low as one might suppose if one follows the fate of patients which require postoperative transfer into other (non ophthalmologic) clinics. The morbidity rate differs markedly, depending on whether a local or general anesthetic is used. Following local anesthetics, the incidence of pulmonary emboli was 2.4 times greater, and thrombophlebitis twice as common as with general anesthetics, whereas cardiac complications occurred more frequently with general anesthetics. Pre- and postoperative measures are presented which have proven useful in the reduction and prevention of such mishaps.", "PMID": 1018459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2229", "title": "[Trepanation with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) in acute narrow-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "120 eyes with acute closed angle glaucoma were operated by goniotrepanation (Elliot-Fronimopoulos). The follow-up controls showed excellent results. Especially the quick restoration of the anterior chamber and the increase in its depth must be emphasized. There are very rare complications and the resulting eye pressure is normal.", "contents": "[Trepanation with scleral flap (Elliot-Fronimopoulos) in acute narrow-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. 120 eyes with acute closed angle glaucoma were operated by goniotrepanation (Elliot-Fronimopoulos). The follow-up controls showed excellent results. Especially the quick restoration of the anterior chamber and the increase in its depth must be emphasized. There are very rare complications and the resulting eye pressure is normal.", "PMID": 1018460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2230", "title": "[Exposure of the ciliary body. A new operative method for treatment of irreversible angle closure glaucoma and aphakiaglaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In various forms of glaucoma with an unfavorable prognosis an operation developed by us in the Eye Clinic of the University of Graz since 1972, ciliary body exposure, has been performed. Up till now 68 such operations have been performed. In 63.2% of cases we had a good result. Technique, indications, post-operative care an complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Exposure of the ciliary body. A new operative method for treatment of irreversible angle closure glaucoma and aphakiaglaucoma (author's transl)]. In various forms of glaucoma with an unfavorable prognosis an operation developed by us in the Eye Clinic of the University of Graz since 1972, ciliary body exposure, has been performed. Up till now 68 such operations have been performed. In 63.2% of cases we had a good result. Technique, indications, post-operative care an complications are discussed.", "PMID": 1018461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2231", "title": "[Silicon sponge: ultrastructural examinations in chronic infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural examinations of a silastic sponge implant (which was removed with the clinical diagnosis rejection against the silicon material) revealed massive infiltration of so called apothogenic bacteria and macrophages. The results of this examination support the idea that in most of the cases with symptoms of inflammation, there is not a rejection against the sponge material itself but acute or chronic bacterial infection. In the bradytrophic area of the sponge socalled apathogenic bacteria may grow and lead to considerable reactions, because antibodies are decreased.", "contents": "[Silicon sponge: ultrastructural examinations in chronic infection (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural examinations of a silastic sponge implant (which was removed with the clinical diagnosis rejection against the silicon material) revealed massive infiltration of so called apothogenic bacteria and macrophages. The results of this examination support the idea that in most of the cases with symptoms of inflammation, there is not a rejection against the sponge material itself but acute or chronic bacterial infection. In the bradytrophic area of the sponge socalled apathogenic bacteria may grow and lead to considerable reactions, because antibodies are decreased.", "PMID": 1018462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2232", "title": "[Running time of ultrasound in the distal portion of the optic nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "In 160 cross sectional ultrasonograms of normal optic nerves the double running time of ultrasound in 4.5-5 musec. The standard deviation is up to 1 musec. The conditions of measurement and the typical ultrasonographic patterns are discussed. These results are of value in the differential diagnostic of bilateral optic nerve lesions. Increased running time of ultrasound could be found in papilloedema due to neuritis, raised intracranial and intraorbital pressure, and in trauma and tumor. It can be decreased in optic atrophy.", "contents": "[Running time of ultrasound in the distal portion of the optic nerve (author's transl)]. In 160 cross sectional ultrasonograms of normal optic nerves the double running time of ultrasound in 4.5-5 musec. The standard deviation is up to 1 musec. The conditions of measurement and the typical ultrasonographic patterns are discussed. These results are of value in the differential diagnostic of bilateral optic nerve lesions. Increased running time of ultrasound could be found in papilloedema due to neuritis, raised intracranial and intraorbital pressure, and in trauma and tumor. It can be decreased in optic atrophy.", "PMID": 1018463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2233", "title": "[The behaviour of plastic catheters within the anterior segment of rabbit's eyes (author's transl)].", "content": "The location and tolerance of plastic tubes (2 polyvinyl and 7 silicone respectively) within the anterior segment of the eyes of nine rabbits were observed for periods of 3 to 9 months. In 3 animals the tube was held in place with a single (scleral) suture: the catheter was ultimately totally displaced into the anterior chamber. In the remaining 6 cases a second (corneal) suture was applied. As a result only a limited migration of the silicone catheters was observed. The suprascleral as well as the intracameral portions of the tubes were well tolerated. Even the catheters that had migrated completely into the anterior chamber did not cause any inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "[The behaviour of plastic catheters within the anterior segment of rabbit's eyes (author's transl)]. The location and tolerance of plastic tubes (2 polyvinyl and 7 silicone respectively) within the anterior segment of the eyes of nine rabbits were observed for periods of 3 to 9 months. In 3 animals the tube was held in place with a single (scleral) suture: the catheter was ultimately totally displaced into the anterior chamber. In the remaining 6 cases a second (corneal) suture was applied. As a result only a limited migration of the silicone catheters was observed. The suprascleral as well as the intracameral portions of the tubes were well tolerated. Even the catheters that had migrated completely into the anterior chamber did not cause any inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 1018464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2234", "title": "[Choroid neurilemmoma. Considerations for clinical differential diagnostics].", "content": "A report is given on an extremely rare case of neurilemmoma of the choroid and observations are made on the difficult differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Clinical diagnosis and treatment apart from enucleation, was impossible. The recognition of the nature of this tumor could be made only on histological examination.", "contents": "[Choroid neurilemmoma. Considerations for clinical differential diagnostics]. A report is given on an extremely rare case of neurilemmoma of the choroid and observations are made on the difficult differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Clinical diagnosis and treatment apart from enucleation, was impossible. The recognition of the nature of this tumor could be made only on histological examination.", "PMID": 1018465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2235", "title": "[Results of a glaucoma mass screening program (author's transl)].", "content": "During a so called \"glaucoma-week\" the intraocular pressure of 4661 persons was measured and the statistics obtained were evaluated according to the spss-program. The mean value of the intraocular pressure was 17.18 mm Hg, the standard deviation +/-3.78 mm Hg. The frequencies of various pressure values were in accordance with a Gaussian distribution up to 21 mm Hg. For higher applanation scores a deviation from the Gaussian line became obvious, increasing in intensity with age. Therefore a subpopulation is postulated consisting of persons with diabetes, arteriosclerosis or family history of glaucoma.", "contents": "[Results of a glaucoma mass screening program (author's transl)]. During a so called \"glaucoma-week\" the intraocular pressure of 4661 persons was measured and the statistics obtained were evaluated according to the spss-program. The mean value of the intraocular pressure was 17.18 mm Hg, the standard deviation +/-3.78 mm Hg. The frequencies of various pressure values were in accordance with a Gaussian distribution up to 21 mm Hg. For higher applanation scores a deviation from the Gaussian line became obvious, increasing in intensity with age. Therefore a subpopulation is postulated consisting of persons with diabetes, arteriosclerosis or family history of glaucoma.", "PMID": 1018466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2236", "title": "[Ektoprosthesis with a synchronically movable eyelid (author's transl)].", "content": "An ektoprosthesis with a synchronically movable, electronically controlled eyelid has been developed. A suitable trigger-signal is derived from the movement of the natural contralateral eyelid. The miniaturized electronic processing unit is intergrated into the spectracle frame. The artificial eyelid is moved by an electromagnet situated in the orbital cavity.", "contents": "[Ektoprosthesis with a synchronically movable eyelid (author's transl)]. An ektoprosthesis with a synchronically movable, electronically controlled eyelid has been developed. A suitable trigger-signal is derived from the movement of the natural contralateral eyelid. The miniaturized electronic processing unit is intergrated into the spectracle frame. The artificial eyelid is moved by an electromagnet situated in the orbital cavity.", "PMID": 1018467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2237", "title": "[Experiences in the therapy of acute glaucoma with Miopos-eye ointment \"stark\" (POS) in the surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The author demonstrates 5 cases of acute glaucoma. In one of them (case 4). the i.o. pressure of 60 mm Hg appl. was normalized only by the above mentioned ointment combination of Pilocarpin/Physostigmin; the remaining patients received in addition intravenous injections of 500 mg Acetazol-Nitrium, but it seemed retrospectively that the latter was not necessary.", "contents": "[Experiences in the therapy of acute glaucoma with Miopos-eye ointment \"stark\" (POS) in the surgery (author's transl)]. The author demonstrates 5 cases of acute glaucoma. In one of them (case 4). the i.o. pressure of 60 mm Hg appl. was normalized only by the above mentioned ointment combination of Pilocarpin/Physostigmin; the remaining patients received in addition intravenous injections of 500 mg Acetazol-Nitrium, but it seemed retrospectively that the latter was not necessary.", "PMID": 1018468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2238", "title": "[Late complications with anterior chamber lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "6 intraocular lenses (type Dannheim) which had given good optical results after implantation had to be removed after 7-19 years because of keratopathy, iritis, and secondary glaucoma. The most important finding was an advanced arrosion of the supporting supramide loops. This often caused breaking of the loops and was a major factor for late complications.", "contents": "[Late complications with anterior chamber lenses (author's transl)]. 6 intraocular lenses (type Dannheim) which had given good optical results after implantation had to be removed after 7-19 years because of keratopathy, iritis, and secondary glaucoma. The most important finding was an advanced arrosion of the supporting supramide loops. This often caused breaking of the loops and was a major factor for late complications.", "PMID": 1018469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2239", "title": "[Complete or peripheral iridectomy in acute glaucoma? (author's transl)].", "content": "The re-examinations of 28 complete sector and 27 peripheral iridectomies, performed because of acute glaucoma, showed an equally good regulation of IOP from both methods, even in longstanding cases (stadium III of Leydhecker) and when an operation during an attack is necessary. The postoperative reduction in vision mainly caused by cataract, was seen more frequently after sector iridectomy. In acute glaucoma the peripheral iridectomy as the less extensive and less severe procedure is to be preferred to the sector iridectomy with the exception, that an optical iridectomy is indicated.", "contents": "[Complete or peripheral iridectomy in acute glaucoma? (author's transl)]. The re-examinations of 28 complete sector and 27 peripheral iridectomies, performed because of acute glaucoma, showed an equally good regulation of IOP from both methods, even in longstanding cases (stadium III of Leydhecker) and when an operation during an attack is necessary. The postoperative reduction in vision mainly caused by cataract, was seen more frequently after sector iridectomy. In acute glaucoma the peripheral iridectomy as the less extensive and less severe procedure is to be preferred to the sector iridectomy with the exception, that an optical iridectomy is indicated.", "PMID": 1018470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2240", "title": "[Assessment of eye damage in private accident insurance (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a fundamental sentence of the German Supreme Court eye damage affecting both eyes - actual or preexisting - has to be judged under the aspect of coordinating function. So the usual practice of isolated judgement of each eye can only be performed in unilateral damage associated with complete function of the other eye.", "contents": "[Assessment of eye damage in private accident insurance (author's transl)]. Following a fundamental sentence of the German Supreme Court eye damage affecting both eyes - actual or preexisting - has to be judged under the aspect of coordinating function. So the usual practice of isolated judgement of each eye can only be performed in unilateral damage associated with complete function of the other eye.", "PMID": 1018471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2241", "title": "[A short observation on the cause of myopia (author's transl)].", "content": "The increased excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides in the urine of patients with advanced myopia is indeed relevant for understanding the chemical processes in the sclera during this period, but it does not say anything concerning the genesis of myopia as such. This is due more to an infiltrative malformation of the eyeball and the optic nerve. The behaviour of the connective tissue can also be due to infiltration, or contrariwise induced from parenchyma at the appropriate time. Hence therapeutic possibilities can hardly be deduced from the chemistry of the sclera. Abnormally small corneas in people with high myopia point to a genetic connection between such eyes and \"true\" microphthalmos with orbital cyst.", "contents": "[A short observation on the cause of myopia (author's transl)]. The increased excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides in the urine of patients with advanced myopia is indeed relevant for understanding the chemical processes in the sclera during this period, but it does not say anything concerning the genesis of myopia as such. This is due more to an infiltrative malformation of the eyeball and the optic nerve. The behaviour of the connective tissue can also be due to infiltration, or contrariwise induced from parenchyma at the appropriate time. Hence therapeutic possibilities can hardly be deduced from the chemistry of the sclera. Abnormally small corneas in people with high myopia point to a genetic connection between such eyes and \"true\" microphthalmos with orbital cyst.", "PMID": 1018472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2242", "title": "The etiology of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.", "content": "The etiology of a transmissable colonic mucosal hyperplasia of mice was investigated. Hyperplasia was produced in mice inoculated with unfiltered colonic suspension from affected mice, but infectivity was lost after passage through a 0.45 mum filter. The etiologic agent was subsequently identified as a variant of Citrobacter freundii. The organism induced colonic mucosal hyperplasia when inoculated into germfree mice, and it was recovered in pure culture from the affected animals.", "contents": "The etiology of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. The etiology of a transmissable colonic mucosal hyperplasia of mice was investigated. Hyperplasia was produced in mice inoculated with unfiltered colonic suspension from affected mice, but infectivity was lost after passage through a 0.45 mum filter. The etiologic agent was subsequently identified as a variant of Citrobacter freundii. The organism induced colonic mucosal hyperplasia when inoculated into germfree mice, and it was recovered in pure culture from the affected animals.", "PMID": 1018473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2243", "title": "Vaginal septa in mice: incidence, inheritance, and effect on reproductive, performance.", "content": "Dorso-ventral vaginal septa were observed in 38% of the recently weaned BALB/cJ female mice in the production colony at The Jackson Laboratory. The frequency of septa in two other BALB/c substrains and eight different inbred strains ranged from 0 to 8%. The vaginal anomaly was similar regardless of genetic background although individual variations were observed. The remainder of the reproductive tract was normal. Microscopically, the septum consisted of a fibrous partition covered by normal epithelium. Genetic analysis was undertaken by outcrossing septate BALB/cJ females to C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, or BALB/cBy males. Examination of female F1 and F2 progeny indicated more than one recessive gene was involved and genetic background influenced expression of these genes. Reproductive performance of septate and nonseptate BALB/cJ females was compared using several criteria. Fewer septate females were fertile, but the fecundity of fertile septate females was not affected.", "contents": "Vaginal septa in mice: incidence, inheritance, and effect on reproductive, performance. Dorso-ventral vaginal septa were observed in 38% of the recently weaned BALB/cJ female mice in the production colony at The Jackson Laboratory. The frequency of septa in two other BALB/c substrains and eight different inbred strains ranged from 0 to 8%. The vaginal anomaly was similar regardless of genetic background although individual variations were observed. The remainder of the reproductive tract was normal. Microscopically, the septum consisted of a fibrous partition covered by normal epithelium. Genetic analysis was undertaken by outcrossing septate BALB/cJ females to C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, or BALB/cBy males. Examination of female F1 and F2 progeny indicated more than one recessive gene was involved and genetic background influenced expression of these genes. Reproductive performance of septate and nonseptate BALB/cJ females was compared using several criteria. Fewer septate females were fertile, but the fecundity of fertile septate females was not affected.", "PMID": 1018474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2244", "title": "Effect of repeated halothane anesthesias on Syrian hamster lung lipids.", "content": "Sixteen adult Syrian hamsters were exposed 33 times over a 19-day period to enough halothane to induce a deep surgical plane of anesthesia. The exposures caused no significant change in the total amount of lipid in the exposed lungs; however, the percentage of neutral lipid due to cholesterol increased from 29 +/- 5% to 43 +/- 7% while the percentage of free fatty acid decreased from 33 +/- 3% to 22 +/- 5%. Among the phosphoglycerides, there was a slight shift toward more phosphatidyl choline and less phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.", "contents": "Effect of repeated halothane anesthesias on Syrian hamster lung lipids. Sixteen adult Syrian hamsters were exposed 33 times over a 19-day period to enough halothane to induce a deep surgical plane of anesthesia. The exposures caused no significant change in the total amount of lipid in the exposed lungs; however, the percentage of neutral lipid due to cholesterol increased from 29 +/- 5% to 43 +/- 7% while the percentage of free fatty acid decreased from 33 +/- 3% to 22 +/- 5%. Among the phosphoglycerides, there was a slight shift toward more phosphatidyl choline and less phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.", "PMID": 1018475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2245", "title": "Hemoglobins of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). II. Polymorphism; electrophoretic and chromatographic observations.", "content": "Eighty-five adult opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) were examined for variation of hemaglobin by means of electrophoresis and column chromatography. A single hemoglobin was found in 83 animals while two hemoglobins were observed in two animals. The results of the chromatography studies suggested that the polymorphism was due to primary sequence differences in the alpha chain. Attempts to confirm this result by hybridization with human or canine hemoglobins were unsuccessful. The polymorphism was found not to be due to size differences and further investigation into its genetic basis was suggested.", "contents": "Hemoglobins of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). II. Polymorphism; electrophoretic and chromatographic observations. Eighty-five adult opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) were examined for variation of hemaglobin by means of electrophoresis and column chromatography. A single hemoglobin was found in 83 animals while two hemoglobins were observed in two animals. The results of the chromatography studies suggested that the polymorphism was due to primary sequence differences in the alpha chain. Attempts to confirm this result by hybridization with human or canine hemoglobins were unsuccessful. The polymorphism was found not to be due to size differences and further investigation into its genetic basis was suggested.", "PMID": 1018476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2246", "title": "Semen volume and sperm concentration in the ferret (Mustela putorius).", "content": "Semen was obtained from 40 of 62 attempted electro-ejaculations of nine anesthetized male ferrets. The ejaculations were performed using a bi-polar rectal electrode and an electrical stimulus of about 4 V and 0.35 mA applied for approximately 4 seconds and repeated at 10-second intervals. The mean number of stimuli required to obtain an ejaculation was 12.3. The spermatozoa concentration per mm3 ranged from 0.07 x 10(6) to 1.98 x 10(6) with a mean of 0.62 x 10(6). The mean number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was 16.35 x 10(6) and the mean volume of semen per ejaculate was 0.026 ml.", "contents": "Semen volume and sperm concentration in the ferret (Mustela putorius). Semen was obtained from 40 of 62 attempted electro-ejaculations of nine anesthetized male ferrets. The ejaculations were performed using a bi-polar rectal electrode and an electrical stimulus of about 4 V and 0.35 mA applied for approximately 4 seconds and repeated at 10-second intervals. The mean number of stimuli required to obtain an ejaculation was 12.3. The spermatozoa concentration per mm3 ranged from 0.07 x 10(6) to 1.98 x 10(6) with a mean of 0.62 x 10(6). The mean number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was 16.35 x 10(6) and the mean volume of semen per ejaculate was 0.026 ml.", "PMID": 1018477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2247", "title": "Changes in anticoagulation in dogs assayed by three methods.", "content": "As a preliminary to a membrane oxygenator study, a study was made of clotting indices in dogs and their intercorrelation and relationship to human data. The most useful criterion for monitoring coagulation in experimental extracorporeal systems was sought. Linear regression and correlation analysis indicated that activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) predicted whole blood clotting time with a correlation of 0.77 (p less than 0.01). Changes in the APTT with time after heparinization were similar to those previously reported in man, making the animal model an acceptable one for use in developing extracorporeal systems such as the membrane oxygenator. When blood activated recalcification time (BART), APTT, and whole blood clotting time (WBCT) assays were compared on the basis of applicability to studies of extracorporeal support, the APTT and the BART assays proved superior to the WBCT assay due to their reduced variability and increased speed of determination. The variability of the BART assay was the lowest, and its sensitivity was the same as the APTT assay. The principal drawback to the BART assay was not experienced in this study; that is, its dependence on adequate platelet levels which are unpredictable in extracorporeal systems.", "contents": "Changes in anticoagulation in dogs assayed by three methods. As a preliminary to a membrane oxygenator study, a study was made of clotting indices in dogs and their intercorrelation and relationship to human data. The most useful criterion for monitoring coagulation in experimental extracorporeal systems was sought. Linear regression and correlation analysis indicated that activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) predicted whole blood clotting time with a correlation of 0.77 (p less than 0.01). Changes in the APTT with time after heparinization were similar to those previously reported in man, making the animal model an acceptable one for use in developing extracorporeal systems such as the membrane oxygenator. When blood activated recalcification time (BART), APTT, and whole blood clotting time (WBCT) assays were compared on the basis of applicability to studies of extracorporeal support, the APTT and the BART assays proved superior to the WBCT assay due to their reduced variability and increased speed of determination. The variability of the BART assay was the lowest, and its sensitivity was the same as the APTT assay. The principal drawback to the BART assay was not experienced in this study; that is, its dependence on adequate platelet levels which are unpredictable in extracorporeal systems.", "PMID": 1018478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2248", "title": "Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy tests in the chimpanzee and the orangutan.", "content": "A hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy test (Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test), based on antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone was evaluated for use in the chimpanzee and orangutan. The test was shown to give earlier indication of pregnancy in both species that two sensitive tests currently available for use in man (the Pregnosticon Accusphere Test and the UCG-Test). A comparison of sensitivity to chimpanzee chorionic gonadotropin was performed. The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was 10 and 15 times as sensitive as the UCG-Test and the Pregnostican Accusphere Test respectively.", "contents": "Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy tests in the chimpanzee and the orangutan. A hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy test (Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test), based on antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone was evaluated for use in the chimpanzee and orangutan. The test was shown to give earlier indication of pregnancy in both species that two sensitive tests currently available for use in man (the Pregnosticon Accusphere Test and the UCG-Test). A comparison of sensitivity to chimpanzee chorionic gonadotropin was performed. The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was 10 and 15 times as sensitive as the UCG-Test and the Pregnostican Accusphere Test respectively.", "PMID": 1018479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2249", "title": "A device for the cutaneous exteriorization of chronic intravascular catheters.", "content": "A device has been designed which permits the cutaneous exteriorization of chronically implanted intravascular catheters. From one to three catheters may be exteriorized for withdrawing blood samples or for connecting to a pressure transducer. The device is uniquely suited for studying animals in a conscious and unrestrained state such as during exercise.", "contents": "A device for the cutaneous exteriorization of chronic intravascular catheters. A device has been designed which permits the cutaneous exteriorization of chronically implanted intravascular catheters. From one to three catheters may be exteriorized for withdrawing blood samples or for connecting to a pressure transducer. The device is uniquely suited for studying animals in a conscious and unrestrained state such as during exercise.", "PMID": 1018480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2250", "title": "Exteriorized carotid-jugular shunt for hemodialysis of the goat.", "content": "A surgical technique was developed for the establishment of a permanent exteriorized artificial shunt between a carotid artery and a jugular vein of a goat. The shunt allowed continuous hemodialysis with an artificial kidney for hours or a prosthetic unit for days and intermittent experimental use of the animal for months.", "contents": "Exteriorized carotid-jugular shunt for hemodialysis of the goat. A surgical technique was developed for the establishment of a permanent exteriorized artificial shunt between a carotid artery and a jugular vein of a goat. The shunt allowed continuous hemodialysis with an artificial kidney for hours or a prosthetic unit for days and intermittent experimental use of the animal for months.", "PMID": 1018481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2251", "title": "[Perspectives of intrauterine contraception].", "content": "The author describes the current research in intrauterine contraception. It is directed in two ways: to improve the design of inert devices and to construct an optimal bioactive IUD. The design of the inert IUD should be adapted as much as possible to anatomical and functional conditions of the uterus. In developing new bioactive devices it is ained at finding the optimal dosage of metals and hormones as well as the new material acting as carriers of bioactive substances. With new constructions and the determination of the optimale dosage of antifertile and antifibrinolitic substances it is hoped to reduce three main insufficiences of intrauterine contraception: bleeding, expulsion and pregnancy.", "contents": "[Perspectives of intrauterine contraception]. The author describes the current research in intrauterine contraception. It is directed in two ways: to improve the design of inert devices and to construct an optimal bioactive IUD. The design of the inert IUD should be adapted as much as possible to anatomical and functional conditions of the uterus. In developing new bioactive devices it is ained at finding the optimal dosage of metals and hormones as well as the new material acting as carriers of bioactive substances. With new constructions and the determination of the optimale dosage of antifertile and antifibrinolitic substances it is hoped to reduce three main insufficiences of intrauterine contraception: bleeding, expulsion and pregnancy.", "PMID": 1018498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2252", "title": "[Surgical interventions in the digestive tract during gynecological and obstetric operations].", "content": "At the University Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad, from 1945 to 1975, there were 17,362 major gynecological (laparotomies and vaginal) operations and cesarean sections. During these operations 0.11% of patients (19 women) had accidental injuries of the digestive organs (small or large intestines, or the mesenterium). All these injuries were treated during one and the same surgical act (sutures or resections of the small or large intestines). In 39 (0.22%) women, owing to a wrong preoperative diagnosis, laparotomy revealed inflammatory changes or tumours of the digestive tract which required primary surgical treatment: resection of the small or large intestines or the treatment of the perforated or gangrenous appendix, etc. Among the operations performed there were also 944 appendectomies and 65 hernitomies (in the course of gynecological operations or, less frequently, as separate interventions), 13 intestinal injuries during legal and illegal abortions, as well as 9 other surgical interventions (splenectomies, surgical treatment of the ileus, etc). In a total of 1079 pelvic operations also operations of the digestive tract were jointly made, which makes 6.46% of all major gynecological operations and cesarean sections. Obviously, it is not rare that the gynecologist-obstetrician faces situations requiring surgical interventions in the abdominal organs along with those in the genital tract. This raises the question of how much the gynecologist-obstetrician should be qualified also for abdominal surgery and urology, which is particularly important from the point of view of postgraduate education of gynecologists-obstetricians. In this country there are still certain dilemmas concerning this question.", "contents": "[Surgical interventions in the digestive tract during gynecological and obstetric operations]. At the University Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad, from 1945 to 1975, there were 17,362 major gynecological (laparotomies and vaginal) operations and cesarean sections. During these operations 0.11% of patients (19 women) had accidental injuries of the digestive organs (small or large intestines, or the mesenterium). All these injuries were treated during one and the same surgical act (sutures or resections of the small or large intestines). In 39 (0.22%) women, owing to a wrong preoperative diagnosis, laparotomy revealed inflammatory changes or tumours of the digestive tract which required primary surgical treatment: resection of the small or large intestines or the treatment of the perforated or gangrenous appendix, etc. Among the operations performed there were also 944 appendectomies and 65 hernitomies (in the course of gynecological operations or, less frequently, as separate interventions), 13 intestinal injuries during legal and illegal abortions, as well as 9 other surgical interventions (splenectomies, surgical treatment of the ileus, etc). In a total of 1079 pelvic operations also operations of the digestive tract were jointly made, which makes 6.46% of all major gynecological operations and cesarean sections. Obviously, it is not rare that the gynecologist-obstetrician faces situations requiring surgical interventions in the abdominal organs along with those in the genital tract. This raises the question of how much the gynecologist-obstetrician should be qualified also for abdominal surgery and urology, which is particularly important from the point of view of postgraduate education of gynecologists-obstetricians. In this country there are still certain dilemmas concerning this question.", "PMID": 1018500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2253", "title": "[Intrauterine growth and its variations in different populations].", "content": "Intrauterine growth of newborns in the population of Novi Sad shows markedly low values in the median and the tenth and ninetieth percentiles between the 35th and the 37th gestation week. These data suggest a higher pathology of gravidity in the third trimester and inadequate antenatal care. After the 38th gestation week the intrauterine growth curve shows an extremely positive trend. In the tenth percentile the curve for male newborns exceeds the value of the tenth percentile for newborns in Prague, P\u00e9cs, Denver, and Aberdeen.", "contents": "[Intrauterine growth and its variations in different populations]. Intrauterine growth of newborns in the population of Novi Sad shows markedly low values in the median and the tenth and ninetieth percentiles between the 35th and the 37th gestation week. These data suggest a higher pathology of gravidity in the third trimester and inadequate antenatal care. After the 38th gestation week the intrauterine growth curve shows an extremely positive trend. In the tenth percentile the curve for male newborns exceeds the value of the tenth percentile for newborns in Prague, P\u00e9cs, Denver, and Aberdeen.", "PMID": 1018501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2254", "title": "[Incidence of aplasia of the umbilical artery in fetuses with intrauterine retardation].", "content": "The author analysed the occurrence of the aplasia of the umbilical artery in 320 umbilical cords of fetuses with intrauterine retardation and in 225 umbilical cords of normal fetuses and a normal course of pregnancy used as controls. Aplasia of the umbilical artery in umbilical cords of fetuses with intrauterine retardation was found in 5.93% and in the control group in 0.44% of cases (P less than 0.05). Fetuses with intrauterine retardation and aplasia of the umbilical artery showed a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord in 31.57% of cases, an approximate duration of pregnancy of 36 weeks and 5 days, and the mean birth weight of 2250 +/- 2 S.D. 420 g. Out of 19 fetuses with intrauterine retardation and aplasia of the umbilical artery, 6 had congenital anomalies which in 50% of cases could not be detected by external examination. Perinatal mortality of fetuses with intrauterine retardation and aplasia of the umbilical artery proved to amount to 368.43% and of fetuses in the control group to 8.88% (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Incidence of aplasia of the umbilical artery in fetuses with intrauterine retardation]. The author analysed the occurrence of the aplasia of the umbilical artery in 320 umbilical cords of fetuses with intrauterine retardation and in 225 umbilical cords of normal fetuses and a normal course of pregnancy used as controls. Aplasia of the umbilical artery in umbilical cords of fetuses with intrauterine retardation was found in 5.93% and in the control group in 0.44% of cases (P less than 0.05). Fetuses with intrauterine retardation and aplasia of the umbilical artery showed a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord in 31.57% of cases, an approximate duration of pregnancy of 36 weeks and 5 days, and the mean birth weight of 2250 +/- 2 S.D. 420 g. Out of 19 fetuses with intrauterine retardation and aplasia of the umbilical artery, 6 had congenital anomalies which in 50% of cases could not be detected by external examination. Perinatal mortality of fetuses with intrauterine retardation and aplasia of the umbilical artery proved to amount to 368.43% and of fetuses in the control group to 8.88% (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 1018502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2255", "title": "[C-reactive protein in inflammatory processes of the female genital organs].", "content": "C-reactive protein (CRP) was investigated in 202 women: in 20 women with acute non-specific inflammation and the presence of different bacteria (Streptococcus pyocyaneus, Enterococcus, Escherichia colli, Proteus), in 12 women with confirmed genital tuberculosis, in 66 women with the chronic inflammation of genital organs, and in 104 women with normal genital findings. In all patients with acute inflammations CRP was positive. It was highly positive in those with elevated temperature and sedimentation values. CRP was also positive in the group of women with genital tuberculosis. A quantitative analysis mainly gave low CRP values in these women. The CRP values correlated with the Middelbrook-Dubos reaction titer. In women with chronic inflamations and those with a normal genital finding CRP proved negative. In women with CRP was positive even when the antistreptolysin caused by streptococci but also for those caused by other agents. It is concluded that C-reactive protein is a useful indicator of the activity of different inflammatory processes and that it may be affected by different drugs.", "contents": "[C-reactive protein in inflammatory processes of the female genital organs]. C-reactive protein (CRP) was investigated in 202 women: in 20 women with acute non-specific inflammation and the presence of different bacteria (Streptococcus pyocyaneus, Enterococcus, Escherichia colli, Proteus), in 12 women with confirmed genital tuberculosis, in 66 women with the chronic inflammation of genital organs, and in 104 women with normal genital findings. In all patients with acute inflammations CRP was positive. It was highly positive in those with elevated temperature and sedimentation values. CRP was also positive in the group of women with genital tuberculosis. A quantitative analysis mainly gave low CRP values in these women. The CRP values correlated with the Middelbrook-Dubos reaction titer. In women with chronic inflamations and those with a normal genital finding CRP proved negative. In women with CRP was positive even when the antistreptolysin caused by streptococci but also for those caused by other agents. It is concluded that C-reactive protein is a useful indicator of the activity of different inflammatory processes and that it may be affected by different drugs.", "PMID": 1018499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2256", "title": "[Induction of ovulation by antiestrogens].", "content": "The mode of action of antioestrogens is in blocking oestrogen receptors in the target cell cytoplasm. For this reason they can be used only in cases where basal oestrogen activity is present. We treated two groups of patients with antioestrogens. In the first group (30 patients) with oligomenarrhoe and an ovulatory sterility we had 15 pregnancies. In the second group of  26 patients with amenorrhoe and sterility we had 4 of pregnancies and 12 menstruations. In this very small group a child with enterocoele was born to a 38-years old patient. All other patients' children were normal. Out of 19 pregnancies 4 were completed by early abortion.", "contents": "[Induction of ovulation by antiestrogens]. The mode of action of antioestrogens is in blocking oestrogen receptors in the target cell cytoplasm. For this reason they can be used only in cases where basal oestrogen activity is present. We treated two groups of patients with antioestrogens. In the first group (30 patients) with oligomenarrhoe and an ovulatory sterility we had 15 pregnancies. In the second group of  26 patients with amenorrhoe and sterility we had 4 of pregnancies and 12 menstruations. In this very small group a child with enterocoele was born to a 38-years old patient. All other patients' children were normal. Out of 19 pregnancies 4 were completed by early abortion.", "PMID": 1018503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2257", "title": "[Cancer of the stomach, pregnancy and labor].", "content": "The authors describe a case of gastric carcinoma coupled with pregnancy, the only such case they encountered in 80,064 deliveries over a period of 30 years. The pregnancy was complicated by pronounced anemia and general weakness. By administering roborants, antianemic therapy, and blood transfusion to improve the patient's general condition, the pregnancy was completed by the birth of a clinically healthy at-term live child, weighing 3150 g. The patient lived only 6 months after delivery.", "contents": "[Cancer of the stomach, pregnancy and labor]. The authors describe a case of gastric carcinoma coupled with pregnancy, the only such case they encountered in 80,064 deliveries over a period of 30 years. The pregnancy was complicated by pronounced anemia and general weakness. By administering roborants, antianemic therapy, and blood transfusion to improve the patient's general condition, the pregnancy was completed by the birth of a clinically healthy at-term live child, weighing 3150 g. The patient lived only 6 months after delivery.", "PMID": 1018505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2258", "title": "[Single oral administration of Fasigyn in the treatment of genitourinary trichomoniasis].", "content": "In 35 women and 30 men with Trichomoniasis one day therapy with Fasigyn was applied. 8-th day after treatment Trichomonas vaginalis was found in only three women and two men, but they were also curred by the repeated treatment. Side effects were not observed. Authors opinion is that this kind of therapy is specially acceptable in women with metrorhagia and those in preoperative care.", "contents": "[Single oral administration of Fasigyn in the treatment of genitourinary trichomoniasis]. In 35 women and 30 men with Trichomoniasis one day therapy with Fasigyn was applied. 8-th day after treatment Trichomonas vaginalis was found in only three women and two men, but they were also curred by the repeated treatment. Side effects were not observed. Authors opinion is that this kind of therapy is specially acceptable in women with metrorhagia and those in preoperative care.", "PMID": 1018507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2259", "title": "[Unusual form of dystocia - constriction ring].", "content": "A rare form of distocia, the constriction ring, is presented. The etiology of this kind of distocia is vague and the diagnosis complicated, almost invariably made only during the cesarean section itself. The increased basal tonus or uterine musculature, always present in this kind of distocia, would indicate the administration of tocolytics but there is too little experience at hand so far.", "contents": "[Unusual form of dystocia - constriction ring]. A rare form of distocia, the constriction ring, is presented. The etiology of this kind of distocia is vague and the diagnosis complicated, almost invariably made only during the cesarean section itself. The increased basal tonus or uterine musculature, always present in this kind of distocia, would indicate the administration of tocolytics but there is too little experience at hand so far.", "PMID": 1018504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2260", "title": "[Cervical pregnancy].", "content": "Cervical pregnancy is still a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. What is important in its treatment is to preserve women's fertility but very often more radical surgical interventions cannot be avoided. Two cases of cervical pregnancy are presented. In one case only the cervix was amputated, so that the women's fertility was preserved. In the other patient the uterus had to be removed because, after attempts to apply more conservative surgical treatment, intense bleeding was threatening the woman's life.", "contents": "[Cervical pregnancy]. Cervical pregnancy is still a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. What is important in its treatment is to preserve women's fertility but very often more radical surgical interventions cannot be avoided. Two cases of cervical pregnancy are presented. In one case only the cervix was amputated, so that the women's fertility was preserved. In the other patient the uterus had to be removed because, after attempts to apply more conservative surgical treatment, intense bleeding was threatening the woman's life.", "PMID": 1018506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2261", "title": "[Functional conditions of the respiratory system and work site pollution. III. Relationships between \"risk indicators\" and \"respiratory risk\" in a chemical industry (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are reported of a retrospective study carried out by the authors on 717 workers of a chemical industry whose exposure was diversified and quantified through a work environment survey. A comparison between \"risk indicators\" and both objective (respiratory function changes) and subjective (chronic bronchopneumopathy symptoms) \"risks\" showed a significant probability of the causal role played by work environment pollution in respect of the repiratory changes found by the authors.", "contents": "[Functional conditions of the respiratory system and work site pollution. III. Relationships between \"risk indicators\" and \"respiratory risk\" in a chemical industry (author's transl)]. The results are reported of a retrospective study carried out by the authors on 717 workers of a chemical industry whose exposure was diversified and quantified through a work environment survey. A comparison between \"risk indicators\" and both objective (respiratory function changes) and subjective (chronic bronchopneumopathy symptoms) \"risks\" showed a significant probability of the causal role played by work environment pollution in respect of the repiratory changes found by the authors.", "PMID": 1018572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2262", "title": "[Lead poisoning hazard in pewter manufacturing industry and in art bronze foundries (author's transl)].", "content": "Two manufacturing processes are reported by the authors, which proved to be sources of lead poisoning hazard, due to the presently employed row materials. The results of a survey performed in 50 pewter manufacturing workers, as well as in 16 workmen involved in artistic bronze melting, are also reported. The inspection of the manufacturing processes made it possible to find out the poison sources in both the above mentioned types of industry.", "contents": "[Lead poisoning hazard in pewter manufacturing industry and in art bronze foundries (author's transl)]. Two manufacturing processes are reported by the authors, which proved to be sources of lead poisoning hazard, due to the presently employed row materials. The results of a survey performed in 50 pewter manufacturing workers, as well as in 16 workmen involved in artistic bronze melting, are also reported. The inspection of the manufacturing processes made it possible to find out the poison sources in both the above mentioned types of industry.", "PMID": 1018573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2263", "title": "[Liver dye metabolism and constitutional indocyanine green retention syndrome in Japan (author's transl)].", "content": "Some recent studies from Japan on liver dye metabolism are presented. Special attention has been given to 17 cases of constitutional indocyamine green retention syndrome. This syndrome consists of marked ICG-retention and normal BSP excretion. Other liver function tests such as enzymes or serum fractions are normal. In liver biopsy specimens there are no significant abnormal findings. The cause of the syndrome is still unknown but disturbance of passage through the membrane is considered. So far, this syndrome has only been noted in Japan.", "contents": "[Liver dye metabolism and constitutional indocyanine green retention syndrome in Japan (author's transl)]. Some recent studies from Japan on liver dye metabolism are presented. Special attention has been given to 17 cases of constitutional indocyamine green retention syndrome. This syndrome consists of marked ICG-retention and normal BSP excretion. Other liver function tests such as enzymes or serum fractions are normal. In liver biopsy specimens there are no significant abnormal findings. The cause of the syndrome is still unknown but disturbance of passage through the membrane is considered. So far, this syndrome has only been noted in Japan.", "PMID": 1018575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2264", "title": "[The present state of cholelithiasis research in Japan (author's transl)].", "content": "Research on cholelithiasis in Japan deals with such different aspects as development and composition of gallstones, geographical distribution of the disease, intrahepatic formation of gallstones, diagnostic and surgical procedures. This paper presents results on these current research topics.", "contents": "[The present state of cholelithiasis research in Japan (author's transl)]. Research on cholelithiasis in Japan deals with such different aspects as development and composition of gallstones, geographical distribution of the disease, intrahepatic formation of gallstones, diagnostic and surgical procedures. This paper presents results on these current research topics.", "PMID": 1018576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2265", "title": "[Diagnostic procedures in congenital dilatation of the bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of 29 cases with congenital dilatation of the bile ducts, and the value of different diagnostic procedures is discussed. Histology in combinations with clinical symptoms allows the diagnosis in cases with microhamartoma or with congenital fibrosis of the liver. Sonography is the most important procedure in the diagnosis of cysts of the liver (solitary cysts or polycystic conditions); it may be complemented by peritoneoscopy if diagnosis cannot be established with certainty by echogramm. If segmental dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease) is suspected, intravenous cholangiography ought to be the first diagnostic step. A more reliable diagnostic procedure is endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in theses cases; if ERC does not help, percutaneous transjugular cholangiography may be indicated. In establishing the diagnosis of cysts of the choledochus and of intra- plus extrahepatic dilatations of the bile duct systems sonography ought to be used in the first place; the method of choice in these latter conditions however is the ERC.", "contents": "[Diagnostic procedures in congenital dilatation of the bile ducts (author's transl)]. A report is given of 29 cases with congenital dilatation of the bile ducts, and the value of different diagnostic procedures is discussed. Histology in combinations with clinical symptoms allows the diagnosis in cases with microhamartoma or with congenital fibrosis of the liver. Sonography is the most important procedure in the diagnosis of cysts of the liver (solitary cysts or polycystic conditions); it may be complemented by peritoneoscopy if diagnosis cannot be established with certainty by echogramm. If segmental dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease) is suspected, intravenous cholangiography ought to be the first diagnostic step. A more reliable diagnostic procedure is endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in theses cases; if ERC does not help, percutaneous transjugular cholangiography may be indicated. In establishing the diagnosis of cysts of the choledochus and of intra- plus extrahepatic dilatations of the bile duct systems sonography ought to be used in the first place; the method of choice in these latter conditions however is the ERC.", "PMID": 1018577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2266", "title": "[Torsion of the gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "The torsion of the gallbladder is a rare disease. A case of torsion of the gallbladder is reported who came to surgery under the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in an elder person. Factors facilitating torsion of the gallbladder are discussed. The only form of therapy is immediate cholecystectomy.", "contents": "[Torsion of the gallbladder (author's transl)]. The torsion of the gallbladder is a rare disease. A case of torsion of the gallbladder is reported who came to surgery under the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in an elder person. Factors facilitating torsion of the gallbladder are discussed. The only form of therapy is immediate cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 1018578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2267", "title": "[Alkaloids of the Annonaceae: composition of the bark of the trunk and roots of Enantia pilosa].", "content": "The alkaloidal content of stem- and root-bark of Enantia pilosa Exell (Annonaceae) was studied and compared to that of other Enantia spp. Six aporphine alkaloids were isolated; two alkaloids, oliverine and oliveridine, were found in major amounts; two oxoaporphines, liriodenine and lanuginosine, were present; two other alkaloids, N-oxyoliverine and N-oxyoliveridine, were isolated for the first time. Quaternary alkaloids from stem-bark are presently under investigation.", "contents": "[Alkaloids of the Annonaceae: composition of the bark of the trunk and roots of Enantia pilosa]. The alkaloidal content of stem- and root-bark of Enantia pilosa Exell (Annonaceae) was studied and compared to that of other Enantia spp. Six aporphine alkaloids were isolated; two alkaloids, oliverine and oliveridine, were found in major amounts; two oxoaporphines, liriodenine and lanuginosine, were present; two other alkaloids, N-oxyoliverine and N-oxyoliveridine, were isolated for the first time. Quaternary alkaloids from stem-bark are presently under investigation.", "PMID": 1018620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2268", "title": "The alkaloids of Strychnos dolichothyrsa.", "content": "In the stem bark of Strychnos dolichothyrsa Gilg ex Onochie et Hepper (Loganiaceae) the following alkaloids were found: bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine, bisnor-C-curarine, bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine N-oxide and bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine di-N-oxide. Tentatively, two alkaloids were identified as bisnor-C-alkaloid D and 18-deoxy Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde. Bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine seems to give dichlorometho compounds and N-oxides easily, analogous with strychnine and brucine.", "contents": "The alkaloids of Strychnos dolichothyrsa. In the stem bark of Strychnos dolichothyrsa Gilg ex Onochie et Hepper (Loganiaceae) the following alkaloids were found: bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine, bisnor-C-curarine, bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine N-oxide and bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine di-N-oxide. Tentatively, two alkaloids were identified as bisnor-C-alkaloid D and 18-deoxy Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde. Bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine seems to give dichlorometho compounds and N-oxides easily, analogous with strychnine and brucine.", "PMID": 1018621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2269", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 42. The butterfly, Prioneris thestylis.", "content": "Isoguanine (2) was found to be an antineoplastic constituent of Prioneris thestylis Dbldy. wings. Three other purine components of the butterfly wings were identified as hypoxanthine (3), uric acid (4) and xanthine (5). Isolation of urocanic acid (6) from the same wing material represented the first detection of this interesting histidine derivative in an arthropod.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 42. The butterfly, Prioneris thestylis. Isoguanine (2) was found to be an antineoplastic constituent of Prioneris thestylis Dbldy. wings. Three other purine components of the butterfly wings were identified as hypoxanthine (3), uric acid (4) and xanthine (5). Isolation of urocanic acid (6) from the same wing material represented the first detection of this interesting histidine derivative in an arthropod.", "PMID": 1018622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2270", "title": "An exploratory multi-level attempt to investigate intrapersonal and interpersonal patterns of 20 Athenian families.", "content": "The present study is an attempt to explore patterns of family relationships in the context of milieu specific value and role assumptions and to capture the trends in relation to social change. Information collected includes intrapsychic as well as interpersonal material elicited by a combination of tools administered individually and conjointly. The revealed patterns -- extreme emphasis on the future achievement of the child as a shared family goal, the mother's central role which was shown to inhibit constructive processes, the distant marital relationship, and scapegoating of the child because of denied marital difficulties -- are shown to create conflict and tension in all members and render cooperation and decision-making difficult. It is attempted to interpret the above-mentioned patterns in the light of traditional value and role assumptions. The analysis seems to indicate that the adherence to the dysfunctional patterns appears to serve the function of preserving stability of the family in a period of transition.", "contents": "An exploratory multi-level attempt to investigate intrapersonal and interpersonal patterns of 20 Athenian families. The present study is an attempt to explore patterns of family relationships in the context of milieu specific value and role assumptions and to capture the trends in relation to social change. Information collected includes intrapsychic as well as interpersonal material elicited by a combination of tools administered individually and conjointly. The revealed patterns -- extreme emphasis on the future achievement of the child as a shared family goal, the mother's central role which was shown to inhibit constructive processes, the distant marital relationship, and scapegoating of the child because of denied marital difficulties -- are shown to create conflict and tension in all members and render cooperation and decision-making difficult. It is attempted to interpret the above-mentioned patterns in the light of traditional value and role assumptions. The analysis seems to indicate that the adherence to the dysfunctional patterns appears to serve the function of preserving stability of the family in a period of transition.", "PMID": 1018635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2271", "title": "The relationship between marital status and mental illness.", "content": "The relationship between marital status and mental illness was investigated in a relatively new psychiatric hospital in the Mid-Western State of Nigeria. The results showed a different pattern from what has been reported from other studies. In this study, it was found that single persons had the largest number of referrals, followed closely by married persons. The widowed and divorced had a relatively small number of referrals. There were more male than female patients and there were also sex and age variations in the type of mental disorders. The explanation for this could be related to the social structure of the population, and the legal and social definitions of the concepts of marriage and divorce. It was not possible, because of lack of relevant population data, to compare the hospital rates with those in the population at large. Future work along this line and for over a longer period is suggested.", "contents": "The relationship between marital status and mental illness. The relationship between marital status and mental illness was investigated in a relatively new psychiatric hospital in the Mid-Western State of Nigeria. The results showed a different pattern from what has been reported from other studies. In this study, it was found that single persons had the largest number of referrals, followed closely by married persons. The widowed and divorced had a relatively small number of referrals. There were more male than female patients and there were also sex and age variations in the type of mental disorders. The explanation for this could be related to the social structure of the population, and the legal and social definitions of the concepts of marriage and divorce. It was not possible, because of lack of relevant population data, to compare the hospital rates with those in the population at large. Future work along this line and for over a longer period is suggested.", "PMID": 1018636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2272", "title": "A quest for purpose in psychic research.", "content": "Metapsychiatry is a term born of necessity to designate the important but hitherto unclassified interface between psychiatry and mysticism. By \"mysticism\" the author means phenomena experienced by the senses but not explainable by the intellect. Examples of such phenomena are dreams, ESP, faith healing and so forth. The author believes that such phenomena were endowed by nature as life preserving functions. Thus, precognition is a sort of psychic radar, warning an individual of impending danger; dreams are a safety valve for potentially psycholytic repressions; and faith is an important element in the healing process. Such phenomena are probably a primitive acquisition, latent in all of us. They should not be treated merely as divine manifestations requiring no further explanations. Scientists must seek rational answers, and physicians should seriously consider using gifted, reputable psychics as paramedical aides.", "contents": "A quest for purpose in psychic research. Metapsychiatry is a term born of necessity to designate the important but hitherto unclassified interface between psychiatry and mysticism. By \"mysticism\" the author means phenomena experienced by the senses but not explainable by the intellect. Examples of such phenomena are dreams, ESP, faith healing and so forth. The author believes that such phenomena were endowed by nature as life preserving functions. Thus, precognition is a sort of psychic radar, warning an individual of impending danger; dreams are a safety valve for potentially psycholytic repressions; and faith is an important element in the healing process. Such phenomena are probably a primitive acquisition, latent in all of us. They should not be treated merely as divine manifestations requiring no further explanations. Scientists must seek rational answers, and physicians should seriously consider using gifted, reputable psychics as paramedical aides.", "PMID": 1018637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2273", "title": "Anthropological perspectives on population growth.", "content": "Rapid population growth affects many different system levels simultaneously: the individual, the family, the community, the nation-state and the world. What may appear to be an optimal population level for one system, given certain value premises, may not be optimal for another. Anthropologists can contribute to an understanding of rapid growth by generating an appreciation for the complexity of the phenomenon, and by providing representation for a range of cultural viewpoints. This may help to reduce the risk we now run of committing all of mankind to a singular path which may prove to be an evolutionary dead end.", "contents": "Anthropological perspectives on population growth. Rapid population growth affects many different system levels simultaneously: the individual, the family, the community, the nation-state and the world. What may appear to be an optimal population level for one system, given certain value premises, may not be optimal for another. Anthropologists can contribute to an understanding of rapid growth by generating an appreciation for the complexity of the phenomenon, and by providing representation for a range of cultural viewpoints. This may help to reduce the risk we now run of committing all of mankind to a singular path which may prove to be an evolutionary dead end.", "PMID": 1018638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2274", "title": "School psychological emergency interventions proposal for guidelines based on recent Israeli experience.", "content": "The Yom Kippur War and its stressful aftermath created a number of special psychological effects in Israeli schools. During that period mental health and counseling services were available and made use of in the educational system. Extensive experiences permit an attempt to delineate guidelines for future school psychological emergency interventions. These guidelines rest on the supposition that the planning and delivery of professional emergency interventions resemble those governing routine mental health services in a number of crucial aspects. Firstly, the need for an educated anticipation of problems, their kinds, their ecology and other characteristics. Schematically, three categories of emergency reactions could be expected in schools: shock and grief, and other acute disturbances; fear and its psychological concomitants; confusion, perplexity, and their attitudinal accompaniments. It is noted that the stressful event can also generate positive effects. Secondly, the necessity for a preliminary, on the spot, assessment of psychological affliction in any specific emergency case. Such examination should be done against the background of the total emergency situation (locally and country-wide), as well as the chronic characteristics of the particular school or system. Third, the requirement for deliberate planning of the intervention program. In this phase, judgements have to be made about the recipients of the aid, the methods of help and the levels at which professional services will be extended. Fourth, the consideration of important clinical and community psychological principles during the execution of the program.", "contents": "School psychological emergency interventions proposal for guidelines based on recent Israeli experience. The Yom Kippur War and its stressful aftermath created a number of special psychological effects in Israeli schools. During that period mental health and counseling services were available and made use of in the educational system. Extensive experiences permit an attempt to delineate guidelines for future school psychological emergency interventions. These guidelines rest on the supposition that the planning and delivery of professional emergency interventions resemble those governing routine mental health services in a number of crucial aspects. Firstly, the need for an educated anticipation of problems, their kinds, their ecology and other characteristics. Schematically, three categories of emergency reactions could be expected in schools: shock and grief, and other acute disturbances; fear and its psychological concomitants; confusion, perplexity, and their attitudinal accompaniments. It is noted that the stressful event can also generate positive effects. Secondly, the necessity for a preliminary, on the spot, assessment of psychological affliction in any specific emergency case. Such examination should be done against the background of the total emergency situation (locally and country-wide), as well as the chronic characteristics of the particular school or system. Third, the requirement for deliberate planning of the intervention program. In this phase, judgements have to be made about the recipients of the aid, the methods of help and the levels at which professional services will be extended. Fourth, the consideration of important clinical and community psychological principles during the execution of the program.", "PMID": 1018639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2275", "title": "Short-term intervention: a model of emergency services for times of crisis.", "content": "This paper approaches 'crisis' in system terms. The analysis is applied broadly to organization and community systems, as well as to personality and small-group systems. Based primarily on current developments in Israel, it is written from the viewpoint of a community social worker. Using public health theory, the author develops a model of three distinct types of social service systems: Restorative (traditional), Curative (crisis-intervention in the literature of therapy), and Preventive. He goes on to elaborate both the general characteristics of these service systems and the particular emergency-oriented contribution each can make in times of community-wide crisis.", "contents": "Short-term intervention: a model of emergency services for times of crisis. This paper approaches 'crisis' in system terms. The analysis is applied broadly to organization and community systems, as well as to personality and small-group systems. Based primarily on current developments in Israel, it is written from the viewpoint of a community social worker. Using public health theory, the author develops a model of three distinct types of social service systems: Restorative (traditional), Curative (crisis-intervention in the literature of therapy), and Preventive. He goes on to elaborate both the general characteristics of these service systems and the particular emergency-oriented contribution each can make in times of community-wide crisis.", "PMID": 1018640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2276", "title": "Cultural perspectives on the range of human behavior.", "content": "Traditional societies provide a homogeneous world view for everyone, encouraging people to work towards specific objectives. Lack of flexibility in the culturally defined ways of reaching these objectives creates considerable distress for individuals. In rapidly changing urban settings, unlimited modalities create the anxieties which in turn lead people to search for security in unsuitable patterns of belief and behavior. Others tolerate uncertainty better if the culture assisted them in developing skills for becoming involved in short term immediate objectives without having to mortgage the present for a vague future. In our own society recent reorientation towards a traditional type fatalism and a de-emphasis on the Puritan work ethic reflects a marked value shift which may stultify many, much as it fosters increased individualization among others.", "contents": "Cultural perspectives on the range of human behavior. Traditional societies provide a homogeneous world view for everyone, encouraging people to work towards specific objectives. Lack of flexibility in the culturally defined ways of reaching these objectives creates considerable distress for individuals. In rapidly changing urban settings, unlimited modalities create the anxieties which in turn lead people to search for security in unsuitable patterns of belief and behavior. Others tolerate uncertainty better if the culture assisted them in developing skills for becoming involved in short term immediate objectives without having to mortgage the present for a vague future. In our own society recent reorientation towards a traditional type fatalism and a de-emphasis on the Puritan work ethic reflects a marked value shift which may stultify many, much as it fosters increased individualization among others.", "PMID": 1018641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2277", "title": "Alcoholism as a political problem in Chile.", "content": "Chile has a very serious alcohol problem. 20% of the population over 15 years of age are problem drinkers, - 15% are excessive drinkers, and 5% are alcoholics. Excessive drinking, particularly inebriety, is considered to be the core of the alcohol problem. During Allende's government, there was an increasing concern for the national patterns of drinking. Workers began to become conscious that drinking seriously limited social and political participation. And patterns of alcohol abuse among men predict stimulated conservative attitudes in women. This paper discusses the concept of alcoholism as a disease, considering that alcohol addiction is a part of a wider problem, alcohol culture, which, in the context of the situation in Chile in 1972, had to be seen ideologically as opposed to the revolutionary process.", "contents": "Alcoholism as a political problem in Chile. Chile has a very serious alcohol problem. 20% of the population over 15 years of age are problem drinkers, - 15% are excessive drinkers, and 5% are alcoholics. Excessive drinking, particularly inebriety, is considered to be the core of the alcohol problem. During Allende's government, there was an increasing concern for the national patterns of drinking. Workers began to become conscious that drinking seriously limited social and political participation. And patterns of alcohol abuse among men predict stimulated conservative attitudes in women. This paper discusses the concept of alcoholism as a disease, considering that alcohol addiction is a part of a wider problem, alcohol culture, which, in the context of the situation in Chile in 1972, had to be seen ideologically as opposed to the revolutionary process.", "PMID": 1018642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2278", "title": "Space, territory and psychiatry.", "content": "Space and territory have been the hidden dimensions of human and other animal life. Beginning with studies reported in animals, and incorporating the few formal studies and several informal observations of man, this paper explains the importance of mastering the unwritten rules of space and territory which differ with individual cultures in relation to the behavioral aberrations possibly resulting from the disrupted territoriality of modern urban life.", "contents": "Space, territory and psychiatry. Space and territory have been the hidden dimensions of human and other animal life. Beginning with studies reported in animals, and incorporating the few formal studies and several informal observations of man, this paper explains the importance of mastering the unwritten rules of space and territory which differ with individual cultures in relation to the behavioral aberrations possibly resulting from the disrupted territoriality of modern urban life.", "PMID": 1018643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2279", "title": "A medical model vs. a normative approach: the place of values in community psychiatry.", "content": "Based on a series of consultations with the staff in a mental hospital, which followed staff-patient meetings, the point of view taken derives from Scheff's 'social system' model, according to which psychiatric symptoms are considered as labelled violations of social norms, and mental illness is considered as a social role. It was found that in a somewhat cyclical succession, patient deviance was followed by the staff's spontaneous moral indignation. But thanks to the intervention of a medical idelogy, this was channelled and transformed into an impersonal, value free, non-judgemental reaction. It seems that as a first step towards humanizing their relationships with patients, the staff must be prepared to engage in a clarification and definition of their moral convictions. A major therapeutic goal should be to help de-moralized people, called mental patients, to acquire a new sense of morality and self-responsibility.", "contents": "A medical model vs. a normative approach: the place of values in community psychiatry. Based on a series of consultations with the staff in a mental hospital, which followed staff-patient meetings, the point of view taken derives from Scheff's 'social system' model, according to which psychiatric symptoms are considered as labelled violations of social norms, and mental illness is considered as a social role. It was found that in a somewhat cyclical succession, patient deviance was followed by the staff's spontaneous moral indignation. But thanks to the intervention of a medical idelogy, this was channelled and transformed into an impersonal, value free, non-judgemental reaction. It seems that as a first step towards humanizing their relationships with patients, the staff must be prepared to engage in a clarification and definition of their moral convictions. A major therapeutic goal should be to help de-moralized people, called mental patients, to acquire a new sense of morality and self-responsibility.", "PMID": 1018644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2280", "title": "Perinatal implications of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Major advances in the prevention and treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have occurred. Since 1970 there has been a fall in the mortality rate but not in the incidence. Persistence of the disorder could be partly accounted for by the increasing practice of elective delivery in normal pregnancies. In 1974 and 1975, 28 (25%) of babies with RDS were delivered this way and six died. The major problem appeared to be mistaken gestational age.", "contents": "Perinatal implications of the respiratory distress syndrome. Major advances in the prevention and treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have occurred. Since 1970 there has been a fall in the mortality rate but not in the incidence. Persistence of the disorder could be partly accounted for by the increasing practice of elective delivery in normal pregnancies. In 1974 and 1975, 28 (25%) of babies with RDS were delivered this way and six died. The major problem appeared to be mistaken gestational age.", "PMID": 1018648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2281", "title": "Post-infarction cardiac rupture.", "content": "Three allied conditions are described in this paper: (i) haemopericardium with cardiac rupture (5 cases); (ii) haemopericardium without rupture (2 cases); (iii) pseudoaneurysm (1 case). In the first 2 of these, the significant features were clinical deterioration with shock 3 or more days after infarction, recurrent cardiac pain, cardiac tamponade, and immediate or later ineffectiveness of counterpulsation. An additional feature in the second group was the development of haemopericardium after heparin therapy. In the third group, infarction followed by left ventricular failure and progressive cardiac enlargement was the significant feature. An apical systolic murmur was not present, as a false sac had not been formed. Ante-mortem diagnosis depends upon an appreciation of these features. Without it successful surgery is impossible. There were 4 survivors in this group of 8 patients.", "contents": "Post-infarction cardiac rupture. Three allied conditions are described in this paper: (i) haemopericardium with cardiac rupture (5 cases); (ii) haemopericardium without rupture (2 cases); (iii) pseudoaneurysm (1 case). In the first 2 of these, the significant features were clinical deterioration with shock 3 or more days after infarction, recurrent cardiac pain, cardiac tamponade, and immediate or later ineffectiveness of counterpulsation. An additional feature in the second group was the development of haemopericardium after heparin therapy. In the third group, infarction followed by left ventricular failure and progressive cardiac enlargement was the significant feature. An apical systolic murmur was not present, as a false sac had not been formed. Ante-mortem diagnosis depends upon an appreciation of these features. Without it successful surgery is impossible. There were 4 survivors in this group of 8 patients.", "PMID": 1018649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2282", "title": "Diverticular disease of the colon and megacolon. Incidence in a psychiatric centre compared with a teaching hospital.", "content": "A five-year survey of hospital admissions at a modern mental hospital reveals a rarity in the incidence of diverticular disease of the colon and its complications and a greatly increased frequency of idiopathic megacolon and its complications compared with patients admitted to a general hospital.", "contents": "Diverticular disease of the colon and megacolon. Incidence in a psychiatric centre compared with a teaching hospital. A five-year survey of hospital admissions at a modern mental hospital reveals a rarity in the incidence of diverticular disease of the colon and its complications and a greatly increased frequency of idiopathic megacolon and its complications compared with patients admitted to a general hospital.", "PMID": 1018650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2283", "title": "Smoking in nurses.", "content": "An anonymous questionnaire requesting information on smoking habits was administered to 220 randomly chosen trainee and registered nurses (159 females and 61 males). There was no significant difference between the proportion of male nurses (55-7%) and the proportion of males (45-0%) in the Australian sample who smoked. However, the 52-2% of female nurses smoking was significantly greater than the 29-0% reported for the Australian female population. There was some indication that the increased smoking in female nurses reflected a response to stress. Further analysis showed that nursing personnel were giving up smoking at the same rate as the general Australian sample.", "contents": "Smoking in nurses. An anonymous questionnaire requesting information on smoking habits was administered to 220 randomly chosen trainee and registered nurses (159 females and 61 males). There was no significant difference between the proportion of male nurses (55-7%) and the proportion of males (45-0%) in the Australian sample who smoked. However, the 52-2% of female nurses smoking was significantly greater than the 29-0% reported for the Australian female population. There was some indication that the increased smoking in female nurses reflected a response to stress. Further analysis showed that nursing personnel were giving up smoking at the same rate as the general Australian sample.", "PMID": 1018651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2284", "title": "A functional assessment of total knee replacement in the arthritic patient.", "content": "The aims of knee replacement are to provide freedom from pain and a return to a resonable level of function. A survey was undertaken to determine the functional advantages of knee replacement and problems that may still be encountered by the patient. The results of the survey highlighted certain advantages and problem areas. It also pointed out the seemingly greater functional value of the knee replacement in those patients who had no problems in other joints.", "contents": "A functional assessment of total knee replacement in the arthritic patient. The aims of knee replacement are to provide freedom from pain and a return to a resonable level of function. A survey was undertaken to determine the functional advantages of knee replacement and problems that may still be encountered by the patient. The results of the survey highlighted certain advantages and problem areas. It also pointed out the seemingly greater functional value of the knee replacement in those patients who had no problems in other joints.", "PMID": 1018652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2285", "title": "Angiomatous osteolysis of the skull vault.", "content": "A case is reported of angiomatous osteolysis of the calvarium. This condition normally affects long bones and there is only one previous report in literature of massive osteolysis of the skull. The clinical, radiological and pathological implications of this condition are considered.", "contents": "Angiomatous osteolysis of the skull vault. A case is reported of angiomatous osteolysis of the calvarium. This condition normally affects long bones and there is only one previous report in literature of massive osteolysis of the skull. The clinical, radiological and pathological implications of this condition are considered.", "PMID": 1018653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2286", "title": "The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University: learning epidemiology and biostatistics in an integrated curriculum.", "content": "The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University is a three-year integrated course in which major emphasis is placed upon self-directed, problem-based learning. Group tutorials are the major meeting place for students, and there are very few formal lectures. In this paper we describe the curriculum in broad outline and the way in which epidemiology and biostatistics have been incorporated into it in the past seven years.", "contents": "The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University: learning epidemiology and biostatistics in an integrated curriculum. The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University is a three-year integrated course in which major emphasis is placed upon self-directed, problem-based learning. Group tutorials are the major meeting place for students, and there are very few formal lectures. In this paper we describe the curriculum in broad outline and the way in which epidemiology and biostatistics have been incorporated into it in the past seven years.", "PMID": 1018655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2287", "title": "White sponges and surgical wound illumination.", "content": "A study has been made of the effect of glare in the surgeon's field of vision from reflected light associated with white surgical sponges. Reflected light increases by as much as 226% with the use of white sponges. Standardized measurements indicate that this glare reduces visual acuity, darkens colour interpretation and fatigues the surgeon. A suggested solution is to slightly darken the colour of surgical sponges.", "contents": "White sponges and surgical wound illumination. A study has been made of the effect of glare in the surgeon's field of vision from reflected light associated with white surgical sponges. Reflected light increases by as much as 226% with the use of white sponges. Standardized measurements indicate that this glare reduces visual acuity, darkens colour interpretation and fatigues the surgeon. A suggested solution is to slightly darken the colour of surgical sponges.", "PMID": 1018661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2288", "title": "Residual disability after industrial hand injuries. A review of 218 patients.", "content": "The case records of 218 patients with residual hand disability were reviewed. Sixty-six per cent had significant stiffness of the digital joints (metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal); 25% had amputation of part or whole of the digit; 33% of these had troublesome neuromata; 7% had residual numbness; 25% had more than one operation on their injured hand. The average age of the patients was 44 years. The average time off work was 10 weeks. The average experience in the job before injury was six years.", "contents": "Residual disability after industrial hand injuries. A review of 218 patients. The case records of 218 patients with residual hand disability were reviewed. Sixty-six per cent had significant stiffness of the digital joints (metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal); 25% had amputation of part or whole of the digit; 33% of these had troublesome neuromata; 7% had residual numbness; 25% had more than one operation on their injured hand. The average age of the patients was 44 years. The average time off work was 10 weeks. The average experience in the job before injury was six years.", "PMID": 1018662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2289", "title": "Reducing hospital readmission rates among schizophrenics.", "content": "Most schizophrenics become in-patients in State mental hospitals, and most improve on neuroleptic medication and are rapidly discharged. The majority require long-term medication; the single most important factor in maintaining remission. This paper describes a mirror-image study using patients as their own controls, and demonstrates the highly significant differences in hospitalization before and after the administration of a depot phenothiazine. It highlights the need for vigorous and determined out-patient follow-up. It is suggested that the costs of an adequately staffed clinic are still small when compared with the costs of hospitalization. Subgroups of poor drug-responders, sex differences, variations in side effects and frequency of administration of the depot drug require further evaluation.", "contents": "Reducing hospital readmission rates among schizophrenics. Most schizophrenics become in-patients in State mental hospitals, and most improve on neuroleptic medication and are rapidly discharged. The majority require long-term medication; the single most important factor in maintaining remission. This paper describes a mirror-image study using patients as their own controls, and demonstrates the highly significant differences in hospitalization before and after the administration of a depot phenothiazine. It highlights the need for vigorous and determined out-patient follow-up. It is suggested that the costs of an adequately staffed clinic are still small when compared with the costs of hospitalization. Subgroups of poor drug-responders, sex differences, variations in side effects and frequency of administration of the depot drug require further evaluation.", "PMID": 1018663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2290", "title": "Urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion in hypertensive and normotensive Australians.", "content": "Studies were made in urine obtained from people attending for routine measurement of blood pressure in a screening programme. Subjects with diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 109 mm Hg excreted significantly more sodium than the group with diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg. Urine volumes, potassium excretion and creatinine excretion did not differ significantly between the groups.", "contents": "Urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion in hypertensive and normotensive Australians. Studies were made in urine obtained from people attending for routine measurement of blood pressure in a screening programme. Subjects with diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 109 mm Hg excreted significantly more sodium than the group with diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg. Urine volumes, potassium excretion and creatinine excretion did not differ significantly between the groups.", "PMID": 1018664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2291", "title": "Antibody to parietal cells in patients with duodenal ulcer, and relationship to pernicious anaemia.", "content": "Of 160 patients with pernicious anaemia, none had current duodenal ulceration, whereas in a random population of similar age and sex distribution some 5% would be expected to have a duodenal ulcer. Parietal-cell antibody was detected in serum from 8 of 169 men (4-7%) and from 2 to 31 women (6-4%) with duodenal ulceration. None of the 200 duodenal ulcer patients had antibody to intrinsic factor. The prevalence of these antibodies in duodenal ulcer patients was not significantly different from that in control subjects of similar age and sex distribution. The decreased prevalance of duodenal ulcer in pernicious anaemia patients implies that pernicious anaemia must be less prevalent in duodenal ulcer patients than in a random population; but it appears that this cannot be attributed to an absence of gastric autoimmunity in patients with duodenal ulcer. To resolve this disrepancy, we suggest that pernicious anaemia is determined not only by autoimmune reactions, but also by independent genetic and environmental factors which influence the state of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Antibody to parietal cells in patients with duodenal ulcer, and relationship to pernicious anaemia. Of 160 patients with pernicious anaemia, none had current duodenal ulceration, whereas in a random population of similar age and sex distribution some 5% would be expected to have a duodenal ulcer. Parietal-cell antibody was detected in serum from 8 of 169 men (4-7%) and from 2 to 31 women (6-4%) with duodenal ulceration. None of the 200 duodenal ulcer patients had antibody to intrinsic factor. The prevalence of these antibodies in duodenal ulcer patients was not significantly different from that in control subjects of similar age and sex distribution. The decreased prevalance of duodenal ulcer in pernicious anaemia patients implies that pernicious anaemia must be less prevalent in duodenal ulcer patients than in a random population; but it appears that this cannot be attributed to an absence of gastric autoimmunity in patients with duodenal ulcer. To resolve this disrepancy, we suggest that pernicious anaemia is determined not only by autoimmune reactions, but also by independent genetic and environmental factors which influence the state of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 1018665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2292", "title": "Human pulmonary dirofilariasis associated with pleural effusion.", "content": "Tuberculosis, untreated pneumonia and other chest infections were excluded as possible causes of histological features observed in patient who had been discovered in a chest X-ray survey. Pleural effusion was eventually attributed to a dirofilarial granuloma found in a small pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Human pulmonary dirofilariasis associated with pleural effusion. Tuberculosis, untreated pneumonia and other chest infections were excluded as possible causes of histological features observed in patient who had been discovered in a chest X-ray survey. Pleural effusion was eventually attributed to a dirofilarial granuloma found in a small pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 1018666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2293", "title": "The Medical Register of South Australia for 1976.", "content": "An analysis of the Register of Medical Practitioners and specialists of South Australia for 1976 shows that South Australia has a more favourable doctor-population ratio than other parts of Australia, although some specialities and rural areas are undersupplied. With the planned increase in the output of doctors, the State may soon be saturated and some adjustments may have to be made in the numbers of students accepted and/or the distribution of graduates.", "contents": "The Medical Register of South Australia for 1976. An analysis of the Register of Medical Practitioners and specialists of South Australia for 1976 shows that South Australia has a more favourable doctor-population ratio than other parts of Australia, although some specialities and rural areas are undersupplied. With the planned increase in the output of doctors, the State may soon be saturated and some adjustments may have to be made in the numbers of students accepted and/or the distribution of graduates.", "PMID": 1018669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2294", "title": "A case of manslaughter by heat-stroke.", "content": "In the course of his treatment by a herbalist who had undertaken to cure his disability, a mildly spastic retarded four-year-old child was immersed in a heap of fermenting horse manure for 40 minutes. He was unconscious when removed and died two days later despite intensive care in a children's hospital. When medical aid was sought a false history was given and the true nature of the child's illness, heat stroke, was not determined until after death. The herbalist was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.", "contents": "A case of manslaughter by heat-stroke. In the course of his treatment by a herbalist who had undertaken to cure his disability, a mildly spastic retarded four-year-old child was immersed in a heap of fermenting horse manure for 40 minutes. He was unconscious when removed and died two days later despite intensive care in a children's hospital. When medical aid was sought a false history was given and the true nature of the child's illness, heat stroke, was not determined until after death. The herbalist was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.", "PMID": 1018675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2295", "title": "The Brisbane floods, January 1974: their impact on health.", "content": "In the 12 months following the Brisbane flood of 1974, 234 flooded families (695 persons) and 163 non-flooded families (507 persons) were interviewed to ascertain changes in health status. We found that the number of visits to general practitioners, hospitals and specialists were all significantly increased for flooded persons in the year following the flood. Persistent psychological symptoms, which included irritability, nervous tension and depressed mood, predominated in those seeking medical care, and the consumption of sleeping tablets and psychotropic drugs rose. Increased psychological symptoms were significantly more common in female than in male flood victims and significantly more common in both sexes than increased physical complaints. There was no increase in mortality after the flood. The incidence of psychiatric symptoms was directly related to dissatisfaction with help received.", "contents": "The Brisbane floods, January 1974: their impact on health. In the 12 months following the Brisbane flood of 1974, 234 flooded families (695 persons) and 163 non-flooded families (507 persons) were interviewed to ascertain changes in health status. We found that the number of visits to general practitioners, hospitals and specialists were all significantly increased for flooded persons in the year following the flood. Persistent psychological symptoms, which included irritability, nervous tension and depressed mood, predominated in those seeking medical care, and the consumption of sleeping tablets and psychotropic drugs rose. Increased psychological symptoms were significantly more common in female than in male flood victims and significantly more common in both sexes than increased physical complaints. There was no increase in mortality after the flood. The incidence of psychiatric symptoms was directly related to dissatisfaction with help received.", "PMID": 1018676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2296", "title": "Freshwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children: a five-year total population study.", "content": "A large total population study of childhood fresh water immersion accidents is reported. The study was undertaken in the City of Brisbane over the five-year period 1971 to 1975 inclusive, and 111 fresh water immersion accidents involving children were studied and analysed. The childhood fresh water immersion accident rate, including drowning and near-drownings, of 10-43 per year per 100,000 at risk (fatality rate of 5-17) is the highest reported. If an unsupervised child gets into difficulties in fresh water and loses consciousness he has a 50% chance of dying. The immersion accident rate has doubled over the last six years. Age-specific immersion accident rates have been calculated, and have revealed that, in the toddler group (12 months to 23 months), the fresh water immersion accident rate is 50-01 per 100,000 (fatality rate of 22-55). Rates for drowning and near-drowning accidents after a fresh water immersion, by site, age and outcome (survival versus fatality), are also presented for the first time. Swimming pools produce 6-20 immersion accidents per year per 100,000 children at risk, and the domestic family bath tub produces 1-78. Possible factors explaining the high incidence are discussed, and comparisons of drowning rates from other centres are made.", "contents": "Freshwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children: a five-year total population study. A large total population study of childhood fresh water immersion accidents is reported. The study was undertaken in the City of Brisbane over the five-year period 1971 to 1975 inclusive, and 111 fresh water immersion accidents involving children were studied and analysed. The childhood fresh water immersion accident rate, including drowning and near-drownings, of 10-43 per year per 100,000 at risk (fatality rate of 5-17) is the highest reported. If an unsupervised child gets into difficulties in fresh water and loses consciousness he has a 50% chance of dying. The immersion accident rate has doubled over the last six years. Age-specific immersion accident rates have been calculated, and have revealed that, in the toddler group (12 months to 23 months), the fresh water immersion accident rate is 50-01 per 100,000 (fatality rate of 22-55). Rates for drowning and near-drowning accidents after a fresh water immersion, by site, age and outcome (survival versus fatality), are also presented for the first time. Swimming pools produce 6-20 immersion accidents per year per 100,000 children at risk, and the domestic family bath tub produces 1-78. Possible factors explaining the high incidence are discussed, and comparisons of drowning rates from other centres are made.", "PMID": 1018677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2297", "title": "Attitude change: be reasonable, do it my way.", "content": "Governing most of medical practice are our attitudes towards people, policies, and procedures. This article considers attitude components and models of attitude change. Some consequences are discussed as a conceptual survival kit for hospital staff, in the hope that as we become more aware of how we form attitudes, we will be less inhibitory to healthy change.", "contents": "Attitude change: be reasonable, do it my way. Governing most of medical practice are our attitudes towards people, policies, and procedures. This article considers attitude components and models of attitude change. Some consequences are discussed as a conceptual survival kit for hospital staff, in the hope that as we become more aware of how we form attitudes, we will be less inhibitory to healthy change.", "PMID": 1018678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2298", "title": "The plasma scalpel.", "content": "The plasma scalpel simultaneously cuts tissue and cauterizes blood vessels measuring 3 mm in diameter with a small, hot (3000 C) gas jet. In animal studies, the amount of hemorrhage has been shown to be less with the plasma scalpel than with steel or electrosurgical scalpels, and incisions have healed without complications. Amount of damaged tissue is limited. Human trials are under way, and the device shows promise as a clinical tool.", "contents": "The plasma scalpel. The plasma scalpel simultaneously cuts tissue and cauterizes blood vessels measuring 3 mm in diameter with a small, hot (3000 C) gas jet. In animal studies, the amount of hemorrhage has been shown to be less with the plasma scalpel than with steel or electrosurgical scalpels, and incisions have healed without complications. Amount of damaged tissue is limited. Human trials are under way, and the device shows promise as a clinical tool.", "PMID": 1018700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2299", "title": "ECG telephone transmission for monitoring pacemakers and cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "A network of ECG telephone transmission has been established which uses simple and inexpensive equipment, and which is aimed particularly at arrhythmia monitoring. Hospitals in areas remote from major medical centers are able to transmit to the Toronto General Hospital for expert advice. 400 patients in their homes may transmit to any of these hospitals for monitoring of pacemaker function or intermittent cardiac arrhythmia. Any patients in the Toronto General Hospital not admitted for a cardiac problem may be monitored via telephone by the expert nurses in the coronary care unit if a cardiac arrhythmia should arise. Equipment for the system has been carefully designed to minimize cost and to make it simple to use, particularly for the old or infirm patients in their homes. Transmissions between hospitals meet American Heart Association specifications for ECG recording. Transmissions of arrhythmias from patients' homes are carried out with a reduced low-frequency response. Expert cardiologists find both transmissions acceptable for their particular purpose. Standards should be set for simple, economic transmission systems as well as for those meeting the most stringent criteria.", "contents": "ECG telephone transmission for monitoring pacemakers and cardiac arrhythmias. A network of ECG telephone transmission has been established which uses simple and inexpensive equipment, and which is aimed particularly at arrhythmia monitoring. Hospitals in areas remote from major medical centers are able to transmit to the Toronto General Hospital for expert advice. 400 patients in their homes may transmit to any of these hospitals for monitoring of pacemaker function or intermittent cardiac arrhythmia. Any patients in the Toronto General Hospital not admitted for a cardiac problem may be monitored via telephone by the expert nurses in the coronary care unit if a cardiac arrhythmia should arise. Equipment for the system has been carefully designed to minimize cost and to make it simple to use, particularly for the old or infirm patients in their homes. Transmissions between hospitals meet American Heart Association specifications for ECG recording. Transmissions of arrhythmias from patients' homes are carried out with a reduced low-frequency response. Expert cardiologists find both transmissions acceptable for their particular purpose. Standards should be set for simple, economic transmission systems as well as for those meeting the most stringent criteria.", "PMID": 1018701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2300", "title": "Improving the efficiency of a tubular membrane oxygenator.", "content": "The development of a tubular membrane oxygenator is described. Fine silicone rubber tubes are inserted into a large silicone rubber tube and sealed. Oxygen is blown through the fine tubes, blood flows through the large tube, and the gases are exchanged through the wall of the fine tubes. The efficiency of the device is improved by increasing the gas pressure, which is followed by bubble formation in the blood, and which is therefore unacceptable. By arranging the inside tubes in a wavy pattern and by repeatedly stretching them the efficiency is increased without side effects.", "contents": "Improving the efficiency of a tubular membrane oxygenator. The development of a tubular membrane oxygenator is described. Fine silicone rubber tubes are inserted into a large silicone rubber tube and sealed. Oxygen is blown through the fine tubes, blood flows through the large tube, and the gases are exchanged through the wall of the fine tubes. The efficiency of the device is improved by increasing the gas pressure, which is followed by bubble formation in the blood, and which is therefore unacceptable. By arranging the inside tubes in a wavy pattern and by repeatedly stretching them the efficiency is increased without side effects.", "PMID": 1018702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2301", "title": "The relation between audition and vision in the human newborn.", "content": "Four studies were conducted to investigate the relation between audition and vision in the human newborn. In all four studies visual activity was recorded with infrared corneal-reflection technqiues in 1- to 4-day-old infants. Study 1 concerned the effects of sound at midline on scanning in darkness and in a lit but formless field. In the dark compared to light, newborns maintained better eye control, centralized fixations, scanned with smaller eye movements, scanned less dispersely, and were wider-eyed. In a blank field, sound caused newborns to maintain better eye control, centralize fixations, scan with small eye movements, constrain fixations, and be wider-eyed than in silence. Sound had little effect on scanning in the dark beyond constraining fixations. Study 2 concerned the effects of sound at midline on scanning vertical and horizontal edges. Visual activity was different for the two visual stimuli. While viewing a vertical rather than a horizontal edge, newborns maintained better eye control and fixated closer to the position of the vertical edge. Newborns crossed the position of the horizontal edge when that edge was present. Sound affected scanning in general, centralizing fixations for newborns not already looking centrally, but sound did not affect the frequency of edge crossing. Study 3 concerned the effects of laterally presented sound on scanning spatially consonant or dissonant vertical bars. The major finding was that infants were sensitive to the spatial property of sound. Infants shifted fixations first toward and then gradually away from sound. Study 4 was an attempt to determine whether there is an effort constraint on the simultaneous functioning of auditory and visual systems. The effects of two differentially salient sounds on scanning two differentially salient visual stimuli were examined. Although the results appeared to support the idea of an effort constraint, the data were accounted for parsimoniously in terms of the spatial influence of sound of scanning. The data on visual activity were discussed in terms of the presence of inherent information-acquisition routines in the newborn. It was concluded that sound influences visual epistemic behavior even at birth.", "contents": "The relation between audition and vision in the human newborn. Four studies were conducted to investigate the relation between audition and vision in the human newborn. In all four studies visual activity was recorded with infrared corneal-reflection technqiues in 1- to 4-day-old infants. Study 1 concerned the effects of sound at midline on scanning in darkness and in a lit but formless field. In the dark compared to light, newborns maintained better eye control, centralized fixations, scanned with smaller eye movements, scanned less dispersely, and were wider-eyed. In a blank field, sound caused newborns to maintain better eye control, centralize fixations, scan with small eye movements, constrain fixations, and be wider-eyed than in silence. Sound had little effect on scanning in the dark beyond constraining fixations. Study 2 concerned the effects of sound at midline on scanning vertical and horizontal edges. Visual activity was different for the two visual stimuli. While viewing a vertical rather than a horizontal edge, newborns maintained better eye control and fixated closer to the position of the vertical edge. Newborns crossed the position of the horizontal edge when that edge was present. Sound affected scanning in general, centralizing fixations for newborns not already looking centrally, but sound did not affect the frequency of edge crossing. Study 3 concerned the effects of laterally presented sound on scanning spatially consonant or dissonant vertical bars. The major finding was that infants were sensitive to the spatial property of sound. Infants shifted fixations first toward and then gradually away from sound. Study 4 was an attempt to determine whether there is an effort constraint on the simultaneous functioning of auditory and visual systems. The effects of two differentially salient sounds on scanning two differentially salient visual stimuli were examined. Although the results appeared to support the idea of an effort constraint, the data were accounted for parsimoniously in terms of the spatial influence of sound of scanning. The data on visual activity were discussed in terms of the presence of inherent information-acquisition routines in the newborn. It was concluded that sound influences visual epistemic behavior even at birth.", "PMID": 1018715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2302", "title": "Acid-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives in cow's milk produced on normal feed and almost protein-free-feed with urea as the main nitrogen source.", "content": "In two groups of Ayrshire cows (group I normal feeding with protein, group II got mostly urea as N-source), the TCA-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives of the milk were determined quantitatively. The O.D. [U/I] at pH 7-5 and 260 nm was higher in group II than in group I. The difference in N-nutrition of the animals has no influence on the composition of the purine and pyrimidine fractions investigated, especially with regard to orotic acid, uric acid, and CMP. At early stages of lactation the contents of CMP and uric acid were relatively high, but decreased with longer time of lactation. In opposition to this the orotic acid content increased in the same period. These tendencies could be registered in both groups. Besides CMP, uric acid, and orotic acid the minor nucleotides, NAD, AMP, GMP, UMP and others have been determined quantitatively. Their maximum has been found at the beginning of the lactation period and, in general, their contents were higher in group II than in group I.", "contents": "Acid-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives in cow's milk produced on normal feed and almost protein-free-feed with urea as the main nitrogen source. In two groups of Ayrshire cows (group I normal feeding with protein, group II got mostly urea as N-source), the TCA-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives of the milk were determined quantitatively. The O.D. [U/I] at pH 7-5 and 260 nm was higher in group II than in group I. The difference in N-nutrition of the animals has no influence on the composition of the purine and pyrimidine fractions investigated, especially with regard to orotic acid, uric acid, and CMP. At early stages of lactation the contents of CMP and uric acid were relatively high, but decreased with longer time of lactation. In opposition to this the orotic acid content increased in the same period. These tendencies could be registered in both groups. Besides CMP, uric acid, and orotic acid the minor nucleotides, NAD, AMP, GMP, UMP and others have been determined quantitatively. Their maximum has been found at the beginning of the lactation period and, in general, their contents were higher in group II than in group I.", "PMID": 1018716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2303", "title": "[Residue retention of ethephon on stone fruits and berries. 2. Ethephon residues in currants and gooseberries].", "content": "Studies on the residual behaviour of Ethephon on black and red currants showed that the fruits contained on an average 0.39, 0.81, 2.2 and 0.64, 1.14, 1.04 p.p.m. of Ethephon, respectively, after application of 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08%. Flordimex mixture. When a concentration of 0.08% was applied to gooseberries, the fruits contained on an average 0.31 p.p.m. of Ethephon. The juice of black currants contained relatively larger residues.", "contents": "[Residue retention of ethephon on stone fruits and berries. 2. Ethephon residues in currants and gooseberries]. Studies on the residual behaviour of Ethephon on black and red currants showed that the fruits contained on an average 0.39, 0.81, 2.2 and 0.64, 1.14, 1.04 p.p.m. of Ethephon, respectively, after application of 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08%. Flordimex mixture. When a concentration of 0.08% was applied to gooseberries, the fruits contained on an average 0.31 p.p.m. of Ethephon. The juice of black currants contained relatively larger residues.", "PMID": 1018717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2304", "title": "Pharmacologic aspects of pentamidine.", "content": "Pentamidine is an aromatic diamidino compound synthesized originally for the therapy of trypanosomiasis. The pharmacologic effects of pentamidine vary, depending on its route of administration. In animals, the dominant effects have been a precipitous, transitory drop in blood pressure after injection and renal toxicity following repeated administration. To avoid the possibility of immediate toxic reactions associated with iv administration, we now usually give the drug im to humans. Further interest in pentamidine has been stimulated by its usefulness in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii. In some patients receiving antineoplastic or immunosuppressive therapy who have superimposed P. carinii pneumonia, pentamidine may cause serious renal toxicity. Distribution and excretion studies in animals indicate pentamidine is deposited in tissues, with the greatest concentration in the kidneys, and gradually eliminated over a prolonged period. The mechanism of action of pentamidine against P. carinii or the means whereby fixation in tissues and subsequent toxicity occur have not been elucidated. Recent investigations to help clarify these points indicate that pentamidine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in all tissues studied both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, pentamidine interacts and forms water-insoluble products with specific nucleotides and nucleic acids.", "contents": "Pharmacologic aspects of pentamidine. Pentamidine is an aromatic diamidino compound synthesized originally for the therapy of trypanosomiasis. The pharmacologic effects of pentamidine vary, depending on its route of administration. In animals, the dominant effects have been a precipitous, transitory drop in blood pressure after injection and renal toxicity following repeated administration. To avoid the possibility of immediate toxic reactions associated with iv administration, we now usually give the drug im to humans. Further interest in pentamidine has been stimulated by its usefulness in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii. In some patients receiving antineoplastic or immunosuppressive therapy who have superimposed P. carinii pneumonia, pentamidine may cause serious renal toxicity. Distribution and excretion studies in animals indicate pentamidine is deposited in tissues, with the greatest concentration in the kidneys, and gradually eliminated over a prolonged period. The mechanism of action of pentamidine against P. carinii or the means whereby fixation in tissues and subsequent toxicity occur have not been elucidated. Recent investigations to help clarify these points indicate that pentamidine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in all tissues studied both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, pentamidine interacts and forms water-insoluble products with specific nucleotides and nucleic acids.", "PMID": 1018718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2305", "title": "[Value of rhizotomy in the treatment of pelvic pain syndromes].", "content": "In 18 Patients with symptomatic coccygodynia due to malignant diseases 7 sacral rhizotomies and 11 intrathecal injections of Phenol had been effected. The high percentage of good results and the low rate of complications indicates in the opinion of the author that these methods are worth a trial in such cases, where otherwise only bilateral cordotomy with a much higher incidence of complications may be able to obtain pain relief.", "contents": "[Value of rhizotomy in the treatment of pelvic pain syndromes]. In 18 Patients with symptomatic coccygodynia due to malignant diseases 7 sacral rhizotomies and 11 intrathecal injections of Phenol had been effected. The high percentage of good results and the low rate of complications indicates in the opinion of the author that these methods are worth a trial in such cases, where otherwise only bilateral cordotomy with a much higher incidence of complications may be able to obtain pain relief.", "PMID": 1018719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2306", "title": "[Percutaneous thermocoagulation of the spinal nerves for analgesia].", "content": "The authors present percutaneous technic treatment of some pain syndrom by thermocoagulation of rachidian nerves with radiofrequency generator. This method had been employed on 60 patients in various indications (cervico-occipital neuralgias, low back pain, stage syndrom, painful scar etc...). After anatomic justification one literature analysis precede personal results of this therapeutic method. This one is easy to realise and seems to deserve a good place in the actual possibility of functional neurosurgery.", "contents": "[Percutaneous thermocoagulation of the spinal nerves for analgesia]. The authors present percutaneous technic treatment of some pain syndrom by thermocoagulation of rachidian nerves with radiofrequency generator. This method had been employed on 60 patients in various indications (cervico-occipital neuralgias, low back pain, stage syndrom, painful scar etc...). After anatomic justification one literature analysis precede personal results of this therapeutic method. This one is easy to realise and seems to deserve a good place in the actual possibility of functional neurosurgery.", "PMID": 1018720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2307", "title": "[Sodium dantrolene (dantrium) in the treatment of neurogenic muscular spasm].", "content": "Forty patients, whose ages varied from 4 to 65 years, presenting skeletal muscle spascitiy as sequel of cerebral palsy, spinovertebral trauma and cerebral vascular diseases were treated with Dantrium (dantrolene sodium), a drug muscle relaxing. Laboratory data included: electromiography, chronaximetry, EEG and blood and urine tests. Clinical followup revealed subjective improvement in the patients and also objective decrease of spasticity in a satisfactory number. Patients who had improvement with this therapy also had no beneficial results with other drugs.", "contents": "[Sodium dantrolene (dantrium) in the treatment of neurogenic muscular spasm]. Forty patients, whose ages varied from 4 to 65 years, presenting skeletal muscle spascitiy as sequel of cerebral palsy, spinovertebral trauma and cerebral vascular diseases were treated with Dantrium (dantrolene sodium), a drug muscle relaxing. Laboratory data included: electromiography, chronaximetry, EEG and blood and urine tests. Clinical followup revealed subjective improvement in the patients and also objective decrease of spasticity in a satisfactory number. Patients who had improvement with this therapy also had no beneficial results with other drugs.", "PMID": 1018726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2308", "title": "[5 years of experience in the treatment of parkinsonism with L-dopa and its combination with Ro4-4602].", "content": "Eighty-one Parkinsonic patients were treated with L-dopa alone and/or combined with Ro4-4602, during 27 to 60 months. The results are reported. 7.2% of the patients, who are still being treated, showed good, very good or excellent results. There was a relation between the duration of the illness and the degree of improvement, the most prolonged Parkinsonisms showed the least improvement. The 4:1 proportion of L-dopa and Ro4-4602 was more effective than the 3:2. Adding small amounts of L-dopa to the combinations improvement and secondary effects increased. No advantages were found using high combined dosages. The main secondary effects at the end of treatment were abnormal movements (45% of cases) and distonic attitudes (53%). Patients who stoped the medication showed less sustained improvement and a high degree of Parkinsonism. This reveals that Parkinson's disease continues to envolve in spite of the medication. The \"long-term syndrome\" includes the late decrease of effectiveness of the drugs and/or the increase of secondary effects.", "contents": "[5 years of experience in the treatment of parkinsonism with L-dopa and its combination with Ro4-4602]. Eighty-one Parkinsonic patients were treated with L-dopa alone and/or combined with Ro4-4602, during 27 to 60 months. The results are reported. 7.2% of the patients, who are still being treated, showed good, very good or excellent results. There was a relation between the duration of the illness and the degree of improvement, the most prolonged Parkinsonisms showed the least improvement. The 4:1 proportion of L-dopa and Ro4-4602 was more effective than the 3:2. Adding small amounts of L-dopa to the combinations improvement and secondary effects increased. No advantages were found using high combined dosages. The main secondary effects at the end of treatment were abnormal movements (45% of cases) and distonic attitudes (53%). Patients who stoped the medication showed less sustained improvement and a high degree of Parkinsonism. This reveals that Parkinson's disease continues to envolve in spite of the medication. The \"long-term syndrome\" includes the late decrease of effectiveness of the drugs and/or the increase of secondary effects.", "PMID": 1018727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2309", "title": "Postural hypotension in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Etiopathology.", "content": "Postural changes in blood pressure were recorded in all 391 patients suffering from Parkinson's syndrome over a period of six years. Intraarterial blood pressure studies were carried out in those with significant postural hypotension. Histological examination of the entire central nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia was performed in six patients suffering from idiopathic Parksinson's disease. Five of the six patients had Lewy bodies in the sympathetic ganglia. Loss of nerve cells was noted in the sympathetic ganglia in those patients that demonstrated postural hypotension. The severity of the lesions in the ganglia correlated with the severity of postural hypotension in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, One case of Shy-Drager syndrome was similarly studied to demonstrate the differences in spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia lesions in the two conditions.", "contents": "Postural hypotension in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Etiopathology. Postural changes in blood pressure were recorded in all 391 patients suffering from Parkinson's syndrome over a period of six years. Intraarterial blood pressure studies were carried out in those with significant postural hypotension. Histological examination of the entire central nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia was performed in six patients suffering from idiopathic Parksinson's disease. Five of the six patients had Lewy bodies in the sympathetic ganglia. Loss of nerve cells was noted in the sympathetic ganglia in those patients that demonstrated postural hypotension. The severity of the lesions in the ganglia correlated with the severity of postural hypotension in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, One case of Shy-Drager syndrome was similarly studied to demonstrate the differences in spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia lesions in the two conditions.", "PMID": 1018728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2310", "title": "[Carotid-cavernous fistulas by tearing or rupture of the meningo-hypophysial trunk or of one of its branches. Anatomo-radiologic study of 4 cases. Pathogenic hypotheses].", "content": "Thr authors report observations relative to four cases of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas for which angiographic pictures were similar. Autopsy examination permitted in two cases to establish that the tentorial branch of the meningo-hypophyseal trunk was involved in the genesis of both fistulas. One case was from a rupture, the other from tearing of that branch. Further examination of these two cases showed an absence of sphenoid bone fracture which suggested that any arterial perforation or shearing process could be excluded. Thus the pathogenic hypothesis of PARKINSON is further sustained. The authors suggest that the observed arterial lesions may be due to tensions occuring at the proximal part of branches of the meningo-hypophyseal trunk. Such tensions may be carried out through tractions on the posterior meningeal walls of the cavernous sinus when trauma occur on the posterior temporal area and the petrous bone. Such traction forces were shown to be real in one case where a fracture of the dorsum sellae and a bilateral caroti-cavernous fistula were caused by a bilateral temporo-petrous trauma.", "contents": "[Carotid-cavernous fistulas by tearing or rupture of the meningo-hypophysial trunk or of one of its branches. Anatomo-radiologic study of 4 cases. Pathogenic hypotheses]. Thr authors report observations relative to four cases of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas for which angiographic pictures were similar. Autopsy examination permitted in two cases to establish that the tentorial branch of the meningo-hypophyseal trunk was involved in the genesis of both fistulas. One case was from a rupture, the other from tearing of that branch. Further examination of these two cases showed an absence of sphenoid bone fracture which suggested that any arterial perforation or shearing process could be excluded. Thus the pathogenic hypothesis of PARKINSON is further sustained. The authors suggest that the observed arterial lesions may be due to tensions occuring at the proximal part of branches of the meningo-hypophyseal trunk. Such tensions may be carried out through tractions on the posterior meningeal walls of the cavernous sinus when trauma occur on the posterior temporal area and the petrous bone. Such traction forces were shown to be real in one case where a fracture of the dorsum sellae and a bilateral caroti-cavernous fistula were caused by a bilateral temporo-petrous trauma.", "PMID": 1018722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2311", "title": "[Treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor].", "content": "The combination of L-dopa with carbidopa was administered to 18 patients with ediopathic Parkinson's disease and the dose needed to control the manifestations, either partially or completely, with the least number of side effects, was established.", "contents": "[Treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa and a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor]. The combination of L-dopa with carbidopa was administered to 18 patients with ediopathic Parkinson's disease and the dose needed to control the manifestations, either partially or completely, with the least number of side effects, was established.", "PMID": 1018729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2312", "title": "[Giant aneurysm of the basilar trunk presenting as essential facial neuralgia].", "content": "One case of trigeminal neuralgia and operative giant basilar aneurism is reported. This feature is quite rare, this case however emphasizes the importance of further investigations before surgery, especially if a direct approach is considered.", "contents": "[Giant aneurysm of the basilar trunk presenting as essential facial neuralgia]. One case of trigeminal neuralgia and operative giant basilar aneurism is reported. This feature is quite rare, this case however emphasizes the importance of further investigations before surgery, especially if a direct approach is considered.", "PMID": 1018723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2313", "title": "Dynamic studies of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat.", "content": "Blood samples were removed via chronic intra-atrial cannulae every 15 min in female rats during the estrous cycle, the last week of pregnancy, parturition and suckling. Growth hormone (GH) secretion during the estrous cycle is characterized by episodic release, occurring approximately once hourly. The surges in GH increase during the last 3-4 days of gestation, and rise to high levels during delivery and with suckling. Prolactin (PRL) shows minimal fluctuations during the estrous cycle, except for a prominent pulsatile surge during proestrus. PRL rises 4-6 h prior to parturition and declines during delivery. These studies provide a basis for further studies on the dynamics of GH and PRL secretion in the female rat.", "contents": "Dynamic studies of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat. Blood samples were removed via chronic intra-atrial cannulae every 15 min in female rats during the estrous cycle, the last week of pregnancy, parturition and suckling. Growth hormone (GH) secretion during the estrous cycle is characterized by episodic release, occurring approximately once hourly. The surges in GH increase during the last 3-4 days of gestation, and rise to high levels during delivery and with suckling. Prolactin (PRL) shows minimal fluctuations during the estrous cycle, except for a prominent pulsatile surge during proestrus. PRL rises 4-6 h prior to parturition and declines during delivery. These studies provide a basis for further studies on the dynamics of GH and PRL secretion in the female rat.", "PMID": 1018730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2314", "title": "Changes in the nuclear volume of rat hypothalamic neurons in old age.", "content": "Nuclear volumes (NV) of neurons in the preoptic are (POA), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SO), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), arcuate nucleus (ARN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and lateral mammillary nucleus (ML) were measured in 3.5- to 5-month-old female and male rats and in old female and male rats over 22 months of age. Young adult female rats had larger NV than males in the neurons of all measured areas except for the SC during estrus and the ARN. NV of the hypothalamic neurons of female rats decreased in old age in all measured areas except for the VMN of rats exhibiting prolonged vaginal cornification (PVC). Old male rats showed decreased NV only in the neurons of the SC, SO and ML. The extent of NV decrease of the hypothalamic neurons was not similar in different areas. The sexual difference in neuronal NV in most of the areas disappeared in old age. Only the POA of rats with PVC and the ML of old female rats had larger NV than those of old male rats.", "contents": "Changes in the nuclear volume of rat hypothalamic neurons in old age. Nuclear volumes (NV) of neurons in the preoptic are (POA), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SO), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), arcuate nucleus (ARN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and lateral mammillary nucleus (ML) were measured in 3.5- to 5-month-old female and male rats and in old female and male rats over 22 months of age. Young adult female rats had larger NV than males in the neurons of all measured areas except for the SC during estrus and the ARN. NV of the hypothalamic neurons of female rats decreased in old age in all measured areas except for the VMN of rats exhibiting prolonged vaginal cornification (PVC). Old male rats showed decreased NV only in the neurons of the SC, SO and ML. The extent of NV decrease of the hypothalamic neurons was not similar in different areas. The sexual difference in neuronal NV in most of the areas disappeared in old age. Only the POA of rats with PVC and the ML of old female rats had larger NV than those of old male rats.", "PMID": 1018731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2315", "title": "[Extra-intracranial anastomosis: radio-clinical correlations].", "content": "25 patients have been operated on by means of extra-intracranial anastomosis (22 with STA-MCA anastomosis, 3 with occipital-MCA anastomosis). 23 patients underwent an angiographic study early after surgery (two weeks). The patency rate is 14 out of 23 (13 STA, 1 occipital anastomosis). In comparison of its pre-operative size, the afferent artery has enlarged in the most cases, particularly in patients with complete obliteration, either of the carotid artery, or of the middle cerebral artery. In every case, only a limited part of the MCA territory is visualized through the anastomosis. In no case was the complete MCA field visualized; the frontal branches, particularly, are not supplied through a temporal anastomosis. In the case of occipital anastomosis, both upper and lower branches of MCA are supplied through the new channel. 11 patients underwent a second angiographic study, from one year through 28 months after the first one. In three patients with no patency on the first angiography the anastomosis remained non patent. So, in this series, no anastomosis was seen to became patent secondarily. In 8 patients with patency on the first control, the anastomosis remained patent on the second angiography. In patients with a pre-operative stenosis, no increasing of the size of the vessel could be noticed. The filling of the MCA branches is difficult to be discussed, for in these cases, the angiographies were not performed selectively through the external carotid artery. In patients with a pre-operative thrombosis, an enlarging of the vessels was seen, as well as an extension of the intra-cranial filling through the anastomosis. Clinical correlations are the following ones: the most patients with TIA's had a stenosis. They presented no increasing of the size of the vessels. They were doing well after operation, as if a little more of blood supply was sufficient to improve the general blood perfusion. Every patient with stroke had a pre-operative thrombosis and presented an enlarging of the vessels with a better filling on the second angiography, as if a great deal of additional blood supply was required; the clinical improvement is slow (3 out of 5) and remains often incomplete.", "contents": "[Extra-intracranial anastomosis: radio-clinical correlations]. 25 patients have been operated on by means of extra-intracranial anastomosis (22 with STA-MCA anastomosis, 3 with occipital-MCA anastomosis). 23 patients underwent an angiographic study early after surgery (two weeks). The patency rate is 14 out of 23 (13 STA, 1 occipital anastomosis). In comparison of its pre-operative size, the afferent artery has enlarged in the most cases, particularly in patients with complete obliteration, either of the carotid artery, or of the middle cerebral artery. In every case, only a limited part of the MCA territory is visualized through the anastomosis. In no case was the complete MCA field visualized; the frontal branches, particularly, are not supplied through a temporal anastomosis. In the case of occipital anastomosis, both upper and lower branches of MCA are supplied through the new channel. 11 patients underwent a second angiographic study, from one year through 28 months after the first one. In three patients with no patency on the first angiography the anastomosis remained non patent. So, in this series, no anastomosis was seen to became patent secondarily. In 8 patients with patency on the first control, the anastomosis remained patent on the second angiography. In patients with a pre-operative stenosis, no increasing of the size of the vessel could be noticed. The filling of the MCA branches is difficult to be discussed, for in these cases, the angiographies were not performed selectively through the external carotid artery. In patients with a pre-operative thrombosis, an enlarging of the vessels was seen, as well as an extension of the intra-cranial filling through the anastomosis. Clinical correlations are the following ones: the most patients with TIA's had a stenosis. They presented no increasing of the size of the vessels. They were doing well after operation, as if a little more of blood supply was sufficient to improve the general blood perfusion. Every patient with stroke had a pre-operative thrombosis and presented an enlarging of the vessels with a better filling on the second angiography, as if a great deal of additional blood supply was required; the clinical improvement is slow (3 out of 5) and remains often incomplete.", "PMID": 1018721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2316", "title": "Effect of sulpiride on plasma prolactin in rats.", "content": "I.v. injection of sulpiride (S; 0.5-20 mug/100 g b.w.) caused a significant and dose-related increase in plasma prolactin (Prl) levels in urethane-anesthetized rats, with peak values occuring 10 min after the injection. L-dopa administration (2 mg/100 g b.w., i.v.) significantly blunted plasma Prl response to S(1 mug/100 g b.w., i.v.). S injection (1 mug/rat) into a lateral ventricle also raised plasma Prl significantly. Hypothalamic destruction resulted in a prominent increase of basal plasma Prl, which increased further following the injection of S. These results suggest that S stimulates Prl secretion by its possible direct action on the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Effect of sulpiride on plasma prolactin in rats. I.v. injection of sulpiride (S; 0.5-20 mug/100 g b.w.) caused a significant and dose-related increase in plasma prolactin (Prl) levels in urethane-anesthetized rats, with peak values occuring 10 min after the injection. L-dopa administration (2 mg/100 g b.w., i.v.) significantly blunted plasma Prl response to S(1 mug/100 g b.w., i.v.). S injection (1 mug/rat) into a lateral ventricle also raised plasma Prl significantly. Hypothalamic destruction resulted in a prominent increase of basal plasma Prl, which increased further following the injection of S. These results suggest that S stimulates Prl secretion by its possible direct action on the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 1018732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2317", "title": "Vasopressin and oxytocin content of microdissected hypothalamic areas in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Vasopressin was virtually absent from 5 microdissected hypothalamic areas and from the posterior pituitary glands of homozygous Brattleboro rats. The oxytocin concentration was normal in all these areas except for the arcuate nucleus, where it was absent. These results support the concept that Brattleboro rats have a specific defect in biosynthesis of vasopressin. The significance of the absence of oxytocin from the arcuate nucleus in these rats remains to be determined.", "contents": "Vasopressin and oxytocin content of microdissected hypothalamic areas in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin was virtually absent from 5 microdissected hypothalamic areas and from the posterior pituitary glands of homozygous Brattleboro rats. The oxytocin concentration was normal in all these areas except for the arcuate nucleus, where it was absent. These results support the concept that Brattleboro rats have a specific defect in biosynthesis of vasopressin. The significance of the absence of oxytocin from the arcuate nucleus in these rats remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1018733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2318", "title": "Hypothalamic region and pathways responsible for adrenocortical response to surgical stress in rats.", "content": "Surgical stress produced no increase in the plasma corticosterone level in rats with complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). 30 min after surgical stress, the adrenocortical response depended on the integrity of a well-circumscribed region of the hypothalamus: the lateral-basal region of the retroachiasmatic area (RCAL) that lies not more than 0.5 mm caudally from the optic chiasma and is about 0.2 mm high. One week after transsection of this region, surgical stress produced no elevation of plasma corticosterone; the effect of the operation was independent of whether various combinations of other regions and pathways to the MBH were left intact. In contrast, high plasma corticosterone levels were found after surgical stress with all kinds of hypothalamic deafferentation when the basal region of the RCAL was not transected. The possible origin of neuronal fibres running through the RCAL is discussed.", "contents": "Hypothalamic region and pathways responsible for adrenocortical response to surgical stress in rats. Surgical stress produced no increase in the plasma corticosterone level in rats with complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). 30 min after surgical stress, the adrenocortical response depended on the integrity of a well-circumscribed region of the hypothalamus: the lateral-basal region of the retroachiasmatic area (RCAL) that lies not more than 0.5 mm caudally from the optic chiasma and is about 0.2 mm high. One week after transsection of this region, surgical stress produced no elevation of plasma corticosterone; the effect of the operation was independent of whether various combinations of other regions and pathways to the MBH were left intact. In contrast, high plasma corticosterone levels were found after surgical stress with all kinds of hypothalamic deafferentation when the basal region of the RCAL was not transected. The possible origin of neuronal fibres running through the RCAL is discussed.", "PMID": 1018734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2319", "title": "[Complementary procedures to the Sjoqvist operation in cancerous cervico-facial pain].", "content": "The trigeminal spinal tractotomy of Sjoqvist can be enlarged and give a very good result on cancer pain of face and throat. When pain is also cervical, it is usefull to associate with the Sjoqvist operation two important procedures: 1 degree--Instead of a simple posterior cervical radicotomy it seems best to practise a selective posterior radicellotomy. This technic has the advantage to preserve the sensory proprioceptive capacity of the superior limb, while being perform even until C6 and C7 roots. Also in case of recurrence of cervico brachial pain, it remains easy to apply a posterior spinal stimulation. 2--The spinal nerve has not only a motor function but also a sensory one. The sensory fibers travelling through small anastomosis between \"LARUELLE Ganglion\" and cervical roots must be separated to obtain a more complete analgesia.", "contents": "[Complementary procedures to the Sjoqvist operation in cancerous cervico-facial pain]. The trigeminal spinal tractotomy of Sjoqvist can be enlarged and give a very good result on cancer pain of face and throat. When pain is also cervical, it is usefull to associate with the Sjoqvist operation two important procedures: 1 degree--Instead of a simple posterior cervical radicotomy it seems best to practise a selective posterior radicellotomy. This technic has the advantage to preserve the sensory proprioceptive capacity of the superior limb, while being perform even until C6 and C7 roots. Also in case of recurrence of cervico brachial pain, it remains easy to apply a posterior spinal stimulation. 2--The spinal nerve has not only a motor function but also a sensory one. The sensory fibers travelling through small anastomosis between \"LARUELLE Ganglion\" and cervical roots must be separated to obtain a more complete analgesia.", "PMID": 1018724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2320", "title": "[Notes on the embryology and anatomy of the diaphragm].", "content": "The main steps in the embryogenesis of the diaphragm are summarised, with particular reference to details of major importance in the formation of congenital hernias. Morphogenetic abnormalities of the diaphragm are described. Malformations occurring during the different stages of embryonal development (agenesia, total or partial aplasia or eventratio, restructuring defects) and their incidence are also illustrated. A personal view concerning the topography of congenital hernias of the diaphragm is expressed, with particular reference to those proceeding through incostant foramina.", "contents": "[Notes on the embryology and anatomy of the diaphragm]. The main steps in the embryogenesis of the diaphragm are summarised, with particular reference to details of major importance in the formation of congenital hernias. Morphogenetic abnormalities of the diaphragm are described. Malformations occurring during the different stages of embryonal development (agenesia, total or partial aplasia or eventratio, restructuring defects) and their incidence are also illustrated. A personal view concerning the topography of congenital hernias of the diaphragm is expressed, with particular reference to those proceeding through incostant foramina.", "PMID": 1018785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2321", "title": "[Acute complications of hernias caused by congenital defects of the diaphragm].", "content": "Following a classification of the various types of congenital hernia of the diaphragm, the acute complications that may be caused by such defects of diaphragmatic morphogenesis are reviewed. Relative physiopathology is considered, particularly as regards the thoracic dimension of large hernias of the cupola. As regards visceral hernia, the most typical pictures of the two commonest complications, volvulus and strangulation, are described among other aspects. The clinical situation is outlined bearing in mind the diversity of anatomoclinical pictures in relation to the age of the patient, the type of hernia involved, and the period in which the observation was made. The surgical problems involved in acute complications concern the approach--although agreement is almost unanimous depending on the type of hernia--viscous reduction modalities and the type of plastic surgery which is required on each occasion. Postoperative complications and the prognosis for these hernias are reviewed briefly.", "contents": "[Acute complications of hernias caused by congenital defects of the diaphragm]. Following a classification of the various types of congenital hernia of the diaphragm, the acute complications that may be caused by such defects of diaphragmatic morphogenesis are reviewed. Relative physiopathology is considered, particularly as regards the thoracic dimension of large hernias of the cupola. As regards visceral hernia, the most typical pictures of the two commonest complications, volvulus and strangulation, are described among other aspects. The clinical situation is outlined bearing in mind the diversity of anatomoclinical pictures in relation to the age of the patient, the type of hernia involved, and the period in which the observation was made. The surgical problems involved in acute complications concern the approach--although agreement is almost unanimous depending on the type of hernia--viscous reduction modalities and the type of plastic surgery which is required on each occasion. Postoperative complications and the prognosis for these hernias are reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 1018786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2322", "title": "[Surgical treatment of postoperative peptic ulcer].", "content": "The literature on postoperative peptic ulcer is reviewed and cases observed in the Department of Surgical Anatomy and Operations Course of Turin University in the period 1-I-1968 - 31-III-1975 are presented. 183 operations for primary gastro-duodenal ulcer were carried out. A variety of techniques was employed, including 138 gastric resections using a modified Billroth II technique, with a recurrence of 1.3% encountered only in patients in the specified group. 15 reoperations for postoperative peptic ulcer were performed with the following result: very good in 7 cases, good in 6, and 2 postoperative deaths. The two deaths concerned a simple gastric reconversion and a gastric re-resection with gastro-jejuno-anastomosis. The personal series confirms the statistics presented by numerous foreign workers.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of postoperative peptic ulcer]. The literature on postoperative peptic ulcer is reviewed and cases observed in the Department of Surgical Anatomy and Operations Course of Turin University in the period 1-I-1968 - 31-III-1975 are presented. 183 operations for primary gastro-duodenal ulcer were carried out. A variety of techniques was employed, including 138 gastric resections using a modified Billroth II technique, with a recurrence of 1.3% encountered only in patients in the specified group. 15 reoperations for postoperative peptic ulcer were performed with the following result: very good in 7 cases, good in 6, and 2 postoperative deaths. The two deaths concerned a simple gastric reconversion and a gastric re-resection with gastro-jejuno-anastomosis. The personal series confirms the statistics presented by numerous foreign workers.", "PMID": 1018787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2323", "title": "[Role of the duodenum in the digestive function. I. Notes on its physiology].", "content": "A full account is given of recent advances in knowledge of the physiology of the duodenum. Modern means of diagnosis have shown that this organ, far from having a secondary role in digestive performance, carries out fundamental activities. These are described and it is made clear that the duodenum, on its own account, is the organ of choice for the digestion and absorption of some important nutritive substances. In addition, its motor and, above all, endocrine activity serves to direct the functions of the stomach, the intestine, and the glands attached to the gastroenteric tract (pancreas and bile ducts).", "contents": "[Role of the duodenum in the digestive function. I. Notes on its physiology]. A full account is given of recent advances in knowledge of the physiology of the duodenum. Modern means of diagnosis have shown that this organ, far from having a secondary role in digestive performance, carries out fundamental activities. These are described and it is made clear that the duodenum, on its own account, is the organ of choice for the digestion and absorption of some important nutritive substances. In addition, its motor and, above all, endocrine activity serves to direct the functions of the stomach, the intestine, and the glands attached to the gastroenteric tract (pancreas and bile ducts).", "PMID": 1018788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2324", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of cryohemorrhoidectomy].", "content": "The cryonecrosis process of haemorrhoids and cryonecrosis of living organic tissues follow the same laws. On the basis of these observations and of personal experience, the cryohaemorrhoidectomy technique is described and its most important practical aspects underlined.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of cryohemorrhoidectomy]. The cryonecrosis process of haemorrhoids and cryonecrosis of living organic tissues follow the same laws. On the basis of these observations and of personal experience, the cryohaemorrhoidectomy technique is described and its most important practical aspects underlined.", "PMID": 1018789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2325", "title": "[Early operation in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis].", "content": "Between 1973 and 1975, the \"early\" operation was carried out in 15 patients suffering from acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis to eliminate necrotic parts. Partially necrotizing pancreatitis was identified in 10 patients: 7 survived. All patients with total pancreatic necrosis died. Surgery consisted of digital removal of the necrosis (digitoclasia) and in left resection with adequate drainage. Patients with partially necrotizing acute pancreatitis can be saved by \"early\" surgery while in patients with total necrosis surgery must be undertaken even earlier, namely before fatal complications set in.", "contents": "[Early operation in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis]. Between 1973 and 1975, the \"early\" operation was carried out in 15 patients suffering from acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis to eliminate necrotic parts. Partially necrotizing pancreatitis was identified in 10 patients: 7 survived. All patients with total pancreatic necrosis died. Surgery consisted of digital removal of the necrosis (digitoclasia) and in left resection with adequate drainage. Patients with partially necrotizing acute pancreatitis can be saved by \"early\" surgery while in patients with total necrosis surgery must be undertaken even earlier, namely before fatal complications set in.", "PMID": 1018790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2326", "title": "[The role of the duodenum in digestive function. II. Notes on physiopathology].", "content": "On the basis of the concepts presented in Note I, the effects of excluding the duodenum from the digestive circuit are examined. In practice, the effects are reflected in disturbances to intestinal canalization with consequent post-prandial syndromes, and to the digestion and absorption of foods (deficiency syndromes). Over and above histological, biological and biochemical findings, the severe pathology affecting the entire digestive function brought on by the elimination of the manifold, complex activities of the \"duodenal laboratory\" were confirmed clinically.", "contents": "[The role of the duodenum in digestive function. II. Notes on physiopathology]. On the basis of the concepts presented in Note I, the effects of excluding the duodenum from the digestive circuit are examined. In practice, the effects are reflected in disturbances to intestinal canalization with consequent post-prandial syndromes, and to the digestion and absorption of foods (deficiency syndromes). Over and above histological, biological and biochemical findings, the severe pathology affecting the entire digestive function brought on by the elimination of the manifold, complex activities of the \"duodenal laboratory\" were confirmed clinically.", "PMID": 1018792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2327", "title": "[Liposarcoma of the mesentery. Considerations on its development].", "content": "A case of liposarcoma of the mesentery is presented. The succession of morphological pictures observed during its protracted (15 years') course are described. Attention is drawn to the need to revise diagnositc criteria and make them more consonant with the need for a more careful assessment of the prognosis in such cases.", "contents": "[Liposarcoma of the mesentery. Considerations on its development]. A case of liposarcoma of the mesentery is presented. The succession of morphological pictures observed during its protracted (15 years') course are described. Attention is drawn to the need to revise diagnositc criteria and make them more consonant with the need for a more careful assessment of the prognosis in such cases.", "PMID": 1018793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2328", "title": "[Unusual localization of an abdominal dermoid cyst].", "content": "A case of epidermoid cyst with rather unusual localization is reported. The cyst ran from the rear cavity of the omentum, penetrating between the leaves of the mesentery rott as far as the angle formed by the caecum and the final ansa before returning along the last ansa for about 20 cm, and compressing it to the point of creating an acute occlusive syndrome. Photographs and radiographs of the case are presented.", "contents": "[Unusual localization of an abdominal dermoid cyst]. A case of epidermoid cyst with rather unusual localization is reported. The cyst ran from the rear cavity of the omentum, penetrating between the leaves of the mesentery rott as far as the angle formed by the caecum and the final ansa before returning along the last ansa for about 20 cm, and compressing it to the point of creating an acute occlusive syndrome. Photographs and radiographs of the case are presented.", "PMID": 1018794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2329", "title": "[Oxygen therapy in pneumology].", "content": "Circumstances under which the use of oxygen-therapy in lung disease can be effective and harmless, depend upon a careful evaluation of its indications: they are suggested by the clinical need of correction of hypoxaemia as well as by the awareness of factors determining respiratory failure and of problems concerning O(2) transport and supply to tissues in health and disease. Blood gases monitoring enables to control the effects of treatment on arterial O2 and CO2 tensions thus giving all the useful data for oxygen administering particularly as far as components of hyperoxygenated mixtures, flow rate, duration, use of very effective low-risk devices (Venturi masks) are concerned. Correction of hypoxaemia involves the reduction of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation and hyperglobulia, improvement of tolerance of exertion, and attention to the metabolic compensation of respiratory acidosis. These results are influenced by the nature of the pathogenetic factors behind broncho-obstructive disease, which may lead to either a primarily \"bronchitis\" or a primarily \"emphysematous\" syndrome. An interesting feature relates to prognosis in the case of patients making home use of hyperoxygenated mixtures as part of a rehabilitation program, or to improve their quality of life. The cost and benifits of such treatment should be carefully weighed. Lastly, in the event of protracted treatment, attention must be paid to the possibility of toxicity and the means to be adopted for its prevention.", "contents": "[Oxygen therapy in pneumology]. Circumstances under which the use of oxygen-therapy in lung disease can be effective and harmless, depend upon a careful evaluation of its indications: they are suggested by the clinical need of correction of hypoxaemia as well as by the awareness of factors determining respiratory failure and of problems concerning O(2) transport and supply to tissues in health and disease. Blood gases monitoring enables to control the effects of treatment on arterial O2 and CO2 tensions thus giving all the useful data for oxygen administering particularly as far as components of hyperoxygenated mixtures, flow rate, duration, use of very effective low-risk devices (Venturi masks) are concerned. Correction of hypoxaemia involves the reduction of hypertension of the pulmonary circulation and hyperglobulia, improvement of tolerance of exertion, and attention to the metabolic compensation of respiratory acidosis. These results are influenced by the nature of the pathogenetic factors behind broncho-obstructive disease, which may lead to either a primarily \"bronchitis\" or a primarily \"emphysematous\" syndrome. An interesting feature relates to prognosis in the case of patients making home use of hyperoxygenated mixtures as part of a rehabilitation program, or to improve their quality of life. The cost and benifits of such treatment should be carefully weighed. Lastly, in the event of protracted treatment, attention must be paid to the possibility of toxicity and the means to be adopted for its prevention.", "PMID": 1018808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2330", "title": "[Gas exchange and acid-base equilibrium in chronic bronchitis and in emphysema].", "content": "Blood gas data for HbO2% and PaCO2 and determination of acid-base balance enable the biochemical features of bronchial obstruction to be related to primarily \"intrinsic\" or \"extrinsic\" factors. Long-term gas studies and ventilation mechanics data (lung elastic recoil pressure, maximum expiratory flow at different volumes and the corresponding recoil pressures) are also of assistance in this respect. Each type of bronchial obstruction thus has its own peculiarities, and these are also reflected in the level of metabolic compensation for respiratory acidosis.", "contents": "[Gas exchange and acid-base equilibrium in chronic bronchitis and in emphysema]. Blood gas data for HbO2% and PaCO2 and determination of acid-base balance enable the biochemical features of bronchial obstruction to be related to primarily \"intrinsic\" or \"extrinsic\" factors. Long-term gas studies and ventilation mechanics data (lung elastic recoil pressure, maximum expiratory flow at different volumes and the corresponding recoil pressures) are also of assistance in this respect. Each type of bronchial obstruction thus has its own peculiarities, and these are also reflected in the level of metabolic compensation for respiratory acidosis.", "PMID": 1018809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2331", "title": "[Immunotherapy with BCG in pulmonary tumors].", "content": "Results obtained with immunotherapy in 318 cases of lung cancer showed that an initial Tine test is useful prognostically (initial negativity is equivalent to poor survival), and survival increases and decreases in function of positivity and negativity respectively. The soundness of immunotherapy is borne out by the survival data.", "contents": "[Immunotherapy with BCG in pulmonary tumors]. Results obtained with immunotherapy in 318 cases of lung cancer showed that an initial Tine test is useful prognostically (initial negativity is equivalent to poor survival), and survival increases and decreases in function of positivity and negativity respectively. The soundness of immunotherapy is borne out by the survival data.", "PMID": 1018810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2332", "title": "[Illustration and results of antineoplastic chronopharmacology in pulmonary tumors].", "content": "Reference is made to a series of cases of lung tumour treated with antiblastic drugs over long periods. This method gives the best results in terms of survival and tolerance. Encouraging results were also obtained with coadjuvant chronobiological corticoid management.", "contents": "[Illustration and results of antineoplastic chronopharmacology in pulmonary tumors]. Reference is made to a series of cases of lung tumour treated with antiblastic drugs over long periods. This method gives the best results in terms of survival and tolerance. Encouraging results were also obtained with coadjuvant chronobiological corticoid management.", "PMID": 1018811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2333", "title": "[Our experience with the treatment of cavitary and external biliary fistulas following surgical operations for hepatic echinococcosis].", "content": "Successful treatment of five personal cases of external cavitary and biliary fistulae following radical liver hydatid surgery is reported. Stress is laid on the fact that complications may still occur, even when the latest techniques are employed. These can be avoided if the pathological anatomy and biliary physiopathology associated with the disease are fully understood, so that techniques can be adjusted to the different situations revealed by pre- and intraoperative exploration. Medical or surgical management must be preceded by precise knowledge of the reasons for persistence of the fistula.", "contents": "[Our experience with the treatment of cavitary and external biliary fistulas following surgical operations for hepatic echinococcosis]. Successful treatment of five personal cases of external cavitary and biliary fistulae following radical liver hydatid surgery is reported. Stress is laid on the fact that complications may still occur, even when the latest techniques are employed. These can be avoided if the pathological anatomy and biliary physiopathology associated with the disease are fully understood, so that techniques can be adjusted to the different situations revealed by pre- and intraoperative exploration. Medical or surgical management must be preceded by precise knowledge of the reasons for persistence of the fistula.", "PMID": 1018799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2334", "title": "[Study of various aspects of hepatic function and histomprphology in obesity].", "content": "Data regarding the commonest biohumoral tests of liver function obtained in 53 highly obese women of more or less young age, non-diabetic, non alcolist and without cardiovascular complications are reported. Liver biopsy was carried out in 23 of these patients for the purpose of studying the liver histologically. On the whole, liver function tests gave normal results: specifically, B.S.F. clearance was normal in 91% of the cases and retention at 45' was normal in 77%. Histologically, only 9% showed normal liver parenchyma. The vast majority showed a varying extent of fat infiltration and in 30% this was also fibrosis. No relationship was found to exist between the extent of histological changes and B.S.F clearance and retention values.", "contents": "[Study of various aspects of hepatic function and histomprphology in obesity]. Data regarding the commonest biohumoral tests of liver function obtained in 53 highly obese women of more or less young age, non-diabetic, non alcolist and without cardiovascular complications are reported. Liver biopsy was carried out in 23 of these patients for the purpose of studying the liver histologically. On the whole, liver function tests gave normal results: specifically, B.S.F. clearance was normal in 91% of the cases and retention at 45' was normal in 77%. Histologically, only 9% showed normal liver parenchyma. The vast majority showed a varying extent of fat infiltration and in 30% this was also fibrosis. No relationship was found to exist between the extent of histological changes and B.S.F clearance and retention values.", "PMID": 1018812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2335", "title": "[Stenocardia caused by gallbladder disease. Physiopathological and clinical findings].", "content": "10 elderly patients suffering from chronic lithiasic cholecystitis presented sporadic attacks of angor during the digestion of rather abundant meals, associated or otherwise with biliary colic. A clinical study was carried out in order to throw light on the close dependence of pain attacks with cholecystic stress. Observations confirmed the possibility that the onset of angor is due to reflex coronary vasoconstriction induced through the sympathetic system by stimuli arising in the gall bladder. The hypothesis is advanced that coronary impairment, however slight, is necessary for such vasoconstriction to be possible. Attention is called to the syndromes insofar as removal of the irritation in the gall bladder is almost always followed by complete remission of the coronary phenomenology.", "contents": "[Stenocardia caused by gallbladder disease. Physiopathological and clinical findings]. 10 elderly patients suffering from chronic lithiasic cholecystitis presented sporadic attacks of angor during the digestion of rather abundant meals, associated or otherwise with biliary colic. A clinical study was carried out in order to throw light on the close dependence of pain attacks with cholecystic stress. Observations confirmed the possibility that the onset of angor is due to reflex coronary vasoconstriction induced through the sympathetic system by stimuli arising in the gall bladder. The hypothesis is advanced that coronary impairment, however slight, is necessary for such vasoconstriction to be possible. Attention is called to the syndromes insofar as removal of the irritation in the gall bladder is almost always followed by complete remission of the coronary phenomenology.", "PMID": 1018813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2336", "title": "[Progression of coronary sclerosis demonstrated by repeated coronarography. Experience with 80 cases].", "content": "Coronary and left ventricular angiography repeated after an interval of 19 months in 84 patients showed progression of coronary sclerosis in 42 and of ventricular lesions in 7. No relation between the morphology and seriousness of the initial coronary lesions and their progression was noted. No significant differences were observed between patients with and without progression as far as the clinical data and risk factors (angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarct, cholesterol, arterial hypertension, and diabetes) were concerned, though there was a significantly higher percentage in obese subjects.", "contents": "[Progression of coronary sclerosis demonstrated by repeated coronarography. Experience with 80 cases]. Coronary and left ventricular angiography repeated after an interval of 19 months in 84 patients showed progression of coronary sclerosis in 42 and of ventricular lesions in 7. No relation between the morphology and seriousness of the initial coronary lesions and their progression was noted. No significant differences were observed between patients with and without progression as far as the clinical data and risk factors (angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarct, cholesterol, arterial hypertension, and diabetes) were concerned, though there was a significantly higher percentage in obese subjects.", "PMID": 1018815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2337", "title": "[The effect of physical exercise on arterial pressure in healthy subjects and in cardiopathic patients (coronary and valvular diseases)].", "content": "An optimal working capacity exists for the heart, whether this is healty or sclerotic, and this corresponds to an optimal relationship between arterial pressure and frequency; in other words, a constant value exists to which arterial pressure and pulse rate are correlated.", "contents": "[The effect of physical exercise on arterial pressure in healthy subjects and in cardiopathic patients (coronary and valvular diseases)]. An optimal working capacity exists for the heart, whether this is healty or sclerotic, and this corresponds to an optimal relationship between arterial pressure and frequency; in other words, a constant value exists to which arterial pressure and pulse rate are correlated.", "PMID": 1018816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2338", "title": "[Transitory malfunction of an L-Kaster mitral prosthesis. Echocardiographic and polygraphic study].", "content": "An unusual instance of transient prosthesis breakdown in a 29-yr-old woman with two L-Kaster disk prostheses for mitro-aortic defect is reported. The ECHO and polygraphic traces observed during and after breakdown are examined. It is considered that the breakdown which occurred in one prostheis only, was attributable to a small, internal thrombosis with embolism of the right lower extremity.", "contents": "[Transitory malfunction of an L-Kaster mitral prosthesis. Echocardiographic and polygraphic study]. An unusual instance of transient prosthesis breakdown in a 29-yr-old woman with two L-Kaster disk prostheses for mitro-aortic defect is reported. The ECHO and polygraphic traces observed during and after breakdown are examined. It is considered that the breakdown which occurred in one prostheis only, was attributable to a small, internal thrombosis with embolism of the right lower extremity.", "PMID": 1018817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2339", "title": "Lipids of human and equine smegma.", "content": "The lipids of human and equine smegma pools were saponified and the total fatty acids submitted to temperature programmed gas chromatography (GC) analysis. In contrast to the human products, the horse smegma fatty acids contained very low odd saturated as well as olefinic branched chain acid contents. The cyclopropane fatty acid, 9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid, occurred in smegma sampled from men over 35 years of age but could not be detected in the pool from persons of 17-20 years of age nor in any of the equine mixtures. The alcoholic fraction from horse smegma contained about 85% sterol, the remainder constituting alcohols of C12 to C28 and of which 43.5% were branched chain components. The corresponding product from human smegma was primarily sterol. Squalene comprised the main hydrocarbon present in smegma of either species.", "contents": "Lipids of human and equine smegma. The lipids of human and equine smegma pools were saponified and the total fatty acids submitted to temperature programmed gas chromatography (GC) analysis. In contrast to the human products, the horse smegma fatty acids contained very low odd saturated as well as olefinic branched chain acid contents. The cyclopropane fatty acid, 9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid, occurred in smegma sampled from men over 35 years of age but could not be detected in the pool from persons of 17-20 years of age nor in any of the equine mixtures. The alcoholic fraction from horse smegma contained about 85% sterol, the remainder constituting alcohols of C12 to C28 and of which 43.5% were branched chain components. The corresponding product from human smegma was primarily sterol. Squalene comprised the main hydrocarbon present in smegma of either species.", "PMID": 1018879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2340", "title": "The ultrastructure of a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the human tuba uterina.", "content": "A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the human oviduct was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Cells contained abundant mitochondria, bound and free ribosomes, prominent Golgi's bodies and aggregates of membrane-bound dense bodies. The small glandular lumina with numerous microvilli were generally devoid of cilia and contained secretory material. The neoplasm was ultrastructurally similar to poorly differentiated ovarian serous carcinomas.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the human tuba uterina. A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the human oviduct was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Cells contained abundant mitochondria, bound and free ribosomes, prominent Golgi's bodies and aggregates of membrane-bound dense bodies. The small glandular lumina with numerous microvilli were generally devoid of cilia and contained secretory material. The neoplasm was ultrastructurally similar to poorly differentiated ovarian serous carcinomas.", "PMID": 1018880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2341", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies in the chemotherapy of neuroblastoma using the C1300 murine system.", "content": "The transplantable C1300 murine neuroblastoma has been characterized biochemically and an in vivo model for the screening of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of neuroblastoma developed. Subcutaneous inoculation of A/J mice with 10)6) C1300 cells results in predictable tumor growth and animal death in 25 +/- 4 days. Tumor growth is Gompertzian, correlates with increases in tumor RNA and DNA content and with the rate of tumor DNA synthesis as measured by [3H] thymidine incorporation. The model proposed is based on the degree to which various therapeutic options are able to inhibit tumor DNA synthesis, and these observations have been confirmed autoradiographically. A single course of either cyclophosphamide (25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg), BCNU (2, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) or cytosine arabinoside (15, 30, 60, 90 mg/kg) resulted in dose-related inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. The maximum decline in DNA synthesis that was produced by the highest dose of each agent was by 81%, 77% and 68% of untreated tumor values respectively. Adriamycin, however, even at lethal levels (10 mg/kg), did not elicit significant inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. Radiotherapy (200 R, 500 R or 1000 R) also produced graded inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. This model is potentially useful for the preclinical screening of therapuetic options in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Thus, single agent therapy, combination chemotherapy and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be rapidly evaluated for possible clinical use.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies in the chemotherapy of neuroblastoma using the C1300 murine system. The transplantable C1300 murine neuroblastoma has been characterized biochemically and an in vivo model for the screening of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of neuroblastoma developed. Subcutaneous inoculation of A/J mice with 10)6) C1300 cells results in predictable tumor growth and animal death in 25 +/- 4 days. Tumor growth is Gompertzian, correlates with increases in tumor RNA and DNA content and with the rate of tumor DNA synthesis as measured by [3H] thymidine incorporation. The model proposed is based on the degree to which various therapeutic options are able to inhibit tumor DNA synthesis, and these observations have been confirmed autoradiographically. A single course of either cyclophosphamide (25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg), BCNU (2, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) or cytosine arabinoside (15, 30, 60, 90 mg/kg) resulted in dose-related inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. The maximum decline in DNA synthesis that was produced by the highest dose of each agent was by 81%, 77% and 68% of untreated tumor values respectively. Adriamycin, however, even at lethal levels (10 mg/kg), did not elicit significant inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. Radiotherapy (200 R, 500 R or 1000 R) also produced graded inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. This model is potentially useful for the preclinical screening of therapuetic options in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Thus, single agent therapy, combination chemotherapy and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be rapidly evaluated for possible clinical use.", "PMID": 1018881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2342", "title": "Survival data from a multiphasic mobile cancer detection unit.", "content": "Individuals with early cancer rarely have symptoms, through it is at this state that the best prognosis can be afforded. 22 out of 5,232-patients screened in a Mobile Cancer Detection Unit (MCDU) received cancer diagnosis (exclusive of skin cancer). These patients have enjoyed much greater survival than expected. For instance, only three have died versus and expected 7.5. Calculations show that if all cancer patients in the United States had a similar increase in survival, then the lives of at least 120,000-persons could be extended each year. These limited data must be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, they do hold promise since only a few percentage points increase in survival when measured against the full impact of the cancer problem will show significant patient benefit.", "contents": "Survival data from a multiphasic mobile cancer detection unit. Individuals with early cancer rarely have symptoms, through it is at this state that the best prognosis can be afforded. 22 out of 5,232-patients screened in a Mobile Cancer Detection Unit (MCDU) received cancer diagnosis (exclusive of skin cancer). These patients have enjoyed much greater survival than expected. For instance, only three have died versus and expected 7.5. Calculations show that if all cancer patients in the United States had a similar increase in survival, then the lives of at least 120,000-persons could be extended each year. These limited data must be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, they do hold promise since only a few percentage points increase in survival when measured against the full impact of the cancer problem will show significant patient benefit.", "PMID": 1018882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2343", "title": "Immunization of mice and calves against Salmonella dublin with attenuated live and inactivated vaccines.", "content": "Previous findings, viz. that mice can be successfully immunized against infection with Salmonella dublin with either live or inactivated vaccine, were confirmed. Immunity lasted for at least 12 weeks in mice which had been immunized with inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine. The immunogenicity of inactivated vaccine gradually decreased on storage at 4 degrees C, but this was only detectable if a single injection was used for immunization: 2 injections virtually eliminated this phenomenon. The immunogenicity of live vaccine in mice was not enhanced by levamizole or the simultaneous injection of inactivated organisms. Both live and inactivated vaccines provided immunity in calves. A single injection of lyophilized vaccine, prepared from live rough Salmonella dublin strain (HB 1/17),protected 3 out of 6 calves, while 2 injections of a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipated vaccine, containing 1% packed cells of S. dublin strain 2652 V, protected 5 out of 6 calves against intraduodenal challenge with 2 x 10(9), S. dublin strain 2652 V. Two calves which had been immunized with an inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine were also solidly immune to this challenge. Serum antibody response in calves was poor when measured by the tube agglutination and the haemagglutination tests. Similarly, the sera had only marginal protective values when tested by means of a passive protection test in mice. Antibody titres alone are not a valid measure therefore, for the immune status of immunized animals.", "contents": "Immunization of mice and calves against Salmonella dublin with attenuated live and inactivated vaccines. Previous findings, viz. that mice can be successfully immunized against infection with Salmonella dublin with either live or inactivated vaccine, were confirmed. Immunity lasted for at least 12 weeks in mice which had been immunized with inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine. The immunogenicity of inactivated vaccine gradually decreased on storage at 4 degrees C, but this was only detectable if a single injection was used for immunization: 2 injections virtually eliminated this phenomenon. The immunogenicity of live vaccine in mice was not enhanced by levamizole or the simultaneous injection of inactivated organisms. Both live and inactivated vaccines provided immunity in calves. A single injection of lyophilized vaccine, prepared from live rough Salmonella dublin strain (HB 1/17),protected 3 out of 6 calves, while 2 injections of a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipated vaccine, containing 1% packed cells of S. dublin strain 2652 V, protected 5 out of 6 calves against intraduodenal challenge with 2 x 10(9), S. dublin strain 2652 V. Two calves which had been immunized with an inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine were also solidly immune to this challenge. Serum antibody response in calves was poor when measured by the tube agglutination and the haemagglutination tests. Similarly, the sera had only marginal protective values when tested by means of a passive protection test in mice. Antibody titres alone are not a valid measure therefore, for the immune status of immunized animals.", "PMID": 1018887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2344", "title": "The isolation of Mycoplasms synoviae from chickens with infectious synovitis and air-sacculitis in the Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Mycoplasma synoviae was isolated from the trachea of chickens showing either typical infectious synovitis lesions or air-sacculitis. M. synoviae was identified by means of the direct plate fluorescent antibody technique and its growth-dependence on nicotine-amide-adenine dinucleotide. This is the first documented report on the isolation and identification of M. synoviae in the Republic of South Africa.", "contents": "The isolation of Mycoplasms synoviae from chickens with infectious synovitis and air-sacculitis in the Republic of South Africa. Mycoplasma synoviae was isolated from the trachea of chickens showing either typical infectious synovitis lesions or air-sacculitis. M. synoviae was identified by means of the direct plate fluorescent antibody technique and its growth-dependence on nicotine-amide-adenine dinucleotide. This is the first documented report on the isolation and identification of M. synoviae in the Republic of South Africa.", "PMID": 1018888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2345", "title": "Studies on schistosomiasis. 8. The influence of age on the susceptibility of sheep to infestation with Schistosoma mattheei.", "content": "Twenty-eight Dorper wethers, allocated according to age into 4 groups of 7 animals each, and 1 group of 7 Merino wethers, were compared for susceptibility to Schistosoma mattheei infestation. The group mean ages of the Dorper sheep varied from 5-61 months and their live mass from 25-66 kg, while the Merinos were 8 months old and had a mean mass of 19 kg. Despite the marked differences in the age and live mass of the Dorper sheep and the inclusion of 2 breeds in the experiment, no statistically significant differences were found in cercariae which failed to penetrate the sheep the mean percentage development of cercariae to adult worms, worm distribution in the mesenteric and gastric radicles of the portal vein and the pulmonary arterial system, and worms not removed by perfusion. Significant differences between groups (5% significance level) were found, however, in the number of worms recovered from the hepatic portal system, and in the worm sex ratio. On 3 occasions the total number of eggs excreted per female schistosome in the mesentery per 24 hours differed significantly between groups, but each time a different group or groups of sheep were responsible for the variation which was probably due, therefore, not to the age or breed of the sheep, but to daily variations in individuals. Highly significant differences occurred in the infectivity of the 6 cercarial pools used for infestation in spite of standardized collection and handling of the cercariae. Possible reasons for this are discussed and a solution suggested. Frequent egg counts (5 per sheep per week) were done during the first 25 days of patency, until the sheep were slaughtered. Schistosome ova were detected in the faeces of only 1/18 sheep examined on Day +43 after infestation, and 3/17 on Day +44, whereafter this increased rapidly to 15/34 on Day +45, 25/33 on Day +46, etc. A highly significant correlation was found between the total worm egg excretion in the faeces of the sheep per day and the numbers of female schistosomes in the mesentery, especially shortly after the onset of egg production.", "contents": "Studies on schistosomiasis. 8. The influence of age on the susceptibility of sheep to infestation with Schistosoma mattheei. Twenty-eight Dorper wethers, allocated according to age into 4 groups of 7 animals each, and 1 group of 7 Merino wethers, were compared for susceptibility to Schistosoma mattheei infestation. The group mean ages of the Dorper sheep varied from 5-61 months and their live mass from 25-66 kg, while the Merinos were 8 months old and had a mean mass of 19 kg. Despite the marked differences in the age and live mass of the Dorper sheep and the inclusion of 2 breeds in the experiment, no statistically significant differences were found in cercariae which failed to penetrate the sheep the mean percentage development of cercariae to adult worms, worm distribution in the mesenteric and gastric radicles of the portal vein and the pulmonary arterial system, and worms not removed by perfusion. Significant differences between groups (5% significance level) were found, however, in the number of worms recovered from the hepatic portal system, and in the worm sex ratio. On 3 occasions the total number of eggs excreted per female schistosome in the mesentery per 24 hours differed significantly between groups, but each time a different group or groups of sheep were responsible for the variation which was probably due, therefore, not to the age or breed of the sheep, but to daily variations in individuals. Highly significant differences occurred in the infectivity of the 6 cercarial pools used for infestation in spite of standardized collection and handling of the cercariae. Possible reasons for this are discussed and a solution suggested. Frequent egg counts (5 per sheep per week) were done during the first 25 days of patency, until the sheep were slaughtered. Schistosome ova were detected in the faeces of only 1/18 sheep examined on Day +43 after infestation, and 3/17 on Day +44, whereafter this increased rapidly to 15/34 on Day +45, 25/33 on Day +46, etc. A highly significant correlation was found between the total worm egg excretion in the faeces of the sheep per day and the numbers of female schistosomes in the mesentery, especially shortly after the onset of egg production.", "PMID": 1018889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2346", "title": "Observations on the transmission, immunology, clinical signs and chemotherapy of dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdum infection) in horses, with special reference to cerebro-spinal fluid.", "content": "This paper is a record of observations on the transmission and clinical signs of dourine in naturally infected cases of known duration, and of temporal and quantitative aspects of the immune response in blood and cerebro-spinal fluid. Included in the record are observations on the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in these body fluids and methods for their detection. There is evidence that the occurrence of nervous symptoms and lesions in infected horses is associated with the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in cerebro-spinal fluid. The suitability of cerebro-spinal fluid as an environment for the parasite and its relationship with nervous manifestations of the disease are discussed. Observations support the previously reported lesions of peripheral polyneuritis and suggest a possible correltation between the consitstent position of the nervous lesions and the drainage of cerebro-spinal fluid containing the parasite. Chemotherapy with an experimental drug MSbE was used with varying results in 4 horses at different stages of infection.", "contents": "Observations on the transmission, immunology, clinical signs and chemotherapy of dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdum infection) in horses, with special reference to cerebro-spinal fluid. This paper is a record of observations on the transmission and clinical signs of dourine in naturally infected cases of known duration, and of temporal and quantitative aspects of the immune response in blood and cerebro-spinal fluid. Included in the record are observations on the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in these body fluids and methods for their detection. There is evidence that the occurrence of nervous symptoms and lesions in infected horses is associated with the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in cerebro-spinal fluid. The suitability of cerebro-spinal fluid as an environment for the parasite and its relationship with nervous manifestations of the disease are discussed. Observations support the previously reported lesions of peripheral polyneuritis and suggest a possible correltation between the consitstent position of the nervous lesions and the drainage of cerebro-spinal fluid containing the parasite. Chemotherapy with an experimental drug MSbE was used with varying results in 4 horses at different stages of infection.", "PMID": 1018890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2347", "title": "Maldronksiekte in cattle: a neuronopathy caused by Solanum kwebense N.E. Br.", "content": "A neurological disease of cattle (maldronksiekte), occurring in a localized area of the Northern Transvaal, was experimentally reproduced by feeding Solanum kwebense plants to cattle. The disease is characterized by temporary loss of balance and transient epileptiform seizures precipitated by a variety of stimuli, such as exercise, handling (dipping, loading, etc) and fright. When not disturbed, most affected animals appear to be completely normal. The most conspicuous histopathological lesion is a neuronopathy manifested by vacuolar degeneration and eventual necrosis of neurones, particularly of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. An atrophy of the cerebellar cortex is seen grossly. The history, clinical signs and experimental reproduction of the disease, as well as the pathology of 4 experimental and 18 natural cases, are described.", "contents": "Maldronksiekte in cattle: a neuronopathy caused by Solanum kwebense N.E. Br. A neurological disease of cattle (maldronksiekte), occurring in a localized area of the Northern Transvaal, was experimentally reproduced by feeding Solanum kwebense plants to cattle. The disease is characterized by temporary loss of balance and transient epileptiform seizures precipitated by a variety of stimuli, such as exercise, handling (dipping, loading, etc) and fright. When not disturbed, most affected animals appear to be completely normal. The most conspicuous histopathological lesion is a neuronopathy manifested by vacuolar degeneration and eventual necrosis of neurones, particularly of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. An atrophy of the cerebellar cortex is seen grossly. The history, clinical signs and experimental reproduction of the disease, as well as the pathology of 4 experimental and 18 natural cases, are described.", "PMID": 1018891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2348", "title": "Cerebral babesiosis in a new-born calf.", "content": "A case of intra-uterine transmission of Babesia bovis is reported. The calf was born normally but showed signs of intravascular haemolysis and nervous involvement 24 h after birth. It died shortly afterwards from cerebral babesiosis. The dam was not clinically affected.", "contents": "Cerebral babesiosis in a new-born calf. A case of intra-uterine transmission of Babesia bovis is reported. The calf was born normally but showed signs of intravascular haemolysis and nervous involvement 24 h after birth. It died shortly afterwards from cerebral babesiosis. The dam was not clinically affected.", "PMID": 1018892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2349", "title": "[Main achievements in the study of immunology of helminthiasis].", "content": "Analysis of available literature has shown a considerable progress in the research of the immunology of helminthoses during recent years. In the Soviet Union the study of this problem is carried out, though to a lesser extent, in the same directions as in other countries. They are as follows: 1. study of manifestation, degree of intensity and mechanisms of immunity; 2. study of antigenic structure of helminths as a basis for a purposeful search of methods of cleaning antigenes from ballast matters and criterium of taxonomy; 3. elaboration of methods for immunodiagnostics of helminthoses; 4. use of immunological methods for a study of epidemiology of helminthoses (seroepidemiology); 5. study of immunopathology.", "contents": "[Main achievements in the study of immunology of helminthiasis]. Analysis of available literature has shown a considerable progress in the research of the immunology of helminthoses during recent years. In the Soviet Union the study of this problem is carried out, though to a lesser extent, in the same directions as in other countries. They are as follows: 1. study of manifestation, degree of intensity and mechanisms of immunity; 2. study of antigenic structure of helminths as a basis for a purposeful search of methods of cleaning antigenes from ballast matters and criterium of taxonomy; 3. elaboration of methods for immunodiagnostics of helminthoses; 4. use of immunological methods for a study of epidemiology of helminthoses (seroepidemiology); 5. study of immunopathology.", "PMID": 1018933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2350", "title": "[Distance orientation of the tick Ixodes persulcatus to the attractant factors of the prey].", "content": "The laboratory and field tests have shown that the odour is the main factor which activates ticks (Ixodes persulcatus) attraction to the host. Ticks have a sensation of a man on 15 metres distance; the number of activated ticks increases with the distance to the host and depends on the wind direction. The infrared radiation source excites only a short time activation of the ticks on 0.5-1.0 metres distance. Mechanic and sound stimulations were found to be uneffective for the ticks in the experiment.", "contents": "[Distance orientation of the tick Ixodes persulcatus to the attractant factors of the prey]. The laboratory and field tests have shown that the odour is the main factor which activates ticks (Ixodes persulcatus) attraction to the host. Ticks have a sensation of a man on 15 metres distance; the number of activated ticks increases with the distance to the host and depends on the wind direction. The infrared radiation source excites only a short time activation of the ticks on 0.5-1.0 metres distance. Mechanic and sound stimulations were found to be uneffective for the ticks in the experiment.", "PMID": 1018934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2351", "title": "The cardiac conduction system in sudden infant death syndrome: a report on three cases.", "content": "The cardiac conduction systems in three cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were compared with those in children dying from known causes. Foci of inflammatory cells and areas of necrosis were found in SIDS. Lymphocytes and eosinophils were counted in the adjacent myocardium and significantly larger numbers were present in SIDS. These parhological changes in the conduction systems may be capable of producing cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death.", "contents": "The cardiac conduction system in sudden infant death syndrome: a report on three cases. The cardiac conduction systems in three cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were compared with those in children dying from known causes. Foci of inflammatory cells and areas of necrosis were found in SIDS. Lymphocytes and eosinophils were counted in the adjacent myocardium and significantly larger numbers were present in SIDS. These parhological changes in the conduction systems may be capable of producing cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death.", "PMID": 1018943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2352", "title": "Routine freezing of red blood cells for transfusion in Western Australia.", "content": "Experience with preservation of red cells for transfusion since 1971 has shown that refrigeration with liquid nitrogen is simple and reliable. It allows the use of a concentration of glycerol (20%) which can reasonably be removed by batch-washing if automated washing is not possible. It is possible to transport cells frozen in liquid nitrogen over long distances. This appears the method of choice for preserving rare blood, and once adopted for this purpose it is logical to use it for storage of red cells for other patients. Red cells so stored are similar in many respects to fresh cells, and more than 600 units have been transfused since 1971 without any adverse reaction.", "contents": "Routine freezing of red blood cells for transfusion in Western Australia. Experience with preservation of red cells for transfusion since 1971 has shown that refrigeration with liquid nitrogen is simple and reliable. It allows the use of a concentration of glycerol (20%) which can reasonably be removed by batch-washing if automated washing is not possible. It is possible to transport cells frozen in liquid nitrogen over long distances. This appears the method of choice for preserving rare blood, and once adopted for this purpose it is logical to use it for storage of red cells for other patients. Red cells so stored are similar in many respects to fresh cells, and more than 600 units have been transfused since 1971 without any adverse reaction.", "PMID": 1018944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2353", "title": "[Developmental periods and adaptation of parthenites of Eurytrema pancreaticum (Dicrocoeliidae, Trematoda) to environmental conditions].", "content": "Data are given on the developmental periods of parthenites of E. pancreaticum (Janson, 1889) from the Far East of the USSR. The growth and formation of parthenites were found to take place from May to October and to coincide with the active period of the intermediate host's life cycle. With the decrease of autumn temperatures to 8 degrees the growth of parthenites slows down and ceases completely in October. The pause in the development of parthenites from October to April causes longer developmental periods of parthenites as compared to those in the regions of tropical and subtropical climate. Under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 8 to 22 degrees the development of parthenites proceeds without any intervals within 6.5 months.", "contents": "[Developmental periods and adaptation of parthenites of Eurytrema pancreaticum (Dicrocoeliidae, Trematoda) to environmental conditions]. Data are given on the developmental periods of parthenites of E. pancreaticum (Janson, 1889) from the Far East of the USSR. The growth and formation of parthenites were found to take place from May to October and to coincide with the active period of the intermediate host's life cycle. With the decrease of autumn temperatures to 8 degrees the growth of parthenites slows down and ceases completely in October. The pause in the development of parthenites from October to April causes longer developmental periods of parthenites as compared to those in the regions of tropical and subtropical climate. Under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 8 to 22 degrees the development of parthenites proceeds without any intervals within 6.5 months.", "PMID": 1018937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2354", "title": "Mycobacterium fortuitum spinal infection: case report.", "content": "Acute paraplegia followed a vertebral infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum. There was a satisfactory response to surgery and antibiotics. No predisposing factors for this primary bone infection could be found.", "contents": "Mycobacterium fortuitum spinal infection: case report. Acute paraplegia followed a vertebral infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum. There was a satisfactory response to surgery and antibiotics. No predisposing factors for this primary bone infection could be found.", "PMID": 1018945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2355", "title": "[Life cycles of the Hymenolepis, Aploparaksis birulai Linstow, 1905 and Aploparaksis brachyphallos (Krabbe, 1869)].", "content": "Larvae of A. birulai from Lumbriculus variegatus and A. brachyphallos from Stylodrilus sp. from the Chauna lowland (Chukotka) are described. The species belonging of the larvae was proved experimentally. It was shown that Cysticercus sp. Hrabe, 1958 is a larvacyst of A. birulai. For larvacysts of A. birulai type the name of \"floricerk\" was suggested and for those of A. brachyphallos type--the name \"tailed diplocyst\". It is noted that A. uelcal Spassky et Jurpalova, 1968 is a synonym of A. brachyphallos (Krabbe, 1869) nec A. brachyphallos sensu Davies, 1938.", "contents": "[Life cycles of the Hymenolepis, Aploparaksis birulai Linstow, 1905 and Aploparaksis brachyphallos (Krabbe, 1869)]. Larvae of A. birulai from Lumbriculus variegatus and A. brachyphallos from Stylodrilus sp. from the Chauna lowland (Chukotka) are described. The species belonging of the larvae was proved experimentally. It was shown that Cysticercus sp. Hrabe, 1958 is a larvacyst of A. birulai. For larvacysts of A. birulai type the name of \"floricerk\" was suggested and for those of A. brachyphallos type--the name \"tailed diplocyst\". It is noted that A. uelcal Spassky et Jurpalova, 1968 is a synonym of A. brachyphallos (Krabbe, 1869) nec A. brachyphallos sensu Davies, 1938.", "PMID": 1018938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2356", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid fructose-biphosphate aldolase (aldolase) activity in infectious diseases of the central nervous system.", "content": "Aldolase levels were estimated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infectious diseases of the central nervous system. A significant rise was found in bacterial and cryptococcal meningitis but the investigation failed to elucidate the source and clinical significance of the elevated activity.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid fructose-biphosphate aldolase (aldolase) activity in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Aldolase levels were estimated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infectious diseases of the central nervous system. A significant rise was found in bacterial and cryptococcal meningitis but the investigation failed to elucidate the source and clinical significance of the elevated activity.", "PMID": 1018946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2357", "title": "[Density and distribution of pasture Ixodes in the Central Sikhote-Alin].", "content": "Data are given on the density of active ticks in different landscapes in the central part of Sikhote-Alin. The character of the ticks distribution (regular, even, contagious) in dependence on the relief and vegetation is analysed.", "contents": "[Density and distribution of pasture Ixodes in the Central Sikhote-Alin]. Data are given on the density of active ticks in different landscapes in the central part of Sikhote-Alin. The character of the ticks distribution (regular, even, contagious) in dependence on the relief and vegetation is analysed.", "PMID": 1018935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2358", "title": "[Peritrophic membrane of the 2d type in females of the genus Aedes].", "content": "In the females of bloodsucking mosquitoes of the genus Aedes there was recognised a secretory activity of the cells of the external wall of the cardial portion of the intestine. The secretion excreted according to the macroapocrine type forms in the cardial cavity a peritrophic membrane of the 2-nd type. A difference in the development rate of the membrane in the species studied was noted.", "contents": "[Peritrophic membrane of the 2d type in females of the genus Aedes]. In the females of bloodsucking mosquitoes of the genus Aedes there was recognised a secretory activity of the cells of the external wall of the cardial portion of the intestine. The secretion excreted according to the macroapocrine type forms in the cardial cavity a peritrophic membrane of the 2-nd type. A difference in the development rate of the membrane in the species studied was noted.", "PMID": 1018939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2359", "title": "[Polytypical species of mosquitoes. 1. Anopheles hyrcanus (Passas, 1771)].", "content": "An. hyrcanus differs from close An. sinensis Wied. from south-eastern Asia in the following characters: colour of palps and wings, scales of hind abdominal sternites (Table 1). Populations of An. hyrcanus from various regions of the Soviet Union display great variability of systematic characters. The comparison of specimens from the western and eastern parts of the distribution area has shown that the difference between them is negligible and unstable (Table 2). We have no reason to assign An. hyrcanus from the Far East of the USSR to a distinct subspecies.", "contents": "[Polytypical species of mosquitoes. 1. Anopheles hyrcanus (Passas, 1771)]. An. hyrcanus differs from close An. sinensis Wied. from south-eastern Asia in the following characters: colour of palps and wings, scales of hind abdominal sternites (Table 1). Populations of An. hyrcanus from various regions of the Soviet Union display great variability of systematic characters. The comparison of specimens from the western and eastern parts of the distribution area has shown that the difference between them is negligible and unstable (Table 2). We have no reason to assign An. hyrcanus from the Far East of the USSR to a distinct subspecies.", "PMID": 1018936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2360", "title": "Antibody detection and identification in a hospital blood bank.", "content": "A six-year serological survey has demonstrated that an average of 2.2% per annum of individuals requiring compatibility testing possessed antibodies de novo and that the frequency for individuals forming antibodies following transfusion is 4.1%. The increased detection rate from 1.5% (1969) to 4.1% (1971-5) was almost entirely due to the sensitivity of the two-stage papain technique; a total of 124 antibodies were detected only in this test. Three of these enzyme-active antibodies were found to be the cause of mild haemolytic transfusion reactions. Since 60% of the listed 332 alloantibodies were Rh-specific, the transfusion of appropriately Rh phenotyped blood is strongly recommended.", "contents": "Antibody detection and identification in a hospital blood bank. A six-year serological survey has demonstrated that an average of 2.2% per annum of individuals requiring compatibility testing possessed antibodies de novo and that the frequency for individuals forming antibodies following transfusion is 4.1%. The increased detection rate from 1.5% (1969) to 4.1% (1971-5) was almost entirely due to the sensitivity of the two-stage papain technique; a total of 124 antibodies were detected only in this test. Three of these enzyme-active antibodies were found to be the cause of mild haemolytic transfusion reactions. Since 60% of the listed 332 alloantibodies were Rh-specific, the transfusion of appropriately Rh phenotyped blood is strongly recommended.", "PMID": 1018948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2361", "title": "Hereditary elliptical stomatocytosis: a case report.", "content": "The case described demonstrates the development of elliptical stomatocytosis in a neonate and the appearance of elliptical stomatocytes in her mother whose blood film, before delivery, showed elliptocytosis. Further investigations on both individuals indicated a mild haemolytic anaemia. To our knowledge this is the second reported case of elliptical stomatocytosis.", "contents": "Hereditary elliptical stomatocytosis: a case report. The case described demonstrates the development of elliptical stomatocytosis in a neonate and the appearance of elliptical stomatocytes in her mother whose blood film, before delivery, showed elliptocytosis. Further investigations on both individuals indicated a mild haemolytic anaemia. To our knowledge this is the second reported case of elliptical stomatocytosis.", "PMID": 1018949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2362", "title": "[Revision of certain holarctic species and subspecies of mosquitoes of the genus Culiseta felt. 1. Culiseta (Culiseta) kanayamensis Yamada as a synonym of C. (C.) bergrothi Edwards].", "content": "The arguments are given in favour of the identity of two mosquito species, Culiseta bergrothi Edwards, 1921 and C. kanayamensis Yamada, 1932; the latter name should be considered as a synonym of the former according to the author's priority. A map of the geographic distribution of C. bergrothi (= C. kanayamensis) is given in which the association of this mosquito with the taiga zone of the Palaerctic is shown.", "contents": "[Revision of certain holarctic species and subspecies of mosquitoes of the genus Culiseta felt. 1. Culiseta (Culiseta) kanayamensis Yamada as a synonym of C. (C.) bergrothi Edwards]. The arguments are given in favour of the identity of two mosquito species, Culiseta bergrothi Edwards, 1921 and C. kanayamensis Yamada, 1932; the latter name should be considered as a synonym of the former according to the author's priority. A map of the geographic distribution of C. bergrothi (= C. kanayamensis) is given in which the association of this mosquito with the taiga zone of the Palaerctic is shown.", "PMID": 1018940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2363", "title": "The detection of myoglobin in urine and its application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "content": "An indirect haemaglutination method was developed for the immunochemical detection of myoglobin in human urine. Myoglobin was found in the urine of 84% of 44 patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, it was detected in the urine of 2.7% of 147 control subjects and in none of a control group of 15 patients who had received intramuscular injections. In patients with myocardial infarction, myoglobin was detected in most but not all urine specimens collected between 10 and 50 hours after the onset of chest pain. The results suggest that the detection of myoglobin in urine may be a valuable addition to present tests for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "The detection of myoglobin in urine and its application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. An indirect haemaglutination method was developed for the immunochemical detection of myoglobin in human urine. Myoglobin was found in the urine of 84% of 44 patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, it was detected in the urine of 2.7% of 147 control subjects and in none of a control group of 15 patients who had received intramuscular injections. In patients with myocardial infarction, myoglobin was detected in most but not all urine specimens collected between 10 and 50 hours after the onset of chest pain. The results suggest that the detection of myoglobin in urine may be a valuable addition to present tests for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1018950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2364", "title": "[New species of the tick, Haemoganasus (Parasitiformes, Gamasoidea)].", "content": "The female of the new species Haemogamasus bujakovi sp. n. is described from the Tungokochen region of the Chita district. Two females of the mite were taken from Apodemus speciosus and one from Clethrionomys rutilus.", "contents": "[New species of the tick, Haemoganasus (Parasitiformes, Gamasoidea)]. The female of the new species Haemogamasus bujakovi sp. n. is described from the Tungokochen region of the Chita district. Two females of the mite were taken from Apodemus speciosus and one from Clethrionomys rutilus.", "PMID": 1018942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2365", "title": "Bone marrow metastases in disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: case report with ultrastructural study and review.", "content": "A case of desseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in an 18-year-old male with leuco-erythroblastic anaemia is described. Numerous bizarre malignant cells, including frequent multinucleated giant cells, were seen in bone marrow aspirates, and osteolytic lesions appeared late in the clinical course. The primary site of the neoplasm remained undertermined during life and also at necropsy, which revealed minute pulmonary metastases and extensive lymph nodal, pleural and skeletal deposits. The diagnosis was confirmed on necropsy tissue by ultrastructural examination which demonstrated numerous thin (5 nm) and thick (15 nm) intracytoplasmic filaments in tumour cells, sometimes organized in bundles; scattered dense Z-band-like bodies, and rod-shaped structures were also seen. The fine structure of the rhabdomyosarcoma in the present case is compared with previous ultrastructural studies. Elongated, thick intracytoplasmic filaments whose diameter corresponds to that of myosin myofilaments are strong evidence for rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and are considered to be the sine qua non of a positive electron microscopic diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Orgaized bundles of filaments and Z-band-like dense bodies are usually present, and rod-shaped structures are found infrequently, but none of these are necessary for the ultrastructural diagnosis.", "contents": "Bone marrow metastases in disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: case report with ultrastructural study and review. A case of desseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in an 18-year-old male with leuco-erythroblastic anaemia is described. Numerous bizarre malignant cells, including frequent multinucleated giant cells, were seen in bone marrow aspirates, and osteolytic lesions appeared late in the clinical course. The primary site of the neoplasm remained undertermined during life and also at necropsy, which revealed minute pulmonary metastases and extensive lymph nodal, pleural and skeletal deposits. The diagnosis was confirmed on necropsy tissue by ultrastructural examination which demonstrated numerous thin (5 nm) and thick (15 nm) intracytoplasmic filaments in tumour cells, sometimes organized in bundles; scattered dense Z-band-like bodies, and rod-shaped structures were also seen. The fine structure of the rhabdomyosarcoma in the present case is compared with previous ultrastructural studies. Elongated, thick intracytoplasmic filaments whose diameter corresponds to that of myosin myofilaments are strong evidence for rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and are considered to be the sine qua non of a positive electron microscopic diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Orgaized bundles of filaments and Z-band-like dense bodies are usually present, and rod-shaped structures are found infrequently, but none of these are necessary for the ultrastructural diagnosis.", "PMID": 1018951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2366", "title": "[Gonotrophic cycle of Leptoconops borealis (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)].", "content": "Data are given concerning the gonotrophic cycle in fully engorged specimens of Leptoconops borealis, a mass blood sucker from the coast of the sea of Azov. In fully engorged females the repetition of gonotrophic cycles and degeneration of ovaries take place under the effect of Mermitoidea parasitism.", "contents": "[Gonotrophic cycle of Leptoconops borealis (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)]. Data are given concerning the gonotrophic cycle in fully engorged specimens of Leptoconops borealis, a mass blood sucker from the coast of the sea of Azov. In fully engorged females the repetition of gonotrophic cycles and degeneration of ovaries take place under the effect of Mermitoidea parasitism.", "PMID": 1018941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2367", "title": "Management of thyroid disease: with particular reference to thyroid nodules.", "content": "A host of expensive thyroid tests and operations could be avoided if aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules were more widely accepted by American physicians. The procedure is both an accurate diagnostic tool and an effective treatment of many thyroid nodules.", "contents": "Management of thyroid disease: with particular reference to thyroid nodules. A host of expensive thyroid tests and operations could be avoided if aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules were more widely accepted by American physicians. The procedure is both an accurate diagnostic tool and an effective treatment of many thyroid nodules.", "PMID": 1019057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2368", "title": "Congenital hip dislocation: before and after walking age.", "content": "Residual morbidity from congenital dislocation of the hip is for the most part preventable. Prevention is possible, however, only by establishing the diagnosis early and undertaking treatment which leads to stable reduction and avoids complications. To attain these goals, hip examination whould be a routine part of all newborn care. When dislocation is found in a newborn and early treatment initiated, the anatomic abnormalities are minimal, the dislocation is rasily reduced, and the treatment is simple. When diagnosis and treatment are delayed, the soft-tissue and bony abnormalities  become established and therapy becomes more complicated.", "contents": "Congenital hip dislocation: before and after walking age. Residual morbidity from congenital dislocation of the hip is for the most part preventable. Prevention is possible, however, only by establishing the diagnosis early and undertaking treatment which leads to stable reduction and avoids complications. To attain these goals, hip examination whould be a routine part of all newborn care. When dislocation is found in a newborn and early treatment initiated, the anatomic abnormalities are minimal, the dislocation is rasily reduced, and the treatment is simple. When diagnosis and treatment are delayed, the soft-tissue and bony abnormalities  become established and therapy becomes more complicated.", "PMID": 1019059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2369", "title": "Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease.", "content": "Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease affects children, mostly boys, in the age range of 3 to 12 years. Severity and duration are quite variable. Catterall's classification of disease according to degree of femoral head involvement is of real prognostic value. Other factors of prognostic importance are loss of motion, metaphyseal cysts, subluxation and extrusion, and involvement of the epiphyseal plate, all of which are associated with poor results. Patients with Catterall group I involvement require no specific treatment as long as motion is normal. For patients under 6 years of age with group II involvement, specific efforts to contain the femoral head do not appear to bb indicated. In all other patients, maximum effort should be made to achieve containment of the femoral head and maintain full range of motion. Surgery has been used for reconstruction and as an alternative method of containment.", "contents": "Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease. Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease affects children, mostly boys, in the age range of 3 to 12 years. Severity and duration are quite variable. Catterall's classification of disease according to degree of femoral head involvement is of real prognostic value. Other factors of prognostic importance are loss of motion, metaphyseal cysts, subluxation and extrusion, and involvement of the epiphyseal plate, all of which are associated with poor results. Patients with Catterall group I involvement require no specific treatment as long as motion is normal. For patients under 6 years of age with group II involvement, specific efforts to contain the femoral head do not appear to bb indicated. In all other patients, maximum effort should be made to achieve containment of the femoral head and maintain full range of motion. Surgery has been used for reconstruction and as an alternative method of containment.", "PMID": 1019060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2370", "title": "Rotational problems of the lower extremity.", "content": "Rotational abnormalities in the lower extremities are common in the growing child, but they seldom represent any serious handicap in adult life. When confronted with such a problem, the physician should carefully rule out any underlying pathologic abnormality and should approach the problem in a step-wise fashion. The component parts of the lower extremity should be examined carefully and individually to assess their role in the rotational problem.  The usual causes of internal rotation problems, or toeing in, are metatarsus adductus, internal tibial torsion, and femoral anteversion. External rotation problems are infrequent and pose fewer problems. These include calcaneovalgus, external rotation of the tibia, and external rotatory contractures of the lower extremity. The natural history of these conditions favors improvement with time. However, some patients may require conservative treatment, such as stretching and splints. Rarely, a patient may require surgical intervention.", "contents": "Rotational problems of the lower extremity. Rotational abnormalities in the lower extremities are common in the growing child, but they seldom represent any serious handicap in adult life. When confronted with such a problem, the physician should carefully rule out any underlying pathologic abnormality and should approach the problem in a step-wise fashion. The component parts of the lower extremity should be examined carefully and individually to assess their role in the rotational problem.  The usual causes of internal rotation problems, or toeing in, are metatarsus adductus, internal tibial torsion, and femoral anteversion. External rotation problems are infrequent and pose fewer problems. These include calcaneovalgus, external rotation of the tibia, and external rotatory contractures of the lower extremity. The natural history of these conditions favors improvement with time. However, some patients may require conservative treatment, such as stretching and splints. Rarely, a patient may require surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1019063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2371", "title": "Menstrual problems of the adolescent.", "content": "Pubertal changes occur at a constant rate and in a particular sequence; deviations are indicative of possible menstrual problems. Such problems include precocious puberty, amenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, cramps, and premenstrual tension. Of those patients with menstrual irregularity, 10% to 15% will have chronic conditions requiring lifelong treatment.", "contents": "Menstrual problems of the adolescent. Pubertal changes occur at a constant rate and in a particular sequence; deviations are indicative of possible menstrual problems. Such problems include precocious puberty, amenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, cramps, and premenstrual tension. Of those patients with menstrual irregularity, 10% to 15% will have chronic conditions requiring lifelong treatment.", "PMID": 1019064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2372", "title": "Causes of sexual dysfunction.", "content": "Sexual problems can be classified as related to (1) desire, (2) arousal and penetration, (3) orgasm, and (4) subjective assessment. The usual cause of sexual dysfunction is psychosocial, eg, past conditioning, inadequate communication and cooperation between sexual partners. Possible organic or psychiatric causes should be ruled out, however.", "contents": "Causes of sexual dysfunction. Sexual problems can be classified as related to (1) desire, (2) arousal and penetration, (3) orgasm, and (4) subjective assessment. The usual cause of sexual dysfunction is psychosocial, eg, past conditioning, inadequate communication and cooperation between sexual partners. Possible organic or psychiatric causes should be ruled out, however.", "PMID": 1019065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2373", "title": "Vitamin preparations: proper use in medical practice.", "content": "The prescription of vitamin preparations as dietary supplements should be limited to specific instances of need and should be accompanied by appropriate measures to correct poor diets. Similarly, specific vitamins in therapeutic amounts should be prescribed only in the presence of vitamin deficiencies or increased requirements.", "contents": "Vitamin preparations: proper use in medical practice. The prescription of vitamin preparations as dietary supplements should be limited to specific instances of need and should be accompanied by appropriate measures to correct poor diets. Similarly, specific vitamins in therapeutic amounts should be prescribed only in the presence of vitamin deficiencies or increased requirements.", "PMID": 1019066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2374", "title": "The general internist: an academic viewpoint.", "content": "The general internist is more than a physician possessing the sum of knowledge of the medical subspecialities. He or she must have distinct personal attributes and management skills as well as the traditional diagnostic and treatment capabilities.", "contents": "The general internist: an academic viewpoint. The general internist is more than a physician possessing the sum of knowledge of the medical subspecialities. He or she must have distinct personal attributes and management skills as well as the traditional diagnostic and treatment capabilities.", "PMID": 1019067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2375", "title": "Traumatic injuries: office treatment of eye injury. 1. Injury due to foreign materials.", "content": "Patients with eye injuries caused by foreign materials are often seen by the primary physician. The causative agents may be foreign objects, noxious liquids or vapors, ultraviolet irradiation, or contact lenses. Injuries caused by foreign bodies that do not penetrate the outer coats of the eye can be treated by the nonspecialist; the intraocular presence of an object requires prompt referral to an ophthalmologist. Ultraviolet light irradiation and contact lenses worn for a prolonged period cause a great deal of pain to the eye but injury is not serious and the eye heals well. Injury from chemicals may be moderate or severe; if pain and functional impairment persist after copious irrigation of the eye with sterile saline solution, the patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries: office treatment of eye injury. 1. Injury due to foreign materials. Patients with eye injuries caused by foreign materials are often seen by the primary physician. The causative agents may be foreign objects, noxious liquids or vapors, ultraviolet irradiation, or contact lenses. Injuries caused by foreign bodies that do not penetrate the outer coats of the eye can be treated by the nonspecialist; the intraocular presence of an object requires prompt referral to an ophthalmologist. Ultraviolet light irradiation and contact lenses worn for a prolonged period cause a great deal of pain to the eye but injury is not serious and the eye heals well. Injury from chemicals may be moderate or severe; if pain and functional impairment persist after copious irrigation of the eye with sterile saline solution, the patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist.", "PMID": 1019068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2376", "title": "Community medicine. Triage-a new look at an old French concept.", "content": "Triage involves making judgments as to type and extent of injury. It is begun at the scene of any injury or whenever a patient enters into a health care system. Subsequently, each patient is reevaluated at different stages of care. In recent years a number of mathematical models have been developed to describe patients with multiple injuries, to evaluate emergency care, and to predict the outcome of trauma. While these grading indexes clearly are not flawless, they are helpful tools in determining priority of care.", "contents": "Community medicine. Triage-a new look at an old French concept. Triage involves making judgments as to type and extent of injury. It is begun at the scene of any injury or whenever a patient enters into a health care system. Subsequently, each patient is reevaluated at different stages of care. In recent years a number of mathematical models have been developed to describe patients with multiple injuries, to evaluate emergency care, and to predict the outcome of trauma. While these grading indexes clearly are not flawless, they are helpful tools in determining priority of care.", "PMID": 1019069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2377", "title": "Immunization practice: some important guidelines.", "content": "The right of patients (parents) to know, in detail, the risks inherent in immunization procedures is an important issue. There is legal precedent for holding a physician or drug manufacturer liable for hazards inherent in immunizing materials even if no negligence is involved.", "contents": "Immunization practice: some important guidelines. The right of patients (parents) to know, in detail, the risks inherent in immunization procedures is an important issue. There is legal precedent for holding a physician or drug manufacturer liable for hazards inherent in immunizing materials even if no negligence is involved.", "PMID": 1019071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2378", "title": "The spectrum of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The state of differentiation of the lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a factor that appears to correlate with the presence and severity of clinical manifestations of the disease and with the incidence of complications. Among drug regimens proposed to date, the most efficacious in poorly differentiated disease appear to be the three- and four-drug combinations.", "contents": "The spectrum of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The state of differentiation of the lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a factor that appears to correlate with the presence and severity of clinical manifestations of the disease and with the incidence of complications. Among drug regimens proposed to date, the most efficacious in poorly differentiated disease appear to be the three- and four-drug combinations.", "PMID": 1019072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2379", "title": "Response of laying hens to a low salt diet.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with commercial Leghorn-type hens in advance state of production (16 months of age) to determine response to a 16% protein, corn-soy diet with no added salt. There was an immediate and significant decline in feed consumption. Body weight decreased significantly. After 14 days, there were no ova in the rapidly maturing stage. The ovary may have been reduced in size but apparently was not regressed. Egg specific gravity was significantly reduced but egg weight was unaffected. Egg production dropped to 0% in 17-21 days. On the return of 0.25% salt to the diet, recovery as measured by production rate was initiated immediately with production reaching 79% in 16 days compared to a pre-experimental production of 68%.", "contents": "Response of laying hens to a low salt diet. Two experiments were conducted with commercial Leghorn-type hens in advance state of production (16 months of age) to determine response to a 16% protein, corn-soy diet with no added salt. There was an immediate and significant decline in feed consumption. Body weight decreased significantly. After 14 days, there were no ova in the rapidly maturing stage. The ovary may have been reduced in size but apparently was not regressed. Egg specific gravity was significantly reduced but egg weight was unaffected. Egg production dropped to 0% in 17-21 days. On the return of 0.25% salt to the diet, recovery as measured by production rate was initiated immediately with production reaching 79% in 16 days compared to a pre-experimental production of 68%.", "PMID": 1019073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2380", "title": "Variable rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction or supplementation with vitamin D, fat and antibiotics.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted using day-old broiler type chicks to determine the effect of different cereal grains on vitamin D3 utilization and to investigate the effects of rye, corn, wheat and triticale as the cereal grain component of the diets on the development of a rachitic condition in chicks. Rye was submitted to acid treatment and water extraction in an attempt to destroy or isolate the rachitogenic factor. Results showed that with chicks fed a diet containing 200 I.U. of vitamin D3 with corn as the grain, mineralization of their bones was normal. Growth and bone ash were depressed when rye replaced corn in the diet. These effects were partially reversed when either fat or procaine penicillin was added to the diet, and comppletely prevented with a high level of vitamin D3 (2,000 I.U./kg.). In another experiment, triticale depressed bone ash even though it did not affect body growth to the same extent as rye. Our results indicate that the factor responsible for the rachitogenic condition of rye-fed chicks can be removed by water extraction of this grain or partially destroyed by acid autoclaved treatment. A combination of acid autoclaved treatment and penicillin supplementation prevented the depression in bone ash.", "contents": "Variable rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction or supplementation with vitamin D, fat and antibiotics. Three experiments were conducted using day-old broiler type chicks to determine the effect of different cereal grains on vitamin D3 utilization and to investigate the effects of rye, corn, wheat and triticale as the cereal grain component of the diets on the development of a rachitic condition in chicks. Rye was submitted to acid treatment and water extraction in an attempt to destroy or isolate the rachitogenic factor. Results showed that with chicks fed a diet containing 200 I.U. of vitamin D3 with corn as the grain, mineralization of their bones was normal. Growth and bone ash were depressed when rye replaced corn in the diet. These effects were partially reversed when either fat or procaine penicillin was added to the diet, and comppletely prevented with a high level of vitamin D3 (2,000 I.U./kg.). In another experiment, triticale depressed bone ash even though it did not affect body growth to the same extent as rye. Our results indicate that the factor responsible for the rachitogenic condition of rye-fed chicks can be removed by water extraction of this grain or partially destroyed by acid autoclaved treatment. A combination of acid autoclaved treatment and penicillin supplementation prevented the depression in bone ash.", "PMID": 1019074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2381", "title": "A cephalic influence on gastric motility upon seeing food in domestic turkeys (Melagris gallopavo), great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis).", "content": "Strain gage transducers were permanently implanted on the muscular stomachs of 13 turkeys, 3 great-horned owls and 2 red-tailed hawks to monitor gastric motility before, during and after eating. Following fasting, the sight of food resulted in significant increases in gastric contractile activity in all three species. Gastric motility further increased when the birds were allowed to eat. In raptors, however, a brief interruption in gastric motility occurred immediately after eating. This is apparently analogous to receptive relaxation which occurs in the stomach of mammals.", "contents": "A cephalic influence on gastric motility upon seeing food in domestic turkeys (Melagris gallopavo), great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Strain gage transducers were permanently implanted on the muscular stomachs of 13 turkeys, 3 great-horned owls and 2 red-tailed hawks to monitor gastric motility before, during and after eating. Following fasting, the sight of food resulted in significant increases in gastric contractile activity in all three species. Gastric motility further increased when the birds were allowed to eat. In raptors, however, a brief interruption in gastric motility occurred immediately after eating. This is apparently analogous to receptive relaxation which occurs in the stomach of mammals.", "PMID": 1019075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2382", "title": "The use of bile salts to improve absorption of tallow in chicks, one to three weeks of age.", "content": "Apparent fat absorption was 39.6 and 68.2% in chicks 4-7 and 14-19 days of age, respectively, fed purified-type diets with 8.2% tallow (TLW). Cholic acid (C.A.), chenodesoxycholic acid (Ch.A.) and taurocholate, sodium salt (T.A.) at .025 and .05% increased significantly the apparent absorption of fat by 8.4 percentage units in chicks 4-7 days of age, and as much as 10 percentage units in chicks 14-19 days of age. No significant increase in metabolized energy of diets was detected. C.A. was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at graded levels up to .2% in corn-soy diets containing either 4 or 8% TLW or hydrogenated soybean oil. No improvement in fat absorption or M.E. was detected in these hens which absorbed 86-89% of the fat. The data indicate that bile salts appear to be effective in improving the absorption of saturated-type fats only in young chicks whose absorptive mechanism for fat is not fully developed.", "contents": "The use of bile salts to improve absorption of tallow in chicks, one to three weeks of age. Apparent fat absorption was 39.6 and 68.2% in chicks 4-7 and 14-19 days of age, respectively, fed purified-type diets with 8.2% tallow (TLW). Cholic acid (C.A.), chenodesoxycholic acid (Ch.A.) and taurocholate, sodium salt (T.A.) at .025 and .05% increased significantly the apparent absorption of fat by 8.4 percentage units in chicks 4-7 days of age, and as much as 10 percentage units in chicks 14-19 days of age. No significant increase in metabolized energy of diets was detected. C.A. was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at graded levels up to .2% in corn-soy diets containing either 4 or 8% TLW or hydrogenated soybean oil. No improvement in fat absorption or M.E. was detected in these hens which absorbed 86-89% of the fat. The data indicate that bile salts appear to be effective in improving the absorption of saturated-type fats only in young chicks whose absorptive mechanism for fat is not fully developed.", "PMID": 1019076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2383", "title": "Fertility of frozen chicken semen after intravaginal and intrauterine inseminations using various concentrations and equilibration times of dimethylsulfoxide and a range of freezing and thawing rates.", "content": "The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective agent for freezing chicken semen was examined with respect to intravaginal (I.V.) and intrauterine(I.U.) inseminations. Semen diluted in DMSO was subjected to various freeze rates, equilibration times and thawing rates. Various concentrations of DMSO were examined as was the effect of diluting DMSO with phosphate buffer and Lake's solution. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) effect of rate of freeze (ranging from 1.3 degrees C to 7.2 degrees C. per min) on fertility. However, rapid thawing in an ice bath resulted in a longer (p less than 0.05) duration of fertility than thawing at 1 degree C. per min., but had no effect on percent fertility during duration or percent hens fertile. Equilibration time and concentration of DMSO had no significant (p greater than 0.05) effects on fertility. There was no interaction between insemination route and Lake's solution vs. phosphate buffer with respect to duration of fertility. It was concluded that intrauterine (I.U.) insemination resulted in superior fertility to intravaginal (I.V.) inseminations with semen frozen in DMSO.", "contents": "Fertility of frozen chicken semen after intravaginal and intrauterine inseminations using various concentrations and equilibration times of dimethylsulfoxide and a range of freezing and thawing rates. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective agent for freezing chicken semen was examined with respect to intravaginal (I.V.) and intrauterine(I.U.) inseminations. Semen diluted in DMSO was subjected to various freeze rates, equilibration times and thawing rates. Various concentrations of DMSO were examined as was the effect of diluting DMSO with phosphate buffer and Lake's solution. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) effect of rate of freeze (ranging from 1.3 degrees C to 7.2 degrees C. per min) on fertility. However, rapid thawing in an ice bath resulted in a longer (p less than 0.05) duration of fertility than thawing at 1 degree C. per min., but had no effect on percent fertility during duration or percent hens fertile. Equilibration time and concentration of DMSO had no significant (p greater than 0.05) effects on fertility. There was no interaction between insemination route and Lake's solution vs. phosphate buffer with respect to duration of fertility. It was concluded that intrauterine (I.U.) insemination resulted in superior fertility to intravaginal (I.V.) inseminations with semen frozen in DMSO.", "PMID": 1019077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2384", "title": "Calcium balance in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 1, Influence of sex and diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Young adult male and laying female quail, fed with a diet containing 2.64% Ca and 0.70% P, were used to study nutritive utilization, corporal calcium retention and endogenous excretion, calcemia, laying and properties of the egg (including the shell structure), mineralization of the femur bone, as well as the influence of diethylstilbestrol upon these parameters. The coefficient of nutritive utilization (C.N.U.) in the female was high and logically superior to that of the male, while the corporal retention was quite similar for both sexes. Most of the Ca absorbed (81.8%) and not excreted in urine, went to the egg and only 18.2% remained in the body. The diethylstilbestrol caused a big reduction of the C.N.U. in the female, but not in the male, parallel to an inhibition of laying, and an increase of corporal retention of used calcium. In both sexes the calcemia surprisingly increased, and the calcium level of the femur bone was higher, and even though the cortical osseous zone was slightly wider, the effect of treatment was noticeable, particularly in the medular tissue, which incremented in the female and appeared in the male. When quail were fed a calcium-restricted diet, the endogenous excretion of this mineral was small in the case of the female and significantly smaller in the male. This situation suppressed egg laying and resulted in a clearly decreased bone mineralization. The ingestion of diethylstilbestrol before feeding a diet poor in calcium provoked an increase of the endogenous excretion of calcium in both female and male quail.", "contents": "Calcium balance in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 1, Influence of sex and diethylstilbestrol. Young adult male and laying female quail, fed with a diet containing 2.64% Ca and 0.70% P, were used to study nutritive utilization, corporal calcium retention and endogenous excretion, calcemia, laying and properties of the egg (including the shell structure), mineralization of the femur bone, as well as the influence of diethylstilbestrol upon these parameters. The coefficient of nutritive utilization (C.N.U.) in the female was high and logically superior to that of the male, while the corporal retention was quite similar for both sexes. Most of the Ca absorbed (81.8%) and not excreted in urine, went to the egg and only 18.2% remained in the body. The diethylstilbestrol caused a big reduction of the C.N.U. in the female, but not in the male, parallel to an inhibition of laying, and an increase of corporal retention of used calcium. In both sexes the calcemia surprisingly increased, and the calcium level of the femur bone was higher, and even though the cortical osseous zone was slightly wider, the effect of treatment was noticeable, particularly in the medular tissue, which incremented in the female and appeared in the male. When quail were fed a calcium-restricted diet, the endogenous excretion of this mineral was small in the case of the female and significantly smaller in the male. This situation suppressed egg laying and resulted in a clearly decreased bone mineralization. The ingestion of diethylstilbestrol before feeding a diet poor in calcium provoked an increase of the endogenous excretion of calcium in both female and male quail.", "PMID": 1019078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2385", "title": "The responses of chicks to ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium sulphates and to ammonium and potassium carbonates.", "content": "The responses of chicks of 14 days of age to increasing levels of dietary anions and cations were investigated in two experiments. Major reductions in weight gains per chick and in gain:feed ratios were observed in chicks as levels of dietary sulphate, with ammonium or potassium cations, were increased from 0 through 5 g. per 100 g. diet. Sodium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect. Calcium and magnesium sulphates  increased weight gains and gain:feed ratios at low levels of dietary inclusion. The relative effect of anion and cation were studied in the second experiment. Potassium carbonate  reduced weight gains  and gain:feed ratio to a greater degree than potassium sulphate; however the higher dietary levels of ammonium carbonate had little effect on chick growth responses in contrast to the major reductions obtained in  response to ammonium sulphate. There were no differences between responses of strains of chicks within experiments. None of the salts were lethal at the levels fed.", "contents": "The responses of chicks to ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium sulphates and to ammonium and potassium carbonates. The responses of chicks of 14 days of age to increasing levels of dietary anions and cations were investigated in two experiments. Major reductions in weight gains per chick and in gain:feed ratios were observed in chicks as levels of dietary sulphate, with ammonium or potassium cations, were increased from 0 through 5 g. per 100 g. diet. Sodium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect. Calcium and magnesium sulphates  increased weight gains and gain:feed ratios at low levels of dietary inclusion. The relative effect of anion and cation were studied in the second experiment. Potassium carbonate  reduced weight gains  and gain:feed ratio to a greater degree than potassium sulphate; however the higher dietary levels of ammonium carbonate had little effect on chick growth responses in contrast to the major reductions obtained in  response to ammonium sulphate. There were no differences between responses of strains of chicks within experiments. None of the salts were lethal at the levels fed.", "PMID": 1019079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2386", "title": "Effect of DDE, DDT and calcium on the performance of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of DDE, DDT and calcium on performance of quail. The quail received diets containing 0 or 100 p.p.m. of DDE for eight 28-day periods in Exp. 1 and 0, 100 or 300 p.p.m. of DDE or 100 p.p.m of DDT for six periods in Exp. 2. Diets containing either 0.5 or 3% calcium were used with each pesticide level. No differences in egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, female body weights, fertility or hatchability were obtained from DDE or DDT up to 100 p.p.m.  Three hundred p.p.m. of DDE did result in a decrease in female body weights and in fertility on the low calcium diet. Egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were affected by the lower calcium level. Male body weights were adversely affected from 100 p.p.m. or more of DDE. Mortality increased as the level of DDE increased for females, while no effect was observed with DDT. Males appeared more sensitive to 100 p.p.m. of DDE in Exp. 1 and 300 p.p.m of DDE and 100 p.p.m. of DDT in Exp. 2. Livability and growth of chicks from hens receiving rations containing DDE AND DDT were unaffected by maternal treatment. In summary, DDE and DDT were without effect on egg shell quality or most other reproductive factors, but DDE at 300 p.p.m. did exert a detrimental effect on adult body weights, fertility and mortality.", "contents": "Effect of DDE, DDT and calcium on the performance of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of DDE, DDT and calcium on performance of quail. The quail received diets containing 0 or 100 p.p.m. of DDE for eight 28-day periods in Exp. 1 and 0, 100 or 300 p.p.m. of DDE or 100 p.p.m of DDT for six periods in Exp. 2. Diets containing either 0.5 or 3% calcium were used with each pesticide level. No differences in egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, female body weights, fertility or hatchability were obtained from DDE or DDT up to 100 p.p.m.  Three hundred p.p.m. of DDE did result in a decrease in female body weights and in fertility on the low calcium diet. Egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were affected by the lower calcium level. Male body weights were adversely affected from 100 p.p.m. or more of DDE. Mortality increased as the level of DDE increased for females, while no effect was observed with DDT. Males appeared more sensitive to 100 p.p.m. of DDE in Exp. 1 and 300 p.p.m of DDE and 100 p.p.m. of DDT in Exp. 2. Livability and growth of chicks from hens receiving rations containing DDE AND DDT were unaffected by maternal treatment. In summary, DDE and DDT were without effect on egg shell quality or most other reproductive factors, but DDE at 300 p.p.m. did exert a detrimental effect on adult body weights, fertility and mortality.", "PMID": 1019080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2387", "title": "Behavioral and physiological studies of seizures induced by systemic injection of metrazol in chickens.", "content": "The influence of systemically administered Metrazol on behavior, electroencephalogram and body temperature has been studied in young and adult chickens. Distinct convulsions were induced by 30--50 mg./kg. Metrazol administered intravenously in adults: they consisted of an initial excited state, a tonic convulsion accompanied with opisthotonos, and finally, convulsive movements. During recovery from these convulsions, three distinct behaviors were observed: violent peck-like movement, watchful state and finally panting behavior. All of the birds receiving higher intravenous doses (60--100 mg./kg.) exhibited vigorous convulsions immediately after injection and death occurred in 100% of the birds receiving these doses. An intraperitoneal injection of 75--100 mg./kg. Metrazol produced typical convulsions in young and adult chickens. At these doses, convulsions consisted of an initial excited state, a tonic convulsion accompanied with opisthotonos, and convulsive movements which involved clonic and tonic phases. The threshold for evoking typical convulsions with intraperitoneal injection ranges between 50 and 60 mg./kg. Metrazol in young chickens. The intravenous threshold doses for evoking high amplitude (1--2 mV.) in the EEG of adult chickens was 60 mg./kg. Metrazol. High intraperitoneal doses of Metrazol(75-100 mg./kg.) produced typical spikes with large amplitude which were synchronous in the two hemispheres in both young and adult chickens. There was a marked increase in body temperature within 10 minutes after injection in all cases of 50 mg./kg. intravenous dose: maximum increase (at 40 min.) was 1.5 degrees C. as compared with controls, however, it decreased rapidly with panting behavior. The highest does (100 mg./kg.) produced a maximum increase in body temperature of 3 degrees C. Discussion of epileptic seizure susceptibility to Metrazol in aves, in the light of phylogenesis, is discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral and physiological studies of seizures induced by systemic injection of metrazol in chickens. The influence of systemically administered Metrazol on behavior, electroencephalogram and body temperature has been studied in young and adult chickens. Distinct convulsions were induced by 30--50 mg./kg. Metrazol administered intravenously in adults: they consisted of an initial excited state, a tonic convulsion accompanied with opisthotonos, and finally, convulsive movements. During recovery from these convulsions, three distinct behaviors were observed: violent peck-like movement, watchful state and finally panting behavior. All of the birds receiving higher intravenous doses (60--100 mg./kg.) exhibited vigorous convulsions immediately after injection and death occurred in 100% of the birds receiving these doses. An intraperitoneal injection of 75--100 mg./kg. Metrazol produced typical convulsions in young and adult chickens. At these doses, convulsions consisted of an initial excited state, a tonic convulsion accompanied with opisthotonos, and convulsive movements which involved clonic and tonic phases. The threshold for evoking typical convulsions with intraperitoneal injection ranges between 50 and 60 mg./kg. Metrazol in young chickens. The intravenous threshold doses for evoking high amplitude (1--2 mV.) in the EEG of adult chickens was 60 mg./kg. Metrazol. High intraperitoneal doses of Metrazol(75-100 mg./kg.) produced typical spikes with large amplitude which were synchronous in the two hemispheres in both young and adult chickens. There was a marked increase in body temperature within 10 minutes after injection in all cases of 50 mg./kg. intravenous dose: maximum increase (at 40 min.) was 1.5 degrees C. as compared with controls, however, it decreased rapidly with panting behavior. The highest does (100 mg./kg.) produced a maximum increase in body temperature of 3 degrees C. Discussion of epileptic seizure susceptibility to Metrazol in aves, in the light of phylogenesis, is discussed.", "PMID": 1019081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2388", "title": "Body temperature and blood chemistry responses in broiler cockerels given a single intravenous injection of Na+ or Ca++ before an acute heating episode.", "content": "Eight-week-old broiler cockerels were injected intravenously with avian saline containing additional Na+ as NaCl or Ca++ as CaCl2. After the injections half of the chickens were heated at 45 degrees C. and the others were maintained at 24 degrees C. Cloacal body temperatures were determined and blood samples were collected before heat exposure and at 30 minute intervals until the chickens had been heated for 120 minutes. Na+ did not affect body temperature of chickens in the 24 degrees C. environment, but Na+-treated chickens in the 45 degrees C. environment had significantly elevated body temperatures compared to the heated controls. Ca++ caused a significant decrease in body temperature of the non-heated chickens, but it was without effect in heated chickens. Neither Na\" nor Ca++ altered the responses of plasma glucose, cholesterol, and calcium during the heating episode. However, Ca++ caused a significant rise in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens and prevented the rapid decline in the heated chickens. Na+ caused a significant fall in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens, but it did not alter the plasma phosphate response to acute heat stress. The present experimental resultn chickens in a moderate temperature environment, and suggests that Ca++ initially exerts a peripheral rather than a central effect in decreasing the body temperature.", "contents": "Body temperature and blood chemistry responses in broiler cockerels given a single intravenous injection of Na+ or Ca++ before an acute heating episode. Eight-week-old broiler cockerels were injected intravenously with avian saline containing additional Na+ as NaCl or Ca++ as CaCl2. After the injections half of the chickens were heated at 45 degrees C. and the others were maintained at 24 degrees C. Cloacal body temperatures were determined and blood samples were collected before heat exposure and at 30 minute intervals until the chickens had been heated for 120 minutes. Na+ did not affect body temperature of chickens in the 24 degrees C. environment, but Na+-treated chickens in the 45 degrees C. environment had significantly elevated body temperatures compared to the heated controls. Ca++ caused a significant decrease in body temperature of the non-heated chickens, but it was without effect in heated chickens. Neither Na\" nor Ca++ altered the responses of plasma glucose, cholesterol, and calcium during the heating episode. However, Ca++ caused a significant rise in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens and prevented the rapid decline in the heated chickens. Na+ caused a significant fall in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens, but it did not alter the plasma phosphate response to acute heat stress. The present experimental resultn chickens in a moderate temperature environment, and suggests that Ca++ initially exerts a peripheral rather than a central effect in decreasing the body temperature.", "PMID": 1019082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2389", "title": "Thy hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus by chicks and laying hens.", "content": "The chromic oxide balance method was used to determine the amount of natural phytate phosphorus hydrolyzed by chicks and laying hens. Broiler chicks 4 and 9 weeks old and Single Comb White Leghorn hens were fed diets containing corn as the only grain source or diets in which wheat replaced one half of the corn. Feces were collected twice daily during the 7-day test period. The phytate phosphorus recovered in the feces of the 4 and 9 week old chicks and the laying hens fed the diet containing corn was 100, 98, and 92%. When wheat replaced one half of the corn the recovery was 92, 87 and 87%. The phytase activity in wheat was minimal in vivo; whereas, in vitro tests indicated enzyme activity.", "contents": "Thy hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus by chicks and laying hens. The chromic oxide balance method was used to determine the amount of natural phytate phosphorus hydrolyzed by chicks and laying hens. Broiler chicks 4 and 9 weeks old and Single Comb White Leghorn hens were fed diets containing corn as the only grain source or diets in which wheat replaced one half of the corn. Feces were collected twice daily during the 7-day test period. The phytate phosphorus recovered in the feces of the 4 and 9 week old chicks and the laying hens fed the diet containing corn was 100, 98, and 92%. When wheat replaced one half of the corn the recovery was 92, 87 and 87%. The phytase activity in wheat was minimal in vivo; whereas, in vitro tests indicated enzyme activity.", "PMID": 1019083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2390", "title": "Studies on the enteric absorption of selenium in the chick using localized coccidial infections.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the primary loci of gastrointestinal absorption of inorganic selenium in the chick using radiotracer techniques and Eimeria sp. infections of known site specificity for the gastrointestinal tract. Results showed that coccidial infections in the anterior regions of the small intestine reduced selenium absorption and potentiated selenium deficiency among chicks fed critical levels of the mineral. Absorption experiments showed that selenium absorption was greatest in the duodenum and anterior ileum, although selenium was bound at least transiently to tissues in the gizzard and crop. It is concluded from these experiments that dietary inorganic selenium is absorbed primarily in the duodenum and anterior ileum. Factors such as enteric disease which disrupt the integrity of the anterior intestinal mucosa can, therefore, reduce the absorption of selenium and other nutrients absorbed in that region, resulting in a potentiation of nutritional deficiencies.", "contents": "Studies on the enteric absorption of selenium in the chick using localized coccidial infections. Studies were conducted to determine the primary loci of gastrointestinal absorption of inorganic selenium in the chick using radiotracer techniques and Eimeria sp. infections of known site specificity for the gastrointestinal tract. Results showed that coccidial infections in the anterior regions of the small intestine reduced selenium absorption and potentiated selenium deficiency among chicks fed critical levels of the mineral. Absorption experiments showed that selenium absorption was greatest in the duodenum and anterior ileum, although selenium was bound at least transiently to tissues in the gizzard and crop. It is concluded from these experiments that dietary inorganic selenium is absorbed primarily in the duodenum and anterior ileum. Factors such as enteric disease which disrupt the integrity of the anterior intestinal mucosa can, therefore, reduce the absorption of selenium and other nutrients absorbed in that region, resulting in a potentiation of nutritional deficiencies.", "PMID": 1019084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2391", "title": "Effects of 1,3-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol on growth, blood metabolites, and liver glycogen broiler chickens.", "content": "Control diets, and diets containing 4% 1,3-butanediol (BD), 8% BD, 4% 1,2-propanediol (PD) and 8% PD were offered ad libitum to broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded, and plasma metabolites and liver glycogen were measured. When compared to the control diet, the synthetic compounds depressed (p less than 0.01) growth at the 4% level, but the effect was more pronounced (p less than 0.01) at the  8% level. The test compounds had no effect (p less than 0.05) on the efficiency of feed utilization. Four percent BD elevated (p less than 0.01) plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations, and the ratio of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. The influence was more pronounced at the 8% level; PD did not affect (p greater than or equal to 0.05) ketone body concentrations. Neither BD, nor PD caused changes (p greater than or equal to) in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol, or liver glycogen. Results are discussed with reference to feeding these compounds to monogastric and ruminant animals.", "contents": "Effects of 1,3-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol on growth, blood metabolites, and liver glycogen broiler chickens. Control diets, and diets containing 4% 1,3-butanediol (BD), 8% BD, 4% 1,2-propanediol (PD) and 8% PD were offered ad libitum to broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded, and plasma metabolites and liver glycogen were measured. When compared to the control diet, the synthetic compounds depressed (p less than 0.01) growth at the 4% level, but the effect was more pronounced (p less than 0.01) at the  8% level. The test compounds had no effect (p less than 0.05) on the efficiency of feed utilization. Four percent BD elevated (p less than 0.01) plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations, and the ratio of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. The influence was more pronounced at the 8% level; PD did not affect (p greater than or equal to 0.05) ketone body concentrations. Neither BD, nor PD caused changes (p greater than or equal to) in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol, or liver glycogen. Results are discussed with reference to feeding these compounds to monogastric and ruminant animals.", "PMID": 1019085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2392", "title": "Accumulation and depletion of dieldrin in visceral fatty tissue of broilers.", "content": "White rock chicks were fed a commercial crumbles ration with approximately 1.0 p.p.m. of the active ingreient of technical grade dieldrin added to it. The treated feed was replaced by uncontaminated feed at various times from two to eight weeks of age. Equations were computed to describe the accumulation and depletion of the insecticide in visceral adipose tissue. Accumulations in females were described by polynomial equations with significant quadratic coefficients which indicated that the rate of accumulation leveled off between six and eight weeks. Accumulation rates in males were essentially linear through ten weeks. After removal of dieldrin from the feed, insecticide depletion from fat could be described in both sexes by equations for power curves. Replacement of contaminated feed with uncontaminated feed by two or three weeks of age resulted in concentrations at control or background levels by eight weeks of age. Replacement of contaminated feed with non-contaminated feed at ages later than three weeks did not bring concentrations below those acceptable as non-hazardous for human consumption.", "contents": "Accumulation and depletion of dieldrin in visceral fatty tissue of broilers. White rock chicks were fed a commercial crumbles ration with approximately 1.0 p.p.m. of the active ingreient of technical grade dieldrin added to it. The treated feed was replaced by uncontaminated feed at various times from two to eight weeks of age. Equations were computed to describe the accumulation and depletion of the insecticide in visceral adipose tissue. Accumulations in females were described by polynomial equations with significant quadratic coefficients which indicated that the rate of accumulation leveled off between six and eight weeks. Accumulation rates in males were essentially linear through ten weeks. After removal of dieldrin from the feed, insecticide depletion from fat could be described in both sexes by equations for power curves. Replacement of contaminated feed with uncontaminated feed by two or three weeks of age resulted in concentrations at control or background levels by eight weeks of age. Replacement of contaminated feed with non-contaminated feed at ages later than three weeks did not bring concentrations below those acceptable as non-hazardous for human consumption.", "PMID": 1019086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2393", "title": "Studies on the daily protein and amino acid needs of broiler breeder hens.", "content": "Feeding trials were conducted with broiler breeder hens to determine optimum daily intake of protein for maximum performance. Pullets were grown to 24 weeks of age on limited feed intake to maintain the body weight within the limits suggested by the breeder. A controlled-feeding system was used during the laying period with step-wise increase in calorie intakes. In the first study corn-soybean type diets were used to supply 14 to 22 grams of protein/day in 2 gram increments. In the second study daily protein intakes of 14.5 to 24 grams were compared. In addition, diets supplying 14.5 and 16 grams of protein daily were also fed with an additional 200 mg/day of lysine and methionine. The results of these studies suggest that the protein requirement of broiler breeder hens fed corn-soybean meal diets without supplemental amino acids is 20-22 grams per day.", "contents": "Studies on the daily protein and amino acid needs of broiler breeder hens. Feeding trials were conducted with broiler breeder hens to determine optimum daily intake of protein for maximum performance. Pullets were grown to 24 weeks of age on limited feed intake to maintain the body weight within the limits suggested by the breeder. A controlled-feeding system was used during the laying period with step-wise increase in calorie intakes. In the first study corn-soybean type diets were used to supply 14 to 22 grams of protein/day in 2 gram increments. In the second study daily protein intakes of 14.5 to 24 grams were compared. In addition, diets supplying 14.5 and 16 grams of protein daily were also fed with an additional 200 mg/day of lysine and methionine. The results of these studies suggest that the protein requirement of broiler breeder hens fed corn-soybean meal diets without supplemental amino acids is 20-22 grams per day.", "PMID": 1019087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2394", "title": "Lysine requirement of hens fed diets with corn as the major cereal grain.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of laying hens. Corn was used as the cereal grain, and cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and corn gluten meal supplied supplemental protein. In Experiment 1 a daily lysine intake of 607 mg. per hen per day was adequate for maximum egg production and egg weight. In Experiment 2 basal diets were calculated to contain 2880 M.E. kcal/kg. or 3110 M.E. kcal/kg. The lysine requirement for the lower energy diet was 657 mg. per hen per day and for the higher energy diet was 636 mg. per hen per day. A lysine requirement of 650 mg. per hen per day is recommended.", "contents": "Lysine requirement of hens fed diets with corn as the major cereal grain. Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of laying hens. Corn was used as the cereal grain, and cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and corn gluten meal supplied supplemental protein. In Experiment 1 a daily lysine intake of 607 mg. per hen per day was adequate for maximum egg production and egg weight. In Experiment 2 basal diets were calculated to contain 2880 M.E. kcal/kg. or 3110 M.E. kcal/kg. The lysine requirement for the lower energy diet was 657 mg. per hen per day and for the higher energy diet was 636 mg. per hen per day. A lysine requirement of 650 mg. per hen per day is recommended.", "PMID": 1019088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2395", "title": "Simplified hypophysectomy technique for young birds.", "content": "The present work introduces a modified oral approach to the pituitary gland of the immature bird with improved localization and visualization of the organ in situ. The hypophysectomy procedure is based on simplified instrumentation readily available or constructed with materials present in most, if not all, laboratories. The technique has the added advantage of minimal exsanguination, virtually no operative trauma, and allows for a rapid post operative animal recovery.", "contents": "Simplified hypophysectomy technique for young birds. The present work introduces a modified oral approach to the pituitary gland of the immature bird with improved localization and visualization of the organ in situ. The hypophysectomy procedure is based on simplified instrumentation readily available or constructed with materials present in most, if not all, laboratories. The technique has the added advantage of minimal exsanguination, virtually no operative trauma, and allows for a rapid post operative animal recovery.", "PMID": 1019089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2396", "title": "Selection for increased semen yield in the turkey.", "content": "Selection was effective in greatly increasing semen yield in the turkey. After five generations of selection semen yield in the selected line was more than double that of the randombred control line from which the semen line was developed. The realized heritability of semen yield was .35 +/- .20. There was no consistent change in sperm concentration or frequency of bent sperm associated with the increased yield. Egg production was increased in the semen line. The increase occurred in the first generation of selection and was maintained throughout the remaining generations of selection. Body weight during the growing period exhibited an initial increase in the semen line but declined to randombred control levels in later generations. There was no consistent change in percent fertility, percent hatchability of fertile eggs or number of poults produced per hen which was associated with the genetic increases in semen yield.", "contents": "Selection for increased semen yield in the turkey. Selection was effective in greatly increasing semen yield in the turkey. After five generations of selection semen yield in the selected line was more than double that of the randombred control line from which the semen line was developed. The realized heritability of semen yield was .35 +/- .20. There was no consistent change in sperm concentration or frequency of bent sperm associated with the increased yield. Egg production was increased in the semen line. The increase occurred in the first generation of selection and was maintained throughout the remaining generations of selection. Body weight during the growing period exhibited an initial increase in the semen line but declined to randombred control levels in later generations. There was no consistent change in percent fertility, percent hatchability of fertile eggs or number of poults produced per hen which was associated with the genetic increases in semen yield.", "PMID": 1019090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2397", "title": "The arginine requirement of the 4-7 week old broiler.", "content": "Two floor pen studies were conducted to determine the minimum arginine level needed to support maximum weight gain and optimum feed conversion during the 4-7 week period of growth for both males and females. Floor feather counts were used as an additional criteria for determining the arginine requirement. The basal diets were calculated to contain 0.74 and 0.80% arginine based on the analyzed values for corn, corn gluten meal, skimmilk and soybean meal. Regression equations were calculated from the data obtained for the males only. Based on the regression equations, the calculated requirement for maximum weight gain, optimum feed conversion, and floor feathers is 1.09, 1.10, and 1.13% arginine, respectively. When expressed as a function of energy, the requirements would be 0.329, 0.332, and 0.341% arginine per megacalorie of metabolizable energy per kg. of diet, respectively. The differences in rate of gain data for the females were non-significant, indicating the requirement of the females to be less than the males. The female requirement, based on floor feathers, would appear to be 0.98% dietary arginine.", "contents": "The arginine requirement of the 4-7 week old broiler. Two floor pen studies were conducted to determine the minimum arginine level needed to support maximum weight gain and optimum feed conversion during the 4-7 week period of growth for both males and females. Floor feather counts were used as an additional criteria for determining the arginine requirement. The basal diets were calculated to contain 0.74 and 0.80% arginine based on the analyzed values for corn, corn gluten meal, skimmilk and soybean meal. Regression equations were calculated from the data obtained for the males only. Based on the regression equations, the calculated requirement for maximum weight gain, optimum feed conversion, and floor feathers is 1.09, 1.10, and 1.13% arginine, respectively. When expressed as a function of energy, the requirements would be 0.329, 0.332, and 0.341% arginine per megacalorie of metabolizable energy per kg. of diet, respectively. The differences in rate of gain data for the females were non-significant, indicating the requirement of the females to be less than the males. The female requirement, based on floor feathers, would appear to be 0.98% dietary arginine.", "PMID": 1019091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2398", "title": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake.", "content": "The effects of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) on the survival and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa of the drake were examined. Semen was collected from the ductus deferens and divided into three parts; one remained undiluted (control 1) and other two were diluted with EGR-fluid and phosphate buffer (control 2) respectively. The survival of spermatozoa stored in the EGR-fluid was similar to that of controls but many spermatozoa were deformed during storage, the rate of which reached 57% in the samples stored for 24 hours. The fertilizing ability of the fresh (unstored) spermatozoa was not adversely affected by the addition of EGR-fluid but a rather favourable effect of the fluid was recognized. In contrast, when the spermatozoa were stored in vitro, the EGR-fluid exerted an adverse effect on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.", "contents": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. The effects of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) on the survival and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa of the drake were examined. Semen was collected from the ductus deferens and divided into three parts; one remained undiluted (control 1) and other two were diluted with EGR-fluid and phosphate buffer (control 2) respectively. The survival of spermatozoa stored in the EGR-fluid was similar to that of controls but many spermatozoa were deformed during storage, the rate of which reached 57% in the samples stored for 24 hours. The fertilizing ability of the fresh (unstored) spermatozoa was not adversely affected by the addition of EGR-fluid but a rather favourable effect of the fluid was recognized. In contrast, when the spermatozoa were stored in vitro, the EGR-fluid exerted an adverse effect on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1019092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2399", "title": "Effect of selenium and mercury on gross morphology and histopathology of chick embryos.", "content": "Gross lesions of selenium toxicity in chick embryos included webbed, fused, and curled toes; cracked, crooked, and shortened beaks and gastroschisis. Mercury injection on day 3 of incubation caused leg defects but older embryos were much less susceptible. Histopathological studies showed that injection of selenium as selenite caused dissociation of hepatic cells, particularly around the central veins. Glomeruli of affected kidneys were enlarged, and in each glomerulus the lumen of the capillary tuft was dilated and the space of Bowman widened. Epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules were detached from the basement membranes. Injection of mercury as chloride resulted in liver pathology in the late dead embryos which included dilated central veins and sinusoids. The cytoplasm of many hepatic cells was vacuolated. Foci of hemorrhages were observed in all liver lobes. In the kidneys, the renal corpuscles showed either shrinkage or enlargement. They seemed to be in the process of degeneration and disintegration. Sclerotic glomeruli were characterized by disappearance of Bowman's space and clumping of the glomerular tuft. Combined treatment with selenium and mercury resulted in liver pathology similar to that observed in mercury toxicity. The hepatic cell dissociation seen in selenium treated embryos was not observed following the combined treatment. In the kidneys the combined treatment resulted in typical lesions of both selenium and mercury toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of selenium and mercury on gross morphology and histopathology of chick embryos. Gross lesions of selenium toxicity in chick embryos included webbed, fused, and curled toes; cracked, crooked, and shortened beaks and gastroschisis. Mercury injection on day 3 of incubation caused leg defects but older embryos were much less susceptible. Histopathological studies showed that injection of selenium as selenite caused dissociation of hepatic cells, particularly around the central veins. Glomeruli of affected kidneys were enlarged, and in each glomerulus the lumen of the capillary tuft was dilated and the space of Bowman widened. Epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules were detached from the basement membranes. Injection of mercury as chloride resulted in liver pathology in the late dead embryos which included dilated central veins and sinusoids. The cytoplasm of many hepatic cells was vacuolated. Foci of hemorrhages were observed in all liver lobes. In the kidneys, the renal corpuscles showed either shrinkage or enlargement. They seemed to be in the process of degeneration and disintegration. Sclerotic glomeruli were characterized by disappearance of Bowman's space and clumping of the glomerular tuft. Combined treatment with selenium and mercury resulted in liver pathology similar to that observed in mercury toxicity. The hepatic cell dissociation seen in selenium treated embryos was not observed following the combined treatment. In the kidneys the combined treatment resulted in typical lesions of both selenium and mercury toxicity.", "PMID": 1019093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2400", "title": "Stability of immune potency of tylosin 1-killed, broth-propagated Hemophilus gallinarum bacterin.", "content": "Immunizing potency of broth-propagated Hemophilus gallinarum (HG)bacterin was compared with tylosin and thimerosal treatment as the HG-inactivation agent and preservative. The immunizing potency of a tylosin-treated HG bacterin was as stable as a thimerosal-treated bacterin after 53 months storage at 2 to 5 degrees C.", "contents": "Stability of immune potency of tylosin 1-killed, broth-propagated Hemophilus gallinarum bacterin. Immunizing potency of broth-propagated Hemophilus gallinarum (HG)bacterin was compared with tylosin and thimerosal treatment as the HG-inactivation agent and preservative. The immunizing potency of a tylosin-treated HG bacterin was as stable as a thimerosal-treated bacterin after 53 months storage at 2 to 5 degrees C.", "PMID": 1019094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2401", "title": "Effect of vasoligation on the reproductive organs of immature cockerels of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Fifteen sexually immature, 12-week-old cockerels were unilaterally vasoligated. Eight of these were killed at 4 weeks post-ligation and the remaining 7 at 10 weeks post-ligation. Granulomatous lesions in the ductus deferens were observed in 2 cockerels of the first and in 1 cockerel of the second group. Cysts showing intense granulomatous reactions were present in the epididymis in 1 cockerel of the first group and 4 cockerels of the second group. The seminiferous tubules were not seriously affected. The contralateral organs acted as controls and were grossly and histologically normal.", "contents": "Effect of vasoligation on the reproductive organs of immature cockerels of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Fifteen sexually immature, 12-week-old cockerels were unilaterally vasoligated. Eight of these were killed at 4 weeks post-ligation and the remaining 7 at 10 weeks post-ligation. Granulomatous lesions in the ductus deferens were observed in 2 cockerels of the first and in 1 cockerel of the second group. Cysts showing intense granulomatous reactions were present in the epididymis in 1 cockerel of the first group and 4 cockerels of the second group. The seminiferous tubules were not seriously affected. The contralateral organs acted as controls and were grossly and histologically normal.", "PMID": 1019095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2402", "title": "Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults.", "content": "Monensin was effective within the range 60-100 p.p.m. in control of coccidiosis in turkey poults in a series of laboratory experiments. Under conditions of heavy infections with Eimeria meleagrimitis and E. adenoides, 100 p.p.m. of monesin was significantly more effective than 60 p.p.m. in protecting weight gains. When light or moderate infections with E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoides and E. gallopavonis were used, there were no significant differences among monesin-medicated treatments. In all instances the monensin-medicated treatments gained significantly more weight than noninfected, nonmedicated controls, when measured at 7 days post-inoculation. Similarly, oocyst, passage was reduced, feed conversion was protected and mortality was controlled in monensin-treated poults.", "contents": "Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults. Monensin was effective within the range 60-100 p.p.m. in control of coccidiosis in turkey poults in a series of laboratory experiments. Under conditions of heavy infections with Eimeria meleagrimitis and E. adenoides, 100 p.p.m. of monesin was significantly more effective than 60 p.p.m. in protecting weight gains. When light or moderate infections with E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoides and E. gallopavonis were used, there were no significant differences among monesin-medicated treatments. In all instances the monensin-medicated treatments gained significantly more weight than noninfected, nonmedicated controls, when measured at 7 days post-inoculation. Similarly, oocyst, passage was reduced, feed conversion was protected and mortality was controlled in monensin-treated poults.", "PMID": 1019096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2403", "title": "Assessment of the quantity of biologically available phosphorus in yeast RNA and single-cell protein.", "content": "Two assays were conducted with chicks fed a phosphorus-deficient crystalline amino acid diet from day 8 to 17 posthatching to evaluate the phosphorus availability of purified torula yeast RNA and single-cell protein (Torula yeast). Tibia bone ash of the chicks was the criterion used in both assays, and regression analysis was used to evaluate bone ash as a function of phosphorus intake. A standard curve was established by feeding graded levels of KH2PO4 in each assay. Weight gain, tibia weight and tibia ash all responded to phosphorus supplementation whether provided by KH2PO4, RNA or single-cell protein. Weight of tibia ash provided the best linear fit when evaluated as a function of phosphorus intake. Availability in both assays estimated using the slope-ratio technique wherein milligrams of available phosphorus per gram of RNA or single-cell protein was calculated. In assay 1 the available phosphorus in RNA was found to be 93.2 mg/. In assay 2 the available phorphorus in single-cell protein was found to be 14.1 mg./g.", "contents": "Assessment of the quantity of biologically available phosphorus in yeast RNA and single-cell protein. Two assays were conducted with chicks fed a phosphorus-deficient crystalline amino acid diet from day 8 to 17 posthatching to evaluate the phosphorus availability of purified torula yeast RNA and single-cell protein (Torula yeast). Tibia bone ash of the chicks was the criterion used in both assays, and regression analysis was used to evaluate bone ash as a function of phosphorus intake. A standard curve was established by feeding graded levels of KH2PO4 in each assay. Weight gain, tibia weight and tibia ash all responded to phosphorus supplementation whether provided by KH2PO4, RNA or single-cell protein. Weight of tibia ash provided the best linear fit when evaluated as a function of phosphorus intake. Availability in both assays estimated using the slope-ratio technique wherein milligrams of available phosphorus per gram of RNA or single-cell protein was calculated. In assay 1 the available phosphorus in RNA was found to be 93.2 mg/. In assay 2 the available phorphorus in single-cell protein was found to be 14.1 mg./g.", "PMID": 1019097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2404", "title": "Sexual maturity and persistency of lay in the Chukar partridge given stimulatory light at different ages.", "content": "In two separate trials, age at sexual maturity (lay of 1st egg) and total eggs laid in a 13-week production period were determined for the Chukar partridge given stimulatory light at 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 or 30 weeks. The best responses occurred with hens given stimulatory light when 26 weeks of age or older. More than 85 percent of these hens laid, and production ranged from 15 to 25 eggs per hen. The youngest age at 1st egg was 161 days, required by one hen given stimulatory light at 16 weeks. Many hens given stimulatory light at 24 weeks or younger failed to lay, and egg production was extremely poor in those that did lay. Based on our results, best egg production can be attained when birds are given stimulatory light at 28 weeks, allowed to lay for 13 weeks, then cycled to lay again when 50 weeks of age. Hens of superior laying ability can be detected in the first cycle of lay, thus reducing the time that would be required to identify these same birds if allowed to lay under natural daylight conditions.", "contents": "Sexual maturity and persistency of lay in the Chukar partridge given stimulatory light at different ages. In two separate trials, age at sexual maturity (lay of 1st egg) and total eggs laid in a 13-week production period were determined for the Chukar partridge given stimulatory light at 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 or 30 weeks. The best responses occurred with hens given stimulatory light when 26 weeks of age or older. More than 85 percent of these hens laid, and production ranged from 15 to 25 eggs per hen. The youngest age at 1st egg was 161 days, required by one hen given stimulatory light at 16 weeks. Many hens given stimulatory light at 24 weeks or younger failed to lay, and egg production was extremely poor in those that did lay. Based on our results, best egg production can be attained when birds are given stimulatory light at 28 weeks, allowed to lay for 13 weeks, then cycled to lay again when 50 weeks of age. Hens of superior laying ability can be detected in the first cycle of lay, thus reducing the time that would be required to identify these same birds if allowed to lay under natural daylight conditions.", "PMID": 1019098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2405", "title": "Legless--a lethal condition in the domestic fowl.", "content": "The abnormality resulting in legless condition which appeared in one pedigree mating in the R.I.R. stock is reported. The condition was lethal to the affected embryos between five and seven days of the incubation period. The matings carried out suggested that the condition was not hereditary but since only two males were raised from the original mating it cannot be stated with certainty.", "contents": "Legless--a lethal condition in the domestic fowl. The abnormality resulting in legless condition which appeared in one pedigree mating in the R.I.R. stock is reported. The condition was lethal to the affected embryos between five and seven days of the incubation period. The matings carried out suggested that the condition was not hereditary but since only two males were raised from the original mating it cannot be stated with certainty.", "PMID": 1019099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2406", "title": "Persistence of semen quality during the reproductive period in two strains of turkeys differing in semen yield.", "content": "Semen yield, sperm concentration and frequency of bent sperm were measured during the ninth week following stimulatory lighting (in January) and correlated with similar measurements obtained 1-1/2 and 4-1/2 months later in the reproduction period for two strains of medium bodied turkeys differing in semen yield. These correlations, based on measurements made early in the reproductive period, were not large enough so that the male's subsequent performance could accurately be predicted. Strain differences were also apparent in correlation coefficients for semen yield. The correlation coefficients were larger for the strain having the smallest yeild. In general, the significant correlation coefficients between semen yield and sperm concentration were positive and those between semen yield and percent bent sperm and between sperm concentration and percent bent sperm were negative. However, the correlation coefficients tended to be low in magnitude.", "contents": "Persistence of semen quality during the reproductive period in two strains of turkeys differing in semen yield. Semen yield, sperm concentration and frequency of bent sperm were measured during the ninth week following stimulatory lighting (in January) and correlated with similar measurements obtained 1-1/2 and 4-1/2 months later in the reproduction period for two strains of medium bodied turkeys differing in semen yield. These correlations, based on measurements made early in the reproductive period, were not large enough so that the male's subsequent performance could accurately be predicted. Strain differences were also apparent in correlation coefficients for semen yield. The correlation coefficients were larger for the strain having the smallest yeild. In general, the significant correlation coefficients between semen yield and sperm concentration were positive and those between semen yield and percent bent sperm and between sperm concentration and percent bent sperm were negative. However, the correlation coefficients tended to be low in magnitude.", "PMID": 1019100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2407", "title": "Light alterated changes in the embroynic age versus incubation age of White Leghorn embryos.", "content": "White Leghorn eggs were incubated in the dark or under two 20-Watt cool white flourescent tubes. The embryos were collected and staged according to somite number and other anatomical observations. Embryos from lighted eggs were significantly more advanced in embryonic age within 24 hours than embryos from the dark. By the end of 10 days no further acceleration of development by light was significant.", "contents": "Light alterated changes in the embroynic age versus incubation age of White Leghorn embryos. White Leghorn eggs were incubated in the dark or under two 20-Watt cool white flourescent tubes. The embryos were collected and staged according to somite number and other anatomical observations. Embryos from lighted eggs were significantly more advanced in embryonic age within 24 hours than embryos from the dark. By the end of 10 days no further acceleration of development by light was significant.", "PMID": 1019101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2408", "title": "The association of semen traits and fertility in the turkey.", "content": "There were no significant correlation coefficients between semen traits (yield, concentration and frequency of bent sperm) measured prior to the first insemination and fertility over a 12-week hatching period when the amount of semen inseminated per female was greater than the minimum (.025 cc.) usually recommended. Although there were some statistically significant correlations between semen measurements made later in the reproduction period and fertility for the entire period, they were very small ranging from -- .29 to +.20.", "contents": "The association of semen traits and fertility in the turkey. There were no significant correlation coefficients between semen traits (yield, concentration and frequency of bent sperm) measured prior to the first insemination and fertility over a 12-week hatching period when the amount of semen inseminated per female was greater than the minimum (.025 cc.) usually recommended. Although there were some statistically significant correlations between semen measurements made later in the reproduction period and fertility for the entire period, they were very small ranging from -- .29 to +.20.", "PMID": 1019102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2409", "title": "Relationship of biotin to reproductive performance of Leghorn-type hens.", "content": "Five floor pens with 14 Leghorn-type breeder hens each, in their 4th month of production, and 2 males per pen were fed a practical-type breeder diet composed largely of soybean meal and milo supplemented with unidentified hatchability factor sources and adequate levels of vitamins and minerals. Five additional pens were fed an identical ration supplemented with biotin at a level of 550 mcg./kg. of diet. Treatment was for a period of 7 months. A 3% improvement in production was obtained by biotin (550 mcg./kg.) supplementation, which was found to be highly significant (P less than or equal to .005) by chi-square analysis. A slight improvement was noted for feed efficiency. Biotin supplementation had no effect on egg size or adult livability. Fertility and hatchability were both significantly improved by biotin supplementation. Fertility and hatchability differences were found to be highly significant by chi-square analyses. Increased hatchability was due to a decreased number of early dead, late dead, and pipped embryos that failed to hatch.", "contents": "Relationship of biotin to reproductive performance of Leghorn-type hens. Five floor pens with 14 Leghorn-type breeder hens each, in their 4th month of production, and 2 males per pen were fed a practical-type breeder diet composed largely of soybean meal and milo supplemented with unidentified hatchability factor sources and adequate levels of vitamins and minerals. Five additional pens were fed an identical ration supplemented with biotin at a level of 550 mcg./kg. of diet. Treatment was for a period of 7 months. A 3% improvement in production was obtained by biotin (550 mcg./kg.) supplementation, which was found to be highly significant (P less than or equal to .005) by chi-square analysis. A slight improvement was noted for feed efficiency. Biotin supplementation had no effect on egg size or adult livability. Fertility and hatchability were both significantly improved by biotin supplementation. Fertility and hatchability differences were found to be highly significant by chi-square analyses. Increased hatchability was due to a decreased number of early dead, late dead, and pipped embryos that failed to hatch.", "PMID": 1019103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2410", "title": "[Effect of certain antibiotics of tetracycline series on the level of blood sugar and the role of insulin in the mechanism of its regulation].", "content": "Experiments on male rats showed enterally administered tetracycline and chlortetracycline to promote an elevation of the blood sugar level. These antibiotics administered once together with glucose retarded the normalization of the blood sugar concentration. After 7-day administration of tetracycline and chlortetracycline glucose load caused a stable hyperglycemia. Special experiments with depancreatization and insulin injection to the animals and also the intravenous injection of glucose and the antibiotic demonstrated that the changes in the blood sugar concentration under the effect of tetracycline were associated both with its inhibitory action on the absorbing function of the intestine and with the retarded glucose utilization in the tissues. Insulin injected intramuscularly eliminated the hyperglycemic effect caused by the antibiotics.", "contents": "[Effect of certain antibiotics of tetracycline series on the level of blood sugar and the role of insulin in the mechanism of its regulation]. Experiments on male rats showed enterally administered tetracycline and chlortetracycline to promote an elevation of the blood sugar level. These antibiotics administered once together with glucose retarded the normalization of the blood sugar concentration. After 7-day administration of tetracycline and chlortetracycline glucose load caused a stable hyperglycemia. Special experiments with depancreatization and insulin injection to the animals and also the intravenous injection of glucose and the antibiotic demonstrated that the changes in the blood sugar concentration under the effect of tetracycline were associated both with its inhibitory action on the absorbing function of the intestine and with the retarded glucose utilization in the tissues. Insulin injected intramuscularly eliminated the hyperglycemic effect caused by the antibiotics.", "PMID": 1019104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2411", "title": "[Main causes of death of patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Among the causes of death in the patients with diabetes mellitus in Ukraine there prevailed cardiovascular disease (73.1 +/- 0.19%); malignant neoplasms ranked second (12.1 +/- 1.2%); tuberculosis constituted 1.6 +/- 1.2%, and all the rest of the diseases - 13.1 +/- +/- 1.2%, including coma - 0.5%. The frequency of death, particularly from cardiovascular diseases, is influenced by the patients' age, the severity and the duration of metabolic disturbances. The methods of treatment, particularly the saccharolytic sulphanilamide preparations, produce no effect on the death incidence.", "contents": "[Main causes of death of patients with diabetes mellitus]. Among the causes of death in the patients with diabetes mellitus in Ukraine there prevailed cardiovascular disease (73.1 +/- 0.19%); malignant neoplasms ranked second (12.1 +/- 1.2%); tuberculosis constituted 1.6 +/- 1.2%, and all the rest of the diseases - 13.1 +/- +/- 1.2%, including coma - 0.5%. The frequency of death, particularly from cardiovascular diseases, is influenced by the patients' age, the severity and the duration of metabolic disturbances. The methods of treatment, particularly the saccharolytic sulphanilamide preparations, produce no effect on the death incidence.", "PMID": 1019105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2412", "title": "[Testicular feminization syndrome in children].", "content": "The paper is devoted to the clinical picture and the diagnosis of the syndrome of testicular feminization in children. Problems of the pathogenesis, treatment of this pathology and the choice of sex for their upbringing are given.", "contents": "[Testicular feminization syndrome in children]. The paper is devoted to the clinical picture and the diagnosis of the syndrome of testicular feminization in children. Problems of the pathogenesis, treatment of this pathology and the choice of sex for their upbringing are given.", "PMID": 1019106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2413", "title": "[Effectiveness of clomiphene treatment in anovulatory conditions].", "content": "The paper presents, the data on the treatment of 74 patients with anovular conditions varying by the pathogenesis, with klomiphen. Three groups of patients were distinguished depending on the therapeutic efficacy: the 1st group with a complete clinical effect, the 2nd group with a partial clinical effect, and the 3rd group - without any effect. In comparing the therapeutic efficacy with the data of gonadotropin examination it was revealed that the outcome of the therapy failed to depend on the initial LH and FSH level. However, there was revealed a reliable dependence of the therapeutic efficacy on the LH/FSH ratio: the nearer the LH/FSH ratio approached 1, the more effective was klomiphen therapy. Thus the LH/FSH ratio could be regarded as the criterion of choice of the patients for the klomiphen therapy, and could also be used for the prognostication of the results of treatment.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of clomiphene treatment in anovulatory conditions]. The paper presents, the data on the treatment of 74 patients with anovular conditions varying by the pathogenesis, with klomiphen. Three groups of patients were distinguished depending on the therapeutic efficacy: the 1st group with a complete clinical effect, the 2nd group with a partial clinical effect, and the 3rd group - without any effect. In comparing the therapeutic efficacy with the data of gonadotropin examination it was revealed that the outcome of the therapy failed to depend on the initial LH and FSH level. However, there was revealed a reliable dependence of the therapeutic efficacy on the LH/FSH ratio: the nearer the LH/FSH ratio approached 1, the more effective was klomiphen therapy. Thus the LH/FSH ratio could be regarded as the criterion of choice of the patients for the klomiphen therapy, and could also be used for the prognostication of the results of treatment.", "PMID": 1019108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2414", "title": "[Morphology of the ovaries in congenital virilization of the external genitalia in persons with genetic and gonadal female sex].", "content": "A study was made of the resected ovarian tissue in 7 patients with congenital virilization of the external genitalia (CVEG). In patients with CVEG there occurred not very pronounced changes in the ovaries seen in diencephalic syndromes with the involvement of the ovaries into the pathological process (hypertrophy of the theca interna cells of the cystically changed follicles, hyperplasia of the intestinal tissue of the cortical layer with the transformation of individual cells into epithelioid, etc.). There were clinical signs indicating an acceleration of maturation of the diencephalic structures (some tendency to the acceleration of sexual development, and distinct signs of diencephalic pathology on the EEG). A conclusion was drawn that in the patients with CVEG the ovaries do not serve as the source of andronization of the organism. It is supposed that in these patients the source of hyperandronization existed at the period of formation of the external genitalia of the fetus and that the adrenal cortex of the fetus could serve as this source.", "contents": "[Morphology of the ovaries in congenital virilization of the external genitalia in persons with genetic and gonadal female sex]. A study was made of the resected ovarian tissue in 7 patients with congenital virilization of the external genitalia (CVEG). In patients with CVEG there occurred not very pronounced changes in the ovaries seen in diencephalic syndromes with the involvement of the ovaries into the pathological process (hypertrophy of the theca interna cells of the cystically changed follicles, hyperplasia of the intestinal tissue of the cortical layer with the transformation of individual cells into epithelioid, etc.). There were clinical signs indicating an acceleration of maturation of the diencephalic structures (some tendency to the acceleration of sexual development, and distinct signs of diencephalic pathology on the EEG). A conclusion was drawn that in the patients with CVEG the ovaries do not serve as the source of andronization of the organism. It is supposed that in these patients the source of hyperandronization existed at the period of formation of the external genitalia of the fetus and that the adrenal cortex of the fetus could serve as this source.", "PMID": 1019107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2415", "title": "[Clinico-electroencephalographic study of familial (genetic) forms of nanism].", "content": "Genetic nanism is a widespread phenomenon. Only familial forms constituted 22.8% of the cases of hypophysial and cerebral nanism. A total of 32 patients belonging to 15 families with repeated cases of the disease were examined clinically and electroencephalographically. In genetic hypophysial nanism clinical peculiarities of the disease and the EEG indices were similar within the limits of the same family and showed distinct differences in the patients belonging to different families. The differences are determined chiefly by the level of sex maturation. The EEG in genetic hypophysial nanism was identical to that in the total group of patients with the hypophysial nanism without any organic cerebral pathology. The EEG of the sexually immature patients suffering from nanism was characterized by the immaturity features both in the prepubertal period and in the course of the whole following life, whereas in the patients with a spontaneous sexual development the EEG corresponded to the age criteria at any age. The EEG examination of the patients with hypophysial nanism at the prepubertal period permits to prognosticate their subsequent sexual development.", "contents": "[Clinico-electroencephalographic study of familial (genetic) forms of nanism]. Genetic nanism is a widespread phenomenon. Only familial forms constituted 22.8% of the cases of hypophysial and cerebral nanism. A total of 32 patients belonging to 15 families with repeated cases of the disease were examined clinically and electroencephalographically. In genetic hypophysial nanism clinical peculiarities of the disease and the EEG indices were similar within the limits of the same family and showed distinct differences in the patients belonging to different families. The differences are determined chiefly by the level of sex maturation. The EEG in genetic hypophysial nanism was identical to that in the total group of patients with the hypophysial nanism without any organic cerebral pathology. The EEG of the sexually immature patients suffering from nanism was characterized by the immaturity features both in the prepubertal period and in the course of the whole following life, whereas in the patients with a spontaneous sexual development the EEG corresponded to the age criteria at any age. The EEG examination of the patients with hypophysial nanism at the prepubertal period permits to prognosticate their subsequent sexual development.", "PMID": 1019109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2416", "title": "[Distribution of mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney cells of rats with different levels of aldosterone in their bodies].", "content": "A metabolic method was applied to the study of the distribution of mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney cells of rats at various aldosterone levels in the organism. A great number of binding sites of aldosterone in the cytoplasm and a low aldosterone-H3 binding by the nuclei of kidney cells was revealed in adrenalectomized rats, as well as in the animals kept under conditions of sodium load, when endogenous aldosterone was absent in the organism. A reduction of the number of binding sites in the cytoplasm and an increase of aldosterone-H3 binding in the nuclei was noted in the animals with a high content of the given hormone in the organism (sodium deficiency in food or aldosterone administration to the adrenalectomized animals). The difference in the hormone binding by the nuclei of the kidney cells of rats kept under conditions of sodium loading or deficiency corresponded to an even greater difference in the aldosterone binding by the chromatin proteins of such nuclei. It is supposed that an increased aldosterone concentration in the organism intensified the change from the cytoplasm and the accumulation of specific aldosterone-receptor complexes in the nuclei.", "contents": "[Distribution of mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney cells of rats with different levels of aldosterone in their bodies]. A metabolic method was applied to the study of the distribution of mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney cells of rats at various aldosterone levels in the organism. A great number of binding sites of aldosterone in the cytoplasm and a low aldosterone-H3 binding by the nuclei of kidney cells was revealed in adrenalectomized rats, as well as in the animals kept under conditions of sodium load, when endogenous aldosterone was absent in the organism. A reduction of the number of binding sites in the cytoplasm and an increase of aldosterone-H3 binding in the nuclei was noted in the animals with a high content of the given hormone in the organism (sodium deficiency in food or aldosterone administration to the adrenalectomized animals). The difference in the hormone binding by the nuclei of the kidney cells of rats kept under conditions of sodium loading or deficiency corresponded to an even greater difference in the aldosterone binding by the chromatin proteins of such nuclei. It is supposed that an increased aldosterone concentration in the organism intensified the change from the cytoplasm and the accumulation of specific aldosterone-receptor complexes in the nuclei.", "PMID": 1019114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2417", "title": "[Role of the pituitary gland in calcium and magnesium metabolism in dogs and rats].", "content": "Epiphysectomy in dogs and rats was accompanied by a reduction of urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, by an increase in the magnesium concentration in the blood plasma of dogs. Administration of epiphysial extracts induced an increase of diuresis in dogs on account of a greater rate of glomerular filtration and a fall of the tubular water reabsorption. Calcium and magnesium urinary excretion increased in dogs and rats as well; this was due both to an increase of their ultrafiltration and a reduction of reabsorption in the renal tubules. Consequently, the epiphysis took part in the regulation of metabolism of bivalent cations.", "contents": "[Role of the pituitary gland in calcium and magnesium metabolism in dogs and rats]. Epiphysectomy in dogs and rats was accompanied by a reduction of urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, by an increase in the magnesium concentration in the blood plasma of dogs. Administration of epiphysial extracts induced an increase of diuresis in dogs on account of a greater rate of glomerular filtration and a fall of the tubular water reabsorption. Calcium and magnesium urinary excretion increased in dogs and rats as well; this was due both to an increase of their ultrafiltration and a reduction of reabsorption in the renal tubules. Consequently, the epiphysis took part in the regulation of metabolism of bivalent cations.", "PMID": 1019113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2418", "title": "[Certain characteristics of blood sugar in women aged 16-29 years according to glucose tolerance test].", "content": "Glucose tolerance test was conducted in 370 women aged from 16 to 29 years. Adiposity proved to be accompanied by a significant accretion of the glycemia level on fasting stomach, and 1 and 2 hours after glucose load, with the increase in the excess of weight not over the normal level. Glycemia level on fasting stomach failed to differ significantly in persons with an inadequate weight from such in persons with a normal weight. In the group with a decreased weight there was a significant blood glucose elevation 1 and 2 hours after the glucose load. Genesis of the glycemia increase differed in the groups with eleveated and reduced body weight. There was found no significant difference in the distribution of 16-29-year-old women by glucose tolerance depending on the excess of body weight.", "contents": "[Certain characteristics of blood sugar in women aged 16-29 years according to glucose tolerance test]. Glucose tolerance test was conducted in 370 women aged from 16 to 29 years. Adiposity proved to be accompanied by a significant accretion of the glycemia level on fasting stomach, and 1 and 2 hours after glucose load, with the increase in the excess of weight not over the normal level. Glycemia level on fasting stomach failed to differ significantly in persons with an inadequate weight from such in persons with a normal weight. In the group with a decreased weight there was a significant blood glucose elevation 1 and 2 hours after the glucose load. Genesis of the glycemia increase differed in the groups with eleveated and reduced body weight. There was found no significant difference in the distribution of 16-29-year-old women by glucose tolerance depending on the excess of body weight.", "PMID": 1019115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2419", "title": "[Process of bile formation and bile composition in albino rats in acute adrenal cortex insufficiency and adrenal gland autologous transplantation].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 84 male albino rats. A study was made of the state of the bile forming process 7, 14 and 30 days after bilateral adrenalectomy and adrenal gland autotransplantation. Investigations carried out showed inhibition of the bile formation with the corresponding changes in the chemical composition of bile to occur both in adrenalectomized animals and the rats with adrenal autotransplantation; in the second case, however, these changes were less pronounced. A gradual suppression of the intensity of bile production, cholate formation, bilirubin- and cholesterol secretion occurred in the adrenalectomized rats, whereas in the animals a significant shift in the direction of restoration took place as soon as in 7 days after autotransplantation. The first to become restored is the cholesterin secretory function in the liver, then the intensity of the cholate formation, particularly the glycocholic and desoxycholic acids, and bilirubin secretion. The intensity of bile secretion, as well as the sum total content of cholates in the bile, chiefly on account of taurocholic acid, failed to reach the initial level even by the 30th day after the adrenal gland autotransplantation.", "contents": "[Process of bile formation and bile composition in albino rats in acute adrenal cortex insufficiency and adrenal gland autologous transplantation]. Experiments were conducted on 84 male albino rats. A study was made of the state of the bile forming process 7, 14 and 30 days after bilateral adrenalectomy and adrenal gland autotransplantation. Investigations carried out showed inhibition of the bile formation with the corresponding changes in the chemical composition of bile to occur both in adrenalectomized animals and the rats with adrenal autotransplantation; in the second case, however, these changes were less pronounced. A gradual suppression of the intensity of bile production, cholate formation, bilirubin- and cholesterol secretion occurred in the adrenalectomized rats, whereas in the animals a significant shift in the direction of restoration took place as soon as in 7 days after autotransplantation. The first to become restored is the cholesterin secretory function in the liver, then the intensity of the cholate formation, particularly the glycocholic and desoxycholic acids, and bilirubin secretion. The intensity of bile secretion, as well as the sum total content of cholates in the bile, chiefly on account of taurocholic acid, failed to reach the initial level even by the 30th day after the adrenal gland autotransplantation.", "PMID": 1019116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2420", "title": "Effect of gemfibrozil in vitro on fat-mobilizing lipolysis in human adipose tissue.", "content": "Fat-mobilizing lipolysis was studied in rat and human adipose tissue during incubation in vitro by following the release of glycerol into the incubation medium. Gemfibrozil as well as clofibrate consistently and readily inhibited basal as well as noradrenaline-stimulated fat-mobilizing lipolysis in rat fat. With human adipose tissue no effect was observed with gemfibrozil and clofibrate on basal lipolysis. This may be due to the comparatively low rate of the nonstimulated fat-mobilizing lipolysis in human tissue incubated in vitro. When lipolysis was stimulated with noradrenaline as well as isoprenaline, however, both gemfibrozil and clofibrate significantly reduced the fat-mobilizing lipolysis. This inhibition of lipolysis was however not observed in all studies. When lipolysis had been stimulated with theophylline, no inhibition of lipolysis was obtained with either compound. The possibility that reduced fat-mobilizing lipolysis in adipose tissue may cause a lowering of plasma triglycerides by reducing the flow of FFA to the liver is discussed in some detail. It is also suggested that inhibition of lipolysis may be accompanied by increased activity of lipoprotein lipase as well as an increase in the FIAT process. However, the pharmacological implication of the above-mentioned findings, particularly for gemfibrozil, must await further studies, as fairly large doses, around 1 mg/ml of incubation medium, were needed to obtain inhibition of fat-mobilizing lipolysis.", "contents": "Effect of gemfibrozil in vitro on fat-mobilizing lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Fat-mobilizing lipolysis was studied in rat and human adipose tissue during incubation in vitro by following the release of glycerol into the incubation medium. Gemfibrozil as well as clofibrate consistently and readily inhibited basal as well as noradrenaline-stimulated fat-mobilizing lipolysis in rat fat. With human adipose tissue no effect was observed with gemfibrozil and clofibrate on basal lipolysis. This may be due to the comparatively low rate of the nonstimulated fat-mobilizing lipolysis in human tissue incubated in vitro. When lipolysis was stimulated with noradrenaline as well as isoprenaline, however, both gemfibrozil and clofibrate significantly reduced the fat-mobilizing lipolysis. This inhibition of lipolysis was however not observed in all studies. When lipolysis had been stimulated with theophylline, no inhibition of lipolysis was obtained with either compound. The possibility that reduced fat-mobilizing lipolysis in adipose tissue may cause a lowering of plasma triglycerides by reducing the flow of FFA to the liver is discussed in some detail. It is also suggested that inhibition of lipolysis may be accompanied by increased activity of lipoprotein lipase as well as an increase in the FIAT process. However, the pharmacological implication of the above-mentioned findings, particularly for gemfibrozil, must await further studies, as fairly large doses, around 1 mg/ml of incubation medium, were needed to obtain inhibition of fat-mobilizing lipolysis.", "PMID": 1019147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2421", "title": "Gemfibrozil in a group of diabetics.", "content": "A group of 14 diabetic patients was treated with gemfibrozil during a variable length of time ranging from nine to 23 weeks in order to establish if a lowering effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels could be achieved, as it had been in the case of another group of non-diabetic patients. The present results showed that: (1) The drug is remarkably well tolerated. (2) With doses ranging between 400 and 800 mg per day the magnitude of the effect of the drug was less than that observed in our previous trial with non-diabetic subjects. The effect upon triglycerides seemed to be reduced more than that upon cholesterol when compared with results in higher-dose studies. (3) In this group of diabetic patients (3 insulin dependent, 11 maturity-onset type) control of the diabetic condition was never impaired and appeared in some cases to be slightly improved by gemfibrozil. (4) There was no evidence of undesirable interaction with any of the anti-diabetic drugs used.", "contents": "Gemfibrozil in a group of diabetics. A group of 14 diabetic patients was treated with gemfibrozil during a variable length of time ranging from nine to 23 weeks in order to establish if a lowering effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels could be achieved, as it had been in the case of another group of non-diabetic patients. The present results showed that: (1) The drug is remarkably well tolerated. (2) With doses ranging between 400 and 800 mg per day the magnitude of the effect of the drug was less than that observed in our previous trial with non-diabetic subjects. The effect upon triglycerides seemed to be reduced more than that upon cholesterol when compared with results in higher-dose studies. (3) In this group of diabetic patients (3 insulin dependent, 11 maturity-onset type) control of the diabetic condition was never impaired and appeared in some cases to be slightly improved by gemfibrozil. (4) There was no evidence of undesirable interaction with any of the anti-diabetic drugs used.", "PMID": 1019155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2422", "title": "The evaluation of lipoprotein changes during gemfibrozil treatment.", "content": "During treatment with gemfibrozil, 1200 mg daily, total serum triglyceride levels were reduced in 7 of the 11 patients, owing chiefly to a fall in VLDL triglyceride levels. Total serum cholesterol responded variably, falling in a majority of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. High density lipoprotein cholesterol rose during treatment in patients who had either hypertriglyceridaemia or hypercholesterolaemia.", "contents": "The evaluation of lipoprotein changes during gemfibrozil treatment. During treatment with gemfibrozil, 1200 mg daily, total serum triglyceride levels were reduced in 7 of the 11 patients, owing chiefly to a fall in VLDL triglyceride levels. Total serum cholesterol responded variably, falling in a majority of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. High density lipoprotein cholesterol rose during treatment in patients who had either hypertriglyceridaemia or hypercholesterolaemia.", "PMID": 1019156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2423", "title": "The use of saralasin to evaluate the function of the brain renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "The demonstration that the components required for the generation of angiotensin II are present in the brain has led to the proposal that there is a brain renin-angiotensin system. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to determine if biologically active amounts of angiotensin II are formed when renin is injected into the cerebral ventricles. The effects of central administration of agents known to block the peripheral renin-angiotensin system were also investigated. It was shown that intraventricular renin increased water intake, blood pressure and ADH secretion and that these effects were blocked by saralasin. These findings indicated an interaction between injected renin, brain angiotensinogen and converting enzyme, resulting in the formation of angiotensin II in physiologically active concentrations. However, these experiments did not demonstrate a role for endogenous brain renin activity. Central administration of saralasin in normal animals did not decrease water intake, blood pressure or ADH secretion. These studies thus failed to demonstrate a physiological role for the proposed brain renin-angiotensin system in controlling water balance and blood pressure.", "contents": "The use of saralasin to evaluate the function of the brain renin-angiotensin system. The demonstration that the components required for the generation of angiotensin II are present in the brain has led to the proposal that there is a brain renin-angiotensin system. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to determine if biologically active amounts of angiotensin II are formed when renin is injected into the cerebral ventricles. The effects of central administration of agents known to block the peripheral renin-angiotensin system were also investigated. It was shown that intraventricular renin increased water intake, blood pressure and ADH secretion and that these effects were blocked by saralasin. These findings indicated an interaction between injected renin, brain angiotensinogen and converting enzyme, resulting in the formation of angiotensin II in physiologically active concentrations. However, these experiments did not demonstrate a role for endogenous brain renin activity. Central administration of saralasin in normal animals did not decrease water intake, blood pressure or ADH secretion. These studies thus failed to demonstrate a physiological role for the proposed brain renin-angiotensin system in controlling water balance and blood pressure.", "PMID": 1019160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2424", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade in normal man and patients with essential hypertension. Blood pressure effects depending on renin and sodium balance.", "content": "1) Saralasin was administered to 9 normotensive volunteers and 13 patients with essential hypertension after sodium depletion and sodium repletion. 2) In standing normotensive volunteers, angiotensin II inhibition induced significant hypotension if previously a cumulative sodium loss of at least 160-200 mEq had been induced. 3) In patients with essential hypertension, saralasin infusion induced either blood pressure reduction, no change or even significant blood pressure increase, depending on the prevailing state of sodium balance. 4) Following vigorous and prolonged sodium depletion induced by low sodium diet, with chlorthalidone and spironolactone, blood pressure became renin-dependent even in those patients who initially had exhibited a hypertensive response to saralasin, suggesting that under appropriate conditions, renin can play an active pressure role in all patients with essential hypertension. 5) Saralasin administration to patients with essential hypertension may not only be useful for recognizing renin dependency but may also, via the slight intrinsic agonistic effect of the compound, permit identification of overactivity of the sodium factor.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade in normal man and patients with essential hypertension. Blood pressure effects depending on renin and sodium balance. 1) Saralasin was administered to 9 normotensive volunteers and 13 patients with essential hypertension after sodium depletion and sodium repletion. 2) In standing normotensive volunteers, angiotensin II inhibition induced significant hypotension if previously a cumulative sodium loss of at least 160-200 mEq had been induced. 3) In patients with essential hypertension, saralasin infusion induced either blood pressure reduction, no change or even significant blood pressure increase, depending on the prevailing state of sodium balance. 4) Following vigorous and prolonged sodium depletion induced by low sodium diet, with chlorthalidone and spironolactone, blood pressure became renin-dependent even in those patients who initially had exhibited a hypertensive response to saralasin, suggesting that under appropriate conditions, renin can play an active pressure role in all patients with essential hypertension. 5) Saralasin administration to patients with essential hypertension may not only be useful for recognizing renin dependency but may also, via the slight intrinsic agonistic effect of the compound, permit identification of overactivity of the sodium factor.", "PMID": 1019161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2425", "title": "The role of renin in the control of blood pressure in normotensive man.", "content": "In order to study the  role of renin in regulating blood pressure in normotensive states, saralasin (P113) was infused into normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. In normal subjects on a normal sodium intake, P113 infusion had no effect on blood pressure. Only after the combined stress of a low sodium diet and the upright position did P113 lower the blood pressure. In two of the six cirrhotic patients, P113 caused a significant decrease in BP in the supine position. There was no consistent effect of the P113 infusion on plasma aldosterone or plasma renin activity in the normal or cirrhotic subjects.", "contents": "The role of renin in the control of blood pressure in normotensive man. In order to study the  role of renin in regulating blood pressure in normotensive states, saralasin (P113) was infused into normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. In normal subjects on a normal sodium intake, P113 infusion had no effect on blood pressure. Only after the combined stress of a low sodium diet and the upright position did P113 lower the blood pressure. In two of the six cirrhotic patients, P113 caused a significant decrease in BP in the supine position. There was no consistent effect of the P113 infusion on plasma aldosterone or plasma renin activity in the normal or cirrhotic subjects.", "PMID": 1019162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2426", "title": "Changes of blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration following the infusion of Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II in hypertensive, fluid and electrolyte disorders.", "content": "1-Sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (Sar1-Ile8-AII) was infused intravenously in 5 normal volunteers and 66 subjects with various hypertensive, fluid and electrolyte disorders. Changes of blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were studied. In normal subjects, Sar1-Ile-AII showed pressor (agonistic) activity, which was related to both dosage and sodium intake. Hyporeninaemic hypertensive subjects (pirmary aldosteronism) showed pressor responses to a smaller dose of this compound than the dose employed in normal subjects. Hyporeninaemic hypertensive subjects and normal volunteers after 3 days of high sodium intake showed significant elevations of BP and PAC and reduction of PRA. Changes of BP, PAC and PRA in normoreninaemic subjects including those with Bartter's syndrome, renal tubular acidosis or liver cirrhosis with ascites showed reduction of BP and PAC and elevation of PRA. The results indicate that the compound has both agonistic and antagonistic activities for blood pressure; which of these is obtained apparently depends upon endogenous angiotensin II levels, as well as the dosage employed. The results in subjects with high and low PRA suggest that the compound has antagonist and agonist actions at 3 sites of angiotensin II action, i.e. peripheral vascular bed, renin release mechanism from juxta-glomerular apparatus and the zona glomerulosa of the adrenals.", "contents": "Changes of blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration following the infusion of Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II in hypertensive, fluid and electrolyte disorders. 1-Sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (Sar1-Ile8-AII) was infused intravenously in 5 normal volunteers and 66 subjects with various hypertensive, fluid and electrolyte disorders. Changes of blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were studied. In normal subjects, Sar1-Ile-AII showed pressor (agonistic) activity, which was related to both dosage and sodium intake. Hyporeninaemic hypertensive subjects (pirmary aldosteronism) showed pressor responses to a smaller dose of this compound than the dose employed in normal subjects. Hyporeninaemic hypertensive subjects and normal volunteers after 3 days of high sodium intake showed significant elevations of BP and PAC and reduction of PRA. Changes of BP, PAC and PRA in normoreninaemic subjects including those with Bartter's syndrome, renal tubular acidosis or liver cirrhosis with ascites showed reduction of BP and PAC and elevation of PRA. The results indicate that the compound has both agonistic and antagonistic activities for blood pressure; which of these is obtained apparently depends upon endogenous angiotensin II levels, as well as the dosage employed. The results in subjects with high and low PRA suggest that the compound has antagonist and agonist actions at 3 sites of angiotensin II action, i.e. peripheral vascular bed, renin release mechanism from juxta-glomerular apparatus and the zona glomerulosa of the adrenals.", "PMID": 1019163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2427", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade in hypertensive dialysis patients.", "content": "Five hypertensive haemodialysis patients have been infused with saralisin. The infusion appears to be a simple diagnostic test separating patients into two groups. First, there are those whose blood pressure does not fall with saralasin pre-dialysis, but does fall with weight removal during dialysis; the blood pressure in these patients can be controlled by a reduction in pre-dialysis weight. Second, there are those whose blood pressure does fall with saralasin either pre- or post-dialysis; their arterial pressure does not fall with weight removal, but can be controlled by anti-hypertensive drugs. In two of the patients who responded to saralasin, the mechanism of the high blood pressure appeared to change from volume dependency, partial or complete, with suppressed renin release, to angiotensin dependency, partial or complete, as weight was removed during dialysis. These patients illustrate the importance of the interaction between volume and the level of angiotensin II in the maintenance of hypertension.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade in hypertensive dialysis patients. Five hypertensive haemodialysis patients have been infused with saralisin. The infusion appears to be a simple diagnostic test separating patients into two groups. First, there are those whose blood pressure does not fall with saralasin pre-dialysis, but does fall with weight removal during dialysis; the blood pressure in these patients can be controlled by a reduction in pre-dialysis weight. Second, there are those whose blood pressure does fall with saralasin either pre- or post-dialysis; their arterial pressure does not fall with weight removal, but can be controlled by anti-hypertensive drugs. In two of the patients who responded to saralasin, the mechanism of the high blood pressure appeared to change from volume dependency, partial or complete, with suppressed renin release, to angiotensin dependency, partial or complete, as weight was removed during dialysis. These patients illustrate the importance of the interaction between volume and the level of angiotensin II in the maintenance of hypertension.", "PMID": 1019164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2428", "title": "The use of saralasin in the recognition of angiotensinogenic hypertension.", "content": "Specific antagonists of angiotensin II (AII) such as saralasin might theoretically be of great value in the recognition of angiotensinogenic hypertension. Evidence is presented to show the importance of overcoming any existing sodium overload and of administering saralasin first in small and then in larger amounts by infusion (or injection). When this was done in 600 hypertensive patients, 62 showed a fall in blood pressure of more than 10/8 mm Hg. Further tests in 50 of these subjects indicated that the fall in blood pressure was associated with high peripheral levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) and/or abnormal renal vein PRA ratios in 94%. The procedure rarely failed to detect even mild forms of angiotensinogenic hypertension. In 62 patients found to have angiotensinogenic hypertension, the responsible lesions included unilateral renal arterial stenosis with good contralateral renal function (29%), bilateral renal disease (21%), Cushing's syndrome (6%), small vessel disease or specific excess of renin production - without other detectable renal disease - (31%) and incompletely evaluated disorders (13%). Saralasin has been of great value in simply and reliably demonstrating the presence or absence of an angiotensinogenic component in a large group of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "The use of saralasin in the recognition of angiotensinogenic hypertension. Specific antagonists of angiotensin II (AII) such as saralasin might theoretically be of great value in the recognition of angiotensinogenic hypertension. Evidence is presented to show the importance of overcoming any existing sodium overload and of administering saralasin first in small and then in larger amounts by infusion (or injection). When this was done in 600 hypertensive patients, 62 showed a fall in blood pressure of more than 10/8 mm Hg. Further tests in 50 of these subjects indicated that the fall in blood pressure was associated with high peripheral levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) and/or abnormal renal vein PRA ratios in 94%. The procedure rarely failed to detect even mild forms of angiotensinogenic hypertension. In 62 patients found to have angiotensinogenic hypertension, the responsible lesions included unilateral renal arterial stenosis with good contralateral renal function (29%), bilateral renal disease (21%), Cushing's syndrome (6%), small vessel disease or specific excess of renin production - without other detectable renal disease - (31%) and incompletely evaluated disorders (13%). Saralasin has been of great value in simply and reliably demonstrating the presence or absence of an angiotensinogenic component in a large group of hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 1019165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2429", "title": "The effects of the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin on blood pressure and plasma aldosterone in man in relation to the prevailing plasma angiotensin II concentration.", "content": "The effect of saralasin in lowering blood pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration in normal subjects, both sodium-replete and sodium-deplete, and in patients with various forms of hypertension, is closely related to the basal plasma angiotensin II concentration. These findings confirm and extend earlier studies of angiotensin II/arterial pressure and angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves. They also emphasize the importance of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone in sodium depletion and in renal hypertension.", "contents": "The effects of the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin on blood pressure and plasma aldosterone in man in relation to the prevailing plasma angiotensin II concentration. The effect of saralasin in lowering blood pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration in normal subjects, both sodium-replete and sodium-deplete, and in patients with various forms of hypertension, is closely related to the basal plasma angiotensin II concentration. These findings confirm and extend earlier studies of angiotensin II/arterial pressure and angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves. They also emphasize the importance of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone in sodium depletion and in renal hypertension.", "PMID": 1019166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2430", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II in patients with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II was infused intravenously (10 mug/kg/min) in 14 patients with renovascular hypertension, including 11 with renal artery stenosis. Brachial artery pressure and heart rate remained unchanged in six patients who were on a daily sodium intake of 130 mEq. In 12 tests performed after sodium depletion, the decrease in mean arterial pressure ranged from 13 to 76 mm Hg and showed a significant correlation with the plasma renin concentration prevailing immediately before the infusion of the drug (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001). The hypotensive response was due to a drop in total peripheral resistance. Heart rate and cardiac output showed slight increases 10 min after the start of saralasin infusion.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II in patients with renovascular hypertension. Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II was infused intravenously (10 mug/kg/min) in 14 patients with renovascular hypertension, including 11 with renal artery stenosis. Brachial artery pressure and heart rate remained unchanged in six patients who were on a daily sodium intake of 130 mEq. In 12 tests performed after sodium depletion, the decrease in mean arterial pressure ranged from 13 to 76 mm Hg and showed a significant correlation with the plasma renin concentration prevailing immediately before the infusion of the drug (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001). The hypotensive response was due to a drop in total peripheral resistance. Heart rate and cardiac output showed slight increases 10 min after the start of saralasin infusion.", "PMID": 1019167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2431", "title": "Comparative studies of the humoral and arterial pressure responses to Sar1-Ala8-, Sar1-Ile8 and Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II in the trained unanaesthetized dog.", "content": "The humoral and arterial blood pressure responses to Sar1-Ala8-, Sar1-Ile8- and Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II were studied in sodium-depleted, trained, unanaesthetized dogs. Of the three angiotensin antagonists, Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II appeared to be the best suited for clinical use. In the smallest amount that was found to be effective in reducing arterial pressure, it was devoid of agonist activity. Also, in marked contrast to Sar1-Ala8- and Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II was not shown to stimulate either catecholamine or aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the humoral and arterial pressure responses to Sar1-Ala8-, Sar1-Ile8 and Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II in the trained unanaesthetized dog. The humoral and arterial blood pressure responses to Sar1-Ala8-, Sar1-Ile8- and Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II were studied in sodium-depleted, trained, unanaesthetized dogs. Of the three angiotensin antagonists, Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II appeared to be the best suited for clinical use. In the smallest amount that was found to be effective in reducing arterial pressure, it was devoid of agonist activity. Also, in marked contrast to Sar1-Ala8- and Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II was not shown to stimulate either catecholamine or aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 1019168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2432", "title": "Stimulating effects of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and des-Asp1-angiotensin II on steroid production in vitro and its inhibition by Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II.", "content": "Two of the agents known to block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, namely Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II and the nonapeptide SQ 20881, have been used to clarify the role of angiotensin II (AII) and its cogeners upon the steroidogenesis in isolated fasciculata cells from bovine adrenal tissue. It could be concluded that: (1) des-Asp1-angiotensin II is as active as AII on steroidogenesis from bovine fasciculata cells; (2) angiotensin I, although less potent, stimulates steroid production without being converted to AII or des-Asp1-AII, and (3) Sar1-Ala8-AII inhibits all three peptides in a competitive manner. The presence of a common receptor for all these three peptides is suggested.", "contents": "Stimulating effects of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and des-Asp1-angiotensin II on steroid production in vitro and its inhibition by Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II. Two of the agents known to block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, namely Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II and the nonapeptide SQ 20881, have been used to clarify the role of angiotensin II (AII) and its cogeners upon the steroidogenesis in isolated fasciculata cells from bovine adrenal tissue. It could be concluded that: (1) des-Asp1-angiotensin II is as active as AII on steroidogenesis from bovine fasciculata cells; (2) angiotensin I, although less potent, stimulates steroid production without being converted to AII or des-Asp1-AII, and (3) Sar1-Ala8-AII inhibits all three peptides in a competitive manner. The presence of a common receptor for all these three peptides is suggested.", "PMID": 1019169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2433", "title": "Effect of adrenal arterial infusion of saralasin (P113) on aldosterone secretion.", "content": "To test the role of the renin/angiotensin system in aldosterone regulation, Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P113) was infused into the arterial blood supply of transplanted adrenal glands in conscious sheep. Effects on the aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II and III in sodium replete sheep were compared with effects in sodium deficiency. Adrenal arterial infusion of P113 up to 1,000 mug/h for 1-2h did not consistently alter the high aldosterone secretion rates of sodium-deficient sheep. However, infusion of P113 at 10 mug/h or more abolished aldosterone responses to angiotensin II infusion that caused high physiological blood levels of angiotensin II. These results are against the proposal of a primary proportional causal relationship between blood angiotensin II concentration and aldosterone secretion rate in sodium deficiency. They are also against the possibility that such a primary role is played by blood-borne angiotensin III.", "contents": "Effect of adrenal arterial infusion of saralasin (P113) on aldosterone secretion. To test the role of the renin/angiotensin system in aldosterone regulation, Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P113) was infused into the arterial blood supply of transplanted adrenal glands in conscious sheep. Effects on the aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II and III in sodium replete sheep were compared with effects in sodium deficiency. Adrenal arterial infusion of P113 up to 1,000 mug/h for 1-2h did not consistently alter the high aldosterone secretion rates of sodium-deficient sheep. However, infusion of P113 at 10 mug/h or more abolished aldosterone responses to angiotensin II infusion that caused high physiological blood levels of angiotensin II. These results are against the proposal of a primary proportional causal relationship between blood angiotensin II concentration and aldosterone secretion rate in sodium deficiency. They are also against the possibility that such a primary role is played by blood-borne angiotensin III.", "PMID": 1019170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2434", "title": "Effects of saralasin on renal function of the rat.", "content": "In the isolated perfused rat kidney, saralasin inhibits the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II in a dose-dependent manner. At high infusion rates saralasin, by itself, increases renal vascular resistance and supresses renin release. Such an agonistic effect is not observed in the presence of high concentrations of angiotensin II. In acute renal failure induced by glycerol, saralasin has a beneficial effect on urine volume, solute excretion and plasma urea concentration only when it is administered together with an adequate volume of rat serum.", "contents": "Effects of saralasin on renal function of the rat. In the isolated perfused rat kidney, saralasin inhibits the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II in a dose-dependent manner. At high infusion rates saralasin, by itself, increases renal vascular resistance and supresses renin release. Such an agonistic effect is not observed in the presence of high concentrations of angiotensin II. In acute renal failure induced by glycerol, saralasin has a beneficial effect on urine volume, solute excretion and plasma urea concentration only when it is administered together with an adequate volume of rat serum.", "PMID": 1019171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2435", "title": "Effects of angiotensin antagonists in various forms of experimental arterial hypertension.", "content": "The dependence of renal hypertension on increased levels of angiotensin II was investigated in conscious dogs at various stages of hypertension of four different types. Two of the most potent angiotensin inhibitors, Sar1-Ile8- and Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II, were infused separately in various doses and at different times throughout the evolution of renal hypertension. The results of these experiments are consistent with the view that the renin-angiotensin system may participate in the acute and malignant phases of renal hypertension; they do not provide evidence for its participation when hypertension enters the chronic phase.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin antagonists in various forms of experimental arterial hypertension. The dependence of renal hypertension on increased levels of angiotensin II was investigated in conscious dogs at various stages of hypertension of four different types. Two of the most potent angiotensin inhibitors, Sar1-Ile8- and Sar1-Thr8-angiotensin II, were infused separately in various doses and at different times throughout the evolution of renal hypertension. The results of these experiments are consistent with the view that the renin-angiotensin system may participate in the acute and malignant phases of renal hypertension; they do not provide evidence for its participation when hypertension enters the chronic phase.", "PMID": 1019172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2436", "title": "Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on dorsal and ventral hypothalamic self-stimulation in three inbred strains of mice.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of d- and l-amphetamine on self-stimulation behaviour in dorsal and ventral hypothalamic areas, were studied in BALB/c Orl., DBA/2 Orl, and C57BL/6 Orl inbred mice. Both isomers improved and disrupted self-stimulation as a function of the doses injected. However, the improvements obtained with d-amphetamine were higher than those obtained with 1-amphetamine. In contrast the 1 isomer generally provoked the highest disruptions. In addition, the three strains presented various sensitivities to d-amphetamine, which improved self-stimulation first in BALB/c (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg), then in DBA/2 (0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg) and finally in C57BL/6 (2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg). The dorsal hypothalamic self-stimulation system presented a greater sensitivity to d-amphetamine than the ventral system; while the two reward systems reacted identically to 1-amphetamine.  The differential effects observed are set into relationship with neurochemical data concerning the central catecholaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on dorsal and ventral hypothalamic self-stimulation in three inbred strains of mice. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of d- and l-amphetamine on self-stimulation behaviour in dorsal and ventral hypothalamic areas, were studied in BALB/c Orl., DBA/2 Orl, and C57BL/6 Orl inbred mice. Both isomers improved and disrupted self-stimulation as a function of the doses injected. However, the improvements obtained with d-amphetamine were higher than those obtained with 1-amphetamine. In contrast the 1 isomer generally provoked the highest disruptions. In addition, the three strains presented various sensitivities to d-amphetamine, which improved self-stimulation first in BALB/c (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg), then in DBA/2 (0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg) and finally in C57BL/6 (2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg). The dorsal hypothalamic self-stimulation system presented a greater sensitivity to d-amphetamine than the ventral system; while the two reward systems reacted identically to 1-amphetamine.  The differential effects observed are set into relationship with neurochemical data concerning the central catecholaminergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1019180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2437", "title": "Effects of selective forebrain depletions of norepinephrine and serotonin on the activity and food intake effects of amphetamine and fenfluramine.", "content": "Selective forebrain depletions of either norepinephrine or serotonin were produced in separate groups of rats by placement of lesions in the brainstem noradrenergic area and in the dorsal and median raph\u00e9 nuclei respectively. Rats with norepinephrine depleting lesions exhibited an attenuation relative to intact animals of both the anorexic and locomotor stimulatory effects of amphetamine. In contrast, depletion of serotonin by the raph\u00e9 lesion enhanced the locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine but did not affect the anorexic efficacy of amphetamine. Neither brain lesion, however, reliably altered the animals' response to either the anorexic or activity effects of fenfluramine.", "contents": "Effects of selective forebrain depletions of norepinephrine and serotonin on the activity and food intake effects of amphetamine and fenfluramine. Selective forebrain depletions of either norepinephrine or serotonin were produced in separate groups of rats by placement of lesions in the brainstem noradrenergic area and in the dorsal and median raph\u00e9 nuclei respectively. Rats with norepinephrine depleting lesions exhibited an attenuation relative to intact animals of both the anorexic and locomotor stimulatory effects of amphetamine. In contrast, depletion of serotonin by the raph\u00e9 lesion enhanced the locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine but did not affect the anorexic efficacy of amphetamine. Neither brain lesion, however, reliably altered the animals' response to either the anorexic or activity effects of fenfluramine.", "PMID": 1019181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2438", "title": "Effect of magnesium deficiency on nonspecific excitability level (NEL) and audiogenic seizure susceptibility.", "content": "Magnesium deficiency in weanling rats caused an increase in NEL and in audiogenic seizure susceptibility. These behavioral effects were apparent after eight days of magnesium restriction and could be reversed by dietary rehabilitation. Serum magnesium declined rapidly from 1.87 +/- 0.10 mEq/L to 0.91 +/- 0.24 mEq/L in two days. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) magnesium decreased gradually from 1.86 mEq/L, becoming significantly lower (1.44 +/- 0.23 mEq/L) after eight days. When deficient rats were injected IP with MgCl2, raising the serum magnesium concentration to 6.6 mEq/L, NEL decreased to normal while audiogenic seizure susceptibility remained. Both NEL and audiogenic seizure susceptibility in rats reflect central nervous system magnesium concentration, except when serum magnesium concentration is very high. Very high serum  magnesium concentration lowers NEL but does not reduce audiogenic seizure susceptibility if CSF magnesium is low.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium deficiency on nonspecific excitability level (NEL) and audiogenic seizure susceptibility. Magnesium deficiency in weanling rats caused an increase in NEL and in audiogenic seizure susceptibility. These behavioral effects were apparent after eight days of magnesium restriction and could be reversed by dietary rehabilitation. Serum magnesium declined rapidly from 1.87 +/- 0.10 mEq/L to 0.91 +/- 0.24 mEq/L in two days. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) magnesium decreased gradually from 1.86 mEq/L, becoming significantly lower (1.44 +/- 0.23 mEq/L) after eight days. When deficient rats were injected IP with MgCl2, raising the serum magnesium concentration to 6.6 mEq/L, NEL decreased to normal while audiogenic seizure susceptibility remained. Both NEL and audiogenic seizure susceptibility in rats reflect central nervous system magnesium concentration, except when serum magnesium concentration is very high. Very high serum  magnesium concentration lowers NEL but does not reduce audiogenic seizure susceptibility if CSF magnesium is low.", "PMID": 1019182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2439", "title": "Effects of pentobarbital on punished behavior at different shock intensities.", "content": "Key-pecking by two pigeons was maintained initially under a schedule where the first response after five minutes had elapsed produced food. When every 50th response produced shock, responding was suppressed (punishment). Although rates and patterns of punished responding remained comparable when the shock intensity was reduced by half, pentobarbital produced much greater increases in both overall and local rates of responding at the lower shock intensity. Pentobarbital also produced larger increases in the low rates of responding immedicately following shock when the lower intensity shock was in effect.", "contents": "Effects of pentobarbital on punished behavior at different shock intensities. Key-pecking by two pigeons was maintained initially under a schedule where the first response after five minutes had elapsed produced food. When every 50th response produced shock, responding was suppressed (punishment). Although rates and patterns of punished responding remained comparable when the shock intensity was reduced by half, pentobarbital produced much greater increases in both overall and local rates of responding at the lower shock intensity. Pentobarbital also produced larger increases in the low rates of responding immedicately following shock when the lower intensity shock was in effect.", "PMID": 1019183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2440", "title": "Effects of lithium chloride on sleep patterns in the rat.", "content": "Continuous EEG recordings were performed in rats both  after saline injections (control days) and after LiCl treatments. LiCl administration was always followed by an initial period of general distress and sleep inhibition during 2 to 3 hr after low toxic doses (1.5 mEq/kg) and a much more longer period (10 hr) after high toxic doses (3 mEq/kg). Once this state was overcome, the pharmacological effect of lithimia seems to potentiate sleep and particularly paradoxical sleep (PS). It appears that this potentiation of PS occurs once lithimia reaches levels used in human therapeutics.", "contents": "Effects of lithium chloride on sleep patterns in the rat. Continuous EEG recordings were performed in rats both  after saline injections (control days) and after LiCl treatments. LiCl administration was always followed by an initial period of general distress and sleep inhibition during 2 to 3 hr after low toxic doses (1.5 mEq/kg) and a much more longer period (10 hr) after high toxic doses (3 mEq/kg). Once this state was overcome, the pharmacological effect of lithimia seems to potentiate sleep and particularly paradoxical sleep (PS). It appears that this potentiation of PS occurs once lithimia reaches levels used in human therapeutics.", "PMID": 1019184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2441", "title": "Effects of monosodium glutamate on somatic development, obesity and activity in the mouse.", "content": "Neonatal mice 1 and 5 days of age and older mice 25 days of age were injected with an increasing dose of monosodium glutamate (MSG) for a ten-day period and observed for at least 150 days. Both male and female animals in the 1- and 5-day age group treated with MSG showed large increases in weight over controls along with a shortened body length. The MSG group also showed decreases in locomotor and explatory behavior. The 25-day animals took much longer to show effects or failed to show any effects, indicating that the MSG-induced changes studied are age dependent. Possible methodological considerations accounting for conflicting reports in the MSG literature are discussed in light of the present findings.", "contents": "Effects of monosodium glutamate on somatic development, obesity and activity in the mouse. Neonatal mice 1 and 5 days of age and older mice 25 days of age were injected with an increasing dose of monosodium glutamate (MSG) for a ten-day period and observed for at least 150 days. Both male and female animals in the 1- and 5-day age group treated with MSG showed large increases in weight over controls along with a shortened body length. The MSG group also showed decreases in locomotor and explatory behavior. The 25-day animals took much longer to show effects or failed to show any effects, indicating that the MSG-induced changes studied are age dependent. Possible methodological considerations accounting for conflicting reports in the MSG literature are discussed in light of the present findings.", "PMID": 1019185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2442", "title": "Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine correlates of behavior: studies involving spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats.", "content": "Brain area 5-hydroxytrhptamine (5-HT) turnover and behavioral correlates were compared in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats. SHR appeared to have hyperfunctional 5-HT systems as evidenced by the finding that brain area 5-HT turnover times were 53% lower in SHR, with significant changes seen in the limbic forebrain. SHR, while less active upon initial testing of spontaneous motor activity than Wistar rats, did not habituate as readily to the testing procedures as evidenced by higher activity than Wistar rats in repeated testing stiuations. In the light of other data indicating that 5-ht systems are predominantly inhibitory to ongoing behavior, these data suggest that habituation, as determined in this study, is an active process that is retarded in the SHR because of hyperfunctional 5-HT systems. Spontaneous activity of SHR was inhibited less than that of Wistar rats by a conditioned stimulus which is consistent with the observations of others that 5-HT systems tend to suppress responsiveness to external stimuli. While spontaneous activity data suggested that SHR were more emothinal than Wistar rats, the SHR also exhibited a higher avoidance rate in an unsignaled shuttle avoidance procedure which is usually indicative of a lower emotional state.", "contents": "Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine correlates of behavior: studies involving spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats. Brain area 5-hydroxytrhptamine (5-HT) turnover and behavioral correlates were compared in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats. SHR appeared to have hyperfunctional 5-HT systems as evidenced by the finding that brain area 5-HT turnover times were 53% lower in SHR, with significant changes seen in the limbic forebrain. SHR, while less active upon initial testing of spontaneous motor activity than Wistar rats, did not habituate as readily to the testing procedures as evidenced by higher activity than Wistar rats in repeated testing stiuations. In the light of other data indicating that 5-ht systems are predominantly inhibitory to ongoing behavior, these data suggest that habituation, as determined in this study, is an active process that is retarded in the SHR because of hyperfunctional 5-HT systems. Spontaneous activity of SHR was inhibited less than that of Wistar rats by a conditioned stimulus which is consistent with the observations of others that 5-HT systems tend to suppress responsiveness to external stimuli. While spontaneous activity data suggested that SHR were more emothinal than Wistar rats, the SHR also exhibited a higher avoidance rate in an unsignaled shuttle avoidance procedure which is usually indicative of a lower emotional state.", "PMID": 1019186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2443", "title": "Abnormal open field behavior after anterolateral hypothalamic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "To investigate the importance of forebrain catecholamine terminals in open field behavior, rats were microinjected bilaterally in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the anteralteral hypothalamus with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a specific catecholaminergic neurotoxin. These 6-OHDA microinjections produced extensive loss of forebrain catecholamine terminals; identical vehicle microinjections did not. When 6-OHDA rats were given 8 open field (OF) tests in the first or the fifth postinjection week, they had a longer latency to enter the OF, crossed fewer squares and reared less than normal rats or rats microinjected with vehicle. The abnormal OF behavior of 6-OHDA rats was not a generalized loss of locomotor activity because 6-OHDA rats were normally active in the home cage. The abnormal OF behavior of 6-OHDA rats was also not a result of a generalized lack of reactivity because the OF test elicited an increase of plasma corticosterone in 6-OHDA rats. The possibility that 6-OHDA rats were abnormal in the OF because they were hyperractive to it was not consistent with the observations that the OF activity of 6-OHDA rats did not change with repetitive testing, 6-OHDA rats did not defecate more than vehicle rats, and 6-OHDA rats did not display freezing behavior. These results suggest, but do not prove, that the abnormal OF behavior of 6-OHDA rats reflects a deficit of exploratory behavior that is correlated with extensive loss of forebrain catecholamine terminals.", "contents": "Abnormal open field behavior after anterolateral hypothalamic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. To investigate the importance of forebrain catecholamine terminals in open field behavior, rats were microinjected bilaterally in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the anteralteral hypothalamus with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a specific catecholaminergic neurotoxin. These 6-OHDA microinjections produced extensive loss of forebrain catecholamine terminals; identical vehicle microinjections did not. When 6-OHDA rats were given 8 open field (OF) tests in the first or the fifth postinjection week, they had a longer latency to enter the OF, crossed fewer squares and reared less than normal rats or rats microinjected with vehicle. The abnormal OF behavior of 6-OHDA rats was not a generalized loss of locomotor activity because 6-OHDA rats were normally active in the home cage. The abnormal OF behavior of 6-OHDA rats was also not a result of a generalized lack of reactivity because the OF test elicited an increase of plasma corticosterone in 6-OHDA rats. The possibility that 6-OHDA rats were abnormal in the OF because they were hyperractive to it was not consistent with the observations that the OF activity of 6-OHDA rats did not change with repetitive testing, 6-OHDA rats did not defecate more than vehicle rats, and 6-OHDA rats did not display freezing behavior. These results suggest, but do not prove, that the abnormal OF behavior of 6-OHDA rats reflects a deficit of exploratory behavior that is correlated with extensive loss of forebrain catecholamine terminals.", "PMID": 1019187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2444", "title": "The discriminability of apsirin in arthritic and nonarthritic rats.", "content": "Aspirin, 56 mg/kg IP, was shown to be mildly, but significantly discriminable from saline in a group of 12 nonarthritic rats exposed to a 2-lever fixed ratio 10 drug discrimination protocol for 56 trials. In a concurrently-tested group of 12 rats made arthritic by injection of Mycobacterium butyricum into a hind paw, the discrimination of aspirin from saline was enhanced. The results exemplify how drug discriminability may vary depending on the pathological state of the subjects exposed to drug-discrimination training.", "contents": "The discriminability of apsirin in arthritic and nonarthritic rats. Aspirin, 56 mg/kg IP, was shown to be mildly, but significantly discriminable from saline in a group of 12 nonarthritic rats exposed to a 2-lever fixed ratio 10 drug discrimination protocol for 56 trials. In a concurrently-tested group of 12 rats made arthritic by injection of Mycobacterium butyricum into a hind paw, the discrimination of aspirin from saline was enhanced. The results exemplify how drug discriminability may vary depending on the pathological state of the subjects exposed to drug-discrimination training.", "PMID": 1019188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2445", "title": "Behavioral, biochemical and histological effects of prenatal administration of progesterone in the rat.", "content": "Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with progesterone (1.5 mg/kg) between Days 8 and 21 of gestation and the behavioral, biochemical and histological effects of this treatment were observed in the offspring. The progesterone offspring weighed less than the control animals during this weaning and were retarded on one measure of exploratory activity in the open field. None of the other 29 tests used showed any significant difference apart from a 9% increase in the amount of brain DNA in the progesterone animals. It was concluded that these differences were fortuitous and that progesterone has no consistent or significant effects on brain development in rodents following prenatal administration.", "contents": "Behavioral, biochemical and histological effects of prenatal administration of progesterone in the rat. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with progesterone (1.5 mg/kg) between Days 8 and 21 of gestation and the behavioral, biochemical and histological effects of this treatment were observed in the offspring. The progesterone offspring weighed less than the control animals during this weaning and were retarded on one measure of exploratory activity in the open field. None of the other 29 tests used showed any significant difference apart from a 9% increase in the amount of brain DNA in the progesterone animals. It was concluded that these differences were fortuitous and that progesterone has no consistent or significant effects on brain development in rodents following prenatal administration.", "PMID": 1019189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2446", "title": "Carbachol, angiotensin-II, ventircular spread and water balance in rats.", "content": "Injections into the preoptic areas and anterior hypothalamus of a little as 1.0 ng/mu1 carbachol (5.5 X 10(-6) M, 11 pmols total dose) and 0.1 ng/mul angiotensin-II (10(-7) M, 0.2-0.4 pmols) were dipsogenic or antidiuretic-natriuretic. Lateral ventricular (VL) thresholds for drinking also were 11 pmols for carbachol and 0.2 pmols for angiotensin. The low VL threshold for carbachol supports, without proving, arguments that a limbic cholinergically-coded thirst circuit could reflect leakage form placements near VL to the third ventricle. In contrast, VL thresholds for antidiuresis-natriuresis were 110 pmols for carbachol and 2 pmols for angiotensin. Carbachol was more effective rostral to the paraventricular nucleus and angiotensin dorsal to the supraoptic nucleus. However, lower thresholds in these areas were insufficient to localize receptors, since all cannulas positive for antidiuresis-natriuresis traversed ventricles, and cannulas not traversing ventricles were negative.", "contents": "Carbachol, angiotensin-II, ventircular spread and water balance in rats. Injections into the preoptic areas and anterior hypothalamus of a little as 1.0 ng/mu1 carbachol (5.5 X 10(-6) M, 11 pmols total dose) and 0.1 ng/mul angiotensin-II (10(-7) M, 0.2-0.4 pmols) were dipsogenic or antidiuretic-natriuretic. Lateral ventricular (VL) thresholds for drinking also were 11 pmols for carbachol and 0.2 pmols for angiotensin. The low VL threshold for carbachol supports, without proving, arguments that a limbic cholinergically-coded thirst circuit could reflect leakage form placements near VL to the third ventricle. In contrast, VL thresholds for antidiuresis-natriuresis were 110 pmols for carbachol and 2 pmols for angiotensin. Carbachol was more effective rostral to the paraventricular nucleus and angiotensin dorsal to the supraoptic nucleus. However, lower thresholds in these areas were insufficient to localize receptors, since all cannulas positive for antidiuresis-natriuresis traversed ventricles, and cannulas not traversing ventricles were negative.", "PMID": 1019190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2447", "title": "Quantitative determination and identification of pharmaceuticals by means of Gran's potentiomentric method.", "content": "A method is proposed both for the quantitative determination and identification of pharmaceuticals, based on the data of a single pH-metric titration. As a new identification criterion the pK-value of the pharmaceutical is proposed. The latter is conveniently determined using the Gran's graphical method. A new equation is derived for the data treatment of very weak bases, where the Gran's original method can not be applied directly. The proposed method is applied with determination and the identification of many pharmaceuticals weak and very weak acids and bases.", "contents": "Quantitative determination and identification of pharmaceuticals by means of Gran's potentiomentric method. A method is proposed both for the quantitative determination and identification of pharmaceuticals, based on the data of a single pH-metric titration. As a new identification criterion the pK-value of the pharmaceutical is proposed. The latter is conveniently determined using the Gran's graphical method. A new equation is derived for the data treatment of very weak bases, where the Gran's original method can not be applied directly. The proposed method is applied with determination and the identification of many pharmaceuticals weak and very weak acids and bases.", "PMID": 1019193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2448", "title": "Application of some polymers in the physiocochemical design of tablet formulation.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol 4000 did not apprecialbly affect the rate of drug release from tablets. The use of sodium alginate the a tablet binder showed variable effects on the rate of drug release from the tablet i.e. The incorporation of only 2.5% of sodium alginate caused enhancement in the release rate of the drug based on its action as disintegration inducer. On the other hand, the incorporation of 20, 35 and 50% of sodium alginate showed a pronounced retardation in the rate of drug release from the tablets. This retardation was more pronounced in acid than in alkaline media. Accordingly, sodium alginate could be favourably suggested as tablet binder when retarded gastric absorption is the therapeutic aim required. Carbopol 940 when used as a tablet binder in a concentration of 2.5%, showed a marked enhancement of the release rate of the drug. On the contrary, it exerted a remarkable retardation in the rate of drug release from the tablets when incorporated in the relatively large proportions of 20, 35 and 50%. This retardation was more pronounced in alkaline than in acid media. Accordingly, Carbopol 940 would be favourably suggested in the physiocohemical design of prolonged-release tablet formulations.", "contents": "Application of some polymers in the physiocochemical design of tablet formulation. Polyethylene glycol 4000 did not apprecialbly affect the rate of drug release from tablets. The use of sodium alginate the a tablet binder showed variable effects on the rate of drug release from the tablet i.e. The incorporation of only 2.5% of sodium alginate caused enhancement in the release rate of the drug based on its action as disintegration inducer. On the other hand, the incorporation of 20, 35 and 50% of sodium alginate showed a pronounced retardation in the rate of drug release from the tablets. This retardation was more pronounced in acid than in alkaline media. Accordingly, sodium alginate could be favourably suggested as tablet binder when retarded gastric absorption is the therapeutic aim required. Carbopol 940 when used as a tablet binder in a concentration of 2.5%, showed a marked enhancement of the release rate of the drug. On the contrary, it exerted a remarkable retardation in the rate of drug release from the tablets when incorporated in the relatively large proportions of 20, 35 and 50%. This retardation was more pronounced in alkaline than in acid media. Accordingly, Carbopol 940 would be favourably suggested in the physiocohemical design of prolonged-release tablet formulations.", "PMID": 1019194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2449", "title": "Ethyl cellulose as a potential sustained release coating for oral pharmaceuticals.", "content": "This current study was motivated, and designed in an attempt to determine the possible application of the inert, pH-insensitive, ethyl cellulose polymer as a potential sustained-release coating for oral pharmaceuticals. Coating was effected using two relatively recent techniques, namely microencapsulation by phase separation coacervation, induced by temperature change, and drug entrapment by flocculation, induced by nonsolbent addition. Chloramphenicol was used as a model drug. Results of this study revealed the fact that ethyl cellulose proved to be a potential sustained-release coating for oral dosage forms. Moreover, the effect of the coating/core ratio was exhibited both qualitatively and quantitatively. This finding could help in the design of programmed or timed-release drugs. Accordingly, this study could be considered a successful attempt towards the utlization of ethyl cellulose in of the design of sustained-release oral pharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Ethyl cellulose as a potential sustained release coating for oral pharmaceuticals. This current study was motivated, and designed in an attempt to determine the possible application of the inert, pH-insensitive, ethyl cellulose polymer as a potential sustained-release coating for oral pharmaceuticals. Coating was effected using two relatively recent techniques, namely microencapsulation by phase separation coacervation, induced by temperature change, and drug entrapment by flocculation, induced by nonsolbent addition. Chloramphenicol was used as a model drug. Results of this study revealed the fact that ethyl cellulose proved to be a potential sustained-release coating for oral dosage forms. Moreover, the effect of the coating/core ratio was exhibited both qualitatively and quantitatively. This finding could help in the design of programmed or timed-release drugs. Accordingly, this study could be considered a successful attempt towards the utlization of ethyl cellulose in of the design of sustained-release oral pharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 1019195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2450", "title": "New generalized equations for multiple dose kinetics by i.v. injection.", "content": "New generalized equations for one compartment open model system with rapid i.v. injections for multiple dose kinetics are developed. The model assumers the first order elimination. Equations are developed for the maximum and minimum amounts of drug in body after n and infinity number of doses. The methods for calculating rate of accumulation is presented and the relationship bewteen, f (fraction of drug present in the compartment at the time of repeated dosing), t1/2 and the dosing interval, tau.", "contents": "New generalized equations for multiple dose kinetics by i.v. injection. New generalized equations for one compartment open model system with rapid i.v. injections for multiple dose kinetics are developed. The model assumers the first order elimination. Equations are developed for the maximum and minimum amounts of drug in body after n and infinity number of doses. The methods for calculating rate of accumulation is presented and the relationship bewteen, f (fraction of drug present in the compartment at the time of repeated dosing), t1/2 and the dosing interval, tau.", "PMID": 1019197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2451", "title": "Synthesis of 1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-2.4-dioxoquinazoline derivatives for pharmacological study.", "content": "The condensation of 4-chloroanthranilic acid with several substituted monophenylureas is described. Reacting equimolecular amounts of the haloanthranilic acid with monophenylurea, p-tolylurea, p-methoxyphenylurea, p-ethoxyphenylurea, p-bromophenylurea, p-chlorophenylurea and m-chlorophenylurea--by fusion in a pressure bottle--yielded the corresponding 7-chloro-3-aryl-.2.3.4-tetrahydro-2.4-dioxoquinazoline (1a--g). On the other hand, o-substitute phenylureas, instead of affording the expected condensation products, yielded a compound which was shown to be 7-chlorobenzoyleneurea (2), the formation of which is accounted for.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-2.4-dioxoquinazoline derivatives for pharmacological study. The condensation of 4-chloroanthranilic acid with several substituted monophenylureas is described. Reacting equimolecular amounts of the haloanthranilic acid with monophenylurea, p-tolylurea, p-methoxyphenylurea, p-ethoxyphenylurea, p-bromophenylurea, p-chlorophenylurea and m-chlorophenylurea--by fusion in a pressure bottle--yielded the corresponding 7-chloro-3-aryl-.2.3.4-tetrahydro-2.4-dioxoquinazoline (1a--g). On the other hand, o-substitute phenylureas, instead of affording the expected condensation products, yielded a compound which was shown to be 7-chlorobenzoyleneurea (2), the formation of which is accounted for.", "PMID": 1019204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2452", "title": "Quantitative determination of ruscogenin in Ruscus species by densitometric thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A densitometric t.l.c. method of quantitative determination of ruscogenin was elaborated. After separation with the aid of t.l.c., the colourless ruscogenin spots were located with the aid of a p-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde solution and were submitted to densitometry. It was found that under the selected conditions a linear dependence exists between the betaI% value and lgC within the range of 0.5--10 mug ruscogenin. The determination of ruscogenin is done in the presence of the remaining components of the sample. The method is free of any systematic error. The method was applied in the determination of the ruscogenin content of the above-ground and underground part of Ruscus aculeatus and R. hypoglossum, extracts of the same plants, and capsules with further to the R. aculeatus extract also contained bioflavonoids. It was found that the content of ruscogenin in the underground and the above-ground parts of R. hypoglossum is 0.14 and 0.10%, respectively, while for R. aculeatus the respective values are 0.12 and 0.08%. The extract contains 1.6% ruscogenin, and the capsules 0.09 mg each.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of ruscogenin in Ruscus species by densitometric thin-layer chromatography. A densitometric t.l.c. method of quantitative determination of ruscogenin was elaborated. After separation with the aid of t.l.c., the colourless ruscogenin spots were located with the aid of a p-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde solution and were submitted to densitometry. It was found that under the selected conditions a linear dependence exists between the betaI% value and lgC within the range of 0.5--10 mug ruscogenin. The determination of ruscogenin is done in the presence of the remaining components of the sample. The method is free of any systematic error. The method was applied in the determination of the ruscogenin content of the above-ground and underground part of Ruscus aculeatus and R. hypoglossum, extracts of the same plants, and capsules with further to the R. aculeatus extract also contained bioflavonoids. It was found that the content of ruscogenin in the underground and the above-ground parts of R. hypoglossum is 0.14 and 0.10%, respectively, while for R. aculeatus the respective values are 0.12 and 0.08%. The extract contains 1.6% ruscogenin, and the capsules 0.09 mg each.", "PMID": 1019207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2453", "title": "Investigations of nicandrenone--a withanolide-like aromatic plant steroid from Nicandra physaloides.", "content": "On the basis of IR, UV, ORD, NMR and high resoluted mass spectral data as well as chemical transformations, evidence for structure 1 of the D-homo-aromatic plant steroid nicandrenone from Nicandra physaloides (Solanaceae) was given. The sterochemistry of both epoxy lactol functions in this compound was established using intramolecular hydrogen bonding investigations. Biogenetical aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Investigations of nicandrenone--a withanolide-like aromatic plant steroid from Nicandra physaloides. On the basis of IR, UV, ORD, NMR and high resoluted mass spectral data as well as chemical transformations, evidence for structure 1 of the D-homo-aromatic plant steroid nicandrenone from Nicandra physaloides (Solanaceae) was given. The sterochemistry of both epoxy lactol functions in this compound was established using intramolecular hydrogen bonding investigations. Biogenetical aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 1019215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2454", "title": "Cardiovascular activity of 9-hydroxy-ellipticine.", "content": "The cardiovascular activity of 9-hydroxy-ellipticine (9-OH-E) has been studied on anaesthetized dogs. The drug has been administered intravenously in one dose ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg. The variations in the myocardial contractility, the systemic haemodynamics, the respiration and the general metabolism of the anaesthetized dogs were studied to make evident the mechanism of 9-OH-E cardiostimulating action. 9-OH-E from 5 mg/kg i.v. stimulates the contractility of myocardium and improves the cardiac performances of the anaesthetized dogs. This heart-stimulating action is long-lasting and is not accompanied by any modification in the arterial blood pressure. It is inhibited or at least strongly attenuated by beta-adrenergic blocking agents and by the depletion of catecholamines.", "contents": "Cardiovascular activity of 9-hydroxy-ellipticine. The cardiovascular activity of 9-hydroxy-ellipticine (9-OH-E) has been studied on anaesthetized dogs. The drug has been administered intravenously in one dose ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg. The variations in the myocardial contractility, the systemic haemodynamics, the respiration and the general metabolism of the anaesthetized dogs were studied to make evident the mechanism of 9-OH-E cardiostimulating action. 9-OH-E from 5 mg/kg i.v. stimulates the contractility of myocardium and improves the cardiac performances of the anaesthetized dogs. This heart-stimulating action is long-lasting and is not accompanied by any modification in the arterial blood pressure. It is inhibited or at least strongly attenuated by beta-adrenergic blocking agents and by the depletion of catecholamines.", "PMID": 1019225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2455", "title": "Antithrombotic effects of sulfinpyrazone in animals: influence on fibrinolysis and sodium arachidonate-induced pulmonary embolism.", "content": "It has been shown that sulfinpyrazone stimulates fibrinolytic activity in various in vitro and in vivo test systems. In rats with kaolin-induced paw oedema this compound is able to restore the markedly prolonged euglobulin clot lysis time in an oral dose of 30 mg/kg, whereas salicylate and dipyridamole are somewhat less active in this respect. Beside these effects, sulfinpyrazone protects rabbits from arachidonate-induced sudden death after a single oral dose of 10-30 mg/kg.", "contents": "Antithrombotic effects of sulfinpyrazone in animals: influence on fibrinolysis and sodium arachidonate-induced pulmonary embolism. It has been shown that sulfinpyrazone stimulates fibrinolytic activity in various in vitro and in vivo test systems. In rats with kaolin-induced paw oedema this compound is able to restore the markedly prolonged euglobulin clot lysis time in an oral dose of 30 mg/kg, whereas salicylate and dipyridamole are somewhat less active in this respect. Beside these effects, sulfinpyrazone protects rabbits from arachidonate-induced sudden death after a single oral dose of 10-30 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1019226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2456", "title": "Effects of calcium infusion on secretion and motor activity of totally isolated canine stomach perfused with homologous blood.", "content": "Isolated, ex vivo perfused, canine stomachs were used for this study. Gastric secretion, myoelectrical activity and mechanical activity were recorded during stimulation of gastric function with pentagastrin or histamine alone or combined with calcium gluconate. Secretagogues and calcium were infused into the gastric arterial circulation. Hypercalcemia induced significant inhibition of pentagastrin, stimulated gastric secretion, but did not affect the secretion stimulated by histamine. Hypercalcemia also induced an increase of frequency of cycles of electrical control activity and a decrease of mechanical activity of the gastric antrum. The effect of hypercalcemia on gastric motor function was similar in the nonstimulated stomach and during the infusion of secretagogues used in this experiment.", "contents": "Effects of calcium infusion on secretion and motor activity of totally isolated canine stomach perfused with homologous blood. Isolated, ex vivo perfused, canine stomachs were used for this study. Gastric secretion, myoelectrical activity and mechanical activity were recorded during stimulation of gastric function with pentagastrin or histamine alone or combined with calcium gluconate. Secretagogues and calcium were infused into the gastric arterial circulation. Hypercalcemia induced significant inhibition of pentagastrin, stimulated gastric secretion, but did not affect the secretion stimulated by histamine. Hypercalcemia also induced an increase of frequency of cycles of electrical control activity and a decrease of mechanical activity of the gastric antrum. The effect of hypercalcemia on gastric motor function was similar in the nonstimulated stomach and during the infusion of secretagogues used in this experiment.", "PMID": 1019227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2457", "title": "Influence of surgical manipulations on hexobarbital effects in rats.", "content": "In rats the hexobarbital metabolism is impaired after different surgical procedures leading to muscle damage. This leads to a prolongation of the hexobarbital action. The prolonged effect of hexobarbital in rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy is considered an unspecific consequence of the tissue damage during lymphectomy.", "contents": "Influence of surgical manipulations on hexobarbital effects in rats. In rats the hexobarbital metabolism is impaired after different surgical procedures leading to muscle damage. This leads to a prolongation of the hexobarbital action. The prolonged effect of hexobarbital in rats with lymphostatic encephalopathy is considered an unspecific consequence of the tissue damage during lymphectomy.", "PMID": 1019228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2458", "title": "Sex and genetic differences in the elimination of sulphadimidine in rats.", "content": "Rats of five inbred strains and two random-bred stocks were intravenously given sulphadimidine (40 mg/kg body weight). A relatively low percentage of acetylsulphadimidine (Ac-S) in urine and absence of strain differences were found in males, whereas two phenotypes can be distinguished in females: (1) high percentage of Ac-S in urine, and (2) low percentage of Ac-S in uirne. An autosomal control of these differences is suggested. A dominant allele which determines the high percentage of excreted Ac-S manifests itself only in female endo-environment.", "contents": "Sex and genetic differences in the elimination of sulphadimidine in rats. Rats of five inbred strains and two random-bred stocks were intravenously given sulphadimidine (40 mg/kg body weight). A relatively low percentage of acetylsulphadimidine (Ac-S) in urine and absence of strain differences were found in males, whereas two phenotypes can be distinguished in females: (1) high percentage of Ac-S in urine, and (2) low percentage of Ac-S in uirne. An autosomal control of these differences is suggested. A dominant allele which determines the high percentage of excreted Ac-S manifests itself only in female endo-environment.", "PMID": 1019229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2459", "title": "The observation and analysis of cancer deaths among classified radiation workers.", "content": "The extent to which occupational radiation exposure contributes to cancer mortality is an influence on future world energy policy. It is also a factor in deciding the level  of expenditure to reduce radiation levels experienced by workers. Here we discuss some of the difficulties in analysing the situation  and present the results of some calculations which estimate the expected age-specific radiation mortalities from all inducible cancers and also from leukaemia separately. Using a high value for the average occupational exposure and a conservative estimate of the associated risk, we find that a survey of mortality among radiation workers must run over many years before sufficient data would be accumulated to resolve the effects of radiation-induced neoplasms from those arising from other causes. We show the advisability of determining the cause of death both of persons who remain employed in the industry and all for only a short time. Our estimates are based on maintenance of an occupationally exposed dose of one rad per person per year during the period of the survey which may extend over several decades. However, scaling of the estimates to any other exposure rates is easily performed. We also give estimates of the lowest risk coefficients detectable in a given observation time. Since for a work force of 3000 these lowest detectable values are an order of magnitude larger than those expected, it is clear that only a national or international survey can produce data adequate for even modest objectives.", "contents": "The observation and analysis of cancer deaths among classified radiation workers. The extent to which occupational radiation exposure contributes to cancer mortality is an influence on future world energy policy. It is also a factor in deciding the level  of expenditure to reduce radiation levels experienced by workers. Here we discuss some of the difficulties in analysing the situation  and present the results of some calculations which estimate the expected age-specific radiation mortalities from all inducible cancers and also from leukaemia separately. Using a high value for the average occupational exposure and a conservative estimate of the associated risk, we find that a survey of mortality among radiation workers must run over many years before sufficient data would be accumulated to resolve the effects of radiation-induced neoplasms from those arising from other causes. We show the advisability of determining the cause of death both of persons who remain employed in the industry and all for only a short time. Our estimates are based on maintenance of an occupationally exposed dose of one rad per person per year during the period of the survey which may extend over several decades. However, scaling of the estimates to any other exposure rates is easily performed. We also give estimates of the lowest risk coefficients detectable in a given observation time. Since for a work force of 3000 these lowest detectable values are an order of magnitude larger than those expected, it is clear that only a national or international survey can produce data adequate for even modest objectives.", "PMID": 1019230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2460", "title": "The influence of cosmetics and ointments on the spectral emissivity of skin.", "content": "Measurements of the spectral emmissivity, epsilon (lambda), of human skin described in a previous paper were performed with a modified monochromator by comparing the radiation from the skin with blackbody radiation in the wavelength range between 2 and 14 mum. Using the same equipment the spectral emissivity has been measured of skin which had been covered with different cosmetics and ointments. From these data it is possible to predict theoretically the apparent temperature difference as seen by an infrared scanner or radiometer with a detector of which the spectral detectivity, D (lambda), is known. These values are compared with the readings of a Bofors Thermograph with an InSb detector. When talcum venetum has been applied to the skin, a greater apparent temperature diffenence must be expected for thermographic cameras equipped with a HgCdTe detector than for cameras with InSb detectors.", "contents": "The influence of cosmetics and ointments on the spectral emissivity of skin. Measurements of the spectral emmissivity, epsilon (lambda), of human skin described in a previous paper were performed with a modified monochromator by comparing the radiation from the skin with blackbody radiation in the wavelength range between 2 and 14 mum. Using the same equipment the spectral emissivity has been measured of skin which had been covered with different cosmetics and ointments. From these data it is possible to predict theoretically the apparent temperature difference as seen by an infrared scanner or radiometer with a detector of which the spectral detectivity, D (lambda), is known. These values are compared with the readings of a Bofors Thermograph with an InSb detector. When talcum venetum has been applied to the skin, a greater apparent temperature diffenence must be expected for thermographic cameras equipped with a HgCdTe detector than for cameras with InSb detectors.", "PMID": 1019231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2461", "title": "Stripping-theory analysis of thick-target neutron production for D + Be.", "content": "The Serber theory for deuteron stripping is employed to predict the shape of the neutron energy spectrum produced by 35 MeV deuterons (D+) on a thick beryllium target. In particular, the observation that the maximum of the neutron energy spectrum (at 0degrees relative to the deuteron beam direction) occurs at approximately 0-4Ed, where Ed is the incident deuteron energy, is explained reasonably well by the calculations. The explanation stems mainly from the fact that the stripping theory for thin targets predicts a narrow maximum at 0-5Ed, and thick target effects shift the maximum downward in energy to approximately 0-4Ed. A number of recent spectral measurements are in agreement with these predictions for a wide range of target materials and incident deuteron energies. The application of this theory also accounts for the previously observed Dd2-99 dependence of the absorbed dose in tissue,per unit charge of D+ ions on target, in the direction of the incident beam. This approximate Ed3 dependence is shown to be a characteristic property of deuteron stripping in a thick target and follows directly from the calculations that predict the neutron energy spectrum.", "contents": "Stripping-theory analysis of thick-target neutron production for D + Be. The Serber theory for deuteron stripping is employed to predict the shape of the neutron energy spectrum produced by 35 MeV deuterons (D+) on a thick beryllium target. In particular, the observation that the maximum of the neutron energy spectrum (at 0degrees relative to the deuteron beam direction) occurs at approximately 0-4Ed, where Ed is the incident deuteron energy, is explained reasonably well by the calculations. The explanation stems mainly from the fact that the stripping theory for thin targets predicts a narrow maximum at 0-5Ed, and thick target effects shift the maximum downward in energy to approximately 0-4Ed. A number of recent spectral measurements are in agreement with these predictions for a wide range of target materials and incident deuteron energies. The application of this theory also accounts for the previously observed Dd2-99 dependence of the absorbed dose in tissue,per unit charge of D+ ions on target, in the direction of the incident beam. This approximate Ed3 dependence is shown to be a characteristic property of deuteron stripping in a thick target and follows directly from the calculations that predict the neutron energy spectrum.", "PMID": 1019232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2462", "title": "Further results in nuclear scattering radiography.", "content": "A further investigation of the nuclear scattering of 500-1000 MeV protons is described. Three-demensional information on the desity distribution within carbon, CH and H2O phantoms is obtained with a volume resolution of 2 mm3. The separation of scattering on hydrogen from that on heavier nuclei, such as carbon and oxygen, is demonstrated, providing the statistics are sufficient. Some preliminary measurements on animals are reported, but with a volume resolution limited by statistics to 43 mm3.", "contents": "Further results in nuclear scattering radiography. A further investigation of the nuclear scattering of 500-1000 MeV protons is described. Three-demensional information on the desity distribution within carbon, CH and H2O phantoms is obtained with a volume resolution of 2 mm3. The separation of scattering on hydrogen from that on heavier nuclei, such as carbon and oxygen, is demonstrated, providing the statistics are sufficient. Some preliminary measurements on animals are reported, but with a volume resolution limited by statistics to 43 mm3.", "PMID": 1019233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2463", "title": "Gamma dosimetry with Al2O3 thermoluminescent phosphor.", "content": "Preparation of thermoluminscence (TL) dosimetric grade A12O3 powder and pellets five times more sensitive than TLD-100 is described. Glow peaks at 50, 125, 250, 325, 475 and 625 degrees C with emission in the blue region have been observed; Si and Ti have been identified as the impurities responsible for TL in  this phosphor. Studies of the TL growth rate with exposure showed that the 250 degrees c peak grew linearly up to 400 R and then at a supralinear rate of (exposure). The growth of the 475 degrees c peak was almost linear at a rate of (exposure) 1-05, while that for the 625 degrees C peak was sublinear at (exposure) 0-85. The 250 and 475 degrees peaks together show a linear response up to 40 000 R. The phosphor had no light sensitivity and is very well suited for gamma dosimetry as pellets or powder. Studies of sensitization and supralinearity, with sensitizing exposure, sensitizing anneal temperature and test gamma and alpha exposures are reported. Initially filled 625 degrees C TL related traps were found to be essential for sensitizaiton. Supralinearity and sensitization in Al2O3 phosphor could be consistently explained by the deep trap model.", "contents": "Gamma dosimetry with Al2O3 thermoluminescent phosphor. Preparation of thermoluminscence (TL) dosimetric grade A12O3 powder and pellets five times more sensitive than TLD-100 is described. Glow peaks at 50, 125, 250, 325, 475 and 625 degrees C with emission in the blue region have been observed; Si and Ti have been identified as the impurities responsible for TL in  this phosphor. Studies of the TL growth rate with exposure showed that the 250 degrees c peak grew linearly up to 400 R and then at a supralinear rate of (exposure). The growth of the 475 degrees c peak was almost linear at a rate of (exposure) 1-05, while that for the 625 degrees C peak was sublinear at (exposure) 0-85. The 250 and 475 degrees peaks together show a linear response up to 40 000 R. The phosphor had no light sensitivity and is very well suited for gamma dosimetry as pellets or powder. Studies of sensitization and supralinearity, with sensitizing exposure, sensitizing anneal temperature and test gamma and alpha exposures are reported. Initially filled 625 degrees C TL related traps were found to be essential for sensitizaiton. Supralinearity and sensitization in Al2O3 phosphor could be consistently explained by the deep trap model.", "PMID": 1019234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2464", "title": "The interaction of salts, amides, and water.", "content": "Infrared and Raman spectra are presented for salt solutions in N-methyl formamide and N,N'-dimethylformamide. Viscosities are reported for many of these solutions. Spectroscopic and viscosity data are also given for amide-salt solutions containing water. The three-component systems exhibit a hydrogen-bonding strength of water proton greater than amide proton, and an acceptor strength of Cl- greater than amide carbonyl oxygen greater than water oxygen. The salt cation is deduced by means of viscosity measurements to interact strongly with the amide carbonyl oxygen, even in the presence of appreciable quantities of water. Association of amides by hydrogen bonding through halide ions is also indicated.", "contents": "The interaction of salts, amides, and water. Infrared and Raman spectra are presented for salt solutions in N-methyl formamide and N,N'-dimethylformamide. Viscosities are reported for many of these solutions. Spectroscopic and viscosity data are also given for amide-salt solutions containing water. The three-component systems exhibit a hydrogen-bonding strength of water proton greater than amide proton, and an acceptor strength of Cl- greater than amide carbonyl oxygen greater than water oxygen. The salt cation is deduced by means of viscosity measurements to interact strongly with the amide carbonyl oxygen, even in the presence of appreciable quantities of water. Association of amides by hydrogen bonding through halide ions is also indicated.", "PMID": 1019255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2465", "title": "Effect of the hepatocarcinogen ethionine on hepatic messenger RNA synthesis.", "content": "An experiment was conducted to determine if any changes resulted in the proportion of hepatic messenger RNA following treatment with ethionine, a hepatocarcinogen. The relative specific activity of the total RNA isolated from nontumor-like tissues was increased in Sprague-Dawley rats fed ethionine. However, the percentage of total RNA that was message was found to be decreased in the ethionine-treated rats.", "contents": "Effect of the hepatocarcinogen ethionine on hepatic messenger RNA synthesis. An experiment was conducted to determine if any changes resulted in the proportion of hepatic messenger RNA following treatment with ethionine, a hepatocarcinogen. The relative specific activity of the total RNA isolated from nontumor-like tissues was increased in Sprague-Dawley rats fed ethionine. However, the percentage of total RNA that was message was found to be decreased in the ethionine-treated rats.", "PMID": 1019256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2466", "title": "Hyperosmotic oxidation of glucose and decarboxylation of histidine in the gastric mucosa.", "content": "Paired slices of rat gastric mucosa were incubated with labeled glucose or histidine in isosomotic solution of 3-fold hyperosmotic solutions concentrated in NaCl, KCl, or ethanol. The rate of (1-14C)glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in isosmotic solution was reduced by 74% in hyperosmotic NaCl and by 28% in hyperosmotic KCl. The rate of (6-14C)glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in isosmotic solution was reduced by 64% in hyperosmotic NaCl and by 53% in hyperosmotic KCl. Reductions of glucose oxidation in hyperosmotic ethanol were not significant. The ratio of 14CO2 formed from (1-14C)glucose to that formed from (6-14C)glucose was not significantly changes by hyperosmotic NaCl or ethanol, but was significantly raised by hyperosmotic KCl. The rate of (carboxyl-14C)histidine decarboxylation in isosomotic solution was reduced significantly by 48% in hyperosmotic NaCl, by 30% in hyperosmotic KCl, and by 27% in hyperosmotic ethanol. We conclude that hyperosmotic solutions reduce glucose oxidation and histidine decarboxylation by rat gastric mucosa in the order of potency: NaCl greater than Kcl greater than or equal to ethanol. Thus hyperosmotic solutions inhibit the source of metabolic energy for stimulated acid secretion, the citric acid cycle, and the formation of the secretagogue histamine.", "contents": "Hyperosmotic oxidation of glucose and decarboxylation of histidine in the gastric mucosa. Paired slices of rat gastric mucosa were incubated with labeled glucose or histidine in isosomotic solution of 3-fold hyperosmotic solutions concentrated in NaCl, KCl, or ethanol. The rate of (1-14C)glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in isosmotic solution was reduced by 74% in hyperosmotic NaCl and by 28% in hyperosmotic KCl. The rate of (6-14C)glucose oxidation to 14CO2 in isosmotic solution was reduced by 64% in hyperosmotic NaCl and by 53% in hyperosmotic KCl. Reductions of glucose oxidation in hyperosmotic ethanol were not significant. The ratio of 14CO2 formed from (1-14C)glucose to that formed from (6-14C)glucose was not significantly changes by hyperosmotic NaCl or ethanol, but was significantly raised by hyperosmotic KCl. The rate of (carboxyl-14C)histidine decarboxylation in isosomotic solution was reduced significantly by 48% in hyperosmotic NaCl, by 30% in hyperosmotic KCl, and by 27% in hyperosmotic ethanol. We conclude that hyperosmotic solutions reduce glucose oxidation and histidine decarboxylation by rat gastric mucosa in the order of potency: NaCl greater than Kcl greater than or equal to ethanol. Thus hyperosmotic solutions inhibit the source of metabolic energy for stimulated acid secretion, the citric acid cycle, and the formation of the secretagogue histamine.", "PMID": 1019257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2467", "title": "Subcellular distribution and electrophoretic behavior of aminopeptidase in human placenta.", "content": "The activity of aminopeptidase was found by differential centrifugation to be distributed in the three main subcellular sites of human placenta: the lysosomal-mitochondrial, microsomal, and supernatant fractions. Placental lysosomes were isolated from the lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction and identified by electron microscopy. The lysosomal and microsomal aminopeptidases presented different electrophoretic patterns, suggested the existence of multiple molecular forms of aminopeptidase within the human placenta. Serum aminopeptidase appearing during pregnancy showed the same bands as those of the lysosomal enzyme. This finding suggests that the increased aminopeptidase in pregnancy serum may originate from the lysosomes of the placenta. Placental aminopeptidase bands were absent in fetal serum. The supernatant contained most of the total activity, which turned out to be due to contamination of this fraction by retroplacental blood.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution and electrophoretic behavior of aminopeptidase in human placenta. The activity of aminopeptidase was found by differential centrifugation to be distributed in the three main subcellular sites of human placenta: the lysosomal-mitochondrial, microsomal, and supernatant fractions. Placental lysosomes were isolated from the lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction and identified by electron microscopy. The lysosomal and microsomal aminopeptidases presented different electrophoretic patterns, suggested the existence of multiple molecular forms of aminopeptidase within the human placenta. Serum aminopeptidase appearing during pregnancy showed the same bands as those of the lysosomal enzyme. This finding suggests that the increased aminopeptidase in pregnancy serum may originate from the lysosomes of the placenta. Placental aminopeptidase bands were absent in fetal serum. The supernatant contained most of the total activity, which turned out to be due to contamination of this fraction by retroplacental blood.", "PMID": 1019258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2468", "title": "Kinetics of the light flash of the living firefly: a supramolecular process.", "content": "The light intensity vs. time curve of the light flash of the living firefly has been measured. Unlike the purified firefly enzyme system in aqueous solution, the living system does not show light decay conforming to a double exponential time curve, to simple first or second order decay, or to solid-state Elovich kinetics. Light decay of the living flash does show linearity in a probit vs. square root of time plot, which may indicate a reaction rate-limited by cooperative interactions of a biological phase transition. The observation that the kinetics of the firefly light system differ in the living cell from those in the purified system suggests that in the living system supramolecular factors control the rate of the reaction.", "contents": "Kinetics of the light flash of the living firefly: a supramolecular process. The light intensity vs. time curve of the light flash of the living firefly has been measured. Unlike the purified firefly enzyme system in aqueous solution, the living system does not show light decay conforming to a double exponential time curve, to simple first or second order decay, or to solid-state Elovich kinetics. Light decay of the living flash does show linearity in a probit vs. square root of time plot, which may indicate a reaction rate-limited by cooperative interactions of a biological phase transition. The observation that the kinetics of the firefly light system differ in the living cell from those in the purified system suggests that in the living system supramolecular factors control the rate of the reaction.", "PMID": 1019260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2469", "title": "[Mutism as permanent catatonic condition].", "content": "The history of a case of mutism, where the patient had been silent for more than twenty-five years, caused by the author to study and discuss this relatively infrequent catatonic symptom which is a type of schizophrenia, with frequent references being made to the results of psychiatric studies made by authors ranging from Kahlbaum to Leonhard. Permanent mutism as a possible phenomenal form was logically classified, by Leonhard, as a type of mannered catatonia.", "contents": "[Mutism as permanent catatonic condition]. The history of a case of mutism, where the patient had been silent for more than twenty-five years, caused by the author to study and discuss this relatively infrequent catatonic symptom which is a type of schizophrenia, with frequent references being made to the results of psychiatric studies made by authors ranging from Kahlbaum to Leonhard. Permanent mutism as a possible phenomenal form was logically classified, by Leonhard, as a type of mannered catatonia.", "PMID": 1019261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2470", "title": "[Attitude changes in alcoholics - demonstrated in phasic course of treatment].", "content": "The constant change in attitude to personal \"alcohol problems\" of patients treated on an inpatient or out patient basis is described with reference to the phasic course of treatment and the deviations therefrom. It is essential that this be taken into account in both group and individual therapy, more especially as this will lead to favorable psychagogic and psychotherapeutic approaches.", "contents": "[Attitude changes in alcoholics - demonstrated in phasic course of treatment]. The constant change in attitude to personal \"alcohol problems\" of patients treated on an inpatient or out patient basis is described with reference to the phasic course of treatment and the deviations therefrom. It is essential that this be taken into account in both group and individual therapy, more especially as this will lead to favorable psychagogic and psychotherapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 1019262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2471", "title": "[Some psychodiagnostic relevant personality variables of mothers of psychosocially abnormal children and adolescents].", "content": "One hundred mothers of psychosocially abnormal children and juveniles were subjected to a clinical and psychological examination by means of the INR questionnaire containing 70 questions to be answered. Neurotic and near-neurotic personalities and behavior patterns could be objectified in 71 percent of the subjects. Only 29 percent of the mothers tested gave normal psychological test results. The two groups of subjects were different in regard of both the intactness of marital relations and the ideational images of, and reasons given by, their children. The relatively large number of mothers showing negative psychological test results again underscores the need for intensive medical and psychological care of such persons and parents, respectively, in order to be able to make subsequent and effective corrections of psychic maldevelopments in adolescents.", "contents": "[Some psychodiagnostic relevant personality variables of mothers of psychosocially abnormal children and adolescents]. One hundred mothers of psychosocially abnormal children and juveniles were subjected to a clinical and psychological examination by means of the INR questionnaire containing 70 questions to be answered. Neurotic and near-neurotic personalities and behavior patterns could be objectified in 71 percent of the subjects. Only 29 percent of the mothers tested gave normal psychological test results. The two groups of subjects were different in regard of both the intactness of marital relations and the ideational images of, and reasons given by, their children. The relatively large number of mothers showing negative psychological test results again underscores the need for intensive medical and psychological care of such persons and parents, respectively, in order to be able to make subsequent and effective corrections of psychic maldevelopments in adolescents.", "PMID": 1019263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2472", "title": "[Psychotropic drugs for behavior disorder treatment in oligophrenic epileptics].", "content": "Forty-one patients were treated with promazine, a phenothiazine derivative, for an average of 266 days. The average daily dose was 200 mg. Thirty patients were treated with levomepromazine for an average of 115 days, the daily dose being about 130 mg. The two groups of patients were examined for their contactual, impulsive, and affective behavior before, during, and after treatment. The positive results obtained justify the use of the above-mentioned psychopharmaceuticals for the therapy of abnormal behavior of oligophrenic epileptics.", "contents": "[Psychotropic drugs for behavior disorder treatment in oligophrenic epileptics]. Forty-one patients were treated with promazine, a phenothiazine derivative, for an average of 266 days. The average daily dose was 200 mg. Thirty patients were treated with levomepromazine for an average of 115 days, the daily dose being about 130 mg. The two groups of patients were examined for their contactual, impulsive, and affective behavior before, during, and after treatment. The positive results obtained justify the use of the above-mentioned psychopharmaceuticals for the therapy of abnormal behavior of oligophrenic epileptics.", "PMID": 1019265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2473", "title": "[Future of neuropsychology].", "content": "The future development of neuropsychology as an independent discipline, which has as its principal subject the relationships between the brain as a material substrate and the psychic behavior shown by human beings as well as animals, is discussed on the basis of a schematic presentation of the possible structure of this discipline (general, genetic, clinical and pathological, and applied neuropsychology.", "contents": "[Future of neuropsychology]. The future development of neuropsychology as an independent discipline, which has as its principal subject the relationships between the brain as a material substrate and the psychic behavior shown by human beings as well as animals, is discussed on the basis of a schematic presentation of the possible structure of this discipline (general, genetic, clinical and pathological, and applied neuropsychology.", "PMID": 1019266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2474", "title": "[Role of countertransference in complex psychotherapy].", "content": "The psychotherapist has a key position in any psychotherapeutic situation, participating in the psychotherapeutic process with all his personality and responding both consciously and unconsciously to the patient and the entire psychotherapeutic system. Countertransference consists of those actions and emotional manifestations on the part of the psychotherapist, which originate from his unconscious strata as a reaction to the overall situation. The existence of countertransference and its possible interference with, and perhaps adverse effect on, the psychotherapeutic process require close scientific and social controls. Also, it will be necessary to make \"self-experience\" psychotherapy (educational analysis) a required subject. Countertransference also has important perception- and empathy-promoting functions.", "contents": "[Role of countertransference in complex psychotherapy]. The psychotherapist has a key position in any psychotherapeutic situation, participating in the psychotherapeutic process with all his personality and responding both consciously and unconsciously to the patient and the entire psychotherapeutic system. Countertransference consists of those actions and emotional manifestations on the part of the psychotherapist, which originate from his unconscious strata as a reaction to the overall situation. The existence of countertransference and its possible interference with, and perhaps adverse effect on, the psychotherapeutic process require close scientific and social controls. Also, it will be necessary to make \"self-experience\" psychotherapy (educational analysis) a required subject. Countertransference also has important perception- and empathy-promoting functions.", "PMID": 1019267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2475", "title": "[Problems and aspects of cooperation between pedagogs, youth health professionals and pediatric neuropsychiatrists in rehabilitation of behavior and achievement disorders in children with normal intelligence].", "content": "In those cases where the subjects involved tend to show pathological psychophysical reactions, it is necessary for a cooperative effort to be made by pedagogs, psychologists, and medical experts (pediatricians and pedoneuropsychiatrists). This may be realized by patient-related corrdinative consultations or psychotherapeutic treatment and subsequent individual pedagogic promotion and encouragement depending upon the degree of manifestation and generalization of the disorders. The use of various methods (modified but predominantly pedagogic and directive approaches and chiefly psychological and nondirective methods of treatment, respectively) involve different responsibilities of experts for the process of rehabilitation (in regard to both time and content). Also, the authors show that this is not in contradiction to general objectives of education and training and that every effort is made to reconcile medical and psychological objects with pedagogic requirements.", "contents": "[Problems and aspects of cooperation between pedagogs, youth health professionals and pediatric neuropsychiatrists in rehabilitation of behavior and achievement disorders in children with normal intelligence]. In those cases where the subjects involved tend to show pathological psychophysical reactions, it is necessary for a cooperative effort to be made by pedagogs, psychologists, and medical experts (pediatricians and pedoneuropsychiatrists). This may be realized by patient-related corrdinative consultations or psychotherapeutic treatment and subsequent individual pedagogic promotion and encouragement depending upon the degree of manifestation and generalization of the disorders. The use of various methods (modified but predominantly pedagogic and directive approaches and chiefly psychological and nondirective methods of treatment, respectively) involve different responsibilities of experts for the process of rehabilitation (in regard to both time and content). Also, the authors show that this is not in contradiction to general objectives of education and training and that every effort is made to reconcile medical and psychological objects with pedagogic requirements.", "PMID": 1019268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2476", "title": "[Lymphocyte sensitivity to brain specific glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The lymphocytes of seven out of eight multiple sclerosis patients were sensitized to brain-specific glycoproteins that had been isolated from extracts of human white matter and purified by means of affinity chromatography utilizing specific antibodies as immunoadsorbents. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis for the eighth patient, whose lymphocytes were not sensitized, was doubtful. A significant correlation between the severity of the disease and degree of lymphocyte sensitization was not obtained, although the most disabled patient showed the greatest sensitization.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte sensitivity to brain specific glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis]. The lymphocytes of seven out of eight multiple sclerosis patients were sensitized to brain-specific glycoproteins that had been isolated from extracts of human white matter and purified by means of affinity chromatography utilizing specific antibodies as immunoadsorbents. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis for the eighth patient, whose lymphocytes were not sensitized, was doubtful. A significant correlation between the severity of the disease and degree of lymphocyte sensitization was not obtained, although the most disabled patient showed the greatest sensitization.", "PMID": 1019269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2477", "title": "[Sex distribution of EEG phenomena with particular reference to subcortical dysfunctions].", "content": "The most constant or continually recurring sexual difference observed from childhood through to old age and determined from the results of a total of 1500 electroencephalograms was a considerable increase in beta activity occurring in female individuals at an earlier time and at a higher rate. The more frequent observation in male individuals of a \"pure\" alpha electroencephalogram may be interpreted as suggesting a slight decrease of vigilance in them. The percentage of abnormal electroencephalographic results was highest in females, the proportion being 62.5%:51.5% and the functional disorders occurring chiefly in the form of subcortical dysfunctions (30%:20%). Low voltage was found to be predominant in males. More frequent occurrence in the female sex of weakness of the brainstem and a more sensitively reacting formatio reticularis may be considered a possible explanation; also, attempts are made to bring the results obtained into causal or reciprocal relation to psychic conditions. Beta activity is perhaps a parameter of emotionality.", "contents": "[Sex distribution of EEG phenomena with particular reference to subcortical dysfunctions]. The most constant or continually recurring sexual difference observed from childhood through to old age and determined from the results of a total of 1500 electroencephalograms was a considerable increase in beta activity occurring in female individuals at an earlier time and at a higher rate. The more frequent observation in male individuals of a \"pure\" alpha electroencephalogram may be interpreted as suggesting a slight decrease of vigilance in them. The percentage of abnormal electroencephalographic results was highest in females, the proportion being 62.5%:51.5% and the functional disorders occurring chiefly in the form of subcortical dysfunctions (30%:20%). Low voltage was found to be predominant in males. More frequent occurrence in the female sex of weakness of the brainstem and a more sensitively reacting formatio reticularis may be considered a possible explanation; also, attempts are made to bring the results obtained into causal or reciprocal relation to psychic conditions. Beta activity is perhaps a parameter of emotionality.", "PMID": 1019270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2478", "title": "[O2 multistep method as a supplement to therapy of standard brain energy balance disorders].", "content": "The possibility of improving the brain's energy state by the O2 multistep method is discussed. An outline is given of several variations of the O2 multistep method, and this is followed by a discussion of the results of studies of the increase and decrease in concentration of high-energy phosphates in the brains of rats during and after the O2 multistep process. In conclusion, the author reports a twin series of tests where psychic irritations lasting for a short time only were triggered and in which such irritations were suppressed through using the O2 multistep procedure.", "contents": "[O2 multistep method as a supplement to therapy of standard brain energy balance disorders]. The possibility of improving the brain's energy state by the O2 multistep method is discussed. An outline is given of several variations of the O2 multistep method, and this is followed by a discussion of the results of studies of the increase and decrease in concentration of high-energy phosphates in the brains of rats during and after the O2 multistep process. In conclusion, the author reports a twin series of tests where psychic irritations lasting for a short time only were triggered and in which such irritations were suppressed through using the O2 multistep procedure.", "PMID": 1019271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2479", "title": "[The EEG in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)].", "content": "This article gives an overview of electroencephalographic results obtained in the case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Severe disturbances of background activity have been observed in all patients. Repetitive complexes usually occur transitorily, so that they cannot always be detected in individual cases. Repetitive complexes must be regarded as being typical of the disease, and consideration must be given in this connection to their particular characteristics (repetition frequency, constancy of form, relations to disorders characterized by myoclonus) and the clinical picture.", "contents": "[The EEG in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)]. This article gives an overview of electroencephalographic results obtained in the case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Severe disturbances of background activity have been observed in all patients. Repetitive complexes usually occur transitorily, so that they cannot always be detected in individual cases. Repetitive complexes must be regarded as being typical of the disease, and consideration must be given in this connection to their particular characteristics (repetition frequency, constancy of form, relations to disorders characterized by myoclonus) and the clinical picture.", "PMID": 1019272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2480", "title": "[Extrapyramidal syndromes as side-effects of metoclopramide (Cerucal) medication].", "content": "The authors, by describing their own observations made on eight patients showing extrapyramidal syndromes as side effects of metoclopramide (Cerucal) medication, report the various kinds of possible side effects, discussing their conformity with side effects produced by conventional neuroleptics and showing methods of treatment. Metoclopramide is known to produce three froms of extrapyramidal and motor side effects, namely: 1. Dyskinetic syndrome; 2. acathisia; and 3. Parkinson's syndrome. Therapy is in the following form regardless of the particular side effect produced by the said drug: 1. Administration of antiparkinsonian remedies; 2. administration of coffein; and 3. discontinuation or drastic reduction, respectively, of the daily dose of Cerucal.", "contents": "[Extrapyramidal syndromes as side-effects of metoclopramide (Cerucal) medication]. The authors, by describing their own observations made on eight patients showing extrapyramidal syndromes as side effects of metoclopramide (Cerucal) medication, report the various kinds of possible side effects, discussing their conformity with side effects produced by conventional neuroleptics and showing methods of treatment. Metoclopramide is known to produce three froms of extrapyramidal and motor side effects, namely: 1. Dyskinetic syndrome; 2. acathisia; and 3. Parkinson's syndrome. Therapy is in the following form regardless of the particular side effect produced by the said drug: 1. Administration of antiparkinsonian remedies; 2. administration of coffein; and 3. discontinuation or drastic reduction, respectively, of the daily dose of Cerucal.", "PMID": 1019273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2481", "title": "[Delimitation and cooperation between pediatric neuropsychiatry, child health protection, psychology and pedagogy in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of behaviorally disturbed children with normal intelligence].", "content": "This article describes the complexity and dynamics of the disease with reference to the diagnosis of \"behavioral disorder in the case of normal intelligence\". In addition, the authors discuss differences in manifestation and the need for cooperation between experts in pedoneuropsychiatry and clinical psychology, on the one hand, and pedagogics and special education, on the other.", "contents": "[Delimitation and cooperation between pediatric neuropsychiatry, child health protection, psychology and pedagogy in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of behaviorally disturbed children with normal intelligence]. This article describes the complexity and dynamics of the disease with reference to the diagnosis of \"behavioral disorder in the case of normal intelligence\". In addition, the authors discuss differences in manifestation and the need for cooperation between experts in pedoneuropsychiatry and clinical psychology, on the one hand, and pedagogics and special education, on the other.", "PMID": 1019274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2482", "title": "[Adrenoleukodystrophy. Clinical-pathologic case history and literature review].", "content": "This article presents the clinical and pathological history of a 10-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy as well as a tabular survey of 17 additional cases of which the necropsy records were published in the literature. So far as the case of adrenoleukodystrophy directly observed by the authors themselves is concerned, commencement of the disease was in the seventh year of life, with symptoms of Addison's disease and diffuse inflammatory cerebral sclerosis being observed at about the same time. The cerebral disease manifested itself as a progressive pseudobulbar and pyramidal tract symptomatology and as a progressive cerebral psychosyndrome reminiscent of an endocrinal psychosyndrome. Morphologically, the adrenoleukodystrophy was characterized by severe dystrophy of the cortex of the suprarenal gland and the brain are considered the points of action of a still unknown noxa.e suprarenal gland as well as by extensive sudanophilic processes of decomposition in the cerebromedullary substance, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus. Striated cells and cytoplasmic filamentous inclusions observed in the brain and suprarenal glands in a number of cases reported in the literature were not found by the present authors. The cortex of th", "contents": "[Adrenoleukodystrophy. Clinical-pathologic case history and literature review]. This article presents the clinical and pathological history of a 10-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy as well as a tabular survey of 17 additional cases of which the necropsy records were published in the literature. So far as the case of adrenoleukodystrophy directly observed by the authors themselves is concerned, commencement of the disease was in the seventh year of life, with symptoms of Addison's disease and diffuse inflammatory cerebral sclerosis being observed at about the same time. The cerebral disease manifested itself as a progressive pseudobulbar and pyramidal tract symptomatology and as a progressive cerebral psychosyndrome reminiscent of an endocrinal psychosyndrome. Morphologically, the adrenoleukodystrophy was characterized by severe dystrophy of the cortex of the suprarenal gland and the brain are considered the points of action of a still unknown noxa.e suprarenal gland as well as by extensive sudanophilic processes of decomposition in the cerebromedullary substance, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus. Striated cells and cytoplasmic filamentous inclusions observed in the brain and suprarenal glands in a number of cases reported in the literature were not found by the present authors. The cortex of th", "PMID": 1019275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2483", "title": "[The nosotropic effects of psychopharmaceuticals].", "content": "The spectrum of pharmacogenic pathomorphosis has been found to be also dependent upon the forms of disease, i.e., the special morbogenic factors. Two opposed types of nosotropy of psychopharmaceuticals, namely, protective and nosogenic nosotropy, are considered in dependence on the pharmacotherapeutic effect produced and the mode of clinical action. Protective and nosogenic nosotropy may be observed to be active simultaneously and result in characteristic paradoxes of the psychopharmacotherapy of endogenous psychoses.", "contents": "[The nosotropic effects of psychopharmaceuticals]. The spectrum of pharmacogenic pathomorphosis has been found to be also dependent upon the forms of disease, i.e., the special morbogenic factors. Two opposed types of nosotropy of psychopharmaceuticals, namely, protective and nosogenic nosotropy, are considered in dependence on the pharmacotherapeutic effect produced and the mode of clinical action. Protective and nosogenic nosotropy may be observed to be active simultaneously and result in characteristic paradoxes of the psychopharmacotherapy of endogenous psychoses.", "PMID": 1019276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2484", "title": "[Rheoencephalographic examinations of a patient with \"coughing syncopes\"--a contribution to etiology].", "content": "This is a report of a patient showing the clinical picture of syncopes due to coughing, who has been examined by rheoencephalography. Three different varitions of syncopes due to coughing are discussed with particular reference to the factors involved.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalographic examinations of a patient with \"coughing syncopes\"--a contribution to etiology]. This is a report of a patient showing the clinical picture of syncopes due to coughing, who has been examined by rheoencephalography. Three different varitions of syncopes due to coughing are discussed with particular reference to the factors involved.", "PMID": 1019277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2485", "title": "[Preliminary results of imurek treatment of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The authors, after presenting a survey of the literature on the treatment of multiple sclerosis with immunosuppressants, report their experience with Imurek. Of 53 patients with a chronic and progressive course of the disease, objective improvement could be observed in 17. In 20 patients the symptomatology remained unchanged, although 4 of them reported subjective improvement. In 16 patients, progression of the disease could not be stopped. Better results of treatment could be obtained for those forms of the disease where the course was, first, in the form of what may be referred to as outbursts and, later, in a chronic and progressive form. -Possible side effects are pointed out.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of imurek treatment of multiple sclerosis]. The authors, after presenting a survey of the literature on the treatment of multiple sclerosis with immunosuppressants, report their experience with Imurek. Of 53 patients with a chronic and progressive course of the disease, objective improvement could be observed in 17. In 20 patients the symptomatology remained unchanged, although 4 of them reported subjective improvement. In 16 patients, progression of the disease could not be stopped. Better results of treatment could be obtained for those forms of the disease where the course was, first, in the form of what may be referred to as outbursts and, later, in a chronic and progressive form. -Possible side effects are pointed out.", "PMID": 1019278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2486", "title": "[Indications for study of adrenal function by measurement of the cortisol secretion rate].", "content": "Results of routine methods for measurements of plasma cortisol and his urinary metabolites have been comparated with those of cortisol secretion rate (CSR) measured by simple isotopic dilution; the latter appears for his specify and precision, to be the most suitable for an exact evaluation of cortisol production by the adrenals. In normal subjects CSR resulted slightly lower than those reported in the literature; in obese subjects CSR was slightly higher than in normals, also when it was related to the urinary creatinine. In the patients with Cushing's syndrome, CSR was considerably higher, with no overlap with the obese subjects. The CSR was also useful in showing values lower than normal, in hypopituitarism, and in confirming hormone abnormal findings in thyroid diseases.", "contents": "[Indications for study of adrenal function by measurement of the cortisol secretion rate]. Results of routine methods for measurements of plasma cortisol and his urinary metabolites have been comparated with those of cortisol secretion rate (CSR) measured by simple isotopic dilution; the latter appears for his specify and precision, to be the most suitable for an exact evaluation of cortisol production by the adrenals. In normal subjects CSR resulted slightly lower than those reported in the literature; in obese subjects CSR was slightly higher than in normals, also when it was related to the urinary creatinine. In the patients with Cushing's syndrome, CSR was considerably higher, with no overlap with the obese subjects. The CSR was also useful in showing values lower than normal, in hypopituitarism, and in confirming hormone abnormal findings in thyroid diseases.", "PMID": 1019289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2487", "title": "[Hepato-Quick: a new diagnostic test for liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have adopted usual biohumoral examinations and the Hepato-Quick test for a group of patients affected by various liver diseases. Hepato-Quick contains thromboplastine from monkey brain and plasma absorbed on barium sulphate. It is particularly sensitive for II, VII and X factor and it does not react on deficit of V factor and fibrinogen both already present with optimal concentration in the Hepato-Quick test. II, VII and X factor are synthetized by the liver and reveal in an outstanding way every hepatocytic lesion: therefore is the Hepato-Quick test a fine and responsive test for the liver function and in order to control the liver diseases, especially if chronic. We have seen the new test is strong altered by hepatic cirrhosis, but there are no significant alterations in different liver diseases.", "contents": "[Hepato-Quick: a new diagnostic test for liver diseases (author's transl)]. The AA. have adopted usual biohumoral examinations and the Hepato-Quick test for a group of patients affected by various liver diseases. Hepato-Quick contains thromboplastine from monkey brain and plasma absorbed on barium sulphate. It is particularly sensitive for II, VII and X factor and it does not react on deficit of V factor and fibrinogen both already present with optimal concentration in the Hepato-Quick test. II, VII and X factor are synthetized by the liver and reveal in an outstanding way every hepatocytic lesion: therefore is the Hepato-Quick test a fine and responsive test for the liver function and in order to control the liver diseases, especially if chronic. We have seen the new test is strong altered by hepatic cirrhosis, but there are no significant alterations in different liver diseases.", "PMID": 1019291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2488", "title": "[Comparative aspects of penal sanctions].", "content": "A conference on comparative aspects of criminal sanctions has been held at the Aspen Institute, Berlin, on February 2 to 6, 1976, assembling experts from Europe and from the United States, The focus has been on guidelines for prevention of crime and treatment of offenders, with a view to examine differences and convergences among various national criminal justice systems. Specific tropics under discussion have been: the goals of dention, alternatives to detention, sentencing and releasethe conditions of detention, the future of research in the field. Priority areas for further study were considered to be: prevention of crime, arrest and sentencing procedures, grievances procedures, the dangerous offender, protection of victims, of jurors and of witnesses, treatment of juveniles, information of the public.", "contents": "[Comparative aspects of penal sanctions]. A conference on comparative aspects of criminal sanctions has been held at the Aspen Institute, Berlin, on February 2 to 6, 1976, assembling experts from Europe and from the United States, The focus has been on guidelines for prevention of crime and treatment of offenders, with a view to examine differences and convergences among various national criminal justice systems. Specific tropics under discussion have been: the goals of dention, alternatives to detention, sentencing and releasethe conditions of detention, the future of research in the field. Priority areas for further study were considered to be: prevention of crime, arrest and sentencing procedures, grievances procedures, the dangerous offender, protection of victims, of jurors and of witnesses, treatment of juveniles, information of the public.", "PMID": 1019285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2489", "title": "[A new standardized method for determination of the bleeding time].", "content": "The standardized bleeding time is considered a valuable measure of the platelet role in haemostasis. It is particularly useful for the evaluation of drugs that affect platelet functions. Measurements of the bleeding time were performed using a new system which was designed following the instructions of Mielke and co-workers with some variations of the described method. The standardized bleeding time proved to be a high reproducible and sensitive technique.", "contents": "[A new standardized method for determination of the bleeding time]. The standardized bleeding time is considered a valuable measure of the platelet role in haemostasis. It is particularly useful for the evaluation of drugs that affect platelet functions. Measurements of the bleeding time were performed using a new system which was designed following the instructions of Mielke and co-workers with some variations of the described method. The standardized bleeding time proved to be a high reproducible and sensitive technique.", "PMID": 1019292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2490", "title": "[Methods of evaluation of problems related to drug abuse].", "content": "The enactment of a new drug law in Italy, brinaing with it special requirements for reporting on distribution of many controlled substances, provides an opportunity for the construction of an information system that can greatly assist in planning drug-related programmes. The Author summarizes the various types of drug information that can be collected from various points in the reporting network and suggests this system could be operated at relatively low cost of it were implemented in Italy in the very near future.", "contents": "[Methods of evaluation of problems related to drug abuse]. The enactment of a new drug law in Italy, brinaing with it special requirements for reporting on distribution of many controlled substances, provides an opportunity for the construction of an information system that can greatly assist in planning drug-related programmes. The Author summarizes the various types of drug information that can be collected from various points in the reporting network and suggests this system could be operated at relatively low cost of it were implemented in Italy in the very near future.", "PMID": 1019286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2491", "title": "[Micro-method for determining serum bilirubin (author's transl)].", "content": "A single, rapid, precise and automatizzable micro-method for determining serum bilirubin has been described. The method requires a little while of serum. It is possible reader the bilirubin concentration at last of 30 mg/100 ml without of serum dilution. The determination of \"direct bilirubin\" has been examined in connection with the reaction time. The reliability of the our diazo-method has been established by comparison with well-known diazo-methods and by demonstrating the effect of hemolysis.", "contents": "[Micro-method for determining serum bilirubin (author's transl)]. A single, rapid, precise and automatizzable micro-method for determining serum bilirubin has been described. The method requires a little while of serum. It is possible reader the bilirubin concentration at last of 30 mg/100 ml without of serum dilution. The determination of \"direct bilirubin\" has been examined in connection with the reaction time. The reliability of the our diazo-method has been established by comparison with well-known diazo-methods and by demonstrating the effect of hemolysis.", "PMID": 1019294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2492", "title": "[Territorial experiment: inter-relational evolution of a group of inmates in the course of an extra-institutional working experiment].", "content": "The Authors analize the interrelational evolution of a group of inmates during an outside working activity, with relation to the resocializing experiences which consider the insertion in the area of individuals subjected to detentive security measures. Such evolution, in relation with the influences of the social enviornment one was associated with, was associated with, was marked by an initial cohesion stage between members (of defensive significance), followed by a gradual research of a personal autonomy, in parallel with the acquisition of a reassuring and stabilized role. The utilization of a social space according to the conventional parameters used in the area (with particular concern towards syndical dynamics and rules), reached at the cost of self-exposure, has confirmed the reached maturity and the self balance in proposing themselves to the others as subjects active in their own resocialization, sharing the acquired social rights. Beside the situation concerning the side of the group in its insertion progress, the Authors take into examination the side of the free community in tis receptivity and availability towards the group members, analizing the interactions with the environment as therapeutical moment.", "contents": "[Territorial experiment: inter-relational evolution of a group of inmates in the course of an extra-institutional working experiment]. The Authors analize the interrelational evolution of a group of inmates during an outside working activity, with relation to the resocializing experiences which consider the insertion in the area of individuals subjected to detentive security measures. Such evolution, in relation with the influences of the social enviornment one was associated with, was associated with, was marked by an initial cohesion stage between members (of defensive significance), followed by a gradual research of a personal autonomy, in parallel with the acquisition of a reassuring and stabilized role. The utilization of a social space according to the conventional parameters used in the area (with particular concern towards syndical dynamics and rules), reached at the cost of self-exposure, has confirmed the reached maturity and the self balance in proposing themselves to the others as subjects active in their own resocialization, sharing the acquired social rights. Beside the situation concerning the side of the group in its insertion progress, the Authors take into examination the side of the free community in tis receptivity and availability towards the group members, analizing the interactions with the environment as therapeutical moment.", "PMID": 1019287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2493", "title": "Transsexualism and social attitudes. A case report.", "content": "After a brief review of the literature, a case of a male-to-female transsexual, with a 4-year follow-up, is presented. The etiological factors and some social responses to this pathology are discussed.", "contents": "Transsexualism and social attitudes. A case report. After a brief review of the literature, a case of a male-to-female transsexual, with a 4-year follow-up, is presented. The etiological factors and some social responses to this pathology are discussed.", "PMID": 1019364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2494", "title": "[Genetics of psychoses under a new aspect].", "content": "To analyze the biological pathways of the genetical activity in psychoses is growing more and more to an important goal. The research in this field should be started on the assumption of a multifactorial hereditary system controlling the somatic base of mental illness in a specific way as can be argued from twin and family studies. Screening the present data, there is strong evidence that the metabolism of affective psychoses is characterized by quantitative deviations only concerning the 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine turnover particularly. The biochemical findings in schizophrenic psychoses are suspicious for qualitative abnormities too. There are some indications of toxic products in the catecholamine metabolism and of antibodies against brain substances. All these disturbances could be caused by structural gene mutants or by mutations of the genetical regulatory system changing the sensitivity for the environmental stimulus. The simultaneous investigation of simple inherited serum groups is described as a useful tool for biological marking of the responsible genotypes.", "contents": "[Genetics of psychoses under a new aspect]. To analyze the biological pathways of the genetical activity in psychoses is growing more and more to an important goal. The research in this field should be started on the assumption of a multifactorial hereditary system controlling the somatic base of mental illness in a specific way as can be argued from twin and family studies. Screening the present data, there is strong evidence that the metabolism of affective psychoses is characterized by quantitative deviations only concerning the 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine turnover particularly. The biochemical findings in schizophrenic psychoses are suspicious for qualitative abnormities too. There are some indications of toxic products in the catecholamine metabolism and of antibodies against brain substances. All these disturbances could be caused by structural gene mutants or by mutations of the genetical regulatory system changing the sensitivity for the environmental stimulus. The simultaneous investigation of simple inherited serum groups is described as a useful tool for biological marking of the responsible genotypes.", "PMID": 1019366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2495", "title": "EEG examination during delirium tremens.", "content": "In 30 male patients several EEG examinations could be carried out during delirium tremens (d.t.) or shortly thereafter. Most of the patients showed a normal EEG or changes which can be explained with regard to sedation through medication. 1 patient showed generalized paroxysmal spike wave bursts. On account of experimental results, we may assume that a transitory cerebral excitibality change occures in d.t. This pathophysiological basis explains the normal EEGs and paroxysmal bursts during d.t. 4 cases showed passages of pronounced diffuse slow activity during d.t. partly accompanied by thythmic bilateral slow waves. These changes point to a complication of d.t. that occurs because of another disease which results in cerebral functional disturbances as in other organic psychoses.", "contents": "EEG examination during delirium tremens. In 30 male patients several EEG examinations could be carried out during delirium tremens (d.t.) or shortly thereafter. Most of the patients showed a normal EEG or changes which can be explained with regard to sedation through medication. 1 patient showed generalized paroxysmal spike wave bursts. On account of experimental results, we may assume that a transitory cerebral excitibality change occures in d.t. This pathophysiological basis explains the normal EEGs and paroxysmal bursts during d.t. 4 cases showed passages of pronounced diffuse slow activity during d.t. partly accompanied by thythmic bilateral slow waves. These changes point to a complication of d.t. that occurs because of another disease which results in cerebral functional disturbances as in other organic psychoses.", "PMID": 1019365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2496", "title": "Delusional perception and delusional notion linked to a perception.", "content": "It is a neglected psychopathological fact that Schneider clearly differentiated the delusional notion linked to a perception (\"wahrnehmungsgebundener Wahneinfall\") from the delusional perception (\"Wahnwahrnehmung\"). When this distinction is not taken into account, it is very likely that the probability of a false positive rating for the delusional perception is increased. A possible practical aid to help operationalize the differential \"diagnosis\" between these two symptoms is offered. The section on \"delusional\" phenomena in Wing's present-state examination is then discussed in the light of these distinctions.", "contents": "Delusional perception and delusional notion linked to a perception. It is a neglected psychopathological fact that Schneider clearly differentiated the delusional notion linked to a perception (\"wahrnehmungsgebundener Wahneinfall\") from the delusional perception (\"Wahnwahrnehmung\"). When this distinction is not taken into account, it is very likely that the probability of a false positive rating for the delusional perception is increased. A possible practical aid to help operationalize the differential \"diagnosis\" between these two symptoms is offered. The section on \"delusional\" phenomena in Wing's present-state examination is then discussed in the light of these distinctions.", "PMID": 1019367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2497", "title": "Late suicide in former mental patients.", "content": "Results from the long-term follow-up studies \"The Enqu\u0115te of Lausanne\" are presented, concerning the incidence of suicide in old age of former mental patients. Among 1,891 studied deaths, 107 (5.6%) known suicides occurred; the suicide rate for all diagnostic groups, except mental retardation (only females), being considerably higher than in the general Swiss population of the same age, especially for depressions, alcoholism, neurotic and psychopathic personality disorders.", "contents": "Late suicide in former mental patients. Results from the long-term follow-up studies \"The Enqu\u0115te of Lausanne\" are presented, concerning the incidence of suicide in old age of former mental patients. Among 1,891 studied deaths, 107 (5.6%) known suicides occurred; the suicide rate for all diagnostic groups, except mental retardation (only females), being considerably higher than in the general Swiss population of the same age, especially for depressions, alcoholism, neurotic and psychopathic personality disorders.", "PMID": 1019369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2498", "title": "[Individual conditions of pharmacogenic confusion conditions. Comparison of amitriptyline and clozapine].", "content": "The literature was surveyed concerning the frequency and conditions for confusional states and deliria following Amitriptyline and Clozapine treatment, and certain discrepancies were noted. As a result a retrospective comparative investigation was carried out as to the frequency and the conditions for such events in a group of patients treated along the same lines. While our experience with Amitriptyline is not different from that reported by others, this does not seem to be the case with Clozapine. Confusional states and deliria are four times as frequent as the average reported in the literature; it is clear that they depend on conditions different from those of confusional states and deliria due to Amitriptyline; there is a slightly significant (p less than 0.05) correlation between the appearance of confusion and a temperature of over 37.5 degrees C. The anticholinergic properties of Amitriptyline and of Clozapine cannot explain the difference in frequency, nor the differing conditions for the appearance, of pharmacogenic confusional states and deliria with those two substances.", "contents": "[Individual conditions of pharmacogenic confusion conditions. Comparison of amitriptyline and clozapine]. The literature was surveyed concerning the frequency and conditions for confusional states and deliria following Amitriptyline and Clozapine treatment, and certain discrepancies were noted. As a result a retrospective comparative investigation was carried out as to the frequency and the conditions for such events in a group of patients treated along the same lines. While our experience with Amitriptyline is not different from that reported by others, this does not seem to be the case with Clozapine. Confusional states and deliria are four times as frequent as the average reported in the literature; it is clear that they depend on conditions different from those of confusional states and deliria due to Amitriptyline; there is a slightly significant (p less than 0.05) correlation between the appearance of confusion and a temperature of over 37.5 degrees C. The anticholinergic properties of Amitriptyline and of Clozapine cannot explain the difference in frequency, nor the differing conditions for the appearance, of pharmacogenic confusional states and deliria with those two substances.", "PMID": 1019368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2499", "title": "[Crohn's disease of the colon: anatomo-radiological correlations (author's transl)].", "content": "The epicritic revision of 74 histologically proved cases permits the authors to dwell on the radiological features of the diseased colon; their correlations with pathological findings and their differential diagnosis are discussed. A number of radiographs are presented as examples.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease of the colon: anatomo-radiological correlations (author's transl)]. The epicritic revision of 74 histologically proved cases permits the authors to dwell on the radiological features of the diseased colon; their correlations with pathological findings and their differential diagnosis are discussed. A number of radiographs are presented as examples.", "PMID": 1019383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2500", "title": "[The clinical and radiological pictures of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is discussed in the light of the clinical and radiological pictures noted in 16 cases. A number of radiographs are presented.", "contents": "[The clinical and radiological pictures of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is discussed in the light of the clinical and radiological pictures noted in 16 cases. A number of radiographs are presented.", "PMID": 1019384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2501", "title": "[The radiological picture of parietal modifications in the large intestine due to extrinsic masses (author's transl)].", "content": "About 600 cases of extrinsic masses in the large intestine have been examined by double contrast clysma; radiological signs of modifications in the intestinal walls are discussed with special reference to the distinction between compression, adherence, infiltration, etc. Some cases are reported.", "contents": "[The radiological picture of parietal modifications in the large intestine due to extrinsic masses (author's transl)]. About 600 cases of extrinsic masses in the large intestine have been examined by double contrast clysma; radiological signs of modifications in the intestinal walls are discussed with special reference to the distinction between compression, adherence, infiltration, etc. Some cases are reported.", "PMID": 1019385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2502", "title": "[Radiotherapy of giant-cell tumour of the vertebral column (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of successfully irradiated giant-cell tumours of the backbone, are reported; the problems of the radiotherapy of such tumours are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of giant-cell tumour of the vertebral column (author's transl)]. Five cases of successfully irradiated giant-cell tumours of the backbone, are reported; the problems of the radiotherapy of such tumours are discussed.", "PMID": 1019386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2503", "title": "[Complications observed in the radiosurgical management of cervical cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiosurgical management, using 192Ir instead of radium, was carried out in 58 cases of cervical cancer. The complications are described and discussed on relation to the dose employed.", "contents": "[Complications observed in the radiosurgical management of cervical cancer (author's transl)]. Radiosurgical management, using 192Ir instead of radium, was carried out in 58 cases of cervical cancer. The complications are described and discussed on relation to the dose employed.", "PMID": 1019387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2504", "title": "Changes in the bacterial cecal flora of mice infected with Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788).", "content": "Cecal microorganisms of mice were categorized and enumerated weekly during the developmental cycle of infection with the whipworm, Trichuris muris. The cecal bacterial population consisted of Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Acinetobacter lwoffi (Mima polymorpha), aerobic lactobacilli, staphylococci, enterococci, and anaerobes (bacteroides, streptococci, and lactobacilli) in control and T. muris-infected mice. The aerobic lactobacilli and the anaerobes constituted the greatest number of organisms in both groups. In week three there was a decrease in the number of these organisms, and in week four fewer of these and of all other organisms in the worm-infected mice when compared to controls. The most significantly reduced bacterial counts were observed during the period of T. muris self-cure.", "contents": "Changes in the bacterial cecal flora of mice infected with Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788). Cecal microorganisms of mice were categorized and enumerated weekly during the developmental cycle of infection with the whipworm, Trichuris muris. The cecal bacterial population consisted of Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Acinetobacter lwoffi (Mima polymorpha), aerobic lactobacilli, staphylococci, enterococci, and anaerobes (bacteroides, streptococci, and lactobacilli) in control and T. muris-infected mice. The aerobic lactobacilli and the anaerobes constituted the greatest number of organisms in both groups. In week three there was a decrease in the number of these organisms, and in week four fewer of these and of all other organisms in the worm-infected mice when compared to controls. The most significantly reduced bacterial counts were observed during the period of T. muris self-cure.", "PMID": 1019388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2505", "title": "[Estimation of the frequency of reno-vascular hypertension among unselected hypertensives (author's transl)].", "content": "In practical terms the frequency of renovascular hypertension can only be measured from groups of hospitalized hypertensives, in which severe forms and young subjects are over-represented, thus leading probably to an overestimate. Using a group of 1 009 consecutively hospitalized hypertensives, the frequency of renovascular hypertension was measured in 18 subgroups defined by sex, age (three classes) and blood pressure (three classes). For each subgroup the specific rate was then multiplied by the prevalence of the corresponding category in the population of unselected 20-64 years old hypertensives. This method led to the following conclusions: about 2% of the unselected hypertensives would be candidates for surgical correction of renovascular hypertension and 0.5% would be cured.", "contents": "[Estimation of the frequency of reno-vascular hypertension among unselected hypertensives (author's transl)]. In practical terms the frequency of renovascular hypertension can only be measured from groups of hospitalized hypertensives, in which severe forms and young subjects are over-represented, thus leading probably to an overestimate. Using a group of 1 009 consecutively hospitalized hypertensives, the frequency of renovascular hypertension was measured in 18 subgroups defined by sex, age (three classes) and blood pressure (three classes). For each subgroup the specific rate was then multiplied by the prevalence of the corresponding category in the population of unselected 20-64 years old hypertensives. This method led to the following conclusions: about 2% of the unselected hypertensives would be candidates for surgical correction of renovascular hypertension and 0.5% would be cured.", "PMID": 1019400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2506", "title": "Concordance of blood pressure in spouses.", "content": "It has been known for some years that familial aggregation of blood pressure levels occurs in adults. The question of how much of this aggregation can be attributed to genetical inheritance, and how much to a shared environment, is not yet resolved. Evidence of the influence of a common environment on blood pressure levels can be gained from examining spouses who are not genetically related. In a family study of blood pressure levels in children, 452 of the parents had had a single continuous marriage. These spouses had a small but significant association with respect to blood pressure, and this association varied with length of marriage. Different interpretations of this result are discussed in relation to those from longitudinal studies.", "contents": "Concordance of blood pressure in spouses. It has been known for some years that familial aggregation of blood pressure levels occurs in adults. The question of how much of this aggregation can be attributed to genetical inheritance, and how much to a shared environment, is not yet resolved. Evidence of the influence of a common environment on blood pressure levels can be gained from examining spouses who are not genetically related. In a family study of blood pressure levels in children, 452 of the parents had had a single continuous marriage. These spouses had a small but significant association with respect to blood pressure, and this association varied with length of marriage. Different interpretations of this result are discussed in relation to those from longitudinal studies.", "PMID": 1019401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2507", "title": "[A method for studying social security records in epidemiology. Use in a study on the prognosis of chronic bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is presented to study, in an epidemiological research, the social security records. This study is based upon records of workers affiliated to the french social security general system. To obtain data which may be compared, it was necessary to take the legislation as a basis; this legislation gives the data which must be in the records. A study of laws and rules has been done to find out these data in the medical record and in the administrative one. A questionnaire is presented. This basic questionnaire should be modified according to the precise objectives of each study and to the characteristics of the population sample. To illustrate this method, some results of a study of chronic bronchitis risk factors are presented in the second part. These results concern 950 men, born in France, aged 30 to 59 in 1960 an still alive in 1972. The study of the long reductions of the ability to work, happened from 1960 to 1971, confirm the disabling character of the group \"chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, respiratory insufficiency\" which follows immediately cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. The total number of beneficiaries of the social security is already very important and the whole population will be soon concerned. The use of the social security records as data source could give very interesting informations about morbidity. So, it is possible to study representative samples of the general population or of some particular groups, which has up to now, been done only in a slight extent.", "contents": "[A method for studying social security records in epidemiology. Use in a study on the prognosis of chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. A method is presented to study, in an epidemiological research, the social security records. This study is based upon records of workers affiliated to the french social security general system. To obtain data which may be compared, it was necessary to take the legislation as a basis; this legislation gives the data which must be in the records. A study of laws and rules has been done to find out these data in the medical record and in the administrative one. A questionnaire is presented. This basic questionnaire should be modified according to the precise objectives of each study and to the characteristics of the population sample. To illustrate this method, some results of a study of chronic bronchitis risk factors are presented in the second part. These results concern 950 men, born in France, aged 30 to 59 in 1960 an still alive in 1972. The study of the long reductions of the ability to work, happened from 1960 to 1971, confirm the disabling character of the group \"chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, respiratory insufficiency\" which follows immediately cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. The total number of beneficiaries of the social security is already very important and the whole population will be soon concerned. The use of the social security records as data source could give very interesting informations about morbidity. So, it is possible to study representative samples of the general population or of some particular groups, which has up to now, been done only in a slight extent.", "PMID": 1019402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2508", "title": "Errors in the measurement of total respiratory resistance and reactance by forced oscillations.", "content": "The total respiratory resistance determined by means of the forced oscillation technique during spontaneous breathing demonstrates a variability which may be due (1) to variations of the resistance itself, (2) to the superposition of rapid oscillatory and slow respiratory signals, (3) to the presence in the breathing signals of harmonics the frequency of which is the same as that of the oscillations. In the present study we investigate the importance of the third cause of variability, in a mechanical system in which causes 1 and 2 have been excluded. It is shown that the presence of high frequency components in breathing is an important source of error in the measurement of instantaneous resistance and reactance. The error is larger at higher frequency and amplitude of breathing, lower frequency and amplitude of forced oscillations, and in the presence of a high respiratory impedance. The error is likely to be negligible when the frequency of the forced oscillation is high (e.g. 30 Hz). At lower frequencies, theinfluence of harmonies in breathing can be corrected by calculating average resistance or reactance values over one or more respiratory cycles.", "contents": "Errors in the measurement of total respiratory resistance and reactance by forced oscillations. The total respiratory resistance determined by means of the forced oscillation technique during spontaneous breathing demonstrates a variability which may be due (1) to variations of the resistance itself, (2) to the superposition of rapid oscillatory and slow respiratory signals, (3) to the presence in the breathing signals of harmonics the frequency of which is the same as that of the oscillations. In the present study we investigate the importance of the third cause of variability, in a mechanical system in which causes 1 and 2 have been excluded. It is shown that the presence of high frequency components in breathing is an important source of error in the measurement of instantaneous resistance and reactance. The error is larger at higher frequency and amplitude of breathing, lower frequency and amplitude of forced oscillations, and in the presence of a high respiratory impedance. The error is likely to be negligible when the frequency of the forced oscillation is high (e.g. 30 Hz). At lower frequencies, theinfluence of harmonies in breathing can be corrected by calculating average resistance or reactance values over one or more respiratory cycles.", "PMID": 1019428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2509", "title": "Response to CO2 of intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the emu.", "content": "We studied discharge frequencies of 12 intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the paleopulmonic lung of an emu (Dromiceius novaechollandiae) during unidirectional, artificial ventilation when step changes and static CO2 concentrations were given. Discharge frequency in afferent neurons from the receptors increased as intrapulmonary CO2 decreased. The response of the receptors to various static intrapulmonary CO2 concentrations was similar to that previously demonstrated for the duck and chicken. The median sensitivity of the emu receptors at one-half maximal discharge was 4.6 imp-(sec-0.01 F1CO2)-1. Discharge frequencies altered phasically in nine of 12 receptors when step changes in CO2 of 3.3% at 1.6 Hz were given in the unidirectional gas stream while four of 12 modulated their discharge when the CO2 changes were as rapid as 3.2 Hz. Hence, some receptors can respond to rapid fluctuations in CO2 in their microencironment. We conclude that intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the paleopulmonic lung of the emu exhibit similar characteristics to those in birds that possess varying amounts of neopulmonic parabronchi, such as the duck and chicken.", "contents": "Response to CO2 of intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the emu. We studied discharge frequencies of 12 intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the paleopulmonic lung of an emu (Dromiceius novaechollandiae) during unidirectional, artificial ventilation when step changes and static CO2 concentrations were given. Discharge frequency in afferent neurons from the receptors increased as intrapulmonary CO2 decreased. The response of the receptors to various static intrapulmonary CO2 concentrations was similar to that previously demonstrated for the duck and chicken. The median sensitivity of the emu receptors at one-half maximal discharge was 4.6 imp-(sec-0.01 F1CO2)-1. Discharge frequencies altered phasically in nine of 12 receptors when step changes in CO2 of 3.3% at 1.6 Hz were given in the unidirectional gas stream while four of 12 modulated their discharge when the CO2 changes were as rapid as 3.2 Hz. Hence, some receptors can respond to rapid fluctuations in CO2 in their microencironment. We conclude that intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the paleopulmonic lung of the emu exhibit similar characteristics to those in birds that possess varying amounts of neopulmonic parabronchi, such as the duck and chicken.", "PMID": 1019429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2510", "title": "Measurement of 'closing volume' initiated from functional residual capacity.", "content": "Comparison of the nitrogen method closing volume (CV) test, with oxygen inspiration initiated at residual volume (RV method) and functional residual capacity (FRC method), was made in 91 seated normal subjects. For RV and FRC methods, respectively CV%VC (mean+/-SD) was 14.4% (+/-6.2) and 17.5%(+/-7.5) (P=0.005); slope of Phase III of CV trace was 0.99% N2/1 (+/-0.76) and 1.66% N2/1(+/-1.07) (P=0.005); size of cardiogenic oscillations was 1.05% N2(+/-0.42) and 1.21% N2(+/-0.40) (P=0.001). These data confirm earlier predictions, based on a calculated increased lung top to bottom N2 gradient in the FRC method. Support for this mechanism was obtained in 5 additional normal subjects in whom the increased CV%VC, slope of Phase III and size of cardiogenic oscillations with the FRC method were eliminated when the top-to-bottom N2 gradient was reduced by breathing a reduced FIN2. Measurements made using the classical RV method cannot be directly compared to those using the FRC method.", "contents": "Measurement of 'closing volume' initiated from functional residual capacity. Comparison of the nitrogen method closing volume (CV) test, with oxygen inspiration initiated at residual volume (RV method) and functional residual capacity (FRC method), was made in 91 seated normal subjects. For RV and FRC methods, respectively CV%VC (mean+/-SD) was 14.4% (+/-6.2) and 17.5%(+/-7.5) (P=0.005); slope of Phase III of CV trace was 0.99% N2/1 (+/-0.76) and 1.66% N2/1(+/-1.07) (P=0.005); size of cardiogenic oscillations was 1.05% N2(+/-0.42) and 1.21% N2(+/-0.40) (P=0.001). These data confirm earlier predictions, based on a calculated increased lung top to bottom N2 gradient in the FRC method. Support for this mechanism was obtained in 5 additional normal subjects in whom the increased CV%VC, slope of Phase III and size of cardiogenic oscillations with the FRC method were eliminated when the top-to-bottom N2 gradient was reduced by breathing a reduced FIN2. Measurements made using the classical RV method cannot be directly compared to those using the FRC method.", "PMID": 1019430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2511", "title": "Hypoxia and carbon dioxide as separate and interactive depressants of ventilation.", "content": "The respiratory frequency, tidal volume and ventilization responses of 20 conscious cats to hypoxia, at controlled levels of alveolar CO2, revealed a characteristic steady state response in the majority of animals which indicated a negative interaction of stimuli on tidal volume and minute volume of ventilation, but a positive interaction on frequency. Another series of studies, conducted on seven conscious cats, sought to identify hypoxic response thresholds and depression thresholds, by determining responses over a wide range of hypoxic stimulus intensities, and at different controlled alveolar PCO2. Response threshold was at about 65 torr PAO2. Under eucapnic conditions, ventilation began to fail at PAO2 about 30 torr due to failure of tidal volume. The frequency continued to increase even in the lowest range of PAO2. With hypocapnia no failure of ventilation, frequency, or tidal volume was seen even at the lowest PAO2, but with hypercapnia, the tidal volume began to fail at PAO2 about 50 torr. The minute volume however, continued to increase into the lowest range of PAO2, because the frequency continued to respond at a rate greater than the tidal volume was failing. The results are discussed in terms of interactive depression manifest through the coupled responses of peripheral and central mechanisms.", "contents": "Hypoxia and carbon dioxide as separate and interactive depressants of ventilation. The respiratory frequency, tidal volume and ventilization responses of 20 conscious cats to hypoxia, at controlled levels of alveolar CO2, revealed a characteristic steady state response in the majority of animals which indicated a negative interaction of stimuli on tidal volume and minute volume of ventilation, but a positive interaction on frequency. Another series of studies, conducted on seven conscious cats, sought to identify hypoxic response thresholds and depression thresholds, by determining responses over a wide range of hypoxic stimulus intensities, and at different controlled alveolar PCO2. Response threshold was at about 65 torr PAO2. Under eucapnic conditions, ventilation began to fail at PAO2 about 30 torr due to failure of tidal volume. The frequency continued to increase even in the lowest range of PAO2. With hypocapnia no failure of ventilation, frequency, or tidal volume was seen even at the lowest PAO2, but with hypercapnia, the tidal volume began to fail at PAO2 about 50 torr. The minute volume however, continued to increase into the lowest range of PAO2, because the frequency continued to respond at a rate greater than the tidal volume was failing. The results are discussed in terms of interactive depression manifest through the coupled responses of peripheral and central mechanisms.", "PMID": 1019431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2512", "title": "Amount and rates of CO2 storage in lung tissue.", "content": "The slope of the lung tissue CO2 dissociation curve and the rate of storage of CO2 in the lung tissue were studied at 22 degrees C and at 37 degrees C in 21 isolated, bloodless dog lungs with a total of 465 separate observations. Results at the two temperatures were similar. The slope of the tissue dissociation curve of lung tissue at a PCO2 of 40 torr was approximately 0.3 ml CO2 X 100 g wet tissue-1 X torr-1. Normally, this storage was 90% complete in about 5 seconds. After carbonic anhydrase inhibition by acetazolamide, the total storage capacity was unchanged, but the rate at which storage occurred decreased significantly, so that it took about 25 seconds for 90% of the storage to be completed.", "contents": "Amount and rates of CO2 storage in lung tissue. The slope of the lung tissue CO2 dissociation curve and the rate of storage of CO2 in the lung tissue were studied at 22 degrees C and at 37 degrees C in 21 isolated, bloodless dog lungs with a total of 465 separate observations. Results at the two temperatures were similar. The slope of the tissue dissociation curve of lung tissue at a PCO2 of 40 torr was approximately 0.3 ml CO2 X 100 g wet tissue-1 X torr-1. Normally, this storage was 90% complete in about 5 seconds. After carbonic anhydrase inhibition by acetazolamide, the total storage capacity was unchanged, but the rate at which storage occurred decreased significantly, so that it took about 25 seconds for 90% of the storage to be completed.", "PMID": 1019432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2513", "title": "A turbidimetric assay method for studying antibody-induced lysis of hapten-coated erythrocytes.", "content": "A method is described, based on the application of trubidimetry for study of antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis of hapten-coated erythrocytes. The procedure is simple, reliable and sensitive. Time-rate studies over the entire range of interaction between the reactants are possible, with a minimal consumption of materials and time. The method also gives the possibility of adding substances to the reaction mixture, even at high concentrations, without introducing errors by multiple handling and washing.", "contents": "A turbidimetric assay method for studying antibody-induced lysis of hapten-coated erythrocytes. A method is described, based on the application of trubidimetry for study of antibody-mediated complement-dependent lysis of hapten-coated erythrocytes. The procedure is simple, reliable and sensitive. Time-rate studies over the entire range of interaction between the reactants are possible, with a minimal consumption of materials and time. The method also gives the possibility of adding substances to the reaction mixture, even at high concentrations, without introducing errors by multiple handling and washing.", "PMID": 1019542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2514", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in HEp-2 cells treated with staphylococcal alpha-toxin.", "content": "The effect of highly purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin on HEp-2 neoplastic cells growing in culture was studied by electron microscopy. In addition to some nuclear modifications, the most significant morphological changes were in mitochondrial structure, alpha-toxin seems to induce a defined sequence of changes in mitochondrial configuration which can be summarized as an earlier phase of 'condensation' of mitochondrial structure and a later phase of mitochondrial swelling with an intermediate 'transitional' configuration. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the present state of knowledge of the biological characteristics of staphylococcal alpha-toxin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in HEp-2 cells treated with staphylococcal alpha-toxin. The effect of highly purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin on HEp-2 neoplastic cells growing in culture was studied by electron microscopy. In addition to some nuclear modifications, the most significant morphological changes were in mitochondrial structure, alpha-toxin seems to induce a defined sequence of changes in mitochondrial configuration which can be summarized as an earlier phase of 'condensation' of mitochondrial structure and a later phase of mitochondrial swelling with an intermediate 'transitional' configuration. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the present state of knowledge of the biological characteristics of staphylococcal alpha-toxin.", "PMID": 1019543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2515", "title": "The role of nuclear medicine procedures in clinical nephrology: current clinical status and future directions.", "content": "This review discusses the use of radionuclides in nephrology. Radioactive materials may be used for measurements of renal function (glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow) and for renal imaging. The compounds of choice for GFR and RPF measurements are 125I iothalamate and 125I orthoiodohippurate, respectively. Neither is the ideal agent since the radiolabeled yields a high radiation dose. No single agent has emerged as the best for renal imaging, however, a great many have been introduced in the last few years and their relative merits are reviewed here. The rationale for use of radionuclides in nephrology is based on an awareness of the pathophysiology of the disease process and of the physiologic handling of the radiopharmaceutical used in the diagnostic study.", "contents": "The role of nuclear medicine procedures in clinical nephrology: current clinical status and future directions. This review discusses the use of radionuclides in nephrology. Radioactive materials may be used for measurements of renal function (glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow) and for renal imaging. The compounds of choice for GFR and RPF measurements are 125I iothalamate and 125I orthoiodohippurate, respectively. Neither is the ideal agent since the radiolabeled yields a high radiation dose. No single agent has emerged as the best for renal imaging, however, a great many have been introduced in the last few years and their relative merits are reviewed here. The rationale for use of radionuclides in nephrology is based on an awareness of the pathophysiology of the disease process and of the physiologic handling of the radiopharmaceutical used in the diagnostic study.", "PMID": 1019545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2516", "title": "The capnogram in the study of chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "The purpose of this study is: 1) to emphasize the importance of the capnogram in the investigation of ventilatory disorders of the obstructive type; 2) to propose a numerical parameter representative of the capnogram; 3) to ascertain, by means of this parameter, possible correlations between capnogram changes and other tests of lung function. This parameter enables a quantitative criterion to be substituted for a descriptive one in assessment of the capnogram; The study covered 245 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease; We observed that as the capnographic tracing becomes more and more pathological, the lung function tests show progressive deterioration.", "contents": "The capnogram in the study of chronic obstructive lung disease. The purpose of this study is: 1) to emphasize the importance of the capnogram in the investigation of ventilatory disorders of the obstructive type; 2) to propose a numerical parameter representative of the capnogram; 3) to ascertain, by means of this parameter, possible correlations between capnogram changes and other tests of lung function. This parameter enables a quantitative criterion to be substituted for a descriptive one in assessment of the capnogram; The study covered 245 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease; We observed that as the capnographic tracing becomes more and more pathological, the lung function tests show progressive deterioration.", "PMID": 1019544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2517", "title": "Trace elements in biological systems: nuclear techniques app.", "content": "Nuclear techniques are very useful in the simultaneous determination of many trace elements in biological samples; the sensitivity depends on the method and on the elements in study and in many cases is better than 0;1 ppm. Proton-induced X-ray fluorescence and alpha-particle elastic diffusion techniques are described; the methods of sample preparation, the sensitivity obtained and some experimental results are included.", "contents": "Trace elements in biological systems: nuclear techniques app. Nuclear techniques are very useful in the simultaneous determination of many trace elements in biological samples; the sensitivity depends on the method and on the elements in study and in many cases is better than 0;1 ppm. Proton-induced X-ray fluorescence and alpha-particle elastic diffusion techniques are described; the methods of sample preparation, the sensitivity obtained and some experimental results are included.", "PMID": 1019546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2518", "title": "Deadtime correcton in high count rate quantitative dynamic studies with computer-assisted Anger-cameras.", "content": "The use of tracers with high radioactivity in rapid dynamic quantitative studies (such as radioisotope angiocardiography), performed by the Anger-camera and data-processor, makes it possible to obtain a high counting ratemfor correct interpretation of the results of the analysis of activity/time curves in regions of interest, the authors determined, under different working conditions, the deadtimes of two Anger-cameras (Pho-gamma HP and Radicamera II), both connected to a data-processing system (Med-II). The problems inherent in this determination are analyzed and discussed. A computer program for curve correction was written and some examples of applications of it are presented, including an experiment to test the accuracy of the correction.", "contents": "Deadtime correcton in high count rate quantitative dynamic studies with computer-assisted Anger-cameras. The use of tracers with high radioactivity in rapid dynamic quantitative studies (such as radioisotope angiocardiography), performed by the Anger-camera and data-processor, makes it possible to obtain a high counting ratemfor correct interpretation of the results of the analysis of activity/time curves in regions of interest, the authors determined, under different working conditions, the deadtimes of two Anger-cameras (Pho-gamma HP and Radicamera II), both connected to a data-processing system (Med-II). The problems inherent in this determination are analyzed and discussed. A computer program for curve correction was written and some examples of applications of it are presented, including an experiment to test the accuracy of the correction.", "PMID": 1019547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2519", "title": "Effect of acetazolamide on glomerular balance and renal metabolic rate.", "content": "Glomerulotubular balance, defined as proportionality between filtered and reabsorbed sodium during inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (diluting segment), was examined in anaesthetized dogs by gradual reduction of renal arterial pressure. In control experiments, glomerulotubular balance applied over the whole rante of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) examined but was absent after acetazolamide administration (30 mg/kg/body wt) at GFR above 50% of control. Hence, the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide varied with GFR. At control GFR, acetazolamide reduced tubular sodium reabsorption by 32 +/- 2% chloride reabsorption by 34 +/- 3%, and bicarbonate reabsorption by 52 +/- 2%; no significant effect was observed at GFR below 50% of control. For each bicarbonate ion, three sodium ions and two chloride ions were inhibited. Measurements of renal oxygen consumption and heat accumulation rates showed that acetazolamide did not reduce renal metabolic rate significantly. It is proposed that energy-requiring hydrogen ion secretion occurs at unchanges rate during variations in GFR but that back leakage of hydrogen ions varies with bicarbonate concentration in tubular fluid. Net secretion of hydrogen ions is associated with bicarbonate transport into the intercellular space and is linked with sodium reabsorption. The concentration difference of bicarbonate salts over the tight junction (zonula occludens), which is much less permeable to bicarbonate than to sodium chloride, provides the osmotic force for reabsorption of water and sodium chloride from the tubular lumen into the intercellular space. Glomerulotubular balance is mediated by variations in filtered amounts of bicarbonate.", "contents": "Effect of acetazolamide on glomerular balance and renal metabolic rate. Glomerulotubular balance, defined as proportionality between filtered and reabsorbed sodium during inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (diluting segment), was examined in anaesthetized dogs by gradual reduction of renal arterial pressure. In control experiments, glomerulotubular balance applied over the whole rante of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) examined but was absent after acetazolamide administration (30 mg/kg/body wt) at GFR above 50% of control. Hence, the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide varied with GFR. At control GFR, acetazolamide reduced tubular sodium reabsorption by 32 +/- 2% chloride reabsorption by 34 +/- 3%, and bicarbonate reabsorption by 52 +/- 2%; no significant effect was observed at GFR below 50% of control. For each bicarbonate ion, three sodium ions and two chloride ions were inhibited. Measurements of renal oxygen consumption and heat accumulation rates showed that acetazolamide did not reduce renal metabolic rate significantly. It is proposed that energy-requiring hydrogen ion secretion occurs at unchanges rate during variations in GFR but that back leakage of hydrogen ions varies with bicarbonate concentration in tubular fluid. Net secretion of hydrogen ions is associated with bicarbonate transport into the intercellular space and is linked with sodium reabsorption. The concentration difference of bicarbonate salts over the tight junction (zonula occludens), which is much less permeable to bicarbonate than to sodium chloride, provides the osmotic force for reabsorption of water and sodium chloride from the tubular lumen into the intercellular space. Glomerulotubular balance is mediated by variations in filtered amounts of bicarbonate.", "PMID": 1019572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2520", "title": "Blood pressure measurement of all five fingers by strain gauge plethysmography.", "content": "The aim of the present paper was to study the methodological problems involved in measuring systolic blood pressure in all five fingers by the strain gauge technique. In 24 normal subjects, blood pressure at the proximal phalanx of finger I and both at the proximal and the intermediate phalanx of the other fingers was measured using a 24-mm-wide cuff. Blood pressure at the proximal phalanx was higher than that at the intermediate phalanx in all fingers except finger V. The difference of blood pressure values corresponded well with circumference of the finger. In 15 normal subjects, blood pressure at the proximal phalanx was compared in fingers I, III, IV, and V, using 16, 20, 24 and 24 mm wide cuffs. Finger blood pressure was closest to arm systolic blood pressure when a 24-mm or 27-mm-wide cuff was used in fingers I, III, and IV, and with a 20-mm-wide cuff in finger V. As the standard deviation of the mean values was larter with the 27-mm-wide cuff than with the 24-mm-wide cuff, the 24-mm-wide cuff was considered to be most suitable for clinical use in fingers I, II, III, and IV. By using the 20-mm-wide cuff in finger V and the 24-mm-wide cuff in the other fingers, normal value of finger blood pressure was determined for both proximal and intermediate phalanxes.", "contents": "Blood pressure measurement of all five fingers by strain gauge plethysmography. The aim of the present paper was to study the methodological problems involved in measuring systolic blood pressure in all five fingers by the strain gauge technique. In 24 normal subjects, blood pressure at the proximal phalanx of finger I and both at the proximal and the intermediate phalanx of the other fingers was measured using a 24-mm-wide cuff. Blood pressure at the proximal phalanx was higher than that at the intermediate phalanx in all fingers except finger V. The difference of blood pressure values corresponded well with circumference of the finger. In 15 normal subjects, blood pressure at the proximal phalanx was compared in fingers I, III, IV, and V, using 16, 20, 24 and 24 mm wide cuffs. Finger blood pressure was closest to arm systolic blood pressure when a 24-mm or 27-mm-wide cuff was used in fingers I, III, and IV, and with a 20-mm-wide cuff in finger V. As the standard deviation of the mean values was larter with the 27-mm-wide cuff than with the 24-mm-wide cuff, the 24-mm-wide cuff was considered to be most suitable for clinical use in fingers I, II, III, and IV. By using the 20-mm-wide cuff in finger V and the 24-mm-wide cuff in the other fingers, normal value of finger blood pressure was determined for both proximal and intermediate phalanxes.", "PMID": 1019573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2521", "title": "Intra-arterial infusion of prostaglandin E1 in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "Acute vasodilatation was produced by infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the femoral artery in 6 patients with occlusive arterial disease of the legs and in 3 normal subjects. The effect on blood flow and on blood pressure was measured at different segments of the leg with the strain gauge technique, isotope clearance technique, and photoelectric technique. Skin temperature was measured at different levels by using thermocouples. The blood pressure on the legs decreased at all segments during vasodilatation as well in patients as in controls. The blood flow increased in all segments in normal controls. In patients the blood flow increased proximally in the legs. Distally, however, no increase could be demonstrated. As a good effect of PGE1, on ischaemic rest pains has been reported, mechanisms other than vasodilatation should probably be considered.", "contents": "Intra-arterial infusion of prostaglandin E1 in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease. Acute vasodilatation was produced by infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the femoral artery in 6 patients with occlusive arterial disease of the legs and in 3 normal subjects. The effect on blood flow and on blood pressure was measured at different segments of the leg with the strain gauge technique, isotope clearance technique, and photoelectric technique. Skin temperature was measured at different levels by using thermocouples. The blood pressure on the legs decreased at all segments during vasodilatation as well in patients as in controls. The blood flow increased in all segments in normal controls. In patients the blood flow increased proximally in the legs. Distally, however, no increase could be demonstrated. As a good effect of PGE1, on ischaemic rest pains has been reported, mechanisms other than vasodilatation should probably be considered.", "PMID": 1019574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2522", "title": "Salicylate- and aspirin-induced uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from the mucosal membrane of the stomach.", "content": "The hypothesis that the damaging effect on the stomach mucosa of salicylic acid and its derivatives is ascribable to an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation has been investigated by testing of mitochondria isolated from the corpus gland area of mini-pig gastric mucosa. Mitochondria, influenced by salicylate or acetylsalicylate (0.7-5.6 mmol/l), demonstrated increased respiration rate, decreased respiratory control ratio, and decreased P/O ratio when tested in vitro. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation occurred at a salicylate concentration between 3.5 and 5.6 mmol/l.", "contents": "Salicylate- and aspirin-induced uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from the mucosal membrane of the stomach. The hypothesis that the damaging effect on the stomach mucosa of salicylic acid and its derivatives is ascribable to an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation has been investigated by testing of mitochondria isolated from the corpus gland area of mini-pig gastric mucosa. Mitochondria, influenced by salicylate or acetylsalicylate (0.7-5.6 mmol/l), demonstrated increased respiration rate, decreased respiratory control ratio, and decreased P/O ratio when tested in vitro. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation occurred at a salicylate concentration between 3.5 and 5.6 mmol/l.", "PMID": 1019575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2523", "title": "Influence of hypoxia and hyperoxia on subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in man.", "content": "Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was measured by the 133Xe washout method in normal men breathing oxygen at partial pressures from 0.1 to 2 atmospheres. Breathing oxygen at partial pressures of 0.1 and 1 atm. increased and reduced ATBF by 56% and 26%, respectively as compared to air breathing. These effects were highly significant. Breathing of oxygen at 2 atm. partial pressure had no consistent effect on ATBF, although considerable changes--positive or negative--could been seen in some experiments. Oxygen-breathing at 1 atm. partial pressure is associated with a slight hyperventilation and fall in PACO2. This was shown to be without importance for the effect of oxygen on adipose tissue blood flow.", "contents": "Influence of hypoxia and hyperoxia on subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in man. Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was measured by the 133Xe washout method in normal men breathing oxygen at partial pressures from 0.1 to 2 atmospheres. Breathing oxygen at partial pressures of 0.1 and 1 atm. increased and reduced ATBF by 56% and 26%, respectively as compared to air breathing. These effects were highly significant. Breathing of oxygen at 2 atm. partial pressure had no consistent effect on ATBF, although considerable changes--positive or negative--could been seen in some experiments. Oxygen-breathing at 1 atm. partial pressure is associated with a slight hyperventilation and fall in PACO2. This was shown to be without importance for the effect of oxygen on adipose tissue blood flow.", "PMID": 1019576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2524", "title": "The metabolism in man of intravenously injected iodine-labelled trascobalamin I not saturated with cobalamin.", "content": "Transcobalamin I not saturated with cobalamin was purified. After iodine-labelling, a fraction of approximately 0.6 retained its cobalamin-binding capacity. Iodinated protein was used for turnover studies in three healthy subjects. The plasma curves obtained were identical to those of iodinated transcobalamin I saturated with cyanocobalamin. The cobalamin-binding capacity of the iodinated protein was determined on microcolumns containing insolubilized cobalamin. The binding capacity decreased rapidly, only 50% of the initial unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity remaining after 0.2 to 0.3 days. It is concluded that the turnover of transcobalamin I not saturated with cobalamin does not differ from the turnover of transcobalamin I saturated with cyanocobalamin, and that transcobalamin I saturated with cobalamin in vivo is metabolized at the same rate as is transcobalamin I saturated with cyanocobalamin in vitro.", "contents": "The metabolism in man of intravenously injected iodine-labelled trascobalamin I not saturated with cobalamin. Transcobalamin I not saturated with cobalamin was purified. After iodine-labelling, a fraction of approximately 0.6 retained its cobalamin-binding capacity. Iodinated protein was used for turnover studies in three healthy subjects. The plasma curves obtained were identical to those of iodinated transcobalamin I saturated with cyanocobalamin. The cobalamin-binding capacity of the iodinated protein was determined on microcolumns containing insolubilized cobalamin. The binding capacity decreased rapidly, only 50% of the initial unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity remaining after 0.2 to 0.3 days. It is concluded that the turnover of transcobalamin I not saturated with cobalamin does not differ from the turnover of transcobalamin I saturated with cyanocobalamin, and that transcobalamin I saturated with cobalamin in vivo is metabolized at the same rate as is transcobalamin I saturated with cyanocobalamin in vitro.", "PMID": 1019577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2525", "title": "An automated micromethod for the determination of serum iron.", "content": "A rapid, automated micromethod is reported for the determination of serum iron with the AutoAnalyzer I system. 95 mul of serum is required, and the analysis is run at a speed of 50 samples per hour. Copper does not interfere with the iron analysis. Total iron-binding capacity can be measured with this method. Reference values for the serum iron concentration in children 6 weeks to 6 years old are presented.", "contents": "An automated micromethod for the determination of serum iron. A rapid, automated micromethod is reported for the determination of serum iron with the AutoAnalyzer I system. 95 mul of serum is required, and the analysis is run at a speed of 50 samples per hour. Copper does not interfere with the iron analysis. Total iron-binding capacity can be measured with this method. Reference values for the serum iron concentration in children 6 weeks to 6 years old are presented.", "PMID": 1019578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2526", "title": "The estimated daily loss of trace elements from normal skin by desquamation.", "content": "The content of 21 elements (As, Au, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mo, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) in normal epidermis has been determined with the aid of neutron activation analysis. The dermal loss of these elements via desquamation has been calculated in view of its possible importance in balance studies. For the bulk elements Ca, K and P, the calculated daily loss is considered to be negligible. For some of the trace elements, however, the loss may be appreciable. The daily loss of Fe by desquamation may be as much as one fourth of the daily urinary iron excretion; the corresponding fraction for Co, Cu, and Zn is one tenth.", "contents": "The estimated daily loss of trace elements from normal skin by desquamation. The content of 21 elements (As, Au, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mo, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) in normal epidermis has been determined with the aid of neutron activation analysis. The dermal loss of these elements via desquamation has been calculated in view of its possible importance in balance studies. For the bulk elements Ca, K and P, the calculated daily loss is considered to be negligible. For some of the trace elements, however, the loss may be appreciable. The daily loss of Fe by desquamation may be as much as one fourth of the daily urinary iron excretion; the corresponding fraction for Co, Cu, and Zn is one tenth.", "PMID": 1019579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2527", "title": "Positional fatty acid composition in total and acetone-precipitated amniotic fluid lecithin.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of lecithin has been determined separately at the 1- and 2-position in 22 samples of amniotic fluid. Palmitic acid (16:0) was the main fatty acid present at both carbon atom positions throughout the last trimester. Myristic acid (14:0) was present in very small amounts only. There was no evidence of 1-palmitoyl/2-myristoyl lecithin being present in more than trace amounts before 35 weeks of gestation. The positional specificity of the methylation pathway is therefore doubtful. Acetone precipitation of lecithin did not alter the observed fatty acid composition at either position, indicating that this procedure precipitates the different lecithin subspecies in equal proportion, without any preference for disaturated species. This method therefore fails to isolate a lecithin fraction with a specific fatty acid composition.", "contents": "Positional fatty acid composition in total and acetone-precipitated amniotic fluid lecithin. The fatty acid composition of lecithin has been determined separately at the 1- and 2-position in 22 samples of amniotic fluid. Palmitic acid (16:0) was the main fatty acid present at both carbon atom positions throughout the last trimester. Myristic acid (14:0) was present in very small amounts only. There was no evidence of 1-palmitoyl/2-myristoyl lecithin being present in more than trace amounts before 35 weeks of gestation. The positional specificity of the methylation pathway is therefore doubtful. Acetone precipitation of lecithin did not alter the observed fatty acid composition at either position, indicating that this procedure precipitates the different lecithin subspecies in equal proportion, without any preference for disaturated species. This method therefore fails to isolate a lecithin fraction with a specific fatty acid composition.", "PMID": 1019580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2528", "title": "Amniotic fluid palmitic acid concentrations and prediction of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "A method for rapid determination of total esterified palmitic acid concentration (TEPAC) in amniotic fluid is described. The correlation coefficient between the TEPAC and the lecithin concentration was 0.93 in 123 samples of amniotic fluid obtained during the last trimester. The respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred in 73% of the cases studied with TEPAC less than mmol/l in predelivery samples. The RDS was not observed with higher concentrations except in cases of maternal diabetes mellitus. The predictive value of total esterified fatty acid studies was confirmed to the concentration of palmitic acid recorded, and no specific fatty acid distributions or ratios were reliable in identifying RDS or estimating gestational age.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid palmitic acid concentrations and prediction of fetal lung maturity. A method for rapid determination of total esterified palmitic acid concentration (TEPAC) in amniotic fluid is described. The correlation coefficient between the TEPAC and the lecithin concentration was 0.93 in 123 samples of amniotic fluid obtained during the last trimester. The respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred in 73% of the cases studied with TEPAC less than mmol/l in predelivery samples. The RDS was not observed with higher concentrations except in cases of maternal diabetes mellitus. The predictive value of total esterified fatty acid studies was confirmed to the concentration of palmitic acid recorded, and no specific fatty acid distributions or ratios were reliable in identifying RDS or estimating gestational age.", "PMID": 1019581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2529", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in wound secretions.", "content": "Debrisan, a highly hydrophilic dextran polymer, was previously shown to be effective in cleaning infected wounds. The dry beads remove wound secretions from the wound surface under gel formation. The gel can then be analysed. A high fibrinolycic activity on fibrin plates and high levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were found in the secretions from 12 wounds. Low of plasminogen, antithrombin III and the absence of coagulable fribinogen also indicated a high fibrinolytic activity. A higher fibrinolytic activity on heated than on unheated fibrin plates, and the insignificant effect of local application of EACA suggest the presence of other proteolytic enzymes than plasmin.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in wound secretions. Debrisan, a highly hydrophilic dextran polymer, was previously shown to be effective in cleaning infected wounds. The dry beads remove wound secretions from the wound surface under gel formation. The gel can then be analysed. A high fibrinolycic activity on fibrin plates and high levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were found in the secretions from 12 wounds. Low of plasminogen, antithrombin III and the absence of coagulable fribinogen also indicated a high fibrinolytic activity. A higher fibrinolytic activity on heated than on unheated fibrin plates, and the insignificant effect of local application of EACA suggest the presence of other proteolytic enzymes than plasmin.", "PMID": 1019584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2530", "title": "Innervation of human axillary sweat glands. Histochemical and electron microscopic study of hyperhidrotic and normal subjects.", "content": "Adrenergic nerves were demonstrated by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and cholinergic nerves using thiocholine techniques to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activities at the light and electron microscopic levels. The specimens were taken during surgery from the axillae of hyperhidrotic patients and normal voluntary controls. No fluorescent nerves were found around eccrine or apocrine sweat glands in hyperhidrotic or normally sweating axillae. Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands exhibited a nerve network showing acetylcholinesterase activity. There was no marked difference in the innervation patterns or in the intensity of the acetylcholinesterase reaction of the nerves in the hyperhidrotic patients or normal subjects. Ultrastructurally the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were seen in the vicinity of both eccrine and apocrine glands, but these nerves were outside the basement membrane.", "contents": "Innervation of human axillary sweat glands. Histochemical and electron microscopic study of hyperhidrotic and normal subjects. Adrenergic nerves were demonstrated by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and cholinergic nerves using thiocholine techniques to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activities at the light and electron microscopic levels. The specimens were taken during surgery from the axillae of hyperhidrotic patients and normal voluntary controls. No fluorescent nerves were found around eccrine or apocrine sweat glands in hyperhidrotic or normally sweating axillae. Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands exhibited a nerve network showing acetylcholinesterase activity. There was no marked difference in the innervation patterns or in the intensity of the acetylcholinesterase reaction of the nerves in the hyperhidrotic patients or normal subjects. Ultrastructurally the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were seen in the vicinity of both eccrine and apocrine glands, but these nerves were outside the basement membrane.", "PMID": 1019585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2531", "title": "Tracheal reconstruction with perichondrial grafts.", "content": "Since 1972 a series of experiments (Skoog, Ohls\u00e9n & Sohn, 1972; 1975; Ohls\u00e9n, 1976) has been performed to elucidate the potential of perichondrial grafts to generate cartilage. In 1974 Sohn & Ohls\u00e9n demonstrated in rabbits that tracheal cartilage could be reconstructed from free perichondrial grafts.  As these studies were carried out with an intact tracheal mucosa a series of experiments was conducted in rabbits, and reported in this paper, in which a tracheal section containing two cartiliages and the covering mucous membrane was removed and replaced with a free perichondrial graft taken from the ear. New cartilege formed in all animals.  The reconstructed portion of trachea was partly covered by ciliated cells of normal appearance, partly by low epithelium with microvilli.  These latter areas were mainly within the central parts of the regenerated mucosa. The use of perichondrial grafts for tracheal reconstruction was also studied in two series of dogs. In four dogs a tracheal section, consisting of two comlete cartilages with the covering mucosa, was completely removed.  The circumferential defect was reconstructed by free perichondrial grafats from rib cartilage.  They were placed on two fascial flaps which had been raised from the adjacent muscles, rotated into the defect and sutured for complete coverage. Regeneration of cartilage occurred in all dogs, producing a biologic framework.  The lining of the reconstructed tracheal section was completely restored by epithelialization from the surrounding mucosa.  Low epithelial cells were successively replaced by columnar ciliated cells typical of the respiratory tract. The morphological development of the regenerated epithelium was demonstrated by electron microscopy. The regenerated mucosa exhibited normal function by passing mucus across the reconstructed area. This was recorded by filming at low speed using Cardio-green as indicator. All the animals of this series developed tracheal stenosis within the reconstructed portion. Another experiment was therefore carried out in which four dogs were subjected to the same operative procedure. Postoperatively, however, during the phase of healing, a silicon tube was inserted and left in situ to maintain expansion of the reconstructed portion. By this means stenosis could be prevented with good regeneration of the mucosal lining.", "contents": "Tracheal reconstruction with perichondrial grafts. Since 1972 a series of experiments (Skoog, Ohls\u00e9n & Sohn, 1972; 1975; Ohls\u00e9n, 1976) has been performed to elucidate the potential of perichondrial grafts to generate cartilage. In 1974 Sohn & Ohls\u00e9n demonstrated in rabbits that tracheal cartilage could be reconstructed from free perichondrial grafts.  As these studies were carried out with an intact tracheal mucosa a series of experiments was conducted in rabbits, and reported in this paper, in which a tracheal section containing two cartiliages and the covering mucous membrane was removed and replaced with a free perichondrial graft taken from the ear. New cartilege formed in all animals.  The reconstructed portion of trachea was partly covered by ciliated cells of normal appearance, partly by low epithelium with microvilli.  These latter areas were mainly within the central parts of the regenerated mucosa. The use of perichondrial grafts for tracheal reconstruction was also studied in two series of dogs. In four dogs a tracheal section, consisting of two comlete cartilages with the covering mucosa, was completely removed.  The circumferential defect was reconstructed by free perichondrial grafats from rib cartilage.  They were placed on two fascial flaps which had been raised from the adjacent muscles, rotated into the defect and sutured for complete coverage. Regeneration of cartilage occurred in all dogs, producing a biologic framework.  The lining of the reconstructed tracheal section was completely restored by epithelialization from the surrounding mucosa.  Low epithelial cells were successively replaced by columnar ciliated cells typical of the respiratory tract. The morphological development of the regenerated epithelium was demonstrated by electron microscopy. The regenerated mucosa exhibited normal function by passing mucus across the reconstructed area. This was recorded by filming at low speed using Cardio-green as indicator. All the animals of this series developed tracheal stenosis within the reconstructed portion. Another experiment was therefore carried out in which four dogs were subjected to the same operative procedure. Postoperatively, however, during the phase of healing, a silicon tube was inserted and left in situ to maintain expansion of the reconstructed portion. By this means stenosis could be prevented with good regeneration of the mucosal lining.", "PMID": 1019586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2532", "title": "Carcinoma of the external ear.", "content": "An analysis of 246 operated patients with 260 carcinomas of the external ears from the periods 1949-57 and 1962-67 is presented. Carcinoma of the external ear occurs in Denmark with a frequency of 1.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants and constitutes approximately 6% of all skin cancers. In the present material 67% of the tumours were squamous-cell carcinomas and 30% were basal-cell carcinomas. These forms of tumours were most frequent in elderly men who have had outdoor employment. Half of these tumours were sited on the helix and lobe, while one quarter, respectively, were sited medially and laterally. 15% of the squamous-cell carcinomas recurred, 3% of the these with metastases of the regional lymph nodes. Of the basal-cell carcinomas 18% recurred but with no metastases of the regional lymph nodes. The frequency of recurrence did not depend on the site of the tumour on the ear, but it did increase with increasing tumour size. The 5-year survival rate without recurrence was 56% +/- 4% for the squamous-cell carcinomas, and for the basal-cell carcinomas 59% +/- 6.5%. It is concluded that surgical treatment is best suited for these tumours, and the minimum excision distance for basal-cell carcinomas of less than 3 cm in size should be 8 mm, while for squamous-cell carcinomas of the same size the distance should be 10 mm. For both forms of tumour where the greatest extent is more than 3 cm the excision distance should be at least 15 mm.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the external ear. An analysis of 246 operated patients with 260 carcinomas of the external ears from the periods 1949-57 and 1962-67 is presented. Carcinoma of the external ear occurs in Denmark with a frequency of 1.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants and constitutes approximately 6% of all skin cancers. In the present material 67% of the tumours were squamous-cell carcinomas and 30% were basal-cell carcinomas. These forms of tumours were most frequent in elderly men who have had outdoor employment. Half of these tumours were sited on the helix and lobe, while one quarter, respectively, were sited medially and laterally. 15% of the squamous-cell carcinomas recurred, 3% of the these with metastases of the regional lymph nodes. Of the basal-cell carcinomas 18% recurred but with no metastases of the regional lymph nodes. The frequency of recurrence did not depend on the site of the tumour on the ear, but it did increase with increasing tumour size. The 5-year survival rate without recurrence was 56% +/- 4% for the squamous-cell carcinomas, and for the basal-cell carcinomas 59% +/- 6.5%. It is concluded that surgical treatment is best suited for these tumours, and the minimum excision distance for basal-cell carcinomas of less than 3 cm in size should be 8 mm, while for squamous-cell carcinomas of the same size the distance should be 10 mm. For both forms of tumour where the greatest extent is more than 3 cm the excision distance should be at least 15 mm.", "PMID": 1019587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2533", "title": "Cellular patterns in the early phase of healing wounds in children.", "content": "Cellular patterns of the healing incisional wound were studied in 55 pediatric surgical patients by the CELLSTIC method. This wound drain, specially developed for this purpose, consists af a standard-sized, viscose cellulose sponge, inside a thin silicone rubber tube. When left between the wound edges, wound exudate flows outwards through the drain, allowing its cells to attach to the sponge surface. The sponge serves as a framework where the cells may migrate, divide and transform. During the first 12 hours the cellular pattern in the sponge resembles that of peripheral blood, whereafter the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, almost exclusively neutrophils, gradually increases. Later on lymphocytes and monocytes invade. The first fibroblasts were seen at the end of the third postoperative day.", "contents": "Cellular patterns in the early phase of healing wounds in children. Cellular patterns of the healing incisional wound were studied in 55 pediatric surgical patients by the CELLSTIC method. This wound drain, specially developed for this purpose, consists af a standard-sized, viscose cellulose sponge, inside a thin silicone rubber tube. When left between the wound edges, wound exudate flows outwards through the drain, allowing its cells to attach to the sponge surface. The sponge serves as a framework where the cells may migrate, divide and transform. During the first 12 hours the cellular pattern in the sponge resembles that of peripheral blood, whereafter the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, almost exclusively neutrophils, gradually increases. Later on lymphocytes and monocytes invade. The first fibroblasts were seen at the end of the third postoperative day.", "PMID": 1019589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2534", "title": "Studies on healing of Debrisan-treated wounds.", "content": "Debrisan (Pharmacia AB, Sweden) is a highly hydrophilic dextran polymer in the form of dry, spheric beads. When dry Debrisan beads are placed on a wound, the wound secretions are sucked up into and between the beads. No crust is formed on the wound. Bacteria granular substances are removed with the secretions. Treatment with Debrisan was found to be very effective in cleansing discharging wounds. Since Debrisan treatment removes substances from the wound area, e.g. prostaglandins, this might affect the process of repair. The morphology of wounds was studied with the aid of histological and histochemical methods. In 15 patients, donor sites on one thigh, treated with Debrisan, were compared with donor sites on the contralateral thigh, subjected to open treatment. In pigs, comparison was made between Debrisan-treated with Vaseline-gauze-covered dermal burns. In man, the inflammatory reaction was less pronounced in the Debrisan-treated wound and located more superficially then in the wound left open, where perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates were found even deep in the dermis. In pigs the burns exhibited similar differences. Thus the inflammatory reaction in the Debrisan-treated wounds was less pronounced than in the control wounds. Debrisan beads were never seen below the wound surface. No unfavourable influence of Debrisan treatment was observed on the process of repair.", "contents": "Studies on healing of Debrisan-treated wounds. Debrisan (Pharmacia AB, Sweden) is a highly hydrophilic dextran polymer in the form of dry, spheric beads. When dry Debrisan beads are placed on a wound, the wound secretions are sucked up into and between the beads. No crust is formed on the wound. Bacteria granular substances are removed with the secretions. Treatment with Debrisan was found to be very effective in cleansing discharging wounds. Since Debrisan treatment removes substances from the wound area, e.g. prostaglandins, this might affect the process of repair. The morphology of wounds was studied with the aid of histological and histochemical methods. In 15 patients, donor sites on one thigh, treated with Debrisan, were compared with donor sites on the contralateral thigh, subjected to open treatment. In pigs, comparison was made between Debrisan-treated with Vaseline-gauze-covered dermal burns. In man, the inflammatory reaction was less pronounced in the Debrisan-treated wound and located more superficially then in the wound left open, where perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates were found even deep in the dermis. In pigs the burns exhibited similar differences. Thus the inflammatory reaction in the Debrisan-treated wounds was less pronounced than in the control wounds. Debrisan beads were never seen below the wound surface. No unfavourable influence of Debrisan treatment was observed on the process of repair.", "PMID": 1019590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2535", "title": "Exposure to trichloroethylene I. Uptake and distribution in man.", "content": "Fifteen healthy male subjects were exposed to about 540 and 1,080 mg/m3 of trichloroethylene (TRI) in the air during rest and exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Each subject was exposed during four 30-min periods. The arterial blood concentration increased linearly with the concentration in the alveolar air. The uptake of TRI was about 55% of the supplied amount at rest. At a work load of 150 W during the fourth period the percentage uptake decreased to about 25%. For one fairly thin subject the uptake was near zero at the end of exposure. This development was probably due to the relatively low solubility of TRI in blood and tissues. The uptake of TRI may be estimated from pulmonary ventilation and the concentration in alveolar and inspiratory air.", "contents": "Exposure to trichloroethylene I. Uptake and distribution in man. Fifteen healthy male subjects were exposed to about 540 and 1,080 mg/m3 of trichloroethylene (TRI) in the air during rest and exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Each subject was exposed during four 30-min periods. The arterial blood concentration increased linearly with the concentration in the alveolar air. The uptake of TRI was about 55% of the supplied amount at rest. At a work load of 150 W during the fourth period the percentage uptake decreased to about 25%. For one fairly thin subject the uptake was near zero at the end of exposure. This development was probably due to the relatively low solubility of TRI in blood and tissues. The uptake of TRI may be estimated from pulmonary ventilation and the concentration in alveolar and inspiratory air.", "PMID": 1019594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2536", "title": "Exposure to trichloroethylene II. Metabolites in blood and urine.", "content": "Fifteen men were exposed to trichloroethylene (TRI) in three different ways with regard to the concentration of TRI in the air as well as exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The total amount of TRI supplied and taken up by each person was measured. The concentrations of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in blood and urine. In spite of large differences in uptake, there were only small differences in the concentration of TCA in blood during the day of exposure. There was a large scatter for the values of TCA in urine within each group. The concentration of TCE in arterial blood increased during exposure. Thereafter the concentrations were almost constant for 2 h and differed among the groups. These results can be interpreted as being due to balanced rates of the formation and elimination of TCE. The levels mentioned were related to the uptake of TRI. The same was found for the rate of excretion of TCE in urine when calculations were made from the morning sample obtained the day after exposure.", "contents": "Exposure to trichloroethylene II. Metabolites in blood and urine. Fifteen men were exposed to trichloroethylene (TRI) in three different ways with regard to the concentration of TRI in the air as well as exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The total amount of TRI supplied and taken up by each person was measured. The concentrations of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in blood and urine. In spite of large differences in uptake, there were only small differences in the concentration of TCA in blood during the day of exposure. There was a large scatter for the values of TCA in urine within each group. The concentration of TCE in arterial blood increased during exposure. Thereafter the concentrations were almost constant for 2 h and differed among the groups. These results can be interpreted as being due to balanced rates of the formation and elimination of TCE. The levels mentioned were related to the uptake of TRI. The same was found for the rate of excretion of TCE in urine when calculations were made from the morning sample obtained the day after exposure.", "PMID": 1019595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2537", "title": "Exposure to trichloroethylene III. Psychological functions.", "content": "The effect of exposure to the solvent trichloroethylene (TRI) on the performance of tests of numerical ability, reaction time (simple and choice), and short-term memory was studied in 15 healthy male subjects. The subjects were tested individually on three different occasions during exposure to 540 and 1,080 mg/m3 of TRI in inspiratory air and under control conditions, respectively. At predetermined times during the three 70-min exposure periods, samples were taken of the subjects' alveolar air. Neither the reaction time tests nor the short-term memory test showed any signs of performance decrement during exposure to TRI as compared to those administered under control conditions. However, a statistically significant decrement in performance was obtained on the test of numerical ability during exposure to TRI. The results as a whole indicate that there should not be any risk of an acute effect on central nervous functions at concentrations which do not considerably exceed the Swedish threshold limit value for the solvent (160 mg/m3).", "contents": "Exposure to trichloroethylene III. Psychological functions. The effect of exposure to the solvent trichloroethylene (TRI) on the performance of tests of numerical ability, reaction time (simple and choice), and short-term memory was studied in 15 healthy male subjects. The subjects were tested individually on three different occasions during exposure to 540 and 1,080 mg/m3 of TRI in inspiratory air and under control conditions, respectively. At predetermined times during the three 70-min exposure periods, samples were taken of the subjects' alveolar air. Neither the reaction time tests nor the short-term memory test showed any signs of performance decrement during exposure to TRI as compared to those administered under control conditions. However, a statistically significant decrement in performance was obtained on the test of numerical ability during exposure to TRI. The results as a whole indicate that there should not be any risk of an acute effect on central nervous functions at concentrations which do not considerably exceed the Swedish threshold limit value for the solvent (160 mg/m3).", "PMID": 1019596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2538", "title": "Relationships between lead absorption and peripheral nerve conduction velocities in lead workers.", "content": "The motor sensory, and mixed nerve conduction velocities of median and posterior tibial nerves were measured in 39 lead workers whose blood lead (PbB) concentrations ranged from 2 to 73  mug/100 g with anaverage of 29 mug/100 g. The PbB concentrations significantly correlated with the maximal motor nerve conduction velocities (MCV) and mixed nerve conduction velocities (MNCV) of the median nerve in the forearm and with the MCV of the posterior tibial nerve. Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity correlated similarly with the MCV and MNCV of the median nerve in the forearm, and the 24-hour urinary lead excretion following the intravenous administration of CaEDTA (20 mg/kg) (lead mobilization test) correlated with the MNCV. But no parameter correlated with the sensory nerve conduction velocities. By multiple regression analysis, a combination of the three parameters of lead absorption was found to correlate significantly with the MCV and MNCV of the median nerve in the forearm. The MCVs of the median and posterior tibial nerves in lead workers were significantly delayed in the PbB range of 29-73 mug/100 g (mean 45), in the lead mobilization test range from 173 to 3,540 mug/day (mean 973), and the ALAD activity range from 4.4 to 19.4 u. (mean 14.0), respectively.", "contents": "Relationships between lead absorption and peripheral nerve conduction velocities in lead workers. The motor sensory, and mixed nerve conduction velocities of median and posterior tibial nerves were measured in 39 lead workers whose blood lead (PbB) concentrations ranged from 2 to 73  mug/100 g with anaverage of 29 mug/100 g. The PbB concentrations significantly correlated with the maximal motor nerve conduction velocities (MCV) and mixed nerve conduction velocities (MNCV) of the median nerve in the forearm and with the MCV of the posterior tibial nerve. Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity correlated similarly with the MCV and MNCV of the median nerve in the forearm, and the 24-hour urinary lead excretion following the intravenous administration of CaEDTA (20 mg/kg) (lead mobilization test) correlated with the MNCV. But no parameter correlated with the sensory nerve conduction velocities. By multiple regression analysis, a combination of the three parameters of lead absorption was found to correlate significantly with the MCV and MNCV of the median nerve in the forearm. The MCVs of the median and posterior tibial nerves in lead workers were significantly delayed in the PbB range of 29-73 mug/100 g (mean 45), in the lead mobilization test range from 173 to 3,540 mug/day (mean 973), and the ALAD activity range from 4.4 to 19.4 u. (mean 14.0), respectively.", "PMID": 1019597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2539", "title": "Magnetic measurements of pulmonary contamination.", "content": "The magnitic determination of pulmonary contamination is based on the remanent magnetization of ferromagnetic contaminating particles. The remanent field of the externally magnetized particles is proportional to their amount and shows their distribution. Although only magnetizable particles are detected with this method, the amount of the inhaled ferromagnetic substance can be used when the total dust exposure of the worker is estimated. In this work five shipyard welders were studied. First the particles disposed to the lungs were externally magnetized and then their distribution was mapped with a sensitive magnetometer. The magnitudes of the remanent fields measured from the welders differed from the fields measured from controls by several orders of magnitude. The radiographic findings showed a good correlation with the magnetic measurements, and further experiments will prove whether this method can partly replace presently used radiological investigations.", "contents": "Magnetic measurements of pulmonary contamination. The magnitic determination of pulmonary contamination is based on the remanent magnetization of ferromagnetic contaminating particles. The remanent field of the externally magnetized particles is proportional to their amount and shows their distribution. Although only magnetizable particles are detected with this method, the amount of the inhaled ferromagnetic substance can be used when the total dust exposure of the worker is estimated. In this work five shipyard welders were studied. First the particles disposed to the lungs were externally magnetized and then their distribution was mapped with a sensitive magnetometer. The magnitudes of the remanent fields measured from the welders differed from the fields measured from controls by several orders of magnitude. The radiographic findings showed a good correlation with the magnetic measurements, and further experiments will prove whether this method can partly replace presently used radiological investigations.", "PMID": 1019598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2540", "title": "Cryosurgery for benign and malignant skin lesions: treatment with a new instrument.", "content": "The Foster \"Froster\" unit is a new and simplified liquid nitrogen system for use in dermatologic cryosurgery. The details of its operation are described and its use in various benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions is discussed. In malignant lesions, not only type, but frequently location, is important when deciding whether to use cryosurgery as the first, alternate, or adjunctive choice of therapy. Benign and premalignant lesions which respond best are sebaceous hyperplasia, dermatofibromas, actinic keratoses, leukoplakias, lentigines, and certain seborrheic keratoses and verrucae. Initial promising results have been reported in cases of swimming pool granuloma and chromoblastomycosis. Application of the described technics in one's clinical practice must depend primarily on the level of knowledge of skin lesions and on the degree of skill attained in cryosurgical methods.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for benign and malignant skin lesions: treatment with a new instrument. The Foster \"Froster\" unit is a new and simplified liquid nitrogen system for use in dermatologic cryosurgery. The details of its operation are described and its use in various benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions is discussed. In malignant lesions, not only type, but frequently location, is important when deciding whether to use cryosurgery as the first, alternate, or adjunctive choice of therapy. Benign and premalignant lesions which respond best are sebaceous hyperplasia, dermatofibromas, actinic keratoses, leukoplakias, lentigines, and certain seborrheic keratoses and verrucae. Initial promising results have been reported in cases of swimming pool granuloma and chromoblastomycosis. Application of the described technics in one's clinical practice must depend primarily on the level of knowledge of skin lesions and on the degree of skill attained in cryosurgical methods.", "PMID": 1019631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2541", "title": "Changes in the clinical picture of schizophrenia.", "content": "Records of all patients admitted to inpatient facilities of a state department of mental health from 1948 to 1952 and from 1965 to 1969 and diagnosed schizophrenic were reviewed to determine diagnostic trends, if any. The percentage of diagnoses of the catatonic subtype showed a general decline, the hebephrenic subtype showed a marked decline, the paranoid subtype a general increase, and the nonclassical subtypes a marked increase. Analysis of the symptoms for the subtypes and comparison between subtypes did not reveal any particular symptoms to be totally characteristic of a specific subtype. Many symptoms occurred with approximately equal frequency in all subtypes. Comparison of patients' symptoms for the two periods did not reveal wide qualitative variation between periods. However, there were large quantitative variations. We conclude that the apparent change in schizophrenia is but a moderation of primary symptoms.", "contents": "Changes in the clinical picture of schizophrenia. Records of all patients admitted to inpatient facilities of a state department of mental health from 1948 to 1952 and from 1965 to 1969 and diagnosed schizophrenic were reviewed to determine diagnostic trends, if any. The percentage of diagnoses of the catatonic subtype showed a general decline, the hebephrenic subtype showed a marked decline, the paranoid subtype a general increase, and the nonclassical subtypes a marked increase. Analysis of the symptoms for the subtypes and comparison between subtypes did not reveal any particular symptoms to be totally characteristic of a specific subtype. Many symptoms occurred with approximately equal frequency in all subtypes. Comparison of patients' symptoms for the two periods did not reveal wide qualitative variation between periods. However, there were large quantitative variations. We conclude that the apparent change in schizophrenia is but a moderation of primary symptoms.", "PMID": 1019632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2542", "title": "Diagnostic value of a chemistry test profile.", "content": "Serum chemistry test results were correlated with discharge diagnoses of 4,295 persons admitted to an acute care general hospital in a seven-month period. The diagnostic value of the test results, separately and in combinations of up to 12 tests, were calculated at each of ten levels as measured from the mean of normal in standard deviations. All patients had a serum profile consisting of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels. Analysis by manual and computer technics is illustrated. Computerized analysis of a chemistry profile is reported as a list of diagnostic possibilities in ranking order, with the calculated probability for each. In this preliminary report individual diseases are replaced by categories of disease taken from The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted (ICDA).", "contents": "Diagnostic value of a chemistry test profile. Serum chemistry test results were correlated with discharge diagnoses of 4,295 persons admitted to an acute care general hospital in a seven-month period. The diagnostic value of the test results, separately and in combinations of up to 12 tests, were calculated at each of ten levels as measured from the mean of normal in standard deviations. All patients had a serum profile consisting of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels. Analysis by manual and computer technics is illustrated. Computerized analysis of a chemistry profile is reported as a list of diagnostic possibilities in ranking order, with the calculated probability for each. In this preliminary report individual diseases are replaced by categories of disease taken from The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted (ICDA).", "PMID": 1019635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2543", "title": "Polytomography in an otologic practice.", "content": "The polytome should be used as an adjunct to conventional roentgenograms of the temporal bone and not as a substitute. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the polytome has been used to great advantage in a private otologic practice.", "contents": "Polytomography in an otologic practice. The polytome should be used as an adjunct to conventional roentgenograms of the temporal bone and not as a substitute. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the polytome has been used to great advantage in a private otologic practice.", "PMID": 1019636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2544", "title": "Basilic vein to brachial artery fistula: a new access for chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "A new vascular access for chronic hemodialysis is developed by creating a fistula in the upper arm between the end of the relocated basilic vein and anterior aspect of the brachial artery. The procedure has been used 24 times in 23 patients over the past 15 months (average eight months) with minimal complications and low failure rates. This fistula provides a straight, long, easily accessible conduit with high flows; it has only one vascular anastomosis and maintains the anatomic continuity of its venous end with the axillary vein. It also obviates the need for autologous, prosthetic, or heterografts. The procedure is indicated when suitable vessels in the forearm have been exhausted or are unavailable. However, additional clinical trials and continued long-term follow-up are necessary for more definite conclusions.", "contents": "Basilic vein to brachial artery fistula: a new access for chronic hemodialysis. A new vascular access for chronic hemodialysis is developed by creating a fistula in the upper arm between the end of the relocated basilic vein and anterior aspect of the brachial artery. The procedure has been used 24 times in 23 patients over the past 15 months (average eight months) with minimal complications and low failure rates. This fistula provides a straight, long, easily accessible conduit with high flows; it has only one vascular anastomosis and maintains the anatomic continuity of its venous end with the axillary vein. It also obviates the need for autologous, prosthetic, or heterografts. The procedure is indicated when suitable vessels in the forearm have been exhausted or are unavailable. However, additional clinical trials and continued long-term follow-up are necessary for more definite conclusions.", "PMID": 1019638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2545", "title": "Etiologic factors in lead nephropathy.", "content": "The rare occurrence of lead nephropathy in widely differing circumstances has suggested that additional causative factors might be required for its production. Seventeen cases of interstitial nephritis associated with severe chronic lead poisoning were reviewed in an attempt to identify these. Data suggested that alcoholism and preexistent hypertension, and also previous or minor urinary tract disease, may potentiate the injurious effects of lead. We recommend that the diagnosis of lead nephropathy should be a positive one, not one of exclusion, and that stored lead should be removed, particularly in persons with hypertension or previous urinary tract diseases.", "contents": "Etiologic factors in lead nephropathy. The rare occurrence of lead nephropathy in widely differing circumstances has suggested that additional causative factors might be required for its production. Seventeen cases of interstitial nephritis associated with severe chronic lead poisoning were reviewed in an attempt to identify these. Data suggested that alcoholism and preexistent hypertension, and also previous or minor urinary tract disease, may potentiate the injurious effects of lead. We recommend that the diagnosis of lead nephropathy should be a positive one, not one of exclusion, and that stored lead should be removed, particularly in persons with hypertension or previous urinary tract diseases.", "PMID": 1019639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2546", "title": "Surgical treatment of reflux in completely duplicated ureters.", "content": "Vesicoureteral reflux occurs in approximately 50% of duplex systems that undergo evaluation and most commonly involves the lower renal segment ureter. The therapeutic approach can be tailored for each case after careful evaluation of the anatomic and functional status of each renal unit. If reparative srugery is indicated and only one ureter is involved, then ureteropyelostomy or ureteroureterostomy have yielded excellent results. If more than one ureter is involved with either relfux or obstruction, then reimplantation of the paired ureters is indicated if the renal units are slavageable.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of reflux in completely duplicated ureters. Vesicoureteral reflux occurs in approximately 50% of duplex systems that undergo evaluation and most commonly involves the lower renal segment ureter. The therapeutic approach can be tailored for each case after careful evaluation of the anatomic and functional status of each renal unit. If reparative srugery is indicated and only one ureter is involved, then ureteropyelostomy or ureteroureterostomy have yielded excellent results. If more than one ureter is involved with either relfux or obstruction, then reimplantation of the paired ureters is indicated if the renal units are slavageable.", "PMID": 1019640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2547", "title": "Tay-Sachs disease: a pilot screening program for the detection of the heterozygote in the Charleston Jewish community.", "content": "A pilot screening program for the detection of the carrier (heterozygote) of the Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) gene has recently been completed at the Medical University of South Carolina. A fluorometric assay for serum hexosaminidase A and B was performed on the serum of 181 individuals from the Charleston Jewish community. One hundred seventy-six of these individuals were classified as normal based on the percent hexosaminidase A (Hex A) in their serum; five persons were classified as carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene, including a young married couple who were later referred for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs disease: a pilot screening program for the detection of the heterozygote in the Charleston Jewish community. A pilot screening program for the detection of the carrier (heterozygote) of the Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) gene has recently been completed at the Medical University of South Carolina. A fluorometric assay for serum hexosaminidase A and B was performed on the serum of 181 individuals from the Charleston Jewish community. One hundred seventy-six of these individuals were classified as normal based on the percent hexosaminidase A (Hex A) in their serum; five persons were classified as carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene, including a young married couple who were later referred for genetic counseling.", "PMID": 1019641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2548", "title": "Ovarian pregnancies with Dalkon Shield IUCDs in situ: laparoscopic visualization.", "content": "Two ovarian pregnancies coexistent with intra-uterine contraceptive devices are described. In one case, the ovary appeared to contain a cyst at laparoscopy and rupture of the cyst and extrusion of the fetus were witnessed. In the second case, a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst bled at laparoscopy and laparotomy resulted in the diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy. These two cases reveal that laparoscopic examination could be misleading and result in inappropriate management if the diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy is not entertained. The cases described add to the growing number of reports of extrauterine pregnancies occurring in patients using intra-uterine contraceptive devices.", "contents": "Ovarian pregnancies with Dalkon Shield IUCDs in situ: laparoscopic visualization. Two ovarian pregnancies coexistent with intra-uterine contraceptive devices are described. In one case, the ovary appeared to contain a cyst at laparoscopy and rupture of the cyst and extrusion of the fetus were witnessed. In the second case, a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst bled at laparoscopy and laparotomy resulted in the diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy. These two cases reveal that laparoscopic examination could be misleading and result in inappropriate management if the diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy is not entertained. The cases described add to the growing number of reports of extrauterine pregnancies occurring in patients using intra-uterine contraceptive devices.", "PMID": 1019642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2549", "title": "Management of patients with modified Hunt pouch esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy for carcinoma of stomach.", "content": "The Hunt pouch and its various modifications have been used as an esophagojujunostomy technic after total gastrectomy or esophagogastrectomy for benign and malignant conditions. This pouch procedure may be particularly useful for palliative gastric resections in which the patient's ability to ingest adequate foodstuffs might be enhanced by a larger reservoir, thereby improving nutritional status and possibly facilitating chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both. Intravenous hyperlimentation has been used to advantage preoperatively and postoperatively to help nutritionally depleted patients better tolerate such an operation and has been useful during treatment of complications related to the procedure. Three recent cases are discussed to illustrate the above propositions.", "contents": "Management of patients with modified Hunt pouch esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy for carcinoma of stomach. The Hunt pouch and its various modifications have been used as an esophagojujunostomy technic after total gastrectomy or esophagogastrectomy for benign and malignant conditions. This pouch procedure may be particularly useful for palliative gastric resections in which the patient's ability to ingest adequate foodstuffs might be enhanced by a larger reservoir, thereby improving nutritional status and possibly facilitating chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both. Intravenous hyperlimentation has been used to advantage preoperatively and postoperatively to help nutritionally depleted patients better tolerate such an operation and has been useful during treatment of complications related to the procedure. Three recent cases are discussed to illustrate the above propositions.", "PMID": 1019643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2550", "title": "Superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie's) syndrome: report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Of the three cases of superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie's) syndrome presented, one was associated with anorexia nervosa; this association has not been reported before. Two patients were treated surgically with a duodenojejunostomy, and one was treated medically. Vascular compression of the duodenum is a controversial subject. The syndrome probably is more common than generally recognized and is underdiagnosed due to its exclusion from the differential diagnosis of small-bowel obstruction. Its recognition is important because early diagnosis of a partial obstruction may allow for medical rather than surgical intervention, as exemplified by our third case.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie's) syndrome: report of three cases and review of the literature. Of the three cases of superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie's) syndrome presented, one was associated with anorexia nervosa; this association has not been reported before. Two patients were treated surgically with a duodenojejunostomy, and one was treated medically. Vascular compression of the duodenum is a controversial subject. The syndrome probably is more common than generally recognized and is underdiagnosed due to its exclusion from the differential diagnosis of small-bowel obstruction. Its recognition is important because early diagnosis of a partial obstruction may allow for medical rather than surgical intervention, as exemplified by our third case.", "PMID": 1019644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2551", "title": "Hypnosis in surgery--why and when.", "content": "Hypnosis offers an excellent alternative to conventional anesthesia in certain selected or complicated cases. Ten different patients were selected from a group of 38 and were studied thoroughly. Good surgery and a smooth recovery were possible through hypnosis, alone or with conventional anesthesia.", "contents": "Hypnosis in surgery--why and when. Hypnosis offers an excellent alternative to conventional anesthesia in certain selected or complicated cases. Ten different patients were selected from a group of 38 and were studied thoroughly. Good surgery and a smooth recovery were possible through hypnosis, alone or with conventional anesthesia.", "PMID": 1019646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2552", "title": "Bridging: an effective and practical method of preventive skin care for the immobilized person.", "content": "Various methods have been used in an attempt to decrease prolonged pressure on skin, especially over bony prominences, and thus prevent pressure sores in immobilized patients: turning frames, circle beds, flotation beds, and special mattresses. Bridging is one means of relieving pressure on bony prominences which is both simple and inexpensive. Through the proper positioning of pillows, a patient is supported above the surface of the bed with free space between the bony prominences and the bed surface. Several different positions for pressure relief are possible. Advantages of the technic include its low cost, patient acceptance, lack of mechanical components which can fail, and ease of training personnel or family members to carry it out.", "contents": "Bridging: an effective and practical method of preventive skin care for the immobilized person. Various methods have been used in an attempt to decrease prolonged pressure on skin, especially over bony prominences, and thus prevent pressure sores in immobilized patients: turning frames, circle beds, flotation beds, and special mattresses. Bridging is one means of relieving pressure on bony prominences which is both simple and inexpensive. Through the proper positioning of pillows, a patient is supported above the surface of the bed with free space between the bony prominences and the bed surface. Several different positions for pressure relief are possible. Advantages of the technic include its low cost, patient acceptance, lack of mechanical components which can fail, and ease of training personnel or family members to carry it out.", "PMID": 1019647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2553", "title": "Postoperative infection of lumbar intervertebral disk space.", "content": "Sixteen cases of postoperative intervertebral disk space infection are reviewed. Most occurred after diskectomy, but one followed an unsuccessful attempt at a spinal anesthetic and two followed diskography. Treatment varied from aggressive surgery, either by a posterior, lateral, or anterior approach, to drain the infected disk space or spaces, to more conservative immobilization. Antibiotics were used in all cases. Needle biopsy is valuable in establishing diagnosis and identifying the organism and its antibiotic sensitivities. In some cases fusion occurred spontaneously from the infection; in others, fusion was a result of surgical fusion preceding or following the infection.", "contents": "Postoperative infection of lumbar intervertebral disk space. Sixteen cases of postoperative intervertebral disk space infection are reviewed. Most occurred after diskectomy, but one followed an unsuccessful attempt at a spinal anesthetic and two followed diskography. Treatment varied from aggressive surgery, either by a posterior, lateral, or anterior approach, to drain the infected disk space or spaces, to more conservative immobilization. Antibiotics were used in all cases. Needle biopsy is valuable in establishing diagnosis and identifying the organism and its antibiotic sensitivities. In some cases fusion occurred spontaneously from the infection; in others, fusion was a result of surgical fusion preceding or following the infection.", "PMID": 1019649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2554", "title": "Pulmonary vein obstruction by bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Two patients with obstruction of the pulmonary veins by bronchogenic carcinoma, an unusual cause, are presented. These and other cases reported have had features suggestive of mitral stenosis. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary vein obstruction by bronchogenic carcinoma. Two patients with obstruction of the pulmonary veins by bronchogenic carcinoma, an unusual cause, are presented. These and other cases reported have had features suggestive of mitral stenosis. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1019650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2555", "title": "The detection of glass foreign bodies.", "content": "Roentgenography is a reliable method for detecting glass foreign bodies resulting from trauma. The density of glass in comparison to surrounding tissue almost always provides sufficient contrast for roentgenographic differentiation. This method is slightly compromised by the relative size of the foreign body and the body part being examined, but setting the roentgen ray beam for bone technic and having the patient in different positions facilitate detection of such a foreign body.", "contents": "The detection of glass foreign bodies. Roentgenography is a reliable method for detecting glass foreign bodies resulting from trauma. The density of glass in comparison to surrounding tissue almost always provides sufficient contrast for roentgenographic differentiation. This method is slightly compromised by the relative size of the foreign body and the body part being examined, but setting the roentgen ray beam for bone technic and having the patient in different positions facilitate detection of such a foreign body.", "PMID": 1019651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2556", "title": "Fracture-dislocation of the dorsal spine.", "content": "A patient with fracture-dislocation of D9 on D8 had considerable posterolateral displacement. The neurologic injolvement of his left leg proved to be progressive. Treatment consisted of posterior decompression, exploration, open reduction and stabilization by means of Harrington rods, and fusion. All neurologic findings resolved completely. Final evaluation 18 months later showed a good and serviceable spine with no residual neurologic deficits. In my opinion, the treatment used in this case under given circumstances represented a reasonable modality of therapy.", "contents": "Fracture-dislocation of the dorsal spine. A patient with fracture-dislocation of D9 on D8 had considerable posterolateral displacement. The neurologic injolvement of his left leg proved to be progressive. Treatment consisted of posterior decompression, exploration, open reduction and stabilization by means of Harrington rods, and fusion. All neurologic findings resolved completely. Final evaluation 18 months later showed a good and serviceable spine with no residual neurologic deficits. In my opinion, the treatment used in this case under given circumstances represented a reasonable modality of therapy.", "PMID": 1019653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2557", "title": "Migrating placenta previa.", "content": "A case of third trimester bleeding from placenta previa is presented in which serial ultrasonograms were obtained from the 30th to the 36th gestational week and confirmed by isotopic scanning. Evidence is presented showing a migration of a placenta previa marginalis away from the cervical os followed by vaginal delivery at term. The concept and mechanism of placental migration are reviewed.", "contents": "Migrating placenta previa. A case of third trimester bleeding from placenta previa is presented in which serial ultrasonograms were obtained from the 30th to the 36th gestational week and confirmed by isotopic scanning. Evidence is presented showing a migration of a placenta previa marginalis away from the cervical os followed by vaginal delivery at term. The concept and mechanism of placental migration are reviewed.", "PMID": 1019654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2558", "title": "Inflammatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint.", "content": "A case of atlantoaxial subluxation accompanying pharyngitis is reported in a 4-year-old child. Diagnosis was made by examination and roentgenograms of the lateral cervical spine. Treatment consisted of halter traction and bracing. The patient responded well to treatment and is normal in all respects one year later. Atlantoaxial subluxation should be considered when treating pharyngitis, especially if the patient presents with torticollis.", "contents": "Inflammatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint. A case of atlantoaxial subluxation accompanying pharyngitis is reported in a 4-year-old child. Diagnosis was made by examination and roentgenograms of the lateral cervical spine. Treatment consisted of halter traction and bracing. The patient responded well to treatment and is normal in all respects one year later. Atlantoaxial subluxation should be considered when treating pharyngitis, especially if the patient presents with torticollis.", "PMID": 1019655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2559", "title": "Reye's syndrome in a neonate.", "content": "This case substantiates the fact that Reye's syndrome can occur in newborns. The clinical features appear to be slightly different in the neonate, in that respiratory distress was the presenting sign in this case and in the one other reported case in a newborn, with no mild preceding illness or vomiting. Thus, Reye's syndrome must be considered when a newborn presents with respiratory distress and evidence of central nervous system and hepatic involvement.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome in a neonate. This case substantiates the fact that Reye's syndrome can occur in newborns. The clinical features appear to be slightly different in the neonate, in that respiratory distress was the presenting sign in this case and in the one other reported case in a newborn, with no mild preceding illness or vomiting. Thus, Reye's syndrome must be considered when a newborn presents with respiratory distress and evidence of central nervous system and hepatic involvement.", "PMID": 1019656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2560", "title": "Dumbbell granulomatous abscess of the chest wall following needle biopsy of the pleura.", "content": "A 38-year-old woman who had a Cope needle biopsy of the pleura was treated for plural tuberculosis on the basis of a positive PPD-S skin test and presence of caseating granulomas in the pleural biopsy. Ten months later she developed a tender, subcutaneous nodule in the area of the previous needle biopsy. Surgical exploration revealed a dumbbell abscess through the chest wall communicating with an area of consolidation in the right middle lobe. En bloc surgical resection of the abscess and peripheral portion of the right middle lobe was curative, although all pathologic and cultural studies of the resected tissue were non-diagnostic.", "contents": "Dumbbell granulomatous abscess of the chest wall following needle biopsy of the pleura. A 38-year-old woman who had a Cope needle biopsy of the pleura was treated for plural tuberculosis on the basis of a positive PPD-S skin test and presence of caseating granulomas in the pleural biopsy. Ten months later she developed a tender, subcutaneous nodule in the area of the previous needle biopsy. Surgical exploration revealed a dumbbell abscess through the chest wall communicating with an area of consolidation in the right middle lobe. En bloc surgical resection of the abscess and peripheral portion of the right middle lobe was curative, although all pathologic and cultural studies of the resected tissue were non-diagnostic.", "PMID": 1019657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2561", "title": "Multiple myeloma on polycythemia vera following radioactive phosphorus therapy.", "content": "A 74-year-old white man with established polycythemia vera was treated with radioactive phosphorus after phlebotomies alone failed to control his disease. About 2 3/4 years later he died of multiple myeloma. The mutagenic effect of radioactive phosphorus may have caused or possibly accelerated preexisting myeloma. Basic nonmalignant disease deserves careful consideration before radiation or radiomimetic agents are used. One might consider a probably less mutagenic drug such as hydroxyurea in patients with polycythemia vera when phlebotomy alone does not give good control of red cell mass and thrombocytosis.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma on polycythemia vera following radioactive phosphorus therapy. A 74-year-old white man with established polycythemia vera was treated with radioactive phosphorus after phlebotomies alone failed to control his disease. About 2 3/4 years later he died of multiple myeloma. The mutagenic effect of radioactive phosphorus may have caused or possibly accelerated preexisting myeloma. Basic nonmalignant disease deserves careful consideration before radiation or radiomimetic agents are used. One might consider a probably less mutagenic drug such as hydroxyurea in patients with polycythemia vera when phlebotomy alone does not give good control of red cell mass and thrombocytosis.", "PMID": 1019658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2562", "title": "Mesenteric thrombosis after penetrating cardiac trauma.", "content": "Survival of the severely injured trauma victim through aggressive therapy results in new complications. We report the first instance of mesenteric thrombosis in association with penetrating cardiac trauma. Selective visceral angiography should be obtained early in a patient with persistent abdominal pain following a period of prolonged shock; such cases should have a more favorable prognosis if diagnosed early in view of the limited period of cardiac dysfunction and the younger age group.", "contents": "Mesenteric thrombosis after penetrating cardiac trauma. Survival of the severely injured trauma victim through aggressive therapy results in new complications. We report the first instance of mesenteric thrombosis in association with penetrating cardiac trauma. Selective visceral angiography should be obtained early in a patient with persistent abdominal pain following a period of prolonged shock; such cases should have a more favorable prognosis if diagnosed early in view of the limited period of cardiac dysfunction and the younger age group.", "PMID": 1019659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2563", "title": "Dissecting popliteal cyst: an unusual complication of Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "A case of Reiter's syndrome associated with a dissecting popliteal cyst mimicking deep vein thrombophlebitis is reported. The cyst was diagnosed by arthrography and responded to intra-articular injection of corticosteroids. The diagnosis of a dissecting popliteal cyst should be considered in a patient with arthritis of the knee joint from any cause and who develops signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "Dissecting popliteal cyst: an unusual complication of Reiter's syndrome. A case of Reiter's syndrome associated with a dissecting popliteal cyst mimicking deep vein thrombophlebitis is reported. The cyst was diagnosed by arthrography and responded to intra-articular injection of corticosteroids. The diagnosis of a dissecting popliteal cyst should be considered in a patient with arthritis of the knee joint from any cause and who develops signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 1019660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2564", "title": "Adverse psychologic reactions to ileal bypass surgery.", "content": "Of 33 patients who underwent ileal bypass surgery for morbid obesity and were followed up with psychiatric interviews and consultation postsurgery, five appear to have had adverse psychologic sequelae related to the procedure. The emotional problems of these five patients were in part related to or precipitated by their drastic weight loss after ileal bypass. In most cases, the patients generally had depressive symptoms and, in dynamic terms, were dependent individuals with lifelong problems in object relations. The coping styles demonstrated, while not rigorously classified as psychiatric illness, appeared to predispose them for certain difficulties even when weight had been lost. Ileal bypass surgery apparently is not psychologically innocuous as previously thought, and psychiatric follow-up of patients is indicated.", "contents": "Adverse psychologic reactions to ileal bypass surgery. Of 33 patients who underwent ileal bypass surgery for morbid obesity and were followed up with psychiatric interviews and consultation postsurgery, five appear to have had adverse psychologic sequelae related to the procedure. The emotional problems of these five patients were in part related to or precipitated by their drastic weight loss after ileal bypass. In most cases, the patients generally had depressive symptoms and, in dynamic terms, were dependent individuals with lifelong problems in object relations. The coping styles demonstrated, while not rigorously classified as psychiatric illness, appeared to predispose them for certain difficulties even when weight had been lost. Ileal bypass surgery apparently is not psychologically innocuous as previously thought, and psychiatric follow-up of patients is indicated.", "PMID": 1019665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2565", "title": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in association with connective tissue disease.", "content": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in association with connective tissue diseases is an unusual combination whose pathogenesis is not yet understood. Furthermore, steroid medication, often used to treat these diseases, may itself cause pneumatosis. Three cases of scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis in association with pneumatosis and without prior steroid therapy are presented. The small vessel occlusive pathologic processes in these diseases may cause focal areas of mucosal ischemia resulting in small, perhaps transient ulcerations that allow gas to enter the gut wall from the lumen.", "contents": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in association with connective tissue disease. Pneumatosis intestinalis in association with connective tissue diseases is an unusual combination whose pathogenesis is not yet understood. Furthermore, steroid medication, often used to treat these diseases, may itself cause pneumatosis. Three cases of scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis in association with pneumatosis and without prior steroid therapy are presented. The small vessel occlusive pathologic processes in these diseases may cause focal areas of mucosal ischemia resulting in small, perhaps transient ulcerations that allow gas to enter the gut wall from the lumen.", "PMID": 1019666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2566", "title": "Exophthalmos and epidural hematoma.", "content": "The development of a right exophthalmos in a patient with a left hemispheric epidural hematoma is reported. The parallel development of these two conditions in this unusual case suggests some direct relationship, although it must be recognized that a coincidental relationship is possible. The exact cause of the exophthalmos remains obscure.", "contents": "Exophthalmos and epidural hematoma. The development of a right exophthalmos in a patient with a left hemispheric epidural hematoma is reported. The parallel development of these two conditions in this unusual case suggests some direct relationship, although it must be recognized that a coincidental relationship is possible. The exact cause of the exophthalmos remains obscure.", "PMID": 1019667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2567", "title": "Long-term follow-up of hip fractures.", "content": "Hip fractures on 117 patients treated surgically and followed up for an average of 10.2 months are reviewed. Among the parameters analyzed were complications, mortality, clinical follow-up by the operating surgeon, and the ability to ambulate after surgery. Postoperative surgical complications occurred in 36% and medical complications in 18% of the patients. Mortality was 25% within the first year after surgery. Sixty-one percent of the patients returned at least once to the surgeon's office for follow-up; only 38% were followed for more than six months. In the surviving patients who were good ambulators before hip fracture, 60% to 70% became good ambulators postoperatively. Only 20% to 30% of the surviving patients who were poor ambulators preoperatively ever walked again.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of hip fractures. Hip fractures on 117 patients treated surgically and followed up for an average of 10.2 months are reviewed. Among the parameters analyzed were complications, mortality, clinical follow-up by the operating surgeon, and the ability to ambulate after surgery. Postoperative surgical complications occurred in 36% and medical complications in 18% of the patients. Mortality was 25% within the first year after surgery. Sixty-one percent of the patients returned at least once to the surgeon's office for follow-up; only 38% were followed for more than six months. In the surviving patients who were good ambulators before hip fracture, 60% to 70% became good ambulators postoperatively. Only 20% to 30% of the surviving patients who were poor ambulators preoperatively ever walked again.", "PMID": 1019668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2568", "title": "Induced hypothermia: electrocardiographic abnormalities.", "content": "Hypothermia was induced intermittently in a patient to combat hyperpyrexia. The electrocardiogram taken during the hypothermic phase displayed typical abnormalities and consisted of: pronounced sinus bradycardia, marked prolongation of the Q-T interval, muscle tremor artifact, and the characteristic \"Osborn wave.\" Spontaneous rewarming resulted in disappearance of the electrocardiographic alterations, underscoring the functional and reversible nature of the abnormalities.", "contents": "Induced hypothermia: electrocardiographic abnormalities. Hypothermia was induced intermittently in a patient to combat hyperpyrexia. The electrocardiogram taken during the hypothermic phase displayed typical abnormalities and consisted of: pronounced sinus bradycardia, marked prolongation of the Q-T interval, muscle tremor artifact, and the characteristic \"Osborn wave.\" Spontaneous rewarming resulted in disappearance of the electrocardiographic alterations, underscoring the functional and reversible nature of the abnormalities.", "PMID": 1019669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2569", "title": "Autoimmune atrophic gastritis with hypergastrinemia.", "content": "Elevation in fasting serum gastrin levels was found in three patients being evaluated for persistent upper abdominal pain without radiographic evidence of peptic ulcer disease. Fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract in each patient revealed characteristic changes of chronic atrophic gastritis. Gastric biopsies showed diffuse chronic inflammation in the lamina propria, a decrease in the number of parietal cells, and \"intestinalization\" of gastric mucosa. Total achlorhydria was demonstrated after a maximal histalog stimulus; however, serum levels of vitamin B12 and Schilling test values were normal in all three patients. Parietal cell antibodies were found in the serum in all patients in a dilution of 1:20 to 1:80. These cases represent autoimmune (type A) chronic atrophic gastritis and should be distinguished from chronic simple (type B) gastritis, in which serum gastrin levels are normal and no parietal cell antibodies are found in the serum. Patients with autoimmune gastritis should be observed at frequent intervals for the occurrence of pernicious anemia or gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "Autoimmune atrophic gastritis with hypergastrinemia. Elevation in fasting serum gastrin levels was found in three patients being evaluated for persistent upper abdominal pain without radiographic evidence of peptic ulcer disease. Fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract in each patient revealed characteristic changes of chronic atrophic gastritis. Gastric biopsies showed diffuse chronic inflammation in the lamina propria, a decrease in the number of parietal cells, and \"intestinalization\" of gastric mucosa. Total achlorhydria was demonstrated after a maximal histalog stimulus; however, serum levels of vitamin B12 and Schilling test values were normal in all three patients. Parietal cell antibodies were found in the serum in all patients in a dilution of 1:20 to 1:80. These cases represent autoimmune (type A) chronic atrophic gastritis and should be distinguished from chronic simple (type B) gastritis, in which serum gastrin levels are normal and no parietal cell antibodies are found in the serum. Patients with autoimmune gastritis should be observed at frequent intervals for the occurrence of pernicious anemia or gastric carcinoma.", "PMID": 1019670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2570", "title": "Mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema in labor.", "content": "The recent world literature on mediastinal emphysema has been reviewed and two cases added. This condition is relatively benign, and the supportive treatment is discussed. Subsequent pregnancies have been uncomplicated.", "contents": "Mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema in labor. The recent world literature on mediastinal emphysema has been reviewed and two cases added. This condition is relatively benign, and the supportive treatment is discussed. Subsequent pregnancies have been uncomplicated.", "PMID": 1019671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2571", "title": "Pelvic lipomatosis.", "content": "A case report of pelvic lipomatosis in a woman is presented. This condition is a benign, apparently self-limited disease in which mature adipose tissue is deposited in the pelvis. The clinical presentation is discussed.", "contents": "Pelvic lipomatosis. A case report of pelvic lipomatosis in a woman is presented. This condition is a benign, apparently self-limited disease in which mature adipose tissue is deposited in the pelvis. The clinical presentation is discussed.", "PMID": 1019672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2572", "title": "Complications of total hip replacement.", "content": "The most common complications of total hip replacement are infection, loosening, dislocation, phlebothrombosis and embolism, neurovascular deficity, periarticular calcification, nonunion of the greater trochanter, malposition of components, fractures, and discrepancy in leg length. The cause, prevention, and treatment of these complications are reviewed.", "contents": "Complications of total hip replacement. The most common complications of total hip replacement are infection, loosening, dislocation, phlebothrombosis and embolism, neurovascular deficity, periarticular calcification, nonunion of the greater trochanter, malposition of components, fractures, and discrepancy in leg length. The cause, prevention, and treatment of these complications are reviewed.", "PMID": 1019673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2573", "title": "Sequestration of the lung in children.", "content": "Three instances of intralobar pulmonary sequestration are reported to call attention to the occurrence of this lesion in children. In all three patients, the sequestration was diagnosed by arteriography and treated by lobectomy. Extralobar and intralobar sequestrations are described and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Sequestration of the lung in children. Three instances of intralobar pulmonary sequestration are reported to call attention to the occurrence of this lesion in children. In all three patients, the sequestration was diagnosed by arteriography and treated by lobectomy. Extralobar and intralobar sequestrations are described and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1019674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2574", "title": "Hair transplant surgery: planning the procedure.", "content": "Factors important in planning hair transplant surgery are presented. The procedure must be designed for each patient individually. Success with hair transplantation depends upon developing surgical skill and having an appreciation of esthetically pleasing designs.", "contents": "Hair transplant surgery: planning the procedure. Factors important in planning hair transplant surgery are presented. The procedure must be designed for each patient individually. Success with hair transplantation depends upon developing surgical skill and having an appreciation of esthetically pleasing designs.", "PMID": 1019675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2575", "title": "The diagnosis of subcapsular hematoma of the liver by scintigraphy.", "content": "The diagnosis of subcapsular hematoma of the liver following blunt abdominal trauma has assumed clinical importance with recent reports of improved mortality with conservative management. There is increasing use of hepatic scintigraphy in evaluation of upper abdominal trauma. Two recently observed cases are used to illustrate the typical findings in this entity.", "contents": "The diagnosis of subcapsular hematoma of the liver by scintigraphy. The diagnosis of subcapsular hematoma of the liver following blunt abdominal trauma has assumed clinical importance with recent reports of improved mortality with conservative management. There is increasing use of hepatic scintigraphy in evaluation of upper abdominal trauma. Two recently observed cases are used to illustrate the typical findings in this entity.", "PMID": 1019676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2576", "title": "Psychotherapy as adjunct in treatment of vomiting during pregnancy.", "content": "Adjunctive psychotherapeutic measures were used to treat ten consecutive pregnant women referred to a psychiatric consultation service because of severe intractable vomiting. In addition to customary medical measures, they received three types of psychotherapy: (1) supportive psychotherapy (establishment of positive relationship, frequent reassuring conversations, and encouragement of expression of thoughts and feelings); (2) hypnotherapy (trance induction and suggestions of comfort in the gastrointestinal tract, desirability of feeling of substance in stomach, and ability to retain and digest food eaten); and (3) behavior modification (positive reinforcement for retaining food and gaining weight, through granting desirable considerations such as visitors, radio, television, and being up in or outside the room). Results were encouraging. Nine patients recovered and completed normal pregnancies, while one improved but later aborted due to other complications. When compared with a control group of routinely treated patients, recovery was more rapid.", "contents": "Psychotherapy as adjunct in treatment of vomiting during pregnancy. Adjunctive psychotherapeutic measures were used to treat ten consecutive pregnant women referred to a psychiatric consultation service because of severe intractable vomiting. In addition to customary medical measures, they received three types of psychotherapy: (1) supportive psychotherapy (establishment of positive relationship, frequent reassuring conversations, and encouragement of expression of thoughts and feelings); (2) hypnotherapy (trance induction and suggestions of comfort in the gastrointestinal tract, desirability of feeling of substance in stomach, and ability to retain and digest food eaten); and (3) behavior modification (positive reinforcement for retaining food and gaining weight, through granting desirable considerations such as visitors, radio, television, and being up in or outside the room). Results were encouraging. Nine patients recovered and completed normal pregnancies, while one improved but later aborted due to other complications. When compared with a control group of routinely treated patients, recovery was more rapid.", "PMID": 1019677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2577", "title": "Teaching sex education and counseling for the primary physician.", "content": "Today's family physicians are being confronted by increasing numbers of patients who desire and need sex education and counseling. It is suggested that the family and primary physician can approach the multiple sex-related needs of the family by understanding the family life cycle and by using permission-giving, limited information, and specific suggestions with patients as needed and as appropriate. The experience of the University of Miami's Department of Family Medicine in teaching human sexuality to medical students, residents, and faculty of the medical center is cited to help other residency programs include sex counseling and sex education in the armamentarium of residents.", "contents": "Teaching sex education and counseling for the primary physician. Today's family physicians are being confronted by increasing numbers of patients who desire and need sex education and counseling. It is suggested that the family and primary physician can approach the multiple sex-related needs of the family by understanding the family life cycle and by using permission-giving, limited information, and specific suggestions with patients as needed and as appropriate. The experience of the University of Miami's Department of Family Medicine in teaching human sexuality to medical students, residents, and faculty of the medical center is cited to help other residency programs include sex counseling and sex education in the armamentarium of residents.", "PMID": 1019678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2578", "title": "Case clustering in cancer.", "content": "There is little evidence that time-space clustering is important in the epidemiology of leukemia, lymphoma, Burkitt's tumor, and myeloma. Clustering by interpersonal contact, particularly in Hodgkin's disease, does appear to occur, but more study is needed to warrant the conclusion that such contact is necessary for subsequent illness to develop. Future epidemiologic studies should include the use of laboratory analysis to evaluate the role of viruses, genetics, and environmental factors in cluster studies.", "contents": "Case clustering in cancer. There is little evidence that time-space clustering is important in the epidemiology of leukemia, lymphoma, Burkitt's tumor, and myeloma. Clustering by interpersonal contact, particularly in Hodgkin's disease, does appear to occur, but more study is needed to warrant the conclusion that such contact is necessary for subsequent illness to develop. Future epidemiologic studies should include the use of laboratory analysis to evaluate the role of viruses, genetics, and environmental factors in cluster studies.", "PMID": 1019679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2579", "title": "Preparation of tables for medical articles: guidelines for physician-authors.", "content": "This review of the basic purposes and principles of tables is oriented toward their preparation by physician-authors for use in medical manuscripts. The guidelines suggested are consistent with the general format and style current in scientific and medical writing, with emphasis upon the latter. Style and usage do evolve, though, and even at any given time there may be in existence several acceptable variations of \"standard\" practices. Therefore, the value of style of the journal to which a manuscript will be submitted is again emphasized.", "contents": "Preparation of tables for medical articles: guidelines for physician-authors. This review of the basic purposes and principles of tables is oriented toward their preparation by physician-authors for use in medical manuscripts. The guidelines suggested are consistent with the general format and style current in scientific and medical writing, with emphasis upon the latter. Style and usage do evolve, though, and even at any given time there may be in existence several acceptable variations of \"standard\" practices. Therefore, the value of style of the journal to which a manuscript will be submitted is again emphasized.", "PMID": 1019680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2580", "title": "Occult sclerosing carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "A case of occult sclerosing thyroid carcinoma is reported. The primary requirement for diagnosis is that the cancer is less than 1.5 cm in diameter. In addition, a fibrosing component with varying degrees of sclerosis is present. Lymph node metastases are frequent and may appear as benign thyroid follicles. Occasional direct invasion or vascular invasion may occur. Distant metastases were not reported in the series reviewed. Adequate therapy would seem to be total thyroidectomy of the involved lobe and radical subtotal thyroidectomy of the opposite lobe with excision of all enlarged or involved lymph nodes.", "contents": "Occult sclerosing carcinoma of the thyroid. A case of occult sclerosing thyroid carcinoma is reported. The primary requirement for diagnosis is that the cancer is less than 1.5 cm in diameter. In addition, a fibrosing component with varying degrees of sclerosis is present. Lymph node metastases are frequent and may appear as benign thyroid follicles. Occasional direct invasion or vascular invasion may occur. Distant metastases were not reported in the series reviewed. Adequate therapy would seem to be total thyroidectomy of the involved lobe and radical subtotal thyroidectomy of the opposite lobe with excision of all enlarged or involved lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1019681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2581", "title": "Granular cell myoblastoma (schwannoma) of the carina in a patient with sarcoidosis.", "content": "The sixth case report of granular cell myoblastoma (schwannoma) of the carina, occurring in a 22-year-old black woman, is presented. Incidental coexistent carcoidosis was present. The various theories of the histogenesis of the lesion are reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Granular cell myoblastoma (schwannoma) of the carina in a patient with sarcoidosis. The sixth case report of granular cell myoblastoma (schwannoma) of the carina, occurring in a 22-year-old black woman, is presented. Incidental coexistent carcoidosis was present. The various theories of the histogenesis of the lesion are reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 1019682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2582", "title": "Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism with surgical intervention in the third trimester.", "content": "A case of acute deep vein thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism in late gestation has been presented with a discussion of diagnostic modalities, therapeutic regimens, and theoretical considerations. It is our belief that aggressive medical management is best accomplished by giving heparin intravenously as the primary anticoagulant. When medical management is best accomplished by giving heparin intravenously as the primary anticoagulant. When medical management is not effective or if embolism occurs, surgical intervention, consisting of vena caval clipping and ovarian vein ligation with scrupulous attention to detail, is indicated. Further, support to prophylaxis of abruptio placenta secondary to the mechanism espoused by Mengert et al is added by the course of this patient.", "contents": "Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism with surgical intervention in the third trimester. A case of acute deep vein thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism in late gestation has been presented with a discussion of diagnostic modalities, therapeutic regimens, and theoretical considerations. It is our belief that aggressive medical management is best accomplished by giving heparin intravenously as the primary anticoagulant. When medical management is best accomplished by giving heparin intravenously as the primary anticoagulant. When medical management is not effective or if embolism occurs, surgical intervention, consisting of vena caval clipping and ovarian vein ligation with scrupulous attention to detail, is indicated. Further, support to prophylaxis of abruptio placenta secondary to the mechanism espoused by Mengert et al is added by the course of this patient.", "PMID": 1019683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2583", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in White and Black patients with virus-A and-B hepatitis.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin G, M and A levels were measured in 106 White patients with acute virus-A (hepatitis-B surface antigen-negative) hepatitis and 27 White patients with acute virus-B (hepatitis-B surface antigen-positive) hepatitis and compared with the values previously obtained in Black patients with these diseases. The mean serum IgM level in the White patients with virus-A hepatitis was significantly higher than that in virus-B hepatitis (p less than 0,001). This difference was much more obvious than that in Black patients, mainly due to a much lower mean serum IgM response in Black patients with virus-A hepatitis. The reason for the blunted IgM response in Black patients with virus-A hepatitis is not known, but it may be related to a difference in the reaction against altered host tissues rather than any difference in antibody production against the virus per se. The mean serum IgG and IgA levels were not significantly different in the White patients with virus-A and virus-B hepatitis and they were lower than the corresponding figures in Blacks.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin levels in White and Black patients with virus-A and-B hepatitis. Serum immunoglobulin G, M and A levels were measured in 106 White patients with acute virus-A (hepatitis-B surface antigen-negative) hepatitis and 27 White patients with acute virus-B (hepatitis-B surface antigen-positive) hepatitis and compared with the values previously obtained in Black patients with these diseases. The mean serum IgM level in the White patients with virus-A hepatitis was significantly higher than that in virus-B hepatitis (p less than 0,001). This difference was much more obvious than that in Black patients, mainly due to a much lower mean serum IgM response in Black patients with virus-A hepatitis. The reason for the blunted IgM response in Black patients with virus-A hepatitis is not known, but it may be related to a difference in the reaction against altered host tissues rather than any difference in antibody production against the virus per se. The mean serum IgG and IgA levels were not significantly different in the White patients with virus-A and virus-B hepatitis and they were lower than the corresponding figures in Blacks.", "PMID": 1019751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2584", "title": "Laboratory studies on the vector capability of Aedes (neomelaniconion) unidentatus McIntosh and Aedes (Aedimorphus/ dentatus (Theobald) with West Nile and Sindbis viruses.", "content": "Laboratory tests were made with Aedes (Neomelaniconion) unidentatus McIntosh and Aedes (Aedimorphus) dentatus (Theobald) collected from the Highveld region of the Transvaal, South Africa, to determine their ability of transmit West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Viraemic hamsters or a viraemic chick were exposed to the mosquitoes as infective meals. Infection of mosquitoes was determined by testing mosquitoes individually for the presence of virus 10-26 days later. Transmission of virus, attempted between the 10-20th days by exposing hamsters to groups of mosquitoes, was not achieved. With West Nile virus, the high concentrations of virus required to infect each species led to the conclusion that neither is an important vector of this virus. With Sindbis virus and A. unidentatus the 10 per cent infection threshold was less than 2,6 logs of virus, while with A. dentatus it was about 3,5 logs. This suggests that both species, but more particularly A. unidentatus, could be vectors of this virus.", "contents": "Laboratory studies on the vector capability of Aedes (neomelaniconion) unidentatus McIntosh and Aedes (Aedimorphus/ dentatus (Theobald) with West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Laboratory tests were made with Aedes (Neomelaniconion) unidentatus McIntosh and Aedes (Aedimorphus) dentatus (Theobald) collected from the Highveld region of the Transvaal, South Africa, to determine their ability of transmit West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Viraemic hamsters or a viraemic chick were exposed to the mosquitoes as infective meals. Infection of mosquitoes was determined by testing mosquitoes individually for the presence of virus 10-26 days later. Transmission of virus, attempted between the 10-20th days by exposing hamsters to groups of mosquitoes, was not achieved. With West Nile virus, the high concentrations of virus required to infect each species led to the conclusion that neither is an important vector of this virus. With Sindbis virus and A. unidentatus the 10 per cent infection threshold was less than 2,6 logs of virus, while with A. dentatus it was about 3,5 logs. This suggests that both species, but more particularly A. unidentatus, could be vectors of this virus.", "PMID": 1019752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2585", "title": "The feeding pattern of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in captivity.", "content": "An electrical apparatus was designed to record continuously the feeding activity of either a colony of 30 fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) or single bats in captivity. The endogenous feeding activity rhythm was synchronized by change in the external light-dark cycle. During June to August (winter), the bats consumed an average of 96 g sliced banana, equal to 76 g wet weight/100 g body weight per 24 hours or 15 g dry weight/100 g body weight per 24 hours. The feeding period began shortly after sunset and continued for 10,6 h. Feeding consisted of 6-14 separate small meals. The mean or overall feeding rate was 9,1 g banana/h, and the feeding rate during the first 3 h, 13,1 g/h. The bat regulated its food intake by varying the rate of food consumption and not by changing the duration of  the feeding period. It is suggested that clustering of the bats may influence the caloric intake by reducing the energetic cost of thermoregulation.", "contents": "The feeding pattern of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in captivity. An electrical apparatus was designed to record continuously the feeding activity of either a colony of 30 fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) or single bats in captivity. The endogenous feeding activity rhythm was synchronized by change in the external light-dark cycle. During June to August (winter), the bats consumed an average of 96 g sliced banana, equal to 76 g wet weight/100 g body weight per 24 hours or 15 g dry weight/100 g body weight per 24 hours. The feeding period began shortly after sunset and continued for 10,6 h. Feeding consisted of 6-14 separate small meals. The mean or overall feeding rate was 9,1 g banana/h, and the feeding rate during the first 3 h, 13,1 g/h. The bat regulated its food intake by varying the rate of food consumption and not by changing the duration of  the feeding period. It is suggested that clustering of the bats may influence the caloric intake by reducing the energetic cost of thermoregulation.", "PMID": 1019753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2586", "title": "GLC determination of paracetamol and d-propoxyphene.", "content": "d-Propoxyphene and d-norpropoxyphene were determined in rat plasms, rat brain homogenates and human plasma by means of GLC utilizing extracts obtained by micro-phase extraction of the drugs. Paracetamol was determined in the same samples by GLC separation of the O-butyrate derivative using caffeine as internal standard. The problems associated with the GLC determination of d-propoxyphene and d-norpropoxyphene in biological material are discussed and attention is drawn to the particular advantages of the micro-phase extraction procedure for the quantitative determination of these drugs.", "contents": "GLC determination of paracetamol and d-propoxyphene. d-Propoxyphene and d-norpropoxyphene were determined in rat plasms, rat brain homogenates and human plasma by means of GLC utilizing extracts obtained by micro-phase extraction of the drugs. Paracetamol was determined in the same samples by GLC separation of the O-butyrate derivative using caffeine as internal standard. The problems associated with the GLC determination of d-propoxyphene and d-norpropoxyphene in biological material are discussed and attention is drawn to the particular advantages of the micro-phase extraction procedure for the quantitative determination of these drugs.", "PMID": 1019754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2587", "title": "Management by objectives in a hospital social service unit.", "content": "A Management By Objectives (MBO) system has been installed in the Social Service Department of the University of Minnesota Hospitals. MBO involves administering organizations through establishment and follow-up of goals. In order to accomodate a human service milieu two additions have been made to the usual MBO format: (a) a statement of program philosophy, and (b) a statement of essential program functions. Staff reaction to the system has been mixed, while hospital administration has been uniformly favorable. In the future the MBO system will be integrated with a management information system, and \"significant others\" will be surveyed to get more outside input inot the formulation of objectives. MBO meets organizational needs for effective planning, management of resources and control, while at the same time maximizing staff input into the overall operation.", "contents": "Management by objectives in a hospital social service unit. A Management By Objectives (MBO) system has been installed in the Social Service Department of the University of Minnesota Hospitals. MBO involves administering organizations through establishment and follow-up of goals. In order to accomodate a human service milieu two additions have been made to the usual MBO format: (a) a statement of program philosophy, and (b) a statement of essential program functions. Staff reaction to the system has been mixed, while hospital administration has been uniformly favorable. In the future the MBO system will be integrated with a management information system, and \"significant others\" will be surveyed to get more outside input inot the formulation of objectives. MBO meets organizational needs for effective planning, management of resources and control, while at the same time maximizing staff input into the overall operation.", "PMID": 1019794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2588", "title": "The status of graduate-level social workers teaching in medical schools.", "content": "At present, relatively little national data are available concerning the involvement of social workers in medical education. This article presents the results of a study conducted recently to obtain a comprehensive, up-to-date profile of graduate-level social workers teaching in medical schools and to survey the opinions of medical school deans regarding their present and future status. Continuing research in this area is essential if we are to acquire a greater understanding of the contribution social workers make to contemporary medical education. Only then will we be better equipped to assess social work's potentials for the future and take those steps necessary to bring them to fruition.", "contents": "The status of graduate-level social workers teaching in medical schools. At present, relatively little national data are available concerning the involvement of social workers in medical education. This article presents the results of a study conducted recently to obtain a comprehensive, up-to-date profile of graduate-level social workers teaching in medical schools and to survey the opinions of medical school deans regarding their present and future status. Continuing research in this area is essential if we are to acquire a greater understanding of the contribution social workers make to contemporary medical education. Only then will we be better equipped to assess social work's potentials for the future and take those steps necessary to bring them to fruition.", "PMID": 1019795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2589", "title": "The HMOs: new models for practice.", "content": "New areas of practice are open to innovative social workers in an existing and expanding comprehensive health care delivery system--the health maintenance organization (HMO). In this article, four health plan models are described that document the experience of social workers in established HMOs. These illustrations demonstrate the necessity and opportunity for expanded social work roles in humanizing and corrdinating patient services in complex multidisciplinary health care delivery systems.", "contents": "The HMOs: new models for practice. New areas of practice are open to innovative social workers in an existing and expanding comprehensive health care delivery system--the health maintenance organization (HMO). In this article, four health plan models are described that document the experience of social workers in established HMOs. These illustrations demonstrate the necessity and opportunity for expanded social work roles in humanizing and corrdinating patient services in complex multidisciplinary health care delivery systems.", "PMID": 1019796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2590", "title": "Education for social work in health care organizations.", "content": "The American health care delivery system stands on the brink of major change and reorganization. There are many opportunities for the social work profession to increase its influence and expand the scale of its activities within health care. These opportunities represent a challenge to the vision, creativity, and flexibility of social work educators. This article discusseses educators' roles within the context of a system conceptualization of the inputs throughputs, and outputs of education for social work in health care organizations.", "contents": "Education for social work in health care organizations. The American health care delivery system stands on the brink of major change and reorganization. There are many opportunities for the social work profession to increase its influence and expand the scale of its activities within health care. These opportunities represent a challenge to the vision, creativity, and flexibility of social work educators. This article discusseses educators' roles within the context of a system conceptualization of the inputs throughputs, and outputs of education for social work in health care organizations.", "PMID": 1019797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2591", "title": "Interdisciplinary education for community health: the case for nursing and social work collaboration.", "content": "A nurse educator and a social work educator developed an interdisciplinary team-taught course in community health for both social work and nursing students. This account of their experience elaborates the implications of interdisciplinary education for the student learning experience including theory and practice content, socialization, and transition; faculty development; and the larger university community. Although this particular instance is limited to baccalaureate education, the authors underscore the potential of interdisciplinary course work for the enrichment of all levels of nursing and social work education.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary education for community health: the case for nursing and social work collaboration. A nurse educator and a social work educator developed an interdisciplinary team-taught course in community health for both social work and nursing students. This account of their experience elaborates the implications of interdisciplinary education for the student learning experience including theory and practice content, socialization, and transition; faculty development; and the larger university community. Although this particular instance is limited to baccalaureate education, the authors underscore the potential of interdisciplinary course work for the enrichment of all levels of nursing and social work education.", "PMID": 1019798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2592", "title": "Social work education for the field of health: a report of findings from a survey of curricula.", "content": "This paper presents the findings of a survey of programs in schools of social work made with specific reference to content germane to the field of health. The 62 schools responding to this inquiry constituted a representative sample of the 85 members of the Council on Social Work Education in 1972-73 in almost all regions of the United States and Canada. The inquiry included questions regarding; (a) specialization; (b) courses in health care systems; (c) courses in social work practice; (d) field practice; (e) interdisciplinary collaboration; (f) educational innovations; and (g) faculty coordinating the health component in the curriculum. Findings suggest a remarkably modest thrust in the direction of health and specialization at a time when health care is undergoing uncommonly rapid change.", "contents": "Social work education for the field of health: a report of findings from a survey of curricula. This paper presents the findings of a survey of programs in schools of social work made with specific reference to content germane to the field of health. The 62 schools responding to this inquiry constituted a representative sample of the 85 members of the Council on Social Work Education in 1972-73 in almost all regions of the United States and Canada. The inquiry included questions regarding; (a) specialization; (b) courses in health care systems; (c) courses in social work practice; (d) field practice; (e) interdisciplinary collaboration; (f) educational innovations; and (g) faculty coordinating the health component in the curriculum. Findings suggest a remarkably modest thrust in the direction of health and specialization at a time when health care is undergoing uncommonly rapid change.", "PMID": 1019799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2593", "title": "Psychosocial factors in low-incidence genetic disease: the case of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a dominant genetic disorder, was examined in an exploratory case study of psychosocial implications. The cross-sectional survey sample consisted of 13 OI-affected adults and 21 families with an OI-affected child who were interviewed. Findings revealed numerous psychosocial concerns and problems in addition to their complex and lifelong medical problems. Specific problem areas differed according to the severity of the disease, type, and mode of genetic inheritance. The results indicate the need for local as well as national policy changes through legislation and extensions of existing services for low-incidence disease groups such as OI-affected persons. Implications for social work practice interventions call for greater involvement with genetic diseases, more aggressive approaches in case identification and service coordination, and performing longer-range monitoring functions than is usually the case.", "contents": "Psychosocial factors in low-incidence genetic disease: the case of osteogenesis imperfecta. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a dominant genetic disorder, was examined in an exploratory case study of psychosocial implications. The cross-sectional survey sample consisted of 13 OI-affected adults and 21 families with an OI-affected child who were interviewed. Findings revealed numerous psychosocial concerns and problems in addition to their complex and lifelong medical problems. Specific problem areas differed according to the severity of the disease, type, and mode of genetic inheritance. The results indicate the need for local as well as national policy changes through legislation and extensions of existing services for low-incidence disease groups such as OI-affected persons. Implications for social work practice interventions call for greater involvement with genetic diseases, more aggressive approaches in case identification and service coordination, and performing longer-range monitoring functions than is usually the case.", "PMID": 1019800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2594", "title": "Crisis intervention in a newborn nursery intensive care unit.", "content": "Premature birth of a defective infant challenges personal and family integrity, and immediate intervention is optimal in reaching a positive outcome. The G. case exemplifies many aspects of crisis theory; worker intervention was built around them. As the G. family struggled with the impact of a severely damaged infant, a broad range of worker techniques, based on the parents' strengths and personal backgrounds, was required. Intervention was significant in effecting a positive resolution. This article details the events endured by the G. family, and the way in which they experienced them during their baby's first 3 weeks of life.", "contents": "Crisis intervention in a newborn nursery intensive care unit. Premature birth of a defective infant challenges personal and family integrity, and immediate intervention is optimal in reaching a positive outcome. The G. case exemplifies many aspects of crisis theory; worker intervention was built around them. As the G. family struggled with the impact of a severely damaged infant, a broad range of worker techniques, based on the parents' strengths and personal backgrounds, was required. Intervention was significant in effecting a positive resolution. This article details the events endured by the G. family, and the way in which they experienced them during their baby's first 3 weeks of life.", "PMID": 1019801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2595", "title": "Participatory governance: a model for shared decision making.", "content": "The sharing in departmental decision making is viewed as a responsibility to be borne collaterally with the director by practitioners delivering direct services. While the process is viewed as consonant with professional growth and therefore properly evolutionary, the authors after facilitating premises and structures as well as a delineation of risks and rewards.", "contents": "Participatory governance: a model for shared decision making. The sharing in departmental decision making is viewed as a responsibility to be borne collaterally with the director by practitioners delivering direct services. While the process is viewed as consonant with professional growth and therefore properly evolutionary, the authors after facilitating premises and structures as well as a delineation of risks and rewards.", "PMID": 1019802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2596", "title": "Unmet social service needs in skilled nursing facilities: documentation for action.", "content": "The skilled nursing facilities in Hennepin County were surveyed to measure 21 specific social services in five general categories of service. Quantitative distribution summaries were made on understanding, performance, and satisfaction for each social service, and the five general categories of service were compared. Cross-tabulations indicate a significant difference in facilities with social work staff. Further study is recommended, and immediate actions to rectify current social service deficiencies are cited.", "contents": "Unmet social service needs in skilled nursing facilities: documentation for action. The skilled nursing facilities in Hennepin County were surveyed to measure 21 specific social services in five general categories of service. Quantitative distribution summaries were made on understanding, performance, and satisfaction for each social service, and the five general categories of service were compared. Cross-tabulations indicate a significant difference in facilities with social work staff. Further study is recommended, and immediate actions to rectify current social service deficiencies are cited.", "PMID": 1019804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2597", "title": "Social work and liaison psychiatry.", "content": "The Liaison Team of the Department of Psychiatry at Cook County Hospital uses a generic, multidisciplinary, crisis intervention approach to mental health consultation to facilitate humane and comprehensive yet cost-effective care for the medically indigent. Social work functions on the team include diagnosis, short-term individual and group treatment, referral, follow-up, staff development, in-service training, program planning, and interdisciplinary clinical instruction.", "contents": "Social work and liaison psychiatry. The Liaison Team of the Department of Psychiatry at Cook County Hospital uses a generic, multidisciplinary, crisis intervention approach to mental health consultation to facilitate humane and comprehensive yet cost-effective care for the medically indigent. Social work functions on the team include diagnosis, short-term individual and group treatment, referral, follow-up, staff development, in-service training, program planning, and interdisciplinary clinical instruction.", "PMID": 1019805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2598", "title": "Social work in a pediatric primary health care team in a group practice program.", "content": "The inclusion of a psychiatric social worker as a member of a pediatric team in a prepaid group practice extends the range of pediatric mental health services to children. This paper discusses the collaboration of the social worker with the pediatricians and allied health personnel on the team in dealing with the emotional problems of referred children and their parents. Case examples are included. All cases seen by the social worker during a 6-month period are reviewed. With available psychiatric backup a wide range of emotional problems are identified, and effective mental health care is provided.", "contents": "Social work in a pediatric primary health care team in a group practice program. The inclusion of a psychiatric social worker as a member of a pediatric team in a prepaid group practice extends the range of pediatric mental health services to children. This paper discusses the collaboration of the social worker with the pediatricians and allied health personnel on the team in dealing with the emotional problems of referred children and their parents. Case examples are included. All cases seen by the social worker during a 6-month period are reviewed. With available psychiatric backup a wide range of emotional problems are identified, and effective mental health care is provided.", "PMID": 1019806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2599", "title": "The doctor-relative relationship: an exercise in interview techniques in the \"relatives' clinic\".", "content": "The importance of the physician's relationship with the patient's relative is discussed, and the content of a series of interviews with relatives is analyzed. Their significance in adding to the doctor's knowledge of the patient is delineated.", "contents": "The doctor-relative relationship: an exercise in interview techniques in the \"relatives' clinic\". The importance of the physician's relationship with the patient's relative is discussed, and the content of a series of interviews with relatives is analyzed. Their significance in adding to the doctor's knowledge of the patient is delineated.", "PMID": 1019807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2600", "title": "Public accountability, quality assurance and social work.", "content": "The growing demand for public accountability and quality assurance mechanisms affords the social work profession an opportunity to take a more forceful hand in the shaping of the health care delivery system. This paper surveys the impact of public accountability developments on the practice of social work in the health care fields, analyzes what has been done in social work qualtiy assurance, and suggests some strategies for enlarging the scope of social work to include productive new endeavors. Emphasis is placed upon resolution of the conflict between medical and human service treatment models.", "contents": "Public accountability, quality assurance and social work. The growing demand for public accountability and quality assurance mechanisms affords the social work profession an opportunity to take a more forceful hand in the shaping of the health care delivery system. This paper surveys the impact of public accountability developments on the practice of social work in the health care fields, analyzes what has been done in social work qualtiy assurance, and suggests some strategies for enlarging the scope of social work to include productive new endeavors. Emphasis is placed upon resolution of the conflict between medical and human service treatment models.", "PMID": 1019808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2601", "title": "Improving the effectiveness of program consultation.", "content": "In a recent project concerned with the evaluation of consultation, experienced health program consultants demonstrated difficulty in two areas: (a) integrating mutnd (b) setting objectives and specifying criteria by which to measure attainment of those objectives. This paper outlines the purposes of this project, its background and methodology, and discusses in depth the areas of concern. Through an exploration of these issues in program consultation evaluation, health professionals can understand and hopefully improve their skills in this important area of functioning.", "contents": "Improving the effectiveness of program consultation. In a recent project concerned with the evaluation of consultation, experienced health program consultants demonstrated difficulty in two areas: (a) integrating mutnd (b) setting objectives and specifying criteria by which to measure attainment of those objectives. This paper outlines the purposes of this project, its background and methodology, and discusses in depth the areas of concern. Through an exploration of these issues in program consultation evaluation, health professionals can understand and hopefully improve their skills in this important area of functioning.", "PMID": 1019809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2602", "title": "Social work and genetic counseling.", "content": "Genetic counselors often impart anxiety-producing information to the patient and his family. A social worker should be available to help these individuals deal with the emotional impact of the genetic facts given them. Areas of concentration for the social worker in the genetics setting include aid in family planning, identification of psychosocial aspects of genetic disorders, and help in interpreting and understanding the genetic diagnosis and medical recommendations. The individual who discovers he possesses or transmits a defective gene needs help in improving his self-image and in relieving his guilt load.", "contents": "Social work and genetic counseling. Genetic counselors often impart anxiety-producing information to the patient and his family. A social worker should be available to help these individuals deal with the emotional impact of the genetic facts given them. Areas of concentration for the social worker in the genetics setting include aid in family planning, identification of psychosocial aspects of genetic disorders, and help in interpreting and understanding the genetic diagnosis and medical recommendations. The individual who discovers he possesses or transmits a defective gene needs help in improving his self-image and in relieving his guilt load.", "PMID": 1019810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2603", "title": "Group work with emphysema patients.", "content": "This article describes group work services to ambulatory emphysema patients in a community hospital. The group is viewed as an essential component in the treatment of patients with a chronically disabling illness. These patients experience devastating changes in their lives in the community, in the world of work, and in their families. Physical and respiratory therapy and medication comprise the medical treatment, group work provides the peer support necessary for coping with the disease in a way as to assist with maintaining health and improving the quality of life.", "contents": "Group work with emphysema patients. This article describes group work services to ambulatory emphysema patients in a community hospital. The group is viewed as an essential component in the treatment of patients with a chronically disabling illness. These patients experience devastating changes in their lives in the community, in the world of work, and in their families. Physical and respiratory therapy and medication comprise the medical treatment, group work provides the peer support necessary for coping with the disease in a way as to assist with maintaining health and improving the quality of life.", "PMID": 1019811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2604", "title": "Potential partners: attitudes of family practice residents toward collaboration with social workers in their future practices.", "content": "The study examines attitudes of family practice residents toward social work collaboration in their practices. Residents valued social work services highly, and almost three-fourths want a social worker in practice with them. Residents valued the broad range of services offered by social workers, and over half could see no disadvantages to such collaboration.", "contents": "Potential partners: attitudes of family practice residents toward collaboration with social workers in their future practices. The study examines attitudes of family practice residents toward social work collaboration in their practices. Residents valued social work services highly, and almost three-fourths want a social worker in practice with them. Residents valued the broad range of services offered by social workers, and over half could see no disadvantages to such collaboration.", "PMID": 1019812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2605", "title": "Social work fees in medical care: a review of the literature and report of a survey.", "content": "This paper is based on a study undertaken to determine the advisability of establishing fees for social work service in a Family Practice Residency Program as a way of providing a funding base to assure continuing this professional service in the model Family Practice Unit at the University of Washington; and as a way of providing social worker services in other medical clinics.", "contents": "Social work fees in medical care: a review of the literature and report of a survey. This paper is based on a study undertaken to determine the advisability of establishing fees for social work service in a Family Practice Residency Program as a way of providing a funding base to assure continuing this professional service in the model Family Practice Unit at the University of Washington; and as a way of providing social worker services in other medical clinics.", "PMID": 1019813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2606", "title": "Staffing patterns: issues and program implications for health care agencies.", "content": "Unsolved staffing pattern issues are viewed in the current context of funding pressures, third party payment, and management necessity for program and cost projections. Relevant factors are mustered for consideration with their implications. Use of differentiated skill levels and response as well as development of departmental services mandate are considered. The author also shares his experientially derived thoughts on staff ratio to certain institutional assignments.", "contents": "Staffing patterns: issues and program implications for health care agencies. Unsolved staffing pattern issues are viewed in the current context of funding pressures, third party payment, and management necessity for program and cost projections. Relevant factors are mustered for consideration with their implications. Use of differentiated skill levels and response as well as development of departmental services mandate are considered. The author also shares his experientially derived thoughts on staff ratio to certain institutional assignments.", "PMID": 1019814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2607", "title": "Social science, social work and pharmacy.", "content": "In an effort to make pharmacy a more patient oriented health profession, pharmacy students at the University of Pittsburgh are required to take a course entitled, Social Sciences in Pharmacy. Besides drawing from the diverse social and behavioral sciences this course also includes material from the field of social work. This article describes the course and the students' reactions to it. It also provides an overview of some of the recent trends in the field and suggests areas where consultation between pharmacist and social worker may be indicated.", "contents": "Social science, social work and pharmacy. In an effort to make pharmacy a more patient oriented health profession, pharmacy students at the University of Pittsburgh are required to take a course entitled, Social Sciences in Pharmacy. Besides drawing from the diverse social and behavioral sciences this course also includes material from the field of social work. This article describes the course and the students' reactions to it. It also provides an overview of some of the recent trends in the field and suggests areas where consultation between pharmacist and social worker may be indicated.", "PMID": 1019815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2608", "title": "Total body hyperthermia and preliminary results in human neoplasms.", "content": "We believe the hyperthermia is an effective adjunct to current modes of cancer therapy and warrants further study. The method described is safe and effective in achieving controlled total body hyperthermia. Monitoring techniques and life support measure are discussed. Limits of tolerance in humans are defined in this series as 41.8 C for 5 hr and 42 C (108F) for 2 hr, with the heart and liver as the limiting organs.", "contents": "Total body hyperthermia and preliminary results in human neoplasms. We believe the hyperthermia is an effective adjunct to current modes of cancer therapy and warrants further study. The method described is safe and effective in achieving controlled total body hyperthermia. Monitoring techniques and life support measure are discussed. Limits of tolerance in humans are defined in this series as 41.8 C for 5 hr and 42 C (108F) for 2 hr, with the heart and liver as the limiting organs.", "PMID": 1019822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2609", "title": "Light and dark adaptational changes in the accessory eye of the shrimp, Palaemonetes.", "content": "The fine structure of the accessory eye of the shrimp, Palaemonetes, was studied after light and dark adaptation. Adjacent to the principal compound eye, the accessory eye is a small compound eye composed of about 20 ommatidia which are smaller in structure to the ommatidia of the principal compound eye. During dark adaptation, rhabdomal microvilli increase in length; however, little pigment migration occurs. The implications of these changes in relation to the function of the accessory eye are discussed.", "contents": "Light and dark adaptational changes in the accessory eye of the shrimp, Palaemonetes. The fine structure of the accessory eye of the shrimp, Palaemonetes, was studied after light and dark adaptation. Adjacent to the principal compound eye, the accessory eye is a small compound eye composed of about 20 ommatidia which are smaller in structure to the ommatidia of the principal compound eye. During dark adaptation, rhabdomal microvilli increase in length; however, little pigment migration occurs. The implications of these changes in relation to the function of the accessory eye are discussed.", "PMID": 1020017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2610", "title": "Quantitative and comparative ultrastructure of the vertebrate cornea. I. Urodele Amphibia.", "content": "The cornea of the urodele amphibian Triturus c. cristatus was studied ultrastructurally in order to provide the basis for a comparison among corneas throughout the vertebrate phylum. The cornea of this salamander consists of relatively thick epithelium and basement membrane and thin Descemet's membrane, unlike the mammalian corneas. The outermost epithelial cells contain Ruthenium Red stainable extracellular filaments and intracellular vesicles which are thought to play a role in the process of lubricating the corneal surface. Occluding junctions have been observed in the apical region of the superficial epithelial cells and are considered as barriers to the intercellular passage of material. A thin substantia propria (stroma) consists of about 40 collagenous highly organized lamellae. The thicknesses of the basement membrane, Descemet's membrane and the epithelium are believed to represent the primitive situation in the process of corneal evolution.", "contents": "Quantitative and comparative ultrastructure of the vertebrate cornea. I. Urodele Amphibia. The cornea of the urodele amphibian Triturus c. cristatus was studied ultrastructurally in order to provide the basis for a comparison among corneas throughout the vertebrate phylum. The cornea of this salamander consists of relatively thick epithelium and basement membrane and thin Descemet's membrane, unlike the mammalian corneas. The outermost epithelial cells contain Ruthenium Red stainable extracellular filaments and intracellular vesicles which are thought to play a role in the process of lubricating the corneal surface. Occluding junctions have been observed in the apical region of the superficial epithelial cells and are considered as barriers to the intercellular passage of material. A thin substantia propria (stroma) consists of about 40 collagenous highly organized lamellae. The thicknesses of the basement membrane, Descemet's membrane and the epithelium are believed to represent the primitive situation in the process of corneal evolution.", "PMID": 1020018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2611", "title": "Quantitative changes and ultrastructural alterations of the cornea in response to ultraviolet light. II. Effects of amphibia; elucidation of desmosomal structure and basement membrane synthesis.", "content": "The effects of far ultraviolet light irradiation upon an amphibian cornea were studied to compare the effects observed both quantitatively and ultrastructurally with data obtained after UV irradiation of mammalian corneas. The ultimate goal of this series of investigations is the elucidation of the alterations and the regeneration mechanisms, which might reflect existing morphological diversities among the species, observed in vertebrate corneas following exposure to UV light. It was found that while the epithelial cells undergo oedema after low dose exposures and are gradually damaged after high doses of UV light, 2-4 days leter a new epithelium has been formed. Intercellular permeability is increased by low dose exposure as was detected by the penetration of Ruthenium Red into the intercellular clefts. Under these conditions desmosomal structure revealed a 21-laminar configuration. The basement membrane of the amphibian, unlike that of the mammal, does not dissolve away upon exposure but shows localized disruptions which are thought to accommodate the passage of leucocytes from stroma to epithelium. That a new basement membrane is subsequently formed is evident by the existence of extracellular and intracellular secretion granules. In comparison to irradiated rabbit corneas, this stroma remains remarkably at the same thickness following a high dose exposure although a noticeable disorganization of collagen arrangement is apparent. Finally, as in the case of the rabbit corneas, a secondary degeneration of endothelium was observed 4 days after a moderate dose exposure.", "contents": "Quantitative changes and ultrastructural alterations of the cornea in response to ultraviolet light. II. Effects of amphibia; elucidation of desmosomal structure and basement membrane synthesis. The effects of far ultraviolet light irradiation upon an amphibian cornea were studied to compare the effects observed both quantitatively and ultrastructurally with data obtained after UV irradiation of mammalian corneas. The ultimate goal of this series of investigations is the elucidation of the alterations and the regeneration mechanisms, which might reflect existing morphological diversities among the species, observed in vertebrate corneas following exposure to UV light. It was found that while the epithelial cells undergo oedema after low dose exposures and are gradually damaged after high doses of UV light, 2-4 days leter a new epithelium has been formed. Intercellular permeability is increased by low dose exposure as was detected by the penetration of Ruthenium Red into the intercellular clefts. Under these conditions desmosomal structure revealed a 21-laminar configuration. The basement membrane of the amphibian, unlike that of the mammal, does not dissolve away upon exposure but shows localized disruptions which are thought to accommodate the passage of leucocytes from stroma to epithelium. That a new basement membrane is subsequently formed is evident by the existence of extracellular and intracellular secretion granules. In comparison to irradiated rabbit corneas, this stroma remains remarkably at the same thickness following a high dose exposure although a noticeable disorganization of collagen arrangement is apparent. Finally, as in the case of the rabbit corneas, a secondary degeneration of endothelium was observed 4 days after a moderate dose exposure.", "PMID": 1020019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2612", "title": "Fine structure of the spermatozoon of an onychophoran, Peripatopsis.", "content": "The spermatozoon of the Onychophoran Peripatopsis moseleyi is described. This cell is characterized by the general filiform shape, the absence of an acrosome, the presence of mitochondrial derivatives, of an annulus and of nine accessory tubules and a manchette of microtubules around the axoneme. All of these characters are typical of highly evolved sperm models, like those of insects and mammals, and suggest a long evolutionary history. Only the position of the mitochondria, inserted between nucelus and axoneme, is reminiscent of annelid features.", "contents": "Fine structure of the spermatozoon of an onychophoran, Peripatopsis. The spermatozoon of the Onychophoran Peripatopsis moseleyi is described. This cell is characterized by the general filiform shape, the absence of an acrosome, the presence of mitochondrial derivatives, of an annulus and of nine accessory tubules and a manchette of microtubules around the axoneme. All of these characters are typical of highly evolved sperm models, like those of insects and mammals, and suggest a long evolutionary history. Only the position of the mitochondria, inserted between nucelus and axoneme, is reminiscent of annelid features.", "PMID": 1020020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2613", "title": "The morphology of regeneration of skeletal muscles in the rat.", "content": "Muscle regeneration was studied by light and electron microscopy in soleus muscles of rat. After segmental crushing the number of fibres increased in some muscles within 30 days, indicating that numerical hyperplasia can take place. Locally applied Ringer solution of 60-70 degrees C caused necrosis of myofibres but left satellite cells and blood supply largely intact. Following phagocytosis, four mechanisms of regeneration were seen. (1) Lost fibres were replaced by clusters of myotubes formed by satellite cells within persisting basal lamina tubes. These clusters displaced the surrounding endomysium and looked like longitudinally 'split' fibres. (2) Viable fibre fragments fused with satellite cells. (3) Satellite cells of surviving fibres proliferated and fused to myotubes localized beneath the basal lamina. (4) Thin new fibres occurred in the interstitium. Their origin remained unknown. After 6 months the mean size of the new myofibres was normal, but the scatter of diameters was increased, central nuclei, fibre 'spliting' and branching, and fibrosis were prominent. Staining for acetylcholinesterase revealed that many fibres were short and not innervated. The similarity with dystrophic muscles in man suggested, that the most prominent histological changes in myopathic muscles may be due to attempts of regeneration.", "contents": "The morphology of regeneration of skeletal muscles in the rat. Muscle regeneration was studied by light and electron microscopy in soleus muscles of rat. After segmental crushing the number of fibres increased in some muscles within 30 days, indicating that numerical hyperplasia can take place. Locally applied Ringer solution of 60-70 degrees C caused necrosis of myofibres but left satellite cells and blood supply largely intact. Following phagocytosis, four mechanisms of regeneration were seen. (1) Lost fibres were replaced by clusters of myotubes formed by satellite cells within persisting basal lamina tubes. These clusters displaced the surrounding endomysium and looked like longitudinally 'split' fibres. (2) Viable fibre fragments fused with satellite cells. (3) Satellite cells of surviving fibres proliferated and fused to myotubes localized beneath the basal lamina. (4) Thin new fibres occurred in the interstitium. Their origin remained unknown. After 6 months the mean size of the new myofibres was normal, but the scatter of diameters was increased, central nuclei, fibre 'spliting' and branching, and fibrosis were prominent. Staining for acetylcholinesterase revealed that many fibres were short and not innervated. The similarity with dystrophic muscles in man suggested, that the most prominent histological changes in myopathic muscles may be due to attempts of regeneration.", "PMID": 1020021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2614", "title": "The investigation of vinylcyclohexane dioxide as a polar dehydrant for the improved retention of lipids in the Spurr embedment.", "content": "The use of vinylcyclohexane dioxide (VCD) as a polar dehydrant with subsequent embedment in Spurr was studied. The utilization of Epon 812 resin (E 812), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEM) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPM) as polar dehydrants for Epon embedment were re-examined, and a polar Epon mix was introduced. The most effective dehydration sequence was: first 90%, then 95% VCD in water for 5 min. followed by two 20 min changes of 100% VCD. After 1 hr in equal quantities of VCD and Spurr mix, tissues were infiltrated with Spurr embedment (two 1 hr changes and overnight) and finally embedded in Spurr and polymerized at 60 degrees C for 16 hr. The most utilizable polar Epon mix was determined to be Epon 812 = 50 ml, NMA=42 ml, DMP-30=1-2 ml. It was somewhat brittle but cut well with both glass and diamond knives. All four polar dehydrants were found to retain lipids and carbohydrates equally well in thin section in striated and cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and brain from the rat. The E 812 was the only dehydrant that retained lung multilamellar bodies. The possible carcinogenic effects of VCD were considered and the probably metabolism and excretion of VCD were discussed.", "contents": "The investigation of vinylcyclohexane dioxide as a polar dehydrant for the improved retention of lipids in the Spurr embedment. The use of vinylcyclohexane dioxide (VCD) as a polar dehydrant with subsequent embedment in Spurr was studied. The utilization of Epon 812 resin (E 812), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEM) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPM) as polar dehydrants for Epon embedment were re-examined, and a polar Epon mix was introduced. The most effective dehydration sequence was: first 90%, then 95% VCD in water for 5 min. followed by two 20 min changes of 100% VCD. After 1 hr in equal quantities of VCD and Spurr mix, tissues were infiltrated with Spurr embedment (two 1 hr changes and overnight) and finally embedded in Spurr and polymerized at 60 degrees C for 16 hr. The most utilizable polar Epon mix was determined to be Epon 812 = 50 ml, NMA=42 ml, DMP-30=1-2 ml. It was somewhat brittle but cut well with both glass and diamond knives. All four polar dehydrants were found to retain lipids and carbohydrates equally well in thin section in striated and cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and brain from the rat. The E 812 was the only dehydrant that retained lung multilamellar bodies. The possible carcinogenic effects of VCD were considered and the probably metabolism and excretion of VCD were discussed.", "PMID": 1020022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2615", "title": "Hyperinsulinemia: effects on body weight, obesity and motivated behaviors.", "content": "Five experiments were performed to evaluate the physiological and behavioral similarities between lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and injection-produced hyperinsulinemia. It was found that the rate of weight gain and fat deposition in both adult and weanling rats was essentially the same for both VMH and hyperinsulinemic rats. Measures of activity and taste preference measures yielded no differences between hyperinsulinemic rats and intact rats. Electric shock thresholds revealed a decrease in reactivity for hyperinsulinemic rats compared to intact rats. A hypothesis was suggested in which a combination of hypophysectomy, gonadectomy, and hyperinsulinemia might produce most of the physiological effects seen with VMH lesions. It was also suggested that since these physiological alterations radically modify the organism's internal environment, the behavioral effects of VMH lesions may be the results of the attempts of a brain-damaged animal to maintain new physiological conditions.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemia: effects on body weight, obesity and motivated behaviors. Five experiments were performed to evaluate the physiological and behavioral similarities between lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and injection-produced hyperinsulinemia. It was found that the rate of weight gain and fat deposition in both adult and weanling rats was essentially the same for both VMH and hyperinsulinemic rats. Measures of activity and taste preference measures yielded no differences between hyperinsulinemic rats and intact rats. Electric shock thresholds revealed a decrease in reactivity for hyperinsulinemic rats compared to intact rats. A hypothesis was suggested in which a combination of hypophysectomy, gonadectomy, and hyperinsulinemia might produce most of the physiological effects seen with VMH lesions. It was also suggested that since these physiological alterations radically modify the organism's internal environment, the behavioral effects of VMH lesions may be the results of the attempts of a brain-damaged animal to maintain new physiological conditions.", "PMID": 1020023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2616", "title": "'Self-correcting' spherical bioelectrode.", "content": "Most of the widely used biopotential macroscopic and microscopic bioelectrodes do not enable proper measurements while in contact with 'problematic' tissues, such as myocardial and other muscular tissues, cortical and intracavital tissues. A quantitative spherical electrode was designed as an example in the family of bioelectrodes enabling application in moving or vibrating media. The electrode developed is insensitive to its contact area. Decreasing the contact area to 40% causes 25% increase in measured resistance only. The electrode shows excellent performance in alternating current conditions combined with well-defined direct current characteristics.", "contents": "'Self-correcting' spherical bioelectrode. Most of the widely used biopotential macroscopic and microscopic bioelectrodes do not enable proper measurements while in contact with 'problematic' tissues, such as myocardial and other muscular tissues, cortical and intracavital tissues. A quantitative spherical electrode was designed as an example in the family of bioelectrodes enabling application in moving or vibrating media. The electrode developed is insensitive to its contact area. Decreasing the contact area to 40% causes 25% increase in measured resistance only. The electrode shows excellent performance in alternating current conditions combined with well-defined direct current characteristics.", "PMID": 1020024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2617", "title": "Adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide in advanced bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Adriamycin (40 mg/m2 i.v., on day 1) plus cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2 orally, day 1 to 5) were given to 23 patients with advanced lung cancer. Administration cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. No patient had been previously treated with chemotherapy, 5 received prior radiotherapy. Objective improvement was observed in 7 patients, partial remission was observed in 3. The median duration of response was 2 months.", "contents": "Adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide in advanced bronchial carcinoma. Adriamycin (40 mg/m2 i.v., on day 1) plus cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2 orally, day 1 to 5) were given to 23 patients with advanced lung cancer. Administration cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. No patient had been previously treated with chemotherapy, 5 received prior radiotherapy. Objective improvement was observed in 7 patients, partial remission was observed in 3. The median duration of response was 2 months.", "PMID": 1020044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2618", "title": "Hysterosalpingography in the sequels of conisation of the uterine cervix.", "content": "A hysterosalpingographic survey was made of 65 women of reproductive age who had undergone conisation of the uterine cervix for carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia at least one year before. None of the patients investigated radiologically had undergone uterine surgery before conisation. In a high percentage of cases morphological changes of the cervical canal and, less frequently, the isthmus were found. Most of the changes are attributable to scar retraction, and the hysterosalpingographic findings did not differ appreciably from those following other types of gynecological surgery, namely, segmental or total stenosis and ectasia of the cervical canal and isthmus. A control series of patients with preoperative and postoperative hysterosalpingograms is now under consideration to confirm the radiological findings and to correlate them with clinical data.", "contents": "Hysterosalpingography in the sequels of conisation of the uterine cervix. A hysterosalpingographic survey was made of 65 women of reproductive age who had undergone conisation of the uterine cervix for carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia at least one year before. None of the patients investigated radiologically had undergone uterine surgery before conisation. In a high percentage of cases morphological changes of the cervical canal and, less frequently, the isthmus were found. Most of the changes are attributable to scar retraction, and the hysterosalpingographic findings did not differ appreciably from those following other types of gynecological surgery, namely, segmental or total stenosis and ectasia of the cervical canal and isthmus. A control series of patients with preoperative and postoperative hysterosalpingograms is now under consideration to confirm the radiological findings and to correlate them with clinical data.", "PMID": 1020046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2619", "title": "[Study of the geographical pathology of laryngeal, bladder and childhood tumors in the Province of Turin].", "content": "A previous report has shown that in the non-metropolitan areas of the province of Torino the incidence of cancer of the larynx in men during the period 1965-1969, although lower than in the town of Torino and its suburbs, was 3-6 times higher than in Great Britain, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. In the present study the distribution of these cancers was investigated in the 12 ecological areas and/or subareas forming the non-metropolitan areas of the province. A similar study for bladder cancer in adult men and all cancers (including leukaemias) in children, is also reported. In subareas 36, 37 and 42 of ecological area 01 (i.e., located NW of the capital and its suburbs) as well as in area 02 (located North of the province, around the town of Ivrea) a significant excess of laryngeal cancers have been diagnosed in adult men during the period 1965-1969. Cancer of the bladder was found in excess in men residing in subareas 37 and 43 of area 01 (geographically related to the town of Ciri\u00e8, where an epidemic of bladder cancer was recognized among workers of a chemical factory where 2-naphthylamine and benzidine have been widely used in the past), as well as in men residing in area 02. In addition, laryngeal cancer was found in excess among residents in Balangero (where a large asbestos-chrysotilemine has been in operation for a long time) and adjacent towns (observed 12, expected 5.14, p less than 0.01). Bladder cancer was particularly frequent among residents in Ciri\u00e8 and adjacent towns (19 cases vs. 9.18 expected, p less than 0.01) as well as in those residing in Ivrea and adjacent towns (24 vs. 14.61 expected, p less than 0.02). On the contrary, the whole area situated East and South of Torino and its suburbs seems to be a low-incidence area for both laryngeal and bladder cancer. For both tumor types the highest incidence was found in the town of Torino. Men residing in the 23 suburbs of Torino showed a high incidence of laryngeal cancer and a low incidence of bladder cancer. Cancers in children were fairly uniformly distributed throughout the whole province, including the capital.", "contents": "[Study of the geographical pathology of laryngeal, bladder and childhood tumors in the Province of Turin]. A previous report has shown that in the non-metropolitan areas of the province of Torino the incidence of cancer of the larynx in men during the period 1965-1969, although lower than in the town of Torino and its suburbs, was 3-6 times higher than in Great Britain, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. In the present study the distribution of these cancers was investigated in the 12 ecological areas and/or subareas forming the non-metropolitan areas of the province. A similar study for bladder cancer in adult men and all cancers (including leukaemias) in children, is also reported. In subareas 36, 37 and 42 of ecological area 01 (i.e., located NW of the capital and its suburbs) as well as in area 02 (located North of the province, around the town of Ivrea) a significant excess of laryngeal cancers have been diagnosed in adult men during the period 1965-1969. Cancer of the bladder was found in excess in men residing in subareas 37 and 43 of area 01 (geographically related to the town of Ciri\u00e8, where an epidemic of bladder cancer was recognized among workers of a chemical factory where 2-naphthylamine and benzidine have been widely used in the past), as well as in men residing in area 02. In addition, laryngeal cancer was found in excess among residents in Balangero (where a large asbestos-chrysotilemine has been in operation for a long time) and adjacent towns (observed 12, expected 5.14, p less than 0.01). Bladder cancer was particularly frequent among residents in Ciri\u00e8 and adjacent towns (19 cases vs. 9.18 expected, p less than 0.01) as well as in those residing in Ivrea and adjacent towns (24 vs. 14.61 expected, p less than 0.02). On the contrary, the whole area situated East and South of Torino and its suburbs seems to be a low-incidence area for both laryngeal and bladder cancer. For both tumor types the highest incidence was found in the town of Torino. Men residing in the 23 suburbs of Torino showed a high incidence of laryngeal cancer and a low incidence of bladder cancer. Cancers in children were fairly uniformly distributed throughout the whole province, including the capital.", "PMID": 1020045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2620", "title": "Biological properties of cell lines derived from Moloney virus-induced sarcoma.", "content": "Two cell lines derived from a primary MSV-M-induced tumor in a BALB/c mouse were studied. One line (MS-2) was subject only to continuous tissue culture transfer (tct). After 21 tct, MS-2 cells produced progressive tumors (MS-2 tumors) in syngeneic hosts. The second cell line (MS-2T) was established by cultivation of a MS-2 tumor. The ability to produce progressive tumors decreased with increased number of tct, in both cell lines. The virus content of MS-2 and MS-2T cells was very low, as shown by uridine incorporation and electron microscopy. Immmunofluorescence tests demonstrated that antigens different from the viral MSV-M antigens were present on the cell lines, and that antigenic changes occurred with increased number of tct. Serum of mice bearing progressive MS-2 tumors reacted with MS-2T cells when these cells produced progressive tumors and did not react with MS-2 cells when they produced regressing tumors. MS-2 cells producing regressing tumors reacted with serum from mice in which the MS-2 tumor had regressed and with serum from mice immunized with MS-2T cells at late tct when they were poorly oncogenic. The antigenic changes seemed, therefore, to parallel the decrease of malignancy. A chromosomal analysis carried out on MS-2 and MS-2T cells, when both produced progressive tumors, showed a modal number of 48 and 44, respectively. MS-2T cells showed a large acrocentric chromosome. In contrast, the MS-2 cells at late tct, when they gave regressing tumors, showed a modal number of 60 and a wide range of distribution of chromosome number.", "contents": "Biological properties of cell lines derived from Moloney virus-induced sarcoma. Two cell lines derived from a primary MSV-M-induced tumor in a BALB/c mouse were studied. One line (MS-2) was subject only to continuous tissue culture transfer (tct). After 21 tct, MS-2 cells produced progressive tumors (MS-2 tumors) in syngeneic hosts. The second cell line (MS-2T) was established by cultivation of a MS-2 tumor. The ability to produce progressive tumors decreased with increased number of tct, in both cell lines. The virus content of MS-2 and MS-2T cells was very low, as shown by uridine incorporation and electron microscopy. Immmunofluorescence tests demonstrated that antigens different from the viral MSV-M antigens were present on the cell lines, and that antigenic changes occurred with increased number of tct. Serum of mice bearing progressive MS-2 tumors reacted with MS-2T cells when these cells produced progressive tumors and did not react with MS-2 cells when they produced regressing tumors. MS-2 cells producing regressing tumors reacted with serum from mice in which the MS-2 tumor had regressed and with serum from mice immunized with MS-2T cells at late tct when they were poorly oncogenic. The antigenic changes seemed, therefore, to parallel the decrease of malignancy. A chromosomal analysis carried out on MS-2 and MS-2T cells, when both produced progressive tumors, showed a modal number of 48 and 44, respectively. MS-2T cells showed a large acrocentric chromosome. In contrast, the MS-2 cells at late tct, when they gave regressing tumors, showed a modal number of 60 and a wide range of distribution of chromosome number.", "PMID": 1020048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2621", "title": "Skin tests in childhood lymphoma and neuroblastoma.", "content": "Intradermal skin test antigen (Varidase, Mumps, Candidine) and contact sensitization with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were employed in 35 previously untreated children with neuroblastoma and malignant lymphoma, to evaluate delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. Cutaneous responses were correlated to stage of disease and survival. The limited number of patients prevents any definitive conclusion. It is apparent, however, that in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma anergy to DNCB is correlated to advanced stages with rapid progressive disease. In neuroblastoma and Hodgkin's disease patients skin test sensitization seems to be of questionable clinical value.", "contents": "Skin tests in childhood lymphoma and neuroblastoma. Intradermal skin test antigen (Varidase, Mumps, Candidine) and contact sensitization with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were employed in 35 previously untreated children with neuroblastoma and malignant lymphoma, to evaluate delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. Cutaneous responses were correlated to stage of disease and survival. The limited number of patients prevents any definitive conclusion. It is apparent, however, that in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma anergy to DNCB is correlated to advanced stages with rapid progressive disease. In neuroblastoma and Hodgkin's disease patients skin test sensitization seems to be of questionable clinical value.", "PMID": 1020049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2622", "title": "[Controlled pilot study with combination chemotherapy in testicular carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In 24 previously untreated patients with advanced testicular carcinoma, the combination of adriamycin, vincristine and methotrexate (AVM) was tested in a prospective randomized study against a combination of non-cross resistant drugs including vinblastine, bleomycin and mithramycin (VBM). Complete and partial (greater than 50%) remission was observed in 4 out of 13 patients treated with AVM and in 3 out of 11 given VBM. In one patient receiving AVM and in two patients treated with VBM, the response at the level of previous inoperable retroperitoneal metastatic lymph nodes allowed a subsequent radical lymph node dissection. After cross-over a partial response for 6 months was obtained in only one patient treated with VBM while none was observed in 4 patients receiving AVM. Both combinations were well tolerated. However, their therapeutic activity seems to be definitely lower with respect to treatment with vinblastine followed by continuous infusion with bleomycin.", "contents": "[Controlled pilot study with combination chemotherapy in testicular carcinomas (author's transl)]. In 24 previously untreated patients with advanced testicular carcinoma, the combination of adriamycin, vincristine and methotrexate (AVM) was tested in a prospective randomized study against a combination of non-cross resistant drugs including vinblastine, bleomycin and mithramycin (VBM). Complete and partial (greater than 50%) remission was observed in 4 out of 13 patients treated with AVM and in 3 out of 11 given VBM. In one patient receiving AVM and in two patients treated with VBM, the response at the level of previous inoperable retroperitoneal metastatic lymph nodes allowed a subsequent radical lymph node dissection. After cross-over a partial response for 6 months was obtained in only one patient treated with VBM while none was observed in 4 patients receiving AVM. Both combinations were well tolerated. However, their therapeutic activity seems to be definitely lower with respect to treatment with vinblastine followed by continuous infusion with bleomycin.", "PMID": 1020050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2623", "title": "The importance of metastic cervical lymph nodes on the prognosis and therapy of malignant neoplasias of the head and neck.", "content": "The author in a study of 667 patients submitted to unilateral or bilateral radical neck dissection presents a critical analysis of clinical palpatory and histopathological methods in the evaluation of the metastatical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer. The advantages of the last one are pointed out showing the real prognostic value of the histopathological metastases.", "contents": "The importance of metastic cervical lymph nodes on the prognosis and therapy of malignant neoplasias of the head and neck. The author in a study of 667 patients submitted to unilateral or bilateral radical neck dissection presents a critical analysis of clinical palpatory and histopathological methods in the evaluation of the metastatical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer. The advantages of the last one are pointed out showing the real prognostic value of the histopathological metastases.", "PMID": 1020052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2624", "title": "[Clinical examination and 131 Cs scanning in the diagnosis of cold nodules of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness of 131Cs scanning in preoperative diagnosis of 131I cold nodules of the thyroid that present no clear clinical sign of malignancy is discussed. The results of clinical examination of 283 thyroid nodules, associated in 139 cases with 131Cs scanning, are correlated with the histologic nature. In nodules that were classifided as cold, warm or hot in the 131Cs scan, the incidence of malignancy was 2.6, 12.3 and 25%, respectively. In the nodules that, on the basis of clinical examination, were classified as probably benign, dubious or suspected for malignancy, the incidence of cancer was, respectively, 3.6, 26.3 and 72.7%. Malignancy ocurred in 16 of 144 patients that were selected for surgical treatment only on the basis of clinical data and in 17 of 139 patients that were selected on the basis of clinical examination associated with 131Cs scanning. The accuracy of clinical preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cold nodules does not seem to be significantly improved by association of 131Cs scanning.", "contents": "[Clinical examination and 131 Cs scanning in the diagnosis of cold nodules of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The usefulness of 131Cs scanning in preoperative diagnosis of 131I cold nodules of the thyroid that present no clear clinical sign of malignancy is discussed. The results of clinical examination of 283 thyroid nodules, associated in 139 cases with 131Cs scanning, are correlated with the histologic nature. In nodules that were classifided as cold, warm or hot in the 131Cs scan, the incidence of malignancy was 2.6, 12.3 and 25%, respectively. In the nodules that, on the basis of clinical examination, were classified as probably benign, dubious or suspected for malignancy, the incidence of cancer was, respectively, 3.6, 26.3 and 72.7%. Malignancy ocurred in 16 of 144 patients that were selected for surgical treatment only on the basis of clinical data and in 17 of 139 patients that were selected on the basis of clinical examination associated with 131Cs scanning. The accuracy of clinical preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cold nodules does not seem to be significantly improved by association of 131Cs scanning.", "PMID": 1020047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2625", "title": "Ultrastructural changes produced in cultured, adriamycin-treated myocardial cells.", "content": "The ultrastructural evaluation of the early alterations adriamycin-induced on cultured mice heart cells is reported. The major effects are hypertrophy of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a market increase of the number and total extension of the gap junctions. These findings are discussed in the light of the information available in the literature.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes produced in cultured, adriamycin-treated myocardial cells. The ultrastructural evaluation of the early alterations adriamycin-induced on cultured mice heart cells is reported. The major effects are hypertrophy of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a market increase of the number and total extension of the gap junctions. These findings are discussed in the light of the information available in the literature.", "PMID": 1020055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2626", "title": "Myocardial injury induced by a single dose of adriamycin: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Adriamycin cardiomyopathy has been studied under the electron microscope using myocardial ventircular cells of CRF mice, previously treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of the drug given in a single intravenous injection. Within 10 min myocardial cell nucleoli show a nucleolonema fragmentation, and during the following 3 hours they acquire the nucleolar segregation pattern. Fourteen hours after drug injection, nucleolar morphology again becomes normal, while areas of focal degeneration, characterized by damaged mitochondria and enlarged smooth reticulum cisternae, appear in the sarcoplasm. One to 3 days later the degeneration process involves the myofibrillar component, and after 50 days the great majority of myocardial ventricular cells is damaged. The early appearance and the functional significance of nucleolar segregation support the hypothesis that adriamycin cardiotoxicity might be dependent on its ability to bind to myocardial cell DNA. The consequent failure of RNA and protein synthesis, impairing the continuous renewal of myofibrillar and mitochondrial components of the cell, might explain the progressive myocardial damage.", "contents": "Myocardial injury induced by a single dose of adriamycin: an electron microscopic study. Adriamycin cardiomyopathy has been studied under the electron microscope using myocardial ventircular cells of CRF mice, previously treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of the drug given in a single intravenous injection. Within 10 min myocardial cell nucleoli show a nucleolonema fragmentation, and during the following 3 hours they acquire the nucleolar segregation pattern. Fourteen hours after drug injection, nucleolar morphology again becomes normal, while areas of focal degeneration, characterized by damaged mitochondria and enlarged smooth reticulum cisternae, appear in the sarcoplasm. One to 3 days later the degeneration process involves the myofibrillar component, and after 50 days the great majority of myocardial ventricular cells is damaged. The early appearance and the functional significance of nucleolar segregation support the hypothesis that adriamycin cardiotoxicity might be dependent on its ability to bind to myocardial cell DNA. The consequent failure of RNA and protein synthesis, impairing the continuous renewal of myofibrillar and mitochondrial components of the cell, might explain the progressive myocardial damage.", "PMID": 1020054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2627", "title": "ABH secretor status in patients with bladder tumours.", "content": "The ABO blood groups and secretor status of a group of patients with bladder tumours were investigated and compared with those of a group of patients of a similar age suffering from a variety of genito-urinary diseases. Some of the control patients were known to have been exposed to potential carcinogens, and the findings in this group were analysed separately. No significant differences were found when comparisons of these three groups of patients were made.", "contents": "ABH secretor status in patients with bladder tumours. The ABO blood groups and secretor status of a group of patients with bladder tumours were investigated and compared with those of a group of patients of a similar age suffering from a variety of genito-urinary diseases. Some of the control patients were known to have been exposed to potential carcinogens, and the findings in this group were analysed separately. No significant differences were found when comparisons of these three groups of patients were made.", "PMID": 1020066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2628", "title": "Modifications of ureteric peristalsis by local anaesthetic. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "An in vivo study of the response of the dog ureter to local anaesthetics administered systemically and by ureteric perfusion, revealed that lidocaine, procaine, and mepivacaine, caused hyperperistalsis. The intravenous use of a near toxic dose produced hyperperistalsis of limited duration, whereas, intraureteric administration produced a prolonged and constant response with low dosage. The mode of action of these drugs is unclear as they are generally regarded as being non specific smooth muscle depressants. Continued peristalsis after prolonged exposure to local anaesthetic favours a myogenic rather than neurogenic conduction of the ureteric contraction wave.", "contents": "Modifications of ureteric peristalsis by local anaesthetic. An experimental study in dogs. An in vivo study of the response of the dog ureter to local anaesthetics administered systemically and by ureteric perfusion, revealed that lidocaine, procaine, and mepivacaine, caused hyperperistalsis. The intravenous use of a near toxic dose produced hyperperistalsis of limited duration, whereas, intraureteric administration produced a prolonged and constant response with low dosage. The mode of action of these drugs is unclear as they are generally regarded as being non specific smooth muscle depressants. Continued peristalsis after prolonged exposure to local anaesthetic favours a myogenic rather than neurogenic conduction of the ureteric contraction wave.", "PMID": 1020067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2629", "title": "Urinary oxalate in summer and winter in normal subjects and in stone-forming patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, both untreated and treated with thiazide and/or cellulose phosphate.", "content": "Urinary oxalate excretion has been measured by a specific enzymatic method in normal subjects and stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria. In every group studied urinary oxalate was higher in the summer than in the winter. These differences were slight and not significant in normal subjects but were considerable and statistically significant in the stone formers both untreated and when treated with thiazide. Thiazides raise urinary oxalate only very slightly but cellulose phosphate leads to large rises in urinary oxalate both in the summer and the winter. The highest values of urinary oxalate were seen in the summer in patients treated with cellulose phosphate. The mean rise in this group was 70% above normal and this must be viewed with some anxiety.", "contents": "Urinary oxalate in summer and winter in normal subjects and in stone-forming patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, both untreated and treated with thiazide and/or cellulose phosphate. Urinary oxalate excretion has been measured by a specific enzymatic method in normal subjects and stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria. In every group studied urinary oxalate was higher in the summer than in the winter. These differences were slight and not significant in normal subjects but were considerable and statistically significant in the stone formers both untreated and when treated with thiazide. Thiazides raise urinary oxalate only very slightly but cellulose phosphate leads to large rises in urinary oxalate both in the summer and the winter. The highest values of urinary oxalate were seen in the summer in patients treated with cellulose phosphate. The mean rise in this group was 70% above normal and this must be viewed with some anxiety.", "PMID": 1020068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2630", "title": "Iatrogenic breaks in Buuch's membrane in choroidal melanoma.", "content": "Three patients with choroidal melanoma have been observed to develop subretinal hemorrhages associated with their ocular examinations. One hemorrhage appears to have been caused by transillumination, while two others have occurred during radioactive phosphorus testing. Histopathology confirms defects in Bruch's membrane through which blood or tumor cells have entered the subretinal space.", "contents": "Iatrogenic breaks in Buuch's membrane in choroidal melanoma. Three patients with choroidal melanoma have been observed to develop subretinal hemorrhages associated with their ocular examinations. One hemorrhage appears to have been caused by transillumination, while two others have occurred during radioactive phosphorus testing. Histopathology confirms defects in Bruch's membrane through which blood or tumor cells have entered the subretinal space.", "PMID": 1020070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2631", "title": "Clinical experience with presumed hemangioma of the choroid: radioactive phosphorus uptake studies as an aid in differential diagnosis.", "content": "A total of 27 cases of choroidal hemangioma was evaluated with radioactive phosphorus uptake studies. In each case the diagnosis of malignant melanoma was initially entertained, but the 32P test was unequivocally negative in every instance. Follow-up studies in every case have supported the clinical diagnosis. In 22 patients, the lesion was treated with photocoagulation, and in every treated case the serous macular detachment disappeared. The importance of early and correct clinical diagnosis is stressed, since these are salvageable and potentially useful seeing eyes.", "contents": "Clinical experience with presumed hemangioma of the choroid: radioactive phosphorus uptake studies as an aid in differential diagnosis. A total of 27 cases of choroidal hemangioma was evaluated with radioactive phosphorus uptake studies. In each case the diagnosis of malignant melanoma was initially entertained, but the 32P test was unequivocally negative in every instance. Follow-up studies in every case have supported the clinical diagnosis. In 22 patients, the lesion was treated with photocoagulation, and in every treated case the serous macular detachment disappeared. The importance of early and correct clinical diagnosis is stressed, since these are salvageable and potentially useful seeing eyes.", "PMID": 1020072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2632", "title": "A comparison of the sensitivity of carotid compression tonography with ophthalmodynamometry in the diagnosis of internal carotid artery occlusive disease.", "content": "The cases of 100 consecutive patients with arteriographic evidence of carotid occlusive disease were reviewed. All 100 patients had undergone ODMY and CCT prior to carotid arteriography. A comparison of the sensitivity of ODM testing with CCT testing revealed the ODMY pressure differences were reliable in detecting carotid occlusive disease in only 70 of these 100 patients, whereas CCT testing detected decreased blood flow on the involved side in 95 of the 100 patients. The advantages of CCT testing are discussed, comparing certain limitations and contraindications often encountered with ODMY testing. The CCT test is more sensitive than ODMY testing and is easier to perform. In addition, the results of CCT are more objective and provide a permanent record which can be analyzed at any time to check for reproducibility. Overall, the CCT test appears to be a more suitable screening test than ODMY to study carotid occlusive disease.", "contents": "A comparison of the sensitivity of carotid compression tonography with ophthalmodynamometry in the diagnosis of internal carotid artery occlusive disease. The cases of 100 consecutive patients with arteriographic evidence of carotid occlusive disease were reviewed. All 100 patients had undergone ODMY and CCT prior to carotid arteriography. A comparison of the sensitivity of ODM testing with CCT testing revealed the ODMY pressure differences were reliable in detecting carotid occlusive disease in only 70 of these 100 patients, whereas CCT testing detected decreased blood flow on the involved side in 95 of the 100 patients. The advantages of CCT testing are discussed, comparing certain limitations and contraindications often encountered with ODMY testing. The CCT test is more sensitive than ODMY testing and is easier to perform. In addition, the results of CCT are more objective and provide a permanent record which can be analyzed at any time to check for reproducibility. Overall, the CCT test appears to be a more suitable screening test than ODMY to study carotid occlusive disease.", "PMID": 1020074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2633", "title": "Radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with choroidal melanomas were treated conservatively using radioactive radon rings with a mean follow-up of 43 months. In 14 patients there was successful tumor regression. Eight eyes were enucleated because of inadequate tumor response. Of the patients whose tumors were apparently destroyed, two have subsequently died of metastases and one eye was enucleated due to scleral rupture. Of the eight cases unsuccessfully treated, one has subsequently died of metastases. Radiation therapy is likely to be effective in patients with tumors 7 mm in diameter and 2 mm in elevation or less. Tumors larger than 12 mm in diameter and 3 mm in elevation do not respond adequately to irradiation. Relatively large doses of radiation (at least 8,000 rads to the tumor apex) must be used if the tumor is to be effectively obliterated. We believe that radiation effectively can destroy small choroidal melanomas.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the choroid. Twenty-two patients with choroidal melanomas were treated conservatively using radioactive radon rings with a mean follow-up of 43 months. In 14 patients there was successful tumor regression. Eight eyes were enucleated because of inadequate tumor response. Of the patients whose tumors were apparently destroyed, two have subsequently died of metastases and one eye was enucleated due to scleral rupture. Of the eight cases unsuccessfully treated, one has subsequently died of metastases. Radiation therapy is likely to be effective in patients with tumors 7 mm in diameter and 2 mm in elevation or less. Tumors larger than 12 mm in diameter and 3 mm in elevation do not respond adequately to irradiation. Relatively large doses of radiation (at least 8,000 rads to the tumor apex) must be used if the tumor is to be effectively obliterated. We believe that radiation effectively can destroy small choroidal melanomas.", "PMID": 1020071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2634", "title": "Lipofuscin pigment over benign and malignant choroidal tumors.", "content": "This study has shown that lipofuscin pigment may accumulate in RPE cells and macrophages over several types of benign and malignant choroidal tumors. The color of the pigment, however, varies with the nature and color of the underlying lesion. On the surface of deeply pigmented tumors the lipofuscin pigment may produce an orange color, whereas over amelanotic lesions it may appear brown or reddish-brown. On the surface of vascular tumors, such as choroidal hemangiomas, the lipofuscin is almost invisible ophthalmoscopically but may be demonstrated with fluorescein angiography. Although the presence of such pigment accumulation is suggestive of a malignant melanoma, it is not diagnostic and may occur over benign simulating lesions as well.", "contents": "Lipofuscin pigment over benign and malignant choroidal tumors. This study has shown that lipofuscin pigment may accumulate in RPE cells and macrophages over several types of benign and malignant choroidal tumors. The color of the pigment, however, varies with the nature and color of the underlying lesion. On the surface of deeply pigmented tumors the lipofuscin pigment may produce an orange color, whereas over amelanotic lesions it may appear brown or reddish-brown. On the surface of vascular tumors, such as choroidal hemangiomas, the lipofuscin is almost invisible ophthalmoscopically but may be demonstrated with fluorescein angiography. Although the presence of such pigment accumulation is suggestive of a malignant melanoma, it is not diagnostic and may occur over benign simulating lesions as well.", "PMID": 1020073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2635", "title": "The Girard-Storz assistant's microscope: a new accessory for the Zeiss operating microscope system.", "content": "A bracket has been designed for the Zeiss 1 and Zeiss 6 operating microscopes, enabling the mounting of two accessory microscopes for the surgeon's assistants. These accessory microscopes operate independently of the primary microscope and in many cases may be preferable to beam-splitter systems which drastically reduce illumination to the primary microscope and preclude the use of photographic accessories.", "contents": "The Girard-Storz assistant's microscope: a new accessory for the Zeiss operating microscope system. A bracket has been designed for the Zeiss 1 and Zeiss 6 operating microscopes, enabling the mounting of two accessory microscopes for the surgeon's assistants. These accessory microscopes operate independently of the primary microscope and in many cases may be preferable to beam-splitter systems which drastically reduce illumination to the primary microscope and preclude the use of photographic accessories.", "PMID": 1020086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2636", "title": "A new binocular scotometer.", "content": "A new method of binocular scotometry is described based on an intriguing binocular phenomenon and using a new binocular scotometer and a retinoscope with its head reversed. Shortcomings in previous attempts have been corrected by objectively aligning a \"blind\" eye with the center of a translucent opalescent screen. This was made possible by having the patient rotate the retinoscope to induce conjugate eye movements in cases of manifest eye deviation. The examiner could then observe the \"blind\" eye directly through a central opening in the screen, by reinforced assistance through dependence on the corneal light reflex and, if necessary, by circumferential plotting.", "contents": "A new binocular scotometer. A new method of binocular scotometry is described based on an intriguing binocular phenomenon and using a new binocular scotometer and a retinoscope with its head reversed. Shortcomings in previous attempts have been corrected by objectively aligning a \"blind\" eye with the center of a translucent opalescent screen. This was made possible by having the patient rotate the retinoscope to induce conjugate eye movements in cases of manifest eye deviation. The examiner could then observe the \"blind\" eye directly through a central opening in the screen, by reinforced assistance through dependence on the corneal light reflex and, if necessary, by circumferential plotting.", "PMID": 1020089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2637", "title": "A new machine for irrigation-aspiration.", "content": "This new irrigation-aspiration system (Fig 9) demonstrates application of basic physical principles to a particular medical problem, maintaining the integrity of the anterior chamber during aspiration of cataractous material. This system is readily incorporated into the standard procedure of irrigation-aspiration of soft cataractous material at relatively low cost. The surgical procedure and the operation of this system with irrigation-aspiration and \"prevent-collapse\" components are under direct control of the physician.", "contents": "A new machine for irrigation-aspiration. This new irrigation-aspiration system (Fig 9) demonstrates application of basic physical principles to a particular medical problem, maintaining the integrity of the anterior chamber during aspiration of cataractous material. This system is readily incorporated into the standard procedure of irrigation-aspiration of soft cataractous material at relatively low cost. The surgical procedure and the operation of this system with irrigation-aspiration and \"prevent-collapse\" components are under direct control of the physician.", "PMID": 1020090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2638", "title": "Retinal cryoring: a new instrument for retinal surgery.", "content": "The retinal cryoring, a doughnut-shaped cryoprobe, has been developed to allow continuous cryocoagulation around retinal holes.", "contents": "Retinal cryoring: a new instrument for retinal surgery. The retinal cryoring, a doughnut-shaped cryoprobe, has been developed to allow continuous cryocoagulation around retinal holes.", "PMID": 1020094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2639", "title": "Reduction of nasal orbital fractures and simultaneous dacryocystorhinostomy.", "content": "A technique for restoration of structure and function in naso-orbital fractures has been described. Three case reports demonstrate a few of the final results. The case reports also indicate that many of these fractures require late definitive surgery in spite of optimal surgical treatment immediately subsequent to injury.", "contents": "Reduction of nasal orbital fractures and simultaneous dacryocystorhinostomy. A technique for restoration of structure and function in naso-orbital fractures has been described. Three case reports demonstrate a few of the final results. The case reports also indicate that many of these fractures require late definitive surgery in spite of optimal surgical treatment immediately subsequent to injury.", "PMID": 1020097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2640", "title": "Malignant ameloblastoma of the maxilla.", "content": "This case illustrates a rare occurrence of an ameloblastoma arising in the maxilla and metastasizing to the neck and lungs within a three-year period following the initial resection. A discussion of the pathology is presented and the necessity for aggressive initial therapy with close follow-up is emphasized.", "contents": "Malignant ameloblastoma of the maxilla. This case illustrates a rare occurrence of an ameloblastoma arising in the maxilla and metastasizing to the neck and lungs within a three-year period following the initial resection. A discussion of the pathology is presented and the necessity for aggressive initial therapy with close follow-up is emphasized.", "PMID": 1020105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2641", "title": "Introduction of missing enzymes into the cytoplasm of cultured mammalian cells by means of fusion-prone liposomes.", "content": "It is therefore possible to introduce enzyme-laden liposomes into two sites within the cytoplasm of cells previously lacking such enzymes. The first site is gained after enzyme-laden liposomes are phagocytosed into the lysosomal apparatus. Liposomes coated with immunoglobulins engender their own uptake by inducing the Fc receptor of phagocytic cells to launch ingestion of the vector as if it were an opsonized bacteria or virus against which the host had mounted an immune response. As for the second site, described here, involving enzyme deficiencies of the free cytosol, these may be corrected when liposomes have lysolecithin incorporated as a fusogen. The fusogen induces merger of the liposomal membrane with that of the plasma membrane presumably by virtue of the capacity of lysolecithin to engender mixed, fusion-prone micelles. Introjection of enzymes or other sequestered molecules is accomplished without access of these to external solutes, such as calcium. Consequently, uptake of enzyme cannot be due to trivial factors such as pinocytosis induced by lysolecithin or to phagocytosis per se. These two new techniques of cellular engineering now render it possible to introduce either into phagocytic or into non-phagocytic cells, enzymes or macromolecules in which these cells are genetically deficient.", "contents": "Introduction of missing enzymes into the cytoplasm of cultured mammalian cells by means of fusion-prone liposomes. It is therefore possible to introduce enzyme-laden liposomes into two sites within the cytoplasm of cells previously lacking such enzymes. The first site is gained after enzyme-laden liposomes are phagocytosed into the lysosomal apparatus. Liposomes coated with immunoglobulins engender their own uptake by inducing the Fc receptor of phagocytic cells to launch ingestion of the vector as if it were an opsonized bacteria or virus against which the host had mounted an immune response. As for the second site, described here, involving enzyme deficiencies of the free cytosol, these may be corrected when liposomes have lysolecithin incorporated as a fusogen. The fusogen induces merger of the liposomal membrane with that of the plasma membrane presumably by virtue of the capacity of lysolecithin to engender mixed, fusion-prone micelles. Introjection of enzymes or other sequestered molecules is accomplished without access of these to external solutes, such as calcium. Consequently, uptake of enzyme cannot be due to trivial factors such as pinocytosis induced by lysolecithin or to phagocytosis per se. These two new techniques of cellular engineering now render it possible to introduce either into phagocytic or into non-phagocytic cells, enzymes or macromolecules in which these cells are genetically deficient.", "PMID": 1020120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2642", "title": "Management of prostatic fistulas.", "content": "Prostatic fistulas communicating with the rectum or perineal skin are unusual complications of a prostatic operation, pelvic trauma, prostatic abscess or other iatrogenic injury. A third of these fistulas may close spontaneously with proper urinary drainage and avoidance of fecal soilage. The many operative procedures described for the repair of these fistulas indicate that no ideal method of repair can be applied to every case. Operative management should be mandated by the size, location and duration of the fistula as well as by the surgeon's experience with the various anatomic approaches.", "contents": "Management of prostatic fistulas. Prostatic fistulas communicating with the rectum or perineal skin are unusual complications of a prostatic operation, pelvic trauma, prostatic abscess or other iatrogenic injury. A third of these fistulas may close spontaneously with proper urinary drainage and avoidance of fecal soilage. The many operative procedures described for the repair of these fistulas indicate that no ideal method of repair can be applied to every case. Operative management should be mandated by the size, location and duration of the fistula as well as by the surgeon's experience with the various anatomic approaches.", "PMID": 1020128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2643", "title": "[Preoperative correction of volemic disorders in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The investigations conducted by the authors enabled them to pinpoint further the complex of symptoms determining a phase character of volemic disturbances in thyrotoxicosis. The phases somewhat reveal the volemic substrate of thyrotoxicosis, allowing an aimed management of some stages of the preoperative preparation. The latter is conventionally divided according to Sh. Milk into three periods: initial, intermediate and final. The main aim of the preoperative correction is to normalize hydration correlations, that is likely to be gained by excreting excessive sodium and replenishment of potassium deficit.", "contents": "[Preoperative correction of volemic disorders in thyrotoxicosis]. The investigations conducted by the authors enabled them to pinpoint further the complex of symptoms determining a phase character of volemic disturbances in thyrotoxicosis. The phases somewhat reveal the volemic substrate of thyrotoxicosis, allowing an aimed management of some stages of the preoperative preparation. The latter is conventionally divided according to Sh. Milk into three periods: initial, intermediate and final. The main aim of the preoperative correction is to normalize hydration correlations, that is likely to be gained by excreting excessive sodium and replenishment of potassium deficit.", "PMID": 1020183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2644", "title": "[Diagnostic possibilities of peritoneography in surgical practice].", "content": "Peritoneography with diagnostic purposes was employed in 53 patients. 24-45% water soluble iodine-containing contrast substances were infused intraabdominally. In 48 patients pathological processes in the abdominal cavity were revealed. No pathology was found in 5 patients.", "contents": "[Diagnostic possibilities of peritoneography in surgical practice]. Peritoneography with diagnostic purposes was employed in 53 patients. 24-45% water soluble iodine-containing contrast substances were infused intraabdominally. In 48 patients pathological processes in the abdominal cavity were revealed. No pathology was found in 5 patients.", "PMID": 1020184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2645", "title": "[Importance of the method of timely external drainage of the pancreatic duct in transduodenal papillectomy and pancreatoduodenal resection].", "content": "With the aim of prophylaxis against postoperative pancreatitis in transduodenal papillectomy and pancreatoduodenal resection the authors have elaborated the technic of a provisional external drainage of Wirsung's duct by means of a controlled transnasal drainage. Ten operations were performed using this technic. There were two deaths. The recommended technic provides a free outflow of the pancreatic juice from the pancreas outwardly during several days after the operation.", "contents": "[Importance of the method of timely external drainage of the pancreatic duct in transduodenal papillectomy and pancreatoduodenal resection]. With the aim of prophylaxis against postoperative pancreatitis in transduodenal papillectomy and pancreatoduodenal resection the authors have elaborated the technic of a provisional external drainage of Wirsung's duct by means of a controlled transnasal drainage. Ten operations were performed using this technic. There were two deaths. The recommended technic provides a free outflow of the pancreatic juice from the pancreas outwardly during several days after the operation.", "PMID": 1020186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2646", "title": "[Disorders of motor function of the stomach in acute appendicitis].", "content": "The authors have studied the motoric activity of the stomach in 40 patients with acute appendicitis and in 15 patients with other lesions. In appendicitis the strength and depth of gastric contractions were found to be mostly labile, while the number of waves of gastric contractions was relatively constant.", "contents": "[Disorders of motor function of the stomach in acute appendicitis]. The authors have studied the motoric activity of the stomach in 40 patients with acute appendicitis and in 15 patients with other lesions. In appendicitis the strength and depth of gastric contractions were found to be mostly labile, while the number of waves of gastric contractions was relatively constant.", "PMID": 1020188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2647", "title": "[Results of treatment of patients with appendiceal infiltrate].", "content": "In the clinic a differential therapeutic tactics is employed in appendicular infiltration (570 patients). If pain attacks following appendicular infiltration are absent then only a detailed examination of a patient is able to give indications to a planned appendectomy.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of patients with appendiceal infiltrate]. In the clinic a differential therapeutic tactics is employed in appendicular infiltration (570 patients). If pain attacks following appendicular infiltration are absent then only a detailed examination of a patient is able to give indications to a planned appendectomy.", "PMID": 1020189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2648", "title": "[Thiamine and pyruvic acid content in the urine of patients with ununited fractures and pseudarthroses].", "content": "The authors report the results of studies on the thiamine and pyruvic acid content in the urine of 170 individuals (34 healthy persons and 136 patients with no union of fractures and pseudarthrosis). In patients with nonunited fractures and pseudarthrosis a deficiency of vitamin B1 is observed.", "contents": "[Thiamine and pyruvic acid content in the urine of patients with ununited fractures and pseudarthroses]. The authors report the results of studies on the thiamine and pyruvic acid content in the urine of 170 individuals (34 healthy persons and 136 patients with no union of fractures and pseudarthrosis). In patients with nonunited fractures and pseudarthrosis a deficiency of vitamin B1 is observed.", "PMID": 1020190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2649", "title": "[Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of acute lung abscess].", "content": "Based on an analysis of the clinico-roentgenological picture of the disease in 48 patients with acute lung suppuration, the authors have detected some peculiarities in clinical manifestations of the disease, and also characteristic features of the roentgenological semiotics, which enabled them to define the pathological process as \"a primary\" acute abscess of the lung.", "contents": "[Clinico-roentgenological characteristics of acute lung abscess]. Based on an analysis of the clinico-roentgenological picture of the disease in 48 patients with acute lung suppuration, the authors have detected some peculiarities in clinical manifestations of the disease, and also characteristic features of the roentgenological semiotics, which enabled them to define the pathological process as \"a primary\" acute abscess of the lung.", "PMID": 1020192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2650", "title": "[Use of dimexide in the treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "Under observation were 132 children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. The complex treatment of an acute stage of hematogenic osteomyelitis included also the local use of 33% dimexide (DMSO) solution together with antibiotics. The observations indicated a high efficacy of the suggested therapeutic method.", "contents": "[Use of dimexide in the treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. Under observation were 132 children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. The complex treatment of an acute stage of hematogenic osteomyelitis included also the local use of 33% dimexide (DMSO) solution together with antibiotics. The observations indicated a high efficacy of the suggested therapeutic method.", "PMID": 1020193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2651", "title": "Survival rate in lung cancer.", "content": "The authors followed the survival rate in 927 patients with lung cancer treated in the oncological dispensary of the Plovdiv City during 1965--1972. 41.3% of the patients were in stage 1--11, 19.9%--in stage III, 38.8%--in stage iv. Of all the patients 8.2% were operated upon, in 14.7%--radiotherapy was employed, 9.9% of the patients were treated pharmacologically, 67.5% of cases were not treated at all. As a result of all kinds of treatment 21.4% of the patients survived for one year, and 1.1%--for 5 years. It is concluded that the search for new methods of the treatment and early diagnosis of lung cancer is quite essential.", "contents": "Survival rate in lung cancer. The authors followed the survival rate in 927 patients with lung cancer treated in the oncological dispensary of the Plovdiv City during 1965--1972. 41.3% of the patients were in stage 1--11, 19.9%--in stage III, 38.8%--in stage iv. Of all the patients 8.2% were operated upon, in 14.7%--radiotherapy was employed, 9.9% of the patients were treated pharmacologically, 67.5% of cases were not treated at all. As a result of all kinds of treatment 21.4% of the patients survived for one year, and 1.1%--for 5 years. It is concluded that the search for new methods of the treatment and early diagnosis of lung cancer is quite essential.", "PMID": 1020249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2652", "title": "[Mass screening in the diagnosis of precancerous diseases of the stomach].", "content": "The authors emphasize the importance of diagnosticating and systematic observation of cancer preneoplasms for earlier detection of stomach cancer. For this purpose a clinico-laboratory test for thiocompounds in the urine has been used. The former has been found to be convenient for mass screening because of its prompt performance. Nearly 3.5% of 10000 healthy persons under examination have been screened by means of the mentioned test. The effectiveness of the test was checked up through an x-ray examination of the stomach of the screened persons, i.e. of those who have shown the positive result. Cancer preneoplasms have been detected in 32.5% of the x-ray screened persons. It is concluded that the used mass screening test, followed by an x-ray examination of those patients who showed a positive result for thiocompounds in the urine, could be used as a pattern for the detection of pretumor lesions.", "contents": "[Mass screening in the diagnosis of precancerous diseases of the stomach]. The authors emphasize the importance of diagnosticating and systematic observation of cancer preneoplasms for earlier detection of stomach cancer. For this purpose a clinico-laboratory test for thiocompounds in the urine has been used. The former has been found to be convenient for mass screening because of its prompt performance. Nearly 3.5% of 10000 healthy persons under examination have been screened by means of the mentioned test. The effectiveness of the test was checked up through an x-ray examination of the stomach of the screened persons, i.e. of those who have shown the positive result. Cancer preneoplasms have been detected in 32.5% of the x-ray screened persons. It is concluded that the used mass screening test, followed by an x-ray examination of those patients who showed a positive result for thiocompounds in the urine, could be used as a pattern for the detection of pretumor lesions.", "PMID": 1020250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2653", "title": "[Indicators of nonspecific immunity in cirrhosis and primary cancer of the liver].", "content": "The study of some factors of nonspecific immunity in 85 patients with cirrhosis and in 9 patients with primary cancer of the liver revealed a decrease of all factors of nonspecific immunity under consideration, while in primary cancer of the liver--selective and more sharp fall of properdin level. The complement, as compared with the control, was not changed, whereas lysozyme was statistically reliably higher than in healthy persons.", "contents": "[Indicators of nonspecific immunity in cirrhosis and primary cancer of the liver]. The study of some factors of nonspecific immunity in 85 patients with cirrhosis and in 9 patients with primary cancer of the liver revealed a decrease of all factors of nonspecific immunity under consideration, while in primary cancer of the liver--selective and more sharp fall of properdin level. The complement, as compared with the control, was not changed, whereas lysozyme was statistically reliably higher than in healthy persons.", "PMID": 1020251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2654", "title": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of postoperative stomach cancer].", "content": "The authors examined endoscopically the esophagus and stomach in 309 patients, previously operated upon for gastric cancer (258), ulcer of the stomach or duodenum (36) and benign gastric tumors (15). They estimated the value of this method for establishing diagnosis of the operated stomach cancer and also the importance of histological and cytological methods in the complex diagnosis of this pathology. Moreover, roentgeno-endoscopic correlations were made. Cancer of the operated stomach was detected in 59 patients, it was suspected in 8, other lesions were found in 194. no changes in the operated stomach were found in 48. It is stated that endoscopy is more advantageous than roentgenological examination in establishing the diagnosis of tumor pathology of the operated stomach. Histological and cytological findings are of considerable value in making the correct diagnosis. These methods are mostly informative in an exophytic form of the tumor growth.", "contents": "[Endoscopic diagnosis of postoperative stomach cancer]. The authors examined endoscopically the esophagus and stomach in 309 patients, previously operated upon for gastric cancer (258), ulcer of the stomach or duodenum (36) and benign gastric tumors (15). They estimated the value of this method for establishing diagnosis of the operated stomach cancer and also the importance of histological and cytological methods in the complex diagnosis of this pathology. Moreover, roentgeno-endoscopic correlations were made. Cancer of the operated stomach was detected in 59 patients, it was suspected in 8, other lesions were found in 194. no changes in the operated stomach were found in 48. It is stated that endoscopy is more advantageous than roentgenological examination in establishing the diagnosis of tumor pathology of the operated stomach. Histological and cytological findings are of considerable value in making the correct diagnosis. These methods are mostly informative in an exophytic form of the tumor growth.", "PMID": 1020252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2655", "title": "[Cellular immunity in patients with melanoma].", "content": "The main part of tumor-associated antigens of malignant melanoma in both USSR and USA preparations is similar. Both samples have an antigen of glycolipoprotein nature. This antigen induces a delay of hypersensitivity in patients with malignant melanoma. These data suggest that antigens, used for the study of cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant melanoma, can be used for an estimation of the immunological status. Both antigens are closely similar in their main characteristics and, therefore, further comparison of the results to be obtained seems to be possible in both countries.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in patients with melanoma]. The main part of tumor-associated antigens of malignant melanoma in both USSR and USA preparations is similar. Both samples have an antigen of glycolipoprotein nature. This antigen induces a delay of hypersensitivity in patients with malignant melanoma. These data suggest that antigens, used for the study of cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant melanoma, can be used for an estimation of the immunological status. Both antigens are closely similar in their main characteristics and, therefore, further comparison of the results to be obtained seems to be possible in both countries.", "PMID": 1020253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2656", "title": "[Postoperative pneumonia in oncological patients].", "content": "The authors have analysed the incidence of postoperative pneumonias in patients with malignant tumors of different localization, who were operated in the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health during the period of 1969--1973.", "contents": "[Postoperative pneumonia in oncological patients]. The authors have analysed the incidence of postoperative pneumonias in patients with malignant tumors of different localization, who were operated in the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health during the period of 1969--1973.", "PMID": 1020254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2657", "title": "[Reorganization of oncological service in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the long-term oncological program].", "content": "Some statistical data on the malignant tumors morbidity and mortality among the population of CSSR are reported. A description of the reogranization of oncological aid in CSSR is given, as well as a brief description of long-term program on oncology till 1990. It is hoped that the scientists of CMEA member states will successfully solve the tasks of the complex problem \"Malignant neoplasms\".", "contents": "[Reorganization of oncological service in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the long-term oncological program]. Some statistical data on the malignant tumors morbidity and mortality among the population of CSSR are reported. A description of the reogranization of oncological aid in CSSR is given, as well as a brief description of long-term program on oncology till 1990. It is hoped that the scientists of CMEA member states will successfully solve the tasks of the complex problem \"Malignant neoplasms\".", "PMID": 1020255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2658", "title": "[Reaction of inhibition of macrophage electrophoretic mobility in differential diagnosis of carcinomas].", "content": "The reactivity of the lymphocytes from 40 carcinoma patients and 19 patients without detectable malignancies was tested by means of the macrophage-electrophoresis-mobility (MEM) test exposing lymphocytes from one individual to a large spectrum of antigenic preparations. Besides the encephalitogenic protein (EP) and the carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) hypertonic KCl-extracts from human cancer and normal tissues were used as antigens to be tested. When performed in such a complex manner, the MEM-test resulted in characteristic reaction patterns allowing one not only to discriminate between cancer and noncancer, but also to draw a conclusion in which organ a carcinoma has arisen. The characteristic \"immunological tumor profiles\", thus obtained, are obviously due to the existance of common antigens in carcinomas of the same tissue origin. The CEA seems to be another antigen of high diagnostic value in that system, since the lymphocyte response to CEA was restricted to patients with tumors of the colon, rectum and stomach. The results show for the first time that lymphocytes of the tumor patients mentioned are able to react to CEA. The human lymphocyte response to CEA seems to be far more cancer- and (or embryo-specific than the reactions obtained with xenogenic hyperimmune sera) which areused for the detection of CEA in human sera or plasma samples. The \"immunological tumor profile\" opens a new step of quality among the attempts to develop immunological tumor tests.", "contents": "[Reaction of inhibition of macrophage electrophoretic mobility in differential diagnosis of carcinomas]. The reactivity of the lymphocytes from 40 carcinoma patients and 19 patients without detectable malignancies was tested by means of the macrophage-electrophoresis-mobility (MEM) test exposing lymphocytes from one individual to a large spectrum of antigenic preparations. Besides the encephalitogenic protein (EP) and the carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) hypertonic KCl-extracts from human cancer and normal tissues were used as antigens to be tested. When performed in such a complex manner, the MEM-test resulted in characteristic reaction patterns allowing one not only to discriminate between cancer and noncancer, but also to draw a conclusion in which organ a carcinoma has arisen. The characteristic \"immunological tumor profiles\", thus obtained, are obviously due to the existance of common antigens in carcinomas of the same tissue origin. The CEA seems to be another antigen of high diagnostic value in that system, since the lymphocyte response to CEA was restricted to patients with tumors of the colon, rectum and stomach. The results show for the first time that lymphocytes of the tumor patients mentioned are able to react to CEA. The human lymphocyte response to CEA seems to be far more cancer- and (or embryo-specific than the reactions obtained with xenogenic hyperimmune sera) which areused for the detection of CEA in human sera or plasma samples. The \"immunological tumor profile\" opens a new step of quality among the attempts to develop immunological tumor tests.", "PMID": 1020256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2659", "title": "[Determination of benzopyrene in the seeds of plants before and after their germination].", "content": "The possibility of BP synthesis in plants was studied. Seeds of pea, lupine, rye, oats, garden-cress were investigated in hydroponic systems with substrates containing carbon and without it. The results indicated that the quantity of BP in the seeds increased in the course of germination in solutions with carbon from 1 to 7 mug/Kg of dry weight. No increase of BP was observed after germination in media without carbon.", "contents": "[Determination of benzopyrene in the seeds of plants before and after their germination]. The possibility of BP synthesis in plants was studied. Seeds of pea, lupine, rye, oats, garden-cress were investigated in hydroponic systems with substrates containing carbon and without it. The results indicated that the quantity of BP in the seeds increased in the course of germination in solutions with carbon from 1 to 7 mug/Kg of dry weight. No increase of BP was observed after germination in media without carbon.", "PMID": 1020257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2660", "title": "[Papillomas of the urinary bladder induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in rats].", "content": "N-nitroso-N-methylurea (a total dosage--6 mg per animal), administered by a catheter in the urinary bladder cavity in female rats, following 9--56 weeks induced in 16 of 23 rats tumors of the vesical mucous membrane (mostly transitional cell papillomas).", "contents": "[Papillomas of the urinary bladder induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in rats]. N-nitroso-N-methylurea (a total dosage--6 mg per animal), administered by a catheter in the urinary bladder cavity in female rats, following 9--56 weeks induced in 16 of 23 rats tumors of the vesical mucous membrane (mostly transitional cell papillomas).", "PMID": 1020258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2661", "title": "An evaluation of \"informed consent\" with volunteer prisoner subjects.", "content": "\"Informed consent\" sets a goal for investigators experimenting with human subjects, but little is known about how to achieve or evaluate it in an experiment. In a 3-year, double-blind study with incarcerated men, we attempted to provide a \"free and informed consent\" and evaluated our efforts with an unannounced questionnaire administered to subjects after they completed the experiment. At that time, approximately two-thirds had sufficient information for an informed consent, but only one-third was well informed about all key aspects of the experiment and one-third was insufficiently informed to give an informed consent. We found that institution- or study-based coercion was minimal in our experiment. From our evaluation of the questionnaire and experience at the study institution, we conclude that an experiment with human subjects should be designed to include an ongoing evaluation of informed consent, and active attempts should be made to avoid or minimize coercive inducements. Experiments with significant risk, which require a long duration and/or large sample size relative to the institution's population, should probably not be performed on prisoner subjects. The experimenter should be independent of the penal institution's power structure. Presenting and explaining a consent form to volunteers on one occasion is probably an in adequate procedure for obtaining and maintaining an informed consent.", "contents": "An evaluation of \"informed consent\" with volunteer prisoner subjects. \"Informed consent\" sets a goal for investigators experimenting with human subjects, but little is known about how to achieve or evaluate it in an experiment. In a 3-year, double-blind study with incarcerated men, we attempted to provide a \"free and informed consent\" and evaluated our efforts with an unannounced questionnaire administered to subjects after they completed the experiment. At that time, approximately two-thirds had sufficient information for an informed consent, but only one-third was well informed about all key aspects of the experiment and one-third was insufficiently informed to give an informed consent. We found that institution- or study-based coercion was minimal in our experiment. From our evaluation of the questionnaire and experience at the study institution, we conclude that an experiment with human subjects should be designed to include an ongoing evaluation of informed consent, and active attempts should be made to avoid or minimize coercive inducements. Experiments with significant risk, which require a long duration and/or large sample size relative to the institution's population, should probably not be performed on prisoner subjects. The experimenter should be independent of the penal institution's power structure. Presenting and explaining a consent form to volunteers on one occasion is probably an in adequate procedure for obtaining and maintaining an informed consent.", "PMID": 1020309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2662", "title": "Coronary artery disease with single coronary artery.", "content": "The authors have reviewed the literature in search of the coexistence of single coronary artery with significant coronary artery disease. Two cases of single right coronary artery are described. In both, the anomalies were unsuspected and diagnosed roentgenographically in life. Both patients had angina pectoris, positive graded-exercise stress tests, and hemodynamically significant obstruction or occlusion to the coronary arteries. In neither case was the stenosis proximal or amenable to bypass surgery.", "contents": "Coronary artery disease with single coronary artery. The authors have reviewed the literature in search of the coexistence of single coronary artery with significant coronary artery disease. Two cases of single right coronary artery are described. In both, the anomalies were unsuspected and diagnosed roentgenographically in life. Both patients had angina pectoris, positive graded-exercise stress tests, and hemodynamically significant obstruction or occlusion to the coronary arteries. In neither case was the stenosis proximal or amenable to bypass surgery.", "PMID": 1020312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2663", "title": "[Mechanics of breathing and contractility of myocardium of right ventricle in chronic bronchial obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "The Reaction of the right ventricle on pulmonary hypertension in chronic bronchial obstruction is to be described. Limitation of myocardial contraction-capacity may be measured by - the index of contractility, - the tension-time-index of the right ventricle and - the tendency of systolic stain-pressure to reach diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure in time of maximal pressure-elevation-velocity.", "contents": "[Mechanics of breathing and contractility of myocardium of right ventricle in chronic bronchial obstruction (author's transl)]. The Reaction of the right ventricle on pulmonary hypertension in chronic bronchial obstruction is to be described. Limitation of myocardial contraction-capacity may be measured by - the index of contractility, - the tension-time-index of the right ventricle and - the tendency of systolic stain-pressure to reach diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure in time of maximal pressure-elevation-velocity.", "PMID": 1020335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2664", "title": "[Hemodynamic analysis of pulmonary circulation by microcatheter technique in healthy persons and in patients with pulmonary silicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of hemodynamic analysis of pulmonary circulation in 18 healthy men (PM less than 20 Torr) and 19 patients with pulmonary silicosis (PM larger than or equal to 20 Torr) at rest and under work load gave following results: In most healthy persons pulmonary pressure rose under load while resistance of pulmonary circulation decreased significantly. In patients with silicosis pulmonary pressure being elevated at rest reached pathological values under load while resistance of circulation decreased less. There was no difference in cardiac time-volume between both groups. The authors found a linear correlation between cardiac time-volume and oxygen uptake related to body surface. They derived a formula of approximating cardiac time-volume by oxygen uptake and body surface.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic analysis of pulmonary circulation by microcatheter technique in healthy persons and in patients with pulmonary silicosis (author's transl)]. A comparison of hemodynamic analysis of pulmonary circulation in 18 healthy men (PM less than 20 Torr) and 19 patients with pulmonary silicosis (PM larger than or equal to 20 Torr) at rest and under work load gave following results: In most healthy persons pulmonary pressure rose under load while resistance of pulmonary circulation decreased significantly. In patients with silicosis pulmonary pressure being elevated at rest reached pathological values under load while resistance of circulation decreased less. There was no difference in cardiac time-volume between both groups. The authors found a linear correlation between cardiac time-volume and oxygen uptake related to body surface. They derived a formula of approximating cardiac time-volume by oxygen uptake and body surface.", "PMID": 1020336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2665", "title": "[Analysis of pulmonary mechanics in patients with silicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Parameters of pulmonary mechanics were measured at rest and during physical effort in patients with silicosis and normal subjects. Between normal subjects and patients with silicosis of stage I a significant difference could not be found. However, a decrease of dynamic compliance and an increase of elastic work of breathing were found in patients with silicosis III during exercise. The PT/VT-quotient is already high at rest. These results are not in agreement with the subjective symptom \"dyspnea\". The feeling of dyspnea appears when the PT/VT-quotient is enhanced signifcantly during exercise in comparison with the value at rest. Therefore, only the PT/VT-quotient is a suitable parameter indicating dyspnea.", "contents": "[Analysis of pulmonary mechanics in patients with silicosis (author's transl)]. Parameters of pulmonary mechanics were measured at rest and during physical effort in patients with silicosis and normal subjects. Between normal subjects and patients with silicosis of stage I a significant difference could not be found. However, a decrease of dynamic compliance and an increase of elastic work of breathing were found in patients with silicosis III during exercise. The PT/VT-quotient is already high at rest. These results are not in agreement with the subjective symptom \"dyspnea\". The feeling of dyspnea appears when the PT/VT-quotient is enhanced signifcantly during exercise in comparison with the value at rest. Therefore, only the PT/VT-quotient is a suitable parameter indicating dyspnea.", "PMID": 1020337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2666", "title": "[Bodyplethysmographic analysis in patients with silicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary airway resistance was measured in patients with silicosis and in normal subjects using a volume-constant bodyplethysmograph. Values of total resistance RT were compared with spirometric ventilation parameters, oxygen tension during steady-state-exercise and arterial blood pressure. The analysis shows a significant relationship between status of silicosis and the degree of resistance. Resistance values were found enhanced also in comparison with a decrease of vital capacity and FEV1 and with an increase of residual volume and arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "[Bodyplethysmographic analysis in patients with silicosis (author's transl)]. Pulmonary airway resistance was measured in patients with silicosis and in normal subjects using a volume-constant bodyplethysmograph. Values of total resistance RT were compared with spirometric ventilation parameters, oxygen tension during steady-state-exercise and arterial blood pressure. The analysis shows a significant relationship between status of silicosis and the degree of resistance. Resistance values were found enhanced also in comparison with a decrease of vital capacity and FEV1 and with an increase of residual volume and arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 1020338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2667", "title": "[Computer analysis of mechanics of breathing by semi-on-line technique (author's transl)].", "content": "A program for the analysis of lung mechanics based on esophageal technique and running on mini-computer Cellatron 8205 is described. There are two varieties of analog-digital-conversion of primary flow- and pressure-signals from magnet tape storage to punch tape input channel using transposition of frequency either with sequential or alternating data collection oriented on respiratory half-cycles and unlimited in view of function test time. The program gives a complete status of lung mechanical parameters per respiratory half-cycle and total-cycle, that is pulmonary compliance, elastance, maximal resistance, minimal resistance, peak flow resistance, initial and terminal standard flow resistance, total, static and dynamic work of breathing, power of breathing. Output is provided both in writing and punching results to establish the connection with sequential high-level programs of lung mechanics and statistical data processing.", "contents": "[Computer analysis of mechanics of breathing by semi-on-line technique (author's transl)]. A program for the analysis of lung mechanics based on esophageal technique and running on mini-computer Cellatron 8205 is described. There are two varieties of analog-digital-conversion of primary flow- and pressure-signals from magnet tape storage to punch tape input channel using transposition of frequency either with sequential or alternating data collection oriented on respiratory half-cycles and unlimited in view of function test time. The program gives a complete status of lung mechanical parameters per respiratory half-cycle and total-cycle, that is pulmonary compliance, elastance, maximal resistance, minimal resistance, peak flow resistance, initial and terminal standard flow resistance, total, static and dynamic work of breathing, power of breathing. Output is provided both in writing and punching results to establish the connection with sequential high-level programs of lung mechanics and statistical data processing.", "PMID": 1020339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2668", "title": "[Generation and determination of pulmonary distribution disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary distribution disturbances could be generated in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity by inhalation of a Falicain aerosol (Propoxipiperocainhydrochlorid); The inhomogeneities of ventilation and mechanics of breathing were determined by means of several simple and complex methods. Comparison between these methods of analysis of distribution shows that small alterations of inhomogeneity can be indicated also by simple screening tests. The results confirm the significant relationship between ventilation disturbance and pulmonary inhomogeneity. Distribution disturbance enhances both the obstructive and the restrictive component of a ventilation disturbance. These two components cannot be separated exactly by means of the parameters of ventilation and mechanics of breathing because of the influence of inhomogeneity. The generated disturbances of distribution and ventilation became regular after inhalation of an Alupent aerosol.", "contents": "[Generation and determination of pulmonary distribution disturbances (author's transl)]. Pulmonary distribution disturbances could be generated in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity by inhalation of a Falicain aerosol (Propoxipiperocainhydrochlorid); The inhomogeneities of ventilation and mechanics of breathing were determined by means of several simple and complex methods. Comparison between these methods of analysis of distribution shows that small alterations of inhomogeneity can be indicated also by simple screening tests. The results confirm the significant relationship between ventilation disturbance and pulmonary inhomogeneity. Distribution disturbance enhances both the obstructive and the restrictive component of a ventilation disturbance. These two components cannot be separated exactly by means of the parameters of ventilation and mechanics of breathing because of the influence of inhomogeneity. The generated disturbances of distribution and ventilation became regular after inhalation of an Alupent aerosol.", "PMID": 1020340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2669", "title": "[Ventilation, gas-exchange and pulmonary arterial pressure during aerosol inhalation of sympathicomimetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of inhalation of Novodrin (beta-receptor-stimulus), Phenylephrine (alpha-receptor-stimulus) and of a mixture of both was tested in patients with chronic nonspecific respiratory syndrome. There was no significant difference of pulmonary arterial mean-pressure. Forced expiratory volume and vital capacity rose both after inhalation of Novdrin and after inhalation of the mixture. Nevertheless inhalation of the mixture can not be recommended because of a significant decrease of arterial oxygen-tension.", "contents": "[Ventilation, gas-exchange and pulmonary arterial pressure during aerosol inhalation of sympathicomimetics (author's transl)]. The effect of inhalation of Novodrin (beta-receptor-stimulus), Phenylephrine (alpha-receptor-stimulus) and of a mixture of both was tested in patients with chronic nonspecific respiratory syndrome. There was no significant difference of pulmonary arterial mean-pressure. Forced expiratory volume and vital capacity rose both after inhalation of Novdrin and after inhalation of the mixture. Nevertheless inhalation of the mixture can not be recommended because of a significant decrease of arterial oxygen-tension.", "PMID": 1020341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2670", "title": "[Blood gas-analysis and heart catheterisation in newborns with extreme low oxygen content of arterial blood because of congenital heart failure (complete transposition of great vessels) (author's transl)].", "content": "Importance of atrial septostomia in newborns with complete transposition of the great heart vessels was to be proved in 75 children, 27 of them with an atrial shunt and 48 without additional shunt. Arterial oxygen-tension while breathing roomair rose from 19 Torr without shunt to 29 Torr after septostomia. Corresponding values while breathing oxygen are 23 Torr before and 40 Torr after septostomia. In 14 children 2-5 years after septostomia control-values of oxygen-tension were 42 Torr in aorta (ventr. dext.), 34 Torr in v. cava, 67 Torr in a. pulm. (ventr. sin.) and 104 Torr in v. pulm. Differences of oxygen-content were 2,97 vol.% between aorta and v. cava, 2.83 vol.% between v. pulm. and a. pulm., 7.46 vol.% between v. pulm. and aorta and 10.34 vol.% between v. pulm. and v. cava.", "contents": "[Blood gas-analysis and heart catheterisation in newborns with extreme low oxygen content of arterial blood because of congenital heart failure (complete transposition of great vessels) (author's transl)]. Importance of atrial septostomia in newborns with complete transposition of the great heart vessels was to be proved in 75 children, 27 of them with an atrial shunt and 48 without additional shunt. Arterial oxygen-tension while breathing roomair rose from 19 Torr without shunt to 29 Torr after septostomia. Corresponding values while breathing oxygen are 23 Torr before and 40 Torr after septostomia. In 14 children 2-5 years after septostomia control-values of oxygen-tension were 42 Torr in aorta (ventr. dext.), 34 Torr in v. cava, 67 Torr in a. pulm. (ventr. sin.) and 104 Torr in v. pulm. Differences of oxygen-content were 2,97 vol.% between aorta and v. cava, 2.83 vol.% between v. pulm. and a. pulm., 7.46 vol.% between v. pulm. and aorta and 10.34 vol.% between v. pulm. and v. cava.", "PMID": 1020342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2671", "title": "[The efficacy of spironolacton in cardiopulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency the authors found a significant positive inotropic heart effect and a moderate improvement of ventilation after one injection of 400 mg Spirolacton. 2. The positive inotropic effect is experimentally confirmed in 8 dwarf pigs. 3. In 13 patients with severe cardiac and cardiopulmonary insufficiency a tendency to normalization of arterial blood gases, of actual bicarbonate and of vital capacity was found. There may be an indirect effect on the respiratory center by alteration of acid-base-status and by diuresis causing diminuation of pulmonary compliance. Spironolacton seems to be a valuable therpeutical completion in cardiac and cardiopulmonary insufficency in its intravenous quick application and its oral time application.", "contents": "[The efficacy of spironolacton in cardiopulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)]. In 17 patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency the authors found a significant positive inotropic heart effect and a moderate improvement of ventilation after one injection of 400 mg Spirolacton. 2. The positive inotropic effect is experimentally confirmed in 8 dwarf pigs. 3. In 13 patients with severe cardiac and cardiopulmonary insufficiency a tendency to normalization of arterial blood gases, of actual bicarbonate and of vital capacity was found. There may be an indirect effect on the respiratory center by alteration of acid-base-status and by diuresis causing diminuation of pulmonary compliance. Spironolacton seems to be a valuable therpeutical completion in cardiac and cardiopulmonary insufficency in its intravenous quick application and its oral time application.", "PMID": 1020343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2672", "title": "[Alternate-day prednisolone therapy in lung sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty patients with a biopsy-proven sarcoidosis of the lung (state I = 5, state II = 24, state III = 1 patient(s) were subjected to a primary alternate-day prednisolone therapy. After a treatment of 6 months all signs of sarcoidosis of state I and about two thirds of state II disappeared completely. In one third of the cases of state II (mainly broad focal and extensively infiltrative types of sarcoidosis as well as relapses the inflammatory changes in patients could be suppressed, but moderate fibrous residues remained. One case of progressive sarcoidosis of state III proved to be nearly resistant to therapy. Substantial side effects were not observed. Since the alternate-day prednisolone therapy is highly effective and nearly without any risk it is recommended to all patients with sarcoidosi needing therapy.", "contents": "[Alternate-day prednisolone therapy in lung sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. Thirty patients with a biopsy-proven sarcoidosis of the lung (state I = 5, state II = 24, state III = 1 patient(s) were subjected to a primary alternate-day prednisolone therapy. After a treatment of 6 months all signs of sarcoidosis of state I and about two thirds of state II disappeared completely. In one third of the cases of state II (mainly broad focal and extensively infiltrative types of sarcoidosis as well as relapses the inflammatory changes in patients could be suppressed, but moderate fibrous residues remained. One case of progressive sarcoidosis of state III proved to be nearly resistant to therapy. Substantial side effects were not observed. Since the alternate-day prednisolone therapy is highly effective and nearly without any risk it is recommended to all patients with sarcoidosi needing therapy.", "PMID": 1020344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2673", "title": "[Results of catheter biopsy and catheter aspiration in various lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of 415 catheter biopsies and catheter aspirations in patients with various lung diseases are reported. Among 263 patients with suspected carcinoma of the lung, in 79% neoplastic cells could be obtained histologically from catheter biopsy specimens. Among 52 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis but without positive sputum, tubercle bacilli were found in 23% by aspiration biopsy. The bacteriological examination of bronchial secretion in various lung diseases showed a prevailing growth by diplococcus pneumoniae, and more sterile conditions in the peripheral bronchial airways of 56 patients. Catheter biopsy proves to be a valuable diagnostic method for the detection of peripheral bronchial carcinomas and the catheter aspiration for the bacteriological examination in specific and non-specific lung diseases.", "contents": "[Results of catheter biopsy and catheter aspiration in various lung diseases (author's transl)]. Results of 415 catheter biopsies and catheter aspirations in patients with various lung diseases are reported. Among 263 patients with suspected carcinoma of the lung, in 79% neoplastic cells could be obtained histologically from catheter biopsy specimens. Among 52 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis but without positive sputum, tubercle bacilli were found in 23% by aspiration biopsy. The bacteriological examination of bronchial secretion in various lung diseases showed a prevailing growth by diplococcus pneumoniae, and more sterile conditions in the peripheral bronchial airways of 56 patients. Catheter biopsy proves to be a valuable diagnostic method for the detection of peripheral bronchial carcinomas and the catheter aspiration for the bacteriological examination in specific and non-specific lung diseases.", "PMID": 1020345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2674", "title": "[Pulmonary changes in a female patient with Pringle's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The Pringle's Syndrome (Synon. adenoma sebaceum) is a very variable illness, based on a congenital neuroectodermal genetic defect. The hereditary transmission is dominant and it can be very various. The pulmonary involvement in Pringle's Syndrome is very rare. A case of a 25 year old female patient is demonstrated. She suffered on spontaneous pneumothoraces in both sides and had many typical alterations in other organs. Further examinations revealed disseminated small cystic alterations in the lung. Histologically these changes are based on a congenital defect of bronchioli. The patient's cardiopulmonal efficiency is assessed regarding to its prognosis. Finally the necessity of genetic care for patients with Pringle's Syndrome is pointed out.", "contents": "[Pulmonary changes in a female patient with Pringle's syndrome (author's transl)]. The Pringle's Syndrome (Synon. adenoma sebaceum) is a very variable illness, based on a congenital neuroectodermal genetic defect. The hereditary transmission is dominant and it can be very various. The pulmonary involvement in Pringle's Syndrome is very rare. A case of a 25 year old female patient is demonstrated. She suffered on spontaneous pneumothoraces in both sides and had many typical alterations in other organs. Further examinations revealed disseminated small cystic alterations in the lung. Histologically these changes are based on a congenital defect of bronchioli. The patient's cardiopulmonal efficiency is assessed regarding to its prognosis. Finally the necessity of genetic care for patients with Pringle's Syndrome is pointed out.", "PMID": 1020346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2675", "title": "[Mediastinoscopy and scar-keloid's in boeck's sarcoid (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper represents the results of the mediastinoscopy in 135 cases of Boeck's sarcoid. The frequent formation of keloid's in the scar of the mediastinotomy is emphasized. The histological examinations of the scar keloid's after mediastinoscopy are compared with histological examinations of scars after resections of the thyroid glands. The possible reasons of the differences are discussed.", "contents": "[Mediastinoscopy and scar-keloid's in boeck's sarcoid (author's transl)]. The paper represents the results of the mediastinoscopy in 135 cases of Boeck's sarcoid. The frequent formation of keloid's in the scar of the mediastinotomy is emphasized. The histological examinations of the scar keloid's after mediastinoscopy are compared with histological examinations of scars after resections of the thyroid glands. The possible reasons of the differences are discussed.", "PMID": 1020347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2676", "title": "[Pericardial injuries due to mediastinoscopy (the anatomy of the recussus aorticus pericardii) (author's transl)].", "content": "According to results obtained on the topographical studies of the anatomy of the recessus aorticus pericardii the authors stress the possibility of the vulnerability of the pericard due to mediastinoscopy, since its retroaortal fold reaches up to the truncus brachio-cephalicus and its broad-assertion up to the a. pulmonalis.", "contents": "[Pericardial injuries due to mediastinoscopy (the anatomy of the recussus aorticus pericardii) (author's transl)]. According to results obtained on the topographical studies of the anatomy of the recessus aorticus pericardii the authors stress the possibility of the vulnerability of the pericard due to mediastinoscopy, since its retroaortal fold reaches up to the truncus brachio-cephalicus and its broad-assertion up to the a. pulmonalis.", "PMID": 1020348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2677", "title": "[The bronchusplasty with lung-resections -- a conservative method of operation in tumor surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Report regarding 32 patients with bronchusplasty in lung resections on account of semimalignant and malignant tumors. Operative indications, -technique, postoperative complications and results up to now are discussed.", "contents": "[The bronchusplasty with lung-resections -- a conservative method of operation in tumor surgery (author's transl)]. Report regarding 32 patients with bronchusplasty in lung resections on account of semimalignant and malignant tumors. Operative indications, -technique, postoperative complications and results up to now are discussed.", "PMID": 1020349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2678", "title": "[Pulmonary artery pressure in the pathophysiology of lung-resections therapy. Part I: standard values, surgical lung diseases, postoperative death rate (author's transl)].", "content": "The early death rate after lung-resections is caused mainly by right heart failure. The level of pulmonary blood pressure plays a decisive role in this respect. In patients with surgical lung diseases the blood pressure is significantly higher in several parts of lung circulation than in healthy persons. The early death rate after operation was found to be increased in patients with a higher level of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure.", "contents": "[Pulmonary artery pressure in the pathophysiology of lung-resections therapy. Part I: standard values, surgical lung diseases, postoperative death rate (author's transl)]. The early death rate after lung-resections is caused mainly by right heart failure. The level of pulmonary blood pressure plays a decisive role in this respect. In patients with surgical lung diseases the blood pressure is significantly higher in several parts of lung circulation than in healthy persons. The early death rate after operation was found to be increased in patients with a higher level of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure.", "PMID": 1020350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2679", "title": "[Pulmonary artery pressure in the pathophysiology of lung-resections therapy. Part II: bronchial carcinoma and pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with lung resections due to bronchial carcinoma have a much higher early death rate than patients with lung resections because of pulmonary tuberculosis. Functional failure of the cardiorespiratory system and right heart insufficiency are considered to be the main reasons for this difference. Intracardial pressure values were compared between 530 patients with bronchial carcinoma and 200 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis revealing significantly higher pressure values in the right heart and pulmonary artery for patients with bronchial carcinoma. Predisposing factors of the aged people are fundamental in this respect.", "contents": "[Pulmonary artery pressure in the pathophysiology of lung-resections therapy. Part II: bronchial carcinoma and pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. Patients with lung resections due to bronchial carcinoma have a much higher early death rate than patients with lung resections because of pulmonary tuberculosis. Functional failure of the cardiorespiratory system and right heart insufficiency are considered to be the main reasons for this difference. Intracardial pressure values were compared between 530 patients with bronchial carcinoma and 200 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis revealing significantly higher pressure values in the right heart and pulmonary artery for patients with bronchial carcinoma. Predisposing factors of the aged people are fundamental in this respect.", "PMID": 1020351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2680", "title": "[Pulmonary artery pressure in the pathophysiology of lung-resections therapy. Part III: pre- and postoperative investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "50 patients were investigated by right heart catheterization to determine the range of blood pressure values in lung circulation after lung resection. A comparison between pre- and postoperative blood pressure values was conducted in 29 patients and a significant increase was found. In some patients the blood pressure values after pulmonary lobectomy rose to 50% and after pneumonectomy to 100% above the preoperative values. Changes of the investigated aterial pressure differences proved to be not statistically significant.", "contents": "[Pulmonary artery pressure in the pathophysiology of lung-resections therapy. Part III: pre- and postoperative investigations (author's transl)]. 50 patients were investigated by right heart catheterization to determine the range of blood pressure values in lung circulation after lung resection. A comparison between pre- and postoperative blood pressure values was conducted in 29 patients and a significant increase was found. In some patients the blood pressure values after pulmonary lobectomy rose to 50% and after pneumonectomy to 100% above the preoperative values. Changes of the investigated aterial pressure differences proved to be not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1020352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2681", "title": "[Relation between manifest bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the inquiry of 252 patients an investigation was carried out concerning the frequency of manifest bronchial obstruction in dependence on the bronchial hyperreactivity. Patients with bronchial hyperreactivity showed more frequently with a high significance as well a decrease in the FEV1 as an increase of resistance. Therefore in dependence on the occurrence of a manifest bronchial obstruction also the probability of a simultaneous presence of bronchial hyperreactivity increases. The results are important for understanding the functional dynamics of the bronchopulmonary system, especially the evocation of dyspnea by irritation of the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Relation between manifest bronchial obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity (author's transl)]. Based on the inquiry of 252 patients an investigation was carried out concerning the frequency of manifest bronchial obstruction in dependence on the bronchial hyperreactivity. Patients with bronchial hyperreactivity showed more frequently with a high significance as well a decrease in the FEV1 as an increase of resistance. Therefore in dependence on the occurrence of a manifest bronchial obstruction also the probability of a simultaneous presence of bronchial hyperreactivity increases. The results are important for understanding the functional dynamics of the bronchopulmonary system, especially the evocation of dyspnea by irritation of the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 1020353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2682", "title": "[Evaluation of the tussicular reaction in bronchial provocative testing with acetylcholine (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for registration of the tussicular effect in bronchial challenging is described. The results, obtained in this way, are discussed for their informative value. In bronchial challenging with acetylcholine tussicular reaction in all groups of patients is more frequent than broncho constrictive reaction. Evaluated on clinical defined diagnoses respectively anamnestic date there is a good sensibility of the test (index for sensibility 0.85). Till now the date of specifity are not satisfying. It could be solved only by means of longitudinal studies, if these \"false-positive\" results have an early diagnostive value with regard to beginning functional disturbances in the airways or if they coincide with diagnostic uselessness of the test.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the tussicular reaction in bronchial provocative testing with acetylcholine (author's transl)]. A simple method for registration of the tussicular effect in bronchial challenging is described. The results, obtained in this way, are discussed for their informative value. In bronchial challenging with acetylcholine tussicular reaction in all groups of patients is more frequent than broncho constrictive reaction. Evaluated on clinical defined diagnoses respectively anamnestic date there is a good sensibility of the test (index for sensibility 0.85). Till now the date of specifity are not satisfying. It could be solved only by means of longitudinal studies, if these \"false-positive\" results have an early diagnostive value with regard to beginning functional disturbances in the airways or if they coincide with diagnostic uselessness of the test.", "PMID": 1020354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2683", "title": "[Contribution on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "In the 50 year period between 1917 and 1966, 915 patients, 0.44% of the total surgical patients at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena, died from pulmonary embolism. In 20% of the cases autopsy failed to disclose any thrombus. Among 714 fatal cases of postoperative lung embolism, 43% occurred after abdominal surgery, 18% after surgery on the extremities, and 14% followed urogenital operations. Peak incidence of lung embolism fell on the day of operation and on the 6th, 7th, and 13th postoperative day. Patients at risk of embolism can be identified beforehand. The incidence of pre- and postroperative pulmonary embolism can be reduced to a great extent by specific preventive measures carried out prior to, during, and after surgical intervention. Prevention, diagnosis, and present day treatment of pulmonary embolism are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. In the 50 year period between 1917 and 1966, 915 patients, 0.44% of the total surgical patients at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena, died from pulmonary embolism. In 20% of the cases autopsy failed to disclose any thrombus. Among 714 fatal cases of postoperative lung embolism, 43% occurred after abdominal surgery, 18% after surgery on the extremities, and 14% followed urogenital operations. Peak incidence of lung embolism fell on the day of operation and on the 6th, 7th, and 13th postoperative day. Patients at risk of embolism can be identified beforehand. The incidence of pre- and postroperative pulmonary embolism can be reduced to a great extent by specific preventive measures carried out prior to, during, and after surgical intervention. Prevention, diagnosis, and present day treatment of pulmonary embolism are discussed.", "PMID": 1020355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2684", "title": "[Rise in incidence of pulmonary embolism fatalities among surgical patients and disposing factors involved. Analysis for a 50 year period (author's transl)].", "content": "During the 50 year period from 1917 to 1966, 210078 patients were treated in the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena. Autopsies were carried out on 10083 of the patients which had dies in the Clinic. The average incidence rate of lung embolism was 0.44%, the range of values lying between 0.04% (1917) and 1.02% (1965). In periods of famine or distress, lung embolism reached its lowest point, whereas in periods of relative prosperity a high peak was reached. On the whole, the incidence of pulmonary embolism seem to be the increased age of the patients population and the higher frequency of associated heart and circulatory diseases, obesity, and accidents, as well as the extended indications for surgery in the aged.", "contents": "[Rise in incidence of pulmonary embolism fatalities among surgical patients and disposing factors involved. Analysis for a 50 year period (author's transl)]. During the 50 year period from 1917 to 1966, 210078 patients were treated in the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena. Autopsies were carried out on 10083 of the patients which had dies in the Clinic. The average incidence rate of lung embolism was 0.44%, the range of values lying between 0.04% (1917) and 1.02% (1965). In periods of famine or distress, lung embolism reached its lowest point, whereas in periods of relative prosperity a high peak was reached. On the whole, the incidence of pulmonary embolism seem to be the increased age of the patients population and the higher frequency of associated heart and circulatory diseases, obesity, and accidents, as well as the extended indications for surgery in the aged.", "PMID": 1020356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2685", "title": "[Mediastinoscopy in preoperative assessment of operability in patients with bronchial neoplasms (author's transl)].", "content": "The results and conclusions of the endoscopic exploration of mediastinum in 352 patients suffering from bronchogenic cancer are analysed. The importance of mediastinoscopy is emphasized especially in the assessment of operability. In the opinion of the authors the cancer is not operable, if metastases are found in the paratracheal and contralateral lymphnodes. Only in young men the extended resection should be done in individual cases if mediastinal lymphnode metastases are detected. Regarding these indications the rate of explorative thoracotomy could be reduced to 10%. The particular importance of preoperative examination of load capacity of the heart and circulatory system is stressed. Finally it is concluded, that an decisive improvement of the common prognosis of the bronchogenic cancer is only possible by an earlier detection and a more rapid introduction of therapy, but not by the extension of the surgical procedures. The enlargement of the surgical procedure should be decided individually. The great possibilities hencefollowing for the mass x-ray examinations are emphasized.", "contents": "[Mediastinoscopy in preoperative assessment of operability in patients with bronchial neoplasms (author's transl)]. The results and conclusions of the endoscopic exploration of mediastinum in 352 patients suffering from bronchogenic cancer are analysed. The importance of mediastinoscopy is emphasized especially in the assessment of operability. In the opinion of the authors the cancer is not operable, if metastases are found in the paratracheal and contralateral lymphnodes. Only in young men the extended resection should be done in individual cases if mediastinal lymphnode metastases are detected. Regarding these indications the rate of explorative thoracotomy could be reduced to 10%. The particular importance of preoperative examination of load capacity of the heart and circulatory system is stressed. Finally it is concluded, that an decisive improvement of the common prognosis of the bronchogenic cancer is only possible by an earlier detection and a more rapid introduction of therapy, but not by the extension of the surgical procedures. The enlargement of the surgical procedure should be decided individually. The great possibilities hencefollowing for the mass x-ray examinations are emphasized.", "PMID": 1020357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2686", "title": "[Complications of mediastinoscopy and their effects on the choice of indication (author's transl)].", "content": "Complications of 735 mediastinoscopies are evaluated. In the small number of early complications the bleedings and unjuries of pleura dominate in the described group of patients. At no time a thoracotomy was necessary. The danger of bleeding from an aneurysma of the aorta is pointed out, which is rare but possible early complication. The inoculated metastases do not deteriorate the prognosis of the bronchogenic cancer, if the mediastinoscopy is strictly limited to the paratracheal and tracheobronchial lymphnodes. The observation of a metastasis in the collar cicatrix following three months after mediastinoscopy due to cancer of the oesophagus is described. The low number of observed complications in the opinion of the writers does not justify to limit the range of indications for mediastinoscopy, its diagnostic value is high.", "contents": "[Complications of mediastinoscopy and their effects on the choice of indication (author's transl)]. Complications of 735 mediastinoscopies are evaluated. In the small number of early complications the bleedings and unjuries of pleura dominate in the described group of patients. At no time a thoracotomy was necessary. The danger of bleeding from an aneurysma of the aorta is pointed out, which is rare but possible early complication. The inoculated metastases do not deteriorate the prognosis of the bronchogenic cancer, if the mediastinoscopy is strictly limited to the paratracheal and tracheobronchial lymphnodes. The observation of a metastasis in the collar cicatrix following three months after mediastinoscopy due to cancer of the oesophagus is described. The low number of observed complications in the opinion of the writers does not justify to limit the range of indications for mediastinoscopy, its diagnostic value is high.", "PMID": 1020358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2687", "title": "[Acute courses of sarcoidosis which clinically appeared as rheumatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short review on the manifold relations between rheumatic and pulmonary diseases this aspect is exemplified in detail by acute sarcoidosis. Report on 31 patients with Loefgren-Syndrome, admitted to the rheumatologic-cardiological clinic between 1968 to 1973, nearly all with the suspicion of rheumatic fever. Their symptoms, clinical findings as well as the diagnostic programme carried out is described.", "contents": "[Acute courses of sarcoidosis which clinically appeared as rheumatic diseases (author's transl)]. After a short review on the manifold relations between rheumatic and pulmonary diseases this aspect is exemplified in detail by acute sarcoidosis. Report on 31 patients with Loefgren-Syndrome, admitted to the rheumatologic-cardiological clinic between 1968 to 1973, nearly all with the suspicion of rheumatic fever. Their symptoms, clinical findings as well as the diagnostic programme carried out is described.", "PMID": 1020359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2688", "title": "[Clinical picture of a generalized BCG vaccination tuberculosis as an expression of a progressive septic granulomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a boy, now 3 years old, who presented the typical clinical picture of a BCG generalization during infancy. The BCG agents were verified in the lymph node. Intensive tuberculostatic therapy in combination with the transfer factor failed. The negative NBT test revealed a progressive septic granulomatosis.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of a generalized BCG vaccination tuberculosis as an expression of a progressive septic granulomatosis (author's transl)]. Report on a boy, now 3 years old, who presented the typical clinical picture of a BCG generalization during infancy. The BCG agents were verified in the lymph node. Intensive tuberculostatic therapy in combination with the transfer factor failed. The negative NBT test revealed a progressive septic granulomatosis.", "PMID": 1020360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2689", "title": "[Effectivity of intermittent RMP/EMB treatment in patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "59 patients with far advanced chronic pulmonary tuberculosis were treated, after a three months daily period of RMP/EMB and a third drug, with RMP 1.2 g and EMB 50 mg/kg twice weekly for the following 9 months and there after with EMB 50 mg/kg twice weekly for another 12 months. Sputumconversion was achieved in all patients within four months. Except for one bacteriological relapse during the 10th month of therapy all patients were TB-negative up to the end of at least four years (4-6 1/2 years) after onset of treatment. In nearly 78% of the patients the treatment was fully accepted and well tolerated during the first year. 8 patients had systemic reactions due to RMP between the 7th and 12th month. Only in 5 patients RMP had to be substituted by another drug. The regimen has proved to be highly effective, well acceptable and tolerable. It could be administered fully supervised.", "contents": "[Effectivity of intermittent RMP/EMB treatment in patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. 59 patients with far advanced chronic pulmonary tuberculosis were treated, after a three months daily period of RMP/EMB and a third drug, with RMP 1.2 g and EMB 50 mg/kg twice weekly for the following 9 months and there after with EMB 50 mg/kg twice weekly for another 12 months. Sputumconversion was achieved in all patients within four months. Except for one bacteriological relapse during the 10th month of therapy all patients were TB-negative up to the end of at least four years (4-6 1/2 years) after onset of treatment. In nearly 78% of the patients the treatment was fully accepted and well tolerated during the first year. 8 patients had systemic reactions due to RMP between the 7th and 12th month. Only in 5 patients RMP had to be substituted by another drug. The regimen has proved to be highly effective, well acceptable and tolerable. It could be administered fully supervised.", "PMID": 1020361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2690", "title": "[Effectivity of intermittent treatment in patients with sputum-positive silico-tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "89 patients with sputum-positive silico-tuberculosis got a fully supervised administered antituberculous treatment with intermittent regimens during the years 1969-1974. 65 of the patients had a history of former antituberculous treatment. In only 5 patients the treatment was unsuccessful. Four of the relapses were observed between the 6th and 11th month of treatment. One patient had a relapse 56 months after the onset of chemotherapy. The results indicate that only the quality of the anti-TB treatment is of importance for the course of the tuberculous component in silico-tuberculosis. The results are comparable with those of uncomplicated TB of the lungs.", "contents": "[Effectivity of intermittent treatment in patients with sputum-positive silico-tuberculosis (author's transl)]. 89 patients with sputum-positive silico-tuberculosis got a fully supervised administered antituberculous treatment with intermittent regimens during the years 1969-1974. 65 of the patients had a history of former antituberculous treatment. In only 5 patients the treatment was unsuccessful. Four of the relapses were observed between the 6th and 11th month of treatment. One patient had a relapse 56 months after the onset of chemotherapy. The results indicate that only the quality of the anti-TB treatment is of importance for the course of the tuberculous component in silico-tuberculosis. The results are comparable with those of uncomplicated TB of the lungs.", "PMID": 1020362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2691", "title": "[Malformations of the lung with abnormal hemodynamics (author's transl)].", "content": "The various forms of combinations of bronchopulmonary and pulmonary vascular abnormalities are classified by their special hemodynamic. They are called \"pulmonary malformations with abnormal hemodynamics\". 11 cases were observed, operated and analysed.", "contents": "[Malformations of the lung with abnormal hemodynamics (author's transl)]. The various forms of combinations of bronchopulmonary and pulmonary vascular abnormalities are classified by their special hemodynamic. They are called \"pulmonary malformations with abnormal hemodynamics\". 11 cases were observed, operated and analysed.", "PMID": 1020363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2692", "title": "[Compensative dilatation of the vena azygos by abnormalities of the vena cava inferior - a contribution to the differential diagnosis of the tumorsuspected right tracheobronchial angle (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 2 patients, with a mediastinal enlargement at the right tracheobronchial angle revealing an ectasis of the orifice of vena-azygos. It could be shown that the enlargement of the vena azygos ist due to an increase of the flow-volume, caused by an abnormal embryonic drainage of the vena cava inferior into the vena azygos. The diagnostic possibilities for differentiation from vascular and nonvascular space-occupying processes in that region are discussed. An exact diagnosis is possible by angiography.", "contents": "[Compensative dilatation of the vena azygos by abnormalities of the vena cava inferior - a contribution to the differential diagnosis of the tumorsuspected right tracheobronchial angle (author's transl)]. Report on 2 patients, with a mediastinal enlargement at the right tracheobronchial angle revealing an ectasis of the orifice of vena-azygos. It could be shown that the enlargement of the vena azygos ist due to an increase of the flow-volume, caused by an abnormal embryonic drainage of the vena cava inferior into the vena azygos. The diagnostic possibilities for differentiation from vascular and nonvascular space-occupying processes in that region are discussed. An exact diagnosis is possible by angiography.", "PMID": 1020364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2693", "title": "[Rationalization and standardization in the diagnostic of pleural effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "238 pleural effusions found within five years among our patients were investigated according to a prospective fixed scheme, and analysed according to diagnostic groups. In accordance with other authors a predominance of the malignant pleural effusions was evident. Besides the cytohistologic diagnosis proving 84,6% of the pleural effusions of malignant origin, some of the biochemical parameters are of decisive value. In our opinion laboratory examinations should be abandoned which do not contribute effectively to establish the diagnosis. For rationalization a routine programme with five examinations is being proposed: total protein and specific gravity, pH, bacterial examination and cytology.", "contents": "[Rationalization and standardization in the diagnostic of pleural effusions (author's transl)]. 238 pleural effusions found within five years among our patients were investigated according to a prospective fixed scheme, and analysed according to diagnostic groups. In accordance with other authors a predominance of the malignant pleural effusions was evident. Besides the cytohistologic diagnosis proving 84,6% of the pleural effusions of malignant origin, some of the biochemical parameters are of decisive value. In our opinion laboratory examinations should be abandoned which do not contribute effectively to establish the diagnosis. For rationalization a routine programme with five examinations is being proposed: total protein and specific gravity, pH, bacterial examination and cytology.", "PMID": 1020365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2694", "title": "[Contribution on the chronic fibrinous bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The present report deals with an actual case of the rare chronic fibrinous bronchitis. With references to previous publications on this subject the picture of the disease is described on the basis of an actual case. A review of the literature available and the investigation of the actual case have led to parameters of the disease mentioned, which are typical and indicative of this disease. It has been found out that chronic fibrinous bronchitis is diagnosable by clinical means. Problems concerning the therapy, prognosis and etiology are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution on the chronic fibrinous bronchitis (author's transl)]. The present report deals with an actual case of the rare chronic fibrinous bronchitis. With references to previous publications on this subject the picture of the disease is described on the basis of an actual case. A review of the literature available and the investigation of the actual case have led to parameters of the disease mentioned, which are typical and indicative of this disease. It has been found out that chronic fibrinous bronchitis is diagnosable by clinical means. Problems concerning the therapy, prognosis and etiology are discussed.", "PMID": 1020366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2695", "title": "[Results of comprehensive respiratory function tests in CNSLD (author's transl)].", "content": "34 persons with CNSLD, but fit for work, were examined with the aim to record the degree of disturbance of pulmonary function and the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. The results were compared with 30 healthy subjects. The following function tests were carried out under resting conditions and bicycle ergometer exercises: Analysis of ventilation (FVC% pred., FEV1% FVC, RV% pred., RV% TLC), analysis of lung mechanic (Raw, CL) measurement of diffusion (DL, DM, Vc, DL% pred.) and analysis of lung inhomogeneity (RE/REO, V2/V1, CL6/CL100, deltaFN2/deltaV500, deltaFCO2/deltaV500,IHB). The results were analyzed and evaluated by using the digital computer C 8205. Persons suffering from CNSLD were showing among typical clinical symptoms the following disturbances of lung function: The obstructive ventilation disturbance stands in the foreground in connection with signs of inhomogeneity of lung mechanics and ventilation. While the resistance already shows the airway obstruction objectively under resting conditions, the decreased compliance is measurable at first under exercise. The disturbance of diffusion, which is pointed out, is mainly a latent decreased diffusing capacity of alveolo-capillary membrane. These disturbance of diffusion gets more importance because the inhomogeneity of lung hides the real disturbance of diffusion. The pathophysiological consequence of disturbed partial functions of respiration is the latent hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, therefore the signs of respiratory partial insufficiency.", "contents": "[Results of comprehensive respiratory function tests in CNSLD (author's transl)]. 34 persons with CNSLD, but fit for work, were examined with the aim to record the degree of disturbance of pulmonary function and the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. The results were compared with 30 healthy subjects. The following function tests were carried out under resting conditions and bicycle ergometer exercises: Analysis of ventilation (FVC% pred., FEV1% FVC, RV% pred., RV% TLC), analysis of lung mechanic (Raw, CL) measurement of diffusion (DL, DM, Vc, DL% pred.) and analysis of lung inhomogeneity (RE/REO, V2/V1, CL6/CL100, deltaFN2/deltaV500, deltaFCO2/deltaV500,IHB). The results were analyzed and evaluated by using the digital computer C 8205. Persons suffering from CNSLD were showing among typical clinical symptoms the following disturbances of lung function: The obstructive ventilation disturbance stands in the foreground in connection with signs of inhomogeneity of lung mechanics and ventilation. While the resistance already shows the airway obstruction objectively under resting conditions, the decreased compliance is measurable at first under exercise. The disturbance of diffusion, which is pointed out, is mainly a latent decreased diffusing capacity of alveolo-capillary membrane. These disturbance of diffusion gets more importance because the inhomogeneity of lung hides the real disturbance of diffusion. The pathophysiological consequence of disturbed partial functions of respiration is the latent hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, therefore the signs of respiratory partial insufficiency.", "PMID": 1020367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2696", "title": "Intestinal absorption of iron alone and in combination with authentic or natural vitamin C and carotene.", "content": "The effect of vitamin C and carotene derived from authentic or natural sources on intestinal iron absorption was studied. Vitamin C caused slight enhancement to iron absorption, while carotene hindered it. The three juices tested, namely orange, parsley and pepper, which were found to be rich in these two vitamins, hindered intestinal iron absorption to different extents. It was recommended that patients suffering from iron deficiency are not supplied with nutrients rich in carotene particulary during iron therapy.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of iron alone and in combination with authentic or natural vitamin C and carotene. The effect of vitamin C and carotene derived from authentic or natural sources on intestinal iron absorption was studied. Vitamin C caused slight enhancement to iron absorption, while carotene hindered it. The three juices tested, namely orange, parsley and pepper, which were found to be rich in these two vitamins, hindered intestinal iron absorption to different extents. It was recommended that patients suffering from iron deficiency are not supplied with nutrients rich in carotene particulary during iron therapy.", "PMID": 1020368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2697", "title": "The use of Lupinus termis L. cultivated in Egypt, as a food protein supplement.", "content": "1. General analysis of the seeds for protein, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and ash contents were carried out and the results were given in g/100 g dry seeds. Lupinus termis contained a higher percentage of protein (40.36), 290 mg calcium and 6.5 mg iron. 2. All the essential amino acids are present in fair amounts with the exception of sulphur-amino acids and Lysine. 3. Cooking the seeds resulted in a slight decrease of most of the amino acids with the exception of Tryptophan and Lysine, which exhibited a slight increase after cooking. 4. Of the toxic substances present in the seeds is Trypsin inhibitor, which was destroyed by heat treatment, and alkaloids, which were removed by soaking the seeds three days in running tap water. 5. Supplementing the debittered seeds with Lysine and Methionine resulted in an increase in its nutritive value.", "contents": "The use of Lupinus termis L. cultivated in Egypt, as a food protein supplement. 1. General analysis of the seeds for protein, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and ash contents were carried out and the results were given in g/100 g dry seeds. Lupinus termis contained a higher percentage of protein (40.36), 290 mg calcium and 6.5 mg iron. 2. All the essential amino acids are present in fair amounts with the exception of sulphur-amino acids and Lysine. 3. Cooking the seeds resulted in a slight decrease of most of the amino acids with the exception of Tryptophan and Lysine, which exhibited a slight increase after cooking. 4. Of the toxic substances present in the seeds is Trypsin inhibitor, which was destroyed by heat treatment, and alkaloids, which were removed by soaking the seeds three days in running tap water. 5. Supplementing the debittered seeds with Lysine and Methionine resulted in an increase in its nutritive value.", "PMID": 1020369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2698", "title": "[Electrolyte metabolism in obese subjects with various forms of therapy].", "content": "In 30 obese subjects three different methods for weight, reduction were applicated over a period of 14 days. One group (n=10) was treated with total starvation, the other group (n=10) with total starvation and 80 mval potassium in addition and the third group (n=10) with a 700 cal. diet. In total starvation the balance of sodium, potassium and phosphate amounted to -9 mval/d, -34,9/d and -8,8 mval/d respectively. Whereas calcium showed a positive balance of 4,4 mval/d. During addition of 80 mval potassium sodium excretion increased whereas potassium excretion was diminished resulting in a potassium balance less negative. During treatment with the 700 calorie diet the highest negative sodium and a high positive potassium balance were observed,", "contents": "[Electrolyte metabolism in obese subjects with various forms of therapy]. In 30 obese subjects three different methods for weight, reduction were applicated over a period of 14 days. One group (n=10) was treated with total starvation, the other group (n=10) with total starvation and 80 mval potassium in addition and the third group (n=10) with a 700 cal. diet. In total starvation the balance of sodium, potassium and phosphate amounted to -9 mval/d, -34,9/d and -8,8 mval/d respectively. Whereas calcium showed a positive balance of 4,4 mval/d. During addition of 80 mval potassium sodium excretion increased whereas potassium excretion was diminished resulting in a potassium balance less negative. During treatment with the 700 calorie diet the highest negative sodium and a high positive potassium balance were observed,", "PMID": 1020370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2699", "title": "Comparison of xylitol and glucose metabolism in nonhepatic rat tissues.", "content": "Capability and extent of xylitol metabolism in vitro was studied in a variety of non-hepatic tissues of rats, using enzymatic and isotopic methods. Only kidney was found to be able to utilize xylitol at a significant rate while in all other organs tested - lung, brain, heart muscle, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue - no uptake of xylitol was detectable using two independent methods. In accordance with these results the incorporation of radioactivity from [U-14C]-xylitol as substrate into the products CO2 and lactate was found to be very small in all organs with the exception of kidney and when compared to that from [U-14C]-glucose it was less than 5%. From these results it is concluded that besides liver only kidney can utilize xylitol to a significant extent while for the other tissues studied xylitol is not a suitable substrate.", "contents": "Comparison of xylitol and glucose metabolism in nonhepatic rat tissues. Capability and extent of xylitol metabolism in vitro was studied in a variety of non-hepatic tissues of rats, using enzymatic and isotopic methods. Only kidney was found to be able to utilize xylitol at a significant rate while in all other organs tested - lung, brain, heart muscle, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue - no uptake of xylitol was detectable using two independent methods. In accordance with these results the incorporation of radioactivity from [U-14C]-xylitol as substrate into the products CO2 and lactate was found to be very small in all organs with the exception of kidney and when compared to that from [U-14C]-glucose it was less than 5%. From these results it is concluded that besides liver only kidney can utilize xylitol to a significant extent while for the other tissues studied xylitol is not a suitable substrate.", "PMID": 1020371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2700", "title": "[Comparison of time, material and preparation costs as well as nutritive value of conventionally prepared soups and sauces and corresponding \"convenience foods\"].", "content": "In a survey the food and labour costs arising in connection with the preparation in feeding centers - with about a thousand dinners - of conventionally cooked soups and sauces and corresponding convenience food were determined. For soups food costs are lower for convenience food than for conventionally prepared soups. Regarding the sauces, the costs of one of the two preparation manners is not definetely more favourable than the other one. The cost scheme will shift to the disadvantage of convenience food whenever it has to be modified in default of a comparable product, as for instance in the case of b\u00e9chamel-sauce and horse-radish sauce. Considering the factor time, convenience food will be unambiguously superior to conventionally cooked soups and sauces. The preparation of convenience soups takes only between one fifth and one eighth of the necessary time for the preparation of conventionally, of sauces only between one sixth and one twelfth of the required time. Soups and sauces made out of convenience food have a lower energy content than the conventionally cooked ones.", "contents": "[Comparison of time, material and preparation costs as well as nutritive value of conventionally prepared soups and sauces and corresponding \"convenience foods\"]. In a survey the food and labour costs arising in connection with the preparation in feeding centers - with about a thousand dinners - of conventionally cooked soups and sauces and corresponding convenience food were determined. For soups food costs are lower for convenience food than for conventionally prepared soups. Regarding the sauces, the costs of one of the two preparation manners is not definetely more favourable than the other one. The cost scheme will shift to the disadvantage of convenience food whenever it has to be modified in default of a comparable product, as for instance in the case of b\u00e9chamel-sauce and horse-radish sauce. Considering the factor time, convenience food will be unambiguously superior to conventionally cooked soups and sauces. The preparation of convenience soups takes only between one fifth and one eighth of the necessary time for the preparation of conventionally, of sauces only between one sixth and one twelfth of the required time. Soups and sauces made out of convenience food have a lower energy content than the conventionally cooked ones.", "PMID": 1020372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2701", "title": "Nutritive studies on some raw and prepared leguminous seeds commonly used in the Arab Republic of Syria.", "content": "1. The proximate analysis of raw Syrian lentils (Lens esculentus), variety red chick pea (Cicer arietinum) variety balady, has been made. The protein content of the two raw seeds were 23 and 22 g% for lentils and chick peas, respectively. Ethereal extract, fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus and iron content of the two raw seeds have been also assayed. 2. The levels of most of the amino acids were also estimated in the raw and cooked seeds. It was found that tryptophan- and sulphur-containing amino acids were the most limiting ones. Cooking the seeds by the same methods commonly used in Syria resulted in the loss of most of the amino acids, with the exception of lysine and tryptophan which were slightly increased. 3. Trypsin inhibitors and saponins were detected in the raw seeds. Haemagglutinins were present in raw lentils only. Cooking the seeds destroyed the trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins and did not affect the saponins. 4. The net protein utilization of whole lentils and chick peas were 38 and 53, respectively. Decortication of lentils or cooking without decortication has no effect on the NPU values. Cooking the decorticated lentil seeds raised its NPU values from 38 to 56. Cooking chick peas resulted in a slight increase in their NPU. Supplementation of the raw and treated seeds with methionine and tryptophan raised its NPU values markedly.", "contents": "Nutritive studies on some raw and prepared leguminous seeds commonly used in the Arab Republic of Syria. 1. The proximate analysis of raw Syrian lentils (Lens esculentus), variety red chick pea (Cicer arietinum) variety balady, has been made. The protein content of the two raw seeds were 23 and 22 g% for lentils and chick peas, respectively. Ethereal extract, fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus and iron content of the two raw seeds have been also assayed. 2. The levels of most of the amino acids were also estimated in the raw and cooked seeds. It was found that tryptophan- and sulphur-containing amino acids were the most limiting ones. Cooking the seeds by the same methods commonly used in Syria resulted in the loss of most of the amino acids, with the exception of lysine and tryptophan which were slightly increased. 3. Trypsin inhibitors and saponins were detected in the raw seeds. Haemagglutinins were present in raw lentils only. Cooking the seeds destroyed the trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins and did not affect the saponins. 4. The net protein utilization of whole lentils and chick peas were 38 and 53, respectively. Decortication of lentils or cooking without decortication has no effect on the NPU values. Cooking the decorticated lentil seeds raised its NPU values from 38 to 56. Cooking chick peas resulted in a slight increase in their NPU. Supplementation of the raw and treated seeds with methionine and tryptophan raised its NPU values markedly.", "PMID": 1020373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2702", "title": "Effect of vitamin C and carotene on the absorption of calcium from the intestine.", "content": "The effect of vitamin C or carotene either in the authentic form or naturally occurring as in orange, parsley and pepper juices on calcium absorption was studied. Results obtained revealed that ascorbic acid, orange and pepper juices enhanced intestinal calcium absorption. Carotene and parsley proved to be without effect.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin C and carotene on the absorption of calcium from the intestine. The effect of vitamin C or carotene either in the authentic form or naturally occurring as in orange, parsley and pepper juices on calcium absorption was studied. Results obtained revealed that ascorbic acid, orange and pepper juices enhanced intestinal calcium absorption. Carotene and parsley proved to be without effect.", "PMID": 1020374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2703", "title": "[Lupine, a contribution to the human food supply. 4. Acceptability of Lupinus alba flour].", "content": "48 different dishes enriched with lupinus albus flour have been tested by 20 persons. The test duration has been 4 weeks. Meals and products with lupine admixtures have been judged equally with concern to corresponding conventional dishes. Farinaceous products had the best test results. Therefore, it is recommended for Peru to add lupine flour when producing bread, biscuits, sauces, soups, and noodles (maccaronis etc.). The test time had no influence to the test results.", "contents": "[Lupine, a contribution to the human food supply. 4. Acceptability of Lupinus alba flour]. 48 different dishes enriched with lupinus albus flour have been tested by 20 persons. The test duration has been 4 weeks. Meals and products with lupine admixtures have been judged equally with concern to corresponding conventional dishes. Farinaceous products had the best test results. Therefore, it is recommended for Peru to add lupine flour when producing bread, biscuits, sauces, soups, and noodles (maccaronis etc.). The test time had no influence to the test results.", "PMID": 1020375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2704", "title": "[General problems in the diagnosis of cancer].", "content": "Cancer distingishes itself from other chronic diseases in internal medicine by the chance of complete and constant cure in \"early\" recognition and treatment. The well-timed diagnosis, therefore, is decisive for the fate of the patient. This increases the responsibility of the internist. Early recongnitionof the cancer by well planned medical check-up meets with close boundaries and is nowadays only justified for malignant tumours of the cervix uteri, the mammary gland, the stomach and the lung. The dispensary care of risk groups favours the higher quality of the work of the physician, but is not able to reduce decisively the problem. The dispensary care has important functions in the field of health education and thus also aims at the primary prevention. Quick and relevant diagnostics in complaints is at present and in near future the most important way to the recognition of cancer in the curable stage. Careful general examination of the body and aimed questioning after danger signals independent of the reason of the consultation may improve the situation. Apart from the recognition of the cancer the disribution diagnostics and the judgment of the general resistance to stress are responsible tasks of the internist.", "contents": "[General problems in the diagnosis of cancer]. Cancer distingishes itself from other chronic diseases in internal medicine by the chance of complete and constant cure in \"early\" recognition and treatment. The well-timed diagnosis, therefore, is decisive for the fate of the patient. This increases the responsibility of the internist. Early recongnitionof the cancer by well planned medical check-up meets with close boundaries and is nowadays only justified for malignant tumours of the cervix uteri, the mammary gland, the stomach and the lung. The dispensary care of risk groups favours the higher quality of the work of the physician, but is not able to reduce decisively the problem. The dispensary care has important functions in the field of health education and thus also aims at the primary prevention. Quick and relevant diagnostics in complaints is at present and in near future the most important way to the recognition of cancer in the curable stage. Careful general examination of the body and aimed questioning after danger signals independent of the reason of the consultation may improve the situation. Apart from the recognition of the cancer the disribution diagnostics and the judgment of the general resistance to stress are responsible tasks of the internist.", "PMID": 1020376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2705", "title": "[The paraneoplastic syndrome].", "content": "The notion of the paraneoplastic syndrome contains a great number of signs which are not to be explained by the local growth of the tumour. The disturbances may express themselves in form of fever, anorexia and cachexia, or they may also affect selectively determined organs. As a cause for these tumour-associated changes, apart from unspecific and specific metabolic functions of the tumour cell, also the sequelae of immunological reactions between tumour and host organism are made responsible. The metabolic remote action of malignant neoformations proved as clearly manifest above all in the paraneoplastic endocrinopathies. Though most of the paraneoplastic syndromes are not strongly specific for the tumour their knowledge may be significant in the diagnostics and control of the course of neoplasias. This is also the case in emergency situations which can be evoked by such pathological processes. The most important paraneoplastic syndromes and problems of their pathogenesis are explained.", "contents": "[The paraneoplastic syndrome]. The notion of the paraneoplastic syndrome contains a great number of signs which are not to be explained by the local growth of the tumour. The disturbances may express themselves in form of fever, anorexia and cachexia, or they may also affect selectively determined organs. As a cause for these tumour-associated changes, apart from unspecific and specific metabolic functions of the tumour cell, also the sequelae of immunological reactions between tumour and host organism are made responsible. The metabolic remote action of malignant neoformations proved as clearly manifest above all in the paraneoplastic endocrinopathies. Though most of the paraneoplastic syndromes are not strongly specific for the tumour their knowledge may be significant in the diagnostics and control of the course of neoplasias. This is also the case in emergency situations which can be evoked by such pathological processes. The most important paraneoplastic syndromes and problems of their pathogenesis are explained.", "PMID": 1020377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2706", "title": "[The importance of endoscopy in oncology].", "content": "The importance of the praetherapeutic histological manifestation of tumours is emphasized. In many cases for this purpose an endoscopy with biopsy is necessary. A particular role plays the endoscopy in urology, bronchology and gastroenterology. The endoscopy significantly developed by the introduction of fully flexible glass fibre endoscopes. This particular considers the gastroenterology. Several regions, such as the duodenum, the small intestine and the colon, were thus first accessible to endoscopic biopsy. Indications and possibilities of the individual endoscopic methods are mentioned. As to the question, who individually should perform the endoscopy, the opinion is expressed that every specialist should perform the endoscopy in his field. The performance of all endoscopic methods by one specialist, independent on the speciality, actually gives some technical advantages, which, however, do not compensate the disadvantages concerning a qualified total diagnostics of the diseases. During the last years by the removal of the polyps the endoscopy in an increasing stage also becomes a therapeutic method. At present the technical possibilities of endoscopy came to a certain close. By all means necessary is, however, the further distribution of the endoscopic methods which depends on the availability of adequate endoscopes.", "contents": "[The importance of endoscopy in oncology]. The importance of the praetherapeutic histological manifestation of tumours is emphasized. In many cases for this purpose an endoscopy with biopsy is necessary. A particular role plays the endoscopy in urology, bronchology and gastroenterology. The endoscopy significantly developed by the introduction of fully flexible glass fibre endoscopes. This particular considers the gastroenterology. Several regions, such as the duodenum, the small intestine and the colon, were thus first accessible to endoscopic biopsy. Indications and possibilities of the individual endoscopic methods are mentioned. As to the question, who individually should perform the endoscopy, the opinion is expressed that every specialist should perform the endoscopy in his field. The performance of all endoscopic methods by one specialist, independent on the speciality, actually gives some technical advantages, which, however, do not compensate the disadvantages concerning a qualified total diagnostics of the diseases. During the last years by the removal of the polyps the endoscopy in an increasing stage also becomes a therapeutic method. At present the technical possibilities of endoscopy came to a certain close. By all means necessary is, however, the further distribution of the endoscopic methods which depends on the availability of adequate endoscopes.", "PMID": 1020378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2707", "title": "[Nuclear medicine in tumor diagnosis].", "content": "After introductory comments on the principle of the tumour scintigraphy and the factors influencing the scintigraphic demonstration the author adopts a definite attitude to the scintigraphy of thyroid gland, brain, lung, liver pancreas, kidney, bone, spleen as well as lymphatic nodes, liquor spaces and adrenal glands from the point of view of tumours diagnostics. For the purpose of a better survey for the first seven organs uniquely the problems are demonstrated according to the principle of examination, method of examination, indication to the tumour diagnostics, preliminary examination and prerequisite to the scintigraphy, the problems of scintigraphy and the functional capacity of other methods.", "contents": "[Nuclear medicine in tumor diagnosis]. After introductory comments on the principle of the tumour scintigraphy and the factors influencing the scintigraphic demonstration the author adopts a definite attitude to the scintigraphy of thyroid gland, brain, lung, liver pancreas, kidney, bone, spleen as well as lymphatic nodes, liquor spaces and adrenal glands from the point of view of tumours diagnostics. For the purpose of a better survey for the first seven organs uniquely the problems are demonstrated according to the principle of examination, method of examination, indication to the tumour diagnostics, preliminary examination and prerequisite to the scintigraphy, the problems of scintigraphy and the functional capacity of other methods.", "PMID": 1020379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2708", "title": "[Age-corrected analysis of glucose tolerance in blood relations of patients with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance test(taking the age dependent variabilities of the glucose assimilation into consideration) was performed in 68 blood relations (30 siblings, 19 parents, 19 children) of 19 patients with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (JODM). In 29,4% of the first degree relatives (in 20% of the siblings, in 42% of the parents and in 31,6% of the children) an abnormal glucose tolerance was found. Four of the siblings presented with insulin dependent JODM. Glucose intolerance was detected more often (42%) in siblings and parents of patients with later onset (after age 25) JODM than in siblings and parents of JODM-patients with onset before age 25 (20%).", "contents": "[Age-corrected analysis of glucose tolerance in blood relations of patients with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus]. Intravenous glucose tolerance test(taking the age dependent variabilities of the glucose assimilation into consideration) was performed in 68 blood relations (30 siblings, 19 parents, 19 children) of 19 patients with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (JODM). In 29,4% of the first degree relatives (in 20% of the siblings, in 42% of the parents and in 31,6% of the children) an abnormal glucose tolerance was found. Four of the siblings presented with insulin dependent JODM. Glucose intolerance was detected more often (42%) in siblings and parents of patients with later onset (after age 25) JODM than in siblings and parents of JODM-patients with onset before age 25 (20%).", "PMID": 1020380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2709", "title": "[Longitudinal study on the locomotor function test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "With  the help of a four-year observation of the course of rheumatoed arthritis in 100 patients the evidence of the locomotor functional test after Keitel is examined for the longitudinal research. The locomotor functional test proved depending on the actual activity and in a high percentage of patients showed considerable variations from year to year which were not parallel to the clinical and radiological progression. It is not sufficiently evident as the only criterion for the establishment of the progression of the disease. The locomotor functional test is well suited for the  judgement of the success of therapy in short periods and the objectivation of the actual restriction of the function especially for questionings of experts. It is proposed to include the locomotor functional test into the criteria for the establishment of the degree of function.", "contents": "[Longitudinal study on the locomotor function test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. With  the help of a four-year observation of the course of rheumatoed arthritis in 100 patients the evidence of the locomotor functional test after Keitel is examined for the longitudinal research. The locomotor functional test proved depending on the actual activity and in a high percentage of patients showed considerable variations from year to year which were not parallel to the clinical and radiological progression. It is not sufficiently evident as the only criterion for the establishment of the progression of the disease. The locomotor functional test is well suited for the  judgement of the success of therapy in short periods and the objectivation of the actual restriction of the function especially for questionings of experts. It is proposed to include the locomotor functional test into the criteria for the establishment of the degree of function.", "PMID": 1020381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2710", "title": "[Contribution to the clinical picture of Wegener's granulomatosis].", "content": "On the basis of 5 casuistics of Wegener's granulomatosis the author deals with the difficulties of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis, whereby above all is referred to the preculiarities of the cases and the malinterpretation of the diagnoses on admission to the hospital.", "contents": "[Contribution to the clinical picture of Wegener's granulomatosis]. On the basis of 5 casuistics of Wegener's granulomatosis the author deals with the difficulties of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis, whereby above all is referred to the preculiarities of the cases and the malinterpretation of the diagnoses on admission to the hospital.", "PMID": 1020382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2711", "title": "[Functional study on the sense of smell in patients with chronic liver disease].", "content": "In olfacto-odorimetrical examinations of 32 patients with chronic liver diseases (18 female and 14 male patients at the age of 23 to 77 years) 13 patients with a disturbed olfactory function were found. With one exclusion these patients suffered from liver cirrhosis. On the basis of the anamnesis in 10 of these patients a causal connection between disturbance of smelling and liver disease could be assumed. Out of this group with chronic active hepatitis of 10 patients only 1 patient had a disturbed olfactory function. In 8 patients with disturbed olfactory function suffering from liver cirrhosis a comparison of the olfactometrical findings with activity of GOT and GPT in the serum and the serum bilirubin content showed a correlation between possibilitiy of smelling and serum bilirubin level. Possible causes of appearing olfactory disturbances are demonstrated in short.", "contents": "[Functional study on the sense of smell in patients with chronic liver disease]. In olfacto-odorimetrical examinations of 32 patients with chronic liver diseases (18 female and 14 male patients at the age of 23 to 77 years) 13 patients with a disturbed olfactory function were found. With one exclusion these patients suffered from liver cirrhosis. On the basis of the anamnesis in 10 of these patients a causal connection between disturbance of smelling and liver disease could be assumed. Out of this group with chronic active hepatitis of 10 patients only 1 patient had a disturbed olfactory function. In 8 patients with disturbed olfactory function suffering from liver cirrhosis a comparison of the olfactometrical findings with activity of GOT and GPT in the serum and the serum bilirubin content showed a correlation between possibilitiy of smelling and serum bilirubin level. Possible causes of appearing olfactory disturbances are demonstrated in short.", "PMID": 1020383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2712", "title": "[The primary gallbladder neoplasm].", "content": "From 1960 to 1975 in the Surgical Clinic of the Medical Academy Erfurt altogether 77 patients with a primary malignoma of the gall-bladder were observed. Symptomatology and findings are non-characteristic. 64 times a laparotomy was carried out, whereby in 51 cases the intervention had to be finished as test laparotomy. 13 times a cholecystectomy or a biliodigestive anastomosis was carried out. The average survival time of the patients with test laparotomy was 53 days. A survival time of more than one year could nertainty. Issuing from this the author adopts a definite attitude to carcinogenesis and the importance of lithiasis.", "contents": "[The primary gallbladder neoplasm]. From 1960 to 1975 in the Surgical Clinic of the Medical Academy Erfurt altogether 77 patients with a primary malignoma of the gall-bladder were observed. Symptomatology and findings are non-characteristic. 64 times a laparotomy was carried out, whereby in 51 cases the intervention had to be finished as test laparotomy. 13 times a cholecystectomy or a biliodigestive anastomosis was carried out. The average survival time of the patients with test laparotomy was 53 days. A survival time of more than one year could nertainty. Issuing from this the author adopts a definite attitude to carcinogenesis and the importance of lithiasis.", "PMID": 1020384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2713", "title": "[The reproducibility of the acetylcholine test and the effect of the respiratory flow rate].", "content": "The reproducibility of the acetylcholine-test results was controled by means of comparative investigations on 50 patients. The method of investigation render it possible with a high reliability to exclude a bronchial hyperreactivity. However, a single positive diagnose needs an additional control examination with reference to the interpretation of evidence. The different test results are caused by the biological variability of the bronchial hyperreactivity; on the other hand, an influence of variability of the minute output of breathing could be excluded.", "contents": "[The reproducibility of the acetylcholine test and the effect of the respiratory flow rate]. The reproducibility of the acetylcholine-test results was controled by means of comparative investigations on 50 patients. The method of investigation render it possible with a high reliability to exclude a bronchial hyperreactivity. However, a single positive diagnose needs an additional control examination with reference to the interpretation of evidence. The different test results are caused by the biological variability of the bronchial hyperreactivity; on the other hand, an influence of variability of the minute output of breathing could be excluded.", "PMID": 1020385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2714", "title": "[Learning gastroenterologic endoscopy].", "content": "1. Knowledge of the gastroenterological endoscopy and biopsy is necessary at all levels of medical education. 2. Knowledge of students: possible methods, diagnostic effectiveness, stress of the patients. Knowledge of the candidates for specialisation: indications, contraindications, possibilities of the method also in reference to the individual case. Persons interested in the subspecialisation gastro-enterology: theory, possibilities and limits, technical performance. Experienced endoscopists: regular refreshment and supplementation of knowledge and skill in highly specialised endoscopic centres. 3. Tested teaching methods are lecture, report, study of atlants and text-books, demonstrations of diapositives in connection with schematic figures, seminars with diapositives, film demonstrations, work at the patient under supervision of the tutor and use of a demonstration device as well as endoscopic demonstration by means of colour television. The centre is, however, the individual examination of the patient. 4. Knowledge of the subspecialist: History of endoscopy, knowledge of instruments, optics and endoscopic perspective, physical fundaments about light and photography, human macro- and microscopic anatomy, care of instruments and desinfection. Indications, contraindications, possibilities and limits of the method, emergency and intensive medicine, writing of the findings.", "contents": "[Learning gastroenterologic endoscopy]. 1. Knowledge of the gastroenterological endoscopy and biopsy is necessary at all levels of medical education. 2. Knowledge of students: possible methods, diagnostic effectiveness, stress of the patients. Knowledge of the candidates for specialisation: indications, contraindications, possibilities of the method also in reference to the individual case. Persons interested in the subspecialisation gastro-enterology: theory, possibilities and limits, technical performance. Experienced endoscopists: regular refreshment and supplementation of knowledge and skill in highly specialised endoscopic centres. 3. Tested teaching methods are lecture, report, study of atlants and text-books, demonstrations of diapositives in connection with schematic figures, seminars with diapositives, film demonstrations, work at the patient under supervision of the tutor and use of a demonstration device as well as endoscopic demonstration by means of colour television. The centre is, however, the individual examination of the patient. 4. Knowledge of the subspecialist: History of endoscopy, knowledge of instruments, optics and endoscopic perspective, physical fundaments about light and photography, human macro- and microscopic anatomy, care of instruments and desinfection. Indications, contraindications, possibilities and limits of the method, emergency and intensive medicine, writing of the findings.", "PMID": 1020386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2715", "title": "[The value of aimed biopsy in gastroscopy].", "content": "The introduction of the fiberscops with the possibility of the aimed biopsy has considerably improved the diagnostic evidence of gastroscopy, though there exists a whole series of technical problems in the histological ascertainment. Though all regions of the stomach are accessible to the biopsy forceps, the histological findings cannot always be ascertained clearly histologically. Of 105 carcinomata of the stomach and the oesophagus only 84 were verified clearly histologically. Of 101 ulcers appearing benign five proved to be malignant in histological respect. In 14 scars in two cases a carcinoma could be proved. Altogether from 27 polyps appearing benign bioptic material was taken, which in all cases confirmed the primary diagnosis, nevertheless at the operation one polyp proved to be malignant. In 105 cases endoscopically the diagnosis of a carcinoma was made, but in seven cases it was a benign ulcer clearly confirmed by the operation. It is reported on some own experiences concerning the improvement of the result of the aimed biopsy.", "contents": "[The value of aimed biopsy in gastroscopy]. The introduction of the fiberscops with the possibility of the aimed biopsy has considerably improved the diagnostic evidence of gastroscopy, though there exists a whole series of technical problems in the histological ascertainment. Though all regions of the stomach are accessible to the biopsy forceps, the histological findings cannot always be ascertained clearly histologically. Of 105 carcinomata of the stomach and the oesophagus only 84 were verified clearly histologically. Of 101 ulcers appearing benign five proved to be malignant in histological respect. In 14 scars in two cases a carcinoma could be proved. Altogether from 27 polyps appearing benign bioptic material was taken, which in all cases confirmed the primary diagnosis, nevertheless at the operation one polyp proved to be malignant. In 105 cases endoscopically the diagnosis of a carcinoma was made, but in seven cases it was a benign ulcer clearly confirmed by the operation. It is reported on some own experiences concerning the improvement of the result of the aimed biopsy.", "PMID": 1020387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2716", "title": "[The gastroscopic diagnosis of early stomach carcinoma].", "content": "A short report is given on the development of diagnostics of early gastric cancers, whereby it is especially referred to the importance of the Japanese investigations of this phenomenon. The notion of the early carcinoma for gastric carcinomata which have affected only the mucous membrane or only in a slight degree the submucosa is widespread. But it contains a notion of time which is falsely presumed. As we at present do not certainly know, whether the early gastric carcinomata, all over the world known as \"early cancer\", really could not fail in developing to advanced gastric carcinomata, the name \"early\" carcinoma is questionable. Concerning this question further investigations are necessary, which should be directed to the definition of a risk group of gastric cancer. Finally is reported on own results in the diagnosis of 12 early gastric cancers.", "contents": "[The gastroscopic diagnosis of early stomach carcinoma]. A short report is given on the development of diagnostics of early gastric cancers, whereby it is especially referred to the importance of the Japanese investigations of this phenomenon. The notion of the early carcinoma for gastric carcinomata which have affected only the mucous membrane or only in a slight degree the submucosa is widespread. But it contains a notion of time which is falsely presumed. As we at present do not certainly know, whether the early gastric carcinomata, all over the world known as \"early cancer\", really could not fail in developing to advanced gastric carcinomata, the name \"early\" carcinoma is questionable. Concerning this question further investigations are necessary, which should be directed to the definition of a risk group of gastric cancer. Finally is reported on own results in the diagnosis of 12 early gastric cancers.", "PMID": 1020388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2717", "title": "[The so called early stomach carcinoma and its histological definition].", "content": "The histological findings of twenty bioptically diagnosed early cancers of the stomach are described. In the delimitation of the so-called borderline-lesions the intestinal metaplasia in the mucous membrane of the stomach must particularly be taken into consideration. The differentiated ripe form of the intestinal metaplasia is no precancerosis. However, within the process of intestinalisation atypias may appear, which represent possible transitional forms to carcinoma.", "contents": "[The so called early stomach carcinoma and its histological definition]. The histological findings of twenty bioptically diagnosed early cancers of the stomach are described. In the delimitation of the so-called borderline-lesions the intestinal metaplasia in the mucous membrane of the stomach must particularly be taken into consideration. The differentiated ripe form of the intestinal metaplasia is no precancerosis. However, within the process of intestinalisation atypias may appear, which represent possible transitional forms to carcinoma.", "PMID": 1020389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2718", "title": "[Deep duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography].", "content": "A survey is given on indications, results and complications of the deep duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography. The endoscopic retrograde pancreatography is indicated in the chronic forms of pancreatitis, in suspicion to cysts of the pancreas or tumours. Its results have a decisive influence on the indication to surgical procedure and on the planning of the intervention. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is of greatest practical significance for the differential diagnosis of the cholestatic icterus: non-obstructed bile ducts exclude an extrahepatic icterus and render a laparotomy useless. Furthermore, the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is indicated when the demonstration of the duct is intravenously insufficient, when papillary or prepapillary narrowings are present and in the etiologically unclear syndrome of postcholecystectomy. The most dangerous complications of the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography are the acute pancreatitis and the infection of cysts. Cholangitides and septicaemias appear after the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography only in such cases when obstructions of the drainage are present.", "contents": "[Deep duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography]. A survey is given on indications, results and complications of the deep duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography. The endoscopic retrograde pancreatography is indicated in the chronic forms of pancreatitis, in suspicion to cysts of the pancreas or tumours. Its results have a decisive influence on the indication to surgical procedure and on the planning of the intervention. The endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is of greatest practical significance for the differential diagnosis of the cholestatic icterus: non-obstructed bile ducts exclude an extrahepatic icterus and render a laparotomy useless. Furthermore, the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is indicated when the demonstration of the duct is intravenously insufficient, when papillary or prepapillary narrowings are present and in the etiologically unclear syndrome of postcholecystectomy. The most dangerous complications of the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography are the acute pancreatitis and the infection of cysts. Cholangitides and septicaemias appear after the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography only in such cases when obstructions of the drainage are present.", "PMID": 1020390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2719", "title": "[Experiences with coloscopy].", "content": "The introduction of fully flexible coloscopes has considerably contributed to the improvement of the diagnostics of the large intestine. According to the hitherto got experiences is to be expected that this method will contribute to the possibility of diagnose malignant and benign colon processes earlier and more exactly. In the paper the methodology of the coloscopy is described and it is referred to its difficulties and complications. The indications and contraindications for the coloscopy are described. It is reported on first results after a one-year experience with coloscopy. The conclusion is that in patients with radiologically and rectoscopically not clarifiable, referring to a severe disease of the colon, symptoms a coloscopy should be carried out.", "contents": "[Experiences with coloscopy]. The introduction of fully flexible coloscopes has considerably contributed to the improvement of the diagnostics of the large intestine. According to the hitherto got experiences is to be expected that this method will contribute to the possibility of diagnose malignant and benign colon processes earlier and more exactly. In the paper the methodology of the coloscopy is described and it is referred to its difficulties and complications. The indications and contraindications for the coloscopy are described. It is reported on first results after a one-year experience with coloscopy. The conclusion is that in patients with radiologically and rectoscopically not clarifiable, referring to a severe disease of the colon, symptoms a coloscopy should be carried out.", "PMID": 1020391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2720", "title": "[Vital microscopic investigation of terminal blood vessels in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "It is reported on findings of vital-microscopic investigations at the terminal vascular system of the conjunctiva bulbi and the mucous membrane of the lips carried out on 50 juvenile diabetics and 50 test persons of the same age. By quantitative establishment of the morphological and functional changes of the vessels and the aggregation of the erythrocytes in the different regions of the terminal vascular system we succeeded in delimitating all 50 diabetes as individuum or as collective (x equals 10.7 +/- 1.5) from the test persons (x equals 3.4 +/- 0.9) by means of a point system (p less than 0.001). In 4 figures typical vascular findings are demonstrated. No pathognomonic significance was ascribed to the individual vascular findings. The morphological and functional changes of the vascular wall are regarded as an expression of fundamental reactive possibilities of the vessels of the terminal vascular system after influence of different factors of risk. As criteria of the findings were used: venular sacculations, meander-like forms, convolutions, haemorrhages, aneurysms, reticular structures, varieties of calibres, changed arteriolarvenular relations of the inner diameter of the vessels, constant proof of aggregates of erythrocytes with temporary standstill of the flow in the different parts of the terminal vascular system. The author is of the opinion that with simultanuous establishment of the morphological and functional changes of wall of the vessel and content of the vessel degenerative changes in diabetes mellitus are provable earlier than at the eye-ground by means of ophthalmocoscopy when only morphological findings are established. The reciprocities between the vascular changes and the rheological properties of the blood are described.", "contents": "[Vital microscopic investigation of terminal blood vessels in patients with diabetes mellitus]. It is reported on findings of vital-microscopic investigations at the terminal vascular system of the conjunctiva bulbi and the mucous membrane of the lips carried out on 50 juvenile diabetics and 50 test persons of the same age. By quantitative establishment of the morphological and functional changes of the vessels and the aggregation of the erythrocytes in the different regions of the terminal vascular system we succeeded in delimitating all 50 diabetes as individuum or as collective (x equals 10.7 +/- 1.5) from the test persons (x equals 3.4 +/- 0.9) by means of a point system (p less than 0.001). In 4 figures typical vascular findings are demonstrated. No pathognomonic significance was ascribed to the individual vascular findings. The morphological and functional changes of the vascular wall are regarded as an expression of fundamental reactive possibilities of the vessels of the terminal vascular system after influence of different factors of risk. As criteria of the findings were used: venular sacculations, meander-like forms, convolutions, haemorrhages, aneurysms, reticular structures, varieties of calibres, changed arteriolarvenular relations of the inner diameter of the vessels, constant proof of aggregates of erythrocytes with temporary standstill of the flow in the different parts of the terminal vascular system. The author is of the opinion that with simultanuous establishment of the morphological and functional changes of wall of the vessel and content of the vessel degenerative changes in diabetes mellitus are provable earlier than at the eye-ground by means of ophthalmocoscopy when only morphological findings are established. The reciprocities between the vascular changes and the rheological properties of the blood are described.", "PMID": 1020392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2721", "title": "[Results of different long term treatments of patients in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "In a clinical 5-year-study on 200 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with the help of the dynamics of radiological changes (radiological progressing), the joint deformation, the reduction of function and the new affection of joints (clinical progressing) as well as the medium position of activity the progressing of the disease and a good, satisfying or missing success of the long-term therapy were estimated. From the characteristics of the individual groups of therapy conclusions for the therapy in the early phase of the rheumatoid arthritis were derived.", "contents": "[Results of different long term treatments of patients in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis]. In a clinical 5-year-study on 200 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with the help of the dynamics of radiological changes (radiological progressing), the joint deformation, the reduction of function and the new affection of joints (clinical progressing) as well as the medium position of activity the progressing of the disease and a good, satisfying or missing success of the long-term therapy were estimated. From the characteristics of the individual groups of therapy conclusions for the therapy in the early phase of the rheumatoid arthritis were derived.", "PMID": 1020393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2722", "title": "[Plethysmographic investigation of the post-thrombotic syndrome].", "content": "In 49 patients with a phlebographically ascertained postthrombotic syndrome, who were above all subdivided into morphologically defined degrees of severity, after May and Nissl, a plethysmographic investigation was carried out with the deep positioning test and the venous drainage test. The results were contrasted with a group of 53 patients with a primary varicosis and the measuring results of 102 test persons with healthy veins. A very good correlation between the morphological changes and the haemodynamic findings establishable by means of the phlebembraxis plethysmography could be proved. A clear evidence was possible by means of the venous drainage test, whereas in the deep positioning test a certain demarcation was possible only in stage III of the postthrombotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Plethysmographic investigation of the post-thrombotic syndrome]. In 49 patients with a phlebographically ascertained postthrombotic syndrome, who were above all subdivided into morphologically defined degrees of severity, after May and Nissl, a plethysmographic investigation was carried out with the deep positioning test and the venous drainage test. The results were contrasted with a group of 53 patients with a primary varicosis and the measuring results of 102 test persons with healthy veins. A very good correlation between the morphological changes and the haemodynamic findings establishable by means of the phlebembraxis plethysmography could be proved. A clear evidence was possible by means of the venous drainage test, whereas in the deep positioning test a certain demarcation was possible only in stage III of the postthrombotic syndrome.", "PMID": 1020394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2723", "title": "[Smoking and the change in leukocyte count].", "content": "In 20 smokers and non-smokers the effect of one cigarette on the total number of leucocytes, the absolute number of basophilic granulocytes and on the basophil-age-index was investigated. The reduction of the BAI was ascertained in smokers at the 5%-level and in non-smokers at the 1%-level. The number of leucocytes was significantly increased in smokers. The reduction of the total number of leucocytes by smoking was ascertained in smokers at the 1%-level, in non-smokers at the 5%-level. Adaptation mechanisms as well as the importance of the findings for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and smoker bronchitis are discussed.", "contents": "[Smoking and the change in leukocyte count]. In 20 smokers and non-smokers the effect of one cigarette on the total number of leucocytes, the absolute number of basophilic granulocytes and on the basophil-age-index was investigated. The reduction of the BAI was ascertained in smokers at the 5%-level and in non-smokers at the 1%-level. The number of leucocytes was significantly increased in smokers. The reduction of the total number of leucocytes by smoking was ascertained in smokers at the 1%-level, in non-smokers at the 5%-level. Adaptation mechanisms as well as the importance of the findings for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and smoker bronchitis are discussed.", "PMID": 1020395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2724", "title": "[Blood circulation disturbances of the upper extremities as a principle symptom of pseudoxanthoma elasticum].", "content": "The pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a rare disease of the connective tissue which coincides with typical symptoms of the skin, eyes and vessels. It is reported on a 37-year-old female patient that showed disturbances of the blood circulation in the upper extremities as a main symptom.", "contents": "[Blood circulation disturbances of the upper extremities as a principle symptom of pseudoxanthoma elasticum]. The pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a rare disease of the connective tissue which coincides with typical symptoms of the skin, eyes and vessels. It is reported on a 37-year-old female patient that showed disturbances of the blood circulation in the upper extremities as a main symptom.", "PMID": 1020396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2725", "title": "[Case report on the problem of individual glycoside requirements].", "content": "A report is given on a patient with ischaemic heart disease, whose recompensation in tachyarrhythmia absoluta was for some times possible only by means of unusually high doses of digitoxin (fully effective dose to 5.72 mg, maintenance dose to 0.4 mg). The patient survived a severe decompensation with pulmonary oedema, which appeared under \"normal\" applications of glycosides, 2 1/2 years under this therapy. Thus it must again be referred to an individual glycoside treatment.", "contents": "[Case report on the problem of individual glycoside requirements]. A report is given on a patient with ischaemic heart disease, whose recompensation in tachyarrhythmia absoluta was for some times possible only by means of unusually high doses of digitoxin (fully effective dose to 5.72 mg, maintenance dose to 0.4 mg). The patient survived a severe decompensation with pulmonary oedema, which appeared under \"normal\" applications of glycosides, 2 1/2 years under this therapy. Thus it must again be referred to an individual glycoside treatment.", "PMID": 1020397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2726", "title": "[Molecular mechanisms of the biological effects of UV radiation].", "content": "The biological processes taking place in the biosphere are for the largest part bound to the existence of ultraviolet-rays in form of sun rays. Here the furthering effect of the UV-rays on origination, maintenance and further development of life processes is contrasted by the harmful influences of the UV-rays. With the help of the hitherto known facts the primary and consecutive processes which underlie the biological effects of the UV-rays are discussed on molecular level. Furthermore, the possibilities of repairing these lesions caused by UV-rays as well as the biological consequences when repair damages are present are discussed. Finally on the basis of experimental examinations the author deals with the problems of the ultra-violet radiation of the blood.", "contents": "[Molecular mechanisms of the biological effects of UV radiation]. The biological processes taking place in the biosphere are for the largest part bound to the existence of ultraviolet-rays in form of sun rays. Here the furthering effect of the UV-rays on origination, maintenance and further development of life processes is contrasted by the harmful influences of the UV-rays. With the help of the hitherto known facts the primary and consecutive processes which underlie the biological effects of the UV-rays are discussed on molecular level. Furthermore, the possibilities of repairing these lesions caused by UV-rays as well as the biological consequences when repair damages are present are discussed. Finally on the basis of experimental examinations the author deals with the problems of the ultra-violet radiation of the blood.", "PMID": 1020398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2727", "title": "[The place of adrenal angiography (phlebography and arteriography) in the diagnostic stepwise program in arterial hypertension].", "content": "Arteriographical and phlebographical methods are distinctly suited for the diagnostics of the adrenal glands in the stop program of the combat against hypertension. Hypervascular tumours of the adrenal medulla, especially phaeochromocytomata may be established arteriographically relatively certainly. Avascular processes of the adrenal cortex, however, are better to be diagnosed by the selective phlebography of the adrenal glands. The phlebography is also suited for the planimetric determination of the size. The following uncorrected normal values were established: on the left m1 = 10.58 +/- 1.17 cm2, on the right m2 = 6.95 +/- 1.39 cm2. The mean value of normal couples of adrenal glands is M = 18.17 +/- 1.96 cm2. The left adrenal gland is statistically significantly larger than the right one (p greater than 0.001). In 214 patients altogether 44 selective arteriographies and 276 selective phlebographies of the adrenal glands were performed. As angiographical basis examination of all patients was at first performed an abdominal aortography or an angiography of the kidneys. The phlebographical diagnostics was successful on the left in 98.7% and on the right in 90.4% of the cases. 72 patients had pathological processes of the adrenal glands, out of them 20 times a solitary adenoma of the adrenal glands was present. 38 patients had a one- or double-sided hyperplasia, and 4 patients had a phaeochromocytoma. In 10 other cases more infrequent changes were found.", "contents": "[The place of adrenal angiography (phlebography and arteriography) in the diagnostic stepwise program in arterial hypertension]. Arteriographical and phlebographical methods are distinctly suited for the diagnostics of the adrenal glands in the stop program of the combat against hypertension. Hypervascular tumours of the adrenal medulla, especially phaeochromocytomata may be established arteriographically relatively certainly. Avascular processes of the adrenal cortex, however, are better to be diagnosed by the selective phlebography of the adrenal glands. The phlebography is also suited for the planimetric determination of the size. The following uncorrected normal values were established: on the left m1 = 10.58 +/- 1.17 cm2, on the right m2 = 6.95 +/- 1.39 cm2. The mean value of normal couples of adrenal glands is M = 18.17 +/- 1.96 cm2. The left adrenal gland is statistically significantly larger than the right one (p greater than 0.001). In 214 patients altogether 44 selective arteriographies and 276 selective phlebographies of the adrenal glands were performed. As angiographical basis examination of all patients was at first performed an abdominal aortography or an angiography of the kidneys. The phlebographical diagnostics was successful on the left in 98.7% and on the right in 90.4% of the cases. 72 patients had pathological processes of the adrenal glands, out of them 20 times a solitary adenoma of the adrenal glands was present. 38 patients had a one- or double-sided hyperplasia, and 4 patients had a phaeochromocytoma. In 10 other cases more infrequent changes were found.", "PMID": 1020399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2728", "title": "[Screening of collagen diseases in the years 1961-1972 from a selected population sample].", "content": "In our article is referred to the recognition of collagenosis in the demarcated whole district with 100,000 inhabitants. The occurrence of these diseases is lower than the occurrence of other rheumatic diseases. Our results as well as the observations of other authors confirm that the lupus erythematodes and the diffuse sclerodermia are not rare diseases even in our circumstances and with their evolution tendency they shorten the lives of the affected persons. The high recognition coefficient with large probability corresponds to the real incidence of these two diseases, which can be achieved only by an observation of many years and repeated controls of the correctness of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Screening of collagen diseases in the years 1961-1972 from a selected population sample]. In our article is referred to the recognition of collagenosis in the demarcated whole district with 100,000 inhabitants. The occurrence of these diseases is lower than the occurrence of other rheumatic diseases. Our results as well as the observations of other authors confirm that the lupus erythematodes and the diffuse sclerodermia are not rare diseases even in our circumstances and with their evolution tendency they shorten the lives of the affected persons. The high recognition coefficient with large probability corresponds to the real incidence of these two diseases, which can be achieved only by an observation of many years and repeated controls of the correctness of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1020400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2729", "title": "[Experiences with sodium fluoride in the treatment of osteoporosis].", "content": "In 10 patients with primary and 13 patients with glucocorticoid osteoporosis a NaF-therapy with an average daily dose of 80 mg was carried out in a period of 1/2 to 4 1/2 years. 22 patients spoke about an improvement of the complaints. Radiologically an osteogenesis could be proved in 19 patients. Dose and duration of the therapy as well as eventual additional treatments, frequency and severity of the side-effects are discussed and the indication for a NaF-medication are elaborated.", "contents": "[Experiences with sodium fluoride in the treatment of osteoporosis]. In 10 patients with primary and 13 patients with glucocorticoid osteoporosis a NaF-therapy with an average daily dose of 80 mg was carried out in a period of 1/2 to 4 1/2 years. 22 patients spoke about an improvement of the complaints. Radiologically an osteogenesis could be proved in 19 patients. Dose and duration of the therapy as well as eventual additional treatments, frequency and severity of the side-effects are discussed and the indication for a NaF-medication are elaborated.", "PMID": 1020401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2730", "title": "[Comparability of jet and ultrasonic aerosols in bronchial reactivity tests].", "content": "The use of tests of bronchial reactivity for expert's opinions as well as ability examinations and check-ups in the field of occupational medicine makes great demands on their reproducibility. In the case of different application techniques the comparability of the test results is to be proved. For two aerosol producers used in the GDR test variants reliable for many years were comparatively investigated. Hereby the possibility could be proved on principle to achieve comparable results by variation of the concentration of the acetylcholine solution given. The choice of the test concentration in question is decisively influenced by the aim of the examination and the kind of test persons.", "contents": "[Comparability of jet and ultrasonic aerosols in bronchial reactivity tests]. The use of tests of bronchial reactivity for expert's opinions as well as ability examinations and check-ups in the field of occupational medicine makes great demands on their reproducibility. In the case of different application techniques the comparability of the test results is to be proved. For two aerosol producers used in the GDR test variants reliable for many years were comparatively investigated. Hereby the possibility could be proved on principle to achieve comparable results by variation of the concentration of the acetylcholine solution given. The choice of the test concentration in question is decisively influenced by the aim of the examination and the kind of test persons.", "PMID": 1020402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2731", "title": "[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia and cardiovascular diseases in relation to age].", "content": "The primary hyperlipoproteinaemia is a frequently appearing disease of the second half of life. Out of 188 patients with hyperliporpoteinaemia 19% were at an age of 40-49 years, 33% at an age of 50-59 years and 51% of 60-69 years. The type IV of hyperlipoproteinaemia was the most frequent one (19%), in the second place was type IIa (21%) and in the third place was type IIb (14%). In the 5th decade of life type IV prevailed in males and type IIa in females, in the 6th and 7th decade of life nearly the same percentage for these types was to be found in both sexes. In 60% of the patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia we found a hypertension, in males in 20% coronary insufficiency appeared already in the 4th decade of life, then it rose to 70%, in females these appearances occurred about 10 years later. 9% of the patients fell ill from myocardial infarction. A general arteriosclerosis appeared in 63% of the males and in 89% of the females beginning with the 5th decade of life, then it still increased. Therefore, adequate preventive and curative measures (diet and pharmaca) are necessary in time.", "contents": "[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia and cardiovascular diseases in relation to age]. The primary hyperlipoproteinaemia is a frequently appearing disease of the second half of life. Out of 188 patients with hyperliporpoteinaemia 19% were at an age of 40-49 years, 33% at an age of 50-59 years and 51% of 60-69 years. The type IV of hyperlipoproteinaemia was the most frequent one (19%), in the second place was type IIa (21%) and in the third place was type IIb (14%). In the 5th decade of life type IV prevailed in males and type IIa in females, in the 6th and 7th decade of life nearly the same percentage for these types was to be found in both sexes. In 60% of the patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia we found a hypertension, in males in 20% coronary insufficiency appeared already in the 4th decade of life, then it rose to 70%, in females these appearances occurred about 10 years later. 9% of the patients fell ill from myocardial infarction. A general arteriosclerosis appeared in 63% of the males and in 89% of the females beginning with the 5th decade of life, then it still increased. Therefore, adequate preventive and curative measures (diet and pharmaca) are necessary in time.", "PMID": 1020403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2732", "title": "[Unusual joint complications in sickle cell anemia].", "content": "It is reported on the casuistics of a 23-year-old Lebanese who since his eighth year suffered from joint swellings and occasional attacks of jaundice. By the proof of false forms of erythrocytes and by the haemoglobin electrophoresis a homozygous sickle cell disease could be ascertained. Peculiarities of the clinical picture were among others changes of the bones of high degree (osteolyses of vertebral bodies, of the head of the right humerus and the heads of the two femurs) was well as of the knee-joints in form of ankyloses.", "contents": "[Unusual joint complications in sickle cell anemia]. It is reported on the casuistics of a 23-year-old Lebanese who since his eighth year suffered from joint swellings and occasional attacks of jaundice. By the proof of false forms of erythrocytes and by the haemoglobin electrophoresis a homozygous sickle cell disease could be ascertained. Peculiarities of the clinical picture were among others changes of the bones of high degree (osteolyses of vertebral bodies, of the head of the right humerus and the heads of the two femurs) was well as of the knee-joints in form of ankyloses.", "PMID": 1020404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2733", "title": "[Long-term results in electric pacemaker therapy].", "content": "It is reported on experiences and results in 317 patients with altogether 690 implantations of pacemakers from 1963 to 1974 and under comparison and with reference to the up to now existing long-term results published in literature state and tendency of the medical and technical development of the electric heart stimulation are discussed. The average age of outpatients was 62.9 years with a peak of age of 46% in the 7th decade of life. 60% were male patients, 40% female ones. With about 50% the constant total atrioventricular block was the most frequent indication. 63% of the familiar types of pacemakers were biotronic apparatuses, 36% of them with fixed frequency. The average duration of the function of all apparatuses was calculated with 20.1 months. Hereby the biotronic types had the longest average function times of 26.7 months (frequency fixed) or 26.3 months (regulated). In 373 reimplantations is shown that 2.17 apparatuses were implanted in each patient. The total number of complications was 21.2% related to the total number of implantations. With 8.9% breaks of the cable were in the first place in myocardial electrodes. Dislocations of transvenous electrodes were observed only in 4.5% of our cases. With 5.8% pressure necroses and infections were the cause of complications stood in the second place concerning frequency. The total lethality was 23.7% with an age peak of 38% in the 8th decade of life. 13.4% of the cases of death belong to an early lethality with a prevailing part of epicardial implantations. In our patients the cumulative survival rate was after 1 year 89.3%, after 5 years 62.3% and after 8 years 47.7%. The 50% survival rate was ca. 7.3 years. In comparison to the population of the same age the average expectance of life is transgressed by about 6 years. The prolongation of the survival time by electrostimulation compared with the conservative treatment of the total atrioventricular block with Adams-Stokes-syndrome is the essential result of the pacemaker therapy.", "contents": "[Long-term results in electric pacemaker therapy]. It is reported on experiences and results in 317 patients with altogether 690 implantations of pacemakers from 1963 to 1974 and under comparison and with reference to the up to now existing long-term results published in literature state and tendency of the medical and technical development of the electric heart stimulation are discussed. The average age of outpatients was 62.9 years with a peak of age of 46% in the 7th decade of life. 60% were male patients, 40% female ones. With about 50% the constant total atrioventricular block was the most frequent indication. 63% of the familiar types of pacemakers were biotronic apparatuses, 36% of them with fixed frequency. The average duration of the function of all apparatuses was calculated with 20.1 months. Hereby the biotronic types had the longest average function times of 26.7 months (frequency fixed) or 26.3 months (regulated). In 373 reimplantations is shown that 2.17 apparatuses were implanted in each patient. The total number of complications was 21.2% related to the total number of implantations. With 8.9% breaks of the cable were in the first place in myocardial electrodes. Dislocations of transvenous electrodes were observed only in 4.5% of our cases. With 5.8% pressure necroses and infections were the cause of complications stood in the second place concerning frequency. The total lethality was 23.7% with an age peak of 38% in the 8th decade of life. 13.4% of the cases of death belong to an early lethality with a prevailing part of epicardial implantations. In our patients the cumulative survival rate was after 1 year 89.3%, after 5 years 62.3% and after 8 years 47.7%. The 50% survival rate was ca. 7.3 years. In comparison to the population of the same age the average expectance of life is transgressed by about 6 years. The prolongation of the survival time by electrostimulation compared with the conservative treatment of the total atrioventricular block with Adams-Stokes-syndrome is the essential result of the pacemaker therapy.", "PMID": 1020405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2734", "title": "[Behavior of the plasma renin activity and aldosterone after salt restriction and upright posture in essential hypertension].", "content": "In 100 patients with essential hypertension and 50 healthy subjects the relation between plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone level (Ald) was investigated. PRA as well as plasma aldosterone was estimated a) after a diet with normal sodium content (equals 120 mEq per day) provided for 3 days and after an 8 hrs rest (\"L\" value of PRA and Ald) and b) after sodium restriction (10 mEq per day) for 3 days and 3-4 hrs ambulation (\"A\" value of PRA and Ald). Concerning the behaviour of \"L\"- und \"A\"-PRA all patients were divided into 4 groups: a) patients with normal, b) rigid, c) low and d) high PRA. Despite differentiated values of PRA in patients of all groups a normal increase of the plasma aldosterone level was stated after sodium restriction in the diet and upright position. Even in 18% of healthy subjects with low PRA a normal increase of Ald after sodium restriction and upright position was observed. These results seem to prove that in patients with low and rigid PRA and in 18% of healthy subjects the renin-angiotensin system is not the main or only regulator of aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "[Behavior of the plasma renin activity and aldosterone after salt restriction and upright posture in essential hypertension]. In 100 patients with essential hypertension and 50 healthy subjects the relation between plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone level (Ald) was investigated. PRA as well as plasma aldosterone was estimated a) after a diet with normal sodium content (equals 120 mEq per day) provided for 3 days and after an 8 hrs rest (\"L\" value of PRA and Ald) and b) after sodium restriction (10 mEq per day) for 3 days and 3-4 hrs ambulation (\"A\" value of PRA and Ald). Concerning the behaviour of \"L\"- und \"A\"-PRA all patients were divided into 4 groups: a) patients with normal, b) rigid, c) low and d) high PRA. Despite differentiated values of PRA in patients of all groups a normal increase of the plasma aldosterone level was stated after sodium restriction in the diet and upright position. Even in 18% of healthy subjects with low PRA a normal increase of Ald after sodium restriction and upright position was observed. These results seem to prove that in patients with low and rigid PRA and in 18% of healthy subjects the renin-angiotensin system is not the main or only regulator of aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 1020406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2735", "title": "[Physiotherapeutic early mobilization of patients with myocardial infarct].", "content": "It is reported on the experiences of the programme of the physiotherapeutic treatment of the patients with myocardial infarction in the phase of hospitalisation, which was used in our clinic in 128 patients since 1972. Under careful control the period of mobilisation could be shortened without larger endangering for the patient and a new temporary step scheme could be given as guiding principle, the use of which, however, always needs the individual adaptation by physician and physiotherapist. The physiological and psycho-social advantages of an early mobilisation are clear.", "contents": "[Physiotherapeutic early mobilization of patients with myocardial infarct]. It is reported on the experiences of the programme of the physiotherapeutic treatment of the patients with myocardial infarction in the phase of hospitalisation, which was used in our clinic in 128 patients since 1972. Under careful control the period of mobilisation could be shortened without larger endangering for the patient and a new temporary step scheme could be given as guiding principle, the use of which, however, always needs the individual adaptation by physician and physiotherapist. The physiological and psycho-social advantages of an early mobilisation are clear.", "PMID": 1020407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2736", "title": "[The 131I-fibrinogen turnover during activation of blood fibrinolysis].", "content": "The influence of stanozolol Stromba and phenformin Dibotin (Winthrop) and complamin (Wulfing) on transformation of 131J-fibrinogen administered intravenously was examined in 39 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. The patients were divided into 3 groups; one of the groups included untreated patients. Radioactivity of the plasma and of the urine was determined by means of a scintillation counter. The volume of plasma, plasma fibrinogen (g%, g, g/kg), half time of persistance (T 1/2) and degradation of fibrinogen were determined. The patients who received Dibotin and Stromba simultaneously showed statistically significant decrease of the plasma fibrinogen degradation im comparison to the control group. But in patients who received complamin in spite of significant decrease of the plasma fibrinogen (g%), the fibrinogen degradation was not different from the value obtained in the group.", "contents": "[The 131I-fibrinogen turnover during activation of blood fibrinolysis]. The influence of stanozolol Stromba and phenformin Dibotin (Winthrop) and complamin (Wulfing) on transformation of 131J-fibrinogen administered intravenously was examined in 39 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. The patients were divided into 3 groups; one of the groups included untreated patients. Radioactivity of the plasma and of the urine was determined by means of a scintillation counter. The volume of plasma, plasma fibrinogen (g%, g, g/kg), half time of persistance (T 1/2) and degradation of fibrinogen were determined. The patients who received Dibotin and Stromba simultaneously showed statistically significant decrease of the plasma fibrinogen degradation im comparison to the control group. But in patients who received complamin in spite of significant decrease of the plasma fibrinogen (g%), the fibrinogen degradation was not different from the value obtained in the group.", "PMID": 1020408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2737", "title": "[Contribution to the continuous indirect blood pressure measurement].", "content": "The plethysmanometer described follows the principle of the relaxed wall of the vessel. Here the pressure is adjusted in a finger cuff and by means of a pneumatic regulation is varied in such a way that the light plethysmogram of the adequate finger does not show any more pulsations. Thus the pressure effected on the finger above the cuff corresponds to the pressure in the finger arteries and is to be registered in mm Hg. When the course is measured in the same test person with changing of the arterial pressure (e.g. absolute arrhythmia or compressed-air pressure experiment) the blood pressure of the aorta measured when a heart catheter is diagnostically indicated shows a very close correlation to the unbloodily registered pressure of the finger arteries. On the other hand, greater varieties of the correlation coefficient which can be proved from test person to test person at present do not yet allow a formula obligatory in general, in order to tansfer the value unbloodily measured into the adequate bloody one. Nevertheless, already nowadays great ranges of application are possible for the progressing measuring of the blood pressure.", "contents": "[Contribution to the continuous indirect blood pressure measurement]. The plethysmanometer described follows the principle of the relaxed wall of the vessel. Here the pressure is adjusted in a finger cuff and by means of a pneumatic regulation is varied in such a way that the light plethysmogram of the adequate finger does not show any more pulsations. Thus the pressure effected on the finger above the cuff corresponds to the pressure in the finger arteries and is to be registered in mm Hg. When the course is measured in the same test person with changing of the arterial pressure (e.g. absolute arrhythmia or compressed-air pressure experiment) the blood pressure of the aorta measured when a heart catheter is diagnostically indicated shows a very close correlation to the unbloodily registered pressure of the finger arteries. On the other hand, greater varieties of the correlation coefficient which can be proved from test person to test person at present do not yet allow a formula obligatory in general, in order to tansfer the value unbloodily measured into the adequate bloody one. Nevertheless, already nowadays great ranges of application are possible for the progressing measuring of the blood pressure.", "PMID": 1020409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2738", "title": "[Comparative analysis of electrocardiographic findings in diabetics and metabolically healthy persons].", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 447 diabetics and of the same number of non-diabetic test persons who were coordinated as biostatic twins, taking into consideration age, sex, and weight, were evaluated according to the Minnesota-code and compared. The cardiac endangering of the diabetics was most clearly expressed in the larger frequency of infarctions and the chronic-ischaemic heart disease which can be proved in all age groups. Diabetic males with short duration of diabetes showed the highest frequency of infarctions. The frequency of coronaropathy which is not increased in most age groups in the long-term diabetics compared with the control persons characterizes them as a positive selection of diabetics with an apparantly primarily low atherogenic potency. Hypertonus and/or adiposity were concomitant with a nearly doubled frequency of the ischaemic heart disease. The breadth of the P-wave as a possible reference to angiopathic changes in the region of the atrium was significantly larger in the diabetics in all age groups than in the control group.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of electrocardiographic findings in diabetics and metabolically healthy persons]. The electrocardiograms of 447 diabetics and of the same number of non-diabetic test persons who were coordinated as biostatic twins, taking into consideration age, sex, and weight, were evaluated according to the Minnesota-code and compared. The cardiac endangering of the diabetics was most clearly expressed in the larger frequency of infarctions and the chronic-ischaemic heart disease which can be proved in all age groups. Diabetic males with short duration of diabetes showed the highest frequency of infarctions. The frequency of coronaropathy which is not increased in most age groups in the long-term diabetics compared with the control persons characterizes them as a positive selection of diabetics with an apparantly primarily low atherogenic potency. Hypertonus and/or adiposity were concomitant with a nearly doubled frequency of the ischaemic heart disease. The breadth of the P-wave as a possible reference to angiopathic changes in the region of the atrium was significantly larger in the diabetics in all age groups than in the control group.", "PMID": 1020410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2739", "title": "[Clinical ergometry in cardio-pulmonary functional disorders--a comparison of the usual ergometric technics].", "content": "It is reported on the results of a comparative examination of 18 patients with two usual ergometric methods (team pathophysiology of respiration and research group diseases of heart and circulation of the GDR). Referred to the intake of oxygen as a measure for the stress of the cardiorespiratory system by means of the ergometric methods recommended by the research group diseases of heart and circulation significantly higher minute volumes of the heart rate were established. Principal differences in the evidence of the two methods did not appear.", "contents": "[Clinical ergometry in cardio-pulmonary functional disorders--a comparison of the usual ergometric technics]. It is reported on the results of a comparative examination of 18 patients with two usual ergometric methods (team pathophysiology of respiration and research group diseases of heart and circulation of the GDR). Referred to the intake of oxygen as a measure for the stress of the cardiorespiratory system by means of the ergometric methods recommended by the research group diseases of heart and circulation significantly higher minute volumes of the heart rate were established. Principal differences in the evidence of the two methods did not appear.", "PMID": 1020411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2740", "title": "[Lethal varicella in infants].", "content": "Varicella are regarded as relatively harmless disease. Since the application of antibiotics as complication appear rare mortal courses of generalised varicella above all as a sequel of haemorrhagic-gangrenous forms of course (especially under therapy of corticosteroids), of varicella pneumonia and of encephalitides, while the bacterial superinfection is in second place concerning exitus letalis. Two own observations of varicella infections having a fatal outcome in a 1 1/2-year-old child and a 2-year-old child are reported. In the two cases the efflorescences of the skin were already healing. While one child suddenly died at home (concerning the cells a typical perivenous encephalitis as well as a varicella hepatitis without nuclear inclusion bodies was proved), the older child was admitted to hospital after sudden deterioration and abscess-formation of a chickenpox pustule. Clinically a meningo-encephalitis was established, which after dramatic course led to death still at the day of admission. As to the cells only slight perivenous round cell infiltrates could be proved in severe cerebral oedema, cytolyses and sporadic perivascular haemorrhages and emedullations.", "contents": "[Lethal varicella in infants]. Varicella are regarded as relatively harmless disease. Since the application of antibiotics as complication appear rare mortal courses of generalised varicella above all as a sequel of haemorrhagic-gangrenous forms of course (especially under therapy of corticosteroids), of varicella pneumonia and of encephalitides, while the bacterial superinfection is in second place concerning exitus letalis. Two own observations of varicella infections having a fatal outcome in a 1 1/2-year-old child and a 2-year-old child are reported. In the two cases the efflorescences of the skin were already healing. While one child suddenly died at home (concerning the cells a typical perivenous encephalitis as well as a varicella hepatitis without nuclear inclusion bodies was proved), the older child was admitted to hospital after sudden deterioration and abscess-formation of a chickenpox pustule. Clinically a meningo-encephalitis was established, which after dramatic course led to death still at the day of admission. As to the cells only slight perivenous round cell infiltrates could be proved in severe cerebral oedema, cytolyses and sporadic perivascular haemorrhages and emedullations.", "PMID": 1020412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2741", "title": "[Immune status in a case of thyroid gland sarcoidosis--selected parameters].", "content": "On the basis of a case of sarcoidosis and the thyroid gland selected immunological parameters were examined and they were compared with the findings in pulmonary sarcoidosis. While the examination of the immunoglobulins in the present case did not show any characteristic changes, in the examination of the cellular immunity the hyporeactivity of the peripheral lymphocytes typical for the pulmonary sarcoidosis was found. The inclusion of immunological parameters is an enlargement of the possibilities for the differential diagnostic clarification of granulomatous inflammations of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[Immune status in a case of thyroid gland sarcoidosis--selected parameters]. On the basis of a case of sarcoidosis and the thyroid gland selected immunological parameters were examined and they were compared with the findings in pulmonary sarcoidosis. While the examination of the immunoglobulins in the present case did not show any characteristic changes, in the examination of the cellular immunity the hyporeactivity of the peripheral lymphocytes typical for the pulmonary sarcoidosis was found. The inclusion of immunological parameters is an enlargement of the possibilities for the differential diagnostic clarification of granulomatous inflammations of the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 1020413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2742", "title": "[Isolated ultrafiltration with dialyzer and blood pump in hydropic cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "The authors indicate the possibility of an \"Isolated Ultrafiltration\" in cardiologic patients only with the transportable blood conducting part of the artificial kidney. The loss of oedema fluid by ultrafiltration of the blood is about 500 ml/h using a twin coil dialysator \"Keradenta\", or, resp., more than 1,200 ml/h using a Hollow Fibre Artificial Kidney \"Dow Cordis\" Mod. 5 or two HFAKs Mod. 4 in parallel. The method should be practised only in such cardiologic patients, in whom a drug-resistent hyperhydration including hypervolaemia is not a sign of a sure terminal state.", "contents": "[Isolated ultrafiltration with dialyzer and blood pump in hydropic cardiac insufficiency]. The authors indicate the possibility of an \"Isolated Ultrafiltration\" in cardiologic patients only with the transportable blood conducting part of the artificial kidney. The loss of oedema fluid by ultrafiltration of the blood is about 500 ml/h using a twin coil dialysator \"Keradenta\", or, resp., more than 1,200 ml/h using a Hollow Fibre Artificial Kidney \"Dow Cordis\" Mod. 5 or two HFAKs Mod. 4 in parallel. The method should be practised only in such cardiologic patients, in whom a drug-resistent hyperhydration including hypervolaemia is not a sign of a sure terminal state.", "PMID": 1020414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2743", "title": "[The cerebrospinal fluid contact processes in the central canal of the spinal cord. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the rabbit].", "content": "The surface of the central canal of the rabbit spinal cord was investigated with scanning and transmission-electron microscopy. On the ventral wall of the central canal, a long cranio-caudally oriented area carries a row of bulbs (about 630 per millimeter of length). The bulbs are spinal ventricular processes of cerebrospinal fluid contacting nerve cells. Its cytoplasm contains mitochondria, smooth- and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles of various size and contents. The bipolar or multipolar nerve cells are situated below the ependymal cells of the central canal. The perikaryon has the general cytological structure of a neuron. Some nerve fibres are shown to be running in the cranio-caudal direction within the central canal. Axons containing synaptic vesicles (diameter 400 A) form synapses on some of the ventricular processes. Two main types of ventricular processes can be observed, they differ in the size and structure of the end bulb, in the shape of its sterocilia, and in the number of mitochondria. Big globular processes are filled with a great number of mitochondria, whereas stereocilia are lacking. On the contrary, small processes with numerous stereocilia extending radially into the cerebrospinal fluid contain a number of mitochondria. A third type takes the mid position between the two main types. The ventricular processes have no \"sensory cilia\". On the basis of these morphological differences the possible role of mitochondrial movements in the function of the ventricular processes and the question of the identity of the three types of processes are discussed.", "contents": "[The cerebrospinal fluid contact processes in the central canal of the spinal cord. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the rabbit]. The surface of the central canal of the rabbit spinal cord was investigated with scanning and transmission-electron microscopy. On the ventral wall of the central canal, a long cranio-caudally oriented area carries a row of bulbs (about 630 per millimeter of length). The bulbs are spinal ventricular processes of cerebrospinal fluid contacting nerve cells. Its cytoplasm contains mitochondria, smooth- and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles of various size and contents. The bipolar or multipolar nerve cells are situated below the ependymal cells of the central canal. The perikaryon has the general cytological structure of a neuron. Some nerve fibres are shown to be running in the cranio-caudal direction within the central canal. Axons containing synaptic vesicles (diameter 400 A) form synapses on some of the ventricular processes. Two main types of ventricular processes can be observed, they differ in the size and structure of the end bulb, in the shape of its sterocilia, and in the number of mitochondria. Big globular processes are filled with a great number of mitochondria, whereas stereocilia are lacking. On the contrary, small processes with numerous stereocilia extending radially into the cerebrospinal fluid contain a number of mitochondria. A third type takes the mid position between the two main types. The ventricular processes have no \"sensory cilia\". On the basis of these morphological differences the possible role of mitochondrial movements in the function of the ventricular processes and the question of the identity of the three types of processes are discussed.", "PMID": 1020415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2744", "title": "Seasonal variations in the histology of the pituitary gland of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) an Indian freshwater major carp, in relation to gonadal activity.", "content": "1. Seasonal variations in the histology of the pituitary gland of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), an Indian freshwater major carp, in relation to gonadal activity has been studied during a one year period commencing, January, 1971. 2. The proximal pars distalis undergoes a great deal of seasonal variation in size, weight and nature of pituicytes. 3. The percentage composition of acidophils and cyanophils in the proximal pars distalis show a reciprocal relationship during the year. The acidophils predominate during the restitution phase of the gonads while the cyanophils preponderate among the different cell types during the breeding season. 4. The chromophobes do not show any significant fluctuation in numerical abundance in relation to gonadal activity. 5. Cyanophils of the proximal pars distalis undergo changes with change in gonadal activity Concentration of glycoproteinaceous material is extremely low during the restitution phase but high during the maturation phase. The cyanophils also undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during the spawning period. The latter discharge their contents and become vacuolated during the post spawning period. 6. The number and size of the globules in the cyanophils are related to gonadal activity. 7. Acidophils present in the rostral pars distalis and pars intermedia do not appear to be related to gonadal activity in C. mrigala. 8. The average weight of the gland is directly related to the state of maturation of the gonads, an observation being recorded here for the first time.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the histology of the pituitary gland of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) an Indian freshwater major carp, in relation to gonadal activity. 1. Seasonal variations in the histology of the pituitary gland of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), an Indian freshwater major carp, in relation to gonadal activity has been studied during a one year period commencing, January, 1971. 2. The proximal pars distalis undergoes a great deal of seasonal variation in size, weight and nature of pituicytes. 3. The percentage composition of acidophils and cyanophils in the proximal pars distalis show a reciprocal relationship during the year. The acidophils predominate during the restitution phase of the gonads while the cyanophils preponderate among the different cell types during the breeding season. 4. The chromophobes do not show any significant fluctuation in numerical abundance in relation to gonadal activity. 5. Cyanophils of the proximal pars distalis undergo changes with change in gonadal activity Concentration of glycoproteinaceous material is extremely low during the restitution phase but high during the maturation phase. The cyanophils also undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during the spawning period. The latter discharge their contents and become vacuolated during the post spawning period. 6. The number and size of the globules in the cyanophils are related to gonadal activity. 7. Acidophils present in the rostral pars distalis and pars intermedia do not appear to be related to gonadal activity in C. mrigala. 8. The average weight of the gland is directly related to the state of maturation of the gonads, an observation being recorded here for the first time.", "PMID": 1020417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2745", "title": "Neurohypophysial-adrenal gland responses to water-deprivation in the rose-ringed parakeet.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation is to study the relative influence of neuohypophysis, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla under dehydration stress in the parakeet. Birds subjected to dehydration for 7 days lost body weight. Neurosecretory material (NSM) was partially depleted from the neurohypophysis. Adrenal gland weight was increased followed by a hypertrophy of the cortical tissue. A fall in adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid level was marked. Adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of the adrenal medulla were suppressed as was evident from cytochemical and biochemical findings. It is suggested that neurohypophysis, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are involved in maintaining water homeostasis in this avian species.", "contents": "Neurohypophysial-adrenal gland responses to water-deprivation in the rose-ringed parakeet. The aim of the present investigation is to study the relative influence of neuohypophysis, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla under dehydration stress in the parakeet. Birds subjected to dehydration for 7 days lost body weight. Neurosecretory material (NSM) was partially depleted from the neurohypophysis. Adrenal gland weight was increased followed by a hypertrophy of the cortical tissue. A fall in adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid level was marked. Adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of the adrenal medulla were suppressed as was evident from cytochemical and biochemical findings. It is suggested that neurohypophysis, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are involved in maintaining water homeostasis in this avian species.", "PMID": 1020418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2746", "title": "The escape of bile from the intrhepatic biliary tree in acute bile stasis.", "content": "The escape of fluorescent dyes from the bile passages during bile stasis and after a retrograde infusion into the common bile duct was examined in rats and mice. After an intravenous dye injection in bile stasis a strong fluorescence is seen in the periportal spaces. During retrograde dye infusion great amounts of dye accumulate in the periportal spaces but, in consequence of focal disruption of liver cell membranes, escapes also into the spaces of Disse, to be consequently transported by the sinusoidal blood.", "contents": "The escape of bile from the intrhepatic biliary tree in acute bile stasis. The escape of fluorescent dyes from the bile passages during bile stasis and after a retrograde infusion into the common bile duct was examined in rats and mice. After an intravenous dye injection in bile stasis a strong fluorescence is seen in the periportal spaces. During retrograde dye infusion great amounts of dye accumulate in the periportal spaces but, in consequence of focal disruption of liver cell membranes, escapes also into the spaces of Disse, to be consequently transported by the sinusoidal blood.", "PMID": 1020420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2747", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the vocal muscle and its morphological differences from the myocardium].", "content": "A comparative ultrastructural investigation of the M. vocalis in mammals has been carried out. Morphological differences between the vocal muscle and cardiac tissue are reported; a distinct classification of the M. vocalis according to a typisation of skeletal muscle fibers is presented. In all species investigated (man, dog, cat, guinea-pig and rat) the general ultrastructure of the sarcomeres as well as their mitochondrial content and the innervation pattern allow to classify the M. vocalis as to belong to the \"fast twitch (white) skeletal muscle fibers. A single innervation was found with large motor endplates containing numerous synaptic infoldings. Structural specializations known to be characteristic for cardiac tissue, e.g. intercalated discs, T-tubules at the level of the Z-band and nuclei in a midst postion of the muscle cell could not be observed. The m. vocalis, therefore, cannot be considered to have histologically any relationship with cardiac tissue. The vocal muscle is described as a special type of skeletal muscle very similar to the extraocular muscles. The electron microscopic findings are discussed with respect to current theories of phonation. The myoleastic theory of phonation can be favoured according to our ultrastructural results.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the vocal muscle and its morphological differences from the myocardium]. A comparative ultrastructural investigation of the M. vocalis in mammals has been carried out. Morphological differences between the vocal muscle and cardiac tissue are reported; a distinct classification of the M. vocalis according to a typisation of skeletal muscle fibers is presented. In all species investigated (man, dog, cat, guinea-pig and rat) the general ultrastructure of the sarcomeres as well as their mitochondrial content and the innervation pattern allow to classify the M. vocalis as to belong to the \"fast twitch (white) skeletal muscle fibers. A single innervation was found with large motor endplates containing numerous synaptic infoldings. Structural specializations known to be characteristic for cardiac tissue, e.g. intercalated discs, T-tubules at the level of the Z-band and nuclei in a midst postion of the muscle cell could not be observed. The m. vocalis, therefore, cannot be considered to have histologically any relationship with cardiac tissue. The vocal muscle is described as a special type of skeletal muscle very similar to the extraocular muscles. The electron microscopic findings are discussed with respect to current theories of phonation. The myoleastic theory of phonation can be favoured according to our ultrastructural results.", "PMID": 1020421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2748", "title": "Correlative cytological and histochemical studies on the avian oogenesis.", "content": "A correlative cytological and histochemical study has been made of oogenesis in birds (pigeon, Columbia livia; brown dove, Streptopelia senegalensis; ring dove, S. dacaocto; domestic fowl. Gallus domesticus; and quail, Coturnix coturnix). BALBIANI'S vitelline body consisting of large yolk nucleus, mitochondria, GOLGI bodies and lipid bodies of variable composition is gradually developed in the juxtanuclear cytoplasm of their young oocytes. Histochemical tests indicate that the yolk nucleus consists mainly of RNA, protein and lipoprotein. Mitochondria occur in the form of granules, rods and filaments having a phospholipid-protein composition. The lipid bodies are in the form of granules (composed of phospholipid and triglycerides) and spheres (made up of triglycerides and cholesterol and/or its esters). The organelles consisting of lipoprotein are preserved after classical techniques of cytology whereas the lipid bodies are mostly dissolved. With the growth of oocyte during previtello-genesis the various cell components of BALBIANI'S vitelline body are dispersed in the outer ooplasm where they further multiply and finally most of them are placed in the cortical layer. At the same time, many chromophilic and argentophilic elements of lipoprotein nature are formed in the follicular epithelium, adjacent to plasma membrane of oocyte and in the peripheral ooplasm during previtellogenesis, which gradually accumulate in the central ooplasm where the yolk vesicles first appear. Most of the lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides and cholesterol and/or its esters are depleted from the large previtellogenic oocytes. The possible significance of various ooplasmic structures, which accumulate during previtellogenesis, has been discussed. Corresponding to the development, multiplication and accumulation of various ooplasmic components during previtellogenesis the chromosomes develop the configuration of lampbrush and are the active sites for the synthesis of RNA and protein, which simultaneously accumulate in the ooplasm. The cytological and histochemical characteristics of follicle cells indicate that they are active in the secretion of lipids, glycogen, proteins and RNA which are apparently transported into the growing oocyte. The association of several lipid bodies with some phagocytotic vacuoles adjacent to the plasma membrane of growing previtellogenic oocyte has supported this suggestion. Several follicle cells as such degenerate during previtellogenesis and their products in the form of DNA, RNA, protein and lipoprotein also seem to be absorbed directly or indirectly by the growing oocyte. During early vitellogenesis, the yolk vesicles are formed in the central ooplasm by the activity of ooplasmic structures especially the chromophilic and argentophilic elements. They are ultimately transformed into yolk bodies of variable morphology and chemical composition, which are arrayed in alternating concentric spheres (yellow and white) and consist of proteinlipoprotein, triglycerides, carbohydrates, RNA etc...", "contents": "Correlative cytological and histochemical studies on the avian oogenesis. A correlative cytological and histochemical study has been made of oogenesis in birds (pigeon, Columbia livia; brown dove, Streptopelia senegalensis; ring dove, S. dacaocto; domestic fowl. Gallus domesticus; and quail, Coturnix coturnix). BALBIANI'S vitelline body consisting of large yolk nucleus, mitochondria, GOLGI bodies and lipid bodies of variable composition is gradually developed in the juxtanuclear cytoplasm of their young oocytes. Histochemical tests indicate that the yolk nucleus consists mainly of RNA, protein and lipoprotein. Mitochondria occur in the form of granules, rods and filaments having a phospholipid-protein composition. The lipid bodies are in the form of granules (composed of phospholipid and triglycerides) and spheres (made up of triglycerides and cholesterol and/or its esters). The organelles consisting of lipoprotein are preserved after classical techniques of cytology whereas the lipid bodies are mostly dissolved. With the growth of oocyte during previtello-genesis the various cell components of BALBIANI'S vitelline body are dispersed in the outer ooplasm where they further multiply and finally most of them are placed in the cortical layer. At the same time, many chromophilic and argentophilic elements of lipoprotein nature are formed in the follicular epithelium, adjacent to plasma membrane of oocyte and in the peripheral ooplasm during previtellogenesis, which gradually accumulate in the central ooplasm where the yolk vesicles first appear. Most of the lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides and cholesterol and/or its esters are depleted from the large previtellogenic oocytes. The possible significance of various ooplasmic structures, which accumulate during previtellogenesis, has been discussed. Corresponding to the development, multiplication and accumulation of various ooplasmic components during previtellogenesis the chromosomes develop the configuration of lampbrush and are the active sites for the synthesis of RNA and protein, which simultaneously accumulate in the ooplasm. The cytological and histochemical characteristics of follicle cells indicate that they are active in the secretion of lipids, glycogen, proteins and RNA which are apparently transported into the growing oocyte. The association of several lipid bodies with some phagocytotic vacuoles adjacent to the plasma membrane of growing previtellogenic oocyte has supported this suggestion. Several follicle cells as such degenerate during previtellogenesis and their products in the form of DNA, RNA, protein and lipoprotein also seem to be absorbed directly or indirectly by the growing oocyte. During early vitellogenesis, the yolk vesicles are formed in the central ooplasm by the activity of ooplasmic structures especially the chromophilic and argentophilic elements. They are ultimately transformed into yolk bodies of variable morphology and chemical composition, which are arrayed in alternating concentric spheres (yellow and white) and consist of proteinlipoprotein, triglycerides, carbohydrates, RNA etc...", "PMID": 1020422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2749", "title": "Production of experimental atrial septal defects.", "content": "Atrial septal defects (ASDs) were successfully created by punch biopsy technique in 67 dogs. The technique is simple, effective and provides an ideal model for the study of ASDs, either for testing closure devices or physiological experiments. The position and size of the defects may be varied according to preference. Of 45 animals subjected to cardiac catheterization, 39 (87 percent) has a patent atrial septal defect.", "contents": "Production of experimental atrial septal defects. Atrial septal defects (ASDs) were successfully created by punch biopsy technique in 67 dogs. The technique is simple, effective and provides an ideal model for the study of ASDs, either for testing closure devices or physiological experiments. The position and size of the defects may be varied according to preference. Of 45 animals subjected to cardiac catheterization, 39 (87 percent) has a patent atrial septal defect.", "PMID": 1020435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2750", "title": "Surgical treatment of vascular lesions of the spinal cord.", "content": "Paravertebral block and resection of upper thoracic sympathetic ganglions were performed on cases in which vascular disturbance of the spinal cord was considered partly responsible. Block was performed in 14 cases and clinical improvement was seen in 10 cases out of them while resection was considered effective in 2 out of 3 cases. The evoked EMG of patients was assumed recovery of a part of synaptic function in the ischemic cord after the block. On the other hand, the skin temperature of the lower extremity did not show considerable change and this supports the view that the restoration of clinical picture was not due to the improvement of the periphral circulation of extremities. From these observations, it would be well presumed that favorable effect of sympathectomy consists partly in the improvement of vascular disturbance of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of vascular lesions of the spinal cord. Paravertebral block and resection of upper thoracic sympathetic ganglions were performed on cases in which vascular disturbance of the spinal cord was considered partly responsible. Block was performed in 14 cases and clinical improvement was seen in 10 cases out of them while resection was considered effective in 2 out of 3 cases. The evoked EMG of patients was assumed recovery of a part of synaptic function in the ischemic cord after the block. On the other hand, the skin temperature of the lower extremity did not show considerable change and this supports the view that the restoration of clinical picture was not due to the improvement of the periphral circulation of extremities. From these observations, it would be well presumed that favorable effect of sympathectomy consists partly in the improvement of vascular disturbance of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1020433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2751", "title": "[Sports and health, view-point of a sociologist].", "content": "The expression \"health\" covers a wide physical, psychic and social range. The phenomenon \"sport\", in its cultural form, has evolved historically and is constantly changing. In the today's sport movement, we can see differences in age, sex, and social status related to the type of sport practised, the frequency and the motivation as well as its form of organization. The main inducement for practising sport is by friends. At the end of the article, the author points out that it is problematic to misuse sport for pedagogic aims or aims of preventive medicine, because in such cases, sport runs the risk to lose its initial objective which, originally, had no definite goal other than the experience itself. Moreover, it is irrational to believe that sport alone can cure civilization diseases both in the physical as well as in the psychic and social range.", "contents": "[Sports and health, view-point of a sociologist]. The expression \"health\" covers a wide physical, psychic and social range. The phenomenon \"sport\", in its cultural form, has evolved historically and is constantly changing. In the today's sport movement, we can see differences in age, sex, and social status related to the type of sport practised, the frequency and the motivation as well as its form of organization. The main inducement for practising sport is by friends. At the end of the article, the author points out that it is problematic to misuse sport for pedagogic aims or aims of preventive medicine, because in such cases, sport runs the risk to lose its initial objective which, originally, had no definite goal other than the experience itself. Moreover, it is irrational to believe that sport alone can cure civilization diseases both in the physical as well as in the psychic and social range.", "PMID": 1020467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2752", "title": "[Physician and sports].", "content": "The main objective of physical activity should be to achieve the best possible level of physical fitness and thereby psychic wellbeing. This important objective in preventive medicine may be obtained by a well balanced leisure sport program. On the other hand, due to its high demands, modern competition sport or elite sport increasingly results in severe organic damages and therefore therapeutic measures are of more importance. The physician has important functions both in prevention and therapy in all aspects of physical activity. Unfortunately, in Switzerland he is ofter insufficiantly prepared to deal with these functions. Most of the requirements for manipulation of performance that the physician is confronted with are questionable and not compatible with the medical ethics.", "contents": "[Physician and sports]. The main objective of physical activity should be to achieve the best possible level of physical fitness and thereby psychic wellbeing. This important objective in preventive medicine may be obtained by a well balanced leisure sport program. On the other hand, due to its high demands, modern competition sport or elite sport increasingly results in severe organic damages and therefore therapeutic measures are of more importance. The physician has important functions both in prevention and therapy in all aspects of physical activity. Unfortunately, in Switzerland he is ofter insufficiantly prepared to deal with these functions. Most of the requirements for manipulation of performance that the physician is confronted with are questionable and not compatible with the medical ethics.", "PMID": 1020466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2753", "title": "[Physical activity and coronary heart disease prevention].", "content": "Numerous reports indicate that physical inactivity is one of the coronary risk factors; however, proof that exercise has a protective effect is still elusive. Nevertheless, to continue the existing controversy on the prophylactic value of physical activity seems to be inappropriate. On the one hand, a controlled trial is not feasible; on the other hand, physical activity is a physiological function that should be promoted anyway, regardless whether irrefutable evidence of its value in the prevention of coronary heart disease is available. Activity starting in childhood and continuing throughout life is a safe approach. In more general terms, habitual physical activity should be re-introduced into the pattern of life of contemporary society.", "contents": "[Physical activity and coronary heart disease prevention]. Numerous reports indicate that physical inactivity is one of the coronary risk factors; however, proof that exercise has a protective effect is still elusive. Nevertheless, to continue the existing controversy on the prophylactic value of physical activity seems to be inappropriate. On the one hand, a controlled trial is not feasible; on the other hand, physical activity is a physiological function that should be promoted anyway, regardless whether irrefutable evidence of its value in the prevention of coronary heart disease is available. Activity starting in childhood and continuing throughout life is a safe approach. In more general terms, habitual physical activity should be re-introduced into the pattern of life of contemporary society.", "PMID": 1020468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2754", "title": "[Sociological aspects of sports activities in adolescents].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological, psychosocial and sociological aspects influencing the practice of physical activity of young people. Of approximately 1800 17 to 18 years old boys and girls going to an official school in Geneva, 600 were chosen at random. Unskilled workers could not be included into the study. 443 subjects could be contacted and interviewed in spring 1973 through a codified questionnaire. A first evaluation of the answers focused on the influences of sex, social status, type of sport practised, as well as the ideological integration. The results correlated well with current empiric experiences or with most of the hypothesis on which the questionnaire was based.", "contents": "[Sociological aspects of sports activities in adolescents]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological, psychosocial and sociological aspects influencing the practice of physical activity of young people. Of approximately 1800 17 to 18 years old boys and girls going to an official school in Geneva, 600 were chosen at random. Unskilled workers could not be included into the study. 443 subjects could be contacted and interviewed in spring 1973 through a codified questionnaire. A first evaluation of the answers focused on the influences of sex, social status, type of sport practised, as well as the ideological integration. The results correlated well with current empiric experiences or with most of the hypothesis on which the questionnaire was based.", "PMID": 1020470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2755", "title": "[Sports activities and motivation].", "content": "In a representative study on employees aged 20 to 65 years in Northern Switzerland, several criteria of sports practice and motivation to practise sports were examined. 1260 subjects working in 44 different factories employing more than 56 people were chosen at random and questioned. 36% of the younger men (20 to 42 years old) and 21% of the older ones (43 to 65 years old) were members of a sports club. The first motivation to participate in sports came mostly from friends, but hardly ever from international events. 21% of the subjects were in favour of the way the Olympic Games were conducted, 28% were somewhat critical, 41% were negative, and 10% had no opinion.", "contents": "[Sports activities and motivation]. In a representative study on employees aged 20 to 65 years in Northern Switzerland, several criteria of sports practice and motivation to practise sports were examined. 1260 subjects working in 44 different factories employing more than 56 people were chosen at random and questioned. 36% of the younger men (20 to 42 years old) and 21% of the older ones (43 to 65 years old) were members of a sports club. The first motivation to participate in sports came mostly from friends, but hardly ever from international events. 21% of the subjects were in favour of the way the Olympic Games were conducted, 28% were somewhat critical, 41% were negative, and 10% had no opinion.", "PMID": 1020471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2756", "title": "[Sports in prevention of postural defects].", "content": "Posture results from numerous alternating factors and reflects the attitude of an individual towards a definite situation. If the different conditions, namely the capacity and the willingness of posture, do not correspond to the requirements of the situation the \"normal\" erect posture will change. The development from abnormal posture into irreversible abnormalities and damages in posture is easy. In order to eliminate these risks one can try to reduce the potential of the situation on the one hand and to improve the capacity of the individual through adequate physical exercise on the other. The practice of daily physical activity at school or during leisure time is the best way to compensate for lack of exercise, to modify prolonged unfavourable situations, and to develop the physical capacity in such a way that dangerous loads can be supported without damage. The versatility of training, in combination with adequate gymnastical exercises and sports help to educate the sense of posture and movement with the effect that erect posture can be adopted and maintained. But only children who feel that erect posture is reflecting their personal image will finally keep the erect posture. Special attention is given to elite training in childhood and adolescence, when the vertebral column is particularly exposed to danger by the intensity of the training and must be protected against deformations by carefully chosen preventive measures.", "contents": "[Sports in prevention of postural defects]. Posture results from numerous alternating factors and reflects the attitude of an individual towards a definite situation. If the different conditions, namely the capacity and the willingness of posture, do not correspond to the requirements of the situation the \"normal\" erect posture will change. The development from abnormal posture into irreversible abnormalities and damages in posture is easy. In order to eliminate these risks one can try to reduce the potential of the situation on the one hand and to improve the capacity of the individual through adequate physical exercise on the other. The practice of daily physical activity at school or during leisure time is the best way to compensate for lack of exercise, to modify prolonged unfavourable situations, and to develop the physical capacity in such a way that dangerous loads can be supported without damage. The versatility of training, in combination with adequate gymnastical exercises and sports help to educate the sense of posture and movement with the effect that erect posture can be adopted and maintained. But only children who feel that erect posture is reflecting their personal image will finally keep the erect posture. Special attention is given to elite training in childhood and adolescence, when the vertebral column is particularly exposed to danger by the intensity of the training and must be protected against deformations by carefully chosen preventive measures.", "PMID": 1020469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2757", "title": "[State and sports].", "content": "By 1874 the State had already started to influence physical activity programs especially of the younger generations in Switzerland. In 1970 the people accepted article 27 of the Constitution regarding physical education and sports. The Federal law that became effective in 1972 now promotes, in a more intensive way, physical education and sports as a means to improve the public health. These measures especially affect public sport (physical education at school, the \"Youth and Sports\" organization, the construction of sports facilities) whereas promotion of elite sports is entirely the responsibility of the independent sports association. Today, this promotion costs the Swiss government roughly 40 millions of Swiss francs, or 0.3% of the whole budget.", "contents": "[State and sports]. By 1874 the State had already started to influence physical activity programs especially of the younger generations in Switzerland. In 1970 the people accepted article 27 of the Constitution regarding physical education and sports. The Federal law that became effective in 1972 now promotes, in a more intensive way, physical education and sports as a means to improve the public health. These measures especially affect public sport (physical education at school, the \"Youth and Sports\" organization, the construction of sports facilities) whereas promotion of elite sports is entirely the responsibility of the independent sports association. Today, this promotion costs the Swiss government roughly 40 millions of Swiss francs, or 0.3% of the whole budget.", "PMID": 1020472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2758", "title": "[Medical fitness for sports, with particular reference to cardiovascular conditions].", "content": "Whether a person is medically fit to engage in sports depends not only on his or her present state of health but also on his or her previous medical history, age, personality, and of course, the nature of the particular sport in question. Anyone that feels fit, is physically in good condition, abstains from tobacco, alcohol and other intoxicant stimulants, and passes a thorough medical examination is healthy and fully capable of taking part in any sport whatever. Participation in any form of sport, on the other hand, is absolutely contra-indicated for persons suffering from severe or malignant hypertension, inflammatory or bacterial heart disease, severe angina pectoris - especially with an attendant risk of myocardial infarction - or haemodynamically significant arrhythmias that manifest themselves during, or are aggravated by, physical exertion. Physical activity is generally deleterious in patients with advanced pulmonary disease and chronic cor pulmonale, severe decompensated heart failure or severe renal insufficiency. Severe intercurrent infections also constitute an absolute contra-indication for sport. Between these two extremes of absolute fitness and absolute unfitness there are many intermediate states, e.g. diseases like essential hypertension (WHO Stages I and II), coronary disease and peripheral arterial circulatory disorders, in which patients can derive considerable benefit from properly chosen and carefully graded sporting activity.", "contents": "[Medical fitness for sports, with particular reference to cardiovascular conditions]. Whether a person is medically fit to engage in sports depends not only on his or her present state of health but also on his or her previous medical history, age, personality, and of course, the nature of the particular sport in question. Anyone that feels fit, is physically in good condition, abstains from tobacco, alcohol and other intoxicant stimulants, and passes a thorough medical examination is healthy and fully capable of taking part in any sport whatever. Participation in any form of sport, on the other hand, is absolutely contra-indicated for persons suffering from severe or malignant hypertension, inflammatory or bacterial heart disease, severe angina pectoris - especially with an attendant risk of myocardial infarction - or haemodynamically significant arrhythmias that manifest themselves during, or are aggravated by, physical exertion. Physical activity is generally deleterious in patients with advanced pulmonary disease and chronic cor pulmonale, severe decompensated heart failure or severe renal insufficiency. Severe intercurrent infections also constitute an absolute contra-indication for sport. Between these two extremes of absolute fitness and absolute unfitness there are many intermediate states, e.g. diseases like essential hypertension (WHO Stages I and II), coronary disease and peripheral arterial circulatory disorders, in which patients can derive considerable benefit from properly chosen and carefully graded sporting activity.", "PMID": 1020474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2759", "title": "[Exercise test in coronary insufficiency diagnosis].", "content": "If the anamnesis is not conclusive for a definite diagnosis of angina pectoris or if a complementary test is adviseable the ECG, which is hardly ever significant at rest, can become very significant under the influence of physical activity. The easiest methodology is a bicycle ergometer or a treadmill performance test which can be performed under ideal safety conditions and which gives the best possible information. Compared to the coronarography results in 319 patients, the performance test at either maximum heart rate or up to the appearance of the typical electrocardiographic alterations was positive in 75.5% of the cases. It is less instructive if the test is not systematically exhaustive. Its validity also varies depending on the number of coronary arteries affected by stenosis, on the type of the angina pectoris, and the aspect of the ECG at rest. If the test is performed up to the maximum heart rate, its sensitivity is superior to the ones using lsoprenaline or right atrial pacing as a means for influencing the ventricular function.", "contents": "[Exercise test in coronary insufficiency diagnosis]. If the anamnesis is not conclusive for a definite diagnosis of angina pectoris or if a complementary test is adviseable the ECG, which is hardly ever significant at rest, can become very significant under the influence of physical activity. The easiest methodology is a bicycle ergometer or a treadmill performance test which can be performed under ideal safety conditions and which gives the best possible information. Compared to the coronarography results in 319 patients, the performance test at either maximum heart rate or up to the appearance of the typical electrocardiographic alterations was positive in 75.5% of the cases. It is less instructive if the test is not systematically exhaustive. Its validity also varies depending on the number of coronary arteries affected by stenosis, on the type of the angina pectoris, and the aspect of the ECG at rest. If the test is performed up to the maximum heart rate, its sensitivity is superior to the ones using lsoprenaline or right atrial pacing as a means for influencing the ventricular function.", "PMID": 1020473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2760", "title": "[Sports accidents: 1963-1973 statistics].", "content": "Every year, the Swiss Accident Insurance Administration is paying a considerable amount of money for sports accidents. From 1963 to 1973 the number of these accidents has increased more markedly than other types of accidents. Different tendencies can be observed in the different types of sports: skiing accidents have, after a long period of retrogression until 1973, shown a noticeable augmentation again. Football accidents and accidents in other types of sports have on the other hand increased year by year. Mountaineering and aquatic sports often result in fatal accidents. The numerous preventive measures in skiing accidents have obviously been successful. Not only the fractures have decreased, but also the average number of days where sickness benefit was paid. Next to the traffic accidents, the skiing accidents are the most expensive ones. The nature of the healing cost in sports accidents has changed during the period from 1967 to 1972, depending on the different types of sports. In particular, hospital costs have changed considerably. The number of medical consultations per accident has decreased. Payment of sickness benefit has followed the development of the salaries on the one hand and the modifications of the number of lost days on the other. Finally, the costs of the annuities show more or less the same tendency as the ones for sickness benefit. A very gross estimation on the economical losses through sports accidents in Switzerland makes us believe that the direct and indirect costs actually amount to more than one thousand millions of Swiss Francs per year.", "contents": "[Sports accidents: 1963-1973 statistics]. Every year, the Swiss Accident Insurance Administration is paying a considerable amount of money for sports accidents. From 1963 to 1973 the number of these accidents has increased more markedly than other types of accidents. Different tendencies can be observed in the different types of sports: skiing accidents have, after a long period of retrogression until 1973, shown a noticeable augmentation again. Football accidents and accidents in other types of sports have on the other hand increased year by year. Mountaineering and aquatic sports often result in fatal accidents. The numerous preventive measures in skiing accidents have obviously been successful. Not only the fractures have decreased, but also the average number of days where sickness benefit was paid. Next to the traffic accidents, the skiing accidents are the most expensive ones. The nature of the healing cost in sports accidents has changed during the period from 1967 to 1972, depending on the different types of sports. In particular, hospital costs have changed considerably. The number of medical consultations per accident has decreased. Payment of sickness benefit has followed the development of the salaries on the one hand and the modifications of the number of lost days on the other. Finally, the costs of the annuities show more or less the same tendency as the ones for sickness benefit. A very gross estimation on the economical losses through sports accidents in Switzerland makes us believe that the direct and indirect costs actually amount to more than one thousand millions of Swiss Francs per year.", "PMID": 1020475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2761", "title": "[Elite sports - benefit or damage].", "content": "Out of 378 elite athletes investigated in the year 1956, 28 track and field athletes, 14 footballers, 9 cyclists and 18 icehockey-players, who were complaining about serious injuries at the occasion of a sociological investigation, underwent a medical follow-up examination, 30 percent of the examined athletes stated that they suffered from permanent pain as a result of their former career in elite sports. On the other hand, they had a positive attitude about their previous physical activity and would not have missed it at all. Most of the injuries concerned joints (61) or bones (18) whereas other localisations were rather unusual. X-ray examination revealed a considerable number of orthrosis which most of the time, in spite of its sometimes rather grotesque appearance, did not cause the expectes subjective complaints.", "contents": "[Elite sports - benefit or damage]. Out of 378 elite athletes investigated in the year 1956, 28 track and field athletes, 14 footballers, 9 cyclists and 18 icehockey-players, who were complaining about serious injuries at the occasion of a sociological investigation, underwent a medical follow-up examination, 30 percent of the examined athletes stated that they suffered from permanent pain as a result of their former career in elite sports. On the other hand, they had a positive attitude about their previous physical activity and would not have missed it at all. Most of the injuries concerned joints (61) or bones (18) whereas other localisations were rather unusual. X-ray examination revealed a considerable number of orthrosis which most of the time, in spite of its sometimes rather grotesque appearance, did not cause the expectes subjective complaints.", "PMID": 1020477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2762", "title": "[Health risks of various sports].", "content": "Sport accidents have become a major problem. When investigating the risks corresponding to different sport activities, we must consider incidence, possible causes and different kinds of sport injuries too. The risks of sport injuries are not inherent to a given sport, but are more likely provoked by the athlete himself and his behaviour.", "contents": "[Health risks of various sports]. Sport accidents have become a major problem. When investigating the risks corresponding to different sport activities, we must consider incidence, possible causes and different kinds of sport injuries too. The risks of sport injuries are not inherent to a given sport, but are more likely provoked by the athlete himself and his behaviour.", "PMID": 1020476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2763", "title": "[Blood coagulation in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "This article gives a survey of the physiology of blood coagulation in newborn infants, subdivided into the particularities of the plasmic coagulation system and the fibronolysis. Etiology, diagnosis and therapy of the consumption coagulopathy as well as the coagulopathy of production are dealed with.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation in newborns (author's transl)]. This article gives a survey of the physiology of blood coagulation in newborn infants, subdivided into the particularities of the plasmic coagulation system and the fibronolysis. Etiology, diagnosis and therapy of the consumption coagulopathy as well as the coagulopathy of production are dealed with.", "PMID": 1020503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2764", "title": "[Bioptical diagnostics of hirschsprung disease by the membrane technique for the histochemical demonstration of cholinesterases (author's transl)].", "content": "50 biopsies of the rectum and 8 of the large intestine from male and female children aged 4 months to 7 years, obtained by resection were investigated. The absence of ganglion cells in the intrinsic nerve plexuses is in agreement with the increased cholinesterases reaction. The presence of muscularis mucosae is necessary in the biopsy for the evaluation of the cholinesterase reaction. The instrument used for the excision must fulfill those demands.", "contents": "[Bioptical diagnostics of hirschsprung disease by the membrane technique for the histochemical demonstration of cholinesterases (author's transl)]. 50 biopsies of the rectum and 8 of the large intestine from male and female children aged 4 months to 7 years, obtained by resection were investigated. The absence of ganglion cells in the intrinsic nerve plexuses is in agreement with the increased cholinesterases reaction. The presence of muscularis mucosae is necessary in the biopsy for the evaluation of the cholinesterase reaction. The instrument used for the excision must fulfill those demands.", "PMID": 1020504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2765", "title": "[Conservative treatment of infantile supracondylar fractures of the humerus (author's transl)].", "content": "58 infantile supracondylar fractures were treated conservatively. Due to accompanying lesions in 2 cases osteosynthesis was performed by using crossed extension wires. According to Morger's evaluation scheme conservative treatment yielded good results in 49 cases, satisfying results in 4 cases and sufficient ones in 5 cases.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of infantile supracondylar fractures of the humerus (author's transl)]. 58 infantile supracondylar fractures were treated conservatively. Due to accompanying lesions in 2 cases osteosynthesis was performed by using crossed extension wires. According to Morger's evaluation scheme conservative treatment yielded good results in 49 cases, satisfying results in 4 cases and sufficient ones in 5 cases.", "PMID": 1020505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2766", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of a rare intrapulmonary vascular anomaly in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present case an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and running through the diaphragma into the inferior lobe of the left lung was identified by retrograde aortography. It ended in a vascular coil which was drained by regular pulmonary veins. By transthoracal resection of pulmonary parenchyma and malformation was removed without complications. Such anomalies represent absolute but not urgent indications for surgery. Without treatment, the shunt volume will cause additional straining for the heart. Furthermore, pulmonary complications and thromboembolic processes may arise.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of a rare intrapulmonary vascular anomaly in a child (author's transl)]. In the present case an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and running through the diaphragma into the inferior lobe of the left lung was identified by retrograde aortography. It ended in a vascular coil which was drained by regular pulmonary veins. By transthoracal resection of pulmonary parenchyma and malformation was removed without complications. Such anomalies represent absolute but not urgent indications for surgery. Without treatment, the shunt volume will cause additional straining for the heart. Furthermore, pulmonary complications and thromboembolic processes may arise.", "PMID": 1020506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2767", "title": "[Invalidation of a girl after 7 years of succesfull malingering of a wound (author's transl)].", "content": "Provocation of wounds by malingering is one of the most typical artefacts in surgery. In this paper the succesful maintaining of a wound in a girl for over 7 years is demonstrated. In this time the girl underwent 25 surgical operations and was invalidated at the age of 18 years. In patients with non-healing wounds, which cannot be explained by the rules of general pathology, doctors are well advised to think of the possibilities of malingering at an early time.", "contents": "[Invalidation of a girl after 7 years of succesfull malingering of a wound (author's transl)]. Provocation of wounds by malingering is one of the most typical artefacts in surgery. In this paper the succesful maintaining of a wound in a girl for over 7 years is demonstrated. In this time the girl underwent 25 surgical operations and was invalidated at the age of 18 years. In patients with non-healing wounds, which cannot be explained by the rules of general pathology, doctors are well advised to think of the possibilities of malingering at an early time.", "PMID": 1020507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2768", "title": "[Comparative colposcopic, cytological and histological studies of the uterine cervix during pregnancy].", "content": "The suspected findings, of colposcopic and cytologic cervix uteri in the pregravidity, was reported. Among 5852 patients, who primarily were directed in the clinic for interruption, 63 of them were examined because of their suspected colposcopic results and 3 cases of them were examined because of their suspected cytologic results, at the same time a detailed histological clarifications of their portio during the interruption were made. About 30,8% of the cases were in preinvasive or invasive stages, which were histologically clarified and precarcinogenic treatment of the patients was carried out. On the evidence of the results, we recommend, that by all suspected colposcopic cases -- taken into consideration of the cytologic results -- an early histologic clarification be made.", "contents": "[Comparative colposcopic, cytological and histological studies of the uterine cervix during pregnancy]. The suspected findings, of colposcopic and cytologic cervix uteri in the pregravidity, was reported. Among 5852 patients, who primarily were directed in the clinic for interruption, 63 of them were examined because of their suspected colposcopic results and 3 cases of them were examined because of their suspected cytologic results, at the same time a detailed histological clarifications of their portio during the interruption were made. About 30,8% of the cases were in preinvasive or invasive stages, which were histologically clarified and precarcinogenic treatment of the patients was carried out. On the evidence of the results, we recommend, that by all suspected colposcopic cases -- taken into consideration of the cytologic results -- an early histologic clarification be made.", "PMID": 1020511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2769", "title": "[Ultrastructural studies on the permeability of the amnion-epithelium for peroxidase and ferritin. Contribution on paraplacental metabolism].", "content": "By means tracer substances (horseradish peroxidase, ferritin) the permeability of human amnion and umbilical cord (2. to 6. lunar month) has been investigated ultrastructurally. The structure of intercellular cleft permits a passiv transfer of the water and electrolytes in both ways. The findings indicated, that the passage of proteins with a molecular weight of peroxidase predominantly takes place through the intercellular clefts less by means of pinocytosis. Ferritin particles can not penetrate. The epithelium of umbilical cord seems to play no special role in protein and water transport. The results were discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural studies on the permeability of the amnion-epithelium for peroxidase and ferritin. Contribution on paraplacental metabolism]. By means tracer substances (horseradish peroxidase, ferritin) the permeability of human amnion and umbilical cord (2. to 6. lunar month) has been investigated ultrastructurally. The structure of intercellular cleft permits a passiv transfer of the water and electrolytes in both ways. The findings indicated, that the passage of proteins with a molecular weight of peroxidase predominantly takes place through the intercellular clefts less by means of pinocytosis. Ferritin particles can not penetrate. The epithelium of umbilical cord seems to play no special role in protein and water transport. The results were discussed.", "PMID": 1020513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2770", "title": "[Total estrogen level in umbilical cord blood during physiological labor].", "content": "The levels of total oestrogens in umbilical vein and artery and in maternal peripheral blood were investigated in 24 normal labours. The levels in the umbilical artery were significantly lower than in the vein. This difference was connected with the level of oestrogens in umbilical vein, but not with the foetal weight. No correlation between the oestrogens levels in the umbilical and maternal blood was found.", "contents": "[Total estrogen level in umbilical cord blood during physiological labor]. The levels of total oestrogens in umbilical vein and artery and in maternal peripheral blood were investigated in 24 normal labours. The levels in the umbilical artery were significantly lower than in the vein. This difference was connected with the level of oestrogens in umbilical vein, but not with the foetal weight. No correlation between the oestrogens levels in the umbilical and maternal blood was found.", "PMID": 1020512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2771", "title": "[The problem of rifampicin therapy in pregnancy].", "content": "Report on a 24 years old first pregnant woman with chronic pyelonephritis, treated for 1 1/2 years, also during pregnancy, with high doses of rifampicin (1200 mgs/day). After normal delivery in the 42 th. week of pregnancy there were bleedings both in mother and newborn with demonstrable temporary disturbances in liver-function and coagulation system. Especially the coagulation factors produced in the liver were concerned. The complications after rifampicin carried out the conclusion that rifampicin should be given in pregnancy only with exact indication.", "contents": "[The problem of rifampicin therapy in pregnancy]. Report on a 24 years old first pregnant woman with chronic pyelonephritis, treated for 1 1/2 years, also during pregnancy, with high doses of rifampicin (1200 mgs/day). After normal delivery in the 42 th. week of pregnancy there were bleedings both in mother and newborn with demonstrable temporary disturbances in liver-function and coagulation system. Especially the coagulation factors produced in the liver were concerned. The complications after rifampicin carried out the conclusion that rifampicin should be given in pregnancy only with exact indication.", "PMID": 1020515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2772", "title": "[Clinical and x-ray studies on the relationship between interruption of pregnancy and premature labor].", "content": "On the basis of the number of premature babies of 1975 the possible interdependence is checked between interruptio of pregnancy and subsequent premature birth and is compared with the dates obtained in 1974. Besides the hysterograms of women with premature birth whose anamnesis indicates an interruptio of pregnancy, are examined with regard to lesions of the cervix demonstrable in roentgenograms. As in the years of 1974 and 1975 the number of premature birth has been approximatively constant we conclude, basing ourselves on the investigations of roentgenograms, that no causal relation may be established between interruptio of pregnancy and premature birth in our material.", "contents": "[Clinical and x-ray studies on the relationship between interruption of pregnancy and premature labor]. On the basis of the number of premature babies of 1975 the possible interdependence is checked between interruptio of pregnancy and subsequent premature birth and is compared with the dates obtained in 1974. Besides the hysterograms of women with premature birth whose anamnesis indicates an interruptio of pregnancy, are examined with regard to lesions of the cervix demonstrable in roentgenograms. As in the years of 1974 and 1975 the number of premature birth has been approximatively constant we conclude, basing ourselves on the investigations of roentgenograms, that no causal relation may be established between interruptio of pregnancy and premature birth in our material.", "PMID": 1020516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2773", "title": "[Influence of labor induction using Prostin F2alpha on the cardiovascular system of the fetus].", "content": "Conform to its reaction, prostin F2alpha is a useful medicament above all in order to initiate risky deliveries having a state of unripe cervix. We have estimated the labor pains and the fetal state, which did not give proofs for any negative influence by prostin F2alpha in 60 initiations of labor. An intensive supervision system is absolutely necessary.", "contents": "[Influence of labor induction using Prostin F2alpha on the cardiovascular system of the fetus]. Conform to its reaction, prostin F2alpha is a useful medicament above all in order to initiate risky deliveries having a state of unripe cervix. We have estimated the labor pains and the fetal state, which did not give proofs for any negative influence by prostin F2alpha in 60 initiations of labor. An intensive supervision system is absolutely necessary.", "PMID": 1020514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2774", "title": "[The significance of continuous fetal monitoring for further lowering of perinatal morbidity. Pilot study].", "content": "By means of a pilot study we tried to calculate the perinatal morbidity after continuous fetal monitoring. From 810 electronical and biochemical monitored high-risk babies in the period from 1971 to 1973 we checked and/or have investigated 685 risk-newborns. Thereby 87 (=12,7%) were premature newborns. From this 685 risk-newborns 14 (=2,04%) appeared conspicuous. Only by 7 of them (=1,02%) we found mental and/or physical retardation. 2 of this children have a cerebral palsy. Causes of retardation with and without cerebral palsy we could lead back in the perinatal period. The causes are discussed. We point to the urgency of comprehensive follow-up studies.", "contents": "[The significance of continuous fetal monitoring for further lowering of perinatal morbidity. Pilot study]. By means of a pilot study we tried to calculate the perinatal morbidity after continuous fetal monitoring. From 810 electronical and biochemical monitored high-risk babies in the period from 1971 to 1973 we checked and/or have investigated 685 risk-newborns. Thereby 87 (=12,7%) were premature newborns. From this 685 risk-newborns 14 (=2,04%) appeared conspicuous. Only by 7 of them (=1,02%) we found mental and/or physical retardation. 2 of this children have a cerebral palsy. Causes of retardation with and without cerebral palsy we could lead back in the perinatal period. The causes are discussed. We point to the urgency of comprehensive follow-up studies.", "PMID": 1020517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2775", "title": "[Psychological aspects following continuous fetal monitoring].", "content": "100 women were examined in labor upon the so-called intensive birth room. In this connection we discovered, that the prevailing number of women to be in labor had a positive position to the surrounding modern implements for the continuous fetal monitoring. Explanation and a corresponding preparation to birth by means of consultations and psychopropylactic methods cut a great figure. Education, profession and social position were factors, influencing the answers in the same form how the position from the mother to the present pregnancy.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects following continuous fetal monitoring]. 100 women were examined in labor upon the so-called intensive birth room. In this connection we discovered, that the prevailing number of women to be in labor had a positive position to the surrounding modern implements for the continuous fetal monitoring. Explanation and a corresponding preparation to birth by means of consultations and psychopropylactic methods cut a great figure. Education, profession and social position were factors, influencing the answers in the same form how the position from the mother to the present pregnancy.", "PMID": 1020518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2776", "title": "[The apgar value of the newborn and its prognostic value for the course of the neonatal period].", "content": "The prognostic value of the postnatal Apgar-score to the course of the neonatal period. It is impossible to determine exactly vital functions of the infant postnatal sole with a number. However we are the opinion, that Apgar-score is valid for the first clinical classification of the neonate. We studied 6780 newborn from 6 large towns of the GDR. Two thirds of the cases were selected with risk. The Apgar-score from 1 minute postnatal was correlated to findings of clinical investigation, diagnostic and therapy during the neonatal period from 2 hours postnatal to 8 days. Interesting correlations are found between the Apgar-score from 1 minute postnatal to: color of the skin (pale or pink), cyanosis, type of respiration, stridor, posture, crying, X-ray findings of the lung, need of buffer and oxygen therapy and neonatal death. Summarizing we found correlations of clinical value between the postnatal Apgar-score and the later respiratory function.", "contents": "[The apgar value of the newborn and its prognostic value for the course of the neonatal period]. The prognostic value of the postnatal Apgar-score to the course of the neonatal period. It is impossible to determine exactly vital functions of the infant postnatal sole with a number. However we are the opinion, that Apgar-score is valid for the first clinical classification of the neonate. We studied 6780 newborn from 6 large towns of the GDR. Two thirds of the cases were selected with risk. The Apgar-score from 1 minute postnatal was correlated to findings of clinical investigation, diagnostic and therapy during the neonatal period from 2 hours postnatal to 8 days. Interesting correlations are found between the Apgar-score from 1 minute postnatal to: color of the skin (pale or pink), cyanosis, type of respiration, stridor, posture, crying, X-ray findings of the lung, need of buffer and oxygen therapy and neonatal death. Summarizing we found correlations of clinical value between the postnatal Apgar-score and the later respiratory function.", "PMID": 1020519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2777", "title": "[The value of radioimmunological HPL determinations for the evaluation of intrauterine fetal growth during late pregnancy].", "content": "In 24 high-risk pregnancies correlation between maternal level of HPL in serum and the weight of the newborn is examinated. Retarded fetal growth was assumed of the weight of the newborn was found below the 5. percentil. Results of statistical sensitivity and specificity of radiommunoassay of HPL are given for this question.", "contents": "[The value of radioimmunological HPL determinations for the evaluation of intrauterine fetal growth during late pregnancy]. In 24 high-risk pregnancies correlation between maternal level of HPL in serum and the weight of the newborn is examinated. Retarded fetal growth was assumed of the weight of the newborn was found below the 5. percentil. Results of statistical sensitivity and specificity of radiommunoassay of HPL are given for this question.", "PMID": 1020520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2778", "title": "[Total protein and immunoglobulin content of human milk].", "content": "The content of total protein and immunoglobulins in the breast-milk has been determined by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. The immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM has been ascertained in all samples. The concentrations of total protein and of immunoglobulins are higher in the colostrum but in the breast-milk.", "contents": "[Total protein and immunoglobulin content of human milk]. The content of total protein and immunoglobulins in the breast-milk has been determined by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. The immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM has been ascertained in all samples. The concentrations of total protein and of immunoglobulins are higher in the colostrum but in the breast-milk.", "PMID": 1020521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2779", "title": "[Immunoglobulin content of the cervix mucosa in early pregnancy].", "content": "The immunglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in the extracts of homogenised cervical tissue from pregnant women were measured with the help of radial immunodiffusion of Mancini et al. The values of IgA and IgG increased during investigation. The low concentrations of IgM could not be evaluated quantitatively.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin content of the cervix mucosa in early pregnancy]. The immunglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in the extracts of homogenised cervical tissue from pregnant women were measured with the help of radial immunodiffusion of Mancini et al. The values of IgA and IgG increased during investigation. The low concentrations of IgM could not be evaluated quantitatively.", "PMID": 1020522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2780", "title": "[Longitudinal study of the blood protein concentration during normal pregnancy, at the time of delivery and on the 7th post-partum day].", "content": "The concentration of serum protein was determined in 227 women during the 11th to 13th, 24th to 26th and 33rd to 35th week of pregnancy as well as immediately after delivery and on the 7th day post partum according to the Biuret method. A small but significant decrease of protein was observed during the second trimester of pregnancy (Ist Trimester x(-) = 7,57; IInd Trimester x(-) = 7,26 g/100 ml). The lowest values was found immediately after delivery (x(-) = 6,86). The mean concentration on the 7th day post partum was increased again (x(-) = 7,37). The values were compared with there of 190 non-pregnant women (x(-) = 7,57).", "contents": "[Longitudinal study of the blood protein concentration during normal pregnancy, at the time of delivery and on the 7th post-partum day]. The concentration of serum protein was determined in 227 women during the 11th to 13th, 24th to 26th and 33rd to 35th week of pregnancy as well as immediately after delivery and on the 7th day post partum according to the Biuret method. A small but significant decrease of protein was observed during the second trimester of pregnancy (Ist Trimester x(-) = 7,57; IInd Trimester x(-) = 7,26 g/100 ml). The lowest values was found immediately after delivery (x(-) = 6,86). The mean concentration on the 7th day post partum was increased again (x(-) = 7,37). The values were compared with there of 190 non-pregnant women (x(-) = 7,57).", "PMID": 1020523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2781", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the secretory capability of myometrial cells during pregnancy].", "content": "Investigations of many authors carried out on animals have shown the ability of myometrium cells to synthesize and secrete proteins and glycoproteid products in the period of pregnancy. The author's own studies have been carried out on human and animal material. In the muscles slices of gravid uterus as markers of appropriate cytoplasmatic structures were found out: S-nucleotidase, TPP-ase, succinat dehydrogenase, acid phopshatase and additionally glycogen. On the basis of the results obtained it may be concluded that in myometrium cells of gravid uterus morphological features of Golgi Apparatus (bacilliform, crescent, vesicular and granular structures) and mitochondria as well as the amount of glycogen manifest metabolic activity of these cells. Considering heterogenity of morphological forms of Golgi Apparatus and frequent charateristic polar localization round the nucleus it may be supposed that the cells charakterized by these features may possess the ability of secreting synthesized proteins or other products.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the secretory capability of myometrial cells during pregnancy]. Investigations of many authors carried out on animals have shown the ability of myometrium cells to synthesize and secrete proteins and glycoproteid products in the period of pregnancy. The author's own studies have been carried out on human and animal material. In the muscles slices of gravid uterus as markers of appropriate cytoplasmatic structures were found out: S-nucleotidase, TPP-ase, succinat dehydrogenase, acid phopshatase and additionally glycogen. On the basis of the results obtained it may be concluded that in myometrium cells of gravid uterus morphological features of Golgi Apparatus (bacilliform, crescent, vesicular and granular structures) and mitochondria as well as the amount of glycogen manifest metabolic activity of these cells. Considering heterogenity of morphological forms of Golgi Apparatus and frequent charateristic polar localization round the nucleus it may be supposed that the cells charakterized by these features may possess the ability of secreting synthesized proteins or other products.", "PMID": 1020524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2782", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy].", "content": "Four cases in lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy are presented and compared to the opinions of other authors. Though a lot of questions are unknown yet, it seems that pregnancy doesn't have an unfavourable weight with lymphogranulomatosis.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy]. Four cases in lymphogranulomatosis and pregnancy are presented and compared to the opinions of other authors. Though a lot of questions are unknown yet, it seems that pregnancy doesn't have an unfavourable weight with lymphogranulomatosis.", "PMID": 1020525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2783", "title": "[A very large luteoma gravidarum].", "content": "A case of luteoma gravidarum detected during cesarean section is reported for the first time in German literature. The tumor described is the biggest of its kind so far. By means of this own observation details of origin, clinical behavior, histology and therapy of this odd tumor are discussed. Nevertheless a good deal remains enigmatical and further studies will be as interesting as actual.", "contents": "[A very large luteoma gravidarum]. A case of luteoma gravidarum detected during cesarean section is reported for the first time in German literature. The tumor described is the biggest of its kind so far. By means of this own observation details of origin, clinical behavior, histology and therapy of this odd tumor are discussed. Nevertheless a good deal remains enigmatical and further studies will be as interesting as actual.", "PMID": 1020526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2784", "title": "[Positive and negative ions influence on the activity of the adrenal cortex (author's transl)].", "content": "The cortisol level in the serum of mice, which had been exposed to the influence of negatively or positively ionized air for 30 minutes, was determined by means of competitive protein fixation. Under the influence of both ion moieties, the cortisol level rose to twice the physiological norm (p less than 0,001 in both cases). - Theoretically the inhaled air ions might exert influence on the regulatory cycle hypothalamus - hypophysis - ACTH - adrenal cortex both neurogenically and directly via the circulatory system, thereby changing the cortisol level. For this reason, the determination of ACTH, as well as of cortisol after hypophysis exstirpation, must be regarded as a prerequisite for further investigations.", "contents": "[Positive and negative ions influence on the activity of the adrenal cortex (author's transl)]. The cortisol level in the serum of mice, which had been exposed to the influence of negatively or positively ionized air for 30 minutes, was determined by means of competitive protein fixation. Under the influence of both ion moieties, the cortisol level rose to twice the physiological norm (p less than 0,001 in both cases). - Theoretically the inhaled air ions might exert influence on the regulatory cycle hypothalamus - hypophysis - ACTH - adrenal cortex both neurogenically and directly via the circulatory system, thereby changing the cortisol level. For this reason, the determination of ACTH, as well as of cortisol after hypophysis exstirpation, must be regarded as a prerequisite for further investigations.", "PMID": 1020532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2785", "title": "[Biochemical and psychological examinations of trichloroenthylene exposed volunteers (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven healthy volunteers were exposed to approximately 100 ppm (=520 mg/m3) trichloroethylene for six hours daily during a period of five consecutive days. A corresponding group was exposed a placebo in the same manner. -Biochemical and psychological examinations were accomplished in the beginning and the end of each day respectively the whole period. Thereby the intraindividual as well as the interindividual loads were taken to judge the health impairment. - For this purpose trichloroethylene, trichloroethanol and trichloracetic acid were determined in blood, as well as total trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in urine. For the measurement of the biochemical parameters gaschromatography is considered the best method. The combination of the \"intern standard\" with the synchronous determination of the metabolites of trichloroethylene is described as a new treatment. These time-efficient and practicable procedures are the most important suppositions for \"biological monitoring\". Results are confirmed as far as known in literature as well as the course of trichloroethylene in blood is described for the first time. The modern methods of psychology applied to tests and standardized questionaires served to quantify the intellectual and psychological conditions of the solvent exposed volunteers and of their corresponding group. The group results were compared. Thereby no significative differences were visible. Altogother the results show that during the 5 days exposition to 100 ppm (=520 mg/m3) trichloroethylene no impairments of the examined persons' mental and psychological capacities could be determined in spite of the biochemically quantified incorporation of the solvent.", "contents": "[Biochemical and psychological examinations of trichloroenthylene exposed volunteers (author's transl)]. Seven healthy volunteers were exposed to approximately 100 ppm (=520 mg/m3) trichloroethylene for six hours daily during a period of five consecutive days. A corresponding group was exposed a placebo in the same manner. -Biochemical and psychological examinations were accomplished in the beginning and the end of each day respectively the whole period. Thereby the intraindividual as well as the interindividual loads were taken to judge the health impairment. - For this purpose trichloroethylene, trichloroethanol and trichloracetic acid were determined in blood, as well as total trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in urine. For the measurement of the biochemical parameters gaschromatography is considered the best method. The combination of the \"intern standard\" with the synchronous determination of the metabolites of trichloroethylene is described as a new treatment. These time-efficient and practicable procedures are the most important suppositions for \"biological monitoring\". Results are confirmed as far as known in literature as well as the course of trichloroethylene in blood is described for the first time. The modern methods of psychology applied to tests and standardized questionaires served to quantify the intellectual and psychological conditions of the solvent exposed volunteers and of their corresponding group. The group results were compared. Thereby no significative differences were visible. Altogother the results show that during the 5 days exposition to 100 ppm (=520 mg/m3) trichloroethylene no impairments of the examined persons' mental and psychological capacities could be determined in spite of the biochemically quantified incorporation of the solvent.", "PMID": 1020533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2786", "title": "Clearance of benzo(a)pyrene from the respiratory tract of hamsters following its intratracheal instillation with or without ferric oxide.", "content": "A comparative study was carried out on the clearance of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) from the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters following intratracheal instillation of either BP alone or BP attached to ferric oxide particles. Eight series of 18 hamsters each, received a single intratracheal instillation of 0.5 or 1.0 mg BP suspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. In addition, three comparable series of hamsters received in the same way a mixture, of 1.0 mg BP + 1.0 mg ferric oxide suspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. In each of the series the BP content of the respiratory tract was determined at six different points of time viz. immediately after administration of BP or BP + ferric oxide, and three, six and 24 hours, and three and seven days after an instillation. The clearance of BP from the respiratory tract did not appear to be significantly influenced by the presence of ferric oxide. It was concluded that the present study produced no evidence of ferric oxide particles being capable of enhancing the retention of BP in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Clearance of benzo(a)pyrene from the respiratory tract of hamsters following its intratracheal instillation with or without ferric oxide. A comparative study was carried out on the clearance of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) from the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters following intratracheal instillation of either BP alone or BP attached to ferric oxide particles. Eight series of 18 hamsters each, received a single intratracheal instillation of 0.5 or 1.0 mg BP suspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. In addition, three comparable series of hamsters received in the same way a mixture, of 1.0 mg BP + 1.0 mg ferric oxide suspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. In each of the series the BP content of the respiratory tract was determined at six different points of time viz. immediately after administration of BP or BP + ferric oxide, and three, six and 24 hours, and three and seven days after an instillation. The clearance of BP from the respiratory tract did not appear to be significantly influenced by the presence of ferric oxide. It was concluded that the present study produced no evidence of ferric oxide particles being capable of enhancing the retention of BP in the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 1020534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2787", "title": "Repeated exposure to cyclopentenone vapour: long-term study in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "Effects of cyclopentenone inhalation were examined in a 78-week study with 420 hamsters evenly distributed over two inhalation chambers, one for exposure to air and the other for exposure to the test substance. Cyclopentenone was dosed at a level of 18 ppm (seven hr/day, five days/week) during the first 52 weeks, and at a level of 27 ppm during the last 26 weeks of the study. During the first 52 weeks, part of the animals in both chambers fortnightly received an intratracheal instillation  of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) or diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in saline or saline alone. Exposure to cyclopentenone caused slight growth depression in both sexes, and slightly increased relative liver weights and enhanced development of renal amyloidosis in females only. There was no evidence of cyclopentenonne possessing carcinogenic activity or being a co-factor in respiratory tract carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Repeated exposure to cyclopentenone vapour: long-term study in Syrian golden hamsters. Effects of cyclopentenone inhalation were examined in a 78-week study with 420 hamsters evenly distributed over two inhalation chambers, one for exposure to air and the other for exposure to the test substance. Cyclopentenone was dosed at a level of 18 ppm (seven hr/day, five days/week) during the first 52 weeks, and at a level of 27 ppm during the last 26 weeks of the study. During the first 52 weeks, part of the animals in both chambers fortnightly received an intratracheal instillation  of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) or diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in saline or saline alone. Exposure to cyclopentenone caused slight growth depression in both sexes, and slightly increased relative liver weights and enhanced development of renal amyloidosis in females only. There was no evidence of cyclopentenonne possessing carcinogenic activity or being a co-factor in respiratory tract carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1020535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2788", "title": "[Air and water contamination by road abrasion (author's transl)].", "content": "Owing to the abrasion of tar-containing or bituminous road surfaces particles are liberated which contain carcinophilic poly-aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. 3.4-benzpyrenes (BP). The effects of abrasion were determined by comparative measurements alongside a highway section of tar asphalt and one of concrete, both subjected to an identical traffic load. Airborne dust, sedimented dust near the ground and the degree of sewage pollution were measured. The wearing layer of the tar-asphalt surface consisted of TA16: max. grain size 16 mm; bonding agent TB 2000(containing  13 per cent tar pitch and 87 per cent bitumen). With a mean traffic load of 9000 vehicles per day abrasion liberated 15 mg 3.4-benzpyrene per month in winter and in summer 10 mg 3.4-benzpyrene per month and per 1 meter length of a two-laned highway. It was found that in the coarser dust particles the abrasion material containing 3.4-benzpyrene prevails. As a result, the tar asphalt abrasion in precipitated dust contained more than 50 per cent of total benzpyrene, while its share amounted even to 70 per cent of the total load in the floating fraction of waste water.", "contents": "[Air and water contamination by road abrasion (author's transl)]. Owing to the abrasion of tar-containing or bituminous road surfaces particles are liberated which contain carcinophilic poly-aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. 3.4-benzpyrenes (BP). The effects of abrasion were determined by comparative measurements alongside a highway section of tar asphalt and one of concrete, both subjected to an identical traffic load. Airborne dust, sedimented dust near the ground and the degree of sewage pollution were measured. The wearing layer of the tar-asphalt surface consisted of TA16: max. grain size 16 mm; bonding agent TB 2000(containing  13 per cent tar pitch and 87 per cent bitumen). With a mean traffic load of 9000 vehicles per day abrasion liberated 15 mg 3.4-benzpyrene per month in winter and in summer 10 mg 3.4-benzpyrene per month and per 1 meter length of a two-laned highway. It was found that in the coarser dust particles the abrasion material containing 3.4-benzpyrene prevails. As a result, the tar asphalt abrasion in precipitated dust contained more than 50 per cent of total benzpyrene, while its share amounted even to 70 per cent of the total load in the floating fraction of waste water.", "PMID": 1020536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2789", "title": "[Experiments to study paper for its suitability as sterile wrapping (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of experiments for the testing of germ density of paper intended for use as sterile wrapping. The generally used storage tests are unsatisfactory. The following procedure is proposed for the testing: The paper specimen is cut into pieces of about 7 X 7 cm and steam-sterilized at 134 degrees C. A number of samples is placed on the bottom of Petri dishes and each paper sample is sprinkled with 5 drops of a 0.1 ml suspension of Staph. aureus in distilled water. After drying, the paper samples are placed underside down on the surface of a blood agar plate so as to ensure complete contact. After about 5 seconds the paper samples are removed and the plates are incubated for 16 hours at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "[Experiments to study paper for its suitability as sterile wrapping (author's transl)]. A description is given of experiments for the testing of germ density of paper intended for use as sterile wrapping. The generally used storage tests are unsatisfactory. The following procedure is proposed for the testing: The paper specimen is cut into pieces of about 7 X 7 cm and steam-sterilized at 134 degrees C. A number of samples is placed on the bottom of Petri dishes and each paper sample is sprinkled with 5 drops of a 0.1 ml suspension of Staph. aureus in distilled water. After drying, the paper samples are placed underside down on the surface of a blood agar plate so as to ensure complete contact. After about 5 seconds the paper samples are removed and the plates are incubated for 16 hours at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 1020537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2790", "title": "[On the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in the throat of medical students (author's transl)].", "content": "There have been taken throat swabs of 148 medical students for making inquiries about the carrier rate of Staph. aureus. 106 of these persons could be checked-up after ca. two weeks. A comparison was made with the nursing staff of surgical wards of a university hospital. In view of the medical students Staph. aureus could be cultivated out of the throat swabs in 30%, in view of the hospital staff in 22%. 18% of the medical students were carriers for least two weeks. The Staph. aureus strains isolated from medical students and those isolated from the nursing staff showed on principle the same characteristics towards antibiotics resistance. With regard to the bedside-teaching it should be taken into consideration, that medical students are carriers of Staph. aureus to such a degree as the nursing staff.", "contents": "[On the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in the throat of medical students (author's transl)]. There have been taken throat swabs of 148 medical students for making inquiries about the carrier rate of Staph. aureus. 106 of these persons could be checked-up after ca. two weeks. A comparison was made with the nursing staff of surgical wards of a university hospital. In view of the medical students Staph. aureus could be cultivated out of the throat swabs in 30%, in view of the hospital staff in 22%. 18% of the medical students were carriers for least two weeks. The Staph. aureus strains isolated from medical students and those isolated from the nursing staff showed on principle the same characteristics towards antibiotics resistance. With regard to the bedside-teaching it should be taken into consideration, that medical students are carriers of Staph. aureus to such a degree as the nursing staff.", "PMID": 1020538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2791", "title": "[Possible error in interpretation of liquor enzyme activities as demonstrated on the example of lactate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase].", "content": "If examinations of the liquor are to give an insight into the metabolic condition of the brain, then it is necessary for all sources of error to be removed. The use fo exact methods requires that the liquor be free of major pleocytosis. In vitro examinations showed that additions of blood caused the activity of LDH to be doubled within thirty minutes, while that of cholinesterase even increased sixfold. It is especially after craniocerebral injuries that extra care must be taken to insure that the liquor used is as clear as water.", "contents": "[Possible error in interpretation of liquor enzyme activities as demonstrated on the example of lactate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase]. If examinations of the liquor are to give an insight into the metabolic condition of the brain, then it is necessary for all sources of error to be removed. The use fo exact methods requires that the liquor be free of major pleocytosis. In vitro examinations showed that additions of blood caused the activity of LDH to be doubled within thirty minutes, while that of cholinesterase even increased sixfold. It is especially after craniocerebral injuries that extra care must be taken to insure that the liquor used is as clear as water.", "PMID": 1020539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2792", "title": "[Problem of the angiographic demonstration of subdural empyema in the interhemispheric cleft].", "content": "List's falx syndrome is confirmed on the basis of an analysis of six own patients and of a survey of the literature on 16 cases of interhemispheric empyemas. The angiographic diagnosis of interhemispheric empyemas is uncertain, and this is in contrast to opinions expressed in the literature. Negative angiographic results cannot be considered to rule out the possibility of the presence of an empyema in the interhemispheric space. In those cases in which corresponding clinical evidence is available it is recommended to always surgically explore the interhemispheric space subsequent to broad trephination.", "contents": "[Problem of the angiographic demonstration of subdural empyema in the interhemispheric cleft]. List's falx syndrome is confirmed on the basis of an analysis of six own patients and of a survey of the literature on 16 cases of interhemispheric empyemas. The angiographic diagnosis of interhemispheric empyemas is uncertain, and this is in contrast to opinions expressed in the literature. Negative angiographic results cannot be considered to rule out the possibility of the presence of an empyema in the interhemispheric space. In those cases in which corresponding clinical evidence is available it is recommended to always surgically explore the interhemispheric space subsequent to broad trephination.", "PMID": 1020540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2793", "title": "[Complications of the operative neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia].", "content": "The complications after neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia of 161 patients treated in the neurosurgical hospital university medical school Bonn from 1971 to 1974 are referred. Emphasis is layed on severe complications. After rhizotomia (Dandys method) 3 patients died, one of them because of a meningitis, one of them because of damage of the superior petrosal vein and one after ligature of an irregular auditive artery. One patient died after electrocoagulation of the ganglion Gasseri (Kirschner's method) after having had an important bleeding during coagulation. Another patient developed hemiparesis after a strong arterial bleeding during electrocoagulation. The damage of importance arterial vessels seems to be decisive. Three proposals in order to diminish the risk of the operations are settled: 1. Preoperative neuroradiological checks by means of contrast. 2. Carefully sparing of vessels, especially when precedent scars had alterated the field of operation, perhaps if necessary by means of the operation mikroscope. 3. Control of the lokalisation of the needle during electrocoagulation by X-rays.", "contents": "[Complications of the operative neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia]. The complications after neurosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia of 161 patients treated in the neurosurgical hospital university medical school Bonn from 1971 to 1974 are referred. Emphasis is layed on severe complications. After rhizotomia (Dandys method) 3 patients died, one of them because of a meningitis, one of them because of damage of the superior petrosal vein and one after ligature of an irregular auditive artery. One patient died after electrocoagulation of the ganglion Gasseri (Kirschner's method) after having had an important bleeding during coagulation. Another patient developed hemiparesis after a strong arterial bleeding during electrocoagulation. The damage of importance arterial vessels seems to be decisive. Three proposals in order to diminish the risk of the operations are settled: 1. Preoperative neuroradiological checks by means of contrast. 2. Carefully sparing of vessels, especially when precedent scars had alterated the field of operation, perhaps if necessary by means of the operation mikroscope. 3. Control of the lokalisation of the needle during electrocoagulation by X-rays.", "PMID": 1020541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2794", "title": "A standardized model of microembolization in the cat brain.", "content": "A standardized method is described for the experimental reproduction of micro-embolism in the cat brain with obstruction of the cortical capillaries and following \"remote\" effects in the white matter. The model is useful for reproducing the phenomena observed in human fat embolism. Further results will be published in a future paper.", "contents": "A standardized model of microembolization in the cat brain. A standardized method is described for the experimental reproduction of micro-embolism in the cat brain with obstruction of the cortical capillaries and following \"remote\" effects in the white matter. The model is useful for reproducing the phenomena observed in human fat embolism. Further results will be published in a future paper.", "PMID": 1020542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2795", "title": "[A case of pyocele in the sphenoid bone cavity].", "content": "A case is reported where the clinical symptomatology as well as the ophthalmological, radiological, endocrinological, and scintigraphic results offered significant evidence in favor of the presence of a tumor in the sellar region. The diagnosis of a pyocele originating in the sphenoid bone could be established intraoperatively only. Cysts originating in the sphenoid bone are described as what is usually called an \"orbital inlet syndrome\" from which the present case differs in some respects.", "contents": "[A case of pyocele in the sphenoid bone cavity]. A case is reported where the clinical symptomatology as well as the ophthalmological, radiological, endocrinological, and scintigraphic results offered significant evidence in favor of the presence of a tumor in the sellar region. The diagnosis of a pyocele originating in the sphenoid bone could be established intraoperatively only. Cysts originating in the sphenoid bone are described as what is usually called an \"orbital inlet syndrome\" from which the present case differs in some respects.", "PMID": 1020543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2796", "title": "[Myxopapillary ependymoma of the os sacrum].", "content": "A sacro-presacral myxopapillary ependymoma with a long anamnesis is described. A total of 46 other cases have heretofore been reported in the literature, which were systematized in this paper from a clinical as well as developmental point of view. Surgical interventions performed in the early and later phases of the disease resulted in restoration to health and subjective alleviation, respectively.", "contents": "[Myxopapillary ependymoma of the os sacrum]. A sacro-presacral myxopapillary ependymoma with a long anamnesis is described. A total of 46 other cases have heretofore been reported in the literature, which were systematized in this paper from a clinical as well as developmental point of view. Surgical interventions performed in the early and later phases of the disease resulted in restoration to health and subjective alleviation, respectively.", "PMID": 1020544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2797", "title": "[Value of ophthamoneurologic diagnosis in cranio-cerebral injuries of the child].", "content": "In recent years, there has been a relatively high incidence of craniocerebral traumas among children. It is essential that careful ophthalmological examinations be made in addition to a general diagnosis, which should preferably be established by surgical means, as well as neurological and roentgenological examinations. The most important criteria of examination are the determination of the absence of external injuries to the eyes, the assessment of the mobility of the eyeball, tests of pupillary reactions, and an evaluation of the eyeground. The results of reexaminations made on 108 children, who had been receiving in-patient treatment, one to five years ago, because of craniocerebral traumas of different degrees of severity, underscore the importance of ophthalmological diagnosis in this particular group of diseases.", "contents": "[Value of ophthamoneurologic diagnosis in cranio-cerebral injuries of the child]. In recent years, there has been a relatively high incidence of craniocerebral traumas among children. It is essential that careful ophthalmological examinations be made in addition to a general diagnosis, which should preferably be established by surgical means, as well as neurological and roentgenological examinations. The most important criteria of examination are the determination of the absence of external injuries to the eyes, the assessment of the mobility of the eyeball, tests of pupillary reactions, and an evaluation of the eyeground. The results of reexaminations made on 108 children, who had been receiving in-patient treatment, one to five years ago, because of craniocerebral traumas of different degrees of severity, underscore the importance of ophthalmological diagnosis in this particular group of diseases.", "PMID": 1020545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2798", "title": "[Studies on surgical preparations for the concentration of radionuclides in brain tumors].", "content": "A total of 69 surgical preparations were used to determine the tumor-brain quotients of a number of radiopharmaceuticals and compare them with data reported in the literature of which the majority were externally measured values. The increases in activity of the tumor were on average, 2.5 times (131-J-HSA), 2.9 times (99m-Tc-pertechnate), and 3-5 times (197-Hg-Neohydrin) higher than those of the brain tissue. The lowest tumor-brain quotients were obtained for astrocytomas regardless of the radiopharmaceutical used, while high values were found for meningiomas, glioblastomas, and some of the spongioblastomas. In 44 cases tumor-brain quotients could be compared with scintigraphic results of which 36 were positive. Tumors having values less than 1-5 could not be scintigraphed. In the case of a negative scintigram of the brain the size and location relative to the base of the skull played a significant role although the tumor-brain quotient was high.", "contents": "[Studies on surgical preparations for the concentration of radionuclides in brain tumors]. A total of 69 surgical preparations were used to determine the tumor-brain quotients of a number of radiopharmaceuticals and compare them with data reported in the literature of which the majority were externally measured values. The increases in activity of the tumor were on average, 2.5 times (131-J-HSA), 2.9 times (99m-Tc-pertechnate), and 3-5 times (197-Hg-Neohydrin) higher than those of the brain tissue. The lowest tumor-brain quotients were obtained for astrocytomas regardless of the radiopharmaceutical used, while high values were found for meningiomas, glioblastomas, and some of the spongioblastomas. In 44 cases tumor-brain quotients could be compared with scintigraphic results of which 36 were positive. Tumors having values less than 1-5 could not be scintigraphed. In the case of a negative scintigram of the brain the size and location relative to the base of the skull played a significant role although the tumor-brain quotient was high.", "PMID": 1020546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2799", "title": "[Interrelationship between immunologic and neurologic memory: learning ability of rats during immunostimulation].", "content": "Studies have been made on the effect of an immunostimulator - the complete Freund's adjuvant - upon the learning ability in Wistar rats for visual discrimination using food-obtaining and avoidance of the electric shock techniques. Injection of the adjuvant significantly increases learning ability provided negative reinforcement technique is used, but inhibits the former under the conditions of positive reinforcement. Analysis of the extinction of the conditioned reflexes yielded similar results. Possible relation of immunogenesis to the formation of memory is discussed.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between immunologic and neurologic memory: learning ability of rats during immunostimulation]. Studies have been made on the effect of an immunostimulator - the complete Freund's adjuvant - upon the learning ability in Wistar rats for visual discrimination using food-obtaining and avoidance of the electric shock techniques. Injection of the adjuvant significantly increases learning ability provided negative reinforcement technique is used, but inhibits the former under the conditions of positive reinforcement. Analysis of the extinction of the conditioned reflexes yielded similar results. Possible relation of immunogenesis to the formation of memory is discussed.", "PMID": 1020549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2800", "title": "[Patterns in the binding of cytotoxic neuropharmacologic preparations by early sea urchin embryos].", "content": "Early embryos of Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis intensively bind cytotoxic neuropharmacological drugs, such as antiserotonine indole derivatives, cholinolytics and tricyclic antidepressants. The binding intensity decreases markedly upon quaternization of the drugs. Quantitative analysis indicates that: a)with respect to the drugs, the suspension of living embryos may be described as a single adsorbing system following the Langmuir equation; b) at least two independent binding pools exist in embryos; c) the magnitude of cytotoxic effect of a given drug is not proportional to its binding.", "contents": "[Patterns in the binding of cytotoxic neuropharmacologic preparations by early sea urchin embryos]. Early embryos of Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis intensively bind cytotoxic neuropharmacological drugs, such as antiserotonine indole derivatives, cholinolytics and tricyclic antidepressants. The binding intensity decreases markedly upon quaternization of the drugs. Quantitative analysis indicates that: a)with respect to the drugs, the suspension of living embryos may be described as a single adsorbing system following the Langmuir equation; b) at least two independent binding pools exist in embryos; c) the magnitude of cytotoxic effect of a given drug is not proportional to its binding.", "PMID": 1020550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2801", "title": "[Variability in several ecologic-physiologic traits of different populations of the Asiatic Arctic suslik Citellus parryi].", "content": "In several geographic populations of the Arctic ground squirrel C. parryi, studies have been made on changes in oxygen consumption during decrease of the ambient temperature from 25 to 3-4 degrees, thermal preference, hemoglobin content of the blood and composition of the adipose tissue (both brown and white, subcutaneous and visceral). Significant shifts of these indices were found. In animals from various parts of the species area, different sensitivity to cooling was found, as indicated by determinations of oxygen consumption at different temperatures and the prefered temperature: different hemoglobin content of the blood was also found together with differences in the level of two unsaturated fatty acids - the oleic and linoleic ones. Comparison of these data with similar results obtained on various populations of the Siberian ground squirrel C. undulatus revealed obvious differences between these close species with respect to the indices studied.", "contents": "[Variability in several ecologic-physiologic traits of different populations of the Asiatic Arctic suslik Citellus parryi]. In several geographic populations of the Arctic ground squirrel C. parryi, studies have been made on changes in oxygen consumption during decrease of the ambient temperature from 25 to 3-4 degrees, thermal preference, hemoglobin content of the blood and composition of the adipose tissue (both brown and white, subcutaneous and visceral). Significant shifts of these indices were found. In animals from various parts of the species area, different sensitivity to cooling was found, as indicated by determinations of oxygen consumption at different temperatures and the prefered temperature: different hemoglobin content of the blood was also found together with differences in the level of two unsaturated fatty acids - the oleic and linoleic ones. Comparison of these data with similar results obtained on various populations of the Siberian ground squirrel C. undulatus revealed obvious differences between these close species with respect to the indices studied.", "PMID": 1020553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2802", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the eye, cardiac and skeletal muscles of several decapods].", "content": "Properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the eye, heart and muscles of Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Paralithodes camtschatica, Erimacrus isenbeckii, Pandalus latirastrus, Pagurus brachiomastus have been studied with acrylamide gel electrophoresis and kinetics analysis. LDH in all the tissues of all the representatives studied was found to be specific for L-pyruvate and lactate; it migrated in electrophoresis as a single band revealing low mobility towards anode. The isoenzyme from P. camtschatica and P. latirastrus differed from the isoenzymes of other animals studied by higher mobility towards anode that reflected higher negative value of its total charge. The LDH isoenzymes in all the animals studied resembled the A4 (LDH5) of the vertebrates being unstable to the denaturing action of high temperature and being unaffected by high concentrations of pyruvate up to 1.0.10-3M. On the other hand, in conrast to the A4 of mammals, the LDH in question displayed enhancement of the reaction rate and decrease of the Km values upon increase in the NAD+ and NAD.H concentrations both in the presence of high or low lactate and pyruvate concentrations. The isoenzymes displayed catalytic activity also in the presence of NADP, the Km values for pyruvate in the presence of equimolar (2.25 mM) concentrations of NAD.H or NADP.H were practically identical and were found to be within the limits of 14-26.10-5 M. Molecular weight of the LDH studied assessed by the gel filtration method was found to be 130-140,000. It is suggested that the LDH isoenzyme from the representatives of the decapod crayfish studied is homologous in its certain properties to the homotetrameric A4 form of the vertebrates.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the eye, cardiac and skeletal muscles of several decapods]. Properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the eye, heart and muscles of Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Paralithodes camtschatica, Erimacrus isenbeckii, Pandalus latirastrus, Pagurus brachiomastus have been studied with acrylamide gel electrophoresis and kinetics analysis. LDH in all the tissues of all the representatives studied was found to be specific for L-pyruvate and lactate; it migrated in electrophoresis as a single band revealing low mobility towards anode. The isoenzyme from P. camtschatica and P. latirastrus differed from the isoenzymes of other animals studied by higher mobility towards anode that reflected higher negative value of its total charge. The LDH isoenzymes in all the animals studied resembled the A4 (LDH5) of the vertebrates being unstable to the denaturing action of high temperature and being unaffected by high concentrations of pyruvate up to 1.0.10-3M. On the other hand, in conrast to the A4 of mammals, the LDH in question displayed enhancement of the reaction rate and decrease of the Km values upon increase in the NAD+ and NAD.H concentrations both in the presence of high or low lactate and pyruvate concentrations. The isoenzymes displayed catalytic activity also in the presence of NADP, the Km values for pyruvate in the presence of equimolar (2.25 mM) concentrations of NAD.H or NADP.H were practically identical and were found to be within the limits of 14-26.10-5 M. Molecular weight of the LDH studied assessed by the gel filtration method was found to be 130-140,000. It is suggested that the LDH isoenzyme from the representatives of the decapod crayfish studied is homologous in its certain properties to the homotetrameric A4 form of the vertebrates.", "PMID": 1020551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2803", "title": "[Pathways for the transmission of visual information in the protocerebrum of the drone fly Eristalis tenax].", "content": "Studies have been made on the structure of neuropiles and visual pathoways in the brain of the fly E. tenax L. (Diptera, Syrphidae). The retina is projected on laminar structures in the visual ganglia only; other protocerebrum neuropiles lack this projection. All the comissures connecting contralateral visual ganglia, consist of several hundreds of fibers, whereas the binocular zone of both eyes includes more than 4,000 ommatidia. Neither the visual ganglia, nor other protocerebrum neuropiles may serve as a substrate for topographic imposition of projections of the corresponding parts in both retines. The mechanism of binocular interaction in insects presumably differs from that in mammals (primates, carnovores).", "contents": "[Pathways for the transmission of visual information in the protocerebrum of the drone fly Eristalis tenax]. Studies have been made on the structure of neuropiles and visual pathoways in the brain of the fly E. tenax L. (Diptera, Syrphidae). The retina is projected on laminar structures in the visual ganglia only; other protocerebrum neuropiles lack this projection. All the comissures connecting contralateral visual ganglia, consist of several hundreds of fibers, whereas the binocular zone of both eyes includes more than 4,000 ommatidia. Neither the visual ganglia, nor other protocerebrum neuropiles may serve as a substrate for topographic imposition of projections of the corresponding parts in both retines. The mechanism of binocular interaction in insects presumably differs from that in mammals (primates, carnovores).", "PMID": 1020555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2804", "title": "[Carbon dioxide fixation in aquatic animals and its metabolic significance].", "content": "In experiments on the carp Cyprinus carpio and freshwater lamellibranch mollusc Anodonta cygnea, tissue and organ peculiarities of carboxylic reactions have been revealed together with their relationship to the temperatute and ionic composition of the incubation medium. It was shown that in fish the highest intensity of fixation of CO2 is exhibited by glandular organs with biosynthetic profile of the metabolism (liver), whereas in molluscs it is exhibited in the mantle which plays the key role in the formation of the shell, containing carbonate compounds of calcium.", "contents": "[Carbon dioxide fixation in aquatic animals and its metabolic significance]. In experiments on the carp Cyprinus carpio and freshwater lamellibranch mollusc Anodonta cygnea, tissue and organ peculiarities of carboxylic reactions have been revealed together with their relationship to the temperatute and ionic composition of the incubation medium. It was shown that in fish the highest intensity of fixation of CO2 is exhibited by glandular organs with biosynthetic profile of the metabolism (liver), whereas in molluscs it is exhibited in the mantle which plays the key role in the formation of the shell, containing carbonate compounds of calcium.", "PMID": 1020552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2805", "title": "[Wing receptors of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana].", "content": "Wing receptors of the cockroach have been studied using staining technique with methylene blue in living animals. Five types of the receptors were found: trychoid hairs, bristles, complaniform sensillae, chordotonal organs and multiterminal neurons. The majority of the receptors is located at the lower surface of the wing, especially along its ribs. Together with primitive features in the structure (polyneuronal origin of hairs and bristles, poor content of chordotonal organs, absence of distinct groups of companiform sensillae), some specialization of wing receptors with respect to flight function is noted (concentration of proprioceptors along the main mechanical axis of the wing and formation of distinct rows by the companiform sensillae).", "contents": "[Wing receptors of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana]. Wing receptors of the cockroach have been studied using staining technique with methylene blue in living animals. Five types of the receptors were found: trychoid hairs, bristles, complaniform sensillae, chordotonal organs and multiterminal neurons. The majority of the receptors is located at the lower surface of the wing, especially along its ribs. Together with primitive features in the structure (polyneuronal origin of hairs and bristles, poor content of chordotonal organs, absence of distinct groups of companiform sensillae), some specialization of wing receptors with respect to flight function is noted (concentration of proprioceptors along the main mechanical axis of the wing and formation of distinct rows by the companiform sensillae).", "PMID": 1020554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2806", "title": "[Visual projections in the forebrain of the carp Cyprinus carpio].", "content": "In the carp C. carpio, studies have been made on the evoked potentials (EP) in the-forebrain elicited by electrical stimulation of contralateral (with respect to the midbrain tectum) nerve. The most high-amplitude and short-latency EP were recorded in the rostro-lateral part of the forebrain at the depth of 1,000-1,500 mu. According to the topographical nomenclature of cyprinid telencephalon, this region corresponds to the area dorsalis telencephali pars lateralis, whereas according to classic comparative neuroanatomical nomenclature it may be defined as the primordium hippocamp or primordium piriform zone. Comparison of the EP in the telencephalon with those in the midbrain tectum suggests active nature of the former.", "contents": "[Visual projections in the forebrain of the carp Cyprinus carpio]. In the carp C. carpio, studies have been made on the evoked potentials (EP) in the-forebrain elicited by electrical stimulation of contralateral (with respect to the midbrain tectum) nerve. The most high-amplitude and short-latency EP were recorded in the rostro-lateral part of the forebrain at the depth of 1,000-1,500 mu. According to the topographical nomenclature of cyprinid telencephalon, this region corresponds to the area dorsalis telencephali pars lateralis, whereas according to classic comparative neuroanatomical nomenclature it may be defined as the primordium hippocamp or primordium piriform zone. Comparison of the EP in the telencephalon with those in the midbrain tectum suggests active nature of the former.", "PMID": 1020557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2807", "title": "[Properties of neurons of the tectal portion of the visual system of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum].", "content": "In the tectum opticum of the adult neotenic A. mexicanum, responses of single neuronal units to diffuse illumination and moving visual stimuli have been investigated. Of 111 unites investigated, 27 are presented by tectal neurons, their maximum distribution being observed at a depth of 500-600 mu. In superficial layers 9 ipsi-elements were found; their receptive fields are located in the antero-dorsal part of the visual field, at both sides of the body axis. Among the units identified as the terminals of visual fibers, 70% have receptive fields of 5-10 degrees, being localized in general more close to the surface as compared to the units with the receptive field diameter of 40 and more degrees (11%). Visual neurons and ganglionic retinal cells with axons terminating in the tectum, exhibit poor specificity to the size of a stimulus within 5-30 degrees and do not react to stimuli of 2 degrees.", "contents": "[Properties of neurons of the tectal portion of the visual system of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum]. In the tectum opticum of the adult neotenic A. mexicanum, responses of single neuronal units to diffuse illumination and moving visual stimuli have been investigated. Of 111 unites investigated, 27 are presented by tectal neurons, their maximum distribution being observed at a depth of 500-600 mu. In superficial layers 9 ipsi-elements were found; their receptive fields are located in the antero-dorsal part of the visual field, at both sides of the body axis. Among the units identified as the terminals of visual fibers, 70% have receptive fields of 5-10 degrees, being localized in general more close to the surface as compared to the units with the receptive field diameter of 40 and more degrees (11%). Visual neurons and ganglionic retinal cells with axons terminating in the tectum, exhibit poor specificity to the size of a stimulus within 5-30 degrees and do not react to stimuli of 2 degrees.", "PMID": 1020556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2808", "title": "[Coupling of enzymes to modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers].", "content": "A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride is modified with low molecular weight polyoles in a very convenient manner, so that it can be applied as a carried for the fixation of biologically active compounds without further pretreatment. The modified products show storage stability over a long time without loss of coupling capacity. Examples for the fixation of trypsin, alkaline phosphatase and a bacterial glutamate dehydrogenase are given, and some properties of the resulting enzyme products are described.", "contents": "[Coupling of enzymes to modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers]. A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride is modified with low molecular weight polyoles in a very convenient manner, so that it can be applied as a carried for the fixation of biologically active compounds without further pretreatment. The modified products show storage stability over a long time without loss of coupling capacity. Examples for the fixation of trypsin, alkaline phosphatase and a bacterial glutamate dehydrogenase are given, and some properties of the resulting enzyme products are described.", "PMID": 1020563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2809", "title": "[Influence of vagotomy on glucose tolerance and on the responses of plasma insulin and exocrine pancreatic function followed glucose load or food ingestion in dogs].", "content": "A part of the intrapancreatic nerve fibres of dogs show 1-2 months after bilateral truncal vagotomy a decay of the medullary sheath; in addition, the histochemically demonstrable insulin content of the B-cells is reduced. These animals do no longer react to oral glucose administration or feeding a meat meal with a reflectoric early rise of plasma insulin concentration and of exocrine functional parameters (all the animals were bearing exocrine pancreas fistulas). The glucose tolerance and and the decrease of free fatty acids in serum were restricted. Also, the content of bicarbonate and protein in the pancreatic juice and the insulin secretion of vagotomized animals are strongly reduced in the subsequent test phase (up to 120 min) following oral or i.v. glucose administration and after feeding meat. The inhibition of exocrine volume secretion following i.v. glucose administration was enhanced by the intervention. The findings confirm the involvement of the N. vagus in the mechanisms of the enteroinsular axis that becomes active together with exocrine gastro- and duodenopancreatic reflexes to any kind of physiological enteral stimulation.", "contents": "[Influence of vagotomy on glucose tolerance and on the responses of plasma insulin and exocrine pancreatic function followed glucose load or food ingestion in dogs]. A part of the intrapancreatic nerve fibres of dogs show 1-2 months after bilateral truncal vagotomy a decay of the medullary sheath; in addition, the histochemically demonstrable insulin content of the B-cells is reduced. These animals do no longer react to oral glucose administration or feeding a meat meal with a reflectoric early rise of plasma insulin concentration and of exocrine functional parameters (all the animals were bearing exocrine pancreas fistulas). The glucose tolerance and and the decrease of free fatty acids in serum were restricted. Also, the content of bicarbonate and protein in the pancreatic juice and the insulin secretion of vagotomized animals are strongly reduced in the subsequent test phase (up to 120 min) following oral or i.v. glucose administration and after feeding meat. The inhibition of exocrine volume secretion following i.v. glucose administration was enhanced by the intervention. The findings confirm the involvement of the N. vagus in the mechanisms of the enteroinsular axis that becomes active together with exocrine gastro- and duodenopancreatic reflexes to any kind of physiological enteral stimulation.", "PMID": 1020564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2810", "title": "[Morpho-functional characteristics of the optic nerve of the steppe turtle Agrionemys horsfieldi].", "content": "The optic nerve of the tortoise Agrionemys horsfieldi contains about 400,000 fibers (90% unmyelinated and 10% myelinated ones). the diameter of unmyelinated fibers varies from 0.3 to 1.1 mu, mean value being equal to 0.5 mu; fibers with a diameter 0.4-0.7 comprise 77%. The diameter of myelinated fibers varies within 0.3-3.0 mu, average value being 0.5-0.8 nu; fibers with a diameter 0.5-0.9 mu amount to 62%. Electrogram of the optic nerve consists of two components which are equal in their amplitudes. These components presumably reflect summary firings of modal groups of unmyelinated and myelinated fibers. The velocity of propagation of excitation along the fibers producing the first component is equal to 1.3 m/sec, wheras that in fibers producing the second component - to 0.5 m/sec. The data obtained are compared with those related for the other tortoise - Emys orbicularis.", "contents": "[Morpho-functional characteristics of the optic nerve of the steppe turtle Agrionemys horsfieldi]. The optic nerve of the tortoise Agrionemys horsfieldi contains about 400,000 fibers (90% unmyelinated and 10% myelinated ones). the diameter of unmyelinated fibers varies from 0.3 to 1.1 mu, mean value being equal to 0.5 mu; fibers with a diameter 0.4-0.7 comprise 77%. The diameter of myelinated fibers varies within 0.3-3.0 mu, average value being 0.5-0.8 nu; fibers with a diameter 0.5-0.9 mu amount to 62%. Electrogram of the optic nerve consists of two components which are equal in their amplitudes. These components presumably reflect summary firings of modal groups of unmyelinated and myelinated fibers. The velocity of propagation of excitation along the fibers producing the first component is equal to 1.3 m/sec, wheras that in fibers producing the second component - to 0.5 m/sec. The data obtained are compared with those related for the other tortoise - Emys orbicularis.", "PMID": 1020558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2811", "title": "The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration. VII. Exocrine pancreatic function and plasma-IRI in dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulas.", "content": "During an intravenous glucose test, conscious dogs with exocrine pancreatic fistulas showed a reduction in the secretions of water, protein and of bicarbonate. This reduction is related to hyperglycemia and to IRI increase in the peripheral venous blood. After oral administration of glucose, however, a biphasic stimulation of the exocrine function was observed. During the first 15 minutes when insulin secretion increases independently of the blood glucose increase, all exocrine pancreatic functions are transiently stimulated, too. A second peak of the exocrine secretions is to be observed when glucose absorption and insulin secretion exhibit their maximum.", "contents": "The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration. VII. Exocrine pancreatic function and plasma-IRI in dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulas. During an intravenous glucose test, conscious dogs with exocrine pancreatic fistulas showed a reduction in the secretions of water, protein and of bicarbonate. This reduction is related to hyperglycemia and to IRI increase in the peripheral venous blood. After oral administration of glucose, however, a biphasic stimulation of the exocrine function was observed. During the first 15 minutes when insulin secretion increases independently of the blood glucose increase, all exocrine pancreatic functions are transiently stimulated, too. A second peak of the exocrine secretions is to be observed when glucose absorption and insulin secretion exhibit their maximum.", "PMID": 1020565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2812", "title": "[Distribution of reticulospinal fibers and theri endings in the lumbar segments of the rat spinal cord].", "content": "After stereotaxis lexions in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the modulla oblongata and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, the distribution of degenerating nerve fibers in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord has been studied by silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Fink-Heimer. Degenerating reticulo-spinal fibers and fragments of axonal terminations were found in the area of n. motorius ventro-medialis and n. motorius ventro-lateralis, as well as partly in n. motorius dorso-lateralis close to motoneurons and their dendrites. Mainly they pass into layers VII and VIII. This fact indicates the existence of direct-reticulo-motoneuronal synaptic connections in rats, which coincides with electrophysiological data.", "contents": "[Distribution of reticulospinal fibers and theri endings in the lumbar segments of the rat spinal cord]. After stereotaxis lexions in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the modulla oblongata and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, the distribution of degenerating nerve fibers in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord has been studied by silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Fink-Heimer. Degenerating reticulo-spinal fibers and fragments of axonal terminations were found in the area of n. motorius ventro-medialis and n. motorius ventro-lateralis, as well as partly in n. motorius dorso-lateralis close to motoneurons and their dendrites. Mainly they pass into layers VII and VIII. This fact indicates the existence of direct-reticulo-motoneuronal synaptic connections in rats, which coincides with electrophysiological data.", "PMID": 1020559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2813", "title": "[Hypotonic regulation in marine cladocerans Evadne nordmanni and Podon leuckarti].", "content": "At a salinity of the environment of 23-25% (delta degrees being equal to -1.28 divided by-1.39), the depression of hemolymph in E. nordmanni is equal to -0.76 +/- -0.11 degree, in P. leuckarti - to -0.75+/- -0.06 degree. This high level of hypotony persists up to the formation of the head-shild, after which the depression of marsupium fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that the head-shield is involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of the level of the osmotic pressure of the internal medium in marine cladocerans and marine teleosts which also originated from fresh-water ancestors is noted.", "contents": "[Hypotonic regulation in marine cladocerans Evadne nordmanni and Podon leuckarti]. At a salinity of the environment of 23-25% (delta degrees being equal to -1.28 divided by-1.39), the depression of hemolymph in E. nordmanni is equal to -0.76 +/- -0.11 degree, in P. leuckarti - to -0.75+/- -0.06 degree. This high level of hypotony persists up to the formation of the head-shild, after which the depression of marsupium fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that the head-shield is involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of the level of the osmotic pressure of the internal medium in marine cladocerans and marine teleosts which also originated from fresh-water ancestors is noted.", "PMID": 1020560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2814", "title": "[Reactivity of isolated arteries from hypertensive rabbits].", "content": "Isolated vessels (aorta thoracica, a pulmonalis, a. femoralis, a. renalis) of neurogenous-interoceptive and nephrogenous hypertensive rabbits showed a changed sensitivity to several vasoactive agents. An increased reactivity to noradrenaline, histamine, and serotonin in the aorta of neurogenous hypertensive rabbits, in the a. pulmonalis of neurogenous and renal hypertensive rabbits and in the a. femoralis of renal hypertensive animals in comparison with controls could be shown. Also registered was a hyperactivity to BaCl2 and KCl. All vessels of hypertensive rabbits were hyporeactive to angiotensin. They increased vascular reactivity was seen already in the 3rd week after removal of one kideny and pressoric receptors respectively. It is supposed that a \"true supersensitivity\" of the vascular smooth muscle cells of the hypertensive arteries does exist.", "contents": "[Reactivity of isolated arteries from hypertensive rabbits]. Isolated vessels (aorta thoracica, a pulmonalis, a. femoralis, a. renalis) of neurogenous-interoceptive and nephrogenous hypertensive rabbits showed a changed sensitivity to several vasoactive agents. An increased reactivity to noradrenaline, histamine, and serotonin in the aorta of neurogenous hypertensive rabbits, in the a. pulmonalis of neurogenous and renal hypertensive rabbits and in the a. femoralis of renal hypertensive animals in comparison with controls could be shown. Also registered was a hyperactivity to BaCl2 and KCl. All vessels of hypertensive rabbits were hyporeactive to angiotensin. They increased vascular reactivity was seen already in the 3rd week after removal of one kideny and pressoric receptors respectively. It is supposed that a \"true supersensitivity\" of the vascular smooth muscle cells of the hypertensive arteries does exist.", "PMID": 1020566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2815", "title": "[Influence of spasmolytic agents on the cumulative calcium dose-effect curve in isolation-perfused peripheral vascular beds].", "content": "The influence of verapamil, theophylline, and papaverine on the cumulative calcium dose-effect curve was studied at the isolated perfused rat tail. The results indicate different changes of the contraction and relexation phase respectively. The findings are discussed in connection with the action mechanism of the drugs and the processes of excitation-contraction coupling.", "contents": "[Influence of spasmolytic agents on the cumulative calcium dose-effect curve in isolation-perfused peripheral vascular beds]. The influence of verapamil, theophylline, and papaverine on the cumulative calcium dose-effect curve was studied at the isolated perfused rat tail. The results indicate different changes of the contraction and relexation phase respectively. The findings are discussed in connection with the action mechanism of the drugs and the processes of excitation-contraction coupling.", "PMID": 1020567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2816", "title": "[Extent and duration of drug-induced stimulation of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid].", "content": "Repeated pretreatment with p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), probenecide, cyclopenthiazide, and phenobarbital stimulates the renal excretion of PAH. For an interval of at least 6 hrs following i.p. application pretreated rats excrete more PAH excretion than the controls. All the drugs studied were found to stimulate renal PAH excretion within a period of 3 hrs by 50-60% of the control value. The required duration of pretreatment varies with the substance used. With cyclopenthiazide, the excretion of PAH is demonstrable for 2-3 weeks. Phenobarbital has a brief stimulating action. Correlations of a binding of drugs to structures of their tubular cell and the length of the stimulating action are discussed.", "contents": "[Extent and duration of drug-induced stimulation of renal excretion of p-aminohippuric acid]. Repeated pretreatment with p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), probenecide, cyclopenthiazide, and phenobarbital stimulates the renal excretion of PAH. For an interval of at least 6 hrs following i.p. application pretreated rats excrete more PAH excretion than the controls. All the drugs studied were found to stimulate renal PAH excretion within a period of 3 hrs by 50-60% of the control value. The required duration of pretreatment varies with the substance used. With cyclopenthiazide, the excretion of PAH is demonstrable for 2-3 weeks. Phenobarbital has a brief stimulating action. Correlations of a binding of drugs to structures of their tubular cell and the length of the stimulating action are discussed.", "PMID": 1020568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2817", "title": "[Binding and distribution of chlordiazepoxide (Radepur) and its metabolites in the erythrocyte-plasma and erythrocyte-buffer systems].", "content": "The distribution and the free concentration of chlorodiazepoxide, desmethyl-chlorodiazeoxide and demoxepam in the systems erythrocyte-plasma and erythrocyte-buffer is determined. In both systems the substances are bound by erythrocytes. A constant ratio of distribution between erythyrocyte-plasma and erythrocyte-buffer, respectively, is established beyond therapeutic concentrations. The association constants (dual reciprocal plot) of these substances are of the order of 10(4)-1-M-1. They are the same for erythrocytes and plasma. The specific binding of erythrocytes is 20-35 fold less than with plasma proteins. It is concluded that the erythrocytes are a binding intravascular subcompartment for chlorodiazepoxide and its metabolites.", "contents": "[Binding and distribution of chlordiazepoxide (Radepur) and its metabolites in the erythrocyte-plasma and erythrocyte-buffer systems]. The distribution and the free concentration of chlorodiazepoxide, desmethyl-chlorodiazeoxide and demoxepam in the systems erythrocyte-plasma and erythrocyte-buffer is determined. In both systems the substances are bound by erythrocytes. A constant ratio of distribution between erythyrocyte-plasma and erythrocyte-buffer, respectively, is established beyond therapeutic concentrations. The association constants (dual reciprocal plot) of these substances are of the order of 10(4)-1-M-1. They are the same for erythrocytes and plasma. The specific binding of erythrocytes is 20-35 fold less than with plasma proteins. It is concluded that the erythrocytes are a binding intravascular subcompartment for chlorodiazepoxide and its metabolites.", "PMID": 1020569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2818", "title": "[Temperature dependence of the sedimentation velocity of human erythrocytes].", "content": "The sedimentation velocity of yeast cells and human erythrocytes as a function of temperature was studied in a range from 6 degrees C to 40 degrees C. Whereas this function for yeast cells can be described by an exponential function the measurements with erythorcytes show minima at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively, and maxima at 13 degrees C and 38 degrees C. Changes of the density or the shape of the cells cannot be the reason for these effects. Viscosity measurements on erythrocyte suspensions as a function of temperature also show deviations from the exponential function between 18 degrees C and 24 degrees C. The results explain that alterations of the membrane viscosity and phase transitions of the membrane lipids influence the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Temperature dependence of the sedimentation velocity of human erythrocytes]. The sedimentation velocity of yeast cells and human erythrocytes as a function of temperature was studied in a range from 6 degrees C to 40 degrees C. Whereas this function for yeast cells can be described by an exponential function the measurements with erythorcytes show minima at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively, and maxima at 13 degrees C and 38 degrees C. Changes of the density or the shape of the cells cannot be the reason for these effects. Viscosity measurements on erythrocyte suspensions as a function of temperature also show deviations from the exponential function between 18 degrees C and 24 degrees C. The results explain that alterations of the membrane viscosity and phase transitions of the membrane lipids influence the sedimentation velocity of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1020570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2819", "title": "Blood group H like activity in crude preparations of bovine lung galactan.", "content": "In crude preparations of bovine lung galactan blood group H-like activity, which does not occur on bovine red cells, has been detected with  heterophile anti-H-like reagents from different origin. These H-like receptors, associated with pneumococcus type XIV cross-reactivity, belong to a glycoprotein fraction and not to the galactan itself.", "contents": "Blood group H like activity in crude preparations of bovine lung galactan. In crude preparations of bovine lung galactan blood group H-like activity, which does not occur on bovine red cells, has been detected with  heterophile anti-H-like reagents from different origin. These H-like receptors, associated with pneumococcus type XIV cross-reactivity, belong to a glycoprotein fraction and not to the galactan itself.", "PMID": 1020573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2820", "title": "[Partial pericardiectomy for pericardial tamponade in patients with chronic uremia under dialysis].", "content": "Two dialyzed uraemic patients were subjected to partial pericardiectomy because of haemorrhagic pericarditis and pericardial tamponade. Seventeen and nine months, respectively, after the operation the patients have still been under intermittent home haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Partial pericardiectomy for pericardial tamponade in patients with chronic uremia under dialysis]. Two dialyzed uraemic patients were subjected to partial pericardiectomy because of haemorrhagic pericarditis and pericardial tamponade. Seventeen and nine months, respectively, after the operation the patients have still been under intermittent home haemodialysis.", "PMID": 1020576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2821", "title": "Effect of truncal vagotomy on the bacterial flora in the duodenal juice on dogs.", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative changes in the bacterial flora of the duodenal juice after truncal vagotomy have been studied in self-control experiments in dogs. The intervention was followed by a rise in the bacterial count without a change in qualitative composition. It is suggested that the accumulation of microorganisms might contribute to the development of postoperative diarrhoea. The role of several partly clarified pathophysiological processes are pointed out.", "contents": "Effect of truncal vagotomy on the bacterial flora in the duodenal juice on dogs. The qualitative and quantitative changes in the bacterial flora of the duodenal juice after truncal vagotomy have been studied in self-control experiments in dogs. The intervention was followed by a rise in the bacterial count without a change in qualitative composition. It is suggested that the accumulation of microorganisms might contribute to the development of postoperative diarrhoea. The role of several partly clarified pathophysiological processes are pointed out.", "PMID": 1020577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2822", "title": "[Transurethral resection of bladder neoplasms].", "content": "The technique of removal of bladder tumours is discussed on the basis of experience with transurethral resection performed on 200 patients suffering from bladder tumour (113 benign and 87 malignant tumours). The indications for the intervention are as follows. With benign tumours, resection has to be given preference over exposure. When malignant tumours are operable and situated on the mobile part of the bladder, radical surgery is recommended. When the tumour is in some other position, transurethral resection is the procedure of choice.", "contents": "[Transurethral resection of bladder neoplasms]. The technique of removal of bladder tumours is discussed on the basis of experience with transurethral resection performed on 200 patients suffering from bladder tumour (113 benign and 87 malignant tumours). The indications for the intervention are as follows. With benign tumours, resection has to be given preference over exposure. When malignant tumours are operable and situated on the mobile part of the bladder, radical surgery is recommended. When the tumour is in some other position, transurethral resection is the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 1020578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2823", "title": "[Hydatid cyst of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, in an international collaborative study, report on 257 cases of operated hydatid cysts. The delicate choice between resection and conservative treatment depends on a protocole and/or on experience: in the large series published in the last 10 years the rate of resections has varied between 43 and less than 20 per cent. Cure of the pulmonary hydatid cyst, be it live or ruptured, is presently a well systemized, efficient and safe operation. The authors present their data that correlate well the sparse literature related to the subject in the last decade.", "contents": "[Hydatid cyst of the lung (author's transl)]. The authors, in an international collaborative study, report on 257 cases of operated hydatid cysts. The delicate choice between resection and conservative treatment depends on a protocole and/or on experience: in the large series published in the last 10 years the rate of resections has varied between 43 and less than 20 per cent. Cure of the pulmonary hydatid cyst, be it live or ruptured, is presently a well systemized, efficient and safe operation. The authors present their data that correlate well the sparse literature related to the subject in the last decade.", "PMID": 1020579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2824", "title": "[Reappraisal of the problem of hair transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Free transplants of hair-bearing scalp as \"plugs\" or \"strips\" are an adequate treatment for male alopecia. Cooling the grafts eliminates hematoma and infection and allows successful take and growth of larger plugs. However the result of grafting wide hairstrips is unreliable.", "contents": "[Reappraisal of the problem of hair transplantation (author's transl)]. Free transplants of hair-bearing scalp as \"plugs\" or \"strips\" are an adequate treatment for male alopecia. Cooling the grafts eliminates hematoma and infection and allows successful take and growth of larger plugs. However the result of grafting wide hairstrips is unreliable.", "PMID": 1020580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2825", "title": "[Acute cholecystitis without stones (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on ten cases of cholecystites without stones. Two were typhic in origin, six apparently primitive, one postoperative and one posttraumatic. They stress the importance of histologic lesions in each of these etiologies and insist on the high frequency of gangrenous forms in postoperative and posttraumatic cases. Previous antibiotherapy deserves no credit. Emergency cholecystectomy remains the best treatment.", "contents": "[Acute cholecystitis without stones (author's transl)]. The authors report on ten cases of cholecystites without stones. Two were typhic in origin, six apparently primitive, one postoperative and one posttraumatic. They stress the importance of histologic lesions in each of these etiologies and insist on the high frequency of gangrenous forms in postoperative and posttraumatic cases. Previous antibiotherapy deserves no credit. Emergency cholecystectomy remains the best treatment.", "PMID": 1020581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2826", "title": "[Ruptured aneurysm of the inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors stress the insidious onset of the lesion, which first presented as a hepatic or a gallbladder disease. Diagnosis was established later by an arteriography after the occurrence of a state of shock. Evacuation of the hematoma surrounding the aneurysm appeared satisfactory to re-establish the circulation; this was confirmed by an arteriogram. A review of the literature reveales 18 such cases, with a high mortality rate, up to 100% where surgery was not performed.", "contents": "[Ruptured aneurysm of the inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery (author's transl)]. The authors stress the insidious onset of the lesion, which first presented as a hepatic or a gallbladder disease. Diagnosis was established later by an arteriography after the occurrence of a state of shock. Evacuation of the hematoma surrounding the aneurysm appeared satisfactory to re-establish the circulation; this was confirmed by an arteriogram. A review of the literature reveales 18 such cases, with a high mortality rate, up to 100% where surgery was not performed.", "PMID": 1020584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2827", "title": "[Blunt abdominal trauma. Advantages of the peritoneal lavage (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 80 cases of blunt abdominal trauma operated on at the University Hospital of Bavi\u00e8re during the last two years, peritoneal lavage has been performed in 40 cases. In 39 cases, the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma has been established by the peritoneal lavage. A case of false negative result has been due to a technical fault. Peritoneal lavage must be considered as a very useful procedure for the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum and visceral lesions from blunt abdominal trauma.", "contents": "[Blunt abdominal trauma. Advantages of the peritoneal lavage (author's transl)]. Among 80 cases of blunt abdominal trauma operated on at the University Hospital of Bavi\u00e8re during the last two years, peritoneal lavage has been performed in 40 cases. In 39 cases, the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma has been established by the peritoneal lavage. A case of false negative result has been due to a technical fault. Peritoneal lavage must be considered as a very useful procedure for the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum and visceral lesions from blunt abdominal trauma.", "PMID": 1020585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2828", "title": "[Late sequellae of a splenectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the case of a patient who underwent splenectomy after traumatic rupture of the spleen. After the operation, while on parenteral feeding, the patient presented with fever and septicemia during approximately 2 months; no origin to this could be found. Two months after the accident the patient died of perforation of a subdiaphragmatic abscess into the stomach and the lung. The authors discuss the possibilities of coming to an earlier diagnosis. They recognize the necessity of a more aggressive attitude to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Late sequellae of a splenectomy (author's transl)]. This is the case of a patient who underwent splenectomy after traumatic rupture of the spleen. After the operation, while on parenteral feeding, the patient presented with fever and septicemia during approximately 2 months; no origin to this could be found. Two months after the accident the patient died of perforation of a subdiaphragmatic abscess into the stomach and the lung. The authors discuss the possibilities of coming to an earlier diagnosis. They recognize the necessity of a more aggressive attitude to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1020586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2829", "title": "Concentration of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and thyroglobulin in the thyroid lymph.", "content": "Human thyroid lymphatic fluid was collected from 8 patients operated upon for thyroid tumours. All tumours were of small size and localized to one lobe. The lymph was collected from the side opposite the tumour. The levels of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the lymph were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique in 7 of the patients. The thyroglobulin content of thyroidal lymph from one patient was analysed. The results demonstrate higher levels of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the human thyroid lymphatic fluid as compared with those seen in peripheral or thyroid venous blood. Evidence for the presence of thyroglobulin in the human thyroid lymphatic fluid was obtained.", "contents": "Concentration of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and thyroglobulin in the thyroid lymph. Human thyroid lymphatic fluid was collected from 8 patients operated upon for thyroid tumours. All tumours were of small size and localized to one lobe. The lymph was collected from the side opposite the tumour. The levels of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the lymph were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique in 7 of the patients. The thyroglobulin content of thyroidal lymph from one patient was analysed. The results demonstrate higher levels of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the human thyroid lymphatic fluid as compared with those seen in peripheral or thyroid venous blood. Evidence for the presence of thyroglobulin in the human thyroid lymphatic fluid was obtained.", "PMID": 1020587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2830", "title": "Indications for surgery in the elderly patient with primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The major symptoms presented by the elderly patient with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were studied in 30 patients, all of whom were over 70 years of age (70-89). Neuromuscular symptoms, fatigue or mental symptoms were the main complaint in 14 patients. Nephrolithiasis, pancreatitis, skeletal changes or thyroid diseases were associated with HPT in 13 patients. Three patients were considered to be asymptomatic. Seven out of the eight patients with neuromuscular symptoms, and two of the three patients with extreme fatigue as the dominant symptom, improved postoperatively. This study indicates that for elderly patients with HPT especially when associated with neuromuscular symptoms or fatigue, surgical therapy is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Indications for surgery in the elderly patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. The major symptoms presented by the elderly patient with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were studied in 30 patients, all of whom were over 70 years of age (70-89). Neuromuscular symptoms, fatigue or mental symptoms were the main complaint in 14 patients. Nephrolithiasis, pancreatitis, skeletal changes or thyroid diseases were associated with HPT in 13 patients. Three patients were considered to be asymptomatic. Seven out of the eight patients with neuromuscular symptoms, and two of the three patients with extreme fatigue as the dominant symptom, improved postoperatively. This study indicates that for elderly patients with HPT especially when associated with neuromuscular symptoms or fatigue, surgical therapy is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1020588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2831", "title": "Bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia in the internal carotid arteries with aneurysm formation.", "content": "A patient with bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia in the carotid arteries with development of aneurysms is reported. The patient had no symptoms except for a palpable mass on one side and a bruit on both sides. Surgery was carried out bilaterally, using direct end-to-end suture on one side and a reconstruction with an autologous vein on the other side. It is suggested that fibromuscular hyperplasia may be the cause of some of the internal carotid artery aneurysms reported as congenital or with uncertain etiology. Reconstructive surgery of the carotid artery is recommended due to the obvious hazards of the condition.", "contents": "Bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia in the internal carotid arteries with aneurysm formation. A patient with bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia in the carotid arteries with development of aneurysms is reported. The patient had no symptoms except for a palpable mass on one side and a bruit on both sides. Surgery was carried out bilaterally, using direct end-to-end suture on one side and a reconstruction with an autologous vein on the other side. It is suggested that fibromuscular hyperplasia may be the cause of some of the internal carotid artery aneurysms reported as congenital or with uncertain etiology. Reconstructive surgery of the carotid artery is recommended due to the obvious hazards of the condition.", "PMID": 1020589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2832", "title": "The phlebographic pattern of acute leg thrombosis within a defined urban population.", "content": "The incidence of thrombosis during one year in a defined population of 263 144 city inhabitants has been studied with a new method based upon acute phlebography of all patients with the slightest symptoms of the disease. The roentgenographic pattern of the acute thrombosis has been studied and the size of the individual thrombus has been compared with the duration of the symptoms. The incidence of thrombosis was found to be 0.9 per mille per year. No correlation was found between the size of the thrombus and the duration of the symptoms. The thrombus had its origin in the calf veins in 89% of the patients and its origin in a vein at a higher level in 10% of the patients. In patients with a thrombus confined to the calf veins the contrast medium always entered the deep crural veins. When the calf vein thrombosis had an extension to the popliteal vein or still higher up the contrast medium bypassed the deep crural veins in more than 75% of the patients.", "contents": "The phlebographic pattern of acute leg thrombosis within a defined urban population. The incidence of thrombosis during one year in a defined population of 263 144 city inhabitants has been studied with a new method based upon acute phlebography of all patients with the slightest symptoms of the disease. The roentgenographic pattern of the acute thrombosis has been studied and the size of the individual thrombus has been compared with the duration of the symptoms. The incidence of thrombosis was found to be 0.9 per mille per year. No correlation was found between the size of the thrombus and the duration of the symptoms. The thrombus had its origin in the calf veins in 89% of the patients and its origin in a vein at a higher level in 10% of the patients. In patients with a thrombus confined to the calf veins the contrast medium always entered the deep crural veins. When the calf vein thrombosis had an extension to the popliteal vein or still higher up the contrast medium bypassed the deep crural veins in more than 75% of the patients.", "PMID": 1020590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2833", "title": "Liver blood flow measurement the interpretation of xenon133 clearance curves.", "content": "Liver tissue perfusion can be measured by analysis of the clearance of the radioactive inert gases Xenon133 and Krypton85 from the liver. The technique commonly gives rise to multiexponential clearance curves which have previously been quoted as evidence of complex intrahepatic blood flow patterns. The clearance of 133Xe from the canine liver was studied in 17 dogs and by screening out extrahepatic radioactivity it was found that the true intrahepatic clearance is monoexponential. The slower components seen in the multiexponential curve recorded without screening represent 133Xe in tissue other than the liver and much of this activity was shown to originate from 133Xe which accumulates in the stomach and intestines. These findings simplify the interpretation of inert gas clearance curves in the measurement of liver blood flow and therefore encourage further application of the technique in both experimental and clinical situations.", "contents": "Liver blood flow measurement the interpretation of xenon133 clearance curves. Liver tissue perfusion can be measured by analysis of the clearance of the radioactive inert gases Xenon133 and Krypton85 from the liver. The technique commonly gives rise to multiexponential clearance curves which have previously been quoted as evidence of complex intrahepatic blood flow patterns. The clearance of 133Xe from the canine liver was studied in 17 dogs and by screening out extrahepatic radioactivity it was found that the true intrahepatic clearance is monoexponential. The slower components seen in the multiexponential curve recorded without screening represent 133Xe in tissue other than the liver and much of this activity was shown to originate from 133Xe which accumulates in the stomach and intestines. These findings simplify the interpretation of inert gas clearance curves in the measurement of liver blood flow and therefore encourage further application of the technique in both experimental and clinical situations.", "PMID": 1020591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2834", "title": "Enzyme histochemistry studies of transverse and longitudinal incisions in the common bile duct in rabbits.", "content": "The healing process of longitudinal and transverse incisions of the common bile duct in rabbits was studied by identification of 10 different enzymes in the duct wall at various times after the operation. Bile was deviated during the healing. An almost complete disappearance of the subepithelial alkaline phosphatase activity was noted early after longitudinal incisions in contrast to unchanged alkaline phosphatase activity after transverse incisions. Transversely incised ducts almost uniformly developed stricutre formation. The size of the lumen after longitudinal incisions was generally normal. The difference in enzyme pattern following the two types of lesion might reflect a different response of the tissues to the two different types of trauma.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemistry studies of transverse and longitudinal incisions in the common bile duct in rabbits. The healing process of longitudinal and transverse incisions of the common bile duct in rabbits was studied by identification of 10 different enzymes in the duct wall at various times after the operation. Bile was deviated during the healing. An almost complete disappearance of the subepithelial alkaline phosphatase activity was noted early after longitudinal incisions in contrast to unchanged alkaline phosphatase activity after transverse incisions. Transversely incised ducts almost uniformly developed stricutre formation. The size of the lumen after longitudinal incisions was generally normal. The difference in enzyme pattern following the two types of lesion might reflect a different response of the tissues to the two different types of trauma.", "PMID": 1020592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2835", "title": "170 patients five years after selective gastric vagotomy--with an uncontrolled comparison of ulcer recurrence following either Heineke--Mikulicz or Finney pyloroplasty.", "content": "The study concerns 170 patients treated for duodenal ulcer by selective gastric vagotomy and either HM- or FP. A 5-year follow-up showed a 4% recurrence rate. Insulintest 2-3 months after surgery was Hollander negative in 78%, late positive in 17% and early positive in 5%. 72% of the tests were unchanged after 5 years. 25% had moderate severe dumping. In the HM-group of 84 patients, 6 patients displayed ulcer recurrence. In the F-group of 86 patients, one displayed recurrence. All patients with recurrence (and one without) in the HM-group had operatively demonstrated pyloroplasty stenosis. None of the patients in the F-group had clinical symptoms of gastric stasis. The only variable in the treatment of the patients was the pyloroplasty method, and it thus seems reasonable to implicate the pyloroplasty method in the incidence of recurrence. The difference in recurrence between the two groups was not, however, statistically significant, and the value of a prospective randomized study of patients treated by selective gastric vagotomy and different pyloroplasty forms is pointed out.", "contents": "170 patients five years after selective gastric vagotomy--with an uncontrolled comparison of ulcer recurrence following either Heineke--Mikulicz or Finney pyloroplasty. The study concerns 170 patients treated for duodenal ulcer by selective gastric vagotomy and either HM- or FP. A 5-year follow-up showed a 4% recurrence rate. Insulintest 2-3 months after surgery was Hollander negative in 78%, late positive in 17% and early positive in 5%. 72% of the tests were unchanged after 5 years. 25% had moderate severe dumping. In the HM-group of 84 patients, 6 patients displayed ulcer recurrence. In the F-group of 86 patients, one displayed recurrence. All patients with recurrence (and one without) in the HM-group had operatively demonstrated pyloroplasty stenosis. None of the patients in the F-group had clinical symptoms of gastric stasis. The only variable in the treatment of the patients was the pyloroplasty method, and it thus seems reasonable to implicate the pyloroplasty method in the incidence of recurrence. The difference in recurrence between the two groups was not, however, statistically significant, and the value of a prospective randomized study of patients treated by selective gastric vagotomy and different pyloroplasty forms is pointed out.", "PMID": 1020593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2836", "title": "A comparison of small intestinal transit time between the rat and the guinea-pig.", "content": "The small intestinal transit was compared in rats and guinea-pigs. A radioactive test substance (polyvinylpyrrolidone labelled with I125) was given directly into the duodenum and the distribution of the isotope in the small bowel was recorded. The small intestine was removed 10 and 20 min after the injection and deep frozen. The frozen intestine was later cut in 20 segments of equal length and the amount of isotope within each of the intestinal segments was recorded by means of a gamma counter. For each animal a propulsion diagram was constructed showing the relative percentage of isotope distributed in the 20 bowel segments. After 20 min the isotope peak was found in the ileo-caecal region in the guinea-pigs whereas 50% of the isotope had passed only half of the small intestine in the rats during the same period of time. The length of the intestine in rats passed by 75%, 50% and 25% of the isotope after 20 min was the same as that found in guinea-pigs 10 min after the injection of the isotope into the duodenum. Thus, there seems to be a marked difference in propulsive activity between rats and guinea-pigs.", "contents": "A comparison of small intestinal transit time between the rat and the guinea-pig. The small intestinal transit was compared in rats and guinea-pigs. A radioactive test substance (polyvinylpyrrolidone labelled with I125) was given directly into the duodenum and the distribution of the isotope in the small bowel was recorded. The small intestine was removed 10 and 20 min after the injection and deep frozen. The frozen intestine was later cut in 20 segments of equal length and the amount of isotope within each of the intestinal segments was recorded by means of a gamma counter. For each animal a propulsion diagram was constructed showing the relative percentage of isotope distributed in the 20 bowel segments. After 20 min the isotope peak was found in the ileo-caecal region in the guinea-pigs whereas 50% of the isotope had passed only half of the small intestine in the rats during the same period of time. The length of the intestine in rats passed by 75%, 50% and 25% of the isotope after 20 min was the same as that found in guinea-pigs 10 min after the injection of the isotope into the duodenum. Thus, there seems to be a marked difference in propulsive activity between rats and guinea-pigs.", "PMID": 1020594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2837", "title": "Aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery. A case report.", "content": "A case of an aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery is reported, together with a short review of the literature relating to this condition  Because of its rarity the diagnosis is often overlooked even when typical changes are found on X-ray. The possible relationship between obstructive jaundice and aneurysms in the vicinity of the galltree is discussed. Surgical treatment is recommended by most authors once the diagnosis of an intra-abdominal aneurysm has been made, mainly because of the risk of rupture.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery. A case report. A case of an aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery is reported, together with a short review of the literature relating to this condition  Because of its rarity the diagnosis is often overlooked even when typical changes are found on X-ray. The possible relationship between obstructive jaundice and aneurysms in the vicinity of the galltree is discussed. Surgical treatment is recommended by most authors once the diagnosis of an intra-abdominal aneurysm has been made, mainly because of the risk of rupture.", "PMID": 1020595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2838", "title": "Prolonged recovery after extended right hepatic lobectomy in a patient with severe blunt liver injury and laceration of the vena cava. A report of case with special references to autotransfusion and complications of biliary decompression.", "content": "A patient with severe blunt liver injury and laceration of the vena cava who underwent a successful extended right hepatic lobectomy is reported. The use of autotransfusion unit saved the patient from exsanguination. His postoperative course was complicated by renal and hepatic failure, bile leakage, and persistent jaundice due to cholangitis. Prolonged choledochal drainage via T-tube obviously acted as a source of infection. The use of autotransfusion, choledochal drainage and the proper timing of its removal, the treatment of vena cava lesions and jaundice due to cholangitis in patients with severe liver trauma are discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged recovery after extended right hepatic lobectomy in a patient with severe blunt liver injury and laceration of the vena cava. A report of case with special references to autotransfusion and complications of biliary decompression. A patient with severe blunt liver injury and laceration of the vena cava who underwent a successful extended right hepatic lobectomy is reported. The use of autotransfusion unit saved the patient from exsanguination. His postoperative course was complicated by renal and hepatic failure, bile leakage, and persistent jaundice due to cholangitis. Prolonged choledochal drainage via T-tube obviously acted as a source of infection. The use of autotransfusion, choledochal drainage and the proper timing of its removal, the treatment of vena cava lesions and jaundice due to cholangitis in patients with severe liver trauma are discussed.", "PMID": 1020596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2839", "title": "Clinical picture of diabetic osteoarthropathy.", "content": "On the basis of data from pertinent literature and of a thorough examination of 23 cases observed by himself the author illustrates findings concerned the occurrence, clinical picture and interrelations of clinical and radiological symptoms in diabetic osteoarthropathy. These alterations occur most frequently in middleaged or elderly diabetic patients with unstable metabolism or poor control, usually after a long duration of diabetes. Clinical symptoms are divided into 4 groups. Neurological symptoms (group I) are detectable at every stage of the process. Sometimes bone destruction is concomitant but neurological changes are the sole symptoms. Loose joints and articular swelling (group II) are frequently premonitory signs of bone alterations. Plantar ulcers (group III) are often associated with bone changes. Detectable foot deformities (group IV) are mostly an indication of the end stage of the process.", "contents": "Clinical picture of diabetic osteoarthropathy. On the basis of data from pertinent literature and of a thorough examination of 23 cases observed by himself the author illustrates findings concerned the occurrence, clinical picture and interrelations of clinical and radiological symptoms in diabetic osteoarthropathy. These alterations occur most frequently in middleaged or elderly diabetic patients with unstable metabolism or poor control, usually after a long duration of diabetes. Clinical symptoms are divided into 4 groups. Neurological symptoms (group I) are detectable at every stage of the process. Sometimes bone destruction is concomitant but neurological changes are the sole symptoms. Loose joints and articular swelling (group II) are frequently premonitory signs of bone alterations. Plantar ulcers (group III) are often associated with bone changes. Detectable foot deformities (group IV) are mostly an indication of the end stage of the process.", "PMID": 1020608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2840", "title": "Inhibitory effect of clofibrate on arginine-induced insulin secretion in chemical diabetes.", "content": "Clofibrate 3 g/die for 10 consecutive days, significantly reduced arginine-induced IRI release in chemical diabetics and in normal controls, whether of normal body weight or obese. Blood glucose levels were not affected by clofibrate. In agreement with previous findings, it would appear that clofibrate, administered for short periods does not lead to a decrease in glucose tolerance. However, studies relating to the effect of chronic clofibrate administration in chemical diabetes are needed in order to be sure that prolonged inhibition of IRI secretion does not lead to overt diabetes.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of clofibrate on arginine-induced insulin secretion in chemical diabetes. Clofibrate 3 g/die for 10 consecutive days, significantly reduced arginine-induced IRI release in chemical diabetics and in normal controls, whether of normal body weight or obese. Blood glucose levels were not affected by clofibrate. In agreement with previous findings, it would appear that clofibrate, administered for short periods does not lead to a decrease in glucose tolerance. However, studies relating to the effect of chronic clofibrate administration in chemical diabetes are needed in order to be sure that prolonged inhibition of IRI secretion does not lead to overt diabetes.", "PMID": 1020607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2841", "title": "Acute self-poisoning with phenformin.", "content": "The case is reported of a non-diabetic young woman who attempted suicide by ingesting 2,500 mg of phenformin. The most marked clinical and laboratory findings during the first 24 hrs included nausea, vomiting, anxiety, agitation, polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, tachycardia, tachypnea, persistent lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Treatment at the ICU 10 hrs after ingestion of the overdose was essentially symptomatic and included measures to correct acidosis and hypoglycemia. The patient recovered completely.", "contents": "Acute self-poisoning with phenformin. The case is reported of a non-diabetic young woman who attempted suicide by ingesting 2,500 mg of phenformin. The most marked clinical and laboratory findings during the first 24 hrs included nausea, vomiting, anxiety, agitation, polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, tachycardia, tachypnea, persistent lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Treatment at the ICU 10 hrs after ingestion of the overdose was essentially symptomatic and included measures to correct acidosis and hypoglycemia. The patient recovered completely.", "PMID": 1020609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2842", "title": "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia: 24-h variation.", "content": "The hypoglycemic effect of i.v. insulin injected at 4 different times of day was studied in normal volunteers. It was found that the glucose fall induced by this treatment was quantitatively different, with the maximum effect observed at 18(00) and 24(00). The circadian variation of the insulin-induced hypoglycemia depends on the time recovery from the glucose fall rather than on lower circulating glucose levels attained following hormone injection. These results underline the importance of considering circadian variations when planning either experimental designs or insulin therapy.", "contents": "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia: 24-h variation. The hypoglycemic effect of i.v. insulin injected at 4 different times of day was studied in normal volunteers. It was found that the glucose fall induced by this treatment was quantitatively different, with the maximum effect observed at 18(00) and 24(00). The circadian variation of the insulin-induced hypoglycemia depends on the time recovery from the glucose fall rather than on lower circulating glucose levels attained following hormone injection. These results underline the importance of considering circadian variations when planning either experimental designs or insulin therapy.", "PMID": 1020610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2843", "title": "Observations on morning and afternoon glucose tolerance: differences between sexes.", "content": "One hundred non-obese and non-diabetic individuals, 50 men and 50 women, were submitted to oral glucose tolerance tests performed in the morning and in the afternoon on different days. Although great individual variations were noted in both sexes, in men the mean blood sugar (BS) values did not significantly differ between the two tests; in women, however, the mean values after glucose loading were significantly higher during the afternoon test. By dividing the test population into those aged 50 and below and those over 50 it was found that only the group of younger women showed significant differences between the two tests with higher mean BS values during the afternoon test.", "contents": "Observations on morning and afternoon glucose tolerance: differences between sexes. One hundred non-obese and non-diabetic individuals, 50 men and 50 women, were submitted to oral glucose tolerance tests performed in the morning and in the afternoon on different days. Although great individual variations were noted in both sexes, in men the mean blood sugar (BS) values did not significantly differ between the two tests; in women, however, the mean values after glucose loading were significantly higher during the afternoon test. By dividing the test population into those aged 50 and below and those over 50 it was found that only the group of younger women showed significant differences between the two tests with higher mean BS values during the afternoon test.", "PMID": 1020611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2844", "title": "Some metabolic and hormonal effects of salbutamol in man.", "content": "The effect of i.v. infusion of a beta-adrenergic stimulant, salbutamol on blood insulin, glucose, lactate, phosphates, potassium and NEFA was studied in 9 normal subjects. The effect of the drug on the blood sugar and insulin response to i.v. glucose was also examined in 4 subjects. Salbutamol was followed by increases in insulin, glucose and lactate, and a fall in blood phosphorus and potassium. NEFA values did not change significantly. These effects of salbutamol were abolished by propranolol and may thus be attributed to its beta-adrenergic stimulating action. Salbutamol also induced a reduction in glucose tolerance, in spite of the presence of enhanced blood insulin levels.", "contents": "Some metabolic and hormonal effects of salbutamol in man. The effect of i.v. infusion of a beta-adrenergic stimulant, salbutamol on blood insulin, glucose, lactate, phosphates, potassium and NEFA was studied in 9 normal subjects. The effect of the drug on the blood sugar and insulin response to i.v. glucose was also examined in 4 subjects. Salbutamol was followed by increases in insulin, glucose and lactate, and a fall in blood phosphorus and potassium. NEFA values did not change significantly. These effects of salbutamol were abolished by propranolol and may thus be attributed to its beta-adrenergic stimulating action. Salbutamol also induced a reduction in glucose tolerance, in spite of the presence of enhanced blood insulin levels.", "PMID": 1020612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2845", "title": "Intestinal digestion and absorption of sucrose in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Intestinal sucrose hydrolysis and absorption of monosaccharide products was studied in vivo utilizing the segmental perfusion technique in diabetic and control rats. The proximal jejunum was perfused with 20 mM sucrose, 140 mM NaCl and 0.5% PEG with 14C-PEG, as the nonabsorbable marker. Rates of sucrose hydrolysis and adsorption of monosaccharide products (fructose, and glucose) were determined. There were no statistically significant differences between the diabetic and control rats. This indicates that the previously reported increase in sucrase activity in diabetes does not correlate with enhanced rates of sucrose hydrolysis. Several possibilities for the interpretation of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal digestion and absorption of sucrose in experimental diabetes. Intestinal sucrose hydrolysis and absorption of monosaccharide products was studied in vivo utilizing the segmental perfusion technique in diabetic and control rats. The proximal jejunum was perfused with 20 mM sucrose, 140 mM NaCl and 0.5% PEG with 14C-PEG, as the nonabsorbable marker. Rates of sucrose hydrolysis and adsorption of monosaccharide products (fructose, and glucose) were determined. There were no statistically significant differences between the diabetic and control rats. This indicates that the previously reported increase in sucrase activity in diabetes does not correlate with enhanced rates of sucrose hydrolysis. Several possibilities for the interpretation of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1020613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2846", "title": "Australia antigen in diabetic subjects.", "content": "The sera of 766 diabetics and 730 blood donors have been tested for Australia surface antigen (HBsAg). Subjects with a history of an episode of jaundice were excluded from both groups. The two groups did not differ as to the frequency with which HBsAg was found 1.64% in blood donors, 1.56% in diabetics.", "contents": "Australia antigen in diabetic subjects. The sera of 766 diabetics and 730 blood donors have been tested for Australia surface antigen (HBsAg). Subjects with a history of an episode of jaundice were excluded from both groups. The two groups did not differ as to the frequency with which HBsAg was found 1.64% in blood donors, 1.56% in diabetics.", "PMID": 1020615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2847", "title": "Stimulation of 3H-uridine incorporation into ribosomal ribonucleic acids by insulin.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA was extracted from hepatic ribosomal subunits of rats treated with alloxan or with alloxan and insulin and additionally injected with 3H-uridine. Sedimentation of the extracted RNA through sucrose, gradients with registration of the optical density and with measurement of the radioactivity of rRNA reveals reduction of uridine incorporation after the induction of diabetes of diabetes mellitus. If alloxan-diabetic animals are substituted with insulin, this decrease in uridine incorporation is reversed to incorporation rates which even exceed uridine incorporation of control animals. With regard to the reduction of protein synthesis in diabetes mellitus this finding of reduced rRNA synthesis is suggested to be an additional factor in the reduction of ribosomal aggregation.", "contents": "Stimulation of 3H-uridine incorporation into ribosomal ribonucleic acids by insulin. Ribosomal RNA was extracted from hepatic ribosomal subunits of rats treated with alloxan or with alloxan and insulin and additionally injected with 3H-uridine. Sedimentation of the extracted RNA through sucrose, gradients with registration of the optical density and with measurement of the radioactivity of rRNA reveals reduction of uridine incorporation after the induction of diabetes of diabetes mellitus. If alloxan-diabetic animals are substituted with insulin, this decrease in uridine incorporation is reversed to incorporation rates which even exceed uridine incorporation of control animals. With regard to the reduction of protein synthesis in diabetes mellitus this finding of reduced rRNA synthesis is suggested to be an additional factor in the reduction of ribosomal aggregation.", "PMID": 1020614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2848", "title": "Maternal diabetes and congenital malformations among live births in Hawaii.", "content": "The frequency of congenital malformations in 187,266 live births in Hawaii from 1956 through 1966, was found to be significantly higher among offspring diabetic mothers (0.0175) than in offspring of non-diabetic mothers (0.0086) or mothers with no complications of pregnancy (0.0074). However, the frequency of malformations in offspring of diabetic mothers was not significantly higher than in offspring of mothers with heart conditions of hypertension.", "contents": "Maternal diabetes and congenital malformations among live births in Hawaii. The frequency of congenital malformations in 187,266 live births in Hawaii from 1956 through 1966, was found to be significantly higher among offspring diabetic mothers (0.0175) than in offspring of non-diabetic mothers (0.0086) or mothers with no complications of pregnancy (0.0074). However, the frequency of malformations in offspring of diabetic mothers was not significantly higher than in offspring of mothers with heart conditions of hypertension.", "PMID": 1020616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2849", "title": "[Estimation of the performance spectrum of healthy adolescents by using the PWC 170 (Physical Work Capacity)].", "content": "On 10 persons we performed maximal rectangular-progressive bicycle-test, with measuring of VO2max and maximal work in Watts (Wmax), including the working time at the last step. In 18 other young people, we all together made 29 tests without spirometry. In addition to Wmax, the PWC 170 was figured out, once with two higher ergometer steps and once with two lower steps. We found a high correlation between Wmax and VO2max on the one side and PWC 170 and Wmax on the other. If, for the PWC 170 will be utilized, two steps with heart-rates of greater than 140 on the lower and 160 to 170 on the higher step, the PWC 170 seems to be exactly sufficient for estimating the maximal physical working capacity for routine testing of healthy young people.", "contents": "[Estimation of the performance spectrum of healthy adolescents by using the PWC 170 (Physical Work Capacity)]. On 10 persons we performed maximal rectangular-progressive bicycle-test, with measuring of VO2max and maximal work in Watts (Wmax), including the working time at the last step. In 18 other young people, we all together made 29 tests without spirometry. In addition to Wmax, the PWC 170 was figured out, once with two higher ergometer steps and once with two lower steps. We found a high correlation between Wmax and VO2max on the one side and PWC 170 and Wmax on the other. If, for the PWC 170 will be utilized, two steps with heart-rates of greater than 140 on the lower and 160 to 170 on the higher step, the PWC 170 seems to be exactly sufficient for estimating the maximal physical working capacity for routine testing of healthy young people.", "PMID": 1020631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2850", "title": "[Early recognition of bone metastases (comparative study between bone scintigraphy and x-ray examination)].", "content": "The examination shows, that in search for skeletal metastases the bone scintigraphy marks the bone-process in 45% while the X-ray is still silent. Therefore, we believe that the first examination in quest of skeletal metastases must first be a whole-body scintigraphy and then secondly, an X-ray examination with tomography, inasmuch as scintigraphy cannot give an exact differential diagnosis (degeneration, inflammation or destruction).", "contents": "[Early recognition of bone metastases (comparative study between bone scintigraphy and x-ray examination)]. The examination shows, that in search for skeletal metastases the bone scintigraphy marks the bone-process in 45% while the X-ray is still silent. Therefore, we believe that the first examination in quest of skeletal metastases must first be a whole-body scintigraphy and then secondly, an X-ray examination with tomography, inasmuch as scintigraphy cannot give an exact differential diagnosis (degeneration, inflammation or destruction).", "PMID": 1020632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2851", "title": "Influence of anesthesia on autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is a wellknown fact. In normal man the arterial pressure can vary from 80 mm Hg to 150 mm Hg without a change in the normal cerebral blood flow of 50 ml/100 g/min. The mechanism which is responsible for this autoregulation is not clearly understood. Several theories were proposed to explain this phenomenon. 1. The tissue pressure increases with an increase of the arterial pressure. A mechanical process should neutralize an increase of the cerebral blood flow. 2. The metabolic theory says that a decrease of the blood pressure, without a change of metabolism, involves an increase of the PaCO2, and a decrease of the PaO2. Those two factors provoke a decrease of the vascular tone. 3. The myogenic theory explains autoregulation by the fact that a change of the transmural pressure in the small vessels, involves a change in the activity of the smooth muscles of the vessels. 4. The exact mechanism of the autonomic nervous system in the autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is still obscure. In some pathological conditions autoregulation is completely lost or is functioning not optimal: hypoxia, hypercapnia and brain contusion. We have measured the cerebral blood flow before and after an intravenous injection of 5 mg thiopental (Pentothal) on occasion of a carotid angiography in man. We noticed a decrease of the cerebral blood flow and at the same moment a decrease of the arterial pressure. We thought that maybe barbiturates could influence autoregulation. Our results could not prove this hypothesis. For ethical reasons we could not make the necessary measurements to prove or to reject this hypothesis (i.e. intracranial pressure, deep controlled hypotension). In the literature there are arguments which support this hypothesis although most workers found an intact autoregulation after a barbiturate anesthesia. Some workers saw that the increase of the cerebral blood flow by increasing the PaCO2 was depressed by barbiturates and exhausted by halothane and cyclopropane. As autoregulation is a more vulnerable mechanism than CO2 reactivity as seen in clinical situations, it could be true that anesthetics do influence autoregulation.", "contents": "Influence of anesthesia on autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow. Autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is a wellknown fact. In normal man the arterial pressure can vary from 80 mm Hg to 150 mm Hg without a change in the normal cerebral blood flow of 50 ml/100 g/min. The mechanism which is responsible for this autoregulation is not clearly understood. Several theories were proposed to explain this phenomenon. 1. The tissue pressure increases with an increase of the arterial pressure. A mechanical process should neutralize an increase of the cerebral blood flow. 2. The metabolic theory says that a decrease of the blood pressure, without a change of metabolism, involves an increase of the PaCO2, and a decrease of the PaO2. Those two factors provoke a decrease of the vascular tone. 3. The myogenic theory explains autoregulation by the fact that a change of the transmural pressure in the small vessels, involves a change in the activity of the smooth muscles of the vessels. 4. The exact mechanism of the autonomic nervous system in the autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is still obscure. In some pathological conditions autoregulation is completely lost or is functioning not optimal: hypoxia, hypercapnia and brain contusion. We have measured the cerebral blood flow before and after an intravenous injection of 5 mg thiopental (Pentothal) on occasion of a carotid angiography in man. We noticed a decrease of the cerebral blood flow and at the same moment a decrease of the arterial pressure. We thought that maybe barbiturates could influence autoregulation. Our results could not prove this hypothesis. For ethical reasons we could not make the necessary measurements to prove or to reject this hypothesis (i.e. intracranial pressure, deep controlled hypotension). In the literature there are arguments which support this hypothesis although most workers found an intact autoregulation after a barbiturate anesthesia. Some workers saw that the increase of the cerebral blood flow by increasing the PaCO2 was depressed by barbiturates and exhausted by halothane and cyclopropane. As autoregulation is a more vulnerable mechanism than CO2 reactivity as seen in clinical situations, it could be true that anesthetics do influence autoregulation.", "PMID": 1020637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2852", "title": "Pneumothorax during anesthesia with changes in ECG.", "content": "A patient known to suffer from CNSLD was to undergo cervical lymph node dissection for gingival carcinoma. Pneumothorax developed immediately after introduction of anesthesia. In addition to the usual physical diagnostic signs, an abrupt decrease in amplitude of the QRS- complex and T -waves was observed in the ECG on the scope, the sensitivity of which remained unchanged. The ECG changes disappeared after abolition of the pneumothorax.", "contents": "Pneumothorax during anesthesia with changes in ECG. A patient known to suffer from CNSLD was to undergo cervical lymph node dissection for gingival carcinoma. Pneumothorax developed immediately after introduction of anesthesia. In addition to the usual physical diagnostic signs, an abrupt decrease in amplitude of the QRS- complex and T -waves was observed in the ECG on the scope, the sensitivity of which remained unchanged. The ECG changes disappeared after abolition of the pneumothorax.", "PMID": 1020638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2853", "title": "A method to exhaust anesthetic gases when using the Loosco system for children with an expiratory valve according to the Waters' principle.", "content": "A description is presented of a method to eliminate anesthetic gases when using the Loosco system for children with an expiratory valve according to the Waters' principle. From practical experience we have gained the strong impression that this convenient device meets the requirements we have formulated. Exact gas-chromatographic determinations are still in progress, and the results will be published as soon as possible.", "contents": "A method to exhaust anesthetic gases when using the Loosco system for children with an expiratory valve according to the Waters' principle. A description is presented of a method to eliminate anesthetic gases when using the Loosco system for children with an expiratory valve according to the Waters' principle. From practical experience we have gained the strong impression that this convenient device meets the requirements we have formulated. Exact gas-chromatographic determinations are still in progress, and the results will be published as soon as possible.", "PMID": 1020639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2854", "title": "[Affective perception of the body in neurotics. Its relation to anxiety, depression, and various types of defense].", "content": "This study compares and relates affective bodily perception (ABP), anxiety, depression, and the utilisation of some defense mechanisms in 25 neurotic women (16 depressives, 9 hysterical) and 25 normal women. ABP is evaluated according to satisfaction and anxiety (Body cathexis scale), distorsions (Body distortion questionnaire) and body conscience (Body prominence). Anxiety is measured with Cattell questionnaire, depression through Zung and Hamilton scales, and defense mechanisms by the Firo Form Cope of Schutz. Neurotics have a ABP more negative and are more depressed and anxious than normals; they use more regression while controls tend to use introjection. In comparison with depressives, hysterical women have higher scores in body distortion, mostly in the feeling of boundary loss; they express more masked anxiety and react more often through projection. Among neurotics, those who have a very disturbed ABP are more anxious, more depressed, and more prone to denial, projection, and regression in comparison with the others. In both samples, anxiety and depression have a negative correlation with body satisfaction and a positive one with body distortions and somatic anxiety. In the control group, body satisfaction is inversely related with feeling of dirt. Somatic anxiety is also inversely related to unusual feelings of body and skin obstruction. The intensity of body consciousness is related to using isolation and distortions are negatively related to using denial. In neurotics, denial is in opposition with the intensity of body awareness and is linked to somatic anxiety. The intensity of body awareness is also correlated to various forms of anxiety. Distortions are positively related to regression. The comparison of both samples shows a degradation of ABP in neurotics. The study of correlations clarifies several relations between deficient ABP anxiety, depression and the use of some defense mechanisms.", "contents": "[Affective perception of the body in neurotics. Its relation to anxiety, depression, and various types of defense]. This study compares and relates affective bodily perception (ABP), anxiety, depression, and the utilisation of some defense mechanisms in 25 neurotic women (16 depressives, 9 hysterical) and 25 normal women. ABP is evaluated according to satisfaction and anxiety (Body cathexis scale), distorsions (Body distortion questionnaire) and body conscience (Body prominence). Anxiety is measured with Cattell questionnaire, depression through Zung and Hamilton scales, and defense mechanisms by the Firo Form Cope of Schutz. Neurotics have a ABP more negative and are more depressed and anxious than normals; they use more regression while controls tend to use introjection. In comparison with depressives, hysterical women have higher scores in body distortion, mostly in the feeling of boundary loss; they express more masked anxiety and react more often through projection. Among neurotics, those who have a very disturbed ABP are more anxious, more depressed, and more prone to denial, projection, and regression in comparison with the others. In both samples, anxiety and depression have a negative correlation with body satisfaction and a positive one with body distortions and somatic anxiety. In the control group, body satisfaction is inversely related with feeling of dirt. Somatic anxiety is also inversely related to unusual feelings of body and skin obstruction. The intensity of body consciousness is related to using isolation and distortions are negatively related to using denial. In neurotics, denial is in opposition with the intensity of body awareness and is linked to somatic anxiety. The intensity of body awareness is also correlated to various forms of anxiety. Distortions are positively related to regression. The comparison of both samples shows a degradation of ABP in neurotics. The study of correlations clarifies several relations between deficient ABP anxiety, depression and the use of some defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 1020680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2855", "title": "[Mental health community centers in the United States].", "content": "After defining the concept of the Community Mental Centers and giving an overview of the principles, the author describes the five most needed ways for the operationalization and the implementation of the community approach in mental health care. The results, i.e. the successes, of the community mental health programme in the USA are discussed and also the various shortcomings: private psychiatrists and general practitioners are not integrated enough; overestimation of the need for the number of psychiatric beds; need for cost analysis of the consultation and education part of the programmes in connexion with the need for adequate reimbursement; an evaluation programme should have been built in from the beginning; with the tremendous increase in personnel costs and the general inflation of cost price, some parts of the programme are not financially competitive with the private psychiatric practice; two parallel systems still emerge, the CMHC and the State hospitals, frequently with not enough collaboration; and finally, the \"yavis\" phenomenon with neglect of the unwanted, difficult, chronic patient, especially the defected schizophrenics.", "contents": "[Mental health community centers in the United States]. After defining the concept of the Community Mental Centers and giving an overview of the principles, the author describes the five most needed ways for the operationalization and the implementation of the community approach in mental health care. The results, i.e. the successes, of the community mental health programme in the USA are discussed and also the various shortcomings: private psychiatrists and general practitioners are not integrated enough; overestimation of the need for the number of psychiatric beds; need for cost analysis of the consultation and education part of the programmes in connexion with the need for adequate reimbursement; an evaluation programme should have been built in from the beginning; with the tremendous increase in personnel costs and the general inflation of cost price, some parts of the programme are not financially competitive with the private psychiatric practice; two parallel systems still emerge, the CMHC and the State hospitals, frequently with not enough collaboration; and finally, the \"yavis\" phenomenon with neglect of the unwanted, difficult, chronic patient, especially the defected schizophrenics.", "PMID": 1020681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2856", "title": "Safety and efficacy of prolonged treatment with Tremblex (dexetimide), an antiparkinsonian agent. A controlled study.", "content": "The trial involved 69 female, long-stay inpatients of the Voorburg mental hospital, of a median age of 50 years. Two groups were formed at the start of the trial. The first group (51 patients) on a maintenance therapy with orphenadrine, were now put on oral dexetimide. Individually adapted dosages ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mg daily. The control group (18 patients) of antiparkinsonian agents did not take any in the course of the study either. After three and six months (end of trial) biochemical and haematologic parameters were assessed. Clinical evaluation of extrapyramidal symptoms was made in the dexetimide group. All patients of the control group and 47 of the dexetimide group completed the trial. Both groups were shown to be comparable with regard to all parameters. Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in dexetimide-patients with regard to gross motor tremor, facial inexpressiveness, parkinsonian gait (after two weeks) + dyskinesia (after six months).", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of prolonged treatment with Tremblex (dexetimide), an antiparkinsonian agent. A controlled study. The trial involved 69 female, long-stay inpatients of the Voorburg mental hospital, of a median age of 50 years. Two groups were formed at the start of the trial. The first group (51 patients) on a maintenance therapy with orphenadrine, were now put on oral dexetimide. Individually adapted dosages ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mg daily. The control group (18 patients) of antiparkinsonian agents did not take any in the course of the study either. After three and six months (end of trial) biochemical and haematologic parameters were assessed. Clinical evaluation of extrapyramidal symptoms was made in the dexetimide group. All patients of the control group and 47 of the dexetimide group completed the trial. Both groups were shown to be comparable with regard to all parameters. Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in dexetimide-patients with regard to gross motor tremor, facial inexpressiveness, parkinsonian gait (after two weeks) + dyskinesia (after six months).", "PMID": 1020682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2857", "title": "A retrospective evaluation of long-term fluspirilene (IMAP) treatment.", "content": "Fluspirilene proved to be a very useful drug in the basic maintenance therapy of 21 chronic schizophrenic patients (ages 16-71 years), who received individually adjusted doses weekly during their hospitalization and during the subsequent follow-up period. The follow-up data analysis showed that the antipsychotic efficacy of the drug after prolonged (8-21.5 months) treatment was nicely maintained, that the patients' socio-professional integration had improved significantly, while a small decrease in dosage proved possible in several cases. The incidence of side-effects remained low, and no signs of accumulation or toxicity could be detected.", "contents": "A retrospective evaluation of long-term fluspirilene (IMAP) treatment. Fluspirilene proved to be a very useful drug in the basic maintenance therapy of 21 chronic schizophrenic patients (ages 16-71 years), who received individually adjusted doses weekly during their hospitalization and during the subsequent follow-up period. The follow-up data analysis showed that the antipsychotic efficacy of the drug after prolonged (8-21.5 months) treatment was nicely maintained, that the patients' socio-professional integration had improved significantly, while a small decrease in dosage proved possible in several cases. The incidence of side-effects remained low, and no signs of accumulation or toxicity could be detected.", "PMID": 1020683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2858", "title": "[Clinical study of Haldol at high doses in chronic schizophrenia].", "content": "The authors have studied the action of high doses of Haldol in chronic schizophrenics in a study lasting more than five months and compared their results to a study done at the Eastern State hospital of Williamburg in Virginia (U.S., Howard). The daily doses of 75 mg caused a remission in 4 schizophrenics, and 19 patients were improved in a sample of 38 patients. The medication was given to a group exposed to neuroleptics only, without differences between the two groups. The authors have carried out the study for more than one year without observing changes in biological tests, using a dayly dose of 60 mg. Five patients out of nine were improved and could be discharged to return to their family or society with the appropriate affective follow-up.", "contents": "[Clinical study of Haldol at high doses in chronic schizophrenia]. The authors have studied the action of high doses of Haldol in chronic schizophrenics in a study lasting more than five months and compared their results to a study done at the Eastern State hospital of Williamburg in Virginia (U.S., Howard). The daily doses of 75 mg caused a remission in 4 schizophrenics, and 19 patients were improved in a sample of 38 patients. The medication was given to a group exposed to neuroleptics only, without differences between the two groups. The authors have carried out the study for more than one year without observing changes in biological tests, using a dayly dose of 60 mg. Five patients out of nine were improved and could be discharged to return to their family or society with the appropriate affective follow-up.", "PMID": 1020684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2859", "title": "[Lithium salts in manic-depressive psychoses (cyclophrenia)].", "content": "In psychiatry, lithium salts are used alone, or in combination with neuroleptics, in the treatment of manic states and in the prophylaxis of manic or melancholic relapses in cyclophrenia. They are also used by some clinicians to prevent relapses of melancholia. To be efficient, the blood level of lithium must be between 0,8 and 1,2 mEq/liter in chronic treatment, and much higher in acute treatment. Side effects can be present, but do not warrant to stop the treatment; meanwhile there are signs of intoxication which necessitate immediate treatment interruption. This medication should be given to motivated patients, of normal intelligence, suffering from repeated states of mania or melancholia, because it is a long term treatment requiring constant supervision.", "contents": "[Lithium salts in manic-depressive psychoses (cyclophrenia)]. In psychiatry, lithium salts are used alone, or in combination with neuroleptics, in the treatment of manic states and in the prophylaxis of manic or melancholic relapses in cyclophrenia. They are also used by some clinicians to prevent relapses of melancholia. To be efficient, the blood level of lithium must be between 0,8 and 1,2 mEq/liter in chronic treatment, and much higher in acute treatment. Side effects can be present, but do not warrant to stop the treatment; meanwhile there are signs of intoxication which necessitate immediate treatment interruption. This medication should be given to motivated patients, of normal intelligence, suffering from repeated states of mania or melancholia, because it is a long term treatment requiring constant supervision.", "PMID": 1020685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2860", "title": "[Contingent negative variation and mental disorders].", "content": "This work, dealing with negative contingency variation (NCV) in mental patients, is in the general frame of research aiming at establishing correlations between biological phenomenons and psychic entities. The results can be examined in three different directions. 1. In the electrophysiological perspective they have individualized a series of physiological forms and brought a real nomenclature. 2. In an electro-clinical perspective, they have allowed to oppose normal curves (NCV, type I, responses to sensory stimulations type A, B, C and motor potential type N) and abnormal curves (NCV zero or type III, IV, responses type D and motor potential type P). One must however stress that this distinction is only valid if one studies adult subjects and awaken, and contributes only an index of non specific morbidity. Furthermore, considering two more electrophysiological criteria--the mode of combination of various curves and the stability of NCV--can help establishing a severity scale and modeling the above data. 3. In a physiopathological perspective, they have lead to discussing two hypotheses concerning the functional signification of prolonged NCV; one being a prolonged state of awaiting, the other a mode of particular reaction to imperative stimulation, and to demonstrate that it is not possible to consider only one and same system to explain all clinical categories. Thus, in this new area of slow cerebral potentials, as in clinical electroencephalography, is illustrated the teaching of the functional electroencephalography through the school of Paris where similar electric patterns have different significations when present in opposed psychological organisations.", "contents": "[Contingent negative variation and mental disorders]. This work, dealing with negative contingency variation (NCV) in mental patients, is in the general frame of research aiming at establishing correlations between biological phenomenons and psychic entities. The results can be examined in three different directions. 1. In the electrophysiological perspective they have individualized a series of physiological forms and brought a real nomenclature. 2. In an electro-clinical perspective, they have allowed to oppose normal curves (NCV, type I, responses to sensory stimulations type A, B, C and motor potential type N) and abnormal curves (NCV zero or type III, IV, responses type D and motor potential type P). One must however stress that this distinction is only valid if one studies adult subjects and awaken, and contributes only an index of non specific morbidity. Furthermore, considering two more electrophysiological criteria--the mode of combination of various curves and the stability of NCV--can help establishing a severity scale and modeling the above data. 3. In a physiopathological perspective, they have lead to discussing two hypotheses concerning the functional signification of prolonged NCV; one being a prolonged state of awaiting, the other a mode of particular reaction to imperative stimulation, and to demonstrate that it is not possible to consider only one and same system to explain all clinical categories. Thus, in this new area of slow cerebral potentials, as in clinical electroencephalography, is illustrated the teaching of the functional electroencephalography through the school of Paris where similar electric patterns have different significations when present in opposed psychological organisations.", "PMID": 1020686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2861", "title": "[Hysteria and psychosomatic disorders in Portuguese immigrants].", "content": "Seventy patients presenting symptoms of hysteria (49 women and 21 men) were selected among patients observed at the Institute Minkowska during the year. This work is part of a research work on socio-cultural and environmental factors which can change mental status of immigrants. These are all portugese workers presenting for the first time atypical mental troubles called by the author: \"bastard hysterical syndrome of the immigrant\" and characterized partly or totally by the following symptoms: fatigue, anxiety, sense of suffocation, dyspnea, coughing, unilateral chills or generalized chil, abdominal or gastric pains, headaches and \"diffused pains\", paresthesia, aching back, tears and sorrow, fear of dying or having a cancer, asthenia, leg paresthesia and contractions, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac pains, palpitations, dizziness and collapsing. These troubles appear sometimes without apparent motives but they are almost always due to a precipitating cause expressed by the patient: a delivery, a familial death, a homosexual proposition, a trauma without importance, a working conflict etc... But the most frequent cause invoked is \"the french climate\" without knowing precisely what the word \"climate\" means: atmospheric conditions, athmosphere or reception milieu? This latest interpretation seems more likely after months of psychotherapy. Most patients are not french speaking and cannot write; their origin is rural (familial villages well structured regarding their food and sexual economy), and people well \"armed\" by a system of defense mechanisms and well adopted conditioned reflexes. In this work, hysteria of the portugese immigrant is compared to childhood hysteria. As the hysterical burst of the child is aimed at calling attention, love of the mother, at finding a solution to a familial or social conflict, the hysterical burst of the immigrant is aimed at the absent family or at its substitutes, the bos, social security, the doctor. Furthermore, the attitude of the hosting Country--wanting and rejecting--is very ambivalent; \"tenderness\" at the time of reception, followed by indifference. Early attentions are followed by constant interdictions (threat of unemployment, false statements on sexual dangers of the immigrant etc;..). The immigrant, like the hysterical child, is periodically controlled (work and visit cards), supervised (supervisors), The narcistic satisfactions of being called a good worker can be followed by threats of firing in economic crisis. The society of the hosting country requires the immigrant to be identical to this society: language, physical appearance, food. The real paradoxical situation to which the immigrant is confronted and the real or hypothetical fears constitute conditions of experimental neurosis, to which portugese immigrants react very often by a bastard symptomatology of hysterical type, characteristic of displaced man. These preliminary studies are the frame for a future epidemiological survey in this specific population.", "contents": "[Hysteria and psychosomatic disorders in Portuguese immigrants]. Seventy patients presenting symptoms of hysteria (49 women and 21 men) were selected among patients observed at the Institute Minkowska during the year. This work is part of a research work on socio-cultural and environmental factors which can change mental status of immigrants. These are all portugese workers presenting for the first time atypical mental troubles called by the author: \"bastard hysterical syndrome of the immigrant\" and characterized partly or totally by the following symptoms: fatigue, anxiety, sense of suffocation, dyspnea, coughing, unilateral chills or generalized chil, abdominal or gastric pains, headaches and \"diffused pains\", paresthesia, aching back, tears and sorrow, fear of dying or having a cancer, asthenia, leg paresthesia and contractions, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac pains, palpitations, dizziness and collapsing. These troubles appear sometimes without apparent motives but they are almost always due to a precipitating cause expressed by the patient: a delivery, a familial death, a homosexual proposition, a trauma without importance, a working conflict etc... But the most frequent cause invoked is \"the french climate\" without knowing precisely what the word \"climate\" means: atmospheric conditions, athmosphere or reception milieu? This latest interpretation seems more likely after months of psychotherapy. Most patients are not french speaking and cannot write; their origin is rural (familial villages well structured regarding their food and sexual economy), and people well \"armed\" by a system of defense mechanisms and well adopted conditioned reflexes. In this work, hysteria of the portugese immigrant is compared to childhood hysteria. As the hysterical burst of the child is aimed at calling attention, love of the mother, at finding a solution to a familial or social conflict, the hysterical burst of the immigrant is aimed at the absent family or at its substitutes, the bos, social security, the doctor. Furthermore, the attitude of the hosting Country--wanting and rejecting--is very ambivalent; \"tenderness\" at the time of reception, followed by indifference. Early attentions are followed by constant interdictions (threat of unemployment, false statements on sexual dangers of the immigrant etc;..). The immigrant, like the hysterical child, is periodically controlled (work and visit cards), supervised (supervisors), The narcistic satisfactions of being called a good worker can be followed by threats of firing in economic crisis. The society of the hosting country requires the immigrant to be identical to this society: language, physical appearance, food. The real paradoxical situation to which the immigrant is confronted and the real or hypothetical fears constitute conditions of experimental neurosis, to which portugese immigrants react very often by a bastard symptomatology of hysterical type, characteristic of displaced man. These preliminary studies are the frame for a future epidemiological survey in this specific population.", "PMID": 1020687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2862", "title": "A note on the relative prevalence of phobic reactions in an Iranian psychiatric population.", "content": "Ths study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of phobic reactions among the patients referred to the University of Teheran Psychiatric Hospital during 1975. It was found that about 10% of the total population studied manifested symptoms of phobia, which of course indicate different therapeutic modality to be considered in their treatment. One could easily notice that this proportion is much higher than what has been reported by Marks. It was further found that darkness, nyctophobia, necrophobia, ochlophobia, ailurophobia and pet animals and fear of cancer and syphilis accounted for 79% of the phobic cases studied.", "contents": "A note on the relative prevalence of phobic reactions in an Iranian psychiatric population. Ths study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of phobic reactions among the patients referred to the University of Teheran Psychiatric Hospital during 1975. It was found that about 10% of the total population studied manifested symptoms of phobia, which of course indicate different therapeutic modality to be considered in their treatment. One could easily notice that this proportion is much higher than what has been reported by Marks. It was further found that darkness, nyctophobia, necrophobia, ochlophobia, ailurophobia and pet animals and fear of cancer and syphilis accounted for 79% of the phobic cases studied.", "PMID": 1020688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2863", "title": "Stability of mammalian tuberculin PPD.", "content": "Six lots of PPD prepared in 1937 met the requirements when tested in guinea pig potency assay in 1974. Reading of the skin reactions at 48 hr gave more consistent results than the 24 hr reading. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and by a quick method developed for the estimation of identity of the standard and the test preparation. Although less sensitive than the analysis of variance, the quick method has been found suitable for estimation of the potency of tuberculin preparations.", "contents": "Stability of mammalian tuberculin PPD. Six lots of PPD prepared in 1937 met the requirements when tested in guinea pig potency assay in 1974. Reading of the skin reactions at 48 hr gave more consistent results than the 24 hr reading. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and by a quick method developed for the estimation of identity of the standard and the test preparation. Although less sensitive than the analysis of variance, the quick method has been found suitable for estimation of the potency of tuberculin preparations.", "PMID": 1020695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2864", "title": "[Application of a geriatric evaluation scale to patients of a closed psychiatric hospital].", "content": "The geriatric scale of Stockton (SGRS) was applied to 135 subjects aged 60 or more (women in a closed psychiatric hospital). This scale differentiates between organic states (dementia) and other diagnoses. The scores are not correlated to subjects' age in dementia. The SGRS also furnishes interesting indications on aging according to various diagnostic groups.", "contents": "[Application of a geriatric evaluation scale to patients of a closed psychiatric hospital]. The geriatric scale of Stockton (SGRS) was applied to 135 subjects aged 60 or more (women in a closed psychiatric hospital). This scale differentiates between organic states (dementia) and other diagnoses. The scores are not correlated to subjects' age in dementia. The SGRS also furnishes interesting indications on aging according to various diagnostic groups.", "PMID": 1020689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2865", "title": "Decreased cellular immune response of germ-free mice.", "content": "Cellular immune response to intracerebral lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection was studied in mice belonging to an identical strain but different in breeding conditions. In consequence of the cellular immune reaction on the leptomeninx, lymphocytic choriomeningitis developed and caused death in 100% of conventionally bred mice, whereas 80% of germ-free and 15% of mouse-pathogen-free mice failed to display lymphocytic infiltration of the leptomeninx and survived the infection as chronic virus carriers. This finding pointed to a deficient cellular immune response of germ-free and mouse-pathogen-free mice. The under-development of the lymphoid system due to the antigen-poor breeding conditions might be responsible for the deficiency.", "contents": "Decreased cellular immune response of germ-free mice. Cellular immune response to intracerebral lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection was studied in mice belonging to an identical strain but different in breeding conditions. In consequence of the cellular immune reaction on the leptomeninx, lymphocytic choriomeningitis developed and caused death in 100% of conventionally bred mice, whereas 80% of germ-free and 15% of mouse-pathogen-free mice failed to display lymphocytic infiltration of the leptomeninx and survived the infection as chronic virus carriers. This finding pointed to a deficient cellular immune response of germ-free and mouse-pathogen-free mice. The under-development of the lymphoid system due to the antigen-poor breeding conditions might be responsible for the deficiency.", "PMID": 1020696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2866", "title": "Studies on the lymphoid system of mice with lethal acute toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Acute toxoplasmosis was induced in CFLP mice by infecting them intraperitoneally with the 25 x 10(3) multiplicity of the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The lymphoid system of mice succumbing to acute toxoplasmosis showed characteristic changes. Significant spleen hypertrophy (spleen index: 1.76), severe thymus atrophy (thymus index: 0.27) and a striking decrease of the lymphocyte count in blood (86%) was found as compared with the uninfected controls.", "contents": "Studies on the lymphoid system of mice with lethal acute toxoplasmosis. Acute toxoplasmosis was induced in CFLP mice by infecting them intraperitoneally with the 25 x 10(3) multiplicity of the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The lymphoid system of mice succumbing to acute toxoplasmosis showed characteristic changes. Significant spleen hypertrophy (spleen index: 1.76), severe thymus atrophy (thymus index: 0.27) and a striking decrease of the lymphocyte count in blood (86%) was found as compared with the uninfected controls.", "PMID": 1020697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2867", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition by a specific antigen in human typhoid fever.", "content": "Cellular reactivity to heat-killed Salmonella typhi antigen was investigated by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) method in 33 S. typhi infected patients and in 32 control persons. In the typhoid group a statistically significant LMI was observed as compared to the members of the control group. A correlation was found between the level of the cellular sensitivity and the time elapsed between onset of the disease and performance of the test. Previous typhoid vaccination had no influence on the LMI. No correlation was found between the agglutinin titres and the sensitivity demonstrated by the LMI test. The value of the method in studies of cellular immunity in typhoid fever is discussed.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition by a specific antigen in human typhoid fever. Cellular reactivity to heat-killed Salmonella typhi antigen was investigated by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) method in 33 S. typhi infected patients and in 32 control persons. In the typhoid group a statistically significant LMI was observed as compared to the members of the control group. A correlation was found between the level of the cellular sensitivity and the time elapsed between onset of the disease and performance of the test. Previous typhoid vaccination had no influence on the LMI. No correlation was found between the agglutinin titres and the sensitivity demonstrated by the LMI test. The value of the method in studies of cellular immunity in typhoid fever is discussed.", "PMID": 1020698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2868", "title": "[Psychodynamic aspects of personality of patients with Parkinsonism].", "content": "After reviewing the literature on personality and Parkinsonism and recalling the two concepts which conflict on the etiology of their personality, the author has examined Rorschach charts of 20 Parkinsonians. This was done through formal analysis and content analysis in order to show the various dynamic aspects of personality, the psychic mechanisms preferentially used and the possible relations between psyche and soma. The results reveal a modification of personality in the direction of global narrowing, on ideas and affect, a reduction of relational investments, a narcissitic and hypochondriac retrieval and an important reduction of affects. Two different types of personality appear out of this common branch. The first is characterized by rigidity and stereotipy, the second characterized by some smoothness and a wider opening toward the external world. The psychodynamic study reveals that personality reorganization takes place through libidinal retrieval, through defensive and narcissisic move. After the completion of the study, the somatopsychic hypothesis remains most produce; however the premorbid personality and in particular the aggressive problem can integrate with the behavioral modifications due to Parkinson's disease in order to finally bring a original psycho-affective picture.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic aspects of personality of patients with Parkinsonism]. After reviewing the literature on personality and Parkinsonism and recalling the two concepts which conflict on the etiology of their personality, the author has examined Rorschach charts of 20 Parkinsonians. This was done through formal analysis and content analysis in order to show the various dynamic aspects of personality, the psychic mechanisms preferentially used and the possible relations between psyche and soma. The results reveal a modification of personality in the direction of global narrowing, on ideas and affect, a reduction of relational investments, a narcissitic and hypochondriac retrieval and an important reduction of affects. Two different types of personality appear out of this common branch. The first is characterized by rigidity and stereotipy, the second characterized by some smoothness and a wider opening toward the external world. The psychodynamic study reveals that personality reorganization takes place through libidinal retrieval, through defensive and narcissisic move. After the completion of the study, the somatopsychic hypothesis remains most produce; however the premorbid personality and in particular the aggressive problem can integrate with the behavioral modifications due to Parkinson's disease in order to finally bring a original psycho-affective picture.", "PMID": 1020690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2869", "title": "A progress in electroconvulsive therapy: the non-barbiturate anesthaetic drug etomidate.", "content": "Forty-six female patients (19-72 years) requiring ECT for psychiatric indications received 0.5 mg atropine, followed by 0.1-0.4 mg/kg bodyweight of etomidate. Subsequently 50 mg of suxamethonium were injected and ECT was applied. The etomidate-ECT combination proved very suitable and was well tolerated.", "contents": "A progress in electroconvulsive therapy: the non-barbiturate anesthaetic drug etomidate. Forty-six female patients (19-72 years) requiring ECT for psychiatric indications received 0.5 mg atropine, followed by 0.1-0.4 mg/kg bodyweight of etomidate. Subsequently 50 mg of suxamethonium were injected and ECT was applied. The etomidate-ECT combination proved very suitable and was well tolerated.", "PMID": 1020693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2870", "title": "The development of the connective tissue in the human orbit.", "content": "The development of the mesenchymal structures of the human orbit was studied using 10 mu or 60 mu serial sections of orbits of foetuses of 35 to 320 mm stages (C.R. length; 2-9 months). The ontogenesis of the orbital walls, the eye muscles, the blood vessels and the connective tissue was compared. This comparison revealed that the eye muscles and their fasciae together with the adventitial layers of the larger blood vessels and nerves develop first, closely linked in time to the progress of ossification and growth of most of the orbital bones. Only the (endochondral) ossification of the ethmoid starts much later. The orbital connective tissue septa development commences later, i.e. from the third month onwards, concurrently with the development of special mesenchymal condensations, a particular capillary system and adipose tissue. About five months later the adult configuration is attained.", "contents": "The development of the connective tissue in the human orbit. The development of the mesenchymal structures of the human orbit was studied using 10 mu or 60 mu serial sections of orbits of foetuses of 35 to 320 mm stages (C.R. length; 2-9 months). The ontogenesis of the orbital walls, the eye muscles, the blood vessels and the connective tissue was compared. This comparison revealed that the eye muscles and their fasciae together with the adventitial layers of the larger blood vessels and nerves develop first, closely linked in time to the progress of ossification and growth of most of the orbital bones. Only the (endochondral) ossification of the ethmoid starts much later. The orbital connective tissue septa development commences later, i.e. from the third month onwards, concurrently with the development of special mesenchymal condensations, a particular capillary system and adipose tissue. About five months later the adult configuration is attained.", "PMID": 1020699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2871", "title": "Functional anatomy of the musculature of the trachea.", "content": "The smooth musculature of the human trachea was studied and compared with earlier observations in the rabbit. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The annular m. constrictor tracheae, previously observed in the rabbit, has also been identified in the human trachea. 2. Longitudinal muscle fibers outside the constrictor musculature were observed in man. These fibers are rudimentary and appear to be of no functional importance. 3. From a functional point of view, it appears justified to regard the outer tracheal musculature largely as a constrictor musculature. 4. The main function of the outer musculature of the trachea and the elastic cartilaginous arches is to maintain the stability of the tracheal wall. 5. The variation of the lumen of the trachea is mainly controlled by the m. trachealis in the pars membranacea.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the musculature of the trachea. The smooth musculature of the human trachea was studied and compared with earlier observations in the rabbit. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The annular m. constrictor tracheae, previously observed in the rabbit, has also been identified in the human trachea. 2. Longitudinal muscle fibers outside the constrictor musculature were observed in man. These fibers are rudimentary and appear to be of no functional importance. 3. From a functional point of view, it appears justified to regard the outer tracheal musculature largely as a constrictor musculature. 4. The main function of the outer musculature of the trachea and the elastic cartilaginous arches is to maintain the stability of the tracheal wall. 5. The variation of the lumen of the trachea is mainly controlled by the m. trachealis in the pars membranacea.", "PMID": 1020700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2872", "title": "[Development of the intestines. Human embryos].", "content": "In the present study an attempt was made to think over anew the development of the peritoneal situs, guided by the comparison of the \"root-area\" (the connective tissue area free of peritoneum between the left and right transition line of the peritoneum parietale to the peritoneum viscerale) of the so-called \"primitive mesentery\" of an embryo (10 mm CRL) and of an older fetus (250 mm CRL). The following results were obtained: The so-called primitive sagittal mesentery cannot be regarded as the anlage of the adult mesentery, in the sense that the latter develops out of the former dy displacement of rotation. The original \"root area\" widens with the broadening of the back and can still be demonstrated as an homogeneous \"root area\" of the \"intestinal bulge\", after the typical adult situs has developed. There is a connection between the development of the mesenteries and the formation of the folds of the embryonic serosa. Their position is determined through the recesses of the intestinal bulge. They exist because of the foldings and are therefore secondary characteristics. Under these aspects it is possible to consider the development of the situs as a uniform folding process of the embryonic serosa, without references to as yet unproved secondary adhesions of the peritoneal layers.", "contents": "[Development of the intestines. Human embryos]. In the present study an attempt was made to think over anew the development of the peritoneal situs, guided by the comparison of the \"root-area\" (the connective tissue area free of peritoneum between the left and right transition line of the peritoneum parietale to the peritoneum viscerale) of the so-called \"primitive mesentery\" of an embryo (10 mm CRL) and of an older fetus (250 mm CRL). The following results were obtained: The so-called primitive sagittal mesentery cannot be regarded as the anlage of the adult mesentery, in the sense that the latter develops out of the former dy displacement of rotation. The original \"root area\" widens with the broadening of the back and can still be demonstrated as an homogeneous \"root area\" of the \"intestinal bulge\", after the typical adult situs has developed. There is a connection between the development of the mesenteries and the formation of the folds of the embryonic serosa. Their position is determined through the recesses of the intestinal bulge. They exist because of the foldings and are therefore secondary characteristics. Under these aspects it is possible to consider the development of the situs as a uniform folding process of the embryonic serosa, without references to as yet unproved secondary adhesions of the peritoneal layers.", "PMID": 1020701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2873", "title": "Effect of long photoperiod on the maturation of ovary of the catfish, Mystus tengara (Ham.)", "content": "A study has been made of the effect of photoperiodism on the ovarian maturation of fresh water teleost, Mystus tengara (Ham.). The magnitude of ovarian recrudescence is more during maturing virgin phase as compared to during immature virgin and preparatory virgin phases in long photoperiod (14 hours/day) treated fish. Thus, the response of the ovary to long photoperiod increases with the approach of natural spawning period. The mature eggs are more in long photoperiod treated fish than in controls exposed to 12 hours/day photoperiod. In long photoperiod treated fish, prespawning period is reduced considerably. During spawning and post-spawning periods, the ovaries are refractory, since long photoperiod is ineffective in maintaining gravid ovaries beyond spawning period and the ovarian regression during post spawning period sets in regardless of nature of photoperiod treatment.", "contents": "Effect of long photoperiod on the maturation of ovary of the catfish, Mystus tengara (Ham.). A study has been made of the effect of photoperiodism on the ovarian maturation of fresh water teleost, Mystus tengara (Ham.). The magnitude of ovarian recrudescence is more during maturing virgin phase as compared to during immature virgin and preparatory virgin phases in long photoperiod (14 hours/day) treated fish. Thus, the response of the ovary to long photoperiod increases with the approach of natural spawning period. The mature eggs are more in long photoperiod treated fish than in controls exposed to 12 hours/day photoperiod. In long photoperiod treated fish, prespawning period is reduced considerably. During spawning and post-spawning periods, the ovaries are refractory, since long photoperiod is ineffective in maintaining gravid ovaries beyond spawning period and the ovarian regression during post spawning period sets in regardless of nature of photoperiod treatment.", "PMID": 1020702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2874", "title": "[A kibbutz group].", "content": "Kibbouts-group: three therapeutic or growth factors together: manual work, community life and group technics (group dynamic, Gestalt, psychodrama, bio-energetic) during two weeks. The work of growing and therapy is becoming more concrete and facilitated by the absence of difference between members and leader who share the work and the community life. Important and rapid changes are frequent: a particular attention is given to the \"unmedicalisation\" of symptoms (fatigue) and to the \"unpsychiatrisation\" of conflicts. A sample and authentical life style, together with a high degree of communication, favor the desinhibition of attitudes, the clarification of conflicts and the reenforcement of the personality.", "contents": "[A kibbutz group]. Kibbouts-group: three therapeutic or growth factors together: manual work, community life and group technics (group dynamic, Gestalt, psychodrama, bio-energetic) during two weeks. The work of growing and therapy is becoming more concrete and facilitated by the absence of difference between members and leader who share the work and the community life. Important and rapid changes are frequent: a particular attention is given to the \"unmedicalisation\" of symptoms (fatigue) and to the \"unpsychiatrisation\" of conflicts. A sample and authentical life style, together with a high degree of communication, favor the desinhibition of attitudes, the clarification of conflicts and the reenforcement of the personality.", "PMID": 1020691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2875", "title": "Character neuroses and behavioural disorders in children: their treatment with pipamperone (Dipiperon). A clinical study.", "content": "Dipiperon drops 30-180 mg/day were given for eight weeks to 29 children with character neuroses and behavioural disorders. A 16-item rating-scale covering several features of behaviour disorder was completed by a psychologist and a teacher independent from each other. The individual number of pathological scores showed a decrease already within the first treatment week and a further decrease by the end of the trial, especially for the items of capriciousness, obstinacy, irritability and restlessness. The therapeutic benefit was not accompanied by an adverse effect on the school performance of the children. No side-effects were reported or observed.", "contents": "Character neuroses and behavioural disorders in children: their treatment with pipamperone (Dipiperon). A clinical study. Dipiperon drops 30-180 mg/day were given for eight weeks to 29 children with character neuroses and behavioural disorders. A 16-item rating-scale covering several features of behaviour disorder was completed by a psychologist and a teacher independent from each other. The individual number of pathological scores showed a decrease already within the first treatment week and a further decrease by the end of the trial, especially for the items of capriciousness, obstinacy, irritability and restlessness. The therapeutic benefit was not accompanied by an adverse effect on the school performance of the children. No side-effects were reported or observed.", "PMID": 1020694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2876", "title": "Antidepressive properties of I-glutamine. Preliminary report.", "content": "A brief review of the literature on this topic, and a comparison of the results obtained in children by administrating l-glutamine with those obtained by other antidepressive drugs, is primarily presented. Having been tested in a sampler of 43 adults, affected by different forms of depressive, neurasthenic and dissociative illnesses, 1-glutamine is indicated as owning clear anti-depressive properties, and the asthenia as target-symptom for its therapeutical use. Out of the endogenous depression with slowed-down motor activity, indeed good results were found in all cases, in which a \"vital\" level had been reached by the illness. Since 1-glutamine is noticed being a precursor of GABA, this fact itself could explain its antidepressive properties, but it is necessary to remember that they very complex metabolism of the drug is still mostly unknown.", "contents": "Antidepressive properties of I-glutamine. Preliminary report. A brief review of the literature on this topic, and a comparison of the results obtained in children by administrating l-glutamine with those obtained by other antidepressive drugs, is primarily presented. Having been tested in a sampler of 43 adults, affected by different forms of depressive, neurasthenic and dissociative illnesses, 1-glutamine is indicated as owning clear anti-depressive properties, and the asthenia as target-symptom for its therapeutical use. Out of the endogenous depression with slowed-down motor activity, indeed good results were found in all cases, in which a \"vital\" level had been reached by the illness. Since 1-glutamine is noticed being a precursor of GABA, this fact itself could explain its antidepressive properties, but it is necessary to remember that they very complex metabolism of the drug is still mostly unknown.", "PMID": 1020692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2877", "title": "The abnormal upper gastrointestinal vagovagal reflexes that affect the heart.", "content": "The clinically important upper gastrointestinal-cardiac vagovagal reflexes are mainly those initiated by swallowing and rapid gastric distention. Pre-existing-heart disease has little to do with determining susceptibility to upper gastrointestinal stimuli. The dangerous cardiac repercussions concern diminished coronary artery flow and the arrhythmias. The latter can be subcategorized as swallow tachycardia, pharyngeal disease with arrhythmia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia with swallow syncope, spontaneous swallow syncope and swallow bradycardia. Iatrogenic arrhythmias are particularly tragic potential hazards of all pharyngoesophagogastric manipulations.", "contents": "The abnormal upper gastrointestinal vagovagal reflexes that affect the heart. The clinically important upper gastrointestinal-cardiac vagovagal reflexes are mainly those initiated by swallowing and rapid gastric distention. Pre-existing-heart disease has little to do with determining susceptibility to upper gastrointestinal stimuli. The dangerous cardiac repercussions concern diminished coronary artery flow and the arrhythmias. The latter can be subcategorized as swallow tachycardia, pharyngeal disease with arrhythmia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia with swallow syncope, spontaneous swallow syncope and swallow bradycardia. Iatrogenic arrhythmias are particularly tragic potential hazards of all pharyngoesophagogastric manipulations.", "PMID": 1020737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2878", "title": "Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Fiberendoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract recently has become a routine diagnostic procedure. This is due to its broad spectrum of applications and to its \"reputation\" of simplicity and innocuousness. The possible complications of fiberendoscopy, however, are similar to those of rigid endoscopy. Most of these complications can and must be avoided by strict adhesion to elementary precautions: adequate teaching and supervision of endoscopists in training; emphasis on all stages of the patient's preparation, psychological and pharmacological, each adopted to the individual patient and constant awareness of the possibility of complications.", "contents": "Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Fiberendoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract recently has become a routine diagnostic procedure. This is due to its broad spectrum of applications and to its \"reputation\" of simplicity and innocuousness. The possible complications of fiberendoscopy, however, are similar to those of rigid endoscopy. Most of these complications can and must be avoided by strict adhesion to elementary precautions: adequate teaching and supervision of endoscopists in training; emphasis on all stages of the patient's preparation, psychological and pharmacological, each adopted to the individual patient and constant awareness of the possibility of complications.", "PMID": 1020738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2879", "title": "Diagnosis of gastric prepyloric and antral lesions: comparison of fiberendoscopy and gastric biopsy with radiology.", "content": "Fibergastroscopy and direct-vision gastric biopsy were performed in 47 patients who had a prepyloric or antral gastric lesion on barium meal (single-contrast) examination. Of 27 cases with a radiological diagnosis of prepyloric or antral ulceration, five cases (18.5%) had evidence of ulceration, 12 cases (44.4%) had acute or chronic gastritis and eight cases (29.6%) had normal gastric mucosa, on fibergastroscopy. Multiple gastric biopsy confirmed the presence of acute-on-chronic gastritis (ACG), chronic gastritis (CG) and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM) or epithelial atypia (Aty), in 24 cases (89%). Normal gastric mucosa was found in three cases (11%) and malignancy in none. Of 15 cases with a radiological diagnosis of prepyloric or antral malignancy, only three cases (20%) had evidence of adenocarcinoma on endoscopy and biopsy. One case had rounded nodules seen on endoscopy and gastric biopsies showed malignant lymphoma. In two cases with endoscopic suspicion of malignancy, gastric biopsies showed ACG in one and CAG in the other. Gastric biopsies showed histological changes of CG (+/- IM) or CAG (+/- IM) in 11 cases (73%). In five cases with a radiological diagnosis of various prepyloric or antral lesions, endoscopy and biopsy revealed CG (+/- IM) in all and malignancy in none. It is concluded that fiberendoscopy and gastric biopsy are superior to the single-contrast barium meal in the diagnosis of prepyloric or antral gastric lesions. Direct-vision gastric biopsy should be done in all cases since it increased the diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy.", "contents": "Diagnosis of gastric prepyloric and antral lesions: comparison of fiberendoscopy and gastric biopsy with radiology. Fibergastroscopy and direct-vision gastric biopsy were performed in 47 patients who had a prepyloric or antral gastric lesion on barium meal (single-contrast) examination. Of 27 cases with a radiological diagnosis of prepyloric or antral ulceration, five cases (18.5%) had evidence of ulceration, 12 cases (44.4%) had acute or chronic gastritis and eight cases (29.6%) had normal gastric mucosa, on fibergastroscopy. Multiple gastric biopsy confirmed the presence of acute-on-chronic gastritis (ACG), chronic gastritis (CG) and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM) or epithelial atypia (Aty), in 24 cases (89%). Normal gastric mucosa was found in three cases (11%) and malignancy in none. Of 15 cases with a radiological diagnosis of prepyloric or antral malignancy, only three cases (20%) had evidence of adenocarcinoma on endoscopy and biopsy. One case had rounded nodules seen on endoscopy and gastric biopsies showed malignant lymphoma. In two cases with endoscopic suspicion of malignancy, gastric biopsies showed ACG in one and CAG in the other. Gastric biopsies showed histological changes of CG (+/- IM) or CAG (+/- IM) in 11 cases (73%). In five cases with a radiological diagnosis of various prepyloric or antral lesions, endoscopy and biopsy revealed CG (+/- IM) in all and malignancy in none. It is concluded that fiberendoscopy and gastric biopsy are superior to the single-contrast barium meal in the diagnosis of prepyloric or antral gastric lesions. Direct-vision gastric biopsy should be done in all cases since it increased the diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy.", "PMID": 1020739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2880", "title": "Treatment of protein-losing gastropathy with atropine.", "content": "Protein loss from the gastric mucosa with hypertrophic gastric folds and hypoalbuminemia has been associated with low, normal and elevated gastric acid output. A case of protein-losing gastropathy with slightly elevated gastric acid output is described. Associated findings were hypertrophic gastric folds, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lymphadenopathy, edema, ascites and venous thrombosis. Oral administration of atropine resulted in a cessation of gastrointestinal protein loss and correction of hypoalbuminemia.", "contents": "Treatment of protein-losing gastropathy with atropine. Protein loss from the gastric mucosa with hypertrophic gastric folds and hypoalbuminemia has been associated with low, normal and elevated gastric acid output. A case of protein-losing gastropathy with slightly elevated gastric acid output is described. Associated findings were hypertrophic gastric folds, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lymphadenopathy, edema, ascites and venous thrombosis. Oral administration of atropine resulted in a cessation of gastrointestinal protein loss and correction of hypoalbuminemia.", "PMID": 1020740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2881", "title": "Biliary excretion and concentration of cefazolin.", "content": "The excretion of cefazolin into the human biliary tract in health and disease was investigated in 34 patients undergoing surgical procedures. The patients included: I. Four controls. IIA. Eleven patients with cholelithiasis and/or cholecystitis and a radiological visualized gallbladder. IIB. Nine patients with cholethiasis and cholecystitis and a radiologically nonvisualized gallbladder. III. Five patients with obstructive jaundice. IV. Five patients with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Two dose regimes: 1. A single dose of 500 mg and 2. four doses each of 500 mg. given every six hours, were used. Samples of serum, gallbladder bile, common duct bile and gallbladder tissue were assayed for antibiotic activity by the cylinder plate method with Bacillus subtilis. Following administration of four doses of the antibiotic, the mean level of the drug in the gallbladder bile, in controls was 127.0 mug/ml. In the group with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis and a gallbladder that is visualized, a similar high level was noted (mean = 132.2 mug/ml.). In the presence of a nonvisualized gallbladder or obstructive jaundice, the levels in bile were lower. Two hours following a single injection of the drug, the level in the common duct bile reaches a peak of 10 mug/ml and at eight hours falls to less than one mug/ml. In the absence of obstruction cefazolin reaches a significantly high level in bile and could be valuable in treatment of biliary infections.", "contents": "Biliary excretion and concentration of cefazolin. The excretion of cefazolin into the human biliary tract in health and disease was investigated in 34 patients undergoing surgical procedures. The patients included: I. Four controls. IIA. Eleven patients with cholelithiasis and/or cholecystitis and a radiological visualized gallbladder. IIB. Nine patients with cholethiasis and cholecystitis and a radiologically nonvisualized gallbladder. III. Five patients with obstructive jaundice. IV. Five patients with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Two dose regimes: 1. A single dose of 500 mg and 2. four doses each of 500 mg. given every six hours, were used. Samples of serum, gallbladder bile, common duct bile and gallbladder tissue were assayed for antibiotic activity by the cylinder plate method with Bacillus subtilis. Following administration of four doses of the antibiotic, the mean level of the drug in the gallbladder bile, in controls was 127.0 mug/ml. In the group with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis and a gallbladder that is visualized, a similar high level was noted (mean = 132.2 mug/ml.). In the presence of a nonvisualized gallbladder or obstructive jaundice, the levels in bile were lower. Two hours following a single injection of the drug, the level in the common duct bile reaches a peak of 10 mug/ml and at eight hours falls to less than one mug/ml. In the absence of obstruction cefazolin reaches a significantly high level in bile and could be valuable in treatment of biliary infections.", "PMID": 1020741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2882", "title": "The pancreatic involvement in disseminated \"collagen\" disorders. Studies of pancreatic secretion in patients with scleroderma and Sj\u00f6gren's \"disease\".", "content": "In this study of 66 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and/or scleroderma abnormal pancreatic secretory patterns were observed in 43 patients, 17 of 23 with Sj\u00f6gren's and 19 of 31 with scleroderma. Pancreatic insufficiency was often associated with depressed gastric secretion and/or abnormal gallbladder function. While in both disorders digestive complaints are attributable to one or more dysfunctions, the pathogenetic factors in scleroderma appear to be more varied and require careful investigation for complete elucidation. Antibiotics, antimetabolites and steroid therapies are also additional causal factors involved in the initiation of gastrointestinal dysfunction and pathology.", "contents": "The pancreatic involvement in disseminated \"collagen\" disorders. Studies of pancreatic secretion in patients with scleroderma and Sj\u00f6gren's \"disease\". In this study of 66 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and/or scleroderma abnormal pancreatic secretory patterns were observed in 43 patients, 17 of 23 with Sj\u00f6gren's and 19 of 31 with scleroderma. Pancreatic insufficiency was often associated with depressed gastric secretion and/or abnormal gallbladder function. While in both disorders digestive complaints are attributable to one or more dysfunctions, the pathogenetic factors in scleroderma appear to be more varied and require careful investigation for complete elucidation. Antibiotics, antimetabolites and steroid therapies are also additional causal factors involved in the initiation of gastrointestinal dysfunction and pathology.", "PMID": 1020742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2883", "title": "Electrocoagulation biopsy of aberrant pancreas of the stomach. A case of aberrant gastric pancreas.", "content": "Histopathological diagnosis of submucosal tumors of the stomach has been difficult by conventional examination, e.g. roentgenography, gastroscopy and/or routine biopsy procedure. When endoscopic diagnosis of submucosal tumor is made, surgery is generally performed for tissue biopsy. We have been attempting to avoid such exploratory laparotomy to determine the histologic nature of small asymptomatic submucosal tumors of the stomach by a technic of endoscopic biopsy followed by electrocoagulation. With such a procedure, we have been able to diagnose a case of aberrant pancreas of the stomach. Our experience suggests that this technic is a safe and useful diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Electrocoagulation biopsy of aberrant pancreas of the stomach. A case of aberrant gastric pancreas. Histopathological diagnosis of submucosal tumors of the stomach has been difficult by conventional examination, e.g. roentgenography, gastroscopy and/or routine biopsy procedure. When endoscopic diagnosis of submucosal tumor is made, surgery is generally performed for tissue biopsy. We have been attempting to avoid such exploratory laparotomy to determine the histologic nature of small asymptomatic submucosal tumors of the stomach by a technic of endoscopic biopsy followed by electrocoagulation. With such a procedure, we have been able to diagnose a case of aberrant pancreas of the stomach. Our experience suggests that this technic is a safe and useful diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 1020743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2884", "title": "Meckel's diverticulitis due to Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "An unusual case of schistosomal Meckel's diverticulitis is presented. Parasites were subsequently found in either stool or rectal biopsies of three siblings. The possibility of serious sequels makes the early diagnosis of Schistosomiasis mansoni often by simple stool and rectal biopsy examination particularly valuable.", "contents": "Meckel's diverticulitis due to Schistosomiasis mansoni. An unusual case of schistosomal Meckel's diverticulitis is presented. Parasites were subsequently found in either stool or rectal biopsies of three siblings. The possibility of serious sequels makes the early diagnosis of Schistosomiasis mansoni often by simple stool and rectal biopsy examination particularly valuable.", "PMID": 1020744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2885", "title": "Brunner's gland adenomas associated with high-output congestive heart failure.", "content": "Brunner's gland adenoma in the third portion of the duodenum is rare and only two such cases have been reported previously. A 35-year old man presented with high-output congestive heart failure. Profound iron deficiency anemia was corrected by transfusion, allowing detection of a duodenal tumor, which proved pathologically to be a Brunner's gland adenoma.", "contents": "Brunner's gland adenomas associated with high-output congestive heart failure. Brunner's gland adenoma in the third portion of the duodenum is rare and only two such cases have been reported previously. A 35-year old man presented with high-output congestive heart failure. Profound iron deficiency anemia was corrected by transfusion, allowing detection of a duodenal tumor, which proved pathologically to be a Brunner's gland adenoma.", "PMID": 1020745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2886", "title": "The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm.", "content": "The clinical, roentgenologic and laboratory findings in 124 patients with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta are reported. In 53 patients the dissection occurred in the ascending aorta (\"proximal\" dissection), and in 71 patients the site of origin was the descending thoracic aorta (\"distal\" dissection). Certain distinct clinical differences between the groups were apparent. Although hypertension was an important predisposing factor, it was significantly more common in distal dissection, as was atherosclerosis. Back pain and hypertension on hospital presentation characterized patients with distal dissection. Conversely patients with proximal dissection were younger and had a significantly higher incidence of Marfan's syndrome, cystic medial necrosis, anterior chest pain, pulse deficits, neurologic compromise, aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure. In both groups, syncope appeared to correlate well with the occurrence of cardiac tamponade. Chest roentgenograms almost always showed an abnormal aortic contour. Aortic angiography, when performed, was usually confirmatory of the diagnosis.", "contents": "The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm. The clinical, roentgenologic and laboratory findings in 124 patients with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta are reported. In 53 patients the dissection occurred in the ascending aorta (\"proximal\" dissection), and in 71 patients the site of origin was the descending thoracic aorta (\"distal\" dissection). Certain distinct clinical differences between the groups were apparent. Although hypertension was an important predisposing factor, it was significantly more common in distal dissection, as was atherosclerosis. Back pain and hypertension on hospital presentation characterized patients with distal dissection. Conversely patients with proximal dissection were younger and had a significantly higher incidence of Marfan's syndrome, cystic medial necrosis, anterior chest pain, pulse deficits, neurologic compromise, aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure. In both groups, syncope appeared to correlate well with the occurrence of cardiac tamponade. Chest roentgenograms almost always showed an abnormal aortic contour. Aortic angiography, when performed, was usually confirmatory of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1020750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2887", "title": "The clinical course, early prognosis and coronary anatomy of subendocardial infarction.", "content": "The following prospective study was undertaken to observe the clinical course, early prognosis and coronary anatomy of patients with subendocardial infarction. Subendocardial infarction was defined as typical chest apin (greater than 15 minutes), serum enzyme elevation and persistent (greater than 48 hours) new T wave inversion and/or S-T segment depression in the absence of new pathologic Q waves. Fifty consecutive patients were defined, followed in a prospective manner and subjected to early coronary arteriography. A prior history of unstable angina was found in 33 patients (66 per cent); 22 patients (44 per cent) had significant dysrhythmias during the acute hospital phase, and seven patients (14 per cent) had evidence of mild left ventricular failure. Coronary arteriography demonstrated significant lesions (greater than 75 per cent narrowing in at least one vessel) in all 50 patients, with 30 patients (60 per cent) having either double- or triple-vessel disease. Follow-up (mean 10.6 months) revealed that 15 patients (30 per cent) had stable angina, 23 patients (46 per cent) unstable angina and only 12 patients (24 per cent) remained free of angina. Of 28 patients in a medically treated group, acute transmural infarctions developed in six (21 per cent) and one died (3 per cent). We conclude that subendocardial infarction is symptomatically an unstable entity, is associated with severe coronary artery disease and, in a medically treated group, is followed by a significant incidence of early transmural myocardial infarction (21 per cent). Therefore, these patients require in-hospital monitoring, careful follow-up and consideration for early coronary arteriography.", "contents": "The clinical course, early prognosis and coronary anatomy of subendocardial infarction. The following prospective study was undertaken to observe the clinical course, early prognosis and coronary anatomy of patients with subendocardial infarction. Subendocardial infarction was defined as typical chest apin (greater than 15 minutes), serum enzyme elevation and persistent (greater than 48 hours) new T wave inversion and/or S-T segment depression in the absence of new pathologic Q waves. Fifty consecutive patients were defined, followed in a prospective manner and subjected to early coronary arteriography. A prior history of unstable angina was found in 33 patients (66 per cent); 22 patients (44 per cent) had significant dysrhythmias during the acute hospital phase, and seven patients (14 per cent) had evidence of mild left ventricular failure. Coronary arteriography demonstrated significant lesions (greater than 75 per cent narrowing in at least one vessel) in all 50 patients, with 30 patients (60 per cent) having either double- or triple-vessel disease. Follow-up (mean 10.6 months) revealed that 15 patients (30 per cent) had stable angina, 23 patients (46 per cent) unstable angina and only 12 patients (24 per cent) remained free of angina. Of 28 patients in a medically treated group, acute transmural infarctions developed in six (21 per cent) and one died (3 per cent). We conclude that subendocardial infarction is symptomatically an unstable entity, is associated with severe coronary artery disease and, in a medically treated group, is followed by a significant incidence of early transmural myocardial infarction (21 per cent). Therefore, these patients require in-hospital monitoring, careful follow-up and consideration for early coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 1020751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2888", "title": "The relation of sinus rate to the frequency of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia during acute myocardial infarction in man.", "content": "Continuous tape recordings of cardiac rhythm were made in 51 male patients with acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours of their infarction. These tracings were analyzed for the incidence of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT) and the sinus rate immediately preceding each episode of PVT. In 26 patients, 112 episodes of PVT at a rate greater than 100 beats/min were documented. Although 67 per cent of the episodes of PVT were preceded by sinus rates between 60 and 100 beats/min, 15 per cent occurred at sinus rates below 60 beats/min and 18 per cent occurred at sinus rates above 100 beats/min. The data remained essentially unchanged regardless of whether ventricular tachycardia was defined at rates in excess of 100, 120 or 140 beats/min. The results of this study show that during the early phases of acute myocardial infarction in man, PVT was most common during sinus rates generally thought to be within the normal range (60 to 100 beats/min). A lower, but close to equal incidence of PVT was observed during sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia.", "contents": "The relation of sinus rate to the frequency of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia during acute myocardial infarction in man. Continuous tape recordings of cardiac rhythm were made in 51 male patients with acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours of their infarction. These tracings were analyzed for the incidence of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT) and the sinus rate immediately preceding each episode of PVT. In 26 patients, 112 episodes of PVT at a rate greater than 100 beats/min were documented. Although 67 per cent of the episodes of PVT were preceded by sinus rates between 60 and 100 beats/min, 15 per cent occurred at sinus rates below 60 beats/min and 18 per cent occurred at sinus rates above 100 beats/min. The data remained essentially unchanged regardless of whether ventricular tachycardia was defined at rates in excess of 100, 120 or 140 beats/min. The results of this study show that during the early phases of acute myocardial infarction in man, PVT was most common during sinus rates generally thought to be within the normal range (60 to 100 beats/min). A lower, but close to equal incidence of PVT was observed during sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia.", "PMID": 1020752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2889", "title": "Role of circulatory congestion in the cardiorespiratory failure of obesity.", "content": "The role of circulatory congestion in the cardiorespiratory dysfunction of massive obesity was investigated in 18 patients. They were hypervolemic and had increased cardiac outputs proportionate to their weight. The average resting left ventricular filling pressure was within the upper limits of normal, but it increased to abnormally high levels with increased venous return of passive leg raising, and further during exercise. The elevations in pressure were associated with high resting central blood volumes which increased significantly with exertion. These findings are consistent with reduced distensibility of the central circulation in these congested patients. Weight reduction was accompanied by a decrease in central blood volumes and restoration of a normal left ventricular response in three of four patients and a return toward normal in one. The improvement in ventricular function with relief of edema and dyspnea. In 14 patients with normal or only minimal alveolar hypoventilation, there were no significant transpulmonary diastolic pressure gradients despite a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. One patient, after regaining weight, subsequently had an abnormal gas exchange and an increased pulmonary vascular resistance. He and two others with severe alveolar hypoventilation demonstrated cor pulmonale on a background of left ventricular dysfunction and congestion of the circulation. Two other patients, the least obese of the group, had hypoventilation and cor pulmonale with normal left ventricular pressures. Hypervolemia and a hyperdynamic state are common features of the obese patients. High cardiac output is maintained despite marked circulatory congestion which may result in generalized anasarca and increased ventricular filling pressures. This clinical syndrome may be present in obese patients without intrinsic heart disease and may be reversible with weight reduction. The central circulatory congestion may contribute to the development of the alveolar hypoventilation syndrome in certain obese patients.", "contents": "Role of circulatory congestion in the cardiorespiratory failure of obesity. The role of circulatory congestion in the cardiorespiratory dysfunction of massive obesity was investigated in 18 patients. They were hypervolemic and had increased cardiac outputs proportionate to their weight. The average resting left ventricular filling pressure was within the upper limits of normal, but it increased to abnormally high levels with increased venous return of passive leg raising, and further during exercise. The elevations in pressure were associated with high resting central blood volumes which increased significantly with exertion. These findings are consistent with reduced distensibility of the central circulation in these congested patients. Weight reduction was accompanied by a decrease in central blood volumes and restoration of a normal left ventricular response in three of four patients and a return toward normal in one. The improvement in ventricular function with relief of edema and dyspnea. In 14 patients with normal or only minimal alveolar hypoventilation, there were no significant transpulmonary diastolic pressure gradients despite a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. One patient, after regaining weight, subsequently had an abnormal gas exchange and an increased pulmonary vascular resistance. He and two others with severe alveolar hypoventilation demonstrated cor pulmonale on a background of left ventricular dysfunction and congestion of the circulation. Two other patients, the least obese of the group, had hypoventilation and cor pulmonale with normal left ventricular pressures. Hypervolemia and a hyperdynamic state are common features of the obese patients. High cardiac output is maintained despite marked circulatory congestion which may result in generalized anasarca and increased ventricular filling pressures. This clinical syndrome may be present in obese patients without intrinsic heart disease and may be reversible with weight reduction. The central circulatory congestion may contribute to the development of the alveolar hypoventilation syndrome in certain obese patients.", "PMID": 1020753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2890", "title": "Clinical and physiologic studies of two siblings with prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) deficiency.", "content": "Two siblings with hereditary Fletcher factor (prekallikrein) deficiency were studied for alterations of fibrinolysis, platelet function, skin inflammatory responses, permeability factor (PF/dil) formation and leukocyte chemotaxis. In vivo stimulation of fibrinolytic activity was normal; the bleeding time and platelet functions (adhesivity, aggregation, release reaction) were also normal. Both immediate (wheal-flare reaction to histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E1, physical agents) and delayed sensitivity skin test reactions were within normal limits. Migration of subjects' leukocytes to attractants in skin windows and in Boyden-type chambers was the same as that of control leukocytes. Serum complement components were essentially normal. One subject's leukocytes showed normal tissue factor production on stimulation by endotoxin, although prekallikrein deficiency did impair the endotoxin-stimulated generation of serum procoagulant activity. PF/dil caused increased vessel permeability in human skin; in vitro generation of PF/dil required both the Hageman factor and prekallikrein. The Fletcher factor-deficient subjects responded in a normal manner to PF/dil. Based on the Fletcher factor-coagulation assay, the biologic half-disappearance time of prekallikrein (after the transfusion of normal plasma in one of the subjects) was estimated at 35 hours. Therefore, these studies suggest that severe prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) deficiency in man is not associated with any clinically significant impairment in hemostasis, fibrinolysis, inflammatory responses or leukocyte function.", "contents": "Clinical and physiologic studies of two siblings with prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) deficiency. Two siblings with hereditary Fletcher factor (prekallikrein) deficiency were studied for alterations of fibrinolysis, platelet function, skin inflammatory responses, permeability factor (PF/dil) formation and leukocyte chemotaxis. In vivo stimulation of fibrinolytic activity was normal; the bleeding time and platelet functions (adhesivity, aggregation, release reaction) were also normal. Both immediate (wheal-flare reaction to histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E1, physical agents) and delayed sensitivity skin test reactions were within normal limits. Migration of subjects' leukocytes to attractants in skin windows and in Boyden-type chambers was the same as that of control leukocytes. Serum complement components were essentially normal. One subject's leukocytes showed normal tissue factor production on stimulation by endotoxin, although prekallikrein deficiency did impair the endotoxin-stimulated generation of serum procoagulant activity. PF/dil caused increased vessel permeability in human skin; in vitro generation of PF/dil required both the Hageman factor and prekallikrein. The Fletcher factor-deficient subjects responded in a normal manner to PF/dil. Based on the Fletcher factor-coagulation assay, the biologic half-disappearance time of prekallikrein (after the transfusion of normal plasma in one of the subjects) was estimated at 35 hours. Therefore, these studies suggest that severe prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) deficiency in man is not associated with any clinically significant impairment in hemostasis, fibrinolysis, inflammatory responses or leukocyte function.", "PMID": 1020754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2891", "title": "Hereditary nephritis, deafness and abnormal thrombopoiesis. Study of a new kindred.", "content": "A fourth kindred displaying the triad of hereditary nephritis, deafness and thrombocytopenia with giant platelets is described. Renal involvement, a common cause of death amongst afflicted subjects, appears to have a better prognosis in the affected members of this family. Although the electron microscopic appearance of the megakaryocytes in the present case appears similar to that in previously reported cases, we suggest that the \"giant\" platelets may result from a degenerative process of megakaryocytes leading to nuclear regression and cytoplasmic fragmentation, rather than the usual blebbing process.", "contents": "Hereditary nephritis, deafness and abnormal thrombopoiesis. Study of a new kindred. A fourth kindred displaying the triad of hereditary nephritis, deafness and thrombocytopenia with giant platelets is described. Renal involvement, a common cause of death amongst afflicted subjects, appears to have a better prognosis in the affected members of this family. Although the electron microscopic appearance of the megakaryocytes in the present case appears similar to that in previously reported cases, we suggest that the \"giant\" platelets may result from a degenerative process of megakaryocytes leading to nuclear regression and cytoplasmic fragmentation, rather than the usual blebbing process.", "PMID": 1020755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2892", "title": "Pseudocholelithiasis in an elderly man with calcified hydatid cysts.", "content": "A 69 year old man with intrabiliary rupture of a calcified echinococcal cyst mimicking acute cholelithiasis is discussed. This case is of interest because the correct diagnosis was not recognized preoperatively despite the fact that certain aspects of the illness were classic features of this complication of hydatid disease. Although this is a common complication of hydatid disease, which is well recognized in other countries, only seven cases have been reported in the American literature. Treatment of our patient included successful use of a Roux-en-Y drainage procedure which, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been employed in treating this disease.", "contents": "Pseudocholelithiasis in an elderly man with calcified hydatid cysts. A 69 year old man with intrabiliary rupture of a calcified echinococcal cyst mimicking acute cholelithiasis is discussed. This case is of interest because the correct diagnosis was not recognized preoperatively despite the fact that certain aspects of the illness were classic features of this complication of hydatid disease. Although this is a common complication of hydatid disease, which is well recognized in other countries, only seven cases have been reported in the American literature. Treatment of our patient included successful use of a Roux-en-Y drainage procedure which, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been employed in treating this disease.", "PMID": 1020757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2893", "title": "Intravenous injection of talc-containing drugs intended for oral use. A cause of pulmonary granulomatosis and pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic features are described in two patients known to have repeatedly injected intravenously talc-containing drugs intended for oral use. In one patient severe pulmonary hypertension developed; the talc granulomas in him were located predominantly within the pulmonary arteries. The second patient had normal pulmonary arterial pressures, and the talc granulomas in him were located predominantly in the pulmonary interstitium. Of 19 previously described patients with pulmonary talc granulomas, 12 had morphologic evidence of pulmonary hypertension (in three of severe degree); in each, talc granulomas were located predominantly within the pulmonary arteries. In those without signs of pulmonary hypertension, granulomas were located predominantly in the pulmonary interstitium. Why there are differences in the distribution of the talc granulomas is unclear. It is clear, however, as demonstrated by one of our patients, that severe pulmonary hypertension may be a consequence of intravenous injection of drugs intended for oral use.", "contents": "Intravenous injection of talc-containing drugs intended for oral use. A cause of pulmonary granulomatosis and pulmonary hypertension. Clinical and morphologic features are described in two patients known to have repeatedly injected intravenously talc-containing drugs intended for oral use. In one patient severe pulmonary hypertension developed; the talc granulomas in him were located predominantly within the pulmonary arteries. The second patient had normal pulmonary arterial pressures, and the talc granulomas in him were located predominantly in the pulmonary interstitium. Of 19 previously described patients with pulmonary talc granulomas, 12 had morphologic evidence of pulmonary hypertension (in three of severe degree); in each, talc granulomas were located predominantly within the pulmonary arteries. In those without signs of pulmonary hypertension, granulomas were located predominantly in the pulmonary interstitium. Why there are differences in the distribution of the talc granulomas is unclear. It is clear, however, as demonstrated by one of our patients, that severe pulmonary hypertension may be a consequence of intravenous injection of drugs intended for oral use.", "PMID": 1020758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2894", "title": "Acute coagulopathy following infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate.", "content": "An acute coagulopathy developed in a 49 year old woman with severe liver disease after she received an infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate. The concentrate used in the infusion was subsequently studied by observing the effect of the concentrate on the partial thromboplastin times of various plasmas. The evidence suggests that activated coagulation factors, including activated factor X, were present in the concentrate, and probably played a role in initiating the acute change in the patient's coagulation status. Mechanisms whereby liver disease predisposes toward the development of such a coagulopathy are discussed. It would appear that prothrombin complex concentrates should be used in patients with liver disease only with utmost caution.", "contents": "Acute coagulopathy following infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate. An acute coagulopathy developed in a 49 year old woman with severe liver disease after she received an infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate. The concentrate used in the infusion was subsequently studied by observing the effect of the concentrate on the partial thromboplastin times of various plasmas. The evidence suggests that activated coagulation factors, including activated factor X, were present in the concentrate, and probably played a role in initiating the acute change in the patient's coagulation status. Mechanisms whereby liver disease predisposes toward the development of such a coagulopathy are discussed. It would appear that prothrombin complex concentrates should be used in patients with liver disease only with utmost caution.", "PMID": 1020759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2895", "title": "The liver in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease).", "content": "The livers of four patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia--including the original case of Osler--were examined at autopsy. Characteristic random focal fibrovascular lesions were found in all. The importance of recognizing the apparently common and seemingly benign hepatic involvement in this disease is emphasized in view of its possible confusion with more serious types of liver disease that may complicate the condition.", "contents": "The liver in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). The livers of four patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia--including the original case of Osler--were examined at autopsy. Characteristic random focal fibrovascular lesions were found in all. The importance of recognizing the apparently common and seemingly benign hepatic involvement in this disease is emphasized in view of its possible confusion with more serious types of liver disease that may complicate the condition.", "PMID": 1020760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2896", "title": "Angiotensin blockade: its clinical significance.", "content": "An understanding of the possible role of excessive angiotensin II activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension in every patient is therapeutically desirable, but it is frustrated by the lack of complete reliability of peripheral plasma measurements of renin activity. Observation of a clear-cut, supranormal decrease in blood pressure during the intravenous infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, has provided a far more reliable indication of the presence of an angiotensinogenic component in the hypertension. There is convincing evidence, however, that the presence of sodium-overload may prevent a decrease in blood pressure during saralasin infusion in persons known to have angiotensinogenic hypertension and that saralasin may cause a slight decrease in the blood pressure of normal subjects after natriuresis. For these reasons, it is important to study hypotensive responses to saralasin under standardized conditions after the administration of a potent diuretic and to compare the observations with those made on normal subjects under identical circumstances. This angiotensin antagonist may be used in the therapy of malignant or advanced hypertension and as an aid to therapeutic decisions in hypertensive patients who have known renal diseases, are taking oral contraceptives or have had severe trauma to the area of the kidneys. Side effects of saralasin are limited to excessive falls in blood pressure levels, mainly when vasodilators or ganglioplegic drugs are being taken at the time of the saralasin infusion, and excessive rises in blood pressure levels, especially in hypertensive subjects with \"low renin\" activity during high rates of saralasin infusion or after intravenous injections of large boluses. This safe and reliable drug is a valuable tool in the investigation and therapy of hypertension.", "contents": "Angiotensin blockade: its clinical significance. An understanding of the possible role of excessive angiotensin II activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension in every patient is therapeutically desirable, but it is frustrated by the lack of complete reliability of peripheral plasma measurements of renin activity. Observation of a clear-cut, supranormal decrease in blood pressure during the intravenous infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, has provided a far more reliable indication of the presence of an angiotensinogenic component in the hypertension. There is convincing evidence, however, that the presence of sodium-overload may prevent a decrease in blood pressure during saralasin infusion in persons known to have angiotensinogenic hypertension and that saralasin may cause a slight decrease in the blood pressure of normal subjects after natriuresis. For these reasons, it is important to study hypotensive responses to saralasin under standardized conditions after the administration of a potent diuretic and to compare the observations with those made on normal subjects under identical circumstances. This angiotensin antagonist may be used in the therapy of malignant or advanced hypertension and as an aid to therapeutic decisions in hypertensive patients who have known renal diseases, are taking oral contraceptives or have had severe trauma to the area of the kidneys. Side effects of saralasin are limited to excessive falls in blood pressure levels, mainly when vasodilators or ganglioplegic drugs are being taken at the time of the saralasin infusion, and excessive rises in blood pressure levels, especially in hypertensive subjects with \"low renin\" activity during high rates of saralasin infusion or after intravenous injections of large boluses. This safe and reliable drug is a valuable tool in the investigation and therapy of hypertension.", "PMID": 1020761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2897", "title": "A precedence effect in the processing of verbal information.", "content": "When a brief sound is monitored in a sound-reverberating room, it is immediately followed by numerous echoes bounced off the walls and ceiling. Only the first sound to arrive at the ears appears to be used in its localization. This is generally referred to as the precedence effect. If the processing of verbal information is seen as a reverberating system (after Hebb) and rehearsal as the manifestation of the echoes, then an analogous precedence effect can be empirically demonstrated. Such an analogy not only helps explain previously uninterpretable data but also generates a very unique prediction that was confirmed by experimental data. The theoretical implications of the analogy are also discussed.", "contents": "A precedence effect in the processing of verbal information. When a brief sound is monitored in a sound-reverberating room, it is immediately followed by numerous echoes bounced off the walls and ceiling. Only the first sound to arrive at the ears appears to be used in its localization. This is generally referred to as the precedence effect. If the processing of verbal information is seen as a reverberating system (after Hebb) and rehearsal as the manifestation of the echoes, then an analogous precedence effect can be empirically demonstrated. Such an analogy not only helps explain previously uninterpretable data but also generates a very unique prediction that was confirmed by experimental data. The theoretical implications of the analogy are also discussed.", "PMID": 1020763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2898", "title": "Usefulness and limitations of saralasin, a partial competitive agonist of angioten II, for evaluating the renin and sodium factors in hypertensive patients.", "content": "Saralasin was infused into 52 untreated hypertensive patients. Immediate, transient pressor responses occurred in 94 per cent followed by a more gradual sustained change in blood pressure reaching an apogee in about 20 minutes. Most (86 per cent) patients with high renin values had sustained depressor responses irrespective of sodium balance. In contrast, during a normal sodium intake, the drug produced a neutral (45 per cent) or mildly pressor (50 per cent) response in patients with normal renin and pressor responses in patients with low renin values. Sodium depletion abolished pressor responses and resulted in depressor responses in 64 per cent of the patients with normal renin values. The pretreatment angiotensin level appeared to determine direction and amplitude of the response to saralasin, since increases and decreases in diastolic pressure exhibited a highly significant relationship to the control renin lever (r = 0.80, p less than 0.001). Above a neutral range of control renin values, from 2 to 7 ng Al/ml/hour, depressor responses were the rule, and below it pressor responses were consistent. Sodium balance also appeared to determine the amplitude of the response. In a subset of patients with similar renin values (range 1.4 to 2.2 ngAl/ml/hour), the induced pressor responses correlated directly with the 24-hour sodium excretion (p less than 0.05). For all patients, the induced pressure change also was related to the rate of sodium excretion (r = 0.53, p less than 0.001). The data suggest that saralasin behaves as a partial competitive agonist of angiotensin II. For this reason, saralasin testing provided only a rough physiologic validation for renin profiling. Thus, depressor responses expose most patients with high renin values. Neutral responses occur in many patients with normal renin and intermediate renin values. But pressor responses occur in subjects with either low or normal renin levels and they may reflect sodium and volume excess associated with a partial or relative absence of renin. Accordingly, due to its partial agonism, saralasin testing under-estimates the renin factor. Hence, the drug cannot be used to identify or exclude renin involvement in the blood pressure in the large majority of hypertensive patients who do not exhibit depressor responses. For them an agent devoid of agonism is required. Moreover, prior sodium depletion as a device to increase the frequency of depressor responses to saralasin does not measure intrinsic renin dependency of the blood pressure but rather the reactivity of the system to sodium depletion.", "contents": "Usefulness and limitations of saralasin, a partial competitive agonist of angioten II, for evaluating the renin and sodium factors in hypertensive patients. Saralasin was infused into 52 untreated hypertensive patients. Immediate, transient pressor responses occurred in 94 per cent followed by a more gradual sustained change in blood pressure reaching an apogee in about 20 minutes. Most (86 per cent) patients with high renin values had sustained depressor responses irrespective of sodium balance. In contrast, during a normal sodium intake, the drug produced a neutral (45 per cent) or mildly pressor (50 per cent) response in patients with normal renin and pressor responses in patients with low renin values. Sodium depletion abolished pressor responses and resulted in depressor responses in 64 per cent of the patients with normal renin values. The pretreatment angiotensin level appeared to determine direction and amplitude of the response to saralasin, since increases and decreases in diastolic pressure exhibited a highly significant relationship to the control renin lever (r = 0.80, p less than 0.001). Above a neutral range of control renin values, from 2 to 7 ng Al/ml/hour, depressor responses were the rule, and below it pressor responses were consistent. Sodium balance also appeared to determine the amplitude of the response. In a subset of patients with similar renin values (range 1.4 to 2.2 ngAl/ml/hour), the induced pressor responses correlated directly with the 24-hour sodium excretion (p less than 0.05). For all patients, the induced pressure change also was related to the rate of sodium excretion (r = 0.53, p less than 0.001). The data suggest that saralasin behaves as a partial competitive agonist of angiotensin II. For this reason, saralasin testing provided only a rough physiologic validation for renin profiling. Thus, depressor responses expose most patients with high renin values. Neutral responses occur in many patients with normal renin and intermediate renin values. But pressor responses occur in subjects with either low or normal renin levels and they may reflect sodium and volume excess associated with a partial or relative absence of renin. Accordingly, due to its partial agonism, saralasin testing under-estimates the renin factor. Hence, the drug cannot be used to identify or exclude renin involvement in the blood pressure in the large majority of hypertensive patients who do not exhibit depressor responses. For them an agent devoid of agonism is required. Moreover, prior sodium depletion as a device to increase the frequency of depressor responses to saralasin does not measure intrinsic renin dependency of the blood pressure but rather the reactivity of the system to sodium depletion.", "PMID": 1020762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2899", "title": "Finding the relevant attribute of visual or auditory stimuli.", "content": "The stimuli in a simple attribute-identification task were geometric designs or their verbal descriptions. Presentation was visual or auditory, in a constant order or a mixed order that varied the serial position of the relevant dimension (the dimension providing the relevant attribute) on each trial. Constant-auditory problems whose relevant dimensions were first or last were solved better, while mixed-auditory problems were solved least well, and visual problems were solved best overall with no serial-position effects. However, the results of an experiment in which the stimuli were noun pairs suggest that visual presentation is advantageous only if it produces a nonverbal code from which subjects can recover attributes lost from their descriptions during rehearsal.", "contents": "Finding the relevant attribute of visual or auditory stimuli. The stimuli in a simple attribute-identification task were geometric designs or their verbal descriptions. Presentation was visual or auditory, in a constant order or a mixed order that varied the serial position of the relevant dimension (the dimension providing the relevant attribute) on each trial. Constant-auditory problems whose relevant dimensions were first or last were solved better, while mixed-auditory problems were solved least well, and visual problems were solved best overall with no serial-position effects. However, the results of an experiment in which the stimuli were noun pairs suggest that visual presentation is advantageous only if it produces a nonverbal code from which subjects can recover attributes lost from their descriptions during rehearsal.", "PMID": 1020764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2900", "title": "The effects of visible eye and head turn on the perception of being looked at.", "content": "When a model turns her head and looks directly at the lens of a camera, the perception of being looked at depends on which eye of the model is observed. The model's farther eye appears to be looking at the observer, while her nearer eye appears to be looking away in a direction opposite to her head turn. Photographs of two female models were viewed by 40 adult observers.", "contents": "The effects of visible eye and head turn on the perception of being looked at. When a model turns her head and looks directly at the lens of a camera, the perception of being looked at depends on which eye of the model is observed. The model's farther eye appears to be looking at the observer, while her nearer eye appears to be looking away in a direction opposite to her head turn. Photographs of two female models were viewed by 40 adult observers.", "PMID": 1020765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2901", "title": "The extraction of information from visual persistence.", "content": "Seven-letter targets were flashed for 50 msec and followed by either a blank adapting field (persisting representation of the stimulus fully available) or a series of continuous cycles of target and mask until the cumulative duration of the target matched the estimated duration of visual persistence (stimulus physically present for same interval as representation). The reportability of information from the targets in the latter case was only 50% that in the former. The interpretation is that visual persistence is an active, continuously operating process rather than a passive neural copy of the stimulus.", "contents": "The extraction of information from visual persistence. Seven-letter targets were flashed for 50 msec and followed by either a blank adapting field (persisting representation of the stimulus fully available) or a series of continuous cycles of target and mask until the cumulative duration of the target matched the estimated duration of visual persistence (stimulus physically present for same interval as representation). The reportability of information from the targets in the latter case was only 50% that in the former. The interpretation is that visual persistence is an active, continuously operating process rather than a passive neural copy of the stimulus.", "PMID": 1020766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2902", "title": "Prospective and retrospective judgments of time as a function of amount of information processed.", "content": "The subjects, 120 college students, sorted cards for 42 sec with instructions to process 0, 1, or 2 bits of information per card (response uncertainty) and then were asked to make an absolute judgement of the interval's duration. Half of the subjects knew this judgement would be required before the interval (prospective paradigm); half did not (retrospective paradigm). Judged time was an inverse linear function of response uncertainty under the prospective paradigm, whereas no significant function was obtained under the retrospective paradigm.", "contents": "Prospective and retrospective judgments of time as a function of amount of information processed. The subjects, 120 college students, sorted cards for 42 sec with instructions to process 0, 1, or 2 bits of information per card (response uncertainty) and then were asked to make an absolute judgement of the interval's duration. Half of the subjects knew this judgement would be required before the interval (prospective paradigm); half did not (retrospective paradigm). Judged time was an inverse linear function of response uncertainty under the prospective paradigm, whereas no significant function was obtained under the retrospective paradigm.", "PMID": 1020767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2903", "title": "The 'golden rectangle': some new data.", "content": "From two different series of dimensions were generated six ranges of nine rectangles each. Each range was presented to a different group of 15 men and 15 women, and a novel measure was used to assess aesthetic preference for each rectangle. The ratios between the lengths of the sides of the rectangles were the same in both series, but in one series the size of the rectangles covaried with the ratio between length and width, as in Godkewitsch's 1974 study, and in the other series the rectangles were of equal area. The subjects tended to prefer large to small rectangles in the former series and rectangles in the vicinity of the 'golden section' in the latter.", "contents": "The 'golden rectangle': some new data. From two different series of dimensions were generated six ranges of nine rectangles each. Each range was presented to a different group of 15 men and 15 women, and a novel measure was used to assess aesthetic preference for each rectangle. The ratios between the lengths of the sides of the rectangles were the same in both series, but in one series the size of the rectangles covaried with the ratio between length and width, as in Godkewitsch's 1974 study, and in the other series the rectangles were of equal area. The subjects tended to prefer large to small rectangles in the former series and rectangles in the vicinity of the 'golden section' in the latter.", "PMID": 1020768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2904", "title": "Cardiac innnervation in the prenatal stages of Anas poecilorhyncha.", "content": "Innervation of the heart has been observed in the progressive developmental stages of Anas poecilorhyncha ranging from 8 h to 14 days stages using silver impregnation technique of Ungewitter (1951). Vagal cardiac fibres reach the atrial wall on the fourth day. Migration of nerve cells and ganglia has been observed from the more anterior regions to the heart along the precaval veins. The adult pattern of the heart is first established at the 8 days stage while the traces of the endocardial cushions are still present. The atrioventricular valves show rich innervation. The subepicardial ganglia and simple myocardial plexuses appear in the 8 days stage and become well differentiated on the 10th day. The subendocardial plexuses are reported to be sensory for the testing of the properties of the blood while the myocardial plexuses seem to have motor control over the working muscles of the heart specially those of the atria where rich innervation is observed. Local reflex areas have been described.", "contents": "Cardiac innnervation in the prenatal stages of Anas poecilorhyncha. Innervation of the heart has been observed in the progressive developmental stages of Anas poecilorhyncha ranging from 8 h to 14 days stages using silver impregnation technique of Ungewitter (1951). Vagal cardiac fibres reach the atrial wall on the fourth day. Migration of nerve cells and ganglia has been observed from the more anterior regions to the heart along the precaval veins. The adult pattern of the heart is first established at the 8 days stage while the traces of the endocardial cushions are still present. The atrioventricular valves show rich innervation. The subepicardial ganglia and simple myocardial plexuses appear in the 8 days stage and become well differentiated on the 10th day. The subendocardial plexuses are reported to be sensory for the testing of the properties of the blood while the myocardial plexuses seem to have motor control over the working muscles of the heart specially those of the atria where rich innervation is observed. Local reflex areas have been described.", "PMID": 1020809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2905", "title": "Histomorphological study of adrenal gland in three ophidian species.", "content": "Adrenal gland is studied histologically in the common krait, the cobra and the viper. It is comprised largely of cortical tissue with medulla. Chromaffin tissue is spatially distributed on dorsal surface and in the intercortical area of the adrenal gland. Percentage of dorsal chromaffin is higher in the viper and cobra than that of the krait, while that of intercoritcal chromaffin is higher in the krait than that of others. Chromaffin cells are irregular, smaller with densely granulated cytoplasm and larger nuclei than those of interenal gland. Medullary cells are larger in the cobra than those of other snakes. Cytomorphological difference between the dorsal and intercortical chromaffin is marked only in the cobra. Occurrence of larger granules in the dorsal and smaller type in the intercortical chromaffin may be related with noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion respectively. Cortical percent is higher in the krait than that of other snakes. Adrenocortical zonation is found only in the common krait and cobra. Subcapsular zone shows regular cords with radial disposition of columner cells in contrast to the irregular orientation of polygonal cells noted in the central cortex. Differences observed in general morphology and histology of adrenal gland, are possibly due to species difference.", "contents": "Histomorphological study of adrenal gland in three ophidian species. Adrenal gland is studied histologically in the common krait, the cobra and the viper. It is comprised largely of cortical tissue with medulla. Chromaffin tissue is spatially distributed on dorsal surface and in the intercortical area of the adrenal gland. Percentage of dorsal chromaffin is higher in the viper and cobra than that of the krait, while that of intercoritcal chromaffin is higher in the krait than that of others. Chromaffin cells are irregular, smaller with densely granulated cytoplasm and larger nuclei than those of interenal gland. Medullary cells are larger in the cobra than those of other snakes. Cytomorphological difference between the dorsal and intercortical chromaffin is marked only in the cobra. Occurrence of larger granules in the dorsal and smaller type in the intercortical chromaffin may be related with noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion respectively. Cortical percent is higher in the krait than that of other snakes. Adrenocortical zonation is found only in the common krait and cobra. Subcapsular zone shows regular cords with radial disposition of columner cells in contrast to the irregular orientation of polygonal cells noted in the central cortex. Differences observed in general morphology and histology of adrenal gland, are possibly due to species difference.", "PMID": 1020812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2906", "title": "Variation in basal arteries of the brain in polecat (Mustela putorius putorius L.).", "content": "Observations carried out on 106 polecat brains showed that the system of basilar arteries of the brain is similar to those in other cornivorous species. The observed variation was manifested in a differentiation connections of the vessels, in occurence of some variations and in asymmetry. Some cases of such variations were hitherto observed only in some ruminants.", "contents": "Variation in basal arteries of the brain in polecat (Mustela putorius putorius L.). Observations carried out on 106 polecat brains showed that the system of basilar arteries of the brain is similar to those in other cornivorous species. The observed variation was manifested in a differentiation connections of the vessels, in occurence of some variations and in asymmetry. Some cases of such variations were hitherto observed only in some ruminants.", "PMID": 1020814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2907", "title": "The effect of testosterone, progesterone and orchidectomy on the kidney of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti.", "content": "Histological changes, caused by testosterone, progesterone and castration in the kidney of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti have been described in this report. It is concluded that kidney is no doubt an endocrine receptor but behaves specifically to androgens as well as estrogens giving dis-similar results. The extent of toxicity has been measured with the help of histoenzymological reactions previously made. Prolonged administration of androgens and estrogens to patients in clinical practice is warned. It is a must firstly to determine the dose which is well tolerated by healthy subjects. These safe levels should not be exceeded under any circumstances.", "contents": "The effect of testosterone, progesterone and orchidectomy on the kidney of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Histological changes, caused by testosterone, progesterone and castration in the kidney of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti have been described in this report. It is concluded that kidney is no doubt an endocrine receptor but behaves specifically to androgens as well as estrogens giving dis-similar results. The extent of toxicity has been measured with the help of histoenzymological reactions previously made. Prolonged administration of androgens and estrogens to patients in clinical practice is warned. It is a must firstly to determine the dose which is well tolerated by healthy subjects. These safe levels should not be exceeded under any circumstances.", "PMID": 1020815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2908", "title": "[Indications for arteriography and determination of parathyroid hormone in staged venous samplings in primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "The information provided by parathyroid arterigraphy and staged venous sampling with parathormone estimation is essentially related to localisation and is of little diagnostic value. It is not justifiable on a routine basis before all operations. These techniques are particularly useful in patients with practically definite hyperparathyroidism and who have already undergone a negative exploratory operation or surgery with insufficient excision.", "contents": "[Indications for arteriography and determination of parathyroid hormone in staged venous samplings in primary hyperparathyroidism]. The information provided by parathyroid arterigraphy and staged venous sampling with parathormone estimation is essentially related to localisation and is of little diagnostic value. It is not justifiable on a routine basis before all operations. These techniques are particularly useful in patients with practically definite hyperparathyroidism and who have already undergone a negative exploratory operation or surgery with insufficient excision.", "PMID": 1020829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2909", "title": "[Characteristics of psychiatric day care units: a tentative clarification].", "content": "For more than 20 years now, an important literature has informed us of the advantages and disadvantages of Day Units, but sometimes in a way which is not always impartial. In the same view the delimitation of the aspects of Day Units and the appreciation of their great field of application are sometimes not all that clear. These component units associated with the conservative outlook of health politic planners and the majority of psychiatrists are promoting factors for the use of psychiatric hospitalizations instead of the use of Day Units and Out-patient facilities on the whole. In this paper, we will start by outlining the frame of the \"Day Unit\", in its specificity in regard to full time hospitalizations and other modes of psychiatric assistance. We would like to point out the extreme diversity of Day Units according to the type of patients treated, the age, the aims of the institution, the connections with other psychiatric units, the modality of admission etc. Following this, we will try to show what the intrinsic characteristics of Day Units are, especially in comparing them to those of full time hospitalizations; treatment during the day, reduced costs, greater feeling of the outside world, greater automony of the patient, less accent on the fear of madness, less humiliation, reduced fear of psychiatric institutions. Using these intrinsic characteristics, we have tried to define the potential characteristics which are derived directly from the above, but which, to be fully developed, implicate a therapeutic option: better quality of team work, facility for the use of non-directive psychotherapies, prevalence of psycho-medical treatments and sociotherapeutic treatments over the administrative and bureaucratic orders. Finally, we point out that many characteristics of the Day Units, often called intrinsic or potential, issue from conjunctural factors such as the small size of the unit, the convenient geographical situation, the facility for utilization of new therapeutic technics etc. The development of the Day Unit movement was able to profit from the ongoing critic of the usual psychiatric hospital practices and experiences. We do hope that this paper will help to make clear the frame, the different way of application and particularly the characteristics of Day Units which deserve to be well known, well utilized, so that the different psychatric facilities will be able to profit from their use and through this, all those for whom we are asked to care for.", "contents": "[Characteristics of psychiatric day care units: a tentative clarification]. For more than 20 years now, an important literature has informed us of the advantages and disadvantages of Day Units, but sometimes in a way which is not always impartial. In the same view the delimitation of the aspects of Day Units and the appreciation of their great field of application are sometimes not all that clear. These component units associated with the conservative outlook of health politic planners and the majority of psychiatrists are promoting factors for the use of psychiatric hospitalizations instead of the use of Day Units and Out-patient facilities on the whole. In this paper, we will start by outlining the frame of the \"Day Unit\", in its specificity in regard to full time hospitalizations and other modes of psychiatric assistance. We would like to point out the extreme diversity of Day Units according to the type of patients treated, the age, the aims of the institution, the connections with other psychiatric units, the modality of admission etc. Following this, we will try to show what the intrinsic characteristics of Day Units are, especially in comparing them to those of full time hospitalizations; treatment during the day, reduced costs, greater feeling of the outside world, greater automony of the patient, less accent on the fear of madness, less humiliation, reduced fear of psychiatric institutions. Using these intrinsic characteristics, we have tried to define the potential characteristics which are derived directly from the above, but which, to be fully developed, implicate a therapeutic option: better quality of team work, facility for the use of non-directive psychotherapies, prevalence of psycho-medical treatments and sociotherapeutic treatments over the administrative and bureaucratic orders. Finally, we point out that many characteristics of the Day Units, often called intrinsic or potential, issue from conjunctural factors such as the small size of the unit, the convenient geographical situation, the facility for utilization of new therapeutic technics etc. The development of the Day Unit movement was able to profit from the ongoing critic of the usual psychiatric hospital practices and experiences. We do hope that this paper will help to make clear the frame, the different way of application and particularly the characteristics of Day Units which deserve to be well known, well utilized, so that the different psychatric facilities will be able to profit from their use and through this, all those for whom we are asked to care for.", "PMID": 1020836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2910", "title": "[Conceptual validation of a psychiatric syndrome classification].", "content": "The authors present the first results of an investigation concerning the conceptual validity of a phenomenological classification of psychiatric patients. Conceptual stereotypes for 8 syndromes, derived from applications of cluster analysis and related numerical taxonomy methods to BPRS symptom rating profiles, were obtained by 33 experienced French psychiatrists. Analysis of the profile data reveal that the names chosen to describe the empirical prototypes elicit 8 clearly differenciated syndromes and that the experts' understanding of the nomenclature is highly consistent. Problems concerning the relationship between two of the empirical prototypes and the corresponding conceptual stereotypes are discussed.", "contents": "[Conceptual validation of a psychiatric syndrome classification]. The authors present the first results of an investigation concerning the conceptual validity of a phenomenological classification of psychiatric patients. Conceptual stereotypes for 8 syndromes, derived from applications of cluster analysis and related numerical taxonomy methods to BPRS symptom rating profiles, were obtained by 33 experienced French psychiatrists. Analysis of the profile data reveal that the names chosen to describe the empirical prototypes elicit 8 clearly differenciated syndromes and that the experts' understanding of the nomenclature is highly consistent. Problems concerning the relationship between two of the empirical prototypes and the corresponding conceptual stereotypes are discussed.", "PMID": 1020850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2911", "title": "[I. A mirror to reflect].", "content": "To explain the specular permutation of the right and the left an adult subject has recourse continually to expression--image. An elementary optical study demonstrates that explanation leads to metamorphose the flat-mirror in a lentil. In fact the operation truth-fully realized by the mirror is an antero-posterior rotation of subject causing necessary but secondary a couple right left rotation. The unvariance of this behaviour and these false answers authorizes to represent the mirror like an operator motiving the subject's identity without we understand the utmost reason. A second memory will thy to give an explanation of that fact to start from a symbiosis between the breuero-freudian theories and the piagetian concept.", "contents": "[I. A mirror to reflect]. To explain the specular permutation of the right and the left an adult subject has recourse continually to expression--image. An elementary optical study demonstrates that explanation leads to metamorphose the flat-mirror in a lentil. In fact the operation truth-fully realized by the mirror is an antero-posterior rotation of subject causing necessary but secondary a couple right left rotation. The unvariance of this behaviour and these false answers authorizes to represent the mirror like an operator motiving the subject's identity without we understand the utmost reason. A second memory will thy to give an explanation of that fact to start from a symbiosis between the breuero-freudian theories and the piagetian concept.", "PMID": 1020851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2912", "title": "[Man and the spectacle. Notes on the psychologic reactions of the spectator].", "content": "The comprehension of the spectator's psychology is difficult because of the fact that one should first analyse what is peculiar to the spectacle's creator. Louis-Ferdinand Celine presents the advantage to be at the same time an ingenious litterary creator and a ballets' passionate spectator. The author's purpose consists in demonstrating that the writer's interest in ballets is determined by the fight against death's anxiety, which is present in his whole work. On the basis of the freudian notions of \"Vorlust\" and \"Endlust\" he comes to the conclusion that the \"compensatories\" phantasies which are composing the new reality proposed by the creator rejoin the spectator's desirs which vary nevertheless from one person to another.", "contents": "[Man and the spectacle. Notes on the psychologic reactions of the spectator]. The comprehension of the spectator's psychology is difficult because of the fact that one should first analyse what is peculiar to the spectacle's creator. Louis-Ferdinand Celine presents the advantage to be at the same time an ingenious litterary creator and a ballets' passionate spectator. The author's purpose consists in demonstrating that the writer's interest in ballets is determined by the fight against death's anxiety, which is present in his whole work. On the basis of the freudian notions of \"Vorlust\" and \"Endlust\" he comes to the conclusion that the \"compensatories\" phantasies which are composing the new reality proposed by the creator rejoin the spectator's desirs which vary nevertheless from one person to another.", "PMID": 1020853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2913", "title": "[Psychiatric effects of cardiac surgery].", "content": "The authors report three cases of psychotic complications of cardiac surgery. A review is made from literature and an inventory of psychological and organic factors implicated in this pathology. These complications are still frequent (up to 50% for Braceland, and 70% for Rabiner and al.). For Blacher there is an almost universal \"psychosis\" in by-pass surgery and frequent \"hidden psychosis\" (they are ignored and denied both by the staff and the patient). They are caused by the emotional stress, intensive care unit syndrome, or personal vulnerability. The symbolism of the heart and the personality of the cardiac patient are also in cause. Neurologic accidents, hypoxy, embolisms, are now less frequent. The collaboration of a psychiatrist with the cardiologic staff is mandatory. With this collaboration not only psychiatric complications but also somatic morbidity and mortality would be reduced.", "contents": "[Psychiatric effects of cardiac surgery]. The authors report three cases of psychotic complications of cardiac surgery. A review is made from literature and an inventory of psychological and organic factors implicated in this pathology. These complications are still frequent (up to 50% for Braceland, and 70% for Rabiner and al.). For Blacher there is an almost universal \"psychosis\" in by-pass surgery and frequent \"hidden psychosis\" (they are ignored and denied both by the staff and the patient). They are caused by the emotional stress, intensive care unit syndrome, or personal vulnerability. The symbolism of the heart and the personality of the cardiac patient are also in cause. Neurologic accidents, hypoxy, embolisms, are now less frequent. The collaboration of a psychiatrist with the cardiologic staff is mandatory. With this collaboration not only psychiatric complications but also somatic morbidity and mortality would be reduced.", "PMID": 1020860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2914", "title": "[Reality approach in senile dementia. Fundamental methodologies of occupational therapy in psychogeriatrics].", "content": "Occupational therapy in psychogeriatrics has always been practiced empirically, aimed mainly at merely occupying patients. In the light of recent findings from the old age psychological research, a specific method should cope with certain forms of lost intellectual capacities. The purpose of this work is to define as accurately as possible the field of occupational therapy in psychogeriatrics. Three main concepts towards a systematic approach can be proposed: a) Those related to a careful observation of spontaneous activities dealing with the relationship between the patient and the world around him, and which lead to a classification of these activities. b) Concepts related to the most elementary level of intervention in occupational therapy termed as \"objective relationship\", in other words the construction of the external objective world as opposed to the world of phantasms or magical thought. c) Concepts, at a more sophisticated level, related to the instrumental aspects of traditional occupational therapy. An important distinction should thus be made between local and inclusive constituent parts of an activity.", "contents": "[Reality approach in senile dementia. Fundamental methodologies of occupational therapy in psychogeriatrics]. Occupational therapy in psychogeriatrics has always been practiced empirically, aimed mainly at merely occupying patients. In the light of recent findings from the old age psychological research, a specific method should cope with certain forms of lost intellectual capacities. The purpose of this work is to define as accurately as possible the field of occupational therapy in psychogeriatrics. Three main concepts towards a systematic approach can be proposed: a) Those related to a careful observation of spontaneous activities dealing with the relationship between the patient and the world around him, and which lead to a classification of these activities. b) Concepts related to the most elementary level of intervention in occupational therapy termed as \"objective relationship\", in other words the construction of the external objective world as opposed to the world of phantasms or magical thought. c) Concepts, at a more sophisticated level, related to the instrumental aspects of traditional occupational therapy. An important distinction should thus be made between local and inclusive constituent parts of an activity.", "PMID": 1020861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2915", "title": "[Instability of group FII plasmids in \"Salmonella panama\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Almost all Salmonella panama isolated in France only harbour R plasmids of incompatibility groups I1 (K Col Ib) and N (T). Reference R plasmids belonging to 11 incompatibility groups have been introduced into S. panama. All are stable after 50 generations except those of group FII. FII instability cannot be explained either by the presence of a group FII cryptic plasmid or by restriction enzymes in S. panama.", "contents": "[Instability of group FII plasmids in \"Salmonella panama\" (author's transl)]. Almost all Salmonella panama isolated in France only harbour R plasmids of incompatibility groups I1 (K Col Ib) and N (T). Reference R plasmids belonging to 11 incompatibility groups have been introduced into S. panama. All are stable after 50 generations except those of group FII. FII instability cannot be explained either by the presence of a group FII cryptic plasmid or by restriction enzymes in S. panama.", "PMID": 1020868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2916", "title": "[Suppl\u00e9ment No XIX to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)].", "content": "In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1975 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella. Twenty-six belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 9 to the sub-genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV. A new H antigen phase 1(g,Z62) has been approved. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described.", "contents": "[Suppl\u00e9ment No XIX to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)]. In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1975 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella. Twenty-six belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 9 to the sub-genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV. A new H antigen phase 1(g,Z62) has been approved. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described.", "PMID": 1020869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2917", "title": "[Taxonomic study of enterobacteria belonging or related to the genus Enterobacter (author's transl)].", "content": "The classification of 175 strains related to the genus Enterobacter has been carried out by numerical procedure, with usual biochemical and nutritional characters as shown by the utilization of substrates tested as sole sources of carbon and energy. The taxonomic position of the strains is discussed in relation to the species E. cloacae, E. hafniae, E. aerogenes, E. agglomerans and Serratia liquefaciens. By the system of data analysis used (hierarchical agregation method) five principal classes can be defined. The individualization of new classes closely bound to the diverse origins of the strains examined (human, soil, aquatic).", "contents": "[Taxonomic study of enterobacteria belonging or related to the genus Enterobacter (author's transl)]. The classification of 175 strains related to the genus Enterobacter has been carried out by numerical procedure, with usual biochemical and nutritional characters as shown by the utilization of substrates tested as sole sources of carbon and energy. The taxonomic position of the strains is discussed in relation to the species E. cloacae, E. hafniae, E. aerogenes, E. agglomerans and Serratia liquefaciens. By the system of data analysis used (hierarchical agregation method) five principal classes can be defined. The individualization of new classes closely bound to the diverse origins of the strains examined (human, soil, aquatic).", "PMID": 1020871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2918", "title": "[A new, sporulating, denitrifying, mesophilic bacterium: Bacillus azotoformans N. SP. (author's transl)].", "content": "The described bacterium was isolated by enrichment culture in peptone broth inoculated with garden soil, pasteurized and then put to incubate under N2O at 32 degrees. It is a Gram-negative rod, motile with peritrichous flagella, and producing oval spores without exosporium in swollen sporangia. However, cells have the thick walls, mesosomes and persistant septa characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. It lacks fermentative activity, does not attack carbohydrates, has complex growth requirements, and will grow anaerobically only if one of the following electron acceptors is present: NO3, NO2, N2O, S4O6, and fumarate. Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are denitrified with production of N2. The microorganism is mesophilic, gives a positive oxidase reaction, synthesizes a type of c cytochrome, and does not hydrolyse gelatin, starch nor \"Tween 80\". The following enzymes are present: nitrate reductase A, respiratory nitrite reductase, tetrathionate and fumarate reductases, L-glutamate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase. The following enzymes are absent: thiosulfate reductase, urease, lecithinase, arginine dihydrolase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine desaminase, and catalase. The GC% of its DNA is 39. The bacterium described can be considered to be a new species. We propose the name Bacillus azotoformans n. sp.", "contents": "[A new, sporulating, denitrifying, mesophilic bacterium: Bacillus azotoformans N. SP. (author's transl)]. The described bacterium was isolated by enrichment culture in peptone broth inoculated with garden soil, pasteurized and then put to incubate under N2O at 32 degrees. It is a Gram-negative rod, motile with peritrichous flagella, and producing oval spores without exosporium in swollen sporangia. However, cells have the thick walls, mesosomes and persistant septa characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria. It lacks fermentative activity, does not attack carbohydrates, has complex growth requirements, and will grow anaerobically only if one of the following electron acceptors is present: NO3, NO2, N2O, S4O6, and fumarate. Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are denitrified with production of N2. The microorganism is mesophilic, gives a positive oxidase reaction, synthesizes a type of c cytochrome, and does not hydrolyse gelatin, starch nor \"Tween 80\". The following enzymes are present: nitrate reductase A, respiratory nitrite reductase, tetrathionate and fumarate reductases, L-glutamate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase. The following enzymes are absent: thiosulfate reductase, urease, lecithinase, arginine dihydrolase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, phenylalanine desaminase, and catalase. The GC% of its DNA is 39. The bacterium described can be considered to be a new species. We propose the name Bacillus azotoformans n. sp.", "PMID": 1020872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2919", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of two strains of Streptomyces able to metabolize natural polysaccharides including mannan (author's transl)].", "content": "Two strains of aerobic and mesophilic microorganisms were isolated from palm-tree plantation sand. They grew on insoluble polysaccharides: mannan, cellulose, chitin as only source of carbon. This lytic activity was used for the purification of the two strains. The morphology of the organisms and the presence of LL-diaminopimetic acid in their cell-wall are characteristic of the genus Streptomyces. Investigations lead to: 1) the characterization of their specific polysaccharidase activity toward insoluble and natural beta-and alpha-glycans (mannan, cellulose, chitin, pectine and starch) and the formation of soluble saccharides (mannobiose, cellobiose, beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine, galacturonic acid, and maltose); 2) the research for antagonist, or synergic, effect on pathogenic bacteria and certain phytopathogenic microorganisms; only in the case of these latter was a weak lytic activity exerted by the two Streptomyces isolates, but one of them was shown to stimulate Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Phialophora cinerescens; 3) a study of antibiotic sensitivity; the two strains were sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin, but they had native resistance to other aminosides (gentamicin, kanamycin), to erythromycin and to the beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporin); they possessed a beta-lactamase bound to the cell membrane.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of two strains of Streptomyces able to metabolize natural polysaccharides including mannan (author's transl)]. Two strains of aerobic and mesophilic microorganisms were isolated from palm-tree plantation sand. They grew on insoluble polysaccharides: mannan, cellulose, chitin as only source of carbon. This lytic activity was used for the purification of the two strains. The morphology of the organisms and the presence of LL-diaminopimetic acid in their cell-wall are characteristic of the genus Streptomyces. Investigations lead to: 1) the characterization of their specific polysaccharidase activity toward insoluble and natural beta-and alpha-glycans (mannan, cellulose, chitin, pectine and starch) and the formation of soluble saccharides (mannobiose, cellobiose, beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine, galacturonic acid, and maltose); 2) the research for antagonist, or synergic, effect on pathogenic bacteria and certain phytopathogenic microorganisms; only in the case of these latter was a weak lytic activity exerted by the two Streptomyces isolates, but one of them was shown to stimulate Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Phialophora cinerescens; 3) a study of antibiotic sensitivity; the two strains were sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin, but they had native resistance to other aminosides (gentamicin, kanamycin), to erythromycin and to the beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporin); they possessed a beta-lactamase bound to the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1020873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2920", "title": "[Isolation and study of a new marine bacterium growing on hydrocarbons. I. Physiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "The bacterial strain L.16.1 isolated from coastal waters polluted by oil-waste, close to the genus Alcaligenes, utilizes preferentially alkanes with a carbon number greater than 9. Sugars and amino-acids cannot serve as carbon source to this bacterium. Cells grown on hydrocarbon the chain length of which ranges from C10 to C18 exhibit very high yield (98%) with a growth rate of 0.47. From our studies it appears that strain L.16.1 is strictly dependent on the presence of the Na+ ion and that this Na+ dependence can be seen at each level of the physiological activity. Alkane-grown cells show morphological features namely disc shaped cytoplasmic vesicles (6-8 per cell). Such vesicles are to be regarded as a consequence of the very high lipid content (twice the standard) which characterizes these cells. Additional lipids belong essentially to the nonsaponifiable fraction (20 times more in hexadecane grown cells); on the contrary, the phospholipid content at both qualitative and quantitative points of view does not depend on the nature of the growth substrate.", "contents": "[Isolation and study of a new marine bacterium growing on hydrocarbons. I. Physiological study (author's transl)]. The bacterial strain L.16.1 isolated from coastal waters polluted by oil-waste, close to the genus Alcaligenes, utilizes preferentially alkanes with a carbon number greater than 9. Sugars and amino-acids cannot serve as carbon source to this bacterium. Cells grown on hydrocarbon the chain length of which ranges from C10 to C18 exhibit very high yield (98%) with a growth rate of 0.47. From our studies it appears that strain L.16.1 is strictly dependent on the presence of the Na+ ion and that this Na+ dependence can be seen at each level of the physiological activity. Alkane-grown cells show morphological features namely disc shaped cytoplasmic vesicles (6-8 per cell). Such vesicles are to be regarded as a consequence of the very high lipid content (twice the standard) which characterizes these cells. Additional lipids belong essentially to the nonsaponifiable fraction (20 times more in hexadecane grown cells); on the contrary, the phospholipid content at both qualitative and quantitative points of view does not depend on the nature of the growth substrate.", "PMID": 1020874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2921", "title": "[Isolation and study of a new marine bacterium growing on hydrocarbons. II. Mechanism of lysis and viability (author's transl)].", "content": "The growth of the marine bacterium (L.16.1) is strictly dependent on the presence of well-defined NaCl concentrations (100 mM on alkanes and 75 mM on acetate, pyruvate or propionate) in the medium. L.16.1 cells undergo lysis on transfer from high to low ionic environment. This lytic phenomenon, which can be prevented by the presence of Na+ or divalent cations, appears to be due to the loss of Mg++ and Ca++ by the cells. Evidence for this hypothesis is provided by the assays of intracellular and extracellular Na+, K+, Mg++ and Ca++ concentrations. The maintenance of the cell integrity of the organism does not depend on the medium osmolarity, since osmotic compounds such as sucrose, glycerol or mannitol cannot prevent lysis. All of the ions which can maintain the cell integrity are not likewise able to keep viability; this has been found to be a function of Na+ concentration (70% survival after 24 hours in 400 mM NaCl, only 10% in 50 mM MgSO4).", "contents": "[Isolation and study of a new marine bacterium growing on hydrocarbons. II. Mechanism of lysis and viability (author's transl)]. The growth of the marine bacterium (L.16.1) is strictly dependent on the presence of well-defined NaCl concentrations (100 mM on alkanes and 75 mM on acetate, pyruvate or propionate) in the medium. L.16.1 cells undergo lysis on transfer from high to low ionic environment. This lytic phenomenon, which can be prevented by the presence of Na+ or divalent cations, appears to be due to the loss of Mg++ and Ca++ by the cells. Evidence for this hypothesis is provided by the assays of intracellular and extracellular Na+, K+, Mg++ and Ca++ concentrations. The maintenance of the cell integrity of the organism does not depend on the medium osmolarity, since osmotic compounds such as sucrose, glycerol or mannitol cannot prevent lysis. All of the ions which can maintain the cell integrity are not likewise able to keep viability; this has been found to be a function of Na+ concentration (70% survival after 24 hours in 400 mM NaCl, only 10% in 50 mM MgSO4).", "PMID": 1020875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2922", "title": "[Isolation and study of a new marine bacterium growing on hydrocarbons. III. Oxidation of substrates and effects of detergents on the cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The oxidation of exogenous hexadecane by cells of strain L.16.1 is a function of intracellular and extracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations. The cells which lost their Na+ as a result of washing in the absence of sodium chloride oxidize hexadecane at a very low rate. Washings in the absence of Mg++ and Ca++ do not result in a similar decrease of the respiratory activity. The latter cannot be maintained--or restored after decrease--by the divalent cations which are active in preventing cytolysis (see the preceding paper). A possible explanation for this Na+ dependence could lie in a particular role played by Na+ inthe cytoplasmic membrane and in some function related to the oxidative activities of the cell membrane. From other studies carried out with ionic detergents it was observed that growth and respiratory activity are inhibited by very low concentrations of these compounds contrary to non ionic detergents which can serve as growth substrates and are oxidized like hexadecane or acetate. It is concluded that the bulk of our results could best be accounted by assuming that the membranes of halophilic bacteria are organized according to a specific organization scheme.", "contents": "[Isolation and study of a new marine bacterium growing on hydrocarbons. III. Oxidation of substrates and effects of detergents on the cells (author's transl)]. The oxidation of exogenous hexadecane by cells of strain L.16.1 is a function of intracellular and extracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations. The cells which lost their Na+ as a result of washing in the absence of sodium chloride oxidize hexadecane at a very low rate. Washings in the absence of Mg++ and Ca++ do not result in a similar decrease of the respiratory activity. The latter cannot be maintained--or restored after decrease--by the divalent cations which are active in preventing cytolysis (see the preceding paper). A possible explanation for this Na+ dependence could lie in a particular role played by Na+ inthe cytoplasmic membrane and in some function related to the oxidative activities of the cell membrane. From other studies carried out with ionic detergents it was observed that growth and respiratory activity are inhibited by very low concentrations of these compounds contrary to non ionic detergents which can serve as growth substrates and are oxidized like hexadecane or acetate. It is concluded that the bulk of our results could best be accounted by assuming that the membranes of halophilic bacteria are organized according to a specific organization scheme.", "PMID": 1020876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2923", "title": "[The protective properties in mice of tonate virus and two strains of cabassou virus against neurovirulent everglades Venezuelan encephalitis virus (author's transl)].", "content": "Venezuelan encephalitis virus is a constant menace to man and to animals, particularly horses. Two as yet unreported strains have been isolated in French Guyana: Ca An 410d (Tonate) and Ca Ar 508 (Cabassou). They are not neurovirulent after peripheral inoculation into adult mice and guinea pigs. Cabassou is not pathogenic for adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. A third strain, Ca Ar 19007, is antigenically identical by complement-fixation with Cabassou, but appears to cross react with other strains, Tonate, when injected intra-peritoneally or sub-cutaneously, protects adult mice against intra-cerebral or intra-peritoneal challenge with Everglades virus. The Ca Ar 19007 isolate causes total protection against Everglades virus if injected intra-peritoneally, but only partial protection by the sub-cutaneous route. Cabassou, on the other hand, if injected intra-peritoneally will protect against intra-cerebral challenge with Everglades. Tonate and Ca Ar 19007 thus appear to be naturally occurring attenuated variants of the Venezuelan encephalitis virus complex, which can protect mice against intra-cerebral infection with neurovirulent strains.", "contents": "[The protective properties in mice of tonate virus and two strains of cabassou virus against neurovirulent everglades Venezuelan encephalitis virus (author's transl)]. Venezuelan encephalitis virus is a constant menace to man and to animals, particularly horses. Two as yet unreported strains have been isolated in French Guyana: Ca An 410d (Tonate) and Ca Ar 508 (Cabassou). They are not neurovirulent after peripheral inoculation into adult mice and guinea pigs. Cabassou is not pathogenic for adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. A third strain, Ca Ar 19007, is antigenically identical by complement-fixation with Cabassou, but appears to cross react with other strains, Tonate, when injected intra-peritoneally or sub-cutaneously, protects adult mice against intra-cerebral or intra-peritoneal challenge with Everglades virus. The Ca Ar 19007 isolate causes total protection against Everglades virus if injected intra-peritoneally, but only partial protection by the sub-cutaneous route. Cabassou, on the other hand, if injected intra-peritoneally will protect against intra-cerebral challenge with Everglades. Tonate and Ca Ar 19007 thus appear to be naturally occurring attenuated variants of the Venezuelan encephalitis virus complex, which can protect mice against intra-cerebral infection with neurovirulent strains.", "PMID": 1020877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2924", "title": "[The effect of lactation on the parasitism of rats by Strongyloides ratti (author's transl)].", "content": "In lactating females of many animal species infested by Nematoda, the self-cure is, if not suppressed, at least very distinctly delayed. It does not appear that an immunological deficiency is the cause of this. We show that this phenomenon also exists in lactating female rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites. In fact, for Strongyloides ratti, the maintenance of the worms is not the only notable modification determined by lactation; much more important is the decrease in the intensity of the parasitism. This aspect is not mentioned by writers who have only studied the different parasitic states in their final phase. Parallel to these alterations in the parasitism, the evolution of the corticosteronemy differs, from two points of view, from that described in infested virgin rats: --Suppression of the hypercorticosteronemy which normally appears 48 hours after infestation; --Attenuation of the hypocorticosteronemy which usually sets in from the tenth day of infestation. This opposition of lactation to the variations in the corticosteronemy induced by the worms is explained by the effect of lactation on the secretion of gluco-cortico-steroids, described under the term of \"buffer effect of lactation\". The decrease in the intensity of the parasitism may be explained by the fact that lactation, by preventing the hypercorticosteronemy normally caused by larval migration, permits the intervention of aspecific defences. As for the prolongation of the parasitism, it would seem to result on one hand, from a reduced solicitation of the means of defence owing to a smaller number of worms and, on another hand, from the slowing down of the hypocorticosteronemy through the buffer effect of lactation with all the consequences flowing from this at the level of the specific and aspecific defence reactions.", "contents": "[The effect of lactation on the parasitism of rats by Strongyloides ratti (author's transl)]. In lactating females of many animal species infested by Nematoda, the self-cure is, if not suppressed, at least very distinctly delayed. It does not appear that an immunological deficiency is the cause of this. We show that this phenomenon also exists in lactating female rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites. In fact, for Strongyloides ratti, the maintenance of the worms is not the only notable modification determined by lactation; much more important is the decrease in the intensity of the parasitism. This aspect is not mentioned by writers who have only studied the different parasitic states in their final phase. Parallel to these alterations in the parasitism, the evolution of the corticosteronemy differs, from two points of view, from that described in infested virgin rats: --Suppression of the hypercorticosteronemy which normally appears 48 hours after infestation; --Attenuation of the hypocorticosteronemy which usually sets in from the tenth day of infestation. This opposition of lactation to the variations in the corticosteronemy induced by the worms is explained by the effect of lactation on the secretion of gluco-cortico-steroids, described under the term of \"buffer effect of lactation\". The decrease in the intensity of the parasitism may be explained by the fact that lactation, by preventing the hypercorticosteronemy normally caused by larval migration, permits the intervention of aspecific defences. As for the prolongation of the parasitism, it would seem to result on one hand, from a reduced solicitation of the means of defence owing to a smaller number of worms and, on another hand, from the slowing down of the hypocorticosteronemy through the buffer effect of lactation with all the consequences flowing from this at the level of the specific and aspecific defence reactions.", "PMID": 1020890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2925", "title": "The genera Paranoplocephala L\u00fche 1910 and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), with particular reference to species in rodents.", "content": "The present study redefines the systematic arrangement and taxonomic status of some anoplocephaline cestodes previously allocated among the genera Andrya Railliet, 1893. Paranoplacephala L\u00fche, 1910, and Aprostatandrya Kirshenblat, 1938. Comparisons indicated that Paranoplocephala omphalodes (Hermann, 1783), type species of Paranoplocephala, differs morphologically from its congeners, all of which conform to the diagnosis of the genus Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923, hitherto considered a synonym of Paranoplocephala, and that it cannot be distinguished at the generic level from Aprostatandrya macrocephala (Douthitt, 1915), type of the genus Aprostatandrya. The distinction between Andrya and Aprostatandrya based on the presence or absence of a \"prostate gland\" does not exist, for neither the type species of Andrya, A; rhopalocephala (Riehm, 1881), nor A. cuniculi (Blanchard, 1891) possesses such an organ; rather, the structure of the external seminal vesicle in these cestodes does not differ fundamentally from that in P. omphalodes or in species of Aprostatandrya. Based on these findings, Aprostatandrya Kirshenbalt, 1938 is placed in synonymy with Paranoplocephala L\u00fche, 1910, and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 is restored to contain all species other than P. omphalodes formerly allocated to the genus. Paranoplocephala. If the pattern of development of the uterus in A. rhopalocephala is found to be like that in P. omphalodes, Paranoplocephala L\u00fche, 1910 will in turn also become a synonym of Andrya Railliet, 1893. Three additional species of Anoplocephaloides are described, and the zoogeography of Anoplocephaloides spp. and their mammalian hosts is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The genera Paranoplocephala L\u00fche 1910 and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), with particular reference to species in rodents. The present study redefines the systematic arrangement and taxonomic status of some anoplocephaline cestodes previously allocated among the genera Andrya Railliet, 1893. Paranoplacephala L\u00fche, 1910, and Aprostatandrya Kirshenblat, 1938. Comparisons indicated that Paranoplocephala omphalodes (Hermann, 1783), type species of Paranoplocephala, differs morphologically from its congeners, all of which conform to the diagnosis of the genus Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923, hitherto considered a synonym of Paranoplocephala, and that it cannot be distinguished at the generic level from Aprostatandrya macrocephala (Douthitt, 1915), type of the genus Aprostatandrya. The distinction between Andrya and Aprostatandrya based on the presence or absence of a \"prostate gland\" does not exist, for neither the type species of Andrya, A; rhopalocephala (Riehm, 1881), nor A. cuniculi (Blanchard, 1891) possesses such an organ; rather, the structure of the external seminal vesicle in these cestodes does not differ fundamentally from that in P. omphalodes or in species of Aprostatandrya. Based on these findings, Aprostatandrya Kirshenbalt, 1938 is placed in synonymy with Paranoplocephala L\u00fche, 1910, and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 is restored to contain all species other than P. omphalodes formerly allocated to the genus. Paranoplocephala. If the pattern of development of the uterus in A. rhopalocephala is found to be like that in P. omphalodes, Paranoplocephala L\u00fche, 1910 will in turn also become a synonym of Andrya Railliet, 1893. Three additional species of Anoplocephaloides are described, and the zoogeography of Anoplocephaloides spp. and their mammalian hosts is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1020889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2926", "title": "[Setaria species from water buffalo of Southeast Asia and from Caffer Buffalo of Africa: comparative study with Setaria spp. from cattle of the respective areas (author's transl)].", "content": "Setaria leichungwingi Chen, 1937 (stat. nov.), parasite of Bubalus bubalis in Asia is closely related to S. labiatopapillosa, but the peribuccal chitinous crown is different. Until now, specimens determined as S. labiatopapillosa in Africa pertain in fact to two species S. labiatopapillosa sensu stricto and a new species described here: S. nelsoni n.sp., characterised by  peribuccal crown's form (similated to that of S. leichungwingi) and by narrow host-sepcificity. It differs from S. leichungwingi by thick spiny extra-projections in higher percentage on peribuccal crown and by fewer spiny formations on the end of the female. A table gives the determination of the Setaria from Buffalo of the regions between India and East Europe with that from cattle. In the area, Setaria sp. from Bubalus is closely related to but different from S. labiatopapillosa.", "contents": "[Setaria species from water buffalo of Southeast Asia and from Caffer Buffalo of Africa: comparative study with Setaria spp. from cattle of the respective areas (author's transl)]. Setaria leichungwingi Chen, 1937 (stat. nov.), parasite of Bubalus bubalis in Asia is closely related to S. labiatopapillosa, but the peribuccal chitinous crown is different. Until now, specimens determined as S. labiatopapillosa in Africa pertain in fact to two species S. labiatopapillosa sensu stricto and a new species described here: S. nelsoni n.sp., characterised by  peribuccal crown's form (similated to that of S. leichungwingi) and by narrow host-sepcificity. It differs from S. leichungwingi by thick spiny extra-projections in higher percentage on peribuccal crown and by fewer spiny formations on the end of the female. A table gives the determination of the Setaria from Buffalo of the regions between India and East Europe with that from cattle. In the area, Setaria sp. from Bubalus is closely related to but different from S. labiatopapillosa.", "PMID": 1020891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2927", "title": "[On Setaria spp; (Nematoda, , Filarioidea, Setariidae) from the peritoneal cavity of equine spp.: two new sub-species, Setaria equina theilerae from wild Zebra of Africa, and Setaria equina dafaallai from horse and donkey of southern Sahara area (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Setaria equina (Abildgaard, 1789) is from the Horse and Donkey of Eurasia (and of America and the coastal stripe of North Africa). 2) Setaria equina theilerae n.sub.sp. is from the Zebra of Africa. 3) Setaria equina defaallai n.sub. sp. is from the Horse and the Donkey of southern Sahara area of the Ethiopean Region of Africa, from the Nile valley till to the western coast. 4) Crossing between S. equina and S. e. theilerae may be possible, as their host spp. does with the resultant bastard offspring experimentally.", "contents": "[On Setaria spp; (Nematoda, , Filarioidea, Setariidae) from the peritoneal cavity of equine spp.: two new sub-species, Setaria equina theilerae from wild Zebra of Africa, and Setaria equina dafaallai from horse and donkey of southern Sahara area (author's transl)]. 1) Setaria equina (Abildgaard, 1789) is from the Horse and Donkey of Eurasia (and of America and the coastal stripe of North Africa). 2) Setaria equina theilerae n.sub.sp. is from the Zebra of Africa. 3) Setaria equina defaallai n.sub. sp. is from the Horse and the Donkey of southern Sahara area of the Ethiopean Region of Africa, from the Nile valley till to the western coast. 4) Crossing between S. equina and S. e. theilerae may be possible, as their host spp. does with the resultant bastard offspring experimentally.", "PMID": 1020892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2928", "title": "Long-term follow-up study of patients operated on for benign peptic ulcer.", "content": "200 consecutive patients operated on for gastric (GU) or duodenal (DU) ulcer in 1956 to 1957 were followed up until 1974. 25 of them died within five years of primary operation and were excluded to eliminate the possibility of coexisting ulcer and malignancy at the time of operation. Four patients could not be traced and 65 died within the follow-up period, but none of them of gastric carcinoma. 46 out of 106 living patients came for re-examination and gastroscopy was performed in 42 of them. The remaining 60 patients were examined by questionnaire. According to the Finnish Cancer Registry none of them had gastric carcinoma. The expected number of gastric carcinomas in the present series was calculated to be 2.3 and of all malignancies 13.6, but only one gastric carcinoma and 19 other malignancies were detected. The gastric carcinoma detected endoscopically and verified bioptically and cytologically was microscopically of anaplastic type. Most of the patients were in excellent general condition without gastric complaints. The present series reveals no clearcut causal relationship between gastric resection and late development of stump carcinoma.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up study of patients operated on for benign peptic ulcer. 200 consecutive patients operated on for gastric (GU) or duodenal (DU) ulcer in 1956 to 1957 were followed up until 1974. 25 of them died within five years of primary operation and were excluded to eliminate the possibility of coexisting ulcer and malignancy at the time of operation. Four patients could not be traced and 65 died within the follow-up period, but none of them of gastric carcinoma. 46 out of 106 living patients came for re-examination and gastroscopy was performed in 42 of them. The remaining 60 patients were examined by questionnaire. According to the Finnish Cancer Registry none of them had gastric carcinoma. The expected number of gastric carcinomas in the present series was calculated to be 2.3 and of all malignancies 13.6, but only one gastric carcinoma and 19 other malignancies were detected. The gastric carcinoma detected endoscopically and verified bioptically and cytologically was microscopically of anaplastic type. Most of the patients were in excellent general condition without gastric complaints. The present series reveals no clearcut causal relationship between gastric resection and late development of stump carcinoma.", "PMID": 1020900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2929", "title": "Hiatal hernia repair.", "content": "128 patients operated on for hiatal hernia are reported. The follow-up study consisted of 102 patients, 16 with paraoesophageal and 86 with axial hiatal hernia. The mean follow-up time was 4 1/2 years, range 1-11 years. In our experience cineradiographic studies bring abnormalities to light more readily because this kind of study is repeatable compared with conventional techniques based on fluoroscopy. Four different methods of operation were used in this study. The recurrence rate was as follows: Nissen fundoplication 13%, both anterior 180 degrees fundoplication and Lortat-Jacobs procedure 38%, and Nissen fundoplication combined to vagotomy and pyloroplasty 54%. Postoperative complications occurred in 9%. There was no hospital mortality. The authors prefer the abdominal to the transthoracic approach because many patients had other intra-abdominal, surgically easily correctable condition. If the transthoracic operation is indicated, as in a very obese patient or in a patient with a secondary short oesophagus, intra-abdominal disease must have been excluded preoperatively. In the treatment of axial hiatal hernia the best operative method has not yet been agreed upon, but in our hands the Nissen fundoplication yielded the best results.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia repair. 128 patients operated on for hiatal hernia are reported. The follow-up study consisted of 102 patients, 16 with paraoesophageal and 86 with axial hiatal hernia. The mean follow-up time was 4 1/2 years, range 1-11 years. In our experience cineradiographic studies bring abnormalities to light more readily because this kind of study is repeatable compared with conventional techniques based on fluoroscopy. Four different methods of operation were used in this study. The recurrence rate was as follows: Nissen fundoplication 13%, both anterior 180 degrees fundoplication and Lortat-Jacobs procedure 38%, and Nissen fundoplication combined to vagotomy and pyloroplasty 54%. Postoperative complications occurred in 9%. There was no hospital mortality. The authors prefer the abdominal to the transthoracic approach because many patients had other intra-abdominal, surgically easily correctable condition. If the transthoracic operation is indicated, as in a very obese patient or in a patient with a secondary short oesophagus, intra-abdominal disease must have been excluded preoperatively. In the treatment of axial hiatal hernia the best operative method has not yet been agreed upon, but in our hands the Nissen fundoplication yielded the best results.", "PMID": 1020901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2930", "title": "Effect of low-dose heparin on the phagocytic and catabolic function in the reticulo-endothelial system in man during surgery.", "content": "The effect of subcutaneous low-dose heparin prophylaxis on the phagocytic and catabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 10 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. The patients were divided into two groups; 5 patients receiving 5 000 units of heparin preoperatively and every 12 hours following the operation and 5 patients given saline at the corresponding time. Each patient served as his own control, when the RES function was tested twice with microaggregated human serum albumin labelled with 125I as a test substance. There was an enhanced phagocytic activity and a correspondingly raised catabolic activity of the RES in patients treated with heparin. The reasons for this are discussed. The results indicate that heparin in low doses has a favourable effect on the RES.", "contents": "Effect of low-dose heparin on the phagocytic and catabolic function in the reticulo-endothelial system in man during surgery. The effect of subcutaneous low-dose heparin prophylaxis on the phagocytic and catabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 10 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. The patients were divided into two groups; 5 patients receiving 5 000 units of heparin preoperatively and every 12 hours following the operation and 5 patients given saline at the corresponding time. Each patient served as his own control, when the RES function was tested twice with microaggregated human serum albumin labelled with 125I as a test substance. There was an enhanced phagocytic activity and a correspondingly raised catabolic activity of the RES in patients treated with heparin. The reasons for this are discussed. The results indicate that heparin in low doses has a favourable effect on the RES.", "PMID": 1020902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2931", "title": "Lymphatic filling during knee arthrography.", "content": "Six cases of lymphatic filling during knee arthrography have been recorded in literature, all of which have had advanced rheumatoid arthritis. We report a case of lymph vessel filling from a popliteal cyst in a young male nonrheumatoid patient. It is concluded that abnormal synovial-lymphatic connection in the knee joint may occur also in other forms of synovial pathology and such a finding does not indicate rheumatoid inflammation.", "contents": "Lymphatic filling during knee arthrography. Six cases of lymphatic filling during knee arthrography have been recorded in literature, all of which have had advanced rheumatoid arthritis. We report a case of lymph vessel filling from a popliteal cyst in a young male nonrheumatoid patient. It is concluded that abnormal synovial-lymphatic connection in the knee joint may occur also in other forms of synovial pathology and such a finding does not indicate rheumatoid inflammation.", "PMID": 1020903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2932", "title": "Cystic adventitial disease--cause of intermittent claudication in male non-smokers. A case report.", "content": "A case of intermittent claudication in a middle-aged lifelong non-smoker caused by cystic adventitial disease is reported. Etiology, clinical and angiographic findings, modes of operative treatment, and other possible causes of calf claudication in young non-smokers are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Cystic adventitial disease--cause of intermittent claudication in male non-smokers. A case report. A case of intermittent claudication in a middle-aged lifelong non-smoker caused by cystic adventitial disease is reported. Etiology, clinical and angiographic findings, modes of operative treatment, and other possible causes of calf claudication in young non-smokers are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1020904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2933", "title": "The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal growth hormone, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids during labour.", "content": "The maternal plasma HGH, insulin, glucose and FFA levels were determined during the course of induced labours in 28 healthy mothers. Every second patient was given segmental epidural analgesia for pain relief during the first stage of labour (epidural) group). The others acted as a control group. HGH did not change significantly during the labour in either group. Insulin decreased during the first stage of labour in both groups. This decrease was more pronounced and statistically almost significant in the control group. Thereafter the insulin increased in both groups. Glucose levels did not change during the first stage, but at the moment of delivery they were significantly higher than the initial levels in both groups. FFA levels became raised in both groups during labour, reaching a peak at the moment of delivery. The results are discussed in relation to stress and effectiveness of pain relief during the first stage of labour.", "contents": "The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal growth hormone, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids during labour. The maternal plasma HGH, insulin, glucose and FFA levels were determined during the course of induced labours in 28 healthy mothers. Every second patient was given segmental epidural analgesia for pain relief during the first stage of labour (epidural) group). The others acted as a control group. HGH did not change significantly during the labour in either group. Insulin decreased during the first stage of labour in both groups. This decrease was more pronounced and statistically almost significant in the control group. Thereafter the insulin increased in both groups. Glucose levels did not change during the first stage, but at the moment of delivery they were significantly higher than the initial levels in both groups. FFA levels became raised in both groups during labour, reaching a peak at the moment of delivery. The results are discussed in relation to stress and effectiveness of pain relief during the first stage of labour.", "PMID": 1020905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2934", "title": "Release of fibrinolytic activators from human ovarian tumours in organ culture.", "content": "Malignant human ovarian tumours possess coagulative and fibrinolytic properties, reflected in the occurrence of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the serum or ascitic fluid. The degradation of fibrin/fibrinogen into FDP is initiated by activators of fibrinolysis. Using a culture method permitting continuous measurement of fibrinolytic activators released, we investigated this release in organ culture of 27 various human ovarian tumours and 7 normal ovaries. The results showed that ovarian tumour explants released more fibrinolytic enzymes than explants from normal ovaries.", "contents": "Release of fibrinolytic activators from human ovarian tumours in organ culture. Malignant human ovarian tumours possess coagulative and fibrinolytic properties, reflected in the occurrence of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the serum or ascitic fluid. The degradation of fibrin/fibrinogen into FDP is initiated by activators of fibrinolysis. Using a culture method permitting continuous measurement of fibrinolytic activators released, we investigated this release in organ culture of 27 various human ovarian tumours and 7 normal ovaries. The results showed that ovarian tumour explants released more fibrinolytic enzymes than explants from normal ovaries.", "PMID": 1020906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2935", "title": "Uretero-vaginal fistula.", "content": "Six cases of uretero-vaginal fistula are presented. Five patients developed this complication after gynaecological surgery and one after Caesarian section. Constant urinary incontinence combined with normal voiding is typical of this lesion. Excretory urography revealed a stricture in the distal part of the ureter in 5 cases, while in one patient the urographic findings were normal. Accumulation of contrast medium in the vagina was seen on urography in 2 patients. Surgical correction is the treatment of choice, and all patients were successfully treated by resection of the distal part of the ureter with reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder.", "contents": "Uretero-vaginal fistula. Six cases of uretero-vaginal fistula are presented. Five patients developed this complication after gynaecological surgery and one after Caesarian section. Constant urinary incontinence combined with normal voiding is typical of this lesion. Excretory urography revealed a stricture in the distal part of the ureter in 5 cases, while in one patient the urographic findings were normal. Accumulation of contrast medium in the vagina was seen on urography in 2 patients. Surgical correction is the treatment of choice, and all patients were successfully treated by resection of the distal part of the ureter with reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder.", "PMID": 1020907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2936", "title": "Prolactin regulation in 14 cases of galactorrhea and hypogonadism with minimal modifications of the sella turcica (author's transl).", "content": "In this study we report 13 cases of amenorrhea-galactorrhea and one of a male patient complaining of gynecomastia, galactorrhea, sexual impotence and sterility with oligoasth\u00e9nospermy. In these cases, the size of the sella turcica was normal but we found a localized depression of the bottom of the sella turcica; these modifications were situated at the antero-inferior part of the sella in 12 cases and posteriorly in the 2 others. Basal prolactin level was higher than normal values in 13 cases (12 female and 1 male patients): individual values varied between 45 and 367 ng/ml. Nycthermeral rhythm disappeared in the 9 cases studied. Administration of L-Dopa (500 mg orally) significantly suppressed the prolactin values in the 11 cases studied. Oral water loading (20 ml/kg) left prolactin values unchanged (10 cases). After oral glucose tolerance test (1 g/kg) no significant systematic variation occurred. The increase of prolactin values after stimulation by 200 microg. TRH IV as a bolus (4 cases) was not significant. We have found similar prolactin variations in cases of hyperprolactinemia with either normal pituitary fossa (7 cases) or macro-adenoma (6 cases).", "contents": "Prolactin regulation in 14 cases of galactorrhea and hypogonadism with minimal modifications of the sella turcica (author's transl). In this study we report 13 cases of amenorrhea-galactorrhea and one of a male patient complaining of gynecomastia, galactorrhea, sexual impotence and sterility with oligoasth\u00e9nospermy. In these cases, the size of the sella turcica was normal but we found a localized depression of the bottom of the sella turcica; these modifications were situated at the antero-inferior part of the sella in 12 cases and posteriorly in the 2 others. Basal prolactin level was higher than normal values in 13 cases (12 female and 1 male patients): individual values varied between 45 and 367 ng/ml. Nycthermeral rhythm disappeared in the 9 cases studied. Administration of L-Dopa (500 mg orally) significantly suppressed the prolactin values in the 11 cases studied. Oral water loading (20 ml/kg) left prolactin values unchanged (10 cases). After oral glucose tolerance test (1 g/kg) no significant systematic variation occurred. The increase of prolactin values after stimulation by 200 microg. TRH IV as a bolus (4 cases) was not significant. We have found similar prolactin variations in cases of hyperprolactinemia with either normal pituitary fossa (7 cases) or macro-adenoma (6 cases).", "PMID": 1020916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2937", "title": "[Production rate and mean plasma concentration of cortisol in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The adrenocortical function was studied in 23 patients with hyperthyroidism. The half-life of tritiated cortisol was significantly shortened; metabolic clearance rate was about twice increased, and production rate of cortisol was significantly increased in hyperthyroidism. The mean plasma concentration was unmodified. After return to euthyroid state, all the values were normalized in 7 patients.", "contents": "[Production rate and mean plasma concentration of cortisol in hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. The adrenocortical function was studied in 23 patients with hyperthyroidism. The half-life of tritiated cortisol was significantly shortened; metabolic clearance rate was about twice increased, and production rate of cortisol was significantly increased in hyperthyroidism. The mean plasma concentration was unmodified. After return to euthyroid state, all the values were normalized in 7 patients.", "PMID": 1020919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2938", "title": "[Inadequate corpus luteum function in benign breast-diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The amount of progesterone and estradiol secreted by human corpus luteum depends upon an adequate release of FSH and LH by pituitary gland during follicular phase and ovulation. In this paper, plasma determination of progesterone and estradiol were carried out in 109 women with benign breast disease during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Results obtained were compared with those observed in 25 normal women studied in the same conditions. In women with benign breast disease, the curve of daily progesterone concentrations during luteal phase was lower than that of normal women. The progesterone peak at 5th day of luteal phase was only 8,1 +/- 3.8 ng/ml instead of 17.2 +/- 3.5 ng/ml in normal women. No significative difference was observed concerning plasma estradiol between patients and normal women. These results indicate that women with benign breast disease have an inadequate corpus luteum function which may be the result of disorder of ovulation. Pathophysiological implications resulting from this observation are discussed.", "contents": "[Inadequate corpus luteum function in benign breast-diseases (author's transl)]. The amount of progesterone and estradiol secreted by human corpus luteum depends upon an adequate release of FSH and LH by pituitary gland during follicular phase and ovulation. In this paper, plasma determination of progesterone and estradiol were carried out in 109 women with benign breast disease during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Results obtained were compared with those observed in 25 normal women studied in the same conditions. In women with benign breast disease, the curve of daily progesterone concentrations during luteal phase was lower than that of normal women. The progesterone peak at 5th day of luteal phase was only 8,1 +/- 3.8 ng/ml instead of 17.2 +/- 3.5 ng/ml in normal women. No significative difference was observed concerning plasma estradiol between patients and normal women. These results indicate that women with benign breast disease have an inadequate corpus luteum function which may be the result of disorder of ovulation. Pathophysiological implications resulting from this observation are discussed.", "PMID": 1020920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2939", "title": "[Diffuse skin mastocytosis of nurslings. 3 clinical cases with bullous manifestations].", "content": "Three nurslings are described with diffuse mast cell disease characterized by blisters on widespread skin involvement. The skin changes may be associated with important generalized flares in relation with degranulating mast cell. The mastocytosis infiltrats seems localized to the skin. The skin lesions heal or regress slowly as in other mast cell disorders but long-term evolution remains very impredictable.", "contents": "[Diffuse skin mastocytosis of nurslings. 3 clinical cases with bullous manifestations]. Three nurslings are described with diffuse mast cell disease characterized by blisters on widespread skin involvement. The skin changes may be associated with important generalized flares in relation with degranulating mast cell. The mastocytosis infiltrats seems localized to the skin. The skin lesions heal or regress slowly as in other mast cell disorders but long-term evolution remains very impredictable.", "PMID": 1020927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2940", "title": "Effects of fenfluramine and cyproheptadine on growth hormone secretion.", "content": "The behaviour of GH, its biological behaviour and response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in obese and underweight patients, of ages varying from 10 to 39 years, was studied before and after treatment wie circadian course of the hormone following adminstration of either drug. Neither did pre-treatment with fenfluramine and cyproheptadine, No modification was noted in the circadian course of the hormaone following administration of either drug. Neither did pre-treatment with cyproheptadine modify the hormonal level in the stimulated test. It was, however, noted that pre-treatment with fenfluramine appears to influence the somatotropinic response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, yet of  different significance in children and adults.", "contents": "Effects of fenfluramine and cyproheptadine on growth hormone secretion. The behaviour of GH, its biological behaviour and response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in obese and underweight patients, of ages varying from 10 to 39 years, was studied before and after treatment wie circadian course of the hormone following adminstration of either drug. Neither did pre-treatment with fenfluramine and cyproheptadine, No modification was noted in the circadian course of the hormaone following administration of either drug. Neither did pre-treatment with cyproheptadine modify the hormonal level in the stimulated test. It was, however, noted that pre-treatment with fenfluramine appears to influence the somatotropinic response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, yet of  different significance in children and adults.", "PMID": 1020921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2941", "title": "[Nail lesions in Bournville tuberous sclerosis in isolation or associated with Koenen tumors].", "content": "On the basis of three cases, the authors describe the main changes seen in the nails in Bourneville tuberose sclerosis, not only in fingers with a Koenen tumour but also in association with simple cuticular hyperkeratoses and in fingers with no apparent lesion of the matriceal region. They feel that the description of these ungual lesions should take its place alongside the major cutaneous signs of this disorder.", "contents": "[Nail lesions in Bournville tuberous sclerosis in isolation or associated with Koenen tumors]. On the basis of three cases, the authors describe the main changes seen in the nails in Bourneville tuberose sclerosis, not only in fingers with a Koenen tumour but also in association with simple cuticular hyperkeratoses and in fingers with no apparent lesion of the matriceal region. They feel that the description of these ungual lesions should take its place alongside the major cutaneous signs of this disorder.", "PMID": 1020928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2942", "title": "[Endocrinotropic actions of the benzamide sultopride (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence on the pituitary hypothalamic system of Sultopride are different of those of a chemically related compound, Sulpiride. In the mammary gland the development of the acini is associated with an increase of the connective tissue. The processus of secretion, lactogenesis is quiet not stimulated. The changes on the anterior lobe of the pituitary involve the carmino and eosinophilic cells. This modification seems to reflect a stimulation of the secretion of LT and an inhibition of the release of STH. In the juvenile rat, Sultopride determines an inhibition of the somatic growth.", "contents": "[Endocrinotropic actions of the benzamide sultopride (author's transl)]. The influence on the pituitary hypothalamic system of Sultopride are different of those of a chemically related compound, Sulpiride. In the mammary gland the development of the acini is associated with an increase of the connective tissue. The processus of secretion, lactogenesis is quiet not stimulated. The changes on the anterior lobe of the pituitary involve the carmino and eosinophilic cells. This modification seems to reflect a stimulation of the secretion of LT and an inhibition of the release of STH. In the juvenile rat, Sultopride determines an inhibition of the somatic growth.", "PMID": 1020922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2943", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of penicillins in the blood of dogs administered the combination preparation, ampiox, internally].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of penicillins in the blood of dogs treated with ampiox, a combination of ampicillin and oxacillin at a ratio of 1 : 1 was studied. The drug was administered orally in single or repeated doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The maximum levels of ampicillin in the blood serum were observed 1 hour after a single administration of the drug. The therapeutic concentrations of the antibiotic were preserved for 6 hours, its value being depended on the dose used. The maximum concentration of oxacillin was detected 1 hour after the drug administration in various doses and it was preserved in the blood at the therapeutic levels for 3 hours. The dynamics of circulation of ampicillin and oxacillin administered separately did not differ from that established for the use of ampiox. The regularities of the pharmacokinetics of ampiox on its repeated use remained practically unchanged.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of penicillins in the blood of dogs administered the combination preparation, ampiox, internally]. The pharmacokinetics of penicillins in the blood of dogs treated with ampiox, a combination of ampicillin and oxacillin at a ratio of 1 : 1 was studied. The drug was administered orally in single or repeated doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The maximum levels of ampicillin in the blood serum were observed 1 hour after a single administration of the drug. The therapeutic concentrations of the antibiotic were preserved for 6 hours, its value being depended on the dose used. The maximum concentration of oxacillin was detected 1 hour after the drug administration in various doses and it was preserved in the blood at the therapeutic levels for 3 hours. The dynamics of circulation of ampicillin and oxacillin administered separately did not differ from that established for the use of ampiox. The regularities of the pharmacokinetics of ampiox on its repeated use remained practically unchanged.", "PMID": 1020929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2944", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of stimulation induced by sulpiride on prolactin and gonadotrope cells of hypophysis in male and female rats (author's transl)].", "content": "This study concerns the analysis of the ultrastructural modifications in the hypophysis induced after repeated administration over a period of one to five weeks of Sulpiride in male and female rats. The hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the prolactin cells, as well as the dilatation of the intercellular spaces are increased with duration of treatment. The prolactin cells present: a highly developped R.E.R., very rich in ribosomes, a hypertrophied Golgi area showing an active condensation in granules of the secreted material. A massive extrusion of mature and immature granules at the level of the plasmic membrane is observed throughout the treatment. The Sulpiride, therefore, induces a strong activation of the hormonal synthesis and release in the prolactin cells. The gonadotrope cells also show a strong stimulation and the same cytologic modifications that are found in the castrated animal. The thyreotrope and somatotrope cells do not appear affected by Sulpiride treatment. The possibility of a direct action by Sulpiride on the hypophysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of stimulation induced by sulpiride on prolactin and gonadotrope cells of hypophysis in male and female rats (author's transl)]. This study concerns the analysis of the ultrastructural modifications in the hypophysis induced after repeated administration over a period of one to five weeks of Sulpiride in male and female rats. The hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the prolactin cells, as well as the dilatation of the intercellular spaces are increased with duration of treatment. The prolactin cells present: a highly developped R.E.R., very rich in ribosomes, a hypertrophied Golgi area showing an active condensation in granules of the secreted material. A massive extrusion of mature and immature granules at the level of the plasmic membrane is observed throughout the treatment. The Sulpiride, therefore, induces a strong activation of the hormonal synthesis and release in the prolactin cells. The gonadotrope cells also show a strong stimulation and the same cytologic modifications that are found in the castrated animal. The thyreotrope and somatotrope cells do not appear affected by Sulpiride treatment. The possibility of a direct action by Sulpiride on the hypophysis is discussed.", "PMID": 1020923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2945", "title": "[An electroencephalographic study of olfactory gonadic dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological functional and electrophysiologic findings of the report of olfactory gonadic dysplasia are reviews. The 11 cases are then presented with the analysis and interpretation of the EEG traces (17), as well as studies of olfactory activation of the EEF (6 subjects) and of afternoon sleep polygraphy (2 subjects). There is discussion of the possible sites of dysfunction in the mesencephalic-limbic structures which could be the source either directly or indirectly of the EEG modifications. Certain EEG abnormalities (interhemispheric asymmetry) alow the consideration that the pathogenetic mechanisms of the syndrome began during ontogenesis (in 5 of 11 subjects). Thereby suggesting that an electrophysiologic examination can be a valuable tool to pick up olfactory gonadic dysplasia early and to follow the hormonal treatment in the confirmed cases.", "contents": "[An electroencephalographic study of olfactory gonadic dysplasia (author's transl)]. The morphological functional and electrophysiologic findings of the report of olfactory gonadic dysplasia are reviews. The 11 cases are then presented with the analysis and interpretation of the EEG traces (17), as well as studies of olfactory activation of the EEF (6 subjects) and of afternoon sleep polygraphy (2 subjects). There is discussion of the possible sites of dysfunction in the mesencephalic-limbic structures which could be the source either directly or indirectly of the EEG modifications. Certain EEG abnormalities (interhemispheric asymmetry) alow the consideration that the pathogenetic mechanisms of the syndrome began during ontogenesis (in 5 of 11 subjects). Thereby suggesting that an electrophysiologic examination can be a valuable tool to pick up olfactory gonadic dysplasia early and to follow the hormonal treatment in the confirmed cases.", "PMID": 1020917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2946", "title": "[Erythromycin penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients].", "content": "Permeability of erythromycin through the barrier of blood-cerebrospinal fluid in neurosurgical patients after its oral administration in a dose of 300-500 mg and intravenous administration in a dose of 200 mg was studied. The erythromycin was determined after the antibiotic single administration at intervals of 40 minutes to 6 hours. A total of 31 observations were performed. Low penetration of erythromycin into the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients was shown. The administration route (oral or intravenous) practically had no effect on the antibiotic penetration level into the subarachnoidal spaces. The highest liquor levels were observed within the period of 3 to 6 hours after the drug administration. The maximum index of penetration from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid was about 10 per cent. The erythromycin penetration increased in cases with inflammatory changes in the meninges.", "contents": "[Erythromycin penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients]. Permeability of erythromycin through the barrier of blood-cerebrospinal fluid in neurosurgical patients after its oral administration in a dose of 300-500 mg and intravenous administration in a dose of 200 mg was studied. The erythromycin was determined after the antibiotic single administration at intervals of 40 minutes to 6 hours. A total of 31 observations were performed. Low penetration of erythromycin into the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients was shown. The administration route (oral or intravenous) practically had no effect on the antibiotic penetration level into the subarachnoidal spaces. The highest liquor levels were observed within the period of 3 to 6 hours after the drug administration. The maximum index of penetration from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid was about 10 per cent. The erythromycin penetration increased in cases with inflammatory changes in the meninges.", "PMID": 1020930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2947", "title": "Development of a radio-immuno-assay for oxytocin.", "content": "High affinity antibodies against oxytocin were produced by multiple intradermal injections. The antibodies do not cross react with lysine vasopressin. Reduction of the S-S link changes the immunoreactivity. The high affinity constant of the antibodies allows direct RIA of oxytocin in diluted plasma (1:5), with a sensitivity of at least 4 muU/ml. Preliminary results for oxytocin determination in human umbilical cord plasma range between 15 - 100 muU/ml.", "contents": "Development of a radio-immuno-assay for oxytocin. High affinity antibodies against oxytocin were produced by multiple intradermal injections. The antibodies do not cross react with lysine vasopressin. Reduction of the S-S link changes the immunoreactivity. The high affinity constant of the antibodies allows direct RIA of oxytocin in diluted plasma (1:5), with a sensitivity of at least 4 muU/ml. Preliminary results for oxytocin determination in human umbilical cord plasma range between 15 - 100 muU/ml.", "PMID": 1020924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2948", "title": "[Toxicity and cumulative properties of carminomycin, rubomycin and adriamycin at different times of use].", "content": "LD50 of karminomycin, rubomycin and adriamycin were determined after their single administration or 3-, 5-, 10- and 15-fold administration once a day to 540 hybrid male mice F1(C57B1 X CBA). Comparison of the cumulative indices for these antibiotics showed that after injections they were close. After 5 injections the cumulative properties were more pronounced for adriamycin. After 10 or 15 injections the cumulative properties were less pronounced for karminomycin.", "contents": "[Toxicity and cumulative properties of carminomycin, rubomycin and adriamycin at different times of use]. LD50 of karminomycin, rubomycin and adriamycin were determined after their single administration or 3-, 5-, 10- and 15-fold administration once a day to 540 hybrid male mice F1(C57B1 X CBA). Comparison of the cumulative indices for these antibiotics showed that after injections they were close. After 5 injections the cumulative properties were more pronounced for adriamycin. After 10 or 15 injections the cumulative properties were less pronounced for karminomycin.", "PMID": 1020931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2949", "title": "[Biosynthesis of 14C- and 35S-lincomycin using different sources for the label].", "content": "The sources of radioactive labels were chosen for biosynthesis of labeled lincomycin. The levels of the label incorporation into lincomycin were high with all the sources used when the lincomycin-producing organism was cultivated on the synthetic medium as compared to the complex medium. Incorporation of the label into lincomycin was most effective when I14C- or 214C-thyrosine was used as the precursors. These precursors were effective in both the complex and the synthetic media. In production of significant amounts of the labeled lincomycin I14C- or 214C-sodium propionate, I14C- or 142C-sodium acetate and 14C-protein hydrolysate may be used as the sources of the radioactive carbon. In production of 35S-lincomycin K235SO4 may be used as the source of the label. The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of 14C- and 35S-lincomycin were developed (concentration of some components of the medium, time of the label addition and others).", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of 14C- and 35S-lincomycin using different sources for the label]. The sources of radioactive labels were chosen for biosynthesis of labeled lincomycin. The levels of the label incorporation into lincomycin were high with all the sources used when the lincomycin-producing organism was cultivated on the synthetic medium as compared to the complex medium. Incorporation of the label into lincomycin was most effective when I14C- or 214C-thyrosine was used as the precursors. These precursors were effective in both the complex and the synthetic media. In production of significant amounts of the labeled lincomycin I14C- or 214C-sodium propionate, I14C- or 142C-sodium acetate and 14C-protein hydrolysate may be used as the sources of the radioactive carbon. In production of 35S-lincomycin K235SO4 may be used as the source of the label. The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of 14C- and 35S-lincomycin were developed (concentration of some components of the medium, time of the label addition and others).", "PMID": 1020932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2950", "title": "[Influence of sucrose and many fats on carbohydrate metabolism and insulinemia by the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats are fed during one month with normal diet or diet enriched with 25% of many fats. It is no change of the hyperglycemia curve with the addition of 25% sucrose to these diets but 1 degree by male on the normal diet or on the diet enriched with corn oil the insulin discharge is higher; it is no change with the diet enriched with beef fat or with M.C.T. 2 degrees by the female the insulin discharge is higher with all the diets.", "contents": "[Influence of sucrose and many fats on carbohydrate metabolism and insulinemia by the rat (author's transl)]. Rats are fed during one month with normal diet or diet enriched with 25% of many fats. It is no change of the hyperglycemia curve with the addition of 25% sucrose to these diets but 1 degree by male on the normal diet or on the diet enriched with corn oil the insulin discharge is higher; it is no change with the diet enriched with beef fat or with M.C.T. 2 degrees by the female the insulin discharge is higher with all the diets.", "PMID": 1020926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2951", "title": "[Quantitative determination of 7-phenoxyacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid].", "content": "7-Phenoxyacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid, an intermediate product in synthesis of cephalexin, was prepared by oxydation of phenoxymethylpenicillin into the respective sulphoxide and transformation of the latter. The UV-spectra of the reaction products were studied. A quantitative method is proposed for determination of 7-phenoxyacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid in the finished products based on estimation os the coefficient of specific extinction of the ethanol solutions at a wave length of 268 um in the UV-spectrum region in combination with semiquantitative estimation of the admixtures with the method of thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of 7-phenoxyacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid]. 7-Phenoxyacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid, an intermediate product in synthesis of cephalexin, was prepared by oxydation of phenoxymethylpenicillin into the respective sulphoxide and transformation of the latter. The UV-spectra of the reaction products were studied. A quantitative method is proposed for determination of 7-phenoxyacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid in the finished products based on estimation os the coefficient of specific extinction of the ethanol solutions at a wave length of 268 um in the UV-spectrum region in combination with semiquantitative estimation of the admixtures with the method of thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 1020933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2952", "title": "[Study of the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activity of Act. noursei].", "content": "Activity of aldolase and threosophosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Act. noursei, strain 153 and its inactive mutant 149 was studied comparatively. The enzyme activity of the inactive mutant was investigated in the absence of the antibiotic production and under conditions of reduced biosynthesis of nystatin in this strain after addition of the fermentation broth filtrate of the inactive mutant 369 to the medium. The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathway in the active strain 153 of Act. noursei was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant 149. The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathways increased and reached the level of the enzyme of the active mutant. The high level of the enzyme activity of the hexosomonophosphate glycolysis pathway is probably one of the necessary conditions for nystatin production.", "contents": "[Study of the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activity of Act. noursei]. Activity of aldolase and threosophosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Act. noursei, strain 153 and its inactive mutant 149 was studied comparatively. The enzyme activity of the inactive mutant was investigated in the absence of the antibiotic production and under conditions of reduced biosynthesis of nystatin in this strain after addition of the fermentation broth filtrate of the inactive mutant 369 to the medium. The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathway in the active strain 153 of Act. noursei was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant 149. The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathways increased and reached the level of the enzyme of the active mutant. The high level of the enzyme activity of the hexosomonophosphate glycolysis pathway is probably one of the necessary conditions for nystatin production.", "PMID": 1020934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2953", "title": "[Comparative antibiotic sensitivity of different species of staphylococci isolated from humans].", "content": "A total of 206 strains of various staphylococcal species isolated from various sources were studied with respect to their sensitivity to 18 antibiotics. The number of strains poly-resistant to the antibiotics was almost the same among Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis, i. e. 54.8 and 51.3 per cent respectively. The coagulase-negative and mannitol-negative variants of Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis possessing high biological activity (10-14 properties) were resistant to more antibiotics as compared to the low active strains.", "contents": "[Comparative antibiotic sensitivity of different species of staphylococci isolated from humans]. A total of 206 strains of various staphylococcal species isolated from various sources were studied with respect to their sensitivity to 18 antibiotics. The number of strains poly-resistant to the antibiotics was almost the same among Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis, i. e. 54.8 and 51.3 per cent respectively. The coagulase-negative and mannitol-negative variants of Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis possessing high biological activity (10-14 properties) were resistant to more antibiotics as compared to the low active strains.", "PMID": 1020935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2954", "title": "[New producer of cephamycin C, Streptomyces filipinensis var. cephamycini var. nov].", "content": "An actinomycetes strain 3016 was isolated from a soil sample on a selective medium with actinomycin as a result of directed screening of organisms producing beta-lactam antibiotics. The culture fluid of the isolate contained an antibacterial anibiotic identical to cephamycin C. Description of the strain is presented. It is a representative of new variety of streptomyces filipinensis var. cephamycini var. nov. The results of the study of the chemical properties of antibiotic 3016 and its identification with cephamycin C are also presented.", "contents": "[New producer of cephamycin C, Streptomyces filipinensis var. cephamycini var. nov]. An actinomycetes strain 3016 was isolated from a soil sample on a selective medium with actinomycin as a result of directed screening of organisms producing beta-lactam antibiotics. The culture fluid of the isolate contained an antibacterial anibiotic identical to cephamycin C. Description of the strain is presented. It is a representative of new variety of streptomyces filipinensis var. cephamycini var. nov. The results of the study of the chemical properties of antibiotic 3016 and its identification with cephamycin C are also presented.", "PMID": 1020936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2955", "title": "[Effect of aeration conditions on the biosynthesis of carminomycin by an actinomadura carminata culture].", "content": "The effect of the aeration rate on biosynthesis of carminomycin by Actinomadura carminata and biochemical changes in the fermentation broth on the use of 3 complex media of different composition was studied. The carminomycin-producing organism can grow and produce the antibiotic within the ranges of the aeration changes from 0.98 to 18.56 mgO2/1-min. A decrease in the maximum rate of oxygen dissolution up to 0.98 mgO2/1-min resulted in some decrease in the activity level. Intensive aeration, i.e. 18.56 mgO2/1-min induced suppression of the antibiotic production by 25 per cent.", "contents": "[Effect of aeration conditions on the biosynthesis of carminomycin by an actinomadura carminata culture]. The effect of the aeration rate on biosynthesis of carminomycin by Actinomadura carminata and biochemical changes in the fermentation broth on the use of 3 complex media of different composition was studied. The carminomycin-producing organism can grow and produce the antibiotic within the ranges of the aeration changes from 0.98 to 18.56 mgO2/1-min. A decrease in the maximum rate of oxygen dissolution up to 0.98 mgO2/1-min resulted in some decrease in the activity level. Intensive aeration, i.e. 18.56 mgO2/1-min induced suppression of the antibiotic production by 25 per cent.", "PMID": 1020937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2956", "title": "[Pleiotropic effect of the mutation of streptomycin resistance in Micromonospora purpurea var. violacea].", "content": "Variation of different features of populations of streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant forms of M. purpurea var. violacea, an organism producing gentamicin was studied. The population of the initial streptomycin-sensitive culture was characterized by high homogeneity with respect to the cultural, morphological and some physiological properties. The variation of the features, such as the colony size, pigment formation, auxotrophic mutations, antibiotic production significantly increased in populations grown on media with streptomycin. Mutants differing from the initial strain by a complex of cultural, morphological and physiological features and in particular the antibiotic production were isolated from populations of the streptomycin-resistant variants.", "contents": "[Pleiotropic effect of the mutation of streptomycin resistance in Micromonospora purpurea var. violacea]. Variation of different features of populations of streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant forms of M. purpurea var. violacea, an organism producing gentamicin was studied. The population of the initial streptomycin-sensitive culture was characterized by high homogeneity with respect to the cultural, morphological and some physiological properties. The variation of the features, such as the colony size, pigment formation, auxotrophic mutations, antibiotic production significantly increased in populations grown on media with streptomycin. Mutants differing from the initial strain by a complex of cultural, morphological and physiological features and in particular the antibiotic production were isolated from populations of the streptomycin-resistant variants.", "PMID": 1020938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2957", "title": "[Antagonistic interrelationships between the staphylococci and Sarcina isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of virtually healthy persons].", "content": "The antagonistic activity of staphylococci isolated from the mucosa of the anterior parts of the nose of practically healthy persons was studied with respect to 102 strains of Sarcinia. Staphylococcus aureus had the most pronounced inhibitory effect on Sarcinia. No difference in the antagonistic activity of the staphylococci isolated from the carriers of the permanent and transitory types was found. However, Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the permanent carriers had a broader activity spectrum.", "contents": "[Antagonistic interrelationships between the staphylococci and Sarcina isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of virtually healthy persons]. The antagonistic activity of staphylococci isolated from the mucosa of the anterior parts of the nose of practically healthy persons was studied with respect to 102 strains of Sarcinia. Staphylococcus aureus had the most pronounced inhibitory effect on Sarcinia. No difference in the antagonistic activity of the staphylococci isolated from the carriers of the permanent and transitory types was found. However, Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the permanent carriers had a broader activity spectrum.", "PMID": 1020939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2958", "title": "[Sensitivity of some Lactobacillus species of the subgenus Betabacterium to the action of bacteriocins from different species of Lactobacillus].", "content": "Sensitivity of 84 cultures of L. fermenti, 43 cultures of L. brevis, 13 cultures of L. buchneri and 2 cultures of L. cellobiosus to the effect of 39 types of bacteriocins produced by various species of lactobacilli was studied with the method of delayed antagonism. All the cultures of L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. cellobiosus and 65.5 per cent of the cultures of L. fermenti were sensitive to one or more such bacteriocins. The cultures of L. Fermenti, L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. cellobiosus were sensitive respectively to 37, 19, 16 and 9 types of the bacteriocins out of 39 types tested.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of some Lactobacillus species of the subgenus Betabacterium to the action of bacteriocins from different species of Lactobacillus]. Sensitivity of 84 cultures of L. fermenti, 43 cultures of L. brevis, 13 cultures of L. buchneri and 2 cultures of L. cellobiosus to the effect of 39 types of bacteriocins produced by various species of lactobacilli was studied with the method of delayed antagonism. All the cultures of L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. cellobiosus and 65.5 per cent of the cultures of L. fermenti were sensitive to one or more such bacteriocins. The cultures of L. Fermenti, L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. cellobiosus were sensitive respectively to 37, 19, 16 and 9 types of the bacteriocins out of 39 types tested.", "PMID": 1020940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2959", "title": "[Mechanism of the heterogeneity of a staphylococcal population with respect to methicillin resistance].", "content": "The study of the staphylococcal population heterogeneity with respect to methicillin resistance by 2 methods revealed different numbers of the resistant cells in the population. Thus, when the microbial suspension was plated on an agarized medium with methicillin (50 gamma/ml), only 0.0007--0.0005 per cent of the resistant cells were found. When the colonies were replicated from a medium without methicillin to a medium containing methicillin (50 gamma/ml), 84.3--97.3 per cent of the resistant microbial cells were found in the population of the same strains. The main mechanism in the heterogeneity of the staphylococcal population with respect to methicillin resistance was impairement of the phenotype manifestation of the antibiotic resistance under definite conditions.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the heterogeneity of a staphylococcal population with respect to methicillin resistance]. The study of the staphylococcal population heterogeneity with respect to methicillin resistance by 2 methods revealed different numbers of the resistant cells in the population. Thus, when the microbial suspension was plated on an agarized medium with methicillin (50 gamma/ml), only 0.0007--0.0005 per cent of the resistant cells were found. When the colonies were replicated from a medium without methicillin to a medium containing methicillin (50 gamma/ml), 84.3--97.3 per cent of the resistant microbial cells were found in the population of the same strains. The main mechanism in the heterogeneity of the staphylococcal population with respect to methicillin resistance was impairement of the phenotype manifestation of the antibiotic resistance under definite conditions.", "PMID": 1020941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2960", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin in experimental animals].", "content": "When administered parentally, lincomycin satisfactorily penetrated into the organs and tissues of experimental animals. Pronounced tropism of the antibiotic in the bone tissue was observed which provided its recommendation for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The antibiotic was excreted with urine and bile.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin in experimental animals]. When administered parentally, lincomycin satisfactorily penetrated into the organs and tissues of experimental animals. Pronounced tropism of the antibiotic in the bone tissue was observed which provided its recommendation for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The antibiotic was excreted with urine and bile.", "PMID": 1020942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2961", "title": "[Experimental data on the penetration of gentamicin into the media of the eye].", "content": "Penetration of Soviet gentamicin into the humor of the anterior chamber and vitreous body of the eye with aseptic inflammation was studied after the antibiotic administration by various routed, i.e. instillations of 8 per cent antibiotic solution and 8 per cent antibiotic solution methylcellulose into the conjunctival sac, injections of 20 mg of gentamicin subconjunctivally and retrobulbarly, injections of gentamicin intramuscularly in doses of 0.6 mg/kg. The studies showed that gentamicin penetrated into the humor of the anterior chamber and vitreous body of the eye after all the administration routes mentioned above in concentrations sufficient for the antibiotic antimicrobial effect and persisted in the eye media for prolong periods of time (24--48 hours). The highest concentrations of the antibiotic in the tumor of the anterior chamber were achieved after its administration subconjunctivally or after instillation of its 8 per cent on methylcellulose, while in the vitreous body its highest concentrations were achieved after injections subconjunctively, retrobulbarly or intramuscularly. Instillations of gentamicin solution on methylcellulose provided higher and more persistant concentrations of the antibiotic in the humor as compared to instillations of its aqueous solutions. Retrobulbar injections of gentamicin had no advantages as compared to subconjunctival administration with respect to providing higher concentrations of the antibiotic in the eye media.", "contents": "[Experimental data on the penetration of gentamicin into the media of the eye]. Penetration of Soviet gentamicin into the humor of the anterior chamber and vitreous body of the eye with aseptic inflammation was studied after the antibiotic administration by various routed, i.e. instillations of 8 per cent antibiotic solution and 8 per cent antibiotic solution methylcellulose into the conjunctival sac, injections of 20 mg of gentamicin subconjunctivally and retrobulbarly, injections of gentamicin intramuscularly in doses of 0.6 mg/kg. The studies showed that gentamicin penetrated into the humor of the anterior chamber and vitreous body of the eye after all the administration routes mentioned above in concentrations sufficient for the antibiotic antimicrobial effect and persisted in the eye media for prolong periods of time (24--48 hours). The highest concentrations of the antibiotic in the tumor of the anterior chamber were achieved after its administration subconjunctivally or after instillation of its 8 per cent on methylcellulose, while in the vitreous body its highest concentrations were achieved after injections subconjunctively, retrobulbarly or intramuscularly. Instillations of gentamicin solution on methylcellulose provided higher and more persistant concentrations of the antibiotic in the humor as compared to instillations of its aqueous solutions. Retrobulbar injections of gentamicin had no advantages as compared to subconjunctival administration with respect to providing higher concentrations of the antibiotic in the eye media.", "PMID": 1020943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2962", "title": "[State of phagocytic immunity in white mice treated with doxycycline and pentoxyl for experimental staphylococcal sepsis].", "content": "When albino mice with experimental staphylococcal sepsis were treated by doxycycline for 10 days, it was noted that the antibiotic had an inhibitory effect on the absorbing capacity of the peritoneal leucocytes with respect to Staph aureus. The decreased digesting capacity of the leucocytes was observed only during the first 5 days from the moment of infection and treatment. The combined use of doxycycline and pentoxyl stimulated the activity and intensity of phagocytosis. The activity values of completed phagocytosis did not change, while the coefficient of the phagocytosis completeness increased as compared to the same values in the animal group treated with doxycycline alone.", "contents": "[State of phagocytic immunity in white mice treated with doxycycline and pentoxyl for experimental staphylococcal sepsis]. When albino mice with experimental staphylococcal sepsis were treated by doxycycline for 10 days, it was noted that the antibiotic had an inhibitory effect on the absorbing capacity of the peritoneal leucocytes with respect to Staph aureus. The decreased digesting capacity of the leucocytes was observed only during the first 5 days from the moment of infection and treatment. The combined use of doxycycline and pentoxyl stimulated the activity and intensity of phagocytosis. The activity values of completed phagocytosis did not change, while the coefficient of the phagocytosis completeness increased as compared to the same values in the animal group treated with doxycycline alone.", "PMID": 1020944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2963", "title": "[Comparative study of the cardiotoxicity of the anthracycline antibiotics, carminomycin and adriamycin, in white mice].", "content": "The cardiotoxic effect of karminomycin and adriamycin administered intravenously for 5 times in equitoxic doses constituting equal portions of LD50 of the respective antibiotic on its single intravenous administration was studied on albino mice. Histological examination of the heart showed that almost identical damages of the myocardium occured after administration of karminomycin and adriamycin in doses of 0.45 of LD50 (1.5 mg/kg) and 0.3 of LD50 (6.3 mg/kg) respectively. The character of the damages due to the antibiotics was close, the most significant changes were observed when the animals were sacrificed 1 month after the last administration of the drug. The histological method is of value in estimation of the cardiotoxic effect of the drugs, using mice as the model suitable for the investigation. Adriamycin had more pronounced cumulative properties as compared to karminomycin: suppression of the weight gain in the mice and their death rate were higher with the use of adriamycin.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the cardiotoxicity of the anthracycline antibiotics, carminomycin and adriamycin, in white mice]. The cardiotoxic effect of karminomycin and adriamycin administered intravenously for 5 times in equitoxic doses constituting equal portions of LD50 of the respective antibiotic on its single intravenous administration was studied on albino mice. Histological examination of the heart showed that almost identical damages of the myocardium occured after administration of karminomycin and adriamycin in doses of 0.45 of LD50 (1.5 mg/kg) and 0.3 of LD50 (6.3 mg/kg) respectively. The character of the damages due to the antibiotics was close, the most significant changes were observed when the animals were sacrificed 1 month after the last administration of the drug. The histological method is of value in estimation of the cardiotoxic effect of the drugs, using mice as the model suitable for the investigation. Adriamycin had more pronounced cumulative properties as compared to karminomycin: suppression of the weight gain in the mice and their death rate were higher with the use of adriamycin.", "PMID": 1020945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2964", "title": "[Indices of bacterial contamination and natural resistance in wistar line laboratory rats].", "content": "Conventional laboratory rats of Wistar line are contaminated with bacterial flora. The predominating bacteria in the intestine were the rod-like forms, while in the mouth cavity and vagina predominated the coccal forms. The contamination level of the cavities and penetration of the contaminants into the internal organs depended on the state of the host natural resistance.", "contents": "[Indices of bacterial contamination and natural resistance in wistar line laboratory rats]. Conventional laboratory rats of Wistar line are contaminated with bacterial flora. The predominating bacteria in the intestine were the rod-like forms, while in the mouth cavity and vagina predominated the coccal forms. The contamination level of the cavities and penetration of the contaminants into the internal organs depended on the state of the host natural resistance.", "PMID": 1020946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2965", "title": "[Cytochemical and ultrastructural study of oocyte development of the crab Eriocheir sinensis. II. Oogenesis after removal of the eyestalk].", "content": "The effect produced by an eyestalk removal have been studied on Eriocheir females at different physiological stages. In juvenile and prepuberal crabs, the operation induces an important rise of the oocyte diameter. Only a few variations are observed in puberal females oocytes. Cytological changes are found at first at the nucleolar level. The granular area increases and the nucleolar vacuoles volume decreases. Then the granules (precursor material to endogenous yolk) disappear in the reticulum cisternae. At this time, the endogenous yolk seems essentially elaborated within yolk lobules. The envelope of these lobules is enhanced by ribosomes. In juvenile females (oocytes initially in previtellogenesis) exogenous yolk does not appear. Nevertheless in prepuberal females, following eyestalks deprivation, the oocytes, initially at the endogenous vitellogenesis stage, quickly reach the vitellogenesis second stage. In such oocytes, the microvilli development and pinocytose vesicles number are greater than normally. Cytochemical tests reactions do not demonstrate differences in the yolk material (endogenous and exogenous) nature from experimented oocytes and controls. In juvenile and prepuberal oocytes, the multivesicular bodies and lysosomes proliferation, the increase in glycogen and lipids amount express a metabolic disturbance resulting from an acceleration of growth processes. However in eyestalk-less prepuberal females no difference with the control oocytes was noticed.", "contents": "[Cytochemical and ultrastructural study of oocyte development of the crab Eriocheir sinensis. II. Oogenesis after removal of the eyestalk]. The effect produced by an eyestalk removal have been studied on Eriocheir females at different physiological stages. In juvenile and prepuberal crabs, the operation induces an important rise of the oocyte diameter. Only a few variations are observed in puberal females oocytes. Cytological changes are found at first at the nucleolar level. The granular area increases and the nucleolar vacuoles volume decreases. Then the granules (precursor material to endogenous yolk) disappear in the reticulum cisternae. At this time, the endogenous yolk seems essentially elaborated within yolk lobules. The envelope of these lobules is enhanced by ribosomes. In juvenile females (oocytes initially in previtellogenesis) exogenous yolk does not appear. Nevertheless in prepuberal females, following eyestalks deprivation, the oocytes, initially at the endogenous vitellogenesis stage, quickly reach the vitellogenesis second stage. In such oocytes, the microvilli development and pinocytose vesicles number are greater than normally. Cytochemical tests reactions do not demonstrate differences in the yolk material (endogenous and exogenous) nature from experimented oocytes and controls. In juvenile and prepuberal oocytes, the multivesicular bodies and lysosomes proliferation, the increase in glycogen and lipids amount express a metabolic disturbance resulting from an acceleration of growth processes. However in eyestalk-less prepuberal females no difference with the control oocytes was noticed.", "PMID": 1020948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2966", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the proliferation of astrocytes and microglia].", "content": "Glial cell proliferation was studied during axonal reaction of hypoglossal nerve, and around stab wound in the brain cortex of the rat. The cytoplasm and chromosomes of astroglial mitoses were pale. Lipid droplets, few sparse dense bodies with heterogenous structure were present in the cytoplasm. The mitotic astrocytes had irregular outlines. The ultrastructure of \"light microglial\" cells was described; it was found that these cells divided and gave rise to microglial cells. The cytoplasm and the chromosomes of microglial mitoses were dense; the cytoplasm contained always groups of dense bodies and lipfuscine granules. The outlines of mitotic microglial cells were more regular.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the proliferation of astrocytes and microglia]. Glial cell proliferation was studied during axonal reaction of hypoglossal nerve, and around stab wound in the brain cortex of the rat. The cytoplasm and chromosomes of astroglial mitoses were pale. Lipid droplets, few sparse dense bodies with heterogenous structure were present in the cytoplasm. The mitotic astrocytes had irregular outlines. The ultrastructure of \"light microglial\" cells was described; it was found that these cells divided and gave rise to microglial cells. The cytoplasm and the chromosomes of microglial mitoses were dense; the cytoplasm contained always groups of dense bodies and lipfuscine granules. The outlines of mitotic microglial cells were more regular.", "PMID": 1020949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2967", "title": "[Contribution of somite cells to the development of posterior limb buds in mice].", "content": "1. The structural changes accompanying the early genesis of the mouse hindlimb bud have been studied in serial Epon thick sections at five successive somitic stages collected during the 10th developmental day. 2. As soon as the 14-somite stage, increased proliferative activities occurring in a limited area of the embryonic somatopleure close to the caudal end of the coelomic cavity point out the onset of limb morphogenesis. From its very beginning on, up to its ceasing at the 27-somite stage, the somatopleural proliferation is more active in the caudal part of the prospective limb territory and in the whole area, it appears stronger ventrally than dorsally. 3. Discrete structural changes occur during this period in the mesoderm interposed between the hindlimb bud territory and the overlying unsegmented sheet of somitic mesoderm, in relation with the genesis of the mesonephritic constituents and of the posterior cardinal vein. A detailed analysis of this area in serial sections reveals that the unsegmented somitic mesoderm does not provide any cell to the limb bud mesoderm. 4. As soon as the somitic mesoderm becomes organized into segmented somites, obvious histological changes located on the lateral aspect of the ventro-lateral somitic edge reveal that numerous undifferentiated somitic cells invade the proximal area of the limb bud mesoderm. Starting at the 27-somite stage in the first two metameres adjacent to the precordonal portion of the limb bud, this processus extends to the five somites of the limb territory at the 33-somite stage. In each metamere, the area of cell migration takes place near the caudal border of the somite and, from one somite to the other, the number of migrating cells increases in a cephalo-caudal direction. No sign of a similar cell migration was observed in the somites located cranially or caudally to the hindlimb bud. 5. The results are discussed in relation with the various experimental and descriptive evidences obtained in non-mammalian Vertebrates about the contribution of the somites to limb morphogenesis and about the factors involved in the onset of cell proliferation in the prospective limb mesoderm.", "contents": "[Contribution of somite cells to the development of posterior limb buds in mice]. 1. The structural changes accompanying the early genesis of the mouse hindlimb bud have been studied in serial Epon thick sections at five successive somitic stages collected during the 10th developmental day. 2. As soon as the 14-somite stage, increased proliferative activities occurring in a limited area of the embryonic somatopleure close to the caudal end of the coelomic cavity point out the onset of limb morphogenesis. From its very beginning on, up to its ceasing at the 27-somite stage, the somatopleural proliferation is more active in the caudal part of the prospective limb territory and in the whole area, it appears stronger ventrally than dorsally. 3. Discrete structural changes occur during this period in the mesoderm interposed between the hindlimb bud territory and the overlying unsegmented sheet of somitic mesoderm, in relation with the genesis of the mesonephritic constituents and of the posterior cardinal vein. A detailed analysis of this area in serial sections reveals that the unsegmented somitic mesoderm does not provide any cell to the limb bud mesoderm. 4. As soon as the somitic mesoderm becomes organized into segmented somites, obvious histological changes located on the lateral aspect of the ventro-lateral somitic edge reveal that numerous undifferentiated somitic cells invade the proximal area of the limb bud mesoderm. Starting at the 27-somite stage in the first two metameres adjacent to the precordonal portion of the limb bud, this processus extends to the five somites of the limb territory at the 33-somite stage. In each metamere, the area of cell migration takes place near the caudal border of the somite and, from one somite to the other, the number of migrating cells increases in a cephalo-caudal direction. No sign of a similar cell migration was observed in the somites located cranially or caudally to the hindlimb bud. 5. The results are discussed in relation with the various experimental and descriptive evidences obtained in non-mammalian Vertebrates about the contribution of the somites to limb morphogenesis and about the factors involved in the onset of cell proliferation in the prospective limb mesoderm.", "PMID": 1020950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2968", "title": "[Ultrastructural aspects of the migration of somite cells to the posterior limb buds of mice].", "content": "Migrating cells originating selectively in the ventral lateral edge of the somites adjacent to the mouse hindlimb bud have been studied in transverse sections by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Collected during the 10th and 11th gestational days, the embryos have been classified according to the number of metameres. As soon as the 28 somite stage, discrete cytological modifications occur in a limited caudal area of the ventro-lateral somitic edge. Loosing the typical epithelial arrangement characteristic of the dermatome cells, these ventral cells show large areas  of close contact between their plasma membrane and a superficial microfilamentous material accumulates in the contact areas. At the 33 somite stage, the same groups of cells elongate and form long cellular trails invading the proximal area of the limb bud mesoderm. The migrating cells become polarized along the migrating axis and they retain large and smooth intercellular contacts with each other. Very selective ultrastructural features of the migrating somitic cells can be interpreted in relation to their cinetic activity or to their early myogenic differentiation. In addition to their mutual superficial relationships, the migrating cells are characterized by the presence of numerous oriented microtubules, of a high number of active mitochondria, of an abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum and of an hypertrophied Golgi apparatus regularly located near the nucleus in the \"trailing\" edge of the cells. Several dense granules with a diameter of 8 nm are present in the mitochondrial matrix. The extensive Golgi apparatus is associated to numerous thick walled vesicles, which increase from 60 to 150 nm in diameter as they become closer and closer to the plasma membrane. These vesicles are absent in the mesodermal cells of somatopleural origin; their presence in the migrating somitic cells is probably related to an early myogenic differentiation. The observation made near the distal end of the somitic cellular trails suggests that the more distal somitic cells rapidly loose their ultrastructural particularities as soon as they are dispersed in the limb bud mesoderm; this aspect of the processus, however, requires the study of later developmental stages. Other observations made in the same material bring some precisions to the ecto-mesodermal relationships which are established in the apical area of the limb bud. Scanning electron microscopic observations of thick sections reveal that the outer mesodermal cells of this area send numerous filopodia which make contact with the basement membrane underlying the apical ectodermal ridge.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural aspects of the migration of somite cells to the posterior limb buds of mice]. Migrating cells originating selectively in the ventral lateral edge of the somites adjacent to the mouse hindlimb bud have been studied in transverse sections by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Collected during the 10th and 11th gestational days, the embryos have been classified according to the number of metameres. As soon as the 28 somite stage, discrete cytological modifications occur in a limited caudal area of the ventro-lateral somitic edge. Loosing the typical epithelial arrangement characteristic of the dermatome cells, these ventral cells show large areas  of close contact between their plasma membrane and a superficial microfilamentous material accumulates in the contact areas. At the 33 somite stage, the same groups of cells elongate and form long cellular trails invading the proximal area of the limb bud mesoderm. The migrating cells become polarized along the migrating axis and they retain large and smooth intercellular contacts with each other. Very selective ultrastructural features of the migrating somitic cells can be interpreted in relation to their cinetic activity or to their early myogenic differentiation. In addition to their mutual superficial relationships, the migrating cells are characterized by the presence of numerous oriented microtubules, of a high number of active mitochondria, of an abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum and of an hypertrophied Golgi apparatus regularly located near the nucleus in the \"trailing\" edge of the cells. Several dense granules with a diameter of 8 nm are present in the mitochondrial matrix. The extensive Golgi apparatus is associated to numerous thick walled vesicles, which increase from 60 to 150 nm in diameter as they become closer and closer to the plasma membrane. These vesicles are absent in the mesodermal cells of somatopleural origin; their presence in the migrating somitic cells is probably related to an early myogenic differentiation. The observation made near the distal end of the somitic cellular trails suggests that the more distal somitic cells rapidly loose their ultrastructural particularities as soon as they are dispersed in the limb bud mesoderm; this aspect of the processus, however, requires the study of later developmental stages. Other observations made in the same material bring some precisions to the ecto-mesodermal relationships which are established in the apical area of the limb bud. Scanning electron microscopic observations of thick sections reveal that the outer mesodermal cells of this area send numerous filopodia which make contact with the basement membrane underlying the apical ectodermal ridge.", "PMID": 1020951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2969", "title": "[The effect of boric acid on the development of chick embryos treated at an early stage: preliminary results].", "content": "10 mul of a 2% boric acid solution are injected in chick embryos at 28 hours of incubation. The nervous system is always affected in its anterior and middle region, with exencephaly and reduction in size of the neural tube. Microphtalmy is frequent. The posterior limbs can be likewise altered, leading sometimes to symelia. The histological study shows furthermore that the notochord is locally hypertrophic or missing, at the same level where the nervous system is altered.", "contents": "[The effect of boric acid on the development of chick embryos treated at an early stage: preliminary results]. 10 mul of a 2% boric acid solution are injected in chick embryos at 28 hours of incubation. The nervous system is always affected in its anterior and middle region, with exencephaly and reduction in size of the neural tube. Microphtalmy is frequent. The posterior limbs can be likewise altered, leading sometimes to symelia. The histological study shows furthermore that the notochord is locally hypertrophic or missing, at the same level where the nervous system is altered.", "PMID": 1020952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2970", "title": "Histoenzymology of the pineal gland: an optical and electron microscope study.", "content": "The activity of some dehydrogenases is investigated in the rat's pineal gland of normal or sympathectomized animals with optical and electron microscopy. Comparison is made between the concordances and, particularly, the differences observed with the two methods.", "contents": "Histoenzymology of the pineal gland: an optical and electron microscope study. The activity of some dehydrogenases is investigated in the rat's pineal gland of normal or sympathectomized animals with optical and electron microscopy. Comparison is made between the concordances and, particularly, the differences observed with the two methods.", "PMID": 1020953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2971", "title": "[Vaccines and anti-rubella immunity (author's transl)].", "content": "The teratogenic effect of maternal rubella virus infection upon the offspring is well established. The present article deals with the problem of susceptibility to rubella infection among women in prepubertal and postpubertal age. The sieropositivity values in female populations from different italian areas are reported. The different types of vaccines for rubella and the preparation techniques are reviewed, and the immunity either induced by natural virus infection or acquired through vaccination is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that it is useful to offer rubella vaccine to girls and that, as far as it is known at present, the vaccine RA 27/3 is the most reliable.", "contents": "[Vaccines and anti-rubella immunity (author's transl)]. The teratogenic effect of maternal rubella virus infection upon the offspring is well established. The present article deals with the problem of susceptibility to rubella infection among women in prepubertal and postpubertal age. The sieropositivity values in female populations from different italian areas are reported. The different types of vaccines for rubella and the preparation techniques are reviewed, and the immunity either induced by natural virus infection or acquired through vaccination is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that it is useful to offer rubella vaccine to girls and that, as far as it is known at present, the vaccine RA 27/3 is the most reliable.", "PMID": 1020961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2972", "title": "[On the presence of the antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus in a sample of population].", "content": "Tth  acquistion of serological techniques, as the HA-induced reaction, which can be employed on a large scale, its practical realization, the repeating of its results, has made easy the epidemiological serological research and the knowledge of the state of immunity of the population against diphtheria and tetanus. The Authors, supported by validity of the results achieved, at least in epidmiological field, wanted to estimate the presence and the title of the antidiphtheria and anti-tetanus antibodies in a sample of population living in our area, to know the factors of risk at different age. The results obtained have demonstrate as follows: in the group of the subjects ageing from 11 to 20, the 48,6% have been protective antibodies against the diphtheria and the 29,8% against the tetanus. Among the subjects, who have been surely vaccinated for 10 years at least with on or more doses of vaccine, the Authors have found a largest number of immune subjects; in the group of the subjects ageing from 21 to 30 the percentage of seropositive subjects is analogus to that one of the former group. In the male subjects, the Authors have found a higher percentage of immunity than in the female subjects, because the largest number of the former group had done their military service; the Authors have, also, observed that those subjects who are more than 31 years old, persent a decline in numbers and in percentage of those who have antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus. The Authors, on the basis of the achieved results, express their opinion about the epidemiological and of the immunity situation, and point out the deficiencies, which, in their opinion, still constant trickle of cases.", "contents": "[On the presence of the antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus in a sample of population]. Tth  acquistion of serological techniques, as the HA-induced reaction, which can be employed on a large scale, its practical realization, the repeating of its results, has made easy the epidemiological serological research and the knowledge of the state of immunity of the population against diphtheria and tetanus. The Authors, supported by validity of the results achieved, at least in epidmiological field, wanted to estimate the presence and the title of the antidiphtheria and anti-tetanus antibodies in a sample of population living in our area, to know the factors of risk at different age. The results obtained have demonstrate as follows: in the group of the subjects ageing from 11 to 20, the 48,6% have been protective antibodies against the diphtheria and the 29,8% against the tetanus. Among the subjects, who have been surely vaccinated for 10 years at least with on or more doses of vaccine, the Authors have found a largest number of immune subjects; in the group of the subjects ageing from 21 to 30 the percentage of seropositive subjects is analogus to that one of the former group. In the male subjects, the Authors have found a higher percentage of immunity than in the female subjects, because the largest number of the former group had done their military service; the Authors have, also, observed that those subjects who are more than 31 years old, persent a decline in numbers and in percentage of those who have antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus. The Authors, on the basis of the achieved results, express their opinion about the epidemiological and of the immunity situation, and point out the deficiencies, which, in their opinion, still constant trickle of cases.", "PMID": 1020962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2973", "title": "[Inquiring of the microorganisms of the tribe Mimeae in subjects with acute respiratory affections (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of the germs appartening to the tribe of Mimeae yolited during acute respiratory affections was studied. The isolement of M. polymorpha and of H. vaginicola results positive in the 15% of the subjects examined and particularly during acute laringo-tracheobronchitis and hyperpyretical bronchopneumonitis. The pathogen function expliqued by Mimeae during the affections of respiratory system is important over all in regard of annexed therapeutical problems.", "contents": "[Inquiring of the microorganisms of the tribe Mimeae in subjects with acute respiratory affections (author's transl)]. The incidence of the germs appartening to the tribe of Mimeae yolited during acute respiratory affections was studied. The isolement of M. polymorpha and of H. vaginicola results positive in the 15% of the subjects examined and particularly during acute laringo-tracheobronchitis and hyperpyretical bronchopneumonitis. The pathogen function expliqued by Mimeae during the affections of respiratory system is important over all in regard of annexed therapeutical problems.", "PMID": 1020965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2974", "title": "[Syndrome of the \"Lamblia intestinalis\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors related the physiopathologic remarks executed on subjects that are suffering from Lambia intestinalis. They have been chisen in a group of 226 individuals who had executed the coprologic test because of symptoms of gastroenteric apparatus. With the escort of this observation, the Authors have findings, as constant report, a typical enteritis, that reveals itself in periodical diarrhoea, alternated with constipation and often accompanied, in the children, with gastralgia, in the grown ups with duodenitis. The constancy of these reports and the therapeutical succes, whic the have been achieved in the most of the cases with antilambliasi, induce them to have reasonable motives to attribute to the Lamblia a definite pathogenus entity and to regard it an etiologic element of the above-mentioned unhelty courses.", "contents": "[Syndrome of the \"Lamblia intestinalis\" (author's transl)]. The Authors related the physiopathologic remarks executed on subjects that are suffering from Lambia intestinalis. They have been chisen in a group of 226 individuals who had executed the coprologic test because of symptoms of gastroenteric apparatus. With the escort of this observation, the Authors have findings, as constant report, a typical enteritis, that reveals itself in periodical diarrhoea, alternated with constipation and often accompanied, in the children, with gastralgia, in the grown ups with duodenitis. The constancy of these reports and the therapeutical succes, whic the have been achieved in the most of the cases with antilambliasi, induce them to have reasonable motives to attribute to the Lamblia a definite pathogenus entity and to regard it an etiologic element of the above-mentioned unhelty courses.", "PMID": 1020963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2975", "title": "Callosal transfer of impulses originating from superficial and deep nerves of the cat forelimb.", "content": "1. Experiments were performed in 18 chloralose-anaesthetized, curarized cats in order to study the callosal transfer of somatic information originated in exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors. Several cutaneous and deep nerves of the forelimb were prepared and stimulated with graded intensities, so as to activate selectively afferent fibres pertaining to the different groups of Lloyd's classification. Simultaneous records were taken (and averaged on-line by means of a multichannel analyzer) from the distal end of a cut dorsal rootlet (C7-C8), from the cerebral cortex (SI, SII or area 3a, according to the experiment) and from the somesthetic callosal region (SCR). 2. The low-threshold afferent fibres (Group II) of cutaneous origin were found to have a wide projection to the SCR, with the maximal density in its middle portion. Some of the fastest corticocallosal impulses are relayed monosynaptically at cortical level. Plots of the amplitude of cortical and callosal responses as a function of stimulus strength showed that both central responses have the same threshold and exhibit a parallel, sharply-rising amplitude increase, thus suggesting that the cortico-callosal re-transmission system for afferent impulses of cutaneous origin is very powerful in nature. Impulses elicited in afferent fibres of higher threshold (Group III) do not enhance the cortical and callosal positive waves provoked by Group II afferent volleys. 3. Afferent fibres of deep origin were also found to send a wide projection to the SCR, although less substantial than that of cutaneous fibres. Stimulation of the deep radial nerve elicited mass responses in the whole SCR, provided the strength of stimuli was high enough to engage the Group II fibres. Only in the central portion of the SCR were small potentials recorded in response to pure Group I volleys of DRN. Experiments performed with selective stimulation of pure muscular branches of forelimb deep nerves as well as of articular and mixed (muscular and articular) branches gave evidence making it possible to ascertain the origin of deep afferent fibres projecting to the SCR. Stimulation of the forelimb muscular branches with strength provoking full activation of Group I afferent and additional engagement of those of Group II, did not provoke mass responses in the whole extent of the SCR. In order to obtain callosal potentials upon stimulation of pure muscular nerves, it was necessary to increase the stimulus strength at or above the threshold for Group III fibres. On the contrary, the same callosal foci unresponsive to Group I and II muscular afferent volleys exhibited clear-cut responses to stimulation of the lowest-threshold Group I and/or Group II afferents of articular and mixed nerves. From the results it might be inferred that only proprioceptive information originating from articular receptors and from extrafusal muscular afferents has access to the callosal interhemispheric transfer.", "contents": "Callosal transfer of impulses originating from superficial and deep nerves of the cat forelimb. 1. Experiments were performed in 18 chloralose-anaesthetized, curarized cats in order to study the callosal transfer of somatic information originated in exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors. Several cutaneous and deep nerves of the forelimb were prepared and stimulated with graded intensities, so as to activate selectively afferent fibres pertaining to the different groups of Lloyd's classification. Simultaneous records were taken (and averaged on-line by means of a multichannel analyzer) from the distal end of a cut dorsal rootlet (C7-C8), from the cerebral cortex (SI, SII or area 3a, according to the experiment) and from the somesthetic callosal region (SCR). 2. The low-threshold afferent fibres (Group II) of cutaneous origin were found to have a wide projection to the SCR, with the maximal density in its middle portion. Some of the fastest corticocallosal impulses are relayed monosynaptically at cortical level. Plots of the amplitude of cortical and callosal responses as a function of stimulus strength showed that both central responses have the same threshold and exhibit a parallel, sharply-rising amplitude increase, thus suggesting that the cortico-callosal re-transmission system for afferent impulses of cutaneous origin is very powerful in nature. Impulses elicited in afferent fibres of higher threshold (Group III) do not enhance the cortical and callosal positive waves provoked by Group II afferent volleys. 3. Afferent fibres of deep origin were also found to send a wide projection to the SCR, although less substantial than that of cutaneous fibres. Stimulation of the deep radial nerve elicited mass responses in the whole SCR, provided the strength of stimuli was high enough to engage the Group II fibres. Only in the central portion of the SCR were small potentials recorded in response to pure Group I volleys of DRN. Experiments performed with selective stimulation of pure muscular branches of forelimb deep nerves as well as of articular and mixed (muscular and articular) branches gave evidence making it possible to ascertain the origin of deep afferent fibres projecting to the SCR. Stimulation of the forelimb muscular branches with strength provoking full activation of Group I afferent and additional engagement of those of Group II, did not provoke mass responses in the whole extent of the SCR. In order to obtain callosal potentials upon stimulation of pure muscular nerves, it was necessary to increase the stimulus strength at or above the threshold for Group III fibres. On the contrary, the same callosal foci unresponsive to Group I and II muscular afferent volleys exhibited clear-cut responses to stimulation of the lowest-threshold Group I and/or Group II afferents of articular and mixed nerves. From the results it might be inferred that only proprioceptive information originating from articular receptors and from extrafusal muscular afferents has access to the callosal interhemispheric transfer.", "PMID": 1020974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2976", "title": "[Observations on the sensibility of many chemical antibodies on the blocks of the Mimeae isolated during the acute respiratory affections (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. studied the sensibility of 7 stocks of Mimeae isolated from subjects with acute respiratory affections against numerous chemical antibodies. The observed that the examined stocks were sensibility resistent to usual antibiotic employed but with a great variability of antwort among the single stocks.", "contents": "[Observations on the sensibility of many chemical antibodies on the blocks of the Mimeae isolated during the acute respiratory affections (author's transl)]. The AA. studied the sensibility of 7 stocks of Mimeae isolated from subjects with acute respiratory affections against numerous chemical antibodies. The observed that the examined stocks were sensibility resistent to usual antibiotic employed but with a great variability of antwort among the single stocks.", "PMID": 1020966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2977", "title": "Somatotopic localization of the eye muscle afferents in the semilunar ganglion.", "content": "In the medial dorsolateral portion of the semilunar ganglion of curarized and anaesthetized lambs a cellular pool has been identified which contains the perikarya of the first-order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Responses to moderate manual stretch of individual eye muscles were recorded by means of tungsten microelectrodes, from single units of the ganglion. They were of the type induced by muscle spindle excitation. Such responses showed a somatotopic localization. The superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles were represented in the most dorsal layers of the ganglion, while the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscles projected on the most ventral portion of the pool. The medial and the lateral recti were represented in the medial and lateral parts and occasionally wedged themselves between the cells innervating the superior and the inferior muscles. Thus a somatotopic arrangement of the eye muscle proprioception has been demonstrated for the first time in the semilunar ganglion.", "contents": "Somatotopic localization of the eye muscle afferents in the semilunar ganglion. In the medial dorsolateral portion of the semilunar ganglion of curarized and anaesthetized lambs a cellular pool has been identified which contains the perikarya of the first-order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Responses to moderate manual stretch of individual eye muscles were recorded by means of tungsten microelectrodes, from single units of the ganglion. They were of the type induced by muscle spindle excitation. Such responses showed a somatotopic localization. The superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles were represented in the most dorsal layers of the ganglion, while the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscles projected on the most ventral portion of the pool. The medial and the lateral recti were represented in the medial and lateral parts and occasionally wedged themselves between the cells innervating the superior and the inferior muscles. Thus a somatotopic arrangement of the eye muscle proprioception has been demonstrated for the first time in the semilunar ganglion.", "PMID": 1020975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2978", "title": "[Biology of the \"Salmonella wien\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors after a theoric introduction in regard to the taxonomic position, the history and the epidemiology of the Salmonella wien, explain the biologic characteristic of the bacterium according to results of their experiments.", "contents": "[Biology of the \"Salmonella wien\" (author's transl)]. The Authors after a theoric introduction in regard to the taxonomic position, the history and the epidemiology of the Salmonella wien, explain the biologic characteristic of the bacterium according to results of their experiments.", "PMID": 1020968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2979", "title": "Crossed inhibition as revealed by cross-correlogram between bilateral homonymous motor unit spikes in man.", "content": "Neuromuscular unit (NMU) spikes activated during the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) in man were studied by means of the cross-correlogram test. Those NMUs which preferredly fired at some definite interval with good correlation with vibration were called \"locked\" spikes. The amount above zero correlation level seen in the cross-correlogram was expressed as ipsilateral \"excitatory frequency\", Ef. TVR contraction of the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris muscle was stimulated by voluntary contraction of the contralateral quadriceps femoris. I. Cross-correlogram test of the contralateral voluntary NMU spikes with ipsilateral vibration revealed \"contralateral inhibitory modulation\". Such inhibitory modulation was observed in 24% of the contralateral NMUs during voluntary tracking contraction with visual feed-back and in 22% of NMUs during blind simulated contraction without visual feed-back. The \"subtracted\" amount, i.e., contralateral inhibitory modulation, was also expressed as the contralateral \"inhibitory frequency\", If, which was calculated from the indentations of the cross-correlogram. 2. When varied vibratory frequency was applied to the muscle both Ef and If attained their maximum value around an \"optimal frequency\" of vibration, i.e., 80-95 HZ. 3. The ratio Ef/If was proposed as the reciprocal co-activation ratio which was fairly independent of the change of vibratory frequency. An average value of Ef/If ratio was calculated at 2.2 +/- 0.9 from 19 experiments.", "contents": "Crossed inhibition as revealed by cross-correlogram between bilateral homonymous motor unit spikes in man. Neuromuscular unit (NMU) spikes activated during the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) in man were studied by means of the cross-correlogram test. Those NMUs which preferredly fired at some definite interval with good correlation with vibration were called \"locked\" spikes. The amount above zero correlation level seen in the cross-correlogram was expressed as ipsilateral \"excitatory frequency\", Ef. TVR contraction of the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris muscle was stimulated by voluntary contraction of the contralateral quadriceps femoris. I. Cross-correlogram test of the contralateral voluntary NMU spikes with ipsilateral vibration revealed \"contralateral inhibitory modulation\". Such inhibitory modulation was observed in 24% of the contralateral NMUs during voluntary tracking contraction with visual feed-back and in 22% of NMUs during blind simulated contraction without visual feed-back. The \"subtracted\" amount, i.e., contralateral inhibitory modulation, was also expressed as the contralateral \"inhibitory frequency\", If, which was calculated from the indentations of the cross-correlogram. 2. When varied vibratory frequency was applied to the muscle both Ef and If attained their maximum value around an \"optimal frequency\" of vibration, i.e., 80-95 HZ. 3. The ratio Ef/If was proposed as the reciprocal co-activation ratio which was fairly independent of the change of vibratory frequency. An average value of Ef/If ratio was calculated at 2.2 +/- 0.9 from 19 experiments.", "PMID": 1020976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2980", "title": "[Antibody response in humans to A/New Jersey/76 influenza vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "74 adults 25 to 50 years old have been immunized with a sigle dose of three different influenza vaccines, namely: 1. Bivalent A and B (A/Victoria/75 600 IU; B/Hong Kong/73 300 IU); 2. Monovalent A/New Jersey/76 400 IU, and 3. Trivalent (A/Victoria/75 300 IU; B/Hong Kong/73 300 IU; A/New Jersey/76 300 IU). Reactions were insignificant or trivial. One month later antibody content was measured in the blood and satisfactory reponses were observed in bivalent and monovalent vaccines treated groups. Less satisfactory reponse was observed in the trivalent vaccine group, probably according to the lesser antigenic content in A/Victoria and A/New Jersey strains.", "contents": "[Antibody response in humans to A/New Jersey/76 influenza vaccine (author's transl)]. 74 adults 25 to 50 years old have been immunized with a sigle dose of three different influenza vaccines, namely: 1. Bivalent A and B (A/Victoria/75 600 IU; B/Hong Kong/73 300 IU); 2. Monovalent A/New Jersey/76 400 IU, and 3. Trivalent (A/Victoria/75 300 IU; B/Hong Kong/73 300 IU; A/New Jersey/76 300 IU). Reactions were insignificant or trivial. One month later antibody content was measured in the blood and satisfactory reponses were observed in bivalent and monovalent vaccines treated groups. Less satisfactory reponse was observed in the trivalent vaccine group, probably according to the lesser antigenic content in A/Victoria and A/New Jersey strains.", "PMID": 1020964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2981", "title": "[Erythromycin: serum and urine levels following rectal administration (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum and urine levels obtained form administration of Erythromycin are generally good and the antibiotic is absorbed in a similar way; this happens also for the other ways of administration. We have noticed a variability in the absorption of antibiotic as the different components present in the suppositories administered.", "contents": "[Erythromycin: serum and urine levels following rectal administration (author's transl)]. The serum and urine levels obtained form administration of Erythromycin are generally good and the antibiotic is absorbed in a similar way; this happens also for the other ways of administration. We have noticed a variability in the absorption of antibiotic as the different components present in the suppositories administered.", "PMID": 1020971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2982", "title": "[Observations of reactions after smallpox vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author has practised the vaccination against smallpox in two groups of children; one with dried-vaccine, the other with calf-vaccine. He describes the reactions after smallpox vaccination.", "contents": "[Observations of reactions after smallpox vaccination (author's transl)]. The Author has practised the vaccination against smallpox in two groups of children; one with dried-vaccine, the other with calf-vaccine. He describes the reactions after smallpox vaccination.", "PMID": 1020967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2983", "title": "[A simplified micromethod for the measurement of leukocyte chemotaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "A new in vitro micromethod for the assessment of chemotaxis, based on the measurement of glass-adhering phagocyte migration through a cellulose membrane filter in a standard tissue culture chamber, is described. This technically simple method, which requires only small volumes of whole blood and produces reliable results, may be of promising clinical usefulness for the study of the several disease states related to abnormalities of chemotaxis.", "contents": "[A simplified micromethod for the measurement of leukocyte chemotaxis (author's transl)]. A new in vitro micromethod for the assessment of chemotaxis, based on the measurement of glass-adhering phagocyte migration through a cellulose membrane filter in a standard tissue culture chamber, is described. This technically simple method, which requires only small volumes of whole blood and produces reliable results, may be of promising clinical usefulness for the study of the several disease states related to abnormalities of chemotaxis.", "PMID": 1020969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2984", "title": "Tonic inhibition of dorsal pontine neurons during the postural atonia produced by an anticholinesterase in the decerebrate cat.", "content": "1. Experiments performed in precollicular decerebrate cats indicate that neurons located in the caudal part of the locus coeruleus and locus subcoeruleus as well as in the surrounding reticular formation were greatly depressed during the cataplectic episodes induced by i.v. injection of 0.1 mg/kg of eserine sulphate. 2. These units actually showed a slow regular firing rate when the rigidity was present. Moreover their firing rate greatly decreased during the episodes of postural atonia produced by the anticholinesterase. In some instances a complete abolition of firing occurred during these episodes. The depression of unit discharge anticipated the onset of postural atonia and lasted throughout the episodes. 3. Some of the neurons described above responded with steady changes in their discharge rate to natural stimulation of macular labyrinthine receptors during postural rigidity. However, the response of these neurons to lateral tilts was suppressed during the episodes of postural atonia induced by the anticholinesterase, This and other arguments suggested that these units were tonically inhibited during the induced cataplectic episodes. 4. The time course of the rate deceleration shown by these neurons during transition from postural rigidity to muscular atonia represents a mirror image of the rate acceleration which affects most of the pontine reticular neurons located in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) during the induced cataplectic episodes. These reciprocal rate relations suggest that a functional interaction exists between the two cell groups. In particular it is postulated that the pontine FTG neurons are self-excitatory and excitatory to the locus coeruleus neurons, while the last neurons may be self-inhibitory and inhibitory to FTG neurons. These findings can be related to previous observations showing that neurons located in the region of locus coeruleus undergo a rate deceleration during desynchronized sleep which mimics the time course of firing to the pontine reticular neurons. 5. In conclusion it appears that the decerebrate rigidity is present in so far as the cholinergic reticular neurons, which trigger the bulbospinal inhibitory system, are tonically inhibited by neurons located in the monoaminergic structures of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. On the other hand the suppression of the decerebrate rigidity ,which occurs during the cholinergically induced cataplectic episodes results from activation of the cholinergic reticular neurons, which escape tonic inhibition from monoaminergic structures.", "contents": "Tonic inhibition of dorsal pontine neurons during the postural atonia produced by an anticholinesterase in the decerebrate cat. 1. Experiments performed in precollicular decerebrate cats indicate that neurons located in the caudal part of the locus coeruleus and locus subcoeruleus as well as in the surrounding reticular formation were greatly depressed during the cataplectic episodes induced by i.v. injection of 0.1 mg/kg of eserine sulphate. 2. These units actually showed a slow regular firing rate when the rigidity was present. Moreover their firing rate greatly decreased during the episodes of postural atonia produced by the anticholinesterase. In some instances a complete abolition of firing occurred during these episodes. The depression of unit discharge anticipated the onset of postural atonia and lasted throughout the episodes. 3. Some of the neurons described above responded with steady changes in their discharge rate to natural stimulation of macular labyrinthine receptors during postural rigidity. However, the response of these neurons to lateral tilts was suppressed during the episodes of postural atonia induced by the anticholinesterase, This and other arguments suggested that these units were tonically inhibited during the induced cataplectic episodes. 4. The time course of the rate deceleration shown by these neurons during transition from postural rigidity to muscular atonia represents a mirror image of the rate acceleration which affects most of the pontine reticular neurons located in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) during the induced cataplectic episodes. These reciprocal rate relations suggest that a functional interaction exists between the two cell groups. In particular it is postulated that the pontine FTG neurons are self-excitatory and excitatory to the locus coeruleus neurons, while the last neurons may be self-inhibitory and inhibitory to FTG neurons. These findings can be related to previous observations showing that neurons located in the region of locus coeruleus undergo a rate deceleration during desynchronized sleep which mimics the time course of firing to the pontine reticular neurons. 5. In conclusion it appears that the decerebrate rigidity is present in so far as the cholinergic reticular neurons, which trigger the bulbospinal inhibitory system, are tonically inhibited by neurons located in the monoaminergic structures of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. On the other hand the suppression of the decerebrate rigidity ,which occurs during the cholinergically induced cataplectic episodes results from activation of the cholinergic reticular neurons, which escape tonic inhibition from monoaminergic structures.", "PMID": 1020977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2985", "title": "Relations of single semicircular canals to the pontine reticular formation.", "content": "The effects of afferent vestibular impulses on single pontine reticular formation units and on a small filament of the IIIrd cranial nerve were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes in 40 curarized guinea pigs. Single-shock and repetitive electrical stimulations were applied by means of stimulating electrodes inserted bilaterally into the perilymphatic space of single ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals. The reticular unitary response consisted mainly in excitation of the resting discharge rate: most units showed vestibular convergence being affected by separate stimulation of the single four ampullae. the reticular evoked field and unitary potentials accounted for latency values ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 msec. As for the early latencies they can be interpreted as responses mediated by direct vestibulo-reticular fibres. A delimited vestibular projection field in the parameidan pontine reticular formation was not identified.", "contents": "Relations of single semicircular canals to the pontine reticular formation. The effects of afferent vestibular impulses on single pontine reticular formation units and on a small filament of the IIIrd cranial nerve were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes in 40 curarized guinea pigs. Single-shock and repetitive electrical stimulations were applied by means of stimulating electrodes inserted bilaterally into the perilymphatic space of single ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals. The reticular unitary response consisted mainly in excitation of the resting discharge rate: most units showed vestibular convergence being affected by separate stimulation of the single four ampullae. the reticular evoked field and unitary potentials accounted for latency values ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 msec. As for the early latencies they can be interpreted as responses mediated by direct vestibulo-reticular fibres. A delimited vestibular projection field in the parameidan pontine reticular formation was not identified.", "PMID": 1020978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2986", "title": "[The anti-tetanus serumprophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The antitoxin titre against tetanus toxin has been evaluated in wounded subjects before and 24 after anti-tetanus serumprophylaxis by passive haemagglutination. Treatment with digested heterologous antiserum (3000-6000 I.U.) or with human hyperimmune immunoglobulins does not modify preexisting antitoxin titre. Serum negative subjects remain as such.", "contents": "[The anti-tetanus serumprophylaxis (author's transl)]. The antitoxin titre against tetanus toxin has been evaluated in wounded subjects before and 24 after anti-tetanus serumprophylaxis by passive haemagglutination. Treatment with digested heterologous antiserum (3000-6000 I.U.) or with human hyperimmune immunoglobulins does not modify preexisting antitoxin titre. Serum negative subjects remain as such.", "PMID": 1020973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2987", "title": "[Immunological diagnosis of hilarmediastinal lymphadenopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last few years, we have adopted the following immunological techniques for the study of hilarmediastinal lymphadenopathies: the E and EAC rosette tests (composition of the lymphocyte population) for an evaluation of the general immunological picture, the delayed-type cutaneous tests to reveal the specific picture of cell-mediated immune responses, and the leucocyte migration inhibition test against related and unrelated antigens. This cellular technique was integrated with the determination of precipitating and agglutinating antibodies against the same antigens. Data are reported regarding tubercular and sarcoid lymphadenopathies, Hodgkin's disease, and secondary neoplastic lymphadenopathy with prevalent intratoracic localization. The techniques used demonstrated that tubercular lymphadenopathy is associated with a well defined immunological profile which is both humoral and cellular. Sarcoid lymphadenopathy (thoracic sarcoidosis) showed a specific, well characterized immunological picture as regards cell-mediated immune responses. In Hodgkin's disease (hilarmediastinal lymphadenopathy) the immunological technique showed up a general, depressed immunological picture, particularly as regards the cell-mediated immunitary response, presumably partly due to the treatment given (physical and pharmacological therapy). Secondary neoplastic lymphadenopathy showed a similar pattern, as far as the immunological parameters used until now are concerned. On the basis of experience gained to date, we believe that the immunological techniques can make a contribution to diagnostic and clinical studies of tubercular and sarcoid lymphadenopathies.", "contents": "[Immunological diagnosis of hilarmediastinal lymphadenopathies (author's transl)]. In the last few years, we have adopted the following immunological techniques for the study of hilarmediastinal lymphadenopathies: the E and EAC rosette tests (composition of the lymphocyte population) for an evaluation of the general immunological picture, the delayed-type cutaneous tests to reveal the specific picture of cell-mediated immune responses, and the leucocyte migration inhibition test against related and unrelated antigens. This cellular technique was integrated with the determination of precipitating and agglutinating antibodies against the same antigens. Data are reported regarding tubercular and sarcoid lymphadenopathies, Hodgkin's disease, and secondary neoplastic lymphadenopathy with prevalent intratoracic localization. The techniques used demonstrated that tubercular lymphadenopathy is associated with a well defined immunological profile which is both humoral and cellular. Sarcoid lymphadenopathy (thoracic sarcoidosis) showed a specific, well characterized immunological picture as regards cell-mediated immune responses. In Hodgkin's disease (hilarmediastinal lymphadenopathy) the immunological technique showed up a general, depressed immunological picture, particularly as regards the cell-mediated immunitary response, presumably partly due to the treatment given (physical and pharmacological therapy). Secondary neoplastic lymphadenopathy showed a similar pattern, as far as the immunological parameters used until now are concerned. On the basis of experience gained to date, we believe that the immunological techniques can make a contribution to diagnostic and clinical studies of tubercular and sarcoid lymphadenopathies.", "PMID": 1020972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2988", "title": "Degenerative and regenerative processes in the olfactory system of homing pigeons.", "content": "Experimental resection of the olfactory nerve in the homing pigeon induces a total degeneration of the nerve and olfactory epithelium. The orthograde degenerative process starts before the retrograde one. Ten days after resection, new neurons begin to differentiate from the basal cells. The axon forms earlier than the distal dendritic process, and the speed of growth increases slowly. The regenerated axons only reach the bulb in the 5th month. Two months after resection the olfactory epithelium is similar to that of the intact control side. The ultrastructural features of the mucosa and olfactory axons are similar to those of normal ones.", "contents": "Degenerative and regenerative processes in the olfactory system of homing pigeons. Experimental resection of the olfactory nerve in the homing pigeon induces a total degeneration of the nerve and olfactory epithelium. The orthograde degenerative process starts before the retrograde one. Ten days after resection, new neurons begin to differentiate from the basal cells. The axon forms earlier than the distal dendritic process, and the speed of growth increases slowly. The regenerated axons only reach the bulb in the 5th month. Two months after resection the olfactory epithelium is similar to that of the intact control side. The ultrastructural features of the mucosa and olfactory axons are similar to those of normal ones.", "PMID": 1020980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2989", "title": "Vestibular nuclei of hemilabyrinthectomized guinea pigs during decompensation.", "content": "1. The effects of the post-brachial section of the spinal cord on the field potentials recorded from the vestibular nuclei during stimulation of the right vestibular receptors have been studied in left hemilabyrinthectomized and then compensated guinea pigs. 2. Facilitation of the field potentials in the right vestibular nuclear complex and inhibition in the left nuclei have been observed. 3. These results confirm that the spinal cord is involved in the compensation of the release syndrome brought about by the lesion of one labyrinth. 4. The possible mechanisms underlying such a compensation are discussed.", "contents": "Vestibular nuclei of hemilabyrinthectomized guinea pigs during decompensation. 1. The effects of the post-brachial section of the spinal cord on the field potentials recorded from the vestibular nuclei during stimulation of the right vestibular receptors have been studied in left hemilabyrinthectomized and then compensated guinea pigs. 2. Facilitation of the field potentials in the right vestibular nuclear complex and inhibition in the left nuclei have been observed. 3. These results confirm that the spinal cord is involved in the compensation of the release syndrome brought about by the lesion of one labyrinth. 4. The possible mechanisms underlying such a compensation are discussed.", "PMID": 1020981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2990", "title": "[Experimental studies on the antibacterial activity of the association cephaloridine-dicloxacilline (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on the efficiency of the association cephaloridine-dicloxacilline in the ratio 2:1 has been carried out. Both in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial activity shown by the association is higher than that merely additive of the single components and is due to positive interaction.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the antibacterial activity of the association cephaloridine-dicloxacilline (author's transl)]. A study on the efficiency of the association cephaloridine-dicloxacilline in the ratio 2:1 has been carried out. Both in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial activity shown by the association is higher than that merely additive of the single components and is due to positive interaction.", "PMID": 1020970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2991", "title": "[Examination of pork quality using passive electric methods].", "content": "Passive electrical values of 76 probes of pig M. long. dors. with different quality are derterminated. It appears, that a factor (P = value), exactly ascertained from electrical parameters, is fit to characterize the quality of pork. The P-value is theoretical established and has relations to the stability of the membrane structures.", "contents": "[Examination of pork quality using passive electric methods]. Passive electrical values of 76 probes of pig M. long. dors. with different quality are derterminated. It appears, that a factor (P = value), exactly ascertained from electrical parameters, is fit to characterize the quality of pork. The P-value is theoretical established and has relations to the stability of the membrane structures.", "PMID": 1020992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2992", "title": "[Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) Diptera: Sacrophagidae) causing a vaginal myiasis in domesticated two-humped camels in the Mongolian People's republic].", "content": "Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) [Diptera: Sarcophagidae] was established as the causal agent of a vaginal myiasis in female camels in the Mongolian Democratic Republic. Changes of the genitals occur nearly the beginning of June, 4-6 weeks after foaling, a spontaneous recovery is seen at the beginning of October. Clinical signs of the vaginal myiasis and morphology of the three stages of larvae are described in detail.", "contents": "[Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) Diptera: Sacrophagidae) causing a vaginal myiasis in domesticated two-humped camels in the Mongolian People's republic]. Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) [Diptera: Sarcophagidae] was established as the causal agent of a vaginal myiasis in female camels in the Mongolian Democratic Republic. Changes of the genitals occur nearly the beginning of June, 4-6 weeks after foaling, a spontaneous recovery is seen at the beginning of October. Clinical signs of the vaginal myiasis and morphology of the three stages of larvae are described in detail.", "PMID": 1020993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2993", "title": "[Studies on anesthetized and nonanesthetized slaughter swine. 1. Blood pressure].", "content": "The blood pressure of pigs for slaughter were measured. Onset of electric anaesthesia was followed by blood pressure rise of about 25 per cent. Peak values of 100 per cent in excess of the original pressure were recorded in some cases. Termination of the electric stimulus, generally, was followed by sudden blood pressure drop. The original pressure usually was reached ten seconds from the debleeding puncture. With continued debleeding, it stayed at 75 mm Hg after 50 seconds on average. Extraordinary high rise in blood pressure in response to electric stimulation usually was followed by rapid pressure drop, whereas in cases with moderate rise at the time of anaesthesia the subsequent decline was at slower rates.", "contents": "[Studies on anesthetized and nonanesthetized slaughter swine. 1. Blood pressure]. The blood pressure of pigs for slaughter were measured. Onset of electric anaesthesia was followed by blood pressure rise of about 25 per cent. Peak values of 100 per cent in excess of the original pressure were recorded in some cases. Termination of the electric stimulus, generally, was followed by sudden blood pressure drop. The original pressure usually was reached ten seconds from the debleeding puncture. With continued debleeding, it stayed at 75 mm Hg after 50 seconds on average. Extraordinary high rise in blood pressure in response to electric stimulation usually was followed by rapid pressure drop, whereas in cases with moderate rise at the time of anaesthesia the subsequent decline was at slower rates.", "PMID": 1020994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2994", "title": "[Quantitative morphological studies on various organs of the MINI-LEWE miniature swine].", "content": "Quantitative morphological studies were conducted into 27 MINI-LEWE miniature pigs, with the view to exploring the correlations between a number of organs (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, pancreas, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland) and parameters (live weight, age, weight at slaughter, length from snout to tail root, and internal length of slaughter body). The results are presented in 12 ilustrations and five tables.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphological studies on various organs of the MINI-LEWE miniature swine]. Quantitative morphological studies were conducted into 27 MINI-LEWE miniature pigs, with the view to exploring the correlations between a number of organs (liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, pancreas, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland) and parameters (live weight, age, weight at slaughter, length from snout to tail root, and internal length of slaughter body). The results are presented in 12 ilustrations and five tables.", "PMID": 1020995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2995", "title": "[Murine model for experimental studies on attenuated mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity for the calf. 2. Primary immunization against lethal infection, using fully attenuated streptomycin-dependent (Sm-d) mutant and booster immunization with partially attenuated streptomycin-dependent (Sm-id) revertants].", "content": "An experimental study was conducted into the immunisation of mice to a strain of Pasteurella multocida with pathogenicity for calf. Here are the findings: (a) The attenuation of Sm-id revertants was measured with reference to the order of extinction and compared to the wild strain. (b) A selected range of Sm-id revertants with differentiated attenuation is presented. (c) Single immunisation, using fully attenuatted Sm-d mutant does prevent lethal infection with partially attenuated Sm-id revertants, although it is ineffective against wild strain infection. (d) Immunity against 100 times the lethal dose of the wild strain can be achieved by two immunisations, that is primary antigen application, using fully attenuated Sm-d mutant, and booster immunisation, using partially attenuated Sm-id revertant.", "contents": "[Murine model for experimental studies on attenuated mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity for the calf. 2. Primary immunization against lethal infection, using fully attenuated streptomycin-dependent (Sm-d) mutant and booster immunization with partially attenuated streptomycin-dependent (Sm-id) revertants]. An experimental study was conducted into the immunisation of mice to a strain of Pasteurella multocida with pathogenicity for calf. Here are the findings: (a) The attenuation of Sm-id revertants was measured with reference to the order of extinction and compared to the wild strain. (b) A selected range of Sm-id revertants with differentiated attenuation is presented. (c) Single immunisation, using fully attenuatted Sm-d mutant does prevent lethal infection with partially attenuated Sm-id revertants, although it is ineffective against wild strain infection. (d) Immunity against 100 times the lethal dose of the wild strain can be achieved by two immunisations, that is primary antigen application, using fully attenuated Sm-d mutant, and booster immunisation, using partially attenuated Sm-id revertant.", "PMID": 1020996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2996", "title": "[Effect of Mecadox therapy on various organs of the reticulohistiocytary system in chickens].", "content": "Chickens received Mecadox treatment for 28 days, beginning at the age of five days, with the daily rations having been 1 g in 1 kg feedstuff. Changes were caused in two periods. The first therapeutic period, first to 14th days, was characterised by rise in total protein, DNA, RNA, amino nitrogen, and ascorbic acid in the adrenal gland as well as by rise in body mass, however, with no change of thymus and bursa mass. The second therapeutic period, between the 14th and 28 th days, led to decline in the above parameters and to involution of the lymphatic organs. The conclusion is suggested that biological stimulation can be achieved only in response to short-time Mecadox treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of Mecadox therapy on various organs of the reticulohistiocytary system in chickens]. Chickens received Mecadox treatment for 28 days, beginning at the age of five days, with the daily rations having been 1 g in 1 kg feedstuff. Changes were caused in two periods. The first therapeutic period, first to 14th days, was characterised by rise in total protein, DNA, RNA, amino nitrogen, and ascorbic acid in the adrenal gland as well as by rise in body mass, however, with no change of thymus and bursa mass. The second therapeutic period, between the 14th and 28 th days, led to decline in the above parameters and to involution of the lymphatic organs. The conclusion is suggested that biological stimulation can be achieved only in response to short-time Mecadox treatment.", "PMID": 1020997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2997", "title": "[Topography and cytoarchitecture of the diencephalon in the female comestic cattle (Bos taurus var. dom.)].", "content": "Ten brains of cows were, immediately after slaughter, embedded in celloidin, sliced, and stained to visualise neurocytes and nerve fibres, with the view to elucidating the structures of bovine diencephalon. Macroscopically, the diencephalon of cow is characterised by a comparatively strong epithalamic part, large laterally supported Corpora geniculata lateralis, pronounced ventricular bulgings, almost complete fusion of thalami with Massa intermedia, and very large pituitary gland. The five compartments of bovine interbrain are strongly developed and clearly delimitated by fibrous strings and platelets. By due consideration of the major fibre structures and cyto-architectonic characteristics, 62 nuclei may be differentiated in either half of the diencephalon, with 28 being situated in the thalamus and 23 in the hypothalamus. Two nuclear regions each were recordable from the epithalamus, metathalamus, and subthalamus.", "contents": "[Topography and cytoarchitecture of the diencephalon in the female comestic cattle (Bos taurus var. dom.)]. Ten brains of cows were, immediately after slaughter, embedded in celloidin, sliced, and stained to visualise neurocytes and nerve fibres, with the view to elucidating the structures of bovine diencephalon. Macroscopically, the diencephalon of cow is characterised by a comparatively strong epithalamic part, large laterally supported Corpora geniculata lateralis, pronounced ventricular bulgings, almost complete fusion of thalami with Massa intermedia, and very large pituitary gland. The five compartments of bovine interbrain are strongly developed and clearly delimitated by fibrous strings and platelets. By due consideration of the major fibre structures and cyto-architectonic characteristics, 62 nuclei may be differentiated in either half of the diencephalon, with 28 being situated in the thalamus and 23 in the hypothalamus. Two nuclear regions each were recordable from the epithalamus, metathalamus, and subthalamus.", "PMID": 1020998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2998", "title": "[Pathomorphologic changes in the ruminal acidosis of sheep].", "content": "Acute and subacute and spontaneous rumen acidosis was experimentally induced in 20 sheep and two lambs after feeding of barley, maize or glycose. The inner organs of those animals then were examined for morphological changes. The changes recorded from experimental acidosis were analogous to those observed after spontaneous outbreaks. Hyperaemia and blood leakage were macroscopically observed underneath the rumen mucous membrane which could be easily pulled off. The same signs sometimes were manifest in the third and second stomach as well. Pronounced edemas and hyperaemia occurred in the lungs, meninges (pia mater), and brain, and blood leakage was recorded from the epicardium. The histological findings included epithelial desquamation, infiltration of lymphocytes and leucocytes into rumen and fourth stomach (subacute) hepatitis (in 60 per cent of all cases), physical degeneration in the kidneys, and focal myocarditis (in 50 per cent of all cases). There were hyperaemia, edematisation, and blood leakage in the lungs, perivascular and pericellular edema in the brain, and severe hyperaemia of the meninges (pia mater) and thyroid gland. Those morphological changes were persistent and characteristic. Their relevance to diagnosis of rumen acidosis in sheep is undenied, provided that due consideration is given at the same time to the case history and paraclinical indices.", "contents": "[Pathomorphologic changes in the ruminal acidosis of sheep]. Acute and subacute and spontaneous rumen acidosis was experimentally induced in 20 sheep and two lambs after feeding of barley, maize or glycose. The inner organs of those animals then were examined for morphological changes. The changes recorded from experimental acidosis were analogous to those observed after spontaneous outbreaks. Hyperaemia and blood leakage were macroscopically observed underneath the rumen mucous membrane which could be easily pulled off. The same signs sometimes were manifest in the third and second stomach as well. Pronounced edemas and hyperaemia occurred in the lungs, meninges (pia mater), and brain, and blood leakage was recorded from the epicardium. The histological findings included epithelial desquamation, infiltration of lymphocytes and leucocytes into rumen and fourth stomach (subacute) hepatitis (in 60 per cent of all cases), physical degeneration in the kidneys, and focal myocarditis (in 50 per cent of all cases). There were hyperaemia, edematisation, and blood leakage in the lungs, perivascular and pericellular edema in the brain, and severe hyperaemia of the meninges (pia mater) and thyroid gland. Those morphological changes were persistent and characteristic. Their relevance to diagnosis of rumen acidosis in sheep is undenied, provided that due consideration is given at the same time to the case history and paraclinical indices.", "PMID": 1020999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_2999", "title": "[Vaginal cytology studies on the determination of the onset of estrus cycle post partum in sheep].", "content": "State of vaginal cells and arborisation grade of cervical mucus were studied in 364 Merino ewes of meat type from the 7. day ante partum. The Pundel modified Shorr-straining method and the Papanicolaou-straining method were used for differentiation of the cells (casal-, parabasal-, intermediate-and superficialcells). Near the 44., 54. and 70. day post partum a maximum of superficialcells and simultaneously a high grade of cervical mucus arborisation in elongating cyclic intervals can be observed in lactating ewes. In conclusion an early weaning of lambs between the 40. and 50. day post partum is considered to be in aggreement with cyclus.", "contents": "[Vaginal cytology studies on the determination of the onset of estrus cycle post partum in sheep]. State of vaginal cells and arborisation grade of cervical mucus were studied in 364 Merino ewes of meat type from the 7. day ante partum. The Pundel modified Shorr-straining method and the Papanicolaou-straining method were used for differentiation of the cells (casal-, parabasal-, intermediate-and superficialcells). Near the 44., 54. and 70. day post partum a maximum of superficialcells and simultaneously a high grade of cervical mucus arborisation in elongating cyclic intervals can be observed in lactating ewes. In conclusion an early weaning of lambs between the 40. and 50. day post partum is considered to be in aggreement with cyclus.", "PMID": 1021000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3000", "title": "[Endocrine and spermatogenic testicular function. 9. Correlations between plasma testosterone and morphometric parameters of the testis in boars of different ages].", "content": "Close, statistically fully secured correlations were found to exist in boars, aged between four and four-a-half as well as seven and nine months, between the testosterone content in the blood of the V. spermatica interna, on the one hand, and morphometric parameters essential to quantitative sperm production, on the other (testicular volume, volume of germinativum, overall length of tubules, diameter of tubules, and cell density of the germinal epithelium).", "contents": "[Endocrine and spermatogenic testicular function. 9. Correlations between plasma testosterone and morphometric parameters of the testis in boars of different ages]. Close, statistically fully secured correlations were found to exist in boars, aged between four and four-a-half as well as seven and nine months, between the testosterone content in the blood of the V. spermatica interna, on the one hand, and morphometric parameters essential to quantitative sperm production, on the other (testicular volume, volume of germinativum, overall length of tubules, diameter of tubules, and cell density of the germinal epithelium).", "PMID": 1021001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3001", "title": "Estrogens and endometrial cancer: aspects of etiology and survival rate.", "content": "With a clinical study it could be demonstrated, that the frequency of diabetes hypertension, estrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium was significantly higher in patients with endometrial cancer than in a control group (p less than or equal to 0.001). Obesity was also significantly more frequent (0.02 less than p less than 0.01). In vitro studies demonstrated a significantly higher aromatization of androstendione to estrone in adipose tissue of endometrial cancer patients (p less than 0.01), indicating etiologic correlations between endometrial cancer and extraglandular estrone production. An additional clinical study indicated a better 5-years-survival rate if parameters, indicating endogenous estrogen effect were present.", "contents": "Estrogens and endometrial cancer: aspects of etiology and survival rate. With a clinical study it could be demonstrated, that the frequency of diabetes hypertension, estrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium was significantly higher in patients with endometrial cancer than in a control group (p less than or equal to 0.001). Obesity was also significantly more frequent (0.02 less than p less than 0.01). In vitro studies demonstrated a significantly higher aromatization of androstendione to estrone in adipose tissue of endometrial cancer patients (p less than 0.01), indicating etiologic correlations between endometrial cancer and extraglandular estrone production. An additional clinical study indicated a better 5-years-survival rate if parameters, indicating endogenous estrogen effect were present.", "PMID": 1021008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3002", "title": "[Pharmacocinetic behaviour of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase in therapeutical application to toxify transport forms of cancerostatic substances (author's transl)].", "content": "The present studies were carried out to obtain pharmacokinetic data about the elemination of intravenously administered alpha-Larabinofuranosidase from the blood stream and about the distribution and retention of the enzyme in different organs and in a transplantable sarcoma of mouse. The results were used for the planning of therapeutical experiments, in which detoxified transport forms of cancerostatic agents were to be toxified by exogenous enzymes specifically in the tumour tissue. The alpha-Larabinofuranosidase is eliminated from the blood circulation quite rapidly (half-life about 20 min); a large portion is apparently excreted through the kidneys. The distribution in the organs, as compared with the tumour tissue, is very favourable for the planned therapeutical experiments in relation to other enzymes: The enzyme is scarcely accumulated in the RES-containing organs. In the tumour tissue, the enzymatic activity declines linerly with time of the experiment, while elimination of the enzyme from the kidney and muscle follows rather an exponential function. The optimal time interval between the enzyme and substate injections was determined to be 6 hrs.", "contents": "[Pharmacocinetic behaviour of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase in therapeutical application to toxify transport forms of cancerostatic substances (author's transl)]. The present studies were carried out to obtain pharmacokinetic data about the elemination of intravenously administered alpha-Larabinofuranosidase from the blood stream and about the distribution and retention of the enzyme in different organs and in a transplantable sarcoma of mouse. The results were used for the planning of therapeutical experiments, in which detoxified transport forms of cancerostatic agents were to be toxified by exogenous enzymes specifically in the tumour tissue. The alpha-Larabinofuranosidase is eliminated from the blood circulation quite rapidly (half-life about 20 min); a large portion is apparently excreted through the kidneys. The distribution in the organs, as compared with the tumour tissue, is very favourable for the planned therapeutical experiments in relation to other enzymes: The enzyme is scarcely accumulated in the RES-containing organs. In the tumour tissue, the enzymatic activity declines linerly with time of the experiment, while elimination of the enzyme from the kidney and muscle follows rather an exponential function. The optimal time interval between the enzyme and substate injections was determined to be 6 hrs.", "PMID": 1021009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3003", "title": "[Enzymologic investigations of Vx2-carcinoma transplanted into the stomach of rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Suspensions of V x2-carcinoma cells were inoculated into the stomach wall of rabbits. In 26 animals, changes of lactic acid hydrogenase (total activity and isoenzyme distribution) were followed from the transplantation day to complete development of a tumor. Findings were compared with mucosa specimen taken from different parts of the stomach. As compared with control animals (injection of physiological saline solution into the stomach wall), total enzyme activity was elevated and isoenzymes showed characteristic distribution in homogenisates from tumorous tissue. Mucosa covering the tumor did not reveal such alterations of enzyme activity. It can thus be concluded that V x2 carcinoma was limited to submucosal layers and did not invade the mucosa. This conclusion was confirmed by histologic examination.", "contents": "[Enzymologic investigations of Vx2-carcinoma transplanted into the stomach of rabbits (author's transl)]. Suspensions of V x2-carcinoma cells were inoculated into the stomach wall of rabbits. In 26 animals, changes of lactic acid hydrogenase (total activity and isoenzyme distribution) were followed from the transplantation day to complete development of a tumor. Findings were compared with mucosa specimen taken from different parts of the stomach. As compared with control animals (injection of physiological saline solution into the stomach wall), total enzyme activity was elevated and isoenzymes showed characteristic distribution in homogenisates from tumorous tissue. Mucosa covering the tumor did not reveal such alterations of enzyme activity. It can thus be concluded that V x2 carcinoma was limited to submucosal layers and did not invade the mucosa. This conclusion was confirmed by histologic examination.", "PMID": 1021010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3004", "title": "Effect of a Rauscher leukemia virus vaccine upon chemical oncogenesis in the mouse.", "content": "The concept that type-C RNA viruses serve as determinants of chemically induced cancer would be supported if immunization against such viruses reduced the incidence of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. A formalin vaccine was employed which was able to protect mice against the development of virus-induced Rauscher leukemia: 8/12 vaccinated mice survived versus 1/12 controls. When mice so immunized were challenged with near-threshold doses of chemical carcinogen, sarcoma incidence and death latency did not differ between vaccinated and control groups: within 10 months, a 320 mug dose of methylcholanthrene induced 100% sarcomas in both groups, while a 64 mug dose induced 62% and 65% tumors in vaccinated and control mice respectively. Thus, a relevant postulate of the oncogene hypothesis could not be supported by these studies. Formalin treatment neutralizes the oncogenic effect of mouse leukemia viruses yiwlding preparations that are immunogenic and can be successfully used as vaccines to protect against virus-induced leukemia (5). The finding of murine leukemia viruses in chemically induced tumors (1, 2) poses the question of whether these viruses are present in the tumors as passengers, or whether they are etiologically involved in the process of tumor induction. An approach to answering this question would be to challenge with chemical carcinogens mice which have been vaccinated with leukemia virus. If the virus were somehow involved in tumor induction, antiviral immunization might conceivably interfere with chemical carcinogenesis. Whitmire and Huebner (9) have reported that mice immunized with formalin-treated leukemia viruses, become resistant to sarcomagenesis by methylcholanthrene. Repetition of this experiment by Gericke and Chandra (6) gave non-significant differences between experimental and control groups. The present paper deals with the effect of immunization against Rauscher leukemia virus upon tumor induction by near-threshold doses of methylcholanthrene.", "contents": "Effect of a Rauscher leukemia virus vaccine upon chemical oncogenesis in the mouse. The concept that type-C RNA viruses serve as determinants of chemically induced cancer would be supported if immunization against such viruses reduced the incidence of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. A formalin vaccine was employed which was able to protect mice against the development of virus-induced Rauscher leukemia: 8/12 vaccinated mice survived versus 1/12 controls. When mice so immunized were challenged with near-threshold doses of chemical carcinogen, sarcoma incidence and death latency did not differ between vaccinated and control groups: within 10 months, a 320 mug dose of methylcholanthrene induced 100% sarcomas in both groups, while a 64 mug dose induced 62% and 65% tumors in vaccinated and control mice respectively. Thus, a relevant postulate of the oncogene hypothesis could not be supported by these studies. Formalin treatment neutralizes the oncogenic effect of mouse leukemia viruses yiwlding preparations that are immunogenic and can be successfully used as vaccines to protect against virus-induced leukemia (5). The finding of murine leukemia viruses in chemically induced tumors (1, 2) poses the question of whether these viruses are present in the tumors as passengers, or whether they are etiologically involved in the process of tumor induction. An approach to answering this question would be to challenge with chemical carcinogens mice which have been vaccinated with leukemia virus. If the virus were somehow involved in tumor induction, antiviral immunization might conceivably interfere with chemical carcinogenesis. Whitmire and Huebner (9) have reported that mice immunized with formalin-treated leukemia viruses, become resistant to sarcomagenesis by methylcholanthrene. Repetition of this experiment by Gericke and Chandra (6) gave non-significant differences between experimental and control groups. The present paper deals with the effect of immunization against Rauscher leukemia virus upon tumor induction by near-threshold doses of methylcholanthrene.", "PMID": 1021012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3005", "title": "[Determination of 3,4-benzopyrene-content in seeds before and after germination (author's transl)].", "content": "The content of 3,4-benzopyrene in various seeds before and after germination in different nutritive solutions is determined. The hygienic meaning of the results is discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of 3,4-benzopyrene-content in seeds before and after germination (author's transl)]. The content of 3,4-benzopyrene in various seeds before and after germination in different nutritive solutions is determined. The hygienic meaning of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 1021013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3006", "title": "[Evaluation of lymphography in neurologic complications of neoplastic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "1. By lymphographic examination, first of all, the primary and secondary tumours of the lymphatic system may be revealed and localized. Further on, it makes possible to state the stage of the disease and thus to apply the appropriate treatment. 2. In case of symptoms indicating that nerve-roots of unknown origin have been damaged, the result of lymphographic examination may call the attention to pathomechanism related to some tumour-disease. If the symptoms of the nervous system are caused by compression or infiltration of a tumour, most frequently the presence of pathologic lymph nodes in their surroundings can be revealed. 3. Among the patients of the National Oncological Institute, in 25 Hodgkin and 2 cases pathologic filling of the lymphatic system was observed by lymphographic examination, -- in 4 cases in the surroundings affected by the damage of the spinal cord while in 23 cases in that of nerve-root. If a tumour disease is discovered and localized in time by lymphographic examination, the symptoms caused by it in the nervous system may be reduced, or, seldom, even alleviated, with a treatment of directed irradation combined with cytostatics. The favourable effect on alleviating pains is to be especially emphasised.", "contents": "[Evaluation of lymphography in neurologic complications of neoplastic diseases (author's transl)]. 1. By lymphographic examination, first of all, the primary and secondary tumours of the lymphatic system may be revealed and localized. Further on, it makes possible to state the stage of the disease and thus to apply the appropriate treatment. 2. In case of symptoms indicating that nerve-roots of unknown origin have been damaged, the result of lymphographic examination may call the attention to pathomechanism related to some tumour-disease. If the symptoms of the nervous system are caused by compression or infiltration of a tumour, most frequently the presence of pathologic lymph nodes in their surroundings can be revealed. 3. Among the patients of the National Oncological Institute, in 25 Hodgkin and 2 cases pathologic filling of the lymphatic system was observed by lymphographic examination, -- in 4 cases in the surroundings affected by the damage of the spinal cord while in 23 cases in that of nerve-root. If a tumour disease is discovered and localized in time by lymphographic examination, the symptoms caused by it in the nervous system may be reduced, or, seldom, even alleviated, with a treatment of directed irradation combined with cytostatics. The favourable effect on alleviating pains is to be especially emphasised.", "PMID": 1021014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3007", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the mouse carotid body using tritiated leucine, dopa, dopamine and ATP with special reference to the chief cell as a paraneuron.", "content": "A comparative autoradiographic study on the uptake and intracellular localization of 3H-leucine-, 3H-dopa-, 3H-dopamine- and 3H-ATP-derived radioactivity was performed in the mouse carotid body to investigate the metabolic features of the chief cell as a paraneuron. 3H-leucine-derived radioactivity representing recently synthesized peptides was demonstrated in all kinds of cells in the carotid body and surrounding area. The chief cell was less radioactive than the nerve cell in the superior cervical ganglion. In the electron microscope autoradiography, no accumulation of radioactivity could be demonstrated either in the Golgi area of the chief cell, where the membrane-bound particles were probably formed, nor in the periphery of the cells, where they were stored before their release. Incorporation of 3H-dopa-derived radioactivity representing recently synthesized catecholamines was specific to the chief cell, mast cell, and nerve cell in the superior cervical ganglion. In the chief cell the distribution of radioactivity was roughly identical with that of the large dense-cored vesicles. Striking accumulations of 3H-dopamine-derived radioactivity were demonstrated in the adrenergic nerve terminals in the perivascular space and the glomus complexes of the carotid body. Not all of the chief cells incorporated the 3H-dopamine-derived radioactivity. 3H-ATP derived radioactivity was demonstrated in all kinds of cells in the carotid body and surrounding tissues. In the chief cell, as in other kinds of cells, the highest radioactivity was seen in the nucleus. The present results suggest that, if the large dense-cored vike those membrane-bound particles in other paraneurons, contain peptides, monoamines and ATP, the turnover of these products as secretory materials is much slower in this cell than in such endocrine paraneurons as adrenal chromaffin cells and gut endocrine cells.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the mouse carotid body using tritiated leucine, dopa, dopamine and ATP with special reference to the chief cell as a paraneuron. A comparative autoradiographic study on the uptake and intracellular localization of 3H-leucine-, 3H-dopa-, 3H-dopamine- and 3H-ATP-derived radioactivity was performed in the mouse carotid body to investigate the metabolic features of the chief cell as a paraneuron. 3H-leucine-derived radioactivity representing recently synthesized peptides was demonstrated in all kinds of cells in the carotid body and surrounding area. The chief cell was less radioactive than the nerve cell in the superior cervical ganglion. In the electron microscope autoradiography, no accumulation of radioactivity could be demonstrated either in the Golgi area of the chief cell, where the membrane-bound particles were probably formed, nor in the periphery of the cells, where they were stored before their release. Incorporation of 3H-dopa-derived radioactivity representing recently synthesized catecholamines was specific to the chief cell, mast cell, and nerve cell in the superior cervical ganglion. In the chief cell the distribution of radioactivity was roughly identical with that of the large dense-cored vesicles. Striking accumulations of 3H-dopamine-derived radioactivity were demonstrated in the adrenergic nerve terminals in the perivascular space and the glomus complexes of the carotid body. Not all of the chief cells incorporated the 3H-dopamine-derived radioactivity. 3H-ATP derived radioactivity was demonstrated in all kinds of cells in the carotid body and surrounding tissues. In the chief cell, as in other kinds of cells, the highest radioactivity was seen in the nucleus. The present results suggest that, if the large dense-cored vike those membrane-bound particles in other paraneurons, contain peptides, monoamines and ATP, the turnover of these products as secretory materials is much slower in this cell than in such endocrine paraneurons as adrenal chromaffin cells and gut endocrine cells.", "PMID": 1021015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3008", "title": "Double afferent arterioles of the rat renal glomerulus as studied by the injection replica scanning electron microscopic method.", "content": "One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six specimens of replicated rat renal glomerulus were examined under the scanning electron microscope, and an extremely rare anomaly of the glomerulus with double afferent arterioles was described. The double afferent arterioles arose separately from a terminal twig of the interlobular artery and reached the vascular pole of a subcapsular glomerulus which possessed a single efferent arteriole. Microdissection revealed that this glomerulus was composed of three fairly independent lobules of anastomosing capillaries. Microdissection also revealed that the double afferent arterioles were isolated from each other even in the glomerulus: the one supplied two lobules, while the other the third one only.", "contents": "Double afferent arterioles of the rat renal glomerulus as studied by the injection replica scanning electron microscopic method. One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six specimens of replicated rat renal glomerulus were examined under the scanning electron microscope, and an extremely rare anomaly of the glomerulus with double afferent arterioles was described. The double afferent arterioles arose separately from a terminal twig of the interlobular artery and reached the vascular pole of a subcapsular glomerulus which possessed a single efferent arteriole. Microdissection revealed that this glomerulus was composed of three fairly independent lobules of anastomosing capillaries. Microdissection also revealed that the double afferent arterioles were isolated from each other even in the glomerulus: the one supplied two lobules, while the other the third one only.", "PMID": 1021016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3009", "title": "On the periodically aggregated particles on the fracture face of the cochlear hair cell.", "content": "By means of the freeze-fracture technique, the membrane specialization of the cochlear hair cell of guinea pigs was studied. Periodically aggregated particles were revealed on the PF face of the plasma membrane of the outer hair cell. The particles were around 12 nm in diameter and 10 to 17 nm in center-to-center spacing. Their arragement was hexagonal, orthogonal or parallel. Possible involvement of this structure in the electrical excitability of the membrane was discussed.", "contents": "On the periodically aggregated particles on the fracture face of the cochlear hair cell. By means of the freeze-fracture technique, the membrane specialization of the cochlear hair cell of guinea pigs was studied. Periodically aggregated particles were revealed on the PF face of the plasma membrane of the outer hair cell. The particles were around 12 nm in diameter and 10 to 17 nm in center-to-center spacing. Their arragement was hexagonal, orthogonal or parallel. Possible involvement of this structure in the electrical excitability of the membrane was discussed.", "PMID": 1021017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3010", "title": "Intercellular secretory canaliculi in the feline laryngeal gland.", "content": "Laryngeal glands of adult cats were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Intercellular secretory canaliculi in the gland were an arborized system of capillaries extended among acinar cells, and their stem or collecting canaliculus opened to the gland lumen. The inner surface of the canaliculi was provided with small globular microvili. The canaliculi in the laryngeal gland resembled the hepatic bile capillaries in lower vertebrates.", "contents": "Intercellular secretory canaliculi in the feline laryngeal gland. Laryngeal glands of adult cats were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Intercellular secretory canaliculi in the gland were an arborized system of capillaries extended among acinar cells, and their stem or collecting canaliculus opened to the gland lumen. The inner surface of the canaliculi was provided with small globular microvili. The canaliculi in the laryngeal gland resembled the hepatic bile capillaries in lower vertebrates.", "PMID": 1021018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3011", "title": "[Septicemia in children according to autopsy data].", "content": "Analysis of section material was carried out covering the period 1943-1975. It was established that proportion of septic diseases in the general structure of children's mortality in the recent years was stabilized at rather high levels (1973-1975--17.1%). Fatal outcomes were most often among infants at the early period of life in whom sepsis developed against the background of premorbid factors including prematurity, malformations, pathologic labour, mother's diseases, etc. The course of sepsis was particularly severe in infants with congenital immunodeficient states. The main pathogene of sepsis at present is staphylococcus. During the period under study, correlation and morphology of various forms of sepsis varied depending upon the pathogene and therapy applied. Since 1968 and up to new the most common form of sepsis has been that morphologically identical to sepsis observed in 1943-1947, i.e. before the wide application of antibiotics.", "contents": "[Septicemia in children according to autopsy data]. Analysis of section material was carried out covering the period 1943-1975. It was established that proportion of septic diseases in the general structure of children's mortality in the recent years was stabilized at rather high levels (1973-1975--17.1%). Fatal outcomes were most often among infants at the early period of life in whom sepsis developed against the background of premorbid factors including prematurity, malformations, pathologic labour, mother's diseases, etc. The course of sepsis was particularly severe in infants with congenital immunodeficient states. The main pathogene of sepsis at present is staphylococcus. During the period under study, correlation and morphology of various forms of sepsis varied depending upon the pathogene and therapy applied. Since 1968 and up to new the most common form of sepsis has been that morphologically identical to sepsis observed in 1943-1947, i.e. before the wide application of antibiotics.", "PMID": 1021049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3012", "title": "[Characteristics of umbilical septicemia in premature infants].", "content": "An analysis of 60 deaths of premature infants with umbilical sepsis revealed a number of peculiar features of this disease under current conditions: septicopyemia with a fatal outcome in the perinatal period in intrauterine infection, predominance of productive inflammation in the primary focus in infants with septicemia, the effect of acute respiratory diseases on clinico-morphological manifestations of sepsis and its complications, frequency of ulcerative lesions of the intestine against  the background of antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "[Characteristics of umbilical septicemia in premature infants]. An analysis of 60 deaths of premature infants with umbilical sepsis revealed a number of peculiar features of this disease under current conditions: septicopyemia with a fatal outcome in the perinatal period in intrauterine infection, predominance of productive inflammation in the primary focus in infants with septicemia, the effect of acute respiratory diseases on clinico-morphological manifestations of sepsis and its complications, frequency of ulcerative lesions of the intestine against  the background of antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 1021050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3013", "title": "[Basic trends and perspectives of development of Soviet pathological anatomy of childhood diseases].", "content": "The article deals with the main trends in scientific investigations in the field of pathological anatomy of diseases of childhood in the USSR. New data are presented on respiratory infectious diseases in children, pneumonias, serum hepatitis, meningococcal infection, immunodeficit states, nephrology, gastroenterology, pathology of therapy of tumours and leukemias, perinatal pathology. The main trends of further research in the field of infectious pathology, immunopathology, lesions of the central nervous system and the microcirculatory bed in children, tissue defects and diseases in fetus associated with late toxemia in mothers are suggested.", "contents": "[Basic trends and perspectives of development of Soviet pathological anatomy of childhood diseases]. The article deals with the main trends in scientific investigations in the field of pathological anatomy of diseases of childhood in the USSR. New data are presented on respiratory infectious diseases in children, pneumonias, serum hepatitis, meningococcal infection, immunodeficit states, nephrology, gastroenterology, pathology of therapy of tumours and leukemias, perinatal pathology. The main trends of further research in the field of infectious pathology, immunopathology, lesions of the central nervous system and the microcirculatory bed in children, tissue defects and diseases in fetus associated with late toxemia in mothers are suggested.", "PMID": 1021051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3014", "title": "[Routes of arteriovenous shunting of blood in chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs].", "content": "Morphological studies of the mechanisms of arterio-venous shunting of the blood occurring in the lower extremities in varicose and postthrombic lesions of veins were carried out. Studies of the subcutaneous tissue, superficial and binding veins, skin, fasciae, lymphatic nodes, skeletal muscles resected in the course of 152 radical operations in connection with varicose and postthrombic afflictions, showed that in the paravasal tissue of varicose veins and in the sclerosing subcutaneous tissue of the crus anastomoses of the obturator artery type developed. Their formation was connected with compensation of the regional circulation rate due to atrophy of capillary networks in the process of sclerosis. Moreover, a pathological arterio-venous discharge may also take place in the course of organization of thrombosis and origination of the communication between trophic vessels of the wall and the lumen of the recanalized vein. These findings should be considered in selecting a therapeutic strategy in chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities.", "contents": "[Routes of arteriovenous shunting of blood in chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs]. Morphological studies of the mechanisms of arterio-venous shunting of the blood occurring in the lower extremities in varicose and postthrombic lesions of veins were carried out. Studies of the subcutaneous tissue, superficial and binding veins, skin, fasciae, lymphatic nodes, skeletal muscles resected in the course of 152 radical operations in connection with varicose and postthrombic afflictions, showed that in the paravasal tissue of varicose veins and in the sclerosing subcutaneous tissue of the crus anastomoses of the obturator artery type developed. Their formation was connected with compensation of the regional circulation rate due to atrophy of capillary networks in the process of sclerosis. Moreover, a pathological arterio-venous discharge may also take place in the course of organization of thrombosis and origination of the communication between trophic vessels of the wall and the lumen of the recanalized vein. These findings should be considered in selecting a therapeutic strategy in chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 1021052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3015", "title": "[Characteristics of the terminal segments of the lymphatic system of microcirculation according to the data of scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "Lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries in the system of the connective tissue were studied by the method of scanning (raster) electron microscopy. It was shown that these capillaries consisted of chains of ballon-shaped structures-sinuses. Lymphatic capillaries represent an open system which is communicated with the intercellular matter of the connective tissue by means of openings ensuring filtration of the tissue liquid. Impairment of the absorbing function in the fibrous process in the lungs led to deposition in connective tissue cells of cellular detritus and foreign particles with formation around the walls of lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries of residue-collector zones. Overgrowth of a rough fibrous tissue around these zones brought about atrophy and obliteration of vessels, gradual attenuation of the drenage function in the given region of microcirculation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the terminal segments of the lymphatic system of microcirculation according to the data of scanning electron microscopy]. Lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries in the system of the connective tissue were studied by the method of scanning (raster) electron microscopy. It was shown that these capillaries consisted of chains of ballon-shaped structures-sinuses. Lymphatic capillaries represent an open system which is communicated with the intercellular matter of the connective tissue by means of openings ensuring filtration of the tissue liquid. Impairment of the absorbing function in the fibrous process in the lungs led to deposition in connective tissue cells of cellular detritus and foreign particles with formation around the walls of lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries of residue-collector zones. Overgrowth of a rough fibrous tissue around these zones brought about atrophy and obliteration of vessels, gradual attenuation of the drenage function in the given region of microcirculation.", "PMID": 1021053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3016", "title": "[Dynamics of \"reverse development\" of dystrophic changes in the epithelium of the fundal gastric glands].", "content": "Electron-microscopy investigations of the gastric mucosa in 23 patients at various periods following the cessation of the course of a therapeutic fasting diet lasting 20-30 days were carried out. It was shown that oxidation of infiltrative lipids in cover cells and elimination of a great number of residual bodies accumulated in the process of fasting and representing a morphologic manifestation of fat dystrophy, proceeded very intensively and completed in 2 days after the start of taking food. Purification of cells developed mainly in the direction opposite to that of elimination of secretion products. Myelin figures (residual bodies of cytolysosomas) which were to be eliminated from the cell, escaped into the lumen of broadened intercellular spaces and passing along them they reached the basal parts of the cell, then they pass through the basal membrane into lamina propia of the stomach mucosa and penetrate through the capillary wall into the vascular bed. Restoration of the normal ultrastructure of the secretory cells is a lengthy process and it finishes, depending upon the individual feature of the organism, on the 15-20th day from the start of taking food.", "contents": "[Dynamics of \"reverse development\" of dystrophic changes in the epithelium of the fundal gastric glands]. Electron-microscopy investigations of the gastric mucosa in 23 patients at various periods following the cessation of the course of a therapeutic fasting diet lasting 20-30 days were carried out. It was shown that oxidation of infiltrative lipids in cover cells and elimination of a great number of residual bodies accumulated in the process of fasting and representing a morphologic manifestation of fat dystrophy, proceeded very intensively and completed in 2 days after the start of taking food. Purification of cells developed mainly in the direction opposite to that of elimination of secretion products. Myelin figures (residual bodies of cytolysosomas) which were to be eliminated from the cell, escaped into the lumen of broadened intercellular spaces and passing along them they reached the basal parts of the cell, then they pass through the basal membrane into lamina propia of the stomach mucosa and penetrate through the capillary wall into the vascular bed. Restoration of the normal ultrastructure of the secretory cells is a lengthy process and it finishes, depending upon the individual feature of the organism, on the 15-20th day from the start of taking food.", "PMID": 1021054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3017", "title": "[Cytology and enzymocytochemistry of nodose hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate].", "content": "In cytological investigations the following forms of cancer of the prostate may be verified: differentiated (clear-cellular and dark-cellular adenocarcinoma); poorly differentiated; and nondifferentiated (microcellular and polymorphic-cellular cancer). In the unchanged epithelium of the prostate there was noted a high activity of acid phosphotase, nonspecific esterase, nonspecific 5'-exonuclease, acid RNA-ase, acid DNA-ase, leucine aminopeptidase, and the absence of activity of alkaline phosphotase, neutral DNA-ase, alkaline RNA-ase. In the cancerous epithelium the activity of leucine aminopeptidase was either drastically decreased or absent altogether; the activity of acid DNA-ase and acid RNA-ase was non-uniform with the tendency to decrease in poorly differentiated tumours. The activity of other investigated enzymes in the cancerous epithelium showed no significant changes. At early stages of development of squamous cell metaplasia in the epithelium there was identified alkaline RNA-ase dissapearing in manifested metaplastic changes.", "contents": "[Cytology and enzymocytochemistry of nodose hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate]. In cytological investigations the following forms of cancer of the prostate may be verified: differentiated (clear-cellular and dark-cellular adenocarcinoma); poorly differentiated; and nondifferentiated (microcellular and polymorphic-cellular cancer). In the unchanged epithelium of the prostate there was noted a high activity of acid phosphotase, nonspecific esterase, nonspecific 5'-exonuclease, acid RNA-ase, acid DNA-ase, leucine aminopeptidase, and the absence of activity of alkaline phosphotase, neutral DNA-ase, alkaline RNA-ase. In the cancerous epithelium the activity of leucine aminopeptidase was either drastically decreased or absent altogether; the activity of acid DNA-ase and acid RNA-ase was non-uniform with the tendency to decrease in poorly differentiated tumours. The activity of other investigated enzymes in the cancerous epithelium showed no significant changes. At early stages of development of squamous cell metaplasia in the epithelium there was identified alkaline RNA-ase dissapearing in manifested metaplastic changes.", "PMID": 1021055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3018", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of male gonads in cancer of different localization].", "content": "Morphological and histochemical changes in the genital organs in 62 men, who had died of cancer of various localizations, and those in the testes in 65 practically healthy men aged 30-90 years, who had died of various causes, (controls), were studied. The studies conducted showed that changes in the male gonads in cancer of various localizations were similar to involutional ones, the former, however, were more pronounced and occurred in younger men. It was established that the functional activity of granulocytes in cancer dropped,whereas the activity of sustentocytes remained at a high level. This was one of the causes of impairment of the hormonal balance in the organism of a patient, cancer carrier, and of inhibition of the spermatogenesis activity. The degree and depth of changes depended on the stage and duration of the disease, localization of tumours was of no significance.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of male gonads in cancer of different localization]. Morphological and histochemical changes in the genital organs in 62 men, who had died of cancer of various localizations, and those in the testes in 65 practically healthy men aged 30-90 years, who had died of various causes, (controls), were studied. The studies conducted showed that changes in the male gonads in cancer of various localizations were similar to involutional ones, the former, however, were more pronounced and occurred in younger men. It was established that the functional activity of granulocytes in cancer dropped,whereas the activity of sustentocytes remained at a high level. This was one of the causes of impairment of the hormonal balance in the organism of a patient, cancer carrier, and of inhibition of the spermatogenesis activity. The degree and depth of changes depended on the stage and duration of the disease, localization of tumours was of no significance.", "PMID": 1021056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3019", "title": "[Causes of death of patients with breast cancer (according to the materials of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS for the period 1953-1975)].", "content": "The article presents results of investigations of 207 case records and protocols of autopsies of deceased patients who suffered from breast cancer, covering the period from 1953 to 1972 (materials of the USSR AMS Oncological Research Centre). It was established that in 154 patients (74.4%) the cause of death was the progress of the main disease, the most common and \"typica\" causes of death being pulmonary-cardiac, renal insufficiency (as a result of metastatic lesions of the above mentioned organs) and complications associated with metastases of breast cancer in to the brain and its meninx. In 39 patients (18.8%) the cause of death was directly associated with therapy complications, 14 patients died of diseases not connected with carcinoma of the mammary gland. The structure of causes in the group of deceased patients who when alive suffered from cancer of the mammary gland and who survived 10 and more years from the moment of establishing the diagnosis and carrying out primary treatment (11 observations) was found to be the same as that for the whole group of observations.", "contents": "[Causes of death of patients with breast cancer (according to the materials of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS for the period 1953-1975)]. The article presents results of investigations of 207 case records and protocols of autopsies of deceased patients who suffered from breast cancer, covering the period from 1953 to 1972 (materials of the USSR AMS Oncological Research Centre). It was established that in 154 patients (74.4%) the cause of death was the progress of the main disease, the most common and \"typica\" causes of death being pulmonary-cardiac, renal insufficiency (as a result of metastatic lesions of the above mentioned organs) and complications associated with metastases of breast cancer in to the brain and its meninx. In 39 patients (18.8%) the cause of death was directly associated with therapy complications, 14 patients died of diseases not connected with carcinoma of the mammary gland. The structure of causes in the group of deceased patients who when alive suffered from cancer of the mammary gland and who survived 10 and more years from the moment of establishing the diagnosis and carrying out primary treatment (11 observations) was found to be the same as that for the whole group of observations.", "PMID": 1021057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3020", "title": "[Morphogenesis of cytoplasmic inclusions in influenza].", "content": "Morphogenesis of cytoplasmic inclusions was studied in experimental influenza infection in white mice. It was shown that cytoplasmic inclusions in influenza represented foci of partial degeneration and necrosis of the cytoplasm, the developmental phases of which are similar to phases of formation by means of autolysis. The disintegration of the content of inclusions in the epithelial cells of the bronchi was accompanied by accumulation in their zone of enzyme-containing structures of the type of tegmented vesicles. In low delimitation of inclusions odema of cyto- and karyoplasm was followed by destruction of mitochondria and perish of the cell. Formation of inclusions and signs of reproduction of the virus in alveolar cells proceeded with destruction of osmiophilic bodies. The processes of delimitation of inclusions in cytoplasm was of a reactive character and contributed to preservation of the life activity of cells.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of cytoplasmic inclusions in influenza]. Morphogenesis of cytoplasmic inclusions was studied in experimental influenza infection in white mice. It was shown that cytoplasmic inclusions in influenza represented foci of partial degeneration and necrosis of the cytoplasm, the developmental phases of which are similar to phases of formation by means of autolysis. The disintegration of the content of inclusions in the epithelial cells of the bronchi was accompanied by accumulation in their zone of enzyme-containing structures of the type of tegmented vesicles. In low delimitation of inclusions odema of cyto- and karyoplasm was followed by destruction of mitochondria and perish of the cell. Formation of inclusions and signs of reproduction of the virus in alveolar cells proceeded with destruction of osmiophilic bodies. The processes of delimitation of inclusions in cytoplasm was of a reactive character and contributed to preservation of the life activity of cells.", "PMID": 1021058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3021", "title": "[Pathological anatomy of Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)].", "content": "Data of the literature (200 section observations) and those of 10 authors' own observations on the syndrome of trisomy with relation to chromosome 18 are presented. The pathologoanatomic diagnosis of Edwards' syndrome can be established without an investigation of chromosomes on the basis of a complex of congenital defects present in the newborn. The main of them are: prenatal hypoplasia, dolichocephaly, microgenia, concha auriculae drawn in the horizontal plane, flexor position of bones, shortness and thickness of the great toe and protruding heel, thickness and distortion of convolution of the dorsal lip of the olivary nucleus, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, heterotopia of the piriform Purkinje cells into the white matter of the cerebellum and foci of nondifferentiated cells in the white matter of the great hemispheres; complex cardiac defects--Meckel's diverticulum, fused kidneys (horseshoe- or L-shaped) with small cysts in the renal cortex; and the presence of 10 or more arches on fingers and toes in combination with proximal or intermediate localization of axial triradius.", "contents": "[Pathological anatomy of Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)]. Data of the literature (200 section observations) and those of 10 authors' own observations on the syndrome of trisomy with relation to chromosome 18 are presented. The pathologoanatomic diagnosis of Edwards' syndrome can be established without an investigation of chromosomes on the basis of a complex of congenital defects present in the newborn. The main of them are: prenatal hypoplasia, dolichocephaly, microgenia, concha auriculae drawn in the horizontal plane, flexor position of bones, shortness and thickness of the great toe and protruding heel, thickness and distortion of convolution of the dorsal lip of the olivary nucleus, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, heterotopia of the piriform Purkinje cells into the white matter of the cerebellum and foci of nondifferentiated cells in the white matter of the great hemispheres; complex cardiac defects--Meckel's diverticulum, fused kidneys (horseshoe- or L-shaped) with small cysts in the renal cortex; and the presence of 10 or more arches on fingers and toes in combination with proximal or intermediate localization of axial triradius.", "PMID": 1021059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3022", "title": "[Mechanisms of intestinal bacterial toxemia in severe burns].", "content": "Electron-microscopy investigations of the small intestine mucosa in white rats with deep thermal burns of 18-20% of the body surface showed that already in early periods following the trauma grave thermal burns caused structural desorganization of the enterocytic barrier and invasion of the intestinal microflora. Damages of the wall of capillaries of the small intestine mucosa, being in themselves manifestations of generalized lesion of the histo-hematic barriers in burns, contributed to further invasion of microflora and its vital activity products into the blood. During the investigation a morphological picture of the phenomenon of endotoxinemia and bacteriemia developed already in the early periods of the burn trauma was established.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of intestinal bacterial toxemia in severe burns]. Electron-microscopy investigations of the small intestine mucosa in white rats with deep thermal burns of 18-20% of the body surface showed that already in early periods following the trauma grave thermal burns caused structural desorganization of the enterocytic barrier and invasion of the intestinal microflora. Damages of the wall of capillaries of the small intestine mucosa, being in themselves manifestations of generalized lesion of the histo-hematic barriers in burns, contributed to further invasion of microflora and its vital activity products into the blood. During the investigation a morphological picture of the phenomenon of endotoxinemia and bacteriemia developed already in the early periods of the burn trauma was established.", "PMID": 1021060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3023", "title": "[Fetal and neonatal asphyxia].", "content": "The literature data and the author's own observations justify the conclusion that asphyxia of the fetus and newborn is the most common cause of death in the perinatal period. The author discusses the significance of asphyxia of the fetus and newborn as the main disease or the principal cause of death. The author suggests that the type of asphyxia of the fetus or newborn in every concrete case should be indicated in the pathologoanatomic diagnosis on the basis of physiology of intrauterine and extrauterine life. In case of asphyxia it is suggested that the question concerning the presence (or absence) of the underlying disease--fetopathy, pre-existing the asphyxia condition--should be considered. In case of asphyxia of the newborn the author recommends to bear in mind the anatomic substrate responsible for impairment of the act of breathing of the newborn. In most cases this substrate is represented by pneumopathies--noninflammatory changes in the lungs of the newborn. Pneumopathies of the newborn include deep aspiration of the amniotic content, atelectasis, edema and hemorrhages, hyaline membranes.", "contents": "[Fetal and neonatal asphyxia]. The literature data and the author's own observations justify the conclusion that asphyxia of the fetus and newborn is the most common cause of death in the perinatal period. The author discusses the significance of asphyxia of the fetus and newborn as the main disease or the principal cause of death. The author suggests that the type of asphyxia of the fetus or newborn in every concrete case should be indicated in the pathologoanatomic diagnosis on the basis of physiology of intrauterine and extrauterine life. In case of asphyxia it is suggested that the question concerning the presence (or absence) of the underlying disease--fetopathy, pre-existing the asphyxia condition--should be considered. In case of asphyxia of the newborn the author recommends to bear in mind the anatomic substrate responsible for impairment of the act of breathing of the newborn. In most cases this substrate is represented by pneumopathies--noninflammatory changes in the lungs of the newborn. Pneumopathies of the newborn include deep aspiration of the amniotic content, atelectasis, edema and hemorrhages, hyaline membranes.", "PMID": 1021061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3024", "title": "[Relationship between the epithelium and connective tissue at different stages of healing of chemical burns of the esophagus].", "content": "The interaction between the epithelial and connective-tissue structures was studied on 70 scarry changes in the oesophagus at various times (from 1 year to 45 years) following chemical burns. As sclerotic alterations progressed, proliferation of the layers of the stratified squamous epithelium decreased, which was particularly evident in the zones of strictures of the lumen of the damaged oesophagus. Exacerbation of inflammation due to repeated traumatization of the oesophagus wall was accompanied by proliferation of the epithelial layers. Only 25-30 years after the burns in the proliferative layers of the epithelium there were noted signs of atypia. The chronic inflammation was accompanied by marked lympho-plasmocytic infiltrations. This may indicate to concomitance of chronic oesophagitis with manifestations of autoimmune reactions.", "contents": "[Relationship between the epithelium and connective tissue at different stages of healing of chemical burns of the esophagus]. The interaction between the epithelial and connective-tissue structures was studied on 70 scarry changes in the oesophagus at various times (from 1 year to 45 years) following chemical burns. As sclerotic alterations progressed, proliferation of the layers of the stratified squamous epithelium decreased, which was particularly evident in the zones of strictures of the lumen of the damaged oesophagus. Exacerbation of inflammation due to repeated traumatization of the oesophagus wall was accompanied by proliferation of the epithelial layers. Only 25-30 years after the burns in the proliferative layers of the epithelium there were noted signs of atypia. The chronic inflammation was accompanied by marked lympho-plasmocytic infiltrations. This may indicate to concomitance of chronic oesophagitis with manifestations of autoimmune reactions.", "PMID": 1021062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3025", "title": "[Comparative morphological characteristics of adenoacanthoma of different localization].", "content": "A morphological analysis of 40 observations on adeno-acanthomas of different localizations (oesophagus, uterus, larynx, pharynx) is presented. It was established that adeno-acanthoma, which is characterized by two-component composition, distinguished itself by certain variability of the structure. The plano-epithelial component present in the tumour of the glandular structures may be of a different degree of maturation, may have the structure of planocellular cancer, or may have no signs of atypia. Basing on their own findings and data reported in the literature the authors come to the conclusion that adeno-acanthomas depending on their structures should be referred to differently: adeno-acanthoma and adenosquamous cancer. It is possible that morphological differences in the histological structure of adeno-acanthoma are of significance in the clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "[Comparative morphological characteristics of adenoacanthoma of different localization]. A morphological analysis of 40 observations on adeno-acanthomas of different localizations (oesophagus, uterus, larynx, pharynx) is presented. It was established that adeno-acanthoma, which is characterized by two-component composition, distinguished itself by certain variability of the structure. The plano-epithelial component present in the tumour of the glandular structures may be of a different degree of maturation, may have the structure of planocellular cancer, or may have no signs of atypia. Basing on their own findings and data reported in the literature the authors come to the conclusion that adeno-acanthomas depending on their structures should be referred to differently: adeno-acanthoma and adenosquamous cancer. It is possible that morphological differences in the histological structure of adeno-acanthoma are of significance in the clinical course of the disease.", "PMID": 1021063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3026", "title": "[Certain results of training of physicians-pathologists through internship].", "content": "The article discusses the experience in the post-graduate training of medical personnel in pathological anatomy in internship organized at the centralized prosectorium of the Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital. The Base has been found to fulfil its task quite satisfactorily. The centralized prosectorium has been serving a hospital fund amounting to 2755 beds. Annually, over 700 autopsies and 30 000 investigations of operative, bioptic and section materials are being performed in the prosectorium. A close contact of the regional specialist with the regional (oblast) public health department and his personal participation in the oppointment of medical graduates as prosectors are of importance in adequate staffing of medical institutions with prosectors.", "contents": "[Certain results of training of physicians-pathologists through internship]. The article discusses the experience in the post-graduate training of medical personnel in pathological anatomy in internship organized at the centralized prosectorium of the Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital. The Base has been found to fulfil its task quite satisfactorily. The centralized prosectorium has been serving a hospital fund amounting to 2755 beds. Annually, over 700 autopsies and 30 000 investigations of operative, bioptic and section materials are being performed in the prosectorium. A close contact of the regional specialist with the regional (oblast) public health department and his personal participation in the oppointment of medical graduates as prosectors are of importance in adequate staffing of medical institutions with prosectors.", "PMID": 1021064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3027", "title": "[Endometrial polyp transformed into carcinosarcoma].", "content": "A case of polyp of the endometrium in a female patient, 52 years of age, with malignization of both the stroma and the glandular component, is described. Planocellular metaplasia of the epithelium of the glands with its marked proliferation, dystrophic changes, buried growth of the type of adenoacanthoma were observed. The stroma was characterized by overgrowth of polymorphic spindle-shaped cells with the presence of mitosis figures. The general picture of sarcocarcinoma was observed. A favourable 4-year catamnesis was established.", "contents": "[Endometrial polyp transformed into carcinosarcoma]. A case of polyp of the endometrium in a female patient, 52 years of age, with malignization of both the stroma and the glandular component, is described. Planocellular metaplasia of the epithelium of the glands with its marked proliferation, dystrophic changes, buried growth of the type of adenoacanthoma were observed. The stroma was characterized by overgrowth of polymorphic spindle-shaped cells with the presence of mitosis figures. The general picture of sarcocarcinoma was observed. A favourable 4-year catamnesis was established.", "PMID": 1021065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3028", "title": "Drugs which cause diabetes.", "content": "It is clear from this review that a number of drugs, some of them in widespread use, may have as a side effect a diabetogenic action. Whether this effort occurs when there is no underlying genetic predisposition to diabetes is, at this stage in our knowledge, hard to determine. However, at a time when the incidence of diabetes mellitus is rising steadily in our community, any potential cause for even a proportion of such cases must be seriously considered. Whether at some stage in the future it will be possible to determine either on a genetic profile, or on a pharmacological profile those patients who are likely to develop such side effects, is yet to be seen. Meanwhile, a constant vigilance towards our patients treated with these drugs is required, and a readiness on the part of the physician to arrange the appropriate investigations, and where necessary to rearrange therapy, is essential.", "contents": "Drugs which cause diabetes. It is clear from this review that a number of drugs, some of them in widespread use, may have as a side effect a diabetogenic action. Whether this effort occurs when there is no underlying genetic predisposition to diabetes is, at this stage in our knowledge, hard to determine. However, at a time when the incidence of diabetes mellitus is rising steadily in our community, any potential cause for even a proportion of such cases must be seriously considered. Whether at some stage in the future it will be possible to determine either on a genetic profile, or on a pharmacological profile those patients who are likely to develop such side effects, is yet to be seen. Meanwhile, a constant vigilance towards our patients treated with these drugs is required, and a readiness on the part of the physician to arrange the appropriate investigations, and where necessary to rearrange therapy, is essential.", "PMID": 1021081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3029", "title": "The problem of hirsutism in women.", "content": "Women commonly complain of excess facial or body hair. There are generally no other abnormal physical findings and the relevance of other symptoms, especially those related to the menstrual cycle, may be unclear. The theme of androgen excess provides an explanation for the sign and various symptoms, and suggests certain pathology. Rational therapy can be based on and understanding of the hormonal processes involved in the development of secondary sexual hair. Treatment of simple hirsutism is well tolerated even in prolonged courses, and in most cases produces a satisfactory cosmetric result.", "contents": "The problem of hirsutism in women. Women commonly complain of excess facial or body hair. There are generally no other abnormal physical findings and the relevance of other symptoms, especially those related to the menstrual cycle, may be unclear. The theme of androgen excess provides an explanation for the sign and various symptoms, and suggests certain pathology. Rational therapy can be based on and understanding of the hormonal processes involved in the development of secondary sexual hair. Treatment of simple hirsutism is well tolerated even in prolonged courses, and in most cases produces a satisfactory cosmetric result.", "PMID": 1021082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3030", "title": "Examination of some processing methods for freezing boar semen.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted to examine the effect of processing methods and diluents on survival and morphology of boar spermatozoa after freezing. Post-thawing survival of spermatozoa was better for Beltsville-F3 (BF3) than for tris-fructose-EDTA freezing diluent when the seminal plasma and glycerol were removed prior to freezing (method A). Both freezing diluents yielded similar viability results when the spermatozoa were frozen in the presence of siminal plasma and glycerol (method B). Viability of spermatozoa after thawing was better when glycerol concentration in the prefreezing diluent (method A) or in the freezing medium (method B) was 2-5 and 5-0 rather than 7-5%. Cooling of diluted semen to 5 degrees C beyond 4 h decreased the post-thawing survival of spermatozoa. The proportion of spermatozoa with undamaged acrosomes after processing and thawing by different methods was indistinguishable and relatively low. When the semen was frozen at cell concentrations ranging from 0-25 to 2-0 X 10(9)/ml, the viability of spermatozoa declined with increasing concentration following freezing in BF3, and S-1 diluents. Viability results were very similar for all cell concentrations examined when tris-fructose-EDTA diluent was used, indicating the possibility of freezing boar semen in a concentrated state.", "contents": "Examination of some processing methods for freezing boar semen. Five experiments were conducted to examine the effect of processing methods and diluents on survival and morphology of boar spermatozoa after freezing. Post-thawing survival of spermatozoa was better for Beltsville-F3 (BF3) than for tris-fructose-EDTA freezing diluent when the seminal plasma and glycerol were removed prior to freezing (method A). Both freezing diluents yielded similar viability results when the spermatozoa were frozen in the presence of siminal plasma and glycerol (method B). Viability of spermatozoa after thawing was better when glycerol concentration in the prefreezing diluent (method A) or in the freezing medium (method B) was 2-5 and 5-0 rather than 7-5%. Cooling of diluted semen to 5 degrees C beyond 4 h decreased the post-thawing survival of spermatozoa. The proportion of spermatozoa with undamaged acrosomes after processing and thawing by different methods was indistinguishable and relatively low. When the semen was frozen at cell concentrations ranging from 0-25 to 2-0 X 10(9)/ml, the viability of spermatozoa declined with increasing concentration following freezing in BF3, and S-1 diluents. Viability results were very similar for all cell concentrations examined when tris-fructose-EDTA diluent was used, indicating the possibility of freezing boar semen in a concentrated state.", "PMID": 1021085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3031", "title": "Fertility test of frozen boar semen.", "content": "The fertility results of two experiments are presented. In experiment 1, the semen was frozen in tris-fructose-EDTA or BF3 diluents at 0-25 X 10(9)/ml sperm concentration and extended after thawing with either seminal plasma (SP) or the freezing medium (FM) containing no cryoprotective agent. In the second experiment the semen was glycerolated by two methods, frozen at 1-0 X 10(9)/ml sperm concentration, and extended wtih FM before insemination. Fertility after double insemination within one oestrus with semen frozen in tris-fructose-EDTA or BF3 diluents varied depending on the medium used for extension of thawed semen. The farrowing rates for semen frozen in the former diluent with FM and SP post-thawing media were 4/8 and 1/8 respectively, and for semen frozen BF3 diluent with FM and SP post-thawing extenders 1/8 and 5/8. The mean farrowing for the 32 animals inseminasted was 34-4%. Pregnancies for semen frozen in tris-fructose-EDTA and glycerolated at 30 or 5 degrees C were 5/12 and 4/12 respectively, and for single and double inseminations 6/12 and 3/12 respectively. Of 24 animals inseminated 37-5% farrowed.", "contents": "Fertility test of frozen boar semen. The fertility results of two experiments are presented. In experiment 1, the semen was frozen in tris-fructose-EDTA or BF3 diluents at 0-25 X 10(9)/ml sperm concentration and extended after thawing with either seminal plasma (SP) or the freezing medium (FM) containing no cryoprotective agent. In the second experiment the semen was glycerolated by two methods, frozen at 1-0 X 10(9)/ml sperm concentration, and extended wtih FM before insemination. Fertility after double insemination within one oestrus with semen frozen in tris-fructose-EDTA or BF3 diluents varied depending on the medium used for extension of thawed semen. The farrowing rates for semen frozen in the former diluent with FM and SP post-thawing media were 4/8 and 1/8 respectively, and for semen frozen BF3 diluent with FM and SP post-thawing extenders 1/8 and 5/8. The mean farrowing for the 32 animals inseminasted was 34-4%. Pregnancies for semen frozen in tris-fructose-EDTA and glycerolated at 30 or 5 degrees C were 5/12 and 4/12 respectively, and for single and double inseminations 6/12 and 3/12 respectively. Of 24 animals inseminated 37-5% farrowed.", "PMID": 1021086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3032", "title": "Effects of semi-starvation on the total body composition and absorptive function of the small intestine of the young adult female rat.", "content": "Sixteen female rats aged about 80 days and with a mean body weight of 175 g were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake of a laboratory chow. They were killed and analysed for water, protein, lipid and ash after 9, 21-5, 30-2 and 38-8% of body weight had been lost. Compared to a control group of four animals, the 38-8% group lost 13 g or 34% of their protein. The animals in the 21-5, 30-2 and 38-8% groups lost 7-5 g or 87% of their lipid leaving only 1-1 g of lipid. The percentage protein in the body was little affected by body weight loss but lipid decreased from 5 to 1%. In another experiment with 26 rats of 205 g mean body weight and aged about 115 days, absorption rates by the small intestine were measured in vivo after variable weight losses between 0 and 39%. D(+)-Glucose uptake was increased by about 70% in those animals which had lost only 5% of body weight and this increased uptake was retained in those rats which had lost up to 39% of body weight. The absorption of L-leucine was not affected by the decline in body weight compared to the controls but relative to body weight, the ability of the intestine to absorb increased. In the same animals, the wet and dry weights of the small intestine declined slightly faster than body weight and the length of the small intestine tended to decrease slightly with increasing loss of body weight.", "contents": "Effects of semi-starvation on the total body composition and absorptive function of the small intestine of the young adult female rat. Sixteen female rats aged about 80 days and with a mean body weight of 175 g were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake of a laboratory chow. They were killed and analysed for water, protein, lipid and ash after 9, 21-5, 30-2 and 38-8% of body weight had been lost. Compared to a control group of four animals, the 38-8% group lost 13 g or 34% of their protein. The animals in the 21-5, 30-2 and 38-8% groups lost 7-5 g or 87% of their lipid leaving only 1-1 g of lipid. The percentage protein in the body was little affected by body weight loss but lipid decreased from 5 to 1%. In another experiment with 26 rats of 205 g mean body weight and aged about 115 days, absorption rates by the small intestine were measured in vivo after variable weight losses between 0 and 39%. D(+)-Glucose uptake was increased by about 70% in those animals which had lost only 5% of body weight and this increased uptake was retained in those rats which had lost up to 39% of body weight. The absorption of L-leucine was not affected by the decline in body weight compared to the controls but relative to body weight, the ability of the intestine to absorb increased. In the same animals, the wet and dry weights of the small intestine declined slightly faster than body weight and the length of the small intestine tended to decrease slightly with increasing loss of body weight.", "PMID": 1021087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3033", "title": "Effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves on bile secretion in Anaesthetized sheep.", "content": "Bile was collected before and during electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in acute experiments on sheep with ligated cystic ducts. Most stimuli caused no change in bile formation, but a 10-V, 10-Hz stimulus caused a slight increase in bicarbonate output. Neither the response to infused secretin nor the maximum rate of bile salt transport by liver cells changed during vagal stimulation. It was concluded that the vagal innervation of the liver is not likely to play a major role in the regulation of bile formation in sheep.", "contents": "Effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves on bile secretion in Anaesthetized sheep. Bile was collected before and during electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in acute experiments on sheep with ligated cystic ducts. Most stimuli caused no change in bile formation, but a 10-V, 10-Hz stimulus caused a slight increase in bicarbonate output. Neither the response to infused secretin nor the maximum rate of bile salt transport by liver cells changed during vagal stimulation. It was concluded that the vagal innervation of the liver is not likely to play a major role in the regulation of bile formation in sheep.", "PMID": 1021088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3034", "title": "The relation between Z--disk lattice spacing and sarcomere length in sartorius muscle fibres from Hyla cerulea.", "content": "Sartorius muscles from the green tree frog Hyla cerulea were set at variety of muscle lengths and fixed for electron microscopy using acrolein followed by osmium tetroxide. The sarcomere length, s, was determined in thick sections using laser-diffraction. The Z-disk lattice spacing, z, was measured in electron micrographs of thin sections from the same muscles. The Z-disk lattice was found to expand as sarcomere length decreased such that the quantity sz2 was constant at 1-05 X 10(6) nm3 for all sarcomere lengths in the range 1-9-2-9 mum. Thus, the sarcomere length dependency of the Z-disk lattice is similar to that of the myosin filament lattice. The density of thin filaments per unit cross section of fibril leaving the Z-disk is less than their density in the A band. Thus, fibrils have a smaller cross section in the I band, leaving more inter-fibrillar space there. This may explain why more mitochondria and lipid droplets are located in the I bands than in the A bands. It is suggested that the Z-disk may contributed to the short range elasticity of muscle fibres.", "contents": "The relation between Z--disk lattice spacing and sarcomere length in sartorius muscle fibres from Hyla cerulea. Sartorius muscles from the green tree frog Hyla cerulea were set at variety of muscle lengths and fixed for electron microscopy using acrolein followed by osmium tetroxide. The sarcomere length, s, was determined in thick sections using laser-diffraction. The Z-disk lattice spacing, z, was measured in electron micrographs of thin sections from the same muscles. The Z-disk lattice was found to expand as sarcomere length decreased such that the quantity sz2 was constant at 1-05 X 10(6) nm3 for all sarcomere lengths in the range 1-9-2-9 mum. Thus, the sarcomere length dependency of the Z-disk lattice is similar to that of the myosin filament lattice. The density of thin filaments per unit cross section of fibril leaving the Z-disk is less than their density in the A band. Thus, fibrils have a smaller cross section in the I band, leaving more inter-fibrillar space there. This may explain why more mitochondria and lipid droplets are located in the I bands than in the A bands. It is suggested that the Z-disk may contributed to the short range elasticity of muscle fibres.", "PMID": 1021089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3035", "title": "Eperythrozoon ovis: the difference in carbohydrate metabolism between infected and uninfected sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The glucose utilization lactic and pyruvic acid production and oxygen uptake of normal and Eperythrozoon ovis infected sheep erythrocytes were measured under aerobic conditions. Infected cells showed marded increases in both glucose utilization and acid production as compared with controls. Uninfected erythocyte samples which included a percentage of reticulocytes comparable to that found in E. ovis infection showed no apparent difference in glucose utilization and lactic acid production form the normal control erythrocytes, although considerable increases in the oxygen uptake were recorded.", "contents": "Eperythrozoon ovis: the difference in carbohydrate metabolism between infected and uninfected sheep erythrocytes. The glucose utilization lactic and pyruvic acid production and oxygen uptake of normal and Eperythrozoon ovis infected sheep erythrocytes were measured under aerobic conditions. Infected cells showed marded increases in both glucose utilization and acid production as compared with controls. Uninfected erythocyte samples which included a percentage of reticulocytes comparable to that found in E. ovis infection showed no apparent difference in glucose utilization and lactic acid production form the normal control erythrocytes, although considerable increases in the oxygen uptake were recorded.", "PMID": 1021090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3036", "title": "The influence of adrenergic nerves of the response of blood vessels in the rabbit ear to 2--phenylalanine-8-lysine vasopressin (Octapressin).", "content": "The blood vessels in the rabbit ear have been used to investigate the effects of octapressin on vascular smooth muscle. Continuous administration of this drug resulted in tachphlatis. Cocaine enhanced the response of the ear to octapressin; however, this potentiation was not evident when phentolamine was concurrently added to the perfusate. Denervation and reserpinisation of the ear also eliminated the potentiation of octapressin's response by cocaine. The results suggest that there is a small, indirect sympathomimetic component involved in octapressin's action on the vasculature.", "contents": "The influence of adrenergic nerves of the response of blood vessels in the rabbit ear to 2--phenylalanine-8-lysine vasopressin (Octapressin). The blood vessels in the rabbit ear have been used to investigate the effects of octapressin on vascular smooth muscle. Continuous administration of this drug resulted in tachphlatis. Cocaine enhanced the response of the ear to octapressin; however, this potentiation was not evident when phentolamine was concurrently added to the perfusate. Denervation and reserpinisation of the ear also eliminated the potentiation of octapressin's response by cocaine. The results suggest that there is a small, indirect sympathomimetic component involved in octapressin's action on the vasculature.", "PMID": 1021091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3037", "title": "Prostaglandin in the saliva of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus.", "content": "Previous studies of saliva from engorged female cattle ticks revealed a component which induced contration of some isolated smooth muscles. Fractionation and further characterisation have shown that this substance is of the \"slow-reacting\" type, but that it is neither a bradykinin nor slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. The substance is deactivated by incubation with 15-hydroxprostaglandin dehydrogenase and its pharmacological properties also support its classification as a prostaglandin. A second pharmacologically-active component has now been found in the saliva but has not yet been characterised.", "contents": "Prostaglandin in the saliva of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Previous studies of saliva from engorged female cattle ticks revealed a component which induced contration of some isolated smooth muscles. Fractionation and further characterisation have shown that this substance is of the \"slow-reacting\" type, but that it is neither a bradykinin nor slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. The substance is deactivated by incubation with 15-hydroxprostaglandin dehydrogenase and its pharmacological properties also support its classification as a prostaglandin. A second pharmacologically-active component has now been found in the saliva but has not yet been characterised.", "PMID": 1021092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3038", "title": "Ord River arboviruses--serological epidemiology.", "content": "This paper presents the results of haemagglutination-inhibition tests carried out on sera from 441 persons, 1,080 cattle and 335 birds in the Kimberley area. Two Alphaviruses (group A) (Ross River and Sindbis) and one Flavivirus (Murray Valley Encephalitis) were used for the preparation of haemagglutinins in the haemagglutination-inhibition tests. The tests showed a high percentage of antibody of Murray Valley Encephalitis in humans, birds and cattle, with an obvious focus of infection in the study site when cattle sera from different geographic areas were compared. These results are discussed in relation to the evolution and ecology of arboviruses in the Ord River area.", "contents": "Ord River arboviruses--serological epidemiology. This paper presents the results of haemagglutination-inhibition tests carried out on sera from 441 persons, 1,080 cattle and 335 birds in the Kimberley area. Two Alphaviruses (group A) (Ross River and Sindbis) and one Flavivirus (Murray Valley Encephalitis) were used for the preparation of haemagglutinins in the haemagglutination-inhibition tests. The tests showed a high percentage of antibody of Murray Valley Encephalitis in humans, birds and cattle, with an obvious focus of infection in the study site when cattle sera from different geographic areas were compared. These results are discussed in relation to the evolution and ecology of arboviruses in the Ord River area.", "PMID": 1021093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3039", "title": "The role of wild animals in the spread of exotic diseases in Australia.", "content": "The distributions of the following feral animals are given -- cattle, buffalo, pig, goat, deer, camel, horse, donkey, fox, dog and cat -- and the native dingo. The possible role these and the native rodents, marsupials and monotremes would play should an exotic disease of livestock enter Australia is discussed. It is considered that feral animals would be important in creating foci from which the disease would spread.", "contents": "The role of wild animals in the spread of exotic diseases in Australia. The distributions of the following feral animals are given -- cattle, buffalo, pig, goat, deer, camel, horse, donkey, fox, dog and cat -- and the native dingo. The possible role these and the native rodents, marsupials and monotremes would play should an exotic disease of livestock enter Australia is discussed. It is considered that feral animals would be important in creating foci from which the disease would spread.", "PMID": 1021109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3040", "title": "Relationships between heart score, heart weight and body weight in Greyhound dogs.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between heart score (mean QRS interval), heart weight and body weight in Greyhound dogs. Highly significant correlations between these measurements have been observed and distinct sex differences have been demonstrated. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 66% of the variation in heart weight was due to variation in heart score and body weight. From the regression analysis, a formula for heart weight prediction with a standard deviation of 27.1 g was derived. The implications of these findings have been discussed briefly and emphasis has been placed on the need for good electrocardiographic technique, if the procedures outlined are to be used successfully. The positive correlation between heart score and heart size demonstrated here in Greyhounds is in accord with similar correlations reported previously in racehorses and human athletes.", "contents": "Relationships between heart score, heart weight and body weight in Greyhound dogs. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between heart score (mean QRS interval), heart weight and body weight in Greyhound dogs. Highly significant correlations between these measurements have been observed and distinct sex differences have been demonstrated. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 66% of the variation in heart weight was due to variation in heart score and body weight. From the regression analysis, a formula for heart weight prediction with a standard deviation of 27.1 g was derived. The implications of these findings have been discussed briefly and emphasis has been placed on the need for good electrocardiographic technique, if the procedures outlined are to be used successfully. The positive correlation between heart score and heart size demonstrated here in Greyhounds is in accord with similar correlations reported previously in racehorses and human athletes.", "PMID": 1021110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3041", "title": "Artificial insemination of beef cattle.", "content": "A system for the artificial insemination fo beef cattle was described. The system involved preparation of the cattle and facilities, visual oestrous detection twice a day, drafting each morning and insemination of oestrous cows twice a day. The AI program was evaluated during the course of the program and at pregnancy test 35 to 90 days after the end of the insemination period. The insemination period was from 25 to 60 days depending on efficiency, with programs from 25 to 35 days being favoured. Results for 12218 first inseminations (65.9%) and 2222 second inseminations (57.8%) in 56 AI programs compared favourably with results in dairy AI. Pregnancy rates in lactating cows (70.5%) were significantly higher than in nonlactating cows and heifers (66.1%). Overall efficiency of well-managed AI programs were represented by 63% of cows put into a program becoming pregnant in a 29-day insemination period. Seventy-two per cent of the cows put into the program were inseminated yielding an 88% pregnancy rate. The efficiency of visual oestrous detection was 95% but this estimate did not include false positives. Efficiency of AI programs were effected by management, nutrition, infection, inseminators, facilities and the origin and type of cattle put into a program. Environmental factors such as handling, stress and thunderstorms did not effect efficiency except via a nutritional effect.", "contents": "Artificial insemination of beef cattle. A system for the artificial insemination fo beef cattle was described. The system involved preparation of the cattle and facilities, visual oestrous detection twice a day, drafting each morning and insemination of oestrous cows twice a day. The AI program was evaluated during the course of the program and at pregnancy test 35 to 90 days after the end of the insemination period. The insemination period was from 25 to 60 days depending on efficiency, with programs from 25 to 35 days being favoured. Results for 12218 first inseminations (65.9%) and 2222 second inseminations (57.8%) in 56 AI programs compared favourably with results in dairy AI. Pregnancy rates in lactating cows (70.5%) were significantly higher than in nonlactating cows and heifers (66.1%). Overall efficiency of well-managed AI programs were represented by 63% of cows put into a program becoming pregnant in a 29-day insemination period. Seventy-two per cent of the cows put into the program were inseminated yielding an 88% pregnancy rate. The efficiency of visual oestrous detection was 95% but this estimate did not include false positives. Efficiency of AI programs were effected by management, nutrition, infection, inseminators, facilities and the origin and type of cattle put into a program. Environmental factors such as handling, stress and thunderstorms did not effect efficiency except via a nutritional effect.", "PMID": 1021111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3042", "title": "A survey of dystocia in beef cattle in Southern Queensland.", "content": "Data relating to dystocia were obtained for 22% of beef herds in the Roma region of southern Queensland. In 1973 dystocia incidence in 23,129 maiden heifers was 12%; 4% of heifers and 7% of calves died. Thirty-five per cent of the 444 herds surveyed had more than a 10% incidence of dystocia, and 10% had more than a 30% incidence of dystocia. Only 6% of herds had no dystocia. Among the 73% of producers considering dystocia a problem in most years, 14% regarded it as a major problem. The incidence of dystocia in heifers was significantly higher in Poll Hereford than Hereford herds, which in turn were higher than other breeds of cattle. Poll Hereford and Hereford owners were the most concerned about dystocia but did not supervise calving more frequently. Dystocia and attitude were also examined in relation to degree of supervision at calving and size of the breeding herd.", "contents": "A survey of dystocia in beef cattle in Southern Queensland. Data relating to dystocia were obtained for 22% of beef herds in the Roma region of southern Queensland. In 1973 dystocia incidence in 23,129 maiden heifers was 12%; 4% of heifers and 7% of calves died. Thirty-five per cent of the 444 herds surveyed had more than a 10% incidence of dystocia, and 10% had more than a 30% incidence of dystocia. Only 6% of herds had no dystocia. Among the 73% of producers considering dystocia a problem in most years, 14% regarded it as a major problem. The incidence of dystocia in heifers was significantly higher in Poll Hereford than Hereford herds, which in turn were higher than other breeds of cattle. Poll Hereford and Hereford owners were the most concerned about dystocia but did not supervise calving more frequently. Dystocia and attitude were also examined in relation to degree of supervision at calving and size of the breeding herd.", "PMID": 1021112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3043", "title": "An investigation into hindleg lameness in dairy cows.", "content": "A hind leg lameness of dairy cows was investigated in south-east Queensland. Samples of bone, blood, saliva, faeces, urine and milk were collected from lame and normal cows, some of which had received a phosphorus supplement of 30 g per day. Results of these investigations are presented and discussed. Clinical observations and pathological examinations indicated that the disease was an arthropathy affecting either the coxo-femoral or femoro-tibial joints. The disease was present in 30% of herds surveyed. Each owner reported 2 to 3 lame cows. The affected cows could not be differentiated from the normal cows on biochemical grounds. An hypothesis is advanced to explain the reported response of lame animals to large supplements of phosphorus. Information which indicates that previous nutritional status and methods of production cannot be ignored as predisposing factors is presented.", "contents": "An investigation into hindleg lameness in dairy cows. A hind leg lameness of dairy cows was investigated in south-east Queensland. Samples of bone, blood, saliva, faeces, urine and milk were collected from lame and normal cows, some of which had received a phosphorus supplement of 30 g per day. Results of these investigations are presented and discussed. Clinical observations and pathological examinations indicated that the disease was an arthropathy affecting either the coxo-femoral or femoro-tibial joints. The disease was present in 30% of herds surveyed. Each owner reported 2 to 3 lame cows. The affected cows could not be differentiated from the normal cows on biochemical grounds. An hypothesis is advanced to explain the reported response of lame animals to large supplements of phosphorus. Information which indicates that previous nutritional status and methods of production cannot be ignored as predisposing factors is presented.", "PMID": 1021113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3044", "title": "Field trials with lyophilised herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against Marek's disease in layer and broiler rearing flocks.", "content": "The safety and immunogenicity of commercial lyophilised herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine against Marek's disease (MD) was evaluated in 19 field trials involving 76,848 vaccinated and 87,590 control chickens. In the first series of 11 trials involving one commercial vaccine at a dose of 536 plaque forming units (PFU) there was a significant reduction in the incidence of MD (P less than 0.001) and in total mortality (P less than 0.001) from 0 to 18 weeks due to vaccination and the overall protection was 85.2%. In the second series of eight trials involving another commercial vaccine at a dose range of 1360 to 1900 PFU there was a significant reduction in the incidence of MD (P less than 0.001) from 0 to 18 weeks of age due to vaccination. The overall protection was 77.8%. In both series there was a significant difference in MD mortality between meat breeders and crossbred pullets (P less than 0.005) in response to vaccination. There was also a significant difference in total mortality from 0-6 weeks of age between the two series suggesting either differences in response to the two vaccines or differences in the vaccination technique. In a number of trials the incidence of MD was low in the controls, however, where MD incidence was above 2% in the controls protection usually exceeded 80%. It was concluded the vaccines were safe and efficacious and the degree of protection was comparable to that obtained by HVT vaccines described in other countries.", "contents": "Field trials with lyophilised herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine against Marek's disease in layer and broiler rearing flocks. The safety and immunogenicity of commercial lyophilised herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine against Marek's disease (MD) was evaluated in 19 field trials involving 76,848 vaccinated and 87,590 control chickens. In the first series of 11 trials involving one commercial vaccine at a dose of 536 plaque forming units (PFU) there was a significant reduction in the incidence of MD (P less than 0.001) and in total mortality (P less than 0.001) from 0 to 18 weeks due to vaccination and the overall protection was 85.2%. In the second series of eight trials involving another commercial vaccine at a dose range of 1360 to 1900 PFU there was a significant reduction in the incidence of MD (P less than 0.001) from 0 to 18 weeks of age due to vaccination. The overall protection was 77.8%. In both series there was a significant difference in MD mortality between meat breeders and crossbred pullets (P less than 0.005) in response to vaccination. There was also a significant difference in total mortality from 0-6 weeks of age between the two series suggesting either differences in response to the two vaccines or differences in the vaccination technique. In a number of trials the incidence of MD was low in the controls, however, where MD incidence was above 2% in the controls protection usually exceeded 80%. It was concluded the vaccines were safe and efficacious and the degree of protection was comparable to that obtained by HVT vaccines described in other countries.", "PMID": 1021114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3045", "title": "Some aspects of reproduction in fat-tailed sheep in the subtropics V. Seasonal variation in sexual desire and semen characteristics.", "content": "The seasonal variations in sexual desire and semen characteristics were studied in five 1.5 to 2.5 years young and five mature (4 to 5 years old) fat-tailed Ausimi rams. The sexual desire was assessed according to the \"reaction time\" (period between initiation of the ram and the semen delivery into the artificial vagina): the sperm quality was assessed with the usual parameters. Although the breeding ability of the rams was continuous throughout the year, the sperm density was highest in the summer (due to long daylight periods). On the other hand the sexual desire and semen volumen reached their peak during the autumn. This and other results denote that the complex environmental factors controlling sexual activity exhibit different seasonal effects on different parts of the male reproductive system.", "contents": "Some aspects of reproduction in fat-tailed sheep in the subtropics V. Seasonal variation in sexual desire and semen characteristics. The seasonal variations in sexual desire and semen characteristics were studied in five 1.5 to 2.5 years young and five mature (4 to 5 years old) fat-tailed Ausimi rams. The sexual desire was assessed according to the \"reaction time\" (period between initiation of the ram and the semen delivery into the artificial vagina): the sperm quality was assessed with the usual parameters. Although the breeding ability of the rams was continuous throughout the year, the sperm density was highest in the summer (due to long daylight periods). On the other hand the sexual desire and semen volumen reached their peak during the autumn. This and other results denote that the complex environmental factors controlling sexual activity exhibit different seasonal effects on different parts of the male reproductive system.", "PMID": 1021137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3046", "title": "Productive and reproductive adaptations of Friesian cattle introduced to a suptropical environment.", "content": "Various parameters were studied in imported and in local female cattle under the conditions in Iraq. The following results were obtained: The age at the first calving was lower in the animals imported in 1964 and 1965 than in the locally born cows. The age at the first calving in the daughter cows of the imported animals increased significantly by 1.6 months per year. The calving interval and the duration of the post-partum periods were longer in imported dams than in daughter cows. The gestation period was shorter in the imported dams than in the daughter cows. The lactation length and the dry period were longer in the imported dams than in their locally born daughters. The percentage of calves born during the life of all recorded cows in the studied herd was higher in the imported dams.", "contents": "Productive and reproductive adaptations of Friesian cattle introduced to a suptropical environment. Various parameters were studied in imported and in local female cattle under the conditions in Iraq. The following results were obtained: The age at the first calving was lower in the animals imported in 1964 and 1965 than in the locally born cows. The age at the first calving in the daughter cows of the imported animals increased significantly by 1.6 months per year. The calving interval and the duration of the post-partum periods were longer in imported dams than in daughter cows. The gestation period was shorter in the imported dams than in the daughter cows. The lactation length and the dry period were longer in the imported dams than in their locally born daughters. The percentage of calves born during the life of all recorded cows in the studied herd was higher in the imported dams.", "PMID": 1021138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3047", "title": "[Correlation between histological findings and clinical behavior following surgery for portal hypertension in cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a retrospective study of 29 cirrhotic patients who underwent surgery for haemorrhage or ascites due to portal hypertension, carried out to look for any correlation between histological findings and clinical outcome. When Mallory's bodies and signs of activation are found, indicating that the cirrhosis is progressing, the clinical results are often discouraging. A careful choice of which cirrhosis patients are likely to gain from surgery should take account of selective histological criteria as well as full clinical and haemodynamic data.", "contents": "[Correlation between histological findings and clinical behavior following surgery for portal hypertension in cirrhosis (author's transl)]. This is a retrospective study of 29 cirrhotic patients who underwent surgery for haemorrhage or ascites due to portal hypertension, carried out to look for any correlation between histological findings and clinical outcome. When Mallory's bodies and signs of activation are found, indicating that the cirrhosis is progressing, the clinical results are often discouraging. A careful choice of which cirrhosis patients are likely to gain from surgery should take account of selective histological criteria as well as full clinical and haemodynamic data.", "PMID": 1021140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3048", "title": "[The curative action of Monticelli Term's water in upper respiratory tract diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors study the action of the sodio bromide-iodic water of Monticelli Terme in upper respiratory tract disease and particularly assert that is not to neglect the organic ground on which establishes mucosa's disease. Therman treatment gives the best therapeutic results in every patient presenting chronic inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory trach alternating periods of quiescency and of activity, and poor therapeutic action in patients presenting chronic inveterate diseases with great alterations in vascular and glandular components of the mucosa.", "contents": "[The curative action of Monticelli Term's water in upper respiratory tract diseases (author's transl)]. The Authors study the action of the sodio bromide-iodic water of Monticelli Terme in upper respiratory tract disease and particularly assert that is not to neglect the organic ground on which establishes mucosa's disease. Therman treatment gives the best therapeutic results in every patient presenting chronic inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory trach alternating periods of quiescency and of activity, and poor therapeutic action in patients presenting chronic inveterate diseases with great alterations in vascular and glandular components of the mucosa.", "PMID": 1021139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3049", "title": "[Studies on the quality of water of the right side tributaries of the Po River; Trebbia and Nure, in 1971-1973].", "content": "In the period 1971-73 samplings were taken out monthly at the mouths of the two right side tributaries of the river Po, Trebbia and Nure. The aim of the research was to value the water quality, the polluted load conveyed to the river Po and to compare the real load with the one estimated on the basis of inhabitants and the basin area. Both the water courses are torrent-like rivers with highflow values in the winter and low flow values in the summer (July and August). There are no important industries in the basins studied and the high polluted effluents, mainly domestic and agricultural discharges, are placed in the plain tracts of the rivers at few kilometers from the mouths. As far as the water quality of both rivers is concerned, most of the chemical parameters maintain suitable levels for fish life and drinking purposes; on the contrary the microniological indexes exceed the limits for bathing fixed by the Italian Ministry of Health by 100 E.coli 100/ml. and by 1000 total coliforms 100/ml. in about 90 and 70-80% of samplings. The comparison between real and calculated loads has shown a good agreement for BOD and chloride in Trebbia and for BOD and phosphates in Nure.", "contents": "[Studies on the quality of water of the right side tributaries of the Po River; Trebbia and Nure, in 1971-1973]. In the period 1971-73 samplings were taken out monthly at the mouths of the two right side tributaries of the river Po, Trebbia and Nure. The aim of the research was to value the water quality, the polluted load conveyed to the river Po and to compare the real load with the one estimated on the basis of inhabitants and the basin area. Both the water courses are torrent-like rivers with highflow values in the winter and low flow values in the summer (July and August). There are no important industries in the basins studied and the high polluted effluents, mainly domestic and agricultural discharges, are placed in the plain tracts of the rivers at few kilometers from the mouths. As far as the water quality of both rivers is concerned, most of the chemical parameters maintain suitable levels for fish life and drinking purposes; on the contrary the microniological indexes exceed the limits for bathing fixed by the Italian Ministry of Health by 100 E.coli 100/ml. and by 1000 total coliforms 100/ml. in about 90 and 70-80% of samplings. The comparison between real and calculated loads has shown a good agreement for BOD and chloride in Trebbia and for BOD and phosphates in Nure.", "PMID": 1021142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3050", "title": "[Research on the quality of the Po River and its tributaries in the region of Cremona-Casalmaggiore mountain. III. 1972-1973].", "content": "The analises of water samples collected during the second research period, year 1972-73, in the tract of the river Po from Cremona to Casalmaggiore partly confirmed the results obtained in the first period (1971-72). However we have to consider that during this second research year the hydrological conditions of the river Po have been very similar to the average ones of the last 30-40 years. The fact is particularly important and it permitted us to better value all those parameters which feel the effects of the flow variations. Also in this second period the different parameters didn't present significative variations upstream and downstream Cremona and at Casalmaggiore except the turbid load as happened in 1971-72 period. As far as the water qualities are concerned no significative differences have been registered between the two paeriods; in fact the most part of the physioco-chemical parameters keep suitable levels for fish life and drinking purposes; meanwhile, except some particular situations, the microbiological indexes exceed the limits for bathing waters fixed by the W.Q.C. and by the Italian Ministry of Health.", "contents": "[Research on the quality of the Po River and its tributaries in the region of Cremona-Casalmaggiore mountain. III. 1972-1973]. The analises of water samples collected during the second research period, year 1972-73, in the tract of the river Po from Cremona to Casalmaggiore partly confirmed the results obtained in the first period (1971-72). However we have to consider that during this second research year the hydrological conditions of the river Po have been very similar to the average ones of the last 30-40 years. The fact is particularly important and it permitted us to better value all those parameters which feel the effects of the flow variations. Also in this second period the different parameters didn't present significative variations upstream and downstream Cremona and at Casalmaggiore except the turbid load as happened in 1971-72 period. As far as the water qualities are concerned no significative differences have been registered between the two paeriods; in fact the most part of the physioco-chemical parameters keep suitable levels for fish life and drinking purposes; meanwhile, except some particular situations, the microbiological indexes exceed the limits for bathing waters fixed by the W.Q.C. and by the Italian Ministry of Health.", "PMID": 1021141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3051", "title": "[Simultaneous evaluation total and selective of GFR and ERPF with Hypaque-131I and with Hippuran-125I (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report their experience regarding the use of radioisotopes (Hypasults obtained in 40 healthy subjects confirm the reliability of the separate tests. Limitation and value of plasmatic and urinary clearances are briefly discussed. As the methods are simple, reproducible and unharmful for the patient, the Authors suggest an increasing application of these radioisotopic techniques for clinical purposes.", "contents": "[Simultaneous evaluation total and selective of GFR and ERPF with Hypaque-131I and with Hippuran-125I (author's transl)]. The Authors report their experience regarding the use of radioisotopes (Hypasults obtained in 40 healthy subjects confirm the reliability of the separate tests. Limitation and value of plasmatic and urinary clearances are briefly discussed. As the methods are simple, reproducible and unharmful for the patient, the Authors suggest an increasing application of these radioisotopic techniques for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 1021143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3052", "title": "[The preparation and characterization of steroid antisera (author's transl)].", "content": "The steroids, as compounds of low molecular weight, are not immunogenic; however, certain small molecules (haptens) when covalently linked to proteins become antigenic i.e., they provoke the production of unique antibody. If a steroid were covalently copuled to a protein, an artifical antigen would be produced capable of eliciting the formation of antibody with specificity not only for the protein carrier but also for the particular haptenic steroid. The results would be an in vivo production of a tailor made binding sites for any steroid that can be attached as a hapten to a protein by covalent bonds and thus become antigenic. This procedure allow the preparation of steroid specific antisera suitable for clinical use in radioimmunoassay, methods. The Authors report the techniques of preparation of steroid-derivative antigens of Androstenedion, Testosteron, and Progesteron. The three derivative steroid antigens have shown a good antigenic property by eliciting the formation of specifical antisera in 5 out of 6 rabbits used for the immunization. After 10 weeks from the beginning of immunization antisera useful in radioimmunoassay at the diluition 1/300; 1/1600; 1/2000 respectively for Progesteron, Testosteron and Androstenedion were obtained. The standard curves show a good sensitivity suitable for clinical use.", "contents": "[The preparation and characterization of steroid antisera (author's transl)]. The steroids, as compounds of low molecular weight, are not immunogenic; however, certain small molecules (haptens) when covalently linked to proteins become antigenic i.e., they provoke the production of unique antibody. If a steroid were covalently copuled to a protein, an artifical antigen would be produced capable of eliciting the formation of antibody with specificity not only for the protein carrier but also for the particular haptenic steroid. The results would be an in vivo production of a tailor made binding sites for any steroid that can be attached as a hapten to a protein by covalent bonds and thus become antigenic. This procedure allow the preparation of steroid specific antisera suitable for clinical use in radioimmunoassay, methods. The Authors report the techniques of preparation of steroid-derivative antigens of Androstenedion, Testosteron, and Progesteron. The three derivative steroid antigens have shown a good antigenic property by eliciting the formation of specifical antisera in 5 out of 6 rabbits used for the immunization. After 10 weeks from the beginning of immunization antisera useful in radioimmunoassay at the diluition 1/300; 1/1600; 1/2000 respectively for Progesteron, Testosteron and Androstenedion were obtained. The standard curves show a good sensitivity suitable for clinical use.", "PMID": 1021144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3053", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm (twelve cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve cases of male patients with traumatic rupture of the diaphragm are reported. Eleven involved the left hemidiaphragm, and the twelfth the right. The aetiopathogenetic and anatomical-pathological aspects are discussed, and stress is laid on the importance of early diagnosis. In general, the most effective form of reanimation is prompt surgery, reducing the herniated organs in the abdominal cavity, re-expanding the lungs, and treating the frequent concomitant visceral lesions as each case demands. The criteria followed in selecting the route of access to traumatic lesions of the diaphragm are described; in most of the cases reported, the thoracic route was preferred, often associated with laparotomy.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm (twelve cases) (author's transl)]. Twelve cases of male patients with traumatic rupture of the diaphragm are reported. Eleven involved the left hemidiaphragm, and the twelfth the right. The aetiopathogenetic and anatomical-pathological aspects are discussed, and stress is laid on the importance of early diagnosis. In general, the most effective form of reanimation is prompt surgery, reducing the herniated organs in the abdominal cavity, re-expanding the lungs, and treating the frequent concomitant visceral lesions as each case demands. The criteria followed in selecting the route of access to traumatic lesions of the diaphragm are described; in most of the cases reported, the thoracic route was preferred, often associated with laparotomy.", "PMID": 1021145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3054", "title": "[Clinical control, study of viral shedding and evaluation of circulating and local antibody response after administration of live and attenuated \"Alice\" strain influenza vaccine].", "content": "Thirty-four young adults were inoculated intranasally by nose drops with two doses, two weeks apart, of inhibitor resistant \"Alice\" vaccine strain of A/England/42/72 (H3N2). By the rate of volunteers with clinical reactions, always mild and short-lasting, the vaccine showed a low degree of reactogenicity. Viral shedding was evidenced only the day after the first dose and was limited to two vaccinees. Two weeks after the first dose homologous serum h.i.a. appeared in all the 15 volunteers lacking prevaccination antibody and significant titer rises occurred in a substantial number of vaccine recipients with low titers. The incidence of subjects with h.i.a at titers considered to be protective (larger than or equal to 1:40), which was 26% before vaccination, rose to 93% in fully vaccinated volunteers. Very likely because of the presence of n.i.a. in the prevaccinal serum of all the volunteers, the n.i.a. response was less satisfactory. The vaccine induced h.i.a. to A/Port Chalmers/73 e A Scotland/74 (H3N2) variants, although in a lower titer than to the homologous strain. Serum h.i. and n.i. antibody response appeared not to be significantly increased by a second dose. H.i.a., never present in the first sample, were found in the nasal washings taken two weeks after the second dose from 9 out of 16 vaccinees examined. Antibody was detected more frequently in the specimens with relatively high levels of protein and IgA. Secretory n.i.a., already demonstrable in 7 volunteers before vaccination, were acquired by all but one at the end of the experience.", "contents": "[Clinical control, study of viral shedding and evaluation of circulating and local antibody response after administration of live and attenuated \"Alice\" strain influenza vaccine]. Thirty-four young adults were inoculated intranasally by nose drops with two doses, two weeks apart, of inhibitor resistant \"Alice\" vaccine strain of A/England/42/72 (H3N2). By the rate of volunteers with clinical reactions, always mild and short-lasting, the vaccine showed a low degree of reactogenicity. Viral shedding was evidenced only the day after the first dose and was limited to two vaccinees. Two weeks after the first dose homologous serum h.i.a. appeared in all the 15 volunteers lacking prevaccination antibody and significant titer rises occurred in a substantial number of vaccine recipients with low titers. The incidence of subjects with h.i.a at titers considered to be protective (larger than or equal to 1:40), which was 26% before vaccination, rose to 93% in fully vaccinated volunteers. Very likely because of the presence of n.i.a. in the prevaccinal serum of all the volunteers, the n.i.a. response was less satisfactory. The vaccine induced h.i.a. to A/Port Chalmers/73 e A Scotland/74 (H3N2) variants, although in a lower titer than to the homologous strain. Serum h.i. and n.i. antibody response appeared not to be significantly increased by a second dose. H.i.a., never present in the first sample, were found in the nasal washings taken two weeks after the second dose from 9 out of 16 vaccinees examined. Antibody was detected more frequently in the specimens with relatively high levels of protein and IgA. Secretory n.i.a., already demonstrable in 7 volunteers before vaccination, were acquired by all but one at the end of the experience.", "PMID": 1021151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3055", "title": "[Homologous and heterologous antibody response induced in man by anti-influenza vaccine containing A/England/42/72 and b/Massachusetts/71].", "content": "In november 1973, 43 subjects living in a home for aged were given one dose of influenza vaccine, containing A/England/42/72 and B/Massachusetts/71. After 4 and 20 weeks, sera were tested for antibody contentto the homologous and to A/port Chalmers/1/73 viruses by haemoagglutination inhibition technique. Control group included 23 untreated subjects. The satisfactory increase in the anti-A/England/42/72 antibodies induced by vaccine indicated a good antigenic potency of the A component. The satisfactory cross-reacting response suggests that the \"drift\" in antigenic content between A England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 was moderate. On the contrary the increase in anti-B/Massachusetts/71 antibodies after vaccination was observed only in a limited number of cases. Twelve subjects (9 treated and 3 controls) experienced upper respiratory tract infections which appeared to be not related to infuenza viruses.", "contents": "[Homologous and heterologous antibody response induced in man by anti-influenza vaccine containing A/England/42/72 and b/Massachusetts/71]. In november 1973, 43 subjects living in a home for aged were given one dose of influenza vaccine, containing A/England/42/72 and B/Massachusetts/71. After 4 and 20 weeks, sera were tested for antibody contentto the homologous and to A/port Chalmers/1/73 viruses by haemoagglutination inhibition technique. Control group included 23 untreated subjects. The satisfactory increase in the anti-A/England/42/72 antibodies induced by vaccine indicated a good antigenic potency of the A component. The satisfactory cross-reacting response suggests that the \"drift\" in antigenic content between A England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 was moderate. On the contrary the increase in anti-B/Massachusetts/71 antibodies after vaccination was observed only in a limited number of cases. Twelve subjects (9 treated and 3 controls) experienced upper respiratory tract infections which appeared to be not related to infuenza viruses.", "PMID": 1021152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3056", "title": "[Prevention and treatment of infections in open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of bacterial infections in 207 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is reported. The effectiveness of various prophylactic antibiotic therapies is debated on the basis of performed antibiograms and the results are compared with that obtained by other Authors using different treatments.", "contents": "[Prevention and treatment of infections in open heart surgery (author's transl)]. The incidence of bacterial infections in 207 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is reported. The effectiveness of various prophylactic antibiotic therapies is debated on the basis of performed antibiograms and the results are compared with that obtained by other Authors using different treatments.", "PMID": 1021146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3057", "title": "[Distribution of serum Australia antigen (HBs) in a group of Apulian blood donors according to sex and age].", "content": "3183 sera from healthy adults, volunteer blood donors (18-65-year aged) have been tested by a commercial ria (ausria II Abbott), for detection of HBsAg. The frequency of Australia antigen wsa found to be 5.2% (168/3183) in all sera, 6.3% in male and 3.5% in female donors, with differences statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In male donors, the prevalence was highest in the first half of the life (18-40 years)(7.0%) than in the second half (41-65 years) (3.7%), and the difference was also statistiically significant (p less than 0.05). In female donors the HBs Ag frequency was 4.2% and 2.2% repectively for the first and the second half of the life, but the difference was not statistically significant. Possible epidemiological significances were discussed.", "contents": "[Distribution of serum Australia antigen (HBs) in a group of Apulian blood donors according to sex and age]. 3183 sera from healthy adults, volunteer blood donors (18-65-year aged) have been tested by a commercial ria (ausria II Abbott), for detection of HBsAg. The frequency of Australia antigen wsa found to be 5.2% (168/3183) in all sera, 6.3% in male and 3.5% in female donors, with differences statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In male donors, the prevalence was highest in the first half of the life (18-40 years)(7.0%) than in the second half (41-65 years) (3.7%), and the difference was also statistiically significant (p less than 0.05). In female donors the HBs Ag frequency was 4.2% and 2.2% repectively for the first and the second half of the life, but the difference was not statistically significant. Possible epidemiological significances were discussed.", "PMID": 1021153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3058", "title": "[The not choreic neurological complications of rheumatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the importance of neurological complications of rheumatic disease, which differ from those of Sydenham's chorea: encephalitis; acute cerebral circulatory insufficiency of cardiovascular basis; thrombosis and cerebral haemorrhage; cerebral emboli; and vasculitis. The case of a 13 year old boy who presented with an acute cerebral episode during an active phase of rheumatic fever is described. The E.E.G. showed a right hemisphere disturbance with a slight involvement of the controlateral hemisphere. The cardiac evidence was indicative of a rheumatic carditis. The clinical progress and EEG were rapidly favourable. The possible pathogenetic hypotheses of this case are taken into consideration, and the authors suggest that one must suspect a rheumatic etiology when an acute cerebral syndrome is established in a child or a young adult with current or previous rheumatic fever.", "contents": "[The not choreic neurological complications of rheumatic disease (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the importance of neurological complications of rheumatic disease, which differ from those of Sydenham's chorea: encephalitis; acute cerebral circulatory insufficiency of cardiovascular basis; thrombosis and cerebral haemorrhage; cerebral emboli; and vasculitis. The case of a 13 year old boy who presented with an acute cerebral episode during an active phase of rheumatic fever is described. The E.E.G. showed a right hemisphere disturbance with a slight involvement of the controlateral hemisphere. The cardiac evidence was indicative of a rheumatic carditis. The clinical progress and EEG were rapidly favourable. The possible pathogenetic hypotheses of this case are taken into consideration, and the authors suggest that one must suspect a rheumatic etiology when an acute cerebral syndrome is established in a child or a young adult with current or previous rheumatic fever.", "PMID": 1021147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3059", "title": "Polymer structure and blood compatibility evaluation - application of an acrylonitrile copolymer.", "content": "An acrylonitrile-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer has been synthesised by a straightforward procedure. The cationic nature of the copolymer permits ready attachement of heparin and reaction of the copolymer with ethylene oxide gas allows a controlled alteration in chemical structure. These featues of the copolymer are discussed with respect to the influence of polymer properties on blood compatibility as exemplified by blood platelet retention.", "contents": "Polymer structure and blood compatibility evaluation - application of an acrylonitrile copolymer. An acrylonitrile-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer has been synthesised by a straightforward procedure. The cationic nature of the copolymer permits ready attachement of heparin and reaction of the copolymer with ethylene oxide gas allows a controlled alteration in chemical structure. These featues of the copolymer are discussed with respect to the influence of polymer properties on blood compatibility as exemplified by blood platelet retention.", "PMID": 1021154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3060", "title": "Animal experiments with biogalvanic and biofuel cells.", "content": "Animal experiments with biogalvanic cells have demonstrated that an average power of 80 muW can be derived continously for at least 2 years. There is a further scope to stabilize the power at 100 muW for considerable longer periods so that the chances of cardiac pacing with biogalvanic power have become bright. However, large scale efforts are necessary in in establishing the statistical reliability and the secured performance which are expensive and time consuming. Animal experiments with biofuel cells are still in preliminary stages. We derived a continous power of 40 muW (4MUW/cm2) at 575 mV over 150 days so far. This is the longest recorded period with such a high power density. The main problem in deriving higher power over longer period is to properly encapsulate the cell with materials which are hydrophilic and essentially biocompatible.", "contents": "Animal experiments with biogalvanic and biofuel cells. Animal experiments with biogalvanic cells have demonstrated that an average power of 80 muW can be derived continously for at least 2 years. There is a further scope to stabilize the power at 100 muW for considerable longer periods so that the chances of cardiac pacing with biogalvanic power have become bright. However, large scale efforts are necessary in in establishing the statistical reliability and the secured performance which are expensive and time consuming. Animal experiments with biofuel cells are still in preliminary stages. We derived a continous power of 40 muW (4MUW/cm2) at 575 mV over 150 days so far. This is the longest recorded period with such a high power density. The main problem in deriving higher power over longer period is to properly encapsulate the cell with materials which are hydrophilic and essentially biocompatible.", "PMID": 1021155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3061", "title": "[Erythrocytes' deformations in primitive muscular dystrophies (author's transl)].", "content": "On the light of previous reports on a possible correlation between echinocytogenesis and primitive muscular dystrophies, we have investigated the presence and time dependent development of echinocytes in the blood of normal subjects, patients and healthy carriers of D.M.D. A very few echinocytes are present in the fresh blood of all the patients and some carriers, but not in the blood of control normal subjects. With time, more echinocytes develop in all cases but much more markedly for sick people and carriers. These results might explain conflicting data on the echinocyte content in the blood reported in the literatura and provide a guideline for a correct analysis of the phenomenon and its possible relevance in the eugenetic diagnosis of carriers.", "contents": "[Erythrocytes' deformations in primitive muscular dystrophies (author's transl)]. On the light of previous reports on a possible correlation between echinocytogenesis and primitive muscular dystrophies, we have investigated the presence and time dependent development of echinocytes in the blood of normal subjects, patients and healthy carriers of D.M.D. A very few echinocytes are present in the fresh blood of all the patients and some carriers, but not in the blood of control normal subjects. With time, more echinocytes develop in all cases but much more markedly for sick people and carriers. These results might explain conflicting data on the echinocyte content in the blood reported in the literatura and provide a guideline for a correct analysis of the phenomenon and its possible relevance in the eugenetic diagnosis of carriers.", "PMID": 1021148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3062", "title": "[On fatal case acute ethyl alcohol poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "A fatal case was reported of acute intoxication with ethyl alcohol, in which the alcohol levels were higher than any previously reported by Italian workers. On the basis of the normal blood alcohol curve patterns, in the case in question the absorption phase must have lasted longer than the hours usually considered as maximum for absorption of ethyl alcohol.", "contents": "[On fatal case acute ethyl alcohol poisoning (author's transl)]. A fatal case was reported of acute intoxication with ethyl alcohol, in which the alcohol levels were higher than any previously reported by Italian workers. On the basis of the normal blood alcohol curve patterns, in the case in question the absorption phase must have lasted longer than the hours usually considered as maximum for absorption of ethyl alcohol.", "PMID": 1021149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3063", "title": "Lindholm blood coagulation test values of some glow-discharge polymer surfaces.", "content": "An ultrathin layer (approximately 500A) of glow-discharge polymer that is strongly bonded to a polymer film substrate can be sued to modify the blood compatibility of the polymer surface. Glow-discharge polymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexamethyldisiloxane, ethylene-N2, and allene-N2-H20 were deposited onto Mylar film and subjected to Lindholm whole blood coagulation tests. Lindholm tests were performed in a manner that permitted statistical analysis. This was done by repeating the preparation of samples as well as the coagulation tests a number of times. Results showed that Lindholm tests values were useful in obtaining information pertinent to compatibility of surfaces with fresh human blood and to reproducibility of sample preparation by glow-discharge polymerization. The study also revealed that glow-discharge polymerization is a promising method to impart blood compatibility without altering other bulk properties of substrate polymers.", "contents": "Lindholm blood coagulation test values of some glow-discharge polymer surfaces. An ultrathin layer (approximately 500A) of glow-discharge polymer that is strongly bonded to a polymer film substrate can be sued to modify the blood compatibility of the polymer surface. Glow-discharge polymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexamethyldisiloxane, ethylene-N2, and allene-N2-H20 were deposited onto Mylar film and subjected to Lindholm whole blood coagulation tests. Lindholm tests were performed in a manner that permitted statistical analysis. This was done by repeating the preparation of samples as well as the coagulation tests a number of times. Results showed that Lindholm tests values were useful in obtaining information pertinent to compatibility of surfaces with fresh human blood and to reproducibility of sample preparation by glow-discharge polymerization. The study also revealed that glow-discharge polymerization is a promising method to impart blood compatibility without altering other bulk properties of substrate polymers.", "PMID": 1021156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3064", "title": "Development of a pulsatile blood pump.", "content": "A new type of pulsatile roller pump is described. The pressure and flow characteristics and the wave forms generated by the pump together with the hemolysis measurements for different pumping parameters are presented and a comparison with a standard roller pump is made.", "contents": "Development of a pulsatile blood pump. A new type of pulsatile roller pump is described. The pressure and flow characteristics and the wave forms generated by the pump together with the hemolysis measurements for different pumping parameters are presented and a comparison with a standard roller pump is made.", "PMID": 1021157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3065", "title": "[Possibilities of drug treatment in some sex behavior anomalies].", "content": "In this article the authors reconsider the literature about the drug treatment of sexual behaviour anomalies. In fact, the therapy of subjects convicted for sexual offences has been widely studied. The various drugs at disposal may be divided into three main groups: 1) oestrogens; 2) progesterone derivatives; 3) psycho-tropic-drugs. Among oestrogens the most widely used are oral stiboestrol and oestron. Recently, oestradio has been implanted subcutaneously. Even if effective all of them present some inconvenients, sometimes serious one, such as breast cancer. Recently drugs of the second group have been used. The most important of them is Cyproterone acetate, a synthetic substance, which is classified as antiandrogen and whose structure is like to progesterone. The effects in achieving a complete loss of libido and of sexual power have been judged satisfactory by all the authors who have experienced this drug. In U.S.A., where use of Cyproterone is still interdected, Medroxyprogersterone acetate is used parenterally and by depot with similar therapeutical effects. To the last group belong various drugs. The most used in benperidol, a neuroleptic, classified by many authors as antiandrogen.", "contents": "[Possibilities of drug treatment in some sex behavior anomalies]. In this article the authors reconsider the literature about the drug treatment of sexual behaviour anomalies. In fact, the therapy of subjects convicted for sexual offences has been widely studied. The various drugs at disposal may be divided into three main groups: 1) oestrogens; 2) progesterone derivatives; 3) psycho-tropic-drugs. Among oestrogens the most widely used are oral stiboestrol and oestron. Recently, oestradio has been implanted subcutaneously. Even if effective all of them present some inconvenients, sometimes serious one, such as breast cancer. Recently drugs of the second group have been used. The most important of them is Cyproterone acetate, a synthetic substance, which is classified as antiandrogen and whose structure is like to progesterone. The effects in achieving a complete loss of libido and of sexual power have been judged satisfactory by all the authors who have experienced this drug. In U.S.A., where use of Cyproterone is still interdected, Medroxyprogersterone acetate is used parenterally and by depot with similar therapeutical effects. To the last group belong various drugs. The most used in benperidol, a neuroleptic, classified by many authors as antiandrogen.", "PMID": 1021150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3066", "title": "Blood components deposited on used and reused dialysis membranes.", "content": "Hemodialysis cartridges used once and reused once or twice were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Blood deposits consisting of leukocytes, platelets, and amorphous material covered 15 to 25% of the dialysis membrane surface of cartridges used once. This deposit increased somewhat with cartridge reuse but did not appear to impair the dialysis efficiency of membranes significantly. Leukocytes formed a major part of the blood deposit and spreading of these cells upon dialysis membranes was marked. Single and aggregated platelets were adherent to the dialysis membranes, to leukocytes, and to amorphous debris. Few erythrocytes were present, and fibrin was not identified. There was little evidence for build up or layering of the blood deposit with cartridge reuse. The procedures for dialysis  cartridge rinsing used in these studies appear to be highly efficient in removal of adherent blood components.", "contents": "Blood components deposited on used and reused dialysis membranes. Hemodialysis cartridges used once and reused once or twice were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Blood deposits consisting of leukocytes, platelets, and amorphous material covered 15 to 25% of the dialysis membrane surface of cartridges used once. This deposit increased somewhat with cartridge reuse but did not appear to impair the dialysis efficiency of membranes significantly. Leukocytes formed a major part of the blood deposit and spreading of these cells upon dialysis membranes was marked. Single and aggregated platelets were adherent to the dialysis membranes, to leukocytes, and to amorphous debris. Few erythrocytes were present, and fibrin was not identified. There was little evidence for build up or layering of the blood deposit with cartridge reuse. The procedures for dialysis  cartridge rinsing used in these studies appear to be highly efficient in removal of adherent blood components.", "PMID": 1021158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3067", "title": "The rabbit ear chamber: a unique in vivo model for the continuous observation of implanted biomaterials.", "content": "The rabbit ear chamber provides a unique system for viewing an in vivo environment from outside the body. The plastic chamber, modified for our use, is described. Once surgically implanted into the ear of a Laboratory Lop rabbit, a thin tissue bed which grows between the layers of the chamber can be viewed through the microscope. The absorption of biomaterials placed into the chamber can then be observed as a dynamic process.", "contents": "The rabbit ear chamber: a unique in vivo model for the continuous observation of implanted biomaterials. The rabbit ear chamber provides a unique system for viewing an in vivo environment from outside the body. The plastic chamber, modified for our use, is described. Once surgically implanted into the ear of a Laboratory Lop rabbit, a thin tissue bed which grows between the layers of the chamber can be viewed through the microscope. The absorption of biomaterials placed into the chamber can then be observed as a dynamic process.", "PMID": 1021159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3068", "title": "Sub-total versus partial circulatory bypass of the left heart: a critical review.", "content": "A number of systems for left heart bypass have been described for short, or long-term circulatory support in animals and in man. Critical to the interpretation of these restuls and to the design of new system is the proportion of left ventricular inflow destined for ejection which is diverted through the apparatus, to that expelled through the aortic valve, and the effect which this fraction might have on the failing heart and the rest of the body. It is the purpose of this communication to review the experimental and theoretical data in support of partial, as opposed to subtotal, left heart bypass.", "contents": "Sub-total versus partial circulatory bypass of the left heart: a critical review. A number of systems for left heart bypass have been described for short, or long-term circulatory support in animals and in man. Critical to the interpretation of these restuls and to the design of new system is the proportion of left ventricular inflow destined for ejection which is diverted through the apparatus, to that expelled through the aortic valve, and the effect which this fraction might have on the failing heart and the rest of the body. It is the purpose of this communication to review the experimental and theoretical data in support of partial, as opposed to subtotal, left heart bypass.", "PMID": 1021160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3069", "title": "Non-polarographic blood gas analysis I. In virtro evaluation of gas chromatograph system.", "content": "A new system providing near continuous arterial p02 and pCO2 measurements without requiring blood samples is described. Based on intra-arterial placement of a closed-tipped 2F catheter with gas chromatographic separation and analysis this system appears capable of providing rapid sensitive data with accuracy and precision equivalent to conventional bench analyzers. The initial in vitro experiments are discussed including flow and temperature dependency studies.", "contents": "Non-polarographic blood gas analysis I. In virtro evaluation of gas chromatograph system. A new system providing near continuous arterial p02 and pCO2 measurements without requiring blood samples is described. Based on intra-arterial placement of a closed-tipped 2F catheter with gas chromatographic separation and analysis this system appears capable of providing rapid sensitive data with accuracy and precision equivalent to conventional bench analyzers. The initial in vitro experiments are discussed including flow and temperature dependency studies.", "PMID": 1021161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3070", "title": "[Study of right-left asymmetry of the temporal planum in the fetus].", "content": "Study on the asymmetry of the planum temporale by means of brain sections of 17 to 39 weeks old fetuses. There is a left predominance in 60 %, a right one in 25 % and symmetry in 15 % of the cases. Our results are similar to those published about adult brain, and cerebral dominance depends on it. Cerebral lateralisation is congenital and not acquired. There is also direct relation between the length of the lateral border of the planum temporale and its area. Such measure could be undertaken in living persons by means of radiological examination.", "contents": "[Study of right-left asymmetry of the temporal planum in the fetus]. Study on the asymmetry of the planum temporale by means of brain sections of 17 to 39 weeks old fetuses. There is a left predominance in 60 %, a right one in 25 % and symmetry in 15 % of the cases. Our results are similar to those published about adult brain, and cerebral dominance depends on it. Cerebral lateralisation is congenital and not acquired. There is also direct relation between the length of the lateral border of the planum temporale and its area. Such measure could be undertaken in living persons by means of radiological examination.", "PMID": 1021162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3071", "title": "[Cinematic study of prosupination at the level of the radiocubital (radioulnar) articulations].", "content": "The authors, using cinematic methods have determined the positions of Instant Rotation Center (IRC) in upper and lower radio-ulnaris joints, in the movement of prosupination : -- At the upper radio ulnaris joint, the IRC divide themselves into 2 zones (I and II), corresponding to the centres of 2 circles of different diameters, each one respectively corresponding to large and small anatomical curves of the head of the radius. -- At the lower radio ulnaris joint, the IRC divide themselves into a third zone (III), situated opposite the head of ulna. The prosupination movement is effectuated around 2 axes delta I - II, and delta II - III : supination around delta I - III, and pronation around delta II - III in a first phase, ten around delta I - II in a second phase. The movement is not impaired if the ligamentum annulare radii is cut, but it is considerably impaired if the ligamentum quadratum is cut.", "contents": "[Cinematic study of prosupination at the level of the radiocubital (radioulnar) articulations]. The authors, using cinematic methods have determined the positions of Instant Rotation Center (IRC) in upper and lower radio-ulnaris joints, in the movement of prosupination : -- At the upper radio ulnaris joint, the IRC divide themselves into 2 zones (I and II), corresponding to the centres of 2 circles of different diameters, each one respectively corresponding to large and small anatomical curves of the head of the radius. -- At the lower radio ulnaris joint, the IRC divide themselves into a third zone (III), situated opposite the head of ulna. The prosupination movement is effectuated around 2 axes delta I - II, and delta II - III : supination around delta I - III, and pronation around delta II - III in a first phase, ten around delta I - II in a second phase. The movement is not impaired if the ligamentum annulare radii is cut, but it is considerably impaired if the ligamentum quadratum is cut.", "PMID": 1021163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3072", "title": "[Urinary cytology in adult men].", "content": "Urinary cytology is a good test for estimation of woman's hormonal situation. In a previous paper, the authors showed an \"estrogenic\" like effect of digitalin, in urocytograms of post-menopausical women. In the present report, the urocytograms of 139 men, 17 to 84 years old, without any urinary disease and treated or not by digitalin, are studied. Normal urinary cytology in the adult and its modifications under digitalin treatment are shown.", "contents": "[Urinary cytology in adult men]. Urinary cytology is a good test for estimation of woman's hormonal situation. In a previous paper, the authors showed an \"estrogenic\" like effect of digitalin, in urocytograms of post-menopausical women. In the present report, the urocytograms of 139 men, 17 to 84 years old, without any urinary disease and treated or not by digitalin, are studied. Normal urinary cytology in the adult and its modifications under digitalin treatment are shown.", "PMID": 1021164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3073", "title": "[Phylogenic interest of the clivo-pterygoid angle].", "content": "The comparison between the planum-clivus angle of Man and the african Pongids shows that the closing of this angle is the result of a noticeable rotation of the clivus and a less important rotation of the planum in an opposite direction.", "contents": "[Phylogenic interest of the clivo-pterygoid angle]. The comparison between the planum-clivus angle of Man and the african Pongids shows that the closing of this angle is the result of a noticeable rotation of the clivus and a less important rotation of the planum in an opposite direction.", "PMID": 1021166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3074", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the lumbar vertebrae].", "content": "The authors have studied the vascularization in the lumbar verebrae. All arteries originate in the arteriae lumbales. They form an internal supply plexus and a peripheral periosteal plexus. The internal supply plexus is formed by radicular arteries divided into an anterior branch (the abdominal artery), with its corporeal branches, and a posterior branch (the dorsal artery) forming the arcus posterior. The periosteal plexus is formed by an anterior plexus for the corpus vertebrae and a posterior plexus for the arcus posterior. Intra-osseous vascularization at the level of the corpus vertebrae has been described; showing a difference between foetuses and adults. In the foetus, the posterior supply vessels predominate, whereas in the adult, the anterior periosteal vessels predominate. At the arcus posterior there is no difference between foetuses and adults.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the lumbar vertebrae]. The authors have studied the vascularization in the lumbar verebrae. All arteries originate in the arteriae lumbales. They form an internal supply plexus and a peripheral periosteal plexus. The internal supply plexus is formed by radicular arteries divided into an anterior branch (the abdominal artery), with its corporeal branches, and a posterior branch (the dorsal artery) forming the arcus posterior. The periosteal plexus is formed by an anterior plexus for the corpus vertebrae and a posterior plexus for the arcus posterior. Intra-osseous vascularization at the level of the corpus vertebrae has been described; showing a difference between foetuses and adults. In the foetus, the posterior supply vessels predominate, whereas in the adult, the anterior periosteal vessels predominate. At the arcus posterior there is no difference between foetuses and adults.", "PMID": 1021169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3075", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the axis].", "content": "The authors have studied the vascularization in the axis by microangiography of bone sections from 5 foetuses and 8 adults. All the arteries originate from the vertebralis : periosteal vessels arising from anterior and posterior intertransversary arteries, supply arteries originating in ventral and dorsal arteries. There are 2 distinctive arterial arches, one on the anterior face of the first two cervical vertebrae, the other on the posterior half of the vertebral corpus of the dens. Vascularization in the dens has particularly been studied. There are no anastomoses between the arteries of the dens and those of the axis corpus in foetuses. On the contrary, there are such anastomoses in adults. The least vascularized zone seem to be the neck of the dens.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the axis]. The authors have studied the vascularization in the axis by microangiography of bone sections from 5 foetuses and 8 adults. All the arteries originate from the vertebralis : periosteal vessels arising from anterior and posterior intertransversary arteries, supply arteries originating in ventral and dorsal arteries. There are 2 distinctive arterial arches, one on the anterior face of the first two cervical vertebrae, the other on the posterior half of the vertebral corpus of the dens. Vascularization in the dens has particularly been studied. There are no anastomoses between the arteries of the dens and those of the axis corpus in foetuses. On the contrary, there are such anastomoses in adults. The least vascularized zone seem to be the neck of the dens.", "PMID": 1021168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3076", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies in spontaneous abortions].", "content": "During the three last years, the authors carried out cytogenetic studies of couples with spontaneous abortions, and of spontaneously aborted foetuses. Among 99 couples studied, 9 abnormal karyotypes were detected. In two cases, maternal balanced translocation appears obviously responsible. Concerning aborted foetuses on 46 karyotyped specimens, 13 are found to bear chromosome anomalies. The authors consider the value of cytogenetic studies when repeated spontaneous abortions occur.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies in spontaneous abortions]. During the three last years, the authors carried out cytogenetic studies of couples with spontaneous abortions, and of spontaneously aborted foetuses. Among 99 couples studied, 9 abnormal karyotypes were detected. In two cases, maternal balanced translocation appears obviously responsible. Concerning aborted foetuses on 46 karyotyped specimens, 13 are found to bear chromosome anomalies. The authors consider the value of cytogenetic studies when repeated spontaneous abortions occur.", "PMID": 1021170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3077", "title": "[A curious abnormality of the lesser omentum and the hepatic pedicle].", "content": "The author reports the case of a 3 month old foetus whose lesser omentum, normally formed, did not present any vascular or biliary element. Those elements formed together a pedicle at the back of the lesser omentum and entered into the liver at the rear of the caudate lobe. This anomaly probably results from bipartition of the initial mesogastre.", "contents": "[A curious abnormality of the lesser omentum and the hepatic pedicle]. The author reports the case of a 3 month old foetus whose lesser omentum, normally formed, did not present any vascular or biliary element. Those elements formed together a pedicle at the back of the lesser omentum and entered into the liver at the rear of the caudate lobe. This anomaly probably results from bipartition of the initial mesogastre.", "PMID": 1021171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3078", "title": "[Arterial vascularization of the patellar ligament (ligamentum patellase) and of the Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneous) in man].", "content": "Vascularization in ligamentum patellae and tendo calcaneus have been studied by microangiography with micropaque. Can be noted: 1. for the ligamentum patellae : --its dense vascularization, --the existence of a vascularized sheath around the ligament, densely vascularized in the anterior part, --the important vascularization of the entire ligament in the foetus, but the less important vascularization at the middle third in the adult. 2. for the tendo calcaneus : -- a relatively poor vascularization on the whole, -- a vascularized zone at the middle third, -- a periphereal vascularized sheath around the tendon, densely vascularized in the anterior part.", "contents": "[Arterial vascularization of the patellar ligament (ligamentum patellase) and of the Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneous) in man]. Vascularization in ligamentum patellae and tendo calcaneus have been studied by microangiography with micropaque. Can be noted: 1. for the ligamentum patellae : --its dense vascularization, --the existence of a vascularized sheath around the ligament, densely vascularized in the anterior part, --the important vascularization of the entire ligament in the foetus, but the less important vascularization at the middle third in the adult. 2. for the tendo calcaneus : -- a relatively poor vascularization on the whole, -- a vascularized zone at the middle third, -- a periphereal vascularized sheath around the tendon, densely vascularized in the anterior part.", "PMID": 1021167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3079", "title": "[External morphology of the roe deet (Capreolus capreolus L)].", "content": "The results of a morphological study of the cerebellum of the roe-deer are given. The structural simplicity of Lobus Rostralis, the relatively small development of Lobulus Ansiformis fully agree with previous works on the pattern of the cerebellum in Ungalata.", "contents": "[External morphology of the roe deet (Capreolus capreolus L)]. The results of a morphological study of the cerebellum of the roe-deer are given. The structural simplicity of Lobus Rostralis, the relatively small development of Lobulus Ansiformis fully agree with previous works on the pattern of the cerebellum in Ungalata.", "PMID": 1021174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3080", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects on embryonic endocardial morphology].", "content": "The modifications of endocardial cells on bulbar cushions of the chick embryonic heart have been studied using the SEM following an experimental stenosis of the pulmonary artery. This stenosis was produced by the occlusion of both 6th aortic arches on the 4th day of incubation by silver microclips. The formation of small craterlike defects was observed on the distal ventral and proximal left bulbar cushions. Giant intercellular openings appeared on the top of the proximal left bulbar cushion indicating some acceleration of the blood flow in this region. Phagocytes traversing the endocardium have been seen more frequently than in controls. It seems that the endocardium is relatively resistant to the described hemodynamic changes. These changes modify the passage of phagocytes into the blood stream as well as cell movements and exocytosis.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects on embryonic endocardial morphology]. The modifications of endocardial cells on bulbar cushions of the chick embryonic heart have been studied using the SEM following an experimental stenosis of the pulmonary artery. This stenosis was produced by the occlusion of both 6th aortic arches on the 4th day of incubation by silver microclips. The formation of small craterlike defects was observed on the distal ventral and proximal left bulbar cushions. Giant intercellular openings appeared on the top of the proximal left bulbar cushion indicating some acceleration of the blood flow in this region. Phagocytes traversing the endocardium have been seen more frequently than in controls. It seems that the endocardium is relatively resistant to the described hemodynamic changes. These changes modify the passage of phagocytes into the blood stream as well as cell movements and exocytosis.", "PMID": 1021173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3081", "title": "[Morphology of the communicating veins of the lower 3d of the leg].", "content": "The communicating veins of the lower third of the leg are topographically constant communicating veins but variable as to their morphology and number. Their course shows topographically two parts, namely a superficial or subcutaneous one and a deep or subaponeurotic one. In their subaponeurotical course, the communicating veins change their morphological aspect and sometimes become very complex. These communicating veins show valves, and venous blood is directed towards the depth. They also receive collateral branches emanating from adjacent muscles. Two kinds of communicating veins can be distinguished, a direct and a mixed one. The direct communicating veins predominate on the internal side of the leg. These connect the venous system of the great saphenous vein with the posterior tibial veins. On the external side, the mixed communicating veins predominate. They link the venous system of the short saphenous vein with the peroneal veins. Their function is also studied.", "contents": "[Morphology of the communicating veins of the lower 3d of the leg]. The communicating veins of the lower third of the leg are topographically constant communicating veins but variable as to their morphology and number. Their course shows topographically two parts, namely a superficial or subcutaneous one and a deep or subaponeurotic one. In their subaponeurotical course, the communicating veins change their morphological aspect and sometimes become very complex. These communicating veins show valves, and venous blood is directed towards the depth. They also receive collateral branches emanating from adjacent muscles. Two kinds of communicating veins can be distinguished, a direct and a mixed one. The direct communicating veins predominate on the internal side of the leg. These connect the venous system of the great saphenous vein with the posterior tibial veins. On the external side, the mixed communicating veins predominate. They link the venous system of the short saphenous vein with the peroneal veins. Their function is also studied.", "PMID": 1021175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3082", "title": "Arterial bifurcation flows--effects of flow rate and area ratio.", "content": "Velocity profiles and surface shear rates, for three model symmetrical bifurcations made of glass from dimensions based on the arterial system, were investigated. The models studied had area ratios of 0.75, 1.02, and 1.29, with a common included angle of 75 degrees. Area ratio and parent tube flow rate were the two independent variables evaluated. Measurements were made with a tracer particle technique using cinephotography. Velocity profiles had their highest values on the inside, and lowest values on the outside, of the branch. Flow symmetry existed in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the bifurcation. Surface shear rates remained well above the daughter-tube developed values, between two and six diameters downstream from the carina. Shear rates below the daughter-tube developed value were found on the outside wall between the carina and two daughter-tube diameters downstream. Vortex-like flow was absent in this region for the 0.75 area ratio branch and was found above 900 Reynolds number in the 1.29 area ratio branch. The disturbed flow described by others in this region may not contain vortex-like streamlines for the physiologically important 0.75 area ratio.", "contents": "Arterial bifurcation flows--effects of flow rate and area ratio. Velocity profiles and surface shear rates, for three model symmetrical bifurcations made of glass from dimensions based on the arterial system, were investigated. The models studied had area ratios of 0.75, 1.02, and 1.29, with a common included angle of 75 degrees. Area ratio and parent tube flow rate were the two independent variables evaluated. Measurements were made with a tracer particle technique using cinephotography. Velocity profiles had their highest values on the inside, and lowest values on the outside, of the branch. Flow symmetry existed in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the bifurcation. Surface shear rates remained well above the daughter-tube developed values, between two and six diameters downstream from the carina. Shear rates below the daughter-tube developed value were found on the outside wall between the carina and two daughter-tube diameters downstream. Vortex-like flow was absent in this region for the 0.75 area ratio branch and was found above 900 Reynolds number in the 1.29 area ratio branch. The disturbed flow described by others in this region may not contain vortex-like streamlines for the physiologically important 0.75 area ratio.", "PMID": 1021217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3083", "title": "The necessity of drug level monitoring in anticonvulsant drug therapy.", "content": "A survey of 'steady-state' serum levels of anticonvulsant drugs from 221 epileptic patients at a university hospital was conducted. Serum concentrations of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin were determined by a gas chromatographic method. Sixty-five percent (130) of the patients receiving diphenylhydantoin had levels below the therapeutic range of 10-20mug/ml. Subtherapeutic levels appear to be due to inadequate dosage adjustment. Only 25% (33) of the patients receiving phenobarbital had levels below the therapeutic range. Serum levels of diphenylhydantoin or phenobarbital could not be predicted from dosage. Most patients received two or more drugs. Over 10% of the patients had potentially toxic levels of anticonvulsant drugs. High levels of diphenylhydantoin were easily recognized clinically but high levels of phenobarbital were not.", "contents": "The necessity of drug level monitoring in anticonvulsant drug therapy. A survey of 'steady-state' serum levels of anticonvulsant drugs from 221 epileptic patients at a university hospital was conducted. Serum concentrations of phenobarbital, primidone, and diphenylhydantoin were determined by a gas chromatographic method. Sixty-five percent (130) of the patients receiving diphenylhydantoin had levels below the therapeutic range of 10-20mug/ml. Subtherapeutic levels appear to be due to inadequate dosage adjustment. Only 25% (33) of the patients receiving phenobarbital had levels below the therapeutic range. Serum levels of diphenylhydantoin or phenobarbital could not be predicted from dosage. Most patients received two or more drugs. Over 10% of the patients had potentially toxic levels of anticonvulsant drugs. High levels of diphenylhydantoin were easily recognized clinically but high levels of phenobarbital were not.", "PMID": 1021220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3084", "title": "Effect of adrenaline on insulin secretion in rats treated chronically with adrenaline.", "content": "To determine whether rats could adapt to a chronic exogenous supply of adrenaline by a decrease in the well-known inhibitory effect of adrenaline on insulin secretion, plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured in unanesthetized control and adrenaline-treated rats (300 mug/kg twice a day for 28 days) during an adrenaline infusion (0.75 mug kg-1 min-1), after an acute glucose load (0.5 g/kg), and during the simultaneous administration of both agents. Chronic treatment with adrenaline did not modify the initial glucose levels but it greatly diminished the basal insulin values (21.57+/-2.48 vs. 44.69+/-3.3muU/ml, p less than 0.01). In the control rats, despite the elevated glucose concentrations, a significant drop in plasma insulin levels was observed within the first 15 min of adrenaline infusion, followed by a period of recovery. In the adrenaline-treated group, in which plasma glucose levels were lower than in control animals, plasma insulin levels did not drop as in control rats, but a significant increase was found after 30 min of infusion. During the intravenous glucose tolerance test, the plasma glucose and insulin responses showed similar patterns; however, during the concomitant adrenaline infusion, the treated rats showed a better glucose tolerance than their controls. These results indicate that rats chronically treated with adrenaline adapt to the diabetogenic effect of an infusion of adrenaline by have a lower inhibition of insulin release, although the lower basal insulin levels may indicate a greater sensitivity to endogenous insulin.", "contents": "Effect of adrenaline on insulin secretion in rats treated chronically with adrenaline. To determine whether rats could adapt to a chronic exogenous supply of adrenaline by a decrease in the well-known inhibitory effect of adrenaline on insulin secretion, plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured in unanesthetized control and adrenaline-treated rats (300 mug/kg twice a day for 28 days) during an adrenaline infusion (0.75 mug kg-1 min-1), after an acute glucose load (0.5 g/kg), and during the simultaneous administration of both agents. Chronic treatment with adrenaline did not modify the initial glucose levels but it greatly diminished the basal insulin values (21.57+/-2.48 vs. 44.69+/-3.3muU/ml, p less than 0.01). In the control rats, despite the elevated glucose concentrations, a significant drop in plasma insulin levels was observed within the first 15 min of adrenaline infusion, followed by a period of recovery. In the adrenaline-treated group, in which plasma glucose levels were lower than in control animals, plasma insulin levels did not drop as in control rats, but a significant increase was found after 30 min of infusion. During the intravenous glucose tolerance test, the plasma glucose and insulin responses showed similar patterns; however, during the concomitant adrenaline infusion, the treated rats showed a better glucose tolerance than their controls. These results indicate that rats chronically treated with adrenaline adapt to the diabetogenic effect of an infusion of adrenaline by have a lower inhibition of insulin release, although the lower basal insulin levels may indicate a greater sensitivity to endogenous insulin.", "PMID": 1021216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3085", "title": "Light and dark smooth muscle cells in estrogen-stimulated rat myometrium.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells of different densities to transmission of electrons (termed light and dark cells) were found in rat myometrium examined in the electron microscope following fixation by immersion in glutaraldehyde. Light cells accounted for about 4% of the total population of cells. No light cells were found in tissues fixed in situ by intraarterial perfusion with glutaraldehyde. In addition to staining differences, light cells were distinguished from most dark cells by differences in nuclear, mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticular, and surface structures. The relative number of light and dark cells after in vitro fixation was not changed in tissues relaxed with adrenaline or contracted with oxytocin. Mechanical injury resulted in increased numbers of light cells. Similarly, chemical injury with metabolic inhibitors resulted in ATP depletion, followed by increased numbers of light cells and gain in water content. We concluded that light cells were produced by mechanical or metabolic damage, leading to loss of volume control mechanisms, swelling, and leakage of protein. Light cells found after fixation in vitro in numerous prior studies represent cells damaged during isolation, and not a physiological variant among smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Light and dark smooth muscle cells in estrogen-stimulated rat myometrium. Smooth muscle cells of different densities to transmission of electrons (termed light and dark cells) were found in rat myometrium examined in the electron microscope following fixation by immersion in glutaraldehyde. Light cells accounted for about 4% of the total population of cells. No light cells were found in tissues fixed in situ by intraarterial perfusion with glutaraldehyde. In addition to staining differences, light cells were distinguished from most dark cells by differences in nuclear, mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticular, and surface structures. The relative number of light and dark cells after in vitro fixation was not changed in tissues relaxed with adrenaline or contracted with oxytocin. Mechanical injury resulted in increased numbers of light cells. Similarly, chemical injury with metabolic inhibitors resulted in ATP depletion, followed by increased numbers of light cells and gain in water content. We concluded that light cells were produced by mechanical or metabolic damage, leading to loss of volume control mechanisms, swelling, and leakage of protein. Light cells found after fixation in vitro in numerous prior studies represent cells damaged during isolation, and not a physiological variant among smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 1021218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3086", "title": "Binding of anticonvulsant drugs to cytochrome P-450: correlation with evidence of induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes.", "content": "Mephenytoin, diphenylhydantoin, pheneturide, and phenobarbital produced a concentration-dependent inhibition in the binding of hexobarbital to cytochrome P-450 at the type 1 site, while sulthiame slightly potentiated, and ethosuximide did not affect the binding characteristic of hexobarbital. Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and pheneturide have previously been shown to enhance the urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid (DGA), while sulthiame inhibited the potentiation of DGA excretion caused by these drugs, and ethosuximide produced no change. The results suggest a close relationship between the ability of these drugs to induce hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme systems (as indicated by enhancement of DGA excretion) and binding behaviour at the type 1 site.", "contents": "Binding of anticonvulsant drugs to cytochrome P-450: correlation with evidence of induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. Mephenytoin, diphenylhydantoin, pheneturide, and phenobarbital produced a concentration-dependent inhibition in the binding of hexobarbital to cytochrome P-450 at the type 1 site, while sulthiame slightly potentiated, and ethosuximide did not affect the binding characteristic of hexobarbital. Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and pheneturide have previously been shown to enhance the urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid (DGA), while sulthiame inhibited the potentiation of DGA excretion caused by these drugs, and ethosuximide produced no change. The results suggest a close relationship between the ability of these drugs to induce hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme systems (as indicated by enhancement of DGA excretion) and binding behaviour at the type 1 site.", "PMID": 1021219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3087", "title": "Effect of alterations in ambient temperature on blood flow in the skin.", "content": "The effect of changing ambient temperature on skin temperature was recorded in human subjects; also, its effect on blood flow was measured using venous occlusion and optical plethysmography. When cold stimulus was removed in stages using a heating cabinet, it was found that a biphasic flow response occurred in the fingers with each step change in temperature. There was a rapid transient rise followed by a decline to an equilibrium flow level. The transient rise occurred even when the temperature rose from 37 to 40 degrees C, although at this level the equilibrium remained unchanged. It is suggested that the transient rise was due to stimulation of Hensel's dynamic warmth receptors, whereas the rise in equilibrium temperature was due to removal of cold stimulus, which at low ambient temperatures maintains reflex vasoconstriction through activation of static cold receptors. Upper arm skin responded to removal of cold stimulus by a fall in temperature. Immersion of a different limb in cold water produced vasoconstriction in fingers but vasodilatation in the upper arm skin. It is suggested that this may be due to neurogenic vasodilatation, though the present work gives no indication as to pathways.", "contents": "Effect of alterations in ambient temperature on blood flow in the skin. The effect of changing ambient temperature on skin temperature was recorded in human subjects; also, its effect on blood flow was measured using venous occlusion and optical plethysmography. When cold stimulus was removed in stages using a heating cabinet, it was found that a biphasic flow response occurred in the fingers with each step change in temperature. There was a rapid transient rise followed by a decline to an equilibrium flow level. The transient rise occurred even when the temperature rose from 37 to 40 degrees C, although at this level the equilibrium remained unchanged. It is suggested that the transient rise was due to stimulation of Hensel's dynamic warmth receptors, whereas the rise in equilibrium temperature was due to removal of cold stimulus, which at low ambient temperatures maintains reflex vasoconstriction through activation of static cold receptors. Upper arm skin responded to removal of cold stimulus by a fall in temperature. Immersion of a different limb in cold water produced vasoconstriction in fingers but vasodilatation in the upper arm skin. It is suggested that this may be due to neurogenic vasodilatation, though the present work gives no indication as to pathways.", "PMID": 1021221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3088", "title": "Survial of fasted rats exposed to altitude.", "content": "Rats fasted for 48-96h before exposure were shown to have a longer survival time at groups 33,500 ft (1 ft = 0.305 m) simulated altitude than nonfasted controls. Although both become hypothermic at 33500 ft, colonic temperatures of the fasted rats were not sufficiently lower than those of nonfasted animals to explain the difference in survival time. The injection of glucose and insulin before exposure almost completely eliminated the protection afforded by fasting, whereas glucose alone had no effect on survival. It is therefore suggested that an alteration in carbohydrate metabolism, possibly in combination with other starvation-induced changes, allowed fasted rats to survive at 33500 ft until declining body temperature reduced metabolic rate to a level compatible with oxygen supply.", "contents": "Survial of fasted rats exposed to altitude. Rats fasted for 48-96h before exposure were shown to have a longer survival time at groups 33,500 ft (1 ft = 0.305 m) simulated altitude than nonfasted controls. Although both become hypothermic at 33500 ft, colonic temperatures of the fasted rats were not sufficiently lower than those of nonfasted animals to explain the difference in survival time. The injection of glucose and insulin before exposure almost completely eliminated the protection afforded by fasting, whereas glucose alone had no effect on survival. It is therefore suggested that an alteration in carbohydrate metabolism, possibly in combination with other starvation-induced changes, allowed fasted rats to survive at 33500 ft until declining body temperature reduced metabolic rate to a level compatible with oxygen supply.", "PMID": 1021222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3089", "title": "Vasopressin contamination as a cause of some apparent renal actions of prolactin.", "content": "The injection or infusion of NIAMDD prolactin (NIH P-S-10) into unanesthetized rats resulted in water and electrolyte retention with a large increase in urine osmolality but no effect on glomerular filtration rate. Since these effects on urine output were also observed in homozygous Brattleboro rats, the antidiuretic activity could not have caused by the release of endogenous antidiuretic hormone. Radioimmunoassay of NIH prolactin showed that it was contaminated with vasopressin (20 ng/mg of prolactin). By comparison, Sigma prolactin had no observed effect on urine excretion and contained very little vasopressin (2.5 ng/mg). It is concluded that some of the renal effects of prolactin have been reported in the literature may have been caused by the contaminating vasopressin.", "contents": "Vasopressin contamination as a cause of some apparent renal actions of prolactin. The injection or infusion of NIAMDD prolactin (NIH P-S-10) into unanesthetized rats resulted in water and electrolyte retention with a large increase in urine osmolality but no effect on glomerular filtration rate. Since these effects on urine output were also observed in homozygous Brattleboro rats, the antidiuretic activity could not have caused by the release of endogenous antidiuretic hormone. Radioimmunoassay of NIH prolactin showed that it was contaminated with vasopressin (20 ng/mg of prolactin). By comparison, Sigma prolactin had no observed effect on urine excretion and contained very little vasopressin (2.5 ng/mg). It is concluded that some of the renal effects of prolactin have been reported in the literature may have been caused by the contaminating vasopressin.", "PMID": 1021223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3090", "title": "Release of [3H]noradrenaline from perfused rat hearts by potassium and its modifications by 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine.", "content": "The sources of noradrenaline (NA) released by excess potassium from isolated perfused rat hearts were investigated by labelling the hearts from normal, reserpine-treated, and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated (6-OHDA-treated) rats with [3H]HA, and measuring the increased rate of efflux induced by perfusion with a Krebs solution containing varying amounts of excess potassium. The [3H]NA and its metabolites in the effluent were separated by adsorption on alumina and a cation-exchange resin (Dowex-50). The release induced by potassium was a linear function of the log of the increased potassium concentration. Following a 1-h efflux period after labelling with [3H]NA, the hearts from reserpine-treated rats retained 1/5 as much [3H]NA, and released, in response to a 56mM elevation in the potassium concentration, less than 1/6 as much tritium label as the hearts from untreated (control) animals. In contrast, the hearts form 6-OHDA-treated animals retained 1/15 of the amount of [3H]NA and released 1/50 of the 3H label as did the control hearts. The potassium-induced increase of 3H-labelled substances in the effluent from the control hearts showed a large (threefold) percentage increase in the [3H]NA fraction, whereas the effluents from the hearts of reserpine- and 6-OHDA-treated animals contained only small increases in the [3H]NA fraction. Based on the assumptions that reserpine prevented retention of NA in the storage granules whereas 6-OHDA prevented almost all neuronal storage, it was concluded that more than 80% of the NA released by potassium excess from perfused normal hearts originated from the storage vesicles of the nerves, the remainder being largely from the cytoplasm of the nerves, with only a small portion from extraneuronal sources.", "contents": "Release of [3H]noradrenaline from perfused rat hearts by potassium and its modifications by 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine. The sources of noradrenaline (NA) released by excess potassium from isolated perfused rat hearts were investigated by labelling the hearts from normal, reserpine-treated, and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated (6-OHDA-treated) rats with [3H]HA, and measuring the increased rate of efflux induced by perfusion with a Krebs solution containing varying amounts of excess potassium. The [3H]NA and its metabolites in the effluent were separated by adsorption on alumina and a cation-exchange resin (Dowex-50). The release induced by potassium was a linear function of the log of the increased potassium concentration. Following a 1-h efflux period after labelling with [3H]NA, the hearts from reserpine-treated rats retained 1/5 as much [3H]NA, and released, in response to a 56mM elevation in the potassium concentration, less than 1/6 as much tritium label as the hearts from untreated (control) animals. In contrast, the hearts form 6-OHDA-treated animals retained 1/15 of the amount of [3H]NA and released 1/50 of the 3H label as did the control hearts. The potassium-induced increase of 3H-labelled substances in the effluent from the control hearts showed a large (threefold) percentage increase in the [3H]NA fraction, whereas the effluents from the hearts of reserpine- and 6-OHDA-treated animals contained only small increases in the [3H]NA fraction. Based on the assumptions that reserpine prevented retention of NA in the storage granules whereas 6-OHDA prevented almost all neuronal storage, it was concluded that more than 80% of the NA released by potassium excess from perfused normal hearts originated from the storage vesicles of the nerves, the remainder being largely from the cytoplasm of the nerves, with only a small portion from extraneuronal sources.", "PMID": 1021224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3091", "title": "Evaluation of tamoxifen dose in advanced breast cancer: a progress report.", "content": "The results of an ongoing trial randomizing patients with progressive, metastatic breast carcinoma between tamoxifen (Tam, NSC-180973) and Tam plus fluoxymesterone (Flu) (7 mg/m2 bid) are reported. Each patient received a single dose level of Tam in the range of 2-100 mg/m2 bid. The combination had a higher response rate overall (45% vs 28%) and when only the patients' soft tissue sites were analyzed (54% vs 9%, P=0.04). The time to treatment failure was longer for the combination among those patients with a response or disease stabilization (P=0.08). Response rates with Tam doses less than 12 mg/m2 bid were also higher than with doses greater than or equal to 12 mg/m2 for all patients in the study (62% vs 30%, P=0.025) and for those where only soft tissue sites were evaluable (43% vs 29%, P=0.07). Side effects were mild and consisted primarily of transient hematologic suppression, nausea, masculinization, hepatic enzyme elevations, and edema. The latter three were observed only with the Flu regimen. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were more frequent at Tam doses less than 12 mg/m2 bid whereas nausea was more common at higher doses. Tam doses as high as 100 mg/m2 bid were well tolerated. Tam amy be more effective at low doses, has only mild side effects, and is well tolerated at doses up to 100 mg/m2 bid. Combining Tam with Flu appears to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "Evaluation of tamoxifen dose in advanced breast cancer: a progress report. The results of an ongoing trial randomizing patients with progressive, metastatic breast carcinoma between tamoxifen (Tam, NSC-180973) and Tam plus fluoxymesterone (Flu) (7 mg/m2 bid) are reported. Each patient received a single dose level of Tam in the range of 2-100 mg/m2 bid. The combination had a higher response rate overall (45% vs 28%) and when only the patients' soft tissue sites were analyzed (54% vs 9%, P=0.04). The time to treatment failure was longer for the combination among those patients with a response or disease stabilization (P=0.08). Response rates with Tam doses less than 12 mg/m2 bid were also higher than with doses greater than or equal to 12 mg/m2 for all patients in the study (62% vs 30%, P=0.025) and for those where only soft tissue sites were evaluable (43% vs 29%, P=0.07). Side effects were mild and consisted primarily of transient hematologic suppression, nausea, masculinization, hepatic enzyme elevations, and edema. The latter three were observed only with the Flu regimen. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were more frequent at Tam doses less than 12 mg/m2 bid whereas nausea was more common at higher doses. Tam doses as high as 100 mg/m2 bid were well tolerated. Tam amy be more effective at low doses, has only mild side effects, and is well tolerated at doses up to 100 mg/m2 bid. Combining Tam with Flu appears to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness.", "PMID": 1021226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3092", "title": "Antiestrogen-induced remissions in stage IV breast cancer.", "content": "Tamoxifen (NSC-180973, ICI-46474), an antiestrogen, was administered to 39 women with stage IV breast cancer at a dose of 20 mg orally every 12 hours. Patients were selected as eligible for endocrine ablative treatment and with disease not so aggressive as to jeopardize further treatment in case the experimental drug failed. Objective remission was obtained in 19 patients (49%) with a mean duration of 11+ months and ten patients are still in remission. No progression was seen in seven patients (18%) lasting 13+ months with only one patient in relapse. Thirteen patients (33%) have failed. Objective remission was obtained in two premenopausal women even though menstrual cycles were not suppressed; bilateral oophorectomy in one of these patients induced a second remission after relapse from tamoxifen. Objective remissions were obtained in two women with proven complete hypophysectomy a direct action of antiestrogens at the tumor level. Positive estrogen receptors were suggestive of being a good predictor of response. Menopausal status and dominant site of metastasis did not affect the response to tamoxifen in this small series. Tamoxifen did not alter prolactin secretion, and side effects from the drug were usually mild and transient in nature. We conclude that tamoxifen is an effective antitumor agent in patients with stage IV breast cancer; further studies are necessary to determine whether it will equal the therapeutic effect of oophorectomy, adrenalectomy, and hypophysectomy.", "contents": "Antiestrogen-induced remissions in stage IV breast cancer. Tamoxifen (NSC-180973, ICI-46474), an antiestrogen, was administered to 39 women with stage IV breast cancer at a dose of 20 mg orally every 12 hours. Patients were selected as eligible for endocrine ablative treatment and with disease not so aggressive as to jeopardize further treatment in case the experimental drug failed. Objective remission was obtained in 19 patients (49%) with a mean duration of 11+ months and ten patients are still in remission. No progression was seen in seven patients (18%) lasting 13+ months with only one patient in relapse. Thirteen patients (33%) have failed. Objective remission was obtained in two premenopausal women even though menstrual cycles were not suppressed; bilateral oophorectomy in one of these patients induced a second remission after relapse from tamoxifen. Objective remissions were obtained in two women with proven complete hypophysectomy a direct action of antiestrogens at the tumor level. Positive estrogen receptors were suggestive of being a good predictor of response. Menopausal status and dominant site of metastasis did not affect the response to tamoxifen in this small series. Tamoxifen did not alter prolactin secretion, and side effects from the drug were usually mild and transient in nature. We conclude that tamoxifen is an effective antitumor agent in patients with stage IV breast cancer; further studies are necessary to determine whether it will equal the therapeutic effect of oophorectomy, adrenalectomy, and hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 1021225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3093", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in vitro with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "content": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) was paired with 11 other chemotherapeutic drugs in a search for possible synergistic pairs. Cell lethality was investigated by the colony-formation technique utilizing a long-term culture of human lymphoma cells. Synergistic effects were noted for pair combinations with all alkylating agents, bleomycin, adriamycin, camptothecin, and cytosine arabinoside. Additive effects were recorded for combinations with prednisolone and VP-16-213, while DDP reduced the capacity of cells to absorb sublethal damage induced by alkylating agents.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in vitro with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) was paired with 11 other chemotherapeutic drugs in a search for possible synergistic pairs. Cell lethality was investigated by the colony-formation technique utilizing a long-term culture of human lymphoma cells. Synergistic effects were noted for pair combinations with all alkylating agents, bleomycin, adriamycin, camptothecin, and cytosine arabinoside. Additive effects were recorded for combinations with prednisolone and VP-16-213, while DDP reduced the capacity of cells to absorb sublethal damage induced by alkylating agents.", "PMID": 1021234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3094", "title": "5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-CCNU, and vincristine in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: phase II study utilizing weekly 5-FU.", "content": "We report a phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-CCNU, and vincristine (FMV) combination chemotherapy in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Ten of 25 patients (40%) achieved an objective tumor regression after treatment with FMV chemotherapy. The main toxicities of FMV were hematologic and gastrointestinal. 5-FU was administered in a weekly rather than a loading-dose schedule which allowed for sensitive adjustment of drug dosages according to hematologic toxicity; only 16% of the patients (four of 25) had a wbc count less than 2000 cells/mm3. FMV is significantly more active than 5-FU alone in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer; however this regimen does not significantly improve survival in responding patients.", "contents": "5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-CCNU, and vincristine in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: phase II study utilizing weekly 5-FU. We report a phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-CCNU, and vincristine (FMV) combination chemotherapy in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Ten of 25 patients (40%) achieved an objective tumor regression after treatment with FMV chemotherapy. The main toxicities of FMV were hematologic and gastrointestinal. 5-FU was administered in a weekly rather than a loading-dose schedule which allowed for sensitive adjustment of drug dosages according to hematologic toxicity; only 16% of the patients (four of 25) had a wbc count less than 2000 cells/mm3. FMV is significantly more active than 5-FU alone in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer; however this regimen does not significantly improve survival in responding patients.", "PMID": 1021233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3095", "title": "Inhibition of growth and regression of a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma by three retinoids.", "content": "An aromatic analog of retinoic acid, all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid (Ro 10-1670), its ethyl esther (Ro 10-9359), and ethyl amide (Ro 11-1430) have been shown to inhibit the growth of a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma. The inhibition observed occurred over a range of tolerated doses. At the higher tolerated dose levels, significant regressions of already established tumors were observed. All three compounds were active when administered ip for 2 or 4 weeks. The ethyl ester, Ro 10-9359, and the etyl amide, Ro 11-1430, were also active when administered for 4 weeks as dietary admixes. In the latter experiments, both compounds were equally effective at tolerated doses, but Ro 11-1430 was less toxic than Ro 10-9359 at higher doses.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth and regression of a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma by three retinoids. An aromatic analog of retinoic acid, all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid (Ro 10-1670), its ethyl esther (Ro 10-9359), and ethyl amide (Ro 11-1430) have been shown to inhibit the growth of a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma. The inhibition observed occurred over a range of tolerated doses. At the higher tolerated dose levels, significant regressions of already established tumors were observed. All three compounds were active when administered ip for 2 or 4 weeks. The ethyl ester, Ro 10-9359, and the etyl amide, Ro 11-1430, were also active when administered for 4 weeks as dietary admixes. In the latter experiments, both compounds were equally effective at tolerated doses, but Ro 11-1430 was less toxic than Ro 10-9359 at higher doses.", "PMID": 1021235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3096", "title": "Current overview of EORTC clinical trials with tamoxifen.", "content": "Based upon concepts derived from estrogen receptor studies, a phase II exploratory trial was conducted where tamoxifen (NSC-180973) was administered concomitantly with cytotoxic chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Chemotherapy was composed of two 28-day cycles given alternatively. Cycle A consisted of adriamycin and vincristine, and cycle B consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Fifty-five patients were fully evaluable. Complete remissions were obtained in 13 (24%) and partial objective remissions in 27 (49%). The overall remission rate was 73%. Toxic side effects ranged from mild to severe. The most significant were nausea and vomiting (most patients), weakness and pain (two thirds of the patients), and hematologic changes (half of the patients). It is concluded that the present combination of endocrine and cytotoxic therapy represents one of the most effective currently available treatments of advanced breast cancer. In an early clinical trial of tamoxifen in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, two objective remissions, lasting 5 and 9+ months respectively, were obtained in ten patients treated. Tamoxifen is worthy of further assessment in premenopausal patients.", "contents": "Current overview of EORTC clinical trials with tamoxifen. Based upon concepts derived from estrogen receptor studies, a phase II exploratory trial was conducted where tamoxifen (NSC-180973) was administered concomitantly with cytotoxic chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Chemotherapy was composed of two 28-day cycles given alternatively. Cycle A consisted of adriamycin and vincristine, and cycle B consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Fifty-five patients were fully evaluable. Complete remissions were obtained in 13 (24%) and partial objective remissions in 27 (49%). The overall remission rate was 73%. Toxic side effects ranged from mild to severe. The most significant were nausea and vomiting (most patients), weakness and pain (two thirds of the patients), and hematologic changes (half of the patients). It is concluded that the present combination of endocrine and cytotoxic therapy represents one of the most effective currently available treatments of advanced breast cancer. In an early clinical trial of tamoxifen in premenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, two objective remissions, lasting 5 and 9+ months respectively, were obtained in ten patients treated. Tamoxifen is worthy of further assessment in premenopausal patients.", "PMID": 1021227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3097", "title": "Thermoregulatory cold-defense deficits in rats with preoptic/anterior hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "This paper discusses the course of recovery from the thermoregulatory deficits produced in rats by electrolytic lesions in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area. Severe damage rendered rats ectothermic, that is unable to maintain their body temperatures at normal levels unless they were incubated at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. Less severe damage produced rats that maintained subnormal but stable body temperatures at 23 degrees C, but that did not increase metabolic rate or shiver and whose body temperatures dropped drastically in the cold (5 degrees C). As the animals recovered, nonshivering thermogenesis returned. Eventually the rats became excessively hyperthermic in normal room temperatures, due to very high metabolic rates. They were still unable to shiver or increase metabolic rate further in the cold and were therefore still unable to prevent a large drop in body temperature. Muscle tonus and shivering recovered gradually, and oxygen consumption returned to near normal levels. The data are described in terms of levels of integration of the nervous control of thermoregulation.", "contents": "Thermoregulatory cold-defense deficits in rats with preoptic/anterior hypothalamic lesions. This paper discusses the course of recovery from the thermoregulatory deficits produced in rats by electrolytic lesions in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area. Severe damage rendered rats ectothermic, that is unable to maintain their body temperatures at normal levels unless they were incubated at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. Less severe damage produced rats that maintained subnormal but stable body temperatures at 23 degrees C, but that did not increase metabolic rate or shiver and whose body temperatures dropped drastically in the cold (5 degrees C). As the animals recovered, nonshivering thermogenesis returned. Eventually the rats became excessively hyperthermic in normal room temperatures, due to very high metabolic rates. They were still unable to shiver or increase metabolic rate further in the cold and were therefore still unable to prevent a large drop in body temperature. Muscle tonus and shivering recovered gradually, and oxygen consumption returned to near normal levels. The data are described in terms of levels of integration of the nervous control of thermoregulation.", "PMID": 1021211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3098", "title": "Neuromuscular blockade: the effects on two hippocampal RSA (theta) systems and neocortical desynchronization.", "content": "Neocortical and hippocampal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were recorded from rats during: (a) spontaneous activities, (b) paralysis produced by curare or gallamine neuromuscular blockade, and (c) urethane anesthesia. All of the patterns of EEG recorded from normal rats were obtained from paralyzed rats including: (a) atropine resistant neocortical desynchronization and fast (6--12 Hz) hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) normally associated with overt Type I or voluntary movement, (b) atropine sensitive and urethane resistant slow (4--6 Hz) RSA which can be recorded from immobile animals during conditioning procedures, or during brain or sensory stimulation, and (c) large amplitude irregular neocortical and hippocampal EEG which can be recorded from immobile or sleeping animals. Depth profiles of RSA were taken from the hippocampal formation of urethanized and curarized rats during posterior hypthalamic stimulation. The results confirmed findngs of two RSA amplitude maxima with an approximate 180 degree phase difference, one location in stratum oriens of area CA-1, the other in stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, and suggest there are two generators of RSA. Atropine sensitive and atropine resistant types of RSA were found in each generator. The results suggest that RSA may be supported by both cholinergic and noncholinergic input to each generator and that neither RSA type could be only the result of proprioceptive feedback from joints or muscles.", "contents": "Neuromuscular blockade: the effects on two hippocampal RSA (theta) systems and neocortical desynchronization. Neocortical and hippocampal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were recorded from rats during: (a) spontaneous activities, (b) paralysis produced by curare or gallamine neuromuscular blockade, and (c) urethane anesthesia. All of the patterns of EEG recorded from normal rats were obtained from paralyzed rats including: (a) atropine resistant neocortical desynchronization and fast (6--12 Hz) hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) normally associated with overt Type I or voluntary movement, (b) atropine sensitive and urethane resistant slow (4--6 Hz) RSA which can be recorded from immobile animals during conditioning procedures, or during brain or sensory stimulation, and (c) large amplitude irregular neocortical and hippocampal EEG which can be recorded from immobile or sleeping animals. Depth profiles of RSA were taken from the hippocampal formation of urethanized and curarized rats during posterior hypthalamic stimulation. The results confirmed findngs of two RSA amplitude maxima with an approximate 180 degree phase difference, one location in stratum oriens of area CA-1, the other in stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, and suggest there are two generators of RSA. Atropine sensitive and atropine resistant types of RSA were found in each generator. The results suggest that RSA may be supported by both cholinergic and noncholinergic input to each generator and that neither RSA type could be only the result of proprioceptive feedback from joints or muscles.", "PMID": 1021213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3099", "title": "Electrophysiology of neural units in goldfish optic tectum.", "content": "Axons of retinal ganglion cells showed responses not previously emphasized: (a) many tonic units discharged oscillations, 2--12 spikes per burst, interburst intervals 20--300 msec; (b) phasic units showed concentric or flanking ON and OFF fields, response frequency depended on balance of retinal excitation and inhibition; (c) directional sensitivity was maximal for retinal stimuli moving in naso-temporal direction; (d) in anterior tectum deep afferent layer (DAL) provides for deep electrical sink, fibers of DAL have small fields, mostly in front of fish; (e) color-opponent units are prevalent in the superficial terminal layers, color is spatially and temporally represented. Tectal cell responses were distinguished by large visual fields, spontaneity, multiple spikes and long latencies to optic nerve stimulation, failure to follow above 60 per sec, plasticity of response. Tectal neurons of three classes included (a) cells of one type in upper layers were inhibited in ongoing activity by visual input, receptive fields exceeded 100 degrees, were often oblong, responses did not habituate; (b) cells of second type were excited by visual stimuli, became unresponsive (habituated) or responsive only to stimuli in different position or direction (newness cells); lability precluded field mapping and dishabituation was produced by change in background, extraneous stimulation, and spontaneous firing; (c) pyriform cells in periventricular layer were abundant, difficult to isolate electrically, discharged spontaneously in bursts at intervals of several seconds and responded to visual input by interruption of firing. Some tectal cells responded to non-visual stimuli as well.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of neural units in goldfish optic tectum. Axons of retinal ganglion cells showed responses not previously emphasized: (a) many tonic units discharged oscillations, 2--12 spikes per burst, interburst intervals 20--300 msec; (b) phasic units showed concentric or flanking ON and OFF fields, response frequency depended on balance of retinal excitation and inhibition; (c) directional sensitivity was maximal for retinal stimuli moving in naso-temporal direction; (d) in anterior tectum deep afferent layer (DAL) provides for deep electrical sink, fibers of DAL have small fields, mostly in front of fish; (e) color-opponent units are prevalent in the superficial terminal layers, color is spatially and temporally represented. Tectal cell responses were distinguished by large visual fields, spontaneity, multiple spikes and long latencies to optic nerve stimulation, failure to follow above 60 per sec, plasticity of response. Tectal neurons of three classes included (a) cells of one type in upper layers were inhibited in ongoing activity by visual input, receptive fields exceeded 100 degrees, were often oblong, responses did not habituate; (b) cells of second type were excited by visual stimuli, became unresponsive (habituated) or responsive only to stimuli in different position or direction (newness cells); lability precluded field mapping and dishabituation was produced by change in background, extraneous stimulation, and spontaneous firing; (c) pyriform cells in periventricular layer were abundant, difficult to isolate electrically, discharged spontaneously in bursts at intervals of several seconds and responded to visual input by interruption of firing. Some tectal cells responded to non-visual stimuli as well.", "PMID": 1021210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3100", "title": "Cerebellar nuclear stimulation in generalized penicillin epilepsy.", "content": "Comparison was made of the effectiveness of cerebellar cortical and nuclear stimulation in reducing paroxysmal activity induced in cats by parenteral penicillin administration. Vermal cortical and fastigial nuclear stimulation at high frequencies (100 Hz) were both effective in reducing the number and duration of paroxysmal events while the effects of dentate nucleus stimulation were found to be more variable. It was suggested that effective seizure inhibition appeared to be associated with increased fastigial output and resultant reticular excitation.", "contents": "Cerebellar nuclear stimulation in generalized penicillin epilepsy. Comparison was made of the effectiveness of cerebellar cortical and nuclear stimulation in reducing paroxysmal activity induced in cats by parenteral penicillin administration. Vermal cortical and fastigial nuclear stimulation at high frequencies (100 Hz) were both effective in reducing the number and duration of paroxysmal events while the effects of dentate nucleus stimulation were found to be more variable. It was suggested that effective seizure inhibition appeared to be associated with increased fastigial output and resultant reticular excitation.", "PMID": 1021214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3101", "title": "Visual performance and synapses in the visual cortex of rabbits.", "content": "The density of synaptic connections, the length of the contact zones and the number of synaptic vesicles are quantitatively studied in the left and right hemisphere of a group of rabbits a number of which showed marked ocular dominance. No systematic differences in the parameters studied could be observed in the visual cortex between symmetric animals, indicating that the ocular dominance cannot be explained by hemispheric differences in density of synapses.", "contents": "Visual performance and synapses in the visual cortex of rabbits. The density of synaptic connections, the length of the contact zones and the number of synaptic vesicles are quantitatively studied in the left and right hemisphere of a group of rabbits a number of which showed marked ocular dominance. No systematic differences in the parameters studied could be observed in the visual cortex between symmetric animals, indicating that the ocular dominance cannot be explained by hemispheric differences in density of synapses.", "PMID": 1021215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3102", "title": "Melanin in the rat brain.", "content": "Melanin was measured in various parts of the rat brain by a spectrophotofluorometric assay. This method could detect natural, Sepia melanin as well as melanin synthesized from L-DOPA. Contrary to published expectations of other investigators, measurable amounts of melanin were found in the brain of albino as well as pigmented rats. The highest concentrations of melanin occurred in the pons-medulla and midbrain, but all regions within the blood-brain barrier contained greater concentrations than samples from many other tissues in the body. No significant change in the melanin content was found after various endocrine manipulations such as removal of the pituitary, pineal, adrenals, thyroid, testes, or ovaries, exposure to constant illumination or darkness, and daily injection for 5 weeks of alpha-MSH, Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (MIF-I) or melatonin. As expected, retinal tissue from black-hooded rats contained extremely high levels of melanin whereas that from albino rats contained no melanin. It is thought that the presence of melanin in the brain of albino and pigmented rats may have a function which is still unknown.", "contents": "Melanin in the rat brain. Melanin was measured in various parts of the rat brain by a spectrophotofluorometric assay. This method could detect natural, Sepia melanin as well as melanin synthesized from L-DOPA. Contrary to published expectations of other investigators, measurable amounts of melanin were found in the brain of albino as well as pigmented rats. The highest concentrations of melanin occurred in the pons-medulla and midbrain, but all regions within the blood-brain barrier contained greater concentrations than samples from many other tissues in the body. No significant change in the melanin content was found after various endocrine manipulations such as removal of the pituitary, pineal, adrenals, thyroid, testes, or ovaries, exposure to constant illumination or darkness, and daily injection for 5 weeks of alpha-MSH, Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (MIF-I) or melatonin. As expected, retinal tissue from black-hooded rats contained extremely high levels of melanin whereas that from albino rats contained no melanin. It is thought that the presence of melanin in the brain of albino and pigmented rats may have a function which is still unknown.", "PMID": 1021212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3103", "title": "[In vitro thyroid diagnosis in surgery of the thyroid].", "content": "After a brief outline of the physiology of the thyroid hormones and the laboratory tests measuring thyroid function, the dosage of normalised T4 (T4N) in patients suffering from various thyroid diseases and subjected to surgical operation is discussed. As the fundamental presupposition of thyroid surgery is that the operation is made in conditions of euthyroidism, the use of a quick and reliable preoperative test giving an exact evaluation of the patient's thyrometabolic conditions is necessary. In conclusion it is stated, on the basis of experience acquired in 90 patients operated for various thyriod diseases, that the last thyrometabolic evaluation can be based on T4N dosage.", "contents": "[In vitro thyroid diagnosis in surgery of the thyroid]. After a brief outline of the physiology of the thyroid hormones and the laboratory tests measuring thyroid function, the dosage of normalised T4 (T4N) in patients suffering from various thyroid diseases and subjected to surgical operation is discussed. As the fundamental presupposition of thyroid surgery is that the operation is made in conditions of euthyroidism, the use of a quick and reliable preoperative test giving an exact evaluation of the patient's thyrometabolic conditions is necessary. In conclusion it is stated, on the basis of experience acquired in 90 patients operated for various thyriod diseases, that the last thyrometabolic evaluation can be based on T4N dosage.", "PMID": 1021298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3104", "title": "Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis: a syndrome produced by epicutaneous hypersensitivity with clinical features and a histopathologic picture similar to that of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Four cases have been studied which were clinically suggestive of mycosis fungoides because of their infiltrated plaque-like lesions, but in which the suspicion of a topical hypersensitivity arose when a positive patch test was obtained with the striker part of a box of matches.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis: a syndrome produced by epicutaneous hypersensitivity with clinical features and a histopathologic picture similar to that of mycosis fungoides. Four cases have been studied which were clinically suggestive of mycosis fungoides because of their infiltrated plaque-like lesions, but in which the suspicion of a topical hypersensitivity arose when a positive patch test was obtained with the striker part of a box of matches.", "PMID": 1021341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3105", "title": "An antigen from Parthenium hysterophorus Linn.", "content": "The increasing incidence of contact dermatitis due to the wild growth of the weed Partheium hysterophorus Linn. in many parts of India has prompted chemical analysis coupled with clinical testing to isolate the offending agent. Results are present to show that parthenin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is the major antigen which produces contact dermatitis in sensitive human beings.", "contents": "An antigen from Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. The increasing incidence of contact dermatitis due to the wild growth of the weed Partheium hysterophorus Linn. in many parts of India has prompted chemical analysis coupled with clinical testing to isolate the offending agent. Results are present to show that parthenin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is the major antigen which produces contact dermatitis in sensitive human beings.", "PMID": 1021342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3106", "title": "The effect of perfume \"ageing\" on the allergenicity of individual perfume ingredients.", "content": "An ingredient of a perfume which is a sensitizer may become hypoallergenic by interacting with other ingredients during the ageing process of the perfume. Thus, a patient with an exquisite allergic sensitivity to cinnamic aldehyde tolerates two perfumes containing cinnamic aldehyde without acquiring a dermatitis. There are several theories of why cinnamic aldehyde can become a non-sensitizer in a perfume mixture. Testing with a mature perfume may be much more significant than testing with individual ingredients.", "contents": "The effect of perfume \"ageing\" on the allergenicity of individual perfume ingredients. An ingredient of a perfume which is a sensitizer may become hypoallergenic by interacting with other ingredients during the ageing process of the perfume. Thus, a patient with an exquisite allergic sensitivity to cinnamic aldehyde tolerates two perfumes containing cinnamic aldehyde without acquiring a dermatitis. There are several theories of why cinnamic aldehyde can become a non-sensitizer in a perfume mixture. Testing with a mature perfume may be much more significant than testing with individual ingredients.", "PMID": 1021343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3107", "title": "Quinazoline Yellow SS in cosmetics.", "content": "Five cases of allergic contact dermatitis from Quinazoline Yellow SS (D and C Yellow 11) in cosmetics are described, three from a lipstick and two from a rouge stick. Four of them showed marked oedema spreading to the eyelids and down to the neck. Two of them required systemic steroids. All four had strongly positive patch tests to the dye and to the cosmetic used.", "contents": "Quinazoline Yellow SS in cosmetics. Five cases of allergic contact dermatitis from Quinazoline Yellow SS (D and C Yellow 11) in cosmetics are described, three from a lipstick and two from a rouge stick. Four of them showed marked oedema spreading to the eyelids and down to the neck. Two of them required systemic steroids. All four had strongly positive patch tests to the dye and to the cosmetic used.", "PMID": 1021344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3108", "title": "Transepidermal water loss in adhesive tape induced dermatitis.", "content": "As an index of skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss (TEW) was investigated in subjects reactive to adhesive tapes. Tape reactive subjects showed no difference in TEW in untreated skin when compared to non-reactive subjects. Plastic tape and transparent tape produced varying degrees of dermatitis in reactive subjects; the TEW was increased up to 40-fold of the baseline values correlating with the degree of dermatitis. Paper tape and plastic film without adhesive did not produce dermatitis and increased water loss. Regeneration of skin damage was accompanied by a decrease of TEW values. The general problem of tape reactors and tape irritation is discussed.", "contents": "Transepidermal water loss in adhesive tape induced dermatitis. As an index of skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss (TEW) was investigated in subjects reactive to adhesive tapes. Tape reactive subjects showed no difference in TEW in untreated skin when compared to non-reactive subjects. Plastic tape and transparent tape produced varying degrees of dermatitis in reactive subjects; the TEW was increased up to 40-fold of the baseline values correlating with the degree of dermatitis. Paper tape and plastic film without adhesive did not produce dermatitis and increased water loss. Regeneration of skin damage was accompanied by a decrease of TEW values. The general problem of tape reactors and tape irritation is discussed.", "PMID": 1021345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3109", "title": "Sensitivity to 35 essential oils.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive patients and 50 subjects positive to balsams were tested with the 35 essential oils most frequently used in Polish cosmetics. The frequency of sensitivity to the particular oils is noted and the index of sensitization calculated as the amount of oil/kg used annually for the production of Polish cosmetics per one patient positive to this oil. The correlation of positive tests to essential oils with positive tests to four balsams of the standard series is shown.", "contents": "Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Two hundred consecutive patients and 50 subjects positive to balsams were tested with the 35 essential oils most frequently used in Polish cosmetics. The frequency of sensitivity to the particular oils is noted and the index of sensitization calculated as the amount of oil/kg used annually for the production of Polish cosmetics per one patient positive to this oil. The correlation of positive tests to essential oils with positive tests to four balsams of the standard series is shown.", "PMID": 1021349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3110", "title": "Contact sensitivity to emulsifiers.", "content": "Common emulsifiers were tested in over 1,200 patients with eczema. Triethanolamine stearate tested at 5% in petrolatum caused irritant reactions in 9.5% of the patients. On the other hand, non-ionic emulsifying agents tested at 10-20% produced irritation in only a few cases. Allergic reactions were found in 2.1% of those tested. Lanette, sorbitan sesquioleate, the Spans, polyoxyethylene oxypropylene stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol lanolin derivative, and triethanolamine stearate each elicited allergic reactions in 0.3-0.7% of the cases. The Tweens caused an allergy in only two cases, but glycerol monostearate caused no reaction at all. Five out of six patients sensitive to sorbitan sesquioleate reacted positively to the Spans as well. The patients allergic to one or more emulsifiers were also sensitive to several other substances included in our routine test series with the exception of four patients who reacted only to the emulsifying agents.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity to emulsifiers. Common emulsifiers were tested in over 1,200 patients with eczema. Triethanolamine stearate tested at 5% in petrolatum caused irritant reactions in 9.5% of the patients. On the other hand, non-ionic emulsifying agents tested at 10-20% produced irritation in only a few cases. Allergic reactions were found in 2.1% of those tested. Lanette, sorbitan sesquioleate, the Spans, polyoxyethylene oxypropylene stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol lanolin derivative, and triethanolamine stearate each elicited allergic reactions in 0.3-0.7% of the cases. The Tweens caused an allergy in only two cases, but glycerol monostearate caused no reaction at all. Five out of six patients sensitive to sorbitan sesquioleate reacted positively to the Spans as well. The patients allergic to one or more emulsifiers were also sensitive to several other substances included in our routine test series with the exception of four patients who reacted only to the emulsifying agents.", "PMID": 1021350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3111", "title": "Standardization of patch tests in Japan.", "content": "In order to standardize patch tests in Japan a comparative study of our former method of patch testing with that recommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) was carried out with the collaboration of dermatologists in the Mid-Japan Dermatological Society. The following differences were observed between the two methods of patch testing: 1. Four out of five ICDRG allergens which were common in Japanese standard allergen series--formaldehyde, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate--showed higher reactivity than those of Japanese allergens. The other allergen, paraphenylenediamine (PPD), showed the same reactivity as Japanese PPD. Cobalt chloride of ICDRG origin showed a particularly higher reactivity than the Japanese one (a=0.05) 2. Higher reactivity was observed at the 48-h reading when aqueous reagents were patch-tested using Torii-Ban, Miniplaster and Leukotest, which are all popular in Japan. This higher reactivity could be attributed to the lint gauze of plasters which are pre-treated with fluorescent whitener. 3. The incidence of reactivity of the ICDRG allergens in Japan was also studied in order to establish a new standard allergen series.", "contents": "Standardization of patch tests in Japan. In order to standardize patch tests in Japan a comparative study of our former method of patch testing with that recommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) was carried out with the collaboration of dermatologists in the Mid-Japan Dermatological Society. The following differences were observed between the two methods of patch testing: 1. Four out of five ICDRG allergens which were common in Japanese standard allergen series--formaldehyde, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate--showed higher reactivity than those of Japanese allergens. The other allergen, paraphenylenediamine (PPD), showed the same reactivity as Japanese PPD. Cobalt chloride of ICDRG origin showed a particularly higher reactivity than the Japanese one (a=0.05) 2. Higher reactivity was observed at the 48-h reading when aqueous reagents were patch-tested using Torii-Ban, Miniplaster and Leukotest, which are all popular in Japan. This higher reactivity could be attributed to the lint gauze of plasters which are pre-treated with fluorescent whitener. 3. The incidence of reactivity of the ICDRG allergens in Japan was also studied in order to establish a new standard allergen series.", "PMID": 1021351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3112", "title": "Photoepicutaneous testing: influence of the vehicle, occlusion time and concentration of the test substances on the results.", "content": "The effects of various vehicles, the occlusion time and the concentration of the test substances on the phototoxic reactions were studied using the Finn Chamber method in photoepicutaneous testing, with methoxsalen and coal tar as test substances. Petrolatum proved to be a suitable base for methoxsalen and carbowax for coal tar. The optimal concentration of coal tar was 5% and that of methoxalen 0.03-0.05%. The optimal occlusion time for methoxsalen was 1-2 hours and for coal tar 24 hours. It was concluded that in order to obtain the most reliable results, these parameters should be determined separately for every photosensitizing compound to be tested.", "contents": "Photoepicutaneous testing: influence of the vehicle, occlusion time and concentration of the test substances on the results. The effects of various vehicles, the occlusion time and the concentration of the test substances on the phototoxic reactions were studied using the Finn Chamber method in photoepicutaneous testing, with methoxsalen and coal tar as test substances. Petrolatum proved to be a suitable base for methoxsalen and carbowax for coal tar. The optimal concentration of coal tar was 5% and that of methoxalen 0.03-0.05%. The optimal occlusion time for methoxsalen was 1-2 hours and for coal tar 24 hours. It was concluded that in order to obtain the most reliable results, these parameters should be determined separately for every photosensitizing compound to be tested.", "PMID": 1021352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3113", "title": "[Comparative study of the mutagenic effect of several chemical substances on Syrian hamsters].", "content": "The authors carried out experiment on 38 Syrian hamsters, treated with cyneb, tetracycline and chlorpromasine in groups for a period of tree days. They examined the changes in the cariotypes of the animals as well as the changes in the mytotic activity of bone-marrow cells. Data were based on the analysis of 3045 metaphasic plates and 190,000 cells. It was established that the examined substances possessed mutagenic effect on the Syrian hamster in doses applied in vivo. This effect was mostly manifected in the animals treated with cyneb, followed by chlorpromasine and tetracycline. The same chemical substances reduced the mytotic activity of the bone-marrow cells. The data of the experiments in vivo correlated positively with the results of the experiments in vitro of human lymphocytic cultures, treated with the indicated substances.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the mutagenic effect of several chemical substances on Syrian hamsters]. The authors carried out experiment on 38 Syrian hamsters, treated with cyneb, tetracycline and chlorpromasine in groups for a period of tree days. They examined the changes in the cariotypes of the animals as well as the changes in the mytotic activity of bone-marrow cells. Data were based on the analysis of 3045 metaphasic plates and 190,000 cells. It was established that the examined substances possessed mutagenic effect on the Syrian hamster in doses applied in vivo. This effect was mostly manifected in the animals treated with cyneb, followed by chlorpromasine and tetracycline. The same chemical substances reduced the mytotic activity of the bone-marrow cells. The data of the experiments in vivo correlated positively with the results of the experiments in vitro of human lymphocytic cultures, treated with the indicated substances.", "PMID": 1021405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3114", "title": "[Morphologic changes in the testes of white rats chronically subjected to vofatox 50].", "content": "The chronic action of the preparation vofatox 50 causes changes in the spermatopoeitic epithelium of white rats, which depend on the doses and duration of intoxication. There is an increased vascular permeability and degenerative changes in the spermatogenic epithelium, a reduction of the mitotic process and also index of spermatogenesis at the initial stages. The later changes are manifested by more formed changes in the spermatopoietic cells, appearance of gigantic multicellular forms, lack of sprematozoa in a large number of canaliclues and fibrosis of blood vessels. The changes in the testis are the result of the general toxic action of the preparation.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes in the testes of white rats chronically subjected to vofatox 50]. The chronic action of the preparation vofatox 50 causes changes in the spermatopoeitic epithelium of white rats, which depend on the doses and duration of intoxication. There is an increased vascular permeability and degenerative changes in the spermatogenic epithelium, a reduction of the mitotic process and also index of spermatogenesis at the initial stages. The later changes are manifested by more formed changes in the spermatopoietic cells, appearance of gigantic multicellular forms, lack of sprematozoa in a large number of canaliclues and fibrosis of blood vessels. The changes in the testis are the result of the general toxic action of the preparation.", "PMID": 1021406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3115", "title": "[Biochemical changes in the placenta of white rats treated with basfungin].", "content": "The author carried out experiments on white rats and discussed the role of the placental insufficiency in the perinatal pathology under the action of fungicide basfugine. After administration of the preparation singly at the critical 13th day of embriogenesis and repeatedly during the course of the gestation the author examined biochemically the activity of the following enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase, lactatdehydrogenase and thermostable alkaline phosphatase. Basfungine, administered in effective teratogenic doses, inhibited the activity of the indicated enzymes in the placenta, manifesting in this way its functional insufficiency, which was most probably the substantial moment in the pathogenesis of the induced anamaly in the fetal development.", "contents": "[Biochemical changes in the placenta of white rats treated with basfungin]. The author carried out experiments on white rats and discussed the role of the placental insufficiency in the perinatal pathology under the action of fungicide basfugine. After administration of the preparation singly at the critical 13th day of embriogenesis and repeatedly during the course of the gestation the author examined biochemically the activity of the following enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase, lactatdehydrogenase and thermostable alkaline phosphatase. Basfungine, administered in effective teratogenic doses, inhibited the activity of the indicated enzymes in the placenta, manifesting in this way its functional insufficiency, which was most probably the substantial moment in the pathogenesis of the induced anamaly in the fetal development.", "PMID": 1021407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3116", "title": "[Formation and development of motor-defense conditioned reflexes in rats of different ages].", "content": "The analysis of the reflex conditioned activity of rats at various age groups showed that there were differences in it. There was a considerable strength of the excitatory process in young rats, aged one and a half months. The positive reflexes to sound and light stimuli were formed compatively quickly (on the average after 8,6 and 4,8 combinations of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus) in comparison with the animals of mature age (respectively 16,5 and 8 combinations). In the old rats the author observed a lowering of the strength of the excitatory process and slower formation and stabilization of the positive conditioned reflexes. A gradual formation of the inhibitory function occurs during the process of ontogenetic development and this finds an expression in the unpossibility for the fromation of differentiation in young animals and the presence of such in 10-month old rats. The level of the differentiations in these animals reached 60,1% and 76,9%. The latent period changed with the advancement of age. In adult animals there was some shortenint ofthelatent period in comparison with the young animals although the difference was statistically insignificant. There was an increase of the absolute values of the latent period again after the occurrence of the old age (5,2'' and 4,52''). The indicated peculiarities in the formation and course of the conditioned reflexes probably were connected with various degree in the fluctuations of the strength of the exitiatory and inhibitory processes in the central nervous system during ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Formation and development of motor-defense conditioned reflexes in rats of different ages]. The analysis of the reflex conditioned activity of rats at various age groups showed that there were differences in it. There was a considerable strength of the excitatory process in young rats, aged one and a half months. The positive reflexes to sound and light stimuli were formed compatively quickly (on the average after 8,6 and 4,8 combinations of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus) in comparison with the animals of mature age (respectively 16,5 and 8 combinations). In the old rats the author observed a lowering of the strength of the excitatory process and slower formation and stabilization of the positive conditioned reflexes. A gradual formation of the inhibitory function occurs during the process of ontogenetic development and this finds an expression in the unpossibility for the fromation of differentiation in young animals and the presence of such in 10-month old rats. The level of the differentiations in these animals reached 60,1% and 76,9%. The latent period changed with the advancement of age. In adult animals there was some shortenint ofthelatent period in comparison with the young animals although the difference was statistically insignificant. There was an increase of the absolute values of the latent period again after the occurrence of the old age (5,2'' and 4,52''). The indicated peculiarities in the formation and course of the conditioned reflexes probably were connected with various degree in the fluctuations of the strength of the exitiatory and inhibitory processes in the central nervous system during ontogenesis.", "PMID": 1021408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3117", "title": "[Changes in renal enzyme activity in rats with experimental hypertension].", "content": "The study was carried out on rats of the Wistar strain with experiments hypertension by the method of Selye, modified by Kolarova. These authors examined the activity of the enzymes of protein metabolism (GOT, GPT, AP), of glycolysis (ALD, LDH, alpha-HBDH) and of the citric cycle (MDH) in the left and right kidney at various intervals after modeling the process (3th, 15th, 30th and 90th day). The activity of the enzymes of the glycolytic chain and the cycle of Krebs in the left kidney was lowered at all stages of the experiment. Transaminase activity diminished progressively. Such a dynamics revealed the activity of adenosine phosphate as well. The activity of all examined enzymes of the right kidney showed phase changes-after initial elevation on the third day there was a lowering at the later stages of the experiment. The altered activity off the left kidney was connected with the disturbed vascularization with subsequent metabolic changes. The changes in the enzymic activity in the right kidney were assumed as a consequence of the occurred adaptive hyperfunction.", "contents": "[Changes in renal enzyme activity in rats with experimental hypertension]. The study was carried out on rats of the Wistar strain with experiments hypertension by the method of Selye, modified by Kolarova. These authors examined the activity of the enzymes of protein metabolism (GOT, GPT, AP), of glycolysis (ALD, LDH, alpha-HBDH) and of the citric cycle (MDH) in the left and right kidney at various intervals after modeling the process (3th, 15th, 30th and 90th day). The activity of the enzymes of the glycolytic chain and the cycle of Krebs in the left kidney was lowered at all stages of the experiment. Transaminase activity diminished progressively. Such a dynamics revealed the activity of adenosine phosphate as well. The activity of all examined enzymes of the right kidney showed phase changes-after initial elevation on the third day there was a lowering at the later stages of the experiment. The altered activity off the left kidney was connected with the disturbed vascularization with subsequent metabolic changes. The changes in the enzymic activity in the right kidney were assumed as a consequence of the occurred adaptive hyperfunction.", "PMID": 1021409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3118", "title": "[Organ hematocrit and determining the blood content of tissue homogenates].", "content": "The authors determined the mean normal values of organ homogenates and their significance in evaluating blood amount, contained in the organs. They used radioisotope method with two kers 131 J and 51Cz for determining organ hematocrit. The hematocrit values of the organ blood differed significantly from the venous hematocrit as the values of the spleen were higher, but those of liver, kideny, cerebrum, testis and skeletal muscles-lower. On the basis of these data they proposed to apply respective correction factors, checking the differences between venous and organ hematocrits, when the amount of blood in single organs, determined by hemoglobin content, was estimated. The validity of this correction was illustrated by experimental results.", "contents": "[Organ hematocrit and determining the blood content of tissue homogenates]. The authors determined the mean normal values of organ homogenates and their significance in evaluating blood amount, contained in the organs. They used radioisotope method with two kers 131 J and 51Cz for determining organ hematocrit. The hematocrit values of the organ blood differed significantly from the venous hematocrit as the values of the spleen were higher, but those of liver, kideny, cerebrum, testis and skeletal muscles-lower. On the basis of these data they proposed to apply respective correction factors, checking the differences between venous and organ hematocrits, when the amount of blood in single organs, determined by hemoglobin content, was estimated. The validity of this correction was illustrated by experimental results.", "PMID": 1021410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3119", "title": "[Technic for cannulating the great lymph duct in dogs].", "content": "The authors described in details the technique for cannulation of the terminal part of the main lymph ductus in dogs. They shared their experience in operating 23 dogs. The authors described the approach to ductus thoracicus, cervical region and most frequent difficulties connected with its finding and preparation. All encountered anatomic variants of the chest ductus were presented. The most critical moment of the operation--introduction of the cannula in the ductus was described in details and the authors proposed some technical methods enhancing quicker and easier cannulation.", "contents": "[Technic for cannulating the great lymph duct in dogs]. The authors described in details the technique for cannulation of the terminal part of the main lymph ductus in dogs. They shared their experience in operating 23 dogs. The authors described the approach to ductus thoracicus, cervical region and most frequent difficulties connected with its finding and preparation. All encountered anatomic variants of the chest ductus were presented. The most critical moment of the operation--introduction of the cannula in the ductus was described in details and the authors proposed some technical methods enhancing quicker and easier cannulation.", "PMID": 1021411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3120", "title": "Ambivalent effect of protein binding on computed distributions of metal ions complexed by ligands in blood plasma.", "content": "Although the absolute concentrations of metal complexes in blood plasma are controlled by protein binding, the percentage distribution of transition metal ions amongst low molecular weight ligands is not. Thus, computer simulations which omit protein equilibria can nevertheless afford reliable information about such metals in the biofluid.", "contents": "Ambivalent effect of protein binding on computed distributions of metal ions complexed by ligands in blood plasma. Although the absolute concentrations of metal complexes in blood plasma are controlled by protein binding, the percentage distribution of transition metal ions amongst low molecular weight ligands is not. Thus, computer simulations which omit protein equilibria can nevertheless afford reliable information about such metals in the biofluid.", "PMID": 1021427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3121", "title": "Subcellular localization of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase in spinach leaves.", "content": "A combination of differential centrifugation and isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation of extracts from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.) shows that about 20% of the O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase are associated with chloroplasts. No appreciable amounts of O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase band with mitochondrial and peroxisomal marker enzymes.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase in spinach leaves. A combination of differential centrifugation and isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation of extracts from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.) shows that about 20% of the O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase are associated with chloroplasts. No appreciable amounts of O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase band with mitochondrial and peroxisomal marker enzymes.", "PMID": 1021428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3122", "title": "Some properties of cholinesterase of the plant nematode Aphelenchoides ritzema-boosi.", "content": "Activity and properties of cholinesterase from Aphelenchoides ritzema-boosi, a plant feeding nematode, were investigated by testing the reaction of the enzyme with different substrates and inhibitors. Butyrylthiocholine was a better substrate than propionyl- and acetylthiochine. When compared with mammaliian erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase, the nematode enzyme was found to be extremely insensitive towards a number of well-known organophosphorus and carbamate inhibitors.", "contents": "Some properties of cholinesterase of the plant nematode Aphelenchoides ritzema-boosi. Activity and properties of cholinesterase from Aphelenchoides ritzema-boosi, a plant feeding nematode, were investigated by testing the reaction of the enzyme with different substrates and inhibitors. Butyrylthiocholine was a better substrate than propionyl- and acetylthiochine. When compared with mammaliian erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase, the nematode enzyme was found to be extremely insensitive towards a number of well-known organophosphorus and carbamate inhibitors.", "PMID": 1021429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3123", "title": "Interaction between the soluble and particulate neuraminidases of chick liver.", "content": "The sum of the neuraminidase activities found in the isolated soluble and particulate fractions of chick liver was considerably higher than that observed in the cytoplasmic extract from which these fractions were obtained. Addition of increasing amounts of particulate neuraminidase to a constant amount of the soluble preparation resulted in a progressive loss of enzyme activity.", "contents": "Interaction between the soluble and particulate neuraminidases of chick liver. The sum of the neuraminidase activities found in the isolated soluble and particulate fractions of chick liver was considerably higher than that observed in the cytoplasmic extract from which these fractions were obtained. Addition of increasing amounts of particulate neuraminidase to a constant amount of the soluble preparation resulted in a progressive loss of enzyme activity.", "PMID": 1021430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3124", "title": "Light stimulated 'shunt-metabolism' succinate-alpha-ketoglutarate-isocitrate cycle and accumulation of citric acid in Aspergillus niger.", "content": "Studies with light of the visible range had shown that light plays significant role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of citric acid in Aspergillus niger. Accumulation of 14C-labelled carbon atoms in alpha-ketoglutaric, isocitric, succinic and glycolic acids in the cultures grown under illumination suggest a probable 'shunt-metabolism' leading to the succinate-alpha-ketoglutarate-isocitrate (SKI) cycle. This shunt metabolism minimizes the accumulation of citric acid in cultures due to depletion of intermediates.", "contents": "Light stimulated 'shunt-metabolism' succinate-alpha-ketoglutarate-isocitrate cycle and accumulation of citric acid in Aspergillus niger. Studies with light of the visible range had shown that light plays significant role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of citric acid in Aspergillus niger. Accumulation of 14C-labelled carbon atoms in alpha-ketoglutaric, isocitric, succinic and glycolic acids in the cultures grown under illumination suggest a probable 'shunt-metabolism' leading to the succinate-alpha-ketoglutarate-isocitrate (SKI) cycle. This shunt metabolism minimizes the accumulation of citric acid in cultures due to depletion of intermediates.", "PMID": 1021433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3125", "title": "Adriamycin-induced chromosome damage: elevated frequencies of isochromatid aberrations in G2 and S phases.", "content": "Analysis of chromosomes from cells treated with adriamycin during G2 and S phases showed a high frequency of isochromatid-type of breaks, in addition to the expected chromatid breaks. These are interpreted as independent breaks on sister chromatids because of preferential effects of the drug in specific chromosome regions. The break points are likely to be different, but morphologically such breaks would be indistinguishable from isochromatid or chromosome breaks.", "contents": "Adriamycin-induced chromosome damage: elevated frequencies of isochromatid aberrations in G2 and S phases. Analysis of chromosomes from cells treated with adriamycin during G2 and S phases showed a high frequency of isochromatid-type of breaks, in addition to the expected chromatid breaks. These are interpreted as independent breaks on sister chromatids because of preferential effects of the drug in specific chromosome regions. The break points are likely to be different, but morphologically such breaks would be indistinguishable from isochromatid or chromosome breaks.", "PMID": 1021434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3126", "title": "Actinomycin-resistant antiviral activity associated with preparations containing chicken interferon.", "content": "Crude and purified preparations containing chicken interferon show a 2fold antiviral activity. One is inhibited by actinomycin and leads to total inhibition if interferon is added to cells before actinomycin, the other is insensitive to actinomycin and leads to partial inhibition if interferon is added simultaneously with or after actinomycin.", "contents": "Actinomycin-resistant antiviral activity associated with preparations containing chicken interferon. Crude and purified preparations containing chicken interferon show a 2fold antiviral activity. One is inhibited by actinomycin and leads to total inhibition if interferon is added to cells before actinomycin, the other is insensitive to actinomycin and leads to partial inhibition if interferon is added simultaneously with or after actinomycin.", "PMID": 1021435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3127", "title": "[Phagocytosis of liposomes by mouse peritoneal macrophages (author's transl)].", "content": "Uptake of 14C-cholesterol or 3H-cholesterol labelled liposomes, stimulation of 14C-glucose oxidation, as well as ultrastructural and autoradiographical experiments have shown that liposomes are phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Further results have shown that degradation of liposomes was not complete 2h after uptake.", "contents": "[Phagocytosis of liposomes by mouse peritoneal macrophages (author's transl)]. Uptake of 14C-cholesterol or 3H-cholesterol labelled liposomes, stimulation of 14C-glucose oxidation, as well as ultrastructural and autoradiographical experiments have shown that liposomes are phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Further results have shown that degradation of liposomes was not complete 2h after uptake.", "PMID": 1021437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3128", "title": "Gonadectomy and growth of Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda) cysticerci in mice.", "content": "Gonadectomy of SWR of both sexes significantly reduced the number of cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps, 60 days post infection. There was a significant decrease in the total number of larvae and the number of nonbudding individuals, corresponding with increased number of budding larvae. This indicates that the asexual multiplication of cysticerci in populations from gonadectomized mice was inhibited.", "contents": "Gonadectomy and growth of Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda) cysticerci in mice. Gonadectomy of SWR of both sexes significantly reduced the number of cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps, 60 days post infection. There was a significant decrease in the total number of larvae and the number of nonbudding individuals, corresponding with increased number of budding larvae. This indicates that the asexual multiplication of cysticerci in populations from gonadectomized mice was inhibited.", "PMID": 1021439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3129", "title": "The generation of toxic activity from trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "Trypanosoma congolense organism, on incubation at 20 degrees C for 91/2h, were found to generate phospholipase like activity which was capable of mediating lysis of both nucleated cells and erythrocytes as well as acute inflammatory response on intradermal inoculation.", "contents": "The generation of toxic activity from trypanosoma congolense. Trypanosoma congolense organism, on incubation at 20 degrees C for 91/2h, were found to generate phospholipase like activity which was capable of mediating lysis of both nucleated cells and erythrocytes as well as acute inflammatory response on intradermal inoculation.", "PMID": 1021440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3130", "title": "The influence of early nutrition and environmental rearing on brain growth and behaviour.", "content": "Preweaning malnutrition permanently reduced brain size and cellular content but in spite of changes in the adrenocotical stress response no learning deficit was observed. Differential rearing environments did not influence the effects of malnutrition.", "contents": "The influence of early nutrition and environmental rearing on brain growth and behaviour. Preweaning malnutrition permanently reduced brain size and cellular content but in spite of changes in the adrenocotical stress response no learning deficit was observed. Differential rearing environments did not influence the effects of malnutrition.", "PMID": 1021442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3131", "title": "The glycocalyx of the epithelial cells of the colon, observed in normal and ulcerous colitic conditions.", "content": "Biopsies of subjects affected by ulcerous colitis were stained with ruthenium Red. Alterations of the cellular coat and glycocalyx of the epithelial cells of the colon were identified.", "contents": "The glycocalyx of the epithelial cells of the colon, observed in normal and ulcerous colitic conditions. Biopsies of subjects affected by ulcerous colitis were stained with ruthenium Red. Alterations of the cellular coat and glycocalyx of the epithelial cells of the colon were identified.", "PMID": 1021443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3132", "title": "Modification of visual signals by nigral stimulation.", "content": "Responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were modified by stimulation of the substantia nigra. Nigral stimulation often caused enhancement of firing in neurons responding primarily to flash, but it usually had the contrary effect on units inhibited by light.", "contents": "Modification of visual signals by nigral stimulation. Responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were modified by stimulation of the substantia nigra. Nigral stimulation often caused enhancement of firing in neurons responding primarily to flash, but it usually had the contrary effect on units inhibited by light.", "PMID": 1021444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3133", "title": "Study of the characteristics of the inotropic effect of insulin in rabbit papillary muscle.", "content": "The effect of insulin was examined with emphasis on the alteration in the force-frequency relation. The results show that insulin does not change the time to peak tension nor the time of contraction. The inotropic effect was significant and did not depend upon the frequency of stimulation. However, there was a definite dependence of the magnitude of the inotropic effect on temperature. Previous studies have indicated that the inotropic effect is not a result of increased substrate availability or changes in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. These results and those reported here are consistant with the hypothesis that insulin's inotropic effect is due to increases in intracellular Ca++.", "contents": "Study of the characteristics of the inotropic effect of insulin in rabbit papillary muscle. The effect of insulin was examined with emphasis on the alteration in the force-frequency relation. The results show that insulin does not change the time to peak tension nor the time of contraction. The inotropic effect was significant and did not depend upon the frequency of stimulation. However, there was a definite dependence of the magnitude of the inotropic effect on temperature. Previous studies have indicated that the inotropic effect is not a result of increased substrate availability or changes in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. These results and those reported here are consistant with the hypothesis that insulin's inotropic effect is due to increases in intracellular Ca++.", "PMID": 1021445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3134", "title": "Reticular potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of individual semicircular canals.", "content": "Responses of pontine reticular formation neurons following single shock electrical stimulation of single semicircular canals were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes in 40 curarized guinea-pigs. The field and unitary potentials obtained from 62 reticular sites, exhibited latency values ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 msec. The early latencies (0.3-0.5 msec) have been interpreted as responses mediated by primary vestibular fibres projecting directly to the reticular substance.", "contents": "Reticular potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of individual semicircular canals. Responses of pontine reticular formation neurons following single shock electrical stimulation of single semicircular canals were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes in 40 curarized guinea-pigs. The field and unitary potentials obtained from 62 reticular sites, exhibited latency values ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 msec. The early latencies (0.3-0.5 msec) have been interpreted as responses mediated by primary vestibular fibres projecting directly to the reticular substance.", "PMID": 1021446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3135", "title": "Effects of three synthetic peptides analogous to neurophypophyseal hormones on the excitability of giant neurones of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac.", "content": "Deamino-dicarba-(D-D)oxytocin and D-D-Arg-vasotocin at 10(-4)Kg/l showed an excitatory effect on the periodically oxcillating neurone (PON) of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. D-D-Arg-vasopressin had no effect.", "contents": "Effects of three synthetic peptides analogous to neurophypophyseal hormones on the excitability of giant neurones of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. Deamino-dicarba-(D-D)oxytocin and D-D-Arg-vasotocin at 10(-4)Kg/l showed an excitatory effect on the periodically oxcillating neurone (PON) of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. D-D-Arg-vasopressin had no effect.", "PMID": 1021447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3136", "title": "Potentiation by taurine of the inotropic effect of ouabain and the content of intracellular Ca++ and taurine in the heart.", "content": "Under certain conditions, taurine (3.0mM) potentiated cardiac contractile response to ouabain in the normal medium. The potentiation by taurine was also observed in the low K+ medium, in which the positive inotropic effect of ouabain increased. The potentiation as seen in both media was, at least in part, due to the increase by taurine of Ca++ content in the heart. Taurine in the heart was not directly related to this potentiation.", "contents": "Potentiation by taurine of the inotropic effect of ouabain and the content of intracellular Ca++ and taurine in the heart. Under certain conditions, taurine (3.0mM) potentiated cardiac contractile response to ouabain in the normal medium. The potentiation by taurine was also observed in the low K+ medium, in which the positive inotropic effect of ouabain increased. The potentiation as seen in both media was, at least in part, due to the increase by taurine of Ca++ content in the heart. Taurine in the heart was not directly related to this potentiation.", "PMID": 1021449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3137", "title": "[Microscopical investigations on the 'vessel sealing' effect of calcium ions (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of locally applied calcium on the vascular permeability is studied under the conditions of an acute inflammatory reaction. Using the Sephadex-inflammation, local elevated calcium concentration neither inhibited oedema formation, nor were reduction of inflammatory signs at all observed on the microscopical level.", "contents": "[Microscopical investigations on the 'vessel sealing' effect of calcium ions (author's transl)]. The effect of locally applied calcium on the vascular permeability is studied under the conditions of an acute inflammatory reaction. Using the Sephadex-inflammation, local elevated calcium concentration neither inhibited oedema formation, nor were reduction of inflammatory signs at all observed on the microscopical level.", "PMID": 1021450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3138", "title": "Comparison of the ototoxic effect of kanamycin on albino and pigmented rats, studied using an operant method.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of daily administration of kanamycin (400 mg kg-1) on the hearing of Wistar albino and Lister hooded (pigmented) rats, which had been conditioned to discriminate an acoustic signal. In all animals except one, the drug caused severe, permanent hearing impairment and there was no difference between albino and pigmented rats in onset or degree. Other work has suggested a mediatory role for melanin pigment in such drug ototoxicity but the significance of this must be questioned in view of the failure to find any differences in functional deficit.", "contents": "Comparison of the ototoxic effect of kanamycin on albino and pigmented rats, studied using an operant method. A study was made of the effect of daily administration of kanamycin (400 mg kg-1) on the hearing of Wistar albino and Lister hooded (pigmented) rats, which had been conditioned to discriminate an acoustic signal. In all animals except one, the drug caused severe, permanent hearing impairment and there was no difference between albino and pigmented rats in onset or degree. Other work has suggested a mediatory role for melanin pigment in such drug ototoxicity but the significance of this must be questioned in view of the failure to find any differences in functional deficit.", "PMID": 1021451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3139", "title": "Pseudolymphoma of skin induced by oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom.", "content": "Intradermal injection of saline suspension of Vespa orientalis venom sac to 57 black mice caused a local nodule composed of lymphocytes, few histiocytes and plasma cells 10 to 12 days following the injection. This reaction simulates the pseudolymphoma reaction observed in humans following arthropode stings.", "contents": "Pseudolymphoma of skin induced by oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom. Intradermal injection of saline suspension of Vespa orientalis venom sac to 57 black mice caused a local nodule composed of lymphocytes, few histiocytes and plasma cells 10 to 12 days following the injection. This reaction simulates the pseudolymphoma reaction observed in humans following arthropode stings.", "PMID": 1021452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3140", "title": "[Morphological effects of concanavalin A on amphibian embryonic cells differentiating in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Concanavalin A exerts an irreversible inhibitory effect on the differentiation of cultured embryonic amphibians cells in vitro. Cytological changes and distrubances of cell attachment, and spreading to the culture support occur in parallel. Polykaryons have been noticed in treated cultures.", "contents": "[Morphological effects of concanavalin A on amphibian embryonic cells differentiating in vitro (author's transl)]. Concanavalin A exerts an irreversible inhibitory effect on the differentiation of cultured embryonic amphibians cells in vitro. Cytological changes and distrubances of cell attachment, and spreading to the culture support occur in parallel. Polykaryons have been noticed in treated cultures.", "PMID": 1021453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3141", "title": "Intracisternal A type particles of the extraocular muscle of hereditary muscular dystrophy mouse.", "content": "Intracisternal A type virus (IA) particles were observed in the extraocular muscle fiber of hereditary muscular dystroph mouse. The particles appeared approximately 65-75 mmu in diameter, with electron lucent cores.", "contents": "Intracisternal A type particles of the extraocular muscle of hereditary muscular dystrophy mouse. Intracisternal A type virus (IA) particles were observed in the extraocular muscle fiber of hereditary muscular dystroph mouse. The particles appeared approximately 65-75 mmu in diameter, with electron lucent cores.", "PMID": 1021454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3142", "title": "A transmission and scanning electron microsope study of primary neural induction.", "content": "Normal primary neural induction has been further studied by TEM and SEM. A single mesoderm cell is usually in contact with several ectoderm cells. The mesoderm cells are also contacting other mesoderm cells. It is suggested that ectoderm cells are induced in groups and that induction is synchronized by these contacts. At the points of contact between mesoderm and ectoderm cells cytoplasmic changes are present in the induced tissue.", "contents": "A transmission and scanning electron microsope study of primary neural induction. Normal primary neural induction has been further studied by TEM and SEM. A single mesoderm cell is usually in contact with several ectoderm cells. The mesoderm cells are also contacting other mesoderm cells. It is suggested that ectoderm cells are induced in groups and that induction is synchronized by these contacts. At the points of contact between mesoderm and ectoderm cells cytoplasmic changes are present in the induced tissue.", "PMID": 1021457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3143", "title": "Nephrocompensatory growth following thymectomy.", "content": "Thymectomy performed 28 days before unilateral nephrectomy produced significant inhibition in compensatory renal growth (CRG) in 3-6-month-old rats. Sera from thymectomized animals are not deprived of their renotrophic activity, but thymectomy of serum recipients almost abolished the capability of renotrophic serum to produce CRG.", "contents": "Nephrocompensatory growth following thymectomy. Thymectomy performed 28 days before unilateral nephrectomy produced significant inhibition in compensatory renal growth (CRG) in 3-6-month-old rats. Sera from thymectomized animals are not deprived of their renotrophic activity, but thymectomy of serum recipients almost abolished the capability of renotrophic serum to produce CRG.", "PMID": 1021458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3144", "title": "In vitro culture of larval amphibian erythroblasts.", "content": "A larval erythroblast culture method is described. By this method, it is possible to cultivate for several weeks a homogeneous population of cells (5-10(5) cells/ml medium on average after 4 or 5 days of culture), which are relatively synchronous with regard to their state of differentiation.", "contents": "In vitro culture of larval amphibian erythroblasts. A larval erythroblast culture method is described. By this method, it is possible to cultivate for several weeks a homogeneous population of cells (5-10(5) cells/ml medium on average after 4 or 5 days of culture), which are relatively synchronous with regard to their state of differentiation.", "PMID": 1021459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3145", "title": "Alternative complement pathway: activity levels in allogeneic pregnancy.", "content": "Classical and alternative complement pathway activities have been evaluated in sera of women in progressive stages of gestation and in pregnant mice belonging to outbred or inbred matings, as compared to suitable controls. While classical C pathway was found to be unmodified, the alternative one attained in pregnancy significantly higher activity levels. Results are discussed in the light of mother-conceptus relationships.", "contents": "Alternative complement pathway: activity levels in allogeneic pregnancy. Classical and alternative complement pathway activities have been evaluated in sera of women in progressive stages of gestation and in pregnant mice belonging to outbred or inbred matings, as compared to suitable controls. While classical C pathway was found to be unmodified, the alternative one attained in pregnancy significantly higher activity levels. Results are discussed in the light of mother-conceptus relationships.", "PMID": 1021460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3146", "title": "Mast cells in the pinna of Balb/c 'nude' (nu/nu) and heterozygotes (ny/+)mice.", "content": "The relative number of mast cells in the ear lobes' skin (pinna) of nude (athymic) nu/nu and normal (thymic) nu/+ heterozygotes of Balb/c mice was similar. The results obtained contradict some suggestions about the general influence of the thymus on the number of mast cells in the skin and suggest the existence of some local factor(s) in regulation of skin mast cell numbers.", "contents": "Mast cells in the pinna of Balb/c 'nude' (nu/nu) and heterozygotes (ny/+)mice. The relative number of mast cells in the ear lobes' skin (pinna) of nude (athymic) nu/nu and normal (thymic) nu/+ heterozygotes of Balb/c mice was similar. The results obtained contradict some suggestions about the general influence of the thymus on the number of mast cells in the skin and suggest the existence of some local factor(s) in regulation of skin mast cell numbers.", "PMID": 1021461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3147", "title": "Lack of platelet factor-3 activation after incubation of platelet-rich plasma with kaolin in the rat.", "content": "Stypven times, measured in rat platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.) after incubation with kaolin, did not shorten as incubation proceeded, thus reflecting the lack of development of platelet factor-3 (PF3) availability in this test system. Repeated freezing and thawing of P.R.P. or aggregation with collegan did result in PF-3 availability. Aggregation and PF-3 availability were inhibited by the compound VK774. These findings add another aspect to the list of species differences in platelet function.", "contents": "Lack of platelet factor-3 activation after incubation of platelet-rich plasma with kaolin in the rat. Stypven times, measured in rat platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.) after incubation with kaolin, did not shorten as incubation proceeded, thus reflecting the lack of development of platelet factor-3 (PF3) availability in this test system. Repeated freezing and thawing of P.R.P. or aggregation with collegan did result in PF-3 availability. Aggregation and PF-3 availability were inhibited by the compound VK774. These findings add another aspect to the list of species differences in platelet function.", "PMID": 1021463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3148", "title": "Serum and bile modifications in the guinea-pig following chronic treatment with PGE1 and PGE2.", "content": "PGE1 increases cholesterolemia without lipemia modifications. In bile there are not modifications in cholesterol levels and total lipids appear diminished. PGE2 raise the lipemia and have no effect in cholesterolemia, moreover bile cholesterol and total lipids exhibit no changes. Both PGE1 and PGE2 decreased the bile volume.", "contents": "Serum and bile modifications in the guinea-pig following chronic treatment with PGE1 and PGE2. PGE1 increases cholesterolemia without lipemia modifications. In bile there are not modifications in cholesterol levels and total lipids appear diminished. PGE2 raise the lipemia and have no effect in cholesterolemia, moreover bile cholesterol and total lipids exhibit no changes. Both PGE1 and PGE2 decreased the bile volume.", "PMID": 1021464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3149", "title": "Ovarian LDH activity in gonadotropin-treated immature rats.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was studied in the ovaries of immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMS). LDH activity increased sharply at 36 h after PMS injection in the ovarian tissue as well as in the blood. It was suggested that the increase of LDH activity in the ovary may be related to its increasing ability to secrete estrogen.", "contents": "Ovarian LDH activity in gonadotropin-treated immature rats. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was studied in the ovaries of immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMS). LDH activity increased sharply at 36 h after PMS injection in the ovarian tissue as well as in the blood. It was suggested that the increase of LDH activity in the ovary may be related to its increasing ability to secrete estrogen.", "PMID": 1021468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3150", "title": "The micro-focal x-ray unit and its application to bio-medical research.", "content": "The micro-focal X-ray unit is a modified Cosslett and Nixon X-ray microscope of greater operational stability and flexibility. Its combination with a closed circuit television system provides a quick method of obtaining a point source of X-rays to examine the detailed structure of organs and biological specimens.", "contents": "The micro-focal x-ray unit and its application to bio-medical research. The micro-focal X-ray unit is a modified Cosslett and Nixon X-ray microscope of greater operational stability and flexibility. Its combination with a closed circuit television system provides a quick method of obtaining a point source of X-rays to examine the detailed structure of organs and biological specimens.", "PMID": 1021469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3151", "title": "Directional non-uniformity of pulsatile intramyocardial pressure.", "content": "A method using piezoelectric ceramics was newly devised which permitted measurements of intramyocardial pressure. In open-chest dogs, a directional non-uniformity of the intramyocardial pressure was observed, which may be attributable to the variation in the myocardial fibre orientation.", "contents": "Directional non-uniformity of pulsatile intramyocardial pressure. A method using piezoelectric ceramics was newly devised which permitted measurements of intramyocardial pressure. In open-chest dogs, a directional non-uniformity of the intramyocardial pressure was observed, which may be attributable to the variation in the myocardial fibre orientation.", "PMID": 1021471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3152", "title": "A heated stage and tissue culture chamber for electrophysiology.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive heating circuit is described for use with a warmed microscope stage, small tissue bath, and heated tissue culture chamber. A major consideration in the design of the apparatus is a compatability with electrophysiological studies. Thus, proper shielding and low profile for microelectrode positioning are featured.", "contents": "A heated stage and tissue culture chamber for electrophysiology. A simple, inexpensive heating circuit is described for use with a warmed microscope stage, small tissue bath, and heated tissue culture chamber. A major consideration in the design of the apparatus is a compatability with electrophysiological studies. Thus, proper shielding and low profile for microelectrode positioning are featured.", "PMID": 1021472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3153", "title": "Lung carcinomas induced by oral administration of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine in rats.", "content": "The oral administration of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in drinking water induced lung tumors in high incidence in rats at 25 weeks. Histologically, they were adenoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combined squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. Metastases of adenocarcinoma were observed in regional lymph nodes. The development of tumors in other sites was seen in the liver, thyroid, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and pancreas. The incidence of lung tumor was distinctly higher than that of other sites. These results indicate that the target organ of DHPN was the lung and that oral administration of this chemical carcinogen was responsible for the development of lung carcinomas in rats.", "contents": "Lung carcinomas induced by oral administration of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine in rats. The oral administration of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in drinking water induced lung tumors in high incidence in rats at 25 weeks. Histologically, they were adenoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combined squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. Metastases of adenocarcinoma were observed in regional lymph nodes. The development of tumors in other sites was seen in the liver, thyroid, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and pancreas. The incidence of lung tumor was distinctly higher than that of other sites. These results indicate that the target organ of DHPN was the lung and that oral administration of this chemical carcinogen was responsible for the development of lung carcinomas in rats.", "PMID": 1021505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3154", "title": "Mouse strain differences in macrophage activation and anti-tumor activity induced by Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobic coryneforms).", "content": "Effect of Propionibacterium acnes on macrophage activation and antitumor activity was examined in ddN and SL mice. (1) Carbon clearance was enhanced to the same extent by P. acnes  treatment in both strains. (2) Number of peritoneal macrophages increased to the same extent by P. acnes treatment in both strains. (3) Adhesiveness of peritoneal macrophages, as demonstrated by inhibition or migration or an increase in spreading cells, was enhanced more efficiently in ddN than in SL mice P. acnes treatment. (4) Mice of both strains died in a similar patterns, when they were not pretreated in any way. The treatment with P. acnes conferred antitumor activity of a higher degree in ddN than in SL mice. (5) Peritoneal macrophages of ddN mice treated with P. acnes exhibited an antitumor activity in in vivo neutralization test. These results suggest that strain difference in augmentation of antitumor activity by P. acnes is ascribed to distinct sensitivity of macrophage functions to a stimulative effect of P. acnes in the mouse strains.", "contents": "Mouse strain differences in macrophage activation and anti-tumor activity induced by Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobic coryneforms). Effect of Propionibacterium acnes on macrophage activation and antitumor activity was examined in ddN and SL mice. (1) Carbon clearance was enhanced to the same extent by P. acnes  treatment in both strains. (2) Number of peritoneal macrophages increased to the same extent by P. acnes treatment in both strains. (3) Adhesiveness of peritoneal macrophages, as demonstrated by inhibition or migration or an increase in spreading cells, was enhanced more efficiently in ddN than in SL mice P. acnes treatment. (4) Mice of both strains died in a similar patterns, when they were not pretreated in any way. The treatment with P. acnes conferred antitumor activity of a higher degree in ddN than in SL mice. (5) Peritoneal macrophages of ddN mice treated with P. acnes exhibited an antitumor activity in in vivo neutralization test. These results suggest that strain difference in augmentation of antitumor activity by P. acnes is ascribed to distinct sensitivity of macrophage functions to a stimulative effect of P. acnes in the mouse strains.", "PMID": 1021506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3155", "title": "Comparative studies on the antitumor effect on intravenous administration of carbazilquinone and mitomycin-C.", "content": "Comparison between Carbazilquinone and Mitomycin-C, both of which contain aziridinyl, carbamoyloxy, and quinonyl groups, was made for their therapeutic effect upon intravenous administration. Although both agents exhibited a significant effect on plasmacytoma X5563 in C3H/He mice to a similar extent, Mitomycin-C was not as effective on lympholeukemia L-1210 and on the lung metastasis of Ehrlich carcinoma in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice as was Carbazilquinone. Possible interpretations regarding this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the antitumor effect on intravenous administration of carbazilquinone and mitomycin-C. Comparison between Carbazilquinone and Mitomycin-C, both of which contain aziridinyl, carbamoyloxy, and quinonyl groups, was made for their therapeutic effect upon intravenous administration. Although both agents exhibited a significant effect on plasmacytoma X5563 in C3H/He mice to a similar extent, Mitomycin-C was not as effective on lympholeukemia L-1210 and on the lung metastasis of Ehrlich carcinoma in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice as was Carbazilquinone. Possible interpretations regarding this discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1021507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3156", "title": "Biochemical study of pyloric metaplasia in the mucosa regenerating over iodoacetamide-induced fundic ulcers in rat stomach.", "content": "The molecular species and content of pepsinogen in regenerated mucosa over fundic ulcers induced in a rat stomach by iodoacetamide were found to be the same as those in normal pyloric mucosa, but different from those in normal fundic mucosa.", "contents": "Biochemical study of pyloric metaplasia in the mucosa regenerating over iodoacetamide-induced fundic ulcers in rat stomach. The molecular species and content of pepsinogen in regenerated mucosa over fundic ulcers induced in a rat stomach by iodoacetamide were found to be the same as those in normal pyloric mucosa, but different from those in normal fundic mucosa.", "PMID": 1021508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3157", "title": "Damage and repair of rat liver DNA by simultaneous oral administration of amines and nitrite.", "content": "The effect of simultaneous oral administration of dimethylamine or aminopyrine and sodium nitrite on the damage and repair of rat liver DNA was studied by the use of centrifugation in alkaline sucrose gradient. Fragmentation of the intact DNA was observed significantly shortly after combined treatment with aminopyrine and nitrite when no liver necrosis occurred yet and the damaged DNA at the lower dosage level of aminopyrine with nitrite was found to be repaired in contrast to the increased activity of serum aminotransferase. The lowest effective dose on DNA damage at 2 hr after administration was about 40 mg/kg of aminopyrine and 80 mg/kg of sodium nitrite. This effect was equal to that caused by single oral administration of 2 to 10 mg/kg of dimethylnitrosamine, while dimethylamine at 160 or 320 mg/kg together with 80 mg/kg of sodium nitrite produced no pronounced DNA damage. The significant damage of rat liver DNA by aminopyrine and nitrite correlates well with the easier nitrosation of aminopyrine and the occurrence of high incidence of malignant liver tumors in rats fed aminopyrine together with nitrite already reported by Lijinsky.", "contents": "Damage and repair of rat liver DNA by simultaneous oral administration of amines and nitrite. The effect of simultaneous oral administration of dimethylamine or aminopyrine and sodium nitrite on the damage and repair of rat liver DNA was studied by the use of centrifugation in alkaline sucrose gradient. Fragmentation of the intact DNA was observed significantly shortly after combined treatment with aminopyrine and nitrite when no liver necrosis occurred yet and the damaged DNA at the lower dosage level of aminopyrine with nitrite was found to be repaired in contrast to the increased activity of serum aminotransferase. The lowest effective dose on DNA damage at 2 hr after administration was about 40 mg/kg of aminopyrine and 80 mg/kg of sodium nitrite. This effect was equal to that caused by single oral administration of 2 to 10 mg/kg of dimethylnitrosamine, while dimethylamine at 160 or 320 mg/kg together with 80 mg/kg of sodium nitrite produced no pronounced DNA damage. The significant damage of rat liver DNA by aminopyrine and nitrite correlates well with the easier nitrosation of aminopyrine and the occurrence of high incidence of malignant liver tumors in rats fed aminopyrine together with nitrite already reported by Lijinsky.", "PMID": 1021509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3158", "title": "Effect of 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (allopurinol) administration of growth of Ehrlich tumor cells.", "content": "Effect of the administration of 4-hydroxypyrazolo([3,4-d]pyrimidine (allopurinol) on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an in vivo system. Oral administration of allopurinol (0.1% in diet) suppressed the growth of both ascites and solid types of the tumor after the implantation of Ehrlich tumor cells in mice. The inhibitory action depended on the dose but was lost repidly when the administration was interrupted. Possible mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of allopurinol on tumor growth were briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (allopurinol) administration of growth of Ehrlich tumor cells. Effect of the administration of 4-hydroxypyrazolo([3,4-d]pyrimidine (allopurinol) on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated in an in vivo system. Oral administration of allopurinol (0.1% in diet) suppressed the growth of both ascites and solid types of the tumor after the implantation of Ehrlich tumor cells in mice. The inhibitory action depended on the dose but was lost repidly when the administration was interrupted. Possible mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of allopurinol on tumor growth were briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1021510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3159", "title": "Growth of mammary tumors in a high and a low mammary tumor strains of mice established from the same basal stock of Swiss albino.", "content": "The growth of spontaneous mammary tumors and of tumors transplanted into the animals with different hormonal conditions was compared between SHN and SLN strains of female mice established from the same basal stock of Swiss albino as a high and a low mammary tumor strains, respectively. There were little differences between strains in the growth of spontaneous mammary tumors of multiparous mice which appeared first. The growth of transplanted mammary tumors was not affected by the hormonal conditions of the hosts in either strains. However, the tumors became palpable one week after transplantation in SHN, which was 2 weeks earlier than in SLN. These findings indicate that the selection of animals for mammary tumorigenesis is effective on the time and frequency of malignant transformation of mammary cells and on the \"\"take'' of transplanted tumor cells, but not on the growth potentiality of already established tumors. They further suggest autonomy in the growth of mammary tumors in both strains of mice.", "contents": "Growth of mammary tumors in a high and a low mammary tumor strains of mice established from the same basal stock of Swiss albino. The growth of spontaneous mammary tumors and of tumors transplanted into the animals with different hormonal conditions was compared between SHN and SLN strains of female mice established from the same basal stock of Swiss albino as a high and a low mammary tumor strains, respectively. There were little differences between strains in the growth of spontaneous mammary tumors of multiparous mice which appeared first. The growth of transplanted mammary tumors was not affected by the hormonal conditions of the hosts in either strains. However, the tumors became palpable one week after transplantation in SHN, which was 2 weeks earlier than in SLN. These findings indicate that the selection of animals for mammary tumorigenesis is effective on the time and frequency of malignant transformation of mammary cells and on the \"\"take'' of transplanted tumor cells, but not on the growth potentiality of already established tumors. They further suggest autonomy in the growth of mammary tumors in both strains of mice.", "PMID": 1021511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3160", "title": "[Altitude adaptation. V. (conclusion). Morbidity and mortality. Literature].", "content": "The ability to adapt to extreme conditions is a continously working principle of man's evolution, in a permanent orientation to an optimal equilibrium between man and environment. A paradigm of biological adaptation is the condition of hypoxia at high altitudes, as one of the few environment constellations to which a pure biological and thus genetically based answer could be possible. The majority of adaptations are influenced by technological actions, which partially modify the environment in compensating unfavourable constellations (heating, clothing, housing, etc.). It is discussed, how far the adaptation to high altitudes produces transitory or permanent alterations with reference to constitution, perseverance, cold-sensitivity, diseases, duration of life, fertility, course of pregnancy, adaptations at the organ- and tissue-level, blood-composition, fluid-equilibrium of the body etc., which guarantee the survival of the individual and its successful reproduction with regard to the continuance of a mendel population. The elucidation of the question on genetic determination of features characteristic for high altitude inhabitants is difficult because we know next to nothing about the genetic determination of physiologic parameters. Studies on ethnic marker-genes (Ethiopia, South-America) give no reference to population differences. Remarkable is a striking prevalence of the blood-group O for all populations of high altitudes, but one must consider the effects of isolation in terms of the increase in the homozygote recessive alleles. We can propose, that in the primary settlement at high altitudes a \"hard selection\" was working, a kind of biological assortation-process from the beginning, which eliminated those individuals, who proved to be (for genetic reasons?) not adaptable. A good example for this are observations of cattle, from which 50% do not develop pulmonary hypertension when exposed to altitude, that means they already have a higher initial fitness. The non-adaptable animals have to be returned to the lowlands. In the F1-generation only 2% of the animals remaining at high altitude, develop \"brisket disease\". Possibly that means a sort of \"out-mendeling\" of \"pulmonary-hypertension-genes\", which may manifest themselves in the condition of hypoxia. Also the good adaptation of llamas is partially due to the fact that the camelids per se possess an outstanding O2 affinity and morphologically different red blood cells, which predispose this species to inhabit high altitudes. Parallel to considerations like these it could be imaginable, that e.g. the indianids of mongoloids in general, are genetically composed as fit to inhabit lowlands as well as highlands, in contrast to caucasoids and negroids. The largest mountain areas of the world (the Andes: 12 X 10(6)), the Himalayas 12 X 10(6)) are inhabited by populations of mongoloid ancestry, for about 10,000 years, a period, which ought to be long enough to make possible genetic specialisation, although it is not yet possible to prove it...", "contents": "[Altitude adaptation. V. (conclusion). Morbidity and mortality. Literature]. The ability to adapt to extreme conditions is a continously working principle of man's evolution, in a permanent orientation to an optimal equilibrium between man and environment. A paradigm of biological adaptation is the condition of hypoxia at high altitudes, as one of the few environment constellations to which a pure biological and thus genetically based answer could be possible. The majority of adaptations are influenced by technological actions, which partially modify the environment in compensating unfavourable constellations (heating, clothing, housing, etc.). It is discussed, how far the adaptation to high altitudes produces transitory or permanent alterations with reference to constitution, perseverance, cold-sensitivity, diseases, duration of life, fertility, course of pregnancy, adaptations at the organ- and tissue-level, blood-composition, fluid-equilibrium of the body etc., which guarantee the survival of the individual and its successful reproduction with regard to the continuance of a mendel population. The elucidation of the question on genetic determination of features characteristic for high altitude inhabitants is difficult because we know next to nothing about the genetic determination of physiologic parameters. Studies on ethnic marker-genes (Ethiopia, South-America) give no reference to population differences. Remarkable is a striking prevalence of the blood-group O for all populations of high altitudes, but one must consider the effects of isolation in terms of the increase in the homozygote recessive alleles. We can propose, that in the primary settlement at high altitudes a \"hard selection\" was working, a kind of biological assortation-process from the beginning, which eliminated those individuals, who proved to be (for genetic reasons?) not adaptable. A good example for this are observations of cattle, from which 50% do not develop pulmonary hypertension when exposed to altitude, that means they already have a higher initial fitness. The non-adaptable animals have to be returned to the lowlands. In the F1-generation only 2% of the animals remaining at high altitude, develop \"brisket disease\". Possibly that means a sort of \"out-mendeling\" of \"pulmonary-hypertension-genes\", which may manifest themselves in the condition of hypoxia. Also the good adaptation of llamas is partially due to the fact that the camelids per se possess an outstanding O2 affinity and morphologically different red blood cells, which predispose this species to inhabit high altitudes. Parallel to considerations like these it could be imaginable, that e.g. the indianids of mongoloids in general, are genetically composed as fit to inhabit lowlands as well as highlands, in contrast to caucasoids and negroids. The largest mountain areas of the world (the Andes: 12 X 10(6)), the Himalayas 12 X 10(6)) are inhabited by populations of mongoloid ancestry, for about 10,000 years, a period, which ought to be long enough to make possible genetic specialisation, although it is not yet possible to prove it...", "PMID": 1021515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3161", "title": "[Detection of major genes for quantitative morphologic characteristics on family material, sib pairs and parent-child pairs, using as an example head length in man].", "content": "The detection of major genes affecting quantitative morphological characters from data of families, sib-pairs and parent-child pairs (with the example of head length in man). The major genes of human head length are defined utilizing three different combinatorical methods of maximum likelihood estimation. To prove the discriminatory power of methods, it is necessary in further research to work with empirical or simulated sets of multivariate data of which the genetical structure is known.", "contents": "[Detection of major genes for quantitative morphologic characteristics on family material, sib pairs and parent-child pairs, using as an example head length in man]. The detection of major genes affecting quantitative morphological characters from data of families, sib-pairs and parent-child pairs (with the example of head length in man). The major genes of human head length are defined utilizing three different combinatorical methods of maximum likelihood estimation. To prove the discriminatory power of methods, it is necessary in further research to work with empirical or simulated sets of multivariate data of which the genetical structure is known.", "PMID": 1021516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3162", "title": "[The so-called pressure zone of the cerebellum].", "content": "Systematic studies on the so-called cone of basal parts of the cerebellum employing a scale of either qualitative and quantitative intensity revealed the following: A cone extension of basal cerebellum parts is to be observed in 80.9% of random post-morten examination cases with insignificant differences in sex. Cerebellum cone frequency amounts to 12.8% in babies, up to 66.7% in infants from 1 to 14 years of age, and to 91.8% in persons above 15 years of age. Cones are not found in foetusses. Cones are almost exclusively formed with the participation of those cerebellum parts adjacent to the tonsils, so that the termin \"tonsil cone\" is incorrect. Cerebellum cones can be distinguished by various degrees in size. The 1st degree corresponds to a cone height of 5 mm, 2nd degree between 5 and 10 mm, and 3rd degree to 10 mm and above. Statistical analysis shows that the cone height follows normal distribution, the mean value of height being 4.8 mm. No correlation has been found between the cone height and clinically detected state of cerebral pressure as well as between space requiring processes during the post-mortem examination. Hence the term \"pressure cone\" is wrong. There is a positive correlation between cone formation and other so-called morphological symptoms of cerebral pressure. But it is doubtful, whether these symptoms may be regarded as a result of pressure on the brain. The occurrence of a cerebellum basal sphere cone is considered a normal filling up process of any internal space in the skull during brain acceleration. It is only in exceptional cases of cone sizes 10 mm and more, that cone formation is significant for the diagnosis of a possible increase in cerebral volume. Considering the obviously minimal significance of basal cerebellum cone in diagnosing an increase in cerebral volume, the following is a suggestion to prove a condition of cerebral pressure by means of complementary space determination of the skull.", "contents": "[The so-called pressure zone of the cerebellum]. Systematic studies on the so-called cone of basal parts of the cerebellum employing a scale of either qualitative and quantitative intensity revealed the following: A cone extension of basal cerebellum parts is to be observed in 80.9% of random post-morten examination cases with insignificant differences in sex. Cerebellum cone frequency amounts to 12.8% in babies, up to 66.7% in infants from 1 to 14 years of age, and to 91.8% in persons above 15 years of age. Cones are not found in foetusses. Cones are almost exclusively formed with the participation of those cerebellum parts adjacent to the tonsils, so that the termin \"tonsil cone\" is incorrect. Cerebellum cones can be distinguished by various degrees in size. The 1st degree corresponds to a cone height of 5 mm, 2nd degree between 5 and 10 mm, and 3rd degree to 10 mm and above. Statistical analysis shows that the cone height follows normal distribution, the mean value of height being 4.8 mm. No correlation has been found between the cone height and clinically detected state of cerebral pressure as well as between space requiring processes during the post-mortem examination. Hence the term \"pressure cone\" is wrong. There is a positive correlation between cone formation and other so-called morphological symptoms of cerebral pressure. But it is doubtful, whether these symptoms may be regarded as a result of pressure on the brain. The occurrence of a cerebellum basal sphere cone is considered a normal filling up process of any internal space in the skull during brain acceleration. It is only in exceptional cases of cone sizes 10 mm and more, that cone formation is significant for the diagnosis of a possible increase in cerebral volume. Considering the obviously minimal significance of basal cerebellum cone in diagnosing an increase in cerebral volume, the following is a suggestion to prove a condition of cerebral pressure by means of complementary space determination of the skull.", "PMID": 1021517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3163", "title": "[Development of the skeleton in the sheep and the goat. IV. Osteogenesis of the cranium].", "content": "1. The osteogenesis of the cranium was studied on a precisely dated embryological and postnatal material from merino-sheep and goats (crossbreed). 2. The order and duration of the appearance of ossification centers were determined (see Fig. 6). 3. It was noticed that, in small ruminants, the beginning of cranial ossification indifferent to other parts of the skeleton is not staged in time. Sexual dimorphism was only manifested by larger proportions of the male fetuses. An exception was noted only in os interparietale, which in male fetuses appeared 4 to 5 days later in male fetuses. 4. The cranial bones of small ruminants, showed a high degree of ossification at birth.", "contents": "[Development of the skeleton in the sheep and the goat. IV. Osteogenesis of the cranium]. 1. The osteogenesis of the cranium was studied on a precisely dated embryological and postnatal material from merino-sheep and goats (crossbreed). 2. The order and duration of the appearance of ossification centers were determined (see Fig. 6). 3. It was noticed that, in small ruminants, the beginning of cranial ossification indifferent to other parts of the skeleton is not staged in time. Sexual dimorphism was only manifested by larger proportions of the male fetuses. An exception was noted only in os interparietale, which in male fetuses appeared 4 to 5 days later in male fetuses. 4. The cranial bones of small ruminants, showed a high degree of ossification at birth.", "PMID": 1021518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3164", "title": "The behaviour of acetylcholinesterase activity in neurons of the bulbous part of the reticular formation in albino rats after bilateral vagotomy.", "content": "The influence of a bilateral vagotomy on the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in the neurons of the bulbous part of the reticular formation of albino rats was investigated. An increase in the reaction to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was ascertained in the large as well as the small neurons 8 h after the transection of the vagus nerves, which indicates their decreased activity. It may be assumed that a bilateral vagotomy causes a decrease in the activity of cholinergic mechanisms within the periphery of the reticular formation neurons.", "contents": "The behaviour of acetylcholinesterase activity in neurons of the bulbous part of the reticular formation in albino rats after bilateral vagotomy. The influence of a bilateral vagotomy on the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in the neurons of the bulbous part of the reticular formation of albino rats was investigated. An increase in the reaction to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was ascertained in the large as well as the small neurons 8 h after the transection of the vagus nerves, which indicates their decreased activity. It may be assumed that a bilateral vagotomy causes a decrease in the activity of cholinergic mechanisms within the periphery of the reticular formation neurons.", "PMID": 1021519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3165", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets in alcoholism.", "content": "A newly developed assay for monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in blood platelets was applied in 50 alcoholic patients. The assay is the direct measurement of serotonin oxidation by MAO employing a double microcolumn technique on Sephadex G-10 and Amberlite CG-50 for separating 5-HIAA formed, which is measured fluorimetrically. Rebound of MAO activity levels after withdrawal of alcohol was observed to be more pronounced in the patients with delirium tremens than those who exhibited no outstanding abstinent symptomatology. MAO activity levels measured in the 1st week of alcohol withdrawal were 3.49 +/- 1.15 (Mean +/- S.D) nmol/mg protein/hour in the alcoholic patients with delirium tremens, a value significantly lower than that in the subjects without (p less than 0.01) and that in the male normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Four weeks after withdrawal of alcohol, the reduced MAO activity levels in the alcoholic population were restored to normal levels. These data demonstrate that physical dependency for alcohol occurred evidently in the alcoholic patients examined. Delirium tremens and other psychotic symptoms in alcoholism may be manifested as impaired serotonin metabolism in the brain, which may be due to MAO inhibition caused by excessive alcohol intake.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets in alcoholism. A newly developed assay for monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in blood platelets was applied in 50 alcoholic patients. The assay is the direct measurement of serotonin oxidation by MAO employing a double microcolumn technique on Sephadex G-10 and Amberlite CG-50 for separating 5-HIAA formed, which is measured fluorimetrically. Rebound of MAO activity levels after withdrawal of alcohol was observed to be more pronounced in the patients with delirium tremens than those who exhibited no outstanding abstinent symptomatology. MAO activity levels measured in the 1st week of alcohol withdrawal were 3.49 +/- 1.15 (Mean +/- S.D) nmol/mg protein/hour in the alcoholic patients with delirium tremens, a value significantly lower than that in the subjects without (p less than 0.01) and that in the male normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Four weeks after withdrawal of alcohol, the reduced MAO activity levels in the alcoholic population were restored to normal levels. These data demonstrate that physical dependency for alcohol occurred evidently in the alcoholic patients examined. Delirium tremens and other psychotic symptoms in alcoholism may be manifested as impaired serotonin metabolism in the brain, which may be due to MAO inhibition caused by excessive alcohol intake.", "PMID": 1021542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3166", "title": "Reduction of blood platelet serotonin levels in manic and depressed patients.", "content": "Blood platelet serotonin levels were measured in unmedicated 12 manic and 74 depressive patients with 118 normal control subjects employed. Blood platelets were separated by multiple centrifugation in the medium of Na2-EDTA solution, and the loss of serotonin during collecting procedures was about 11%. The mean value of blood platelet serotonin levels in depressed patients was 594 +/- 288 ng/mg platelet protein (+/- S.D.), which was significantly lower than that for normal controls, 780 +/- 253 ng/mg protein (p less than 0.001). Age does not account for the reduction of serotonin levels both in depressed and in normal population. Unipolar and involutional depressed patients exhibited to have the most pronounced reduced levels of serotonin of various subtypes of depression, while bipolar depressed patients, neurotic and chronic characterological depressed patients as well as patients with first-episode depression had the values which were comparable with those in normal controls. Manic patients did not show enhancement but did reduction of serotonin levels, the mean being 580 +/- 152 ng/mg protein, which made a contrast with their clinical manifestations of exhilaration and hyperactivity. Changes in blood platelet serotonin levels were determined before, during and after administration of L-5-HTP with a maintenance dose of 300 mg daily in nine depressed patients. Serotonin levels in all subjects were lifted to normal levels during the L-5-HTP treatment, while clinical symptoms were not improved with the treatment. Reduction of blood platelet serotonin levels in depressed patients may be due to their psychobiological distinction, which involves abnormal biogenic amine metabolism in the brain.", "contents": "Reduction of blood platelet serotonin levels in manic and depressed patients. Blood platelet serotonin levels were measured in unmedicated 12 manic and 74 depressive patients with 118 normal control subjects employed. Blood platelets were separated by multiple centrifugation in the medium of Na2-EDTA solution, and the loss of serotonin during collecting procedures was about 11%. The mean value of blood platelet serotonin levels in depressed patients was 594 +/- 288 ng/mg platelet protein (+/- S.D.), which was significantly lower than that for normal controls, 780 +/- 253 ng/mg protein (p less than 0.001). Age does not account for the reduction of serotonin levels both in depressed and in normal population. Unipolar and involutional depressed patients exhibited to have the most pronounced reduced levels of serotonin of various subtypes of depression, while bipolar depressed patients, neurotic and chronic characterological depressed patients as well as patients with first-episode depression had the values which were comparable with those in normal controls. Manic patients did not show enhancement but did reduction of serotonin levels, the mean being 580 +/- 152 ng/mg protein, which made a contrast with their clinical manifestations of exhilaration and hyperactivity. Changes in blood platelet serotonin levels were determined before, during and after administration of L-5-HTP with a maintenance dose of 300 mg daily in nine depressed patients. Serotonin levels in all subjects were lifted to normal levels during the L-5-HTP treatment, while clinical symptoms were not improved with the treatment. Reduction of blood platelet serotonin levels in depressed patients may be due to their psychobiological distinction, which involves abnormal biogenic amine metabolism in the brain.", "PMID": 1021543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3167", "title": "A biofeedback study of postural sway.", "content": "An experiment was performed to control postural sway under auditory and visual feedback signals using a new apparatus. The subjects of 52 healthy high school girls were divided into 13 small groups. Each small group had four subjects who were assigned to one of the following four groups; 1) visual feedback group, 2) auditory feedback group, 3) auditory and visual feedback group, and 4) control group. Comparisons were made as to the duration of the green lamp being on, which indicated sway stayed around the initial central gravity. The results showed that auditory and visual feedback groups had a significant increase in the duration as compared to other three groups. With regard to the changes in the areas of postural sway, the largest increase was seen in the auditory and visual group. While the three feedback groups showed downward curves, the control group showed an upward one. Thus it is suggested that postural sway can be voluntarily controlled by a combination of an auditory feedback procedure and a visual feedback procedure, but not by either of them independently.", "contents": "A biofeedback study of postural sway. An experiment was performed to control postural sway under auditory and visual feedback signals using a new apparatus. The subjects of 52 healthy high school girls were divided into 13 small groups. Each small group had four subjects who were assigned to one of the following four groups; 1) visual feedback group, 2) auditory feedback group, 3) auditory and visual feedback group, and 4) control group. Comparisons were made as to the duration of the green lamp being on, which indicated sway stayed around the initial central gravity. The results showed that auditory and visual feedback groups had a significant increase in the duration as compared to other three groups. With regard to the changes in the areas of postural sway, the largest increase was seen in the auditory and visual group. While the three feedback groups showed downward curves, the control group showed an upward one. Thus it is suggested that postural sway can be voluntarily controlled by a combination of an auditory feedback procedure and a visual feedback procedure, but not by either of them independently.", "PMID": 1021544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3168", "title": "Hypokalemic myopathy due to chronic alcoholism.", "content": "A patient with hypokalemic myopathy occurring in the context of chronic alcoholism was reported. A 56-year-old male patient, heavy drinker for 20 years, complained of marked weakness and acutely developing pains in his limbs. The principal clinical findings were weakness and tenderness of the proximal limbs and girdle muscle. He was unable to lift his head or any extremities from the bed. Deep tendon reflexes were diminished, but not absent. There was no sensory disturbance except for muscle tenderness. These clinical manifestations disappeared gradually by abstinence from drinking, and potassium administration therapy, and the patient recovered completely on the 26th day after onset. On the day after admission (8th day), serum potassium value was 2.2 mEq/L, and serum CPK activity was 4270 IU. The ECG pattern was consistent with a diagnosis of low potassium content in serum, and the EMG pattern was consistent with a diagnosis of myopathy. These electrophysiological findings had a tendency to recover from this pattern to normal range correspondingly with clinical improvement. The repeated muscle biopsies showed that vacuolation, hyaline degeneration and significant phagocyte infiltration were observed in the muscle on the 9th day after the onset of muscle weakness, and that these pathological findings disappeared almost completely three weeks later. The frequently repeated examinations of potassium content and CPK activity in sera showed that there was a close correlation between these biochemical abnormalities and clinical improvement. The pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy and significance of CPK abnormality in chronic alcoholism were discussed.", "contents": "Hypokalemic myopathy due to chronic alcoholism. A patient with hypokalemic myopathy occurring in the context of chronic alcoholism was reported. A 56-year-old male patient, heavy drinker for 20 years, complained of marked weakness and acutely developing pains in his limbs. The principal clinical findings were weakness and tenderness of the proximal limbs and girdle muscle. He was unable to lift his head or any extremities from the bed. Deep tendon reflexes were diminished, but not absent. There was no sensory disturbance except for muscle tenderness. These clinical manifestations disappeared gradually by abstinence from drinking, and potassium administration therapy, and the patient recovered completely on the 26th day after onset. On the day after admission (8th day), serum potassium value was 2.2 mEq/L, and serum CPK activity was 4270 IU. The ECG pattern was consistent with a diagnosis of low potassium content in serum, and the EMG pattern was consistent with a diagnosis of myopathy. These electrophysiological findings had a tendency to recover from this pattern to normal range correspondingly with clinical improvement. The repeated muscle biopsies showed that vacuolation, hyaline degeneration and significant phagocyte infiltration were observed in the muscle on the 9th day after the onset of muscle weakness, and that these pathological findings disappeared almost completely three weeks later. The frequently repeated examinations of potassium content and CPK activity in sera showed that there was a close correlation between these biochemical abnormalities and clinical improvement. The pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy and significance of CPK abnormality in chronic alcoholism were discussed.", "PMID": 1021545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3169", "title": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate body neurons to light.", "content": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were studied. Responses of the neurons to flash were enhanced or inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the substantia nigra. Enhancement of firing by nigral stimulation more often occurred in neurons excited primarily by flash, but inhibition was more commonly observed in those which showed a primary neuronal silence after light.", "contents": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate body neurons to light. Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were studied. Responses of the neurons to flash were enhanced or inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the substantia nigra. Enhancement of firing by nigral stimulation more often occurred in neurons excited primarily by flash, but inhibition was more commonly observed in those which showed a primary neuronal silence after light.", "PMID": 1021546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3170", "title": "Effects of psychotropic drugs upon the hypothalamic rage response in cats.", "content": "Effects of Chlorpromazine (CPZ), Haloperidol (HLP), Pentobarbital (PTB), and Diazepam (DZP) upon thresholds of the hypothalamically elicited rage response, i.e., directed attack and treat responses, were studied in chronic cats. All these drugs elevated the directed attack thresholds. CPZ and HLP elevated also the threat response thresholds and produced ataxia, but DZP did not show these effects. From these results, it is suggested that CPA and HLP suppressed the amygdalo-ventromedial hypothalamic nuclear and cerebellar functions and DZP suppressed the afferent pathway of the direct attack. PTB showed intermediate effects between the above two groups.", "contents": "Effects of psychotropic drugs upon the hypothalamic rage response in cats. Effects of Chlorpromazine (CPZ), Haloperidol (HLP), Pentobarbital (PTB), and Diazepam (DZP) upon thresholds of the hypothalamically elicited rage response, i.e., directed attack and treat responses, were studied in chronic cats. All these drugs elevated the directed attack thresholds. CPZ and HLP elevated also the threat response thresholds and produced ataxia, but DZP did not show these effects. From these results, it is suggested that CPA and HLP suppressed the amygdalo-ventromedial hypothalamic nuclear and cerebellar functions and DZP suppressed the afferent pathway of the direct attack. PTB showed intermediate effects between the above two groups.", "PMID": 1021547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3171", "title": "Sexual and parasexual approaches to the genetic analysis of the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus.", "content": "The mouse genetic map has been characterized largely through breeding studies based on the principles of Mendelian genetics. More recently, specific genetic information has been obtained from somatic cell studies using the techniques of in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybridization. The genetic analysis possible through these sexual and parasexual approaches is described, and specific linkage information from recent somatic cell studies is reviewed.", "contents": "Sexual and parasexual approaches to the genetic analysis of the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. The mouse genetic map has been characterized largely through breeding studies based on the principles of Mendelian genetics. More recently, specific genetic information has been obtained from somatic cell studies using the techniques of in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybridization. The genetic analysis possible through these sexual and parasexual approaches is described, and specific linkage information from recent somatic cell studies is reviewed.", "PMID": 1021548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3172", "title": "Somatic hybridization in higher plants.", "content": "Somatic hybridization in higher plants has come into focus since methods have been established for protoplast fusion and uptake of foreign DNA and organelles by protoplasts. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was an effective agent for inducing fusion. Treatment of protoplasts with PEG resulted in 5 to 30% heterospecific fusion products. Protoplasts of different species, genera and even families were compatible when fused. A number of protoplast combinations (soybean + corn, soybean + pea, soybean + tobacco, carrot + barley, etc.) provided fusion products which underwent cell division and callus formation. Fusion products initially were heterokaryocytes. In dividing heterokaryocytes, random distribution of mitotic nuclei was observed to be accompanied by multiple wall formation and to result in chimeral callus. Juxtaposition of mitotic nuclei suggested nuclear fusion and hybrid formation. Fusion of heterospecific interphase nuclei was demonstrated in soybean + pea and carrot + barley heterokaryons. Provided parental protoplasts carry suitable markers, the fusion products can be recognized. For the isolation and cloning of hybrid cells, fusion experiments must be supplemented with a selective system. Complementation of two non-allelic genes that prevent or inhibit growth under special culture conditions appears as the principle on which to base the selection of somatic hybrids. As protoplasts of some species have been induced to regenerate entire plants, the development of hybrid plants from protoplast fusion products is feasible and has already been demonstrated for tobacco.", "contents": "Somatic hybridization in higher plants. Somatic hybridization in higher plants has come into focus since methods have been established for protoplast fusion and uptake of foreign DNA and organelles by protoplasts. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was an effective agent for inducing fusion. Treatment of protoplasts with PEG resulted in 5 to 30% heterospecific fusion products. Protoplasts of different species, genera and even families were compatible when fused. A number of protoplast combinations (soybean + corn, soybean + pea, soybean + tobacco, carrot + barley, etc.) provided fusion products which underwent cell division and callus formation. Fusion products initially were heterokaryocytes. In dividing heterokaryocytes, random distribution of mitotic nuclei was observed to be accompanied by multiple wall formation and to result in chimeral callus. Juxtaposition of mitotic nuclei suggested nuclear fusion and hybrid formation. Fusion of heterospecific interphase nuclei was demonstrated in soybean + pea and carrot + barley heterokaryons. Provided parental protoplasts carry suitable markers, the fusion products can be recognized. For the isolation and cloning of hybrid cells, fusion experiments must be supplemented with a selective system. Complementation of two non-allelic genes that prevent or inhibit growth under special culture conditions appears as the principle on which to base the selection of somatic hybrids. As protoplasts of some species have been induced to regenerate entire plants, the development of hybrid plants from protoplast fusion products is feasible and has already been demonstrated for tobacco.", "PMID": 1021549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3173", "title": "The stimuli to accommodation in the optometric examination.", "content": "The study of the stimuli to accommodation has been a topic of particular interest to vision scientists for the past 40 years. Currently, as revealed by a review of the literature, there are 11 different stimuli to accommodation. While it is difficult enough to hold 10 stimuli constant to measure the effect of a single stimulus, stimulus control becomes an even bigger problem when we consider stimulus interactions. With 11 different stimuli there are 2,047 possible stimulus combinations. In the present paper, the authors discuss at length the relationship between stimulus control problems and clinical optometric routine.", "contents": "The stimuli to accommodation in the optometric examination. The study of the stimuli to accommodation has been a topic of particular interest to vision scientists for the past 40 years. Currently, as revealed by a review of the literature, there are 11 different stimuli to accommodation. While it is difficult enough to hold 10 stimuli constant to measure the effect of a single stimulus, stimulus control becomes an even bigger problem when we consider stimulus interactions. With 11 different stimuli there are 2,047 possible stimulus combinations. In the present paper, the authors discuss at length the relationship between stimulus control problems and clinical optometric routine.", "PMID": 1021579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3174", "title": "Prevalence of undiagnosed eye/vision disorders in a VA hospital.", "content": "A study population of one hundred and one subjects, chosen according to recommended epidemiologic procedures to assure an accurate representation of the total Birmingham veteran population, were given complete optometric examinations. The primary criterion for inclusion in the study was a need for coming to the hospital on the interview day for any health problem other than visual or ocular. The results of the statistical analysis showed agreement between the Birmingham veteran population and the general population with regard to vision and ocular disorders. Presbyopia was found to be the most prevalent vision disorder, and fifty-four per cent of the study population needed either prescription lenses for the first time or a significant change in their present spectacles for maximum visual acuity. When this figure is projected nationally, fifty-four percent of the fourteen million outpatients treated last year in VA medical care facilities would represent 7,616,000 veterans in need of vision care services annually. In fact, since the sample average age was 46, and the average age for veterans nationally is 55, the figure for those with uncorrected vision defects may be even higher.", "contents": "Prevalence of undiagnosed eye/vision disorders in a VA hospital. A study population of one hundred and one subjects, chosen according to recommended epidemiologic procedures to assure an accurate representation of the total Birmingham veteran population, were given complete optometric examinations. The primary criterion for inclusion in the study was a need for coming to the hospital on the interview day for any health problem other than visual or ocular. The results of the statistical analysis showed agreement between the Birmingham veteran population and the general population with regard to vision and ocular disorders. Presbyopia was found to be the most prevalent vision disorder, and fifty-four per cent of the study population needed either prescription lenses for the first time or a significant change in their present spectacles for maximum visual acuity. When this figure is projected nationally, fifty-four percent of the fourteen million outpatients treated last year in VA medical care facilities would represent 7,616,000 veterans in need of vision care services annually. In fact, since the sample average age was 46, and the average age for veterans nationally is 55, the figure for those with uncorrected vision defects may be even higher.", "PMID": 1021584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3175", "title": "An interdisciplinary team approach--a case report.", "content": "A case study is presented as a means of demonstrating the advantage of an interdisciplinary approach. The paper familiarizes the reader with the contributions to be made by a team composed of an optometrist, speech pathologist/audiologist, psychologist, and educational diagnostician. Based on the authors' experiences, it would appear that the total team approach is a most beneficial way of assisting the child with a learning disability.", "contents": "An interdisciplinary team approach--a case report. A case study is presented as a means of demonstrating the advantage of an interdisciplinary approach. The paper familiarizes the reader with the contributions to be made by a team composed of an optometrist, speech pathologist/audiologist, psychologist, and educational diagnostician. Based on the authors' experiences, it would appear that the total team approach is a most beneficial way of assisting the child with a learning disability.", "PMID": 1021585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3176", "title": "A defense against professional liability? Precision measurement of the corneal topography.", "content": "New techniques must be developed if optometry is to be adequately armed against malpractice liability--especially in terms of contact lenses. An instrument capable of both measuring and recording corneal topography is essential to development of the optometrist's first line of defense: Proper instrumentational record-keeping.", "contents": "A defense against professional liability? Precision measurement of the corneal topography. New techniques must be developed if optometry is to be adequately armed against malpractice liability--especially in terms of contact lenses. An instrument capable of both measuring and recording corneal topography is essential to development of the optometrist's first line of defense: Proper instrumentational record-keeping.", "PMID": 1021586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3177", "title": "Adverse response to prism therapy in strabismus.", "content": "The recent literature on prism therapy in strabismus is reviewed. A case is reported in which an esotrope, treated by means of prism neutralization to effect sensory orthotropia, responded with a marked increase in the angle of squint. Guidelines are suggested to minimize risk of such adverse effect when prism therapy is attempted.", "contents": "Adverse response to prism therapy in strabismus. The recent literature on prism therapy in strabismus is reviewed. A case is reported in which an esotrope, treated by means of prism neutralization to effect sensory orthotropia, responded with a marked increase in the angle of squint. Guidelines are suggested to minimize risk of such adverse effect when prism therapy is attempted.", "PMID": 1021587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3178", "title": "Changes in corneal curvature and refractive error upon refitting with flatter hydrophilic contact lenses.", "content": "Eight subjects who wore hydroxy-ethylmethacrylate (HEMA) contact lenses showed a steepening in corneal curvature and an increase of minus in their post-wear refraction after three months of wear. After one year or more of wear, with the previously noted changes still present, these patients were fitted with a flatter series lenses which they wore for three months. Significant results are noted in corneal curvature and post-wear refractive error.", "contents": "Changes in corneal curvature and refractive error upon refitting with flatter hydrophilic contact lenses. Eight subjects who wore hydroxy-ethylmethacrylate (HEMA) contact lenses showed a steepening in corneal curvature and an increase of minus in their post-wear refraction after three months of wear. After one year or more of wear, with the previously noted changes still present, these patients were fitted with a flatter series lenses which they wore for three months. Significant results are noted in corneal curvature and post-wear refractive error.", "PMID": 1021588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3179", "title": "A classification for congenital limb malformations.", "content": "The classification for congenital limb malformations adopted by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand, and the International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics is presented. This method groups similar patterns of deficiencies according to the parts that have been primarily affected by certain embryological failures, whether the insult involves a total part (skeletal and soft tissue) or only the dermomyofascial structures. The main categories of this classification are (I) failure of formation of parts. (II) failure of differentiation (separation) of parts, (III) duplication, (IV) overgrowth, (V) undergrowth, (VI) congenital constriction band syndrome, and (VII) generalized skeletal abnormalities. The rationale and method of use of the classification are discussed. This method has been tested and used in a variety of centers and has been found to be properly conceived and practical.", "contents": "A classification for congenital limb malformations. The classification for congenital limb malformations adopted by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand, and the International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics is presented. This method groups similar patterns of deficiencies according to the parts that have been primarily affected by certain embryological failures, whether the insult involves a total part (skeletal and soft tissue) or only the dermomyofascial structures. The main categories of this classification are (I) failure of formation of parts. (II) failure of differentiation (separation) of parts, (III) duplication, (IV) overgrowth, (V) undergrowth, (VI) congenital constriction band syndrome, and (VII) generalized skeletal abnormalities. The rationale and method of use of the classification are discussed. This method has been tested and used in a variety of centers and has been found to be properly conceived and practical.", "PMID": 1021591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3180", "title": "Random determination of a developmental process: reversal of normal visceral asymmetry in the mouse.", "content": "Situs inversus viscerum in the mouse has been shown to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (gene symbol iv) with reduced penetrance. It is hypothesized that the normal allele at the iv locus exhibits complete dominance and controls normal visceral asymmetry. Absence of this control allows the situs of visceral asymmetry to be determined in a random fashion. This hypothesis also appears to apply to the inheritance of situs inversus in man and to the experimental production of situs inversus.", "contents": "Random determination of a developmental process: reversal of normal visceral asymmetry in the mouse. Situs inversus viscerum in the mouse has been shown to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (gene symbol iv) with reduced penetrance. It is hypothesized that the normal allele at the iv locus exhibits complete dominance and controls normal visceral asymmetry. Absence of this control allows the situs of visceral asymmetry to be determined in a random fashion. This hypothesis also appears to apply to the inheritance of situs inversus in man and to the experimental production of situs inversus.", "PMID": 1021593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3181", "title": "Biochemical genetic variation in populations of golden trout, Salmo aguabonita: evidence of the threatened Little Kern River golden trout, S.a. whitei.", "content": "Eight wild populations of the High Sierra golden trout, Salmo aguabonita, and one domestic stock of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were examined for biochemical-genetic variation in eight protein systems. Variation within the eight systems was determined by at least 10 loci in both golden and rainbow trout and all the alleles identified in rainbow trout were observed as electro-phoretically identical phenotypes in golden trout. Variation was observed at an average of 51 percent of the loci in the golden trout samples and for five of the 10 loci in the rainbow trout. Average heterozygosity ranged from 12.6 to 13.9 percent for seven of the golden trout populations with one showing a low value of 5.4 percent. A comparable estimate of 12.1 percent was found for the rainbow stock. On the basis of genetic variation and allele frequencies at three loci, the eight golden trout populations were divided into two distinct groups. Three populations sampled from the Little Kern River basin tended to be genetically distinct from two additional Little Kern River basin populations and from three geographically distinct populations sampled from the eastern Kern River area. The former three populations were hypothesized to be of a recent rainbow-golden hybrid origin. Trout in the other two Little Kern River basin populations, sampled in head-waters of a stream tributary to the Little Kern River, were considered to be the threatened Little Kern golden trout, S. a. whitei Evermann, due to their high degree of genetic similarity to the geographically distinct subspecies S. a. aguabonita sampled from the eastern Kern River area. The finding of substantial genetic variation in the wild golden trout populations indicates that this threatened species is not at present genetically impoverished and thus does not appear to be in immediate danger of extinction through lack of adaptive capability.", "contents": "Biochemical genetic variation in populations of golden trout, Salmo aguabonita: evidence of the threatened Little Kern River golden trout, S.a. whitei. Eight wild populations of the High Sierra golden trout, Salmo aguabonita, and one domestic stock of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were examined for biochemical-genetic variation in eight protein systems. Variation within the eight systems was determined by at least 10 loci in both golden and rainbow trout and all the alleles identified in rainbow trout were observed as electro-phoretically identical phenotypes in golden trout. Variation was observed at an average of 51 percent of the loci in the golden trout samples and for five of the 10 loci in the rainbow trout. Average heterozygosity ranged from 12.6 to 13.9 percent for seven of the golden trout populations with one showing a low value of 5.4 percent. A comparable estimate of 12.1 percent was found for the rainbow stock. On the basis of genetic variation and allele frequencies at three loci, the eight golden trout populations were divided into two distinct groups. Three populations sampled from the Little Kern River basin tended to be genetically distinct from two additional Little Kern River basin populations and from three geographically distinct populations sampled from the eastern Kern River area. The former three populations were hypothesized to be of a recent rainbow-golden hybrid origin. Trout in the other two Little Kern River basin populations, sampled in head-waters of a stream tributary to the Little Kern River, were considered to be the threatened Little Kern golden trout, S. a. whitei Evermann, due to their high degree of genetic similarity to the geographically distinct subspecies S. a. aguabonita sampled from the eastern Kern River area. The finding of substantial genetic variation in the wild golden trout populations indicates that this threatened species is not at present genetically impoverished and thus does not appear to be in immediate danger of extinction through lack of adaptive capability.", "PMID": 1021592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3182", "title": "Aspartate aminotransferase activity and glutamic dehydrogenase in the cerebellar cortex in several species of animals. A histochemical study.", "content": "The histochemical study of the consumption of glutamic acid by way of the aspartate aminotransferase and the glutamic dehydrogenase in the cerebellar cortex of several species of animals have demonstrated that in that nerve centre exists some structures in which the mentioned consumption is specially or exclusively realized by means of one way and not for other different one. Is observed, as well, that in the rats, chicken and lizard, the baskets that surround the Purkinje cells are constituted by basket cells axons and by recurrent collaterals of Purkinje axons and that those structures have an intense aspartate aminotransferase activity, but not glutamic dehydrogenase. The aspartate aminotransferase activity was not observed on the other side, in the perikarya of the Purkinje cells of the related animals. However, there exists intense glutamic dehydrogenase activity. On the other hand, in the toad was not observed baskets with aspartate aminotransferase activity but this enzyme was presented on the other side in the perikarya of the Purkinje cells. All these observations have suggested the possibility that this special utilization of the glutamic acid is in some way concerned with the transmission phenomenons of the nerve impulse.", "contents": "Aspartate aminotransferase activity and glutamic dehydrogenase in the cerebellar cortex in several species of animals. A histochemical study. The histochemical study of the consumption of glutamic acid by way of the aspartate aminotransferase and the glutamic dehydrogenase in the cerebellar cortex of several species of animals have demonstrated that in that nerve centre exists some structures in which the mentioned consumption is specially or exclusively realized by means of one way and not for other different one. Is observed, as well, that in the rats, chicken and lizard, the baskets that surround the Purkinje cells are constituted by basket cells axons and by recurrent collaterals of Purkinje axons and that those structures have an intense aspartate aminotransferase activity, but not glutamic dehydrogenase. The aspartate aminotransferase activity was not observed on the other side, in the perikarya of the Purkinje cells of the related animals. However, there exists intense glutamic dehydrogenase activity. On the other hand, in the toad was not observed baskets with aspartate aminotransferase activity but this enzyme was presented on the other side in the perikarya of the Purkinje cells. All these observations have suggested the possibility that this special utilization of the glutamic acid is in some way concerned with the transmission phenomenons of the nerve impulse.", "PMID": 1021599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3183", "title": "[Electronmicroscopical and morphometrical study of rat hippocampal synapses].", "content": "The neuronal structure and synaptology of the hippocampus of the rat are studied using neurohistological, electron microscopical and morphometrical methods. After Golgi-impregnations the neurons of the hippocampus were classified by reason of special morphological features (pericaryon, dendritic, ramification, course and termination of the axons). The neurons of the hippocampus show from the region CA4 towards the region CA1 an increasing \"pyramidalization\" which is explained respecting the neuronal structure and synaptic architectonics as the result of a specific presynaptic representation of afferents at the neurons. The high degree of differentiation of the CA1-pyramids speaks for the progressive developmental tendency in the phylogenesis of these pyramids compared to the neocortical neurons. The ultrastructural investigations of the hippocampus show that each individual layer of the regions CA1, CA3 and CA4 has a characteristic synaptic architectonics. In all hippocampal layers the axo-spino-dendritic contacts are the most frequent type of synapses with the structural characteristics of the excitatory synapses; the synaptic contact appears as \"Bouton en passage\" respectively as \"Bouton terminal\". The axosomatic synapses of the stratum pyramidale (CA1 to CA3) predominantly are developed as symmetrical contacts with inhibitory function. As the terminals of the basket cells they represent the morphological correlate for the recurrent inhibitation of the pyramids by the inhibitory effecting basket cells. In the supra- and infrapyramidal layers of the regions CA3 and CA4 special contacts are developed for the connection withe the mossy fiber terminals--at the pericarya and the main dendrites as so-called somatic and dendritic protrusions and as micro-dendrites. As has been established for the neocortex, the dendritic spines are the decisive receptive postsynaptic structural characteristic of the hippocampus as well. Pre- and postsynaptic elements show a broad scope of variation in forming their structures. This also applies to the intrahippocampal systems with their highly complex structure which is the morphological expression of an extremely high degree of differentiation. The morphometrical investigations of the ultrastructure of synapses enclose the calculation of the number of synapses per mm3 of the volume of layers, the average individual volume of synapses, the presynaptic portion of volume of the relative volume of cortex of the hippocampal layers as well as the average number and size of the synaptic vesicles. The average number of synapses per mm3 brain tissue runs in CA1 to 5,9 X 10(9), in CA3 to 7,9 X 10(9) andin CA4 to 8,7 X 10(9) synapses per mm3. The average individual volume of synapses amounts to 0,2-0,3 mm3 whereas the average portion of volume of the presynaptic structures per relative cortical volume comes to 14% in CA1, 16-19% in CA3 and 15% in CA4.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopical and morphometrical study of rat hippocampal synapses]. The neuronal structure and synaptology of the hippocampus of the rat are studied using neurohistological, electron microscopical and morphometrical methods. After Golgi-impregnations the neurons of the hippocampus were classified by reason of special morphological features (pericaryon, dendritic, ramification, course and termination of the axons). The neurons of the hippocampus show from the region CA4 towards the region CA1 an increasing \"pyramidalization\" which is explained respecting the neuronal structure and synaptic architectonics as the result of a specific presynaptic representation of afferents at the neurons. The high degree of differentiation of the CA1-pyramids speaks for the progressive developmental tendency in the phylogenesis of these pyramids compared to the neocortical neurons. The ultrastructural investigations of the hippocampus show that each individual layer of the regions CA1, CA3 and CA4 has a characteristic synaptic architectonics. In all hippocampal layers the axo-spino-dendritic contacts are the most frequent type of synapses with the structural characteristics of the excitatory synapses; the synaptic contact appears as \"Bouton en passage\" respectively as \"Bouton terminal\". The axosomatic synapses of the stratum pyramidale (CA1 to CA3) predominantly are developed as symmetrical contacts with inhibitory function. As the terminals of the basket cells they represent the morphological correlate for the recurrent inhibitation of the pyramids by the inhibitory effecting basket cells. In the supra- and infrapyramidal layers of the regions CA3 and CA4 special contacts are developed for the connection withe the mossy fiber terminals--at the pericarya and the main dendrites as so-called somatic and dendritic protrusions and as micro-dendrites. As has been established for the neocortex, the dendritic spines are the decisive receptive postsynaptic structural characteristic of the hippocampus as well. Pre- and postsynaptic elements show a broad scope of variation in forming their structures. This also applies to the intrahippocampal systems with their highly complex structure which is the morphological expression of an extremely high degree of differentiation. The morphometrical investigations of the ultrastructure of synapses enclose the calculation of the number of synapses per mm3 of the volume of layers, the average individual volume of synapses, the presynaptic portion of volume of the relative volume of cortex of the hippocampal layers as well as the average number and size of the synaptic vesicles. The average number of synapses per mm3 brain tissue runs in CA1 to 5,9 X 10(9), in CA3 to 7,9 X 10(9) andin CA4 to 8,7 X 10(9) synapses per mm3. The average individual volume of synapses amounts to 0,2-0,3 mm3 whereas the average portion of volume of the presynaptic structures per relative cortical volume comes to 14% in CA1, 16-19% in CA3 and 15% in CA4.", "PMID": 1021600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3184", "title": "Mutant allele frequencies among domestic cats in some eastern areas of Canada: regional homogeneity of factors in Canadian Atlantic Provinces and the French colony of Saint Pierre.", "content": "Surveys to determine mutant allele frequencies in domestic cats of the Canadian Atlantic Provinces (Halifax, Nova Scotia; Fredericton, New Brunswick; Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; St. John's Newfoundland) and the French colony of Saint Pierre, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, reveal a general regional homogeneity for most factors. Despite diverse historical patterns of settlement, a strong common component of origin is indicated. This is tentatively identified as late 18th and early 19th century British. One mutant, polydactyly, which is of New England origin appears to have been distributed largely by loyalist refugees from New England at the time of the American Rebellion. No elements of a specific Acadian (French) character have yet been identified. Siamese cats have been \"introduced\" to the region in recent years and are now so abundant that they will undoubtedly cause a significant change in some mutant allele frequencies over the next few decades. Interregional exchanges of cats no doubt are contributing to homogenizing the populations of the area, but the practice of sterilization of pets offsets this to some degree.", "contents": "Mutant allele frequencies among domestic cats in some eastern areas of Canada: regional homogeneity of factors in Canadian Atlantic Provinces and the French colony of Saint Pierre. Surveys to determine mutant allele frequencies in domestic cats of the Canadian Atlantic Provinces (Halifax, Nova Scotia; Fredericton, New Brunswick; Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; St. John's Newfoundland) and the French colony of Saint Pierre, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, reveal a general regional homogeneity for most factors. Despite diverse historical patterns of settlement, a strong common component of origin is indicated. This is tentatively identified as late 18th and early 19th century British. One mutant, polydactyly, which is of New England origin appears to have been distributed largely by loyalist refugees from New England at the time of the American Rebellion. No elements of a specific Acadian (French) character have yet been identified. Siamese cats have been \"introduced\" to the region in recent years and are now so abundant that they will undoubtedly cause a significant change in some mutant allele frequencies over the next few decades. Interregional exchanges of cats no doubt are contributing to homogenizing the populations of the area, but the practice of sterilization of pets offsets this to some degree.", "PMID": 1021595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3185", "title": "Retinotectal system of the tortoise, Testudo horsfieldi, Gray (morpho-functional study in the norm and after enucleation).", "content": "The optic nerve and mesencephalic optic centre (tectum opticum, TO) of the tortoise, Testudo horsfieldi, Gray, in the norm and after the enucleation have been studies using Golgi's method, electron microscopy and the electrophysiological technique. The optic nerve comprises about 400,000 fibres represented by two classes of axons: myelinated (10%) and unmyelinated (90%). The diameters of the former vary within 0.3-3 mum, of the latter within 0.3-1.1 mum. The neurogramms of the optic nerve contain two components corresponding to the two rates of conduction through different groups of fibres (1.3 musec and 0.5 musec). The stratified synaptic organization of the TO has been investigated. The optic terminals are shown to join in complex synaptic formations at certain levels of the upper layers of the TO (Strata I, II and III). The process of degeneration in the optic system of Testudo is drastically stretched in time. It was demonstrated by the electrophysiological control that the TO potentials induced in response to the nerve stimulation were not registered any longer only 6-6.5 months after the enucleation. Certain groups of retinal fibres of the optic nerve and their terminals in the TO are shown to degenerate differently and asynchronously. Earlier unknown types of destructive changes of the terminals (vesicular, neurofilamentous, glycogen and others) are described. It is suggested that the different types of degeneration of the optic fibres and their terminals are the result of possible biochemical heterogeneity of the retinal ganglious cells. The comparison of the terms and types of degeneration of different groups of nervous fibres in the optic nerve and their terminals in the TO has revealed some correlations suggesting that the myelinated optic fibres produce nervous terminals degenerating by the \"dark\" type, whereas the unmyelinated optic axons may be subdivided into several groups, each producing nervous terminals subjected to a definite type of destruction (\"clear\", \"vesicular\", \"neurofilamentous\" etc.). The localization of certain groups of therminals at certain levels of the cortical plate of the TO confirms the electrophysiological data on the stratified organization of the retino-tectal projections in the TO of lower vertebrates. It has been shown by the comparison of the results obtained with those reported for Emys orbicularis, L. that the two species have marked differences in the morpho-functional characteristics of the retino-tectal system, neuronic composition of the TO, the character of destructive changes of the terminals after the enucleation and the component composition of polysynaptic complexes and glomerules. Probably these differences may come from the peculiarities of the perception and transformation of visual information in the species.", "contents": "Retinotectal system of the tortoise, Testudo horsfieldi, Gray (morpho-functional study in the norm and after enucleation). The optic nerve and mesencephalic optic centre (tectum opticum, TO) of the tortoise, Testudo horsfieldi, Gray, in the norm and after the enucleation have been studies using Golgi's method, electron microscopy and the electrophysiological technique. The optic nerve comprises about 400,000 fibres represented by two classes of axons: myelinated (10%) and unmyelinated (90%). The diameters of the former vary within 0.3-3 mum, of the latter within 0.3-1.1 mum. The neurogramms of the optic nerve contain two components corresponding to the two rates of conduction through different groups of fibres (1.3 musec and 0.5 musec). The stratified synaptic organization of the TO has been investigated. The optic terminals are shown to join in complex synaptic formations at certain levels of the upper layers of the TO (Strata I, II and III). The process of degeneration in the optic system of Testudo is drastically stretched in time. It was demonstrated by the electrophysiological control that the TO potentials induced in response to the nerve stimulation were not registered any longer only 6-6.5 months after the enucleation. Certain groups of retinal fibres of the optic nerve and their terminals in the TO are shown to degenerate differently and asynchronously. Earlier unknown types of destructive changes of the terminals (vesicular, neurofilamentous, glycogen and others) are described. It is suggested that the different types of degeneration of the optic fibres and their terminals are the result of possible biochemical heterogeneity of the retinal ganglious cells. The comparison of the terms and types of degeneration of different groups of nervous fibres in the optic nerve and their terminals in the TO has revealed some correlations suggesting that the myelinated optic fibres produce nervous terminals degenerating by the \"dark\" type, whereas the unmyelinated optic axons may be subdivided into several groups, each producing nervous terminals subjected to a definite type of destruction (\"clear\", \"vesicular\", \"neurofilamentous\" etc.). The localization of certain groups of therminals at certain levels of the cortical plate of the TO confirms the electrophysiological data on the stratified organization of the retino-tectal projections in the TO of lower vertebrates. It has been shown by the comparison of the results obtained with those reported for Emys orbicularis, L. that the two species have marked differences in the morpho-functional characteristics of the retino-tectal system, neuronic composition of the TO, the character of destructive changes of the terminals after the enucleation and the component composition of polysynaptic complexes and glomerules. Probably these differences may come from the peculiarities of the perception and transformation of visual information in the species.", "PMID": 1021601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3186", "title": "A simple and sensitive fluorometric assay method for taurine using high-voltage paper electrophoresis.", "content": "A simple and sensitive fluorometric assay method for taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) has been developed. For the separation of taurine, high voltage paper electrophoresis subsequent to column chromatographic procedures was employed. Fluorescent product of taurine was yielded by spraying fluorescamine (4-phenylspiro [furan-2(3H), 1'-phthalan]-3, 3'-dione) and borate buffer on the paper, and the fluorescence was assayed spectro-fluorometrically after eluting with 50% ethanol. The linear relationship between the concentration of taurine and fluorescence developed was achieved over the concentration ranges of 0.5-10 nmoles, and the recoveries obtained were 90-100%. The specificity of this method for taurine was satisfactory and structural analogues involved in the metabolic pathway of taurine did not interfere with the assay. Examples for tissue levels of taurine in various organs of the rat as determined by this new method are also presented.", "contents": "A simple and sensitive fluorometric assay method for taurine using high-voltage paper electrophoresis. A simple and sensitive fluorometric assay method for taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) has been developed. For the separation of taurine, high voltage paper electrophoresis subsequent to column chromatographic procedures was employed. Fluorescent product of taurine was yielded by spraying fluorescamine (4-phenylspiro [furan-2(3H), 1'-phthalan]-3, 3'-dione) and borate buffer on the paper, and the fluorescence was assayed spectro-fluorometrically after eluting with 50% ethanol. The linear relationship between the concentration of taurine and fluorescence developed was achieved over the concentration ranges of 0.5-10 nmoles, and the recoveries obtained were 90-100%. The specificity of this method for taurine was satisfactory and structural analogues involved in the metabolic pathway of taurine did not interfere with the assay. Examples for tissue levels of taurine in various organs of the rat as determined by this new method are also presented.", "PMID": 1021602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3187", "title": "Effect of strontium on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of rat tibiae-histological and radiographic studies.", "content": "Following dietary administration of strontium carbonate, histological and radiographic changes in the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibiae were examined in the present study. The weight gain of the rat fed a strontium diet was less than that of the control rats. Longitudinal growth of tibiae and endochondral ossification were inhibited by strontium administration. The widths of both proximal and distal cartilage plates increased enormously as has also been shown by other investigators. Sizes of chondroblasts in columns of proximal cartilage plate in rats fed a strontium diet were smaller than those of the control rats and were not different between upper and lower parts. It is suggested that strontium inhibits bone growth through the inhibitory action on the maturation process of chondroblasts and the succeeding endochondral ossification.", "contents": "Effect of strontium on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of rat tibiae-histological and radiographic studies. Following dietary administration of strontium carbonate, histological and radiographic changes in the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibiae were examined in the present study. The weight gain of the rat fed a strontium diet was less than that of the control rats. Longitudinal growth of tibiae and endochondral ossification were inhibited by strontium administration. The widths of both proximal and distal cartilage plates increased enormously as has also been shown by other investigators. Sizes of chondroblasts in columns of proximal cartilage plate in rats fed a strontium diet were smaller than those of the control rats and were not different between upper and lower parts. It is suggested that strontium inhibits bone growth through the inhibitory action on the maturation process of chondroblasts and the succeeding endochondral ossification.", "PMID": 1021603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3188", "title": "Linkage of the cadmium resistance locus to loci on mouse chromosome 12.", "content": "The autosomal recessive gene cdm that confers resistance to cadmium-induced testicular necrosis in certain inbred strains of mice has been mapped on Chromosome 12 near varitint-waddler (Va). A 3-point cross involving Va, cdm, and amylase-1 (Amy-1) indicated the following gene order and approximate distances: Va-8-cdm-17-Amy-1. The cdm locus is the first polymorphic locus to be placed on Chromosome 12.", "contents": "Linkage of the cadmium resistance locus to loci on mouse chromosome 12. The autosomal recessive gene cdm that confers resistance to cadmium-induced testicular necrosis in certain inbred strains of mice has been mapped on Chromosome 12 near varitint-waddler (Va). A 3-point cross involving Va, cdm, and amylase-1 (Amy-1) indicated the following gene order and approximate distances: Va-8-cdm-17-Amy-1. The cdm locus is the first polymorphic locus to be placed on Chromosome 12.", "PMID": 1021597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3189", "title": "A method to predict the probabilities to homozygous recessives and of heterozygotes.", "content": "Where the occurrence of homozygous recessives and heterozygotes is known in the pedigrees of prospective sires and dams, a method and appropriate tables are given to predict the minimum probability 1) that progeny will be homozygous recessive, or 2) that progeny of dominant phenotype are heterozygous.", "contents": "A method to predict the probabilities to homozygous recessives and of heterozygotes. Where the occurrence of homozygous recessives and heterozygotes is known in the pedigrees of prospective sires and dams, a method and appropriate tables are given to predict the minimum probability 1) that progeny will be homozygous recessive, or 2) that progeny of dominant phenotype are heterozygous.", "PMID": 1021598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3190", "title": "Effects of palytoxin on isolated intestinal and vascular smooth muscles.", "content": "Palytoxin (PTX), the most potent marine toxin isolated from the Zoanthid, Palythoa tuberculosa, was studied to determine the effect on isolated smooth muscles. In guinea pig taenia coli PTX at above 3 X 10(-10) g/ml caused a contraction which slowly subsided under isotonic recording. Under isometric recording PTX at above 1 X 10(-10) g/ml caused a contraction which depended on the spontaneous activity. The PTX-induced contraction was not affected by atropine, tripelenmamine or tetrodotoxin but was inhibited by 5 mM Mg, norephinrphrine, isoprenaline or papaverine. PTX at above 1 X 10(-9) g/ml induced an increase in spike frequency and a slight depolarization accompanied with a contraction when measured using a sucrose gap method. In some cases the spike generation was almost abolished after a long exposure to higher dose of PTX and the developed tension gradually decreased. Under isometric recording PTX caused a sustained contraction in rabbit aorta, dog mesenteric and coronary arteries at above 1 X 10(-10) and 1 X 10(-11) g/ml, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. The coronary artery was most sensitive among the preparation used. PTX-induced contraction in aorta was irreversible, was not influenced by phentolamine but diminished with 5 mM Mg and disappeared in a D-600 or Ca-free medium. PTX is thus an extremely potent and direct stimulant which acts on smooth muscles.", "contents": "Effects of palytoxin on isolated intestinal and vascular smooth muscles. Palytoxin (PTX), the most potent marine toxin isolated from the Zoanthid, Palythoa tuberculosa, was studied to determine the effect on isolated smooth muscles. In guinea pig taenia coli PTX at above 3 X 10(-10) g/ml caused a contraction which slowly subsided under isotonic recording. Under isometric recording PTX at above 1 X 10(-10) g/ml caused a contraction which depended on the spontaneous activity. The PTX-induced contraction was not affected by atropine, tripelenmamine or tetrodotoxin but was inhibited by 5 mM Mg, norephinrphrine, isoprenaline or papaverine. PTX at above 1 X 10(-9) g/ml induced an increase in spike frequency and a slight depolarization accompanied with a contraction when measured using a sucrose gap method. In some cases the spike generation was almost abolished after a long exposure to higher dose of PTX and the developed tension gradually decreased. Under isometric recording PTX caused a sustained contraction in rabbit aorta, dog mesenteric and coronary arteries at above 1 X 10(-10) and 1 X 10(-11) g/ml, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. The coronary artery was most sensitive among the preparation used. PTX-induced contraction in aorta was irreversible, was not influenced by phentolamine but diminished with 5 mM Mg and disappeared in a D-600 or Ca-free medium. PTX is thus an extremely potent and direct stimulant which acts on smooth muscles.", "PMID": 1021604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3191", "title": "Cumulative effects of penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic drug, as assayed by its behavioral actions.", "content": "Penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic drug, was repeatedly given to rats well trained on the discriminated avoidance schedule (intertrial interval, 25 sec; warning duration, 5 sec), and accumulation of the effects were investigated by observing the behavioral changes. When penfluridol was orally given in a dose of 2-8 mg/kg once daily for 10 consecutive days, the suppression of avoidance response was progressively enhanced until the 3rd-4th day. But from the 4th day, the maximum level of suppression was maintained during the later medication. On its withdrawal, the avoidance response was gradually restored, returning to the initial level in 3-4 days. When 8 mg/kg was given at 1-2 weeks after the withdrawal, the same suppression was observed as after the single administration of the same dose. The progressive enhancement of suppression in the early half of the medication period evidently indicated the cumulative effect. The degree of suppression during the plateau showed a linear correlation with the dosage, and was estimated to be about 3,5 times as high as in the corresponding single administration.", "contents": "Cumulative effects of penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic drug, as assayed by its behavioral actions. Penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic drug, was repeatedly given to rats well trained on the discriminated avoidance schedule (intertrial interval, 25 sec; warning duration, 5 sec), and accumulation of the effects were investigated by observing the behavioral changes. When penfluridol was orally given in a dose of 2-8 mg/kg once daily for 10 consecutive days, the suppression of avoidance response was progressively enhanced until the 3rd-4th day. But from the 4th day, the maximum level of suppression was maintained during the later medication. On its withdrawal, the avoidance response was gradually restored, returning to the initial level in 3-4 days. When 8 mg/kg was given at 1-2 weeks after the withdrawal, the same suppression was observed as after the single administration of the same dose. The progressive enhancement of suppression in the early half of the medication period evidently indicated the cumulative effect. The degree of suppression during the plateau showed a linear correlation with the dosage, and was estimated to be about 3,5 times as high as in the corresponding single administration.", "PMID": 1021605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3192", "title": "Horse, ass, and mule chromosomes.", "content": "Karyotypes of the horse with 64 chromosomes, the ass with 62 chromosomes, and the mule with 63 chromosomes are presented. The chromosome complements of each species and their mule hybrid are analyzed and compared.", "contents": "Horse, ass, and mule chromosomes. Karyotypes of the horse with 64 chromosomes, the ass with 62 chromosomes, and the mule with 63 chromosomes are presented. The chromosome complements of each species and their mule hybrid are analyzed and compared.", "PMID": 1021594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3193", "title": "Studies on cyclic nucleotides in the adrenal gland. V. Adenylate cyclase in the adrenal medulla.", "content": "Effects of various chemical agents eliciting the catecholamine-release on the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP generating system have been studied in the secretory process of the bovine adrenal medulla slices. Cyclic AMP levels were not affected at the interval of the maximal increase of the catecholamine-release by acetylcholine, but increased gradually some time after the end of the release/or at the beginning of the restoration of catecholamine in the medulla tissue. This delayed increase in the medullary cyclic AMP is not attributed to a direct involvement in 'stimulus-secretion coupling process' of the medullary secretion, but rather may be caused by release of intracellular catecholamine.", "contents": "Studies on cyclic nucleotides in the adrenal gland. V. Adenylate cyclase in the adrenal medulla. Effects of various chemical agents eliciting the catecholamine-release on the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP generating system have been studied in the secretory process of the bovine adrenal medulla slices. Cyclic AMP levels were not affected at the interval of the maximal increase of the catecholamine-release by acetylcholine, but increased gradually some time after the end of the release/or at the beginning of the restoration of catecholamine in the medulla tissue. This delayed increase in the medullary cyclic AMP is not attributed to a direct involvement in 'stimulus-secretion coupling process' of the medullary secretion, but rather may be caused by release of intracellular catecholamine.", "PMID": 1021606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3194", "title": "The genetics of Artemia salina. VII. Reproductive isolation.", "content": "Fifteen of 20 gonochoristic Artemia populations are crossfertile with diploid San Francisco shrimps, producing fertile F1 and viable F2 progeny. Partial sex linkage of white eye was observed and frequency of crossing over between the white and sex loci did not exceed the range of values observed in San Francisco shrimps. Possible mechanisms for wide dispersal of this diploid genotype are discussed. Five populations are reproductively isolated from San Francisco shrimps: Mono Lake, Hidalgo, Lake Urmia, San Bartolomeo, and Tunisia. The last two are inter-fertile.", "contents": "The genetics of Artemia salina. VII. Reproductive isolation. Fifteen of 20 gonochoristic Artemia populations are crossfertile with diploid San Francisco shrimps, producing fertile F1 and viable F2 progeny. Partial sex linkage of white eye was observed and frequency of crossing over between the white and sex loci did not exceed the range of values observed in San Francisco shrimps. Possible mechanisms for wide dispersal of this diploid genotype are discussed. Five populations are reproductively isolated from San Francisco shrimps: Mono Lake, Hidalgo, Lake Urmia, San Bartolomeo, and Tunisia. The last two are inter-fertile.", "PMID": 1021596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3195", "title": "Tissue distribution and characteristics of xanthine oxidase and allopurinol oxidizing enzyme.", "content": "Tissue distribution and levels of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme and xanthine oxidase with hypoxanthine as a substrate were compared with supernatant fractions from various tissues of mice and from liver of mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. The allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activities in liver were quite different among the species and the sex difference of the enzyme activity only in mouse liver. In mice, the highest activity of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme was found in the liver with a trace value in lung, but the enzyme activity was not detected in brain, small intestine and kidney, while the highest activity of xanthine oxidase was detected in small intestine, lung, liver and kidney in that sequence. The allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activity in mouse liver supernatant fraction did not change after storage at -20 degrees C or dialysis against 0.1 M Tris-HCl containing 1.15% KCl, but the activity markedly decreased after dialysis against 0.1 M Tris-HCl. On the contrary, the xanthine oxidase was activated 2 to 3 times the usual activity after storage at -20 degrees C or dialysis of the enzyme preparation. These results indicated that allopurinol was hydroxylated to oxipurinol mainly by the enzyme which is not identical to xanthine oxidase in vivo. A possible role of aldehyde oxidase involved in the allopurinol oxidation in liver supernatant fraction was dicussed.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and characteristics of xanthine oxidase and allopurinol oxidizing enzyme. Tissue distribution and levels of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme and xanthine oxidase with hypoxanthine as a substrate were compared with supernatant fractions from various tissues of mice and from liver of mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. The allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activities in liver were quite different among the species and the sex difference of the enzyme activity only in mouse liver. In mice, the highest activity of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme was found in the liver with a trace value in lung, but the enzyme activity was not detected in brain, small intestine and kidney, while the highest activity of xanthine oxidase was detected in small intestine, lung, liver and kidney in that sequence. The allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activity in mouse liver supernatant fraction did not change after storage at -20 degrees C or dialysis against 0.1 M Tris-HCl containing 1.15% KCl, but the activity markedly decreased after dialysis against 0.1 M Tris-HCl. On the contrary, the xanthine oxidase was activated 2 to 3 times the usual activity after storage at -20 degrees C or dialysis of the enzyme preparation. These results indicated that allopurinol was hydroxylated to oxipurinol mainly by the enzyme which is not identical to xanthine oxidase in vivo. A possible role of aldehyde oxidase involved in the allopurinol oxidation in liver supernatant fraction was dicussed.", "PMID": 1021607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3196", "title": "Rat strain differences in the acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses and in the effects of diazepam.", "content": "Adult male albino rats of three strains--Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Holtzman--were trained to press a lever to avoid electric shocks under Sidman-type (R-S interval-20 sec; S-S interval=5 sec) and discriminated avoidance (ITI-15 sec; warning duration=5 sec) schedules, and the acquisition processes of avoidance responses, and the properties of behavioral baselines were investigated. Under both schedules, Wistar strain rats, though showing poorer results than the other two in the beginning, rapidly progressed with the repetitive training, and finally displayed excellent and stable performances. Srague-Dawley strain rats were poorer in performances, with delayed acquisition and prolonged warm-up effect in the within-session performance. The results of Holtzman strain rats ranked between the two. After the establishment of stable behavioral baselines under both schedules, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg of diazepam were given subcutaneously, and it was found that in Wistar and Holtzman strain rats, the avoidance responses were inhibited together with increase of delivered shocks in parallel to the doses. In Sprague-Dawley strain rats, however, the avoidance responses were conversely improved with 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, while such tended to be inhibited with 2.0 mg/kg, with marked concomitant ataxia. As definite strain differences in avoidance response were demonstrated herein, selection of the most appropriate strain should be made when designing behavioral experiments.", "contents": "Rat strain differences in the acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses and in the effects of diazepam. Adult male albino rats of three strains--Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Holtzman--were trained to press a lever to avoid electric shocks under Sidman-type (R-S interval-20 sec; S-S interval=5 sec) and discriminated avoidance (ITI-15 sec; warning duration=5 sec) schedules, and the acquisition processes of avoidance responses, and the properties of behavioral baselines were investigated. Under both schedules, Wistar strain rats, though showing poorer results than the other two in the beginning, rapidly progressed with the repetitive training, and finally displayed excellent and stable performances. Srague-Dawley strain rats were poorer in performances, with delayed acquisition and prolonged warm-up effect in the within-session performance. The results of Holtzman strain rats ranked between the two. After the establishment of stable behavioral baselines under both schedules, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg of diazepam were given subcutaneously, and it was found that in Wistar and Holtzman strain rats, the avoidance responses were inhibited together with increase of delivered shocks in parallel to the doses. In Sprague-Dawley strain rats, however, the avoidance responses were conversely improved with 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, while such tended to be inhibited with 2.0 mg/kg, with marked concomitant ataxia. As definite strain differences in avoidance response were demonstrated herein, selection of the most appropriate strain should be made when designing behavioral experiments.", "PMID": 1021608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3197", "title": "Irreversible inhibitory effect of atropine on contractile responses to drugs in isolated rabbit ileum.", "content": "Effect of atropine sulfate (atropine) on the contractile responses to acetylcholine chloride (ACh), potassium chloride (K) and barium chloride (Ba) was investigated in isolated rabbit ileum. Tension of the strips suspended in the bath medium (Locke solution, 30 degrees C) was isotonically recorded. The K(ED50)- and Ba(ED50)-induced contractions were not affected by atropine at 3.0 X 10(-4) mM, which reversibly abolished the ACh(ED100)-contraction. After washout of 6.0 X 10(-4) mM atropine, the phasic, but not the tonic, component of ACh(ED50)-, K(ED50)- and Ba(ED50)- contractions was to some extent inhibited irreversibly. On the contrary, such irreversible inhibition of the phasic component was not produced by atropine methylbromide even in the high concentration of 3.0 X 10(-3) mM. The irreversible inhibitions by atropine of 6.0 X 10(-4) mM on the phasic component of ACh- and K-contractions were protected by pretreatment with a high concentration of ACh or K. Further, these irreversible inhibitions by atropine were potentiated by the absence of Ca and were abolished by the increase of Ca content in bath media. These results suggest that the irreversible inhibition of the contractile responses to drugs by atropine in high concentration may be due to the interference with the mobilization of Ca in the deep layer of the membrane, rather than by a blockade of muscarinic receptor sites.", "contents": "Irreversible inhibitory effect of atropine on contractile responses to drugs in isolated rabbit ileum. Effect of atropine sulfate (atropine) on the contractile responses to acetylcholine chloride (ACh), potassium chloride (K) and barium chloride (Ba) was investigated in isolated rabbit ileum. Tension of the strips suspended in the bath medium (Locke solution, 30 degrees C) was isotonically recorded. The K(ED50)- and Ba(ED50)-induced contractions were not affected by atropine at 3.0 X 10(-4) mM, which reversibly abolished the ACh(ED100)-contraction. After washout of 6.0 X 10(-4) mM atropine, the phasic, but not the tonic, component of ACh(ED50)-, K(ED50)- and Ba(ED50)- contractions was to some extent inhibited irreversibly. On the contrary, such irreversible inhibition of the phasic component was not produced by atropine methylbromide even in the high concentration of 3.0 X 10(-3) mM. The irreversible inhibitions by atropine of 6.0 X 10(-4) mM on the phasic component of ACh- and K-contractions were protected by pretreatment with a high concentration of ACh or K. Further, these irreversible inhibitions by atropine were potentiated by the absence of Ca and were abolished by the increase of Ca content in bath media. These results suggest that the irreversible inhibition of the contractile responses to drugs by atropine in high concentration may be due to the interference with the mobilization of Ca in the deep layer of the membrane, rather than by a blockade of muscarinic receptor sites.", "PMID": 1021609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3198", "title": "Mitigation of caffeine-induced fetopathy in mice by pretreatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents.", "content": "In a previous experiment, fetopathic effects of caffeine were significantly reduced by pretreatment with propranolol at dosage levels of 2.5 to 10 mg/kg. The present experiments were undertaeken to investigate the relation between time intervals of propranolol pretreatment and its effect on reducing fetopathy. Furthermore, the effect of timolol, another beta-adrenergic blocking agent, on reducing fetopathy was compared with that of propranolol. Propranolol (5 mg/kg) administered 15, 30 or 60 minutes before caffeine treatment significantly reduced the caffeine-induced fetopathy. The optimal effect was found when propranolol was given 30 minutes before caffine. The reduction in fetopathy by timolol pretreatment was comparable to that of propranolol. The results lend support to the hypothesis that the fetopathic effect of caffeine is linked with released catecholamines in material or fetal issues of mice.", "contents": "Mitigation of caffeine-induced fetopathy in mice by pretreatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. In a previous experiment, fetopathic effects of caffeine were significantly reduced by pretreatment with propranolol at dosage levels of 2.5 to 10 mg/kg. The present experiments were undertaeken to investigate the relation between time intervals of propranolol pretreatment and its effect on reducing fetopathy. Furthermore, the effect of timolol, another beta-adrenergic blocking agent, on reducing fetopathy was compared with that of propranolol. Propranolol (5 mg/kg) administered 15, 30 or 60 minutes before caffeine treatment significantly reduced the caffeine-induced fetopathy. The optimal effect was found when propranolol was given 30 minutes before caffine. The reduction in fetopathy by timolol pretreatment was comparable to that of propranolol. The results lend support to the hypothesis that the fetopathic effect of caffeine is linked with released catecholamines in material or fetal issues of mice.", "PMID": 1021610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3199", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of myocardial dystrophy of different etiology developing after physical overexertion].", "content": "A total of 46 sportsmen with dystrophy of the myocardium due to chronic physical overexertion were subjected to an electrocardiographic examination in conjunction with functional tests (orthostatic, physical load tests, potassium chloride and inderal tests). The derangement of the repolarization phase on the ECG arising in myocardial dystrophy on account of physical overexertion was found to have a diverse genesis and can be caused by the development of neurodystrophy, disorders in the electrolytes metabolism (substantial losses of potassium) and by myodystrophic cardiosclerosis. The available data made it possible to educe criteria for differential diagnosis of myocardial dystrophy of diverse genesis arising due to physical overexertion.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of myocardial dystrophy of different etiology developing after physical overexertion]. A total of 46 sportsmen with dystrophy of the myocardium due to chronic physical overexertion were subjected to an electrocardiographic examination in conjunction with functional tests (orthostatic, physical load tests, potassium chloride and inderal tests). The derangement of the repolarization phase on the ECG arising in myocardial dystrophy on account of physical overexertion was found to have a diverse genesis and can be caused by the development of neurodystrophy, disorders in the electrolytes metabolism (substantial losses of potassium) and by myodystrophic cardiosclerosis. The available data made it possible to educe criteria for differential diagnosis of myocardial dystrophy of diverse genesis arising due to physical overexertion.", "PMID": 1021616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3200", "title": "[Physical work capacity in rheumatic heart defects in children].", "content": "Physical performance of children with rheumatic heart diseases depends upon the activity of rheumatism (rheumatism carditis) and specificity distinguishing the given disease. Spiroergometric examinations under a load of 1 w/kg is a highly informative method of evaluating the physical performance capacity of children with rheumatic heart diseases. By using this method it is possible to obtain quantitative and qualitative functional characteristics of their cardiopulmonary system, to disclose latent cardiac insufficiency. The data obtained help improve the rehabilitation of rheumatic patients.", "contents": "[Physical work capacity in rheumatic heart defects in children]. Physical performance of children with rheumatic heart diseases depends upon the activity of rheumatism (rheumatism carditis) and specificity distinguishing the given disease. Spiroergometric examinations under a load of 1 w/kg is a highly informative method of evaluating the physical performance capacity of children with rheumatic heart diseases. By using this method it is possible to obtain quantitative and qualitative functional characteristics of their cardiopulmonary system, to disclose latent cardiac insufficiency. The data obtained help improve the rehabilitation of rheumatic patients.", "PMID": 1021617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3201", "title": "[Arteriosclerosis in men doing physical and mental work].", "content": "In males engaged in doing physical and mental work a morphometric study with due consideration given to their condition of nurishment (in a group of practically healthy only), smoking habits and heteditary-familial history with respect to cardio-vascular diseases, was undertaken. Use was made of the autopsy materials obtaned in studying the epidemiology of atherosclerosis in some cities of the USSR. In persons doing brain work, well nourished, with long-standing smoking habits and adverse hereditary-familial history the intensity of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries was more pronounced that in individuals doing manual work and exposed to the same risk factors. This gives reason to believe that the occupational factors does influence the development of atherosclerosis (above all in the coronary arteries) to a greater degree than the other ones, mentioned above.", "contents": "[Arteriosclerosis in men doing physical and mental work]. In males engaged in doing physical and mental work a morphometric study with due consideration given to their condition of nurishment (in a group of practically healthy only), smoking habits and heteditary-familial history with respect to cardio-vascular diseases, was undertaken. Use was made of the autopsy materials obtaned in studying the epidemiology of atherosclerosis in some cities of the USSR. In persons doing brain work, well nourished, with long-standing smoking habits and adverse hereditary-familial history the intensity of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries was more pronounced that in individuals doing manual work and exposed to the same risk factors. This gives reason to believe that the occupational factors does influence the development of atherosclerosis (above all in the coronary arteries) to a greater degree than the other ones, mentioned above.", "PMID": 1021619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3202", "title": "[Age-specific characteristics of functional disorders of the cardiovascular system and respiration in experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Results of investigations into age-specific peculiarities inherent in the contractile function of the cardiac ventricular myocardium, hemodynamics of the lesser circulation, oxygen supply of the organism in young (6--12 months old) and old (3 1/2--4 1/2 year old) rabbits in normalcy and with experimental atherosclerosis are reported. The contractility of the left ventricle myocardium in old animals was down as compared to the normal in young ones. Induction of atherosclerosis impairs this important function of the myocardium to a still greater degree. In old animals hemodynamics of the lesser circulation is characterized by a rising systolic pressure in the right ventricle and of the tension-time index (TTI) as contrasted against the young one in normalcy and with atherosclerosis. Against this background an additional action on the organism is attended by more pronounced pathological manifestations, i.e. in reactions of the cardiovascular system (including the lesser circulation). The initial manifestations of hypoxia recorded in older animals, as compared to the younger ones in normality, become more intensive in cases of induced atherosclerosis. There is reduced consumption of oxygen, oxygen saturation of arterial and, especially, mixed venous blood, as well as oxygen tension in the arterial blood. The recorded changes are of significance in clarifying the caused and conditions conducive to the development of atherosclerosis and to the intensification of its manifestations in an old organism.", "contents": "[Age-specific characteristics of functional disorders of the cardiovascular system and respiration in experimental atherosclerosis]. Results of investigations into age-specific peculiarities inherent in the contractile function of the cardiac ventricular myocardium, hemodynamics of the lesser circulation, oxygen supply of the organism in young (6--12 months old) and old (3 1/2--4 1/2 year old) rabbits in normalcy and with experimental atherosclerosis are reported. The contractility of the left ventricle myocardium in old animals was down as compared to the normal in young ones. Induction of atherosclerosis impairs this important function of the myocardium to a still greater degree. In old animals hemodynamics of the lesser circulation is characterized by a rising systolic pressure in the right ventricle and of the tension-time index (TTI) as contrasted against the young one in normalcy and with atherosclerosis. Against this background an additional action on the organism is attended by more pronounced pathological manifestations, i.e. in reactions of the cardiovascular system (including the lesser circulation). The initial manifestations of hypoxia recorded in older animals, as compared to the younger ones in normality, become more intensive in cases of induced atherosclerosis. There is reduced consumption of oxygen, oxygen saturation of arterial and, especially, mixed venous blood, as well as oxygen tension in the arterial blood. The recorded changes are of significance in clarifying the caused and conditions conducive to the development of atherosclerosis and to the intensification of its manifestations in an old organism.", "PMID": 1021620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3203", "title": "[Vascular plasmorrhagia in experimental hypertension].", "content": "The permeability of the vascular wall to the penetration into it of fibrinogen and serum protein in experimental hypertension of rats (ischemic renal and corticosteroid hypertension) was studied. Use was made of the indirect variant of Coons' method involving application of antisera to the mouse fibrinogen and to serum protein of rats. The development of the study models of experimental hypertension in rats was accompanied by an elevated vascular permeability and insudation of the plasma into the vasal wall. The disruption of the vascular permeability was more pronounced in arterioled of different organs of rats with DOCA-saline hypertension.", "contents": "[Vascular plasmorrhagia in experimental hypertension]. The permeability of the vascular wall to the penetration into it of fibrinogen and serum protein in experimental hypertension of rats (ischemic renal and corticosteroid hypertension) was studied. Use was made of the indirect variant of Coons' method involving application of antisera to the mouse fibrinogen and to serum protein of rats. The development of the study models of experimental hypertension in rats was accompanied by an elevated vascular permeability and insudation of the plasma into the vasal wall. The disruption of the vascular permeability was more pronounced in arterioled of different organs of rats with DOCA-saline hypertension.", "PMID": 1021621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3204", "title": "[Comparative analysis of blood coagulation and various indicators of microcirculation in patients with coronary arteriosclerosis and hypertension in the age aspect].", "content": "In patients with hypertensive disease and coronary atherosclerosis the blood-clotting potential increases on account of a rise in the level of procoagulants and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Age-specific differences in the characteristics of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system of the blood are levelled out parallel with the development of atherosclerosis and progressive evolution of hypertensive disease. In patients of advanced age a tendency toward a compensatory increased activity of erythrocytic anticoagulation  factors is noted, finding its expression in a drop of the procoagulants level, and increase of anticoagulants and in a rising fibrinolytic activity. Changes in the state of the conjunctival microcirculation and the retinal hemodynamics correlate with the intensity of the pathological process and shifts in the blood coagulation system.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of blood coagulation and various indicators of microcirculation in patients with coronary arteriosclerosis and hypertension in the age aspect]. In patients with hypertensive disease and coronary atherosclerosis the blood-clotting potential increases on account of a rise in the level of procoagulants and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Age-specific differences in the characteristics of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system of the blood are levelled out parallel with the development of atherosclerosis and progressive evolution of hypertensive disease. In patients of advanced age a tendency toward a compensatory increased activity of erythrocytic anticoagulation  factors is noted, finding its expression in a drop of the procoagulants level, and increase of anticoagulants and in a rising fibrinolytic activity. Changes in the state of the conjunctival microcirculation and the retinal hemodynamics correlate with the intensity of the pathological process and shifts in the blood coagulation system.", "PMID": 1021629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3205", "title": "[Characteristics of pathogenesis of hypoxia in arterial hypertension in old age].", "content": "In 135 patients of advanced and senile age with essential hypertension hemodynamics and gas composition of the blood were investigated by the methods of the dye dilution after Stewart-Hamilton, Sechenov-van Slyke and micro-Astrup. The patients of this age category were found to suffer predominantly from the hemodynamic type of essential hypertension characterized by an increased cardiac ejection. Hypoxia develops chiefly after the hypoxic and tissular types. An increased cardiac ejection in patients of advanced and senile age with essential hypertension is considered to be a possible compensatory reaction to manifestations of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Characteristics of pathogenesis of hypoxia in arterial hypertension in old age]. In 135 patients of advanced and senile age with essential hypertension hemodynamics and gas composition of the blood were investigated by the methods of the dye dilution after Stewart-Hamilton, Sechenov-van Slyke and micro-Astrup. The patients of this age category were found to suffer predominantly from the hemodynamic type of essential hypertension characterized by an increased cardiac ejection. Hypoxia develops chiefly after the hypoxic and tissular types. An increased cardiac ejection in patients of advanced and senile age with essential hypertension is considered to be a possible compensatory reaction to manifestations of hypoxia.", "PMID": 1021630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3206", "title": "[Indicators of bioelectric activity of the myocardium and gas exchange in threshold physical exertion of old patients with ischemic heart diseases].", "content": "ECG, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange were recorded in 36 patients with ischemic heart disease and in 8 practically healthy persons of advanced age bearing a stepwise increasing physical load. In case of an obvious ischemic heart disease the tolerance of physical exertions was found to decline. Under a threshold physical load such patients demonstrate an excess ventilation; a decreased oxygen pulse and a lesser increment of the respiratory quotient, as well as a reduced coefficient of recovery, of the restored oxygen consumption rate, the respiratory rate, minute respiratory volume after exertion. In cases of a possible ischemic heart disease at advanced age the tolerance of physical efforts and a number of spiroergometric indices under a threshold load continue at the same level as in healthy people.", "contents": "[Indicators of bioelectric activity of the myocardium and gas exchange in threshold physical exertion of old patients with ischemic heart diseases]. ECG, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange were recorded in 36 patients with ischemic heart disease and in 8 practically healthy persons of advanced age bearing a stepwise increasing physical load. In case of an obvious ischemic heart disease the tolerance of physical exertions was found to decline. Under a threshold physical load such patients demonstrate an excess ventilation; a decreased oxygen pulse and a lesser increment of the respiratory quotient, as well as a reduced coefficient of recovery, of the restored oxygen consumption rate, the respiratory rate, minute respiratory volume after exertion. In cases of a possible ischemic heart disease at advanced age the tolerance of physical efforts and a number of spiroergometric indices under a threshold load continue at the same level as in healthy people.", "PMID": 1021631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3207", "title": "[Mechanisms of development of cardiac insufficiency in old age].", "content": "Tests conducted with adult (8--10 months) and old (26--28 months) rats brought evidence that in ageing the cardiac ejection, dp/dt max, contractility index, the ATP concentration, that of creatinophosphate, glycogen, pyruvate decline, the phosphorylation coefficient, the lactate content increase, while the level of water-soluble proteins and collagen diminishes and that of water-insoluble ones decreases. In adult rats hemodynamics and myocardial contractility change but unsignificantly on the 4--6th day after coarctation of the aorta, whereas in the old ones there occur functional and metabolic alterations in the heart that are indicative of a developing cardiac insufficiency. The age-specific differences persist also on the 14--16th day following coarctation of the aorta. During these periods the weight of the heart, the content of the myofribrillary proteins and collagen are on the rise, whereas in the old ones the weight of the heart remains unchanged and the level of water-soluble protein drops. Changes in the properties of the actomyosin complex, disruption of the calcium pump, shifts in the system of the energy generation, limitation of potential possibilities incident to the systems of protein biosynthesis in the myocardial cell, all this leads to the development of cardiac incompetence following loading in old age.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of development of cardiac insufficiency in old age]. Tests conducted with adult (8--10 months) and old (26--28 months) rats brought evidence that in ageing the cardiac ejection, dp/dt max, contractility index, the ATP concentration, that of creatinophosphate, glycogen, pyruvate decline, the phosphorylation coefficient, the lactate content increase, while the level of water-soluble proteins and collagen diminishes and that of water-insoluble ones decreases. In adult rats hemodynamics and myocardial contractility change but unsignificantly on the 4--6th day after coarctation of the aorta, whereas in the old ones there occur functional and metabolic alterations in the heart that are indicative of a developing cardiac insufficiency. The age-specific differences persist also on the 14--16th day following coarctation of the aorta. During these periods the weight of the heart, the content of the myofribrillary proteins and collagen are on the rise, whereas in the old ones the weight of the heart remains unchanged and the level of water-soluble protein drops. Changes in the properties of the actomyosin complex, disruption of the calcium pump, shifts in the system of the energy generation, limitation of potential possibilities incident to the systems of protein biosynthesis in the myocardial cell, all this leads to the development of cardiac incompetence following loading in old age.", "PMID": 1021632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3208", "title": "[Gerontological aspects of cardiology].", "content": "The growing interest to problems of geriatric cardiology the author associates with considerable demographic shifts (an increased proportion of th elderly people within the structure of the population); a clearer idea as to the part played by age-specific changes in an ageing organism in the development of the circulatory pathology; and with the need to take account of clinical peculiarities common to diseases involving the cardiovascular system in persons of advanced and senile age, of features specific for their therapy and prevention. The research trends along which geriatric cardiology develops are analyzed; basic data on age-specific changes and their relation with developing pathology of the cardiovascular system, obtained in animal experiments and observations of practically healthy subjects of advanced and senile age are discussed.", "contents": "[Gerontological aspects of cardiology]. The growing interest to problems of geriatric cardiology the author associates with considerable demographic shifts (an increased proportion of th elderly people within the structure of the population); a clearer idea as to the part played by age-specific changes in an ageing organism in the development of the circulatory pathology; and with the need to take account of clinical peculiarities common to diseases involving the cardiovascular system in persons of advanced and senile age, of features specific for their therapy and prevention. The research trends along which geriatric cardiology develops are analyzed; basic data on age-specific changes and their relation with developing pathology of the cardiovascular system, obtained in animal experiments and observations of practically healthy subjects of advanced and senile age are discussed.", "PMID": 1021633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3209", "title": "[Characteristics of diagnosis and clinical course of rheumatic heart defects in middle- and old age].", "content": "In 56 patients aged over 60 years features peculiar to the diagnosis and the course of rheumatic heart diseases were studied. Clinical and laboratory findings, those of roentgenoscopy and roentgenography of the heart, as well as of electro- and phonocardiography were used. In 35 lethal cases clinico-anatomic comparisons and histological investigation were made for elucidating the activity of the rheumatic process. In persons aged over 60 the relapses of rheumatism have been found to be of rare occurrence and rheumatic affections run a course without any marked hypertension in the lesser circulation and become complicated by cardiac insufficiency no sooner than many years after establishiment fo the diagnosis. In individuals older than 60 an active rheumatic process according to histological investigations and the authors occurs in 14.3 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "[Characteristics of diagnosis and clinical course of rheumatic heart defects in middle- and old age]. In 56 patients aged over 60 years features peculiar to the diagnosis and the course of rheumatic heart diseases were studied. Clinical and laboratory findings, those of roentgenoscopy and roentgenography of the heart, as well as of electro- and phonocardiography were used. In 35 lethal cases clinico-anatomic comparisons and histological investigation were made for elucidating the activity of the rheumatic process. In persons aged over 60 the relapses of rheumatism have been found to be of rare occurrence and rheumatic affections run a course without any marked hypertension in the lesser circulation and become complicated by cardiac insufficiency no sooner than many years after establishiment fo the diagnosis. In individuals older than 60 an active rheumatic process according to histological investigations and the authors occurs in 14.3 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 1021634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3210", "title": "[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome].", "content": "A rare case of the congenital cardiological syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen in a 6-year old boy is analyzed. A literature survey of the clinical picture, treatment of and prognosis in this and related to it the Romano-Ward syndrome is given.", "contents": "[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]. A rare case of the congenital cardiological syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen in a 6-year old boy is analyzed. A literature survey of the clinical picture, treatment of and prognosis in this and related to it the Romano-Ward syndrome is given.", "PMID": 1021635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3211", "title": "[Etiology of bacterial endocarditis in patients with congenital heart defects].", "content": "In 90 patients with various congenital heart diseases complicated by bacterial endocarditis multiple inoculations of the blood were practised. In 14 patients microbial cultures were planted postmortem with vegetation on the endocardium, valves and also from the thrombi in the cardiac chambers and from the spleen. In 42.3 per cent of the cases a growth of microorganisms was recorded; a relation between the frequency of the microbial growth and the severity of endocarditis could be then noted. Among the planted microorganisms it was Staphylococcus albus that prevailed and this prompted the authors to consider it to be one of the principal causative agents of bacterial endocarditis in congenital heart diseases at this time. A significant proportion of the isolated microorganisms showed low sensitivity to most antibiotics. A relative frequency of negative hemocultures may be due to the use of antibiotics, the presence of forms \"fruste\" and indolent of endocarditis, a great variety of causative agents (including 1-forms of the bacteria) and to localization of endocardial lesions to the right heart chambers.", "contents": "[Etiology of bacterial endocarditis in patients with congenital heart defects]. In 90 patients with various congenital heart diseases complicated by bacterial endocarditis multiple inoculations of the blood were practised. In 14 patients microbial cultures were planted postmortem with vegetation on the endocardium, valves and also from the thrombi in the cardiac chambers and from the spleen. In 42.3 per cent of the cases a growth of microorganisms was recorded; a relation between the frequency of the microbial growth and the severity of endocarditis could be then noted. Among the planted microorganisms it was Staphylococcus albus that prevailed and this prompted the authors to consider it to be one of the principal causative agents of bacterial endocarditis in congenital heart diseases at this time. A significant proportion of the isolated microorganisms showed low sensitivity to most antibiotics. A relative frequency of negative hemocultures may be due to the use of antibiotics, the presence of forms \"fruste\" and indolent of endocarditis, a great variety of causative agents (including 1-forms of the bacteria) and to localization of endocardial lesions to the right heart chambers.", "PMID": 1021636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3212", "title": "[Clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment of congenital aortic stenosis].", "content": "In 39 patients aged from 2 1/2 to 35 years the results of surgical treatment of congenital aortic stenosis are analyzed. Electro-, phonocardiographic and roentgenological findings along with those obtained through catheterization of the left cardiac chambers prior to surgery are described in detail. All these patients were divided into 3 groups, depending upon extent of deranged hemodynamics. The 1st group included 10 persons with a moderate aortic stenosis. The systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta did not exceed in them 30 mm Hg. The 2nd group counted 20 patients with a well-marked aortic stenosis and a systolic pressure gradient between 30 and 80 mm HG. The 3d group embraced 9 patients with an acute aortic stenosis. Here the systolic gradient was in excess of 80 mm Hg. Surgery was performed in 35 patients under a moderate hypothermia and with extracorporeal circulation. Thirteen (33.3 per cent) patients died during surgery and in the post-operative period.", "contents": "[Clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment of congenital aortic stenosis]. In 39 patients aged from 2 1/2 to 35 years the results of surgical treatment of congenital aortic stenosis are analyzed. Electro-, phonocardiographic and roentgenological findings along with those obtained through catheterization of the left cardiac chambers prior to surgery are described in detail. All these patients were divided into 3 groups, depending upon extent of deranged hemodynamics. The 1st group included 10 persons with a moderate aortic stenosis. The systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta did not exceed in them 30 mm Hg. The 2nd group counted 20 patients with a well-marked aortic stenosis and a systolic pressure gradient between 30 and 80 mm HG. The 3d group embraced 9 patients with an acute aortic stenosis. Here the systolic gradient was in excess of 80 mm Hg. Surgery was performed in 35 patients under a moderate hypothermia and with extracorporeal circulation. Thirteen (33.3 per cent) patients died during surgery and in the post-operative period.", "PMID": 1021637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3213", "title": "[Electrocardiographic diagnosis of patent ductus atrio-ventricularis].", "content": "The paper deals with the diagnosis of defective development of the patent ductus atrioventricularis. Electrocardiographic changes in 81 patients with firmly established hemodynamic form of the patent ductus atrioventricularis, ascertained during surgery and catheterization, are summarized. Characteristic electrocardiographic signs of the defect distinguishing it from other congenital diseases and differential-diagnostic symptoms of diverse anatomo-hemodynamic forms of the patent ductus atrioventricularis were educed.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic diagnosis of patent ductus atrio-ventricularis]. The paper deals with the diagnosis of defective development of the patent ductus atrioventricularis. Electrocardiographic changes in 81 patients with firmly established hemodynamic form of the patent ductus atrioventricularis, ascertained during surgery and catheterization, are summarized. Characteristic electrocardiographic signs of the defect distinguishing it from other congenital diseases and differential-diagnostic symptoms of diverse anatomo-hemodynamic forms of the patent ductus atrioventricularis were educed.", "PMID": 1021638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3214", "title": "[Presence of the blood depot in orthostatic position and after physical exertion].", "content": "In healthy individuals and in patients with essential hypertension in the orthostatic position and on physical effort an insignificant reduction in the volume of the circulating blood and of the packed cell volume were in evidence; this being due to the outflow of the liquid part of the blood into the tissues. Even in instances of a well-marked orthostatic hypotonia, during medication with sympatholytic agents in particular, the circulating blood volume in the orthostatic position does not show any significant change. The results obtained by the authors and an analysis of the published data suggest that all of the blood is in circulation with none of it being repository or leaving the depot either in the orthostatic position or on physical effort.", "contents": "[Presence of the blood depot in orthostatic position and after physical exertion]. In healthy individuals and in patients with essential hypertension in the orthostatic position and on physical effort an insignificant reduction in the volume of the circulating blood and of the packed cell volume were in evidence; this being due to the outflow of the liquid part of the blood into the tissues. Even in instances of a well-marked orthostatic hypotonia, during medication with sympatholytic agents in particular, the circulating blood volume in the orthostatic position does not show any significant change. The results obtained by the authors and an analysis of the published data suggest that all of the blood is in circulation with none of it being repository or leaving the depot either in the orthostatic position or on physical effort.", "PMID": 1021639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3215", "title": "Hemigonadectomy-induced unilateral changes in the protein-synthesizing activity of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.", "content": "The effect of unilateral ovariectomy on the protein-synthesizing activity of the hypothalamic arcuate and dorsomedial nucleus on both sides was studied in vivo as well as in vitro. Four weeks after the removal of 1 ovary, there was a significant increase in labelled amino acid incorporated into the arcuate neurons contralateral to the removed ovary as compared to those incorporated into the nerve cells of the nucleus on the ipsilateral side. In the dorsomedial nucleus, there was no difference between the 2 sides. On the basis of the present findings, the existence of a neural pathway between the ovary and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is assumed.", "contents": "Hemigonadectomy-induced unilateral changes in the protein-synthesizing activity of the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. The effect of unilateral ovariectomy on the protein-synthesizing activity of the hypothalamic arcuate and dorsomedial nucleus on both sides was studied in vivo as well as in vitro. Four weeks after the removal of 1 ovary, there was a significant increase in labelled amino acid incorporated into the arcuate neurons contralateral to the removed ovary as compared to those incorporated into the nerve cells of the nucleus on the ipsilateral side. In the dorsomedial nucleus, there was no difference between the 2 sides. On the basis of the present findings, the existence of a neural pathway between the ovary and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is assumed.", "PMID": 1021714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3216", "title": "Temporal effects of fornix transection on brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity and plasma corticosterone levels.", "content": "The effect of fornix transection on plasma corticosterone and on midbrain (MID), septum/preoptic (S/POA) or hippocampal (HIP) tryptophan hydroxylase activity (THA) was studied in adult male rats. A mild stress resulted in higher levels of plasma corticosterone in operated as compared to sham-operated rats 6 and 40 h post-transection; however, at 30 days post-operation no difference was found. The response of THA to fornix transection was region-specific. No significant change in the S/POA region was found at any time. THA in the HIP, a terminal area of 5-HT fibers, showed a progressive fall over time to values 80% below normal levels. This result suggests that most of the 5-HT fibers to the HIP had been severed. A 28 h half-life for HIP THA was calculated. THA in the MID, an area known to contain the majority of 5-HT cell bodies with ascending fibers, was significantly reduced compared to sham controls at 6 h, 40 h, and 8 days post-transection. However, at 30 days post-operation no difference was found. The depression in MID THA by its rapid onset, the distance from the fornix transection site, and its return to normal after 30 days, is thought to be due to a transneuronal effect on the serotonin-containing neurons in MID raphe. The fall in MID THA at a time when plasma corticosterone levels are increased in fornix-transected rats may be compared with the situation in normal, stressed and adrenalectomized rats where MID THA andplasma corticosterone levels change in the same direction. The data suggest that the glucocorticoid effects on MID 5-HT containing neurons are mediated transneuronally through the hormone concentrating cells in the HIP.", "contents": "Temporal effects of fornix transection on brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity and plasma corticosterone levels. The effect of fornix transection on plasma corticosterone and on midbrain (MID), septum/preoptic (S/POA) or hippocampal (HIP) tryptophan hydroxylase activity (THA) was studied in adult male rats. A mild stress resulted in higher levels of plasma corticosterone in operated as compared to sham-operated rats 6 and 40 h post-transection; however, at 30 days post-operation no difference was found. The response of THA to fornix transection was region-specific. No significant change in the S/POA region was found at any time. THA in the HIP, a terminal area of 5-HT fibers, showed a progressive fall over time to values 80% below normal levels. This result suggests that most of the 5-HT fibers to the HIP had been severed. A 28 h half-life for HIP THA was calculated. THA in the MID, an area known to contain the majority of 5-HT cell bodies with ascending fibers, was significantly reduced compared to sham controls at 6 h, 40 h, and 8 days post-transection. However, at 30 days post-operation no difference was found. The depression in MID THA by its rapid onset, the distance from the fornix transection site, and its return to normal after 30 days, is thought to be due to a transneuronal effect on the serotonin-containing neurons in MID raphe. The fall in MID THA at a time when plasma corticosterone levels are increased in fornix-transected rats may be compared with the situation in normal, stressed and adrenalectomized rats where MID THA andplasma corticosterone levels change in the same direction. The data suggest that the glucocorticoid effects on MID 5-HT containing neurons are mediated transneuronally through the hormone concentrating cells in the HIP.", "PMID": 1021715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3217", "title": "In vivo nuclear 3H-estradiol binding in brain areas of the rat: reduction by endogenous and exogenous androgens.", "content": "In vivo specific nuclear binding of [2, 4, 6, 7 (n)-3H]estradiol (3H-E2) as indicated by diethylstilbestrol (DES)-blockable radioactivity, was measured 1 h after injection in adult intact male, untreated and testosterone propionate (TP)-pretreated or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-pretreated gonadectomized (GDX) male and female rats. There was no sex difference in specific 3H-E2 binding in brain areas and anterior pituitary (PIT) of untreated GDX animals. DHT pretreatment had no effect on binding in any tissue. Specific nuclear binding in the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (POA-AH), median eminence-basal hypothalamus (ME-BH), amygdala (AMYG), septum (SEP), and dorsal hypothalamus (DH) was lower in intact males and TP-pretreated GDX males and females than in untreated GDX animals. Uptake in the PIT was not affected by TP pretreatment or by the presence of the testes, suggesting that the reduction in nuclear 3H-E2 binding observed in other tissues was caused by competition by estradiol formed in situ from TP or endogenous androgens for nuclear binding sites. Thus, the reduction in 3H-E2 uptake caused by the presence of TP or the testes could be used to estimate the degree of aromatization that occurred in these brain areas. In males, specific nuclear binding of 3H-E2 was reduced by the presence of the testes by 60-70% in the POA-AH and AMYG, by 30-40% in the ME-BH and SEP and by 0-20% in the DH. After s.c. administration of 1 mg/kg TP in GDX males, the amount of estrogen formed after 1,5 h in these same tissues approximated that present in the steady state in intact males. This suggests that, in the intact adult male rat, a high percent of estradiol nuclear binding sites in some brain areas is normally occupied by the products of aromatization.", "contents": "In vivo nuclear 3H-estradiol binding in brain areas of the rat: reduction by endogenous and exogenous androgens. In vivo specific nuclear binding of [2, 4, 6, 7 (n)-3H]estradiol (3H-E2) as indicated by diethylstilbestrol (DES)-blockable radioactivity, was measured 1 h after injection in adult intact male, untreated and testosterone propionate (TP)-pretreated or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-pretreated gonadectomized (GDX) male and female rats. There was no sex difference in specific 3H-E2 binding in brain areas and anterior pituitary (PIT) of untreated GDX animals. DHT pretreatment had no effect on binding in any tissue. Specific nuclear binding in the preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (POA-AH), median eminence-basal hypothalamus (ME-BH), amygdala (AMYG), septum (SEP), and dorsal hypothalamus (DH) was lower in intact males and TP-pretreated GDX males and females than in untreated GDX animals. Uptake in the PIT was not affected by TP pretreatment or by the presence of the testes, suggesting that the reduction in nuclear 3H-E2 binding observed in other tissues was caused by competition by estradiol formed in situ from TP or endogenous androgens for nuclear binding sites. Thus, the reduction in 3H-E2 uptake caused by the presence of TP or the testes could be used to estimate the degree of aromatization that occurred in these brain areas. In males, specific nuclear binding of 3H-E2 was reduced by the presence of the testes by 60-70% in the POA-AH and AMYG, by 30-40% in the ME-BH and SEP and by 0-20% in the DH. After s.c. administration of 1 mg/kg TP in GDX males, the amount of estrogen formed after 1,5 h in these same tissues approximated that present in the steady state in intact males. This suggests that, in the intact adult male rat, a high percent of estradiol nuclear binding sites in some brain areas is normally occupied by the products of aromatization.", "PMID": 1021716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3218", "title": "[Changes in the erythrocyte membrane during blood preservation. Influence of progesterone].", "content": "Modifications of the erythrocyte membrane during blood conservation are studied. The functional condition of the membrane was observed by means of the biosynthesis of lecithines; modifications occurring at the level of the composition of the membrane proteins were then looked for. The study has been carried out on fresh blood and on blood stroed for 8 days, 15 days, 29 days and 43 days. Another series of assays has been done on stored blood in the presence of progesterone after the  same conservation periods. The metabolic activity of the membrane, in the lecithine biosynthesis is studied by measuring the incorporation of fatty acid in the lysolecithines when the membrane is incubated in the presence of linoleic acid or [14] palmitic acid and coenzyme A, or in the presence of [14C] palmitoyl coenzyme A. Variations have been observed during blood conservation: the incorporation or radioactive fatty acid increases during the first 15 days of conservation, then it decreases to a value nearing the original value after 43 days. When the blood is stored in the presence of progesterone (1,6 mumole/1) a more stable incorporation of the fatty acid is observed; variations during conservation are weaker than without progesterone. Membrane proteins have been studied by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel after solubilisation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The intensity of protein zones after coloring, decreases during conservation especially in proteins with a high molecular weight. A quantitative study has been made by chromatography on Sephadex G200 of dansylated proteins with a fluorimetric dosage. In the presence of progesterone, the decrease of the rate of proteins with a high molecular weight is weaker. Therefore, progesterone is proved to allow a better conservation of erythrocyte membrane proteins. As a conclurion, the results of these works show a positive action of progesterone on the erythrocyte membrane during blood conservation.", "contents": "[Changes in the erythrocyte membrane during blood preservation. Influence of progesterone]. Modifications of the erythrocyte membrane during blood conservation are studied. The functional condition of the membrane was observed by means of the biosynthesis of lecithines; modifications occurring at the level of the composition of the membrane proteins were then looked for. The study has been carried out on fresh blood and on blood stroed for 8 days, 15 days, 29 days and 43 days. Another series of assays has been done on stored blood in the presence of progesterone after the  same conservation periods. The metabolic activity of the membrane, in the lecithine biosynthesis is studied by measuring the incorporation of fatty acid in the lysolecithines when the membrane is incubated in the presence of linoleic acid or [14] palmitic acid and coenzyme A, or in the presence of [14C] palmitoyl coenzyme A. Variations have been observed during blood conservation: the incorporation or radioactive fatty acid increases during the first 15 days of conservation, then it decreases to a value nearing the original value after 43 days. When the blood is stored in the presence of progesterone (1,6 mumole/1) a more stable incorporation of the fatty acid is observed; variations during conservation are weaker than without progesterone. Membrane proteins have been studied by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel after solubilisation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The intensity of protein zones after coloring, decreases during conservation especially in proteins with a high molecular weight. A quantitative study has been made by chromatography on Sephadex G200 of dansylated proteins with a fluorimetric dosage. In the presence of progesterone, the decrease of the rate of proteins with a high molecular weight is weaker. Therefore, progesterone is proved to allow a better conservation of erythrocyte membrane proteins. As a conclurion, the results of these works show a positive action of progesterone on the erythrocyte membrane during blood conservation.", "PMID": 1021873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3219", "title": "[The role of immigration in the geographic distribution of the HBs antigen].", "content": "The study of HBs antigen frequency among almost 130 000 donors,--according to their place of birth--,shows a significantly higher frequency among foreign residents. The general frequency represents the arithmetic average between that of natives and that of foreign residents. The distribution of ad and ay subtypes is analogous to that observed in the different native countries.", "contents": "[The role of immigration in the geographic distribution of the HBs antigen]. The study of HBs antigen frequency among almost 130 000 donors,--according to their place of birth--,shows a significantly higher frequency among foreign residents. The general frequency represents the arithmetic average between that of natives and that of foreign residents. The distribution of ad and ay subtypes is analogous to that observed in the different native countries.", "PMID": 1021874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3220", "title": "[Family diffusion of HBs antigen].", "content": "Systematic investigation for HBs antigen and for HBs antibody in donors carrying HBs antigen evidenced a familial contamination more important in children and first cousins than in husband and wife which confirm various previous studies. Moreover, daughters and sisters of antigen carriers show an abnormaly high antigen frequency and especially an abnormally low antibody frequency.", "contents": "[Family diffusion of HBs antigen]. Systematic investigation for HBs antigen and for HBs antibody in donors carrying HBs antigen evidenced a familial contamination more important in children and first cousins than in husband and wife which confirm various previous studies. Moreover, daughters and sisters of antigen carriers show an abnormaly high antigen frequency and especially an abnormally low antibody frequency.", "PMID": 1021875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3221", "title": "[Hepatitis B and ratio of masculinity].", "content": "Among families of blood donors from Languedoc, found to be chronic carriers of HBs antigens, the masculinity ratio of the siblings (number of boys compared to number of girls) calculated on 303 individuals is significantly higher (1,32) than that of the general population (1,05). This rise is still increased when considering only the families where the viral infection is present in the mother (1,73), whereas it is very low when in the father (1,09).", "contents": "[Hepatitis B and ratio of masculinity]. Among families of blood donors from Languedoc, found to be chronic carriers of HBs antigens, the masculinity ratio of the siblings (number of boys compared to number of girls) calculated on 303 individuals is significantly higher (1,32) than that of the general population (1,05). This rise is still increased when considering only the families where the viral infection is present in the mother (1,73), whereas it is very low when in the father (1,09).", "PMID": 1021876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3222", "title": "[Age and sex of chronic carriers of HBs antigen among 130,000 blood donors].", "content": "The frequency of HBs antigen, using radioimmunology is studied in blood donors from Languedoc (70.894 men and 60.760 women are tested, between 18 and 60 years old). The frequency in man is found to be 0,6 %, except between 20 and 30 years whereas it reaches 1,0 %; the frequency in woman is 0,4 % except between 18 and 36 years where it is 0,4 %.", "contents": "[Age and sex of chronic carriers of HBs antigen among 130,000 blood donors]. The frequency of HBs antigen, using radioimmunology is studied in blood donors from Languedoc (70.894 men and 60.760 women are tested, between 18 and 60 years old). The frequency in man is found to be 0,6 %, except between 20 and 30 years whereas it reaches 1,0 %; the frequency in woman is 0,4 % except between 18 and 36 years where it is 0,4 %.", "PMID": 1021877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3223", "title": "[Diethylhexyl phthalate in plastic bags and glass bottles for blood preservation].", "content": "The amount of di-(-2 ethyl hexyl) phtalate (D.E.H.P.) is measured in the liquid contained in plastic bags or glass bottles for blood storage. Comparisons between the results show that D.E.H,P. has an equal level in plastic and glass container liquid except for one blood packs series. Particular attention has been paid to obtain solvents and glassware free from D.E.H.P., and to the specificity and the sensitivity of the detection method: a mass fragmentographic technic has been used.", "contents": "[Diethylhexyl phthalate in plastic bags and glass bottles for blood preservation]. The amount of di-(-2 ethyl hexyl) phtalate (D.E.H.P.) is measured in the liquid contained in plastic bags or glass bottles for blood storage. Comparisons between the results show that D.E.H,P. has an equal level in plastic and glass container liquid except for one blood packs series. Particular attention has been paid to obtain solvents and glassware free from D.E.H.P., and to the specificity and the sensitivity of the detection method: a mass fragmentographic technic has been used.", "PMID": 1021878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3224", "title": "[Changes in the protein content and their amino acid makeup in the muscles in feeding rats corn with an increased lysine content].", "content": "The biochemical indexes of the rat muscles  were studied as affected by maize with a higher content of lysin. It is shown that a month after an increase in the body weight and mass of muscles are more pronounced in the rats which were fed maize with a higher content of lysin. The latter, evidently, is due to an increase in the content of sarcoplasmatic proteins, RNA, as well as macroergic compounds, ATP and creatine phosphate, in the muscle of the animals under experiment. The qualitive composition of muscles proteins changes in these animals. A rated gain in essential amino acids is observed as compared to the control group. Hence the feeding of the maize with a higher content of lysin to animals may increase the feed value of meat products.", "contents": "[Changes in the protein content and their amino acid makeup in the muscles in feeding rats corn with an increased lysine content]. The biochemical indexes of the rat muscles  were studied as affected by maize with a higher content of lysin. It is shown that a month after an increase in the body weight and mass of muscles are more pronounced in the rats which were fed maize with a higher content of lysin. The latter, evidently, is due to an increase in the content of sarcoplasmatic proteins, RNA, as well as macroergic compounds, ATP and creatine phosphate, in the muscle of the animals under experiment. The qualitive composition of muscles proteins changes in these animals. A rated gain in essential amino acids is observed as compared to the control group. Hence the feeding of the maize with a higher content of lysin to animals may increase the feed value of meat products.", "PMID": 1021906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3225", "title": "[Characteristics of the DNA of active sludge adapted to various carbon sources].", "content": "Some characteristic are presented for DNA of active sludge adapted to domestic waste, diethylene glycol, mannitol and glycerol. A significant shift towards CG-type is found for the nucleotide composition of the DNA of active sludge adapted to glycerol and mannitol. The fusion curves for DNA of the active sludge evidence for the presence of some totality of molecules in it. In case of the diethylene glycol adapted active sludge DNA fusion two transitions are observed corresponding to 37.8 and 68.2 mol.% of GC-pairs, that may be explained by bimodality in distribution of the number of species of the free-living bacteria according to the DNA nucleotide composition. The fusion curves for DNA of the active ooze adapted to domestic waste, mannitol and glycerol has no clearly pronounced transitions, that may be explained by the presence of other groups of microorganisms in these sludges, besides bacteria. Heterogeneity of DNA relative to the nucleotide composition with transition to a single source of carbon decreases in the series: initial active sludge greater than active sludge adapted to mannitol greater than glycerol greater than diethylene glycol.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the DNA of active sludge adapted to various carbon sources]. Some characteristic are presented for DNA of active sludge adapted to domestic waste, diethylene glycol, mannitol and glycerol. A significant shift towards CG-type is found for the nucleotide composition of the DNA of active sludge adapted to glycerol and mannitol. The fusion curves for DNA of the active sludge evidence for the presence of some totality of molecules in it. In case of the diethylene glycol adapted active sludge DNA fusion two transitions are observed corresponding to 37.8 and 68.2 mol.% of GC-pairs, that may be explained by bimodality in distribution of the number of species of the free-living bacteria according to the DNA nucleotide composition. The fusion curves for DNA of the active ooze adapted to domestic waste, mannitol and glycerol has no clearly pronounced transitions, that may be explained by the presence of other groups of microorganisms in these sludges, besides bacteria. Heterogeneity of DNA relative to the nucleotide composition with transition to a single source of carbon decreases in the series: initial active sludge greater than active sludge adapted to mannitol greater than glycerol greater than diethylene glycol.", "PMID": 1021905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3226", "title": "[Action of acid cathepsins on the myosin and sarcoplasmic proteins of normal and denervated rat muscles].", "content": "The activity of acid cathepsins in extracts of the healthy and denervated rat muscles was determined, using the proper and homologous sarcoplasmic proteins and myosin as substrates. Splitting of the sarcoplasmic proteins produces a 50% increase and that of myosin produces a 110% increase in the activity of acid cathepsins of the denervated muscles as compared to that of healthy ones. Substrates isolated from the healthy and denervated muscles are splitted by acid cathepsins with the same intensity.", "contents": "[Action of acid cathepsins on the myosin and sarcoplasmic proteins of normal and denervated rat muscles]. The activity of acid cathepsins in extracts of the healthy and denervated rat muscles was determined, using the proper and homologous sarcoplasmic proteins and myosin as substrates. Splitting of the sarcoplasmic proteins produces a 50% increase and that of myosin produces a 110% increase in the activity of acid cathepsins of the denervated muscles as compared to that of healthy ones. Substrates isolated from the healthy and denervated muscles are splitted by acid cathepsins with the same intensity.", "PMID": 1021907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3227", "title": "[Effect of glutamate on the trace element content in the mitochondria of the liver, heart and kidneys of rats with acute and chronic hypoxia].", "content": "Acute hypoxia (\"height\" 8000 metres, 60 minutes) decreases concentration of copper, zinc and magnesium in mitochondria of the liver, kidney, that of copper and magnesium decreases in the heart. Chronic hypoxia (\"height\" 6000 metres, 6 hours a day for 2 weeks) also causes a decrease in the concentration of copper, zinc and magnesium in mitochondria of the liver, kidney and that of copper and magnesium--in the heart. Glutamic acid (acute and chronic hypoxia) increases the level of copper, zinc and magnesium in mitochondria of the liver, heart and kidney of albino rats which is close to its values in the normal animals.", "contents": "[Effect of glutamate on the trace element content in the mitochondria of the liver, heart and kidneys of rats with acute and chronic hypoxia]. Acute hypoxia (\"height\" 8000 metres, 60 minutes) decreases concentration of copper, zinc and magnesium in mitochondria of the liver, kidney, that of copper and magnesium decreases in the heart. Chronic hypoxia (\"height\" 6000 metres, 6 hours a day for 2 weeks) also causes a decrease in the concentration of copper, zinc and magnesium in mitochondria of the liver, kidney and that of copper and magnesium--in the heart. Glutamic acid (acute and chronic hypoxia) increases the level of copper, zinc and magnesium in mitochondria of the liver, heart and kidney of albino rats which is close to its values in the normal animals.", "PMID": 1021908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3228", "title": "[Characteristics of the label incorporation from 2-14C-glycine into the tissues of animals of differing ages].", "content": "Peculiarities of 14C incorporation into proteins and lipids of the liver, kidneys, heart and muscles tissues as well as blood serum and protein-free filtrates of tissues were studied in young and old rats in different periods after glycin-2-14C administration. It is shown that incorporation of 14C into the tissue of young rats as well as its evacuation from the organism is more rapid. At the same time a change in dynamics of the precursors content in individual organs of animals of both age groups is of indirected character. A conclusion is drawn that acceleration of the radioactive label evacuation due to a more rapid exchange--ability of proteins in the young animals tissues might be one of the reasons of discrepancy between a higher level of radioactivity in the tissues of old rats and a total decrease in the intensity of metabolism during ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the label incorporation from 2-14C-glycine into the tissues of animals of differing ages]. Peculiarities of 14C incorporation into proteins and lipids of the liver, kidneys, heart and muscles tissues as well as blood serum and protein-free filtrates of tissues were studied in young and old rats in different periods after glycin-2-14C administration. It is shown that incorporation of 14C into the tissue of young rats as well as its evacuation from the organism is more rapid. At the same time a change in dynamics of the precursors content in individual organs of animals of both age groups is of indirected character. A conclusion is drawn that acceleration of the radioactive label evacuation due to a more rapid exchange--ability of proteins in the young animals tissues might be one of the reasons of discrepancy between a higher level of radioactivity in the tissues of old rats and a total decrease in the intensity of metabolism during ontogenesis.", "PMID": 1021910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3229", "title": "[Glucose content in the tissues of susliks and rats of different ages under hypothermia].", "content": "A short-term cooling of adult rats and gophers up to 30, 25 and 20 degrees C is accompanied by a rise of the glucose level in blood. No dependence is found between lowering the body temperature drop and degree of glycaemia. Prolongation of hypothermia of 30 and 20 degrees C up to 3 h causes (as compared to the control) a decrease in the glucose amount in blood of gophers but not in the rats. The cooling of the eye-opening, month and adult rats up to 20 degrees C is accompanied by a significant increase in the content of glucose in the brain and skeletal muscles. Simultaneously in the eye-opening and adult animals, contrary to the month ones, the level of glucose in the liver and blood rises. The content of glucose in the brain of the normothermal gophers (61.2 mg.) is 3,4 times as high as in the rat brain. At all the studied stages of artificial hypothermia as well as at 15 and 30-day hibernation (5 degrees C) the amount of glucose of the gopher brain remains at a relatively high level (41.6-101.5 mg%).", "contents": "[Glucose content in the tissues of susliks and rats of different ages under hypothermia]. A short-term cooling of adult rats and gophers up to 30, 25 and 20 degrees C is accompanied by a rise of the glucose level in blood. No dependence is found between lowering the body temperature drop and degree of glycaemia. Prolongation of hypothermia of 30 and 20 degrees C up to 3 h causes (as compared to the control) a decrease in the glucose amount in blood of gophers but not in the rats. The cooling of the eye-opening, month and adult rats up to 20 degrees C is accompanied by a significant increase in the content of glucose in the brain and skeletal muscles. Simultaneously in the eye-opening and adult animals, contrary to the month ones, the level of glucose in the liver and blood rises. The content of glucose in the brain of the normothermal gophers (61.2 mg.) is 3,4 times as high as in the rat brain. At all the studied stages of artificial hypothermia as well as at 15 and 30-day hibernation (5 degrees C) the amount of glucose of the gopher brain remains at a relatively high level (41.6-101.5 mg%).", "PMID": 1021909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3230", "title": "[Content of the nonsaponifying substances in crystalline fructosediphosphate aldolase from the muscles of rabbits normally and in atherosclerosis].", "content": "The non-saponifying fraction was found in highly purified crystalline preparations of fructose diphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13). The amount of the non-saponifying substance in the aldolase of intact animals is different and depends not only on the degree of the enzyme purification. In the experiments when the non-saponifying residue was added to the incubation mixture it was found to produce no effect on the aldolase activity with the presence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate and fructose-1-phosphate. A decrease is observed in the activity of the crystalline preparations during their storage for four months which depends directly on the amount of the non-saponifying fraction in these preparations. The amount of the non-saponifying fraction in equally purified preparations of aldolase with experimental atherosclerosis is twice as low as compared to the norm. The non-saponifying residues of the fructose-diphosphate aldolase muscular preparations in the norm and with experimental atherosclerosis consist of two components, one of them being cholesterol, the chemical nature of the other component is not the same in the norm and with atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Content of the nonsaponifying substances in crystalline fructosediphosphate aldolase from the muscles of rabbits normally and in atherosclerosis]. The non-saponifying fraction was found in highly purified crystalline preparations of fructose diphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13). The amount of the non-saponifying substance in the aldolase of intact animals is different and depends not only on the degree of the enzyme purification. In the experiments when the non-saponifying residue was added to the incubation mixture it was found to produce no effect on the aldolase activity with the presence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate and fructose-1-phosphate. A decrease is observed in the activity of the crystalline preparations during their storage for four months which depends directly on the amount of the non-saponifying fraction in these preparations. The amount of the non-saponifying fraction in equally purified preparations of aldolase with experimental atherosclerosis is twice as low as compared to the norm. The non-saponifying residues of the fructose-diphosphate aldolase muscular preparations in the norm and with experimental atherosclerosis consist of two components, one of them being cholesterol, the chemical nature of the other component is not the same in the norm and with atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 1021915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3231", "title": "[Dielectric permeability and the specific resistance of a freshly obtained myelin preparation].", "content": "The article deals with dispersion of dielectric constant and specific resistance of myelin obtained by the Autilio method from white substance of the cattle brain within frequency range of 90 Hz-100 kHz at a temperature of 20 degrees C as well as with instability of these parameters for 60 min at frequencies of 110, 10(3) and 10(4) Hz. Myelin has an extremely high dielectric constant, which might be due to the presence of water and a macromolecular structure. The result of the measurements are of interest when comparing and adding some details to the data of the microelectrode studies.", "contents": "[Dielectric permeability and the specific resistance of a freshly obtained myelin preparation]. The article deals with dispersion of dielectric constant and specific resistance of myelin obtained by the Autilio method from white substance of the cattle brain within frequency range of 90 Hz-100 kHz at a temperature of 20 degrees C as well as with instability of these parameters for 60 min at frequencies of 110, 10(3) and 10(4) Hz. Myelin has an extremely high dielectric constant, which might be due to the presence of water and a macromolecular structure. The result of the measurements are of interest when comparing and adding some details to the data of the microelectrode studies.", "PMID": 1021911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3232", "title": "[Changes in the primary structure of rabbit muscle aldolase under the influence of valine against a background of prolonged fasting].", "content": "The primary structure of the muscle aldolase molecule was studied as affected by semilethal doses of valine administered the abdominal cavity of the rabbits after a long fasting. It is established that in spite of differences in the amino acid composition of the protein, uniformity of the peptides distribution in the process of bromo-cyanogen fragments elution and the total amount of amino acid residues in the identical fragments are maintained. Changes are found only in the point-replacements by amino acids in C-fragment of the molecule (asparagine is replaced by valine and threonine by serine).", "contents": "[Changes in the primary structure of rabbit muscle aldolase under the influence of valine against a background of prolonged fasting]. The primary structure of the muscle aldolase molecule was studied as affected by semilethal doses of valine administered the abdominal cavity of the rabbits after a long fasting. It is established that in spite of differences in the amino acid composition of the protein, uniformity of the peptides distribution in the process of bromo-cyanogen fragments elution and the total amount of amino acid residues in the identical fragments are maintained. Changes are found only in the point-replacements by amino acids in C-fragment of the molecule (asparagine is replaced by valine and threonine by serine).", "PMID": 1021917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3233", "title": "[Modification of the carboxyl and amine groups of the cellulolytic enzymes of Aspergillus awamori].", "content": "The activity and stability of some enzymes of Asp. awamori cellulolytic complex were studied as affected by chemical modification of carboxylic groups with N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCD) and amine groups with glutaric aldehyde. The carboxylic groups are established to be necessary for manifestation of the activities of C1- and C2-cellulases, Cx-exo- and Cx-endoglucanases. Their role is negligible in the action of beta-glucosidase. The activity of individual cellulases was studied as affected by nucleophilic substitution of DCCD-activated COOH-groups by various reagents (glycine amide, leucine amide, tyrosine amide and N-benzoyl-l-arginine-methyl ether-hydrochloride). Tyrosine amide is the least inacting reagent for all the enzymes, glycine amide is somewhat more activating. Essential differences are shown in the chemical and catalytic properties of Cx-exoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. It is found (under the effect of glutaric aldehyde) that amino groups are significant for manifestation of the activities of C1- and C2-cellulases and Cx-endoglucanase and to a less extent for that of Cs-exoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. It is supposed that electrostatic interactions of the carbolytic and amine groups might be an essential factor for stability of C1- and C2-cellulases and Cx-endoglucanase.", "contents": "[Modification of the carboxyl and amine groups of the cellulolytic enzymes of Aspergillus awamori]. The activity and stability of some enzymes of Asp. awamori cellulolytic complex were studied as affected by chemical modification of carboxylic groups with N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCD) and amine groups with glutaric aldehyde. The carboxylic groups are established to be necessary for manifestation of the activities of C1- and C2-cellulases, Cx-exo- and Cx-endoglucanases. Their role is negligible in the action of beta-glucosidase. The activity of individual cellulases was studied as affected by nucleophilic substitution of DCCD-activated COOH-groups by various reagents (glycine amide, leucine amide, tyrosine amide and N-benzoyl-l-arginine-methyl ether-hydrochloride). Tyrosine amide is the least inacting reagent for all the enzymes, glycine amide is somewhat more activating. Essential differences are shown in the chemical and catalytic properties of Cx-exoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. It is found (under the effect of glutaric aldehyde) that amino groups are significant for manifestation of the activities of C1- and C2-cellulases and Cx-endoglucanase and to a less extent for that of Cs-exoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. It is supposed that electrostatic interactions of the carbolytic and amine groups might be an essential factor for stability of C1- and C2-cellulases and Cx-endoglucanase.", "PMID": 1021913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3234", "title": "[Intensity of carbon dioxide fixation in the tissues of carp depending on the environmental temperature].", "content": "According to the level of carbon dioxide fixation at the incubation temperature at 20 degrees C the organs under study are arranged as follows: liver, kidneys, glandular system of gills, spleen, myocardium, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscles. 20 degrees C is the most optimal temperature for the processes of carboxylation in the fish.", "contents": "[Intensity of carbon dioxide fixation in the tissues of carp depending on the environmental temperature]. According to the level of carbon dioxide fixation at the incubation temperature at 20 degrees C the organs under study are arranged as follows: liver, kidneys, glandular system of gills, spleen, myocardium, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscles. 20 degrees C is the most optimal temperature for the processes of carboxylation in the fish.", "PMID": 1021919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3235", "title": "[Serotonin formation in the hypothalamus of thyroidectomized rats under the influence of exogenous somatotropin].", "content": "The content of serotonin in hypothalamus of thyroidectomized rats is twice as low on the 5th day and twice as high on the 14th day after the operation as in the intact animals. Specific radioactivity of serotonin after subarachnoid administration of tryptophan-14C an hour before killing is twice as high on the 5th day and twice as low on the 14th day. Exogenous somatotropin prevents from the mentioned changes on the 5th day. A conclusion is drawn that the changes in serotonin metabolism in the hypothalamus of rats after thyroidectomy is mainly determined by the changes in the level of somatotropin in the organism.", "contents": "[Serotonin formation in the hypothalamus of thyroidectomized rats under the influence of exogenous somatotropin]. The content of serotonin in hypothalamus of thyroidectomized rats is twice as low on the 5th day and twice as high on the 14th day after the operation as in the intact animals. Specific radioactivity of serotonin after subarachnoid administration of tryptophan-14C an hour before killing is twice as high on the 5th day and twice as low on the 14th day. Exogenous somatotropin prevents from the mentioned changes on the 5th day. A conclusion is drawn that the changes in serotonin metabolism in the hypothalamus of rats after thyroidectomy is mainly determined by the changes in the level of somatotropin in the organism.", "PMID": 1021912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3236", "title": "[Oxidative free radical processes and bioantioxidants during viral carcinogenesis].", "content": "The changes in biochemiluminescence intensity of tissue homogenates, tissue lipids as well as the values of the antioxidative activity of the free-radical processes regulators, bioantioxidants of lipids, and their antiradical activity were studied in viral carcinogenesis induced by Moloney's oncornavirus. Kinetics of biochemiluminescence of muscles homogenates and muscular tissue tumours (Moloney's sarcoma) and that of chemiluminescence of total lipids extracted from the muscular and tumour tissue were studied as well. A sharp increase in the intensity of lipids biochemiluminiscence and decrease in the tissue homogenates biochemiluminiscence were observed during the period of progressive tumour growth on the 6-8 days following introduction of the virus. At the same time the values of the antioxidative activity and antiradical activity of the tissue lipids bioantioxidants were minimal. Results of this investigation suggest that the expenditure of bioantioxidants are rather active during the period of progressive tumour growth. The regularities of the changes in biochemiluminescence intensity in the muscle tissue homogenates with viral carcinogenesis cannot be explained exceptionally by an increase in the amount of bioantioxidants in the tumour tissue lipids. Evidently the peculiarities of lipid-protein interactions might play an essential role in the mentioned process.", "contents": "[Oxidative free radical processes and bioantioxidants during viral carcinogenesis]. The changes in biochemiluminescence intensity of tissue homogenates, tissue lipids as well as the values of the antioxidative activity of the free-radical processes regulators, bioantioxidants of lipids, and their antiradical activity were studied in viral carcinogenesis induced by Moloney's oncornavirus. Kinetics of biochemiluminescence of muscles homogenates and muscular tissue tumours (Moloney's sarcoma) and that of chemiluminescence of total lipids extracted from the muscular and tumour tissue were studied as well. A sharp increase in the intensity of lipids biochemiluminiscence and decrease in the tissue homogenates biochemiluminiscence were observed during the period of progressive tumour growth on the 6-8 days following introduction of the virus. At the same time the values of the antioxidative activity and antiradical activity of the tissue lipids bioantioxidants were minimal. Results of this investigation suggest that the expenditure of bioantioxidants are rather active during the period of progressive tumour growth. The regularities of the changes in biochemiluminescence intensity in the muscle tissue homogenates with viral carcinogenesis cannot be explained exceptionally by an increase in the amount of bioantioxidants in the tumour tissue lipids. Evidently the peculiarities of lipid-protein interactions might play an essential role in the mentioned process.", "PMID": 1021916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3237", "title": "[Sterol content of rabbit erythrocyte membranes normally and in atherosclerosis].", "content": "The sterol composition of erythrocyte membranes was studied in norm and under experimental atherosclerosis. It is shown that in the normal animals the content of cholesterol in the membranes increases with age and practically reaches a relatively constant value by 5-6 months. In the experimental animals being on the atherogenic diet the amount of cholesterol in the membranes a month later is practically identical to the control. 5-6 months after the experiment the content of cholesterol in the membranes decreases as compared to the norm by 38 and 65%, respectively. On the basis of the IR- and UV-spectra one may suppose that with atherosclerosis in the C27-sterol fraction besides cholesterol, there appears sterol containing C=O-group, the mutual orientation of which relative to the neighbouring functional group is different as compared in the norm. The deepest changes in the qualitative composition of erythrocyte membranes is observed 5-6 months later when there appears some products of cholesterol or its precursor transformation. Such a modification of the sterol composition causes a change in the membrane permeability.", "contents": "[Sterol content of rabbit erythrocyte membranes normally and in atherosclerosis]. The sterol composition of erythrocyte membranes was studied in norm and under experimental atherosclerosis. It is shown that in the normal animals the content of cholesterol in the membranes increases with age and practically reaches a relatively constant value by 5-6 months. In the experimental animals being on the atherogenic diet the amount of cholesterol in the membranes a month later is practically identical to the control. 5-6 months after the experiment the content of cholesterol in the membranes decreases as compared to the norm by 38 and 65%, respectively. On the basis of the IR- and UV-spectra one may suppose that with atherosclerosis in the C27-sterol fraction besides cholesterol, there appears sterol containing C=O-group, the mutual orientation of which relative to the neighbouring functional group is different as compared in the norm. The deepest changes in the qualitative composition of erythrocyte membranes is observed 5-6 months later when there appears some products of cholesterol or its precursor transformation. Such a modification of the sterol composition causes a change in the membrane permeability.", "PMID": 1021914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3238", "title": "[Electrofocusing of immunoglobulin G that reacts positively in the sedimentation reaction for cancer].", "content": "Immunoglobulin G from the serum of patients with myeloma and positively reacting in the sedimentary test for cancer (PPR-STC) was purified by DEAE-Spehadex A-50 and KM-cellulose chromotography and studied by the method of isoelectrofocusing; Application of 1% ampholine within the pH gradient 3.0-10.0 shows the difference between the isoelectric spectra of immunoglobulin G from the donor and from a patient with myeloma. The PPR-STC isoelectric point located in the zone of pH 8.4 is determined. No subfraction with pH 8.4 is observed in the fraction of the donor immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "[Electrofocusing of immunoglobulin G that reacts positively in the sedimentation reaction for cancer]. Immunoglobulin G from the serum of patients with myeloma and positively reacting in the sedimentary test for cancer (PPR-STC) was purified by DEAE-Spehadex A-50 and KM-cellulose chromotography and studied by the method of isoelectrofocusing; Application of 1% ampholine within the pH gradient 3.0-10.0 shows the difference between the isoelectric spectra of immunoglobulin G from the donor and from a patient with myeloma. The PPR-STC isoelectric point located in the zone of pH 8.4 is determined. No subfraction with pH 8.4 is observed in the fraction of the donor immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 1021918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3239", "title": "[Separation of adenohypophysis hormones by electrophoresis on a dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "Zones of somatotropin, prolactin and subunits of adenohypophysis glycoproteid hormones are identified in dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel after electrophoretic separation of these hormones in the tris-acetate system; The method is suitable for a quantitative determination of somatotropin and prolactin in adenohypophysis.", "contents": "[Separation of adenohypophysis hormones by electrophoresis on a dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel]. Zones of somatotropin, prolactin and subunits of adenohypophysis glycoproteid hormones are identified in dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel after electrophoretic separation of these hormones in the tris-acetate system; The method is suitable for a quantitative determination of somatotropin and prolactin in adenohypophysis.", "PMID": 1021921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3240", "title": "[Hydrolysis of insoluble bone collagen by crystalline alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae].", "content": "The paper deals with hydrolysis of bone collagen thrice recrystallized alpha-amylase. The enzyme action was estimated by the amount of released glycopeptides, free carbohydrates, alpha-amine groups and total nitrogen in the soluble part of the hydrolyzate. The protease admixture in the alpha-amylase preparation was found by means of the Aspergillus oryzae protease. The data obtained testify to the fact that hydrolysis of collagen under the effect of crystalline alpha-amylase occurs only due to the protease admixture in the amylolitic preparation. When an attempt was made to obtain acid-soluble collagen from bone insoluble collagen previously treated with the alpha-amylase preparation, it was found that under these conditions bone collagen, as distinct from skin collagen, is not solubilized in diluted acetic acid.", "contents": "[Hydrolysis of insoluble bone collagen by crystalline alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae]. The paper deals with hydrolysis of bone collagen thrice recrystallized alpha-amylase. The enzyme action was estimated by the amount of released glycopeptides, free carbohydrates, alpha-amine groups and total nitrogen in the soluble part of the hydrolyzate. The protease admixture in the alpha-amylase preparation was found by means of the Aspergillus oryzae protease. The data obtained testify to the fact that hydrolysis of collagen under the effect of crystalline alpha-amylase occurs only due to the protease admixture in the amylolitic preparation. When an attempt was made to obtain acid-soluble collagen from bone insoluble collagen previously treated with the alpha-amylase preparation, it was found that under these conditions bone collagen, as distinct from skin collagen, is not solubilized in diluted acetic acid.", "PMID": 1021920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3241", "title": "[Effect of rations with a varying content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins on the state of the small intestine in respect of age].", "content": "Groups of young sexually mature and old albino rats were kept for three months on 4 isocaloric rations, viz. balanced, with reduced proportion of essential fatty acids or group 'B' vitamins and with simultaneous curtailment of fatty acids and vitamins. With vitamin deficiency there was a certain derangement in the structure and function of the small intestine, especially in older animals. A shortage of essential fatty acids impaired the condition of the small intestine only in old animals. In cases of concurrent deficiency of vitamins and essential fatty acids maximal changes in both young and old animals were in evidence.", "contents": "[Effect of rations with a varying content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins on the state of the small intestine in respect of age]. Groups of young sexually mature and old albino rats were kept for three months on 4 isocaloric rations, viz. balanced, with reduced proportion of essential fatty acids or group 'B' vitamins and with simultaneous curtailment of fatty acids and vitamins. With vitamin deficiency there was a certain derangement in the structure and function of the small intestine, especially in older animals. A shortage of essential fatty acids impaired the condition of the small intestine only in old animals. In cases of concurrent deficiency of vitamins and essential fatty acids maximal changes in both young and old animals were in evidence.", "PMID": 1021986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3242", "title": "[Concept of labile protein and the adaptation of nitrogen metabolism in protein deficiency in man].", "content": "Investigations involving 30 healthy males, who for 45 days consumed standard semisynthetic diets differing in the caseine content (from 0 to 15.1 g of nitrogen per day) and serving as a sole source of protein, furnished data on the nitrogen excretion kinetics and nitrogen balance. Mathematical analysis of these data allowed it to find the existence of general regularity in the nitrogen excretion and to deduce an integral equation of its losses at different levels of nitrogen consumption. Pertinent calculations have ascertained that by the labile protein one should understand not the specific proportion of the total protein in the organism, but the actual rate of its metabolism, manifesting itself in the routine lag-phase during adaptation of the nitrogen metabolism to a new level of the protein allowances in the organism. The data thus made available permitted it, at the same time, to propose a criterion for estimating the optimal requirements of man in proteins.", "contents": "[Concept of labile protein and the adaptation of nitrogen metabolism in protein deficiency in man]. Investigations involving 30 healthy males, who for 45 days consumed standard semisynthetic diets differing in the caseine content (from 0 to 15.1 g of nitrogen per day) and serving as a sole source of protein, furnished data on the nitrogen excretion kinetics and nitrogen balance. Mathematical analysis of these data allowed it to find the existence of general regularity in the nitrogen excretion and to deduce an integral equation of its losses at different levels of nitrogen consumption. Pertinent calculations have ascertained that by the labile protein one should understand not the specific proportion of the total protein in the organism, but the actual rate of its metabolism, manifesting itself in the routine lag-phase during adaptation of the nitrogen metabolism to a new level of the protein allowances in the organism. The data thus made available permitted it, at the same time, to propose a criterion for estimating the optimal requirements of man in proteins.", "PMID": 1021987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3243", "title": "[Effect of the feeding frequency on protein metabolism in the skeletal muscles and liver of white rats].", "content": "A comparative investigation into the influence of 3 and 5 times a day feeding on the protein metabolism in the skeletal muscles and liver of albino rats was carried out. The dietary regimen with a greater frequency of feeding was found to be consonant with a higher concentration of total aminonitrogen and with a number of essential amino acids, as well as with a higer activity of asparate-aminotransferase in the study tissues. Along with this, there occurs a more intensive incorporation of radioactive leucine in the total proteins and basic proteinic fractions of the skeletal muscles and also augments specific radioactivity of the poly-A-containing informative RNA in polysomes and is in evidence shifting the ribosomal spectrum toward formation of polysomal complexes. The activation of proteinosynthesis observed with increasing frequency of feeding may be ascribed to a more uniform diurnal supply of nutrients to the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of the feeding frequency on protein metabolism in the skeletal muscles and liver of white rats]. A comparative investigation into the influence of 3 and 5 times a day feeding on the protein metabolism in the skeletal muscles and liver of albino rats was carried out. The dietary regimen with a greater frequency of feeding was found to be consonant with a higher concentration of total aminonitrogen and with a number of essential amino acids, as well as with a higer activity of asparate-aminotransferase in the study tissues. Along with this, there occurs a more intensive incorporation of radioactive leucine in the total proteins and basic proteinic fractions of the skeletal muscles and also augments specific radioactivity of the poly-A-containing informative RNA in polysomes and is in evidence shifting the ribosomal spectrum toward formation of polysomal complexes. The activation of proteinosynthesis observed with increasing frequency of feeding may be ascribed to a more uniform diurnal supply of nutrients to the organism.", "PMID": 1021988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3244", "title": "[Effect of a glutamate and glutamine excess on the nucleic acid content of the spleen cell nuclei in rats].", "content": "In tests conducted with albino rats subject to investigation was the effect of sodium glutamate, or glutamine, daily introduced into the stomach in doses of 300 and 150 mg/kg, on the nucleic acids content in the splenic cell nuclei. All the animals taken in the experiment demonstrated a clearcut quantity of nucleonic RNA. By using a maximum dose of sodium glutamate and minimal one of glutamine a rise in the amount of DNA occurs in the nuclei of the splenic cells.", "contents": "[Effect of a glutamate and glutamine excess on the nucleic acid content of the spleen cell nuclei in rats]. In tests conducted with albino rats subject to investigation was the effect of sodium glutamate, or glutamine, daily introduced into the stomach in doses of 300 and 150 mg/kg, on the nucleic acids content in the splenic cell nuclei. All the animals taken in the experiment demonstrated a clearcut quantity of nucleonic RNA. By using a maximum dose of sodium glutamate and minimal one of glutamine a rise in the amount of DNA occurs in the nuclei of the splenic cells.", "PMID": 1021989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3245", "title": "[Distribution of 14C-nicotinic acid in the organs of white rats with a prolonged protein and choline deficit].", "content": "In animals receiving for 12 months a ration deficiency of protein and choline distribution of 14C-nicotinic acid among their organs was determined. In the distribution 14C-nicotinic acid in the organs of the control and test groups of the animals no difference was in evidence.", "contents": "[Distribution of 14C-nicotinic acid in the organs of white rats with a prolonged protein and choline deficit]. In animals receiving for 12 months a ration deficiency of protein and choline distribution of 14C-nicotinic acid among their organs was determined. In the distribution 14C-nicotinic acid in the organs of the control and test groups of the animals no difference was in evidence.", "PMID": 1021991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3246", "title": "[Protective action of sulfur-containing compounds in acrylonitrile poisoning].", "content": "Experiments staged on rats evidenced that from among sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine, cystine and cysteine) and sodium thiosulfate it was cysteine that displayed a pronounced prophylactic and therapeutic effect in acute mortal poisonings with acrylic acid nitrile.", "contents": "[Protective action of sulfur-containing compounds in acrylonitrile poisoning]. Experiments staged on rats evidenced that from among sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine, cystine and cysteine) and sodium thiosulfate it was cysteine that displayed a pronounced prophylactic and therapeutic effect in acute mortal poisonings with acrylic acid nitrile.", "PMID": 1021992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3247", "title": "[Comparative biological value of low-protein diets with individual amino acid supplements].", "content": "The biological value of low-protein rations was distinctly increased following their enrichment in lysine, methionine, cystine, sodium and potassium glutamate, both individually and in a mixture. The additves under study helped mitigate destruction of the bone marrow cells and stabilize factors reflecting the immunobiological reactivity for the organism.", "contents": "[Comparative biological value of low-protein diets with individual amino acid supplements]. The biological value of low-protein rations was distinctly increased following their enrichment in lysine, methionine, cystine, sodium and potassium glutamate, both individually and in a mixture. The additves under study helped mitigate destruction of the bone marrow cells and stabilize factors reflecting the immunobiological reactivity for the organism.", "PMID": 1021990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3248", "title": "[Effect of copper on iron metabolism in the body of gastrogenic anemia patients].", "content": "In 40 patients suffering from gastrogenic anemia subject to study were the iron content in the daily ration, iron excretion with feces, as well as the level of the serumal iron, the whole blood copper, the number of erythrocytes and the blood hemoglobin level both before the treatment and at different stages of the therapy, 6 mg of copper per day included in the diet. The iron was determined after Henry (1958) and copper after L.N. Lapin (1957). The data obtained indicate that following a regular taking of copper there increases the iron retention in the organism of the patients, this phenomenon being attended by a falling concentration of copper in the whole blood and a rising level of the serumal iron, hemoglobin and an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. These data confirm the fact of physiological synergism between copper and iron in the organism, including that in the organism of patients with gastrogenic anemia.", "contents": "[Effect of copper on iron metabolism in the body of gastrogenic anemia patients]. In 40 patients suffering from gastrogenic anemia subject to study were the iron content in the daily ration, iron excretion with feces, as well as the level of the serumal iron, the whole blood copper, the number of erythrocytes and the blood hemoglobin level both before the treatment and at different stages of the therapy, 6 mg of copper per day included in the diet. The iron was determined after Henry (1958) and copper after L.N. Lapin (1957). The data obtained indicate that following a regular taking of copper there increases the iron retention in the organism of the patients, this phenomenon being attended by a falling concentration of copper in the whole blood and a rising level of the serumal iron, hemoglobin and an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. These data confirm the fact of physiological synergism between copper and iron in the organism, including that in the organism of patients with gastrogenic anemia.", "PMID": 1021994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3249", "title": "[Effect of qualitatively varying nutrition on the histological structure of the liver of pregnant rats in experimental toxic hepatitis].", "content": "The effect of rations with differing proportions of protein, 20, 25, 30 and 40 per cent in calorific value, and group B vitamins on the structure of the liver was studied in 40 pregnant rats with experimental affection of the liver and in 10 control animals. Histological and electron microscopic investigations were conducted. Diets containing 25 and 30 per cent protein and a double amount of group B vitamins were noted to help restore the structure of the hepatic tissue in pregnant rats with toxic hepatitis. The diet containing 30 per cent of protein produces the optimal normalizing effect.", "contents": "[Effect of qualitatively varying nutrition on the histological structure of the liver of pregnant rats in experimental toxic hepatitis]. The effect of rations with differing proportions of protein, 20, 25, 30 and 40 per cent in calorific value, and group B vitamins on the structure of the liver was studied in 40 pregnant rats with experimental affection of the liver and in 10 control animals. Histological and electron microscopic investigations were conducted. Diets containing 25 and 30 per cent protein and a double amount of group B vitamins were noted to help restore the structure of the hepatic tissue in pregnant rats with toxic hepatitis. The diet containing 30 per cent of protein produces the optimal normalizing effect.", "PMID": 1021993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3250", "title": "[Study of the composition of killer whale meat as a source of balanced proteins].", "content": "Investigations have shown the proteins of the Orca meat to consist largely of complete water-salt and alkaline-soluble fractions and of an insignificant amount of connective-tissue proteins. The proteins of the Orca meat contain all the amino acids, including essential ones. The lysine and histidine content there in is 1.5 times as high in the proteins of beef. The completeness of the amino acids composition of Orca meat proteins enables it to utilize this raw material for obtaining valuable food products in the form of concentrates or hydrolysates.", "contents": "[Study of the composition of killer whale meat as a source of balanced proteins]. Investigations have shown the proteins of the Orca meat to consist largely of complete water-salt and alkaline-soluble fractions and of an insignificant amount of connective-tissue proteins. The proteins of the Orca meat contain all the amino acids, including essential ones. The lysine and histidine content there in is 1.5 times as high in the proteins of beef. The completeness of the amino acids composition of Orca meat proteins enables it to utilize this raw material for obtaining valuable food products in the form of concentrates or hydrolysates.", "PMID": 1021997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3251", "title": "[Iron, copper and molybdenum metabolism under different conditions of ultraviolet irradiation].", "content": "The paper carries information on the influence exerted by different conditions of ultraviolet radiation on the metabolism of copper, molibdenum and iron. The results made available showed that prophylactic doses of UV-irradiation (100-400 microerg/cm2 per day) reduced elimination of copper and iron from the organism; made for their mobilization from the repository (liver), led to their higher level in hemopoietic and other organs and improved blood formation. The UV-deficit and UV-excess led to a poorer utilization of copper and iron by the organism. Under corresponding climatic conditions it is necessary, therefore, to raise the iron and copper content in the diurnal food ration.", "contents": "[Iron, copper and molybdenum metabolism under different conditions of ultraviolet irradiation]. The paper carries information on the influence exerted by different conditions of ultraviolet radiation on the metabolism of copper, molibdenum and iron. The results made available showed that prophylactic doses of UV-irradiation (100-400 microerg/cm2 per day) reduced elimination of copper and iron from the organism; made for their mobilization from the repository (liver), led to their higher level in hemopoietic and other organs and improved blood formation. The UV-deficit and UV-excess led to a poorer utilization of copper and iron by the organism. Under corresponding climatic conditions it is necessary, therefore, to raise the iron and copper content in the diurnal food ration.", "PMID": 1021995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3252", "title": "[Vitamin B12 and C accumulation in the organs and tissues of laying hens administered ascorbic acid in their diet].", "content": "An addition to the basic ration of laying hens of the white leghorn breed of 0.1 to 2.0 g of ascorbic acid per 100 g of fodder raised the ascorbic acid content in the kidneys, heart and comminuted meat of the test animals. Feeding on ascorbic acid contributed to a higher content of the vitamin B12 in comminuted meat and in the egg yolk, this bearing evidence to the existance of an interrelation between the vitamins B12 and C.", "contents": "[Vitamin B12 and C accumulation in the organs and tissues of laying hens administered ascorbic acid in their diet]. An addition to the basic ration of laying hens of the white leghorn breed of 0.1 to 2.0 g of ascorbic acid per 100 g of fodder raised the ascorbic acid content in the kidneys, heart and comminuted meat of the test animals. Feeding on ascorbic acid contributed to a higher content of the vitamin B12 in comminuted meat and in the egg yolk, this bearing evidence to the existance of an interrelation between the vitamins B12 and C.", "PMID": 1021996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3253", "title": "[Change in the sugar content in oaten products, buckwheat and rice groats during their heat processing by cooking].", "content": "The sugar content in the grits and in a gruel cooked with samples of oats and buckwheat subjected to hydrothermal treatment under different conditions and also in the oat flour, a product of baby and dietetic nutrition, was quantified. Hydrothermal processing results in significant changes occurring individual sugars of the grit. During culinary treatment these changes are levelled out, but in the end the level of virtually all types of sugar is higher in the gruel cooked with hydrothermally treated grit than in that prepared with initial, untreated grit. The oats flour is distinguished by a high glucose, maltose, fructose and saccharose content. A fall of the reducing sugars level coming as a result of thermal and culinary treatment is explained by their participating in the reaction of melanoidine formation. On the other hand, a rise in their content under rigorous conditions and in the production of oat flour is due to the starting of the starch hydrolysis.", "contents": "[Change in the sugar content in oaten products, buckwheat and rice groats during their heat processing by cooking]. The sugar content in the grits and in a gruel cooked with samples of oats and buckwheat subjected to hydrothermal treatment under different conditions and also in the oat flour, a product of baby and dietetic nutrition, was quantified. Hydrothermal processing results in significant changes occurring individual sugars of the grit. During culinary treatment these changes are levelled out, but in the end the level of virtually all types of sugar is higher in the gruel cooked with hydrothermally treated grit than in that prepared with initial, untreated grit. The oats flour is distinguished by a high glucose, maltose, fructose and saccharose content. A fall of the reducing sugars level coming as a result of thermal and culinary treatment is explained by their participating in the reaction of melanoidine formation. On the other hand, a rise in their content under rigorous conditions and in the production of oat flour is due to the starting of the starch hydrolysis.", "PMID": 1021998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3254", "title": "[Effect of various fat products on the bile makeup and blood level of cholesterol].", "content": "In test conducted on rats kept for 60 days on a complete standard ration that included one of the fat varieties (sunflower, cotton oils, butter, mutton fat, margarine) a hypocholesterolemic effect of the diet with sunflower oil was recorded, which was attended by an increased excretion of bile acids and cholesterol in the bile. With the rats fed on a low-protein or fat-rich rations that included sunflower oil (30 and 60 per cent, respectively) a marked change in the ratio between the bile acids and cholesterol, in favour of the latter, was noted.", "contents": "[Effect of various fat products on the bile makeup and blood level of cholesterol]. In test conducted on rats kept for 60 days on a complete standard ration that included one of the fat varieties (sunflower, cotton oils, butter, mutton fat, margarine) a hypocholesterolemic effect of the diet with sunflower oil was recorded, which was attended by an increased excretion of bile acids and cholesterol in the bile. With the rats fed on a low-protein or fat-rich rations that included sunflower oil (30 and 60 per cent, respectively) a marked change in the ratio between the bile acids and cholesterol, in favour of the latter, was noted.", "PMID": 1022002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3255", "title": "Studies on lipolytic system of human placenta, blood lipids and lipid mobilizing activity in pregnant women and newborns.", "content": "Lipolytic activity of human placenta and lipid mobilizing activity (LMA), free fatty acids (FFA) as well as esterified fatty acid (EFA) levels in serum of pregnant women in different periods of pregnancy and in newborn's serum were studied. Lipolytic activity of human placenta is low in the first trimester of pregnancy and increases in samples examined after delivery. The levels of FFA and EFA in blood of pregnant women are significantly increased in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn's blood lipid level is significantly lower than that in the mother's blood. Lipid mobilizing activity in serum of pregnant women increases especially in the third trimester of pregnancy and is also high in newborn's blood. This may indicate that fatty acids released from newborn's adipose tissue are metabolized as a source of energy.", "contents": "Studies on lipolytic system of human placenta, blood lipids and lipid mobilizing activity in pregnant women and newborns. Lipolytic activity of human placenta and lipid mobilizing activity (LMA), free fatty acids (FFA) as well as esterified fatty acid (EFA) levels in serum of pregnant women in different periods of pregnancy and in newborn's serum were studied. Lipolytic activity of human placenta is low in the first trimester of pregnancy and increases in samples examined after delivery. The levels of FFA and EFA in blood of pregnant women are significantly increased in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn's blood lipid level is significantly lower than that in the mother's blood. Lipid mobilizing activity in serum of pregnant women increases especially in the third trimester of pregnancy and is also high in newborn's blood. This may indicate that fatty acids released from newborn's adipose tissue are metabolized as a source of energy.", "PMID": 1022121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3256", "title": "Lipid mobilizing activity in the blood of obese patients during prolonged fasting.", "content": "Lipid mobilizing activity is lowered in the serum of obese patients. During short-term fasting, this activity increases in non-obese subjects. The present study was concerned with the changes in lipid mobilizing activity in the blood of obese patients during prolonged fasting, and with the behavior of esterified and free fatty acids. Serum levels of free fatty acids in the control subjects were significantly lower than in the obese women. During a 14-day period of complete fasting, levels of free fatty acids increased in all cases. In non-obese subjects this was accompanied by a significant rise in lipid mobilizing acitivity, but in obese subjects no significant change took place in this activity. The findings indicate that high levels of free fatty acids in obese persons during fasting are caused by inhibition of their esterification.", "contents": "Lipid mobilizing activity in the blood of obese patients during prolonged fasting. Lipid mobilizing activity is lowered in the serum of obese patients. During short-term fasting, this activity increases in non-obese subjects. The present study was concerned with the changes in lipid mobilizing activity in the blood of obese patients during prolonged fasting, and with the behavior of esterified and free fatty acids. Serum levels of free fatty acids in the control subjects were significantly lower than in the obese women. During a 14-day period of complete fasting, levels of free fatty acids increased in all cases. In non-obese subjects this was accompanied by a significant rise in lipid mobilizing acitivity, but in obese subjects no significant change took place in this activity. The findings indicate that high levels of free fatty acids in obese persons during fasting are caused by inhibition of their esterification.", "PMID": 1022122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3257", "title": "Blast transformation induced by spermatozoa.", "content": "Human lymphocytes cultured for 3-8 days in the presence of autologous or allogenic spermatozoa undergo blast transformation. Possible mechanisms of the response are discussed.", "contents": "Blast transformation induced by spermatozoa. Human lymphocytes cultured for 3-8 days in the presence of autologous or allogenic spermatozoa undergo blast transformation. Possible mechanisms of the response are discussed.", "PMID": 1022123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3258", "title": "Circular dichroism studies on DNA condensed in NaCl cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide solutions.", "content": "It is shown by means of circular dichroism studies of variously condensed forms of DNA that the specific supramolecular structure of DNA determines the type of CD spectra. DNA, condensed (crystallized) slowly in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide yields a spectrum very similar to that of DNA in solution in the B-form. The condensates appear in the phase-contrast microscope as spherulitic crystallites. Rapidly condensed DNA in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide shows a spectrum of the psi-type with large negative ellipticites. The influence of condensation velocity upon the supramolecular structure of DNA gives evidence that the various condensation forms of DNA are not thermodynamical equilibrium conformations.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies on DNA condensed in NaCl cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide solutions. It is shown by means of circular dichroism studies of variously condensed forms of DNA that the specific supramolecular structure of DNA determines the type of CD spectra. DNA, condensed (crystallized) slowly in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide yields a spectrum very similar to that of DNA in solution in the B-form. The condensates appear in the phase-contrast microscope as spherulitic crystallites. Rapidly condensed DNA in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide shows a spectrum of the psi-type with large negative ellipticites. The influence of condensation velocity upon the supramolecular structure of DNA gives evidence that the various condensation forms of DNA are not thermodynamical equilibrium conformations.", "PMID": 1022124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3259", "title": "[Determination of the rate of microthrombosis in experimentally induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)].", "content": "A procedure is described for the determination of the rate of microthrombosis in rats. It is based on the quantitative estimation of I125-fibrin deposits by measurement of the accumulated radioactivity in the organs after substitution of blood.", "contents": "[Determination of the rate of microthrombosis in experimentally induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)]. A procedure is described for the determination of the rate of microthrombosis in rats. It is based on the quantitative estimation of I125-fibrin deposits by measurement of the accumulated radioactivity in the organs after substitution of blood.", "PMID": 1022125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3260", "title": "Studies on the loss of sensitivity in smooth muscle.", "content": "Specificity of desensitization effect was investigated at guinea pig ileum using the desensitizing agonists acetylcholine, carbachol, histamine, and serotonine. The desensitization with acetylcholine markedly diminished the contraction effects to test doses of all tested agonists. Contrary to acetylcholine, the histamine desensitization is mainly specific, the serotonine desensitization is a complete specific effect. A different influence of the tested agonists on intracellular ions is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the loss of sensitivity in smooth muscle. Specificity of desensitization effect was investigated at guinea pig ileum using the desensitizing agonists acetylcholine, carbachol, histamine, and serotonine. The desensitization with acetylcholine markedly diminished the contraction effects to test doses of all tested agonists. Contrary to acetylcholine, the histamine desensitization is mainly specific, the serotonine desensitization is a complete specific effect. A different influence of the tested agonists on intracellular ions is discussed.", "PMID": 1022126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3261", "title": "Influence of prostaglandins upon adenosine release and of adenosine upon prostaglandin release in the isolated rabbit heart.", "content": "Prostaglandin (PG) E1 with its high effect of coronary dilation causes a distinct increase in the adenosine release from the isolated rabbit heart (Langendorff technique). Compared to this, an equal dose of PGF2alpha increases the release of adenosine only to a small extent. Conversely, application of adenosine results in a considerable release of PG-like substances from the rabbit heart in vitro. The present investigations support the hypothesis that, apart from adenosine, PG's too, are involved in coronary regulation as modulators.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandins upon adenosine release and of adenosine upon prostaglandin release in the isolated rabbit heart. Prostaglandin (PG) E1 with its high effect of coronary dilation causes a distinct increase in the adenosine release from the isolated rabbit heart (Langendorff technique). Compared to this, an equal dose of PGF2alpha increases the release of adenosine only to a small extent. Conversely, application of adenosine results in a considerable release of PG-like substances from the rabbit heart in vitro. The present investigations support the hypothesis that, apart from adenosine, PG's too, are involved in coronary regulation as modulators.", "PMID": 1022127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3262", "title": "Proteins of animal ribosomes. XXV. Proteins of rat liver ribosomes protected by polyuridylic acid from methyl acetimidate substitution.", "content": "Addition of poly(U) to complexes of 40S and 60S subunits of rat liver ribosomes decreases the substitution of amino groups of 12 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit and of 11 proteins of the large subunit by [14C]-methyl acetimidate. When comparing the results obtained with this amino group specific reagent with the reactivity of the proteins against iodoacetamide it becomes obvious that 4 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit (S12, 18, 19, 24) and 3 proteins of the large one (L20, 22, 25) are partially protected by poly(U) against reaction with both reagents.", "contents": "Proteins of animal ribosomes. XXV. Proteins of rat liver ribosomes protected by polyuridylic acid from methyl acetimidate substitution. Addition of poly(U) to complexes of 40S and 60S subunits of rat liver ribosomes decreases the substitution of amino groups of 12 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit and of 11 proteins of the large subunit by [14C]-methyl acetimidate. When comparing the results obtained with this amino group specific reagent with the reactivity of the proteins against iodoacetamide it becomes obvious that 4 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit (S12, 18, 19, 24) and 3 proteins of the large one (L20, 22, 25) are partially protected by poly(U) against reaction with both reagents.", "PMID": 1022128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3263", "title": "[Kinetic properties of enzymes in particular of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase following their adsorption on polyaminomethylstyrene].", "content": "The adsorption of 8 enzymes to polyaminomethylstyrene was studied. While lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibit a relatively low affinity to the carrier, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and urease were found to form stabile complexes with the polymer that are enzymatically active. Adsorbed urease and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, are still active after several weeks; the other preparations lose their activity soon. It can be shown by the example of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase that the activity loss following adsorption is caused possibly by a process of reorientation of already bound enzyme molecules or by the increasing enzyme coverage of the carrier, with the active centres becoming more and more inaccessible for the substrate. During the substrate conversion catalysed by the alcohol dehydrogenase-polyaminomethylstyrene complex, a small amount of the enzyme is again detached from the carrier. The activity rises to a certain extent in the supernatant but drops to zero again. The stability of the adsorbed urease is distinctly increased compared with the dissolved enzyme. For the pH optimum and the KM value there are no differences between the two preparations. Continuous application of polyaminomethylstyrene-bound beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and urease, respectively, in a column shows that both preparations have unchanged enzymatic activities even after running times of 5 and 24 days, respectively.", "contents": "[Kinetic properties of enzymes in particular of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase following their adsorption on polyaminomethylstyrene]. The adsorption of 8 enzymes to polyaminomethylstyrene was studied. While lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase exhibit a relatively low affinity to the carrier, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and urease were found to form stabile complexes with the polymer that are enzymatically active. Adsorbed urease and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, are still active after several weeks; the other preparations lose their activity soon. It can be shown by the example of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase that the activity loss following adsorption is caused possibly by a process of reorientation of already bound enzyme molecules or by the increasing enzyme coverage of the carrier, with the active centres becoming more and more inaccessible for the substrate. During the substrate conversion catalysed by the alcohol dehydrogenase-polyaminomethylstyrene complex, a small amount of the enzyme is again detached from the carrier. The activity rises to a certain extent in the supernatant but drops to zero again. The stability of the adsorbed urease is distinctly increased compared with the dissolved enzyme. For the pH optimum and the KM value there are no differences between the two preparations. Continuous application of polyaminomethylstyrene-bound beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and urease, respectively, in a column shows that both preparations have unchanged enzymatic activities even after running times of 5 and 24 days, respectively.", "PMID": 1022129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3264", "title": "Kinetics of elementary steps in the cytochrome P-450 reaction sequence. I. Substrate binding to cytochrome P-450 LM.", "content": "The substrate binding step in the reaction sequence of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system (rat liver microsomes) has been investigated. The type I/II substrate classification kinetically holds too. The rate constants are in the 10(3) to 10(5) (M-1 sec-1) range, the type I compounds are preferably bound by about one order of magnitude. The rate constants of the binding process to the reduced cytochrome are considerably decreased. The results favour the ordered reaction mechanism.", "contents": "Kinetics of elementary steps in the cytochrome P-450 reaction sequence. I. Substrate binding to cytochrome P-450 LM. The substrate binding step in the reaction sequence of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system (rat liver microsomes) has been investigated. The type I/II substrate classification kinetically holds too. The rate constants are in the 10(3) to 10(5) (M-1 sec-1) range, the type I compounds are preferably bound by about one order of magnitude. The rate constants of the binding process to the reduced cytochrome are considerably decreased. The results favour the ordered reaction mechanism.", "PMID": 1022130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3265", "title": "[Cellular test for RNA-synthesis in rat bone marrow and its use in testing cryoprotective and toxic agents].", "content": "A system for the measurement of the RNA-synthesis of bone marrow cells of the rat has been developed and the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the cellular RNA has been standardized with respect to the time of incubation, the concentration of [3H]-uridine and the number of cells. A plateau of the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the RNA is reached after 20 min of incubation and is interpreted as the expression of a steady state in synthesis and degradation of the cellular RNA. A constant labelling of the RNA is reached above 8.3 with 10(-6)M [3H]-uridine. The optimal cell number in the 500 mul standard assay is 4 with 10(6). Actinomycin D inhibits the RNA-synthesis to 94% in a concentration of 1.2 with 10(2) mug/ml. The cryoprotectants dimethylsulfoxide, polyethylene-oxide and glycerol and the potential haematotoxic substances dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and gamma-hexane were tested in this system. 5% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% polyethylen-oxide in Eagle's-medium with ethylendiamintetra-acetate do not influence the RNA-synthesis. 5% glycerol reduces the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the cellular RNA to about 30%.", "contents": "[Cellular test for RNA-synthesis in rat bone marrow and its use in testing cryoprotective and toxic agents]. A system for the measurement of the RNA-synthesis of bone marrow cells of the rat has been developed and the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the cellular RNA has been standardized with respect to the time of incubation, the concentration of [3H]-uridine and the number of cells. A plateau of the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the RNA is reached after 20 min of incubation and is interpreted as the expression of a steady state in synthesis and degradation of the cellular RNA. A constant labelling of the RNA is reached above 8.3 with 10(-6)M [3H]-uridine. The optimal cell number in the 500 mul standard assay is 4 with 10(6). Actinomycin D inhibits the RNA-synthesis to 94% in a concentration of 1.2 with 10(2) mug/ml. The cryoprotectants dimethylsulfoxide, polyethylene-oxide and glycerol and the potential haematotoxic substances dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and gamma-hexane were tested in this system. 5% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% polyethylen-oxide in Eagle's-medium with ethylendiamintetra-acetate do not influence the RNA-synthesis. 5% glycerol reduces the incorporation of [3H]-uridine into the cellular RNA to about 30%.", "PMID": 1022131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3266", "title": "[Membrane effect of potassium rhodanide and methotrexate].", "content": "In HeLa cells and macrophages rhodanide ions cause biological hyperpolarization of the cell membranes, while methotrexate hyperpolarizes the membranes as an antimetabolite. Cell physiologically, rhodanide has a general stimulating effect within the physiological control range of the cell. This membrane effect could be related to the physiological and therapeutic action of rhodanide in processes involving immunological events.", "contents": "[Membrane effect of potassium rhodanide and methotrexate]. In HeLa cells and macrophages rhodanide ions cause biological hyperpolarization of the cell membranes, while methotrexate hyperpolarizes the membranes as an antimetabolite. Cell physiologically, rhodanide has a general stimulating effect within the physiological control range of the cell. This membrane effect could be related to the physiological and therapeutic action of rhodanide in processes involving immunological events.", "PMID": 1022132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3267", "title": "Lymphokines which influence electrophoretic mobility of macrophages.", "content": "Supernatants of blood lymphocytes from immunized guinea pigs after incubation with purified protein derivative (PPD) were fractionated on Sephadex G-75. The fractions were tested for activity to change the electrophoretic mobility of macrophages. Dependent on incubation time, three different regions of activity with an average molecular weight of 13 000, 40 000 and more than 100 000 were estimated.", "contents": "Lymphokines which influence electrophoretic mobility of macrophages. Supernatants of blood lymphocytes from immunized guinea pigs after incubation with purified protein derivative (PPD) were fractionated on Sephadex G-75. The fractions were tested for activity to change the electrophoretic mobility of macrophages. Dependent on incubation time, three different regions of activity with an average molecular weight of 13 000, 40 000 and more than 100 000 were estimated.", "PMID": 1022133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3268", "title": "[Simple dynamic model of the human blood pressure regulatory system as based on the orthostatic load sequence].", "content": "The two statistical parameter estimation methods, the recursive least squares and the recursive generalized least squares, are dealt with briefly. An additional noncorrelated disturbance is necessary for unbiased parameter estimation in the closed-loop system. The disturbance is realized by an orthostatic load sequence shaped according to the experimental programme. Men and women were subjected to head-up tilt between 10 degrees and 55 degrees. The disturbance, mean blood pressure and heart rate were measured. These discrete data were used for parameter estimation of transfer functions.", "contents": "[Simple dynamic model of the human blood pressure regulatory system as based on the orthostatic load sequence]. The two statistical parameter estimation methods, the recursive least squares and the recursive generalized least squares, are dealt with briefly. An additional noncorrelated disturbance is necessary for unbiased parameter estimation in the closed-loop system. The disturbance is realized by an orthostatic load sequence shaped according to the experimental programme. Men and women were subjected to head-up tilt between 10 degrees and 55 degrees. The disturbance, mean blood pressure and heart rate were measured. These discrete data were used for parameter estimation of transfer functions.", "PMID": 1022134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3269", "title": "Lithium accumulation in some endocrine tissues.", "content": "Lithium levels were measured in several tissues of rats after oral lithium administration for various periods of time. The lithium levels in the brain approached those of the serum while there was a marked accumulation of lithium in the pituitary and thyroid glands. When lithium was stopped there was no noticeable lag in clearance for any of the tissues examined, with the pituitary maintaining a significant elevation of lithium over the serum levels. Animals receiving lithium had higher levels of adrenal corticosterone under quiescent conditions and higher levels of plasma corticosterone thirty minutes after a brief electric footshock.", "contents": "Lithium accumulation in some endocrine tissues. Lithium levels were measured in several tissues of rats after oral lithium administration for various periods of time. The lithium levels in the brain approached those of the serum while there was a marked accumulation of lithium in the pituitary and thyroid glands. When lithium was stopped there was no noticeable lag in clearance for any of the tissues examined, with the pituitary maintaining a significant elevation of lithium over the serum levels. Animals receiving lithium had higher levels of adrenal corticosterone under quiescent conditions and higher levels of plasma corticosterone thirty minutes after a brief electric footshock.", "PMID": 1022135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3270", "title": "[Influence of prenatal malnutrition on later body-weight gain in guinea pigs].", "content": "In prenatally underfed guinea pigs the following data were obtained: 1. On the 1st day of life the mean body weight of 18 underfed animals was significantly reduced as compared to that of 18 control animals. This difference was not compensated by postnatal feeding ad libitum but persisted up to the 36th week of life (day of sacrificing). 2. The mean food intake per day estimated over 10 days during the 5th month of life was also significantly diminished in the prenatally underfed animals. 3. A significant positive correlation was found between the body weight at birth and the adult body weight, adult body length and adult body weight/body length, when the parameters of the experimental plus control animals were evaluated together. These findings suggest that in guinea pigs, which are born in a relatively mature stage, the prenatal nutrition can influence body weight, body length and body weight/body length ratio as well as food intake in adulthood.", "contents": "[Influence of prenatal malnutrition on later body-weight gain in guinea pigs]. In prenatally underfed guinea pigs the following data were obtained: 1. On the 1st day of life the mean body weight of 18 underfed animals was significantly reduced as compared to that of 18 control animals. This difference was not compensated by postnatal feeding ad libitum but persisted up to the 36th week of life (day of sacrificing). 2. The mean food intake per day estimated over 10 days during the 5th month of life was also significantly diminished in the prenatally underfed animals. 3. A significant positive correlation was found between the body weight at birth and the adult body weight, adult body length and adult body weight/body length, when the parameters of the experimental plus control animals were evaluated together. These findings suggest that in guinea pigs, which are born in a relatively mature stage, the prenatal nutrition can influence body weight, body length and body weight/body length ratio as well as food intake in adulthood.", "PMID": 1022136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3271", "title": "[Effect of anoxia on energy supply and isotonic work performance in the myocardium of the frog].", "content": "To investigate correlations between energy supply and mechanical work in the frog's myocardium in true anoxia, the stroke volume, systolic and diastolic volumes and the parameters of velocity of contraction and relaxation of frog hearts were compared to the levels of high energy phosphates and the delivery of lactate. During perfusion with N2 saturated Ringer solution, stroke volume, systolic contractility and diastolic relaxation decrease till a contracture. High preload produces a dilatation growing up to the contracture after retarded and weakened relaxation. The ATP-content decreases during the first quarter of the experiment to 60%. CP decreases continuously to 15%, ADP and AMP remain constant. There is a production of lactate increasing considerably with the onset of contracture. The measured glycolysis is not sufficient for production of mechanical work. The effect of anoxia on the action potential and the reduction of the sequestration of Ca++ and of the break of actomyosin bridges following the decrease of ATP are considered as causing the series of the mechanical events.", "contents": "[Effect of anoxia on energy supply and isotonic work performance in the myocardium of the frog]. To investigate correlations between energy supply and mechanical work in the frog's myocardium in true anoxia, the stroke volume, systolic and diastolic volumes and the parameters of velocity of contraction and relaxation of frog hearts were compared to the levels of high energy phosphates and the delivery of lactate. During perfusion with N2 saturated Ringer solution, stroke volume, systolic contractility and diastolic relaxation decrease till a contracture. High preload produces a dilatation growing up to the contracture after retarded and weakened relaxation. The ATP-content decreases during the first quarter of the experiment to 60%. CP decreases continuously to 15%, ADP and AMP remain constant. There is a production of lactate increasing considerably with the onset of contracture. The measured glycolysis is not sufficient for production of mechanical work. The effect of anoxia on the action potential and the reduction of the sequestration of Ca++ and of the break of actomyosin bridges following the decrease of ATP are considered as causing the series of the mechanical events.", "PMID": 1022137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3272", "title": "Serum glycoproteins level and urinary glycosaminoglycans excretion in drug induced collagen-like syndrome in guinea pigs.", "content": "A collagen-like syndrome was produced by a long-term administration of 1-hydrazinophthalazine (hydralazine) to guinea pigs. The results obtained indicate that hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome stimulated an increase of the concentration of perchloric acid-soluble proteins, protein-bound hexoses, protein-bound-hexosamines and sialic acids in blood serum as well as urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans. The increase of serum glycoproteins is not connected with non-specific changes in total protein level. No biochemical differences were found in the parameters studied between subgroups (LE-positive and LE-negative) of hydralazine treated animals.", "contents": "Serum glycoproteins level and urinary glycosaminoglycans excretion in drug induced collagen-like syndrome in guinea pigs. A collagen-like syndrome was produced by a long-term administration of 1-hydrazinophthalazine (hydralazine) to guinea pigs. The results obtained indicate that hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome stimulated an increase of the concentration of perchloric acid-soluble proteins, protein-bound hexoses, protein-bound-hexosamines and sialic acids in blood serum as well as urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans. The increase of serum glycoproteins is not connected with non-specific changes in total protein level. No biochemical differences were found in the parameters studied between subgroups (LE-positive and LE-negative) of hydralazine treated animals.", "PMID": 1022138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3273", "title": "Antioxidants as agents potentiating the antiinflammatory action of indomethacin.", "content": "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis in vitro (ID50=228 muM), with a slope of dose-response curve high (b=209) as compared with indomethacin (ID50=0.1 muM, b=72.1). Butylated hydroxyanisole, in contrast to inactive butylated hydroxytoluene, inhibits PG biosynthesis (ID50=107 muM, b=63). Only norihydroguaiaretic acid (100 mug, s.p.) inhibited the postcarrageenin edema of rat paw. Butylated hydroxyanisole (10 mug, s.p.) given together with a subthreshold (1 mug) dose of indomethacin inhibited the paw edema by 35%, while butylated hydroxytoluene and nordihydroguaiaretic acid produced a similar effect only when given at 10-fold higher doses. The results suggest the possibility of potentiation and prolongation of the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin by its simultaneous administration with an antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole.", "contents": "Antioxidants as agents potentiating the antiinflammatory action of indomethacin. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis in vitro (ID50=228 muM), with a slope of dose-response curve high (b=209) as compared with indomethacin (ID50=0.1 muM, b=72.1). Butylated hydroxyanisole, in contrast to inactive butylated hydroxytoluene, inhibits PG biosynthesis (ID50=107 muM, b=63). Only norihydroguaiaretic acid (100 mug, s.p.) inhibited the postcarrageenin edema of rat paw. Butylated hydroxyanisole (10 mug, s.p.) given together with a subthreshold (1 mug) dose of indomethacin inhibited the paw edema by 35%, while butylated hydroxytoluene and nordihydroguaiaretic acid produced a similar effect only when given at 10-fold higher doses. The results suggest the possibility of potentiation and prolongation of the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin by its simultaneous administration with an antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole.", "PMID": 1022139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3274", "title": "[Studies on the specificity of an antiserum against denaturated DNA from Sarcina maxima].", "content": "An antiserum against denatured DNA from Sarcina maxima (71% (A + T)) reacted in complement fixation tests with denatured DNA's of various sources. The serological activity of the antibodies is in correlation with the (adenine + thymine)-content of the DNA's used as antigens. Haptene inhibition tests demonstrate a preferable reaction of the antibodies with T2-sequences. The heterogeneity of DNA-antisera and the increasing specificity of such antisera, if DNA with high (A + T) or (G + C)-content served as immunogen, are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on the specificity of an antiserum against denaturated DNA from Sarcina maxima]. An antiserum against denatured DNA from Sarcina maxima (71% (A + T)) reacted in complement fixation tests with denatured DNA's of various sources. The serological activity of the antibodies is in correlation with the (adenine + thymine)-content of the DNA's used as antigens. Haptene inhibition tests demonstrate a preferable reaction of the antibodies with T2-sequences. The heterogeneity of DNA-antisera and the increasing specificity of such antisera, if DNA with high (A + T) or (G + C)-content served as immunogen, are discussed.", "PMID": 1022140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3275", "title": "The immune response of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) to injection with soluble antigens.", "content": "The immune response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to horse serum and keyhole limpet haemocyanin was studied. Intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections were used, with and without adjuvant, in 209 fish. Complement-fixing antibodies (CFA) and precipitins were produced to both antigens. CFA were detected after 8 days to haemocyanin and after 13 days to horse serum. Maximum CFA titres to a single intraperitoneal injection of horse serum or haemocyanin were reached at 44 and 43-46 days respectively. Precipitins to a single injection of haemocyanin given intraperitoneally were detected after 19 days using gel diffusion. Similarly using the intramuscular route they were detected after 22 days. However, using counter-current electrophoresis, precipitins were detected after 8 days by the intraperitoneal route and after 9 days by the intramuscular. Precipitins to horse serum given intraperitoneally were demonstrated after 22 days by both gel diffusion and counter-current electrophoresis. Fish given 2 intraperitoneal injections of haemocyanin in adjuvant reached maximum CFA titres after 55 days; a 3rd injection on day 56 did not produce a marked increase in titre. Fish given intramuscular injections of haemocyanin in adjuvant showed maximum CFA titres at day 43. After a 3rd injection on day 56, maximum CFA titres were reached between days 92 and 106. Intramuscular injections gave significantly higher titres than those given by the intraperitoneal route. Some fish which showed no precipitins by gel diffusion were positive by counter-current electrophoresis. Precipitating antibodies to haemocyanin migrating in the beta2-gamma1 region were detected by immuno-electrophoresis.", "contents": "The immune response of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) to injection with soluble antigens. The immune response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to horse serum and keyhole limpet haemocyanin was studied. Intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections were used, with and without adjuvant, in 209 fish. Complement-fixing antibodies (CFA) and precipitins were produced to both antigens. CFA were detected after 8 days to haemocyanin and after 13 days to horse serum. Maximum CFA titres to a single intraperitoneal injection of horse serum or haemocyanin were reached at 44 and 43-46 days respectively. Precipitins to a single injection of haemocyanin given intraperitoneally were detected after 19 days using gel diffusion. Similarly using the intramuscular route they were detected after 22 days. However, using counter-current electrophoresis, precipitins were detected after 8 days by the intraperitoneal route and after 9 days by the intramuscular. Precipitins to horse serum given intraperitoneally were demonstrated after 22 days by both gel diffusion and counter-current electrophoresis. Fish given 2 intraperitoneal injections of haemocyanin in adjuvant reached maximum CFA titres after 55 days; a 3rd injection on day 56 did not produce a marked increase in titre. Fish given intramuscular injections of haemocyanin in adjuvant showed maximum CFA titres at day 43. After a 3rd injection on day 56, maximum CFA titres were reached between days 92 and 106. Intramuscular injections gave significantly higher titres than those given by the intraperitoneal route. Some fish which showed no precipitins by gel diffusion were positive by counter-current electrophoresis. Precipitating antibodies to haemocyanin migrating in the beta2-gamma1 region were detected by immuno-electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1022141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3276", "title": "[Program for the computation of concentrations of free metabolites, metal ions and their complexes in chemical balance].", "content": "Enzymic reaction velocities often depend primarily on the concentrations of single free and complexed species rather than on the total metal and metabolite concentrations. For determining single species concentrations from total concentrations and complex stability constants, a program is described. The program may not only calculate the single concentrations, but also estimate their uncertainty due to the unavoidable uncertainty of complex stability constants. Making use of the ICT 1900 magnetic drum storage, it may deal with quite large complex patterns as are found in vivo.", "contents": "[Program for the computation of concentrations of free metabolites, metal ions and their complexes in chemical balance]. Enzymic reaction velocities often depend primarily on the concentrations of single free and complexed species rather than on the total metal and metabolite concentrations. For determining single species concentrations from total concentrations and complex stability constants, a program is described. The program may not only calculate the single concentrations, but also estimate their uncertainty due to the unavoidable uncertainty of complex stability constants. Making use of the ICT 1900 magnetic drum storage, it may deal with quite large complex patterns as are found in vivo.", "PMID": 1022142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3277", "title": "Inhibition studies on the interaction of Vicia faba lectin with carbohydrates.", "content": "Mono- and oligosaccharides and modified sugars have been studied quantitatively for their capacity to inhibit the agglutination reaction between Vicia faba lectin and yeast cells. The results seem to parallel the specificity of carbohydrate binding reported for concanavalin A.", "contents": "Inhibition studies on the interaction of Vicia faba lectin with carbohydrates. Mono- and oligosaccharides and modified sugars have been studied quantitatively for their capacity to inhibit the agglutination reaction between Vicia faba lectin and yeast cells. The results seem to parallel the specificity of carbohydrate binding reported for concanavalin A.", "PMID": 1022143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3278", "title": "Diuretic action of estradiol.", "content": "Several clinical situations are strongly suggestive that estrogens are diuretic substances that secondarily promote sodium and water retention in the body by stimulation of adreno-cortical hormone secretion. To investigate the direct action of estradiol on diuresis, the hormone was administered to the isolated, perfused rabbit kidney. Results demonstrated that estradiol increases urine volume, tubular sodium excretion and potassium reabsorption, and diminishes arterial pressure and renovascular resistance. The possible relationships between these effects and with pre-menstrual syndrome, pre-eclampsia, and menopausal hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Diuretic action of estradiol. Several clinical situations are strongly suggestive that estrogens are diuretic substances that secondarily promote sodium and water retention in the body by stimulation of adreno-cortical hormone secretion. To investigate the direct action of estradiol on diuresis, the hormone was administered to the isolated, perfused rabbit kidney. Results demonstrated that estradiol increases urine volume, tubular sodium excretion and potassium reabsorption, and diminishes arterial pressure and renovascular resistance. The possible relationships between these effects and with pre-menstrual syndrome, pre-eclampsia, and menopausal hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 1022180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3279", "title": "[Influence of reduced pterine and juvenile hormone on the pigmentation of the phasms Carausius morosus (author's transl)].", "content": "Tetrahydrofolic acid and dimethyltetrahydropterine, FH4 and DMH4P, have an antagonist action. FH4 darkens the phasms. DMH4P and the tryptophane have an inhibitrice influence on the melanisation, probably by the increase of the synthesis or the release of serotonin, in the hypoderm. For the adult phasm remaining ivory, xanthopterin must be added in the treatment. The addition of diapausing chrysalids pieridae extract (containing juvenile hormone JH) and treated by FH4, in the treatment precedent, transmits the pgimentary effect at the first generation, which presents a strong percentage of dark or ivory phasms.", "contents": "[Influence of reduced pterine and juvenile hormone on the pigmentation of the phasms Carausius morosus (author's transl)]. Tetrahydrofolic acid and dimethyltetrahydropterine, FH4 and DMH4P, have an antagonist action. FH4 darkens the phasms. DMH4P and the tryptophane have an inhibitrice influence on the melanisation, probably by the increase of the synthesis or the release of serotonin, in the hypoderm. For the adult phasm remaining ivory, xanthopterin must be added in the treatment. The addition of diapausing chrysalids pieridae extract (containing juvenile hormone JH) and treated by FH4, in the treatment precedent, transmits the pgimentary effect at the first generation, which presents a strong percentage of dark or ivory phasms.", "PMID": 1022181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3280", "title": "Morphometric and autoradiographic investigation of the small and large intestinal mucosa of rats with chronic experimental renal insufficiency.", "content": "Following a previous study with experimental short-term, high-grade uremia the changes of the small and large intestinal mucosa of rats with surgically induced chronic renal insufficiency were analysed. A clear tendency to inhibition of the rate of the physiological cell regeneration by prolongation of the mitotic cycle in correlation to the degree of renal insufficiency could be demonstrated. There was a extension of the generation time up to 40% in ileum and up to 50% in the large intestine in the animal group with the relatively highest degree of renal insufficiency. This extension was mainly due to a prolongation of the postmitotic Gi-phase. At the same time the total number of crypt epithelia and of the regenerative cells in the enlarged crypts increased. The enlargement of the regenerative crypt population is interpreted as an adaptive compensation of the inhibition of the cell production by prolongation of the mitotic cycle. A damage of the differentiated surface epithelium could not be detected. The significance of the present results and their relationship to so-called uremic entero-colitis and to sprue-like changes of small intestinal mucosa in man is discussed.", "contents": "Morphometric and autoradiographic investigation of the small and large intestinal mucosa of rats with chronic experimental renal insufficiency. Following a previous study with experimental short-term, high-grade uremia the changes of the small and large intestinal mucosa of rats with surgically induced chronic renal insufficiency were analysed. A clear tendency to inhibition of the rate of the physiological cell regeneration by prolongation of the mitotic cycle in correlation to the degree of renal insufficiency could be demonstrated. There was a extension of the generation time up to 40% in ileum and up to 50% in the large intestine in the animal group with the relatively highest degree of renal insufficiency. This extension was mainly due to a prolongation of the postmitotic Gi-phase. At the same time the total number of crypt epithelia and of the regenerative cells in the enlarged crypts increased. The enlargement of the regenerative crypt population is interpreted as an adaptive compensation of the inhibition of the cell production by prolongation of the mitotic cycle. A damage of the differentiated surface epithelium could not be detected. The significance of the present results and their relationship to so-called uremic entero-colitis and to sprue-like changes of small intestinal mucosa in man is discussed.", "PMID": 1022221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3281", "title": "Effects of lymph diversion versus corticosteroids on blood and lymphocyte pools.", "content": "Thoracic duct-rumen fistulae (TDRF) and low or high doses of Prednisolone were employed to induce depletion of blood and lymph node lymphocytes in calves. Elimination of the easily mobilizable pool of lymphocytes was almost complete within 6 days after commencing TDRF. Blood lymphocyte counts were reduced to approximately 1/3 of pre-TDRF levels. Prednisolone in low doses did not decrease the number of blood lymphocytes. High doses of Prednisolone induced a moderate, progressive blood lymphocytopenia. Both TDRF and low and high dose Prednisolone schedules induced a significant reduction of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. The loss of small lymphocytes from lymph nodes was almost entirely restricted to the diffuse cortical (paracortical) zone. The lymphocyte counts in the follicular cortex and in the medulla were not significantly affected. Almost complete disappearance of germinal centers was observed in lymph nodes of calves subjected to TDRF or high doses of Prednisolone.", "contents": "Effects of lymph diversion versus corticosteroids on blood and lymphocyte pools. Thoracic duct-rumen fistulae (TDRF) and low or high doses of Prednisolone were employed to induce depletion of blood and lymph node lymphocytes in calves. Elimination of the easily mobilizable pool of lymphocytes was almost complete within 6 days after commencing TDRF. Blood lymphocyte counts were reduced to approximately 1/3 of pre-TDRF levels. Prednisolone in low doses did not decrease the number of blood lymphocytes. High doses of Prednisolone induced a moderate, progressive blood lymphocytopenia. Both TDRF and low and high dose Prednisolone schedules induced a significant reduction of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. The loss of small lymphocytes from lymph nodes was almost entirely restricted to the diffuse cortical (paracortical) zone. The lymphocyte counts in the follicular cortex and in the medulla were not significantly affected. Almost complete disappearance of germinal centers was observed in lymph nodes of calves subjected to TDRF or high doses of Prednisolone.", "PMID": 1022222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3282", "title": "[DNA Turnover in the Whole Body of Tumour Bearing Mice (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 3 decades several authors have found in tumour-bearing animals an increase of synthesis and content of DNA in various organs which were free from neoplastic cells (Griffin, 1957;Kelly and Jones, 1950; Morgan and Cameron, 1973; Cerecedo et al., 1951; Lombardo et al., 1952). 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) is a thymidine analogue and specifically incorporated into DNA. When it is labelled with 125I or 131I it permits to reinvestigate these findings by measuring the rate of precursor incorporation into DNA and the rate of loss of labelled DNA in the living animal by means of counting the gamma emission from the incorporated iodine isotopes. In this paper, therefore, an attempt is made to analyse the DNA turnover in the whole body of liver tumour-bearing mice. 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) labelled with 125iodine was used as DNA precursor. It is a thymidine analogue 5% of which is specifically incorporated into the DNA of those proliferating cells which are in the phase of DNA synthesis at the moment of tracer application. Non-incorporated IUdR (about 95% of the injected amount) is rapidly degraded and excreted within 24 hours. The tracer remains bound to the cellular DNA druing the life span of the labelled cells. After cell death only about 5% of IUdR from DNA breakdown is reutilized. 125I has a half live of 60 days and therefore allows, over periods of weeks, external measurements of the DNA turnover in the living animal without disturbing the physiological environment. The measured loss of DNA-bound 125I reflects almost exclusively the turnover of the labelled cells. Female albino NMRI mice, 2 months old, bearing sarcoma-180 implanted into the right hind leg were intraveneously injected with 2 muCi 125I-UdR. At the time of injection, the tumour had reached in one group of mice an average volume of about 25 mm3 and in another group an average volume of nearly 850 mm3. When implanted into subcutaneous tissue sarcoma-180 rarely produces metastases in parenchymal organs, never in the spleen and--within the first 30 days after implantation--only in ca. 10% of the animals a small metastasis in a single lymphnode (Deodhar and Crile, 1969; Franchi et al., 1968). Whole body measurements were carried out immediately after tracer injection and then daily during the first week and every second or third day in the following 2 weeks in a NaI well counter with a single channel pulse height analyser. The tumour activity was also determined in vivo by a special counting device. In the normal mouse 4 to 6% of injected 125I-UdR is retained in the whole body 24 hours after tracer injection. During the following five days the 125I activity rapidly declines to 0.8% of that of day O immediately after injection. Thereafter the rate of loss of activity greatly diminishes (Fig. I). The first component of the turnover curve reflects an average daily cell loss of approximately 30% and involves about 90% of the incorporated activity...", "contents": "[DNA Turnover in the Whole Body of Tumour Bearing Mice (author's transl)]. During the last 3 decades several authors have found in tumour-bearing animals an increase of synthesis and content of DNA in various organs which were free from neoplastic cells (Griffin, 1957;Kelly and Jones, 1950; Morgan and Cameron, 1973; Cerecedo et al., 1951; Lombardo et al., 1952). 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) is a thymidine analogue and specifically incorporated into DNA. When it is labelled with 125I or 131I it permits to reinvestigate these findings by measuring the rate of precursor incorporation into DNA and the rate of loss of labelled DNA in the living animal by means of counting the gamma emission from the incorporated iodine isotopes. In this paper, therefore, an attempt is made to analyse the DNA turnover in the whole body of liver tumour-bearing mice. 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) labelled with 125iodine was used as DNA precursor. It is a thymidine analogue 5% of which is specifically incorporated into the DNA of those proliferating cells which are in the phase of DNA synthesis at the moment of tracer application. Non-incorporated IUdR (about 95% of the injected amount) is rapidly degraded and excreted within 24 hours. The tracer remains bound to the cellular DNA druing the life span of the labelled cells. After cell death only about 5% of IUdR from DNA breakdown is reutilized. 125I has a half live of 60 days and therefore allows, over periods of weeks, external measurements of the DNA turnover in the living animal without disturbing the physiological environment. The measured loss of DNA-bound 125I reflects almost exclusively the turnover of the labelled cells. Female albino NMRI mice, 2 months old, bearing sarcoma-180 implanted into the right hind leg were intraveneously injected with 2 muCi 125I-UdR. At the time of injection, the tumour had reached in one group of mice an average volume of about 25 mm3 and in another group an average volume of nearly 850 mm3. When implanted into subcutaneous tissue sarcoma-180 rarely produces metastases in parenchymal organs, never in the spleen and--within the first 30 days after implantation--only in ca. 10% of the animals a small metastasis in a single lymphnode (Deodhar and Crile, 1969; Franchi et al., 1968). Whole body measurements were carried out immediately after tracer injection and then daily during the first week and every second or third day in the following 2 weeks in a NaI well counter with a single channel pulse height analyser. The tumour activity was also determined in vivo by a special counting device. In the normal mouse 4 to 6% of injected 125I-UdR is retained in the whole body 24 hours after tracer injection. During the following five days the 125I activity rapidly declines to 0.8% of that of day O immediately after injection. Thereafter the rate of loss of activity greatly diminishes (Fig. I). The first component of the turnover curve reflects an average daily cell loss of approximately 30% and involves about 90% of the incorporated activity...", "PMID": 1022223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3283", "title": "Granuloma inguinale simulating advanced pelvic cancer.", "content": "This paper describes a case of multiple disease in an Aboriginal woman. Granuloma inguinale, of unusual severity and extent, which closely simulated advanced pelvic malignant disease, was included. Some problems of the diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Granuloma inguinale simulating advanced pelvic cancer. This paper describes a case of multiple disease in an Aboriginal woman. Granuloma inguinale, of unusual severity and extent, which closely simulated advanced pelvic malignant disease, was included. Some problems of the diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1022224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3284", "title": "Enhance anchorage independence and tumorigenicity of aneuploid Chinese hamster cells with nearly doubled chromosome complements.", "content": "The role of a cell's chromosome complement in its tumorigenic and anchorage-independent growth properties in vitro was investigated by injecting a Chinese hamster cell line and its subclones into immunodeficient nude mice and by plating the cells in a semisolid medium containing methylcellulose. The parental WOR-6 cell clone originally consisted of 89% 1s cells and 11% cells with a nearly double (2s) complement. Tumors that developed from WOR-6 were found to consis entirely or primarily of cells with near 2s chromosome complements. Subclones of WOR-6 that contained only 1s cells rarely produced tumors in nude mice, even at high inoculum doses, whereas clones containing a high fraction of 2s cells were consistently tumorigenition, serial passage of WOR-6 cells in semisolid medium resulted in selective enrichment for near 2s cells and, concomitantly, greatly enhanced tumorigenicity. Analyses of G-banded chromosomes revealed that the 1s cells of the WOR-6 parental clone, which has a modal chromosome number of 21 and a range of 18 to 23, is completely or partially monosomic for some chromosomes and trisomic for others. The 2s cells, selected both in vivo through growth as tumors in nude mice and in vitro in semisolid medium, appeared to have resulted from preferential duplication of certain chromosomes of the 1s cells. Our results therefore suggest that cells which develop multiple copies of selected genes, while remaining functionally hemizygous for other loci, acquire an enhanced anchorage-independent growth potential in vitro and increased tumorigenicity. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that cellular tumorigenicity is correlated with anchorage independence (Rreedman and Shin, 1974) and leads support to OHNO'S (1974) suggesting that aneuploidy is a possible means employed by cells to express recessive phenotypes and increase their tumorigenicity.", "contents": "Enhance anchorage independence and tumorigenicity of aneuploid Chinese hamster cells with nearly doubled chromosome complements. The role of a cell's chromosome complement in its tumorigenic and anchorage-independent growth properties in vitro was investigated by injecting a Chinese hamster cell line and its subclones into immunodeficient nude mice and by plating the cells in a semisolid medium containing methylcellulose. The parental WOR-6 cell clone originally consisted of 89% 1s cells and 11% cells with a nearly double (2s) complement. Tumors that developed from WOR-6 were found to consis entirely or primarily of cells with near 2s chromosome complements. Subclones of WOR-6 that contained only 1s cells rarely produced tumors in nude mice, even at high inoculum doses, whereas clones containing a high fraction of 2s cells were consistently tumorigenition, serial passage of WOR-6 cells in semisolid medium resulted in selective enrichment for near 2s cells and, concomitantly, greatly enhanced tumorigenicity. Analyses of G-banded chromosomes revealed that the 1s cells of the WOR-6 parental clone, which has a modal chromosome number of 21 and a range of 18 to 23, is completely or partially monosomic for some chromosomes and trisomic for others. The 2s cells, selected both in vivo through growth as tumors in nude mice and in vitro in semisolid medium, appeared to have resulted from preferential duplication of certain chromosomes of the 1s cells. Our results therefore suggest that cells which develop multiple copies of selected genes, while remaining functionally hemizygous for other loci, acquire an enhanced anchorage-independent growth potential in vitro and increased tumorigenicity. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that cellular tumorigenicity is correlated with anchorage independence (Rreedman and Shin, 1974) and leads support to OHNO'S (1974) suggesting that aneuploidy is a possible means employed by cells to express recessive phenotypes and increase their tumorigenicity.", "PMID": 1022225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3285", "title": "An anomalous muscle (accessory subscapularis-teres-latissimus muscle) in the axilla penetrating the brachial plexus in man.", "content": "An anomalous muscle passing through the brachial plexus was found in 10 cases out of 380 sides of 190 human cadavers in the dissection course. The muscle was designated as 'accessory subscapularis-teres-latissimus muscle'. This muscle arose near the lateral margin of the scapula, either from the surface of the subscapularis muscle or from the border of the quadrangular terminal tendon of the latissimus dorsi or from both of those sources when the muscle was divided into two heads. It ran obliquely upward to fuse with the insertion of the subscapularis. The largest anomaly was 2.5 cm in width and 7 cm in length. This muscle could be classified into three types on the basis of its nerve supply and its relation to the brachial plexus. The type I muscle crossed over the axillary and lower subscapular nerves, behind the radial nerve and was innervated by the lower subscapular nerves. The type II musclepenetrated the brachial plexus separating the radial nerve into two roots; the upper from the posterior division of the upper trunk and the lower from the posterior divisions of the middle and lower trunks. The type II muscle was supplied by a branch of the radial nerve, which originated always at the same level as the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve. The type III muscle passed through the further more ventrocaudal level of the plexus; in one case it divided the radial nerve into an upper root from the posterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks and a lower root from the lower trunk, and, in another case, into an upper main root from all the three trunks and a lower slender root from the lower trunk. The type III muscle was supplied by branches from the radial and in addition from the thoracodorsal nerve in one case. In four out of ten cases, the subscapular or thoracodorsal artery also passed posterior to the anomalous muscle. A discussion was made on the nature of the anomalous muscle.", "contents": "An anomalous muscle (accessory subscapularis-teres-latissimus muscle) in the axilla penetrating the brachial plexus in man. An anomalous muscle passing through the brachial plexus was found in 10 cases out of 380 sides of 190 human cadavers in the dissection course. The muscle was designated as 'accessory subscapularis-teres-latissimus muscle'. This muscle arose near the lateral margin of the scapula, either from the surface of the subscapularis muscle or from the border of the quadrangular terminal tendon of the latissimus dorsi or from both of those sources when the muscle was divided into two heads. It ran obliquely upward to fuse with the insertion of the subscapularis. The largest anomaly was 2.5 cm in width and 7 cm in length. This muscle could be classified into three types on the basis of its nerve supply and its relation to the brachial plexus. The type I muscle crossed over the axillary and lower subscapular nerves, behind the radial nerve and was innervated by the lower subscapular nerves. The type II musclepenetrated the brachial plexus separating the radial nerve into two roots; the upper from the posterior division of the upper trunk and the lower from the posterior divisions of the middle and lower trunks. The type II muscle was supplied by a branch of the radial nerve, which originated always at the same level as the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve. The type III muscle passed through the further more ventrocaudal level of the plexus; in one case it divided the radial nerve into an upper root from the posterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks and a lower root from the lower trunk, and, in another case, into an upper main root from all the three trunks and a lower slender root from the lower trunk. The type III muscle was supplied by branches from the radial and in addition from the thoracodorsal nerve in one case. In four out of ten cases, the subscapular or thoracodorsal artery also passed posterior to the anomalous muscle. A discussion was made on the nature of the anomalous muscle.", "PMID": 1022227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3286", "title": "[Models of growth, self-reproduction and autoregulation based on consideration of reaction vessels with distensible, semipermeable walls].", "content": "We constructed non-equilibrium thermodynamics of the open physical-chemical irreversible processes in reactors with the strain semipermeable walls. This thermodynamics does not use the reciprocal relations of Onsager, so it may be applied when the stability stationary state is far from equilibrium. One of a general consequences of this thermodynamics is the statement: coordinated growth and self-reproduction are possible near the absolute equilibrium of the dissolvent and near the absolute stability stationary state of all chemicals with the absolute conservation of the differential equations of chemical kinetics. The supposition of ideal mixing is unnecessary; this condition is fulfilled automatically with diffusion. Growth and self-reproduction are not connected with positive eigenvalue of the differential equation of chemical kinetics. It is possible to construct a model of autoregulation and differentiation with this thermodynamics. The uniquness of such autoregulation follows from the mathematical theory [1]. The mathematical foundation of this thermodynamics is given in [1].", "contents": "[Models of growth, self-reproduction and autoregulation based on consideration of reaction vessels with distensible, semipermeable walls]. We constructed non-equilibrium thermodynamics of the open physical-chemical irreversible processes in reactors with the strain semipermeable walls. This thermodynamics does not use the reciprocal relations of Onsager, so it may be applied when the stability stationary state is far from equilibrium. One of a general consequences of this thermodynamics is the statement: coordinated growth and self-reproduction are possible near the absolute equilibrium of the dissolvent and near the absolute stability stationary state of all chemicals with the absolute conservation of the differential equations of chemical kinetics. The supposition of ideal mixing is unnecessary; this condition is fulfilled automatically with diffusion. Growth and self-reproduction are not connected with positive eigenvalue of the differential equation of chemical kinetics. It is possible to construct a model of autoregulation and differentiation with this thermodynamics. The uniquness of such autoregulation follows from the mathematical theory [1]. The mathematical foundation of this thermodynamics is given in [1].", "PMID": 1022233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3287", "title": "[Polymer chain with eliminated volume in an exterior field].", "content": "The problem of the behaviour of a polymer chain with excluded volume in an external attractive potential field was considered. It was found that the phase transition (the capture of a polymer by a potential pit), is the phase transition of the second kind; the excluded volume affects neither the temperature, nor the kind of phase transition, but it influences essentially the structure of the system after capture. An analysis of this structure was undertaken; the dependence of the critical temperature on the parameters of the pit was calculated.", "contents": "[Polymer chain with eliminated volume in an exterior field]. The problem of the behaviour of a polymer chain with excluded volume in an external attractive potential field was considered. It was found that the phase transition (the capture of a polymer by a potential pit), is the phase transition of the second kind; the excluded volume affects neither the temperature, nor the kind of phase transition, but it influences essentially the structure of the system after capture. An analysis of this structure was undertaken; the dependence of the critical temperature on the parameters of the pit was calculated.", "PMID": 1022234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3288", "title": "[Kinetics of reactions between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide. II. Analysis of kinetic schemes in linear approximation].", "content": "The kinetics of hemoglobin (Hb) reactions with carbon monoxide were calculated for a number of classical schemes: with one, two, four binding sites and an allosteric scheme with T- and R-conformers. The developed theory predicts the existence of only one relaxation time for every scheme the values of which depends on the velocity constants, saturation degree and the Hb concentration.", "contents": "[Kinetics of reactions between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide. II. Analysis of kinetic schemes in linear approximation]. The kinetics of hemoglobin (Hb) reactions with carbon monoxide were calculated for a number of classical schemes: with one, two, four binding sites and an allosteric scheme with T- and R-conformers. The developed theory predicts the existence of only one relaxation time for every scheme the values of which depends on the velocity constants, saturation degree and the Hb concentration.", "PMID": 1022235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3289", "title": "[Relationship between temperature and catalase kinetics under conditions of substrate inactivation].", "content": "The kinetic behaviour of catalase at substrate inactivation in temperature interval 3 degrees - 50 degrees was studied. There is maximum at 25 degrees on curve: temperature - rate of reaction. This maximum takes place because of a change of the substrate inactivation of catalase with temperature. Dependence of the substrate inactivation constant (ko) on temperature was calculated.", "contents": "[Relationship between temperature and catalase kinetics under conditions of substrate inactivation]. The kinetic behaviour of catalase at substrate inactivation in temperature interval 3 degrees - 50 degrees was studied. There is maximum at 25 degrees on curve: temperature - rate of reaction. This maximum takes place because of a change of the substrate inactivation of catalase with temperature. Dependence of the substrate inactivation constant (ko) on temperature was calculated.", "PMID": 1022237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3290", "title": "[Stereochemical enhancement of specificity in biological recognition systems].", "content": "Specificity of the reaction of equilibrium association as a model of recognition process has been analysed. It has been shown that subdividing the centres of recognition into two uncoupled groups may lead to the effect of stereochemical enhancement of specificity, i. e. an increase of the fraction of the correct complex. If the second group of centers is unspecific, then a compensation of mistakes on a specific group of centers by unspecific ones takes place. Stereochemical enhancement of specificity requires the presence in the recognition protein molecule of a mechanism of switching on - off interaction on a group of centers. The most universal method of such switching on - off is a conformational transition in the protein molecule and (or) the \"substrate\".", "contents": "[Stereochemical enhancement of specificity in biological recognition systems]. Specificity of the reaction of equilibrium association as a model of recognition process has been analysed. It has been shown that subdividing the centres of recognition into two uncoupled groups may lead to the effect of stereochemical enhancement of specificity, i. e. an increase of the fraction of the correct complex. If the second group of centers is unspecific, then a compensation of mistakes on a specific group of centers by unspecific ones takes place. Stereochemical enhancement of specificity requires the presence in the recognition protein molecule of a mechanism of switching on - off interaction on a group of centers. The most universal method of such switching on - off is a conformational transition in the protein molecule and (or) the \"substrate\".", "PMID": 1022238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3291", "title": "[Estimation of the amount of energy transformed in the actomyosin--ATP system according to kinetics findings].", "content": "A kinetic scheme for actomyosin ATPase reaction, including two different states of the energy-rich actomyosin intermediate and different ways of its formation and decomposition, is considered. The energy, liberated in this reaction, amounts to 9 kcal. mol-1. Energy liberation is coupled with myosin head rotation. The energy-rich intermediate is stabilized by hindrances to head motion. By this mechanism the energy transduction in a filamentous actomyosin system can occur only after a dissociation act, and an ordered cyclical reaction can take place.", "contents": "[Estimation of the amount of energy transformed in the actomyosin--ATP system according to kinetics findings]. A kinetic scheme for actomyosin ATPase reaction, including two different states of the energy-rich actomyosin intermediate and different ways of its formation and decomposition, is considered. The energy, liberated in this reaction, amounts to 9 kcal. mol-1. Energy liberation is coupled with myosin head rotation. The energy-rich intermediate is stabilized by hindrances to head motion. By this mechanism the energy transduction in a filamentous actomyosin system can occur only after a dissociation act, and an ordered cyclical reaction can take place.", "PMID": 1022236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3292", "title": "[Photo-emissions of nucleic acids and related compounds in the 120--250 nm region].", "content": "Photoemission of thin films of uracil, citosine, timine, adenine, quanine, DNA, RNA, nucleosides, nucleotides in the spectral region 125-250 nm is investigated. Photoemission work functions are determined, their values are in the interval of 5.7-6.1 ev. The dependence of photoemission efficiency on wave length for uracil, timine, DNA, RNA are measured. The results of this work with earlier data on luminescence yields are discussed. Possibility of radiation recombination process for wave lengths shorter than 160 nm is suggested.", "contents": "[Photo-emissions of nucleic acids and related compounds in the 120--250 nm region]. Photoemission of thin films of uracil, citosine, timine, adenine, quanine, DNA, RNA, nucleosides, nucleotides in the spectral region 125-250 nm is investigated. Photoemission work functions are determined, their values are in the interval of 5.7-6.1 ev. The dependence of photoemission efficiency on wave length for uracil, timine, DNA, RNA are measured. The results of this work with earlier data on luminescence yields are discussed. Possibility of radiation recombination process for wave lengths shorter than 160 nm is suggested.", "PMID": 1022239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3293", "title": "[Spin label study of the structure and conformational properties of fibers from cotton grown from gamma-irradiated seeds].", "content": "According to ESR spectra of the radical - probe I it has been shown that there are two regions in cotton cellulose: ordered and disordered ones, pointing to inhibition and free rotation of the radical. 40 spin-labeled samples of cotton filaments and their mutants by the radicals II-IX chemically bound by the cellulose hydroxyl group were obtained. From ESR spectra strong inhibition of iminoxyl radical was established which was the evidenced of high rigidity of disordered regions of cellulose. Conformational changes of cotton cellulose grown from seeds exposed to different doses of gamma-irradiation.", "contents": "[Spin label study of the structure and conformational properties of fibers from cotton grown from gamma-irradiated seeds]. According to ESR spectra of the radical - probe I it has been shown that there are two regions in cotton cellulose: ordered and disordered ones, pointing to inhibition and free rotation of the radical. 40 spin-labeled samples of cotton filaments and their mutants by the radicals II-IX chemically bound by the cellulose hydroxyl group were obtained. From ESR spectra strong inhibition of iminoxyl radical was established which was the evidenced of high rigidity of disordered regions of cellulose. Conformational changes of cotton cellulose grown from seeds exposed to different doses of gamma-irradiation.", "PMID": 1022241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3294", "title": "[Ca ions in regulation of the permeability and mechanical properties of intercellular contacts of small intestinal epithelium].", "content": "The role of Ca in regulating passive permeability of alkaline cations is investigated. As it has been shown, the pathway of permeability are intercellular junctions [9-10]. An attempt was made to use permeability parameters for characterizing intercellular junctions. Forms of Ca binding and the nature of site, that discriminated ion permeation are evaluated. To develop the studies of functional peculiarities of intercellular junctions, the role of Ca in regulating the mechanical properties of intercellular junction of small intestine epithelia are investigated.", "contents": "[Ca ions in regulation of the permeability and mechanical properties of intercellular contacts of small intestinal epithelium]. The role of Ca in regulating passive permeability of alkaline cations is investigated. As it has been shown, the pathway of permeability are intercellular junctions [9-10]. An attempt was made to use permeability parameters for characterizing intercellular junctions. Forms of Ca binding and the nature of site, that discriminated ion permeation are evaluated. To develop the studies of functional peculiarities of intercellular junctions, the role of Ca in regulating the mechanical properties of intercellular junction of small intestine epithelia are investigated.", "PMID": 1022243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3295", "title": "[Globule--substrate complex: several effects caused by the polymeric nature of the globule].", "content": "To anaylse possible role of globule polymeric nature in enzyme functioning, an equilibrium complex of homopolymeric liquidlike globule with a hard ball which models the substrate is considered. It is shown that the presence of linear memory in the globule may lead to an increase of the braking moment of forces affecting the substrate, to additional phase transitions concerned with a transition of the substrate of the globule centram to the perifery and vice versa etc. The shape of the globule surface adsorbed on the substrate is calculated.", "contents": "[Globule--substrate complex: several effects caused by the polymeric nature of the globule]. To anaylse possible role of globule polymeric nature in enzyme functioning, an equilibrium complex of homopolymeric liquidlike globule with a hard ball which models the substrate is considered. It is shown that the presence of linear memory in the globule may lead to an increase of the braking moment of forces affecting the substrate, to additional phase transitions concerned with a transition of the substrate of the globule centram to the perifery and vice versa etc. The shape of the globule surface adsorbed on the substrate is calculated.", "PMID": 1022240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3296", "title": "[Mechanisms of spontaneous relaxation of smooth muscle (guinea pig taenia coli) depolarized in a hyperkalemic medium].", "content": "Experiments were performed on isolated strips of guinea pig taenia coli by the double sucrose-gap method. The artificial node was depolarized with potassium solution (from 120 to 167.7 mM KCl). When the bathing solution contained 0.4 mM Ca and the temperature was equal to 25 degrees C then potassium contracture was followed by fast relaxation. The muscular tone changed slightly during rectangular pulse of hyperpolarizing current, after switching off the current muscle generated a transient contractile response. The amplitude of such off-responses increased in some range with increasing in strength and duration of conditioning current. Treatment of muscle with compound D-600 resulted in a reduction of muscular tone and elimination of off-responses. The addition of Na ions to potassium solution (substitution of 47.7 mM KCl with the same quantity of NaCl) reduced muscular tone and enhanced the relaxation after off-responses. In sodium-free potassium solution each off-response was followed by increasing muscular tone but when the bathing solution contained Na ions this increase of the tone was not observed. The data obtained strongly suggest that the spontaneous relaxation of smooth muscle which was contracted in K-solution resulted from: 1) inactivation of calcium channels of surface membrane, 2) sequastration of Ca ions by intracellular storange sites, 3) extrusion of Ca in extracellular space (in part by means of Na-Ca exchange diffusion).", "contents": "[Mechanisms of spontaneous relaxation of smooth muscle (guinea pig taenia coli) depolarized in a hyperkalemic medium]. Experiments were performed on isolated strips of guinea pig taenia coli by the double sucrose-gap method. The artificial node was depolarized with potassium solution (from 120 to 167.7 mM KCl). When the bathing solution contained 0.4 mM Ca and the temperature was equal to 25 degrees C then potassium contracture was followed by fast relaxation. The muscular tone changed slightly during rectangular pulse of hyperpolarizing current, after switching off the current muscle generated a transient contractile response. The amplitude of such off-responses increased in some range with increasing in strength and duration of conditioning current. Treatment of muscle with compound D-600 resulted in a reduction of muscular tone and elimination of off-responses. The addition of Na ions to potassium solution (substitution of 47.7 mM KCl with the same quantity of NaCl) reduced muscular tone and enhanced the relaxation after off-responses. In sodium-free potassium solution each off-response was followed by increasing muscular tone but when the bathing solution contained Na ions this increase of the tone was not observed. The data obtained strongly suggest that the spontaneous relaxation of smooth muscle which was contracted in K-solution resulted from: 1) inactivation of calcium channels of surface membrane, 2) sequastration of Ca ions by intracellular storange sites, 3) extrusion of Ca in extracellular space (in part by means of Na-Ca exchange diffusion).", "PMID": 1022245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3297", "title": "[Mechanisms of change in the tonus of depolarized smooth muscle (guinea pig taenia coli) during application of a hyperpolarizing current].", "content": "Using double sucrose-gap technique three types of contractile responses of depolarized smooth muscle (guinea-pig taenia-coli) current-induced hyperpolarization were investigated: 1) contractions, 2) relaxations and 3) biphasic responses (relaxation followed by contraction). Every preparation generated generally only one type of responses (of different amplitude) when passing the currents of various strength. These responses were attributed to the changes of calcium fluxes through the cellular membranes under hyperpolarization. The phenomena observed were analysed on the mathematical model. Quantitative analysis showed that description of calcium current changes with equations of Hogkin-Huxley types was not sufficient; the model predicts the existence of non-inactivating channels in the smooth muscle cellular membrane. This very assumption allows to describe correctly all three types of cintractile responses.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of change in the tonus of depolarized smooth muscle (guinea pig taenia coli) during application of a hyperpolarizing current]. Using double sucrose-gap technique three types of contractile responses of depolarized smooth muscle (guinea-pig taenia-coli) current-induced hyperpolarization were investigated: 1) contractions, 2) relaxations and 3) biphasic responses (relaxation followed by contraction). Every preparation generated generally only one type of responses (of different amplitude) when passing the currents of various strength. These responses were attributed to the changes of calcium fluxes through the cellular membranes under hyperpolarization. The phenomena observed were analysed on the mathematical model. Quantitative analysis showed that description of calcium current changes with equations of Hogkin-Huxley types was not sufficient; the model predicts the existence of non-inactivating channels in the smooth muscle cellular membrane. This very assumption allows to describe correctly all three types of cintractile responses.", "PMID": 1022246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3298", "title": "[Dynamics of the measured oxidative potential of preserved blood].", "content": "An expression for oxidative potential (phi) of conservated blood is suggested proceeding from the assumption of the steady character of the system methemoglobin -- hemoglobin, oxihemoglobin included. This system is suggested to be responsible for the formation of phi in the blood. The equation qualitatively describes the experimental relation of phi on time at the contact of blood with air. Relationship between the changes of oxidative potential in the blood during its storage with the state of conservated blood hemoglobin is discussed. The experimental data show that measuring of the oxidative potential may be the basis for creating a control method for the state of conservated blood during its storage.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the measured oxidative potential of preserved blood]. An expression for oxidative potential (phi) of conservated blood is suggested proceeding from the assumption of the steady character of the system methemoglobin -- hemoglobin, oxihemoglobin included. This system is suggested to be responsible for the formation of phi in the blood. The equation qualitatively describes the experimental relation of phi on time at the contact of blood with air. Relationship between the changes of oxidative potential in the blood during its storage with the state of conservated blood hemoglobin is discussed. The experimental data show that measuring of the oxidative potential may be the basis for creating a control method for the state of conservated blood during its storage.", "PMID": 1022248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3299", "title": "[Influence of illumination on thermogenesis of growing cultures of halophilic bacteria].", "content": "1. Formation of purpuric membranes depends on the light spectral composition applied for culture illumination. 2. Red light turned to be less favourable for the formation of purpuric membranes, the blue one was more favourable for this purpose. 3. Thermogenesis of the culture giving the greatest yield of purpuric membranes is plotted by the curve with a large number of falls of thermogenesis. 4. At a decrease of cultivation temperature even under the blue light the formation of purpuric membranes is inhibited. 5. The decrease of thermogenesis at definite moments of cultivation of halophiles is concerned with the formation of purpuric membranes in the cells.", "contents": "[Influence of illumination on thermogenesis of growing cultures of halophilic bacteria]. 1. Formation of purpuric membranes depends on the light spectral composition applied for culture illumination. 2. Red light turned to be less favourable for the formation of purpuric membranes, the blue one was more favourable for this purpose. 3. Thermogenesis of the culture giving the greatest yield of purpuric membranes is plotted by the curve with a large number of falls of thermogenesis. 4. At a decrease of cultivation temperature even under the blue light the formation of purpuric membranes is inhibited. 5. The decrease of thermogenesis at definite moments of cultivation of halophiles is concerned with the formation of purpuric membranes in the cells.", "PMID": 1022249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3300", "title": "[Dicrete zones of electrical connection between Purkinje terminals and muscle fibers in dog ventricles].", "content": "Activity of Purkinje terminals (P) and neighbouring muscle (M) fibres (P -- M-pairs) in various regions of dog's right ventricle was recorded. It has been shown that transmission of stimulation from P-to M-fibres is abserved not over all endocardial surface, rather in descrete sites -- zones of P--M-interaction. The zones ellips like with the axes 300X100 micron, they are located relatively far from one another -- at the distance of 800-2000 microns. The total area of the zones equals 5% of endocardial surface. P-M delay is less within the zone of connection of P--M-fibres (4 msec) and greater outside the zone (up to 10 msec).", "contents": "[Dicrete zones of electrical connection between Purkinje terminals and muscle fibers in dog ventricles]. Activity of Purkinje terminals (P) and neighbouring muscle (M) fibres (P -- M-pairs) in various regions of dog's right ventricle was recorded. It has been shown that transmission of stimulation from P-to M-fibres is abserved not over all endocardial surface, rather in descrete sites -- zones of P--M-interaction. The zones ellips like with the axes 300X100 micron, they are located relatively far from one another -- at the distance of 800-2000 microns. The total area of the zones equals 5% of endocardial surface. P-M delay is less within the zone of connection of P--M-fibres (4 msec) and greater outside the zone (up to 10 msec).", "PMID": 1022250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3301", "title": "[Theory of the EEG potential in models of the leptomeninges of the brain. IV. Radial dipoles and their double layers in the depths and on the surface of the brain].", "content": "The estimaiton of ECoG-potentials is fulfilled by means of a simple model of the isolated sphere, which is exact enough, as it was proved earlier [1]. A simple limit formula for the qualitative estimation of ECoG-potentials of a source situated in the cerebral cortex is obtained. The EEG as in [2] is obtained using the transformation of the first 20 spheric harmonics. The experimental facts of registration of the evoked potentials of comparatively little subcortical sources were explained theoretically. Numerical results of the model are used to estimate the intensity of the field induced in the brain by two electrodes placed on the scalp.", "contents": "[Theory of the EEG potential in models of the leptomeninges of the brain. IV. Radial dipoles and their double layers in the depths and on the surface of the brain]. The estimaiton of ECoG-potentials is fulfilled by means of a simple model of the isolated sphere, which is exact enough, as it was proved earlier [1]. A simple limit formula for the qualitative estimation of ECoG-potentials of a source situated in the cerebral cortex is obtained. The EEG as in [2] is obtained using the transformation of the first 20 spheric harmonics. The experimental facts of registration of the evoked potentials of comparatively little subcortical sources were explained theoretically. Numerical results of the model are used to estimate the intensity of the field induced in the brain by two electrodes placed on the scalp.", "PMID": 1022252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3302", "title": "[Direct comparison of the detection characteristics of the binaural analyzer of the human auditory system and a detector the correlation method of processing signals].", "content": "An experimental comparison of output performances of human binaural system and correlation detector has been carried out. These phenomena are developed by detection of the tonal signals, masked by narrow-band noise, central at the signal frequency (fc) and having half-bandwidth deltafm=0.01 fc. The results are obtained with fc=800, 1000, 1500, 2000, 4000 and 6300 Hz. In these conditions the human binaural system may be discussed as correlation detector with the resolution: deltar=0.02 when fc less than or equal to 500 Hz and deltar=0.08 when fc more than or equal to Hz.", "contents": "[Direct comparison of the detection characteristics of the binaural analyzer of the human auditory system and a detector the correlation method of processing signals]. An experimental comparison of output performances of human binaural system and correlation detector has been carried out. These phenomena are developed by detection of the tonal signals, masked by narrow-band noise, central at the signal frequency (fc) and having half-bandwidth deltafm=0.01 fc. The results are obtained with fc=800, 1000, 1500, 2000, 4000 and 6300 Hz. In these conditions the human binaural system may be discussed as correlation detector with the resolution: deltar=0.02 when fc less than or equal to 500 Hz and deltar=0.08 when fc more than or equal to Hz.", "PMID": 1022256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3303", "title": "[The glycolipoproteins of plastid membrane system in process of chloroplast biogenesis].", "content": "The glycolipoprotein fractions were isolated from the prolamellar and lamellar system of plastids. The glycolipoproteins were studied on the formic acid--urea polyacrylamide gel. The glycolipoproteins from the chloroplast lamellar system of bean leaves have the molecular weight 38 000, 93 000 and above 160 000. The amino acid composition of glycolipoproteins and its biosynthesis were studied in vivo and in vitro experiments. The glycolipoproteins were the first membrane proteins which were formed by chloroplasts in vitro. It is concluded that 70S ribosomes are involved in the glycolipoproteins biosynthesis.", "contents": "[The glycolipoproteins of plastid membrane system in process of chloroplast biogenesis]. The glycolipoprotein fractions were isolated from the prolamellar and lamellar system of plastids. The glycolipoproteins were studied on the formic acid--urea polyacrylamide gel. The glycolipoproteins from the chloroplast lamellar system of bean leaves have the molecular weight 38 000, 93 000 and above 160 000. The amino acid composition of glycolipoproteins and its biosynthesis were studied in vivo and in vitro experiments. The glycolipoproteins were the first membrane proteins which were formed by chloroplasts in vitro. It is concluded that 70S ribosomes are involved in the glycolipoproteins biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1022265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3304", "title": "[Chemoluminescence of preserved bone tissue].", "content": "The luminescence of bone tissue was studied during its treatment at preservation. It was found that vacuum drying as well as bone saturation with ascorbic acid and some antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin) depressed the luminescence emission. Combined influence of these factors was found to be more difficult than for each one separately. The greatest deterioration of chemoluminescence intensity was observed during additional treatment with antimetabolite.", "contents": "[Chemoluminescence of preserved bone tissue]. The luminescence of bone tissue was studied during its treatment at preservation. It was found that vacuum drying as well as bone saturation with ascorbic acid and some antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin) depressed the luminescence emission. Combined influence of these factors was found to be more difficult than for each one separately. The greatest deterioration of chemoluminescence intensity was observed during additional treatment with antimetabolite.", "PMID": 1022259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3305", "title": "[A study of heterogeneity of isomerase and epimerase of pentose phosphates from rat spleen by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "The heterogeneity of isomerase and epimerase of pentose phosphates from rat spleen was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Three electrophoretical fractions of the enzymes are demonstrated. The ten-fold purification of the isomerase and epimerase by saline fractionation does not alter their catalytic properties and electrophoretic pattern.", "contents": "[A study of heterogeneity of isomerase and epimerase of pentose phosphates from rat spleen by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel]. The heterogeneity of isomerase and epimerase of pentose phosphates from rat spleen was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Three electrophoretical fractions of the enzymes are demonstrated. The ten-fold purification of the isomerase and epimerase by saline fractionation does not alter their catalytic properties and electrophoretic pattern.", "PMID": 1022266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3306", "title": "[Infrared spectra of erythrocyte shadows in the region of the amide I and amide II bands following microwave irradiation].", "content": "No beta-structures of protein molecules were observed by IR-spectra of intact erythrocyte shadows. Ultra high frequency irradiation in the range of 1009 mHz intensity of 45 mW/cm3 results in small conformational reconstructions of molecules in the membrane, but it does not induce a notable transition of alpha-helix or coil into beta-structure. A decrease of the intensity of lipid band by 1740 cm-1 is shown up at the spectra. Deuterium exchange for 36--38 min shows that the transition of the band amide II near 1540 cm-1 into the band 1450 cm-1 proceeds faster under UHF irradiation than in the control. The effects observed are in a direct relation-ship with the intensity of UHF-field and disappear at the intensities of 5--8 mW/cm3 and lower.", "contents": "[Infrared spectra of erythrocyte shadows in the region of the amide I and amide II bands following microwave irradiation]. No beta-structures of protein molecules were observed by IR-spectra of intact erythrocyte shadows. Ultra high frequency irradiation in the range of 1009 mHz intensity of 45 mW/cm3 results in small conformational reconstructions of molecules in the membrane, but it does not induce a notable transition of alpha-helix or coil into beta-structure. A decrease of the intensity of lipid band by 1740 cm-1 is shown up at the spectra. Deuterium exchange for 36--38 min shows that the transition of the band amide II near 1540 cm-1 into the band 1450 cm-1 proceeds faster under UHF irradiation than in the control. The effects observed are in a direct relation-ship with the intensity of UHF-field and disappear at the intensities of 5--8 mW/cm3 and lower.", "PMID": 1022261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3307", "title": "[DNA-methylase activities from animal mitochondria and nuclei: different specificity of DNA methylation].", "content": "DNA-methylase activities which methylate cytosine residues in homo- and heterologous DNA were detected in mitochondria and nuclei from rat liver and beef heart. Adenine modifying DNA-methylases in mitochondria and nuclei were not found. DNA from mitochondria and nuclei differ significantly in the methylation degree and in the pattern of the 5-methyl-cytosine distribution by pyrimidine isostichs as DNA in vivo and in vitro being methylated. Mitochondrial DNA methylase has the maximum activity at 30 degrees and pH 7.8 this enzyme(s) differ(s) from the nuclear one(s) in the pH dependence of its activity. After exhaustive in vitro methylation of various DNA by the nuclear enzyme DNA-methylase from mitochondria additionally introduces CH3 groups from S-adenosylmethionine into these DNA (about 3 times more CH3 groups than nuclear enzyme). Nuclear DNA-methylase also methylates DNA which is previously fully-methylated by the mitochondrial enzyme, but to a lesser degree. In conditions of exhaustive DNA methylation mitochondrial enzyme introduces into E. coli B DNA about four times more methyl groups as compared to the nuclear one. After the methylation of E. coli B DNA by mitochondrial enzyme the label (3H-methyl) was detected predominantly in mono-, and in case of nuclear enzyme--in di- and tripyrimidine fragments. Mitochondrial DNA-methylase differs from the nuclear one in the nature of recognized DNA sequences; these enzymes seems to be represented by different proteins. The mitochondrial enzyme methylates shorter nucleotide sequences in DNA as compared to the nuclear DNA-methylase. All these data suggest there exist organoid specificity of genome methylation in animal cell and the modification-restriction systems in animal nucleus and mitochondria are different in character.", "contents": "[DNA-methylase activities from animal mitochondria and nuclei: different specificity of DNA methylation]. DNA-methylase activities which methylate cytosine residues in homo- and heterologous DNA were detected in mitochondria and nuclei from rat liver and beef heart. Adenine modifying DNA-methylases in mitochondria and nuclei were not found. DNA from mitochondria and nuclei differ significantly in the methylation degree and in the pattern of the 5-methyl-cytosine distribution by pyrimidine isostichs as DNA in vivo and in vitro being methylated. Mitochondrial DNA methylase has the maximum activity at 30 degrees and pH 7.8 this enzyme(s) differ(s) from the nuclear one(s) in the pH dependence of its activity. After exhaustive in vitro methylation of various DNA by the nuclear enzyme DNA-methylase from mitochondria additionally introduces CH3 groups from S-adenosylmethionine into these DNA (about 3 times more CH3 groups than nuclear enzyme). Nuclear DNA-methylase also methylates DNA which is previously fully-methylated by the mitochondrial enzyme, but to a lesser degree. In conditions of exhaustive DNA methylation mitochondrial enzyme introduces into E. coli B DNA about four times more methyl groups as compared to the nuclear one. After the methylation of E. coli B DNA by mitochondrial enzyme the label (3H-methyl) was detected predominantly in mono-, and in case of nuclear enzyme--in di- and tripyrimidine fragments. Mitochondrial DNA-methylase differs from the nuclear one in the nature of recognized DNA sequences; these enzymes seems to be represented by different proteins. The mitochondrial enzyme methylates shorter nucleotide sequences in DNA as compared to the nuclear DNA-methylase. All these data suggest there exist organoid specificity of genome methylation in animal cell and the modification-restriction systems in animal nucleus and mitochondria are different in character.", "PMID": 1022267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3308", "title": "[Influence of phospholipids on oxidation of the methylester of oleic acid].", "content": "It has been shown on the model of thermic oxidation of oleic acid methyl ether that addition of phosphatidylethanolamine and lisophosphatidylcholine into a developed reaction brings about some regularities which can be accounted for as oxidation of two-substances. It is suggested that phospholipids can be the substrate of radical oxidation of substances in oxidative transformations of lipids in the cell. In this case according to oxidation conditions the same phospholipids can appear either as prooxidants or as antioxidants.", "contents": "[Influence of phospholipids on oxidation of the methylester of oleic acid]. It has been shown on the model of thermic oxidation of oleic acid methyl ether that addition of phosphatidylethanolamine and lisophosphatidylcholine into a developed reaction brings about some regularities which can be accounted for as oxidation of two-substances. It is suggested that phospholipids can be the substrate of radical oxidation of substances in oxidative transformations of lipids in the cell. In this case according to oxidation conditions the same phospholipids can appear either as prooxidants or as antioxidants.", "PMID": 1022262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3309", "title": "[Plasma membrane proteins of embryo cells of various sea urchin species and hybrid embryo].", "content": "Differences are observed in plasma membrane proteins of S. intermedius and S. droebachiensis sea urchin embryo cells isolated at middle blastula stage by means of acrylamide-gel electrophoresis in presence of SDS, urea or non-ionic detergents--Triton X-100 or Brij 35. Electrophoretic mobilities of plasma membrane proteins of sea urchin hybrid embryo malemale S. intermedius X femalefemale S. droebachiensis were identical with electrophoretic mobilities of plasma membrane proteins of maternal species S. droebachiensis. Three sea urchin embryo species under study had just the same biosynthesis of plasma membrane proteins at middle blastula stage detected by 14C-aminoacids pulse-labeling followed by membrane isolation, electrophoresis and gel-autoradiography.", "contents": "[Plasma membrane proteins of embryo cells of various sea urchin species and hybrid embryo]. Differences are observed in plasma membrane proteins of S. intermedius and S. droebachiensis sea urchin embryo cells isolated at middle blastula stage by means of acrylamide-gel electrophoresis in presence of SDS, urea or non-ionic detergents--Triton X-100 or Brij 35. Electrophoretic mobilities of plasma membrane proteins of sea urchin hybrid embryo malemale S. intermedius X femalefemale S. droebachiensis were identical with electrophoretic mobilities of plasma membrane proteins of maternal species S. droebachiensis. Three sea urchin embryo species under study had just the same biosynthesis of plasma membrane proteins at middle blastula stage detected by 14C-aminoacids pulse-labeling followed by membrane isolation, electrophoresis and gel-autoradiography.", "PMID": 1022268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3310", "title": "[Identification of RNAase-sensitive 20S RNA in a cell culture infected with Sindbis virus].", "content": "RNAse-sensitive 20S RNA component with molecular weight of 0.7-10(6) is found when analysing virus-specific RNAs isolated from cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with Sindbis virus by means of gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Identification of RNAase-sensitive 20S RNA in a cell culture infected with Sindbis virus]. RNAse-sensitive 20S RNA component with molecular weight of 0.7-10(6) is found when analysing virus-specific RNAs isolated from cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with Sindbis virus by means of gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1022269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3311", "title": "[Multiplicity of molecular forms and thermostability of Torula thermophila UzPT-1 protease].", "content": "Alkaline protease preparations with different ratio of molecular forms are isolated from cultural medium of thermophilic fungi Torula thermophila UzPT-1 by means of protein fractionation with (NJ/)2SO4 and gel filtration through Sephadex G-75. The enzyme preparations differ in their thermostability in water at 60 degrees C. High molecular weight oligomeric enzyme forms dissociate in water (at 2-4 degrees C) forming dimeric and monomeric forms. Disaggregation is accompanied by the change in the thermostability of the enzyme preparations. It is concluded that protease thermostability depends on the ratio of dimeric and monomeric forms of the preparation, and it is associated with the conformational state of the enzyme molecules, and it is associated with the conformational state of the enzyme molecules. Oligomeric forms do not dissociate in 1% sodium dodecylsulphate and in 6 M urea. Ca2+ produces dissociation of high molecular weight enzyme forms and the conformational transition into the thermostable state.", "contents": "[Multiplicity of molecular forms and thermostability of Torula thermophila UzPT-1 protease]. Alkaline protease preparations with different ratio of molecular forms are isolated from cultural medium of thermophilic fungi Torula thermophila UzPT-1 by means of protein fractionation with (NJ/)2SO4 and gel filtration through Sephadex G-75. The enzyme preparations differ in their thermostability in water at 60 degrees C. High molecular weight oligomeric enzyme forms dissociate in water (at 2-4 degrees C) forming dimeric and monomeric forms. Disaggregation is accompanied by the change in the thermostability of the enzyme preparations. It is concluded that protease thermostability depends on the ratio of dimeric and monomeric forms of the preparation, and it is associated with the conformational state of the enzyme molecules, and it is associated with the conformational state of the enzyme molecules. Oligomeric forms do not dissociate in 1% sodium dodecylsulphate and in 6 M urea. Ca2+ produces dissociation of high molecular weight enzyme forms and the conformational transition into the thermostable state.", "PMID": 1022270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3312", "title": "[Micromethod of ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride].", "content": "The micromethod of ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride is described. Band destributions have been analysed by the direct scanning of microtubes with the differential doublewave micro-spectrophotometer at 260 nm. The 10(-8)-10(-9) g of DNA or ribosomes are enough for one analysis, tube volume is 2 mul. The method described permits the simultaneous centrifugation of several probe scores. The error of the beyoant density determination is 0.001 g/sm3 relatively internal standard. DNA's from 5 types of Acetabularia were analysed by the developed technique.", "contents": "[Micromethod of ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride]. The micromethod of ultracentrifugation in cesium chloride is described. Band destributions have been analysed by the direct scanning of microtubes with the differential doublewave micro-spectrophotometer at 260 nm. The 10(-8)-10(-9) g of DNA or ribosomes are enough for one analysis, tube volume is 2 mul. The method described permits the simultaneous centrifugation of several probe scores. The error of the beyoant density determination is 0.001 g/sm3 relatively internal standard. DNA's from 5 types of Acetabularia were analysed by the developed technique.", "PMID": 1022271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3313", "title": "[Transcription of repeated and unique DNA nucleotide sequences in rat thymus cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "Transcription of unique and repeated DNA sequences in normal and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated rat thymus cells is studied. It is found that heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) contains the transcript both from unique and repeat-d DNA sequences. PHA does not induce re-distribution of hnRNA fractions transcripted from different for their recurrency genome regions. Moreover, hnRNA from normal thymus cells competes with RNA from stimulated cells within the range of COt values (10(-3)-10(-4)) in which the hybridization has been carried out. It is concluded that no activation of new genome regions takes place in thymocytes.", "contents": "[Transcription of repeated and unique DNA nucleotide sequences in rat thymus cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin]. Transcription of unique and repeated DNA sequences in normal and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated rat thymus cells is studied. It is found that heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) contains the transcript both from unique and repeat-d DNA sequences. PHA does not induce re-distribution of hnRNA fractions transcripted from different for their recurrency genome regions. Moreover, hnRNA from normal thymus cells competes with RNA from stimulated cells within the range of COt values (10(-3)-10(-4)) in which the hybridization has been carried out. It is concluded that no activation of new genome regions takes place in thymocytes.", "PMID": 1022272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3314", "title": "[Primary structure of cyanogen bromide fragments of sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) pituitary somatotropin].", "content": "5 fragments are isolated after the degradation of somatotropin from sei whale pituitary glands with cyanogen bromide: N-terminal 4-segmented; C-terminal 12-segmented with the internal disulfide bond; middle 25- and 30-segmented and a high molecular weight fragment following N-terminal tetrapeptide and bound with disulfide bond to 30-segmented fragment. Complete amino acid sequence of three shortest cyanogen bromide fragments is deciphered and N- and C-terminal sequence is investigated in two large fragments after their uncoupling under performic acid oxidation. Amino acid sequence is deciphered of a peptide obtained after trypsine hydrolysis of 30-segmented cyanogen bromide fragment. Comparison of amino acid sequence of whale somatotropin fragments with that of sheep, beef and human somatotropin has revealed that 57 out of 61 identified amino acid residues of whale somatotropin repeat amino acid residues in similar regions of beef somatotropin, 56--of sheep and only 42--of human somatotropins. Besdies, 4 of 5 revealed amino acid substitutions in whale hormone, as compared with sheep somatotropin, are amino acids which are present at the same positions in human hormone.", "contents": "[Primary structure of cyanogen bromide fragments of sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) pituitary somatotropin]. 5 fragments are isolated after the degradation of somatotropin from sei whale pituitary glands with cyanogen bromide: N-terminal 4-segmented; C-terminal 12-segmented with the internal disulfide bond; middle 25- and 30-segmented and a high molecular weight fragment following N-terminal tetrapeptide and bound with disulfide bond to 30-segmented fragment. Complete amino acid sequence of three shortest cyanogen bromide fragments is deciphered and N- and C-terminal sequence is investigated in two large fragments after their uncoupling under performic acid oxidation. Amino acid sequence is deciphered of a peptide obtained after trypsine hydrolysis of 30-segmented cyanogen bromide fragment. Comparison of amino acid sequence of whale somatotropin fragments with that of sheep, beef and human somatotropin has revealed that 57 out of 61 identified amino acid residues of whale somatotropin repeat amino acid residues in similar regions of beef somatotropin, 56--of sheep and only 42--of human somatotropins. Besdies, 4 of 5 revealed amino acid substitutions in whale hormone, as compared with sheep somatotropin, are amino acids which are present at the same positions in human hormone.", "PMID": 1022273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3315", "title": "[32S Tubulin oligomer. The resistance to factors suppressing the microtubule formation].", "content": "The resistance of brain 32S tubulin oligomer to factors suppressing the microtubules formation: colchicine, CaCl2, cooling and the absence of GTP is studied. The content of oligomer in the preparation and the polymerization degree were estimated by means of analytical centrifugation. Colchicine at 25 degrees and at a concentration of 10 muM does not change and at a concentration of 100 muM only slightly decreases the content of oligomer. The oligomer dissociated (but not completely) in 1 mM colchicine. Tubulin polymerization was partly suppressed by 10 muM and completely--by 100 muM colchicine. CaCl2 at 1 and 10 mM concentrations did not destroy the oligomer but inhibited its polymerization even in lesser of these concentrations. The cooling of the incubation medium to 14 degrees C or 4 degrees C completely inhibited the polymerization and did not affect the content of oligomer in the preparations. Tbulin preparations with low amount of exogenous GTP (less than or equal 3.10(-6) M) had a usual oligomer content, whereas GTP is necessary for polymerization at concentrations exceeding 10(-4) M. Thus, the reaction of tubulin oligomerization is relatively resistant to factors preventing the microtubules assembly. This probably means that there are at least two types of intereaction between tubulin molecules: 1) bonds in microtubules which are sensitive to colchicine, Ca2+ and cold, and which are formed only in the presence of nucleosidetriphosphates; 2) bonds in 32S tubulin oligomer which are more stable and do not need in exogenous nucleotides.", "contents": "[32S Tubulin oligomer. The resistance to factors suppressing the microtubule formation]. The resistance of brain 32S tubulin oligomer to factors suppressing the microtubules formation: colchicine, CaCl2, cooling and the absence of GTP is studied. The content of oligomer in the preparation and the polymerization degree were estimated by means of analytical centrifugation. Colchicine at 25 degrees and at a concentration of 10 muM does not change and at a concentration of 100 muM only slightly decreases the content of oligomer. The oligomer dissociated (but not completely) in 1 mM colchicine. Tubulin polymerization was partly suppressed by 10 muM and completely--by 100 muM colchicine. CaCl2 at 1 and 10 mM concentrations did not destroy the oligomer but inhibited its polymerization even in lesser of these concentrations. The cooling of the incubation medium to 14 degrees C or 4 degrees C completely inhibited the polymerization and did not affect the content of oligomer in the preparations. Tbulin preparations with low amount of exogenous GTP (less than or equal 3.10(-6) M) had a usual oligomer content, whereas GTP is necessary for polymerization at concentrations exceeding 10(-4) M. Thus, the reaction of tubulin oligomerization is relatively resistant to factors preventing the microtubules assembly. This probably means that there are at least two types of intereaction between tubulin molecules: 1) bonds in microtubules which are sensitive to colchicine, Ca2+ and cold, and which are formed only in the presence of nucleosidetriphosphates; 2) bonds in 32S tubulin oligomer which are more stable and do not need in exogenous nucleotides.", "PMID": 1022274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3316", "title": "[Modification of histidine residues with diethylpyrocarbonate in aspartate transaminases from pig and chicken heart cytosol].", "content": "One and three histidine residues react with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) at pH 6.5 in native aspartate transminases from cffect on the enzyme activity. The rest histidine residues in aspartate transaminases (approximately 6 in the chicken enzyme and 5 in the pig enzyme) are DEP-nonreactive and can be carbetoxylated only after protein denaturation. The presence of substrates does not affect the histidine modification in transaminases.", "contents": "[Modification of histidine residues with diethylpyrocarbonate in aspartate transaminases from pig and chicken heart cytosol]. One and three histidine residues react with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) at pH 6.5 in native aspartate transminases from cffect on the enzyme activity. The rest histidine residues in aspartate transaminases (approximately 6 in the chicken enzyme and 5 in the pig enzyme) are DEP-nonreactive and can be carbetoxylated only after protein denaturation. The presence of substrates does not affect the histidine modification in transaminases.", "PMID": 1022275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3317", "title": "[In vitro incorporation of labelled amino acids into heart muscle ribosomes at early and late stages of compensatory heart hyperfunction].", "content": "The activity of a protein-synthesizing cell-free system from heart muscle was studied at early and late stages of compensatory heart hyperfunction. It was found that the incorporation of amino acids into heart ribosomes during 48 hours after the hyperfunction had been produced, increased by 30% as compared to the control. The incorporation of amino acids into heart ribosomes at the late stage of hyperfunction (after 6 months) was decreased by 46% as compared to the early stages. The addition of homologous tRNA to the cell-free system of protein synthesis under prolonged heart hyperfunction stimulated the incorporation of amino acids into the ribosomes by 40--50%.", "contents": "[In vitro incorporation of labelled amino acids into heart muscle ribosomes at early and late stages of compensatory heart hyperfunction]. The activity of a protein-synthesizing cell-free system from heart muscle was studied at early and late stages of compensatory heart hyperfunction. It was found that the incorporation of amino acids into heart ribosomes during 48 hours after the hyperfunction had been produced, increased by 30% as compared to the control. The incorporation of amino acids into heart ribosomes at the late stage of hyperfunction (after 6 months) was decreased by 46% as compared to the early stages. The addition of homologous tRNA to the cell-free system of protein synthesis under prolonged heart hyperfunction stimulated the incorporation of amino acids into the ribosomes by 40--50%.", "PMID": 1022276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3318", "title": "[Formation of the prothrombin-phosphatidyl serine and thrombin-phosphatidyl serine complex].", "content": "A possibility of formation of the thrombin-phosphatidyl serine and prothrombin-phosphatidyl serine complex is discussed. Prothrombin incubation with 131J-labelled phosphatidyl serine and its subsequent activation results in a formation of a thrombin-phosphatidyl serine--131J-complex. The radioactive label is also detected in the protein precipitate after thermodenaturation of thrombin preincubated with 131J-labelled phosphatidyl serine, which suggests that thrombin is firmly bound to phosphatidyl serine. The formation of the thrombin-phosphatidyl serine and prothrombin-phosphatidyl serine complex is supported by data of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200 and acrylexes P-150 and P-60, as well as by differential spectrophotometry.", "contents": "[Formation of the prothrombin-phosphatidyl serine and thrombin-phosphatidyl serine complex]. A possibility of formation of the thrombin-phosphatidyl serine and prothrombin-phosphatidyl serine complex is discussed. Prothrombin incubation with 131J-labelled phosphatidyl serine and its subsequent activation results in a formation of a thrombin-phosphatidyl serine--131J-complex. The radioactive label is also detected in the protein precipitate after thermodenaturation of thrombin preincubated with 131J-labelled phosphatidyl serine, which suggests that thrombin is firmly bound to phosphatidyl serine. The formation of the thrombin-phosphatidyl serine and prothrombin-phosphatidyl serine complex is supported by data of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200 and acrylexes P-150 and P-60, as well as by differential spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 1022277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3319", "title": "[Interaction of dexamethasone-receptor complexes with rat liver nuclei and DNAs].", "content": "The role of DNAs in the nuclear binding of dexamethasone-receptor complexes (DRC) was studied. The cytosolic receptors from rat liver have a sedimentation coefficient of about 7S, the Stock's radius--of about 50 A and possess a high affinity to dexamethasone (Kas = 2,6 X 10(8) M-1). Their capacity is 3 X 10(-13) and 5.5--7.0 X 10(-12) mole of dexamethasone per mg cytosolic protein and mg DNA, respectively. DRC has the ability to bind to the nuclei of rat liver. DRC binding to nuclei is increased approximately 3-fold by temperature activation of cytosol. The nuclear acceptor sites are saturated at the level of 16.2 pmoles of bound DRC per mg nuclear DNA. Free DNA has the ability to compete with nuclei for binding with DRC. Temperature-activated DRC can bind both with homo- and heterologous DNAs. Secondary DRC-DNA complexes were isolated by means of gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. Thermal denaturation of DNA decreases its ability to bind DRC approximately 2-fold. DNAs of a similar nucleotide composition, i.e. DNA from rat liver (GC = 43 mole%) and DNA from Photobacterium belozerskii (GC = 44 mole%), have a close DRC-binding ability. At the same time, these DNAs bind about 1.5-fold less DRC, as compared to DNA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GC = 67 mole%) and about 1.5-fold more, than does DNA from T2 phage (GC = 35 mole%). Thus the positive correlation between the GC composition of DNA and its DRC-binding ability was established. Unique sequences (Cot greater than 600) bind several times less DRC than the reiterated sequences (also denaturated) (Cot = O--600) of rate liver DNA. Thus, DNA can be considered as a nuclear acceptor of DRC. It is assumed, that DRC is able to recognise in DNA certain short GC-rich sequences, distributed in the rate genome in a non-random fashion.", "contents": "[Interaction of dexamethasone-receptor complexes with rat liver nuclei and DNAs]. The role of DNAs in the nuclear binding of dexamethasone-receptor complexes (DRC) was studied. The cytosolic receptors from rat liver have a sedimentation coefficient of about 7S, the Stock's radius--of about 50 A and possess a high affinity to dexamethasone (Kas = 2,6 X 10(8) M-1). Their capacity is 3 X 10(-13) and 5.5--7.0 X 10(-12) mole of dexamethasone per mg cytosolic protein and mg DNA, respectively. DRC has the ability to bind to the nuclei of rat liver. DRC binding to nuclei is increased approximately 3-fold by temperature activation of cytosol. The nuclear acceptor sites are saturated at the level of 16.2 pmoles of bound DRC per mg nuclear DNA. Free DNA has the ability to compete with nuclei for binding with DRC. Temperature-activated DRC can bind both with homo- and heterologous DNAs. Secondary DRC-DNA complexes were isolated by means of gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. Thermal denaturation of DNA decreases its ability to bind DRC approximately 2-fold. DNAs of a similar nucleotide composition, i.e. DNA from rat liver (GC = 43 mole%) and DNA from Photobacterium belozerskii (GC = 44 mole%), have a close DRC-binding ability. At the same time, these DNAs bind about 1.5-fold less DRC, as compared to DNA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GC = 67 mole%) and about 1.5-fold more, than does DNA from T2 phage (GC = 35 mole%). Thus the positive correlation between the GC composition of DNA and its DRC-binding ability was established. Unique sequences (Cot greater than 600) bind several times less DRC than the reiterated sequences (also denaturated) (Cot = O--600) of rate liver DNA. Thus, DNA can be considered as a nuclear acceptor of DRC. It is assumed, that DRC is able to recognise in DNA certain short GC-rich sequences, distributed in the rate genome in a non-random fashion.", "PMID": 1022278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3320", "title": "[Changes in mitochondria density during oogenesis of loach].", "content": "The growth of loach oocytes is accompanied by an increase in the density of mitochondria. Simultaneously with the increase in density an acceleration of 14C-valine incorporation into mitochondrial proteins takes place. It is assumed that the increase in mitochondria density during oogenesis is due to an increase in the amount of membrane material per unit of mitochondria weight.", "contents": "[Changes in mitochondria density during oogenesis of loach]. The growth of loach oocytes is accompanied by an increase in the density of mitochondria. Simultaneously with the increase in density an acceleration of 14C-valine incorporation into mitochondrial proteins takes place. It is assumed that the increase in mitochondria density during oogenesis is due to an increase in the amount of membrane material per unit of mitochondria weight.", "PMID": 1022279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3321", "title": "[Chemical composition of surface antigens in the pseudotubercular microbe].", "content": "Superficially-active complexes, having a toxic effect and promoting generalization of the infestation process in the animal organism have been isolated from the pseudotubercular microbe. The chemical composition of these biopolymers has been studied.", "contents": "[Chemical composition of surface antigens in the pseudotubercular microbe]. Superficially-active complexes, having a toxic effect and promoting generalization of the infestation process in the animal organism have been isolated from the pseudotubercular microbe. The chemical composition of these biopolymers has been studied.", "PMID": 1022280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3322", "title": "[Effects of polyene antibiotics on the membranes of dog kidney isolated nuclei].", "content": "The effects of amphotericin B and nistatin on the membranes of dog kidney isolated nuclei after their incubation with the antibiotics in question, have been studied. It is found that the polyene antibiotics, though they are superficially-active compounds, have no solubilizing effect on nuclear membranes and do not change their chemical composition. Electrophoretic study has revealed that nuclear membrane proteins, besides high- and low-molecular protein components, also contain a large amount of histones. The incubation of the nuclei with the polyene antibiotics results in marked changes in the fractional composition of nuclear membrane proteins, the most significant changes being induced by amphotericin B. It is assumed that polyene antibiotics induce proteolytic degradation of nuclear membrane proteins.", "contents": "[Effects of polyene antibiotics on the membranes of dog kidney isolated nuclei]. The effects of amphotericin B and nistatin on the membranes of dog kidney isolated nuclei after their incubation with the antibiotics in question, have been studied. It is found that the polyene antibiotics, though they are superficially-active compounds, have no solubilizing effect on nuclear membranes and do not change their chemical composition. Electrophoretic study has revealed that nuclear membrane proteins, besides high- and low-molecular protein components, also contain a large amount of histones. The incubation of the nuclei with the polyene antibiotics results in marked changes in the fractional composition of nuclear membrane proteins, the most significant changes being induced by amphotericin B. It is assumed that polyene antibiotics induce proteolytic degradation of nuclear membrane proteins.", "PMID": 1022281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3323", "title": "[Sedoheptulose-1,7-diphosphate as a source of pentose phosphates in heart muscle].", "content": "A possibility and some peculiarities of phosphatase degradation of sedoheptulose-1,7-diphosphate in the myocardium has been demonstrated. The reaction products are inorganic phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate; the latter product is the substrate of the transketolase reaction during pentose phosphates production. The process is largely localized in the soluble fraction of heart cells; in cellular organelles it is represented in a lesser degree. Possible regulatory mechanisms of pentose phosphate biosynthesis in animal tissues are discussed.", "contents": "[Sedoheptulose-1,7-diphosphate as a source of pentose phosphates in heart muscle]. A possibility and some peculiarities of phosphatase degradation of sedoheptulose-1,7-diphosphate in the myocardium has been demonstrated. The reaction products are inorganic phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate; the latter product is the substrate of the transketolase reaction during pentose phosphates production. The process is largely localized in the soluble fraction of heart cells; in cellular organelles it is represented in a lesser degree. Possible regulatory mechanisms of pentose phosphate biosynthesis in animal tissues are discussed.", "PMID": 1022282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3324", "title": "[Specific modification of free lysine amino groups of histidine decarboxylase from Micrococcus sp. n. by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid].", "content": "It has been found that 14 lysine residues are accessible for trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in the molecule of histidine decarboxylase (HDC). The other 62 lysine residues in the molecule of native HDC are masked and inaccessible for TNBS. It is demonstrated that the SH- and alpha-amino groups of methionine are not modified by TNBS. A correlation between the decarboxylase activity of the enzyme and the degree of its trinitrophenylation has been studied. HDC, whose molecule contains 3--9 TNP groups, retains up to 90--97% of its initial activity. Trinitrophenylation of 14 lysine residues induces inactivation of HDC by 33--34%, which probably depends on conformational changes or steric hindrances, occurring in the catalytic site of the modified active centre of HDC. Using circular dichroism and fluorescence methods as well as disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, it has been shown that trinitrophenylation does not cause any significant changes in the enzyme structure. The TNP groups have been found to be localized in the large and small subunits of the HDC molecule.", "contents": "[Specific modification of free lysine amino groups of histidine decarboxylase from Micrococcus sp. n. by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid]. It has been found that 14 lysine residues are accessible for trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in the molecule of histidine decarboxylase (HDC). The other 62 lysine residues in the molecule of native HDC are masked and inaccessible for TNBS. It is demonstrated that the SH- and alpha-amino groups of methionine are not modified by TNBS. A correlation between the decarboxylase activity of the enzyme and the degree of its trinitrophenylation has been studied. HDC, whose molecule contains 3--9 TNP groups, retains up to 90--97% of its initial activity. Trinitrophenylation of 14 lysine residues induces inactivation of HDC by 33--34%, which probably depends on conformational changes or steric hindrances, occurring in the catalytic site of the modified active centre of HDC. Using circular dichroism and fluorescence methods as well as disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, it has been shown that trinitrophenylation does not cause any significant changes in the enzyme structure. The TNP groups have been found to be localized in the large and small subunits of the HDC molecule.", "PMID": 1022283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3325", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine hydrochloride (rimantadine) on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase induction in culture of cells, infected with influenza virus].", "content": "An anti-influenza preparation, rimantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine hydrochloride) at concentrations of 10--25 mkg/ml depresses the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase induction in a culture of cells infected with influenza virus (fowl plague virus). The inhibitory effect is also observed 2 hours following cell infection. In vitro studies have demonstrated that rimantadine has no effect on the activity of virus-induced RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well as on that of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase associated with virus particles.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine hydrochloride (rimantadine) on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase induction in culture of cells, infected with influenza virus]. An anti-influenza preparation, rimantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine hydrochloride) at concentrations of 10--25 mkg/ml depresses the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase induction in a culture of cells infected with influenza virus (fowl plague virus). The inhibitory effect is also observed 2 hours following cell infection. In vitro studies have demonstrated that rimantadine has no effect on the activity of virus-induced RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well as on that of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase associated with virus particles.", "PMID": 1022284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3326", "title": "[14C-1-Tyrosine metabolism on rat thyroid gland].", "content": "Amino acid composition of incubation medium, thyroid tissue hydrolysate and purified thyreoglobulin (Tr) preparations, isolated after 5 hour incubation with 14C-1-tyrosine in Jey medium is studied by means of electrophoresis and autoradiography. 5 radioactivity stains are detected on radioelectrophoregram of incubation medium, 2 of them corresponding to tyrosine and serine. 2 stains corresponding to diiodotyrosine and triiodotyronine are found in hydrolysate of thyroid tissue. No radioactive stains were found on radioelectrophoregrams of thyreoglobulin. The data obtained indicate that in the reaction of condensation of iodotyrosines into iodotyronine a lateral chain of iodotyrosine (serine) splits off. Thyroid hormones biosyntesis takes place by condensation of either a single free molecule of iodotyrosine with iodotyrosyl residue of polypeptide chain of pre-synthesized thyreoglobulin, or two free molecules of iodotyrosine.", "contents": "[14C-1-Tyrosine metabolism on rat thyroid gland]. Amino acid composition of incubation medium, thyroid tissue hydrolysate and purified thyreoglobulin (Tr) preparations, isolated after 5 hour incubation with 14C-1-tyrosine in Jey medium is studied by means of electrophoresis and autoradiography. 5 radioactivity stains are detected on radioelectrophoregram of incubation medium, 2 of them corresponding to tyrosine and serine. 2 stains corresponding to diiodotyrosine and triiodotyronine are found in hydrolysate of thyroid tissue. No radioactive stains were found on radioelectrophoregrams of thyreoglobulin. The data obtained indicate that in the reaction of condensation of iodotyrosines into iodotyronine a lateral chain of iodotyrosine (serine) splits off. Thyroid hormones biosyntesis takes place by condensation of either a single free molecule of iodotyrosine with iodotyrosyl residue of polypeptide chain of pre-synthesized thyreoglobulin, or two free molecules of iodotyrosine.", "PMID": 1022285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3327", "title": "[Identification of hexokinase synthesizing polyribosomes in human normal and tumor tissues].", "content": "Comparative study of concentrations of growing hexokinase subunits polypeptide chains in the polyribosomes from normal and tumour human stomach tissue is studied using specific antiserum to hexokinase isoenzyme from human stomach tumour tissue. It is shown by two different methods (chromatography on Sepharose 46 and sucrose concentration gradient analysis) that the content of hexokinase polypeptides in stomach tumour is several times higher than in homologous normal tissue. The acta obtained show that the high activity of hexokinase in tumour tissues is due to the increased synthesis rate of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Identification of hexokinase synthesizing polyribosomes in human normal and tumor tissues]. Comparative study of concentrations of growing hexokinase subunits polypeptide chains in the polyribosomes from normal and tumour human stomach tissue is studied using specific antiserum to hexokinase isoenzyme from human stomach tumour tissue. It is shown by two different methods (chromatography on Sepharose 46 and sucrose concentration gradient analysis) that the content of hexokinase polypeptides in stomach tumour is several times higher than in homologous normal tissue. The acta obtained show that the high activity of hexokinase in tumour tissues is due to the increased synthesis rate of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1022286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3328", "title": "[Investigation of ribosomal RNAs from liver mitochondria of albino rats].", "content": "Study of sedimentation coefficients of rat liver mt-rRNAs labelled in vivo under conditions of selective inhibition by actinomycin D of nuclear RNAs biosynthesis, in hypoosmic system of isolated mitochondria, and of mt-rRNAs isolated from purified 55 ribosomes revealed that mt-rRNAs are represented by 16S and 12S components. Both components are found to be of AU-type. Anomalous behaviour of mtRNA on MAK columns is observed. Some aspects of isolation and identification of mt-rRNAs in higher organisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Investigation of ribosomal RNAs from liver mitochondria of albino rats]. Study of sedimentation coefficients of rat liver mt-rRNAs labelled in vivo under conditions of selective inhibition by actinomycin D of nuclear RNAs biosynthesis, in hypoosmic system of isolated mitochondria, and of mt-rRNAs isolated from purified 55 ribosomes revealed that mt-rRNAs are represented by 16S and 12S components. Both components are found to be of AU-type. Anomalous behaviour of mtRNA on MAK columns is observed. Some aspects of isolation and identification of mt-rRNAs in higher organisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1022287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3329", "title": "[Sterospecific selection of nucleophilic compounds in the chymotrypsin-catalyzed formation of the peptide bonds].", "content": "The course of stereospecific selection of nucleophilic compounds was studied in the reaction of acyl-enzymes interaction with razemic substrate-like nucleophiles, e.g. amino acid esters, by measuring optical rotation or incorporation of labelled D-compounds. It was shown that the acyl-enzymes are not responsible for the stereospecific selection of substrate-like nucleophiles. Since stereospecific selection of nucleophiles occurs in some chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions, such selection may be produced by chymotrypsin till the formation of an acyl-enzyme compound with the substrate at the enzyme-inhibitor stage (or the Michaelis complex) with nucleophilic compounds. Even under the optimal conditions no absolute stereospecific selection of nucleophiles occurred, as was observed in case of a substrate (a donor of the acyl amino acid residue), undergoing degradation. An essential role of a specific site of nucleophile binding in the reactions of chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide bond formation, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Sterospecific selection of nucleophilic compounds in the chymotrypsin-catalyzed formation of the peptide bonds]. The course of stereospecific selection of nucleophilic compounds was studied in the reaction of acyl-enzymes interaction with razemic substrate-like nucleophiles, e.g. amino acid esters, by measuring optical rotation or incorporation of labelled D-compounds. It was shown that the acyl-enzymes are not responsible for the stereospecific selection of substrate-like nucleophiles. Since stereospecific selection of nucleophiles occurs in some chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions, such selection may be produced by chymotrypsin till the formation of an acyl-enzyme compound with the substrate at the enzyme-inhibitor stage (or the Michaelis complex) with nucleophilic compounds. Even under the optimal conditions no absolute stereospecific selection of nucleophiles occurred, as was observed in case of a substrate (a donor of the acyl amino acid residue), undergoing degradation. An essential role of a specific site of nucleophile binding in the reactions of chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide bond formation, is emphasized.", "PMID": 1022288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3330", "title": "[Extracellular nuclease of Bacillus mesentericus].", "content": "Bacillus mesentericus is found to secrete three type of nucleases: alkaline ribonuclease (EC 2.7.7.17), acidic ribonuclease (EC 2.7.7.17) and Ca2+-activated exonucleease (EC 3.1.4.7). These nucleases are purified and characterized. They are similar to those from Bac. subtilis in main biochemical and physico-chemical properties and in their chromatographical behaviour. Studying physiological functions of Bac. mesentericus extracellular nucleases, it is shown that bacteria, which are capable to produce extracellular nucleases, utilize exogenous RNAs and a bit worse, DNAs as a single and additional source of nitrogen or phosphorus. In view of this it is believed that extracellular nucleases participate in bacteria nutrition.", "contents": "[Extracellular nuclease of Bacillus mesentericus]. Bacillus mesentericus is found to secrete three type of nucleases: alkaline ribonuclease (EC 2.7.7.17), acidic ribonuclease (EC 2.7.7.17) and Ca2+-activated exonucleease (EC 3.1.4.7). These nucleases are purified and characterized. They are similar to those from Bac. subtilis in main biochemical and physico-chemical properties and in their chromatographical behaviour. Studying physiological functions of Bac. mesentericus extracellular nucleases, it is shown that bacteria, which are capable to produce extracellular nucleases, utilize exogenous RNAs and a bit worse, DNAs as a single and additional source of nitrogen or phosphorus. In view of this it is believed that extracellular nucleases participate in bacteria nutrition.", "PMID": 1022289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3331", "title": "[Prothrombin activation by immobilized thrombin].", "content": "The ability of thrombin, immobilized on BrCN-activated Sepharose 4B, to split prothrombin, was studied. Immobilized thrombin retained up to 70% of its esterase activity and about 5% of its coagulating activity; it was also found to induce partial proteolysis of prothrombin. Two products of prothrombin degradation isolated, i.e. P1 (m. w. 50.000-52.000) and P2 (m. w. 22.000-24.000), did not show either the thrombin or the prothrombin activities. P1 was converted into thrombin under the action of tripsin or Factor Xa. The rate of conversion was considerably increased after addition of Factor V, thromboplastin and Ca2+ ions. Intravenous administration of P1 to rats resulted in changes in the coagulating system of blood, which may be probably indicative of the stimulation of the anticoagulating system. P2 possessed no thrombogenic activity.", "contents": "[Prothrombin activation by immobilized thrombin]. The ability of thrombin, immobilized on BrCN-activated Sepharose 4B, to split prothrombin, was studied. Immobilized thrombin retained up to 70% of its esterase activity and about 5% of its coagulating activity; it was also found to induce partial proteolysis of prothrombin. Two products of prothrombin degradation isolated, i.e. P1 (m. w. 50.000-52.000) and P2 (m. w. 22.000-24.000), did not show either the thrombin or the prothrombin activities. P1 was converted into thrombin under the action of tripsin or Factor Xa. The rate of conversion was considerably increased after addition of Factor V, thromboplastin and Ca2+ ions. Intravenous administration of P1 to rats resulted in changes in the coagulating system of blood, which may be probably indicative of the stimulation of the anticoagulating system. P2 possessed no thrombogenic activity.", "PMID": 1022290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3332", "title": "[Acceptor activity of 4-N-acetylcytidine in the synthesis of (3'-5')-internucleotide bond catalyzed by pancreatic nuclease].", "content": "Cytidine and 4-N-acetylcytidine were compared as phosphate acceptors in dinucleoside monophosphate synthesis catalyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease with uridine-2',3'-cyclophosphate and cytidine-2',3'-cyclo phosphate as phosphate donors. Because of low solubility of 4-N-acetylcytidine in water, the synthesis was carried out in aqueus-organic media. The results obtained indicate that acetylation of the exoaminogroup of cytidine decreases its acceptor activity. For the first time uridilyl-(3'-5')-4-N-acetylcytidine and cytidilyl-(3'-5')-4-N-acetylcytidine are prepared enzymatically by pancreatic ribonuclease.", "contents": "[Acceptor activity of 4-N-acetylcytidine in the synthesis of (3'-5')-internucleotide bond catalyzed by pancreatic nuclease]. Cytidine and 4-N-acetylcytidine were compared as phosphate acceptors in dinucleoside monophosphate synthesis catalyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease with uridine-2',3'-cyclophosphate and cytidine-2',3'-cyclo phosphate as phosphate donors. Because of low solubility of 4-N-acetylcytidine in water, the synthesis was carried out in aqueus-organic media. The results obtained indicate that acetylation of the exoaminogroup of cytidine decreases its acceptor activity. For the first time uridilyl-(3'-5')-4-N-acetylcytidine and cytidilyl-(3'-5')-4-N-acetylcytidine are prepared enzymatically by pancreatic ribonuclease.", "PMID": 1022291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3333", "title": "[Properties and substrate specificity of proteinase from buckwheat seeds].", "content": "A thiol proteinase was isolated from buckwheat seeds and purified 300-fold, using ammonium sulfate, acetone fractionation ion-exchange chromatography on Sephadex CM-50 and electrofocussing. The proteinase preparation obtained was found homogenous after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5. The molecular weight of the enzyme (75.000) was determined by gel-filtration through Sephadex G-100. The activation of proteinase by cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, its inhibition by p-chloromercurybenzoate and the absence of inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and EDTA suggest that the enzyme isolated is a thiol proteinase. The enzyme hydrolyzed many peptide bonds in the B-chain of insulin, showing high substrate specificity. The glutelin and globulin fractions of buckwheat seed proteins were hydrolyzed by the enzyme. It is assumed that the hydrolysis of reserve proteins of buckwheat seeds is the main function of the proteinase isolated.", "contents": "[Properties and substrate specificity of proteinase from buckwheat seeds]. A thiol proteinase was isolated from buckwheat seeds and purified 300-fold, using ammonium sulfate, acetone fractionation ion-exchange chromatography on Sephadex CM-50 and electrofocussing. The proteinase preparation obtained was found homogenous after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5. The molecular weight of the enzyme (75.000) was determined by gel-filtration through Sephadex G-100. The activation of proteinase by cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, its inhibition by p-chloromercurybenzoate and the absence of inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and EDTA suggest that the enzyme isolated is a thiol proteinase. The enzyme hydrolyzed many peptide bonds in the B-chain of insulin, showing high substrate specificity. The glutelin and globulin fractions of buckwheat seed proteins were hydrolyzed by the enzyme. It is assumed that the hydrolysis of reserve proteins of buckwheat seeds is the main function of the proteinase isolated.", "PMID": 1022292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3334", "title": "[Use of bifunctional reagents in the study of histones topography in chromatin].", "content": "The ability of bifunctional reagents--diimidoesters of sebacinic acid and tetranitromethane--to cross-link the histones in rat thymus chromatin was studied. The histone polymers formed were extracted with 0,8 N H2SO4 and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results obtained suggest that in chromatin some histone fractions are localized in immediate proximity to each other. This phenomenon may probably account for the formation of chromatin structure and its functioning in the cell.", "contents": "[Use of bifunctional reagents in the study of histones topography in chromatin]. The ability of bifunctional reagents--diimidoesters of sebacinic acid and tetranitromethane--to cross-link the histones in rat thymus chromatin was studied. The histone polymers formed were extracted with 0,8 N H2SO4 and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results obtained suggest that in chromatin some histone fractions are localized in immediate proximity to each other. This phenomenon may probably account for the formation of chromatin structure and its functioning in the cell.", "PMID": 1022293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3335", "title": "[Comparative study of solubilized and membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase of sarcolemma].", "content": "Comparative kinetic studies of membrane-bound and solubilized sarcolemmal acetylcholinesterase reveal some difference in concentration-activity curves. A deviation from normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics is found in case of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase. The solubilization of sarcolemma by a solution of high ionic strength or by sonication normalizes the reaction kinetics. It is shown that the amount of SH-groups in intact sarcolemma available for DTNB in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, is about twice of that in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. In case of the solubilized fraction of sarcolemma (by a solution of high ionic strength or by sonication), the amount of SH-groups available for DTNB in the presence and in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate is similar.", "contents": "[Comparative study of solubilized and membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase of sarcolemma]. Comparative kinetic studies of membrane-bound and solubilized sarcolemmal acetylcholinesterase reveal some difference in concentration-activity curves. A deviation from normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics is found in case of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase. The solubilization of sarcolemma by a solution of high ionic strength or by sonication normalizes the reaction kinetics. It is shown that the amount of SH-groups in intact sarcolemma available for DTNB in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, is about twice of that in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. In case of the solubilized fraction of sarcolemma (by a solution of high ionic strength or by sonication), the amount of SH-groups available for DTNB in the presence and in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate is similar.", "PMID": 1022294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3336", "title": "[Surface membrane proteins of endoplasmic reticulum in brain and liver cells].", "content": "A comparative study of proteins adsorbed on outer surface of microsomal membranes was carried out. Electrophoretic differences between endoplasmic reticulum proteins from liver and brain cells were revealed. These differences were not observed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Proteins of brain microsomes are shown to bind in vitro with membranes of brain endoplasmic reticulum to a higher extent than with liver microsomal membranes.", "contents": "[Surface membrane proteins of endoplasmic reticulum in brain and liver cells]. A comparative study of proteins adsorbed on outer surface of microsomal membranes was carried out. Electrophoretic differences between endoplasmic reticulum proteins from liver and brain cells were revealed. These differences were not observed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Proteins of brain microsomes are shown to bind in vitro with membranes of brain endoplasmic reticulum to a higher extent than with liver microsomal membranes.", "PMID": 1022295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3337", "title": "[Study of membrane-bound ribosomes during pea chloroplasts formation].", "content": "Membrane-bound ribosomes of chloroplasts, isolated from pea seedlings during grana formation, can be partially liberated by 0.5 M KCl and 0.001 M puromycin. In case of mature chloroplasts, after the completion of grana formation process these agents are inefficient, and liberation of ribosomes and polyribosomes may be achieved only after solubilization of thylakoid membranes by 1% Triton X-100. Electron microscopic study of the heavy membrane fraction of young chloroplasts reveals electron-transparent membranes, containing rings and discs of thylakoids with a diameter of about 2 mum. These rings are liberated together with ribosomes under the action of 0.5 M KCl; Triton X-100 liberates equally-sized annular polyribosomes. The rings detected in chloroplast membranes at early stages of development are regarded as structures, precursor grana thylakoids, and the annular polyribosomes included into them as immediate participants of thylakoid morphogenesis.", "contents": "[Study of membrane-bound ribosomes during pea chloroplasts formation]. Membrane-bound ribosomes of chloroplasts, isolated from pea seedlings during grana formation, can be partially liberated by 0.5 M KCl and 0.001 M puromycin. In case of mature chloroplasts, after the completion of grana formation process these agents are inefficient, and liberation of ribosomes and polyribosomes may be achieved only after solubilization of thylakoid membranes by 1% Triton X-100. Electron microscopic study of the heavy membrane fraction of young chloroplasts reveals electron-transparent membranes, containing rings and discs of thylakoids with a diameter of about 2 mum. These rings are liberated together with ribosomes under the action of 0.5 M KCl; Triton X-100 liberates equally-sized annular polyribosomes. The rings detected in chloroplast membranes at early stages of development are regarded as structures, precursor grana thylakoids, and the annular polyribosomes included into them as immediate participants of thylakoid morphogenesis.", "PMID": 1022296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3338", "title": "[Karyometry of thymic reticular cells in the rat. Effect of hydrocortisone  and adrenalectomy].", "content": "A new process in taxinomic analysis clearly confirmed the presence of three different types of cells (epithelial, hypertrophic and mesenchymal) in the reticular zone of the thymus. The injection of hydrocortisol as well as adrenalectomy induced specific changes in nuclear surfaces of three cell types, while hydrocortisol tented to increase the surface of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, adrenalectomy reduced it, while a modification was seen in the percentages relative of the cell types. In adrenalectomized animals, the effect result was counteracted by injections of hydrocortisol.", "contents": "[Karyometry of thymic reticular cells in the rat. Effect of hydrocortisone  and adrenalectomy]. A new process in taxinomic analysis clearly confirmed the presence of three different types of cells (epithelial, hypertrophic and mesenchymal) in the reticular zone of the thymus. The injection of hydrocortisol as well as adrenalectomy induced specific changes in nuclear surfaces of three cell types, while hydrocortisol tented to increase the surface of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, adrenalectomy reduced it, while a modification was seen in the percentages relative of the cell types. In adrenalectomized animals, the effect result was counteracted by injections of hydrocortisol.", "PMID": 1022315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3339", "title": "Study of a microassay for the quantitation of cytotoxic antitumor antibody, using 125I-iododeoxyuridine as a target cell label; detection of a static effect on cell DNA synthesis.", "content": "The different steps of a microassay for the quantitation of cytotoxic antitumor antibody, are studied in detail. It is shown that the use of 125I-Iododeoxyuridine as the target cell label, at the end of the assay, after action of serum and complement, allows the advantages available with this isotopic label to be retained and to avoid the main disadvantage due to its non specific toxicity for the target cells. Furthermore, this technique is shown to be able to detect non only a killer effect of immune sera on specific target cells with complement but also an additionnal static effect of DNA synthesis : this effect is complement dependent and transitory.", "contents": "Study of a microassay for the quantitation of cytotoxic antitumor antibody, using 125I-iododeoxyuridine as a target cell label; detection of a static effect on cell DNA synthesis. The different steps of a microassay for the quantitation of cytotoxic antitumor antibody, are studied in detail. It is shown that the use of 125I-Iododeoxyuridine as the target cell label, at the end of the assay, after action of serum and complement, allows the advantages available with this isotopic label to be retained and to avoid the main disadvantage due to its non specific toxicity for the target cells. Furthermore, this technique is shown to be able to detect non only a killer effect of immune sera on specific target cells with complement but also an additionnal static effect of DNA synthesis : this effect is complement dependent and transitory.", "PMID": 1022316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3340", "title": "[Abdominal manifestations of hereditary angioneurotic edema. Importance of the exploration of the complement system (apropos of 29 families)].", "content": "Abdominal manifestations are almost constantly present (85% of cases) in the current form of hereditary Quincke's disease. In some cases, these abdominal manifestations occur even when cutaneomucosal edema is not present which leads to unwarranted often repeated and sometimes dangerous surgery. Apart from a story of heredity diagnosis of such troubles is possible, provided the total complement has been assayed to note its sharp fall. It can be subsequently explained by a functional defect of the C1 esterase inhibitor or alpha2-neuraminoglycoprotein.", "contents": "[Abdominal manifestations of hereditary angioneurotic edema. Importance of the exploration of the complement system (apropos of 29 families)]. Abdominal manifestations are almost constantly present (85% of cases) in the current form of hereditary Quincke's disease. In some cases, these abdominal manifestations occur even when cutaneomucosal edema is not present which leads to unwarranted often repeated and sometimes dangerous surgery. Apart from a story of heredity diagnosis of such troubles is possible, provided the total complement has been assayed to note its sharp fall. It can be subsequently explained by a functional defect of the C1 esterase inhibitor or alpha2-neuraminoglycoprotein.", "PMID": 1022317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3341", "title": "Dominant-and-recessive epistasis in a homeotic mosquito mutant.", "content": "Following selection for 15 generations a pure strain of a homeotic mutant spur was isolated from a Brazilian population of the mosquito Culex pipiens fatigans. Monohybrid crosses showed a 13:3 segregation indicating dominant-and-recessive epistasis for wild-type vs. spur. This implies that a dominant allele at one locus and a recessive at the other interact to produce the mutant phenotype. Dihybrid crosses with linkage group II markers yellow and ruby gave 39:13:9:3 ratios indicating independent segregation. However, the dihybrid cross with linkage group I marker maroon showed a highly significant departure from 39:13:9:3 ratio. Data available indicate that the phenotype spur is controlled by a dominant epistat in linkage group III and a recessive epistat (approximately 31.9 crossover units from maroon) in linkage group I.", "contents": "Dominant-and-recessive epistasis in a homeotic mosquito mutant. Following selection for 15 generations a pure strain of a homeotic mutant spur was isolated from a Brazilian population of the mosquito Culex pipiens fatigans. Monohybrid crosses showed a 13:3 segregation indicating dominant-and-recessive epistasis for wild-type vs. spur. This implies that a dominant allele at one locus and a recessive at the other interact to produce the mutant phenotype. Dihybrid crosses with linkage group II markers yellow and ruby gave 39:13:9:3 ratios indicating independent segregation. However, the dihybrid cross with linkage group I marker maroon showed a highly significant departure from 39:13:9:3 ratio. Data available indicate that the phenotype spur is controlled by a dominant epistat in linkage group III and a recessive epistat (approximately 31.9 crossover units from maroon) in linkage group I.", "PMID": 1022329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3342", "title": "Genetic analysis of nurse dams selected for six-week body weight or postweaning gain in mice.", "content": "A modified crossfostering technique was developed to compare the performance of nurse dams in selected and control populations of mice. The H6 and M16 populations were selected for increased 6-week body weight and 3- to 6-week postweaning gain, respectively, while the C2 and ICR populations were the respective controls. Crossfostering was performed using H6, M16 and their reciprocal F1 crosses as nurse dams in the selected crossfostering group and C2 ICR and their reciprocals in the control group. Measurements recorded for nurse dams included mean body weight of 8 young within a nursed litter at birth (MWB) and 12 days of age (MW12). The latter was used as a measure of postnatal maternal performance. Other traits recorded for nurse dams were number born (NB), body weight at parturition (DWP) and 12 days postpartum (DW12), and weight gain (DWG), feed intake (FED) and efficiency (EFF = DWG/FED) for the first 12 days of lactation. The correlated response in MW12 was negative (P less than .01) for M16 and essentially zero for H6. Both lines exhibited positive (P less than .01) correlated responses in DWP and DW12 and no change in EFF. Only the H6 line increases significantly in DWG and FED as a result of selection. NB increased in M16 and H6, but was significant for the latter population only. Population differences in selection response [(M16-ICR)-(H6-C2)] were significant for FED only, primarily due to average direct genetic effects. Direct comparisons of M16 and H6 indicated that M16 was larger in DWP and DW12 but smaller in DWG and EFF. Average direct genetic effects favored M16 for NB, DWP, and DW12, whereas average maternal genetic effects favored H6 for NB, DWP, DW12 and FED. Percent direct heterosis, in F1 crosses of selected populations was significant for MW12 (13.7%) ,FED (10.8%) and NB (11.4%). Direct heterosis in F1 crosses of the controls was significant for MW12 (9.4%), NB (6.6%), DWP (3.5%), DW12 (3.3%) and FED (4.4%). The effects of MW12, DWG and metabolic body size (MBS) accounted for 47% of the variation in FED, pooled within populations. Of these variables, MW12 accounted for the highest proportion (32%) of variation in total feed intake.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of nurse dams selected for six-week body weight or postweaning gain in mice. A modified crossfostering technique was developed to compare the performance of nurse dams in selected and control populations of mice. The H6 and M16 populations were selected for increased 6-week body weight and 3- to 6-week postweaning gain, respectively, while the C2 and ICR populations were the respective controls. Crossfostering was performed using H6, M16 and their reciprocal F1 crosses as nurse dams in the selected crossfostering group and C2 ICR and their reciprocals in the control group. Measurements recorded for nurse dams included mean body weight of 8 young within a nursed litter at birth (MWB) and 12 days of age (MW12). The latter was used as a measure of postnatal maternal performance. Other traits recorded for nurse dams were number born (NB), body weight at parturition (DWP) and 12 days postpartum (DW12), and weight gain (DWG), feed intake (FED) and efficiency (EFF = DWG/FED) for the first 12 days of lactation. The correlated response in MW12 was negative (P less than .01) for M16 and essentially zero for H6. Both lines exhibited positive (P less than .01) correlated responses in DWP and DW12 and no change in EFF. Only the H6 line increases significantly in DWG and FED as a result of selection. NB increased in M16 and H6, but was significant for the latter population only. Population differences in selection response [(M16-ICR)-(H6-C2)] were significant for FED only, primarily due to average direct genetic effects. Direct comparisons of M16 and H6 indicated that M16 was larger in DWP and DW12 but smaller in DWG and EFF. Average direct genetic effects favored M16 for NB, DWP, and DW12, whereas average maternal genetic effects favored H6 for NB, DWP, DW12 and FED. Percent direct heterosis, in F1 crosses of selected populations was significant for MW12 (13.7%) ,FED (10.8%) and NB (11.4%). Direct heterosis in F1 crosses of the controls was significant for MW12 (9.4%), NB (6.6%), DWP (3.5%), DW12 (3.3%) and FED (4.4%). The effects of MW12, DWG and metabolic body size (MBS) accounted for 47% of the variation in FED, pooled within populations. Of these variables, MW12 accounted for the highest proportion (32%) of variation in total feed intake.", "PMID": 1022330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3343", "title": "Cytological effects of an organic phosphate pesticide on human cells in vitro.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to determine the radiomimetic effects in vitro of the insecticide guthion [azinophos-methyl; O, O-dimethyl S-(4-oxobenzotriazino-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate] on two human cell lines, diploid (WI-38) and heteroploid (HEp-2). In WI-38 cells, dosages of 120, 140 and 160 microng/ml of guthion were effective in inducing an average chromosome breakage of 0.042, 0.058 and 0.165 respectively per cell. In control cells, the mean number of breaks per cell was 0.011. Chromosome breakages were significantly higher in treated cells. Since guthion prevents cells from entering into mitosis during treatment, the number of mitiotic cells decreases rapidly following treatment with higher concentrations. Similar dosages in treated HEp-2 cells also induced a high incidence of chromosome aberrations, the most common being chromatid breaks and exchanges. Infrequently noted were mild failure of condensation, despiralization, secondary constrictions, gaps, dicentric chromosomes and pulverization. To date, this study reaffirms previous findings of the potentially hazardous, mutagenic effects of guthion.", "contents": "Cytological effects of an organic phosphate pesticide on human cells in vitro. This investigation was undertaken to determine the radiomimetic effects in vitro of the insecticide guthion [azinophos-methyl; O, O-dimethyl S-(4-oxobenzotriazino-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate] on two human cell lines, diploid (WI-38) and heteroploid (HEp-2). In WI-38 cells, dosages of 120, 140 and 160 microng/ml of guthion were effective in inducing an average chromosome breakage of 0.042, 0.058 and 0.165 respectively per cell. In control cells, the mean number of breaks per cell was 0.011. Chromosome breakages were significantly higher in treated cells. Since guthion prevents cells from entering into mitosis during treatment, the number of mitiotic cells decreases rapidly following treatment with higher concentrations. Similar dosages in treated HEp-2 cells also induced a high incidence of chromosome aberrations, the most common being chromatid breaks and exchanges. Infrequently noted were mild failure of condensation, despiralization, secondary constrictions, gaps, dicentric chromosomes and pulverization. To date, this study reaffirms previous findings of the potentially hazardous, mutagenic effects of guthion.", "PMID": 1022331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3344", "title": "Effects of ozone on meiotic chromosomes of Vicia faba.", "content": "All of the levels of ozone used in these experiments caused morphological damage to plants of Vicia faba L., but only the dose of 200 parts per hundred million for 4 h or 8 h caused chromosomal damage in the microsporocytes. Significant chromosomal damage appeared 24 h after fumigation in metaphase I and anaphase I - telophase I but no significant damage was found in anaphase II - telophase II. This observation suggests that chromosomes are more susceptible to ozone during early stages of meiosis than at later stages. Chromosomal damage was of two types: physiological, as suggested by chromosome stickiness and physical, as indicated by bridges, fragments, and micronuclei.", "contents": "Effects of ozone on meiotic chromosomes of Vicia faba. All of the levels of ozone used in these experiments caused morphological damage to plants of Vicia faba L., but only the dose of 200 parts per hundred million for 4 h or 8 h caused chromosomal damage in the microsporocytes. Significant chromosomal damage appeared 24 h after fumigation in metaphase I and anaphase I - telophase I but no significant damage was found in anaphase II - telophase II. This observation suggests that chromosomes are more susceptible to ozone during early stages of meiosis than at later stages. Chromosomal damage was of two types: physiological, as suggested by chromosome stickiness and physical, as indicated by bridges, fragments, and micronuclei.", "PMID": 1022332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3345", "title": "Meiotic evidence for pericentric inversion polymorphism in Junco (Aves).", "content": "Species of the genus Junco are polymorphic for chromosomes 2 and 5. Diplotene karyotypes of 61 adult male Dark-eyed Juncos, Junco hyemalis, were analyzed in order to determine the basis of the polymorphisms. Individuals carrying heterozygous bivalents of the polymorphic chromosomes have fewer chiasma than homozygous individuals. These data suggest that two separate pericentric inversions are at the basis of the polymorphisms.", "contents": "Meiotic evidence for pericentric inversion polymorphism in Junco (Aves). Species of the genus Junco are polymorphic for chromosomes 2 and 5. Diplotene karyotypes of 61 adult male Dark-eyed Juncos, Junco hyemalis, were analyzed in order to determine the basis of the polymorphisms. Individuals carrying heterozygous bivalents of the polymorphic chromosomes have fewer chiasma than homozygous individuals. These data suggest that two separate pericentric inversions are at the basis of the polymorphisms.", "PMID": 1022333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3346", "title": "Hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: five-year experience.", "content": "Mortality during the hospitalization period was analyzed in a sample of 786 patients with acute myocardial infarction [AMI], admitted to the coronary care unit within a five-year period from a catchment area of 200 000 urban inhabitants. The total mortality during the hospitalization period amounted to 19.2%. The prognostic significance of certain clinically meaningful phenomena was appraised on the basis of their association to the mortality. It was demonstrated that the factors decisive for the prognosis of a patient with AMI are age, previous myocardial infarction, extent and localization of the ischaemic lesion apparent from the ECG tracing, and, in addition, presence of the atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction defects, especially if combined with anterior myocardial infarction. Patients with a high cumulation of these prognostic factors exhibited severe signs of mechanical heart failure, which is the mechanism of death in practically all of the deceased patients under the present possibilities of treatment.", "contents": "Hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: five-year experience. Mortality during the hospitalization period was analyzed in a sample of 786 patients with acute myocardial infarction [AMI], admitted to the coronary care unit within a five-year period from a catchment area of 200 000 urban inhabitants. The total mortality during the hospitalization period amounted to 19.2%. The prognostic significance of certain clinically meaningful phenomena was appraised on the basis of their association to the mortality. It was demonstrated that the factors decisive for the prognosis of a patient with AMI are age, previous myocardial infarction, extent and localization of the ischaemic lesion apparent from the ECG tracing, and, in addition, presence of the atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction defects, especially if combined with anterior myocardial infarction. Patients with a high cumulation of these prognostic factors exhibited severe signs of mechanical heart failure, which is the mechanism of death in practically all of the deceased patients under the present possibilities of treatment.", "PMID": 1022401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3347", "title": "Coagulability of arterial and venous blood in healthy subjects, patients with coronary atherosclerosis, and patients with rheumatic cardiopathies.", "content": "Coagulability of arterial and venous blood was studied in 50 healthy subjects and in 179 patients with circulation disturbances caused by coronary atherosclerosis and rheumatic cardiopathies. All indicators characterizing the individual haemocoagulation phases were respected. In the healthy subjects the coagulative and fibrinolytic activities of venous blood were higher than those of arterial blood. In the patients with heart failure the coagulability of venous blood decreased and that of arterial blood increased. These phenomena were accompanied by fibrinogenaemia, appearance of fibrinogen B in the blood, elevation of free heparin, and inhibition, but occasional activation, of fibrinolysis in both vascular systems. The findings seem to signalize enhanced intravascular blood coagulability in patients with circulation disturbances, which phenomenon has to be taken into account in the treatment of such patients.", "contents": "Coagulability of arterial and venous blood in healthy subjects, patients with coronary atherosclerosis, and patients with rheumatic cardiopathies. Coagulability of arterial and venous blood was studied in 50 healthy subjects and in 179 patients with circulation disturbances caused by coronary atherosclerosis and rheumatic cardiopathies. All indicators characterizing the individual haemocoagulation phases were respected. In the healthy subjects the coagulative and fibrinolytic activities of venous blood were higher than those of arterial blood. In the patients with heart failure the coagulability of venous blood decreased and that of arterial blood increased. These phenomena were accompanied by fibrinogenaemia, appearance of fibrinogen B in the blood, elevation of free heparin, and inhibition, but occasional activation, of fibrinolysis in both vascular systems. The findings seem to signalize enhanced intravascular blood coagulability in patients with circulation disturbances, which phenomenon has to be taken into account in the treatment of such patients.", "PMID": 1022402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3348", "title": "Long-term spontaneous variability of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "content": "In two different catheterization studies the authors repeatedly measured the left ventricular pressures in 43 men with chronic stabilized ischaemic heart disease. The interval between both tests averaged two months. The end-diastolic and systolic pressure and the heart rate were measured. A comprehensive evaluation of the results revealed no statistically significant differences between the results of the first and second measurements. Their correlations are expressed by the following correlation coefficients: r = 0.80 for the end-diastolic pressure, r = 0.76 for the systolic pressure, and r = 0.74 for the heart rate. The study offers first information about the long-term variability of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and contributes to a more exact appraisal of its value in evaluation of natural course or long-term therapeutic intervention of heart diseases.", "contents": "Long-term spontaneous variability of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In two different catheterization studies the authors repeatedly measured the left ventricular pressures in 43 men with chronic stabilized ischaemic heart disease. The interval between both tests averaged two months. The end-diastolic and systolic pressure and the heart rate were measured. A comprehensive evaluation of the results revealed no statistically significant differences between the results of the first and second measurements. Their correlations are expressed by the following correlation coefficients: r = 0.80 for the end-diastolic pressure, r = 0.76 for the systolic pressure, and r = 0.74 for the heart rate. The study offers first information about the long-term variability of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and contributes to a more exact appraisal of its value in evaluation of natural course or long-term therapeutic intervention of heart diseases.", "PMID": 1022403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3349", "title": "Contribution to the vector analysis of the orthogonal electrocardiogram.", "content": "A method is described for characterizing the spatial directions of vectors with the aid of the angle alpha, characterizing the direction of the vector's projection upon the frontal plane, and angle beta, indicating the deflection of the spatial vector from the frontal plane. Angle alpha is expressed in the mode used with the conventional ECG system [from 0 degrees to +/- 180 degrees], and angle beta from 0 degrees to +/- 90 degrees. Calculations are made with the aid of algebraic formulae, and the results are tabulated. To facilitate the calculations of the magnitudes and directions of vectors in the space with respect to the orthogonal leads, and for better illustration, special schemes are presented.", "contents": "Contribution to the vector analysis of the orthogonal electrocardiogram. A method is described for characterizing the spatial directions of vectors with the aid of the angle alpha, characterizing the direction of the vector's projection upon the frontal plane, and angle beta, indicating the deflection of the spatial vector from the frontal plane. Angle alpha is expressed in the mode used with the conventional ECG system [from 0 degrees to +/- 180 degrees], and angle beta from 0 degrees to +/- 90 degrees. Calculations are made with the aid of algebraic formulae, and the results are tabulated. To facilitate the calculations of the magnitudes and directions of vectors in the space with respect to the orthogonal leads, and for better illustration, special schemes are presented.", "PMID": 1022405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3350", "title": "Monophasic action potentials of the right atrium during atrial fibrillation in man.", "content": "In 28 patients with established atrial fibrillation [AF], right atrial monophasic action potentials [MAP] were recorded before DC shock. A close correlation was found between the atrial rate and MAP duration of the fibrillatory waves [FW]. The duration of MAPs ranged between 1 and 6 mV. The atrial rate ranged between 311 and 578 per minute, the highest rates were found during lone AF. In two patients in whom cardioversion failed, a prolongation of right atrial MAP duration of the FW was noted. The efficacy of DC shock and the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion was greater in patients with AF having a slower rate and a longer MAP.", "contents": "Monophasic action potentials of the right atrium during atrial fibrillation in man. In 28 patients with established atrial fibrillation [AF], right atrial monophasic action potentials [MAP] were recorded before DC shock. A close correlation was found between the atrial rate and MAP duration of the fibrillatory waves [FW]. The duration of MAPs ranged between 1 and 6 mV. The atrial rate ranged between 311 and 578 per minute, the highest rates were found during lone AF. In two patients in whom cardioversion failed, a prolongation of right atrial MAP duration of the FW was noted. The efficacy of DC shock and the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion was greater in patients with AF having a slower rate and a longer MAP.", "PMID": 1022404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3351", "title": "Design and methodology of the Zagreb preliminary study: response rates at the study stages.", "content": "A procedure for recruitment of a trial cohort from a demographically defined population is described. Provision was made by means of a prescreening survey to determine demographic and attitudinal characteristics in the group invited to screening before the invitation was extended, thus providing information on non-participants as well as participants. Men who satisfied the criteria for borderline levels of one or more of the three risk factors on at least two of possible three occasions were invited to participate in a radomized multifactor treatment trial either being treated by medication for the appropriate risk factor [or factors], or observed during the same intervals in the same fashion as those treated. During follow-up attempts were made to measure adherence to the prescribed medication.", "contents": "Design and methodology of the Zagreb preliminary study: response rates at the study stages. A procedure for recruitment of a trial cohort from a demographically defined population is described. Provision was made by means of a prescreening survey to determine demographic and attitudinal characteristics in the group invited to screening before the invitation was extended, thus providing information on non-participants as well as participants. Men who satisfied the criteria for borderline levels of one or more of the three risk factors on at least two of possible three occasions were invited to participate in a radomized multifactor treatment trial either being treated by medication for the appropriate risk factor [or factors], or observed during the same intervals in the same fashion as those treated. During follow-up attempts were made to measure adherence to the prescribed medication.", "PMID": 1022406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3352", "title": "The renin-angiotensin systems in adrenal-regeneration hypertension.", "content": "Adrenal regeneration hypertension [ARH] was induced after Ingle and Higgins, and Skelton in 13 female Wistar rats one and a half months old with the purpose of studying the function of the renal and the brain renin-angiotensin systems in that model of hypertension, before and after treatment with antihypertensive prostaglandin EI [PGEI]. It was found that a 30 days' application of PGEI induced a regression of the regenerated adrenal cortex, accompanied by a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure to normotensive values. Plasma renin activity did not correlate with the level of the blood pressure nor with kidney renin activity and was not influenced by PGEI. However renal renin activity, which was found to be increased, corresponded to the elevated blood pressure, and decreased almost to normal values with normalization of the blood pressure. A correlation between the brain and kidney renin systems was established in that increased renal renin activity was accompanied by low brain stem and medulla renin activity. The balance was restored by PGEI, which not only lowered blood pressure and decreased renal rein acitivity, but induced an increase of brain stem and medulla renin activity. It is concluded that there exists a notable connection between adrenal cortex regeneration, renal antihypertensive prostaglandins and the kidney and brain renin-angiotensin systems, which pays a correlated role in the mechanism of adrenal regeneration hypertension.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin systems in adrenal-regeneration hypertension. Adrenal regeneration hypertension [ARH] was induced after Ingle and Higgins, and Skelton in 13 female Wistar rats one and a half months old with the purpose of studying the function of the renal and the brain renin-angiotensin systems in that model of hypertension, before and after treatment with antihypertensive prostaglandin EI [PGEI]. It was found that a 30 days' application of PGEI induced a regression of the regenerated adrenal cortex, accompanied by a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure to normotensive values. Plasma renin activity did not correlate with the level of the blood pressure nor with kidney renin activity and was not influenced by PGEI. However renal renin activity, which was found to be increased, corresponded to the elevated blood pressure, and decreased almost to normal values with normalization of the blood pressure. A correlation between the brain and kidney renin systems was established in that increased renal renin activity was accompanied by low brain stem and medulla renin activity. The balance was restored by PGEI, which not only lowered blood pressure and decreased renal rein acitivity, but induced an increase of brain stem and medulla renin activity. It is concluded that there exists a notable connection between adrenal cortex regeneration, renal antihypertensive prostaglandins and the kidney and brain renin-angiotensin systems, which pays a correlated role in the mechanism of adrenal regeneration hypertension.", "PMID": 1022407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3353", "title": "Hospital prognosis of myocardial infarction with respect to risk factors.", "content": "Out of 9922 patients with ischaemic heart disease [IHD] hospitalized during a decade, clinico-pathological data of 796 patients with acute myocardial infarction [MI] were analyzed in detail. With the aid of a logico-probabilistic model, the author made an attempt to quantify the individual risks of the hospital prognosis of MI and to obtain the so-called cumulative risk of MI. The prognostic relevances of the characters investigated were tested by Bayes' theorem. By reducing the matrix \"character-disease\", the original number of 201 characters was reduced to 34, which were divided into five classes, as follows: a] anamnestic data about the occurrence of risk factors, b] data on coronary pains, c] objective clinical, electrocardiographic, or roentgenological findings, d] duration of the praehospitalization phase, e] patient's sex and age. The cumulative risk [sum of partial risks] amounted to 60% and less in MI with a favourable hospital prognosis [that is, at lethality lesser than 5%]; to 61%--100% with a medium fair hospital prognosis [at lethality from 6% to 30%], and to more than 101% with a poor hospital prognosis [at lethality of 41% and higher]. A comparative test of the prognostic index, performed in a different referral area, showed a relatively good practical usability of the criteria described.", "contents": "Hospital prognosis of myocardial infarction with respect to risk factors. Out of 9922 patients with ischaemic heart disease [IHD] hospitalized during a decade, clinico-pathological data of 796 patients with acute myocardial infarction [MI] were analyzed in detail. With the aid of a logico-probabilistic model, the author made an attempt to quantify the individual risks of the hospital prognosis of MI and to obtain the so-called cumulative risk of MI. The prognostic relevances of the characters investigated were tested by Bayes' theorem. By reducing the matrix \"character-disease\", the original number of 201 characters was reduced to 34, which were divided into five classes, as follows: a] anamnestic data about the occurrence of risk factors, b] data on coronary pains, c] objective clinical, electrocardiographic, or roentgenological findings, d] duration of the praehospitalization phase, e] patient's sex and age. The cumulative risk [sum of partial risks] amounted to 60% and less in MI with a favourable hospital prognosis [that is, at lethality lesser than 5%]; to 61%--100% with a medium fair hospital prognosis [at lethality from 6% to 30%], and to more than 101% with a poor hospital prognosis [at lethality of 41% and higher]. A comparative test of the prognostic index, performed in a different referral area, showed a relatively good practical usability of the criteria described.", "PMID": 1022408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3354", "title": "The effect of furosemide stimulation on renin secretion and its application in examining activity of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "The response of plasma renin concentration [PRC] to Furosemide administration and orthostasis stimulation was studied in 9 healthy volunteers and in 30 patients with essential hypertension. The results indicate that Furosemide is unfit for stimulation of renin secretion owing to a relatively high frequency of paradoxical PRC decreases observed both in hypertensives and normotensives. On the other hand, orthostasis stimulation is a manoeuvre suitable also for screening of low renin hypertension.", "contents": "The effect of furosemide stimulation on renin secretion and its application in examining activity of the renin-angiotensin system. The response of plasma renin concentration [PRC] to Furosemide administration and orthostasis stimulation was studied in 9 healthy volunteers and in 30 patients with essential hypertension. The results indicate that Furosemide is unfit for stimulation of renin secretion owing to a relatively high frequency of paradoxical PRC decreases observed both in hypertensives and normotensives. On the other hand, orthostasis stimulation is a manoeuvre suitable also for screening of low renin hypertension.", "PMID": 1022409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3355", "title": "The effect of orthostasis on the I-131 clearance in the metatarsal and crural subcutis in patients with occlusive arterial diseases.", "content": "In 11 patients with occlusive arterial disease and severe cutaneous ischaemia, orthostasis procuded a significant decrease in the I-131 clearance in the distal crural subcutis. In the metatarsal subcutis, however, the mean clearance value remained unchanged on the average, and in patients with low initial clearance values it mostly increased.", "contents": "The effect of orthostasis on the I-131 clearance in the metatarsal and crural subcutis in patients with occlusive arterial diseases. In 11 patients with occlusive arterial disease and severe cutaneous ischaemia, orthostasis procuded a significant decrease in the I-131 clearance in the distal crural subcutis. In the metatarsal subcutis, however, the mean clearance value remained unchanged on the average, and in patients with low initial clearance values it mostly increased.", "PMID": 1022410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3356", "title": "Age-related changes of ballistocardiogram in healthy persons.", "content": "Electrocardiographic and ballistocardiographic changes in 179 clinically healthy men aged 21 to 60 years are reported. Pathological changes in ECG have been registered with advancing age as well as changes in BCG type according to Brown's classification, prolongation of the distances between ECG peak R and the peaks of BCG waves, and a reduction of the amplitudes of BCG segments. In comparison with the youngest group [21 to 30 years of age] the changes described were statistically significant, especially in individuals in the fifth and sixth decades.", "contents": "Age-related changes of ballistocardiogram in healthy persons. Electrocardiographic and ballistocardiographic changes in 179 clinically healthy men aged 21 to 60 years are reported. Pathological changes in ECG have been registered with advancing age as well as changes in BCG type according to Brown's classification, prolongation of the distances between ECG peak R and the peaks of BCG waves, and a reduction of the amplitudes of BCG segments. In comparison with the youngest group [21 to 30 years of age] the changes described were statistically significant, especially in individuals in the fifth and sixth decades.", "PMID": 1022411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3357", "title": "Changes in blood-serum enzymes in rheumatic myocarditis.", "content": "Serum activity analyses of nine enzymes [CPK, HBDH, SDH, ALP, GPT, GOT, LDH, MDH, ALD] in patients with rheumaitc carditis revealed certain elevations of the mean values of LDH, GOT, HBDH, GPT, ALP and MDH. These changes have no particular diagnostic importance because similar findings were also obtained in patients with both rheumatic and nonrheumatic arthritis. The changes occurring during antirheumatic treatment are minimal and statistically not significant. Greater elevations of LDH, ALD, GOT, HBDH, GPT, MDH, and ALP are found in patients with decompensated rheumatic heart disease associated with active rheumatic carditis.", "contents": "Changes in blood-serum enzymes in rheumatic myocarditis. Serum activity analyses of nine enzymes [CPK, HBDH, SDH, ALP, GPT, GOT, LDH, MDH, ALD] in patients with rheumaitc carditis revealed certain elevations of the mean values of LDH, GOT, HBDH, GPT, ALP and MDH. These changes have no particular diagnostic importance because similar findings were also obtained in patients with both rheumatic and nonrheumatic arthritis. The changes occurring during antirheumatic treatment are minimal and statistically not significant. Greater elevations of LDH, ALD, GOT, HBDH, GPT, MDH, and ALP are found in patients with decompensated rheumatic heart disease associated with active rheumatic carditis.", "PMID": 1022412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3358", "title": "Immunoglobulin E, atopy, and nickel allergy.", "content": "Statements in the literature as to whether a relation exists between atopy and nickel allergy are contradictory. I have attempted to make the diagnosis of the two states more stringent by using immunoglobulin E (IgE) determinations and serial dilution tests with nickel sulfate. The IgE determinations proved to be of less value in cases of pure eczema, and nonspecific (?) increases were sometimes observed. The incidence of family atopy was higher in other reports, but the clinical significance of this was unclear. Serial dilution tests gave important information, and a warning is issued against uncritical acceptance of a test reaction with 5.0% nickel sulfate in a patient with suspected atopy.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E, atopy, and nickel allergy. Statements in the literature as to whether a relation exists between atopy and nickel allergy are contradictory. I have attempted to make the diagnosis of the two states more stringent by using immunoglobulin E (IgE) determinations and serial dilution tests with nickel sulfate. The IgE determinations proved to be of less value in cases of pure eczema, and nonspecific (?) increases were sometimes observed. The incidence of family atopy was higher in other reports, but the clinical significance of this was unclear. Serial dilution tests gave important information, and a warning is issued against uncritical acceptance of a test reaction with 5.0% nickel sulfate in a patient with suspected atopy.", "PMID": 1022419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3359", "title": "Guidelines for placement of elective incisions.", "content": "The scar resulting from elective cutaneous surgery can be minimized if the location of the incision is chosen after considering the direction of the skin tension lines, creases, and wrinkles, and if the patient is positioned so that the skin of the surgical field is in a relaxed or anatomically neutral position. Selection of the best location for an elective incision is discussed.", "contents": "Guidelines for placement of elective incisions. The scar resulting from elective cutaneous surgery can be minimized if the location of the incision is chosen after considering the direction of the skin tension lines, creases, and wrinkles, and if the patient is positioned so that the skin of the surgical field is in a relaxed or anatomically neutral position. Selection of the best location for an elective incision is discussed.", "PMID": 1022420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3360", "title": "Choroid plexus papilloma. I. Proof of cerebrospinal fluid overproduction.", "content": "Utilizing a ventricular perfusion technique, the rate of CSF formation was determined in a 2-year-old child before and after removal of a 74 g choroid plexus papilloma from the left lateral ventricle. Preoperatively, the CSF formation rate was 1.05 +/- SD 0.01 ml/min (1,656 ml/day). Postoperatively, the CSF formation rate was reduced fivefold to 0.20 +/- SD 0.01 ml/min (288 ml/day). Whereas these data are regarded as conclusive evidence of CSF overproduction by a choroid plexus papilloma, the pathogenesis of generalized ventricular enlargement in this case was due to part to obstruction of the subarachnoid pathways.", "contents": "Choroid plexus papilloma. I. Proof of cerebrospinal fluid overproduction. Utilizing a ventricular perfusion technique, the rate of CSF formation was determined in a 2-year-old child before and after removal of a 74 g choroid plexus papilloma from the left lateral ventricle. Preoperatively, the CSF formation rate was 1.05 +/- SD 0.01 ml/min (1,656 ml/day). Postoperatively, the CSF formation rate was reduced fivefold to 0.20 +/- SD 0.01 ml/min (288 ml/day). Whereas these data are regarded as conclusive evidence of CSF overproduction by a choroid plexus papilloma, the pathogenesis of generalized ventricular enlargement in this case was due to part to obstruction of the subarachnoid pathways.", "PMID": 1022421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3361", "title": "Pediatric pneumoencephalography with nitrous oxide.", "content": "The recent advances in neurodiagnostic procedures have changed pneumoencephalography. Now we must find the smallest lesions and demonstrate accurately their relationships to the ventricular system cisterns and surrounding structures. Complex blurring motion tomography gives this detail, but the pediatric patients are difficult to examine and immobilization during the long exposure needed for tomography frequently compromises the airway. Hypoventilation from sedation and from the radiographic positioning may lead to increased intracranial pressure. By performing pediatric pneumoencephalography under general anesthesia, with nitrous oxide as both an anesthetic agent and as the contrast material, we are able to control patient motion, preserve the child's airway, and prevent hypoventilation. The nitrous oxide, rapidly diffusible, is a good contrast agent, as large volumes can be used and the gas leaves the ventricular system quickly after the discontinuation of the anesthetic. This rapid reabsorption and elimination of the subarachnoid gas may decrease pneumoencephalographic morbidity.", "contents": "Pediatric pneumoencephalography with nitrous oxide. The recent advances in neurodiagnostic procedures have changed pneumoencephalography. Now we must find the smallest lesions and demonstrate accurately their relationships to the ventricular system cisterns and surrounding structures. Complex blurring motion tomography gives this detail, but the pediatric patients are difficult to examine and immobilization during the long exposure needed for tomography frequently compromises the airway. Hypoventilation from sedation and from the radiographic positioning may lead to increased intracranial pressure. By performing pediatric pneumoencephalography under general anesthesia, with nitrous oxide as both an anesthetic agent and as the contrast material, we are able to control patient motion, preserve the child's airway, and prevent hypoventilation. The nitrous oxide, rapidly diffusible, is a good contrast agent, as large volumes can be used and the gas leaves the ventricular system quickly after the discontinuation of the anesthetic. This rapid reabsorption and elimination of the subarachnoid gas may decrease pneumoencephalographic morbidity.", "PMID": 1022422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3362", "title": "Experimental congenital hydrocephalus. A review with special consideration of hydrocephalus produced by zinc deficiency.", "content": "A review was made of experimental methods available to produce congenital hydrocephalus by teratogenic methods. Radiation, infections, trypan blue, hypervitaminosis A, salicylates and nutritional deficiencies were considered. In the course of prenatal zinc deficiency experiments, congenital hydrocephalus was frequently encountered and histologic sections were made of many representative specimens. Details of the findings are described, among them various types of aqueduct stenosis or obileration. Although these anomalies suggest that occlusion of the aqueduct is the cause of the enlargement of the ventricular system it was noted that there was also ventricular dilatation caudal to the stenotic point of the aqueduct. Hydrocephalus without aqueductal stenosis has also been observed in experimental animals. It seems possible that some cases of congenital hydrocephalus attributed to aqueductal stenosis are examples of hydrocephalus with secondary block of the aqueduct.", "contents": "Experimental congenital hydrocephalus. A review with special consideration of hydrocephalus produced by zinc deficiency. A review was made of experimental methods available to produce congenital hydrocephalus by teratogenic methods. Radiation, infections, trypan blue, hypervitaminosis A, salicylates and nutritional deficiencies were considered. In the course of prenatal zinc deficiency experiments, congenital hydrocephalus was frequently encountered and histologic sections were made of many representative specimens. Details of the findings are described, among them various types of aqueduct stenosis or obileration. Although these anomalies suggest that occlusion of the aqueduct is the cause of the enlargement of the ventricular system it was noted that there was also ventricular dilatation caudal to the stenotic point of the aqueduct. Hydrocephalus without aqueductal stenosis has also been observed in experimental animals. It seems possible that some cases of congenital hydrocephalus attributed to aqueductal stenosis are examples of hydrocephalus with secondary block of the aqueduct.", "PMID": 1022424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3363", "title": "Substance P radioimmunoassay using Nalpha-tyrosyl-substance P and demonstration of the presence of substance P-like immunoreactivities in human blood and porcine tissue extracts.", "content": "Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for substance P was developed using synthetic substance P and 125I-Nalpha-tyrosyl-substance P. Substance P-human alpha-globulin conjugate was used for production of anti-substance P antisera in rabbits. Synthetic substance P was used as a standard and the dextran-coated charcoal method was employed to separate the free peptide from that bound to antibodies. No cross-reactions by physalaemin and eledoisin observed in this system proved its high specificity to substance P. Nalpha-Tyrosyl-substance P and [Tyr1]-substance P showed the displacement curves indistinguishable from that of the standard substance P. Neither substance P5-11 nor substance P6-11 competed with the tracer at the concentration used. The minimum measurable dose of substance P by the assay system was 2.5-5 pg/incubate. Utilizing the system, human plasma samples from 42 healthy volunteers of both sexes were shown to contain immunoreactive substance P in amounts that averaged 298 pg/ml in male and 251 pg/ml in female. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in hot-water extracts of porcine duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, middle colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach and pituitary. The highest concentration (379 ng/g wet weight of organ) was found in the pituitary, and the ileum (7.9 ng/g wet weight of organ) and jejunum (1.9 ng/g wet weight of organ) were rich in the contents.", "contents": "Substance P radioimmunoassay using Nalpha-tyrosyl-substance P and demonstration of the presence of substance P-like immunoreactivities in human blood and porcine tissue extracts. Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for substance P was developed using synthetic substance P and 125I-Nalpha-tyrosyl-substance P. Substance P-human alpha-globulin conjugate was used for production of anti-substance P antisera in rabbits. Synthetic substance P was used as a standard and the dextran-coated charcoal method was employed to separate the free peptide from that bound to antibodies. No cross-reactions by physalaemin and eledoisin observed in this system proved its high specificity to substance P. Nalpha-Tyrosyl-substance P and [Tyr1]-substance P showed the displacement curves indistinguishable from that of the standard substance P. Neither substance P5-11 nor substance P6-11 competed with the tracer at the concentration used. The minimum measurable dose of substance P by the assay system was 2.5-5 pg/incubate. Utilizing the system, human plasma samples from 42 healthy volunteers of both sexes were shown to contain immunoreactive substance P in amounts that averaged 298 pg/ml in male and 251 pg/ml in female. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in hot-water extracts of porcine duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, middle colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach and pituitary. The highest concentration (379 ng/g wet weight of organ) was found in the pituitary, and the ileum (7.9 ng/g wet weight of organ) and jejunum (1.9 ng/g wet weight of organ) were rich in the contents.", "PMID": 1022520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3364", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for human plasma corticosterone.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for human plasma corticosterone has been developed. Antiserum against corticosterone was produced in rabbits immunized with corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antiserum cross-reacted with progesterone, DOC and dehydrocorticosterone more than 20%. After the extraction with ether, and the separation by Sephadex LH-20 microcolumn chromatography, recovery was 51.2 +/- 12.1% in 50 assays. The mean coefficient of variation between assays was 7.7% and within assays was 8.6%. Human plasma corticosterone is measured readily by assaying aliquots of an ether extract of 0.05 to 0.1 ml of plasma after microcolumn chromatography. The mean plasma corticosterone concentration at 9 a.m. was 7.1 +/- 3.2 ng/ml in 45 normal subjects. Plasma corticosterone increased 5.2 times as much as basal values after ACTH injection, whereas radioimmunoassayed cortisol increased 2.4 times. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone decreased to 22.6% of basal values at four hours after 1 mg dexamethasone, whereas radioimmunoassayed cortisol decreased to 12.3% of basal values.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for human plasma corticosterone. A radioimmunoassay for human plasma corticosterone has been developed. Antiserum against corticosterone was produced in rabbits immunized with corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antiserum cross-reacted with progesterone, DOC and dehydrocorticosterone more than 20%. After the extraction with ether, and the separation by Sephadex LH-20 microcolumn chromatography, recovery was 51.2 +/- 12.1% in 50 assays. The mean coefficient of variation between assays was 7.7% and within assays was 8.6%. Human plasma corticosterone is measured readily by assaying aliquots of an ether extract of 0.05 to 0.1 ml of plasma after microcolumn chromatography. The mean plasma corticosterone concentration at 9 a.m. was 7.1 +/- 3.2 ng/ml in 45 normal subjects. Plasma corticosterone increased 5.2 times as much as basal values after ACTH injection, whereas radioimmunoassayed cortisol increased 2.4 times. On the other hand, plasma corticosterone decreased to 22.6% of basal values at four hours after 1 mg dexamethasone, whereas radioimmunoassayed cortisol decreased to 12.3% of basal values.", "PMID": 1022521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3365", "title": "Post-traumatic anterior pituitary insufficiency developed in a patient with partial lipodystrophy.", "content": "A case of partial lipodystrophy developing anterior pituitary insufficiency, chronic glomerulonephritis and pulmonary fibrosis was reported. The patient died of respiratory failure secondary to pituitary crisis during the hospital course. From the clinical course in recent several years and the postmortem examination the head injury following car accident in the past history was considered to be the most plausible cause of hypopituitarism. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis remained unresolved.", "contents": "Post-traumatic anterior pituitary insufficiency developed in a patient with partial lipodystrophy. A case of partial lipodystrophy developing anterior pituitary insufficiency, chronic glomerulonephritis and pulmonary fibrosis was reported. The patient died of respiratory failure secondary to pituitary crisis during the hospital course. From the clinical course in recent several years and the postmortem examination the head injury following car accident in the past history was considered to be the most plausible cause of hypopituitarism. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis remained unresolved.", "PMID": 1022522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3366", "title": "Studies on the \"low dose\" suppressible Cushing's disease.", "content": "Diagnosis of Cushing's disease in most cases can be established by the standard dexamethasone suppression test without difficulty. However, some cases were known to be normally suppressed by the standard low dose of dexamethasone (2 mg daily). The case we encountered recently was also normally suppressed by either the rapid (Nugent) or the standard (Liddle) method. This fact prompted us to study the usefulness of a single dose of 0.5 mg of dexamethasone to suppress the plasma cortisol in the normal. It was concluded that the single oral dose of 0.5 mg of dexamethasone given at 11 p.m. on the previous night suppressed the plasma cortisol efficiently the following morning in the normal, thus making the differentiation of particular cases of Cushing's disease from the normal possible. The disappearance of plasma dexamethasone did not differ significantly between the normal and the Cushing's disease.", "contents": "Studies on the \"low dose\" suppressible Cushing's disease. Diagnosis of Cushing's disease in most cases can be established by the standard dexamethasone suppression test without difficulty. However, some cases were known to be normally suppressed by the standard low dose of dexamethasone (2 mg daily). The case we encountered recently was also normally suppressed by either the rapid (Nugent) or the standard (Liddle) method. This fact prompted us to study the usefulness of a single dose of 0.5 mg of dexamethasone to suppress the plasma cortisol in the normal. It was concluded that the single oral dose of 0.5 mg of dexamethasone given at 11 p.m. on the previous night suppressed the plasma cortisol efficiently the following morning in the normal, thus making the differentiation of particular cases of Cushing's disease from the normal possible. The disappearance of plasma dexamethasone did not differ significantly between the normal and the Cushing's disease.", "PMID": 1022523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3367", "title": "Roles of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin in diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparative study.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin (CT) were simultaneously determined in sera and tumor tissues from 15 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). Serum CEA was increased in all but one patient, and CT did in all of them. Both levels were significantly related to the weight of excised tumor, but not to the presence of metastasis. Furthermore, a significant correlation was noted between the basal levels of CT and CEA. Both levels fell to normal after a radical operation had been performed. Tissue concentrations of CEA and CT in the MCT were more than 100 times those in hyperthyroidism, and the ratios of tissue over serum levels averaged 770 in CEA and 1000 in CT. In the calcium infusion test, CEA levels were not significantly changed in contrast with a distinct increase in CT levels. The results indicate that CEA and CT represent separate activities of the tumor cells, and that circulating CEA together with CT is a useful indicator in the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease.", "contents": "Roles of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin in diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparative study. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin (CT) were simultaneously determined in sera and tumor tissues from 15 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). Serum CEA was increased in all but one patient, and CT did in all of them. Both levels were significantly related to the weight of excised tumor, but not to the presence of metastasis. Furthermore, a significant correlation was noted between the basal levels of CT and CEA. Both levels fell to normal after a radical operation had been performed. Tissue concentrations of CEA and CT in the MCT were more than 100 times those in hyperthyroidism, and the ratios of tissue over serum levels averaged 770 in CEA and 1000 in CT. In the calcium infusion test, CEA levels were not significantly changed in contrast with a distinct increase in CT levels. The results indicate that CEA and CT represent separate activities of the tumor cells, and that circulating CEA together with CT is a useful indicator in the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease.", "PMID": 1022524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3368", "title": "Purification and properties of whale thyroid-stimulating hormone III. Properties of isolated multiple components.", "content": "Properties of the four purified components of whale thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have been compared. The amino acid composition shows close similarity among these components. Their hexosamine and sialic acid contents are of the same magnitude, whereas the neutral sugar composition differs somewhat from each other. The molecular weight of whale TSH determined by sedimentation equilibrium is 29,000, and no difference in molecular weight as well as in Stokes radius as determined by gel filtration has been detected among these four components. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of whale TSH resemble those of TSH from other species, especially those of non-primate mammalian TSH. Whale TSH contains, unlike bovine TSH but like human TSH, 1-2 residues of sialic acid as a constituent carbohydrate.", "contents": "Purification and properties of whale thyroid-stimulating hormone III. Properties of isolated multiple components. Properties of the four purified components of whale thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have been compared. The amino acid composition shows close similarity among these components. Their hexosamine and sialic acid contents are of the same magnitude, whereas the neutral sugar composition differs somewhat from each other. The molecular weight of whale TSH determined by sedimentation equilibrium is 29,000, and no difference in molecular weight as well as in Stokes radius as determined by gel filtration has been detected among these four components. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of whale TSH resemble those of TSH from other species, especially those of non-primate mammalian TSH. Whale TSH contains, unlike bovine TSH but like human TSH, 1-2 residues of sialic acid as a constituent carbohydrate.", "PMID": 1022525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3369", "title": "Fetal rat adrenal steroidogenesis and steroid transfer to adrenalectomized mother.", "content": "On the 22nd day of gestation in rats, fetuses of acutely adrenalectomized mothers were injected subcutaneously with 0.43 muCi 4-14C-progesterone in 0.05 ml saline. Ten and 20 min after injection to fetuses, samples were taken to determine the 14C-progesterone metabolites in the plasma and adrenal glands. After extraction of the samples taken, the metabolites were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and identified by autoradiography. 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone and 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone were identified in the plasma of injected fetuses, and, in far smaller amounts, in the plasma of their mothers. The plasma of noninjected fetuses also contained very small amounts of these corticoids. The fetal adrenal glands contained far smaller amounts of radioactive steroids than the fetal plasma did. The results obtained show that steroids of fetal origin can cross the placenta in and out, constituting evidence that the fetal adrenal glands are the only source of the plasma corticoids of their adrenalectomized mothers.", "contents": "Fetal rat adrenal steroidogenesis and steroid transfer to adrenalectomized mother. On the 22nd day of gestation in rats, fetuses of acutely adrenalectomized mothers were injected subcutaneously with 0.43 muCi 4-14C-progesterone in 0.05 ml saline. Ten and 20 min after injection to fetuses, samples were taken to determine the 14C-progesterone metabolites in the plasma and adrenal glands. After extraction of the samples taken, the metabolites were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and identified by autoradiography. 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone and 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone were identified in the plasma of injected fetuses, and, in far smaller amounts, in the plasma of their mothers. The plasma of noninjected fetuses also contained very small amounts of these corticoids. The fetal adrenal glands contained far smaller amounts of radioactive steroids than the fetal plasma did. The results obtained show that steroids of fetal origin can cross the placenta in and out, constituting evidence that the fetal adrenal glands are the only source of the plasma corticoids of their adrenalectomized mothers.", "PMID": 1022526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3370", "title": "Variety of GH and TSH responses to somatostatin in perfused rat pituitaries in vitro.", "content": "One male rat pituitary placed in a chamber was perifused with cyclic somatostatin (GIF) for 30 min. Either 160 nM or 1.6 muM GIF caused a decrease in the release of GH. The release of TSH was also decreased by 160 nM GIF, and paradoxically increased by 1.6 muM GIF. Increasing the dose of GIF to 16 muM resulted in an abrupt rise in the release of both GH and TSH during the perfusion; then the level of GH decreased to the nadir level followed by an elevation above the base line, while that of TSH promptly fell back toward the base line. The release of PRL was not clearly affected by 16 muM GIF. [Tyr8]-GIF did not have such stimulatory activities. These results indicate that GIF not only inhibits the release of GH and TSH, but also stimulates that of GH and TSH in this system, depending on its dose.", "contents": "Variety of GH and TSH responses to somatostatin in perfused rat pituitaries in vitro. One male rat pituitary placed in a chamber was perifused with cyclic somatostatin (GIF) for 30 min. Either 160 nM or 1.6 muM GIF caused a decrease in the release of GH. The release of TSH was also decreased by 160 nM GIF, and paradoxically increased by 1.6 muM GIF. Increasing the dose of GIF to 16 muM resulted in an abrupt rise in the release of both GH and TSH during the perfusion; then the level of GH decreased to the nadir level followed by an elevation above the base line, while that of TSH promptly fell back toward the base line. The release of PRL was not clearly affected by 16 muM GIF. [Tyr8]-GIF did not have such stimulatory activities. These results indicate that GIF not only inhibits the release of GH and TSH, but also stimulates that of GH and TSH in this system, depending on its dose.", "PMID": 1022527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3371", "title": "[Chemical heterogenicity of the synaptic organization of different regions of the rabbit cerebral cortex].", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits, visual EP was recorded in the temporal cortex, and EP elisited by stimulation of the n. ischiadicus--in the somatosensory cortex. Application of 1% GABA, glycine, and nembutal solutions to the site of EP recordings increased the visual EP and diminished the somatosensory EP. The data obtained seem to corroborate the chemical heterogeneity of synaptic organizations of the visual and somatosensory cortex in the rabbit brain.", "contents": "[Chemical heterogenicity of the synaptic organization of different regions of the rabbit cerebral cortex]. In anesthetized rabbits, visual EP was recorded in the temporal cortex, and EP elisited by stimulation of the n. ischiadicus--in the somatosensory cortex. Application of 1% GABA, glycine, and nembutal solutions to the site of EP recordings increased the visual EP and diminished the somatosensory EP. The data obtained seem to corroborate the chemical heterogeneity of synaptic organizations of the visual and somatosensory cortex in the rabbit brain.", "PMID": 1022528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3372", "title": "[Cerebral cholinesterase under conditions of a generalized convulsive seizure].", "content": "The activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrilcholinesterase was studied during prolonged seizures developing from a primary-cortical focus. The activity was found to spread both along the wide limbic system, which indicates to participation of cholinergic agents in processes of \"recurrent generalization\" of excitations, and along the horizontal system of fibers connecting both hemispheres. This latter finding indicates to participation of cholinergic mediatory mechanisms in formation of seizures.", "contents": "[Cerebral cholinesterase under conditions of a generalized convulsive seizure]. The activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrilcholinesterase was studied during prolonged seizures developing from a primary-cortical focus. The activity was found to spread both along the wide limbic system, which indicates to participation of cholinergic agents in processes of \"recurrent generalization\" of excitations, and along the horizontal system of fibers connecting both hemispheres. This latter finding indicates to participation of cholinergic mediatory mechanisms in formation of seizures.", "PMID": 1022530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3373", "title": "[Recovery of function following incomplete section of the posterior funiculi of the spinal cord].", "content": "The course of functions recovery and the changes of somatosensory cortical evoked potentials were studied in cats after incomplete dorsal funiculi section at the cervical level. The restoration of functions was more rapid and complete in animals with the partial section as compared with those with complete dorsal funiculi section. The latter had no evoked potentials recovery. Undamaged fibers were concluded to be able to send a significant afferent inflow from the periphery to the cortical somatosensory areas and, apparently, to play an important role in the process of the compensatory reorganisation.", "contents": "[Recovery of function following incomplete section of the posterior funiculi of the spinal cord]. The course of functions recovery and the changes of somatosensory cortical evoked potentials were studied in cats after incomplete dorsal funiculi section at the cervical level. The restoration of functions was more rapid and complete in animals with the partial section as compared with those with complete dorsal funiculi section. The latter had no evoked potentials recovery. Undamaged fibers were concluded to be able to send a significant afferent inflow from the periphery to the cortical somatosensory areas and, apparently, to play an important role in the process of the compensatory reorganisation.", "PMID": 1022532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3374", "title": "[Effective of surgical decortication on cardio-cardiac reflexes in cats].", "content": "The cardio-cardiac reflexes were studied in unanesthetized curarized cats before and after surgical decortication. The data obtained showed three varieties of the cortical adaptation: the inhibition of the reflexes, their facilitation, and the effects of regulatory \"silence\". Under normal condition the cortical function seems to exert modulating influences on the cardio-cardiac reflexes by way of the afferent vagal nucleus.", "contents": "[Effective of surgical decortication on cardio-cardiac reflexes in cats]. The cardio-cardiac reflexes were studied in unanesthetized curarized cats before and after surgical decortication. The data obtained showed three varieties of the cortical adaptation: the inhibition of the reflexes, their facilitation, and the effects of regulatory \"silence\". Under normal condition the cortical function seems to exert modulating influences on the cardio-cardiac reflexes by way of the afferent vagal nucleus.", "PMID": 1022535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3375", "title": "[\"Tracking\" the magnitude of arterial pressure in the circulatory system].", "content": "Steady--state characteristics of arterial and venous pressure, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, heart rate, and pumping heart capacity depending on blood volume change were studied in dogs under conditons of rest, exercises, light and deep narcosis. The tracking mean arterial pressure was found to be the main principle of hemodynamic regulation. In unanesthetized animals the tracking is based on heart regulation component mainly, while under light narcosis it is the vascular component. In deep narcosis it is the suppressed tracking principle: arterial pressure change is proportional to blood volume changes.", "contents": "[\"Tracking\" the magnitude of arterial pressure in the circulatory system]. Steady--state characteristics of arterial and venous pressure, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, heart rate, and pumping heart capacity depending on blood volume change were studied in dogs under conditons of rest, exercises, light and deep narcosis. The tracking mean arterial pressure was found to be the main principle of hemodynamic regulation. In unanesthetized animals the tracking is based on heart regulation component mainly, while under light narcosis it is the vascular component. In deep narcosis it is the suppressed tracking principle: arterial pressure change is proportional to blood volume changes.", "PMID": 1022536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3376", "title": "[Relationship between respiratory volume and duration of inspiration in decerebrate cats].", "content": "In decerebrated cats, tidal volume (Vt) was increased from apnoea to maximal values in result of rebreathing. In most cases there was a reversed relationship between Vt and inspiratory duration (Ti). The shape of curves was nearly the same before and after vagotomy. The curves consisted of three parts. The relationship between Vt and Ti is primarily determined by bulbopontine respiratory mechanism. Impulses from pulmonary stretch receptors shift Vt--Ti relationship curve to the left and down.", "contents": "[Relationship between respiratory volume and duration of inspiration in decerebrate cats]. In decerebrated cats, tidal volume (Vt) was increased from apnoea to maximal values in result of rebreathing. In most cases there was a reversed relationship between Vt and inspiratory duration (Ti). The shape of curves was nearly the same before and after vagotomy. The curves consisted of three parts. The relationship between Vt and Ti is primarily determined by bulbopontine respiratory mechanism. Impulses from pulmonary stretch receptors shift Vt--Ti relationship curve to the left and down.", "PMID": 1022537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3377", "title": "[Analysis of the relationship between pulmonary volume and the rate of pulmonary stretch receptor discharge in cats].", "content": "The \"frequency of discharges vs. lung volume\" ratio could be either linear (25 fibers, 24%), or breaking to linear pieces (24 fibers, 23%), or nonlinear (57 fibers, 53%). The nonlinear ratio was approximated with equation f=KVn+C, where f - frequency of discharges, V - volume of lung inflation, K and C - constant, the total less than 1. Afferent output from pulmonary stretch receptors increases in linear proportion to the volume of lung inflation.", "contents": "[Analysis of the relationship between pulmonary volume and the rate of pulmonary stretch receptor discharge in cats]. The \"frequency of discharges vs. lung volume\" ratio could be either linear (25 fibers, 24%), or breaking to linear pieces (24 fibers, 23%), or nonlinear (57 fibers, 53%). The nonlinear ratio was approximated with equation f=KVn+C, where f - frequency of discharges, V - volume of lung inflation, K and C - constant, the total less than 1. Afferent output from pulmonary stretch receptors increases in linear proportion to the volume of lung inflation.", "PMID": 1022538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3378", "title": "[Role of extravagal reflexes in regulating diaphragmatic excitation following tracheal occlusion and changes volume of the thoracic cavity in cats].", "content": "Decerebrated vagotomized cats after tracheal occlusion developed a slight but significant decrease in duration of inspiration, respiratory cycle, and in amplitude of diaphragmatic nerve ENG. Deflation (10-30 ml) or inflation (20-60 ml) of the lungs produced no changes in activity of diaphragmatic motorneurons. A stronger inflation (80-100 ml) decreased the expiratory phase activity. After bilateral vagotomy only slight and inconstant changes of respiratory rhythm were observed.", "contents": "[Role of extravagal reflexes in regulating diaphragmatic excitation following tracheal occlusion and changes volume of the thoracic cavity in cats]. Decerebrated vagotomized cats after tracheal occlusion developed a slight but significant decrease in duration of inspiration, respiratory cycle, and in amplitude of diaphragmatic nerve ENG. Deflation (10-30 ml) or inflation (20-60 ml) of the lungs produced no changes in activity of diaphragmatic motorneurons. A stronger inflation (80-100 ml) decreased the expiratory phase activity. After bilateral vagotomy only slight and inconstant changes of respiratory rhythm were observed.", "PMID": 1022539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3379", "title": "[Characteristics of the motor activity of the stomach according to cutaneous electrogastrographic and balloon mechanographic findings].", "content": "Slow electrical potentials recorded from the stomach projections on extremities in dogs seems to be, in fact, the electrogastrogram reflecting major electrical events in different portions of the stomach. No constant correlation was revealed between the mechanical and electrical activities of the stomach. The electrogastrogram, being an expression of electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the stomach wall, can be permanently recorded, keeping at that a constant rhythm while changing its amplitude within comparatively narrow limits. The mechanogram, only reflecting coordinated contractions of the stamch muscles, is quite variable both in its amplitude and in the number of actual contractions.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the motor activity of the stomach according to cutaneous electrogastrographic and balloon mechanographic findings]. Slow electrical potentials recorded from the stomach projections on extremities in dogs seems to be, in fact, the electrogastrogram reflecting major electrical events in different portions of the stomach. No constant correlation was revealed between the mechanical and electrical activities of the stomach. The electrogastrogram, being an expression of electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the stomach wall, can be permanently recorded, keeping at that a constant rhythm while changing its amplitude within comparatively narrow limits. The mechanogram, only reflecting coordinated contractions of the stamch muscles, is quite variable both in its amplitude and in the number of actual contractions.", "PMID": 1022540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3380", "title": "[Effect of adrenocortical insufficiency on the motor activity of the gall bladder].", "content": "In chronical experiments on dogs, blocking of glococorticoidal function of adrenal cortex O, pI -- DDD decreases the gall bladder motility. Disorders of mineralcorticoid activity of adrenal cortex leads to an increase of the motility. Administration of hydrocortisone and 1% solution of sodium chloride aids to normalize the gall bladder motility in animals with adrenal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenocortical insufficiency on the motor activity of the gall bladder]. In chronical experiments on dogs, blocking of glococorticoidal function of adrenal cortex O, pI -- DDD decreases the gall bladder motility. Disorders of mineralcorticoid activity of adrenal cortex leads to an increase of the motility. Administration of hydrocortisone and 1% solution of sodium chloride aids to normalize the gall bladder motility in animals with adrenal insufficiency.", "PMID": 1022541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3381", "title": "[Work capacity of skeletal muscles and energetics of muscular work during adaptation to cold].", "content": "After the cold adaptation muscle contraction and the working capacity decreased. However, the muscles of the adapted to cold rats are able to save the initial power for a longer time. The muscular work of adapted to cold rats involves a greater expenditure of energy as compared with the control rats. Changes of the working capacity of skeletal muscles in control rats after noradrenalin administration are similar to those occurring in adapted to cold rats.", "contents": "[Work capacity of skeletal muscles and energetics of muscular work during adaptation to cold]. After the cold adaptation muscle contraction and the working capacity decreased. However, the muscles of the adapted to cold rats are able to save the initial power for a longer time. The muscular work of adapted to cold rats involves a greater expenditure of energy as compared with the control rats. Changes of the working capacity of skeletal muscles in control rats after noradrenalin administration are similar to those occurring in adapted to cold rats.", "PMID": 1022542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3382", "title": "[Blood lipid patterns in a population over 65 years of age in the Val d'Aosta area].", "content": "In a sample selection of 263 elderly male and female Valdostan subjects, the serum lipid pattern was studied. Cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein serum concentrations have been analized. The hyperlipoproteinaemias found were classified according to Fredrickson and Levy. Both the apparently primitive hyperlipoproteinaemias as well as those of a secondary type were found to be type IIa, IIb and IV with a prevalence of IIb type in both sexes. Hyperlipoproteinemias were found more frequently in the younger groups with a prevalence in the female subjects. The mean values of serum cholesterol were 211 +/- 45 mg % in the males and 235 +/- 42 mg % in the females; the mean triglyceridemia was respectively 121 +/- 52 mg % and 149 +/- 70 mg %. Sex differences were statistically significant. The results confirm previous findings concerning the increase of blood lipids in females, after the V decade.", "contents": "[Blood lipid patterns in a population over 65 years of age in the Val d'Aosta area]. In a sample selection of 263 elderly male and female Valdostan subjects, the serum lipid pattern was studied. Cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein serum concentrations have been analized. The hyperlipoproteinaemias found were classified according to Fredrickson and Levy. Both the apparently primitive hyperlipoproteinaemias as well as those of a secondary type were found to be type IIa, IIb and IV with a prevalence of IIb type in both sexes. Hyperlipoproteinemias were found more frequently in the younger groups with a prevalence in the female subjects. The mean values of serum cholesterol were 211 +/- 45 mg % in the males and 235 +/- 42 mg % in the females; the mean triglyceridemia was respectively 121 +/- 52 mg % and 149 +/- 70 mg %. Sex differences were statistically significant. The results confirm previous findings concerning the increase of blood lipids in females, after the V decade.", "PMID": 1022601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3383", "title": "[A histo-cytological contribution to the knowledge of atrial internodal connections (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems, still widely discussed, concerning the demonstration of specific internodal conducting pathways in the right atrium have been reviewed, in the light of histo-cytological findings on the initial tracts of Bachmann's (anterior) and Thorel's (posterior) bundles in 7 human hearts. The evidence of Purkinjan cells and of small myocytes, together with the richness in connective tissue and nervous component, make these tracts clearly distinguishable from the common myocardium and seem to substantiate the thesis of morphologically discrete internodal connections.", "contents": "[A histo-cytological contribution to the knowledge of atrial internodal connections (author's transl)]. The problems, still widely discussed, concerning the demonstration of specific internodal conducting pathways in the right atrium have been reviewed, in the light of histo-cytological findings on the initial tracts of Bachmann's (anterior) and Thorel's (posterior) bundles in 7 human hearts. The evidence of Purkinjan cells and of small myocytes, together with the richness in connective tissue and nervous component, make these tracts clearly distinguishable from the common myocardium and seem to substantiate the thesis of morphologically discrete internodal connections.", "PMID": 1022602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3384", "title": "[Tachycardia caused by sinus-node and atrial re-entry with associated depression of A-V conduction].", "content": "The authors report two clinical cases (one with WPW syndrome) of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia caused, in one case, by sino-atrial node or perisinusal nodal tissue re-entrance and in the other case by re-entry in the lower atrium and the high part of the A-V node junction. Both present A-V node Wenckebach periodism, which can be distinct from reciprocating tachycardias, through an anomalous pathway or within the A-V node, which have a typical A-V conduction in the ratio of one to one. But A-V node Wenckebach periodism makes it hard to differentiate between reciprocating and ectopic atrial tachycardias, as the latter often has an A-V block. The effects of two antiarrhythmic drugs (Verapamil, Amiodarone) on echo-zone duration, on initiation and on prophylactic long-term treatment of paroxysmal tachycardias are also reported and discussed.", "contents": "[Tachycardia caused by sinus-node and atrial re-entry with associated depression of A-V conduction]. The authors report two clinical cases (one with WPW syndrome) of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia caused, in one case, by sino-atrial node or perisinusal nodal tissue re-entrance and in the other case by re-entry in the lower atrium and the high part of the A-V node junction. Both present A-V node Wenckebach periodism, which can be distinct from reciprocating tachycardias, through an anomalous pathway or within the A-V node, which have a typical A-V conduction in the ratio of one to one. But A-V node Wenckebach periodism makes it hard to differentiate between reciprocating and ectopic atrial tachycardias, as the latter often has an A-V block. The effects of two antiarrhythmic drugs (Verapamil, Amiodarone) on echo-zone duration, on initiation and on prophylactic long-term treatment of paroxysmal tachycardias are also reported and discussed.", "PMID": 1022603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3385", "title": "[Infections in pacemaker carriers (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 2243 cardiac pacemakers implanted at the cardio-surgical centre of the surgical clinic in the University of Padua, 150 cases of infection were observed, mostly caused by a delayed cutaneous decubitus from the electrode or the battery. The main causes for infection in pacemaker carriers and the most suitable means for their prevention are discussed.", "contents": "[Infections in pacemaker carriers (author's transl)]. Of 2243 cardiac pacemakers implanted at the cardio-surgical centre of the surgical clinic in the University of Padua, 150 cases of infection were observed, mostly caused by a delayed cutaneous decubitus from the electrode or the battery. The main causes for infection in pacemaker carriers and the most suitable means for their prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 1022604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3386", "title": "[Correlations between plasmatic concentrations and antiarrhythmic effect of bunaphtine (author's transl)].", "content": "Antiarrhythmic effect of Bunaphtine (1.5 mg/kg) (e.v. in 2 min) was studied in 35 patients with ectopic rhythms, both ventricular and supraventricular. Arrhythmia was checked by continuous electrocardiographic recording. Bunaphtinemia was determined by spectrophotometric method. Plasma concentration levels proved that Bunaphtine is cleared from the blood in two different stages: T1/2alpha = 0.5 min and T1/2beta = 84.7 min. Antiarrhythmic effect was observed in connection with the fast distribution phase and it was even more evident when plasma concentration fluctuated around 3-4 mg/l. Extrasystoles increased when Bunaphtine levels diminished. The minimum effective level showed fairly good individual differences. In three cases with congestive heart failure, hepatic and renal insufficiency the increase or the appearance of ventricular extrasystole was related to high Bunaphtinemia levels. Risk of toxicity seems to be related to the dose and the administration methods. Cardiac decompensation or hepatic and renal insufficiency determine more elevated and protracted Bunaphtinemia levels.", "contents": "[Correlations between plasmatic concentrations and antiarrhythmic effect of bunaphtine (author's transl)]. Antiarrhythmic effect of Bunaphtine (1.5 mg/kg) (e.v. in 2 min) was studied in 35 patients with ectopic rhythms, both ventricular and supraventricular. Arrhythmia was checked by continuous electrocardiographic recording. Bunaphtinemia was determined by spectrophotometric method. Plasma concentration levels proved that Bunaphtine is cleared from the blood in two different stages: T1/2alpha = 0.5 min and T1/2beta = 84.7 min. Antiarrhythmic effect was observed in connection with the fast distribution phase and it was even more evident when plasma concentration fluctuated around 3-4 mg/l. Extrasystoles increased when Bunaphtine levels diminished. The minimum effective level showed fairly good individual differences. In three cases with congestive heart failure, hepatic and renal insufficiency the increase or the appearance of ventricular extrasystole was related to high Bunaphtinemia levels. Risk of toxicity seems to be related to the dose and the administration methods. Cardiac decompensation or hepatic and renal insufficiency determine more elevated and protracted Bunaphtinemia levels.", "PMID": 1022605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3387", "title": "[Reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract with a valved conduit (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 25 patients who underwent open heart surgery for reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract with a valved conduit. The following anomalies were observed: six cases of great vessels transposition, five cases of pulmonary artery atresia, five cases of truncus, three cases of tetralogy of Fallot and six cases of single ventricle. Two cases of single ventricle were treated in order to be transformed into a systemic ventricle. The pulmonary outflow was reconstructed with a valved conduit anastomosed between right atrium and pulmonary artery. This study includes pre- and postoperative hemodynamic values, surgical evaluation and a 5-months to 3-years follow-up. The authors emphasize that it is important that the surgical indications are closely related to the morphology and hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation for a better result.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract with a valved conduit (author's transl)]. The authors describe 25 patients who underwent open heart surgery for reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract with a valved conduit. The following anomalies were observed: six cases of great vessels transposition, five cases of pulmonary artery atresia, five cases of truncus, three cases of tetralogy of Fallot and six cases of single ventricle. Two cases of single ventricle were treated in order to be transformed into a systemic ventricle. The pulmonary outflow was reconstructed with a valved conduit anastomosed between right atrium and pulmonary artery. This study includes pre- and postoperative hemodynamic values, surgical evaluation and a 5-months to 3-years follow-up. The authors emphasize that it is important that the surgical indications are closely related to the morphology and hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation for a better result.", "PMID": 1022606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3388", "title": "[The vectorcardiogram of Fallot's tetralogy in the first two years of life. Qualitative and quantitative analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "36 patients, less than two years old, affected by Fallot's tetralogy were studied by vectorcardiography. The configuration of the QRS loop in the three orthogonal planes, the voltage of the 0.10 sec spatial vector, RMSV and LMSV vectors, and their azimuth and elevation were evaluated. Such data have been correlated to arterial oxygen saturation. Qualitative analysis showed a clockwise or figure eight QRS loop on the H and F planes in the great majority of cases; and only in a counterclockwise loop on the H plane was the suspicion of an arterial oxygen saturation greater than 85% especially in cases older than two months. The terminal forces of the QRS loop on the H plane were always directed under the O point, Whereas in the valvular pulmonary stenosis, terminal forces are generally superior to the O point. Quantitative analysis demonstrated the constant increase of the RMSV and the direct relationship of the LMSV to arterial oxygen saturation, and so it was the principal parameter for evaluation of the left ventricular volume and the size of pulmonary flow and the degree of pulmonary stenosis. The relationship between the azimuth of 0.01 sec spatial vector to O2 saturation was highly significant, showing a progressive anterior development of the former, as the latter increased.", "contents": "[The vectorcardiogram of Fallot's tetralogy in the first two years of life. Qualitative and quantitative analysis (author's transl)]. 36 patients, less than two years old, affected by Fallot's tetralogy were studied by vectorcardiography. The configuration of the QRS loop in the three orthogonal planes, the voltage of the 0.10 sec spatial vector, RMSV and LMSV vectors, and their azimuth and elevation were evaluated. Such data have been correlated to arterial oxygen saturation. Qualitative analysis showed a clockwise or figure eight QRS loop on the H and F planes in the great majority of cases; and only in a counterclockwise loop on the H plane was the suspicion of an arterial oxygen saturation greater than 85% especially in cases older than two months. The terminal forces of the QRS loop on the H plane were always directed under the O point, Whereas in the valvular pulmonary stenosis, terminal forces are generally superior to the O point. Quantitative analysis demonstrated the constant increase of the RMSV and the direct relationship of the LMSV to arterial oxygen saturation, and so it was the principal parameter for evaluation of the left ventricular volume and the size of pulmonary flow and the degree of pulmonary stenosis. The relationship between the azimuth of 0.01 sec spatial vector to O2 saturation was highly significant, showing a progressive anterior development of the former, as the latter increased.", "PMID": 1022607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3389", "title": "[Use of bidimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of bidimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases is a most promising application of ultrasounds yielding significant information in their anatomical \"format\". 16 cases of cyanotic congenital heart diseases were studied by an ecg-stop action technique and the results are presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Use of bidimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart diseases (author's transl)]. The introduction of bidimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases is a most promising application of ultrasounds yielding significant information in their anatomical \"format\". 16 cases of cyanotic congenital heart diseases were studied by an ecg-stop action technique and the results are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1022608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3390", "title": "[A new echocardiographic detection technique of the pulmonary valve (VP) in patients with cor pulmonale chronicum (CPC) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper, a new echocardiographic detection technique of the VP in patients with CPC is described. Subjects who frequently have large, barrel chests, with pulmonary emphysema and markedly depressed diaphragms, are very difficult to examine echocardiographically. By this technique, however, the authors obtained the highest detection rate so far reported (congruent to 100% of the patients studied). Moreover, the echocardiographic findings are validated by an ultrasonic anatomy study based on the use of Cardio Green (V.I.) as contrast agent.", "contents": "[A new echocardiographic detection technique of the pulmonary valve (VP) in patients with cor pulmonale chronicum (CPC) (author's transl)]. In this paper, a new echocardiographic detection technique of the VP in patients with CPC is described. Subjects who frequently have large, barrel chests, with pulmonary emphysema and markedly depressed diaphragms, are very difficult to examine echocardiographically. By this technique, however, the authors obtained the highest detection rate so far reported (congruent to 100% of the patients studied). Moreover, the echocardiographic findings are validated by an ultrasonic anatomy study based on the use of Cardio Green (V.I.) as contrast agent.", "PMID": 1022609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3391", "title": "[Study of normal left ventricular volume (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of left ventricular volume was carried out on ten normal subjects. The average values and the standard deviations of the end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV), the systolic throw and the ejection (EF) are reported. They were obtained by using the single-plane cineventriculography method in the OAdx projection of 30 degrees.", "contents": "[Study of normal left ventricular volume (author's transl)]. A study of left ventricular volume was carried out on ten normal subjects. The average values and the standard deviations of the end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV), the systolic throw and the ejection (EF) are reported. They were obtained by using the single-plane cineventriculography method in the OAdx projection of 30 degrees.", "PMID": 1022610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3392", "title": "[Isolated T wave electrical alternans in man (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of electrical T wave alternans without change of P wave and QRS complex is reported here. Literature on this subject is reviewed. It is emphasized that the alternation of T wave always exists when important morphological anomalies of QT tract and prolongation of QT are present.", "contents": "[Isolated T wave electrical alternans in man (author's transl)]. A case of electrical T wave alternans without change of P wave and QRS complex is reported here. Literature on this subject is reviewed. It is emphasized that the alternation of T wave always exists when important morphological anomalies of QT tract and prolongation of QT are present.", "PMID": 1022611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3393", "title": "[Idiopathic aneurysm of the left ventricle. Report of two cases and review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of left ventricular aneurysm occurring in young patients (23 and 29 years respectively) are reported. Coronary arteriograms were normal. Pertinent literature was reviewed. About 70 cases of left ventricular aneurysm in patients under 35 years of age have been reported: approximately half of them are congenital. They include both diverticuli of the apex, as a part of a syndrome of congenital defects, and those, much rarer, following myocardial infarction in children with anomalous origin of coronary arteries. A few cases may be attributed to trauma or myocarditis. In 26 patients, including the two reported here, etiology was uncertain (idiopathic aneurysm of the left ventricle) in as much as malformation or an infectious disease might have been the underlying cause.", "contents": "[Idiopathic aneurysm of the left ventricle. Report of two cases and review of literature (author's transl)]. Two cases of left ventricular aneurysm occurring in young patients (23 and 29 years respectively) are reported. Coronary arteriograms were normal. Pertinent literature was reviewed. About 70 cases of left ventricular aneurysm in patients under 35 years of age have been reported: approximately half of them are congenital. They include both diverticuli of the apex, as a part of a syndrome of congenital defects, and those, much rarer, following myocardial infarction in children with anomalous origin of coronary arteries. A few cases may be attributed to trauma or myocarditis. In 26 patients, including the two reported here, etiology was uncertain (idiopathic aneurysm of the left ventricle) in as much as malformation or an infectious disease might have been the underlying cause.", "PMID": 1022612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3394", "title": "[Patent double aortic arch and congenital mitral insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of double aortic arch with severe congenital mitral incompetence and mild pulmonary arteries stenosis is described. A possible embriogenetic explanation of the anomaly is discussed in the light of preferential foetal blood flows.", "contents": "[Patent double aortic arch and congenital mitral insufficiency (author's transl)]. A case of double aortic arch with severe congenital mitral incompetence and mild pulmonary arteries stenosis is described. A possible embriogenetic explanation of the anomaly is discussed in the light of preferential foetal blood flows.", "PMID": 1022613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3395", "title": "[Incidence and outcome of fascicular blocks in the aged. Retrospective studies].", "content": "The results of a three-year follow-up study of 45 elderly subjects (mean age 79,5 years, range 67-96 years) with left anterior hemiblock (LAH) alone or associated to right bundle branch block (RBBB) are reported. In the presence of isolated LAH no significant changes in the mortality rate were observed. The patients with LAH+RBBB showed an increase in mortality rate and not rarely (2 cases out of 13) an evolution toward a complete A-V block. The role of age as a factor influencing the natural history of these patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Incidence and outcome of fascicular blocks in the aged. Retrospective studies]. The results of a three-year follow-up study of 45 elderly subjects (mean age 79,5 years, range 67-96 years) with left anterior hemiblock (LAH) alone or associated to right bundle branch block (RBBB) are reported. In the presence of isolated LAH no significant changes in the mortality rate were observed. The patients with LAH+RBBB showed an increase in mortality rate and not rarely (2 cases out of 13) an evolution toward a complete A-V block. The role of age as a factor influencing the natural history of these patients is discussed.", "PMID": 1022615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3396", "title": "[Echocardiographic studies with a multiscanner apparatus].", "content": "This technique aims at obtaining a dynamic bi-dimensional image of the cardiac structures, which can be directly registered on videotape and photographed with Polaroid cameras. It is particularly useful -- in as much as it gives characteristic images -- for obstructive and non-obstructive hypertrophic myocardiopathies, in exudative pericarditis, in tetralogy of Fallot and mitralic stenosis.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic studies with a multiscanner apparatus]. This technique aims at obtaining a dynamic bi-dimensional image of the cardiac structures, which can be directly registered on videotape and photographed with Polaroid cameras. It is particularly useful -- in as much as it gives characteristic images -- for obstructive and non-obstructive hypertrophic myocardiopathies, in exudative pericarditis, in tetralogy of Fallot and mitralic stenosis.", "PMID": 1022616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3397", "title": "[Prognostic value of serial determination of CPK in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial determinations of CPK enzyme were performed every 4 hours during a 72 hour period in 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted to the Coronary Care Unit in the first 6 hours (average 2.6) from the appearance of symptoms. The peak ratio of activity of CPK was 708 mU/ml +/- 48 E.S. as medium value in the whole group was reached in a medium period of 21,1 +/- 0,74 E.S. hours from the attack. Half value of the peak ratio activity was reached after a medium time of 19,1 +/- 1,0 E.S. hours. A significant statistical correlation between the CPK peak ratio and the prognostic index of Selvini et al. was found. The peak ratio resulted in 571 +/- 41 E.S. in patients with uncomplicated AMI, whereas in those with complications such as arrhythmias and heart failure the average value was 901 +/- 136 E.S. No significant correlation between CPK values and ST wave evolution of the ECG peak ratio of 1638 mU/ml was found; however, one patient who died of cardiac rupture showed a low level of 395 mU/ml. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the serial determination of CPK during the first 48 hours of a coronary attack is emphasized.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of serial determination of CPK in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Serial determinations of CPK enzyme were performed every 4 hours during a 72 hour period in 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted to the Coronary Care Unit in the first 6 hours (average 2.6) from the appearance of symptoms. The peak ratio of activity of CPK was 708 mU/ml +/- 48 E.S. as medium value in the whole group was reached in a medium period of 21,1 +/- 0,74 E.S. hours from the attack. Half value of the peak ratio activity was reached after a medium time of 19,1 +/- 1,0 E.S. hours. A significant statistical correlation between the CPK peak ratio and the prognostic index of Selvini et al. was found. The peak ratio resulted in 571 +/- 41 E.S. in patients with uncomplicated AMI, whereas in those with complications such as arrhythmias and heart failure the average value was 901 +/- 136 E.S. No significant correlation between CPK values and ST wave evolution of the ECG peak ratio of 1638 mU/ml was found; however, one patient who died of cardiac rupture showed a low level of 395 mU/ml. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the serial determination of CPK during the first 48 hours of a coronary attack is emphasized.", "PMID": 1022619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3398", "title": "Fluorogenic detection of primary amines in plant histochemistry with fluorescamine: a comparative study on the effects of coagulant and non-coagulant fixatives.", "content": "The new highly sensitive method of fluorescamine reaction for the topochemical detection of primary amino groups was studied as a substitude of ninhydrin-Schiff's reaction for the localisation of total proteins in plant tissues. The influence of various coagulant and non-coagulant fixatives on the induction of fluorescamine fluorescence was examined: ethanol, formaldehyde gas and solution, glutaraldehyde, acrolein, osmium tetroxide, Bouin, Rossman, Clarke and Zenker's fluids and FMA were employed. It was found that the use of the fluorogenic method is conditioned by the fixative ability to keep the amino groups disposable and by its capability to reduce the natural autofluorescence of plant material. A detailed account of the fixation methodology demonstrated that non-coagulant acrolein and coagulant mercuric chloride are the most promising fixatives for the use of the fluorescamine reaction in plant histochemistry.", "contents": "Fluorogenic detection of primary amines in plant histochemistry with fluorescamine: a comparative study on the effects of coagulant and non-coagulant fixatives. The new highly sensitive method of fluorescamine reaction for the topochemical detection of primary amino groups was studied as a substitude of ninhydrin-Schiff's reaction for the localisation of total proteins in plant tissues. The influence of various coagulant and non-coagulant fixatives on the induction of fluorescamine fluorescence was examined: ethanol, formaldehyde gas and solution, glutaraldehyde, acrolein, osmium tetroxide, Bouin, Rossman, Clarke and Zenker's fluids and FMA were employed. It was found that the use of the fluorogenic method is conditioned by the fixative ability to keep the amino groups disposable and by its capability to reduce the natural autofluorescence of plant material. A detailed account of the fixation methodology demonstrated that non-coagulant acrolein and coagulant mercuric chloride are the most promising fixatives for the use of the fluorescamine reaction in plant histochemistry.", "PMID": 1022720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3399", "title": "A processing system for elaboration of data obtained by the oxygraph.", "content": "A Data Processing System is presented to resolve some problems usually present in the oxygraph research. The possibility to obtain a file of data in which each experiment is arranged as completely as possible in the description of experimental conditions and the corresponding data permits the execution of some operations such as calculations, statistical elaborations, kinetic studies, research and comparation of experiments and plotting. This system may result very helpful in the programmation of the experiments and in the elaboration of the data obtained by the oxygraph technique.", "contents": "A processing system for elaboration of data obtained by the oxygraph. A Data Processing System is presented to resolve some problems usually present in the oxygraph research. The possibility to obtain a file of data in which each experiment is arranged as completely as possible in the description of experimental conditions and the corresponding data permits the execution of some operations such as calculations, statistical elaborations, kinetic studies, research and comparation of experiments and plotting. This system may result very helpful in the programmation of the experiments and in the elaboration of the data obtained by the oxygraph technique.", "PMID": 1022715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3400", "title": "Iodide, thiocyanate and cyanide ions as capturing reagents in one-step copper-thiocholine method for cytochemical localization of cholinesterase activity.", "content": "The necessity of the presence of iodide in Cu-ThCh reaction was investigated by following the precipitate formation \"in vitro\" and by evaluating the ultrastructural localization of the precipitate in sympathetic ganglion cells of the frog and in the end-plate regions of the rat diaphragm. It was found that thiocyanate or cyanide is the only anion that can be substituted for iodide as the capturing agent in precipitation. The optimal concentration in the preincubation and incubation media of any one of the three anions is from 2 to 5 mM. At a concentration below 1 mM precipitation \"in vitro\" is considerably delayed as a result of which in electron microscopy diffusion artefacts appear in tissue sections. The unconverted primary precipitate obtained in the presence of iodide had been used for ultrastructural localization of ChE activity and now this use has been extended to precipitates obtained in the presence of CN- or CNS-. Better-quality localization in the presence of either one of the latter anions suggests that they, and particularly CN-, should be substituted for I- in the one-step Cu-ThCh method for the cytochemistry of cholinesterases.", "contents": "Iodide, thiocyanate and cyanide ions as capturing reagents in one-step copper-thiocholine method for cytochemical localization of cholinesterase activity. The necessity of the presence of iodide in Cu-ThCh reaction was investigated by following the precipitate formation \"in vitro\" and by evaluating the ultrastructural localization of the precipitate in sympathetic ganglion cells of the frog and in the end-plate regions of the rat diaphragm. It was found that thiocyanate or cyanide is the only anion that can be substituted for iodide as the capturing agent in precipitation. The optimal concentration in the preincubation and incubation media of any one of the three anions is from 2 to 5 mM. At a concentration below 1 mM precipitation \"in vitro\" is considerably delayed as a result of which in electron microscopy diffusion artefacts appear in tissue sections. The unconverted primary precipitate obtained in the presence of iodide had been used for ultrastructural localization of ChE activity and now this use has been extended to precipitates obtained in the presence of CN- or CNS-. Better-quality localization in the presence of either one of the latter anions suggests that they, and particularly CN-, should be substituted for I- in the one-step Cu-ThCh method for the cytochemistry of cholinesterases.", "PMID": 1022721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3401", "title": "A completely enzymatic method for the determination of glycerophospholipids in human serum.", "content": "A simple method is reported for the determination of GPL in serum, requiring small amount of sample and adequate for screening of large population groups. The method is based on the release of glycerol portion of the phospholipid molecule by the combined action of phospholipase C and lipase. The glycerol is then determined by well established methods. The importance of screening of lecithin, that accounts for more than 84% of the glycerophospholipids of serum lipoproteins, is discussed in view of lipoprotein function and structure and in view of interaction between lipoproteins and plasma membranes.", "contents": "A completely enzymatic method for the determination of glycerophospholipids in human serum. A simple method is reported for the determination of GPL in serum, requiring small amount of sample and adequate for screening of large population groups. The method is based on the release of glycerol portion of the phospholipid molecule by the combined action of phospholipase C and lipase. The glycerol is then determined by well established methods. The importance of screening of lecithin, that accounts for more than 84% of the glycerophospholipids of serum lipoproteins, is discussed in view of lipoprotein function and structure and in view of interaction between lipoproteins and plasma membranes.", "PMID": 1022716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3402", "title": "Paraganglia in the urogential tract of man.", "content": "According to the earlier concept, the paraganglia of man are believed to degenerate during the first postnatal years after their dominance during the fetal period. Clinical case reports on persisting paraganglia led us to extensive exploration of surgical material obtained from urological and gynecological surgery. The formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) was used for tracing the catecholamine containing tissues. The fluorescence intensities were recorded with a Leitz MPV 2 microspectrophotometer. Solitary, small paraganglia were found in all patients studied. They were especially frequent in the walls of the urinary bladder and in the connective tissue surrounding the urogenital organs. The intensity of the fluorescence was comparable to pharmacological standard of 10(-2) M noradrenaline and at the same level as the FIF of human fetal paraganglia. All cells of the paraganglionic clusters exhibited FIF and no signs of degeneration could be observed. It is suggested that the paraganglia of man do not degenerate postnatally but persist as a remarcable catecholamine reservoir, which might be of physiological importance.", "contents": "Paraganglia in the urogential tract of man. According to the earlier concept, the paraganglia of man are believed to degenerate during the first postnatal years after their dominance during the fetal period. Clinical case reports on persisting paraganglia led us to extensive exploration of surgical material obtained from urological and gynecological surgery. The formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) was used for tracing the catecholamine containing tissues. The fluorescence intensities were recorded with a Leitz MPV 2 microspectrophotometer. Solitary, small paraganglia were found in all patients studied. They were especially frequent in the walls of the urinary bladder and in the connective tissue surrounding the urogenital organs. The intensity of the fluorescence was comparable to pharmacological standard of 10(-2) M noradrenaline and at the same level as the FIF of human fetal paraganglia. All cells of the paraganglionic clusters exhibited FIF and no signs of degeneration could be observed. It is suggested that the paraganglia of man do not degenerate postnatally but persist as a remarcable catecholamine reservoir, which might be of physiological importance.", "PMID": 1022722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3403", "title": "Histochemical properties of spermatozoa and somatic cells. III. Depolymerization and extraction of DNA during Feulgen acid.", "content": "The Feulgen acid hydrolysis patterns of chromatin of different biochemical composition and compactness were analyzed. It was found that the purine extraction rate during acid hydrolysis was affected by the addition of NaCl or 2-mercaptoethanol to the hydrolysis bath. The maximum DNA depolymerization rate was directly correlated to the depurination rate but the extraction rate of hydrolysed DNA was in addition dependent on the stability of the surrounding protein matrix. The results indicate that the diffusion of DNA fragments is partially obstructed in extremely stabilized chromatins (e.g. bull spermatozoa). It is assumed that the extraction pattern of DNA is mainly dependent on the size of the fragments which leave the chromatin by diffusion. It appears that basic proteins do not influence the depolymerization of DNA but there are indications that during certain experimental conditions the purine liberation is dependent upon the chromatin structure.", "contents": "Histochemical properties of spermatozoa and somatic cells. III. Depolymerization and extraction of DNA during Feulgen acid. The Feulgen acid hydrolysis patterns of chromatin of different biochemical composition and compactness were analyzed. It was found that the purine extraction rate during acid hydrolysis was affected by the addition of NaCl or 2-mercaptoethanol to the hydrolysis bath. The maximum DNA depolymerization rate was directly correlated to the depurination rate but the extraction rate of hydrolysed DNA was in addition dependent on the stability of the surrounding protein matrix. The results indicate that the diffusion of DNA fragments is partially obstructed in extremely stabilized chromatins (e.g. bull spermatozoa). It is assumed that the extraction pattern of DNA is mainly dependent on the size of the fragments which leave the chromatin by diffusion. It appears that basic proteins do not influence the depolymerization of DNA but there are indications that during certain experimental conditions the purine liberation is dependent upon the chromatin structure.", "PMID": 1022723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3404", "title": "On the method of Glenner for the histochemical demonstration of the monoamine oxidase (MAO).", "content": "The method of Glenner et al. for the histochemical demonstration of MAO activity was studied by means of scanning microdensitometry and discrete measurement of optical density (lambda=590 nm) of the liver and brain tissues sections. The experiments indicated that: (1) The optimal time of incubation (the thickness of sections is 15 mum) is 60-90 min. (2) The histochemical reaction proceeds with the following substrates: dopamine, noradrenalin, serotonin, and tryptamine. (3) Iproniazid is the best inhibitor for preincubation whereas for simultaneous inhibition the substrate semicarbazide is better. (4) The incubation under the anaerobic conditions caused a considerable decrease of the stain intensity of the sections. We consider these data to indicate that both the aldehydes and acids formed under oxidation may take part in direct reduction of NBT to diformazan. (5) The histochemical reaction for MAO  without substrates testifies to the presence of endogenous amines or other redox reactions leading to the reduction of NBT.", "contents": "On the method of Glenner for the histochemical demonstration of the monoamine oxidase (MAO). The method of Glenner et al. for the histochemical demonstration of MAO activity was studied by means of scanning microdensitometry and discrete measurement of optical density (lambda=590 nm) of the liver and brain tissues sections. The experiments indicated that: (1) The optimal time of incubation (the thickness of sections is 15 mum) is 60-90 min. (2) The histochemical reaction proceeds with the following substrates: dopamine, noradrenalin, serotonin, and tryptamine. (3) Iproniazid is the best inhibitor for preincubation whereas for simultaneous inhibition the substrate semicarbazide is better. (4) The incubation under the anaerobic conditions caused a considerable decrease of the stain intensity of the sections. We consider these data to indicate that both the aldehydes and acids formed under oxidation may take part in direct reduction of NBT to diformazan. (5) The histochemical reaction for MAO  without substrates testifies to the presence of endogenous amines or other redox reactions leading to the reduction of NBT.", "PMID": 1022724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3405", "title": "Citizen participation and health care: problems of government induced participation.", "content": "In this paper we trace the implications of some common contradictions in government-inspired efforts to increase citizen participation in health care delivery. We cover general problems of generating citizen participation, specific difficulties in community organization resulting when issues of health are the organizing focus, and the benefits that were thought to result from efforts to increase citizen participation in social programs in the 1960's. When programs focused on increased citizen participation were initiated program administrators attempted to maximize citizen involvement quickly by: projecting an image of maximal social impact; minimizing or ignoring questions of long-term fiscal uncertainty; projecting an image of maximal control by citizens; and projecting images of institutional solidarity and of experimentation and innovation. They tended to recruit to the staff social activists taken to be representative of the community (although they might not be), promising opportunities for upward mobility. They also tended to adopt conciliatory administrative styles in keeping with their experimental non-elitist orientations. These tendencies characteristic of the initiation phase of projects conflicted with the demands placed upon programs in later phases of program implementation. These demands resulted from later perceived needs to: evaluate programs; limit spending; counter internal organizational opposition; and respond to sponsors' shifting interests. Paraprofessionals recruited to the staff tended to lose their \"community\" orientation, and administrative style tended to focus considerably more on program accountability. These shifting program demands substantially account for what otherwise appears to be the failure of efforts to increase citizens' participation in health delivery programs, and, by extension, in other areas where the impetus for increased citizen participation comes from government initiatives.", "contents": "Citizen participation and health care: problems of government induced participation. In this paper we trace the implications of some common contradictions in government-inspired efforts to increase citizen participation in health care delivery. We cover general problems of generating citizen participation, specific difficulties in community organization resulting when issues of health are the organizing focus, and the benefits that were thought to result from efforts to increase citizen participation in social programs in the 1960's. When programs focused on increased citizen participation were initiated program administrators attempted to maximize citizen involvement quickly by: projecting an image of maximal social impact; minimizing or ignoring questions of long-term fiscal uncertainty; projecting an image of maximal control by citizens; and projecting images of institutional solidarity and of experimentation and innovation. They tended to recruit to the staff social activists taken to be representative of the community (although they might not be), promising opportunities for upward mobility. They also tended to adopt conciliatory administrative styles in keeping with their experimental non-elitist orientations. These tendencies characteristic of the initiation phase of projects conflicted with the demands placed upon programs in later phases of program implementation. These demands resulted from later perceived needs to: evaluate programs; limit spending; counter internal organizational opposition; and respond to sponsors' shifting interests. Paraprofessionals recruited to the staff tended to lose their \"community\" orientation, and administrative style tended to focus considerably more on program accountability. These shifting program demands substantially account for what otherwise appears to be the failure of efforts to increase citizens' participation in health delivery programs, and, by extension, in other areas where the impetus for increased citizen participation comes from government initiatives.", "PMID": 1022799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3406", "title": "The challenge of comparative health policy for political science.", "content": "After a brief review of the literature and some reflection on the state of the art, this paper argues that more analyses of health policy in an explicitly comparative perspective are needed. This conclusion is based on a discussion of the largely unexploited benefits that could accrue from a welding of political science and health services research and a consideration of a research design illustrating the compatibility of these two endeavors.", "contents": "The challenge of comparative health policy for political science. After a brief review of the literature and some reflection on the state of the art, this paper argues that more analyses of health policy in an explicitly comparative perspective are needed. This conclusion is based on a discussion of the largely unexploited benefits that could accrue from a welding of political science and health services research and a consideration of a research design illustrating the compatibility of these two endeavors.", "PMID": 1022801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3407", "title": "Social class, political power, and the state: their implications in medicine--parts I and II.", "content": "This three part article presents an anlysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III (which will appear in the next issue of this journal) focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine.", "contents": "Social class, political power, and the state: their implications in medicine--parts I and II. This three part article presents an anlysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III (which will appear in the next issue of this journal) focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine.", "PMID": 1022803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3408", "title": "Health planning in the United States: an old idea with a new significance.", "content": "This paper examines major features of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641), a piece of legislation that would radically restructure the health planning system of the United States. The Act combines several, previously uncoordinated, health planning and health resources development agencies into one coordinated program. The program is to consist of statutorily restricted federal agency which will generally oversee the operation of the program, a state program directed by a consumer-dominated board and a series of locally based, generally private, nonprofit, consumer-dominated corporations (\"Health Systems Agencies\") which will carry the bulk of the planning functions. The resource development portion of the act grants funds for a variety of programs. These include both grants and loans (at very favorable interest rates) for medical facilities. In addition there are funds available for innovative projects which hold the prospect of improving health services and environmental conditions within the community. The act also provides the states and local organizations with substantial power over a large portion of the allocations made under the Public Health Act and specifies the process by which health planning must be carried out. Each local planning agency must design a long range health plan for its community and prepare a one-year plan for carrying out portions of the health system plan. These two documents then are used to create State Health plans, plans for construction, modernization or conversion of health facilities and criteria for judging the appropriateness of health services offered in the local areas and in each state. The act seems to create a mechanism whereby the health industry could be quickly converted into a heavily regulated industry. This regulatory process could be implemented in conjunction with national health insurance or by itself.", "contents": "Health planning in the United States: an old idea with a new significance. This paper examines major features of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641), a piece of legislation that would radically restructure the health planning system of the United States. The Act combines several, previously uncoordinated, health planning and health resources development agencies into one coordinated program. The program is to consist of statutorily restricted federal agency which will generally oversee the operation of the program, a state program directed by a consumer-dominated board and a series of locally based, generally private, nonprofit, consumer-dominated corporations (\"Health Systems Agencies\") which will carry the bulk of the planning functions. The resource development portion of the act grants funds for a variety of programs. These include both grants and loans (at very favorable interest rates) for medical facilities. In addition there are funds available for innovative projects which hold the prospect of improving health services and environmental conditions within the community. The act also provides the states and local organizations with substantial power over a large portion of the allocations made under the Public Health Act and specifies the process by which health planning must be carried out. Each local planning agency must design a long range health plan for its community and prepare a one-year plan for carrying out portions of the health system plan. These two documents then are used to create State Health plans, plans for construction, modernization or conversion of health facilities and criteria for judging the appropriateness of health services offered in the local areas and in each state. The act seems to create a mechanism whereby the health industry could be quickly converted into a heavily regulated industry. This regulatory process could be implemented in conjunction with national health insurance or by itself.", "PMID": 1022804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3409", "title": "Abortion and the law: the impact on hospital policy of the Roe and Doe decisions.", "content": "The purpose of the article is to analyze the effect of the U.S. Supreme Court's abortion decisions upon the policies of hospitals in Harris County (Houston), Texas. The study attempts to determine the variables associated with the hospitals' policies prior to and following the Roe and Doe decisions and which variables best explain the change (or lack of change) from the first period to the other. The principal data source is a series of in-depth personal interviews with 68 key decision-makers in 36 general hospitals in Harris county. Critical data about the hospitals' economic status were obtained from the American Hospital Association's Hospitals: Guide Issue, 1972. The major findings of the study are as follows: (1) the Roe and Doe decisions did affect hospital policy in that within a year after the High Court's rulings, hospitals evidence a dramatic shift toward more permissive abortion policies; (2) economic variables, while not having much explanatory power for pre-Roe and Doe abortion policies, were important predictors of hospital policy and of the propensity for hospitals to liberalize their abortion standards after the Supreme Court decisions; and (3) the values, attitudes, and attributes of the individual decision-makers had much to do with explaining their respective hospitals' abortion policies before and after the Supreme Court decisions and accounted for changes in abortion policy from the first to the second period.", "contents": "Abortion and the law: the impact on hospital policy of the Roe and Doe decisions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the effect of the U.S. Supreme Court's abortion decisions upon the policies of hospitals in Harris County (Houston), Texas. The study attempts to determine the variables associated with the hospitals' policies prior to and following the Roe and Doe decisions and which variables best explain the change (or lack of change) from the first period to the other. The principal data source is a series of in-depth personal interviews with 68 key decision-makers in 36 general hospitals in Harris county. Critical data about the hospitals' economic status were obtained from the American Hospital Association's Hospitals: Guide Issue, 1972. The major findings of the study are as follows: (1) the Roe and Doe decisions did affect hospital policy in that within a year after the High Court's rulings, hospitals evidence a dramatic shift toward more permissive abortion policies; (2) economic variables, while not having much explanatory power for pre-Roe and Doe abortion policies, were important predictors of hospital policy and of the propensity for hospitals to liberalize their abortion standards after the Supreme Court decisions; and (3) the values, attitudes, and attributes of the individual decision-makers had much to do with explaining their respective hospitals' abortion policies before and after the Supreme Court decisions and accounted for changes in abortion policy from the first to the second period.", "PMID": 1022805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3410", "title": "Exploring new ethics for public health: developing a fair alcohol policy.", "content": "Alcoholism policy since the repeal of Prohibition has been largely based on the assumption that alcohol problems are the result of the failure of a small minority to \"control\" their drinking. Thus, in sharp contrast to the approach to other drug policies, the problem of alcohol abuse has been viewed as one of \"bad users\" rather than \"bad substances.\" This regard of alcoholism has helped exonerate the majority of drinkers and the alcohol industry from responsibility. However, mounting epidemiological evidence demonstrates that a primary factor in rates of diseases such as cirrhosis is the per capita use of alcohol and suggests that alcohol problems can be controlled or reduced only if all involved in the manufacture, sale or consumption of alcohol accept the burdens of restrictions over its availability and use. This acceptance will not be forthcoming, however, unless the prevailing market ethic of individual responsibility and minimal collective obligations to protect and preserve life is replaced with a new public health ethic rooted in social justice. This new ethic would assign the highest priority to life and would stress the obligations of all citizens to share the burdens of reasonable restrictions over all health hazards. In this paper a new alcohol policy is outlined based on just and reasonable limits on the availability, marketing and consumption of this substance.", "contents": "Exploring new ethics for public health: developing a fair alcohol policy. Alcoholism policy since the repeal of Prohibition has been largely based on the assumption that alcohol problems are the result of the failure of a small minority to \"control\" their drinking. Thus, in sharp contrast to the approach to other drug policies, the problem of alcohol abuse has been viewed as one of \"bad users\" rather than \"bad substances.\" This regard of alcoholism has helped exonerate the majority of drinkers and the alcohol industry from responsibility. However, mounting epidemiological evidence demonstrates that a primary factor in rates of diseases such as cirrhosis is the per capita use of alcohol and suggests that alcohol problems can be controlled or reduced only if all involved in the manufacture, sale or consumption of alcohol accept the burdens of restrictions over its availability and use. This acceptance will not be forthcoming, however, unless the prevailing market ethic of individual responsibility and minimal collective obligations to protect and preserve life is replaced with a new public health ethic rooted in social justice. This new ethic would assign the highest priority to life and would stress the obligations of all citizens to share the burdens of reasonable restrictions over all health hazards. In this paper a new alcohol policy is outlined based on just and reasonable limits on the availability, marketing and consumption of this substance.", "PMID": 1022806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3411", "title": "[Studies on the spine density in lamina V pyramidal cells of the visual cortex in young and subadult rats after dark-rearing and destruction of the dorsal nucleus in the lateral geniculate body].", "content": "1. Dark reared 50 days old rats have a significantly diminuished number of spines at the apical dendrite of the lamina-V-pyramidal cells in the visual cortex. 2. Likewise we could ascertain a significant diminution of spines after destroying the upsilateral Cgld. The topistical distribution of spine density differs in both investigated series. 3. The spine diminution at the apical dendrites of lamina-V-pyramidal cells differs in this way: pyramidal cells with thick apical dendrites show a weaker spine diminution than the pyramidal cells with thin apical dendrites. 4. Some topistical problems concerning specific afferents in the visual cortex are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on the spine density in lamina V pyramidal cells of the visual cortex in young and subadult rats after dark-rearing and destruction of the dorsal nucleus in the lateral geniculate body]. 1. Dark reared 50 days old rats have a significantly diminuished number of spines at the apical dendrite of the lamina-V-pyramidal cells in the visual cortex. 2. Likewise we could ascertain a significant diminution of spines after destroying the upsilateral Cgld. The topistical distribution of spine density differs in both investigated series. 3. The spine diminution at the apical dendrites of lamina-V-pyramidal cells differs in this way: pyramidal cells with thick apical dendrites show a weaker spine diminution than the pyramidal cells with thin apical dendrites. 4. Some topistical problems concerning specific afferents in the visual cortex are discussed.", "PMID": 1022807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3412", "title": "[Morphological studies on interneuronal relations in the feline motor cortex].", "content": "Three types of neuronal joinings in the cat motor cortex are described. The joinings of the 1st type (nests, barrels) consist of some pyramidal cells, apical dendrites of which form the bundles. The consolidation of neurons is achieved by means of dendro-dentritic contacts, pyramidal neuron collaterals and the associative transcortical afferents. The joinings of the 2nd type (distant) are formed with the participation of intracortical connections between the pyramidal and stellate neurons and are placed as concentric formation. The joinings of the 3rd type are formed with the help of projection thalamo-cortical afferents and large horizontal collaterals of basket cells.", "contents": "[Morphological studies on interneuronal relations in the feline motor cortex]. Three types of neuronal joinings in the cat motor cortex are described. The joinings of the 1st type (nests, barrels) consist of some pyramidal cells, apical dendrites of which form the bundles. The consolidation of neurons is achieved by means of dendro-dentritic contacts, pyramidal neuron collaterals and the associative transcortical afferents. The joinings of the 2nd type (distant) are formed with the participation of intracortical connections between the pyramidal and stellate neurons and are placed as concentric formation. The joinings of the 3rd type are formed with the help of projection thalamo-cortical afferents and large horizontal collaterals of basket cells.", "PMID": 1022808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3413", "title": "[Comparative volumetric analysis of the main subdivisions of the brain in saurian reptiles].", "content": "The volumetric measure of the main subdivisions of the brain has been carried out on 32 species of Lizards and 3 species of Snakes. The analysis of the allometrical relations between the volume (the weight) of these subdivisions and the body weight shows firstly that the evolutionary or/and adaptative processes are only located at the mesencephalic and metencephalic levels. A more elaborate study leads meanwhile to the conclusion that anothers brain structures - pallium, basal areas, dorsal thalamus - are also implicated, according to the possibility to group the various species into taxomic units (such as family) or in another way; thus it has been possible to corroborate with quantitative datas the NORTHCUTT'S definition (1972) of the Type I (Lacertomorpha) and Type II (Dracomorpha) lizards; the Dracomorpha show \"dynamical\" structures - pallium and dorsal thalamus - and remind, in some degree the mammal organization. Each structure in each species can be expressed by the way of a relation index; like the encephalization index, the referrence is given by the 6 Lacertidae of the sample. The analysis of these indices is carried according to the legless condition, tree-dwelling life, vision performance and the various possibilities to group the species (taxonomic units such as family or another else); the comparison of the various indices corroborates the pecularities of the Lacertomorpha on the one hand and of the Dracomorpha on the other hand. The isoponderal percentages are calculated taking into account the allometrical relations and thus are better than the relative volumes commonly used. They lead to results previously expressed by the various relation indices. The comparison between Lizards and Snakes leads to the following conclusions: Snakes are less different among themselves than the Lizards, but the species of modern type (Caenophidia) are more telencephalized; they show a proper brain organization; meanwhile the legless condition is expressed, like in the so-called lizards, by a reduced cerebellar volume.", "contents": "[Comparative volumetric analysis of the main subdivisions of the brain in saurian reptiles]. The volumetric measure of the main subdivisions of the brain has been carried out on 32 species of Lizards and 3 species of Snakes. The analysis of the allometrical relations between the volume (the weight) of these subdivisions and the body weight shows firstly that the evolutionary or/and adaptative processes are only located at the mesencephalic and metencephalic levels. A more elaborate study leads meanwhile to the conclusion that anothers brain structures - pallium, basal areas, dorsal thalamus - are also implicated, according to the possibility to group the various species into taxomic units (such as family) or in another way; thus it has been possible to corroborate with quantitative datas the NORTHCUTT'S definition (1972) of the Type I (Lacertomorpha) and Type II (Dracomorpha) lizards; the Dracomorpha show \"dynamical\" structures - pallium and dorsal thalamus - and remind, in some degree the mammal organization. Each structure in each species can be expressed by the way of a relation index; like the encephalization index, the referrence is given by the 6 Lacertidae of the sample. The analysis of these indices is carried according to the legless condition, tree-dwelling life, vision performance and the various possibilities to group the species (taxonomic units such as family or another else); the comparison of the various indices corroborates the pecularities of the Lacertomorpha on the one hand and of the Dracomorpha on the other hand. The isoponderal percentages are calculated taking into account the allometrical relations and thus are better than the relative volumes commonly used. They lead to results previously expressed by the various relation indices. The comparison between Lizards and Snakes leads to the following conclusions: Snakes are less different among themselves than the Lizards, but the species of modern type (Caenophidia) are more telencephalized; they show a proper brain organization; meanwhile the legless condition is expressed, like in the so-called lizards, by a reduced cerebellar volume.", "PMID": 1022809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3414", "title": "Anatomical and experimental study of certain association fascicles in the cortex of the rabbit (Oryctalagus cuniculus).", "content": "1. All lesions resulted in degeneration of the short intracortical association fibers in cortical layer I and of the short subcortical fibers which extended to the corona radiata before ending in the deeper layers of the overlying neopallium. 2. From all the lesions fibers were traced through the corona radiata to the subcallosal or the so-called superior fronto-occipital association bundle. This bundle had projection fibers to the orbitofrontal cortex. 3. From the lesion in the orbitofrontal neopallium, the orbitofrontal-pyriform connections were established. Such fibers coursed on the dorsal edge of the lateral olfactory tract and distributed to the pyriform cortex and to the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. 4. The uncinate fasciculus of man derived its name from its arching course from the base of the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe. Because of the more caudal position of the amygdala in the rabbit, the comparable fasciculus passed directly caudally and exhibited only slight arching. This fasciculus in the rabbit had the typical dorsal and ventral parts. The dorsal part arose from the orbitofrontal cortex to distribute to the pyriform and the temporal lobe cortices. The ventral portion extended into the olfactory tuberculum and the anterior amygdaloid area. 5. The paraventricular component of the transverse frontal fasciculus interconnected the neopallium with the medial part of the olfactory tuberculum. It had origins in the frontal and possibly in other neocortical areas. 6. The cingulum interconnected the medial portion of the olfactory tubercle, the septum, the various cingulate areas and areas of the neopallium with each other. 7. Therefore, the New Zealand white rabbit had short association fibers which were mainly neopallial in origin and termination and long association fibers which had both a neopallial and a limbic component.", "contents": "Anatomical and experimental study of certain association fascicles in the cortex of the rabbit (Oryctalagus cuniculus). 1. All lesions resulted in degeneration of the short intracortical association fibers in cortical layer I and of the short subcortical fibers which extended to the corona radiata before ending in the deeper layers of the overlying neopallium. 2. From all the lesions fibers were traced through the corona radiata to the subcallosal or the so-called superior fronto-occipital association bundle. This bundle had projection fibers to the orbitofrontal cortex. 3. From the lesion in the orbitofrontal neopallium, the orbitofrontal-pyriform connections were established. Such fibers coursed on the dorsal edge of the lateral olfactory tract and distributed to the pyriform cortex and to the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. 4. The uncinate fasciculus of man derived its name from its arching course from the base of the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe. Because of the more caudal position of the amygdala in the rabbit, the comparable fasciculus passed directly caudally and exhibited only slight arching. This fasciculus in the rabbit had the typical dorsal and ventral parts. The dorsal part arose from the orbitofrontal cortex to distribute to the pyriform and the temporal lobe cortices. The ventral portion extended into the olfactory tuberculum and the anterior amygdaloid area. 5. The paraventricular component of the transverse frontal fasciculus interconnected the neopallium with the medial part of the olfactory tuberculum. It had origins in the frontal and possibly in other neocortical areas. 6. The cingulum interconnected the medial portion of the olfactory tubercle, the septum, the various cingulate areas and areas of the neopallium with each other. 7. Therefore, the New Zealand white rabbit had short association fibers which were mainly neopallial in origin and termination and long association fibers which had both a neopallial and a limbic component.", "PMID": 1022810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3415", "title": "The qualitative dynamics of a class of biochemical control circuits.", "content": "The dynamical behavior of a class of biochemical control circuits that regulate enzyme or protein synthesis by end-product feedback is analyzed. Both inducible and repressible systems are studied and it is proven that in the former unique steady states are globally asymptotically stable. This precludes periodic solutions in these systems. A similar result holds for repressible systems under certain constraints on kinetic parameters and binding contants. However, when the reaction sequence is sufficiently long, or when a large enough number of effector molecules bind to each repressor molecule, repressible systems can show zero-amplitude (\"soft\") bifurcations: these are predicted by Hopf's bifurcation theorem.", "contents": "The qualitative dynamics of a class of biochemical control circuits. The dynamical behavior of a class of biochemical control circuits that regulate enzyme or protein synthesis by end-product feedback is analyzed. Both inducible and repressible systems are studied and it is proven that in the former unique steady states are globally asymptotically stable. This precludes periodic solutions in these systems. A similar result holds for repressible systems under certain constraints on kinetic parameters and binding contants. However, when the reaction sequence is sufficiently long, or when a large enough number of effector molecules bind to each repressor molecule, repressible systems can show zero-amplitude (\"soft\") bifurcations: these are predicted by Hopf's bifurcation theorem.", "PMID": 1022823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3416", "title": "Visual perception of rigidity of solid shape.", "content": "Organisms react to objective properties of bodies in their visual field instead of to the perpetually changing retinal images of those bodies. We show how such a faculty can be mechanized. The organism synthesizes an internal model of the external object, that is a bundle of expectations of how the visual input will transform in response to the organism's exploratory movements. We deduce the necessary structure of the internal model and we show how the organism can extract this structure from the invariant features of the sensory input transformations. With this internal model it is possible to predict the subsequent aspects (contours) of the visual object as the spatial relations of organism and object change.", "contents": "Visual perception of rigidity of solid shape. Organisms react to objective properties of bodies in their visual field instead of to the perpetually changing retinal images of those bodies. We show how such a faculty can be mechanized. The organism synthesizes an internal model of the external object, that is a bundle of expectations of how the visual input will transform in response to the organism's exploratory movements. We deduce the necessary structure of the internal model and we show how the organism can extract this structure from the invariant features of the sensory input transformations. With this internal model it is possible to predict the subsequent aspects (contours) of the visual object as the spatial relations of organism and object change.", "PMID": 1022824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3417", "title": "The effects of multiple reflex pathways on the oscillations in neuro-muscular systems.", "content": "A model of mammalian neuro-muscular systems described previously (Oguztoreli and Stein, 1975) has been extended to include multiple reflex pathways, as have been shown to exist in primates, including man (Milner-Brown et al., 1975). A number of general mathematical properties of the extended system are described. In the final section, using computer solutions, it is shown that the presence of multiple reflex pathways can effectively reduce the tendency for oscillation which will exist if high reflex gain were concentrated in a single pathway. High loop gain is desirable for good control in any negative feedback system, so the presence of multiple reflex pathways could improve reflex control, while limiting the magnitude of tremor or other unwanted oscillations in neuro-muscular systems.", "contents": "The effects of multiple reflex pathways on the oscillations in neuro-muscular systems. A model of mammalian neuro-muscular systems described previously (Oguztoreli and Stein, 1975) has been extended to include multiple reflex pathways, as have been shown to exist in primates, including man (Milner-Brown et al., 1975). A number of general mathematical properties of the extended system are described. In the final section, using computer solutions, it is shown that the presence of multiple reflex pathways can effectively reduce the tendency for oscillation which will exist if high reflex gain were concentrated in a single pathway. High loop gain is desirable for good control in any negative feedback system, so the presence of multiple reflex pathways could improve reflex control, while limiting the magnitude of tremor or other unwanted oscillations in neuro-muscular systems.", "PMID": 1022825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3418", "title": "Female dominant age-dependent deterministic population dynamics.", "content": "In this paper the study of a nonlinear deterministic model of an age/sex differentiated population is started with a proof of existence and uniqueness of solution of the governing equation. We also obtain time dependent upper bounds to the male and female populations as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.", "contents": "Female dominant age-dependent deterministic population dynamics. In this paper the study of a nonlinear deterministic model of an age/sex differentiated population is started with a proof of existence and uniqueness of solution of the governing equation. We also obtain time dependent upper bounds to the male and female populations as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.", "PMID": 1022826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3419", "title": "Theory of the response of the limulus retina to periodic excitation.", "content": "Analytical and numerical solutions are given for several problems which arise from a mathematical description of inhibitory interactions in the Limulus retina. The theory developed here takes into account the delay in lateral inhibition and the gradual decay of lateral and self-inhibition. Emphasis is laid on the calculation of responses to excitation fields which are periodic in time and either spatially uniform or of traveling wave type. The analytical solutions given are intended to help experimenters determine the range in which certain linearized equations and reduced measures of excitation are useful for the design and interpretation of experiments. Certain of the numerical solutions obtained describe intrinsically non-linear effects, such as \"periodic bursting\" under constant excitation.", "contents": "Theory of the response of the limulus retina to periodic excitation. Analytical and numerical solutions are given for several problems which arise from a mathematical description of inhibitory interactions in the Limulus retina. The theory developed here takes into account the delay in lateral inhibition and the gradual decay of lateral and self-inhibition. Emphasis is laid on the calculation of responses to excitation fields which are periodic in time and either spatially uniform or of traveling wave type. The analytical solutions given are intended to help experimenters determine the range in which certain linearized equations and reduced measures of excitation are useful for the design and interpretation of experiments. Certain of the numerical solutions obtained describe intrinsically non-linear effects, such as \"periodic bursting\" under constant excitation.", "PMID": 1022827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3420", "title": "The error catastrophe hypothesis and aging.", "content": "A theory of the propagation of errors in the system of enzymes translating genetic information into proteins developed earlier is extended to include errors at the transcription level. The theory is compared to other statistical theories. The properties are defined of the protein synthesizing machineries, especially those of the erroneous enzymes, which give catastrophe, stable self-replication containing errors, recovery from errors, etc. Experimental data are analyzed in light of the theory to determine the validity of the error catastrophe hypothesis of aging.", "contents": "The error catastrophe hypothesis and aging. A theory of the propagation of errors in the system of enzymes translating genetic information into proteins developed earlier is extended to include errors at the transcription level. The theory is compared to other statistical theories. The properties are defined of the protein synthesizing machineries, especially those of the erroneous enzymes, which give catastrophe, stable self-replication containing errors, recovery from errors, etc. Experimental data are analyzed in light of the theory to determine the validity of the error catastrophe hypothesis of aging.", "PMID": 1022828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3421", "title": "Convergence of genetic compositions assuming infinite population-size and overlapping generations.", "content": "The assumptions for the model treated in this paper are based on a population of hypothetically infinite size, which has reached its optimum density within a limited habitat. The aim has been to derive sufficient conditions for the genetic composition of a population to converge to a limit if generations overlap and time is measured in discrete intervals. Trivially the genetic composition does not change if at the starting point of time the compositions within all age-classes are the same; otherwise global convergence of the age-class distributions implies uniform convergence of the genetic compositions within the single age-classes if mating takes place between at least two age-classes, or within the first age-class only. Excluding age-class 1 mating within one age-class only results in periodical change of genetic compositions.", "contents": "Convergence of genetic compositions assuming infinite population-size and overlapping generations. The assumptions for the model treated in this paper are based on a population of hypothetically infinite size, which has reached its optimum density within a limited habitat. The aim has been to derive sufficient conditions for the genetic composition of a population to converge to a limit if generations overlap and time is measured in discrete intervals. Trivially the genetic composition does not change if at the starting point of time the compositions within all age-classes are the same; otherwise global convergence of the age-class distributions implies uniform convergence of the genetic compositions within the single age-classes if mating takes place between at least two age-classes, or within the first age-class only. Excluding age-class 1 mating within one age-class only results in periodical change of genetic compositions.", "PMID": 1022829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3422", "title": "On a transcendental equation in the stability analysis of a population growth model.", "content": "We consider the rate equation n = rn for the density n of a single species population in a constant environment. We assume only that there is a positive constant solution n*, that the rate of increase r depends on the history of n and that r decreases for great n. The stability properties of the solution n* depend on the location of the eigenvalues of the linearized functional differential equation. These eigenvalues are the complex solutions gamma of the equation gamma + alpha integral of 0-1exp[gamma a] ds (a) = 0 with alpha greater than 0 and s increasing, s(-1) = 0, s(0) = 1. We give conditions on alpha and s which ensure that all eigenvalues have negative real part, or that there are eigenvalues with positive real part. In the case of the simplest smooth function s (s = id + 1), we obtain a theorem which describes the distribution of all eigenvalues in the complex plane for every alpha greater than 0.", "contents": "On a transcendental equation in the stability analysis of a population growth model. We consider the rate equation n = rn for the density n of a single species population in a constant environment. We assume only that there is a positive constant solution n*, that the rate of increase r depends on the history of n and that r decreases for great n. The stability properties of the solution n* depend on the location of the eigenvalues of the linearized functional differential equation. These eigenvalues are the complex solutions gamma of the equation gamma + alpha integral of 0-1exp[gamma a] ds (a) = 0 with alpha greater than 0 and s increasing, s(-1) = 0, s(0) = 1. We give conditions on alpha and s which ensure that all eigenvalues have negative real part, or that there are eigenvalues with positive real part. In the case of the simplest smooth function s (s = id + 1), we obtain a theorem which describes the distribution of all eigenvalues in the complex plane for every alpha greater than 0.", "PMID": 1022830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3423", "title": "On the stability of the stationary state of a population growth equation with time-lag.", "content": "If in the Verhulst equation for population growth the reproduction factor depends on the history then the equilibrium may become unstable and oscillations and even non-constant periodic solutions may occur. It is shown that the equilibrium is unstable if the reproduction factor at time t is, up to a sufficiently large factor, an arbitrary average of the population densities in the interval (t-2, t-1).", "contents": "On the stability of the stationary state of a population growth equation with time-lag. If in the Verhulst equation for population growth the reproduction factor depends on the history then the equilibrium may become unstable and oscillations and even non-constant periodic solutions may occur. It is shown that the equilibrium is unstable if the reproduction factor at time t is, up to a sufficiently large factor, an arbitrary average of the population densities in the interval (t-2, t-1).", "PMID": 1022831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3424", "title": "Analysis of biochemical phase shift oscillators by a harmonic balancing technique.", "content": "The use of harmonic balancing techniques for theoretically investigating a large class of biochemical phase shift oscillators is outlined and the accuracy of this approximate technique for large dimension nonlinear chemical systems is considered. It is concluded that for the equations under study these techniques can be successfully employed to both find periodic solutions and to indicate those cases which can not oscillate. The technique is a general one and it is possible to state a step by step procedure for its application. It has a substantial advantage in producing results which are immediately valid for arbitrary dimension. As the accuracy of the method increases with dimension, it complements classical small dimension methods. The results obtained by harmonic balancing analysis are compared with those obtained by studying the local stability properties of the singular points of the differential equation. A general theorem is derived which identifies those special cases where the results of first order harmonic balancing are identical to those of local stability analysis, and a necessary condition for this equivalence is derived. As a concrete example, the n-dimensional Goodwin oscillator is considered where p, the Hill coefficient of the feedback metabolite, is equal to three and four. It is shown that for p = 3 or 4 and n less than or equal to 4 the approximation indicates that it is impossible to construct a set of physically permissible reaction constants such that the system possesses a periodic solution. However for n greater than or equal to 5 it is always possible to find a large domain in the reaction constant space giving stable oscillations. A means of constructing such a parameter set is given. The results obtained here are compared with previously derived results for p = 1 and p = 2.", "contents": "Analysis of biochemical phase shift oscillators by a harmonic balancing technique. The use of harmonic balancing techniques for theoretically investigating a large class of biochemical phase shift oscillators is outlined and the accuracy of this approximate technique for large dimension nonlinear chemical systems is considered. It is concluded that for the equations under study these techniques can be successfully employed to both find periodic solutions and to indicate those cases which can not oscillate. The technique is a general one and it is possible to state a step by step procedure for its application. It has a substantial advantage in producing results which are immediately valid for arbitrary dimension. As the accuracy of the method increases with dimension, it complements classical small dimension methods. The results obtained by harmonic balancing analysis are compared with those obtained by studying the local stability properties of the singular points of the differential equation. A general theorem is derived which identifies those special cases where the results of first order harmonic balancing are identical to those of local stability analysis, and a necessary condition for this equivalence is derived. As a concrete example, the n-dimensional Goodwin oscillator is considered where p, the Hill coefficient of the feedback metabolite, is equal to three and four. It is shown that for p = 3 or 4 and n less than or equal to 4 the approximation indicates that it is impossible to construct a set of physically permissible reaction constants such that the system possesses a periodic solution. However for n greater than or equal to 5 it is always possible to find a large domain in the reaction constant space giving stable oscillations. A means of constructing such a parameter set is given. The results obtained here are compared with previously derived results for p = 1 and p = 2.", "PMID": 1022832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3425", "title": "Competition between phenotypes.", "content": "We present two models for phenotypic-dependent interspecific competition. In both cases the survivorship of individuals of one population depends on the entire phenotypic distribution of the other species. The first model considers a continuously varying metric trait, with assortative or random mating; the second model examines a character controlled by two alleles at a single locus. Pursuing the notion that each population maximizes its mean fitness we define a vector-optimum strategy using the concepts of cooperative and competitive optima. It is found that the dynamical constraints placed on the equations of motion by Mendelian genetics often prevent a population from evolving to a strategic optimum. However, for the single locus case with complete dominance, the competitive optimum always coincides with some dynamical equilibrium on the Hardy-Weinberg manifold.", "contents": "Competition between phenotypes. We present two models for phenotypic-dependent interspecific competition. In both cases the survivorship of individuals of one population depends on the entire phenotypic distribution of the other species. The first model considers a continuously varying metric trait, with assortative or random mating; the second model examines a character controlled by two alleles at a single locus. Pursuing the notion that each population maximizes its mean fitness we define a vector-optimum strategy using the concepts of cooperative and competitive optima. It is found that the dynamical constraints placed on the equations of motion by Mendelian genetics often prevent a population from evolving to a strategic optimum. However, for the single locus case with complete dominance, the competitive optimum always coincides with some dynamical equilibrium on the Hardy-Weinberg manifold.", "PMID": 1022833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3426", "title": "A condition for the extinction of a branching process with an absorbing lower barrier.", "content": "A branching process with an absorbing lower barrier is considered. This is a Galton-Watson process with the condition that at any generation the number of individuals is greater than a lower barrier or it is equal to zero (i.e. all individuals in populations which are too small die and have no offspring). A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the process to become extinct with probability one. At the end of the paper there are three illustrating examples.", "contents": "A condition for the extinction of a branching process with an absorbing lower barrier. A branching process with an absorbing lower barrier is considered. This is a Galton-Watson process with the condition that at any generation the number of individuals is greater than a lower barrier or it is equal to zero (i.e. all individuals in populations which are too small die and have no offspring). A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the process to become extinct with probability one. At the end of the paper there are three illustrating examples.", "PMID": 1022834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3427", "title": "Convergence to the equilibrium state in the Volterra-Lotka diffusion equations.", "content": "We introduce a diffusion term in the Volterra-Lotka model for two interacting species. For certain simple boundary conditions there exists a Lyapunov functional which allows to investigate the asymptotic behavior. Either the solution converges to equilibrium or sustained oscillations occur.", "contents": "Convergence to the equilibrium state in the Volterra-Lotka diffusion equations. We introduce a diffusion term in the Volterra-Lotka model for two interacting species. For certain simple boundary conditions there exists a Lyapunov functional which allows to investigate the asymptotic behavior. Either the solution converges to equilibrium or sustained oscillations occur.", "PMID": 1022836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3428", "title": "A delayed-recruitment model of population dynamics, with an application to baleen whale populations.", "content": "This paper studies the delay equation chik + 1 = lambda chik + F(chik - beta), which has been employed as a model of baleen whale population dynamics. The two main questions discussed are (a) stability of equilibria, and (b) optimal exploitation policies.", "contents": "A delayed-recruitment model of population dynamics, with an application to baleen whale populations. This paper studies the delay equation chik + 1 = lambda chik + F(chik - beta), which has been employed as a model of baleen whale population dynamics. The two main questions discussed are (a) stability of equilibria, and (b) optimal exploitation policies.", "PMID": 1022837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3429", "title": "Solutions to a degenerate system of parabolic equations from marine biology.", "content": "A system of parabolic and ordinary differential equations ut = a2 uxx + F(u,v,w), vt = a2 vxx + G(u,v,w), wx = -k(u) w is studied which has been proposed by Radach and Maier-Reimer for the dynamics of phytoplankton and nutrient in dependence of light intensity. It is shown that there is a unique solution to this system satisfying given initial and boundary conditions. The solution depends continuously on the data. For specific nonlinearities F, G, and k bounds for the solutions are given.", "contents": "Solutions to a degenerate system of parabolic equations from marine biology. A system of parabolic and ordinary differential equations ut = a2 uxx + F(u,v,w), vt = a2 vxx + G(u,v,w), wx = -k(u) w is studied which has been proposed by Radach and Maier-Reimer for the dynamics of phytoplankton and nutrient in dependence of light intensity. It is shown that there is a unique solution to this system satisfying given initial and boundary conditions. The solution depends continuously on the data. For specific nonlinearities F, G, and k bounds for the solutions are given.", "PMID": 1022838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3430", "title": "[Partial \"de novo\" trisomy 10q (author's transl)].", "content": "A partial 10q trisomy due to a de novo t(10;22) translocation is reported. The comparison with other published cases of partial 10q trisomy leads to the description of a particular syndrome essentially due to a trisomy for bands 10q24 to 10q26.", "contents": "[Partial \"de novo\" trisomy 10q (author's transl)]. A partial 10q trisomy due to a de novo t(10;22) translocation is reported. The comparison with other published cases of partial 10q trisomy leads to the description of a particular syndrome essentially due to a trisomy for bands 10q24 to 10q26.", "PMID": 1022850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3431", "title": "Familial macroglossia-omphalocele syndrome.", "content": "A kindred is reported in which 8 infants were affected with the macroglossia-omphalocele syndrome. Their characteristics varied from an almost complete clinical picture to nodular hyperplasia with cytomegaly of the adrenals as the only manifestation of the disease. Chromosome analysis was normal. This syndrome appears to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with a high proportion of incomplete clinical forms. The index patient also has signs of the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. The simultaneous occurrence of these two syndromes is probably a fortuitous event.", "contents": "Familial macroglossia-omphalocele syndrome. A kindred is reported in which 8 infants were affected with the macroglossia-omphalocele syndrome. Their characteristics varied from an almost complete clinical picture to nodular hyperplasia with cytomegaly of the adrenals as the only manifestation of the disease. Chromosome analysis was normal. This syndrome appears to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with a high proportion of incomplete clinical forms. The index patient also has signs of the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. The simultaneous occurrence of these two syndromes is probably a fortuitous event.", "PMID": 1022851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3432", "title": "[Genetic counselling. I. Definition and present status (author's transl)].", "content": "Genetic counselling is a medical action which must be carried out by a M.D. specialized in genetics. Genetic counselling is peculiar in that couples rather than individuals are involved. Furthermore it is not concerned with the health of the consultants but with that of their expected children. Genetic counselling is not restricted to the statistical estimation of a risk; it raises important problems of psychology and behaviour. Finally, eugenic considerations about the diffusion of deleterious genes should not be taken into account in genetic counselling, which is given in the interest of individuals, not of the society. The increasing demand for genetic counselling is due to the change of the reproductive pattern. People do not want only to fix the size of their family, but also to avoid any accident of procreation.", "contents": "[Genetic counselling. I. Definition and present status (author's transl)]. Genetic counselling is a medical action which must be carried out by a M.D. specialized in genetics. Genetic counselling is peculiar in that couples rather than individuals are involved. Furthermore it is not concerned with the health of the consultants but with that of their expected children. Genetic counselling is not restricted to the statistical estimation of a risk; it raises important problems of psychology and behaviour. Finally, eugenic considerations about the diffusion of deleterious genes should not be taken into account in genetic counselling, which is given in the interest of individuals, not of the society. The increasing demand for genetic counselling is due to the change of the reproductive pattern. People do not want only to fix the size of their family, but also to avoid any accident of procreation.", "PMID": 1022852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3433", "title": "[A clinical and cytogenetic investigation carried out in a special institution for mentally retarded patients: preliminary results concerning 82 cases of oligophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical and cytogenetic investigation carried out in a special institution for mentally retarded patients revealed 82 cases of oligophrenia, amongst whom were found 56 normal karyotypes (68.3%). Out of 25 karyotypes with chromosome anomalies or variants there were 18 cases of trisomy 21 and 7 others: one case of mosaicism with balanced translocation, 46,XX/46,XX,6p+,17q-; one case of partial trisomy, 46,XX,11q+; one case of pericentric inversion, 46,XY,inv(1) (p13,q21); one case with 8% chromosome breaks; three cases of marker chromosomes, of which one was of karyotype 46,XX,1qh+, and two (oligophrenic sisters) 46,XX,21p+. Moreover, there was an interesting case of testicular feminisation in a 9-year-old girl with karyotype 46,XY. The authors' results corroborate those obtained in several important previous studies based on much larger numbers of patients. Amongst the 56 cases where the karyotype was shown to be normal, there were 15 for whom a probably exogenic cause of the oligophrenia could be established, occurring mainly during the perinatal period. The authors were also able to confirm that the genetic factor plays an important role in the incidence of mental retardation, since in 22 examined patients, i.e. 26.8% of all cases, the condition was of familial type. Some interesting observations of idiopathic oligophrenia are reported, as well as several cases with well-known syndromes (Crouzon's and Cornelia de Lange's syndromes, hypothyroidism). Two cases of incest between father and daughter, which had produced children with serious oligophrenia associated, in one case, with deaf-mutism, microphthalmia, microcephaly and sclerocornea, are also discussed. The data show that mental retardation can frequently have a genetic cause, either of mendelian, chromosomal or multifactorial origin.", "contents": "[A clinical and cytogenetic investigation carried out in a special institution for mentally retarded patients: preliminary results concerning 82 cases of oligophrenia (author's transl)]. A clinical and cytogenetic investigation carried out in a special institution for mentally retarded patients revealed 82 cases of oligophrenia, amongst whom were found 56 normal karyotypes (68.3%). Out of 25 karyotypes with chromosome anomalies or variants there were 18 cases of trisomy 21 and 7 others: one case of mosaicism with balanced translocation, 46,XX/46,XX,6p+,17q-; one case of partial trisomy, 46,XX,11q+; one case of pericentric inversion, 46,XY,inv(1) (p13,q21); one case with 8% chromosome breaks; three cases of marker chromosomes, of which one was of karyotype 46,XX,1qh+, and two (oligophrenic sisters) 46,XX,21p+. Moreover, there was an interesting case of testicular feminisation in a 9-year-old girl with karyotype 46,XY. The authors' results corroborate those obtained in several important previous studies based on much larger numbers of patients. Amongst the 56 cases where the karyotype was shown to be normal, there were 15 for whom a probably exogenic cause of the oligophrenia could be established, occurring mainly during the perinatal period. The authors were also able to confirm that the genetic factor plays an important role in the incidence of mental retardation, since in 22 examined patients, i.e. 26.8% of all cases, the condition was of familial type. Some interesting observations of idiopathic oligophrenia are reported, as well as several cases with well-known syndromes (Crouzon's and Cornelia de Lange's syndromes, hypothyroidism). Two cases of incest between father and daughter, which had produced children with serious oligophrenia associated, in one case, with deaf-mutism, microphthalmia, microcephaly and sclerocornea, are also discussed. The data show that mental retardation can frequently have a genetic cause, either of mendelian, chromosomal or multifactorial origin.", "PMID": 1022853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3434", "title": "Effects of tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid, a derivative of ascorbic acid, on Ehrlich cells and HeLa cells (human carcinoma cells).", "content": "Derivatives of ascorbic acid were synthesized, and the studies were made on their effects in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, in regard to the inhibition and the prolongation of survival time as well as on the morphological degeneration in HeLa cells. In a model infection study carried out by using tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid in dd mice infected with Ehrlich cells, it was proved that the prolongation of survival time was nearly double in comparison to the control group mice. Also, it was noted that hypertrophy due to abdominal dropsy and body weight were reduced much more than in the control group. From these results, the inhibiting effect of tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid was confirmed. While in the case of DHA and other derivatives, almost no inhibition and prolongation of survival time were observed. As for HeLa cells in a tissue culture, tetraacetyl-bis-DHA, in a dosage of 125-250 mug/ml, demonstrated definitely its morphological degeration. After 125 mug/ml of tetraacetyl-bis-DHA was added to a tissue culture solution of HeLa cells, the cells were washed and recultured. No growth of the cells was observed. Consequently, this substance was confirmed to be anti-HeLa substance with a low toxicity.", "contents": "Effects of tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid, a derivative of ascorbic acid, on Ehrlich cells and HeLa cells (human carcinoma cells). Derivatives of ascorbic acid were synthesized, and the studies were made on their effects in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, in regard to the inhibition and the prolongation of survival time as well as on the morphological degeneration in HeLa cells. In a model infection study carried out by using tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid in dd mice infected with Ehrlich cells, it was proved that the prolongation of survival time was nearly double in comparison to the control group mice. Also, it was noted that hypertrophy due to abdominal dropsy and body weight were reduced much more than in the control group. From these results, the inhibiting effect of tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid was confirmed. While in the case of DHA and other derivatives, almost no inhibition and prolongation of survival time were observed. As for HeLa cells in a tissue culture, tetraacetyl-bis-DHA, in a dosage of 125-250 mug/ml, demonstrated definitely its morphological degeration. After 125 mug/ml of tetraacetyl-bis-DHA was added to a tissue culture solution of HeLa cells, the cells were washed and recultured. No growth of the cells was observed. Consequently, this substance was confirmed to be anti-HeLa substance with a low toxicity.", "PMID": 1022854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3435", "title": "Proteins of chick duodenal brush borders during developmental changes.", "content": "Duodenal brush border membrane proteins were studied in chicks at different developmental stages. The protein pattern obtained from polyacrylamide gels with 2-day-old chick preparations was distinctly different from that obtained with 20-day embryos. The most remarkable changes were seen in the region of a protein with an Rf of 0.25, an area with high sucrase and maltase maltase activity, and in the region of a protein with an Rf of 0.28, which was characterized by alkaline phosphatase activity. These proteins reacted strongly with carbohydrate stain after hatching.", "contents": "Proteins of chick duodenal brush borders during developmental changes. Duodenal brush border membrane proteins were studied in chicks at different developmental stages. The protein pattern obtained from polyacrylamide gels with 2-day-old chick preparations was distinctly different from that obtained with 20-day embryos. The most remarkable changes were seen in the region of a protein with an Rf of 0.25, an area with high sucrase and maltase maltase activity, and in the region of a protein with an Rf of 0.28, which was characterized by alkaline phosphatase activity. These proteins reacted strongly with carbohydrate stain after hatching.", "PMID": 1022855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3436", "title": "Nitrogen source primarily supplied by amino acids and the efficacy for maximal growth of rats.", "content": "The effect of osmotic pressure of diets on be food intake of young rats was investigated by comparing the nutritional effect of casein with the corresponding amino acid mixture at 3.2% nitrogen level. Changes in the osmolarity of diets due to the type of dietary carbohydrate had a little effect on food intake, whereas partial substitution of casein for amino acids resulted in significant increase in food intake. Weight gain and food intake of rats fed the 25% replaced amino acid diet were compared with those of rats fed the casein diet. Food intake was lower at 12.5% replacement than at 25% replacement. These observation suggest that a well-balanced amino acid mixture supported maximal growth of rats when 25% of the amino acid mixture was replace with casein. This suggestion could be experimentally confirmed by using an amino acid mixture based on the amino acid composition of whole-egg protein.", "contents": "Nitrogen source primarily supplied by amino acids and the efficacy for maximal growth of rats. The effect of osmotic pressure of diets on be food intake of young rats was investigated by comparing the nutritional effect of casein with the corresponding amino acid mixture at 3.2% nitrogen level. Changes in the osmolarity of diets due to the type of dietary carbohydrate had a little effect on food intake, whereas partial substitution of casein for amino acids resulted in significant increase in food intake. Weight gain and food intake of rats fed the 25% replaced amino acid diet were compared with those of rats fed the casein diet. Food intake was lower at 12.5% replacement than at 25% replacement. These observation suggest that a well-balanced amino acid mixture supported maximal growth of rats when 25% of the amino acid mixture was replace with casein. This suggestion could be experimentally confirmed by using an amino acid mixture based on the amino acid composition of whole-egg protein.", "PMID": 1022856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3437", "title": "Immunoglobulin G complex interactions with rheumatoid factor and neutrophils: 51CrCl3 labelling and 14CO2 hexose monophosphate shunt studies.", "content": "The interactions of soluble and insoluble IgG complexes with macromolecular rheumatoid factor (RF) and neutrophils have been examined in an in vitro system allowing the separate assay of the biologic activities of these elements in the rheumatoid inflammatory process. Studies utilizing soluble and insoluble 51CrCl3 labelled human IgG complexes have demonstrated uptake of only the insoluble complexes by human neutrophils. A burst of hexose monophosphate shunt activity, as evidenced by increased oxidation of glucose-l-14C to 14CO2, has been shown to occur only when neutrophils are exposed to these insoluble complexes. High titer RF sera added to the insoluble complexes prior to their incubation with neutrophils did not affect either the uptake of the complexes or the magnitude of hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Native IgG and soluble IgG complexes were not taken up by the neutrophils and did not stimulate hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the presence or absence of rheumatoid sera. The addition of high titer RF sera to soluble IgG complexes produced precipitation of RF-IgG complexes which were capable of stimulating hexose monophosphate shunt activity in normal neutrophils. RF thus has been shown to change functionally inactive soluble complexes into functionally active insoluble complexes capable of stimulating normal neutrophils. Neutrophil stimulation by insoluble complexes may be important in the continuing inflammatory process occurring in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin G complex interactions with rheumatoid factor and neutrophils: 51CrCl3 labelling and 14CO2 hexose monophosphate shunt studies. The interactions of soluble and insoluble IgG complexes with macromolecular rheumatoid factor (RF) and neutrophils have been examined in an in vitro system allowing the separate assay of the biologic activities of these elements in the rheumatoid inflammatory process. Studies utilizing soluble and insoluble 51CrCl3 labelled human IgG complexes have demonstrated uptake of only the insoluble complexes by human neutrophils. A burst of hexose monophosphate shunt activity, as evidenced by increased oxidation of glucose-l-14C to 14CO2, has been shown to occur only when neutrophils are exposed to these insoluble complexes. High titer RF sera added to the insoluble complexes prior to their incubation with neutrophils did not affect either the uptake of the complexes or the magnitude of hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Native IgG and soluble IgG complexes were not taken up by the neutrophils and did not stimulate hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the presence or absence of rheumatoid sera. The addition of high titer RF sera to soluble IgG complexes produced precipitation of RF-IgG complexes which were capable of stimulating hexose monophosphate shunt activity in normal neutrophils. RF thus has been shown to change functionally inactive soluble complexes into functionally active insoluble complexes capable of stimulating normal neutrophils. Neutrophil stimulation by insoluble complexes may be important in the continuing inflammatory process occurring in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1022869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3438", "title": "Antibodies to UV light denatured DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus: detection by filter radioimmunoassay and clinical correlations.", "content": "Antibodies to ultraviolet light denatured DNA (UV DNA) have been measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and normal subjects, using a millipore filter radioimmunoassay. High levels of UV DNA binding were only found in patients with SLE. The presence of UV DNA antibodies correlated well with the presence of native DNA antibodies, although immunodiffusion studies and inhibition techniques showed these antibodies to be immunologically distinct in many cases. Forty-one per cent of the SLE patients had had photosensitivity at some stage of their disease, but there was a poor correlation between this symptom and the presence of UV DNA antibodies. Although UV DNA is known to be a potent immunogen, none of the results from this study suggests that antibodies to UV DNA are more than another example of the broad spectrum of antinuclear antibodies seen in SLE.", "contents": "Antibodies to UV light denatured DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus: detection by filter radioimmunoassay and clinical correlations. Antibodies to ultraviolet light denatured DNA (UV DNA) have been measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and normal subjects, using a millipore filter radioimmunoassay. High levels of UV DNA binding were only found in patients with SLE. The presence of UV DNA antibodies correlated well with the presence of native DNA antibodies, although immunodiffusion studies and inhibition techniques showed these antibodies to be immunologically distinct in many cases. Forty-one per cent of the SLE patients had had photosensitivity at some stage of their disease, but there was a poor correlation between this symptom and the presence of UV DNA antibodies. Although UV DNA is known to be a potent immunogen, none of the results from this study suggests that antibodies to UV DNA are more than another example of the broad spectrum of antinuclear antibodies seen in SLE.", "PMID": 1022871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3439", "title": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Connective tissue changes and alterations in serum copper and phase reactants in relation to clinical improvement.", "content": "Thirteen patients, aged 27 to 70 years, with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were treated with penicillamine for six months. Skin biopsies and blood samples were compared with a clinical evaluation before and after therapy. The analyses of the skin included determinations of total collagen, thermal reaction of collagen, salt soluble collagen, in vitro uptake of 14C-proline and synthesis of 14C-hydroxyproline, as well as determinations of nucleic acids and proteoglycans. Serum concentrations of acute phase reactants, immunoglobulins, complement C3 and C4, rheumatoid factor, and iron, copper, and zinc were also determined. A positive correlation was found between clinical improvement and a fall in the number of granulocytes, a decrease in the concentration of acute phase reactants and serum copper, and an increase in salt soluble collagen of the skin. The total skin collagen decreased during treatment with penicillamine. The changes in skin collagen may reflect a generalized effect of penicillamine on collagen. These alterations may be part of an anti-inflammatory action of penicillamine.", "contents": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Connective tissue changes and alterations in serum copper and phase reactants in relation to clinical improvement. Thirteen patients, aged 27 to 70 years, with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were treated with penicillamine for six months. Skin biopsies and blood samples were compared with a clinical evaluation before and after therapy. The analyses of the skin included determinations of total collagen, thermal reaction of collagen, salt soluble collagen, in vitro uptake of 14C-proline and synthesis of 14C-hydroxyproline, as well as determinations of nucleic acids and proteoglycans. Serum concentrations of acute phase reactants, immunoglobulins, complement C3 and C4, rheumatoid factor, and iron, copper, and zinc were also determined. A positive correlation was found between clinical improvement and a fall in the number of granulocytes, a decrease in the concentration of acute phase reactants and serum copper, and an increase in salt soluble collagen of the skin. The total skin collagen decreased during treatment with penicillamine. The changes in skin collagen may reflect a generalized effect of penicillamine on collagen. These alterations may be part of an anti-inflammatory action of penicillamine.", "PMID": 1022870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3440", "title": "The effect of hydrocortisone acetate on adult human articular cartilage.", "content": "Living adult human articular cartilage has been maintained in tissue culture for eight days. Cartilage explants were cultured in one of three concentrations of hydrocortisone acetate or as control explants without this drug. The concentrations of hydrocortisone used were 0.01 microng/ml, 0.1 microng/ml and 1.0 mg/ml. The amount of proteoglycan shed into the medium was measured and no significant difference was found between the explants exposed to hydrocortisone and those that were not. These results suggest that hydrocortisone does not have a catabolic effect on the proteoglycan of articular cartilage. The widely held view that intra-articular corticosteroid injection causes cartilage damage, must remain in doubt.", "contents": "The effect of hydrocortisone acetate on adult human articular cartilage. Living adult human articular cartilage has been maintained in tissue culture for eight days. Cartilage explants were cultured in one of three concentrations of hydrocortisone acetate or as control explants without this drug. The concentrations of hydrocortisone used were 0.01 microng/ml, 0.1 microng/ml and 1.0 mg/ml. The amount of proteoglycan shed into the medium was measured and no significant difference was found between the explants exposed to hydrocortisone and those that were not. These results suggest that hydrocortisone does not have a catabolic effect on the proteoglycan of articular cartilage. The widely held view that intra-articular corticosteroid injection causes cartilage damage, must remain in doubt.", "PMID": 1022872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3441", "title": "Pneumococcal arthritis.", "content": "Twelve patients with pneumococcal arthritis are described. Seven of the 12 patients had underlying diseases which predisposed them to pneumococcal infections; five were alcoholics and two had hypogammaglobulinemia. Five patients had pre-existing joint disease prior to the onset of septic arthritis. Seven patients had co-existent pneumococcal infection, including meningitis and/or endocarditis in five. The other five patients had pneumococcal arthritis without evidence of other foci of pneumococcal infection. With penicillin therapy and drainage of the purulent joint fluid (by needle aspiration in four and surgical drainage in seven), the function of the involved joint returned to normal or to the previous baseline level in all but one patient.", "contents": "Pneumococcal arthritis. Twelve patients with pneumococcal arthritis are described. Seven of the 12 patients had underlying diseases which predisposed them to pneumococcal infections; five were alcoholics and two had hypogammaglobulinemia. Five patients had pre-existing joint disease prior to the onset of septic arthritis. Seven patients had co-existent pneumococcal infection, including meningitis and/or endocarditis in five. The other five patients had pneumococcal arthritis without evidence of other foci of pneumococcal infection. With penicillin therapy and drainage of the purulent joint fluid (by needle aspiration in four and surgical drainage in seven), the function of the involved joint returned to normal or to the previous baseline level in all but one patient.", "PMID": 1022873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3442", "title": "\"Ankylosing spondylitis\" without sacroiliitis in a woman without the HLA B27 antigen.", "content": "An elderly woman with otherwise typical ankylosing spondylitis for 45 years lacked radiologic evidence of sacroiliitis and the HLA B27 antigen. The illness was complicated by renal tuberculosis requiring a left nephrectomy 23 years after the onset of low back pain, and 20 years after an episode of severe iritis. After the eradication of the tuberculosis by surgery and chemotherapy, she has continued to have symptomatic spondylitis. The case seems to be an exception to the rule that sacroiliitis is a sine qua non for ankylosing spondylitis. Women with ankylosing spondylitis tend to have milder disease with an apparently lower frequency of roentgenographic changes in sacroiliac joints.", "contents": "\"Ankylosing spondylitis\" without sacroiliitis in a woman without the HLA B27 antigen. An elderly woman with otherwise typical ankylosing spondylitis for 45 years lacked radiologic evidence of sacroiliitis and the HLA B27 antigen. The illness was complicated by renal tuberculosis requiring a left nephrectomy 23 years after the onset of low back pain, and 20 years after an episode of severe iritis. After the eradication of the tuberculosis by surgery and chemotherapy, she has continued to have symptomatic spondylitis. The case seems to be an exception to the rule that sacroiliitis is a sine qua non for ankylosing spondylitis. Women with ankylosing spondylitis tend to have milder disease with an apparently lower frequency of roentgenographic changes in sacroiliac joints.", "PMID": 1022874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3443", "title": "[First and second derivatives of central pulse curves in bloodless methods of study of the force and rate of myocardial contractions].", "content": "An original technique was developed for the analysis of volume sphygmograms of the central pulse and of their derivatives that permit an indirect judgement of the maximum speed of aortic pressure growth and maximum acceleration. The technique of the examination, the methods of calculations, their substantiation and normal limits are presented. Examples are given of the employment of the technique in cases of functional and pharmacological tests. The method may be widely used under clinical conditions for the study of the functional state of the myocardium and of the individual effect of drugs (cardiac glycosides, alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptors blockers, etc.).", "contents": "[First and second derivatives of central pulse curves in bloodless methods of study of the force and rate of myocardial contractions]. An original technique was developed for the analysis of volume sphygmograms of the central pulse and of their derivatives that permit an indirect judgement of the maximum speed of aortic pressure growth and maximum acceleration. The technique of the examination, the methods of calculations, their substantiation and normal limits are presented. Examples are given of the employment of the technique in cases of functional and pharmacological tests. The method may be widely used under clinical conditions for the study of the functional state of the myocardium and of the individual effect of drugs (cardiac glycosides, alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptors blockers, etc.).", "PMID": 1022881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3444", "title": "[Determination of the pre-clinical stage of circulatory insufficiency in mitral valve defect].", "content": "The determination of the value of the threshold physical exercise and of the central haemodynamic indices by means of radiocardiography permitted to prove the existence of a preclinical stage of circulatory insufficiency in patients with mitral valve disease. As early as at this stage the cardiac output is reduced at rest and the period of pulmonary circulation and filling of the left heart is increased. Under physical exercises the level of the threshold tolerance is decreased. Under such conditions the pre-clinical and Stage I of circulatory insufficiency can be easier differentiated by the direction of the haemodynamic changes.", "contents": "[Determination of the pre-clinical stage of circulatory insufficiency in mitral valve defect]. The determination of the value of the threshold physical exercise and of the central haemodynamic indices by means of radiocardiography permitted to prove the existence of a preclinical stage of circulatory insufficiency in patients with mitral valve disease. As early as at this stage the cardiac output is reduced at rest and the period of pulmonary circulation and filling of the left heart is increased. Under physical exercises the level of the threshold tolerance is decreased. Under such conditions the pre-clinical and Stage I of circulatory insufficiency can be easier differentiated by the direction of the haemodynamic changes.", "PMID": 1022882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3445", "title": "[Carotid artery pulse (analysis of the sphygmograph)].", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of carotid sphygmograms recorded in 79 patients with different parameters of blood flow through the aortic valve, and on the basis of 6 experiments it was found that the pulse of the carotid arteries has a segmental structure. Each segment reflects a certain phase of blood ejection into the aorta. An analysis of 5 constant and of 1 additional (anacrotic) segments is given. The changes in the second segment and the appearance of the anacrotic segment determine the peculiarities of the sphygmograms that are typical for aortic stenosis.", "contents": "[Carotid artery pulse (analysis of the sphygmograph)]. On the basis of an analysis of carotid sphygmograms recorded in 79 patients with different parameters of blood flow through the aortic valve, and on the basis of 6 experiments it was found that the pulse of the carotid arteries has a segmental structure. Each segment reflects a certain phase of blood ejection into the aorta. An analysis of 5 constant and of 1 additional (anacrotic) segments is given. The changes in the second segment and the appearance of the anacrotic segment determine the peculiarities of the sphygmograms that are typical for aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 1022884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3446", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the methods of treatment of embolism of the main arteries of the arm].", "content": "The paper presents an analysis of the results of treatment of 260 acute embolic occlusions in the arteries of the upper extremities of 256 patients observed in S.I. Spasokukotsky Clinic of Facultative Surgery. In 92.58% of the cases the embolic episode was caused by cardiac pathology. The optimum method of treatment consisted in embolectomy with the aid of the Fogarty catheter from the ulnar fossa that permitted to achieve full restoration of the circulation in 91.59% of the cases. The mortality was approximately the same in all groups of patients. The total mortality comprised 21.1%. The most frequently observed causes of mortality were embolism of the cerebral and mesenteric arteries, as well acute cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the methods of treatment of embolism of the main arteries of the arm]. The paper presents an analysis of the results of treatment of 260 acute embolic occlusions in the arteries of the upper extremities of 256 patients observed in S.I. Spasokukotsky Clinic of Facultative Surgery. In 92.58% of the cases the embolic episode was caused by cardiac pathology. The optimum method of treatment consisted in embolectomy with the aid of the Fogarty catheter from the ulnar fossa that permitted to achieve full restoration of the circulation in 91.59% of the cases. The mortality was approximately the same in all groups of patients. The total mortality comprised 21.1%. The most frequently observed causes of mortality were embolism of the cerebral and mesenteric arteries, as well acute cardiac insufficiency.", "PMID": 1022886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3447", "title": "[Indications for reconstructive vascular surgery in gangrenous changes in the leg].", "content": "Proceeding from an experience in the treatment of 195 patients with obliterative athrosclerosis of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta and the arteries of the lower extremities in the pre-gangrene or gangrene stage (reconstructive procedures on the vessels were performed in 151 patients), the authors conclude that such interventions should be considered procedures of choice. Amputation of the extremity may be considered in such patients only after an angiographic examination that is the main method that permits to determine the possibilities of performing a reconstructive vascular operation. Good immediate results of vascular interventions were achieved in 80% of the patients with stage III--IV ischaemia.", "contents": "[Indications for reconstructive vascular surgery in gangrenous changes in the leg]. Proceeding from an experience in the treatment of 195 patients with obliterative athrosclerosis of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta and the arteries of the lower extremities in the pre-gangrene or gangrene stage (reconstructive procedures on the vessels were performed in 151 patients), the authors conclude that such interventions should be considered procedures of choice. Amputation of the extremity may be considered in such patients only after an angiographic examination that is the main method that permits to determine the possibilities of performing a reconstructive vascular operation. Good immediate results of vascular interventions were achieved in 80% of the patients with stage III--IV ischaemia.", "PMID": 1022889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3448", "title": "[Possibilities of early functional diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans of the main arteries of the leg].", "content": "The dynamics of blood flow volume was studied in the leg (by way of venous occlusive pletysmography), as well as the systolic pressure in the leg (by way of Winsor's volumetric determination), and the oscillometric index in the leg (by way of arterial oscillography with a sensitive optic recording system), these studies being conducted in 103 patients during reactive and work hyperenia corresponding in terms of the severity of the involvement of the major arteries to the initial, clinincally latent, stage of obliterative atherosclerosis. At the beginning of hyperemia diagnostically valuable and statistically significant shifts of the above parameters of blood supply to the leg were revealed in the patients, as compared to the normal individuals. Of diagnostic importance was not only the absolute degree of the changes in the beginning of hyperemia, but also the period of restoration of tthe initial level of the parameter in question. Some of the obtained quantitative criteria demonstrating the patency disorders in the major arteries of the extremities are recommended for early detection of persons with clinically latent obliterative atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Possibilities of early functional diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans of the main arteries of the leg]. The dynamics of blood flow volume was studied in the leg (by way of venous occlusive pletysmography), as well as the systolic pressure in the leg (by way of Winsor's volumetric determination), and the oscillometric index in the leg (by way of arterial oscillography with a sensitive optic recording system), these studies being conducted in 103 patients during reactive and work hyperenia corresponding in terms of the severity of the involvement of the major arteries to the initial, clinincally latent, stage of obliterative atherosclerosis. At the beginning of hyperemia diagnostically valuable and statistically significant shifts of the above parameters of blood supply to the leg were revealed in the patients, as compared to the normal individuals. Of diagnostic importance was not only the absolute degree of the changes in the beginning of hyperemia, but also the period of restoration of tthe initial level of the parameter in question. Some of the obtained quantitative criteria demonstrating the patency disorders in the major arteries of the extremities are recommended for early detection of persons with clinically latent obliterative atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 1022890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3449", "title": "[Diagnosis of nonspecific aortitis of thoraco-abdominal localization].", "content": "The examination was conducted in 88 patients with aortitis in one or several segments of the thoracoabdominal aorta. Modern instrumental, radio-isotopic and radio-contrast methods of examination of the vascular system were employed. A method of making the diagnosis based on a routine physical and instrumental examination was developed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of nonspecific aortitis of thoraco-abdominal localization]. The examination was conducted in 88 patients with aortitis in one or several segments of the thoracoabdominal aorta. Modern instrumental, radio-isotopic and radio-contrast methods of examination of the vascular system were employed. A method of making the diagnosis based on a routine physical and instrumental examination was developed.", "PMID": 1022891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3450", "title": "[Indications and contraindications for surgical treatment of abdominal-aortic aneurysm].", "content": "An analysis of 176 patients with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta is presented, 125 of these patients having been operated on (the average age was 60 years). The presence of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, irrespective of its dimentions and nature of clinical manifestations, serves as an indication for surgery, provided the following contraindications are absent: severe state of the patient, fresh myocardial infarction, cardiac lesions with circulatory insufficiency of stage II B or III, fresh haemorrhage to the brain, hepatic and renal lesions with azotemia, atherosclerotic occlusion of vessels in the lower extremities with a complete block of all major vessels.", "contents": "[Indications and contraindications for surgical treatment of abdominal-aortic aneurysm]. An analysis of 176 patients with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta is presented, 125 of these patients having been operated on (the average age was 60 years). The presence of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, irrespective of its dimentions and nature of clinical manifestations, serves as an indication for surgery, provided the following contraindications are absent: severe state of the patient, fresh myocardial infarction, cardiac lesions with circulatory insufficiency of stage II B or III, fresh haemorrhage to the brain, hepatic and renal lesions with azotemia, atherosclerotic occlusion of vessels in the lower extremities with a complete block of all major vessels.", "PMID": 1022892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3451", "title": "[Syndrome of chronic obstruction of the abdominal aorta and its surgical treatment].", "content": "The surgical management of 53 patients with high chronic occlusion of the abdominal aorta is reported. The authors unite this pathology under the term \"chronic abdominal aorta obstruction syndrome\". In 10 patients eversion endarterectomy was performed, in 22--aortofemoral bypass, in 21--prosthetic replacement of the aorta and of the iliac arteries with synthetic grafts. An original techinque of \"milking\" the thrombus down from the proximal aorta is described; it simplifies the operative procedure and prevents grave complications during surgery in patients with high occlusions of the abdominal aorta. Good results in the immediate postoperative period were achieved in 85% of the cases. Postoperative mortality comprised 12%. Late results were followed-up in 35 patients during 1 to 5 years. In 28 patients the results of surgery proved good.", "contents": "[Syndrome of chronic obstruction of the abdominal aorta and its surgical treatment]. The surgical management of 53 patients with high chronic occlusion of the abdominal aorta is reported. The authors unite this pathology under the term \"chronic abdominal aorta obstruction syndrome\". In 10 patients eversion endarterectomy was performed, in 22--aortofemoral bypass, in 21--prosthetic replacement of the aorta and of the iliac arteries with synthetic grafts. An original techinque of \"milking\" the thrombus down from the proximal aorta is described; it simplifies the operative procedure and prevents grave complications during surgery in patients with high occlusions of the abdominal aorta. Good results in the immediate postoperative period were achieved in 85% of the cases. Postoperative mortality comprised 12%. Late results were followed-up in 35 patients during 1 to 5 years. In 28 patients the results of surgery proved good.", "PMID": 1022893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3452", "title": "[Repeated plastic operations on the abdominal aorta and main arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs in arteriosclerotic occlusion].", "content": "Among 600 patients operated on primarily for atherosclerotic lesions of the aorto-iliac-femoral zone (various plastic operations) secondary interventions were undertaken in 140 persons with re-occlusions of the operated segments. All patients were subjected to secondary reconstructive-plastic operations that gave good results--elimination of ischaemia and preservation of the extremity--in 77.2% of the cases. In 12.8% of them the extremity was amputated. Postoperative mortality comprised 10%.", "contents": "[Repeated plastic operations on the abdominal aorta and main arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs in arteriosclerotic occlusion]. Among 600 patients operated on primarily for atherosclerotic lesions of the aorto-iliac-femoral zone (various plastic operations) secondary interventions were undertaken in 140 persons with re-occlusions of the operated segments. All patients were subjected to secondary reconstructive-plastic operations that gave good results--elimination of ischaemia and preservation of the extremity--in 77.2% of the cases. In 12.8% of them the extremity was amputated. Postoperative mortality comprised 10%.", "PMID": 1022894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3453", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and arteries of the limbs (epidemiological study)].", "content": "In accordance with the WHO programme, the peculiarities of age dynamics of atherosclerosis of the aorta and of the peripheral arteries of the extremities were studied in male residents of Riga, aged 50-64 years. By way of the visual-planimetric method an assessment was made of 310 sets of aorta, common iliac, external iliac, femoral, innominate, subclavian, axillary and brachial arteries stained with Sudan IV. The age dynamics of atherosclerosis in all the studied arteries was represented by growing lesions with a simultaneous slight reduction of the lipoidosis area. The progress of atherosclerosis was irregular with the deceleration of the augmentation tempo in the beginning of the 7th decade of life. The atherosclerotic lesions of the arteries of the upper extremities were characterized by a considerable area of changes represented by flat fibrous plaques, and therefore by rare severe stenoses and absence of occlusions. The highest incidence and area of complicated lesions is found in the aorta. In the arteries of the lower extremities the area of atherocalcinosis was greater, and the incidence of stenoses and occlusions was high. Medium degree correlation was established between the indices of atherosclerosis prevalence in the aorta and the arteries of the extremities. The area of aortic lesions, however does not permit to judge the incidence of stenotic and occlusive lesions of the arteries of the extremities.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and arteries of the limbs (epidemiological study)]. In accordance with the WHO programme, the peculiarities of age dynamics of atherosclerosis of the aorta and of the peripheral arteries of the extremities were studied in male residents of Riga, aged 50-64 years. By way of the visual-planimetric method an assessment was made of 310 sets of aorta, common iliac, external iliac, femoral, innominate, subclavian, axillary and brachial arteries stained with Sudan IV. The age dynamics of atherosclerosis in all the studied arteries was represented by growing lesions with a simultaneous slight reduction of the lipoidosis area. The progress of atherosclerosis was irregular with the deceleration of the augmentation tempo in the beginning of the 7th decade of life. The atherosclerotic lesions of the arteries of the upper extremities were characterized by a considerable area of changes represented by flat fibrous plaques, and therefore by rare severe stenoses and absence of occlusions. The highest incidence and area of complicated lesions is found in the aorta. In the arteries of the lower extremities the area of atherocalcinosis was greater, and the incidence of stenoses and occlusions was high. Medium degree correlation was established between the indices of atherosclerosis prevalence in the aorta and the arteries of the extremities. The area of aortic lesions, however does not permit to judge the incidence of stenotic and occlusive lesions of the arteries of the extremities.", "PMID": 1022895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3454", "title": "[Arterial diseases and their surgical treatment].", "content": "The paper is based on the analysis of 926 operations for atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta and arteries of the lower extremities, of 125 operations for abdominal aortic aneurysms, of 77 operations for chronic disorders in visceral circulation, of 405 operations for renovascular hypertension, of over 300 interventions for pathology of the aortic arch branches, of over 100 operations for non-specific aortitis, and of 506 operations for coarctation of the aorta. Emphasis is made on the diagnosis of these lesions in the course of a clinical examination of the patients. The successs of treatment largely depends on early referral of the patients to specialized surgical instituions for operative management, as well as on correct primary diagnosis of the vascular lesion by general practitioners.", "contents": "[Arterial diseases and their surgical treatment]. The paper is based on the analysis of 926 operations for atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta and arteries of the lower extremities, of 125 operations for abdominal aortic aneurysms, of 77 operations for chronic disorders in visceral circulation, of 405 operations for renovascular hypertension, of over 300 interventions for pathology of the aortic arch branches, of over 100 operations for non-specific aortitis, and of 506 operations for coarctation of the aorta. Emphasis is made on the diagnosis of these lesions in the course of a clinical examination of the patients. The successs of treatment largely depends on early referral of the patients to specialized surgical instituions for operative management, as well as on correct primary diagnosis of the vascular lesion by general practitioners.", "PMID": 1022896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3455", "title": "[Fibrous dysplasia of renal arteries (terminology, classification, clinical aspects and diagnosis)].", "content": "The examination was conducted in 72 patients with renovascular hypertension caused by fibromuscle dysplasia of the renal arteries. According to the authors, fibromuscle dysplasia of the renal arteries stands third after atherosclerosis and non-specific aorto-arteritis. Among the preliminary diagnostic measures of importance are such as intravenous urography, isotope renography, scintigraphy, but their value is much lower than in cases of atherosclerotic stenosis or stenosis due to non-specific aorto-arteritis, which is attributed to a good collateral circulation in the kidney. The diagnosis is made on the basis of serial angiography data. Of importance is also the method of selective renal angiography with functional tests with acetylcholoine and adrenalin. To characterize the form of renal artery pathology, three types of stenosis are distinguished: monofocal, multifocal, tubular. The terminology and classification are discussed, and a new term is suggested: \"fibrous dysplasia of renal arteries\".", "contents": "[Fibrous dysplasia of renal arteries (terminology, classification, clinical aspects and diagnosis)]. The examination was conducted in 72 patients with renovascular hypertension caused by fibromuscle dysplasia of the renal arteries. According to the authors, fibromuscle dysplasia of the renal arteries stands third after atherosclerosis and non-specific aorto-arteritis. Among the preliminary diagnostic measures of importance are such as intravenous urography, isotope renography, scintigraphy, but their value is much lower than in cases of atherosclerotic stenosis or stenosis due to non-specific aorto-arteritis, which is attributed to a good collateral circulation in the kidney. The diagnosis is made on the basis of serial angiography data. Of importance is also the method of selective renal angiography with functional tests with acetylcholoine and adrenalin. To characterize the form of renal artery pathology, three types of stenosis are distinguished: monofocal, multifocal, tubular. The terminology and classification are discussed, and a new term is suggested: \"fibrous dysplasia of renal arteries\".", "PMID": 1022897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3456", "title": "[Aneurysm of the membraneous portion of the ventricular septum].", "content": "The presented analysis is based on the observations of 13 cases of rare congenital pathology--aneurysms of the membranous portion of the ventricular septum, as well as on the pertinent literature. The majority of the patients were subjected to intracardiac methods of examination; in 5 cases autopsy data are available. The anatomy of such aneurysms is described, the possible causes of its development are discussed, the haemodynamics is studied, as well as the heart diseases the aneurysm was accompanying. Special emphasis is given to the diagnosis of this pathology by way of angiocardiography, preference being given to left cineventriculography. The surgical implication of this pathology are reflected.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of the membraneous portion of the ventricular septum]. The presented analysis is based on the observations of 13 cases of rare congenital pathology--aneurysms of the membranous portion of the ventricular septum, as well as on the pertinent literature. The majority of the patients were subjected to intracardiac methods of examination; in 5 cases autopsy data are available. The anatomy of such aneurysms is described, the possible causes of its development are discussed, the haemodynamics is studied, as well as the heart diseases the aneurysm was accompanying. Special emphasis is given to the diagnosis of this pathology by way of angiocardiography, preference being given to left cineventriculography. The surgical implication of this pathology are reflected.", "PMID": 1022898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3457", "title": "[Distribution of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (EC 2.7.3.2) in cardiac cells].", "content": "The distribution of the creatinephosphokinase isoenzymes in the cardiac cells was studied by way of fractional extraction combined with an electrophoretic analysis of each of the received fractions. At the same time, the content of the creatinephosphokinase isoenzymes was studied in carefully purified preparations of myofibrils and mitochondria. The results of the conducted analysis indicate a heterogenic distribution of the creatinephosphokinase isoenzymes within the cells: about 30% of the cellular activity of the enzyme is contained in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial isoenzyme) 50% is comprised by the fraction dissolved in the cytoplasm (isoenzymes MM, MB and BB), and about 20%--in the myofibrils (isoenzyme MM), 5% of them being extracted only by a 0.9 M KCl solution. The myofibril preparation freed of the mitochondria also contains some important creatinephosphokinase activity (isoenzyme MM) comparable with their ATP-ase activity. The mitochondrial isoenzymes is found only in these structures of the cell.", "contents": "[Distribution of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (EC 2.7.3.2) in cardiac cells]. The distribution of the creatinephosphokinase isoenzymes in the cardiac cells was studied by way of fractional extraction combined with an electrophoretic analysis of each of the received fractions. At the same time, the content of the creatinephosphokinase isoenzymes was studied in carefully purified preparations of myofibrils and mitochondria. The results of the conducted analysis indicate a heterogenic distribution of the creatinephosphokinase isoenzymes within the cells: about 30% of the cellular activity of the enzyme is contained in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial isoenzyme) 50% is comprised by the fraction dissolved in the cytoplasm (isoenzymes MM, MB and BB), and about 20%--in the myofibrils (isoenzyme MM), 5% of them being extracted only by a 0.9 M KCl solution. The myofibril preparation freed of the mitochondria also contains some important creatinephosphokinase activity (isoenzyme MM) comparable with their ATP-ase activity. The mitochondrial isoenzymes is found only in these structures of the cell.", "PMID": 1022899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3458", "title": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of various parts of the myocardium in patients with combined mitral valve defects].", "content": "The oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the left auriculum and the papillary muscles of the left ventricle was studied in 73 patients with combined mitral valve defects subjected to mitral valve prosthetic replacement. The examination was conducted polarographically by Chance's technique, the oxidation substrate being 10 mm alpha-ketoglutarate. The rate of oxidation in various metabolic states and the rate of phosphorylation were demonstrated to decrease along with the increasing course of the disease, the activeness of the rheumatic process, and the predominance of stenosis. In cases of distinct calcification of mitral valve the respiration rate increases in the 4th state, while the respiratory control--decreases. Nitrous oxide anaesthesia, in contrast to ether, results in a decreasing efficacy and rate of phosphorylation. The possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of various parts of the myocardium in patients with combined mitral valve defects]. The oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the left auriculum and the papillary muscles of the left ventricle was studied in 73 patients with combined mitral valve defects subjected to mitral valve prosthetic replacement. The examination was conducted polarographically by Chance's technique, the oxidation substrate being 10 mm alpha-ketoglutarate. The rate of oxidation in various metabolic states and the rate of phosphorylation were demonstrated to decrease along with the increasing course of the disease, the activeness of the rheumatic process, and the predominance of stenosis. In cases of distinct calcification of mitral valve the respiration rate increases in the 4th state, while the respiratory control--decreases. Nitrous oxide anaesthesia, in contrast to ether, results in a decreasing efficacy and rate of phosphorylation. The possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 1022900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3459", "title": "[Certain nitrogen-containing components of the heart, of the coronary-sinus blood and of the aorta in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Forty-two dogs were subjected to studies of nitrogen-containing metabolites in the blood of the aorta, coronary sinus and in various parts of the heart under normal conditions and 1, 24 hours and 3 days following the induction of myocardial infarction. In normal dogs the myocardium usually retains from the in-flowing blood such components as urea, glutamine, RNA, non-organic phosphates, while the arterio-venous gradient of ammonium, DNA and nucleases is close to zero. The ligation of the coronary sinus is followed by a deceleration of urea formation in the liver, the amount of urea formation in the liver, the amount of urea in the arterial blood and myocardium decreases, the latter, instead of retaining it, throwing it out into the coronary sinus. Like in normal cases, in this pathology the heart muscle is capable of synthesizing urea from ammonium. The infarctized heart actively retains glutamine from blood using it in situ, and does not increase the secretion of free ammonium into the coronary sinus. The level of nucleic acids and the activity of the nucleases significantly increase in the diseased tissue, undergoing no important changes in the blood circulating in the cardiac vessels.", "contents": "[Certain nitrogen-containing components of the heart, of the coronary-sinus blood and of the aorta in experimental myocardial infarct]. Forty-two dogs were subjected to studies of nitrogen-containing metabolites in the blood of the aorta, coronary sinus and in various parts of the heart under normal conditions and 1, 24 hours and 3 days following the induction of myocardial infarction. In normal dogs the myocardium usually retains from the in-flowing blood such components as urea, glutamine, RNA, non-organic phosphates, while the arterio-venous gradient of ammonium, DNA and nucleases is close to zero. The ligation of the coronary sinus is followed by a deceleration of urea formation in the liver, the amount of urea formation in the liver, the amount of urea in the arterial blood and myocardium decreases, the latter, instead of retaining it, throwing it out into the coronary sinus. Like in normal cases, in this pathology the heart muscle is capable of synthesizing urea from ammonium. The infarctized heart actively retains glutamine from blood using it in situ, and does not increase the secretion of free ammonium into the coronary sinus. The level of nucleic acids and the activity of the nucleases significantly increase in the diseased tissue, undergoing no important changes in the blood circulating in the cardiac vessels.", "PMID": 1022901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3460", "title": "[Growth hormone and carbohydrate metabolism in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The indices of somatotropin were determined in myocardial infarction patients by means of immunological techniques, and those of blood sugar by the Hagedorn--Jensen technique. Single growth hormone determinations were conducted in 40 myocardial infarction patients, aged 45 to 80 years, with different periods from the onset of the disease. In 23 patients the somatotropin and blood sugar indices were studied dynamically on the 1st--3rd and 7th--10th days of the infarction. An equal number of patients was subjected on the 28th--30th day of the disease to determinations of growth hormones secretion in conjunction with the glucose-tolerance test (on an empty stomach, and 1 and 3 hours following the administration of 100 g of glucose). The conducted investigation demonstrates that single determinations of somatotropin fail to give grounds for conclusions as to its secretion due to the wide individual variations of this parameter. The dynamics of somatotropin content depends on the severity of the myocardial infarction in the given patient and does not correlate with the changes in the blood sugar level. Five types of somatotropin secretion were distinguished with the glucose-tolerance test. Patients with decreased tolerance of the carbohydrates tend to have a torpid and perverted types of somatotropin secretion.", "contents": "[Growth hormone and carbohydrate metabolism in myocardial infarct]. The indices of somatotropin were determined in myocardial infarction patients by means of immunological techniques, and those of blood sugar by the Hagedorn--Jensen technique. Single growth hormone determinations were conducted in 40 myocardial infarction patients, aged 45 to 80 years, with different periods from the onset of the disease. In 23 patients the somatotropin and blood sugar indices were studied dynamically on the 1st--3rd and 7th--10th days of the infarction. An equal number of patients was subjected on the 28th--30th day of the disease to determinations of growth hormones secretion in conjunction with the glucose-tolerance test (on an empty stomach, and 1 and 3 hours following the administration of 100 g of glucose). The conducted investigation demonstrates that single determinations of somatotropin fail to give grounds for conclusions as to its secretion due to the wide individual variations of this parameter. The dynamics of somatotropin content depends on the severity of the myocardial infarction in the given patient and does not correlate with the changes in the blood sugar level. Five types of somatotropin secretion were distinguished with the glucose-tolerance test. Patients with decreased tolerance of the carbohydrates tend to have a torpid and perverted types of somatotropin secretion.", "PMID": 1022902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3461", "title": "[Viscosity of blood, plasma and serum, in the vessels of the lesser and greater circulation in rheumatic mitral heart defect].", "content": "The study was conducted in 44 patients with rheumatic mitral and combined mitral valve disease in its inactive phase with circulatory insufficiency of Stage II, III or IV, according to the classification by A. N. Bakulev and E. A. Damir, and in 30 normal individuals. The viscosity of blood and serum flowing in different organs and tissues was found to undergo no changes and to be not dependent on the severity of circulatory insufficiency. It was concluded that the viscosity of blood in a peripheral vein may be used for judging its ability to flow in various points of the vascular bed. The viscosity of plasma was found to alter when passing through the brain, muscle tissue, splanchnic organs and the lungs.", "contents": "[Viscosity of blood, plasma and serum, in the vessels of the lesser and greater circulation in rheumatic mitral heart defect]. The study was conducted in 44 patients with rheumatic mitral and combined mitral valve disease in its inactive phase with circulatory insufficiency of Stage II, III or IV, according to the classification by A. N. Bakulev and E. A. Damir, and in 30 normal individuals. The viscosity of blood and serum flowing in different organs and tissues was found to undergo no changes and to be not dependent on the severity of circulatory insufficiency. It was concluded that the viscosity of blood in a peripheral vein may be used for judging its ability to flow in various points of the vascular bed. The viscosity of plasma was found to alter when passing through the brain, muscle tissue, splanchnic organs and the lungs.", "PMID": 1022903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3462", "title": "A trial of long-acting sulphonamide R.O. 4-4393 (fanasil) in treatment of cases of lepromatous leprosy with repeated E.N.L.", "content": "A trial of long-acting Sulphonamide RO.4-4393 (Fanasil) in the treatment of Lepromatous Leprosy patients with repeated E.N.L. is reported in this paper. There were 9 patients treated with Fanasil in this trial for a period of 2 years. The results of the trial have shown that the treatment with Fanasil helps to prevent the occurrence of E.N.L. under treatment with D.D.S. In addition, even after the completion of treatment with Fanasil, these patients seem to be stabilised and are able to tolerate D.D.S. But, the clinical and Bacteriological progress under Fanasil therapy is not satisfactory.", "contents": "A trial of long-acting sulphonamide R.O. 4-4393 (fanasil) in treatment of cases of lepromatous leprosy with repeated E.N.L. A trial of long-acting Sulphonamide RO.4-4393 (Fanasil) in the treatment of Lepromatous Leprosy patients with repeated E.N.L. is reported in this paper. There were 9 patients treated with Fanasil in this trial for a period of 2 years. The results of the trial have shown that the treatment with Fanasil helps to prevent the occurrence of E.N.L. under treatment with D.D.S. In addition, even after the completion of treatment with Fanasil, these patients seem to be stabilised and are able to tolerate D.D.S. But, the clinical and Bacteriological progress under Fanasil therapy is not satisfactory.", "PMID": 1022953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3463", "title": "Study of early nerve lesions in mice infected with M. leprae.", "content": "The present study is of quantitative histology in immunologically intact mice inoculated with M. leprae. Total twelve sciatic nerves are studied. The fibres are grouped as large, medium and small sized fibres. Initially there is loss of small size fibres. At later stages there is involvement of all sized fibres and ultimately Wallerian type of degeneration sets in. The process of regeneration is more active than that of human leprosy of tuberculoid type. This study adds a new dimension in understanding the pathogenesis of leprosy.", "contents": "Study of early nerve lesions in mice infected with M. leprae. The present study is of quantitative histology in immunologically intact mice inoculated with M. leprae. Total twelve sciatic nerves are studied. The fibres are grouped as large, medium and small sized fibres. Initially there is loss of small size fibres. At later stages there is involvement of all sized fibres and ultimately Wallerian type of degeneration sets in. The process of regeneration is more active than that of human leprosy of tuberculoid type. This study adds a new dimension in understanding the pathogenesis of leprosy.", "PMID": 1022954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3464", "title": "Modified Zancolli's operation in claw hand in leprosy.", "content": "The operative technique of the Modified Zancolli's operation in claw hand is easy. Re-education is easier in Zancolli's capsulorrhaphy than any other operations. Results of this operation are encouraging. It is particularly required when quick turnover of cases is needed and when adequate facilities for physiotherapy is not available. In cases operated by Zancolli's capsulorrhaphy active flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint is possible. Complications are few e.g. pulling of capsulorrhaphy and development of flexion contracture.", "contents": "Modified Zancolli's operation in claw hand in leprosy. The operative technique of the Modified Zancolli's operation in claw hand is easy. Re-education is easier in Zancolli's capsulorrhaphy than any other operations. Results of this operation are encouraging. It is particularly required when quick turnover of cases is needed and when adequate facilities for physiotherapy is not available. In cases operated by Zancolli's capsulorrhaphy active flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint is possible. Complications are few e.g. pulling of capsulorrhaphy and development of flexion contracture.", "PMID": 1022956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3465", "title": "Pilocarpine test in assessment of therapeutic efficacy in maculoanaesthetic leprosy.", "content": "Pilocarpine test has been used since long to study the functional status of sweat glands. This article deals with its use in the assessment of Maculoanaesthetic patches of leprosy before and after therapy. This being an objective method it eliminates the possible pitfalls in subjective testing of sensations over the affected areas. Therefore, it is recommended that this test should be routinely employed in field work as its technique is simple. The test should be repeated at an interval of six months.", "contents": "Pilocarpine test in assessment of therapeutic efficacy in maculoanaesthetic leprosy. Pilocarpine test has been used since long to study the functional status of sweat glands. This article deals with its use in the assessment of Maculoanaesthetic patches of leprosy before and after therapy. This being an objective method it eliminates the possible pitfalls in subjective testing of sensations over the affected areas. Therefore, it is recommended that this test should be routinely employed in field work as its technique is simple. The test should be repeated at an interval of six months.", "PMID": 1022957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3466", "title": "Congestive heart failure in two patients of lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Two cases of lepromatous leprosy are presented with heart disease, one with cardiomegaly and the other with ischaemic heart disease. It is very difficult to say whether heart disease was due to any other cause associated with leprosy or due to leprous affection of myocardium. As there are no references in the literature regarding these, two cases are presented as problem cases.", "contents": "Congestive heart failure in two patients of lepromatous leprosy. Two cases of lepromatous leprosy are presented with heart disease, one with cardiomegaly and the other with ischaemic heart disease. It is very difficult to say whether heart disease was due to any other cause associated with leprosy or due to leprous affection of myocardium. As there are no references in the literature regarding these, two cases are presented as problem cases.", "PMID": 1022959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3467", "title": "A study of mono-neuritic lesions in a leprosy clinic.", "content": "An analysis of 11,581 leprosy patients registered at the Acworth Leprosy Hospital clinic showed that 494 cases (4.3%) had primary polyneuritic leprosy and 143 (1.2%) localised cutaneous anaesthetic lesions (or non-visible anaesthetic lesions), accounting for 5.5% who had no evidence of obvious skin lesions.", "contents": "A study of mono-neuritic lesions in a leprosy clinic. An analysis of 11,581 leprosy patients registered at the Acworth Leprosy Hospital clinic showed that 494 cases (4.3%) had primary polyneuritic leprosy and 143 (1.2%) localised cutaneous anaesthetic lesions (or non-visible anaesthetic lesions), accounting for 5.5% who had no evidence of obvious skin lesions.", "PMID": 1022960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3468", "title": "Classification of leprosy from the clinical point of view.", "content": "While, according to some, classification of leprosy is primarily clinical, there should be no objection to the application of the advances made in the last decade in understanding the immunological and histopathological aspects of the disease, provided thereby the clinical classification can be made with more accuracy. Unlike most other diseases, the bulk of the process of attempts at diagnosis and classification of this disease is still in the hands of para-medical personnel in the field, and hence it is important that at the same time, an easily understood, uniformly accepted clinical classification should be recommended for field workers. While tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy of the polar types can be diagnosed with accuracy even under field conditions, confusion generally arises with reference to the diagnosis or indeterminate maculoanaesthetic and borderline forms, and to identify some reacting lesions. Certain terminologies in vogue add further to the confusion. Reacting lesions are confused with active lesions. The importance of recognition of varieties of reacting lesions is stressed since the therapeutic management in such cases is entirely different. It is suggested that the early forms of leprosy characterised by paucity of cardinal features of the disease should be separated from the more established types and grouped under the term indeterminate leprosy. The diagnostic points to be taken into consideration in these lesions are discussed. The importance of investigating thoroughly before classifying patients who report rarely with neuritic symptoms without any evidence of skin lesion is stressed.", "contents": "Classification of leprosy from the clinical point of view. While, according to some, classification of leprosy is primarily clinical, there should be no objection to the application of the advances made in the last decade in understanding the immunological and histopathological aspects of the disease, provided thereby the clinical classification can be made with more accuracy. Unlike most other diseases, the bulk of the process of attempts at diagnosis and classification of this disease is still in the hands of para-medical personnel in the field, and hence it is important that at the same time, an easily understood, uniformly accepted clinical classification should be recommended for field workers. While tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy of the polar types can be diagnosed with accuracy even under field conditions, confusion generally arises with reference to the diagnosis or indeterminate maculoanaesthetic and borderline forms, and to identify some reacting lesions. Certain terminologies in vogue add further to the confusion. Reacting lesions are confused with active lesions. The importance of recognition of varieties of reacting lesions is stressed since the therapeutic management in such cases is entirely different. It is suggested that the early forms of leprosy characterised by paucity of cardinal features of the disease should be separated from the more established types and grouped under the term indeterminate leprosy. The diagnostic points to be taken into consideration in these lesions are discussed. The importance of investigating thoroughly before classifying patients who report rarely with neuritic symptoms without any evidence of skin lesion is stressed.", "PMID": 1022963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3469", "title": "Transformation from lepromatous to borderline leprosy under clofazimine therapy.", "content": "Patients of lepromatous leprosy who have evolved from the borderline type of disease are known to revert to the borderline state through a reactionary phenomenon under anti-leprosy chemotherapy with Dapsone. We present here the case report of a reversal from a reactional lepromatous disease to the borderline type under Clofazimine.", "contents": "Transformation from lepromatous to borderline leprosy under clofazimine therapy. Patients of lepromatous leprosy who have evolved from the borderline type of disease are known to revert to the borderline state through a reactionary phenomenon under anti-leprosy chemotherapy with Dapsone. We present here the case report of a reversal from a reactional lepromatous disease to the borderline type under Clofazimine.", "PMID": 1022964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3470", "title": "Reactive episodes in borderline lepromatous leprosy--a case report.", "content": "A thirtyseven years old Hindu male of borderline lepromatous leprosy with reactions in the form of silvery white scales all over the body with scarring at places and greasy crusted lesion on the cheek further developed pustular reaction, after giving dapsone for a week, is reported.", "contents": "Reactive episodes in borderline lepromatous leprosy--a case report. A thirtyseven years old Hindu male of borderline lepromatous leprosy with reactions in the form of silvery white scales all over the body with scarring at places and greasy crusted lesion on the cheek further developed pustular reaction, after giving dapsone for a week, is reported.", "PMID": 1022972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3471", "title": "Heel ulcers in leprosy patients.", "content": "The incidence, causes, clinical presentation and management of ulcers of heel in the insensitive feet of leprosy patients are described. It is pointed out that heel ulcers usually arise as the result of injury and infection and are eminently preventable. Various surgical and non-surgical measures needed for preventing recurrence of the ulcer are also discussed.", "contents": "Heel ulcers in leprosy patients. The incidence, causes, clinical presentation and management of ulcers of heel in the insensitive feet of leprosy patients are described. It is pointed out that heel ulcers usually arise as the result of injury and infection and are eminently preventable. Various surgical and non-surgical measures needed for preventing recurrence of the ulcer are also discussed.", "PMID": 1022973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3472", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical pattern of leprosy in Goa.", "content": "A review of 1,053 patients of leprosy revealed its prevalence in the hospital population as 2.4 per thousand. The commonly affected age group was 20-39 in both sexes; males predominating females in 1.8 : 1. The sequence of frequency of clinical types of leprosy was tuberculoid, borderline, neuritic and lepromatous. Mostly the patients report in the course of 2 years of awareness of the disease. The clinical features were classical and type specific.", "contents": "Epidemiological and clinical pattern of leprosy in Goa. A review of 1,053 patients of leprosy revealed its prevalence in the hospital population as 2.4 per thousand. The commonly affected age group was 20-39 in both sexes; males predominating females in 1.8 : 1. The sequence of frequency of clinical types of leprosy was tuberculoid, borderline, neuritic and lepromatous. Mostly the patients report in the course of 2 years of awareness of the disease. The clinical features were classical and type specific.", "PMID": 1022976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3473", "title": "Biochemical aspects of reactional states in leprosy.", "content": "Sequential biochemical investigations conducted in cases of lepromatous leprosy in the reactive as well as subsided phases indicated elevated serum levels of mucoproteins and sialic acids and skin levels of hydroxy-proline and hexosamine in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. Elevation of the urinary excretion of hydroxy-proline and certain other amino acids was also noticed during 'lepra reaction'. Enhancement of serum levels of Aldolase, CPK, LDH and transaminases was observed in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. These findings taken as a whole suggest a generalised tissue breakdown in lepra reaction.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of reactional states in leprosy. Sequential biochemical investigations conducted in cases of lepromatous leprosy in the reactive as well as subsided phases indicated elevated serum levels of mucoproteins and sialic acids and skin levels of hydroxy-proline and hexosamine in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. Elevation of the urinary excretion of hydroxy-proline and certain other amino acids was also noticed during 'lepra reaction'. Enhancement of serum levels of Aldolase, CPK, LDH and transaminases was observed in the reactive phase of lepromatous leprosy. These findings taken as a whole suggest a generalised tissue breakdown in lepra reaction.", "PMID": 1022977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3474", "title": "[Respiratory disease in foundry workers. An epidemiologic survey in three foundries (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the results of a survey performed in three cast iron foundries, with particular emphasis on the impairment of respiratory system in the involved workers. The results obtained showed a high prevalence of pneumoconiosis, which, as for roentgenologic and clinical features, appears to be different from usual silicotic pneumoconiosis. The highest prevalence of chronic bronchitis -- either associated or not with pneumoconiosis -- in the foundry workers examined is stressed, as well as the prevalence of squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium. An important role in this aspect is supposed to be played not only by dusts, but even by tobacco smoke in favouring the onset of the above mentioned alterations is also confirmed.", "contents": "[Respiratory disease in foundry workers. An epidemiologic survey in three foundries (author's transl)]. The authors report the results of a survey performed in three cast iron foundries, with particular emphasis on the impairment of respiratory system in the involved workers. The results obtained showed a high prevalence of pneumoconiosis, which, as for roentgenologic and clinical features, appears to be different from usual silicotic pneumoconiosis. The highest prevalence of chronic bronchitis -- either associated or not with pneumoconiosis -- in the foundry workers examined is stressed, as well as the prevalence of squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium. An important role in this aspect is supposed to be played not only by dusts, but even by tobacco smoke in favouring the onset of the above mentioned alterations is also confirmed.", "PMID": 1022979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3475", "title": "[Assessment of working capacity in a group of subjects affected with obstructive respiratory disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Ventilatory function was studied by the authors in 43 subjects affected with obstructive respiratory disease. The research was performed both at rest and during two exercise tests -- 60 and 100 watts, respectively. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of tidal volume (at 30 1 ventilation) / vital capacity ratio. It was found that during muscular effort subjects with major impairment of spirometric indexes hypoventilated, whereas the opposite occurred in patients with lesser impairment. Moreover, subjects hyperventilating during muscular work were found to have brandypnea, whereas the opposite occurred in hyperventilating patients. It is suggested that progressing and worsening of obstructive emphysema lead to a relative hypoventilation during muscular work, which is due to an \"inability\" to increase the frequency of breathing.", "contents": "[Assessment of working capacity in a group of subjects affected with obstructive respiratory disease (author's transl)]. Ventilatory function was studied by the authors in 43 subjects affected with obstructive respiratory disease. The research was performed both at rest and during two exercise tests -- 60 and 100 watts, respectively. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of tidal volume (at 30 1 ventilation) / vital capacity ratio. It was found that during muscular effort subjects with major impairment of spirometric indexes hypoventilated, whereas the opposite occurred in patients with lesser impairment. Moreover, subjects hyperventilating during muscular work were found to have brandypnea, whereas the opposite occurred in hyperventilating patients. It is suggested that progressing and worsening of obstructive emphysema lead to a relative hypoventilation during muscular work, which is due to an \"inability\" to increase the frequency of breathing.", "PMID": 1022980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3476", "title": "Transient cycloheximide resistance in a tobacco cell line.", "content": "Cylcoheximide-resistant cell lines have been recovered from tissue cultures of haploid Nicotiana tabacum at the usual mutant frequency (10(-6)). One such line, CR 4/6 was studied in detail. Resistance is based on the potential of the callus to inactive cycloheximide. The transient nature of the resistance and its association with differentiated cells indicate that the new phenotype is not due to a mutation, but rather to an alteration in gene expression.", "contents": "Transient cycloheximide resistance in a tobacco cell line. Cylcoheximide-resistant cell lines have been recovered from tissue cultures of haploid Nicotiana tabacum at the usual mutant frequency (10(-6)). One such line, CR 4/6 was studied in detail. Resistance is based on the potential of the callus to inactive cycloheximide. The transient nature of the resistance and its association with differentiated cells indicate that the new phenotype is not due to a mutation, but rather to an alteration in gene expression.", "PMID": 1023042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3477", "title": "Probabilities of transversions and transitions.", "content": "The values of the mean relative probabilities of transversions and transitions have been refined on the basis of the data collected by Jukes and found to be equal to 0.34 and 0.66, respectively. Evolutionary factors increase the probability of transversions to 0.44. The relative probabilities of individual substitutions have been determined, and a detailed classification of the nonsense mutations has been given. Such mutations are especially probable in the UGG (Trp) codon. The highest probability of AG, GA transitions correlates with the lowest mean change in the hydrophobic nature of the amino acids coded.", "contents": "Probabilities of transversions and transitions. The values of the mean relative probabilities of transversions and transitions have been refined on the basis of the data collected by Jukes and found to be equal to 0.34 and 0.66, respectively. Evolutionary factors increase the probability of transversions to 0.44. The relative probabilities of individual substitutions have been determined, and a detailed classification of the nonsense mutations has been given. Such mutations are especially probable in the UGG (Trp) codon. The highest probability of AG, GA transitions correlates with the lowest mean change in the hydrophobic nature of the amino acids coded.", "PMID": 1023043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3478", "title": "Influence of base sequence on the stability of the double helix of DNA.", "content": "On the basis of published measurements of the melting transitions of synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides with known sequences we have determined the parameters of the interplane (stacking) interactions of base pairs in DNA over the range of ionic strengths from 0.01 to 0.1 M Na+. We found that deviations of the stacking-interaction energy from the mean value of 7-8 kcal/mole were extremely small and did not exceed 0.2 kcal/mole. We report an analysis of the influence of the heterogeneity of the stacking interactions on the melting parameters of polynucleotides with random sequences (models of natural DNA's). Inclusion of this effect does not significantly distort the linear dependence of the melting temperature on the relative content of G-C pairs and insignificantly affects the width of the helix-coil transition in DNA under normal conditions. However it is the heterogeneity of the stacking interactions that plays the crucial role in the melting of DNA under conditions where the difference between the relative stabilities of the A-T and G-C pairs tends to zero, as in concentrated solutions of tetraethylammonium and tetramethylammonium salts.", "contents": "Influence of base sequence on the stability of the double helix of DNA. On the basis of published measurements of the melting transitions of synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides with known sequences we have determined the parameters of the interplane (stacking) interactions of base pairs in DNA over the range of ionic strengths from 0.01 to 0.1 M Na+. We found that deviations of the stacking-interaction energy from the mean value of 7-8 kcal/mole were extremely small and did not exceed 0.2 kcal/mole. We report an analysis of the influence of the heterogeneity of the stacking interactions on the melting parameters of polynucleotides with random sequences (models of natural DNA's). Inclusion of this effect does not significantly distort the linear dependence of the melting temperature on the relative content of G-C pairs and insignificantly affects the width of the helix-coil transition in DNA under normal conditions. However it is the heterogeneity of the stacking interactions that plays the crucial role in the melting of DNA under conditions where the difference between the relative stabilities of the A-T and G-C pairs tends to zero, as in concentrated solutions of tetraethylammonium and tetramethylammonium salts.", "PMID": 1023045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3479", "title": "Reliability of elements and systems in enzymology.", "content": "The applications of the elements of reliability to the description of the stability and aging processes of enzymes and polyenzyme systems have been considered. The inactivation of individual enzymes or polyenzyme systems whose activity varies on the molecular level according to the \"all-or-nothing\" principle is described by an exponential reliability law. Systems of enzymes which are inactivated according to an exponential law have been considered. It has been shown that in the case of enzymes functioning in parallel, the value of the mean time of continuous operation is determined by the most stable enzyme, while in the case of sequentially functioning enzymes, this value is determined by the most labile. Systems whose aging process is related to the accumulation of \"latent errors\" and whose inactivation is characterized by gradual breakdowns are described by a normal reliability law. Systems with a combination of exponential and normal reliability laws have been considered. The use of a series of rigid quantitative criteria, such as the mean time for continuous functioning has been proposed for characterizing the stability of enzymes and polyenzyme systems. The theoretical points have been illustrated by experimental data on the stability of enzymes with hydrogenase activities, isolated chloroplasts, and cells of microscopic blue-green algae.", "contents": "Reliability of elements and systems in enzymology. The applications of the elements of reliability to the description of the stability and aging processes of enzymes and polyenzyme systems have been considered. The inactivation of individual enzymes or polyenzyme systems whose activity varies on the molecular level according to the \"all-or-nothing\" principle is described by an exponential reliability law. Systems of enzymes which are inactivated according to an exponential law have been considered. It has been shown that in the case of enzymes functioning in parallel, the value of the mean time of continuous operation is determined by the most stable enzyme, while in the case of sequentially functioning enzymes, this value is determined by the most labile. Systems whose aging process is related to the accumulation of \"latent errors\" and whose inactivation is characterized by gradual breakdowns are described by a normal reliability law. Systems with a combination of exponential and normal reliability laws have been considered. The use of a series of rigid quantitative criteria, such as the mean time for continuous functioning has been proposed for characterizing the stability of enzymes and polyenzyme systems. The theoretical points have been illustrated by experimental data on the stability of enzymes with hydrogenase activities, isolated chloroplasts, and cells of microscopic blue-green algae.", "PMID": 1023047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3480", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of the serological affinity between the antigenic components of phages T4 and DDVI.", "content": "In an investigation of the antigenic fine structure of phages T4 and DDVI with the use of the neutralization reaction and electron-microscopic observation of the phage-antibody complexes, it has been possible to establish that the head of phage T4 consists of proteins which have antigenic determinants of two types: The first type is identical to the antigens of the head of phage DDVI, and the second type is apparently absent in phage DDVI. The phage DDVI head contains mostly determinants which are common to the phage T4 head, since it was not possible to detect antigenically specific components in the phage DDVI head. The tail sheaths of phage T4 and DDVI appear to be identical in the antigenic respect. A difference has been observed in the fibers and the base plates of the phages investigated. The presence of the following three types of antigens has been established: 1) common to phages T2, T4, and DDVI, 2) common to phages T4 and DDVI, and 3) specific for each phage investigated.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of the serological affinity between the antigenic components of phages T4 and DDVI. In an investigation of the antigenic fine structure of phages T4 and DDVI with the use of the neutralization reaction and electron-microscopic observation of the phage-antibody complexes, it has been possible to establish that the head of phage T4 consists of proteins which have antigenic determinants of two types: The first type is identical to the antigens of the head of phage DDVI, and the second type is apparently absent in phage DDVI. The phage DDVI head contains mostly determinants which are common to the phage T4 head, since it was not possible to detect antigenically specific components in the phage DDVI head. The tail sheaths of phage T4 and DDVI appear to be identical in the antigenic respect. A difference has been observed in the fibers and the base plates of the phages investigated. The presence of the following three types of antigens has been established: 1) common to phages T2, T4, and DDVI, 2) common to phages T4 and DDVI, and 3) specific for each phage investigated.", "PMID": 1023046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3481", "title": "Isolation of a hybrid between rat ribosomal RNA and DNA.", "content": "A procedure for the isolation and purification of a specific hybrid between rat 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA's and nucleolar DNA is described. The method employed includes the following steps: 1) isolation of the nucleolar DNA, 2) hybridization of [14C]rRNA with the nucleolar DNA, and 3) isolation and purification of the rRNA-DNA hybrid complex by chromatography on hydroxylapatite and centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. In the isolated hybrid complex the RNA:DNA ratio is close to 1:1, and the degree of enrichment of the DNA by the rRNA cistrons is about 1500 times. The hybrid obtained has a sedimentation constant on the order of 20S, is resistant to the action of pancreatic RNase and RNase T1 and sheep brain DNase, and is characterized by high thermostability. Acording to the physicochemical tests used, the rRNA-DNA hybrid complex is a double-stranded poly-nucleotide with an ordered secondary structure.", "contents": "Isolation of a hybrid between rat ribosomal RNA and DNA. A procedure for the isolation and purification of a specific hybrid between rat 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA's and nucleolar DNA is described. The method employed includes the following steps: 1) isolation of the nucleolar DNA, 2) hybridization of [14C]rRNA with the nucleolar DNA, and 3) isolation and purification of the rRNA-DNA hybrid complex by chromatography on hydroxylapatite and centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. In the isolated hybrid complex the RNA:DNA ratio is close to 1:1, and the degree of enrichment of the DNA by the rRNA cistrons is about 1500 times. The hybrid obtained has a sedimentation constant on the order of 20S, is resistant to the action of pancreatic RNase and RNase T1 and sheep brain DNase, and is characterized by high thermostability. Acording to the physicochemical tests used, the rRNA-DNA hybrid complex is a double-stranded poly-nucleotide with an ordered secondary structure.", "PMID": 1023044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3482", "title": "Influence of antibodies against DNA on the renaturation of DNA.", "content": "The treatment of denatured T4 phage DNA with antiserum for the DNA of this phage, containing antibodies against glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, decreases the ability of DNA for renaturation. The greatest inhibiting activity is possessed by antiserum for T4 phage DNA irradiated with UV light, which contains antibodies not only against glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, but also against the usual nitrogen bases. Antiserum against E. coli DNA, containing antibodies to the usual nitrogen bases, in equal dilutions with the antisera indicated above, shows less inhibitory activity on the renaturation of T4 phage DNA.", "contents": "Influence of antibodies against DNA on the renaturation of DNA. The treatment of denatured T4 phage DNA with antiserum for the DNA of this phage, containing antibodies against glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, decreases the ability of DNA for renaturation. The greatest inhibiting activity is possessed by antiserum for T4 phage DNA irradiated with UV light, which contains antibodies not only against glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, but also against the usual nitrogen bases. Antiserum against E. coli DNA, containing antibodies to the usual nitrogen bases, in equal dilutions with the antisera indicated above, shows less inhibitory activity on the renaturation of T4 phage DNA.", "PMID": 1023048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3483", "title": "DNA replication and head assembly in bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Phage DNA was accumulated in cells of E. coli B, infected with the phage T4DtsLB3 (gene 42), without the synthesis of late proteins (in the presence of chloramphenicol). Then (stage II), chloramphenicol was removed and further replication of the phage DNA suppressed with hydroxyurea and by simultaneously raising the temperature to 40 degrees. The media M9 or M9 with 1% amino acid were used; the times of addition of chloramphenicol and the hydroxyurea concentration were also varied. It was also shown that in medium M9, at stage II, chiefly early proteins were synthesized. In the medium containing amino acids, at stage II the following was observed: 1) DNA synthesis was entirely suppressed and a degradation of DNA occurred; 2) both early and late proteins were synthesized, with a predominance of the latter; 3) an assembly of the elements of the phage tails and capsids occurred without the neck and flagellum, and a small number of phage particles were also found; 4) the capsids, isolated in a sucrose density gradient after lysis with chloroform, contained the proteins Palt, P20, P23, P24, several unidentified proteins, and did not contain Pwac, P23, and P22, 5) the yield of viable phage varied from 0.05 to 15% per cell. Thus, the entire morphogenesis of T4 phage can occur without accompanying replication of phage DNA.", "contents": "DNA replication and head assembly in bacteriophage T4. Phage DNA was accumulated in cells of E. coli B, infected with the phage T4DtsLB3 (gene 42), without the synthesis of late proteins (in the presence of chloramphenicol). Then (stage II), chloramphenicol was removed and further replication of the phage DNA suppressed with hydroxyurea and by simultaneously raising the temperature to 40 degrees. The media M9 or M9 with 1% amino acid were used; the times of addition of chloramphenicol and the hydroxyurea concentration were also varied. It was also shown that in medium M9, at stage II, chiefly early proteins were synthesized. In the medium containing amino acids, at stage II the following was observed: 1) DNA synthesis was entirely suppressed and a degradation of DNA occurred; 2) both early and late proteins were synthesized, with a predominance of the latter; 3) an assembly of the elements of the phage tails and capsids occurred without the neck and flagellum, and a small number of phage particles were also found; 4) the capsids, isolated in a sucrose density gradient after lysis with chloroform, contained the proteins Palt, P20, P23, P24, several unidentified proteins, and did not contain Pwac, P23, and P22, 5) the yield of viable phage varied from 0.05 to 15% per cell. Thus, the entire morphogenesis of T4 phage can occur without accompanying replication of phage DNA.", "PMID": 1023049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3484", "title": "Structure of animal mitochondrial DNA: nucleotide composition, pyrimidine clusters, and methylation character.", "content": "The nucleotide composition, relative concentration of pyrimidine clusters, and the degree of methylation of the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA's of various vertebrates and the protozoan Crithidia oncopelti have been studied. With respect to the relative concentration of GC pairs, the mtDNA of animals (bull, rat) does not differ from the corresponding nDNA. The relative concentration of GC pairs in the mtDNA of certain fish and birds is 1.5-2.5 mole% higher than in the respective nDNA. The kinetoplast DNA of the protozoan C. oncopelti (where the relative concentration of the GC pairs is 42.9 mole %) differs very sharply in composition from the nDNA (where the relative concentration of GC pairs is 51.3 mole %). The mtDNA's and kDNA's studied are distinguished from the respective nDNA'S by a lower degree of clustering of pyrimidine nucleotides. The proportion of mono- and dipyrimidine fragments in the mtDNA and kDNA is 30 mole %, while in the nDNA it does not exceed 23 mole %. The relative concentration of long pyrimidine clusters (hexapyrimidine clusters of larger) in the mtDNA is smaller than in the nDNA by a factor of 2-5. The low degree of clustering of the pyrimidine nucleotides is apparently characteristic of all the known mtDNA's and may support the fact that they have a single type of organization and are of a single origin. All the vertebrate mtDNA's studied contain 5-methylcytosine as a minor base (1.5-3.15 mole %), and their level of methylation is 1.5-2 times greater than that in the respective nDNA's. It has been shown that animals display species specificity with respect to the 5-methylcytosine content in the mtDNA. Its distribution among the pyrimidine clusters in the bovine heart mtDNA differs substantially from that in the nDNA. This suggests that the methylation specificities of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are different. A DNA methylase, which effects the in vitro methylation of cytosine residues both in the homologous mtDNA and in different heterologous DNA's, has been found in rat liver and bovine heart mitochondria. The specificity of the in vitro methylation of the cytosine residues in the same heterologous Escherichia coli B DNA by the nuclear and mitochondrial enzymes is different: The mitochondrial enzyme methylates predominantly in monopyrimidine fragments, and the nuclear enzyme methylates mostly in di- and tripyrimidine fragments. They, therefore, recognize different nucleotide sequences.", "contents": "Structure of animal mitochondrial DNA: nucleotide composition, pyrimidine clusters, and methylation character. The nucleotide composition, relative concentration of pyrimidine clusters, and the degree of methylation of the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA's of various vertebrates and the protozoan Crithidia oncopelti have been studied. With respect to the relative concentration of GC pairs, the mtDNA of animals (bull, rat) does not differ from the corresponding nDNA. The relative concentration of GC pairs in the mtDNA of certain fish and birds is 1.5-2.5 mole% higher than in the respective nDNA. The kinetoplast DNA of the protozoan C. oncopelti (where the relative concentration of the GC pairs is 42.9 mole %) differs very sharply in composition from the nDNA (where the relative concentration of GC pairs is 51.3 mole %). The mtDNA's and kDNA's studied are distinguished from the respective nDNA'S by a lower degree of clustering of pyrimidine nucleotides. The proportion of mono- and dipyrimidine fragments in the mtDNA and kDNA is 30 mole %, while in the nDNA it does not exceed 23 mole %. The relative concentration of long pyrimidine clusters (hexapyrimidine clusters of larger) in the mtDNA is smaller than in the nDNA by a factor of 2-5. The low degree of clustering of the pyrimidine nucleotides is apparently characteristic of all the known mtDNA's and may support the fact that they have a single type of organization and are of a single origin. All the vertebrate mtDNA's studied contain 5-methylcytosine as a minor base (1.5-3.15 mole %), and their level of methylation is 1.5-2 times greater than that in the respective nDNA's. It has been shown that animals display species specificity with respect to the 5-methylcytosine content in the mtDNA. Its distribution among the pyrimidine clusters in the bovine heart mtDNA differs substantially from that in the nDNA. This suggests that the methylation specificities of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are different. A DNA methylase, which effects the in vitro methylation of cytosine residues both in the homologous mtDNA and in different heterologous DNA's, has been found in rat liver and bovine heart mitochondria. The specificity of the in vitro methylation of the cytosine residues in the same heterologous Escherichia coli B DNA by the nuclear and mitochondrial enzymes is different: The mitochondrial enzyme methylates predominantly in monopyrimidine fragments, and the nuclear enzyme methylates mostly in di- and tripyrimidine fragments. They, therefore, recognize different nucleotide sequences.", "PMID": 1023050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3485", "title": "Stereochemical analysis of the secondary structure of polypeptide chains with the aid of Courtauld three-dimensional models. II. Hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds.", "content": "Sterically permissible hydrogen bonds between side chains and the backbone, which fix a small number of angles of internal rotation have been identified. The hydrogen bonds on the ends and within the secondary structures, as well as the most important bonds in the alpha helix and in irregular structures, have been considered.", "contents": "Stereochemical analysis of the secondary structure of polypeptide chains with the aid of Courtauld three-dimensional models. II. Hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. Sterically permissible hydrogen bonds between side chains and the backbone, which fix a small number of angles of internal rotation have been identified. The hydrogen bonds on the ends and within the secondary structures, as well as the most important bonds in the alpha helix and in irregular structures, have been considered.", "PMID": 1023051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3486", "title": "Study of the relationship between the subfraction composition of histone F1 and the type of tissue in birds.", "content": "The subfraction composition of lysine-rich histone has been studied with the aid of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The subfraction compositions of the histone F1 of several tissues from the chicken, pigeon, and titmouse have been compared. The histone F1 from the tissues investigated consists of four or five subfractions of similar number and electrophoretic mobility (1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4). In the different avian species each subfraction varied its mobility independently of the others. The chicken tissues investigated can be divided into two classes, depending on the relative concentration of subfractions 2 and 3 (A and B): Class A (subfraction 2 is smaller than 3) includes the brain, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, muscular layer of the stomach, and pancreas, and class B (subfraction 2 is larger than 3) includes the intestinal mucosa, thymus, and testes, as well as the liver, heart, and pancreas from a 21-day embryo. Such a division of the tissues corresponds to the varying rate of their cellular renewal. In a parallel examination of the relative concentrations of the individual subfractions in the same tissues from the three avian species it has been found that the relative concentration of subfractions 3 and 2 is increased in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain, and liver, that subfraction 2 is increased in the intestinal mucosa, that subfractions 4 and 3 are increased in the pancreas, and that subfractions 1, 1a, and 4 are increased in the erythrocytes. The results obtained may be interpreted as a consequence of some relationship between the subfraction composition of histone F1 and the type of tissue of the source.", "contents": "Study of the relationship between the subfraction composition of histone F1 and the type of tissue in birds. The subfraction composition of lysine-rich histone has been studied with the aid of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The subfraction compositions of the histone F1 of several tissues from the chicken, pigeon, and titmouse have been compared. The histone F1 from the tissues investigated consists of four or five subfractions of similar number and electrophoretic mobility (1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4). In the different avian species each subfraction varied its mobility independently of the others. The chicken tissues investigated can be divided into two classes, depending on the relative concentration of subfractions 2 and 3 (A and B): Class A (subfraction 2 is smaller than 3) includes the brain, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, muscular layer of the stomach, and pancreas, and class B (subfraction 2 is larger than 3) includes the intestinal mucosa, thymus, and testes, as well as the liver, heart, and pancreas from a 21-day embryo. Such a division of the tissues corresponds to the varying rate of their cellular renewal. In a parallel examination of the relative concentrations of the individual subfractions in the same tissues from the three avian species it has been found that the relative concentration of subfractions 3 and 2 is increased in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain, and liver, that subfraction 2 is increased in the intestinal mucosa, that subfractions 4 and 3 are increased in the pancreas, and that subfractions 1, 1a, and 4 are increased in the erythrocytes. The results obtained may be interpreted as a consequence of some relationship between the subfraction composition of histone F1 and the type of tissue of the source.", "PMID": 1023052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3487", "title": "Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. VIII. Isolation and characterization of complementary sequences.", "content": "After the annealing of pre-mRNA at high Cot values, up to 20% of the material becomes resistant to the action of ribonuclease. This has been attributed to the presence of self-complementary sequences (scRNA) in the pre-mRNA. The most important properties of scRNA, which was isolated in preparative amounts, have been studied. The approximate dimensions of the complementary segments are 45-50 nucleotides. Hybridization experiments have shown that scRNA is transcribed from repeated segments of the genome. It may be postulated that the rapidly hybridizing pre-mRNA fraction consists mainly of self-complementary sequences.", "contents": "Structure of nuclear pre-mRNA. VIII. Isolation and characterization of complementary sequences. After the annealing of pre-mRNA at high Cot values, up to 20% of the material becomes resistant to the action of ribonuclease. This has been attributed to the presence of self-complementary sequences (scRNA) in the pre-mRNA. The most important properties of scRNA, which was isolated in preparative amounts, have been studied. The approximate dimensions of the complementary segments are 45-50 nucleotides. Hybridization experiments have shown that scRNA is transcribed from repeated segments of the genome. It may be postulated that the rapidly hybridizing pre-mRNA fraction consists mainly of self-complementary sequences.", "PMID": 1023053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3488", "title": "Differences in AT- and GC-base pair ratios in DNA of the paracentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 1 in two human cell types. I. Autoradiographic analysis of the incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine and 3H-labeled deoxycytidine.", "content": "The distribution of AT- and GC-base pairs in DNA along chromosomes 1 and 2 has been studied in primary cultures of human embryo fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes by an autoradiographic method using 3H-labeled thymidine and 3H-labeled deoxycytidine. The two cell types differed in their relative contents of DNA and in the ratio of AT and GC pairs at the centromere and the adjacent region of heterochromatin in chromosome 1. The DNA content of this section was higher in fibroblasts than in leukocytes, mainly because of AT pairs. In both cell types, the telomere in the short arm of this chromosome had a higher content of GC pairs than AT pairs. No differences were observed in base pair distribution along chromosome 2 in the two types. This phenomenon may be due to incomplete replication, or to loss by some means of part of the genetic material during the development and differentiation of the cellular systems.", "contents": "Differences in AT- and GC-base pair ratios in DNA of the paracentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 1 in two human cell types. I. Autoradiographic analysis of the incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine and 3H-labeled deoxycytidine. The distribution of AT- and GC-base pairs in DNA along chromosomes 1 and 2 has been studied in primary cultures of human embryo fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes by an autoradiographic method using 3H-labeled thymidine and 3H-labeled deoxycytidine. The two cell types differed in their relative contents of DNA and in the ratio of AT and GC pairs at the centromere and the adjacent region of heterochromatin in chromosome 1. The DNA content of this section was higher in fibroblasts than in leukocytes, mainly because of AT pairs. In both cell types, the telomere in the short arm of this chromosome had a higher content of GC pairs than AT pairs. No differences were observed in base pair distribution along chromosome 2 in the two types. This phenomenon may be due to incomplete replication, or to loss by some means of part of the genetic material during the development and differentiation of the cellular systems.", "PMID": 1023054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3489", "title": "[DNA synthesis in the antimesometrial and mesometrial regions of rat decidual tissue].", "content": "DNA synthesis in the decidual tissue of rats on the 9-10th day of pregnancy has been studied in intact rats and under the effect of chloridin by means of radioautography and biochemical methods. The decidual cells of antimesometral and mesometral regions were shown to differ both by morphological features and intensity of 3H-thymidine utilization and activity of thymidylate synthetase and thymidine kinase. Under the conditions of the block of dihydropholate reductase, differences between the antimesometral and mesometral regions of deciduoma manifest themselves still more markedly. The decidual tissue consists of a heterogenous population of cells which differ by the ratio of different ways of thymidylate synthesis. An estimate is given for the ratio of two ways of thymidine monophosphate synthesis in the antimesometral regions of the decidual tissue.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis in the antimesometrial and mesometrial regions of rat decidual tissue]. DNA synthesis in the decidual tissue of rats on the 9-10th day of pregnancy has been studied in intact rats and under the effect of chloridin by means of radioautography and biochemical methods. The decidual cells of antimesometral and mesometral regions were shown to differ both by morphological features and intensity of 3H-thymidine utilization and activity of thymidylate synthetase and thymidine kinase. Under the conditions of the block of dihydropholate reductase, differences between the antimesometral and mesometral regions of deciduoma manifest themselves still more markedly. The decidual tissue consists of a heterogenous population of cells which differ by the ratio of different ways of thymidylate synthesis. An estimate is given for the ratio of two ways of thymidine monophosphate synthesis in the antimesometral regions of the decidual tissue.", "PMID": 1023078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3490", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of water-soluble retinal proteins of chickens at early stages of embryogenesis].", "content": "The water-soluble proteins of chick retina were studied during the formation of eye cup and at the early stages of histological differentiation of retina by the micro-method of electrophoresis in 20% polyacrilamide gel. The retina of embryos at the stages under study contains a range of proteins forming over 20 fractions in electrophoresis. The most fractions are formed by the proteins which electrophoretic mobilities exceed that of serum albumin. The early stages of retina development are characterized by the definite changes in its protein composition. These changes manifest themselves in the disappearance of the most anodic fractions beginning from the stage of contact between the optic vesicle and presumptive lens ectoderm. During the subsequent development, these proteins are detected again in the retina, the corresponding anodic fractions being most distinct at the stage of completed eye cup. Their content in the retina decreases repeatedly with the beginning of histogenesis up to their complete disappearance.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of water-soluble retinal proteins of chickens at early stages of embryogenesis]. The water-soluble proteins of chick retina were studied during the formation of eye cup and at the early stages of histological differentiation of retina by the micro-method of electrophoresis in 20% polyacrilamide gel. The retina of embryos at the stages under study contains a range of proteins forming over 20 fractions in electrophoresis. The most fractions are formed by the proteins which electrophoretic mobilities exceed that of serum albumin. The early stages of retina development are characterized by the definite changes in its protein composition. These changes manifest themselves in the disappearance of the most anodic fractions beginning from the stage of contact between the optic vesicle and presumptive lens ectoderm. During the subsequent development, these proteins are detected again in the retina, the corresponding anodic fractions being most distinct at the stage of completed eye cup. Their content in the retina decreases repeatedly with the beginning of histogenesis up to their complete disappearance.", "PMID": 1023079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3491", "title": "[Heat stability of cholinesterase and non-specific esterases during development of hybrids of the sea urchins Stongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. intermedius].", "content": "Acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and non-specific esterases were studied during the development of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. intermedius and their hybrids by means of electrophoresis and measurements of enzyme thermostability. Two AchE fractions were found which differed by thermostability. At the late gastrula stage, the therolabile form predominated and at the mid-pluteus stage the thermostable one. Non-specific esterases in both the species of sea urchins are represented by complex isozyme systems. Their changes during development are accompanied by the changes in thermostability and electrophoretic patterns. The thermostability of esterases at the pluteus stage in the hybrids is higher than in the maternal species, apparently, due to the appearance of the thermostable enzyme which appears in the paternal species provisionally at the prism stage.", "contents": "[Heat stability of cholinesterase and non-specific esterases during development of hybrids of the sea urchins Stongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. intermedius]. Acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and non-specific esterases were studied during the development of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. intermedius and their hybrids by means of electrophoresis and measurements of enzyme thermostability. Two AchE fractions were found which differed by thermostability. At the late gastrula stage, the therolabile form predominated and at the mid-pluteus stage the thermostable one. Non-specific esterases in both the species of sea urchins are represented by complex isozyme systems. Their changes during development are accompanied by the changes in thermostability and electrophoretic patterns. The thermostability of esterases at the pluteus stage in the hybrids is higher than in the maternal species, apparently, due to the appearance of the thermostable enzyme which appears in the paternal species provisionally at the prism stage.", "PMID": 1023080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3492", "title": "[Development of hypothalamic control over thyrotropin secretion during human prenatal life].", "content": "It was shown in the tissue culture experiments that the human hypophysis secreted autonomously the thyrotrophin during the last three fourths of the prenatal life. The intensity of secretion is the highest in the end of the first third of this period, then it decreases, but during the last third it increases reliably again. During the second half of development the level of thyrotrophin in female foetuses in reliably higher than in the male ones. In the beginning of the second third of prenatal life, the hypothalamic factors decrease the autonomous thyrotrophin secretion twice in foetuses of both the sexes. In the end of the second third, sexual differences appear in their effect; they decrease reliably the autonomous thyrotrophin secretion in the male foetuses, whereas no such effect is observed in the female ones. The stimulating effect of the hypothalamic thyrotrophin releasing hormone manifests itself during the last third of prenatal life in foetuses of both the sexes. During the second half of prenatal life, the thyrotrophin concentration in blood of female foetuses is also reliably higher than in male foetuses. There is a positive correlation in female foetuses between the thyrotrophin concentration in blood and the level of hypophysial secretion under the effect of hypothalamic factors. Thyrotrophin is found in the cranial fluid of foetuses. In some cases its concentration in the cranial fluid is higher than in the blood. No correlation was found between the levels of the hormone in fluid and blood in female foetuses; a positive correlation was found in male foteuses.", "contents": "[Development of hypothalamic control over thyrotropin secretion during human prenatal life]. It was shown in the tissue culture experiments that the human hypophysis secreted autonomously the thyrotrophin during the last three fourths of the prenatal life. The intensity of secretion is the highest in the end of the first third of this period, then it decreases, but during the last third it increases reliably again. During the second half of development the level of thyrotrophin in female foetuses in reliably higher than in the male ones. In the beginning of the second third of prenatal life, the hypothalamic factors decrease the autonomous thyrotrophin secretion twice in foetuses of both the sexes. In the end of the second third, sexual differences appear in their effect; they decrease reliably the autonomous thyrotrophin secretion in the male foetuses, whereas no such effect is observed in the female ones. The stimulating effect of the hypothalamic thyrotrophin releasing hormone manifests itself during the last third of prenatal life in foetuses of both the sexes. During the second half of prenatal life, the thyrotrophin concentration in blood of female foetuses is also reliably higher than in male foetuses. There is a positive correlation in female foetuses between the thyrotrophin concentration in blood and the level of hypophysial secretion under the effect of hypothalamic factors. Thyrotrophin is found in the cranial fluid of foetuses. In some cases its concentration in the cranial fluid is higher than in the blood. No correlation was found between the levels of the hormone in fluid and blood in female foetuses; a positive correlation was found in male foteuses.", "PMID": 1023081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3493", "title": "[Thyroid hormones in the early postnatal development of the CNS: effect of hyperthyroidism on proliferative activity of white matter cells of rat cerebellum].", "content": "The effect of triiodothyronin on the proliferative activity of the white matter cells has been studied by means of radioautography in the cerebellum vermis and hemisphere of developing rats. The index of labelled nuclei and the mitotic index of the white matter glial elements in both the cerebellum regions of 7 and 10 days old hyperthyroid animals are markedly reduced. Besides, the general tendency was found towards the increase of the mitotic cycle duration in the white matter cells due to the lengthening of S and G2 + 1/2 M periods. The data obtained are discussed with respect to the importance of thyroid hormones for the CNS development.", "contents": "[Thyroid hormones in the early postnatal development of the CNS: effect of hyperthyroidism on proliferative activity of white matter cells of rat cerebellum]. The effect of triiodothyronin on the proliferative activity of the white matter cells has been studied by means of radioautography in the cerebellum vermis and hemisphere of developing rats. The index of labelled nuclei and the mitotic index of the white matter glial elements in both the cerebellum regions of 7 and 10 days old hyperthyroid animals are markedly reduced. Besides, the general tendency was found towards the increase of the mitotic cycle duration in the white matter cells due to the lengthening of S and G2 + 1/2 M periods. The data obtained are discussed with respect to the importance of thyroid hormones for the CNS development.", "PMID": 1023082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3494", "title": "[Compensatory hypertrophy of golden hamster ovaries during early postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "The right-side ovariectomy in the golden hamster females during the prepubertate period resulted in the compensatory hypertrophy of the rest paired organ. The morphological rearrangement of the hypertrophied ovary represented the shift in the quantitative distribution of follicles by the maturation stages towards the predominance of mature forms. The accelerated growth and differentiation along the path of normal postnatal ontogenesis led to the earlier ovulations in the hypertrophied ovary.", "contents": "[Compensatory hypertrophy of golden hamster ovaries during early postnatal ontogenesis]. The right-side ovariectomy in the golden hamster females during the prepubertate period resulted in the compensatory hypertrophy of the rest paired organ. The morphological rearrangement of the hypertrophied ovary represented the shift in the quantitative distribution of follicles by the maturation stages towards the predominance of mature forms. The accelerated growth and differentiation along the path of normal postnatal ontogenesis led to the earlier ovulations in the hypertrophied ovary.", "PMID": 1023083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3495", "title": "[Role of Bruch's membrane in the process of metaplasia of the ocular pigmented epithelium of Xenopus laevis].", "content": "The metaplasia of pigmented epithelium into retina with the formation of nuclear and reticular layers took place in the experiments with wrapping a sheet of pigmented epithelium from tadpoles up in the Bruch's membrane of adult frogs X. laevis. The implant with de novo formed retina resembled the inverted eye. In those experiments where the Bruch's membrane of tadpoles came into contact with that of adults only depigmentation of the pigmented epithelium cells was observed. The pigmented epithelium metaplasia suggests that the Bruch's membrane is permeable not only for low molecular weight substances, but also for inducing agents. The adult Bruch's membrane serves in the process of metaplasia in the experiments described as a new and limiting system which ensures more orderly formation of new retina.", "contents": "[Role of Bruch's membrane in the process of metaplasia of the ocular pigmented epithelium of Xenopus laevis]. The metaplasia of pigmented epithelium into retina with the formation of nuclear and reticular layers took place in the experiments with wrapping a sheet of pigmented epithelium from tadpoles up in the Bruch's membrane of adult frogs X. laevis. The implant with de novo formed retina resembled the inverted eye. In those experiments where the Bruch's membrane of tadpoles came into contact with that of adults only depigmentation of the pigmented epithelium cells was observed. The pigmented epithelium metaplasia suggests that the Bruch's membrane is permeable not only for low molecular weight substances, but also for inducing agents. The adult Bruch's membrane serves in the process of metaplasia in the experiments described as a new and limiting system which ensures more orderly formation of new retina.", "PMID": 1023084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3496", "title": "[Viability at different stages of development and early embryogenesis of Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis and their hybrids].", "content": "The low percentage of larval hatching both in the initial lines and the hybrids of direct and back crosses was shown to be due to the low fertilizability of eggs. A study of early embryogenesis, up to the gastrulation, has shown that the F1 hybrids (female D. virilis x male D. littoralis) develop at a lesser rate than both the parental species. Some embryos of these latter attain the stage of blastoderm syncytium for 2 hrs whereas the hybrid embryos attain only the stage of polynuclear syncytium.", "contents": "[Viability at different stages of development and early embryogenesis of Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis and their hybrids]. The low percentage of larval hatching both in the initial lines and the hybrids of direct and back crosses was shown to be due to the low fertilizability of eggs. A study of early embryogenesis, up to the gastrulation, has shown that the F1 hybrids (female D. virilis x male D. littoralis) develop at a lesser rate than both the parental species. Some embryos of these latter attain the stage of blastoderm syncytium for 2 hrs whereas the hybrid embryos attain only the stage of polynuclear syncytium.", "PMID": 1023085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3497", "title": "[Proliferative potentials of Xenopus laevis tadpole and toad optic thalamus nerve tissue cells following injury].", "content": "After the injury of the thalamus right hemisphere in tadpoles and young frogs X. laevis, 3H-thymidine incorporated in the cells of the thalamus ventricular zone, but not in the middle and large neurons of the type of neurons of the trigeminal nerve mesencephalic nucleus and the large ganglion cells of VI and VIII layers of the thalamus cortex. The brain trauma in tadpoles resulted in the activation of cell proliferation in the ventricular zone, whereas in young frogs the proliferation of glyocytes was activated. The relation of the proliferative reaction of certain types of brain cells to the trauma to the loss of ability for brain regeneration is discussed.", "contents": "[Proliferative potentials of Xenopus laevis tadpole and toad optic thalamus nerve tissue cells following injury]. After the injury of the thalamus right hemisphere in tadpoles and young frogs X. laevis, 3H-thymidine incorporated in the cells of the thalamus ventricular zone, but not in the middle and large neurons of the type of neurons of the trigeminal nerve mesencephalic nucleus and the large ganglion cells of VI and VIII layers of the thalamus cortex. The brain trauma in tadpoles resulted in the activation of cell proliferation in the ventricular zone, whereas in young frogs the proliferation of glyocytes was activated. The relation of the proliferative reaction of certain types of brain cells to the trauma to the loss of ability for brain regeneration is discussed.", "PMID": 1023086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3498", "title": "[Pituitary somatotropic function of newborn infants].", "content": "The content of the hypophysial somatotrophic hormone was studied in the blood of cord vessels at parturition and in the peripheral blood of newborn infants during the first 2 hrs and 1-9 days of life. The hormone level by the periods of 2 hrs was markedly lower than in the foetuses, it sharply increased by the end of the first day and gradually decreased during the subsequent days. The functioning of the hypothalamic-hypophysial system in humans during this period is discussed.", "contents": "[Pituitary somatotropic function of newborn infants]. The content of the hypophysial somatotrophic hormone was studied in the blood of cord vessels at parturition and in the peripheral blood of newborn infants during the first 2 hrs and 1-9 days of life. The hormone level by the periods of 2 hrs was markedly lower than in the foetuses, it sharply increased by the end of the first day and gradually decreased during the subsequent days. The functioning of the hypothalamic-hypophysial system in humans during this period is discussed.", "PMID": 1023087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3499", "title": "[Concentration and comparison of adenylic nucleotides in the eye tissues of rabbits during ontogenesis].", "content": "The ATP content in the rabbit eye tissues increases from birth till the time of sight appearance (12-15th day after birth). The ADP and AMP content did not increase during the period of sight appearance. After this period, the ATP content decreased down to the level of newborn tissues. The ADP and AMP content increased in the eye tissues of 2 months old and adult rabbits.", "contents": "[Concentration and comparison of adenylic nucleotides in the eye tissues of rabbits during ontogenesis]. The ATP content in the rabbit eye tissues increases from birth till the time of sight appearance (12-15th day after birth). The ADP and AMP content did not increase during the period of sight appearance. After this period, the ATP content decreased down to the level of newborn tissues. The ADP and AMP content increased in the eye tissues of 2 months old and adult rabbits.", "PMID": 1023088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3500", "title": "Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration).", "content": "Wilson's disease, or hepatolenticular degeneration, is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism which usually affects young people. Excess copper accumulates in the tissues, primarily in the liver, brain, and cornea. This copper deposition results in a wide range of hepatic and neurological symptoms, and may produce psychiatric illness. Hepatic involvement often occurs in childhood, while neurological deficits generally are detected at a later age. The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Ocular findings are of particular importance because the corneal copper deposition, forming the Kayser-Fleischer ring,is the only pathognomonic sign of the disease. The structure of the ring and the presence of copper have been well established. An anterior capsular deposition of copper in the lens results in a characteristic sunflower cataract in some of these patients. Other ocular abnormalities have been described but are much less common. The pathogenesis of the disease and the basic genetic defect remain obscure. It is clear that there is excess copper in the tissues, but the mechanism of its deposition is unknown. It is in some way associated with a failure to synthesize the serum copper protein ceruloplasmin normally. Another theory suggests that an abnormal protein with a high affinity for copper may bind the metal in the tissues. The diagnosis may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and confirmed by the presence of a Kayser-Fleischer ring. In the absence of these findings biochemical determinations are necessary. The most important of these are the serum ceruloplasmin, the urinary copper, and the hepatic copper concentration on biopsy. Treatment consists in the administration of the copper chelating agent, penicillamine, and the avoidance of a high copper intake. This usually results in marked clinical improvement if irreversible tissue damage has not occurred. Maintenance therapy for life is necessary in order to continue the negative copper balance. The detection and prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic individuals with the disease is especially important. Seven cases of Wilson's disease have been presented in order to illustrate many of the features which have been discussed, with emphasis on the ocular findings.", "contents": "Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Wilson's disease, or hepatolenticular degeneration, is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism which usually affects young people. Excess copper accumulates in the tissues, primarily in the liver, brain, and cornea. This copper deposition results in a wide range of hepatic and neurological symptoms, and may produce psychiatric illness. Hepatic involvement often occurs in childhood, while neurological deficits generally are detected at a later age. The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Ocular findings are of particular importance because the corneal copper deposition, forming the Kayser-Fleischer ring,is the only pathognomonic sign of the disease. The structure of the ring and the presence of copper have been well established. An anterior capsular deposition of copper in the lens results in a characteristic sunflower cataract in some of these patients. Other ocular abnormalities have been described but are much less common. The pathogenesis of the disease and the basic genetic defect remain obscure. It is clear that there is excess copper in the tissues, but the mechanism of its deposition is unknown. It is in some way associated with a failure to synthesize the serum copper protein ceruloplasmin normally. Another theory suggests that an abnormal protein with a high affinity for copper may bind the metal in the tissues. The diagnosis may be suggested by the clinical manifestations and confirmed by the presence of a Kayser-Fleischer ring. In the absence of these findings biochemical determinations are necessary. The most important of these are the serum ceruloplasmin, the urinary copper, and the hepatic copper concentration on biopsy. Treatment consists in the administration of the copper chelating agent, penicillamine, and the avoidance of a high copper intake. This usually results in marked clinical improvement if irreversible tissue damage has not occurred. Maintenance therapy for life is necessary in order to continue the negative copper balance. The detection and prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic individuals with the disease is especially important. Seven cases of Wilson's disease have been presented in order to illustrate many of the features which have been discussed, with emphasis on the ocular findings.", "PMID": 1023089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3501", "title": "A gel electrophoretic study of the protein and nucleic acid components of African horsesickness virus.", "content": "The physico-chemical structure of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) is compared with that of some of the other members of the Reoviridae, and in particular with that of bluetongue virus (BTV), the type strain of the orbivirus genus. This study adduces evidence of a great similarity between the gel electrophoretic patterns of the polypeptides of AHSV and BTV. The molecular mass values of the 7 AHSV polypeptides range between 0,30 x 10(5) and 1,46 x 10(5) dalton, a variation similar to that of BTV. The close relation between AHSV and BTV is further affirmed by the gel electrophoretic resolution of the AHSV double-stranded RNA genome into 10 segments.", "contents": "A gel electrophoretic study of the protein and nucleic acid components of African horsesickness virus. The physico-chemical structure of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) is compared with that of some of the other members of the Reoviridae, and in particular with that of bluetongue virus (BTV), the type strain of the orbivirus genus. This study adduces evidence of a great similarity between the gel electrophoretic patterns of the polypeptides of AHSV and BTV. The molecular mass values of the 7 AHSV polypeptides range between 0,30 x 10(5) and 1,46 x 10(5) dalton, a variation similar to that of BTV. The close relation between AHSV and BTV is further affirmed by the gel electrophoretic resolution of the AHSV double-stranded RNA genome into 10 segments.", "PMID": 1023091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3502", "title": "Experimental intraspinal trypanosoma equiperdum infection in a horse.", "content": "To establish the ability of Trypanosoma equiperdum to cross the blood-brain-barrier in the horse, a susceptible stallion was infected via the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space by lumbosacral puncture. Cerebrospinal fluid with low detectable levels of trypanosomes removed from a dourine-infected mare by lumbosacral puncture was used for infecting the animal. The parasite was detected in blood smears of the recipient 13 days after infection and the subsequent parasitaemia and clinical course of the disease followed that of naturally infected horses.", "contents": "Experimental intraspinal trypanosoma equiperdum infection in a horse. To establish the ability of Trypanosoma equiperdum to cross the blood-brain-barrier in the horse, a susceptible stallion was infected via the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space by lumbosacral puncture. Cerebrospinal fluid with low detectable levels of trypanosomes removed from a dourine-infected mare by lumbosacral puncture was used for infecting the animal. The parasite was detected in blood smears of the recipient 13 days after infection and the subsequent parasitaemia and clinical course of the disease followed that of naturally infected horses.", "PMID": 1023092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3503", "title": "Acid-labile amino acid precursors in the Murchison meteorite. 1: Chromatographic fractionation.", "content": "The amino acid content of a hot water extract of the Murchison meteorite can be increased by over 100 per cent by subjecting the extract to acid hydrolysis. The acid-labile compounds in the extract that account for this increase were fractionated by column chromatography on a cation exchange resin. Seventy mole per cent behaved as neutral or acidic compounds and were eluted from the column with an initial water wash. The remaining 30 mole per cent (basic precursors) were retained on the column and were eluted with the free amino acids by aqueous NH4OH. The acid-labile amino acid precursors in the water eluate could be retained and further fractionated on an anion exchange column, indicating that they are acidic compounds.", "contents": "Acid-labile amino acid precursors in the Murchison meteorite. 1: Chromatographic fractionation. The amino acid content of a hot water extract of the Murchison meteorite can be increased by over 100 per cent by subjecting the extract to acid hydrolysis. The acid-labile compounds in the extract that account for this increase were fractionated by column chromatography on a cation exchange resin. Seventy mole per cent behaved as neutral or acidic compounds and were eluted from the column with an initial water wash. The remaining 30 mole per cent (basic precursors) were retained on the column and were eluted with the free amino acids by aqueous NH4OH. The acid-labile amino acid precursors in the water eluate could be retained and further fractionated on an anion exchange column, indicating that they are acidic compounds.", "PMID": 1023132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3504", "title": "Acid-labile amino acid precursors in the Murchison meteorite. II: A search for peptides and amino acyl amides.", "content": "The basic fraction of the acid-labile amino acid precursors found in hot water extracts of the Murchison meteorite was treated with ninhydrin under conditions that give destruction of free amino acids but allow nearly complete recovery to peptides and amino acylamides. After this treatment and a subsequent acid hydrolysis, the amount of amino acids found corresponded to less than 30 per cent of the precursor content of the basic fraction. Since only 30 percent of the total extract precursors are found in the basic fraction, these results indicate that such compounds, if present, account for no more than 9 mole per cent of the total acid-labile amino acid precursors of the meteorite hot water extract.", "contents": "Acid-labile amino acid precursors in the Murchison meteorite. II: A search for peptides and amino acyl amides. The basic fraction of the acid-labile amino acid precursors found in hot water extracts of the Murchison meteorite was treated with ninhydrin under conditions that give destruction of free amino acids but allow nearly complete recovery to peptides and amino acylamides. After this treatment and a subsequent acid hydrolysis, the amount of amino acids found corresponded to less than 30 per cent of the precursor content of the basic fraction. Since only 30 percent of the total extract precursors are found in the basic fraction, these results indicate that such compounds, if present, account for no more than 9 mole per cent of the total acid-labile amino acid precursors of the meteorite hot water extract.", "PMID": 1023133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3505", "title": "Chemical evolution: effect of high energy radiation.", "content": "Quantitative estimation - based on extrapolated data of radioactivity and reasonable assumptions about the radiolytic effect of beta-particles on amino acids- shows that an assymmetry greater than the statistical fluctuation in the number of L-, and D-amino acid molecules could have been produced by beta-decay during chemical evolution.", "contents": "Chemical evolution: effect of high energy radiation. Quantitative estimation - based on extrapolated data of radioactivity and reasonable assumptions about the radiolytic effect of beta-particles on amino acids- shows that an assymmetry greater than the statistical fluctuation in the number of L-, and D-amino acid molecules could have been produced by beta-decay during chemical evolution.", "PMID": 1023134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3506", "title": "Clays as possible catalysts for peptide formation in the prebiotic era.", "content": "From the point of view of prebiotic synthesis, clays might have performed functions of concentration, catalysis, and protection of molecules. The degree of polymerization obtained when amino acid adenylates are added to montmorillonite suspensions in water, are much iigher than those obtained by polymerization in the absence of such a clay. In addition, they are of a discrete spectrum, usually multiplies of 6 or 7, and reach values of up to 40 mers. In the absence of clay a continuous spectrum of degrees of polymerization is obtained, and usually up to 4-6 mers only. Copolymerization in the absence of clays yields mostly random copolymers in their presence mostly block copolymers are obtained. Optical density measurements show that after adsorption has taken place on the clay, stacking of its layers occurs. Polymerization starts only after these stacked layers have been formed. The distance between the layers - as measured by X-rays - increase during polymerization, probably because the resulting polymers settle in their interspace, while the adsorption site of the active monomers is at the edges of the clay.", "contents": "Clays as possible catalysts for peptide formation in the prebiotic era. From the point of view of prebiotic synthesis, clays might have performed functions of concentration, catalysis, and protection of molecules. The degree of polymerization obtained when amino acid adenylates are added to montmorillonite suspensions in water, are much iigher than those obtained by polymerization in the absence of such a clay. In addition, they are of a discrete spectrum, usually multiplies of 6 or 7, and reach values of up to 40 mers. In the absence of clay a continuous spectrum of degrees of polymerization is obtained, and usually up to 4-6 mers only. Copolymerization in the absence of clays yields mostly random copolymers in their presence mostly block copolymers are obtained. Optical density measurements show that after adsorption has taken place on the clay, stacking of its layers occurs. Polymerization starts only after these stacked layers have been formed. The distance between the layers - as measured by X-rays - increase during polymerization, probably because the resulting polymers settle in their interspace, while the adsorption site of the active monomers is at the edges of the clay.", "PMID": 1023136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3507", "title": "Polarized bremsstrahlung not the source of optical activity.", "content": "An evaluation is made of the previously proposed scheme (polarized beta-particles leads to circularly polarized bremsstrahlung leads to optically active molecules) by which dissymmetry at the elementary particle level may be transmitted to the molecular level. The calculations suggest that much too small a fraction of the total energy of the electron appears as light, capable of causing photochemical resolution, to explain results obtained in the laboratory on the preferential radiation-induced decomposition one enantiomer of chiral amino acids.", "contents": "Polarized bremsstrahlung not the source of optical activity. An evaluation is made of the previously proposed scheme (polarized beta-particles leads to circularly polarized bremsstrahlung leads to optically active molecules) by which dissymmetry at the elementary particle level may be transmitted to the molecular level. The calculations suggest that much too small a fraction of the total energy of the electron appears as light, capable of causing photochemical resolution, to explain results obtained in the laboratory on the preferential radiation-induced decomposition one enantiomer of chiral amino acids.", "PMID": 1023137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3508", "title": "A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis.", "content": "It is suggested that protein sythesis may have begun without even a primitive ribosome if the primitive tRNA could take up two configuration and could bind to the messenger RNA with five base-pairs instead of the present three. This idea would impose base sequence restriction on the early messages and on the early genetic code such that the first four amino acids coded were glycine, serine, aspartic acid and aspargine. A possible mechanism is suggested for the polymerization of the early message.", "contents": "A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis. It is suggested that protein sythesis may have begun without even a primitive ribosome if the primitive tRNA could take up two configuration and could bind to the messenger RNA with five base-pairs instead of the present three. This idea would impose base sequence restriction on the early messages and on the early genetic code such that the first four amino acids coded were glycine, serine, aspartic acid and aspargine. A possible mechanism is suggested for the polymerization of the early message.", "PMID": 1023138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3509", "title": "Prebiotic phosphorylation of nucleosides in formamide.", "content": "A possible prebiotic phosphorylation method has been investigated in which formamide served as the reaction medium. Nucleotides and nucleotide derivatives were formed when nucleosides were allowed to react with different orthophosphate, hydrogen phosphate or dihydrogen phosphate salts or with different condensed phosphate salts. The reaction products obtained from the phosphorylation of adenosine were 2'3' and 5'-AMPs, 2',5' and 3',5'-ADPs and 2',3'-cyclic AMP. The extent of phosphorylation in formamide exceeded 50% under favorable conditions after 15 days at 70 degrees. The acidic dihydrogen phosphates and condensed hydrogen phosphates proved to be the best phosphorylating agents. The presence of water in the medium decreased the yield of nucleotide derivatives, but some phosphorylation of adenosine was detected using dihydrogen phosphate in formamide containing water. The phosphorylation reactions were also observed for deoxynucleosides. Little decompression of the nucleosides was detected during the reaction time needed to form nucleotide derivatives. The facility with which phosphorylation takes place in formamide under very mild conditions may justify further studies both of prebiotic phosphorylation and synthetic phosphorylation using this solvent.", "contents": "Prebiotic phosphorylation of nucleosides in formamide. A possible prebiotic phosphorylation method has been investigated in which formamide served as the reaction medium. Nucleotides and nucleotide derivatives were formed when nucleosides were allowed to react with different orthophosphate, hydrogen phosphate or dihydrogen phosphate salts or with different condensed phosphate salts. The reaction products obtained from the phosphorylation of adenosine were 2'3' and 5'-AMPs, 2',5' and 3',5'-ADPs and 2',3'-cyclic AMP. The extent of phosphorylation in formamide exceeded 50% under favorable conditions after 15 days at 70 degrees. The acidic dihydrogen phosphates and condensed hydrogen phosphates proved to be the best phosphorylating agents. The presence of water in the medium decreased the yield of nucleotide derivatives, but some phosphorylation of adenosine was detected using dihydrogen phosphate in formamide containing water. The phosphorylation reactions were also observed for deoxynucleosides. Little decompression of the nucleosides was detected during the reaction time needed to form nucleotide derivatives. The facility with which phosphorylation takes place in formamide under very mild conditions may justify further studies both of prebiotic phosphorylation and synthetic phosphorylation using this solvent.", "PMID": 1023139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3510", "title": "Scavenging of soluble organic matter from the prebiotic oceans.", "content": "The existence of hot or cold \"nutrient broth\" or \"primeval soup\" is challenged on the basis of the recent geochemistry of soluble organic carbon in the oceans. Most of the dissolved organic carbon is recycled quickly by organisms, but the residual, biologically refractive, organic matter is efficiently scavenged from the oceans (residence time of 1000 to 3500 years) by nonbiologically mediated chemical and physical processes, such as adsorption on sinking minerals, polymerization and aggregation to humic type polymers or by aggregation to particulate matter through bubbling and sinking of this material to the ocean bottom. Since there is no reason to believe that such nonbiological scavenging was not operative in the prebiotic oceans as well, then the prolonged existence of \"organic soup\" is very doubtful. The question of the origin of life is thus assumed to be related to solid-liquid interfacial activity, and the answer may be associated with sediment-water interaction rather than with solution chemistry.", "contents": "Scavenging of soluble organic matter from the prebiotic oceans. The existence of hot or cold \"nutrient broth\" or \"primeval soup\" is challenged on the basis of the recent geochemistry of soluble organic carbon in the oceans. Most of the dissolved organic carbon is recycled quickly by organisms, but the residual, biologically refractive, organic matter is efficiently scavenged from the oceans (residence time of 1000 to 3500 years) by nonbiologically mediated chemical and physical processes, such as adsorption on sinking minerals, polymerization and aggregation to humic type polymers or by aggregation to particulate matter through bubbling and sinking of this material to the ocean bottom. Since there is no reason to believe that such nonbiological scavenging was not operative in the prebiotic oceans as well, then the prolonged existence of \"organic soup\" is very doubtful. The question of the origin of life is thus assumed to be related to solid-liquid interfacial activity, and the answer may be associated with sediment-water interaction rather than with solution chemistry.", "PMID": 1023140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3511", "title": "[Perspectives of the control of Opisthorchis invasion by the method of treating the molluskan population].", "content": "Sanitation of the mollusk population with highly effective cercaricide preparations can be used for the control of opisthorchosous infection. Low concentrations of molluskocides which are sublethal for non-infected mollusks have turned to be lethal for hyperinfected individuals. All tested molluskocides display a cercaricide effect in concentrations which are considerably lower than molluskocide ones. Low concentrations of cercaricides are toxic both for cercariae and parthenites from the liver of mollusks and for freely swimming cercariae. Disastrously affecting the freely swimming cercariae microdoses of cercaricides prevent the infection of the second intermediate hosts. Microdoses of cercaricides which are lethal for cercariae are not toxic for the majority of hydrobionts including fishes of all age groups. As far as the dynamics of the infection level of Bithynia with O. felineus is characterized by a one-peak curve with a distinct peak in the middle-end of July the treatment of water bodies with microdoses of cercaricides should be carried out just in this period.", "contents": "[Perspectives of the control of Opisthorchis invasion by the method of treating the molluskan population]. Sanitation of the mollusk population with highly effective cercaricide preparations can be used for the control of opisthorchosous infection. Low concentrations of molluskocides which are sublethal for non-infected mollusks have turned to be lethal for hyperinfected individuals. All tested molluskocides display a cercaricide effect in concentrations which are considerably lower than molluskocide ones. Low concentrations of cercaricides are toxic both for cercariae and parthenites from the liver of mollusks and for freely swimming cercariae. Disastrously affecting the freely swimming cercariae microdoses of cercaricides prevent the infection of the second intermediate hosts. Microdoses of cercaricides which are lethal for cercariae are not toxic for the majority of hydrobionts including fishes of all age groups. As far as the dynamics of the infection level of Bithynia with O. felineus is characterized by a one-peak curve with a distinct peak in the middle-end of July the treatment of water bodies with microdoses of cercaricides should be carried out just in this period.", "PMID": 1023141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3512", "title": "[Morphology and biology of cystophorous cercariae from the Bering sea].", "content": "Three new species of cystophorous cercariae, Cercaria appendiculata Pelseneer, 1906, C. octocauda Tschubrik, 1952 and C. saccocaudata Tschubrik, 1966, are described from the gastropod Tectonatica clausa (Broderip et Sowerby). C. saccocaudata is a larva of trematodes of the genus Lecithaster. The development of parthenites of this species carries out within one summer season. Parthenites of C. appendiculata and C. octocauda are capable to survive unfavourable winter conditions and produce cercariae in the next summer. The above three species were found to eject cercariae through the ejaculatory tube which is an important adaptation of chemiurids to the infection of the second intermediate hosts.", "contents": "[Morphology and biology of cystophorous cercariae from the Bering sea]. Three new species of cystophorous cercariae, Cercaria appendiculata Pelseneer, 1906, C. octocauda Tschubrik, 1952 and C. saccocaudata Tschubrik, 1966, are described from the gastropod Tectonatica clausa (Broderip et Sowerby). C. saccocaudata is a larva of trematodes of the genus Lecithaster. The development of parthenites of this species carries out within one summer season. Parthenites of C. appendiculata and C. octocauda are capable to survive unfavourable winter conditions and produce cercariae in the next summer. The above three species were found to eject cercariae through the ejaculatory tube which is an important adaptation of chemiurids to the infection of the second intermediate hosts.", "PMID": 1023142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3513", "title": "[Feeding behavior of Trichinella as a leading factor of adaptation to the body of the mammals].", "content": "Studies were carried out of the permeability of the cuticle of Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) for fluorochromes and histidine, the filling of the mid-gut and the amino-acids contents in it. The quantity of glicogene in different organs was estimated. A conclusion has been grown that a larva consumes food through the integuments of its body; intestinal Trichinella use within the first 20 hours of their development the reserves of glicogene and later consume food monomeres and oxygen from the host's mucous membrane through their integuments. The mode of feeding of Trichinella was formed during their evolution as an adaptation to parasitism on the mucous membrane of the host.", "contents": "[Feeding behavior of Trichinella as a leading factor of adaptation to the body of the mammals]. Studies were carried out of the permeability of the cuticle of Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) for fluorochromes and histidine, the filling of the mid-gut and the amino-acids contents in it. The quantity of glicogene in different organs was estimated. A conclusion has been grown that a larva consumes food through the integuments of its body; intestinal Trichinella use within the first 20 hours of their development the reserves of glicogene and later consume food monomeres and oxygen from the host's mucous membrane through their integuments. The mode of feeding of Trichinella was formed during their evolution as an adaptation to parasitism on the mucous membrane of the host.", "PMID": 1023143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3514", "title": "[Characteristics of acquired resistance of lambs to mature ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (experimental studies)].", "content": "A new method was employed for studies of parasite-host relationships between ixodid ticks and their hosts. It has been established that ixodid ticks are able to desensibilize the reactive sensibility of the host and to satiate themselves without unhibiting the latter. Every day and long parasitism of the ticks on cattle (in nature) and increasing doses of secretion of the ticks' saliva (sensibilizer) lead apparently to the weakening of the host's organism (desensitization). However, under laboratory conditions in hosts a resistence to bites of ixodid ticks can appear.", "contents": "[Characteristics of acquired resistance of lambs to mature ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (experimental studies)]. A new method was employed for studies of parasite-host relationships between ixodid ticks and their hosts. It has been established that ixodid ticks are able to desensibilize the reactive sensibility of the host and to satiate themselves without unhibiting the latter. Every day and long parasitism of the ticks on cattle (in nature) and increasing doses of secretion of the ticks' saliva (sensibilizer) lead apparently to the weakening of the host's organism (desensitization). However, under laboratory conditions in hosts a resistence to bites of ixodid ticks can appear.", "PMID": 1023144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3515", "title": "[Role of gamasids in the epizootiology of tularemia].", "content": "10 strains of Francisella tularensis were isolated from 4 species of gamasid mites, Laelaps muris, L. multispinosus, Hyperlaelaps amphibius and Haemolaelaps glasgowi, in natural nidi of tularemia in the Tumen district. Under experimental conditions L. muris is often infected with tularemia agent on sick animals but preserves it at an indoor temperature not more than a week and does not transmit it transovarially. Haemogamasus ambulans preserve the agent within the same period. L. muris and Hirstionyssus isabellinus do not transmit the tularemia agent to healthy animals through a bite.", "contents": "[Role of gamasids in the epizootiology of tularemia]. 10 strains of Francisella tularensis were isolated from 4 species of gamasid mites, Laelaps muris, L. multispinosus, Hyperlaelaps amphibius and Haemolaelaps glasgowi, in natural nidi of tularemia in the Tumen district. Under experimental conditions L. muris is often infected with tularemia agent on sick animals but preserves it at an indoor temperature not more than a week and does not transmit it transovarially. Haemogamasus ambulans preserve the agent within the same period. L. muris and Hirstionyssus isabellinus do not transmit the tularemia agent to healthy animals through a bite.", "PMID": 1023146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3516", "title": "[Crystals in the epithelial nuclei of the midgut of fleas].", "content": "On studying the changes in the epithelium of the midgut of Ceratophyllus tesquorum, C. laeviceps and Leptopsylla segnis intranuclear crystals were found during the process of digestion. They were recorded both from young and adult insects. The crystals were absent from nuclei of cells of regeneration nests, epithelium of the fore-intestine, any other organs or from nuclei of epithelial cells of the stomach of young non-feeding individuals. They were found neither in young nor in adult individuals of Xenopsylla conformis and Neopsylla setosa.", "contents": "[Crystals in the epithelial nuclei of the midgut of fleas]. On studying the changes in the epithelium of the midgut of Ceratophyllus tesquorum, C. laeviceps and Leptopsylla segnis intranuclear crystals were found during the process of digestion. They were recorded both from young and adult insects. The crystals were absent from nuclei of cells of regeneration nests, epithelium of the fore-intestine, any other organs or from nuclei of epithelial cells of the stomach of young non-feeding individuals. They were found neither in young nor in adult individuals of Xenopsylla conformis and Neopsylla setosa.", "PMID": 1023148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3517", "title": "[Effect of the bacterial preparation, insectin, on the fleas Xenopsylla cheopis].", "content": "The effect of 0.2-2 mg/g of insectine (Bacillus insectus) upon the Ist-IInd stage larvae of X. cheopis is very negligible but it manifests itself in the subsequent low (9 to 30%) development and hatching of imagos. The III stage larvae are more resistent and after the effect of 10 mg/g of the preparation 9% of larvae formed cocoons which later developed into imagos. Adult fleas poorly responded to 0.2-2 mg/g of insectine. However, 10-30 mg/g of insectine caused in four days a mass death of fleas and their population decreased to 70% as compared to control.", "contents": "[Effect of the bacterial preparation, insectin, on the fleas Xenopsylla cheopis]. The effect of 0.2-2 mg/g of insectine (Bacillus insectus) upon the Ist-IInd stage larvae of X. cheopis is very negligible but it manifests itself in the subsequent low (9 to 30%) development and hatching of imagos. The III stage larvae are more resistent and after the effect of 10 mg/g of the preparation 9% of larvae formed cocoons which later developed into imagos. Adult fleas poorly responded to 0.2-2 mg/g of insectine. However, 10-30 mg/g of insectine caused in four days a mass death of fleas and their population decreased to 70% as compared to control.", "PMID": 1023149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3518", "title": "[Uneven degree of aging of intestinal epithelium of hungry ticks Ixodes persulcatus].", "content": "Adult individuals of I. persulcatus are characterized by uneven assimilation of nutrients in digestive cells of the mid-gut. In the mid-gut of females and males exist simultaneously parts with different degrees of exhaustion. Physiological age of a hungry individual is determined by three items: \"main\" physiological age; degrees of exhaustion \"accompanying\" it; and, in addition, by different degrees of exhaustion of individual digestive cells in the limits of one portion of the mid-gut. Calculation of the area of the portions of the \"main\" and \"accompanying\" degrees of exhaustion has shown that the former is always maximum one. This suggests the availability of different food resources in hungry ticks of different physiological ages.", "contents": "[Uneven degree of aging of intestinal epithelium of hungry ticks Ixodes persulcatus]. Adult individuals of I. persulcatus are characterized by uneven assimilation of nutrients in digestive cells of the mid-gut. In the mid-gut of females and males exist simultaneously parts with different degrees of exhaustion. Physiological age of a hungry individual is determined by three items: \"main\" physiological age; degrees of exhaustion \"accompanying\" it; and, in addition, by different degrees of exhaustion of individual digestive cells in the limits of one portion of the mid-gut. Calculation of the area of the portions of the \"main\" and \"accompanying\" degrees of exhaustion has shown that the former is always maximum one. This suggests the availability of different food resources in hungry ticks of different physiological ages.", "PMID": 1023145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3519", "title": "[Characteristics of digestion of blood of different animals by the flea Xenopsylla cheopis].", "content": "Under experimental conditions fleas X. cheopis engorged and assimilated blood of 4 species of rodents, man, pigeon and two species of reptiles. Histological investigations have shown that the structure of food clot, destruction rate of blood  cells and general duration of digestion are changed considerably depending on the host's blood. In females the digestion of white mice blood to haematin at 23-24 degrees lasted not over 12 hours, the digestion of blood of hamsters and man - 12 to 20 hours, of guinea pigs and reptiles - 18 to 25 hours and of white rats and pigeons - from 20 to 30 hours. In males the digestion carries out somewhat slower. The above differences in blood digestion can apparently create unequal conditions for pathogenic microbes in the intestine of fleas that affects the preservation and reproduction of the agent in the organisms of these carriers.", "contents": "[Characteristics of digestion of blood of different animals by the flea Xenopsylla cheopis]. Under experimental conditions fleas X. cheopis engorged and assimilated blood of 4 species of rodents, man, pigeon and two species of reptiles. Histological investigations have shown that the structure of food clot, destruction rate of blood  cells and general duration of digestion are changed considerably depending on the host's blood. In females the digestion of white mice blood to haematin at 23-24 degrees lasted not over 12 hours, the digestion of blood of hamsters and man - 12 to 20 hours, of guinea pigs and reptiles - 18 to 25 hours and of white rats and pigeons - from 20 to 30 hours. In males the digestion carries out somewhat slower. The above differences in blood digestion can apparently create unequal conditions for pathogenic microbes in the intestine of fleas that affects the preservation and reproduction of the agent in the organisms of these carriers.", "PMID": 1023147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3520", "title": "[Study of heat denaturation of collagen dispersions by a method of IR-spectroscopy].", "content": "Infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the kinetics of deuterium exchange in collagen films prepared from its 0.5% dispersions obtained from cattle tendons and healed at 25--100 degrees C for 30 min. The temperature relationships to the denaturation degree and time of deuterium exchange suggested that an almost complete heat denaturation of dispersions can be achieved at 31.5 degrees C. The temperature of semi-denaturation of dispersions was 28.5--29.0 degrees. The occurrence of intact supermolecular aggregates of collagen molecules in its dispersions had no effect on the system resistance to heat denaturation.", "contents": "[Study of heat denaturation of collagen dispersions by a method of IR-spectroscopy]. Infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the kinetics of deuterium exchange in collagen films prepared from its 0.5% dispersions obtained from cattle tendons and healed at 25--100 degrees C for 30 min. The temperature relationships to the denaturation degree and time of deuterium exchange suggested that an almost complete heat denaturation of dispersions can be achieved at 31.5 degrees C. The temperature of semi-denaturation of dispersions was 28.5--29.0 degrees. The occurrence of intact supermolecular aggregates of collagen molecules in its dispersions had no effect on the system resistance to heat denaturation.", "PMID": 1023175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3521", "title": "[Erythrocytometric indicators of peripheral blood in hypothyroidism before and after treatment].", "content": "In studying the erythrocytometric peripheral blood indices in patients with hypothyroidism there was revealed an increase of the mean diameter, mean volume and thickness of the red blood cells. There was revealed that in the process of 4-week replacement therapy with lyothyronine-2-hydrochloride the patients with mild and moderately severe affection displayed an increase of the mean diameter of erythrocytes, a reduction of their thickness and volume and a fall of microcyte count. As to the patients with severe hypothyroidism--they show no significant dynamics of the erythrocytometric indices after one month of treatment.", "contents": "[Erythrocytometric indicators of peripheral blood in hypothyroidism before and after treatment]. In studying the erythrocytometric peripheral blood indices in patients with hypothyroidism there was revealed an increase of the mean diameter, mean volume and thickness of the red blood cells. There was revealed that in the process of 4-week replacement therapy with lyothyronine-2-hydrochloride the patients with mild and moderately severe affection displayed an increase of the mean diameter of erythrocytes, a reduction of their thickness and volume and a fall of microcyte count. As to the patients with severe hypothyroidism--they show no significant dynamics of the erythrocytometric indices after one month of treatment.", "PMID": 1023178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3522", "title": "[Osteoarticular changes in the feet in diabetes mellitus according to the data of roentgenological examination].", "content": "In roentgenological examination of 40 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus bone and articular changes were revealed in 65% of cases. They were equally incident in patients of both sexes. These changes did not depend directly on the severity and duration of diabetes mellitus, although they were more frequent in persons with the widespread micro- and macroangiopathies and other complications of this disease. A case of osteoarthropathy occurring in a young patient given no antidiabetic treatment for a period of several years is presented.", "contents": "[Osteoarticular changes in the feet in diabetes mellitus according to the data of roentgenological examination]. In roentgenological examination of 40 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus bone and articular changes were revealed in 65% of cases. They were equally incident in patients of both sexes. These changes did not depend directly on the severity and duration of diabetes mellitus, although they were more frequent in persons with the widespread micro- and macroangiopathies and other complications of this disease. A case of osteoarthropathy occurring in a young patient given no antidiabetic treatment for a period of several years is presented.", "PMID": 1023176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3523", "title": "[Gastrointestinal tract in diseases of the adrenal cortex].", "content": "Clinico-roentgenological study of the gastrointestinal tract was carried out in 86 patients with diseases of the adrenal cortex. A hyperplastic relief of the gastric mucosa was revealed in the adreno-genital syndrome, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, androsteroma and glucosteroma; the relief was hypoplastic in Addison's disease. Ulcerative lesions found in Addison's disease were erosive and associated with the corticosteroid therapy instituted. Functional changes in small intestine in Itsenko--Cushing's disease, glucosteroma and Addison's disease were chiefly hypomotor-hypotonic in character, and in the adreno-genital syndrome and androsteromas--hypermotor-normotonic. Electrogastrography revealed different disturbances in the rhythm and amplitude of oscillations in the gastric biopotentials pointing to the changes in the vegetative innervation.", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal tract in diseases of the adrenal cortex]. Clinico-roentgenological study of the gastrointestinal tract was carried out in 86 patients with diseases of the adrenal cortex. A hyperplastic relief of the gastric mucosa was revealed in the adreno-genital syndrome, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, androsteroma and glucosteroma; the relief was hypoplastic in Addison's disease. Ulcerative lesions found in Addison's disease were erosive and associated with the corticosteroid therapy instituted. Functional changes in small intestine in Itsenko--Cushing's disease, glucosteroma and Addison's disease were chiefly hypomotor-hypotonic in character, and in the adreno-genital syndrome and androsteromas--hypermotor-normotonic. Electrogastrography revealed different disturbances in the rhythm and amplitude of oscillations in the gastric biopotentials pointing to the changes in the vegetative innervation.", "PMID": 1023179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3524", "title": "[State of the muscular blood circulation in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "With the aid of Xe133 injected into the anterior tibial muscle a study was made of the state of muscular circulation in 50 patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus and in 23 patients after the compensation of the disease was reached. There was a marked reduction of the muscular circulation in the majority of the patients at rest and also a fall of the adaptive possibilities of the vessels in response to the physical loading under conditions of artificially induced ischemia. Compensation of diabetes against the background of complex therapy (vasodilating, antisclerotic, lipotropic agents, polyvitamins, potassium salts) promoted but an insignificant improvement of the circulation at rest. The extent of disturbances of the muscular circulation depended on the severity, the character of the course of the disease, the patient's age, and the presence of vascular affections. Adaptive possiblities of the vessels in diabetic patients became more pronounced with the development of hypertension. The character of diabetes treatment produced no significant influence on the extent of the circulatory disturbances in the muscles.", "contents": "[State of the muscular blood circulation in diabetes mellitus]. With the aid of Xe133 injected into the anterior tibial muscle a study was made of the state of muscular circulation in 50 patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus and in 23 patients after the compensation of the disease was reached. There was a marked reduction of the muscular circulation in the majority of the patients at rest and also a fall of the adaptive possibilities of the vessels in response to the physical loading under conditions of artificially induced ischemia. Compensation of diabetes against the background of complex therapy (vasodilating, antisclerotic, lipotropic agents, polyvitamins, potassium salts) promoted but an insignificant improvement of the circulation at rest. The extent of disturbances of the muscular circulation depended on the severity, the character of the course of the disease, the patient's age, and the presence of vascular affections. Adaptive possiblities of the vessels in diabetic patients became more pronounced with the development of hypertension. The character of diabetes treatment produced no significant influence on the extent of the circulatory disturbances in the muscles.", "PMID": 1023180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3525", "title": "[LH, FSH and progesterone level in the blood plasma of women with normal menstrual cycle].", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH), folliculostimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone were studied by the radioimmunoassay in a group of 10 women throughout a normal menstrual cycle. The LH and the FSH peak occurs at the middle of the cycle. At the early follicular phase the FSH level was higher than that of the LH. During the follicular and the lutein phases the plasma progesterone level was 0.65 +/- 0.12 ng/ml and 12.4 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, respectively. The laboratory criteria of the normal ovular cycle are: a) a mid-cycle LH peak; b) plasma progesterone level at the lutein phase were 10-15 times greater than at the follicular one; c) progesterone peak at the mid-lutein phase; d) the duration of the lutein phase of 12-15 days.", "contents": "[LH, FSH and progesterone level in the blood plasma of women with normal menstrual cycle]. Luteinizing hormone (LH), folliculostimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone were studied by the radioimmunoassay in a group of 10 women throughout a normal menstrual cycle. The LH and the FSH peak occurs at the middle of the cycle. At the early follicular phase the FSH level was higher than that of the LH. During the follicular and the lutein phases the plasma progesterone level was 0.65 +/- 0.12 ng/ml and 12.4 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, respectively. The laboratory criteria of the normal ovular cycle are: a) a mid-cycle LH peak; b) plasma progesterone level at the lutein phase were 10-15 times greater than at the follicular one; c) progesterone peak at the mid-lutein phase; d) the duration of the lutein phase of 12-15 days.", "PMID": 1023181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3526", "title": "[Change in calorimetric indicators of energy metabolism and thermoregulation reaction in obese albino rats].", "content": "A study was made of the changes in the calorimetric indices of the energy metabolism (heat emission, \"direct\" thermoproduction and body temperature) in albino rats with adiposity due to overfeeding and ovariectomy. From the age of 4 months an additional feeding of highly caloric food to normal and ovariectomized animals led to a marked and significant gain in weight. There were marked quantitative changes in the calorimetric indices and the reaction of thermoregulation expressed both in a significant reduction of the initial values of thermal emission, heat production and body temperature, and in the chnages of the reactive peculiarities of heat exchange: reduction of heat emission, diminished accretion of heat production and of the rate of restoration of body temperature after functional \"cold\" test--in comparison with such in normal animals.", "contents": "[Change in calorimetric indicators of energy metabolism and thermoregulation reaction in obese albino rats]. A study was made of the changes in the calorimetric indices of the energy metabolism (heat emission, \"direct\" thermoproduction and body temperature) in albino rats with adiposity due to overfeeding and ovariectomy. From the age of 4 months an additional feeding of highly caloric food to normal and ovariectomized animals led to a marked and significant gain in weight. There were marked quantitative changes in the calorimetric indices and the reaction of thermoregulation expressed both in a significant reduction of the initial values of thermal emission, heat production and body temperature, and in the chnages of the reactive peculiarities of heat exchange: reduction of heat emission, diminished accretion of heat production and of the rate of restoration of body temperature after functional \"cold\" test--in comparison with such in normal animals.", "PMID": 1023185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3527", "title": "[Immunoreactive insulin in the blood of pregnant women with different disorders of glucose tolerance].", "content": "The authors studied the content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 57 pregnant women at various periods of pregnancy and in 10 nonpregnant women at the same age. There proved to be a significant increase in IRI in the blood on fasting stomach and during the GTT in all the pregnant women examined. In the pregnant women with doubtful GTT results and latent diabetes the IRI content was significantly greater than in healthy nonpregnant women and in the diabetic women. There was a tendency to the increase of IRI content in the blood of pregnant women with an excessive weight in comparison with the pregnant women with a normal weight.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive insulin in the blood of pregnant women with different disorders of glucose tolerance]. The authors studied the content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 57 pregnant women at various periods of pregnancy and in 10 nonpregnant women at the same age. There proved to be a significant increase in IRI in the blood on fasting stomach and during the GTT in all the pregnant women examined. In the pregnant women with doubtful GTT results and latent diabetes the IRI content was significantly greater than in healthy nonpregnant women and in the diabetic women. There was a tendency to the increase of IRI content in the blood of pregnant women with an excessive weight in comparison with the pregnant women with a normal weight.", "PMID": 1023187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3528", "title": "[Determination of Stokes' radii of the cytoplasmic receptor molecules for estradiol in various organs of rats].", "content": "A method of gel-filtration of Sepharose 6B was used; Stoke's radii (a) of some forms of cytoplasmic receptors of estrogens of the uterus, kidneys, and the liver of male and female rats were determined. In the initial cytozol in elution with buffer of low ionic strength estrogenic uterine receptors were presented chiefly by the form with a congruent to 70A, and the receptors of the male and female kidneys--by the form with a congruent to 30 A; receptors of the liver of males and females were represented by both forms, in females the content of the form with a congruent to 70 A somewhat exceeded the content of the form with a congruent to 30 A. At the same time in the males the form with a congruent to 30 A prevailed. In elution with a buffer of a high ionic strength the receptors of all the organs under study eluated with a congruent to 20--26 A. Formation of a form with a congruent 20--26 A in case of receptors of the liver of males and the uterus was reversible under the action of a high salt concentration. Receptors of all the organs under study were capable of forming Ca2+-stabilized form with a congruent to 35 A in elution with a buffer of low ionic power and a congruent to 21-26 A in elution with a buffer of high ionic strength.", "contents": "[Determination of Stokes' radii of the cytoplasmic receptor molecules for estradiol in various organs of rats]. A method of gel-filtration of Sepharose 6B was used; Stoke's radii (a) of some forms of cytoplasmic receptors of estrogens of the uterus, kidneys, and the liver of male and female rats were determined. In the initial cytozol in elution with buffer of low ionic strength estrogenic uterine receptors were presented chiefly by the form with a congruent to 70A, and the receptors of the male and female kidneys--by the form with a congruent to 30 A; receptors of the liver of males and females were represented by both forms, in females the content of the form with a congruent to 70 A somewhat exceeded the content of the form with a congruent to 30 A. At the same time in the males the form with a congruent to 30 A prevailed. In elution with a buffer of a high ionic strength the receptors of all the organs under study eluated with a congruent to 20--26 A. Formation of a form with a congruent 20--26 A in case of receptors of the liver of males and the uterus was reversible under the action of a high salt concentration. Receptors of all the organs under study were capable of forming Ca2+-stabilized form with a congruent to 35 A in elution with a buffer of low ionic power and a congruent to 21-26 A in elution with a buffer of high ionic strength.", "PMID": 1023186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3529", "title": "[Effect of epiphysectomy on the circadian rhythm of the glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen and gestagen functions of the endocrine organs].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on intact, pseudoectomized and epiphysectomized Wistar rats (male and female) with the following illumination regimen: light--10 hours, darkness--14 hours. By the method of competitive protein binding and by fluorimetry a determination was made of the blood content of corticosterone, estrogens, androgens and gestagens. The peripheral blood content of the hormones under study in the intact animals corresponded to literature data. In comparison with the intact animals epiphysectomy changed the circadian rhythm of the blood corticosterone (11-OCS) level. In comparison with the pseudoepiphysectomized animals, in the epiphysectomized animals the progesterone content fell significantly at 6 a.m., at noon, and at 6 p.m. In comparison with the intact group, under the effect of epiphysectomy estrogen and androgen content increased at almost all the observation hours.", "contents": "[Effect of epiphysectomy on the circadian rhythm of the glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen and gestagen functions of the endocrine organs]. Investigations were carried out on intact, pseudoectomized and epiphysectomized Wistar rats (male and female) with the following illumination regimen: light--10 hours, darkness--14 hours. By the method of competitive protein binding and by fluorimetry a determination was made of the blood content of corticosterone, estrogens, androgens and gestagens. The peripheral blood content of the hormones under study in the intact animals corresponded to literature data. In comparison with the intact animals epiphysectomy changed the circadian rhythm of the blood corticosterone (11-OCS) level. In comparison with the pseudoepiphysectomized animals, in the epiphysectomized animals the progesterone content fell significantly at 6 a.m., at noon, and at 6 p.m. In comparison with the intact group, under the effect of epiphysectomy estrogen and androgen content increased at almost all the observation hours.", "PMID": 1023188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3530", "title": "[Humoral factors in the regulation of the natriuretic function of the kidneys].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on dogs. Intravenous injection of adrenalin (1--2 Mg/kg/min) caused an increase in the blood renin content and a reduction of the renal excretion of sodium, potassium and water. Noradrenaline (1--2 Mg/kg/min) produced the contrary changes in the renin secretion and diuresis, this being associated with a different activity of catecholamines in respect to tha alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors. It is supposed that in acute hemodynamic shifts renin could play the role of intrarenal mediator of the natriuretic reaction.", "contents": "[Humoral factors in the regulation of the natriuretic function of the kidneys]. Acute experiments were conducted on dogs. Intravenous injection of adrenalin (1--2 Mg/kg/min) caused an increase in the blood renin content and a reduction of the renal excretion of sodium, potassium and water. Noradrenaline (1--2 Mg/kg/min) produced the contrary changes in the renin secretion and diuresis, this being associated with a different activity of catecholamines in respect to tha alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors. It is supposed that in acute hemodynamic shifts renin could play the role of intrarenal mediator of the natriuretic reaction.", "PMID": 1023189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3531", "title": "The natural history of prostatic cancer.", "content": "There are inner and outer gland groups in the human prostate. Benign nodular hyperplasia develops from the inner group of glands. Cancer develops from the outer gland group and consequently spreads beyond the prostate at an early stage in the disease. The biological malignancy of prostatic cancer varies from patient to patient and from part to part of the same tumor. Some tumors remain biologically inactive or latent so that there must be some naturally-occurring factor which controls tumor growth in these cases. Prostatic cancer patients may be divided into groups which differ in their response to endocrine treatment. These differences in response may be due to changes in the host or in the tumor cells. The temporary state of tumor retardation or latency follows endocrine treatment - generally anti-androgenic - in about 70 - 80% of all cases of prostatic cancer, but whatever form of treatment is used, about 75% of all cases die within 3 years. Even in tumors which show a marked response, endocrine treatment does not destroy all tumor cells. Hormone sensitivity therefore is not a property of the tumor as a whole but may vary from part to part of the same tumor. We need adequate well controlled clinical trials before we can decide which method of teatment is best but before we can do this satisfactorily we need methods to allow us to assess the stage and biological activity of individual tumors, before treatment begins.", "contents": "The natural history of prostatic cancer. There are inner and outer gland groups in the human prostate. Benign nodular hyperplasia develops from the inner group of glands. Cancer develops from the outer gland group and consequently spreads beyond the prostate at an early stage in the disease. The biological malignancy of prostatic cancer varies from patient to patient and from part to part of the same tumor. Some tumors remain biologically inactive or latent so that there must be some naturally-occurring factor which controls tumor growth in these cases. Prostatic cancer patients may be divided into groups which differ in their response to endocrine treatment. These differences in response may be due to changes in the host or in the tumor cells. The temporary state of tumor retardation or latency follows endocrine treatment - generally anti-androgenic - in about 70 - 80% of all cases of prostatic cancer, but whatever form of treatment is used, about 75% of all cases die within 3 years. Even in tumors which show a marked response, endocrine treatment does not destroy all tumor cells. Hormone sensitivity therefore is not a property of the tumor as a whole but may vary from part to part of the same tumor. We need adequate well controlled clinical trials before we can decide which method of teatment is best but before we can do this satisfactorily we need methods to allow us to assess the stage and biological activity of individual tumors, before treatment begins.", "PMID": 1023204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3532", "title": "Radiotherapy of prostatic cancer.", "content": "The methods of treatment and the general guidelines in the treatment of prostatic cancer are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon treatment planning with the help of ultrasonography and the use of high energy photons.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of prostatic cancer. The methods of treatment and the general guidelines in the treatment of prostatic cancer are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon treatment planning with the help of ultrasonography and the use of high energy photons.", "PMID": 1023211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3533", "title": "Evaluation of prostatic cytology in primary diagnosis and clinical course of prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Franz\u00e9n's method of transrectal aspiration biopsy, capable of being performed without narcosis or hospitalization of the patient, is an ideal method of early recognition of prostatic carcinoma, and its reliability is equal to the more elaborate transrectal or transperineal needle biopsy. For the appraisal of the local therapy-effect, transrectal aspiration biopsy can be successfully used if no high-voltage radiation treatment of the primary tumour has been administered. For local progress-checks on radiologically treated prostatic carcinomas, however, needle biopsy with the Tru-Cut needle is clearly superior to aspiration biopsy. Cytologic and histologic progress-checks reveal that the local therapy-effect of the measures were applied were directly dependent on the primary degree of differentiation. No improvement in the therapy-effect is to be achieved by the use of high-voltage radiation, especially in cases of undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate. The clinical course is also largely determined by the primary degree of differentiation, and 20 % of stage C patients tend, with or without radiation-treatment, to rapid metastasisation, although the local tumour may have partically disappeared after such treatment. The plasmatestosterone level could be related neither to the local therapy-effect nor to the clinical course, whereas the enzyme-status in numerous cases coincided with the clinical history, though not with the cytologically or histologically determined therapy-effect. We could not establish any radiologically induced typical therapy-effect on the prostatic carcinoma either by cytological or histologic means.", "contents": "Evaluation of prostatic cytology in primary diagnosis and clinical course of prostatic carcinoma. Franz\u00e9n's method of transrectal aspiration biopsy, capable of being performed without narcosis or hospitalization of the patient, is an ideal method of early recognition of prostatic carcinoma, and its reliability is equal to the more elaborate transrectal or transperineal needle biopsy. For the appraisal of the local therapy-effect, transrectal aspiration biopsy can be successfully used if no high-voltage radiation treatment of the primary tumour has been administered. For local progress-checks on radiologically treated prostatic carcinomas, however, needle biopsy with the Tru-Cut needle is clearly superior to aspiration biopsy. Cytologic and histologic progress-checks reveal that the local therapy-effect of the measures were applied were directly dependent on the primary degree of differentiation. No improvement in the therapy-effect is to be achieved by the use of high-voltage radiation, especially in cases of undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate. The clinical course is also largely determined by the primary degree of differentiation, and 20 % of stage C patients tend, with or without radiation-treatment, to rapid metastasisation, although the local tumour may have partically disappeared after such treatment. The plasmatestosterone level could be related neither to the local therapy-effect nor to the clinical course, whereas the enzyme-status in numerous cases coincided with the clinical history, though not with the cytologically or histologically determined therapy-effect. We could not establish any radiologically induced typical therapy-effect on the prostatic carcinoma either by cytological or histologic means.", "PMID": 1023215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3534", "title": "Effects of food restriction and mutation on central catecholamine levels in genetically obese mice.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hypothalamus and telencephalon of genetically obese mice with the OBOB and DBDB mutations are significantly higher than those of their lean littermates. Obese mice with the viable yellow mutation failed to show this increase. Restricting the diets of OBOB animals to prevent excessive weight gain does not affect NE levels in the hypothalamus, telencephalon or brainstem.", "contents": "Effects of food restriction and mutation on central catecholamine levels in genetically obese mice. Norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hypothalamus and telencephalon of genetically obese mice with the OBOB and DBDB mutations are significantly higher than those of their lean littermates. Obese mice with the viable yellow mutation failed to show this increase. Restricting the diets of OBOB animals to prevent excessive weight gain does not affect NE levels in the hypothalamus, telencephalon or brainstem.", "PMID": 1023229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3535", "title": "Actions of repeated injections of LSD and apomorphine on the copulatory response of female rats.", "content": "LSD, a serotonin receptor stimulating agent, inhibits copulatory behavior (lordosis response) in the ovariectomized and estrogen + progesterone treated female rat. The same effect is obtained by apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulating compounds. The lordosis has been shown to be dependent on serotonin, but also dopamine has been implicated in its mediation. Tolerance develops to certain responses after repeated injections of LSD and in the present study the influence of apomorphine and LSD was compared, when given in repeated doses. Possible cross-tolerance between the two compounds was also tested on the frequency of lordosis responding in ovariectomized and hormone treated female rats. Tolerance to LSD develops over seven days, while the suppressing influence of apomorphine on lordosis in seven repeated doses is not significantly altered from that of a single dose. No cross-tolerance was observed on the lordosis response with either order of treatments. Repeated doses of LSD did not influence locomotor activity differently from a single dose, while repeated doses of apomorphine enhanced this response in comparison with the effect of an acute dose. These results indicate differential sensitivity to the repeated treatments and further support an interpretation of the LSD effects on lordosis responding to be primarily on serotonergic rather than dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "Actions of repeated injections of LSD and apomorphine on the copulatory response of female rats. LSD, a serotonin receptor stimulating agent, inhibits copulatory behavior (lordosis response) in the ovariectomized and estrogen + progesterone treated female rat. The same effect is obtained by apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulating compounds. The lordosis has been shown to be dependent on serotonin, but also dopamine has been implicated in its mediation. Tolerance develops to certain responses after repeated injections of LSD and in the present study the influence of apomorphine and LSD was compared, when given in repeated doses. Possible cross-tolerance between the two compounds was also tested on the frequency of lordosis responding in ovariectomized and hormone treated female rats. Tolerance to LSD develops over seven days, while the suppressing influence of apomorphine on lordosis in seven repeated doses is not significantly altered from that of a single dose. No cross-tolerance was observed on the lordosis response with either order of treatments. Repeated doses of LSD did not influence locomotor activity differently from a single dose, while repeated doses of apomorphine enhanced this response in comparison with the effect of an acute dose. These results indicate differential sensitivity to the repeated treatments and further support an interpretation of the LSD effects on lordosis responding to be primarily on serotonergic rather than dopaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 1023230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3536", "title": "Drinking induced by parenteral injections of pilocarpine.", "content": "Parenteral (IP) injections of pilocarpine, in doses from 3.75 - 30 mg/kg, reliably produced drinking in water-satiated rats. This effect was not diminished by pretreatment with either centrally active (scopolaime, atropine) or peripherally active (methyl scopolamine, methyl atropine) cholinergic blocking agents, suggesting that pilocarpine does not induce drinking via a cholingergic meachnism. Repated injections of low doses, but not high doses, of pilocarpine augments drinking over trials.", "contents": "Drinking induced by parenteral injections of pilocarpine. Parenteral (IP) injections of pilocarpine, in doses from 3.75 - 30 mg/kg, reliably produced drinking in water-satiated rats. This effect was not diminished by pretreatment with either centrally active (scopolaime, atropine) or peripherally active (methyl scopolamine, methyl atropine) cholinergic blocking agents, suggesting that pilocarpine does not induce drinking via a cholingergic meachnism. Repated injections of low doses, but not high doses, of pilocarpine augments drinking over trials.", "PMID": 1023231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3537", "title": "Marijuana and memory impairment: the effect of retrieval cues on free recall.", "content": "In an attempt to ascertain the effect of retrieval cues on recall deficits which occur following intoxication with marijuana, 40 male volunteers were presented with word lists following the smoking of a single one gram marijuana (0.94% delta 9 -THC) or placebo cigarette and then were required to recall these words immediately after presentation. Recall occurred under a condition in which cues representative of to-be-remembered words were present or in an uncued condition. Results indicated that recall was depressed following marijuana administration under both cued and uncued conditions with cues being only mildly effective in reversing the recall deficit. There was no increase in the number of internal intrusions under marijuana, but the number of external intrusions was significantly elevated under the cued conditions.", "contents": "Marijuana and memory impairment: the effect of retrieval cues on free recall. In an attempt to ascertain the effect of retrieval cues on recall deficits which occur following intoxication with marijuana, 40 male volunteers were presented with word lists following the smoking of a single one gram marijuana (0.94% delta 9 -THC) or placebo cigarette and then were required to recall these words immediately after presentation. Recall occurred under a condition in which cues representative of to-be-remembered words were present or in an uncued condition. Results indicated that recall was depressed following marijuana administration under both cued and uncued conditions with cues being only mildly effective in reversing the recall deficit. There was no increase in the number of internal intrusions under marijuana, but the number of external intrusions was significantly elevated under the cued conditions.", "PMID": 1023232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3538", "title": "Does tolerance develop to low doses of d- and l-amphetamine on locomotor activity in rats?", "content": "An observational study of the behavioural effects of chronic regimens of d- and l-amphetamine was designed to investigate possible mechanisms underlying any parallel behavioural changes: (1) Accumulation of p-hydroxynorephedrine in noradrenergic nerve terminals; (2) Altered sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors. The study revealed that locomotor activity seen with low doses of both isomers (2.0 mg/kg d- and 6.0 mg/kg l-) decreased with chronic once daily treatment. However, this was accompanied by an increase in directed sniffing activity and the behaviour came to resemble that seen with higher doses of amphetamine (8.0 mg/kg d- and 16.0 mg/kg l-). Nonsignificant decreases in locomotor activity and increases in directed sniffing to apomorphine administration were observed during chronic amphetamine treatment. These findings suggest that (1) p-hydroxynorephedrine, a metabolite of d- but not 1- amphetamine, does not play an important role in these alterations in behaviour with chronic treatment and (2) the tolerance to amphetamine observed under these conditions is due to an increased, rather than decreased, sensitivity of the rats to amphetamine.", "contents": "Does tolerance develop to low doses of d- and l-amphetamine on locomotor activity in rats? An observational study of the behavioural effects of chronic regimens of d- and l-amphetamine was designed to investigate possible mechanisms underlying any parallel behavioural changes: (1) Accumulation of p-hydroxynorephedrine in noradrenergic nerve terminals; (2) Altered sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors. The study revealed that locomotor activity seen with low doses of both isomers (2.0 mg/kg d- and 6.0 mg/kg l-) decreased with chronic once daily treatment. However, this was accompanied by an increase in directed sniffing activity and the behaviour came to resemble that seen with higher doses of amphetamine (8.0 mg/kg d- and 16.0 mg/kg l-). Nonsignificant decreases in locomotor activity and increases in directed sniffing to apomorphine administration were observed during chronic amphetamine treatment. These findings suggest that (1) p-hydroxynorephedrine, a metabolite of d- but not 1- amphetamine, does not play an important role in these alterations in behaviour with chronic treatment and (2) the tolerance to amphetamine observed under these conditions is due to an increased, rather than decreased, sensitivity of the rats to amphetamine.", "PMID": 1023233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3539", "title": "Effects of response requirement upon human sedative self-administration and drug-seeking behavior.", "content": "Five male volunteers with histories of sedative drug abuse were given the opportunity to self-administer up to 20 oral doses per day of either diazepam (10 mg per dose) or sodium pentobarbital (30 mg per dose). Each dose was purchased with tokens earned by exercising on a stationary exercise bicycle. Each two minutes of exercise earned one token. In a mixed order across days the number of tokens required to purchase each dose was varied among 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10. Drug intake decreased as a function of increased response requirement for purchasing the drug. Response output for drug tended to be an inverted-U shaped function of the response requirement. Thus, the cost of drug doses act as a powerful environmental influence upon both of these aspects of drug abuse behavior - amount of drug consumed and amount of drug-seeking behavior.", "contents": "Effects of response requirement upon human sedative self-administration and drug-seeking behavior. Five male volunteers with histories of sedative drug abuse were given the opportunity to self-administer up to 20 oral doses per day of either diazepam (10 mg per dose) or sodium pentobarbital (30 mg per dose). Each dose was purchased with tokens earned by exercising on a stationary exercise bicycle. Each two minutes of exercise earned one token. In a mixed order across days the number of tokens required to purchase each dose was varied among 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10. Drug intake decreased as a function of increased response requirement for purchasing the drug. Response output for drug tended to be an inverted-U shaped function of the response requirement. Thus, the cost of drug doses act as a powerful environmental influence upon both of these aspects of drug abuse behavior - amount of drug consumed and amount of drug-seeking behavior.", "PMID": 1023234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3540", "title": "Enkephalin and a potent analog facilitate maze performance after intraperitoneal administration in rats.", "content": "Met-enkephalin and its analog [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalin-NH2 were administered intraperitoneally (IP) at a dose of 80 microng/kg body weight to hungry rats which were tested over 3 days for their ability to run a complex, 12 choice Warden maze for a reward of food. Animals receiving either peptide negotiated the maze significantly (p less than 0.01) faster (74.1 and 73.5 vs. 128.8 sec) and made significantly (p less than 0.01) fewer errors (5.5 and 5.4 vs 9.1) than animals receiving the diluent vehicle. These findings did not seem to be explained by differences in appetite, thirst, olfaction, or general activity. Rats injected in a preliminary study with an analog, [D-Phe4]-Met-enkephalin, which has essentially no opiate activity appeared to run the maze as fast as rats injected with [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalin-NH2 and with just as few errors. Injection of morphine seemed to result in slower running times and more errors in the maze. These results demonstrate that enkephalin and some of its analogs can exert significant behavioral changes after IP administration and that these behavioral effects probably can be dissociated from the opiate effects.", "contents": "Enkephalin and a potent analog facilitate maze performance after intraperitoneal administration in rats. Met-enkephalin and its analog [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalin-NH2 were administered intraperitoneally (IP) at a dose of 80 microng/kg body weight to hungry rats which were tested over 3 days for their ability to run a complex, 12 choice Warden maze for a reward of food. Animals receiving either peptide negotiated the maze significantly (p less than 0.01) faster (74.1 and 73.5 vs. 128.8 sec) and made significantly (p less than 0.01) fewer errors (5.5 and 5.4 vs 9.1) than animals receiving the diluent vehicle. These findings did not seem to be explained by differences in appetite, thirst, olfaction, or general activity. Rats injected in a preliminary study with an analog, [D-Phe4]-Met-enkephalin, which has essentially no opiate activity appeared to run the maze as fast as rats injected with [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalin-NH2 and with just as few errors. Injection of morphine seemed to result in slower running times and more errors in the maze. These results demonstrate that enkephalin and some of its analogs can exert significant behavioral changes after IP administration and that these behavioral effects probably can be dissociated from the opiate effects.", "PMID": 1023235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3541", "title": "Cocaine and morphine self-administration: effects of differential rearing.", "content": "Two groups of Wistar rats were reared in either enriched or impoverished conditions for 100 days postweaning. These two groups were further divided and tested for cocaine or morphine preference in a two-bottle choice (water alternative) for 16 days. Enriched and impoverished rearing has previously been found to alter emotionality, conditionability, and body weight of adult rats. Validating previous reports of differential rearing effects on body weight, the enriched animals in the present study weighed less than their litter mates reared in impoverished conditions. Animals reared in the enriched environment consumed significantly more cocaine than animals reared in an impoverished one. No significant differences were observed for morphine self-selection as a result of differential rearing.", "contents": "Cocaine and morphine self-administration: effects of differential rearing. Two groups of Wistar rats were reared in either enriched or impoverished conditions for 100 days postweaning. These two groups were further divided and tested for cocaine or morphine preference in a two-bottle choice (water alternative) for 16 days. Enriched and impoverished rearing has previously been found to alter emotionality, conditionability, and body weight of adult rats. Validating previous reports of differential rearing effects on body weight, the enriched animals in the present study weighed less than their litter mates reared in impoverished conditions. Animals reared in the enriched environment consumed significantly more cocaine than animals reared in an impoverished one. No significant differences were observed for morphine self-selection as a result of differential rearing.", "PMID": 1023236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3542", "title": "Differences in cytochrome P-450 of various strains of rats following chronic administration of pentobarbital.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 levels were analyzed in rats of two pigmented (black Long-Evans and ACI) and two albino strains (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley) following the administration of pentobarbital sodium and physiological saline. Differences between the albino vs pigmented strains were observed following injections of saline. The Fischer 344 albino strains responded similarly to the pigmented strains following a progressively increasing dose schedule of pentobarbital sodium.", "contents": "Differences in cytochrome P-450 of various strains of rats following chronic administration of pentobarbital. Cytochrome P-450 levels were analyzed in rats of two pigmented (black Long-Evans and ACI) and two albino strains (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley) following the administration of pentobarbital sodium and physiological saline. Differences between the albino vs pigmented strains were observed following injections of saline. The Fischer 344 albino strains responded similarly to the pigmented strains following a progressively increasing dose schedule of pentobarbital sodium.", "PMID": 1023237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3543", "title": "Synthesis and screening of some substituted 3.5-dioxopyrazolidines.", "content": "Seven new 3.5-dioxopyrazolidine derivatives, incorporating in their molecule a p-substituted benzoyl grouping, were synthesized. The preliminary screening of four selected compounds showed that 1-phenyl-2-[p-nitrobenzoyl]-4.4-diethyl-3.5-dioxopyrazolidine possesses a low order of antiinflammatory activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and screening of some substituted 3.5-dioxopyrazolidines. Seven new 3.5-dioxopyrazolidine derivatives, incorporating in their molecule a p-substituted benzoyl grouping, were synthesized. The preliminary screening of four selected compounds showed that 1-phenyl-2-[p-nitrobenzoyl]-4.4-diethyl-3.5-dioxopyrazolidine possesses a low order of antiinflammatory activity.", "PMID": 1023241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3544", "title": "On the solubilization properties of surfactant-polymer complexes.", "content": "Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) affect the solubilization properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). When these polymers are added to SDS solution, its solubilization power for riboflavin, khellin and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate is markedly decreased. In case of riboflavin and khellin, the polymer effect is more pronounced at high surfactant concentrations; for propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the polymer effect is inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration. On the other hand, the solubilization power of SDS towards methyl and butyl p-hydroxybenzoate is greatly enhanced by PEG or PVP. In case of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate the effect of PEG is more pronounced at high surfactant concentrations; the effect of PVP is not significantly dependent on the surfactant concentration. For butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the polymer effect decreases markedly with increasing surfactant concentration.", "contents": "On the solubilization properties of surfactant-polymer complexes. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) affect the solubilization properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). When these polymers are added to SDS solution, its solubilization power for riboflavin, khellin and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate is markedly decreased. In case of riboflavin and khellin, the polymer effect is more pronounced at high surfactant concentrations; for propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the polymer effect is inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration. On the other hand, the solubilization power of SDS towards methyl and butyl p-hydroxybenzoate is greatly enhanced by PEG or PVP. In case of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate the effect of PEG is more pronounced at high surfactant concentrations; the effect of PVP is not significantly dependent on the surfactant concentration. For butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the polymer effect decreases markedly with increasing surfactant concentration.", "PMID": 1023244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3545", "title": "Synthesis of 1.4-naphthoquinones-4-aryl(aroyl)hydrazones of potential antimicrobial activity.", "content": "The isolation of phthiocol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1.4-naphthoquinone) from the acetone-soluble fat fraction of tubercle bacilli [1, 2] and the confirmation that it had antituberculous activity against H-37 R.V. strain [20] in vitro and in mice [12], prompted the synthesis of some 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone-4-aryl(aroyl)hydrazones as possible tuberculostatic agents.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1.4-naphthoquinones-4-aryl(aroyl)hydrazones of potential antimicrobial activity. The isolation of phthiocol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1.4-naphthoquinone) from the acetone-soluble fat fraction of tubercle bacilli [1, 2] and the confirmation that it had antituberculous activity against H-37 R.V. strain [20] in vitro and in mice [12], prompted the synthesis of some 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone-4-aryl(aroyl)hydrazones as possible tuberculostatic agents.", "PMID": 1023262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3546", "title": "Polysalt flocculates as a physicochemical approach in the development of controlled-release oral pharmaceuticals.", "content": "In the field of pharmaceutical formulation, polysalt flocculates have received relatively little attention in the literature. Accordingly this investigation could be considered an approach towards the development of oral controlled release dosage forms by polysalt flocculates. The polymer selected for this study was sodium carboxymethylcellulose. This was based on the fact that it forms an insoluble complex with aluminium sulphate, which could be of value in controlling the liberation of the entrapped drug. Drug entrapment was effected by polymeric flocculation, induced by the addition of a physiologically inert electrolyte. Results of this study indicated that this approach provided a physicochemical method for controlling drug release from oral pharmaceuticals, that could be claimed to replace the earlier empirical mechanical methods.", "contents": "Polysalt flocculates as a physicochemical approach in the development of controlled-release oral pharmaceuticals. In the field of pharmaceutical formulation, polysalt flocculates have received relatively little attention in the literature. Accordingly this investigation could be considered an approach towards the development of oral controlled release dosage forms by polysalt flocculates. The polymer selected for this study was sodium carboxymethylcellulose. This was based on the fact that it forms an insoluble complex with aluminium sulphate, which could be of value in controlling the liberation of the entrapped drug. Drug entrapment was effected by polymeric flocculation, induced by the addition of a physiologically inert electrolyte. Results of this study indicated that this approach provided a physicochemical method for controlling drug release from oral pharmaceuticals, that could be claimed to replace the earlier empirical mechanical methods.", "PMID": 1023265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3547", "title": "The fate of Depogen in rats.", "content": "Studying the metabolism of Depogen in rats we have worked out a method for the purification, isolation and separation of the drug and its potential metabolites. In the basic fraction we have found the same metabolic pathway of Drotaverin published earlier by us. In the focus of our recent work was the fate of the theophylline-7-acetic acid and its eventual biotransformed products. We have stated that theophylline-7-acetic acid contrasts with the theophylline excresa in unchanged form, which has been confirmed by several methods.", "contents": "The fate of Depogen in rats. Studying the metabolism of Depogen in rats we have worked out a method for the purification, isolation and separation of the drug and its potential metabolites. In the basic fraction we have found the same metabolic pathway of Drotaverin published earlier by us. In the focus of our recent work was the fate of the theophylline-7-acetic acid and its eventual biotransformed products. We have stated that theophylline-7-acetic acid contrasts with the theophylline excresa in unchanged form, which has been confirmed by several methods.", "PMID": 1023268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3548", "title": "Pitch control and pharynx with in Twi: an electromyographic study.", "content": "The author examined electromyographic tracings from four muscles--genioglossus (GG), anterior belly of the digastric (D) sternothyroid (ST) and thyrohyoid (TH)--for 210 Twi syllables selected so as to give information on seven parameters: tense/lax vowels, long/short vowels, close/open vowels, front/back vowels, high-tone/low-tone vowels, vowels preceded by a fricative/plosive consonant and vowels preceded by a voiced/voiceless consonant, and concluded, inter alia (1) that GG and D functioned as pitch control muscles but that it is not clear why raising of the larynx should accompany an increase in pitch; (2) that GG did not play the major role in tongue root fronting that was expected of it but that we may have to consider GG to consist of at least four functional muscles; (3) that GG and D offered little evidence to support a prosodic view of vowel harmony in Twi, and (4) that features may be ranked by the muscle activity associated with them and that 'high-tone', 'fricative' and 'voiced' dominated for GG, D and ST.", "contents": "Pitch control and pharynx with in Twi: an electromyographic study. The author examined electromyographic tracings from four muscles--genioglossus (GG), anterior belly of the digastric (D) sternothyroid (ST) and thyrohyoid (TH)--for 210 Twi syllables selected so as to give information on seven parameters: tense/lax vowels, long/short vowels, close/open vowels, front/back vowels, high-tone/low-tone vowels, vowels preceded by a fricative/plosive consonant and vowels preceded by a voiced/voiceless consonant, and concluded, inter alia (1) that GG and D functioned as pitch control muscles but that it is not clear why raising of the larynx should accompany an increase in pitch; (2) that GG did not play the major role in tongue root fronting that was expected of it but that we may have to consider GG to consist of at least four functional muscles; (3) that GG and D offered little evidence to support a prosodic view of vowel harmony in Twi, and (4) that features may be ranked by the muscle activity associated with them and that 'high-tone', 'fricative' and 'voiced' dominated for GG, D and ST.", "PMID": 1023274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3549", "title": "[Statistical and dynamic analysis of crime in relation to primary dimensions in various countries].", "content": "The examination of the effects of social change on crime has experienced a revival of interest in the past decade. With the increasing availability of cross-national data such analyses are being done in a comparative perspective. The current effort is designed to examine the relationship between three variables which have been shown to be empirically and theoretically pertinent to the study of social change and crime indices. Specifically, the variables of population, gross national product per capita and political orientation are regressed on the homicide rates, property crime rates and total crime rates for a number of countries. This analysis is done statically for 1965 and dynamically, for the change in the variables from 1960 to 1965. The data for the independent variables were acquired from the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, Second Edition. The source of the dependent variables was the International Crime Statistics published by the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The problems with such data are recongized and discussed. The results indicate that in the static analysis the three variables explain a substantial amount of the variance in property crime rates and total crime rates whereas they do not explain much of the variance in the homicide rate. Gross national product per capita contributes the most to the explained variance in all the analyses. A theoretical perspective combining the ideas incorporated in control theory and in environmental opportunity theory was employed to account for the results. The results of the dynamic analyses parallel those of the static analyses, with the exception of the equation employing the total crime rate at the dependent variable. The total variance explained in this equation was significantly lower than in the static analysis for the total crime rate. Durkheim's notions of the functions of crime and the expected stability in crime rates were offered as an explanation for this finding.", "contents": "[Statistical and dynamic analysis of crime in relation to primary dimensions in various countries]. The examination of the effects of social change on crime has experienced a revival of interest in the past decade. With the increasing availability of cross-national data such analyses are being done in a comparative perspective. The current effort is designed to examine the relationship between three variables which have been shown to be empirically and theoretically pertinent to the study of social change and crime indices. Specifically, the variables of population, gross national product per capita and political orientation are regressed on the homicide rates, property crime rates and total crime rates for a number of countries. This analysis is done statically for 1965 and dynamically, for the change in the variables from 1960 to 1965. The data for the independent variables were acquired from the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, Second Edition. The source of the dependent variables was the International Crime Statistics published by the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The problems with such data are recongized and discussed. The results indicate that in the static analysis the three variables explain a substantial amount of the variance in property crime rates and total crime rates whereas they do not explain much of the variance in the homicide rate. Gross national product per capita contributes the most to the explained variance in all the analyses. A theoretical perspective combining the ideas incorporated in control theory and in environmental opportunity theory was employed to account for the results. The results of the dynamic analyses parallel those of the static analyses, with the exception of the equation employing the total crime rate at the dependent variable. The total variance explained in this equation was significantly lower than in the static analysis for the total crime rate. Durkheim's notions of the functions of crime and the expected stability in crime rates were offered as an explanation for this finding.", "PMID": 1023275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3550", "title": "[Alternative imporisonment measures in the penal legislation of the Socialist Republic of Poland].", "content": "On April 19th, 1969 the People's Poland Parliament adopted a new penal legislation consisting of a Penal Code, a Code of Criminal Procedure and an executory Penal Code, which all came into force January 1st, 1970. The distinctive peculiarity of the above mentioned Codes, as the Authors have pointed out, is that they conform to the recent political, social and economic democratization of Poland and to the structure and dynamics of delinquency in this country. In examining the measures concerning educational rehabilitation provided for by the penal law in question, the Authors have started discussing questions like restriction on personal freedom, conditional suspension of criminal procedings, supervision of the convict who has been given the benefice of conditional suspension of the execution of sentence or of conditional release and supervision of the recidivist as well as points related to warranty and postjail care. Though these measures show some similarity to those provided for by bourgeois penal legislations, they result from a quite anthithetic ideology according to which punishment has to perform a double function of defence of working-class achievements as well as of an effective rehabilitation of the convict. A detailed analysis of the theoretical premises and of the actual carrying out of these measures shows, the Authors say, that though they represent only a further stage in the development of socio-juridical progress, they are put in conformity with the criminal policy's trends and the politico-ideological contents of a socialist government. They testify therefore an actual effort to make social rehabilitation of the convict possible in that they prevent the exertion of all negative psycho-pathogenic influences of jail environment on the convict, especially in case of slight crimes. The ultimate importance of these measures is that they can be considered an articulate attempt to promote actual social rehabilitation of the convict and therefore they are a real contribution in the resolution of delinquency which is viewed in Poland, where a process of socio-political trnasformation has been recently taking place, as part of the heritage from the past bourgeois government.", "contents": "[Alternative imporisonment measures in the penal legislation of the Socialist Republic of Poland]. On April 19th, 1969 the People's Poland Parliament adopted a new penal legislation consisting of a Penal Code, a Code of Criminal Procedure and an executory Penal Code, which all came into force January 1st, 1970. The distinctive peculiarity of the above mentioned Codes, as the Authors have pointed out, is that they conform to the recent political, social and economic democratization of Poland and to the structure and dynamics of delinquency in this country. In examining the measures concerning educational rehabilitation provided for by the penal law in question, the Authors have started discussing questions like restriction on personal freedom, conditional suspension of criminal procedings, supervision of the convict who has been given the benefice of conditional suspension of the execution of sentence or of conditional release and supervision of the recidivist as well as points related to warranty and postjail care. Though these measures show some similarity to those provided for by bourgeois penal legislations, they result from a quite anthithetic ideology according to which punishment has to perform a double function of defence of working-class achievements as well as of an effective rehabilitation of the convict. A detailed analysis of the theoretical premises and of the actual carrying out of these measures shows, the Authors say, that though they represent only a further stage in the development of socio-juridical progress, they are put in conformity with the criminal policy's trends and the politico-ideological contents of a socialist government. They testify therefore an actual effort to make social rehabilitation of the convict possible in that they prevent the exertion of all negative psycho-pathogenic influences of jail environment on the convict, especially in case of slight crimes. The ultimate importance of these measures is that they can be considered an articulate attempt to promote actual social rehabilitation of the convict and therefore they are a real contribution in the resolution of delinquency which is viewed in Poland, where a process of socio-political trnasformation has been recently taking place, as part of the heritage from the past bourgeois government.", "PMID": 1023276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3551", "title": "[The decline of fertility in western europe: I. -- the appraisal (author's transl)].", "content": "The sharp decline in the number of births these last ten years is a general phenomenon in Western industrialised countries. As far as methodology is concerned, a clear distinction must be made between two concepts measuring fertility: completed fertility of successive generations, total fertility rate of successive years. The evolution of these two indicators of procreative behaviour is amazingly comparablefrom country to country, in spite of their various difference in termes of economic situation, of legislation (family allowances, contraception, abortion, divorce), predominant religion, etc...", "contents": "[The decline of fertility in western europe: I. -- the appraisal (author's transl)]. The sharp decline in the number of births these last ten years is a general phenomenon in Western industrialised countries. As far as methodology is concerned, a clear distinction must be made between two concepts measuring fertility: completed fertility of successive generations, total fertility rate of successive years. The evolution of these two indicators of procreative behaviour is amazingly comparablefrom country to country, in spite of their various difference in termes of economic situation, of legislation (family allowances, contraception, abortion, divorce), predominant religion, etc...", "PMID": 1023279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3552", "title": "[Penal institutions in Porto Azzuro].", "content": "Prior to describing the environmental and human situation of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, the Author devotes a chapter to the historical part and gives an outline of the most important events that, in 1600 or thereabouts, led to the construction of the Fort S. Giacoma (where the penitentiary is presently sited), which, after a number of vicissitudes and transfers of title, was finally destined for use, in 1900, as a prison establishment. The subsequent and, in particular, the recent building re-structurations, have radically changed the penitentiary in order to make it more in line with the functions required by the present prison policy. After describing the establishment's setup, which includes many institutes, the Author passes on to consider the problems of personnel and, in particular, of the military staff. In the central chapter on intramural life, he makes an in-depth review of the methods and means of treatment, some of which are proper of this particular environment. In illustrating such convicts' activities, as working, leisure time, education, relationship with the extramural world, the Author lays stress on the always present objective: that directed at helping convicts re-enter social life. In conjunction with health services and religious services, the Author deals at length with the delicate moment of the \"audience\", viewed as a therapeutic means indispensiable for establishing a valid re-educational contribution. The discipline and discharges conclude the description of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, whose environment and various treatment methods in use before the implementation of the new penitentiary System, are dealt with in detail by the Author.", "contents": "[Penal institutions in Porto Azzuro]. Prior to describing the environmental and human situation of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, the Author devotes a chapter to the historical part and gives an outline of the most important events that, in 1600 or thereabouts, led to the construction of the Fort S. Giacoma (where the penitentiary is presently sited), which, after a number of vicissitudes and transfers of title, was finally destined for use, in 1900, as a prison establishment. The subsequent and, in particular, the recent building re-structurations, have radically changed the penitentiary in order to make it more in line with the functions required by the present prison policy. After describing the establishment's setup, which includes many institutes, the Author passes on to consider the problems of personnel and, in particular, of the military staff. In the central chapter on intramural life, he makes an in-depth review of the methods and means of treatment, some of which are proper of this particular environment. In illustrating such convicts' activities, as working, leisure time, education, relationship with the extramural world, the Author lays stress on the always present objective: that directed at helping convicts re-enter social life. In conjunction with health services and religious services, the Author deals at length with the delicate moment of the \"audience\", viewed as a therapeutic means indispensiable for establishing a valid re-educational contribution. The discipline and discharges conclude the description of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, whose environment and various treatment methods in use before the implementation of the new penitentiary System, are dealt with in detail by the Author.", "PMID": 1023277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3553", "title": "[Evaluation of technics used to define type 'A' pattern, in the Belgian Prevention Project of cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to define the Rosenman and Friedman type A pattern three technics where used: the Bortner scale, the Jenkins Acitivity Survey (J.A.S.) and the interview. These are part of the base-line data recorded during the screening of a belgian male population aged 40 to 59 at entry of a controlled trial for the multifactorial prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The J.A.S. and the Bortner scale are evaluated in relation to the interview. Extremes of type A and B are less prevalent in our study compared to the Western Collaborative Group Study. Both the J.A.S. and the Bortner scale are very satisfactory in predicting type A and B pattern. The Bortner scale predicts the pattern in 78% of the subjects, by the method of weighted scores. The validation of this classification method, on a second sample, gives an accurate classification in 75% of the subjects. The J.A.S. predicts, the pattern in relation to the interview in 78% of the subjects; again the validation of the classification method, on a second sample, gives a correct classification in 70% of the subjects.", "contents": "[Evaluation of technics used to define type 'A' pattern, in the Belgian Prevention Project of cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)]. In order to define the Rosenman and Friedman type A pattern three technics where used: the Bortner scale, the Jenkins Acitivity Survey (J.A.S.) and the interview. These are part of the base-line data recorded during the screening of a belgian male population aged 40 to 59 at entry of a controlled trial for the multifactorial prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The J.A.S. and the Bortner scale are evaluated in relation to the interview. Extremes of type A and B are less prevalent in our study compared to the Western Collaborative Group Study. Both the J.A.S. and the Bortner scale are very satisfactory in predicting type A and B pattern. The Bortner scale predicts the pattern in 78% of the subjects, by the method of weighted scores. The validation of this classification method, on a second sample, gives an accurate classification in 75% of the subjects. The J.A.S. predicts, the pattern in relation to the interview in 78% of the subjects; again the validation of the classification method, on a second sample, gives a correct classification in 70% of the subjects.", "PMID": 1023282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3554", "title": "[Genetical and epidemiological study of uricaemia in a Pyrenean population. (Region of Sault - Pyr\u00e9r\u00e9es audoises) (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum uric acid levels were determined in 229 individuals of Rodome and 127 individuals of Camurace, in the french Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es. The difference of average levels between these two populations was found to be due very likely to different way of life. Intra-familial correlations suggest a greater importance of environmental than genetic factors on serum uric acid levels.", "contents": "[Genetical and epidemiological study of uricaemia in a Pyrenean population. (Region of Sault - Pyr\u00e9r\u00e9es audoises) (author's transl)]. Serum uric acid levels were determined in 229 individuals of Rodome and 127 individuals of Camurace, in the french Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es. The difference of average levels between these two populations was found to be due very likely to different way of life. Intra-familial correlations suggest a greater importance of environmental than genetic factors on serum uric acid levels.", "PMID": 1023280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3555", "title": "[New results on the phage typing of Yersinia enterocolitica, concerning more of 4 000 strains of various origins (author's transl)].", "content": "1) The phage typing of Y. enterocolitica has been made on more than 4,000 strains of various origins by means of 2 sets of phages. The 1st one, composed of 12 phages extracted from lysogenic strains of the same species has permitted to distinguish 10 phages types numbered from I to VIII and from IXa to IXb among the 3,323 lysotypable strains on the 4,366 examinated. 2) The search of the beta-galactosidase has differentiated the phage type IXa in its 2 varieties, the IXa 1, beta-galactosidase negative and the IXa 2, beta-galactosidase positive. 3) The 1,043 untypable strains by the 1st set were forming 2 very different groups. One of them, the X was insensitive to the 12 phages of the 1st set; the other XI, showed such a variety of lytic reactions to the phages of the 1st set that it was impossible to consider the rare samples of each of them as phage types. 4) The group X, submitted to a \"complementary phage typing\" by means of a second set of phages isolated from sewage water, has been subdivised into about 20 undergroups, from which only, 7 have been studies up to now, numbered from X 1 to X 7...", "contents": "[New results on the phage typing of Yersinia enterocolitica, concerning more of 4 000 strains of various origins (author's transl)]. 1) The phage typing of Y. enterocolitica has been made on more than 4,000 strains of various origins by means of 2 sets of phages. The 1st one, composed of 12 phages extracted from lysogenic strains of the same species has permitted to distinguish 10 phages types numbered from I to VIII and from IXa to IXb among the 3,323 lysotypable strains on the 4,366 examinated. 2) The search of the beta-galactosidase has differentiated the phage type IXa in its 2 varieties, the IXa 1, beta-galactosidase negative and the IXa 2, beta-galactosidase positive. 3) The 1,043 untypable strains by the 1st set were forming 2 very different groups. One of them, the X was insensitive to the 12 phages of the 1st set; the other XI, showed such a variety of lytic reactions to the phages of the 1st set that it was impossible to consider the rare samples of each of them as phage types. 4) The group X, submitted to a \"complementary phage typing\" by means of a second set of phages isolated from sewage water, has been subdivised into about 20 undergroups, from which only, 7 have been studies up to now, numbered from X 1 to X 7...", "PMID": 1023281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3556", "title": "[Radiations and public health (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review is made of the general characteristics of electromagnetic and corpuscular radiations to which man can be exposed. Following some considerations on the action of ionizing radiations and the radiobiological factors governing their effects on health, the overall characteristics of pathological effects differentiating stochastic from non-stochastic effects are summarized. The uncertainties remaining as to low-level exposures are stated as well as the cautious assumptions usually madein this field. The various sources of exposure to which the population is submitted are considered, i.e. exposures from natural, medical, domestic, industrial sources or from fallout from nuclear weapon tests; the present or predictable levels of exposure and their variations are given for each source. But for medical irradiation, all the exposures connected to human activities are much lower than natural exposure variations; such exposures should modify the incidence of certain affections but quite insignificantly as compared with the regional or local variations observed.", "contents": "[Radiations and public health (author's transl)]. A short review is made of the general characteristics of electromagnetic and corpuscular radiations to which man can be exposed. Following some considerations on the action of ionizing radiations and the radiobiological factors governing their effects on health, the overall characteristics of pathological effects differentiating stochastic from non-stochastic effects are summarized. The uncertainties remaining as to low-level exposures are stated as well as the cautious assumptions usually madein this field. The various sources of exposure to which the population is submitted are considered, i.e. exposures from natural, medical, domestic, industrial sources or from fallout from nuclear weapon tests; the present or predictable levels of exposure and their variations are given for each source. But for medical irradiation, all the exposures connected to human activities are much lower than natural exposure variations; such exposures should modify the incidence of certain affections but quite insignificantly as compared with the regional or local variations observed.", "PMID": 1023283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3557", "title": "Cytochemical investigation on lipids in human major salivary glands. A light and electron microscope study.", "content": "The localization of lipids in the secretion of human parotid and submandibular glands has been here investigated. Ultrastructural observations following lipid extraction and histochemical data showed that lipid components are not present in the secretory granules. In fact, while histochemical reactions are completely negative, secretory granules from lipid-depleted glands retain all their morphological characters. These results led us to emphasize that, at least in human seromucous cells, lipids are not directly involved in the salivary secretion. This conclusion, which is supported by the biochemical data concerning the lipid content in human saliva, disagrees with the findings obtained in rat and guinea pig salivary glands. However, this discrepancy may be ascribed to the specific biochemical and ultrastructural differences found in the salivary glands of the various mammalian species.", "contents": "Cytochemical investigation on lipids in human major salivary glands. A light and electron microscope study. The localization of lipids in the secretion of human parotid and submandibular glands has been here investigated. Ultrastructural observations following lipid extraction and histochemical data showed that lipid components are not present in the secretory granules. In fact, while histochemical reactions are completely negative, secretory granules from lipid-depleted glands retain all their morphological characters. These results led us to emphasize that, at least in human seromucous cells, lipids are not directly involved in the salivary secretion. This conclusion, which is supported by the biochemical data concerning the lipid content in human saliva, disagrees with the findings obtained in rat and guinea pig salivary glands. However, this discrepancy may be ascribed to the specific biochemical and ultrastructural differences found in the salivary glands of the various mammalian species.", "PMID": 1023331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3558", "title": "[Quantitative limits of the Feulgen reaction: analysis of interference caused by dehistonization and denaturation and renaturation treatments].", "content": "The Feulgen reaction intensity (measured with a microdensitometer Vickers M86 on the nucleus of erytrocytes of Xenopus laevis Daud.) is increased after dehistonization according to Brody (1974) only if the dehistonization is made before the fixation in acetic acid. The denaturation and renaturation treatments which should act specifically on the screws of the DNA and therefore should not affect the Feulgen reaction, act in a specific manner, probably going away another histonic components. On the dehistonized material the action of the hydrolysis of the Feulgen reaction would add up to that implicit in the dehistonization treatment and would cause a rapid fall of the values for loss of material as consequence of depolymerization facts, according to Andersson and Kjellstrand (1975). The successive renaturation treatment both on dehistonized and on non dehistonized material does not change significantly the values precedently obtained and this confirms the idea that the rilevability of the Feulgen reaction is not influenced by the treatments \"per se\" but by the deep \"touching\" of the chromatin components.", "contents": "[Quantitative limits of the Feulgen reaction: analysis of interference caused by dehistonization and denaturation and renaturation treatments]. The Feulgen reaction intensity (measured with a microdensitometer Vickers M86 on the nucleus of erytrocytes of Xenopus laevis Daud.) is increased after dehistonization according to Brody (1974) only if the dehistonization is made before the fixation in acetic acid. The denaturation and renaturation treatments which should act specifically on the screws of the DNA and therefore should not affect the Feulgen reaction, act in a specific manner, probably going away another histonic components. On the dehistonized material the action of the hydrolysis of the Feulgen reaction would add up to that implicit in the dehistonization treatment and would cause a rapid fall of the values for loss of material as consequence of depolymerization facts, according to Andersson and Kjellstrand (1975). The successive renaturation treatment both on dehistonized and on non dehistonized material does not change significantly the values precedently obtained and this confirms the idea that the rilevability of the Feulgen reaction is not influenced by the treatments \"per se\" but by the deep \"touching\" of the chromatin components.", "PMID": 1023332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3559", "title": "[Some cytochemical characteristics of the chromatin in the erythrocytes of Xenopus laevis Daud].", "content": "The Xenopus laevis Daud. genome offers a stimulating model of a chromatin (Davidson et al., 1975) in which a high ratio of repetitious DNA sequences has been recorded (45% of total genome according to Davidson et al., 1975). We have studied cytochemically this model \"in situ\", on the erythrocytes of air-dried smears of peripheral blood. The cells, which are non-dividing and not engaged in DNA reduplication, constitute almost hypothetically a homogeneous class constantly in G1 phase of the cellular cycle. Our methods are: a) analysis on the curves of Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics to attempt to find the depurination and depolymerisation patterns of DNA according to Andersson et al. (1975); b) determination of the DNA resistence ratio to chemical denaturation with a quantitative relative microdensitometric determination of methyl-green staining, according to Scott (1967) specific technical conditions. For comparison, qualitative and preliminarly subjective control determinations have been made with acridine-orange in correspondent denaturation conditions. Both the a) and b) methods have been performed with and without previous HCl dehystonisation and with and without formaldehyde pretreatment. The results with the a) and b) methods have not yet been theoretically compared and the possibility of an approach to this correlation is discussed here as a tool for a possible cytochemical quantitative measure of the nuclear fraction of repetitious DNA \"in situ\".", "contents": "[Some cytochemical characteristics of the chromatin in the erythrocytes of Xenopus laevis Daud]. The Xenopus laevis Daud. genome offers a stimulating model of a chromatin (Davidson et al., 1975) in which a high ratio of repetitious DNA sequences has been recorded (45% of total genome according to Davidson et al., 1975). We have studied cytochemically this model \"in situ\", on the erythrocytes of air-dried smears of peripheral blood. The cells, which are non-dividing and not engaged in DNA reduplication, constitute almost hypothetically a homogeneous class constantly in G1 phase of the cellular cycle. Our methods are: a) analysis on the curves of Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics to attempt to find the depurination and depolymerisation patterns of DNA according to Andersson et al. (1975); b) determination of the DNA resistence ratio to chemical denaturation with a quantitative relative microdensitometric determination of methyl-green staining, according to Scott (1967) specific technical conditions. For comparison, qualitative and preliminarly subjective control determinations have been made with acridine-orange in correspondent denaturation conditions. Both the a) and b) methods have been performed with and without previous HCl dehystonisation and with and without formaldehyde pretreatment. The results with the a) and b) methods have not yet been theoretically compared and the possibility of an approach to this correlation is discussed here as a tool for a possible cytochemical quantitative measure of the nuclear fraction of repetitious DNA \"in situ\".", "PMID": 1023333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3560", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the endocrine cellular components of swine duodenal glands (Brunner's glands)].", "content": "The AA. describe an endocrine cells presence in the Pig Brunner's duodenal glands by means of histochemical methods at light microscope. Between these they can recognize two types of cells: these enterochromaffins (EC) and these non-enterochromaffins (non-EC), both presents either in the secretory part of the glands or in the deeper parts of the ducts. The EC-cells show generally a prismatic size and their apical part attains the glandular cavity. Their granules are much numerous and recognizables either in the basal part or in other parts of the cells. The non-EC-cells show a variable, from the prismatic to the spheroidal, size. Their granules are numerous and recognizables mostly in the basal part of the cells. Between the non-EC-cells they can also differentiate at least three types: a) these Davenport-positives and poorly argyrophils; b) these Davenport-positives and clearly argyrophils and c) these Davenport-negatives and clearly argyrophils. All cells are by lead-haematoxylin stainables, while by the HCL-BT method the EC-cells are ortochromatics and these non-EC are metachromatics.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the endocrine cellular components of swine duodenal glands (Brunner's glands)]. The AA. describe an endocrine cells presence in the Pig Brunner's duodenal glands by means of histochemical methods at light microscope. Between these they can recognize two types of cells: these enterochromaffins (EC) and these non-enterochromaffins (non-EC), both presents either in the secretory part of the glands or in the deeper parts of the ducts. The EC-cells show generally a prismatic size and their apical part attains the glandular cavity. Their granules are much numerous and recognizables either in the basal part or in other parts of the cells. The non-EC-cells show a variable, from the prismatic to the spheroidal, size. Their granules are numerous and recognizables mostly in the basal part of the cells. Between the non-EC-cells they can also differentiate at least three types: a) these Davenport-positives and poorly argyrophils; b) these Davenport-positives and clearly argyrophils and c) these Davenport-negatives and clearly argyrophils. All cells are by lead-haematoxylin stainables, while by the HCL-BT method the EC-cells are ortochromatics and these non-EC are metachromatics.", "PMID": 1023334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3561", "title": "[Morphological and histochemical aspects of the argentaffin and argentophilic cells in the gastric mucosa of Scyliorhinus stellaris and Scyliorhinus canicula].", "content": "Using histological and histochemical methods for the identification of biogenic amins, phenolic and indolic groups, and of substances with a proteine and carbohydrate nature, it has been possible to identify at least five types of endocrine cells in the gastric mucose of Scyliorhinus stellaris and Scyliorhinus canicula. One of these, a type I cell, localised mainly in the piloric portion, shows morphological and histochemical characteristics which are perfectly comparable with those of the enterochromaffin type found in the gastro-intestinal tract of mammals. On the other hand, the four remaining cellular types are more difficult to define; three of these latter are present solely in the pyloric mucose, i.e., (a) type II cells with slightly fluorescent and metachromatic granules, with a positive reaction to the Grimelius test and to proteine test, and completely negative and argentaffin methods, (b) type III cells with non-fluorescent granules, but metachromatic and postive to argentaffin methods, and (c) type IV cells with slightly (argyrophilic) granules, strongly metachromatic and positive to the PAS test and to the tryptophan test, respectively. Types II and IV have been hypothetically correlated with the G and D cells, respectively, of mammals. The fifth cellular type, present solely in the central portion of the stomach has exclusively argyrophilic granules. This latter cellular type is considered similar to the ECL type, mammalian cell. No hypothesis, however, has yet been ventured with respect to the cells belonging to the third group.", "contents": "[Morphological and histochemical aspects of the argentaffin and argentophilic cells in the gastric mucosa of Scyliorhinus stellaris and Scyliorhinus canicula]. Using histological and histochemical methods for the identification of biogenic amins, phenolic and indolic groups, and of substances with a proteine and carbohydrate nature, it has been possible to identify at least five types of endocrine cells in the gastric mucose of Scyliorhinus stellaris and Scyliorhinus canicula. One of these, a type I cell, localised mainly in the piloric portion, shows morphological and histochemical characteristics which are perfectly comparable with those of the enterochromaffin type found in the gastro-intestinal tract of mammals. On the other hand, the four remaining cellular types are more difficult to define; three of these latter are present solely in the pyloric mucose, i.e., (a) type II cells with slightly fluorescent and metachromatic granules, with a positive reaction to the Grimelius test and to proteine test, and completely negative and argentaffin methods, (b) type III cells with non-fluorescent granules, but metachromatic and postive to argentaffin methods, and (c) type IV cells with slightly (argyrophilic) granules, strongly metachromatic and positive to the PAS test and to the tryptophan test, respectively. Types II and IV have been hypothetically correlated with the G and D cells, respectively, of mammals. The fifth cellular type, present solely in the central portion of the stomach has exclusively argyrophilic granules. This latter cellular type is considered similar to the ECL type, mammalian cell. No hypothesis, however, has yet been ventured with respect to the cells belonging to the third group.", "PMID": 1023335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3562", "title": "[Histochemical demonstration of uridine diphospho-glucoso-4'-epimerase activity].", "content": "In the byosinthesis of glycosaminoglycans, UDP-glucose is utilized by two enzymes: UDP-glucose dehydrogenase which produces UDP-glucuronic acid (chondroitin sulphate precursor), and UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase which produces UDP-galactose (keratan sulphate precursor). The mechanisms regulating these two reactions have particular interest mainly considering that many connective tissues can modify its glycosaminoglycan production with aging; it is well-known that cartilage of young animals synthesizes almost exclusively chondroitin sulphate while cartilage of old animals synthesizes both chrondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. The kinetic parameters of both enzymes utilizing UDP-glucose have been recently investigated and some mechanisms responsible for UDP-glucose utilization in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis have been evidenced. Under histoenzymological viewpoint, we have confirmed the inhibiting effect of UDP-xilose on UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and the possible role of such nucleotide in aging processes of cartilage. In order to study this problem even by a histoenzymological approach, an original method for histochemical determination of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity in connective tissue cells was developed. This method seem to be more sensitive than that described by other authors. In standard conditions the sections of the frozen tissue were incubated in Tris-HCL buffer, pH 8.8 (Tris concentration 0.025 M), containing 0.5 mM UDP-galactose, 2 mM NAD, 0.6mM NBT and an excess of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (about 300 mU). Control experiments in the absence of UDP-galactose, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and in the absence of both UDP-galactose an- UDP-glucose dehydrogenase were also carried out. Under our experimental conditions, UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase present in the cells epimerizes UDP-galactose (added in the incubation mixture) to UDP-glucose which can bo oxidized by the excess of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase to UDP-glucuronic acid with a consequent NADH formation. The NADH formed is able to reduce and precipitate NBT. As a control of experimental sistem, we have determined the increase in O.D. at 525 nm of a reaction solution that was incubated directly in the spectrophotometer cuvette, at 37 degrees C with UDP-galactose 0.2 mM, NAD 2 mM, NBT 0.6 mM, 200 mU of UDP-glucose, dehydrogenase, 400mU of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase and Tris HCL buffer pH 8.8 to a final volume of 1 ml. Histoenzymological and biochemical results demonstrate that this method is specific for and sensitive to UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity.", "contents": "[Histochemical demonstration of uridine diphospho-glucoso-4'-epimerase activity]. In the byosinthesis of glycosaminoglycans, UDP-glucose is utilized by two enzymes: UDP-glucose dehydrogenase which produces UDP-glucuronic acid (chondroitin sulphate precursor), and UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase which produces UDP-galactose (keratan sulphate precursor). The mechanisms regulating these two reactions have particular interest mainly considering that many connective tissues can modify its glycosaminoglycan production with aging; it is well-known that cartilage of young animals synthesizes almost exclusively chondroitin sulphate while cartilage of old animals synthesizes both chrondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. The kinetic parameters of both enzymes utilizing UDP-glucose have been recently investigated and some mechanisms responsible for UDP-glucose utilization in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis have been evidenced. Under histoenzymological viewpoint, we have confirmed the inhibiting effect of UDP-xilose on UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and the possible role of such nucleotide in aging processes of cartilage. In order to study this problem even by a histoenzymological approach, an original method for histochemical determination of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity in connective tissue cells was developed. This method seem to be more sensitive than that described by other authors. In standard conditions the sections of the frozen tissue were incubated in Tris-HCL buffer, pH 8.8 (Tris concentration 0.025 M), containing 0.5 mM UDP-galactose, 2 mM NAD, 0.6mM NBT and an excess of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (about 300 mU). Control experiments in the absence of UDP-galactose, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and in the absence of both UDP-galactose an- UDP-glucose dehydrogenase were also carried out. Under our experimental conditions, UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase present in the cells epimerizes UDP-galactose (added in the incubation mixture) to UDP-glucose which can bo oxidized by the excess of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase to UDP-glucuronic acid with a consequent NADH formation. The NADH formed is able to reduce and precipitate NBT. As a control of experimental sistem, we have determined the increase in O.D. at 525 nm of a reaction solution that was incubated directly in the spectrophotometer cuvette, at 37 degrees C with UDP-galactose 0.2 mM, NAD 2 mM, NBT 0.6 mM, 200 mU of UDP-glucose, dehydrogenase, 400mU of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase and Tris HCL buffer pH 8.8 to a final volume of 1 ml. Histoenzymological and biochemical results demonstrate that this method is specific for and sensitive to UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity.", "PMID": 1023336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3563", "title": "[Distribution of the enterochromaffin (\"EC\") cells and those of the \"APUD\" series in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants].", "content": "The research was carried out on the vorestomachs, abomasum and on the various tracts of gut of adult Cattle, Sheep and Goat, because Ruminants, not previously studied with respect to this problem, have, as is well known, particular morpho-functional characteristics of the digestive system. The results can be synthetized as follows: 1) either \"EC\" (5-HT-producing) or \"APUD\" cells (peptide hormones-producing) are not demonstrable in the vorestomachs. 2) \"EC\" cells are present in the various areas of abomasum (particularly numerous in the fundus glands) and in the different tracts of the gut (predominantly in the duodenum and in the rectum). 3) In the \"APUD\" cells of the abomasum gastrin-producing \"G\" cells are certainly demonstrable. They are present only in the pyloric glands, where they prevail in the middle third. Only in the cattle, cells which have all the histochemical characteristics of \"G\" cells, but are quite morphologically different, are also present in the same area. An interesting peculiarity seems to be the reduced number of \"APUD\" cells, compared with that of Monogastrics: it was impossible, in fact, to demonstrate some cells (\"A\", \"A-like\",\"X\", \"D\", \"D1\", \"ECL\") which are described by other Authors in the stomach of various Mammals. 4) In the small intestine, endocrine cells, probably heterogenous are present, resulting more numerous in the duodenum. 5) In the coecum, colon and rectum, cells comparable to enteroglucagon-producing \"EG\" cells, are present; they are particularly numerous in the rectum, where cells similar to \"H\" cells are also present.", "contents": "[Distribution of the enterochromaffin (\"EC\") cells and those of the \"APUD\" series in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants]. The research was carried out on the vorestomachs, abomasum and on the various tracts of gut of adult Cattle, Sheep and Goat, because Ruminants, not previously studied with respect to this problem, have, as is well known, particular morpho-functional characteristics of the digestive system. The results can be synthetized as follows: 1) either \"EC\" (5-HT-producing) or \"APUD\" cells (peptide hormones-producing) are not demonstrable in the vorestomachs. 2) \"EC\" cells are present in the various areas of abomasum (particularly numerous in the fundus glands) and in the different tracts of the gut (predominantly in the duodenum and in the rectum). 3) In the \"APUD\" cells of the abomasum gastrin-producing \"G\" cells are certainly demonstrable. They are present only in the pyloric glands, where they prevail in the middle third. Only in the cattle, cells which have all the histochemical characteristics of \"G\" cells, but are quite morphologically different, are also present in the same area. An interesting peculiarity seems to be the reduced number of \"APUD\" cells, compared with that of Monogastrics: it was impossible, in fact, to demonstrate some cells (\"A\", \"A-like\",\"X\", \"D\", \"D1\", \"ECL\") which are described by other Authors in the stomach of various Mammals. 4) In the small intestine, endocrine cells, probably heterogenous are present, resulting more numerous in the duodenum. 5) In the coecum, colon and rectum, cells comparable to enteroglucagon-producing \"EG\" cells, are present; they are particularly numerous in the rectum, where cells similar to \"H\" cells are also present.", "PMID": 1023337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3564", "title": "[Distribution of the enterochromaffin (\"EC\") cells and those of the \"APUD\" series in the gastrointestinal tract of the calf].", "content": "Based on morphological and histochemical data, the Authors describe the distribution of \"EC\" (5-HT-producing) and of the other endocrine cells of the \"APUD\" series (polypeptide hormone-producing) in the gastro intestinal tract of weaned and unweaned 3-4 month old calves. The results demonstrate that: -- no difference concerning the different diet can be correlated; -- no endocrine cell is present in the vorestomachs; -- the \"EC\" cells in the abomasum prevail in the fundus glands; they are demonstrable also in every tract of the intestine and are more numerous in the duodenum and in the rectum; -- within the \"APUD\" series four cellular types are demonstrable in the abomasum; two are in the cardias, one in the fundus and one in the pylorus glands; the last one probably corresponds to the gastrin-producing \"G\" cells. -- In the small intestine, particularly numerous in the duodenum, a probably heterogeneous family of endocrine cells is present, while in the coecum, in the colon and, above all, in the rectum, cells probably corresponding to \"EG\" cells are identifiable. These results are compared to those previously obtained in the adult Cattle: remarkable differences are demonstrable only within \"APUD\" cells of abomasum.", "contents": "[Distribution of the enterochromaffin (\"EC\") cells and those of the \"APUD\" series in the gastrointestinal tract of the calf]. Based on morphological and histochemical data, the Authors describe the distribution of \"EC\" (5-HT-producing) and of the other endocrine cells of the \"APUD\" series (polypeptide hormone-producing) in the gastro intestinal tract of weaned and unweaned 3-4 month old calves. The results demonstrate that: -- no difference concerning the different diet can be correlated; -- no endocrine cell is present in the vorestomachs; -- the \"EC\" cells in the abomasum prevail in the fundus glands; they are demonstrable also in every tract of the intestine and are more numerous in the duodenum and in the rectum; -- within the \"APUD\" series four cellular types are demonstrable in the abomasum; two are in the cardias, one in the fundus and one in the pylorus glands; the last one probably corresponds to the gastrin-producing \"G\" cells. -- In the small intestine, particularly numerous in the duodenum, a probably heterogeneous family of endocrine cells is present, while in the coecum, in the colon and, above all, in the rectum, cells probably corresponding to \"EG\" cells are identifiable. These results are compared to those previously obtained in the adult Cattle: remarkable differences are demonstrable only within \"APUD\" cells of abomasum.", "PMID": 1023338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3565", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins and neurological diseases].", "content": "Then is reported a new inexpensive and easy method to analyse the CSF concentration of immunoglobulins in some neurologic disease (in particular in the multiple sclerosis). The obtained data were in according with similar results of other Author, which used more sophisticated techniques. The increase of IgG in multiple sclerosis (72,7%) suggested us to consider this analysis now very useful for a correct diagnosis. The reason of CSF IgG increase in multiple sclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins and neurological diseases]. Then is reported a new inexpensive and easy method to analyse the CSF concentration of immunoglobulins in some neurologic disease (in particular in the multiple sclerosis). The obtained data were in according with similar results of other Author, which used more sophisticated techniques. The increase of IgG in multiple sclerosis (72,7%) suggested us to consider this analysis now very useful for a correct diagnosis. The reason of CSF IgG increase in multiple sclerosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1023339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3566", "title": "[Nonpharmacological, ubiquitous, rapid, fused graphic elements in the electroencephalographic pattern of 2 sisters with type A sulfatidosis and ponto-cerebellar systemic atrophy].", "content": "Two sisters, affected by late infantile type Sulfatidosis A, died at 22 and 15 years old respectively, presented, after autoptic examination, also a ponto-cerebellar athrophy. The EEG finding was characterized by few bioelectric abnormalities in the earlier studies of the disease and, afterwards, a progressive slower electric activities, with isolated asymmetric spikes. The typical aspects in the EEG recordings of our two patients were the presence of many rapid and diffuse elements, shay wawes without any pharmacological treatment. The significance of these peculiar recordings is there discussed.", "contents": "[Nonpharmacological, ubiquitous, rapid, fused graphic elements in the electroencephalographic pattern of 2 sisters with type A sulfatidosis and ponto-cerebellar systemic atrophy]. Two sisters, affected by late infantile type Sulfatidosis A, died at 22 and 15 years old respectively, presented, after autoptic examination, also a ponto-cerebellar athrophy. The EEG finding was characterized by few bioelectric abnormalities in the earlier studies of the disease and, afterwards, a progressive slower electric activities, with isolated asymmetric spikes. The typical aspects in the EEG recordings of our two patients were the presence of many rapid and diffuse elements, shay wawes without any pharmacological treatment. The significance of these peculiar recordings is there discussed.", "PMID": 1023340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3567", "title": "[Reaction to awakening from sleep in children (electroencephalographic study of 153 subjects)].", "content": "The arousal reaction has been studied on the EEG records of 153 children aged within 1 and 4 and observed suffering from different neuropsychiatric disorders. In the majority of the patients the arousal was accompanied by diffuse paroxysmal modifications that are present both in the records of clinically epileptic children and in those having never suffered of epileptic seizures.", "contents": "[Reaction to awakening from sleep in children (electroencephalographic study of 153 subjects)]. The arousal reaction has been studied on the EEG records of 153 children aged within 1 and 4 and observed suffering from different neuropsychiatric disorders. In the majority of the patients the arousal was accompanied by diffuse paroxysmal modifications that are present both in the records of clinically epileptic children and in those having never suffered of epileptic seizures.", "PMID": 1023341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3568", "title": "[Juvenile myasthenia gravis of possible post-vaccinal inoculation: study of 2 cases].", "content": "The AA. describe two cases of serious juvenile myasthenia arisen after jennerian vaccination, antidiphteric and antitetanic vaccination in the first patient and after antitetanic vaccination in the second one. They put forward the hypothesis that in the two patients juvenile serious myasthenia is a complication due to vaccination for the following reasons: 1) the chronological relation between vaccination and the arising of myasthenic sumptomatology is very close; 2) the vaccine produces in the body a reaction of immunity type and myasthenia is nowadays generally considered as an immunity disease. Although the ways in which the vaccine inoculation can give rise to the disease are unknown, it can be supposed that in the occurrence at the same time of a genetic factor or of an susceptible area, the vaccine can act as a factor provoking the immunity answer of myasthenic type.", "contents": "[Juvenile myasthenia gravis of possible post-vaccinal inoculation: study of 2 cases]. The AA. describe two cases of serious juvenile myasthenia arisen after jennerian vaccination, antidiphteric and antitetanic vaccination in the first patient and after antitetanic vaccination in the second one. They put forward the hypothesis that in the two patients juvenile serious myasthenia is a complication due to vaccination for the following reasons: 1) the chronological relation between vaccination and the arising of myasthenic sumptomatology is very close; 2) the vaccine produces in the body a reaction of immunity type and myasthenia is nowadays generally considered as an immunity disease. Although the ways in which the vaccine inoculation can give rise to the disease are unknown, it can be supposed that in the occurrence at the same time of a genetic factor or of an susceptible area, the vaccine can act as a factor provoking the immunity answer of myasthenic type.", "PMID": 1023343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3569", "title": "[The world of the epileptic: anthropo-phenomenological considerations].", "content": "After pointing out that in literature studies concerning the anthropo-phenomenologic aspects of the existence of subjects suffering from epilepsy are very scanty, the Authors dwell upon the opportunity of deepening this study which may allow a better knowledge of the complex problems of the patient. These problems should be neglected if only the biologic side of the disease was taken into consideration.", "contents": "[The world of the epileptic: anthropo-phenomenological considerations]. After pointing out that in literature studies concerning the anthropo-phenomenologic aspects of the existence of subjects suffering from epilepsy are very scanty, the Authors dwell upon the opportunity of deepening this study which may allow a better knowledge of the complex problems of the patient. These problems should be neglected if only the biologic side of the disease was taken into consideration.", "PMID": 1023342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3570", "title": "[Lead arsenate as an underestimated cause of polyneuropathy in rural environment: description of two cases].", "content": "Two cases of lead arsenate polyneuropathy are described in two farmers from the same rural area; the etiology of the neurologic al disorder was ascertained only after repeated hospital admissions. It was a neuropathy of the radial nerve associated with signs of peripheral impairment of the lower limbs with pains and paresthesias. Abdominal colies, arterial hipertension, anaemia and signs of renal impairment were also present. Specific therapy was undertaken which was soon followed by nearly full recovery. Lead and arsenic toxicology are discussed with particular focusing on the necessity emphasis on commun occupational hazards both in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The differential diagnosis is considered between the observed clinical picture and other polyneuropathies of different etiology i.e. dysmetabolic (porphyria) or toxic (insecticides, T.O.C.P., etc).", "contents": "[Lead arsenate as an underestimated cause of polyneuropathy in rural environment: description of two cases]. Two cases of lead arsenate polyneuropathy are described in two farmers from the same rural area; the etiology of the neurologic al disorder was ascertained only after repeated hospital admissions. It was a neuropathy of the radial nerve associated with signs of peripheral impairment of the lower limbs with pains and paresthesias. Abdominal colies, arterial hipertension, anaemia and signs of renal impairment were also present. Specific therapy was undertaken which was soon followed by nearly full recovery. Lead and arsenic toxicology are discussed with particular focusing on the necessity emphasis on commun occupational hazards both in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The differential diagnosis is considered between the observed clinical picture and other polyneuropathies of different etiology i.e. dysmetabolic (porphyria) or toxic (insecticides, T.O.C.P., etc).", "PMID": 1023347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3571", "title": "[Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome: an angiographic and nefrographic study of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome has been described as more common though not exclusive in the Japanese people; it occurs in the pediatric or young adult age. The clinical syndrome is most variable (transitory ischemic attacks or circulatory insufficiencies with permanent neurological deficit, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage). Conversely, the angiographic syndrome is quite typical: I) stenosis of both internal carotid arteries and the anterior part of Willis circle; II) presence of an angiomatous net at the level of the basal ganglia; III) presence of several anastomosis between internal and external carotid arteries. The essential pathogenetic event seems to be the slow occlusion of the two internal carotid arteries and of the anterior part of the anterior part of the circle of Willis of unknown aetiology. The observations reported in the present article cover angiographic, nefrological, microbiological, metabolic and immunological studies in a clinical case of Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome. This was clinically revealed by a subarachnoid hemorhage, indicating that carotid stenosis may be a fairly selective process. The temporal evolution of such a process and the slow invasion of distal arterial segments support the interpretation of the process itself as not congenital.", "contents": "[Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome: an angiographic and nefrographic study of one case (author's transl)]. Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome has been described as more common though not exclusive in the Japanese people; it occurs in the pediatric or young adult age. The clinical syndrome is most variable (transitory ischemic attacks or circulatory insufficiencies with permanent neurological deficit, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage). Conversely, the angiographic syndrome is quite typical: I) stenosis of both internal carotid arteries and the anterior part of Willis circle; II) presence of an angiomatous net at the level of the basal ganglia; III) presence of several anastomosis between internal and external carotid arteries. The essential pathogenetic event seems to be the slow occlusion of the two internal carotid arteries and of the anterior part of the anterior part of the circle of Willis of unknown aetiology. The observations reported in the present article cover angiographic, nefrological, microbiological, metabolic and immunological studies in a clinical case of Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome. This was clinically revealed by a subarachnoid hemorhage, indicating that carotid stenosis may be a fairly selective process. The temporal evolution of such a process and the slow invasion of distal arterial segments support the interpretation of the process itself as not congenital.", "PMID": 1023345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3572", "title": "[Clinical study of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of spastic and dystonic syndromes].", "content": "Dantrolene sodium has been given to 45 patients suffering from dyskinetic syndromes: 33 were suffering from spastic syndromes, either secondary to cerebral lesions at birth, or to other cerebral lesions, or to cord lesions; 9 were affected by infantile dystonic syndromes; 1 by dystonia muscolorum deformans and the last 2 patients were suffering from parkinsonism. The best dosage schedule was individual and ranged from 50 mg to 300 mg a day. In this range, the majority of the spastic patients showed reduction of spasticity, unrelated with the site of pathology: a slight one in 12 patients, a moderate one in 9 and a marked one in 2. On the contrary, slight improvement has been noticed in only two of the patients suffering from dystonic syndromes. In no case side effects has been noticed. In all patients who underwent slight or moderate improvement only, we tried to obtain better results on spasticity by growing the dosage schedules; but we have always noticed side effects, that is weakness or drowsiness and, sometimes, urinary uncontinence. Moreover 2 patients showed evidence of transitory metabolic side effects. Therefore our experience shows that dantrolene sodium is an useful drug into the therapy of spasticity, even if often a slight of moderate improvement only is achieved. Slow increase in dosage schedule, repeated laboratory controls and alternate periods of treatment and suspended treatment should be observed.", "contents": "[Clinical study of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of spastic and dystonic syndromes]. Dantrolene sodium has been given to 45 patients suffering from dyskinetic syndromes: 33 were suffering from spastic syndromes, either secondary to cerebral lesions at birth, or to other cerebral lesions, or to cord lesions; 9 were affected by infantile dystonic syndromes; 1 by dystonia muscolorum deformans and the last 2 patients were suffering from parkinsonism. The best dosage schedule was individual and ranged from 50 mg to 300 mg a day. In this range, the majority of the spastic patients showed reduction of spasticity, unrelated with the site of pathology: a slight one in 12 patients, a moderate one in 9 and a marked one in 2. On the contrary, slight improvement has been noticed in only two of the patients suffering from dystonic syndromes. In no case side effects has been noticed. In all patients who underwent slight or moderate improvement only, we tried to obtain better results on spasticity by growing the dosage schedules; but we have always noticed side effects, that is weakness or drowsiness and, sometimes, urinary uncontinence. Moreover 2 patients showed evidence of transitory metabolic side effects. Therefore our experience shows that dantrolene sodium is an useful drug into the therapy of spasticity, even if often a slight of moderate improvement only is achieved. Slow increase in dosage schedule, repeated laboratory controls and alternate periods of treatment and suspended treatment should be observed.", "PMID": 1023344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3573", "title": "[A case of prosopoagnosia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of prosopoagnosia is described in a ten year old boy who was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery in Parma, because of a cerebral contusion. This symptom is present in a number of patients with lesions involving the right hemisphere, particularly in post-rolandic injuries, often associated with left visual field defect, with directional and vestibular disturbances and metamorphopsia. This symptom may be interpreted as a defect which avoids simultaneous and them total acknowledgements. The acknoyledgement of human faces is an acquired ability susceptible to a regression to an infantile level.", "contents": "[A case of prosopoagnosia (author's transl)]. A case of prosopoagnosia is described in a ten year old boy who was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery in Parma, because of a cerebral contusion. This symptom is present in a number of patients with lesions involving the right hemisphere, particularly in post-rolandic injuries, often associated with left visual field defect, with directional and vestibular disturbances and metamorphopsia. This symptom may be interpreted as a defect which avoids simultaneous and them total acknowledgements. The acknoyledgement of human faces is an acquired ability susceptible to a regression to an infantile level.", "PMID": 1023348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3574", "title": "[Pourfour du Petit syndrome and intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "A 52 year old female suffered for more than 20 years from a recurrent pulsating headache on the left side. Clinical examination showed the retraction of the superior eyelid and mydriasis on the left. Exophthalmometry revealed 17 mm of protrusion for each eyeball. Angiographic investigations showed two little aneurysms: one of the anterior comunicating artery, the second of the left middle cerebral artery. In view of the clinical and angiographic findings the authors discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms of such oculo-sympthetic syndrome.", "contents": "[Pourfour du Petit syndrome and intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)]. A 52 year old female suffered for more than 20 years from a recurrent pulsating headache on the left side. Clinical examination showed the retraction of the superior eyelid and mydriasis on the left. Exophthalmometry revealed 17 mm of protrusion for each eyeball. Angiographic investigations showed two little aneurysms: one of the anterior comunicating artery, the second of the left middle cerebral artery. In view of the clinical and angiographic findings the authors discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms of such oculo-sympthetic syndrome.", "PMID": 1023346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3575", "title": "Born to be poor: birthplace and number of brothers and sisters as factors in adult poverty.", "content": "Household heads who grew up as members of large families and/or as natives of small towns or rural areas tend to have less education and are more likely to be poor than those coming from small families and/or large cities. Data to support these conclusions have been drawn from two independent sources--a special Social Security Administration supplement to the April 1968 Current Population Survey and findings from the Retirement History Study conducted by the Social Security Administration.", "contents": "Born to be poor: birthplace and number of brothers and sisters as factors in adult poverty. Household heads who grew up as members of large families and/or as natives of small towns or rural areas tend to have less education and are more likely to be poor than those coming from small families and/or large cities. Data to support these conclusions have been drawn from two independent sources--a special Social Security Administration supplement to the April 1968 Current Population Survey and findings from the Retirement History Study conducted by the Social Security Administration.", "PMID": 1023424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3576", "title": "Self-employment income at low earnings levels.", "content": "If self-employment were much more prevalent at moderate and high earnings levels than at low levels and if the incidence of both the employee and employer taxes on wages is on the employee, then the social security tax structure would be regressive relative to taxable earnings. Analysis shows, however, that this is the case only in a very limited sense. For 1970, 6.5 percent of taxable earnings derives from self-employment. At least 6.3 percent of taxable earnings consists of self-employment income in each observed interval from $400 to $3,600. The proportion declines slightly with rising earnings until near the taxable maximum, when it begins to rise. If the average tax rate on earnings up to the maximum were tabulated by earnings both below and above the maximum, it appears very likely that mild regressivity would be shown beyond the taxable maximum, but of not more than a few tenths of a percent.", "contents": "Self-employment income at low earnings levels. If self-employment were much more prevalent at moderate and high earnings levels than at low levels and if the incidence of both the employee and employer taxes on wages is on the employee, then the social security tax structure would be regressive relative to taxable earnings. Analysis shows, however, that this is the case only in a very limited sense. For 1970, 6.5 percent of taxable earnings derives from self-employment. At least 6.3 percent of taxable earnings consists of self-employment income in each observed interval from $400 to $3,600. The proportion declines slightly with rising earnings until near the taxable maximum, when it begins to rise. If the average tax rate on earnings up to the maximum were tabulated by earnings both below and above the maximum, it appears very likely that mild regressivity would be shown beyond the taxable maximum, but of not more than a few tenths of a percent.", "PMID": 1023426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3577", "title": "Women's worklives and future social security benefits.", "content": "More women will earn social security benefits in their own right in the next 30 years than do so at present; their benefits will not necessarily rise in relation to men's benefits. For this to occur, the ratio of women's earnings to men's would have to rise markedly or young women would have to work most of their lives. The earnings ratio has stayed nearly constant, for 25 years at least. In this article, worklives of younger women are estimated from their own early experience plus the completed careers of women now retired. Though their total labor-force activity before retirement age will be greater than that of these older women, the increase will not be sufficient to compensate for the lengthening benefit-computation period. Benefits earned on their own records therefore will not supplant dependent and survivor benefits.", "contents": "Women's worklives and future social security benefits. More women will earn social security benefits in their own right in the next 30 years than do so at present; their benefits will not necessarily rise in relation to men's benefits. For this to occur, the ratio of women's earnings to men's would have to rise markedly or young women would have to work most of their lives. The earnings ratio has stayed nearly constant, for 25 years at least. In this article, worklives of younger women are estimated from their own early experience plus the completed careers of women now retired. Though their total labor-force activity before retirement age will be greater than that of these older women, the increase will not be sufficient to compensate for the lengthening benefit-computation period. Benefits earned on their own records therefore will not supplant dependent and survivor benefits.", "PMID": 1023432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3578", "title": "Demographic characteristics of disability applicants: relationship to allowances.", "content": "This article highlights some of the causes underlying differences in disability allowances by sex and race. Among the causes are differences in labor-force patterns, the educational background, and the age distributions of the insured and applicant populations. More than half of the differences between the black and white applicants in the proportion of claims allowed is explained by differences in their age distributions. The lower proportion of claims allowed for black applicants may reflect the greater tendency fo the black insured population to apply for disability insurance benefits.", "contents": "Demographic characteristics of disability applicants: relationship to allowances. This article highlights some of the causes underlying differences in disability allowances by sex and race. Among the causes are differences in labor-force patterns, the educational background, and the age distributions of the insured and applicant populations. More than half of the differences between the black and white applicants in the proportion of claims allowed is explained by differences in their age distributions. The lower proportion of claims allowed for black applicants may reflect the greater tendency fo the black insured population to apply for disability insurance benefits.", "PMID": 1023433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3579", "title": "Private pension plans, 1950-74.", "content": "During the past quarter century, private pension plans have enjoyed a healthy growth. Although the rate of growth has slackened somewhat during recent years, the private pension movement is now a major contributor to the income maintenance needs of the American worker during retirement. The passage of pension reform legislation in 1974 offers an appropriate milestone year for measuring the current status of pension plans and the progress that has been made to date.", "contents": "Private pension plans, 1950-74. During the past quarter century, private pension plans have enjoyed a healthy growth. Although the rate of growth has slackened somewhat during recent years, the private pension movement is now a major contributor to the income maintenance needs of the American worker during retirement. The passage of pension reform legislation in 1974 offers an appropriate milestone year for measuring the current status of pension plans and the progress that has been made to date.", "PMID": 1023435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3580", "title": "Worker and caller variety in three crisis centers.", "content": "Worker and caller behaviors are studied and compared in an available sample of 100 suicidal calls to three crisis intervention centers. Caller-Worker Interaction Program results were compared among the three centers. Worker and caller differences across centers were significant in 32 of 41 categories (p less than .05); using four discriminant functions, 2 of 18 hit percentages exceeded p less than .01. The verbal behaviors of workers and callers at the three centers are substantially different, leading to the conclusion that crisis intervention is dissimilarly practiced between centers but similar within them.", "contents": "Worker and caller variety in three crisis centers. Worker and caller behaviors are studied and compared in an available sample of 100 suicidal calls to three crisis intervention centers. Caller-Worker Interaction Program results were compared among the three centers. Worker and caller differences across centers were significant in 32 of 41 categories (p less than .05); using four discriminant functions, 2 of 18 hit percentages exceeded p less than .01. The verbal behaviors of workers and callers at the three centers are substantially different, leading to the conclusion that crisis intervention is dissimilarly practiced between centers but similar within them.", "PMID": 1023452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3581", "title": "Suicide survivors: psychotherapeutic implications of egocide.", "content": "Interviews with seven of ten known survivors of jumps from the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge revealed that all of them experienced transcendence and spiritual rebirth phenomena. The psychotherapeutic implications of these findings lie in helping depressed and suicidal individuals confront death in a symbolic and meaningful way. The issue is one of \"egocide\" (symbolic suicide) and aiding individuals in the rebirth process. In this way actual suicides can be prevented. When individuals experience partial \"deaths\" (like loss, failure, rejection, depression, suicidal states, or negative parts of their egos), there is opportunity for \"rebirth\" (positive transformation, creative change, growth, and significant spiritual reawakening). The therapeutic task is to help individuals differentiate between \"ego death\" and total death and to discover through the creative process of psychotherapy that overt suicide need not be a solution.", "contents": "Suicide survivors: psychotherapeutic implications of egocide. Interviews with seven of ten known survivors of jumps from the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge revealed that all of them experienced transcendence and spiritual rebirth phenomena. The psychotherapeutic implications of these findings lie in helping depressed and suicidal individuals confront death in a symbolic and meaningful way. The issue is one of \"egocide\" (symbolic suicide) and aiding individuals in the rebirth process. In this way actual suicides can be prevented. When individuals experience partial \"deaths\" (like loss, failure, rejection, depression, suicidal states, or negative parts of their egos), there is opportunity for \"rebirth\" (positive transformation, creative change, growth, and significant spiritual reawakening). The therapeutic task is to help individuals differentiate between \"ego death\" and total death and to discover through the creative process of psychotherapy that overt suicide need not be a solution.", "PMID": 1023453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3582", "title": "Suicide and blacks: a conceptual framework.", "content": "Suicide among black Americans has risen sharply in this decade. The suicide pattern differs from that of white Americans in that black suicide is mainly a youth phenomenon and the rates between black females and black males are relatively equal. The lack of research into these phenomena is highlighted along with an exploration of current explanations. A specific conceptual framework is proposed that includes extragroup pressure, intragroup pressure, and value orientation. The framework is extended into the area of mental health planning, as well as behavioral science practice.", "contents": "Suicide and blacks: a conceptual framework. Suicide among black Americans has risen sharply in this decade. The suicide pattern differs from that of white Americans in that black suicide is mainly a youth phenomenon and the rates between black females and black males are relatively equal. The lack of research into these phenomena is highlighted along with an exploration of current explanations. A specific conceptual framework is proposed that includes extragroup pressure, intragroup pressure, and value orientation. The framework is extended into the area of mental health planning, as well as behavioral science practice.", "PMID": 1023454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3583", "title": "Suicide prevention for high-risk persons who refuse treatment.", "content": "A program was developed to exert a suicide prevention influence on high-risk persons who decline to enter the health care system. There were 3,006 patients admitted to a psychiatric in-patient service because of a depressive or suicidal state who were contacted to determine if the post-discharge plan was followed. Half of those who refused their treatment program were contacted by telephone or letter on a set schedule. The contact was limited to expressing interest in the person's well-being. Mortality in the contact group was compared with the no-contact subjects and with the subjects who had accepted treatment, after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. Suicidal deaths were found to diverge progressively in the three groups, the treatment subjects showing the highest rates, the no-contact group coming next, and the contact subjects showing the lowest. The observed divergence between the contact and no-contact groups provides tentative evidence that a high-risk population for suicide can be identified and that a system-atic approach to reducing that risk can be applied.", "contents": "Suicide prevention for high-risk persons who refuse treatment. A program was developed to exert a suicide prevention influence on high-risk persons who decline to enter the health care system. There were 3,006 patients admitted to a psychiatric in-patient service because of a depressive or suicidal state who were contacted to determine if the post-discharge plan was followed. Half of those who refused their treatment program were contacted by telephone or letter on a set schedule. The contact was limited to expressing interest in the person's well-being. Mortality in the contact group was compared with the no-contact subjects and with the subjects who had accepted treatment, after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. Suicidal deaths were found to diverge progressively in the three groups, the treatment subjects showing the highest rates, the no-contact group coming next, and the contact subjects showing the lowest. The observed divergence between the contact and no-contact groups provides tentative evidence that a high-risk population for suicide can be identified and that a system-atic approach to reducing that risk can be applied.", "PMID": 1023455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3584", "title": "Immunogenetics and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Immunological capability is to a substantial extent genetically determined. Because genetic linkage exists between histocompatibility gene loci and certain immune response gene loci, histocompatibility specificities can serve as indicators for the presence of particular inherited immunological traits. In man, certain HLA antigens seem to be associated with immunogenetic traits which result in altered susceptibility to disease with known or suspected viral or autoimmune etiologies. We have found an association between HLA-A3 and \"classic\" cases of ALS. The A3 antigen was present in 49% of these cases, but not in the more chronic or benign form of the disease. Five out of six \"benign\" cases carried HLA-B12, suggesting perhaps the presence of a trait conferring resistance to the disease. Epidemiological surveys provide evidence both for and against a correlation between the incidence of ALS and that of HLA-A3 in various population groups. Because of the multiplicity of immune response genes, susceptibility or resistance to ALS in different populations may depend on different immune response genes. The association of a disease with selected HLA antigens or phenotypes might be suggestive of a viral-allergic etiology. Evidence that bears on this hypothesis has been reviewed.", "contents": "Immunogenetics and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Immunological capability is to a substantial extent genetically determined. Because genetic linkage exists between histocompatibility gene loci and certain immune response gene loci, histocompatibility specificities can serve as indicators for the presence of particular inherited immunological traits. In man, certain HLA antigens seem to be associated with immunogenetic traits which result in altered susceptibility to disease with known or suspected viral or autoimmune etiologies. We have found an association between HLA-A3 and \"classic\" cases of ALS. The A3 antigen was present in 49% of these cases, but not in the more chronic or benign form of the disease. Five out of six \"benign\" cases carried HLA-B12, suggesting perhaps the presence of a trait conferring resistance to the disease. Epidemiological surveys provide evidence both for and against a correlation between the incidence of ALS and that of HLA-A3 in various population groups. Because of the multiplicity of immune response genes, susceptibility or resistance to ALS in different populations may depend on different immune response genes. The association of a disease with selected HLA antigens or phenotypes might be suggestive of a viral-allergic etiology. Evidence that bears on this hypothesis has been reviewed.", "PMID": 1023469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3585", "title": "Theiler's virus-induced central nervous system disease in mice.", "content": "Theiler's viruses, which are common enteric pathogenes of mice, produce an unusual buphasic disease in the natural host following IC inoculation. There is an early phase of virus growth in CNS gray matter resulting in motor neuron degeneration and microglial proliferation. Since the spinal cord is the principal site of involvement, infected animals develop flaccid limb paralysis (early disease). Immunosuppression of the host during the early phase of infection augments virus growth and pathological lesions in gray matter, suggesting that TV causes a cytocidal infection of neurons. More importantly, surviving mice have persistent infection and pathological change limited to the spinal cord. There is marked mononuclear cell infiltration in the leptomeninges and white matter and concomitant primary demyelination. These changes are associated  with a distinctive late-developing neurological disorder characterized by general inactivity, slowed movement, poor righting ability, and stimulus-sensitive extensor spasms. It appears that there are differences in host susceptibility to the development of late disease with the SJL/J inbred strain of mouse regularly showing the most severe clinical manifestations. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to TV antigen are delayed, reaching a maximum after 2 months; hence, this temporal sequence of the immune response is atypical  of acute virus infections. Certain features of the late disease process favor an immune-mediated mechanism for demyelination, and this possibility is currently under investigation. The cells chronically supporting virus replication and the mechanisms of persistent infection remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Theiler's virus-induced central nervous system disease in mice. Theiler's viruses, which are common enteric pathogenes of mice, produce an unusual buphasic disease in the natural host following IC inoculation. There is an early phase of virus growth in CNS gray matter resulting in motor neuron degeneration and microglial proliferation. Since the spinal cord is the principal site of involvement, infected animals develop flaccid limb paralysis (early disease). Immunosuppression of the host during the early phase of infection augments virus growth and pathological lesions in gray matter, suggesting that TV causes a cytocidal infection of neurons. More importantly, surviving mice have persistent infection and pathological change limited to the spinal cord. There is marked mononuclear cell infiltration in the leptomeninges and white matter and concomitant primary demyelination. These changes are associated  with a distinctive late-developing neurological disorder characterized by general inactivity, slowed movement, poor righting ability, and stimulus-sensitive extensor spasms. It appears that there are differences in host susceptibility to the development of late disease with the SJL/J inbred strain of mouse regularly showing the most severe clinical manifestations. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to TV antigen are delayed, reaching a maximum after 2 months; hence, this temporal sequence of the immune response is atypical  of acute virus infections. Certain features of the late disease process favor an immune-mediated mechanism for demyelination, and this possibility is currently under investigation. The cells chronically supporting virus replication and the mechanisms of persistent infection remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1023470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3586", "title": "Cardiovascular reactivity to noradrenaline and angiotensin in normotensive, hypertensive and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats.", "content": "Blood pressure responses to intravenous noradrenaline and angiotensin in the pithed rat preparations from normotensive, chronically hypertensive and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated groups were found to follow different patterns. 6-OHDA treated rats were very sensitive to the effects of the two pressor agents and repeated administration of the two drugs invariably led to cardiovascular collapse.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactivity to noradrenaline and angiotensin in normotensive, hypertensive and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. Blood pressure responses to intravenous noradrenaline and angiotensin in the pithed rat preparations from normotensive, chronically hypertensive and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated groups were found to follow different patterns. 6-OHDA treated rats were very sensitive to the effects of the two pressor agents and repeated administration of the two drugs invariably led to cardiovascular collapse.", "PMID": 1023507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3587", "title": "Effects of reserpine on the responses of the isolated rat fundus strip to catecholamines and specific adrenoceptor antagonists.", "content": "The effects of reserpine on the sensitivity to catecholamines and adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol and azapetine were studied on the fundus strips of the rat. The results obtained in this study would support the view that reserpine may increase the sensitivity of beta receptor to isoprenaline and adrenaline by the mechanism which may be independent of the uptake of catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine on the responses of the isolated rat fundus strip to catecholamines and specific adrenoceptor antagonists. The effects of reserpine on the sensitivity to catecholamines and adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol and azapetine were studied on the fundus strips of the rat. The results obtained in this study would support the view that reserpine may increase the sensitivity of beta receptor to isoprenaline and adrenaline by the mechanism which may be independent of the uptake of catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1023526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3588", "title": "[Results of the systematic control of tuberculosis in the People's Republic of Poland according to the development of the epidemiological data till 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "After the second World War a marked improvement of the epidemiological situation in the field of tuberculosis has been achieved in Poland. In 1952 the incidence of tuberculosis amounted to 490 per 1000 000 of the population; the prevalence to 1400. The mortality rate was 105.8 in 1950. In 1974 the incidence rate has been reduced to 81.4 (among them 49.4 excretors of tubercle bacilli), the prevalence rate was only 248.9 (among them 78.3 with excretion of tubercle bacilli and 11.7 with chronic tuberculosis--persons excreting tubercle bacilli for more than 2 years). The mortality rate from tuberculosis amounted to 13.8 at this time. The most sensible reduction of all indices was found among children 0-14 years old. Tuberculosis in Poland is still a problem of medico-social importance in adults and before all in old people, being that part of the population in past times only in a low degree vaccinated or revaccinated and in a higher degree exposed to severe infections with tubercle bacilli. The comprehensive complex programme of tuberculosis control passed by the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic, includes three approaches since 1960: the epidemiological, the integrating and the phthisiopneumological direction. Prerequisites for the scheduled realisation of the programme are the case-finding as early as possible, the quick and correct diagnosis and the immediate onset of a specific treatment, further on the dispensary care of all contacts of the patient (his surroundings) and optimal prophylactic measures against tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Results of the systematic control of tuberculosis in the People's Republic of Poland according to the development of the epidemiological data till 1975 (author's transl)]. After the second World War a marked improvement of the epidemiological situation in the field of tuberculosis has been achieved in Poland. In 1952 the incidence of tuberculosis amounted to 490 per 1000 000 of the population; the prevalence to 1400. The mortality rate was 105.8 in 1950. In 1974 the incidence rate has been reduced to 81.4 (among them 49.4 excretors of tubercle bacilli), the prevalence rate was only 248.9 (among them 78.3 with excretion of tubercle bacilli and 11.7 with chronic tuberculosis--persons excreting tubercle bacilli for more than 2 years). The mortality rate from tuberculosis amounted to 13.8 at this time. The most sensible reduction of all indices was found among children 0-14 years old. Tuberculosis in Poland is still a problem of medico-social importance in adults and before all in old people, being that part of the population in past times only in a low degree vaccinated or revaccinated and in a higher degree exposed to severe infections with tubercle bacilli. The comprehensive complex programme of tuberculosis control passed by the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic, includes three approaches since 1960: the epidemiological, the integrating and the phthisiopneumological direction. Prerequisites for the scheduled realisation of the programme are the case-finding as early as possible, the quick and correct diagnosis and the immediate onset of a specific treatment, further on the dispensary care of all contacts of the patient (his surroundings) and optimal prophylactic measures against tuberculosis.", "PMID": 1023527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3589", "title": "[Detection of healthy carriers of lesions and measures for prevention of tuberculous disease in this group in the Esthonian Socialist Soviet Republic (ESSR) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Tuberculosis morbidity has been markedly reduced in the Esthonian SSR. In children and yough tuberculosis is no more a problem. Among the new cases of adults formerly diseases or with inactive lesions in the lungs amount to 44,5% of the incidence. In the Esthonian SSR all persons with any lesions in the lungs are registered in an individual record index. They all are now supervised in intervals of a year and less. Another aggravating conditions exist in 13,6% of these persons. Chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis is done in this group. A marked reduction of morbidity has been attained in this way.", "contents": "[Detection of healthy carriers of lesions and measures for prevention of tuberculous disease in this group in the Esthonian Socialist Soviet Republic (ESSR) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Tuberculosis morbidity has been markedly reduced in the Esthonian SSR. In children and yough tuberculosis is no more a problem. Among the new cases of adults formerly diseases or with inactive lesions in the lungs amount to 44,5% of the incidence. In the Esthonian SSR all persons with any lesions in the lungs are registered in an individual record index. They all are now supervised in intervals of a year and less. Another aggravating conditions exist in 13,6% of these persons. Chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis is done in this group. A marked reduction of morbidity has been attained in this way.", "PMID": 1023528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3590", "title": "[High incidence of lung cancer in persons with chronic professional exposure to pesticides in agriculture (author's transl)].", "content": "In an epidemiological study in the Neubrandenburg district among 316 long-term exposed pesticide workers the incidence of tumors was investigated. There were 30 cases of tumors, of which 11 were lung cancers. The incidence of lung cancers was in contrast to age-specific population twenty times higher. The average exposure against pesticides amounted to 14.1 +/- 4.7 (6-23) years, the latency period between exposition start and tumor manifestation to 17.9 +/- 6.0 (6-23) years. The exposure occurred mainly to the following agents: herbicides, such as derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D and MCPA); insecticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, HCH and Toxaphen), organic phosphorus compounds (Parathion) and organic nitro derivatives (DNOC) as well as fungicides, such as copper containing and organic synthetic agents. Between 1950 and 1956 some pesticide workers were also exposed to arsenic containing agents. As the workers were exposed to various chemical compounds simultaneously or alternatively, no carcinogenic effect can be determined by specific individual pesticides. The investigations are discussed in detail on the today knowledge about cancer hazards associated with exposure to pesticides, and respective conclusions are drawn for preventive measures.", "contents": "[High incidence of lung cancer in persons with chronic professional exposure to pesticides in agriculture (author's transl)]. In an epidemiological study in the Neubrandenburg district among 316 long-term exposed pesticide workers the incidence of tumors was investigated. There were 30 cases of tumors, of which 11 were lung cancers. The incidence of lung cancers was in contrast to age-specific population twenty times higher. The average exposure against pesticides amounted to 14.1 +/- 4.7 (6-23) years, the latency period between exposition start and tumor manifestation to 17.9 +/- 6.0 (6-23) years. The exposure occurred mainly to the following agents: herbicides, such as derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D and MCPA); insecticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, HCH and Toxaphen), organic phosphorus compounds (Parathion) and organic nitro derivatives (DNOC) as well as fungicides, such as copper containing and organic synthetic agents. Between 1950 and 1956 some pesticide workers were also exposed to arsenic containing agents. As the workers were exposed to various chemical compounds simultaneously or alternatively, no carcinogenic effect can be determined by specific individual pesticides. The investigations are discussed in detail on the today knowledge about cancer hazards associated with exposure to pesticides, and respective conclusions are drawn for preventive measures.", "PMID": 1023529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3591", "title": "[Massive endobronchial hemorrhage during bronchological examination-successful treatment by temporary half-side blocking by means of a Carlens-tube (author's transl)].", "content": "During a bronchological examination a massive endobronchial hemorrhage from the left bronchial system occurred in a 48 year old woman suffering from pneumonia of the right 6th segment of the lung. Successful treatment by use of a Carlens-tube with half-side blocking. Later on, the left lower lobe was removed by operation. Pathological findings showed multiple lung-infarctions. The possibilities of treatment are discussed in the case of endobronchial hemorrhage in the course of bronchological examinations.", "contents": "[Massive endobronchial hemorrhage during bronchological examination-successful treatment by temporary half-side blocking by means of a Carlens-tube (author's transl)]. During a bronchological examination a massive endobronchial hemorrhage from the left bronchial system occurred in a 48 year old woman suffering from pneumonia of the right 6th segment of the lung. Successful treatment by use of a Carlens-tube with half-side blocking. Later on, the left lower lobe was removed by operation. Pathological findings showed multiple lung-infarctions. The possibilities of treatment are discussed in the case of endobronchial hemorrhage in the course of bronchological examinations.", "PMID": 1023530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3592", "title": "[Hemothorax--a life-threatening complications of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)].", "content": "A 23-year old male with an spontaneous hemopneumothorax and in the state of severe shock was admitted to our hospital. The etiology, incidence and therapeutic measures are discussed. It is recommended that patients with spontaneous hemopneumothorax after securing the diagnosis by radiography and puncture biopsy have to be admitted immediately in a thoracic surgery clinic. An early thoracotomy is favourable.", "contents": "[Hemothorax--a life-threatening complications of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)]. A 23-year old male with an spontaneous hemopneumothorax and in the state of severe shock was admitted to our hospital. The etiology, incidence and therapeutic measures are discussed. It is recommended that patients with spontaneous hemopneumothorax after securing the diagnosis by radiography and puncture biopsy have to be admitted immediately in a thoracic surgery clinic. An early thoracotomy is favourable.", "PMID": 1023531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3593", "title": "[Diagnosis, clinic and therapy of bronchial adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on diagnosis, clinic and therapy of 77 cases with bronchial adenomas. These semimalign tumours of the respiratory tract amounted to 1.5 per cent of all lung tumours admitted to our clinic within 21 years and were growing predominantly in the central parts of the respiratory tract. Resection therapy is the therapy of choice. Although potential malign, the bronchial adenomas differ markedly from bronchial carcinomas in relation to prognosis and mortality.", "contents": "[Diagnosis, clinic and therapy of bronchial adenomas (author's transl)]. Report on diagnosis, clinic and therapy of 77 cases with bronchial adenomas. These semimalign tumours of the respiratory tract amounted to 1.5 per cent of all lung tumours admitted to our clinic within 21 years and were growing predominantly in the central parts of the respiratory tract. Resection therapy is the therapy of choice. Although potential malign, the bronchial adenomas differ markedly from bronchial carcinomas in relation to prognosis and mortality.", "PMID": 1023532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3594", "title": "[Evaluation of the monocyte test for diagnosis of allergic asthma bronchiale (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated, if in routine work the relative simple monocyte test can improve the diagnostic yield of allergic asthma bronchiale in comparison with the inhalative allergen test. In 600 patients differential counts in peripheral blood were performed before, 30, and 60 minutes after inhalation of the allergen and the increase of monocytes was evaluated. Monocyte test and inhalative allergen test proved to be concordant in 67%, this value was statistically significant, but control trials failed in 11%. Therefore, the monocyte test fails to be of diagnostic value in allergic asthma, it does not increase additionally the diagnostic yield as a routine method.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the monocyte test for diagnosis of allergic asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. We investigated, if in routine work the relative simple monocyte test can improve the diagnostic yield of allergic asthma bronchiale in comparison with the inhalative allergen test. In 600 patients differential counts in peripheral blood were performed before, 30, and 60 minutes after inhalation of the allergen and the increase of monocytes was evaluated. Monocyte test and inhalative allergen test proved to be concordant in 67%, this value was statistically significant, but control trials failed in 11%. Therefore, the monocyte test fails to be of diagnostic value in allergic asthma, it does not increase additionally the diagnostic yield as a routine method.", "PMID": 1023533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3595", "title": "[Animal experiments on the etiology and histogenesis of colonic carcinoma].", "content": "The influence of nutrition upon the etiology and histogenesis of dimethylhydrazine induced carcinomas of the colon was studied in rats. A double-way Anus praeter was made in one-half of the animals (393/823). Histological and statistical analysis of more than 7000 organ preparations yielded the following results: (1) The intestinal contents has effects on localization, latency, and frequency of the colonic tumour. (2) When maintained on a protein-rich diet, rats with Anus praeter developed intestinal carcinomas more frequently and earlier than the corresponding controls, or with other dietary regimens under otherwise equal conditions. (3) In rats with Anus praeter the inflammatory stimulus on the ectopied mucosa exerted a stronger co-carcinogenic effect than the intestinal contents. (4) The genetic predisposition of the organ plays an important role in tumorigenesis. (5) In no case did intestinal carcinomas develop de novo, that is, from the unaltered, intact intestinal mucosa. (6) DMH induced carcinomas of the colon was solitary in 46% of the cases, and multiple in 54%. Histological differences within the same carcinoma (10% of the cases) are also indicative of a frequent, multicentric genesis of colonic carcinomas. (7) The significance of submucous, lymphocytic plaques for the immunological defense system requires further experimental clarification. (8) Polyps of the colon are a potential, but no necessary, intermediate from of cancerization.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the etiology and histogenesis of colonic carcinoma]. The influence of nutrition upon the etiology and histogenesis of dimethylhydrazine induced carcinomas of the colon was studied in rats. A double-way Anus praeter was made in one-half of the animals (393/823). Histological and statistical analysis of more than 7000 organ preparations yielded the following results: (1) The intestinal contents has effects on localization, latency, and frequency of the colonic tumour. (2) When maintained on a protein-rich diet, rats with Anus praeter developed intestinal carcinomas more frequently and earlier than the corresponding controls, or with other dietary regimens under otherwise equal conditions. (3) In rats with Anus praeter the inflammatory stimulus on the ectopied mucosa exerted a stronger co-carcinogenic effect than the intestinal contents. (4) The genetic predisposition of the organ plays an important role in tumorigenesis. (5) In no case did intestinal carcinomas develop de novo, that is, from the unaltered, intact intestinal mucosa. (6) DMH induced carcinomas of the colon was solitary in 46% of the cases, and multiple in 54%. Histological differences within the same carcinoma (10% of the cases) are also indicative of a frequent, multicentric genesis of colonic carcinomas. (7) The significance of submucous, lymphocytic plaques for the immunological defense system requires further experimental clarification. (8) Polyps of the colon are a potential, but no necessary, intermediate from of cancerization.", "PMID": 1023536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3596", "title": "[Occlusion of the ductus arteriosus in the rabbit. A light and electron microscopic study].", "content": "The development of changes appearing with the closure of ductus arteriosus was followed in mature rabbit foetuses with the help of light and electron microscopy. In the foetuses, in which there was no spontaneous respiration of atmospheric air before fixation the ductus remained opened. In smooth muscle cells of the media there were enlarged cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum being partially decayed. The foetuses that respired for about one minute had the ductus contracted to various degree and the endothelial cells were expelled into the lumen. In the foetuses respiring for 10 minutes the ductus were more contracted. The endothelium was considerably waved and the agglomeration of smooth muscle cells appeared. In the endothelial and musclar cells the endoplasmic reticulum was richer, and in a lot of places considerably disturbed. The ductus of foetuses respiring for 15 minutes had the lumen completely closed. The smooth muscle cells had a significantly changed their internal structure. The possibility of the direct transformation of the endoplasmic reticulum of the smooth muscular cells into inclusion bodies during the ductus arteriosus closure is discussed.", "contents": "[Occlusion of the ductus arteriosus in the rabbit. A light and electron microscopic study]. The development of changes appearing with the closure of ductus arteriosus was followed in mature rabbit foetuses with the help of light and electron microscopy. In the foetuses, in which there was no spontaneous respiration of atmospheric air before fixation the ductus remained opened. In smooth muscle cells of the media there were enlarged cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum being partially decayed. The foetuses that respired for about one minute had the ductus contracted to various degree and the endothelial cells were expelled into the lumen. In the foetuses respiring for 10 minutes the ductus were more contracted. The endothelium was considerably waved and the agglomeration of smooth muscle cells appeared. In the endothelial and musclar cells the endoplasmic reticulum was richer, and in a lot of places considerably disturbed. The ductus of foetuses respiring for 15 minutes had the lumen completely closed. The smooth muscle cells had a significantly changed their internal structure. The possibility of the direct transformation of the endoplasmic reticulum of the smooth muscular cells into inclusion bodies during the ductus arteriosus closure is discussed.", "PMID": 1023548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3597", "title": "Histochemical study of distribution of esterases in the pharyngeal bulb of earthworms.", "content": "The esterases are studied histochemically in the pharyngeal bulb of local earthworms using tweens, naphthols and indoxyl substrates. Lipase and esterases are located mainly in the pharyngeal epithelial cells and chromophill cells. No activity is seen in the nonchromophill cells. The connective tissue and musculo-vascular tissue contain some esterases activity. Possible role of the esterases in the cellular elements of pharynx has been discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of distribution of esterases in the pharyngeal bulb of earthworms. The esterases are studied histochemically in the pharyngeal bulb of local earthworms using tweens, naphthols and indoxyl substrates. Lipase and esterases are located mainly in the pharyngeal epithelial cells and chromophill cells. No activity is seen in the nonchromophill cells. The connective tissue and musculo-vascular tissue contain some esterases activity. Possible role of the esterases in the cellular elements of pharynx has been discussed.", "PMID": 1023549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3598", "title": "Structure of synapes in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the water beetle (Dytiscus marginalis).", "content": "1. Light- and electron microscopic investigations prove that synapses, without any exception, are confined to the neuropil. 2. Under the light-microscope, synapses display the shape of terminal boutons at the ends of the nerve fibres; in some cases they appear as smaller or larger plates. Electron microscopic investigations suggest that also varicosities of nerve fibres can be regarded as synapses, though these might have possible arisen from axoplasmatic peristalsis. 3. Electron microscopically the overwhelming majority of the synapses are axodendritic contacts; axo-axonic contacts occur less often. 4. The generally accepted characteristics of synapses are defective. Membrane thickenings and intersynaptic spaces are missing. Accordingly, synapses in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the water beetle differ markedly from those described in Vertebrates. 5. Synaptic vesicles sometimes fill the axoplasm of the nerve fibre completely. In other cases, clusters of synaptic vesicles can be seen, on both sides of the contact. 6. Synaptic vesicles are mixed with neurosecretory granules. Synaptic vesicles may appear also in the dendrites.", "contents": "Structure of synapes in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the water beetle (Dytiscus marginalis). 1. Light- and electron microscopic investigations prove that synapses, without any exception, are confined to the neuropil. 2. Under the light-microscope, synapses display the shape of terminal boutons at the ends of the nerve fibres; in some cases they appear as smaller or larger plates. Electron microscopic investigations suggest that also varicosities of nerve fibres can be regarded as synapses, though these might have possible arisen from axoplasmatic peristalsis. 3. Electron microscopically the overwhelming majority of the synapses are axodendritic contacts; axo-axonic contacts occur less often. 4. The generally accepted characteristics of synapses are defective. Membrane thickenings and intersynaptic spaces are missing. Accordingly, synapses in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the water beetle differ markedly from those described in Vertebrates. 5. Synaptic vesicles sometimes fill the axoplasm of the nerve fibre completely. In other cases, clusters of synaptic vesicles can be seen, on both sides of the contact. 6. Synaptic vesicles are mixed with neurosecretory granules. Synaptic vesicles may appear also in the dendrites.", "PMID": 1023550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3599", "title": "Histochemical mapping of certain enzymes in few fresh water teleosts. I. Acid phosphatase.", "content": "A detailed investigation of the distribution pattern of acid phosphatase in the different parts of alimentary canal and associated glands of Colisa fasciatus, Macrognathus aculeatus, Notopterus notopterus and Nandus nandus has been made. Though this enzyme shows its hydrolytic activity in all the parts of the digestive system yet its intense activity has been noted in the intestine, pyloric caeca, liver and pancreas of all the 4 fishes. Mucosal and submucosal layers of all the parts of the alimentary canal are the main seat of localization of this enzyme.", "contents": "Histochemical mapping of certain enzymes in few fresh water teleosts. I. Acid phosphatase. A detailed investigation of the distribution pattern of acid phosphatase in the different parts of alimentary canal and associated glands of Colisa fasciatus, Macrognathus aculeatus, Notopterus notopterus and Nandus nandus has been made. Though this enzyme shows its hydrolytic activity in all the parts of the digestive system yet its intense activity has been noted in the intestine, pyloric caeca, liver and pancreas of all the 4 fishes. Mucosal and submucosal layers of all the parts of the alimentary canal are the main seat of localization of this enzyme.", "PMID": 1023551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3600", "title": "[Histochemical study of the activity of aspartate aminotransferase in the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the central cerebellar nuclei of several vertebrates].", "content": "The aspartate aminotransferase activity (AAT) is reserched into the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the cerebellar nuclei of the rat, chicken, Lacerta lepida and Bufo calamitas. It's proved that the AAT activity shows in many locations, that are mainly: 1. In the nerve fibers 2. In the cytoplasmic membrane, and in the nuclear membrane of the neurons 3. In all neuronal cytoplasm, and 4. In the mitochondria of neurons and choroid plexus cells. The results base the idea that there's more than one pool of glutamic acid in relation to that AAT. It's suggested that the role that AAT plays is different in everyone of the described locations, and may be it's connected with transport phenomenons in the membrane, with energetic function on the mitochondria and with functions of the nerve impulse transmission in the synapsis. We remark, finally, the interest that the enzymatical works can have the time comming to establish homologies among similar structures of several animal's nervous system.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the activity of aspartate aminotransferase in the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the central cerebellar nuclei of several vertebrates]. The aspartate aminotransferase activity (AAT) is reserched into the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the cerebellar nuclei of the rat, chicken, Lacerta lepida and Bufo calamitas. It's proved that the AAT activity shows in many locations, that are mainly: 1. In the nerve fibers 2. In the cytoplasmic membrane, and in the nuclear membrane of the neurons 3. In all neuronal cytoplasm, and 4. In the mitochondria of neurons and choroid plexus cells. The results base the idea that there's more than one pool of glutamic acid in relation to that AAT. It's suggested that the role that AAT plays is different in everyone of the described locations, and may be it's connected with transport phenomenons in the membrane, with energetic function on the mitochondria and with functions of the nerve impulse transmission in the synapsis. We remark, finally, the interest that the enzymatical works can have the time comming to establish homologies among similar structures of several animal's nervous system.", "PMID": 1023552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3601", "title": "Effects of dactinomycine (actinomycine D) on budless hydra and during its budding process.", "content": "The effect of dactinomycine (actinomycine D) is manifested in various ways, which depends upon its concentration and animal condition at the time of treatment. Dactinomycine is citotoxic in stronger concentations so hydra dies quickly. In thinner concentrations it stops the mitotic activity of the cell, but the basic metabolic processes continue as before. Interstitial cells differenciate into cnidoblasts for some time, the cnid production is not halted, but all of these cells disappear as well as zimogen cells which dedifferentiate into gastrodermal interstitial and into mucous cells. Such animals live longer but die eventually. The effect of dactinomycine is generally milder on animals with a larger cell mass, in hydras with the budding tendency where exist such reserves and in those hydras in which the budding process has begun. In these a part of mobile undamaged zimogen cells can remain. They keep their reproduction ability. These animals can survive and keep on growing normally.", "contents": "Effects of dactinomycine (actinomycine D) on budless hydra and during its budding process. The effect of dactinomycine (actinomycine D) is manifested in various ways, which depends upon its concentration and animal condition at the time of treatment. Dactinomycine is citotoxic in stronger concentations so hydra dies quickly. In thinner concentrations it stops the mitotic activity of the cell, but the basic metabolic processes continue as before. Interstitial cells differenciate into cnidoblasts for some time, the cnid production is not halted, but all of these cells disappear as well as zimogen cells which dedifferentiate into gastrodermal interstitial and into mucous cells. Such animals live longer but die eventually. The effect of dactinomycine is generally milder on animals with a larger cell mass, in hydras with the budding tendency where exist such reserves and in those hydras in which the budding process has begun. In these a part of mobile undamaged zimogen cells can remain. They keep their reproduction ability. These animals can survive and keep on growing normally.", "PMID": 1023553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3602", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of nucleus-like formations of fragmented oocytes in rat ovary].", "content": "Oocytes in ovarian atretic follicles now and then show in their cytoplasm nucleuslike formations. The appearance of those pseudonuclei in the rat is described by light-and electron microscopy. Every pseudonucleus contains one or more Feulgen positive particles, and is surrounded by a membrane on its surface. The pseudonuclei are formed in the course of degeration of the oocyte during 1. und 2. meiotic metaphase from contracted chromosomes, probably with the involvement of the mixoplasma.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies of nucleus-like formations of fragmented oocytes in rat ovary]. Oocytes in ovarian atretic follicles now and then show in their cytoplasm nucleuslike formations. The appearance of those pseudonuclei in the rat is described by light-and electron microscopy. Every pseudonucleus contains one or more Feulgen positive particles, and is surrounded by a membrane on its surface. The pseudonuclei are formed in the course of degeration of the oocyte during 1. und 2. meiotic metaphase from contracted chromosomes, probably with the involvement of the mixoplasma.", "PMID": 1023554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3603", "title": "Occurrence and frequency of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine of birds.", "content": "The occurrence and frequency of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine of 14 separate species of birds, the quantitative variations in the several sections of the intestine and the quantitative changes in the embryonic and postembryonic development of Anas platyhynchos have been investigated by the Protargol-reaction of Bodian and the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. Enterochromaffin cells are concentrated in the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn in first line. They have been found in all investigated species but in various frequency. The enterochromaffin cells exist frequently in herbivorous species, scarcely in carnivorous. The number of enterochromaffin cells increase from the duodenum to the colon. The enterochromaffin cells appear in the intestine of the duck embryo beginning with the 15th day of embryonic life. The number increase related with the age of the duckling. The content has been identified as 5-hydroxy-tryptamine by the colour of fluorescence and depletion of all enterochromaffin cells following reserpine administration.", "contents": "Occurrence and frequency of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine of birds. The occurrence and frequency of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine of 14 separate species of birds, the quantitative variations in the several sections of the intestine and the quantitative changes in the embryonic and postembryonic development of Anas platyhynchos have been investigated by the Protargol-reaction of Bodian and the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. Enterochromaffin cells are concentrated in the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn in first line. They have been found in all investigated species but in various frequency. The enterochromaffin cells exist frequently in herbivorous species, scarcely in carnivorous. The number of enterochromaffin cells increase from the duodenum to the colon. The enterochromaffin cells appear in the intestine of the duck embryo beginning with the 15th day of embryonic life. The number increase related with the age of the duckling. The content has been identified as 5-hydroxy-tryptamine by the colour of fluorescence and depletion of all enterochromaffin cells following reserpine administration.", "PMID": 1023555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3604", "title": "Histochemical localization of lipid in the respiratory muscles of a fresh water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).", "content": "The histochemical localization of lipids in the respiratory muscles of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) has been studied. The muscles innervated by the facialis (VIIth) nerve contain more lipid than those innervated by the trigeminal (Vth). The muscles directly concerned with the opercular suction pumps (Inferior and Superior hyohyoideus, Adductor, Levator and Dilator operculi) have more lipids and suggest their sustained role in the maintainance of efficiency of the opercular suction pumps. The Retractor tentaculi associated with the movements of barbels also have lipid droplets in good quantity.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of lipid in the respiratory muscles of a fresh water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). The histochemical localization of lipids in the respiratory muscles of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) has been studied. The muscles innervated by the facialis (VIIth) nerve contain more lipid than those innervated by the trigeminal (Vth). The muscles directly concerned with the opercular suction pumps (Inferior and Superior hyohyoideus, Adductor, Levator and Dilator operculi) have more lipids and suggest their sustained role in the maintainance of efficiency of the opercular suction pumps. The Retractor tentaculi associated with the movements of barbels also have lipid droplets in good quantity.", "PMID": 1023556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3605", "title": "[DNA inhibition and development of the pigment epithelium and receptors in rat retina].", "content": "In the retina of the guinea pig the outer segments of the receptor cells are damaged by cyclophosphamid, but the inner segments and the centriole are not altered. The disturbed membranes of the outer segments are incorporated by pigment epithelium. The progress of degeneration of outer segments corresponds with the increase of the number of Lysosomes in the pigmemt epithelium. The structure of mitochondria is disturbed by blocking the DNA. The unaltered mitochondria show a normal reaction of succinode hydrogenase.", "contents": "[DNA inhibition and development of the pigment epithelium and receptors in rat retina]. In the retina of the guinea pig the outer segments of the receptor cells are damaged by cyclophosphamid, but the inner segments and the centriole are not altered. The disturbed membranes of the outer segments are incorporated by pigment epithelium. The progress of degeneration of outer segments corresponds with the increase of the number of Lysosomes in the pigmemt epithelium. The structure of mitochondria is disturbed by blocking the DNA. The unaltered mitochondria show a normal reaction of succinode hydrogenase.", "PMID": 1023557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3606", "title": "[Effect of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in autonomic nerves in cat in vitro].", "content": "The effects of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in cat autonomic nerves were studied using in vitro preparations of inferior mesenteric ganglion/hypogastric nerves. After 24 hrs of in vitro incubation with colchicine added to the medium (10 microng/ml) a significant decrease in number of neurotubules per 1 axon was observed. In the presence of a solution of alpha-beta and gamma-lumicolchicine (10 microng/ml) severe degenerative changes occured in axons and Schwann cells. At a lower dose of lumicolchicine (3 microng/ml) these changes were less frequent and the number of neurotubules per 1 axon did not differ from that in control nerves.", "contents": "[Effect of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in autonomic nerves in cat in vitro]. The effects of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in cat autonomic nerves were studied using in vitro preparations of inferior mesenteric ganglion/hypogastric nerves. After 24 hrs of in vitro incubation with colchicine added to the medium (10 microng/ml) a significant decrease in number of neurotubules per 1 axon was observed. In the presence of a solution of alpha-beta and gamma-lumicolchicine (10 microng/ml) severe degenerative changes occured in axons and Schwann cells. At a lower dose of lumicolchicine (3 microng/ml) these changes were less frequent and the number of neurotubules per 1 axon did not differ from that in control nerves.", "PMID": 1023558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3607", "title": "The ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus in domestic fowl.", "content": "The morphogenesis of lower end of tibia in chick is studied commonly but the process of ossification of the same has received very little attention so far. The present study is directed to throw some light on the appearance of ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus of chick. The histology of lower end of tibiotarsus was studied by procuring developing tibiotarsi from chick embryos (20) of 6th day incubation till hatching and 3 post hatched chicks. The transparancies of chick embryos at different incubation periods and post hatched chicks were prepared by Dawson's Alizarin staining method. Three cartilage center (tibial, fibulare and intermedium) appeared in 6...9 days of incubation period in the tarsal region. These gradually fused with the lower end of tibia. Three ossification centres developed in the lower end of tibiotarsus. One for intermedium appeared on 16th day and two fotibial and fibulare on 20th day. All these three centres could be located in the transparancies of the chick embryos in tarsal region. The present study proves that the three cartilages centres maintain their individuality during the ossification process even though those fuse completely with the lower end of tibia in chick. The centers for tibial and fibulare are similar to epiphyseal centres of mammals in histological details.", "contents": "The ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus in domestic fowl. The morphogenesis of lower end of tibia in chick is studied commonly but the process of ossification of the same has received very little attention so far. The present study is directed to throw some light on the appearance of ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus of chick. The histology of lower end of tibiotarsus was studied by procuring developing tibiotarsi from chick embryos (20) of 6th day incubation till hatching and 3 post hatched chicks. The transparancies of chick embryos at different incubation periods and post hatched chicks were prepared by Dawson's Alizarin staining method. Three cartilage center (tibial, fibulare and intermedium) appeared in 6...9 days of incubation period in the tarsal region. These gradually fused with the lower end of tibia. Three ossification centres developed in the lower end of tibiotarsus. One for intermedium appeared on 16th day and two fotibial and fibulare on 20th day. All these three centres could be located in the transparancies of the chick embryos in tarsal region. The present study proves that the three cartilages centres maintain their individuality during the ossification process even though those fuse completely with the lower end of tibia in chick. The centers for tibial and fibulare are similar to epiphyseal centres of mammals in histological details.", "PMID": 1023559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3608", "title": "Urinary bladder tumours in Zambia.", "content": "The clinical picture of bladder cancer as seen in Zambia is presented. The majority of lesions were squamous carcinoma and although all cases were first seen at a late stage it was possible to undertake a potentially curative operation in 16%. Operation provides excellent palliation and should be considered wherever possible.", "contents": "Urinary bladder tumours in Zambia. The clinical picture of bladder cancer as seen in Zambia is presented. The majority of lesions were squamous carcinoma and although all cases were first seen at a late stage it was possible to undertake a potentially curative operation in 16%. Operation provides excellent palliation and should be considered wherever possible.", "PMID": 1023694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3609", "title": "Assessment of transvenous right atriography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion.", "content": "From our results, we feel that transvenous right atriography is a reliable confirmatory investigation of pericardial effusion. The procedure is simple and can be carried out in any hospital. Spurious positive results may arise from faulty technique or due to marked pericardial thickenning whilst false negatives may be enountered with viscid, inspissated or loculated pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Assessment of transvenous right atriography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. From our results, we feel that transvenous right atriography is a reliable confirmatory investigation of pericardial effusion. The procedure is simple and can be carried out in any hospital. Spurious positive results may arise from faulty technique or due to marked pericardial thickenning whilst false negatives may be enountered with viscid, inspissated or loculated pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 1023695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3610", "title": "Vasopressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus-a case report.", "content": "This is a case report of Vasopressin - Sensitive Diabetes Insipidus in a 5 year old Zambian Coloured male child together with a brief review of etiology, diagnosis and management of the condition.", "contents": "Vasopressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus-a case report. This is a case report of Vasopressin - Sensitive Diabetes Insipidus in a 5 year old Zambian Coloured male child together with a brief review of etiology, diagnosis and management of the condition.", "PMID": 1023696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3611", "title": "Chronic endometritis. A clinical and histopathological study.", "content": "Chronic endometritis is not an uncommon diagnosis in our biopsy material and we believe should be diagnosed more frequently. There seems to be no correlation however between clinical symptomalogy and severity of plasma cell infiltration of the endometrial stroma as observed histologically. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the condition most commonly associated with chronic endometritis. The precise etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease is not clear. No clinical cause could be found in 37.5% of our cases with histopathological diagnosis of chronic endometritis.", "contents": "Chronic endometritis. A clinical and histopathological study. Chronic endometritis is not an uncommon diagnosis in our biopsy material and we believe should be diagnosed more frequently. There seems to be no correlation however between clinical symptomalogy and severity of plasma cell infiltration of the endometrial stroma as observed histologically. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the condition most commonly associated with chronic endometritis. The precise etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease is not clear. No clinical cause could be found in 37.5% of our cases with histopathological diagnosis of chronic endometritis.", "PMID": 1023700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3612", "title": "Impact of piped water supply on the incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases in Lusaka.", "content": "The effect of piped water supply on the incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases in the City of Lusaka is reported. The incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases reduced in the City as the piped drinking water was extended to the Urban and peri Urban self-help settlements.", "contents": "Impact of piped water supply on the incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases in Lusaka. The effect of piped water supply on the incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases in the City of Lusaka is reported. The incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases reduced in the City as the piped drinking water was extended to the Urban and peri Urban self-help settlements.", "PMID": 1023699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3613", "title": "Iron turnover in chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Radioisotope studies of iron kinetics carried out in patients with chronic hepatitis yielded the following results. Serum iron level and free iron binding capacity showed little difference from the normal mean value. All three types studied (chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis) revealed an abnormal distribution of iron in the first 24 hours. Normalization of iron distribution ensued in persistent hepatitis and in chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis, but in chronic active hepatitis the abnormal distribution persisted, as reflected by a decreased iron utilization and an increased iron storage in the liver. The cause of this is attributed to a transitory accumulation of ferritin in the liver.", "contents": "Iron turnover in chronic hepatitis. Radioisotope studies of iron kinetics carried out in patients with chronic hepatitis yielded the following results. Serum iron level and free iron binding capacity showed little difference from the normal mean value. All three types studied (chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis) revealed an abnormal distribution of iron in the first 24 hours. Normalization of iron distribution ensued in persistent hepatitis and in chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis, but in chronic active hepatitis the abnormal distribution persisted, as reflected by a decreased iron utilization and an increased iron storage in the liver. The cause of this is attributed to a transitory accumulation of ferritin in the liver.", "PMID": 1023735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3614", "title": "Immune reactivity in subjects remaining tuberculin-negative after repeated BCG vaccination.", "content": "Thirty-four children of 12 years mean age having had 3 to 5 BCG vaccinations owing to tuberculin negativity, were subjected to cellular and humoral immune assays (tuberculin skin test, leucocyte migration test, lymphocyte transformation test, estimation of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels). It was found that nonreactivity may cease by the age of 11 to 12 years. At the time of study 21 of the 34 children were already tuberculin-positive and only 13 failed to react to 5 TU. The studies confirmed the presence of combined immune deficiencies (negative tuberculin test, negative leucocyte migration test, abnormal immunoglobulin levels) as well as of changes confined to the individual immunoglobulin classes. In the case-history recurrent febrile diseases were found to occur more frequently between the 1st and 6th year of life than between 6 and 12 years of age. It is suggested that nonreactivity to tuberculin results from a congenital partial cellular immune deficiency.", "contents": "Immune reactivity in subjects remaining tuberculin-negative after repeated BCG vaccination. Thirty-four children of 12 years mean age having had 3 to 5 BCG vaccinations owing to tuberculin negativity, were subjected to cellular and humoral immune assays (tuberculin skin test, leucocyte migration test, lymphocyte transformation test, estimation of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels). It was found that nonreactivity may cease by the age of 11 to 12 years. At the time of study 21 of the 34 children were already tuberculin-positive and only 13 failed to react to 5 TU. The studies confirmed the presence of combined immune deficiencies (negative tuberculin test, negative leucocyte migration test, abnormal immunoglobulin levels) as well as of changes confined to the individual immunoglobulin classes. In the case-history recurrent febrile diseases were found to occur more frequently between the 1st and 6th year of life than between 6 and 12 years of age. It is suggested that nonreactivity to tuberculin results from a congenital partial cellular immune deficiency.", "PMID": 1023736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3615", "title": "Surgical treatment of Cushing's disease caused by adrenocortical hyperplasia: experiences with bilateral adrenalectomy.", "content": "Experience with the surgical treatment of hypercorticism caused by bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia in 16 patients is discussed. The treatment of choice is bilateral total adrenalectomy. Following subtotal adrenalectomy recurrence occurred in three of six patients; a third operation was needed in two cases, while permanent hypadrenia developed in the third. There was no operative mortality. One patient died 9 years after surgery, but the death was not related to the original disease. The clinical symptoms of hypercorticism subsided in every totally adrenalectomized patient. Indication and contraindication of adrenalectomy, the surgical method, and the problems of pre- and postoperative treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of Cushing's disease caused by adrenocortical hyperplasia: experiences with bilateral adrenalectomy. Experience with the surgical treatment of hypercorticism caused by bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia in 16 patients is discussed. The treatment of choice is bilateral total adrenalectomy. Following subtotal adrenalectomy recurrence occurred in three of six patients; a third operation was needed in two cases, while permanent hypadrenia developed in the third. There was no operative mortality. One patient died 9 years after surgery, but the death was not related to the original disease. The clinical symptoms of hypercorticism subsided in every totally adrenalectomized patient. Indication and contraindication of adrenalectomy, the surgical method, and the problems of pre- and postoperative treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1023737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3616", "title": "Distribution of caries among tooth types in fluoride and non-fluoride areas.", "content": "A method is described for estimating the preferential caries protective action of fluoride on certain morphological types of permanent teeth. The results  of an analysis by this method, applied to data for 1164 Austrian school-children aged 6--14 years, are reported. There was no indication that fluoride would exert its caries inhibitory effect selectively on certain types of teeth. Tentative explanations are put forward for the only inconsistency within the general results observed in 11--14-year-old children having a total of 3 carious teeth.", "contents": "Distribution of caries among tooth types in fluoride and non-fluoride areas. A method is described for estimating the preferential caries protective action of fluoride on certain morphological types of permanent teeth. The results  of an analysis by this method, applied to data for 1164 Austrian school-children aged 6--14 years, are reported. There was no indication that fluoride would exert its caries inhibitory effect selectively on certain types of teeth. Tentative explanations are put forward for the only inconsistency within the general results observed in 11--14-year-old children having a total of 3 carious teeth.", "PMID": 1023738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3617", "title": "The distribution of 3H-gastrin and 14C-pentagastrin in the blood and lymph of rats.", "content": "3H-gastrin (0.83 mug/rat) or 14C-glycine-pentapeptide amide (100 mug/rat) were injected into the femoral vein in various groups of rats and radioactivity was measured in the arterial blood plasma and thoracic duct lymph in consecutive 5--10 min. periods for 60 minutes. Radioactivity excreted in the bile for 30 minutes was injected into the blood and lymph was followed for 120 minutes. It has been observed that labelled gastrin or pentagastrin activity reaches its peak in the plasma in the 5th minute after intravenous injection. Next, activity in  the plasma decreased after the injection of labelled gastrin, but remained unchanged after the injection of labelled pentagastrin. In the lymph, radioactivity reached its peak value between 5--15 min. after the injection of the labelled hormones. This peak value was two- to threefold of plasma radioactivity measured at the  same periods.  After the intravenous injection of labelled pentagastrin radioactivity was excreted in the bile; injecting this radioactive bile into the jejunal lumen, radioactivity was reabsorbed mainly into the blood circulation.", "contents": "The distribution of 3H-gastrin and 14C-pentagastrin in the blood and lymph of rats. 3H-gastrin (0.83 mug/rat) or 14C-glycine-pentapeptide amide (100 mug/rat) were injected into the femoral vein in various groups of rats and radioactivity was measured in the arterial blood plasma and thoracic duct lymph in consecutive 5--10 min. periods for 60 minutes. Radioactivity excreted in the bile for 30 minutes was injected into the blood and lymph was followed for 120 minutes. It has been observed that labelled gastrin or pentagastrin activity reaches its peak in the plasma in the 5th minute after intravenous injection. Next, activity in  the plasma decreased after the injection of labelled gastrin, but remained unchanged after the injection of labelled pentagastrin. In the lymph, radioactivity reached its peak value between 5--15 min. after the injection of the labelled hormones. This peak value was two- to threefold of plasma radioactivity measured at the  same periods.  After the intravenous injection of labelled pentagastrin radioactivity was excreted in the bile; injecting this radioactive bile into the jejunal lumen, radioactivity was reabsorbed mainly into the blood circulation.", "PMID": 1023739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3618", "title": "Enzyme inducing effect of muscular exertion in the rat.", "content": "The activity of hexobarbital oxidase in vivo was found to be higher in rats forced to swim regularly (sleeping time studies). The enzyme inducing effect of spironolactone and norandrostenolone was reduced in trianed animals. Inactivation of the inducing agents is suggested to be faster in animals trained by swimming. The difference observed between test and control sleeping times was ascribed to an increased capacity of the liver to inactivate hexobarbital, while an alteration of central nervous responsiveness could  be excluded since the difference in serum hexobarbital concentratios was negligible when the animals awoke. Elimination of canrenone (dethioacetylated spironolactone) was faster in trained rats. Immediately after the swimming exercise hexobarbital elimination was slower in both the trained and the control groups. Accelerated elimination, a characteristic of physical fitness, could be observed to return 5 hours after terminating the exercise.", "contents": "Enzyme inducing effect of muscular exertion in the rat. The activity of hexobarbital oxidase in vivo was found to be higher in rats forced to swim regularly (sleeping time studies). The enzyme inducing effect of spironolactone and norandrostenolone was reduced in trianed animals. Inactivation of the inducing agents is suggested to be faster in animals trained by swimming. The difference observed between test and control sleeping times was ascribed to an increased capacity of the liver to inactivate hexobarbital, while an alteration of central nervous responsiveness could  be excluded since the difference in serum hexobarbital concentratios was negligible when the animals awoke. Elimination of canrenone (dethioacetylated spironolactone) was faster in trained rats. Immediately after the swimming exercise hexobarbital elimination was slower in both the trained and the control groups. Accelerated elimination, a characteristic of physical fitness, could be observed to return 5 hours after terminating the exercise.", "PMID": 1023740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3619", "title": "The mast cells of the inner ear.", "content": "The presence of mast cells in the subepithelial connective tissue of the human endolymphatic sac has, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, been described. A hypothesis has been put forward in which these cells, which are known to contain histamin, heparin and serotonin, play an important role in the physiologic functions of the endolymphatic sac as well as in some pathologic states of the inner ear.", "contents": "The mast cells of the inner ear. The presence of mast cells in the subepithelial connective tissue of the human endolymphatic sac has, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, been described. A hypothesis has been put forward in which these cells, which are known to contain histamin, heparin and serotonin, play an important role in the physiologic functions of the endolymphatic sac as well as in some pathologic states of the inner ear.", "PMID": 1023741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3620", "title": "[Cervical nystagmus and functional disorders of the cervical column].", "content": "Our experience concerning the necktorsion-nystagmus has convinced us that this type of nystagmus must be elicited via a proprioceptive mechanism. The course of the curve is very suggestive, as we can state that this nystagmus changes its direction every 3-4 seconds, following exactly the stimulating movement of the chair. Our investigations resulted in another very interesting statement. Examining also a group of normal subjects, we could state that more than 50% of them presented a necktorsion-nystagmus. In a group of patients with vertigo, we could elicit in nearly the same percentage a cervical nystagmus. A significant difference between the nystagmus observed in the normals and in the pathological cases, could not be deduced from our data, except that the pathological cases showed a little more intensive necktorsion-nystagmus. A functional examination of the mobility of the cervical spine showed a significant relationship between a movement restriction of CO-C1 and the presence of necktorsion-nystagmus. This proves also the nystagmus starts via a proprioceptive mechanism, interfering with the labyrinthine in-put at the vestibular nuclei. Without doubt, the necktorsion-nystagmus is not a direct expression of a vertebro-basilar insufficiency and is even not a true pathological sign. Its clinical value is to be re-evaluated.", "contents": "[Cervical nystagmus and functional disorders of the cervical column]. Our experience concerning the necktorsion-nystagmus has convinced us that this type of nystagmus must be elicited via a proprioceptive mechanism. The course of the curve is very suggestive, as we can state that this nystagmus changes its direction every 3-4 seconds, following exactly the stimulating movement of the chair. Our investigations resulted in another very interesting statement. Examining also a group of normal subjects, we could state that more than 50% of them presented a necktorsion-nystagmus. In a group of patients with vertigo, we could elicit in nearly the same percentage a cervical nystagmus. A significant difference between the nystagmus observed in the normals and in the pathological cases, could not be deduced from our data, except that the pathological cases showed a little more intensive necktorsion-nystagmus. A functional examination of the mobility of the cervical spine showed a significant relationship between a movement restriction of CO-C1 and the presence of necktorsion-nystagmus. This proves also the nystagmus starts via a proprioceptive mechanism, interfering with the labyrinthine in-put at the vestibular nuclei. Without doubt, the necktorsion-nystagmus is not a direct expression of a vertebro-basilar insufficiency and is even not a true pathological sign. Its clinical value is to be re-evaluated.", "PMID": 1023743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3621", "title": "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "Clearly, the technics of transformation in epithelial cell cultures bring us closer to understanding chemical carcinogenesis. Also clear is the need to develop new technics to evaluate the significance of viral particles found in tumors and to answer the basic question as to whether mutation or aberrant differentiation is the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Clearly, the technics of transformation in epithelial cell cultures bring us closer to understanding chemical carcinogenesis. Also clear is the need to develop new technics to evaluate the significance of viral particles found in tumors and to answer the basic question as to whether mutation or aberrant differentiation is the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1023763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3622", "title": "The scientific base and challenge of cancer diagnostic research.", "content": "A multi-approach study of the diagnosis of the common malignancies is underway. Screening of asymptomatic patients and early diagnosis, with the aid of new and sophisticated methodologies may arrive at the diagnosis of cancer at an earlier stage (i.e., before the tumor has metastasized). Table 2 summarizes many of the newer methods which might be incorporated into such a study.", "contents": "The scientific base and challenge of cancer diagnostic research. A multi-approach study of the diagnosis of the common malignancies is underway. Screening of asymptomatic patients and early diagnosis, with the aid of new and sophisticated methodologies may arrive at the diagnosis of cancer at an earlier stage (i.e., before the tumor has metastasized). Table 2 summarizes many of the newer methods which might be incorporated into such a study.", "PMID": 1023764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3623", "title": "Cancer treatment combined modality approach.", "content": "Other approaches to determine whether patients have a high probability of metastases (and therefore no need for axillary dissection) have been the measurements of several circulating substances (e.g., polyamines, nucleosides, CEA and HCG). None of these are by themselves useful. There is a high percentage positive in those patients with metastatic disease (with up to 97% positive for either HCG, CEA, or guanosine (nucleoside). What we need is a correlation or a parameter of what the tumor cell number is, who to treat, and how long. Today's therapy is larger empiric. The ultimate goal is to individualize therapy. Figure 1 summarizes a planned treatment for a woman with a breast cancer in 1974.", "contents": "Cancer treatment combined modality approach. Other approaches to determine whether patients have a high probability of metastases (and therefore no need for axillary dissection) have been the measurements of several circulating substances (e.g., polyamines, nucleosides, CEA and HCG). None of these are by themselves useful. There is a high percentage positive in those patients with metastatic disease (with up to 97% positive for either HCG, CEA, or guanosine (nucleoside). What we need is a correlation or a parameter of what the tumor cell number is, who to treat, and how long. Today's therapy is larger empiric. The ultimate goal is to individualize therapy. Figure 1 summarizes a planned treatment for a woman with a breast cancer in 1974.", "PMID": 1023765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3624", "title": "Some physiological aspects of genetic variation in the blood of sheep.", "content": "The principal genetic variants in sheep red cells and plasma are listed. Current hypotheses as to how the L blood group antigen affects active potassium transport across the red cell membrane are summarized. Recent work on an inherited defect in amino acid transport which results in a red cell GSH deficiency is also described.", "contents": "Some physiological aspects of genetic variation in the blood of sheep. The principal genetic variants in sheep red cells and plasma are listed. Current hypotheses as to how the L blood group antigen affects active potassium transport across the red cell membrane are summarized. Recent work on an inherited defect in amino acid transport which results in a red cell GSH deficiency is also described.", "PMID": 1023778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3625", "title": "The contribution of isozymes to alkaline phosphatase activity in chicken plasma.", "content": "The contribution of different isozymes to plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was investigated in a White Plymouth Rock strain. No significant difference in AP acitivity between FF and FS genotypes was observed in both young chick and laying hen. As previously reported in young chickens, a significant difference in AP activity between F and S types was observed in laying hens. Of the total variance of AP activity 53%, 9% and 5% were explained by isozyme type, family and sex, respectively. The higher activity of the F band was responsible for the higher activity of the F type in the young chicken, while the activity of the B band of either type did not contribute to activity difference. The hypotheses are proposed so as to the activity difference.", "contents": "The contribution of isozymes to alkaline phosphatase activity in chicken plasma. The contribution of different isozymes to plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was investigated in a White Plymouth Rock strain. No significant difference in AP acitivity between FF and FS genotypes was observed in both young chick and laying hen. As previously reported in young chickens, a significant difference in AP activity between F and S types was observed in laying hens. Of the total variance of AP activity 53%, 9% and 5% were explained by isozyme type, family and sex, respectively. The higher activity of the F band was responsible for the higher activity of the F type in the young chicken, while the activity of the B band of either type did not contribute to activity difference. The hypotheses are proposed so as to the activity difference.", "PMID": 1023779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3626", "title": "Biochemical gene markers in the gerbil Tatera brantsii from Lesotho.", "content": "Several geographically separated populations of the gerbil Tatera brantsii were investigated with protein and enzyme gene markers. Genetic variation was found in the following systems: serum albumin, 6-PGD, haemoglobin, esterase, IDA and GPI. No variation was found in the SDH and LDH systems. There appeared to be only slight differences in gene frequencies between populations. No real seasonal variation in any of the frequencies could be established.", "contents": "Biochemical gene markers in the gerbil Tatera brantsii from Lesotho. Several geographically separated populations of the gerbil Tatera brantsii were investigated with protein and enzyme gene markers. Genetic variation was found in the following systems: serum albumin, 6-PGD, haemoglobin, esterase, IDA and GPI. No variation was found in the SDH and LDH systems. There appeared to be only slight differences in gene frequencies between populations. No real seasonal variation in any of the frequencies could be established.", "PMID": 1023780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3627", "title": "Observations on blood plasma postalbumins and hatchability of chickens.", "content": "In chicken blood plasma two bands have been observed in the region of postalbumins. The genetically determined faster migrating band PasA was present in the blood plasma of all tested males in the plasma of a majority of the females. The slower migrating band (PasB) was only observed in the blood plasma of laying females and never in the blood plasma of males and non-laying females. The genotype of individuals of which the faster migrating band was present was determined as AA and Aa and of those lacking this postalbumin as aa. An excess of females over males was found from mating of male Aa x female Aa and male Aa x female aa. At the same time the percentage of hatched eggs was lowered respectively.", "contents": "Observations on blood plasma postalbumins and hatchability of chickens. In chicken blood plasma two bands have been observed in the region of postalbumins. The genetically determined faster migrating band PasA was present in the blood plasma of all tested males in the plasma of a majority of the females. The slower migrating band (PasB) was only observed in the blood plasma of laying females and never in the blood plasma of males and non-laying females. The genotype of individuals of which the faster migrating band was present was determined as AA and Aa and of those lacking this postalbumin as aa. An excess of females over males was found from mating of male Aa x female Aa and male Aa x female aa. At the same time the percentage of hatched eggs was lowered respectively.", "PMID": 1023781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3628", "title": "[Coding of tumorous lesions in anatomopathology].", "content": "The writer presents an initial and brief analysis of the \"International Classification of Diseases, adaptation to Oncology \"(CIM-O), prepared by the World Health Organization based on the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The CIM-O includes a topographical code (location of tumors) and a morphological code (histopathology of tumors) and thus makes available to all specialists in carcinology, including anatomopathologists, an international work tool for the recording of their findings. The English edition of the CIM-O has just been published, and its version in French is in the progress of preparation. The CIM-O should become effective internationally on 1 January, 1979.", "contents": "[Coding of tumorous lesions in anatomopathology]. The writer presents an initial and brief analysis of the \"International Classification of Diseases, adaptation to Oncology \"(CIM-O), prepared by the World Health Organization based on the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The CIM-O includes a topographical code (location of tumors) and a morphological code (histopathology of tumors) and thus makes available to all specialists in carcinology, including anatomopathologists, an international work tool for the recording of their findings. The English edition of the CIM-O has just been published, and its version in French is in the progress of preparation. The CIM-O should become effective internationally on 1 January, 1979.", "PMID": 1023782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3629", "title": "[Familial syndrome combining short small intestine, intestinal malrotation, pyloric hypertrophy and brain malformation. 3 anatomoclinical case reports].", "content": "Anatomoclinical study of 3 cases of an exceptional malformative condition characterized by: --extreme shortness of the small intestine, --mesenterium commune, --hypertrophic pylorus, --malformation of the central nervous system (heterotopia, absence of operculum temporale). Clinically this malformative condition is characterized by failure and inertia of the intestinal peristalsis producing at intervals of 10-15 days episodes of subocclusion, the repetition of which causes death. The syndrome is familial and seems to be of autosomal recessive inheritance. The absence of mechanical obstruction, the repeated failure of colostomy and ileostomy, the normal aspect of the myenteric plexuses verified by cytoenzymatic and silver stains allow to individualize this anatomoclinical syndrome and to rule out the hypothesis of Hirschsprung's disease, Chagas' disease, idiopathic megacolon or hypoplasia of the myenteric plexuses. The association of cerebral malformations leads to consider the responsibility of a lack of synthesis of a same specific intermediate factor which is up to now poorly determined, implicated in the neuronal migration and neuromuscular transmission.", "contents": "[Familial syndrome combining short small intestine, intestinal malrotation, pyloric hypertrophy and brain malformation. 3 anatomoclinical case reports]. Anatomoclinical study of 3 cases of an exceptional malformative condition characterized by: --extreme shortness of the small intestine, --mesenterium commune, --hypertrophic pylorus, --malformation of the central nervous system (heterotopia, absence of operculum temporale). Clinically this malformative condition is characterized by failure and inertia of the intestinal peristalsis producing at intervals of 10-15 days episodes of subocclusion, the repetition of which causes death. The syndrome is familial and seems to be of autosomal recessive inheritance. The absence of mechanical obstruction, the repeated failure of colostomy and ileostomy, the normal aspect of the myenteric plexuses verified by cytoenzymatic and silver stains allow to individualize this anatomoclinical syndrome and to rule out the hypothesis of Hirschsprung's disease, Chagas' disease, idiopathic megacolon or hypoplasia of the myenteric plexuses. The association of cerebral malformations leads to consider the responsibility of a lack of synthesis of a same specific intermediate factor which is up to now poorly determined, implicated in the neuronal migration and neuromuscular transmission.", "PMID": 1023783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3630", "title": "[Methods for study of soluble antigens in pathological anatomy].", "content": "The authors restate their personal researches about several antigen systems, viz. ACE, neurospecific antigens. They point out the complementarity of immunochemistry and immunohistochemistry which implicates a very precise methodology and utilization of rigorously monospecific immune serums with regard to the studied antigen. This conduces to reproducible, responsive and reliable techniques in optic microscopy but much less easily so in electron microscopy. These techniques are still partly experimental; but their application to the study of pathological tissues and especially of tumors may however be considered. The identification of histological types and the correlated evolution is suggested on hand of concrete examples.", "contents": "[Methods for study of soluble antigens in pathological anatomy]. The authors restate their personal researches about several antigen systems, viz. ACE, neurospecific antigens. They point out the complementarity of immunochemistry and immunohistochemistry which implicates a very precise methodology and utilization of rigorously monospecific immune serums with regard to the studied antigen. This conduces to reproducible, responsive and reliable techniques in optic microscopy but much less easily so in electron microscopy. These techniques are still partly experimental; but their application to the study of pathological tissues and especially of tumors may however be considered. The identification of histological types and the correlated evolution is suggested on hand of concrete examples.", "PMID": 1023784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3631", "title": "[Extemporaneous histopathological examination in neurosurgery. Report on 500 cases].", "content": "The authors review 500 extemporaneous histopathological examinations done in a neurosurgical unit over a 16-month period. The following four questions are asked by the neurosurgeon: is there a tumor? is it a primary or secondary one? what variety is it? what is its degree of malignancy? The percentage of errors was respectively: 2 per cent, 2.2 per cent, 8.8 per cent and 7.4 per cent, or roughly, a percentage two times lower than in a series from the same laboratory done before the use of the low-temperature microtome. It especially seems that the tumoral variety is often determined accurately in meningiomas, neurinomas, medulloblastomas and craniopharyngiomas. In gliomas the variety is often more difficult to accurately affirm, and especially the \"grade\" of malignancy. The authors analyse the problems raised by the different types of tumors.", "contents": "[Extemporaneous histopathological examination in neurosurgery. Report on 500 cases]. The authors review 500 extemporaneous histopathological examinations done in a neurosurgical unit over a 16-month period. The following four questions are asked by the neurosurgeon: is there a tumor? is it a primary or secondary one? what variety is it? what is its degree of malignancy? The percentage of errors was respectively: 2 per cent, 2.2 per cent, 8.8 per cent and 7.4 per cent, or roughly, a percentage two times lower than in a series from the same laboratory done before the use of the low-temperature microtome. It especially seems that the tumoral variety is often determined accurately in meningiomas, neurinomas, medulloblastomas and craniopharyngiomas. In gliomas the variety is often more difficult to accurately affirm, and especially the \"grade\" of malignancy. The authors analyse the problems raised by the different types of tumors.", "PMID": 1023786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3632", "title": "[The role of anastomosis resection in the treatment of stenosis of cervical trachea after resuscitation].", "content": "The authors describe a group of 9 resection anastomoses with end-to-end sutures of the cervical portion of the trachea after resuscitation. The operative results are analyzed first: in 8 cases the trachea recovered almost normal function in a very short time; one failure occurred : this was with a patient with considerable neuro-psychic sequelae following serious cranial traumatism. These results are then compared with 7 laryngo-tracheal plasties carried out according to the principles of Rethi's operation; it emerges from this study that circumferential resection followed by end-to-end anastomosis is still the ideal form of treatment for tracheal stenoses in view of the quality and consistency of the results. Operative technique is then described and, in giving their operative indication, the authors stress the need for medical and endoscopic treatment during the asphyxial crisis; this treatment is then suggested for removing the tube in open tracheal stenoses and in order to allow resection anastomosis with the trachea closed several weeks later.", "contents": "[The role of anastomosis resection in the treatment of stenosis of cervical trachea after resuscitation]. The authors describe a group of 9 resection anastomoses with end-to-end sutures of the cervical portion of the trachea after resuscitation. The operative results are analyzed first: in 8 cases the trachea recovered almost normal function in a very short time; one failure occurred : this was with a patient with considerable neuro-psychic sequelae following serious cranial traumatism. These results are then compared with 7 laryngo-tracheal plasties carried out according to the principles of Rethi's operation; it emerges from this study that circumferential resection followed by end-to-end anastomosis is still the ideal form of treatment for tracheal stenoses in view of the quality and consistency of the results. Operative technique is then described and, in giving their operative indication, the authors stress the need for medical and endoscopic treatment during the asphyxial crisis; this treatment is then suggested for removing the tube in open tracheal stenoses and in order to allow resection anastomosis with the trachea closed several weeks later.", "PMID": 1023792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3633", "title": "[Anatomoclinical study of 29 cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis. Demonstration of herpes virus in 24 cases].", "content": "The authors studied the cerebral lesions in 29 cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis. Electron microscopy showed the presence of typical herpes virus particles in 24 cases. In 16 of them the virus had been isolated from specimens of the brain taken by biopsy and in 8 other cases from autopsy specimens. In 3 acute cases the search for the virus was negative and it was not carried out in the two cases with prolonged evolution. Only 6 patients have survived. Some peculiar varieties have beeen observed, i.e. two adolescents had temporal and almost entirely unilateral lesions, and two aged females had severely hemorrhagic necrotic areas which could have been confounded with vascular lesions. In these two later cases typical particles were present. Finally, one case showed within the same nuclei at once typical herpes virus particles and other viral structures of vermicular form, the origin of which could not be precised.", "contents": "[Anatomoclinical study of 29 cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis. Demonstration of herpes virus in 24 cases]. The authors studied the cerebral lesions in 29 cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis. Electron microscopy showed the presence of typical herpes virus particles in 24 cases. In 16 of them the virus had been isolated from specimens of the brain taken by biopsy and in 8 other cases from autopsy specimens. In 3 acute cases the search for the virus was negative and it was not carried out in the two cases with prolonged evolution. Only 6 patients have survived. Some peculiar varieties have beeen observed, i.e. two adolescents had temporal and almost entirely unilateral lesions, and two aged females had severely hemorrhagic necrotic areas which could have been confounded with vascular lesions. In these two later cases typical particles were present. Finally, one case showed within the same nuclei at once typical herpes virus particles and other viral structures of vermicular form, the origin of which could not be precised.", "PMID": 1023785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3634", "title": "[Computer technology in otospongiosis. 2. Statistics on 15 years of stapedectomy].", "content": "To complete their two previous data processing studies on systematization of parameters for otospongiosis and on statistics concerning the otospongiotic disease itself, the authors now develop the study of postoperative functional results obtained over 15 years stapectomies performed according to various techniques. The characteristic of this study is that the functional results are not considered only from the operative technique point of view, but that they also take into account all the factors having an influence upon the functional results, i.e. mechanical operative factors, otospongiotic cochlear factors and, finally the patient's general factor. This work is divided in three parts. The first part considers statistical data drawn from investigating elements taken over a period ranging from 1960 to 1975 from operative findings, surgical techniques and operative complications, particularly during reoperations, i.e., the mechanical part of hearing improvement in otospongiosis surgery. The second part deals with the problem of the medical postoperative care in stapedial surgery and with that of postoperative complications and the therapy used to combat them. It is the study of the cochlear support problem considering both the cochlear fragility facing the operative trauma, and the cochlear deterioration due to the enzymatic action of the otospongiotic microfoci of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct and of the vestibular side of the footplate. The third part is the statistical study made both by means of data processing and of manual investigation, on the long term functional results obtained, on one hand by the surgical solution of the stapedial fixation's mechanical problem, and on the other, by the medical solution of the cochlear problem considered both from the enzymatic and vascular point of view. This study of stapedectomies' long term functional results allows the authors to draw the conclusions which seem to result logically from this very elaborated statistical study concerning near 17000 stapedectomies performed from 1960 through 1975.", "contents": "[Computer technology in otospongiosis. 2. Statistics on 15 years of stapedectomy]. To complete their two previous data processing studies on systematization of parameters for otospongiosis and on statistics concerning the otospongiotic disease itself, the authors now develop the study of postoperative functional results obtained over 15 years stapectomies performed according to various techniques. The characteristic of this study is that the functional results are not considered only from the operative technique point of view, but that they also take into account all the factors having an influence upon the functional results, i.e. mechanical operative factors, otospongiotic cochlear factors and, finally the patient's general factor. This work is divided in three parts. The first part considers statistical data drawn from investigating elements taken over a period ranging from 1960 to 1975 from operative findings, surgical techniques and operative complications, particularly during reoperations, i.e., the mechanical part of hearing improvement in otospongiosis surgery. The second part deals with the problem of the medical postoperative care in stapedial surgery and with that of postoperative complications and the therapy used to combat them. It is the study of the cochlear support problem considering both the cochlear fragility facing the operative trauma, and the cochlear deterioration due to the enzymatic action of the otospongiotic microfoci of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct and of the vestibular side of the footplate. The third part is the statistical study made both by means of data processing and of manual investigation, on the long term functional results obtained, on one hand by the surgical solution of the stapedial fixation's mechanical problem, and on the other, by the medical solution of the cochlear problem considered both from the enzymatic and vascular point of view. This study of stapedectomies' long term functional results allows the authors to draw the conclusions which seem to result logically from this very elaborated statistical study concerning near 17000 stapedectomies performed from 1960 through 1975.", "PMID": 1023793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3635", "title": "[Our experience with pulsed oxygen and general anesthesia in direct suspension laryngoscopy].", "content": "The authors describe a group of 77 direct suspension laryngoscopies in which general anaesthesia and oxygen therapy were used. The technique is described in considerable detail. The catheter used is independent of the laryngoscope and is passed into the nasal cavity. Analysis of the gases in the blood of 15 patients showed that after three minutes of apnea, ventilation was still satsifactory. No pneumothorax occured during this type of anaesthesia. For the O.-R.-L. practitioner using the method, the advantages are as follows: induction anaesthesia is quicker than after neuroleptanalgesia, exposure of the larynx is excellent due to curarization and three endoscopies can be carried out in the same operation: laryngoscopy,  oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy. The disadvantage of general anaesthesia is that it makes it impossible to judge the mobility of the larynx. In 7,8 p. 100 of the cases, direct suspension laryngoscopy proved difficult or impossible to carry out fir anatomical reasons.", "contents": "[Our experience with pulsed oxygen and general anesthesia in direct suspension laryngoscopy]. The authors describe a group of 77 direct suspension laryngoscopies in which general anaesthesia and oxygen therapy were used. The technique is described in considerable detail. The catheter used is independent of the laryngoscope and is passed into the nasal cavity. Analysis of the gases in the blood of 15 patients showed that after three minutes of apnea, ventilation was still satsifactory. No pneumothorax occured during this type of anaesthesia. For the O.-R.-L. practitioner using the method, the advantages are as follows: induction anaesthesia is quicker than after neuroleptanalgesia, exposure of the larynx is excellent due to curarization and three endoscopies can be carried out in the same operation: laryngoscopy,  oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy. The disadvantage of general anaesthesia is that it makes it impossible to judge the mobility of the larynx. In 7,8 p. 100 of the cases, direct suspension laryngoscopy proved difficult or impossible to carry out fir anatomical reasons.", "PMID": 1023794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3636", "title": "[Cylindrical epithelioma of nasal cavities and accessory sinuses. Anatomoclinical study of 26 cases].", "content": "Report of a series of 26 cases of cylindrical epithelioma of the nasal cavities and accessory nasal sinuses. These neoplasms constitute a remarkably homogenous group the main characteristics of which are following: -- uniform histological pattern, similar to that of the epitheliomas of the colon, -- ethmoidal location in almost all cases, -- preferential occurrence in wood-workers, for instance in the Bas-Rhin. The prognosis depends on the extension of the epithelioma verified in 16 patients during the intervention. Recurrences caused death in 13 patients of this series. Ganglionic or distant metastases are rare. Six patients, i.e. 24 p. 100 had a favourable evolution of at least 3 years. Discussion about the therapeutics of the primary tumor and of its recurrences.", "contents": "[Cylindrical epithelioma of nasal cavities and accessory sinuses. Anatomoclinical study of 26 cases]. Report of a series of 26 cases of cylindrical epithelioma of the nasal cavities and accessory nasal sinuses. These neoplasms constitute a remarkably homogenous group the main characteristics of which are following: -- uniform histological pattern, similar to that of the epitheliomas of the colon, -- ethmoidal location in almost all cases, -- preferential occurrence in wood-workers, for instance in the Bas-Rhin. The prognosis depends on the extension of the epithelioma verified in 16 patients during the intervention. Recurrences caused death in 13 patients of this series. Ganglionic or distant metastases are rare. Six patients, i.e. 24 p. 100 had a favourable evolution of at least 3 years. Discussion about the therapeutics of the primary tumor and of its recurrences.", "PMID": 1023787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3637", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of host-parasite relationships in epidermis during \"Trichophyton mentagrophytes\" infection (author's transl)].", "content": "This study presents information concerning (1) location of fungal cells within the tissue, (2) subsequent tissue alterations and (3) behaviour of immunocompetent cells. 1) During initiation of infection, the fungal cells were found to be intracellular in the lower parts of stratum corneum. Digestion of intracellular keratin is obvious, but the resistant cell wall of the squames remain unaltered. During reinfection fungal cells were located intercellulary in the upper parts of stratum corneum. 2) The study of ultrastructural changes in the underlying viable parts of epidermis reveals many alterations of keratinocytes such as mitochondrial damage, lost of tonofilaments, vacuolization, and rupture of cytoplasmic bonds. The epidermal cells are disjoined by an oedematous reaction, and these manifestations may involve large epidermic areas. 3) Cells, arising from the dermis, move into the intercellular spaces that originate from epidermal cellular dissociation. These cells are interpretated as corresponding mainly to lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. This cellular infiltration is intense. Most of the lymphocytes and macrophages are activated (even giant cells are to be observed). In addition, some of these cells may reach the stratum corneum, the area of parasitic location. The relationships between these manifestations and those related to cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions are discussed. It seems possible to demonstrate the immunopathologic status of the reaction where some specific immunological manifestations appear to be related to the fungal growth acting in a special way by antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of host-parasite relationships in epidermis during \"Trichophyton mentagrophytes\" infection (author's transl)]. This study presents information concerning (1) location of fungal cells within the tissue, (2) subsequent tissue alterations and (3) behaviour of immunocompetent cells. 1) During initiation of infection, the fungal cells were found to be intracellular in the lower parts of stratum corneum. Digestion of intracellular keratin is obvious, but the resistant cell wall of the squames remain unaltered. During reinfection fungal cells were located intercellulary in the upper parts of stratum corneum. 2) The study of ultrastructural changes in the underlying viable parts of epidermis reveals many alterations of keratinocytes such as mitochondrial damage, lost of tonofilaments, vacuolization, and rupture of cytoplasmic bonds. The epidermal cells are disjoined by an oedematous reaction, and these manifestations may involve large epidermic areas. 3) Cells, arising from the dermis, move into the intercellular spaces that originate from epidermal cellular dissociation. These cells are interpretated as corresponding mainly to lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. This cellular infiltration is intense. Most of the lymphocytes and macrophages are activated (even giant cells are to be observed). In addition, some of these cells may reach the stratum corneum, the area of parasitic location. The relationships between these manifestations and those related to cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions are discussed. It seems possible to demonstrate the immunopathologic status of the reaction where some specific immunological manifestations appear to be related to the fungal growth acting in a special way by antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 1023789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3638", "title": "[Transduction of drug resistance factors and colicinogenic properties by bacteriophage phi-gamma (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteriophage phi-gamma is capable of transducing long segments from hybrids R,Col,Trp plasmids carrying its prophage attachment site, even in absence of definite integration therein. Transductants inherite segments adjacent to the attachment site which may comprise determinants of drug resistance and of colicinogeny. Presence of a related plasmid in the recipient may have a helping effect probably in allowing recombination of the transduced genes with a replicon.", "contents": "[Transduction of drug resistance factors and colicinogenic properties by bacteriophage phi-gamma (author's transl)]. Bacteriophage phi-gamma is capable of transducing long segments from hybrids R,Col,Trp plasmids carrying its prophage attachment site, even in absence of definite integration therein. Transductants inherite segments adjacent to the attachment site which may comprise determinants of drug resistance and of colicinogeny. Presence of a related plasmid in the recipient may have a helping effect probably in allowing recombination of the transduced genes with a replicon.", "PMID": 1023788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3639", "title": "Infection of congenitally athymic (nude) mice with Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Nude mice, congenitally lacking most thymus-derived lymphocytes, are neither more susceptible nor more resistant against primary infection with virulent T. gondii cells than normal control mice. Both mouse groups died at the same time after intraperitoneal infection. Treatment with sulfadiazine protected both mouse groups against acute fatal disease. After termination of treatment with sulfadiazine the Nude mice gradually died, whereas the normal hairy mice survived. The latter had developed high amounts of antibodies and protective immunity to an otherwise lethal challenge infection. In the serum of Nude mice no antibodies could be detected. Pathologic alterations existed in the livers of Nude mice at the time of death.", "contents": "Infection of congenitally athymic (nude) mice with Toxoplasma gondii. Nude mice, congenitally lacking most thymus-derived lymphocytes, are neither more susceptible nor more resistant against primary infection with virulent T. gondii cells than normal control mice. Both mouse groups died at the same time after intraperitoneal infection. Treatment with sulfadiazine protected both mouse groups against acute fatal disease. After termination of treatment with sulfadiazine the Nude mice gradually died, whereas the normal hairy mice survived. The latter had developed high amounts of antibodies and protective immunity to an otherwise lethal challenge infection. In the serum of Nude mice no antibodies could be detected. Pathologic alterations existed in the livers of Nude mice at the time of death.", "PMID": 1023790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3640", "title": "Laboratory investigations on neuroparalytic accidents associated with suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine. III. -- Preservation of vaccine potency after elimination of murine brain myelin by centrifugation.", "content": "Myelin, which has been found in nine day-old mouse brain, was eliminated from weanling mouse brain suspensions by centrifugation at 17,000 g for 10 min, as demonstrated by electron microscopy and guinea-pig inoculation tests for encephalitogenic activity. This centrifugation procedure did not affect the potency of seven batches of suckling mouse brain vaccine, when centrifuged and non-centrifuged samples of the same batches were compared by a modified NIH potency test (t = 0.17). The present results with weanling mouse brain preparations suggest that centrifugation at 17,000 g be used in the preparation of rabies suckling mouse brain vaccine instead of the 1,900 g currently employed, which does not eliminate myelin. This new procedure would be expected to reduce the number of postvaccinal reactions which are attributable to the small amount of myelin which remains in vaccines prepared with new-born animal brains following the current procedure.", "contents": "Laboratory investigations on neuroparalytic accidents associated with suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine. III. -- Preservation of vaccine potency after elimination of murine brain myelin by centrifugation. Myelin, which has been found in nine day-old mouse brain, was eliminated from weanling mouse brain suspensions by centrifugation at 17,000 g for 10 min, as demonstrated by electron microscopy and guinea-pig inoculation tests for encephalitogenic activity. This centrifugation procedure did not affect the potency of seven batches of suckling mouse brain vaccine, when centrifuged and non-centrifuged samples of the same batches were compared by a modified NIH potency test (t = 0.17). The present results with weanling mouse brain preparations suggest that centrifugation at 17,000 g be used in the preparation of rabies suckling mouse brain vaccine instead of the 1,900 g currently employed, which does not eliminate myelin. This new procedure would be expected to reduce the number of postvaccinal reactions which are attributable to the small amount of myelin which remains in vaccines prepared with new-born animal brains following the current procedure.", "PMID": 1023791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3641", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 on thyroidal secretion of hormonal iodine in the pig.", "content": "The thyroid gland isolated in situ in 4 pigs was perfused with PGI2 given at increasing rates (1.38, 2.75, 13.8, 27.5 and 138 ng/mn). In the all animals a significant dose-dependent reduction in hormonal iodine secretion rate was observed. These results confirm in vitro experiments with PGE1 (Burke et al., 1972).", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 on thyroidal secretion of hormonal iodine in the pig. The thyroid gland isolated in situ in 4 pigs was perfused with PGI2 given at increasing rates (1.38, 2.75, 13.8, 27.5 and 138 ng/mn). In the all animals a significant dose-dependent reduction in hormonal iodine secretion rate was observed. These results confirm in vitro experiments with PGE1 (Burke et al., 1972).", "PMID": 1023806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3642", "title": "[Toxins of Byssochlamys nivea Westling. I. Preliminary study of toxicity in sheep].", "content": "The acute intoxication in 4 sheep, due to an extract from a Byssochlamys nivea culture containing patulin is attained by administering per os with a syringe or with an esophagal tube doses of patulin varying from 15 to 50 mg per kg of bodyweight. A dose of 20 mg/kg, given with a syringe, brought on the death of a sheep within 5 hours following the administration, while a dose of 50 mg/kg given by an esophagal tube, only led to some temporary and slight problems. Intoxication brings on such symptoms such as nasal discharge, the stoppage of ruminating, a painful sensitivity in the retro-sternal area, weight loss, and prolonged loss of appetite. With an autopsy, a sero-fibrinous peritoneal exsudate and considerable hemorrhaging in the abomasum can be found. Anatomo-pathological examinations pinpoint lesions in the liver and kidneys. Biochemical examinations revealed hemoconcentration followed by anemia, and a considerable drop in serum proteins. The urea level increases 24 hours after and attains a notable maximum at the 30th hour (50 to 200 per cent). During these acute intoxications, no disorder whatsoever in the nervous system was observed.", "contents": "[Toxins of Byssochlamys nivea Westling. I. Preliminary study of toxicity in sheep]. The acute intoxication in 4 sheep, due to an extract from a Byssochlamys nivea culture containing patulin is attained by administering per os with a syringe or with an esophagal tube doses of patulin varying from 15 to 50 mg per kg of bodyweight. A dose of 20 mg/kg, given with a syringe, brought on the death of a sheep within 5 hours following the administration, while a dose of 50 mg/kg given by an esophagal tube, only led to some temporary and slight problems. Intoxication brings on such symptoms such as nasal discharge, the stoppage of ruminating, a painful sensitivity in the retro-sternal area, weight loss, and prolonged loss of appetite. With an autopsy, a sero-fibrinous peritoneal exsudate and considerable hemorrhaging in the abomasum can be found. Anatomo-pathological examinations pinpoint lesions in the liver and kidneys. Biochemical examinations revealed hemoconcentration followed by anemia, and a considerable drop in serum proteins. The urea level increases 24 hours after and attains a notable maximum at the 30th hour (50 to 200 per cent). During these acute intoxications, no disorder whatsoever in the nervous system was observed.", "PMID": 1023807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3643", "title": "[Several strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: biochemical characteristics and allergic activity].", "content": "Judged from its biochemical properties and antigenic structure, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is related to M. avium. When M. paratuberculosis was compared to B.C.G., several essential differences, were found that allowed their clear separation, within Runyon's Group III, M. paratuberculosis is differentiated by its biochemical properties as shown in the following table : (formula: see text). The allergic response of a guinea pig infected with M. paratuberculosis was stronger when an avium sensitine was used that when a bovine tuberculine was used.", "contents": "[Several strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: biochemical characteristics and allergic activity]. Judged from its biochemical properties and antigenic structure, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is related to M. avium. When M. paratuberculosis was compared to B.C.G., several essential differences, were found that allowed their clear separation, within Runyon's Group III, M. paratuberculosis is differentiated by its biochemical properties as shown in the following table : (formula: see text). The allergic response of a guinea pig infected with M. paratuberculosis was stronger when an avium sensitine was used that when a bovine tuberculine was used.", "PMID": 1023808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3644", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid].", "content": "7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) of 99 per cent purity was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of 7-phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid. Its isoelecti point was determined by the electrophoretic method. Potentiometric titration of zwitterion of 7-ADCA was performed and the constants of its ionization were calculated. Minimum solubility of 7-ADCA zwitterion was determined and the curve of 7-ADCA solubility at wide pH ranges was estimated. Equilibrium of 3 forms of 7-ADCA was estimated.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid]. 7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) of 99 per cent purity was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of 7-phenylacetamidodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid. Its isoelecti point was determined by the electrophoretic method. Potentiometric titration of zwitterion of 7-ADCA was performed and the constants of its ionization were calculated. Minimum solubility of 7-ADCA zwitterion was determined and the curve of 7-ADCA solubility at wide pH ranges was estimated. Equilibrium of 3 forms of 7-ADCA was estimated.", "PMID": 1023809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3645", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the structure of colonies of culture of Actinomyces parvullus producing actinomycin D].", "content": "Ultrafine structure of the mycellium of the colonies of active and non-active variants of Actinomyces parvullus, producing actinomycin D was studied. Functional rebuilding of the cells of the substrate and aerial mycellium during the colony development in connection with synthesis and accumulation of the antibiotic by the culture was shown. The process of production and secretion of an amorphous material in the cells of the substrate mycellium of the active variant of Actinomyces parvullus was studied. It was supposed that the above process was associated with the antibiotic synthesis by the organism cells. The phenomenon of intrahyphal growth of the hyphae observed in both the active and inactive variants of the colonies was rather characteristic of the cells of the culture studied.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the structure of colonies of culture of Actinomyces parvullus producing actinomycin D]. Ultrafine structure of the mycellium of the colonies of active and non-active variants of Actinomyces parvullus, producing actinomycin D was studied. Functional rebuilding of the cells of the substrate and aerial mycellium during the colony development in connection with synthesis and accumulation of the antibiotic by the culture was shown. The process of production and secretion of an amorphous material in the cells of the substrate mycellium of the active variant of Actinomyces parvullus was studied. It was supposed that the above process was associated with the antibiotic synthesis by the organism cells. The phenomenon of intrahyphal growth of the hyphae observed in both the active and inactive variants of the colonies was rather characteristic of the cells of the culture studied.", "PMID": 1023810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3646", "title": "[Study of the composition of gas refuse in chlortetracycline production].", "content": "Varius classes of organic compounds, such as acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and others getting into the atmosphere and polluting it were determined in the effluent gases of chlortetracycline production with chemical and physico-chemical methods.", "contents": "[Study of the composition of gas refuse in chlortetracycline production]. Varius classes of organic compounds, such as acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and others getting into the atmosphere and polluting it were determined in the effluent gases of chlortetracycline production with chemical and physico-chemical methods.", "PMID": 1023811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3647", "title": "[Characteristics of a new aromatic heptaenic antibiotic, flavumycin A].", "content": "The study of the products of alkaline and acid hydrolysis showed that flavumycin A included mycosamine, an aminosugar and n-aminoacetophen, an aromatic fragment. The main functional groups of the antibiotics aglicone were determined.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a new aromatic heptaenic antibiotic, flavumycin A]. The study of the products of alkaline and acid hydrolysis showed that flavumycin A included mycosamine, an aminosugar and n-aminoacetophen, an aromatic fragment. The main functional groups of the antibiotics aglicone were determined.", "PMID": 1023812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3648", "title": "[Toxicity and pharmacological properties of carminomycin complex components].", "content": "Acute toxicity of the components of the carminomycin complex after intravenous administration to albino mice increased as follows. I less than II less than III. Component II induced a decrease in all the indices of the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the animals. It was most pronounced in dogs. The dogs died after administration of component II in the lethal doses as a result of the bone marrow aplasia. The indices of the functional state of the liver and kidneys in the animals after administration of components I and II changed slightly. Component III administered repeatedly to rabbits even in low doses induced significant impairments in the function of the liver and kidneys. Component II differed from component I by more pronounced cardiotoxicity. On the basis of the experimental data and the results published earlier component I is recommended for clinical trials as the least toxic one.", "contents": "[Toxicity and pharmacological properties of carminomycin complex components]. Acute toxicity of the components of the carminomycin complex after intravenous administration to albino mice increased as follows. I less than II less than III. Component II induced a decrease in all the indices of the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the animals. It was most pronounced in dogs. The dogs died after administration of component II in the lethal doses as a result of the bone marrow aplasia. The indices of the functional state of the liver and kidneys in the animals after administration of components I and II changed slightly. Component III administered repeatedly to rabbits even in low doses induced significant impairments in the function of the liver and kidneys. Component II differed from component I by more pronounced cardiotoxicity. On the basis of the experimental data and the results published earlier component I is recommended for clinical trials as the least toxic one.", "PMID": 1023813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3649", "title": "[Relationship between nephrotixic effect of gentamicin and streptomycin and their blood levels in laboratory animals].", "content": "A principle of studying the nephrotoxic properties of drugs under conditions of maintaining their constant levels in the blood and dynamic registration of the nitrogen levels in the urea followed by histological examination of the kidney is proposed. Correlation between the levels of gentamicin and streptomycin in the cat blood during 4-hour infusion and the level of the nephrotoxic effect was found, gentamicin being much more toxic than streptomycin.", "contents": "[Relationship between nephrotixic effect of gentamicin and streptomycin and their blood levels in laboratory animals]. A principle of studying the nephrotoxic properties of drugs under conditions of maintaining their constant levels in the blood and dynamic registration of the nitrogen levels in the urea followed by histological examination of the kidney is proposed. Correlation between the levels of gentamicin and streptomycin in the cat blood during 4-hour infusion and the level of the nephrotoxic effect was found, gentamicin being much more toxic than streptomycin.", "PMID": 1023814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3650", "title": "[Lysozyme as a local defense factor in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with chronic diseases of the digestive organs].", "content": "No microbial growth in platings of the gastric juice of patients with gastric ulcer and chronic anacidic gastritis was observed. It means that the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice does not deprive it of any antimicrobial action. The possible role of lysozyme in providing sterility of the proximal part of the gastro-intestinal tract was studied. Eighty patients with chronic diseases of the digestive organs were observed. It was noted that the levels of lysozyme in the gastric juice was high and markedly exceeded the maximum concentrations required for lysis of organisms most resistant to it. The maximum concentration was determined at pH of the gastric juice equal to 7.0-7.5 (265 gamma/ml+/-28). No lysozyme in the content of the duodenum and jejunal juice was found in most cases. Its presence in the above parts of the gastro-intestinal tract was mainly associated with microbial growth. The maximum concentration of lysozyme (40 gamma/ml) in the jejunal juice was observed in a female patient with chronic enterocolitis and significant microbial proliferation in the thin colon (more than 10(4) microbial bodies per 1 ml of the juice). Such parallelism between the presence of lysozyme in the gastric juice and microbial proliferation in it may be considered as a protective-adoptive reaction of the host.", "contents": "[Lysozyme as a local defense factor in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with chronic diseases of the digestive organs]. No microbial growth in platings of the gastric juice of patients with gastric ulcer and chronic anacidic gastritis was observed. It means that the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice does not deprive it of any antimicrobial action. The possible role of lysozyme in providing sterility of the proximal part of the gastro-intestinal tract was studied. Eighty patients with chronic diseases of the digestive organs were observed. It was noted that the levels of lysozyme in the gastric juice was high and markedly exceeded the maximum concentrations required for lysis of organisms most resistant to it. The maximum concentration was determined at pH of the gastric juice equal to 7.0-7.5 (265 gamma/ml+/-28). No lysozyme in the content of the duodenum and jejunal juice was found in most cases. Its presence in the above parts of the gastro-intestinal tract was mainly associated with microbial growth. The maximum concentration of lysozyme (40 gamma/ml) in the jejunal juice was observed in a female patient with chronic enterocolitis and significant microbial proliferation in the thin colon (more than 10(4) microbial bodies per 1 ml of the juice). Such parallelism between the presence of lysozyme in the gastric juice and microbial proliferation in it may be considered as a protective-adoptive reaction of the host.", "PMID": 1023815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3651", "title": "[Effect of prodigiosin on the lysozyme activity in melioidosis].", "content": "Decreased lysozyme activity was observed under conditions of melioidosis intoxication in rats induced by intraperitoneal administration of an acetone-killed 3-day culture of the bacterial mass of the melioidosis causative agent. When prodigiozan was administered 48 hours by the 4th day which was indicative of prodigiozan activation of the factors of the microbial non-specific resistance.", "contents": "[Effect of prodigiosin on the lysozyme activity in melioidosis]. Decreased lysozyme activity was observed under conditions of melioidosis intoxication in rats induced by intraperitoneal administration of an acetone-killed 3-day culture of the bacterial mass of the melioidosis causative agent. When prodigiozan was administered 48 hours by the 4th day which was indicative of prodigiozan activation of the factors of the microbial non-specific resistance.", "PMID": 1023816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3652", "title": "[Study of the effect of tetracycline, prodigiosin and their combination on the dynamics of phagocytosis of plague bacteria].", "content": "The advantage of the combined use of prodigiozan and tetracycline was observed in tissue culture of peritoneal macrophages of albino mice. Earlier digestion of the intracellular Y. pestis EV by the animal macrophages exposed to prodigiozan and treated with tetracycline was noted. It was shown that the macrophages preserved during several hours of cultivation in vitro their properties acquired in the animal organism under the effect of the substances administered.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of tetracycline, prodigiosin and their combination on the dynamics of phagocytosis of plague bacteria]. The advantage of the combined use of prodigiozan and tetracycline was observed in tissue culture of peritoneal macrophages of albino mice. Earlier digestion of the intracellular Y. pestis EV by the animal macrophages exposed to prodigiozan and treated with tetracycline was noted. It was shown that the macrophages preserved during several hours of cultivation in vitro their properties acquired in the animal organism under the effect of the substances administered.", "PMID": 1023817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3653", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of antibiotic therapy of NAG-infection].", "content": "It is not concluded yet whether it is expedient to use antibiotic therapy with respect to patients and vibrio-carries with NAG-infection. Observation of a group of patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections caused by NAG-vibrio and carriers of NAG-vibrioes showed that the rate of vibrio isolation after a course of antibiotic therapy (tetracycline, levomycetin) significantly decreased as compared to that in the group of the patients subjected only to symptomatic therapy. The data of the study provided recommendation of antibacterial therapy with respect to patients with NAG-infection especially in cases with accompanying infections or invasions. As for \"asymptomic\" carriers antibiotic therapy is required only with respect to persons with repeated vibrio isolation.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of antibiotic therapy of NAG-infection]. It is not concluded yet whether it is expedient to use antibiotic therapy with respect to patients and vibrio-carries with NAG-infection. Observation of a group of patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections caused by NAG-vibrio and carriers of NAG-vibrioes showed that the rate of vibrio isolation after a course of antibiotic therapy (tetracycline, levomycetin) significantly decreased as compared to that in the group of the patients subjected only to symptomatic therapy. The data of the study provided recommendation of antibacterial therapy with respect to patients with NAG-infection especially in cases with accompanying infections or invasions. As for \"asymptomic\" carriers antibiotic therapy is required only with respect to persons with repeated vibrio isolation.", "PMID": 1023818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3654", "title": "Thoracotomy under local anaesthesia: personal experiences in 215 cases.", "content": "The underlying pathophysiology and technic of thoracotomy with local anaesthesia for the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and other intra- and extrapulmonary diseases is described. The immediate as well as the long term results in 187 patients with 215 operations were favourable. In view of these results the described method of thoracotomy with local anaesthesia  is to be preferred to an incorrectly administered general anaesthesia. However, it is beyond any doubt that in the presence of qualified anaesthetists and adequate equipment thoracotomy with general anaesthesia is preferable to local anaesthesia. However, wherever the conditions for expert application of general anaesthesia are lacking and surgical treatment of lung diseases is necessary, thoracotomy with local anaesthesia is an acceptable and reliable substitute.", "contents": "Thoracotomy under local anaesthesia: personal experiences in 215 cases. The underlying pathophysiology and technic of thoracotomy with local anaesthesia for the surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and other intra- and extrapulmonary diseases is described. The immediate as well as the long term results in 187 patients with 215 operations were favourable. In view of these results the described method of thoracotomy with local anaesthesia  is to be preferred to an incorrectly administered general anaesthesia. However, it is beyond any doubt that in the presence of qualified anaesthetists and adequate equipment thoracotomy with general anaesthesia is preferable to local anaesthesia. However, wherever the conditions for expert application of general anaesthesia are lacking and surgical treatment of lung diseases is necessary, thoracotomy with local anaesthesia is an acceptable and reliable substitute.", "PMID": 1023821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3655", "title": "Popliteal artery entrapment; claudication during youth.", "content": "We report four patients who presented early in life with intermittent claudication, caused by popliteal artery entrapment. In three of them this was the result of an abnormality in the anatomy of the popliteal fossa. In the fourth, however, muscular hypertrophy alone led to arterial entrapment. Three patients were successfully treated by simple myotomy. In the fourth arteriography showed a total occlusion of the popliteal artery. An arteriotomy was performed. In was then seen that the vessel was still patent, and the opening was closed with a vein patch. The result of this procedure was also satisfactory. It is the authors' opinion, based on their own experience and that of other workers as reported in the literature, that vascular reconstruction is only indicated when irreversible vascular changes have occurred, or where other lesions have complicated the condition.", "contents": "Popliteal artery entrapment; claudication during youth. We report four patients who presented early in life with intermittent claudication, caused by popliteal artery entrapment. In three of them this was the result of an abnormality in the anatomy of the popliteal fossa. In the fourth, however, muscular hypertrophy alone led to arterial entrapment. Three patients were successfully treated by simple myotomy. In the fourth arteriography showed a total occlusion of the popliteal artery. An arteriotomy was performed. In was then seen that the vessel was still patent, and the opening was closed with a vein patch. The result of this procedure was also satisfactory. It is the authors' opinion, based on their own experience and that of other workers as reported in the literature, that vascular reconstruction is only indicated when irreversible vascular changes have occurred, or where other lesions have complicated the condition.", "PMID": 1023822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3656", "title": "The alveolar soft-part sarcoma. A clinically malignant, neuro-endocrine tumor, possibly originating from the tissue composing the paraganglia.", "content": "The cases of two young women with alveolar soft-part sarcomas (ASPS) in one of the upper extremities are reported. The ASPS is a relatively rare malignant tumor of the soft parts that grows slowly and shows a predilection for the extremities; it occurs most often in young women. The tumor is deceptive in that the clinical impression is benign. So far, the only method of treatment is ample surgical excision. The tumor appears to be scarcely radio-sensitive and primary cytostatic therapy gives very little response. Histogenetically, the tumor is related to the neuro-endocrine paraganglion system. The long-term prognosis of the tumor is unfavorable.", "contents": "The alveolar soft-part sarcoma. A clinically malignant, neuro-endocrine tumor, possibly originating from the tissue composing the paraganglia. The cases of two young women with alveolar soft-part sarcomas (ASPS) in one of the upper extremities are reported. The ASPS is a relatively rare malignant tumor of the soft parts that grows slowly and shows a predilection for the extremities; it occurs most often in young women. The tumor is deceptive in that the clinical impression is benign. So far, the only method of treatment is ample surgical excision. The tumor appears to be scarcely radio-sensitive and primary cytostatic therapy gives very little response. Histogenetically, the tumor is related to the neuro-endocrine paraganglion system. The long-term prognosis of the tumor is unfavorable.", "PMID": 1023823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3657", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty followed by development of a bilateral non-synchronous carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Case report of a woman who at the age of 26 underwent mammary reduction (strmbeck) for macromastia. A primary bilateral non-synchronous carcinoma of the breast was discovered 20 months and 5 years after the plastic surgery. On pathological examination lymph node metastases were not found in both instances. There was a positive family history of the occurrence of carcinoma. Mammography prior to mammary reduction is recommended.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty followed by development of a bilateral non-synchronous carcinoma of the breast. Case report of a woman who at the age of 26 underwent mammary reduction (strmbeck) for macromastia. A primary bilateral non-synchronous carcinoma of the breast was discovered 20 months and 5 years after the plastic surgery. On pathological examination lymph node metastases were not found in both instances. There was a positive family history of the occurrence of carcinoma. Mammography prior to mammary reduction is recommended.", "PMID": 1023824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3658", "title": "Ascites in benign disease of the pancreas.", "content": "Ascites in benign disease of the pancreas is a rare observation. One patient with this condition is discussed. The key to the diagnosis is the raise of the amylase and protein content of the ascitic fluid. The condition is caused by pancreatic juice oozing into the free abdominal cavity through a rupture of the pancreatic duct or a pancreatic cyst. Surgical treatment may result in recovery.", "contents": "Ascites in benign disease of the pancreas. Ascites in benign disease of the pancreas is a rare observation. One patient with this condition is discussed. The key to the diagnosis is the raise of the amylase and protein content of the ascitic fluid. The condition is caused by pancreatic juice oozing into the free abdominal cavity through a rupture of the pancreatic duct or a pancreatic cyst. Surgical treatment may result in recovery.", "PMID": 1023825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3659", "title": "[Persistent atrioventricular canal. Differential diagnosis of its variations].", "content": "The authors reviewed 40 cases of endocardial cushion defect, 26 with the complete type and 14 incomplete. In 34 cases the diagnosis was corroborated anatomically and in the rest through angiocardiogram. 2. There is a discussion of proposed classifications and in accordance with the abnormality of the endocardial cushions, they outline the anatomic varieties. 3. They show that the complete and partial forms have notable differences in their clinical picture and in the prognosis. Particularly when there are associated malformations. They also give a detailed account of the essential data for the differential diagnosis. 4. In those cases with the partial type, the electrocardiogram showed typical behavior, whereas, in those with complete type the results were related to the associated malformations. 5. The anatomy of the persistence of endocardial cushion defect is analyzed and taking this into consideration, the problems which occur with mitral valve replacement are discussed. 6. They emphasize the importance of an excellent angiographic study, which besides its diagnostic value, is fundamental in making a decision in regard to surgical selection and technique. 7. They show the high frequency of malformations which may coexist with Endocardial cushion defect and remind us that as long as we continue to wait for classic data, especially of tb electrocardiogram, and ignore the left ventriculogram to establish the diagnosis, an important number of cases will remain undiagnosed. 8. They show that in the incomplete type there habitually exits situs solitus and the associated malformations are rare and simple; on the other hand in the complete, situs ambiguo was proven in 69.2% and solitus in the rest, and in 92.3% there were complex associated malformations. They affirm that with the suspicion or the confirmation of the complete type consider the possibility of it is imperative to heterotaxia. If this exist and there is low pulmonary flow we should suspect the coexistence with tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "[Persistent atrioventricular canal. Differential diagnosis of its variations]. The authors reviewed 40 cases of endocardial cushion defect, 26 with the complete type and 14 incomplete. In 34 cases the diagnosis was corroborated anatomically and in the rest through angiocardiogram. 2. There is a discussion of proposed classifications and in accordance with the abnormality of the endocardial cushions, they outline the anatomic varieties. 3. They show that the complete and partial forms have notable differences in their clinical picture and in the prognosis. Particularly when there are associated malformations. They also give a detailed account of the essential data for the differential diagnosis. 4. In those cases with the partial type, the electrocardiogram showed typical behavior, whereas, in those with complete type the results were related to the associated malformations. 5. The anatomy of the persistence of endocardial cushion defect is analyzed and taking this into consideration, the problems which occur with mitral valve replacement are discussed. 6. They emphasize the importance of an excellent angiographic study, which besides its diagnostic value, is fundamental in making a decision in regard to surgical selection and technique. 7. They show the high frequency of malformations which may coexist with Endocardial cushion defect and remind us that as long as we continue to wait for classic data, especially of tb electrocardiogram, and ignore the left ventriculogram to establish the diagnosis, an important number of cases will remain undiagnosed. 8. They show that in the incomplete type there habitually exits situs solitus and the associated malformations are rare and simple; on the other hand in the complete, situs ambiguo was proven in 69.2% and solitus in the rest, and in 92.3% there were complex associated malformations. They affirm that with the suspicion or the confirmation of the complete type consider the possibility of it is imperative to heterotaxia. If this exist and there is low pulmonary flow we should suspect the coexistence with tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 1023827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3660", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical study of arterioventricular disorders].", "content": "The relationship of the great arteries with their respective ventricles in the three toncoconal morphologies depends on the orientation and rotation of the septum of the trunk and cone. In this work we study a case of crossed great arteries and another of partial distortion of the great arteries and one of transposition of the great arteries, all with arterioventricular concordance. In the anatomic and angiocardiographic examples an analysis is made of the arterioventricular relation in each type of arterial pedicle. We say that arterioventricular concordance exists with crossed great arteries when the pulmonary originated from the anterior infundibulum and its direction of right to left or from left to right in the frontal plane shows the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. In the transposition of the great arteries or in the partial distortion of the great arteries with arterioventricular concordance the aorta in the frontal plane shows the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. In the first group the aorta originates from the anterior infundibulum while in the second, from the posterior infundibulum. We review the examples of arterioventricular discordance diagnosed by necropsy or by laboratory studies. We study 5 cases; 1 with crossed great arteries, 3 with transposition of great arteries and the last with partial distortion of the great arteries. In the arterioventricular discordances with crossed great arteries in the lateral position, we observe that the pulmonary artery originates from the anterior infudnibulum whereas in the transposition, the aorta emerges from the anterior infundibulum. In the partial distortion of the great arteries the vessels are side by side or the aorta a little bit anterior to the pulmonary which is connected with the anterior infundibulum. In the posteroanterior incidence when there exists an arterioventricular discordance with crossed great arteries, the direction of the pulmonary does not indicate the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. In the same way, in the transposition and in the partial distortion of the great arteries the aorta does not indicate the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. On the basis of the evidence obtained by experimental and descriptive embriology, the morphogenetic processes responsible for the arterioventricular relations are presented. The anatomic specimens of each example is analyzed and the adequate parameter for the diagnosis of the distinct varieties of arterioventricular relations are presented. Finally a review is made of the few cases found in the literature and the differential diagsis between the concordant and discordant troncoconal malformation is established.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical study of arterioventricular disorders]. The relationship of the great arteries with their respective ventricles in the three toncoconal morphologies depends on the orientation and rotation of the septum of the trunk and cone. In this work we study a case of crossed great arteries and another of partial distortion of the great arteries and one of transposition of the great arteries, all with arterioventricular concordance. In the anatomic and angiocardiographic examples an analysis is made of the arterioventricular relation in each type of arterial pedicle. We say that arterioventricular concordance exists with crossed great arteries when the pulmonary originated from the anterior infundibulum and its direction of right to left or from left to right in the frontal plane shows the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. In the transposition of the great arteries or in the partial distortion of the great arteries with arterioventricular concordance the aorta in the frontal plane shows the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. In the first group the aorta originates from the anterior infundibulum while in the second, from the posterior infundibulum. We review the examples of arterioventricular discordance diagnosed by necropsy or by laboratory studies. We study 5 cases; 1 with crossed great arteries, 3 with transposition of great arteries and the last with partial distortion of the great arteries. In the arterioventricular discordances with crossed great arteries in the lateral position, we observe that the pulmonary artery originates from the anterior infudnibulum whereas in the transposition, the aorta emerges from the anterior infundibulum. In the partial distortion of the great arteries the vessels are side by side or the aorta a little bit anterior to the pulmonary which is connected with the anterior infundibulum. In the posteroanterior incidence when there exists an arterioventricular discordance with crossed great arteries, the direction of the pulmonary does not indicate the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. In the same way, in the transposition and in the partial distortion of the great arteries the aorta does not indicate the spacial position of the anatomically right ventricle. On the basis of the evidence obtained by experimental and descriptive embriology, the morphogenetic processes responsible for the arterioventricular relations are presented. The anatomic specimens of each example is analyzed and the adequate parameter for the diagnosis of the distinct varieties of arterioventricular relations are presented. Finally a review is made of the few cases found in the literature and the differential diagsis between the concordant and discordant troncoconal malformation is established.", "PMID": 1023828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3661", "title": "[Correlation between exercise test and coronariography].", "content": "In order to evaluate the sensibility and specificity of the maximal treadmill exercise-stress test, a correlation was made, in fifty patients, of the resus of the test and the findings at selective coronary arteriography. None of the patients had received cardioactive drugs previous to the study. Among twenty-nine patients with proven coronary disease, three had false negative exercise tests. The remaining twenty-six cases had positive tests. The sensitivity of the method (reliability in identifying the presence of disease) was 89.7%. Twelve of twenty-one subjects with normal coronary arteries had negative exercise tests. In eight patients without coronary artery lesions, the exercise test was positive (false positive tests). An additional patient had an equivocal response and is included among the false positive responses. These nine-patients form a special group since they had severe heart disease, even though it was not due to atherosclerosis of the major coronary vessels. The specificity of the test (reliability in identifying the absence of disease) was 57.1%. However, in the absence of other heart disease, none of the subjects with normal coronary arteries had a false positive response. An analysis is made of the possible causes of these false negative and false positive responses. It was also shown in this study that the patients with coronary artery disease and positive treadmill tests had a definite functional aerobic impairment as well as a significant reduction in such indices of myocardial oxygen consumption as the heart rate and the double product (pressure-pulse), when compared to the subjects with normal coronary vessels and negative tests. In the group of patients with false positive responses, these parameters were not significantly different from the normals. The exercise-stress test protocol used in this study appears to have an adequate sensibility and an acceptable specificity.", "contents": "[Correlation between exercise test and coronariography]. In order to evaluate the sensibility and specificity of the maximal treadmill exercise-stress test, a correlation was made, in fifty patients, of the resus of the test and the findings at selective coronary arteriography. None of the patients had received cardioactive drugs previous to the study. Among twenty-nine patients with proven coronary disease, three had false negative exercise tests. The remaining twenty-six cases had positive tests. The sensitivity of the method (reliability in identifying the presence of disease) was 89.7%. Twelve of twenty-one subjects with normal coronary arteries had negative exercise tests. In eight patients without coronary artery lesions, the exercise test was positive (false positive tests). An additional patient had an equivocal response and is included among the false positive responses. These nine-patients form a special group since they had severe heart disease, even though it was not due to atherosclerosis of the major coronary vessels. The specificity of the test (reliability in identifying the absence of disease) was 57.1%. However, in the absence of other heart disease, none of the subjects with normal coronary arteries had a false positive response. An analysis is made of the possible causes of these false negative and false positive responses. It was also shown in this study that the patients with coronary artery disease and positive treadmill tests had a definite functional aerobic impairment as well as a significant reduction in such indices of myocardial oxygen consumption as the heart rate and the double product (pressure-pulse), when compared to the subjects with normal coronary vessels and negative tests. In the group of patients with false positive responses, these parameters were not significantly different from the normals. The exercise-stress test protocol used in this study appears to have an adequate sensibility and an acceptable specificity.", "PMID": 1023829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3662", "title": "[Atrioventricular conduction disorders following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Analysis of the electrogram of the bundle of His].", "content": "A study was made of the electric activity of the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system in basal conditions and with atrial stimulation in order to discover the type, severity and prognosis of the AV disturbance in cases of total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. The authors studied thirteen patients from the Paediatric Department of the National Institute of Cardiology who had undergone such surgery, 7 males, 6 females from 3 to 22 years old. All presented advanced RBBB and sinus rhythm; in the immediate postoperative period, one presented complete transitory A-V block which required a stand by pacemaker; in 2 cases there was a first degree AV block; in two other, LAH and LPH. In 5 cases atrial stimulation was made with single charges and progressive frequency. Measurements were taken at the customary intervals. In basal conditions, prolongation of the AH interval was only found in 2 patients, both with first degree AV block in the peripheral EKG; both patients were taking digitalis. The HV interval was longer than normal in 3 cases, with one of these showing also a lengthened AH interval. The atrial stimulation showed prolonged ventricular activation in 2 cases, one of them with normal basal HV interval. The authors conclude that this procedure permits: 1) The discovery of alterations in the AV conduction system which could not be found in a peripheral EKG. 2) Localization of the site of the lesion. 3) The finding of disturbances of the ventricular conduction by atrial stimulation. 4) Identification of those patients who, after a complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot, show a potential high risk of developing complete complete AV block or of sudden death. 5) The establishment of a real prognosis in these patients.", "contents": "[Atrioventricular conduction disorders following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Analysis of the electrogram of the bundle of His]. A study was made of the electric activity of the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system in basal conditions and with atrial stimulation in order to discover the type, severity and prognosis of the AV disturbance in cases of total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. The authors studied thirteen patients from the Paediatric Department of the National Institute of Cardiology who had undergone such surgery, 7 males, 6 females from 3 to 22 years old. All presented advanced RBBB and sinus rhythm; in the immediate postoperative period, one presented complete transitory A-V block which required a stand by pacemaker; in 2 cases there was a first degree AV block; in two other, LAH and LPH. In 5 cases atrial stimulation was made with single charges and progressive frequency. Measurements were taken at the customary intervals. In basal conditions, prolongation of the AH interval was only found in 2 patients, both with first degree AV block in the peripheral EKG; both patients were taking digitalis. The HV interval was longer than normal in 3 cases, with one of these showing also a lengthened AH interval. The atrial stimulation showed prolonged ventricular activation in 2 cases, one of them with normal basal HV interval. The authors conclude that this procedure permits: 1) The discovery of alterations in the AV conduction system which could not be found in a peripheral EKG. 2) Localization of the site of the lesion. 3) The finding of disturbances of the ventricular conduction by atrial stimulation. 4) Identification of those patients who, after a complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot, show a potential high risk of developing complete complete AV block or of sudden death. 5) The establishment of a real prognosis in these patients.", "PMID": 1023830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3663", "title": "[Aerobic functional capacity in normal subjects].", "content": "The functional evaluation of a subject may be performed by measurement of the functional aerobic capacity by means of exercise-stress tests. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is the best parameter to establish this. The values of VO2 max were determined in twenty-five normal subjects, residents of Mexico City. There were twenty men and five women whose ages ranged between the third and fourth decades of life. A maximal exercise-stress test was performed in a treadmill, with constant inclination and progressive speed increments. Electrocardiogram and blood pressure were monitorized at rest, during exercise and in the recovery period. Four collections of espired gas were obtained, one at rest and three at different levels of exercise. VO2/kg. at rest (the value of one met) was 3.49+/-0.58 ml/kg. min. for the whole group somewhat lower for males (3.37+/-0.53 ml/kg. min.) than for female subjects (3.99+/-0.51 ml/kg. min.). These results are comparable to the ones informed in the literature. VO2 max/kg. was 27.8+/-5.57 ml/kg. min. for the entire group and 28.0+/-5.64 and 27.3+/-5.94 ml/kg. min. for men and women respectively. The values of VO2 max/kg. are definitely lower than the ones obtained from normal subjects in other countries. Considerations are made on the possible causes of this discrepancy. A linear correlation was found between VO2/kg or mets in one side and load imposed, cardiac rate or double product (pulse-pressure) in the other. The different VO2 max/kg. values found in this study as compared to the results obtained from other countries, serve to emphasize the need for each laboratory to establish its own normal values and to construct nomograms for the adquate evaluation of functional aerobic capacity. This, in turn, will permit the accurate and correct prescription of exercise for individual subjects or patients.", "contents": "[Aerobic functional capacity in normal subjects]. The functional evaluation of a subject may be performed by measurement of the functional aerobic capacity by means of exercise-stress tests. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is the best parameter to establish this. The values of VO2 max were determined in twenty-five normal subjects, residents of Mexico City. There were twenty men and five women whose ages ranged between the third and fourth decades of life. A maximal exercise-stress test was performed in a treadmill, with constant inclination and progressive speed increments. Electrocardiogram and blood pressure were monitorized at rest, during exercise and in the recovery period. Four collections of espired gas were obtained, one at rest and three at different levels of exercise. VO2/kg. at rest (the value of one met) was 3.49+/-0.58 ml/kg. min. for the whole group somewhat lower for males (3.37+/-0.53 ml/kg. min.) than for female subjects (3.99+/-0.51 ml/kg. min.). These results are comparable to the ones informed in the literature. VO2 max/kg. was 27.8+/-5.57 ml/kg. min. for the entire group and 28.0+/-5.64 and 27.3+/-5.94 ml/kg. min. for men and women respectively. The values of VO2 max/kg. are definitely lower than the ones obtained from normal subjects in other countries. Considerations are made on the possible causes of this discrepancy. A linear correlation was found between VO2/kg or mets in one side and load imposed, cardiac rate or double product (pulse-pressure) in the other. The different VO2 max/kg. values found in this study as compared to the results obtained from other countries, serve to emphasize the need for each laboratory to establish its own normal values and to construct nomograms for the adquate evaluation of functional aerobic capacity. This, in turn, will permit the accurate and correct prescription of exercise for individual subjects or patients.", "PMID": 1023831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3664", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the coronary vessels].", "content": "A new classification for congenital anormaleis of the coronary vessels is presented. The fundamentals of pathophysiology in each entity, are discussed.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the coronary vessels]. A new classification for congenital anormaleis of the coronary vessels is presented. The fundamentals of pathophysiology in each entity, are discussed.", "PMID": 1023832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3665", "title": "[Long term prevention of thromboembolic accidents with acetylsalicylic acid in auricular fibrillation patients].", "content": "For the past few years various authors have reported the antiplatelet action and prolongation of bleeding time with the use of acetyl-salicilic acid. In the present work, we review the frequency of thromboembolism in a group of patients with rheumatic or sclerotic heart disease with atrial fibrillation, in which the treatment with coumarins was suspended and substituted for 1 gram of aspirin P.O. daily. The results were compared with a similar group studied by C\u00e1rdenas and col. During the time of the observation 10 patients had 14 thromboembolic accidents, slightly predominated by the emboli in the inferior members and in the cerebral vascular territory. The mortality was 2.5% and in 9 patients hemorrhages of little importance appeared, which could have been caused by the ASA, although it can not be proven. In comparing the results of this work with the above mentioned of C\u00e1rdenas, it appeared that the number of thromboemboli, of deaths, and secondary accidents in the group treated with ASA was less than in the group which received coumarin or which were maintained without treatment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that it is possible to substitute the coumarins with acetyl-salicilic acid in the prevention of thromboembolism, in patient with rheumatic or sclerotic heart disease with atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "[Long term prevention of thromboembolic accidents with acetylsalicylic acid in auricular fibrillation patients]. For the past few years various authors have reported the antiplatelet action and prolongation of bleeding time with the use of acetyl-salicilic acid. In the present work, we review the frequency of thromboembolism in a group of patients with rheumatic or sclerotic heart disease with atrial fibrillation, in which the treatment with coumarins was suspended and substituted for 1 gram of aspirin P.O. daily. The results were compared with a similar group studied by C\u00e1rdenas and col. During the time of the observation 10 patients had 14 thromboembolic accidents, slightly predominated by the emboli in the inferior members and in the cerebral vascular territory. The mortality was 2.5% and in 9 patients hemorrhages of little importance appeared, which could have been caused by the ASA, although it can not be proven. In comparing the results of this work with the above mentioned of C\u00e1rdenas, it appeared that the number of thromboemboli, of deaths, and secondary accidents in the group treated with ASA was less than in the group which received coumarin or which were maintained without treatment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that it is possible to substitute the coumarins with acetyl-salicilic acid in the prevention of thromboembolism, in patient with rheumatic or sclerotic heart disease with atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 1023834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3666", "title": "[Results of 1000 electrocardiographic exercise tests. Their correlation with previous ischemic cardiopathy and arteriosclerotic risk factors].", "content": "Exercise electrocardiograms were done on one thousand patients referred to the laboratory of exercise tests for: suggestive symptoms of acute heart failure, old miocardial infarction abnormal resting ECG, or evaluation of coronary reserve. The average value of cardiac rate reached for the group, was close to 80%. The maximum exercise loads managed by the men were superior to those of the women, and in general those managed in the negative test were superior in relation to the positive tests. Of the one thousand cases, 20.2% had positive exercise ECG's. There was no difference inthe percentages of positivity between the two sexes, 20.75% and 19.11% for men and women respecitvely. The percentages of positivity are greater in those subjects sent to the laboratory for suspicion of angina pectoris, old MI, or abnormal resting ECG, than in those referred for detection of ischemic heart disease. The groups of patients with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, old MI, and abnormal resting ECG had the highest incidence of positive tests: 41%, 37.5%, 30.6%, and 28.2% respectively. The most frequent localization of the ST segment alterations was the anterior portion, with percentages of 85.1% similar to those mentioned in the literature. The frequency of arrithmias, of 12.4% in this group, is a little less than that described in similar groups, but it corroborates the predominance of non-lethal ventricular arrithmias. The mortality in the tests performed was null.", "contents": "[Results of 1000 electrocardiographic exercise tests. Their correlation with previous ischemic cardiopathy and arteriosclerotic risk factors]. Exercise electrocardiograms were done on one thousand patients referred to the laboratory of exercise tests for: suggestive symptoms of acute heart failure, old miocardial infarction abnormal resting ECG, or evaluation of coronary reserve. The average value of cardiac rate reached for the group, was close to 80%. The maximum exercise loads managed by the men were superior to those of the women, and in general those managed in the negative test were superior in relation to the positive tests. Of the one thousand cases, 20.2% had positive exercise ECG's. There was no difference inthe percentages of positivity between the two sexes, 20.75% and 19.11% for men and women respecitvely. The percentages of positivity are greater in those subjects sent to the laboratory for suspicion of angina pectoris, old MI, or abnormal resting ECG, than in those referred for detection of ischemic heart disease. The groups of patients with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, old MI, and abnormal resting ECG had the highest incidence of positive tests: 41%, 37.5%, 30.6%, and 28.2% respectively. The most frequent localization of the ST segment alterations was the anterior portion, with percentages of 85.1% similar to those mentioned in the literature. The frequency of arrithmias, of 12.4% in this group, is a little less than that described in similar groups, but it corroborates the predominance of non-lethal ventricular arrithmias. The mortality in the tests performed was null.", "PMID": 1023833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3667", "title": "[Aortic coarctation in childhood. Surgical experience in 120 cases].", "content": "112 cases of coarctation of the aorta and 8 cases of tubular hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus operated upon in the Children's Hospital \"La Paz\" from Madrid, are reviewed. All children were under 7 years of age. 64.2% of the cases of aortic coarctation were in the first year of life, 47.3% of them had associated lesions, being the most frequently present persistent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect. Hospital mortality was 14.2%, what is considered as very acceptable. All the children operated upon for the correction of tubular hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus were in the first year of age. 75% of them had associated ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect, being hospital mortality of 62.5%. Most frequent postoperative complications and cause of death were due to broncopulmonary disorders secondary to the existence of a previous pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Aortic coarctation in childhood. Surgical experience in 120 cases]. 112 cases of coarctation of the aorta and 8 cases of tubular hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus operated upon in the Children's Hospital \"La Paz\" from Madrid, are reviewed. All children were under 7 years of age. 64.2% of the cases of aortic coarctation were in the first year of life, 47.3% of them had associated lesions, being the most frequently present persistent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect. Hospital mortality was 14.2%, what is considered as very acceptable. All the children operated upon for the correction of tubular hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus were in the first year of age. 75% of them had associated ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect, being hospital mortality of 62.5%. Most frequent postoperative complications and cause of death were due to broncopulmonary disorders secondary to the existence of a previous pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 1023836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3668", "title": "[Coronary fistula of the left ventricle. Report of a case treated surgically].", "content": "A case of a left coronary artery fistula to the left ventricle successfully by surgery treated is reported. The medical literature was reviewed, and it is concluded that because of the surgical low mortality rate, all cases of coronary fistula, diagnosed by angiography and cardiac catheterization, ought to be submitted to surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Coronary fistula of the left ventricle. Report of a case treated surgically]. A case of a left coronary artery fistula to the left ventricle successfully by surgery treated is reported. The medical literature was reviewed, and it is concluded that because of the surgical low mortality rate, all cases of coronary fistula, diagnosed by angiography and cardiac catheterization, ought to be submitted to surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1023837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3669", "title": "[Use of cyclophosphamide in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of ciclofosfamide on the nephrotic syndrome, glomecular filtration rate, immuproteins clearance complement, and urinary sediment in 14 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. It was found that the nephrotic syndrome disappeared in 7 out of 8 cases, the glomerular filtration rate increased significantly in 13 out of 14 patients, and there was no correlation between the action of the drug and the behavior of the immunoglobulins clearances, complement, and the urinary sediment. Neither was there found a correlation between the increased renal function and the histological spectrum.", "contents": "[Use of cyclophosphamide in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]. A study was made of the effect of ciclofosfamide on the nephrotic syndrome, glomecular filtration rate, immuproteins clearance complement, and urinary sediment in 14 patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. It was found that the nephrotic syndrome disappeared in 7 out of 8 cases, the glomerular filtration rate increased significantly in 13 out of 14 patients, and there was no correlation between the action of the drug and the behavior of the immunoglobulins clearances, complement, and the urinary sediment. Neither was there found a correlation between the increased renal function and the histological spectrum.", "PMID": 1023835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3670", "title": "[Final results of ultra-early diagnosis in congenital hip dislocation in the newborn infant population].", "content": "Data relating to the first year's work in ultra-early mass diagnosis of cases of congenital dysplasia of the hip are presented. Stress is laid on the importance of this type of screening as a means of preventing the crippling sequelae that this disease. Attention is drawn to the simplicity and cheapness of the examination. Particular reference is made to the notable frequency with which this form of dysplasia was observed in the children of parents known to be original inhabitants of the Sangone Valley.", "contents": "[Final results of ultra-early diagnosis in congenital hip dislocation in the newborn infant population]. Data relating to the first year's work in ultra-early mass diagnosis of cases of congenital dysplasia of the hip are presented. Stress is laid on the importance of this type of screening as a means of preventing the crippling sequelae that this disease. Attention is drawn to the simplicity and cheapness of the examination. Particular reference is made to the notable frequency with which this form of dysplasia was observed in the children of parents known to be original inhabitants of the Sangone Valley.", "PMID": 1023841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3671", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the myocardium in experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy].", "content": "The myocardium of 20 rats with an experimentally caused autoimmune form of cardiomyopathy was studied by the electron-microscopy method. It was established that lesions of the ultrastructure of the myocardium in this pathology were of a mosaic character. There was a clear-cut difference between the areas of complete destruction of myocytes and the zones of hypertrophy of the myocardium. These were divided into areas with complete hypertrophy of the myocardium and those with incompetent hypertrophy of muscular cells, which, in its turn, depended upon local conditions, in particular, on localization of a great number of collagenous fibres in the interstitial space.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the myocardium in experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy]. The myocardium of 20 rats with an experimentally caused autoimmune form of cardiomyopathy was studied by the electron-microscopy method. It was established that lesions of the ultrastructure of the myocardium in this pathology were of a mosaic character. There was a clear-cut difference between the areas of complete destruction of myocytes and the zones of hypertrophy of the myocardium. These were divided into areas with complete hypertrophy of the myocardium and those with incompetent hypertrophy of muscular cells, which, in its turn, depended upon local conditions, in particular, on localization of a great number of collagenous fibres in the interstitial space.", "PMID": 1023848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3672", "title": "[Role of the changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in disorders of myocardial function].", "content": "Acute focal ischemia of the myocardium, acute hemodynamic overloading of the heart, coarctation of the aorta, and fibrillation of the heart were simulated on rabbits. The animals were studied for the contractile function of the myocardium, and potential work capacity of the heart was calculated according to a special formula. The rebbits were sacrificed at the acute period of the development of a pathological process, and the contractile myocardium was investigated by electron  microscope. The studies of the bioelectric activity of the heart revealed periodically appearing disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The electron-microscopy investigation showed, apart from changes in the ultrastructure of cells of the contractile myocardium reflecting their hyperfunction, marked dilatation of small canals of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, right to the formation of cisterns containing sequesters of cells. It is established that the changes referred to above in the sarcotubular system were associated with potassium dysbalance. The conclusion was drawn that the above said changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum was a stereotype reaction of the alterative heart at the level of ultrastructures developing according to the principle of a vicious circle.", "contents": "[Role of the changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in disorders of myocardial function]. Acute focal ischemia of the myocardium, acute hemodynamic overloading of the heart, coarctation of the aorta, and fibrillation of the heart were simulated on rabbits. The animals were studied for the contractile function of the myocardium, and potential work capacity of the heart was calculated according to a special formula. The rebbits were sacrificed at the acute period of the development of a pathological process, and the contractile myocardium was investigated by electron  microscope. The studies of the bioelectric activity of the heart revealed periodically appearing disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The electron-microscopy investigation showed, apart from changes in the ultrastructure of cells of the contractile myocardium reflecting their hyperfunction, marked dilatation of small canals of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, right to the formation of cisterns containing sequesters of cells. It is established that the changes referred to above in the sarcotubular system were associated with potassium dysbalance. The conclusion was drawn that the above said changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum was a stereotype reaction of the alterative heart at the level of ultrastructures developing according to the principle of a vicious circle.", "PMID": 1023849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3673", "title": "[Morphological characteristics of the myocardium of rabbits in experimental arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Histological, histochemical, and electron-microscopy studies of the myocardium of 70 rabbits were conducted; experimental atherosclerosis of the aorta in rabbits was caused by periodic four-fold fasting in combination with additions of crystal cholesterol to the diet. Along with the development of the ahterosclerofic process in the aorta, in the myocardium there were noted changes in the endothelium of capillaries, a more intensive production of acid polysaccharides by fibroblasts, a progressing development of the collagenous stroma, a higher heterogeneity of the contractile myocardium, and grave impairment of the structure and functions of the mypcardial cells (appearance of atrophying muscular cells with a decrease in the number of myofibrils) long before the onset of morphological changes in the coronary arteries.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics of the myocardium of rabbits in experimental arteriosclerosis]. Histological, histochemical, and electron-microscopy studies of the myocardium of 70 rabbits were conducted; experimental atherosclerosis of the aorta in rabbits was caused by periodic four-fold fasting in combination with additions of crystal cholesterol to the diet. Along with the development of the ahterosclerofic process in the aorta, in the myocardium there were noted changes in the endothelium of capillaries, a more intensive production of acid polysaccharides by fibroblasts, a progressing development of the collagenous stroma, a higher heterogeneity of the contractile myocardium, and grave impairment of the structure and functions of the mypcardial cells (appearance of atrophying muscular cells with a decrease in the number of myofibrils) long before the onset of morphological changes in the coronary arteries.", "PMID": 1023850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3674", "title": "[Circadian aspects of iron metabolism. Changes of total iron binding capacity in patients with liver cirrhosis and in apparently healthy persons].", "content": "A group of 8 patients (M) with liver cirrhosis were studied. Each subject was standardized with rest time extending from 22,00 to 05,00 and meals scheduled at 08,00-08,30, 12,00-12,30, 17,30-18,00. Then was sampled at 04,00, 08,00 12,00, 16,00, 20,00, 24,00. In each sample of serum were determined iron, T.I.B.C. and L.I.B.C. All data were analyzed by macroscopic approach (chronograms) and by mean cosinor. A significant circadian rhythm was detected in all parameters, with a statistically valid difference between normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis in the mesor of T.I.B.C. and L.I.B.C.", "contents": "[Circadian aspects of iron metabolism. Changes of total iron binding capacity in patients with liver cirrhosis and in apparently healthy persons]. A group of 8 patients (M) with liver cirrhosis were studied. Each subject was standardized with rest time extending from 22,00 to 05,00 and meals scheduled at 08,00-08,30, 12,00-12,30, 17,30-18,00. Then was sampled at 04,00, 08,00 12,00, 16,00, 20,00, 24,00. In each sample of serum were determined iron, T.I.B.C. and L.I.B.C. All data were analyzed by macroscopic approach (chronograms) and by mean cosinor. A significant circadian rhythm was detected in all parameters, with a statistically valid difference between normal subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis in the mesor of T.I.B.C. and L.I.B.C.", "PMID": 1023838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3675", "title": "[Effect of Bunaftine on the ventricular tachycardia due to aconitine in the dog].", "content": "Suppression of aconitine-induced ventricular tachycardia in the dog with various doses of Bunaftine was attempted. Stable re-establishment of the sinus rhythm was achieved in only 3/15 cases, whereas in 3 tachicardia was unchanged, and in 9 fibrillation appeared, due, it is thought, to the effect of the drug on myocardial conductivity, since fibrillation was the most frequent outcome when high doses were used.", "contents": "[Effect of Bunaftine on the ventricular tachycardia due to aconitine in the dog]. Suppression of aconitine-induced ventricular tachycardia in the dog with various doses of Bunaftine was attempted. Stable re-establishment of the sinus rhythm was achieved in only 3/15 cases, whereas in 3 tachicardia was unchanged, and in 9 fibrillation appeared, due, it is thought, to the effect of the drug on myocardial conductivity, since fibrillation was the most frequent outcome when high doses were used.", "PMID": 1023842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3676", "title": "[Clinical evaluation in liver diseases of a new blood coagulation test for the determination of factors II, VII and X].", "content": "A recently introduced clotting test designed for the assessment of liver insufficiency was used in 10 normal subjects, 10 with toxic liver disease, 10 with chronic liver disease, and 10 with chronic liver disease, and 10 with cirrhosis of the liver. Comparison with the results of Quick's test, Normotest and thrombotest showed the new test to have excellent standardisation and good sensitivity in the detection of liver impairment.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation in liver diseases of a new blood coagulation test for the determination of factors II, VII and X]. A recently introduced clotting test designed for the assessment of liver insufficiency was used in 10 normal subjects, 10 with toxic liver disease, 10 with chronic liver disease, and 10 with chronic liver disease, and 10 with cirrhosis of the liver. Comparison with the results of Quick's test, Normotest and thrombotest showed the new test to have excellent standardisation and good sensitivity in the detection of liver impairment.", "PMID": 1023839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3677", "title": "[Principle of asynchronism of the working cycles of analogous structures].", "content": "Electron-radioautographic investigations of the RNA synthesis were carried out in hepatocytes of intact and poisoned with CCl4 mice, fibroblasts of the granular tissue, and in neurons of the parietal region of the cerebral cortex of intact animals. Experimental mice were injected uridine-5H3. It was noted that the analogous structures differed from each other as to their appearance and to the number of argentum grains above them. These differences appearently were due to the fact that at the moment of fixation of the material these structures were at different phases of the working cycle. Owing to nonsimultaneity of the work of the structural elements optimal conditions for their physiological regeneration and adaptive variations in the functional activity of organs were ensured and a harmony in the interrelationships between various organs and between the organism as a whole and the environment were achieved.", "contents": "[Principle of asynchronism of the working cycles of analogous structures]. Electron-radioautographic investigations of the RNA synthesis were carried out in hepatocytes of intact and poisoned with CCl4 mice, fibroblasts of the granular tissue, and in neurons of the parietal region of the cerebral cortex of intact animals. Experimental mice were injected uridine-5H3. It was noted that the analogous structures differed from each other as to their appearance and to the number of argentum grains above them. These differences appearently were due to the fact that at the moment of fixation of the material these structures were at different phases of the working cycle. Owing to nonsimultaneity of the work of the structural elements optimal conditions for their physiological regeneration and adaptive variations in the functional activity of organs were ensured and a harmony in the interrelationships between various organs and between the organism as a whole and the environment were achieved.", "PMID": 1023851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3678", "title": "[Heparin tolerance in relation to age and the presence of amyloidosis].", "content": "Clotting time under basal conditions and 30', 60' and 120' after 100 I.U. heparin/kg i.v. was determined in four groups:1) 15 healthy subjects aged less than 50 yr; 2) 27 \"healthy\" subjects over 65 yr; 3) 20 subjects with either myeloma (7 cases), benign monoclonal gammopathy (7) or rheumatoid arthritis (6); 4) 4 subjects with amyloidosis (2 primary, 1 secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, and 1 secondary to myeloma). Rectal biopsy and a histological search for amyloid substance were carried out in all subjects from the 3rd and 4th groups. Heparin tolerance was too widely scattered to enable statistically significantly means to be deduced. Comparison between the arithmetical means of the four groups, however, showed a greater resistance in aged opposed to young subjects, and in patients with amyloidosis as opposed to those in the other three groups. This was constant and marked after 60' and 120', suggesting that this test may offer indirect evidence in support of a diagnosis of amyloidosis.", "contents": "[Heparin tolerance in relation to age and the presence of amyloidosis]. Clotting time under basal conditions and 30', 60' and 120' after 100 I.U. heparin/kg i.v. was determined in four groups:1) 15 healthy subjects aged less than 50 yr; 2) 27 \"healthy\" subjects over 65 yr; 3) 20 subjects with either myeloma (7 cases), benign monoclonal gammopathy (7) or rheumatoid arthritis (6); 4) 4 subjects with amyloidosis (2 primary, 1 secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, and 1 secondary to myeloma). Rectal biopsy and a histological search for amyloid substance were carried out in all subjects from the 3rd and 4th groups. Heparin tolerance was too widely scattered to enable statistically significantly means to be deduced. Comparison between the arithmetical means of the four groups, however, showed a greater resistance in aged opposed to young subjects, and in patients with amyloidosis as opposed to those in the other three groups. This was constant and marked after 60' and 120', suggesting that this test may offer indirect evidence in support of a diagnosis of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 1023845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3679", "title": "[Evaluation of the effects of 3,4,5-trimthoxy-benzoyl-e-amino caproic acid (ATBC) on the senile heart].", "content": "The marked positive inotropic effect of ATBC was noted in 20 senile patients free of ischaemic heart disease and is postulated as the basis of its action in such situation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effects of 3,4,5-trimthoxy-benzoyl-e-amino caproic acid (ATBC) on the senile heart]. The marked positive inotropic effect of ATBC was noted in 20 senile patients free of ischaemic heart disease and is postulated as the basis of its action in such situation.", "PMID": 1023844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3680", "title": "[Parasitic pseudotumors due to filaroid nematodes].", "content": "Four cases of subcutaneous pseudo-tumour caused by filaroid nematodes are described. The histological picture was marked by granulomatous reaction, with a necrotic centre containing filariae in various stages of regression.", "contents": "[Parasitic pseudotumors due to filaroid nematodes]. Four cases of subcutaneous pseudo-tumour caused by filaroid nematodes are described. The histological picture was marked by granulomatous reaction, with a necrotic centre containing filariae in various stages of regression.", "PMID": 1023847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3681", "title": "[A new system of analysis for partial thromboplastin time. Comparison with other blood coagulation tests in liver diseases].", "content": "A new analysis system for the partial thromboplastin test (Cephotest) has been applied to 40 subjects (normal, suffering from nutritional toxic hepatopathy, chronic hepatopathy and cirrhosis of the liver). The test was then compared with other blood clotting tests (Howell's test, PTT test, Quick's test, Normotest and Thrombotest) and proved to have very good standardization and sensitivity.", "contents": "[A new system of analysis for partial thromboplastin time. Comparison with other blood coagulation tests in liver diseases]. A new analysis system for the partial thromboplastin test (Cephotest) has been applied to 40 subjects (normal, suffering from nutritional toxic hepatopathy, chronic hepatopathy and cirrhosis of the liver). The test was then compared with other blood clotting tests (Howell's test, PTT test, Quick's test, Normotest and Thrombotest) and proved to have very good standardization and sensitivity.", "PMID": 1023840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3682", "title": "[Morphological manifestations of secretory activity of the neutrophils in inflammation].", "content": "Neutropholic leukocytes of aseptic peritoneal exudate of rabbits differed from neutrophilic leukocytes of the blood in greater variability in the content of cationic proteins. Some lysosomes ceased to be stained on cationic proteins, which produced a false impression of degranulation of leukocytes. Ultramicroscopically, there was observed a \"clearing\" of the lysosomes content and its outflow into cytoplasm. Lysosomes acquired the shape of spherical \"holed\" bodies and were transformed into clear vacuoles with remnants of the electron-dense material. The rupture of lysosome membranes led to an \"explosive\" type of liberation of the lysosome content into the cytoplasm. Partly degranulated leukocytes remained vital and activity moved about in a homologous serum. Following contacts with histone F1 leukocytes lost cationic proteins. The liberation of cationic proteins from leukocytic took place without destruction of leukocytes and lysosomes themselves.", "contents": "[Morphological manifestations of secretory activity of the neutrophils in inflammation]. Neutropholic leukocytes of aseptic peritoneal exudate of rabbits differed from neutrophilic leukocytes of the blood in greater variability in the content of cationic proteins. Some lysosomes ceased to be stained on cationic proteins, which produced a false impression of degranulation of leukocytes. Ultramicroscopically, there was observed a \"clearing\" of the lysosomes content and its outflow into cytoplasm. Lysosomes acquired the shape of spherical \"holed\" bodies and were transformed into clear vacuoles with remnants of the electron-dense material. The rupture of lysosome membranes led to an \"explosive\" type of liberation of the lysosome content into the cytoplasm. Partly degranulated leukocytes remained vital and activity moved about in a homologous serum. Following contacts with histone F1 leukocytes lost cationic proteins. The liberation of cationic proteins from leukocytic took place without destruction of leukocytes and lysosomes themselves.", "PMID": 1023852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3683", "title": "[Functional-morphological changes in the lungs in bronchial asthma].", "content": "Histological and immunohistochemical studies of 57 bioptic specimens of the mucosa of the main bronchi taken during an attack of bronchial asthma, and those of the lungs of 27 patients who had died on the attack, showed that in the course of the attack of bronchial asthma serous-desquamous allergic inflammation, which proceeded according to the type of hypersensitivity, of the immediate type, developed along the full length of the broncho-vascular barrier. It occurred under the effect of biologically active substances liberated in the reaction of the antigen with IgE. Immunochemically, there was detected luminescence of IgE on the basal membranes of the mucous glands, on the basal membranes of the mucosa, as well as in lymphoid, plasmic, and mast cells infiltrating the mucosa. In allergic inflammation in the bronchi there were noted drastic delatation and increased permeability of vessels of the microcirculatory bed, odema, migration of eosinophils, the mast-cell reaction with degranulation of mast cells, spasm of musculature, elevated permeability of the basal membrane, impregnation of the latter with plasmic protein with fibrin, hypersecretion and desquamation of the epithelium, hypersecretion of mucous glands. As a result of the inflammatory changes in the bronchial system disorders of the drainage function of the bronchi with obstruction of their lumens which were most pronounced in small bronchi and bronchioles, developed.", "contents": "[Functional-morphological changes in the lungs in bronchial asthma]. Histological and immunohistochemical studies of 57 bioptic specimens of the mucosa of the main bronchi taken during an attack of bronchial asthma, and those of the lungs of 27 patients who had died on the attack, showed that in the course of the attack of bronchial asthma serous-desquamous allergic inflammation, which proceeded according to the type of hypersensitivity, of the immediate type, developed along the full length of the broncho-vascular barrier. It occurred under the effect of biologically active substances liberated in the reaction of the antigen with IgE. Immunochemically, there was detected luminescence of IgE on the basal membranes of the mucous glands, on the basal membranes of the mucosa, as well as in lymphoid, plasmic, and mast cells infiltrating the mucosa. In allergic inflammation in the bronchi there were noted drastic delatation and increased permeability of vessels of the microcirculatory bed, odema, migration of eosinophils, the mast-cell reaction with degranulation of mast cells, spasm of musculature, elevated permeability of the basal membrane, impregnation of the latter with plasmic protein with fibrin, hypersecretion and desquamation of the epithelium, hypersecretion of mucous glands. As a result of the inflammatory changes in the bronchial system disorders of the drainage function of the bronchi with obstruction of their lumens which were most pronounced in small bronchi and bronchioles, developed.", "PMID": 1023853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3684", "title": "[Fat of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in spontaneous panniculitisi (Weber-Christian disease)].", "content": "Histochemical investigations of fat in nodes of lesions of the subcutaneous fatty tissue in 25 patients with spontaneous panniculitis were carried out. It was shown that the disease was not accompanied by accumulation in the subcutaneous fatty tissue of such lipids as cholesterol, phosphoglycerides or glycolipids. Changes in triglycerides with formation of fatty acids were observed in fatty cells already in the presence of a developed cellular reaction in the subcutaneous fatty tissue and apparently could not be considered as a trigger mechanism in pathogenesis of spontaneous panniculitis. The revealing of aldehydes and lipids in fatty cells and in lipophages may indicate to an oxidative character of the processes developing in fat in spontaneous panniculitis. A suggestion is put forward that in pathogenesis of panniculitis a certain role could be played by an impairment of oxidation processes of fat with excessive accumulation of peroxides of lipids.", "contents": "[Fat of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in spontaneous panniculitisi (Weber-Christian disease)]. Histochemical investigations of fat in nodes of lesions of the subcutaneous fatty tissue in 25 patients with spontaneous panniculitis were carried out. It was shown that the disease was not accompanied by accumulation in the subcutaneous fatty tissue of such lipids as cholesterol, phosphoglycerides or glycolipids. Changes in triglycerides with formation of fatty acids were observed in fatty cells already in the presence of a developed cellular reaction in the subcutaneous fatty tissue and apparently could not be considered as a trigger mechanism in pathogenesis of spontaneous panniculitis. The revealing of aldehydes and lipids in fatty cells and in lipophages may indicate to an oxidative character of the processes developing in fat in spontaneous panniculitis. A suggestion is put forward that in pathogenesis of panniculitis a certain role could be played by an impairment of oxidation processes of fat with excessive accumulation of peroxides of lipids.", "PMID": 1023854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3685", "title": "[Effect of Bunaftine on the aconitine-induced atrial arrhythmias in the dog].", "content": "Bunaftine has a quinidine-like vagolytic effect and does not act as a beta-blocking agent. Its effect on aconitine-induced atrial fibrillation in the dog was examined. It led to suproventricular tachycardia in all cases, but re-established the sinus rhythm in only 5/15. It is felt that this lack of success is attributable to the slowing of the frequency of the primary pacemaker on the part of the drug. Slowing down of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction by Bunaftine was revealed by lengthening of the P-R interval and widening of the Q-RS complex. Decreased blood pressure following administration of the drug appears to be due to reduction of heart rate rather than altered myocardial inotropism or peripheral resistance.", "contents": "[Effect of Bunaftine on the aconitine-induced atrial arrhythmias in the dog]. Bunaftine has a quinidine-like vagolytic effect and does not act as a beta-blocking agent. Its effect on aconitine-induced atrial fibrillation in the dog was examined. It led to suproventricular tachycardia in all cases, but re-established the sinus rhythm in only 5/15. It is felt that this lack of success is attributable to the slowing of the frequency of the primary pacemaker on the part of the drug. Slowing down of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction by Bunaftine was revealed by lengthening of the P-R interval and widening of the Q-RS complex. Decreased blood pressure following administration of the drug appears to be due to reduction of heart rate rather than altered myocardial inotropism or peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 1023843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3686", "title": "[Plasmocytic granuloma].", "content": "A post-mortem study of a case of plasma cell granuloma with obstructive polyposis of the major bronchi and foci of lesions of a various degree of maturation in the lungs, lymph nodes and kidneys in a woman aged 39 is described. The morphological peculiarities of plasma cell gronuloma justify its differentiation plasmocytoma, and also serve as the grounds for considering it as a systemic disease associated with reticuloendothelial cells proliferation.", "contents": "[Plasmocytic granuloma]. A post-mortem study of a case of plasma cell granuloma with obstructive polyposis of the major bronchi and foci of lesions of a various degree of maturation in the lungs, lymph nodes and kidneys in a woman aged 39 is described. The morphological peculiarities of plasma cell gronuloma justify its differentiation plasmocytoma, and also serve as the grounds for considering it as a systemic disease associated with reticuloendothelial cells proliferation.", "PMID": 1023855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3687", "title": "[Various cases of acute gastroenteritis due to Salmonella Paratyphi C].", "content": "Five cases of acute gastroenteritis due to Salmonella Paratyphi C observed in the province of Trieste during 1975 are described. It is deduced from the clinical findings and the history in each case that this infection was imported, and favoured by the geographical location of the city and prior mutilating gastrointestinal surgery. The in vitro and in vivo effect of commonly employed antibiotics on this species is assessed.", "contents": "[Various cases of acute gastroenteritis due to Salmonella Paratyphi C]. Five cases of acute gastroenteritis due to Salmonella Paratyphi C observed in the province of Trieste during 1975 are described. It is deduced from the clinical findings and the history in each case that this infection was imported, and favoured by the geographical location of the city and prior mutilating gastrointestinal surgery. The in vitro and in vivo effect of commonly employed antibiotics on this species is assessed.", "PMID": 1023846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3688", "title": "The conformational stabilities of tropomyosins.", "content": "The stability to denaturation by heat and guanidine hydrochloride of seven vertebrate (including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle) tropomyosins and three invertebrate tropomyosins was examined. The transition profiles were discontinuous and in many cases distinct plateaux were observed which indicated the presence of unique partially unfolded states at intermediate temperatures and guanidine hydrochloride concentrations. The denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride could be described in the majority  of cases by a model in which the native state unfolds to a partially unfolded stable intermediate which then unfolds to the completely denatured state. On this basis it was possible to estimate the free energies of unfolding in water. It was shown that part of the alpha-helical structure of tropomyosin is only marginally stable and the free energy of unfolding in water of this segment is less than values found for globular proteins, whereas another segment (or segments) has a stability comparable to that found for globular proteins. The stepwise unfolding may be explained in terms of the coiled-coil interactions in tropomyosin. Differences in stability were found between tropomyosins from different muscles of the same species as well as between species, no two tropomyosins giving the same denaturation profiles. The invertebrate tropomyosins showed a wider range of stabilities, that from scallop striated muscle being far more easily denatured than all the others. No correlation was found between the stability of tropomyosin and the type of regulatory system of the muscle. A comparison of the results from vertebrate and invertebrate species suggests that there has been no selection for proteins of higher or lower stability during the evolutionary time scale.", "contents": "The conformational stabilities of tropomyosins. The stability to denaturation by heat and guanidine hydrochloride of seven vertebrate (including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle) tropomyosins and three invertebrate tropomyosins was examined. The transition profiles were discontinuous and in many cases distinct plateaux were observed which indicated the presence of unique partially unfolded states at intermediate temperatures and guanidine hydrochloride concentrations. The denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride could be described in the majority  of cases by a model in which the native state unfolds to a partially unfolded stable intermediate which then unfolds to the completely denatured state. On this basis it was possible to estimate the free energies of unfolding in water. It was shown that part of the alpha-helical structure of tropomyosin is only marginally stable and the free energy of unfolding in water of this segment is less than values found for globular proteins, whereas another segment (or segments) has a stability comparable to that found for globular proteins. The stepwise unfolding may be explained in terms of the coiled-coil interactions in tropomyosin. Differences in stability were found between tropomyosins from different muscles of the same species as well as between species, no two tropomyosins giving the same denaturation profiles. The invertebrate tropomyosins showed a wider range of stabilities, that from scallop striated muscle being far more easily denatured than all the others. No correlation was found between the stability of tropomyosin and the type of regulatory system of the muscle. A comparison of the results from vertebrate and invertebrate species suggests that there has been no selection for proteins of higher or lower stability during the evolutionary time scale.", "PMID": 1023857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3689", "title": "Fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. I. Effect of biotin in diet.", "content": "Fatty liver and kidney syndrome, a disorder of young chicks, was studied under laboratory conditions. Affected chicks had enlarged livers (hepatomegaly), an increased content of lipid in the liver, and an increased level of palmitoleic acid in the liver lipids. The disorder was observed mainly in chicks from young parent flocks, and was associated either with commerical diets which were subsequently found to be low in biotin, or with specially formulated low-biotin diets. A third factor, imposition of stress, was required to initiate the disorder. There was evidence of increased lipogenesis causing an increase of triacylglycerols in the liver lipids and an increased production of saturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid. Increased levels of palmitoleic acid resulted from an increased desaturation of palmitic acid. Under stress, affected chicks had low blood glucose levels, suggesting that gluconeogenesis was impaired. Since biotin-dependent enzymes are involved in both gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, it would appear that the relevant enzymes respond differently to a deficiency of biotin.", "contents": "Fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. I. Effect of biotin in diet. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome, a disorder of young chicks, was studied under laboratory conditions. Affected chicks had enlarged livers (hepatomegaly), an increased content of lipid in the liver, and an increased level of palmitoleic acid in the liver lipids. The disorder was observed mainly in chicks from young parent flocks, and was associated either with commerical diets which were subsequently found to be low in biotin, or with specially formulated low-biotin diets. A third factor, imposition of stress, was required to initiate the disorder. There was evidence of increased lipogenesis causing an increase of triacylglycerols in the liver lipids and an increased production of saturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid. Increased levels of palmitoleic acid resulted from an increased desaturation of palmitic acid. Under stress, affected chicks had low blood glucose levels, suggesting that gluconeogenesis was impaired. Since biotin-dependent enzymes are involved in both gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, it would appear that the relevant enzymes respond differently to a deficiency of biotin.", "PMID": 1023858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3690", "title": "Preparation of metabolically active cell suspensions from wool roots.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of metabolically active cell suspensions from plucked wool roots using the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. The suspensions consist of a heterogeneous population of cells which appear similar in morphology to follicle bulb cells, differentiating keratinocytes and possibly cells of the inner root sheath. The concentrations of trypsin and of inorganic ions for optimum activity of the suspensions have been determined, and the inclusion of EGTA was found to increase the yield of cells. The cell suspensions incorporate [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine into acid-insoluble products, and are sensitive to the action of cycloheximide and emetine, but not to chloramphenicol or rifampin. Autoradiography has shown that the cells believed to be derived from the follicle bulbs show the greatest activity.", "contents": "Preparation of metabolically active cell suspensions from wool roots. A method is described for the preparation of metabolically active cell suspensions from plucked wool roots using the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. The suspensions consist of a heterogeneous population of cells which appear similar in morphology to follicle bulb cells, differentiating keratinocytes and possibly cells of the inner root sheath. The concentrations of trypsin and of inorganic ions for optimum activity of the suspensions have been determined, and the inclusion of EGTA was found to increase the yield of cells. The cell suspensions incorporate [14C]leucine, [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine into acid-insoluble products, and are sensitive to the action of cycloheximide and emetine, but not to chloramphenicol or rifampin. Autoradiography has shown that the cells believed to be derived from the follicle bulbs show the greatest activity.", "PMID": 1023859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3691", "title": "The proteins of the keratin component of bird's beaks.", "content": "Birds' beaks have an outer shell of hard keratin which consists almost entirely of proteins which are very rich in glycine [about 30 residues per 100 residues (residues %)], contain moderate levels of tyrosine and serine (each about 8 residues %), and which have relatively low contents of cystine (about 2-5 residues %), lysine, histidine, isoleucine and methionine. Major protein fractions in the S-carboxymethyl form isolated from the beaks of six different orders of birds have similar amino acid compositions, isoelectric points (pH 4-2-4-9) and molecular weights (13,000-14,500). Detailed chromatographic electrophoretic and compositional studies of the proteins of kookaburra beak reveal them to be a family of closely related proteins with only limited heterogeneity, in contrast to mammalian keratin systems. The major kookaburra beak fraction is similar in overall composition and molecular weight to fowl epidermal scale, kookaburra claw and turtle scute proteins and shows some resemblance to reptile claw protein. Beaks also contain small amounts of protein which are distinctly different from the major fraction but which resemble feather keratin proteins in composition and size.", "contents": "The proteins of the keratin component of bird's beaks. Birds' beaks have an outer shell of hard keratin which consists almost entirely of proteins which are very rich in glycine [about 30 residues per 100 residues (residues %)], contain moderate levels of tyrosine and serine (each about 8 residues %), and which have relatively low contents of cystine (about 2-5 residues %), lysine, histidine, isoleucine and methionine. Major protein fractions in the S-carboxymethyl form isolated from the beaks of six different orders of birds have similar amino acid compositions, isoelectric points (pH 4-2-4-9) and molecular weights (13,000-14,500). Detailed chromatographic electrophoretic and compositional studies of the proteins of kookaburra beak reveal them to be a family of closely related proteins with only limited heterogeneity, in contrast to mammalian keratin systems. The major kookaburra beak fraction is similar in overall composition and molecular weight to fowl epidermal scale, kookaburra claw and turtle scute proteins and shows some resemblance to reptile claw protein. Beaks also contain small amounts of protein which are distinctly different from the major fraction but which resemble feather keratin proteins in composition and size.", "PMID": 1023860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3692", "title": "Sedimentation equilibrium studies on protein from kookaburra beak.", "content": "Fractionated samples of the soluble S-carboxymethyl proteins from kookaburra beak (Frenkel and Gillespie 1976) were examined by equilibrium sedimentation. The molecular weight was found to be 11,300 when the photoelectric scanning absorption optical system was employed and 13,700 when Rayleigh interference optics were used. Possible explanations for this difference are considered and it is concluded that it must arise from heterogeneity of the protein. Optical rotatory dispersion measurements indicate that the proteins probably exist as random coils in dilute aqueous buffer.", "contents": "Sedimentation equilibrium studies on protein from kookaburra beak. Fractionated samples of the soluble S-carboxymethyl proteins from kookaburra beak (Frenkel and Gillespie 1976) were examined by equilibrium sedimentation. The molecular weight was found to be 11,300 when the photoelectric scanning absorption optical system was employed and 13,700 when Rayleigh interference optics were used. Possible explanations for this difference are considered and it is concluded that it must arise from heterogeneity of the protein. Optical rotatory dispersion measurements indicate that the proteins probably exist as random coils in dilute aqueous buffer.", "PMID": 1023861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3693", "title": "Boophilus microplus: characterization of enzymes introduced into the host.", "content": "A number of enzymes, presumably secreted by larvae of B. microplus under natural feeding conditions, have been investigated in the skin of previously unexposed calves 4 h after infestation at the attachment site. Carboxylic ester hydrolase activity was demonstrated in the dermis, immediately adjacent to the mouthparts, or in the attachment cone, depending on substrate and reaction pH. The carboxylic ester hydrolase acting on naphthol AS-D acetate (2-acetoxy-3-naphthoic-O-toluidide) at pH 7-1 was characteristically found in the dermis and not in the attachment cone. The use of specific inhibitors showed that this enzyme was primarily a B-esterase or carboxylesterase with possibly a small portion of C-esterase or acetylesterase. It is postulated that carboxylic ester hydrolase could contribute to the dilation observed in the subepidermal capillaries adjacent to the attachment sites of unexposed animals, through the formation of plasma kinins. Other enzymes demonstrated in the dermis, adjacent to the mouthparts, were triacylglycerol lipase, as an aggregated deposit, and small amounts of aminopeptidase (microsomal) and monophenol monooxygenase. Aminopeptidase (microsomal) was also demonstrated in the attachment cone or adjacent epidermis, according to the substrate used. No activity was found in the host tissue, in association with the attachment site, for either alkaline or acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase or cholinesterase, peroxidase or amine oxidase (flavin-containing), despite the intense histochemical reaction for the latter in the tissues of larvae.", "contents": "Boophilus microplus: characterization of enzymes introduced into the host. A number of enzymes, presumably secreted by larvae of B. microplus under natural feeding conditions, have been investigated in the skin of previously unexposed calves 4 h after infestation at the attachment site. Carboxylic ester hydrolase activity was demonstrated in the dermis, immediately adjacent to the mouthparts, or in the attachment cone, depending on substrate and reaction pH. The carboxylic ester hydrolase acting on naphthol AS-D acetate (2-acetoxy-3-naphthoic-O-toluidide) at pH 7-1 was characteristically found in the dermis and not in the attachment cone. The use of specific inhibitors showed that this enzyme was primarily a B-esterase or carboxylesterase with possibly a small portion of C-esterase or acetylesterase. It is postulated that carboxylic ester hydrolase could contribute to the dilation observed in the subepidermal capillaries adjacent to the attachment sites of unexposed animals, through the formation of plasma kinins. Other enzymes demonstrated in the dermis, adjacent to the mouthparts, were triacylglycerol lipase, as an aggregated deposit, and small amounts of aminopeptidase (microsomal) and monophenol monooxygenase. Aminopeptidase (microsomal) was also demonstrated in the attachment cone or adjacent epidermis, according to the substrate used. No activity was found in the host tissue, in association with the attachment site, for either alkaline or acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase or cholinesterase, peroxidase or amine oxidase (flavin-containing), despite the intense histochemical reaction for the latter in the tissues of larvae.", "PMID": 1023862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3694", "title": "Boophilus microplus: cellular responses to larval attachment and their relationship to host resistance.", "content": "The histology of early feeding lesions of the cattle tick B. microplus has been studied using 32P labelled larvae to standardize the duration of attachment. Critical studies were made on 3-h lesions in six separate experiments on different groups of British breed animals. Each group consisted of three animals--one previously unexposed to ticks, one of high resistance and one of low resistance. The degree of mast cell disruption, eosinophil concentration and degranulation, and the extent of epidermal vesiculation were all significantly greater at the site of attachment on highly resistant hosts. In previously unexposed animals there was no mobilization of eosinophils nor mast cell breakdown and no epidermal vesiculation. Possible immune mechanisms producing mast cell disruption and the infiltration and concentration of eosinophils are suggested, and the effect of eosinophil degranulation on larval attachment and feeding is discussed.", "contents": "Boophilus microplus: cellular responses to larval attachment and their relationship to host resistance. The histology of early feeding lesions of the cattle tick B. microplus has been studied using 32P labelled larvae to standardize the duration of attachment. Critical studies were made on 3-h lesions in six separate experiments on different groups of British breed animals. Each group consisted of three animals--one previously unexposed to ticks, one of high resistance and one of low resistance. The degree of mast cell disruption, eosinophil concentration and degranulation, and the extent of epidermal vesiculation were all significantly greater at the site of attachment on highly resistant hosts. In previously unexposed animals there was no mobilization of eosinophils nor mast cell breakdown and no epidermal vesiculation. Possible immune mechanisms producing mast cell disruption and the infiltration and concentration of eosinophils are suggested, and the effect of eosinophil degranulation on larval attachment and feeding is discussed.", "PMID": 1023863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3695", "title": "Metabolism of cystine by Merino sheep genetically different in wool production IV. Rates of entry of cystine into plasma, measured with a single intravenous injection of L-[35S]cystine, and the subsequent incorporation of 35S into wool fibres.", "content": "Ten, 2-year-old Merino ewes from a flock selectively bred for high clean fleece weight (Fleece Plus) and ten from a flock bred for low clean fleece weight (Fleece Minus) were randomly divided between two dietary treatments: 600 or 1100 g/day of pelleted lucerne hay. After 14 weeks, each ewe received an intravenous injection of L-[35S]cystine (66-4 muCi). Venous blood samples were collected at 15 specified times until 8 h after the injections, and wool fibres were plucked until 65-75 days after the injections. Protein-free filtrates prepared from blood plasma were bulked within sample times for ewes from the same flock and dietary treatment. Equations relating the specific radioactivity of free cystine isolated from the bulked filtrates to time after injection contained three exponential terms. The entry rate and pool size of cystine estimated from these equations were greater in Fleece Minus than in Fleece Plus ewes (by 25 and 44% respectively for entry rate and pool size). Both traits were also higher in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day than in those offered 600 g/day (58-7 v. 33-9 mg/h for entry rate and 19-2 v 11-8 mg for pool size). The concentration of free cystine in plasma was greater in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day (3-0 v 2-1 mg/1; P less than 0-05), and greater in Fleece Minus ewes (3-0 v. 2-1 mg/l; P less than 0-05). The percentage of the injected radioactivity recovered in the wool clipped to day 70 post-injection differed between genotypes and between dietary treatments (P less than 0.05), being greater in Fleece Plus than in Fleece Minus ewes, and greater in those offered 1100 g lucerne/day than in those offered 600 g/day. The relationships between 35S incorporated per 1000 fibres (R) and time after injection (t) were best fitted by equations of the form (formula: see text). For all sheep, n = 3. The coefficient of the second term was significantly greater (P less than 0-05) in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day, whilst the constant of this term was significantly greater in Fleece Minus ewes. The specific radioactivities of cystine incorporated into wool fibres (SRf) during various intervals of time after injection were derived from these equations and from the measured rates of output of cystine in wool. The equations computed to relate SRf to time after injection (t) were of the form (formula: see text). Again there were three components. The coefficient of the third component was significantly greater (P less than 0-05) in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day, whilst the constant of the second term was significantly greater in Fleece Minus ewes.", "contents": "Metabolism of cystine by Merino sheep genetically different in wool production IV. Rates of entry of cystine into plasma, measured with a single intravenous injection of L-[35S]cystine, and the subsequent incorporation of 35S into wool fibres. Ten, 2-year-old Merino ewes from a flock selectively bred for high clean fleece weight (Fleece Plus) and ten from a flock bred for low clean fleece weight (Fleece Minus) were randomly divided between two dietary treatments: 600 or 1100 g/day of pelleted lucerne hay. After 14 weeks, each ewe received an intravenous injection of L-[35S]cystine (66-4 muCi). Venous blood samples were collected at 15 specified times until 8 h after the injections, and wool fibres were plucked until 65-75 days after the injections. Protein-free filtrates prepared from blood plasma were bulked within sample times for ewes from the same flock and dietary treatment. Equations relating the specific radioactivity of free cystine isolated from the bulked filtrates to time after injection contained three exponential terms. The entry rate and pool size of cystine estimated from these equations were greater in Fleece Minus than in Fleece Plus ewes (by 25 and 44% respectively for entry rate and pool size). Both traits were also higher in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day than in those offered 600 g/day (58-7 v. 33-9 mg/h for entry rate and 19-2 v 11-8 mg for pool size). The concentration of free cystine in plasma was greater in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day (3-0 v 2-1 mg/1; P less than 0-05), and greater in Fleece Minus ewes (3-0 v. 2-1 mg/l; P less than 0-05). The percentage of the injected radioactivity recovered in the wool clipped to day 70 post-injection differed between genotypes and between dietary treatments (P less than 0.05), being greater in Fleece Plus than in Fleece Minus ewes, and greater in those offered 1100 g lucerne/day than in those offered 600 g/day. The relationships between 35S incorporated per 1000 fibres (R) and time after injection (t) were best fitted by equations of the form (formula: see text). For all sheep, n = 3. The coefficient of the second term was significantly greater (P less than 0-05) in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day, whilst the constant of this term was significantly greater in Fleece Minus ewes. The specific radioactivities of cystine incorporated into wool fibres (SRf) during various intervals of time after injection were derived from these equations and from the measured rates of output of cystine in wool. The equations computed to relate SRf to time after injection (t) were of the form (formula: see text). Again there were three components. The coefficient of the third component was significantly greater (P less than 0-05) in ewes offered 1100 g lucerne/day, whilst the constant of the second term was significantly greater in Fleece Minus ewes.", "PMID": 1023864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3696", "title": "Transfer of sulphur to the digestive tract of sheep.", "content": "The transfer of sulphate from plasma to digestive tract and from digestive tract to plasma in crossbred sheep was estimated by the use of isotope dilution techniques with Na235SO4. The passage of 35S along the digestive tract was simultaneously measured by reference to two inert radioactive markers infused intraruminally. In the first experiment, three sheep given a roughage-based diet containing 174 +/- 7 mg S/day received an intravenous infusion of Na235SO4 for 7 days before collections were made of plasma and of digesta from the rumen, abomasum and terminal ileum. Similar collections were made in the second experiment in which four sheep received intraruminal infusions of Na235SO4. From estimates of infusion rate of 35S, specific radioactivity of 35S in plasma and digesta and rate of flow of sulphur in the digestive tract the following calculations were made: The transfer of sulphate from the plasma to the rumen was calculated as 29 mg S/day. Of this only 12 mg S/day passed as organic sulphur in digesta from the stomach. As the net gain of sulphur in the stomach in this experiment was 153 mg/day, sulphate transferred from the plasma contributed only a small amount of sulphur derived from endogenous sources in the stomach. In contrast, the substantial passage of 35S into the intestinal lumen during intravenous infusion of 35SO4 suggested that 38 and 41 mg S/day of the 236 and 145 mg organic S/day flowing from the small and large intestine respectively was derived from plasma sulphate, corresponding to about 26% of the dose.", "contents": "Transfer of sulphur to the digestive tract of sheep. The transfer of sulphate from plasma to digestive tract and from digestive tract to plasma in crossbred sheep was estimated by the use of isotope dilution techniques with Na235SO4. The passage of 35S along the digestive tract was simultaneously measured by reference to two inert radioactive markers infused intraruminally. In the first experiment, three sheep given a roughage-based diet containing 174 +/- 7 mg S/day received an intravenous infusion of Na235SO4 for 7 days before collections were made of plasma and of digesta from the rumen, abomasum and terminal ileum. Similar collections were made in the second experiment in which four sheep received intraruminal infusions of Na235SO4. From estimates of infusion rate of 35S, specific radioactivity of 35S in plasma and digesta and rate of flow of sulphur in the digestive tract the following calculations were made: The transfer of sulphate from the plasma to the rumen was calculated as 29 mg S/day. Of this only 12 mg S/day passed as organic sulphur in digesta from the stomach. As the net gain of sulphur in the stomach in this experiment was 153 mg/day, sulphate transferred from the plasma contributed only a small amount of sulphur derived from endogenous sources in the stomach. In contrast, the substantial passage of 35S into the intestinal lumen during intravenous infusion of 35SO4 suggested that 38 and 41 mg S/day of the 236 and 145 mg organic S/day flowing from the small and large intestine respectively was derived from plasma sulphate, corresponding to about 26% of the dose.", "PMID": 1023865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3697", "title": "Changes in plasma volume and haematocrit in intact and splenectomized sheep during feeding.", "content": "Changes in jugular haematocrit during daily 2-h feeding periods in trained sheep with and without spleens were compared with changes in the concentration of the plasma tracer radio-iodinated human serum albumin. Jugular haematocrit was increased by 16% in intact sheep and 9% in splenectomized sheep 20 min after they started to eat dry rations. The dilution of tracer in plasma, studied after mixing in the vascular system had been completed, showed four phases. Phase 1 was the rate of removal of tracer in the period before eating began. Phase 2 was the sudden increase in plasma radioactivity that occurred in the first 20 min of eating, indicating a loss of plasma from the circulation. Phase 3 was the decrease in tracer concentration during the remaining feeding period and phase 4 was a post-feeding phase, characterized by a slower rate of decrease of tracer than during phase 3, implying that there was significant recycling of tracer during this phase. The sudden increase in plasma radioactivity, initiated by the onset of feeding, represented a reduction in plasma volume of 10-12%. Minimum plasma volume coincided with peak haematocrit values. The reduced plasma volume accounted for the increased haematocrit in splenectomized sheep, but only accounted for about half of the increase in intact sheep. The residual increase in haematocrit in intact sheep was most likely the result of splenic contraction.", "contents": "Changes in plasma volume and haematocrit in intact and splenectomized sheep during feeding. Changes in jugular haematocrit during daily 2-h feeding periods in trained sheep with and without spleens were compared with changes in the concentration of the plasma tracer radio-iodinated human serum albumin. Jugular haematocrit was increased by 16% in intact sheep and 9% in splenectomized sheep 20 min after they started to eat dry rations. The dilution of tracer in plasma, studied after mixing in the vascular system had been completed, showed four phases. Phase 1 was the rate of removal of tracer in the period before eating began. Phase 2 was the sudden increase in plasma radioactivity that occurred in the first 20 min of eating, indicating a loss of plasma from the circulation. Phase 3 was the decrease in tracer concentration during the remaining feeding period and phase 4 was a post-feeding phase, characterized by a slower rate of decrease of tracer than during phase 3, implying that there was significant recycling of tracer during this phase. The sudden increase in plasma radioactivity, initiated by the onset of feeding, represented a reduction in plasma volume of 10-12%. Minimum plasma volume coincided with peak haematocrit values. The reduced plasma volume accounted for the increased haematocrit in splenectomized sheep, but only accounted for about half of the increase in intact sheep. The residual increase in haematocrit in intact sheep was most likely the result of splenic contraction.", "PMID": 1023866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3698", "title": "Disruption of the metabolism, motility and morphology of spermatozoa by injection of alpha-chlorohydrin into rams.", "content": "Ejaculated spermatozoa from rams given intramuscular injections of alpha-chlorohydrin (25 mg/kg, daily for 5 days) were studied. Respiratory and glycolytic activity of the spermatozoa was almost entirely suppressed within 1 day and motility had decreased within 4 days of the first injection. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa appeared in ejaculates after 2 weeks. The most common abnormality was an increase in the number of spermatozoa with looped or bent tails. There was little change in the fructose or amino acid concentration of the seminal plasma. All effects of alpha-chlorohydrin were fully reversible. It is suggested that the initial primary mode of action of alpha-chlorohydrin is to disrupt the metabolism of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis.", "contents": "Disruption of the metabolism, motility and morphology of spermatozoa by injection of alpha-chlorohydrin into rams. Ejaculated spermatozoa from rams given intramuscular injections of alpha-chlorohydrin (25 mg/kg, daily for 5 days) were studied. Respiratory and glycolytic activity of the spermatozoa was almost entirely suppressed within 1 day and motility had decreased within 4 days of the first injection. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa appeared in ejaculates after 2 weeks. The most common abnormality was an increase in the number of spermatozoa with looped or bent tails. There was little change in the fructose or amino acid concentration of the seminal plasma. All effects of alpha-chlorohydrin were fully reversible. It is suggested that the initial primary mode of action of alpha-chlorohydrin is to disrupt the metabolism of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis.", "PMID": 1023867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3699", "title": "Oxygen uptake, glucose utilization, lactate release and adenine nucleotide content of sheep ovarian follicles in culture: effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "A study has been made of the oxygen uptake, glucose utilization, lactate release and cellular content of adenine nucleotides of isolated sheep ovarian follicles (4-6 min in diameter) maintained in organ culture, and of the effects on these parameters of the addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The mean oxygen consumption of the entire follicles when freshly isolated and of the theca and membrana components was 0-56, 1-08 and 0-05 mumol per milligram wet weight of tissue per hour respectively. About 8 mumol of glucose was taken up and 16 mumol of lactate released per milligram wet weight of follicular tissue per hour during the first 24-h period of culture. This rate reduced by about 30% for each subsequent day of culture, but was significantly increased by the addition of hCG. The mean ATP content of theca and granulosa tissues was 4-6 and 2-8 nmol/mg wet weight of tissue respectively. There was no discernable change in tissue adenine nucleotide content or energy charge ratio during the 3-day culture period, and prolonged exposure to hCG was without effect. Untreated follicles produced both oestrogen and androgens throughout the culture period. The addition of hCG resulted in a transitory stimulation in oestrogen secretion, inhibition of androgen secretion, and a marked and sustained rise in progestin secretion. It is proposed that the increase in glycolytic activity following exposure to hCG may relate to the activation of the granulosa cells coincident with a transference of steroid synthetic capacity from theca interna to membrana granulosa.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake, glucose utilization, lactate release and adenine nucleotide content of sheep ovarian follicles in culture: effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin. A study has been made of the oxygen uptake, glucose utilization, lactate release and cellular content of adenine nucleotides of isolated sheep ovarian follicles (4-6 min in diameter) maintained in organ culture, and of the effects on these parameters of the addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The mean oxygen consumption of the entire follicles when freshly isolated and of the theca and membrana components was 0-56, 1-08 and 0-05 mumol per milligram wet weight of tissue per hour respectively. About 8 mumol of glucose was taken up and 16 mumol of lactate released per milligram wet weight of follicular tissue per hour during the first 24-h period of culture. This rate reduced by about 30% for each subsequent day of culture, but was significantly increased by the addition of hCG. The mean ATP content of theca and granulosa tissues was 4-6 and 2-8 nmol/mg wet weight of tissue respectively. There was no discernable change in tissue adenine nucleotide content or energy charge ratio during the 3-day culture period, and prolonged exposure to hCG was without effect. Untreated follicles produced both oestrogen and androgens throughout the culture period. The addition of hCG resulted in a transitory stimulation in oestrogen secretion, inhibition of androgen secretion, and a marked and sustained rise in progestin secretion. It is proposed that the increase in glycolytic activity following exposure to hCG may relate to the activation of the granulosa cells coincident with a transference of steroid synthetic capacity from theca interna to membrana granulosa.", "PMID": 1023868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3700", "title": "Effects of progesterone and oestradiol on RNA and protein metabolism in the genital tract and on survival of embryos in the ovariectomized ewe.", "content": "The hormonal regulation of metabolism in the genital tract and the development of embryos during early pregnancy in the ewe have been examined. Ovariectomized ewes received injections of maintenance progesterone, oestrous oestradiol and priming progesterone according to schedules designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion during early pregnancy, around the time of oestrus and during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle immediately preceding oestrus. The survival and development of embryos was dependent upon the dose of maintenaince progesterone and the duration of treatment at the time of transfer, but changes in progesterone dose did not change endometrial protein or RNA metabolism on particular days. Both priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol were required for normal embryo development. Priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol each increased endometrial RNA/DNA ratios during early pregnancy. There were no interactions between priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol, their effects being simply additive. Neither maintenance nor priming progesterone had any effect on protein and RNA metabolism in the oviduct. It is suggested that in the intact ewe oestrogen secreted at oestrus and progesterone secreted prior to oestrus play important roles in the establishment of a uterine environment suitable for the subsequent normal development of embryos.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone and oestradiol on RNA and protein metabolism in the genital tract and on survival of embryos in the ovariectomized ewe. The hormonal regulation of metabolism in the genital tract and the development of embryos during early pregnancy in the ewe have been examined. Ovariectomized ewes received injections of maintenance progesterone, oestrous oestradiol and priming progesterone according to schedules designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion during early pregnancy, around the time of oestrus and during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle immediately preceding oestrus. The survival and development of embryos was dependent upon the dose of maintenaince progesterone and the duration of treatment at the time of transfer, but changes in progesterone dose did not change endometrial protein or RNA metabolism on particular days. Both priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol were required for normal embryo development. Priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol each increased endometrial RNA/DNA ratios during early pregnancy. There were no interactions between priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol, their effects being simply additive. Neither maintenance nor priming progesterone had any effect on protein and RNA metabolism in the oviduct. It is suggested that in the intact ewe oestrogen secreted at oestrus and progesterone secreted prior to oestrus play important roles in the establishment of a uterine environment suitable for the subsequent normal development of embryos.", "PMID": 1023869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3701", "title": "[Research on enzymes of Mycoplasma: enolase of Mycoplasma hominis].", "content": "A screening of enzymes on cell-free extracts of various species of mycoplasmas revealed the presence of enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) in significative amount in M. pneumoniae and M. fermentans, in lower amounts in M. hominis, A. laidlawii and in trace only in U. urealyticum. The value of activity of the various mycoplasmas could be correlated with their metabolism. From 40 g of cell paste of M. hominis, 2.5 mg of enolase purified over 70 folds, was obtained with successive steps of salt fractionation and column chromatography. Kinetic studies gave the following constants: Km for 2-phospho-D-glicerate, 0.7 x 10(-4)M; optimum of Mg++ concentration, 1 x 10(-3)M; optimum of pH, 7.7 inhibition by fluoride and phosphate, I = 0.77 X 10(-12)M4. Molecular weight estimation indicated for the native enzyme a value of about 100,000 daltons. These data suggest closer similarities with the enolase of microorganisms like E. coli and yeast than with the genus Thermus or B. stearothermophilus.", "contents": "[Research on enzymes of Mycoplasma: enolase of Mycoplasma hominis]. A screening of enzymes on cell-free extracts of various species of mycoplasmas revealed the presence of enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) in significative amount in M. pneumoniae and M. fermentans, in lower amounts in M. hominis, A. laidlawii and in trace only in U. urealyticum. The value of activity of the various mycoplasmas could be correlated with their metabolism. From 40 g of cell paste of M. hominis, 2.5 mg of enolase purified over 70 folds, was obtained with successive steps of salt fractionation and column chromatography. Kinetic studies gave the following constants: Km for 2-phospho-D-glicerate, 0.7 x 10(-4)M; optimum of Mg++ concentration, 1 x 10(-3)M; optimum of pH, 7.7 inhibition by fluoride and phosphate, I = 0.77 X 10(-12)M4. Molecular weight estimation indicated for the native enzyme a value of about 100,000 daltons. These data suggest closer similarities with the enolase of microorganisms like E. coli and yeast than with the genus Thermus or B. stearothermophilus.", "PMID": 1023880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3702", "title": "[New method for demonstrating HBs antigen saturated by its antibodies].", "content": "The modalities for the carrying out of a technique for the detection of HBs antigen, even when it is completely saturated by the relevant antibodies, and its results are set out. The technique includes the preliminary acidification of the test serum at pH 2.4, in such a way as to detach the antibody from the antigen, subsequently, the effect of the hearing (70 degrees C) for some minutes to destroy the antibody. On the contrary, at this temperature the immunological reactivity of the antigen remains satisfactory. Subsequently the neutralization is carried out with Veronal buffer, and the HBs Ag detection is performed by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "[New method for demonstrating HBs antigen saturated by its antibodies]. The modalities for the carrying out of a technique for the detection of HBs antigen, even when it is completely saturated by the relevant antibodies, and its results are set out. The technique includes the preliminary acidification of the test serum at pH 2.4, in such a way as to detach the antibody from the antigen, subsequently, the effect of the hearing (70 degrees C) for some minutes to destroy the antibody. On the contrary, at this temperature the immunological reactivity of the antigen remains satisfactory. Subsequently the neutralization is carried out with Veronal buffer, and the HBs Ag detection is performed by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 1023881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3703", "title": "[Pharmacological alteration of the antigenic properties of experimental leukemias detected by lymphocyte transformation].", "content": "It has previously been demonstrated that an in vitro antineoplastic treatment may induce new antigenic specificities in murine lymphomas. L1210 leukemia has been altered by DIC (L1210/DIC); drug-treated L1210 subline has been rejected by syngeneic animals. Here spleen cells from mice, normal or immune to L1210/DIC, have been stimulated in vitro by the L1210/DIC cells as measured by 3-h-thymidine uptake. Spleen cell stimulation did not occur with other syngeneic tumor cells and, as expected, spleen cells have been triggered by allogeneic cells. DIC-induced antigens stimulating syngeneic lymphocytes, as allogeneic cells did, have been demonstrated on L1210/DIC cells.", "contents": "[Pharmacological alteration of the antigenic properties of experimental leukemias detected by lymphocyte transformation]. It has previously been demonstrated that an in vitro antineoplastic treatment may induce new antigenic specificities in murine lymphomas. L1210 leukemia has been altered by DIC (L1210/DIC); drug-treated L1210 subline has been rejected by syngeneic animals. Here spleen cells from mice, normal or immune to L1210/DIC, have been stimulated in vitro by the L1210/DIC cells as measured by 3-h-thymidine uptake. Spleen cell stimulation did not occur with other syngeneic tumor cells and, as expected, spleen cells have been triggered by allogeneic cells. DIC-induced antigens stimulating syngeneic lymphocytes, as allogeneic cells did, have been demonstrated on L1210/DIC cells.", "PMID": 1023882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3704", "title": "Clinical usefulness of CEA assay.", "content": "CEA is a normal constituent of fetal cells, which can reappear in entodermally-derived neoplasms, following a de-repression process. In order to evaluate the correlation between CEA serum levels, pathological stage and histological type of tumour, and to define the usefulness of CEA in monitoring the patients with gastroenteric neoplasms, 177 patients (62 with gastric heteroplasia and 115 with large bowel carcinoma) were tested for CEA; 83 patients had pre-surgical CEA tests. It was observed that CEA positivity (serum levels greater than or equal to 5 ng/ml, employing the technique here outlined), is higher in colonic than in gastric neoplasms, and in adenocarcinomas in comparison with undifferentiated forms, moreover depending on the pathologic stage. 108 patients were tested for CEA several times and a correlation between CEA variations and clinical evolution was observed. This investigation bears out the importance to monitor the patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms with CEA test, before and after surgery, to evaluate the usefulness of surgery and, when necessary, chemotherapy and, eventually, to adopt more suitable chemotherapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of CEA assay. CEA is a normal constituent of fetal cells, which can reappear in entodermally-derived neoplasms, following a de-repression process. In order to evaluate the correlation between CEA serum levels, pathological stage and histological type of tumour, and to define the usefulness of CEA in monitoring the patients with gastroenteric neoplasms, 177 patients (62 with gastric heteroplasia and 115 with large bowel carcinoma) were tested for CEA; 83 patients had pre-surgical CEA tests. It was observed that CEA positivity (serum levels greater than or equal to 5 ng/ml, employing the technique here outlined), is higher in colonic than in gastric neoplasms, and in adenocarcinomas in comparison with undifferentiated forms, moreover depending on the pathologic stage. 108 patients were tested for CEA several times and a correlation between CEA variations and clinical evolution was observed. This investigation bears out the importance to monitor the patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms with CEA test, before and after surgery, to evaluate the usefulness of surgery and, when necessary, chemotherapy and, eventually, to adopt more suitable chemotherapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 1023883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3705", "title": "[Behavior of HBs Ag and HBs Ab in chronic hepatitis].", "content": "The preliminary results of the HB, Ag and HBs Ab assay, performed with radioimmunological techniques in 31 cases of chronic hepatitis, 13 of whom carriers of chronic aggressive hepatitis (C.A.H.), 9 of chronic persistent hepatitis (C.P.H.) and 9 of cryptogenetic hepatic cirrhosis (C.H.C.) of both sexes, are reported. The highest number of HBs Ag positive cases was observed both in C.A.H. (69%) and C.H.C. (55%); very lower the HBs Ag positivity both in C.A.H. (33%) and C.H.C. (33%). No correlation between HBs Ag positive and HBs Ab positive was observed.", "contents": "[Behavior of HBs Ag and HBs Ab in chronic hepatitis]. The preliminary results of the HB, Ag and HBs Ab assay, performed with radioimmunological techniques in 31 cases of chronic hepatitis, 13 of whom carriers of chronic aggressive hepatitis (C.A.H.), 9 of chronic persistent hepatitis (C.P.H.) and 9 of cryptogenetic hepatic cirrhosis (C.H.C.) of both sexes, are reported. The highest number of HBs Ag positive cases was observed both in C.A.H. (69%) and C.H.C. (55%); very lower the HBs Ag positivity both in C.A.H. (33%) and C.H.C. (33%). No correlation between HBs Ag positive and HBs Ab positive was observed.", "PMID": 1023884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3706", "title": "Effect of some antiblastic drugs on HeLa cells.", "content": "The antiblastic effects of the antimetabolites MTS, Ara-C, Bleomycin of the alkylating Thiotepa, of Peptichemio (alkylating and antimetabolic) and of Peptichemio-Bleomycin combination, were compared after 24 and 48 hr of treatment on HeLa cells. Ara-C, which inhibits typical mitoses, Peptichemio and MTX, which inhibit atypical mitoses, Thiotepa, which induces the highest percentage of pyknotic nuclei, showed a considerable effect on the nucleus. Peptichemio, and the combination Peptichemio-Bleomycin showed a significant effect on the cytoplasm (induction of vacuoles). After MTX and Peptichemio treatments, and after Peptichemio-Bleomycin combination (1 mug/ml), eosinophilic inclusions were evident both after 24 and 48 hr.", "contents": "Effect of some antiblastic drugs on HeLa cells. The antiblastic effects of the antimetabolites MTS, Ara-C, Bleomycin of the alkylating Thiotepa, of Peptichemio (alkylating and antimetabolic) and of Peptichemio-Bleomycin combination, were compared after 24 and 48 hr of treatment on HeLa cells. Ara-C, which inhibits typical mitoses, Peptichemio and MTX, which inhibit atypical mitoses, Thiotepa, which induces the highest percentage of pyknotic nuclei, showed a considerable effect on the nucleus. Peptichemio, and the combination Peptichemio-Bleomycin showed a significant effect on the cytoplasm (induction of vacuoles). After MTX and Peptichemio treatments, and after Peptichemio-Bleomycin combination (1 mug/ml), eosinophilic inclusions were evident both after 24 and 48 hr.", "PMID": 1023885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3707", "title": "Colony forming activity, density distribution and morphological features of the stem cell population in primary myelofibrosis.", "content": "In four patients with untreated primary myelofibrosis, the peripheral-blood cell growth in agar culture (frequency of clusters and colonies) was studied. As cell sources, were used either the buffy coat or the fractions obtained from an albumin discontinuous density gradient, prepared according to Dicke's technique. Besides the agar culture, also morphological features of the blasts of the granulocytic cell series of the gradient fractions were investigated, in order to relate the above-mentioned cell parameters. The results, taken as a whole, pointed out: a) increase in circulating CFUc's (expressed as the number/10(5) nucleated cells) in the patients, when compared to the controls; b) high percentage of CFUc's with an abnormal specific density (below 1.062 in 3 out of 4 patients); c) presence in 3 out of 4 patients, of two populations of blasts: one showing low specific density, small size, high N/C rate, high plating efficiency and no nucleoli; the other with a higher specific density and low plating efficiency, showing the typical morphological features of the myeloblasts.", "contents": "Colony forming activity, density distribution and morphological features of the stem cell population in primary myelofibrosis. In four patients with untreated primary myelofibrosis, the peripheral-blood cell growth in agar culture (frequency of clusters and colonies) was studied. As cell sources, were used either the buffy coat or the fractions obtained from an albumin discontinuous density gradient, prepared according to Dicke's technique. Besides the agar culture, also morphological features of the blasts of the granulocytic cell series of the gradient fractions were investigated, in order to relate the above-mentioned cell parameters. The results, taken as a whole, pointed out: a) increase in circulating CFUc's (expressed as the number/10(5) nucleated cells) in the patients, when compared to the controls; b) high percentage of CFUc's with an abnormal specific density (below 1.062 in 3 out of 4 patients); c) presence in 3 out of 4 patients, of two populations of blasts: one showing low specific density, small size, high N/C rate, high plating efficiency and no nucleoli; the other with a higher specific density and low plating efficiency, showing the typical morphological features of the myeloblasts.", "PMID": 1023887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3708", "title": "Immunological studies in cerebrospinal fluid of acute viral and tubercular meningitis.", "content": "The Authors studied the immunological characteristics of lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid, from children affected by acute viral or tubercular meningitis. A reduced P.H.A. response of C.S.F. lymphocytes was observed. The Authors emphasize the usefulness of applying some other specific markers of T and B lymphocytes to achieve further informations on immunological traffic of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunological studies in cerebrospinal fluid of acute viral and tubercular meningitis. The Authors studied the immunological characteristics of lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid, from children affected by acute viral or tubercular meningitis. A reduced P.H.A. response of C.S.F. lymphocytes was observed. The Authors emphasize the usefulness of applying some other specific markers of T and B lymphocytes to achieve further informations on immunological traffic of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1023888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3709", "title": "Co-antibodies in human leptospirosis.", "content": "Investigations concerning the co-antibodies formed in the course of human leptospirosis and the extractive antigens of leptospiras were reviewed. As a whole, the results concerning leptospira antigens point, next to antigens of serotype, to genus-specific and intertype antigens deeply seated in the cells. These cannot be identified by the MAL test, and therefore are not related to the co-agglutinins in human leptospirosis. The associations of co-antibodies in human leptospirotic sera were analyzed, using the MAL and CF tests performed with 20 pathogenic and water serotypes of leptospira. The results showed that in the course of human leptospirosis high titer co-antibodies are formed, both agglutinating and complement fixing, variably associated for one or more serotype antigens not belonging to the infecting strain. The various biological interpretations of the phenomenon were discussed and the hypothesis of antigenic changes of leptospira strains in vivo as well as in vitro was discussed, as a determining factor in the formation co-antibodies in leptospirosis.", "contents": "Co-antibodies in human leptospirosis. Investigations concerning the co-antibodies formed in the course of human leptospirosis and the extractive antigens of leptospiras were reviewed. As a whole, the results concerning leptospira antigens point, next to antigens of serotype, to genus-specific and intertype antigens deeply seated in the cells. These cannot be identified by the MAL test, and therefore are not related to the co-agglutinins in human leptospirosis. The associations of co-antibodies in human leptospirotic sera were analyzed, using the MAL and CF tests performed with 20 pathogenic and water serotypes of leptospira. The results showed that in the course of human leptospirosis high titer co-antibodies are formed, both agglutinating and complement fixing, variably associated for one or more serotype antigens not belonging to the infecting strain. The various biological interpretations of the phenomenon were discussed and the hypothesis of antigenic changes of leptospira strains in vivo as well as in vitro was discussed, as a determining factor in the formation co-antibodies in leptospirosis.", "PMID": 1023889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3710", "title": "[Incidence and significance of the positivity of Widal's reaction in chronic active hepatitis and in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Agglutinins to S. typhi and/or paratyphi A and B have been found in a high percentage of patients with chronic active hepatitis (54.5%) and liver cirrhosis (61.5%). The coproculture for Salmonella was constantly negative. Formulation some hypotheses able to explain these data, the Author points out the role played by the quantitative and qualitative alterations of the humoral immunity, typical of these liver diseases.", "contents": "[Incidence and significance of the positivity of Widal's reaction in chronic active hepatitis and in liver cirrhosis]. Agglutinins to S. typhi and/or paratyphi A and B have been found in a high percentage of patients with chronic active hepatitis (54.5%) and liver cirrhosis (61.5%). The coproculture for Salmonella was constantly negative. Formulation some hypotheses able to explain these data, the Author points out the role played by the quantitative and qualitative alterations of the humoral immunity, typical of these liver diseases.", "PMID": 1023890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3711", "title": "[Behavior of specific antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen in children with acute and chronic hepatitides in healthy carriers and in various co-habitants of chronic hepatitis patients].", "content": "The Authors studied the behaviour of ABsAb in a pediatric case-list made up of 8 cases of virus B acute hepatitis, and 63 cases of chronic hepatitis in different evolutive phases: besides, this investigation was extended to 48 healthy carriers (29 of whom bioptically confirmed) and 35 cases of cohabitants with HBsAg-positive hepatic chronic patients. In acute hepatitis the antibody pattern, even if delayed in time, mimics the modalities of the organic response against exogenous stimulations, therefore it constitutes an index of past disease and recovery. In chronic hepatitis (both HBsAg-positive and negative) the specific antibody to the surface antigen is present only at a low percentage (27%) and generally at low titres. In healthy carriers, bioptically ascertained, it is practically absent as to suggest more careful consideration when it turns out present (pseudo-carriers?), while in the cohabitants with virus B patients, especially if chronic, along with HBsAg detection, it consitutes an indispensable element for their classification in patients, ex-patients, not infected and healthy carriers. A very interesting finding, requiring further confirmation, is the unusual behaviour of these antibodies in some cases of relapsed chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Behavior of specific antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen in children with acute and chronic hepatitides in healthy carriers and in various co-habitants of chronic hepatitis patients]. The Authors studied the behaviour of ABsAb in a pediatric case-list made up of 8 cases of virus B acute hepatitis, and 63 cases of chronic hepatitis in different evolutive phases: besides, this investigation was extended to 48 healthy carriers (29 of whom bioptically confirmed) and 35 cases of cohabitants with HBsAg-positive hepatic chronic patients. In acute hepatitis the antibody pattern, even if delayed in time, mimics the modalities of the organic response against exogenous stimulations, therefore it constitutes an index of past disease and recovery. In chronic hepatitis (both HBsAg-positive and negative) the specific antibody to the surface antigen is present only at a low percentage (27%) and generally at low titres. In healthy carriers, bioptically ascertained, it is practically absent as to suggest more careful consideration when it turns out present (pseudo-carriers?), while in the cohabitants with virus B patients, especially if chronic, along with HBsAg detection, it consitutes an indispensable element for their classification in patients, ex-patients, not infected and healthy carriers. A very interesting finding, requiring further confirmation, is the unusual behaviour of these antibodies in some cases of relapsed chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 1023891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3712", "title": "Correlation between clinical course and CEA levels during chemotherapy.", "content": "In order to evaluate the correlation between clinical progress and CEA levels in gastroenteric tumours, particularly during chemotherapeutic treatment, CEA assay was performed on 330 patients (126 with gastric neoplasms, 204 with large bowel carcinoma). 175 out of these had a pre-operative assay. Moreover CEA test positivity (CEA larger than or equal to 5 ng/ml according to the technique employed by us) is higher in colon neoplasms compared with gastric neoplasms and in adenocarcinomas in comparison with undifferentiated forms; besides it depends on the pathologic stage. In colon tumours CEA test showed a higher positivity for left than for right forms (66.6% versus 38%). 240 patients were followed up with repeated CEA assays: the following observations were made: a - After radical surgery 72% of the patients shows normalized CEA values. b - In 198 patients who underwent radical surgery, not requiring chemotherapy, there was a close correlation between CEA levels and clinical evolution in 98% of the cases. c - 60 out of 68 patients (88%) submitted to chemotherapy for advanced neoplasms show a close correlation between CEA response to the chemotherapy and clinical response (p less than 0.001). These investigations stress, above all, the importance of CEA test to monitor the treatments performed (surgical and chemotherapeutic) and to adopt, eventually, more effective chemotherapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Correlation between clinical course and CEA levels during chemotherapy. In order to evaluate the correlation between clinical progress and CEA levels in gastroenteric tumours, particularly during chemotherapeutic treatment, CEA assay was performed on 330 patients (126 with gastric neoplasms, 204 with large bowel carcinoma). 175 out of these had a pre-operative assay. Moreover CEA test positivity (CEA larger than or equal to 5 ng/ml according to the technique employed by us) is higher in colon neoplasms compared with gastric neoplasms and in adenocarcinomas in comparison with undifferentiated forms; besides it depends on the pathologic stage. In colon tumours CEA test showed a higher positivity for left than for right forms (66.6% versus 38%). 240 patients were followed up with repeated CEA assays: the following observations were made: a - After radical surgery 72% of the patients shows normalized CEA values. b - In 198 patients who underwent radical surgery, not requiring chemotherapy, there was a close correlation between CEA levels and clinical evolution in 98% of the cases. c - 60 out of 68 patients (88%) submitted to chemotherapy for advanced neoplasms show a close correlation between CEA response to the chemotherapy and clinical response (p less than 0.001). These investigations stress, above all, the importance of CEA test to monitor the treatments performed (surgical and chemotherapeutic) and to adopt, eventually, more effective chemotherapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 1023892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3713", "title": "Mycoplasmas in pregnant women and in newborn infants.", "content": "Mycoplasmas were isolated from 96 of 143 vaginal swabs of pregnant women on their first visit at the Prenatal Center. Ureaplasmas alone were isolated in a higher percentage than M. hominis alone or combination with Ureaplasmas. The isolated cultures at 36 weeks of gestation show no significant difference with the first visit isolation. Colonization of mycoplasmas were found in a higher percentage (93.3%) in the abnormal deliveries than in normal ones. Mycoplasmas were isolated also from throat swabs of 19 out of 141 newborn infants: the proportion of mycoplasmas positive infants was higher in low birth, weight children.", "contents": "Mycoplasmas in pregnant women and in newborn infants. Mycoplasmas were isolated from 96 of 143 vaginal swabs of pregnant women on their first visit at the Prenatal Center. Ureaplasmas alone were isolated in a higher percentage than M. hominis alone or combination with Ureaplasmas. The isolated cultures at 36 weeks of gestation show no significant difference with the first visit isolation. Colonization of mycoplasmas were found in a higher percentage (93.3%) in the abnormal deliveries than in normal ones. Mycoplasmas were isolated also from throat swabs of 19 out of 141 newborn infants: the proportion of mycoplasmas positive infants was higher in low birth, weight children.", "PMID": 1023893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3714", "title": "Porcine malignant hyperthemia IV: Neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "The effect of tubocurarine and pancuronium on the initiation or prevention of porcine malignant hyperthermia (MH) was investigated in Pietrain pigs. Tubocurarine 0.6 mg/kg body weight inhibited a suxamethonium-induced response in three pigs, but failed to prevent a fatal halothane-induced response in a further four pigs. Pancuronium 0.2 mg/kg body weight was given to six pigs before a halothane challenge. Three animals developed MH and died; the remainder succembed only after reversal of the neuromuscular blockade. The partial protection afforded by large doses of pancuronium is discussed in relation to the ability of previous muscle activity to influence the sensitivity to halothane.", "contents": "Porcine malignant hyperthemia IV: Neuromuscular blockade. The effect of tubocurarine and pancuronium on the initiation or prevention of porcine malignant hyperthermia (MH) was investigated in Pietrain pigs. Tubocurarine 0.6 mg/kg body weight inhibited a suxamethonium-induced response in three pigs, but failed to prevent a fatal halothane-induced response in a further four pigs. Pancuronium 0.2 mg/kg body weight was given to six pigs before a halothane challenge. Three animals developed MH and died; the remainder succembed only after reversal of the neuromuscular blockade. The partial protection afforded by large doses of pancuronium is discussed in relation to the ability of previous muscle activity to influence the sensitivity to halothane.", "PMID": 1023949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3715", "title": "Pancuronium bromide: an indirect sympathomimetic agent.", "content": "In the dog, pancuronium 0.2 mg/kg increased left ventricular systolic pressure and systemic arterial pressure, but did not change central venous pressure. Repeated doses produced diminishing responses and eventually no change in arterial pressure. After tachyphylaxis was established, a pressor response to pancuronium could be induced by an i.v. infusion of noradrenaline. Desipramine, a noradrenaline blocking agent, prevented the restoration of the pressor effect of noradrenaline. Guanethidine and reserpine abollished the restoration of the pressor response to pancuronium by noradrenaline. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pancuronium acts on the postganglionic nerve endings and causes release of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Pancuronium bromide: an indirect sympathomimetic agent. In the dog, pancuronium 0.2 mg/kg increased left ventricular systolic pressure and systemic arterial pressure, but did not change central venous pressure. Repeated doses produced diminishing responses and eventually no change in arterial pressure. After tachyphylaxis was established, a pressor response to pancuronium could be induced by an i.v. infusion of noradrenaline. Desipramine, a noradrenaline blocking agent, prevented the restoration of the pressor effect of noradrenaline. Guanethidine and reserpine abollished the restoration of the pressor response to pancuronium by noradrenaline. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pancuronium acts on the postganglionic nerve endings and causes release of noradrenaline.", "PMID": 1023950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3716", "title": "A study of the effects of dexclamol as the neuroleptic component in neuroleptanaesthesia.", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over study in dogs, dexclamol was compared with droperidol as the neuroleptic component of a neuroleptanalgestic combination. Fentanyl was the narcotic analgessic. Neuroleptanaesthesia was induced with a mixture of the neuroleptic, the analgesic and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Dexclamol 200 microng/kg i.v. was as effective as droperidol at the same dose in inducing neurolepsy and in supplementing nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature in the animals treated with dexclamol were not different from those observed in the animals treated with droperidol. A comparison of the adrenolytic properties of dexclamol and droperidol was made on the isolated rabbit aortic strip. Both compunds produced a parallel shift to the right of the noradrenaline cumulative dose-response curves, indicating competitive antagonism. The pA2 values showed dexclamol to be approximately 15 times less potent than droperidol in inhibiting the noradrenaline-induced contraction of the rabbit aortic strip.", "contents": "A study of the effects of dexclamol as the neuroleptic component in neuroleptanaesthesia. In a double-blind cross-over study in dogs, dexclamol was compared with droperidol as the neuroleptic component of a neuroleptanalgestic combination. Fentanyl was the narcotic analgessic. Neuroleptanaesthesia was induced with a mixture of the neuroleptic, the analgesic and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Dexclamol 200 microng/kg i.v. was as effective as droperidol at the same dose in inducing neurolepsy and in supplementing nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature in the animals treated with dexclamol were not different from those observed in the animals treated with droperidol. A comparison of the adrenolytic properties of dexclamol and droperidol was made on the isolated rabbit aortic strip. Both compunds produced a parallel shift to the right of the noradrenaline cumulative dose-response curves, indicating competitive antagonism. The pA2 values showed dexclamol to be approximately 15 times less potent than droperidol in inhibiting the noradrenaline-induced contraction of the rabbit aortic strip.", "PMID": 1023951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3717", "title": "The effect of concentration on vasoactivity of bupivacaine and lignocaine.", "content": "In a double-blind trial bupivacaine 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% and lignocaine 0.5, 1 and 2% were given intradermally to 31 volunteers. Vasoconstriction was observed more frequently at low concentrations of each drug, and vasodilatation at high concentrations. These observations were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Duration of action was unaffected by concentration, except in the case of bupivacaine 0.5%, the effect of which was longer lasting than that of other solutions.", "contents": "The effect of concentration on vasoactivity of bupivacaine and lignocaine. In a double-blind trial bupivacaine 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% and lignocaine 0.5, 1 and 2% were given intradermally to 31 volunteers. Vasoconstriction was observed more frequently at low concentrations of each drug, and vasodilatation at high concentrations. These observations were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Duration of action was unaffected by concentration, except in the case of bupivacaine 0.5%, the effect of which was longer lasting than that of other solutions.", "PMID": 1023952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3718", "title": "The influence of three antacids on the absorption and clinical action of oral diazepam.", "content": "Diazepam 10 mg given orally alone or with one of the three antacids (aluminium hydroxide 40 ml, magnesium trislicate 30 ml, sodium cirate 30 ml) was given in a single dose at random to 200 women undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. The concomitant use of aluminium hydroxide or sodium citrate hastened the onset of the soporific effect of diazepam marginally, while magnesium trisilicate tended to delay it. The estimation of plasma diazepam concentrations over 90 min in a similar series of 67 patients showed that the absorption of diazepam was increased significantly by the use of aluminium hydroxide, but there were no striking differences in the four groups. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of three antacids on the absorption and clinical action of oral diazepam. Diazepam 10 mg given orally alone or with one of the three antacids (aluminium hydroxide 40 ml, magnesium trislicate 30 ml, sodium cirate 30 ml) was given in a single dose at random to 200 women undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. The concomitant use of aluminium hydroxide or sodium citrate hastened the onset of the soporific effect of diazepam marginally, while magnesium trisilicate tended to delay it. The estimation of plasma diazepam concentrations over 90 min in a similar series of 67 patients showed that the absorption of diazepam was increased significantly by the use of aluminium hydroxide, but there were no striking differences in the four groups. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1023953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3719", "title": "Some pharmacological factors influencing the absorption of diazepam following oral administration.", "content": "Plasma diazepam concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in samples of blood from adult female patients follwing diazepam 10 mg orally, alone or in combination with metoclopramide, morphine, pethidine or atropine. Patients receiving metoclopramide had higher plasma diazepam concentrations than those in the control group, while the addition of morphine, pethidine or atropine resulted in lower plasma diazepam concentrations throughout the 90-min period of the study. In the control goup peak plasma concentrations were reached by 60 min. The addition of metoclopramide increased the rate of diazepam absorption and peak concentrations were reached by 30 min, while morphine, pethidine and atropine reduced the rate of absorption with no apparent peak being reached by 90 min.", "contents": "Some pharmacological factors influencing the absorption of diazepam following oral administration. Plasma diazepam concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in samples of blood from adult female patients follwing diazepam 10 mg orally, alone or in combination with metoclopramide, morphine, pethidine or atropine. Patients receiving metoclopramide had higher plasma diazepam concentrations than those in the control group, while the addition of morphine, pethidine or atropine resulted in lower plasma diazepam concentrations throughout the 90-min period of the study. In the control goup peak plasma concentrations were reached by 60 min. The addition of metoclopramide increased the rate of diazepam absorption and peak concentrations were reached by 30 min, while morphine, pethidine and atropine reduced the rate of absorption with no apparent peak being reached by 90 min.", "PMID": 1023954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3720", "title": "Reactions to intravenous injections of diazepam.", "content": "Local reactions during and after i.v. injection of two different formulations of diazepam were studied. Two-thirds of the patients felt pain during the injection. Verfied or probable thrombophlebitis occurred with increasing frequency following operation, indicating a late onset. One month after discharge, 29% of those who had received diazepam in glycoferol-alcohol-benzoic acid complained of tender injection sites, compared with only 10% of the patients who received diazepam in cremophor EL. The difference is significant, indicating an influence of the solvent system.", "contents": "Reactions to intravenous injections of diazepam. Local reactions during and after i.v. injection of two different formulations of diazepam were studied. Two-thirds of the patients felt pain during the injection. Verfied or probable thrombophlebitis occurred with increasing frequency following operation, indicating a late onset. One month after discharge, 29% of those who had received diazepam in glycoferol-alcohol-benzoic acid complained of tender injection sites, compared with only 10% of the patients who received diazepam in cremophor EL. The difference is significant, indicating an influence of the solvent system.", "PMID": 1023955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3721", "title": "Anaesthesia and the reticulo-endothelial system: Comparison of halothane-nitrous oxide and neuroleptanalgesia.", "content": "The effect of halothane anaesthesia and neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) was investigated with the aid of the Lipofundin clearance test. The results suggest that halothane in nitrous oxide depresses the phagocytic activity of the RES. NLA did not exert a depressant effect on the RES function. As it is essential for the body to be in a defensive condition to cope adequately with infensive condition to cope adequately with infection and cancer metastases, care must be taken to ensure that an anaesthetic procedure does not cause additional impairment of RES function. The results of the investigations suggest that NLA may have advantages in this respect.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and the reticulo-endothelial system: Comparison of halothane-nitrous oxide and neuroleptanalgesia. The effect of halothane anaesthesia and neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) was investigated with the aid of the Lipofundin clearance test. The results suggest that halothane in nitrous oxide depresses the phagocytic activity of the RES. NLA did not exert a depressant effect on the RES function. As it is essential for the body to be in a defensive condition to cope adequately with infensive condition to cope adequately with infection and cancer metastases, care must be taken to ensure that an anaesthetic procedure does not cause additional impairment of RES function. The results of the investigations suggest that NLA may have advantages in this respect.", "PMID": 1023956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3722", "title": "The influence of doxapram on postoperative pulmonary function in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery.", "content": "An infusion of doxapram 250 mg in dextrose 5% compared with dextrose 5% alone in patients recovering from upper abdominal surgery was associated with a reduction in the degree of hypoxaemia after operation. This may be the result of a sparing effect on the functional residual capacity.", "contents": "The influence of doxapram on postoperative pulmonary function in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. An infusion of doxapram 250 mg in dextrose 5% compared with dextrose 5% alone in patients recovering from upper abdominal surgery was associated with a reduction in the degree of hypoxaemia after operation. This may be the result of a sparing effect on the functional residual capacity.", "PMID": 1023957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3723", "title": "Intraocular pressures after suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation in patients pretreated with pancuronium.", "content": "Intraocular pressures were recorded after the administration of suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation in a series of 20 patients who had not received pancuronium 1 mg 4 min before the suxamethonium. The pressures were compared with those in a control group of 20 patients who had not received pancuronium. The increase in intraocular pressure which followed the suxamethonium and intubation, and which occurred in about 50% of the patients, was similar in both groups of patients.", "contents": "Intraocular pressures after suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation in patients pretreated with pancuronium. Intraocular pressures were recorded after the administration of suxamethonium and endotracheal intubation in a series of 20 patients who had not received pancuronium 1 mg 4 min before the suxamethonium. The pressures were compared with those in a control group of 20 patients who had not received pancuronium. The increase in intraocular pressure which followed the suxamethonium and intubation, and which occurred in about 50% of the patients, was similar in both groups of patients.", "PMID": 1023958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3724", "title": "A comparison of the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia during two methods of anaesthesia for dental extractions.", "content": "One hundred premedicated inpatients undergoing wisdom tooth extraction were divided into two groups of 50. Group A was anesthetized by a technique based on droperidol and phenoperidine, whilst group B was anaesthetized with halothane. The e.c.g. in both groups demonstrated a similar overall incidence of cardiac arrhythmia, but analysis revealed a significantly higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmia in group B. The heart rate was significantly less in group A.", "contents": "A comparison of the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia during two methods of anaesthesia for dental extractions. One hundred premedicated inpatients undergoing wisdom tooth extraction were divided into two groups of 50. Group A was anesthetized by a technique based on droperidol and phenoperidine, whilst group B was anaesthetized with halothane. The e.c.g. in both groups demonstrated a similar overall incidence of cardiac arrhythmia, but analysis revealed a significantly higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmia in group B. The heart rate was significantly less in group A.", "PMID": 1023959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3725", "title": "[Kinetics of corneal fluorescence in experimental keratitis].", "content": "It was shown by the method of scanning photometry suggested by the authors that rabbits with experimentally-induced keratitis displayed a three-phasic reaction of the area of the corneal burn: that of the enhanced fluorescein sorption at the reactive phase: that of the loss of the sorption capacity in the dystrophic stage, and that of the secondary absorption intensification during the regenerative stage. The mentioned phasic changes can be used for the diagnosis and objective assessment of the clinical course of keratitis.", "contents": "[Kinetics of corneal fluorescence in experimental keratitis]. It was shown by the method of scanning photometry suggested by the authors that rabbits with experimentally-induced keratitis displayed a three-phasic reaction of the area of the corneal burn: that of the enhanced fluorescein sorption at the reactive phase: that of the loss of the sorption capacity in the dystrophic stage, and that of the secondary absorption intensification during the regenerative stage. The mentioned phasic changes can be used for the diagnosis and objective assessment of the clinical course of keratitis.", "PMID": 1023962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3726", "title": "[Microcirculatory changes in the cheek pouch mucosa of hamsters in the dynamics of experimental traumatic shock].", "content": "Acute experiments conducted on hamsters demonstrated significant disturbances of the microcirculation in the mucosa of the cheek pouch during a severe traumatic shock after a standardized mechanical injury of the hip. All the animals died in the course of the first 24 hours after this trauma. If the animals died not earlier than in one hour after the trauma the microcirculation changes were distinctly phasic in character; particularly there was seen a phase of temporary relative adaptation and stabilization of the peripheral circulation, invariably followed by the phase of decompensation, the terminal phase and death. In cases with a rapid lethal issue in the course of one hour no distinct phasic character of the microcirculation changes was observed, but there was a more or less rapid aggravation of all he indices. In difference from the majority of other investigators, no marked intravascular erythrocyte aggregation was seen by the authors in the experiments described.", "contents": "[Microcirculatory changes in the cheek pouch mucosa of hamsters in the dynamics of experimental traumatic shock]. Acute experiments conducted on hamsters demonstrated significant disturbances of the microcirculation in the mucosa of the cheek pouch during a severe traumatic shock after a standardized mechanical injury of the hip. All the animals died in the course of the first 24 hours after this trauma. If the animals died not earlier than in one hour after the trauma the microcirculation changes were distinctly phasic in character; particularly there was seen a phase of temporary relative adaptation and stabilization of the peripheral circulation, invariably followed by the phase of decompensation, the terminal phase and death. In cases with a rapid lethal issue in the course of one hour no distinct phasic character of the microcirculation changes was observed, but there was a more or less rapid aggravation of all he indices. In difference from the majority of other investigators, no marked intravascular erythrocyte aggregation was seen by the authors in the experiments described.", "PMID": 1023963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3727", "title": "[Dynamics of the mass of the right ventricle of the heart and concentration of RNA in it during the process of \"reverse\" development of hypertrophy].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on male rats, 250-300 g in weight. Adaptation to high altitude hypoxia was created by placing the animals daily for 5 hours, into an altitude chamber, at an \"altitude\" of 6000 m. The degree of hypertrophy of the right ventricle and its RNA content was studied after 20 days of adaptation, as well as 2, 10, 20 and 40 days after cessation of hypoxia. Twenty days after the beginning of adaptation the muscle mass of the right ventricle the RNA concentration and amount in it was found to increase considerably. After cessation of hypoxia half of the acquired increase in the ventricle muscle mass was lost in 10 days, and half of the acquired increase in the RNA--as soon as in 2 days. Forty days after cessation of hypoxia the right ventricle mass and its RNA content in the adapted animals did not differ from the same indices in control rats.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the mass of the right ventricle of the heart and concentration of RNA in it during the process of \"reverse\" development of hypertrophy]. Experiments were conducted on male rats, 250-300 g in weight. Adaptation to high altitude hypoxia was created by placing the animals daily for 5 hours, into an altitude chamber, at an \"altitude\" of 6000 m. The degree of hypertrophy of the right ventricle and its RNA content was studied after 20 days of adaptation, as well as 2, 10, 20 and 40 days after cessation of hypoxia. Twenty days after the beginning of adaptation the muscle mass of the right ventricle the RNA concentration and amount in it was found to increase considerably. After cessation of hypoxia half of the acquired increase in the ventricle muscle mass was lost in 10 days, and half of the acquired increase in the RNA--as soon as in 2 days. Forty days after cessation of hypoxia the right ventricle mass and its RNA content in the adapted animals did not differ from the same indices in control rats.", "PMID": 1023964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3728", "title": "[Effect of the procedure of blood exchange on several indices of skeletal muscle metabolism].", "content": "In 85% blood exchange in healthy dogs and also in the animals under conditions of hemotransfusion shock a study was made of the nitrogen fraction contents, the activity of aspartic and alanine transpherases in the skeletal muscle in the course of 7 days. Blood exchange in hemotransfusion shock was highly effective. However, the process of \"washing out\" of the non-protein substances from the tissue in these animals was considerably lowered in comparison with that in healthy animals.", "contents": "[Effect of the procedure of blood exchange on several indices of skeletal muscle metabolism]. In 85% blood exchange in healthy dogs and also in the animals under conditions of hemotransfusion shock a study was made of the nitrogen fraction contents, the activity of aspartic and alanine transpherases in the skeletal muscle in the course of 7 days. Blood exchange in hemotransfusion shock was highly effective. However, the process of \"washing out\" of the non-protein substances from the tissue in these animals was considerably lowered in comparison with that in healthy animals.", "PMID": 1023965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3729", "title": "[Bone marrow colony-forming capacity in mice subjected to burn trauma].", "content": "A method of exogenous splenic colonies was applied to the study of the dynamics of the content of the colony-forming units (CFU) in the bone marrow of CBA mice to which thermal burn of the III degree of 15% of the body surface was inflicted. On the 4th and 16th days after the burn the CFU content in the bone marrow of mice decreased 1.7-2.1 times. The thymus cells of the intact mice administered simultaneously with the bone marrow of the burned mice increased, the amount of the splenic exogenous colonies formed in the recipients. The data obtained permitted to make a suggestion that not only the CFU count diminished in the bone marrow in the burned animals, but also the thymus-dependent cells necessary for normal colony formation.", "contents": "[Bone marrow colony-forming capacity in mice subjected to burn trauma]. A method of exogenous splenic colonies was applied to the study of the dynamics of the content of the colony-forming units (CFU) in the bone marrow of CBA mice to which thermal burn of the III degree of 15% of the body surface was inflicted. On the 4th and 16th days after the burn the CFU content in the bone marrow of mice decreased 1.7-2.1 times. The thymus cells of the intact mice administered simultaneously with the bone marrow of the burned mice increased, the amount of the splenic exogenous colonies formed in the recipients. The data obtained permitted to make a suggestion that not only the CFU count diminished in the bone marrow in the burned animals, but also the thymus-dependent cells necessary for normal colony formation.", "PMID": 1023966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3730", "title": "[Interaction of connective tissue structural glycoprotein with proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans].", "content": "It was shown that structural glycoprotein (SGP) of connective tissue isolated from be cattle heart valves and nasal septum cartilage formed water-soluble complexes with protein-chondroitin-4-sulphate and different heparin fractions. SGP formed no mentioned complexes with hyaluronic acid. Probably this plays an important role in the formation of collagen and elastin fibers.", "contents": "[Interaction of connective tissue structural glycoprotein with proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans]. It was shown that structural glycoprotein (SGP) of connective tissue isolated from be cattle heart valves and nasal septum cartilage formed water-soluble complexes with protein-chondroitin-4-sulphate and different heparin fractions. SGP formed no mentioned complexes with hyaluronic acid. Probably this plays an important role in the formation of collagen and elastin fibers.", "PMID": 1023967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3731", "title": "[Adrenocortical regulation of protein metabolism during prolonged physical stress].", "content": "Experiments on Wistar male rats revealed depression of labeled amino acid incorporation into the tissue proteins as a result of swimming. When prolonged swimming was accompanied by an enhanced adrenocortical activity the block of the protein synthesis in the liver proved to disappear. Adrenalectomy excluded the activation of alanine-aminotranspherase and a drop of the free amino acids in the liver during physical exercise: corticosterone administration to adrenalectomized animals restored these shifts.", "contents": "[Adrenocortical regulation of protein metabolism during prolonged physical stress]. Experiments on Wistar male rats revealed depression of labeled amino acid incorporation into the tissue proteins as a result of swimming. When prolonged swimming was accompanied by an enhanced adrenocortical activity the block of the protein synthesis in the liver proved to disappear. Adrenalectomy excluded the activation of alanine-aminotranspherase and a drop of the free amino acids in the liver during physical exercise: corticosterone administration to adrenalectomized animals restored these shifts.", "PMID": 1023968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3732", "title": "[Effect of sodium succinate on several carbohydrate metabolism indices of ischemic myocardium].", "content": "The influence of sodium succinate on the content of lactic, pyruvic acids and glucose in the venous blood flowing from the ischemic zone of the myocardium was studied in dogs with ligated coronary artery. The intracoronary injection of the preparation in doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg diminished the content of blood lactic acid flowing from the ischemic zone; a dose of 10 mg/kg decreased the consumption of glucose by the ischemic myocardium. Sodium succinate (100 mg/kg) intravenously reduced the content of the lactic acid significantly and inhibited the glucose consumption by the ischemic myocardium, with its increase in the arterial blood. A fall of lactacidemia can be connected with the activation of Krebs cycle and an increase of oxygen utilization by the ischemic myocardium.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium succinate on several carbohydrate metabolism indices of ischemic myocardium]. The influence of sodium succinate on the content of lactic, pyruvic acids and glucose in the venous blood flowing from the ischemic zone of the myocardium was studied in dogs with ligated coronary artery. The intracoronary injection of the preparation in doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg diminished the content of blood lactic acid flowing from the ischemic zone; a dose of 10 mg/kg decreased the consumption of glucose by the ischemic myocardium. Sodium succinate (100 mg/kg) intravenously reduced the content of the lactic acid significantly and inhibited the glucose consumption by the ischemic myocardium, with its increase in the arterial blood. A fall of lactacidemia can be connected with the activation of Krebs cycle and an increase of oxygen utilization by the ischemic myocardium.", "PMID": 1023969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3733", "title": "[Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and the state of melaninogensis].", "content": "In studying the excretion of tryptophan and the activity of tryptophan pyrrholase of the liver in black and albino rabbits it was revealed that the kinurenine, kinurenic and xanthurenic acids, 3-hydroxykinurenin, anthranylic acid and 5-hydroxyindolylactic acid levels in the urine collected before the L-tryptophane loading differed in these animals. No 3-hydroxyanthranylic acid was found in the initial urine of these rabbits. A sharp intensification of excretion of all the tryptophane metabolites studied followed the administration of L-tryptophane to albino rabbits, and a harper elevation of kinurenic and xanthurenic acid excretion--to black rabbits. In comparison with black rabbits, the tryptophan pyrrholase of the liver of albino rabbits reached to the L-tryptophan administration more intensively.", "contents": "[Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and the state of melaninogensis]. In studying the excretion of tryptophan and the activity of tryptophan pyrrholase of the liver in black and albino rabbits it was revealed that the kinurenine, kinurenic and xanthurenic acids, 3-hydroxykinurenin, anthranylic acid and 5-hydroxyindolylactic acid levels in the urine collected before the L-tryptophane loading differed in these animals. No 3-hydroxyanthranylic acid was found in the initial urine of these rabbits. A sharp intensification of excretion of all the tryptophane metabolites studied followed the administration of L-tryptophane to albino rabbits, and a harper elevation of kinurenic and xanthurenic acid excretion--to black rabbits. In comparison with black rabbits, the tryptophan pyrrholase of the liver of albino rabbits reached to the L-tryptophan administration more intensively.", "PMID": 1023970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3734", "title": "[Toxicity and proteolysis in gnotobiotic rats with thermal burns].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on germ-free (gnotobiotic) rats. A study was made of the toxic properties of the organs and the activity of proteolytic enzymes in them after thermal burns. Despite the absence of pathogenic microbial flora the germ-free rats developed the state of toxemia with an increase of the level of proteolytic enzymes. The extent of the toxic and catabolic reaction depended on the severity of the burn. Intoxication and an increase in proteolysis in the gnotobiotic rats were similar, and, in a number of cases greater than in usual animals. A conclusion was drawn on the important role of the tissue sources of intoxication in burns. A correlation between the toxemia and proteolysis was established.", "contents": "[Toxicity and proteolysis in gnotobiotic rats with thermal burns]. Experiments were conducted on germ-free (gnotobiotic) rats. A study was made of the toxic properties of the organs and the activity of proteolytic enzymes in them after thermal burns. Despite the absence of pathogenic microbial flora the germ-free rats developed the state of toxemia with an increase of the level of proteolytic enzymes. The extent of the toxic and catabolic reaction depended on the severity of the burn. Intoxication and an increase in proteolysis in the gnotobiotic rats were similar, and, in a number of cases greater than in usual animals. A conclusion was drawn on the important role of the tissue sources of intoxication in burns. A correlation between the toxemia and proteolysis was established.", "PMID": 1023971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3735", "title": "[Increase in the sensitivity of rabbit sensomotor cortex neurons to gamma-aminobutyric acid under the influence of diazepam (microiontophoretic study)].", "content": "A study was made of the action of diazepam on the effects of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied electrophoretically to the neurons of the sensory-motor rabbit cortex. It was shown that diazepam intensified the depressive action of GABA on the spontaneous neuronal activity and the prolonging action of GABA on the duration of the inhibitory phase in the neuron responses to the afferent and direct stimulation of the cortex. Diazepam failed to alter the neuron response to glycine, glutamate and acetylcholine applied microelectrophoretically. It is supposed that diazepam increased the sensitivity of the receptors of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuron to GABA.", "contents": "[Increase in the sensitivity of rabbit sensomotor cortex neurons to gamma-aminobutyric acid under the influence of diazepam (microiontophoretic study)]. A study was made of the action of diazepam on the effects of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) applied electrophoretically to the neurons of the sensory-motor rabbit cortex. It was shown that diazepam intensified the depressive action of GABA on the spontaneous neuronal activity and the prolonging action of GABA on the duration of the inhibitory phase in the neuron responses to the afferent and direct stimulation of the cortex. Diazepam failed to alter the neuron response to glycine, glutamate and acetylcholine applied microelectrophoretically. It is supposed that diazepam increased the sensitivity of the receptors of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuron to GABA.", "PMID": 1023972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3736", "title": "[Role of surface phenomena in the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic substances].", "content": "The surface activity of the antiaarhythmic drugs and their influence on the lipid-containing interphasics were studied. It was found that drug No. 7351 (diphenyl isopropyl acetic acid diethyl aminopropyl ester), fubromegan, metamysil, propranolol, quinidine, novocalinamide, xylocaine, and trimecaine possessed surface activity. There exists a symbate relationship between the surface and especially the interphasic activity and the antiarrhythmic effect. The most active antiarrhythmic drug No. 7351 increased the electric conductivity of the lecithine bilayer membrane much more than novocainamide.", "contents": "[Role of surface phenomena in the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic substances]. The surface activity of the antiaarhythmic drugs and their influence on the lipid-containing interphasics were studied. It was found that drug No. 7351 (diphenyl isopropyl acetic acid diethyl aminopropyl ester), fubromegan, metamysil, propranolol, quinidine, novocalinamide, xylocaine, and trimecaine possessed surface activity. There exists a symbate relationship between the surface and especially the interphasic activity and the antiarrhythmic effect. The most active antiarrhythmic drug No. 7351 increased the electric conductivity of the lecithine bilayer membrane much more than novocainamide.", "PMID": 1023973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3737", "title": "[Distribution of the adrenoblocking drug pyrroxan in the bodies of white rats].", "content": "The distribution of adrenoblocking drug pyrroxan in the blood plasma and different organs of albino rats had been studied. A rapid appearance of pyrroxan in the brain liver, kidneys, and other organs was shown; its selective accumulation in the hypothalamus was found. As revealed spectrofluorimetrically unchanged pyrroxan molecules disappeared from the plasma and the organs within 2 hours. When pyrroxan-14C was used the radioactivity in the organs was demonstrated for 24 hours, and in the plasma for several days; this indicated the formation of pyrroxan metabolites or its complexes with the plasma proteins and structural elements of the organs. The selective accumulation of pyrroxan in the hypothalamus can account for the high efficacy of this drug in different hypothalamic disorders coursing with the overexcitation of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "[Distribution of the adrenoblocking drug pyrroxan in the bodies of white rats]. The distribution of adrenoblocking drug pyrroxan in the blood plasma and different organs of albino rats had been studied. A rapid appearance of pyrroxan in the brain liver, kidneys, and other organs was shown; its selective accumulation in the hypothalamus was found. As revealed spectrofluorimetrically unchanged pyrroxan molecules disappeared from the plasma and the organs within 2 hours. When pyrroxan-14C was used the radioactivity in the organs was demonstrated for 24 hours, and in the plasma for several days; this indicated the formation of pyrroxan metabolites or its complexes with the plasma proteins and structural elements of the organs. The selective accumulation of pyrroxan in the hypothalamus can account for the high efficacy of this drug in different hypothalamic disorders coursing with the overexcitation of the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1023974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3738", "title": "[Stimulant effect of antilymphocytic serum on early stages of hematopoietic recovery in the spleen of radiation chimeras].", "content": "Experiments conducted on 236 BALB/c mice were aimed at the study of the effect of the antilymphocytic serum on the hemopoiesis recovery in the spleen of the radiation chimeras, since the antilymphocytic serum was known to increase the number of macroscopic hemopoietic colonies. This increase was found to be due to the intensification of the first hemopoietic recovery stage, i.e. to the acceleration and intensification of the reticular cell activation in the recepient's spleen.", "contents": "[Stimulant effect of antilymphocytic serum on early stages of hematopoietic recovery in the spleen of radiation chimeras]. Experiments conducted on 236 BALB/c mice were aimed at the study of the effect of the antilymphocytic serum on the hemopoiesis recovery in the spleen of the radiation chimeras, since the antilymphocytic serum was known to increase the number of macroscopic hemopoietic colonies. This increase was found to be due to the intensification of the first hemopoietic recovery stage, i.e. to the acceleration and intensification of the reticular cell activation in the recepient's spleen.", "PMID": 1023975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3739", "title": "[Increase in the sensitivity of leukemia cells, incubated in interferon, to the effect of immune serum].", "content": "L-1210 AND P-388 leukemic cells were incubated in three types of interferon, i.e. L-cell interferon and two types of lymphocyte interferon (induced in the lymph node lymphocytes of intact mice and the lymphocytes obtained on the 10th day after intraperitoneal injections of 5-10(7) L-1210 cells). \"False\" interferon obtained by the method analogous to that of obtaining L-cell interferon, excluding the viral induction, was used for control. Cells incubated in interferon proved to be more sensitive to the action of the cytotoxic antibodies than those treated with \"false\" interferon. Treatment of the cells with lymphocytic interferon induced on the lymphocytes of immune mice increased their sensitivity even more in comparison with the cells treated with interferon obtained from intact mice.", "contents": "[Increase in the sensitivity of leukemia cells, incubated in interferon, to the effect of immune serum]. L-1210 AND P-388 leukemic cells were incubated in three types of interferon, i.e. L-cell interferon and two types of lymphocyte interferon (induced in the lymph node lymphocytes of intact mice and the lymphocytes obtained on the 10th day after intraperitoneal injections of 5-10(7) L-1210 cells). \"False\" interferon obtained by the method analogous to that of obtaining L-cell interferon, excluding the viral induction, was used for control. Cells incubated in interferon proved to be more sensitive to the action of the cytotoxic antibodies than those treated with \"false\" interferon. Treatment of the cells with lymphocytic interferon induced on the lymphocytes of immune mice increased their sensitivity even more in comparison with the cells treated with interferon obtained from intact mice.", "PMID": 1023976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3740", "title": "[Drug-induced immune tolerance to sheep erythrocytes in mice of different lines].", "content": "Immunological tolerance to sheep erythrocytes was induced in mice of the CBA, C57BL/6, CC57BR, C3H, DBA/2 lines by means of combined administration of a high dose of the antigen and cyclophosphamide. The count of 19S antibody-forming cells was determined in the mouse spleen after the test injection of erythrocytes, by local hemolysis in gel. The extent of the tolerance induced proved to depend on the genotype of the animals; mice of the DBA/2 line were found to be most \"sensitive\" to its induction. There was revealed no correlation between the level of the immunological reactivity to sheep erythrocytes in the intact mice of different lines and the extent of its suppression in tolerance induction", "contents": "[Drug-induced immune tolerance to sheep erythrocytes in mice of different lines]. Immunological tolerance to sheep erythrocytes was induced in mice of the CBA, C57BL/6, CC57BR, C3H, DBA/2 lines by means of combined administration of a high dose of the antigen and cyclophosphamide. The count of 19S antibody-forming cells was determined in the mouse spleen after the test injection of erythrocytes, by local hemolysis in gel. The extent of the tolerance induced proved to depend on the genotype of the animals; mice of the DBA/2 line were found to be most \"sensitive\" to its induction. There was revealed no correlation between the level of the immunological reactivity to sheep erythrocytes in the intact mice of different lines and the extent of its suppression in tolerance induction", "PMID": 1023977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3741", "title": "[Lethal infection with BCG in thymectomized mice].", "content": "Investigations carried out on CBA mice demonstrated that adult mice to which mycobacteria BCG were injected intravenously 12 months after thymectomy (in a dose of 2 mg for a period of 2 1/2 months) died of disseminated BCG infection against the background of depression of hypersensitivity of delayed type. The usual vaccine process developed in the sham-operated animals.", "contents": "[Lethal infection with BCG in thymectomized mice]. Investigations carried out on CBA mice demonstrated that adult mice to which mycobacteria BCG were injected intravenously 12 months after thymectomy (in a dose of 2 mg for a period of 2 1/2 months) died of disseminated BCG infection against the background of depression of hypersensitivity of delayed type. The usual vaccine process developed in the sham-operated animals.", "PMID": 1023978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3742", "title": "[Influence of the serum globulins of persons differing in the ABO system on allergic responses of the immediate type].", "content": "The antianaphylactic effect of globulins obtained from human sera of different blood groups of the ABO system on the active and passive anaphylaxis of guinea pigs, and on mast cells destruction was studied. A marked inhibitory action of globulins obtained from human serum of the B (111) blood group on the allergic reactions of the immediate type was shown. Globulins from the 0 (1) group did not possess such action.", "contents": "[Influence of the serum globulins of persons differing in the ABO system on allergic responses of the immediate type]. The antianaphylactic effect of globulins obtained from human sera of different blood groups of the ABO system on the active and passive anaphylaxis of guinea pigs, and on mast cells destruction was studied. A marked inhibitory action of globulins obtained from human serum of the B (111) blood group on the allergic reactions of the immediate type was shown. Globulins from the 0 (1) group did not possess such action.", "PMID": 1023979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3743", "title": "[Dissemination of carcinogenic H3-dialkylhydrazines in the neuro-endocrine system and their antigonadotropic effect in rats].", "content": "Three hours after the dimethylhydrazine-3H (DMH) treatment specific radioactivity in the male rat pituitary, adrenal cortex, and the testes was higher than in the liver by 53, 85, and 108%, respectively. Tritium incorporation into the hypothalamus was higher than that by the liver, cerebral cortex, and the brain stem by 33, 69, and 44%, respectively. Three hours after the diethyl-hydrazine-3H (DEH) treatment the specific activities of the pituitary and the testes in male rats were higher than that of the liver by 57 and 108%, respectively. A single DMH and DEH administration to male rats in a dose of 21 mg per kg body weight resulted in a significant decrease of the pituitary FSH level (by 63 and 53%, respectively). The data obtained were indicative of a marked influence of the carcinogenic dialkylhydrazines on the rat neuroendocrin system.", "contents": "[Dissemination of carcinogenic H3-dialkylhydrazines in the neuro-endocrine system and their antigonadotropic effect in rats]. Three hours after the dimethylhydrazine-3H (DMH) treatment specific radioactivity in the male rat pituitary, adrenal cortex, and the testes was higher than in the liver by 53, 85, and 108%, respectively. Tritium incorporation into the hypothalamus was higher than that by the liver, cerebral cortex, and the brain stem by 33, 69, and 44%, respectively. Three hours after the diethyl-hydrazine-3H (DEH) treatment the specific activities of the pituitary and the testes in male rats were higher than that of the liver by 57 and 108%, respectively. A single DMH and DEH administration to male rats in a dose of 21 mg per kg body weight resulted in a significant decrease of the pituitary FSH level (by 63 and 53%, respectively). The data obtained were indicative of a marked influence of the carcinogenic dialkylhydrazines on the rat neuroendocrin system.", "PMID": 1023980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3744", "title": "[Role of destruction products of tissue macrophages in regulating granulocytopoiesis].", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytosis and an increase of mature forms of neutrophils and monocytes in the bone marrow, as well as an improvement of the oxygen supply of the bone marrow cells (by the data of polarographic studies) followed the intraperitoneal injections of rat peritoneal macrophage destruction products (MDP) to the recipient rats. Analogous changes were obtained in the bone marrow in case of intraperitoneal injection of the cytotoxic quartz dust particles. Having been injected intraperitoneally to donor CBA mice, the MDPs strikingly stimulated the glanulocytopoietic colonies formation in the spleen of the recipient CBA mice X-irradiated with a lethal dose and then injected intravenously with the bone marrow of spleen tissue suspensions obtained from the donors. The results obtained are discussed from the aspect of a possible role of the destroyed tissue macrophages in the formation of a colony-stimulating factor in the auto-control of the phagocytic responses.", "contents": "[Role of destruction products of tissue macrophages in regulating granulocytopoiesis]. Peripheral blood leukocytosis and an increase of mature forms of neutrophils and monocytes in the bone marrow, as well as an improvement of the oxygen supply of the bone marrow cells (by the data of polarographic studies) followed the intraperitoneal injections of rat peritoneal macrophage destruction products (MDP) to the recipient rats. Analogous changes were obtained in the bone marrow in case of intraperitoneal injection of the cytotoxic quartz dust particles. Having been injected intraperitoneally to donor CBA mice, the MDPs strikingly stimulated the glanulocytopoietic colonies formation in the spleen of the recipient CBA mice X-irradiated with a lethal dose and then injected intravenously with the bone marrow of spleen tissue suspensions obtained from the donors. The results obtained are discussed from the aspect of a possible role of the destroyed tissue macrophages in the formation of a colony-stimulating factor in the auto-control of the phagocytic responses.", "PMID": 1023981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3745", "title": "[Effect of overheating on spermatogenesis in mice and the value of heat training in adapting sex cells to the effects of high temperatures].", "content": "A single, 10-minute, stay of albino mature mice in a thermochamber at a temperature of 43 degrees C and a relative humidity of 65% caused destruction of the spermatogenic epithelium expressed in degeneration and desquamation of the sexual cells in 55% of the seminiferous tubules. Preliminary 10-day thermal training caused only an intensification of the physiological degeneration of the spermatogenic cells in 16% of the seminiferous tubules; this could point to the adaptation of the sex cells to the action of the high temperature.", "contents": "[Effect of overheating on spermatogenesis in mice and the value of heat training in adapting sex cells to the effects of high temperatures]. A single, 10-minute, stay of albino mature mice in a thermochamber at a temperature of 43 degrees C and a relative humidity of 65% caused destruction of the spermatogenic epithelium expressed in degeneration and desquamation of the sexual cells in 55% of the seminiferous tubules. Preliminary 10-day thermal training caused only an intensification of the physiological degeneration of the spermatogenic cells in 16% of the seminiferous tubules; this could point to the adaptation of the sex cells to the action of the high temperature.", "PMID": 1023982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3746", "title": "[Myoglobin concentration and the state of myocardial organelles following myocardial infarction].", "content": "A study was made of the quantitative changes in myoglobin and the subcellular organization of the myocardium at early periods of experimental infarction of the heart in dogs. There proved to be a correlative relationship between the myoglobin content and the state of subcellular organization of the cardiomyocytes in the ischemic area and the so-called intact portions of the right and the left ventricles.", "contents": "[Myoglobin concentration and the state of myocardial organelles following myocardial infarction]. A study was made of the quantitative changes in myoglobin and the subcellular organization of the myocardium at early periods of experimental infarction of the heart in dogs. There proved to be a correlative relationship between the myoglobin content and the state of subcellular organization of the cardiomyocytes in the ischemic area and the so-called intact portions of the right and the left ventricles.", "PMID": 1023983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3747", "title": "[Myocardial ultrastructure in the presence of assisted circulation].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs; a study was made of the influence of a method of assisted circulation--contrapulsation, on the myocardial ultrastructure. A sharp glycogen accumulation in the muscle cells of the heart, the presence of mitochondria with a marked osmophilic microgranular matrix, and also a high pinocytic activity of the capillary endothelial cells were revealed by electron microscopy. The data obtained pointed to the metabolic reconstruction in the myocardium, and primarily to the reduction of the energy level of the myocardial muscle cell function. The changes in the myocardial ultrastructure revealed apparently provided the positive therapeutic effect.", "contents": "[Myocardial ultrastructure in the presence of assisted circulation]. Experiments were conducted on dogs; a study was made of the influence of a method of assisted circulation--contrapulsation, on the myocardial ultrastructure. A sharp glycogen accumulation in the muscle cells of the heart, the presence of mitochondria with a marked osmophilic microgranular matrix, and also a high pinocytic activity of the capillary endothelial cells were revealed by electron microscopy. The data obtained pointed to the metabolic reconstruction in the myocardium, and primarily to the reduction of the energy level of the myocardial muscle cell function. The changes in the myocardial ultrastructure revealed apparently provided the positive therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 1023984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3748", "title": "[Histopathology of the dentomaxillary system in experimental fluorosis].", "content": "Dynamics of experimental dental fluorosis and regress of the process were studied on albino rats. Fluorine produced a selective toxic action on the tissues of the permanently growing incisors causing disturbances of the dentine- and amelogenesis, and also derangement of the pulp circulation. Changes in the bone tissue of the jaws were characterized by the progressive porosity phenomena. It appeared that regress of the process required a definite duration of the restorative period.", "contents": "[Histopathology of the dentomaxillary system in experimental fluorosis]. Dynamics of experimental dental fluorosis and regress of the process were studied on albino rats. Fluorine produced a selective toxic action on the tissues of the permanently growing incisors causing disturbances of the dentine- and amelogenesis, and also derangement of the pulp circulation. Changes in the bone tissue of the jaws were characterized by the progressive porosity phenomena. It appeared that regress of the process required a definite duration of the restorative period.", "PMID": 1023985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3749", "title": "[Psychotherapeutic function of the South American medicine man].", "content": "Observing the medicine man system in South America from a psychological point of view, the function of the medicine man can be characterized as psychohygienic or psychotherapeutic; that is to say he employs many methods similar to modern psychotherapeutic ones. We know from many ethnological field research reports that the medicine man employs in his healing procedures - among other things - dream interpretation, (auto-) hynosis, and healing suggestion, advises the sick, uses imaginative techniques, and initiates group catharsis, i.e. he treats his patients by psychological means. The psychic disturbances which he treats concern less the individual but much more often the whole group. Here the medicine man must work as a regulator and valve for the group and try to equalize, to prevent and to heal all disturbances within the collective.", "contents": "[Psychotherapeutic function of the South American medicine man]. Observing the medicine man system in South America from a psychological point of view, the function of the medicine man can be characterized as psychohygienic or psychotherapeutic; that is to say he employs many methods similar to modern psychotherapeutic ones. We know from many ethnological field research reports that the medicine man employs in his healing procedures - among other things - dream interpretation, (auto-) hynosis, and healing suggestion, advises the sick, uses imaginative techniques, and initiates group catharsis, i.e. he treats his patients by psychological means. The psychic disturbances which he treats concern less the individual but much more often the whole group. Here the medicine man must work as a regulator and valve for the group and try to equalize, to prevent and to heal all disturbances within the collective.", "PMID": 1024011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3750", "title": "[Irony and cynicism as forms of defense].", "content": "Irony and Cynicism are understood to be defense mechanisms. The principle of opposites explains Irony best:  it serves the purpose of avoiding the negative affect of a state by maintaining its dialectic opposite. Irony can thus be attributed to counter-cathexis. Cynicism has already been shown in its historical development to be a form of denial with the purpose to minimize the importance of the object. Sarcasm is not a defense but a form of aggressive discharge.", "contents": "[Irony and cynicism as forms of defense]. Irony and Cynicism are understood to be defense mechanisms. The principle of opposites explains Irony best:  it serves the purpose of avoiding the negative affect of a state by maintaining its dialectic opposite. Irony can thus be attributed to counter-cathexis. Cynicism has already been shown in its historical development to be a form of denial with the purpose to minimize the importance of the object. Sarcasm is not a defense but a form of aggressive discharge.", "PMID": 1024012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3751", "title": "A female case of Kallmann's syndrome.", "content": "A case of 20-year-old woman with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia is reported, since very few female cases of Kallmann's syndrome have been reported so far in Japan. Three uncles on the father's side had no children. Height was 168 cm, and arm span 165 cm. The olfactory test revealed complete anosmia. Bone age was 13 year. Chromosome was 46 XX and normal karyotype. Basal levels of serum FSH, LH and estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) were low. Serum FSH and LH levels rose slightly only after LH-RH administration, and did not increase in clomiphene test. Plasma estrogens did not increase after daily injection of 150 IU of HMG for 3 successive days. The response of serum GH to arginine infusion was normal, while that to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was poor.", "contents": "A female case of Kallmann's syndrome. A case of 20-year-old woman with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia is reported, since very few female cases of Kallmann's syndrome have been reported so far in Japan. Three uncles on the father's side had no children. Height was 168 cm, and arm span 165 cm. The olfactory test revealed complete anosmia. Bone age was 13 year. Chromosome was 46 XX and normal karyotype. Basal levels of serum FSH, LH and estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) were low. Serum FSH and LH levels rose slightly only after LH-RH administration, and did not increase in clomiphene test. Plasma estrogens did not increase after daily injection of 150 IU of HMG for 3 successive days. The response of serum GH to arginine infusion was normal, while that to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was poor.", "PMID": 1024036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3752", "title": "A transient increase in renal clearance of phosphate in response to continuous infusion of salmon calcitonin in rats.", "content": "The effects of intravenous carrier-free salmon calcitonin on renal clearances of phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were studied in male parathyroid-ectomized (PTX) and intact rats. Both natural and synthetic hormone, when infused at constant rates (0.005 approximately 0.5 MRC U/hr), produced a rapid increase (peaking at about 60-90 min) in phosphate clearance. However, the maximal increase was transient in nature in PTX rats. In intact rats, the phosphaturic response was somewhat more pronounced and the decline after the peak was rather modest. When a large amount (4 MRC U) of calcitonin was given in divided doses, the second dose produced a lesser extent of phosphaturia in both intact and PTX rats. The phosphaturic response was accompanied by an increase in sodium and potassium clearances in PTX rats and by an increase in potassium clearance in intact rats. A fall in the apparent clearance values for calcium and magnesium occurred and was maintained throughout the infusion period of hormone in both intact and PTX rats. In conclusion, PTX rats respond to the intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin with a transient phosphaturic response which is accompanied by parallel diuresis of sodium and potassium along with sustained retention of calcium and magnesium by the kidney.", "contents": "A transient increase in renal clearance of phosphate in response to continuous infusion of salmon calcitonin in rats. The effects of intravenous carrier-free salmon calcitonin on renal clearances of phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were studied in male parathyroid-ectomized (PTX) and intact rats. Both natural and synthetic hormone, when infused at constant rates (0.005 approximately 0.5 MRC U/hr), produced a rapid increase (peaking at about 60-90 min) in phosphate clearance. However, the maximal increase was transient in nature in PTX rats. In intact rats, the phosphaturic response was somewhat more pronounced and the decline after the peak was rather modest. When a large amount (4 MRC U) of calcitonin was given in divided doses, the second dose produced a lesser extent of phosphaturia in both intact and PTX rats. The phosphaturic response was accompanied by an increase in sodium and potassium clearances in PTX rats and by an increase in potassium clearance in intact rats. A fall in the apparent clearance values for calcium and magnesium occurred and was maintained throughout the infusion period of hormone in both intact and PTX rats. In conclusion, PTX rats respond to the intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin with a transient phosphaturic response which is accompanied by parallel diuresis of sodium and potassium along with sustained retention of calcium and magnesium by the kidney.", "PMID": 1024037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3753", "title": "Occurrence of permanent changes in vaginal and uterine epithelia in mice treated neonatally with progestin, estrogen and aromatizable or non-aromatizable androgens.", "content": "Female mice of the C57 Black/Tw strain were injected daily with 100 microng testosterone, 50 microng testosterone propionate (TP), 100 microng 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 50 microng 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), for 10 days from the day of birth. Two other groups of female mice were given neonatal injections with 20 microng estradiol-17 beta and 100 microng progesterone for 10 days, respectively. All mice were ovariectomized at 60 days of age and killed at 90 days. In 100% of neonatally estrogenized or androgenized, ovariectomized mice, the cranial part of the vagina was lined with stratified epithelium with either cornification or parakeratosis or mucification. Stratification only or stratification with superficial squamous metaplasia or cornification took place in the uterine epithelia of 18% of the TP-treated, 75% of the DHT-treated and 50% of the DHTP-treated, ovariectomized mice. In contrast, neonatally estrogenized, ovariectomized mice did not show the estrogen-independent, persistent uterine changes. Neonatal progesterone treatment failed to induce the permanent changes in the vaginal and uterine epithelia.", "contents": "Occurrence of permanent changes in vaginal and uterine epithelia in mice treated neonatally with progestin, estrogen and aromatizable or non-aromatizable androgens. Female mice of the C57 Black/Tw strain were injected daily with 100 microng testosterone, 50 microng testosterone propionate (TP), 100 microng 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 50 microng 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), for 10 days from the day of birth. Two other groups of female mice were given neonatal injections with 20 microng estradiol-17 beta and 100 microng progesterone for 10 days, respectively. All mice were ovariectomized at 60 days of age and killed at 90 days. In 100% of neonatally estrogenized or androgenized, ovariectomized mice, the cranial part of the vagina was lined with stratified epithelium with either cornification or parakeratosis or mucification. Stratification only or stratification with superficial squamous metaplasia or cornification took place in the uterine epithelia of 18% of the TP-treated, 75% of the DHT-treated and 50% of the DHTP-treated, ovariectomized mice. In contrast, neonatally estrogenized, ovariectomized mice did not show the estrogen-independent, persistent uterine changes. Neonatal progesterone treatment failed to induce the permanent changes in the vaginal and uterine epithelia.", "PMID": 1024038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3754", "title": "Development of the vaginal epithelium showing estrogen-independent proliferation and cornification in neonatally androgenized mice.", "content": "Female mice of the C57 Black/Tw strain given 5 daily injections with 100 microng testosterone (T) or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from the day of birth showed estrogen-independent persistent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium in adulthood. The vaginal epithelium of the mice was essentially similar to that of the controls in histological structure during or shortly after neonatal injections of the androgens. In T- and DHT-mice aged over 20 days, however, a marked proliferation with or without superficial cornification took place in the epithelium lining the proximal and middle parts of the vagina (M\u00fcllerian vagina), while neither proliferation nor cornification occurred in the epithelium of the distal vagina (urogenital sinus vagina). On the second day of postnatal life in mice given a single injection with T on the day of birth, the mitotic activity in the epithelium of the middle vagina was heightened, but it dropped to the control level on the third day and remained low until 20 days. By contrast, the mitotic rates in the epithelium of the rest of the vagina in T-mice and of all parts of the vagina in DHT-mice were approximately the same as in the controls until 20 or 30 days. The mitotic rates in the epithelium of the M\u00fcllerian vagina were markedly elevated in T-mice at 20 days of age and DHT-mice at 30 days, and thereafter remained almost unchanged until 60 days of age. These results were different from the findings in mice given neonatal injections with the dose of estradiol-17 beta (E) capable of estrogen-independent vaginal cornification (Iguchi et al., 1976). The present finding seem to indicate that the mechanism involved in the induction of estrogen-independent vaginal changes by neonatal administration of androgen (T, DHT) is different from that following neonatal treatment with estrogen (E), although androgen and estrogen act directly on the vaginal epithelium of neonates.", "contents": "Development of the vaginal epithelium showing estrogen-independent proliferation and cornification in neonatally androgenized mice. Female mice of the C57 Black/Tw strain given 5 daily injections with 100 microng testosterone (T) or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from the day of birth showed estrogen-independent persistent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium in adulthood. The vaginal epithelium of the mice was essentially similar to that of the controls in histological structure during or shortly after neonatal injections of the androgens. In T- and DHT-mice aged over 20 days, however, a marked proliferation with or without superficial cornification took place in the epithelium lining the proximal and middle parts of the vagina (M\u00fcllerian vagina), while neither proliferation nor cornification occurred in the epithelium of the distal vagina (urogenital sinus vagina). On the second day of postnatal life in mice given a single injection with T on the day of birth, the mitotic activity in the epithelium of the middle vagina was heightened, but it dropped to the control level on the third day and remained low until 20 days. By contrast, the mitotic rates in the epithelium of the rest of the vagina in T-mice and of all parts of the vagina in DHT-mice were approximately the same as in the controls until 20 or 30 days. The mitotic rates in the epithelium of the M\u00fcllerian vagina were markedly elevated in T-mice at 20 days of age and DHT-mice at 30 days, and thereafter remained almost unchanged until 60 days of age. These results were different from the findings in mice given neonatal injections with the dose of estradiol-17 beta (E) capable of estrogen-independent vaginal cornification (Iguchi et al., 1976). The present finding seem to indicate that the mechanism involved in the induction of estrogen-independent vaginal changes by neonatal administration of androgen (T, DHT) is different from that following neonatal treatment with estrogen (E), although androgen and estrogen act directly on the vaginal epithelium of neonates.", "PMID": 1024039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3755", "title": "Ultrastructural characteristics of the vaginal epithelium of neonatally estrogenized mice in response to subsequent estrogen treatment.", "content": "Adult mice which had received 10 daily injections of 20 microng estradiol beginning with the day of birth were in a \"persistent-estrous\" state, showing ovary-independent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium. Ultrastructural changes of the vaginal epithelium in neonatally estrogenized mice was examined after a single postpuberal injection of 10 microng estradiol and compared with those seen in normal mice to estrogen. In ovariectomized normal mice, the basal cells were round. The nucleus was polygonal and contained peripheral condensed chromatin. After estradiol treatment, the basal cells became columnar. The nucleus was round to oval, containing dispersed chromatin. In neonatally estrogenized ovariectomized mice, the basal layer of vaginal epithelium consisted of round cells with polygonal nuclei, much as in normal ovariectomized mice. The nucleus occupied a large area of the cytoplasm and contained prominent nucleoli. Intercellular spaces were moderately distended. Late estradiol treatment resulted in distended intercellular spaces and in the appearance of the other cell type along with round cells in the basal layers: the columnar cells containing an oval nucleus with dispersed chromatin, resembled the basal cells in normal ovariectomized mice receiving postpuberal estrogen injection. The intercellular spaces between the columnar cells were narrow compared with those between round cells. However, the nuclei of round cells still had prominent nucleoli and peripheral condensed chromatin regardless of subsequent estrogen treatment. This fact suggests that these nuclei do not respond to estrogen. These results clearly show that the vaginal epithelium of neonatally estrogenized mice with ovary-independent persistent cornification consists of a mixed population of cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characteristics of the vaginal epithelium of neonatally estrogenized mice in response to subsequent estrogen treatment. Adult mice which had received 10 daily injections of 20 microng estradiol beginning with the day of birth were in a \"persistent-estrous\" state, showing ovary-independent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium. Ultrastructural changes of the vaginal epithelium in neonatally estrogenized mice was examined after a single postpuberal injection of 10 microng estradiol and compared with those seen in normal mice to estrogen. In ovariectomized normal mice, the basal cells were round. The nucleus was polygonal and contained peripheral condensed chromatin. After estradiol treatment, the basal cells became columnar. The nucleus was round to oval, containing dispersed chromatin. In neonatally estrogenized ovariectomized mice, the basal layer of vaginal epithelium consisted of round cells with polygonal nuclei, much as in normal ovariectomized mice. The nucleus occupied a large area of the cytoplasm and contained prominent nucleoli. Intercellular spaces were moderately distended. Late estradiol treatment resulted in distended intercellular spaces and in the appearance of the other cell type along with round cells in the basal layers: the columnar cells containing an oval nucleus with dispersed chromatin, resembled the basal cells in normal ovariectomized mice receiving postpuberal estrogen injection. The intercellular spaces between the columnar cells were narrow compared with those between round cells. However, the nuclei of round cells still had prominent nucleoli and peripheral condensed chromatin regardless of subsequent estrogen treatment. This fact suggests that these nuclei do not respond to estrogen. These results clearly show that the vaginal epithelium of neonatally estrogenized mice with ovary-independent persistent cornification consists of a mixed population of cells.", "PMID": 1024040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3756", "title": "Clinical study on early changes in thyroid function of hyperthyroidism treated with propylthiouracil and a relatively small dose of iodide.", "content": "In order to compare the acute effects of three kinds of antithyroid agents of iodide (I-), propylthiouracil (PTU) and PTU combined with iodide (PTU+I-) on thyroid function in hyperthyroid patients with diffuse goiter, serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3-resin sponge uptake (T3-RU) and free thyroxine index (FT4I) were employed as thyroid function parameters. In the group given iodine (1 mg/day) as iodinated-lecithine, the initial values of T4, T3, T3-RU and FT4I were 20.9 +/- 1.6 microng/100 ml (T4), greater than 740 ng/100 ml (T3), 49.5 +/- 2.3% (T3-RU) and 14.7 +/- 1.8 (FT4I). At the end of one week of therapy, they decreased clearly to 15.6 +/- 2.2 microng/100 ml, 457 +/- 87 ng/100 ml, 42.2 +/- 4.0% and 9.7 +/- 2.4. The so-called \"escape phenomenon\" from iodide inhibition was observed in serum T4, T3-RU and FT4I values at the end of two weeks of iodide therapy, while serum T3 continued to decrease but the value of T3 was far outside of the normal range. In the PTU group (300 mg/day), thyroid function parameters were 22.5 +/- 0.8 microng/100 ml (T4), greater than 592 ng/100 ml (T3), 54.9 +/- 1.0% (T3-RU) and 18.7 +/- 1.0 (FT4I) before treatment. They decreased continually week by week. At the end of four-week treatment with PTU, the value of each thyroid function parameter was 11.1 +/- 1.9 microng/100 ml, 229 +/- 56 ng/100 ml, 36.6 +/- 4.4% and 5.7 +/- 1.7. In the group of hyperthyroidism simultaneously given both PTU and iodide (300 mg/PTU and 1 mg/iodine), these thyroid function parameters decreased as well as in the group treated with PTU alone for more than two weeks. More rapid or significant decrease of T4, T3, T3-RU and ft4i in PTU+I- group than in PTU group was observed in the present study. These results suggested strongly that iodide alone was not an adequate therapy for hyperthyroidism as well known and they were also compatible with the idea that the concomitant administration of PTU and iodide was more effective in the early phase of therapy of hyperthyroidism than PTU alone.", "contents": "Clinical study on early changes in thyroid function of hyperthyroidism treated with propylthiouracil and a relatively small dose of iodide. In order to compare the acute effects of three kinds of antithyroid agents of iodide (I-), propylthiouracil (PTU) and PTU combined with iodide (PTU+I-) on thyroid function in hyperthyroid patients with diffuse goiter, serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3-resin sponge uptake (T3-RU) and free thyroxine index (FT4I) were employed as thyroid function parameters. In the group given iodine (1 mg/day) as iodinated-lecithine, the initial values of T4, T3, T3-RU and FT4I were 20.9 +/- 1.6 microng/100 ml (T4), greater than 740 ng/100 ml (T3), 49.5 +/- 2.3% (T3-RU) and 14.7 +/- 1.8 (FT4I). At the end of one week of therapy, they decreased clearly to 15.6 +/- 2.2 microng/100 ml, 457 +/- 87 ng/100 ml, 42.2 +/- 4.0% and 9.7 +/- 2.4. The so-called \"escape phenomenon\" from iodide inhibition was observed in serum T4, T3-RU and FT4I values at the end of two weeks of iodide therapy, while serum T3 continued to decrease but the value of T3 was far outside of the normal range. In the PTU group (300 mg/day), thyroid function parameters were 22.5 +/- 0.8 microng/100 ml (T4), greater than 592 ng/100 ml (T3), 54.9 +/- 1.0% (T3-RU) and 18.7 +/- 1.0 (FT4I) before treatment. They decreased continually week by week. At the end of four-week treatment with PTU, the value of each thyroid function parameter was 11.1 +/- 1.9 microng/100 ml, 229 +/- 56 ng/100 ml, 36.6 +/- 4.4% and 5.7 +/- 1.7. In the group of hyperthyroidism simultaneously given both PTU and iodide (300 mg/PTU and 1 mg/iodine), these thyroid function parameters decreased as well as in the group treated with PTU alone for more than two weeks. More rapid or significant decrease of T4, T3, T3-RU and ft4i in PTU+I- group than in PTU group was observed in the present study. These results suggested strongly that iodide alone was not an adequate therapy for hyperthyroidism as well known and they were also compatible with the idea that the concomitant administration of PTU and iodide was more effective in the early phase of therapy of hyperthyroidism than PTU alone.", "PMID": 1024041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3757", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxycortisol using iodine-labeled tracer.", "content": "A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxycortisol was developed. The antiserum produced in rabbits by immunizing with a complex of 11-deoxycortisol-3-oxime and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has little cross-reactivity with other endogenous steroids. The immunoassay procedure requires only one-step ethanol denaturation of binding proteins in plasma and extraction by an organic solvent can be omitted. Furthermore, use of 125I-labeled tracer significantly simplify the counting procedure. The method is sensitive enough to detect 1 microng/100 ml of 11-deoxycortisol. Plasma 11-deoxycortisol levels measured by this method after the administration of a single dose of metyrapone ranged from 5.0 to 19.2 microng/100 ml, whereas they were 0 to 4.0 microng/100 ml in hypopituitary patients. It is concluded that this simple method is useful for the routine assay of plasma 11-deoxycortisol as a parameter of the metyrapone tests.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxycortisol using iodine-labeled tracer. A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for 11-deoxycortisol was developed. The antiserum produced in rabbits by immunizing with a complex of 11-deoxycortisol-3-oxime and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has little cross-reactivity with other endogenous steroids. The immunoassay procedure requires only one-step ethanol denaturation of binding proteins in plasma and extraction by an organic solvent can be omitted. Furthermore, use of 125I-labeled tracer significantly simplify the counting procedure. The method is sensitive enough to detect 1 microng/100 ml of 11-deoxycortisol. Plasma 11-deoxycortisol levels measured by this method after the administration of a single dose of metyrapone ranged from 5.0 to 19.2 microng/100 ml, whereas they were 0 to 4.0 microng/100 ml in hypopituitary patients. It is concluded that this simple method is useful for the routine assay of plasma 11-deoxycortisol as a parameter of the metyrapone tests.", "PMID": 1024042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3758", "title": "Aims, organization, and initial studies of the Cross-National Project.", "content": "The US-UK Cross-National Project is conducting a series of trans-Atlanti comparisons of psychiatric practice and psychiatric disorders. The inital studies investigated the large US-UK cross-national differences reported in the public mental hospital statistics on adult admission rates of schizophrenia and the manic-depressive disorders. Three general strategies were adopted: (1) semi-structured interviews with hospitalized patients aged 20-59 years; (2) rating of videotapes by samples of psychiatrists; and (3) systematic examination of case records. The results showed that routine hospital diagnoses were based on differing criteria in the two countries and it was this that accounted for the reported cross-national differences in admission rates. A method of making internationally reliable diagnoses was demonstrated.", "contents": "Aims, organization, and initial studies of the Cross-National Project. The US-UK Cross-National Project is conducting a series of trans-Atlanti comparisons of psychiatric practice and psychiatric disorders. The inital studies investigated the large US-UK cross-national differences reported in the public mental hospital statistics on adult admission rates of schizophrenia and the manic-depressive disorders. Three general strategies were adopted: (1) semi-structured interviews with hospitalized patients aged 20-59 years; (2) rating of videotapes by samples of psychiatrists; and (3) systematic examination of case records. The results showed that routine hospital diagnoses were based on differing criteria in the two countries and it was this that accounted for the reported cross-national differences in admission rates. A method of making internationally reliable diagnoses was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1024098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3759", "title": "Assessment of the older psychiatric inpatient.", "content": "Instruments, whether used in psychometrics or in other fields, must have a practical application if they are to repay the care spent in their use and development. The Geriatric Mental State schedule was developed in response to the need to answer the question whether functional psychiatric disorders were being misdiagnosed as organic brain syndrome and, if so, to what extent this influenced treatment and outcome. In the hospitals studied it was found that American psychiatrists were more likely to diagnose organic brain syndrome than British psychiatrists. Although elderly patients with affective disorder were less likely to be given American patients was as good, if not better, than the outcome in the British patients.", "contents": "Assessment of the older psychiatric inpatient. Instruments, whether used in psychometrics or in other fields, must have a practical application if they are to repay the care spent in their use and development. The Geriatric Mental State schedule was developed in response to the need to answer the question whether functional psychiatric disorders were being misdiagnosed as organic brain syndrome and, if so, to what extent this influenced treatment and outcome. In the hospitals studied it was found that American psychiatrists were more likely to diagnose organic brain syndrome than British psychiatrists. Although elderly patients with affective disorder were less likely to be given American patients was as good, if not better, than the outcome in the British patients.", "PMID": 1024099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3760", "title": "The geriatric mental status interview (GMS).", "content": "The Geriatric Mental Status interview (GMS) is a semi-structured interview technique for assessing psychopathology in elderly patients. It is administered by a trained interviewer in a session of less than one hour. Between 100 and 200 question are asked and almost 500 items are rated. Twenty-one factor scores have been identified and the reliability of the ratings has been established. The interview is acceptable to the patient and is useful for making diagnostic distinctions and evaluation progress", "contents": "The geriatric mental status interview (GMS). The Geriatric Mental Status interview (GMS) is a semi-structured interview technique for assessing psychopathology in elderly patients. It is administered by a trained interviewer in a session of less than one hour. Between 100 and 200 question are asked and almost 500 items are rated. Twenty-one factor scores have been identified and the reliability of the ratings has been established. The interview is acceptable to the patient and is useful for making diagnostic distinctions and evaluation progress", "PMID": 1024100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3761", "title": "Reliability of psychiatric assessment in older patients.", "content": "A number of the causes of psychiatric diagnostic disagreement are discussed in this paper. The use of the Geriatric Mental Status interview to achieve diagnostic reliability is examined in three studies in which U.S.--U.K. Cross-National Project psychiatrists rated and diagnosed thirty-two British and twenty-one American patients. There were no systematic differences between U.S. and U.K. team members in their diagnoses; and agreement on six principal diagnostic categories was achieved in about three-quarters of the cases. The reliability fo the ratings of psychopathology that formed the basis for the diagnoses was satisfactory and is reported in detail.", "contents": "Reliability of psychiatric assessment in older patients. A number of the causes of psychiatric diagnostic disagreement are discussed in this paper. The use of the Geriatric Mental Status interview to achieve diagnostic reliability is examined in three studies in which U.S.--U.K. Cross-National Project psychiatrists rated and diagnosed thirty-two British and twenty-one American patients. There were no systematic differences between U.S. and U.K. team members in their diagnoses; and agreement on six principal diagnostic categories was achieved in about three-quarters of the cases. The reliability fo the ratings of psychopathology that formed the basis for the diagnoses was satisfactory and is reported in detail.", "PMID": 1024101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3762", "title": "Distinctions between organic brain syndrome and functional psychiatric disorders: based on the geriatric mental state interview.", "content": "Discriminant function analysis was employed to study the ability of the Geriatric Mental Status interview to distinguish between patients diagnosed by the project as having an organic brain syndrome or a functional psychiatric disorder. In both New York and London, patients with organic brain syndrome scored significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than those with functional disorders on the factors of impaired memory, disorientation and incomprehensibility and significantly lower on the factors of depression and somatic concerns. Discriminant functions calculated from data on the New York and London patients separately significantly distinguished not only the patients on whom the functions were based but the patients in the other sample as well.", "contents": "Distinctions between organic brain syndrome and functional psychiatric disorders: based on the geriatric mental state interview. Discriminant function analysis was employed to study the ability of the Geriatric Mental Status interview to distinguish between patients diagnosed by the project as having an organic brain syndrome or a functional psychiatric disorder. In both New York and London, patients with organic brain syndrome scored significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than those with functional disorders on the factors of impaired memory, disorientation and incomprehensibility and significantly lower on the factors of depression and somatic concerns. Discriminant functions calculated from data on the New York and London patients separately significantly distinguished not only the patients on whom the functions were based but the patients in the other sample as well.", "PMID": 1024102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3763", "title": "The usefulness of a psychological test battery.", "content": "This paper discusses the usefulness of a battery of psychological tests administered to a group of psychiatric geriatric patients in New York and London, as an assessment of cognitive impairment. Two of the tests, the Paired Associate Learning Test, and the Digit Copying Test, were highly related to the diagnosis of organic brain syndrome or functional disorder made independently by a psychiatrist in a clinical interview. Prognostic predictions in disagreement cases were no better or no worse by psychiatric diagnosis than by psychological tests. Compared to a simple clinical test of disorientation derived from the psychiatric interview, psychological tests were more highly correlated to independent measures of patients' self-care capacity and duration of hospitalization, but equally related to psychiatric diagnosis. The verbal subtest proved to be the more useful of the psychological tests given. The logistics and difficulties of administering psychological tests to this specialized population are discussed, e.g. patients' physical limitations, communication problems; as well as efforts in this study to minimize these problems.", "contents": "The usefulness of a psychological test battery. This paper discusses the usefulness of a battery of psychological tests administered to a group of psychiatric geriatric patients in New York and London, as an assessment of cognitive impairment. Two of the tests, the Paired Associate Learning Test, and the Digit Copying Test, were highly related to the diagnosis of organic brain syndrome or functional disorder made independently by a psychiatrist in a clinical interview. Prognostic predictions in disagreement cases were no better or no worse by psychiatric diagnosis than by psychological tests. Compared to a simple clinical test of disorientation derived from the psychiatric interview, psychological tests were more highly correlated to independent measures of patients' self-care capacity and duration of hospitalization, but equally related to psychiatric diagnosis. The verbal subtest proved to be the more useful of the psychological tests given. The logistics and difficulties of administering psychological tests to this specialized population are discussed, e.g. patients' physical limitations, communication problems; as well as efforts in this study to minimize these problems.", "PMID": 1024103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3764", "title": "The performance test of activities of daily living.", "content": "A structured-performance test requiring patients to demonstrate selected activities of daily living was designed to objectively measure the self-care capacity of geriatric psychiatric patients. The background, rational, usefulness, and specific administration and scoring procedures are presented. The test is simple to administer and promises to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool.", "contents": "The performance test of activities of daily living. A structured-performance test requiring patients to demonstrate selected activities of daily living was designed to objectively measure the self-care capacity of geriatric psychiatric patients. The background, rational, usefulness, and specific administration and scoring procedures are presented. The test is simple to administer and promises to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool.", "PMID": 1024104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3765", "title": "A measure of the fulfillment of health needs.", "content": "Female patients, sixty-five of age and over, admitted to acute medical and psychiatric wards of a municipal hospital were observed directly and unobtrusively for a three hour time period every other day during the first two weeks of hospitalization. The behaviors of the patients and of those who interacted with them were recorded and later categorized according to fifteen activities defined as representing basic health needs. Behaviors were compared according to the outcome of hospitalization, discharge, transfer to another ward or institution, or death. Differences which distinguished patients who were discharged from those who died were found in the activities of movement, comunication, and learning. Behaviors observed at different points in time during hospitalization also were compared. This study is the first step in the development of an instrument to measure the perceived satisfaction of health needs of geriatric patients in institutions.", "contents": "A measure of the fulfillment of health needs. Female patients, sixty-five of age and over, admitted to acute medical and psychiatric wards of a municipal hospital were observed directly and unobtrusively for a three hour time period every other day during the first two weeks of hospitalization. The behaviors of the patients and of those who interacted with them were recorded and later categorized according to fifteen activities defined as representing basic health needs. Behaviors were compared according to the outcome of hospitalization, discharge, transfer to another ward or institution, or death. Differences which distinguished patients who were discharged from those who died were found in the activities of movement, comunication, and learning. Behaviors observed at different points in time during hospitalization also were compared. This study is the first step in the development of an instrument to measure the perceived satisfaction of health needs of geriatric patients in institutions.", "PMID": 1024105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3766", "title": "Axial deviations of the knee with secondary arthrosis. Correction by high osteotomy of the tibia and fibula.", "content": "The authors describe a surgical technique for high tibio-fibular osteotomy used eighty seven times to correct varus or valgus deviations causing arthrosis of the knee. Osteotomy of the tibia is carried out above the tibial tuberosity. Fixation is by two nails with a compression device. This allows immediate movement of the knee, thereby preventing stiffness. After forty five days the osteotomy is usually consolidated. Of the complications, only the neuro-muscular type is of importance and the possible causes of this are discussed. The overall results are good and the technique described has proved to be effective in the treatment of mechanical arthrosis of the knee.", "contents": "Axial deviations of the knee with secondary arthrosis. Correction by high osteotomy of the tibia and fibula. The authors describe a surgical technique for high tibio-fibular osteotomy used eighty seven times to correct varus or valgus deviations causing arthrosis of the knee. Osteotomy of the tibia is carried out above the tibial tuberosity. Fixation is by two nails with a compression device. This allows immediate movement of the knee, thereby preventing stiffness. After forty five days the osteotomy is usually consolidated. Of the complications, only the neuro-muscular type is of importance and the possible causes of this are discussed. The overall results are good and the technique described has proved to be effective in the treatment of mechanical arthrosis of the knee.", "PMID": 1024106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3767", "title": "Surgical treatment of poliomyelitic scoliosis.", "content": "Between 1968 and 1973 forty nine patients suffering from poliomyelitic scoliosis were treated surgically at the Rizzoli Institute. They were due to asymmetrical paralysis and contracture in the muscles of the trunk and limbs. Associated pathological conditions were found, such as pelvic obliquity, and vascular and trophic changes due to ganglionic lesions. The differing incidence and combination of these factors gave rise to various clinical types of spinal deformity. The average severity of curve was 39 degrees, the localisation was predominantly central, the average extent was ten vertebrae, and there was a marked predominance of right convexity (twenty nine out of thirty six). The rate of progression was maximum during puberty and almost negligible after bony maturity. It was greater in males and was unfavourably affected by the severity and asymmetrical distribution of the paralysis, by the early appearance of the disease, by high localisation of the deformity, and by the erect posture in patients who were ambulant. The most frequent visceral complications were in the respiratory system (ten patients with a deficit over 50%), followed by cardiac changes. Surgical treatment was adopted in patients with progressive curves over 60 degrees, because of the inevitable deterioration in their general condition and the tendency of the deformity to become fixed. Pre-operative correction by Halo-traction results (52% correction) than Risser plasters (38%). Posterior arthrodesis by Harrington's method was carried out in all the more recent cases (forty four). Post-operative plaster was maintained for eight months and then replaced by an orthopaedic corset. At bony maturity there was an averaged improvement of 35% in the angle of curvature, and an average improvement of 6% in vital capacity. The best corrections were obtained in patients under fourteen (42%), in dorso-lumbar scoliosis (40%) and in patients with curves above 100 degrees (38%). There was an average increase in height of 9.1 cms and a reduction in the gibbus of 3.4 cms. The complications included one traumatic pneumothorax, eight pseudarthroses, and breakage of the distraction rod in two cases resulting in complete relapse of the deformity. In six cases the upper hooks became loos and there were two cases of postoperative staphylococcal infection. In the distally sited curves our present policy is towards combining posterior arthrodesis with Dwyer's anterior interbody fusion.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of poliomyelitic scoliosis. Between 1968 and 1973 forty nine patients suffering from poliomyelitic scoliosis were treated surgically at the Rizzoli Institute. They were due to asymmetrical paralysis and contracture in the muscles of the trunk and limbs. Associated pathological conditions were found, such as pelvic obliquity, and vascular and trophic changes due to ganglionic lesions. The differing incidence and combination of these factors gave rise to various clinical types of spinal deformity. The average severity of curve was 39 degrees, the localisation was predominantly central, the average extent was ten vertebrae, and there was a marked predominance of right convexity (twenty nine out of thirty six). The rate of progression was maximum during puberty and almost negligible after bony maturity. It was greater in males and was unfavourably affected by the severity and asymmetrical distribution of the paralysis, by the early appearance of the disease, by high localisation of the deformity, and by the erect posture in patients who were ambulant. The most frequent visceral complications were in the respiratory system (ten patients with a deficit over 50%), followed by cardiac changes. Surgical treatment was adopted in patients with progressive curves over 60 degrees, because of the inevitable deterioration in their general condition and the tendency of the deformity to become fixed. Pre-operative correction by Halo-traction results (52% correction) than Risser plasters (38%). Posterior arthrodesis by Harrington's method was carried out in all the more recent cases (forty four). Post-operative plaster was maintained for eight months and then replaced by an orthopaedic corset. At bony maturity there was an averaged improvement of 35% in the angle of curvature, and an average improvement of 6% in vital capacity. The best corrections were obtained in patients under fourteen (42%), in dorso-lumbar scoliosis (40%) and in patients with curves above 100 degrees (38%). There was an average increase in height of 9.1 cms and a reduction in the gibbus of 3.4 cms. The complications included one traumatic pneumothorax, eight pseudarthroses, and breakage of the distraction rod in two cases resulting in complete relapse of the deformity. In six cases the upper hooks became loos and there were two cases of postoperative staphylococcal infection. In the distally sited curves our present policy is towards combining posterior arthrodesis with Dwyer's anterior interbody fusion.", "PMID": 1024107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3768", "title": "A new total knee prosthesis: the \"total-condylar\".", "content": "We have described the instrumentation and surgical technique of a new total knee prosthesis, the Total-Condylar, designed at the Hospital for Special Surgery (New York) and which we are the first to use in Italy. This prosthesis has evolved from the \"sliding\" prosthesis and seems to us to constitute a real step forward. The femoro-patellar compartment is completely substituted. The cruciate ligaments are removed, which markedly increases the possibility of correcting even severe deformities. The fixation of the tibial component is improved by the adoption of a short stem. The prosthesis has a certain intrinsic stability on weightbearing. The surgical technique is characterised by bone sections perpendicular to each other by the use of aligning instruments which simplify the operation. Our experience is just beginning (five cases) but our results so far are very encouraging and correspond to those reported in a very much larger series in the United States.", "contents": "A new total knee prosthesis: the \"total-condylar\". We have described the instrumentation and surgical technique of a new total knee prosthesis, the Total-Condylar, designed at the Hospital for Special Surgery (New York) and which we are the first to use in Italy. This prosthesis has evolved from the \"sliding\" prosthesis and seems to us to constitute a real step forward. The femoro-patellar compartment is completely substituted. The cruciate ligaments are removed, which markedly increases the possibility of correcting even severe deformities. The fixation of the tibial component is improved by the adoption of a short stem. The prosthesis has a certain intrinsic stability on weightbearing. The surgical technique is characterised by bone sections perpendicular to each other by the use of aligning instruments which simplify the operation. Our experience is just beginning (five cases) but our results so far are very encouraging and correspond to those reported in a very much larger series in the United States.", "PMID": 1024108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3769", "title": "Osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones a new clinical entity.", "content": "A new clinico-pathologic entity is described. It is defined as osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones, and is based on twenty two personal observations to which are added seventeen cases from the literature. This dysplasic congenital lesion is clearly differentiated from fibrous dysplasia by clinical, radiographic and histological characteristics and by its clinical course. These features may be summarised as follows: 1) Slight predominance of the male sex. 2) Very early age of onset either at birth or in the first years of life. 3) Site almost exclusively tibial, sometimes also in the fibula. Localisation predominantly in the middle third of the tibial diaphysis, but sometimes in the distal or proximal third. In the fibula, it is always at the distal third. 4) The lesion is painless and generally causes bony enlargement. There is often slight anterior bowling and more rarely, slight varus of valgus bowing. Pathological fracture may occur; rarely there is a pseudarthrosis. 5) The radiographic appearances are very characteristic, with enlargement of the bone, intracortical osteolytic lesions with thinning or disappearance of the external cortex, sclerotic reaction on the medullary aspect, and narrowing of the medullary canal. 6) The histological features are also typical, consisting of fibrous tissue enclosing bone trabeculae lined by osteoblasts and a \"zonal\" architectural pattern. 7) Sometimes the lesion tends to heal spontaneously in the very early years of life; in other cases it is moderatley progressive. It relapses frequently after curettage, but such recurrences are generally non-progressive. In some cases slight anterior bowing persists permanently. 8) Surgery should be restricted to patients over the age of five in whom the lesion is extensive, with imminent or actual pathological fracture, and to the rare cases of pseudarthrosis. The results are good even in cases of relapse or pseudarthrosis. The correction of residual bowing, if indicated, can safely be carried out with one or more osteotomies at the age of ten to twelve years.", "contents": "Osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones a new clinical entity. A new clinico-pathologic entity is described. It is defined as osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones, and is based on twenty two personal observations to which are added seventeen cases from the literature. This dysplasic congenital lesion is clearly differentiated from fibrous dysplasia by clinical, radiographic and histological characteristics and by its clinical course. These features may be summarised as follows: 1) Slight predominance of the male sex. 2) Very early age of onset either at birth or in the first years of life. 3) Site almost exclusively tibial, sometimes also in the fibula. Localisation predominantly in the middle third of the tibial diaphysis, but sometimes in the distal or proximal third. In the fibula, it is always at the distal third. 4) The lesion is painless and generally causes bony enlargement. There is often slight anterior bowling and more rarely, slight varus of valgus bowing. Pathological fracture may occur; rarely there is a pseudarthrosis. 5) The radiographic appearances are very characteristic, with enlargement of the bone, intracortical osteolytic lesions with thinning or disappearance of the external cortex, sclerotic reaction on the medullary aspect, and narrowing of the medullary canal. 6) The histological features are also typical, consisting of fibrous tissue enclosing bone trabeculae lined by osteoblasts and a \"zonal\" architectural pattern. 7) Sometimes the lesion tends to heal spontaneously in the very early years of life; in other cases it is moderatley progressive. It relapses frequently after curettage, but such recurrences are generally non-progressive. In some cases slight anterior bowing persists permanently. 8) Surgery should be restricted to patients over the age of five in whom the lesion is extensive, with imminent or actual pathological fracture, and to the rare cases of pseudarthrosis. The results are good even in cases of relapse or pseudarthrosis. The correction of residual bowing, if indicated, can safely be carried out with one or more osteotomies at the age of ten to twelve years.", "PMID": 1024109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3770", "title": "Gluteal fibrosis.", "content": "After reviewing the literature the authors discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of gluteal fibrosis. We believe that the condition occurs more frequently than is thought. If this is borne in mind when dealing with children from four to six years old, presenting with abnormal gaits, an early diagnosis can be made. As regards treatment, we agree with those authors who maintain that if diagnosed early the lesion can be treated successfully by physiotherapy alone. In more advanced cases, Z lengthening of the tendon is indicated.", "contents": "Gluteal fibrosis. After reviewing the literature the authors discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of gluteal fibrosis. We believe that the condition occurs more frequently than is thought. If this is borne in mind when dealing with children from four to six years old, presenting with abnormal gaits, an early diagnosis can be made. As regards treatment, we agree with those authors who maintain that if diagnosed early the lesion can be treated successfully by physiotherapy alone. In more advanced cases, Z lengthening of the tendon is indicated.", "PMID": 1024110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3771", "title": "Respiratory function in severe scoliosis before and after treatment (a review of 76 cases).", "content": "The authors carried out a study of respiratory function in seventy six patients suffering from severe scoliosis of different types; forty five idiopathic, sixteen poliemyelitic, ten congenital, and five neurofibromatosic. The age incidence was from a minimum of eleven years to a maximum of thirty three, with the average around fifteen years. The site of the deformity was predominantly dorsal (fifty cases), though there were also lumbar and dorso-lumbar types. The average angle of curvature (Cobb) before treatment was 110 degrees. Arthrodesis by the Harrington technique was carried out on all patients after correction with a Risser-type plaster in sixty nine cases, and Halo-traction in seven cases. The post operative period in plaster was about eight months. Spirometric tests were carried out before treatment, after preoperative correction, and two to three years after operation, always with the chest out of plaster. The results of these tests are expressed as percentage reductions in the maximum ventilation compared with the average normal values in the tables reported by Baldwin et al. (1948). The values obtained before commencing treatment showed that lumbar scoliosis even if very severe, never leads to severe respiratory deficits. There is no linear relationship between the severity of the curve and the respiratory deficit, though there is a general connection between them. Tests of respiratory function were carried out after corrective treatment, both before and after operation and at a two year follow up. There was an overall average improvement of 10% in the respiratory deficit, with a maximum of about 20% in a group of twenty two patients with the most severe deficit before commencing treatment. Follow-up three years after operation showed the improvement in respiratory fimction had been maintained. The authors conclude that arthrodesis by the Harrington technique does not diminish the respiratory gain achieved by pre-operative correction. On the contrary, it stabilises it and maintains it over the three year follow-up period of the present survey.", "contents": "Respiratory function in severe scoliosis before and after treatment (a review of 76 cases). The authors carried out a study of respiratory function in seventy six patients suffering from severe scoliosis of different types; forty five idiopathic, sixteen poliemyelitic, ten congenital, and five neurofibromatosic. The age incidence was from a minimum of eleven years to a maximum of thirty three, with the average around fifteen years. The site of the deformity was predominantly dorsal (fifty cases), though there were also lumbar and dorso-lumbar types. The average angle of curvature (Cobb) before treatment was 110 degrees. Arthrodesis by the Harrington technique was carried out on all patients after correction with a Risser-type plaster in sixty nine cases, and Halo-traction in seven cases. The post operative period in plaster was about eight months. Spirometric tests were carried out before treatment, after preoperative correction, and two to three years after operation, always with the chest out of plaster. The results of these tests are expressed as percentage reductions in the maximum ventilation compared with the average normal values in the tables reported by Baldwin et al. (1948). The values obtained before commencing treatment showed that lumbar scoliosis even if very severe, never leads to severe respiratory deficits. There is no linear relationship between the severity of the curve and the respiratory deficit, though there is a general connection between them. Tests of respiratory function were carried out after corrective treatment, both before and after operation and at a two year follow up. There was an overall average improvement of 10% in the respiratory deficit, with a maximum of about 20% in a group of twenty two patients with the most severe deficit before commencing treatment. Follow-up three years after operation showed the improvement in respiratory fimction had been maintained. The authors conclude that arthrodesis by the Harrington technique does not diminish the respiratory gain achieved by pre-operative correction. On the contrary, it stabilises it and maintains it over the three year follow-up period of the present survey.", "PMID": 1024111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3772", "title": "Reappraisal of the treatment of fractures of the calcaneus involving the subtalar joint.", "content": "From our findings it appears that no one method of treatment is infallible and that functional and anatomical restitutio ad integrum of the fractured heel cannot be obtained. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages and these are not only inherent in the method itself, but also depend on how it is applied. The treatment must be chosen according to the lesion and cannot be standardised because of the variable and complex nature of these fractures. Other factors to be considered are whether it is bilateral, whether there are multiple injuries, and the general condition of the patient etc. In fractures with depressions of the mixed horizontal type the Stulz method of treatment seems to be the best.", "contents": "Reappraisal of the treatment of fractures of the calcaneus involving the subtalar joint. From our findings it appears that no one method of treatment is infallible and that functional and anatomical restitutio ad integrum of the fractured heel cannot be obtained. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages and these are not only inherent in the method itself, but also depend on how it is applied. The treatment must be chosen according to the lesion and cannot be standardised because of the variable and complex nature of these fractures. Other factors to be considered are whether it is bilateral, whether there are multiple injuries, and the general condition of the patient etc. In fractures with depressions of the mixed horizontal type the Stulz method of treatment seems to be the best.", "PMID": 1024112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3773", "title": "Classification and treatment of intercondyloid fractures of the humerus.", "content": "The authors describe the satisfactory results obtained in sixteen intercondyloid fractures of the humerus, thirteen of which were treated surgically. The preference for surgical treatment in such fractures is based in the assumption that, as in all articular fractures, a good functional result can only be achieved if there is the most perfect possible reconstruction of the fragments and the joint surface. A classification is therefore suggested which is based not purely on anatomical criteria, but is also related to treatment and prognosis. The slendor nature of the distal end of the humerus and the danger of metal reaction call for the use of fixation devices that are efficient but slender, such as fine screws and crossed wires. The precise method of fixation is conditioned above all by the direction of the fracture lines. More solid fixation with early mobilisation can be achieved by compression screws, and less solid fixation with longer immobilisation is achieved by fixation with crossed Kirschner wires. Consequently, the more oblique types of fracture with fragments with long beaks that allow more stable fixation with compression screws have the more favourable prognosis. In the evaluation of results, the authors emphasize the importance of using parameters which take into account the functionally useful range of joint movement.", "contents": "Classification and treatment of intercondyloid fractures of the humerus. The authors describe the satisfactory results obtained in sixteen intercondyloid fractures of the humerus, thirteen of which were treated surgically. The preference for surgical treatment in such fractures is based in the assumption that, as in all articular fractures, a good functional result can only be achieved if there is the most perfect possible reconstruction of the fragments and the joint surface. A classification is therefore suggested which is based not purely on anatomical criteria, but is also related to treatment and prognosis. The slendor nature of the distal end of the humerus and the danger of metal reaction call for the use of fixation devices that are efficient but slender, such as fine screws and crossed wires. The precise method of fixation is conditioned above all by the direction of the fracture lines. More solid fixation with early mobilisation can be achieved by compression screws, and less solid fixation with longer immobilisation is achieved by fixation with crossed Kirschner wires. Consequently, the more oblique types of fracture with fragments with long beaks that allow more stable fixation with compression screws have the more favourable prognosis. In the evaluation of results, the authors emphasize the importance of using parameters which take into account the functionally useful range of joint movement.", "PMID": 1024113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3774", "title": "Intraosseus lipoma.", "content": "The authors present a case of intraosseus lipoma seen at the Orthopaedic Clinic of the University of Bari, bringing the total in the world literature to thirty cases. The tumour is a benign primary neoplasm of bone, made up of mature adipose tissue containing atrophic bone trabeculae. This affection is a definite entity quite distinct from parosteal lipomas arising in periosteum, fasciae and muscles which only affect the bone secondarily by compression or direct invasion. Emphasizing the extreme rarity of the tumour, the authors discuss its clinical, radiological, anatomical and pathological features. The differential diagnosis is with certain dysplasic and neoplastic lesions of bone such as: bone cyst, non-ossifying fibroma, aneurismal cyst, monostotic fibrous dysplasia, and solitary myeloma. Complete removal is followed by cure.", "contents": "Intraosseus lipoma. The authors present a case of intraosseus lipoma seen at the Orthopaedic Clinic of the University of Bari, bringing the total in the world literature to thirty cases. The tumour is a benign primary neoplasm of bone, made up of mature adipose tissue containing atrophic bone trabeculae. This affection is a definite entity quite distinct from parosteal lipomas arising in periosteum, fasciae and muscles which only affect the bone secondarily by compression or direct invasion. Emphasizing the extreme rarity of the tumour, the authors discuss its clinical, radiological, anatomical and pathological features. The differential diagnosis is with certain dysplasic and neoplastic lesions of bone such as: bone cyst, non-ossifying fibroma, aneurismal cyst, monostotic fibrous dysplasia, and solitary myeloma. Complete removal is followed by cure.", "PMID": 1024114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3775", "title": "Use of an ultrasonic blood flow monitor for determining fetal viability in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). A preliminary study.", "content": "Ultrasonic stethoscopy proved to be a reliable and convenient technique for determing fetal viability in Macaca mulatta. Examinations, begun at day 150 of gestation in 33 monkeys and between days 32 and 58 in four other animals, were repeated at intervals of one to seven days. The earliest time of detecting blood flow in the fetal placenta was 42 days of gestation, fetal heart sounds geing discerned later. Three types of fetal cardiac rhythms were recognized: (1) a constant rate during most of pregnancy, (2) fluctuations associated with uterine contractions during labor, and (3) sudden transient bradycardia during violent rotations of the cephalically presented fetus.", "contents": "Use of an ultrasonic blood flow monitor for determining fetal viability in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). A preliminary study. Ultrasonic stethoscopy proved to be a reliable and convenient technique for determing fetal viability in Macaca mulatta. Examinations, begun at day 150 of gestation in 33 monkeys and between days 32 and 58 in four other animals, were repeated at intervals of one to seven days. The earliest time of detecting blood flow in the fetal placenta was 42 days of gestation, fetal heart sounds geing discerned later. Three types of fetal cardiac rhythms were recognized: (1) a constant rate during most of pregnancy, (2) fluctuations associated with uterine contractions during labor, and (3) sudden transient bradycardia during violent rotations of the cephalically presented fetus.", "PMID": 1024119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3776", "title": "Antenal sex determination using amniotic fluid of the baboon (Papio sp.).", "content": "Antenatal determination of sex in the baboon was performed by evaluating the percentage of sex chromatin bodies present in the epithelial cells of amniotic fluid obtained during or immediately following cesarean section. Female sex chromatin patterns revealed a mean of 39.2% positive sex chromatin; the mean in males was less than 5%. This procedure is accurate and simple to perform.", "contents": "Antenal sex determination using amniotic fluid of the baboon (Papio sp.). Antenatal determination of sex in the baboon was performed by evaluating the percentage of sex chromatin bodies present in the epithelial cells of amniotic fluid obtained during or immediately following cesarean section. Female sex chromatin patterns revealed a mean of 39.2% positive sex chromatin; the mean in males was less than 5%. This procedure is accurate and simple to perform.", "PMID": 1024120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3777", "title": "Nature and origin of patterns of changes in cell shape in embryos.", "content": "Spatial patterns of the future elongation of cells exist in the early embryo. In the newt, such a pattern of changes of cell shape contributes to the formation of the neural plate. Regardless of where neural plate cells are transplanted, they change shape as prescribed by the pattern. Embryonic induction has a role in establishing this pattern.", "contents": "Nature and origin of patterns of changes in cell shape in embryos. Spatial patterns of the future elongation of cells exist in the early embryo. In the newt, such a pattern of changes of cell shape contributes to the formation of the neural plate. Regardless of where neural plate cells are transplanted, they change shape as prescribed by the pattern. Embryonic induction has a role in establishing this pattern.", "PMID": 1024122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3778", "title": "Surface architecture of the plant cell: biogenesis of the cell wall, with special emphasis on the role of the plasma membrane in cellulose biosynthesis.", "content": "Cell wall structure and biogenesis in the unicellular green alga, Oocystis apiculata, is described. The wall consists of an outer amorphous primary layer and an inner secondary layer of highly organized cellulosic microfibrils. The primary wall is deposited immediately after cytokinesis. Golgi-derived products contribute to this layer. Cortical microtubules underlie the plasma membrane immediately before and during primary wall formation. They function in maintaining the elliptical cell shape. Following primary wall synthesis, Golgi-derived materials accumulate on the cell surface to form the periplasmic layer. This layer functions in the deposition of coating and cross-linking substances which associate with cellulosic microfibrils of the incipient secondary wall. Secondary wall microfibrils are assembled in association with the plasma membrane. Freeze-etch preparations of untreated, living cells reveal linear terminal complexes in association with growing cellulosic microfibrils. These complexes are embedded in the EF fracture face of the plasma membrane. The newly synthesized microfibril lies in a groove of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The groove is decorated on the EF fracture face by perpendicular structures termed \"ridges\". The ridges interlink with definitive rows of particles associated withe PF fracture face of the innter leaflet of the plasma membrane. These particles are termed \"granule bands\", and they function in the orientation of the newly synthesized microfibrils. Microfibril development in relation to a coordinated multienzyme complex is discussed. The process of cell wall biogenesis in Oocystis is compared to that in higher plants.", "contents": "Surface architecture of the plant cell: biogenesis of the cell wall, with special emphasis on the role of the plasma membrane in cellulose biosynthesis. Cell wall structure and biogenesis in the unicellular green alga, Oocystis apiculata, is described. The wall consists of an outer amorphous primary layer and an inner secondary layer of highly organized cellulosic microfibrils. The primary wall is deposited immediately after cytokinesis. Golgi-derived products contribute to this layer. Cortical microtubules underlie the plasma membrane immediately before and during primary wall formation. They function in maintaining the elliptical cell shape. Following primary wall synthesis, Golgi-derived materials accumulate on the cell surface to form the periplasmic layer. This layer functions in the deposition of coating and cross-linking substances which associate with cellulosic microfibrils of the incipient secondary wall. Secondary wall microfibrils are assembled in association with the plasma membrane. Freeze-etch preparations of untreated, living cells reveal linear terminal complexes in association with growing cellulosic microfibrils. These complexes are embedded in the EF fracture face of the plasma membrane. The newly synthesized microfibril lies in a groove of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The groove is decorated on the EF fracture face by perpendicular structures termed \"ridges\". The ridges interlink with definitive rows of particles associated withe PF fracture face of the innter leaflet of the plasma membrane. These particles are termed \"granule bands\", and they function in the orientation of the newly synthesized microfibrils. Microfibril development in relation to a coordinated multienzyme complex is discussed. The process of cell wall biogenesis in Oocystis is compared to that in higher plants.", "PMID": 1024121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3779", "title": "Interactions of neurotoxins with the action potential NA + ionophore.", "content": "Four neurotoxins that activate the action potential Na+ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells interact with two distinct classes of sites, one specific for the alkaloids veratridine, batrachotoxin, and aconitine, and the second specific for scorpion toxin. Positive heterotropic cooperativity is observed between toxins bound at these two classes of sites. Tetrodotoxin, a specific inhibitor of the action potential Na+ current, inhibits activation by each of these toxins in a noncompetitive manner (KI=4-8 nM). These results suggest the existence of three functionally separable components of the action potential Na+ionophore: two regulatory components which bind activating neurotoxins and interact allosterically in controlling the activity of a third ion-transport component, which binds tetrodotoxin. The dissociation constant for scorpion toxin binding is increased 10-fold by depolarization of the cells with K+, suggesting that the scorpion toxin binding site is located on a voltage-sensitive regulatory component of the ionophore.", "contents": "Interactions of neurotoxins with the action potential NA + ionophore. Four neurotoxins that activate the action potential Na+ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells interact with two distinct classes of sites, one specific for the alkaloids veratridine, batrachotoxin, and aconitine, and the second specific for scorpion toxin. Positive heterotropic cooperativity is observed between toxins bound at these two classes of sites. Tetrodotoxin, a specific inhibitor of the action potential Na+ current, inhibits activation by each of these toxins in a noncompetitive manner (KI=4-8 nM). These results suggest the existence of three functionally separable components of the action potential Na+ionophore: two regulatory components which bind activating neurotoxins and interact allosterically in controlling the activity of a third ion-transport component, which binds tetrodotoxin. The dissociation constant for scorpion toxin binding is increased 10-fold by depolarization of the cells with K+, suggesting that the scorpion toxin binding site is located on a voltage-sensitive regulatory component of the ionophore.", "PMID": 1024123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3780", "title": "Interaction of charged lipid vesicles with planar bilayer lipid membranes: detection by antibiotic membrane probes.", "content": "A technique has been developed for monitoring the interaction of charged phospholipid vesicles with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) by use of the antibiotics Valinomycin, Nonactin, and Monazomycin as surface-charge probes. Anionic phosphatidylserine vesicles, when added to one aqueous compartment of a BLM, are shown to impart negative surface charge to zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. The surface charge is distributed asymmetrically, mainly on the vesicular side of the BLM, and is not removed by exchange of the vesicular aqueous solution. Possible mechanisms for the vesicle-BLM interactions are  discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of charged lipid vesicles with planar bilayer lipid membranes: detection by antibiotic membrane probes. A technique has been developed for monitoring the interaction of charged phospholipid vesicles with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) by use of the antibiotics Valinomycin, Nonactin, and Monazomycin as surface-charge probes. Anionic phosphatidylserine vesicles, when added to one aqueous compartment of a BLM, are shown to impart negative surface charge to zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. The surface charge is distributed asymmetrically, mainly on the vesicular side of the BLM, and is not removed by exchange of the vesicular aqueous solution. Possible mechanisms for the vesicle-BLM interactions are  discussed.", "PMID": 1024124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3781", "title": "Clinical uses of frozen-thawed erythrocytes in pediatrics.", "content": "Frozen red cells have a definite place in the mangement of a transfusion service even if one does not include its originally intended use -- inventory control. Undoubtedly, the benefits achieved from frozen red cells can be accomplished in less expensive ways. However the growth in transsplantion and intensive chemotherapy with its concommiatant uses of granulocyte and platelet support predict a greater upsurge in the use of frozen red cells in the very near future.", "contents": "Clinical uses of frozen-thawed erythrocytes in pediatrics. Frozen red cells have a definite place in the mangement of a transfusion service even if one does not include its originally intended use -- inventory control. Undoubtedly, the benefits achieved from frozen red cells can be accomplished in less expensive ways. However the growth in transsplantion and intensive chemotherapy with its concommiatant uses of granulocyte and platelet support predict a greater upsurge in the use of frozen red cells in the very near future.", "PMID": 1024224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3782", "title": "Comparative cytogenetic and cytologic study in malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The possibility of a cytogenetic-cytologic correlation with implications in the diagnosis, evolutivity and prognosis of malignant lymphomas was studied. Cytogenetic investigations were carried out comparatively in the lymph node and spleen lymphoid cells from 25 patients with malignant lymphomas and in normal subjects or patients with malignant tumors. The dominant malignant cellular type was found to correspond genotypically to the abnormal clone. In lymphomas with more differentiated cells the chormosomal abnormalities were limited to a single chromosomal group, while in those with less differentiated cells there were many clonal chromozomal abnormalities. The pathogenic significance of an extra-chromosome in the C-group (observed in most of the cases) is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative cytogenetic and cytologic study in malignant lymphomas. The possibility of a cytogenetic-cytologic correlation with implications in the diagnosis, evolutivity and prognosis of malignant lymphomas was studied. Cytogenetic investigations were carried out comparatively in the lymph node and spleen lymphoid cells from 25 patients with malignant lymphomas and in normal subjects or patients with malignant tumors. The dominant malignant cellular type was found to correspond genotypically to the abnormal clone. In lymphomas with more differentiated cells the chormosomal abnormalities were limited to a single chromosomal group, while in those with less differentiated cells there were many clonal chromozomal abnormalities. The pathogenic significance of an extra-chromosome in the C-group (observed in most of the cases) is discussed.", "PMID": 1024250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3783", "title": "Results obtained with the weight reducing regimens by varying the dietary caloric values.", "content": "Eleven grossely obese females were placed successively on a 4 day total fasting diet, a 4-5 day hypocaloric diet of 220 calories consisting exclusively of proteins and finally a 450 mixed calorie diet consisting of 15 g carbohydrates, 30 g proteins and 30 g lipids. At the beginning of the study and at the end of every dietary period, the weight free fatty acids, plasma glycerol, insulinemia, and growth hormone were measured and estimated. The nonsignificant changes of the biologic parameters investigated have led the authors to the conclusion that the 450 mixed calorie diet suggested by them is more favourable being better accepted by the patients and therefore more easy to maintain for a longer period of time even by out patients.", "contents": "Results obtained with the weight reducing regimens by varying the dietary caloric values. Eleven grossely obese females were placed successively on a 4 day total fasting diet, a 4-5 day hypocaloric diet of 220 calories consisting exclusively of proteins and finally a 450 mixed calorie diet consisting of 15 g carbohydrates, 30 g proteins and 30 g lipids. At the beginning of the study and at the end of every dietary period, the weight free fatty acids, plasma glycerol, insulinemia, and growth hormone were measured and estimated. The nonsignificant changes of the biologic parameters investigated have led the authors to the conclusion that the 450 mixed calorie diet suggested by them is more favourable being better accepted by the patients and therefore more easy to maintain for a longer period of time even by out patients.", "PMID": 1024252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3784", "title": "Angiotensin II. Vascular reactivity and humoral effects.", "content": "The vasopressor response to angiotensin II was found useful in the differential diagnosis of arterial hypertension and for a better understanding of its pathogenesis. Sodium supply was proved to influence significantly the pressor response to angiotensin II and not that to noradrenaline thus implying the presence of arterial receptors which bind angiotensin specifically. Angiotensin caused an increase of the urinary excretion of electrolytes in hypertensive patients and a decreased electrolyte excretion in normotensives. In most hypertensive patients angiotensin was found to decrease the plasma angiotensinogen and to activate the bradykinin-bradykininogen and fibrinolytic systems. In the presence of urinary infection angiotensin increased the platelet adhesiveness and the thrombelastographic changes proved that in this condition angiotensin increases the tendency to thrombosis.", "contents": "Angiotensin II. Vascular reactivity and humoral effects. The vasopressor response to angiotensin II was found useful in the differential diagnosis of arterial hypertension and for a better understanding of its pathogenesis. Sodium supply was proved to influence significantly the pressor response to angiotensin II and not that to noradrenaline thus implying the presence of arterial receptors which bind angiotensin specifically. Angiotensin caused an increase of the urinary excretion of electrolytes in hypertensive patients and a decreased electrolyte excretion in normotensives. In most hypertensive patients angiotensin was found to decrease the plasma angiotensinogen and to activate the bradykinin-bradykininogen and fibrinolytic systems. In the presence of urinary infection angiotensin increased the platelet adhesiveness and the thrombelastographic changes proved that in this condition angiotensin increases the tendency to thrombosis.", "PMID": 1024254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3785", "title": "Is rehabilitation of patients with chronic bronchial asthma possible.", "content": "Based on his own experience and on the data in the literature the author considers that rehabilitation of adults with chronic bronchial asthma is possible at any stage of disease if there are no complications or morbid associations to prevent it. Rehabilitation of chronic asthmatic patients requires the close collaboration of several specialists such as allergologists, chest physicians, psychologists, physical therapists, balneologists, etc. Rehabilitation in asthmatic patients may only be considered successful if they resume full-time work (in case they had been in receipt of compensation), if the medical leaves are fewer and shorter and if the drug therapy is reduced or null. The author considers that since bronchial asthma in the whole population of Romania has an incidence of 2.3-2.9% rehabilitation, though costly and sometimes \"desperate\", is still worth while trying for its medical, economical and psychological implications.", "contents": "Is rehabilitation of patients with chronic bronchial asthma possible. Based on his own experience and on the data in the literature the author considers that rehabilitation of adults with chronic bronchial asthma is possible at any stage of disease if there are no complications or morbid associations to prevent it. Rehabilitation of chronic asthmatic patients requires the close collaboration of several specialists such as allergologists, chest physicians, psychologists, physical therapists, balneologists, etc. Rehabilitation in asthmatic patients may only be considered successful if they resume full-time work (in case they had been in receipt of compensation), if the medical leaves are fewer and shorter and if the drug therapy is reduced or null. The author considers that since bronchial asthma in the whole population of Romania has an incidence of 2.3-2.9% rehabilitation, though costly and sometimes \"desperate\", is still worth while trying for its medical, economical and psychological implications.", "PMID": 1024256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3786", "title": "Breathlessness and blood oxygen tension in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.", "content": "The dyspnea grade (MRC scale) was confronted with the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) measured at rest in a group of 51 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease with moderate or severe impairment of ventilatory function (FEV 1.0 less than 1.5 1). For the group as a whole no correlation was found, but in the \"bronchitic\" subgroup (clinical-roentgenologic and biologic criteria) a tendency of PaO2 to decrease with the increase in dyspnea severity was apparent. The linear correlation coefficient did not attain the significance threshold owing to the limited number of observations (r = 0.46; p greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Breathlessness and blood oxygen tension in patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The dyspnea grade (MRC scale) was confronted with the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) measured at rest in a group of 51 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease with moderate or severe impairment of ventilatory function (FEV 1.0 less than 1.5 1). For the group as a whole no correlation was found, but in the \"bronchitic\" subgroup (clinical-roentgenologic and biologic criteria) a tendency of PaO2 to decrease with the increase in dyspnea severity was apparent. The linear correlation coefficient did not attain the significance threshold owing to the limited number of observations (r = 0.46; p greater than 0.05).", "PMID": 1024258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3787", "title": "Transfer factor for the lung, airway obstruction and hyperinflation in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.", "content": "The interrelationships of breath holding lung transfer factor (TCO) and transfer coefficient (KCO) with ventilatory obstruction (FEV1.0) and FEV1.0/VC) and hyperinflation (RV and RV/TLC) were studied in 37 patients with chronic nonspecific lung disease with a FEV1.0 of 1.5 litre or less classified as \"bronchitic\", \"emphysematous\" or \"intermediate\" according to Nash, Briscoe and Cournand (1965). No relationships could be found between TCO and airway obstruction or hyperinflation. KCO tended to decrease as RV increased (r=-0.26) and was weakly related to the FEV1.0/VC ratio in \"intermediate\" (r=0.34) and \"emphysema\" (r=0.29) patients but these relationships were nonsignificant.", "contents": "Transfer factor for the lung, airway obstruction and hyperinflation in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The interrelationships of breath holding lung transfer factor (TCO) and transfer coefficient (KCO) with ventilatory obstruction (FEV1.0) and FEV1.0/VC) and hyperinflation (RV and RV/TLC) were studied in 37 patients with chronic nonspecific lung disease with a FEV1.0 of 1.5 litre or less classified as \"bronchitic\", \"emphysematous\" or \"intermediate\" according to Nash, Briscoe and Cournand (1965). No relationships could be found between TCO and airway obstruction or hyperinflation. KCO tended to decrease as RV increased (r=-0.26) and was weakly related to the FEV1.0/VC ratio in \"intermediate\" (r=0.34) and \"emphysema\" (r=0.29) patients but these relationships were nonsignificant.", "PMID": 1024251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3788", "title": "Spontaneous aorta and coronary lesions in mountain mammals. I. The Carpathian deer (Cervus elaphus).", "content": "Arterial lesions were investigated in 48 adult wild Carpathian deers (Cervus elaphus). Aortas from 36 animals and fragments from the main coronary trunks of all the animals were studied histologically and histochemically. In 44.4% of the animals the specimens studied presented gross intimal lesions in the aorta consisting histologically of fibrous plaques (especially situated in the thoracic segment) and/or intimal musculo-elastic thickenings with lipid deposits or fatty streaks (especially in the abdominal segments). In only 5 of the 48 animals the coronary arteries presented slight intimal thickenings, free of lipids. The results obtained are discussed in relation with the possible effect of natural nutrition.", "contents": "Spontaneous aorta and coronary lesions in mountain mammals. I. The Carpathian deer (Cervus elaphus). Arterial lesions were investigated in 48 adult wild Carpathian deers (Cervus elaphus). Aortas from 36 animals and fragments from the main coronary trunks of all the animals were studied histologically and histochemically. In 44.4% of the animals the specimens studied presented gross intimal lesions in the aorta consisting histologically of fibrous plaques (especially situated in the thoracic segment) and/or intimal musculo-elastic thickenings with lipid deposits or fatty streaks (especially in the abdominal segments). In only 5 of the 48 animals the coronary arteries presented slight intimal thickenings, free of lipids. The results obtained are discussed in relation with the possible effect of natural nutrition.", "PMID": 1024259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3789", "title": "The monophasic action potentials of the intact canine heart.", "content": "Monophasic action potentials were recorded in 7 mongrel dogs, endocavitarily, from heart in situ and from the epicardial surface with open chest thus revealing the characteristic configuration of the different chambers. The duration of the monophasic action potential showed a good correlation with the cycle length, demonstrated during endocavitary electrostimulation.", "contents": "The monophasic action potentials of the intact canine heart. Monophasic action potentials were recorded in 7 mongrel dogs, endocavitarily, from heart in situ and from the epicardial surface with open chest thus revealing the characteristic configuration of the different chambers. The duration of the monophasic action potential showed a good correlation with the cycle length, demonstrated during endocavitary electrostimulation.", "PMID": 1024253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3790", "title": "Disturbances of cellular immunity in rheumatic fever.", "content": "The alteration of cellular reactivity was investigated in 20 patients with rheumatic fever at the first rheumatic attack or in relapse with confirmed heart damage. The results obtained by studying in parallel ESR, the ASLO titer, IDR to streptococci and the degree of leukocyte migration inhibition proved that the onset of rheumatic attack was preceded by a deep disturbance of the cellular immunity. The migration inhibition values were between 50 and 60% (as compared with 10% in the normal controls) in over 85% of the patients investigated. It is emphasized that the selection of cases of streptococcal angina should be made very carefully and that sometimes it is necessary to use a more specific method for the detection of rheumatic fever in its preclinical stage.", "contents": "Disturbances of cellular immunity in rheumatic fever. The alteration of cellular reactivity was investigated in 20 patients with rheumatic fever at the first rheumatic attack or in relapse with confirmed heart damage. The results obtained by studying in parallel ESR, the ASLO titer, IDR to streptococci and the degree of leukocyte migration inhibition proved that the onset of rheumatic attack was preceded by a deep disturbance of the cellular immunity. The migration inhibition values were between 50 and 60% (as compared with 10% in the normal controls) in over 85% of the patients investigated. It is emphasized that the selection of cases of streptococcal angina should be made very carefully and that sometimes it is necessary to use a more specific method for the detection of rheumatic fever in its preclinical stage.", "PMID": 1024260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3791", "title": "Electrocardiographic diagnosis of experimentally-induced myocardial infarction during cardiac electrostimulation.", "content": "The sequential ECG changes were studied by the Sodi-Pallares' method in 10 dogs before and after experimentally induced myocardial infarction of the left ventricle during right and left artificial stimulation. Right ventricular endocardial stimulation produced patterns of left bundle branch block in 9 dogs and of right bundle branch block in one, while left ventricular stimulation caused right bundle branche block patterns in 9 animals. Records during right ventricular stimulation after myocardial infarction showed in the peripheral leads myocardial necrosis only in two animals, while in the epicardial leads necrosis was certain in 2 animals (Q wave) probable in 6 (S-T segment elevation) and suggestive in 2 (T wave negativity). Myocardial necrosis during left ventricular stimulation was evident in the peripheral leads in 2 animals, probable in 6 and suggestive in one. The experimental data suggest that myocardial necrosis can be diagnosed in some cases during right and left ventricular artificial stimulation.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic diagnosis of experimentally-induced myocardial infarction during cardiac electrostimulation. The sequential ECG changes were studied by the Sodi-Pallares' method in 10 dogs before and after experimentally induced myocardial infarction of the left ventricle during right and left artificial stimulation. Right ventricular endocardial stimulation produced patterns of left bundle branch block in 9 dogs and of right bundle branch block in one, while left ventricular stimulation caused right bundle branche block patterns in 9 animals. Records during right ventricular stimulation after myocardial infarction showed in the peripheral leads myocardial necrosis only in two animals, while in the epicardial leads necrosis was certain in 2 animals (Q wave) probable in 6 (S-T segment elevation) and suggestive in 2 (T wave negativity). Myocardial necrosis during left ventricular stimulation was evident in the peripheral leads in 2 animals, probable in 6 and suggestive in one. The experimental data suggest that myocardial necrosis can be diagnosed in some cases during right and left ventricular artificial stimulation.", "PMID": 1024261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3792", "title": "[Isolation of carotenoid-containing subcellular structures from mollusk nerve tissue].", "content": "A subcellular fraction with a high share of carotenoids (about 150 mkg/mg of protein) was obtained from the nerve tissue of Lymnaea stagnalis, the fractionation being made by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The quantity of carotenoids extracted from fractions was estimated spectrophotometrically. The electron microscope observations demonstrated the presence of structures analogous to fraction components in the mollusc neurones and similar to some kinds of plant chromplasts (carotenoidplasts).", "contents": "[Isolation of carotenoid-containing subcellular structures from mollusk nerve tissue]. A subcellular fraction with a high share of carotenoids (about 150 mkg/mg of protein) was obtained from the nerve tissue of Lymnaea stagnalis, the fractionation being made by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The quantity of carotenoids extracted from fractions was estimated spectrophotometrically. The electron microscope observations demonstrated the presence of structures analogous to fraction components in the mollusc neurones and similar to some kinds of plant chromplasts (carotenoidplasts).", "PMID": 1024306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3793", "title": "[Disruption of myofibrils during spreading degeneration. I. Increased Ca2+ concentration].", "content": "The breakdown of sarcomeres of frog's twitch skeletal muscles during Zenker's (spreading) degeneration has been studied. The speed of propagation of the destruction process was accelerated by increasing CaCl2 concentration in Ringer's solution up to 8mM. An hour after local injury, the fibres were fixed just before separation of the next retraction clot or at the stage of granular destruction (Fig. 1). The dominating features of the ultrastructure of a fibre at the necrotic boundary are the coagulation of small bundles of supercontracted myofibrils and breakdown of uncontracted sarcomeres into separate A- and I-bands and then into small bundles of A- and I-protofibrils (Fig. 2,3). The same breakdown of sarcomers is observed in several small regions at a distance of about 100 micron from the necrotic boundary (Fig. 5). Besides this, fusion of a few myofibrils followed by the disappearence of M- and Z-bands occurs in the same region of the fibre (Fig. 4, 6). The diameter of the majority of myofibrils decreases towards the necrotic boundary due to longitudinal splitting and loss of peripheral protofibrils, presumably, as a result of lysis (Fig. 7).", "contents": "[Disruption of myofibrils during spreading degeneration. I. Increased Ca2+ concentration]. The breakdown of sarcomeres of frog's twitch skeletal muscles during Zenker's (spreading) degeneration has been studied. The speed of propagation of the destruction process was accelerated by increasing CaCl2 concentration in Ringer's solution up to 8mM. An hour after local injury, the fibres were fixed just before separation of the next retraction clot or at the stage of granular destruction (Fig. 1). The dominating features of the ultrastructure of a fibre at the necrotic boundary are the coagulation of small bundles of supercontracted myofibrils and breakdown of uncontracted sarcomeres into separate A- and I-bands and then into small bundles of A- and I-protofibrils (Fig. 2,3). The same breakdown of sarcomers is observed in several small regions at a distance of about 100 micron from the necrotic boundary (Fig. 5). Besides this, fusion of a few myofibrils followed by the disappearence of M- and Z-bands occurs in the same region of the fibre (Fig. 4, 6). The diameter of the majority of myofibrils decreases towards the necrotic boundary due to longitudinal splitting and loss of peripheral protofibrils, presumably, as a result of lysis (Fig. 7).", "PMID": 1024307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3794", "title": "[Modeling changes in the muscle fiber T-system during direct current flow].", "content": "Quantitative calculations of the dynamics of changes in K+, Na+, and Cl- concentrations in the T-system (TS) with changeable volume have been made using the computer \"Dniepr-24\". It was assumed that the current is transferred throught the TS membrane by K+ and in the lumen of the TS by K+, Na+ and Cl- ions in accordance with their mobilities and concentrations. The model predicts the accumulation of salt and water in the TS at the site of outgoing current. The swelling of TS due to DC effect according to the model was found to be about 9 and 18% for the current densities of 0.39 X 10(-8) a- cm-2 and 2.34 X 10(-8) a-cm-2, resp. The model shows that changes in the ion concentration and in the TS volume with current densities used experimentally reach a steady-state level. The increase of the current by almost 4 times, according to the model, suggests some disturbance in the steady-state and in the TS swelling comparable with experimental observations of vacuole formation.", "contents": "[Modeling changes in the muscle fiber T-system during direct current flow]. Quantitative calculations of the dynamics of changes in K+, Na+, and Cl- concentrations in the T-system (TS) with changeable volume have been made using the computer \"Dniepr-24\". It was assumed that the current is transferred throught the TS membrane by K+ and in the lumen of the TS by K+, Na+ and Cl- ions in accordance with their mobilities and concentrations. The model predicts the accumulation of salt and water in the TS at the site of outgoing current. The swelling of TS due to DC effect according to the model was found to be about 9 and 18% for the current densities of 0.39 X 10(-8) a- cm-2 and 2.34 X 10(-8) a-cm-2, resp. The model shows that changes in the ion concentration and in the TS volume with current densities used experimentally reach a steady-state level. The increase of the current by almost 4 times, according to the model, suggests some disturbance in the steady-state and in the TS swelling comparable with experimental observations of vacuole formation.", "PMID": 1024308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3795", "title": "[Effect of weak doses of ethyl alcohol on the resistance of the frog sartorius to injurious concentrations of that substance].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of preliminary maintenance of m. sartorius of the grass frog in 0.87 M and 1.09 M ethyl alcohol on their resistance to 3.48 M ethyl alcohol. The maintenance of muscle tissue in 0.87 M and 1.09 M ethyl alcohol for periods, ranging from 15 min. to 2 hours, in different series of experiments led to the increase in its resistance to 3.48 M alcohol by 11--24% as compared with the initial one. The value of increase in resistance depended on the concentration of the agent studied, the duration of maintenance, and of the season. A study of non-specificity of the adaptive effect of low alcohol decreased their resistance to 0.12 M NaF by 33.3% (P less than 0.05) The same concentration of ethyl alcohol applied for periods from 15 mintes to 2 hours either caused no change or decreased significantly the resistance of muscle tissue to the temperature 36 degrees C. This effect of decrease in resistance was even more significant when the resistance to 38 degrees C was challenged. The range of individual variability of resistance of muscles to 3.48 M alcohol and 36 degrees showns that its values in the control and in the experiment are similar.", "contents": "[Effect of weak doses of ethyl alcohol on the resistance of the frog sartorius to injurious concentrations of that substance]. A study was made of the effect of preliminary maintenance of m. sartorius of the grass frog in 0.87 M and 1.09 M ethyl alcohol on their resistance to 3.48 M ethyl alcohol. The maintenance of muscle tissue in 0.87 M and 1.09 M ethyl alcohol for periods, ranging from 15 min. to 2 hours, in different series of experiments led to the increase in its resistance to 3.48 M alcohol by 11--24% as compared with the initial one. The value of increase in resistance depended on the concentration of the agent studied, the duration of maintenance, and of the season. A study of non-specificity of the adaptive effect of low alcohol decreased their resistance to 0.12 M NaF by 33.3% (P less than 0.05) The same concentration of ethyl alcohol applied for periods from 15 mintes to 2 hours either caused no change or decreased significantly the resistance of muscle tissue to the temperature 36 degrees C. This effect of decrease in resistance was even more significant when the resistance to 38 degrees C was challenged. The range of individual variability of resistance of muscles to 3.48 M alcohol and 36 degrees showns that its values in the control and in the experiment are similar.", "PMID": 1024309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3796", "title": "[Ovum lipids of placental mammals].", "content": "Morphocytochemical peculiarities of lipids from oocytes of some mammals and man were studied. The human oocytes, according to the structure and content of yolk, bear a close relation to a hare and a rabbit much differing from gametes of predatory animals (dog, cat), artiodactyla (sow), rodents (golden hamster). By thin layer chromatography on silicagel, a detailed lipid composition was established in the rabbit's oocytes, with neutral lipid and phospholipids (kefalin, lecitin, sfingomyelin) dominating. In addition, cholesterin was found.", "contents": "[Ovum lipids of placental mammals]. Morphocytochemical peculiarities of lipids from oocytes of some mammals and man were studied. The human oocytes, according to the structure and content of yolk, bear a close relation to a hare and a rabbit much differing from gametes of predatory animals (dog, cat), artiodactyla (sow), rodents (golden hamster). By thin layer chromatography on silicagel, a detailed lipid composition was established in the rabbit's oocytes, with neutral lipid and phospholipids (kefalin, lecitin, sfingomyelin) dominating. In addition, cholesterin was found.", "PMID": 1024311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3797", "title": "[DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in cells of regenerating rat liver following x-irradiation in stages GO and Gl].", "content": "Effect of X-rays on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity of regenerating liver cells has been studied. The irradiation was performed at a dose of 630 rad before hepatectomy and 2.5 and 6 hours after the stimulation of liver. With the stimulated liver being irradiated, the number of cells synthetizing DNA and entering into mitosis was seen reduced almost twice, whereas DNA synthesis and entering into mitosis were delayed, resp., by 4 and 6 hours. Irradiation of liver before the stimulation brings about a delay in DNA synthesis and in start of mitosis by 2 and 4 hours, resp., without reducing the numbers of cells capable to synthesize DNA and to enter mitosis.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in cells of regenerating rat liver following x-irradiation in stages GO and Gl]. Effect of X-rays on DNA synthesis and mitotic activity of regenerating liver cells has been studied. The irradiation was performed at a dose of 630 rad before hepatectomy and 2.5 and 6 hours after the stimulation of liver. With the stimulated liver being irradiated, the number of cells synthetizing DNA and entering into mitosis was seen reduced almost twice, whereas DNA synthesis and entering into mitosis were delayed, resp., by 4 and 6 hours. Irradiation of liver before the stimulation brings about a delay in DNA synthesis and in start of mitosis by 2 and 4 hours, resp., without reducing the numbers of cells capable to synthesize DNA and to enter mitosis.", "PMID": 1024312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3798", "title": "[Mechanism of functional adaptation of intestinal epithelial cells].", "content": "Using preparations of exogenous DNA and products of its in complete degradation, the causes leading to the compensatory changes of the share of membrane hydrolysus in the total invertase activity of the irradiated rat's intestinal epithelial were analysed experimentally. It is shown that the factor stimulating the enzyme redistribution towards the brush border zone is not the amount of mature villous cells, but the level of mitotic activity in crypts.", "contents": "[Mechanism of functional adaptation of intestinal epithelial cells]. Using preparations of exogenous DNA and products of its in complete degradation, the causes leading to the compensatory changes of the share of membrane hydrolysus in the total invertase activity of the irradiated rat's intestinal epithelial were analysed experimentally. It is shown that the factor stimulating the enzyme redistribution towards the brush border zone is not the amount of mature villous cells, but the level of mitotic activity in crypts.", "PMID": 1024313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3799", "title": "[Metabolic features of the liver and spleen and antibody formation in animals following hyperimmunization with viral antigens].", "content": "Hyperimmunization with the tick encephalitis and Western horse encephalomyelitis viruses reproduced in the brain of albino mice, intensified the protein synthesis in the splenic tissue during the productive phase of the immunogenesis (the 7th day). An accumalation of protein, activation of aniuno-acyl-t-RNA-ligases, a reduction of the concehtration of some amino acids was noted, An analogous reaction was distinct in the tissue of the liver only when an intact brain suspension was used as an antigen. Formation of specific antibodies coursed more intensively after the administration of a more pathogenic virusof Western equine encephalomyelitis.", "contents": "[Metabolic features of the liver and spleen and antibody formation in animals following hyperimmunization with viral antigens]. Hyperimmunization with the tick encephalitis and Western horse encephalomyelitis viruses reproduced in the brain of albino mice, intensified the protein synthesis in the splenic tissue during the productive phase of the immunogenesis (the 7th day). An accumalation of protein, activation of aniuno-acyl-t-RNA-ligases, a reduction of the concehtration of some amino acids was noted, An analogous reaction was distinct in the tissue of the liver only when an intact brain suspension was used as an antigen. Formation of specific antibodies coursed more intensively after the administration of a more pathogenic virusof Western equine encephalomyelitis.", "PMID": 1024435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3800", "title": "[Several physiologic features of the body and their role in the process of vaccination against measles].", "content": "The work was carried out under conditions of mass measles immunization at the polyclincs of Moscow and Dushanbe. The role of the macroorganism at the time of vaccination on the measles vaccination process was investigated. A thorough study of the anamnesis, its allergic predisposition was conducted; blood and C-RB were examined, and the content of serum immunoglobulins was determined by Macini's method. The results obtained pointed to the insufficiently complete detection of children with an altered reactivity by a simple examination by the physician alone. It was revealed that children suffering from various forms of allergy having in the anamnesis hypotrophy rickets and frequent acute respiratory diseases and chronic foci of infections had decreased indice of nonsecific immunological reactivity even at the period of clinical well-being, and could be detected only by means of laboratory methods of study. To the administration of measles vaccine such children responded not only by the development of clinical reactions of different intensity, but also by a significant reduction of antibody formation. All the aforesaid indicates a necessity of further study of the mechanism of establishment of postvaccinal measles immunity with consideration to the individual reactivity of the child organism.", "contents": "[Several physiologic features of the body and their role in the process of vaccination against measles]. The work was carried out under conditions of mass measles immunization at the polyclincs of Moscow and Dushanbe. The role of the macroorganism at the time of vaccination on the measles vaccination process was investigated. A thorough study of the anamnesis, its allergic predisposition was conducted; blood and C-RB were examined, and the content of serum immunoglobulins was determined by Macini's method. The results obtained pointed to the insufficiently complete detection of children with an altered reactivity by a simple examination by the physician alone. It was revealed that children suffering from various forms of allergy having in the anamnesis hypotrophy rickets and frequent acute respiratory diseases and chronic foci of infections had decreased indice of nonsecific immunological reactivity even at the period of clinical well-being, and could be detected only by means of laboratory methods of study. To the administration of measles vaccine such children responded not only by the development of clinical reactions of different intensity, but also by a significant reduction of antibody formation. All the aforesaid indicates a necessity of further study of the mechanism of establishment of postvaccinal measles immunity with consideration to the individual reactivity of the child organism.", "PMID": 1024436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3801", "title": "[Role of the lysozyme-like enzyme of staphylococci in their pathogenicity].", "content": "Observations of the authors of the present work permit to put forward the following suppositions on the biological significance of the lysozyme sign included into the number of sign-of the staphylococcus pathogenicity: 1) the action of the lysozyme-like enzyme (LLE) as a facs for increasing the permeability of the cell wall and thus promoting the exit of the \"pathogenicity enzymes\"; 2) its participation in the growth and division of staphylococci, pointing to the differences in the rate of the growth of the cultures forming and nonforming the LLE; 3) participation of the LLE in the microbial antagonism processes--crude LLE (in the form of lipoproteid complex) stipulated the antimicrobial effect against a number of nonpathogenic microbes. None of these hypotheses can be accepted without further investigations, particularly with the purified enzyme.", "contents": "[Role of the lysozyme-like enzyme of staphylococci in their pathogenicity]. Observations of the authors of the present work permit to put forward the following suppositions on the biological significance of the lysozyme sign included into the number of sign-of the staphylococcus pathogenicity: 1) the action of the lysozyme-like enzyme (LLE) as a facs for increasing the permeability of the cell wall and thus promoting the exit of the \"pathogenicity enzymes\"; 2) its participation in the growth and division of staphylococci, pointing to the differences in the rate of the growth of the cultures forming and nonforming the LLE; 3) participation of the LLE in the microbial antagonism processes--crude LLE (in the form of lipoproteid complex) stipulated the antimicrobial effect against a number of nonpathogenic microbes. None of these hypotheses can be accepted without further investigations, particularly with the purified enzyme.", "PMID": 1024442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3802", "title": "[Production of extracellular plasmocoagulase in staphylococcus aureus exposed to 3,6-diaminoacridines].", "content": "A modified quantitative nephelometric method was used. It was shown that production of extracellular plasmocoagulase was depressed in the development of acridine-sensitive and acridine-resistant cultures of Staph. aureus in the fluid nutrient medium containing 3,6-diaminoacridines: acriflavine, proflavine, acridine yellow, acridine orange, acridine No. 40 and acridine No. 56; 3,6-diaminoacridines failed to lead to noncompetitive inhibition of staphylococcus plasmocoagulase. A disturbance of the regulation of the enzyme exit into the external environment can serve as the cause of depression of the extracellular plasmocoagulase production by Staph. aureus.", "contents": "[Production of extracellular plasmocoagulase in staphylococcus aureus exposed to 3,6-diaminoacridines]. A modified quantitative nephelometric method was used. It was shown that production of extracellular plasmocoagulase was depressed in the development of acridine-sensitive and acridine-resistant cultures of Staph. aureus in the fluid nutrient medium containing 3,6-diaminoacridines: acriflavine, proflavine, acridine yellow, acridine orange, acridine No. 40 and acridine No. 56; 3,6-diaminoacridines failed to lead to noncompetitive inhibition of staphylococcus plasmocoagulase. A disturbance of the regulation of the enzyme exit into the external environment can serve as the cause of depression of the extracellular plasmocoagulase production by Staph. aureus.", "PMID": 1024443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3803", "title": "[Histopathology and histochemistry of a focus of staphylococcal infection in a sensitized body (material concerning pathogenesis)].", "content": "Rabbits were sensitized with a killed St. aureus culture (alpha-toxigenic 0-15 strain); one week later the  were infected intradermally with a virulent leukocidin-active St. aureus V8 or with the 0-15 strain. A hyperegic inflammation with the signs of reaction observed in hypersensitivity of delayed type was revealed at the site of infection in 24 hours. On the seond day this process was supervened by an intensive leukocytic infiltration characteristic of this infection, with the subsequent suppuration. Beginning from the earliest stages of the process and up to its decline the inflammatory exudate displayed hyaluronic and sialic acids; they could perform functions of the nonspecific immunity factors in the focus. It was revealed at the terminal stage of the process that the organism did not react by the inflammatory reaction to the presence of the microbes remaining near the focus. Consequently, the tolerance of the organism to the microbe was revealed; this tolerance was possibly conditioned by the presence of sialic acids in the focus. Leukocytes with the phagocytized microbes appeared in the veins nearest to the focus. Histochemical shifts in the focus can be the cause of the incompleteness of phagocytosis. The tropism of staphylococci of the V8 strain to the collagen fibers was revealed.", "contents": "[Histopathology and histochemistry of a focus of staphylococcal infection in a sensitized body (material concerning pathogenesis)]. Rabbits were sensitized with a killed St. aureus culture (alpha-toxigenic 0-15 strain); one week later the  were infected intradermally with a virulent leukocidin-active St. aureus V8 or with the 0-15 strain. A hyperegic inflammation with the signs of reaction observed in hypersensitivity of delayed type was revealed at the site of infection in 24 hours. On the seond day this process was supervened by an intensive leukocytic infiltration characteristic of this infection, with the subsequent suppuration. Beginning from the earliest stages of the process and up to its decline the inflammatory exudate displayed hyaluronic and sialic acids; they could perform functions of the nonspecific immunity factors in the focus. It was revealed at the terminal stage of the process that the organism did not react by the inflammatory reaction to the presence of the microbes remaining near the focus. Consequently, the tolerance of the organism to the microbe was revealed; this tolerance was possibly conditioned by the presence of sialic acids in the focus. Leukocytes with the phagocytized microbes appeared in the veins nearest to the focus. Histochemical shifts in the focus can be the cause of the incompleteness of phagocytosis. The tropism of staphylococci of the V8 strain to the collagen fibers was revealed.", "PMID": 1024444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3804", "title": "[Experimental cholera in guinea pigs. II. Pathogenesis of experimental infection].", "content": "It was found by bacteriological, anatomo-pathological and histological studies that intrapulmonary administration to guinea pigs of a suspension of the cholera causative agent containing colloidal substances (peptone, gelatine, agar-agar) caused primary reproduction of vibrios in the pulmonary tissue and the pleural exudate. From the lungs the microbes penetrated by hematogenic route into the liver and the bile system and with the flow of the infected bile entered the small intestine. Intestinal affection by the type of specific enteritis developed as a result of intensive vibrio reproduction in the submucous layer.", "contents": "[Experimental cholera in guinea pigs. II. Pathogenesis of experimental infection]. It was found by bacteriological, anatomo-pathological and histological studies that intrapulmonary administration to guinea pigs of a suspension of the cholera causative agent containing colloidal substances (peptone, gelatine, agar-agar) caused primary reproduction of vibrios in the pulmonary tissue and the pleural exudate. From the lungs the microbes penetrated by hematogenic route into the liver and the bile system and with the flow of the infected bile entered the small intestine. Intestinal affection by the type of specific enteritis developed as a result of intensive vibrio reproduction in the submucous layer.", "PMID": 1024445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3805", "title": "[Long-term survival of E1 Tor cholera vibrios in naturally contaminated sewage].", "content": "El Tor cholera vibrios of Ogava serological type were revealed in the sewage of the locomotive shed for 15 months. In experiment with an oil catcher in naturally infected sewage El Tor vibrios survived 36 days, in storage of this sewage at the laboratory--39 days, in the artificially infected sewage of a settlement and of a milk plant--2 and 11 days, respectively, in the oil and disel fuel--14 months. Consequently, El Tor vibrio can survive in the sewage with a high oil product content for a long time.", "contents": "[Long-term survival of E1 Tor cholera vibrios in naturally contaminated sewage]. El Tor cholera vibrios of Ogava serological type were revealed in the sewage of the locomotive shed for 15 months. In experiment with an oil catcher in naturally infected sewage El Tor vibrios survived 36 days, in storage of this sewage at the laboratory--39 days, in the artificially infected sewage of a settlement and of a milk plant--2 and 11 days, respectively, in the oil and disel fuel--14 months. Consequently, El Tor vibrio can survive in the sewage with a high oil product content for a long time.", "PMID": 1024446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3806", "title": "[Phage typing of cholera vibrios with different sets of phages].", "content": "A comparative study was made of two sets of Mukerjee and Drozhevkina-Arutyunova's bacteriophages in typing 514 strains of the El Tor vibrios and 45 strains of clasic biotype. It was shown that the Mukerjee or Drozhevkina-Arutyunova's phages could be used for the typing of cholera vibrios. The phages of the latter set prove to detect more phage types (18 against 11); they determine both the phage type and the biotype at the same time. The typing of cholera vibrios of both biotypes is possible, and the percentage of nontyping strains left is comparatively low (5.2 against 23.5 after Mukerjee). A table of the phage correspondence was made; it permits to obtain comparable data in using any set of the typing phages.", "contents": "[Phage typing of cholera vibrios with different sets of phages]. A comparative study was made of two sets of Mukerjee and Drozhevkina-Arutyunova's bacteriophages in typing 514 strains of the El Tor vibrios and 45 strains of clasic biotype. It was shown that the Mukerjee or Drozhevkina-Arutyunova's phages could be used for the typing of cholera vibrios. The phages of the latter set prove to detect more phage types (18 against 11); they determine both the phage type and the biotype at the same time. The typing of cholera vibrios of both biotypes is possible, and the percentage of nontyping strains left is comparatively low (5.2 against 23.5 after Mukerjee). A table of the phage correspondence was made; it permits to obtain comparable data in using any set of the typing phages.", "PMID": 1024447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3807", "title": "[Synthesis of messenger-like RNA in plasma cels producing different clases of immunoglobulins].", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis of the nuclear poly A RNA cells of the MOPC 21, MOPC 406 and MOPC 41 plasmocytomas demonstrated a similarity in their distribution by the mol wt. Kinetics of the label accumulation in the nuclear poly A RNA of different plasma cells was unitypical. Individual peculiarities of the distribution of the cytoplasmic poly A RNA were expressed for each individual line of the myeloma cells. The majority of the molecules of the heterogenous RNA in the plasma cells were subjected to posttranscription polyadenylation.", "contents": "[Synthesis of messenger-like RNA in plasma cels producing different clases of immunoglobulins]. Electrophoretic analysis of the nuclear poly A RNA cells of the MOPC 21, MOPC 406 and MOPC 41 plasmocytomas demonstrated a similarity in their distribution by the mol wt. Kinetics of the label accumulation in the nuclear poly A RNA of different plasma cells was unitypical. Individual peculiarities of the distribution of the cytoplasmic poly A RNA were expressed for each individual line of the myeloma cells. The majority of the molecules of the heterogenous RNA in the plasma cells were subjected to posttranscription polyadenylation.", "PMID": 1024448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3808", "title": "[Relationship between blocking the erythrocyte surface and the quantity of IgG molecules bound in the process of hemosensitization].", "content": "Under different conditions of the IgG-sensitization of the tannin-treated erythrocytes a determination was made of the degree of blocking the cell surface. There was shown a reverse relationship between the amount of the bound IgG molecules and their portions bound by the surface with the maximal cross-section. Fixation of the IgG by means of CH2O at the end of sensitization led to the additional blocking of the erythrocyte surface. The limit of the erythrocyte saturation with the IgG molecules was controlled by the greatest possible density of the globulin molecules localization.", "contents": "[Relationship between blocking the erythrocyte surface and the quantity of IgG molecules bound in the process of hemosensitization]. Under different conditions of the IgG-sensitization of the tannin-treated erythrocytes a determination was made of the degree of blocking the cell surface. There was shown a reverse relationship between the amount of the bound IgG molecules and their portions bound by the surface with the maximal cross-section. Fixation of the IgG by means of CH2O at the end of sensitization led to the additional blocking of the erythrocyte surface. The limit of the erythrocyte saturation with the IgG molecules was controlled by the greatest possible density of the globulin molecules localization.", "PMID": 1024450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3809", "title": "[Reactogenicity and immunologic effectiveness of cholerogen-anatoxin. Feasibility of revaccination with cholerogen-anatoxin, determination of optimal doses and times for administration].", "content": "The authors discussed the results of study of the titre of vibration antibodies and antitoxins one, three and five months after the vaccination of adults with an optimal vaccination dose of cholerogen toxoid (24OO BU). Comparison of the immunological information obtained at the above mentioned periods showed the expediency of revaccination three months after the vaccination. Immunogenicity of the three doses of the cholerogen-toxoid tested (1200, 2400, 3600 BU) displayed no statistically significant difference in revaccination. Taking into consideration that the least reactogenic dose was 1200 BU this dose is recommended as the optimal revaccination dose for adults.", "contents": "[Reactogenicity and immunologic effectiveness of cholerogen-anatoxin. Feasibility of revaccination with cholerogen-anatoxin, determination of optimal doses and times for administration]. The authors discussed the results of study of the titre of vibration antibodies and antitoxins one, three and five months after the vaccination of adults with an optimal vaccination dose of cholerogen toxoid (24OO BU). Comparison of the immunological information obtained at the above mentioned periods showed the expediency of revaccination three months after the vaccination. Immunogenicity of the three doses of the cholerogen-toxoid tested (1200, 2400, 3600 BU) displayed no statistically significant difference in revaccination. Taking into consideration that the least reactogenic dose was 1200 BU this dose is recommended as the optimal revaccination dose for adults.", "PMID": 1024451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3810", "title": "Participation of the thymus in the mechanism of bacterial discharge in carriers of typhoid bacteria.", "content": "Typhoid carrier state was reproduced in 54 rabbits by the injection of typhoid bacilli into the bone marrow of the femoral bone. The animals were divided into 3 groups. Those in the 1st and 2nd group were hydrocortisone and ATC before the infection, respectively, whereas the 3rd group served as control. The data obtained pointed to the great incidence of prolonged persistence of typhoid bacilli in the bone marrow. A much greater vital disharge of the causative agent with the feces was noted in the animals which before the infection were given hydrocortisone and ATC preparations depressing the functional activity of the thymus. In the second experimental series it was shown that ATC administration to rabbits on the 85th day after their intraosseous infection with typhoid bacilli promoted vital discharge of the causative agent with the feces. Problem of participation of the thymus in the mechanism of bacterial discharge in the carriers of typhoid bacilli are discussed.", "contents": "Participation of the thymus in the mechanism of bacterial discharge in carriers of typhoid bacteria. Typhoid carrier state was reproduced in 54 rabbits by the injection of typhoid bacilli into the bone marrow of the femoral bone. The animals were divided into 3 groups. Those in the 1st and 2nd group were hydrocortisone and ATC before the infection, respectively, whereas the 3rd group served as control. The data obtained pointed to the great incidence of prolonged persistence of typhoid bacilli in the bone marrow. A much greater vital disharge of the causative agent with the feces was noted in the animals which before the infection were given hydrocortisone and ATC preparations depressing the functional activity of the thymus. In the second experimental series it was shown that ATC administration to rabbits on the 85th day after their intraosseous infection with typhoid bacilli promoted vital discharge of the causative agent with the feces. Problem of participation of the thymus in the mechanism of bacterial discharge in the carriers of typhoid bacilli are discussed.", "PMID": 1024452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3811", "title": "A simple, cheap, effective and safe procedure for general anesthesia.", "content": "A simplified, safe and flexible technique of anesthesia, based on a limited number of relatively cheap drugs, and allowing ventilation with air, was applied to 60 patients undergoing operations of at least 60 minutes' duration. The required depth of hypnosis was produced by intravenous diazepam or gamma-OH, whilst droperidol and fentanyl provided a satisfactory degree of sedation and analgesia. Pancuronium bromide was used for muscle relaxation. Spontaneous respiration was resumed immediately after postoperative use of nalorphine and neostigmine. The anesthetic course was smooth and predictable, with cardiovascular stability and an uneventful postoperative recovery. Emphasis is laid on the suitability of this procedure on the Battle Field or in Developing Countries, and on its safety (no toxic volatile liquids). (Acta anaesth. belg., 1976, 27, 25-34).", "contents": "A simple, cheap, effective and safe procedure for general anesthesia. A simplified, safe and flexible technique of anesthesia, based on a limited number of relatively cheap drugs, and allowing ventilation with air, was applied to 60 patients undergoing operations of at least 60 minutes' duration. The required depth of hypnosis was produced by intravenous diazepam or gamma-OH, whilst droperidol and fentanyl provided a satisfactory degree of sedation and analgesia. Pancuronium bromide was used for muscle relaxation. Spontaneous respiration was resumed immediately after postoperative use of nalorphine and neostigmine. The anesthetic course was smooth and predictable, with cardiovascular stability and an uneventful postoperative recovery. Emphasis is laid on the suitability of this procedure on the Battle Field or in Developing Countries, and on its safety (no toxic volatile liquids). (Acta anaesth. belg., 1976, 27, 25-34).", "PMID": 1024453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3812", "title": "Central anticholinergic syndrome in anesthetic practice.", "content": "Anticholinergic agents may lead to a syndrome described by Longo as the Central Anticholinergic Syndrome (CAS). Patients with this syndrome exhibit one or more of the following: though impairement, disturbance of recent memory, hallucinations, ataxia, excitement, drowsiness of coma. We have reviewed our use of anticholinergics and tried to correlate it with the occurrence of the above symptomatology and have treated 200 cases in which the CAS was diagnosed with physostigmine salicylate (0.04 mg/kg). We also successfully treated 2 cases of apparently central anticholinergic hyperpyrexia in the same way. We would suggest that physostigmine be included in the armamentarium of every anesthetist to combat anticholinergic poisoning by the wide range of presently used anticholinergic drugs. (Act anaesth. belg., 1976, 27, 45-60).", "contents": "Central anticholinergic syndrome in anesthetic practice. Anticholinergic agents may lead to a syndrome described by Longo as the Central Anticholinergic Syndrome (CAS). Patients with this syndrome exhibit one or more of the following: though impairement, disturbance of recent memory, hallucinations, ataxia, excitement, drowsiness of coma. We have reviewed our use of anticholinergics and tried to correlate it with the occurrence of the above symptomatology and have treated 200 cases in which the CAS was diagnosed with physostigmine salicylate (0.04 mg/kg). We also successfully treated 2 cases of apparently central anticholinergic hyperpyrexia in the same way. We would suggest that physostigmine be included in the armamentarium of every anesthetist to combat anticholinergic poisoning by the wide range of presently used anticholinergic drugs. (Act anaesth. belg., 1976, 27, 45-60).", "PMID": 1024454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3813", "title": "[Genetic study of mani-depressive psychoses].", "content": "The aim of the present work is to investigate the heredity of manic-depressive syndromes, in particular to test the hypothesis of a dominant X-linked transmission in these disorders. The Maximum Likelihood Estimate method was applied to linkage analysis between several X-linked genetic markers and bipolar manic-depressive illness, as well as to a control population of unipolar depressive patients. The genetic markers studied were deuteranopia and protanopia (two X-linked recessive markers) and the Xg blood group (X-linked dominant marker). The sampling methods were identical for both groups of patients and the family studies were performed \"blind\" (i,e. without knowledge of the proband's diagnosis). The results demonstrate the presence of strong linkage between manic-depressive (bipolar) illness, deuteranopia and protanopia. Linkage (although less strong) was also shown for bipolar illness and the Xg blood group. The genetic data are based on mathematical analysis of 36 informative kindreds ascertained from a sample of 134 manic-depressive patients. The results are concordant and demonstrate that, in this sample, manic-depressive (biopolar) psychosis is genetically transmitted through a X-linked dominant factor. We have also demonstrated the absence of linkage between unipolar depressive illness and the studied genetic markers in 16 informative kndreds ascertained from a sample of 71 unipolar patients. The genetic analyses described in this study demonstrate the existence of a manic-depressive syndrome which phenotype is dominant and determined by a gene located on the short arm of the Xchromosome. Apart from some forms of mental deficiency, manic-depressive psychosis represents the first known instance of a mendelian heredity machanism in psychiatric disorder;", "contents": "[Genetic study of mani-depressive psychoses]. The aim of the present work is to investigate the heredity of manic-depressive syndromes, in particular to test the hypothesis of a dominant X-linked transmission in these disorders. The Maximum Likelihood Estimate method was applied to linkage analysis between several X-linked genetic markers and bipolar manic-depressive illness, as well as to a control population of unipolar depressive patients. The genetic markers studied were deuteranopia and protanopia (two X-linked recessive markers) and the Xg blood group (X-linked dominant marker). The sampling methods were identical for both groups of patients and the family studies were performed \"blind\" (i,e. without knowledge of the proband's diagnosis). The results demonstrate the presence of strong linkage between manic-depressive (bipolar) illness, deuteranopia and protanopia. Linkage (although less strong) was also shown for bipolar illness and the Xg blood group. The genetic data are based on mathematical analysis of 36 informative kindreds ascertained from a sample of 134 manic-depressive patients. The results are concordant and demonstrate that, in this sample, manic-depressive (biopolar) psychosis is genetically transmitted through a X-linked dominant factor. We have also demonstrated the absence of linkage between unipolar depressive illness and the studied genetic markers in 16 informative kndreds ascertained from a sample of 71 unipolar patients. The genetic analyses described in this study demonstrate the existence of a manic-depressive syndrome which phenotype is dominant and determined by a gene located on the short arm of the Xchromosome. Apart from some forms of mental deficiency, manic-depressive psychosis represents the first known instance of a mendelian heredity machanism in psychiatric disorder;", "PMID": 1024456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3814", "title": "Respiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory nucleus of the rabbit and their vagal connections.", "content": "The pattern of firing and responses to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vagus nerve were studied in respiratory neurons near the nucleus ambiguus (NA) in the region called \"ventral respiratory nucleus\". In 41 (out of 77) respiratory neurons orthodromic responses were recorded; the remaining neurons did not respond to stimulation. It is concluded that the NA neurons of the rabbit are not laryngeal motoneurons. Moreover, the short-latency excitatory response of some of these neurons, and long-latency inhibition of the other, suggest that NA neurons may be involved in the processing of vagal information.", "contents": "Respiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory nucleus of the rabbit and their vagal connections. The pattern of firing and responses to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vagus nerve were studied in respiratory neurons near the nucleus ambiguus (NA) in the region called \"ventral respiratory nucleus\". In 41 (out of 77) respiratory neurons orthodromic responses were recorded; the remaining neurons did not respond to stimulation. It is concluded that the NA neurons of the rabbit are not laryngeal motoneurons. Moreover, the short-latency excitatory response of some of these neurons, and long-latency inhibition of the other, suggest that NA neurons may be involved in the processing of vagal information.", "PMID": 1024457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3815", "title": "Significance of cranial circulation for the brain homeothermia in rabbits. I. The brain-arterial blood temperature gradient.", "content": "The hypothalamic-arterial blood temperature gradient (THpr-TAC difference) was studied on 10 freely moving rabbits at ambient temperatures between 0 and 42 degrees Celsius. In cold environment, below 10 degrees Celsius the THpt-TAC gradient varied considerably, but some distinct correlations were found between vasomotor responses of the nasal mucosa and fluctuations of brain temperature, as well as between vasomotor responses of the ear pinnas and changes of the arterial blood temperature. Vasodilatation of the nasal mucosa or the ear pinna caused respectively a drop in brain temperature or in arterial blood temperature. Opposite changes were induced by vasoconstriction in those areas. Variations in THpt-TAC gradient resulted from oppositely directed vasomotor responses in the nasal mucosa and in the ear pinnas. At high ambient temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius thermal panting was accompanied by selective brain cooling with respect to the arterial blood. Blocking the heat loss from the nasal mucosa caused an increase of the THpt-TAC difference, and under these conditions brain temperature was determined solely by arterial blood temperature. The assumed mechanism of the selective brain cooling in rabbits is the exchange of heat through the neurocranial bottom, between the ventral brain and the spacious splanchnocranial venous lakes supplied with blood from the nasal mucosa.", "contents": "Significance of cranial circulation for the brain homeothermia in rabbits. I. The brain-arterial blood temperature gradient. The hypothalamic-arterial blood temperature gradient (THpr-TAC difference) was studied on 10 freely moving rabbits at ambient temperatures between 0 and 42 degrees Celsius. In cold environment, below 10 degrees Celsius the THpt-TAC gradient varied considerably, but some distinct correlations were found between vasomotor responses of the nasal mucosa and fluctuations of brain temperature, as well as between vasomotor responses of the ear pinnas and changes of the arterial blood temperature. Vasodilatation of the nasal mucosa or the ear pinna caused respectively a drop in brain temperature or in arterial blood temperature. Opposite changes were induced by vasoconstriction in those areas. Variations in THpt-TAC gradient resulted from oppositely directed vasomotor responses in the nasal mucosa and in the ear pinnas. At high ambient temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius thermal panting was accompanied by selective brain cooling with respect to the arterial blood. Blocking the heat loss from the nasal mucosa caused an increase of the THpt-TAC difference, and under these conditions brain temperature was determined solely by arterial blood temperature. The assumed mechanism of the selective brain cooling in rabbits is the exchange of heat through the neurocranial bottom, between the ventral brain and the spacious splanchnocranial venous lakes supplied with blood from the nasal mucosa.", "PMID": 1024458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3816", "title": "Significance of cranial circulation for the brain homeothermia in rabbits. II. The role of the cranial venous lakes in the defence against hyperthermia.", "content": "Chronic experiments were conducted on five freely moving rabbits at ambient temperatures of 0-42 degrees Celsius. The influence of nasal mucosal thermal changes on the venous blood temperature inside the pterygoid plexus and on the temperatures at three intracerebral sites were investigated against the background of the carotid arterial blood temperature shifts. A correlation was found between: (i) the fluctuations in the nasal mucosal temperature reflecting its vasomotor responses, (ii) temperature shifts of the pterygoid plexus venous blood, and (iii) of the ventral brain. Mucosal vasodilatation caused parallel drops in both the plexal blood and brain temperatures. However, mucosal vasoconstriction was accompanied by increases in temperatures at those sites. Intracranial thermal shifts were independent of the arterial blood temperature changes. During motor activity in normothermia nasal mucosal vasoconstriction was present, and in that case brain temperatures exceeded arterial blood temperature. During rest, mucosal vasodilatation appeared and brain base cooled below the arterial blood temperature. During panting in dry heat, the brain base was cooler than the arterial blood by as much as 0.5 degree Celsius. The intensity of the selective brain cooling was directly proportional to deep body temperature. The blockade of the respiratory evaporation in heat elicited an increase of the plexal venous blood as well as brain temperatures above the arterial blood temperature. We conclude that the venous blood outflowing from the nasal mucosa exerts a cooling influence on the brain through the pterygoid plexus.", "contents": "Significance of cranial circulation for the brain homeothermia in rabbits. II. The role of the cranial venous lakes in the defence against hyperthermia. Chronic experiments were conducted on five freely moving rabbits at ambient temperatures of 0-42 degrees Celsius. The influence of nasal mucosal thermal changes on the venous blood temperature inside the pterygoid plexus and on the temperatures at three intracerebral sites were investigated against the background of the carotid arterial blood temperature shifts. A correlation was found between: (i) the fluctuations in the nasal mucosal temperature reflecting its vasomotor responses, (ii) temperature shifts of the pterygoid plexus venous blood, and (iii) of the ventral brain. Mucosal vasodilatation caused parallel drops in both the plexal blood and brain temperatures. However, mucosal vasoconstriction was accompanied by increases in temperatures at those sites. Intracranial thermal shifts were independent of the arterial blood temperature changes. During motor activity in normothermia nasal mucosal vasoconstriction was present, and in that case brain temperatures exceeded arterial blood temperature. During rest, mucosal vasodilatation appeared and brain base cooled below the arterial blood temperature. During panting in dry heat, the brain base was cooler than the arterial blood by as much as 0.5 degree Celsius. The intensity of the selective brain cooling was directly proportional to deep body temperature. The blockade of the respiratory evaporation in heat elicited an increase of the plexal venous blood as well as brain temperatures above the arterial blood temperature. We conclude that the venous blood outflowing from the nasal mucosa exerts a cooling influence on the brain through the pterygoid plexus.", "PMID": 1024459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3817", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response in shuttle-box in cats.", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation and electrolytic lesions of the posterior part of the hippocampus on acquisition of the active avoidance response (AAR) in shuttle-box were studied in 35 cats. Both weak or strong hippocampal stimulation applied simultaneously with conditioned stimulus (CS) facilitated the acquisition of AAR. After discontinuation of stimulation the level of AAR performance in response to CS alone decreased in cats trained with the use of strong stimulation. However, if the stimulation was applied before each experimental session the level of AAR performance did not differ from that observed during the final phase of training. These changes of AAR were not observed in cats trained with the use of weak stimulation. The application of hippocampal stimulation alone did not evoke AAR in shuttle-box after training independently of stimulation parameters. There were no differences in the speed of AAR acquisition between unoperated cats, implanted controls and cats with lesions in the posterior part of the hippocampus.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response in shuttle-box in cats. The effects of electrical stimulation and electrolytic lesions of the posterior part of the hippocampus on acquisition of the active avoidance response (AAR) in shuttle-box were studied in 35 cats. Both weak or strong hippocampal stimulation applied simultaneously with conditioned stimulus (CS) facilitated the acquisition of AAR. After discontinuation of stimulation the level of AAR performance in response to CS alone decreased in cats trained with the use of strong stimulation. However, if the stimulation was applied before each experimental session the level of AAR performance did not differ from that observed during the final phase of training. These changes of AAR were not observed in cats trained with the use of weak stimulation. The application of hippocampal stimulation alone did not evoke AAR in shuttle-box after training independently of stimulation parameters. There were no differences in the speed of AAR acquisition between unoperated cats, implanted controls and cats with lesions in the posterior part of the hippocampus.", "PMID": 1024460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3818", "title": "Effects of electrical hippocampal stimulation on acquisition and performance of unidirectional active avoidance response in cats.", "content": "The influence of electrical stimulation of the posterior part of the hippocampus on acquisition and performance of the conditioned, unidirectional avoidance response was investigated in 26 cats. No significant differences in the speed of learning between stimulated and control animals were observed. However, electrical hippocampal stimulation with parameters 7/s, 100 microamps, 7/s, 200 microamps and 50/s, 100 microamps (1 ms square pulses of negative polarity) facilitated the performance of the avoidance response. Strong hippocampal stimulation (50/s, 200 microamps) caused inhibitory effects. Application of hippocampal stimulation before experimental sessions increased the performance level in comparison to sessions not preceded by hippocampal stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of electrical hippocampal stimulation on acquisition and performance of unidirectional active avoidance response in cats. The influence of electrical stimulation of the posterior part of the hippocampus on acquisition and performance of the conditioned, unidirectional avoidance response was investigated in 26 cats. No significant differences in the speed of learning between stimulated and control animals were observed. However, electrical hippocampal stimulation with parameters 7/s, 100 microamps, 7/s, 200 microamps and 50/s, 100 microamps (1 ms square pulses of negative polarity) facilitated the performance of the avoidance response. Strong hippocampal stimulation (50/s, 200 microamps) caused inhibitory effects. Application of hippocampal stimulation before experimental sessions increased the performance level in comparison to sessions not preceded by hippocampal stimulation.", "PMID": 1024461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3819", "title": "Instrumental reactions and food and water intake in medial amygdala rats.", "content": "Rats were trained preoperatively to perform instrumental reactions for food and water reward on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Two levers on two opposite sides of the Skinner box were available. Each press of the first lever delivered one drop of water and each press of the second lever - one pellet of solid food. After the electrolytic lesions of the medial part of the amygdaloid complex, rats were hypophagic and hypodipsic. Most of the animals showed, however, only small decreases of total unconditioned daily water and food intake. On the other hand, the instrumental performance was markedly impaired, in particular for water reinforcement. Histological verification showed that lesions were restricted to the amygdaloid complex and involved mainly the ventral part of medial nucleus.", "contents": "Instrumental reactions and food and water intake in medial amygdala rats. Rats were trained preoperatively to perform instrumental reactions for food and water reward on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Two levers on two opposite sides of the Skinner box were available. Each press of the first lever delivered one drop of water and each press of the second lever - one pellet of solid food. After the electrolytic lesions of the medial part of the amygdaloid complex, rats were hypophagic and hypodipsic. Most of the animals showed, however, only small decreases of total unconditioned daily water and food intake. On the other hand, the instrumental performance was markedly impaired, in particular for water reinforcement. Histological verification showed that lesions were restricted to the amygdaloid complex and involved mainly the ventral part of medial nucleus.", "PMID": 1024462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3820", "title": "Effects of binocular deprivation of pattern vision on single unit responses in the cat superior colliculus.", "content": "Single unit responses in the superior colliculus of cats deprived of pattern vision from birth and of normally reared cats were studied in unanesthetized pretrigeminal preparations. Collicular units of deprived cats showed a diminished direction-selectivity but a somewhat better speed-selectivity compared to normals; they also preferred lowspeed stimuli, and reacted less frequently to diffuse flash. The impairment of direction-selectivity of collicular neurons may be partly responsible for the impairment of the pursuit eye movements in visually deprived cats.", "contents": "Effects of binocular deprivation of pattern vision on single unit responses in the cat superior colliculus. Single unit responses in the superior colliculus of cats deprived of pattern vision from birth and of normally reared cats were studied in unanesthetized pretrigeminal preparations. Collicular units of deprived cats showed a diminished direction-selectivity but a somewhat better speed-selectivity compared to normals; they also preferred lowspeed stimuli, and reacted less frequently to diffuse flash. The impairment of direction-selectivity of collicular neurons may be partly responsible for the impairment of the pursuit eye movements in visually deprived cats.", "PMID": 1024463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3821", "title": "Hemispheric differences in the visual analysis of the verbal and non-verbal material in children.", "content": "Five years old children, who could not read, and the same children at the aged of 7, who already knew letters, were used as subjects. A visual procedure involved presentation of single letters or a pair of letters randomly to the left or right of a central fixation point. Reaction time and number of correct identifications, showed by pressing a key, were indicators of the perception of letters. The children of five identified the letters with equal correctness, whether they were addressed to the right or to the left hemisphere, whereas the children of seven showed left hemisphere superiority.", "contents": "Hemispheric differences in the visual analysis of the verbal and non-verbal material in children. Five years old children, who could not read, and the same children at the aged of 7, who already knew letters, were used as subjects. A visual procedure involved presentation of single letters or a pair of letters randomly to the left or right of a central fixation point. Reaction time and number of correct identifications, showed by pressing a key, were indicators of the perception of letters. The children of five identified the letters with equal correctness, whether they were addressed to the right or to the left hemisphere, whereas the children of seven showed left hemisphere superiority.", "PMID": 1024464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3822", "title": "Experiences with dopamine in patients operated with the aid of extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "In ten patients dopamine was used for counteracting low cardiac output during and after operations performed with aid of extracorporeal circulation. The changes of arterial and venous pressure, heart rate and one-hour diuresis were measured. In 8 cases the results of treatment were good. Particularly striking was the improvement of diuresis and lowering of the central venous pressure. The authors regard dopamine as a very effective inotropic agent.", "contents": "Experiences with dopamine in patients operated with the aid of extracorporeal circulation. In ten patients dopamine was used for counteracting low cardiac output during and after operations performed with aid of extracorporeal circulation. The changes of arterial and venous pressure, heart rate and one-hour diuresis were measured. In 8 cases the results of treatment were good. Particularly striking was the improvement of diuresis and lowering of the central venous pressure. The authors regard dopamine as a very effective inotropic agent.", "PMID": 1024470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3823", "title": "[Primary carcinomas and carcinomatous disease].", "content": "The occurence rate of multiple primary tumours is assessed differently by different authors (from 0.3 to 8%). Simultaneous plurality is seen essentially in a system of the same structure. It is nevertheless often difficult to distinguish a new and second or third tumour from metastases of the first. The articel analyses the statistics obtained in a series of 288 cases of malignant \"primo plural\" neoplasms appearing successively.", "contents": "[Primary carcinomas and carcinomatous disease]. The occurence rate of multiple primary tumours is assessed differently by different authors (from 0.3 to 8%). Simultaneous plurality is seen essentially in a system of the same structure. It is nevertheless often difficult to distinguish a new and second or third tumour from metastases of the first. The articel analyses the statistics obtained in a series of 288 cases of malignant \"primo plural\" neoplasms appearing successively.", "PMID": 1024477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3824", "title": "Enflurane in anaesthesiological practice.", "content": "Enflurane was given as the principal inhalatory agent in general anaesthesia in 75 patients aged from 17 to 55 years for gynaecological operations. Anaesthesia was conducted with muscle relaxation administering the drug in concentration of 0.2-1% vol. (mean maintenance concentration 0.6%). No cardiovascular, hepatic and renal disturbances were observed. The serum glucose level increased by a mean value of 64.8% during enflurance anaesthesia, however, it did not cross the renal threshold. Enflurane failed to ensure postoperative analgesia. The drug may be used as a valuable supplement to the presently used anaesthetic agents.", "contents": "Enflurane in anaesthesiological practice. Enflurane was given as the principal inhalatory agent in general anaesthesia in 75 patients aged from 17 to 55 years for gynaecological operations. Anaesthesia was conducted with muscle relaxation administering the drug in concentration of 0.2-1% vol. (mean maintenance concentration 0.6%). No cardiovascular, hepatic and renal disturbances were observed. The serum glucose level increased by a mean value of 64.8% during enflurance anaesthesia, however, it did not cross the renal threshold. Enflurane failed to ensure postoperative analgesia. The drug may be used as a valuable supplement to the presently used anaesthetic agents.", "PMID": 1024471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3825", "title": "Certain parameters of pulmonary circulation dynamics and gas exchange in the lungs and morphotic changes in lung tissue in dogs during cardiac arrest and immediately after resuscitation.", "content": "The experiments were carried out in 33 dogs 60 min. to 12 hours after cardiac arrest was induced for 3-5 min by ventricular fibrillation. In 11 dogs closed chest cardiac massage was performed 30 min. and in 222 dogs defibrillation was used to restore heart function. The pulmonary and peripheral circulation was assessed on the basis of changes in arterial and venous blood pressure, cardiac output, vascular resistance, pulmonary shunting and capnographic determinations. The values of VA, VA/Vmin, V/Q, VDph, VD/VT, DuO2 and DuCO2, Pa-E'CO2, PaO2 were determined. Measurements of acid base balance, lactate and pyruvate levels and certain elements of blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems were performed. Moreover, lung biopsy was examined by light and electron microscopes. Functional determinations confirmed the presence of disturbances of lung perfusion and alveolar ventilation as well as disturbances in oxygen exchange at cellular level. The author suggests the term Resuscitation Lung Syndrome for these disturbances.", "contents": "Certain parameters of pulmonary circulation dynamics and gas exchange in the lungs and morphotic changes in lung tissue in dogs during cardiac arrest and immediately after resuscitation. The experiments were carried out in 33 dogs 60 min. to 12 hours after cardiac arrest was induced for 3-5 min by ventricular fibrillation. In 11 dogs closed chest cardiac massage was performed 30 min. and in 222 dogs defibrillation was used to restore heart function. The pulmonary and peripheral circulation was assessed on the basis of changes in arterial and venous blood pressure, cardiac output, vascular resistance, pulmonary shunting and capnographic determinations. The values of VA, VA/Vmin, V/Q, VDph, VD/VT, DuO2 and DuCO2, Pa-E'CO2, PaO2 were determined. Measurements of acid base balance, lactate and pyruvate levels and certain elements of blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems were performed. Moreover, lung biopsy was examined by light and electron microscopes. Functional determinations confirmed the presence of disturbances of lung perfusion and alveolar ventilation as well as disturbances in oxygen exchange at cellular level. The author suggests the term Resuscitation Lung Syndrome for these disturbances.", "PMID": 1024472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3826", "title": "[An audiometric method for use with children. The cochleo-palpebral reflex can be improved by visual conditioning].", "content": "It is possible, even with children and new-born babies, to condition the oculo-palpebral reflex to respond to sound. The apparatus constructed by Messrs. Gasquet and Brun achieves this conditioning on the one hand and, on the other, allows this to be used as a method of visual audiometry. This method generally enables the operator to come within twenty decibels or so of the real threshold compared with the unconditioned cochleo-palpebral reflex threshold. The use of a polygraphic recording technique for palpebral response adds precision to the results of this method, particularly by the demonstration of a phenomenon of anticipation which appears when the conditioning has been achieved. Audiometry by means of conditioning therefore represents an objective technique for detecting deafness in new-born babies.", "contents": "[An audiometric method for use with children. The cochleo-palpebral reflex can be improved by visual conditioning]. It is possible, even with children and new-born babies, to condition the oculo-palpebral reflex to respond to sound. The apparatus constructed by Messrs. Gasquet and Brun achieves this conditioning on the one hand and, on the other, allows this to be used as a method of visual audiometry. This method generally enables the operator to come within twenty decibels or so of the real threshold compared with the unconditioned cochleo-palpebral reflex threshold. The use of a polygraphic recording technique for palpebral response adds precision to the results of this method, particularly by the demonstration of a phenomenon of anticipation which appears when the conditioning has been achieved. Audiometry by means of conditioning therefore represents an objective technique for detecting deafness in new-born babies.", "PMID": 1024478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3827", "title": "[The mechanism and consequences of certain cranio-facial injuries].", "content": "The authors present the mechanism of post-traumatic lesions of the bones of the cranio-facial mass, during attention to the possibility of radiographic detection 6 or 9 days after traumatism.", "contents": "[The mechanism and consequences of certain cranio-facial injuries]. The authors present the mechanism of post-traumatic lesions of the bones of the cranio-facial mass, during attention to the possibility of radiographic detection 6 or 9 days after traumatism.", "PMID": 1024479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3828", "title": "[A case of post-traumatic cholesteatoma].", "content": "The author published a case of cholesteatoma of the middle ear occurring a few months after head injury with fracture of the mastoid apophysis.", "contents": "[A case of post-traumatic cholesteatoma]. The author published a case of cholesteatoma of the middle ear occurring a few months after head injury with fracture of the mastoid apophysis.", "PMID": 1024480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3829", "title": "The effect of bone cement used for stabilization of endoprostheses on blood clotting system activity.", "content": "The authors carried out studies of the blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems in 15 patients undergoing total endoprosthetic replacement of the hip joint with a McKee-Ferrara type of prosthesis and stabilized by Surgical Simplex Acrylic bone cement (North Hill Plastics, Ltd. London). The observations point to statistically significant changes in the blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems with a tendency towards hypercoagulation and intravascular clotting (DIC). Fibrinolysis activation associated with these changes is secondary, resulting among others, from the mechanism of the action of free fibrin monomers.", "contents": "The effect of bone cement used for stabilization of endoprostheses on blood clotting system activity. The authors carried out studies of the blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems in 15 patients undergoing total endoprosthetic replacement of the hip joint with a McKee-Ferrara type of prosthesis and stabilized by Surgical Simplex Acrylic bone cement (North Hill Plastics, Ltd. London). The observations point to statistically significant changes in the blood clotting and fibrinolysis systems with a tendency towards hypercoagulation and intravascular clotting (DIC). Fibrinolysis activation associated with these changes is secondary, resulting among others, from the mechanism of the action of free fibrin monomers.", "PMID": 1024473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3830", "title": "An attempt at comparing the results of carboxyhaemoglobin level in blood and gasometric determinations in capillary blood in cases of carbon monoxide poisoning when treatment began at the place of accident.", "content": "The authors observed disturbances of acid-base equilibrium and levels of carboxyhaemoglobin in 116 cases of CO intoxication. The patients were treated early -- at the place of the accident and during transport to hospital. Oxygen treatment was applied, the acid-base equilibrium disturbances were corrected, especially the metabolic acidosis by using alkaline substances. This management enabled rapid elimination of the poison from the organism and an improvement in the general condition of the patients.", "contents": "An attempt at comparing the results of carboxyhaemoglobin level in blood and gasometric determinations in capillary blood in cases of carbon monoxide poisoning when treatment began at the place of accident. The authors observed disturbances of acid-base equilibrium and levels of carboxyhaemoglobin in 116 cases of CO intoxication. The patients were treated early -- at the place of the accident and during transport to hospital. Oxygen treatment was applied, the acid-base equilibrium disturbances were corrected, especially the metabolic acidosis by using alkaline substances. This management enabled rapid elimination of the poison from the organism and an improvement in the general condition of the patients.", "PMID": 1024474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3831", "title": "Acute life endangering ethanol intoxication treated in the intensive medical care unit.", "content": "Personal observations of 5 cases of acute life-endangering ethanol intoxication who were treated in the intensive medical care unit. The authors discuss the mechanism of ethanol-induced changes and the method used in the treatment of this intoxication. They also request that hospital laboratories should provide facilities for performing blood alcohol level determinations in emergencies.", "contents": "Acute life endangering ethanol intoxication treated in the intensive medical care unit. Personal observations of 5 cases of acute life-endangering ethanol intoxication who were treated in the intensive medical care unit. The authors discuss the mechanism of ethanol-induced changes and the method used in the treatment of this intoxication. They also request that hospital laboratories should provide facilities for performing blood alcohol level determinations in emergencies.", "PMID": 1024475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3832", "title": "Effects of cold-shock on blood cells in a fresh water tropical teleost, Colisa fasciatus.", "content": "Immersion of the adult female fresh water tropical teleost, Colisa fasciatus, in ice water at c. 2 degrees C for one minute immobilizes the fish. It, however, recovers within two minutes when returned to warm temperature. Hematological studies at recovery time intervals, viz., 3, 15 and 27 min and, later, at intervals of 48 min up to 363 min, and at 12 and 24 h, revealed significant changes in the abundance of leucocytes and thrombocytes: an increase in the number of leucocytes (leucocytosis) was evident from 15 through 123 min and at 267 min; normal leucocyte counts, were observed at 3, 171, 219, 315 and 363 min, and at 12 h and 24 h. Lymphocytes are the major leucocyte cell type in the blood. Thrombocytopenia occurred at 15 and 27 min, and thrombocyte counts were held at normal levels at other recovery time intervals. There was no change in the abundance of erythrocytes in response to the imposed stress. Shock susceptibility of the fish for variables measured was similar in experiments performed during six different months of one calendar year. In addition, no significant seasonal or diurnal changes were recorded in the abundance of circulating blood cells. The results reported here, for the first time on a tropical teleost, do not agree with previous results obtained from temperate teleosts by other workers.", "contents": "Effects of cold-shock on blood cells in a fresh water tropical teleost, Colisa fasciatus. Immersion of the adult female fresh water tropical teleost, Colisa fasciatus, in ice water at c. 2 degrees C for one minute immobilizes the fish. It, however, recovers within two minutes when returned to warm temperature. Hematological studies at recovery time intervals, viz., 3, 15 and 27 min and, later, at intervals of 48 min up to 363 min, and at 12 and 24 h, revealed significant changes in the abundance of leucocytes and thrombocytes: an increase in the number of leucocytes (leucocytosis) was evident from 15 through 123 min and at 267 min; normal leucocyte counts, were observed at 3, 171, 219, 315 and 363 min, and at 12 h and 24 h. Lymphocytes are the major leucocyte cell type in the blood. Thrombocytopenia occurred at 15 and 27 min, and thrombocyte counts were held at normal levels at other recovery time intervals. There was no change in the abundance of erythrocytes in response to the imposed stress. Shock susceptibility of the fish for variables measured was similar in experiments performed during six different months of one calendar year. In addition, no significant seasonal or diurnal changes were recorded in the abundance of circulating blood cells. The results reported here, for the first time on a tropical teleost, do not agree with previous results obtained from temperate teleosts by other workers.", "PMID": 1024482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3833", "title": "Electric stimulation in chronic headaches.", "content": "Therapeutic electric stimulation in cases of chronic headaches was carried out in 150 patients. Migraine was diagnosed in 40 cases, common vasomotor headache in 63, cervical migraine in 24, Horton's neuralgia in 5 and complex headaches in 18 cases. The results are reported here, which were best in the cervical migraine syndrome, while in the typical migraine they were the least successful.", "contents": "Electric stimulation in chronic headaches. Therapeutic electric stimulation in cases of chronic headaches was carried out in 150 patients. Migraine was diagnosed in 40 cases, common vasomotor headache in 63, cervical migraine in 24, Horton's neuralgia in 5 and complex headaches in 18 cases. The results are reported here, which were best in the cervical migraine syndrome, while in the typical migraine they were the least successful.", "PMID": 1024476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3834", "title": "[The degenerating processes of germinal cells during oogenesis in Lithobius forticatus L. (Myriapoda chilopoda)].", "content": "The ovary of Lithobius forficatus always contains some degenerating oocytes. The cytologic evolution during the oocyte degenerescence is described. Cytoplasmic lysis takes place before nuclear lysis and the vitellinic reserves resist the longest. The degenerates coming from previtellogenetic or poorly vitellogenetic cells are essentially recovered by the follicular cells. If large vitellogenetic or mature oocytes are affected, their vitellinic reserves are released into the ovarian cavity and included in the cells of the ovarian epithelium. The number of degenerating oocytes is in relation with the external conditions; it reaches a maximum at the end of the spring. The temperature may act directly or indirectly through the endocrine centers.", "contents": "[The degenerating processes of germinal cells during oogenesis in Lithobius forticatus L. (Myriapoda chilopoda)]. The ovary of Lithobius forficatus always contains some degenerating oocytes. The cytologic evolution during the oocyte degenerescence is described. Cytoplasmic lysis takes place before nuclear lysis and the vitellinic reserves resist the longest. The degenerates coming from previtellogenetic or poorly vitellogenetic cells are essentially recovered by the follicular cells. If large vitellogenetic or mature oocytes are affected, their vitellinic reserves are released into the ovarian cavity and included in the cells of the ovarian epithelium. The number of degenerating oocytes is in relation with the external conditions; it reaches a maximum at the end of the spring. The temperature may act directly or indirectly through the endocrine centers.", "PMID": 1024483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3835", "title": "[Vitellogenesis in decapod cephalopods: evolution of oocytes and follicular cells during genital maturation].", "content": "The investigation was carried out on two Cephalopods: Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris. During previtellogenesis, the follicle cells (F.C.), originally arranged at the periphery of the oocyte, form strands, through the axis of which runs a blood vessel. The follicle strands then make their way down into the ooplasm. They end up by occuping the greater part of the volume of the oocyte. At this stage, despite their increase in size, the F.C. do not undergo conspicuous cytological transformations. In the ooplasm, excepting a few specialized structures (annulate lamellae), the organites display no notable differentiation. The onset of vitellogenesis is characterized by the appearance in the ooplasm of elements paracrystalline in structure. A zona pellucida appears between the oocyte and the F.C., and it is at the point that yolk of a permanent type begins to accumulate. Concurrently the F.C. undergo characteristic reorganization: hypertrophy of the nucleolar mass, multiplication of granular reticulum cisternae, increase both in the number and the size of the Golgi complexes. The saccules of the Golgi complex process a material rich in carbohydrate protein bearing the same cytochemical characteristics as the yolk. In the basal zone of the F.C., deep invaginations of the wall of blood vessels scallop the cytoplasm. F.C. look like \"podocyte cells\". Immunofluorescence study suggest there is no immunological identity between blood and yolk proteins. The formation of chorion is accompanied by a fresh transformation of the F.C.: the granular endoplasmic reticulum breaks up into rounded cisternae containing a dense material. Concurrently the morphology of the Golgi complex is modified. The earliest chorion elements accumulate, firstly in the forme of isolated lobules within the zona pellucida. They then fuse to make a continous layer bounding the microvilli of the F.C. These cells eventually enter into a phase of degeneration and disappear, whilst the oocyte is set free by dehiscence into coelomic cavity.", "contents": "[Vitellogenesis in decapod cephalopods: evolution of oocytes and follicular cells during genital maturation]. The investigation was carried out on two Cephalopods: Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris. During previtellogenesis, the follicle cells (F.C.), originally arranged at the periphery of the oocyte, form strands, through the axis of which runs a blood vessel. The follicle strands then make their way down into the ooplasm. They end up by occuping the greater part of the volume of the oocyte. At this stage, despite their increase in size, the F.C. do not undergo conspicuous cytological transformations. In the ooplasm, excepting a few specialized structures (annulate lamellae), the organites display no notable differentiation. The onset of vitellogenesis is characterized by the appearance in the ooplasm of elements paracrystalline in structure. A zona pellucida appears between the oocyte and the F.C., and it is at the point that yolk of a permanent type begins to accumulate. Concurrently the F.C. undergo characteristic reorganization: hypertrophy of the nucleolar mass, multiplication of granular reticulum cisternae, increase both in the number and the size of the Golgi complexes. The saccules of the Golgi complex process a material rich in carbohydrate protein bearing the same cytochemical characteristics as the yolk. In the basal zone of the F.C., deep invaginations of the wall of blood vessels scallop the cytoplasm. F.C. look like \"podocyte cells\". Immunofluorescence study suggest there is no immunological identity between blood and yolk proteins. The formation of chorion is accompanied by a fresh transformation of the F.C.: the granular endoplasmic reticulum breaks up into rounded cisternae containing a dense material. Concurrently the morphology of the Golgi complex is modified. The earliest chorion elements accumulate, firstly in the forme of isolated lobules within the zona pellucida. They then fuse to make a continous layer bounding the microvilli of the F.C. These cells eventually enter into a phase of degeneration and disappear, whilst the oocyte is set free by dehiscence into coelomic cavity.", "PMID": 1024484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3836", "title": "[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. I. Variations in the number and the size of myelinated fibers in the nerves of normal rats].", "content": "The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastrocnemius muscles of 24 normal rats (11 males and 13 females). The mean values of all results were comparable on right and left sides. Thus, 271 +/- 5 myelinated nerve fibers were found in the right nerve and 272 +/- 4 in the left; their mean diameter were respectively 8.1 +/- 0.1 and 8.0 +/- 0.1 micron. There were 60.1% of large nerve fibers on the right side and 59,9% on the left, their mean diameters being 10.5 and 10.6 micron. Some variations occured in all these values, depending of the weight and sex of the animals. Nevertheless, the differences between both sides of a same rat were negligible and the histograms of both nerves could be superposed. Accordingly, in the operated animals, the contralateral nerve may be used as control.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. I. Variations in the number and the size of myelinated fibers in the nerves of normal rats]. The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastrocnemius muscles of 24 normal rats (11 males and 13 females). The mean values of all results were comparable on right and left sides. Thus, 271 +/- 5 myelinated nerve fibers were found in the right nerve and 272 +/- 4 in the left; their mean diameter were respectively 8.1 +/- 0.1 and 8.0 +/- 0.1 micron. There were 60.1% of large nerve fibers on the right side and 59,9% on the left, their mean diameters being 10.5 and 10.6 micron. Some variations occured in all these values, depending of the weight and sex of the animals. Nevertheless, the differences between both sides of a same rat were negligible and the histograms of both nerves could be superposed. Accordingly, in the operated animals, the contralateral nerve may be used as control.", "PMID": 1024485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3837", "title": "[Light-induced redox conversions of cytochrome f in pea leaves].", "content": "Redox conversions of cytochrome f were studied in intact pea leaves by double wavelength difference spectrophotometry. Using the inhibition of the photosystem II activity by far red light (719 nm) or diurone, it was found that cytochrome f is located between two photosystems on the oxidative side of photosystem I. The inhibitors of phosphorylation, , e.g. antimycin A and phloridzine, as well as the uncoupler, methylamine, strongly decreased electron transport through the carrier. It is concluded that cytochrome f is functioning in the non-cyclic phosphorylation. It is suggested that in vivo cytochrome f is not coupled with cyclic electron transfer.", "contents": "[Light-induced redox conversions of cytochrome f in pea leaves]. Redox conversions of cytochrome f were studied in intact pea leaves by double wavelength difference spectrophotometry. Using the inhibition of the photosystem II activity by far red light (719 nm) or diurone, it was found that cytochrome f is located between two photosystems on the oxidative side of photosystem I. The inhibitors of phosphorylation, , e.g. antimycin A and phloridzine, as well as the uncoupler, methylamine, strongly decreased electron transport through the carrier. It is concluded that cytochrome f is functioning in the non-cyclic phosphorylation. It is suggested that in vivo cytochrome f is not coupled with cyclic electron transfer.", "PMID": 1024577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3838", "title": "[Amino acid sequence in tryptic peptides of maleylated Micrococcus sp. n. histidine decarboxylase beta-polypeptide chain].", "content": "Maleilated histidine decarboxylase beta-polypeptide chain, containing 3 arginine residue, was hydrolysed by trypsin. 4 non-overlapping homogenous peptides were isolated, 3 of them containing one arginine residue and the 4th peptide being C-terminal fragment of beta-chain. beta-Polypeptide chain is found to consist of 78 amino acid residues and to have molecular weight of 8456. Primary structure of each peptide and their possible sequence in beta-chain are determined.", "contents": "[Amino acid sequence in tryptic peptides of maleylated Micrococcus sp. n. histidine decarboxylase beta-polypeptide chain]. Maleilated histidine decarboxylase beta-polypeptide chain, containing 3 arginine residue, was hydrolysed by trypsin. 4 non-overlapping homogenous peptides were isolated, 3 of them containing one arginine residue and the 4th peptide being C-terminal fragment of beta-chain. beta-Polypeptide chain is found to consist of 78 amino acid residues and to have molecular weight of 8456. Primary structure of each peptide and their possible sequence in beta-chain are determined.", "PMID": 1024578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3839", "title": "[Effect of monovalent cations on glutamate metabolism in rat brain].", "content": "Glutamate oxidation in vitro via deamination and transamination during gramicidin C-induced transport of K+ and Na+ in rat nervous tissue mitochondria was studied. An increase in ammonium production, i.e. in glutamate oxidation due to deamination, was shown to occur with maximal increase of oxygen consumption in the presence of cations. It was found that 1.5 mM Na+ activate oxygen consumption by 15% and accelerate ammonium production from glutamate (by 17%). No changes in aspartate production were observed. 15 mM K+ increase oxygen consumption by 29% and ammonium production by 11% during a decrease in aspartate production as compared to glutamate oxidation in the presence of a lower (10 mM) concentration of K+ in the samples.", "contents": "[Effect of monovalent cations on glutamate metabolism in rat brain]. Glutamate oxidation in vitro via deamination and transamination during gramicidin C-induced transport of K+ and Na+ in rat nervous tissue mitochondria was studied. An increase in ammonium production, i.e. in glutamate oxidation due to deamination, was shown to occur with maximal increase of oxygen consumption in the presence of cations. It was found that 1.5 mM Na+ activate oxygen consumption by 15% and accelerate ammonium production from glutamate (by 17%). No changes in aspartate production were observed. 15 mM K+ increase oxygen consumption by 29% and ammonium production by 11% during a decrease in aspartate production as compared to glutamate oxidation in the presence of a lower (10 mM) concentration of K+ in the samples.", "PMID": 1024579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3840", "title": "[The pentose phosphate pathway and NADP-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in some tissues of albino rat].", "content": "The NADP-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in liver, heart and skeletal muscle of rat was studied. The activity is found when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or ribose-5-phosphate in the presence of ATP are taken as substrates. The data obtained confirm that NADP-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase exists in skeletal muscle and demonstrate that it is found in heart muscle as well.", "contents": "[The pentose phosphate pathway and NADP-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in some tissues of albino rat]. The NADP-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in liver, heart and skeletal muscle of rat was studied. The activity is found when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or ribose-5-phosphate in the presence of ATP are taken as substrates. The data obtained confirm that NADP-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase exists in skeletal muscle and demonstrate that it is found in heart muscle as well.", "PMID": 1024580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3841", "title": "[Stabilization of polyacrylamide gel immobilized horseradish peroxidase by its covalent coupling to albumin].", "content": "Pretreatment of peroxidase by its covalent coupling to inert proteins and albumin by means of glutaraldehyde considerably increases the thermostability and specific activity of polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) immobilized peroxidase. The effects of PAAG composition on the catalytic properties of the immobilized oligomers: peroxidase-inert proteins-albumin, are studied. The oligomers immobilized in 40% PAAG (10% N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) possess the maximal specific activity (4.5 nmol/g). The effects of oligomer composition on their catalytic activity and stability in PAAG are studied. The stability of oligomers of optimal composition (ratio of albumin/peroxidase is 2.4), incorporated into 40% PAAG, is 15 times higher as compared to that of the soluble enzyme and 250 times higher as compared to that of the enzyme incorporated into PAAG without pretreatment. A mechanism of stabilizing effect exerted by albumin on peroxidase in PAAG-immobilized oligomers, is discussed.", "contents": "[Stabilization of polyacrylamide gel immobilized horseradish peroxidase by its covalent coupling to albumin]. Pretreatment of peroxidase by its covalent coupling to inert proteins and albumin by means of glutaraldehyde considerably increases the thermostability and specific activity of polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) immobilized peroxidase. The effects of PAAG composition on the catalytic properties of the immobilized oligomers: peroxidase-inert proteins-albumin, are studied. The oligomers immobilized in 40% PAAG (10% N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) possess the maximal specific activity (4.5 nmol/g). The effects of oligomer composition on their catalytic activity and stability in PAAG are studied. The stability of oligomers of optimal composition (ratio of albumin/peroxidase is 2.4), incorporated into 40% PAAG, is 15 times higher as compared to that of the soluble enzyme and 250 times higher as compared to that of the enzyme incorporated into PAAG without pretreatment. A mechanism of stabilizing effect exerted by albumin on peroxidase in PAAG-immobilized oligomers, is discussed.", "PMID": 1024581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3842", "title": "[Lipid peroxidation and disturbance in Ca2+ transport through sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes during E-avitaminosis].", "content": "The antioxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in biolgoical membranes in vivo is described. Experimental E-avitaminosis is accompanied by accumulation of products of free-radical oxidation of phospholipids and by a loss of Ca2+-transporting ability of the muscle cells microsomal fraction. The role of alpha-tocopherol in stabilization and as a \"radical trap\" in biological membranes is discussed.", "contents": "[Lipid peroxidation and disturbance in Ca2+ transport through sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes during E-avitaminosis]. The antioxidant effect of alpha-tocopherol in biolgoical membranes in vivo is described. Experimental E-avitaminosis is accompanied by accumulation of products of free-radical oxidation of phospholipids and by a loss of Ca2+-transporting ability of the muscle cells microsomal fraction. The role of alpha-tocopherol in stabilization and as a \"radical trap\" in biological membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 1024582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3843", "title": "[Isotopic effect in enzymatic oxidation of methane].", "content": "The isotopic effect during oxidation of methane and deuteromethane by a suspension of Methylomonas rubrum cells, for which methane is the only source of carbon, was observed. The rate of CH4 oxidation is 12.5 times higher than that of CH4 oxidation. It is demonstrated that CD4 is a competitive inhibitor of CH4 oxidation. The results obtained suggest that the disruption of the C-H bond is the limiting step of enzymatic oxidation of methane.", "contents": "[Isotopic effect in enzymatic oxidation of methane]. The isotopic effect during oxidation of methane and deuteromethane by a suspension of Methylomonas rubrum cells, for which methane is the only source of carbon, was observed. The rate of CH4 oxidation is 12.5 times higher than that of CH4 oxidation. It is demonstrated that CD4 is a competitive inhibitor of CH4 oxidation. The results obtained suggest that the disruption of the C-H bond is the limiting step of enzymatic oxidation of methane.", "PMID": 1024583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3844", "title": "[Preservation of differences in the degree of polymerization of actin, isolated at different stages of ontogenesis after its purification].", "content": "Actin preparation from skeletal muscles of new-born, 10 days old and adult rabbits, containing less than or equal to 5% of inactivated actin and 1-2% of other myofibrillar proteins, were studied by means of flow birefringence and viscosimetry. It is found, that, like earlier studied crude preparations, purified actin preparations, isolated at different ontogenesis stages, differ in their intrinsic viscosity and extinction angle. These differences retain after the additional trypsin treatment. Non-polymerizing fraction of Straub F-actins, isolated from rabbit muscles of all ontogenesis stages studied, practically does not affect the polymerization in the course of ontogenesis, which is due to changes in its stucture.", "contents": "[Preservation of differences in the degree of polymerization of actin, isolated at different stages of ontogenesis after its purification]. Actin preparation from skeletal muscles of new-born, 10 days old and adult rabbits, containing less than or equal to 5% of inactivated actin and 1-2% of other myofibrillar proteins, were studied by means of flow birefringence and viscosimetry. It is found, that, like earlier studied crude preparations, purified actin preparations, isolated at different ontogenesis stages, differ in their intrinsic viscosity and extinction angle. These differences retain after the additional trypsin treatment. Non-polymerizing fraction of Straub F-actins, isolated from rabbit muscles of all ontogenesis stages studied, practically does not affect the polymerization in the course of ontogenesis, which is due to changes in its stucture.", "PMID": 1024584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3845", "title": "[Purification and properties of plastocyanin and ferredoxin from Ceratophyllum demersum L].", "content": "A copper-containing protein plastocyanin and iron-containing protein ferredoxin were isolated in electrophoretically homogenous states from Ceratophyllum demersum L. Molecular weights, protein compositions as well as optical and EDP specta of both proteins are presented. The proteins studied showed considerable differences in ultraviolet spectrum and amino acid composition as compared to analogous proteins from surface higher plants and green algae.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of plastocyanin and ferredoxin from Ceratophyllum demersum L]. A copper-containing protein plastocyanin and iron-containing protein ferredoxin were isolated in electrophoretically homogenous states from Ceratophyllum demersum L. Molecular weights, protein compositions as well as optical and EDP specta of both proteins are presented. The proteins studied showed considerable differences in ultraviolet spectrum and amino acid composition as compared to analogous proteins from surface higher plants and green algae.", "PMID": 1024585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3846", "title": "[Nature of tryptophan photooxidation products in lysozyme in the presence of methylene blue].", "content": "One out of six trytophan residues in two lysozyme modification, obtained under lysozyme photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue, is found to be oxidized to N'-formylkinurenine (in one modification) and to kinurenine (in the other modification). The transition of one modification into another via detaching of N'-formyl group by soft acid hydrolysis has shown that one and the same tryptophan residue is oxidized in both products, Possible mechanism of tryptophan oxidation to the products mentioned is discu-sed on the basis of the hypothesis on signlet mechanism of lysozyme photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue.", "contents": "[Nature of tryptophan photooxidation products in lysozyme in the presence of methylene blue]. One out of six trytophan residues in two lysozyme modification, obtained under lysozyme photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue, is found to be oxidized to N'-formylkinurenine (in one modification) and to kinurenine (in the other modification). The transition of one modification into another via detaching of N'-formyl group by soft acid hydrolysis has shown that one and the same tryptophan residue is oxidized in both products, Possible mechanism of tryptophan oxidation to the products mentioned is discu-sed on the basis of the hypothesis on signlet mechanism of lysozyme photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue.", "PMID": 1024586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3847", "title": "[Purification and properties of hydrogenase from phototrophic bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina].", "content": "The isolation method and some peoperties of purple sulphur bacteria (Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain BBS) hydrogenase are described Hydrogenase molecular weight is found to be 66000; it contains 3.7 moles of S2- and 3.9 moles of Fe2+ per one mole of the enzyme;pI=4.2. The enzyme absorption spectrum has the maximum at 400-412 nm which is characteristic of proteins containing non-haem iron. Hydrogenase is suggested to consist pf 4 subunits of two types: with molar weight 27000 and 6000. Unlike other hydrogenases, this enzyme is rather resistant to O2 and is more thermostable: the inactivation of the enzyme was observed at the temperature above 80 degrees C; Hydrogenase preparation catalyses D2-H2O exchange reaction, H2 evolution from the reduced methyl viologene (MV) and H2 absorption in the presense of MV or benzylviologene but not in the presense of NAD(P), FAD, FMN, azocarmine, methylene blue and ferricyanide.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of hydrogenase from phototrophic bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina]. The isolation method and some peoperties of purple sulphur bacteria (Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain BBS) hydrogenase are described Hydrogenase molecular weight is found to be 66000; it contains 3.7 moles of S2- and 3.9 moles of Fe2+ per one mole of the enzyme;pI=4.2. The enzyme absorption spectrum has the maximum at 400-412 nm which is characteristic of proteins containing non-haem iron. Hydrogenase is suggested to consist pf 4 subunits of two types: with molar weight 27000 and 6000. Unlike other hydrogenases, this enzyme is rather resistant to O2 and is more thermostable: the inactivation of the enzyme was observed at the temperature above 80 degrees C; Hydrogenase preparation catalyses D2-H2O exchange reaction, H2 evolution from the reduced methyl viologene (MV) and H2 absorption in the presense of MV or benzylviologene but not in the presense of NAD(P), FAD, FMN, azocarmine, methylene blue and ferricyanide.", "PMID": 1024587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3848", "title": "[Nature of the effect on RNA and substrate specificity of RNAase of Bacillus amylozyma 9a].", "content": "Extracellular RNAase from Bac. amylozyma 9a has endonucleolytic character of the action on RNA, it splits in RNA 5'-phosphodiester bonds of GpXp type (where X is any nucleoside). The hydrolysis proceeds in two steps by the intramolecular transphosphorylation type of reaction to form guanosine-2',3'-phosphates and with the subsequent hydrolysis of cyclic bonds. The enzyme shows a preferable specificity to the single-stranded structure of the polyribonucleotides.", "contents": "[Nature of the effect on RNA and substrate specificity of RNAase of Bacillus amylozyma 9a]. Extracellular RNAase from Bac. amylozyma 9a has endonucleolytic character of the action on RNA, it splits in RNA 5'-phosphodiester bonds of GpXp type (where X is any nucleoside). The hydrolysis proceeds in two steps by the intramolecular transphosphorylation type of reaction to form guanosine-2',3'-phosphates and with the subsequent hydrolysis of cyclic bonds. The enzyme shows a preferable specificity to the single-stranded structure of the polyribonucleotides.", "PMID": 1024588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3849", "title": "[Interaction of adenine derivatives with chloroplast membranes].", "content": "Structural changes of chloroplast fragments result in increased adsorption of adenine derivatives. The nativity of membranes is essential for AMP adsorption. Chloroplast fragments, containing CF1, adsorb adenine and adenosine by 30% and ADP by 50% more than the fragments, devoid of the enzyme. It is assumed that lipids may act as sorbents during nucleotides interaction with the chloroplast membrane.", "contents": "[Interaction of adenine derivatives with chloroplast membranes]. Structural changes of chloroplast fragments result in increased adsorption of adenine derivatives. The nativity of membranes is essential for AMP adsorption. Chloroplast fragments, containing CF1, adsorb adenine and adenosine by 30% and ADP by 50% more than the fragments, devoid of the enzyme. It is assumed that lipids may act as sorbents during nucleotides interaction with the chloroplast membrane.", "PMID": 1024589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3850", "title": "[Effect of thiol reagents on the interaction of glutamate dehydrogenase with sex hormones].", "content": "The blocking of glutamate dehydrogenase SH-groups with some thiol reagents decreases the binding of sex hormones and the degree of their inhibitory effect on glutamate dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "[Effect of thiol reagents on the interaction of glutamate dehydrogenase with sex hormones]. The blocking of glutamate dehydrogenase SH-groups with some thiol reagents decreases the binding of sex hormones and the degree of their inhibitory effect on glutamate dehydrogenase activity.", "PMID": 1024590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3851", "title": "[Isolation and purification of NADP-dependent \"L-malate\"-enzyme from corn leaves].", "content": "Isolation and purification of \"malic-enzyme\" NADP was done using fractionation by ammonium sulfate, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel-filtration through Sephadex G-200 and purification on DEAE Sephadex A-50. The isoenzyme isolated had a specific activity of 40-50 mkM/mg protein per min (approximately 80-fold purification) and contained negligible admixtures.", "contents": "[Isolation and purification of NADP-dependent \"L-malate\"-enzyme from corn leaves]. Isolation and purification of \"malic-enzyme\" NADP was done using fractionation by ammonium sulfate, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, gel-filtration through Sephadex G-200 and purification on DEAE Sephadex A-50. The isoenzyme isolated had a specific activity of 40-50 mkM/mg protein per min (approximately 80-fold purification) and contained negligible admixtures.", "PMID": 1024592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3852", "title": "[Study of amino acid composition and biosynthesis of protein components of the membrane system of corn plastids during biogenesis of chloroplasts].", "content": "The biosynthesis of membrane proteins in maize plastids at different stages of differentiation of the chloroplast lamellar system was studied. Prolamellar and lamellar system preparations were isolated from maize plastids, disintegrated by osmotic shock under hypotonic conditions. Changes in the amino acid composition of 14C membrane proteins were observed at all stages of chloroplast ultrastructure formation. The maximal level of the apolar amino acids was observed in the membrane fraction of chloroplasts. Washed membranes from maize proplastids and chloroplasts can be resolved into at least 14 protein bands on formic acid--urea polyacrylamide gel. It is pointed out that biogenesis process leads to the increase of lipophylic protein content in the chloroplast lamellae fraction.", "contents": "[Study of amino acid composition and biosynthesis of protein components of the membrane system of corn plastids during biogenesis of chloroplasts]. The biosynthesis of membrane proteins in maize plastids at different stages of differentiation of the chloroplast lamellar system was studied. Prolamellar and lamellar system preparations were isolated from maize plastids, disintegrated by osmotic shock under hypotonic conditions. Changes in the amino acid composition of 14C membrane proteins were observed at all stages of chloroplast ultrastructure formation. The maximal level of the apolar amino acids was observed in the membrane fraction of chloroplasts. Washed membranes from maize proplastids and chloroplasts can be resolved into at least 14 protein bands on formic acid--urea polyacrylamide gel. It is pointed out that biogenesis process leads to the increase of lipophylic protein content in the chloroplast lamellae fraction.", "PMID": 1024593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3853", "title": "[Important role of C-terminal amino acid sequence of the luteinizing hormone alpha-subunit in its recombination with the beta-subunit].", "content": "Five amino acid residues, i. e. serine, lysine, histidine and two tyrosine residues, are split from the C-end of the alpha-subunit of bovine luteinizing hormone by carboxypeptidase A. Gel-filtration through Sephadex G-100 demonstrated that the carboxypeptidase-treated alpha-subunit is not recombined with the native beta-subunit and does not form complex molecules of the hormone.", "contents": "[Important role of C-terminal amino acid sequence of the luteinizing hormone alpha-subunit in its recombination with the beta-subunit]. Five amino acid residues, i. e. serine, lysine, histidine and two tyrosine residues, are split from the C-end of the alpha-subunit of bovine luteinizing hormone by carboxypeptidase A. Gel-filtration through Sephadex G-100 demonstrated that the carboxypeptidase-treated alpha-subunit is not recombined with the native beta-subunit and does not form complex molecules of the hormone.", "PMID": 1024594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3854", "title": "[Bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence changes related to the bacteriopheophytin photoreduction in the chromatophores of purple sulfur bacteria].", "content": "It is shown that illumination of chromatophores of sulfur bacterium Chromatium minutissimum at Eh of the medium --200 mV divided by --620 mV (when the photooxidation of pigment P890 is completely inhibited) induces a decrease in bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence yield, reversible in the dark. Under these conditions a reversible photoreduction of bacteriopheophytin is detected (bleaching of absorption bands at 543 and 760 nm and development of a band at 650 nm), which is accompanied by a blue shift of the absorption band at 8 nm. As a possible interpretation of these effects the suggestion is made on the function of bacteriopheophytin as a primary electron acceptor in reaction centers of bacteria. The bacteriopheophytin photoreduction, followed by a decrease in fluorescence yield, is also observed in other sulfur bacteria, Thiocapsa roseopersicina and Ectothiorodospira shaposhnikovii, but it is not detected in nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. This is considered as an evidence for the difference in the functional organization of the reaction centers of these two groups of bacteria,", "contents": "[Bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence changes related to the bacteriopheophytin photoreduction in the chromatophores of purple sulfur bacteria]. It is shown that illumination of chromatophores of sulfur bacterium Chromatium minutissimum at Eh of the medium --200 mV divided by --620 mV (when the photooxidation of pigment P890 is completely inhibited) induces a decrease in bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence yield, reversible in the dark. Under these conditions a reversible photoreduction of bacteriopheophytin is detected (bleaching of absorption bands at 543 and 760 nm and development of a band at 650 nm), which is accompanied by a blue shift of the absorption band at 8 nm. As a possible interpretation of these effects the suggestion is made on the function of bacteriopheophytin as a primary electron acceptor in reaction centers of bacteria. The bacteriopheophytin photoreduction, followed by a decrease in fluorescence yield, is also observed in other sulfur bacteria, Thiocapsa roseopersicina and Ectothiorodospira shaposhnikovii, but it is not detected in nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. This is considered as an evidence for the difference in the functional organization of the reaction centers of these two groups of bacteria,", "PMID": 1024595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3855", "title": "[18 O-exchange reactions catalyzed by subfragment 1 of myosin molecule].", "content": "18 O-exchange properties of enzymically active proteolytic fragment of myosin molecule--subfragment 1 were studied. It was shown that 18O-exchange activity of subfragment 1 is similar to that of parental myosin and its other proteolytic fragment--heavy meromyosin. The experimental data suggest that the 18O-exchange activity is an integral property of myosin and is not determined by its contaminations.", "contents": "[18 O-exchange reactions catalyzed by subfragment 1 of myosin molecule]. 18 O-exchange properties of enzymically active proteolytic fragment of myosin molecule--subfragment 1 were studied. It was shown that 18O-exchange activity of subfragment 1 is similar to that of parental myosin and its other proteolytic fragment--heavy meromyosin. The experimental data suggest that the 18O-exchange activity is an integral property of myosin and is not determined by its contaminations.", "PMID": 1024596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3856", "title": "[Effect of synthetic tetradecapeptide corresponding to 31-44 amino acid sequence of growth hormone on lipolysis in human adipose tissue].", "content": "Fat mobilyzing activity of synthetic tetradecapeptide, which corresponds in 31--44 amino acid sequence of human growth hormone, is studied in vitro in human fat tissue. The peptide at concentrations of 3--33 microng/ml considerably stimulated lipolysis in subdermal fat tissue, omentum and shoulder ateroma. Minimal efficient peptide concentration was 3 microng/ml in most experiments, sometimes it was 0.3 microng/ml. Direct dependency between dose logarithm and lipolysis rate was observed at dose interval of 0.3--18 microng/ml. Native growth hormone produced no activity in human fat tissue even in concentrations of 50--100 microng/ml.", "contents": "[Effect of synthetic tetradecapeptide corresponding to 31-44 amino acid sequence of growth hormone on lipolysis in human adipose tissue]. Fat mobilyzing activity of synthetic tetradecapeptide, which corresponds in 31--44 amino acid sequence of human growth hormone, is studied in vitro in human fat tissue. The peptide at concentrations of 3--33 microng/ml considerably stimulated lipolysis in subdermal fat tissue, omentum and shoulder ateroma. Minimal efficient peptide concentration was 3 microng/ml in most experiments, sometimes it was 0.3 microng/ml. Direct dependency between dose logarithm and lipolysis rate was observed at dose interval of 0.3--18 microng/ml. Native growth hormone produced no activity in human fat tissue even in concentrations of 50--100 microng/ml.", "PMID": 1024597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3857", "title": "[Bacteriophage T2 DNA modification by O-methylhydroxylamine].", "content": "A comparative study of the reactivities of free 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) and 5-HMC found in the composition of native, denaturated and intraphage DNA of the T2 phage with that of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) demonstrated that the DNA secondary structure in situ is partially disturbed. The interaction DNA-protein in the phage particle channels the reaction into a predominant formation of 4N-methoxy-6-methoxyamino-5,6-dihydro-5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, but not 4N-methoxy-5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, which is formed in vitro. In the course of the reaction the interaction DNA-protein is probably fixed by covalent binding.", "contents": "[Bacteriophage T2 DNA modification by O-methylhydroxylamine]. A comparative study of the reactivities of free 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) and 5-HMC found in the composition of native, denaturated and intraphage DNA of the T2 phage with that of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) demonstrated that the DNA secondary structure in situ is partially disturbed. The interaction DNA-protein in the phage particle channels the reaction into a predominant formation of 4N-methoxy-6-methoxyamino-5,6-dihydro-5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, but not 4N-methoxy-5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, which is formed in vitro. In the course of the reaction the interaction DNA-protein is probably fixed by covalent binding.", "PMID": 1024598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3858", "title": "[Properties and reaction mechanism of mitochondrial menadione reductase].", "content": "An isolation procedure of mitochondrial menadione reductase from rat liver using an ethanol-ether extraction for solubilization of the enzyme is described. The enzyme was purified 930-fold. The molecular weight of mitochondrial menadione reductase is 62,000. According to spectroscopic and enzymic analysis the prosthetic group of the enzyme was identified as FAD. Mitochondrial menadione reductase is inhibitied by dicumarol and p-chloromecuribenzoate. The enzyme is characterized by a group substrate specificity towards quinones. A high catalytic activity of menadione reductase towards 4-aniline-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (AMOBQ), and 4-N-(p-sulfoanilino)-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (AMOBQS) as acceptors was demonstrated. It was shown that the reduction of these orto-benzoquinones by NAD(P) H follows the \"ping-pong\" kinetics. The kinetic constants for NAD(P)H,AMOBQ and and AMOBQS were determined.", "contents": "[Properties and reaction mechanism of mitochondrial menadione reductase]. An isolation procedure of mitochondrial menadione reductase from rat liver using an ethanol-ether extraction for solubilization of the enzyme is described. The enzyme was purified 930-fold. The molecular weight of mitochondrial menadione reductase is 62,000. According to spectroscopic and enzymic analysis the prosthetic group of the enzyme was identified as FAD. Mitochondrial menadione reductase is inhibitied by dicumarol and p-chloromecuribenzoate. The enzyme is characterized by a group substrate specificity towards quinones. A high catalytic activity of menadione reductase towards 4-aniline-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (AMOBQ), and 4-N-(p-sulfoanilino)-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (AMOBQS) as acceptors was demonstrated. It was shown that the reduction of these orto-benzoquinones by NAD(P) H follows the \"ping-pong\" kinetics. The kinetic constants for NAD(P)H,AMOBQ and and AMOBQS were determined.", "PMID": 1024599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3859", "title": "Cryosurgery in removal of orbital tumors.", "content": "Two cases in which medially placed retro-orbital tumors were approached transfrontally have been presented. The computerized tomographic scanner was important in the localization of both lesions. Although of different histologic types, both tumors were friable and vascular. This friability and vascularity would have caused severe difficulties in removal had it not been for the facility with which a cryoprobe froze and grasped tumor tissue. The importance of this instrument, previously unemphasized, has been pointed out.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in removal of orbital tumors. Two cases in which medially placed retro-orbital tumors were approached transfrontally have been presented. The computerized tomographic scanner was important in the localization of both lesions. Although of different histologic types, both tumors were friable and vascular. This friability and vascularity would have caused severe difficulties in removal had it not been for the facility with which a cryoprobe froze and grasped tumor tissue. The importance of this instrument, previously unemphasized, has been pointed out.", "PMID": 1024678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3860", "title": "Essential tremor in Papua, New Guinea.", "content": "The clinical features of 175 cases of essential tremor are related. This disorder is prevalent among a population of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. It affects predominantly women in middle and old age; only 27 per cent of the cases were males. The disorder is slowly progressive and significant disability appears in elderly women when the trunk muscles are involved. Epidemiological studies have shown that the presence of tremor can be correlated with linguistic distinctions between high and low prevalence populations. Although only 30 patients reported a first degree relative with tremor, the syndrome would seem to stem from a genetic predisposition. In a number of patients essential tremor appeared to be associated with Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Essential tremor in Papua, New Guinea. The clinical features of 175 cases of essential tremor are related. This disorder is prevalent among a population of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. It affects predominantly women in middle and old age; only 27 per cent of the cases were males. The disorder is slowly progressive and significant disability appears in elderly women when the trunk muscles are involved. Epidemiological studies have shown that the presence of tremor can be correlated with linguistic distinctions between high and low prevalence populations. Although only 30 patients reported a first degree relative with tremor, the syndrome would seem to stem from a genetic predisposition. In a number of patients essential tremor appeared to be associated with Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 1024690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3861", "title": "The diagnosis of congenital unilateral third-nerve palsy.", "content": "Sixteen cases of congenital unilateral third-nerve palsies collected from the records of the Wilmer Eye Institute and The Johns Hopkins Hospital over twenty-one years are reviewed. Their aetiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis and prognosis are discussed. Their benign nature with respect to absence of associated neurological disease and the high probability of their causing amblyopia and aberrant regeneration are emphasized.", "contents": "The diagnosis of congenital unilateral third-nerve palsy. Sixteen cases of congenital unilateral third-nerve palsies collected from the records of the Wilmer Eye Institute and The Johns Hopkins Hospital over twenty-one years are reviewed. Their aetiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis and prognosis are discussed. Their benign nature with respect to absence of associated neurological disease and the high probability of their causing amblyopia and aberrant regeneration are emphasized.", "PMID": 1024691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3862", "title": "Two-fold interindividual variation in plasma protein binding of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "Plasma protein binding of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) in 63 epileptic patients was investigated with an ultrafiltration technique at room temperature using 14C-labelled phenytoin. A strong correlation was found between the total and the unbound drug concentration (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001). The unbound phenytoin fraction was 7.1 +/- 1.0% with a range of 4.9 to 10.2%. This variation is considerably less than that reported recently by different authors. Individual phenytoin binding was reproducible when the determination was repeated several weeks later. Salivary phenytoin concentrations in 33 epileptic patients were significantly correlated to the unbound (r = 0.83) and total concentrations (r = 0.82) of phenytoin in plasma. This study confirms that the clinical practice of monitoring total phenytoin plasma concentrations is sufficient, since the unbound phenytoin fraction has only a 2-fold interindividual variation in epileptic patients, provided that they do not suffer from renal or hepatic disease.", "contents": "Two-fold interindividual variation in plasma protein binding of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. Plasma protein binding of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) in 63 epileptic patients was investigated with an ultrafiltration technique at room temperature using 14C-labelled phenytoin. A strong correlation was found between the total and the unbound drug concentration (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001). The unbound phenytoin fraction was 7.1 +/- 1.0% with a range of 4.9 to 10.2%. This variation is considerably less than that reported recently by different authors. Individual phenytoin binding was reproducible when the determination was repeated several weeks later. Salivary phenytoin concentrations in 33 epileptic patients were significantly correlated to the unbound (r = 0.83) and total concentrations (r = 0.82) of phenytoin in plasma. This study confirms that the clinical practice of monitoring total phenytoin plasma concentrations is sufficient, since the unbound phenytoin fraction has only a 2-fold interindividual variation in epileptic patients, provided that they do not suffer from renal or hepatic disease.", "PMID": 1024769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3863", "title": "The replacement child--a developmental tragedy: some preliminary comments.", "content": "Some of the clinical and theoretical issues thought to be involved in the psychology of \"replacement children\" are discussed. A developmental framework is proposed within which to view such children. The replacement child is becoming an identifiable clinical syndrome, and a developmental framework is sorely needed to encourage more systematic research. A replacement child perceives his status differently on both a cognitive and emotional level within the context of each developmental phase, and the affective and associative links need to be reworked each time. We view the status of being a replacement child as a developmental interference insofar as demands are placed on the child's immature ego which he might not yet be equipped to cope with.", "contents": "The replacement child--a developmental tragedy: some preliminary comments. Some of the clinical and theoretical issues thought to be involved in the psychology of \"replacement children\" are discussed. A developmental framework is proposed within which to view such children. The replacement child is becoming an identifiable clinical syndrome, and a developmental framework is sorely needed to encourage more systematic research. A replacement child perceives his status differently on both a cognitive and emotional level within the context of each developmental phase, and the affective and associative links need to be reworked each time. We view the status of being a replacement child as a developmental interference insofar as demands are placed on the child's immature ego which he might not yet be equipped to cope with.", "PMID": 1024787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3864", "title": "Applying the guidelines of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child.", "content": "Although the wisdom of the guidelines advocated in Beyond the Best Interests of the Child for making custody and visitation decisions is widely proclaimed, the realities of existing statutes and procedural systems preclude their simple application to present-day custody cases. It is the purpose of this paper to join the efforts of others in attempting to delineate how the theoretical policies and abstract strategies comprising these guidelines can be implemented under the constraints of present realities. This effort takes the form of three disguised cases to which is added the author's commentary on his interventions and recommendations.", "contents": "Applying the guidelines of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child. Although the wisdom of the guidelines advocated in Beyond the Best Interests of the Child for making custody and visitation decisions is widely proclaimed, the realities of existing statutes and procedural systems preclude their simple application to present-day custody cases. It is the purpose of this paper to join the efforts of others in attempting to delineate how the theoretical policies and abstract strategies comprising these guidelines can be implemented under the constraints of present realities. This effort takes the form of three disguised cases to which is added the author's commentary on his interventions and recommendations.", "PMID": 1024790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3865", "title": "The assessment of time-dependent changes in human performance.", "content": "This paper discribes a series of experiments to illustrate the use of various methods of time series analysis in the delineation of the effects of circadian and ultradian cycles on human performance. These experiments are concerned with measures of both human performance and physiology. They illustrate how the parameters of these time series analytic techniques can be used to postulate physiological mechanisms where time-dependent changes have been shown to be significant. The use of analytic techniques in both the time and frequency domain is illustrated.", "contents": "The assessment of time-dependent changes in human performance. This paper discribes a series of experiments to illustrate the use of various methods of time series analysis in the delineation of the effects of circadian and ultradian cycles on human performance. These experiments are concerned with measures of both human performance and physiology. They illustrate how the parameters of these time series analytic techniques can be used to postulate physiological mechanisms where time-dependent changes have been shown to be significant. The use of analytic techniques in both the time and frequency domain is illustrated.", "PMID": 1024807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3866", "title": "Why do Tc-99m chelates work for cholescintigraphy?", "content": "There are four structural requirements for substances that are excreted by the liver: 1. Their molecular weight is between 300 and 1,000. 2. They are organic anions. 3. They contain at least two ring systems in the molecule. 4. They are bound to serum albumin. All the Tc-99m chelates suggested for cholescintigraphy fulfill these requirements. For the first time a rational for their efficacy is provided.", "contents": "Why do Tc-99m chelates work for cholescintigraphy? There are four structural requirements for substances that are excreted by the liver: 1. Their molecular weight is between 300 and 1,000. 2. They are organic anions. 3. They contain at least two ring systems in the molecule. 4. They are bound to serum albumin. All the Tc-99m chelates suggested for cholescintigraphy fulfill these requirements. For the first time a rational for their efficacy is provided.", "PMID": 1024824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3867", "title": "The correlation between liver scintigraphy and serum CEA levels in the detection of liver metastases from rectum carcinoma. A retrospective study.", "content": "Radiocolloid liver scintigraphy for the detection of liver metastases is widely used. Because of the known limitations of this technique we investigated the correlation between liver scintigraphy and serum CEA levels in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary rectum carcinoma. The serum CEA level is not suitable as a screening test for cancer, but it can be helpful as an extra parameter for the detection of liver metastases. The correlation between liver scintigraphy, the serum CEA level and the clinical findings has also been studied. A good correlation between liver scintigraphy and the serum CEA level was found. Serum CEA levels can be helpful in facilitating the evaluation of liver scintigraphy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum.", "contents": "The correlation between liver scintigraphy and serum CEA levels in the detection of liver metastases from rectum carcinoma. A retrospective study. Radiocolloid liver scintigraphy for the detection of liver metastases is widely used. Because of the known limitations of this technique we investigated the correlation between liver scintigraphy and serum CEA levels in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary rectum carcinoma. The serum CEA level is not suitable as a screening test for cancer, but it can be helpful as an extra parameter for the detection of liver metastases. The correlation between liver scintigraphy, the serum CEA level and the clinical findings has also been studied. A good correlation between liver scintigraphy and the serum CEA level was found. Serum CEA levels can be helpful in facilitating the evaluation of liver scintigraphy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum.", "PMID": 1024825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3868", "title": "Experimental examinations on the suitability of organoaminomethane-bis-phosphonic acids for bone-scintigraphy by means of Tc-99m in animals.", "content": "Phosphororganic compounds of the general formula R2N-CH (PO(OH)2)2 were examined for their Tc-99m-labelability and suitability for bone-scintigraphy. Compared to Tc-99-m-Sn-EHDP (Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid), four compounds showed a better concentration in the sceleton, while three compounds remained beneath comparative values.", "contents": "Experimental examinations on the suitability of organoaminomethane-bis-phosphonic acids for bone-scintigraphy by means of Tc-99m in animals. Phosphororganic compounds of the general formula R2N-CH (PO(OH)2)2 were examined for their Tc-99m-labelability and suitability for bone-scintigraphy. Compared to Tc-99-m-Sn-EHDP (Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid), four compounds showed a better concentration in the sceleton, while three compounds remained beneath comparative values.", "PMID": 1024826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3869", "title": "The use of 123I labelled oestradiol in detecting the human prostate using a gamma camera.", "content": "123I labelled oestradiol was administered into patients with either benign hypertrophy or malignancy of the prostate, in order to detect the prostate. Using a gamma camera the results showed considerable radioactivity in the bladder-prostate region. The exact anatomical position of the prostate was determined by emptying the bladder and introducing 123I labelled sodium iodide into the balloon of the catheter already inserted in the bladder. The results demonstrated that the detected radioactivity in this region was in the bladder rather than the prostate. This conclusion was later confirmed by the presence of high level of the radioactivity in the urine and the extremely low concentration of the radioactivity in the prostate after the removal of the gland.", "contents": "The use of 123I labelled oestradiol in detecting the human prostate using a gamma camera. 123I labelled oestradiol was administered into patients with either benign hypertrophy or malignancy of the prostate, in order to detect the prostate. Using a gamma camera the results showed considerable radioactivity in the bladder-prostate region. The exact anatomical position of the prostate was determined by emptying the bladder and introducing 123I labelled sodium iodide into the balloon of the catheter already inserted in the bladder. The results demonstrated that the detected radioactivity in this region was in the bladder rather than the prostate. This conclusion was later confirmed by the presence of high level of the radioactivity in the urine and the extremely low concentration of the radioactivity in the prostate after the removal of the gland.", "PMID": 1024827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3870", "title": "Bone imaging after total replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint. A follow-up with different radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "Bone imaging was done in patients after total replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint every 3rd month using 99mTc-HEDP and 18F. Uptake ratios were estimated over cup/normal hip and femur prosthesis/normal thigh. Ratios decline rapidly and reach a stable level 6-9 months, postoperatively. Eight cases of late infection were predicted correctly 1-3 months before any radiologic evidence was present. In four cases there had been false-positive results with 99mTc-HEDP while 18F gave always correct information except in cases of soft tissue inflammation. Here both 99mTc-HEDP and 18F ratios were elevated. The early diagnosis of late complications after replacement arthroplasty seems to be possible. The clinical significance, however, is low: only one out of eight patients with manifest infection is still on conservative treatment. Bone imaging should be done to exclude late infection as a cause of pain after total replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint only.", "contents": "Bone imaging after total replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint. A follow-up with different radiopharmaceuticals. Bone imaging was done in patients after total replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint every 3rd month using 99mTc-HEDP and 18F. Uptake ratios were estimated over cup/normal hip and femur prosthesis/normal thigh. Ratios decline rapidly and reach a stable level 6-9 months, postoperatively. Eight cases of late infection were predicted correctly 1-3 months before any radiologic evidence was present. In four cases there had been false-positive results with 99mTc-HEDP while 18F gave always correct information except in cases of soft tissue inflammation. Here both 99mTc-HEDP and 18F ratios were elevated. The early diagnosis of late complications after replacement arthroplasty seems to be possible. The clinical significance, however, is low: only one out of eight patients with manifest infection is still on conservative treatment. Bone imaging should be done to exclude late infection as a cause of pain after total replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint only.", "PMID": 1024828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3871", "title": "[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate, phenamine, transamine, l-DOPA on the physical work capacity of animals under multiple stress conditions].", "content": "Complete restoration of performance capacity in rats following a preliminary single exertion is shown to occur against the background of action produced both by transamine and its combination with sodium oxybutyrate. After a preliminary 4-fold swimming transamine is effective only in combination with sodium oxybutyrate. With a combined action of sodium oxybutyrate and l-DOPA a prolonged increase of performance capacity of the animals under multiple loads is recorded.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate, phenamine, transamine, l-DOPA on the physical work capacity of animals under multiple stress conditions]. Complete restoration of performance capacity in rats following a preliminary single exertion is shown to occur against the background of action produced both by transamine and its combination with sodium oxybutyrate. After a preliminary 4-fold swimming transamine is effective only in combination with sodium oxybutyrate. With a combined action of sodium oxybutyrate and l-DOPA a prolonged increase of performance capacity of the animals under multiple loads is recorded.", "PMID": 1024830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3872", "title": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in different regions of the rat brain following morphine administration].", "content": "The influence exercised by morphine in a dose of 20 mg/kg, introduced intraperitoneally, and also in concentrations of 10(-3) and 10(-5) \"in vitro\" on the parameters of oxidative phosphorylation of the brain cortex and stem of rats was studied. Morphine, used in a concentration of 10(-3), is shown to speed up the substrates oxidation rate. During the first days of its administration the narcotic analgetic inhibited oxidation of mitochondia released from the brain stem, and, once habituation to the narcotic had developed, the inhibition ceased to be effective. In \"in vivo\" experiments and in vitro tests the effect of phosphorylation remained unchanged. The data obtained suggest that with developing habituation in regard to morphine the functions of the brain stem and cortex mitochondria do not undergo any substantial changes.", "contents": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in different regions of the rat brain following morphine administration]. The influence exercised by morphine in a dose of 20 mg/kg, introduced intraperitoneally, and also in concentrations of 10(-3) and 10(-5) \"in vitro\" on the parameters of oxidative phosphorylation of the brain cortex and stem of rats was studied. Morphine, used in a concentration of 10(-3), is shown to speed up the substrates oxidation rate. During the first days of its administration the narcotic analgetic inhibited oxidation of mitochondia released from the brain stem, and, once habituation to the narcotic had developed, the inhibition ceased to be effective. In \"in vivo\" experiments and in vitro tests the effect of phosphorylation remained unchanged. The data obtained suggest that with developing habituation in regard to morphine the functions of the brain stem and cortex mitochondria do not undergo any substantial changes.", "PMID": 1024831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3873", "title": "[Effect of antipheins on indices of the activity of the pentosephosphate pathway for carbohydrate transformation].", "content": "Experiments set up on rabbits showed that with their intravenous administration in a dose of 10 mg/kg antiphein, aethimizol, allilnorantipheins and propylnorantiphein catalize the activity of the pentosophosphate mode of the carbohydrates transformation. The character of the action and the intensity of the effect depend on the features distinguishing the chemical structure of the substances, of particular importance here being changed conformation of the molecule.", "contents": "[Effect of antipheins on indices of the activity of the pentosephosphate pathway for carbohydrate transformation]. Experiments set up on rabbits showed that with their intravenous administration in a dose of 10 mg/kg antiphein, aethimizol, allilnorantipheins and propylnorantiphein catalize the activity of the pentosophosphate mode of the carbohydrates transformation. The character of the action and the intensity of the effect depend on the features distinguishing the chemical structure of the substances, of particular importance here being changed conformation of the molecule.", "PMID": 1024836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3874", "title": "[Hypotensive effect and toxicity of octadin and papaverine following their combined administration].", "content": "A study on the hypotensive action of combined injections of papaverine and octadine (guanethidine) was carried out in acute experiments on 90 anaesthetized cats. It was shown that with combined injections of octadine (in doses exceeding by 22% ED100) and of papaverine (in doses inferior by 22% to ED100) the hypotensive action was potentiated. A change of the said proportions led to a diminished hypotensive effect. It was also found that the most effective combinations of the 2 drugs was the one consisting of 0.5 mg/kg of papaverine and 5 mg/kg of octadine (in a ratio of 1:10). By studying the toxicity of the 2 drugs and of their combinations on 350 albino mice it was ascertained that their toxicity diminished if the drugs were used together.", "contents": "[Hypotensive effect and toxicity of octadin and papaverine following their combined administration]. A study on the hypotensive action of combined injections of papaverine and octadine (guanethidine) was carried out in acute experiments on 90 anaesthetized cats. It was shown that with combined injections of octadine (in doses exceeding by 22% ED100) and of papaverine (in doses inferior by 22% to ED100) the hypotensive action was potentiated. A change of the said proportions led to a diminished hypotensive effect. It was also found that the most effective combinations of the 2 drugs was the one consisting of 0.5 mg/kg of papaverine and 5 mg/kg of octadine (in a ratio of 1:10). By studying the toxicity of the 2 drugs and of their combinations on 350 albino mice it was ascertained that their toxicity diminished if the drugs were used together.", "PMID": 1024835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3875", "title": "[Iodine metabolism in uranium poisoning according to whole-body radiometry and activation analysis].", "content": "Experiments on rats showed that in chronic uranium poisoning the value of the intrathyroid iodine pool changed and time-dependent radioiodine recirculation relationship between the thyroid and the organism was upset. The process of the thyroid adaptation is a complex one, viz. the hormonal capacity of the organism being kept up through an increase in the mass of the thyroid as well as by a higher rate of iodine exchange.", "contents": "[Iodine metabolism in uranium poisoning according to whole-body radiometry and activation analysis]. Experiments on rats showed that in chronic uranium poisoning the value of the intrathyroid iodine pool changed and time-dependent radioiodine recirculation relationship between the thyroid and the organism was upset. The process of the thyroid adaptation is a complex one, viz. the hormonal capacity of the organism being kept up through an increase in the mass of the thyroid as well as by a higher rate of iodine exchange.", "PMID": 1024841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3876", "title": "[Experimental combined administration of cyclophosphane with serotonin, insulin and glucose].", "content": "Experiments on mice with sarcoma 37 evidenced that the use of cyclophosphan in combination with serotonin, insulin, insulin + glucose and serotonin + glucose enable it to obtain a more significant antineoplasic effect than this is possible by the treatment with cyclophan alone. A combined application of these agents produced a more profound inhibition of the glycogen-forming function and restitution of the glycogen cintent in the liver of the test animals occurred quicker than when cyclophosphan alone was used. In oncological practice it is recommended to use combinations of cyclophosphan with serotonin, insulin, insulin + glucose and serotonin + glucose.", "contents": "[Experimental combined administration of cyclophosphane with serotonin, insulin and glucose]. Experiments on mice with sarcoma 37 evidenced that the use of cyclophosphan in combination with serotonin, insulin, insulin + glucose and serotonin + glucose enable it to obtain a more significant antineoplasic effect than this is possible by the treatment with cyclophan alone. A combined application of these agents produced a more profound inhibition of the glycogen-forming function and restitution of the glycogen cintent in the liver of the test animals occurred quicker than when cyclophosphan alone was used. In oncological practice it is recommended to use combinations of cyclophosphan with serotonin, insulin, insulin + glucose and serotonin + glucose.", "PMID": 1024839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3877", "title": "[Relationship between means of administration, concentration in the blood, organ distribution and excretion of prespidin-14C from the body].", "content": "Blood content, distribution among organs and tissues and passage from the organism of prospidine-C14 in rats, following its introduction per os and application to the skin in the form of an ointment, were studied. With these modes of introduction it is shown that prospidine and/or products of its biotransformation are capable of relatively quickly penerating through the wall of the gastro-intestinal tract and skin. However, specific radioactivity in the organs in such cases is scores of time lower than with intravenous administration. In case of the peroral introduction of the compound 72.3 per cent of the amount of the compound and/or of its metabolites administered are eliminated via the gastro-intestinal tract in two days.", "contents": "[Relationship between means of administration, concentration in the blood, organ distribution and excretion of prespidin-14C from the body]. Blood content, distribution among organs and tissues and passage from the organism of prospidine-C14 in rats, following its introduction per os and application to the skin in the form of an ointment, were studied. With these modes of introduction it is shown that prospidine and/or products of its biotransformation are capable of relatively quickly penerating through the wall of the gastro-intestinal tract and skin. However, specific radioactivity in the organs in such cases is scores of time lower than with intravenous administration. In case of the peroral introduction of the compound 72.3 per cent of the amount of the compound and/or of its metabolites administered are eliminated via the gastro-intestinal tract in two days.", "PMID": 1024845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3878", "title": "In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions to auto-chthonous tumor extracts in patients with gastric cancer.", "content": "Sixty patients with advanced gastric cancer were subjected to the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test and delayed hypersensitivity skin test to tumor and normal tissue (gastric mucosa) extracts. Tumor extract induced significant inhibition of macrophage mobility in 51% and positive skin reaction in 32% of examined cases. Close correlation was observed between macrophage inhibition and diameter of skin reaction to tumor extract. Incidence of positive reaction in both tests to normal tissue extract was 55% and 12%, respectively. Significant inhibition of macrophage to tumor extract was also observed in breast cancer, but not in superficial gastric cancer and healthy persons. Normal tissue extract did not induce significant inhibition of macrophage in gastric ulcer. These results suggest that macrophage electrophoretic mobility test indicates a certain aspect of tumor-associated (but not tumor-specific) immunity in cancer patients. Macrophage inhibition appeared to be related with macroscopic tumor types rather than to clinical stages. Positive skin reaction to tumor extract was observed in Stages II, III, and IV of gastric cancer.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune reactions to auto-chthonous tumor extracts in patients with gastric cancer. Sixty patients with advanced gastric cancer were subjected to the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test and delayed hypersensitivity skin test to tumor and normal tissue (gastric mucosa) extracts. Tumor extract induced significant inhibition of macrophage mobility in 51% and positive skin reaction in 32% of examined cases. Close correlation was observed between macrophage inhibition and diameter of skin reaction to tumor extract. Incidence of positive reaction in both tests to normal tissue extract was 55% and 12%, respectively. Significant inhibition of macrophage to tumor extract was also observed in breast cancer, but not in superficial gastric cancer and healthy persons. Normal tissue extract did not induce significant inhibition of macrophage in gastric ulcer. These results suggest that macrophage electrophoretic mobility test indicates a certain aspect of tumor-associated (but not tumor-specific) immunity in cancer patients. Macrophage inhibition appeared to be related with macroscopic tumor types rather than to clinical stages. Positive skin reaction to tumor extract was observed in Stages II, III, and IV of gastric cancer.", "PMID": 1024851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3879", "title": "Effect of DL-alpha-hydrazino-delta-aminovaleric acid, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, on polyamine metabolism and growth of mouse sarcoma-180.", "content": "DL-alpha-Hydrazino-delta-aminovaleric acid (DL-HAVA) is a potent and fairly specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). Its effect on polyamine metabolism and cell proliferation was investigated in sarcoma-180, inoculated into the axillary region of mice. In the tumor tissues, the activities of ornithine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylases and the putrescine level were much higher in the early stage of growth than those in normal mouse liver. Administration of DL-HAVA greatly depressed the putrescine level and putrescine formation from L-ornithine. It also suppressed DNA synthesis and increase in weight of the tumor tissue. However, it had little effect on RNA synthesis or the tissue concentration of spermidine and spermine. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and subsequent tumor development by DL-HAVA was effectively prevented by putrescine, but not by cadaverine or 1,7-diaminoheptane. From these results it is concluded that the suppression of DNA synthesis and neoplastic growth by DL-HAVA is due to decrease in the putrescine level by inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase.", "contents": "Effect of DL-alpha-hydrazino-delta-aminovaleric acid, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, on polyamine metabolism and growth of mouse sarcoma-180. DL-alpha-Hydrazino-delta-aminovaleric acid (DL-HAVA) is a potent and fairly specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). Its effect on polyamine metabolism and cell proliferation was investigated in sarcoma-180, inoculated into the axillary region of mice. In the tumor tissues, the activities of ornithine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylases and the putrescine level were much higher in the early stage of growth than those in normal mouse liver. Administration of DL-HAVA greatly depressed the putrescine level and putrescine formation from L-ornithine. It also suppressed DNA synthesis and increase in weight of the tumor tissue. However, it had little effect on RNA synthesis or the tissue concentration of spermidine and spermine. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and subsequent tumor development by DL-HAVA was effectively prevented by putrescine, but not by cadaverine or 1,7-diaminoheptane. From these results it is concluded that the suppression of DNA synthesis and neoplastic growth by DL-HAVA is due to decrease in the putrescine level by inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase.", "PMID": 1024852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3880", "title": "Isolation of soluble immunosuppressive substance(s) from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei.", "content": "A potent immunosuppressive principle was isolated in a soluble form from the nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. DNA-free preparation, obtained from the purified nuclei by homogenizing in 2M NaCl-5M urea solution and removing the dissociated DNA with LaCl3-precipitation, revealed strong activity to suppress the development of helper thymus-derived lymphocyte activity in mice. Moreover, almost all of the immunosuppressive activity originally found in the nuclear residue fraction after extraction with sodium citrate solution was recovered in 0.25 N HCl extract which mainly contains proteins. The nuclear components of tumor cells were also detected in the body fluid of tumor-bearing animals, as examined by the reactivity with a rabbit antiserum specific for some nuclear component of Ehrlich tumor cells. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive principle in the nuclei of Ehrlich tumor cells is a histone-like substance, and liberated into the body fluid from tumor cell nuclei in the tumor-bearing state.", "contents": "Isolation of soluble immunosuppressive substance(s) from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei. A potent immunosuppressive principle was isolated in a soluble form from the nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. DNA-free preparation, obtained from the purified nuclei by homogenizing in 2M NaCl-5M urea solution and removing the dissociated DNA with LaCl3-precipitation, revealed strong activity to suppress the development of helper thymus-derived lymphocyte activity in mice. Moreover, almost all of the immunosuppressive activity originally found in the nuclear residue fraction after extraction with sodium citrate solution was recovered in 0.25 N HCl extract which mainly contains proteins. The nuclear components of tumor cells were also detected in the body fluid of tumor-bearing animals, as examined by the reactivity with a rabbit antiserum specific for some nuclear component of Ehrlich tumor cells. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive principle in the nuclei of Ehrlich tumor cells is a histone-like substance, and liberated into the body fluid from tumor cell nuclei in the tumor-bearing state.", "PMID": 1024853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3881", "title": "Cancer induction in subcutaneously implanted bronchial autograft of a dog by 3-methylcholanthrene.", "content": "An experimental cancer induction in subcutaneously autoimplanted bronchial grafts in dogs was studied. After successful bronchial autografting, 3-methylcholanthrene or 3,4-benzo[a]pyrene suspended in sterile saline solution containing 1% carboxymethylcellulose was injected into the lumen. Twenty-eight weeks after this treatment, an invasive squamous cell carcinoma with concomitantly existing atypical squamous metaplasia was found in one dog by histological examination. Squamous cell metaplasia was also observed in two other dogs at 24th experimental week. Cytological examination revealed the findings corresponding to these epithelial changes. Remaining 15 dogs are still living and under observation.", "contents": "Cancer induction in subcutaneously implanted bronchial autograft of a dog by 3-methylcholanthrene. An experimental cancer induction in subcutaneously autoimplanted bronchial grafts in dogs was studied. After successful bronchial autografting, 3-methylcholanthrene or 3,4-benzo[a]pyrene suspended in sterile saline solution containing 1% carboxymethylcellulose was injected into the lumen. Twenty-eight weeks after this treatment, an invasive squamous cell carcinoma with concomitantly existing atypical squamous metaplasia was found in one dog by histological examination. Squamous cell metaplasia was also observed in two other dogs at 24th experimental week. Cytological examination revealed the findings corresponding to these epithelial changes. Remaining 15 dogs are still living and under observation.", "PMID": 1024854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3882", "title": "[Behavior of rosette-forming human lymphocytes in allogeneic cell mixtures].", "content": "Rosetting lymphocytes have been evaluated in allogeneic mixtures of human peripheral lymphoid cells. In these mixtures E-rosettes were inhibited as compared with that of individuals cells not sharing HLA antigens in common. Mixtures of lymphoid cells sharing HLA antigens in common (familiar combinations) were less or not inhibited. The inhibiting effect has been ascribed to shedding of HLA antigens in the allogeneic mixtures, interfering with the binding of sheep erythrocytes to lymphoid cells. These results confirm the existence of a very closely association between antigen receptor and HLA products on the cell surface of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Behavior of rosette-forming human lymphocytes in allogeneic cell mixtures]. Rosetting lymphocytes have been evaluated in allogeneic mixtures of human peripheral lymphoid cells. In these mixtures E-rosettes were inhibited as compared with that of individuals cells not sharing HLA antigens in common. Mixtures of lymphoid cells sharing HLA antigens in common (familiar combinations) were less or not inhibited. The inhibiting effect has been ascribed to shedding of HLA antigens in the allogeneic mixtures, interfering with the binding of sheep erythrocytes to lymphoid cells. These results confirm the existence of a very closely association between antigen receptor and HLA products on the cell surface of T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1024847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3883", "title": "Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach.", "content": "The Authors report the results concerning the control of presence of bacterial endotoxins in parenteral drugs, blood products and immunological materials, by means of Limulus amebocyte lysate test. All the data suggest that Limulus assay is a simple, rapid, specific and sensitive test for endotoxin detection, mostly when it is correctly performed.", "contents": "Limulus test, parenteral drugs and biological products: an approach. The Authors report the results concerning the control of presence of bacterial endotoxins in parenteral drugs, blood products and immunological materials, by means of Limulus amebocyte lysate test. All the data suggest that Limulus assay is a simple, rapid, specific and sensitive test for endotoxin detection, mostly when it is correctly performed.", "PMID": 1024849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3884", "title": "[A new colorimetric test in oncologic diagnosis: experiences and evaluation criteria].", "content": "The authors have examined a new colorimetric test, set up by Nixon in 1973 and appropriately modified by them. They have found out 80,14% positive reactions in 146 cases of neoplasms and 82,54% negative reactions in 126 patients suffering from tubeycular and different diseases; lastly 95% negative reactions in apparently healthy individuals. According to the authors' opinion, this test seems to be useful in the diagnosis of neoplasms, when joined, of course, with other diagnostic means now in use.", "contents": "[A new colorimetric test in oncologic diagnosis: experiences and evaluation criteria]. The authors have examined a new colorimetric test, set up by Nixon in 1973 and appropriately modified by them. They have found out 80,14% positive reactions in 146 cases of neoplasms and 82,54% negative reactions in 126 patients suffering from tubeycular and different diseases; lastly 95% negative reactions in apparently healthy individuals. According to the authors' opinion, this test seems to be useful in the diagnosis of neoplasms, when joined, of course, with other diagnostic means now in use.", "PMID": 1024850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3885", "title": "Assessment of parameters of physical growth of the newborn in relation to maternal supplementation with iron alone or with some biological additives.", "content": "Intrauterine growth charts were used for the assessment of physical growth of newborn infants in relation to maternal supplementation. Iron alone or with other additives (Copper, folic acid, ascorbic acid) were given during different trimesters of pregnancy. The study revealed that iron supplementation with or without other additives has an effective role in improving the haematological pattern in the neonates who also achieved better physical growth particularly with early supplementation with iron and ascorbic acid. Therefore, such supplementation is recommended.", "contents": "Assessment of parameters of physical growth of the newborn in relation to maternal supplementation with iron alone or with some biological additives. Intrauterine growth charts were used for the assessment of physical growth of newborn infants in relation to maternal supplementation. Iron alone or with other additives (Copper, folic acid, ascorbic acid) were given during different trimesters of pregnancy. The study revealed that iron supplementation with or without other additives has an effective role in improving the haematological pattern in the neonates who also achieved better physical growth particularly with early supplementation with iron and ascorbic acid. Therefore, such supplementation is recommended.", "PMID": 1024857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3886", "title": "Certain aspects of histogenesis of the B (Ashkenazy) cells in the human thyroid gland.", "content": "Certain differences are found in the localization of the peroxidase in subcellular structures of the neoplastic A- and B-cells of the human thyroid. The differences may result from functional pecularities and developmental diversities of these cells.", "contents": "Certain aspects of histogenesis of the B (Ashkenazy) cells in the human thyroid gland. Certain differences are found in the localization of the peroxidase in subcellular structures of the neoplastic A- and B-cells of the human thyroid. The differences may result from functional pecularities and developmental diversities of these cells.", "PMID": 1024954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3887", "title": "Attempts at inhibition of autooxidation of catecholamines in vitro.", "content": "The authors attempted to inhibit autooxidation of catecholamines in vitro by means of sulphur-containing amino-acids, monosaccharides, and aminobutyric acids. The SH group-containing amino-acids were found to suppress autooxidation of catecholamines passing from a chloroform-methanol solution (2:1) to water or buffer solutions. A similar though less pronounced property was manifested by cysteic acid. Likewise glucose, fructose and galactose blocked the reaction. Among aminobutyric acids only gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibited autooxidation of amines. However, despite positive results obtained, these experiments cannot be utilized in studies on reduction of Nitro-BT, as no reduction of Nitro-BT occured in the solutions in which catecholamine autooxidation was brought to a stop.", "contents": "Attempts at inhibition of autooxidation of catecholamines in vitro. The authors attempted to inhibit autooxidation of catecholamines in vitro by means of sulphur-containing amino-acids, monosaccharides, and aminobutyric acids. The SH group-containing amino-acids were found to suppress autooxidation of catecholamines passing from a chloroform-methanol solution (2:1) to water or buffer solutions. A similar though less pronounced property was manifested by cysteic acid. Likewise glucose, fructose and galactose blocked the reaction. Among aminobutyric acids only gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibited autooxidation of amines. However, despite positive results obtained, these experiments cannot be utilized in studies on reduction of Nitro-BT, as no reduction of Nitro-BT occured in the solutions in which catecholamine autooxidation was brought to a stop.", "PMID": 1024955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3888", "title": "Detoxification of long-term methadone patients: problems and prospects.", "content": "Various aspects of the detoxification of rehabilitated methadone patients are considered in the light of experience at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Bronx Psychiatric Center MMTP and the reports of others in the field. Patients studied met certain eligibility requirements which were thought to enhance the probability of successful detoxification. A total of 228 (10.4%) of 2,814 patients were included in the project. Sixty-three patients have completed detoxification. A follow-up on these patients indicates that 22.2% claim abstinence from all drugs and are reporting to the clinic, 47.6% claim abstinence but have not reported to the clinic, 14.3% returned to methadone maintenance, and 15.9% are lost to contact. This and other studies emphasize the importance of adequate counseling during detoxification.", "contents": "Detoxification of long-term methadone patients: problems and prospects. Various aspects of the detoxification of rehabilitated methadone patients are considered in the light of experience at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Bronx Psychiatric Center MMTP and the reports of others in the field. Patients studied met certain eligibility requirements which were thought to enhance the probability of successful detoxification. A total of 228 (10.4%) of 2,814 patients were included in the project. Sixty-three patients have completed detoxification. A follow-up on these patients indicates that 22.2% claim abstinence from all drugs and are reporting to the clinic, 47.6% claim abstinence but have not reported to the clinic, 14.3% returned to methadone maintenance, and 15.9% are lost to contact. This and other studies emphasize the importance of adequate counseling during detoxification.", "PMID": 1025030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3889", "title": "Criminal behavior patterns of female addicts: a comparison of findings in two cities.", "content": "A great deal of the literature on addiction is devoted to analyses of the relation between drugs of addiction and crime among males. The few studies which have undertaken to describe the relationship between crime and addiction in females have generally concluded that addicted females either become prostitutes or they commit crimes against property. This study of addicted female arrestees in Denver (N = 153) and Philadelphia (N = 227) concluded that the hypothesized either-or pattern of addicted female criminal behavior is overly simplistic. Rather, four criminal behavior patterns of female arrestees are found: (1) prostitutes without a history of serious crimes, (2) females with a history of  serious crimes who are not prostitutes, (3) females who are both prostitutes and commit serious crimes, and (4) females who are not prostitutes and who commit only minor offenses. The utility of the four-pattern typology is borne out by analyses which indicate that these patterns are typical of different groups of female addicts and are not stages in a unitary socialization pattern involving drugs, prostitution, and crime.", "contents": "Criminal behavior patterns of female addicts: a comparison of findings in two cities. A great deal of the literature on addiction is devoted to analyses of the relation between drugs of addiction and crime among males. The few studies which have undertaken to describe the relationship between crime and addiction in females have generally concluded that addicted females either become prostitutes or they commit crimes against property. This study of addicted female arrestees in Denver (N = 153) and Philadelphia (N = 227) concluded that the hypothesized either-or pattern of addicted female criminal behavior is overly simplistic. Rather, four criminal behavior patterns of female arrestees are found: (1) prostitutes without a history of serious crimes, (2) females with a history of  serious crimes who are not prostitutes, (3) females who are both prostitutes and commit serious crimes, and (4) females who are not prostitutes and who commit only minor offenses. The utility of the four-pattern typology is borne out by analyses which indicate that these patterns are typical of different groups of female addicts and are not stages in a unitary socialization pattern involving drugs, prostitution, and crime.", "PMID": 1025031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3890", "title": "Alpha conditioning as an adjunct treatment for drug dependence: part I.", "content": "The effects of alpha conditioning on the habits of four methadone maintained patients were assessed. All four learned some control over alpha activity in the 5-week, 10-session training period. The most striking results, however, related to the subjects' substitution of self-initiated mental states associated with alpha for previously used drug-seeking or self-medicating methods of coping with everday problem situations. All four subject reported a decrease in illicit drug usage and an increased feeling of self-control. Verification of improvement in adjustment and drug abuse was shown by counseling reports and narcotic screens from the maintenance program.", "contents": "Alpha conditioning as an adjunct treatment for drug dependence: part I. The effects of alpha conditioning on the habits of four methadone maintained patients were assessed. All four learned some control over alpha activity in the 5-week, 10-session training period. The most striking results, however, related to the subjects' substitution of self-initiated mental states associated with alpha for previously used drug-seeking or self-medicating methods of coping with everday problem situations. All four subject reported a decrease in illicit drug usage and an increased feeling of self-control. Verification of improvement in adjustment and drug abuse was shown by counseling reports and narcotic screens from the maintenance program.", "PMID": 1025032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3891", "title": "Characteristics of new admissions to a narcotics treatment program: 1970-1974.", "content": "Study was made of the demographic and drug-using characteristics of new admissions to a narcotic treatment program over the course of a 4-year period. Samples were drawn of 100 new admissions during the month of April in each year from 1970 to 1974. Results indicate that the treatment program under study came to be working with caseloads increasingly court referred, increasingly nonminority, and less frequently prepared to volunteer for methadone maintenance treatment. New admissions claimed to have delayed entrance into treatment based on the geographic inaccessibility of treatment programs or the fact that they did not consider themselves ready for treatment. Implications for the provision of treatment to heroin users are discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of new admissions to a narcotics treatment program: 1970-1974. Study was made of the demographic and drug-using characteristics of new admissions to a narcotic treatment program over the course of a 4-year period. Samples were drawn of 100 new admissions during the month of April in each year from 1970 to 1974. Results indicate that the treatment program under study came to be working with caseloads increasingly court referred, increasingly nonminority, and less frequently prepared to volunteer for methadone maintenance treatment. New admissions claimed to have delayed entrance into treatment based on the geographic inaccessibility of treatment programs or the fact that they did not consider themselves ready for treatment. Implications for the provision of treatment to heroin users are discussed.", "PMID": 1025034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3892", "title": "A comparison of buoyant density and polypeptides of Drosophila P, C and A viruses.", "content": "On the basis of their buoyant densities in CsCl and their capsid polypeptides, three viruses isolated from Drosophila spp. which were originally described as serotypes, are now classified as distinct viruses. The biochemical properties of each virus suggest that it has several key features in common with the mammalian picornaviruses.", "contents": "A comparison of buoyant density and polypeptides of Drosophila P, C and A viruses. On the basis of their buoyant densities in CsCl and their capsid polypeptides, three viruses isolated from Drosophila spp. which were originally described as serotypes, are now classified as distinct viruses. The biochemical properties of each virus suggest that it has several key features in common with the mammalian picornaviruses.", "PMID": 1025039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3893", "title": "Toward a utility theory foundation for health status index models.", "content": "The axioms of utility theory are restated in terms of health outcomes, and some additional assumptions, consistent with the assumptions implicit in health status index models, are adduced to develop a consistent theory of the utility of health states. On the basis of the axioms and specific assumptions, techniques for measuring the health utility functions of individuals are described, and it is shown how these axioms and assumptions may be used to determine the utility to the individual of health programs that will affect him in various ways.", "contents": "Toward a utility theory foundation for health status index models. The axioms of utility theory are restated in terms of health outcomes, and some additional assumptions, consistent with the assumptions implicit in health status index models, are adduced to develop a consistent theory of the utility of health states. On the basis of the axioms and specific assumptions, techniques for measuring the health utility functions of individuals are described, and it is shown how these axioms and assumptions may be used to determine the utility to the individual of health programs that will affect him in various ways.", "PMID": 1025050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3894", "title": "Neglected aspects of the quality of life.", "content": "Health status indexes have focused on physical function such as the activities of daily living, perhaps because the National Health Survey provides data of this sort or because it is the object of rehabilitation programs. In an attempt to elicit values concerning loss of function, 150 health workers were asked to assign weights from zero to 10 for 50 abilities or functions. Serious methodological problems were encountered in finding terms describing functional loss that were simple and meaningful to a wide range of workers. In addition, an open-ended request was made to identify other functions not included in the list. The largest average values were assigned to ability to use one's mental abilities, to see, to think clearly, to love and be loved in return, to make decisions for oneself, to live at home, to walk, to maintain contact with family and friends, and to talk. Some of the functional loss implied in these responses may not be amenable to cure or rehabilitation but may be preventable and thus needs to be included in outcome measures.", "contents": "Neglected aspects of the quality of life. Health status indexes have focused on physical function such as the activities of daily living, perhaps because the National Health Survey provides data of this sort or because it is the object of rehabilitation programs. In an attempt to elicit values concerning loss of function, 150 health workers were asked to assign weights from zero to 10 for 50 abilities or functions. Serious methodological problems were encountered in finding terms describing functional loss that were simple and meaningful to a wide range of workers. In addition, an open-ended request was made to identify other functions not included in the list. The largest average values were assigned to ability to use one's mental abilities, to see, to think clearly, to love and be loved in return, to make decisions for oneself, to live at home, to walk, to maintain contact with family and friends, and to talk. Some of the functional loss implied in these responses may not be amenable to cure or rehabilitation but may be preventable and thus needs to be included in outcome measures.", "PMID": 1025051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3895", "title": "Development and application of an index of social function.", "content": "Brief indexes of social function were constructed in a project to develop a health index questionnaire designed to measure the social, emotional, and physical function of free-living populations. The social function items have been found to be generally applicable, capable of application by lay interviewers, and acceptable to interviewees. Initial evaluations to form composite scores for social function items have demonstrated their validity against concurrent assessments of a health professional. These social function indexes have been successfully applied in two randomized trials of innovative primary care services. The criteria for inclusion of items in the social function index questionnaire, the generation of the instrument, and the evaluation of questionnaire responses for their validity are summarized here.", "contents": "Development and application of an index of social function. Brief indexes of social function were constructed in a project to develop a health index questionnaire designed to measure the social, emotional, and physical function of free-living populations. The social function items have been found to be generally applicable, capable of application by lay interviewers, and acceptable to interviewees. Initial evaluations to form composite scores for social function items have demonstrated their validity against concurrent assessments of a health professional. These social function indexes have been successfully applied in two randomized trials of innovative primary care services. The criteria for inclusion of items in the social function index questionnaire, the generation of the instrument, and the evaluation of questionnaire responses for their validity are summarized here.", "PMID": 1025052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3896", "title": "Making annual indexes of health.", "content": "A discrete-state, continuous-time Markov model of health states and state transition probabilities is outlined as the basis of a health index that would reflect the annual health distribution and expected health changes of a population. The final index is an additive one, summing expected durations of the various health states over the entire population sample. The weights attached to the expected durations are derived from the instantaneous incidence rates, or intensity functions, that define the transition  probabilities. A general procedure for collecting data during overlapping 6-week periods from numerous population subsamples is described.", "contents": "Making annual indexes of health. A discrete-state, continuous-time Markov model of health states and state transition probabilities is outlined as the basis of a health index that would reflect the annual health distribution and expected health changes of a population. The final index is an additive one, summing expected durations of the various health states over the entire population sample. The weights attached to the expected durations are derived from the instantaneous incidence rates, or intensity functions, that define the transition  probabilities. A general procedure for collecting data during overlapping 6-week periods from numerous population subsamples is described.", "PMID": 1025053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3897", "title": "Health status: patient and physician judgments.", "content": "Patients at a rehabilitation center in Derbyshire, England, were asked to assess their own functional abilities at admission and again at discharge, using an 82-item questionnaire concerning 12 areas of daily living. Questionnaire responses were correlated with results of physical examinations, assessments by center personnel, and assessments of capacity for specific body movements. The highest correlations were observed in areas that related most directly to physical movements and to dressing and toileting. The results suggest that self-assessment of health status using this questionnaire may provide a viable alternative to judgments made by trained assessors.", "contents": "Health status: patient and physician judgments. Patients at a rehabilitation center in Derbyshire, England, were asked to assess their own functional abilities at admission and again at discharge, using an 82-item questionnaire concerning 12 areas of daily living. Questionnaire responses were correlated with results of physical examinations, assessments by center personnel, and assessments of capacity for specific body movements. The highest correlations were observed in areas that related most directly to physical movements and to dressing and toileting. The results suggest that self-assessment of health status using this questionnaire may provide a viable alternative to judgments made by trained assessors.", "PMID": 1025054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3898", "title": "Validation of an interval scaling: the sickness impact profile.", "content": "The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a measure of sickness-related behavioral dysfunction consisting of 189 items in 14 topic categories. To increase its discrimination, precision, and sensitivity in accounting for variance, the decision was made to scale the instrument. A two-step direct scaling procedure was used in order to avoid the monumental scaling tasks required by indirect procedures that guarantee equal-interval results; but because an equal-interval scale was needed, it was necessary to validate the scale values obtained and investigated the equal-intervval properties of the obtained scale. A three-stage validation process is described, consisting of an initial scaling by a group of 25 health professionals and students in 1973, a second scaling by 108 members of a prepaid group health plan in 1975, and an investigation of the metric properties of the resulting scale values. In addition, the concept of dysfunction underlying the SIP was validated. SIP scores from a field trial were compared with mean ratings of severity of dysfunction represented by the combinations of checked items from which the scores were derived.", "contents": "Validation of an interval scaling: the sickness impact profile. The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a measure of sickness-related behavioral dysfunction consisting of 189 items in 14 topic categories. To increase its discrimination, precision, and sensitivity in accounting for variance, the decision was made to scale the instrument. A two-step direct scaling procedure was used in order to avoid the monumental scaling tasks required by indirect procedures that guarantee equal-interval results; but because an equal-interval scale was needed, it was necessary to validate the scale values obtained and investigated the equal-intervval properties of the obtained scale. A three-stage validation process is described, consisting of an initial scaling by a group of 25 health professionals and students in 1973, a second scaling by 108 members of a prepaid group health plan in 1975, and an investigation of the metric properties of the resulting scale values. In addition, the concept of dysfunction underlying the SIP was validated. SIP scores from a field trial were compared with mean ratings of severity of dysfunction represented by the combinations of checked items from which the scores were derived.", "PMID": 1025055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3899", "title": "Membrane specializations of dentritic spines and glia in the weaver mouse cerebellum: a freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured preparations of the cerebellum of the weaver mouse indicates that the dendritic spines are morphologically identical to those of their normal littermates. The weaver dendritic spines have been characterized as \"unattached\" since the synaptic input from the parallel fibers is absent (8-10). The entire region around the dendritic spines is taken up by astrocytic processes in the weaver. The outer fracture face of a normal dendritic spine contains aggregations of 10-nm wide particles in the immediate postsynaptic region. Similar particle aggregations occur in the unattached spines of the weaver. Freeze-fracture preparations reveal rectilinear arrays of particles, having a 7-nm center-to-center distance in the glial membranes. Rectilinear arrays are apparently distributed throughout the astrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Membrane specializations of dentritic spines and glia in the weaver mouse cerebellum: a freeze-fracture study. Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured preparations of the cerebellum of the weaver mouse indicates that the dendritic spines are morphologically identical to those of their normal littermates. The weaver dendritic spines have been characterized as \"unattached\" since the synaptic input from the parallel fibers is absent (8-10). The entire region around the dendritic spines is taken up by astrocytic processes in the weaver. The outer fracture face of a normal dendritic spine contains aggregations of 10-nm wide particles in the immediate postsynaptic region. Similar particle aggregations occur in the unattached spines of the weaver. Freeze-fracture preparations reveal rectilinear arrays of particles, having a 7-nm center-to-center distance in the glial membranes. Rectilinear arrays are apparently distributed throughout the astrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 1025152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3900", "title": "A filamentous cytoskeleton in vertebrate smooth muscle fibers.", "content": "There are three classes of myofilaments in vertebrate smooth muscle fibers. The thin filaments correspond to actin and the thick filaments are identified with myosin. The third class of myofilaments (100 A diam) is distinguished from both the actin and the myosin on the basis of fine structure, solubility, and pattern of localization in the muscle fibers. Direct structural evidence is presented to show that the 100A filament constitute an integrated filamentous network with the dense bodies in the sarcoplasm, and that they are not connected to either the actin or myosin filaments. Examination of (a) isolated dense bodies, (b) series of consecutive sections through the dense bodies, and (c) redistributed dense bodies in stretched muscle fibers supports this conclusion. It follows that the 100-A filaments complexes constitute a structrally distinct filamentous network. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis of cell fractions that are enriched with respect to the 100-A filaments shows the presence of a new muscle protein with a molecular weight of 55,000. This protein can form filamentous segments that closely resemble in structure the native, isolated 100-A filaments. The results indicate that the filamentous network has a structure and composition that distinguish it from the actin and myosin in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "contents": "A filamentous cytoskeleton in vertebrate smooth muscle fibers. There are three classes of myofilaments in vertebrate smooth muscle fibers. The thin filaments correspond to actin and the thick filaments are identified with myosin. The third class of myofilaments (100 A diam) is distinguished from both the actin and the myosin on the basis of fine structure, solubility, and pattern of localization in the muscle fibers. Direct structural evidence is presented to show that the 100A filament constitute an integrated filamentous network with the dense bodies in the sarcoplasm, and that they are not connected to either the actin or myosin filaments. Examination of (a) isolated dense bodies, (b) series of consecutive sections through the dense bodies, and (c) redistributed dense bodies in stretched muscle fibers supports this conclusion. It follows that the 100-A filaments complexes constitute a structrally distinct filamentous network. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis of cell fractions that are enriched with respect to the 100-A filaments shows the presence of a new muscle protein with a molecular weight of 55,000. This protein can form filamentous segments that closely resemble in structure the native, isolated 100-A filaments. The results indicate that the filamentous network has a structure and composition that distinguish it from the actin and myosin in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "PMID": 1025153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3901", "title": "Reversibility of cell surface label rearrangement.", "content": "Cell surface labeling can cause rearrangements of randomly distributed membrane components. Removal of the label bound to the cell surface allows the membrane components to return to their original random distribution, demonstrating that label is necessary to maintain as well as to induce rearrangements. With scanning electron microscopy, the rearrangement of concanavalin A (con A) and ricin binding sites on LA-9 cells has been followed by means of hemocyanin, a visual label. The removal of con A from its binding sites at the cell surface with alpha-methyl mannoside, and the return of these sites to their original distribution are also followed in this manner. There are labeling differences with con A and ricin. Under some conditions, however, the same rearrangements are seen with both lectins. The disappearance of labeled sites from areas of ruffling activity is a major feature of the rearrangements seen. Both this ruffling activity and the rearrangement of label are sensitive to cytochalasin B, and ruffling activity, perhaps along with other cytochalasin-sensitive structure, may play a role in the rearrangements of labeled sites.", "contents": "Reversibility of cell surface label rearrangement. Cell surface labeling can cause rearrangements of randomly distributed membrane components. Removal of the label bound to the cell surface allows the membrane components to return to their original random distribution, demonstrating that label is necessary to maintain as well as to induce rearrangements. With scanning electron microscopy, the rearrangement of concanavalin A (con A) and ricin binding sites on LA-9 cells has been followed by means of hemocyanin, a visual label. The removal of con A from its binding sites at the cell surface with alpha-methyl mannoside, and the return of these sites to their original distribution are also followed in this manner. There are labeling differences with con A and ricin. Under some conditions, however, the same rearrangements are seen with both lectins. The disappearance of labeled sites from areas of ruffling activity is a major feature of the rearrangements seen. Both this ruffling activity and the rearrangement of label are sensitive to cytochalasin B, and ruffling activity, perhaps along with other cytochalasin-sensitive structure, may play a role in the rearrangements of labeled sites.", "PMID": 1025154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3902", "title": "Fusion of the envelope of mucous droplets with the luminal plasma membrane in acinar cells of the cat submandibular gland.", "content": "The release of mucus from acinar cells of the cat submandibular gland was examined by electron microscopy. The limiting membrane of mucous droplets fuses with the luminal plasma membrane to form a five-layered contact. This is converted to a three-layered membrane (unit membrane) by avulsion of the plasmalemma. Attenuation and rupture of this membranous barrier permits the contents of the mucous droplets to flow into the lumen.", "contents": "Fusion of the envelope of mucous droplets with the luminal plasma membrane in acinar cells of the cat submandibular gland. The release of mucus from acinar cells of the cat submandibular gland was examined by electron microscopy. The limiting membrane of mucous droplets fuses with the luminal plasma membrane to form a five-layered contact. This is converted to a three-layered membrane (unit membrane) by avulsion of the plasmalemma. Attenuation and rupture of this membranous barrier permits the contents of the mucous droplets to flow into the lumen.", "PMID": 1025155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3903", "title": "Concanavalin A induces microtubule assembly and specific granule discharge in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Human neutrophils stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A, 100 microng/ml) contained markedly enhanced numbers of microtubules and discharged peroxidase-negative (specific) but not peroxidase-position (azurophile) granules. Release of lysozyme from specific granules was dose and time dependent, could be inhibitied by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, and enhanced by cytochalasin B. Many microtubules were associated with internalized plasma membrane bearing Con A binding sites.", "contents": "Concanavalin A induces microtubule assembly and specific granule discharge in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Human neutrophils stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A, 100 microng/ml) contained markedly enhanced numbers of microtubules and discharged peroxidase-negative (specific) but not peroxidase-position (azurophile) granules. Release of lysozyme from specific granules was dose and time dependent, could be inhibitied by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, and enhanced by cytochalasin B. Many microtubules were associated with internalized plasma membrane bearing Con A binding sites.", "PMID": 1025156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3904", "title": "In vivo induction of tight junction proliferation in rat liver.", "content": "The chronic administration of phalloidin induces an extensive development of tight junctions between rat hepatocytes. The junctional strands lose their predominantly parallel orientation with respect to the canalicular lumen and extend abluminally in irregular patterns which cover large membrane areas at considerable distance from the bile canaliculi. These changes indicate both proliferation and provide further evidence that these junctions are not permanent differentiations of the cell membrane.", "contents": "In vivo induction of tight junction proliferation in rat liver. The chronic administration of phalloidin induces an extensive development of tight junctions between rat hepatocytes. The junctional strands lose their predominantly parallel orientation with respect to the canalicular lumen and extend abluminally in irregular patterns which cover large membrane areas at considerable distance from the bile canaliculi. These changes indicate both proliferation and provide further evidence that these junctions are not permanent differentiations of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1025157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3905", "title": "A training sequence for low vision patients.", "content": "A structured training program for teaching low vision patients to efficiently use their optical aids for reading tasks is presented. The arguments for the use of this particular training sequence is supported through the sample patient histories. The training sequences can be developed in any low vision practice and the materials are readily available. The importance of training in a low vision program is emphasized.", "contents": "A training sequence for low vision patients. A structured training program for teaching low vision patients to efficiently use their optical aids for reading tasks is presented. The arguments for the use of this particular training sequence is supported through the sample patient histories. The training sequences can be developed in any low vision practice and the materials are readily available. The importance of training in a low vision program is emphasized.", "PMID": 1025163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3906", "title": "Eccentric viewing training.", "content": "Eccentric viewing training seeks to train subjects to utilize a paramacular area of the retina for seeing when the macular area is damaged. The present paper demonstrates two techniques for training eccentric viewing, as well as a method for measuring impovement in the use of the paramacular area. Both techniques are inexpensive, can be administered by a technician, and do not require an extensive training period. However, there are indications the two techniques are not comparable in effectiveness.", "contents": "Eccentric viewing training. Eccentric viewing training seeks to train subjects to utilize a paramacular area of the retina for seeing when the macular area is damaged. The present paper demonstrates two techniques for training eccentric viewing, as well as a method for measuring impovement in the use of the paramacular area. Both techniques are inexpensive, can be administered by a technician, and do not require an extensive training period. However, there are indications the two techniques are not comparable in effectiveness.", "PMID": 1025166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3907", "title": "The influence of visual field testing procedure on blind spot size.", "content": "Blind spots as measured by three different testing instruments were shown to be significantly different. These size variations seem to be related to the target contrast provided by the instrumentation. The need for instrument standardization in perimetry is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of visual field testing procedure on blind spot size. Blind spots as measured by three different testing instruments were shown to be significantly different. These size variations seem to be related to the target contrast provided by the instrumentation. The need for instrument standardization in perimetry is discussed.", "PMID": 1025169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3908", "title": "Accommodation and vergence with the Brewster stereoscope.", "content": "In this paper, formulas are derived to determine the accommodative and vergence stimuli for any target or patient in a Brewster type stereoscope. Using these formulas, tables have been prepared that will allow the clinician to quickly determine the stimuli to accommodation and vergence for any given patient and target situation.", "contents": "Accommodation and vergence with the Brewster stereoscope. In this paper, formulas are derived to determine the accommodative and vergence stimuli for any target or patient in a Brewster type stereoscope. Using these formulas, tables have been prepared that will allow the clinician to quickly determine the stimuli to accommodation and vergence for any given patient and target situation.", "PMID": 1025170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3909", "title": "Effect of corneal lens fenestration on edema and spectacle blur.", "content": "This paper is a clinical discussion of the effects of corneal lens fenestration on visible corneal edema and spectacle blur. Most of the discussion centers about photo slit lamp material selected to illustrate some of the author's experience with the subject. Although everyone does not benefit from fenestration, photographs show several cases in which visible corneal edema is reduced. Among patient impressions, the outstanding benefit is reduction of spectacle blur.", "contents": "Effect of corneal lens fenestration on edema and spectacle blur. This paper is a clinical discussion of the effects of corneal lens fenestration on visible corneal edema and spectacle blur. Most of the discussion centers about photo slit lamp material selected to illustrate some of the author's experience with the subject. Although everyone does not benefit from fenestration, photographs show several cases in which visible corneal edema is reduced. Among patient impressions, the outstanding benefit is reduction of spectacle blur.", "PMID": 1025171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3910", "title": "The automatic occluder, a new concept.", "content": "An electro-mechanical occluder is described for use in treating problems of binocular vision. A number of methods of achieving the automatic occluder goal are reviewed. Early results of clinical studies now in progress indicate that the \"autocluder\" has unique clinical usefulness.", "contents": "The automatic occluder, a new concept. An electro-mechanical occluder is described for use in treating problems of binocular vision. A number of methods of achieving the automatic occluder goal are reviewed. Early results of clinical studies now in progress indicate that the \"autocluder\" has unique clinical usefulness.", "PMID": 1025172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3911", "title": "Procedures to correct hallux abducto valgus and metatarsus primus adductus.", "content": "Four procedures are presented to correct hallux abducto valgus and metatarsus primus adductus in the child between the ages of 3 and 7 years. A new procedure is introduced: a subtalar extra-articular lateral arthroereisis, and an erasure procedure of the epiphysis is discussed. An important new concept in pediatric podiatry is introduced: it is often possible to prevent major surgery in the adult by performing a minor procedure in the young child. Finally, a Reverdin's procedure to correct the articular set angle in adults is presented.", "contents": "Procedures to correct hallux abducto valgus and metatarsus primus adductus. Four procedures are presented to correct hallux abducto valgus and metatarsus primus adductus in the child between the ages of 3 and 7 years. A new procedure is introduced: a subtalar extra-articular lateral arthroereisis, and an erasure procedure of the epiphysis is discussed. An important new concept in pediatric podiatry is introduced: it is often possible to prevent major surgery in the adult by performing a minor procedure in the young child. Finally, a Reverdin's procedure to correct the articular set angle in adults is presented.", "PMID": 1025185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3912", "title": "Peroneus longus tendon lengthening as an adjuvant measure in cavus foot surgery.", "content": "Lengthening of the peroneus longus tendon is very important when performing cavus foot surgery. This tendon directly affects all three components (varus heel, increased arch height, and forefoot adduction) of the idiopathic cavus foot which can be accounted for by increased strength and activity of the peroneus muscle. The deforming force is removed or weakened according to the degree, duration and rigidity of the cavus foot by lengthening or transferring the tendon.", "contents": "Peroneus longus tendon lengthening as an adjuvant measure in cavus foot surgery. Lengthening of the peroneus longus tendon is very important when performing cavus foot surgery. This tendon directly affects all three components (varus heel, increased arch height, and forefoot adduction) of the idiopathic cavus foot which can be accounted for by increased strength and activity of the peroneus muscle. The deforming force is removed or weakened according to the degree, duration and rigidity of the cavus foot by lengthening or transferring the tendon.", "PMID": 1025187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3913", "title": "Postsurgical management of the runner.", "content": "After surgery, it is very important for a runner to maintain foot and leg flexibility and muscle strength. Isometric exercises, the type of muscular contractions that occur when the ends of the muscles are fixed (so activity is evidenced by increase in tension without change in length), are very useful as they develop power and strength and help in regaining power and strength lost by injuried muscles. Isometrics are of greater value when performed in several daily sessions instead of once a day.", "contents": "Postsurgical management of the runner. After surgery, it is very important for a runner to maintain foot and leg flexibility and muscle strength. Isometric exercises, the type of muscular contractions that occur when the ends of the muscles are fixed (so activity is evidenced by increase in tension without change in length), are very useful as they develop power and strength and help in regaining power and strength lost by injuried muscles. Isometrics are of greater value when performed in several daily sessions instead of once a day.", "PMID": 1025188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3914", "title": "Polydactylism--dural halluces.", "content": "This type of deformity does not appear often in any podiatric practice. An adequate regimen should be used to reduce deformity and, hopefully, to improve, or at least maintain, adequate function.", "contents": "Polydactylism--dural halluces. This type of deformity does not appear often in any podiatric practice. An adequate regimen should be used to reduce deformity and, hopefully, to improve, or at least maintain, adequate function.", "PMID": 1025189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3915", "title": "The prevention of wound infections with the use of local antibiotics.", "content": "The local use of kanamycin, a broad spectrum antibiotic, has been successful in preventing primary wound infections. There have been no instances of drug reaction or sensitivity when kanamycin is used as a dilute topical irrigating solution. Secondary wound infections, which occurred in two cases, responded to local and systemic antibiotic therapy. Kanamycin can be recommended as an effective and safe topical antibiotic to prevent wound infections in foot surgery.", "contents": "The prevention of wound infections with the use of local antibiotics. The local use of kanamycin, a broad spectrum antibiotic, has been successful in preventing primary wound infections. There have been no instances of drug reaction or sensitivity when kanamycin is used as a dilute topical irrigating solution. Secondary wound infections, which occurred in two cases, responded to local and systemic antibiotic therapy. Kanamycin can be recommended as an effective and safe topical antibiotic to prevent wound infections in foot surgery.", "PMID": 1025192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3916", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: discussion and case report.", "content": "A brief discussion of the salient clinicopathologic features of an entity known as osteochondritis dissecans and an illustrative case have been presented. High quality radiographic studies are of prime importance in formulating the diagnosis. Successful treatment of this relatively uncommon lesion can be provided once a thorough evaluation is made.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: discussion and case report. A brief discussion of the salient clinicopathologic features of an entity known as osteochondritis dissecans and an illustrative case have been presented. High quality radiographic studies are of prime importance in formulating the diagnosis. Successful treatment of this relatively uncommon lesion can be provided once a thorough evaluation is made.", "PMID": 1025193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3917", "title": "Triple arthrodesis.", "content": "Arthrodesis, the surgical fusion of a joint or joints when motion is undesirable, is one of the most exacting surgical procedures performed on the foot. In this article, the authors discuss arthrodesing techniques from the earliest attempts in 1878 to the more sophisticated and more successful corrective procedures of the present day. Their preference of the two surgical techniques used for triple arthrodesis is the method which involves two incisions--a 12-cm. incision on the medial aspect of the foot and an 8-cm. incision on the lateral aspect of the foot.", "contents": "Triple arthrodesis. Arthrodesis, the surgical fusion of a joint or joints when motion is undesirable, is one of the most exacting surgical procedures performed on the foot. In this article, the authors discuss arthrodesing techniques from the earliest attempts in 1878 to the more sophisticated and more successful corrective procedures of the present day. Their preference of the two surgical techniques used for triple arthrodesis is the method which involves two incisions--a 12-cm. incision on the medial aspect of the foot and an 8-cm. incision on the lateral aspect of the foot.", "PMID": 1025196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3918", "title": "Anterior entrapment syndromes.", "content": "The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome is best described as a chronic irritation or compression of the deep peroneal nerve. The pathogenesis, etiology, and diagnostic features of the anterior tarsal tunnel as it effects the foot are discussed with its complexities. Case histories are presented.", "contents": "Anterior entrapment syndromes. The anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome is best described as a chronic irritation or compression of the deep peroneal nerve. The pathogenesis, etiology, and diagnostic features of the anterior tarsal tunnel as it effects the foot are discussed with its complexities. Case histories are presented.", "PMID": 1025197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3919", "title": "Clinical laboratory studies for the podiatric surgical patient.", "content": "Doctor Arden emphasizes the mimportance of the preoperative history and physical examination, including clinical laboratory studies, on all podiatric surgical patients. He discusses the complete blood count, coagulation studies, blood chemistry, serologic tests for syphilis, and urinalysis. These clinical studies may give evidence of undetected disease which could have a major impact on the surgery to be performed.", "contents": "Clinical laboratory studies for the podiatric surgical patient. Doctor Arden emphasizes the mimportance of the preoperative history and physical examination, including clinical laboratory studies, on all podiatric surgical patients. He discusses the complete blood count, coagulation studies, blood chemistry, serologic tests for syphilis, and urinalysis. These clinical studies may give evidence of undetected disease which could have a major impact on the surgery to be performed.", "PMID": 1025198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3920", "title": "Health hazard among cash register operators and the effect of improved working conditions.", "content": "The health condition of female cash register operators in relation to their working conditions was investigated. A questionnaire study revealed that cash register operators more frequently complained of general fatigue, headache, sleeplessness, and low back pain than female office machine operators or other female workers. Dullness and pain in the shoulder, arm, hand, and fingers especially on the right side were characteristic of cash register operators. Physical examinations in 1973 showed that 31.3% of 371 cash register operators suffered from muscle rigidity or tenderness; 13 were severely afficted and, 69 operators had to be either laid off, reassigned to other jobs, or given shorter working hours. Occupational cervicobrachial disorders were suggested to have been caused by repetitive upper limb motions combined with static load, an unfavorable working environment, and mental stress. Implementation of some improvements including shorter operation time, worker rotation, and adoption of electronic registers proved effective in reducing the number of sufferers of cervicobrachial disorders found during the 1975 physical examinations. But the improvements were not effective enough to alleviate fatigue of the neck, shoulder, and back due presumably to sustaining upper limbs while operating the keyboard.", "contents": "Health hazard among cash register operators and the effect of improved working conditions. The health condition of female cash register operators in relation to their working conditions was investigated. A questionnaire study revealed that cash register operators more frequently complained of general fatigue, headache, sleeplessness, and low back pain than female office machine operators or other female workers. Dullness and pain in the shoulder, arm, hand, and fingers especially on the right side were characteristic of cash register operators. Physical examinations in 1973 showed that 31.3% of 371 cash register operators suffered from muscle rigidity or tenderness; 13 were severely afficted and, 69 operators had to be either laid off, reassigned to other jobs, or given shorter working hours. Occupational cervicobrachial disorders were suggested to have been caused by repetitive upper limb motions combined with static load, an unfavorable working environment, and mental stress. Implementation of some improvements including shorter operation time, worker rotation, and adoption of electronic registers proved effective in reducing the number of sufferers of cervicobrachial disorders found during the 1975 physical examinations. But the improvements were not effective enough to alleviate fatigue of the neck, shoulder, and back due presumably to sustaining upper limbs while operating the keyboard.", "PMID": 1025212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3921", "title": "On the structure of steadily propagating rings of chemotactic bacteria.", "content": "The theoretical structure of steadily propagating cylindrically-symmetric rings of chemotactic bacteria is determined by solving the governing dynamical equations for the bacterial density distribution and the concentration of chemotactic agent. Accurate to first-order in the reciprocal of the radial distance from the axis of symmetry, the asymptotic solution obtained here can be employed for future comparison with measured experimental distributions.", "contents": "On the structure of steadily propagating rings of chemotactic bacteria. The theoretical structure of steadily propagating cylindrically-symmetric rings of chemotactic bacteria is determined by solving the governing dynamical equations for the bacterial density distribution and the concentration of chemotactic agent. Accurate to first-order in the reciprocal of the radial distance from the axis of symmetry, the asymptotic solution obtained here can be employed for future comparison with measured experimental distributions.", "PMID": 1025227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3922", "title": "[Passive electrical constants of skeletal muscular fibres studied in different muscles of normal and thiamine deficient rats (author's transl)].", "content": "10 Some effects of thiamine deficiency were studied in three skeletal rat muscles, having different proportions of \"fast\" and \"slow\" fibres: extensor longus digiti IV (a nearly pure fast muscle), soleus (having a predominant population of slow fibres) and diaphragm muscle (mixed fibre population). 20 Cross section area of fibres (fig. 2) is reduced in thiamine deficient animals, mostly for fast fibres having a glycolytic metabolism, the histochemical profile of which tends to become similar to that of slow fibres, in which oxydative metabolism is predominant, as shown by a marked increase in succinodehydrogenase activity. 30 Measurements of resting potential E, of membranes time constant tau and of fibre input resistance R were performed in normal and thiamine deficient muscles (table I). R and tau were obtained from square pulse analysis, using a double shifted sampling method permitting the use of a single microelectrode. E is not greatly affected by thiamine deficiency. tau changes appear not to be significant, except for fast fibres from extensor longus muscle, where tau is slightly reduced. R is increased in thiamine deficient animals (fig. 3). 40 Changes in R and tau do not exactly follow the predictions of cable theory, if one assumes that a purely dimensional factor is involved. Thus, the view that thiamine deficiency does not change basic passive electrical constants of fibres (membrane specific resistance and capacity, myoplasm resistivity) can be considered only as a first approximation. 50 R and tau values obtained in normal muscles are larger than data taken from other studies. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. It is suggested that diet differences may play a role.", "contents": "[Passive electrical constants of skeletal muscular fibres studied in different muscles of normal and thiamine deficient rats (author's transl)]. 10 Some effects of thiamine deficiency were studied in three skeletal rat muscles, having different proportions of \"fast\" and \"slow\" fibres: extensor longus digiti IV (a nearly pure fast muscle), soleus (having a predominant population of slow fibres) and diaphragm muscle (mixed fibre population). 20 Cross section area of fibres (fig. 2) is reduced in thiamine deficient animals, mostly for fast fibres having a glycolytic metabolism, the histochemical profile of which tends to become similar to that of slow fibres, in which oxydative metabolism is predominant, as shown by a marked increase in succinodehydrogenase activity. 30 Measurements of resting potential E, of membranes time constant tau and of fibre input resistance R were performed in normal and thiamine deficient muscles (table I). R and tau were obtained from square pulse analysis, using a double shifted sampling method permitting the use of a single microelectrode. E is not greatly affected by thiamine deficiency. tau changes appear not to be significant, except for fast fibres from extensor longus muscle, where tau is slightly reduced. R is increased in thiamine deficient animals (fig. 3). 40 Changes in R and tau do not exactly follow the predictions of cable theory, if one assumes that a purely dimensional factor is involved. Thus, the view that thiamine deficiency does not change basic passive electrical constants of fibres (membrane specific resistance and capacity, myoplasm resistivity) can be considered only as a first approximation. 50 R and tau values obtained in normal muscles are larger than data taken from other studies. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. It is suggested that diet differences may play a role.", "PMID": 1025310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3923", "title": "[Effect of cold exposure on synthesis of cerebral dopamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of dopamine (DA) has been studied in the striatum and cortex of rats exposed to a temperature of 40C for 2.5 or 24 h. The synthesis rate has been estimated 30 mn after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY), by the evaluation of the ratio: 3H-DA specific activity 3H-TY specific activity. Cold exposure modified DA synthesis differently in the two brain areas. In the striatum, DA synthesis was multiplied by a factor of 1.5 after 2.5 h of cold exposure and returned to normal value after 24 h. In the cortex, cold exposure did not significantly change DA synthesis (at any of the two times studied).", "contents": "[Effect of cold exposure on synthesis of cerebral dopamine (author's transl)]. The synthesis of dopamine (DA) has been studied in the striatum and cortex of rats exposed to a temperature of 40C for 2.5 or 24 h. The synthesis rate has been estimated 30 mn after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY), by the evaluation of the ratio: 3H-DA specific activity 3H-TY specific activity. Cold exposure modified DA synthesis differently in the two brain areas. In the striatum, DA synthesis was multiplied by a factor of 1.5 after 2.5 h of cold exposure and returned to normal value after 24 h. In the cortex, cold exposure did not significantly change DA synthesis (at any of the two times studied).", "PMID": 1025311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3924", "title": "Intestinal polyposis associated with oxyurid parasites in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "A 40-year-old male chimpanzee had multiple intestinal polyps associated with immature male oxyurid parasites. The gross and histologic characteristics of these lesions were identical to those produced by Nochtia nochti in the stomach and esophagus of Old World primates. It was theorized that the lesions resulted from hypersensitivity to oxyurid infection in an aberrant host.", "contents": "Intestinal polyposis associated with oxyurid parasites in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). A 40-year-old male chimpanzee had multiple intestinal polyps associated with immature male oxyurid parasites. The gross and histologic characteristics of these lesions were identical to those produced by Nochtia nochti in the stomach and esophagus of Old World primates. It was theorized that the lesions resulted from hypersensitivity to oxyurid infection in an aberrant host.", "PMID": 1025312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3925", "title": "Historical and theoretical perspectives: sex, love, and commitment revisited.", "content": "A sociology-of-knowledge perspective is used to examine the interplay among sex, love, and commitment within the context of historical trends and social changes. The implications of qualitative and quantitative differences among love, sex and commitment are discussed in relation to (1) the concept of \"multiple selves,\" (2) \"individual variations in threshold levels,\" and (3) the misuse of \"ideal types.\" Clinical and research efforts to differentiate among sex, love, and commitment need to be balanced by explicit awareness of the tendency to compartmentalize these three areas.", "contents": "Historical and theoretical perspectives: sex, love, and commitment revisited. A sociology-of-knowledge perspective is used to examine the interplay among sex, love, and commitment within the context of historical trends and social changes. The implications of qualitative and quantitative differences among love, sex and commitment are discussed in relation to (1) the concept of \"multiple selves,\" (2) \"individual variations in threshold levels,\" and (3) the misuse of \"ideal types.\" Clinical and research efforts to differentiate among sex, love, and commitment need to be balanced by explicit awareness of the tendency to compartmentalize these three areas.", "PMID": 1025314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3926", "title": "Clincal observations of sex as a reverberation of the total relationship.", "content": "In the psychiatric treatment of sexual dysfunctioning the generally accepted method has been to concentrate heavily on the intrapsychic conflicts of one or both spouses. There now is increasing evidence that treatment is sometimes more effective if the therapeutic intervention takes place directly in the interpersonal system. Such evidence has been provided by those therapists with clinical experience in marital systems who are prepared to utilize theories evolved from a multidisciplinary approach to marital problems. This paper is meant to discuss and illustrate this shift in treatment strategy as it applies to sexual dysfunctioning and deals with the function of the interplay of sex, love, and commitment through the illustrative cases.", "contents": "Clincal observations of sex as a reverberation of the total relationship. In the psychiatric treatment of sexual dysfunctioning the generally accepted method has been to concentrate heavily on the intrapsychic conflicts of one or both spouses. There now is increasing evidence that treatment is sometimes more effective if the therapeutic intervention takes place directly in the interpersonal system. Such evidence has been provided by those therapists with clinical experience in marital systems who are prepared to utilize theories evolved from a multidisciplinary approach to marital problems. This paper is meant to discuss and illustrate this shift in treatment strategy as it applies to sexual dysfunctioning and deals with the function of the interplay of sex, love, and commitment through the illustrative cases.", "PMID": 1025315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3927", "title": "Audiological tests for evaluation of central auditory disorders.", "content": "Three audiological tests (Competing Sentences, Rapidly Alternating Speech, Staggered Spondaic Words) currently being used to evaluate central auditory dysfunction are discussed. Audiological and neurological findings on three patients with central auditory lesions are presented, with special reference to their performance on these central auditory tests. Results suggest the tests are of value in identifying and/or corroborating central lesions, and in providing a more complete explanation of patient communicative difficulties.", "contents": "Audiological tests for evaluation of central auditory disorders. Three audiological tests (Competing Sentences, Rapidly Alternating Speech, Staggered Spondaic Words) currently being used to evaluate central auditory dysfunction are discussed. Audiological and neurological findings on three patients with central auditory lesions are presented, with special reference to their performance on these central auditory tests. Results suggest the tests are of value in identifying and/or corroborating central lesions, and in providing a more complete explanation of patient communicative difficulties.", "PMID": 1025316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3928", "title": "A study of acupuncture in adult sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Twenty-nine adult volunteers with stable bilateral sensorineural hearing loss were treated by acupuncture. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: active needling, active needling followed by sham needling, sham needling followed by active needling, and sham needling. All subjects received 30 treatments. Only one ear was treated by acupuncture. The second ear was kept for an intrasubject control. Prior to treatment a baseline of hearing was established. During the course of acupuncture, audiological assessments (pure tone thresholds and speech tests) were made after sets of five treatments. Hearing was again measured during the year following acupuncture. The results in individual subjects and statistical comparisons of active and sham groups showed that acupuncture did not produce significant shifts in hearing.", "contents": "A study of acupuncture in adult sensorineural hearing loss. Twenty-nine adult volunteers with stable bilateral sensorineural hearing loss were treated by acupuncture. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: active needling, active needling followed by sham needling, sham needling followed by active needling, and sham needling. All subjects received 30 treatments. Only one ear was treated by acupuncture. The second ear was kept for an intrasubject control. Prior to treatment a baseline of hearing was established. During the course of acupuncture, audiological assessments (pure tone thresholds and speech tests) were made after sets of five treatments. Hearing was again measured during the year following acupuncture. The results in individual subjects and statistical comparisons of active and sham groups showed that acupuncture did not produce significant shifts in hearing.", "PMID": 1025317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3929", "title": "[Diabetes and diseases of the internal ear].", "content": "The authors present a series of 30 cases of vertigo where diabetes and hyperlipidemia were found. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and evidence points to a diabetic lesion of the inner ear. Our cases illustrate that lesion and its clinical presentation.", "contents": "[Diabetes and diseases of the internal ear]. The authors present a series of 30 cases of vertigo where diabetes and hyperlipidemia were found. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and evidence points to a diabetic lesion of the inner ear. Our cases illustrate that lesion and its clinical presentation.", "PMID": 1025318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3930", "title": "High-potassium induced contracture in guinea pig ureter.", "content": "Some characteristic properties of guinea pig ureter in high-K induced contracture were studied. The contracture was composed of three contraction components, quick-phasic, slow transient, and substained states. The height of the second component decreased with time when the preparation was immersed in high-K solution. This was observed during a brief washing treatment with normal Tyrode solution applied at varius times after immersion in high-K solution. When the brief washing treatment was applied after 30 min, a contracture composed of the first and the third components was observed. Similar results were obtained in Ca-induced contracture of K-depolarized preparations. Fluctuations of tension were observed in the course of the contracture. The fluctuations could be evoked by various types treatments and were observed to have some relationship to extracellular Ca. It was indicated that extracellular Ca has an important role in the initiation of each component of the contracture and that the role of Ca is controlled by the cell membrane.", "contents": "High-potassium induced contracture in guinea pig ureter. Some characteristic properties of guinea pig ureter in high-K induced contracture were studied. The contracture was composed of three contraction components, quick-phasic, slow transient, and substained states. The height of the second component decreased with time when the preparation was immersed in high-K solution. This was observed during a brief washing treatment with normal Tyrode solution applied at varius times after immersion in high-K solution. When the brief washing treatment was applied after 30 min, a contracture composed of the first and the third components was observed. Similar results were obtained in Ca-induced contracture of K-depolarized preparations. Fluctuations of tension were observed in the course of the contracture. The fluctuations could be evoked by various types treatments and were observed to have some relationship to extracellular Ca. It was indicated that extracellular Ca has an important role in the initiation of each component of the contracture and that the role of Ca is controlled by the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1025321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3931", "title": "[Blood calcium levels in heart defects after surgery with extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "The total content of calcium and protein was studied in 50 patients during the initial 5 days after surgery for their congenital or acquired heart diseases conducted under extracorporeal circulation; in half of them the content of the dialysing fraction of total calcium and plasma albumins were also examined. The study has demonstrated that during the 1st postoperative day the content of the total and dialysing calcium is elevated which is due to the administration of calcium for the neutralization of citrate during blood transfusions. The greatest fluctuations of these values (both decreases and increases) were observed when the heart-lung machine was primed with blood containing 18.2--23mEg Ca++ per 1 1 of citrate blood. Within the early 5 postoperative days no restoration of the impaired calcium balance is observed in these patients, while the blood content of calcium is returning to the preoperative level. The blood content of calcium was studied after repeated injections of various doses of calcium. The most rational method proved to consist in repeated injections of 5ml of 10% CaCl2 solution every 30 min--1 hour which resulted in a moderate elevation of the blood content of the total and dialysing calcium.", "contents": "[Blood calcium levels in heart defects after surgery with extracorporeal circulation]. The total content of calcium and protein was studied in 50 patients during the initial 5 days after surgery for their congenital or acquired heart diseases conducted under extracorporeal circulation; in half of them the content of the dialysing fraction of total calcium and plasma albumins were also examined. The study has demonstrated that during the 1st postoperative day the content of the total and dialysing calcium is elevated which is due to the administration of calcium for the neutralization of citrate during blood transfusions. The greatest fluctuations of these values (both decreases and increases) were observed when the heart-lung machine was primed with blood containing 18.2--23mEg Ca++ per 1 1 of citrate blood. Within the early 5 postoperative days no restoration of the impaired calcium balance is observed in these patients, while the blood content of calcium is returning to the preoperative level. The blood content of calcium was studied after repeated injections of various doses of calcium. The most rational method proved to consist in repeated injections of 5ml of 10% CaCl2 solution every 30 min--1 hour which resulted in a moderate elevation of the blood content of the total and dialysing calcium.", "PMID": 1025322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3932", "title": "[Study of carbohydrate metabolism in rats after administration of myocardium-damaging doses of adrenaline].", "content": "The investigation included a study of the content of glycogen, of the activity of the enzymes of its decay (phosphorylase and hydrolytic enzymes), of the content of lactic acid, and glucose in rats following the administration of myocardium damaging doses of adrenalin, as well as in animals who had died after the administration of adrenalin or were agonizing. The analysis of the carbohydrate metabolism parameters in animals who had died due to the adrenalin administration, or who had been sacrificed in an agonizing state (sharp fall of the glycogen content in the heart, increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the heart during the agonizing phase) indicated that the temporary elevation of the glycogen content in the heart after the administration of 300microng/100g of adrenalin was a compensatory reaction of the body. It is suggested that a certain relationship exists between the markedness of this compensatory reaction, i.e. the glycogen level in the heart muscle, and the severity of necrotic lesions.", "contents": "[Study of carbohydrate metabolism in rats after administration of myocardium-damaging doses of adrenaline]. The investigation included a study of the content of glycogen, of the activity of the enzymes of its decay (phosphorylase and hydrolytic enzymes), of the content of lactic acid, and glucose in rats following the administration of myocardium damaging doses of adrenalin, as well as in animals who had died after the administration of adrenalin or were agonizing. The analysis of the carbohydrate metabolism parameters in animals who had died due to the adrenalin administration, or who had been sacrificed in an agonizing state (sharp fall of the glycogen content in the heart, increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the heart during the agonizing phase) indicated that the temporary elevation of the glycogen content in the heart after the administration of 300microng/100g of adrenalin was a compensatory reaction of the body. It is suggested that a certain relationship exists between the markedness of this compensatory reaction, i.e. the glycogen level in the heart muscle, and the severity of necrotic lesions.", "PMID": 1025323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3933", "title": "[Prognosis of work capacity in the system of rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarct].", "content": "The possibilities of prognosing with regard to the capacity for work within the 1st year of resuming working were studied in the system of rehabilitation of myocardial infarction patients. The prognostic value of several items was determined that characterize the state of the patient prior to his myocardial infarction, the course of the acute phase, and the state in the postinfarction period prior to resuming working. The informativeness of several sets of items was determined along with the relative informativeness of a certain single item, with that of a group of other items known. It was demonstrated that in determining the capacity for work the leading items should be conside", "contents": "[Prognosis of work capacity in the system of rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarct]. The possibilities of prognosing with regard to the capacity for work within the 1st year of resuming working were studied in the system of rehabilitation of myocardial infarction patients. The prognostic value of several items was determined that characterize the state of the patient prior to his myocardial infarction, the course of the acute phase, and the state in the postinfarction period prior to resuming working. The informativeness of several sets of items was determined along with the relative informativeness of a certain single item, with that of a group of other items known. It was demonstrated that in determining the capacity for work the leading items should be conside", "PMID": 1025329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3934", "title": "[State of the coronary bed and certain indicators of hemodynamics and myocardial contraction in auricular fibrillation].", "content": "Selective coronary angiography was performed and cardiac catheterization was employed to study the indices of the myocardial contractility and the state of central haemodynamics in 20 patients with ischaemic heart disease, 24 patients with myocarditic cardiosclerosis complicated by cardiac fibrillation, 6 patients with \"idiopathic\" atrial fibrillation, and 20 patients with extracardiac pathology (controls). The data obtained by the author indicate that selective coronary angiography helps significantly in the differential diagnosis between myocarditic cardiosclerosis and ischaemic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[State of the coronary bed and certain indicators of hemodynamics and myocardial contraction in auricular fibrillation]. Selective coronary angiography was performed and cardiac catheterization was employed to study the indices of the myocardial contractility and the state of central haemodynamics in 20 patients with ischaemic heart disease, 24 patients with myocarditic cardiosclerosis complicated by cardiac fibrillation, 6 patients with \"idiopathic\" atrial fibrillation, and 20 patients with extracardiac pathology (controls). The data obtained by the author indicate that selective coronary angiography helps significantly in the differential diagnosis between myocarditic cardiosclerosis and ischaemic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1025332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3935", "title": "[Molecular mechanisms of cardiac insufficiency in myocardial ischemia].", "content": "An analysis of the main concepts of the pathogenesis of heart muscle insufficiency under ischaemia was conducted. None of the hypotheses postulating the invariability of the energy supply to the myofibrills was shown to explain the fast reduction of the contractility of the ischaemic myocardium. These hypotheses are based on the experimental fact of the ATP level in the myocardium practically undergoing no reduction under ischaemia. At the same time, one of the earliest changes in the heart muscle under ichaemia consists in creatine phosphate concentration reduction that correlates with the decrease in the contractility. The recently obtained data indicate that the energy synthesized in the mitochondria of the cardiac muscle is carried away from them in the form of energy of creatine phosphate molecules that is later used for ATP synthesis in the myofibrill creatine phosphokinase reaction. A scheme is suggested that implies that under ischaemia severe changes in the energy supply consisting in creatine phosphate synthesis reduction are the leading factor in the pathogenesis resulting on the early stages of the process in a reduction of the contractility, and on the later ones--in irreversible damages of the membrane systems and cell destruction.", "contents": "[Molecular mechanisms of cardiac insufficiency in myocardial ischemia]. An analysis of the main concepts of the pathogenesis of heart muscle insufficiency under ischaemia was conducted. None of the hypotheses postulating the invariability of the energy supply to the myofibrills was shown to explain the fast reduction of the contractility of the ischaemic myocardium. These hypotheses are based on the experimental fact of the ATP level in the myocardium practically undergoing no reduction under ischaemia. At the same time, one of the earliest changes in the heart muscle under ichaemia consists in creatine phosphate concentration reduction that correlates with the decrease in the contractility. The recently obtained data indicate that the energy synthesized in the mitochondria of the cardiac muscle is carried away from them in the form of energy of creatine phosphate molecules that is later used for ATP synthesis in the myofibrill creatine phosphokinase reaction. A scheme is suggested that implies that under ischaemia severe changes in the energy supply consisting in creatine phosphate synthesis reduction are the leading factor in the pathogenesis resulting on the early stages of the process in a reduction of the contractility, and on the later ones--in irreversible damages of the membrane systems and cell destruction.", "PMID": 1025333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3936", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in myocardial infarct].", "content": "In patients with angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction different signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation were found, their intensity depending on the severity of the clinical course. In myocardial infarction with a complicated course and, especially, in shock signs of disseminated intravascular microthrombus formation were revealed, its criteria including, according to the author's data, reduced platelets count, factor V activity, shortening of platelets life and period of labelled fibrinogen circulation, appearance of large quantities of the fibrin-monomer complex.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in myocardial infarct]. In patients with angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction different signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation were found, their intensity depending on the severity of the clinical course. In myocardial infarction with a complicated course and, especially, in shock signs of disseminated intravascular microthrombus formation were revealed, its criteria including, according to the author's data, reduced platelets count, factor V activity, shortening of platelets life and period of labelled fibrinogen circulation, appearance of large quantities of the fibrin-monomer complex.", "PMID": 1025334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3937", "title": "[Evaluation of the adrenal cortex function in patients with acute myocardial infarct by means of radioisotope micromethods].", "content": "Employing modern radio-isotope techniques of hormone examinations (that of competitive protein binding for hydrocortisone determinations, and the radioimmunoassay for progesterone and aldosterone determinations in the peripheral blood), 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction were examined. It is concluded that a comprehence study of the functional state of the adrenals in patients with myocardial infarction with the employment of radio-isotope techniques will permit to reveal some additional mechanisms of the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and its complications, and to be guided in the choice of rational therapy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the adrenal cortex function in patients with acute myocardial infarct by means of radioisotope micromethods]. Employing modern radio-isotope techniques of hormone examinations (that of competitive protein binding for hydrocortisone determinations, and the radioimmunoassay for progesterone and aldosterone determinations in the peripheral blood), 102 patients with acute myocardial infarction were examined. It is concluded that a comprehence study of the functional state of the adrenals in patients with myocardial infarction with the employment of radio-isotope techniques will permit to reveal some additional mechanisms of the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and its complications, and to be guided in the choice of rational therapy.", "PMID": 1025335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3938", "title": "[Intrahepatic hemodynamics and liver function in the acute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Data are presented on the state of the intrahepatic blood flow and the absorption-excretory capacity of the liver in 221 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The changes in the absorption-excretory function of the liver and of the hepatic blood circulation are described on the basis of a dynamic observation (on the 1st, 20--30th, 50--60th day of the onset of the disease) and with due regard of the extent of the myocardial infarction and the presence of complications, cardiogenic shock in particular.", "contents": "[Intrahepatic hemodynamics and liver function in the acute period of myocardial infarct]. Data are presented on the state of the intrahepatic blood flow and the absorption-excretory capacity of the liver in 221 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The changes in the absorption-excretory function of the liver and of the hepatic blood circulation are described on the basis of a dynamic observation (on the 1st, 20--30th, 50--60th day of the onset of the disease) and with due regard of the extent of the myocardial infarction and the presence of complications, cardiogenic shock in particular.", "PMID": 1025336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3939", "title": "[Study of the contractile function of the myocardium with the aid of echocardiography].", "content": "The problems of studying the contractile function of the myocardium were investigated in patients with acquired heart diseases and varying stages of circulation insufficiency. Echocardiography was used to examine 92 patients, aged 17 to 38 years. The results of the examination permitted to obtain a clear understanding of the degree of changes in the myocardium contractile function. The most valuable parameters of echocardiogrammes which permit to record the early signs of cardiac insufficiency include the myocardium excursions rate, the ejection fraction, the contraction rate of the circular fibers of the myocardium, the percentage of shortening the anterior-posterior dimensions of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Study of the contractile function of the myocardium with the aid of echocardiography]. The problems of studying the contractile function of the myocardium were investigated in patients with acquired heart diseases and varying stages of circulation insufficiency. Echocardiography was used to examine 92 patients, aged 17 to 38 years. The results of the examination permitted to obtain a clear understanding of the degree of changes in the myocardium contractile function. The most valuable parameters of echocardiogrammes which permit to record the early signs of cardiac insufficiency include the myocardium excursions rate, the ejection fraction, the contraction rate of the circular fibers of the myocardium, the percentage of shortening the anterior-posterior dimensions of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 1025337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3940", "title": "[Selection of power force for the electrocardiostimulating apparatus and the study of the characteristics of the battery \"Krona VTs\"].", "content": "An independent power supply of electrocardiostimulators improves the electric safety of the patient and of the attending staff, does not produce any additional interferences with the functioning of instrumentation and makes it possible to design mobile portable devices. The storage battery used as a power source should have a sufficiently great capacity, provide for some back-up time ensuring normal operation of the apparatus, have small dimensions and mass. These requirements are met with most adequately by the air-zinc battery \"Krona Vts\". To estimate the continuous operation time for the apparatus experimental characteristics of the battery's pulse discharge are given.", "contents": "[Selection of power force for the electrocardiostimulating apparatus and the study of the characteristics of the battery \"Krona VTs\"]. An independent power supply of electrocardiostimulators improves the electric safety of the patient and of the attending staff, does not produce any additional interferences with the functioning of instrumentation and makes it possible to design mobile portable devices. The storage battery used as a power source should have a sufficiently great capacity, provide for some back-up time ensuring normal operation of the apparatus, have small dimensions and mass. These requirements are met with most adequately by the air-zinc battery \"Krona Vts\". To estimate the continuous operation time for the apparatus experimental characteristics of the battery's pulse discharge are given.", "PMID": 1025424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3941", "title": "[Errors in the lung volume measurement and its reproducibility by the method of helium displacement in the closed system].", "content": "On a mechanical model of the lungs systematic (constant) and accidental (random) errors in measuring the volume by the device (see article)-1, were determined and these amounted to +2.7 and identical to 2.2, respectively. The latter was three times as low as the mean-square reproducibility error, i.e. the degree of error in the physiological measurement of FRC. Different sources of errors in the measurement of FRC, among which particular attention is called to errors in defining the helium concentration at the end of the mixing process in closed system, are considered.", "contents": "[Errors in the lung volume measurement and its reproducibility by the method of helium displacement in the closed system]. On a mechanical model of the lungs systematic (constant) and accidental (random) errors in measuring the volume by the device (see article)-1, were determined and these amounted to +2.7 and identical to 2.2, respectively. The latter was three times as low as the mean-square reproducibility error, i.e. the degree of error in the physiological measurement of FRC. Different sources of errors in the measurement of FRC, among which particular attention is called to errors in defining the helium concentration at the end of the mixing process in closed system, are considered.", "PMID": 1025425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3942", "title": "[Ground-isolated input circuits of the electronic diagnostic apparatus as means of increasing electric safety of the patient].", "content": "Introduction into the medical practice of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, such as electric stimulation, measurement of intracardiac blood pressure, of pH and others, entails possible hazards for the patient to suffer an electric current injury. To ensure the patient's safety during various disturbances in the operation of the devices certain protective measures have to be devised. On an example of the electrocardiograph possible methods of accomplishing complete isolation of the patient from the ground through separating the signal and supply circuits is shown.", "contents": "[Ground-isolated input circuits of the electronic diagnostic apparatus as means of increasing electric safety of the patient]. Introduction into the medical practice of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, such as electric stimulation, measurement of intracardiac blood pressure, of pH and others, entails possible hazards for the patient to suffer an electric current injury. To ensure the patient's safety during various disturbances in the operation of the devices certain protective measures have to be devised. On an example of the electrocardiograph possible methods of accomplishing complete isolation of the patient from the ground through separating the signal and supply circuits is shown.", "PMID": 1025427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3943", "title": "[Electric dental analgesia apparatus with increased stabilization of the operating current].", "content": "To improve the construction of the existing (formula: see text) apparatus intended for relief of pain during treatment of hard dental tissues a new version of this unit with a higher stabilization of the operating current--model (formula: see text) -- has been designed. In it the intensity of the current is adjustable within the range of 1 to 30 micronA. Power supply from the mains and from the storage battery \"Krona\" is provided for in the apparatus.", "contents": "[Electric dental analgesia apparatus with increased stabilization of the operating current]. To improve the construction of the existing (formula: see text) apparatus intended for relief of pain during treatment of hard dental tissues a new version of this unit with a higher stabilization of the operating current--model (formula: see text) -- has been designed. In it the intensity of the current is adjustable within the range of 1 to 30 micronA. Power supply from the mains and from the storage battery \"Krona\" is provided for in the apparatus.", "PMID": 1025429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3944", "title": "[Commutation systems of the roentgenodiagnostic apparatus operating with automatic exposure relays].", "content": "The automatic exposure relay (X-ray exposure meter) enables the exposure time in roentgenography of diverse human organs to be determined and fixed with a high degree of accuracy, but the subsequent protracted commutation of the main and control circuits of the roentgen-diagnostic apparatus tends to practically bring to naught this high precision. The paper deals with an analysis of commutation delays and lags in different control systems of the roentgen apparatus and with assessing the effect they have on the quality of the X-ray picture.", "contents": "[Commutation systems of the roentgenodiagnostic apparatus operating with automatic exposure relays]. The automatic exposure relay (X-ray exposure meter) enables the exposure time in roentgenography of diverse human organs to be determined and fixed with a high degree of accuracy, but the subsequent protracted commutation of the main and control circuits of the roentgen-diagnostic apparatus tends to practically bring to naught this high precision. The paper deals with an analysis of commutation delays and lags in different control systems of the roentgen apparatus and with assessing the effect they have on the quality of the X-ray picture.", "PMID": 1025434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3945", "title": "[Elaboration of the structure and principles of construction of a unified system for the apparatus for artificial circulation].", "content": "A pertinet analysis and assessment of medico-technical and ergonomic characteristics, both of individual extracorporeal circulation units (ECU) and major functional components (pumps, oxygenators, etc) served as a background to suggesting a principle for establishing a unitized ECU system based on the functional (performance) and spatial (packaged) module.", "contents": "[Elaboration of the structure and principles of construction of a unified system for the apparatus for artificial circulation]. A pertinet analysis and assessment of medico-technical and ergonomic characteristics, both of individual extracorporeal circulation units (ECU) and major functional components (pumps, oxygenators, etc) served as a background to suggesting a principle for establishing a unitized ECU system based on the functional (performance) and spatial (packaged) module.", "PMID": 1025435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3946", "title": "[Problems of thrombogenesis and destruction of the superficial layer of implanted artificial heart valves].", "content": "Experience with the use of artificial cardiac valves has revealed basic shortcomings of their designs, viz. their hemodynamic inadequacy to natural cardiac valves and thrombogeneity. The thrombogenesis is held to be qualitatively linked with the turbulence of the blood stream on the prosthesis, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been explained so far. Metallographic investigations of the titanium valve surfaces, with the valves having been operative in the human body over periods of from 8 hours to 80 days, demonstrated destruction of the superficial layer of the valve's cell. The surface layer of the metal is structurally changed to a depth of 0.05 mm, has a spongy texture and is readily detachable from the bulk of the metal. The presumed cause of erosion is considered to be saturation of the surface layer with gases, possibly as a result of cavitation within the prosthesis zone.", "contents": "[Problems of thrombogenesis and destruction of the superficial layer of implanted artificial heart valves]. Experience with the use of artificial cardiac valves has revealed basic shortcomings of their designs, viz. their hemodynamic inadequacy to natural cardiac valves and thrombogeneity. The thrombogenesis is held to be qualitatively linked with the turbulence of the blood stream on the prosthesis, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been explained so far. Metallographic investigations of the titanium valve surfaces, with the valves having been operative in the human body over periods of from 8 hours to 80 days, demonstrated destruction of the superficial layer of the valve's cell. The surface layer of the metal is structurally changed to a depth of 0.05 mm, has a spongy texture and is readily detachable from the bulk of the metal. The presumed cause of erosion is considered to be saturation of the surface layer with gases, possibly as a result of cavitation within the prosthesis zone.", "PMID": 1025436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3947", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of cuprophane and cellophane used as membranes for hemodialysis].", "content": "Investigations into the structure, mechanical properties and permeability of the Soviet-made cellophane, cellulose film No 100 and cuprophane have shown the Soviet-made cellophane membrane to be inferior to cuprophane with regard to the strength and permeability of low-molecular metabolites. High strength properties of the cellulose film No 100 go with a much more lower permeability than in the case of cuprophane and cellophane. Sterilization with gamma-irradiation does not have any material effect on the physico-mechanical and functional characteristics of the membranes. Ways and means for improving the strength and permeability of the hydrate-cellulose membranes are outlined.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of cuprophane and cellophane used as membranes for hemodialysis]. Investigations into the structure, mechanical properties and permeability of the Soviet-made cellophane, cellulose film No 100 and cuprophane have shown the Soviet-made cellophane membrane to be inferior to cuprophane with regard to the strength and permeability of low-molecular metabolites. High strength properties of the cellulose film No 100 go with a much more lower permeability than in the case of cuprophane and cellophane. Sterilization with gamma-irradiation does not have any material effect on the physico-mechanical and functional characteristics of the membranes. Ways and means for improving the strength and permeability of the hydrate-cellulose membranes are outlined.", "PMID": 1025438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3948", "title": "[Power units of implanted artificial heart and assisted circulation system].", "content": "The existing and presently planned systems of power supply for an artificially implanted heart and assisted circulation devices are reviewed. A comparative analysis as to their conformability to biological, functional and technical demands placed on the implanted systems is given. In an implanted artificial heart and assisted circulation systems most promising is shown to be the use of nuclear fuel as a source of power and as converters -- that of thermal engines with gas and steam cycle.", "contents": "[Power units of implanted artificial heart and assisted circulation system]. The existing and presently planned systems of power supply for an artificially implanted heart and assisted circulation devices are reviewed. A comparative analysis as to their conformability to biological, functional and technical demands placed on the implanted systems is given. In an implanted artificial heart and assisted circulation systems most promising is shown to be the use of nuclear fuel as a source of power and as converters -- that of thermal engines with gas and steam cycle.", "PMID": 1025440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3949", "title": "[Synchronous mechanical heart massage during assisted circulation].", "content": "In tests on dogs specially devised cardiac massage appliances and a monitoring system synchronizing the mechanical massage with the R wave on the ECG were used in carrying out a synchronous mechanical chest massage in conditions of an experimentally induced incompetence of the cardiac ventricles. Optimal parameters of the hemodynamics were recorded with the massage proceeding in such a manner, when mechanical action on the cardiac ventricles coincided with termination of the maximum pressure period of the myocardium. The synchronous ancillary cardiac massage effected under conditions of ventricular incompetence was found to be attended by a rise of cardiac output and increased aortic pressure, falling tension in the auricles and normalization of the acid-base equilibrium figures. Synchronization of the massaging appliance operation with cardiac contractions is an effective method of assisted circulation in acute incompetence of the heart valves.", "contents": "[Synchronous mechanical heart massage during assisted circulation]. In tests on dogs specially devised cardiac massage appliances and a monitoring system synchronizing the mechanical massage with the R wave on the ECG were used in carrying out a synchronous mechanical chest massage in conditions of an experimentally induced incompetence of the cardiac ventricles. Optimal parameters of the hemodynamics were recorded with the massage proceeding in such a manner, when mechanical action on the cardiac ventricles coincided with termination of the maximum pressure period of the myocardium. The synchronous ancillary cardiac massage effected under conditions of ventricular incompetence was found to be attended by a rise of cardiac output and increased aortic pressure, falling tension in the auricles and normalization of the acid-base equilibrium figures. Synchronization of the massaging appliance operation with cardiac contractions is an effective method of assisted circulation in acute incompetence of the heart valves.", "PMID": 1025441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3950", "title": "[Components of an implanted artificial heart and the medico-technical requirements].", "content": "The task of designing and providing power supply for an implanted artificial heart (AH) is a many-sided complex problem that includes a number of medico-biological, technical, physical, power-supply and other factors. The analysis of the AH components and the mentioned basic medico-technical requirements permits it to outline the ways and means for a rational solution of this complicated problem. The greatest attention is paid to the analysis of and future prospects for the use of different power sources and methods of power conversion.", "contents": "[Components of an implanted artificial heart and the medico-technical requirements]. The task of designing and providing power supply for an implanted artificial heart (AH) is a many-sided complex problem that includes a number of medico-biological, technical, physical, power-supply and other factors. The analysis of the AH components and the mentioned basic medico-technical requirements permits it to outline the ways and means for a rational solution of this complicated problem. The greatest attention is paid to the analysis of and future prospects for the use of different power sources and methods of power conversion.", "PMID": 1025442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3951", "title": "[Surgical cryo-ultrasonic instrument].", "content": "With the YPCK-7H unit, serving as a base, a cryo-ultrasonic instrument for a combined use of cryogenic and ultrasonic methods has been constructed. A pipe for the passage of liquid nitrogen is mounted on an ultrasonic waveguide, this securing the cooling of the soft tissue subjected to the operation down to--135--80degreesC and separation of the tissues with the frequency of ultrasonic oscillations within a range of 20 to 45 kHz. The surgical cryoultrasonic instrument is apt to significantly increase the efficacy of hemostasis and helps achieve a still better neatness of the cut, this obviously being due to the cryogenic factor which adds advantage to the ultrasonic operative intervention.", "contents": "[Surgical cryo-ultrasonic instrument]. With the YPCK-7H unit, serving as a base, a cryo-ultrasonic instrument for a combined use of cryogenic and ultrasonic methods has been constructed. A pipe for the passage of liquid nitrogen is mounted on an ultrasonic waveguide, this securing the cooling of the soft tissue subjected to the operation down to--135--80degreesC and separation of the tissues with the frequency of ultrasonic oscillations within a range of 20 to 45 kHz. The surgical cryoultrasonic instrument is apt to significantly increase the efficacy of hemostasis and helps achieve a still better neatness of the cut, this obviously being due to the cryogenic factor which adds advantage to the ultrasonic operative intervention.", "PMID": 1025443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3952", "title": "[Cryogenic instruments for the treatment of head and neck neoplasms].", "content": "Experience gained with the treatment of head andneck tumours with different cryogenic instruments, whose size and shape varied within a wide range, helped choose and recommend for performing a large number of operations as instrument, the length and diameter of whose working part measure 200 mm and 6 mm respectively, with the length of the freezing tip of 25 mm and the angle of its inclination to the axis--100--120 degrees. The presence of a warmer and of a holding handle makes it easy to handle.", "contents": "[Cryogenic instruments for the treatment of head and neck neoplasms]. Experience gained with the treatment of head andneck tumours with different cryogenic instruments, whose size and shape varied within a wide range, helped choose and recommend for performing a large number of operations as instrument, the length and diameter of whose working part measure 200 mm and 6 mm respectively, with the length of the freezing tip of 25 mm and the angle of its inclination to the axis--100--120 degrees. The presence of a warmer and of a holding handle makes it easy to handle.", "PMID": 1025445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3953", "title": "[Cryosurgical applicator in dermatology].", "content": "An autonomous dermatological applicator is proposed for cryological destruction of pathologically altered sections of the skin. It is equipped with a set of interchangeable tips permitting it to treat different areas of the skin. The temperature and the force of contact of the tip with the tissue are adjustable. As a refrigerant liquid nitrogen is made use of.", "contents": "[Cryosurgical applicator in dermatology]. An autonomous dermatological applicator is proposed for cryological destruction of pathologically altered sections of the skin. It is equipped with a set of interchangeable tips permitting it to treat different areas of the skin. The temperature and the force of contact of the tip with the tissue are adjustable. As a refrigerant liquid nitrogen is made use of.", "PMID": 1025448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3954", "title": "[Cryosurgical devices in otorhinolaryngology].", "content": "Two instruments for realization of cryosurgical treatment are proposed, viz. with gas and liquid systems of cooling. Nitrogen serves as a cooling agent. In devices a rapid interchange of tips, depending upon the kind of the operation, is provided for. The time necessary for making the cryodevices ready for the operation does not exceed 1.5 minutes.", "contents": "[Cryosurgical devices in otorhinolaryngology]. Two instruments for realization of cryosurgical treatment are proposed, viz. with gas and liquid systems of cooling. Nitrogen serves as a cooling agent. In devices a rapid interchange of tips, depending upon the kind of the operation, is provided for. The time necessary for making the cryodevices ready for the operation does not exceed 1.5 minutes.", "PMID": 1025447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3955", "title": "[Method of recording impulses from an implanted cardiostimulator].", "content": "An analysis of pulses from an implanted cardiostimulator recorded from the surface of the patient's body is one of the methods permitting it to pass judgment as to its functioning. Because of the possibility of the recording electrodes location coinciding with the equipotential line an erroneous interpretation of the cardiostimulator's condition is not to be ruled out. It is recommended that the pulses should be recorded with their subsequent analysis in no less than 2 standard ECG leads from the limbs.", "contents": "[Method of recording impulses from an implanted cardiostimulator]. An analysis of pulses from an implanted cardiostimulator recorded from the surface of the patient's body is one of the methods permitting it to pass judgment as to its functioning. Because of the possibility of the recording electrodes location coinciding with the equipotential line an erroneous interpretation of the cardiostimulator's condition is not to be ruled out. It is recommended that the pulses should be recorded with their subsequent analysis in no less than 2 standard ECG leads from the limbs.", "PMID": 1025450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3956", "title": "[Outfit for impedance studies of the auditory function].", "content": "An apparatus for measuring the middle-ear impedance enabling it to record the threshold of the acoustic reflex and to measure its dynamic characteristics with contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation, as well as to carry out tympanometry of the middle ear and to judge on the ventilation function of the auditory tube is described. The set-up includes: a device for pressure feeding and recording in the external ear, an arrangement for imparting a sonic stimulus and the one for input and recording the air pressure.", "contents": "[Outfit for impedance studies of the auditory function]. An apparatus for measuring the middle-ear impedance enabling it to record the threshold of the acoustic reflex and to measure its dynamic characteristics with contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation, as well as to carry out tympanometry of the middle ear and to judge on the ventilation function of the auditory tube is described. The set-up includes: a device for pressure feeding and recording in the external ear, an arrangement for imparting a sonic stimulus and the one for input and recording the air pressure.", "PMID": 1025449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3957", "title": "[Use of electroglottograph].", "content": "The most informative method of investigating the phonatoric function of the larynx is the one proposed by F. Fabre back in 1957. Utilization of a specially devised apparatus--electopharyngograph enables it to make a delicate differential diagnosis, to observe the patient dynamically during the treatment and to effect a comparative analysis of the vocal cords condition.", "contents": "[Use of electroglottograph]. The most informative method of investigating the phonatoric function of the larynx is the one proposed by F. Fabre back in 1957. Utilization of a specially devised apparatus--electopharyngograph enables it to make a delicate differential diagnosis, to observe the patient dynamically during the treatment and to effect a comparative analysis of the vocal cords condition.", "PMID": 1025452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3958", "title": "Metastatic spread and \"escape\" from the immune defenses of the host.", "content": "The effectiveness of the host's immune reaction against primary and disseminated tumors depends not only on the magnitude of the host's immune response, such as the number of cytotoxic cells and antibody molecules produced, but also on the capacity of tumor cells to evade destruction. The latter process which has been termed \"escape\" depends on several factors including intrinsic properties of the tumor cell. In some experimental systems, it was shown that the capacity of disseminated tumor cells to give rise to distant metastases is in part determined by the efficiency of escape. Tumors which in vivo appear to be nonimmunogenic may still carry tumor-specific antigens to which the host responds by making cytotoxic mononuclear cells, but these fail to kill because escape is effective.", "contents": "Metastatic spread and \"escape\" from the immune defenses of the host. The effectiveness of the host's immune reaction against primary and disseminated tumors depends not only on the magnitude of the host's immune response, such as the number of cytotoxic cells and antibody molecules produced, but also on the capacity of tumor cells to evade destruction. The latter process which has been termed \"escape\" depends on several factors including intrinsic properties of the tumor cell. In some experimental systems, it was shown that the capacity of disseminated tumor cells to give rise to distant metastases is in part determined by the efficiency of escape. Tumors which in vivo appear to be nonimmunogenic may still carry tumor-specific antigens to which the host responds by making cytotoxic mononuclear cells, but these fail to kill because escape is effective.", "PMID": 1025472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3959", "title": "Possible mechanisms in regression.", "content": "The mechanisms responsible for spontaneous regression of cancer may be nonimmunologic. Among other possible models, it is suggested that the necrotizing properties of endotoxin offer an open approach to the problem.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms in regression. The mechanisms responsible for spontaneous regression of cancer may be nonimmunologic. Among other possible models, it is suggested that the necrotizing properties of endotoxin offer an open approach to the problem.", "PMID": 1025473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3960", "title": "Spontaneous regression of colon carcinoma.", "content": "Apparent spontaneous regression of advanced colon carcinoma has been reported in 7 patients. This is a very rare event, and the circumstances accounting for this are elusive.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of colon carcinoma. Apparent spontaneous regression of advanced colon carcinoma has been reported in 7 patients. This is a very rare event, and the circumstances accounting for this are elusive.", "PMID": 1025474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3961", "title": "Spontaneous regression of cancer evaluated by computerized data.", "content": "Where immunologic intergrity wanes, clinicians observe a greatly increased incidence of neoplasia. Factors in this phenomenon are reviewed. With complete and detailed recorded data on patients who have exhibited spontaneous regression of cancer, a systematic data-reduction approach becomes a practical reality, without the inherent handicaps of missing details in patient histories or anecdotal and often conjectural observations. Presented here is the plea for detailed recording of complete histories of all carcinoma patients who exhibit the phenomenon of spontaneous regression. Physicans of several decades ago generally considered as unrelated much data deemed important to us today.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of cancer evaluated by computerized data. Where immunologic intergrity wanes, clinicians observe a greatly increased incidence of neoplasia. Factors in this phenomenon are reviewed. With complete and detailed recorded data on patients who have exhibited spontaneous regression of cancer, a systematic data-reduction approach becomes a practical reality, without the inherent handicaps of missing details in patient histories or anecdotal and often conjectural observations. Presented here is the plea for detailed recording of complete histories of all carcinoma patients who exhibit the phenomenon of spontaneous regression. Physicans of several decades ago generally considered as unrelated much data deemed important to us today.", "PMID": 1025475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3962", "title": "Regression of cancer following surgery.", "content": "Postsurgical tumor regressions are rare but well-recognized entities. The causes of such phenomena are unknown but probably are multiple. Regression of any tumor must ultimately come about by changes in the host-tumor interaction which suddenly becomes unfavorable for tumor growth. This is likely a manifestation of changes in the immunocompetence of the host. There are many variables influencing the host-tumor interaction, and the study of tumor immunology is stil in its infancy. It is through the exploration and investigation of basic mechanisms of the immunology of cancer that the most potentially fruitful associations between tumor growth or regression and surgical manipulations may be made and applied to the treatment of cancer patients.", "contents": "Regression of cancer following surgery. Postsurgical tumor regressions are rare but well-recognized entities. The causes of such phenomena are unknown but probably are multiple. Regression of any tumor must ultimately come about by changes in the host-tumor interaction which suddenly becomes unfavorable for tumor growth. This is likely a manifestation of changes in the immunocompetence of the host. There are many variables influencing the host-tumor interaction, and the study of tumor immunology is stil in its infancy. It is through the exploration and investigation of basic mechanisms of the immunology of cancer that the most potentially fruitful associations between tumor growth or regression and surgical manipulations may be made and applied to the treatment of cancer patients.", "PMID": 1025476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3963", "title": "[Rare anatomical form of spinal cord ependymoma: metastatic ependymoblastoma involving whole spinal axis].", "content": "The authors report a case of malignant ependymoma of the terminal medullary cone and the cauda equina, presenting at the stage of metastatic diffusion to the whole spinal axis. They stress the pathological interest of such a form and its extreme rarity.", "contents": "[Rare anatomical form of spinal cord ependymoma: metastatic ependymoblastoma involving whole spinal axis]. The authors report a case of malignant ependymoma of the terminal medullary cone and the cauda equina, presenting at the stage of metastatic diffusion to the whole spinal axis. They stress the pathological interest of such a form and its extreme rarity.", "PMID": 1025479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3964", "title": "[Hyperproduction of CSF in choroid plexus papillomas in children].", "content": "Two cases of papilloma of the choroid plexus in children, one in the fourth ventricle and the other in the central part of the left lateral ventricle, are reported. Hyperproduction of CSF could be suspected in the first case by the productive character of pre-operative external ventricular drainage and demonstrated in the second by measurement of pre and post-operative flow rates through a ventriculo-peritoneal bypass which had been installed previously. The origin of this over-production of CSF is discussed, in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, in comparison with other factors such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, hyperproteinorachia impairing the resorption of CSF.", "contents": "[Hyperproduction of CSF in choroid plexus papillomas in children]. Two cases of papilloma of the choroid plexus in children, one in the fourth ventricle and the other in the central part of the left lateral ventricle, are reported. Hyperproduction of CSF could be suspected in the first case by the productive character of pre-operative external ventricular drainage and demonstrated in the second by measurement of pre and post-operative flow rates through a ventriculo-peritoneal bypass which had been installed previously. The origin of this over-production of CSF is discussed, in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus, in comparison with other factors such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, hyperproteinorachia impairing the resorption of CSF.", "PMID": 1025480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3965", "title": "[Case report of giant calcified pituitary adenoma].", "content": "The exceptional nature of compact, extensive calcifications in a giant pituitary adenoma points to the possibility of immunological, histological and chemical mechanisms in the calcification process.", "contents": "[Case report of giant calcified pituitary adenoma]. The exceptional nature of compact, extensive calcifications in a giant pituitary adenoma points to the possibility of immunological, histological and chemical mechanisms in the calcification process.", "PMID": 1025481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3966", "title": "Effects of dorsal fornix section and hippocampectomy on adrenocortical responses to sensory stimulation in the rat.", "content": "With the purpose of identifying the neural structures which are involved in the mediation of the adrenocortical responses to photic, acoustic and sciatic nerve stimulation, experiments were conducted on male rats with bilateral section of the dorsal fornix and dorsal or ventral hippocampectomies. The basal corticosterone levels in these animals were not significantly different from those in controls. Stimulation of the 3 sensory modalities produced normal adrenocortical responses in rats with fornix section. The hippocampectomies had no effect or only a marginal effect on the response to ether stress and to photic and acoustic stimulation; however, the adrenal response to sciatic stimulation was very significantly reduced. The data demonstrate the participation of the hippocampus in the transmission of somatosensory responses which promote adrenocortical activity. The efferent connections of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus which are involved in this mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of dorsal fornix section and hippocampectomy on adrenocortical responses to sensory stimulation in the rat. With the purpose of identifying the neural structures which are involved in the mediation of the adrenocortical responses to photic, acoustic and sciatic nerve stimulation, experiments were conducted on male rats with bilateral section of the dorsal fornix and dorsal or ventral hippocampectomies. The basal corticosterone levels in these animals were not significantly different from those in controls. Stimulation of the 3 sensory modalities produced normal adrenocortical responses in rats with fornix section. The hippocampectomies had no effect or only a marginal effect on the response to ether stress and to photic and acoustic stimulation; however, the adrenal response to sciatic stimulation was very significantly reduced. The data demonstrate the participation of the hippocampus in the transmission of somatosensory responses which promote adrenocortical activity. The efferent connections of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus which are involved in this mechanism are discussed.", "PMID": 1025483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3967", "title": "Opiate and endocrine interaction: morphine effects on hypothalamus and pineal body.", "content": "Experiments were performed on male Holtzman albino rats. Stainless steel semimicroelectrodes 60 micron in diameter were implanted stereotaxically in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and in the pineal body (PB). Six to eight days following this operation, the sensory field potentials from freely behaving, unrestrained rats were averaged. After a control recording was achieved, animals were given injections i.p. with 10,30 or 50 mg/kg of morphine and recordings were resumed for 45 min. Naloxone was then administered and recordings were monitored during another 45 min period. Three consistent components of the averaged sensory evoked potentials were evaluated. In both structures following the two lower doses of morphine (10 and 30 mg/kg), increased and decreased response amplitudes were observed, while following 50 mg/kg morphine, mainly increased response amplitudes were obtained in both structures. With increased doses, the percentage of responses was increased. During the 45 min of recording after morphine, effects remained consistent. Differences in the percentage and the direction of the responses were observed between the VMH and the PB. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) reversed the morphine effect in the two structures, both the increased and decreased responses. The possible interactions between morphine and endocrine function of the two structures are discussed.", "contents": "Opiate and endocrine interaction: morphine effects on hypothalamus and pineal body. Experiments were performed on male Holtzman albino rats. Stainless steel semimicroelectrodes 60 micron in diameter were implanted stereotaxically in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and in the pineal body (PB). Six to eight days following this operation, the sensory field potentials from freely behaving, unrestrained rats were averaged. After a control recording was achieved, animals were given injections i.p. with 10,30 or 50 mg/kg of morphine and recordings were resumed for 45 min. Naloxone was then administered and recordings were monitored during another 45 min period. Three consistent components of the averaged sensory evoked potentials were evaluated. In both structures following the two lower doses of morphine (10 and 30 mg/kg), increased and decreased response amplitudes were observed, while following 50 mg/kg morphine, mainly increased response amplitudes were obtained in both structures. With increased doses, the percentage of responses was increased. During the 45 min of recording after morphine, effects remained consistent. Differences in the percentage and the direction of the responses were observed between the VMH and the PB. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) reversed the morphine effect in the two structures, both the increased and decreased responses. The possible interactions between morphine and endocrine function of the two structures are discussed.", "PMID": 1025484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3968", "title": "[The ventricular pressure-volume ratio, an index of left ventricular performance in man].", "content": "The left ventricular systolic pressure-volume diagram has been established before and after infusion of Nitro-prusside, Angiotensin and over post-extrasystolic potentiation on 33 patients, by the simultaneous measure of the aortic pressure and the left ventricular volume. In every case left ventricular dp/dt max. and (dp/dt/Pt) max. have been measured before and during post-extrasystolic potentiation, and in 16 cases after vasomotor therapy. The end-systolic left ventricular pressure-volume ratio appears to be independent of loading modifications--more than dp/dt max. and (dp/dt/Pt) max.--and on the opposite to be a good index of inotropic state alterations.", "contents": "[The ventricular pressure-volume ratio, an index of left ventricular performance in man]. The left ventricular systolic pressure-volume diagram has been established before and after infusion of Nitro-prusside, Angiotensin and over post-extrasystolic potentiation on 33 patients, by the simultaneous measure of the aortic pressure and the left ventricular volume. In every case left ventricular dp/dt max. and (dp/dt/Pt) max. have been measured before and during post-extrasystolic potentiation, and in 16 cases after vasomotor therapy. The end-systolic left ventricular pressure-volume ratio appears to be independent of loading modifications--more than dp/dt max. and (dp/dt/Pt) max.--and on the opposite to be a good index of inotropic state alterations.", "PMID": 1025524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3969", "title": "Mucopolysaccharide complexes in the fibrous tissue surrounding hydrophilic polymers in subcutaneous implantation.", "content": "The biocompatibility of three types of hydrophilic poly-(glycol methacrylate) gels--homogeneous, microporous and macroporous--was investigated in an experimental subcutaneous implantation. The occurrence of mucopolysaccharide complexes formed by both hyaluronic acid and chondroitine sulphates was examined in the fibrous tissue which surrounds the implant and penetrates into it in the case of a macroporous polymer. In an early stage of investigation hyaluronic acid prevails, but with proceeding collagenization the chondroitine sulphate part becomes predominant.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharide complexes in the fibrous tissue surrounding hydrophilic polymers in subcutaneous implantation. The biocompatibility of three types of hydrophilic poly-(glycol methacrylate) gels--homogeneous, microporous and macroporous--was investigated in an experimental subcutaneous implantation. The occurrence of mucopolysaccharide complexes formed by both hyaluronic acid and chondroitine sulphates was examined in the fibrous tissue which surrounds the implant and penetrates into it in the case of a macroporous polymer. In an early stage of investigation hyaluronic acid prevails, but with proceeding collagenization the chondroitine sulphate part becomes predominant.", "PMID": 1025543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3970", "title": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 3. Study design, population and data characteristics.", "content": "1. The mean blood pressure runs a curvilinear pattern during the course of pregnancy, with the lowest reading between 20 and 27 weeks of gestation, a continuous rise from 28 to 36 weeks, followed by a plateau. 2. the mean blood pressure in pregnancies without edema and proteinuria are lowest throughout pregnancy. However, the mean blood pressures in pregnancies complicated by edema, proteinuria, or both, are less than 5 mm. Hg higher after 28 weeks of gestation. 3. The mean blood pressures are lower in black gravidas than in white gravidas throughout pregnancy, independent of the presence or absence of edema, proteinuria, or their combinations. 4. The mean blood pressure is related to age and parity. Median-age gravidas (20-34 years) of parity 1-5 have the lowest mean blood pressures overall at any time during gestation. The mean blood pressure of nulliparas, independent of age, is elevated over the mean blood pressure of comparable multiparas. Independent of parity, maternal age systematically affects the mean blood pressure. 5. The standard deviations for the mean diastolic and systolic blood pressures are approximately 9 and 11 mm. Hg, respectively, independent of the weeks of gestation. They are affected very little by the absence or presence of edema or proteinuria, or both. 6. Edema of hands and/or face occurs more often in black gravidas. 7. The overall perinatal mortality rates in pregnancies complicated by edema are not higher than in pregnancies without edema.  Perinatal mortality rates in pregnancies with proteinuria, or edema and proteinuria, on the other hand, are approximately double the rates for pregnancies without edema and proteinuria.", "contents": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 3. Study design, population and data characteristics. 1. The mean blood pressure runs a curvilinear pattern during the course of pregnancy, with the lowest reading between 20 and 27 weeks of gestation, a continuous rise from 28 to 36 weeks, followed by a plateau. 2. the mean blood pressure in pregnancies without edema and proteinuria are lowest throughout pregnancy. However, the mean blood pressures in pregnancies complicated by edema, proteinuria, or both, are less than 5 mm. Hg higher after 28 weeks of gestation. 3. The mean blood pressures are lower in black gravidas than in white gravidas throughout pregnancy, independent of the presence or absence of edema, proteinuria, or their combinations. 4. The mean blood pressure is related to age and parity. Median-age gravidas (20-34 years) of parity 1-5 have the lowest mean blood pressures overall at any time during gestation. The mean blood pressure of nulliparas, independent of age, is elevated over the mean blood pressure of comparable multiparas. Independent of parity, maternal age systematically affects the mean blood pressure. 5. The standard deviations for the mean diastolic and systolic blood pressures are approximately 9 and 11 mm. Hg, respectively, independent of the weeks of gestation. They are affected very little by the absence or presence of edema or proteinuria, or both. 6. Edema of hands and/or face occurs more often in black gravidas. 7. The overall perinatal mortality rates in pregnancies complicated by edema are not higher than in pregnancies without edema.  Perinatal mortality rates in pregnancies with proteinuria, or edema and proteinuria, on the other hand, are approximately double the rates for pregnancies without edema and proteinuria.", "PMID": 1025572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3971", "title": "New approaches to the chemical characterization of membrane molecules.", "content": "Recognition of the H-2D and H-2K cell surface molecules plays an integral role in the cell mediated cytolysis of virally infected or chemically modified cells by immune cytotoxic thymus derived cells. Previously, technical difficulties have made structural studies on these membrane molecules extremely difficult. We present micromethods based on detergent solubilization and indirect immunoprecipitation which have allowed us to determine the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal portion of four H-2D and H-2K molecules. Application of these microsequencing methods to the determination of the detailed structure of these molecules will allow us to assess their involvement as targets in immune surveillance. This kind of approach will facilitate detailed chemical analysis of a variety of membrane molecules of interest in developmental and tumor biology.", "contents": "New approaches to the chemical characterization of membrane molecules. Recognition of the H-2D and H-2K cell surface molecules plays an integral role in the cell mediated cytolysis of virally infected or chemically modified cells by immune cytotoxic thymus derived cells. Previously, technical difficulties have made structural studies on these membrane molecules extremely difficult. We present micromethods based on detergent solubilization and indirect immunoprecipitation which have allowed us to determine the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal portion of four H-2D and H-2K molecules. Application of these microsequencing methods to the determination of the detailed structure of these molecules will allow us to assess their involvement as targets in immune surveillance. This kind of approach will facilitate detailed chemical analysis of a variety of membrane molecules of interest in developmental and tumor biology.", "PMID": 1025573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3972", "title": "Regulation of transport in mammalian cell culture.", "content": "The regulation of amino acid transport has been investigated in Balb/3T3 cells. Transport for neutral amino acids in animal tissues is carried out by two distinct systems. The transport activity of the A system (alanine preferring) is inhibited by high internal of substrate amino acids, a process termed trans-inhibition. In contrast, the L system transport activity is greatly stimulated by high internal levels of substrate, a phenomenon termed trans-stimulation. Regulation of amino acid transport in animal cells occurs by a repression-derepression mechanism or by a feedback inhibition or feedback stimulation process. The level of endogenous amino acids is shown to be important in the regulation of transport activity. Cells which are slow growing or quiescent have increased levels of endogenous amino acids, which in turn effect the transport activity. The A system transport activity is decreased in quiescent cells, whereas L system transport activity increases. Conditions which effect endogenous amino acid levels have an effect on transport activity. Feedback regulation of transport activity through the amino acid pool levels is another way animal cells can regulate transport activity.", "contents": "Regulation of transport in mammalian cell culture. The regulation of amino acid transport has been investigated in Balb/3T3 cells. Transport for neutral amino acids in animal tissues is carried out by two distinct systems. The transport activity of the A system (alanine preferring) is inhibited by high internal of substrate amino acids, a process termed trans-inhibition. In contrast, the L system transport activity is greatly stimulated by high internal levels of substrate, a phenomenon termed trans-stimulation. Regulation of amino acid transport in animal cells occurs by a repression-derepression mechanism or by a feedback inhibition or feedback stimulation process. The level of endogenous amino acids is shown to be important in the regulation of transport activity. Cells which are slow growing or quiescent have increased levels of endogenous amino acids, which in turn effect the transport activity. The A system transport activity is decreased in quiescent cells, whereas L system transport activity increases. Conditions which effect endogenous amino acid levels have an effect on transport activity. Feedback regulation of transport activity through the amino acid pool levels is another way animal cells can regulate transport activity.", "PMID": 1025575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3973", "title": "[Determination of renal plasmatic flow by the hematic curve evaluation of PAH decrease (author's transl)].", "content": "PAH clearance utilizing the standard technique with blood and urine collection was determined in thirty patients affected by various primary or secondary renal diseases. Each of these patients, also had a \"bolus\" infusion of p-aminohyppurate. \"Bolus clearance\" was calculated from the disappearance slope of their blood concentration. The \"bolus clearance\" of PAH correlated well with the standard technique. However \"Bolus PAH clearance\" overestimated the standard technique. This overestimated (236 ml/min) was significant and defined by a regression factor. Reasons are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of renal plasmatic flow by the hematic curve evaluation of PAH decrease (author's transl)]. PAH clearance utilizing the standard technique with blood and urine collection was determined in thirty patients affected by various primary or secondary renal diseases. Each of these patients, also had a \"bolus\" infusion of p-aminohyppurate. \"Bolus clearance\" was calculated from the disappearance slope of their blood concentration. The \"bolus clearance\" of PAH correlated well with the standard technique. However \"Bolus PAH clearance\" overestimated the standard technique. This overestimated (236 ml/min) was significant and defined by a regression factor. Reasons are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1025586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3974", "title": "[Study of the realiability of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test for the detection of bacteriuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The Limulus amebocyte lysate test has shown a good agreement with the results of cultural methods for the detection of gram-negative bacteriuria. In particular this test would seem promising in the examination of urine samples where the presence of antibacterial substances makes unreliable the results obtained by conventional cultural techniques.", "contents": "[Study of the realiability of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test for the detection of bacteriuria (author's transl)]. The Limulus amebocyte lysate test has shown a good agreement with the results of cultural methods for the detection of gram-negative bacteriuria. In particular this test would seem promising in the examination of urine samples where the presence of antibacterial substances makes unreliable the results obtained by conventional cultural techniques.", "PMID": 1025587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3975", "title": "[The effects of staphylococcal alpha toxin on regenerating liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of staphylococcal alpha toxin on regenerating liver of partially hepatectomized rats are studied. Sixty six rats are used. They are divided into three groups of twenty two animals each one. The first group included untreated animals, the rats of second and third group are injected with 0,1 UE of staphylococcal alpha toxin, respectively soon after hepatectomy (second group) and after twenty two hours (third group). As parameters we used: mitotic activity, percentage of hepatic regeneration, the contents of liver water and proteins. The results are: a low letality in all the animals, a lower mitotic activity in all treated animals than in the intact ones, the percentage of restoration, the contents of water and proteins are the same in all the animals of the three groups. The AA. conclude that staphylococcal alpha toxin has a little negative mitotic effect on partially hepatectomized rats liver.", "contents": "[The effects of staphylococcal alpha toxin on regenerating liver (author's transl)]. The effects of staphylococcal alpha toxin on regenerating liver of partially hepatectomized rats are studied. Sixty six rats are used. They are divided into three groups of twenty two animals each one. The first group included untreated animals, the rats of second and third group are injected with 0,1 UE of staphylococcal alpha toxin, respectively soon after hepatectomy (second group) and after twenty two hours (third group). As parameters we used: mitotic activity, percentage of hepatic regeneration, the contents of liver water and proteins. The results are: a low letality in all the animals, a lower mitotic activity in all treated animals than in the intact ones, the percentage of restoration, the contents of water and proteins are the same in all the animals of the three groups. The AA. conclude that staphylococcal alpha toxin has a little negative mitotic effect on partially hepatectomized rats liver.", "PMID": 1025588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3976", "title": "[Endoscopic and histofunctional study in gastroptosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA., after the nosographic, etiopathogenetic and clinical description of the \"gastroptosic disease\", give their findings of a functional and morphologic (gastroscopic and histologic) study accomplished over 200 patients with stomac tonus and/or stomac position disturbances. This study, confirming the numerous anomalies of the gastric-secretory function, especially of the hyposecretory and/or hypohydrochloric type, demonstrates the high incidence of the macro- and microscopic changes on the gastric mucosa. The AA., on account of the gastric morpho-functional changes observed, discuss, finally, the possible pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "[Endoscopic and histofunctional study in gastroptosis (author's transl)]. The AA., after the nosographic, etiopathogenetic and clinical description of the \"gastroptosic disease\", give their findings of a functional and morphologic (gastroscopic and histologic) study accomplished over 200 patients with stomac tonus and/or stomac position disturbances. This study, confirming the numerous anomalies of the gastric-secretory function, especially of the hyposecretory and/or hypohydrochloric type, demonstrates the high incidence of the macro- and microscopic changes on the gastric mucosa. The AA., on account of the gastric morpho-functional changes observed, discuss, finally, the possible pathogenetic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1025589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3977", "title": "[Psychological theories on delinquency].", "content": "The authors review the various psychological explanations of delinquency, based on a psycholgoical etiological approach, considered within three broad categories: 1) Unchanging intrapersonal factors; 2) Changeable intra-personal factors, and 3) Interpersonal factors. For each theory, three criteria of validity have been used, based on the theory explanatory power in relation to: 1) the differential rates of deliquency for various subgroups, and the peaking at age 16; 2) the various forms of delinquent behavior, and, 3) the individual motivations to delinquency. The implications for prevention, of the different theoretical approaches, are also briefly discussed. The interpersonal theories appear to offer the most fruitful research and action opportunities. The practical implications for primary prevention, particularly at the school level, are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychological theories on delinquency]. The authors review the various psychological explanations of delinquency, based on a psycholgoical etiological approach, considered within three broad categories: 1) Unchanging intrapersonal factors; 2) Changeable intra-personal factors, and 3) Interpersonal factors. For each theory, three criteria of validity have been used, based on the theory explanatory power in relation to: 1) the differential rates of deliquency for various subgroups, and the peaking at age 16; 2) the various forms of delinquent behavior, and, 3) the individual motivations to delinquency. The implications for prevention, of the different theoretical approaches, are also briefly discussed. The interpersonal theories appear to offer the most fruitful research and action opportunities. The practical implications for primary prevention, particularly at the school level, are discussed.", "PMID": 1025584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3978", "title": "[Venous occlusion \"strain gauge\" plethysmography in the estimation of the blood flow at rest and after ischemia in the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. describe venous occlusion \"strain gauge\" plethysmography with the apparatus and the calibration system necessary for the exact measure of the limb blood flow at rest and after ischemia.", "contents": "[Venous occlusion \"strain gauge\" plethysmography in the estimation of the blood flow at rest and after ischemia in the limbs (author's transl)]. The AA. describe venous occlusion \"strain gauge\" plethysmography with the apparatus and the calibration system necessary for the exact measure of the limb blood flow at rest and after ischemia.", "PMID": 1025590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3979", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol by 4-aminophenazone-phenol: manual and automatic method (author's transl)].", "content": "A direct method is proposed for total serum cholesterol determination by two specific enzymes and a coupled colorimetric reaction according to Trinder. The red colored compound is antipyridilquinonimine. The method is simple (serum plus reagent), rapid (30 min of incubation) and relatively inexpensive. It is perfectly correlated with R\u00f6schlau's method and easy to apply to discrete automatic methods.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol by 4-aminophenazone-phenol: manual and automatic method (author's transl)]. A direct method is proposed for total serum cholesterol determination by two specific enzymes and a coupled colorimetric reaction according to Trinder. The red colored compound is antipyridilquinonimine. The method is simple (serum plus reagent), rapid (30 min of incubation) and relatively inexpensive. It is perfectly correlated with R\u00f6schlau's method and easy to apply to discrete automatic methods.", "PMID": 1025591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3980", "title": "[Immunological dtermination of at. III (author's transl)].", "content": "We have effectuated immunologically determination of At. III in serum and plasma into two groups of patients: 1) constituted of 10 subjects which never take oral hormone contraceptives; 2) constituted of 22 subjects who are taking OHC; for various time period. The results indicating that a difference exist between serum and plasma At. III concentration, ad this difference reaches to 30%. In this series of data the At. III levels was normals.", "contents": "[Immunological dtermination of at. III (author's transl)]. We have effectuated immunologically determination of At. III in serum and plasma into two groups of patients: 1) constituted of 10 subjects which never take oral hormone contraceptives; 2) constituted of 22 subjects who are taking OHC; for various time period. The results indicating that a difference exist between serum and plasma At. III concentration, ad this difference reaches to 30%. In this series of data the At. III levels was normals.", "PMID": 1025592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3981", "title": "[Rate meaning of estriol-dosage in the pregnant wife pointing out the phoetus development (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. point out the meaning of the urinary estriol dosage in high risk pregnancy. The screening must be frequent and regular, with constant growing curve all time along. A sudden fall down of the rate shows a severe malaise of the phoetus and proper therapy is badly needed. Extemporary screenings dont supply any sufficient knowledge.", "contents": "[Rate meaning of estriol-dosage in the pregnant wife pointing out the phoetus development (author's transl)]. The AA. point out the meaning of the urinary estriol dosage in high risk pregnancy. The screening must be frequent and regular, with constant growing curve all time along. A sudden fall down of the rate shows a severe malaise of the phoetus and proper therapy is badly needed. Extemporary screenings dont supply any sufficient knowledge.", "PMID": 1025593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3982", "title": "[Determination of CPK isoenzymes by column chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have carried out in patients affected by proved myocardial infarct, by other cardiac diseases and by muscular dystrophy  the following enzymes determinations: total CPK, total LDH, SGOT, SGPT, HBDH, CPK isoenzymes by column chromatography (Mercer's method) and LDH isoenzymes either by column chromatography (Mercer's method) and by electrophoretic separation. Some results concerning the appearance of the CK-MB isoenzymes during the acute period of the myocardial infarction are described.", "contents": "[Determination of CPK isoenzymes by column chromatography (author's transl)]. The AA. have carried out in patients affected by proved myocardial infarct, by other cardiac diseases and by muscular dystrophy  the following enzymes determinations: total CPK, total LDH, SGOT, SGPT, HBDH, CPK isoenzymes by column chromatography (Mercer's method) and LDH isoenzymes either by column chromatography (Mercer's method) and by electrophoretic separation. Some results concerning the appearance of the CK-MB isoenzymes during the acute period of the myocardial infarction are described.", "PMID": 1025594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3983", "title": "Mass-spectrographic evidence of the conversion of p-chloroamphetamine to 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine.", "content": "Intraventricularly injected p-chloroamphetamine (p-CA) was actively metabolized to 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine (3,4-DMA) in the rat brain. Time-course experiments with intraperitoneally injected p-CA confirmed that the presence of cerebral 3,4-DMA was not due to its \"one-pass\" entry from the peripheral organs. The identity of 3,4-DMA from brain tissue and urine was established by comparison to authentic 3,4-DMA. The synthetic and biological samples were isographic in all analytical systems. 3,4-DMA from biological samples was verified by mass spectrography.", "contents": "Mass-spectrographic evidence of the conversion of p-chloroamphetamine to 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine. Intraventricularly injected p-chloroamphetamine (p-CA) was actively metabolized to 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine (3,4-DMA) in the rat brain. Time-course experiments with intraperitoneally injected p-CA confirmed that the presence of cerebral 3,4-DMA was not due to its \"one-pass\" entry from the peripheral organs. The identity of 3,4-DMA from brain tissue and urine was established by comparison to authentic 3,4-DMA. The synthetic and biological samples were isographic in all analytical systems. 3,4-DMA from biological samples was verified by mass spectrography.", "PMID": 1025622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3984", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of four teleostean retinas.", "content": "The morphology of the retinas of the goldeye Hiodon alosoides (fam. Hiodontidae), the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (fam. Salmonidae), the yellow perch Perca flavescens and the walleye Stizostedion vitreum (fam. Percidae) was studied by SEM. Semi-thin plastic sections of the same retinas were also examined for comparison. Contrary to observation of earlier authors the goldeye retina was found to possess both rods and cones; in the case of the other three fishes' retinas, present observations correspond to previous ones, adding only details. SEM gives an impressive, three dimensil view of the gross surface features of the retinas. Shrinkage during the processing of the specimens for SEM, while not altering the general topography, does induce artifacts in both plexiform layers.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of four teleostean retinas. The morphology of the retinas of the goldeye Hiodon alosoides (fam. Hiodontidae), the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (fam. Salmonidae), the yellow perch Perca flavescens and the walleye Stizostedion vitreum (fam. Percidae) was studied by SEM. Semi-thin plastic sections of the same retinas were also examined for comparison. Contrary to observation of earlier authors the goldeye retina was found to possess both rods and cones; in the case of the other three fishes' retinas, present observations correspond to previous ones, adding only details. SEM gives an impressive, three dimensil view of the gross surface features of the retinas. Shrinkage during the processing of the specimens for SEM, while not altering the general topography, does induce artifacts in both plexiform layers.", "PMID": 1025623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3985", "title": "[Absorption of D(+)glucose by the intestine of the eledone (Eledone moschata Lamarch): effect of phloridzoside].", "content": "\"The in vivo intestinal absorption of D(+)glucose by Eledone (Eledone moschata Lamarck), a cephalopod mollusc, is decreased by 2.10(-4)M phlorizin and increased by 2.10(-2)M phlorizin. It is noted that phlorizin is dissolved in the glucose solution before its introduction into the intestinal tube. The first result is similar to that known in vertebrates; the second differs.\"", "contents": "[Absorption of D(+)glucose by the intestine of the eledone (Eledone moschata Lamarch): effect of phloridzoside]. \"The in vivo intestinal absorption of D(+)glucose by Eledone (Eledone moschata Lamarck), a cephalopod mollusc, is decreased by 2.10(-4)M phlorizin and increased by 2.10(-2)M phlorizin. It is noted that phlorizin is dissolved in the glucose solution before its introduction into the intestinal tube. The first result is similar to that known in vertebrates; the second differs.\"", "PMID": 1025624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3986", "title": "The pathology and pathogenesis of Trypanosoma vivax infection in the goat.", "content": "Acute and chronic forms of disease can be distinguished in Trypanosoma vivax infection in the goat. The main difference between the acute and chronic form seems to be the presence of microthrombi in the acute stage of infection; these consist of platelets, trypanosomes, monocytoid cells and some fibrin. This thrombus formation seems directly related to the high parasitaemia in acute trypanosomiasis and may result in ischaemia which could also explain the haemorrhages, the oedema of the lungs and other tissues, and the necrotic changes found in several organs. The anaemia, associated with erythrophagocytosis, haemosiderosis, extramedullary haemopoiesis and hyperactivity of the bone marrow, seemed to be of haemolytic origin. The factors leading to emaciation seemed to be degenerative atrophy of muscular tissue and loss of protein in the urine caused by a possible immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "The pathology and pathogenesis of Trypanosoma vivax infection in the goat. Acute and chronic forms of disease can be distinguished in Trypanosoma vivax infection in the goat. The main difference between the acute and chronic form seems to be the presence of microthrombi in the acute stage of infection; these consist of platelets, trypanosomes, monocytoid cells and some fibrin. This thrombus formation seems directly related to the high parasitaemia in acute trypanosomiasis and may result in ischaemia which could also explain the haemorrhages, the oedema of the lungs and other tissues, and the necrotic changes found in several organs. The anaemia, associated with erythrophagocytosis, haemosiderosis, extramedullary haemopoiesis and hyperactivity of the bone marrow, seemed to be of haemolytic origin. The factors leading to emaciation seemed to be degenerative atrophy of muscular tissue and loss of protein in the urine caused by a possible immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 1025633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3987", "title": "Seasonal changes in the coat of the cat.", "content": "The coats of four cats were studied for 20 months through one winter and one summer in Australia. It was found that the outer coat and undercoat length varied from 25 mm and 12 mm in summer to 30 mm and 15 mm in winter. Follicle activity was at a maximum about February (late summer) and at a minimum in August (late winter). The peak of winter inactivity was narrow, and fell short of 100 per cent. During summer never more than 70 per cent of the outer coat hairs, and 50 per cent of the undercoat were active, indicating that despite a basic seasonal cycle, hair replacement is relatively gradual.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the coat of the cat. The coats of four cats were studied for 20 months through one winter and one summer in Australia. It was found that the outer coat and undercoat length varied from 25 mm and 12 mm in summer to 30 mm and 15 mm in winter. Follicle activity was at a maximum about February (late summer) and at a minimum in August (late winter). The peak of winter inactivity was narrow, and fell short of 100 per cent. During summer never more than 70 per cent of the outer coat hairs, and 50 per cent of the undercoat were active, indicating that despite a basic seasonal cycle, hair replacement is relatively gradual.", "PMID": 1025634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3988", "title": "Babesia major in Britain: cross-immunity trials with Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves.", "content": "Splenectomised calves infected with Babesia major were shown to have no resistance to challenge with Babesia divergens; however, initial infection with B divergens provided a good protection against subsequent challenge with B major. It is suggested that this might mean that B divergens would be the dominant and most commonly encountered species in areas where both occur.", "contents": "Babesia major in Britain: cross-immunity trials with Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves. Splenectomised calves infected with Babesia major were shown to have no resistance to challenge with Babesia divergens; however, initial infection with B divergens provided a good protection against subsequent challenge with B major. It is suggested that this might mean that B divergens would be the dominant and most commonly encountered species in areas where both occur.", "PMID": 1025635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3989", "title": "The effects of haemorrhagic anaemia and physical training on the energy metabolism and heart rate response to exercise in sheep.", "content": "The energy metabolism and heart rate response to exercise were studied in haemorrhagically anaemic sheep. Anaemia did not affect the efficiency of food utilisation, but might reduce appetite. Anaemic sheep were at no particular circulatory disadvantage under the stress of physical exertion up to the levels imposed in this experiment (3-2km/h, 8 degrees -12 degrees gradient), but they appeared to undergo some circulatory adaptation, probably an increased stroke-volume.", "contents": "The effects of haemorrhagic anaemia and physical training on the energy metabolism and heart rate response to exercise in sheep. The energy metabolism and heart rate response to exercise were studied in haemorrhagically anaemic sheep. Anaemia did not affect the efficiency of food utilisation, but might reduce appetite. Anaemic sheep were at no particular circulatory disadvantage under the stress of physical exertion up to the levels imposed in this experiment (3-2km/h, 8 degrees -12 degrees gradient), but they appeared to undergo some circulatory adaptation, probably an increased stroke-volume.", "PMID": 1025637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3990", "title": "The effect of corticosteroids on the cysticerci of Taenia ovis in sheep.", "content": "The effect of two synthetic corticosteroids on the cysticerci of Taenia ovis in sheep has been investigated. Dexamethasone given from four days before infection had no effect on the number of cysticerci recovered but did enhance their survival. When betamethasone was used there was an increase in the number of cysts compared with controls. Corticosteroids given for 12 days after infection did not increase the number of viable cysticerci recovered at autopsy three months later but when treatment was continued until the time of autopsy, a very high proportion of cysticerci were viable.", "contents": "The effect of corticosteroids on the cysticerci of Taenia ovis in sheep. The effect of two synthetic corticosteroids on the cysticerci of Taenia ovis in sheep has been investigated. Dexamethasone given from four days before infection had no effect on the number of cysticerci recovered but did enhance their survival. When betamethasone was used there was an increase in the number of cysts compared with controls. Corticosteroids given for 12 days after infection did not increase the number of viable cysticerci recovered at autopsy three months later but when treatment was continued until the time of autopsy, a very high proportion of cysticerci were viable.", "PMID": 1025638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3991", "title": "Amount of western equine encephalitis virus inoculated by transmitting Culex tarsalis mosquitoes.", "content": "The amount of western equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected Culex tarsalis mosquitoes is highly variable between individual mosquitoes. The majority (68 per cent) inoculate less than 100 intracerebral three-week-old mouse LD50 at time of feeding and the quanity appears unrelated to temperature or length of incubation following initial infection.", "contents": "Amount of western equine encephalitis virus inoculated by transmitting Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. The amount of western equine encephalitis virus inoculated by infected Culex tarsalis mosquitoes is highly variable between individual mosquitoes. The majority (68 per cent) inoculate less than 100 intracerebral three-week-old mouse LD50 at time of feeding and the quanity appears unrelated to temperature or length of incubation following initial infection.", "PMID": 1025639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3992", "title": "The experimental infection of calves with a British leptospire of the Pomona serogroup.", "content": "Two calves were infected with a British leptospire of the Pomona serogroup. Both showed symptoms of anorexia and fever and one had marked haemoglobinurea and leptospiruria. The serum antibody titres rose rapidly in both calves.", "contents": "The experimental infection of calves with a British leptospire of the Pomona serogroup. Two calves were infected with a British leptospire of the Pomona serogroup. Both showed symptoms of anorexia and fever and one had marked haemoglobinurea and leptospiruria. The serum antibody titres rose rapidly in both calves.", "PMID": 1025640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3993", "title": "Effects of vasectomy on fructose levels in the ejaculate of rams.", "content": "Fructose concentration was studied in the ejaculates of 20 intact and 19 vasectomised rams over a two year period. In intact rams the concentration ranged from 222-740 mg/100 ml of seminal plasma during the breeding season (October to December), with lower values (0-300 mg/100) during the rest of the year. In vasectomised rams the seasonal pattern was less marked with very high values (800-1260 mg/100 ml) as well as low values (0-20 mg/100 ml) being encountered during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons, indicating changes in accessory gland function.", "contents": "Effects of vasectomy on fructose levels in the ejaculate of rams. Fructose concentration was studied in the ejaculates of 20 intact and 19 vasectomised rams over a two year period. In intact rams the concentration ranged from 222-740 mg/100 ml of seminal plasma during the breeding season (October to December), with lower values (0-300 mg/100) during the rest of the year. In vasectomised rams the seasonal pattern was less marked with very high values (800-1260 mg/100 ml) as well as low values (0-20 mg/100 ml) being encountered during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons, indicating changes in accessory gland function.", "PMID": 1025641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3994", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism: diagnostic value of a model of multivariate statistical analysis.", "content": "In examining a group of 90 hypercalcaemic patients (37 with primary hyperparathyroidism), a comparison was made of the diagnostic reliability of: 1) tests commonly used for diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism; 2) radioimmunoassay of plasma parathormone; 3) a recently introduced model of multivariate statistical analysis. The results indicate that, at present, the model of multivariate statistical analysis used is of higher diagnostic reliability in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism than renal phosphate excretion tests and the radioimmunoassay of PTH itself.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism: diagnostic value of a model of multivariate statistical analysis. In examining a group of 90 hypercalcaemic patients (37 with primary hyperparathyroidism), a comparison was made of the diagnostic reliability of: 1) tests commonly used for diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism; 2) radioimmunoassay of plasma parathormone; 3) a recently introduced model of multivariate statistical analysis. The results indicate that, at present, the model of multivariate statistical analysis used is of higher diagnostic reliability in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism than renal phosphate excretion tests and the radioimmunoassay of PTH itself.", "PMID": 1025648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3995", "title": "The e antigen and antibody in the serum of patients with HBsAg-positive liver disease and in asymptomatic carriers.", "content": "Serum samples from 103 HBsAg positive and 69 negative patients were examined in Ouchterlony double diffusion in agarose for the presence of e antigen and anti-e antibody. e antigen was found in 66% of the cases of active chronic hepatitis, 18% of those of active cirrhosis, and 12% of those of acute hepatitis. Anti-e antibody was found only in asymptomatic chronic carriers; it occurred in 56% of HBsAg-positive individuals with normal livers at biopsy. No e reactivity was found in 6 subjects with inactive disease and in 3 with chronic persistent hepatitis. The e system seems a valuable diagnostic tool utilizing the presence of the antigen to differentiate patients with chronic progressive disease from healthy carriers who, in contrast, often have circulating anti-e antibodies; its clinical value, however, is at present limited  by the low sensitivity of the technique used for antigen detection. A significant association between e antigen and the intrahepatic expression of the core determinant of the HB virus was observed inthis study, suggesting they have a similar role in pathogenicity and infectivity; the association between anti-e antibody and HBsAg appeared uncertain, HBsAg being present in the liver irrespective of e reactivity.", "contents": "The e antigen and antibody in the serum of patients with HBsAg-positive liver disease and in asymptomatic carriers. Serum samples from 103 HBsAg positive and 69 negative patients were examined in Ouchterlony double diffusion in agarose for the presence of e antigen and anti-e antibody. e antigen was found in 66% of the cases of active chronic hepatitis, 18% of those of active cirrhosis, and 12% of those of acute hepatitis. Anti-e antibody was found only in asymptomatic chronic carriers; it occurred in 56% of HBsAg-positive individuals with normal livers at biopsy. No e reactivity was found in 6 subjects with inactive disease and in 3 with chronic persistent hepatitis. The e system seems a valuable diagnostic tool utilizing the presence of the antigen to differentiate patients with chronic progressive disease from healthy carriers who, in contrast, often have circulating anti-e antibodies; its clinical value, however, is at present limited  by the low sensitivity of the technique used for antigen detection. A significant association between e antigen and the intrahepatic expression of the core determinant of the HB virus was observed inthis study, suggesting they have a similar role in pathogenicity and infectivity; the association between anti-e antibody and HBsAg appeared uncertain, HBsAg being present in the liver irrespective of e reactivity.", "PMID": 1025647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3996", "title": "De Lange syndrome. Clinical, dermatoglyphic and chromosomal findings in nine cases.", "content": "Nine cases of the de Lange syndrome are reviewed. Our findings show that the facial characteristics in the present series and in previously reported cases are remarkably similar. Dermatoglyphically, we have documented an increased incidence of tibial loops on the hallucal area and increased incidence of single flexion creases of the digits from this study series. Our study also supports the previous authors who have recorded an increased incidence in radial loops on the second and third digits and increased incidence of simian lines. We have not been able to document a consistent chromosomal defect.", "contents": "De Lange syndrome. Clinical, dermatoglyphic and chromosomal findings in nine cases. Nine cases of the de Lange syndrome are reviewed. Our findings show that the facial characteristics in the present series and in previously reported cases are remarkably similar. Dermatoglyphically, we have documented an increased incidence of tibial loops on the hallucal area and increased incidence of single flexion creases of the digits from this study series. Our study also supports the previous authors who have recorded an increased incidence in radial loops on the second and third digits and increased incidence of simian lines. We have not been able to document a consistent chromosomal defect.", "PMID": 1025650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3997", "title": "The problem of infections in acute leukemias. Personal experience in diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "This report is based on experience over the last 5 years in the diagnosis and treatment of infections in 200 acute leukemic patients hospitalized in the Institute of Haematology, University of Rome. The relevant clinical and laboratory findings are discussed in relation to the diagnosis of secondary infections. Most of the febrile episodes were associated with infection. The frequently rapid development of the infections in these patients requires empirical antibiotic treatment. The best results were obtained when the combinations carbenicillin-cephalothin-gentamicin (success rate of 65%), and carbenicillin-cephalothin-gentamicin-lyncomycin-methicillin (success rate of 62%), were used as empirical therapy.", "contents": "The problem of infections in acute leukemias. Personal experience in diagnosis and treatment. This report is based on experience over the last 5 years in the diagnosis and treatment of infections in 200 acute leukemic patients hospitalized in the Institute of Haematology, University of Rome. The relevant clinical and laboratory findings are discussed in relation to the diagnosis of secondary infections. Most of the febrile episodes were associated with infection. The frequently rapid development of the infections in these patients requires empirical antibiotic treatment. The best results were obtained when the combinations carbenicillin-cephalothin-gentamicin (success rate of 65%), and carbenicillin-cephalothin-gentamicin-lyncomycin-methicillin (success rate of 62%), were used as empirical therapy.", "PMID": 1025649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3998", "title": "Review of prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Japan.", "content": "There has been a temporary increase in schistosomiasis japonica after World War II in each of the known endemic areas, but a national control programme, including use of molluscicides, lining irrigation ditches through rice paddies with concrete and the reclamation of swampy areas by drainage and filling, begun around 1950, drastically reduced the prevalence and distribution of the disease. It can be said that these measures together with improvements in agricultural techniques, mechanization of farming and also socioeconomic factors such as improvements in the living standards of the inhabitants and urbanization have brought about a rapid decrease in schistosomiasis in Japan.", "contents": "Review of prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Japan. There has been a temporary increase in schistosomiasis japonica after World War II in each of the known endemic areas, but a national control programme, including use of molluscicides, lining irrigation ditches through rice paddies with concrete and the reclamation of swampy areas by drainage and filling, begun around 1950, drastically reduced the prevalence and distribution of the disease. It can be said that these measures together with improvements in agricultural techniques, mechanization of farming and also socioeconomic factors such as improvements in the living standards of the inhabitants and urbanization have brought about a rapid decrease in schistosomiasis in Japan.", "PMID": 1025716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_3999", "title": "A clinico-pathologic study of cases with Schistosoma japonicum infection in Indonesia.", "content": "Combined clinico-pathological and laboratory examinations were carried out on 52 S. japonicum infected patients from an endemic area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All of these patients exhibited signs and symptoms of chronic hepato-splenic schistosomiasis. None of the patients showed evidence of liver cirrhosis on histopathological examination. However, varying degrees of portal fibrosis were exhibited. The correlation between the degree of fibrosis and the clinical and laboratory findings were presented and discussed. Based on the results, liver biopsy proved to be a vaulable method of diagnosis in this particular type of infection. This study provides new information on S. japonicum infection in the area and may support a more solid basis for treatment.", "contents": "A clinico-pathologic study of cases with Schistosoma japonicum infection in Indonesia. Combined clinico-pathological and laboratory examinations were carried out on 52 S. japonicum infected patients from an endemic area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All of these patients exhibited signs and symptoms of chronic hepato-splenic schistosomiasis. None of the patients showed evidence of liver cirrhosis on histopathological examination. However, varying degrees of portal fibrosis were exhibited. The correlation between the degree of fibrosis and the clinical and laboratory findings were presented and discussed. Based on the results, liver biopsy proved to be a vaulable method of diagnosis in this particular type of infection. This study provides new information on S. japonicum infection in the area and may support a more solid basis for treatment.", "PMID": 1025729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4000", "title": "Ambilhar in the treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection and as an egg suppressant for mass treatment.", "content": "Ambilhar or niridazole at a dose of 25 mg per kg body weight for 7 days was found ineffective against Sl japonicum infection. Longer period of treatment for 10 to 14 days gave impressive stool negative conversion and egg reduction rates but with moderately severe reactions, the most alarming of which was hallucination. To minimize toxicity, the daily dose was reduced but given for a longer duration so that the total amount of the drug given per kilogram body weight was approximately the same as the 25 mg pre kg per day for 10 to 14 days. Of the two treatment schedules tried, the 15 mg per kg per day for 24 days was found relatively effective. Although the drug with this treatment regimen was well tolerated, a drop-out of 50.8% was observed. Ambilhar was therefore tried as an egg suppressant. With a 10-day treatment, all patients were again positive after 6 months. Egg reduction rates during the 6 months stool follow-up ranged from 69.8 to 93.5%. Further trials using this dose to be repeated every 3 to 6 months is contemplated.", "contents": "Ambilhar in the treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection and as an egg suppressant for mass treatment. Ambilhar or niridazole at a dose of 25 mg per kg body weight for 7 days was found ineffective against Sl japonicum infection. Longer period of treatment for 10 to 14 days gave impressive stool negative conversion and egg reduction rates but with moderately severe reactions, the most alarming of which was hallucination. To minimize toxicity, the daily dose was reduced but given for a longer duration so that the total amount of the drug given per kilogram body weight was approximately the same as the 25 mg pre kg per day for 10 to 14 days. Of the two treatment schedules tried, the 15 mg per kg per day for 24 days was found relatively effective. Although the drug with this treatment regimen was well tolerated, a drop-out of 50.8% was observed. Ambilhar was therefore tried as an egg suppressant. With a 10-day treatment, all patients were again positive after 6 months. Egg reduction rates during the 6 months stool follow-up ranged from 69.8 to 93.5%. Further trials using this dose to be repeated every 3 to 6 months is contemplated.", "PMID": 1025735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4001", "title": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens from clinical material.", "content": "Three strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens were isolated from routine clinical specimens at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Their cultural and biochemical characteristic, and antibiotic susceptibilities are presented. Characteristics of diagnostic value were stressed. Two isolates appeared to have played a pathogenic role in chronic otitis media.", "contents": "Pseudomonas putrefaciens from clinical material. Three strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens were isolated from routine clinical specimens at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Their cultural and biochemical characteristic, and antibiotic susceptibilities are presented. Characteristics of diagnostic value were stressed. Two isolates appeared to have played a pathogenic role in chronic otitis media.", "PMID": 1025737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4002", "title": "A study of the microfilarial periodicity at Bireuen, the type locality of Brugia malayi.", "content": "A field study was conducted in August 1974 at Bireuen, Indonesia, at the type locality of Brugia malayi from where the parasite was first described by Lichtenstein (1927) and Brug (1927), in order to determine the pattern of the microfilarial periodicity. From the results, it has been demonstrated that both the microfilariae of B. malayi as well as those of W. bancrofti in man from Bireuen area are the nocturnally periodic form. The microfilaria rates observed in the present survey were  much lower than those recorded by Lichtenstein (1927) some 50 years ago in the same areas.", "contents": "A study of the microfilarial periodicity at Bireuen, the type locality of Brugia malayi. A field study was conducted in August 1974 at Bireuen, Indonesia, at the type locality of Brugia malayi from where the parasite was first described by Lichtenstein (1927) and Brug (1927), in order to determine the pattern of the microfilarial periodicity. From the results, it has been demonstrated that both the microfilariae of B. malayi as well as those of W. bancrofti in man from Bireuen area are the nocturnally periodic form. The microfilaria rates observed in the present survey were  much lower than those recorded by Lichtenstein (1927) some 50 years ago in the same areas.", "PMID": 1025738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4003", "title": "Physiological response to parasitism. I. Changes in carbohydrate reserves of the molluscan host.", "content": "A comparison of tissue carbohydrate levels is made between larval trematode infected and uninfected snails under three physiological conditions, i.e., unstarved, starved and r\u00e9-fed. Under all these conditions, infected snails were found to be hyperglycaemic compared to uninfected snails. Contrasting behaviour of the digestive gland and the foot under these conditions, suggests that some inherent mechanism in the foot is activated which enables it to take up an additional role of seplenishing carbohydrate lost to the pararites.", "contents": "Physiological response to parasitism. I. Changes in carbohydrate reserves of the molluscan host. A comparison of tissue carbohydrate levels is made between larval trematode infected and uninfected snails under three physiological conditions, i.e., unstarved, starved and r\u00e9-fed. Under all these conditions, infected snails were found to be hyperglycaemic compared to uninfected snails. Contrasting behaviour of the digestive gland and the foot under these conditions, suggests that some inherent mechanism in the foot is activated which enables it to take up an additional role of seplenishing carbohydrate lost to the pararites.", "PMID": 1025739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4004", "title": "Absence of plague in certain mammals from Java and Kalimantan (Borneo).", "content": "Antibodies against plague were lacking in 237 wild mammal sera from Java and 103 from Kalimantan. Wild mammal spleens, 114 from Java and 18 from Kalimantan were negative for plague bacilli. A variety of mammalian species and areas was examined.", "contents": "Absence of plague in certain mammals from Java and Kalimantan (Borneo). Antibodies against plague were lacking in 237 wild mammal sera from Java and 103 from Kalimantan. Wild mammal spleens, 114 from Java and 18 from Kalimantan were negative for plague bacilli. A variety of mammalian species and areas was examined.", "PMID": 1025740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4005", "title": "Abnormal haemoglobins and hereditary ovalocytosis in the Ulu Jempul District of Kuala Pilah, West Malaysia.", "content": "A survey of abnormal haemoglobins and hereditary ovalocytosis was carried out among 629 Malays of Minangkabau descent in the Ulu Jempul District of Kuala Pilah, in the state of Negri Sembilan in West Malaysia.. Several abnormal haemoglobins were found with the following frequencies: Hb E 5.25%, Hb CoSp 2.38%, Hb A2 indonesia 0.80%, a fast moving Hb with a Mobility between A and Bart's 0.64% and Hb Q 0.16%. Hereditary ovalocytosis was found in 13.2% of these people. None of the persons with hereditary ovalocytosis had any evidence of haemolysis.", "contents": "Abnormal haemoglobins and hereditary ovalocytosis in the Ulu Jempul District of Kuala Pilah, West Malaysia. A survey of abnormal haemoglobins and hereditary ovalocytosis was carried out among 629 Malays of Minangkabau descent in the Ulu Jempul District of Kuala Pilah, in the state of Negri Sembilan in West Malaysia.. Several abnormal haemoglobins were found with the following frequencies: Hb E 5.25%, Hb CoSp 2.38%, Hb A2 indonesia 0.80%, a fast moving Hb with a Mobility between A and Bart's 0.64% and Hb Q 0.16%. Hereditary ovalocytosis was found in 13.2% of these people. None of the persons with hereditary ovalocytosis had any evidence of haemolysis.", "PMID": 1025742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4006", "title": "Trace elements in air, water and food in the Philippines.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the levels of trace metals like lead, mercury, chromium and cadmium in air, water and foods by colorimetric means. It was observed that their levels are within normal limit with minor exceptions which was mentioned already.", "contents": "Trace elements in air, water and food in the Philippines. A study was conducted to determine the levels of trace metals like lead, mercury, chromium and cadmium in air, water and foods by colorimetric means. It was observed that their levels are within normal limit with minor exceptions which was mentioned already.", "PMID": 1025743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4007", "title": "Official statistics and blindness in Hong Kong.", "content": "WHO designated 1976 as the year for the prevention of blindness and attention is drawn to the prevalence rate and causes of blindness in Hong Kong. The former as released by WHO is as high as 1392 per 100,000 and the latter tends to suggest Vitamin A deficiency is still an important cause here. This article reviews all the official statistics on blindness published in Hong Kong over the past twenty years and seeks to suggest an appropriate prevalence rate for Hong Kong and demonstrate the changing pattern of causes of blindness in Hong Kong. It concludes that Hong Kong should adopt a statistical definition and classification of blindness accepted internationally and suggests that in the presentation of statistics, the misleading factor of present inclusion of past events should be avoided.", "contents": "Official statistics and blindness in Hong Kong. WHO designated 1976 as the year for the prevention of blindness and attention is drawn to the prevalence rate and causes of blindness in Hong Kong. The former as released by WHO is as high as 1392 per 100,000 and the latter tends to suggest Vitamin A deficiency is still an important cause here. This article reviews all the official statistics on blindness published in Hong Kong over the past twenty years and seeks to suggest an appropriate prevalence rate for Hong Kong and demonstrate the changing pattern of causes of blindness in Hong Kong. It concludes that Hong Kong should adopt a statistical definition and classification of blindness accepted internationally and suggests that in the presentation of statistics, the misleading factor of present inclusion of past events should be avoided.", "PMID": 1025744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4008", "title": "Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae) from a civet cat, Prionodon linsang Hardwick, with reference to its dietary habits.", "content": "The recovery of six adult Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1936 from a civet cat, Prionodon linsang Hardwick, constitutes the second reported record of this parasite and the first authenticated case of adult worms found in a wild animal from Malaysia. The food habits of the infected P. linsang as an important link in the transmission of G. spinigerum in the intermediate and definitive hosts together with the probable distribution of this parasite are discussed.", "contents": "Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae) from a civet cat, Prionodon linsang Hardwick, with reference to its dietary habits. The recovery of six adult Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1936 from a civet cat, Prionodon linsang Hardwick, constitutes the second reported record of this parasite and the first authenticated case of adult worms found in a wild animal from Malaysia. The food habits of the infected P. linsang as an important link in the transmission of G. spinigerum in the intermediate and definitive hosts together with the probable distribution of this parasite are discussed.", "PMID": 1025748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4009", "title": "Parapleurogonius brevicecum gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Pronocephalidae) from a freshwater turtle in peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Parapleurogonius brevicecum gen. et sp. n. is described from the freshwater turtle, Kachuga trivittata, in Selangor, Malaysia. Parapleurogonius is most closely related to Pleurogonius Looss, 1901, but from which it can be distinguished by the termination of the ceca at or just overlapping the anterior border of the testes and the pretesticular position of the excretory pore. Additionally, Parapleurogonius is described from a freshwater turtle, whereas Pleurogonius is only known from marine hosts.", "contents": "Parapleurogonius brevicecum gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Pronocephalidae) from a freshwater turtle in peninsular Malaysia. Parapleurogonius brevicecum gen. et sp. n. is described from the freshwater turtle, Kachuga trivittata, in Selangor, Malaysia. Parapleurogonius is most closely related to Pleurogonius Looss, 1901, but from which it can be distinguished by the termination of the ceca at or just overlapping the anterior border of the testes and the pretesticular position of the excretory pore. Additionally, Parapleurogonius is described from a freshwater turtle, whereas Pleurogonius is only known from marine hosts.", "PMID": 1025749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4010", "title": "Biology of the snail-killing fly, Sepedon spangleri Beaver (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). II. Ability of the larvae to kill snails of medical importance in Thailand.", "content": "S. spangleri larvae preferred five species of non-operculate snails; Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton, Segmentina hemisphaerula Benson, Hippeutis umbilicalis Benson, Indoplanorbis exustus Larambergue, and Trochobis trochoideus Benson. They occasionally consumed the operculate snails: Melanoides tuberculata Muller, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, Hubendickia siamensis Brandt, Lacunopis munensis Brandt, Tarebia granifera, Lamarch and Viviparus sp. but were innocuous to Bithynia laevis Lea.", "contents": "Biology of the snail-killing fly, Sepedon spangleri Beaver (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). II. Ability of the larvae to kill snails of medical importance in Thailand. S. spangleri larvae preferred five species of non-operculate snails; Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton, Segmentina hemisphaerula Benson, Hippeutis umbilicalis Benson, Indoplanorbis exustus Larambergue, and Trochobis trochoideus Benson. They occasionally consumed the operculate snails: Melanoides tuberculata Muller, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, Hubendickia siamensis Brandt, Lacunopis munensis Brandt, Tarebia granifera, Lamarch and Viviparus sp. but were innocuous to Bithynia laevis Lea.", "PMID": 1025750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4011", "title": "A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "A case of Newcastle disease virus infection in a female laboratory technician is reported for the first time in Malaysia. Infection was acquired by droplet infection of the eye while grinding infected chicken in the laboratory. The case was confirmed by isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an eye swab taken from the subject on the first day of clinical signs. A four-fold rise of haemagglutination-inhibition titre was shown when sera on the third day of infection and 15 days later were compared.", "contents": "A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus. A case of Newcastle disease virus infection in a female laboratory technician is reported for the first time in Malaysia. Infection was acquired by droplet infection of the eye while grinding infected chicken in the laboratory. The case was confirmed by isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an eye swab taken from the subject on the first day of clinical signs. A four-fold rise of haemagglutination-inhibition titre was shown when sera on the third day of infection and 15 days later were compared.", "PMID": 1025751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4012", "title": "Observation on biting midge infestations on Mamburao Beach, Mimdoro, Philippines.", "content": "The occurrence of biting midge infestation involving the species Leptoconops (Styloconops) spinosifrons Carter 1921 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) is reported from a beach resort in Mindoro Island, Philippines. The flies are most active between 0700 and 0900 hours, and again, between 1600 and 1800 hours; they are most abundant in the shoreline and sand beach area.", "contents": "Observation on biting midge infestations on Mamburao Beach, Mimdoro, Philippines. The occurrence of biting midge infestation involving the species Leptoconops (Styloconops) spinosifrons Carter 1921 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) is reported from a beach resort in Mindoro Island, Philippines. The flies are most active between 0700 and 0900 hours, and again, between 1600 and 1800 hours; they are most abundant in the shoreline and sand beach area.", "PMID": 1025752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4013", "title": "[Acquisition and study of callus tissue during cultivation of mazzard and strawberry anthers].", "content": "Anters of 7 varieties of Cerasus avium (2n=16) and Fragaria grandiflora (2n==56) were cultured on Murashige-Skoog's medium. Formation of the callus tissue was observed for only one variety of sweat cherry with a frequency of 3.1-20.6%. The number of haploid cells in first transfers varied from 22 to 44% in different strains. There were two rises of mitotic activity in the callus cells. Subsequent transfers caused an increase in haploid cells. Chromosome aberrations frequency was comparatively low. No cases of induced organogenesis on any modifications of the nutrient media were found.", "contents": "[Acquisition and study of callus tissue during cultivation of mazzard and strawberry anthers]. Anters of 7 varieties of Cerasus avium (2n=16) and Fragaria grandiflora (2n==56) were cultured on Murashige-Skoog's medium. Formation of the callus tissue was observed for only one variety of sweat cherry with a frequency of 3.1-20.6%. The number of haploid cells in first transfers varied from 22 to 44% in different strains. There were two rises of mitotic activity in the callus cells. Subsequent transfers caused an increase in haploid cells. Chromosome aberrations frequency was comparatively low. No cases of induced organogenesis on any modifications of the nutrient media were found.", "PMID": 1025784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4014", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the nuclear membrane of SPEV cells during mitosis. II. Reconstruction of the nuclear membrane (anaphase and telophase)].", "content": "Reformation of the nuclear envelope of the PKLV cells starts in the early anaphase when numerous contacts between membranous elements and chromosomes become visible. The nuclear envelope reforms, first, on the periphery of chromosomes and in chromosome's centromeric regions, and later - in the telomeric regions. The latest reconstruction of nuclear envelope occurs in spaces where microtubules come up close to the \"nuclei\", The appearance of normal pore complexes in the late telophase is preceded by the appearance, in the early and middle telophase, of pores with unusual structure.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the nuclear membrane of SPEV cells during mitosis. II. Reconstruction of the nuclear membrane (anaphase and telophase)]. Reformation of the nuclear envelope of the PKLV cells starts in the early anaphase when numerous contacts between membranous elements and chromosomes become visible. The nuclear envelope reforms, first, on the periphery of chromosomes and in chromosome's centromeric regions, and later - in the telomeric regions. The latest reconstruction of nuclear envelope occurs in spaces where microtubules come up close to the \"nuclei\", The appearance of normal pore complexes in the late telophase is preceded by the appearance, in the early and middle telophase, of pores with unusual structure.", "PMID": 1025792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4015", "title": "[Splitting of phase G1 of the mitotic cycle of guinea pig large intestine crypt cells].", "content": "Changes in shape of the second wave of the labeled mitoses curve previously observed by Rowinski and Sawicki (1972) for three crypt zones of three different parts of guinea-pig ascending colon are explained by the complicated branching structure of the G1-phase. This structure is assumed to be the same for different crypt zones and for different sections of the intestine. Changes in shape of the second wave of the labeled mitoses curve are explained by the changes in distribution of proliferating cell stream between the alternative directions at the points of branching of the G1-phase, depending on the crypt zone, the intestine section, the cell state, and on the state of intestine.", "contents": "[Splitting of phase G1 of the mitotic cycle of guinea pig large intestine crypt cells]. Changes in shape of the second wave of the labeled mitoses curve previously observed by Rowinski and Sawicki (1972) for three crypt zones of three different parts of guinea-pig ascending colon are explained by the complicated branching structure of the G1-phase. This structure is assumed to be the same for different crypt zones and for different sections of the intestine. Changes in shape of the second wave of the labeled mitoses curve are explained by the changes in distribution of proliferating cell stream between the alternative directions at the points of branching of the G1-phase, depending on the crypt zone, the intestine section, the cell state, and on the state of intestine.", "PMID": 1025793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4016", "title": "[Cytochemical features of cortical neurons during the recovery period following early visual deprivation].", "content": "It was shown interferometrically that 10 days after the removal of rabbits, that had been exposed to early (from the virth till 2.5 month of life) visual deprivation, to the ordinary light conditions, a reliable increase in the neuron size could be noted in addition to the reliably increased protein content in the cytoplasm of the visual cortex neurons. Degrees of the above changes in neurons of laminae III, IV and V are not similar, no complete normalization occurring in any lamina. A question of the reversibility of changes caused by early visual deprivation and of the compensatory capacities of neuron in particular lamina is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytochemical features of cortical neurons during the recovery period following early visual deprivation]. It was shown interferometrically that 10 days after the removal of rabbits, that had been exposed to early (from the virth till 2.5 month of life) visual deprivation, to the ordinary light conditions, a reliable increase in the neuron size could be noted in addition to the reliably increased protein content in the cytoplasm of the visual cortex neurons. Degrees of the above changes in neurons of laminae III, IV and V are not similar, no complete normalization occurring in any lamina. A question of the reversibility of changes caused by early visual deprivation and of the compensatory capacities of neuron in particular lamina is discussed.", "PMID": 1025794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4017", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of cell division and mitosis duration in the root meristem of the common pea under normal conditions and under the influence of thyroxine].", "content": "Daily rhythms of the mitotic activity (MA) and mitosis duration were studied in meristem of the Pisum sativum L. primary roots. It is determined that MA increases in the day time. The daily rhythm of mitosis duration is absent. The germination of Pisum sativum seeds in solution with 1-thyroxine revealed that thyroxine increases average diurnal MA and results in formation of two-phases rhythm of mitosis number. The additional (night) increase of MA is connected with prolongation of mitosis.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of cell division and mitosis duration in the root meristem of the common pea under normal conditions and under the influence of thyroxine]. Daily rhythms of the mitotic activity (MA) and mitosis duration were studied in meristem of the Pisum sativum L. primary roots. It is determined that MA increases in the day time. The daily rhythm of mitosis duration is absent. The germination of Pisum sativum seeds in solution with 1-thyroxine revealed that thyroxine increases average diurnal MA and results in formation of two-phases rhythm of mitosis number. The additional (night) increase of MA is connected with prolongation of mitosis.", "PMID": 1025788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4018", "title": "[Study of the alcohol-soluble protein of corn by electrophoresis in PAAG].", "content": "An electrophoretic study of zein in 115 lines of common maize resulted in detecting 7 types of spectra. The analysis of opaque-2 sources showed that they differ between each other in the number and component composition, similar to the norm. The study of isogenic lines revealed that in different genotypes the gene opaque-2 behaves unsynonymously: it either does not influence the component composition of zein or changes it qualitatively.", "contents": "[Study of the alcohol-soluble protein of corn by electrophoresis in PAAG]. An electrophoretic study of zein in 115 lines of common maize resulted in detecting 7 types of spectra. The analysis of opaque-2 sources showed that they differ between each other in the number and component composition, similar to the norm. The study of isogenic lines revealed that in different genotypes the gene opaque-2 behaves unsynonymously: it either does not influence the component composition of zein or changes it qualitatively.", "PMID": 1025789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4019", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with cancer of the larynx.", "content": "In 20 men, age 35 to 55 years, with cancer of the larynx of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined cytochemically according to Hayashi's method. Numbers of enzyme-positive cells were counted with regard to the type of cytochemical reaction (granular, granular-diffuse, or diffuse), and to the number of enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within a single cell. In comparison to 20 healthy men, age 20 to 30 years, the following changes were noted in the patients: 1) the decrease of the total count of enzyme-negative lymphocytes; 2) the decrease of the total count of lymphocytes with granular type of reaction; 3) the increase of the counts of lymphocytes with granular-diffuse and diffuse type of reaction. The authors suggest that these changes could be related to the immune reaction of specific tumor antigens.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with cancer of the larynx. In 20 men, age 35 to 55 years, with cancer of the larynx of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined cytochemically according to Hayashi's method. Numbers of enzyme-positive cells were counted with regard to the type of cytochemical reaction (granular, granular-diffuse, or diffuse), and to the number of enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within a single cell. In comparison to 20 healthy men, age 20 to 30 years, the following changes were noted in the patients: 1) the decrease of the total count of enzyme-negative lymphocytes; 2) the decrease of the total count of lymphocytes with granular type of reaction; 3) the increase of the counts of lymphocytes with granular-diffuse and diffuse type of reaction. The authors suggest that these changes could be related to the immune reaction of specific tumor antigens.", "PMID": 1025803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4020", "title": "Short-term results of combined radioimmunotherapy in inoperable lung cancer.", "content": "Fifty-three inoperable lung cancer patients were treated with radiotherapy combined with immunostimulation with BCG. A good response was obtained in 30 patients (56%); the results were not significantly different than those obtained with a control group of 50 lung cancer patients matched by age, sex and stage of the disease (24 out of 50 equals 46%). These short-term results were compared with the immunologic \"status\" of patients evaluated before treatment by the parameters monitoring in vivo and in vitro delayed type hypersensitivity. The good response to therapy was documented in a higher percentage of patients with positive skin tests to recall and standard antigens and with normal values of lymphocyte transformation with PHA and Rosette E-forming cells, in comparison with patients with low levels of immunocompetence. An impairment of the cell-mediated immune response was found after combined therapy, presumably due to radiotherapy. BCG was not able to restore the patient's immunocompetence, no effect on host's immune reactivity was demonstrated. As regards humoral immunity, the patients with low levels of IgG before treatment (12/14) showed a good response.", "contents": "Short-term results of combined radioimmunotherapy in inoperable lung cancer. Fifty-three inoperable lung cancer patients were treated with radiotherapy combined with immunostimulation with BCG. A good response was obtained in 30 patients (56%); the results were not significantly different than those obtained with a control group of 50 lung cancer patients matched by age, sex and stage of the disease (24 out of 50 equals 46%). These short-term results were compared with the immunologic \"status\" of patients evaluated before treatment by the parameters monitoring in vivo and in vitro delayed type hypersensitivity. The good response to therapy was documented in a higher percentage of patients with positive skin tests to recall and standard antigens and with normal values of lymphocyte transformation with PHA and Rosette E-forming cells, in comparison with patients with low levels of immunocompetence. An impairment of the cell-mediated immune response was found after combined therapy, presumably due to radiotherapy. BCG was not able to restore the patient's immunocompetence, no effect on host's immune reactivity was demonstrated. As regards humoral immunity, the patients with low levels of IgG before treatment (12/14) showed a good response.", "PMID": 1025802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4021", "title": "Activity and intracellular localization of lysosomal acid phosphatase in lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease, plasma cell myeloma and primary polycythemia.", "content": "Using the cytochemical method after Barka and Anderson, activity and localization of lysosomal acid phosphatase (AP) was determined in peripheral-blood lymphocytes from 20 healthy subjects, 10 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), 10 patients with plasma cell myeloma (PCM), and 10 patients with primary polycythemia (PP). Total count of AP-positive lymphocytes was lowest in the patients with HD. Moreover, they showed a significant decrease of the absolute count of lymphocytes with well formed and more numerous AP-positive lysosomal granules. Analogous alterations in lymphocytes from patients with PCM and those with PP were much less significant. The authors discuss the importance of the above-mentioned observations for evaluation on a cellular basis of lowered immunity of patients with lympho-proliferative and myelo-proliferative disorders, with special regard to AP as a T-cell marker.", "contents": "Activity and intracellular localization of lysosomal acid phosphatase in lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease, plasma cell myeloma and primary polycythemia. Using the cytochemical method after Barka and Anderson, activity and localization of lysosomal acid phosphatase (AP) was determined in peripheral-blood lymphocytes from 20 healthy subjects, 10 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), 10 patients with plasma cell myeloma (PCM), and 10 patients with primary polycythemia (PP). Total count of AP-positive lymphocytes was lowest in the patients with HD. Moreover, they showed a significant decrease of the absolute count of lymphocytes with well formed and more numerous AP-positive lysosomal granules. Analogous alterations in lymphocytes from patients with PCM and those with PP were much less significant. The authors discuss the importance of the above-mentioned observations for evaluation on a cellular basis of lowered immunity of patients with lympho-proliferative and myelo-proliferative disorders, with special regard to AP as a T-cell marker.", "PMID": 1025804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4022", "title": "[Origin of the staphylococci in slaughtered poultry].", "content": "Studied were 382 coagulase-positive and 290 coagullase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from birds during their post-slaughter handling, from the vats for water cooling as well as from the women working on the slaughter-house conveyor. Studied were the phage behaviour, fibrinolysine production, the crystal-violet test and the type of hemolysines. It was established that the coagulase positive staphylococci were lysed slightly by the human and the bovine set of phages. The main sources of staphylococci of both human and bovine origin appeared to be the nasal cavity and the hands of workers. Evisceration proved to contribute to the tenfold higher count of staphylococci in the slaughtered birds. Most of the investigated strains of Staphilococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis differed from the human and the bovine type and were probably staphylococci of avian origin.", "contents": "[Origin of the staphylococci in slaughtered poultry]. Studied were 382 coagulase-positive and 290 coagullase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from birds during their post-slaughter handling, from the vats for water cooling as well as from the women working on the slaughter-house conveyor. Studied were the phage behaviour, fibrinolysine production, the crystal-violet test and the type of hemolysines. It was established that the coagulase positive staphylococci were lysed slightly by the human and the bovine set of phages. The main sources of staphylococci of both human and bovine origin appeared to be the nasal cavity and the hands of workers. Evisceration proved to contribute to the tenfold higher count of staphylococci in the slaughtered birds. Most of the investigated strains of Staphilococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis differed from the human and the bovine type and were probably staphylococci of avian origin.", "PMID": 1025836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4023", "title": "[Resistance of the causative agents of European foulbrood to oxidative disinfecting agents].", "content": "Test materials and naturally infected materials from beehives were used to check the resistance of the European foulbrood causative agents to the disinfection agents vofasteril, performic acid, and iosan and iosan-CCT. It was that Bac. alvei spores are destroyed by 1.5 per cent solution of vofasteril for less than an hour's time and by 1.62 per cent solution of performic acid and 4 per cent iosan--for 4 hours. Bac. paraalvei are still more sensitive: they are destroyed by performic acid and iosan for 1--2 hours.. Sodium dodecylsulfate at the rate of 1 per cent, added to solutions of vofasteril and performic acid, speed up the disinfection action up to four times.", "contents": "[Resistance of the causative agents of European foulbrood to oxidative disinfecting agents]. Test materials and naturally infected materials from beehives were used to check the resistance of the European foulbrood causative agents to the disinfection agents vofasteril, performic acid, and iosan and iosan-CCT. It was that Bac. alvei spores are destroyed by 1.5 per cent solution of vofasteril for less than an hour's time and by 1.62 per cent solution of performic acid and 4 per cent iosan--for 4 hours. Bac. paraalvei are still more sensitive: they are destroyed by performic acid and iosan for 1--2 hours.. Sodium dodecylsulfate at the rate of 1 per cent, added to solutions of vofasteril and performic acid, speed up the disinfection action up to four times.", "PMID": 1025837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4024", "title": "[Study of the effect of some of the vaccination plans applied in Bulgaria against Newcastle disease].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the effect of the vaccination of broilers against Newcastle disease with La Sota strain through the single application in the drinking water on the 21st day and the newly introduced vaccination at the age of four days, using the spray method, as well as the combined method--spray vaccination on the fourth day and giving the vaccine twice on the 21st day. It was found that the last method confers better immunity and higher immunity against the disease as compared to offering the vaccine only once on the 21st day.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of some of the vaccination plans applied in Bulgaria against Newcastle disease]. Comparative studies were carried out on the effect of the vaccination of broilers against Newcastle disease with La Sota strain through the single application in the drinking water on the 21st day and the newly introduced vaccination at the age of four days, using the spray method, as well as the combined method--spray vaccination on the fourth day and giving the vaccine twice on the 21st day. It was found that the last method confers better immunity and higher immunity against the disease as compared to offering the vaccine only once on the 21st day.", "PMID": 1025838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4025", "title": "[Cultivation and study of the properties of the Perego strain of the sheep poxvirus on heterologous tissue].", "content": "Strain Perego of the sheep pox virus, after 11 passages in lamb testis cultures, was successfully adapted and cultivated in 10 successive passages in a heterologous tissue--secondary cultures of newborn calf kidney. The infected cultures produced a cytopathic effect similar to that observed in a homologous culture, the difference being that part of the degenerated cells came off from the wall of the flask. At the level of its 10th passage the virus exhibited a titer of 10(3)CPE50. The virus was tested for harmlessness on sheep through a subcutaneous inoculation at a dose of 1 cm3 of a 1:10 dilution, and its testing for activity (1:100 dilution) caused an easily tolerated local reaction with a slight rise in the body temperature, the general status of the test animals remaining unaffected.", "contents": "[Cultivation and study of the properties of the Perego strain of the sheep poxvirus on heterologous tissue]. Strain Perego of the sheep pox virus, after 11 passages in lamb testis cultures, was successfully adapted and cultivated in 10 successive passages in a heterologous tissue--secondary cultures of newborn calf kidney. The infected cultures produced a cytopathic effect similar to that observed in a homologous culture, the difference being that part of the degenerated cells came off from the wall of the flask. At the level of its 10th passage the virus exhibited a titer of 10(3)CPE50. The virus was tested for harmlessness on sheep through a subcutaneous inoculation at a dose of 1 cm3 of a 1:10 dilution, and its testing for activity (1:100 dilution) caused an easily tolerated local reaction with a slight rise in the body temperature, the general status of the test animals remaining unaffected.", "PMID": 1025839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4026", "title": "[Experimental Q-rickettsiosis in lambs].", "content": "The clinical course, serologic response, and morphologic changes were followed up in month-old lambs infected nasally and via the trachea with Rickettsia burneti at the rate of 10,000 ID50/cm3. Rickettsiae were found in the parenchymal organs, the blood clot, the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the feces of the animals killed on the 7th and 21st day of infection. Complement-fixing antibodies were established in the infected lambs with the use of the complement-fixation test from the 5-6th up to the 160th day (period of testing), the highest value of the titer (1:160) being observed on the 32nd day. Demonstrated were changes in the vessels, and degeneration was found in the liver, kidneys, and other viscera along with proliferative changes in the spleen. Guinea pigs and albino mice were successfully made use of to isolate Rickettsia burneti from the infected parenchymal organs, feces, and others of affected lambs.", "contents": "[Experimental Q-rickettsiosis in lambs]. The clinical course, serologic response, and morphologic changes were followed up in month-old lambs infected nasally and via the trachea with Rickettsia burneti at the rate of 10,000 ID50/cm3. Rickettsiae were found in the parenchymal organs, the blood clot, the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the feces of the animals killed on the 7th and 21st day of infection. Complement-fixing antibodies were established in the infected lambs with the use of the complement-fixation test from the 5-6th up to the 160th day (period of testing), the highest value of the titer (1:160) being observed on the 32nd day. Demonstrated were changes in the vessels, and degeneration was found in the liver, kidneys, and other viscera along with proliferative changes in the spleen. Guinea pigs and albino mice were successfully made use of to isolate Rickettsia burneti from the infected parenchymal organs, feces, and others of affected lambs.", "PMID": 1025840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4027", "title": "[Dermatophyte and Candida genus fungal carrier state in piglets].", "content": "Studied were a total of 1200 pigs aged 1, 2, and 3 months, showing no clinical symptoms of skin or hair diseases. It was demonstrated that Candida carriers accounted for 2.6 per cent among the animals raised under primitive pigsty conditions, and for 2.5 per cent of those raised under industrial conditions. First of the isolated fungi of this genus ranked Candida krusei, followed by C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondi. Of the kerationophil fungi K. ajelloi was demonstrated in 0.19 per cent of the pigs kept under both primitive and industrial conditions of raising. In those that were raised in primitive pig-house conditions M. gypseum, M. cookei, and T. terrestre were also found.", "contents": "[Dermatophyte and Candida genus fungal carrier state in piglets]. Studied were a total of 1200 pigs aged 1, 2, and 3 months, showing no clinical symptoms of skin or hair diseases. It was demonstrated that Candida carriers accounted for 2.6 per cent among the animals raised under primitive pigsty conditions, and for 2.5 per cent of those raised under industrial conditions. First of the isolated fungi of this genus ranked Candida krusei, followed by C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondi. Of the kerationophil fungi K. ajelloi was demonstrated in 0.19 per cent of the pigs kept under both primitive and industrial conditions of raising. In those that were raised in primitive pig-house conditions M. gypseum, M. cookei, and T. terrestre were also found.", "PMID": 1025841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4028", "title": "[Correlation between the organoleptic evaluation and the laboratory analysis of white brined cheese].", "content": "Satisfactory correlation was found to exist between the organoleptic evaluation and the chemical analysis of ewe's and cow's white brine cheese on the basis of the taste assessment for \"normal acidity\", while with the remaining degrees of acidity--\"slightly acid\", and \"strongly acid\"--no such correlation was established. The organoleptic and chemical analysis on the basis of \"saltiness\" degrees of the white brine types of cheese proved to correlate comparatively well. It is up to the expert to decide whether the organoleptic evaluation will be sufficient in a given case.", "contents": "[Correlation between the organoleptic evaluation and the laboratory analysis of white brined cheese]. Satisfactory correlation was found to exist between the organoleptic evaluation and the chemical analysis of ewe's and cow's white brine cheese on the basis of the taste assessment for \"normal acidity\", while with the remaining degrees of acidity--\"slightly acid\", and \"strongly acid\"--no such correlation was established. The organoleptic and chemical analysis on the basis of \"saltiness\" degrees of the white brine types of cheese proved to correlate comparatively well. It is up to the expert to decide whether the organoleptic evaluation will be sufficient in a given case.", "PMID": 1025842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4029", "title": "[Experiments to obtain and test vaccines against enzootic pneumonia in swine].", "content": "Five-day-old PPLO broth cultures of two Mycoplasma hyorhinis strains were used  to obtain an inactivated vaccine consisting of 75 parts culture, 25 parts aluminum hydroxyde and 0.1 per cent formalin, and a live vaccine of 75 parts culture and 25 parts aluminum hydroxyde. The inactivated vaccine was tested on a total of 320 pregnant pigs and the live one--on 3,150 pigs, aged two-three months on a farm with a record of M. hyorhinis infection resulting in an enzootic pneumonia. In those of the pigs that were born by the vaccinated sows and were later on vaccinated themselves the percent of enzootic penumonia morbidity was reduced to 50.", "contents": "[Experiments to obtain and test vaccines against enzootic pneumonia in swine]. Five-day-old PPLO broth cultures of two Mycoplasma hyorhinis strains were used  to obtain an inactivated vaccine consisting of 75 parts culture, 25 parts aluminum hydroxyde and 0.1 per cent formalin, and a live vaccine of 75 parts culture and 25 parts aluminum hydroxyde. The inactivated vaccine was tested on a total of 320 pregnant pigs and the live one--on 3,150 pigs, aged two-three months on a farm with a record of M. hyorhinis infection resulting in an enzootic pneumonia. In those of the pigs that were born by the vaccinated sows and were later on vaccinated themselves the percent of enzootic penumonia morbidity was reduced to 50.", "PMID": 1025843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4030", "title": "[Pathohistological changes in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 9].", "content": "A total of forty-five guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 cu cm carboneum tetracholoratum each and were infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 9. Part of the animals (31) were treated at the 24th hour following infection with omnopon (a morphine preparation). All infected guinea pigs developed an infectious process manifested by dystrophic and inflammatory changes in the liver, intestine, spleen, lymph nodes and lungs. Those treated with omnopon manifested a more acute infectious process. After the 13--20th day of infection the lesions became more weakly expressed. On the 50th day the inflammatory reaction was observed in the lymph nodes and spleen only. The mortality rate in both groups was about 50 per cent.", "contents": "[Pathohistological changes in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 9]. A total of forty-five guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 cu cm carboneum tetracholoratum each and were infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 9. Part of the animals (31) were treated at the 24th hour following infection with omnopon (a morphine preparation). All infected guinea pigs developed an infectious process manifested by dystrophic and inflammatory changes in the liver, intestine, spleen, lymph nodes and lungs. Those treated with omnopon manifested a more acute infectious process. After the 13--20th day of infection the lesions became more weakly expressed. On the 50th day the inflammatory reaction was observed in the lymph nodes and spleen only. The mortality rate in both groups was about 50 per cent.", "PMID": 1025846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4031", "title": "[Study of an immunization plan for broilers via the spray method against Newcastle disease using vaccines from the Bl and La Sota strains].", "content": "Studied was the immunization pattern against Newcastle disease in birds with the use of a spray method on broilers obtained congenitally from their mothers, having antihemagglutinins. All birds on one of the premises ( a total of 14, 000) were vaccinated when 5 days old with a liquid vaccine of strain B1 (one fourth dose per bird) using the Dutch pulverizing apparatus Flox-10 -- group I. Other 14,000 birds of another of the premises of the same batch were treated at the same age with the same dose via the same route of application of a liquid vaccine of the La Sota strain --group II. All birds of the two groups were revaccinated in the same way at the age of 25 days with a vaccine of the La Sota strain at the rate of a whole dose per bird. The birds were kept under equal conditons of feeding and management. It was found that they built immunity which protected them fully from Newcastle disease up to the end of the fattening period (2 months). This was demonstrated by the test for establishing resistance to a control infection with a highly virulent strain of the Newcastle disease virus (challenge) as well as serologically by the hemagglutination inhibition reaction. At the slaughter by the end of the fattening period all period all birds of the two groups sshowed almost equal average body weight, however, those of group I manifested 0.97 per cent lower mortality rate and lower forage intake per kg weight (by 23 g on an average).", "contents": "[Study of an immunization plan for broilers via the spray method against Newcastle disease using vaccines from the Bl and La Sota strains]. Studied was the immunization pattern against Newcastle disease in birds with the use of a spray method on broilers obtained congenitally from their mothers, having antihemagglutinins. All birds on one of the premises ( a total of 14, 000) were vaccinated when 5 days old with a liquid vaccine of strain B1 (one fourth dose per bird) using the Dutch pulverizing apparatus Flox-10 -- group I. Other 14,000 birds of another of the premises of the same batch were treated at the same age with the same dose via the same route of application of a liquid vaccine of the La Sota strain --group II. All birds of the two groups were revaccinated in the same way at the age of 25 days with a vaccine of the La Sota strain at the rate of a whole dose per bird. The birds were kept under equal conditons of feeding and management. It was found that they built immunity which protected them fully from Newcastle disease up to the end of the fattening period (2 months). This was demonstrated by the test for establishing resistance to a control infection with a highly virulent strain of the Newcastle disease virus (challenge) as well as serologically by the hemagglutination inhibition reaction. At the slaughter by the end of the fattening period all period all birds of the two groups sshowed almost equal average body weight, however, those of group I manifested 0.97 per cent lower mortality rate and lower forage intake per kg weight (by 23 g on an average).", "PMID": 1025847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4032", "title": "[Conformational changes in the membranes of antigenically stimulated macrophages].", "content": "The conformation changes taking place in the membrane of antigen-stimulated macrophages were followed up by means of serologic methods and agglutination with concavalin A. It was found that: 1. Following antigen stimulation the receptors, located in the cell membrane, are saturated with a lower amount of concavalin A than the receptors of unstimulated macrophages. 2. Antigen stimulation enhances the agglutinogenic capacity of macrophages. The conformation changes observed are discussed in brief.", "contents": "[Conformational changes in the membranes of antigenically stimulated macrophages]. The conformation changes taking place in the membrane of antigen-stimulated macrophages were followed up by means of serologic methods and agglutination with concavalin A. It was found that: 1. Following antigen stimulation the receptors, located in the cell membrane, are saturated with a lower amount of concavalin A than the receptors of unstimulated macrophages. 2. Antigen stimulation enhances the agglutinogenic capacity of macrophages. The conformation changes observed are discussed in brief.", "PMID": 1025849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4033", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymatic activity in the blood serum and in the meat of pigs with bronchopenumonia].", "content": "Studied was the activity of lactodehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes in pigs suffering from bronchopneumonia and its relation to the water absorption capacity of the meat obtained from them. The total activity of LDH is expressed in International Units (IU), it being converted into 1000.0 mg total protein in the case of meat. It has been found that in diseased pigs the activity of the serum DH rises up to 1380.45 IU from the normal level of 691.25 IU. The activity of this enzyme in musculus longissimus dorsi in diseased animals has proved to be more than twice as higher (256.35 IU) than that in the control group pigs (117.87 IU). Considerable rise in the activity of the LDH isoenzymes is found in the meat and blood serum samples from the affected pigs. Lower values of the water absorption capacity (23.73 per cent) of m. longissimus dorsi have been established in the diseased pigs as compared to the normalones (28.88 per cent) The results obtained show that the changes in the activity of LDH and its isoenzymes in the blood serum and musculature are characteristic of pigs affected with bronchopneumonia. These changes are valuable both for diagnostic purpose and for the evaluation of meat obtained from such animals.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymatic activity in the blood serum and in the meat of pigs with bronchopenumonia]. Studied was the activity of lactodehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes in pigs suffering from bronchopneumonia and its relation to the water absorption capacity of the meat obtained from them. The total activity of LDH is expressed in International Units (IU), it being converted into 1000.0 mg total protein in the case of meat. It has been found that in diseased pigs the activity of the serum DH rises up to 1380.45 IU from the normal level of 691.25 IU. The activity of this enzyme in musculus longissimus dorsi in diseased animals has proved to be more than twice as higher (256.35 IU) than that in the control group pigs (117.87 IU). Considerable rise in the activity of the LDH isoenzymes is found in the meat and blood serum samples from the affected pigs. Lower values of the water absorption capacity (23.73 per cent) of m. longissimus dorsi have been established in the diseased pigs as compared to the normalones (28.88 per cent) The results obtained show that the changes in the activity of LDH and its isoenzymes in the blood serum and musculature are characteristic of pigs affected with bronchopneumonia. These changes are valuable both for diagnostic purpose and for the evaluation of meat obtained from such animals.", "PMID": 1025850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4034", "title": "[Changes in the activity of serum enzymes, total protein and electrolytes in experimental babeiasis in sheep].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the serum enzymes, total proteins and some electrolites (potassium and sodium) in eight spleenectomized sheep experimentally infected with Babesia organisms. It was found that babesiasis in sheep was accompanied by a considerable rise in the activity of GOT and GPT (from 80JU up to 260IU and from 4 IU up to 19 IU). The amount of inorganic phosphorus dropped, and that of potassium sodium and alkaline phosphatase showed no changes. It is believed that the changes in the activity of GOT, GPT and inorganic phosphorus depend on the gravity and the duration of the disease and can be used as a criterion in determining the pathologic process.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of serum enzymes, total protein and electrolytes in experimental babeiasis in sheep]. Investigations were carried out on the serum enzymes, total proteins and some electrolites (potassium and sodium) in eight spleenectomized sheep experimentally infected with Babesia organisms. It was found that babesiasis in sheep was accompanied by a considerable rise in the activity of GOT and GPT (from 80JU up to 260IU and from 4 IU up to 19 IU). The amount of inorganic phosphorus dropped, and that of potassium sodium and alkaline phosphatase showed no changes. It is believed that the changes in the activity of GOT, GPT and inorganic phosphorus depend on the gravity and the duration of the disease and can be used as a criterion in determining the pathologic process.", "PMID": 1025851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4035", "title": "[Intensity of incorporation of 2-C14-acetate into the cerebrosides and gangliosides of the brain and spinal cord of rabbits in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "In rabbits the acute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was caused by inoculation of emulsion of homologous myelin from spinal cord with Freund's adjuvant. In terminal paralytic period of the disease the animals were subcutaneously administered with 2-14C-acetate and a dose 50 micronCi per 100 g of body weight 2 hrs before death. From lumbar and stem sections of the central nervous system purified fractions of cerebrosides and gangliosides were isolated and their specific radioactivity was determined. The intensity of the cerebrosides synthesis was found to be distinctly decreased not only in the more impaired lumbar region but also in the stem section of the central nervous system, where the centers of demyelinization were not observed. The intensity of the gangliosides synthesis was also markedly decreased, in spite of that their content was not altered in the central nervous system under experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "contents": "[Intensity of incorporation of 2-C14-acetate into the cerebrosides and gangliosides of the brain and spinal cord of rabbits in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. In rabbits the acute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was caused by inoculation of emulsion of homologous myelin from spinal cord with Freund's adjuvant. In terminal paralytic period of the disease the animals were subcutaneously administered with 2-14C-acetate and a dose 50 micronCi per 100 g of body weight 2 hrs before death. From lumbar and stem sections of the central nervous system purified fractions of cerebrosides and gangliosides were isolated and their specific radioactivity was determined. The intensity of the cerebrosides synthesis was found to be distinctly decreased not only in the more impaired lumbar region but also in the stem section of the central nervous system, where the centers of demyelinization were not observed. The intensity of the gangliosides synthesis was also markedly decreased, in spite of that their content was not altered in the central nervous system under experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "PMID": 1025874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4036", "title": "[Chugaev's reaction for sterols].", "content": "Spectrophotometric patterns of Chugaev's reaction products of forty sterol compounds were studied. The reaction was shown to be used for identification and the quantitative determination of some sterols.", "contents": "[Chugaev's reaction for sterols]. Spectrophotometric patterns of Chugaev's reaction products of forty sterol compounds were studied. The reaction was shown to be used for identification and the quantitative determination of some sterols.", "PMID": 1025875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4037", "title": "[Characteristics of infrared spectra of adenylic nucleotides].", "content": "Spectral patterns of ATP, ADP and AMP in the infrared region are described. The presence of absorption zones typical for the monophosphate was found in 580 cm-1, 650 cm-1, 680 cm-1 and a double zone at 720--730 cm-1. This enabled to identify the substnace in the mixture with other nucleotides with an error about 10%. Effect of binding of phosphate groups on the position of the absorption zones of NH+4 and OH- at 3000--3600 cm-1 and occurence of the typical for P--O--P absorption zone at 910 cm-1 were established.", "contents": "[Characteristics of infrared spectra of adenylic nucleotides]. Spectral patterns of ATP, ADP and AMP in the infrared region are described. The presence of absorption zones typical for the monophosphate was found in 580 cm-1, 650 cm-1, 680 cm-1 and a double zone at 720--730 cm-1. This enabled to identify the substnace in the mixture with other nucleotides with an error about 10%. Effect of binding of phosphate groups on the position of the absorption zones of NH+4 and OH- at 3000--3600 cm-1 and occurence of the typical for P--O--P absorption zone at 910 cm-1 were established.", "PMID": 1025876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4038", "title": "[Effect of adaptation to cold and moderate cooling on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the muscle mitochondria of albino rats].", "content": "In rats, exposed to cooling at 2 degrees within 2 hrs, total gas exchange and the respiratory activity of sceletal muscles mitochondria were studied. The adapted rats, which were kept at 5-7 degrees within 13-17 days, were compared with unadapted animals (kept at 18 degrees). In the group of adapted rats cooling caused the increase in the total O2 utilization by 105% with increased free oxidation in mitochondria and the distinct decrease in P/O ratio. Cooling of unadapted rats was accompanied by the increase in O2 utilization by 85% without any marked alteration in P/O ratio in sceletal muscles mitochondria. The body temperature was not altered.", "contents": "[Effect of adaptation to cold and moderate cooling on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the muscle mitochondria of albino rats]. In rats, exposed to cooling at 2 degrees within 2 hrs, total gas exchange and the respiratory activity of sceletal muscles mitochondria were studied. The adapted rats, which were kept at 5-7 degrees within 13-17 days, were compared with unadapted animals (kept at 18 degrees). In the group of adapted rats cooling caused the increase in the total O2 utilization by 105% with increased free oxidation in mitochondria and the distinct decrease in P/O ratio. Cooling of unadapted rats was accompanied by the increase in O2 utilization by 85% without any marked alteration in P/O ratio in sceletal muscles mitochondria. The body temperature was not altered.", "PMID": 1025877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4039", "title": "[Mechanism of decrease in noradrenaline content in the myocardium under the effect of various industrial poisons].", "content": "Alteration in content of catecholamines, DOPA and the monoaminooxidase activity (MAO) were observed in rat myocardium under prolonged administration of cobalt (5 mg of the metal per 1 kg of body weight). A correlation was observed between the decrease in noradrenaline content and the MAO activation. In myocardium content of noradrenaline was approximately constant in simultaneous administration of an MAO inhibitor nyalamide (20 mg/kg of body weight) and cobalt within 10 days. In heart muscle the adrenaline concentration did not depend on the MAO activity; content of the amine was increased when the content of noradrenaline decreased and the MAO activity increased.", "contents": "[Mechanism of decrease in noradrenaline content in the myocardium under the effect of various industrial poisons]. Alteration in content of catecholamines, DOPA and the monoaminooxidase activity (MAO) were observed in rat myocardium under prolonged administration of cobalt (5 mg of the metal per 1 kg of body weight). A correlation was observed between the decrease in noradrenaline content and the MAO activation. In myocardium content of noradrenaline was approximately constant in simultaneous administration of an MAO inhibitor nyalamide (20 mg/kg of body weight) and cobalt within 10 days. In heart muscle the adrenaline concentration did not depend on the MAO activity; content of the amine was increased when the content of noradrenaline decreased and the MAO activity increased.", "PMID": 1025878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4040", "title": "[Characteristics of lipid composition of erythroid and myeloid cells of the bone marrow of rabbits].", "content": "Lipid composition of erythroid and myeloid cells of rabbit bone marrow was studied by thin layer chromatography. The myelocaryocytes contained phospholipids, free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The main components of the total lipid fraction were phospholipids and triglycerides. The ratio of phospholipids was lower and content of triglycerides and cholesterol esters was higher in myeloid cells, as compared with erythroid cells. Also myeloid components of bone marrow contained 1.8-fold more lipids per one cell than the erythroid cells.", "contents": "[Characteristics of lipid composition of erythroid and myeloid cells of the bone marrow of rabbits]. Lipid composition of erythroid and myeloid cells of rabbit bone marrow was studied by thin layer chromatography. The myelocaryocytes contained phospholipids, free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The main components of the total lipid fraction were phospholipids and triglycerides. The ratio of phospholipids was lower and content of triglycerides and cholesterol esters was higher in myeloid cells, as compared with erythroid cells. Also myeloid components of bone marrow contained 1.8-fold more lipids per one cell than the erythroid cells.", "PMID": 1025879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4041", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic activity in different parts of the brain and in the blood serum of rats from different lines during a convulsive seizure caused by the action of a sound stimulus].", "content": "Total lactate dehydrogenase activity and relative activities of LDH-1 and LDH-2 isozymes were found to be distinctly elevated in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres (locomotory region) and in medulla oblongata of audiogenic rats KM strain. The increase in the total LDH activity was also observed in blood serum of rats KM strain. The increase in the total LDH activity and in LDH-4 and LDH-5 activities in the brain regions studied was shown in epileptoid convulsions of audiogenic origin. These alterations demonstrated the compensatory activation of glycolysis in the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymatic activity in different parts of the brain and in the blood serum of rats from different lines during a convulsive seizure caused by the action of a sound stimulus]. Total lactate dehydrogenase activity and relative activities of LDH-1 and LDH-2 isozymes were found to be distinctly elevated in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres (locomotory region) and in medulla oblongata of audiogenic rats KM strain. The increase in the total LDH activity was also observed in blood serum of rats KM strain. The increase in the total LDH activity and in LDH-4 and LDH-5 activities in the brain regions studied was shown in epileptoid convulsions of audiogenic origin. These alterations demonstrated the compensatory activation of glycolysis in the brain tissue.", "PMID": 1025881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4042", "title": "[Action of thermal injury on the half-life time and turnover of cytoplasmic RNA in the intact tissues of rats].", "content": "In liver tissue, kidney, spleen and sceletal muscle of intact rats and animals, subjected to thermic burns of skin of the IIIa-IIIb degree, half-life and turnover of ribosomal and transport RNA were studied. In control animals half-life of ribosomal RNA was 5.1 days in liver tissue, 6.5 days in kidney, 6.7 days in spleen and 12.4 days in sceletal muscle. The same pattern for transport RNA was equal to 5.8, 4.7, 6.7, and 5.9 days, respectively. The burning trauma caused the alteration in turnover of cytoplasmic RNA; the direction and the intensity of the turnover had an organospecifics type and depended upon the period of the burning impairment.", "contents": "[Action of thermal injury on the half-life time and turnover of cytoplasmic RNA in the intact tissues of rats]. In liver tissue, kidney, spleen and sceletal muscle of intact rats and animals, subjected to thermic burns of skin of the IIIa-IIIb degree, half-life and turnover of ribosomal and transport RNA were studied. In control animals half-life of ribosomal RNA was 5.1 days in liver tissue, 6.5 days in kidney, 6.7 days in spleen and 12.4 days in sceletal muscle. The same pattern for transport RNA was equal to 5.8, 4.7, 6.7, and 5.9 days, respectively. The burning trauma caused the alteration in turnover of cytoplasmic RNA; the direction and the intensity of the turnover had an organospecifics type and depended upon the period of the burning impairment.", "PMID": 1025882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4043", "title": "[Effect of antithrombin III on anticoagulating system function in animals intravenously injected with tissue thromboplastin].", "content": "In experiments with rats, antithrombin III (a natural inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was shown to decrease the activation of the anticoagulation system either in prophylactic administration or during the development of thrombogenesis, caused by intravenous administration of tissue thromboplastin. The phenomenon led to the maintaining of the more high content of fibrinogen in blood of experimental animals, to the shortening of the  thrombin time and to the increase in content of alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin (in-hibitors of fibrinolysis) as compard with control animals, administered with the only thrombolastin. Effect of antithrombin III depended on periods of administration of the prearation and on injection of tissue thromboplastin.", "contents": "[Effect of antithrombin III on anticoagulating system function in animals intravenously injected with tissue thromboplastin]. In experiments with rats, antithrombin III (a natural inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was shown to decrease the activation of the anticoagulation system either in prophylactic administration or during the development of thrombogenesis, caused by intravenous administration of tissue thromboplastin. The phenomenon led to the maintaining of the more high content of fibrinogen in blood of experimental animals, to the shortening of the  thrombin time and to the increase in content of alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin (in-hibitors of fibrinolysis) as compard with control animals, administered with the only thrombolastin. Effect of antithrombin III depended on periods of administration of the prearation and on injection of tissue thromboplastin.", "PMID": 1025886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4044", "title": "[Study of homocarnosine metabolism in the brain tissue in diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "An increase in content of homocarnosine was observed in brain tissue of animals under experimental trauma of cranium. In tissue of glial tumors of human brain low content of homocarnosine was found as compared with the level of the substance in brain tissue. The data obtained suggest that homocarnosine was the substance, associated with the functional activity of a nervous cell.", "contents": "[Study of homocarnosine metabolism in the brain tissue in diseases of the nervous system]. An increase in content of homocarnosine was observed in brain tissue of animals under experimental trauma of cranium. In tissue of glial tumors of human brain low content of homocarnosine was found as compared with the level of the substance in brain tissue. The data obtained suggest that homocarnosine was the substance, associated with the functional activity of a nervous cell.", "PMID": 1025883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4045", "title": "[Activity and isoenzymatic makeup of the hexokinase of rapid and slow muscles in the rabbit normally and the experimental allergic polyneuritis].", "content": "An activity and isozyme spectrum of hexokinase were studied in rapid (gastrocnemius) and slow (soleus) muscles of rabbit in normal state and in experimental allergic polyneuritis, caused by administration of myelin from peripheric nerves mixed with Freund's stimulator. In normal organism the hexokinase activity was shown to be several times higher in soleus muscle than in gastrocnemius one. In these muscles the isozyme spectrum of the enzyme was markedly differentiated. In gastrocnemius muscle of rabbits with experimental allergic polyneuritis the hexokinase activity was distinctly increased due to increase in amount of the II type of the enzyme; in soleus muscle the decrease in the total activity of the enzyme depended upon the decrease in amount ofhexokinase II.", "contents": "[Activity and isoenzymatic makeup of the hexokinase of rapid and slow muscles in the rabbit normally and the experimental allergic polyneuritis]. An activity and isozyme spectrum of hexokinase were studied in rapid (gastrocnemius) and slow (soleus) muscles of rabbit in normal state and in experimental allergic polyneuritis, caused by administration of myelin from peripheric nerves mixed with Freund's stimulator. In normal organism the hexokinase activity was shown to be several times higher in soleus muscle than in gastrocnemius one. In these muscles the isozyme spectrum of the enzyme was markedly differentiated. In gastrocnemius muscle of rabbits with experimental allergic polyneuritis the hexokinase activity was distinctly increased due to increase in amount of the II type of the enzyme; in soleus muscle the decrease in the total activity of the enzyme depended upon the decrease in amount ofhexokinase II.", "PMID": 1025885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4046", "title": "[3-O-methl-D-glucose transport system in the cells of Acholeplasma laidlawii].", "content": "In cells of Acholeplasma laidlawii a constitutive system of transport of glucose derivate 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was found. This derivate penetrated into cells, without modification and accumulated in free state. The transport system was of enzymatic nature and exhibited sharp substrate specificity. The transport of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was an active process and occurred against the concentrated gradient.", "contents": "[3-O-methl-D-glucose transport system in the cells of Acholeplasma laidlawii]. In cells of Acholeplasma laidlawii a constitutive system of transport of glucose derivate 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was found. This derivate penetrated into cells, without modification and accumulated in free state. The transport system was of enzymatic nature and exhibited sharp substrate specificity. The transport of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was an active process and occurred against the concentrated gradient.", "PMID": 1025884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4047", "title": "[Localization of in vivo administered peroxidase in the cells of Ehrlich carcinoma].", "content": "Distribution of peroxidase was studied in structures and soluble fractions of cytoplasma and nuclei of washed cells of Erhlich carcinoma, obtained from mice, previously administered intraperitoneally with the enzyme. Peroxidase was shown to penetrate in all the cell fractions studied; the most specific activity of the extraneous enzyme was observed in mitochondria.", "contents": "[Localization of in vivo administered peroxidase in the cells of Ehrlich carcinoma]. Distribution of peroxidase was studied in structures and soluble fractions of cytoplasma and nuclei of washed cells of Erhlich carcinoma, obtained from mice, previously administered intraperitoneally with the enzyme. Peroxidase was shown to penetrate in all the cell fractions studied; the most specific activity of the extraneous enzyme was observed in mitochondria.", "PMID": 1025888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4048", "title": "[Role of intracellular proteinases and glycosidases in the degradation of the 'large glycoprotein' responsible for the neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activity of the Newcastle disease virus].", "content": "It was shown that the decrease in neuraminidase and hemagglutinin activities in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infected cells, which was revealed in conditions of disturbed protein synthesis, could be significantly diminished by addition of an inhibitor or trypsin-like proteinases tosyl-lysil-chloromethyl keton. The same effect was caused by D-galactonolactone--inhibitor of some glycosidases. These data suggested that the action of intracellular proteinases and glycosidases are the cause of degradation of 'large glycoprotein', responsible for neuraminidase and hemagglutinin activities in NDV-infected cells.", "contents": "[Role of intracellular proteinases and glycosidases in the degradation of the 'large glycoprotein' responsible for the neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activity of the Newcastle disease virus]. It was shown that the decrease in neuraminidase and hemagglutinin activities in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infected cells, which was revealed in conditions of disturbed protein synthesis, could be significantly diminished by addition of an inhibitor or trypsin-like proteinases tosyl-lysil-chloromethyl keton. The same effect was caused by D-galactonolactone--inhibitor of some glycosidases. These data suggested that the action of intracellular proteinases and glycosidases are the cause of degradation of 'large glycoprotein', responsible for neuraminidase and hemagglutinin activities in NDV-infected cells.", "PMID": 1025889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4049", "title": "[Bile secretion intensity and the chemical makeup of the bile in white rats with liver dystrophy in the process of sodium selenite treatment].", "content": "In male rats with acute liver dystrophia, caused by carbon tetracloride, effect of sodium slentie (at doses of 1 mg and 10 mg per 100 g of body weight) on the bile secretion was studied. The drug normalized rapidly the functions of liver tissue, synthesis and excretion of bile acids, bilirubin secretion and excetion of cholesterol. Treatment with sodium selenite increased detoxication process in the organism, prevented death of the animals.", "contents": "[Bile secretion intensity and the chemical makeup of the bile in white rats with liver dystrophy in the process of sodium selenite treatment]. In male rats with acute liver dystrophia, caused by carbon tetracloride, effect of sodium slentie (at doses of 1 mg and 10 mg per 100 g of body weight) on the bile secretion was studied. The drug normalized rapidly the functions of liver tissue, synthesis and excretion of bile acids, bilirubin secretion and excetion of cholesterol. Treatment with sodium selenite increased detoxication process in the organism, prevented death of the animals.", "PMID": 1025887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4050", "title": "[Cell-free system of protein synthesis from rat's cardiac muscle].", "content": "A cell-free system of protein synthesis from rat heart muscle is described. The system contained preparations of ribosomes, which were not separated from myofibrillar proteins. The conditions for incorporation of 14C-leucine into the polyribosomes of the fraction were established and its protein synthetizing activity was studied.", "contents": "[Cell-free system of protein synthesis from rat's cardiac muscle]. A cell-free system of protein synthesis from rat heart muscle is described. The system contained preparations of ribosomes, which were not separated from myofibrillar proteins. The conditions for incorporation of 14C-leucine into the polyribosomes of the fraction were established and its protein synthetizing activity was studied.", "PMID": 1025892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4051", "title": "[ATP metabolism under conditions of radiation injury and the ways of its modification].", "content": "Content, methylation and an intensity of restoration of phosphoric components of ATP were studied in cross-striated muscles, brain and liver tissue of normal animals. These patterns were also studied in animals, subjected to irradiation: within 3 hrs after X-ray treatment (800 r); with subcutaneous administration of prozerine (0.5 mcg/kg) and nicotinic acid (20 microng/) 4 hrs before decapitation; and also in animals with vagus, cut off at the level of neck two weeks before irradiation. In different experimental conditions the character of regularity and interrelation between methylation and phosphorylation of ATP were established.", "contents": "[ATP metabolism under conditions of radiation injury and the ways of its modification]. Content, methylation and an intensity of restoration of phosphoric components of ATP were studied in cross-striated muscles, brain and liver tissue of normal animals. These patterns were also studied in animals, subjected to irradiation: within 3 hrs after X-ray treatment (800 r); with subcutaneous administration of prozerine (0.5 mcg/kg) and nicotinic acid (20 microng/) 4 hrs before decapitation; and also in animals with vagus, cut off at the level of neck two weeks before irradiation. In different experimental conditions the character of regularity and interrelation between methylation and phosphorylation of ATP were established.", "PMID": 1025893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4052", "title": "[Content of hexuronic acids, hexoses and tyrosine in the lung tissue in experimental pneumoconiosis].", "content": "Content of hydroxyproline, thyrosine, hexuronic acids, hexoses and dry weight of lungs were studied in animals with pneumoconiosis, caused by various agents: two types of silicosis, induced by crystalline and condensed modifications of silica, and anthracosis, caused by anthracite. The data obtained showed that in all the types of pneumoconiosis dry weight of defatted lungs was increased with simultaneous increase of hydroxyproline content in the tissue. The more pronounced alterations were observed in silicosis. In all the types of pneumoconiosis within the experimental period content of hexuronic acids was higher in impaired animals as compared with control ones; the increase in content of hexuronic acids preceded the accumulation of hydroxyproline. Content of hexoses and thyrosine was distinctly increased within 2 days, which apparently correlated with the processes of exudation. Then it was decreased and at the later steps of the impairment amount of hexoses and thyrosine was shown to increase with simultaneous accumulation of hydroxyproline. Dynamics of accumulation of non-collagen components of connective tissue in lungs depended upon the type of a dust to which the animals were exposed.", "contents": "[Content of hexuronic acids, hexoses and tyrosine in the lung tissue in experimental pneumoconiosis]. Content of hydroxyproline, thyrosine, hexuronic acids, hexoses and dry weight of lungs were studied in animals with pneumoconiosis, caused by various agents: two types of silicosis, induced by crystalline and condensed modifications of silica, and anthracosis, caused by anthracite. The data obtained showed that in all the types of pneumoconiosis dry weight of defatted lungs was increased with simultaneous increase of hydroxyproline content in the tissue. The more pronounced alterations were observed in silicosis. In all the types of pneumoconiosis within the experimental period content of hexuronic acids was higher in impaired animals as compared with control ones; the increase in content of hexuronic acids preceded the accumulation of hydroxyproline. Content of hexoses and thyrosine was distinctly increased within 2 days, which apparently correlated with the processes of exudation. Then it was decreased and at the later steps of the impairment amount of hexoses and thyrosine was shown to increase with simultaneous accumulation of hydroxyproline. Dynamics of accumulation of non-collagen components of connective tissue in lungs depended upon the type of a dust to which the animals were exposed.", "PMID": 1025891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4053", "title": "[Activity of enzymes of pentosephosphate pathway in the erythrocytes, myocardium and intercostal muscle of patients with mitral valve stenosis].", "content": "Decrease in activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase was observed in erythrocytes of patients with mitral stenosis. Development of the disease was accompanied by a further decrease in the enzymatic activity. The activity of the enzymes was increased in myocardium of atrium sinistrum at the IV stadium as compared with the III stadium of the disease. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased and the transketolase activity was unaltered in intercostal muscle of the patients.", "contents": "[Activity of enzymes of pentosephosphate pathway in the erythrocytes, myocardium and intercostal muscle of patients with mitral valve stenosis]. Decrease in activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase was observed in erythrocytes of patients with mitral stenosis. Development of the disease was accompanied by a further decrease in the enzymatic activity. The activity of the enzymes was increased in myocardium of atrium sinistrum at the IV stadium as compared with the III stadium of the disease. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased and the transketolase activity was unaltered in intercostal muscle of the patients.", "PMID": 1025894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4054", "title": "[Regulation of L-asparaginase biosynthesis in mutants of Bacillus mesentericus 43A, poorly growing in the presence of aspartic acid].", "content": "Biosynthesis of L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) was inhibited in the growing culture of Bac. mesentericus 43A on addition of L-aspartic acid (20 mM). My treatment with methyl nitrosourea (2 mg/ml) mutants were obtained, which grew poorly on aspartic acid used as the only source of carbon and nitrogen. The aspartic acid did not repress the asparaginase biosynthesis in 8 strains, found between the mutants. In six of these mutants the asparaginase biosynthesis was inhibited by means of the type of catabolite repression. The data obtained suggest that in Bac. mesentericus 43A the asparaginase biosynthesis is controlled more likely by two independent mechanisms: 1) specific repression with aspartic acid as an end product and 2) catabolite repression.", "contents": "[Regulation of L-asparaginase biosynthesis in mutants of Bacillus mesentericus 43A, poorly growing in the presence of aspartic acid]. Biosynthesis of L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) was inhibited in the growing culture of Bac. mesentericus 43A on addition of L-aspartic acid (20 mM). My treatment with methyl nitrosourea (2 mg/ml) mutants were obtained, which grew poorly on aspartic acid used as the only source of carbon and nitrogen. The aspartic acid did not repress the asparaginase biosynthesis in 8 strains, found between the mutants. In six of these mutants the asparaginase biosynthesis was inhibited by means of the type of catabolite repression. The data obtained suggest that in Bac. mesentericus 43A the asparaginase biosynthesis is controlled more likely by two independent mechanisms: 1) specific repression with aspartic acid as an end product and 2) catabolite repression.", "PMID": 1025895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4055", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase of erythrocytes in various blood diseases].", "content": "Appearance of low molecular components of acetylcholinesterase from erythrocyte membranes was found by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Content of these components was distinctly increased within ghe acute period of Marchiafava-Micheli disease.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase of erythrocytes in various blood diseases]. Appearance of low molecular components of acetylcholinesterase from erythrocyte membranes was found by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Content of these components was distinctly increased within ghe acute period of Marchiafava-Micheli disease.", "PMID": 1025896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4056", "title": "[Effect of stimulating pharmacological agents on the content of L-cystathionine in the rabbit brain tissues].", "content": "Concentration of L-cystathionine was distinctly increased in rabbit brain within the period of maximal action of drugs, stimulating the central nervous system (phenamine, strychnine corasole). A distinct decrease in content of L-cystathionine was observed within one hour after the administration of strychnine and corasole.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulating pharmacological agents on the content of L-cystathionine in the rabbit brain tissues]. Concentration of L-cystathionine was distinctly increased in rabbit brain within the period of maximal action of drugs, stimulating the central nervous system (phenamine, strychnine corasole). A distinct decrease in content of L-cystathionine was observed within one hour after the administration of strychnine and corasole.", "PMID": 1025897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4057", "title": "[Modification of the micromethod of estimation of citric acid in the bone tissue].", "content": "A modified method is developed for estimation of citric acid in bone tissue. Citrate was isolated from acid bone hydrolysate without a preliminary deproteinization; then it was oxidized and converted into pentabromaceton by treatment of citric acid with bromine. The content of pentabromaceton was estimated by a photometric method. The method was highly sensitive and reproductible.", "contents": "[Modification of the micromethod of estimation of citric acid in the bone tissue]. A modified method is developed for estimation of citric acid in bone tissue. Citrate was isolated from acid bone hydrolysate without a preliminary deproteinization; then it was oxidized and converted into pentabromaceton by treatment of citric acid with bromine. The content of pentabromaceton was estimated by a photometric method. The method was highly sensitive and reproductible.", "PMID": 1025898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4058", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of parenterally administered dicarboxylic amino acids on gastric secretion].", "content": "Tests conducted on dogs established that glutaminic and aspargic acids introduced into the blood by the drip method call forth inhibition of the gastric secretion stimulated by other amino acids (alanine, glycine, proline). The dicarboxylic amino acids inhibit also the reflex phase of the gastric secretion provoked by injection of histamine. It is only against the background of a repeated introduction of histamine for many hours that they produce a sharply marked inhibitory effect. This manifests itself chiefly in dogs with denervated isolated pouches, while with intact innervation of gastric glands this effect is very poorly pronounced. Introduction of beta-adrenolytic-obsidan is attended by a drastic reduction of this effect.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of parenterally administered dicarboxylic amino acids on gastric secretion]. Tests conducted on dogs established that glutaminic and aspargic acids introduced into the blood by the drip method call forth inhibition of the gastric secretion stimulated by other amino acids (alanine, glycine, proline). The dicarboxylic amino acids inhibit also the reflex phase of the gastric secretion provoked by injection of histamine. It is only against the background of a repeated introduction of histamine for many hours that they produce a sharply marked inhibitory effect. This manifests itself chiefly in dogs with denervated isolated pouches, while with intact innervation of gastric glands this effect is very poorly pronounced. Introduction of beta-adrenolytic-obsidan is attended by a drastic reduction of this effect.", "PMID": 1025900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4059", "title": "[Biologic value of the protein component of dairy products used in infant nutrition].", "content": "Chemical and biological methods were used in determining the biological value of dairy products (\"Malyutka\", \"Malysh\", B-rice, kephir and \"Bebiron-I\") employed in the nutrition of infants kept on artificial feeding. The results of these methods are found to accord well with each other. The highest biological value were found to possess the new Soviet-made substituents o", "contents": "[Biologic value of the protein component of dairy products used in infant nutrition]. Chemical and biological methods were used in determining the biological value of dairy products (\"Malyutka\", \"Malysh\", B-rice, kephir and \"Bebiron-I\") employed in the nutrition of infants kept on artificial feeding. The results of these methods are found to accord well with each other. The highest biological value were found to possess the new Soviet-made substituents o", "PMID": 1025901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4060", "title": "[Analysis of iron supply to the bodies of women skiers].", "content": "Observations made in 46 sportswomen-skiers and 16 women not engaged in sporting activities demonstrated that in the former the blood plasma iron content declines in the spring-summer and rises in the autumn-winter periods, with the greatest abundance of iron in food rations being noted in winter, and the lowest--in summer. From among food products in the Yaroslavl region most rich in iron are meat and bakery ones, while dairy products contain little of this elements. A regular intake of the iron-containing preparation ferrocal in amounts of 0.64 g, thrice a day had a positive effect of the iron metabolism of the organism, this manifesting itself in an appreciable absorption of the element, an increased concentration of plasmatic iron, in the improvement of the morphological composition of the red blood, of the serum protein fractions and of the general condition of the sportswomen with simultaneously increased performance capacity.", "contents": "[Analysis of iron supply to the bodies of women skiers]. Observations made in 46 sportswomen-skiers and 16 women not engaged in sporting activities demonstrated that in the former the blood plasma iron content declines in the spring-summer and rises in the autumn-winter periods, with the greatest abundance of iron in food rations being noted in winter, and the lowest--in summer. From among food products in the Yaroslavl region most rich in iron are meat and bakery ones, while dairy products contain little of this elements. A regular intake of the iron-containing preparation ferrocal in amounts of 0.64 g, thrice a day had a positive effect of the iron metabolism of the organism, this manifesting itself in an appreciable absorption of the element, an increased concentration of plasmatic iron, in the improvement of the morphological composition of the red blood, of the serum protein fractions and of the general condition of the sportswomen with simultaneously increased performance capacity.", "PMID": 1025904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4061", "title": "[Hygienic support of parameters of the technological process of producing new canned children's and dietetic food].", "content": "Some technological methods employed in the production of new canned foods prepared with chicken meat and intended for 5-7 month old infants were investigated. Biological experiments established the limits for the thermal optimum of sterilization within the range of 125-130 degrees for the new canned goods of the type \"Kroshka\". Furthermore, the most marked loss of the proteinic value of the canned goods with the use of modified starches--the jellyfying potato and the corn phosphatethan by employing native starches as a structural stabilizer, was ascertained. The need for hygienic evaluation of the technological methods in developing new baby and dietic foods is stressed.", "contents": "[Hygienic support of parameters of the technological process of producing new canned children's and dietetic food]. Some technological methods employed in the production of new canned foods prepared with chicken meat and intended for 5-7 month old infants were investigated. Biological experiments established the limits for the thermal optimum of sterilization within the range of 125-130 degrees for the new canned goods of the type \"Kroshka\". Furthermore, the most marked loss of the proteinic value of the canned goods with the use of modified starches--the jellyfying potato and the corn phosphatethan by employing native starches as a structural stabilizer, was ascertained. The need for hygienic evaluation of the technological methods in developing new baby and dietic foods is stressed.", "PMID": 1025903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4062", "title": "[Detection of components of type D oncornavirus in the mitochondria of HEp-2 cells].", "content": "The HEp-2 cell mitochondria were found to harbor electronoptically dense subvirus particles with a byouant density of 1.27-1.28 g/cm3 which formed in the mitochondria de novo (experiments on incubation of isolated mitochondria with 32P). The intramitochondrial localization of proteins of oncornavirus type D was proven by different methods of the antigenic analysis (CFT, immune precipitation, autoradiography). The additional evidence of the participation of mitochondria in biosynthesis of this virus was obtained by the use of inhibitory tests (a different effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide). The possible role of mitochondria in biosynthesis of oncornaviruses is discussed.", "contents": "[Detection of components of type D oncornavirus in the mitochondria of HEp-2 cells]. The HEp-2 cell mitochondria were found to harbor electronoptically dense subvirus particles with a byouant density of 1.27-1.28 g/cm3 which formed in the mitochondria de novo (experiments on incubation of isolated mitochondria with 32P). The intramitochondrial localization of proteins of oncornavirus type D was proven by different methods of the antigenic analysis (CFT, immune precipitation, autoradiography). The additional evidence of the participation of mitochondria in biosynthesis of this virus was obtained by the use of inhibitory tests (a different effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide). The possible role of mitochondria in biosynthesis of oncornaviruses is discussed.", "PMID": 1025911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4063", "title": "[Manifestation of polylysogeny in Pseudomonas vignae].", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation and treatment with mitomycin C demonstrated that a culture of Ps. vignae, strain 1025, was polylysogenic, as electron microscopic preparations of phagolysates revealed two types of virus particles: \"large\" with a hexagonal head of 700 A in diameter, and \"small\" with a round head of 500 A in diameter. Subcultivation of the test and indicator cultures showed in both cases formation of particles of these phages, the content of \"small\" virions increasing with the number of passages of negative colonies. Attempts to separate these viruses biological methods were not successfull. The phenomenon of polylysogeny is unusual in that moderate phage adsorbed repeatedly on host bacteria culture and lysed it. The causes of the discovered phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Manifestation of polylysogeny in Pseudomonas vignae]. Ultraviolet irradiation and treatment with mitomycin C demonstrated that a culture of Ps. vignae, strain 1025, was polylysogenic, as electron microscopic preparations of phagolysates revealed two types of virus particles: \"large\" with a hexagonal head of 700 A in diameter, and \"small\" with a round head of 500 A in diameter. Subcultivation of the test and indicator cultures showed in both cases formation of particles of these phages, the content of \"small\" virions increasing with the number of passages of negative colonies. Attempts to separate these viruses biological methods were not successfull. The phenomenon of polylysogeny is unusual in that moderate phage adsorbed repeatedly on host bacteria culture and lysed it. The causes of the discovered phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 1025912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4064", "title": "[Teratogenic properties of freshly isolated strains of rubella virus in experiments on animals].", "content": "Teratogenic properties of rubella virus circulating in the Soviet Union were studied in animal experiments. After inoculation of the virus to white rats on the 5th day of pregnancy, an increased number of resorptions, a decrease in the number and weight of the embryos were observed. In some rats hydramnion was observed. The newborn rats of the infected mothers showed a higher lethality and some delay in weight gain as compared to the control animals, as well as hydrocephaly and microcephaly (2.2%). Persistence of rubella virus hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in many infected rats and their progeny was established. The results indicate that the national s-rains of rubella virus affect the course of pregnancy and development of progeny in white rats.", "contents": "[Teratogenic properties of freshly isolated strains of rubella virus in experiments on animals]. Teratogenic properties of rubella virus circulating in the Soviet Union were studied in animal experiments. After inoculation of the virus to white rats on the 5th day of pregnancy, an increased number of resorptions, a decrease in the number and weight of the embryos were observed. In some rats hydramnion was observed. The newborn rats of the infected mothers showed a higher lethality and some delay in weight gain as compared to the control animals, as well as hydrocephaly and microcephaly (2.2%). Persistence of rubella virus hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in many infected rats and their progeny was established. The results indicate that the national s-rains of rubella virus affect the course of pregnancy and development of progeny in white rats.", "PMID": 1025909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4065", "title": "[Strategy of persistence (facts, hypotheses)].", "content": "The universal phenomenon of virus persistence is considered to be a regular phenomenon primarily meeting the interests of the host. Examinations of 1112 patients with various diseases of the nervous system revealed a certain dependence of macroglobulin measles antibody upon the character of the disease and the intensity of demyelinization process. These data do not suggest the etiological role of the persisting measles virus in the genesis of multiple sclerosis and a large group of other nervous system diseases (SSPE). Similar results were obtained in analogous examinations of patients for macroglobulin mumps antibody. The results indicate the role of persisting viruses in the formation of solid specific immunity as well as their importance for nonspecific protection against other immunologically similar diseases. Virus persistence is considered to be a certain antiviral strategy of the body based on accumulation in the life course of a considerable number of persisting viruses on which both specific and nonspecific antiviral protection is founded. Congenital or acquired defects of immunity cause the development of the persisting infection and appearance of some chronic diseases of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Strategy of persistence (facts, hypotheses)]. The universal phenomenon of virus persistence is considered to be a regular phenomenon primarily meeting the interests of the host. Examinations of 1112 patients with various diseases of the nervous system revealed a certain dependence of macroglobulin measles antibody upon the character of the disease and the intensity of demyelinization process. These data do not suggest the etiological role of the persisting measles virus in the genesis of multiple sclerosis and a large group of other nervous system diseases (SSPE). Similar results were obtained in analogous examinations of patients for macroglobulin mumps antibody. The results indicate the role of persisting viruses in the formation of solid specific immunity as well as their importance for nonspecific protection against other immunologically similar diseases. Virus persistence is considered to be a certain antiviral strategy of the body based on accumulation in the life course of a considerable number of persisting viruses on which both specific and nonspecific antiviral protection is founded. Congenital or acquired defects of immunity cause the development of the persisting infection and appearance of some chronic diseases of the nervous system.", "PMID": 1025914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4066", "title": "[Verbal conditioning - analysis of a paradigm].", "content": "In this paper relevant empirical studies of verbal conditioning have been analysed - one of the first examples of the behavior theory of Skinner applied to behavior therapy. Next the verbal conditioning paradigm has been critically evaluated as to: - the formation of a theory, - its consequences to the use of psychological procedures, also in regard to the significance of verbal conditioning in therapy. In conclusion we outlined the advantage of a research strategy that with the aid of categorical observation techniques determines and predicts the transition frequency of verbalizations of the patients as a function of the therapists verbalizations.", "contents": "[Verbal conditioning - analysis of a paradigm]. In this paper relevant empirical studies of verbal conditioning have been analysed - one of the first examples of the behavior theory of Skinner applied to behavior therapy. Next the verbal conditioning paradigm has been critically evaluated as to: - the formation of a theory, - its consequences to the use of psychological procedures, also in regard to the significance of verbal conditioning in therapy. In conclusion we outlined the advantage of a research strategy that with the aid of categorical observation techniques determines and predicts the transition frequency of verbalizations of the patients as a function of the therapists verbalizations.", "PMID": 1025938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4067", "title": "[Narcissus - anthropological psychopathology of a communication disorder].", "content": "In an anthropological-phenomenological interpretation the authors demonstrate the multitude of determinants that constitute the myth of Narciss: the connection of rejection by the nymph \"Echo\", the further relation of rejection, suffering and the development of reflection, the relation between reflection - thinking - and death, that forms the nucleus of the myth.", "contents": "[Narcissus - anthropological psychopathology of a communication disorder]. In an anthropological-phenomenological interpretation the authors demonstrate the multitude of determinants that constitute the myth of Narciss: the connection of rejection by the nymph \"Echo\", the further relation of rejection, suffering and the development of reflection, the relation between reflection - thinking - and death, that forms the nucleus of the myth.", "PMID": 1025939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4068", "title": "Carbohydrates from hydrocarbons. II. Free and bound sugars from yeast cells grown on n-hexadecane.", "content": "Candida lipolytica (strain 10) was grown on an n-hexadecane medium with and without yeast extract. The harvested dry cells were weighed at various stages of growth. The free sugars from the cultures were obtained by Soxhlet extraction with 85% ethyl alcohol. Further qualitative and quantitative analyses of free monosaccharides in the concentrated alcoholic extracts were made by paper chromatography. Glucose was the only free monosaccharide that could be identified at various stages of growth. The chromatographic analysis of the acid-hydrolyzed yeast cells indicated the presence of glucose and mannose as dominant bound sugars; galactose and xylose were present in minor quantities. In the harvested dry cells from the yeast extract-containing medium, in general, greater amounts of bound sugars were present.", "contents": "Carbohydrates from hydrocarbons. II. Free and bound sugars from yeast cells grown on n-hexadecane. Candida lipolytica (strain 10) was grown on an n-hexadecane medium with and without yeast extract. The harvested dry cells were weighed at various stages of growth. The free sugars from the cultures were obtained by Soxhlet extraction with 85% ethyl alcohol. Further qualitative and quantitative analyses of free monosaccharides in the concentrated alcoholic extracts were made by paper chromatography. Glucose was the only free monosaccharide that could be identified at various stages of growth. The chromatographic analysis of the acid-hydrolyzed yeast cells indicated the presence of glucose and mannose as dominant bound sugars; galactose and xylose were present in minor quantities. In the harvested dry cells from the yeast extract-containing medium, in general, greater amounts of bound sugars were present.", "PMID": 1025983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4069", "title": "Formation of root hairs by the wheat Triticum Vulgare Host. Trichoblasts.", "content": "The process of root hair formation has been studied by light-, transmission-and scanning electron microscopy. In the course of root hair development a break of the outer cell wall is observed by electron microscopy. It apparently occurs after the break of the fibrillar layer. The break of the outer layer of the cell wall is assumed to represent the break of the outer mucilage, the cuticle and the adjoining amorphous matrix with irregularly oriented cellulose microfibrils. The scheme of successive ultrastructural changes in the outer cell wall pattern during root hair formation is presented.", "contents": "Formation of root hairs by the wheat Triticum Vulgare Host. Trichoblasts. The process of root hair formation has been studied by light-, transmission-and scanning electron microscopy. In the course of root hair development a break of the outer cell wall is observed by electron microscopy. It apparently occurs after the break of the fibrillar layer. The break of the outer layer of the cell wall is assumed to represent the break of the outer mucilage, the cuticle and the adjoining amorphous matrix with irregularly oriented cellulose microfibrils. The scheme of successive ultrastructural changes in the outer cell wall pattern during root hair formation is presented.", "PMID": 1025984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4070", "title": "[Fate of operated and conservatively treated coral calculus patients].", "content": "The data of 11 patients with coral calculus have been assessed from various aspects. Observations and results are described and conclusions drawn from statistical data are discussed with special emphasis on the importance of the treatment of calculi.", "contents": "[Fate of operated and conservatively treated coral calculus patients]. The data of 11 patients with coral calculus have been assessed from various aspects. Observations and results are described and conclusions drawn from statistical data are discussed with special emphasis on the importance of the treatment of calculi.", "PMID": 1025985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4071", "title": "[Auto-perfused multi-organ preparations. III. Interpretation of histologic changes in perfused organs].", "content": "The functional instability of \"multi-organ\" preparations has been studied by morphological and histochemical assessment of 46 autoperfused heart-lung-kidney-liver-duodenopancreas preparations. The organs of the autoperfused preparations were damaged to different degrees, but the damage was always a function of perfusion time (1 to 3 hours). The liver suffered the most serious lesions (stagnation, oedema, hepatocytolysis, hydropic degeneration) but lesions such as interstitial haemorrhage and oedema though in a milder form appeared also in the  kidney. The heart structure was comparatively well preserved.", "contents": "[Auto-perfused multi-organ preparations. III. Interpretation of histologic changes in perfused organs]. The functional instability of \"multi-organ\" preparations has been studied by morphological and histochemical assessment of 46 autoperfused heart-lung-kidney-liver-duodenopancreas preparations. The organs of the autoperfused preparations were damaged to different degrees, but the damage was always a function of perfusion time (1 to 3 hours). The liver suffered the most serious lesions (stagnation, oedema, hepatocytolysis, hydropic degeneration) but lesions such as interstitial haemorrhage and oedema though in a milder form appeared also in the  kidney. The heart structure was comparatively well preserved.", "PMID": 1025986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4072", "title": "Spinal bupivacain anaesthesia in traumatological surgery.", "content": "Two-hundred forty spinal cases of bupivacain anaesthesia are reported. One third of the patients was over 60 years of age and one quarter in a poor condition. No serious or lasting complications were observed. In the overwhelming majority anaesthesia during operation was satisfactory, thus the drug was found suitable for use in traumatological surgery. Due to its protracted effect, bupivacain ensures analgesia in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "Spinal bupivacain anaesthesia in traumatological surgery. Two-hundred forty spinal cases of bupivacain anaesthesia are reported. One third of the patients was over 60 years of age and one quarter in a poor condition. No serious or lasting complications were observed. In the overwhelming majority anaesthesia during operation was satisfactory, thus the drug was found suitable for use in traumatological surgery. Due to its protracted effect, bupivacain ensures analgesia in the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 1025987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4073", "title": "[Use of cryocoagulation in gynecology].", "content": "Cryocoagulation was performed in 101 cases, mainly when the lesions were on the surface of the vaginal portion or when endocervicitis resistant to conservative therapy was present. Healing was achieved in 95%, in 65% of the cases in 4 weeks, in 32% in 8 weeks. Cryocoagulation is painless and can be applied without anaesthesia even in out-patients. It is advisable to apply treatment a few days after the end of menstruation. No complications were observed. Pathologic lesions or extensive ruptures of the cervix are not suited for cryocoagulation and should be treated as before by surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Use of cryocoagulation in gynecology]. Cryocoagulation was performed in 101 cases, mainly when the lesions were on the surface of the vaginal portion or when endocervicitis resistant to conservative therapy was present. Healing was achieved in 95%, in 65% of the cases in 4 weeks, in 32% in 8 weeks. Cryocoagulation is painless and can be applied without anaesthesia even in out-patients. It is advisable to apply treatment a few days after the end of menstruation. No complications were observed. Pathologic lesions or extensive ruptures of the cervix are not suited for cryocoagulation and should be treated as before by surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1025988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4074", "title": "The Soichet intrauterine device in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions.", "content": "IUD in the shape of a \"Y\" was inserted following curettage to 32 patients suffering from missed abortion or post-partum hemorrhage for the prevention of intrauterine adhesion formation, and to 48 patients suffering from sterility as a result of intrauterine adhesions. The rate of adhesion formation or recurrence of adhesions after their removal by curettage was very low and dropped significantly compared to other IUD's.", "contents": "The Soichet intrauterine device in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions. IUD in the shape of a \"Y\" was inserted following curettage to 32 patients suffering from missed abortion or post-partum hemorrhage for the prevention of intrauterine adhesion formation, and to 48 patients suffering from sterility as a result of intrauterine adhesions. The rate of adhesion formation or recurrence of adhesions after their removal by curettage was very low and dropped significantly compared to other IUD's.", "PMID": 1025997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4075", "title": "Incomplete type I male pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "The observation of a case of male pseudohermaphroiditism offered the opportunity for an analytical review of this pathology. Clinical features and failure to respond to prolonged testosterone treatment allowed this case to be included in the group characterized by androgen resistance of which a recent classification distinguishes various types on the basis of phenotypic and hormonal features. Incomplete virilization of the external genitals and high testosterone and LH plasma levels were evidence in favour of the conclusion that the case should be classified as incomplete male type I pseudohermaphroditism.", "contents": "Incomplete type I male pseudohermaphroditism. The observation of a case of male pseudohermaphroiditism offered the opportunity for an analytical review of this pathology. Clinical features and failure to respond to prolonged testosterone treatment allowed this case to be included in the group characterized by androgen resistance of which a recent classification distinguishes various types on the basis of phenotypic and hormonal features. Incomplete virilization of the external genitals and high testosterone and LH plasma levels were evidence in favour of the conclusion that the case should be classified as incomplete male type I pseudohermaphroditism.", "PMID": 1025998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4076", "title": "The significance of the combined dexamethasone-HCG test for the assessment of hyperandrogenism.", "content": "The combined dexamethasone-HCG test was employed in 57 patients with excessive androgen secretion in order to differentiate the Stein-Leventhal syndrome from other disorders associated with increased androgen production. The patients were classified according to the test results. All except two of the patients gave a test result typical for the Stein-Leventhal syndrome.", "contents": "The significance of the combined dexamethasone-HCG test for the assessment of hyperandrogenism. The combined dexamethasone-HCG test was employed in 57 patients with excessive androgen secretion in order to differentiate the Stein-Leventhal syndrome from other disorders associated with increased androgen production. The patients were classified according to the test results. All except two of the patients gave a test result typical for the Stein-Leventhal syndrome.", "PMID": 1025999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4077", "title": "First oviduct transplants.", "content": "The first four cases of oviduct transplantation are described. In the first case, it consisted in the substitution of an oviduct that could not be recanalized after previous sterilization; two further patients had undergone salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy, and one had been salpingectiomized for salpingitis. Donor oviducts preserved in liquid nitrogen at--196 degrees C were used as grafts. Rejection was prevented by countersensitization according to Theurer, also a first instance of the use of this method to be recorded in the literature.", "contents": "First oviduct transplants. The first four cases of oviduct transplantation are described. In the first case, it consisted in the substitution of an oviduct that could not be recanalized after previous sterilization; two further patients had undergone salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy, and one had been salpingectiomized for salpingitis. Donor oviducts preserved in liquid nitrogen at--196 degrees C were used as grafts. Rejection was prevented by countersensitization according to Theurer, also a first instance of the use of this method to be recorded in the literature.", "PMID": 1026000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4078", "title": "True pubertas praecox in a girl; onset at nineteen months.", "content": "The authors report a case of true pubertas praecox in a girl with onset at 19 months; they describe the principal histopathologic, clinical and laboratory features and discuss problems of etiopathogenesis and differential diagnosis, as well as the prognosis and treatment of this disorder.", "contents": "True pubertas praecox in a girl; onset at nineteen months. The authors report a case of true pubertas praecox in a girl with onset at 19 months; they describe the principal histopathologic, clinical and laboratory features and discuss problems of etiopathogenesis and differential diagnosis, as well as the prognosis and treatment of this disorder.", "PMID": 1026001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4079", "title": "Preparation for surgery in cases of sterility.", "content": "The author illustrates various techniques to be applied in preparation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for sterility, such as perflation, hysterosalpingography, endometrial biopsy, culdoscopy and laparotomy.", "contents": "Preparation for surgery in cases of sterility. The author illustrates various techniques to be applied in preparation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for sterility, such as perflation, hysterosalpingography, endometrial biopsy, culdoscopy and laparotomy.", "PMID": 1026002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4080", "title": "The effect of denervation on carnitine metabolism in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "We investigated the effect of denervation upon the concentration of carnitine, the activity of carnitine palmityltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase in the \"red\" soleus and \"white\" extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat. Soon after denervation a marked drop in the amount of muscle carnitine was observed, that was more pronounced in the \"red\" soleus. The activity of both CPT and CAT decreased in both types of muscle, but CPT activity decreased to a greater extent in the soleus than in the EDL. These data may be indicative of a more impaired fat combustion in the \"red\" than in the \"white\" muscle following denervation.", "contents": "The effect of denervation on carnitine metabolism in rat skeletal muscle. We investigated the effect of denervation upon the concentration of carnitine, the activity of carnitine palmityltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase in the \"red\" soleus and \"white\" extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat. Soon after denervation a marked drop in the amount of muscle carnitine was observed, that was more pronounced in the \"red\" soleus. The activity of both CPT and CAT decreased in both types of muscle, but CPT activity decreased to a greater extent in the soleus than in the EDL. These data may be indicative of a more impaired fat combustion in the \"red\" than in the \"white\" muscle following denervation.", "PMID": 1026003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4081", "title": "Specificity of trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin towards neutral substrates.", "content": "Steady state kinetics of the hydrolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin of the ethyl esters of the N-acetyl derivatives of glycine, L-alanine, DL-2-aminobutyric acid, L-norvaline, L-valine, L-norleucine and L-leucine were studied at pH 6.6 and 25 degrees C. It is apparent from the second-order rate constants, kcat/Km, app, that there is a significant difference between the specificities of the two enzymes toward substrates with a long side chain, such as the derivatives of norvaline, norleucine and leucine. The carboxylate ion Asp-189 in the specificity pocket of trypsin seems to interfere with the productive binding of substrates containing apolar side chains longer than those of the derivatives of DL-2-aminobutyric acid or L-valine. The basic group of the specific substrates of trypsin, such as that of lysine and arginine derivatives, promotes the binding of the apolar side chain by neutralizing the negative carboxylate ion of Asp-189.", "contents": "Specificity of trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin towards neutral substrates. Steady state kinetics of the hydrolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin of the ethyl esters of the N-acetyl derivatives of glycine, L-alanine, DL-2-aminobutyric acid, L-norvaline, L-valine, L-norleucine and L-leucine were studied at pH 6.6 and 25 degrees C. It is apparent from the second-order rate constants, kcat/Km, app, that there is a significant difference between the specificities of the two enzymes toward substrates with a long side chain, such as the derivatives of norvaline, norleucine and leucine. The carboxylate ion Asp-189 in the specificity pocket of trypsin seems to interfere with the productive binding of substrates containing apolar side chains longer than those of the derivatives of DL-2-aminobutyric acid or L-valine. The basic group of the specific substrates of trypsin, such as that of lysine and arginine derivatives, promotes the binding of the apolar side chain by neutralizing the negative carboxylate ion of Asp-189.", "PMID": 1026004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4082", "title": "Effect of the interferon inducer tilorone in inbred CBA mice.", "content": "Tilorone hydrochloride (200 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically to inbred CBA mice. After 5, 18 and 48 hr the number of circulating leucocytes and peritoneal cells as well as the migration of unstimulated peritoneal cells, the blood corticosteroid level and interferon production were investigated. In spite of the considerable decrease of the number of mononuclear cells in the blood and polynuclear ones in the peritoneal exudate, the drug induced production of circulating interferon and stimulated its synthesis by peritoneal cells. The blood corticosteroid level and the mast cell count in the peritoneal cavity were significantly elevated, but the migration of peritoneal cells in antigen-free medium decreased.", "contents": "Effect of the interferon inducer tilorone in inbred CBA mice. Tilorone hydrochloride (200 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically to inbred CBA mice. After 5, 18 and 48 hr the number of circulating leucocytes and peritoneal cells as well as the migration of unstimulated peritoneal cells, the blood corticosteroid level and interferon production were investigated. In spite of the considerable decrease of the number of mononuclear cells in the blood and polynuclear ones in the peritoneal exudate, the drug induced production of circulating interferon and stimulated its synthesis by peritoneal cells. The blood corticosteroid level and the mast cell count in the peritoneal cavity were significantly elevated, but the migration of peritoneal cells in antigen-free medium decreased.", "PMID": 1026058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4083", "title": "Taxonomy of primycin producing actinomycetes. I. Description of the type strain of thermomonospora galeriensis.", "content": "Strain FBUA 1274 (=strain 28/650707, Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Institute of Public Health, Budapest) is designated the type strain of Thermonospora galeriensis (V\u00e1lyi-Nagy et al.) comb. nov., and the morphological characteristics of this strain are described.", "contents": "Taxonomy of primycin producing actinomycetes. I. Description of the type strain of thermomonospora galeriensis. Strain FBUA 1274 (=strain 28/650707, Hungarian National Collection of Medical Bacteria, National Institute of Public Health, Budapest) is designated the type strain of Thermonospora galeriensis (V\u00e1lyi-Nagy et al.) comb. nov., and the morphological characteristics of this strain are described.", "PMID": 1026059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4084", "title": "[Elements of a theory of psychiatric care].", "content": "According to traditional psychiatric care, hospitalisation is indicated as soon as a schizophrenic patient presents an acute episode. If one, on the contrary, tries to apply psychiatric crisis intervention in the home of the patient, it seems very useful, in order to make people aware of the family's dynamics, to observe the psychological transactions related to the medication.", "contents": "[Elements of a theory of psychiatric care]. According to traditional psychiatric care, hospitalisation is indicated as soon as a schizophrenic patient presents an acute episode. If one, on the contrary, tries to apply psychiatric crisis intervention in the home of the patient, it seems very useful, in order to make people aware of the family's dynamics, to observe the psychological transactions related to the medication.", "PMID": 1026057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4085", "title": "[Automatic ultramicrotechnic for the determination of plasma uric acid].", "content": "An automatic micromethod is described for the estimation of plasma uric acid. The hydrogen peroxide formed when uric acid is oxidised by uricase, condenses by oxidation two molecules of p-hydroxyphenil-acetic acid in the presence of peroxidase. The product formed (dicarboxymethyl-5,5' dihydroxy-2,2' biphenyl) is fluorescent. This method permits one to estimate quantitites of uric acid of the order of 1 microng and permits measurement of uric acid in 50 microll of plasma. The values obtained for human plasma are compared to those supplied by a reductrimetric technique (SMA 12-60).", "contents": "[Automatic ultramicrotechnic for the determination of plasma uric acid]. An automatic micromethod is described for the estimation of plasma uric acid. The hydrogen peroxide formed when uric acid is oxidised by uricase, condenses by oxidation two molecules of p-hydroxyphenil-acetic acid in the presence of peroxidase. The product formed (dicarboxymethyl-5,5' dihydroxy-2,2' biphenyl) is fluorescent. This method permits one to estimate quantitites of uric acid of the order of 1 microng and permits measurement of uric acid in 50 microll of plasma. The values obtained for human plasma are compared to those supplied by a reductrimetric technique (SMA 12-60).", "PMID": 1026125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4086", "title": "[Determination of colchicine in biological fluids].", "content": "The authors described a fluorimetric method of estimation of colchicine applicable to biological fluids, during treatment and, especially, during acute poisoning. Blood and urinary concentrations confirm the data in the literature.", "contents": "[Determination of colchicine in biological fluids]. The authors described a fluorimetric method of estimation of colchicine applicable to biological fluids, during treatment and, especially, during acute poisoning. Blood and urinary concentrations confirm the data in the literature.", "PMID": 1026126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4087", "title": "[Usual values of haptoglobin, protein-bound sialic acid and blood sedimentation in a population of the Cherbourg region].", "content": "The authors studied 3 parameters commonly used for the exploration of an inflammatory syndrome (determination of globular sedimentation rate at the first and second hour, concentration of plasma haptoglobin, sialic acid bound to plasma proteins rate). Haptoglobin and acid sialic assays were solely used in determining a control population (816 patients without any inflammatory reaction). As a matter of fact, the values we found complied with a normal distribution rule and confidence limits with a probability of 95% were obtained.", "contents": "[Usual values of haptoglobin, protein-bound sialic acid and blood sedimentation in a population of the Cherbourg region]. The authors studied 3 parameters commonly used for the exploration of an inflammatory syndrome (determination of globular sedimentation rate at the first and second hour, concentration of plasma haptoglobin, sialic acid bound to plasma proteins rate). Haptoglobin and acid sialic assays were solely used in determining a control population (816 patients without any inflammatory reaction). As a matter of fact, the values we found complied with a normal distribution rule and confidence limits with a probability of 95% were obtained.", "PMID": 1026127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4088", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say , 1818) (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Characterization and inheritance pattern.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria glabrata has been characterized by electrophoresis, kinetic properties and inheritance pattern. It exists as a single electrophoretic band with no polymorphism in the natural population studied during the present investigations. There are no organ-specific differences in electrophoretic pattern. The enzyme from the homogenates of various organs e.g., albumen gland, digestive gland, ovotestis and columellar muscle show similar physico-chemical parameters, such as optima for pH, NADP and glucose-6-phosphate. Incorporation of NADP is essential for maintaining the stability of the enzyme, failing which, there appear artifactual variations in electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme. The apparent lack of polymorphism in natural population of Biomphalaria glabrata has been discussed.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say , 1818) (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Characterization and inheritance pattern. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria glabrata has been characterized by electrophoresis, kinetic properties and inheritance pattern. It exists as a single electrophoretic band with no polymorphism in the natural population studied during the present investigations. There are no organ-specific differences in electrophoretic pattern. The enzyme from the homogenates of various organs e.g., albumen gland, digestive gland, ovotestis and columellar muscle show similar physico-chemical parameters, such as optima for pH, NADP and glucose-6-phosphate. Incorporation of NADP is essential for maintaining the stability of the enzyme, failing which, there appear artifactual variations in electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme. The apparent lack of polymorphism in natural population of Biomphalaria glabrata has been discussed.", "PMID": 1026128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4089", "title": "[Prejudices and psychiatry. Results of a survey among medical students].", "content": "The purpose of this survey was to know better the image of mental illness among the public. A 28 items questionnaire tried to summarize the main set-ideas usually held in this respect. It was submitted to a group of medical students. The answers obtained indicate quite clearly the force and continuity of some of these set-ideas: more complicated illness, often incurable, of which the number is constantly increasing; bad reputation of electrochocs. They also show an evolution of the state of minds concerning the differenciation of different types of illnesses, the alleged origins of mental illnesses and eventually the role and importance of psychotherapy in their treatment. Eventually a \"free-opinions\" section, underlined the common interest for the social condition of the mental patient, the responsibility of social factors in the genesis or the appearance of his troubles and above all for the \"character\" of psychiatrist. Conclusions drawn from this survey only have a relative value, but are encouraging enough to justify a larger and deeper one.", "contents": "[Prejudices and psychiatry. Results of a survey among medical students]. The purpose of this survey was to know better the image of mental illness among the public. A 28 items questionnaire tried to summarize the main set-ideas usually held in this respect. It was submitted to a group of medical students. The answers obtained indicate quite clearly the force and continuity of some of these set-ideas: more complicated illness, often incurable, of which the number is constantly increasing; bad reputation of electrochocs. They also show an evolution of the state of minds concerning the differenciation of different types of illnesses, the alleged origins of mental illnesses and eventually the role and importance of psychotherapy in their treatment. Eventually a \"free-opinions\" section, underlined the common interest for the social condition of the mental patient, the responsibility of social factors in the genesis or the appearance of his troubles and above all for the \"character\" of psychiatrist. Conclusions drawn from this survey only have a relative value, but are encouraging enough to justify a larger and deeper one.", "PMID": 1026132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4090", "title": "[Sacro-coccygeal dysplasia and megarrectum in children (author's transl)].", "content": "35 cases of megarrectum associated with lumbo-sacro-coccygeal dysplasis are reviewed. 32.7% of the dysplasia were sacral. Nine cases were ultrashort aganglionic segments. Symptoms were variable, of early onset (82.7% before one year) and mild (57.1% required medical advise after three). Medical management was useful in the non aganglionic group whereas it was ineffective in the aganglionic group. Sphincteric myotomy was the more common operation used. Physiopathology and modalities of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Sacro-coccygeal dysplasia and megarrectum in children (author's transl)]. 35 cases of megarrectum associated with lumbo-sacro-coccygeal dysplasis are reviewed. 32.7% of the dysplasia were sacral. Nine cases were ultrashort aganglionic segments. Symptoms were variable, of early onset (82.7% before one year) and mild (57.1% required medical advise after three). Medical management was useful in the non aganglionic group whereas it was ineffective in the aganglionic group. Sphincteric myotomy was the more common operation used. Physiopathology and modalities of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1026129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4091", "title": "[Gallstones in children. Report of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A 12 year old boy is presented with choleithiasis and cholecystitis diagnosed by oral cholecistogram and intravenous cholangiogram and managed surgically with a cholecystectomy. A review of 667 cases of cholelithiasis in children is presented from literature, since the first report of gallstones in 1737, until 1975. It is showed that childhood cholelithiasis is a uncommon disease, occurring in all ages but (commoner) in preadolescent and adolescent girls. Etiologic significance of obesity, family history of cholelithiasis, pregnancy and history of previous abdominal surgery is reported. Haemolytic disease is an underlying etiologic agent in less than 19% of 416 cases reviewed. A high percentage of gallstones were visible on plain films of the abdomen and oral cholecystograms were diagnostic of cholelithiasis or showed changes highly suggestive of gallstones in 86% of cases reviewed. In a child with abdominal pain of unknown etiology, it is imperative to exculade the possibility of gallstones, and plain films of the abdomen and oral cholecystography are the best investigative techniques to do this.", "contents": "[Gallstones in children. Report of one case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. A 12 year old boy is presented with choleithiasis and cholecystitis diagnosed by oral cholecistogram and intravenous cholangiogram and managed surgically with a cholecystectomy. A review of 667 cases of cholelithiasis in children is presented from literature, since the first report of gallstones in 1737, until 1975. It is showed that childhood cholelithiasis is a uncommon disease, occurring in all ages but (commoner) in preadolescent and adolescent girls. Etiologic significance of obesity, family history of cholelithiasis, pregnancy and history of previous abdominal surgery is reported. Haemolytic disease is an underlying etiologic agent in less than 19% of 416 cases reviewed. A high percentage of gallstones were visible on plain films of the abdomen and oral cholecystograms were diagnostic of cholelithiasis or showed changes highly suggestive of gallstones in 86% of cases reviewed. In a child with abdominal pain of unknown etiology, it is imperative to exculade the possibility of gallstones, and plain films of the abdomen and oral cholecystography are the best investigative techniques to do this.", "PMID": 1026130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4092", "title": "[Unilateral brain edema in a case of Reye's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Reye's syndrome is reported with peculiar characteristics of neurological focality and important cerebral edema of the opposite side. The present knowledge of genetic factors in the development of Reye's syndrome encephalopaty is briefly discussed and, also, the possible vascular role in this definite case.", "contents": "[Unilateral brain edema in a case of Reye's syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of Reye's syndrome is reported with peculiar characteristics of neurological focality and important cerebral edema of the opposite side. The present knowledge of genetic factors in the development of Reye's syndrome encephalopaty is briefly discussed and, also, the possible vascular role in this definite case.", "PMID": 1026131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4093", "title": "[Ether and penthrane on LH and prolactin (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of long-term anesthesia with methoxyflurane on plasma LH and prolactin concentrations were compared to those induced by exposure to ether. Methoxyflurane significantly decreased prolactin levels and had a slight effect of LH, whereas ether produced an important release of prolactin without affecting LH.", "contents": "[Ether and penthrane on LH and prolactin (author's transl)]. The effects of long-term anesthesia with methoxyflurane on plasma LH and prolactin concentrations were compared to those induced by exposure to ether. Methoxyflurane significantly decreased prolactin levels and had a slight effect of LH, whereas ether produced an important release of prolactin without affecting LH.", "PMID": 1026161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4094", "title": "[Cushing's disease successfully treated by transphenoidal hypophysectomy since eight years (author's transl) (proceedings)].", "content": "The authors show a case of true Cushing's disease by bilateral adrenal hyperplasia without pituitary tumor which is cured for eight years by only treated with transphenoidal hypophysectomy. They think that reaching by surgery, the nervous afferences from hypothalamus to hypophysis could play a part in ameliorating the pathologic relations which existed between two centers.", "contents": "[Cushing's disease successfully treated by transphenoidal hypophysectomy since eight years (author's transl) (proceedings)]. The authors show a case of true Cushing's disease by bilateral adrenal hyperplasia without pituitary tumor which is cured for eight years by only treated with transphenoidal hypophysectomy. They think that reaching by surgery, the nervous afferences from hypothalamus to hypophysis could play a part in ameliorating the pathologic relations which existed between two centers.", "PMID": 1026168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4095", "title": "Influence of embryonic and adult testis on the differentiation of embryonic ovary in the mouse.", "content": "The development of 11 1/2-13 1/2-day embryonic mouse ovaries subjected to the influence of adult and embryonic testes was investigated. The environment of adult testis caused severe restriction of ovarian growth, but did not produce any effects which might be considered as masculinization. The presence of embryonic testis was distinctly unfavourable to the embryonic ovary, resulting in restriction of the growth of the latter and degeneration of oocytes. Reversal of the course of differentiation of genetically female germ cells has never been observed.", "contents": "Influence of embryonic and adult testis on the differentiation of embryonic ovary in the mouse. The development of 11 1/2-13 1/2-day embryonic mouse ovaries subjected to the influence of adult and embryonic testes was investigated. The environment of adult testis caused severe restriction of ovarian growth, but did not produce any effects which might be considered as masculinization. The presence of embryonic testis was distinctly unfavourable to the embryonic ovary, resulting in restriction of the growth of the latter and degeneration of oocytes. Reversal of the course of differentiation of genetically female germ cells has never been observed.", "PMID": 1026196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4096", "title": "The replacement of serum by hormones in cell culture media.", "content": "The replacement of serum by hormones in cell culture media. (Reemplazo del suero por hormonas en el medio de cultivo de c\u00e9lulas). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 120-121, 1976. The serum used in cell culture media can be replaced by a mixture of hormones and some accesory blood factors. The pituitary cell line GH3 can be grown in a medium in which serum is replaced by triiodothyronine, transferrin, parathormone, tyrotrophin releasing hormone and somatomedins. Hela and BHK cell strains can also be grown in serum free medium supplemented with hormones. Each cell type appears to have different hormonal requirements yet it may found that some hormones are required for most cell types.", "contents": "The replacement of serum by hormones in cell culture media. The replacement of serum by hormones in cell culture media. (Reemplazo del suero por hormonas en el medio de cultivo de c\u00e9lulas). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 120-121, 1976. The serum used in cell culture media can be replaced by a mixture of hormones and some accesory blood factors. The pituitary cell line GH3 can be grown in a medium in which serum is replaced by triiodothyronine, transferrin, parathormone, tyrotrophin releasing hormone and somatomedins. Hela and BHK cell strains can also be grown in serum free medium supplemented with hormones. Each cell type appears to have different hormonal requirements yet it may found that some hormones are required for most cell types.", "PMID": 1026199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4097", "title": "Cell membrane and cell junctions in differentiation of preimplanted mouse embryos.", "content": "Cell membrane and cell junctions in differentiation of preimplanted mouse embryos, (membrana celular y uniones celulares en la diferenciaci\u00f3n del embri\u00f3n de rat\u00f3n antes de la implantaci\u00f3n). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 130-134, 1976. The development of cell junctions that seal the peripheral blastomeres could be a decisive step in the differentiation of morulae into blastocysts. The appearance of these junctions is studied by electron microscopy of late morulae and initial blastocysts. Zonulae occludentes as well as impermeability to lanthanum emulsion precedes the appearance of the blastocel and hence might be considered as one of its necessary causes.", "contents": "Cell membrane and cell junctions in differentiation of preimplanted mouse embryos. Cell membrane and cell junctions in differentiation of preimplanted mouse embryos, (membrana celular y uniones celulares en la diferenciaci\u00f3n del embri\u00f3n de rat\u00f3n antes de la implantaci\u00f3n). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 130-134, 1976. The development of cell junctions that seal the peripheral blastomeres could be a decisive step in the differentiation of morulae into blastocysts. The appearance of these junctions is studied by electron microscopy of late morulae and initial blastocysts. Zonulae occludentes as well as impermeability to lanthanum emulsion precedes the appearance of the blastocel and hence might be considered as one of its necessary causes.", "PMID": 1026200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4098", "title": "Hormone action on the cell nucleus: effect of erythropoietin and testosterone on bone marrow.", "content": "Experiments intended to correlate the biochemical action of erythropoietin and testosterone on marrow cells are presented. Both hormones seem to act at different cytological and biochemical levels. Erythropoietin triggers the erythropoietic phenomenon acting on the Erythropoietin-Sensitive Cells. Inducing the synthesis of a large size RNA, (85S) which after a ribonuclease-dependent processing mechanism generates the informational RNA (9S) required for hemoglobin synthesis. Testosterone acts directly on bone marrow (probably at the level of polychromatophylic erythroblasts) enhancing the synthesis of ribosomal RNA or its precursors and stimulates a nuclear ribonuclease which might represent a control mechanism on the processing of high molecular weight RNAs. It is postulated that erythropoietin and testosterone act synergistically to create the biochemical machinery for hemoglobin synthesis.", "contents": "Hormone action on the cell nucleus: effect of erythropoietin and testosterone on bone marrow. Experiments intended to correlate the biochemical action of erythropoietin and testosterone on marrow cells are presented. Both hormones seem to act at different cytological and biochemical levels. Erythropoietin triggers the erythropoietic phenomenon acting on the Erythropoietin-Sensitive Cells. Inducing the synthesis of a large size RNA, (85S) which after a ribonuclease-dependent processing mechanism generates the informational RNA (9S) required for hemoglobin synthesis. Testosterone acts directly on bone marrow (probably at the level of polychromatophylic erythroblasts) enhancing the synthesis of ribosomal RNA or its precursors and stimulates a nuclear ribonuclease which might represent a control mechanism on the processing of high molecular weight RNAs. It is postulated that erythropoietin and testosterone act synergistically to create the biochemical machinery for hemoglobin synthesis.", "PMID": 1026201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4099", "title": "[Method of x-ray osteophotometry of the lumbar region of the spinal column].", "content": "The content of mineral salts in all diseases of the skeleton has greater or less deviations from the norm. The change of the mineral content can be visually determined in routine roentgenograms when the deviation is not less than 20-30% from normal. This estimation has a great share of subjectivism. The optical density of the bone in roentgenogram objectively shows the content of calcium salts and its structure. Under study was the influence of soft tissues surrounding the lumbar part of the vertebral column upon the optical density index. Ten preparations of lumbar divisions by means of the aluminium wedge.", "contents": "[Method of x-ray osteophotometry of the lumbar region of the spinal column]. The content of mineral salts in all diseases of the skeleton has greater or less deviations from the norm. The change of the mineral content can be visually determined in routine roentgenograms when the deviation is not less than 20-30% from normal. This estimation has a great share of subjectivism. The optical density of the bone in roentgenogram objectively shows the content of calcium salts and its structure. Under study was the influence of soft tissues surrounding the lumbar part of the vertebral column upon the optical density index. Ten preparations of lumbar divisions by means of the aluminium wedge.", "PMID": 1026225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4100", "title": "[Transitional forms of the cervical and first ribs].", "content": "The upper ribs possessing the signs of both cervical and first ribs (such as the size, conjunction with the sternum, dilatation of the superior intercostal spaces, double width and others) are the intermediate forms. Small dimension fluorography of 400.000 humans with roentgenographical control has revealed 468 persons with transitional forms of cervical and first ribs (0,12%), i. e. one case per 800 humans at an average. Transitional forms of cervical and first ribs can be grouped as follows: asymmetry of clavicles, asymmetry of the upper ribs, close position of the upper ribs, double width of the first ribs, conjunction of the cervical and first ribs at the vertebrum.", "contents": "[Transitional forms of the cervical and first ribs]. The upper ribs possessing the signs of both cervical and first ribs (such as the size, conjunction with the sternum, dilatation of the superior intercostal spaces, double width and others) are the intermediate forms. Small dimension fluorography of 400.000 humans with roentgenographical control has revealed 468 persons with transitional forms of cervical and first ribs (0,12%), i. e. one case per 800 humans at an average. Transitional forms of cervical and first ribs can be grouped as follows: asymmetry of clavicles, asymmetry of the upper ribs, close position of the upper ribs, double width of the first ribs, conjunction of the cervical and first ribs at the vertebrum.", "PMID": 1026226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4101", "title": "[Morphometric study of the postnatal development of the human adrenal cortex].", "content": "Under study was the developmental dynamics of a number of morphometrical parameters of the adrenal cortex of man. The number of glandular cells in the organ was found to considerably decrease at late developmental periods, the size of nuclei in them diminished. These factors are considered to be responsible for the drop of functional activity of the adrenal cortex in elderly and senile age. The increase of the cell size during the growing of the organism is thought to be an important factor of the growth of the adrenal cortex of man.", "contents": "[Morphometric study of the postnatal development of the human adrenal cortex]. Under study was the developmental dynamics of a number of morphometrical parameters of the adrenal cortex of man. The number of glandular cells in the organ was found to considerably decrease at late developmental periods, the size of nuclei in them diminished. These factors are considered to be responsible for the drop of functional activity of the adrenal cortex in elderly and senile age. The increase of the cell size during the growing of the organism is thought to be an important factor of the growth of the adrenal cortex of man.", "PMID": 1026227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4102", "title": "[State of Dogiel type II neurons in the wall of the cat small intestine following a single exposure to gravitational stress].", "content": "Under study was the nervous apparatus of the small intestine in 22 cats subjected to a single gravitation stress by rotation in a centrifuge of 1,5 m radius. The stress was equal to 10 units, duration from 2,5 to 3,5 min., and was of head-pelvis direction. The material was treated after Nissl and Gomori in Chilingarian's modification. Within 1-3 days after exposure to gravitation stresses in the Auerbach plexus there appeared changes in the shape of the body of the type II Dogiel cells, such as pericellular oedema, vacuoles in the cytoplasm, chromatolysis and varicous thickenings of nerve fibres. Terminal structures of the dendrites of the type II Dogiel cells are thickened. The changes are most pronounced within the 4th-7th days after exposure to gravitation and are observed as late as the 14th day, being sharply diminished by the 30th day.", "contents": "[State of Dogiel type II neurons in the wall of the cat small intestine following a single exposure to gravitational stress]. Under study was the nervous apparatus of the small intestine in 22 cats subjected to a single gravitation stress by rotation in a centrifuge of 1,5 m radius. The stress was equal to 10 units, duration from 2,5 to 3,5 min., and was of head-pelvis direction. The material was treated after Nissl and Gomori in Chilingarian's modification. Within 1-3 days after exposure to gravitation stresses in the Auerbach plexus there appeared changes in the shape of the body of the type II Dogiel cells, such as pericellular oedema, vacuoles in the cytoplasm, chromatolysis and varicous thickenings of nerve fibres. Terminal structures of the dendrites of the type II Dogiel cells are thickened. The changes are most pronounced within the 4th-7th days after exposure to gravitation and are observed as late as the 14th day, being sharply diminished by the 30th day.", "PMID": 1026228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4103", "title": "[New methods of x-ray anatomic study (on the 80th anniversary of x-ray anatomy)].", "content": "Eighty years have passed since 1896 when Tonkov first used X-rays in anatomy in our country. The first Roentgenological Institute was organized in the USSR in Leningrad in 1918 with the first roentgenanatomical laboratory in it. This laboratory has first developed methods of the roentgen-anatomical investigation of the vascular system such as roentgenarteriography (A. S. Zolotukhin), roentgenlymphography, tomography, microroentgenography, bukkigraphy and others (M.G. Prives and others). The article presents a review of the newest methods of roentgenanatomical investigations: roentgenography with direct magnification of the picture, roentgenography of soft tissues, electro-roentgenography, panthomography, coloured roentgenography, different kinds of artificial contrasting-pneumography of different kinds, partenography, roentgenostereography, newest kinds of arteriography, phlebography, portohepatography, lymphography, pharmaco-angiography, roentgenokinography and teleroentgenkinography.", "contents": "[New methods of x-ray anatomic study (on the 80th anniversary of x-ray anatomy)]. Eighty years have passed since 1896 when Tonkov first used X-rays in anatomy in our country. The first Roentgenological Institute was organized in the USSR in Leningrad in 1918 with the first roentgenanatomical laboratory in it. This laboratory has first developed methods of the roentgen-anatomical investigation of the vascular system such as roentgenarteriography (A. S. Zolotukhin), roentgenlymphography, tomography, microroentgenography, bukkigraphy and others (M.G. Prives and others). The article presents a review of the newest methods of roentgenanatomical investigations: roentgenography with direct magnification of the picture, roentgenography of soft tissues, electro-roentgenography, panthomography, coloured roentgenography, different kinds of artificial contrasting-pneumography of different kinds, partenography, roentgenostereography, newest kinds of arteriography, phlebography, portohepatography, lymphography, pharmaco-angiography, roentgenokinography and teleroentgenkinography.", "PMID": 1026229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4104", "title": "[New growth of interneuronal connections in the neocortex of adult rats under conditions of secondary epileptogenesis].", "content": "The synaptic organization of the parietal cortex in the zone of a chronic mirror epileptic focus was studied in rats electron microscopically. The synaptoarchitectonics was found to change as compared with control material in the mirror focus. Part of synapses were reduced due to degeneration of interhemisphere fibres. The amount of fine preterminal axons and axo-axonal contacts increased, the organization of complex synaptic conjunction grew more complicated. These data suggest possible newformation of interneuronal connections under the influence of an intensive stream of impulses from the primary focus.", "contents": "[New growth of interneuronal connections in the neocortex of adult rats under conditions of secondary epileptogenesis]. The synaptic organization of the parietal cortex in the zone of a chronic mirror epileptic focus was studied in rats electron microscopically. The synaptoarchitectonics was found to change as compared with control material in the mirror focus. Part of synapses were reduced due to degeneration of interhemisphere fibres. The amount of fine preterminal axons and axo-axonal contacts increased, the organization of complex synaptic conjunction grew more complicated. These data suggest possible newformation of interneuronal connections under the influence of an intensive stream of impulses from the primary focus.", "PMID": 1026230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4105", "title": "[Direct action of angiotensin II on the central neurons].", "content": "Reactions of the nervous cells in the somatosensory and visual regions of the brain cortex and the frontal hypothalamus in rabbits, as well as of the isolated nervous peripharyngeal ring of the Helix pomatia to the microionophoretic application of angiotensin II (A-II) was studied. Reactions of the neurons in the rabbit brain to A-II displayed an increase in the spike frequency depending on the quantity of the agent applied. Reactions of the frontal hypothalamus neurons showed a lower threshold than those of the brain cortex. A-II application to the some of the recorded cells of the mollusc evoked a marked reversible decrease in the membrane potential; as to the membrane resistance--it diminished 2--4 fold. These experimental data pointed to the direct A-II effect on the central neurons.", "contents": "[Direct action of angiotensin II on the central neurons]. Reactions of the nervous cells in the somatosensory and visual regions of the brain cortex and the frontal hypothalamus in rabbits, as well as of the isolated nervous peripharyngeal ring of the Helix pomatia to the microionophoretic application of angiotensin II (A-II) was studied. Reactions of the neurons in the rabbit brain to A-II displayed an increase in the spike frequency depending on the quantity of the agent applied. Reactions of the frontal hypothalamus neurons showed a lower threshold than those of the brain cortex. A-II application to the some of the recorded cells of the mollusc evoked a marked reversible decrease in the membrane potential; as to the membrane resistance--it diminished 2--4 fold. These experimental data pointed to the direct A-II effect on the central neurons.", "PMID": 1026279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4106", "title": "[Effect of adaptation to altitude hypoxia in early ontogeny on the indices of higher nervous activity].", "content": "Newborn male and female Wistar rats were adapted to hypoxia in a pressure chamber. Adaptation was started from the \"altitude\" of 1000 m, 1 hour daily, and then the time and the intensity of hypoxic actions were gradually increased: beginning from the 17th day the animals were subjected to adaptation to the \"altitude\" of 5000 m, for 5 hours, 5 days a week. The defence conditioned reflex of active avoidance was provoked in the animals after 2-month adaptation. A tendency to a more rapid elaboration of the reflex and a markedly enhanced degree of its retention in comparison with control was revealed in the adapted males. No significant changes in the elaboration and rentention of the reflex were found in the female animals adapted to hypoxia under analogous conditions.", "contents": "[Effect of adaptation to altitude hypoxia in early ontogeny on the indices of higher nervous activity]. Newborn male and female Wistar rats were adapted to hypoxia in a pressure chamber. Adaptation was started from the \"altitude\" of 1000 m, 1 hour daily, and then the time and the intensity of hypoxic actions were gradually increased: beginning from the 17th day the animals were subjected to adaptation to the \"altitude\" of 5000 m, for 5 hours, 5 days a week. The defence conditioned reflex of active avoidance was provoked in the animals after 2-month adaptation. A tendency to a more rapid elaboration of the reflex and a markedly enhanced degree of its retention in comparison with control was revealed in the adapted males. No significant changes in the elaboration and rentention of the reflex were found in the female animals adapted to hypoxia under analogous conditions.", "PMID": 1026280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4107", "title": "[Thalamic inhibition of locomotion evoked by stimulation of the midbrain].", "content": "In the lightly anesthetized cat with an intact brain stimulation of the thalamic region with Horsley-Clarke cooordinates of its center A7 L2 H2 could suppress the locomotion elicited by stimulation of the subthalamic or midbrain \"locomotor region\".", "contents": "[Thalamic inhibition of locomotion evoked by stimulation of the midbrain]. In the lightly anesthetized cat with an intact brain stimulation of the thalamic region with Horsley-Clarke cooordinates of its center A7 L2 H2 could suppress the locomotion elicited by stimulation of the subthalamic or midbrain \"locomotor region\".", "PMID": 1026281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4108", "title": "[Change in the evoked potentials of the brain exposed to a constant magnetic field].", "content": "The influence of the constant magnetic field (CMF) upon the cerebral and cerebellar cortex potentials evoked by the sciatic stimulation was studied in rats. During the exposure to the  CMF there occurred an increase of the evoked potentials in amplitude and the appearance of additional waves in their structure. The effect was enhanced with increase in the intensity of magnetic field within the range of 500-4000 oe.", "contents": "[Change in the evoked potentials of the brain exposed to a constant magnetic field]. The influence of the constant magnetic field (CMF) upon the cerebral and cerebellar cortex potentials evoked by the sciatic stimulation was studied in rats. During the exposure to the  CMF there occurred an increase of the evoked potentials in amplitude and the appearance of additional waves in their structure. The effect was enhanced with increase in the intensity of magnetic field within the range of 500-4000 oe.", "PMID": 1026282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4109", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of the sympathetic nerves on kidney function].", "content": "The inhibitory action of the adrenergic fibers of the splanchnic nerve on the speed of diuresis, filtration, maximum secretion, potassium excretion in the kidney disappeared at the side of the stimulation and blood flow in both kidneys in dogs given high reserpine doses. The animals developed hyponatriemia, hyperkaliemia and oliguria.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of the sympathetic nerves on kidney function]. The inhibitory action of the adrenergic fibers of the splanchnic nerve on the speed of diuresis, filtration, maximum secretion, potassium excretion in the kidney disappeared at the side of the stimulation and blood flow in both kidneys in dogs given high reserpine doses. The animals developed hyponatriemia, hyperkaliemia and oliguria.", "PMID": 1026283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4110", "title": "[Characteristics of the functional properties of the spinal cord motoneurons of old rats].", "content": "The mean membrane potential (MP) of old rats did not differ significantly from that in young mature rats ((58.4 +/- +/-1,4 mV and 56.6 +/- 1.26 mV, respectively). At the same time the frequency of detection of motor neurons with the MP OF 70 mV and more fell by 18.6%, and with the MP of 50-59 mV -increased by 14.2% in the old, in comparison with the young animals. The direct excitability threshold in old rats decreased (3.0 +/- 3-10(-9) in young mature and 2.0 +/- 0.2-10(-9) a in old rats; P  less than 0.02). The number of discharges per 50 msec of the neuron poliarization reached 4-5, constituting 80-100 pulse/min. When determined by the first two intervals the action potential frequency reached 125 pulse/sec, and in the young mature rats--over 300 pulse/sec. The duration of antidromic spikes was increased (1.02 +/- 0.09 msec in young mature animals and 1.65 +/- 0.14 msec in the old animals; P less than 0.001). The antidromic spikes of the neurons in old mature rats, as a rule, had no delayed depolarization.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the functional properties of the spinal cord motoneurons of old rats]. The mean membrane potential (MP) of old rats did not differ significantly from that in young mature rats ((58.4 +/- +/-1,4 mV and 56.6 +/- 1.26 mV, respectively). At the same time the frequency of detection of motor neurons with the MP OF 70 mV and more fell by 18.6%, and with the MP of 50-59 mV -increased by 14.2% in the old, in comparison with the young animals. The direct excitability threshold in old rats decreased (3.0 +/- 3-10(-9) in young mature and 2.0 +/- 0.2-10(-9) a in old rats; P  less than 0.02). The number of discharges per 50 msec of the neuron poliarization reached 4-5, constituting 80-100 pulse/min. When determined by the first two intervals the action potential frequency reached 125 pulse/sec, and in the young mature rats--over 300 pulse/sec. The duration of antidromic spikes was increased (1.02 +/- 0.09 msec in young mature animals and 1.65 +/- 0.14 msec in the old animals; P less than 0.001). The antidromic spikes of the neurons in old mature rats, as a rule, had no delayed depolarization.", "PMID": 1026284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4111", "title": "[Synaptic potentials in smooth muscle cells].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on smooth muscle cells (SMC) of rat and rabbit anococcygeus by the method of a double \"sugar bridge\" in the presence of tetraethylammonium (1 mM/1) in the Krebs solution. Stimulation of the muscle strip by the electric current rectangular pulse of the maximal value and of short duration caused the development of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EP SP) in the rat and rabbit SMC, and of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the rabbit SMC. The value of postsynaptic potentials displayed a linear dependence on the level of the membrane potential. Elimination of chlorine ions from the external solution decreased the EP SP of the SMC of rabbit anococcygeus and shifted the reversion potential in the direction of sodium balance potential. Apparently generation of the EP SP of the SMC of rabbit anococcygeus was associated with the increased permeability of the membrane both for sodium and for chlorine ions.", "contents": "[Synaptic potentials in smooth muscle cells]. Investigations were carried out on smooth muscle cells (SMC) of rat and rabbit anococcygeus by the method of a double \"sugar bridge\" in the presence of tetraethylammonium (1 mM/1) in the Krebs solution. Stimulation of the muscle strip by the electric current rectangular pulse of the maximal value and of short duration caused the development of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EP SP) in the rat and rabbit SMC, and of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the rabbit SMC. The value of postsynaptic potentials displayed a linear dependence on the level of the membrane potential. Elimination of chlorine ions from the external solution decreased the EP SP of the SMC of rabbit anococcygeus and shifted the reversion potential in the direction of sodium balance potential. Apparently generation of the EP SP of the SMC of rabbit anococcygeus was associated with the increased permeability of the membrane both for sodium and for chlorine ions.", "PMID": 1026285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4112", "title": "[2 phase of the working hyperemia of skeletal muscle].", "content": "The dynamics of the working hyperemia of cat m. gastrocnemius was studied by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter. Two phases could be distinguished in the increase in the rate of circulation. There proved to be a rapid increase of the blood flow during the I phase, and an abrupt reduction of this process during the II phase. The duration of the I phase failed to depend on the frequency of stimulation and on the number of the contracting motor units. The II phase was absent when the number of the contracting motor units was few or the frequency of stimulation was low. It is suggested that the dilatation of the precapillary arterioles is responsible for the I phase of the working hyperemia and the II phase is connected with the dilatation of the larger arteries.", "contents": "[2 phase of the working hyperemia of skeletal muscle]. The dynamics of the working hyperemia of cat m. gastrocnemius was studied by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter. Two phases could be distinguished in the increase in the rate of circulation. There proved to be a rapid increase of the blood flow during the I phase, and an abrupt reduction of this process during the II phase. The duration of the I phase failed to depend on the frequency of stimulation and on the number of the contracting motor units. The II phase was absent when the number of the contracting motor units was few or the frequency of stimulation was low. It is suggested that the dilatation of the precapillary arterioles is responsible for the I phase of the working hyperemia and the II phase is connected with the dilatation of the larger arteries.", "PMID": 1026286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4113", "title": "[Effect of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution on dye distribution in the organs and lymph of the thoracic duct].", "content": "The distribution of trephan blue in different organs and tissues and in the lymph was studied in acute experiments  on 84 dogs after the infusion of 5% NaCl solution (0.5 mg/kg). The rise of the stain concentration in the intact dogs was the greatest in the liver, the kidney and the intestine. The osmotic shift caused by the intravenous infusion of the hypertonic NaCl solution increased the blood plasma hyaluronidase activity, reduced the maximal accumulation time of the stain in the tissues and led to a 1.5-2 fold elevation in the stain concentration in the organs.", "contents": "[Effect of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution on dye distribution in the organs and lymph of the thoracic duct]. The distribution of trephan blue in different organs and tissues and in the lymph was studied in acute experiments  on 84 dogs after the infusion of 5% NaCl solution (0.5 mg/kg). The rise of the stain concentration in the intact dogs was the greatest in the liver, the kidney and the intestine. The osmotic shift caused by the intravenous infusion of the hypertonic NaCl solution increased the blood plasma hyaluronidase activity, reduced the maximal accumulation time of the stain in the tissues and led to a 1.5-2 fold elevation in the stain concentration in the organs.", "PMID": 1026287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4114", "title": "[Characteristics of the function of the higher portions of the central nervous system of rats subjected to acute hypoxia in the antenatal period].", "content": "A reduction of motor activity, and of the orientative reflex, its more rapid extinction in comparison with control were seen in the sexually mature rats which sustained acute hypoxia during the antenatal period. The experimental animals displayed disturbances of the conditioned reflex activity indicating a worse fixation of the temporary association, weakening of the inhibitory process and reduction of the nervous process mobility. Epileptiform convulsions occurred in presentation of \"difficult\" experimental tasks. There was also noted an increase in convulsioness after the administration of threshold doses of carasol.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the function of the higher portions of the central nervous system of rats subjected to acute hypoxia in the antenatal period]. A reduction of motor activity, and of the orientative reflex, its more rapid extinction in comparison with control were seen in the sexually mature rats which sustained acute hypoxia during the antenatal period. The experimental animals displayed disturbances of the conditioned reflex activity indicating a worse fixation of the temporary association, weakening of the inhibitory process and reduction of the nervous process mobility. Epileptiform convulsions occurred in presentation of \"difficult\" experimental tasks. There was also noted an increase in convulsioness after the administration of threshold doses of carasol.", "PMID": 1026288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4115", "title": "[Dynamics of the dendrite and transcallosum potentials in the cerebral cortex in overheating].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on awake rabbits placed in a thermochamber at the temperature of 45 degrees C. The dendrite and the transcallosum potentials were examined in dynamics of the hyperthermia and after the restoration of the thermal homeostasis. The influence of high temperature was accompanied by an expressed inhibition of the amplitude of the dendrite potential, although to a lesser degree than of the transcallosum response. The data obtained could testify to a direct inhibitory thermal effect on the neuron elements of various layers of the cortex. Restoration of the cortical neuron function after the high degree hyperthermia occurred twenty-four hours after the body normothermia was reached.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the dendrite and transcallosum potentials in the cerebral cortex in overheating]. Experiments were conducted on awake rabbits placed in a thermochamber at the temperature of 45 degrees C. The dendrite and the transcallosum potentials were examined in dynamics of the hyperthermia and after the restoration of the thermal homeostasis. The influence of high temperature was accompanied by an expressed inhibition of the amplitude of the dendrite potential, although to a lesser degree than of the transcallosum response. The data obtained could testify to a direct inhibitory thermal effect on the neuron elements of various layers of the cortex. Restoration of the cortical neuron function after the high degree hyperthermia occurred twenty-four hours after the body normothermia was reached.", "PMID": 1026289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4116", "title": "[Posthypoxic changes in the cerebral cortex of dogs in the late recovery period after 4-hour hypovolemic hypotension].", "content": "On the 14th-21st day of the restorative period after four-hour hypovolemic hypotension the level of total RNA decreased in the tissue of the gray matter of the brain by 20.9%, and of DNA-by 13%. In the postmitochondrial supernatant the concentration of prealbumins was reduced by 26.5%, alpha-globulins--19.2%, gamma-globulins--by 59.8%; the concentration of albumins and beta-globulins was increased by 12.6% and 50.0%, respectively. The activity of acid cathepsins  rose by 50%, and of acid phosphatase--by 44%. The activity of total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic dehydrogenase failed to differ essentially from the control level. However, LDH isoenzyme spectrum changes towards the reduction of LDH3+4+5 from 31.9 to 14.2%. Analysis of densitograms of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed physico-chemical changes in the protein molecules similar in nature to the denaturation phenomenon. The Purkinje's cell count decreased in the cerebellum by 41.3% in comparison with control.", "contents": "[Posthypoxic changes in the cerebral cortex of dogs in the late recovery period after 4-hour hypovolemic hypotension]. On the 14th-21st day of the restorative period after four-hour hypovolemic hypotension the level of total RNA decreased in the tissue of the gray matter of the brain by 20.9%, and of DNA-by 13%. In the postmitochondrial supernatant the concentration of prealbumins was reduced by 26.5%, alpha-globulins--19.2%, gamma-globulins--by 59.8%; the concentration of albumins and beta-globulins was increased by 12.6% and 50.0%, respectively. The activity of acid cathepsins  rose by 50%, and of acid phosphatase--by 44%. The activity of total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic dehydrogenase failed to differ essentially from the control level. However, LDH isoenzyme spectrum changes towards the reduction of LDH3+4+5 from 31.9 to 14.2%. Analysis of densitograms of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed physico-chemical changes in the protein molecules similar in nature to the denaturation phenomenon. The Purkinje's cell count decreased in the cerebellum by 41.3% in comparison with control.", "PMID": 1026290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4117", "title": "[Thrombolytic activity of terrilytin and its effect on the coagulating system of the blood].", "content": "The preliminary incubation of fibrinogen with terrilytin in vitro delayed the formation of the clot and accelerated the subsequent lysis. Terrylitin (in vitro) prolonged the recalcification time, lowered the thromboplastic  activity and that of fibrinase, and also enhanced the fibrinolytic activity of the blood plasma. In experiments on dogs roentgenovasography revealed a considerable thrombolytic activity of terrilytin following its intravenous infusion to the animals with experimental thrombosis of the femoral veins.", "contents": "[Thrombolytic activity of terrilytin and its effect on the coagulating system of the blood]. The preliminary incubation of fibrinogen with terrilytin in vitro delayed the formation of the clot and accelerated the subsequent lysis. Terrylitin (in vitro) prolonged the recalcification time, lowered the thromboplastic  activity and that of fibrinase, and also enhanced the fibrinolytic activity of the blood plasma. In experiments on dogs roentgenovasography revealed a considerable thrombolytic activity of terrilytin following its intravenous infusion to the animals with experimental thrombosis of the femoral veins.", "PMID": 1026291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4118", "title": "[Changes in the stages of nocturnal sleep in man with a lesion of the hypothalamus-brain stem structures].", "content": "Polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep in 18 patients with affection of the hypothalamo-mesencephalic structures showed a reduction of the duration of the II stage and a prolongation of the III and IV stages of slow sleep in comparison with the corresponding indices in the patients with involvement of the ponto-bulbar structures (9) and in healthy persons (8) of control group. Analysis of the qualitative indices of the EEG of slow sleep (a relative amount of the sleep spindles per 1 min of the II stage, delta-index and the  delta-wave amplitude at the II and the IV stages) demonstrated a tendency to their increase in the patients with affection of the hypothalamo-mesencephalic structures. Patients of this group showed a decreased frequency of spontaneous changes of sleep from deeper to more superficial stages.", "contents": "[Changes in the stages of nocturnal sleep in man with a lesion of the hypothalamus-brain stem structures]. Polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep in 18 patients with affection of the hypothalamo-mesencephalic structures showed a reduction of the duration of the II stage and a prolongation of the III and IV stages of slow sleep in comparison with the corresponding indices in the patients with involvement of the ponto-bulbar structures (9) and in healthy persons (8) of control group. Analysis of the qualitative indices of the EEG of slow sleep (a relative amount of the sleep spindles per 1 min of the II stage, delta-index and the  delta-wave amplitude at the II and the IV stages) demonstrated a tendency to their increase in the patients with affection of the hypothalamo-mesencephalic structures. Patients of this group showed a decreased frequency of spontaneous changes of sleep from deeper to more superficial stages.", "PMID": 1026292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4119", "title": "[Action of KCN on intact and refractory thrombocytes].", "content": "The effect of low KCN concentrations (5-10(4) M) on the ADP-induced aggregation of intact and refractory rabbit platelets was studied. KCN did not change the aggregation of the intact platelets, but stimulated that of the refractory platelets. The effect of the inhibitor stimulating the aggregation was not connected with the release of additional amounts of ADP. A different sensitivity of the aggregation capacity of the intact and refractory cells to the partial inhibition of metabolism was discussed in terms of the suggested earlier \"calcium\" model of autoregulation of platelet aggregation.", "contents": "[Action of KCN on intact and refractory thrombocytes]. The effect of low KCN concentrations (5-10(4) M) on the ADP-induced aggregation of intact and refractory rabbit platelets was studied. KCN did not change the aggregation of the intact platelets, but stimulated that of the refractory platelets. The effect of the inhibitor stimulating the aggregation was not connected with the release of additional amounts of ADP. A different sensitivity of the aggregation capacity of the intact and refractory cells to the partial inhibition of metabolism was discussed in terms of the suggested earlier \"calcium\" model of autoregulation of platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 1026293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4120", "title": "[Interaction of reversible inhibitors with the catalytic centers and allosteric sites of cholinesterases].", "content": "The kinetics of inhibition of the human red blood cell cholinesterase with galanthamine tacrine and oxazyl (ambenonium) and the effect of these drugs on chick, mouse, cat and rat blood plasma enzyme activity was studied. Galanthamine proved to bind with acetylcholinesterase in the anionic areas of the catalytic centres, oxazyl interacted in the area of the allosteric anionic site, and tacrin interacted with the hydrophobic areas of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Interaction of reversible inhibitors with the catalytic centers and allosteric sites of cholinesterases]. The kinetics of inhibition of the human red blood cell cholinesterase with galanthamine tacrine and oxazyl (ambenonium) and the effect of these drugs on chick, mouse, cat and rat blood plasma enzyme activity was studied. Galanthamine proved to bind with acetylcholinesterase in the anionic areas of the catalytic centres, oxazyl interacted in the area of the allosteric anionic site, and tacrin interacted with the hydrophobic areas of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1026294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4121", "title": "[Accelerin (factor V), the catobolic product of fibrinogen ].", "content": "The authors describe a method of obtaining a highly active and well purified human Ac-globulin (factor Y) preparation. Factor Y proved to be a part of the fibrinogen molecule--its intermediate transformation product under the effect of thrombin or some other enzyme analogous by its action.", "contents": "[Accelerin (factor V), the catobolic product of fibrinogen ]. The authors describe a method of obtaining a highly active and well purified human Ac-globulin (factor Y) preparation. Factor Y proved to be a part of the fibrinogen molecule--its intermediate transformation product under the effect of thrombin or some other enzyme analogous by its action.", "PMID": 1026295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4122", "title": "[Effect of exogenous DNA on the content and biosynthesis of endogenous DNA in rat bone marrow].", "content": "The influence of exogenous DNA on the content of endogenous DNA and the rate of biosynthesis was studied in rat bone marrow. After the injection of highly-polymerized homologous DNA to intact rats the content of rat DNA per 1 gm of the bone marrow decreased within the first 3 days (the most marked fall occurred in 3 days--by 36%), and returned to the normal by the 6th day. The rate of DNA biosynthesis in rat bone marrow increased in 18 hours (doublled in comparison with control), remained elevated within 6 days (by 58%) and approached the normal level from 1 to 3 days after the DNA injection.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous DNA on the content and biosynthesis of endogenous DNA in rat bone marrow]. The influence of exogenous DNA on the content of endogenous DNA and the rate of biosynthesis was studied in rat bone marrow. After the injection of highly-polymerized homologous DNA to intact rats the content of rat DNA per 1 gm of the bone marrow decreased within the first 3 days (the most marked fall occurred in 3 days--by 36%), and returned to the normal by the 6th day. The rate of DNA biosynthesis in rat bone marrow increased in 18 hours (doublled in comparison with control), remained elevated within 6 days (by 58%) and approached the normal level from 1 to 3 days after the DNA injection.", "PMID": 1026296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4123", "title": "[Study of rat erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity during a toxic regimen of interrupted hyperbaric oxygenation].", "content": "Development of toxic manifestations in rats under conditions of hyperoxia was accompanied by a significant lowering of the rat erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. The incubation of control rats hemolysate with hydrogen peroxide (10(-3)M) or with kumole peroxide (1.6 10(-4)M) also led to pronounced fall of the initial erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. As supposed, the lowering of the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity under hyperoxia could be due to the formation of peroxidation products.", "contents": "[Study of rat erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity during a toxic regimen of interrupted hyperbaric oxygenation]. Development of toxic manifestations in rats under conditions of hyperoxia was accompanied by a significant lowering of the rat erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. The incubation of control rats hemolysate with hydrogen peroxide (10(-3)M) or with kumole peroxide (1.6 10(-4)M) also led to pronounced fall of the initial erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. As supposed, the lowering of the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity under hyperoxia could be due to the formation of peroxidation products.", "PMID": 1026297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4124", "title": "[Physicochemical properties of the human lymphocyte mitogenic factor induced by phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "Some physical and chemical properties of the mitogenic factor (MF) produced in vitro by PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes were investigated. Treatment of the culture medium with proteases proved to decrease the MF activity sharply. The MF was found to have an elution pattern in Sephadex and Bio-gel gels similar to proteins with the molecular weight of 20 000--30 000 daltons (peak--25 000). In experiments with the MF fractionation by disc-electrophoresis on 5% polyacylamide gel the MF formed a few discrete peaks in the fractions corresponding to the mobility of alpha1- and alpha2-globulins and transferrin. In isoelectric focusing the MF formed 3 fractions in the pH range of 4.5--8.3. Functional heterogeneity of the MF is suggested.", "contents": "[Physicochemical properties of the human lymphocyte mitogenic factor induced by phytohemagglutinin]. Some physical and chemical properties of the mitogenic factor (MF) produced in vitro by PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes were investigated. Treatment of the culture medium with proteases proved to decrease the MF activity sharply. The MF was found to have an elution pattern in Sephadex and Bio-gel gels similar to proteins with the molecular weight of 20 000--30 000 daltons (peak--25 000). In experiments with the MF fractionation by disc-electrophoresis on 5% polyacylamide gel the MF formed a few discrete peaks in the fractions corresponding to the mobility of alpha1- and alpha2-globulins and transferrin. In isoelectric focusing the MF formed 3 fractions in the pH range of 4.5--8.3. Functional heterogeneity of the MF is suggested.", "PMID": 1026298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4125", "title": "[Role of clasmatosis of the phagocytes in immunogenesis].", "content": "With the aid of cytological and cytochemical studies it was shown that clasmatosis of phagocytes (micro- and macrophages) was primarily characteristic of active phagocytising cells, and not of dying cells as considered formerly. Experiements were conducted on guinea pigs in the course of vaccinal and infectious processes in brucellosis. As noted, clasmatosis of phagocytes known in intact animals was considerably enhanced during vaccinal and infectious processes. Pieces of cytoplasm separating from phagocytes were full of acid phosphatase, brucella antigen; fragments of macrophage cytoplasm in addition contained RNA. There are reasons to suppose that with the aid of clasmocytosis of phagocytes became intensified and the antigenic information spread rapidly in the animal organism.", "contents": "[Role of clasmatosis of the phagocytes in immunogenesis]. With the aid of cytological and cytochemical studies it was shown that clasmatosis of phagocytes (micro- and macrophages) was primarily characteristic of active phagocytising cells, and not of dying cells as considered formerly. Experiements were conducted on guinea pigs in the course of vaccinal and infectious processes in brucellosis. As noted, clasmatosis of phagocytes known in intact animals was considerably enhanced during vaccinal and infectious processes. Pieces of cytoplasm separating from phagocytes were full of acid phosphatase, brucella antigen; fragments of macrophage cytoplasm in addition contained RNA. There are reasons to suppose that with the aid of clasmocytosis of phagocytes became intensified and the antigenic information spread rapidly in the animal organism.", "PMID": 1026299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4126", "title": "[Cytotoxicity of sera against brain and spinal cord antigens in relation to lymphocytes of varying origin].", "content": "Rabbit sera against antigens prepared from the brain and the spinal cord antigens were investigated in a cytotoxic test with mouse and guinea pig lymphocytes. None of the sera exerted a cytotoxic effect on the bone marrow lymphocytes. The sera against mouse brain and spinal cord and guinea pig brain and myelin isolated from it exerted the greatest cytotoxic activity; the cytotoxicity was maximum against the thymocytes, less pronounced against the lymph node lymphocytes, and least--against the spleen cells. The cytotoxicity of the sera against the bovine spinal cord homogenate, myelin and the basic protein isolated from it was the minimal and equal with lymphocytes from any of the three mentioned sources. The serum against the encephalitogenic polypeptide 2c was practically devoid of the cytotoxic activity. The encephalitogenic activity of the 2c fraction was greater than that of the myelin and basic protein from the bovine spinal cord. Experiment of antibrain serum absorption suggested that the brain cortex contained a cross-reacting antigen. The subcutaneous injection of a relatively high dose (224 x 10(6)) of thymocytes in the complete Freund's adjuvant failed to induce the development of allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Cytotoxicity of sera against brain and spinal cord antigens in relation to lymphocytes of varying origin]. Rabbit sera against antigens prepared from the brain and the spinal cord antigens were investigated in a cytotoxic test with mouse and guinea pig lymphocytes. None of the sera exerted a cytotoxic effect on the bone marrow lymphocytes. The sera against mouse brain and spinal cord and guinea pig brain and myelin isolated from it exerted the greatest cytotoxic activity; the cytotoxicity was maximum against the thymocytes, less pronounced against the lymph node lymphocytes, and least--against the spleen cells. The cytotoxicity of the sera against the bovine spinal cord homogenate, myelin and the basic protein isolated from it was the minimal and equal with lymphocytes from any of the three mentioned sources. The serum against the encephalitogenic polypeptide 2c was practically devoid of the cytotoxic activity. The encephalitogenic activity of the 2c fraction was greater than that of the myelin and basic protein from the bovine spinal cord. Experiment of antibrain serum absorption suggested that the brain cortex contained a cross-reacting antigen. The subcutaneous injection of a relatively high dose (224 x 10(6)) of thymocytes in the complete Freund's adjuvant failed to induce the development of allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 1026300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4127", "title": "[Effect of bilateral destruction of the structures of the medial hypothalamus on the course of anaphylactic shock].", "content": "Anaphylactic shock induced in rabbits by the preliminary injury of various areas of the medial hypothalamus coursed more severly than in control. Irrespective of the localization of the foci of injury a more pronounced hypotensive reaction and a slower compensatory elevation of the blood pressure occurred in response to the administration of the  reactive dose of the antigen. The severity of anaphylactic shock depended on the time lapse from the moment of hypothalamic injury to the moment of administration of the reactive dose of the antigen.", "contents": "[Effect of bilateral destruction of the structures of the medial hypothalamus on the course of anaphylactic shock]. Anaphylactic shock induced in rabbits by the preliminary injury of various areas of the medial hypothalamus coursed more severly than in control. Irrespective of the localization of the foci of injury a more pronounced hypotensive reaction and a slower compensatory elevation of the blood pressure occurred in response to the administration of the  reactive dose of the antigen. The severity of anaphylactic shock depended on the time lapse from the moment of hypothalamic injury to the moment of administration of the reactive dose of the antigen.", "PMID": 1026301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4128", "title": "[Cortisol metabolic intensity in the liver of guinea pigs in allergic processes of the immediate and delayed types].", "content": "The intensity of cortisol metabolism was studied under conditions of perfusion of the liver in situ by solutions containing cortisol in different concentrations; in this case metabolism coursed chiefly in the direction of cortisone formation. With the increase of cortisol concentration in the inflowing perusate there was also a rise in the intensity of its metabolism in the hepatic tissue. In anaphylactic alteration of hepatic tissue the intensity of cortisol transformation into cortisone decreased, this pointing to disturbances of cortisol oxidation. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is also acccompanied by a reduction in the intensity of cortisol metabolism.", "contents": "[Cortisol metabolic intensity in the liver of guinea pigs in allergic processes of the immediate and delayed types]. The intensity of cortisol metabolism was studied under conditions of perfusion of the liver in situ by solutions containing cortisol in different concentrations; in this case metabolism coursed chiefly in the direction of cortisone formation. With the increase of cortisol concentration in the inflowing perusate there was also a rise in the intensity of its metabolism in the hepatic tissue. In anaphylactic alteration of hepatic tissue the intensity of cortisol transformation into cortisone decreased, this pointing to disturbances of cortisol oxidation. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is also acccompanied by a reduction in the intensity of cortisol metabolism.", "PMID": 1026302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4129", "title": "[Kinetics of cell populations in the compartment of maturing, non-dividing neutrophils of rat bone marrow].", "content": "The kinetics of cell movement through the compartment of maturing, nondividing neutrophils of the Wistar rat bone marrow was studied by autoradiography using H3-thymidine. There were transit and reserved neutrophil populations in each cell compartment. The transit periods of the maturing nondividing cells, the mean time of cell renewal in the subcompartments of metamyelocytes, the band and the sementonuclear neutrophils were determined with consideration to the reserved cell population.", "contents": "[Kinetics of cell populations in the compartment of maturing, non-dividing neutrophils of rat bone marrow]. The kinetics of cell movement through the compartment of maturing, nondividing neutrophils of the Wistar rat bone marrow was studied by autoradiography using H3-thymidine. There were transit and reserved neutrophil populations in each cell compartment. The transit periods of the maturing nondividing cells, the mean time of cell renewal in the subcompartments of metamyelocytes, the band and the sementonuclear neutrophils were determined with consideration to the reserved cell population.", "PMID": 1026304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4130", "title": "[Experimental sensitization with an extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ticks].", "content": "Immunogenic properties of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ticks were studied in subcutaneous injection of the antigen to guinea pigs and rabbits. Marked changes in the immunological reactivity of the animal organism were revealed; these changes were accompanied by production of agglutinating, sensitizing the mast cells and precipitating (in rabbits) antibodies, and by the development of hypersensitivity of the immediate and delayed type.", "contents": "[Experimental sensitization with an extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ticks]. Immunogenic properties of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ticks were studied in subcutaneous injection of the antigen to guinea pigs and rabbits. Marked changes in the immunological reactivity of the animal organism were revealed; these changes were accompanied by production of agglutinating, sensitizing the mast cells and precipitating (in rabbits) antibodies, and by the development of hypersensitivity of the immediate and delayed type.", "PMID": 1026303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4131", "title": "[Cytological analysis of the intact and regenerating liver of different strains of rats].", "content": "Comparative cytological studies were conducted on control and regenerating liver of two strains (August and Cotton) of rats, 2/3 of the liver was resected; 5 or 6 animals were sacrificed at each of the following postoperative periods: in 30 hours, 3, 8, 42 and 120 days. The number of binuclear cells, the size of mononuclear hepatocytes and their nuclei, the mitotic activity, and ploidity of hepatocytes were determined. The intact and regenerating liver of the August rats differed from the intact and regenerating liver of the Cotton rats by a number of cytological indices, excluding the mitotic activity. A conclusion was drawn that the observed interstrain differences in the cytological indices providing regeneration of the liver after resection in the August and Cotton rats depended on the genotype of the given strain.", "contents": "[Cytological analysis of the intact and regenerating liver of different strains of rats]. Comparative cytological studies were conducted on control and regenerating liver of two strains (August and Cotton) of rats, 2/3 of the liver was resected; 5 or 6 animals were sacrificed at each of the following postoperative periods: in 30 hours, 3, 8, 42 and 120 days. The number of binuclear cells, the size of mononuclear hepatocytes and their nuclei, the mitotic activity, and ploidity of hepatocytes were determined. The intact and regenerating liver of the August rats differed from the intact and regenerating liver of the Cotton rats by a number of cytological indices, excluding the mitotic activity. A conclusion was drawn that the observed interstrain differences in the cytological indices providing regeneration of the liver after resection in the August and Cotton rats depended on the genotype of the given strain.", "PMID": 1026305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4132", "title": "[Study of the specificity of the estradiol-binding system in the uteri of guinea pigs].", "content": "The authors analyzed the affinity of the steroids belonging to the estran series to the estradiol-binding system of the guinea pig uteri. The presence of free hydroxyl groups in positions 3 (phenol) and 17beta and their interorientation proved to determine the interaction with the recptor system of the guinea pig uterus. The data obtained indicated that the biological activity of the steroids was  determined by the peculiarities of their structural interaction with the receptor systems of the uteri.", "contents": "[Study of the specificity of the estradiol-binding system in the uteri of guinea pigs]. The authors analyzed the affinity of the steroids belonging to the estran series to the estradiol-binding system of the guinea pig uteri. The presence of free hydroxyl groups in positions 3 (phenol) and 17beta and their interorientation proved to determine the interaction with the recptor system of the guinea pig uterus. The data obtained indicated that the biological activity of the steroids was  determined by the peculiarities of their structural interaction with the receptor systems of the uteri.", "PMID": 1026306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4133", "title": "[Proliferation of the myoctes of the left atrium and ventricle after different kinds of myocardial injuries in adult rats].", "content": "Myocardial infarction of the left ventricle was induced in adult rats weighing 120-160 g by ligation of the left coronary artery at various levels: in the area of the auricle, of the first  third of the left ventricle, and in the middle of it. The left auricle was injured in the other experimental series: the ligature was applied to its anterior wall or to the auricular appendage. Sham-operated animals served as control; only pericardium was  removed in them. The left half of the heart was examined on the 5th postoperative day. Mitosis of myocytes was found in the auricle or in the auricular appendage of the animals in those experimental series in which these sections of the heart were injured directly and had a thickened epicardium (in 35 of 49 cases); mitotic index varied from 0.9 to 10%. No mitoses were found in the myocytes of the auricle and the auricular appendage after ligation of the coronary artery in the middle of the ventricle. Mitoses in the myocytes of the ventricle were rare (in 7 of 49 cases) and were located far from the site of infarction, in the subepicardial region; mitotic index here varied from 1 to 2%.", "contents": "[Proliferation of the myoctes of the left atrium and ventricle after different kinds of myocardial injuries in adult rats]. Myocardial infarction of the left ventricle was induced in adult rats weighing 120-160 g by ligation of the left coronary artery at various levels: in the area of the auricle, of the first  third of the left ventricle, and in the middle of it. The left auricle was injured in the other experimental series: the ligature was applied to its anterior wall or to the auricular appendage. Sham-operated animals served as control; only pericardium was  removed in them. The left half of the heart was examined on the 5th postoperative day. Mitosis of myocytes was found in the auricle or in the auricular appendage of the animals in those experimental series in which these sections of the heart were injured directly and had a thickened epicardium (in 35 of 49 cases); mitotic index varied from 0.9 to 10%. No mitoses were found in the myocytes of the auricle and the auricular appendage after ligation of the coronary artery in the middle of the ventricle. Mitoses in the myocytes of the ventricle were rare (in 7 of 49 cases) and were located far from the site of infarction, in the subepicardial region; mitotic index here varied from 1 to 2%.", "PMID": 1026307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4134", "title": "Lassa fever (arenaviruses) as a public health problem.", "content": "Two \"new\" virus infections, Marburg and Lassa fever, now constitute diseases of public health importance in several countries of Africa, especially West Africa. Lassa fever has an insidious onset, is initially difficult to diagnose, has \"nonspecific\" clinical symptoms which have been confused with yellow fever and typhoid, shows evidence of persistent infection, is tremendously contagious, has a high mortality rate, and in particular exhibits unusual nosocomial propensity. It has also been shown to be the cause of premature births and spontaneous abortions in pregnant women. The virus is transmitted by the respiratory route and by direct contact with contaminated materials. Persistent complement-fixing antibodies have been demonstrated in patients recovered from the disease. The causative agent, a member of the arenavirus group, is known to be enzootic in rodents, especially Mastomys natalensis.", "contents": "Lassa fever (arenaviruses) as a public health problem. Two \"new\" virus infections, Marburg and Lassa fever, now constitute diseases of public health importance in several countries of Africa, especially West Africa. Lassa fever has an insidious onset, is initially difficult to diagnose, has \"nonspecific\" clinical symptoms which have been confused with yellow fever and typhoid, shows evidence of persistent infection, is tremendously contagious, has a high mortality rate, and in particular exhibits unusual nosocomial propensity. It has also been shown to be the cause of premature births and spontaneous abortions in pregnant women. The virus is transmitted by the respiratory route and by direct contact with contaminated materials. Persistent complement-fixing antibodies have been demonstrated in patients recovered from the disease. The causative agent, a member of the arenavirus group, is known to be enzootic in rodents, especially Mastomys natalensis.", "PMID": 1026322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4135", "title": "Computer simulation of leukemia therapy: combined pharmacokinetics, intracellular enzyme kinetics, and cell kinetics of the treatment of L1210 leukemia by cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "An integrated mathematic computer-based model of the pharmacokinetics, intracellular enzyme kinetics, and cell kinetics of the treatment of L1210 leukemia by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is described. The compartment model of Bischoff and Dedrick is extended to the intracellular level by inclusion of equations describing the phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and deamination of ara-C with enzymatic feedback control. The activities of kinase, deaminase, and phosphatase are explicitly included in the models and are estimated from relevant data. Cell proliferation is described by a continuous-flow mathematic model in which cellular maturation and cell-to-cell variability in maturation rates are key variables. Cell proliferation is related to intracellular biochemistry through mathematic expressions which relate cell lethality and progression delay to the time course of intracellular ara-CTP. In vitro and in vivo experiments performed in a number of laboratories are compared by simulation. The most sensitive parameters in dose-response and cell-survival simulations are deoxycytidine kinase activity, ara-CTP half-life, renal clearance of ara-C, and cell-kinetic parameters for proliferation and cell killing. Progression delay is vital to the realistic simulation of divided-dose schedules. By comparative simulation we have identified areas of uncertainty which can be classified by a few additional measurements. The applications of simulations combining pharmacokinetic, biochemical, and cell-kinetic data in vitro and in vivo are discussed, exploring consistency among different measurements, and relating experimental protocols to clinical treatment.", "contents": "Computer simulation of leukemia therapy: combined pharmacokinetics, intracellular enzyme kinetics, and cell kinetics of the treatment of L1210 leukemia by cytosine arabinoside. An integrated mathematic computer-based model of the pharmacokinetics, intracellular enzyme kinetics, and cell kinetics of the treatment of L1210 leukemia by cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is described. The compartment model of Bischoff and Dedrick is extended to the intracellular level by inclusion of equations describing the phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and deamination of ara-C with enzymatic feedback control. The activities of kinase, deaminase, and phosphatase are explicitly included in the models and are estimated from relevant data. Cell proliferation is described by a continuous-flow mathematic model in which cellular maturation and cell-to-cell variability in maturation rates are key variables. Cell proliferation is related to intracellular biochemistry through mathematic expressions which relate cell lethality and progression delay to the time course of intracellular ara-CTP. In vitro and in vivo experiments performed in a number of laboratories are compared by simulation. The most sensitive parameters in dose-response and cell-survival simulations are deoxycytidine kinase activity, ara-CTP half-life, renal clearance of ara-C, and cell-kinetic parameters for proliferation and cell killing. Progression delay is vital to the realistic simulation of divided-dose schedules. By comparative simulation we have identified areas of uncertainty which can be classified by a few additional measurements. The applications of simulations combining pharmacokinetic, biochemical, and cell-kinetic data in vitro and in vivo are discussed, exploring consistency among different measurements, and relating experimental protocols to clinical treatment.", "PMID": 1026330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4136", "title": "Size dependence of the response of Lewis lung tumors to BCNU.", "content": "The survival of Lewis lung tumor cells has been studied after a single ip dose of BCNU. In dissectible subcutaneous and intramuscular tumors and artificial lung metastases survival was measured by colony formation in soft agar and in vivo in the lung. The long-term control of small lung nodules by single doses of BCNU was studied and cell-survival estimates were inferred. The results demonstrate that the cytotoxic action of BCNU shows a strong dependence upon tumor size.", "contents": "Size dependence of the response of Lewis lung tumors to BCNU. The survival of Lewis lung tumor cells has been studied after a single ip dose of BCNU. In dissectible subcutaneous and intramuscular tumors and artificial lung metastases survival was measured by colony formation in soft agar and in vivo in the lung. The long-term control of small lung nodules by single doses of BCNU was studied and cell-survival estimates were inferred. The results demonstrate that the cytotoxic action of BCNU shows a strong dependence upon tumor size.", "PMID": 1026332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4137", "title": "Effects of surgery on the cell kinetics of residual tumor.", "content": "Noncurative excision of a primary sc Lewis lung tumor performed on Day 7 or later results in an increase in the thymidine index and growth rate with minimal changes in the cell cycle parameters of the lung metastases. The stimulation of the lung nodules is accompanied by a small but consistent decrease in median lifespan. Sham surgery performed on Day 3 or later also results in a decrease in median lifespan and an increase in the thymidine index of the undisturbed primary tumor. Artifical metastases (10(6) cells iv) are inhibited by the presence of a second (sc) implant and the median lifespan of the doubly implanted mice exceeds that of mice bearing iv implants only. In mice bearing widely metastasized Lewis lung carcinoma, surgery alone may have a detrimental effect on life expectancy, but the residual tumor foci, stimulated to more rapid growth, should be appropriate targets for adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Effects of surgery on the cell kinetics of residual tumor. Noncurative excision of a primary sc Lewis lung tumor performed on Day 7 or later results in an increase in the thymidine index and growth rate with minimal changes in the cell cycle parameters of the lung metastases. The stimulation of the lung nodules is accompanied by a small but consistent decrease in median lifespan. Sham surgery performed on Day 3 or later also results in a decrease in median lifespan and an increase in the thymidine index of the undisturbed primary tumor. Artifical metastases (10(6) cells iv) are inhibited by the presence of a second (sc) implant and the median lifespan of the doubly implanted mice exceeds that of mice bearing iv implants only. In mice bearing widely metastasized Lewis lung carcinoma, surgery alone may have a detrimental effect on life expectancy, but the residual tumor foci, stimulated to more rapid growth, should be appropriate targets for adjuvant chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1026333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4138", "title": "Effects of tumor bearing on the dynamics of host hemopoietic cells.", "content": "Hemopoietic status of the host is an important consideration in any cancer chemotherapy protocol. This paper examines several aspects of the response of the host lymphomyeloid system to tumors transplanted elsewhere: (a) characteristics of host leukocytes migrating into the tumor; (b) leukocyte dynamics in the marrow and the spleen; and (c) dynamics of hemopoietic stem cells. Repeated prelabeling of mice with 3HTdR prior to Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) transplantation indicated a large-scale, selective migration and/or retention of newly formed lymphocytes and monocytes within the tumor. Similar observations were also made in sc transplants of strain-specific TA-3(St) tumor. Bone marrow was found to be a major source of these mononuclear cells since their accumulation was suppressed by a prior irradiation of host marrow. Labeling with 125I-antimouse IgM, with or without prior incubation of cells with anti-theta serum, revealed that, within the 7-day-old EAT, about a third of the small lymphocytes were maturing B cells having readily detectable surface IgM, about a third were T cells expressing theta antigen, and the rest had neither marker, possible including very immature B cells. A high incidence of last cell category was also found in subcutaneous TA-3(St) tumors. Ip transplantation of 10(6) EAT cells into CBA/HT6 or TA-3(St) cells into A/J mice caused a transient decline in femoral marrow leukocyte level (affecting lymphocytes most) followed by a recovery and an overshoot. In contrast, there was a steady rise in splenic weight or cellularity mostly accountable for by lymphocytes. This was partly due to local lymphoid proliferation and partly due to extraneous migration. Parabiosis of CBA with T6 chromosome-bearing CBA/HT6 mice revealed that a large proportion of cells dividing in the spleen of the CBA host after tumor transplantation had migrated recently from blood. Using partial marrow chimeras (repopulated with T6 chromosome-bearing marrow cells), bone marrow was identified as their major source. Furthermore, host spleens showed an increased incidence of small lymphocytes bearing no detectable surface-IgM nor theta antigen (possibly inclusive of immature B cells), and a low incidence of T cells. Tumor transplantation produced a rapid and substantial decline in the pleuripotent stem cell (CFU-S) content of the femoral marrow followed by a recovery. The converse was true for the CFU content of the spleen, and in addition, there was an initial rise in the blood CFU level, suggesting an early CFU traffic from marrow to spleen. A qualitatively similar pattern was also noted for stem cells committed to granulocyte or macrophage development as evaluated from in vitro colony assays. An early rise in splenic CFU level was also elicited by injecting sonicated tumor cells or their plasma membrane fractions, thus possibly indicating an antigen-driven effect. A high level of colony-stimulating activity (for in vitro colony growth) was found in the tumor fluid...", "contents": "Effects of tumor bearing on the dynamics of host hemopoietic cells. Hemopoietic status of the host is an important consideration in any cancer chemotherapy protocol. This paper examines several aspects of the response of the host lymphomyeloid system to tumors transplanted elsewhere: (a) characteristics of host leukocytes migrating into the tumor; (b) leukocyte dynamics in the marrow and the spleen; and (c) dynamics of hemopoietic stem cells. Repeated prelabeling of mice with 3HTdR prior to Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) transplantation indicated a large-scale, selective migration and/or retention of newly formed lymphocytes and monocytes within the tumor. Similar observations were also made in sc transplants of strain-specific TA-3(St) tumor. Bone marrow was found to be a major source of these mononuclear cells since their accumulation was suppressed by a prior irradiation of host marrow. Labeling with 125I-antimouse IgM, with or without prior incubation of cells with anti-theta serum, revealed that, within the 7-day-old EAT, about a third of the small lymphocytes were maturing B cells having readily detectable surface IgM, about a third were T cells expressing theta antigen, and the rest had neither marker, possible including very immature B cells. A high incidence of last cell category was also found in subcutaneous TA-3(St) tumors. Ip transplantation of 10(6) EAT cells into CBA/HT6 or TA-3(St) cells into A/J mice caused a transient decline in femoral marrow leukocyte level (affecting lymphocytes most) followed by a recovery and an overshoot. In contrast, there was a steady rise in splenic weight or cellularity mostly accountable for by lymphocytes. This was partly due to local lymphoid proliferation and partly due to extraneous migration. Parabiosis of CBA with T6 chromosome-bearing CBA/HT6 mice revealed that a large proportion of cells dividing in the spleen of the CBA host after tumor transplantation had migrated recently from blood. Using partial marrow chimeras (repopulated with T6 chromosome-bearing marrow cells), bone marrow was identified as their major source. Furthermore, host spleens showed an increased incidence of small lymphocytes bearing no detectable surface-IgM nor theta antigen (possibly inclusive of immature B cells), and a low incidence of T cells. Tumor transplantation produced a rapid and substantial decline in the pleuripotent stem cell (CFU-S) content of the femoral marrow followed by a recovery. The converse was true for the CFU content of the spleen, and in addition, there was an initial rise in the blood CFU level, suggesting an early CFU traffic from marrow to spleen. A qualitatively similar pattern was also noted for stem cells committed to granulocyte or macrophage development as evaluated from in vitro colony assays. An early rise in splenic CFU level was also elicited by injecting sonicated tumor cells or their plasma membrane fractions, thus possibly indicating an antigen-driven effect. A high level of colony-stimulating activity (for in vitro colony growth) was found in the tumor fluid...", "PMID": 1026335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4139", "title": "Evidence for recruitment and synchronization in leukemia and solid tumors.", "content": "In malignant cell populations which are sensitive to drug therapy it does not seem necessary to potentiate treatment with perturbation of the proliferative characteristics. However, in some relatively drug-resistant populations significant advantages can be obtained by recruiting resting cells into the drug-sensitive cell cycle. Further studies of growth-regulatory mechanisms for malignant cell populations may help a great deal in designing better methods of recruiting the resting cells back into active cell division. Synchronization of the dividing cells in a specificially drug-sensitive phase of the cell cycle is another method of potentiating chemotherapeutic effectiveness in relatively drug-resistant cell populations. The biochemical changes induced by sequential drug administration may be equally important in sensitizing the malignant cell to subsequent drug administration.", "contents": "Evidence for recruitment and synchronization in leukemia and solid tumors. In malignant cell populations which are sensitive to drug therapy it does not seem necessary to potentiate treatment with perturbation of the proliferative characteristics. However, in some relatively drug-resistant populations significant advantages can be obtained by recruiting resting cells into the drug-sensitive cell cycle. Further studies of growth-regulatory mechanisms for malignant cell populations may help a great deal in designing better methods of recruiting the resting cells back into active cell division. Synchronization of the dividing cells in a specificially drug-sensitive phase of the cell cycle is another method of potentiating chemotherapeutic effectiveness in relatively drug-resistant cell populations. The biochemical changes induced by sequential drug administration may be equally important in sensitizing the malignant cell to subsequent drug administration.", "PMID": 1026338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4140", "title": "Synchronization with phase-specific agents in leukemia and correlation with clinical response to chemotherapy.", "content": "Mitotic indices, labeling indices (LI), and tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of marrow cells were conducted in patients with leukemia to determine if correlations existed between kinetic measurements, clinical features, and response to chemotherapy. Higher proliferative activity was observed in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) and blastic phase of CGL than in acute leukemia. In acute myelogenous leukemia there was no correlation with various clinical features studied. Those patients demonstrating greater than 60% reduction in circulating leukemia cells within 7 days had a higher initial LI than those with less than 60% reduction. Cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, and hydroxyurea were investigated to determine their synchronizing capability; cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate were superior to hydroxyurea. In a cycle-sensitive schedule specifically designed to synchronize cells, responses occurred more frequently in patients who increased thier LI 48 hours after priming doses of cytosine arabinoside. In an intensive-chemotherapy schedule which produced more remissions than the cycle-sensitive schedule, there was no relationship between initial kinetic measurements and response. Kinetic values increased as patients achieved remissions.", "contents": "Synchronization with phase-specific agents in leukemia and correlation with clinical response to chemotherapy. Mitotic indices, labeling indices (LI), and tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of marrow cells were conducted in patients with leukemia to determine if correlations existed between kinetic measurements, clinical features, and response to chemotherapy. Higher proliferative activity was observed in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) and blastic phase of CGL than in acute leukemia. In acute myelogenous leukemia there was no correlation with various clinical features studied. Those patients demonstrating greater than 60% reduction in circulating leukemia cells within 7 days had a higher initial LI than those with less than 60% reduction. Cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, and hydroxyurea were investigated to determine their synchronizing capability; cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate were superior to hydroxyurea. In a cycle-sensitive schedule specifically designed to synchronize cells, responses occurred more frequently in patients who increased thier LI 48 hours after priming doses of cytosine arabinoside. In an intensive-chemotherapy schedule which produced more remissions than the cycle-sensitive schedule, there was no relationship between initial kinetic measurements and response. Kinetic values increased as patients achieved remissions.", "PMID": 1026339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4141", "title": "Role of radioautographic studies in clinical investigative oncology and chemotherapy.", "content": "Three clinical areas are identified in which radioautographic studies may be of practical usefulness. First, human tumors can be classified according to the predominant pattern of DNA synthesis in the slowly proliferating cell fraction. This classification scheme groups carcinoma of the breast and ovary together, melanoma and carcinoma of the lung together, and places acute adult leukemia in a separate class. If there are correlations between kinetic characteristics and drug response behavior, this classification scheme may simplify the clinical study of new drugs and drug combinations. Second, changes in the labeling index (LI) and/or cell labeling intensity may serve as useful guides in drug scheduling. There are circumstances where changes in cell labeling intensity may be more reliable than changes in the LI. Third, cell morphology, population kinetics, and clinical course may all be correlated in certain human tumors, particularly the lymphomas. Supporting evidence in S\u00e9zary's syndrome is presented.", "contents": "Role of radioautographic studies in clinical investigative oncology and chemotherapy. Three clinical areas are identified in which radioautographic studies may be of practical usefulness. First, human tumors can be classified according to the predominant pattern of DNA synthesis in the slowly proliferating cell fraction. This classification scheme groups carcinoma of the breast and ovary together, melanoma and carcinoma of the lung together, and places acute adult leukemia in a separate class. If there are correlations between kinetic characteristics and drug response behavior, this classification scheme may simplify the clinical study of new drugs and drug combinations. Second, changes in the labeling index (LI) and/or cell labeling intensity may serve as useful guides in drug scheduling. There are circumstances where changes in cell labeling intensity may be more reliable than changes in the LI. Third, cell morphology, population kinetics, and clinical course may all be correlated in certain human tumors, particularly the lymphomas. Supporting evidence in S\u00e9zary's syndrome is presented.", "PMID": 1026342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4142", "title": "Comparison of cell proliferation kinetics in human and experimental tumors: response to irradiation.", "content": "Available data on the parameters of cell kinetics in human solid tumors were reviewed. The mean duration of the cell cycle is 2 days; for G1 it is 1 day, for S it is 18 hours, and for G2 it is 6 hours. G1 has the greatest variability from tumor to tumor. The cell cycle and its phases are shorter in animal tumors but the relative durations and variabilities are similar. The labeling index (LI) and the growth fraction vary widely among human tumors, but they are correlated with the histologic type of the tumor. There is a correlation between the mean doubling time and the mean LI of the various histologic types of tumors. Cell loss is considerable in all human tumors, but it is more important in tumors with a high LI. Metastases and recurrence appear to have shorter doubling and cell cycle times than the primary tumor. There seems to be in patients with metastases a correlation between the survival and the growth rate of the metastases. There does not seem to be any correlation between the LI and the probability of dissemination. The depression of LI after irradiation is more important in human tumors than in experimental tumors and varies widely among human tumors. After irradiation, the depopulation seems more important in tumors with a high LI. The histologic groups of tumors with a high mean LI are on the average more radiosensitive and more sensitive to drugs.", "contents": "Comparison of cell proliferation kinetics in human and experimental tumors: response to irradiation. Available data on the parameters of cell kinetics in human solid tumors were reviewed. The mean duration of the cell cycle is 2 days; for G1 it is 1 day, for S it is 18 hours, and for G2 it is 6 hours. G1 has the greatest variability from tumor to tumor. The cell cycle and its phases are shorter in animal tumors but the relative durations and variabilities are similar. The labeling index (LI) and the growth fraction vary widely among human tumors, but they are correlated with the histologic type of the tumor. There is a correlation between the mean doubling time and the mean LI of the various histologic types of tumors. Cell loss is considerable in all human tumors, but it is more important in tumors with a high LI. Metastases and recurrence appear to have shorter doubling and cell cycle times than the primary tumor. There seems to be in patients with metastases a correlation between the survival and the growth rate of the metastases. There does not seem to be any correlation between the LI and the probability of dissemination. The depression of LI after irradiation is more important in human tumors than in experimental tumors and varies widely among human tumors. After irradiation, the depopulation seems more important in tumors with a high LI. The histologic groups of tumors with a high mean LI are on the average more radiosensitive and more sensitive to drugs.", "PMID": 1026343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4143", "title": "Combined effect of cytosine arabinoside and thiopurines.", "content": "Dose and time survival for leukemic colony-forming units (LCFU) and normal hematopoietic colony-forming units (NCFU) were obtained after the administration of either 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or 6-thioguanine (TG). Survival decreased to a plateau level with increasing doses as expected with phase-specific agents. Time survival curves demonstrated increased killing of LCFU after administration of 2 mg of 6-MP/mouse or 0.1 mg of TG/mouse reaching a minimum by 3-8 hours with repopulation therafter. Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) (1 mg/mouse) was combined with each agent, and the effects of sequence and interval were examined in terms of LCFU and NCFU survival. When Ara-C and either thiopurine were administered together, fractional survival was less than additive. However, as the interval was increased for either sequence and for both combinations, survival decreased to synergistic levels. Variation in dose of Ara-C and TG showed an inhibitory effect to be dependent upon the Ara-C dose. A correlation between results from the colony assay for for LCFU and survival of treated tumor-bearing mice was demonstrated for Ara-C plus TG. The results of these experiments are interpreted in terms of the proliferation kinetics of L1210 and the cellular effects of the agents; their clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Combined effect of cytosine arabinoside and thiopurines. Dose and time survival for leukemic colony-forming units (LCFU) and normal hematopoietic colony-forming units (NCFU) were obtained after the administration of either 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or 6-thioguanine (TG). Survival decreased to a plateau level with increasing doses as expected with phase-specific agents. Time survival curves demonstrated increased killing of LCFU after administration of 2 mg of 6-MP/mouse or 0.1 mg of TG/mouse reaching a minimum by 3-8 hours with repopulation therafter. Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) (1 mg/mouse) was combined with each agent, and the effects of sequence and interval were examined in terms of LCFU and NCFU survival. When Ara-C and either thiopurine were administered together, fractional survival was less than additive. However, as the interval was increased for either sequence and for both combinations, survival decreased to synergistic levels. Variation in dose of Ara-C and TG showed an inhibitory effect to be dependent upon the Ara-C dose. A correlation between results from the colony assay for for LCFU and survival of treated tumor-bearing mice was demonstrated for Ara-C plus TG. The results of these experiments are interpreted in terms of the proliferation kinetics of L1210 and the cellular effects of the agents; their clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1026347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4144", "title": "[The problem of death in current medicine].", "content": "The actual question of the determination of the time of death and the transplantation of organs have made the phenomenon of death in a special way important nowadays and have opened a new area of tasks, especially for the subject of neuropsychiatry. A reflection and discussion of the problem of death can only be possible in the context of actual historical and sociocultural developments. Regarding a fundamental reflection of the phenomenon of death in medicine and a physician's work, the author names especially the philosophical, theological, sociological, and psychological aspects of death.", "contents": "[The problem of death in current medicine]. The actual question of the determination of the time of death and the transplantation of organs have made the phenomenon of death in a special way important nowadays and have opened a new area of tasks, especially for the subject of neuropsychiatry. A reflection and discussion of the problem of death can only be possible in the context of actual historical and sociocultural developments. Regarding a fundamental reflection of the phenomenon of death in medicine and a physician's work, the author names especially the philosophical, theological, sociological, and psychological aspects of death.", "PMID": 1026358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4145", "title": "Special technics in renovascular surgery.", "content": "Apart from the critical selection of patients, surgical results in renovascular surgery depend mainly on technical problems. To overcome most frequent technical handicaps, such as a deep abdominal cavity, intervening structures, additional distal stenoses and limited ischemic tolerance time, several technical principles may be recommended. An anterior transperitoneal approach usually ensures an optimal exposure. The 'one-field repair' and the 'partial ex situ repair', include the advantage of excellent exposure and a superficial operating field. Particularly in cases of renal artery stenosis of the fibromuscular type, the routinely performed distal 'run-off control' by mechanical dilatation of the arterial branches, allows a high degree security. As in other fields of surgery, renovascular interventions should be directed to the principle of technical simplicity. Following this surgical concept there is only limited indication for the use of 'total ex situ repair' with heterotopic kidney replantation. We feel that this major time-consuming procedure has only a very small place in renovascular surgery, but a very real place in the correction of intrarenal lesions.", "contents": "Special technics in renovascular surgery. Apart from the critical selection of patients, surgical results in renovascular surgery depend mainly on technical problems. To overcome most frequent technical handicaps, such as a deep abdominal cavity, intervening structures, additional distal stenoses and limited ischemic tolerance time, several technical principles may be recommended. An anterior transperitoneal approach usually ensures an optimal exposure. The 'one-field repair' and the 'partial ex situ repair', include the advantage of excellent exposure and a superficial operating field. Particularly in cases of renal artery stenosis of the fibromuscular type, the routinely performed distal 'run-off control' by mechanical dilatation of the arterial branches, allows a high degree security. As in other fields of surgery, renovascular interventions should be directed to the principle of technical simplicity. Following this surgical concept there is only limited indication for the use of 'total ex situ repair' with heterotopic kidney replantation. We feel that this major time-consuming procedure has only a very small place in renovascular surgery, but a very real place in the correction of intrarenal lesions.", "PMID": 1026360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4146", "title": "Results of medical and surgical treatment in renovascular hypertension. Long-term results and choice of antihypertensive drugs.", "content": "107 patients have been operated upon for atherosclerotic or fibromuscular renal artery stenosis from January 1, 1962 through December 31, 1973. At the time of last follow-up, or at 1 year 67% of patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, and 79% of patients with fibromuscular renal artery disease were considered to be improved. More recently 50 patients have been treated by surgery (24 patients) or with antihypertensive drugs. 70% (17 of 24) surgically treated patients and 61% (16 of 26) medically treated patients were improved after an average of approximately 1.5 years follow-up.", "contents": "Results of medical and surgical treatment in renovascular hypertension. Long-term results and choice of antihypertensive drugs. 107 patients have been operated upon for atherosclerotic or fibromuscular renal artery stenosis from January 1, 1962 through December 31, 1973. At the time of last follow-up, or at 1 year 67% of patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, and 79% of patients with fibromuscular renal artery disease were considered to be improved. More recently 50 patients have been treated by surgery (24 patients) or with antihypertensive drugs. 70% (17 of 24) surgically treated patients and 61% (16 of 26) medically treated patients were improved after an average of approximately 1.5 years follow-up.", "PMID": 1026361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4147", "title": "Renin, renin substrate and angiotensin II concentration in renal venous blood.", "content": "In 22 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS) and in 8 patients with unilateral or bilateral renal or renal arterial disease, plasma renin activity (PRA), renin substrate (PRS), and angiotensin II (AT II) concentrations were measured in both renal veins and in a peripheral vein 1-2 h after stimulation of renin secretion by injection of frusemide. In patients with elevated PRA in venous blood from a kidney with RAS, AT II was either also elevated, lower than or equal to PRA in peripheral blood, while the contralateral kidney almost invariably extracted AT II. In the 8 patients with variable renal diseases, the concordance between PRA and AT II measurements was better. Results suggest that AT II measurements in renal venous blood are less useful in assessing the functional significance of a RAS than those of PRA. Since PRS is not different in venous plasma of the diseased and the normal kidney, PRA measurements can be regarded as proportional to plasma renin concentration in this condition.", "contents": "Renin, renin substrate and angiotensin II concentration in renal venous blood. In 22 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS) and in 8 patients with unilateral or bilateral renal or renal arterial disease, plasma renin activity (PRA), renin substrate (PRS), and angiotensin II (AT II) concentrations were measured in both renal veins and in a peripheral vein 1-2 h after stimulation of renin secretion by injection of frusemide. In patients with elevated PRA in venous blood from a kidney with RAS, AT II was either also elevated, lower than or equal to PRA in peripheral blood, while the contralateral kidney almost invariably extracted AT II. In the 8 patients with variable renal diseases, the concordance between PRA and AT II measurements was better. Results suggest that AT II measurements in renal venous blood are less useful in assessing the functional significance of a RAS than those of PRA. Since PRS is not different in venous plasma of the diseased and the normal kidney, PRA measurements can be regarded as proportional to plasma renin concentration in this condition.", "PMID": 1026364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4148", "title": "Relevant diagnostic procedures in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The validity of invasive preoperative diagnostic procedures in patients with unilateral renovascular hypertension was assessed. A significant lowering of blood pressure following reconstructive surgery can be predicted if following stimulation with Dihydralazine the renal-venous renin ratio of the involved to the noninvolved kidney is at least 2.0. Furthermore, it is of importance to determine the renal perfusion rate in the contralateral non-stenotic kidney which should be within normal limits. If these two criteria are met then in the majority of cases surgical intervention in unilateral hypertension is meaningful.", "contents": "Relevant diagnostic procedures in renovascular hypertension. The validity of invasive preoperative diagnostic procedures in patients with unilateral renovascular hypertension was assessed. A significant lowering of blood pressure following reconstructive surgery can be predicted if following stimulation with Dihydralazine the renal-venous renin ratio of the involved to the noninvolved kidney is at least 2.0. Furthermore, it is of importance to determine the renal perfusion rate in the contralateral non-stenotic kidney which should be within normal limits. If these two criteria are met then in the majority of cases surgical intervention in unilateral hypertension is meaningful.", "PMID": 1026367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4149", "title": "Measurement of plasma renin concentration and angiotensin II in peripheral and renal venous plasma in the management of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Athough in general, measurement of renal vein renin appears to give a good prediction as to the subsequent response to surgery, its main value lies in its ability to reflect changes in renal plasma flow; true changes in renin secretion rate being much more difficult to detect. Although it is a little early to say how much information can be derived from saralasin infusions, caution must be exercised in necessarily assuming that the test accurately reflects subsequent surgical response.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma renin concentration and angiotensin II in peripheral and renal venous plasma in the management of renovascular hypertension. Athough in general, measurement of renal vein renin appears to give a good prediction as to the subsequent response to surgery, its main value lies in its ability to reflect changes in renal plasma flow; true changes in renin secretion rate being much more difficult to detect. Although it is a little early to say how much information can be derived from saralasin infusions, caution must be exercised in necessarily assuming that the test accurately reflects subsequent surgical response.", "PMID": 1026369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4150", "title": "Angiographic aspects of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Angiography is the most important diagnostic procedure for evaluation of renovascular hypertension. Technique and limits of this method as well as possible ways of improving its diagnostic value are discussed. The pathogenetic significance of a renal artery stenosis in hypertension and the prognosis for a vascular surgical intervention is discussed in the light of bilateral renin determination and the 138 Xe method of measuring intrarenal hemodynamics.", "contents": "Angiographic aspects of renovascular hypertension. Angiography is the most important diagnostic procedure for evaluation of renovascular hypertension. Technique and limits of this method as well as possible ways of improving its diagnostic value are discussed. The pathogenetic significance of a renal artery stenosis in hypertension and the prognosis for a vascular surgical intervention is discussed in the light of bilateral renin determination and the 138 Xe method of measuring intrarenal hemodynamics.", "PMID": 1026371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4151", "title": "Extracorporeal renal surgery for renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Nine cases of renovascular hypertension caused either by lesions in the distal part of the renal artery or by proximal renal atery stenosis where local reconstruction was considered dangerous were treated by extracorporeal reconstructive surgery and autotransplantation. The kidney were removed, cooled and preserved by simple hypothermia during workbench reconstruction on a separate side table. After reconstruction the kidneys were reimplanted to the groin. One kidney was lost due to infection and bleeding. All patients were preoperatively severely hypertensive. Blood pressure was normalized in all cases but one with a homotransplanted kidney which also was undergoing chronic rejection. The method is simple and safe and offers new possibilities to treat lesions in the kidney which previously were impossible or very risky to treat surgically. It is a safe alternative to conventional methods in case of anatomical structures making local reconstruction difficult.", "contents": "Extracorporeal renal surgery for renovascular hypertension. Nine cases of renovascular hypertension caused either by lesions in the distal part of the renal artery or by proximal renal atery stenosis where local reconstruction was considered dangerous were treated by extracorporeal reconstructive surgery and autotransplantation. The kidney were removed, cooled and preserved by simple hypothermia during workbench reconstruction on a separate side table. After reconstruction the kidneys were reimplanted to the groin. One kidney was lost due to infection and bleeding. All patients were preoperatively severely hypertensive. Blood pressure was normalized in all cases but one with a homotransplanted kidney which also was undergoing chronic rejection. The method is simple and safe and offers new possibilities to treat lesions in the kidney which previously were impossible or very risky to treat surgically. It is a safe alternative to conventional methods in case of anatomical structures making local reconstruction difficult.", "PMID": 1026373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4152", "title": "Polyploidization in rat liver: the role of binucleate cells.", "content": "Liver cells were isolated from rats undergoing active formation of tetraploid cells and prelabelled in their DNA with 14C thymidine. Autoradiography of the isolated cells showed that binucleate diploid cells, a major component of the parenchymal cell population at this time, are also active in DNA synthesis. These cells probably pass through mitosis and generate mononucleate tetraploid cells, the dominant cell type of mature rat liver, since the frequency of binucleate tetraploid cells is very low at this stage in rat liver development. The biological significance of liver polyploidy is discussed and it is suggested that this lies in enhanced resistance to mutagenesis.", "contents": "Polyploidization in rat liver: the role of binucleate cells. Liver cells were isolated from rats undergoing active formation of tetraploid cells and prelabelled in their DNA with 14C thymidine. Autoradiography of the isolated cells showed that binucleate diploid cells, a major component of the parenchymal cell population at this time, are also active in DNA synthesis. These cells probably pass through mitosis and generate mononucleate tetraploid cells, the dominant cell type of mature rat liver, since the frequency of binucleate tetraploid cells is very low at this stage in rat liver development. The biological significance of liver polyploidy is discussed and it is suggested that this lies in enhanced resistance to mutagenesis.", "PMID": 1026375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4153", "title": "Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of rRNA synthesis in human liver cells cultured in presence of L-triiodothyronine.", "content": "The synthesis of rRNA in cultured human liver cells grown in the presence of L-triiodothyronine (1.6 x 10(-5)M) was measured by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a double labelling technique. The rate of accumulation of rRNA in the cytoplasm as well as the turnover of rRNA in ribosomes remained unchanged in comparison to control cells regardless of growth stage or cell population density. L-triiodothyronine, however, induced an increased synthesis of rpreRNA when added in the early growth phase of sparse cultures. This induction was time dependent and occurred temporarily, but it was never followed by a similar accumulation of mature rRNA. Therefore, in this system two control mechanisms counteracting each other were effective: the increased rpreRNA synthesis indicates a transcriptional control, and the wastage of odd rpreRNA, however, a post-transcriptional control.", "contents": "Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of rRNA synthesis in human liver cells cultured in presence of L-triiodothyronine. The synthesis of rRNA in cultured human liver cells grown in the presence of L-triiodothyronine (1.6 x 10(-5)M) was measured by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a double labelling technique. The rate of accumulation of rRNA in the cytoplasm as well as the turnover of rRNA in ribosomes remained unchanged in comparison to control cells regardless of growth stage or cell population density. L-triiodothyronine, however, induced an increased synthesis of rpreRNA when added in the early growth phase of sparse cultures. This induction was time dependent and occurred temporarily, but it was never followed by a similar accumulation of mature rRNA. Therefore, in this system two control mechanisms counteracting each other were effective: the increased rpreRNA synthesis indicates a transcriptional control, and the wastage of odd rpreRNA, however, a post-transcriptional control.", "PMID": 1026376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4154", "title": "Shape changes and reduced calcium level in the surface membrane region of human platelets exposed to manganese in vitro.", "content": "The effect of exogenous manganese ions upon human platelets in vitro has been studied. Morphological changes reported include the loss of discoid shape, increase in filopodia and close apposition of platelet surfaces. Electron microscope X-ray microanalysis of thin-sectioned material revealed a significant decrease in the bound calcium levels of the surface membrane as a result of manganese treatment. Analysis of whole platelet homogenates using atomic absorption spectrophotometry indicated that the total internal platelet calcium content had increased significantly. It is suggested that manganese induces the observed changes by displacing calcium from the regulatory system of an actomyosin-like protein complex at the periphery of the platelet.", "contents": "Shape changes and reduced calcium level in the surface membrane region of human platelets exposed to manganese in vitro. The effect of exogenous manganese ions upon human platelets in vitro has been studied. Morphological changes reported include the loss of discoid shape, increase in filopodia and close apposition of platelet surfaces. Electron microscope X-ray microanalysis of thin-sectioned material revealed a significant decrease in the bound calcium levels of the surface membrane as a result of manganese treatment. Analysis of whole platelet homogenates using atomic absorption spectrophotometry indicated that the total internal platelet calcium content had increased significantly. It is suggested that manganese induces the observed changes by displacing calcium from the regulatory system of an actomyosin-like protein complex at the periphery of the platelet.", "PMID": 1026377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4155", "title": "Endoscopy in experimental urology using an argon-laser beam.", "content": "For the first time cystoscopic argon and neodymium-YAG laser irradiation of the bladder wall using a flexible quartz fiber light guide (as described by Nath) was studied morphologically and histologically. It was seen that it is possible to control the depth of tissue removal without the risk of perforation of the bladder wall. Therefore endoscopic surgery of bladder tumors by laser radiation seems to be possible. Hydronephrosis could not be observed even after direct laser irradiation of the orifices.", "contents": "Endoscopy in experimental urology using an argon-laser beam. For the first time cystoscopic argon and neodymium-YAG laser irradiation of the bladder wall using a flexible quartz fiber light guide (as described by Nath) was studied morphologically and histologically. It was seen that it is possible to control the depth of tissue removal without the risk of perforation of the bladder wall. Therefore endoscopic surgery of bladder tumors by laser radiation seems to be possible. Hydronephrosis could not be observed even after direct laser irradiation of the orifices.", "PMID": 1026378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4156", "title": "[Intestinal placement of Miller-Abbott-tubes under endoscopic guidance (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on experiences with 9 treatments in 7 cases of intestinal obstruction, the technique of endoscopic transgastric guidance of Miller-Abbott-tubes is reported. On our service, the above mentioned method was applied in the treatment of intestinal obstruction observed in cases of advanced malignant lesions as well as in patients with intestinal obstruction in the early postoperative period. Apparative aids and technical guidelines are accentuated. The method requires a team consisting of at least one physician and three assistents with clearly defined competence. Success also depends on the selection of material used. Special problems arise in the treatment of patients following partial gastrectomy. Routine X-rays are important in order to control the course of treatment and to documentate the result. The inclusion of endoscopic aids resulted in successful intestinal intubation in all cases treated. The utilization of recommended guidelines seemingly rules out technical failure in the attempt of placing the tube in the desired anatomic position.", "contents": "[Intestinal placement of Miller-Abbott-tubes under endoscopic guidance (author's transl)]. Based on experiences with 9 treatments in 7 cases of intestinal obstruction, the technique of endoscopic transgastric guidance of Miller-Abbott-tubes is reported. On our service, the above mentioned method was applied in the treatment of intestinal obstruction observed in cases of advanced malignant lesions as well as in patients with intestinal obstruction in the early postoperative period. Apparative aids and technical guidelines are accentuated. The method requires a team consisting of at least one physician and three assistents with clearly defined competence. Success also depends on the selection of material used. Special problems arise in the treatment of patients following partial gastrectomy. Routine X-rays are important in order to control the course of treatment and to documentate the result. The inclusion of endoscopic aids resulted in successful intestinal intubation in all cases treated. The utilization of recommended guidelines seemingly rules out technical failure in the attempt of placing the tube in the desired anatomic position.", "PMID": 1026379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4157", "title": "Colonoscopic perforation: its emergency treatment.", "content": "One of the accepted complications of colonoscopy is perforation. This is known to occur in greater frequency in patients having undergone previous pelvic or colonic surgery, as well as patients suffering from diverticulosis. A case is presented of colonic perforation during diagnostic examination in an area of adhesions secondary to pelvic surgery. Immediately after the perforation, the patient entered into vascular collapse and respiratory distress, with a distended abdomen. The introduction of a large bore intravenous catheter into the abdominal cavity with the release of the pneumoperitoneum resulted in an instantaneous return of vital signs and the patient subsequently underwent surgery and recovered. It is felt that this method of emergency treatment can be life-saving in a patient perforating during colonoscopy.", "contents": "Colonoscopic perforation: its emergency treatment. One of the accepted complications of colonoscopy is perforation. This is known to occur in greater frequency in patients having undergone previous pelvic or colonic surgery, as well as patients suffering from diverticulosis. A case is presented of colonic perforation during diagnostic examination in an area of adhesions secondary to pelvic surgery. Immediately after the perforation, the patient entered into vascular collapse and respiratory distress, with a distended abdomen. The introduction of a large bore intravenous catheter into the abdominal cavity with the release of the pneumoperitoneum resulted in an instantaneous return of vital signs and the patient subsequently underwent surgery and recovered. It is felt that this method of emergency treatment can be life-saving in a patient perforating during colonoscopy.", "PMID": 1026380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4158", "title": "The endoscopic demonstration of coeliac disease.", "content": "The first part of the duodenum has been studied endoscopically in treated and untreated coeliac patients. Biopsies taken from the duodenal cap during endoscopic examination, show villous atrophy similar to that found in the distal duodenum and jejunum. Using the indigocarmine scattering method, severe atrophy of the mucosal surface can be demonstrated throughout the duodenal cap, in vivo, in untreated coeliac disease.", "contents": "The endoscopic demonstration of coeliac disease. The first part of the duodenum has been studied endoscopically in treated and untreated coeliac patients. Biopsies taken from the duodenal cap during endoscopic examination, show villous atrophy similar to that found in the distal duodenum and jejunum. Using the indigocarmine scattering method, severe atrophy of the mucosal surface can be demonstrated throughout the duodenal cap, in vivo, in untreated coeliac disease.", "PMID": 1026384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4159", "title": "Technique, indication and evidence of sinuscopy.", "content": "It is reported on experiences made with endoscopy of the maxillary sinus by means of three different angular optics according to Hopkins (0 degree, 30 degrees, 70 degrees). A sinuscopy is indicated in order to obtain an early diagnosis of malignant tumour growth; it is decisive as to an operation of the maxillary sinus to be carried out; it clarifies clinically uncertain maxillary sinus findings. In addition to the usual investigation methods, the sinuscopy allows a direct local diagnosis. Moreover, diagnostic and therapeutic operations may be carried out by means of a biopsy forceps.", "contents": "Technique, indication and evidence of sinuscopy. It is reported on experiences made with endoscopy of the maxillary sinus by means of three different angular optics according to Hopkins (0 degree, 30 degrees, 70 degrees). A sinuscopy is indicated in order to obtain an early diagnosis of malignant tumour growth; it is decisive as to an operation of the maxillary sinus to be carried out; it clarifies clinically uncertain maxillary sinus findings. In addition to the usual investigation methods, the sinuscopy allows a direct local diagnosis. Moreover, diagnostic and therapeutic operations may be carried out by means of a biopsy forceps.", "PMID": 1026385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4160", "title": "Results of diagnostic pelviscopy in cases of chronic recurrent pelvic disease.", "content": "During the last two years we have performed diagnostic pelviscopy in 90 patients suffering from a syndrome of chronic repeated pelvic disease. In 44 patients extragenital endometriosis was diagnosed as the causing factor. In 15 cases we found wide-spread adhesions in the region of the lower pelvis after preceeding laparotomies. Only in 12 patients pelvic-alterations caused by chronic inflammatory processes of the adnexa with peritubal adhesions were discovered. As these results show extragenital endometriosis represents in far more cases as generally believed the cause of gynecological pains. We want to give special emphasis to the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.", "contents": "Results of diagnostic pelviscopy in cases of chronic recurrent pelvic disease. During the last two years we have performed diagnostic pelviscopy in 90 patients suffering from a syndrome of chronic repeated pelvic disease. In 44 patients extragenital endometriosis was diagnosed as the causing factor. In 15 cases we found wide-spread adhesions in the region of the lower pelvis after preceeding laparotomies. Only in 12 patients pelvic-alterations caused by chronic inflammatory processes of the adnexa with peritubal adhesions were discovered. As these results show extragenital endometriosis represents in far more cases as generally believed the cause of gynecological pains. We want to give special emphasis to the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.", "PMID": 1026386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4161", "title": "Removal of foreign bodies from subsegmental bronchi with the fiberbronchoscope.", "content": "Though the fiberbronchoscope has been designed for diagnostic purposes, it can be used, as well, for the removal of small foreign bodies from segmental and subsegmental bronchi; In this paper we report two cases in which we successfully removed from subsegmental bronchi a pulp-canal reamer and a melon seed. This fact proves that in some of these cases we can avoid thoracotomies.", "contents": "Removal of foreign bodies from subsegmental bronchi with the fiberbronchoscope. Though the fiberbronchoscope has been designed for diagnostic purposes, it can be used, as well, for the removal of small foreign bodies from segmental and subsegmental bronchi; In this paper we report two cases in which we successfully removed from subsegmental bronchi a pulp-canal reamer and a melon seed. This fact proves that in some of these cases we can avoid thoracotomies.", "PMID": 1026387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4162", "title": "A new device for endoscopic foreign body extraction.", "content": "A yoghurt-spoon with a long handle which could not be removed initially from the stomach during several sessions was finally successfully extracted by a new simple device.", "contents": "A new device for endoscopic foreign body extraction. A yoghurt-spoon with a long handle which could not be removed initially from the stomach during several sessions was finally successfully extracted by a new simple device.", "PMID": 1026388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4163", "title": "A new self-twisting polypectomy snare.", "content": "In contrast to the hitherto available polypectomy snares the newly designed snare for endoscopic polypectomy offers the following advantages: when the tip of the endoscope is directed towards the polyp the snare turns automatically into a position parallel to the polyp-bearing bowel wall. \"Combusting ulcers\" are avoided, a homogenous circular flow of electric current is guaranteed.", "contents": "A new self-twisting polypectomy snare. In contrast to the hitherto available polypectomy snares the newly designed snare for endoscopic polypectomy offers the following advantages: when the tip of the endoscope is directed towards the polyp the snare turns automatically into a position parallel to the polyp-bearing bowel wall. \"Combusting ulcers\" are avoided, a homogenous circular flow of electric current is guaranteed.", "PMID": 1026389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4164", "title": "Transgastroscopic ultrasonography.", "content": "A newly designed ultrasonography probe is presented which can be advanced through the instrumentation channel of an operative endoscope (TGF-Olympus). The A-scan allows the differentiation between solid and cystic masses in the upper abdomen leading to gastric impression. Guided puncture of pancreatic pseudocysts is based on a solid diagnosis and can be performed from the gastric lumen thus avoiding the development of pancreato-cutaneous fistulas.", "contents": "Transgastroscopic ultrasonography. A newly designed ultrasonography probe is presented which can be advanced through the instrumentation channel of an operative endoscope (TGF-Olympus). The A-scan allows the differentiation between solid and cystic masses in the upper abdomen leading to gastric impression. Guided puncture of pancreatic pseudocysts is based on a solid diagnosis and can be performed from the gastric lumen thus avoiding the development of pancreato-cutaneous fistulas.", "PMID": 1026390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4165", "title": "Oesophagus bezoar diagnosed and removed endoscopically.", "content": "The authors describe the rare case of bezoar in the oesophagus. Their patient was sent to their Clinics with a diagnosed oesophageal tumor. The exact diagnosis was established by endoscopical examination. The bezoar was removed by endoscope, therefore, an operation was not necessary.", "contents": "Oesophagus bezoar diagnosed and removed endoscopically. The authors describe the rare case of bezoar in the oesophagus. Their patient was sent to their Clinics with a diagnosed oesophageal tumor. The exact diagnosis was established by endoscopical examination. The bezoar was removed by endoscope, therefore, an operation was not necessary.", "PMID": 1026391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4166", "title": "Double pylorus and esophageal achalasia.", "content": "29 cases of double pylorus have been reported so far. It is thought that in 85% of the cases it has been due to a fistulous gastro-duodenal ulcer and the remaining 15% would be of a congenital origin. In the case we have reported the double pylorus is believed to be a congenital anomaly associated with a mega-esophagus of similar etiology.", "contents": "Double pylorus and esophageal achalasia. 29 cases of double pylorus have been reported so far. It is thought that in 85% of the cases it has been due to a fistulous gastro-duodenal ulcer and the remaining 15% would be of a congenital origin. In the case we have reported the double pylorus is believed to be a congenital anomaly associated with a mega-esophagus of similar etiology.", "PMID": 1026392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4167", "title": "A case of common bile duct ascariasis diagnosed by duodenoscopy.", "content": "A case of common bile duct ascariasis diagnosed by duodenoscopy is presented. At the admission, the patient, cholecystectomized for gallstones 13 years before, had been complaining of epigastric pain associated with post-prandial and nocturnal vomiting. Physical examination showed only slight tenderness in the epigastrium. Laboratory findings were within normal limits, with the exception of a moderate leukocytosis. Intravenous cholangiography showed the lack of visualization of the terminal common bile duct, but the flow of contrast medium was normal. Duodenoscopy, carried out without a specific clinical suspicion, revealed an ascaris lumbricoides inserted in the common bile duct and partially protruding from the papilla Vateri. The patient was treated by piperazine, intravenous fluids, antibiotics and a choleretic compound. After 24 hours an ascaris 33 cm long was excreted in the faeces and the patient became symptom-free. Some pathophysiological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of biliary ascariasis are discussed.", "contents": "A case of common bile duct ascariasis diagnosed by duodenoscopy. A case of common bile duct ascariasis diagnosed by duodenoscopy is presented. At the admission, the patient, cholecystectomized for gallstones 13 years before, had been complaining of epigastric pain associated with post-prandial and nocturnal vomiting. Physical examination showed only slight tenderness in the epigastrium. Laboratory findings were within normal limits, with the exception of a moderate leukocytosis. Intravenous cholangiography showed the lack of visualization of the terminal common bile duct, but the flow of contrast medium was normal. Duodenoscopy, carried out without a specific clinical suspicion, revealed an ascaris lumbricoides inserted in the common bile duct and partially protruding from the papilla Vateri. The patient was treated by piperazine, intravenous fluids, antibiotics and a choleretic compound. After 24 hours an ascaris 33 cm long was excreted in the faeces and the patient became symptom-free. Some pathophysiological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of biliary ascariasis are discussed.", "PMID": 1026393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4168", "title": "Hypogammaglobulinemia with lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the small bowel: endoscopic diagnosis of one case.", "content": "A 37-year-old man suffering from abdominal pain and diarrhea, was hospitalized because of abdominal discomfort. Gastroduodenal series showed multiple duodenal filling defects. Gastroduodenoscopic examination revealed numerous nodular lesions in the duodenum and biopsy specimen demonstrated nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The serum immunoelectrophoretic pattern showed a virtual absence of IgA and IgM and a very decreased level of IgG. To our knowledge, it is the first case of hypogammaglobulinaemia with nodular hyperplasia of the small bowel, diagnosed by endoscopy and forceps biopsy.", "contents": "Hypogammaglobulinemia with lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the small bowel: endoscopic diagnosis of one case. A 37-year-old man suffering from abdominal pain and diarrhea, was hospitalized because of abdominal discomfort. Gastroduodenal series showed multiple duodenal filling defects. Gastroduodenoscopic examination revealed numerous nodular lesions in the duodenum and biopsy specimen demonstrated nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The serum immunoelectrophoretic pattern showed a virtual absence of IgA and IgM and a very decreased level of IgG. To our knowledge, it is the first case of hypogammaglobulinaemia with nodular hyperplasia of the small bowel, diagnosed by endoscopy and forceps biopsy.", "PMID": 1026394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4169", "title": "Measurement of some potentially hazardous materials in the atmosphere of rubber factories.", "content": "Two separate topics of work are outlined: methods for the measurement of chlorinated monomers in PVC and polychloroprene, and also methods for the measurement of these materials in factory air. Typical results which have been obtained in supplies of raw materials, in finished products, and in the working atmosphere at manufacturing operations are given. The second topic concerns the measurement of benzo[a]pyrene in the atmosphere of a tire manufacturing plant. This material is present in trace quantities in the mineral oils and carbon blacks used by the industry. The atmospheric concentrations present at various processes in this plant were measured on a daily basis over a period of two years, and the results obtained compared with results taken concurrently from an outside air station. It is shown that no significant quantities of benzo[a]pyrene are produced by tire manufacturing operations.", "contents": "Measurement of some potentially hazardous materials in the atmosphere of rubber factories. Two separate topics of work are outlined: methods for the measurement of chlorinated monomers in PVC and polychloroprene, and also methods for the measurement of these materials in factory air. Typical results which have been obtained in supplies of raw materials, in finished products, and in the working atmosphere at manufacturing operations are given. The second topic concerns the measurement of benzo[a]pyrene in the atmosphere of a tire manufacturing plant. This material is present in trace quantities in the mineral oils and carbon blacks used by the industry. The atmospheric concentrations present at various processes in this plant were measured on a daily basis over a period of two years, and the results obtained compared with results taken concurrently from an outside air station. It is shown that no significant quantities of benzo[a]pyrene are produced by tire manufacturing operations.", "PMID": 1026396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4170", "title": "Quantitative analysis of styrene monomer in polystyrene and foods including some preliminary studies of the uptake and pharmacodynamics of the monomer in rats.", "content": "A variety of food containers, drinking cups and cutlery, fabricated from polystyrene (PS) or polystyrene-related plastic, were analyzed for their styrene monomer content. Samples of yogurt, packaged in PS cups, were similarly analyzed and the leaching of styrene monomer from PS containers by some food simulants was also determined. Blood level studies with rats, dosed with styrene monomer by various routes, illustrated uptake phenomena that were dependent on the dose and route of administration and were also affected by the vehicle used to convey the styrene monomer.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of styrene monomer in polystyrene and foods including some preliminary studies of the uptake and pharmacodynamics of the monomer in rats. A variety of food containers, drinking cups and cutlery, fabricated from polystyrene (PS) or polystyrene-related plastic, were analyzed for their styrene monomer content. Samples of yogurt, packaged in PS cups, were similarly analyzed and the leaching of styrene monomer from PS containers by some food simulants was also determined. Blood level studies with rats, dosed with styrene monomer by various routes, illustrated uptake phenomena that were dependent on the dose and route of administration and were also affected by the vehicle used to convey the styrene monomer.", "PMID": 1026397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4171", "title": "Chronic diseases in the rubber industry.", "content": "An overview is presented of epidemiologic studies of chronic diseases in the rubber industry. Analyses of the mortality experience during the period 1964-1972 of workers age 40-64 and retirees age 65-84 of two large rubber and tire manufacturing companies consistently disclosed excesses of deaths attributed to leukemia and lymphosarcoma, and for cancers of the stomach, large intestine, and prostate. The relation of site-specific malignancies to work histories and grouped occupational titles as surrogate measures of work-related exposures to possible carcinogens is described. There was no evidence of company-wide, sizable, consistent excess for the other major chronic diseases causes of death. Although a total cohort deficit in the mortality rate for lung cancer was found, there was a history of increased frequency of exposure to certain work areas among lung cancer decedents. Morbidity studies, including analysis of disability retirements, and ad hoc questionnaire and health testing surveys, disclosed excesses of chronic pulmonary diseases. There was evidence of an interactive effect in the association of work and smoking histories with pulmonary disability retirement.", "contents": "Chronic diseases in the rubber industry. An overview is presented of epidemiologic studies of chronic diseases in the rubber industry. Analyses of the mortality experience during the period 1964-1972 of workers age 40-64 and retirees age 65-84 of two large rubber and tire manufacturing companies consistently disclosed excesses of deaths attributed to leukemia and lymphosarcoma, and for cancers of the stomach, large intestine, and prostate. The relation of site-specific malignancies to work histories and grouped occupational titles as surrogate measures of work-related exposures to possible carcinogens is described. There was no evidence of company-wide, sizable, consistent excess for the other major chronic diseases causes of death. Although a total cohort deficit in the mortality rate for lung cancer was found, there was a history of increased frequency of exposure to certain work areas among lung cancer decedents. Morbidity studies, including analysis of disability retirements, and ad hoc questionnaire and health testing surveys, disclosed excesses of chronic pulmonary diseases. There was evidence of an interactive effect in the association of work and smoking histories with pulmonary disability retirement.", "PMID": 1026398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4172", "title": "Hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism of 14C-styrene oxide.", "content": "With 8-(14)C-styrene oxide as substrate, specific glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrase activities were determined in subcellular fractions of liver, lungs, kidney, and intestinal mucosa from rabbit, rat, and guinea pig. Liver had the highest enzyme activities in each species. Rat and guinea pig had higher glutathione S-transferase activity in both liver and kidney than rabbit. Rat testis also had appreciable glutathione S-transferase activity. The perinatal development of epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase was followed in liver and several extrahepatic tissues of fetal and neonatal guinea pigs and rabbits. The rates at which enzyme activities reached adult levels in the extrahepatic tissues differed from the liver in both species. Epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferases developed at different rates in each organ, demonstrating that the relative importance of these two detoxifying pathways for styrene oxide may shift before and after birth. The effects of pretreating male and female rats with phenobarbital (PB), 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene (DBA), pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic and extrahepatic epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase activities toward styrene oxide were determined. PB increased both enzyme activities in liver of both sexes. PCN induced only glutathione S-transferase activity in female liver. Extrahepatic epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase activities were unaffected except that TCDD doubled female renal epoxide hydrase activity and PB increased intestinal epoxide hydrase activity in both sexes. Styrene oxide biotransformation was studied in isolated, perfused rat liver and rabbit lung preparations. Conjugation with glutathione was a major metabolic pathway although significant amounts of diol were also formed in each instance. In rat liver, 27-40% of the administered styrene oxide was excreted via the bile mainly as S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione.", "contents": "Hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism of 14C-styrene oxide. With 8-(14)C-styrene oxide as substrate, specific glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrase activities were determined in subcellular fractions of liver, lungs, kidney, and intestinal mucosa from rabbit, rat, and guinea pig. Liver had the highest enzyme activities in each species. Rat and guinea pig had higher glutathione S-transferase activity in both liver and kidney than rabbit. Rat testis also had appreciable glutathione S-transferase activity. The perinatal development of epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase was followed in liver and several extrahepatic tissues of fetal and neonatal guinea pigs and rabbits. The rates at which enzyme activities reached adult levels in the extrahepatic tissues differed from the liver in both species. Epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferases developed at different rates in each organ, demonstrating that the relative importance of these two detoxifying pathways for styrene oxide may shift before and after birth. The effects of pretreating male and female rats with phenobarbital (PB), 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene (DBA), pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic and extrahepatic epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase activities toward styrene oxide were determined. PB increased both enzyme activities in liver of both sexes. PCN induced only glutathione S-transferase activity in female liver. Extrahepatic epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase activities were unaffected except that TCDD doubled female renal epoxide hydrase activity and PB increased intestinal epoxide hydrase activity in both sexes. Styrene oxide biotransformation was studied in isolated, perfused rat liver and rabbit lung preparations. Conjugation with glutathione was a major metabolic pathway although significant amounts of diol were also formed in each instance. In rat liver, 27-40% of the administered styrene oxide was excreted via the bile mainly as S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione.", "PMID": 1026399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4173", "title": "Dose-dependent fate of vinyl chloride and its possible relationship to oncogenicity in rats.", "content": "Studies on the fate of 14C-labeled vinyl chloride (VC) following oral administration and inhalation exposure in rats demonstrated that the disposition of VC in the body is a function of the dose. More importantly, from the data available, it appears that a correlation exists between doses of VC which cause tumors and those that saturate metabolic or detoxifying pathways. Additional studies characterized the depression of liver non-protein sulfhydryl content (primarily GSH) with the duration and concentration of exposure to VC. The results of these investigations indicate that statistical projections utilizing data collected from rats exposed to high doses of VC are invalid for predicting the hazard of low level exposure, because such projections violate a priori assumption that the dynamics governing the fate of VC in the body are unaltered.", "contents": "Dose-dependent fate of vinyl chloride and its possible relationship to oncogenicity in rats. Studies on the fate of 14C-labeled vinyl chloride (VC) following oral administration and inhalation exposure in rats demonstrated that the disposition of VC in the body is a function of the dose. More importantly, from the data available, it appears that a correlation exists between doses of VC which cause tumors and those that saturate metabolic or detoxifying pathways. Additional studies characterized the depression of liver non-protein sulfhydryl content (primarily GSH) with the duration and concentration of exposure to VC. The results of these investigations indicate that statistical projections utilizing data collected from rats exposed to high doses of VC are invalid for predicting the hazard of low level exposure, because such projections violate a priori assumption that the dynamics governing the fate of VC in the body are unaltered.", "PMID": 1026400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4174", "title": "Demographic variation in cancer in relation to industrial and environmental influence.", "content": "Mortality data (183,064 deaths in a 30-year period, 1940-1969) by sex and three ethnic groups (white excluding Spanish-surnamed, nonwhite, and Spanish-surnamed) in 15 regions within the city (Houston), grouped around the air pollution sample collection stations have been analyzed. Valid contrast studies were possible in only one region within the city for all three groups and in six regions for white excluding Spanish-surnamed and nonwhite. There is evidence that the environmental factors of exposure over time to air and industrial pollutants in Houston has had a demonstrable effect in increasing regional mortality from cancer of the respiratory tract as well as from all other diseases and conditions of the respiratory tract and heart disease. This study points out the need for mutually sustained collaboration of effort of the scientific and industrial communities to redirect their attention and research efforts to the exploration of the carcinogenic potential of the microchemical environment.", "contents": "Demographic variation in cancer in relation to industrial and environmental influence. Mortality data (183,064 deaths in a 30-year period, 1940-1969) by sex and three ethnic groups (white excluding Spanish-surnamed, nonwhite, and Spanish-surnamed) in 15 regions within the city (Houston), grouped around the air pollution sample collection stations have been analyzed. Valid contrast studies were possible in only one region within the city for all three groups and in six regions for white excluding Spanish-surnamed and nonwhite. There is evidence that the environmental factors of exposure over time to air and industrial pollutants in Houston has had a demonstrable effect in increasing regional mortality from cancer of the respiratory tract as well as from all other diseases and conditions of the respiratory tract and heart disease. This study points out the need for mutually sustained collaboration of effort of the scientific and industrial communities to redirect their attention and research efforts to the exploration of the carcinogenic potential of the microchemical environment.", "PMID": 1026401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4175", "title": "Mortality and cancer morbidity in a group of Swedish VCM and PCV production workers.", "content": "The cohort of workers employed in a Swedish vinyl chloride/poly(vinyl chloride) plant since its start in the early 1940's has been followed for mortality and cancer morbidity patterns. Only 21 of the 771 persons could not be traced. Difficulties in establishing exposure levels at different work areas in the past makes an evaluation of dose-effect relationships impossible. A four- to fivefold excess of pancreas/liver tumors was found, including two cases later classified as angiosarcomas of the liver. The number of brain tumors and suicide do not deviate significantly from expected. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, on the other hand, differ significantly from the expected. The discrepancies between previous reports on VCM/PVC workers and this report are discussed. The possible etiology of the cardiovascular deaths is also discussed.", "contents": "Mortality and cancer morbidity in a group of Swedish VCM and PCV production workers. The cohort of workers employed in a Swedish vinyl chloride/poly(vinyl chloride) plant since its start in the early 1940's has been followed for mortality and cancer morbidity patterns. Only 21 of the 771 persons could not be traced. Difficulties in establishing exposure levels at different work areas in the past makes an evaluation of dose-effect relationships impossible. A four- to fivefold excess of pancreas/liver tumors was found, including two cases later classified as angiosarcomas of the liver. The number of brain tumors and suicide do not deviate significantly from expected. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, on the other hand, differ significantly from the expected. The discrepancies between previous reports on VCM/PVC workers and this report are discussed. The possible etiology of the cardiovascular deaths is also discussed.", "PMID": 1026402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4176", "title": "Clinical studies of styrene workers: initial findings.", "content": "Styrene monomer is a high volume chemical used chiefly in production of polystyrene. A clinical survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the U.S. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories. Significant differences between the high and low exposure groups were found with regard to history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, acute lower respiratory symptoms, prevalence of FEV 1/FV less than 75 per cent, and elevated GCTP. Other liver function tests, chest x-ray, FVC less than 80 per cent, and hematological parameters showed no distinct pattern. A concomitant mortality study has been mounted and is in progress.", "contents": "Clinical studies of styrene workers: initial findings. Styrene monomer is a high volume chemical used chiefly in production of polystyrene. A clinical survey of 493 production workers was undertaken at the oldest and largest monomer production, polymerization, and extrusion facility in the U.S. Relative exposure durations and levels were obtained from occupational histories. Significant differences between the high and low exposure groups were found with regard to history of acute prenarcotic symptoms, acute lower respiratory symptoms, prevalence of FEV 1/FV less than 75 per cent, and elevated GCTP. Other liver function tests, chest x-ray, FVC less than 80 per cent, and hematological parameters showed no distinct pattern. A concomitant mortality study has been mounted and is in progress.", "PMID": 1026403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4177", "title": "Malignant tumors of the liver and lungs in an area with a PVC industry.", "content": "The incidence of malignant tumors of the lung and bronchus and of cytologically confirmed primary malignant tumor of the liver was analyzed for a 4-yr period in a city with several factories, including a PVC industry. Prior to the study two cases of angio-sarcoma of the liver were diagnosed in workers employed in PVC production. The total incidence of analyzed tumors was only slightly higher than predicted. The tumors of the liver recorded did not show any dependence on place of work or residence. During the period of observation, malignant tumors of the bronchus (lung) were not recorded in the PVC industry. Their rate in the area in which the PVC industry is situated was approximately the same as that for the entire city area. The study does not indicate that the occurrence of malignant tumors other than angiosarcoma is associated with exposure to vinyl chloride.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the liver and lungs in an area with a PVC industry. The incidence of malignant tumors of the lung and bronchus and of cytologically confirmed primary malignant tumor of the liver was analyzed for a 4-yr period in a city with several factories, including a PVC industry. Prior to the study two cases of angio-sarcoma of the liver were diagnosed in workers employed in PVC production. The total incidence of analyzed tumors was only slightly higher than predicted. The tumors of the liver recorded did not show any dependence on place of work or residence. During the period of observation, malignant tumors of the bronchus (lung) were not recorded in the PVC industry. Their rate in the area in which the PVC industry is situated was approximately the same as that for the entire city area. The study does not indicate that the occurrence of malignant tumors other than angiosarcoma is associated with exposure to vinyl chloride.", "PMID": 1026404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4178", "title": "Health hazards in the production and processing of some fibers, resins, and plastics in Bulgaria.", "content": "Results of the toxicological studies of working conditions, general and professional morbidity, and complex examinations carried out on workers engaged in the production of polyamides, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyester fibers and poly (vinyl chloride) resin, urea-formaldehyde glue, glass fibre materials and polyurethane resins are given. An extremely high occupational hazard for workers in the production of poly (vinyl chloride) resin and porous materials from polyurethane resins and urea-formaldehyde glue has been established. Cases of vinyl chloride disease, poisoning from formaldehyde, isocyanates, and styrene were noted. Prophylactic measures were taken in Bulgaria to lessen the occupational hazard in the productions as set forth included limitation of the work day to 6 hr, free food, additional bonus and leave, and annual physical examinations of workers.", "contents": "Health hazards in the production and processing of some fibers, resins, and plastics in Bulgaria. Results of the toxicological studies of working conditions, general and professional morbidity, and complex examinations carried out on workers engaged in the production of polyamides, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyester fibers and poly (vinyl chloride) resin, urea-formaldehyde glue, glass fibre materials and polyurethane resins are given. An extremely high occupational hazard for workers in the production of poly (vinyl chloride) resin and porous materials from polyurethane resins and urea-formaldehyde glue has been established. Cases of vinyl chloride disease, poisoning from formaldehyde, isocyanates, and styrene were noted. Prophylactic measures were taken in Bulgaria to lessen the occupational hazard in the productions as set forth included limitation of the work day to 6 hr, free food, additional bonus and leave, and annual physical examinations of workers.", "PMID": 1026405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4179", "title": "Recent progress in safety evaluation studies on plasticizers and plastics and their controlled use in Japan.", "content": "Recent experimental studies in Japan on the evaluation of potential health hazards from phthalate esters used in manufacturing poly (vinyl chloride) as well as several plastics for medical devices and for food containers and packages were introduced. Development of pulmonary granuloma formation after intravenous injection of diethylhexyl phthalate was assumed to be dependent on the particle size of the phthalate in vehicle used. Dietary administration of large amount of diethylhexyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate produced renal cysts in mothers and in descendants in reproduction studies in mice. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the phthalates and several plastics and resins were also examined by in vivo and in vitro studies. Hematological parameters examined in rabbits after repeated intravenous injection of diethylhexyl phthalate and after implantation of plastics in aorta for 3--6 months did not show any significant change. A slow decrease of radioactivity was observed in adipose tissue of rats following oral administration of 14C-labeled diethylhexyl phthalate. tthe administrative action on phthalates by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Recent progress in safety evaluation studies on plasticizers and plastics and their controlled use in Japan. Recent experimental studies in Japan on the evaluation of potential health hazards from phthalate esters used in manufacturing poly (vinyl chloride) as well as several plastics for medical devices and for food containers and packages were introduced. Development of pulmonary granuloma formation after intravenous injection of diethylhexyl phthalate was assumed to be dependent on the particle size of the phthalate in vehicle used. Dietary administration of large amount of diethylhexyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate produced renal cysts in mothers and in descendants in reproduction studies in mice. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the phthalates and several plastics and resins were also examined by in vivo and in vitro studies. Hematological parameters examined in rabbits after repeated intravenous injection of diethylhexyl phthalate and after implantation of plastics in aorta for 3--6 months did not show any significant change. A slow decrease of radioactivity was observed in adipose tissue of rats following oral administration of 14C-labeled diethylhexyl phthalate. tthe administrative action on phthalates by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1026406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4180", "title": "Problems and perspective in epidemiological study of occupational health hazards in the rubber industry.", "content": "An epidemiological analysis of the problems in the study of companies engaged in the manufacture of rubber products in different countries and in different time periods is given. Selected findings on cancer of gallbladder and biliary system, cancer of the lung, and tumors of the central nervous system among rubber workers are presented.", "contents": "Problems and perspective in epidemiological study of occupational health hazards in the rubber industry. An epidemiological analysis of the problems in the study of companies engaged in the manufacture of rubber products in different countries and in different time periods is given. Selected findings on cancer of gallbladder and biliary system, cancer of the lung, and tumors of the central nervous system among rubber workers are presented.", "PMID": 1026407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4181", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of vinyl chloride.", "content": "Vinyl chloride (VCM) is not carcinogenic by itself, it is bioactivated to the highly reactive alkylating oxirane chloroethylene oxide. Further metabolism, apparently, leads via an interaction of the primary alkylating metabolites with glutathion to S-(2-carboxy-methyl)-cysteine and thiodiacetic acid which are eliminated with the urine. Up to now, it has not been ascertained whether the oxirane alone is the essential carcinogenic factor or whether other metabolites are also involved in carcinogenicity. Likewise, it is still unknown whether the metabolites excreted in the urine might be used as biological criteria for exposure to VCM, because these metabolites probably can originate from a series of substances other than VCM. This problem could stimulate investigations on the possible carcinogenic activity of these substances.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride (VCM) is not carcinogenic by itself, it is bioactivated to the highly reactive alkylating oxirane chloroethylene oxide. Further metabolism, apparently, leads via an interaction of the primary alkylating metabolites with glutathion to S-(2-carboxy-methyl)-cysteine and thiodiacetic acid which are eliminated with the urine. Up to now, it has not been ascertained whether the oxirane alone is the essential carcinogenic factor or whether other metabolites are also involved in carcinogenicity. Likewise, it is still unknown whether the metabolites excreted in the urine might be used as biological criteria for exposure to VCM, because these metabolites probably can originate from a series of substances other than VCM. This problem could stimulate investigations on the possible carcinogenic activity of these substances.", "PMID": 1026408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4182", "title": "Consumer hazards of plastics.", "content": "The modern consumer is exposed to a wide variety of plastic and rubber products in his day to day life: at home, work, school, shopping, recreation and play, and transport. A large variety of toxic sequellae have resulted from untoward exposures by many different routes: oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral. Toxic change may result from the plastic itself, migration of unbound components and additives, chemical decomposition or toxic pyrolysis products. The type of damage may involve acute poisoning, chronic organ damage, reproductive disorders, and carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic episodes. Typical examples for all routes are cited along with the activites of Canadian regulatory agencies to reduce both the incidence and severity of plastic-induced disease.", "contents": "Consumer hazards of plastics. The modern consumer is exposed to a wide variety of plastic and rubber products in his day to day life: at home, work, school, shopping, recreation and play, and transport. A large variety of toxic sequellae have resulted from untoward exposures by many different routes: oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral. Toxic change may result from the plastic itself, migration of unbound components and additives, chemical decomposition or toxic pyrolysis products. The type of damage may involve acute poisoning, chronic organ damage, reproductive disorders, and carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic episodes. Typical examples for all routes are cited along with the activites of Canadian regulatory agencies to reduce both the incidence and severity of plastic-induced disease.", "PMID": 1026409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4183", "title": "Diffusion of residual monomer in polymer resins.", "content": "A simplified mathematical model which made use of Fick's laws of diffusion written in spherical coordinates was developed to describe the rate of diffusion of residual monomers from polymer resins. The properties of the monomer-polymer system which influenced the amount of monomer remaining in the polymer as a function of time were the diffusivity and solubility of the monomer in the polymer, and the particle size of the polymer resin. This model was used to analyze literature data on the diffusion of residual vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride resins made by the suspension process. It was concluded that particle size of the resin was a significant parameter which should be taken advantage of in process equipment designed to remove residual monomer from PVC resins. The diffusivity of the monomer in the polymer was a function of the solubility of the monomer in the polymer. Monomer solubility can be determined from Henry's law. It was suggested that this model could be adapted to describe diffusion of monomers from any monomer-polymer system, and would be a useful approach to modeling the transport of nonreactive chemical additives from plastics.", "contents": "Diffusion of residual monomer in polymer resins. A simplified mathematical model which made use of Fick's laws of diffusion written in spherical coordinates was developed to describe the rate of diffusion of residual monomers from polymer resins. The properties of the monomer-polymer system which influenced the amount of monomer remaining in the polymer as a function of time were the diffusivity and solubility of the monomer in the polymer, and the particle size of the polymer resin. This model was used to analyze literature data on the diffusion of residual vinyl chloride monomer in polyvinyl chloride resins made by the suspension process. It was concluded that particle size of the resin was a significant parameter which should be taken advantage of in process equipment designed to remove residual monomer from PVC resins. The diffusivity of the monomer in the polymer was a function of the solubility of the monomer in the polymer. Monomer solubility can be determined from Henry's law. It was suggested that this model could be adapted to describe diffusion of monomers from any monomer-polymer system, and would be a useful approach to modeling the transport of nonreactive chemical additives from plastics.", "PMID": 1026410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4184", "title": "Recent achievements and research initiated in the Swedish plastics and rubber industry.", "content": "The improvement in exposure conditions in the Swedish vinyl chloride producing industry is reported. The article comments on the technology and control methods by which the vinyl chloride concentration has been lowered to less than 1 ppm vinyl chloride. Two epidemiological retrospective cohort studies are presently under way on workers in PVC-utilizing industries and in the rubber industry.", "contents": "Recent achievements and research initiated in the Swedish plastics and rubber industry. The improvement in exposure conditions in the Swedish vinyl chloride producing industry is reported. The article comments on the technology and control methods by which the vinyl chloride concentration has been lowered to less than 1 ppm vinyl chloride. Two epidemiological retrospective cohort studies are presently under way on workers in PVC-utilizing industries and in the rubber industry.", "PMID": 1026411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4185", "title": "Criteria for the health evaluation of polymeric materials building.", "content": "Various polymer-based synthetic materials have become increasingly ubiquitous in manufactured materials in the U.S.S.R. These release various chemical compounds to the ambient air. The maximum permissible concentrations that have been established for various hazardous chemicals in ambient air must be adjusted to account for the conditions of apartment life. Studies have been conducted to determine exactly what compounds are released and at what rate. Toxicological studies and studies of various physical and chemical properties are required to determine the health effects of these chemicals at concentrations at which they are expected to occur in apartments. More research has to be carried out in this field to further expand our knowledge, and we must beware of any introduction of new polymeric materials without first studying their contribution to possible detrimental health effects.", "contents": "Criteria for the health evaluation of polymeric materials building. Various polymer-based synthetic materials have become increasingly ubiquitous in manufactured materials in the U.S.S.R. These release various chemical compounds to the ambient air. The maximum permissible concentrations that have been established for various hazardous chemicals in ambient air must be adjusted to account for the conditions of apartment life. Studies have been conducted to determine exactly what compounds are released and at what rate. Toxicological studies and studies of various physical and chemical properties are required to determine the health effects of these chemicals at concentrations at which they are expected to occur in apartments. More research has to be carried out in this field to further expand our knowledge, and we must beware of any introduction of new polymeric materials without first studying their contribution to possible detrimental health effects.", "PMID": 1026412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4186", "title": "Occupational disease in the rubber industry.", "content": "We have studied mortality patterns in a large cohort of rubber workers. We have examined workers exposed to curing fumes, processing dusts, and industrial talc and have begun to evaluate exposures of these workers in detail. Gastrointestinal (especially stomach) cancer appears in excess in processing workers. Lung cancer is excessive in curing workers. Leukemia is increased generally. All three groups studied for respiratory disease have an increase in disease prevalence which is related to intensity and duration of exposure. Since both an increase in stomach cancer and respiratory disease is seen in processing workers, exposures in this area must be controlled. Since both lung cancer and chronic respiratory disease is excessive in curing rooms, this exposure must be controlled. The leukemia risk is probably related to solvents. Whether this is all explainable by past benzene exposure is unknown. Further studies are planned to refine our knowledge concerning these risks so that occupational disease in the rubber industry can be prevented.", "contents": "Occupational disease in the rubber industry. We have studied mortality patterns in a large cohort of rubber workers. We have examined workers exposed to curing fumes, processing dusts, and industrial talc and have begun to evaluate exposures of these workers in detail. Gastrointestinal (especially stomach) cancer appears in excess in processing workers. Lung cancer is excessive in curing workers. Leukemia is increased generally. All three groups studied for respiratory disease have an increase in disease prevalence which is related to intensity and duration of exposure. Since both an increase in stomach cancer and respiratory disease is seen in processing workers, exposures in this area must be controlled. Since both lung cancer and chronic respiratory disease is excessive in curing rooms, this exposure must be controlled. The leukemia risk is probably related to solvents. Whether this is all explainable by past benzene exposure is unknown. Further studies are planned to refine our knowledge concerning these risks so that occupational disease in the rubber industry can be prevented.", "PMID": 1026415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4187", "title": "Neurotoxicity and behavioral effects of thiram in rats.", "content": "Eight of 24 female rats fed 66.9 mg/kg-day of thiram developed neurotoxicity. The neurotoxic effects were characterized by ataxia and paralysis of the hind legs. There were demyelination, degeneration of the axis cylinders, and presence of macrophages in the nerve bundle of the sciatic nerve. Degeneration in the ventral horn of the lower lumbar region of the spinal cord was evidenced by chromatolysis of motorneurons, pyknosis, and satellitosis. During a second experiment, 4 of 24 females fed 65.8 mg/kg--day also developed ataxia and paralysis. An additional 9 females showed clasping of the hind feet when picked up by the tail. Nerve conduction could not be measured for one severely ataxic rat and the electromyogram indicated a loss of motor unit function. Histopathology of this rat, along with the others, suggests the peripheral nerve as the primary site of the lesion. Thiram also caused behavioral changes in apparently normal rats. The walking pattern of the hind legs was altered with decreases in stride width and the angle between contralateral steps. These rats required significantly more shock-motivations and cleared a lower height in a jump/climb ability test. An open-field study indicated that thiram caused hyperactivity in the nonataxic rats of both sexes. Three of 24 rats fed 95.8 mg/kg-day of ferbam also developed ataxia or paralysis.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity and behavioral effects of thiram in rats. Eight of 24 female rats fed 66.9 mg/kg-day of thiram developed neurotoxicity. The neurotoxic effects were characterized by ataxia and paralysis of the hind legs. There were demyelination, degeneration of the axis cylinders, and presence of macrophages in the nerve bundle of the sciatic nerve. Degeneration in the ventral horn of the lower lumbar region of the spinal cord was evidenced by chromatolysis of motorneurons, pyknosis, and satellitosis. During a second experiment, 4 of 24 females fed 65.8 mg/kg--day also developed ataxia and paralysis. An additional 9 females showed clasping of the hind feet when picked up by the tail. Nerve conduction could not be measured for one severely ataxic rat and the electromyogram indicated a loss of motor unit function. Histopathology of this rat, along with the others, suggests the peripheral nerve as the primary site of the lesion. Thiram also caused behavioral changes in apparently normal rats. The walking pattern of the hind legs was altered with decreases in stride width and the angle between contralateral steps. These rats required significantly more shock-motivations and cleared a lower height in a jump/climb ability test. An open-field study indicated that thiram caused hyperactivity in the nonataxic rats of both sexes. Three of 24 rats fed 95.8 mg/kg-day of ferbam also developed ataxia or paralysis.", "PMID": 1026416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4188", "title": "Health aspects of the curing of synthetic rubbers.", "content": "A commonly used tread rubber formulation was cured in the laboratory under conditions simulating vulcanization in the Bag-O-Matic press. Volatile emissions were collected on charcoal and analyzed by combined GC-mass spectrometry. The compounds identified were either contaminants present in the raw material or reaction products. Some of these compounds were also identified in charcoal tube samples collected in the atmosphere of the industrial operations. Estimates based on the loss of weight of rubber during curing were used to predict airborne concentrations and compared to the concentrations actually found. The literature of the toxicity of raw materials and effluents was reviewed, and no acute or chronic toxicological effects would be anticipated. Information concerning potential carcinogenicity was not available and could not be evaluated.", "contents": "Health aspects of the curing of synthetic rubbers. A commonly used tread rubber formulation was cured in the laboratory under conditions simulating vulcanization in the Bag-O-Matic press. Volatile emissions were collected on charcoal and analyzed by combined GC-mass spectrometry. The compounds identified were either contaminants present in the raw material or reaction products. Some of these compounds were also identified in charcoal tube samples collected in the atmosphere of the industrial operations. Estimates based on the loss of weight of rubber during curing were used to predict airborne concentrations and compared to the concentrations actually found. The literature of the toxicity of raw materials and effluents was reviewed, and no acute or chronic toxicological effects would be anticipated. Information concerning potential carcinogenicity was not available and could not be evaluated.", "PMID": 1026417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4189", "title": "Priorities in the investigation of human health hazards in the plastics and synthetic rubber industries.", "content": "Experiences in the past decade provide guidance in selecting priorities for investigation of health hazards in chemical industries. Pride of place should be given to the experience of large industrial populations, in part simply because large numbers of people are at risk and in part because such studies are more likely to give reliable answers. This recommendation has further strength when there is community exposure as well. Parenthetically, large populations provide opportunity to study multiple factor interaction; without this, toxic potential of a single agent may be obscured. Second, investigations should be mounted when there is reason for suspicion, as with particular chemical configurations, observed organ toxicity, animal carcinogenicity, unusual clinical experience (\"signal\" tumors). It may be added that when agents have already been used several decades, evaluation of human experience with them is now in order, if only to document absence of toxicity. The same recommendations hold for planned introduction of new agents or widened distribution of existing ones, until we have better information concerning validity of \"pretesting\" programs. Major advances have been made in epidemiological methods for these investigations. These now allow us to successfully focus on small defined groups as well as to manage large populations.", "contents": "Priorities in the investigation of human health hazards in the plastics and synthetic rubber industries. Experiences in the past decade provide guidance in selecting priorities for investigation of health hazards in chemical industries. Pride of place should be given to the experience of large industrial populations, in part simply because large numbers of people are at risk and in part because such studies are more likely to give reliable answers. This recommendation has further strength when there is community exposure as well. Parenthetically, large populations provide opportunity to study multiple factor interaction; without this, toxic potential of a single agent may be obscured. Second, investigations should be mounted when there is reason for suspicion, as with particular chemical configurations, observed organ toxicity, animal carcinogenicity, unusual clinical experience (\"signal\" tumors). It may be added that when agents have already been used several decades, evaluation of human experience with them is now in order, if only to document absence of toxicity. The same recommendations hold for planned introduction of new agents or widened distribution of existing ones, until we have better information concerning validity of \"pretesting\" programs. Major advances have been made in epidemiological methods for these investigations. These now allow us to successfully focus on small defined groups as well as to manage large populations.", "PMID": 1026418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4190", "title": "Chemistry and toxicity of flame retardants for plastics.", "content": "An overview of commercially used flame retardants is give. The most used flame retardants are illustrated and the seven major markets, which use 96% of all flame-retarded polymers, are described. Annual flame retardant growth rate for each major market is also projected. Toxicity data are reviewed on only those compositions that are considered commercially significant today. This includes 18 compounds or families of compounds and four inherently flame-retarded polymers. Toxicological studies of flame retardants for most synthetic materials are of recent origin and only a few of the compounds have been evaluated in any great detail. Considerable toxicological problems may exist in the manufacturing of some flame retardants, their by-products, and possible decomposition products.", "contents": "Chemistry and toxicity of flame retardants for plastics. An overview of commercially used flame retardants is give. The most used flame retardants are illustrated and the seven major markets, which use 96% of all flame-retarded polymers, are described. Annual flame retardant growth rate for each major market is also projected. Toxicity data are reviewed on only those compositions that are considered commercially significant today. This includes 18 compounds or families of compounds and four inherently flame-retarded polymers. Toxicological studies of flame retardants for most synthetic materials are of recent origin and only a few of the compounds have been evaluated in any great detail. Considerable toxicological problems may exist in the manufacturing of some flame retardants, their by-products, and possible decomposition products.", "PMID": 1026419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4191", "title": "Toxicity of combustion products from burning polymers: development and evaluation of methods.", "content": "Laboratory and room-scale experiments were conducted with natural and synthetic polymers: cotton, paper, wood, wool, acetate, acrylic, nylon, and urethane. Smoke and off-gases from single materials were generated in a dual-compartment 110-liter exposure chamber. Multicomponent, composite fuel loads were burned within a 100 m(3) facility subdivided into rooms. In chamber experiments, mortality depended on the amount of material burned, i.e., fuel consumption (FC). Conventional dose (FC)/mortality curves were obtained, and the amount of fuel required to produce 50% mortality (FC(50)) was calculated. With simple flame ignition, cotton was the only material that produced smoke concentrations lethal to rats; FC(50) values for cotton ranged from 2 g to 9 g, depending on the configuration of the cotton sample burned. When supplemental conductive heat was added to flame ignition, the following FC(50) values were obtained; nylon, 7 g; acrylic, 8 g; newsprint, 9 g; cotton, 10 g; and wood, 11 g. Mortality resulting from any given material depended upon the specific conditions employed for its thermal decomposition. Toxicity of off-gasses from pyrolysis of phosphorus-containing trimethylol propane-polyurethane foams was markedly decreased by addition of a flame ignition source. Further studies are needed to determine the possible relevance of single-material laboratory scale smoke toxicity experiments. Room-scale burns were conducted to assess the relative contributions of single materials to toxicity of smoke produced by a multicomponent self-perpetuating fire. Preliminary results suggest that this approach permits a realistic evaluation of the contribution of single materials to the toxicity of smoke from residential fires.", "contents": "Toxicity of combustion products from burning polymers: development and evaluation of methods. Laboratory and room-scale experiments were conducted with natural and synthetic polymers: cotton, paper, wood, wool, acetate, acrylic, nylon, and urethane. Smoke and off-gases from single materials were generated in a dual-compartment 110-liter exposure chamber. Multicomponent, composite fuel loads were burned within a 100 m(3) facility subdivided into rooms. In chamber experiments, mortality depended on the amount of material burned, i.e., fuel consumption (FC). Conventional dose (FC)/mortality curves were obtained, and the amount of fuel required to produce 50% mortality (FC(50)) was calculated. With simple flame ignition, cotton was the only material that produced smoke concentrations lethal to rats; FC(50) values for cotton ranged from 2 g to 9 g, depending on the configuration of the cotton sample burned. When supplemental conductive heat was added to flame ignition, the following FC(50) values were obtained; nylon, 7 g; acrylic, 8 g; newsprint, 9 g; cotton, 10 g; and wood, 11 g. Mortality resulting from any given material depended upon the specific conditions employed for its thermal decomposition. Toxicity of off-gasses from pyrolysis of phosphorus-containing trimethylol propane-polyurethane foams was markedly decreased by addition of a flame ignition source. Further studies are needed to determine the possible relevance of single-material laboratory scale smoke toxicity experiments. Room-scale burns were conducted to assess the relative contributions of single materials to toxicity of smoke produced by a multicomponent self-perpetuating fire. Preliminary results suggest that this approach permits a realistic evaluation of the contribution of single materials to the toxicity of smoke from residential fires.", "PMID": 1026420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4192", "title": "An exploration of the dynamics of the overlapping worlds of work and family.", "content": "The relationship between the working lives and family lives of people in our society is a concern to both families and corporations. This article describes a research project that yielded theoretical statements about the interactions between organization life and family life for members of large corporations; grounded theory methodology and a systems theory approach were used. Data were obtained in a large multinational corporation from managers and their families who were undergoing three different kinds of organizational stress: international transfer, extensive travel, and job change to facilitator of personal and organizational change. The findings give reason for viewing organization and family as interacting systems and for considering the uniqueness of each individual's response to stressful events. They also indicate that an individual's feeling of influence over stressful events at the organization-family boundaries are significant for both organizational and family effectiveness.", "contents": "An exploration of the dynamics of the overlapping worlds of work and family. The relationship between the working lives and family lives of people in our society is a concern to both families and corporations. This article describes a research project that yielded theoretical statements about the interactions between organization life and family life for members of large corporations; grounded theory methodology and a systems theory approach were used. Data were obtained in a large multinational corporation from managers and their families who were undergoing three different kinds of organizational stress: international transfer, extensive travel, and job change to facilitator of personal and organizational change. The findings give reason for viewing organization and family as interacting systems and for considering the uniqueness of each individual's response to stressful events. They also indicate that an individual's feeling of influence over stressful events at the organization-family boundaries are significant for both organizational and family effectiveness.", "PMID": 1026434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4193", "title": "Isolation and biochemical properties of toxic tryptic peptides of ricinotoxin from Ricinus communis seeds.", "content": "Tryptic hydrolysis conditions of ricinotoxin were studied in order to produce not only digestion of this glycoprotein but also still toxic tryptic peptides. No hydrolysis was obtained without prior denaturation. The best conditions of denaturation were obtained with 0.2 M guanidine hydrochloride and, to a lower extent, by heat treatment at 90 degrees C during 6 minutes. The hydrolysates were fractionated on Sephadex G100 column. In each case highly toxic peptide fractions were obtained which showed, like native ricinotoxin, a strong inhibitory action on the in vitro protein synthesis ina cell-free eukaryotic system but were without any action on a prokaryotic cell-free system.", "contents": "Isolation and biochemical properties of toxic tryptic peptides of ricinotoxin from Ricinus communis seeds. Tryptic hydrolysis conditions of ricinotoxin were studied in order to produce not only digestion of this glycoprotein but also still toxic tryptic peptides. No hydrolysis was obtained without prior denaturation. The best conditions of denaturation were obtained with 0.2 M guanidine hydrochloride and, to a lower extent, by heat treatment at 90 degrees C during 6 minutes. The hydrolysates were fractionated on Sephadex G100 column. In each case highly toxic peptide fractions were obtained which showed, like native ricinotoxin, a strong inhibitory action on the in vitro protein synthesis ina cell-free eukaryotic system but were without any action on a prokaryotic cell-free system.", "PMID": 1026428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4194", "title": "Individuation: from fusion to dialogue.", "content": "Growing interest in concepts of fusion and individuation within a number of different theoretical systems of psychotherapy suggests an emerging shift in perspective in the conceptualization of psychopathology and psychotherapy. This shift may represent a first step in the integration of individual and relational dynamic theories. A theoretical framework for the exploration of processes of fusion and individuation is presented, with suggested applications for the study of problems experienced by adult couples. The process of individuation from fusion to dialogue is outlined in the description of four modes of relationship. In this context, the paper suggests ways in which a variety of problematic relational patterns seen in couples may be viewed as reflecting the partners' struggles to move from fusion to dialogue.", "contents": "Individuation: from fusion to dialogue. Growing interest in concepts of fusion and individuation within a number of different theoretical systems of psychotherapy suggests an emerging shift in perspective in the conceptualization of psychopathology and psychotherapy. This shift may represent a first step in the integration of individual and relational dynamic theories. A theoretical framework for the exploration of processes of fusion and individuation is presented, with suggested applications for the study of problems experienced by adult couples. The process of individuation from fusion to dialogue is outlined in the description of four modes of relationship. In this context, the paper suggests ways in which a variety of problematic relational patterns seen in couples may be viewed as reflecting the partners' struggles to move from fusion to dialogue.", "PMID": 1026435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4195", "title": "[Absorption of diethylstilbestrol (DES) by plants. Dangers of using manure of animals treated with DES].", "content": "Diethylstilboestrol, an anabolist used per os or in sub-cutaneous implants in a number of countries, but not in France, on animals of the  bovine species, is absorbed by plants when spread on alfafa cultures. As this product is eliminated to a great extent through the fecal matter, its presence in fertilisers constitutes a danger to the environment, in view of its toxicity, whether direct or transmitted. This is a further reason for its use to be banned.", "contents": "[Absorption of diethylstilbestrol (DES) by plants. Dangers of using manure of animals treated with DES]. Diethylstilboestrol, an anabolist used per os or in sub-cutaneous implants in a number of countries, but not in France, on animals of the  bovine species, is absorbed by plants when spread on alfafa cultures. As this product is eliminated to a great extent through the fecal matter, its presence in fertilisers constitutes a danger to the environment, in view of its toxicity, whether direct or transmitted. This is a further reason for its use to be banned.", "PMID": 1026429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4196", "title": "[Effects in the guinea pig of an aerosol with a tributylitin oxide base].", "content": "The authors report a toxicological study of bis (tributyltin oxide) (TBTO) given by inhalation (oily aerosol) to 105 Hartley albino guinea pigs. Doses vary from 1 mg to 0.1 mg of TBTO per liter of aerosol. Death occurs for doses of 0.2 mg per le more resistant than the male ones. The intoxication is marked by a period of ocular and nasal irritation followed by a short remission time, then death occurs after asphyxic convulsions. With doses less than 0.2 mg per liter of aerosol, we observe only an irritation without mortality after one hour intoxication. Seven days later the animals are alive. Because of its liposulibility, TBTO is present in the whole body, particularly in liver, kidney, lung, brain and heart. Histological study does not reveal any peculiar lesion of the examinated organs. Especially there is no specific alteration of the respiratory system. The merely observed trouble is a diffuse congestion.", "contents": "[Effects in the guinea pig of an aerosol with a tributylitin oxide base]. The authors report a toxicological study of bis (tributyltin oxide) (TBTO) given by inhalation (oily aerosol) to 105 Hartley albino guinea pigs. Doses vary from 1 mg to 0.1 mg of TBTO per liter of aerosol. Death occurs for doses of 0.2 mg per le more resistant than the male ones. The intoxication is marked by a period of ocular and nasal irritation followed by a short remission time, then death occurs after asphyxic convulsions. With doses less than 0.2 mg per liter of aerosol, we observe only an irritation without mortality after one hour intoxication. Seven days later the animals are alive. Because of its liposulibility, TBTO is present in the whole body, particularly in liver, kidney, lung, brain and heart. Histological study does not reveal any peculiar lesion of the examinated organs. Especially there is no specific alteration of the respiratory system. The merely observed trouble is a diffuse congestion.", "PMID": 1026430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4197", "title": "Family therapy in treatment of the deaf: a case report.", "content": "Deaf patients with psychological problems have developmental handicaps and clinical characteristics that reduce the effectiveness of traditional modes of psychotherapy. Attempts have been made to utilize individual and group therapy, but family therapy has been largely overlooked as a method of alleviating problems of the deaf. Clinical and research writings provide us with rich insights into the family dynamics of the deaf. These data suggest to the authors that the problems of deaf individuals are largely related to family problems, and therefore merit a family orientation as the focus for treatment. This paper describes an attempt to apply family therapy with a range of deaf patients over a period of two years. From a review of their work, the authors conclude that family therapy can be effective, particularly in the treatment of deaf adolescents and children.", "contents": "Family therapy in treatment of the deaf: a case report. Deaf patients with psychological problems have developmental handicaps and clinical characteristics that reduce the effectiveness of traditional modes of psychotherapy. Attempts have been made to utilize individual and group therapy, but family therapy has been largely overlooked as a method of alleviating problems of the deaf. Clinical and research writings provide us with rich insights into the family dynamics of the deaf. These data suggest to the authors that the problems of deaf individuals are largely related to family problems, and therefore merit a family orientation as the focus for treatment. This paper describes an attempt to apply family therapy with a range of deaf patients over a period of two years. From a review of their work, the authors conclude that family therapy can be effective, particularly in the treatment of deaf adolescents and children.", "PMID": 1026436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4198", "title": "Experimenting with family treatment approaches to alcoholism, 1950-1975: a review.", "content": "The attention given family therapy approaches to alcoholism has been disproportionately low in relation to the magnitude of alcohol abuse as a clinical problem and its acknowledged impact on family life. Although the literature to date is limited and most studies should be characterized as pilot in nature, preliminary results have enthusiastically endorsed family therapy approaches to alcoholism. This critical review assesses the existing experimental and clinical literature of the pase 25 years. It also offers potential explanations for the reluctance of family therapists to engage this problem more actively.", "contents": "Experimenting with family treatment approaches to alcoholism, 1950-1975: a review. The attention given family therapy approaches to alcoholism has been disproportionately low in relation to the magnitude of alcohol abuse as a clinical problem and its acknowledged impact on family life. Although the literature to date is limited and most studies should be characterized as pilot in nature, preliminary results have enthusiastically endorsed family therapy approaches to alcoholism. This critical review assesses the existing experimental and clinical literature of the pase 25 years. It also offers potential explanations for the reluctance of family therapists to engage this problem more actively.", "PMID": 1026437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4199", "title": "[Toxicologic evaluation of irradiated corn starch by long term experimentation with rats].", "content": "Maize starch pasteurized by irradiation was fed to OFA rats (Sprague Dawley derived) in an uncooked form (irradiated at 300 krad.) and in a cooked form (irradiated at 300 and 600 krad.) at dietary level of 62%. A six month toxicity trial was performed with uncooked starch and a 24 month trial with cooked starch. At the same time a reproduction study was conducted, over 3 generations with 2 litters per generation, using both uncooked and cooked irradiated starch. The parent generation (Fo) was randomly selected from animals in the feeding study and after the production of the F1a and F1b generations they were returned to that study. Control groups corresponding to each form of starch were established. They were fed the same diet except that the starch was not irradiated. The results of the various investigations conducted during the study (behavior, growth, mortality, haematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology) did not reveal any toxicological effect due to treatment, nor any effect on reproduction. No significant differences were shown between treated and control group.", "contents": "[Toxicologic evaluation of irradiated corn starch by long term experimentation with rats]. Maize starch pasteurized by irradiation was fed to OFA rats (Sprague Dawley derived) in an uncooked form (irradiated at 300 krad.) and in a cooked form (irradiated at 300 and 600 krad.) at dietary level of 62%. A six month toxicity trial was performed with uncooked starch and a 24 month trial with cooked starch. At the same time a reproduction study was conducted, over 3 generations with 2 litters per generation, using both uncooked and cooked irradiated starch. The parent generation (Fo) was randomly selected from animals in the feeding study and after the production of the F1a and F1b generations they were returned to that study. Control groups corresponding to each form of starch were established. They were fed the same diet except that the starch was not irradiated. The results of the various investigations conducted during the study (behavior, growth, mortality, haematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology) did not reveal any toxicological effect due to treatment, nor any effect on reproduction. No significant differences were shown between treated and control group.", "PMID": 1026431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4200", "title": "A method for co-therapy for schizophrenic families.", "content": "This paper describes a model of treatment for families in which one child has been given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Male and female therapists adopt structured roles that are used as a paradigm for exploring family patterns. The paradigm employs a three-generational hypothesis that defines schizophrenia as a lifelong, restricting mode of relating, involving the primary family triad, that makes the child vulnerable to repeated psychotic episodes. Therapy is directed at the difficulties of autonomous development within the family by focusing on differentiating the relationship between nuclear and extended family members, expecially defining and strengthening generational and sexual boundaries. The second focus of therapy is on the resolution of issues of separation and loss, with attention to unresolved mourning in the family of origin and the concomitant stress in giving up the infantile relationship with the index child in the nuclear family. Stages of therapy will be described including: (a) initiation of therapy, (b) breaking of fusion, (c) repair of alienation, and (d) solidifying the marital alliance and generational boundaries. Case illustrations will be included.", "contents": "A method for co-therapy for schizophrenic families. This paper describes a model of treatment for families in which one child has been given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Male and female therapists adopt structured roles that are used as a paradigm for exploring family patterns. The paradigm employs a three-generational hypothesis that defines schizophrenia as a lifelong, restricting mode of relating, involving the primary family triad, that makes the child vulnerable to repeated psychotic episodes. Therapy is directed at the difficulties of autonomous development within the family by focusing on differentiating the relationship between nuclear and extended family members, expecially defining and strengthening generational and sexual boundaries. The second focus of therapy is on the resolution of issues of separation and loss, with attention to unresolved mourning in the family of origin and the concomitant stress in giving up the infantile relationship with the index child in the nuclear family. Stages of therapy will be described including: (a) initiation of therapy, (b) breaking of fusion, (c) repair of alienation, and (d) solidifying the marital alliance and generational boundaries. Case illustrations will be included.", "PMID": 1026438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4201", "title": "[Acute ethylene glycol poisoning].", "content": "During last 7 years, 13 cases of acute ethylene glycol poisoning have been observed with 4 fatal outbreaks. All cases--except one--were accidental. Six patients had drunk a mixture of antifreeze in water as they were lost in a desert. A patient who had taken 970 ml of ethylene glycol survived. In one case, death was due to irreversible brain damage; two other fatalities occurred from cardiorespiratory distress. CNS involvement was noticed in 8 cases and acute renal failure-constantly controlled-occurred in 9 patients. Post mortem examination has shown bi-refringent calcium oxalate crystals in both kidney and brain. Specific treatment with ethanol has been performed in 3 cases with ingestion of large amounts of toxic who were seen before definitive renal lesions have occurred. Emphasis is placed in symptomatic treatment including gastric lavage, extrarenal epuration and conservative management.", "contents": "[Acute ethylene glycol poisoning]. During last 7 years, 13 cases of acute ethylene glycol poisoning have been observed with 4 fatal outbreaks. All cases--except one--were accidental. Six patients had drunk a mixture of antifreeze in water as they were lost in a desert. A patient who had taken 970 ml of ethylene glycol survived. In one case, death was due to irreversible brain damage; two other fatalities occurred from cardiorespiratory distress. CNS involvement was noticed in 8 cases and acute renal failure-constantly controlled-occurred in 9 patients. Post mortem examination has shown bi-refringent calcium oxalate crystals in both kidney and brain. Specific treatment with ethanol has been performed in 3 cases with ingestion of large amounts of toxic who were seen before definitive renal lesions have occurred. Emphasis is placed in symptomatic treatment including gastric lavage, extrarenal epuration and conservative management.", "PMID": 1026432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4202", "title": "Family of origin as a therapeutic resource for adults in marital and family therapy: you can and should go home again.", "content": "This paper presents a general method of involving adults who are in marital and family therapy in sessions with their family of origin, offering a clinical application of the author's depth theoretical orientation. The method is based on the thesis that current marital and family difficulties are elaborations of relationship problems of the spouses in their original families. If adults are able to go back to deal directly with past and present issues with their families or origin, an opportunity exists for reconstructive changes to come about in their present family. This present work is compared with Bowen's methods. Procedures are outlined for preparing for these sessions and for overcoming resistances. Typical courses these sessions tend to take are described, and some preliminary results are presented. Several case histories are presented, and theoretical and clinical implications of this method are discussed.", "contents": "Family of origin as a therapeutic resource for adults in marital and family therapy: you can and should go home again. This paper presents a general method of involving adults who are in marital and family therapy in sessions with their family of origin, offering a clinical application of the author's depth theoretical orientation. The method is based on the thesis that current marital and family difficulties are elaborations of relationship problems of the spouses in their original families. If adults are able to go back to deal directly with past and present issues with their families or origin, an opportunity exists for reconstructive changes to come about in their present family. This present work is compared with Bowen's methods. Procedures are outlined for preparing for these sessions and for overcoming resistances. Typical courses these sessions tend to take are described, and some preliminary results are presented. Several case histories are presented, and theoretical and clinical implications of this method are discussed.", "PMID": 1026439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4203", "title": "The product of the consensus Rorschach in families of male schizophrenics.", "content": "A consensus Rorschach was given to the families of 36 male schizophrenics, 13 psychiatrically hospitalized nonschizophrenic controls, and 38 normal controls with the goal of discriminating the families of schizophrenics from the other two groups of families. After the family agreed on a response, each member was asked to write the response on a separate sheet of paper. This study focused on these written responses, the product of the interaction, rather than on the process of reaching agreement. A system was developed to score the responses based on the degree of shared meaning achieved by the family. Adequate interscorer reliability was obtained. The scores significantly differentiated the three groups. More families of schizophrenics had low scores indicating lack of shared meaning than families of hospitalized and normal controls. In the normal control group, more upper-class families had high scores than lower-class families, wheras in the schizophrenic group there was a trend in the opposite direction.", "contents": "The product of the consensus Rorschach in families of male schizophrenics. A consensus Rorschach was given to the families of 36 male schizophrenics, 13 psychiatrically hospitalized nonschizophrenic controls, and 38 normal controls with the goal of discriminating the families of schizophrenics from the other two groups of families. After the family agreed on a response, each member was asked to write the response on a separate sheet of paper. This study focused on these written responses, the product of the interaction, rather than on the process of reaching agreement. A system was developed to score the responses based on the degree of shared meaning achieved by the family. Adequate interscorer reliability was obtained. The scores significantly differentiated the three groups. More families of schizophrenics had low scores indicating lack of shared meaning than families of hospitalized and normal controls. In the normal control group, more upper-class families had high scores than lower-class families, wheras in the schizophrenic group there was a trend in the opposite direction.", "PMID": 1026440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4204", "title": "Problems in measuring the success of family therapy in a common clinical setting: impasse and solutions.", "content": "Families treated in conjoint therapy in the outpatient clinic of a general community hospital for about a year and other families that refused further contact with the same clinic after no more than two interviews were followed up about four and a half years later. The main difference found was that the treated group reported more new symptoms. The complexities of interpreting the data obtained are used as a basis for discussing problems that confront, and may deter, clinics attempting to evaluate their clinical work by means of controlled, nonfactorial or related designs. Process or correlational studies are suggested as an alternate choice.", "contents": "Problems in measuring the success of family therapy in a common clinical setting: impasse and solutions. Families treated in conjoint therapy in the outpatient clinic of a general community hospital for about a year and other families that refused further contact with the same clinic after no more than two interviews were followed up about four and a half years later. The main difference found was that the treated group reported more new symptoms. The complexities of interpreting the data obtained are used as a basis for discussing problems that confront, and may deter, clinics attempting to evaluate their clinical work by means of controlled, nonfactorial or related designs. Process or correlational studies are suggested as an alternate choice.", "PMID": 1026441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4205", "title": "The incest taboo and family structure.", "content": "The evolutionary advantage of outbreeding has influenced the family structure and the mating, attachment, and dominance behaviors of all animals. Nature has selected for those species that have evolved family structures with detachment and dominance patterns that create a relatively intact incest barrier. Man inherits from his animal forebears the biological imperative of an incest barrier but brings to it his special complexity of psychology and symbolization--incest barrier becomes incest taboo. We present a discussion of human patterns of speparation-individuation and Oedipal conflict and relate this to the detachment and dominance behaviors of animals. This is an interface between psychoanalysis, family theory, and ethology. In addition, we pursue in detail the asymmetrical operation of the incest taboo within the family: that it is stronger for mother-son than for father-daughter than for brother-sister.", "contents": "The incest taboo and family structure. The evolutionary advantage of outbreeding has influenced the family structure and the mating, attachment, and dominance behaviors of all animals. Nature has selected for those species that have evolved family structures with detachment and dominance patterns that create a relatively intact incest barrier. Man inherits from his animal forebears the biological imperative of an incest barrier but brings to it his special complexity of psychology and symbolization--incest barrier becomes incest taboo. We present a discussion of human patterns of speparation-individuation and Oedipal conflict and relate this to the detachment and dominance behaviors of animals. This is an interface between psychoanalysis, family theory, and ethology. In addition, we pursue in detail the asymmetrical operation of the incest taboo within the family: that it is stronger for mother-son than for father-daughter than for brother-sister.", "PMID": 1026442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4206", "title": "Balance theory: possible consequences of number of family members.", "content": "This paper outlines one theoretical issue involved in considering the relationships that may exist in a family. The usual approach is to treat the family as a whole, made up of n members. The main issue here is the effects of the numerical size of the family and the many possible total and sub-total relationships that may exist within family constellations. Family structure and function is multivariate, but the focus here is the numberical factor.", "contents": "Balance theory: possible consequences of number of family members. This paper outlines one theoretical issue involved in considering the relationships that may exist in a family. The usual approach is to treat the family as a whole, made up of n members. The main issue here is the effects of the numerical size of the family and the many possible total and sub-total relationships that may exist within family constellations. Family structure and function is multivariate, but the focus here is the numberical factor.", "PMID": 1026443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4207", "title": "An effect of change in patient status on marital interaction.", "content": "In the treatment of couples and families, even more so than of individuals, therapists invariably are forced to face the problem of assessment of change in the marital or family \"system.\" The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in marital interaction for a special population, that is, in which one member of each married pair had been, but was no longer, a hospitalized psychiatric patient. The primary question we addressed was whether changes in marital interaction could be amply detected and whether these changes could be attributed to the particular role shift that had occurred in one spouse--from \"patient\" to \"nonpatient.\" Utilizing a technique called Interaction Testing, which the senior authors devised in 1960, we found that such alterations in marital interaction do indeed arise when one member of the couple moves out of a patient role and that our instrument is useful in elucidating the nature of such effects. In addition, it can be expected that a study of this kind will be of theoretical and methodological value in dealing with the general issues of problem-solving interaction in couples and families. The clinical aspect of the study may also be expected to stimulate useful thinking regarding family theapy in hospital settings, patient management, and aftercare.", "contents": "An effect of change in patient status on marital interaction. In the treatment of couples and families, even more so than of individuals, therapists invariably are forced to face the problem of assessment of change in the marital or family \"system.\" The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in marital interaction for a special population, that is, in which one member of each married pair had been, but was no longer, a hospitalized psychiatric patient. The primary question we addressed was whether changes in marital interaction could be amply detected and whether these changes could be attributed to the particular role shift that had occurred in one spouse--from \"patient\" to \"nonpatient.\" Utilizing a technique called Interaction Testing, which the senior authors devised in 1960, we found that such alterations in marital interaction do indeed arise when one member of the couple moves out of a patient role and that our instrument is useful in elucidating the nature of such effects. In addition, it can be expected that a study of this kind will be of theoretical and methodological value in dealing with the general issues of problem-solving interaction in couples and families. The clinical aspect of the study may also be expected to stimulate useful thinking regarding family theapy in hospital settings, patient management, and aftercare.", "PMID": 1026444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4208", "title": "Family photographs: in treatment and training.", "content": "The universal appeal of nostalgia and reminiscence makes photographs a natural instrument for studying the impact of the past upon the present. This paper explores photography as a medium for facilitating reminiscence to discover individual roles, interpersonal relationships, and family dynamics. A method is described for using family photographs in treatment and training of clinicians at a Family Therapy Clinic.", "contents": "Family photographs: in treatment and training. The universal appeal of nostalgia and reminiscence makes photographs a natural instrument for studying the impact of the past upon the present. This paper explores photography as a medium for facilitating reminiscence to discover individual roles, interpersonal relationships, and family dynamics. A method is described for using family photographs in treatment and training of clinicians at a Family Therapy Clinic.", "PMID": 1026445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4209", "title": "The dynamics of owning and disowning: psychoanalytic and family perspectives.", "content": "The dynamics of owning and disowning one's inner life have both intrapsychic and transactional or interpersonal dimensions. Freud opened new vistas on our inner world using psycoanalysis as a tool. Although not unaware of the effects of family members upon each other, Freud's rejection of the seduction theory of neurosis in 1897 fatefully influenced the future course of psychoanalysis, placing the primary focus on intrapsychic relations. Until today, it has remained the task-perhaps the principal one--of psychoanalytic theorists to do justice to the interpersonal and family realm that Freud neglected, without sacrificing the enormous insights we owe to Freud. Three conditions for successful inner ownership are described: a capacity for self-object differentiation; tolerance of ambivalence; and a sense of physical integrity, of having a cohesive, nuclear ego. The pathology of inner ownership is related to a pathology of interpersonal ownership as transacted on the family level. One form of such relational pathology--parental overowning, as revealed primarily in families with schizophrenic members--is discussed, with a case example.", "contents": "The dynamics of owning and disowning: psychoanalytic and family perspectives. The dynamics of owning and disowning one's inner life have both intrapsychic and transactional or interpersonal dimensions. Freud opened new vistas on our inner world using psycoanalysis as a tool. Although not unaware of the effects of family members upon each other, Freud's rejection of the seduction theory of neurosis in 1897 fatefully influenced the future course of psychoanalysis, placing the primary focus on intrapsychic relations. Until today, it has remained the task-perhaps the principal one--of psychoanalytic theorists to do justice to the interpersonal and family realm that Freud neglected, without sacrificing the enormous insights we owe to Freud. Three conditions for successful inner ownership are described: a capacity for self-object differentiation; tolerance of ambivalence; and a sense of physical integrity, of having a cohesive, nuclear ego. The pathology of inner ownership is related to a pathology of interpersonal ownership as transacted on the family level. One form of such relational pathology--parental overowning, as revealed primarily in families with schizophrenic members--is discussed, with a case example.", "PMID": 1026446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4210", "title": "Lack of acknowledgment in the family Rorschachs of families with a child at risk for schizophrenia.", "content": "Lack of acknowledgment, a characteristic of the direct interactions of families of schizophrenics, was found also to characterize the Family Rorschach interactions of families whose disturbed, non-psychotic adolescents were assessed at high risk for schizophrenia on the basis of parental communication deviance. The same high-risk families had unbalanced interaction patterns as reflected in three measures of family structure.", "contents": "Lack of acknowledgment in the family Rorschachs of families with a child at risk for schizophrenia. Lack of acknowledgment, a characteristic of the direct interactions of families of schizophrenics, was found also to characterize the Family Rorschach interactions of families whose disturbed, non-psychotic adolescents were assessed at high risk for schizophrenia on the basis of parental communication deviance. The same high-risk families had unbalanced interaction patterns as reflected in three measures of family structure.", "PMID": 1026447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4211", "title": "The family-school interview: an eco-structural approach.", "content": "This paper describes the family-school interview, and intervention with a child, family, and school, taking into account the dynamics of each system in that ecological context and the structural interrelationships of these systems relative to the problem presented by the child.", "contents": "The family-school interview: an eco-structural approach. This paper describes the family-school interview, and intervention with a child, family, and school, taking into account the dynamics of each system in that ecological context and the structural interrelationships of these systems relative to the problem presented by the child.", "PMID": 1026448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4212", "title": "Family systems model in organizational consultation: vignettes of consultation to a day-care center.", "content": "\"Bowen Theory,\" 1adapted to organizational dynamics, is presented as a framework for understanding the dysfunctional behavior of individuals in the context of a particular organization.", "contents": "Family systems model in organizational consultation: vignettes of consultation to a day-care center. \"Bowen Theory,\" 1adapted to organizational dynamics, is presented as a framework for understanding the dysfunctional behavior of individuals in the context of a particular organization.", "PMID": 1026449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4213", "title": "\"Enmeshment\" and \"fusion\".", "content": "The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be \"enmeshed\" is also seen as \"fused,\" and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the \"system containing the individuals\" (structural) or the \"individual in the system\" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.", "contents": "\"Enmeshment\" and \"fusion\". The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be \"enmeshed\" is also seen as \"fused,\" and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the \"system containing the individuals\" (structural) or the \"individual in the system\" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.", "PMID": 1026450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4214", "title": "Case studies in the family treatment of drug abuse.", "content": "This article, with case illustrations, attempts to demonstrate that drug-abuse behavior can be understood more clearly in the light of family loyalties and unresolved family crises than from the perspective that drug abusers are social deviates.1 Drug abuse is viewed as symptomatic, as a signal that both drug abuser and his or her family are having difficulty in getting past a particular stage in the natural unfolding life cycle of a family. Treatment of drug abuse is seen primarily as helping the family to become \"unstuck,\" thereby freeing the individual's and family's energy for the task of self-development and growth rather than expending it to maintain rigid patterns of interaction in an attempt to prevent change.", "contents": "Case studies in the family treatment of drug abuse. This article, with case illustrations, attempts to demonstrate that drug-abuse behavior can be understood more clearly in the light of family loyalties and unresolved family crises than from the perspective that drug abusers are social deviates.1 Drug abuse is viewed as symptomatic, as a signal that both drug abuser and his or her family are having difficulty in getting past a particular stage in the natural unfolding life cycle of a family. Treatment of drug abuse is seen primarily as helping the family to become \"unstuck,\" thereby freeing the individual's and family's energy for the task of self-development and growth rather than expending it to maintain rigid patterns of interaction in an attempt to prevent change.", "PMID": 1026451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4215", "title": "Observations on two natural amnesias.", "content": "The role of interpersonal sequences in determining amnesias has not been as explored as the role of intrapsychic conflict. This paper examines two natural amnesias, emphasizing their function as part of the process of sequencing phenomena.", "contents": "Observations on two natural amnesias. The role of interpersonal sequences in determining amnesias has not been as explored as the role of intrapsychic conflict. This paper examines two natural amnesias, emphasizing their function as part of the process of sequencing phenomena.", "PMID": 1026452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4216", "title": "Temporal patterning in the family.", "content": "The authors propose that time be considered as a variable in family process. Previous theory and research on human temporal patterning and experience are reviewed, and empirical generalizations from an initial pilot study concerned with marital and family members' orientation to \"morningness\" and \"nightness\" are presented. Further implications from this work-in-progress are delineated.", "contents": "Temporal patterning in the family. The authors propose that time be considered as a variable in family process. Previous theory and research on human temporal patterning and experience are reviewed, and empirical generalizations from an initial pilot study concerned with marital and family members' orientation to \"morningness\" and \"nightness\" are presented. Further implications from this work-in-progress are delineated.", "PMID": 1026453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4217", "title": "A typology of family social environments.", "content": "A sample of 100 families measured on ten dimensions of their social environments was subjected to cluster analysis to develop an empirically based taxonomy of families. Six distinctive clusters of families were indentified: Expression-Oriented, Structure-Oriented, Independence-Oriented, Achievement-Oriented, Moral/Religious-Oriented and Conflict-Oriented. The clusters showed systematic differences in background characteristics such as size, ethnic minority composition, drinking patterns, and family disturbance and incongruence. Some evidence that certain clusters of families are composed of different sub-clusters was presented. An empirically derived taxonomy of the social environments of families may help to understand how different family environments are linked to different family outcomes.", "contents": "A typology of family social environments. A sample of 100 families measured on ten dimensions of their social environments was subjected to cluster analysis to develop an empirically based taxonomy of families. Six distinctive clusters of families were indentified: Expression-Oriented, Structure-Oriented, Independence-Oriented, Achievement-Oriented, Moral/Religious-Oriented and Conflict-Oriented. The clusters showed systematic differences in background characteristics such as size, ethnic minority composition, drinking patterns, and family disturbance and incongruence. Some evidence that certain clusters of families are composed of different sub-clusters was presented. An empirically derived taxonomy of the social environments of families may help to understand how different family environments are linked to different family outcomes.", "PMID": 1026454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4218", "title": "Designed experience: a multiple, goal-directed training program in family therapy.", "content": "A family-therapy training program, one of three main branches of the \"Boston model,\" is described in detail. Salient features of the program include planned integration of a multiplicity of experiential and cognitive learning modes; grounding in a unified, theoretical framework that is neither eclectic nor limited to a single school of thought; focus on nonpathological process in families; and systematic structuring in terms of specific, articulated, training objectives. The goal-directed design process by which training units are developed is explained.", "contents": "Designed experience: a multiple, goal-directed training program in family therapy. A family-therapy training program, one of three main branches of the \"Boston model,\" is described in detail. Salient features of the program include planned integration of a multiplicity of experiential and cognitive learning modes; grounding in a unified, theoretical framework that is neither eclectic nor limited to a single school of thought; focus on nonpathological process in families; and systematic structuring in terms of specific, articulated, training objectives. The goal-directed design process by which training units are developed is explained.", "PMID": 1026455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4219", "title": "Depression and marital interaction.", "content": "A family-systems model of depression is presented and discussed. In this model, the intrapsychic concept of cognitive schema and the interpersonal concepts of social stimulation and social reingorcement are integrated within a systems-theory perspective. The effects of positive and negative feedback are delineated, and a concept of depression-triggering and depression-maintaining feedback loops is described. A clinical illustration is utilized to exemplify the theoretical model.", "contents": "Depression and marital interaction. A family-systems model of depression is presented and discussed. In this model, the intrapsychic concept of cognitive schema and the interpersonal concepts of social stimulation and social reingorcement are integrated within a systems-theory perspective. The effects of positive and negative feedback are delineated, and a concept of depression-triggering and depression-maintaining feedback loops is described. A clinical illustration is utilized to exemplify the theoretical model.", "PMID": 1026456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4220", "title": "An integrated treatment program for psychogenic pain.", "content": "The family characteristics associated with the presence of recurrent abdominal pain are identified. The involvement on the pediatrician and the effects of this involvement on the patient, family, and perpetuation of the symptoms are described. A successful therapeutic program combining behavior modification and family therapy is elaborated. Changes in the structure and functioning of the family are vital to the outcome of therapy and the prevention of recurrence of symptoms.", "contents": "An integrated treatment program for psychogenic pain. The family characteristics associated with the presence of recurrent abdominal pain are identified. The involvement on the pediatrician and the effects of this involvement on the patient, family, and perpetuation of the symptoms are described. A successful therapeutic program combining behavior modification and family therapy is elaborated. Changes in the structure and functioning of the family are vital to the outcome of therapy and the prevention of recurrence of symptoms.", "PMID": 1026457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4221", "title": "Social networks, support, and coping: an exploratory study.", "content": "This paper reports a study that investigated the areas of stress, support, and coping, using the structural model of the social network. The social network model is borrowed from sociology and anthropology and is used to describe and quantify not only an individual's immediate family but also all of those with whom the individual has regular contact. By comparing the networks of a sample of \"normal\" and schizophrenic males, it was possible to identify differences in their relationships to their social networks, in the make-up of the networks themselves, and in the coping styles and recent histories of the subjects. The results suggest, first, that the network model can be used to investigate the larger social system with which individuals interact and, second, that it may be a valuable approach to the expansion of family research.", "contents": "Social networks, support, and coping: an exploratory study. This paper reports a study that investigated the areas of stress, support, and coping, using the structural model of the social network. The social network model is borrowed from sociology and anthropology and is used to describe and quantify not only an individual's immediate family but also all of those with whom the individual has regular contact. By comparing the networks of a sample of \"normal\" and schizophrenic males, it was possible to identify differences in their relationships to their social networks, in the make-up of the networks themselves, and in the coping styles and recent histories of the subjects. The results suggest, first, that the network model can be used to investigate the larger social system with which individuals interact and, second, that it may be a valuable approach to the expansion of family research.", "PMID": 1026458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4222", "title": "The consultation-demonstration interview.", "content": "In recent years the consultation-demonstration interview, in which a family is interviewed before a workshop, has become increasingly prevalent. While this method of presenting the therapist's style of interviewing can be an exciting and valuable learning experience, it can also lead to a sense of boredom and disappointment. In some instances, the experience can be traumatic, especially for the family and the guest therapist. Common pitfalls in the organization and planning of the interview are explored, and a number of specific recommendations are made for attempting to maximize the potential in this interview process. Written to both the planner and the leader of the workshop in family therapy, this paper is based on the author's personal experience.", "contents": "The consultation-demonstration interview. In recent years the consultation-demonstration interview, in which a family is interviewed before a workshop, has become increasingly prevalent. While this method of presenting the therapist's style of interviewing can be an exciting and valuable learning experience, it can also lead to a sense of boredom and disappointment. In some instances, the experience can be traumatic, especially for the family and the guest therapist. Common pitfalls in the organization and planning of the interview are explored, and a number of specific recommendations are made for attempting to maximize the potential in this interview process. Written to both the planner and the leader of the workshop in family therapy, this paper is based on the author's personal experience.", "PMID": 1026459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4223", "title": "The use of teaching stories in conjoint family therapy.", "content": "Two general factors have been singled out as being held in common by all types of psychotherapy: an educational, rational factor (often called \"content\") and a factor operative in the relationship between the therapist and his patient (often called \"process\"). In the field of family therapy, the non-educational aspects of intervention are sometimes presented in the form of \"therapeutic, paradoxical communications\" (Haley, Bateson, Jackson, Weakland) or the 'therapy of the absurd\" (Whitaker, Malone). In the present paper, I wish to present a form of therapeutic communication, the teaching story, that embodies a unique mixture of both the educational and the paradox, or absurd.", "contents": "The use of teaching stories in conjoint family therapy. Two general factors have been singled out as being held in common by all types of psychotherapy: an educational, rational factor (often called \"content\") and a factor operative in the relationship between the therapist and his patient (often called \"process\"). In the field of family therapy, the non-educational aspects of intervention are sometimes presented in the form of \"therapeutic, paradoxical communications\" (Haley, Bateson, Jackson, Weakland) or the 'therapy of the absurd\" (Whitaker, Malone). In the present paper, I wish to present a form of therapeutic communication, the teaching story, that embodies a unique mixture of both the educational and the paradox, or absurd.", "PMID": 1026460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4224", "title": "\"Nonlabeled\" family interaction: prelimiary report on a prospective study.", "content": "This paper is a preliminary report on the first year of a two-year exploratory, prospective study of psychiatrically \"nonlabeled\" families. The project studies families from a nonpathology-oriented point of view. It focuses primarily on whole-family interaction as it progresses through time. Because of limited funds, only two families are being studied in this exploratory phase. Nevertheless, the work touches on many issues of a general nature that may be of interest of other researchers. Each family has been interviewed once a month for the past year. The paper outlines: procedural matters, including selection criteria and recruitment; data collection, including interviews, rating scales, and \"clinical\" discussions; processing of data; preliminary findings, including quantitative and qualitative aspects; and problem areas, including methodological and ethical aspects.", "contents": "\"Nonlabeled\" family interaction: prelimiary report on a prospective study. This paper is a preliminary report on the first year of a two-year exploratory, prospective study of psychiatrically \"nonlabeled\" families. The project studies families from a nonpathology-oriented point of view. It focuses primarily on whole-family interaction as it progresses through time. Because of limited funds, only two families are being studied in this exploratory phase. Nevertheless, the work touches on many issues of a general nature that may be of interest of other researchers. Each family has been interviewed once a month for the past year. The paper outlines: procedural matters, including selection criteria and recruitment; data collection, including interviews, rating scales, and \"clinical\" discussions; processing of data; preliminary findings, including quantitative and qualitative aspects; and problem areas, including methodological and ethical aspects.", "PMID": 1026461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4225", "title": "[Effect of lithium chloride on bioelectric activity of the cortex and various subcortical structures of rabbit brain].", "content": "In a dose of 100 mg/kg and with intravenous administration to rabbits lithium chloride produces a depressing influence on the spontaneous bioelectric activity of the cerebral cortex and its subcortical formations, which extends from the cortex to subcortical structures. The compound brings down the electric excitability of the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, tonsils, reticular formation of the mesensephalic segment and of the thalamus, while in a dose of 300 mg/kg it increases the excitability of the motor cortex. No correlation between the lithium chloride induced electroencephalographic changes in the cerebral structures, on the one hand, and the content therein of biogenic amines and accumulation of lithium ions, on the other, was revealed.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium chloride on bioelectric activity of the cortex and various subcortical structures of rabbit brain]. In a dose of 100 mg/kg and with intravenous administration to rabbits lithium chloride produces a depressing influence on the spontaneous bioelectric activity of the cerebral cortex and its subcortical formations, which extends from the cortex to subcortical structures. The compound brings down the electric excitability of the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, tonsils, reticular formation of the mesensephalic segment and of the thalamus, while in a dose of 300 mg/kg it increases the excitability of the motor cortex. No correlation between the lithium chloride induced electroencephalographic changes in the cerebral structures, on the one hand, and the content therein of biogenic amines and accumulation of lithium ions, on the other, was revealed.", "PMID": 1026507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4226", "title": "[Inhibition of the activity of human serum cholinesterase by aminoalkyl benzenesulfonyl fluorides].", "content": "Aminoalkyl benzenesulfonyl fluorides, like organophosphates, act as irreversible inhibitors of serine proteinases by splitting off hydrogen fluoride to form an enzyme-inhibitor complex, stable in the physiological pH region. Several of these compounds are characterized by a higher rate of inhibition when trypsin is used and the second order rate constants are compared with those of organophosphates. On the other hand, upon inhibition of human serum cholinesterase by DFP and 4-nitrophenyl diethyl phosphate, some orders of magnitude higher than that of benzenesul fonyl fluorydes are observed. As shown by an oral toxicity study in mice similar differences exist with respect to LD50 values.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the activity of human serum cholinesterase by aminoalkyl benzenesulfonyl fluorides]. Aminoalkyl benzenesulfonyl fluorides, like organophosphates, act as irreversible inhibitors of serine proteinases by splitting off hydrogen fluoride to form an enzyme-inhibitor complex, stable in the physiological pH region. Several of these compounds are characterized by a higher rate of inhibition when trypsin is used and the second order rate constants are compared with those of organophosphates. On the other hand, upon inhibition of human serum cholinesterase by DFP and 4-nitrophenyl diethyl phosphate, some orders of magnitude higher than that of benzenesul fonyl fluorydes are observed. As shown by an oral toxicity study in mice similar differences exist with respect to LD50 values.", "PMID": 1026506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4227", "title": "[Relationship between chemical structure and anti-arrhythmic effect of ethmosine analogs].", "content": "The relationship between the chemical structure and antiarrhthmic action in the series of 10-actlaminopropionyl phenothiazine derivatives with different urethan groups in the second position of the phenothiazine cycle (methy, ethyl and isobutyl) was studied. Subject to investigation were also aetmozine isomers containing ethyl-carbaminate in the first, third and fourth position, as well as compounds containing aminopropionyl residues in the tenth and trifluoromethyl group or bromine in the second position. The available data indicated that the antiarrhythmic action of 10-acylamino-derivatives of phenothiazine depends not only on the structure of the side chain and substitution of hydrogen in the second position of the phenothiazine nucleus, but also upon the position of the urethan group in the phenothiazine cycle. Moving ethyl-carbaminate to the first, third and fourth positions results in the fall of the anti-arrhythmic action. The absence of any relation between the length of the urethan radical and the effect produced by the substance was also shown. By substituting the methyl or isobutyl radicals for the ethyl one the antiarrthythmic action of the substances declines.", "contents": "[Relationship between chemical structure and anti-arrhythmic effect of ethmosine analogs]. The relationship between the chemical structure and antiarrhthmic action in the series of 10-actlaminopropionyl phenothiazine derivatives with different urethan groups in the second position of the phenothiazine cycle (methy, ethyl and isobutyl) was studied. Subject to investigation were also aetmozine isomers containing ethyl-carbaminate in the first, third and fourth position, as well as compounds containing aminopropionyl residues in the tenth and trifluoromethyl group or bromine in the second position. The available data indicated that the antiarrhythmic action of 10-acylamino-derivatives of phenothiazine depends not only on the structure of the side chain and substitution of hydrogen in the second position of the phenothiazine nucleus, but also upon the position of the urethan group in the phenothiazine cycle. Moving ethyl-carbaminate to the first, third and fourth positions results in the fall of the anti-arrhythmic action. The absence of any relation between the length of the urethan radical and the effect produced by the substance was also shown. By substituting the methyl or isobutyl radicals for the ethyl one the antiarrthythmic action of the substances declines.", "PMID": 1026511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4228", "title": "[Effect of phenobarbital, morphine and ethanol on the physico-chemical properties of erythrocyte membranes].", "content": "The effect of narcotics--phenobarbital, morphine and ethanol on the hemolysis of erythrocytes in a hypotonic solution was studied. The narcotics under study are shown to influence the stability of the erythrocytes membranes. Behind the mechanism of stabilization apparrently lies the action of the said substances on the critical hemolytic volume of the cells. A common nature of some mechanisms underlying the action of phenobarbital, morphine and ethanol on the erythrocytes membranes is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of phenobarbital, morphine and ethanol on the physico-chemical properties of erythrocyte membranes]. The effect of narcotics--phenobarbital, morphine and ethanol on the hemolysis of erythrocytes in a hypotonic solution was studied. The narcotics under study are shown to influence the stability of the erythrocytes membranes. Behind the mechanism of stabilization apparrently lies the action of the said substances on the critical hemolytic volume of the cells. A common nature of some mechanisms underlying the action of phenobarbital, morphine and ethanol on the erythrocytes membranes is suggested.", "PMID": 1026512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4229", "title": "[Elimination of products of fluoracizine by the gastrointestinal tract in animals of different species].", "content": "A study on elimination of phthoracizine metabolites with feces of different animal species evidenced that bulk of its transformation products with an intact side-chain was contained in the feces of rats. In the feces of mice they are found in much smaller amount, while in rabbits they are practically untracable. The phthoracizine transformation products devoid of the side-chain are demonstrable both in rats and in other animal species either as traces or not definable at all. These phenomena are, apparently, to be attributed to a different ability of eliminating the phthoracizine biotransformation products with bile by different animal species, which, among other factors. is determined by the molecular weight of individual metabolites.", "contents": "[Elimination of products of fluoracizine by the gastrointestinal tract in animals of different species]. A study on elimination of phthoracizine metabolites with feces of different animal species evidenced that bulk of its transformation products with an intact side-chain was contained in the feces of rats. In the feces of mice they are found in much smaller amount, while in rabbits they are practically untracable. The phthoracizine transformation products devoid of the side-chain are demonstrable both in rats and in other animal species either as traces or not definable at all. These phenomena are, apparently, to be attributed to a different ability of eliminating the phthoracizine biotransformation products with bile by different animal species, which, among other factors. is determined by the molecular weight of individual metabolites.", "PMID": 1026509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4230", "title": "[Effect of no-shpa, halidor, dibazol and euphylline on the fibrinogen content and fibrinolytic activity of blood].", "content": "With a single intravenous administration to albino rats of both sexes of nospanum and halidor in a dose of 2 mg/kg and dibazol--in 1 mg/kg produce activation of fibrinolysis, while euphylline in a dose of 12 mg/kg has no effect on this process. A protracted introduction by the subcuataneous route of halidor and nospanum in a dose of 10 mg/kg, of dibazol--in 5 mg/kg and of euphylline intramuscularly in a dose of 24 mg/kg depresses in animals the activity of the proteolytic process. It was found that in vitro nospanum, halidor and dibazol accelerate fibrinolysis, whereas the presence of euphylline in the blood plasma deccelerates this process.", "contents": "[Effect of no-shpa, halidor, dibazol and euphylline on the fibrinogen content and fibrinolytic activity of blood]. With a single intravenous administration to albino rats of both sexes of nospanum and halidor in a dose of 2 mg/kg and dibazol--in 1 mg/kg produce activation of fibrinolysis, while euphylline in a dose of 12 mg/kg has no effect on this process. A protracted introduction by the subcuataneous route of halidor and nospanum in a dose of 10 mg/kg, of dibazol--in 5 mg/kg and of euphylline intramuscularly in a dose of 24 mg/kg depresses in animals the activity of the proteolytic process. It was found that in vitro nospanum, halidor and dibazol accelerate fibrinolysis, whereas the presence of euphylline in the blood plasma deccelerates this process.", "PMID": 1026513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4231", "title": "[Effect of lithium chloride on kidney function in rats].", "content": "Test staged on rats have brought evidence that lithium chloride acts damagingly on all parts of the nephron, inhibiting, first of all, the processes of filtration and then of secretion and reabsorption. Polyuria arising under the effect of lithium is caused by reduced reabsorption of water in the tubules and anuria--by depression of the glomerular filtration.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium chloride on kidney function in rats]. Test staged on rats have brought evidence that lithium chloride acts damagingly on all parts of the nephron, inhibiting, first of all, the processes of filtration and then of secretion and reabsorption. Polyuria arising under the effect of lithium is caused by reduced reabsorption of water in the tubules and anuria--by depression of the glomerular filtration.", "PMID": 1026508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4232", "title": "[Local-anesthetic activity of l-aminoacetyl-2, 3-dihydroindole derivatives].", "content": "1-(N-piperidine-acetyl)-2,3-dihydroindoles display high activity in infiltration and conduction anestheia, exceeding that of trimecaine. N-alkylaminoacetyl-indolines are moderately active, while N-morpholine and N-indolylacetyl-indolines are practically inactive when employed in the given types of local anesthesia. All the N-substituted aminoacetyl-indolines are little active in terminal anesthesia.", "contents": "[Local-anesthetic activity of l-aminoacetyl-2, 3-dihydroindole derivatives]. 1-(N-piperidine-acetyl)-2,3-dihydroindoles display high activity in infiltration and conduction anestheia, exceeding that of trimecaine. N-alkylaminoacetyl-indolines are moderately active, while N-morpholine and N-indolylacetyl-indolines are practically inactive when employed in the given types of local anesthesia. All the N-substituted aminoacetyl-indolines are little active in terminal anesthesia.", "PMID": 1026510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4233", "title": "[Characteristics of the antivitamin effect of pyriditol, a disulfide pyridoxine derivative, on animal body].", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of disulphide pyridoxine (pyriditol) to albino mice in a dose of 300 mg/kg brings down the GABA level and the GABA-transaminase activity in the brain, the glutamic acid content and the glutamate-decarboxylase activity remaining unchanged. In the liver and, especially, in the kidneys of test animals the activity of aspartate-and alanine-aminotransferase goes down. The diurnal urinary output of the animals shows a decreased passage of 4-pyridoxic acid. These results are interpreted to be consequent upon the antivitamin action of pyriditol with respect to pyridoxine.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the antivitamin effect of pyriditol, a disulfide pyridoxine derivative, on animal body]. Intraperitoneal administration of disulphide pyridoxine (pyriditol) to albino mice in a dose of 300 mg/kg brings down the GABA level and the GABA-transaminase activity in the brain, the glutamic acid content and the glutamate-decarboxylase activity remaining unchanged. In the liver and, especially, in the kidneys of test animals the activity of aspartate-and alanine-aminotransferase goes down. The diurnal urinary output of the animals shows a decreased passage of 4-pyridoxic acid. These results are interpreted to be consequent upon the antivitamin action of pyriditol with respect to pyridoxine.", "PMID": 1026514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4234", "title": "Amikacin (BBK8) in infections due to gram-negative organisms in children over the age of one month.", "content": "Thirty children over the age of one month were treated with amikacin (BBK8), a new aminoglycoside derived from kanamycin A, with three intramuscular dosage schedules. Each group consisted of ten patients. The first received 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours, the second 7-5 mg/kg/24 hours and the third, 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours. The infections and the bacteria were similar in all three groups: pyelonephritis, abscesses of soft tissues, infected wounds, septicaemia, superinfected empyema, gastro-enteritis, chronic otitis media; the bacteria were E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Salmonella. A were sensitive by the Kirby-Bauer method, although two were resistant by dilution in Petri dish. Of the thirty patients, twenty four (80%) were cured. The schedule of 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours was as effective as the schedule of 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours for infections such as pyelonephritis, superficial abscesses, contaminated wounds, gastro-enteritis and sepsis. The cases with infections localized in rather unaccessible sites required double the dose and strict drainage and cleanliness. Plasma levels with the administration of 3-75 mg/kg fluctuated between 8-3 and 12-6 mcg/ml; with 7-5 mg/kg they fluctuated between 8-6 and 13-1. The minimum inhibitory level (MIL) for the majority of the bacteria was 1-25 mcg/ml. No toxic reactions were observed.", "contents": "Amikacin (BBK8) in infections due to gram-negative organisms in children over the age of one month. Thirty children over the age of one month were treated with amikacin (BBK8), a new aminoglycoside derived from kanamycin A, with three intramuscular dosage schedules. Each group consisted of ten patients. The first received 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours, the second 7-5 mg/kg/24 hours and the third, 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours. The infections and the bacteria were similar in all three groups: pyelonephritis, abscesses of soft tissues, infected wounds, septicaemia, superinfected empyema, gastro-enteritis, chronic otitis media; the bacteria were E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Salmonella. A were sensitive by the Kirby-Bauer method, although two were resistant by dilution in Petri dish. Of the thirty patients, twenty four (80%) were cured. The schedule of 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours was as effective as the schedule of 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours for infections such as pyelonephritis, superficial abscesses, contaminated wounds, gastro-enteritis and sepsis. The cases with infections localized in rather unaccessible sites required double the dose and strict drainage and cleanliness. Plasma levels with the administration of 3-75 mg/kg fluctuated between 8-3 and 12-6 mcg/ml; with 7-5 mg/kg they fluctuated between 8-6 and 13-1. The minimum inhibitory level (MIL) for the majority of the bacteria was 1-25 mcg/ml. No toxic reactions were observed.", "PMID": 1026522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4235", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory effect of methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (vitamin U)].", "content": "Tests conducted on mice demonstrated that methylmethionine-sulfonium chloride (vitamin U) is capable of lowering the permeability of the skin capillaries following the action of stimulants. It greatly potentiates the antiphlogistic effect of acetylsalicylic acid, this action being more pronounced with vitamin U administered one hour before intake of acetlsaliclic acid than when both are taken simultaneously. Given in a dose of 1000 mg/kg vitamin U helps reduce exudation in aseptic serosites in rats. The antiphlogistic effect of vitamin U comes in conjunction with its ability to exercise a protective action against lesion of the gastric mucosa produced by acetylsalicylic acid.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory effect of methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (vitamin U)]. Tests conducted on mice demonstrated that methylmethionine-sulfonium chloride (vitamin U) is capable of lowering the permeability of the skin capillaries following the action of stimulants. It greatly potentiates the antiphlogistic effect of acetylsalicylic acid, this action being more pronounced with vitamin U administered one hour before intake of acetlsaliclic acid than when both are taken simultaneously. Given in a dose of 1000 mg/kg vitamin U helps reduce exudation in aseptic serosites in rats. The antiphlogistic effect of vitamin U comes in conjunction with its ability to exercise a protective action against lesion of the gastric mucosa produced by acetylsalicylic acid.", "PMID": 1026515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4236", "title": "[Relationship between accumulation of o,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethane in the adrenal glands and their function and structure].", "content": "Over a periof of 12 days following introduction of o'p-dichlordiphenyl-chlorethane to dogs in a dose of 25 mg/kg a sizable accumulation of the compound in the adrenal tissue, a drastic inhibition of its function and deragment of the suprarenal cortex structure are observed. After a 28-day administration of the compound the functional and structural upsets in the adrenals gain in strength, whereas it concentration in this organ declines.", "contents": "[Relationship between accumulation of o,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethane in the adrenal glands and their function and structure]. Over a periof of 12 days following introduction of o'p-dichlordiphenyl-chlorethane to dogs in a dose of 25 mg/kg a sizable accumulation of the compound in the adrenal tissue, a drastic inhibition of its function and deragment of the suprarenal cortex structure are observed. After a 28-day administration of the compound the functional and structural upsets in the adrenals gain in strength, whereas it concentration in this organ declines.", "PMID": 1026516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4237", "title": "[Combined use of estradiol and insulin in experimental diabetes].", "content": "Experiments demonstrated that in diabetes subject to inhibition are the processes of respiration and phosphorylation and that estradiol-dipropionate in dose of 50 gamma/kg did not change significantly either utilization of oxygen, or attended by it phosphorylation in the uterus and liver, while in a dose of 100 gamma/kg it contributed to the combination of the respiratory and phosphorylation processes in the liver alone. Joint administration of insulin and estradiol restored nearly to the initial level the rate of the oxygen consumption and esterification of inorganic phosphorus in the uterus and liver.", "contents": "[Combined use of estradiol and insulin in experimental diabetes]. Experiments demonstrated that in diabetes subject to inhibition are the processes of respiration and phosphorylation and that estradiol-dipropionate in dose of 50 gamma/kg did not change significantly either utilization of oxygen, or attended by it phosphorylation in the uterus and liver, while in a dose of 100 gamma/kg it contributed to the combination of the respiratory and phosphorylation processes in the liver alone. Joint administration of insulin and estradiol restored nearly to the initial level the rate of the oxygen consumption and esterification of inorganic phosphorus in the uterus and liver.", "PMID": 1026517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4238", "title": "[Effect of caffeine on the content of the components of the adenyl system and on the activity of p32 incorporation into the myocardium of rats during early periods of their growth].", "content": "Caffeine sodium benzoate was injected intraperitoneally at one time in doses of 1 and 50 mg/100 g to rates aged 30 days and 3--5 months. The ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphorus levels and the p32 incorporation activity were determined in the myocardium. Introduction of the drug in a dose of 1 mg/100 g is shown not to produce any substantial shifts on the level of the study indices in 7-day old and adult animals and to increase the ATP content in 30-day old rattlings. Administration of caffeine in a dose of 50 mg/100 g brings down the ATP content in the myocardium of the animals in all the age categories. As regards the degree of the ATP level changes the 7-day old rattlings are more resistant than are the adult animals.", "contents": "[Effect of caffeine on the content of the components of the adenyl system and on the activity of p32 incorporation into the myocardium of rats during early periods of their growth]. Caffeine sodium benzoate was injected intraperitoneally at one time in doses of 1 and 50 mg/100 g to rates aged 30 days and 3--5 months. The ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphorus levels and the p32 incorporation activity were determined in the myocardium. Introduction of the drug in a dose of 1 mg/100 g is shown not to produce any substantial shifts on the level of the study indices in 7-day old and adult animals and to increase the ATP content in 30-day old rattlings. Administration of caffeine in a dose of 50 mg/100 g brings down the ATP content in the myocardium of the animals in all the age categories. As regards the degree of the ATP level changes the 7-day old rattlings are more resistant than are the adult animals.", "PMID": 1026518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4239", "title": "[Pathomorphological study of antiviral chemotherapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthon under experimental conditions].", "content": "A pathomorphological study of antiviral chemotherapeutic activity of benaphthon was carried out in tests involving intranasal inoculation of mice with influenza A2 (Hong Kong) 68 viruses (infection doses of 1 DL75 and 10 DL75) and of rabbits with herpetic keratitis, provoked by the herpes simplex virus (strain Ela-5699). A single prophylactic introduction of bonaphthon with subsequent 4-day treatment of experimental influenzal pneumonia of mice was found to produce a significant diminution in the frequency of the pneumonia development in experimental animals, a reduction in the number of severe and lethal forms of the malady and, by preventing the development of morphologically grave forms, to improve the prognosis. The use of bonaphthon in experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits, irrespective of the mode of its administration (locally or by mouth) cuts down the period of the keratitis cure almost in half, contributes to a speedier epithelization of the ulcerated surface and to the disappearance of inflammatory manifestations in the very substance of the cornea.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological study of antiviral chemotherapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthon under experimental conditions]. A pathomorphological study of antiviral chemotherapeutic activity of benaphthon was carried out in tests involving intranasal inoculation of mice with influenza A2 (Hong Kong) 68 viruses (infection doses of 1 DL75 and 10 DL75) and of rabbits with herpetic keratitis, provoked by the herpes simplex virus (strain Ela-5699). A single prophylactic introduction of bonaphthon with subsequent 4-day treatment of experimental influenzal pneumonia of mice was found to produce a significant diminution in the frequency of the pneumonia development in experimental animals, a reduction in the number of severe and lethal forms of the malady and, by preventing the development of morphologically grave forms, to improve the prognosis. The use of bonaphthon in experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits, irrespective of the mode of its administration (locally or by mouth) cuts down the period of the keratitis cure almost in half, contributes to a speedier epithelization of the ulcerated surface and to the disappearance of inflammatory manifestations in the very substance of the cornea.", "PMID": 1026519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4240", "title": "[Characteristics of chemical structure of analogs of the antimalarial drug chloridine (pyrimethamine), detetermining their teratogenic properties].", "content": "On an example of substituted 2,4-diaminopyrimidines containing at the 6th position hydrogen, alkyl radicals with a varying length of chains, ramified isoalkyl radicals and aromatic nuclei it is shown that the teratogenous activity is inherent only in some agents, being related to the chemical structure and conformation of the molecules. Accordingly, the principles of elective toxicity lying at the root of current chemotherapy may be extended also to teratology. From this it follows that there exists as a matter of principle the possibility of a purposeful synthesis of new medical compounds that would be devoid of teratogenous activity, but were endowed with valuable curative properties.", "contents": "[Characteristics of chemical structure of analogs of the antimalarial drug chloridine (pyrimethamine), detetermining their teratogenic properties]. On an example of substituted 2,4-diaminopyrimidines containing at the 6th position hydrogen, alkyl radicals with a varying length of chains, ramified isoalkyl radicals and aromatic nuclei it is shown that the teratogenous activity is inherent only in some agents, being related to the chemical structure and conformation of the molecules. Accordingly, the principles of elective toxicity lying at the root of current chemotherapy may be extended also to teratology. From this it follows that there exists as a matter of principle the possibility of a purposeful synthesis of new medical compounds that would be devoid of teratogenous activity, but were endowed with valuable curative properties.", "PMID": 1026520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4241", "title": "Methenamine hippurate ('Hiprex') in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections: a trial in a geriatric hospital.", "content": "Fifty-two patients, all of whom were more than 66 years-old and who were hospitalized for periods in excess of two years were treated for chronic urinary tract infection. All patients received a course of antibiotic treatment for seven to ten days and were then put onto treatment with methenamine hippurate 1 g twice daily for six months. Of the original fifty-two patients, twelve did not complete the six month course. During the six month period with \"Hiprex' there were far fewer re-infections than in the previous six months during which time they had received intermittent antibiotic therapy and other long-term treatment. There were no adverse reactions and bacterial resistance did not occur.", "contents": "Methenamine hippurate ('Hiprex') in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections: a trial in a geriatric hospital. Fifty-two patients, all of whom were more than 66 years-old and who were hospitalized for periods in excess of two years were treated for chronic urinary tract infection. All patients received a course of antibiotic treatment for seven to ten days and were then put onto treatment with methenamine hippurate 1 g twice daily for six months. Of the original fifty-two patients, twelve did not complete the six month course. During the six month period with \"Hiprex' there were far fewer re-infections than in the previous six months during which time they had received intermittent antibiotic therapy and other long-term treatment. There were no adverse reactions and bacterial resistance did not occur.", "PMID": 1026539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4242", "title": "Treatment with methenamine hippurate in the patient with a catheter.", "content": "Methenamine hippurate, 1 g twice daily, was given for four months to twenty-two elderly female subjects with an indwelling catheter. The incidence of catheter blockage was significantly reduced when compared with the control period of similar duration, although bacteriuria persisted throughout treatment. The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection also decreased during treatment with methenamine hippurate.", "contents": "Treatment with methenamine hippurate in the patient with a catheter. Methenamine hippurate, 1 g twice daily, was given for four months to twenty-two elderly female subjects with an indwelling catheter. The incidence of catheter blockage was significantly reduced when compared with the control period of similar duration, although bacteriuria persisted throughout treatment. The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection also decreased during treatment with methenamine hippurate.", "PMID": 1026540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4243", "title": "A profile for trimipramine.", "content": "A series of sixty-one patients with depressive symptoms were treated with trimipramine in single nightly dosages. Analysis of the data indicated that a favourable outcome was likely to be associated with the following features: absence of gastro-intestinal complaints; absence of hypochondriasis; a level of anxiety not more than the average for psychiatric patients; absence of situational palpitation; possession of a stable work record; and possession of a family history positive for psychiatric disorder. These features are not claimed to be specific to treatment with trimipramine. Age, sex, out-patient/in-patient status and the over-all degree of depression were not found to be relevant. Trimipramine was associated with a favourable outcome in 64% of all cases treated, and in 73% of primarily depressive conditions.", "contents": "A profile for trimipramine. A series of sixty-one patients with depressive symptoms were treated with trimipramine in single nightly dosages. Analysis of the data indicated that a favourable outcome was likely to be associated with the following features: absence of gastro-intestinal complaints; absence of hypochondriasis; a level of anxiety not more than the average for psychiatric patients; absence of situational palpitation; possession of a stable work record; and possession of a family history positive for psychiatric disorder. These features are not claimed to be specific to treatment with trimipramine. Age, sex, out-patient/in-patient status and the over-all degree of depression were not found to be relevant. Trimipramine was associated with a favourable outcome in 64% of all cases treated, and in 73% of primarily depressive conditions.", "PMID": 1026541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4244", "title": "The addition of Visken to methyldopa therapy in hypertension: a multicentre study.", "content": "Forty-one patients completed the study where Visken was added to the treatment regimen of patients whose blood pressures were poorly controlled on methyldopa or who were experiencing side-effects with methyldopa. Supine blood pressure was reduced from 177/108 mm Hg before Visken therapy to 159/96 mm Hg after twelve weeks of taking Visken. The dose of methyldopa was reduced from a mean 921 mg at the start to 445 mg at the end. Fourteen patients were able to stop methyldopa therapy. The number of side-effects reported was reduced as the study continued and fifteen patients commented that they felt better on Visken. Nine patients did not complete the trial, three of these because of side-effects, viz insomnia, lethargy and sleep disturbances.", "contents": "The addition of Visken to methyldopa therapy in hypertension: a multicentre study. Forty-one patients completed the study where Visken was added to the treatment regimen of patients whose blood pressures were poorly controlled on methyldopa or who were experiencing side-effects with methyldopa. Supine blood pressure was reduced from 177/108 mm Hg before Visken therapy to 159/96 mm Hg after twelve weeks of taking Visken. The dose of methyldopa was reduced from a mean 921 mg at the start to 445 mg at the end. Fourteen patients were able to stop methyldopa therapy. The number of side-effects reported was reduced as the study continued and fifteen patients commented that they felt better on Visken. Nine patients did not complete the trial, three of these because of side-effects, viz insomnia, lethargy and sleep disturbances.", "PMID": 1026542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4245", "title": "A clinical trial of temazepam, a sleep inducer, in hospital patients.", "content": "Temazepam, a common metabolite of diazepam and oxazepam, was evaluated as a sleep inducer. A dose of 20 mg, in a Scherer capsule formulation, was compared with 200 mg of amylobarbitone sodium in a between-patients, randomized study. Patient and staff assessments were used. No statistically significant difference as to onset of sleep, duration or quality of sleep or morning drowsiness was found using the patients' assessments. The staff recorded significantly less daytime dozing and morning hangover in patients receiving temazepam. Side-effects were mild and confined mainly to drowsiness on awakening. Two patients, both on amylobarbitone sodium, withdrew from the study because of increasing confusion.", "contents": "A clinical trial of temazepam, a sleep inducer, in hospital patients. Temazepam, a common metabolite of diazepam and oxazepam, was evaluated as a sleep inducer. A dose of 20 mg, in a Scherer capsule formulation, was compared with 200 mg of amylobarbitone sodium in a between-patients, randomized study. Patient and staff assessments were used. No statistically significant difference as to onset of sleep, duration or quality of sleep or morning drowsiness was found using the patients' assessments. The staff recorded significantly less daytime dozing and morning hangover in patients receiving temazepam. Side-effects were mild and confined mainly to drowsiness on awakening. Two patients, both on amylobarbitone sodium, withdrew from the study because of increasing confusion.", "PMID": 1026543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4246", "title": "Cases of overdosage with viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan).", "content": "Twelve cases of viloxazine overdosage are reported. All patients recovered without sequelae and no ECG abnormalities were observed. Gastric lavage was performed in most cases and was probably beneficial. As viloxazine is rapidly absorbed (Bayliss & Case 1975, Case & Reeves 1975) lavage should be carried out as soon as possible after the tablets are taken. Since the drug is almost exclusively excreted in the urine, it is suggested that forced diuresis be carried out to reduce blood levels as quickly as possible.", "contents": "Cases of overdosage with viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan). Twelve cases of viloxazine overdosage are reported. All patients recovered without sequelae and no ECG abnormalities were observed. Gastric lavage was performed in most cases and was probably beneficial. As viloxazine is rapidly absorbed (Bayliss & Case 1975, Case & Reeves 1975) lavage should be carried out as soon as possible after the tablets are taken. Since the drug is almost exclusively excreted in the urine, it is suggested that forced diuresis be carried out to reduce blood levels as quickly as possible.", "PMID": 1026544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4247", "title": "Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections with cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin.", "content": "Oral cefadroxil in doses of 0-6-1-8 g per day given on twice or three times daily schedules was effective in the treatment of thirty-six patients with infections such as abscesses, carbuncles, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo. Staphylococcus aureus strains and beta-haemolytic streptococci, alone or in combination, were cultured from lesions before treatment. In vitro studies with test discs showed that all the organisms were sensitive to cefadroxil, but twenty-three of twenty-nine S aureus strains and one of the seven streptococci strains were resistant to penicillin G. Pre- and post-treatment laboratory tests of renal, hepatic and haematopoietic functions produced no evidence of drug toxicity. The cefadroxil dosage effective in this study is lower than that recommended for currently available oral cephalosporins, which must be given on a four times daily schedule.", "contents": "Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections with cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin. Oral cefadroxil in doses of 0-6-1-8 g per day given on twice or three times daily schedules was effective in the treatment of thirty-six patients with infections such as abscesses, carbuncles, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo. Staphylococcus aureus strains and beta-haemolytic streptococci, alone or in combination, were cultured from lesions before treatment. In vitro studies with test discs showed that all the organisms were sensitive to cefadroxil, but twenty-three of twenty-nine S aureus strains and one of the seven streptococci strains were resistant to penicillin G. Pre- and post-treatment laboratory tests of renal, hepatic and haematopoietic functions produced no evidence of drug toxicity. The cefadroxil dosage effective in this study is lower than that recommended for currently available oral cephalosporins, which must be given on a four times daily schedule.", "PMID": 1026545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4248", "title": "Effectiveness of two new cephalosporins, cephazolin and cephapirin, administered intermittently in acute and chronic osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "Ten patients were treated, most of pre-school age, with acute osteomyelitis, produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, having evolved for approximately one week, with sodium cephazolin at doses of 60 mg/kg/day intramuscularly in two daily injections for the first seven days and then in a single dose every twenty-four hours for four to seven weeks. Nine of ten patients were asymptomatic six months after this treatment. The patient who manifested chronic signs at the end of six weeks of therapy continued to be treated with three weekly injections of the same drug at an equal dose until the completion of six months, at the end of which he was asymptomatic. Ten patients with chronic osteomyelitis having evolved for two months to five years, due to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were treated with cephapirin at the dose of 30 mg/kg in one daily injection intramuscularly for three to four weeks and then the same dose on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays until the completion of six months. Eight patients who required it were sequestrectomized. Seven of the ten patients improve and remained asymptomatic for the same period of observation. The three patients who did not show marked clinical improvement did exhibit an appreciable radiological recovery. We have presented these regimens of treatment with a view of encouraging research into the intermittent administration of bactericidal antibiotics for pyogenic infections; in spite of the good results, we do not dare to recommend them in daily practice.", "contents": "Effectiveness of two new cephalosporins, cephazolin and cephapirin, administered intermittently in acute and chronic osteomyelitis in children. Ten patients were treated, most of pre-school age, with acute osteomyelitis, produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, having evolved for approximately one week, with sodium cephazolin at doses of 60 mg/kg/day intramuscularly in two daily injections for the first seven days and then in a single dose every twenty-four hours for four to seven weeks. Nine of ten patients were asymptomatic six months after this treatment. The patient who manifested chronic signs at the end of six weeks of therapy continued to be treated with three weekly injections of the same drug at an equal dose until the completion of six months, at the end of which he was asymptomatic. Ten patients with chronic osteomyelitis having evolved for two months to five years, due to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were treated with cephapirin at the dose of 30 mg/kg in one daily injection intramuscularly for three to four weeks and then the same dose on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays until the completion of six months. Eight patients who required it were sequestrectomized. Seven of the ten patients improve and remained asymptomatic for the same period of observation. The three patients who did not show marked clinical improvement did exhibit an appreciable radiological recovery. We have presented these regimens of treatment with a view of encouraging research into the intermittent administration of bactericidal antibiotics for pyogenic infections; in spite of the good results, we do not dare to recommend them in daily practice.", "PMID": 1026546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4249", "title": "A comparative clinical evaluation of a new topical steroid 'halcinonide' and hydrocortisone in steroid-responsive dermatoses.", "content": "Fifty patients with symmetrical, bilateral lesions of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis participated in a double-blind paired comparison study in which 0-1% halcinonide (in a cream formulation containing also neomycin and nystatin) was applied to the lesions on one side of the body and 1% hydrocortisone cream to those on the opposite side for two to three weeks. The number of excellent responses to therapy showed the halcinonide combination to be significantly superior (p less than 0-01) to the control cream in all diagnostic categories if considered collectively, and in psoriasis if the responses were grouped according to diagnosis. No adverse reactions occurred during the trial.", "contents": "A comparative clinical evaluation of a new topical steroid 'halcinonide' and hydrocortisone in steroid-responsive dermatoses. Fifty patients with symmetrical, bilateral lesions of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis participated in a double-blind paired comparison study in which 0-1% halcinonide (in a cream formulation containing also neomycin and nystatin) was applied to the lesions on one side of the body and 1% hydrocortisone cream to those on the opposite side for two to three weeks. The number of excellent responses to therapy showed the halcinonide combination to be significantly superior (p less than 0-01) to the control cream in all diagnostic categories if considered collectively, and in psoriasis if the responses were grouped according to diagnosis. No adverse reactions occurred during the trial.", "PMID": 1026547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4250", "title": "The effect of forewarning on the occurrence of side-effects and discontinuance of medication in patients on dothiepin.", "content": "Dothiepin was prescribed for 100 depressed out-patients alternately allocated to one of two groups. Patients in Group A were forewarned about side-effects and patients in Group B were not forewarned. None of the patients had previously received dothiepin. After two weeks the patients were questioned regarding side-effects and continuance with medication. Eighty-nine patients were included in the final analysis. The results failed to confirm the hypotheses that forewarning patients of side-effects causes a greater number of patients to complain of such effects, or that where patients experience side-effects, forewarning is associated with any less frequent discontinuance of therapy. Compared with a previous study with amitriptyline, the results of this study are much closer to statistical significance. This may be due to the lower overall incidence of side-effects with dothiepin and calls for further work with a larger sample of patients.", "contents": "The effect of forewarning on the occurrence of side-effects and discontinuance of medication in patients on dothiepin. Dothiepin was prescribed for 100 depressed out-patients alternately allocated to one of two groups. Patients in Group A were forewarned about side-effects and patients in Group B were not forewarned. None of the patients had previously received dothiepin. After two weeks the patients were questioned regarding side-effects and continuance with medication. Eighty-nine patients were included in the final analysis. The results failed to confirm the hypotheses that forewarning patients of side-effects causes a greater number of patients to complain of such effects, or that where patients experience side-effects, forewarning is associated with any less frequent discontinuance of therapy. Compared with a previous study with amitriptyline, the results of this study are much closer to statistical significance. This may be due to the lower overall incidence of side-effects with dothiepin and calls for further work with a larger sample of patients.", "PMID": 1026548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4251", "title": "Neonatal jaundice--a comparison between intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The total serum bilirubin levels at two and occasionally five days after birth were studied in 162 infants whose mothers received either intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin te2 during labour, and the results were compared with those obtained in forty-two control patients. Following labour of spontaneous onset, whether the mother received intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin E2, neonatal total serum bilirubin levels were not different from those in controls. After induction by amniotomy and an active agent, higher mean total serum bilirubin levels were found in infants whose mothers received intravenous oxytocin than in those given oral prostaglandin E2; a significant rise in the total serum bilirubin level appeared to occur when mothers received a total of more than 12,000 milliunits of oxytocin or more than 4,000 milliunits per kg birthweight of the infant.", "contents": "Neonatal jaundice--a comparison between intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2. The total serum bilirubin levels at two and occasionally five days after birth were studied in 162 infants whose mothers received either intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin te2 during labour, and the results were compared with those obtained in forty-two control patients. Following labour of spontaneous onset, whether the mother received intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin E2, neonatal total serum bilirubin levels were not different from those in controls. After induction by amniotomy and an active agent, higher mean total serum bilirubin levels were found in infants whose mothers received intravenous oxytocin than in those given oral prostaglandin E2; a significant rise in the total serum bilirubin level appeared to occur when mothers received a total of more than 12,000 milliunits of oxytocin or more than 4,000 milliunits per kg birthweight of the infant.", "PMID": 1026549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4252", "title": "Micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) compared with aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A randomized crossover trial of micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) and aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) was carried out on thirty-three hospital outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both preparations improved the clincial status of the patients. The difference in response to the two preparations was not significant, except for effect on functional status where the micro-encapsulated aspirin was found to be significantly better at the 5% level. Apart from six complaints of constipation with aloxiprin compared with only one with Levius, the side-effects were similar. The trial has shown that Levius can be conveniently given in divided doses thrice daily without loss of efficacy.", "contents": "Micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) compared with aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized crossover trial of micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) and aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) was carried out on thirty-three hospital outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both preparations improved the clincial status of the patients. The difference in response to the two preparations was not significant, except for effect on functional status where the micro-encapsulated aspirin was found to be significantly better at the 5% level. Apart from six complaints of constipation with aloxiprin compared with only one with Levius, the side-effects were similar. The trial has shown that Levius can be conveniently given in divided doses thrice daily without loss of efficacy.", "PMID": 1026550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4253", "title": "Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the urinary metabolites of volunteers who had taken therapeutic doses of paracetamol with those of persons who had taken an overdose in an attempt to highlight the metabolic changes associated with massive doses. The main technique for examining urine samples was two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Other chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation and purification of metabolites. The urinary metabolites after a therapeutic dose of paracetamol were identified as free paracetamol, paracetamol sulphate, 3-hydroxy-paracetamol-3-sulphate, 3-methoxy-paracetamol sulphate, paracetamol glucuronide, 3-methoxy-paracetamol glucuronide, paracetamol 3-cysteine conjugate and paracetamol 3-mercapturate. The same metabolites were also present in urine following overdosage but the proportions were quite different. There was particularly a big increase in the relative amounts of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates excreted. No new metabolites were found. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed in relation to the metabolism and toxicology of paracetamol.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites. A comparison has been made of the urinary metabolites of volunteers who had taken therapeutic doses of paracetamol with those of persons who had taken an overdose in an attempt to highlight the metabolic changes associated with massive doses. The main technique for examining urine samples was two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Other chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation and purification of metabolites. The urinary metabolites after a therapeutic dose of paracetamol were identified as free paracetamol, paracetamol sulphate, 3-hydroxy-paracetamol-3-sulphate, 3-methoxy-paracetamol sulphate, paracetamol glucuronide, 3-methoxy-paracetamol glucuronide, paracetamol 3-cysteine conjugate and paracetamol 3-mercapturate. The same metabolites were also present in urine following overdosage but the proportions were quite different. There was particularly a big increase in the relative amounts of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates excreted. No new metabolites were found. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed in relation to the metabolism and toxicology of paracetamol.", "PMID": 1026559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4254", "title": "A theoretical approach to the management of paracetamol overdosage.", "content": "Possible ways of treating paracetamol hepatotoxicity are briefly reviewed. This toxicity appears to be due to an oxidation metabolite which is normally detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, but when in excess, as in paracetamol overdosage, binds covalently to hepatic proteins to cause liver necrosis. Depletion of hepatic glutathione may also lead to other contributory disorders of cellular metabolism. Physical methods of preventing this would appear to be of little value, and treatments are being developed which aim to lessen the production of the toxic metabolite, antagonize its attachment to hepatic tissue or to combat this toxicity via basic cellular mechanisms. At this moment the most effective substances appear to be glutathione precursors and other compounds which interfere with oxidation of paracetamol.", "contents": "A theoretical approach to the management of paracetamol overdosage. Possible ways of treating paracetamol hepatotoxicity are briefly reviewed. This toxicity appears to be due to an oxidation metabolite which is normally detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, but when in excess, as in paracetamol overdosage, binds covalently to hepatic proteins to cause liver necrosis. Depletion of hepatic glutathione may also lead to other contributory disorders of cellular metabolism. Physical methods of preventing this would appear to be of little value, and treatments are being developed which aim to lessen the production of the toxic metabolite, antagonize its attachment to hepatic tissue or to combat this toxicity via basic cellular mechanisms. At this moment the most effective substances appear to be glutathione precursors and other compounds which interfere with oxidation of paracetamol.", "PMID": 1026566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4255", "title": "Immunotherapeutic approaches to skin cancer.", "content": "Topical application of a relatively low concentration of one or more agents to which the patient has previously been sensitized can mobilize cell-mediated immune systems at the site of neoplastic or premalignant lesions. Such treatment has proved to be effective against both primary and metastatic skin lesions. It is also suggested that dermatologic experience may provide a model for other cancer immunotherapies.", "contents": "Immunotherapeutic approaches to skin cancer. Topical application of a relatively low concentration of one or more agents to which the patient has previously been sensitized can mobilize cell-mediated immune systems at the site of neoplastic or premalignant lesions. Such treatment has proved to be effective against both primary and metastatic skin lesions. It is also suggested that dermatologic experience may provide a model for other cancer immunotherapies.", "PMID": 1026608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4256", "title": "Influenza: the vaccines.", "content": "The extreme antigenic lability of the influenza A viruses accounts for the less-than-ideal immune responses to them. With a possible swine flu pandemic in the offing, the \"vaccine strategy\" required is critical, particularly as the medical and public health communities in the United States embark on the first systematic attempt in history to blunt preemptively the impact of a pandemic.", "contents": "Influenza: the vaccines. The extreme antigenic lability of the influenza A viruses accounts for the less-than-ideal immune responses to them. With a possible swine flu pandemic in the offing, the \"vaccine strategy\" required is critical, particularly as the medical and public health communities in the United States embark on the first systematic attempt in history to blunt preemptively the impact of a pandemic.", "PMID": 1026617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4257", "title": "Recognition and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.", "content": "Since alcoholism is not only widespread but often cryptic, the index of suspicion for the withdrawal syndrome in an unfamiliar patient should be high, particularly since failure to diagnose it is common and can eventuate fatally. Yet the signs and symptoms are consistent. A staged approach to the diagnosis is outlined and principles are given for the use of sedation and other therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Recognition and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Since alcoholism is not only widespread but often cryptic, the index of suspicion for the withdrawal syndrome in an unfamiliar patient should be high, particularly since failure to diagnose it is common and can eventuate fatally. Yet the signs and symptoms are consistent. A staged approach to the diagnosis is outlined and principles are given for the use of sedation and other therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 1026619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4258", "title": "Alcohol in toxic congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Though ethyl alcohol is known to be one of the exogenous toxins that can directly damage the myocardium, nonalcoholic additives to alcoholic beverages (as well as poor nutrition or viral infection) may also play a role in cardiomyopathy. The authors note the interesting fact that, unlike the liver, the heart does not contain an alcohol dehydrogenase and thus lacks a possible protective mechanism against alcohol's toxicity.", "contents": "Alcohol in toxic congestive cardiomyopathy. Though ethyl alcohol is known to be one of the exogenous toxins that can directly damage the myocardium, nonalcoholic additives to alcoholic beverages (as well as poor nutrition or viral infection) may also play a role in cardiomyopathy. The authors note the interesting fact that, unlike the liver, the heart does not contain an alcohol dehydrogenase and thus lacks a possible protective mechanism against alcohol's toxicity.", "PMID": 1026621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4259", "title": "Influenza: the disease and its complications.", "content": "Among the complications (fortunately relatively few), pneumonias are by far the most common, with about one half resulting from pneumococcal invasion. In the acutely ill, multiple antibiotic therapy may have to be initiated pending definitive etiologic diagnosis. Also, in epidemic or pre-epidemic situations, special measures are advocated for hospitals, since influenza so rapidly becomes the dominant nosocominal infection.", "contents": "Influenza: the disease and its complications. Among the complications (fortunately relatively few), pneumonias are by far the most common, with about one half resulting from pneumococcal invasion. In the acutely ill, multiple antibiotic therapy may have to be initiated pending definitive etiologic diagnosis. Also, in epidemic or pre-epidemic situations, special measures are advocated for hospitals, since influenza so rapidly becomes the dominant nosocominal infection.", "PMID": 1026622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4260", "title": "Insulin resistance in obesity.", "content": "The insulin resistance seen in obesity, which is characterized by elevated basal levels of insulin and an exaggerated insulin response to such stimuli as glucose ingestion, was thought to be related to another common characteristic of obesity--enlargement of the fat cell. Now, recent studies suggest that the enlarged fat cell is not the major source of insulin insensitivity in obesity and may, in fact, be the victim of the insulin-resistant state.", "contents": "Insulin resistance in obesity. The insulin resistance seen in obesity, which is characterized by elevated basal levels of insulin and an exaggerated insulin response to such stimuli as glucose ingestion, was thought to be related to another common characteristic of obesity--enlargement of the fat cell. Now, recent studies suggest that the enlarged fat cell is not the major source of insulin insensitivity in obesity and may, in fact, be the victim of the insulin-resistant state.", "PMID": 1026624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4261", "title": "Rational management of peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "If the goal of treatment is healing of the ulcer, then success is usually achieved - repeatedly. In order to avoid recurring episodes, it is essential that both the physician and the patient learn to regard the ulcer as the result of a chronic disease process. This means that management becomes a lifelong undertaking, with antacids and meals used according to schedules that keep gastric pH above ulcerogenic levels.", "contents": "Rational management of peptic ulcer disease. If the goal of treatment is healing of the ulcer, then success is usually achieved - repeatedly. In order to avoid recurring episodes, it is essential that both the physician and the patient learn to regard the ulcer as the result of a chronic disease process. This means that management becomes a lifelong undertaking, with antacids and meals used according to schedules that keep gastric pH above ulcerogenic levels.", "PMID": 1026631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4262", "title": "[Control-lateral sciatrica after surgery for herniated disk].", "content": "A study of 1,427 case records permitted the authors to discover 10 cases of reoperation for sciatica which appeared on the opposite side after removal of a dischernia. A new hernia was noted in 6 cases, whereas radiculitis of unknown origin, appeared to be responsible in 4 cases. The 10 patients who became cured, either after removal of the hernia, or after decompression through the foramin. These few cases, in fact rare, may be considered as relapses and thus poor surgical results. The provide a contribution to the understanding of intervertebral disc disease and raise an interesting medico-legal problem.", "contents": "[Control-lateral sciatrica after surgery for herniated disk]. A study of 1,427 case records permitted the authors to discover 10 cases of reoperation for sciatica which appeared on the opposite side after removal of a dischernia. A new hernia was noted in 6 cases, whereas radiculitis of unknown origin, appeared to be responsible in 4 cases. The 10 patients who became cured, either after removal of the hernia, or after decompression through the foramin. These few cases, in fact rare, may be considered as relapses and thus poor surgical results. The provide a contribution to the understanding of intervertebral disc disease and raise an interesting medico-legal problem.", "PMID": 1026723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4263", "title": "[Indications and results of ileal neobladder during the development of cervix uteri cancer. Study of 32 cases].", "content": "32 uretero-ileoplasties were carried out during the course of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, where therapeutic complications required an urinary by-pass operation. A trans-ileal by-pass to the skin ensured better renal function and comfort than that provided by a skin ureterostomy. The operation carried out in 20 cases after curative radiotherapy,.remains possible with a reasonably low risk: 2 deaths. However, survival depends on the cancer. The operation is legitimate and advisable in urinary lesions due to treatment, but one wonders whether the operation is justified in cases where the carcinoma is inoperable. Present means of resuscitation made this surgery acceptable as far as the immediate risk is concerned and survival is undoubtedly comfortable. On may thus carry out again radical operations provided the lesions are limited and there is no fibropelvis after high dose cobalt-radiotherapy. But purely palliative trans-ileal urinary by-pass operations remain debatable. Their indications depend on the general condition of the patient, the desire of the surgeon to operate and the functional result of these palliative operations should not be lost by carrying out too radical an operation which will shorten survival time.", "contents": "[Indications and results of ileal neobladder during the development of cervix uteri cancer. Study of 32 cases]. 32 uretero-ileoplasties were carried out during the course of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, where therapeutic complications required an urinary by-pass operation. A trans-ileal by-pass to the skin ensured better renal function and comfort than that provided by a skin ureterostomy. The operation carried out in 20 cases after curative radiotherapy,.remains possible with a reasonably low risk: 2 deaths. However, survival depends on the cancer. The operation is legitimate and advisable in urinary lesions due to treatment, but one wonders whether the operation is justified in cases where the carcinoma is inoperable. Present means of resuscitation made this surgery acceptable as far as the immediate risk is concerned and survival is undoubtedly comfortable. On may thus carry out again radical operations provided the lesions are limited and there is no fibropelvis after high dose cobalt-radiotherapy. But purely palliative trans-ileal urinary by-pass operations remain debatable. Their indications depend on the general condition of the patient, the desire of the surgeon to operate and the functional result of these palliative operations should not be lost by carrying out too radical an operation which will shorten survival time.", "PMID": 1026724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4264", "title": "[Large esophagogastric caustic burns in the adult].", "content": "The authors treated, as an emergency, severe caustic burns in adults. They present 13 cases and discuss four deaths. Critical analysis of these observations,compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature, permit one to consider the therapeutic indications. The place of often major surgical operations is discussed in relation to further specialist investigations or the appearance of complications. The results are assessed in 8 patients who were followed up for a long period.", "contents": "[Large esophagogastric caustic burns in the adult]. The authors treated, as an emergency, severe caustic burns in adults. They present 13 cases and discuss four deaths. Critical analysis of these observations,compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature, permit one to consider the therapeutic indications. The place of often major surgical operations is discussed in relation to further specialist investigations or the appearance of complications. The results are assessed in 8 patients who were followed up for a long period.", "PMID": 1026725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4265", "title": "[Ultrasonic aspects of abdominal abscesses and hematomas].", "content": "Abdominal ultrasonography often enables to display the fluid collection of an abcess or haematoma. This type of diagnostic procedure is most useful in a post-operative period. The intestinal gases which stop the ultrasonic beam may be responsible for diagnostic failures. Positive results, which are the most frequent, are never the less precious to assess and decide a treatment policy.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic aspects of abdominal abscesses and hematomas]. Abdominal ultrasonography often enables to display the fluid collection of an abcess or haematoma. This type of diagnostic procedure is most useful in a post-operative period. The intestinal gases which stop the ultrasonic beam may be responsible for diagnostic failures. Positive results, which are the most frequent, are never the less precious to assess and decide a treatment policy.", "PMID": 1026726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4266", "title": "Biopsy of the proximal nail fold in collagen diseases.", "content": "A research procedure used to study proximal rail folds in connective tissue diseases is described. The technique is simple and one that is suitable and agreeable to patients. It affords study of tissue from the proximal nail fold in three different ways, namely, light microscopy with histochemistry, electron microscopy, and direct immunofluorescence.", "contents": "Biopsy of the proximal nail fold in collagen diseases. A research procedure used to study proximal rail folds in connective tissue diseases is described. The technique is simple and one that is suitable and agreeable to patients. It affords study of tissue from the proximal nail fold in three different ways, namely, light microscopy with histochemistry, electron microscopy, and direct immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 1026733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4267", "title": "Fingertip injuries and a plea for the nail.", "content": "Wounds involving the nail bed should be covered immediately by an autograft, a homograft or a heterograft to prevent dystrophy and loss of sensation. The author's technique in performing such grafts is described.", "contents": "Fingertip injuries and a plea for the nail. Wounds involving the nail bed should be covered immediately by an autograft, a homograft or a heterograft to prevent dystrophy and loss of sensation. The author's technique in performing such grafts is described.", "PMID": 1026735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4268", "title": "Ungual prostheses.", "content": "Adhesives and surgical techniques are of limited value in the fixation of ungual prostheses. A finger-cover prosthesis that allows excellent fixation and good cosmetic result is described.", "contents": "Ungual prostheses. Adhesives and surgical techniques are of limited value in the fixation of ungual prostheses. A finger-cover prosthesis that allows excellent fixation and good cosmetic result is described.", "PMID": 1026736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4269", "title": "The surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis.", "content": "Surgical removal of the gland-bearing skin of the axillae as a reasonable management of axillary hyperhidrosis is described. The principle, according to the techniques of Skoog, is to peel back, not excise, the hairy zone of the axillary skin and to resect all the hyperfunctioning glandular layer on the deeper face of the dermis without damaging the dermal vascularization.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Surgical removal of the gland-bearing skin of the axillae as a reasonable management of axillary hyperhidrosis is described. The principle, according to the techniques of Skoog, is to peel back, not excise, the hairy zone of the axillary skin and to resect all the hyperfunctioning glandular layer on the deeper face of the dermis without damaging the dermal vascularization.", "PMID": 1026737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4270", "title": "Replacement of scalp hair by attachment to suture implants.", "content": "A series of 1426 hair implants were performed by the author over a period of five years. Complications which were encountered are elaborated on in this article. The method is, nevertheless, an acceptable procedure.", "contents": "Replacement of scalp hair by attachment to suture implants. A series of 1426 hair implants were performed by the author over a period of five years. Complications which were encountered are elaborated on in this article. The method is, nevertheless, an acceptable procedure.", "PMID": 1026738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4271", "title": "[Relations between the oxytocin test and morphometry of the placenta].", "content": "We have studied placental morphometry after delivery in 23 cases in which the oxytocin challenge test was carried out towards the end of the pregnancy. Thus we have been able to compare the results of the two and establish details of placental measurement that have the greatest influence on its function. The following parameters seem to have the most direct influence, by statistical relationship, with placental insufficiency: the total surface of the villi, the concentration of villi per unit sectioned, the surface of fetal capillaries and the mean diameter of these capillaries. On the other hand the mean diameter of the villi and the number of capillaries per villus do not seem to have any relationship to function. These results bring further proof to our old ideas as to the value of placental morphometry and confirm the value of the oxytocin challenge test.", "contents": "[Relations between the oxytocin test and morphometry of the placenta]. We have studied placental morphometry after delivery in 23 cases in which the oxytocin challenge test was carried out towards the end of the pregnancy. Thus we have been able to compare the results of the two and establish details of placental measurement that have the greatest influence on its function. The following parameters seem to have the most direct influence, by statistical relationship, with placental insufficiency: the total surface of the villi, the concentration of villi per unit sectioned, the surface of fetal capillaries and the mean diameter of these capillaries. On the other hand the mean diameter of the villi and the number of capillaries per villus do not seem to have any relationship to function. These results bring further proof to our old ideas as to the value of placental morphometry and confirm the value of the oxytocin challenge test.", "PMID": 1026757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4272", "title": "[Peculiarities of hemostasis in the term newborn infant].", "content": "Haemostasis in the new-born is a product of various factors which are both qualitative and quantitative. The only factors that compare in levels and quality with those in the adult are factors V, VIII and XIII. They are alterations in the semi-analytical tests for coagulation except in the Stypven time. In contrast with this deficit shown up in haemostasis by global tests coagulation is normal and in truth there is hypercoagulability. Using Laurell's method of immunoelectrophoresis for levels of alpha 2 M high levels of this are shown contrasting with progressively lowered antithrombitic action. These paradoxes no doubt arise from the fact that neonatal haemostasis is analysed using standardised techniques and reactions which were developed for adult haemostasis, from which it is certainly as different as from those of other animals. Neonatal haemostasis is perfectly balanced in normal conditions. Important changes occur however in respiratory distress where there is a drop in factor V and soluble complexes appear, bringing about rough shapes suggestive of the subclinical syndrome of defibrination. This situation will be further developed in a forthcoming article.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of hemostasis in the term newborn infant]. Haemostasis in the new-born is a product of various factors which are both qualitative and quantitative. The only factors that compare in levels and quality with those in the adult are factors V, VIII and XIII. They are alterations in the semi-analytical tests for coagulation except in the Stypven time. In contrast with this deficit shown up in haemostasis by global tests coagulation is normal and in truth there is hypercoagulability. Using Laurell's method of immunoelectrophoresis for levels of alpha 2 M high levels of this are shown contrasting with progressively lowered antithrombitic action. These paradoxes no doubt arise from the fact that neonatal haemostasis is analysed using standardised techniques and reactions which were developed for adult haemostasis, from which it is certainly as different as from those of other animals. Neonatal haemostasis is perfectly balanced in normal conditions. Important changes occur however in respiratory distress where there is a drop in factor V and soluble complexes appear, bringing about rough shapes suggestive of the subclinical syndrome of defibrination. This situation will be further developed in a forthcoming article.", "PMID": 1026758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4273", "title": "[Breast cancer and pregnancy. Apropos of 96 cases followed for 3 and 1/2 years at the Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, Lyons].", "content": "96 cases where cancer of the breast and pregnancy were associated have been studied at the L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard Centre of Lyon with a follow-up of at least 3 years. Those patients who had a malignant tumour of the breast, which was treated, and then became pregnant (19 cases) were not made any worse (79 per cent survival in 5 years). This was quite independent of the outcome of the pregnancy. On the other hand, those women (54 cases) in which the cancer was discovered and treated during pregnancy had a far worse prognosis (20 per cent survival in 5 years). This prognosis was made worse by the discovery of the cancer in the third trimester of the pregnancy, and by the presence of lymph node involvement, by termination of pregnancy and by weaning. When malignant tumours were discovered during breast-feeding or weaning (23 cases) the prognosis was equally bad (23 per cent survival in 3 years). The authors discuss the frequency of the association of cancer of the breast and pregnancy, as well as the different factors in the prognosis. They attempt to outline the management that should be carried out in the light of recent publications on this subject.", "contents": "[Breast cancer and pregnancy. Apropos of 96 cases followed for 3 and 1/2 years at the Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, Lyons]. 96 cases where cancer of the breast and pregnancy were associated have been studied at the L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard Centre of Lyon with a follow-up of at least 3 years. Those patients who had a malignant tumour of the breast, which was treated, and then became pregnant (19 cases) were not made any worse (79 per cent survival in 5 years). This was quite independent of the outcome of the pregnancy. On the other hand, those women (54 cases) in which the cancer was discovered and treated during pregnancy had a far worse prognosis (20 per cent survival in 5 years). This prognosis was made worse by the discovery of the cancer in the third trimester of the pregnancy, and by the presence of lymph node involvement, by termination of pregnancy and by weaning. When malignant tumours were discovered during breast-feeding or weaning (23 cases) the prognosis was equally bad (23 per cent survival in 3 years). The authors discuss the frequency of the association of cancer of the breast and pregnancy, as well as the different factors in the prognosis. They attempt to outline the management that should be carried out in the light of recent publications on this subject.", "PMID": 1026759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4274", "title": "Childhood leprosy--study of prevalence rates and clinical aspects through surveys in Bombay.", "content": "This paper summarises the experience gained through extensive surveys of school children carried out in Greater Bombay over the past five years. The strikingly high proportion of children of 6 to 14 years age group suffering from leprosy attending the Acworth Leprosy Hospital and its peripheral clinic prompted these surveys. While surveys of 10% of child population attending randomly selected municipal schools revealed a general prevalence rate of 3 per 1000, there existed pockets of endemicity of the order of 10.8 per 1000, in some schools situated in the northern suburbs of the city. Even private schools catering to the not-so-poor sections of the community showed prevalence rates of over 6 per 1000, confirming the hyperendemicity of leprosy in Bombay city, with no socioeconomic or age group immune from exposure. Clinical observations of 1265 leprosy cases identified in the course of the above surveys covering a total population of nearly 1.8 lakhs of school children are presented. 24.7% of the cases had either the potential to develop into progressive forms of leprosy in view of the multiplicity of lesions or were already in an advanced stage of the disease. Polyneuritic leprosy together with intermediate and lepromatous types representing 5.8% of all cases (24 cases were confirmed to be smear positive) belonged to the groups posing therapeutic as well as public health problems. Analysis of 953 cases with single lesions revealed greater frequency of distribution (58.4%) of patches in parts of the body which are generally covered. It is striking that 26.4% of the solitary lesions was found in the gluteal regions and thighs, emphasising the need for thorough examinations of these parts during surveys.", "contents": "Childhood leprosy--study of prevalence rates and clinical aspects through surveys in Bombay. This paper summarises the experience gained through extensive surveys of school children carried out in Greater Bombay over the past five years. The strikingly high proportion of children of 6 to 14 years age group suffering from leprosy attending the Acworth Leprosy Hospital and its peripheral clinic prompted these surveys. While surveys of 10% of child population attending randomly selected municipal schools revealed a general prevalence rate of 3 per 1000, there existed pockets of endemicity of the order of 10.8 per 1000, in some schools situated in the northern suburbs of the city. Even private schools catering to the not-so-poor sections of the community showed prevalence rates of over 6 per 1000, confirming the hyperendemicity of leprosy in Bombay city, with no socioeconomic or age group immune from exposure. Clinical observations of 1265 leprosy cases identified in the course of the above surveys covering a total population of nearly 1.8 lakhs of school children are presented. 24.7% of the cases had either the potential to develop into progressive forms of leprosy in view of the multiplicity of lesions or were already in an advanced stage of the disease. Polyneuritic leprosy together with intermediate and lepromatous types representing 5.8% of all cases (24 cases were confirmed to be smear positive) belonged to the groups posing therapeutic as well as public health problems. Analysis of 953 cases with single lesions revealed greater frequency of distribution (58.4%) of patches in parts of the body which are generally covered. It is striking that 26.4% of the solitary lesions was found in the gluteal regions and thighs, emphasising the need for thorough examinations of these parts during surveys.", "PMID": 1026800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4275", "title": "Inactivation and relapse in bacterio-negative cases of leprosy under sulphone therapy: a 4 1/2 years follow-up.", "content": "Bacterio-negative leprosy cases become inactive in a short period under regular and adequate DDS treatment and this period is shorter in females. The progress is uneventful and is not influenced by factors like age, extent of disease, deformity status etc. The risk of relapse in bacterio-negative leprosy cases is not high though it increases with passing of time. The risk of relapse tends to be higher in cases with extensive disease.", "contents": "Inactivation and relapse in bacterio-negative cases of leprosy under sulphone therapy: a 4 1/2 years follow-up. Bacterio-negative leprosy cases become inactive in a short period under regular and adequate DDS treatment and this period is shorter in females. The progress is uneventful and is not influenced by factors like age, extent of disease, deformity status etc. The risk of relapse in bacterio-negative leprosy cases is not high though it increases with passing of time. The risk of relapse tends to be higher in cases with extensive disease.", "PMID": 1026801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4276", "title": "An evaluation of the self administration of DDS in Gudiyatham Taluk.", "content": "This study using the dapsone/creatinine (D/C) ratio was undertaken to find out how many of the patients attending the Village Clinics were actually taking the DDS tablets. The Urine D/C ratio was estimated in 35 patients who were receiving a supervised daily dosage of either 50 or 100 mgs of DDS. The D/C ratio was also estimated in 100 out patients who were on either 50 or 100 mgs of dapsone. It was determined that 72% of this group had taken DDS in the previous 24 hours. It was also seen that the 55 patients who were receiving 100 mgs of DDS had taken 79.3% of their dapsone dosage, and the 45 patients receiving 50 mgs of DDS had taken 96% of their dosage.", "contents": "An evaluation of the self administration of DDS in Gudiyatham Taluk. This study using the dapsone/creatinine (D/C) ratio was undertaken to find out how many of the patients attending the Village Clinics were actually taking the DDS tablets. The Urine D/C ratio was estimated in 35 patients who were receiving a supervised daily dosage of either 50 or 100 mgs of DDS. The D/C ratio was also estimated in 100 out patients who were on either 50 or 100 mgs of dapsone. It was determined that 72% of this group had taken DDS in the previous 24 hours. It was also seen that the 55 patients who were receiving 100 mgs of DDS had taken 79.3% of their dapsone dosage, and the 45 patients receiving 50 mgs of DDS had taken 96% of their dosage.", "PMID": 1026802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4277", "title": "Clinical trial with clofazimine in leprosy.", "content": "This paper summarises our clinical experience with clofazimine in the treatment of 25 cases of reactive states of lepromatous and borderline leprosy and 7 lepromatous patients not responding to dapsone. Corticosteroids, which had to be given for the control of reactions, could be withdrawn and daspone therapy reintroduced during the period of administration of clofazimine. A schedule for the management of moderately severe reactions is recommended. The results of clofazimine treatment were also equally impressive in the group of patients, possibly harbouring dapsone resistant bacilli (in view of their lack of improvement in spite of administration of dapsone under controlled conditions). Clinical regression was associated with a fall in the mean levels of morphological index from 6.8 to 0.5. The need to realise the real indications of this highly useful drug in the treatment of leprosy is stressed.", "contents": "Clinical trial with clofazimine in leprosy. This paper summarises our clinical experience with clofazimine in the treatment of 25 cases of reactive states of lepromatous and borderline leprosy and 7 lepromatous patients not responding to dapsone. Corticosteroids, which had to be given for the control of reactions, could be withdrawn and daspone therapy reintroduced during the period of administration of clofazimine. A schedule for the management of moderately severe reactions is recommended. The results of clofazimine treatment were also equally impressive in the group of patients, possibly harbouring dapsone resistant bacilli (in view of their lack of improvement in spite of administration of dapsone under controlled conditions). Clinical regression was associated with a fall in the mean levels of morphological index from 6.8 to 0.5. The need to realise the real indications of this highly useful drug in the treatment of leprosy is stressed.", "PMID": 1026807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4278", "title": "Experience with the combination of clofazimine (Lamprene) and long-term steroid therapy in the treatment of leprosy.", "content": "A study was undertaken in 14 patients and 20 controls to find out if Lamprene can prevent a flare-up of the infection with Myco. leprae in patients who are on long-term steroid therapy on account of persistent reaction or neuritis. All patients were lepromatus (LL). The average duration of treatment was 21 months for the patients on Lamprene combined with steroids and 22 months for the patients on Lamprene only. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the reduction of either the MI (morphological index) or BI (bacteriological index). It appears that long-term steroids therapy has no adverse effect on the bacteriological decline in lepromatous patients provided that they are treated with Lamprene at the same time.", "contents": "Experience with the combination of clofazimine (Lamprene) and long-term steroid therapy in the treatment of leprosy. A study was undertaken in 14 patients and 20 controls to find out if Lamprene can prevent a flare-up of the infection with Myco. leprae in patients who are on long-term steroid therapy on account of persistent reaction or neuritis. All patients were lepromatus (LL). The average duration of treatment was 21 months for the patients on Lamprene combined with steroids and 22 months for the patients on Lamprene only. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the reduction of either the MI (morphological index) or BI (bacteriological index). It appears that long-term steroids therapy has no adverse effect on the bacteriological decline in lepromatous patients provided that they are treated with Lamprene at the same time.", "PMID": 1026809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4279", "title": "Side effects of clofazimine therapy.", "content": "84 patients of leprosy including 15 female patients were treated with Clofzimine on a predetermined dosage regimen. 76 of these were cases of recurrent lepra reaction; 4 cases of proven DDS resistance, 3 of these being complicated by lepra reaction; and 4 were cases of reactional state in Borderline leprosy near the lepromatous end of the spectrum. The common side effect in all cases consisted of red and dark skin pigmentation of varying intensity occuring within 10 weeks of the commencement of therapy. The intensity of the colour was proportionate to the density of the infiltration. Ichthyosis occurred in 66.6% of cases. While the pigmentation was accepted by the patients in general, 10% of the patients considered ichthyosis as stigmatising. While side effects like anorexia, diarrhoea, enlargement of lymph glands and liver, corneal xerosis and loss of weight were self correcting, severe gastrointestinal manifestation, i.e. severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 9 patients, 5 of whom were females. Mortality was high in the females. On an incidental finding the Isonizair reduced the severity of the manifestations, it was supplemented in 10 cases on Clofazimine therapy and was found to minimise the side effects and the pigmentation due to Clofazimine. Hydration therapy for the ichthyosis and instillation of normal saline and liquid paraffin for corneal xerosis were found to be very useful.", "contents": "Side effects of clofazimine therapy. 84 patients of leprosy including 15 female patients were treated with Clofzimine on a predetermined dosage regimen. 76 of these were cases of recurrent lepra reaction; 4 cases of proven DDS resistance, 3 of these being complicated by lepra reaction; and 4 were cases of reactional state in Borderline leprosy near the lepromatous end of the spectrum. The common side effect in all cases consisted of red and dark skin pigmentation of varying intensity occuring within 10 weeks of the commencement of therapy. The intensity of the colour was proportionate to the density of the infiltration. Ichthyosis occurred in 66.6% of cases. While the pigmentation was accepted by the patients in general, 10% of the patients considered ichthyosis as stigmatising. While side effects like anorexia, diarrhoea, enlargement of lymph glands and liver, corneal xerosis and loss of weight were self correcting, severe gastrointestinal manifestation, i.e. severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 9 patients, 5 of whom were females. Mortality was high in the females. On an incidental finding the Isonizair reduced the severity of the manifestations, it was supplemented in 10 cases on Clofazimine therapy and was found to minimise the side effects and the pigmentation due to Clofazimine. Hydration therapy for the ichthyosis and instillation of normal saline and liquid paraffin for corneal xerosis were found to be very useful.", "PMID": 1026810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4280", "title": "Quantitative estimation of clofazimine in tissue.", "content": "The histological examination and the chemical estimation of clofazimine in the organs removed at autopsy of a patient receiving the drug indicated the accumulation of the drug in the organs of the reticulo-endothelial system and those having a large number of macrophages. The clofazimine levels in the skin from patients receiving the drug and those in whom the drug had been stopped for different periods of time were compared. The skin levels of clofazimine bore a direct relationship to the size of the granuloma. A slow elimination of the drug from the tissues was indicated by the presence of traces of the skin tissue even 1-2 years after stopping the drug. The clinical implication of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of clofazimine in tissue. The histological examination and the chemical estimation of clofazimine in the organs removed at autopsy of a patient receiving the drug indicated the accumulation of the drug in the organs of the reticulo-endothelial system and those having a large number of macrophages. The clofazimine levels in the skin from patients receiving the drug and those in whom the drug had been stopped for different periods of time were compared. The skin levels of clofazimine bore a direct relationship to the size of the granuloma. A slow elimination of the drug from the tissues was indicated by the presence of traces of the skin tissue even 1-2 years after stopping the drug. The clinical implication of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1026811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4281", "title": "An analysis of causes of injuries in workers with leprosy and suggestions for preventive measures.", "content": "A study of 20 workers undergoing social and vocational rehabilitation and of 30 patients receiving treatment in Ulcer Ward reveals bio-social data and endeavours to uncover the causes of injuries to anaesthetic areas. Suggestions are put forward for prevention of injuries which often lead to ulcers and these suggestions are examined in the light of short trials of various methods.", "contents": "An analysis of causes of injuries in workers with leprosy and suggestions for preventive measures. A study of 20 workers undergoing social and vocational rehabilitation and of 30 patients receiving treatment in Ulcer Ward reveals bio-social data and endeavours to uncover the causes of injuries to anaesthetic areas. Suggestions are put forward for prevention of injuries which often lead to ulcers and these suggestions are examined in the light of short trials of various methods.", "PMID": 1026814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4282", "title": "A preliminary clinical trial of rifampicin in leprosy.", "content": "A single dose of 1500 mg. of rifampicin failed to make the lepromatous leprosy patients non-infective by using mouse foot-pad technique. It is essential to extend the trial further.", "contents": "A preliminary clinical trial of rifampicin in leprosy. A single dose of 1500 mg. of rifampicin failed to make the lepromatous leprosy patients non-infective by using mouse foot-pad technique. It is essential to extend the trial further.", "PMID": 1026816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4283", "title": "Case detection through school surveys in Greater Bombay.", "content": "Of the 55,502 students examined 214 were found to be suffering from leprosy, the case-detection rate being 3.9 per 1000. Age of the students showed no relation to the occurrence of leprosy. Sex of the student was significant. Leprosy was more common among the male students. Leprosy rate amongst Tamil and Urdu speaking students was significanlty more than amongst Marathi and other language groups. 98% of cases were tuberculoid, 2% cases intermediate and nil lepromatous. 4% of cases were bacteriologically positive. Over 99% of cases were without deformity 86% of cases were in early stages. In a significant number of leprosy cases the single lesion (presumably initial lesion) was on the covered parts of the body.", "contents": "Case detection through school surveys in Greater Bombay. Of the 55,502 students examined 214 were found to be suffering from leprosy, the case-detection rate being 3.9 per 1000. Age of the students showed no relation to the occurrence of leprosy. Sex of the student was significant. Leprosy was more common among the male students. Leprosy rate amongst Tamil and Urdu speaking students was significanlty more than amongst Marathi and other language groups. 98% of cases were tuberculoid, 2% cases intermediate and nil lepromatous. 4% of cases were bacteriologically positive. Over 99% of cases were without deformity 86% of cases were in early stages. In a significant number of leprosy cases the single lesion (presumably initial lesion) was on the covered parts of the body.", "PMID": 1026823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4284", "title": "Integrated surveys as a tool for early case detection in leprosy control programme.", "content": "A project for total leprosy case detection particularly early leprosy cases was undertaken in Wardha District which has a rural population of about 6 lacs in 905 villages, through an integrated survey with the help of all health workers like Leprosy Technicians, Sanitary Inspectors, Co-ordinators, Malaria Workers, Smallpox Vaccinators and Auxillary Nurse Midwives. The training given to the Non Leprosy Health Worker was for a period of 3 days making them just fit to suspect all leprosy cases. The final diagnosis was to be made by the fully trained Leprosy Technicians. The surveys were conducted in batches of 3 to 4 workers. Surveys were conducted for 4 weeks at a stretch and working for 5 days every week. Every year two such integrated surveys were conducted. From November 1973 to December 1975, four such surveys were undertaken. During the other period, Leprosy Technicians were conducting the normal surveys. It was found that through these integrated survey it is possible to undertake the survey of all the villages once in two years and the case detection rate at the end of the 4th survey was found to be 85.5% of the estimated cases in the rural areas. Normally, it would have taken about 5 years to complete the survey of all the villages by the Leprosy Technicians alone, and the case detection rate could not have been more than 70 to 75%. Through this programme, Leprosy patients in every early stages have been detected. The paper discusses the methods, planning and the results obtained.", "contents": "Integrated surveys as a tool for early case detection in leprosy control programme. A project for total leprosy case detection particularly early leprosy cases was undertaken in Wardha District which has a rural population of about 6 lacs in 905 villages, through an integrated survey with the help of all health workers like Leprosy Technicians, Sanitary Inspectors, Co-ordinators, Malaria Workers, Smallpox Vaccinators and Auxillary Nurse Midwives. The training given to the Non Leprosy Health Worker was for a period of 3 days making them just fit to suspect all leprosy cases. The final diagnosis was to be made by the fully trained Leprosy Technicians. The surveys were conducted in batches of 3 to 4 workers. Surveys were conducted for 4 weeks at a stretch and working for 5 days every week. Every year two such integrated surveys were conducted. From November 1973 to December 1975, four such surveys were undertaken. During the other period, Leprosy Technicians were conducting the normal surveys. It was found that through these integrated survey it is possible to undertake the survey of all the villages once in two years and the case detection rate at the end of the 4th survey was found to be 85.5% of the estimated cases in the rural areas. Normally, it would have taken about 5 years to complete the survey of all the villages by the Leprosy Technicians alone, and the case detection rate could not have been more than 70 to 75%. Through this programme, Leprosy patients in every early stages have been detected. The paper discusses the methods, planning and the results obtained.", "PMID": 1026830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4285", "title": "Molecular weight variation among bacterial flagellins.", "content": "The molecular weights of flagellins from 29 bacterial strains from 11 genera were investigated using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molecular weights range from 28,600 for Bacillus sphaericus to 63,200 for one strain of Escherichia coli. Variation in molecular weight was observed not only between genera but also between different species of a genus and different strains of a species.", "contents": "Molecular weight variation among bacterial flagellins. The molecular weights of flagellins from 29 bacterial strains from 11 genera were investigated using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molecular weights range from 28,600 for Bacillus sphaericus to 63,200 for one strain of Escherichia coli. Variation in molecular weight was observed not only between genera but also between different species of a genus and different strains of a species.", "PMID": 1026849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4286", "title": "Purification and location of the major glycoprotein of vaccinia virus.", "content": "A glycoprotein component of vaccinia virus was extracted with a non-ionic detergent NP-40 (Nonidet P-40) and purified by gel chromatography. The single antigen extracted by the detergent had a molecular weight estimated between 100,000 and 200,000 daltons. This glycoprotein was found to contain less than 1% hexosamine which would correspond to 5--10 sugar residues per molecule. Antibodies produced against this glycoprotein were able to neutralize vaccinia virus. Using immunoelectron microscopy, this molecule was found to be located in the outer layer of the virion. These results further suggest that this protein called complex E (for external) is a surface component of vaccinia virus.", "contents": "Purification and location of the major glycoprotein of vaccinia virus. A glycoprotein component of vaccinia virus was extracted with a non-ionic detergent NP-40 (Nonidet P-40) and purified by gel chromatography. The single antigen extracted by the detergent had a molecular weight estimated between 100,000 and 200,000 daltons. This glycoprotein was found to contain less than 1% hexosamine which would correspond to 5--10 sugar residues per molecule. Antibodies produced against this glycoprotein were able to neutralize vaccinia virus. Using immunoelectron microscopy, this molecule was found to be located in the outer layer of the virion. These results further suggest that this protein called complex E (for external) is a surface component of vaccinia virus.", "PMID": 1026850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4287", "title": "Topological features of membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii.", "content": "Topological and ultrastructural features of membranes from walled and wall-less bacterial cells were compared by examining membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Osmotic lysis of protoplasts of S. aureus or cells of A. laidlawii produced membrane vesicles or large membrane fragments, but alumina grinding or sonication of these protoplasts or cells produced much smaller particles whose morphologic origin was difficult to determine. Disrupted membranes from either organism were covered with ribosomes from 15 to 30 nm diameter adhering almost exclusively to the inside of the vesicles or fragments. Membranes were similar in thickness and possessed 5--6 nm globular knobs which were not on stalks, not highly ordered, and easily differentiated from the negative-stained background. Although the globular knobs were regularly visible on membrane sheets from S. aureus, they were seen on A. laidlawii membrane vesicles only rarely unless the membrane vesicles were treated with 0.01% saponin or 90% (v/v) cold acetone, which extracted lipids and glycolipids from the membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles from lysed cells of A. laidlawii showed a widespread distribution of circular pits about 10 nm deep and at least 20-30 nm across, not seen in lysed protoplast membranes of S. aureus.", "contents": "Topological features of membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Topological and ultrastructural features of membranes from walled and wall-less bacterial cells were compared by examining membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Osmotic lysis of protoplasts of S. aureus or cells of A. laidlawii produced membrane vesicles or large membrane fragments, but alumina grinding or sonication of these protoplasts or cells produced much smaller particles whose morphologic origin was difficult to determine. Disrupted membranes from either organism were covered with ribosomes from 15 to 30 nm diameter adhering almost exclusively to the inside of the vesicles or fragments. Membranes were similar in thickness and possessed 5--6 nm globular knobs which were not on stalks, not highly ordered, and easily differentiated from the negative-stained background. Although the globular knobs were regularly visible on membrane sheets from S. aureus, they were seen on A. laidlawii membrane vesicles only rarely unless the membrane vesicles were treated with 0.01% saponin or 90% (v/v) cold acetone, which extracted lipids and glycolipids from the membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles from lysed cells of A. laidlawii showed a widespread distribution of circular pits about 10 nm deep and at least 20-30 nm across, not seen in lysed protoplast membranes of S. aureus.", "PMID": 1026851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4288", "title": "The effect of cigarette smoke on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 content in rat liver and lung microsomes.", "content": "Levels of activity of the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 have been estimated in lung and liver of rats exposed to graded doses of cigarette smoke and in human bronchial mucosa of smokers, non-smokers and patients with lung cancer. Exposure of rats to smoke of four cigarettes increased both hepatic and pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Exposure to smoke of four cigarettes daily for seven and 14 days did not result in higher aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels in the liver than one day's exposure, but in the lung longer exposures caused greater increases in enzyme activity. Injection of benzo(a)pyrene at two dose levels caused a much greater increase in both liver and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase than smoking. The lower dose maximally stimulated the enzyme in both organs. The changes in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity were accompanied by significant increases in both liver weight and the cytochrome P450 content of liver microsomes but the increase in cytochrome P450 did not parallel those in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Of 40 surgical and autopsy specimens of human lung and tracheal mucosa from smokers, non-smokers and cancer patients, only one was found to have detectable aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The relationship between aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by cigarette smoke in human tissues and the development of bronchogenic carcinoma in smokers remains unclear.", "contents": "The effect of cigarette smoke on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 content in rat liver and lung microsomes. Levels of activity of the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 have been estimated in lung and liver of rats exposed to graded doses of cigarette smoke and in human bronchial mucosa of smokers, non-smokers and patients with lung cancer. Exposure of rats to smoke of four cigarettes increased both hepatic and pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Exposure to smoke of four cigarettes daily for seven and 14 days did not result in higher aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels in the liver than one day's exposure, but in the lung longer exposures caused greater increases in enzyme activity. Injection of benzo(a)pyrene at two dose levels caused a much greater increase in both liver and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase than smoking. The lower dose maximally stimulated the enzyme in both organs. The changes in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity were accompanied by significant increases in both liver weight and the cytochrome P450 content of liver microsomes but the increase in cytochrome P450 did not parallel those in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Of 40 surgical and autopsy specimens of human lung and tracheal mucosa from smokers, non-smokers and cancer patients, only one was found to have detectable aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The relationship between aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by cigarette smoke in human tissues and the development of bronchogenic carcinoma in smokers remains unclear.", "PMID": 1026852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4289", "title": "In vitro inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by heavy metals.", "content": "Inhibition of mouse hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases (AHH), microsomal mixed-function oxidases was obtained with five bivalent metal chlorides. Concentrations ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-1) m. The enzyme system was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a trioctanoin solution of 3-methylcholanthrene into C57B1/6J mice 24 hours before the hepatic AHH was measured. Activity was calculated as: ng of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formed in 20 min at 37 degrees C per mg of protein. Cadmium was the most inhibitory of the metals tested. Zinc inhibited the enzyme system more than iron, manganese, or nickel. At 10(-4) m, ferrous ion slightly stimulated the activity, but at 10(-5) and 10(-3) m, it was inhibitory. Manganese failed to stimulate the enzyme activity as reported by others.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by heavy metals. Inhibition of mouse hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases (AHH), microsomal mixed-function oxidases was obtained with five bivalent metal chlorides. Concentrations ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-1) m. The enzyme system was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a trioctanoin solution of 3-methylcholanthrene into C57B1/6J mice 24 hours before the hepatic AHH was measured. Activity was calculated as: ng of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formed in 20 min at 37 degrees C per mg of protein. Cadmium was the most inhibitory of the metals tested. Zinc inhibited the enzyme system more than iron, manganese, or nickel. At 10(-4) m, ferrous ion slightly stimulated the activity, but at 10(-5) and 10(-3) m, it was inhibitory. Manganese failed to stimulate the enzyme activity as reported by others.", "PMID": 1026853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4290", "title": "C'3 participation in the rejection of some experimental tumors.", "content": "The possibility that C'3 participates in tumor rejection was investigated in DBA/2 mice previously immunized against L1210 leukemia and in Swiss mice previously immunized against Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma. In both the cases, animals treated with an appropriate dose of cobra venom factor to produce a C'3 depletion for some days after the tumor challenge, developed the neoplasia and had a mortality rate analogous to that of non-immunized animals. Studies on the peritoneal washing cells obtained at different times after the challenge revealed that in C'3 depleted immunized mice IgM are present on lymphocytes, macrophages and tumor cells, as in the immunized controls, but no contract between the cells and no macrophage phagocytosis were observed and the number of tumor cells increased progressively. These findings indicate that C'3 is critically involved in the rejection of the experimental tumors considered.", "contents": "C'3 participation in the rejection of some experimental tumors. The possibility that C'3 participates in tumor rejection was investigated in DBA/2 mice previously immunized against L1210 leukemia and in Swiss mice previously immunized against Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma. In both the cases, animals treated with an appropriate dose of cobra venom factor to produce a C'3 depletion for some days after the tumor challenge, developed the neoplasia and had a mortality rate analogous to that of non-immunized animals. Studies on the peritoneal washing cells obtained at different times after the challenge revealed that in C'3 depleted immunized mice IgM are present on lymphocytes, macrophages and tumor cells, as in the immunized controls, but no contract between the cells and no macrophage phagocytosis were observed and the number of tumor cells increased progressively. These findings indicate that C'3 is critically involved in the rejection of the experimental tumors considered.", "PMID": 1026854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4291", "title": "On the relationship between the activity of acetylation, growth of experimental tumors and efficacy of their suppression by hydrazine sulphate.", "content": "The growth of experimental tumors was found to involve an intensification of acetylation of sulphadimidine. Inhibition of carcinosarcoma Walker-256 by 88% and sarcoma-180 by 36% on treatment with 60 mg/kg body weight of hydrazine sulphate was followed by decreases in the rate of acetylation of 39.4 and 29.4%, respectively. When treatment failed to suppress tumor growth (sarcoma-45), acetylation level showed no decrease. The results point to a correlation between growth of tumors and their inhibition on the one hand and the level of acetylation on the other.", "contents": "On the relationship between the activity of acetylation, growth of experimental tumors and efficacy of their suppression by hydrazine sulphate. The growth of experimental tumors was found to involve an intensification of acetylation of sulphadimidine. Inhibition of carcinosarcoma Walker-256 by 88% and sarcoma-180 by 36% on treatment with 60 mg/kg body weight of hydrazine sulphate was followed by decreases in the rate of acetylation of 39.4 and 29.4%, respectively. When treatment failed to suppress tumor growth (sarcoma-45), acetylation level showed no decrease. The results point to a correlation between growth of tumors and their inhibition on the one hand and the level of acetylation on the other.", "PMID": 1026855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4292", "title": "The thiamin status of early cancer patients with particular reference to those with breast and bronchial carcinomas.", "content": "The thiamin status of early bronchial and breast carcinomas has been assessed using \"thiamin pyrophosphate\" (TPP) stimulating effect of transketolase enzyme activity. The TPP stimulating effect was found to be greater in a high proportion of the cancer patients than in normal subjects, suggesting that these patients may be at risk of thiamin deficiency. The urinary excretory level of thiamin was high in the cancer patients; it is, therefore, unlikely that the biochemical deficiency of the vitamin was due to lack of the vitamin intake. It is, however, possible that the cancer patients were unable to convert thiamin to thiamin pyrophosphate, the active form of the vitamin.", "contents": "The thiamin status of early cancer patients with particular reference to those with breast and bronchial carcinomas. The thiamin status of early bronchial and breast carcinomas has been assessed using \"thiamin pyrophosphate\" (TPP) stimulating effect of transketolase enzyme activity. The TPP stimulating effect was found to be greater in a high proportion of the cancer patients than in normal subjects, suggesting that these patients may be at risk of thiamin deficiency. The urinary excretory level of thiamin was high in the cancer patients; it is, therefore, unlikely that the biochemical deficiency of the vitamin was due to lack of the vitamin intake. It is, however, possible that the cancer patients were unable to convert thiamin to thiamin pyrophosphate, the active form of the vitamin.", "PMID": 1026857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4293", "title": "Generalized osteoblastic bony metastases from medulloblastoma.", "content": "Osteoblastic bony metastases were observed in a case of medulloblastoma three years after surgery and radiation treatment. There was clinical response to COP therapy (cytoxin, oncovin, prednisone). Radiographic and isotopic bone scan study showed uniform increase in bone density. Serum calcium and phosphorous and acid phosphatase levels were normal. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated and declined with therapy without change in the bone appearance. This suggested an increase in bone deposition activity. However, no increase in calcitonin level was detected either during active disease or following a chemotherapy-induced remission.", "contents": "Generalized osteoblastic bony metastases from medulloblastoma. Osteoblastic bony metastases were observed in a case of medulloblastoma three years after surgery and radiation treatment. There was clinical response to COP therapy (cytoxin, oncovin, prednisone). Radiographic and isotopic bone scan study showed uniform increase in bone density. Serum calcium and phosphorous and acid phosphatase levels were normal. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated and declined with therapy without change in the bone appearance. This suggested an increase in bone deposition activity. However, no increase in calcitonin level was detected either during active disease or following a chemotherapy-induced remission.", "PMID": 1026858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4294", "title": "Enhancement of the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) by phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin).", "content": "Phenlethylbiguanide (phenformin) a commonly used antidiabetic medication has been found to enhance the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) in advanced subcutaneously implanted murine L1210 leukemia. Enhancement required two doses of phenformin given twelve to 18 hours apart, the treatment starting either before or after BCNU administration. With BCNU alone median survival (MS) was 18 days with 5% cures. BCNU plus phenformin, in optimal dose and schedule, gave a MS of 25 days with 29% cures. Th mechanism of action of phenformin is unknown but may involve several established metabolic effects of this drug.", "contents": "Enhancement of the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) by phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin). Phenlethylbiguanide (phenformin) a commonly used antidiabetic medication has been found to enhance the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) in advanced subcutaneously implanted murine L1210 leukemia. Enhancement required two doses of phenformin given twelve to 18 hours apart, the treatment starting either before or after BCNU administration. With BCNU alone median survival (MS) was 18 days with 5% cures. BCNU plus phenformin, in optimal dose and schedule, gave a MS of 25 days with 29% cures. Th mechanism of action of phenformin is unknown but may involve several established metabolic effects of this drug.", "PMID": 1026859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4295", "title": "[Patterns of mechanical stress at the successive stages of early development of frog].", "content": "The immediate relaxation deformations have been studied in the embryonic frog tissues from the late blastula stage till the early tail bud stage. As a result, the maps of mechanical stresses were constructed which were characterized by the existence of distinct tension-lines dissecting the embryonic tissues (cross-lines). A few discrete moments of development were established when new cross-lines formed or the previous ones disappeared; they are separated by the topologically invariant periods of development. The cross-lines play an important role in morphogenesis in that they determine the ways of active cell migration and trace the boundaries between different anlages. The orientation of the cross-lines coincides, as a rule, with the direction of predominant tension of tissues during the preceding topologically invariant period of development.", "contents": "[Patterns of mechanical stress at the successive stages of early development of frog]. The immediate relaxation deformations have been studied in the embryonic frog tissues from the late blastula stage till the early tail bud stage. As a result, the maps of mechanical stresses were constructed which were characterized by the existence of distinct tension-lines dissecting the embryonic tissues (cross-lines). A few discrete moments of development were established when new cross-lines formed or the previous ones disappeared; they are separated by the topologically invariant periods of development. The cross-lines play an important role in morphogenesis in that they determine the ways of active cell migration and trace the boundaries between different anlages. The orientation of the cross-lines coincides, as a rule, with the direction of predominant tension of tissues during the preceding topologically invariant period of development.", "PMID": 1026860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4296", "title": "[Proliferation of the cells of iris and pigment epithelium of the retina in the early periods after removal of the lens and iris in Spanish newts].", "content": "It has been shown by means of autoradiography that following the simultaneous removal of lens and retina in the eyes of adult ribbed newts (Pleurodeles waltlii) the proliferative processes related to the regeneration of retina, rather than lens, are most active at the early stages of eye restoration. During the lens regeneration in the absence of retina, the proliferation of the cells of pars iridica of the dorsal iris zone, a source of lens regeneration, is delayed, possibly due to the increase of the duration of mitotic cycle of these cells.", "contents": "[Proliferation of the cells of iris and pigment epithelium of the retina in the early periods after removal of the lens and iris in Spanish newts]. It has been shown by means of autoradiography that following the simultaneous removal of lens and retina in the eyes of adult ribbed newts (Pleurodeles waltlii) the proliferative processes related to the regeneration of retina, rather than lens, are most active at the early stages of eye restoration. During the lens regeneration in the absence of retina, the proliferation of the cells of pars iridica of the dorsal iris zone, a source of lens regeneration, is delayed, possibly due to the increase of the duration of mitotic cycle of these cells.", "PMID": 1026861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4297", "title": "[Sex differences in the secretory activity of the gonads and in their sensitivity to gonadotropins in early ontogenesis of rats].", "content": "The secretion of estrogens by the ovaries of foetal (15-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ cultures was not detected by fluorimetry when the ovary was taken prior to the onset of folliculogenesis. The time schedule of the process of folliculogenesis in organ culture corresponded to that in vivo. Estrogens were detected in the medium when folliculogenesis was fully established in organ cultures. The secretion began spontaneously and was not affected by the addition of gonadotropins to the medium. On the contrary, the secretion of androgens by the testes of foetal (17-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ cultures was constantly detected by the competitive protein-binding assay. The addition of gonadotropins to the culture medium increased the level of androgen secretion by foetal and newborn rats.", "contents": "[Sex differences in the secretory activity of the gonads and in their sensitivity to gonadotropins in early ontogenesis of rats]. The secretion of estrogens by the ovaries of foetal (15-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ cultures was not detected by fluorimetry when the ovary was taken prior to the onset of folliculogenesis. The time schedule of the process of folliculogenesis in organ culture corresponded to that in vivo. Estrogens were detected in the medium when folliculogenesis was fully established in organ cultures. The secretion began spontaneously and was not affected by the addition of gonadotropins to the medium. On the contrary, the secretion of androgens by the testes of foetal (17-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ cultures was constantly detected by the competitive protein-binding assay. The addition of gonadotropins to the culture medium increased the level of androgen secretion by foetal and newborn rats.", "PMID": 1026862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4298", "title": "[Ratio of concentration of ions of uni- and bivalent metals in the tissues of developing chick embryos and 1-day-old chickens].", "content": "The ratio of concentrations Na+/K+ decreases in the brain and liver and increases in the cardiac muscle during the chick embryogenesis. The maximum concentration of Ca2+ was noted in the tissues under study on 14th day of chick embryonic development and its content decreased reliably at the subsequent stages. The concentration of Mg2+ in the tissues under study decreased during the embryogenesis as well.", "contents": "[Ratio of concentration of ions of uni- and bivalent metals in the tissues of developing chick embryos and 1-day-old chickens]. The ratio of concentrations Na+/K+ decreases in the brain and liver and increases in the cardiac muscle during the chick embryogenesis. The maximum concentration of Ca2+ was noted in the tissues under study on 14th day of chick embryonic development and its content decreased reliably at the subsequent stages. The concentration of Mg2+ in the tissues under study decreased during the embryogenesis as well.", "PMID": 1026863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4299", "title": "[Desmosomes of follicular cells and C-cells in the thyroid gland of rats].", "content": "Well developed desmosomes can be seen between the C-cells and follicular cells in the rat thyroid gland. They are structurally similar to the desmosomes at the boundaries of homotypic cells. This observation speaks in favour of the development of C-cells from the initial cells of thyroid embryonic analage.", "contents": "[Desmosomes of follicular cells and C-cells in the thyroid gland of rats]. Well developed desmosomes can be seen between the C-cells and follicular cells in the rat thyroid gland. They are structurally similar to the desmosomes at the boundaries of homotypic cells. This observation speaks in favour of the development of C-cells from the initial cells of thyroid embryonic analage.", "PMID": 1026864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4300", "title": "[Growth of the eye and pigment epithelium of the retina during postnatal development of rats].", "content": "By the weight changes, the rat's eye grows during the whole life, whereas its scleral sector with the area equal to that of pigment epithelium of the retina grows most intensively between the 2nd and 5th days after birth. During this period, its weight attains half of the value characteristic of the scleral sector for one year old rats. This period of growth of the scleral sector coincides with the previously established peak of proliferative activity and appearance of first binuclear cells in the pigment epithelium. From the 5th day till the 12th month after birth, the weight of scleral sector increases twice and its area 6 times. This suggests that the mechanical tension of the scleral sector walls is one of the factors of growth of this eye part. On the basis of comparison of the scleral sector growth, changes in proliferative activity and number of polyploid cells in the pigment epithelium of the central zone of fundus oculi, the following periodization of the life cycle of cell population of the pigment epithelium is proposed: (1) from birth till the 15th day--period of principal determination (the number of binuclear tetraploid cells attains 80%), (2) from the 15th day till, at least, the 5th month--period of stabilization, (3) after 5 months--period of senescence characterized by the accumulation of highly ploid tri- and tetranuclear cells; its lower limit is not clearly defined.", "contents": "[Growth of the eye and pigment epithelium of the retina during postnatal development of rats]. By the weight changes, the rat's eye grows during the whole life, whereas its scleral sector with the area equal to that of pigment epithelium of the retina grows most intensively between the 2nd and 5th days after birth. During this period, its weight attains half of the value characteristic of the scleral sector for one year old rats. This period of growth of the scleral sector coincides with the previously established peak of proliferative activity and appearance of first binuclear cells in the pigment epithelium. From the 5th day till the 12th month after birth, the weight of scleral sector increases twice and its area 6 times. This suggests that the mechanical tension of the scleral sector walls is one of the factors of growth of this eye part. On the basis of comparison of the scleral sector growth, changes in proliferative activity and number of polyploid cells in the pigment epithelium of the central zone of fundus oculi, the following periodization of the life cycle of cell population of the pigment epithelium is proposed: (1) from birth till the 15th day--period of principal determination (the number of binuclear tetraploid cells attains 80%), (2) from the 15th day till, at least, the 5th month--period of stabilization, (3) after 5 months--period of senescence characterized by the accumulation of highly ploid tri- and tetranuclear cells; its lower limit is not clearly defined.", "PMID": 1026865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4301", "title": "[Number of whorls and umbel rays in Acetabularia].", "content": "It was found in the proposed model of morphogenesis of Acetabularia that the number of whorls N (as well as the number of umbel rays) depends on the degree of mechanical instability of the deforming cell wall (the greater is instability, the higher is the value N). The genetic control of final morphogenetic processes can be realized by setting definite physical conditions and properties. The theoretical estimates of N carried out for different cases agree fairly well with the experimental data obtained.", "contents": "[Number of whorls and umbel rays in Acetabularia]. It was found in the proposed model of morphogenesis of Acetabularia that the number of whorls N (as well as the number of umbel rays) depends on the degree of mechanical instability of the deforming cell wall (the greater is instability, the higher is the value N). The genetic control of final morphogenetic processes can be realized by setting definite physical conditions and properties. The theoretical estimates of N carried out for different cases agree fairly well with the experimental data obtained.", "PMID": 1026866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4302", "title": "[Study of temperature-sensitive mutations in the virilis group of Drosophila. 4. Phenogenetics of a temperature-sensitive mutation affecting the development of imaginal discs in Drosophila virilis Sturt].", "content": "The phenogenetics of a new temperature-sensitive mutation diskless-ts (dl-ts, 2nd chromosome) has been studied in D. virilis. The rearing of larvae from the 1st instar at the temperature 31 degrees resulted in the complete or partial arrest of the development of imaginal discs and, consequently, the death of larvae prior to the pupation, at the prepupa stage. The change of temperature from 25 to 31 degrees during the second half of development in the 3rd instar affects the differentiation of imaginal discs. Some organs differentiate completely or partially (eyes, wings, legs) whereas the rest do not develop at all. The sensitive period embraces the whole larval development till the beginning of pupation.", "contents": "[Study of temperature-sensitive mutations in the virilis group of Drosophila. 4. Phenogenetics of a temperature-sensitive mutation affecting the development of imaginal discs in Drosophila virilis Sturt]. The phenogenetics of a new temperature-sensitive mutation diskless-ts (dl-ts, 2nd chromosome) has been studied in D. virilis. The rearing of larvae from the 1st instar at the temperature 31 degrees resulted in the complete or partial arrest of the development of imaginal discs and, consequently, the death of larvae prior to the pupation, at the prepupa stage. The change of temperature from 25 to 31 degrees during the second half of development in the 3rd instar affects the differentiation of imaginal discs. Some organs differentiate completely or partially (eyes, wings, legs) whereas the rest do not develop at all. The sensitive period embraces the whole larval development till the beginning of pupation.", "PMID": 1026867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4303", "title": "[Reactivation of the nuclei of reticulocytes and erythrocytes in heterokaryons].", "content": "The reactivation of the nuclei of erythrocytes, reticulocytes and bone marrow cells has been studied by means of hybridization of the pigeon erythroid cells with the human embryonic cells A1. The process of reactivation of the erythroid nucleus was shown to depend on the stage of erythroid cell differentiation. The nuclei of cells at the earlier stages of differentiation give a higher percentage of heterocaryons (40%, 70%) than those of more mature cells (9%). The activated nuclei of immatur cells formed nucleoli already 24 hrs, whereas those of mature erythrocytes only 3-5 days after the cell fusion.", "contents": "[Reactivation of the nuclei of reticulocytes and erythrocytes in heterokaryons]. The reactivation of the nuclei of erythrocytes, reticulocytes and bone marrow cells has been studied by means of hybridization of the pigeon erythroid cells with the human embryonic cells A1. The process of reactivation of the erythroid nucleus was shown to depend on the stage of erythroid cell differentiation. The nuclei of cells at the earlier stages of differentiation give a higher percentage of heterocaryons (40%, 70%) than those of more mature cells (9%). The activated nuclei of immatur cells formed nucleoli already 24 hrs, whereas those of mature erythrocytes only 3-5 days after the cell fusion.", "PMID": 1026868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4304", "title": "[Reorganization of the nervous system during regeneration in Dugesia tigrina].", "content": "The normal structure of the nervous system in Dugesia tigrina Girard and the total morphodynamics of the nervous system during regeneration have been studied by means of choline esterase assay. The nervous system reacts to local damages of the planarian body; accumulations of nervous elements form in the wound region. Following the transverse cut of a planarian, the regeneration of the nervous system is not reduced to the completion of lacking parts. In this case (as well as in that of asexual reproduction) the nervous system manifests a considerable morphological lability and undergoes morphological rearrangements accompanied by the appearance of additional, frequently unpaired, nerve trunks. The data obtained are to be taken into account in neurobiological studies on planarians.", "contents": "[Reorganization of the nervous system during regeneration in Dugesia tigrina]. The normal structure of the nervous system in Dugesia tigrina Girard and the total morphodynamics of the nervous system during regeneration have been studied by means of choline esterase assay. The nervous system reacts to local damages of the planarian body; accumulations of nervous elements form in the wound region. Following the transverse cut of a planarian, the regeneration of the nervous system is not reduced to the completion of lacking parts. In this case (as well as in that of asexual reproduction) the nervous system manifests a considerable morphological lability and undergoes morphological rearrangements accompanied by the appearance of additional, frequently unpaired, nerve trunks. The data obtained are to be taken into account in neurobiological studies on planarians.", "PMID": 1026869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4305", "title": "[Time of the action of genes controlling the activity of aldolase in embryonal development of groudling].", "content": "The time of action of the genes controlling the decrease of aldolase activity (21-23 hrs of development) and its subsequent increase (23-36 hrs) was determined by means of inactivation of the nuclei by actinomycin or heavy doses of irradiation at succesive developmental stages. There exist two distinct periods of gene activity; the former (15-18 hrs) determines the rapid fall of maternal aldolase activity and the latter (21-27 hrs) its subsequent replacement by embryonic aldolase. This result is confirmed by the data concerning the changes in aldolase heat resistance in the hybrids of the loach and tropical cyprinids. The genes controlling the synthesis of the new aldolase and the morphogenesis which takes place at the same developmental stages are functioning at different times, i.e. the biochemical and morphological differentiations may occur relatively independently.", "contents": "[Time of the action of genes controlling the activity of aldolase in embryonal development of groudling]. The time of action of the genes controlling the decrease of aldolase activity (21-23 hrs of development) and its subsequent increase (23-36 hrs) was determined by means of inactivation of the nuclei by actinomycin or heavy doses of irradiation at succesive developmental stages. There exist two distinct periods of gene activity; the former (15-18 hrs) determines the rapid fall of maternal aldolase activity and the latter (21-27 hrs) its subsequent replacement by embryonic aldolase. This result is confirmed by the data concerning the changes in aldolase heat resistance in the hybrids of the loach and tropical cyprinids. The genes controlling the synthesis of the new aldolase and the morphogenesis which takes place at the same developmental stages are functioning at different times, i.e. the biochemical and morphological differentiations may occur relatively independently.", "PMID": 1026870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4306", "title": "[Spontaneous polyploidy in laboratory mice. Embryological and cytogenetic analysis].", "content": "The developmental patterns of mice with spontaneous genomic aberrations at the pre- and post-implantation embryonic stages have been studied. The frequency of spontaneous triploidy varies in different strains from 1.7 to 5.8%. Digeny is the principal cytogenetical mechanism for triploidy. The triploid embryos of all the strains under study are characterized by the total delay of development already at the blastocyst stage. The most of triploids die at the stages of neurula and beginning of active organogenesis. A few triploids are resorbed during placentation. In the CBA mice, the triploidization results in the characteristic syndrome: disproportionally reduced amniotic vesicle, hypertrophied allantoic rudiment, reduction of neural plate, absence of head folds, notochord and mesenchyme. The spontaneous tetraploidy in mice occurs very rarely and is accompanied by severe developmental defects already at the preimplantation stages.", "contents": "[Spontaneous polyploidy in laboratory mice. Embryological and cytogenetic analysis]. The developmental patterns of mice with spontaneous genomic aberrations at the pre- and post-implantation embryonic stages have been studied. The frequency of spontaneous triploidy varies in different strains from 1.7 to 5.8%. Digeny is the principal cytogenetical mechanism for triploidy. The triploid embryos of all the strains under study are characterized by the total delay of development already at the blastocyst stage. The most of triploids die at the stages of neurula and beginning of active organogenesis. A few triploids are resorbed during placentation. In the CBA mice, the triploidization results in the characteristic syndrome: disproportionally reduced amniotic vesicle, hypertrophied allantoic rudiment, reduction of neural plate, absence of head folds, notochord and mesenchyme. The spontaneous tetraploidy in mice occurs very rarely and is accompanied by severe developmental defects already at the preimplantation stages.", "PMID": 1026871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4307", "title": "[Study of nucleic acid synthesis in rat embryos in relation to phase-specific characteristics of teratogenic effect of chloridine].", "content": "The maximal rate of incorporation of 32P-phosphate, 14C-formate and 14C-thymidine in DNA was recorded on the 13th day of development in the rat embryos and that of 14C-formate and 32P-phosphate in RNA and nucleotides of the acid-soluble fraction on the 12th day. The maximal incorporation of 14C-formate was recorded later: on the 15-16th days. Chloridin inhibited the incorporation of 14C-formate in DNA at all developmental stages, irrespective of the sensitivity of embryos to its teratogenic effect. The period of the maximal rate of DNA synthesis coincides with that of highest teratogenic activity of the drug. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that quantitative differences in the intensity of DNA synthesis at different stages of organgenesis provide one of the main causes of differential sensitivity of embryos to the teratogenic effect of inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.", "contents": "[Study of nucleic acid synthesis in rat embryos in relation to phase-specific characteristics of teratogenic effect of chloridine]. The maximal rate of incorporation of 32P-phosphate, 14C-formate and 14C-thymidine in DNA was recorded on the 13th day of development in the rat embryos and that of 14C-formate and 32P-phosphate in RNA and nucleotides of the acid-soluble fraction on the 12th day. The maximal incorporation of 14C-formate was recorded later: on the 15-16th days. Chloridin inhibited the incorporation of 14C-formate in DNA at all developmental stages, irrespective of the sensitivity of embryos to its teratogenic effect. The period of the maximal rate of DNA synthesis coincides with that of highest teratogenic activity of the drug. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that quantitative differences in the intensity of DNA synthesis at different stages of organgenesis provide one of the main causes of differential sensitivity of embryos to the teratogenic effect of inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 1026872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4308", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effects of dominant cataract-Fr gene in mouse embryos].", "content": "An electron microscope study of lenses in 11--15 and 17 days old embryos of mice homozygous by dominant cataract-Fr (CatFr) gene has shown that ultrastructural changes in the nuclear envelope are the earliest expression of the mutant gene. The primary lens fibers of 12 days old embryos CatFr/CatFr, unlike those of the normal ones, are characterized by the decrease in the number of nuclear pores, evagination of the outer nuclear membrane, marked and unequal extension of perinuclear space which connects itself with the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In 14 days old embryos breaks in the outer nuclear membrane and evaginations in the inner one, fusion of nuclear membranes and breaks of the nuclear envelope are observed and resulted in the release of the nuclear contents with the nucleolus in the cytoplasm. Similar ultrastructural changes are characteristic also of the nuclei of secondary lens fibers at a comparable stage of differentiation. The destructive changes of nuclei are accompanied by the degeneration and autophagocytosis of cellular organelles and matrix.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the effects of dominant cataract-Fr gene in mouse embryos]. An electron microscope study of lenses in 11--15 and 17 days old embryos of mice homozygous by dominant cataract-Fr (CatFr) gene has shown that ultrastructural changes in the nuclear envelope are the earliest expression of the mutant gene. The primary lens fibers of 12 days old embryos CatFr/CatFr, unlike those of the normal ones, are characterized by the decrease in the number of nuclear pores, evagination of the outer nuclear membrane, marked and unequal extension of perinuclear space which connects itself with the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In 14 days old embryos breaks in the outer nuclear membrane and evaginations in the inner one, fusion of nuclear membranes and breaks of the nuclear envelope are observed and resulted in the release of the nuclear contents with the nucleolus in the cytoplasm. Similar ultrastructural changes are characteristic also of the nuclei of secondary lens fibers at a comparable stage of differentiation. The destructive changes of nuclei are accompanied by the degeneration and autophagocytosis of cellular organelles and matrix.", "PMID": 1026873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4309", "title": "[Ultrathin structure of normally growing and regenerating cells of Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The ultrastructure of nucleus and cytoplasm in regenerating cells of Acetabularia mediterranea differs from that in normally growing ones: the nucleus of regenerating cells form numerous outgrowths; the cortical layer of nucleolus disintegrates markedly; the emission of nucleolar material in the nucleoplasm is observed. In the cytoplasm the portion of active chloroplasts increases and a great number of tubular fibrils appears. In the cytoplasm of regenerating cells the Golgi dictyosomes occur more frequently and the vesicles at their ends are larger than in that of normally growing cells. The changes of macromolecular organization of the nucleus and cytoplasm in question observed at the earlier stages of regeneration (2--12 hrs) suggest the increase of metabolic activity of cells.", "contents": "[Ultrathin structure of normally growing and regenerating cells of Acetabularia mediterranea]. The ultrastructure of nucleus and cytoplasm in regenerating cells of Acetabularia mediterranea differs from that in normally growing ones: the nucleus of regenerating cells form numerous outgrowths; the cortical layer of nucleolus disintegrates markedly; the emission of nucleolar material in the nucleoplasm is observed. In the cytoplasm the portion of active chloroplasts increases and a great number of tubular fibrils appears. In the cytoplasm of regenerating cells the Golgi dictyosomes occur more frequently and the vesicles at their ends are larger than in that of normally growing cells. The changes of macromolecular organization of the nucleus and cytoplasm in question observed at the earlier stages of regeneration (2--12 hrs) suggest the increase of metabolic activity of cells.", "PMID": 1026874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4310", "title": "[Species specificity of morphogenetic factors of Acetabularia, localized in the cytoplasmic zone adjacent to the cell membrane].", "content": "The species specificity of the factors controlling the cap development was established in the experiments with the transplantation of both the intact and centrifuged in the basal direction apical regions of Acetabularia meditteranea on nuclear basal regions of A. crenulata. These factors are found at the stage of 72 hrs of regeneration primarily in the cytoplasmic zone adjacent to the cell membrane which is not displaced during centrifugation. Using direct measurements and radiochemical method, we have shown that the accumulation of proteins proceeded in this zone due, mainly, to their transition from the cytoplasmic zone displaced during centrifugation.", "contents": "[Species specificity of morphogenetic factors of Acetabularia, localized in the cytoplasmic zone adjacent to the cell membrane]. The species specificity of the factors controlling the cap development was established in the experiments with the transplantation of both the intact and centrifuged in the basal direction apical regions of Acetabularia meditteranea on nuclear basal regions of A. crenulata. These factors are found at the stage of 72 hrs of regeneration primarily in the cytoplasmic zone adjacent to the cell membrane which is not displaced during centrifugation. Using direct measurements and radiochemical method, we have shown that the accumulation of proteins proceeded in this zone due, mainly, to their transition from the cytoplasmic zone displaced during centrifugation.", "PMID": 1026875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4311", "title": "[RNA synthesis in embryogenesis of Drosophila virilis].", "content": "The synthesis of different RNA fractions labelled by 3H-uridine has been studied at different developmental stages in Drosophila virilis by means of thermal phenol extraction and chromatography on oligo-alphaT-cellulose. There are two periods of intensive synthesis of poly-A containing (messenger) RNA in the course of embryogenesis. The former (6--12 hrs) is the period of gastrulation and stomodeum development and the latter (15--21 hrs) is the period of intensive differentiation of larval organs. The synthesis of poly-A free RNAs predominates at the stages of blastoderm (2--5 hrs) and mesoderm segmentation and embryo shortening (12--15 hrs).", "contents": "[RNA synthesis in embryogenesis of Drosophila virilis]. The synthesis of different RNA fractions labelled by 3H-uridine has been studied at different developmental stages in Drosophila virilis by means of thermal phenol extraction and chromatography on oligo-alphaT-cellulose. There are two periods of intensive synthesis of poly-A containing (messenger) RNA in the course of embryogenesis. The former (6--12 hrs) is the period of gastrulation and stomodeum development and the latter (15--21 hrs) is the period of intensive differentiation of larval organs. The synthesis of poly-A free RNAs predominates at the stages of blastoderm (2--5 hrs) and mesoderm segmentation and embryo shortening (12--15 hrs).", "PMID": 1026876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4312", "title": "[Change in testosterone content in the testes and peripheral blood in male rats during postnatal development].", "content": "Changes in testosterone content have been studied in the testes and peripheral blood in male rats from the 1st till the 42nd day after birth. The correlation was established between the level of luteinizing hormones in the blood and that of testosterone in the testes during the first 5 days after birth.", "contents": "[Change in testosterone content in the testes and peripheral blood in male rats during postnatal development]. Changes in testosterone content have been studied in the testes and peripheral blood in male rats from the 1st till the 42nd day after birth. The correlation was established between the level of luteinizing hormones in the blood and that of testosterone in the testes during the first 5 days after birth.", "PMID": 1026877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4313", "title": "[Formation of tetraploid nuclei in regenerating rat liver].", "content": "The proliferation of binucleated cells in the liver of young Wistar rats after partial (2/3) hepatectomy was studied by means of autoradiography and cytophotometry. The analysis of the kinetics of 3H-thymidine labelled cells has shown that both the bi- and mononucleated cells proceed through the mitotic cycle and enter mitosis simultaneously. The nuclei of 2nX2 cells enter prophase simultaneously but fuse during metaphase, so that the subsequent division results in the formation of mononucleated tetraploid cells.", "contents": "[Formation of tetraploid nuclei in regenerating rat liver]. The proliferation of binucleated cells in the liver of young Wistar rats after partial (2/3) hepatectomy was studied by means of autoradiography and cytophotometry. The analysis of the kinetics of 3H-thymidine labelled cells has shown that both the bi- and mononucleated cells proceed through the mitotic cycle and enter mitosis simultaneously. The nuclei of 2nX2 cells enter prophase simultaneously but fuse during metaphase, so that the subsequent division results in the formation of mononucleated tetraploid cells.", "PMID": 1026878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4314", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of periodicity of cell movement in the process of aggregation].", "content": "A method of quantitative estimation of quasiperiodic cell movements is considered which allows to approximate the process under study by the sum of trigonometric functions. The possibilities of the method are deomonstrated in the analysis of cell and aggregate movement during the development of a sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis from dissociated cells, taken as an example. The spectral composition of the movement of cell aggregates was found to change with time; the high frequencies disappear gradualy and the lower ones appear.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of periodicity of cell movement in the process of aggregation]. A method of quantitative estimation of quasiperiodic cell movements is considered which allows to approximate the process under study by the sum of trigonometric functions. The possibilities of the method are deomonstrated in the analysis of cell and aggregate movement during the development of a sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis from dissociated cells, taken as an example. The spectral composition of the movement of cell aggregates was found to change with time; the high frequencies disappear gradualy and the lower ones appear.", "PMID": 1026879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4315", "title": "[Temperature sensitivity of genes controlling chromosome elimination in Drosophila hybrids].", "content": "The thermosensitivity and thermosensitive period of the genes controlling the elimination of the 6th chromosome of D. littoralis in the hybrids  male D. virillis X female D. littoralis were studied. The appearance of flies with the mutation glossy (mosaics and haplo-6-flies) served as a criterion of chromosome elimination. The genes under study were shown to be cold-sensitive, monophasic. The thermosensitive period lasts 2.5 hrs after egg laying--from the 1st cleavage division till the beginning of migration of the nuclei in the egg cortex. The appearance of almost 100% of haplo-6-flies at at 17 degrees is accounted for by the synchronous elimination of the 6th chromosome of D. littoralis during the first 3 cleavage divisions. The appearance of mosaics at 25 degrees is accounted for by the asynchronous chromosome elimination.", "contents": "[Temperature sensitivity of genes controlling chromosome elimination in Drosophila hybrids]. The thermosensitivity and thermosensitive period of the genes controlling the elimination of the 6th chromosome of D. littoralis in the hybrids  male D. virillis X female D. littoralis were studied. The appearance of flies with the mutation glossy (mosaics and haplo-6-flies) served as a criterion of chromosome elimination. The genes under study were shown to be cold-sensitive, monophasic. The thermosensitive period lasts 2.5 hrs after egg laying--from the 1st cleavage division till the beginning of migration of the nuclei in the egg cortex. The appearance of almost 100% of haplo-6-flies at at 17 degrees is accounted for by the synchronous elimination of the 6th chromosome of D. littoralis during the first 3 cleavage divisions. The appearance of mosaics at 25 degrees is accounted for by the asynchronous chromosome elimination.", "PMID": 1026880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4316", "title": "[Protein binding glucocorticoid hormones (transcortin) during peri-and postnatal ontogenesis and pregnancy in rats].", "content": "The constants of association and the energy of interaction between transcortin and cortisol, the binding ability and other characteristics of transcortin have been studied in the embryos, sexually immature and mature young and old females, females on the 14th and 21st days of pregnancy, immature and mature males. The constant of association in all the groups amounted to ca. 10(8) and the energy of interaction ca. 10 Cal/mole. The embryos and immature rats of both sexes are characterized by relatively low levels of the binding ability of transcortin. During the sexual maturation, the level of transcortin increased--insignificantly in males and markedly in females. The level of transcortin in the latter remained almost invariable during pregnancy and senescence. By the electrophoretic and sedimentation properties transcortin was the same in different groups. The high level of transcortin during pregnancy corresponded to the high level of hormones bound by transcortin, the level of these hormones in the embryos being much lower than in the mother.", "contents": "[Protein binding glucocorticoid hormones (transcortin) during peri-and postnatal ontogenesis and pregnancy in rats]. The constants of association and the energy of interaction between transcortin and cortisol, the binding ability and other characteristics of transcortin have been studied in the embryos, sexually immature and mature young and old females, females on the 14th and 21st days of pregnancy, immature and mature males. The constant of association in all the groups amounted to ca. 10(8) and the energy of interaction ca. 10 Cal/mole. The embryos and immature rats of both sexes are characterized by relatively low levels of the binding ability of transcortin. During the sexual maturation, the level of transcortin increased--insignificantly in males and markedly in females. The level of transcortin in the latter remained almost invariable during pregnancy and senescence. By the electrophoretic and sedimentation properties transcortin was the same in different groups. The high level of transcortin during pregnancy corresponded to the high level of hormones bound by transcortin, the level of these hormones in the embryos being much lower than in the mother.", "PMID": 1026881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4317", "title": "[Morphologic and radioautographic study of reactivation of peritoneal exudate cell nuclei in heterokarya].", "content": "The heterokaryons of undifferentiated mouse fibroblasts (L and 3T3-4E/TK-) and various cell elements of the rat peritoneal exudate were obtained under the treatment with inactivated Sendai virus. The reactivation of RNA and DNA synthesis in the nuclei of highly differentiated periotoneal exudate cells and the synthesis of thymidine kinase controlled by the nuclei of peritoneal exudate cells were shown to occur in the heterokaryons. During the process of reactivation, the ring-like nuclei of polymorphonuclear leucocytes acquired the form characteristic of the reactivated nuclei of mononuclears. The morphological changes of heparin-containing granules in the cytoplasm of the heterokaryons of mast cells and undifferentiated fibroblasts suggest the degeneration and breakdown of granules.", "contents": "[Morphologic and radioautographic study of reactivation of peritoneal exudate cell nuclei in heterokarya]. The heterokaryons of undifferentiated mouse fibroblasts (L and 3T3-4E/TK-) and various cell elements of the rat peritoneal exudate were obtained under the treatment with inactivated Sendai virus. The reactivation of RNA and DNA synthesis in the nuclei of highly differentiated periotoneal exudate cells and the synthesis of thymidine kinase controlled by the nuclei of peritoneal exudate cells were shown to occur in the heterokaryons. During the process of reactivation, the ring-like nuclei of polymorphonuclear leucocytes acquired the form characteristic of the reactivated nuclei of mononuclears. The morphological changes of heparin-containing granules in the cytoplasm of the heterokaryons of mast cells and undifferentiated fibroblasts suggest the degeneration and breakdown of granules.", "PMID": 1026882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4318", "title": "[Study of the metanephros of fetuses, newborn and 2-month-old mice developing under conditions of kidney damage to the females by nephrocytotoxic serum].", "content": "In the metanephros of foetuses beginning from the 14 days of development and in the newborn mice from females with injured kidneys, marked defects of proximal convoluted tubules and less marked defects of glomeruli were noted what corresponded to the character of kidney injury in their mothers. At the same time the diameter of glomeruli and convoluted tubules, the height and width of their cells increased, but the diameter of their nuclei decreased. These changes are accompanied by distrophic changes, mainly in the cells of convoluted tubules, the most markedly expressed in the newborn mice. No marked histological changes were found in the metanephros of two months old experimental mice.", "contents": "[Study of the metanephros of fetuses, newborn and 2-month-old mice developing under conditions of kidney damage to the females by nephrocytotoxic serum]. In the metanephros of foetuses beginning from the 14 days of development and in the newborn mice from females with injured kidneys, marked defects of proximal convoluted tubules and less marked defects of glomeruli were noted what corresponded to the character of kidney injury in their mothers. At the same time the diameter of glomeruli and convoluted tubules, the height and width of their cells increased, but the diameter of their nuclei decreased. These changes are accompanied by distrophic changes, mainly in the cells of convoluted tubules, the most markedly expressed in the newborn mice. No marked histological changes were found in the metanephros of two months old experimental mice.", "PMID": 1026883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4319", "title": "[Radioautographic study of melanin synthesis in cells of the pigmented epithelium of the retina in adult tritons following surgical removal of the retina].", "content": "The results are given for the autoradiographic study of melanin synthesis in the pigment epithelium cells of eye retina in the adult newts by the incorporation of 3H-dioxyphenylalanine (3H-DOPA). The synthesis of melanin began 4--8 days after the operation in the peripheral parts of the eye and but it was not observed in the central region of the eye fundus even 25 days alter the operation. A suggestion is put forward to the effect of the existence of different mechanisms for the initiation of melanin synthesis in these subpopulations of pigment epithelium.", "contents": "[Radioautographic study of melanin synthesis in cells of the pigmented epithelium of the retina in adult tritons following surgical removal of the retina]. The results are given for the autoradiographic study of melanin synthesis in the pigment epithelium cells of eye retina in the adult newts by the incorporation of 3H-dioxyphenylalanine (3H-DOPA). The synthesis of melanin began 4--8 days after the operation in the peripheral parts of the eye and but it was not observed in the central region of the eye fundus even 25 days alter the operation. A suggestion is put forward to the effect of the existence of different mechanisms for the initiation of melanin synthesis in these subpopulations of pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 1026884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4320", "title": "[Formation of the respiratory enzyme apparatus in growing cells. IV. Composition of mitochondrial proteins synthesized in developing and germinating corn seeds].", "content": "The mitochondriogenesis in the developing maize embryo involves the accumulation of organelles with the relatively reduced matrix antigen content and relatively abundant several detergent-soluble membrane components, as compared with the mitochondria from differentiated root cells. Several new antigens are incorporated into the mitochondria of embryonic axes and scutella of imbibing seeds. While the qualitative protein patterns are constant, the ratio of individual antigens changes during the subsequent differentiation of root and scutellum cells. At the same time similar spectra consisting of 18--20 groups of mitochondrial polypeptides with the molecular weight from less than 12,000 to 115,000 are synthesized but the ratio of individual polypeptide groups changes differentially.", "contents": "[Formation of the respiratory enzyme apparatus in growing cells. IV. Composition of mitochondrial proteins synthesized in developing and germinating corn seeds]. The mitochondriogenesis in the developing maize embryo involves the accumulation of organelles with the relatively reduced matrix antigen content and relatively abundant several detergent-soluble membrane components, as compared with the mitochondria from differentiated root cells. Several new antigens are incorporated into the mitochondria of embryonic axes and scutella of imbibing seeds. While the qualitative protein patterns are constant, the ratio of individual antigens changes during the subsequent differentiation of root and scutellum cells. At the same time similar spectra consisting of 18--20 groups of mitochondrial polypeptides with the molecular weight from less than 12,000 to 115,000 are synthesized but the ratio of individual polypeptide groups changes differentially.", "PMID": 1026886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4321", "title": "Is illness behavior related to chronicity in patients with intractable pain?", "content": "One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were used to study the relationship between chronicity of pain and pattern of illness behaviour reported. Except in the case of one scale, no significant correlation emerged. This overall lack of association between chronicity and illness behaviour remained even when the patient sample was restricted to those 20 patients having substantial organic pathology associated with their pain. These findings suggest that degree of chronicity is unlikely to play a major role in determining the illness behaviour manifested by patients with intractable pain.", "contents": "Is illness behavior related to chronicity in patients with intractable pain? One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were used to study the relationship between chronicity of pain and pattern of illness behaviour reported. Except in the case of one scale, no significant correlation emerged. This overall lack of association between chronicity and illness behaviour remained even when the patient sample was restricted to those 20 patients having substantial organic pathology associated with their pain. These findings suggest that degree of chronicity is unlikely to play a major role in determining the illness behaviour manifested by patients with intractable pain.", "PMID": 1026899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4322", "title": "Electrical stimulation of teeth.", "content": "The technical problems of stimulating intact teeth in clinical diagnosis and in pain research are discussed. Bipolar stimulation has no advantage over monopolar stimulation for most applications. A 100 V constant current stimulator is suitable for monopolar stimulation of healthy teeth with a large electrode at about threshold intensity, but, for monopolar stimulation up to 150 micronA and for bipolar stimulation, very much higher voltages are required and no suitable instrument is available. Circuits are given for isolated 100 V and 1kV constant current stimulators.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of teeth. The technical problems of stimulating intact teeth in clinical diagnosis and in pain research are discussed. Bipolar stimulation has no advantage over monopolar stimulation for most applications. A 100 V constant current stimulator is suitable for monopolar stimulation of healthy teeth with a large electrode at about threshold intensity, but, for monopolar stimulation up to 150 micronA and for bipolar stimulation, very much higher voltages are required and no suitable instrument is available. Circuits are given for isolated 100 V and 1kV constant current stimulators.", "PMID": 1026902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4323", "title": "Detection and decision factors in pain perception in young and elderly men.", "content": "The effect of age on ability to discriminate between levels of electrical stimulation of tooth pulp and willingness to report shocks as painful was evaluated using the Sensory Decision Theory. While threshold did not increase with age for tooth pulp stimulation as is often observed for thermal pain thresholds, a significant age deficit in ability to discriminate between suprathreshold shocks was observed. Significant changes with age in willingness to report the electrical shocks as painful were also observed. These results indicate that changes with age in pain perception are complex, involving not only possible discrimination deficits but also changes in bias for and against labeling noxious events as painful. These findings stress the need for within individual comparisons of laboratory techniques for evoking acute pain experiences where variables such as age are under consideration.", "contents": "Detection and decision factors in pain perception in young and elderly men. The effect of age on ability to discriminate between levels of electrical stimulation of tooth pulp and willingness to report shocks as painful was evaluated using the Sensory Decision Theory. While threshold did not increase with age for tooth pulp stimulation as is often observed for thermal pain thresholds, a significant age deficit in ability to discriminate between suprathreshold shocks was observed. Significant changes with age in willingness to report the electrical shocks as painful were also observed. These results indicate that changes with age in pain perception are complex, involving not only possible discrimination deficits but also changes in bias for and against labeling noxious events as painful. These findings stress the need for within individual comparisons of laboratory techniques for evoking acute pain experiences where variables such as age are under consideration.", "PMID": 1026903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4324", "title": "Release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma taken from patients during and between migraine attacks.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in order to further delineate the pathophysiology of the fall of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) during a migraine attack. Platelets from normal subjects were incubated with 14C-labelled 5-HT, and the release of 5-HT was measured following exposure of these platelets to plasma taken from migraine patients during an attack or at headache-free intervals. Plasma taken during attacks released significantly more 5-HT. It is concluded that factor(s) exist in the serum during migraine attacks, which can cause 5-HT release from normal platelets. The identification of this factor may be important.", "contents": "Release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma taken from patients during and between migraine attacks. Experiments were carried out in order to further delineate the pathophysiology of the fall of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) during a migraine attack. Platelets from normal subjects were incubated with 14C-labelled 5-HT, and the release of 5-HT was measured following exposure of these platelets to plasma taken from migraine patients during an attack or at headache-free intervals. Plasma taken during attacks released significantly more 5-HT. It is concluded that factor(s) exist in the serum during migraine attacks, which can cause 5-HT release from normal platelets. The identification of this factor may be important.", "PMID": 1026904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4325", "title": "The language of pain: intensity.", "content": "Thirty-nine adjectives which may be used to describe a pain experience were rated on an \"intensity\" continuum by 93 subjects, and in a second study by an additional 90 subjects. In each study these ratings were intercorrelated and factor-analyzed. The first 6 factors extracted were rotated to a simple structure criterion. The first factor was identified as an \"intensity\" factor. Examination of the adjectives indicated that intensity relates to \"affective-evaluative\" adjectives rather than \"sensory\" ones. The implications of these findings for the language a patient may use to communicate the intensity of a pain are discussed.", "contents": "The language of pain: intensity. Thirty-nine adjectives which may be used to describe a pain experience were rated on an \"intensity\" continuum by 93 subjects, and in a second study by an additional 90 subjects. In each study these ratings were intercorrelated and factor-analyzed. The first 6 factors extracted were rotated to a simple structure criterion. The first factor was identified as an \"intensity\" factor. Examination of the adjectives indicated that intensity relates to \"affective-evaluative\" adjectives rather than \"sensory\" ones. The implications of these findings for the language a patient may use to communicate the intensity of a pain are discussed.", "PMID": 1026905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4326", "title": "[Characteristics of distribution of fleas from small mammals and birds in the southern taiga of Priirtysh'ie].", "content": "The analysis of the landscape distribution of fleas from small mammals and birds in the southern taiga of Priirtishje is given. According to their abundance and faunistic composition the population of fleas from small mammals can be arranged into four groups: fleas of forest floodland landscape, those of forest-meadow floodland landscape, fleas of settlements and bogs.", "contents": "[Characteristics of distribution of fleas from small mammals and birds in the southern taiga of Priirtysh'ie]. The analysis of the landscape distribution of fleas from small mammals and birds in the southern taiga of Priirtishje is given. According to their abundance and faunistic composition the population of fleas from small mammals can be arranged into four groups: fleas of forest floodland landscape, those of forest-meadow floodland landscape, fleas of settlements and bogs.", "PMID": 1026906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4327", "title": "[Mass tracing of Aedes vexans vexans by means of radioactive phosphorus for the study of their flight range from the breeding sites].", "content": "In the valley of the Upper Yenisei IV instar larvae of A. vexans vexans were traced with 32P and then 1.86 mln imagos were released. Among 442 857 mosquitoes caught after hatching 243 were traced. Most of the traced individuals did not yet start looking for prey and were caught during the first five days near the hatching site. 14 radioactive females were caught within 4.5 km distance from the hatching site in the following weeks.", "contents": "[Mass tracing of Aedes vexans vexans by means of radioactive phosphorus for the study of their flight range from the breeding sites]. In the valley of the Upper Yenisei IV instar larvae of A. vexans vexans were traced with 32P and then 1.86 mln imagos were released. Among 442 857 mosquitoes caught after hatching 243 were traced. Most of the traced individuals did not yet start looking for prey and were caught during the first five days near the hatching site. 14 radioactive females were caught within 4.5 km distance from the hatching site in the following weeks.", "PMID": 1026907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4328", "title": "[Biological properties of promastigotes of Leishmania having undergone lyophilization].", "content": "Materials are presented of a comparative study of morphological and cultural properties and virulence of liophylized cultures of Leishmania tropica major after their rehydration or after a long passage on the NNN medium. Results of investigations of two initial strains and three substrains obtained after the recovery of liophylized cultures have shown that liophylization does not reduce essentially the initial strain virulence. The strains undergone liophylization and passed repeatedly on the NNN medium have a tendency to a quicker virulence reduction rate as compared to initial ones. The culture of promastigotes recultivated after liophylization does not differ from the initial one in the ranges of 1-7 passages in its morphology, mobility and ability to grow on the NNN medium.", "contents": "[Biological properties of promastigotes of Leishmania having undergone lyophilization]. Materials are presented of a comparative study of morphological and cultural properties and virulence of liophylized cultures of Leishmania tropica major after their rehydration or after a long passage on the NNN medium. Results of investigations of two initial strains and three substrains obtained after the recovery of liophylized cultures have shown that liophylization does not reduce essentially the initial strain virulence. The strains undergone liophylization and passed repeatedly on the NNN medium have a tendency to a quicker virulence reduction rate as compared to initial ones. The culture of promastigotes recultivated after liophylization does not differ from the initial one in the ranges of 1-7 passages in its morphology, mobility and ability to grow on the NNN medium.", "PMID": 1026908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4329", "title": "[Certain principles of the secondary simplication of the life cycles of helminths].", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of regularities accompanying the secondary simplification of the life cycles of helminths on account of the reduction in the number of the animals-hosts 8 rules have been formulated. They are based on the following important regularities. 1. At the secondary simplification of the life cycles of helminths never fall out the first intermediate host in Trematoda and the definitive host in Nematoda. This phenomenon is suggested to be called \"the host stability in the life cycle\". 2. Mostly often from the life cycles fall secondarily out those hosts which join in the life cycle at its first complication later. 3. The phase of the helminth having transformed into a parasitic form at the first complication of its life cycle remains the same at the secondary simplification of this cycle.", "contents": "[Certain principles of the secondary simplication of the life cycles of helminths]. On the basis of the analysis of regularities accompanying the secondary simplification of the life cycles of helminths on account of the reduction in the number of the animals-hosts 8 rules have been formulated. They are based on the following important regularities. 1. At the secondary simplification of the life cycles of helminths never fall out the first intermediate host in Trematoda and the definitive host in Nematoda. This phenomenon is suggested to be called \"the host stability in the life cycle\". 2. Mostly often from the life cycles fall secondarily out those hosts which join in the life cycle at its first complication later. 3. The phase of the helminth having transformed into a parasitic form at the first complication of its life cycle remains the same at the secondary simplification of this cycle.", "PMID": 1026909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4330", "title": "Metastases from single as compared to repeated tumour cell doses.", "content": "Tumour formation from single or repeated small i.v. tumour cell doses was studied in a syngeneic tumour-host system. Only marginal differences were observed between different dose schedules, once the critical cell dose level was surpassed.", "contents": "Metastases from single as compared to repeated tumour cell doses. Tumour formation from single or repeated small i.v. tumour cell doses was studied in a syngeneic tumour-host system. Only marginal differences were observed between different dose schedules, once the critical cell dose level was surpassed.", "PMID": 1026916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4331", "title": "[Effect of procercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus on the biology of their 1st imtermediate hosts Cyclops strenuus].", "content": "The effect of procercoids of T. nodulosus on the periods of metamorphosis, fecundity, survival and the capacity to infect C. strenuus at all copepodid stages (I-V) was studied experimentally. It has been first shown that early copepodid stages (I-III) can be easily infected and serve as first intermediate hosts of T. nodulosus. Under the effect of the parasite the metamorphosis periods of the I and 2-nd copepodid stages increase considerably even at the low infection intensity while at the IV and V copepodid stages--only at the high infection intensity. If the infection takes place at the IV copepodid stage the female fecundity decreases even at a high infection intensity. The life span of infected and noninfected cyclops coincides. At early developmental stages the relations in the system \"T. nodulosus-C. strenuus\" manifest themselves in different ways and result in the breach of the important biological function of the host.", "contents": "[Effect of procercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus on the biology of their 1st imtermediate hosts Cyclops strenuus]. The effect of procercoids of T. nodulosus on the periods of metamorphosis, fecundity, survival and the capacity to infect C. strenuus at all copepodid stages (I-V) was studied experimentally. It has been first shown that early copepodid stages (I-III) can be easily infected and serve as first intermediate hosts of T. nodulosus. Under the effect of the parasite the metamorphosis periods of the I and 2-nd copepodid stages increase considerably even at the low infection intensity while at the IV and V copepodid stages--only at the high infection intensity. If the infection takes place at the IV copepodid stage the female fecundity decreases even at a high infection intensity. The life span of infected and noninfected cyclops coincides. At early developmental stages the relations in the system \"T. nodulosus-C. strenuus\" manifest themselves in different ways and result in the breach of the important biological function of the host.", "PMID": 1026910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4332", "title": "Experimental allergic sialoadenitis. IX. The regional lymph nodes after antigenic challenges of the parotid glands in rats.", "content": "The regional lymph nodes of the parotid gland of rats were examined histologically. The nodes were removed from untreated animals or rats given instillations of BSA or saline into the parotid duct. Anti-BSA antibodies were assessed in the saliva and serum. Patterns of reactivity of the lymph nodes did not correlate with the presence or absence of salivary and serum antibodies. The occurrence of antibodies in the saliva appears to reflect the activity of immunocytes residing in the parotid gland. The morphological features of the lymph nodes correspond to the overall immunological experience.", "contents": "Experimental allergic sialoadenitis. IX. The regional lymph nodes after antigenic challenges of the parotid glands in rats. The regional lymph nodes of the parotid gland of rats were examined histologically. The nodes were removed from untreated animals or rats given instillations of BSA or saline into the parotid duct. Anti-BSA antibodies were assessed in the saliva and serum. Patterns of reactivity of the lymph nodes did not correlate with the presence or absence of salivary and serum antibodies. The occurrence of antibodies in the saliva appears to reflect the activity of immunocytes residing in the parotid gland. The morphological features of the lymph nodes correspond to the overall immunological experience.", "PMID": 1026917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4333", "title": "[Osmotic tolerance and adaptation to hypotonic medium of Echinorhynchus gadi (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae)].", "content": "Minimum of the osmotic pressure in the intestine of the cod corresponds to the osmotic pressure of sea water of 10%. The sorbtion level of neutral red by intact E. gadi remained practically unchanged after their maintenance in sea water of 8-10 to 30% during 24 hours (ecological optimum). Specimens of E. gadi transferred from 10 to 4% displayed compensatory recovery of the normal sorbtion level of the dye by the 5th-6th day of the experiment. The ability of Acanthocephala possessing extreme eutelia to a physiological adaptation is indicative of its not obligatory participation of mitotic processes in the acclimation.", "contents": "[Osmotic tolerance and adaptation to hypotonic medium of Echinorhynchus gadi (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae)]. Minimum of the osmotic pressure in the intestine of the cod corresponds to the osmotic pressure of sea water of 10%. The sorbtion level of neutral red by intact E. gadi remained practically unchanged after their maintenance in sea water of 8-10 to 30% during 24 hours (ecological optimum). Specimens of E. gadi transferred from 10 to 4% displayed compensatory recovery of the normal sorbtion level of the dye by the 5th-6th day of the experiment. The ability of Acanthocephala possessing extreme eutelia to a physiological adaptation is indicative of its not obligatory participation of mitotic processes in the acclimation.", "PMID": 1026911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4334", "title": "Aortic endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions in early stages of experimental atherogenesis and in scurvy.", "content": "The endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions during early stages of experimental atherogenesis and scurvy have been studied by means of scanning EM and transmission EM, making use also of the Con-A reaction. The surface coat modifications were accompanied by formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells and by sub-endothelial 'oedema', not only in rabbits fed a hypercholesterolic diet but also in scorbutic guinea pigs. The endothelial lesions were sometimes found even before clear modifications of the Con-A surface reactive layer were apparent.", "contents": "Aortic endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions in early stages of experimental atherogenesis and in scurvy. The endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions during early stages of experimental atherogenesis and scurvy have been studied by means of scanning EM and transmission EM, making use also of the Con-A reaction. The surface coat modifications were accompanied by formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells and by sub-endothelial 'oedema', not only in rabbits fed a hypercholesterolic diet but also in scorbutic guinea pigs. The endothelial lesions were sometimes found even before clear modifications of the Con-A surface reactive layer were apparent.", "PMID": 1026918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4335", "title": "Plasma cell alterations in ulcerative colitis. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Colon biopsies from 37 young patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated by electron microscopy with special regard to the inflammatory infiltrate of the lamina propria mucosae, which is characterized by lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. There are close topographical relations between plasma cells and other inflammatory cells. In particular, different forms of plasma cells occur, which mainly differ in shape and contents of their rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The different degrees of development and dilatation of the RER express different functional states. The frequent occurrence of Russell bodies, Mott cells and necrobiotic plasma cells is explained as a--at least partial--pathologic alteration of plasma cells in UC. In context with recently published immunohistochemical findings these observations permit the assumption of an imbalance of the local Ig-system in UC.", "contents": "Plasma cell alterations in ulcerative colitis. An electron microscopic study. Colon biopsies from 37 young patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated by electron microscopy with special regard to the inflammatory infiltrate of the lamina propria mucosae, which is characterized by lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. There are close topographical relations between plasma cells and other inflammatory cells. In particular, different forms of plasma cells occur, which mainly differ in shape and contents of their rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The different degrees of development and dilatation of the RER express different functional states. The frequent occurrence of Russell bodies, Mott cells and necrobiotic plasma cells is explained as a--at least partial--pathologic alteration of plasma cells in UC. In context with recently published immunohistochemical findings these observations permit the assumption of an imbalance of the local Ig-system in UC.", "PMID": 1026919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4336", "title": "[Genetic-physiological compatibility and karyotypes of stem nematode].", "content": "The paper presents literary and the authors own data. The potato stem eelworm Ditylenchus destructor has a set of chromosomes 2n=44-48 and does not cross with the close species D. dipsaci from onion, garlic, parsley and parsnip. Most stem eelworms of the collective species D. dipsaci have n=12 and cross with each other producing fertile progeny. Some forms of stem eelworms, e.g. those of broad beans, plantain, dandelion and falcaria are polyploid. Intraspecies and intrapopulation polymorphism according to the number of chromosomes was recorded. Some races do not cross, some cross but unilaterally, some races produce sterile, non-viable or little viable hybrids. The species D. dipsaci should be regarded not only as a complex of species but as a group of forms at different stages of intraspecies differentiation.", "contents": "[Genetic-physiological compatibility and karyotypes of stem nematode]. The paper presents literary and the authors own data. The potato stem eelworm Ditylenchus destructor has a set of chromosomes 2n=44-48 and does not cross with the close species D. dipsaci from onion, garlic, parsley and parsnip. Most stem eelworms of the collective species D. dipsaci have n=12 and cross with each other producing fertile progeny. Some forms of stem eelworms, e.g. those of broad beans, plantain, dandelion and falcaria are polyploid. Intraspecies and intrapopulation polymorphism according to the number of chromosomes was recorded. Some races do not cross, some cross but unilaterally, some races produce sterile, non-viable or little viable hybrids. The species D. dipsaci should be regarded not only as a complex of species but as a group of forms at different stages of intraspecies differentiation.", "PMID": 1026912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4337", "title": "[Tarsal gland of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)].", "content": "In the tarsi of all legs of Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Hyalomma asiaticum the multicellular gland was observed. The gland is formed by a single layer of glandular cells that form a central cavity where two ciliary structures in a cuticular (scolopoid) sheath are situated. A possible function of the gland is discussed in the article.", "contents": "[Tarsal gland of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)]. In the tarsi of all legs of Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Hyalomma asiaticum the multicellular gland was observed. The gland is formed by a single layer of glandular cells that form a central cavity where two ciliary structures in a cuticular (scolopoid) sheath are situated. A possible function of the gland is discussed in the article.", "PMID": 1026913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4338", "title": "Note on the ultrastructure of the Gu\u00e9rin T-8 transplantable tumour.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the Gu\u00e9rin tumour T-8 is described. Although this transplantable tumour has its ancestry in an uterine adenocarcinoma, there is no more evidence of gland formation. Desmosomes, or any other form of cell attachment organelle, were totally absent. The tumour has now a very anaplastic sarcomatous appearance.", "contents": "Note on the ultrastructure of the Gu\u00e9rin T-8 transplantable tumour. The ultrastructure of the Gu\u00e9rin tumour T-8 is described. Although this transplantable tumour has its ancestry in an uterine adenocarcinoma, there is no more evidence of gland formation. Desmosomes, or any other form of cell attachment organelle, were totally absent. The tumour has now a very anaplastic sarcomatous appearance.", "PMID": 1026920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4339", "title": "[Carassotrema koreanum Park, 1938 (Trematoda, Waretrematidae) and a new species of this genus from fresh water fishes of North Vietnam].", "content": "In freshwater fishes of North Viet-Nam were found representatives of the family Waretrematidae, Carassotrema koreanum and a new species of this genus, C. ginezinskajae sp. n., close to C. koreanum and differing from it in the structure and extent of yolk glands, relatively larger sizes of the pharynx and suckers, the location of spines and body shape. The described species differs from the other species of this genus, C. mugilicola, in the shape and location of testis, structure and location of yolk glands, intestine extent, size of suckers and pharynx, presence of cirrus, location of spines on the body and in other characters. Asymphylodora pavlovskajae Ha Ky, 1969 and Asymphylodora ginezinskajae Ha Ky, 1969 are reduced to synonyms of Carassotrema koreanum and C. ginezinskajae sp. n.", "contents": "[Carassotrema koreanum Park, 1938 (Trematoda, Waretrematidae) and a new species of this genus from fresh water fishes of North Vietnam]. In freshwater fishes of North Viet-Nam were found representatives of the family Waretrematidae, Carassotrema koreanum and a new species of this genus, C. ginezinskajae sp. n., close to C. koreanum and differing from it in the structure and extent of yolk glands, relatively larger sizes of the pharynx and suckers, the location of spines and body shape. The described species differs from the other species of this genus, C. mugilicola, in the shape and location of testis, structure and location of yolk glands, intestine extent, size of suckers and pharynx, presence of cirrus, location of spines on the body and in other characters. Asymphylodora pavlovskajae Ha Ky, 1969 and Asymphylodora ginezinskajae Ha Ky, 1969 are reduced to synonyms of Carassotrema koreanum and C. ginezinskajae sp. n.", "PMID": 1026914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4340", "title": "[New species of spiral nematode from the mountain tundra of Kamchatka].", "content": "A new species of nematodes, Rotylenchus alpinus sp. n., is described. The species was found in the rhizosphere of Vaccinum uliginosum and Arctous alpina from the mountain tundra of Kamchatka. It differs from the close species R. orientalis in having a higher place of entering of the oesophagal dorsal gland duct, well developed hind ovary and in having males. From R. goodeyi the species differs by a lower place of entering of the dorsal gland duct, smaller sizes of the body and gubernaculum.", "contents": "[New species of spiral nematode from the mountain tundra of Kamchatka]. A new species of nematodes, Rotylenchus alpinus sp. n., is described. The species was found in the rhizosphere of Vaccinum uliginosum and Arctous alpina from the mountain tundra of Kamchatka. It differs from the close species R. orientalis in having a higher place of entering of the oesophagal dorsal gland duct, well developed hind ovary and in having males. From R. goodeyi the species differs by a lower place of entering of the dorsal gland duct, smaller sizes of the body and gubernaculum.", "PMID": 1026915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4341", "title": "[The importance of Scotochromogenous mycobacteria in the urine].", "content": "In order to find the significance of the presence of Scotochromogenous Mycobacteria in the urine, 155 cases with this finding and without other Mycobacteria were analyzed. Most had urinary symptoms (91.6%), abnormal urine analysis (62.5%), negative urine culture (71.7%), and changes in intravenous pyelograms (89.5%). Clinical and laboratory improvement was noticed in 70% of those who received antituberculous drugs and in 30% of those who did not receive them (P less than 0.01). All of the foregoing characteristics were present in each 23 patients with repeated isolations of Scotochromogens in the urine, and could be cases of urinary-tract disease due to Scotochromogens. In other patients this Mycobacteria could coexist with M. tuberculosis, or be a contaminant, although Scotochromogens were not found in the urine of 100 control subjects, a significant difference to these patients (P less than 0.0001).", "contents": "[The importance of Scotochromogenous mycobacteria in the urine]. In order to find the significance of the presence of Scotochromogenous Mycobacteria in the urine, 155 cases with this finding and without other Mycobacteria were analyzed. Most had urinary symptoms (91.6%), abnormal urine analysis (62.5%), negative urine culture (71.7%), and changes in intravenous pyelograms (89.5%). Clinical and laboratory improvement was noticed in 70% of those who received antituberculous drugs and in 30% of those who did not receive them (P less than 0.01). All of the foregoing characteristics were present in each 23 patients with repeated isolations of Scotochromogens in the urine, and could be cases of urinary-tract disease due to Scotochromogens. In other patients this Mycobacteria could coexist with M. tuberculosis, or be a contaminant, although Scotochromogens were not found in the urine of 100 control subjects, a significant difference to these patients (P less than 0.0001).", "PMID": 1026931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4342", "title": "[Certain aspects of transformation of 21-acetate of the Reichstein substance \"S\" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis].", "content": "The transformation of acetate from the Reichstein substance \"S\" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis was studied upon a single and fractional addition of the substrate. The effect of streptomycin sulphate, Tween-80, ethanol (steroid solvent) and steroid solution on the respiratory activity of the culture was investigated upon a single and fractional addition of the steroid. During transformation the respiratory activity of the culture decreased--by the end of the process (18-20 hours) it fell 2-2.5-fold upon a single addition of the steroid (1 g/l) and by 20% upon a fractional addition of the steroid (2 g/l). In the latter case the respiratory activity dropped step-by-step if the concentration of the steroid was 1.4-1.6 g/l; simultaneously the transformation activity declined.", "contents": "[Certain aspects of transformation of 21-acetate of the Reichstein substance \"S\" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis]. The transformation of acetate from the Reichstein substance \"S\" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis was studied upon a single and fractional addition of the substrate. The effect of streptomycin sulphate, Tween-80, ethanol (steroid solvent) and steroid solution on the respiratory activity of the culture was investigated upon a single and fractional addition of the steroid. During transformation the respiratory activity of the culture decreased--by the end of the process (18-20 hours) it fell 2-2.5-fold upon a single addition of the steroid (1 g/l) and by 20% upon a fractional addition of the steroid (2 g/l). In the latter case the respiratory activity dropped step-by-step if the concentration of the steroid was 1.4-1.6 g/l; simultaneously the transformation activity declined.", "PMID": 1026935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4343", "title": "[Relationship between exoprotease activity, spore and crystal formation and virulence of bacteria of the group Bacillus thuringiensis].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to investigate the activity, spore and crystal formation and virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacteria of this group showed different exoprotease activity. Strains of one serotype differed in the level and time of occurrence of peak enzyme activity. Exoprotease activity of the bacteria cannot be indicative of their toxicity because it did not correlate with their virulence. Exoprotease activity can be used to characterize bacteria during their classification  and to determine finer differences between strains within one serotype.", "contents": "[Relationship between exoprotease activity, spore and crystal formation and virulence of bacteria of the group Bacillus thuringiensis]. Experiments were carried out to investigate the activity, spore and crystal formation and virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacteria of this group showed different exoprotease activity. Strains of one serotype differed in the level and time of occurrence of peak enzyme activity. Exoprotease activity of the bacteria cannot be indicative of their toxicity because it did not correlate with their virulence. Exoprotease activity can be used to characterize bacteria during their classification  and to determine finer differences between strains within one serotype.", "PMID": 1026937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4344", "title": "[Mass-spectrometric study of the mechanism of microbial oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde].", "content": "In order to clarify mechanisms of nicotinic acid synthesis during microbial transformation of 3-methylpyridine, microbial and spontaneous air oxygen oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde to nicotinic acid in the H218O environment was studied. It was shown that during spontaneous oxidation the label was incorporated into one atom of oxygen in the carboxylic group of nicotinic acid. During the microbial oxidation the label was equally incorporated into both atoms of oxygen in the carboxylic group of nicotinic acid. It is concluded that the mechanisms of spontaneous and microbial oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde are different. It is suggested that the possible precursor of nicotinic acid during microbial oxidation may be hydroxy-3-pyridinaldehyde.", "contents": "[Mass-spectrometric study of the mechanism of microbial oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde]. In order to clarify mechanisms of nicotinic acid synthesis during microbial transformation of 3-methylpyridine, microbial and spontaneous air oxygen oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde to nicotinic acid in the H218O environment was studied. It was shown that during spontaneous oxidation the label was incorporated into one atom of oxygen in the carboxylic group of nicotinic acid. During the microbial oxidation the label was equally incorporated into both atoms of oxygen in the carboxylic group of nicotinic acid. It is concluded that the mechanisms of spontaneous and microbial oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde are different. It is suggested that the possible precursor of nicotinic acid during microbial oxidation may be hydroxy-3-pyridinaldehyde.", "PMID": 1026938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4345", "title": "[Leukemia of plasma cells].", "content": "A case of plasma cell leukemia is reported, together with a review of the literature, including a summary of the signs, symptoms and laboratory findings usually present. The relationship of this leukemic state to ordinary multiple myeloma is discussed.", "contents": "[Leukemia of plasma cells]. A case of plasma cell leukemia is reported, together with a review of the literature, including a summary of the signs, symptoms and laboratory findings usually present. The relationship of this leukemic state to ordinary multiple myeloma is discussed.", "PMID": 1026934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4346", "title": "[Thermogenesis of mesophilic, thermotolerant and thermophilic strains of microorganisms--producers of fungal cell wall--destroying enzymes].", "content": "Investigations were carried out to clarify the relationship between thermogenesis and production of yeast wall lyzing enzymes by the mesophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis, thermotolerant strain of Actinomyces sp. II and thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10. The enzymic lyzing activity was measured in the culture liquid filtrate of those microorganisms. The thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10 showed the highest enzymic activity. The thermogenetic curves of the cultures had several inflections. The mesophilic culture of Bacillus subtilis whose enzymic lyzing activity was the lowest displayed the highest heat release.", "contents": "[Thermogenesis of mesophilic, thermotolerant and thermophilic strains of microorganisms--producers of fungal cell wall--destroying enzymes]. Investigations were carried out to clarify the relationship between thermogenesis and production of yeast wall lyzing enzymes by the mesophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis, thermotolerant strain of Actinomyces sp. II and thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10. The enzymic lyzing activity was measured in the culture liquid filtrate of those microorganisms. The thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10 showed the highest enzymic activity. The thermogenetic curves of the cultures had several inflections. The mesophilic culture of Bacillus subtilis whose enzymic lyzing activity was the lowest displayed the highest heat release.", "PMID": 1026939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4347", "title": "[Effect of porphyrins and their derivatives on biosynthesis of vitamin B 12 and the development of Propionibacterium shermanii].", "content": "The effect of uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin and their cobalt-containing derivatives on the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and development of propionibacterium shermanii was studied. The compounds under study stimulated the vitamin synthesis by growing cultures and resting suspensions of these bacteria. Cobalt porphyrins as the sole source of cobalt were used in the vitamin B12 biosynthesis. An addition of cobalt porphyrins to the growing culture of propionic bacteria increased in accumulation of their biomass. Possible mechanisms of porphyrin involvement in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and the specific role of cobalt porphyrins in the bacterial activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of porphyrins and their derivatives on biosynthesis of vitamin B 12 and the development of Propionibacterium shermanii]. The effect of uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin and their cobalt-containing derivatives on the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and development of propionibacterium shermanii was studied. The compounds under study stimulated the vitamin synthesis by growing cultures and resting suspensions of these bacteria. Cobalt porphyrins as the sole source of cobalt were used in the vitamin B12 biosynthesis. An addition of cobalt porphyrins to the growing culture of propionic bacteria increased in accumulation of their biomass. Possible mechanisms of porphyrin involvement in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and the specific role of cobalt porphyrins in the bacterial activity are discussed.", "PMID": 1026936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4348", "title": "[Purification of pancreatic kallikrein by the method of affinity chromatography].", "content": "Pancreatic Kallikrein was purified by affinity chromatography on BPTI-Sepharose. Immobilized BPTI was prepared via three stages: a) formation of the BPTI--acetylated trypsin complex; b) coupling of the resultant complex with CNBr-activated Sepharose; c) dissociation of the bound complex at pH 2.0 to yield immobilized BPTI and acetylated trypsin. The final product contained 59 X 10(-3) micronmoles insolubilized BPTI/ml Sepharose. Trypsin occurring in commercial Kallikrein preparations was separated by the batch procedure with ovomucoid-Sepharose. This method allows 100-fold purification of commercial Kallikrein.", "contents": "[Purification of pancreatic kallikrein by the method of affinity chromatography]. Pancreatic Kallikrein was purified by affinity chromatography on BPTI-Sepharose. Immobilized BPTI was prepared via three stages: a) formation of the BPTI--acetylated trypsin complex; b) coupling of the resultant complex with CNBr-activated Sepharose; c) dissociation of the bound complex at pH 2.0 to yield immobilized BPTI and acetylated trypsin. The final product contained 59 X 10(-3) micronmoles insolubilized BPTI/ml Sepharose. Trypsin occurring in commercial Kallikrein preparations was separated by the batch procedure with ovomucoid-Sepharose. This method allows 100-fold purification of commercial Kallikrein.", "PMID": 1026941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4349", "title": "[New strain of methylotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas oleovorans--a polysaccharide producer].", "content": "A new strain of facultative-methylotrophic bacteria was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas oleovorans. The culture grew on the methanol-containing medium (up to 6%). In addition to methanol, bacterial growth was provided by different organic acids, multicarbon alcohols and carbohydrates. During growth bacteria synthesized extracellular polysaccharide (up to 400 mg/ml). The compound included glucose, galactose and xylose.", "contents": "[New strain of methylotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas oleovorans--a polysaccharide producer]. A new strain of facultative-methylotrophic bacteria was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas oleovorans. The culture grew on the methanol-containing medium (up to 6%). In addition to methanol, bacterial growth was provided by different organic acids, multicarbon alcohols and carbohydrates. During growth bacteria synthesized extracellular polysaccharide (up to 400 mg/ml). The compound included glucose, galactose and xylose.", "PMID": 1026940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4350", "title": "[Modification of the spectrophotometric method of determination of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal in enzymatic preparations].", "content": "In quantitative measurements of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal in enzymes routinely used phenylhydrasine was substituted for 4-nitrophenylhydrasine. This increased the sensitivity of the method by 70%. The modified procedure had another advantage: it allowed measurements of the optic density of resulting 4-nitrophenylhydrasones at 430 nm for acid solutions and at 550 nm for alkaline solutions.", "contents": "[Modification of the spectrophotometric method of determination of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal in enzymatic preparations]. In quantitative measurements of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal in enzymes routinely used phenylhydrasine was substituted for 4-nitrophenylhydrasine. This increased the sensitivity of the method by 70%. The modified procedure had another advantage: it allowed measurements of the optic density of resulting 4-nitrophenylhydrasones at 430 nm for acid solutions and at 550 nm for alkaline solutions.", "PMID": 1026943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4351", "title": "[Isolation of iodine-protein components from sea algae].", "content": "The isolation of iodorganic compounds from the Black Sea red alga Phyllophora nervosa and its by-products obtained from industrial treatment was investigated. The algal biomass was pressed to remove alkali, subjected to 5-10 min treatment with 11-12% sodium hydrate, and drying at 125-130 degrees C and washed to yield 95% iodine and over 80% proteins. Iodine was found to be bound with protein of Phyllophora. Properties of the isolated iodine-peptide fractions were studied.", "contents": "[Isolation of iodine-protein components from sea algae]. The isolation of iodorganic compounds from the Black Sea red alga Phyllophora nervosa and its by-products obtained from industrial treatment was investigated. The algal biomass was pressed to remove alkali, subjected to 5-10 min treatment with 11-12% sodium hydrate, and drying at 125-130 degrees C and washed to yield 95% iodine and over 80% proteins. Iodine was found to be bound with protein of Phyllophora. Properties of the isolated iodine-peptide fractions were studied.", "PMID": 1026942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4352", "title": "[Model for a sociopsychiatric out-patient clinic? (author's transl)].", "content": "In the psychiatric social services of the Public Health Departments in Berlin (Charlottenburg, Spandau, Kreuzberg), data concerning the clients, the work of the coworkers and the quality of client care were collected. More than 80% of the clients of the psychiatric social service suffer from severe psychiatric disturbances: alcoholism, psychiatric geriatric illness and schizophrenia. This diagnosis range  differs significantly from that of the physicians in a private practice. Competition, therefore, does not exist between the psychiatric social services and the psychiatrists in a private practice. --The coworkers of the social istuation (housing, profession, salary and social contacts) to be poor for every second (to third) client and unfavorable for the course of the disease. Psychiatric social care in the areas of medicine, nursing and welfare as well as the coordination of the care was evaluated as unsatisfactory for every second (to third) client. --Dor social workers and physicians, the percentage of direct patient-oriented activity was about 45%, the percentage of indirect patient-oriented activity was about 55%, about 40% of the work-time was used for administration. An improvement in the organization could free more work-time for meaningful activity. --The psychiatric social services fulfill an important function for out-patient care, particularly for the severly mentally disturbed. The existing gaps in client care cannot begin to be closed by just expanding the psychiatric social services in terms of personnel in the Public Health Department. Extensive structural changes must also be made in regard to psychiatric care.", "contents": "[Model for a sociopsychiatric out-patient clinic? (author's transl)]. In the psychiatric social services of the Public Health Departments in Berlin (Charlottenburg, Spandau, Kreuzberg), data concerning the clients, the work of the coworkers and the quality of client care were collected. More than 80% of the clients of the psychiatric social service suffer from severe psychiatric disturbances: alcoholism, psychiatric geriatric illness and schizophrenia. This diagnosis range  differs significantly from that of the physicians in a private practice. Competition, therefore, does not exist between the psychiatric social services and the psychiatrists in a private practice. --The coworkers of the social istuation (housing, profession, salary and social contacts) to be poor for every second (to third) client and unfavorable for the course of the disease. Psychiatric social care in the areas of medicine, nursing and welfare as well as the coordination of the care was evaluated as unsatisfactory for every second (to third) client. --Dor social workers and physicians, the percentage of direct patient-oriented activity was about 45%, the percentage of indirect patient-oriented activity was about 55%, about 40% of the work-time was used for administration. An improvement in the organization could free more work-time for meaningful activity. --The psychiatric social services fulfill an important function for out-patient care, particularly for the severly mentally disturbed. The existing gaps in client care cannot begin to be closed by just expanding the psychiatric social services in terms of personnel in the Public Health Department. Extensive structural changes must also be made in regard to psychiatric care.", "PMID": 1027016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4353", "title": "[Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of various in vitro tests for the study of thyroid performance (author's transl)].", "content": "Discriminating analysis was employed in an evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of individual in vitro tests of thyroid performance (T3 resin uptake, T4, FTI, ETR) and PB131I determination, and their combinations, when used for the differentiation of euthyroid, Basedow hyperthyroid, hyperfunctioning autonomous adenoma, and hypothyroid cases. The results are discussed with reference to optimization of the data: radiation dose ratio.", "contents": "[Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of various in vitro tests for the study of thyroid performance (author's transl)]. Discriminating analysis was employed in an evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of individual in vitro tests of thyroid performance (T3 resin uptake, T4, FTI, ETR) and PB131I determination, and their combinations, when used for the differentiation of euthyroid, Basedow hyperthyroid, hyperfunctioning autonomous adenoma, and hypothyroid cases. The results are discussed with reference to optimization of the data: radiation dose ratio.", "PMID": 1027046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4354", "title": "[Sialography and scintigraphy in salivary pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "58 cases of salivary glands pathology were investigated by means of sialography and scintigraphy in order to compare these methods. The usefulness of this association is discussed and a number of significant cases are presented.", "contents": "[Sialography and scintigraphy in salivary pathology (author's transl)]. 58 cases of salivary glands pathology were investigated by means of sialography and scintigraphy in order to compare these methods. The usefulness of this association is discussed and a number of significant cases are presented.", "PMID": 1027047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4355", "title": "[Angioscintigraphy with gammacamera in vascular pathology of the encephalon (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial angioscintigraphy with 99mTc-pertecnetate and gamma camera was carried out in more than 500 cases of cerebropathies with various but prevalently vascular pathogenesis. Pictures are described and discussed with reference to the differential diagnosis, and a number of significant cases are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Angioscintigraphy with gammacamera in vascular pathology of the encephalon (author's transl)]. Serial angioscintigraphy with 99mTc-pertecnetate and gamma camera was carried out in more than 500 cases of cerebropathies with various but prevalently vascular pathogenesis. Pictures are described and discussed with reference to the differential diagnosis, and a number of significant cases are reported in detail.", "PMID": 1027048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4356", "title": "[67Ga scintiscanning in the diagnosis of lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The results observed with 67Ga scintiscanning in 101 cases of lung disease are presented and discussed in relation to the final diagnosis, and hence the reliability of the examination.", "contents": "[67Ga scintiscanning in the diagnosis of lung diseases (author's transl)]. The results observed with 67Ga scintiscanning in 101 cases of lung disease are presented and discussed in relation to the final diagnosis, and hence the reliability of the examination.", "PMID": 1027049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4357", "title": "[133Xe functional evaluation of the lung in obstructive syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "124 patients with obstructive broncho-pulmonary syndromes have bzen studied with 133Xe moving scanning. The method and the results are described; 5 cases are reported in detail.", "contents": "[133Xe functional evaluation of the lung in obstructive syndromes (author's transl)]. 124 patients with obstructive broncho-pulmonary syndromes have bzen studied with 133Xe moving scanning. The method and the results are described; 5 cases are reported in detail.", "PMID": 1027050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4358", "title": "[Diagnostic possibilities of scintigraphy with radiocholesterol (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphy of the suprarenal glands with 131I-iodocholesterol has been performed by means of a linear scanner or gamma-camera in 56 subjects. The results are presented and discussed and some cases are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Diagnostic possibilities of scintigraphy with radiocholesterol (author's transl)]. Scintigraphy of the suprarenal glands with 131I-iodocholesterol has been performed by means of a linear scanner or gamma-camera in 56 subjects. The results are presented and discussed and some cases are reported in detail.", "PMID": 1027051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4359", "title": "[First attempt at evaluating the overall risk induced in the diagnostic use of radionuclides (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt to evaluate the total radiation risk caused by the diagnostic use of radionuclides was made. The estimate was based on the calculation of the genetically significant dose the mean dose in the bone marrow and the dose in the whole body and in the organs which accumulate the radionuclides. The statistical data were furnished by the nuclear medicine service of the Province of Varese.", "contents": "[First attempt at evaluating the overall risk induced in the diagnostic use of radionuclides (author's transl)]. An attempt to evaluate the total radiation risk caused by the diagnostic use of radionuclides was made. The estimate was based on the calculation of the genetically significant dose the mean dose in the bone marrow and the dose in the whole body and in the organs which accumulate the radionuclides. The statistical data were furnished by the nuclear medicine service of the Province of Varese.", "PMID": 1027052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4360", "title": "Changes in cell age cohort composition of tumors and normal tissues by radiation and chemotherapy.", "content": "The cell cycle is now known to be important in normal and tumor tissue and to be altered by a variety of states and therapies. The fact that there is considerable normal variation in cell ages or age cohorts present in both normal and tumor tissues has only recently been widely appreciated. These differ in normal, malignant, young and adult tissues. They are also greatly perturbed by radiation or chemotherapeutic injury. How to combine multi-modality therapy to optimize tumor control using available agents while sparing normal tissues is a problem for the future of cancer therapy and radiation oncology.", "contents": "Changes in cell age cohort composition of tumors and normal tissues by radiation and chemotherapy. The cell cycle is now known to be important in normal and tumor tissue and to be altered by a variety of states and therapies. The fact that there is considerable normal variation in cell ages or age cohorts present in both normal and tumor tissues has only recently been widely appreciated. These differ in normal, malignant, young and adult tissues. They are also greatly perturbed by radiation or chemotherapeutic injury. How to combine multi-modality therapy to optimize tumor control using available agents while sparing normal tissues is a problem for the future of cancer therapy and radiation oncology.", "PMID": 1027055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4361", "title": "The esophagus in collagen disease. Radiologic findings.", "content": "A prospective cineradiographic and manometric study of pharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction was performed in 54 patients with rigidly defined scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cineradiography was inaccurate in pharyngeal dysfunctions specific for polymyositis. Manometry was an accurate but insensitive test. Manometry was also significantly more accurate than cineradiography in identifying patients with smooth muscle dysfunction (scleroderma). Cineradiographic finding of absent esophageal peristalsis accurately identified patients with scleroderma but it identified only a small percentage (33 percent). Cineradiography finding of diminished esophageal peristalsis was found in scleroderma (23 percent), polymyositis, (30 percent), and SLE (11 percent) and has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is a non specific finding suggestive of collagen vascular disease rather than specific for scleroderms.", "contents": "The esophagus in collagen disease. Radiologic findings. A prospective cineradiographic and manometric study of pharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction was performed in 54 patients with rigidly defined scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cineradiography was inaccurate in pharyngeal dysfunctions specific for polymyositis. Manometry was an accurate but insensitive test. Manometry was also significantly more accurate than cineradiography in identifying patients with smooth muscle dysfunction (scleroderma). Cineradiographic finding of absent esophageal peristalsis accurately identified patients with scleroderma but it identified only a small percentage (33 percent). Cineradiography finding of diminished esophageal peristalsis was found in scleroderma (23 percent), polymyositis, (30 percent), and SLE (11 percent) and has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is a non specific finding suggestive of collagen vascular disease rather than specific for scleroderms.", "PMID": 1027057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4362", "title": "The decline and early fall of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage.", "content": "Seven years' experience (1965-1972) with neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage at the University of Colorado was reviewed. Pulmonary hemorrhage still occurs frequently as a preterminal event in hyaline membrane disease. As an isolated \"pure\" entity, however, pulmonary hemorrhage has shown a marked decline. This phenomenon is probably related to advances in neonatal intensive care. The radiographic pattern of \"pure\" pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn is most commonly a diffuse alveolar infiltrate. Since pure hemorrhage is now an uncommon entity, the radiologist can reasonably suggest this diagnosis on rare occasions only, in the clinical setting of profound hypoxia.", "contents": "The decline and early fall of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage. Seven years' experience (1965-1972) with neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage at the University of Colorado was reviewed. Pulmonary hemorrhage still occurs frequently as a preterminal event in hyaline membrane disease. As an isolated \"pure\" entity, however, pulmonary hemorrhage has shown a marked decline. This phenomenon is probably related to advances in neonatal intensive care. The radiographic pattern of \"pure\" pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn is most commonly a diffuse alveolar infiltrate. Since pure hemorrhage is now an uncommon entity, the radiologist can reasonably suggest this diagnosis on rare occasions only, in the clinical setting of profound hypoxia.", "PMID": 1027059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4363", "title": "Complete interruption of the aorta in Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "A patient is presented who lived to age 60 with complete interruption of the aorta associated with Noonan's syndrome. On chest x-ray there were calcified mediastinal masses and bilateral rib notching. Angiography demonstrated complete interruption of the aorta with markedly dilated tortuous intercostal arteries. The roentgenographic studies are correlated with the surgical and pathological findings. Noonan's syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Complete interruption of the aorta in Noonan's syndrome. A patient is presented who lived to age 60 with complete interruption of the aorta associated with Noonan's syndrome. On chest x-ray there were calcified mediastinal masses and bilateral rib notching. Angiography demonstrated complete interruption of the aorta with markedly dilated tortuous intercostal arteries. The roentgenographic studies are correlated with the surgical and pathological findings. Noonan's syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 1027060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4364", "title": "Neoplastic involvement of terminal digits masquerading clinically as benign disease.", "content": "Two patients with primary and four with metastatic distal phalangeal lesions in whom a wrong diagnosis of benign disease was initially made are presented with a brief review of the literature and a discussion of the clinico-radiographic features. Primary phalangeal lesions may be either epidermoid carcinoma or malignant melanoma are are often confused with paronychia, while most metastatic lesions are due to pulmonary or breast cancer and simulate a felon clinically. Primary nail bed lesions are characterized radiographically by external cortical erosions; metastatic lesions tend to show a diffuse demineralization and extensive destruction of the whole digit.", "contents": "Neoplastic involvement of terminal digits masquerading clinically as benign disease. Two patients with primary and four with metastatic distal phalangeal lesions in whom a wrong diagnosis of benign disease was initially made are presented with a brief review of the literature and a discussion of the clinico-radiographic features. Primary phalangeal lesions may be either epidermoid carcinoma or malignant melanoma are are often confused with paronychia, while most metastatic lesions are due to pulmonary or breast cancer and simulate a felon clinically. Primary nail bed lesions are characterized radiographically by external cortical erosions; metastatic lesions tend to show a diffuse demineralization and extensive destruction of the whole digit.", "PMID": 1027061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4365", "title": "Evaluation of intracranial aneurysms by computed tomography.", "content": "Useful information has been gained by review of eight cases of intracranial aneurysm demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and correlation with cerebral angiograms. The angiograms demonstrated one or multiple aneurysms, the precise location of the aneurysm, and presence of arterial spasm. The CT scan can delineate the full size of the aneurysm when the sac has been partially obliterated by thrombus, the presence of hematoma, infarction, hydrocephalus, and intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage. These associated features are more difficult to evaluate by angiography alone.", "contents": "Evaluation of intracranial aneurysms by computed tomography. Useful information has been gained by review of eight cases of intracranial aneurysm demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and correlation with cerebral angiograms. The angiograms demonstrated one or multiple aneurysms, the precise location of the aneurysm, and presence of arterial spasm. The CT scan can delineate the full size of the aneurysm when the sac has been partially obliterated by thrombus, the presence of hematoma, infarction, hydrocephalus, and intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage. These associated features are more difficult to evaluate by angiography alone.", "PMID": 1027062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4366", "title": "Radiographic evaluation of patency of interposition mesocaval shunts.", "content": "The technique of side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis with the interposition of a prosthetic graft was described in 1970. We report the result of venographic evaluation of patency of this type of shunt in our patients. Demonstration of an unoccluded graft; resistance to retrograde injection of dye against the blood stream into the superior mesenteric vein; rapid clearing of dye from superior mesenteric vein following injection and \"lamellar flow defect\" in the vena cava above the site of anastomosis during vena cavogram, were considered criteria of patency of the interposition mesocaval shunt.", "contents": "Radiographic evaluation of patency of interposition mesocaval shunts. The technique of side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis with the interposition of a prosthetic graft was described in 1970. We report the result of venographic evaluation of patency of this type of shunt in our patients. Demonstration of an unoccluded graft; resistance to retrograde injection of dye against the blood stream into the superior mesenteric vein; rapid clearing of dye from superior mesenteric vein following injection and \"lamellar flow defect\" in the vena cava above the site of anastomosis during vena cavogram, were considered criteria of patency of the interposition mesocaval shunt.", "PMID": 1027063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4367", "title": "Percutaneous cholangiography with the Chiba University needle: a new, safe, and accurate method in the diagnosis of cholestatic syndromes.", "content": "A modified technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography utilizing the Chiba University needle is described. This new technique employs injection of dye through a thin flexible 22 gauge needle with a short bevel while it is slowly withdrawn under a fluoroscopic monitoring. The results of several investigators are reviewed and indicate that failure to visualize the biliary radicals with the Chiba University needle virtually rules out extrahepatic obstruction. It is anticipated that this technique will replace the traditional sheathed needle cholangiography as a diagnostic modality in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient.", "contents": "Percutaneous cholangiography with the Chiba University needle: a new, safe, and accurate method in the diagnosis of cholestatic syndromes. A modified technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography utilizing the Chiba University needle is described. This new technique employs injection of dye through a thin flexible 22 gauge needle with a short bevel while it is slowly withdrawn under a fluoroscopic monitoring. The results of several investigators are reviewed and indicate that failure to visualize the biliary radicals with the Chiba University needle virtually rules out extrahepatic obstruction. It is anticipated that this technique will replace the traditional sheathed needle cholangiography as a diagnostic modality in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient.", "PMID": 1027064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4368", "title": "Radiologic differential diagnosis. Radiologic pattern: solitary cavity.", "content": "The differential diagnosis of a left lower lobe cavity in this young patient with a history of productive cough should include hiatal hernia, pulmonary abscess, bronchiectatic cyst and bronchopulmonary sequestration. Hiatal hernia should be ruled out by barium swallow; acute pulmonary abscess by the lack of a history suggestive of a necrotizing pneumonia; bronchiectasis by bronchogram; and intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration should be confirmed by aortography.", "contents": "Radiologic differential diagnosis. Radiologic pattern: solitary cavity. The differential diagnosis of a left lower lobe cavity in this young patient with a history of productive cough should include hiatal hernia, pulmonary abscess, bronchiectatic cyst and bronchopulmonary sequestration. Hiatal hernia should be ruled out by barium swallow; acute pulmonary abscess by the lack of a history suggestive of a necrotizing pneumonia; bronchiectasis by bronchogram; and intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration should be confirmed by aortography.", "PMID": 1027065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4369", "title": "The normal axial relationship of the wrist.", "content": "The normal axial relationship of 360 wrists was measured. The results differ from those previously published in the radiological literature. The difference may be explained by the small series' size or inadequate technical criteria used in previous studies.", "contents": "The normal axial relationship of the wrist. The normal axial relationship of 360 wrists was measured. The results differ from those previously published in the radiological literature. The difference may be explained by the small series' size or inadequate technical criteria used in previous studies.", "PMID": 1027066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4370", "title": "[Carcinoid tumor associated with osteoblastic metastasis and Cushing's syndrome].", "content": "This paper tries to group previous ideas related to: 1. The high possibility of metastatic disease to bone from carcinoid tumor to show a blastic pattern. 2. Cushing's syndrome can be secondary to non endocrine neoplasms. Both of these entities were present in the case being discussed which had a metastatic carcinoid but the primary site was not established.", "contents": "[Carcinoid tumor associated with osteoblastic metastasis and Cushing's syndrome]. This paper tries to group previous ideas related to: 1. The high possibility of metastatic disease to bone from carcinoid tumor to show a blastic pattern. 2. Cushing's syndrome can be secondary to non endocrine neoplasms. Both of these entities were present in the case being discussed which had a metastatic carcinoid but the primary site was not established.", "PMID": 1027067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4371", "title": "The masquerading effect of Paget's disease.", "content": "The record and roentgen findings in a patient with Paget's disease with coexisting multiple myeloma have been presented. Their rare or even unique association is recorded to refresh ones recollection that patients with Paget's disease may be host to a second disease, which if recognized, may be of inestimable profit to the medical care and comfort of the patient.", "contents": "The masquerading effect of Paget's disease. The record and roentgen findings in a patient with Paget's disease with coexisting multiple myeloma have been presented. Their rare or even unique association is recorded to refresh ones recollection that patients with Paget's disease may be host to a second disease, which if recognized, may be of inestimable profit to the medical care and comfort of the patient.", "PMID": 1027068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4372", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma in bone: a case report with unusual radiographic findings and an abnormal radioisotope scan.", "content": "The authors present a case report of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the bones of the forearm, wrist, and hand. Typical features of rarefaction, osteoporosis, cysts, and cortical erosions were present. Rarely seen changes of a bubbly expansion of the lesions and periosteal reaction were also present. This is the first radioisotope bone scan reported in Kaposi's sarcoma to the author's knowledge. The literature about osseous manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma is reviewed.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma in bone: a case report with unusual radiographic findings and an abnormal radioisotope scan. The authors present a case report of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the bones of the forearm, wrist, and hand. Typical features of rarefaction, osteoporosis, cysts, and cortical erosions were present. Rarely seen changes of a bubbly expansion of the lesions and periosteal reaction were also present. This is the first radioisotope bone scan reported in Kaposi's sarcoma to the author's knowledge. The literature about osseous manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma is reviewed.", "PMID": 1027070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4373", "title": "An argument for epinephrine renal arteriography in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Two cases are presented where the diagnosis would have been missed or would have been very difficult with selective angiography only; the use of the epinephrine technique made these renal cell carcinomas obvious. The authors feel that epinephrine should be used in the presence of all renal masses to exclude or confirm the presence of renal cell carcinoma if this is not already obvious by selective arteriography alone.", "contents": "An argument for epinephrine renal arteriography in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Two cases are presented where the diagnosis would have been missed or would have been very difficult with selective angiography only; the use of the epinephrine technique made these renal cell carcinomas obvious. The authors feel that epinephrine should be used in the presence of all renal masses to exclude or confirm the presence of renal cell carcinoma if this is not already obvious by selective arteriography alone.", "PMID": 1027071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4374", "title": "Theoretical considerations in the use of contrast media for computed cranial tomography.", "content": "The impressive results obtained by the use of iodinated contrast media, particularly when administered by drip infusion technique, led us to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the method. An originally non-invasive examination has progressively evolved into a quasiinvasive examination in the majority of cases, and our results appear to justify such a trend.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations in the use of contrast media for computed cranial tomography. The impressive results obtained by the use of iodinated contrast media, particularly when administered by drip infusion technique, led us to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the method. An originally non-invasive examination has progressively evolved into a quasiinvasive examination in the majority of cases, and our results appear to justify such a trend.", "PMID": 1027072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4375", "title": "A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis.", "content": "The 1975 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis was caused by the return of S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24). The clinical manifestations of cases seen in the recent epidemic were similar to those seen during the 1970 epidemic caused by S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24) and the 1971 epidemic caused by S.E.C. 1971 virus (entero-virus type 70). In our opinion, both the S.E.C. 1970 VIRUS (CA24) and S.E.C. 1971 virus (enterovirus type 70) are equally important causes of epidemics of acute conjunctivitis more commonly known as the  \"Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis\". Although these two enteroviruses affect mainly the eye, apart from conjunctival secretions, they could be transmitted in respiratory droplets and faeces. The authors would prefer to retain the term \"Picornavirus Epidemic Conjunctivitis\" to denote infection by S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24) and S.E.C. 1971 virus (enterovirus type 70).", "contents": "A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis. The 1975 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis was caused by the return of S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24). The clinical manifestations of cases seen in the recent epidemic were similar to those seen during the 1970 epidemic caused by S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24) and the 1971 epidemic caused by S.E.C. 1971 virus (entero-virus type 70). In our opinion, both the S.E.C. 1970 VIRUS (CA24) and S.E.C. 1971 virus (enterovirus type 70) are equally important causes of epidemics of acute conjunctivitis more commonly known as the  \"Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis\". Although these two enteroviruses affect mainly the eye, apart from conjunctival secretions, they could be transmitted in respiratory droplets and faeces. The authors would prefer to retain the term \"Picornavirus Epidemic Conjunctivitis\" to denote infection by S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24) and S.E.C. 1971 virus (enterovirus type 70).", "PMID": 1027096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4376", "title": "Acquired toxoplasmosis in Malaysia.", "content": "Two cases of acquired toxoplasmosis in asymptomatic Malaysian patients are described. In both instances the diagnosis was first made on the finding of the Piringer-Kuchinka reaction in excised lymph nodes from these patients and serological studies further confirmed the presence of hihg toxoplasmic antibody titres. The characteristic histological features of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis are discussed. Diagnosis and management of the disease are briefly reviewed with emphasis that the importance of diagnosing this disease goes beyond the establishment of a mostly self-limiting, clinically unimportant protozoan infection.", "contents": "Acquired toxoplasmosis in Malaysia. Two cases of acquired toxoplasmosis in asymptomatic Malaysian patients are described. In both instances the diagnosis was first made on the finding of the Piringer-Kuchinka reaction in excised lymph nodes from these patients and serological studies further confirmed the presence of hihg toxoplasmic antibody titres. The characteristic histological features of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis are discussed. Diagnosis and management of the disease are briefly reviewed with emphasis that the importance of diagnosing this disease goes beyond the establishment of a mostly self-limiting, clinically unimportant protozoan infection.", "PMID": 1027097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4377", "title": "A study of the noise hazard in selected industries in the Philippines.", "content": "A study was made to evaluate the noise hazard in certain industries of the country. Evaluation was made by measuring the noise levels at the work sites of different establishments and the hearing acuity of workers in the textile mill and the steel plant. It was found that noise levels were quite high varying from 86 to 119 decibels. Most of the energies of noise were centered in the middle and high frequencies denoting potential danger to the hearing apparatus. Audiometric results revealed hearing losses for workers exposed to excessive noise even when corrected for age. This suggests that the hearing defects were noise-induced. As a consequence of the results it is necessary for the industries surveyed to institute hearing conservation programs to protect the health and welfare of the workers.", "contents": "A study of the noise hazard in selected industries in the Philippines. A study was made to evaluate the noise hazard in certain industries of the country. Evaluation was made by measuring the noise levels at the work sites of different establishments and the hearing acuity of workers in the textile mill and the steel plant. It was found that noise levels were quite high varying from 86 to 119 decibels. Most of the energies of noise were centered in the middle and high frequencies denoting potential danger to the hearing apparatus. Audiometric results revealed hearing losses for workers exposed to excessive noise even when corrected for age. This suggests that the hearing defects were noise-induced. As a consequence of the results it is necessary for the industries surveyed to institute hearing conservation programs to protect the health and welfare of the workers.", "PMID": 1027098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4378", "title": "Experimental attempts to induce ocular infection in cats with subperiodic Brugia malayi.", "content": "In an attempt to determine whether the finding of human ocular lesions due to B. malayi was due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, cats were infected via ocular instillation, subconjunctival inoculation, subcutaneous inoculation around and infective mosquito bites over the eyes. Although no conjunctival lesion was seen patent infections were produced via ocular instillation, subconjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation of infective larvae. Adult worms were also recovered from periorbital tissues. Adult worms were localized mainly in the lymphatic system of the head and neck regions of the cat. The results show that the conjunctival lesions seen in humans could be due to the site of bite of the mosquito and thus the entry of the infective larvae.", "contents": "Experimental attempts to induce ocular infection in cats with subperiodic Brugia malayi. In an attempt to determine whether the finding of human ocular lesions due to B. malayi was due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, cats were infected via ocular instillation, subconjunctival inoculation, subcutaneous inoculation around and infective mosquito bites over the eyes. Although no conjunctival lesion was seen patent infections were produced via ocular instillation, subconjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation of infective larvae. Adult worms were also recovered from periorbital tissues. Adult worms were localized mainly in the lymphatic system of the head and neck regions of the cat. The results show that the conjunctival lesions seen in humans could be due to the site of bite of the mosquito and thus the entry of the infective larvae.", "PMID": 1027103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4379", "title": "Growth and localization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the molluscan host, Achatina fulica.", "content": "The development of the rat lung worm  Angiostrongylus cantonensis within the giant African snail Achatina fulica is reported. In this host, ingested first stage larvae penetrate the intestinal wall into the hemocoel and migrate to the mantle where they undergo two molts and become third stage larvae within 24 days. The mantle, harboring 85% of the total number recovered is the major location of infective larvae. The kidney contains about 11% but few larvae are found in the remaining visceral organs. Host response consists of encapsulation; destruction by means of phagocytosis was not observed.", "contents": "Growth and localization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the molluscan host, Achatina fulica. The development of the rat lung worm  Angiostrongylus cantonensis within the giant African snail Achatina fulica is reported. In this host, ingested first stage larvae penetrate the intestinal wall into the hemocoel and migrate to the mantle where they undergo two molts and become third stage larvae within 24 days. The mantle, harboring 85% of the total number recovered is the major location of infective larvae. The kidney contains about 11% but few larvae are found in the remaining visceral organs. Host response consists of encapsulation; destruction by means of phagocytosis was not observed.", "PMID": 1027104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4380", "title": "The freshwater snail lymnaea rubiginosa as an experimental host of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis: a preliminary report.", "content": "Preliminary studies have shown that Lymnaea rubiginosa, a common fresh-water snail in Peninsular Malaysia, which is easily colonized and reared in the laboratory, is a capable experimental intermediate host for Angiostrongylus malaysiensis. Overall 73% of the snails tested became infected following 6 hours exposure to infective rat faeces. Higher infection rates, up to 100%, and heavier worm loads, occurred among the larger sized snails. Snail attrition was low except when very heavy worm loads were acquired.", "contents": "The freshwater snail lymnaea rubiginosa as an experimental host of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis: a preliminary report. Preliminary studies have shown that Lymnaea rubiginosa, a common fresh-water snail in Peninsular Malaysia, which is easily colonized and reared in the laboratory, is a capable experimental intermediate host for Angiostrongylus malaysiensis. Overall 73% of the snails tested became infected following 6 hours exposure to infective rat faeces. Higher infection rates, up to 100%, and heavier worm loads, occurred among the larger sized snails. Snail attrition was low except when very heavy worm loads were acquired.", "PMID": 1027105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4381", "title": "The bandicoot rat, a new host record for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Indonesia.", "content": "A survey for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in possible definitive and intermediate hosts was conducted in Ancol, Jakarta. Adult worms were found in 43% of bandicoot rats, Bandicota indica setifera, in 14% of Rattus rattus diardii and 36% of the Achatina fulica were infected with larval forms of the parasite. The finding of the parasite in the bandicoot rat constitutes a new host record for Indonesia.", "contents": "The bandicoot rat, a new host record for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Indonesia. A survey for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in possible definitive and intermediate hosts was conducted in Ancol, Jakarta. Adult worms were found in 43% of bandicoot rats, Bandicota indica setifera, in 14% of Rattus rattus diardii and 36% of the Achatina fulica were infected with larval forms of the parasite. The finding of the parasite in the bandicoot rat constitutes a new host record for Indonesia.", "PMID": 1027106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4382", "title": "Morphology of Ancylostoma buckleyi Le Roux and Biocca, 1957 in dogs from Cairns, North Queensland, Australia.", "content": "Ancylostoma buckleyi was found in dogs in Cairns, North Queensland, Australia. Worms were small, whitish, males 10.25-10.89 mm in length; females 12.65-14.96 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel shaped. There were three pairs of ventral teeth and two pairs of dorso-lateral teeth. Spicules were simple and equal, 0.71-0.73 mm in length. Gubernaculum was shaped like a cricket bat, the widest part in the posterior half. The bursa was well developed, the ratio between posterolateral-mediolateral to mediolateral-externolateral was 1:1. The inner branches of the dorsal rays were partially fused. Tail of the femaleworm was 0.22-0.23 mm in length and conical.", "contents": "Morphology of Ancylostoma buckleyi Le Roux and Biocca, 1957 in dogs from Cairns, North Queensland, Australia. Ancylostoma buckleyi was found in dogs in Cairns, North Queensland, Australia. Worms were small, whitish, males 10.25-10.89 mm in length; females 12.65-14.96 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel shaped. There were three pairs of ventral teeth and two pairs of dorso-lateral teeth. Spicules were simple and equal, 0.71-0.73 mm in length. Gubernaculum was shaped like a cricket bat, the widest part in the posterior half. The bursa was well developed, the ratio between posterolateral-mediolateral to mediolateral-externolateral was 1:1. The inner branches of the dorsal rays were partially fused. Tail of the femaleworm was 0.22-0.23 mm in length and conical.", "PMID": 1027107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4383", "title": "Schistosomiasis japonica in field rats in Leyte, Philippines.", "content": "Approximately 73% of wild caught field rats were found infected with schistosomiasis japonica as revealed by the finding of eggs in liver sections; 49% of rats showed eggs in histological sections of the large intestine and about 13% showed eggs in their stools. Male rats appear to have higher schistosomiasis infection rate then female rats and that rats caught from endemic areas with smooth or normal looking livers do not necessarily mean that they are not infected with schistosomiasis. Examination for miracidia using only 2-3 pellets of field rat's stool by Faust-Meleney egg hatching technique revealed that 58% of them were positive with a mean of 5 miracidia per rat. A slightly lower hatchability rate was observed among laboratory infected white rats. Our figures on hatchability of Schistosoma ova are higher than those obtained by Pesigan and his co-workers probably because we used freshly collected rat faeces.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis japonica in field rats in Leyte, Philippines. Approximately 73% of wild caught field rats were found infected with schistosomiasis japonica as revealed by the finding of eggs in liver sections; 49% of rats showed eggs in histological sections of the large intestine and about 13% showed eggs in their stools. Male rats appear to have higher schistosomiasis infection rate then female rats and that rats caught from endemic areas with smooth or normal looking livers do not necessarily mean that they are not infected with schistosomiasis. Examination for miracidia using only 2-3 pellets of field rat's stool by Faust-Meleney egg hatching technique revealed that 58% of them were positive with a mean of 5 miracidia per rat. A slightly lower hatchability rate was observed among laboratory infected white rats. Our figures on hatchability of Schistosoma ova are higher than those obtained by Pesigan and his co-workers probably because we used freshly collected rat faeces.", "PMID": 1027108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4384", "title": "Control of Culex pipiens fatigans(W) by the larvivorous fish Poecillia reticulata and by removal of debris from the breeding habitat.", "content": "Twice weekly removal of floating debris from two polluted ponds in Bangkok resulted in 75% reduction of immature populations of C.p. fatigans for seven weeks. Subsequent introduction of the guppy Poecilia reticulata at 10 fish per m2 further reduced the aquatic population to 2% of the pretreatment level during 12 weeks. When debris removal was discontinued, partial recovery of the larval density was observed. When fish were introduced in a plot without prior debris removal, there was no reduction of the mosquito population, and when only part of the debris was removed from one plot, the reduction was immediate.", "contents": "Control of Culex pipiens fatigans(W) by the larvivorous fish Poecillia reticulata and by removal of debris from the breeding habitat. Twice weekly removal of floating debris from two polluted ponds in Bangkok resulted in 75% reduction of immature populations of C.p. fatigans for seven weeks. Subsequent introduction of the guppy Poecilia reticulata at 10 fish per m2 further reduced the aquatic population to 2% of the pretreatment level during 12 weeks. When debris removal was discontinued, partial recovery of the larval density was observed. When fish were introduced in a plot without prior debris removal, there was no reduction of the mosquito population, and when only part of the debris was removed from one plot, the reduction was immediate.", "PMID": 1027109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4385", "title": "Epidemic appearance of a new influenza strain in Asia.", "content": "An outbreak of influenza associated with increased absenteeism among school-age children occurred during May and June 1975 in Tapei, Taiwan. The virus strain has recently been shown to be antigenically similar to A/Victoria/3/75 which is now active in other areas of the Pacific.", "contents": "Epidemic appearance of a new influenza strain in Asia. An outbreak of influenza associated with increased absenteeism among school-age children occurred during May and June 1975 in Tapei, Taiwan. The virus strain has recently been shown to be antigenically similar to A/Victoria/3/75 which is now active in other areas of the Pacific.", "PMID": 1027110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4386", "title": "The effects of climatic patterns and agricultural practices on the population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Asia.", "content": "Annual population curves for C. tritaeniorhynchus are presented for representative localities distributed from Pakistan, east through Southeast Asia and the Philippines and north to Japan and Korea. In the dry temperature (Pakistan) and colder maritime climates (Japan and Korea). C. tritaeniorhynchus populations apparently overwintered as hibernating adults, while in the warmer maritime climates (Okinawa and Taiwan), gonotrophic activity and larval development continued throughout the winter months. In these climatic types, the population curves closely paralleled the annual temperature curves. In the tropical climates, however, temporal population patterns were closely related to available moisture either in the form of annual precipitation and/or rice irrigation. The extremely variable environmental conditions tolerated C. tritaeniorhynchus throughout its distribution attests to the physiological and ecological plasticity of this species and suggests that further ecological and genetic studies may reveal marked clinical variances among selected biological parameters.", "contents": "The effects of climatic patterns and agricultural practices on the population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Asia. Annual population curves for C. tritaeniorhynchus are presented for representative localities distributed from Pakistan, east through Southeast Asia and the Philippines and north to Japan and Korea. In the dry temperature (Pakistan) and colder maritime climates (Japan and Korea). C. tritaeniorhynchus populations apparently overwintered as hibernating adults, while in the warmer maritime climates (Okinawa and Taiwan), gonotrophic activity and larval development continued throughout the winter months. In these climatic types, the population curves closely paralleled the annual temperature curves. In the tropical climates, however, temporal population patterns were closely related to available moisture either in the form of annual precipitation and/or rice irrigation. The extremely variable environmental conditions tolerated C. tritaeniorhynchus throughout its distribution attests to the physiological and ecological plasticity of this species and suggests that further ecological and genetic studies may reveal marked clinical variances among selected biological parameters.", "PMID": 1027111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4387", "title": "Juvenile rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease at Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand.", "content": "One hundred consecutive cases of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease who were seen at Department of Pediatrics. Ramathibodi Hospital were reviewed. Particular attention was given to the pattern and the outcome of the cardiac status of the patients. The high incidence of severe carditis and tight mitral stenosis was similar to most reports from other developing countries. There was a poor prognosis for the cardiac status of those who came late, had more than valvular lesions, were in congestive heart failure, or had preexisting heart disease and atrial fibrillation. In spite of this, 6 patients had no evidence of heart disease after being followed up for less than 5 years.", "contents": "Juvenile rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease at Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand. One hundred consecutive cases of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease who were seen at Department of Pediatrics. Ramathibodi Hospital were reviewed. Particular attention was given to the pattern and the outcome of the cardiac status of the patients. The high incidence of severe carditis and tight mitral stenosis was similar to most reports from other developing countries. There was a poor prognosis for the cardiac status of those who came late, had more than valvular lesions, were in congestive heart failure, or had preexisting heart disease and atrial fibrillation. In spite of this, 6 patients had no evidence of heart disease after being followed up for less than 5 years.", "PMID": 1027112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4388", "title": "Mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate as broad-spectrum anthelmintics.", "content": "The efficacy of mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate was studied in two groups of 59 and 58 cases, respectively, of patients with polyparasitosis. Mebendazole had a cure rate of 96%, 82.2%, 71.4% and 66.6% in A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura and S. stercoralis, respectively, while the corresponding figures for pyrantel pamoate were 92.6%, 85.7%, 19.4% and 0%. Pyrantel pamoate is considered to have no significant effect on T. trichiura and S. stercoralis. None of the drugs had any effect on  T. saginata. Both drugs have been found to be equally effective against enterobiasis by various authors. It is recommended that pyrantel pamoate be the drug of choice in cases of multiple parasitic infections excluding T. trichiura and S. stercoralis whereas those with one or both of these in addition to others should be treated with mebendazole. Mebendazole can be prescribed for patients with clinical evidence of helminthic infections even where stool examination is not possible as it covers almost the whole range of common helminthic infections. The only limitation for poorer patients however is its cost. Pyrantel pamoate has a wider applicability for the poorer patients in spite of the fact that it is ineffective against trichurids and S. stercoralis.", "contents": "Mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate as broad-spectrum anthelmintics. The efficacy of mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate was studied in two groups of 59 and 58 cases, respectively, of patients with polyparasitosis. Mebendazole had a cure rate of 96%, 82.2%, 71.4% and 66.6% in A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura and S. stercoralis, respectively, while the corresponding figures for pyrantel pamoate were 92.6%, 85.7%, 19.4% and 0%. Pyrantel pamoate is considered to have no significant effect on T. trichiura and S. stercoralis. None of the drugs had any effect on  T. saginata. Both drugs have been found to be equally effective against enterobiasis by various authors. It is recommended that pyrantel pamoate be the drug of choice in cases of multiple parasitic infections excluding T. trichiura and S. stercoralis whereas those with one or both of these in addition to others should be treated with mebendazole. Mebendazole can be prescribed for patients with clinical evidence of helminthic infections even where stool examination is not possible as it covers almost the whole range of common helminthic infections. The only limitation for poorer patients however is its cost. Pyrantel pamoate has a wider applicability for the poorer patients in spite of the fact that it is ineffective against trichurids and S. stercoralis.", "PMID": 1027113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4389", "title": "A survey of houseflies in bangkok and neighboring provinces.", "content": "A survey of flies in Bangkok and neighboring province revelaed that among 8,675 flies collected there were 10 genera and 18 species of flies, eg. Musca domestica, M. bezzii, M. conducens, M. nebulo, Chrysomyia megacephala, C. rufifacies, Phaenicia sericata, P. cuprina, Sarcophaga ruficornis, S. peregrina, S. orchidae, S. albiceps, Megaselia scalaris, Lispe orientalis, Anaclysta flexa, Morellia hortensia, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and Orthellia coeruleifrons. Musca mostly bred in low-protein content media, eg., garbage piles of vegetable and rice, and was predominant in the morning while Chrysomyia and Phaenicia mostly bred in high-protein content media, eg., animal carcasses, and were predominant in the afternoon. Female flies were bigger than male and they were more predominant than males in or around breeding places. The density of flies was correlated with the relative humidity but not with rainfall or temperature. The density of flies was correlated with the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases. Some cases of myiasis have been reported from Thailand.", "contents": "A survey of houseflies in bangkok and neighboring provinces. A survey of flies in Bangkok and neighboring province revelaed that among 8,675 flies collected there were 10 genera and 18 species of flies, eg. Musca domestica, M. bezzii, M. conducens, M. nebulo, Chrysomyia megacephala, C. rufifacies, Phaenicia sericata, P. cuprina, Sarcophaga ruficornis, S. peregrina, S. orchidae, S. albiceps, Megaselia scalaris, Lispe orientalis, Anaclysta flexa, Morellia hortensia, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and Orthellia coeruleifrons. Musca mostly bred in low-protein content media, eg., garbage piles of vegetable and rice, and was predominant in the morning while Chrysomyia and Phaenicia mostly bred in high-protein content media, eg., animal carcasses, and were predominant in the afternoon. Female flies were bigger than male and they were more predominant than males in or around breeding places. The density of flies was correlated with the relative humidity but not with rainfall or temperature. The density of flies was correlated with the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases. Some cases of myiasis have been reported from Thailand.", "PMID": 1027114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4390", "title": "Prevalence of heart disease in school children in Thailand: a preliminary survey at Bang Pa-in.", "content": "A total of 2,764 students were examined from five schools in Bang Pa-in, district, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand; 12 were found to have heart disease, a prevalence of 4.34 per thousand examined. Of these 4 cases were known by their parents to have heart disease prior to our study. The prevalence of congenital heart disease was 3.3 and of rheumatic heart disease 1 per thousand students. The incidence of functional heart murmur was 46%. The prevalence rate of heart disease in Thai school children was similar to rates in reports from Canada, America and Iran.", "contents": "Prevalence of heart disease in school children in Thailand: a preliminary survey at Bang Pa-in. A total of 2,764 students were examined from five schools in Bang Pa-in, district, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand; 12 were found to have heart disease, a prevalence of 4.34 per thousand examined. Of these 4 cases were known by their parents to have heart disease prior to our study. The prevalence of congenital heart disease was 3.3 and of rheumatic heart disease 1 per thousand students. The incidence of functional heart murmur was 46%. The prevalence rate of heart disease in Thai school children was similar to rates in reports from Canada, America and Iran.", "PMID": 1027115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4391", "title": "The effect of specific antiserum on the metabolism of three membrane-associated antigens of ASL-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells.", "content": "Fusion of ASL-1 cells, a murine leukemia forming thymus leukemia (TL) antigens, with LM(TK)- cells, a TL(--) murine cell line, resulted in a stable hybrid forming TL antigens. The hybrids failed to undergo modulation, the reversible dissappearance of TL antigens from the surfaces of the cells, stimulated by TL antiserum. Unlike ASL-1 cells, the rate of disappearance of the antigens from modulation negative hydrid cells was unaffected by TL antiserum. The t 1/2 of TL antigens of the hybrid was approximately 30 h. The t 1/2 of TL antigens of ASL-1 cells was 10 h in the presence of TL antiserum, 18 h in the absence of TL antiserum. The rate of metabolism of a putative tumor-associated antigen of ASL-1 cells formed by the hybrid was unaffected by exposure to specific antiserum, as was the metabolism of H-2 antigens formed by the cell types.", "contents": "The effect of specific antiserum on the metabolism of three membrane-associated antigens of ASL-1 x LM(TK)- hybrid cells. Fusion of ASL-1 cells, a murine leukemia forming thymus leukemia (TL) antigens, with LM(TK)- cells, a TL(--) murine cell line, resulted in a stable hybrid forming TL antigens. The hybrids failed to undergo modulation, the reversible dissappearance of TL antigens from the surfaces of the cells, stimulated by TL antiserum. Unlike ASL-1 cells, the rate of disappearance of the antigens from modulation negative hydrid cells was unaffected by TL antiserum. The t 1/2 of TL antigens of the hybrid was approximately 30 h. The t 1/2 of TL antigens of ASL-1 cells was 10 h in the presence of TL antiserum, 18 h in the absence of TL antiserum. The rate of metabolism of a putative tumor-associated antigen of ASL-1 cells formed by the hybrid was unaffected by exposure to specific antiserum, as was the metabolism of H-2 antigens formed by the cell types.", "PMID": 1027145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4392", "title": "The selection of somatic cell hybrids between human lymphoma cell lines.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids have been selected between three pairs of established human lymphoid cell lines producing  pure lines of proliferating hybrid cells: Raji/Namalwa, Raji/Daudi, and Raji/BJAB. The hybrid cell lines have been characterized with respect to isozyme pattern, volume, and karyotype.", "contents": "The selection of somatic cell hybrids between human lymphoma cell lines. Somatic cell hybrids have been selected between three pairs of established human lymphoid cell lines producing  pure lines of proliferating hybrid cells: Raji/Namalwa, Raji/Daudi, and Raji/BJAB. The hybrid cell lines have been characterized with respect to isozyme pattern, volume, and karyotype.", "PMID": 1027146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4393", "title": "The selection of Chinese hamster cells deficient in oxidative energy metabolism.", "content": "A selection scheme based on the nutritional requirements of a previously described respiration-deficient Chinese hamster line has been used to isolate new mutants defective in oxidative energy metabolism. Three of the primary characteristics of this type of mutant are (1) a strict dependency on the continued presence of glucose for survival; (2) a drastic reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption; (3) an inhibition of Krebs cycle activity resulting in auxotrophy for asparagine and carbon dioxide. In the case of one cell line which was used (V79), up to 65% of the survivors of a selection were found to possess this phenotype after only one round of selection. By contrast, it proved much more difficult to obtain such mutants from another cell line (CCL16). A preliminary characterization of a number of these mutants is presented.", "contents": "The selection of Chinese hamster cells deficient in oxidative energy metabolism. A selection scheme based on the nutritional requirements of a previously described respiration-deficient Chinese hamster line has been used to isolate new mutants defective in oxidative energy metabolism. Three of the primary characteristics of this type of mutant are (1) a strict dependency on the continued presence of glucose for survival; (2) a drastic reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption; (3) an inhibition of Krebs cycle activity resulting in auxotrophy for asparagine and carbon dioxide. In the case of one cell line which was used (V79), up to 65% of the survivors of a selection were found to possess this phenotype after only one round of selection. By contrast, it proved much more difficult to obtain such mutants from another cell line (CCL16). A preliminary characterization of a number of these mutants is presented.", "PMID": 1027147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4394", "title": "Transfer of the human X chromosome to human--Chinese hamster cell hybrids via isolated HeLa metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the uptake of the human X chromosome by human-Chinese hamster cell hybrids which lack H P R T activity, following incubation with isolated human HeLa S3 chromosomes. Sixteen independent clonal cell lines were isolated in H A T medium, all of which contained a human X chromosome as determined by trypsin-Giemsa staining. The frequency of H A T-resistant clones was 32 x 10(-6) when 10(7) cells were incubated with 10(8) HeLa chromosomes. Potential reversion of the hybrid cells in H A T medium was less than 5 x 10(-7). The 16 isolated cell lines all contained activity of the human X-linked marker enzymes H P R T, P G K,alpha-Gal A, and G6PD, as determined by electrophoresis. The phenotype of G6PD was G6PD A, corresponding to G6PD A in HeLa cells. The human parental cells used in the fusion to form the hybrids had the G6PD B phenotype. The recipient cells gave no evidence of containing human X chromosomes. These results indicate that incorporation and expression of HeLa X chromosomes is accomplished in human-Chinese hamster hybrids which lack a human X chromosome.", "contents": "Transfer of the human X chromosome to human--Chinese hamster cell hybrids via isolated HeLa metaphase chromosomes. Evidence is presented for the uptake of the human X chromosome by human-Chinese hamster cell hybrids which lack H P R T activity, following incubation with isolated human HeLa S3 chromosomes. Sixteen independent clonal cell lines were isolated in H A T medium, all of which contained a human X chromosome as determined by trypsin-Giemsa staining. The frequency of H A T-resistant clones was 32 x 10(-6) when 10(7) cells were incubated with 10(8) HeLa chromosomes. Potential reversion of the hybrid cells in H A T medium was less than 5 x 10(-7). The 16 isolated cell lines all contained activity of the human X-linked marker enzymes H P R T, P G K,alpha-Gal A, and G6PD, as determined by electrophoresis. The phenotype of G6PD was G6PD A, corresponding to G6PD A in HeLa cells. The human parental cells used in the fusion to form the hybrids had the G6PD B phenotype. The recipient cells gave no evidence of containing human X chromosomes. These results indicate that incorporation and expression of HeLa X chromosomes is accomplished in human-Chinese hamster hybrids which lack a human X chromosome.", "PMID": 1027148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4395", "title": "A CHO-cell mutant with a defect in cytokinesis.", "content": "In a selection procedure designed to enrich for temperature-sensitive mutant cells blocked in mitosis a CHO-cell mutant was isolated which has a defect in cytokinesis as the basis of its temperature-sensitive phenotype. Cultures of the mutant had an abnormally high percentage (ie. 34%) of polyploid cells at the permissive temperature of 34 degress C and showed further increased frequencies of polyploidy as well as many multinucleated cells at 38.5 degrees 39.5 degrees. When the mutant cells were synchronized in metaphase by Colcemid arrest and then placed into fresh medium at nonpermissive temperature, they did not divide although the completion of mitosis appeared cytologically normal. Ultrastructural examination by electron microscopy of such synchronized cells at telophase revealed no specific defects in cellular components other than failure of development of a normal midbody. The sensitivity of the mutant to cytochalasin B and to Colcemid was the same as for wild-type cells. This mutation behaved as recessive in tetraploid cell hybrids constructed by fusing the mutant with a CHO strain which was wild-type with respect to temperature sensitivty.", "contents": "A CHO-cell mutant with a defect in cytokinesis. In a selection procedure designed to enrich for temperature-sensitive mutant cells blocked in mitosis a CHO-cell mutant was isolated which has a defect in cytokinesis as the basis of its temperature-sensitive phenotype. Cultures of the mutant had an abnormally high percentage (ie. 34%) of polyploid cells at the permissive temperature of 34 degress C and showed further increased frequencies of polyploidy as well as many multinucleated cells at 38.5 degrees 39.5 degrees. When the mutant cells were synchronized in metaphase by Colcemid arrest and then placed into fresh medium at nonpermissive temperature, they did not divide although the completion of mitosis appeared cytologically normal. Ultrastructural examination by electron microscopy of such synchronized cells at telophase revealed no specific defects in cellular components other than failure of development of a normal midbody. The sensitivity of the mutant to cytochalasin B and to Colcemid was the same as for wild-type cells. This mutation behaved as recessive in tetraploid cell hybrids constructed by fusing the mutant with a CHO strain which was wild-type with respect to temperature sensitivty.", "PMID": 1027149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4396", "title": "Assignment of a structural gene for beta-glucuronidase to human chromosome C7.", "content": "An electrophoretic technique was developed which allows the separation of human beta-glucuronidase (GUS EC 3.2.1.3.1) from the enzyme present in cultured murine. Chinese and Syrian hamster cells in one buffer system on Cellogel. Using this technique a number of independent human-mouse somatic cell hybrids have been analyzed for the segregation of GUS, other enzyme markers, and all human chromosomes. The results indicate that a structural gene for human beta-glucuronidase is located on chromosome C7.", "contents": "Assignment of a structural gene for beta-glucuronidase to human chromosome C7. An electrophoretic technique was developed which allows the separation of human beta-glucuronidase (GUS EC 3.2.1.3.1) from the enzyme present in cultured murine. Chinese and Syrian hamster cells in one buffer system on Cellogel. Using this technique a number of independent human-mouse somatic cell hybrids have been analyzed for the segregation of GUS, other enzyme markers, and all human chromosomes. The results indicate that a structural gene for human beta-glucuronidase is located on chromosome C7.", "PMID": 1027150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4397", "title": "Inhibition of the growth of mammalian cells in cuture by amino acids and the isolation and characterization of L-phenylalanine transport.", "content": "Raising the concentration of phenylalanine and other amino acids in MEM leads to the inhibition of growth and in some cases to death of A9. Balb 3T3 , SV40 Balb 3T3 (SVT2), CHO, and WI38. All cells tested exhibited some similar senstivities to certain of the amino acids. but there were some unique differences. Phenylalanine-resistant mutants (Pher) of A9 were isolated that had modified phenylalanine-transport properties. These mutants can be isolated by a single-step selection procedure. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of initial rates of phenylalanine uptake by A9 and mutants showed a biphasic curve suggesting two transport systems. The Pher mutants had altered properties of both systems. It is suggested that the selection of clones resistant to high concentration of several of the natural amino acid may be used as a general method for the isolation of mutants affecting the various amino acid transport systems in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of the growth of mammalian cells in cuture by amino acids and the isolation and characterization of L-phenylalanine transport. Raising the concentration of phenylalanine and other amino acids in MEM leads to the inhibition of growth and in some cases to death of A9. Balb 3T3 , SV40 Balb 3T3 (SVT2), CHO, and WI38. All cells tested exhibited some similar senstivities to certain of the amino acids. but there were some unique differences. Phenylalanine-resistant mutants (Pher) of A9 were isolated that had modified phenylalanine-transport properties. These mutants can be isolated by a single-step selection procedure. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of initial rates of phenylalanine uptake by A9 and mutants showed a biphasic curve suggesting two transport systems. The Pher mutants had altered properties of both systems. It is suggested that the selection of clones resistant to high concentration of several of the natural amino acid may be used as a general method for the isolation of mutants affecting the various amino acid transport systems in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 1027151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4398", "title": "Isolation and characterization of 5-fluorotryptophan-resistant mutants with altered L-tryptophan transport.", "content": "Mutants of A9 mouse fibroblast, resistant to the killing effect of 0.4 mM 5-flurotryptophan (5-FT), have altered L-tryptophan transport properties. The resistant phenotype is stable for at least 90 generations of growth in MEM. A fluctuation test indicated that clones resistant to 0.4 mM 5-FT occurred spontaneously. An average mutation rate was estimated at 1.6 X 10(-6). Treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine increased the frequency of these clones by at least 100-fold. These results indicate that the resistant clones arose as a result of a mutation. All the resistant mutant tested accumulate less 5-FT at near steady-state conditions than the wild type. Lineweaver-Burk plots of initial rates of tryptophan uptake yield a biphasic curve suggesting that tryptophan is transported by two transport systems. Kinetic constants determined by a computer program indicate that both proposed transport systems were modified in each of two 5-FT resistant mutants.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of 5-fluorotryptophan-resistant mutants with altered L-tryptophan transport. Mutants of A9 mouse fibroblast, resistant to the killing effect of 0.4 mM 5-flurotryptophan (5-FT), have altered L-tryptophan transport properties. The resistant phenotype is stable for at least 90 generations of growth in MEM. A fluctuation test indicated that clones resistant to 0.4 mM 5-FT occurred spontaneously. An average mutation rate was estimated at 1.6 X 10(-6). Treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine increased the frequency of these clones by at least 100-fold. These results indicate that the resistant clones arose as a result of a mutation. All the resistant mutant tested accumulate less 5-FT at near steady-state conditions than the wild type. Lineweaver-Burk plots of initial rates of tryptophan uptake yield a biphasic curve suggesting that tryptophan is transported by two transport systems. Kinetic constants determined by a computer program indicate that both proposed transport systems were modified in each of two 5-FT resistant mutants.", "PMID": 1027152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4399", "title": "Mutant alleles for hypoxanthine phosphoriboxyltransferase: codominant expression, complementation, and segregation in hybrid Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants resistant to the purine analogs 6-thioguanine or 8-azaguanine have been isolated following mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonate. The activities of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in three such mutants have been found to exhibit an increased Km for the substrate 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. The isoelectric point of the mutant enzyme activity has also changed in two mutants. Hybrid cells containing one mutant and one wild-type allele express both genes. Segregants that have lost only the wild-type allele can be selected on the basis of drug resistance. Two mutants exhibiting different alterations in HPRT activity can complement in a hybrid cell to yield a wild-type growth pattern and enzyme activity with intermediate electrophoretic and kinetic properties. The results suggest intracistronic complementation between structural gene mutants of HPRT.", "contents": "Mutant alleles for hypoxanthine phosphoriboxyltransferase: codominant expression, complementation, and segregation in hybrid Chinese hamster cells. Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants resistant to the purine analogs 6-thioguanine or 8-azaguanine have been isolated following mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonate. The activities of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in three such mutants have been found to exhibit an increased Km for the substrate 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. The isoelectric point of the mutant enzyme activity has also changed in two mutants. Hybrid cells containing one mutant and one wild-type allele express both genes. Segregants that have lost only the wild-type allele can be selected on the basis of drug resistance. Two mutants exhibiting different alterations in HPRT activity can complement in a hybrid cell to yield a wild-type growth pattern and enzyme activity with intermediate electrophoretic and kinetic properties. The results suggest intracistronic complementation between structural gene mutants of HPRT.", "PMID": 1027153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4400", "title": "Inhibition of biological effects of bromodeoxyuridine by deoxycytidine: correlation with decreased incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA.", "content": "The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on pigmentation, contact inhibition, cell morphology, and tumorogenicity of Syrian hamster melanoma cells are inhibited in the presence of deoxycytidine (dC). The inhibition of these biological effects of BrdU by dC is correlated with a decrease in the incorporation of BrdU into nuclear DNA. The results suggest that the intracellular changes resulting from the addition of dC to cells in the presence of BrdU are comparable to those resulting from a decrease in the concentration of BrdU in the medium.", "contents": "Inhibition of biological effects of bromodeoxyuridine by deoxycytidine: correlation with decreased incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on pigmentation, contact inhibition, cell morphology, and tumorogenicity of Syrian hamster melanoma cells are inhibited in the presence of deoxycytidine (dC). The inhibition of these biological effects of BrdU by dC is correlated with a decrease in the incorporation of BrdU into nuclear DNA. The results suggest that the intracellular changes resulting from the addition of dC to cells in the presence of BrdU are comparable to those resulting from a decrease in the concentration of BrdU in the medium.", "PMID": 1027154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4401", "title": "[Coloring cells of the cornea of trout].", "content": "Cells from the eye cornea of Hexagrammos octagrammus which are responsible for changes of the cornea colour from bright orange to colourless, depending on the light conditions, are described. It was shown that the change in cornea colour was due to a shift of red pigment from the cell body into its processes (in the light) and in the opposite direction at the dark adaptation of animals. The ultrastructural constitution of these cells has a number of characteristics. The whole cell cytoplasm is filled up with fine lipid droplets wherein carotenoid pigments giving red colour to these cells are presumably dissolved; the cytoplasmic membrane forms numerous deep and branched folds into the cell and has a lot of pinocytose visicles; the cell body and especially the process display many microtubes arranged regularly. The described cells differ greatly in their form, size and ultrastructural constitution from the known types of pigment cells (melanophores, xanthophores and erythrophores). This makes it possible to consider them as chromatophores of an independent type.", "contents": "[Coloring cells of the cornea of trout]. Cells from the eye cornea of Hexagrammos octagrammus which are responsible for changes of the cornea colour from bright orange to colourless, depending on the light conditions, are described. It was shown that the change in cornea colour was due to a shift of red pigment from the cell body into its processes (in the light) and in the opposite direction at the dark adaptation of animals. The ultrastructural constitution of these cells has a number of characteristics. The whole cell cytoplasm is filled up with fine lipid droplets wherein carotenoid pigments giving red colour to these cells are presumably dissolved; the cytoplasmic membrane forms numerous deep and branched folds into the cell and has a lot of pinocytose visicles; the cell body and especially the process display many microtubes arranged regularly. The described cells differ greatly in their form, size and ultrastructural constitution from the known types of pigment cells (melanophores, xanthophores and erythrophores). This makes it possible to consider them as chromatophores of an independent type.", "PMID": 1027157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4402", "title": "[Phagocytic activity and reproduction of the trophoblast cells in the embryo of albino rat].", "content": "The phagocytic activity of primary and secondary giant cells of the white rat's trophoblast was studied in the course of differentiation. The highest activity occurs in the initial period of the foetus implantation to last within a limited time for 5--6 days. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were detected in phagocytic activities of the trophoblast cells during their growth. A question is discussed of the time synchronism between the phagocytic activity and the trophoblast cells polyploidization.", "contents": "[Phagocytic activity and reproduction of the trophoblast cells in the embryo of albino rat]. The phagocytic activity of primary and secondary giant cells of the white rat's trophoblast was studied in the course of differentiation. The highest activity occurs in the initial period of the foetus implantation to last within a limited time for 5--6 days. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were detected in phagocytic activities of the trophoblast cells during their growth. A question is discussed of the time synchronism between the phagocytic activity and the trophoblast cells polyploidization.", "PMID": 1027158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4403", "title": "[Incorporation of H3-thymidine into the oocytes of a sterlet in the early meiotic prophase].", "content": "DNA synthesis in meiotic oocytes of the sterlet (A. ruthenus) has been studied during early prophase stages using H3-thymidine. The pattern of H3-thymidine incorporation is similar to that in oocytes of Amphibia and Osteichthyes. In the oogonia as well as in the leptotene and zygotene oocytes, the label is predominantly localized over chromosomes. An intensive incorporation of H3-thymidine into the material of the heterochromatic \"cap\" has been observed during pachytene. Thus, the main synthesis of extra DNA in the sterlet oocytes occurs during pachytene. No DNA in synthesized by the diplotene oocytes.", "contents": "[Incorporation of H3-thymidine into the oocytes of a sterlet in the early meiotic prophase]. DNA synthesis in meiotic oocytes of the sterlet (A. ruthenus) has been studied during early prophase stages using H3-thymidine. The pattern of H3-thymidine incorporation is similar to that in oocytes of Amphibia and Osteichthyes. In the oogonia as well as in the leptotene and zygotene oocytes, the label is predominantly localized over chromosomes. An intensive incorporation of H3-thymidine into the material of the heterochromatic \"cap\" has been observed during pachytene. Thus, the main synthesis of extra DNA in the sterlet oocytes occurs during pachytene. No DNA in synthesized by the diplotene oocytes.", "PMID": 1027159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4404", "title": "[Behavior of holokinetic chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of bugs].", "content": "Chromosomes were studied on the spermatogonial metaphase and on different stages of meiotic division in males of Eurydeme geblery Kol. and E. ventrale Kol. The set of male chromosomes of the above species involves six pairs of autosomes and an XY sex pair, which is commonly the case in Pentatomidae. In the spermatogenesis, division types are reductional for autosomes and equational for sex chromosomes in the first metaphase; but the situation is quite opposite in the second metaphase. The sex chromosomes of bugs undergo a \"touch and go\" pairing on the metaphase plate of the second spermatocyte, prior to segregating to opposite poles in the anaphase that follows. No constrictions occur along all the chromosomes at mitosis. This, combined with their behaviour at mitosis, may suggest that, likely as in other Hemiptera, the chromosomes are holokinetic. Nevertheless it is of interest to note that in meiosis the chromosomes behave as telocentric. This replacement of the holokinetic orientation by the telokinetic one in the meiosis of some organisms with diffuse centromere is supposed to depend on the phenomen called \"construction of the kinetic activation\".", "contents": "[Behavior of holokinetic chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of bugs]. Chromosomes were studied on the spermatogonial metaphase and on different stages of meiotic division in males of Eurydeme geblery Kol. and E. ventrale Kol. The set of male chromosomes of the above species involves six pairs of autosomes and an XY sex pair, which is commonly the case in Pentatomidae. In the spermatogenesis, division types are reductional for autosomes and equational for sex chromosomes in the first metaphase; but the situation is quite opposite in the second metaphase. The sex chromosomes of bugs undergo a \"touch and go\" pairing on the metaphase plate of the second spermatocyte, prior to segregating to opposite poles in the anaphase that follows. No constrictions occur along all the chromosomes at mitosis. This, combined with their behaviour at mitosis, may suggest that, likely as in other Hemiptera, the chromosomes are holokinetic. Nevertheless it is of interest to note that in meiosis the chromosomes behave as telocentric. This replacement of the holokinetic orientation by the telokinetic one in the meiosis of some organisms with diffuse centromere is supposed to depend on the phenomen called \"construction of the kinetic activation\".", "PMID": 1027160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4405", "title": "[Characteristics of DNA replication of the chromosomes of the bone marrow cells in patients with acute leukemia].", "content": "A study of the late DNA replication pattern in chromosomes of human acute leucaemia cells revealed a significant diffrence from control. Chromosomes, 2,3 and 4-5 of the acute leucaemia cells finish their DNA replication earlier, and chromosomes 1, 13-15 and 16 later, compared to the control chromosomes. The difference in the pattern of DNA replication between analogous chromosomes of acute leucaemia and donor cells was associated with the discovery of large late-replicating chromatin blocks in the pericentromeric regions of leucaemia cell chromosomes. Some relationship is suggested between the pattern of pericentromeric heterochromatin DNA replication and cell differentiation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of DNA replication of the chromosomes of the bone marrow cells in patients with acute leukemia]. A study of the late DNA replication pattern in chromosomes of human acute leucaemia cells revealed a significant diffrence from control. Chromosomes, 2,3 and 4-5 of the acute leucaemia cells finish their DNA replication earlier, and chromosomes 1, 13-15 and 16 later, compared to the control chromosomes. The difference in the pattern of DNA replication between analogous chromosomes of acute leucaemia and donor cells was associated with the discovery of large late-replicating chromatin blocks in the pericentromeric regions of leucaemia cell chromosomes. Some relationship is suggested between the pattern of pericentromeric heterochromatin DNA replication and cell differentiation.", "PMID": 1027161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4406", "title": "[Effect of infectious factors on human and animal cytogenetic structures].", "content": "The analysis of blood leucocyte chromosomes has been carried out on 60 patients with different infectious diseases (influenza, measles, scarlet fever, and disentery), and on 47 patients immunized against measles, tick-born encephalitis, typhoid fever and brucellosis. The mutagenic influence of viruses on the genital cells of mice and on the human somatic cells in vitro was studied. Both viruses and bacteria appeared to be able to bring about different breaks in human and animal cells.", "contents": "[Effect of infectious factors on human and animal cytogenetic structures]. The analysis of blood leucocyte chromosomes has been carried out on 60 patients with different infectious diseases (influenza, measles, scarlet fever, and disentery), and on 47 patients immunized against measles, tick-born encephalitis, typhoid fever and brucellosis. The mutagenic influence of viruses on the genital cells of mice and on the human somatic cells in vitro was studied. Both viruses and bacteria appeared to be able to bring about different breaks in human and animal cells.", "PMID": 1027162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4407", "title": "[Effect of valinomycin on the structure of water-lecithin liposomes].", "content": "It has been established that water--lecithin liposomes in the heptane phase are formed in the course of equilibration of lecithin solution in heptane with water phase containing Na, K-picrate. The salts penetrate both the water nucleus of liposomes and their lecithin shell. The addition of valinomycin to this system does not change the water content in liposomes, but considerably increases the salt absorbed by the lipid shell of liposomes. A characteristic S-shape curve showing the relation between picrate extraction and the valinomycin concentration might be explained as an indication of a cooperative change of the structure of lecithin shell. This phase transition is induced by one valinomycin molecule per 10(3)--10(4) lecithin molecules.", "contents": "[Effect of valinomycin on the structure of water-lecithin liposomes]. It has been established that water--lecithin liposomes in the heptane phase are formed in the course of equilibration of lecithin solution in heptane with water phase containing Na, K-picrate. The salts penetrate both the water nucleus of liposomes and their lecithin shell. The addition of valinomycin to this system does not change the water content in liposomes, but considerably increases the salt absorbed by the lipid shell of liposomes. A characteristic S-shape curve showing the relation between picrate extraction and the valinomycin concentration might be explained as an indication of a cooperative change of the structure of lecithin shell. This phase transition is induced by one valinomycin molecule per 10(3)--10(4) lecithin molecules.", "PMID": 1027163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4408", "title": "[Heterogeneity and heat resistance of esterases of the pancreas and liver of rats].", "content": "A higher heat resistance of loosely-attached microsomal esterases as compared with that of free esterases of the rat's pancreas is due to a higher proportion of heat resistant slow carboxylesterases in the former. More significant differences in the heat resistance of pancreas and liver is caused not only by different heterogeneity of esterases, but also by their qualitative differences.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity and heat resistance of esterases of the pancreas and liver of rats]. A higher heat resistance of loosely-attached microsomal esterases as compared with that of free esterases of the rat's pancreas is due to a higher proportion of heat resistant slow carboxylesterases in the former. More significant differences in the heat resistance of pancreas and liver is caused not only by different heterogeneity of esterases, but also by their qualitative differences.", "PMID": 1027164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4409", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of continuous pig kidney cell cultures chronically infected with the Kilham virus].", "content": "A persistent infection of the continuous embryonal pig kidney cell cultures induced by a rat parvovirus (the Kilhem virus) did not alter morphological or karyological characteristics of the cultures, and caused no transformation of these. The data obtained suggests the resistance of the pig karyotype to the virus under investigation.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of continuous pig kidney cell cultures chronically infected with the Kilham virus]. A persistent infection of the continuous embryonal pig kidney cell cultures induced by a rat parvovirus (the Kilhem virus) did not alter morphological or karyological characteristics of the cultures, and caused no transformation of these. The data obtained suggests the resistance of the pig karyotype to the virus under investigation.", "PMID": 1027165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4410", "title": "[Study of the karyotype of the malaria mosquito].", "content": "A study of the karyotype composition of 22 geographycally removed natural populations of the malarial mosquito Anopheles messeae Fall revealed a chromosomal polymorphism characteristic of the whole species. 13 paracentric inversions were detected, no other gene arrangements being discovered. All the inversions can be divided into two classes: 1) wide spread inversions in hetero- and homozygous forms; 2) endemic ones discovered in individual populations in the form of heterozygotes. According to the presented photomap of salivary gland chromosomes, the inversion localization are as follows: IL1 (2a--4a), IL2 (1c--4a), IL3 (2a--3b), IL4 (1c--3b), IIR1 (7c--12c), IIR2 (10b--14b), IIL1 (15b--17a), IIIR1 (24a--26c), IIIR2 (23a--24c), IIIR3 (23b--25c), IIIR4 (27c--29c), IIIR5 (27d--30c), IIIL1 (34a--39d).", "contents": "[Study of the karyotype of the malaria mosquito]. A study of the karyotype composition of 22 geographycally removed natural populations of the malarial mosquito Anopheles messeae Fall revealed a chromosomal polymorphism characteristic of the whole species. 13 paracentric inversions were detected, no other gene arrangements being discovered. All the inversions can be divided into two classes: 1) wide spread inversions in hetero- and homozygous forms; 2) endemic ones discovered in individual populations in the form of heterozygotes. According to the presented photomap of salivary gland chromosomes, the inversion localization are as follows: IL1 (2a--4a), IL2 (1c--4a), IL3 (2a--3b), IL4 (1c--3b), IIR1 (7c--12c), IIR2 (10b--14b), IIL1 (15b--17a), IIIR1 (24a--26c), IIIR2 (23a--24c), IIIR3 (23b--25c), IIIR4 (27c--29c), IIIR5 (27d--30c), IIIL1 (34a--39d).", "PMID": 1027166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4411", "title": "[Study of mouse liver cell phosphorescence at deep cooling].", "content": "The spectrum and decay curves of phosphorescence of mouse liver cells at --180 degrees C was studied using the phosphorescence microscope. The phosphorescence studied was shown to involve two components with different life spans. Part of either component in the total spectrum is estimated. A conclusion is made that at least two different centers (or groups of centers) exist in cells with the same spectral region of phosphorescence with highly diverging life times of triplet states.", "contents": "[Study of mouse liver cell phosphorescence at deep cooling]. The spectrum and decay curves of phosphorescence of mouse liver cells at --180 degrees C was studied using the phosphorescence microscope. The phosphorescence studied was shown to involve two components with different life spans. Part of either component in the total spectrum is estimated. A conclusion is made that at least two different centers (or groups of centers) exist in cells with the same spectral region of phosphorescence with highly diverging life times of triplet states.", "PMID": 1027167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4412", "title": "[Digital scanning-integrating cytospectrophotometer].", "content": "A principal scheme of the digital scanning and intergrating cytospectrophotometer is described which permits to measure the integrating optical density of specifically stained preparations, \"spot\" optical density of any absorbing preparations and the area of absorbing objects in two different levels of absorbtion.", "contents": "[Digital scanning-integrating cytospectrophotometer]. A principal scheme of the digital scanning and intergrating cytospectrophotometer is described which permits to measure the integrating optical density of specifically stained preparations, \"spot\" optical density of any absorbing preparations and the area of absorbing objects in two different levels of absorbtion.", "PMID": 1027168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4413", "title": "[Effect of acetylsalicylic and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acids on liver mitochondrial respiration in rats].", "content": "Acetylsalicylate (2-5 mM) inhibited phosphorylating (condition III) and uncoupled respiration of rat liver mitochondria in vitro, when succinate and glutamate were used as substrates of oxidation. Lower concentrations of acetylsalicylate did not cause the uncoupling effect. Antirheumatic drug 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate activated the phosphorylation in mitochondria, if it was added up to concentrations of 0.5-5.0 mM for succinate and 0.5 mM for glutamate. An increase of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate concentration was accompanied by gradual inhibition of phosphorylating and uncoupled oxidation of succinate; activation of the respiration was completely abolished by addition of ADP, DNP and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (20 mM). The data obtained suggest that the uncoupling effect of salicylate, which is formed by hydrolysis of acetylsalicylate in the organism, might be responsible for the toxic effect of the latter.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylsalicylic and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acids on liver mitochondrial respiration in rats]. Acetylsalicylate (2-5 mM) inhibited phosphorylating (condition III) and uncoupled respiration of rat liver mitochondria in vitro, when succinate and glutamate were used as substrates of oxidation. Lower concentrations of acetylsalicylate did not cause the uncoupling effect. Antirheumatic drug 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate activated the phosphorylation in mitochondria, if it was added up to concentrations of 0.5-5.0 mM for succinate and 0.5 mM for glutamate. An increase of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate concentration was accompanied by gradual inhibition of phosphorylating and uncoupled oxidation of succinate; activation of the respiration was completely abolished by addition of ADP, DNP and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (20 mM). The data obtained suggest that the uncoupling effect of salicylate, which is formed by hydrolysis of acetylsalicylate in the organism, might be responsible for the toxic effect of the latter.", "PMID": 1027226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4414", "title": "[Glycogenolysis indices in the skeletal muscles of rats with experimental rickets].", "content": "Content of glycogen and lactic acid was decreased in sceletal muscles of growing male rats during the acute periof of experimental rachitis. In developing rachitis an increase in locomotions, maintained during the experimental period, fostered the normalization of these patterns.", "contents": "[Glycogenolysis indices in the skeletal muscles of rats with experimental rickets]. Content of glycogen and lactic acid was decreased in sceletal muscles of growing male rats during the acute periof of experimental rachitis. In developing rachitis an increase in locomotions, maintained during the experimental period, fostered the normalization of these patterns.", "PMID": 1027228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4415", "title": "[Effect of Central Asian cobra (Naja naja oxiana) venom on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and protein in animal cells].", "content": "Cobra poison at a dose of 4 microng/kg of body weight intensified the 3H-thimidine incorporation into DNA of mice liver tissue; 20-40 microng/kg of the poison inhibited the incorporation. Single intraperitoneal administration of high doses of cobra poison (50-150 microng/kg) decreased the incorporation of 14C-thimidine into DNA 1.2-1.9-fold. Little doses of the poison increased the incorporation of 14C-hydrolysate of Chlorella protein into proteins of liver cells and the high doses inhibited this process. Microdoses of cobra poison caused a distinct increase in weight of experimental mice.", "contents": "[Effect of Central Asian cobra (Naja naja oxiana) venom on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and protein in animal cells]. Cobra poison at a dose of 4 microng/kg of body weight intensified the 3H-thimidine incorporation into DNA of mice liver tissue; 20-40 microng/kg of the poison inhibited the incorporation. Single intraperitoneal administration of high doses of cobra poison (50-150 microng/kg) decreased the incorporation of 14C-thimidine into DNA 1.2-1.9-fold. Little doses of the poison increased the incorporation of 14C-hydrolysate of Chlorella protein into proteins of liver cells and the high doses inhibited this process. Microdoses of cobra poison caused a distinct increase in weight of experimental mice.", "PMID": 1027229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4416", "title": "[Enzymatic activity of the pentosephosphate pathway of carbohydrate conversion in the experimental therapy of dermatitis in rats].", "content": "An increase in the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase, ribose-5-phosphatase and intensive conversion of glucose in pentosophosphate pathway in erythrocytes were observed in experimental rat contact dermatitis. Ultrasonic therapy was used (0.2 w/cm2 at impulse regimen of generator) for prevention and treatment of the dermatitis. Treatment of the dermatitis by ultraphonophoresis of sinalar was shown to be a suitable method, which caused the normalization of biochemical and structural processes in skin.", "contents": "[Enzymatic activity of the pentosephosphate pathway of carbohydrate conversion in the experimental therapy of dermatitis in rats]. An increase in the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase, ribose-5-phosphatase and intensive conversion of glucose in pentosophosphate pathway in erythrocytes were observed in experimental rat contact dermatitis. Ultrasonic therapy was used (0.2 w/cm2 at impulse regimen of generator) for prevention and treatment of the dermatitis. Treatment of the dermatitis by ultraphonophoresis of sinalar was shown to be a suitable method, which caused the normalization of biochemical and structural processes in skin.", "PMID": 1027227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4417", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the erythrocytes in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In human erythrocytes activities of glucose-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenases were decreased approximately 2-fold in moderately severe and critical forms of diabetes mellitus, as compared with normal state. The lactate dehydrogenase activity was more distinctly decreased than the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. General medical treatment increased the activity of the enzymes (which catalyzed the ATP formation in erythrocytes) and normalized their relation.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the erythrocytes in diabetes mellitus]. In human erythrocytes activities of glucose-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenases were decreased approximately 2-fold in moderately severe and critical forms of diabetes mellitus, as compared with normal state. The lactate dehydrogenase activity was more distinctly decreased than the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. General medical treatment increased the activity of the enzymes (which catalyzed the ATP formation in erythrocytes) and normalized their relation.", "PMID": 1027230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4418", "title": "[Ubiquinone and cholesterol content and biosynthesis in the hypertrophied kidney of white rats following unilateral nephrectomy].", "content": "Within 3 days after dextralateral nephrectomy the weight of left kidney was increased by 24.0%, yield of mitochondrial protein--on the average, by 38.0%, the succinate dehydrogenase activity--by 40.0%. Content of ubiquinone was essentially unaltered in kidney within 3 days after the nephrectomy; in mitochondria concentration of the coenzyme (calculated per mg of protein) was decreased at the 3-rd day after the operation. Biosynthesis of ubiquinone was increased at the 2-nd day after the nephrectomy in slices of hypertrophied kidney; it was studied by incorporation of 1-14C-acetate. Biosynthesis of cholesterol was increased at the same time, especially within the 1-st and 2-nd days after the operation. Content of cholesterol was increased in hypertrophied kidney within the 3-rd day after the operation.", "contents": "[Ubiquinone and cholesterol content and biosynthesis in the hypertrophied kidney of white rats following unilateral nephrectomy]. Within 3 days after dextralateral nephrectomy the weight of left kidney was increased by 24.0%, yield of mitochondrial protein--on the average, by 38.0%, the succinate dehydrogenase activity--by 40.0%. Content of ubiquinone was essentially unaltered in kidney within 3 days after the nephrectomy; in mitochondria concentration of the coenzyme (calculated per mg of protein) was decreased at the 3-rd day after the operation. Biosynthesis of ubiquinone was increased at the 2-nd day after the nephrectomy in slices of hypertrophied kidney; it was studied by incorporation of 1-14C-acetate. Biosynthesis of cholesterol was increased at the same time, especially within the 1-st and 2-nd days after the operation. Content of cholesterol was increased in hypertrophied kidney within the 3-rd day after the operation.", "PMID": 1027231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4419", "title": "[Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase and ketose-1-phosphate aldolase isoenzyme spectra in the kidneys normally and in uranyl acetate poisoning].", "content": "Activities of both aldolases were distinctly decreased in acute kidney insufficiency, caused by administration of uranyl acetate. The decrease in the activity of fructose-1,6-diphosptate aldolase was more distinct which led to alteration in ratio between fructose -1,6-diphosphate and ketose-1-phosphate aldolases. The isozyme spectra of the enzymes were also altered. Isozymes of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase AB2 and of ketose-1-phosphate aldolase form 22 possessed the same electrophoretic mobility but their relative activity was increased 2-3-fold under conditions of the acute kidney insufficiency. At the same time, the more electrophoretically mobile isozymes were not detected.", "contents": "[Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase and ketose-1-phosphate aldolase isoenzyme spectra in the kidneys normally and in uranyl acetate poisoning]. Activities of both aldolases were distinctly decreased in acute kidney insufficiency, caused by administration of uranyl acetate. The decrease in the activity of fructose-1,6-diphosptate aldolase was more distinct which led to alteration in ratio between fructose -1,6-diphosphate and ketose-1-phosphate aldolases. The isozyme spectra of the enzymes were also altered. Isozymes of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase AB2 and of ketose-1-phosphate aldolase form 22 possessed the same electrophoretic mobility but their relative activity was increased 2-3-fold under conditions of the acute kidney insufficiency. At the same time, the more electrophoretically mobile isozymes were not detected.", "PMID": 1027233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4420", "title": "[Increase in the lipid peroxide content in the blood and aortas of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Content of lipid peroxides was estimated in blood and aorta of intact rabbits by means of highly sensitive polarographic method, using a mercuric electrode. Content of lipoperoxides in blood and aorta was increased 4.4- and 3.6-fold, respectively, in animals with pronounced experimental atherosclerosis. The oxidation of lipoperoxides caused a distinct increase in content of intermolecular bindings in amino-containing phospholipids in aorta of rabbits with pronounced atheromatosis.", "contents": "[Increase in the lipid peroxide content in the blood and aortas of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis]. Content of lipid peroxides was estimated in blood and aorta of intact rabbits by means of highly sensitive polarographic method, using a mercuric electrode. Content of lipoperoxides in blood and aorta was increased 4.4- and 3.6-fold, respectively, in animals with pronounced experimental atherosclerosis. The oxidation of lipoperoxides caused a distinct increase in content of intermolecular bindings in amino-containing phospholipids in aorta of rabbits with pronounced atheromatosis.", "PMID": 1027237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4421", "title": "[Effect of histidine on the malonic dialdehyde content in the tissues in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "Content of malone dialdehyde (product of peroxidative oxidation of fatty acids, estimated by the reaction with thiobarbituric acid) was increased in blood serum, cytoplasms, mitochondria of heart and liver tissues during the acute period of experimental myocardial infarction. After administration of histidine concentration of malone dialdehyde was distinctyly decreased in the tissues studied.", "contents": "[Effect of histidine on the malonic dialdehyde content in the tissues in experimental myocardial infarct]. Content of malone dialdehyde (product of peroxidative oxidation of fatty acids, estimated by the reaction with thiobarbituric acid) was increased in blood serum, cytoplasms, mitochondria of heart and liver tissues during the acute period of experimental myocardial infarction. After administration of histidine concentration of malone dialdehyde was distinctyly decreased in the tissues studied.", "PMID": 1027232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4422", "title": "[Study of the conditions for the breakdown of mixed disulfides between aminothiol protectors and cell proteins as factors that determine the stability of the disulfide bonds].", "content": "A glutathione reductase activity was unaltered in thymus and liver tissue and slightly increased in spleen of rats within 15-30 min after administration of a radioprotector mercaptoethylamine. At the same time an activation of unspecific disulphide reductase occured. The both enzymes participated in spliting of mercaptoethylamine disulphides coupled with proteins. The radioprotective effectiveness of the aminothiol was, though partially, due to development of these disulfides. Retention of disulfides between the protector and cell proteins could be extended up to 1 h. by administration of mercaptoethylamine into rats with decreased content of endogenous glutathione, caused by the previous treatment with cyclohexene.", "contents": "[Study of the conditions for the breakdown of mixed disulfides between aminothiol protectors and cell proteins as factors that determine the stability of the disulfide bonds]. A glutathione reductase activity was unaltered in thymus and liver tissue and slightly increased in spleen of rats within 15-30 min after administration of a radioprotector mercaptoethylamine. At the same time an activation of unspecific disulphide reductase occured. The both enzymes participated in spliting of mercaptoethylamine disulphides coupled with proteins. The radioprotective effectiveness of the aminothiol was, though partially, due to development of these disulfides. Retention of disulfides between the protector and cell proteins could be extended up to 1 h. by administration of mercaptoethylamine into rats with decreased content of endogenous glutathione, caused by the previous treatment with cyclohexene.", "PMID": 1027239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4423", "title": "[Macroergic phosphates in the brain under hypoxia].", "content": "Acute hypoxic hypoxia (\"height\" 7000 m) did not cause distinct alterations in content of adenyl and guanyl nucleotides from brain tissue. Negative alterations in the pool of macroergic phosphates occurred in a deficit of oxygen (\"height\" 8000 m). Short-term training with hypoxia prevented the alterations in nucleotide pool even if the extreme hypoxia was applied (\"height\" 9000 m). Pre-cooling of animals promoted the maintenance of nucleotide pool at the \"height\" of 8000 and 9000 m. Hypothermia did not protect against the distinct alterations in content of both adenyl and guanyl nucleotides under conditions of oxygen deficit (\"height\" 9500 m and 1100 m).", "contents": "[Macroergic phosphates in the brain under hypoxia]. Acute hypoxic hypoxia (\"height\" 7000 m) did not cause distinct alterations in content of adenyl and guanyl nucleotides from brain tissue. Negative alterations in the pool of macroergic phosphates occurred in a deficit of oxygen (\"height\" 8000 m). Short-term training with hypoxia prevented the alterations in nucleotide pool even if the extreme hypoxia was applied (\"height\" 9000 m). Pre-cooling of animals promoted the maintenance of nucleotide pool at the \"height\" of 8000 and 9000 m. Hypothermia did not protect against the distinct alterations in content of both adenyl and guanyl nucleotides under conditions of oxygen deficit (\"height\" 9500 m and 1100 m).", "PMID": 1027235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4424", "title": "[Role of adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzyme activity in the liver of white rats].", "content": "Cytoplasmic (c) and mitochondrial (m) isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) (EC 2.6.1.1) were isolated from white rat liver tissue by means of electrophoresis in agar gel. For the enzymes Km values, pH optima were estimated and conditions, suitable for the reaction, were studied. On the basis of activating effectiveness on c-AAT the catecholamines were arranged in decreasing order as follows: adrenaline, isadrine, noradrenaline. Towards the m-AAT the series was: noradrenaline, isadrine, adrenaline. Obsidane decreased the action of adrenaline more effectively than it did isadrine. Phentholamine did not alter the effect of noradrenalin on c-AAT, but distinctly decreased the m-AAT activity. Beta-adrenergic receptor, but not alpha-receptor, participated in regulation of the AAT isozymes activity. Adrenaline promoted and isadrine inhibited the penetration of m-AAT into cytoplasma. Obsidane increased the effect of these catecholamines. After administration of phentholamine an increase in the AAT activity was caused by an increase in content of catecholamines in the organism.", "contents": "[Role of adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzyme activity in the liver of white rats]. Cytoplasmic (c) and mitochondrial (m) isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) (EC 2.6.1.1) were isolated from white rat liver tissue by means of electrophoresis in agar gel. For the enzymes Km values, pH optima were estimated and conditions, suitable for the reaction, were studied. On the basis of activating effectiveness on c-AAT the catecholamines were arranged in decreasing order as follows: adrenaline, isadrine, noradrenaline. Towards the m-AAT the series was: noradrenaline, isadrine, adrenaline. Obsidane decreased the action of adrenaline more effectively than it did isadrine. Phentholamine did not alter the effect of noradrenalin on c-AAT, but distinctly decreased the m-AAT activity. Beta-adrenergic receptor, but not alpha-receptor, participated in regulation of the AAT isozymes activity. Adrenaline promoted and isadrine inhibited the penetration of m-AAT into cytoplasma. Obsidane increased the effect of these catecholamines. After administration of phentholamine an increase in the AAT activity was caused by an increase in content of catecholamines in the organism.", "PMID": 1027234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4425", "title": "[Glycosaminoglycans of normal and pathologically altered articular cartilage].", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans of tegmental cartilage of human caput femoris were separated into the fractions, which were identified as keratosulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, dermatan sulphate and heparin. Content of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage of healthy persons and patients with deforming arthrosis was determined. Content of sulphatated polysaccharides (dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, keratosulfate and heparitin sulphate) was shown to be distinctly decreased in the cartilage of the patients as compared with the amount of the polysaccharides in the same tissue of healthy persons.", "contents": "[Glycosaminoglycans of normal and pathologically altered articular cartilage]. Glycosaminoglycans of tegmental cartilage of human caput femoris were separated into the fractions, which were identified as keratosulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, dermatan sulphate and heparin. Content of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage of healthy persons and patients with deforming arthrosis was determined. Content of sulphatated polysaccharides (dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, keratosulfate and heparitin sulphate) was shown to be distinctly decreased in the cartilage of the patients as compared with the amount of the polysaccharides in the same tissue of healthy persons.", "PMID": 1027236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4426", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on the synthesis of ribonucleic acids in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the liver cells of sexually immature male rates].", "content": "A prolonged (within 4 days) administration of hydrocortisone or protamin-Zn-insulin into preadolescent male rats with body weight of 70-90 g caused a distinct increase in the synthesis of DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA in nuclei and ribosomal RNA in cytoplasma of liver tissue. Protamin-Zn-insulin, after simultaneous administration with hydrocortisone, suppressed the increase in the synthesis of liver RNA fractions studied. The data obtained suggest that DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA from nuclei and ribosomal RNA from cytoplasma of liver tissue of preadolescent male rats participate in the synthesis of transaminases in liver tissue. The signigicant role of androgenes was assumed to consist in carring out the inducing effect of glucocorticoids and insulin, which influenced to a variable degree the synthesis of DNA-like RNA, of ribosomal RNA precursors from nuclei and of ribosomal RNA from liver tissue cytoplasma in preadolescent and adult animals.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on the synthesis of ribonucleic acids in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the liver cells of sexually immature male rates]. A prolonged (within 4 days) administration of hydrocortisone or protamin-Zn-insulin into preadolescent male rats with body weight of 70-90 g caused a distinct increase in the synthesis of DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA in nuclei and ribosomal RNA in cytoplasma of liver tissue. Protamin-Zn-insulin, after simultaneous administration with hydrocortisone, suppressed the increase in the synthesis of liver RNA fractions studied. The data obtained suggest that DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA from nuclei and ribosomal RNA from cytoplasma of liver tissue of preadolescent male rats participate in the synthesis of transaminases in liver tissue. The signigicant role of androgenes was assumed to consist in carring out the inducing effect of glucocorticoids and insulin, which influenced to a variable degree the synthesis of DNA-like RNA, of ribosomal RNA precursors from nuclei and of ribosomal RNA from liver tissue cytoplasma in preadolescent and adult animals.", "PMID": 1027240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4427", "title": "[Change in the antioxidizing activity of the lipids during aging].", "content": "Antioxidative activity (AOA) of lipids in mice liver was decreased in the old animals. The rate of the AOA decrease varied in different strains of mice. Alteration in the AOA is a phenomenon typical, but unspecific, for the senescence process. Senescence belongs to the pathological states, which occur at the decreased level of the AOA. Similar alterations in AOA were noted in radiation disease, stress state, hyperoxia, intoxications. Development of these pathological states could be inhibited or prevented by means of substances, increasing the antioxidative activity. At the same time the substances, known as inhibitors of senescence, were shown to increase the AOA in vivo. The effect of substances on the antioxidative activity of lipids is considered as a useful test for selection of agents, which appear promising as drugs for prolongation of survival periods.", "contents": "[Change in the antioxidizing activity of the lipids during aging]. Antioxidative activity (AOA) of lipids in mice liver was decreased in the old animals. The rate of the AOA decrease varied in different strains of mice. Alteration in the AOA is a phenomenon typical, but unspecific, for the senescence process. Senescence belongs to the pathological states, which occur at the decreased level of the AOA. Similar alterations in AOA were noted in radiation disease, stress state, hyperoxia, intoxications. Development of these pathological states could be inhibited or prevented by means of substances, increasing the antioxidative activity. At the same time the substances, known as inhibitors of senescence, were shown to increase the AOA in vivo. The effect of substances on the antioxidative activity of lipids is considered as a useful test for selection of agents, which appear promising as drugs for prolongation of survival periods.", "PMID": 1027241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4428", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of liver histones in the postnatal ontogeny of white rats: the effect of testosterone propionate and gonadectomy].", "content": "By means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis heterogeneity, electrophoretic mobility and relative content of different fractions of histones in nuclei of liver cells were studied in gonadectomized Wistar rats and in castrated in intact animals, administered with testosteone propionate. In all the experiments a significant conservatism of histone proteins  was found in postnatal development. In animals, treated with the endocrine preparations, the age peculiarities were shown to reflect the quanitative proportion of different histone fractions.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of liver histones in the postnatal ontogeny of white rats: the effect of testosterone propionate and gonadectomy]. By means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis heterogeneity, electrophoretic mobility and relative content of different fractions of histones in nuclei of liver cells were studied in gonadectomized Wistar rats and in castrated in intact animals, administered with testosteone propionate. In all the experiments a significant conservatism of histone proteins  was found in postnatal development. In animals, treated with the endocrine preparations, the age peculiarities were shown to reflect the quanitative proportion of different histone fractions.", "PMID": 1027242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4429", "title": "[Catecholamine content in the adrenals in meningococcal infection].", "content": "Content of adrenaline and DOPA was distinctly decreased in adrenal glands of 32 persons who died of meningitis, as compared with 7 persons, death of which was caused by trauma. The lowest content of catecholamines was found in cases of development of meningoencephalitis and also after massive hemorrhages into the adrenal glands. The alterations observed were due to impairment of the synthesis, secretion and probably, storage of biogenic amines in the adrenal medulla.", "contents": "[Catecholamine content in the adrenals in meningococcal infection]. Content of adrenaline and DOPA was distinctly decreased in adrenal glands of 32 persons who died of meningitis, as compared with 7 persons, death of which was caused by trauma. The lowest content of catecholamines was found in cases of development of meningoencephalitis and also after massive hemorrhages into the adrenal glands. The alterations observed were due to impairment of the synthesis, secretion and probably, storage of biogenic amines in the adrenal medulla.", "PMID": 1027238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4430", "title": "[Possible change in the substrate specificity of the monoamine oxidase of rat brain and liver mitochondria in hyperoxia].", "content": "Maintenance of animals in conditions of increased oxygen pressure at 4 atm within 1 h caused a decrease in activity of monoamine oxidase from rat brain mitochondria and liver tissue; at the same time, deamination of putrescine and AMP was increased. Deamination of glucosamine was also observed in brain mitochondria. The qualitative alterations in the monoamine oxidase activity were more distinct in brain than in liver tissue. The enzymatic activity was partially restored by addition of ascorbic acid to the suspension of mitchondria.", "contents": "[Possible change in the substrate specificity of the monoamine oxidase of rat brain and liver mitochondria in hyperoxia]. Maintenance of animals in conditions of increased oxygen pressure at 4 atm within 1 h caused a decrease in activity of monoamine oxidase from rat brain mitochondria and liver tissue; at the same time, deamination of putrescine and AMP was increased. Deamination of glucosamine was also observed in brain mitochondria. The qualitative alterations in the monoamine oxidase activity were more distinct in brain than in liver tissue. The enzymatic activity was partially restored by addition of ascorbic acid to the suspension of mitchondria.", "PMID": 1027243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4431", "title": "[Delay in thrombin clearance as a diagnostic test of prethrombosis in depression of the anticoagulation system caused by atherogenic diet].", "content": "Decrease in 131I-thrombin clearance and decrease in absorption of complexes of thrombin with other substances in liver tissue were observed under conditions of depression of anticoagulation system found in animals maintained on altherogenic diet. Prolonged administration of an antisclerotic drug \"Linetol\" and of vitamin A into these animals promoted restoration of anticoagulation system. The restoration was tested by intensification of 131I-thrombin clearance and by accumulation of 131I-thrombin-heparin complex in liver tissue. Decrease in thrombin clearance, in combination with other tests, could be used for diagnosis of prethrombosis under conditions of experimental depression of anti-coagulation system.", "contents": "[Delay in thrombin clearance as a diagnostic test of prethrombosis in depression of the anticoagulation system caused by atherogenic diet]. Decrease in 131I-thrombin clearance and decrease in absorption of complexes of thrombin with other substances in liver tissue were observed under conditions of depression of anticoagulation system found in animals maintained on altherogenic diet. Prolonged administration of an antisclerotic drug \"Linetol\" and of vitamin A into these animals promoted restoration of anticoagulation system. The restoration was tested by intensification of 131I-thrombin clearance and by accumulation of 131I-thrombin-heparin complex in liver tissue. Decrease in thrombin clearance, in combination with other tests, could be used for diagnosis of prethrombosis under conditions of experimental depression of anti-coagulation system.", "PMID": 1027248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4432", "title": "[Antivitamin activity of thiaminase from freshwater bicuspid molluscs after parenteral administration of the enzyme to albino mice].", "content": "Thiaminase from bicuspid mollusc, after a single administration into mice (25 or 50 un, subcutaneously), caused a decrease in the activity of transketolase and alpha-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase in the animal tissues within 3 hrs. The maximal antivitaminous effect of thiaminase was manifested within 2-5 days and slightly decreased within 7 days (at a dose of 25 un). Amount of thiamin was decreased in mice liver tissue from 6.54+/-0.36 mcg/g to 4.84+/-0.23 mcg/g within the second day after the thiaminase administration. Transketolase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney were more sensitive to the antivitaminous effect of thiaminase. General condition of the animals was not altered by parenteral administration of thiaminase during a week. Thiaminase may be recommended for modelling of thiamin deficiency in animals maintained at conventional diets.", "contents": "[Antivitamin activity of thiaminase from freshwater bicuspid molluscs after parenteral administration of the enzyme to albino mice]. Thiaminase from bicuspid mollusc, after a single administration into mice (25 or 50 un, subcutaneously), caused a decrease in the activity of transketolase and alpha-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase in the animal tissues within 3 hrs. The maximal antivitaminous effect of thiaminase was manifested within 2-5 days and slightly decreased within 7 days (at a dose of 25 un). Amount of thiamin was decreased in mice liver tissue from 6.54+/-0.36 mcg/g to 4.84+/-0.23 mcg/g within the second day after the thiaminase administration. Transketolase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney were more sensitive to the antivitaminous effect of thiaminase. General condition of the animals was not altered by parenteral administration of thiaminase during a week. Thiaminase may be recommended for modelling of thiamin deficiency in animals maintained at conventional diets.", "PMID": 1027249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4433", "title": "[Binding of C14-histamine by plasma membranes of cells from gastric mucosa of rats].", "content": "It was established that in rat gastric mucosa cells the receptor proteins capable of binding 14C-histamine were components of plasma membranes. Analysis (by Scatchard method) of curves of 14C-histamine binding by receptor proteins demonstrated that in plasma membranes there were two types of receptors: with high and low affinity to histamine. A specific histamine H2-receptor blockator--burimamide--inhibited competitively the binding of labelled histamine by plasma membranes. The data obtained suggest that the activation of adenyl cyclase by histamine is the result of specific binding of this amine by proteins of plasma membranes in rat gastric mucosa cells.", "contents": "[Binding of C14-histamine by plasma membranes of cells from gastric mucosa of rats]. It was established that in rat gastric mucosa cells the receptor proteins capable of binding 14C-histamine were components of plasma membranes. Analysis (by Scatchard method) of curves of 14C-histamine binding by receptor proteins demonstrated that in plasma membranes there were two types of receptors: with high and low affinity to histamine. A specific histamine H2-receptor blockator--burimamide--inhibited competitively the binding of labelled histamine by plasma membranes. The data obtained suggest that the activation of adenyl cyclase by histamine is the result of specific binding of this amine by proteins of plasma membranes in rat gastric mucosa cells.", "PMID": 1027247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4434", "title": "[Method of gradient chromatography for the isolation of purified lipid fractions from nerve tissue in studies using radioactive carbon, C14].", "content": "A method is developed for separation of lipids from nervous tissue by thin-layer chromatography in silica gel. Cholesterol and \"minor\" lipids were removed from the start by the first chromatography in the system ether-benzol-ethanol-acetic acid. Phospholipids and galactolipids, which remained at the start, were separated by the repeated chromatography in the system chloroform-methanol-NH4OH. The purified fractions of cholesterol, cerebrosides, sulfatides and the total fraction of phospholipids were obtained from 100-150 mg of nervous tissue in amounts, sufficient for estimation of their specific radioactivity in experiments with 14C.", "contents": "[Method of gradient chromatography for the isolation of purified lipid fractions from nerve tissue in studies using radioactive carbon, C14]. A method is developed for separation of lipids from nervous tissue by thin-layer chromatography in silica gel. Cholesterol and \"minor\" lipids were removed from the start by the first chromatography in the system ether-benzol-ethanol-acetic acid. Phospholipids and galactolipids, which remained at the start, were separated by the repeated chromatography in the system chloroform-methanol-NH4OH. The purified fractions of cholesterol, cerebrosides, sulfatides and the total fraction of phospholipids were obtained from 100-150 mg of nervous tissue in amounts, sufficient for estimation of their specific radioactivity in experiments with 14C.", "PMID": 1027245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4435", "title": "[Effect of insulin and hydrocortisone on the isoenzyme composition of pyruvate kinase in the rabbit kidney].", "content": "Alloxan diabetes, starvation of rabbits within one day and administration of hydrocortisone during 5 days did not cause distinct alterations in the total activity of pyruvate kinase in kidney cortex. At the same time pronounced alterations in the isozyme spectra were observed: the L-type activity of pyruvate kinase was decreased and the M2-type of activity was increased. The total activity and the isozyme content of pyruvate kinase were only slightly altered in starvation of rabbits during 3 or 10-16 days and after administration of protamine-Zn-insulin during 3 days. Hydrocortisone caused variable effects on the pyruvate kinase isozymes from kidney cortex, depending on periods of administration.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin and hydrocortisone on the isoenzyme composition of pyruvate kinase in the rabbit kidney]. Alloxan diabetes, starvation of rabbits within one day and administration of hydrocortisone during 5 days did not cause distinct alterations in the total activity of pyruvate kinase in kidney cortex. At the same time pronounced alterations in the isozyme spectra were observed: the L-type activity of pyruvate kinase was decreased and the M2-type of activity was increased. The total activity and the isozyme content of pyruvate kinase were only slightly altered in starvation of rabbits during 3 or 10-16 days and after administration of protamine-Zn-insulin during 3 days. Hydrocortisone caused variable effects on the pyruvate kinase isozymes from kidney cortex, depending on periods of administration.", "PMID": 1027250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4436", "title": "[Effect of insulin of acetylation of histones and non-histone proteins in the cell nuclei of the liver of albine rats of different age].", "content": "After administration of insulin acetylation of histones and acid proteins in liver cell nuclei was decreased within 30 min; it increased gradually within 120 min and there was no difference as compared with control within 360 min in young animals. Incorporation of acetate label into proteins was inhibited within 90 min after the hormone loading in old animals and it did not differ from control within 120 min. Under these conditions acetylation of globulin proteins was decreased within 30 min; it approached the control level within 60 min after which it did not distinctly alter ad compared with the control.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin of acetylation of histones and non-histone proteins in the cell nuclei of the liver of albine rats of different age]. After administration of insulin acetylation of histones and acid proteins in liver cell nuclei was decreased within 30 min; it increased gradually within 120 min and there was no difference as compared with control within 360 min in young animals. Incorporation of acetate label into proteins was inhibited within 90 min after the hormone loading in old animals and it did not differ from control within 120 min. Under these conditions acetylation of globulin proteins was decreased within 30 min; it approached the control level within 60 min after which it did not distinctly alter ad compared with the control.", "PMID": 1027251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4437", "title": "[Factor XIII as a stimulator of thrombin activity].", "content": "The coagulating activity of thrombin was increased by 120% and the esterase activity--by 100% after incubation of thrombin with factor XIII. Factor XIII also stimulated generation of thrombin in the test of two-step estimation of prothrombin. The effect, arising from the interaction of factor XIII with thrombin, was specific for this enzyme because the esterase activity of trypsin was not increased during incubation of enzyme with factor XIII under the same conditions. The data obtained suggest that factor XIII or its fragment are effectors of enzymatic activity of thrombin in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "[Factor XIII as a stimulator of thrombin activity]. The coagulating activity of thrombin was increased by 120% and the esterase activity--by 100% after incubation of thrombin with factor XIII. Factor XIII also stimulated generation of thrombin in the test of two-step estimation of prothrombin. The effect, arising from the interaction of factor XIII with thrombin, was specific for this enzyme because the esterase activity of trypsin was not increased during incubation of enzyme with factor XIII under the same conditions. The data obtained suggest that factor XIII or its fragment are effectors of enzymatic activity of thrombin in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 1027244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4438", "title": "[Nature of changes in the activity of certain enzymes of energy metabolism in the liver after partial sympathectomy].", "content": "Partial sympathectomy of rat liver, carried out by bilateral section of celiac nerves, caused a distinct increase in the activity of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and (less distinctly) of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver tissue. The alterations in glucokinase activity were not statistically significant. Noradrenaline disappeared completely from rat liver after the celiac nerves section. Activities of the above-mentioned enzymes were altered to the same degree in sympathectomized liver of adrenalectomized animals. The increase in the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was prevented by administration of actinomycin D immediately after the section of celiac nerves. The data obtained suggest that after section of liver celiac nerves the alterations in the enzymatic activities are determined by the increase of their biosynthesis and occur as a result of impairment of liver sympathetic innervation.", "contents": "[Nature of changes in the activity of certain enzymes of energy metabolism in the liver after partial sympathectomy]. Partial sympathectomy of rat liver, carried out by bilateral section of celiac nerves, caused a distinct increase in the activity of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and (less distinctly) of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver tissue. The alterations in glucokinase activity were not statistically significant. Noradrenaline disappeared completely from rat liver after the celiac nerves section. Activities of the above-mentioned enzymes were altered to the same degree in sympathectomized liver of adrenalectomized animals. The increase in the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was prevented by administration of actinomycin D immediately after the section of celiac nerves. The data obtained suggest that after section of liver celiac nerves the alterations in the enzymatic activities are determined by the increase of their biosynthesis and occur as a result of impairment of liver sympathetic innervation.", "PMID": 1027252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4439", "title": "[Activity of protein-synthesizing system and RNA synthesis in the liver and spleen of rats in stress caused by burns].", "content": "Period of decreased protein synthesis was observed in rats within first hours, after burns but later on the synthesis was distinctly increased in liver and spleen tissues. This increase was apparently due to induction of RNA synthesis as actinomycin D removed the effect of burns on the protein synthesis. Immediately after the burns incorporation of 14C-orotic acid into rapidly-lebelling RNA of rat liver tissue was increased; the increased RNA synthesis was observed and at the 3-rd day after burns.", "contents": "[Activity of protein-synthesizing system and RNA synthesis in the liver and spleen of rats in stress caused by burns]. Period of decreased protein synthesis was observed in rats within first hours, after burns but later on the synthesis was distinctly increased in liver and spleen tissues. This increase was apparently due to induction of RNA synthesis as actinomycin D removed the effect of burns on the protein synthesis. Immediately after the burns incorporation of 14C-orotic acid into rapidly-lebelling RNA of rat liver tissue was increased; the increased RNA synthesis was observed and at the 3-rd day after burns.", "PMID": 1027255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4440", "title": "[Activation of the rate of enzymatic formation of sulfhydryl groups by serotonin].", "content": "Administration of serotonin into animals and incubation of serotonin with homogenates stimulated disulphide reductase in liver and spleen tissues. The effect of serotonin in vivo was probably mediated by liberation of catecholamines; it was eliminated by pyrilene and reserpine. The reflex mechanisms of catecholamines liberation were mediated by serotonin through serotonin-receptors of T-type. Alteration in the disulphide reductase activity correlated with the increased content of thiols after administration of serotonin.", "contents": "[Activation of the rate of enzymatic formation of sulfhydryl groups by serotonin]. Administration of serotonin into animals and incubation of serotonin with homogenates stimulated disulphide reductase in liver and spleen tissues. The effect of serotonin in vivo was probably mediated by liberation of catecholamines; it was eliminated by pyrilene and reserpine. The reflex mechanisms of catecholamines liberation were mediated by serotonin through serotonin-receptors of T-type. Alteration in the disulphide reductase activity correlated with the increased content of thiols after administration of serotonin.", "PMID": 1027256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4441", "title": "[Effect of diet with high fat content on lipogenesis in the liver, lipid composition and lipoprotein spectrum of blood].", "content": "Content of lipids and lipoprotein composition in blood did not reflect the intensity of lipogenesis in liver tissue of rats, which were kept on diets with high content of vegetable or animal fats. Both diets with excess of fat increased the rate of acetylation reaction in synthesis of glycerides and esterification of free cholesterol in liver tissue. In this case secretion of synthesized lipids into blood was decreased. Excess of vegetable oil, as distinct from animal fat, decreased the content of glycerides, pre-beta and beta-lipoproteins in blood and activated the synthesis of free cholesterol in liver tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of diet with high fat content on lipogenesis in the liver, lipid composition and lipoprotein spectrum of blood]. Content of lipids and lipoprotein composition in blood did not reflect the intensity of lipogenesis in liver tissue of rats, which were kept on diets with high content of vegetable or animal fats. Both diets with excess of fat increased the rate of acetylation reaction in synthesis of glycerides and esterification of free cholesterol in liver tissue. In this case secretion of synthesized lipids into blood was decreased. Excess of vegetable oil, as distinct from animal fat, decreased the content of glycerides, pre-beta and beta-lipoproteins in blood and activated the synthesis of free cholesterol in liver tissue.", "PMID": 1027257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4442", "title": "[Degradation of transfer RNA from skeletal muscles of rats during autolysis].", "content": "sRNA were extracted from postmitochondrial fraction of rat sceletal muscles by the phenol method. Their yield, physico-chemical properties and acceptor activity during postmortal destruction were studied. Within 2 days after the death yield of sRNA was decreased by 18-20% with maintenance of the physico-chemical properties studied. At the same time the acceptor activity (towards 4 amino acids) was distinctly decreased. For various amino acids correlation between a decrease in the acceptor activity and the time of autolysis was different. Three peaks of radioactivity were observed when 14C-phenyl-alanine-sRNA was fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25; two of them were distinctly decreased after 24 hrs autolysis but the third one was maintained almost without alterations. The data obtained suggest that separate types of sRNA are degraded selectively at early steps of postmortal autolysis.", "contents": "[Degradation of transfer RNA from skeletal muscles of rats during autolysis]. sRNA were extracted from postmitochondrial fraction of rat sceletal muscles by the phenol method. Their yield, physico-chemical properties and acceptor activity during postmortal destruction were studied. Within 2 days after the death yield of sRNA was decreased by 18-20% with maintenance of the physico-chemical properties studied. At the same time the acceptor activity (towards 4 amino acids) was distinctly decreased. For various amino acids correlation between a decrease in the acceptor activity and the time of autolysis was different. Three peaks of radioactivity were observed when 14C-phenyl-alanine-sRNA was fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25; two of them were distinctly decreased after 24 hrs autolysis but the third one was maintained almost without alterations. The data obtained suggest that separate types of sRNA are degraded selectively at early steps of postmortal autolysis.", "PMID": 1027254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4443", "title": "[Effect of insulin of dehydrogenases of pentosephosphate pathway and content of free fatty acids in rat kidney].", "content": "After administration of insulin into rats activity of dehydrogenases of pentosephosphate pathway was not altered in cortex and medulla of kidney as distinct from the liver tissue. Concentration of free fatty acids was slightly lower in soluble fraction of kidney cortex than in blood plasma and higher than in preparation from kidney medulla. Alterations in content of free fatty acids were not observed in the preparations of kidney of rats with alloxan diabetes.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin of dehydrogenases of pentosephosphate pathway and content of free fatty acids in rat kidney]. After administration of insulin into rats activity of dehydrogenases of pentosephosphate pathway was not altered in cortex and medulla of kidney as distinct from the liver tissue. Concentration of free fatty acids was slightly lower in soluble fraction of kidney cortex than in blood plasma and higher than in preparation from kidney medulla. Alterations in content of free fatty acids were not observed in the preparations of kidney of rats with alloxan diabetes.", "PMID": 1027253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4444", "title": "[Determination of total and inorganic phosphorus in the presence of organic phosphoric acid esters and proteins].", "content": "Total phosphorus was estimated after mineralization of a sample, containing organic phosphoesters and proteins; a method is based on the formation of phosphomolybdenovanadium complex at acid pH. The analyses for inorganic phosphorus were carried our together with estimation if some labile phosphoesters (glucose-I-phosphate, ADP, ATP), which was possible due to low acidity of the medium (0.24 N HC1O4), small concentrations of reagents (3.2 mg/ml of molybdate, 0.08 mg/ml vanadate), addition of sodium citrate to neutralize the excess of molybdenovanadium acid and extraction of the colored complex with butyl or isobutyl alcohol. Optical density was measured at two wave lengths (340 nm and 390 nm) which enabled to estimate from 0.5 to 80 microng of phosphrorus in a sample.", "contents": "[Determination of total and inorganic phosphorus in the presence of organic phosphoric acid esters and proteins]. Total phosphorus was estimated after mineralization of a sample, containing organic phosphoesters and proteins; a method is based on the formation of phosphomolybdenovanadium complex at acid pH. The analyses for inorganic phosphorus were carried our together with estimation if some labile phosphoesters (glucose-I-phosphate, ADP, ATP), which was possible due to low acidity of the medium (0.24 N HC1O4), small concentrations of reagents (3.2 mg/ml of molybdate, 0.08 mg/ml vanadate), addition of sodium citrate to neutralize the excess of molybdenovanadium acid and extraction of the colored complex with butyl or isobutyl alcohol. Optical density was measured at two wave lengths (340 nm and 390 nm) which enabled to estimate from 0.5 to 80 microng of phosphrorus in a sample.", "PMID": 1027259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4445", "title": "[Effect of rimantadine on the synthesis of virus-specific RNA in the culture of cells infected with Sindbis virus].", "content": "Effect of rimanthadine (alpha-methyl-I-adamantane methylamine) on the synthesis of virus specific RNA was studied in culture of cells, infected with Syndbis virus. Rimanthadine inhibits the synthesis of virus specific RNA beginning from the 3-rd hr of infection. A magnitude of inhibition from the 3-rd to the 7-th hrs of infection was practically the same and exceeded 50%. In the presence of rimanthadine \"early\" RNA was formed (with sedimentation constant of 20-14 S), where radioactivity was lowered as compared with control; formation of more \"late\" RNA peaks (43 S, 34 S and 26 S) was completely prevented within these periods of infection.", "contents": "[Effect of rimantadine on the synthesis of virus-specific RNA in the culture of cells infected with Sindbis virus]. Effect of rimanthadine (alpha-methyl-I-adamantane methylamine) on the synthesis of virus specific RNA was studied in culture of cells, infected with Syndbis virus. Rimanthadine inhibits the synthesis of virus specific RNA beginning from the 3-rd hr of infection. A magnitude of inhibition from the 3-rd to the 7-th hrs of infection was practically the same and exceeded 50%. In the presence of rimanthadine \"early\" RNA was formed (with sedimentation constant of 20-14 S), where radioactivity was lowered as compared with control; formation of more \"late\" RNA peaks (43 S, 34 S and 26 S) was completely prevented within these periods of infection.", "PMID": 1027258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4446", "title": "Agenesis of pancreas and gall-bladder in an infant of incest.", "content": "Fatal diabetic coma was observed in a small-for-gestational-age newborn of brother-sister incest. Post mortem examinations revealed congenital absence of the pancreas and gall-bladder.", "contents": "Agenesis of pancreas and gall-bladder in an infant of incest. Fatal diabetic coma was observed in a small-for-gestational-age newborn of brother-sister incest. Post mortem examinations revealed congenital absence of the pancreas and gall-bladder.", "PMID": 1027315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4447", "title": "Trace elements in the serum of mothers and their children.", "content": "The serum copper, zinc and iron levels, iron binding capacity and coeruloplasmin activity were determined in 28 maternal and cord bloods and in 50 infants and children. At the end of the gestation period the serum copper level increased, iron concentration remained unchanged while the level of zinc decreased significantly as compared to the values for healthy, non-pregnant women. Iron and zinc concentrations at birth were significantly higher in the newborn than in the mother, whereas the copper level amounted only to 20% of the maternal value. Subsequently, the copper level increased to reach the lower limit of healthy adults in the first to second year of life. The remarkably high neonatal zinc concentration fell significantly in the first 2 to 4 weeks of life and decreases to the normal adult level at one year of age. The changes in the trace element concentrations may be due to quantitative differences in the transporting proteins, variations in placental permeability and in the function of transfer proteins.", "contents": "Trace elements in the serum of mothers and their children. The serum copper, zinc and iron levels, iron binding capacity and coeruloplasmin activity were determined in 28 maternal and cord bloods and in 50 infants and children. At the end of the gestation period the serum copper level increased, iron concentration remained unchanged while the level of zinc decreased significantly as compared to the values for healthy, non-pregnant women. Iron and zinc concentrations at birth were significantly higher in the newborn than in the mother, whereas the copper level amounted only to 20% of the maternal value. Subsequently, the copper level increased to reach the lower limit of healthy adults in the first to second year of life. The remarkably high neonatal zinc concentration fell significantly in the first 2 to 4 weeks of life and decreases to the normal adult level at one year of age. The changes in the trace element concentrations may be due to quantitative differences in the transporting proteins, variations in placental permeability and in the function of transfer proteins.", "PMID": 1027317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4448", "title": "Immunoglobulin E in the sera of infants and children.", "content": "The serum IgE level has been studied from birth up to 14 years of age. The mean serum IgE concentration was found to be correlated with age. Parallel measurements in cord blood and maternal blood yielded a mean of 25 I.U./ml (range, 0--90 I.U.) for the former and one of 124 I.U./ml (range, 50-600 I.U.) for the latter. The normal IgE level ranged from 20 to 100 I.U./ml in infants and from 100 to 200 I.U./ml in children, but even values of 400 to 600 I.U. did not necessarily reflect a pathological condition. In the majority of patients with eczema, urticaria and spastic bronchitis, high IgE levels were measured. The highest individual and mean values were obtained in children harbouring intestinal helminths, though a normal IgE level also occurred in such patients. In coeliac disease the values were within normal limits.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E in the sera of infants and children. The serum IgE level has been studied from birth up to 14 years of age. The mean serum IgE concentration was found to be correlated with age. Parallel measurements in cord blood and maternal blood yielded a mean of 25 I.U./ml (range, 0--90 I.U.) for the former and one of 124 I.U./ml (range, 50-600 I.U.) for the latter. The normal IgE level ranged from 20 to 100 I.U./ml in infants and from 100 to 200 I.U./ml in children, but even values of 400 to 600 I.U. did not necessarily reflect a pathological condition. In the majority of patients with eczema, urticaria and spastic bronchitis, high IgE levels were measured. The highest individual and mean values were obtained in children harbouring intestinal helminths, though a normal IgE level also occurred in such patients. In coeliac disease the values were within normal limits.", "PMID": 1027318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4449", "title": "Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome: acoustic, laryngoscopic and radiological investigation.", "content": "The breathing pattern in IRDS has been analysed by sound recording, direct laryngoscopy and chest X-rays. The reflex mechanism operative in IRDS was found to be a modified version of the Hering-Breuer reflex; in a certain phase of inspiration the respiratory muscles relax and passive expiration begins. In IRDS, at the end of the short inspiratory phase accompanied by grunting the glottis is suddenly closed, and collapse of the alveolar space is prevented. The small opening of the glottis before the next inspiration serves the same purpose, and the air passing through it is heard as grunting. As soon as the alveolar space is emptied, the glottis becomes wide open and a quick inspiration follows. The modified Hering-Breure reflex increases the respiratory tract pressure and thus prevents collapse of the alveolar space. When the newborn is no longer capable of the excess extra work required for grunting, the decompensated phase of IRDS sets in. Gas exchange rapidly deteriorates and the white lung pattern is visible on the chest X-ray.", "contents": "Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome: acoustic, laryngoscopic and radiological investigation. The breathing pattern in IRDS has been analysed by sound recording, direct laryngoscopy and chest X-rays. The reflex mechanism operative in IRDS was found to be a modified version of the Hering-Breuer reflex; in a certain phase of inspiration the respiratory muscles relax and passive expiration begins. In IRDS, at the end of the short inspiratory phase accompanied by grunting the glottis is suddenly closed, and collapse of the alveolar space is prevented. The small opening of the glottis before the next inspiration serves the same purpose, and the air passing through it is heard as grunting. As soon as the alveolar space is emptied, the glottis becomes wide open and a quick inspiration follows. The modified Hering-Breure reflex increases the respiratory tract pressure and thus prevents collapse of the alveolar space. When the newborn is no longer capable of the excess extra work required for grunting, the decompensated phase of IRDS sets in. Gas exchange rapidly deteriorates and the white lung pattern is visible on the chest X-ray.", "PMID": 1027320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4450", "title": "Altered response in vitro of the human umbilical artery to sera of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome and other hypoxic conditions.", "content": "A study was made of the reaction of the human umbilical artery and the isolated rabbit auricular artery to protein-free ultrafiltrates of normal and hypoxic sera originating from neonates suffering from RDS or other acute metabolic disturbances. While a normal serum ultrafiltrate caused an enhanced contraction of the umbilical artery, hypoxic sera exerted a weaker pressor activity. At the same time, on the rabbit's isolated auricular artery the hypoxic sera exhibited a higher pressor activity. The phenomenon is in agreement with the clinical observation that spontaneous closure of the umbilical vessels is delayed in the case of fetal hypoxia.", "contents": "Altered response in vitro of the human umbilical artery to sera of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome and other hypoxic conditions. A study was made of the reaction of the human umbilical artery and the isolated rabbit auricular artery to protein-free ultrafiltrates of normal and hypoxic sera originating from neonates suffering from RDS or other acute metabolic disturbances. While a normal serum ultrafiltrate caused an enhanced contraction of the umbilical artery, hypoxic sera exerted a weaker pressor activity. At the same time, on the rabbit's isolated auricular artery the hypoxic sera exhibited a higher pressor activity. The phenomenon is in agreement with the clinical observation that spontaneous closure of the umbilical vessels is delayed in the case of fetal hypoxia.", "PMID": 1027321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4451", "title": "The metabolic effects of glucagon infusion in normoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic small-for-gestational-age infants. I. Changes in blood glucose, blood lactate and plasma free fatty acids.", "content": "The response to glucagon infusion of blood glucose, blood lactate and plasma FFA was studied in 7 normoglycaemic and 7 hypoglycaemic SGA infants. The infants received glucagon at a rate of 0.2 microng/kg/min into a cephalic vein for a period of four hours. Glucagon caused a marked and significant rise in blood glucose in both groups; from 66 +/- 12 mg/100 ml to 136 +/- 16 mg/100 ml in the normoglycaemic, and from 22 +/- 2 mg/100 ml to 69 +/- 13 mg/100 ml in the hypoglycaemic infants. The time course of the response was different: while in the former group blood glucose declined after the second hour of glucagon infusion, in the hypoglycaemic group the response persisted throughout the test period. In the normoglycaemic SGA infants FFA fell rapidly in response to glucagon, whereas no significant change occurred in hypoglycaemic infants. The different baseline lactate concentrations were not affected significantly.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of glucagon infusion in normoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic small-for-gestational-age infants. I. Changes in blood glucose, blood lactate and plasma free fatty acids. The response to glucagon infusion of blood glucose, blood lactate and plasma FFA was studied in 7 normoglycaemic and 7 hypoglycaemic SGA infants. The infants received glucagon at a rate of 0.2 microng/kg/min into a cephalic vein for a period of four hours. Glucagon caused a marked and significant rise in blood glucose in both groups; from 66 +/- 12 mg/100 ml to 136 +/- 16 mg/100 ml in the normoglycaemic, and from 22 +/- 2 mg/100 ml to 69 +/- 13 mg/100 ml in the hypoglycaemic infants. The time course of the response was different: while in the former group blood glucose declined after the second hour of glucagon infusion, in the hypoglycaemic group the response persisted throughout the test period. In the normoglycaemic SGA infants FFA fell rapidly in response to glucagon, whereas no significant change occurred in hypoglycaemic infants. The different baseline lactate concentrations were not affected significantly.", "PMID": 1027323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4452", "title": "The metabolic effects of glucagon infusion in normoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic small-for-gestational-age infants. II. Changes in plasma amino acids.", "content": "Altogether 17 individual amino acids were determined before and during glucagon infusion in normoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic SGA infants. The magnitude and time course of the response in total plasma amino acids to glucagon infusion (0.2 microng/kg/min for four hours) differed in the two groups: while in the normoglycaemic SGA infants a significant hypoaminoacidaemia was noted by the second hour of glucagon infusion, in the hypoglycaemic newborns no appreciable changes were observed. In the former group altogether twelve amino acids showed a progressive and significant decline. The fall of three important gluconeogenic amino acids alanine, glycine,proline, and that of three branched chain amino acids was particularly striking. In contrast, in the hypoglycaemic infants the amino acids were not significantly affected by glucagon infusion. This unresponsiveness of plasma amino acids was probably transient as judged from the moderate hypoaminoacidaemia noted by the end of the infusion period. The observations seem to have important implications regarding the influence of glucagon on hepatic glucose production, and its possible therapeutic importance in the management of hypoglycaemic intrauterine malnourished infants.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of glucagon infusion in normoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic small-for-gestational-age infants. II. Changes in plasma amino acids. Altogether 17 individual amino acids were determined before and during glucagon infusion in normoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic SGA infants. The magnitude and time course of the response in total plasma amino acids to glucagon infusion (0.2 microng/kg/min for four hours) differed in the two groups: while in the normoglycaemic SGA infants a significant hypoaminoacidaemia was noted by the second hour of glucagon infusion, in the hypoglycaemic newborns no appreciable changes were observed. In the former group altogether twelve amino acids showed a progressive and significant decline. The fall of three important gluconeogenic amino acids alanine, glycine,proline, and that of three branched chain amino acids was particularly striking. In contrast, in the hypoglycaemic infants the amino acids were not significantly affected by glucagon infusion. This unresponsiveness of plasma amino acids was probably transient as judged from the moderate hypoaminoacidaemia noted by the end of the infusion period. The observations seem to have important implications regarding the influence of glucagon on hepatic glucose production, and its possible therapeutic importance in the management of hypoglycaemic intrauterine malnourished infants.", "PMID": 1027324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4453", "title": "[Presuppositions and orientations in sex education literature. Brief report of an observation].", "content": "This article publishes the result of a gallup done with 40 books and publications dealing with sexual education and representing styles and tendencies as diversified as possible. The aim consisted insearching the multisciplinary structure (physiology, psychology, sociology, ethics...) on which the authors rely explicitely for proposing pedagogic orientations. It appears from analyses that the educational aim is most often limited to an information giving the greatest importance to anatomophysiological factors of reproductive functions. A larger concept of sexuality including dimensions of body eroticism, on the one hand, and psychological, social and relational ethical factors, on the other hand, is rejected by some authors proning pedagogic \"neutrality\". These dimensions are used in an \"engaged pedagogy\" by other authors, but differently according to their view of \"sexual liberalisation\" or humanistic or christian sexual ethics. Critical considerations are added to the description of these various tendencies.", "contents": "[Presuppositions and orientations in sex education literature. Brief report of an observation]. This article publishes the result of a gallup done with 40 books and publications dealing with sexual education and representing styles and tendencies as diversified as possible. The aim consisted insearching the multisciplinary structure (physiology, psychology, sociology, ethics...) on which the authors rely explicitely for proposing pedagogic orientations. It appears from analyses that the educational aim is most often limited to an information giving the greatest importance to anatomophysiological factors of reproductive functions. A larger concept of sexuality including dimensions of body eroticism, on the one hand, and psychological, social and relational ethical factors, on the other hand, is rejected by some authors proning pedagogic \"neutrality\". These dimensions are used in an \"engaged pedagogy\" by other authors, but differently according to their view of \"sexual liberalisation\" or humanistic or christian sexual ethics. Critical considerations are added to the description of these various tendencies.", "PMID": 1027325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4454", "title": "[Sexologies: discussions and desires].", "content": "The present reflexion deals with the phenomenon of sexology and more precisely with sexologists. The author questions the sense of concepts apparently opposed to a scientific sexology anthropology. The key is searched in the way of being sexologists, their experience of pleasure, anxiety, the power based on knowledge and action. Their own experience guides their concepts of social order and sexual (dis)order. Sexuality itself, implicating sexologists in its relational essence, analogous to language, carries the dialectic elements found in sexology.", "contents": "[Sexologies: discussions and desires]. The present reflexion deals with the phenomenon of sexology and more precisely with sexologists. The author questions the sense of concepts apparently opposed to a scientific sexology anthropology. The key is searched in the way of being sexologists, their experience of pleasure, anxiety, the power based on knowledge and action. Their own experience guides their concepts of social order and sexual (dis)order. Sexuality itself, implicating sexologists in its relational essence, analogous to language, carries the dialectic elements found in sexology.", "PMID": 1027326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4455", "title": "[The transsexual enigma. Apropos of the work of Jan Morris \"Enigma\"].", "content": "The fixity of the therapeutic demand of the transsexual renders it refractory to psychotherapeutic analysis, which always tries to reveal an other demand behind the explicit demand. But the transsexual wants nothing else than to obtain from the medical wf his intime conviction to belong to the opposite sex despite his non equivoqual hormonal anatomic and genetic sex. As a consequence, he demands surgical correction of this mistake of nature. The author wants to draw from J. Morris's remarquable work, both on human and literary grounds, the essential axis of the deep problems of the transsexual: the precocious apparition of the conviction which becomes irreversible, the concern to have it accredited by scientists, a desexualised verbalisation with a rich claim for gender (psychological sex), the impact of the desire of the mother on the future of the subject, the necessary idealisation of the mother (virgin cult), the problem of castration, the link between identity and recognition by the other. The psychotherapeutic failure gives rise to an important theoretical lesson which is clearly illustrated in the transsexual: one can not conound penis and phallus (Lacan), because if the transexxual is ready to live without the former, it is to obtain (or become) the latest.", "contents": "[The transsexual enigma. Apropos of the work of Jan Morris \"Enigma\"]. The fixity of the therapeutic demand of the transsexual renders it refractory to psychotherapeutic analysis, which always tries to reveal an other demand behind the explicit demand. But the transsexual wants nothing else than to obtain from the medical wf his intime conviction to belong to the opposite sex despite his non equivoqual hormonal anatomic and genetic sex. As a consequence, he demands surgical correction of this mistake of nature. The author wants to draw from J. Morris's remarquable work, both on human and literary grounds, the essential axis of the deep problems of the transsexual: the precocious apparition of the conviction which becomes irreversible, the concern to have it accredited by scientists, a desexualised verbalisation with a rich claim for gender (psychological sex), the impact of the desire of the mother on the future of the subject, the necessary idealisation of the mother (virgin cult), the problem of castration, the link between identity and recognition by the other. The psychotherapeutic failure gives rise to an important theoretical lesson which is clearly illustrated in the transsexual: one can not conound penis and phallus (Lacan), because if the transexxual is ready to live without the former, it is to obtain (or become) the latest.", "PMID": 1027327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4456", "title": "[Morals and sex deviations].", "content": "Deviance is today more often recognized. It questions norms or established order. Sociology, medicine, law, moral, even if they use the same terms, such as deviance or normality, deal with these realities differentialy. Being more conscious of it allows to define the conditions of a more true and serene dialogue, starting from various disciplines. One wonders more particularly on the specific role of moral. Must the elaboration of moral norms be done in reference to \"normality\", or do we have to look for lines of sexual humanization?", "contents": "[Morals and sex deviations]. Deviance is today more often recognized. It questions norms or established order. Sociology, medicine, law, moral, even if they use the same terms, such as deviance or normality, deal with these realities differentialy. Being more conscious of it allows to define the conditions of a more true and serene dialogue, starting from various disciplines. One wonders more particularly on the specific role of moral. Must the elaboration of moral norms be done in reference to \"normality\", or do we have to look for lines of sexual humanization?", "PMID": 1027328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4457", "title": "[Psychology and fecundity. Motivations for parenthood].", "content": "Questions relating to population problems are more and more important at different levels, i.e. political, economic, national and international. In demographical research, sociological analyses were routine, but other disciplines such as psychology have rarely been emphasized for understanding mechanisms of fecondity. In a preliminary research on motivations to parenthood, this article proposes a critical analysis of the main orientations of research in the area of fecondity: socio-psychological studies, analytical and other works psychologically oriented on attitudes, motivations and values towards the child. It also delines the conceptual frame for a new research.", "contents": "[Psychology and fecundity. Motivations for parenthood]. Questions relating to population problems are more and more important at different levels, i.e. political, economic, national and international. In demographical research, sociological analyses were routine, but other disciplines such as psychology have rarely been emphasized for understanding mechanisms of fecondity. In a preliminary research on motivations to parenthood, this article proposes a critical analysis of the main orientations of research in the area of fecondity: socio-psychological studies, analytical and other works psychologically oriented on attitudes, motivations and values towards the child. It also delines the conceptual frame for a new research.", "PMID": 1027329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4458", "title": "The importance of hygienic practices during the collection and bottling of mineral water.", "content": "Natural water suitable for direct bottling must be clear, colourless, and free from objectionable taste and odour. The mineral content must be limited in amount, otherwise the water would come within the medicinal water category. There should be no detectable organic matter present and the water must be of the highest bacteriological quality -- virtually sterile - and should remain in this condition during the collection and bottling processes. In order to achieve and maintain this high quality, the gathering grounds of the source must be protected from pollution; the construction of the well or spring must be such as to prevent external contamination, as also should be the collecting and bottling apparatus. Personnel employed in the factory should wear protective clothing and be regularly checked as to their freedom from waterborne infectious diseases. Control of the water as to its hygienic quality should be by regular and frequent analysis of samples of the water and the air at various points in the process and in the factory. A new problem that has arisen and has to be faced in this situation is the risk of contamination by certain materials in contact with the water that may contain substances that encourage the growth of saprophytic bacteria which would contaminate by the production of taste, odour, discolouration, cloudiness and definite evidence of microbial growth. It is emphasized that the extent of this new problem is not yet delineated and that methods of laboratory control and safeguards against such happenings are still evolving.", "contents": "The importance of hygienic practices during the collection and bottling of mineral water. Natural water suitable for direct bottling must be clear, colourless, and free from objectionable taste and odour. The mineral content must be limited in amount, otherwise the water would come within the medicinal water category. There should be no detectable organic matter present and the water must be of the highest bacteriological quality -- virtually sterile - and should remain in this condition during the collection and bottling processes. In order to achieve and maintain this high quality, the gathering grounds of the source must be protected from pollution; the construction of the well or spring must be such as to prevent external contamination, as also should be the collecting and bottling apparatus. Personnel employed in the factory should wear protective clothing and be regularly checked as to their freedom from waterborne infectious diseases. Control of the water as to its hygienic quality should be by regular and frequent analysis of samples of the water and the air at various points in the process and in the factory. A new problem that has arisen and has to be faced in this situation is the risk of contamination by certain materials in contact with the water that may contain substances that encourage the growth of saprophytic bacteria which would contaminate by the production of taste, odour, discolouration, cloudiness and definite evidence of microbial growth. It is emphasized that the extent of this new problem is not yet delineated and that methods of laboratory control and safeguards against such happenings are still evolving.", "PMID": 1027338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4459", "title": "La signification du nombre et de la nature des microorganismes telluriques pr\u00e9sents dans l'eau min\u00e9rale a l'\u00e9mergence.", "content": "Water of the best protected mineral sources always contains a small number (often less than 10/ml) of \"authochtonous\" bacteria which multiply and subsist infinitely in the underground sheets. These bacteria are psychrotrophic, able to multiply in the absence of detectable traces of organic matter, but grow better in the presence of organic matter. They are very sensitive to the antiseptic agents currently used to purify drinking water. For reasons that are still unknown, these bacteria rapidly multiply in bottled water. However, this multiplication never leads to appearance of a sufficiently great number of populations to affect the limpidity of the water. It has been demonstrated that these autochtonous bacteria are not able to become established., i.e. to multiply and subsist in a great number in the digestive tract of axenic mice receiving mineral water. The conclusion of this is that there are no risks for multiplication of this bacteria in the organism of the consumer. The absolute number of these bacteria in bottled water has therefore no sanitary significance for the consumer and it seems not to be justified to establish strandard recommendations with respect to this. In the water sheet, only an abrupt rise in the number of autochtonous bacteria beyond the usual level, which varies much according to sheets, represents an unfavourable indication. Indeed, this might correspond to an accidental infiltration of organic matter and consequently of pathogenic bacteria into the water sheet. Search for bacteria as indicators of fecal pollutions therefore remains the most reliable method for estimating the hygienic quality of mineral water or of any other food products.", "contents": "La signification du nombre et de la nature des microorganismes telluriques pr\u00e9sents dans l'eau min\u00e9rale a l'\u00e9mergence. Water of the best protected mineral sources always contains a small number (often less than 10/ml) of \"authochtonous\" bacteria which multiply and subsist infinitely in the underground sheets. These bacteria are psychrotrophic, able to multiply in the absence of detectable traces of organic matter, but grow better in the presence of organic matter. They are very sensitive to the antiseptic agents currently used to purify drinking water. For reasons that are still unknown, these bacteria rapidly multiply in bottled water. However, this multiplication never leads to appearance of a sufficiently great number of populations to affect the limpidity of the water. It has been demonstrated that these autochtonous bacteria are not able to become established., i.e. to multiply and subsist in a great number in the digestive tract of axenic mice receiving mineral water. The conclusion of this is that there are no risks for multiplication of this bacteria in the organism of the consumer. The absolute number of these bacteria in bottled water has therefore no sanitary significance for the consumer and it seems not to be justified to establish strandard recommendations with respect to this. In the water sheet, only an abrupt rise in the number of autochtonous bacteria beyond the usual level, which varies much according to sheets, represents an unfavourable indication. Indeed, this might correspond to an accidental infiltration of organic matter and consequently of pathogenic bacteria into the water sheet. Search for bacteria as indicators of fecal pollutions therefore remains the most reliable method for estimating the hygienic quality of mineral water or of any other food products.", "PMID": 1027339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4460", "title": "[Comparative studies on the course of microbial flora in natural mineral waters bottled in glass, PVC and laminated polyethylene].", "content": "The Authors report the results of comparative investigations carried out on some mineral waters bottled in various containers (laminated polyethylene, glass, PVC). The microbic charges vary in relation to the kind of container and resulted to be lower in the case of containers made of polyethylene.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the course of microbial flora in natural mineral waters bottled in glass, PVC and laminated polyethylene]. The Authors report the results of comparative investigations carried out on some mineral waters bottled in various containers (laminated polyethylene, glass, PVC). The microbic charges vary in relation to the kind of container and resulted to be lower in the case of containers made of polyethylene.", "PMID": 1027340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4461", "title": "[Legal aspects of mineral waters].", "content": "The Author takes up the subject of the report in order to carry out a comprehensive legal recognition of the mineral water regulations in Italy and emphasizes that in this field the results of scientific conclusions, or rather of the various scientific branches (medical hydrology, microbiology, chemics, hydrogeology, medical clinics, pharmacology, etc.) supply a cognitive support to the legislator and the substantial contents to the legal standards. He therefore illustrates the two main outlines of the rules, i.e. the hygienic sanitary one and the mineral one: such lay-out is subsequently related to the implementation of the Regions on one hand and to the enforcement of CEE-rules on the other. This has led to the fact that the hygienic-sanitary legislation was confirmed to the State while the mineral one was transferred to the Regions. After having shown up contrasts and expressed the necessity of clearness and uniformity of rules and criteria, the Author connects these requirements mainly with the implementation of hygienic-sanitary surveillance and consequently with the evaluation of the banal bacterical contents under the point of view of merit--i.e. the rules should include the probative results of science--as well as from a point of view of coordinated allotments of competence by the various organisms.", "contents": "[Legal aspects of mineral waters]. The Author takes up the subject of the report in order to carry out a comprehensive legal recognition of the mineral water regulations in Italy and emphasizes that in this field the results of scientific conclusions, or rather of the various scientific branches (medical hydrology, microbiology, chemics, hydrogeology, medical clinics, pharmacology, etc.) supply a cognitive support to the legislator and the substantial contents to the legal standards. He therefore illustrates the two main outlines of the rules, i.e. the hygienic sanitary one and the mineral one: such lay-out is subsequently related to the implementation of the Regions on one hand and to the enforcement of CEE-rules on the other. This has led to the fact that the hygienic-sanitary legislation was confirmed to the State while the mineral one was transferred to the Regions. After having shown up contrasts and expressed the necessity of clearness and uniformity of rules and criteria, the Author connects these requirements mainly with the implementation of hygienic-sanitary surveillance and consequently with the evaluation of the banal bacterical contents under the point of view of merit--i.e. the rules should include the probative results of science--as well as from a point of view of coordinated allotments of competence by the various organisms.", "PMID": 1027341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4462", "title": "[Considerations on critics towards conditioned waters (drinking water in general and particularly mineral water) especially from the microbiological point of view].", "content": "After having precised what has incited to extend our considerations reported at the International Congress on Microbiology for Mineral Waters to all the conditioned waters, in a \"first part\" we have examined the drawbacks imputed to the water itself. a) In a first analytical chapter, we have made the schedule and the critical examination of the different reproaches given to conditioned waters on considering successively: 1) Special drawbacks (although these are of an other category than microbiology) which were given, whichever type of supply (loose, at the tap, or splitted up when the water is conditioned), to some categories of waters (carbonated and mineral) because of their nature by the fact that these waters do not show the charactheristics of potability with regard to the legislation and administration. This examination leads to eliminate those reproaches because the consumer knows to which he is exposed, being forewarned: -when he is using mineral water at the cure-resort, by the thermal consultant who is watching over him, -when he is using one or the other of the conditioned waters, -either by the medical practictioner, who should give him the contre-indicates; -either by indicating on the label, if not the contre-indicates (like we would hope that they figure on), at least the composition (which now figures within the EEC).", "contents": "[Considerations on critics towards conditioned waters (drinking water in general and particularly mineral water) especially from the microbiological point of view]. After having precised what has incited to extend our considerations reported at the International Congress on Microbiology for Mineral Waters to all the conditioned waters, in a \"first part\" we have examined the drawbacks imputed to the water itself. a) In a first analytical chapter, we have made the schedule and the critical examination of the different reproaches given to conditioned waters on considering successively: 1) Special drawbacks (although these are of an other category than microbiology) which were given, whichever type of supply (loose, at the tap, or splitted up when the water is conditioned), to some categories of waters (carbonated and mineral) because of their nature by the fact that these waters do not show the charactheristics of potability with regard to the legislation and administration. This examination leads to eliminate those reproaches because the consumer knows to which he is exposed, being forewarned: -when he is using mineral water at the cure-resort, by the thermal consultant who is watching over him, -when he is using one or the other of the conditioned waters, -either by the medical practictioner, who should give him the contre-indicates; -either by indicating on the label, if not the contre-indicates (like we would hope that they figure on), at least the composition (which now figures within the EEC).", "PMID": 1027342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4463", "title": "[Problems in the interpretation of hygienic indices of mineral waters in the light of current standards].", "content": "After several references to the Italian laws now in force in this field, the Author emphasizes the necessity of bringing them up to date both from an analytical and from an explanatory point of view. In particular, he calls attention to the difficulties to be encountered in establishing regulations in view of the presence of saprophytes in natural waters.", "contents": "[Problems in the interpretation of hygienic indices of mineral waters in the light of current standards]. After several references to the Italian laws now in force in this field, the Author emphasizes the necessity of bringing them up to date both from an analytical and from an explanatory point of view. In particular, he calls attention to the difficulties to be encountered in establishing regulations in view of the presence of saprophytes in natural waters.", "PMID": 1027343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4464", "title": "[Evaluation of diabetic glycemic control in hospital and extra-hospital regimen (author's transl)].", "content": "It is suggested an evaluation of the degree of diabetic control in insulin-dependent \"difficult\" patient, during the period following the discharge from hospital. In 13 cases, the quality of glycemic regulation was compared in intra- and extra-hospital therapeutic regimen by means of 3 new indices of the diurnal blood sugar profile: the Mbs, delta, and Mdelta values. Mbs value describescribes the mean level of the blood sugar curve; delta indicates the amplitidue of the glycemic variability field; Mdelta reports both maximal and minimal extremes of the curve. A combination of the first two parameters proved adequate for a clinical assessment of diabetic control. In the majority of the cases, blood glucose patterns were found similar or even improve in extra-hospital conditions. The insulin dosage ordered during hospital staying was confirmed in all, but one, patients. Psychological approach is probably essential for such good results. The procedure seems to be suitable in order to establish a more correct starting point for an effective treatment of the diabetic out-patient.", "contents": "[Evaluation of diabetic glycemic control in hospital and extra-hospital regimen (author's transl)]. It is suggested an evaluation of the degree of diabetic control in insulin-dependent \"difficult\" patient, during the period following the discharge from hospital. In 13 cases, the quality of glycemic regulation was compared in intra- and extra-hospital therapeutic regimen by means of 3 new indices of the diurnal blood sugar profile: the Mbs, delta, and Mdelta values. Mbs value describescribes the mean level of the blood sugar curve; delta indicates the amplitidue of the glycemic variability field; Mdelta reports both maximal and minimal extremes of the curve. A combination of the first two parameters proved adequate for a clinical assessment of diabetic control. In the majority of the cases, blood glucose patterns were found similar or even improve in extra-hospital conditions. The insulin dosage ordered during hospital staying was confirmed in all, but one, patients. Psychological approach is probably essential for such good results. The procedure seems to be suitable in order to establish a more correct starting point for an effective treatment of the diabetic out-patient.", "PMID": 1027344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4465", "title": "[Long-term clinical results with monocomponent insulin (MC lente) in infantile and juvenile diabetes].", "content": "The clinical role of insulin-antibody formation, with reference to the monocomponent insulin treatment (MC), is discussed in a series of diabetological conditions. On the basis of a five-year-experience, personal results with a MC Lente treatment are presented in 32 cases of juvenile diabetes subdivided as follows: 3 cases with insulin allergy, 5 cases with insulin lipoatrophy, 13 cases with high insulin requirement, 4 cases with brittle diabetes, 7 cases with diabetic microangiopathy (retinal and, or renal). The circulating antibody level was estimated by IgG-Insulin-Binding Capacity (IB), according to Christiansen. After transfer from conventional to MC insulin treatment it was observed: -- disappearance of allergy and total remission of lipoatrophy, in parallel with a reduction of IB titer; -- decrease in insulin requirement and stabilisation of labile diabetic control, not always in concomitance with IB reduction; -- deterioration of advanced diabetic retinopathy and, or nephropathy in spite of IB reduction. It is concluded that MC insulin constitutes a major tool in the treatment of the above mentioned diabetic conditions, except for advanced microangiopathy. Thus a MC insulin treatment should be started, as a rule, in newly diagnosed diabetics, to possibly prevent such complications. However further development of insulin purification techniques, with removal of residual pro-insulin antigenic sites, is to be considered.", "contents": "[Long-term clinical results with monocomponent insulin (MC lente) in infantile and juvenile diabetes]. The clinical role of insulin-antibody formation, with reference to the monocomponent insulin treatment (MC), is discussed in a series of diabetological conditions. On the basis of a five-year-experience, personal results with a MC Lente treatment are presented in 32 cases of juvenile diabetes subdivided as follows: 3 cases with insulin allergy, 5 cases with insulin lipoatrophy, 13 cases with high insulin requirement, 4 cases with brittle diabetes, 7 cases with diabetic microangiopathy (retinal and, or renal). The circulating antibody level was estimated by IgG-Insulin-Binding Capacity (IB), according to Christiansen. After transfer from conventional to MC insulin treatment it was observed: -- disappearance of allergy and total remission of lipoatrophy, in parallel with a reduction of IB titer; -- decrease in insulin requirement and stabilisation of labile diabetic control, not always in concomitance with IB reduction; -- deterioration of advanced diabetic retinopathy and, or nephropathy in spite of IB reduction. It is concluded that MC insulin constitutes a major tool in the treatment of the above mentioned diabetic conditions, except for advanced microangiopathy. Thus a MC insulin treatment should be started, as a rule, in newly diagnosed diabetics, to possibly prevent such complications. However further development of insulin purification techniques, with removal of residual pro-insulin antigenic sites, is to be considered.", "PMID": 1027349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4466", "title": "[Dynamic telethermography in E.N.T. cancerology].", "content": "Thermography is used in human pathology to capture and visualise infra-red rays emitted directly and spontaneously by the human body. The author first describes the main techniques of thermography, their indications their advantages and their potential problems:--contact thermography;--static thermography; --dynamic telethermography. The information provided by the latter in the case of E.N.T. and cervico-facial malignancies should be interpreted with caution and only as a complement to other investigations such as radiography, echography and isotope studies. The following features are seen: --the low value of cerevical hyperthermia in relation to lymphadenopathies, due to the \"thermal interference\" of the great vessels of the neck; --the contrast between large lymphadenopathies which are often quite cold in comparison with small lymphadenopathies which are always hot; --the value of the method in determining extension of a skin tumour, for the surveillance of areas already tready by surgery or physical agents, in seeking and discovering an endo-cavitray neoplastic zone or a bone metastasis.", "contents": "[Dynamic telethermography in E.N.T. cancerology]. Thermography is used in human pathology to capture and visualise infra-red rays emitted directly and spontaneously by the human body. The author first describes the main techniques of thermography, their indications their advantages and their potential problems:--contact thermography;--static thermography; --dynamic telethermography. The information provided by the latter in the case of E.N.T. and cervico-facial malignancies should be interpreted with caution and only as a complement to other investigations such as radiography, echography and isotope studies. The following features are seen: --the low value of cerevical hyperthermia in relation to lymphadenopathies, due to the \"thermal interference\" of the great vessels of the neck; --the contrast between large lymphadenopathies which are often quite cold in comparison with small lymphadenopathies which are always hot; --the value of the method in determining extension of a skin tumour, for the surveillance of areas already tready by surgery or physical agents, in seeking and discovering an endo-cavitray neoplastic zone or a bone metastasis.", "PMID": 1027350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4467", "title": "[Benign osteoblastoma. Apropos of a case localized in the upper maxilla].", "content": "Benign osteoblastoma is a benign bone tumour identified fairly recently. The names of Jaffe and Lichtenstein are associated with published work. Localisation in the maxillary sinus, as in the case presented here, is quite rare. Clinical examination reveals the presence of the tumour but gives no precise indication as to its nature. X-ray documents favourised its benign nature. Only histological study precisely determines the diagnosis, definitely eliminating the possibility of malignancy and, finally, differentiating benign osteoblastoma from other benign bone tumours. Treatment is purely surgical.", "contents": "[Benign osteoblastoma. Apropos of a case localized in the upper maxilla]. Benign osteoblastoma is a benign bone tumour identified fairly recently. The names of Jaffe and Lichtenstein are associated with published work. Localisation in the maxillary sinus, as in the case presented here, is quite rare. Clinical examination reveals the presence of the tumour but gives no precise indication as to its nature. X-ray documents favourised its benign nature. Only histological study precisely determines the diagnosis, definitely eliminating the possibility of malignancy and, finally, differentiating benign osteoblastoma from other benign bone tumours. Treatment is purely surgical.", "PMID": 1027351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4468", "title": "[Voluminous neurinoma of 2d and 3d portion of the intrapetrosal facial nerve with subtympanal extension].", "content": "A patient presented with a facial nerve neurinoma of unusual size and which gave particularly clear radiological images. The curious feature of this observation is that there was no pre-operative facial paralysis as happens in about 15 p. 100 of cases.", "contents": "[Voluminous neurinoma of 2d and 3d portion of the intrapetrosal facial nerve with subtympanal extension]. A patient presented with a facial nerve neurinoma of unusual size and which gave particularly clear radiological images. The curious feature of this observation is that there was no pre-operative facial paralysis as happens in about 15 p. 100 of cases.", "PMID": 1027353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4469", "title": "[Impedancemetry. Clinical applications].", "content": "The authors call attention to the importance of the data provided by impendancemetry, both in its classified applications, by tympanogram, and in impedance-audiometry, by the study of elicited stapedius reflex. They warn against the tendency to consider impedancemetry as a synonym for examination in conductive deafness and to reserve impedance-audiometry exclusively for perceptive deafness. These two techniques must be coupled and their multiple clinical applications are very often intricated. Tympanograms based in their clinic on the study of relative impedance, provide equally interesting diagnostic data in post-otorrhea states with open eardrum as well as closed eardrum for which until now tympanogram was the classic test. Of course tubal disfunctions, serous effusions of the middle-ear, fibro-adhesive otitis and ossicles disruptions are part of the current diagnosis clarified by impedancemetry in conductive deafness. On the other hand, for otospongiosis, the tympanogram is not of absolute value, but impedancemetry permits an extremely interesting diagnosis in three cases: in associated syndroms, where it acts as warning before the operation; in airbone gap reopenings after surgery, where the knowledge of the precise etiology conditions the therapy;-- and in postoperative cochlear drops, where an easy differential diagnosis is allowed between perilymph fistula and labyrinthe hydrops. Impedance-audiometry is based on the elicitation of stapedius reflex. It has numerous applications in perceptive deafness, where the detection of recruitment is very easy and of great value. So the diagnosis between cochlear and retro-cochlear deafness may be made evident. This method also applies to conductive deafness, to crura ruptures, as well as to the diagnosis of the beginning of otospongiotic stapedial fixations by the detection of a typical on-off effect. Besides otospongiosis is one of the most paradoxical applications of impedance-audiometry, which is revealed to be richer in information than the study of compliance, masking problems, diagnosis of associated syndroms and early detection of the disease are easily solved by impedance-audiometry. For these many reasons, the authors insist once more upon the importance and value of the data provided by impedancemetry and impedance-audiometry. They specify that this method is the most interesting complement to classic audiometry since the appearance of the audiometer.", "contents": "[Impedancemetry. Clinical applications]. The authors call attention to the importance of the data provided by impendancemetry, both in its classified applications, by tympanogram, and in impedance-audiometry, by the study of elicited stapedius reflex. They warn against the tendency to consider impedancemetry as a synonym for examination in conductive deafness and to reserve impedance-audiometry exclusively for perceptive deafness. These two techniques must be coupled and their multiple clinical applications are very often intricated. Tympanograms based in their clinic on the study of relative impedance, provide equally interesting diagnostic data in post-otorrhea states with open eardrum as well as closed eardrum for which until now tympanogram was the classic test. Of course tubal disfunctions, serous effusions of the middle-ear, fibro-adhesive otitis and ossicles disruptions are part of the current diagnosis clarified by impedancemetry in conductive deafness. On the other hand, for otospongiosis, the tympanogram is not of absolute value, but impedancemetry permits an extremely interesting diagnosis in three cases: in associated syndroms, where it acts as warning before the operation; in airbone gap reopenings after surgery, where the knowledge of the precise etiology conditions the therapy;-- and in postoperative cochlear drops, where an easy differential diagnosis is allowed between perilymph fistula and labyrinthe hydrops. Impedance-audiometry is based on the elicitation of stapedius reflex. It has numerous applications in perceptive deafness, where the detection of recruitment is very easy and of great value. So the diagnosis between cochlear and retro-cochlear deafness may be made evident. This method also applies to conductive deafness, to crura ruptures, as well as to the diagnosis of the beginning of otospongiotic stapedial fixations by the detection of a typical on-off effect. Besides otospongiosis is one of the most paradoxical applications of impedance-audiometry, which is revealed to be richer in information than the study of compliance, masking problems, diagnosis of associated syndroms and early detection of the disease are easily solved by impedance-audiometry. For these many reasons, the authors insist once more upon the importance and value of the data provided by impedancemetry and impedance-audiometry. They specify that this method is the most interesting complement to classic audiometry since the appearance of the audiometer.", "PMID": 1027352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4470", "title": "[Perforation of the nasal septum caused by leishmaniasis].", "content": "The perforation of the nasal septum with the crusted ulcer surrounding accompanied by the erythema of skin of the vestibule should suggest the possibility of leishmaniosis. The microscopic examination and culture of the secretions in N.N.N. culture medium provides confirmation of the diagnosis and the specific treatment could then be instituted.", "contents": "[Perforation of the nasal septum caused by leishmaniasis]. The perforation of the nasal septum with the crusted ulcer surrounding accompanied by the erythema of skin of the vestibule should suggest the possibility of leishmaniosis. The microscopic examination and culture of the secretions in N.N.N. culture medium provides confirmation of the diagnosis and the specific treatment could then be instituted.", "PMID": 1027354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4471", "title": "Reproduction of the cycle of coccidia Eimeria acervulina (Tyzzer, 1929) in cell cultures of chicken kidneys.", "content": "The cycle of Eimeria acervulina was grown in primary culture of cells of three-week-old-chicken kidneys. EHT medium (Eagle, Hydrolysate of Lactalbumine, Bacto-Tryptose phosphate) allowed the development of this coccidium. 44 hours after infestation of the cells with sporozoites, the first schizonts appeared. The merozoites of first generation were released after 54 hours. They invaded the neighbouring cells and developed in them into schizonts of second generation mature after 68 hours. After 72 and 93 hours, a third and a fourth generation of schizonts were noticed. Merozoites IV create the Gamogony. To obtain the gamogony in vitro, we inoculated the cultures with merozoites IV recovered from axenic animals. The oocysts were released into the medium 45 hours after inoculation.", "contents": "Reproduction of the cycle of coccidia Eimeria acervulina (Tyzzer, 1929) in cell cultures of chicken kidneys. The cycle of Eimeria acervulina was grown in primary culture of cells of three-week-old-chicken kidneys. EHT medium (Eagle, Hydrolysate of Lactalbumine, Bacto-Tryptose phosphate) allowed the development of this coccidium. 44 hours after infestation of the cells with sporozoites, the first schizonts appeared. The merozoites of first generation were released after 54 hours. They invaded the neighbouring cells and developed in them into schizonts of second generation mature after 68 hours. After 72 and 93 hours, a third and a fourth generation of schizonts were noticed. Merozoites IV create the Gamogony. To obtain the gamogony in vitro, we inoculated the cultures with merozoites IV recovered from axenic animals. The oocysts were released into the medium 45 hours after inoculation.", "PMID": 1027365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4472", "title": "Blood reference values in the lamb (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Cl, urea, total proteins, creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, cholesterol and hemoglobin).", "content": "We have determined sixteen blood chemical parameters in three month-old lambs and eleven in one and a half-month old ones. We have found that three of them were not affected by age: potassium, copper and proteins; seven were lowered: sodium, calcium, zinc, chlorine, inorganic phosphate, urea and cholesterol; one was enhanced : magnesium. These reference values will be used as a basis for further controls of the flocks.", "contents": "Blood reference values in the lamb (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Cl, urea, total proteins, creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, cholesterol and hemoglobin). We have determined sixteen blood chemical parameters in three month-old lambs and eleven in one and a half-month old ones. We have found that three of them were not affected by age: potassium, copper and proteins; seven were lowered: sodium, calcium, zinc, chlorine, inorganic phosphate, urea and cholesterol; one was enhanced : magnesium. These reference values will be used as a basis for further controls of the flocks.", "PMID": 1027366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4473", "title": "[Sergentomyia trouilleti (Diptera, Phlebotomidae), new species from the Congo (author's transl)].", "content": "Sergentomyia trouilleti, (Diptera, Phlebotomidae), new species collected in the north of the People's Republic of Congo is described from three female specimens. This sandfly is clearly differenciated from other species of the genus Sergentomyia by the morphology of the pharynx and the cibarium.", "contents": "[Sergentomyia trouilleti (Diptera, Phlebotomidae), new species from the Congo (author's transl)]. Sergentomyia trouilleti, (Diptera, Phlebotomidae), new species collected in the north of the People's Republic of Congo is described from three female specimens. This sandfly is clearly differenciated from other species of the genus Sergentomyia by the morphology of the pharynx and the cibarium.", "PMID": 1027364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4474", "title": "[Role of hypocorticosteronemy in the self cure mechanism in rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated injections of corticosterone acetate, physiological hormone of the Rat, in rats carrying Strongyloides ratti, oppose the deparasiting which normally takes place spontaneously. The secretion induced by this hormone by impregnating the organism through the corticotropic factor administered in the form of tetracosactide-zinc, achieves the same result. During all these treatments, an important hypercorticosteronemy is established. Stopping the injections is quickly followed by the worms-being rejected and the corticosteronemy returning to normal. The relations between the corticosteronemy and the parasitism are analysed and lead to the conclusion that the parasite induces an aspecific hypocorticosteronemiant reaction which, through its aspecific and specific repercussions, participates in the self-cure phenomenon.", "contents": "[Role of hypocorticosteronemy in the self cure mechanism in rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites (author's transl)]. Repeated injections of corticosterone acetate, physiological hormone of the Rat, in rats carrying Strongyloides ratti, oppose the deparasiting which normally takes place spontaneously. The secretion induced by this hormone by impregnating the organism through the corticotropic factor administered in the form of tetracosactide-zinc, achieves the same result. During all these treatments, an important hypercorticosteronemy is established. Stopping the injections is quickly followed by the worms-being rejected and the corticosteronemy returning to normal. The relations between the corticosteronemy and the parasitism are analysed and lead to the conclusion that the parasite induces an aspecific hypocorticosteronemiant reaction which, through its aspecific and specific repercussions, participates in the self-cure phenomenon.", "PMID": 1027363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4475", "title": "Survival of hydatid cysts after puncturing.", "content": "The release of antigens from hydatid cysts, essential for the induction of a detectable host antibody response, is considered to depend on alterations in the physical integrity of the cyst germinal membrane. This explanation, however, does not account for the detection of serologic responses in persons harbouring hyaline cysts unless it were possible for membrane microfissures to arise and provide an antigenic stimulus without adversely affecting cyst viability. The results of the present study have demonstrated that hydatid cysts are able to survive when experimentally punctured in vitro or in vivo. These findings on the capacity of hyaline cysts to repair or recuperate from a microfissure are consistent with the detection of antibody responses in persons harbouring hyaline hydatid cysts with apparently intact membranes and with the hypothesis of an association between integrity of cyst membranes and degree of host immunological responses.", "contents": "Survival of hydatid cysts after puncturing. The release of antigens from hydatid cysts, essential for the induction of a detectable host antibody response, is considered to depend on alterations in the physical integrity of the cyst germinal membrane. This explanation, however, does not account for the detection of serologic responses in persons harbouring hyaline cysts unless it were possible for membrane microfissures to arise and provide an antigenic stimulus without adversely affecting cyst viability. The results of the present study have demonstrated that hydatid cysts are able to survive when experimentally punctured in vitro or in vivo. These findings on the capacity of hyaline cysts to repair or recuperate from a microfissure are consistent with the detection of antibody responses in persons harbouring hyaline hydatid cysts with apparently intact membranes and with the hypothesis of an association between integrity of cyst membranes and degree of host immunological responses.", "PMID": 1027362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4476", "title": "[Mathematical analysis of myelin structure of nerves of the brachial plexus in antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of man].", "content": "A gradual increase of the information entropy indices and a decrease of the excess percentage is observed in the course of antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of man. The indices of the information entropy reach their maximum and the excess percentage reaches its minimum in children younger than 3 years. At that time the myelinated fibres have the most various diameters. In the antenatal development of man the prevalence of fine (1--4 mkm) myelinated fibres makes the structure of the humeral plexus nerves more definite while in the postnatal ontogenesis their structure is less definite since the myelinated fibres of different diameter are met with almost the same probability.", "contents": "[Mathematical analysis of myelin structure of nerves of the brachial plexus in antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of man]. A gradual increase of the information entropy indices and a decrease of the excess percentage is observed in the course of antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of man. The indices of the information entropy reach their maximum and the excess percentage reaches its minimum in children younger than 3 years. At that time the myelinated fibres have the most various diameters. In the antenatal development of man the prevalence of fine (1--4 mkm) myelinated fibres makes the structure of the humeral plexus nerves more definite while in the postnatal ontogenesis their structure is less definite since the myelinated fibres of different diameter are met with almost the same probability.", "PMID": 1027392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4477", "title": "[Study of various morphological structures of human cerebral cortex by application on the information theory].", "content": "The investigation was undertaken to determine the quantitative estimation of the degree of vertical organization of the III layer pyramidal neurons of areas 41, 22, 17 and 18 of the human cortex auditory and visual analyzers by information methods. A brief description of the used methods of getting the evaluation (the index of organization -- Org) has been given. It has been shown that the suggested estimation in invariant with regard to the individual changes of the human brain parameters. It has been established that the projection-associative areas of the analyzers have a higher index of organization than projection areas. In making the interanalyzor comparison the index of organization of the visual areas has been found to be higher than that of the auditory areas.", "contents": "[Study of various morphological structures of human cerebral cortex by application on the information theory]. The investigation was undertaken to determine the quantitative estimation of the degree of vertical organization of the III layer pyramidal neurons of areas 41, 22, 17 and 18 of the human cortex auditory and visual analyzers by information methods. A brief description of the used methods of getting the evaluation (the index of organization -- Org) has been given. It has been shown that the suggested estimation in invariant with regard to the individual changes of the human brain parameters. It has been established that the projection-associative areas of the analyzers have a higher index of organization than projection areas. In making the interanalyzor comparison the index of organization of the visual areas has been found to be higher than that of the auditory areas.", "PMID": 1027393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4478", "title": "[Embryonic histogenesis of the atrioventricular segment of the heart conduction system of swine (Sus porcus L.)].", "content": "Histological, histochemical and neurochemical methods were used in order to study the features of the histogenesis of structures of the atrioventricular area of the conducting system of the heart and the formation of their cholinergic innervation in the postnatal period of the hog. Under study were 175 hearts of embryos of the hog at the age of 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 15 weeks and 22 hearts of adult hogs. The formation of different areas of this system was shown to be asynchronous. The atrioventricular fascicle is formed during the 4th week, the atrioventricular node -- during the 6th week and the conducting muscle fibres--during the 8th week of embryogenesis. The fascicle and the node have a complicated structure and different cellular composition. In the process of prenatal ontogenesis the increased amount of glycogen and increased activity of phosphorylase were noted in the cytoplasm of myocytes of the atrioventricular area of the conducting system of the heart. The cholinergic nerve fibres grow up to the structures of the atrioventricular area of the conducting system of the heart during the 6th week of embryogenesis, and by the end of the prenatal development they form a thick network in all its structures.", "contents": "[Embryonic histogenesis of the atrioventricular segment of the heart conduction system of swine (Sus porcus L.)]. Histological, histochemical and neurochemical methods were used in order to study the features of the histogenesis of structures of the atrioventricular area of the conducting system of the heart and the formation of their cholinergic innervation in the postnatal period of the hog. Under study were 175 hearts of embryos of the hog at the age of 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 15 weeks and 22 hearts of adult hogs. The formation of different areas of this system was shown to be asynchronous. The atrioventricular fascicle is formed during the 4th week, the atrioventricular node -- during the 6th week and the conducting muscle fibres--during the 8th week of embryogenesis. The fascicle and the node have a complicated structure and different cellular composition. In the process of prenatal ontogenesis the increased amount of glycogen and increased activity of phosphorylase were noted in the cytoplasm of myocytes of the atrioventricular area of the conducting system of the heart. The cholinergic nerve fibres grow up to the structures of the atrioventricular area of the conducting system of the heart during the 6th week of embryogenesis, and by the end of the prenatal development they form a thick network in all its structures.", "PMID": 1027394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4479", "title": "[Fluorescence and electron-microscopic analysis of differentiation of the myocytes of the ventricles and atria of the avaian heart in ontogenesis].", "content": "The histogenesis of the ventricle and atria myocardium was studied in 240 chick embryos of from 30--34 hours up to 20 days of incubation and in 66 chickens at the age of 1--90 days. Fixators were the Bouin's Carnoy's and Newkomer's fluids and the 100% solution of neutral formalin. The paraffin sections were stained by histological and histochemical methods. RNA, DNA, glycogen and lipids were detected. The ultrafine sections of the material fixed in 1% buffer solution of osmium tetroxide (pH 7,2) and embedded in araldite were prepared for electron microscopy. The contrasting was made in solutions of acetic uranium and lead citrate. Electron microscope--UEMB-100K, accelarating voltage--75 kV. The prefunctional period of cardiogenesis is characterized by most intensive processes of specific differentiation of cardiac myocytes and by accumulation of energetic material. With the growing functional activity of the tubular heart the amount and size of lipid drops in the cytoplasm of differentiating cardiomyocytes diminished suggesting the use of lipids as the main source of energy. In the period of formation of the heart the trabecular myocardium of ventricles and the atria myocardium, seeming to perform the main functional load, are characterized by a better developed contracting apparatus and a considerable content of glycogen granules. A sharp decrease of the glycogen content at the end of the embryonic period is likely to be due to growing hypoxia, the appearance of lung respiration and transition to the other type of energy metabolism.", "contents": "[Fluorescence and electron-microscopic analysis of differentiation of the myocytes of the ventricles and atria of the avaian heart in ontogenesis]. The histogenesis of the ventricle and atria myocardium was studied in 240 chick embryos of from 30--34 hours up to 20 days of incubation and in 66 chickens at the age of 1--90 days. Fixators were the Bouin's Carnoy's and Newkomer's fluids and the 100% solution of neutral formalin. The paraffin sections were stained by histological and histochemical methods. RNA, DNA, glycogen and lipids were detected. The ultrafine sections of the material fixed in 1% buffer solution of osmium tetroxide (pH 7,2) and embedded in araldite were prepared for electron microscopy. The contrasting was made in solutions of acetic uranium and lead citrate. Electron microscope--UEMB-100K, accelarating voltage--75 kV. The prefunctional period of cardiogenesis is characterized by most intensive processes of specific differentiation of cardiac myocytes and by accumulation of energetic material. With the growing functional activity of the tubular heart the amount and size of lipid drops in the cytoplasm of differentiating cardiomyocytes diminished suggesting the use of lipids as the main source of energy. In the period of formation of the heart the trabecular myocardium of ventricles and the atria myocardium, seeming to perform the main functional load, are characterized by a better developed contracting apparatus and a considerable content of glycogen granules. A sharp decrease of the glycogen content at the end of the embryonic period is likely to be due to growing hypoxia, the appearance of lung respiration and transition to the other type of energy metabolism.", "PMID": 1027395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4480", "title": "[Changes in the lymphoid tissue and in the level of corticosteroids in staphylococcal intoxication and infection].", "content": "A complex quantitative study of changes of proliferative processes in lymphatic vessels on the one hand and changes of the level of corticosteroids in the peripheral blood in staphylococcal intoxication and infection in the same rats on the other hand has been carried out. In the work H3-thymidine has been used. The comparison of the obtained morphological data with the dynamics of the change in the corticosteroid level shows that the decay of lymphocytes, the devastating of light centers and the cortical substance of lymph nodes, an abrupt lowering of the amount of DNA-synthesizing and mitotically dividing cells take place in the period associated with a release of a great amount of corticosteroids into the blood. The drop of their level to control values goes in parallel with increasing the amount of DNA-synthesizing and mitotically dividing cells. The obtained data suggest that the leading role in those changes of the lympoid tissue which had been described by a number of authors in infectional processes is played by corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Changes in the lymphoid tissue and in the level of corticosteroids in staphylococcal intoxication and infection]. A complex quantitative study of changes of proliferative processes in lymphatic vessels on the one hand and changes of the level of corticosteroids in the peripheral blood in staphylococcal intoxication and infection in the same rats on the other hand has been carried out. In the work H3-thymidine has been used. The comparison of the obtained morphological data with the dynamics of the change in the corticosteroid level shows that the decay of lymphocytes, the devastating of light centers and the cortical substance of lymph nodes, an abrupt lowering of the amount of DNA-synthesizing and mitotically dividing cells take place in the period associated with a release of a great amount of corticosteroids into the blood. The drop of their level to control values goes in parallel with increasing the amount of DNA-synthesizing and mitotically dividing cells. The obtained data suggest that the leading role in those changes of the lympoid tissue which had been described by a number of authors in infectional processes is played by corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1027396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4481", "title": "[Adaptive characteristics of growth of human embryos and fetuses during the intrauterine life].", "content": "Under observations was the dynamics of growth of human embryos and fetuses in embryogenesis which is directly dependent on the month of the intrauterine life. Coefficients of correlation and regression were calculated and with their help the average growth of the general length of fetuses in each month of prenancy was determined. The enlargement of the fetus length was found to be more intensive in the embryonic and prefetal periods.", "contents": "[Adaptive characteristics of growth of human embryos and fetuses during the intrauterine life]. Under observations was the dynamics of growth of human embryos and fetuses in embryogenesis which is directly dependent on the month of the intrauterine life. Coefficients of correlation and regression were calculated and with their help the average growth of the general length of fetuses in each month of prenancy was determined. The enlargement of the fetus length was found to be more intensive in the embryonic and prefetal periods.", "PMID": 1027397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4482", "title": "[Ultrastructure of heart synapses].", "content": "The nerve endings in the intramural ganglia of the rat's heart are connected by synaptic and non-synaptic junctions with the dendrites and neuron bodies. Peri-membrane indurations of synaptic complexes may look relatively symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the orientation of the section in relation to the elements of the Akert's presynaptic lattice. In non-synaptic junctions the indurations are symmetrical, but the presynaptic one may be more complicated in its structure. The synaptic complexes are disposed in the field of synaptic dilatations of axons and in the sites of interlacing thin \"preterminal\" parts of axons with dendrites. They connect preganglionic fibres with dendrites, neuron bodies and with the filamentous and fungiform thorns.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of heart synapses]. The nerve endings in the intramural ganglia of the rat's heart are connected by synaptic and non-synaptic junctions with the dendrites and neuron bodies. Peri-membrane indurations of synaptic complexes may look relatively symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the orientation of the section in relation to the elements of the Akert's presynaptic lattice. In non-synaptic junctions the indurations are symmetrical, but the presynaptic one may be more complicated in its structure. The synaptic complexes are disposed in the field of synaptic dilatations of axons and in the sites of interlacing thin \"preterminal\" parts of axons with dendrites. They connect preganglionic fibres with dendrites, neuron bodies and with the filamentous and fungiform thorns.", "PMID": 1027398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4483", "title": "[Causes of rupture of formalinized xenovalves in the post-transplantation period].", "content": "The article discusses results of the morphological study of xenografts of the pig's valves fixed in 0.32% and 4% solution of formaldehyde which remained in the human heart during the period ranging from 21 months to several hours. In the xenovalves there occurred progressive destructive changes in their connective-tissue basis, which led to weakening of the mechanical strength and to rupture of the cusps. In the majority of cases, no morphological signs of immune or nonspecific inflammatory cellular reaction were observed. The authors hold that polycondensation of protein molecules occurring in the course of preservation under the effect of formaldehyde, and formation of \"superstrong\" structures at the expense of increased number of transversal connections between collagenous fibres not always could ensure sufficient mechanical strength of the cusps of the graft.", "contents": "[Causes of rupture of formalinized xenovalves in the post-transplantation period]. The article discusses results of the morphological study of xenografts of the pig's valves fixed in 0.32% and 4% solution of formaldehyde which remained in the human heart during the period ranging from 21 months to several hours. In the xenovalves there occurred progressive destructive changes in their connective-tissue basis, which led to weakening of the mechanical strength and to rupture of the cusps. In the majority of cases, no morphological signs of immune or nonspecific inflammatory cellular reaction were observed. The authors hold that polycondensation of protein molecules occurring in the course of preservation under the effect of formaldehyde, and formation of \"superstrong\" structures at the expense of increased number of transversal connections between collagenous fibres not always could ensure sufficient mechanical strength of the cusps of the graft.", "PMID": 1027400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4484", "title": "[Destruction of the aortic allo- and xenovalves of the heart depending on their position and time of transplantation].", "content": "The aortic valve, as well as the other valves of the heart, has a cellular structure. Collagenous fibres form the skeleton of the cellular structures, and the plexus of thinner fibres--the \"walls\". At early periods following the implantation destruction of thin fibres distributed along the periphery of the alveolus takes place. In the course of prolonged functioning of the allo- and xenovalves in a mitral position the large collagenous fibres collapse, defibration thereof develops and slits-vacuums and \"cysts\" are formed. In the valves which functioned for a long time in the tricuspid position no considerable destructive changes in the connective-tissue carcass take place.", "contents": "[Destruction of the aortic allo- and xenovalves of the heart depending on their position and time of transplantation]. The aortic valve, as well as the other valves of the heart, has a cellular structure. Collagenous fibres form the skeleton of the cellular structures, and the plexus of thinner fibres--the \"walls\". At early periods following the implantation destruction of thin fibres distributed along the periphery of the alveolus takes place. In the course of prolonged functioning of the allo- and xenovalves in a mitral position the large collagenous fibres collapse, defibration thereof develops and slits-vacuums and \"cysts\" are formed. In the valves which functioned for a long time in the tricuspid position no considerable destructive changes in the connective-tissue carcass take place.", "PMID": 1027401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4485", "title": "[Change in the ultrastructure of the muscles in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis].", "content": "The article presents data on the clinico-morphological study of three patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis with attacks of periodic paralysis. The muscles obtained by biopsy in two patients at the moment of attack and in one patient--in the absence of attack were investigated by the electron microscopy method. The data obtained make it possible to assume that in the thyrotoxic periodic paralysis the action of the thyroid hormones causes not only impairment of the mineral metabolism, but brings about changes in the structure of the membranes of the sarcolemma and T-system, which leads to disturbances of conductance of action potential into the fibre. These changes affect the function of the end cisterns and lead to distorsion of the processes of conjugation of excitation-contraction with resulting development of paresis and paralysis of muscles. Moreover, during the attack there take place secondary disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism, which aggravates the pathological process.", "contents": "[Change in the ultrastructure of the muscles in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]. The article presents data on the clinico-morphological study of three patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis with attacks of periodic paralysis. The muscles obtained by biopsy in two patients at the moment of attack and in one patient--in the absence of attack were investigated by the electron microscopy method. The data obtained make it possible to assume that in the thyrotoxic periodic paralysis the action of the thyroid hormones causes not only impairment of the mineral metabolism, but brings about changes in the structure of the membranes of the sarcolemma and T-system, which leads to disturbances of conductance of action potential into the fibre. These changes affect the function of the end cisterns and lead to distorsion of the processes of conjugation of excitation-contraction with resulting development of paresis and paralysis of muscles. Moreover, during the attack there take place secondary disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism, which aggravates the pathological process.", "PMID": 1027402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4486", "title": "[Diagnostic analysis of biogenic amines in tumors].", "content": "The modifield Falck's fluorescence-microscope method was used to investigate the content of biogenic amines in 218 bioptic specimens taken from patients suffering from tumours and other pathological conditions. It was established that malignanat tumours were characterized by accumulation in the tissue of the tumour and particularly in the reactive zone, of considerable amounts of substances with green luminescence (histamine, catecholamines, and probably, di- and polyamines) and by the disappearance of serotonin from the connective-tissue cells. In benign tumours, as well as in focal processes of non-tumour character (chronic gastric ulcer, mastitis, pulmonary tuberculosis) in the reactive zone there were always an increased number of connective-tissue cells containing serotonin. An opinion was put forward to the effect that one can judge about a degree of lesion of the connective tissue and the nature of the course of a pathological process from the character of biogenic amine contained in the elements of the connective tissue in the reactive zone. Identification of biogenic amines in the tissue of the reactive zone may serve as an additional test in carrying out differential diagnosis and will be of use in differentiating malignant tumours from benign processes and other focla pathology of non-tumour nature.", "contents": "[Diagnostic analysis of biogenic amines in tumors]. The modifield Falck's fluorescence-microscope method was used to investigate the content of biogenic amines in 218 bioptic specimens taken from patients suffering from tumours and other pathological conditions. It was established that malignanat tumours were characterized by accumulation in the tissue of the tumour and particularly in the reactive zone, of considerable amounts of substances with green luminescence (histamine, catecholamines, and probably, di- and polyamines) and by the disappearance of serotonin from the connective-tissue cells. In benign tumours, as well as in focal processes of non-tumour character (chronic gastric ulcer, mastitis, pulmonary tuberculosis) in the reactive zone there were always an increased number of connective-tissue cells containing serotonin. An opinion was put forward to the effect that one can judge about a degree of lesion of the connective tissue and the nature of the course of a pathological process from the character of biogenic amine contained in the elements of the connective tissue in the reactive zone. Identification of biogenic amines in the tissue of the reactive zone may serve as an additional test in carrying out differential diagnosis and will be of use in differentiating malignant tumours from benign processes and other focla pathology of non-tumour nature.", "PMID": 1027403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4487", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of cancer of the rectum before and after radiotherapy].", "content": "Prolifirative activity of rectum cancer cells was investigated with the help of 3H-thymidine in 13 patents before and after radiotherapy in doses 2000-4000 rad. It was established that index of the label depended upon the degree of differentiation of a tumour and was in the range of 10.3 to 21%. Preoperative irradiation in a dose of 2000 rad caused a slight decrease in the label index (8.7-19%), but affected markedly the intensity of inclusion of the preparation. Radiotherapy in a dose of 4000 rad brought about a well pronounced reduction in the label index (3.1%) and in the intensity of labelling.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of cancer of the rectum before and after radiotherapy]. Prolifirative activity of rectum cancer cells was investigated with the help of 3H-thymidine in 13 patents before and after radiotherapy in doses 2000-4000 rad. It was established that index of the label depended upon the degree of differentiation of a tumour and was in the range of 10.3 to 21%. Preoperative irradiation in a dose of 2000 rad caused a slight decrease in the label index (8.7-19%), but affected markedly the intensity of inclusion of the preparation. Radiotherapy in a dose of 4000 rad brought about a well pronounced reduction in the label index (3.1%) and in the intensity of labelling.", "PMID": 1027404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4488", "title": "[Cellular contacts and \"cytoplasmic bridges\" in the inflammation focus (scanning and transmission electron microscopic study)].", "content": "Contacts between cells in an inflammation focus were studied by the methods of scanning (raster) and transmission electron microscopy on a model of aseptic inflammation in the subcutaneous connective tissue in rats. It is shown that contacts among the cells of the connective tissue and the blood in the form of \"cytoplasmatic bridges\", observed in the scanning electron microscope, were not confirmed by the studies in the transmission microscope. The investigation of the \"cytoplasmatic bridges\" in the transmission  electron microscope revealed a close adjacence of the cytolemma of the contacting cells, or a harrow space between them as wide as 10-30 micron.", "contents": "[Cellular contacts and \"cytoplasmic bridges\" in the inflammation focus (scanning and transmission electron microscopic study)]. Contacts between cells in an inflammation focus were studied by the methods of scanning (raster) and transmission electron microscopy on a model of aseptic inflammation in the subcutaneous connective tissue in rats. It is shown that contacts among the cells of the connective tissue and the blood in the form of \"cytoplasmatic bridges\", observed in the scanning electron microscope, were not confirmed by the studies in the transmission microscope. The investigation of the \"cytoplasmatic bridges\" in the transmission  electron microscope revealed a close adjacence of the cytolemma of the contacting cells, or a harrow space between them as wide as 10-30 micron.", "PMID": 1027405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4489", "title": "[Diffuse polyposis of the large intestine complicated by amyloidosis of the internal organs].", "content": "Polyposis of the large intestine is a common affliction of the intestine which usually occurs as a result of inflammatory diseases or of dysplasia of embryonic anlages. Malignization of diffuse polyposis is observed in 70-100% of cases. A case of diffuse polyposis of the large intestine with initial phenomena of malignization in a male patient aged 44 years is described. The case in question was characterized by the presence of accompanying diffuse amyloidosis of a number of internal organs (kidney, spleen, pancreas). The onset of amyloidosis in this case was associated apparently with the character of absorption by a pathologically changed surface of the large intestine mucosa and with the enlargement of the surface of absorption of products of the protein metabolism.", "contents": "[Diffuse polyposis of the large intestine complicated by amyloidosis of the internal organs]. Polyposis of the large intestine is a common affliction of the intestine which usually occurs as a result of inflammatory diseases or of dysplasia of embryonic anlages. Malignization of diffuse polyposis is observed in 70-100% of cases. A case of diffuse polyposis of the large intestine with initial phenomena of malignization in a male patient aged 44 years is described. The case in question was characterized by the presence of accompanying diffuse amyloidosis of a number of internal organs (kidney, spleen, pancreas). The onset of amyloidosis in this case was associated apparently with the character of absorption by a pathologically changed surface of the large intestine mucosa and with the enlargement of the surface of absorption of products of the protein metabolism.", "PMID": 1027406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4490", "title": "[Atypical form of hemochromatosis].", "content": "A rare case of an atypical course of hemochromatosis in a woman at the age of 25 years is described; it was characterized by predominant lesions of the cardiac muscle, liver, pancreas, by phenomena of cardiovascular incompetence, by the absence of signs of melanodermia.", "contents": "[Atypical form of hemochromatosis]. A rare case of an atypical course of hemochromatosis in a woman at the age of 25 years is described; it was characterized by predominant lesions of the cardiac muscle, liver, pancreas, by phenomena of cardiovascular incompetence, by the absence of signs of melanodermia.", "PMID": 1027407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4491", "title": "Alterations in lipid metabolism produced by ethyl trichloracetate.", "content": "Rats maintained on a choline deficient diet and treated with subcutaneous doses of ethyl trichloracetate responded by increasing plasma beta-lipoprotein and plasma triglyceride levels while excess triglyceride was being removed from the liver. There was a transient depression in plasma phospholipid at the beginning of the treatment. Continued administration of ethyl trichloracetate raised plasma triglyceride in choline depleted rats and raised hepatic phospholipid concentration in both choline deficient and supplemented rats. It is suggested that the lipotropic action of ethyl trichloracetate occurs through hepatic triglyceride being removed by the altered plasma lipids and not by inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis.", "contents": "Alterations in lipid metabolism produced by ethyl trichloracetate. Rats maintained on a choline deficient diet and treated with subcutaneous doses of ethyl trichloracetate responded by increasing plasma beta-lipoprotein and plasma triglyceride levels while excess triglyceride was being removed from the liver. There was a transient depression in plasma phospholipid at the beginning of the treatment. Continued administration of ethyl trichloracetate raised plasma triglyceride in choline depleted rats and raised hepatic phospholipid concentration in both choline deficient and supplemented rats. It is suggested that the lipotropic action of ethyl trichloracetate occurs through hepatic triglyceride being removed by the altered plasma lipids and not by inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis.", "PMID": 1027408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4492", "title": "Hepatic vitamin A fat-storage cells and the metabolism of chylomicron cholesterol.", "content": "These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the vitamin A fat-storage cell removes chylomicron remnant cholesterol from hepatic portal venous blood; A modified Ficoll density gradient ultracentrifugation procedure was used to isolate from rat liver cellular fractions that were enriched in vitamin A. In rats fed a normal diet and in rats fed excess vitamin A isolated hepatocytes were fractionated 15 min after the intravenous injection of chylomicrons labelled in vivo with radioactive cholesterol. The results showed that cholesterol radioactivity was not concentrated in the vitamin A enriched cellular fractions, so it was concluded that the vitamin A fat-storage cell is not implicated in clearance of chylomicron remnants by the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic vitamin A fat-storage cells and the metabolism of chylomicron cholesterol. These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the vitamin A fat-storage cell removes chylomicron remnant cholesterol from hepatic portal venous blood; A modified Ficoll density gradient ultracentrifugation procedure was used to isolate from rat liver cellular fractions that were enriched in vitamin A. In rats fed a normal diet and in rats fed excess vitamin A isolated hepatocytes were fractionated 15 min after the intravenous injection of chylomicrons labelled in vivo with radioactive cholesterol. The results showed that cholesterol radioactivity was not concentrated in the vitamin A enriched cellular fractions, so it was concluded that the vitamin A fat-storage cell is not implicated in clearance of chylomicron remnants by the liver.", "PMID": 1027409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4493", "title": "The origin and significance of macrophages in thoracic duct lymph.", "content": "Efferent lymph collected from a thoracic duct fistula initially contains no macrophages. However, the surgical procedures used to insert plastic cannulae into efferent lymphatics incite a vigorous foreign body reaction leading to the contamination of collected lymph with significant numbers of these cells. A sensitive and specific assay for the presence of macrophages in lymphocyte populations was used to quantitate the degree of contamination in rats bearing thoracic duct cannulae. The origin of some of these contaminant cells from the peritoneal macorphage population was established by adoptive transfer of labelled peritoneal cells to cannulated recipients.", "contents": "The origin and significance of macrophages in thoracic duct lymph. Efferent lymph collected from a thoracic duct fistula initially contains no macrophages. However, the surgical procedures used to insert plastic cannulae into efferent lymphatics incite a vigorous foreign body reaction leading to the contamination of collected lymph with significant numbers of these cells. A sensitive and specific assay for the presence of macrophages in lymphocyte populations was used to quantitate the degree of contamination in rats bearing thoracic duct cannulae. The origin of some of these contaminant cells from the peritoneal macorphage population was established by adoptive transfer of labelled peritoneal cells to cannulated recipients.", "PMID": 1027410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4494", "title": "Host resistance to a spontaneously metastasising melanoma after primary tumour excision.", "content": "Tumour resistance was investigated in a spontaneously metastasising murine melanoma. Specific tumour resistance was found in mice with intact small primary tumours and no metastases. If primary tumours were excised, resistance was demonstrated in mice which had metastases and in mice which did not have metastases but were given crude melanoma homogenate. No resistance could be detected in mice which had large primary tumours left intact or in mice which had small primary tumours excised four days prior to tumour challenge. These in vivo findings are compared with previously documented in vitro results.", "contents": "Host resistance to a spontaneously metastasising melanoma after primary tumour excision. Tumour resistance was investigated in a spontaneously metastasising murine melanoma. Specific tumour resistance was found in mice with intact small primary tumours and no metastases. If primary tumours were excised, resistance was demonstrated in mice which had metastases and in mice which did not have metastases but were given crude melanoma homogenate. No resistance could be detected in mice which had large primary tumours left intact or in mice which had small primary tumours excised four days prior to tumour challenge. These in vivo findings are compared with previously documented in vitro results.", "PMID": 1027411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4495", "title": "Mechanism of thyroid allograft rejection.", "content": "Balb/c thyroids, held in organ culture for 26 days, survive and function as well as isografts for greater than 100 days in CBA recipients. Uncultured allografts are totally rejected by 20 days after transplantation. Prolonged allograft survival can also be achieved by the treatment of donor animals with cyclophosphamide prior to harvesting tissues for transplantation. These allografts do not survive as well as 26 day cultured allografts, but cyclophosphamide pretreatment reduces the culture time required to achieve indefinite survival to 7 days. The provision of an allogeneic (LD) stimulus by thyroid tissue that is I-region incompatible with the host does not facilitate the rejection of a tolerated cultured allograft. However, activation of the host immune system by an uncultured graft syngeneic to a tolerated cultured allograft leads to the chronic rejection of the cultured transplant. The transfer of a tolerated cultured allograft back to its strain of origin induces an acute inflammatory reaction that causes tissue damage within the transplant but does not lead to the total destruction of the tissue.", "contents": "Mechanism of thyroid allograft rejection. Balb/c thyroids, held in organ culture for 26 days, survive and function as well as isografts for greater than 100 days in CBA recipients. Uncultured allografts are totally rejected by 20 days after transplantation. Prolonged allograft survival can also be achieved by the treatment of donor animals with cyclophosphamide prior to harvesting tissues for transplantation. These allografts do not survive as well as 26 day cultured allografts, but cyclophosphamide pretreatment reduces the culture time required to achieve indefinite survival to 7 days. The provision of an allogeneic (LD) stimulus by thyroid tissue that is I-region incompatible with the host does not facilitate the rejection of a tolerated cultured allograft. However, activation of the host immune system by an uncultured graft syngeneic to a tolerated cultured allograft leads to the chronic rejection of the cultured transplant. The transfer of a tolerated cultured allograft back to its strain of origin induces an acute inflammatory reaction that causes tissue damage within the transplant but does not lead to the total destruction of the tissue.", "PMID": 1027412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4496", "title": "Studies on the transfer of plasma iron to milk in the lactating rat.", "content": "The transfer of an intravenous does of 59Fe from plasma to milk in the lactating rat was a rapid process which accelerated exponentially with time until a plateau was reached 2 to 4 hours after injection. This transfer of iron involved little participation of the iron in the mammary gland pool. Also, neither the lactoferrin of the milk whey nor the iron-carrier molecule of the casein played a specific role in the iron transfer process. The present results show that the total percentage of plasma 59Fe transferred to the milk and sucklings in the lactating rat is much more than those values reported in lactating rabbits (Tarvydas, Jordan and Morgan, 1968) and sows (Hansard, 1965).", "contents": "Studies on the transfer of plasma iron to milk in the lactating rat. The transfer of an intravenous does of 59Fe from plasma to milk in the lactating rat was a rapid process which accelerated exponentially with time until a plateau was reached 2 to 4 hours after injection. This transfer of iron involved little participation of the iron in the mammary gland pool. Also, neither the lactoferrin of the milk whey nor the iron-carrier molecule of the casein played a specific role in the iron transfer process. The present results show that the total percentage of plasma 59Fe transferred to the milk and sucklings in the lactating rat is much more than those values reported in lactating rabbits (Tarvydas, Jordan and Morgan, 1968) and sows (Hansard, 1965).", "PMID": 1027413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4497", "title": "[Synthesis of iodoamino acids during in vitro thyroglobulin iodination in different states of its molecule].", "content": "Iodotyrosine and iodothyronine residues are formed in the protein molecule during bovine thyroglobulin iodination in vitro. Dissociation and reassociation of the thyroglobulin molecule have no significant influence on its iodoaminoacid composition. Thyroglobulin iodination in the presence of 8 M urea does not result in thyroxine synthesis  despite the increased formation of iodotyrosine residues. Similarly, during iodination of reassociated thyroglobulin the new molecules of thyroxine are not formed either. It is presumed that during reassociation of thyroglobulin subunits the native conformation of the protein is not completely reconstituted. The results obtained suggest that the structure of thyroglobulin controls the distribution of the iodine atoms incorporated by the iodoaminoacid residues.", "contents": "[Synthesis of iodoamino acids during in vitro thyroglobulin iodination in different states of its molecule]. Iodotyrosine and iodothyronine residues are formed in the protein molecule during bovine thyroglobulin iodination in vitro. Dissociation and reassociation of the thyroglobulin molecule have no significant influence on its iodoaminoacid composition. Thyroglobulin iodination in the presence of 8 M urea does not result in thyroxine synthesis  despite the increased formation of iodotyrosine residues. Similarly, during iodination of reassociated thyroglobulin the new molecules of thyroxine are not formed either. It is presumed that during reassociation of thyroglobulin subunits the native conformation of the protein is not completely reconstituted. The results obtained suggest that the structure of thyroglobulin controls the distribution of the iodine atoms incorporated by the iodoaminoacid residues.", "PMID": 1027483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4498", "title": "[Stimulating effect of histones on DNA synthesis in the regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Effect of exogenous histones, nuclear globulins and acid proteins on DNA synthesis is studied in regenerating liver of rats in which the synthesis of their own proteins and thus DNA replication are inhibited by cycloheximide. In these conditions histones from regenerating rat liver are found to stimulate 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of hepatectomyzed rat liver. Nuclear globulins and acid proteins from regenerating liver, and histones from intact liver produced no stimulating effect on DNA sythesis.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of histones on DNA synthesis in the regenerating rat liver]. Effect of exogenous histones, nuclear globulins and acid proteins on DNA synthesis is studied in regenerating liver of rats in which the synthesis of their own proteins and thus DNA replication are inhibited by cycloheximide. In these conditions histones from regenerating rat liver are found to stimulate 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of hepatectomyzed rat liver. Nuclear globulins and acid proteins from regenerating liver, and histones from intact liver produced no stimulating effect on DNA sythesis.", "PMID": 1027484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4499", "title": "[Purification and certain properties of pyruvate decarboxylase from bovine brain].", "content": "A procedure of isolation and purification of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from bovine brain is worked out. 350-fold purified enzyme preparation was homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight of PDC from bovine brain was estimated to be 180 000 by means of gel chromatography through Sephadex G-200. The protein was eluted in two peaks (with molecular weight of 180 000 and 90 000 respectively). After the treatment of the enzyme preparation with 6 M guanidine chloride. Probably, partial dissociation of the enzyme molecule into two subunits takes place in this case. Data on paper chromatography confirmed that highly purified PDC preparations from bovine brain were isolated as apoenzyme, since they were almost free of TPP.", "contents": "[Purification and certain properties of pyruvate decarboxylase from bovine brain]. A procedure of isolation and purification of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from bovine brain is worked out. 350-fold purified enzyme preparation was homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight of PDC from bovine brain was estimated to be 180 000 by means of gel chromatography through Sephadex G-200. The protein was eluted in two peaks (with molecular weight of 180 000 and 90 000 respectively). After the treatment of the enzyme preparation with 6 M guanidine chloride. Probably, partial dissociation of the enzyme molecule into two subunits takes place in this case. Data on paper chromatography confirmed that highly purified PDC preparations from bovine brain were isolated as apoenzyme, since they were almost free of TPP.", "PMID": 1027485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4500", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on methylation and molecular population of DNA in rat liver].", "content": "The content of 5-methyl cytosine in rat liver DNA increases 1,7-fold 8 hours after intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone (5 mg per 100 g animal weight). The content of GC, physicochemical parameters (Tm, delta T, etc.) and DNA renaturation pattern did not show any changes. No changes were observed in the pattern of H3-thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA: after hydrocortisone injection the radioactivity was found to be equally distributed in all isolated sequences of DNA, differing in the degree of reiteration (specific radioactivities of these DNA, fractions are very similar). Thus, the molecular population of DNA in liver cells remains unchanged, which suggests that the hormone-induced increase in the 5-methyl cytosine content is due to a change in the DNA methylation level. The methyation level of unique sequences (COt greater than 600), i. e. that of structural genes, does not undergo any essential changes. The reversible methylation of DNA regulated by hormones seems to be one of the mechanisms controlling gene activity.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on methylation and molecular population of DNA in rat liver]. The content of 5-methyl cytosine in rat liver DNA increases 1,7-fold 8 hours after intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone (5 mg per 100 g animal weight). The content of GC, physicochemical parameters (Tm, delta T, etc.) and DNA renaturation pattern did not show any changes. No changes were observed in the pattern of H3-thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA: after hydrocortisone injection the radioactivity was found to be equally distributed in all isolated sequences of DNA, differing in the degree of reiteration (specific radioactivities of these DNA, fractions are very similar). Thus, the molecular population of DNA in liver cells remains unchanged, which suggests that the hormone-induced increase in the 5-methyl cytosine content is due to a change in the DNA methylation level. The methyation level of unique sequences (COt greater than 600), i. e. that of structural genes, does not undergo any essential changes. The reversible methylation of DNA regulated by hormones seems to be one of the mechanisms controlling gene activity.", "PMID": 1027486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4501", "title": "[Purification and properties of high-molecular-weight rabbit kininogen].", "content": "A preparation of high-molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) was isolated from rabbit citrate blood plasma and purified using chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50. From 1 mg HMWK, trypsin or kallikreine of human blood plasma release 10 mkg bradykinine. The HMWK preparation is homogeneous during electrophoresis in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel in tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.3; its electrophoretic mobility corresponds to that of alpha2-globulins. The molecular weight of HMWK estimated using the collumn with Sephadex G-200, is 130.000--150.000; the sedimentation constant S20w is 7.6. Rabbit HMWK is neither a dimer, nor a trimer of low molecular weight kininogen (LMWK), since it does not degrade into subunits after treatment by 2.5% solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate, containing 8 M urea. 0.05 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 8 M urea induce HMWK splitting into 2 fragments with respective molecular weights of 80.000 and 30.000, the kinine-containing group being localized in the low-molecular weight fragment. Estimation of rates of kinine formation by different kininogenasses from highly purified HMWK and LMWK preparations showed that those kininogens are functionally different substrates, since blood plasma kallikreines release kinines from HMWK at a greater rates, whereas tissue kallikreines, e. g. human saliva kallikreine release kinines from LMWK. The specificity of kallikreines as kininogenase, to trypsin, was determined. Tripsin removes bradykinine from both kininogens at the same rates, which are an order of magnitude less than those found for kallikreines.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of high-molecular-weight rabbit kininogen]. A preparation of high-molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) was isolated from rabbit citrate blood plasma and purified using chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50. From 1 mg HMWK, trypsin or kallikreine of human blood plasma release 10 mkg bradykinine. The HMWK preparation is homogeneous during electrophoresis in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel in tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.3; its electrophoretic mobility corresponds to that of alpha2-globulins. The molecular weight of HMWK estimated using the collumn with Sephadex G-200, is 130.000--150.000; the sedimentation constant S20w is 7.6. Rabbit HMWK is neither a dimer, nor a trimer of low molecular weight kininogen (LMWK), since it does not degrade into subunits after treatment by 2.5% solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate, containing 8 M urea. 0.05 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 8 M urea induce HMWK splitting into 2 fragments with respective molecular weights of 80.000 and 30.000, the kinine-containing group being localized in the low-molecular weight fragment. Estimation of rates of kinine formation by different kininogenasses from highly purified HMWK and LMWK preparations showed that those kininogens are functionally different substrates, since blood plasma kallikreines release kinines from HMWK at a greater rates, whereas tissue kallikreines, e. g. human saliva kallikreine release kinines from LMWK. The specificity of kallikreines as kininogenase, to trypsin, was determined. Tripsin removes bradykinine from both kininogens at the same rates, which are an order of magnitude less than those found for kallikreines.", "PMID": 1027487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4502", "title": "[In vitro methylation of nuclear DNA from various organs of a rat: Tissue and age differences in acceptor ability of DNA].", "content": "DNA-methylase activities have been found, isolated and partially purified from the nuclear and cellular extracts of rat liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and lungs. These metylases are capable of methylating in vitro homologous and heterologous DNA from rat tissues in the presence of (H3-methyl)-S-adenosylmethionine. The radioactive methyl groups incorporated in vitro into DNA were found only in 5-methylcytosine. No radioactivity was revealed in either N6-methyladenine or N6-dimethyladenine. Rat spleen DNA-methylase differs in some properties (pH and temperature dependences) from those of DNA methylases from other rat organs. This enzyme methylates various DNA to a higher extent than DNA-methylases from other rat tissues. There may exist a tissue specificity of DNA-methylases from other rat tissues. There may exist a tissue specificity of DNA-methylases and a different mode of their action and recognition of nucleotide sequences. The nuclear DNA from various rat organs methylated in vitro by the same enzyme possesses a different ability to accept methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine: there exists a tissue specifity of DNA methylation in vivo and in  vitro. The degree of DNA methylation changes with age tissue specifically. Aging is accompanied with decrease in the 5-methylcytosine content of DNA of some tissues (brain and others) and increase in methyl-accepting capacities of these DNA in the in vitro methylation by home- and heterologous DNA-methylases. The age changes detected in DNA are correlated with exhaustion of tissue functional activity with age and support our previous suggestion that DNA methylation is a mechanism for regulation of transcription and gene activity.", "contents": "[In vitro methylation of nuclear DNA from various organs of a rat: Tissue and age differences in acceptor ability of DNA]. DNA-methylase activities have been found, isolated and partially purified from the nuclear and cellular extracts of rat liver, kidneys, spleen, brain and lungs. These metylases are capable of methylating in vitro homologous and heterologous DNA from rat tissues in the presence of (H3-methyl)-S-adenosylmethionine. The radioactive methyl groups incorporated in vitro into DNA were found only in 5-methylcytosine. No radioactivity was revealed in either N6-methyladenine or N6-dimethyladenine. Rat spleen DNA-methylase differs in some properties (pH and temperature dependences) from those of DNA methylases from other rat organs. This enzyme methylates various DNA to a higher extent than DNA-methylases from other rat tissues. There may exist a tissue specificity of DNA-methylases from other rat tissues. There may exist a tissue specificity of DNA-methylases and a different mode of their action and recognition of nucleotide sequences. The nuclear DNA from various rat organs methylated in vitro by the same enzyme possesses a different ability to accept methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine: there exists a tissue specifity of DNA methylation in vivo and in  vitro. The degree of DNA methylation changes with age tissue specifically. Aging is accompanied with decrease in the 5-methylcytosine content of DNA of some tissues (brain and others) and increase in methyl-accepting capacities of these DNA in the in vitro methylation by home- and heterologous DNA-methylases. The age changes detected in DNA are correlated with exhaustion of tissue functional activity with age and support our previous suggestion that DNA methylation is a mechanism for regulation of transcription and gene activity.", "PMID": 1027488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4503", "title": "[Study of the membranes of pigment-free mutant of Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "The membranes from pigmented strain of Staphyloccus aureus 209-P and its apigment mutant B-6 were isolated. The infrared spectra, the cytochrome content, and the activities of the dehydrogenases and oxidases of the membranes were studied. The apigment mutant membranes differed from those of the pigmented strain in all parameters studied. It is concluded that the carotenoid pigments affect the chemical composition and functional activity of the Staphylococcus membranes.", "contents": "[Study of the membranes of pigment-free mutant of Staphylococcus aureus]. The membranes from pigmented strain of Staphyloccus aureus 209-P and its apigment mutant B-6 were isolated. The infrared spectra, the cytochrome content, and the activities of the dehydrogenases and oxidases of the membranes were studied. The apigment mutant membranes differed from those of the pigmented strain in all parameters studied. It is concluded that the carotenoid pigments affect the chemical composition and functional activity of the Staphylococcus membranes.", "PMID": 1027489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4504", "title": "[Aspartate transaminase from cytosol of the chicken muscles: Its purification and various properties].", "content": "Homogeneous cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase was prepared from chicken muscle. The purification procedure involves heat and ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on ion-exchage cellulose CM-52 and crystallization of the enzyme. A comparison of some properties of aspartate aminotransferases from chicken skeletal muscle and heart has been made. Both enzymes were found identical in terms of their electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, pyridoxal phosphate content and the amount of SH-groups.", "contents": "[Aspartate transaminase from cytosol of the chicken muscles: Its purification and various properties]. Homogeneous cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase was prepared from chicken muscle. The purification procedure involves heat and ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on ion-exchage cellulose CM-52 and crystallization of the enzyme. A comparison of some properties of aspartate aminotransferases from chicken skeletal muscle and heart has been made. Both enzymes were found identical in terms of their electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, pyridoxal phosphate content and the amount of SH-groups.", "PMID": 1027490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4505", "title": "[Effect of the conditions of isolation and incubation of the nuclei on digestion of DNA chromatin by calcium- and magnesium-dependent endonuclease. Change in the spectrum of chromosomal proteins and possible role of DNA-protein interactions].", "content": "Digesting of chromosomal DNA of interphase rat liver nuclei by Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease in situ in the presence of chelating agents results in the appearance of the soluble DNP--up to 30% of the total DNA. In addition, 50% of the chromatin is solubilised after mild ultrasonication. In the absence of the chelating agents the degree of fragmentation is considerably increased. The process is accompanied by a loss of some histone and nonhistone chromosomal proteins; the nonhistone proteins are lost selectively. The preliminary removal of the nuclear membrane and significant part of the proteins by tritone X-100 promotes the chromatin degradation and the appearance of low molecular weight fragments. The DNA-fragments of solubilised chromatin are similar to the DNA-fragments of residual chromatin, but in the presence of the chelating agents the latter does not contain monomeric fragments.", "contents": "[Effect of the conditions of isolation and incubation of the nuclei on digestion of DNA chromatin by calcium- and magnesium-dependent endonuclease. Change in the spectrum of chromosomal proteins and possible role of DNA-protein interactions]. Digesting of chromosomal DNA of interphase rat liver nuclei by Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease in situ in the presence of chelating agents results in the appearance of the soluble DNP--up to 30% of the total DNA. In addition, 50% of the chromatin is solubilised after mild ultrasonication. In the absence of the chelating agents the degree of fragmentation is considerably increased. The process is accompanied by a loss of some histone and nonhistone chromosomal proteins; the nonhistone proteins are lost selectively. The preliminary removal of the nuclear membrane and significant part of the proteins by tritone X-100 promotes the chromatin degradation and the appearance of low molecular weight fragments. The DNA-fragments of solubilised chromatin are similar to the DNA-fragments of residual chromatin, but in the presence of the chelating agents the latter does not contain monomeric fragments.", "PMID": 1027491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4506", "title": "[Isolation and certain properties of human pituitary prolactin].", "content": "A simple method of isolation of highly purified prolactin from acetonated preparations of anterior hypophysial lobes is described. The new method permits to obtain higher (about 10-fold) yields of the hormone, as compared to those obtained using previously described methods. Prolactin was extracted by acid aqueous acetone and was subsequently purified of extract by fractionation with acetone and NaCl and by isoelectric precipitation. The final stage of the hormone purification involved gel-filtration through Sephadex G-200; prolactin yield was 400 microgram per 1 hypophysis. The lactogenic activity of the hormone is 14 MU/mg; the sequence of N-terminal amino acid residues of prolactin is as follows: NH2-Leu-Pro-Ile-x-Pro-Leu(?)-Gly-Ala-.", "contents": "[Isolation and certain properties of human pituitary prolactin]. A simple method of isolation of highly purified prolactin from acetonated preparations of anterior hypophysial lobes is described. The new method permits to obtain higher (about 10-fold) yields of the hormone, as compared to those obtained using previously described methods. Prolactin was extracted by acid aqueous acetone and was subsequently purified of extract by fractionation with acetone and NaCl and by isoelectric precipitation. The final stage of the hormone purification involved gel-filtration through Sephadex G-200; prolactin yield was 400 microgram per 1 hypophysis. The lactogenic activity of the hormone is 14 MU/mg; the sequence of N-terminal amino acid residues of prolactin is as follows: NH2-Leu-Pro-Ile-x-Pro-Leu(?)-Gly-Ala-.", "PMID": 1027492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4507", "title": "[Selectivity of lysozyme oxidation by singlet oxygen].", "content": "Peptide analysis of tryptic hydrolysates of two lysozyme forms derived from oxidation of lysozyme with singlet oxygen shows that Trp-62, located at the active site, is destroyed. This is confirmed by the protective effect of the substrate (chitin), whose presense practically prevents the oxidation. A possibility of oxidating different tryptophan residues is discussed from the view-point of their availability to the reagent.", "contents": "[Selectivity of lysozyme oxidation by singlet oxygen]. Peptide analysis of tryptic hydrolysates of two lysozyme forms derived from oxidation of lysozyme with singlet oxygen shows that Trp-62, located at the active site, is destroyed. This is confirmed by the protective effect of the substrate (chitin), whose presense practically prevents the oxidation. A possibility of oxidating different tryptophan residues is discussed from the view-point of their availability to the reagent.", "PMID": 1027493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4508", "title": "[Study of reactivity of sulfhydryl groups of troponin].", "content": "The reactivities of SH-groups of troponin and its components were studied, using 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). At low concentrations of Ca2+ (pCa greater than 8) one rapidly- and two slowly-reacting SH-groups of troponin I and one SH-group of troponin C slowly reacting with NBD-chloride are titrated in the whole troponin complex. When Ca2+ concentration is increased up to pCa less than 5, only one slowly-reacting and one rapidly-reacting with NBD-chloride SH-groups of troponin I are titrated. The increase of Ca2+ concentration from pCa greater than 8 to pCa less than 5 results in a change of the environment polarity for the highly reactive SH-group of troponin I in the whole troponin complex. This phenomenon may suggest that the changes in troponin C structure during Ca2+ binding somehow induce changes in that of troponin I. The half-maximal change of troponin SH-groups reactivity is found at pCa 6.8. No cooperativity for Ca2+ binding by the troponin complex is observed using SH-groups titration by NBD-Cl.", "contents": "[Study of reactivity of sulfhydryl groups of troponin]. The reactivities of SH-groups of troponin and its components were studied, using 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). At low concentrations of Ca2+ (pCa greater than 8) one rapidly- and two slowly-reacting SH-groups of troponin I and one SH-group of troponin C slowly reacting with NBD-chloride are titrated in the whole troponin complex. When Ca2+ concentration is increased up to pCa less than 5, only one slowly-reacting and one rapidly-reacting with NBD-chloride SH-groups of troponin I are titrated. The increase of Ca2+ concentration from pCa greater than 8 to pCa less than 5 results in a change of the environment polarity for the highly reactive SH-group of troponin I in the whole troponin complex. This phenomenon may suggest that the changes in troponin C structure during Ca2+ binding somehow induce changes in that of troponin I. The half-maximal change of troponin SH-groups reactivity is found at pCa 6.8. No cooperativity for Ca2+ binding by the troponin complex is observed using SH-groups titration by NBD-Cl.", "PMID": 1027494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4509", "title": "RNA synthesis in nuclei of rat liver and of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Physico-chemical properties and RNA synthesis in the rat liver and human lymphocytes have been compared in a nuclear system in vitro. Human lymphocytes were isolated from blood of healthy donors and of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. The isolated nuclei served as the source of polymerase and template DNA. 3H-CTP was incorporated into the acid insoluble fraction linearly for 60 min. The nuclei of lymphocytes contained small amounts of RNA and protein, and the isolation procedure was complicated. Rat liver nuclei seem to be less prone to clumping at high pH values and may incorporate much more 3H-CTP. The nuclear synthesis was compared with incorporation of 3H-rU and 32P-orthophosphate into nuclear RNA of intact lymphocytes. Normal cells easily incorporated 32-P, and in contrast leukaemic cells incorporated 3H-rU to a greater extent.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in nuclei of rat liver and of human lymphocytes. Physico-chemical properties and RNA synthesis in the rat liver and human lymphocytes have been compared in a nuclear system in vitro. Human lymphocytes were isolated from blood of healthy donors and of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. The isolated nuclei served as the source of polymerase and template DNA. 3H-CTP was incorporated into the acid insoluble fraction linearly for 60 min. The nuclei of lymphocytes contained small amounts of RNA and protein, and the isolation procedure was complicated. Rat liver nuclei seem to be less prone to clumping at high pH values and may incorporate much more 3H-CTP. The nuclear synthesis was compared with incorporation of 3H-rU and 32P-orthophosphate into nuclear RNA of intact lymphocytes. Normal cells easily incorporated 32-P, and in contrast leukaemic cells incorporated 3H-rU to a greater extent.", "PMID": 1027545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4510", "title": "Effect of aminonucleoside on the stability of rat liver ribosomal RNA to heating.", "content": "High molecular weight ribosomal RNA has been isolated from normal rat liver and from the livers of rats treated with aminonucleoside. Melting curves of the rRNA from treated rat livers were shifted to higher temperatures. The melting temperatures were found to be 62.5 and 66 degrees C for normal and treated material respectively. The rRNA was heated at different temperatures and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In both normal and treated material, the 18 S was more stable in the treated material when compared with the control material.", "contents": "Effect of aminonucleoside on the stability of rat liver ribosomal RNA to heating. High molecular weight ribosomal RNA has been isolated from normal rat liver and from the livers of rats treated with aminonucleoside. Melting curves of the rRNA from treated rat livers were shifted to higher temperatures. The melting temperatures were found to be 62.5 and 66 degrees C for normal and treated material respectively. The rRNA was heated at different temperatures and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In both normal and treated material, the 18 S was more stable in the treated material when compared with the control material.", "PMID": 1027546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4511", "title": "Chloroplast fine structure in the japonica-2 maize mutant exposed to continuous illumination. 1. The green tissues.", "content": "Exposure to continuous illumination causes the appearance of numerous plastoglobuli in the stroma of both the mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of the green tissues of the leaves of the japonica-2 mutant of maize. In the pale green tissues the thylakoids have markedly swollen membranes. Another feature of the plastids exposed to continuous illumination is the heavy accumulation of starch. The japonica-2 chloroplasts show a different sensitivity to light, the chloroplasts of the pale green tissues being affected more markedly than the ones of the dark green tissues, and the bundle sheath chloroplasts more than those of the mesophyll. The effects of continuous illumination may be interpreted as an acceleration of chloroplast ontogenesis.", "contents": "Chloroplast fine structure in the japonica-2 maize mutant exposed to continuous illumination. 1. The green tissues. Exposure to continuous illumination causes the appearance of numerous plastoglobuli in the stroma of both the mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of the green tissues of the leaves of the japonica-2 mutant of maize. In the pale green tissues the thylakoids have markedly swollen membranes. Another feature of the plastids exposed to continuous illumination is the heavy accumulation of starch. The japonica-2 chloroplasts show a different sensitivity to light, the chloroplasts of the pale green tissues being affected more markedly than the ones of the dark green tissues, and the bundle sheath chloroplasts more than those of the mesophyll. The effects of continuous illumination may be interpreted as an acceleration of chloroplast ontogenesis.", "PMID": 1027547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4512", "title": "Chloroplast fine structure in the japonica-2 maize mutant exposed to continuous illumination. 2. The white tissues.", "content": "Exposure to continuous illumination causes an enhancement of thylakoid swelling in the mesophyll chloroplasts of the white tissues of the japonica-2 maize mutant. In the bundle sheath plastids the effects of continuous illumination are striking and intriguing, because a regular honeycomb-like fret of membranes is formed from a provesicular body. No interpretation of this fret of membranes is, at present, possible.", "contents": "Chloroplast fine structure in the japonica-2 maize mutant exposed to continuous illumination. 2. The white tissues. Exposure to continuous illumination causes an enhancement of thylakoid swelling in the mesophyll chloroplasts of the white tissues of the japonica-2 maize mutant. In the bundle sheath plastids the effects of continuous illumination are striking and intriguing, because a regular honeycomb-like fret of membranes is formed from a provesicular body. No interpretation of this fret of membranes is, at present, possible.", "PMID": 1027548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4513", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in newborns, women and those who had used oral contraceptives.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation, utilizing the mitotic index parameter has been assessed in newborns' cord blood, adults and women who had been on oral contraceptives and their babies. The results show that the newborns' cord blood response is significantly higher to PHA when compared with the respective adults' response. No significant difference was observed between the women taking oral contraceptives and their respective controls.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in newborns, women and those who had used oral contraceptives. Lymphocyte transformation, utilizing the mitotic index parameter has been assessed in newborns' cord blood, adults and women who had been on oral contraceptives and their babies. The results show that the newborns' cord blood response is significantly higher to PHA when compared with the respective adults' response. No significant difference was observed between the women taking oral contraceptives and their respective controls.", "PMID": 1027549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4514", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of trichomes of IAA-induced tumours in bean embryos (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study of trichome morphology of bean embryo, growing in semi-solid synthetic medium, has been undertaken. The work shows some distinct differences in trichome morphology as well as variation in their development, due to the effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of trichomes of IAA-induced tumours in bean embryos (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A scanning electron microscopic study of trichome morphology of bean embryo, growing in semi-solid synthetic medium, has been undertaken. The work shows some distinct differences in trichome morphology as well as variation in their development, due to the effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).", "PMID": 1027550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4515", "title": "Appearance and accumulation of the brain specific S 100 protein in the developing nervous systems of rat, rabbit and guinea pig.", "content": "The appearance and accumulation of S 100 protein during postnatal development of rats and rabbit, and during pre- and postnatal development of guinea pig, was studied quantitatively by immunoelectrophoresis. High amounts of S 100 were found in newborn guinea pig brain. In rabbit and rat central nervous systems the content of S 100 rose linearily between the 1st and the 3rd and 4th weeks of postnatal life, respectively. From this later period to the adult animal there was a small increase in the amount of S 100 in rabbit and rat brain. The results of this study are compared with other studies on S 100 accumulation during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig, using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic techniques.", "contents": "Appearance and accumulation of the brain specific S 100 protein in the developing nervous systems of rat, rabbit and guinea pig. The appearance and accumulation of S 100 protein during postnatal development of rats and rabbit, and during pre- and postnatal development of guinea pig, was studied quantitatively by immunoelectrophoresis. High amounts of S 100 were found in newborn guinea pig brain. In rabbit and rat central nervous systems the content of S 100 rose linearily between the 1st and the 3rd and 4th weeks of postnatal life, respectively. From this later period to the adult animal there was a small increase in the amount of S 100 in rabbit and rat brain. The results of this study are compared with other studies on S 100 accumulation during postnatal development of rat, rabbit and guinea pig, using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic techniques.", "PMID": 1027551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4516", "title": "Treatment of traumatic urethral lesions.", "content": "From 1955 to 1975 the author has treated 705 patients with stricture of the urethra. He has elaborated his own procedure consisting of radical excision of the stricture and scar tissues with end-to-end anastomosis. In cases of long strictures, reconstruction of the urethra has been by the use of a scrotal flap.", "contents": "Treatment of traumatic urethral lesions. From 1955 to 1975 the author has treated 705 patients with stricture of the urethra. He has elaborated his own procedure consisting of radical excision of the stricture and scar tissues with end-to-end anastomosis. In cases of long strictures, reconstruction of the urethra has been by the use of a scrotal flap.", "PMID": 1027556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4517", "title": "The importance of the bladder washout technique in the management of a solitary calyceal stone.", "content": "Renal infection is an indication for surgical treatment of a solitary calyceal stone. It must be proved however, that the infection is localised to the kidney before deciding on operation, as this may be very difficult and produce severe complications. Bladder washout seems to be an excellent technique to differentiate the localisation of the infection.", "contents": "The importance of the bladder washout technique in the management of a solitary calyceal stone. Renal infection is an indication for surgical treatment of a solitary calyceal stone. It must be proved however, that the infection is localised to the kidney before deciding on operation, as this may be very difficult and produce severe complications. Bladder washout seems to be an excellent technique to differentiate the localisation of the infection.", "PMID": 1027557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4518", "title": "Management of ureteric obstruction in the solitary kidney by a segmental suspended ureteric prosthesis.", "content": "Ureteric obstruction of a single kidney, secondary to an aorto-iliac bypass graft, was treated with a suspended segmentary ureteric prosthesis. No urinary stasis was observed during 1 year and the urodynamic implication are discussed.", "contents": "Management of ureteric obstruction in the solitary kidney by a segmental suspended ureteric prosthesis. Ureteric obstruction of a single kidney, secondary to an aorto-iliac bypass graft, was treated with a suspended segmentary ureteric prosthesis. No urinary stasis was observed during 1 year and the urodynamic implication are discussed.", "PMID": 1027558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4519", "title": "Prevention of reflux by a ureteric intussusception valve: a preliminary study on dogs.", "content": "In 10 dogs in anti-reflux procedure by intussusception of the ureter is examined. The surgical procedure is developed and the urinary flow and prevention of the anti-reflux valve are explored. The study shows that an invagination is technically possible and that reflux can be prevented in half the cases without significant obstruction of the urinary flow.", "contents": "Prevention of reflux by a ureteric intussusception valve: a preliminary study on dogs. In 10 dogs in anti-reflux procedure by intussusception of the ureter is examined. The surgical procedure is developed and the urinary flow and prevention of the anti-reflux valve are explored. The study shows that an invagination is technically possible and that reflux can be prevented in half the cases without significant obstruction of the urinary flow.", "PMID": 1027559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4520", "title": "The influence of various drugs on artificial oedema of the rat's bladder.", "content": "An experimental oedema of the bladder wall was produced by electric coagulation current in 130 rats. The amount of oedema was calculated by determination of the difference between the weight of the freshly excised wet bladder and that after drying to constant weight. Thus, oedema of a fairly constant and reproducible amount could be produced. The effect of three different drugs on such oedema was tested (Na-Aescinat, 6-methylprednisolone, alpha-Chymotrase). After the application of Na-Aescinat and 6-methylprednisolone no significant oedema could be measured after 48 h. Using alpha-Chymotrase, there was no measurable influence on the oedema.", "contents": "The influence of various drugs on artificial oedema of the rat's bladder. An experimental oedema of the bladder wall was produced by electric coagulation current in 130 rats. The amount of oedema was calculated by determination of the difference between the weight of the freshly excised wet bladder and that after drying to constant weight. Thus, oedema of a fairly constant and reproducible amount could be produced. The effect of three different drugs on such oedema was tested (Na-Aescinat, 6-methylprednisolone, alpha-Chymotrase). After the application of Na-Aescinat and 6-methylprednisolone no significant oedema could be measured after 48 h. Using alpha-Chymotrase, there was no measurable influence on the oedema.", "PMID": 1027560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4521", "title": "Fibroelastosis of the posterior urethra associated with urinary, cardiac and digestive anomalies.", "content": "A case of fibroelastosis of the posterior urethra associated with ectopic opening of the ureter of a solitary kidney in the urethra is described. Oesophageal atresia and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery were also observed. Management of fibroelastosis is pointed out.", "contents": "Fibroelastosis of the posterior urethra associated with urinary, cardiac and digestive anomalies. A case of fibroelastosis of the posterior urethra associated with ectopic opening of the ureter of a solitary kidney in the urethra is described. Oesophageal atresia and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery were also observed. Management of fibroelastosis is pointed out.", "PMID": 1027561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4522", "title": "A successfully treated case of condyloma acuminatum of the urethra and urinary bladder.", "content": "Condyloma acuminatum very seldom affects the urinary bladder, but if it does conservative treatment has been considered of little value and cystourethrectomy will eventually be required. A case with urethrovesical condyloma is presented, where repeated transurethral resections cured the patient.", "contents": "A successfully treated case of condyloma acuminatum of the urethra and urinary bladder. Condyloma acuminatum very seldom affects the urinary bladder, but if it does conservative treatment has been considered of little value and cystourethrectomy will eventually be required. A case with urethrovesical condyloma is presented, where repeated transurethral resections cured the patient.", "PMID": 1027562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4523", "title": "A transpubic approach to radical prostatectomy.", "content": "A transpubic approach to radical prostatectomy is presented in a series of 15 cases. The main advantages and some typical complications of this approach are described.", "contents": "A transpubic approach to radical prostatectomy. A transpubic approach to radical prostatectomy is presented in a series of 15 cases. The main advantages and some typical complications of this approach are described.", "PMID": 1027563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4524", "title": "[Structure of the cholinoreceptors].", "content": "The results of research works of a number of Soviet authors concerned with the structure of cholinoreceptors based on their response to cholinomimetics and cholinolytics are summarized. A brief review of foreign research involving separation of cholinoreceptors \"in vitro\" is given.", "contents": "[Structure of the cholinoreceptors]. The results of research works of a number of Soviet authors concerned with the structure of cholinoreceptors based on their response to cholinomimetics and cholinolytics are summarized. A brief review of foreign research involving separation of cholinoreceptors \"in vitro\" is given.", "PMID": 1027564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4525", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic study of the neuroleptic, azabutyrone].", "content": "By using gas-chromatographic and spectrophotometric assays and adopting pharmacokinetic models of various types the pharmacokinetics of the neuroleptic azabutyron in the plasms, bile, gastric juice and urine of rabbits and rats was studied. The maximum level of azabutyron in the plasma (27  gamma/ml) was recorded 5 minutes after introduction of the drug. The amount of unchanged azabutyron passed with urine comprises 2--4 pc of the dose actually introduced, while the quantity of the agent excreted together with the bile and gastric juice was below 1 pc. The results thus obtained were subjected to electronic data processing according to the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. It is presumed that in order to properly explain the pharmacokinetics of azabutyron some models of a greater complexity have to be used.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic study of the neuroleptic, azabutyrone]. By using gas-chromatographic and spectrophotometric assays and adopting pharmacokinetic models of various types the pharmacokinetics of the neuroleptic azabutyron in the plasms, bile, gastric juice and urine of rabbits and rats was studied. The maximum level of azabutyron in the plasma (27  gamma/ml) was recorded 5 minutes after introduction of the drug. The amount of unchanged azabutyron passed with urine comprises 2--4 pc of the dose actually introduced, while the quantity of the agent excreted together with the bile and gastric juice was below 1 pc. The results thus obtained were subjected to electronic data processing according to the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. It is presumed that in order to properly explain the pharmacokinetics of azabutyron some models of a greater complexity have to be used.", "PMID": 1027565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4526", "title": "[Use of parameters of ionic permeability and mechanical activity for the rating of interaction of acetylcholine with the smooth muscle M-cholinoreceptors].", "content": "When employed in high concentrations (1-10(-5)-1-10(-3) g/ml) acetylcholine (ACC) causes an accrued uptake of Na22 and liberation of Rb86 (K) from smooth muscles of the rat's stomach. An increased release of Ca45 occurs in concentrations of 1-10(-7) g/ml and higher. The contractile reaction is recorded under the action of lower ACC concentrations (starting from 1-10(-9) g/ml). The observed changes in the ionic permeability and tonicity are due to the ACC action on the M-cholinoreceptors of the muscles. A comparison of emipirical relation between the effects and the concentration against the theoretical one showed that it is only the incorporation of Na22, liberation of Rb86 pand the contractile reaction in a depolarizing solution that adequately reflect the ACC interaction with cholinoreceptors of the smooth muscles in the rat's stomach.", "contents": "[Use of parameters of ionic permeability and mechanical activity for the rating of interaction of acetylcholine with the smooth muscle M-cholinoreceptors]. When employed in high concentrations (1-10(-5)-1-10(-3) g/ml) acetylcholine (ACC) causes an accrued uptake of Na22 and liberation of Rb86 (K) from smooth muscles of the rat's stomach. An increased release of Ca45 occurs in concentrations of 1-10(-7) g/ml and higher. The contractile reaction is recorded under the action of lower ACC concentrations (starting from 1-10(-9) g/ml). The observed changes in the ionic permeability and tonicity are due to the ACC action on the M-cholinoreceptors of the muscles. A comparison of emipirical relation between the effects and the concentration against the theoretical one showed that it is only the incorporation of Na22, liberation of Rb86 pand the contractile reaction in a depolarizing solution that adequately reflect the ACC interaction with cholinoreceptors of the smooth muscles in the rat's stomach.", "PMID": 1027567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4527", "title": "[Effect of thyrocalcitonin on the pain sensitivity in animals].", "content": "With a single parenteral introduction of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) the algesthesia of soft tissues (tall skin, paw) is moderately increasing, while the algesic action of morphine and promedol against the background of TCT-gets weaker. And contrarywise algesthesia of hard tissues of the tooth becomes significantly lower under the effect of TCT and this continues for a long time.", "contents": "[Effect of thyrocalcitonin on the pain sensitivity in animals]. With a single parenteral introduction of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) the algesthesia of soft tissues (tall skin, paw) is moderately increasing, while the algesic action of morphine and promedol against the background of TCT-gets weaker. And contrarywise algesthesia of hard tissues of the tooth becomes significantly lower under the effect of TCT and this continues for a long time.", "PMID": 1027566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4528", "title": "[Study of interaction between contrast media and human serum albumin by the fluorescence method].", "content": "Structural changes in the human serumal albumin under the effect of roentgen-contrast media, viz. bilignost, triiotrast, endografine, iodamide, triombrine and cardiotrast, were investigated by the method of fluorescence. The complex-formation of albumin with triiodotrast, bilignost and endografine was shown to call forth a short-wave shift of the fluorescence peak by approximately 20 nm. The binding section for these substances is characterized by an association constant equalling 1.2-10(5) M-1. The authors presume that triiodotrast, bilignost and endografine cause changes in the microstructure of the aqueo-protein layer in the area of the tryptophan residue localization. As to triombine, iodamide and cardiotrast fluorescence failed to disclose their combination with the human serumal albumin.", "contents": "[Study of interaction between contrast media and human serum albumin by the fluorescence method]. Structural changes in the human serumal albumin under the effect of roentgen-contrast media, viz. bilignost, triiotrast, endografine, iodamide, triombrine and cardiotrast, were investigated by the method of fluorescence. The complex-formation of albumin with triiodotrast, bilignost and endografine was shown to call forth a short-wave shift of the fluorescence peak by approximately 20 nm. The binding section for these substances is characterized by an association constant equalling 1.2-10(5) M-1. The authors presume that triiodotrast, bilignost and endografine cause changes in the microstructure of the aqueo-protein layer in the area of the tryptophan residue localization. As to triombine, iodamide and cardiotrast fluorescence failed to disclose their combination with the human serumal albumin.", "PMID": 1027570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4529", "title": "[Antiarrhythmic activity of trimecaine in experimental arrhythmia and its effect on the heart conduction system].", "content": "The anesthetic trimecaine is shown to be capable of eliminating the flutter of atria in dogs simulated by an electric stimulation of the myocardium and atrial fibrillation in cats induced with aconitin and precludes ventrical fibrillation in rats arising due to intoxication with calcium chloride. Trimecaine noticeably mitigates the toxic effect of strophanthin. While depressing the automatism of the sinoatrial node the drug does not affect the conduction function.", "contents": "[Antiarrhythmic activity of trimecaine in experimental arrhythmia and its effect on the heart conduction system]. The anesthetic trimecaine is shown to be capable of eliminating the flutter of atria in dogs simulated by an electric stimulation of the myocardium and atrial fibrillation in cats induced with aconitin and precludes ventrical fibrillation in rats arising due to intoxication with calcium chloride. Trimecaine noticeably mitigates the toxic effect of strophanthin. While depressing the automatism of the sinoatrial node the drug does not affect the conduction function.", "PMID": 1027568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4530", "title": "[Effect of Soviet-made prostaglandin E1 on the aggregation of thrombocytes and erythrocytes].", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 in a concentration of 0.1 gamma/ml on the aggregation and disaggregation of thrombocytes and erythrocytes in vitro was  studied. Prostaglandin E1 was found to materially reduce the  aggregation and to produce disaggregation of thrombocytes. A somewhat diminished aggregation of erythrocytes was also noted. Prostaglandin E1 failed to cause disaggregation of erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of Soviet-made prostaglandin E1 on the aggregation of thrombocytes and erythrocytes]. The effect of prostaglandin E1 in a concentration of 0.1 gamma/ml on the aggregation and disaggregation of thrombocytes and erythrocytes in vitro was  studied. Prostaglandin E1 was found to materially reduce the  aggregation and to produce disaggregation of thrombocytes. A somewhat diminished aggregation of erythrocytes was also noted. Prostaglandin E1 failed to cause disaggregation of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1027569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4531", "title": "[Histological changes in the liver and lungs of rabbits after experimental hepatography with iophendylate emulsion].", "content": "Hepatography with a 75% iodophendylate emulsion was carried out in 21 rabbits to which the contrast medium had been introduced after laparotomy in a dose of 0.84-1.9 g/kg. The roentogenological and histological dynamics and the liver contrasting was studied in its continuity. In experimental hepatography the emulsification of iodophendylate does not cause any damaging effect on the liver and the lungs. In the mechanism of the emulsified iodophendylate elimination of prime importance are phagocytic cellular reactions on the part of lympho- and histocytic elements.", "contents": "[Histological changes in the liver and lungs of rabbits after experimental hepatography with iophendylate emulsion]. Hepatography with a 75% iodophendylate emulsion was carried out in 21 rabbits to which the contrast medium had been introduced after laparotomy in a dose of 0.84-1.9 g/kg. The roentogenological and histological dynamics and the liver contrasting was studied in its continuity. In experimental hepatography the emulsification of iodophendylate does not cause any damaging effect on the liver and the lungs. In the mechanism of the emulsified iodophendylate elimination of prime importance are phagocytic cellular reactions on the part of lympho- and histocytic elements.", "PMID": 1027572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4532", "title": "[Effect of mellaril on the liver lysosomes of rats with acute toxic hepatitis].", "content": "In 24 hours after a single administration of melleril (30 mg/kg) an elevated injuriousness of \"heavy\" and \"light\" liver lysosomes of rats subjected to \"in vitro\" treatment with a pH 5.0 solution at 37 degrees was recorded. Introduction of melleril to rats with toxic CCl4-induced hepatitis (CCl4 dosage of 0.15 ml per 100 g body weight) depresses free activity of acid phosphatase, this fall, however, failing to reach the corresponding values in intact animals. An elevated injuriousness of \"heavy\" and \"light\" lysosomas undergoing treatment at pH 5.0 and 37degrees, revealed in all variants of the tests, is related to activation of lysosomal phospholipases with subsequent liberation of surfactant lipids and volumetric changes of the particles.", "contents": "[Effect of mellaril on the liver lysosomes of rats with acute toxic hepatitis]. In 24 hours after a single administration of melleril (30 mg/kg) an elevated injuriousness of \"heavy\" and \"light\" liver lysosomes of rats subjected to \"in vitro\" treatment with a pH 5.0 solution at 37 degrees was recorded. Introduction of melleril to rats with toxic CCl4-induced hepatitis (CCl4 dosage of 0.15 ml per 100 g body weight) depresses free activity of acid phosphatase, this fall, however, failing to reach the corresponding values in intact animals. An elevated injuriousness of \"heavy\" and \"light\" lysosomas undergoing treatment at pH 5.0 and 37degrees, revealed in all variants of the tests, is related to activation of lysosomal phospholipases with subsequent liberation of surfactant lipids and volumetric changes of the particles.", "PMID": 1027573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4533", "title": "[Characteristics of liver circulation and the outflow of bile and lymph in acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning].", "content": "In acute tests set up on 13 dogs the pressure and blood flow in the portal vein and hepatic artery, the pressure in the inferior vena cava along with lymph- and bile currents were registered following intraportal introduction of CCI4. Subject to determination were also the resistance of venous and arterial hepatic vessels and of the splachnic zone, as well as the summary blood flow. The rising pressure and diminished blood flow in the portal vein were found to be the result of the growing resistance of venous vessels in the liver. Falling pressure and reduced blood flow in the hepatic artery bore witness to the general toxic effect of CCl4 on the animal organism. Increased portal pressure and disturbed permeability of biological membranes was attended  by a greater lymph outflow. The inhibition of bile secretion came as a result of hypoxic and toxic damage of the liver.", "contents": "[Characteristics of liver circulation and the outflow of bile and lymph in acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. In acute tests set up on 13 dogs the pressure and blood flow in the portal vein and hepatic artery, the pressure in the inferior vena cava along with lymph- and bile currents were registered following intraportal introduction of CCI4. Subject to determination were also the resistance of venous and arterial hepatic vessels and of the splachnic zone, as well as the summary blood flow. The rising pressure and diminished blood flow in the portal vein were found to be the result of the growing resistance of venous vessels in the liver. Falling pressure and reduced blood flow in the hepatic artery bore witness to the general toxic effect of CCl4 on the animal organism. Increased portal pressure and disturbed permeability of biological membranes was attended  by a greater lymph outflow. The inhibition of bile secretion came as a result of hypoxic and toxic damage of the liver.", "PMID": 1027571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4534", "title": "[Antifibrotic properties of lidase in experimental berylliosis].", "content": "The effect of lidase with its inhalation against the background of a fibrotic process in the lungs was studied on a model of experimental berylliosis provoked in rats through intratracheal administration of 5 mg of Be (OH)2. The degree of fibrosis was assessed according to the dry residue in the lungs, content therein of oxyproline, hexosamines and hexuronic acids. Lidase was found not only to delay the development of the affections but also to lower the level of fibrosis existing prior to the treatment. The therapeutic effect of the compound continued for a comparatively long time.", "contents": "[Antifibrotic properties of lidase in experimental berylliosis]. The effect of lidase with its inhalation against the background of a fibrotic process in the lungs was studied on a model of experimental berylliosis provoked in rats through intratracheal administration of 5 mg of Be (OH)2. The degree of fibrosis was assessed according to the dry residue in the lungs, content therein of oxyproline, hexosamines and hexuronic acids. Lidase was found not only to delay the development of the affections but also to lower the level of fibrosis existing prior to the treatment. The therapeutic effect of the compound continued for a comparatively long time.", "PMID": 1027575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4535", "title": "[Effect of metaphos on the bile-forming function of the liver].", "content": "In experiments with albino male rats the effect of a single introduction into the stomach of methaphos in doses of DL50, 1/10 DL50, 1/20 DL50, 1/50 DL50 and also of a daily consumption of the compound for a month was studied. Metaphos was found to exert a manysided action on the cholopoietic function of the liver, viz. it increases the intensity of the bile secretion, inhibits the synthesis of primary bile acids and conjugation of cholic acid with taurine and glycine, stimulates the formation, conjugation and secretion of bilirubin.", "contents": "[Effect of metaphos on the bile-forming function of the liver]. In experiments with albino male rats the effect of a single introduction into the stomach of methaphos in doses of DL50, 1/10 DL50, 1/20 DL50, 1/50 DL50 and also of a daily consumption of the compound for a month was studied. Metaphos was found to exert a manysided action on the cholopoietic function of the liver, viz. it increases the intensity of the bile secretion, inhibits the synthesis of primary bile acids and conjugation of cholic acid with taurine and glycine, stimulates the formation, conjugation and secretion of bilirubin.", "PMID": 1027574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4536", "title": "An in vitro method for screening compounds for the effect on the rate of sickling of erythrocytes.", "content": "Since no practical animal model is available for the evaluation of compounds in vivo, we have developed an in vitro model for determining the effect of compounds on the rate of sickling of erythrocytes in whole blood taken from patients with sickle cell anaemia. RMI 6792 (a phenethanol-diamine derivative), procaine, and L-glutamine were tested in this in vitro system. RMI 6792 was tested at various concentrations in whole blood. The data indicate that RMI 6792 decreased the rate of sickling at and above 60 microgram/ml. Procaine slightly decreased sickling rate at 100 microgram/ml. L-glutamine at 555 had no inhibitory effect. RMI 6792 and procaine had no effect on the oxygen dissociation curve. RMI 6792 affected the calcium flux of the erythrocytes and the calcium concentration in the erythrocytes.", "contents": "An in vitro method for screening compounds for the effect on the rate of sickling of erythrocytes. Since no practical animal model is available for the evaluation of compounds in vivo, we have developed an in vitro model for determining the effect of compounds on the rate of sickling of erythrocytes in whole blood taken from patients with sickle cell anaemia. RMI 6792 (a phenethanol-diamine derivative), procaine, and L-glutamine were tested in this in vitro system. RMI 6792 was tested at various concentrations in whole blood. The data indicate that RMI 6792 decreased the rate of sickling at and above 60 microgram/ml. Procaine slightly decreased sickling rate at 100 microgram/ml. L-glutamine at 555 had no inhibitory effect. RMI 6792 and procaine had no effect on the oxygen dissociation curve. RMI 6792 affected the calcium flux of the erythrocytes and the calcium concentration in the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1027632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4537", "title": "Serum quinidine levels after chronic administration of four different quinidine formulations.", "content": "The serum levels produced by four different quinidine formulations have been studied. The relative bioavailability of the formulations was demonstrated as were the mean peak serum levels and their timing in relation to dosage. From the data obtained, the biological half-lives were measured and the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were calculated for each formulation. The generic tablets of quinidine monosulphate from five different manufacturers were not significantly different from each other in any respect and produced the expected peak and trough serum level curves. The serum level curves resulting from administration of quinidine polygalacturonate (Cardioquin) were not significantly different from those resulting from the generic tablets, and this formulation may be regarded as therapeutically equivalent to the generic formulations. Both sustained-release formulations of quinidine bisulphate, Durettes and Kiditard (given at the same dosage) were shown to offer a means whereby, with simple twice-daily dosage, quinidine maintenance treatment may be continued with the confidence that the serum levels may be maintained throughout each 24-hour period without peaks into the toxic levels and troughs into the levels of no effect.", "contents": "Serum quinidine levels after chronic administration of four different quinidine formulations. The serum levels produced by four different quinidine formulations have been studied. The relative bioavailability of the formulations was demonstrated as were the mean peak serum levels and their timing in relation to dosage. From the data obtained, the biological half-lives were measured and the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were calculated for each formulation. The generic tablets of quinidine monosulphate from five different manufacturers were not significantly different from each other in any respect and produced the expected peak and trough serum level curves. The serum level curves resulting from administration of quinidine polygalacturonate (Cardioquin) were not significantly different from those resulting from the generic tablets, and this formulation may be regarded as therapeutically equivalent to the generic formulations. Both sustained-release formulations of quinidine bisulphate, Durettes and Kiditard (given at the same dosage) were shown to offer a means whereby, with simple twice-daily dosage, quinidine maintenance treatment may be continued with the confidence that the serum levels may be maintained throughout each 24-hour period without peaks into the toxic levels and troughs into the levels of no effect.", "PMID": 1027633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4538", "title": "Systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects of the new hypotensive drug L 6150.", "content": "The acute systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects of a new hypotensive drug L 6150 (3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine) have been studied in six patients with renal or essential hypertension. The drug, administered intravenously at a dose of 2-9 mg, caused a marked hypotension and increase of cardiac output in five cases. Though left ventricular work was reduced or unchanged after the drug, myocardial blood flow increased markedly, coronary resistance decreased and coronary A-V oxygen difference decreased by about 50% indicating coronary vasodilation. When compared with the available data on the effects of hydrazinophthalazine, L 6150 appeared to have qualitatively similar effects, but a somewhat greater direct coronary vasodilator effect.", "contents": "Systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects of the new hypotensive drug L 6150. The acute systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects of a new hypotensive drug L 6150 (3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]pyridazine) have been studied in six patients with renal or essential hypertension. The drug, administered intravenously at a dose of 2-9 mg, caused a marked hypotension and increase of cardiac output in five cases. Though left ventricular work was reduced or unchanged after the drug, myocardial blood flow increased markedly, coronary resistance decreased and coronary A-V oxygen difference decreased by about 50% indicating coronary vasodilation. When compared with the available data on the effects of hydrazinophthalazine, L 6150 appeared to have qualitatively similar effects, but a somewhat greater direct coronary vasodilator effect.", "PMID": 1027634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4539", "title": "A trial of Fortagesic and Paramol 118 in osteoarthritis.", "content": "Fortagesic was compared with Paramol 118 in a fourteen day single-blind crossover study in patients with moderate pain due to osteoarthritis. Both preparations were shown to be similarly effective. More side-effects were seen with Paramol 118 than with Fortagesic and more patients preferred Fortagesic. These differences were not statistically significant, but it is concluded that Fortagesic is a useful effective analgesic for standard use in moderate pain.", "contents": "A trial of Fortagesic and Paramol 118 in osteoarthritis. Fortagesic was compared with Paramol 118 in a fourteen day single-blind crossover study in patients with moderate pain due to osteoarthritis. Both preparations were shown to be similarly effective. More side-effects were seen with Paramol 118 than with Fortagesic and more patients preferred Fortagesic. These differences were not statistically significant, but it is concluded that Fortagesic is a useful effective analgesic for standard use in moderate pain.", "PMID": 1027635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4540", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin according to administration schedule.", "content": "Thirty subjects, free of any heart, kidney or liver disease, were given the same dosage of amoxycillin--100 mg/kg/24 hr. The first ten were given the drug in three equal doses at 8-hourly intervals, a further ten in four doses at 6-hourly intervals, and the last ten in eight doses at 3-hourly intervals. The final administration schedule resulted in much higher and more regular serum levels of amoxycillin than the other two, suitable for the treatment of severe infectious conditions, and has the advantage of avoiding prolonged antibiotic infusions which are a source of venous complications in the patient. The first results obtained clinically, which will be published in a further paper, seem favourable.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin according to administration schedule. Thirty subjects, free of any heart, kidney or liver disease, were given the same dosage of amoxycillin--100 mg/kg/24 hr. The first ten were given the drug in three equal doses at 8-hourly intervals, a further ten in four doses at 6-hourly intervals, and the last ten in eight doses at 3-hourly intervals. The final administration schedule resulted in much higher and more regular serum levels of amoxycillin than the other two, suitable for the treatment of severe infectious conditions, and has the advantage of avoiding prolonged antibiotic infusions which are a source of venous complications in the patient. The first results obtained clinically, which will be published in a further paper, seem favourable.", "PMID": 1027636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4541", "title": "[Social psychological and sexological aspects of oral contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "An inventory is made on the hindrances to the acceptance of contraception in general and oral contraception in particular. They are grouped as hindrances related to the social and psychological significance of \"making children\", hindrances related to the social and psychological significance of \"having children\" hindrances, related to the method of oral contraception itself, to be divided in social hindrances, psychological hindrances and medical hindrances and finally hindrances related to the provision of the pill to the individual user. Each of these is amply discussed, the author expresses the hope that by identification of these hindrances, lessons may be learned for the future, when other methods of contreception become available.", "contents": "[Social psychological and sexological aspects of oral contraception (author's transl)]. An inventory is made on the hindrances to the acceptance of contraception in general and oral contraception in particular. They are grouped as hindrances related to the social and psychological significance of \"making children\", hindrances related to the social and psychological significance of \"having children\" hindrances, related to the method of oral contraception itself, to be divided in social hindrances, psychological hindrances and medical hindrances and finally hindrances related to the provision of the pill to the individual user. Each of these is amply discussed, the author expresses the hope that by identification of these hindrances, lessons may be learned for the future, when other methods of contreception become available.", "PMID": 1027638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4542", "title": "Ovarian dysgerminoma, investigations on cell-and humoral-mediated immunologic reactions.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl with repeated ovarian dysgerminoma is described. Postoperative immunologic investigations prior to irradiation showed a transient increased cell--an humoral--mediated immunologic responsiveness of the patient for approximately 2 1/2 months. After irradiation, a markedly defective response to PHA was observed which improved when reexamined 11 months later. The patient is well 22 months after the second operation.", "contents": "Ovarian dysgerminoma, investigations on cell-and humoral-mediated immunologic reactions. A 17-year-old girl with repeated ovarian dysgerminoma is described. Postoperative immunologic investigations prior to irradiation showed a transient increased cell--an humoral--mediated immunologic responsiveness of the patient for approximately 2 1/2 months. After irradiation, a markedly defective response to PHA was observed which improved when reexamined 11 months later. The patient is well 22 months after the second operation.", "PMID": 1027639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4543", "title": "[How to stimulate the placental function (author's transl)].", "content": "Imminent abortion, habitual abortion and threatened premature labor, all constitute difficult clinical problems. Those cases require on every occasion a diagnosis as acurate as possible, and unfortunately our present methods of biochemical determinations only represent a means to evaluate placental function. On those cases where a faulty placental function is detected thru the tests presently available, the authors recommend the utilization of a placentotropic substance, Gestanon, that is capable to stimulate and normalize the placental function, a is demostrated by the statistical results published in the international medical bibliography.", "contents": "[How to stimulate the placental function (author's transl)]. Imminent abortion, habitual abortion and threatened premature labor, all constitute difficult clinical problems. Those cases require on every occasion a diagnosis as acurate as possible, and unfortunately our present methods of biochemical determinations only represent a means to evaluate placental function. On those cases where a faulty placental function is detected thru the tests presently available, the authors recommend the utilization of a placentotropic substance, Gestanon, that is capable to stimulate and normalize the placental function, a is demostrated by the statistical results published in the international medical bibliography.", "PMID": 1027640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4544", "title": "[Bovine milk progesterone concentration as a method of early diagnosis of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "With the purpose of obtaining an early indicator of pregnancy in bovines, excretion levels of milk progesterone were determined by a simple radioimmunological method. In the pregnant group, progesterone concentration was significantly (p less than 0,001) greater than in non-pregnant ones. In some cases (20-25%) there was no difference in values, resulting a method efficiency of 75-80%. Milk must be processed a few hours after collection since a decrease in progesterone values is observed within a few days. Easy obtention of this biological matherial, without special technical requirements as well as the simple dosification method make this test a practical index for establishing early diagnosis of pregnancy in bovines.", "contents": "[Bovine milk progesterone concentration as a method of early diagnosis of pregnancy (author's transl)]. With the purpose of obtaining an early indicator of pregnancy in bovines, excretion levels of milk progesterone were determined by a simple radioimmunological method. In the pregnant group, progesterone concentration was significantly (p less than 0,001) greater than in non-pregnant ones. In some cases (20-25%) there was no difference in values, resulting a method efficiency of 75-80%. Milk must be processed a few hours after collection since a decrease in progesterone values is observed within a few days. Easy obtention of this biological matherial, without special technical requirements as well as the simple dosification method make this test a practical index for establishing early diagnosis of pregnancy in bovines.", "PMID": 1027641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4545", "title": "[Post-pill amenorrhea and anovulation (author's transl)].", "content": "The numerous pregnancies that occur as early as the first cycle after the discontinuation of an oral contraceptive prove that in general ovulation reappears  immediately and that after a period of \"rest\" more or less prolonged the ovaries reasume their normal function very rapidly. However, in less than 1% of the cases the discontinuation of oral contrecption is followed by anovulation or even amenorrhea. The authors try to find an explanation to this over supression syndrome and review the different treatments that have been proposed in the bibliography, but keeping in mind that within a year 14% of the anovulations and 5% of the amenorrbeas will have disappeared spontaneously.", "contents": "[Post-pill amenorrhea and anovulation (author's transl)]. The numerous pregnancies that occur as early as the first cycle after the discontinuation of an oral contraceptive prove that in general ovulation reappears  immediately and that after a period of \"rest\" more or less prolonged the ovaries reasume their normal function very rapidly. However, in less than 1% of the cases the discontinuation of oral contrecption is followed by anovulation or even amenorrhea. The authors try to find an explanation to this over supression syndrome and review the different treatments that have been proposed in the bibliography, but keeping in mind that within a year 14% of the anovulations and 5% of the amenorrbeas will have disappeared spontaneously.", "PMID": 1027645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4546", "title": "[Ultrastructure function and regulation of the oviduct of the Rana ridibunda (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation has been carried out into the structure, ultrastructure, function and of the oviduct on the adult female of Rana ridibunda. The most important part of the oviduct comprises tubulary glands and a luminal epithelium which is composed of ciliated cells and vesicular cells. The discharge processes of secretory substances were studied. Injection of the mature females with estrogens and progesterone have show that progesterone was the most effective in provoking jelly release. It is probably that in Rana ridibunda the pituitary hormones act on the follicle cells of ripe oocytes, causing them to secrete a progesterone-like hormone which provodes the maturation of the oocytel and jelly release from the oviducal glands.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure function and regulation of the oviduct of the Rana ridibunda (author's transl)]. An investigation has been carried out into the structure, ultrastructure, function and of the oviduct on the adult female of Rana ridibunda. The most important part of the oviduct comprises tubulary glands and a luminal epithelium which is composed of ciliated cells and vesicular cells. The discharge processes of secretory substances were studied. Injection of the mature females with estrogens and progesterone have show that progesterone was the most effective in provoking jelly release. It is probably that in Rana ridibunda the pituitary hormones act on the follicle cells of ripe oocytes, causing them to secrete a progesterone-like hormone which provodes the maturation of the oocytel and jelly release from the oviducal glands.", "PMID": 1027647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4547", "title": "[A new technic for the correction of malunited distal radius fractures].", "content": "After malunited fractures of the distal radius the original anatomy of the wrist joint can be restored only by osteotomy of the radius and interposition of a cortico-cancellous bone block. This procedure has been shown to be much easier using a new bone plate for internal fixation. The plate is applied to the radius volarly through a radio-volar approach. The correcting angles can be adjusted easily. The stable osteosynthesis allows early postoperative motion. In cases of osteoarthritic changes the procedure may be combined with a denervation of the wrist joint (A. WILHELM).", "contents": "[A new technic for the correction of malunited distal radius fractures]. After malunited fractures of the distal radius the original anatomy of the wrist joint can be restored only by osteotomy of the radius and interposition of a cortico-cancellous bone block. This procedure has been shown to be much easier using a new bone plate for internal fixation. The plate is applied to the radius volarly through a radio-volar approach. The correcting angles can be adjusted easily. The stable osteosynthesis allows early postoperative motion. In cases of osteoarthritic changes the procedure may be combined with a denervation of the wrist joint (A. WILHELM).", "PMID": 1027658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4548", "title": "[A rare form of median nerve injury during elbow dislocation].", "content": "The following is a report concerning a rare complication in the case of an elbow luxation. In the course of repositioning, the nervus medianus slipped into the joint cavity, causing total paralysis of the nerve medianus. Operative revision of the nerve and restoration through interfascular nerve transplantation. Results one half a year after the operation are already satisfactory. Since this complication does not sand in immediate connection with the accident, and in consequence representing a serious injury, besides being very rare--the literature produced only 6 cases--we see ourselves induced to further discuss the mechanism of injury and the problems of such an accident, and to point out the necessity of an early revision.", "contents": "[A rare form of median nerve injury during elbow dislocation]. The following is a report concerning a rare complication in the case of an elbow luxation. In the course of repositioning, the nervus medianus slipped into the joint cavity, causing total paralysis of the nerve medianus. Operative revision of the nerve and restoration through interfascular nerve transplantation. Results one half a year after the operation are already satisfactory. Since this complication does not sand in immediate connection with the accident, and in consequence representing a serious injury, besides being very rare--the literature produced only 6 cases--we see ourselves induced to further discuss the mechanism of injury and the problems of such an accident, and to point out the necessity of an early revision.", "PMID": 1027659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4549", "title": "[Problems of treating the clubhand in dysmelia syndrome (thalidomide-embryopathy)].", "content": "In our follow-up examination of about 500 children suffering from thalidomide embryopathy we have studied the results of conservative and operative treatment of club hand. The results of treatment have not corresponded to the prognosis with regard to function. In our opinion the possibility of operative treatment should not be considered until growth of the ulna ceases.", "contents": "[Problems of treating the clubhand in dysmelia syndrome (thalidomide-embryopathy)]. In our follow-up examination of about 500 children suffering from thalidomide embryopathy we have studied the results of conservative and operative treatment of club hand. The results of treatment have not corresponded to the prognosis with regard to function. In our opinion the possibility of operative treatment should not be considered until growth of the ulna ceases.", "PMID": 1027660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4550", "title": "[Familial occurence of Martin-Gruber anastomosis].", "content": "1. A Case of MARTIN-GRUBER anastomosis detected intraoperatively is reported. 2. The two children of the above patient also showed a MARTIN-GRUBER anastomosis. The phenomenon was proved by EMG and local anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Familial occurence of Martin-Gruber anastomosis]. 1. A Case of MARTIN-GRUBER anastomosis detected intraoperatively is reported. 2. The two children of the above patient also showed a MARTIN-GRUBER anastomosis. The phenomenon was proved by EMG and local anaesthesia.", "PMID": 1027661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4551", "title": "[Tenosynovitis nodosa].", "content": "Nodular tenosynovitis occurs in a localized and in a diffuse form. The histologie finding are rather variable. According to electron microscopic studies nodular tenosynovitis originates in the synovial membrane. Mainly there are two types of cells to be found in the tumor: Type A, similar to macrophages - type B, similar to fibroblasts. The localized form of nodular tenosynovitis has a higher incidence in woman and occurs predominantly in the hand. The clinical symptoms are not characteristic and usually not very pronounced. More than one tumor in a single patient and also bone erosions caused by nodular tenosynovitis are rare occurrences. A case of a patient with multilocular occurrence of tenosynovitis is described here.", "contents": "[Tenosynovitis nodosa]. Nodular tenosynovitis occurs in a localized and in a diffuse form. The histologie finding are rather variable. According to electron microscopic studies nodular tenosynovitis originates in the synovial membrane. Mainly there are two types of cells to be found in the tumor: Type A, similar to macrophages - type B, similar to fibroblasts. The localized form of nodular tenosynovitis has a higher incidence in woman and occurs predominantly in the hand. The clinical symptoms are not characteristic and usually not very pronounced. More than one tumor in a single patient and also bone erosions caused by nodular tenosynovitis are rare occurrences. A case of a patient with multilocular occurrence of tenosynovitis is described here.", "PMID": 1027662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4552", "title": "Thymic hormone activity and spontaneous autoimmunity in dwarf mice and their littermates.", "content": "Serum thymic hormone activity (TA) was determined in hereditary hypopituitary dwarf mice (dw/dw) and their littermates (+/dw or +/+). It was found to be very low in the dwarf animals in comparison to their littermates. At 14 weeks of age, the dwarf littermates exhibited significant glomerular lesions characterized by deposits of IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM and C3, which were augmented by thymectomy of adult females. In contrast, hypopituitary dwarf mice had minimal glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins. Unlike these animals, their littermates showed antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) antibodies in their serum. The present findings are discussed in relation to recent hypotheses on: (1) the role of the hypophysis in thymus-dependent immunological functions; and (2) the significance of T-cell deficiency in the development of autoimmunity.", "contents": "Thymic hormone activity and spontaneous autoimmunity in dwarf mice and their littermates. Serum thymic hormone activity (TA) was determined in hereditary hypopituitary dwarf mice (dw/dw) and their littermates (+/dw or +/+). It was found to be very low in the dwarf animals in comparison to their littermates. At 14 weeks of age, the dwarf littermates exhibited significant glomerular lesions characterized by deposits of IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM and C3, which were augmented by thymectomy of adult females. In contrast, hypopituitary dwarf mice had minimal glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins. Unlike these animals, their littermates showed antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) antibodies in their serum. The present findings are discussed in relation to recent hypotheses on: (1) the role of the hypophysis in thymus-dependent immunological functions; and (2) the significance of T-cell deficiency in the development of autoimmunity.", "PMID": 1027712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4553", "title": "Evidence for the genetic control of antibody affinity from breeding studies with inbred mouse strains producing high and low affinity antibody.", "content": "The amount (Abt) and relative affinity (KR) of antibody produced in response to protein antigens injected in saline has been measured in the parents, F1 hybrids and backcross offspring of inbred mice which produce high and low KR antibody to these antigens. The results obtained support the view that antibody affinity is under polygenic control. Furthermore, strain related variation in Abt is independent of KR and the breeding experiments indicate that these two parameters are under independent genetic control.", "contents": "Evidence for the genetic control of antibody affinity from breeding studies with inbred mouse strains producing high and low affinity antibody. The amount (Abt) and relative affinity (KR) of antibody produced in response to protein antigens injected in saline has been measured in the parents, F1 hybrids and backcross offspring of inbred mice which produce high and low KR antibody to these antigens. The results obtained support the view that antibody affinity is under polygenic control. Furthermore, strain related variation in Abt is independent of KR and the breeding experiments indicate that these two parameters are under independent genetic control.", "PMID": 1027713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4554", "title": "Suppression of immune responsiveness by a submandibular salivary gland factor.", "content": "Both tissue extracts prepared from submandibular salivary glands of male mice and epidermal growth factor isolated from these glands depressed the delayed type hypersensitivity response to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene in mice. Extirpation of the submandibular salivary glands from male mice did not alter the delayed type hypersensitivity response. The role of salivary gland factors, particularly epidermal growth factor, in influencing the immune response has been discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of immune responsiveness by a submandibular salivary gland factor. Both tissue extracts prepared from submandibular salivary glands of male mice and epidermal growth factor isolated from these glands depressed the delayed type hypersensitivity response to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene in mice. Extirpation of the submandibular salivary glands from male mice did not alter the delayed type hypersensitivity response. The role of salivary gland factors, particularly epidermal growth factor, in influencing the immune response has been discussed.", "PMID": 1027714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4555", "title": "A phagocytosis-enhancing factor in human plasma.", "content": "A phagocytosis-enhancing factor (PEF) with the capacity to stimulate the ingestion of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes has been isolated from human plasma by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and filtration on Sephadex G-150 and Sephadex G-100. PEF is a protein of approximately 70,000 molecular weight which is susceptible to inactivation by heating at 60 degrees or by tryptic digestion. PEF promotes phagocytosis of erythrocytes sensitized with intact 7S antibody or bearing the C3b complement fragment, but not of unsensitized erythrocytes or erythrocytes sensitized with 19S antibody. The specificity of PEF interaction with target erythrocytes and the persistence of its stimulatory effect after the target cells are washed suggest that it promotes phagocytosis by an action on the erythrocytes.", "contents": "A phagocytosis-enhancing factor in human plasma. A phagocytosis-enhancing factor (PEF) with the capacity to stimulate the ingestion of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes has been isolated from human plasma by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and filtration on Sephadex G-150 and Sephadex G-100. PEF is a protein of approximately 70,000 molecular weight which is susceptible to inactivation by heating at 60 degrees or by tryptic digestion. PEF promotes phagocytosis of erythrocytes sensitized with intact 7S antibody or bearing the C3b complement fragment, but not of unsensitized erythrocytes or erythrocytes sensitized with 19S antibody. The specificity of PEF interaction with target erythrocytes and the persistence of its stimulatory effect after the target cells are washed suggest that it promotes phagocytosis by an action on the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1027715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4556", "title": "A lipid chemotactic factor from anaerobic coryneform bacteria including Corynebacterium parvum with activity for macrophages and monocytes.", "content": "A lipid with chemoattractant (chemotactic) activity for mouse and guinea-pig macrophages and for human blood monocytes is released by anaerobic coryneform bacteria (including Corynebacterium parvum). The active lipid is associated with fibrillar structures which lie on the outside of the bacterial cell and are released spontaneously during growth. The lipid can also be extracted easily by a number of methods. The fibrils are loosely associated with a capsule-like structure composed largely of polysaccharide. Purification of the active lipid was achieved by chloroform-methanol extraction of the whole organisms yielding a chloroform-soluble fraction attracting mononuclear phagocytes at concentrations around 10 microgram/ml. The infra-red spectrum of this material showed lipid but no peptide or sugar. Thin-layer chromatography yielded twelve spots of which three had chemoattractant properties. The most active of these gave staining reactions consistent with the presence of phospholipid, the other two probably contained free fatty acids and triglycerides. Thin-layer electrophoresis also yielded an active phosphorus-containing spot. Saturated fatty acids of chain lengths found in the anaerobic coryne forms had weak monocyte-attractant activity. As the active material was progressively purified, its activity as a monocyte attractant weakened.", "contents": "A lipid chemotactic factor from anaerobic coryneform bacteria including Corynebacterium parvum with activity for macrophages and monocytes. A lipid with chemoattractant (chemotactic) activity for mouse and guinea-pig macrophages and for human blood monocytes is released by anaerobic coryneform bacteria (including Corynebacterium parvum). The active lipid is associated with fibrillar structures which lie on the outside of the bacterial cell and are released spontaneously during growth. The lipid can also be extracted easily by a number of methods. The fibrils are loosely associated with a capsule-like structure composed largely of polysaccharide. Purification of the active lipid was achieved by chloroform-methanol extraction of the whole organisms yielding a chloroform-soluble fraction attracting mononuclear phagocytes at concentrations around 10 microgram/ml. The infra-red spectrum of this material showed lipid but no peptide or sugar. Thin-layer chromatography yielded twelve spots of which three had chemoattractant properties. The most active of these gave staining reactions consistent with the presence of phospholipid, the other two probably contained free fatty acids and triglycerides. Thin-layer electrophoresis also yielded an active phosphorus-containing spot. Saturated fatty acids of chain lengths found in the anaerobic coryne forms had weak monocyte-attractant activity. As the active material was progressively purified, its activity as a monocyte attractant weakened.", "PMID": 1027716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4557", "title": "Demonstration of thymus-independent immune system in Xenopus laevis. Response to polyvinylpyrrolidone.", "content": "Larvae of Xenopus laevis were thymectomized at stage 45 (4 days old), and raised beyond metamorphosis. Thymectomized toads, when injected with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), produced the same titres of antibodies as non-thymectomized animals, providing strong evidence that the thymus-independent immune response is present in this anuran. Antibodies were of exclusively high molecular weight, heat-stable, and 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive. After immunization, lymphoid accumulations were evident in the splenic white pulp of both thymectomized and non-thymectomized toads, but in the red pulp the accumulations were prominent only in non-thymectomized toads.", "contents": "Demonstration of thymus-independent immune system in Xenopus laevis. Response to polyvinylpyrrolidone. Larvae of Xenopus laevis were thymectomized at stage 45 (4 days old), and raised beyond metamorphosis. Thymectomized toads, when injected with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), produced the same titres of antibodies as non-thymectomized animals, providing strong evidence that the thymus-independent immune response is present in this anuran. Antibodies were of exclusively high molecular weight, heat-stable, and 2-mercaptoethanol sensitive. After immunization, lymphoid accumulations were evident in the splenic white pulp of both thymectomized and non-thymectomized toads, but in the red pulp the accumulations were prominent only in non-thymectomized toads.", "PMID": 1027717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4558", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative effects of cyclophosphamide administration on circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) on the absolute numbers and function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) surviving in the circulation following either a single dose (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or daily administration (20 mg/kg, i.p., for 5 days) was studied in the guinea-pig. The quantitative effect of CY on peripheral blood leucocytes was assessed by measuring the absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes daily for 5 days following the initial injection of CY. The qualitative effects of CY on PMN function were determined by measuring the ability of these cells to function as killer cells. The two functional assays employed were the PMN-mediated PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays against chicken erythrocyte targets. Both regimens of CY administration produced an equivalent degree of leukopenia 5 days after the initial injection with disproportionately severe neutropenia (less than 300 PMN/mm3). However, neither regimen of CY administration produced a significant decrease in cytotoxic effector function as measured through a wide range of effector to target cell ratios, PHA concentrations, and antiserum dilutions. These findings have clinical relevance in that they demonstrate the dichotomy between the quantitative and qualitative effects of (CY) on PMNs in that CY administration can dramatically decrease the absolute numbers of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes while leaving intact certain effector cell functional capabilities of those PMN surviving in the circulation during drug administration.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative effects of cyclophosphamide administration on circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) on the absolute numbers and function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) surviving in the circulation following either a single dose (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or daily administration (20 mg/kg, i.p., for 5 days) was studied in the guinea-pig. The quantitative effect of CY on peripheral blood leucocytes was assessed by measuring the absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes daily for 5 days following the initial injection of CY. The qualitative effects of CY on PMN function were determined by measuring the ability of these cells to function as killer cells. The two functional assays employed were the PMN-mediated PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays against chicken erythrocyte targets. Both regimens of CY administration produced an equivalent degree of leukopenia 5 days after the initial injection with disproportionately severe neutropenia (less than 300 PMN/mm3). However, neither regimen of CY administration produced a significant decrease in cytotoxic effector function as measured through a wide range of effector to target cell ratios, PHA concentrations, and antiserum dilutions. These findings have clinical relevance in that they demonstrate the dichotomy between the quantitative and qualitative effects of (CY) on PMNs in that CY administration can dramatically decrease the absolute numbers of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes while leaving intact certain effector cell functional capabilities of those PMN surviving in the circulation during drug administration.", "PMID": 1027718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4559", "title": "Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule.", "content": "During the interaction of guinea-pig complement intermediate cells, EAC423, with guinea-pig C5 and C6, an activated complex of C5 and C6, C56, was demonstrated in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. C56 also was eluted from EAC42356 which had been generated by the interaction of EAC423 with C5 and C6. Both preparations of C56 showed quite similar characteristics and were not distinguished from one another. Both were capable of reacting with unsensitized erythrocytes (E) in the presence of C7 to form EC567. Further, they were able to react with EAC43 in the absence of C7 to form EAC43568 but did react with EAC43 pretreated with C3b inactivator, dithiothreitol or N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicate that guinea-pig C56 generated on EAC423 has a tendency to dissociate into the fluid phase. Nevertheless, the dissociated C56 can bind again to intact C3b molecule on the cells. The ability of cell-bound C3b to combine with C56 may lead to localization of C56 to the cell membrane carrying C3b, resulting in acceleration of attachment of C567 to the membrane. This assumption could be supported by the finding that the replacement of E by EAC43 increased the susceptibility of the cells to lytic action of complement induced by cobra venom factor. Thus, a new function of cell-bound C3b as localizing C56 to the membrane of sensitized cells was indicated.", "contents": "Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule. During the interaction of guinea-pig complement intermediate cells, EAC423, with guinea-pig C5 and C6, an activated complex of C5 and C6, C56, was demonstrated in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. C56 also was eluted from EAC42356 which had been generated by the interaction of EAC423 with C5 and C6. Both preparations of C56 showed quite similar characteristics and were not distinguished from one another. Both were capable of reacting with unsensitized erythrocytes (E) in the presence of C7 to form EC567. Further, they were able to react with EAC43 in the absence of C7 to form EAC43568 but did react with EAC43 pretreated with C3b inactivator, dithiothreitol or N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicate that guinea-pig C56 generated on EAC423 has a tendency to dissociate into the fluid phase. Nevertheless, the dissociated C56 can bind again to intact C3b molecule on the cells. The ability of cell-bound C3b to combine with C56 may lead to localization of C56 to the cell membrane carrying C3b, resulting in acceleration of attachment of C567 to the membrane. This assumption could be supported by the finding that the replacement of E by EAC43 increased the susceptibility of the cells to lytic action of complement induced by cobra venom factor. Thus, a new function of cell-bound C3b as localizing C56 to the membrane of sensitized cells was indicated.", "PMID": 1027719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4560", "title": "Local immunity in the respiratory tract of the chicken. I. Transudation of circulating antibody in normal and virus-infected birds.", "content": "Three-week-old chickens were given sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin intravenously. Seven days later their tears and saliva possessed low levels of antibody to those antigens. Concurrent infection with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused a significant increase in transuded antibody in those fluids. In chickens with circulating antibody to NDV, induced by parenterally administered inactivated vaccine, respiratory infection with heterologous infectious bronchitis virus resulted in limited transudation of anti-NDV. In contrast, the tears, saliva and tracheal fluid of non-vaccinated chickens undergoing primary infection with NDV acquired considerable levels of specific anti-NDV. The difference between the two groups is attributed to locally synthesized antibody.", "contents": "Local immunity in the respiratory tract of the chicken. I. Transudation of circulating antibody in normal and virus-infected birds. Three-week-old chickens were given sheep erythrocytes or bovine serum albumin intravenously. Seven days later their tears and saliva possessed low levels of antibody to those antigens. Concurrent infection with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused a significant increase in transuded antibody in those fluids. In chickens with circulating antibody to NDV, induced by parenterally administered inactivated vaccine, respiratory infection with heterologous infectious bronchitis virus resulted in limited transudation of anti-NDV. In contrast, the tears, saliva and tracheal fluid of non-vaccinated chickens undergoing primary infection with NDV acquired considerable levels of specific anti-NDV. The difference between the two groups is attributed to locally synthesized antibody.", "PMID": 1027720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4561", "title": "Specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to collagen in guinea-pigs after immunization with collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant.", "content": "Partial suppression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to collagen in guinea-pigs was induced by pre-immunization with collagen and FIA. This suppression is specific since: (a) pretreatment with OA and FIA or FIA alone did not cause suppression of skin reactions to collagen; (b) suppression was observed only if the collagen used for pretreatment was from the same species as that employed for sensitization for delayed hypersensitivity reactions; and (c) animals with depressed skin reactivity to collagen reacted normally to PPD. The suppression is not mediated by inducible, circulating antibodies to collagen since: (a) antibody titres measured by passive haemagglutination did not correlate with the degree of suppression; (b) suppression was observed with collagen in random coil conformation which sensitizes guinea-pigs for delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction but does not induce antibodies to denatured collagen; (c) best suppression was obtained if the animals were pretreated with collagen and FIA 3 days before the sensitizing injection; and (d) passively transferred antibody from animals with suppressed skin reactivity did not suppress skin reactivity of animals made hypersensitive to collagen by injection of collagen and FCA.", "contents": "Specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to collagen in guinea-pigs after immunization with collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Partial suppression of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions to collagen in guinea-pigs was induced by pre-immunization with collagen and FIA. This suppression is specific since: (a) pretreatment with OA and FIA or FIA alone did not cause suppression of skin reactions to collagen; (b) suppression was observed only if the collagen used for pretreatment was from the same species as that employed for sensitization for delayed hypersensitivity reactions; and (c) animals with depressed skin reactivity to collagen reacted normally to PPD. The suppression is not mediated by inducible, circulating antibodies to collagen since: (a) antibody titres measured by passive haemagglutination did not correlate with the degree of suppression; (b) suppression was observed with collagen in random coil conformation which sensitizes guinea-pigs for delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction but does not induce antibodies to denatured collagen; (c) best suppression was obtained if the animals were pretreated with collagen and FIA 3 days before the sensitizing injection; and (d) passively transferred antibody from animals with suppressed skin reactivity did not suppress skin reactivity of animals made hypersensitive to collagen by injection of collagen and FCA.", "PMID": 1027721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4562", "title": "Intracellular modifications induced in mouse submaxillary glands by antibodies directed against saliva.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether an antibody directed against the exocrine secretion, saliva, is able to induce a modification in vivo within the specific cells of the submaxillary glands which synthesize this secretion. The salivary antigens synthesized within the glandular acinar cells are secreted into their respective lumen and are not present in the general circulation or in the intercellular spaces of the gland. When heterologous anti-saliva antibodies are injected into mice, they induce marked lesions within the acinar cells of the submaxillary glands. When different antibodies recognizing different salivary components are injected, they all induce similar modifications; it is not yet possible to distinguish whether different cells are involved in the synthesis of the different salivary components. The lesions described seem specific since other organs studied, such as the pancreas and the stomach, are unaffected. The different possible mechanisms of this cytotoxic effect are discussed.", "contents": "Intracellular modifications induced in mouse submaxillary glands by antibodies directed against saliva. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether an antibody directed against the exocrine secretion, saliva, is able to induce a modification in vivo within the specific cells of the submaxillary glands which synthesize this secretion. The salivary antigens synthesized within the glandular acinar cells are secreted into their respective lumen and are not present in the general circulation or in the intercellular spaces of the gland. When heterologous anti-saliva antibodies are injected into mice, they induce marked lesions within the acinar cells of the submaxillary glands. When different antibodies recognizing different salivary components are injected, they all induce similar modifications; it is not yet possible to distinguish whether different cells are involved in the synthesis of the different salivary components. The lesions described seem specific since other organs studied, such as the pancreas and the stomach, are unaffected. The different possible mechanisms of this cytotoxic effect are discussed.", "PMID": 1027722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4563", "title": "Further characterization of IgA in chicken serum and secretions with evidence of a possible analogue of mammalian secretory component.", "content": "Immunochemical studies of the intestinal secretory immune system of the chicken have led to further characterization of IgA in bile, intestinal contents and serum. A component was detected in late Sephadex G-200 fractions of caecal and intestinal contents which showed partial identity with bile, intestinal and a high molecular weight fraction of serum IgA. This component showed similar sedimentation characteristics to bovine serum albumin in sucrose density gradients, a fast electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel and is a possible analogue of mammalian secretory component (SC). Fractionation of serum from birds affected with infectious synovitis revealed two moleculare classes of IgA. Comparative double diffusion studies produced a reaction of complete identity between bile IgA and high molecular weight serum IgA (15S) and partial identity with low molecular weight serum IgA (7S), suggesting a lack of an SC determinant on the latter. A spur of partial identity between 15S and 7S serum IgA was also observed. Although no direct structural homology with mammalian or human IgA could be demonstrated by immunological cross-reactivity, the similarities of molecular characteristics, particularly emphasized by the presence of a secretory component, favour a functional analogy between the secretory immune system of the fowl and mammalian species.", "contents": "Further characterization of IgA in chicken serum and secretions with evidence of a possible analogue of mammalian secretory component. Immunochemical studies of the intestinal secretory immune system of the chicken have led to further characterization of IgA in bile, intestinal contents and serum. A component was detected in late Sephadex G-200 fractions of caecal and intestinal contents which showed partial identity with bile, intestinal and a high molecular weight fraction of serum IgA. This component showed similar sedimentation characteristics to bovine serum albumin in sucrose density gradients, a fast electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel and is a possible analogue of mammalian secretory component (SC). Fractionation of serum from birds affected with infectious synovitis revealed two moleculare classes of IgA. Comparative double diffusion studies produced a reaction of complete identity between bile IgA and high molecular weight serum IgA (15S) and partial identity with low molecular weight serum IgA (7S), suggesting a lack of an SC determinant on the latter. A spur of partial identity between 15S and 7S serum IgA was also observed. Although no direct structural homology with mammalian or human IgA could be demonstrated by immunological cross-reactivity, the similarities of molecular characteristics, particularly emphasized by the presence of a secretory component, favour a functional analogy between the secretory immune system of the fowl and mammalian species.", "PMID": 1027723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4564", "title": "Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides).", "content": "Garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides) were immunized with hen egg albumin, human gamma-globulin and Keyhole limpet haemocyanin in Freund's adjuvant. Antibody was consistently detected by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and in three different gamma- and beta-globulin precipitin lines called IgM (approximately or equal to 20S), Ig-1 (approximately or equal to 9S) and Ig-2 (approximately or equal to 8-5S). Early antibody (day 31 after immunization) was frequently Ig-M whereas Ig-2 and especially Ig-1 were detectable for the longest duration (992 days). After immunization with antigen in Freund's adjuvant, Ig-1 serum concentration showed the greatest increase, from almost undetectable levels to the most prominent immunoglobulin in immune serum.", "contents": "Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides). Garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides) were immunized with hen egg albumin, human gamma-globulin and Keyhole limpet haemocyanin in Freund's adjuvant. Antibody was consistently detected by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and in three different gamma- and beta-globulin precipitin lines called IgM (approximately or equal to 20S), Ig-1 (approximately or equal to 9S) and Ig-2 (approximately or equal to 8-5S). Early antibody (day 31 after immunization) was frequently Ig-M whereas Ig-2 and especially Ig-1 were detectable for the longest duration (992 days). After immunization with antigen in Freund's adjuvant, Ig-1 serum concentration showed the greatest increase, from almost undetectable levels to the most prominent immunoglobulin in immune serum.", "PMID": 1027724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4565", "title": "Studies on the role of suppressor cells in specific unresponsiveness to DNCB.", "content": "Lymph nodes--and to a lesser extent spleen cells--from guinea-pigs tolerant to DNCB contact sensitivity, when injected into normal syngeneic guinea-pigs, decrease the ability of the recipients to become sensitized to contact with DNCB. The difference between the complete tolerance transferred by parabiosis with tolerant partners and the partial tolerance induced by transfer of tolerant cells can be explained by the different numbers of cells homing in the recipients. The tolergen does not play any role in the transfer of tolerance.", "contents": "Studies on the role of suppressor cells in specific unresponsiveness to DNCB. Lymph nodes--and to a lesser extent spleen cells--from guinea-pigs tolerant to DNCB contact sensitivity, when injected into normal syngeneic guinea-pigs, decrease the ability of the recipients to become sensitized to contact with DNCB. The difference between the complete tolerance transferred by parabiosis with tolerant partners and the partial tolerance induced by transfer of tolerant cells can be explained by the different numbers of cells homing in the recipients. The tolergen does not play any role in the transfer of tolerance.", "PMID": 1027725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4566", "title": "Specialized structure and metabolic activities of high endothelial venules in rat lymphatic tissues.", "content": "Microscopic, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques were used to define characteristics of high endothelial venules (HEV) in rat lymphatic tissues. This endothelium contained acetyl esterase and acid hydrolase activities which were not altered by lymphocyte depletion. No immunoglobulins were detected on luminal surfaces of HEV by fluorescent antibody staining. Only minor structural differences were seen between HEV within lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. At both sites, high endothelial cells were linked together by macular junctional complexes and interlocking basal foot processes. Endothelial cell cytoplasm moulded about surfaces of lymphocytes migrating through the venular wall, and flocculant deposits of basement membrane formed over lymphocytes penetrating the basal lamina. The endothelium was ensheathed by three to five layers of overlapping reticular cell plates and connective tissue. Each plate was linked to the reticular meshwork of the node by collagen bundles and anchoring filaments which inserted into the plate's external limiting membrane. This permitted individual paltes to separate or approximate each other as tissue and intravascular pressure varied, and lymphocytes moved across the sheath by insinuating themselves into gaps between overlapping plates. This composite structure of the HEV wall appeared to facilitate lymphocyte entry into the node and minimized vascular leakge.", "contents": "Specialized structure and metabolic activities of high endothelial venules in rat lymphatic tissues. Microscopic, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques were used to define characteristics of high endothelial venules (HEV) in rat lymphatic tissues. This endothelium contained acetyl esterase and acid hydrolase activities which were not altered by lymphocyte depletion. No immunoglobulins were detected on luminal surfaces of HEV by fluorescent antibody staining. Only minor structural differences were seen between HEV within lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. At both sites, high endothelial cells were linked together by macular junctional complexes and interlocking basal foot processes. Endothelial cell cytoplasm moulded about surfaces of lymphocytes migrating through the venular wall, and flocculant deposits of basement membrane formed over lymphocytes penetrating the basal lamina. The endothelium was ensheathed by three to five layers of overlapping reticular cell plates and connective tissue. Each plate was linked to the reticular meshwork of the node by collagen bundles and anchoring filaments which inserted into the plate's external limiting membrane. This permitted individual paltes to separate or approximate each other as tissue and intravascular pressure varied, and lymphocytes moved across the sheath by insinuating themselves into gaps between overlapping plates. This composite structure of the HEV wall appeared to facilitate lymphocyte entry into the node and minimized vascular leakge.", "PMID": 1027726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4567", "title": "The nature of the local immune system of the bovine small intestine.", "content": "In an examination of the immunoglobulins of the small intestine of calve, IgG1 was the major immunoglobulin in the secretions, and IgA was present in smaller amounts. Immunohistochemical studies showed few IgA containing plasma cells but many cells that stained with anti-IgG antiserum. Histological evidence of transport of IgG1 across the crypt epithelial cell was found. Studies with 125I-labelled IgG1 indicated that a significant proportion of IgG1 in the intestine originated in serum.", "contents": "The nature of the local immune system of the bovine small intestine. In an examination of the immunoglobulins of the small intestine of calve, IgG1 was the major immunoglobulin in the secretions, and IgA was present in smaller amounts. Immunohistochemical studies showed few IgA containing plasma cells but many cells that stained with anti-IgG antiserum. Histological evidence of transport of IgG1 across the crypt epithelial cell was found. Studies with 125I-labelled IgG1 indicated that a significant proportion of IgG1 in the intestine originated in serum.", "PMID": 1027727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4568", "title": "The circadian variations of the rates of excretion of urinary electrolytes and of deep body temperature.", "content": "53 apparently healthy subjects were studied for control spans of between 60 and 184 hours while they followed a regular pattern of meals, ambulance and sleep before experiments on altered time schedules. Urine was collected and deep body temperature was measured every 2 hours while they were awake, and in some rectal temperature was also recorded during sleep. Urine was analysed for sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate and creatinine and in 26 subjects also for calcium and uric acid. The rhythms of temperature, urine flow, and rate of excretion of each urinary solute, are presented as consinors. The two rhythms most closely linked were of excretion of chloride and sodium; the choloride acrophase led the sodium acrophase by one a half hours.", "contents": "The circadian variations of the rates of excretion of urinary electrolytes and of deep body temperature. 53 apparently healthy subjects were studied for control spans of between 60 and 184 hours while they followed a regular pattern of meals, ambulance and sleep before experiments on altered time schedules. Urine was collected and deep body temperature was measured every 2 hours while they were awake, and in some rectal temperature was also recorded during sleep. Urine was analysed for sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate and creatinine and in 26 subjects also for calcium and uric acid. The rhythms of temperature, urine flow, and rate of excretion of each urinary solute, are presented as consinors. The two rhythms most closely linked were of excretion of chloride and sodium; the choloride acrophase led the sodium acrophase by one a half hours.", "PMID": 1027731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4569", "title": "Two biological rhythms of perception distinguishing between intact and relatively damaged brain function in man.", "content": "A simple test of perception, the Critical Flicker Fusion threshold (CFF) was given successively for 20 mins. to 69 healthy subjects aged 7-63 and to 53 comparable neuropsychiatric patients. The latter could be divided into a functionally sick group and a group with brain damage. Auto-correlation analysis revealed significant sine-wave cycles of amplitude and ultradian frequency for the CFF mean scores and the CFF \"Scatter* scores. Both cycles of recurrence showed frequencies which distinguished significantly between the total healthy subjects and the patients. Further analysis showed no difference between controls and emotionally sick patients (i.e. those with sociopathy, schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis) but there was a highly significant difference between these three groups and patients with relatively damaged C.N.S. (i.e. those with mental deficiency, organic brain syndrome and organic dementia). Even among the control group a progressive increase in frequency of these perceptual cycles occurred with advancing age. These CFF results point to the existence of a cycle of perceptual acuity and another of vigilance in the organism. Both appear to relate to the neural integrity of the C.N.S.", "contents": "Two biological rhythms of perception distinguishing between intact and relatively damaged brain function in man. A simple test of perception, the Critical Flicker Fusion threshold (CFF) was given successively for 20 mins. to 69 healthy subjects aged 7-63 and to 53 comparable neuropsychiatric patients. The latter could be divided into a functionally sick group and a group with brain damage. Auto-correlation analysis revealed significant sine-wave cycles of amplitude and ultradian frequency for the CFF mean scores and the CFF \"Scatter* scores. Both cycles of recurrence showed frequencies which distinguished significantly between the total healthy subjects and the patients. Further analysis showed no difference between controls and emotionally sick patients (i.e. those with sociopathy, schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis) but there was a highly significant difference between these three groups and patients with relatively damaged C.N.S. (i.e. those with mental deficiency, organic brain syndrome and organic dementia). Even among the control group a progressive increase in frequency of these perceptual cycles occurred with advancing age. These CFF results point to the existence of a cycle of perceptual acuity and another of vigilance in the organism. Both appear to relate to the neural integrity of the C.N.S.", "PMID": 1027733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4570", "title": "A chronobiological investigation of fitness for work in women on a 220 cal 24 h protein diet.", "content": "In a group of nine healthy but obese women a set of tests were used to estimate several physiological and psycho-physiological variables: self-rating of hunger, mood and physical vigor, self-recording of grip-strength, muscular fatigue test, eye-hand skill, tempo, etc. Measurements were performed every 6-hours, at fixed times, during 24-hours, once a week, before (non-restricted spontaneous food intake) and for three weeks on a 220 cal. special protein diet (calcium caseinate: 55g, associated with potassium salts, water and vitamins). Findings relating to the metabolic and hormonal variables while on this diet have already been reported: (a) The diet does not alter the circadian acrophase (peak) of the variables and (b) two distinct metabolic steps occur: first a peak of gluconeogenesis and second, a phase when ketone bodies and fatty acids are used almost exclusively as source of fuel. The present findings show that so long as nitrogen remains in balance this restricted diet (a) does not change the grip strength and the muscular fatigue test; (b) does not alter the mood, the physical vigor etc. and (c) induces a statistically significant fall in \"hunger\" (self-rating method). We conclude that this low protein diet is compatible with non-strenuous work.", "contents": "A chronobiological investigation of fitness for work in women on a 220 cal 24 h protein diet. In a group of nine healthy but obese women a set of tests were used to estimate several physiological and psycho-physiological variables: self-rating of hunger, mood and physical vigor, self-recording of grip-strength, muscular fatigue test, eye-hand skill, tempo, etc. Measurements were performed every 6-hours, at fixed times, during 24-hours, once a week, before (non-restricted spontaneous food intake) and for three weeks on a 220 cal. special protein diet (calcium caseinate: 55g, associated with potassium salts, water and vitamins). Findings relating to the metabolic and hormonal variables while on this diet have already been reported: (a) The diet does not alter the circadian acrophase (peak) of the variables and (b) two distinct metabolic steps occur: first a peak of gluconeogenesis and second, a phase when ketone bodies and fatty acids are used almost exclusively as source of fuel. The present findings show that so long as nitrogen remains in balance this restricted diet (a) does not change the grip strength and the muscular fatigue test; (b) does not alter the mood, the physical vigor etc. and (c) induces a statistically significant fall in \"hunger\" (self-rating method). We conclude that this low protein diet is compatible with non-strenuous work.", "PMID": 1027734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4571", "title": "The chronomutagenic effect of deuterium oxide on the period and entrainment of a biological rhythm. II. The reestablishment of lost entrainment by artificial LD cycles.", "content": "Mice caused to ingest 25% or 30% deuterium oxide could no longer be entrained to a 12:12 light-dark cycle. Reentrainment could be established by artificially lengthening the light-dark cycle from a natural 24-hours one, to LD 13:13 or 14:14. It is noted that the relationship between biological rhythms and the ambient LD cycle is strikingly similar to that between coupled unidirectional physical oscillators. It is concluded that while the similarity between the responses of a great many organismic rhythms to deuterium oxide administration suggests that the biological clocks of all organisms are very similar, if not the same, a substance with more specificity to key biological processes than D2O will be required to eventually elucidate the escapement mechanism of the enigmatic living clock.", "contents": "The chronomutagenic effect of deuterium oxide on the period and entrainment of a biological rhythm. II. The reestablishment of lost entrainment by artificial LD cycles. Mice caused to ingest 25% or 30% deuterium oxide could no longer be entrained to a 12:12 light-dark cycle. Reentrainment could be established by artificially lengthening the light-dark cycle from a natural 24-hours one, to LD 13:13 or 14:14. It is noted that the relationship between biological rhythms and the ambient LD cycle is strikingly similar to that between coupled unidirectional physical oscillators. It is concluded that while the similarity between the responses of a great many organismic rhythms to deuterium oxide administration suggests that the biological clocks of all organisms are very similar, if not the same, a substance with more specificity to key biological processes than D2O will be required to eventually elucidate the escapement mechanism of the enigmatic living clock.", "PMID": 1027735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4572", "title": "Acetabulaira mediterranea: circadian rhythms of photosynthesis and associated changes in molecular structure of the thylakoid membranes.", "content": "Acetabularia mediterranea algae, grown in three different light-dark regimes, were frozen in liquid nitrogen at c.t.(1) 0 and c.t. 6 and a record made of 77 degrees K fluorescence emission spectra of their chloroplasts. Algae grown under LD cycles exhibited a clear circadian rhythm of oxygen production. The low temperature fluorescence emission spectrum at c.t.0 was different from that at c.t.6 and this difference was increased by submitting the algae to successive \"freeze-thaw\" treatment. Similar results were obtained in DD, and the photosynthesis rhythm remained fully expressed. Algae grown in LL, where no rhythm of photosynthesis could be detected in the samples because there is a great individual variability in period lenght under these conditions, exhibited a similar difference in their low temperature flourescence emission spectra between c.t.0 and c.t.6. We conclude that the circadian rhythm in low-temperature fluorescence emission of the chloroplasts in Acetabularia is related to the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis.", "contents": "Acetabulaira mediterranea: circadian rhythms of photosynthesis and associated changes in molecular structure of the thylakoid membranes. Acetabularia mediterranea algae, grown in three different light-dark regimes, were frozen in liquid nitrogen at c.t.(1) 0 and c.t. 6 and a record made of 77 degrees K fluorescence emission spectra of their chloroplasts. Algae grown under LD cycles exhibited a clear circadian rhythm of oxygen production. The low temperature fluorescence emission spectrum at c.t.0 was different from that at c.t.6 and this difference was increased by submitting the algae to successive \"freeze-thaw\" treatment. Similar results were obtained in DD, and the photosynthesis rhythm remained fully expressed. Algae grown in LL, where no rhythm of photosynthesis could be detected in the samples because there is a great individual variability in period lenght under these conditions, exhibited a similar difference in their low temperature flourescence emission spectra between c.t.0 and c.t.6. We conclude that the circadian rhythm in low-temperature fluorescence emission of the chloroplasts in Acetabularia is related to the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis.", "PMID": 1027736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4573", "title": "Irradiation-induced changes in circadian DDT-susceptibility and metabolic rhythms in the housefly.", "content": "The diel pattern of susceptibility to DDT of houseflies, reared under LD 14 : 10, was shown to be affected by 10 Krads of gamma radiation administered at the pupal stage. An additional peak in susceptibility of the flies to DDT corresponded to the time of irradiation of the pupae. Irradiated flies had higher general LD50 values than untreated flies. Flies reared in darkness demonstrated no discernable group rhythm apart from an altered susceptibility at the pupal irradiation time. Respiration rates of irradiated flies were slightly lower than the control flies and did not change at the time of irradiation. Groups of flies reared in darkness have no significant respiration rhythm.", "contents": "Irradiation-induced changes in circadian DDT-susceptibility and metabolic rhythms in the housefly. The diel pattern of susceptibility to DDT of houseflies, reared under LD 14 : 10, was shown to be affected by 10 Krads of gamma radiation administered at the pupal stage. An additional peak in susceptibility of the flies to DDT corresponded to the time of irradiation of the pupae. Irradiated flies had higher general LD50 values than untreated flies. Flies reared in darkness demonstrated no discernable group rhythm apart from an altered susceptibility at the pupal irradiation time. Respiration rates of irradiated flies were slightly lower than the control flies and did not change at the time of irradiation. Groups of flies reared in darkness have no significant respiration rhythm.", "PMID": 1027737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4574", "title": "A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms.", "content": "An English language self-assessment Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire is presented and evaluated against individual differences in the circadian vatiation of oral temperature. 48 subjects falling into Morning, Evening and Intermediate type categories regularly took their temperature. Circadian peak time were identified from the smoothed temperature curves of each subject. Results showed that Morning types and a significantly earlier peak time than Evening types and tended to have a higher daytime temperature and lower post peak temperature. The Intermediate type had temperatures between those of the other groups. Although no significant differences in sleep lengths were found between the three types, Morning types retired and arose significantly earlier than Evening types. Whilst these time significatly correlated with peak time, the questionnaire showed a higher peak time correlation. Although sleep habits are an important d\u00e9terminant of peak time there are other contibutory factors, and these appear to be partly covered by the questionnaire. Although the questionnaire appears to be valid, further evaluation using a wider subject population is required.", "contents": "A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. An English language self-assessment Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire is presented and evaluated against individual differences in the circadian vatiation of oral temperature. 48 subjects falling into Morning, Evening and Intermediate type categories regularly took their temperature. Circadian peak time were identified from the smoothed temperature curves of each subject. Results showed that Morning types and a significantly earlier peak time than Evening types and tended to have a higher daytime temperature and lower post peak temperature. The Intermediate type had temperatures between those of the other groups. Although no significant differences in sleep lengths were found between the three types, Morning types retired and arose significantly earlier than Evening types. Whilst these time significatly correlated with peak time, the questionnaire showed a higher peak time correlation. Although sleep habits are an important d\u00e9terminant of peak time there are other contibutory factors, and these appear to be partly covered by the questionnaire. Although the questionnaire appears to be valid, further evaluation using a wider subject population is required.", "PMID": 1027738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4575", "title": "[A rare form of cancer of the common bile duct: papillary epithelioma. Report of 4 cases].", "content": "Papillary carcinoma is rare as it represents only 5 p. cent of carcinomas of the common bile duct. The authors report 4 cases and emphasize the special characteristics of this carcinoma. The long prodromal phase, dominated by attacks of cholangitis and the incomplete appearance of the jaundice when fully constituted. It affects mainly the common bile duct and has, on microscopy, a villous appearance. Its papillary structure consists of fine coalescent fringes producing a typical glandular appearance. Finally, it evolves very little, therefore there is a good hope of survival even after palliative treatment.", "contents": "[A rare form of cancer of the common bile duct: papillary epithelioma. Report of 4 cases]. Papillary carcinoma is rare as it represents only 5 p. cent of carcinomas of the common bile duct. The authors report 4 cases and emphasize the special characteristics of this carcinoma. The long prodromal phase, dominated by attacks of cholangitis and the incomplete appearance of the jaundice when fully constituted. It affects mainly the common bile duct and has, on microscopy, a villous appearance. Its papillary structure consists of fine coalescent fringes producing a typical glandular appearance. Finally, it evolves very little, therefore there is a good hope of survival even after palliative treatment.", "PMID": 1027751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4576", "title": "[Fractures of the lower extremity of the femur. Therapeutic indications and results of a series of 86 fractures].", "content": "The authors report 76 recent fractures of the lower femoral end. The types of fractures, the treatment and the results are analyzed. Kuntscher's close wound intramedullary nailing with reaming should be employed for transversal supra-condylar fractures and classical osteosynthesis for other cases.", "contents": "[Fractures of the lower extremity of the femur. Therapeutic indications and results of a series of 86 fractures]. The authors report 76 recent fractures of the lower femoral end. The types of fractures, the treatment and the results are analyzed. Kuntscher's close wound intramedullary nailing with reaming should be employed for transversal supra-condylar fractures and classical osteosynthesis for other cases.", "PMID": 1027752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4577", "title": "Culture and the development of vision.", "content": "Given Chinese ethnographic data, a model of a style of visual performance was predicted. The prediction was that the style would be \"inwardizing\". Inwardizing was related to individual styles of social behavior as observed in optometric offices. A complete 21-point optometric examination was performed on Chinese subjects and the results were compared to a control group of American subjects. Throughout the optometric examination the Chinese subjects displayed the predicted pattern of inwardizing visual performance. That physiologically measurable patterns of visual performance could be predicted on the basis of ethnographic data gives experimental support to the anthropological assumption of reciprocity between biology and culture. The discovery of a culturally determined pattern of visual performance beyond the work already done with various isolated refractive conditions and the observed relationship of this to patterns of social behavior pose interesting tasks for anthropology, optometry and other professions. First, there is need for further investigation of 1) the role of culture in determining visual performance and 2) the relationship of visual performance patterns to social behavior, beyond that which has already been done, for example, with myopia and hyperopia. Then there is need to incorporate these new areas of knowledge into all fields dealing with human behavior.", "contents": "Culture and the development of vision. Given Chinese ethnographic data, a model of a style of visual performance was predicted. The prediction was that the style would be \"inwardizing\". Inwardizing was related to individual styles of social behavior as observed in optometric offices. A complete 21-point optometric examination was performed on Chinese subjects and the results were compared to a control group of American subjects. Throughout the optometric examination the Chinese subjects displayed the predicted pattern of inwardizing visual performance. That physiologically measurable patterns of visual performance could be predicted on the basis of ethnographic data gives experimental support to the anthropological assumption of reciprocity between biology and culture. The discovery of a culturally determined pattern of visual performance beyond the work already done with various isolated refractive conditions and the observed relationship of this to patterns of social behavior pose interesting tasks for anthropology, optometry and other professions. First, there is need for further investigation of 1) the role of culture in determining visual performance and 2) the relationship of visual performance patterns to social behavior, beyond that which has already been done, for example, with myopia and hyperopia. Then there is need to incorporate these new areas of knowledge into all fields dealing with human behavior.", "PMID": 1027760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4578", "title": "[Palilloma and papillary tumor of the gallbladder].", "content": "Frequently confused with adenomas or pseudopolyps of the gall bladder, papillomas are rare tumours defined as vegetations covered with an epithelium of gall bladder type in the centre of which is a thin connective tissue axis. They are usually recognised on lyon histological examination of the operative specimen. The uncertainty concerning their course makes them a potentially malignant lesion as shown by the two cases reported here including one personal case concerning a carcinoma situated close to a benign papillomatous lesion. The frequent coexistence with lithiasis which may induce their malignant transformation reinforces the indications for surgery for gall stones.", "contents": "[Palilloma and papillary tumor of the gallbladder]. Frequently confused with adenomas or pseudopolyps of the gall bladder, papillomas are rare tumours defined as vegetations covered with an epithelium of gall bladder type in the centre of which is a thin connective tissue axis. They are usually recognised on lyon histological examination of the operative specimen. The uncertainty concerning their course makes them a potentially malignant lesion as shown by the two cases reported here including one personal case concerning a carcinoma situated close to a benign papillomatous lesion. The frequent coexistence with lithiasis which may induce their malignant transformation reinforces the indications for surgery for gall stones.", "PMID": 1027753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4579", "title": "Systemic arterial blood pressure and its relevance to optometric practice.", "content": "The measurement of systemic blood pressure is a very significant detection test that can provide a great deal of information for the optometrist. The blood pressure readings can be critical in aiding the practitioner's evaluation of both the patient's visual health and related systemic condition and in indicating the possible need for referral. This paper presents a general survey of the benefits blood pressure measurements can provide in the optometric practice.", "contents": "Systemic arterial blood pressure and its relevance to optometric practice. The measurement of systemic blood pressure is a very significant detection test that can provide a great deal of information for the optometrist. The blood pressure readings can be critical in aiding the practitioner's evaluation of both the patient's visual health and related systemic condition and in indicating the possible need for referral. This paper presents a general survey of the benefits blood pressure measurements can provide in the optometric practice.", "PMID": 1027761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4580", "title": "[Barium granuloma of the rectum].", "content": "The authors report a case of barium granuloma of the rectum. This complication of barium enema is exceptional. During enema, the cannula may ulcerate the mucosa which is blown up secondarily by the barium. Clinically, the granuloma presents like a hard polyp which is suggestive in certain cases of a malignant tumour. The precise diagnosis is made by careful examination of the abdominal films before administration of barium taking in the whole of the pelvis.", "contents": "[Barium granuloma of the rectum]. The authors report a case of barium granuloma of the rectum. This complication of barium enema is exceptional. During enema, the cannula may ulcerate the mucosa which is blown up secondarily by the barium. Clinically, the granuloma presents like a hard polyp which is suggestive in certain cases of a malignant tumour. The precise diagnosis is made by careful examination of the abdominal films before administration of barium taking in the whole of the pelvis.", "PMID": 1027755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4581", "title": "[Rupture of the subclavian artery. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors report a typical case of rupture of the sub-clavian artery in closed trauma of the shoulder and review the world literature. The pathology of this lesion is described and its mechanism studied, it seems to be due to an acute encounter between the artery and the scalenus anterior.", "contents": "[Rupture of the subclavian artery. Apropos of a case]. The authors report a typical case of rupture of the sub-clavian artery in closed trauma of the shoulder and review the world literature. The pathology of this lesion is described and its mechanism studied, it seems to be due to an acute encounter between the artery and the scalenus anterior.", "PMID": 1027754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4582", "title": "[Ureter and Wertheim's operation].", "content": "The surgery for carcinoma of the uterine cervix combined with radiotherapy, as carried out at present, includes a definite risk for the urinary tract. Not so much the immediate functional disorders, which always recede, except in rare cases of fibrous retracted bladder, but the lesions which occur in several varieties lead one to re-implant immediately the ureter. Fistulae and early stenosis (16 out of 1,500) should be treated in the same way. These late complications, such as obstruction (12 out of 1,500) raise de problem of their etiology. Usually they are due to recurrent carcinoma (9 out of 12), rarely due to pelvic fibrosis (3 out of 12). It is rare then for re-implantation to be possible. There remains either nephrectomy which is the simplest solution, or an urinary by-pass operation either using an ileal bladder or as a palliative measure, using a silastic prosthesis. Finally, the risk of advanced carconoma is without remedy, abstention from surgery may then be justified but one should, as far as possible, attempt to prevent these complications both from the surgical technical point of view and from the point of view of irradiation dosage.", "contents": "[Ureter and Wertheim's operation]. The surgery for carcinoma of the uterine cervix combined with radiotherapy, as carried out at present, includes a definite risk for the urinary tract. Not so much the immediate functional disorders, which always recede, except in rare cases of fibrous retracted bladder, but the lesions which occur in several varieties lead one to re-implant immediately the ureter. Fistulae and early stenosis (16 out of 1,500) should be treated in the same way. These late complications, such as obstruction (12 out of 1,500) raise de problem of their etiology. Usually they are due to recurrent carcinoma (9 out of 12), rarely due to pelvic fibrosis (3 out of 12). It is rare then for re-implantation to be possible. There remains either nephrectomy which is the simplest solution, or an urinary by-pass operation either using an ileal bladder or as a palliative measure, using a silastic prosthesis. Finally, the risk of advanced carconoma is without remedy, abstention from surgery may then be justified but one should, as far as possible, attempt to prevent these complications both from the surgical technical point of view and from the point of view of irradiation dosage.", "PMID": 1027757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4583", "title": "Clinical manifestations of visual information processing: part I.", "content": "This paper discusses three aspects of visual information processing and their significance to clinical optometric practice. It analyzes the factors involved in central-peripheral organization, pictorial-linguistic interaction and total versus partial utilization os sensorimotor information as they relate to perceptual style and visual function. It emphasizes these factors as possibly being the commonalities behind many of the divergent yet generally successful theoretical frameworks and techniques utilized in optometric diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of visual information processing: part I. This paper discusses three aspects of visual information processing and their significance to clinical optometric practice. It analyzes the factors involved in central-peripheral organization, pictorial-linguistic interaction and total versus partial utilization os sensorimotor information as they relate to perceptual style and visual function. It emphasizes these factors as possibly being the commonalities behind many of the divergent yet generally successful theoretical frameworks and techniques utilized in optometric diagnosis and therapy.", "PMID": 1027764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4584", "title": "Impact testing of ophthalmic lenses: stress distribution and the \"search\" theory.", "content": "Elementary concepts in fracture mechanics, stress analysis, and impact are discussed as they pertain to fracture of lenses in drop ball testing. Quasi-static estimates for stress distributions during impact are obtained. These profiles show a sharp peak in the tensile stress under the impact point. Identical groups of lenses were impact tested in two different modes: 1) 25 impacts at a single spot on the lens, 2) 1 impact at each of 25 different spots. Much more breakage was observed in the latter group. Both the experimental and analytical considerations lend support to the \"search\" theory of drop ball testing--fracture occurs when the ball strikes a weak spot (where there exists a sufficiently severe flaw) on the lens. Lenses which pass an impact test may well have dangerous flaws away from the impact point.", "contents": "Impact testing of ophthalmic lenses: stress distribution and the \"search\" theory. Elementary concepts in fracture mechanics, stress analysis, and impact are discussed as they pertain to fracture of lenses in drop ball testing. Quasi-static estimates for stress distributions during impact are obtained. These profiles show a sharp peak in the tensile stress under the impact point. Identical groups of lenses were impact tested in two different modes: 1) 25 impacts at a single spot on the lens, 2) 1 impact at each of 25 different spots. Much more breakage was observed in the latter group. Both the experimental and analytical considerations lend support to the \"search\" theory of drop ball testing--fracture occurs when the ball strikes a weak spot (where there exists a sufficiently severe flaw) on the lens. Lenses which pass an impact test may well have dangerous flaws away from the impact point.", "PMID": 1027765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4585", "title": "Should there be a restriction of optometric treatment?", "content": "The restriction of optometric services in third party payment programs is of considerable concern to the profession. Limitations placed on the type and amount of lens prescriptions which can be provided is not in the best interest of the patient. Those outside the profession of optometry must be made aware of the significance of ophthalmic lens prescriptions in terms of total visual performance rather than mere correction of \"significant\" refractive errors.", "contents": "Should there be a restriction of optometric treatment? The restriction of optometric services in third party payment programs is of considerable concern to the profession. Limitations placed on the type and amount of lens prescriptions which can be provided is not in the best interest of the patient. Those outside the profession of optometry must be made aware of the significance of ophthalmic lens prescriptions in terms of total visual performance rather than mere correction of \"significant\" refractive errors.", "PMID": 1027766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4586", "title": "[Transit-slowing anastomosis by 180 degree axial rotation of the upper intestinal segment after massive resection of the small intestine. Preliminary note on an experimental study in the adult dog].", "content": "After massive resection of 85 p. cent of the small intestine in the dog, there occurs diarrhoea and malabsorption. These consequences may be palliated by an oblique end-to-end anastomosis with 180 rotation on the intestinal axis of the jejunal sugment above in relation to the ileal segment below. The authors noted slowing of the transit in the 10 operated dogs. The experimental conditions and the results obtained suggest that the technic may be applicable in man.", "contents": "[Transit-slowing anastomosis by 180 degree axial rotation of the upper intestinal segment after massive resection of the small intestine. Preliminary note on an experimental study in the adult dog]. After massive resection of 85 p. cent of the small intestine in the dog, there occurs diarrhoea and malabsorption. These consequences may be palliated by an oblique end-to-end anastomosis with 180 rotation on the intestinal axis of the jejunal sugment above in relation to the ileal segment below. The authors noted slowing of the transit in the 10 operated dogs. The experimental conditions and the results obtained suggest that the technic may be applicable in man.", "PMID": 1027758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4587", "title": "Research in orthokeratology. Part III: results and observations.", "content": "The effects of contact lenses, fitted by defined conventional and orthokeratological techniques, are given and compared to a group of non-contact lens wearers. Data presented include changes in corneal curvature, topography, refraction and astigmatism. General trends and variability of data are discussed in conjunction with pertinent clinical observations for the three test groups.", "contents": "Research in orthokeratology. Part III: results and observations. The effects of contact lenses, fitted by defined conventional and orthokeratological techniques, are given and compared to a group of non-contact lens wearers. Data presented include changes in corneal curvature, topography, refraction and astigmatism. General trends and variability of data are discussed in conjunction with pertinent clinical observations for the three test groups.", "PMID": 1027768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4588", "title": "The interpretation of systemic arterial blood pressure. Part III: hypertension retinopathy.", "content": "Systemic blood pressure is a vital sign and fundamental variable and as such the areas of its involvement in all individuals are indeed multifaceted. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interpretation of systemic blood pressure readings as they specifically relate to a detailed analysis of hypertensive retinopathy.", "contents": "The interpretation of systemic arterial blood pressure. Part III: hypertension retinopathy. Systemic blood pressure is a vital sign and fundamental variable and as such the areas of its involvement in all individuals are indeed multifaceted. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interpretation of systemic blood pressure readings as they specifically relate to a detailed analysis of hypertensive retinopathy.", "PMID": 1027769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4589", "title": "Tear breakup time and the Schirmer tear test.", "content": "An analysis of tear film breakup time (BUT) and the Schirmer tear test in 40 optometric students demonstrated that BUT cannot be used as a tear quantity indicator.", "contents": "Tear breakup time and the Schirmer tear test. An analysis of tear film breakup time (BUT) and the Schirmer tear test in 40 optometric students demonstrated that BUT cannot be used as a tear quantity indicator.", "PMID": 1027770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4590", "title": "A descriptive epidemiological study of optometry services in the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital.", "content": "The Optometry Service in the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital has been delivering comprehensive vision care to outpatients and inpatients for almost 3 years. The veteran population receiving care and the optometric services provi4ed are described.", "contents": "A descriptive epidemiological study of optometry services in the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital. The Optometry Service in the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital has been delivering comprehensive vision care to outpatients and inpatients for almost 3 years. The veteran population receiving care and the optometric services provi4ed are described.", "PMID": 1027771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4591", "title": "The rural optometrist: who and why?", "content": "A first step toward the goal of better optometric manpower distribution is the identification of variables associated with the optometrist's choice of practice location. This study focuses on the optometrist who chooses a rural practice location and on ways in which the rural optometrist differs from the non-rural optometrist. One hundred sixty optometrists practicing in rural locations in ten states answered questions about their background, mode of optometric practice, attitude toward the environment, interests, and personality traits. Rural optometrists were found to differ from other optometrists in their rural origin, their strong liking for the people and life style of the rural community, and their interest in outdoor pursuits. Community recognition as a health professional, rapid practice growth, professional independence, and the opportunity for community leadership were seen by the rural optometrist as major advantages of rural optometric practice.", "contents": "The rural optometrist: who and why? A first step toward the goal of better optometric manpower distribution is the identification of variables associated with the optometrist's choice of practice location. This study focuses on the optometrist who chooses a rural practice location and on ways in which the rural optometrist differs from the non-rural optometrist. One hundred sixty optometrists practicing in rural locations in ten states answered questions about their background, mode of optometric practice, attitude toward the environment, interests, and personality traits. Rural optometrists were found to differ from other optometrists in their rural origin, their strong liking for the people and life style of the rural community, and their interest in outdoor pursuits. Community recognition as a health professional, rapid practice growth, professional independence, and the opportunity for community leadership were seen by the rural optometrist as major advantages of rural optometric practice.", "PMID": 1027772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4592", "title": "Health planning and resources development: an opportunity for optometry.", "content": "The American Optometric Association views the goal of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974, as the promotion of physical, emotional and environmental health for all. The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act will work towards this goal by identifying problems, preparing reports and studies and developing recommendations for implementation directed toward solving the problems. These functions will be carried out in collaboration with private and governmental individuals and organizations concerned with health care services. Only through this coordinated effort will success be achieved.", "contents": "Health planning and resources development: an opportunity for optometry. The American Optometric Association views the goal of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974, as the promotion of physical, emotional and environmental health for all. The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act will work towards this goal by identifying problems, preparing reports and studies and developing recommendations for implementation directed toward solving the problems. These functions will be carried out in collaboration with private and governmental individuals and organizations concerned with health care services. Only through this coordinated effort will success be achieved.", "PMID": 1027777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4593", "title": "Optometry and NHI--where are we going.", "content": "The author reviews and estimates the overall trend toward some form of national health entitlement against a background of optometry's position on this issue. He summarizes how optometric services are included in most major NHI bills, and explains the relationship to NHI of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974. Stressed are the needs for optometry to more accurately describe its own role and to continue active interest in the NHI issue.", "contents": "Optometry and NHI--where are we going. The author reviews and estimates the overall trend toward some form of national health entitlement against a background of optometry's position on this issue. He summarizes how optometric services are included in most major NHI bills, and explains the relationship to NHI of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974. Stressed are the needs for optometry to more accurately describe its own role and to continue active interest in the NHI issue.", "PMID": 1027778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4594", "title": "Optometry and the military.", "content": "This article comments on several of the major issues facing military optometry which were aired earlier this year at the AOA Federal Service Optometry Seminar. Among these issues, all of which influence recruitment and retention of optometry officers, are constructive credit, bonus and incentive pay, promotion policies, and optimum scope of care. Dr. Turner emphasizes that solutions to these problem areas depend not only upon AOA actions but also personal efforts and professionalism of military OD's.", "contents": "Optometry and the military. This article comments on several of the major issues facing military optometry which were aired earlier this year at the AOA Federal Service Optometry Seminar. Among these issues, all of which influence recruitment and retention of optometry officers, are constructive credit, bonus and incentive pay, promotion policies, and optimum scope of care. Dr. Turner emphasizes that solutions to these problem areas depend not only upon AOA actions but also personal efforts and professionalism of military OD's.", "PMID": 1027779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4595", "title": "Professional participation in HMO's.", "content": "As HMO's spring up throughout the country, a conflict between state and federal laws becomes evident. The traditional standards of practice by which the solo practitioner abides may no longer be enforceable against those physicians, dentists, and optometrists working in HMO's.", "contents": "Professional participation in HMO's. As HMO's spring up throughout the country, a conflict between state and federal laws becomes evident. The traditional standards of practice by which the solo practitioner abides may no longer be enforceable against those physicians, dentists, and optometrists working in HMO's.", "PMID": 1027780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4596", "title": "Comprehensive vision care: a model.", "content": "This paper suggests a model for the practice of vision care in which the optometrist and ophthalmologist are each used to maximum advantage. It is demonstrated how the present antagonism between the two fields can be removed with a resultant enhancement of the practice of both optometry and ophthalmology. The natural outcome of the new relationship will be better vision care for the public.", "contents": "Comprehensive vision care: a model. This paper suggests a model for the practice of vision care in which the optometrist and ophthalmologist are each used to maximum advantage. It is demonstrated how the present antagonism between the two fields can be removed with a resultant enhancement of the practice of both optometry and ophthalmology. The natural outcome of the new relationship will be better vision care for the public.", "PMID": 1027781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4597", "title": "Rationalizing the delivery of eye care--part I.", "content": "The often proclaimed health care crisis has led to a variety of efforts to reorganize and rationalize the existing health care system. One such effort has been to develop a conceptual model for the delivery of personal health services in which the region is the fundamental planning unit and levels of care form its organizational framework. Three levels of care are defined--primary, secondary, and tertiary--each level being based on a combination of the frequency with which a service is needed and its professional and technical sophistication. The regionalization of health services would serve to \"achieve a balance between the public's request for decentralized resources and the centralization required so that they may be used efficiently.\"", "contents": "Rationalizing the delivery of eye care--part I. The often proclaimed health care crisis has led to a variety of efforts to reorganize and rationalize the existing health care system. One such effort has been to develop a conceptual model for the delivery of personal health services in which the region is the fundamental planning unit and levels of care form its organizational framework. Three levels of care are defined--primary, secondary, and tertiary--each level being based on a combination of the frequency with which a service is needed and its professional and technical sophistication. The regionalization of health services would serve to \"achieve a balance between the public's request for decentralized resources and the centralization required so that they may be used efficiently.\"", "PMID": 1027782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4598", "title": "Optometric manpower development and utilization: a look toward the future.", "content": "This paper attempts to discuss in detail the rise in demand for optometric services and the manpower problems of the future. A proposal for the rational future development of optometric manpower has been made. Hopefully optometry will be able to consider its future development and scope of practice, and the types of changes to be made as the profession prepares for its increasing role in providing quality vision care to all Americans.", "contents": "Optometric manpower development and utilization: a look toward the future. This paper attempts to discuss in detail the rise in demand for optometric services and the manpower problems of the future. A proposal for the rational future development of optometric manpower has been made. Hopefully optometry will be able to consider its future development and scope of practice, and the types of changes to be made as the profession prepares for its increasing role in providing quality vision care to all Americans.", "PMID": 1027783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4599", "title": "A retrospective analysis of the systolic BP/IOP ratio in glaucoma screening.", "content": "It has been postulated that the BP/IOP ratio is more predictive of glaucoma than is tonometry alone. An analysis of clinical data from 128 glaucoma patients and 115 normals yields a sensitivity of 80%. Specificity of 86% and relative risk ratio of 22 for this screening test. Evidence of the existence of a dose-response relationship is also found.", "contents": "A retrospective analysis of the systolic BP/IOP ratio in glaucoma screening. It has been postulated that the BP/IOP ratio is more predictive of glaucoma than is tonometry alone. An analysis of clinical data from 128 glaucoma patients and 115 normals yields a sensitivity of 80%. Specificity of 86% and relative risk ratio of 22 for this screening test. Evidence of the existence of a dose-response relationship is also found.", "PMID": 1027848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4600", "title": "Optometry and genetic counseling: the first lines of defense against blindness.", "content": "Genetic diseases may be present at birth or may be manifested later in life. The best preventative measure for either type is early referral of the affected family for genetic counseling. Since several genetic disorders include ocular complications either primarily or secondarily, optometrists are likely to encounter some of these disorders. If the family is unaware of the hereditary pattern, they should be referred to a geneticist to be advised of the risk rates for having future children affected. A partial listing of the counseling centers throughout the United States is provided.", "contents": "Optometry and genetic counseling: the first lines of defense against blindness. Genetic diseases may be present at birth or may be manifested later in life. The best preventative measure for either type is early referral of the affected family for genetic counseling. Since several genetic disorders include ocular complications either primarily or secondarily, optometrists are likely to encounter some of these disorders. If the family is unaware of the hereditary pattern, they should be referred to a geneticist to be advised of the risk rates for having future children affected. A partial listing of the counseling centers throughout the United States is provided.", "PMID": 1027849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4601", "title": "Suggested criteria for vision classification on the AAMD adaptive behavior scale.", "content": "The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale for Children and Adults is an instrument designed to assess the degree to which an individual has adapted to his environment. While one item of the scale refers to vision, no criteria have been established to indicate degree of vision impairment on such a scale. Such criteria are suggested including a supplement which describes other visual functions. A method of assessing visual acuity in non-verbal or uncooperative patients is given.", "contents": "Suggested criteria for vision classification on the AAMD adaptive behavior scale. The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale for Children and Adults is an instrument designed to assess the degree to which an individual has adapted to his environment. While one item of the scale refers to vision, no criteria have been established to indicate degree of vision impairment on such a scale. Such criteria are suggested including a supplement which describes other visual functions. A method of assessing visual acuity in non-verbal or uncooperative patients is given.", "PMID": 1027850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4602", "title": "Vision anomalies of Indian school children: the Lame Deer study.", "content": "The occurrence of vision anomalies among American Indian school children is measured for an entire school population, according to grade (pre-kindergarten through 12). The anomalies are identified, classified in three major groups (myopes, astigmats, all other), and each group is compared to Caucasian school children. Some conclusions and recommendations are made concerning the vision care needs of Amerind school children.", "contents": "Vision anomalies of Indian school children: the Lame Deer study. The occurrence of vision anomalies among American Indian school children is measured for an entire school population, according to grade (pre-kindergarten through 12). The anomalies are identified, classified in three major groups (myopes, astigmats, all other), and each group is compared to Caucasian school children. Some conclusions and recommendations are made concerning the vision care needs of Amerind school children.", "PMID": 1027851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4603", "title": "Rationalizing the delivery of eye care--part II.", "content": "The provision of eye care within the previously described regional model requires that resources be distributed in a rational manner. In a levels of care approach those eye care services that would meet most of the people's needs most of the time would be provided at the primary level, on an ambulatory basis. At the secondary level those more specialized services such as glaucoma surgery would be provided, usually at the community hospital setting. At the tertiary level those superspecialized services requiring the resources of a major medical center would be provided. Such a system of eye care would require changes in the role and responsibility of both optometrists and ophthalmologists.", "contents": "Rationalizing the delivery of eye care--part II. The provision of eye care within the previously described regional model requires that resources be distributed in a rational manner. In a levels of care approach those eye care services that would meet most of the people's needs most of the time would be provided at the primary level, on an ambulatory basis. At the secondary level those more specialized services such as glaucoma surgery would be provided, usually at the community hospital setting. At the tertiary level those superspecialized services requiring the resources of a major medical center would be provided. Such a system of eye care would require changes in the role and responsibility of both optometrists and ophthalmologists.", "PMID": 1027852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4604", "title": "A rational approach to license drivers using bioptic telescopes.", "content": "A great deal of interest and controversy has arisen about the ability of persons with reduced vision driving with bioptic telescopes. This article is the author's approach to the public. The author has been fitting drivers with bioptic lenses for approximately ten years.", "contents": "A rational approach to license drivers using bioptic telescopes. A great deal of interest and controversy has arisen about the ability of persons with reduced vision driving with bioptic telescopes. This article is the author's approach to the public. The author has been fitting drivers with bioptic lenses for approximately ten years.", "PMID": 1027854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4605", "title": "Marathon running and vision.", "content": "Sixteen optometric tests were administered to 29 athletes prior to and following their running the 1974 26-mile B.A.A. Boston Marathon. The tests included amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence, stereopsis, depth perception, near phorias, ACA, near ductions, peripheral fields, and suppression. It appears that the systemic fatigue did not significantly affect the test values and it is reasonable to assume similar findings for other forms of athletics. While few optometrists' or ophthalmologists' patients are marathon runners, this study's findings may be extrapolatable to more common conditions.", "contents": "Marathon running and vision. Sixteen optometric tests were administered to 29 athletes prior to and following their running the 1974 26-mile B.A.A. Boston Marathon. The tests included amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence, stereopsis, depth perception, near phorias, ACA, near ductions, peripheral fields, and suppression. It appears that the systemic fatigue did not significantly affect the test values and it is reasonable to assume similar findings for other forms of athletics. While few optometrists' or ophthalmologists' patients are marathon runners, this study's findings may be extrapolatable to more common conditions.", "PMID": 1027855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4606", "title": "The measurement of systemic arterial blood pressure.", "content": "The measurement of blood pressure, sphygmomanometry, can provide much significant information for the optometrist's evaluation of his patient's ocular and related systemic conditions when the principles involved are understood and skill in its measurement is achieved. This paper will discuss the procedural details of blood pressure measurement.", "contents": "The measurement of systemic arterial blood pressure. The measurement of blood pressure, sphygmomanometry, can provide much significant information for the optometrist's evaluation of his patient's ocular and related systemic conditions when the principles involved are understood and skill in its measurement is achieved. This paper will discuss the procedural details of blood pressure measurement.", "PMID": 1027862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4607", "title": "The effect of aging on the impact resistance of heat tempered lenses.", "content": "Stock sperocylindrical lenses (125) with approximately 2.2-mm center thickness were bevel-edged to 48-mm size in the S-10 standard military lens shape. One time each, 25 lenses were drop balled directly after heat treatment; 25 after 3 months;25 after 6 months; 25 after 9 months; and the final 25 after 1 year. Comparing these samples against each other showed no statistical difference in breakage. All the surviving lenses were then drop balled repeatedly until broken or 25 impacts had been made. After 25 hits, 76.8% of the lenses did not break. There was no statistical difference in breakage when these results were compared with 125 heat-treated lenses of similar specifications that were drop balled for 25 trials, if not broken sooner, just after routine heat-treatment processing. Lenses of approximately 3.0-mm center thickness, with other aspects the same, were also treated. The effect of drop balling nonheat-tempered lenses of dimensions similar to the aged lenses was studied; the first drop had a casualty rate of 75%, and no lens survived more than 8 impacts.", "contents": "The effect of aging on the impact resistance of heat tempered lenses. Stock sperocylindrical lenses (125) with approximately 2.2-mm center thickness were bevel-edged to 48-mm size in the S-10 standard military lens shape. One time each, 25 lenses were drop balled directly after heat treatment; 25 after 3 months;25 after 6 months; 25 after 9 months; and the final 25 after 1 year. Comparing these samples against each other showed no statistical difference in breakage. All the surviving lenses were then drop balled repeatedly until broken or 25 impacts had been made. After 25 hits, 76.8% of the lenses did not break. There was no statistical difference in breakage when these results were compared with 125 heat-treated lenses of similar specifications that were drop balled for 25 trials, if not broken sooner, just after routine heat-treatment processing. Lenses of approximately 3.0-mm center thickness, with other aspects the same, were also treated. The effect of drop balling nonheat-tempered lenses of dimensions similar to the aged lenses was studied; the first drop had a casualty rate of 75%, and no lens survived more than 8 impacts.", "PMID": 1027864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4608", "title": "The role of edge failures in impact testing of ophthalmic lenses.", "content": "The role of edge mode failures in drop ball testing of ophthalmic lenses was investigated. The relative effects of lens shape and type of edging operation were determined by comparing the impact performance of groups of lenses. Strain gages were mounted on the edges of several lenses to determine the applied tensile stresses. The results were reviewed in the context of the flaw distribution theory. As expected, more breadage was observed for those edging processes which introduce more severe flaws and for those lens shapes for which higher edge stresses were measured. It was also observed that the search theory of impact testing is applicable for edge flaws as well as for surface flaws (a lens sustains many impacts before it fractures; the ball is searching for a weak spot on the lens).", "contents": "The role of edge failures in impact testing of ophthalmic lenses. The role of edge mode failures in drop ball testing of ophthalmic lenses was investigated. The relative effects of lens shape and type of edging operation were determined by comparing the impact performance of groups of lenses. Strain gages were mounted on the edges of several lenses to determine the applied tensile stresses. The results were reviewed in the context of the flaw distribution theory. As expected, more breadage was observed for those edging processes which introduce more severe flaws and for those lens shapes for which higher edge stresses were measured. It was also observed that the search theory of impact testing is applicable for edge flaws as well as for surface flaws (a lens sustains many impacts before it fractures; the ball is searching for a weak spot on the lens).", "PMID": 1027865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4609", "title": "A model study of facial injury caused by impact while wearing an ophthalmic frame.", "content": "Damage to facial tissue caused by an ophthalmic frame when there is impact to the face was studied by means of a paraffin-covered mannequin head. Under mild conditions of impact it was easily observed that metal frames and metal components do more tissue damage than is done by a zylframe. A series of the commonly dispensed frames was compared for facial injury potential caused by impact to the face.", "contents": "A model study of facial injury caused by impact while wearing an ophthalmic frame. Damage to facial tissue caused by an ophthalmic frame when there is impact to the face was studied by means of a paraffin-covered mannequin head. Under mild conditions of impact it was easily observed that metal frames and metal components do more tissue damage than is done by a zylframe. A series of the commonly dispensed frames was compared for facial injury potential caused by impact to the face.", "PMID": 1027866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4610", "title": "A study of applicants to colleges of optometry in the U.S.", "content": "A statistical summary of numbers of applicants and applications to U.S. colleges of optometry, dentistry, and medicine is presented for the six academic years, 1969-70 through 1974-75. Attention is drawn to changes during the five-year interval in numbers of (a) professional schools, (b) total applicants, (c) total applications, (d) applicants accepted, (e) applicants per acceptance, (f) percent of applicants accepted, and (g) applications per individual. Absolute numbers are listed in tabular form and, to facilitate interdisciplinary comparison, in relative numbers in a series of figures. Concerns raised by the trends revealed are outlined.", "contents": "A study of applicants to colleges of optometry in the U.S. A statistical summary of numbers of applicants and applications to U.S. colleges of optometry, dentistry, and medicine is presented for the six academic years, 1969-70 through 1974-75. Attention is drawn to changes during the five-year interval in numbers of (a) professional schools, (b) total applicants, (c) total applications, (d) applicants accepted, (e) applicants per acceptance, (f) percent of applicants accepted, and (g) applications per individual. Absolute numbers are listed in tabular form and, to facilitate interdisciplinary comparison, in relative numbers in a series of figures. Concerns raised by the trends revealed are outlined.", "PMID": 1027867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4611", "title": "Rationalizing the delivery of health care--part III.", "content": "Attempts to regionalize and rationalize the delivery of personal health services and eye care services in particular are beset with social, political and economic problems. A review of past attempts in this direction points out some of the difficulties. Recent legislative and professional developments provide clues as to the likelihood that the delivery of eye care will be rationalized in the future.", "contents": "Rationalizing the delivery of health care--part III. Attempts to regionalize and rationalize the delivery of personal health services and eye care services in particular are beset with social, political and economic problems. A review of past attempts in this direction points out some of the difficulties. Recent legislative and professional developments provide clues as to the likelihood that the delivery of eye care will be rationalized in the future.", "PMID": 1027868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4612", "title": "Paraoptometric education and training in the United States Air Force.", "content": "The authors describe military optometry clinic personnel problems prior to 1971 which led to the creation of the Air Force Optometry Specialist/Technician career field. The optometry Specialist, whose civilian counterpart is the optometric assistant/technician, receives a highly intensive 9 week resident course at the USAF School of Health Care Sciences. Additional mandatory training is received on the job and by a career development course specifically designed for the Optometry Specialist. An optional 2-year program is also offered through the Community College of the Air Force.", "contents": "Paraoptometric education and training in the United States Air Force. The authors describe military optometry clinic personnel problems prior to 1971 which led to the creation of the Air Force Optometry Specialist/Technician career field. The optometry Specialist, whose civilian counterpart is the optometric assistant/technician, receives a highly intensive 9 week resident course at the USAF School of Health Care Sciences. Additional mandatory training is received on the job and by a career development course specifically designed for the Optometry Specialist. An optional 2-year program is also offered through the Community College of the Air Force.", "PMID": 1027869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4613", "title": "Future of optometric education: a student view.", "content": "With the growth of optometry and the advent of a national health insurance plan, the practice of optometry will change. As it does, so too must optometric education. This paper outlines a student's views on how admissions, curricula, new schools, and board certification must change if optometry is to fill a primary health care role.", "contents": "Future of optometric education: a student view. With the growth of optometry and the advent of a national health insurance plan, the practice of optometry will change. As it does, so too must optometric education. This paper outlines a student's views on how admissions, curricula, new schools, and board certification must change if optometry is to fill a primary health care role.", "PMID": 1027870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4614", "title": "Inspecting the integrity of hydrophilic lenses.", "content": "Inspection of the surface quality of hydrophilic lenses is important. Methods of inspection and illustrations of common defects are illustrated.", "contents": "Inspecting the integrity of hydrophilic lenses. Inspection of the surface quality of hydrophilic lenses is important. Methods of inspection and illustrations of common defects are illustrated.", "PMID": 1027871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4615", "title": "The intermodality relationship of auditory and vision perception.", "content": "A review of the literature reemphasizes the importance of the intermodality relationship of auditory and vision perception in assisting children learning to read. Following a description of the neuro-pathways, hemispheric dominance theories and the developmental sequences, suggestions are provided for the application of the knowledge about auditory and vision perception in the prevention of the ever increasing number of children experiencing learning disabilities.", "contents": "The intermodality relationship of auditory and vision perception. A review of the literature reemphasizes the importance of the intermodality relationship of auditory and vision perception in assisting children learning to read. Following a description of the neuro-pathways, hemispheric dominance theories and the developmental sequences, suggestions are provided for the application of the knowledge about auditory and vision perception in the prevention of the ever increasing number of children experiencing learning disabilities.", "PMID": 1027872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4616", "title": "Central nervous system antigen (NS-5) and its presence during murine ontogenesis.", "content": "An antiserum raised by immunization of C3H.SW/Sn mice with cerebellum from 4-day-old C57BL/6J mice recognizes a cell surface component(s) [NS-5] present in different degrees on various parts of the mouse central nervous system. When analyzed by an antiserum- and complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity test and by the ability of various tissuesto absorb anti-NS-5 antiserum activity, the antigen(s) was detectable on cerebellum, retina, olfactory bulb, cortex, basal ganglia, and medulla but not on nonneural tissues with the exception of mature spermatozoa and 4-day-old kidney. The antigen(s) detected by the anti-NS-5 antiserum was found in similar quantities on young and adult rat and mouse cerebellum; however, it was not detectable on any of 16 clonal cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system. During preimplantation stages of murine development, the antigen could be detected on all cells of (2-4)-cell and (8-16)-cell stages and on the trophoblastic cells of blastocysts by indirect immunofluorescence, Embryos on day 9 of gestation, the earliest tested after implantation, expressed the antigen(s), but expression was restricted to the nervous system.", "contents": "Central nervous system antigen (NS-5) and its presence during murine ontogenesis. An antiserum raised by immunization of C3H.SW/Sn mice with cerebellum from 4-day-old C57BL/6J mice recognizes a cell surface component(s) [NS-5] present in different degrees on various parts of the mouse central nervous system. When analyzed by an antiserum- and complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity test and by the ability of various tissuesto absorb anti-NS-5 antiserum activity, the antigen(s) was detectable on cerebellum, retina, olfactory bulb, cortex, basal ganglia, and medulla but not on nonneural tissues with the exception of mature spermatozoa and 4-day-old kidney. The antigen(s) detected by the anti-NS-5 antiserum was found in similar quantities on young and adult rat and mouse cerebellum; however, it was not detectable on any of 16 clonal cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system. During preimplantation stages of murine development, the antigen could be detected on all cells of (2-4)-cell and (8-16)-cell stages and on the trophoblastic cells of blastocysts by indirect immunofluorescence, Embryos on day 9 of gestation, the earliest tested after implantation, expressed the antigen(s), but expression was restricted to the nervous system.", "PMID": 1027920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4617", "title": "The gating currents of sodium channels: pore-population-size effects.", "content": "Sodium-channel behavior has been modeled in order to determine the answer to the following question: How large must a population of \"on-off\" sodium pores be before the inherently random behavior of the individual channels becomes smoothed to yield the expected gating current-conductance relationships which would be predicted from an infinite pore array? Results of this analysis show that for the \"opening\" situation, an excellent fit was obtained whenever more than about 10 pores were considered. Significant discrepancies were observed in the \"closing\" situation, however, for pore arrays of 50 or less. Marked hysteresis is apparent in the behavior of small port populations.", "contents": "The gating currents of sodium channels: pore-population-size effects. Sodium-channel behavior has been modeled in order to determine the answer to the following question: How large must a population of \"on-off\" sodium pores be before the inherently random behavior of the individual channels becomes smoothed to yield the expected gating current-conductance relationships which would be predicted from an infinite pore array? Results of this analysis show that for the \"opening\" situation, an excellent fit was obtained whenever more than about 10 pores were considered. Significant discrepancies were observed in the \"closing\" situation, however, for pore arrays of 50 or less. Marked hysteresis is apparent in the behavior of small port populations.", "PMID": 1027921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4618", "title": "Comparison of the structural and chemical composition of giant T-even phage heads.", "content": "A study has been made of the structure of the capsids of T4D giant phage produced from mutants in gene 23 and temperature-sensitive mutants in gene 24, and T4D and T2L giant phage formed by the addition of L-canavanine followed by an Larginine chase in the growth medium. All the giant phage capsids have been shown to be built according to the same geometrical architecture. This consists of a near-hexagonal surface net, lattice constant 129.5 A, folded into a left-handed T = 13 prolate icosahedron elongated along one of its fivefold symmetry axes. Their only apparent difference from wild-type T-even phage capsids is their abnormally elongated tubular part. A comparison of the capsomere morphologies and protein compositions of the giant phage capsids showed that all T4D giants are identical but differ from T2L: The T4D capsomere has a complex (6 + 6 + 1)-type morphology, whereas the T2L has a simple 6-type. T2L phage, however, lack two capsid proteins, \"soc\" and \"hoc\", present in T4D. The difference in capsomere morphology can therefore be related to the difference in the protein compositions of these two phage. Possible differences between the initiation and means of length regulation of giant phage heads and the aberrant polyheads are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of the structural and chemical composition of giant T-even phage heads. A study has been made of the structure of the capsids of T4D giant phage produced from mutants in gene 23 and temperature-sensitive mutants in gene 24, and T4D and T2L giant phage formed by the addition of L-canavanine followed by an Larginine chase in the growth medium. All the giant phage capsids have been shown to be built according to the same geometrical architecture. This consists of a near-hexagonal surface net, lattice constant 129.5 A, folded into a left-handed T = 13 prolate icosahedron elongated along one of its fivefold symmetry axes. Their only apparent difference from wild-type T-even phage capsids is their abnormally elongated tubular part. A comparison of the capsomere morphologies and protein compositions of the giant phage capsids showed that all T4D giants are identical but differ from T2L: The T4D capsomere has a complex (6 + 6 + 1)-type morphology, whereas the T2L has a simple 6-type. T2L phage, however, lack two capsid proteins, \"soc\" and \"hoc\", present in T4D. The difference in capsomere morphology can therefore be related to the difference in the protein compositions of these two phage. Possible differences between the initiation and means of length regulation of giant phage heads and the aberrant polyheads are discussed.", "PMID": 1027922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4619", "title": "Effects of RNase and RNA on in vitro aster assembly.", "content": "RNase alters the in vitro assembly of spindle asters in homogenates of meiotically dividing surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes. Some effects of RNase, such as reduced astral fiber length, appear nonenzymatic and probably result from RNase binding to tubulin. However, RNase-induced changes in the microtubule organizing center are also observed. Since other polycations can mimic RNase effects, the existence of an RNA component of the spindle organizing center remains uncertain. Effects of RNase and other polycations on astral fiber length can be prevented and reversed by the RNase inhibitor, polyguanylic acid. Polyguanylic acid can also augment astral fiber length in the absence of added RNase or other polycations. Augmentation by polyguanylic acid is favored by high ionic strength, and can be duplicated by polyuridylic acid and, with less efficiency, by polyadenylic acid. Polycytidylic acid and unfractionated yeast RNA, however, are unable to augment aster assembly. Polyguanylic acid can also augment the length of astral fibers on complete spindles isolated under polymerizing conditions. These results demonstrate that specific polyribonucleotides can alter spindle assembly in vitro. The presence of an inhibitor of microtubule assembly in Spisula oocytes, which can be inactivated by specific RNAs, is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of RNase and RNA on in vitro aster assembly. RNase alters the in vitro assembly of spindle asters in homogenates of meiotically dividing surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes. Some effects of RNase, such as reduced astral fiber length, appear nonenzymatic and probably result from RNase binding to tubulin. However, RNase-induced changes in the microtubule organizing center are also observed. Since other polycations can mimic RNase effects, the existence of an RNA component of the spindle organizing center remains uncertain. Effects of RNase and other polycations on astral fiber length can be prevented and reversed by the RNase inhibitor, polyguanylic acid. Polyguanylic acid can also augment astral fiber length in the absence of added RNase or other polycations. Augmentation by polyguanylic acid is favored by high ionic strength, and can be duplicated by polyuridylic acid and, with less efficiency, by polyadenylic acid. Polycytidylic acid and unfractionated yeast RNA, however, are unable to augment aster assembly. Polyguanylic acid can also augment the length of astral fibers on complete spindles isolated under polymerizing conditions. These results demonstrate that specific polyribonucleotides can alter spindle assembly in vitro. The presence of an inhibitor of microtubule assembly in Spisula oocytes, which can be inactivated by specific RNAs, is suggested.", "PMID": 1027923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4620", "title": "[Changes in thromboelastogram in women on hormonal contraception].", "content": "The authors have analysed changes in the thromboelastogram in 411 women on oral contraceptives and in 31 women on no hormonal contraception. Comparing the results they found no statistically significant differences because the control group was too small. In the group of women on hormonal contraception, statistically significant differences were recorded in those women whose thromboelastogram was analysed several times, the differences having been more pronounced in the women that had used hormonal contraceptives for a longer time. As the appearance of thrombo-embolic complications is a very complex process, the authors' opinion is that thromboelastogram cannot be considered as a routine method for predicting these complications.", "contents": "[Changes in thromboelastogram in women on hormonal contraception]. The authors have analysed changes in the thromboelastogram in 411 women on oral contraceptives and in 31 women on no hormonal contraception. Comparing the results they found no statistically significant differences because the control group was too small. In the group of women on hormonal contraception, statistically significant differences were recorded in those women whose thromboelastogram was analysed several times, the differences having been more pronounced in the women that had used hormonal contraceptives for a longer time. As the appearance of thrombo-embolic complications is a very complex process, the authors' opinion is that thromboelastogram cannot be considered as a routine method for predicting these complications.", "PMID": 1027924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4621", "title": "[Success in the induction of labor by peroral administration of Prostin E 2 in relation to Sandopart].", "content": "The results of the use of Prostin E2 in the induction of labour in 46 pregnant women were compared with the results obtained by Sandopart in 40 pregnant women. To avoid the effect of amnyotomy, both groups were examined without carrying out routine amnyotomy. The results have shown that a significantly better efficacy in the induction of labour was obtained with Prostin E2. This efficacy was very good regardless of the cervix assessed by the Bishop score, while the reaction of the uterus to Sandopart proved the poorer the lower the Bishop score. The mother's condition, established by clinical and laboratory examinations, did not change significantly in the course or after the administration of Prostin E2. Nor did the condition of infants, assessed by the Apgar score, differ from the condition of children from the group of labour induced by Sandopart. This shows that the induction by Prostin E2 is just as efficacious as the induction by Sandopart if the cervix is mature; if the cervix is not mature, the induction by Prostin E2 is even more efficacious.", "contents": "[Success in the induction of labor by peroral administration of Prostin E 2 in relation to Sandopart]. The results of the use of Prostin E2 in the induction of labour in 46 pregnant women were compared with the results obtained by Sandopart in 40 pregnant women. To avoid the effect of amnyotomy, both groups were examined without carrying out routine amnyotomy. The results have shown that a significantly better efficacy in the induction of labour was obtained with Prostin E2. This efficacy was very good regardless of the cervix assessed by the Bishop score, while the reaction of the uterus to Sandopart proved the poorer the lower the Bishop score. The mother's condition, established by clinical and laboratory examinations, did not change significantly in the course or after the administration of Prostin E2. Nor did the condition of infants, assessed by the Apgar score, differ from the condition of children from the group of labour induced by Sandopart. This shows that the induction by Prostin E2 is just as efficacious as the induction by Sandopart if the cervix is mature; if the cervix is not mature, the induction by Prostin E2 is even more efficacious.", "PMID": 1027925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4622", "title": "[Graphic monitoring of the latent phase of intensified labor].", "content": "In planned delivery it is often advantageous to be able to monitor the early course of stimulated labour. This paper describes the construction of a graph which defines the rate of progress of the latent phase of augmented labour in 307 women, which represented 80% of a group of patients in a \"low risk\" category obstetrically.", "contents": "[Graphic monitoring of the latent phase of intensified labor]. In planned delivery it is often advantageous to be able to monitor the early course of stimulated labour. This paper describes the construction of a graph which defines the rate of progress of the latent phase of augmented labour in 307 women, which represented 80% of a group of patients in a \"low risk\" category obstetrically.", "PMID": 1027926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4623", "title": "[Leiomyoma of Bartholin's gland].", "content": "Out of 4676 gynecological surgeries, the authors came across one case of the leiomyoma of Bartholin's gland. The clinical picture differed from that in the cystic changes of this gland by its consistency; also the skin, the surrounding tissue, and regional lymphs of the gland were not changed. The authors maintain that all tumorous changes of Bartholin's gland should be treated surgically.", "contents": "[Leiomyoma of Bartholin's gland]. Out of 4676 gynecological surgeries, the authors came across one case of the leiomyoma of Bartholin's gland. The clinical picture differed from that in the cystic changes of this gland by its consistency; also the skin, the surrounding tissue, and regional lymphs of the gland were not changed. The authors maintain that all tumorous changes of Bartholin's gland should be treated surgically.", "PMID": 1027928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4624", "title": "[Malignant melanoma of the skin and pregnancy].", "content": "Two women, during pregnancy, suddenly developed changes in the pigmented skin nevus (melanoma) which they had had since their childhood. Both patients were surgically treated; the diagnosis was malignant melanoma. One of the patients, 12 years after the operation, is alive and well, and so is her child. In the other patient, 6 months after operation, there was a relapse and regional metastases. She gave birth to a healthy child.", "contents": "[Malignant melanoma of the skin and pregnancy]. Two women, during pregnancy, suddenly developed changes in the pigmented skin nevus (melanoma) which they had had since their childhood. Both patients were surgically treated; the diagnosis was malignant melanoma. One of the patients, 12 years after the operation, is alive and well, and so is her child. In the other patient, 6 months after operation, there was a relapse and regional metastases. She gave birth to a healthy child.", "PMID": 1027929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4625", "title": "[Torsion of the pregnant uterus].", "content": "Torsion of a 6-month gravid uterus in a secundigravida, showing the clinical shape of an acute abdomen and shock, is described. The uterus was twisted 180 degrees from left to right, with a retroplacental haematoma and dead foetus. The symptoms occurred while the patient was sleeping. Sectio caesarea was performed and no other pathologic changes were found in the uterus, ovaries, or minor pelvis.", "contents": "[Torsion of the pregnant uterus]. Torsion of a 6-month gravid uterus in a secundigravida, showing the clinical shape of an acute abdomen and shock, is described. The uterus was twisted 180 degrees from left to right, with a retroplacental haematoma and dead foetus. The symptoms occurred while the patient was sleeping. Sectio caesarea was performed and no other pathologic changes were found in the uterus, ovaries, or minor pelvis.", "PMID": 1027930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4626", "title": "[Abdominal pregnancy].", "content": "A 38-year-old woman, after a spontaneous abortion following extrauterine pregnancy, developed abdominal pregnancy which was diagnosed only 6 days before the term of delivery, although she had been regularly examined. In the first trimester of that pregnancy she wanted to interrupt pregnancy and an alleged artificial abortus was performed. By cesarean section a live, at term baby, 3000/50, was born without any visible malformations. The placenta was left in situ because it partly adhered to the colon sigmoideum, mesosigma, and the wall of the small pelvis. Although it is better in abdominal pregnancy with cesaren section to remove the placenta immediately, the authors think that to leave the placenta in situ is safer if its position is such that to remove it would expose the patient to great risk.", "contents": "[Abdominal pregnancy]. A 38-year-old woman, after a spontaneous abortion following extrauterine pregnancy, developed abdominal pregnancy which was diagnosed only 6 days before the term of delivery, although she had been regularly examined. In the first trimester of that pregnancy she wanted to interrupt pregnancy and an alleged artificial abortus was performed. By cesarean section a live, at term baby, 3000/50, was born without any visible malformations. The placenta was left in situ because it partly adhered to the colon sigmoideum, mesosigma, and the wall of the small pelvis. Although it is better in abdominal pregnancy with cesaren section to remove the placenta immediately, the authors think that to leave the placenta in situ is safer if its position is such that to remove it would expose the patient to great risk.", "PMID": 1027931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4627", "title": "[Late gestoses complicated by amaurosis].", "content": "A case of amaurosis in the course of preeclampsia and one in eclampsia are presented. Since in both cases conservative therapy failed, the cesarean section was applied in both cases. The infants were of low birth weight but developed well. Amaurosis in both patients disappeared a few days after delivery. In such cases the authors advocate liberal indications for cesarean section.", "contents": "[Late gestoses complicated by amaurosis]. A case of amaurosis in the course of preeclampsia and one in eclampsia are presented. Since in both cases conservative therapy failed, the cesarean section was applied in both cases. The infants were of low birth weight but developed well. Amaurosis in both patients disappeared a few days after delivery. In such cases the authors advocate liberal indications for cesarean section.", "PMID": 1027932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4628", "title": "[2 cases of amaurosis during pre-eclampsia in pregnancy].", "content": "The author describes two cases of amaurosis in toxemia during pregnancy. Both pregnancies were completed by cesarean section. Vision returned to both patients on the third and the fourth day, respectively, following delivery. The follow-up findings 9 months after delivery were normal.", "contents": "[2 cases of amaurosis during pre-eclampsia in pregnancy]. The author describes two cases of amaurosis in toxemia during pregnancy. Both pregnancies were completed by cesarean section. Vision returned to both patients on the third and the fourth day, respectively, following delivery. The follow-up findings 9 months after delivery were normal.", "PMID": 1027933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4629", "title": "[Bilateral extrauterine tubal pregnancy].", "content": "The authors analyse their surgical material over 17 years. Out of 4676 gynecological operations, 416 related to extrauterine pregnancy, and only one of them was bilateral extrauterine pregnancy. The diagnosis in the latter case was made during the operation. The initial diagnosis was confirmed pathohistologically. The authors point out that during the operation it is necessary to control both ovarian tubes and that the material removed by surgery should always be examined pathohistologically.", "contents": "[Bilateral extrauterine tubal pregnancy]. The authors analyse their surgical material over 17 years. Out of 4676 gynecological operations, 416 related to extrauterine pregnancy, and only one of them was bilateral extrauterine pregnancy. The diagnosis in the latter case was made during the operation. The initial diagnosis was confirmed pathohistologically. The authors point out that during the operation it is necessary to control both ovarian tubes and that the material removed by surgery should always be examined pathohistologically.", "PMID": 1027934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4630", "title": "[Acute gangrenous cholecystitis with suppurative acute cholangitis in the 1st days of the puerperium].", "content": "A 25-year-old secundipara developed acute gangrenous cholecystitis coupled with suppurative cholangitis on the fourth pureperal day. The patient recovered after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy. It is pointed out that cholelithiasis is not rare in pregnancy but acute cholecystitis is very rare, especially in the puerperium. For this reason the diagnosis is difficult, yet the final issue depends on its early establishment and also on the early surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Acute gangrenous cholecystitis with suppurative acute cholangitis in the 1st days of the puerperium]. A 25-year-old secundipara developed acute gangrenous cholecystitis coupled with suppurative cholangitis on the fourth pureperal day. The patient recovered after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy. It is pointed out that cholelithiasis is not rare in pregnancy but acute cholecystitis is very rare, especially in the puerperium. For this reason the diagnosis is difficult, yet the final issue depends on its early establishment and also on the early surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1027935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4631", "title": "[Use of aspiration curettage in ambulatory patients].", "content": "In 90 patients with metrorrhagia, aged 20-75, aspiration curettage with constant aspiration by a vacuum pump was applied. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was metrorrhagia dysfunctionalis (in 55 patients). The aspiration was performed without cervical dilatation, by using one ampoule of valoron i. v. by a cannula 3 mm in diameter and a chamber with a built-in sieve for collecting aspiration material. Histological analysis revealed endometrial carcinoma in 4 cases, post-abortion conditions in 29 cases, endometrial hyperplasia in 28 cases, while in the remaining patients the endometrium was normal. In 4 cases there was not enough material for analysis.", "contents": "[Use of aspiration curettage in ambulatory patients]. In 90 patients with metrorrhagia, aged 20-75, aspiration curettage with constant aspiration by a vacuum pump was applied. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was metrorrhagia dysfunctionalis (in 55 patients). The aspiration was performed without cervical dilatation, by using one ampoule of valoron i. v. by a cannula 3 mm in diameter and a chamber with a built-in sieve for collecting aspiration material. Histological analysis revealed endometrial carcinoma in 4 cases, post-abortion conditions in 29 cases, endometrial hyperplasia in 28 cases, while in the remaining patients the endometrium was normal. In 4 cases there was not enough material for analysis.", "PMID": 1027936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4632", "title": "[Vacuum extraction in interruption of pregnancy using a jagged cannula].", "content": "The author describes his experience with artificial abortus using vacuum aspiration performed with a jagged cannula of his own construction. In 2150 interruptions of pregnancy, the complications were as follows: residua in 0.2%, bleeding in 4.7%, and febrile condition in 2.5% of cases. The loss of blood was 30-200 ml.", "contents": "[Vacuum extraction in interruption of pregnancy using a jagged cannula]. The author describes his experience with artificial abortus using vacuum aspiration performed with a jagged cannula of his own construction. In 2150 interruptions of pregnancy, the complications were as follows: residua in 0.2%, bleeding in 4.7%, and febrile condition in 2.5% of cases. The loss of blood was 30-200 ml.", "PMID": 1027937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4633", "title": "[Tocolysis in prevention of spontaneous abortion].", "content": "In the course of 1975 and 1976 the authors applied Partusisten (Th 1156 a) in 34 pregnant women at the risk of spontaneous abortion in the 16th to the 28th week of pregnancy. The therapy started with intravenous infusions by means of an automatic electromechanic infusion pump; peroral application of the drug followed, both in hospital and for a certain period in outpatient treatment under the gynecologist's supervision. Out of 34 women, 27 remained pregnant for more than 37 week of gestation and gave birth to a live at-term baby; in 5 cases the success was relative, and only in 2 cases was there no success at all. According to the tocolysis index, at index 2 or less, the success was achieved in 87% of cases and at index exceeding 2, the success was achieved in 63% of cases. The side-effect observed was invariably tachicardia in the mother, while all other untoward effects (tremor, sweating, slight restlessness, etc) were tolerated very well. An extremely good effect of Partusisten is obvious, because in doses of 4 micrograms/min, it promptly reduces the frequency and intensity of contractions.", "contents": "[Tocolysis in prevention of spontaneous abortion]. In the course of 1975 and 1976 the authors applied Partusisten (Th 1156 a) in 34 pregnant women at the risk of spontaneous abortion in the 16th to the 28th week of pregnancy. The therapy started with intravenous infusions by means of an automatic electromechanic infusion pump; peroral application of the drug followed, both in hospital and for a certain period in outpatient treatment under the gynecologist's supervision. Out of 34 women, 27 remained pregnant for more than 37 week of gestation and gave birth to a live at-term baby; in 5 cases the success was relative, and only in 2 cases was there no success at all. According to the tocolysis index, at index 2 or less, the success was achieved in 87% of cases and at index exceeding 2, the success was achieved in 63% of cases. The side-effect observed was invariably tachicardia in the mother, while all other untoward effects (tremor, sweating, slight restlessness, etc) were tolerated very well. An extremely good effect of Partusisten is obvious, because in doses of 4 micrograms/min, it promptly reduces the frequency and intensity of contractions.", "PMID": 1027938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4634", "title": "[Method of evaluating the acoustic properties of devices for auscultation].", "content": "It is suggested that the appraisal of acoustic properties of auscultation instruments should be done by an expert-physician by following the most outstanding auscultative characteristics. A procedure for medical appraisal of acoustic properties is proposed. The BF-1 sthetophonendoscope manufactured by the Nizhny-Tagil medical instruments plant is recommended to serve as a model one.", "contents": "[Method of evaluating the acoustic properties of devices for auscultation]. It is suggested that the appraisal of acoustic properties of auscultation instruments should be done by an expert-physician by following the most outstanding auscultative characteristics. A procedure for medical appraisal of acoustic properties is proposed. The BF-1 sthetophonendoscope manufactured by the Nizhny-Tagil medical instruments plant is recommended to serve as a model one.", "PMID": 1027964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4635", "title": "[Longitudinal radioisotope tomograph].", "content": "To-day the construction of an apparatus for longitudinal emissive tomography has become a problem of great urgency. The designed apparatus, as described herein, is based on the principle of the image superposition method and the results obtained are suggestive of possibilities for its efficient application in diagnosing diseases involving large organs, such as the brain, liver, etc.", "contents": "[Longitudinal radioisotope tomograph]. To-day the construction of an apparatus for longitudinal emissive tomography has become a problem of great urgency. The designed apparatus, as described herein, is based on the principle of the image superposition method and the results obtained are suggestive of possibilities for its efficient application in diagnosing diseases involving large organs, such as the brain, liver, etc.", "PMID": 1027966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4636", "title": "[Increase in the information content of the image of the surface veins by using a television infrascope].", "content": "An enquiry into the possibility of obtaining an infrared image of superficial veins by using a TV infrascope demonstrated this method to be more sensitive by comparison with the IR-photography. The former procedure enables it to obtain a picture of the venous network superior by its informativeness to that obtained with the aid of IR-photography. This justifies recommending the procedure in question for the purpose of diagnosing conditions in which there appear changes in the superficial veins, in particular for diagnosing pregnancy, characterized by a progressive development of venous anastomoses in the region of the mammary glands.", "contents": "[Increase in the information content of the image of the surface veins by using a television infrascope]. An enquiry into the possibility of obtaining an infrared image of superficial veins by using a TV infrascope demonstrated this method to be more sensitive by comparison with the IR-photography. The former procedure enables it to obtain a picture of the venous network superior by its informativeness to that obtained with the aid of IR-photography. This justifies recommending the procedure in question for the purpose of diagnosing conditions in which there appear changes in the superficial veins, in particular for diagnosing pregnancy, characterized by a progressive development of venous anastomoses in the region of the mammary glands.", "PMID": 1027965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4637", "title": "[Methods and modern apparatus for assisted circulation. The basic trends in their development].", "content": "A systematization of methods for assisted circulation, based on the formulation of a concrete procedure, the nature of the deranged or lost function substitution and conditions for effective realization of such a substitution, is offered. This made it possible to classify the equipment for assisted circulation and to analyze the current trends of its further development. The most characteristic automation levels of the equipment under consideration and of generations of some apparatus, differing in the degree of automation, control and monitoring the process of assisted circulation, are presented in the form of tables and pictures.", "contents": "[Methods and modern apparatus for assisted circulation. The basic trends in their development]. A systematization of methods for assisted circulation, based on the formulation of a concrete procedure, the nature of the deranged or lost function substitution and conditions for effective realization of such a substitution, is offered. This made it possible to classify the equipment for assisted circulation and to analyze the current trends of its further development. The most characteristic automation levels of the equipment under consideration and of generations of some apparatus, differing in the degree of automation, control and monitoring the process of assisted circulation, are presented in the form of tables and pictures.", "PMID": 1027972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4638", "title": "[Problems of medical equipment terminology].", "content": "It is recommended to standardize the biomedical engineering terminology by making use of greek latin terminological elements. The designations of biomedical engineering products should include terms featuring the fundamental functions of their technical arrangements, viz. the type of action, the method of examination, the surgical manipulation, the kind of treatment, by retaining the already established clinical terms. The second part in the designation of the technical arrangement should carry the name of the organ, cavity, region and system of the organism, of the tissue, etc, for whose handling the instrument or apparatus is intended.", "contents": "[Problems of medical equipment terminology]. It is recommended to standardize the biomedical engineering terminology by making use of greek latin terminological elements. The designations of biomedical engineering products should include terms featuring the fundamental functions of their technical arrangements, viz. the type of action, the method of examination, the surgical manipulation, the kind of treatment, by retaining the already established clinical terms. The second part in the designation of the technical arrangement should carry the name of the organ, cavity, region and system of the organism, of the tissue, etc, for whose handling the instrument or apparatus is intended.", "PMID": 1027971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4639", "title": "[Presterilization treatment of medical instruments for the purpose of lowering the sterilizing dose of gamma irradiation].", "content": "Preliminary treatment of medical instruments with a 1% sulphochlorantine solution for a period of 3 hours helps greatly reduce their initial contamination, permits it to lower the sterilizing irradiation dose down to 1.5 Mrad and to manufacture radiationally-sterilized medical instruments at any medical instruments plant. The instruments subjected to presterilization treatment in conjunction with radio-resistent irradiation are non-toxic, apyrogenic and free from any functional changes.", "contents": "[Presterilization treatment of medical instruments for the purpose of lowering the sterilizing dose of gamma irradiation]. Preliminary treatment of medical instruments with a 1% sulphochlorantine solution for a period of 3 hours helps greatly reduce their initial contamination, permits it to lower the sterilizing irradiation dose down to 1.5 Mrad and to manufacture radiationally-sterilized medical instruments at any medical instruments plant. The instruments subjected to presterilization treatment in conjunction with radio-resistent irradiation are non-toxic, apyrogenic and free from any functional changes.", "PMID": 1027970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4640", "title": "[Frequency-contrast characteristics of an x-ray image intensifier].", "content": "To analyze intricate roentgeno-diagnostic complexes the need for application of frequency-contrast characteristics (FCC) is generally acknowledged at present. The paper presents a description of procedures used in an experimental definition and analysis of three-dimensional characteristics of roentgen image amplifiers constructed with a roentgen electron-optic converter serving as a base. As a result of an experiment the FCC of individual components of the amplifier have been determined, critical links in the device educed and the summary FCC of all its channels calculated. Possible ways of improving the parameters of the Soviet-made units are indicated.", "contents": "[Frequency-contrast characteristics of an x-ray image intensifier]. To analyze intricate roentgeno-diagnostic complexes the need for application of frequency-contrast characteristics (FCC) is generally acknowledged at present. The paper presents a description of procedures used in an experimental definition and analysis of three-dimensional characteristics of roentgen image amplifiers constructed with a roentgen electron-optic converter serving as a base. As a result of an experiment the FCC of individual components of the amplifier have been determined, critical links in the device educed and the summary FCC of all its channels calculated. Possible ways of improving the parameters of the Soviet-made units are indicated.", "PMID": 1027977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4641", "title": "[Methods of cardiac synchronization in assisted circulation].", "content": "In assisted circulation cardiosynchronization should be regarded as a process of monitoring the arterial blood pressure within the limits of the cardiac cycle and changes of its form with the aim of improving the energy balance of the heart. The coordination of the pumping function and that of the cardio-vascular system comes to a problem of shaping the monitoring action that depends upon three variables, viz. the time lag tepsilon, actuation of the unit relative to the base cardiosignal, duration of the pumping phase  tpi and the signal level at the pump's inlet U(t). A number of researchers consider tepsilon and tpi to be a function of the cardiac contractions period and determine them in different ways, employing for this purpose extrapolation, stochastic characteristics, etc. Of late, in addition to the period of cardiac contractions extremal, mean integral values of the systolic and diastolic pressure, the level of pressure at the instant of the cardiac valves closure and others have also come in use. There are shortcomings in the proposed cardiosynchronization algorhythms: their empiric nature and also the fact that the monitoring action includes merely variables tepsilon and tpi and does not carry function U(t), which reflects the intensity of the pump's operation.", "contents": "[Methods of cardiac synchronization in assisted circulation]. In assisted circulation cardiosynchronization should be regarded as a process of monitoring the arterial blood pressure within the limits of the cardiac cycle and changes of its form with the aim of improving the energy balance of the heart. The coordination of the pumping function and that of the cardio-vascular system comes to a problem of shaping the monitoring action that depends upon three variables, viz. the time lag tepsilon, actuation of the unit relative to the base cardiosignal, duration of the pumping phase  tpi and the signal level at the pump's inlet U(t). A number of researchers consider tepsilon and tpi to be a function of the cardiac contractions period and determine them in different ways, employing for this purpose extrapolation, stochastic characteristics, etc. Of late, in addition to the period of cardiac contractions extremal, mean integral values of the systolic and diastolic pressure, the level of pressure at the instant of the cardiac valves closure and others have also come in use. There are shortcomings in the proposed cardiosynchronization algorhythms: their empiric nature and also the fact that the monitoring action includes merely variables tepsilon and tpi and does not carry function U(t), which reflects the intensity of the pump's operation.", "PMID": 1027983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4642", "title": "[Use of polymethylmethacrylate for intensifying the treatment of steel parts in rotating containers].", "content": "Basic regularities governing the surface dispersion of lwo-carbon grades of steel in a polymer-abrasive medium during treatment of workpieces (the deburring, descaling and rounding of sharp edges) in revolving drum-containers were investigated. Relationships between the amount of the metal scraped off and the consumption of the abrasive filler, on the one hand, and the percentage of the polymer, on the other, as well as the influence exerted by the metal dispersion products and abrasive granules amassing in the containers of these relationships are shown. It is pointed out that the modification of the technological medium by adding polymethylmethacrylate to it helps increase the efficiency of the operation by a factor of two.", "contents": "[Use of polymethylmethacrylate for intensifying the treatment of steel parts in rotating containers]. Basic regularities governing the surface dispersion of lwo-carbon grades of steel in a polymer-abrasive medium during treatment of workpieces (the deburring, descaling and rounding of sharp edges) in revolving drum-containers were investigated. Relationships between the amount of the metal scraped off and the consumption of the abrasive filler, on the one hand, and the percentage of the polymer, on the other, as well as the influence exerted by the metal dispersion products and abrasive granules amassing in the containers of these relationships are shown. It is pointed out that the modification of the technological medium by adding polymethylmethacrylate to it helps increase the efficiency of the operation by a factor of two.", "PMID": 1027981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4643", "title": "[Cryocatheter-tourniquet].", "content": "To simplify the design of the cryo-instrument and to adapt it to the forms and dimensions of the organ undergoing surgery or of any other object a cryocatheter-tourniquet is proposed, where a thin-walled, flexible tube passed in a loop like-manner through the opening of another tube (after the type of a tourniquet), is used as a conduit of the cooling agent. The loop out on the object to be operated upon forms the working part of the cryosurgical appliance.", "contents": "[Cryocatheter-tourniquet]. To simplify the design of the cryo-instrument and to adapt it to the forms and dimensions of the organ undergoing surgery or of any other object a cryocatheter-tourniquet is proposed, where a thin-walled, flexible tube passed in a loop like-manner through the opening of another tube (after the type of a tourniquet), is used as a conduit of the cooling agent. The loop out on the object to be operated upon forms the working part of the cryosurgical appliance.", "PMID": 1027986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4644", "title": "Effect of catecholaminergic drugs on epileptogenic properties of the caudate nucleus.", "content": "Drugs stimulating catecholaminergic transmission (dopa, apomorphine, amphetamine, and their combination with disulfiram) weakened the epileptogenic properties of the caudate nucleus in freely moving rats. Under the influence of these drugs the cortical electroencephalographic response to single stimulation of the nucleus was shortened in animals receiving subconbulsant doses of leptazol and the intensity of the spike-wave rhythm bound with repeated caudate stimuli was reduced. Conversely, inhibitors of catecholaminergic transmission (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, alpha-methyltyrosine, and disulfiram) potentiated the epileptogenic effects of the caudate nucleus.", "contents": "Effect of catecholaminergic drugs on epileptogenic properties of the caudate nucleus. Drugs stimulating catecholaminergic transmission (dopa, apomorphine, amphetamine, and their combination with disulfiram) weakened the epileptogenic properties of the caudate nucleus in freely moving rats. Under the influence of these drugs the cortical electroencephalographic response to single stimulation of the nucleus was shortened in animals receiving subconbulsant doses of leptazol and the intensity of the spike-wave rhythm bound with repeated caudate stimuli was reduced. Conversely, inhibitors of catecholaminergic transmission (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, alpha-methyltyrosine, and disulfiram) potentiated the epileptogenic effects of the caudate nucleus.", "PMID": 1027994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4645", "title": "Functional organization of sleep states in normal and brain-damaged infants.", "content": "A polygraphic investigation was made of daytime sleep in healthy infants with analysis of the EEG, oculogram, muscle tone, fluctuations in skin resistance, respiration, ECG, rheoencephalogram, and rheogram of the leg. Infants with cerebral palsy of perinatal genesis were investigated by the same method. The results showed that in early infancy it is possible to distinguish the basic stages of slow sleep and the stage of fast sleep, although the electroencephalographic experssion of these stages in infants has special features of its own. The age dynamics of the polygraphic picture of sleep shows that the electroencephalographic, autonomic, and motor components of sleep, although clearly coordinated in the various stages, have at the same time considerable autonomy. This is confirmed by the results obtained by analysis of the cerebral pathology. The need for adequate assessment of this complex function in order to elucidate the physiological nature of sleep is emphasized.", "contents": "Functional organization of sleep states in normal and brain-damaged infants. A polygraphic investigation was made of daytime sleep in healthy infants with analysis of the EEG, oculogram, muscle tone, fluctuations in skin resistance, respiration, ECG, rheoencephalogram, and rheogram of the leg. Infants with cerebral palsy of perinatal genesis were investigated by the same method. The results showed that in early infancy it is possible to distinguish the basic stages of slow sleep and the stage of fast sleep, although the electroencephalographic experssion of these stages in infants has special features of its own. The age dynamics of the polygraphic picture of sleep shows that the electroencephalographic, autonomic, and motor components of sleep, although clearly coordinated in the various stages, have at the same time considerable autonomy. This is confirmed by the results obtained by analysis of the cerebral pathology. The need for adequate assessment of this complex function in order to elucidate the physiological nature of sleep is emphasized.", "PMID": 1027996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4646", "title": "State of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system in rabbits with anaphylactic shock.", "content": "The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system of rabbits with anaphylactic shock was investigated by morphometric and histochemical methods. The volumes of the perikarya were increased and the dimensions of the nuclei and nuclei of the neurosecretory cells were reduced, and the content of neurosecretory substance throughout the neurosecretory system was increased. In rabbits dying from shock the volumes of the nuclei and nuclei were reduced by a lesser degree, the dimensions of the perikarya were changed, and the content of neurosecretory substance in the posterior lobe of the pituitary was reduced. In animals surviving shock the synthesis of neurohormones by the neurosecretory cells was thus sharply stimulated, but liberation of neurohormones from the posterior lobe was inhibited. In aminals dying from shock hormone formation in the neurosecretory cells was stimulated to a lesser degree, but the processes of liberation of neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary were probably intensified.", "contents": "State of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system in rabbits with anaphylactic shock. The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system of rabbits with anaphylactic shock was investigated by morphometric and histochemical methods. The volumes of the perikarya were increased and the dimensions of the nuclei and nuclei of the neurosecretory cells were reduced, and the content of neurosecretory substance throughout the neurosecretory system was increased. In rabbits dying from shock the volumes of the nuclei and nuclei were reduced by a lesser degree, the dimensions of the perikarya were changed, and the content of neurosecretory substance in the posterior lobe of the pituitary was reduced. In animals surviving shock the synthesis of neurohormones by the neurosecretory cells was thus sharply stimulated, but liberation of neurohormones from the posterior lobe was inhibited. In aminals dying from shock hormone formation in the neurosecretory cells was stimulated to a lesser degree, but the processes of liberation of neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary were probably intensified.", "PMID": 1027993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4647", "title": "Mechanism of visual perception of movement.", "content": "We here present a logical mathematical model for the visual perception of movement in man; it is based on the treatment of signals in the retina in relation to time and distance and on the statistical theory of the separation of signal from noise in the visual system. It shows good agreement with experimental results and has made it possible to determine the comparative level of internal noise of the visual system, the mean rate of spread of excitation from the photoreceptors along the surface of the retina, and many other characteristics.", "contents": "Mechanism of visual perception of movement. We here present a logical mathematical model for the visual perception of movement in man; it is based on the treatment of signals in the retina in relation to time and distance and on the statistical theory of the separation of signal from noise in the visual system. It shows good agreement with experimental results and has made it possible to determine the comparative level of internal noise of the visual system, the mean rate of spread of excitation from the photoreceptors along the surface of the retina, and many other characteristics.", "PMID": 1027998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4648", "title": "Multiplication of the late slow component of the evoked potential to light during chlorpromazine administration.", "content": "In experiments on unanesthetized rabbits with electrodes permanently implanted into various brain formations the effect of chlorpromazine was studied on the phenomenon of multiplication of the late slow component of the evoked potential to flashes of light applied at a frequency of 1 Hz, some of which were given simultaneously with electric shocks to the hind limb. Chlorpromazine was found to reduce the multiplication of the slow component to flashes applied without electric shocks and to facilitate the reduplication of this component to flashes applied along with the nociceptive stimulation. In the discussion of the results a role of adrenergic structures is postulated in the formation of the defensive action acceptor, one of the most important and crucial mechanisms of the functional system.", "contents": "Multiplication of the late slow component of the evoked potential to light during chlorpromazine administration. In experiments on unanesthetized rabbits with electrodes permanently implanted into various brain formations the effect of chlorpromazine was studied on the phenomenon of multiplication of the late slow component of the evoked potential to flashes of light applied at a frequency of 1 Hz, some of which were given simultaneously with electric shocks to the hind limb. Chlorpromazine was found to reduce the multiplication of the slow component to flashes applied without electric shocks and to facilitate the reduplication of this component to flashes applied along with the nociceptive stimulation. In the discussion of the results a role of adrenergic structures is postulated in the formation of the defensive action acceptor, one of the most important and crucial mechanisms of the functional system.", "PMID": 1027995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4649", "title": "Some features of the medium surrounding the mechano- and electroreceptors of the acousticolateral system of the ray Raja clavata.", "content": "The degree of binding of K ions has been investigated and the contents of free Ca ions and of glycosaminoglycans have been determined in the medium surrounding the mechano- and electroreceptors of the acousticolateral system of the ray Raja clavata; in addition, electrical phenomena in solutions of K hyaluronate in solutions of the media investigated have been studied. A comparison of the results of electrometric and chemical analysis has shown that the proportions of bound K ions as percentages of the total amounts of these ions are 36.4 in the endolymphatic jelly, 39.6 in the ampullar jelly, and 21.9 in the liquid of the lateral canals. The amount of Ca ions in the media investigated is 3.6-4.4 meq/liter and is close to the concentration of these ions in sea water--3.4 meq/liter. In the endolymphatic jelly the amount of glycosaminoglycans is 0.30+/-0.022% of the wet weight, in the liquid of the lateral canals 0.21+/-0.026%, and in the jelly of the ampullae of Lorenzini 2.79+/-0.28%. Some characteristics of the \"displacement potentials\" of solutions of K hyaluronate and solutions of the jelly of the ampullae of Lorenzini have been determined, and some hypotheses have been put forward on the possible role of these potentials in the activity of the ampullar formations of the systems of organs of the lateral line.", "contents": "Some features of the medium surrounding the mechano- and electroreceptors of the acousticolateral system of the ray Raja clavata. The degree of binding of K ions has been investigated and the contents of free Ca ions and of glycosaminoglycans have been determined in the medium surrounding the mechano- and electroreceptors of the acousticolateral system of the ray Raja clavata; in addition, electrical phenomena in solutions of K hyaluronate in solutions of the media investigated have been studied. A comparison of the results of electrometric and chemical analysis has shown that the proportions of bound K ions as percentages of the total amounts of these ions are 36.4 in the endolymphatic jelly, 39.6 in the ampullar jelly, and 21.9 in the liquid of the lateral canals. The amount of Ca ions in the media investigated is 3.6-4.4 meq/liter and is close to the concentration of these ions in sea water--3.4 meq/liter. In the endolymphatic jelly the amount of glycosaminoglycans is 0.30+/-0.022% of the wet weight, in the liquid of the lateral canals 0.21+/-0.026%, and in the jelly of the ampullae of Lorenzini 2.79+/-0.28%. Some characteristics of the \"displacement potentials\" of solutions of K hyaluronate and solutions of the jelly of the ampullae of Lorenzini have been determined, and some hypotheses have been put forward on the possible role of these potentials in the activity of the ampullar formations of the systems of organs of the lateral line.", "PMID": 1027999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4650", "title": "Activity of the neurons of the medial region of the septum of the rabbit brain in early ontogenesis.", "content": "In rabbits aged from seven days to two and a half months the activity of individual cells of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (NDB) and of the medial nuclei of the septum (MNS) of the brain and the EEG of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) - the CA2-CA3 zones - have been recorded simultaneously. It has been found that the specific (burst) activity of the neurons of the septum appears first on the 8th-11th day of the background of the action of eserine. The distinct bimodal nature of the histograms of the interimpulse intervals characteristic of the burst sequence of distribution of the potentials appears only from an age of 14 days. The deficient nature of impulse-formation of the NDB and of the MNS is acquired at about the 20th day of life. A parallel evolution of the impulse activity of the cells of the medial region of the septum and the synchronized activity of the hippocampus in ontogenesis is traced. The formation of the theta activity correlates with an increase in frequency of the burst activity of the neurons of the septum connected with an increase in the mean frequency of impulse formation of the cells, the concentration of the impulses into a packet, and the growth of the regularity of the burst discharges with age.", "contents": "Activity of the neurons of the medial region of the septum of the rabbit brain in early ontogenesis. In rabbits aged from seven days to two and a half months the activity of individual cells of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (NDB) and of the medial nuclei of the septum (MNS) of the brain and the EEG of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) - the CA2-CA3 zones - have been recorded simultaneously. It has been found that the specific (burst) activity of the neurons of the septum appears first on the 8th-11th day of the background of the action of eserine. The distinct bimodal nature of the histograms of the interimpulse intervals characteristic of the burst sequence of distribution of the potentials appears only from an age of 14 days. The deficient nature of impulse-formation of the NDB and of the MNS is acquired at about the 20th day of life. A parallel evolution of the impulse activity of the cells of the medial region of the septum and the synchronized activity of the hippocampus in ontogenesis is traced. The formation of the theta activity correlates with an increase in frequency of the burst activity of the neurons of the septum connected with an increase in the mean frequency of impulse formation of the cells, the concentration of the impulses into a packet, and the growth of the regularity of the burst discharges with age.", "PMID": 1028000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4651", "title": "[Dyssymmetrical cytotomy and orientation of the spindles in early isolated blastomeres of gastropod molluscs].", "content": "While removing the vitelline membrane mechanically or by trypsinization, one or two blastomeres were isolated from two-, four- and eight-celled embryos Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa fontinalis and Ph. acuta. If a pair of blastomeres was isolated prior to the formation of the III and IV cleavage spindles, it became similar to a two-cell embryo; the spindles oriented in parallel to each other and the contact zone of blastomeres preserving the previous localization of the nuclei and the subsequent division was equal. If a pair of blastomeres was isolated in metaphase, the localization of spindles did not change and the relative size of sister blastomeres after the subsequent division resembled the normal size (in particular, the III division was unequal). In the course of division of isolated single blastomeres, as well as pairs of blastomeres with parallel spindles, mutual turns of sister cells along the plane of new furrow, always dexiotropic in Lymnaea and laetropic in Physa, were observed in all cycles. The ability of dissymmetrical invariant turns during cytotomy, shown earlier when studying the whole embryos, is, thus, inherent to each blastomere irrespective of the neighbour ones but is supressed during the normal development after the III division mechanically due to the dense cellular packing projected by the orientation of spindles.", "contents": "[Dyssymmetrical cytotomy and orientation of the spindles in early isolated blastomeres of gastropod molluscs]. While removing the vitelline membrane mechanically or by trypsinization, one or two blastomeres were isolated from two-, four- and eight-celled embryos Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa fontinalis and Ph. acuta. If a pair of blastomeres was isolated prior to the formation of the III and IV cleavage spindles, it became similar to a two-cell embryo; the spindles oriented in parallel to each other and the contact zone of blastomeres preserving the previous localization of the nuclei and the subsequent division was equal. If a pair of blastomeres was isolated in metaphase, the localization of spindles did not change and the relative size of sister blastomeres after the subsequent division resembled the normal size (in particular, the III division was unequal). In the course of division of isolated single blastomeres, as well as pairs of blastomeres with parallel spindles, mutual turns of sister cells along the plane of new furrow, always dexiotropic in Lymnaea and laetropic in Physa, were observed in all cycles. The ability of dissymmetrical invariant turns during cytotomy, shown earlier when studying the whole embryos, is, thus, inherent to each blastomere irrespective of the neighbour ones but is supressed during the normal development after the III division mechanically due to the dense cellular packing projected by the orientation of spindles.", "PMID": 1028007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4652", "title": "Submicroscopic localization of H3-noradrenaline in the hypothalamus.", "content": "The submicroscopic localization of H3-noradrenaline in the periventricular region of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat was investigated. It was shown that the largest concentration of the label is detected in the neuroglia of the subependymal layers, where the label is detected above the terminals of the axons with two types of vesicles and along the path of the axons above the microtubules. More rarely the label is encountered above the terminals with one type of synaptic vesicle and above cells of the neurosecretory type, similar in ultrastructure to cells of the arcuate nucleus. In the ependymal layer the label is localized above the cells and intercellular spaces. The results of the work are discussed in connection with the modern data on the fluorescence of the catecholamines of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Submicroscopic localization of H3-noradrenaline in the hypothalamus. The submicroscopic localization of H3-noradrenaline in the periventricular region of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat was investigated. It was shown that the largest concentration of the label is detected in the neuroglia of the subependymal layers, where the label is detected above the terminals of the axons with two types of vesicles and along the path of the axons above the microtubules. More rarely the label is encountered above the terminals with one type of synaptic vesicle and above cells of the neurosecretory type, similar in ultrastructure to cells of the arcuate nucleus. In the ependymal layer the label is localized above the cells and intercellular spaces. The results of the work are discussed in connection with the modern data on the fluorescence of the catecholamines of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1027997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4653", "title": "[Expression of the paternal genes for lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase in the development of hybrid fish between species from the families of Cobitidae and Cyprinidae].", "content": "The time of expression of the paternal genes of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was investigated in the development of fish hybrids. The species which differed by the thermostability of homologous enzymes were selected as parental pairs. The appearance of differences in the thermostability of homologous enzymes between the hybrids and the maternal species suggested the beginning of paternal enzyme synthesis in the hybrid embryos. Differences in the AChE thermostability appeared simultaneously with the enzyme activity at the stage of first muscle contractions (35 hrs of development), differences in the mitochondrial GDH thermostability appeared at the stage of hatching (50-60 hrs) and those in the LDH thermostability 12-17 days after hatching. The total activity of AChE and GDH sharply increased during the period of the paternal enzyme appearance whereas the activity of LDH suffered practically no changes. Differences in the AChE thermostability between the hybrids and the maternal species are the same for both the total AChE (in supernatant, 15,000 gX10 min.) and the solubilised AChE (in supernatant, 130,000 gX60 min.). AChE of the parental species and the hybrids have the same electrophoretic mobility. The differences in the thermostability of enzymes are preserved following the electrophoresis in polyacrilamide gel.", "contents": "[Expression of the paternal genes for lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase in the development of hybrid fish between species from the families of Cobitidae and Cyprinidae]. The time of expression of the paternal genes of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was investigated in the development of fish hybrids. The species which differed by the thermostability of homologous enzymes were selected as parental pairs. The appearance of differences in the thermostability of homologous enzymes between the hybrids and the maternal species suggested the beginning of paternal enzyme synthesis in the hybrid embryos. Differences in the AChE thermostability appeared simultaneously with the enzyme activity at the stage of first muscle contractions (35 hrs of development), differences in the mitochondrial GDH thermostability appeared at the stage of hatching (50-60 hrs) and those in the LDH thermostability 12-17 days after hatching. The total activity of AChE and GDH sharply increased during the period of the paternal enzyme appearance whereas the activity of LDH suffered practically no changes. Differences in the AChE thermostability between the hybrids and the maternal species are the same for both the total AChE (in supernatant, 15,000 gX10 min.) and the solubilised AChE (in supernatant, 130,000 gX60 min.). AChE of the parental species and the hybrids have the same electrophoretic mobility. The differences in the thermostability of enzymes are preserved following the electrophoresis in polyacrilamide gel.", "PMID": 1028008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4654", "title": "The spectrum of the calling signals, phonotaxis, and the auditory system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.", "content": "In behavioral experiments with a Y labyrinth it was shown that phonotaxis in the female crickets in respect to the calling signals (CS) of the males depends on the spectrum of the signal. The necessary and sufficient condition for development of normal phonotaxis is the preservation of the first, low-frequenct (LF) component of the spectrum (5kHz). Signals with a time pattern identical to that of a CS but with a spectrum containing only the high-frequency (HF) component (12.5 kHz) do not evoke phonotaxis. HF signals in the frequency-range 10-40 kHz evoke negative phonotaxis in females under conditions of \"tethered flight\". In the auditory system of the crickets, beginning with the tympanal organ, there is a clear separation of the elements effecting LF and HF signals. Two types of ascending interneurons transmitting acoustic information from the primary auditory center to the brain are described in detail. The first is connected primarily with LF receptors and transmits clearly all the time-dependent characteristics of the CS most important for recognition. The second apparently participates in the production of negative phonotaxis. It is connected primarily with HF receptors, has considerable after-effect and also raises sensitivity to sounds of low intensity, emphasizes the initial moment in the effect of a stimulus, and \"habituates\" rapidly to repeated stimulations.", "contents": "The spectrum of the calling signals, phonotaxis, and the auditory system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. In behavioral experiments with a Y labyrinth it was shown that phonotaxis in the female crickets in respect to the calling signals (CS) of the males depends on the spectrum of the signal. The necessary and sufficient condition for development of normal phonotaxis is the preservation of the first, low-frequenct (LF) component of the spectrum (5kHz). Signals with a time pattern identical to that of a CS but with a spectrum containing only the high-frequency (HF) component (12.5 kHz) do not evoke phonotaxis. HF signals in the frequency-range 10-40 kHz evoke negative phonotaxis in females under conditions of \"tethered flight\". In the auditory system of the crickets, beginning with the tympanal organ, there is a clear separation of the elements effecting LF and HF signals. Two types of ascending interneurons transmitting acoustic information from the primary auditory center to the brain are described in detail. The first is connected primarily with LF receptors and transmits clearly all the time-dependent characteristics of the CS most important for recognition. The second apparently participates in the production of negative phonotaxis. It is connected primarily with HF receptors, has considerable after-effect and also raises sensitivity to sounds of low intensity, emphasizes the initial moment in the effect of a stimulus, and \"habituates\" rapidly to repeated stimulations.", "PMID": 1028002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4655", "title": "[Pathways of terminal erythrocyte differentiation in birds. An analysis of the intermediate forms].", "content": "The erythropoiesis during anemia is characterized by the reduction of the bone marrow period of cell development. Two immature forms, absent in the normal state, were shown to be present under anemia: basophilic erythroblasts and reticulocytes with basophilic cytoplasm. These forms are interposed between the bone marrow basophilic erythroblasts and erythrocytes. Some basophilic erythroblasts turn out in the peripheral blood and transform into basophilic reticulocytes there. The level of transcription in anemic animals during the transformation of basophilic erythroblasts into basophilic reticulocytes does not decrease and is higher than that in polychromatophilic erythroblasts. The total chromatin condensation does not reflect the decrease of the transcription level.", "contents": "[Pathways of terminal erythrocyte differentiation in birds. An analysis of the intermediate forms]. The erythropoiesis during anemia is characterized by the reduction of the bone marrow period of cell development. Two immature forms, absent in the normal state, were shown to be present under anemia: basophilic erythroblasts and reticulocytes with basophilic cytoplasm. These forms are interposed between the bone marrow basophilic erythroblasts and erythrocytes. Some basophilic erythroblasts turn out in the peripheral blood and transform into basophilic reticulocytes there. The level of transcription in anemic animals during the transformation of basophilic erythroblasts into basophilic reticulocytes does not decrease and is higher than that in polychromatophilic erythroblasts. The total chromatin condensation does not reflect the decrease of the transcription level.", "PMID": 1028009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4656", "title": "[DNA synthesis in the brain and liver of rats in various stages of postnatal development].", "content": "The intensity of incorporation of 3H- and 14C-thymidine in the brain and liver DNA in rats of different ages was investigated. It was proved that both the replicative and oxyurea-resistant DNA synthesis might proceed in the rat brain cells. The intensity of these processes changes sharply during postnatal development.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis in the brain and liver of rats in various stages of postnatal development]. The intensity of incorporation of 3H- and 14C-thymidine in the brain and liver DNA in rats of different ages was investigated. It was proved that both the replicative and oxyurea-resistant DNA synthesis might proceed in the rat brain cells. The intensity of these processes changes sharply during postnatal development.", "PMID": 1028010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4657", "title": "[Morphological, cytochemical and radioautographic analysis of the development of a population of mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb in prenatal ontogeny].", "content": "The dynamics of DNA synthesis, its ratio to the proliferative activity and changes in the amount of genetic material in mitral cells of the white rat olfactory bulb during prenatal ontogenesis, as well as in newborn rats are considered. The lengthening of G2-phase, decrease of mitotic activity and increase of DNA content in the nuclei of forming mitral cells were shown to occur in the period from 18 till 20 days of embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Morphological, cytochemical and radioautographic analysis of the development of a population of mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb in prenatal ontogeny]. The dynamics of DNA synthesis, its ratio to the proliferative activity and changes in the amount of genetic material in mitral cells of the white rat olfactory bulb during prenatal ontogenesis, as well as in newborn rats are considered. The lengthening of G2-phase, decrease of mitotic activity and increase of DNA content in the nuclei of forming mitral cells were shown to occur in the period from 18 till 20 days of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1028011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4658", "title": "Effect of a unilateral cortical lesion on the monoamine content in the cat brain.", "content": "The serotonin and noradrenalin content in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon was investigated spectrofluorometrically in 12 cats on the 5th-6th day after the production of a pathological focus in the region of the occipital cortex. Diffuse changes of brain activity were recorded on the EEG at this period: spike-like waves and slow waves of increased amplitude. A considerable increase in the serotonin concentration was observed in the cortex, with the effect predominant in the region immediately adjacent to the pathological focus. A tendency for the serotonin level to fall was observed in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon. The noradrenalin concentration in these brain structures showed no significant change. The role of serotoninergic structures of the brain in the mechanisms responsible for restoring the functional state of the brain after experimental injury is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of a unilateral cortical lesion on the monoamine content in the cat brain. The serotonin and noradrenalin content in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon was investigated spectrofluorometrically in 12 cats on the 5th-6th day after the production of a pathological focus in the region of the occipital cortex. Diffuse changes of brain activity were recorded on the EEG at this period: spike-like waves and slow waves of increased amplitude. A considerable increase in the serotonin concentration was observed in the cortex, with the effect predominant in the region immediately adjacent to the pathological focus. A tendency for the serotonin level to fall was observed in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon. The noradrenalin concentration in these brain structures showed no significant change. The role of serotoninergic structures of the brain in the mechanisms responsible for restoring the functional state of the brain after experimental injury is discussed.", "PMID": 1028001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4659", "title": "[Localization of aldolase activity in the embryos of loach].", "content": "The activity of aldolase was determined in different parts of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryo at the stages from the formation of axial organs till the beginning of embryonic movements (from 19 till 38 hrs of development at 21.5 degrees). In all parts of the embryo, the activity of aldolase at first decreased (21-23 hrs) and then increased. The region of somites is characterized by the highest absolute and specific activity at all developmental stages. The increase in the number of somites is accompanied by the fall and subsequent rise of aldolase activity. In the somites of different degree of differentiation, the enzyme activity changes in a similar way. Hence, there is no correlation between the morphological and biochemical differentiation of somites. Differences in the specific aldolase activity between the anterior and posterior halves of the embryo and the regions of head, somites and tail were found at the stages of 19-23 hrs of development. The maternal aldolase only is present at these stages, as was shown earlier. It means that the early stages of biochemical differentiation may be realized not by means of differential activation of genes controlling the enzyme, but by means of regylation of translation on the templates stored in oogenesis.", "contents": "[Localization of aldolase activity in the embryos of loach]. The activity of aldolase was determined in different parts of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryo at the stages from the formation of axial organs till the beginning of embryonic movements (from 19 till 38 hrs of development at 21.5 degrees). In all parts of the embryo, the activity of aldolase at first decreased (21-23 hrs) and then increased. The region of somites is characterized by the highest absolute and specific activity at all developmental stages. The increase in the number of somites is accompanied by the fall and subsequent rise of aldolase activity. In the somites of different degree of differentiation, the enzyme activity changes in a similar way. Hence, there is no correlation between the morphological and biochemical differentiation of somites. Differences in the specific aldolase activity between the anterior and posterior halves of the embryo and the regions of head, somites and tail were found at the stages of 19-23 hrs of development. The maternal aldolase only is present at these stages, as was shown earlier. It means that the early stages of biochemical differentiation may be realized not by means of differential activation of genes controlling the enzyme, but by means of regylation of translation on the templates stored in oogenesis.", "PMID": 1028012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4660", "title": "[Effect of metopirone and glucocorticoids on the glycogen content in the adrenals of rat fetuses].", "content": "Metopiron, hydrocortisone and dexamethazone are able to influence different links of the hypothalamo-hypohysial-adrenal system and induce the inhibition of glucocorticoid function. Changes in glycogen content in the adrenal gland and liver of rat foetuses under the effect of the drugs in question were studied. It was shown that metopiron exerted no marked influence on the level of glycogen in the adrenal gland and decreased 2.5 times that in the liver. On the contrary, hydrocortisone and dexamethazone increased the glycogen content 2 times in the adrenal gland and did not change that in the liver. The results obtained agree with the hypothesis on the relation between the glycogen level in the adrenal gland and the level of its hormonal activity and are considered as an additional proof of the functioning of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal system during the last days of the rat prenatal development.", "contents": "[Effect of metopirone and glucocorticoids on the glycogen content in the adrenals of rat fetuses]. Metopiron, hydrocortisone and dexamethazone are able to influence different links of the hypothalamo-hypohysial-adrenal system and induce the inhibition of glucocorticoid function. Changes in glycogen content in the adrenal gland and liver of rat foetuses under the effect of the drugs in question were studied. It was shown that metopiron exerted no marked influence on the level of glycogen in the adrenal gland and decreased 2.5 times that in the liver. On the contrary, hydrocortisone and dexamethazone increased the glycogen content 2 times in the adrenal gland and did not change that in the liver. The results obtained agree with the hypothesis on the relation between the glycogen level in the adrenal gland and the level of its hormonal activity and are considered as an additional proof of the functioning of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal system during the last days of the rat prenatal development.", "PMID": 1028013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4661", "title": "Functional characteristics of stretch receptors of flight apparatus of cockroach Periplaneta americana.", "content": "The functional characteristics of the stretch receptors of the wing joints of Periplaneta americana were examined and the possible functional role of these receptors in the maintenance of a stable rhythm of flight is discussed. The stretch receptors of the wing joints are of the phasic-tonic type, with slow and incomplete adaptation by the receptors which discharge upon movement of the wing upward. The nature of the impulse response of a receptor depends both on the angle and the rate of movement of the wing membrane. The arrangement of a hypothetical pacemaker of the insect's wing beats is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Functional characteristics of stretch receptors of flight apparatus of cockroach Periplaneta americana. The functional characteristics of the stretch receptors of the wing joints of Periplaneta americana were examined and the possible functional role of these receptors in the maintenance of a stable rhythm of flight is discussed. The stretch receptors of the wing joints are of the phasic-tonic type, with slow and incomplete adaptation by the receptors which discharge upon movement of the wing upward. The nature of the impulse response of a receptor depends both on the angle and the rate of movement of the wing membrane. The arrangement of a hypothetical pacemaker of the insect's wing beats is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 1028003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4662", "title": "[2 unusual cases of early embryogenesis].", "content": "Two unusual cases of early embryogenesis are described: a giant cleaving egg and the presence of two generations of embryos in the genital tract of a female--at the stage of implantation and at the stage of two blastomeres. The ability of development of the second generation was tested in vitro experiments.", "contents": "[2 unusual cases of early embryogenesis]. Two unusual cases of early embryogenesis are described: a giant cleaving egg and the presence of two generations of embryos in the genital tract of a female--at the stage of implantation and at the stage of two blastomeres. The ability of development of the second generation was tested in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 1028015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4663", "title": "Inhibition of visceral pain by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter.", "content": "Numerous recent studies demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter (PGM) can result in powerful analgesia to pain of somatic origin. In the present study, we have developed a visceral pain test employing intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline which yields a writhing response in the adult rat more reliably than other pain-producing substances. With this test we show that writhing as well as the response to radiant heat (tail flick test) are completely inhibited in all animals with PGM electrode placements.", "contents": "Inhibition of visceral pain by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter. Numerous recent studies demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter (PGM) can result in powerful analgesia to pain of somatic origin. In the present study, we have developed a visceral pain test employing intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline which yields a writhing response in the adult rat more reliably than other pain-producing substances. With this test we show that writhing as well as the response to radiant heat (tail flick test) are completely inhibited in all animals with PGM electrode placements.", "PMID": 1028018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4664", "title": "Responses of intradental nerves to chemical and osmotic stimulation of dentine in the cat.", "content": "Recordings have been made of the neural responses evoked by stimulation of dentine with solutions of NaCl, NH4Cl and dextrose. Stimulation of the outer dentine produced no response. From the inner dentine, a smaller number of impulses were recorded with solutions of NaCl than with corresponding concentrations of NH4Cl, but a much larger number than with solutions of dextrose. The discharge evoked by a solution increased in mean frequency and decreased in latency as the thickness of dentine was reduced. The responses suggest that the receptors were in the innermost dentine or the pulp and that they were excited by changes in extracellular fluid composition rather than by osmotic effects. The properties of the receptors appear to be different from those involved in pain from dentine in man.", "contents": "Responses of intradental nerves to chemical and osmotic stimulation of dentine in the cat. Recordings have been made of the neural responses evoked by stimulation of dentine with solutions of NaCl, NH4Cl and dextrose. Stimulation of the outer dentine produced no response. From the inner dentine, a smaller number of impulses were recorded with solutions of NaCl than with corresponding concentrations of NH4Cl, but a much larger number than with solutions of dextrose. The discharge evoked by a solution increased in mean frequency and decreased in latency as the thickness of dentine was reduced. The responses suggest that the receptors were in the innermost dentine or the pulp and that they were excited by changes in extracellular fluid composition rather than by osmotic effects. The properties of the receptors appear to be different from those involved in pain from dentine in man.", "PMID": 1028019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4665", "title": "Illness behaviour syndromes associated with intractable pain.", "content": "One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial, and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were subjected to numerical analysis and 6 taxonomic clusters were identified. Patients in groups 1-3 were characterized by a relatively non-neurotic, reality-oriented attitude to illness, as indicated by low scores on the first three scales. Patients in groups 4-6 manifested greater evidence of 'abnormal illness behaviour', and presented syndromes resembling 'hysteria', 'conversion reaction', and 'hypothchondriasis' respectively.", "contents": "Illness behaviour syndromes associated with intractable pain. One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial, and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were subjected to numerical analysis and 6 taxonomic clusters were identified. Patients in groups 1-3 were characterized by a relatively non-neurotic, reality-oriented attitude to illness, as indicated by low scores on the first three scales. Patients in groups 4-6 manifested greater evidence of 'abnormal illness behaviour', and presented syndromes resembling 'hysteria', 'conversion reaction', and 'hypothchondriasis' respectively.", "PMID": 1028021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4666", "title": "Words of chronic pain.", "content": "An analysis of the language of pain complaints, employing categories of descriptors, was used to determine if chronic pain of either psychiatric of organic origin might be depicted in terms specific for the disease. The complaints of 128 patients with chronic pain were studied for characteristic patterns. Patients with pain of organic etiology used sensory-thermal (e.g., hot, burning) words more frequently than those with pain of psychiatric origin. Female patients with pain attributed to anxiety used sensor-temporal words (e.g., throbbing) more frequently than those with other psychiatric diagnoses. There was also a statistically significant preponderance of pain on the left when the groups of patients with physical and psychological illness were combined.", "contents": "Words of chronic pain. An analysis of the language of pain complaints, employing categories of descriptors, was used to determine if chronic pain of either psychiatric of organic origin might be depicted in terms specific for the disease. The complaints of 128 patients with chronic pain were studied for characteristic patterns. Patients with pain of organic etiology used sensory-thermal (e.g., hot, burning) words more frequently than those with pain of psychiatric origin. Female patients with pain attributed to anxiety used sensor-temporal words (e.g., throbbing) more frequently than those with other psychiatric diagnoses. There was also a statistically significant preponderance of pain on the left when the groups of patients with physical and psychological illness were combined.", "PMID": 1028022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4667", "title": "Differential effect of morphine on trigeminal nucleus versus reticular aversive stimulation: independence of negative effects from stimulation parameters.", "content": "Electrodes were implanted in mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, and in spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract of rats. Central and peripheral aversive response thresholds  were studied under normal conditions and with morphine. Peripherally elicited aversive reactions were assessed with tail-flick, hot-plate, and footshock responses. Centrally elicited aversive reaction thresholds were in all cases based on unconditioned behavioral distress signs (non-stereotyped, escape-like movements, vocalization, freezing, excretion, etc.) and confirmed in some cases with avoidance learning. Morphine (10 mg/kg) elevated the unconditioned aversive reaction threshold for brain stimulation in the trigeminal complex and for peripheral aversive stimulation, but failed to affect the thresholds for reticular brain stimulation. The failure to affect reticular thresholds was independent of stimulation frequency. Thresholds for 5 and 200 Hz sinusoidal stimulation were both unaffected as were previously reported thresholds with 333 Hz pulsatile stimulation. Trigeminal nucleus and tract stimulation were affected in similar degrees. The data were discussed as supporting descending inhibitory models of opiate analgesia.", "contents": "Differential effect of morphine on trigeminal nucleus versus reticular aversive stimulation: independence of negative effects from stimulation parameters. Electrodes were implanted in mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, and in spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract of rats. Central and peripheral aversive response thresholds  were studied under normal conditions and with morphine. Peripherally elicited aversive reactions were assessed with tail-flick, hot-plate, and footshock responses. Centrally elicited aversive reaction thresholds were in all cases based on unconditioned behavioral distress signs (non-stereotyped, escape-like movements, vocalization, freezing, excretion, etc.) and confirmed in some cases with avoidance learning. Morphine (10 mg/kg) elevated the unconditioned aversive reaction threshold for brain stimulation in the trigeminal complex and for peripheral aversive stimulation, but failed to affect the thresholds for reticular brain stimulation. The failure to affect reticular thresholds was independent of stimulation frequency. Thresholds for 5 and 200 Hz sinusoidal stimulation were both unaffected as were previously reported thresholds with 333 Hz pulsatile stimulation. Trigeminal nucleus and tract stimulation were affected in similar degrees. The data were discussed as supporting descending inhibitory models of opiate analgesia.", "PMID": 1028023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4668", "title": "Modulation of shock-elicited pain by acupuncture and suggestion.", "content": "An experimental investigation of acupuncture's analgesic potency, separated from suggestion effects, is described, in which judgments of shock-elicited pain of the forearm were recorded along two separate scales: intensity and aversiveness. Data from experimental subjects, who received electrical acupunctural stimulation through surface electrodes located over acupuncture points and were given explicit counter-suggestions of sensitization, were compared to those obtained from control subjects, who received such stimulation over incorrect loci and were given explicit suggestions of analgesia. No alterations in the perception of pain intensity, either by acupunctural stimulation or suggestion, could be detected at any time during the experiment, but stimulation of the correct points produced a significant analgesic reduction in aversiveness which was specific to the arm so stimulated, overcame the counter-suggestion of sensitization, and persisted after stimulation was discontinued. No significant reductions were recorded from control subjects. These findings are interpreted in light of other experimental acupuncture research, and of the demonstrated mode of action of analgesics of proven efficacy.", "contents": "Modulation of shock-elicited pain by acupuncture and suggestion. An experimental investigation of acupuncture's analgesic potency, separated from suggestion effects, is described, in which judgments of shock-elicited pain of the forearm were recorded along two separate scales: intensity and aversiveness. Data from experimental subjects, who received electrical acupunctural stimulation through surface electrodes located over acupuncture points and were given explicit counter-suggestions of sensitization, were compared to those obtained from control subjects, who received such stimulation over incorrect loci and were given explicit suggestions of analgesia. No alterations in the perception of pain intensity, either by acupunctural stimulation or suggestion, could be detected at any time during the experiment, but stimulation of the correct points produced a significant analgesic reduction in aversiveness which was specific to the arm so stimulated, overcame the counter-suggestion of sensitization, and persisted after stimulation was discontinued. No significant reductions were recorded from control subjects. These findings are interpreted in light of other experimental acupuncture research, and of the demonstrated mode of action of analgesics of proven efficacy.", "PMID": 1028024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4669", "title": "[Modification of the method of transauricular hypophysectomyA1].", "content": "The authors describe a modification of the method of transauricular hypophysectomy. Anatomical reference-points suggested permit to direct the extractor directly to the gland without any use of additional instruments (goniometers, apparatus for fixation of the animal head, etc.). A detailed description of the course of the operation and of the instruments used is presented.", "contents": "[Modification of the method of transauricular hypophysectomyA1]. The authors describe a modification of the method of transauricular hypophysectomy. Anatomical reference-points suggested permit to direct the extractor directly to the gland without any use of additional instruments (goniometers, apparatus for fixation of the animal head, etc.). A detailed description of the course of the operation and of the instruments used is presented.", "PMID": 1028034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4670", "title": "[Method of study of epidemiology of diabetic angiopathies].", "content": "The authors present a method of a perspective study of the epidemiology of diabetic angiopathies with the use of standardized methods of examination of the cardiovascular system, including the assessment of microangiopathies and also glycemia and lipid metabolism indices in accordance with the WHO recommendations. This method can be used by endocrinologists, therapeutists and physicians of other specialties in studying the factors influencing the development of vascular affections in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Method of study of epidemiology of diabetic angiopathies]. The authors present a method of a perspective study of the epidemiology of diabetic angiopathies with the use of standardized methods of examination of the cardiovascular system, including the assessment of microangiopathies and also glycemia and lipid metabolism indices in accordance with the WHO recommendations. This method can be used by endocrinologists, therapeutists and physicians of other specialties in studying the factors influencing the development of vascular affections in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 1028035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4671", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of selectivity of proteinuria in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A study was made of 43 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus using the method of proteinuria selectivity on polyacrylamide gel. Two types of proteinuria were distinguished: the first type repeated the electrophoregram of the plasma proteins completely or partially, the second type--the selective one--was characterized by excretion of individual plasma proteins. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the method of proteinuria selectivity is discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of selectivity of proteinuria in patients with diabetes mellitus]. A study was made of 43 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus using the method of proteinuria selectivity on polyacrylamide gel. Two types of proteinuria were distinguished: the first type repeated the electrophoregram of the plasma proteins completely or partially, the second type--the selective one--was characterized by excretion of individual plasma proteins. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the method of proteinuria selectivity is discussed.", "PMID": 1028036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4672", "title": "[Androgenic function of the adrenal glands in children with acceleration of the growth and development].", "content": "A study was made of the urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids (sum total and individual fractions) in 65 accelerated children, aged from 7 to 16 years. The information on the excretion of androgenic compounds pointed to an earlier and increased functional activity of the adrenal cortex and gonads in children with acceleration of the growth and development.", "contents": "[Androgenic function of the adrenal glands in children with acceleration of the growth and development]. A study was made of the urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids (sum total and individual fractions) in 65 accelerated children, aged from 7 to 16 years. The information on the excretion of androgenic compounds pointed to an earlier and increased functional activity of the adrenal cortex and gonads in children with acceleration of the growth and development.", "PMID": 1028038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4673", "title": "[Mechanism of the effect of hydrocortisone on the lymphoid cell lipids].", "content": "It was experimentally established that a single administration of hydrocortisone to rabbits in a dose of 50 mg/kg caused a reduction in the lymphoid cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes of triglycerides and free fatty acids; this was accompanied by a fall of total lipids in the cells.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the effect of hydrocortisone on the lymphoid cell lipids]. It was experimentally established that a single administration of hydrocortisone to rabbits in a dose of 50 mg/kg caused a reduction in the lymphoid cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes of triglycerides and free fatty acids; this was accompanied by a fall of total lipids in the cells.", "PMID": 1028044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4674", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on sodium and potassium distribution in the sections of the cerebral cortex of rats after their electric stimulation].", "content": "Sections of the rat brain cortex were incubated in various physiological media using container-electrodes, similar to the McIlwain's type. The shifts of sodium and potassium distribution between the extra- and intracellular spaces of the slices after different stimulation parameters and the subsequent restoration were measured. The administration of hydrocortisone (for 7 days, 5 mg/100 g daily) usually increased the response of the slices to the stimulation in incubation in the glutamate devoid medium. When 0.2--0.5 mM of glutamate was added to the media the effect of hydrocortisone disappeared. Possible physiological significance of the mentioned results is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on sodium and potassium distribution in the sections of the cerebral cortex of rats after their electric stimulation]. Sections of the rat brain cortex were incubated in various physiological media using container-electrodes, similar to the McIlwain's type. The shifts of sodium and potassium distribution between the extra- and intracellular spaces of the slices after different stimulation parameters and the subsequent restoration were measured. The administration of hydrocortisone (for 7 days, 5 mg/100 g daily) usually increased the response of the slices to the stimulation in incubation in the glutamate devoid medium. When 0.2--0.5 mM of glutamate was added to the media the effect of hydrocortisone disappeared. Possible physiological significance of the mentioned results is discussed.", "PMID": 1028045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4675", "title": "[Classification of the main kidney diseases in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In the suggested classification of affections of the kidneys in diabetes mellitus the main attention is paid to the vascular genesis of the appearing disturbances. The terms used formerly (\"diabetic glomerulosclerosis\", \"diabetic nephropathy\") failed to reflect the primary affections of the vessels. The following new terms are suggested: \"diabetic microangionephropathy\" (affection of the small vessels), \"macroangiography\" (affection of the large vessels), \"diabetic angionephropathy\" (complex affection of the renal vessels). \"Pyelonephritis\" (acute and chronic) was also introduced into the classification due to its exceedingly frequent occurrence in diabetes. The term \"diabetic nephropathy\" is suggested for complex affection including diabetic angionephropathy and pyelonephritis. Diabetic microangionephropathy should be divided into four clinico-laboratory stages; their characteristics are presented. Particular attention was paid to the accessibility of their diagnosis in medical institutions.", "contents": "[Classification of the main kidney diseases in diabetes mellitus]. In the suggested classification of affections of the kidneys in diabetes mellitus the main attention is paid to the vascular genesis of the appearing disturbances. The terms used formerly (\"diabetic glomerulosclerosis\", \"diabetic nephropathy\") failed to reflect the primary affections of the vessels. The following new terms are suggested: \"diabetic microangionephropathy\" (affection of the small vessels), \"macroangiography\" (affection of the large vessels), \"diabetic angionephropathy\" (complex affection of the renal vessels). \"Pyelonephritis\" (acute and chronic) was also introduced into the classification due to its exceedingly frequent occurrence in diabetes. The term \"diabetic nephropathy\" is suggested for complex affection including diabetic angionephropathy and pyelonephritis. Diabetic microangionephropathy should be divided into four clinico-laboratory stages; their characteristics are presented. Particular attention was paid to the accessibility of their diagnosis in medical institutions.", "PMID": 1028047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4676", "title": "[Development of alloxan diabetes and its effect on the sexual system of male rats under conditions of alpha adrenergic receptor blockaders].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of the block of the alpha-adrenoreceptors in male rats on the development of alloxan diabetes and on such its complication as depression of the sexual system function. Phetholamine sharply decreased the death of the animals the first 3--4 days after the alloxan administration: only 5.3% of the animals died. As to rats with intact alpha-adrenoreceptors--42% of the died. Block of the alpha-adrenoreceptors decreased the percentage of rats with marked diabetes. In 37.2% of rats given alloxan and phentholamine diabetes was very mild or failed to develop entirely. Phentholamine significantly lowered the depressive effect of alloxan diabetes on the sexual system considerably.", "contents": "[Development of alloxan diabetes and its effect on the sexual system of male rats under conditions of alpha adrenergic receptor blockaders]. A study was made of the influence of the block of the alpha-adrenoreceptors in male rats on the development of alloxan diabetes and on such its complication as depression of the sexual system function. Phetholamine sharply decreased the death of the animals the first 3--4 days after the alloxan administration: only 5.3% of the animals died. As to rats with intact alpha-adrenoreceptors--42% of the died. Block of the alpha-adrenoreceptors decreased the percentage of rats with marked diabetes. In 37.2% of rats given alloxan and phentholamine diabetes was very mild or failed to develop entirely. Phentholamine significantly lowered the depressive effect of alloxan diabetes on the sexual system considerably.", "PMID": 1028043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4677", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation of the dose-response relationship after intramuscular administration of testosterone and its esters].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of the reaction of target organs to the intramuscular injection of androgenic preparations--testosterone and its esters (acetate, propionate, phenylpropionate, isocapronate, enantate and caprinate) comparison with anabolic methylandrostendiol. An equation is presented for mathematical description of the dependence of the androgenic effect on the dose of the praparations injected, used in a wide range of doses. The equation coefficients proved to have a definite physiological sense.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation of the dose-response relationship after intramuscular administration of testosterone and its esters]. Experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of the reaction of target organs to the intramuscular injection of androgenic preparations--testosterone and its esters (acetate, propionate, phenylpropionate, isocapronate, enantate and caprinate) comparison with anabolic methylandrostendiol. An equation is presented for mathematical description of the dependence of the androgenic effect on the dose of the praparations injected, used in a wide range of doses. The equation coefficients proved to have a definite physiological sense.", "PMID": 1028048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4678", "title": "[Analysis of various components of the mechanism of stimulation of transepithelial sodium transport by catecholamines].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of adrenaline of certain components of the transepithelial sodium transport system in the frog skin an on energy sources providing its activating effect. Adrenaline proved to increase the sodium transport through the frog skin decreasing its electrical resistance. Strophanthin K prevented the reaction of frog skin adrenaline completely. Monoiodacetate also produced an inhibitory action on the adrenaline effect which was eliminated on addition of pyruvate into the solution. Potassium cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol considerably weakened the adrenaline stimulation of transepithelial sodium transport. A conclusion was drawn that an increase of sodiun transport by the frog skin in the action of catecholamines was associated with increase of its ionic permeability and the activation of the ionic pump. It is supposed that the principal source of energy provision for the stimulating effect of catecholamines were processes of aerobic energy metabolism.", "contents": "[Analysis of various components of the mechanism of stimulation of transepithelial sodium transport by catecholamines]. A study was made of the influence of adrenaline of certain components of the transepithelial sodium transport system in the frog skin an on energy sources providing its activating effect. Adrenaline proved to increase the sodium transport through the frog skin decreasing its electrical resistance. Strophanthin K prevented the reaction of frog skin adrenaline completely. Monoiodacetate also produced an inhibitory action on the adrenaline effect which was eliminated on addition of pyruvate into the solution. Potassium cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol considerably weakened the adrenaline stimulation of transepithelial sodium transport. A conclusion was drawn that an increase of sodiun transport by the frog skin in the action of catecholamines was associated with increase of its ionic permeability and the activation of the ionic pump. It is supposed that the principal source of energy provision for the stimulating effect of catecholamines were processes of aerobic energy metabolism.", "PMID": 1028049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4679", "title": "[Certain properties of estrogen receptors in the cell nuclei of different organs of rats].", "content": "Some properties of the macromolecules, specifically binding estradiol (E2) of salt chromatin extracts of the nuclei of the kidneys, liver, prostate, testes and the uterus of rats were studied. Examination of competition of various unlabeled hormonal preparations with 3H-E2 for the binding sites demonstrated the E2-binding macromolecules of the nuclei of all the organs under study to have a high hormonal stereo-specificity. The E2-binding macromolecules of the nuclear extracts of the kidney, liver and the uterus were sensitive to the action of pronase. In sedimentation with ammonium sulfate of proteins from the 0.3 M NaCl extracts of the nuclei of the kidneys and liver, but not of the uterus, the supernatent fraction of the salt-treated extracts showed an additional (in comparison with control) specifically E2-binding macromolecule activity, sensitive to the action of pronase. An analogous effect of the appearance of additional binding activity could be obtained in heating of the nuclear extracts of the kidney and the liver at 60--100 degress C for 5 minutes.", "contents": "[Certain properties of estrogen receptors in the cell nuclei of different organs of rats]. Some properties of the macromolecules, specifically binding estradiol (E2) of salt chromatin extracts of the nuclei of the kidneys, liver, prostate, testes and the uterus of rats were studied. Examination of competition of various unlabeled hormonal preparations with 3H-E2 for the binding sites demonstrated the E2-binding macromolecules of the nuclei of all the organs under study to have a high hormonal stereo-specificity. The E2-binding macromolecules of the nuclear extracts of the kidney, liver and the uterus were sensitive to the action of pronase. In sedimentation with ammonium sulfate of proteins from the 0.3 M NaCl extracts of the nuclei of the kidneys and liver, but not of the uterus, the supernatent fraction of the salt-treated extracts showed an additional (in comparison with control) specifically E2-binding macromolecule activity, sensitive to the action of pronase. An analogous effect of the appearance of additional binding activity could be obtained in heating of the nuclear extracts of the kidney and the liver at 60--100 degress C for 5 minutes.", "PMID": 1028046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4680", "title": "[Serum calcium evaluation and incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism in hospitalized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Automated laboratory procedures have made possible to \"screen\" a large population for specific biochemical abnormalities. Primitive hyperparathyroidism is for several respects an excellent disease model for testing \"mass screening\". Il is often asymptomatic, not uncommon, and is manifested by abnormalities in the levels of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus, that can be detected cheaply with automated equipment. A computer program has been developed to screen patients with hypercalcaemia. During a period of 18 months 22720 hospitalized patients were investigated by the evaluation of serum calcium, and 80 hypercalcaemic patients were found. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was established in 24 patients (in 19 histologically confirmed) so that the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism (1,05%) compares favorably with that reported from some foreign Authors.", "contents": "[Serum calcium evaluation and incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism in hospitalized patients (author's transl)]. Automated laboratory procedures have made possible to \"screen\" a large population for specific biochemical abnormalities. Primitive hyperparathyroidism is for several respects an excellent disease model for testing \"mass screening\". Il is often asymptomatic, not uncommon, and is manifested by abnormalities in the levels of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus, that can be detected cheaply with automated equipment. A computer program has been developed to screen patients with hypercalcaemia. During a period of 18 months 22720 hospitalized patients were investigated by the evaluation of serum calcium, and 80 hypercalcaemic patients were found. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was established in 24 patients (in 19 histologically confirmed) so that the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism (1,05%) compares favorably with that reported from some foreign Authors.", "PMID": 1028089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4681", "title": "[Behaviour of urinary excretion of lysozyme in renal diseases and in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary excretion of lysozyme was investigated in a group of 66 patients with various renal diseases, nephrolitiasis and urinary tract infections. The results obtained demonstrate that the amount of the enzyme excreted is related to the entity of tubular damage whereas is not with glomerular damage. No correlation was found between lysozyme excretion neither to the degree of proteinuria neither to the amount of leukocytes and bacteria in the urine. In patients with urinary infections urinary lysozyme increases only when there is a tubular injury of some entity. In 90 pediatric patients with urinary infection and pyelonephritis lysozyme in the urine was found only in two cases. Therefore urinary lysozyme determination cannot be considered for the detection of early tubular injury and is not a helpful diagnostic tool in urinary tract infections.", "contents": "[Behaviour of urinary excretion of lysozyme in renal diseases and in urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Urinary excretion of lysozyme was investigated in a group of 66 patients with various renal diseases, nephrolitiasis and urinary tract infections. The results obtained demonstrate that the amount of the enzyme excreted is related to the entity of tubular damage whereas is not with glomerular damage. No correlation was found between lysozyme excretion neither to the degree of proteinuria neither to the amount of leukocytes and bacteria in the urine. In patients with urinary infections urinary lysozyme increases only when there is a tubular injury of some entity. In 90 pediatric patients with urinary infection and pyelonephritis lysozyme in the urine was found only in two cases. Therefore urinary lysozyme determination cannot be considered for the detection of early tubular injury and is not a helpful diagnostic tool in urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 1028090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4682", "title": "[Relation between age, sex and various metabolic parameters: blood uric acid (4776 specimens), blood sugar (7211 specimens), blood cholesterol (5600 specimens) and blood triglycerides (4438 specimens)].", "content": "The connection between age, sex and some laboratory parameters (blood uric acid, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides) has been studied on a very wide whole (22025 exams). An important datum which has appeared is that the increase of age is connected with an increase of the values of the parameters studied, and that the sex conditions differences which proved statistically significant.", "contents": "[Relation between age, sex and various metabolic parameters: blood uric acid (4776 specimens), blood sugar (7211 specimens), blood cholesterol (5600 specimens) and blood triglycerides (4438 specimens)]. The connection between age, sex and some laboratory parameters (blood uric acid, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides) has been studied on a very wide whole (22025 exams). An important datum which has appeared is that the increase of age is connected with an increase of the values of the parameters studied, and that the sex conditions differences which proved statistically significant.", "PMID": 1028091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4683", "title": "[A proposed hepatic pie chart].", "content": "The AA. have chosen 12 tests to organize an \"hepatic flash\" after a selection out of 180 cases scheduled as the table no. I through a set of tests showing step by step any modifications in compliance with the sensibility, reliability, statistical clinical and physio-pathological meaning of each test. The 12 tests are set out by circular abscissae of a circus according to the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to their modifications. By the radial ordinates, instead, it is shown the decreasing and increasing values which every test may assume. An hypothetic line (hepatogram) links then the values set out during the process of the disease in such a manner that the particular shapes assumed by the line itself show quickly and visually the spreading rate of the disease process.", "contents": "[A proposed hepatic pie chart]. The AA. have chosen 12 tests to organize an \"hepatic flash\" after a selection out of 180 cases scheduled as the table no. I through a set of tests showing step by step any modifications in compliance with the sensibility, reliability, statistical clinical and physio-pathological meaning of each test. The 12 tests are set out by circular abscissae of a circus according to the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to their modifications. By the radial ordinates, instead, it is shown the decreasing and increasing values which every test may assume. An hypothetic line (hepatogram) links then the values set out during the process of the disease in such a manner that the particular shapes assumed by the line itself show quickly and visually the spreading rate of the disease process.", "PMID": 1028092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4684", "title": "[Utilisation of Olivetti P 652 calculator system for RIA evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. take into consideration the utilisation of the Olivetti calculator system including the following hardware: P 652 basic unit microcomputer; paper tape reader LN 20; Editor 4 ST typewriter, for RIA evaluation. For this purpose they have compiled a series of generalized programmes that utilise for the calculation of the standard curve, the logit transform fitted by using a linear regression or a cubic regression and the sigmoidal linear logarithmic curve calculated by cubic regression. Other two programmes are described also for automatic data reduction in the detection of hepatitis associated antibody (anti-Australia antigen) and of normalized serum thyroxine.", "contents": "[Utilisation of Olivetti P 652 calculator system for RIA evaluation (author's transl)]. The AA. take into consideration the utilisation of the Olivetti calculator system including the following hardware: P 652 basic unit microcomputer; paper tape reader LN 20; Editor 4 ST typewriter, for RIA evaluation. For this purpose they have compiled a series of generalized programmes that utilise for the calculation of the standard curve, the logit transform fitted by using a linear regression or a cubic regression and the sigmoidal linear logarithmic curve calculated by cubic regression. Other two programmes are described also for automatic data reduction in the detection of hepatitis associated antibody (anti-Australia antigen) and of normalized serum thyroxine.", "PMID": 1028093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4685", "title": "[Determination of glycemia. Comparison between the enzymatic method and those of Folin-Wu and of ortho-toluidine (author's transl)].", "content": "On 1032 serum's samples, the determination of glycemia has been at the same time performed with methods enzymatic, of Folin-Wu and of ortho-toluidine. The obtained results, arranged, with the relative frequency, in progressive order from 40 to 470 mg%, have been compared among themselves, taking as base's value that of the method of Folin-Wu. After a description of the chemical reactions, which occur during the enzymatic determination of the glycemia, and of the causes of error, which can to interfere on the same determination, it has been discussed the validity and the specificity of this method. Effectively this method seems, besides being constantly reproduceable and of simple execution, to consent the best estimation actually possible of the glycemia. It is recommendable a general acceptance of the enzymatic method, executable also with Auto-Analyzer, so that the glycemic values of the same and of the different laboratories could be among themselves comparable.", "contents": "[Determination of glycemia. Comparison between the enzymatic method and those of Folin-Wu and of ortho-toluidine (author's transl)]. On 1032 serum's samples, the determination of glycemia has been at the same time performed with methods enzymatic, of Folin-Wu and of ortho-toluidine. The obtained results, arranged, with the relative frequency, in progressive order from 40 to 470 mg%, have been compared among themselves, taking as base's value that of the method of Folin-Wu. After a description of the chemical reactions, which occur during the enzymatic determination of the glycemia, and of the causes of error, which can to interfere on the same determination, it has been discussed the validity and the specificity of this method. Effectively this method seems, besides being constantly reproduceable and of simple execution, to consent the best estimation actually possible of the glycemia. It is recommendable a general acceptance of the enzymatic method, executable also with Auto-Analyzer, so that the glycemic values of the same and of the different laboratories could be among themselves comparable.", "PMID": 1028094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4686", "title": "[Comparison between two automatic methods, chemical and enzymatical, of urea determination in blood (author's transl)].", "content": "Two different kinds of automatic dosage of urea in blood, the chemical with diacetyl monoxime and the enzymatic urea test Sclavo, are compared in order to verify the possibility of an utilization in screening on population. For such a purpose also the influence of different anti-coagulants is analyzed.", "contents": "[Comparison between two automatic methods, chemical and enzymatical, of urea determination in blood (author's transl)]. Two different kinds of automatic dosage of urea in blood, the chemical with diacetyl monoxime and the enzymatic urea test Sclavo, are compared in order to verify the possibility of an utilization in screening on population. For such a purpose also the influence of different anti-coagulants is analyzed.", "PMID": 1028095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4687", "title": "[Bacteriuria detection by dip-slide test (author's transl)].", "content": "A new dip-inoculum method markated as Microstix for detecting bacteriuria was studied to evaluate its usefulness as a screening procedure. This test was found to be reliable when compared with the standard pour plate method. However, antimicrobial agents often present in the urine samples rendered this procedure unsuitable for indiscriminate application in large hospital laboratories. This technique might conceivably be employed in mass screening programs where urine specimens are less likely contamined by antimicrobial drugs.", "contents": "[Bacteriuria detection by dip-slide test (author's transl)]. A new dip-inoculum method markated as Microstix for detecting bacteriuria was studied to evaluate its usefulness as a screening procedure. This test was found to be reliable when compared with the standard pour plate method. However, antimicrobial agents often present in the urine samples rendered this procedure unsuitable for indiscriminate application in large hospital laboratories. This technique might conceivably be employed in mass screening programs where urine specimens are less likely contamined by antimicrobial drugs.", "PMID": 1028096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4688", "title": "[Analysis of urinary calculi. Study methods].", "content": "A comparative study of the composition of a hundred urinary gravel stones is carried out, made by chemical analysis and spectroscopy infra-red. This research has shown that the spectroscopic method is better than chemical analysis: the latter method is excessively sensitive, above all when considering magnesium, phosphates and uric acid. The marked chemical disclosure of these substances takes us to false conclusions regarding the composition of the gravel stone with percentages varying between 20 and 40% of the cases. On the other hand chemical analysis has not revealed the presence of oxalates in 24% of the gravel stones examined. The spectroscopic method has shown itself to be simpler and faster to execute (a part from being more sensitive and precise), and capable of furnishing precise information on the composition of gravel stones, even very small ones of a weight of 500 microgram.", "contents": "[Analysis of urinary calculi. Study methods]. A comparative study of the composition of a hundred urinary gravel stones is carried out, made by chemical analysis and spectroscopy infra-red. This research has shown that the spectroscopic method is better than chemical analysis: the latter method is excessively sensitive, above all when considering magnesium, phosphates and uric acid. The marked chemical disclosure of these substances takes us to false conclusions regarding the composition of the gravel stone with percentages varying between 20 and 40% of the cases. On the other hand chemical analysis has not revealed the presence of oxalates in 24% of the gravel stones examined. The spectroscopic method has shown itself to be simpler and faster to execute (a part from being more sensitive and precise), and capable of furnishing precise information on the composition of gravel stones, even very small ones of a weight of 500 microgram.", "PMID": 1028097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4689", "title": "[A commercial available kit for semiquanititative determination of plasmatic and urinary aminoacids by thin layer chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "A commercially available kit (Amino-acid TLC kit-Sibar, Perugia, Italy) for screening of plasma aminoacids inborn errors has been used as routine method for plasma newborn examinations in a mid-size clinical Laboratory. Good results were obtained by this inexpensive and simple kit.", "contents": "[A commercial available kit for semiquanititative determination of plasmatic and urinary aminoacids by thin layer chromatography (author's transl)]. A commercially available kit (Amino-acid TLC kit-Sibar, Perugia, Italy) for screening of plasma aminoacids inborn errors has been used as routine method for plasma newborn examinations in a mid-size clinical Laboratory. Good results were obtained by this inexpensive and simple kit.", "PMID": 1028098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4690", "title": "The action of phosphocreatine and fructose 1,6-diphosphate on blood in vitro.", "content": "Blood in vitro has been used to evaluate the effects of phosphocreatine and fructose 1,6-diphosphate on the adenylate cycle. These compounds, following different metabolic pathways, increased the ATP concentration, phosphocreatine through a direct action on the adenylic phosphate cycle and fructose 1,6-diphosphate mainly by it glycolytic effect.", "contents": "The action of phosphocreatine and fructose 1,6-diphosphate on blood in vitro. Blood in vitro has been used to evaluate the effects of phosphocreatine and fructose 1,6-diphosphate on the adenylate cycle. These compounds, following different metabolic pathways, increased the ATP concentration, phosphocreatine through a direct action on the adenylic phosphate cycle and fructose 1,6-diphosphate mainly by it glycolytic effect.", "PMID": 1028116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4691", "title": "Biochemical changes in extracorporeal circulation in patients.", "content": "The effect of priming extracorporeal perfusion pumps with 50% and 80% diluted homologous blood on the serum electrolytes, acid-base status and plasma osmolality has been investigated in 103 patients undergoing open-heart surgery for congenital and acquired heart disease. The value in prognosis of plasma osmolality is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in extracorporeal circulation in patients. The effect of priming extracorporeal perfusion pumps with 50% and 80% diluted homologous blood on the serum electrolytes, acid-base status and plasma osmolality has been investigated in 103 patients undergoing open-heart surgery for congenital and acquired heart disease. The value in prognosis of plasma osmolality is discussed.", "PMID": 1028117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4692", "title": "Burns caused by monitoring equipment during anaesthesia.", "content": "Hazards of monitoring during anaesthesia are burns, cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation, electric shock and false alarms caused by interference with the traces. The causative and contributory factors and the measures for the prevention of burns are discussed.", "contents": "Burns caused by monitoring equipment during anaesthesia. Hazards of monitoring during anaesthesia are burns, cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation, electric shock and false alarms caused by interference with the traces. The causative and contributory factors and the measures for the prevention of burns are discussed.", "PMID": 1028118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4693", "title": "Artificial circulation for resuscitation after prolonged clinical death caused by hypoxia.", "content": "The dynamics of dying and the subsequent recovery of the main vital functions such as cardiac performance, respiration and unconditioned reflexes were investigated in 24 dogs resuscitated by Bryukhonenko's method of artificial circulation after 13-15 min clinical death caused by asphyxia. Application of artificial circulation during asystole required a gradual increase for 2-3 min in the volume of perfusion to optimum levels, since too rapid an increase of blood flow resulted in secondary ventricular fibrillation. In conditions of resuscitation with high volumes of extracorporeal perfusion (exceeding 100 ml kg-1 min-1), fast return of vital functions, their subsequent normalization, and relatively smooth recovery, can be achieved. Decreasing the rate of blood flow to 60-80 ml kg-1 min-1 delays the recovery of vital functions of the resuscitated organism. Severe post-resuscitation disease develops with a fatal outcome. Resuscitation with flows of 40 ml kg-1 min-1 or less is ineffective. We concluded that successful resuscitation after clinical death caused by asphyxia was possible only when the blood flow was 1.2-1.5 times higher than the normal cardiac output.", "contents": "Artificial circulation for resuscitation after prolonged clinical death caused by hypoxia. The dynamics of dying and the subsequent recovery of the main vital functions such as cardiac performance, respiration and unconditioned reflexes were investigated in 24 dogs resuscitated by Bryukhonenko's method of artificial circulation after 13-15 min clinical death caused by asphyxia. Application of artificial circulation during asystole required a gradual increase for 2-3 min in the volume of perfusion to optimum levels, since too rapid an increase of blood flow resulted in secondary ventricular fibrillation. In conditions of resuscitation with high volumes of extracorporeal perfusion (exceeding 100 ml kg-1 min-1), fast return of vital functions, their subsequent normalization, and relatively smooth recovery, can be achieved. Decreasing the rate of blood flow to 60-80 ml kg-1 min-1 delays the recovery of vital functions of the resuscitated organism. Severe post-resuscitation disease develops with a fatal outcome. Resuscitation with flows of 40 ml kg-1 min-1 or less is ineffective. We concluded that successful resuscitation after clinical death caused by asphyxia was possible only when the blood flow was 1.2-1.5 times higher than the normal cardiac output.", "PMID": 1028121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4694", "title": "Plasma volume expansion after infusion of 5%, 20% and 25% albumin solutions in patients.", "content": "Fifty grams of albumin were infused into patients in the immediate post-operative period as either 5, 20 or 25% solutions. With all three solutions the increase in plasma volume was 500 ml or 11 ml/g of retained albumin, which is less than the normal water-binding capacity of albumin found in studies in vitro and in some clinical studies. This might be explained by a blocking of the water-binding capacity of the albumin or by the action of other unknown mechanisms, when albumin is given in an amount exceeding the losses. The expansion of the plasma volume did not depend on the concentration of the solutions given but only on the amount of albumin given and the deficit in plasma volume. Since albumin is a good plasma expander and a drug with a few secondary effects it is recommended in the treatment of shock. We prefer the 5% solution, which contains an electrolyte solution and is more easily infused, because of its low viscosity.", "contents": "Plasma volume expansion after infusion of 5%, 20% and 25% albumin solutions in patients. Fifty grams of albumin were infused into patients in the immediate post-operative period as either 5, 20 or 25% solutions. With all three solutions the increase in plasma volume was 500 ml or 11 ml/g of retained albumin, which is less than the normal water-binding capacity of albumin found in studies in vitro and in some clinical studies. This might be explained by a blocking of the water-binding capacity of the albumin or by the action of other unknown mechanisms, when albumin is given in an amount exceeding the losses. The expansion of the plasma volume did not depend on the concentration of the solutions given but only on the amount of albumin given and the deficit in plasma volume. Since albumin is a good plasma expander and a drug with a few secondary effects it is recommended in the treatment of shock. We prefer the 5% solution, which contains an electrolyte solution and is more easily infused, because of its low viscosity.", "PMID": 1028122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4695", "title": "[Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: Shy-Drager's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a clinical case of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension with associated signs of focal cerebrovascular lesion. They discuss aetiopathologic hypotheses which have been proposed to interpret pathological situations of this type. It seems reasonable to attribute an autonomous disease classification to idiopathic orthostatic hypotension as a systemic degenerative disease concerning peripheral and central structures with vegetative functions. The Shy-Drager syndrome (idiopathic orthostatic hypotension associated with diverse signs of involvement of the central nervous system) must not, however, be considered as an independent form of disease. The associated signs are none other than the expression of commonly found cerebral ischemic lesions deriving from abrupt arterial hypotension, or from cerebral dysautoregulation; or the expression of the association of a systemic degenerative disease with another, a not infrequent occurrence well known in the pathology of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: Shy-Drager's syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors report a clinical case of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension with associated signs of focal cerebrovascular lesion. They discuss aetiopathologic hypotheses which have been proposed to interpret pathological situations of this type. It seems reasonable to attribute an autonomous disease classification to idiopathic orthostatic hypotension as a systemic degenerative disease concerning peripheral and central structures with vegetative functions. The Shy-Drager syndrome (idiopathic orthostatic hypotension associated with diverse signs of involvement of the central nervous system) must not, however, be considered as an independent form of disease. The associated signs are none other than the expression of commonly found cerebral ischemic lesions deriving from abrupt arterial hypotension, or from cerebral dysautoregulation; or the expression of the association of a systemic degenerative disease with another, a not infrequent occurrence well known in the pathology of the nervous system.", "PMID": 1028138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4696", "title": "Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Italy: report of the first clinical case.", "content": "Previous studies on the clinical features of meningoencephalitis in Italy did not help to indicate the nature of the causative agents. On the other hand during the past decade nine arboviruses were isolated in Italy, some of which are yet to prove pathogenic for man. A systematic study was carried out in cooperation between the Department of Neurology of the University of Florence and the Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (Rome), in order to understand a possible role of arboviruses as etiologic agents of meningoencephalitis in Italy; in this preliminary communication the first clinical case of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) virus infection is described.", "contents": "Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Italy: report of the first clinical case. Previous studies on the clinical features of meningoencephalitis in Italy did not help to indicate the nature of the causative agents. On the other hand during the past decade nine arboviruses were isolated in Italy, some of which are yet to prove pathogenic for man. A systematic study was carried out in cooperation between the Department of Neurology of the University of Florence and the Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (Rome), in order to understand a possible role of arboviruses as etiologic agents of meningoencephalitis in Italy; in this preliminary communication the first clinical case of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) virus infection is described.", "PMID": 1028140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4697", "title": "[Recording methods of intracranial pressure. (author's transl)].", "content": "The physiopathology of intracranial pressure and its measuring techniques are briefly discussed. Such measurements may be achieved: 1) At lumbar level (measurement of cerebrospinal fluid): the main limitations of this method are due to impossibility of long term recording and the danger of \"cerebral erniation* in patients with increased ICP. 2) At cranial level with: a) ventricular catheter connected to a pressure transducer: its limitations are due to difficulties in entering small and/or displaced ventricules in case of cerebral edema or expanding lesion, danger of infections, and catheter obstruction amongst others. b) pressure transducer in the extradural space connected with external recorder by electric wires: its limitations are due to frequent lack of parallelism with the dural surface and the variability of correlations between extra and intradural pressure; c) subdural pressure transducer; these appear the most reliable both from the literature and from the Authors personal experience. The Authors stress the importance of ICP monitoring in head injuries and after intracranial surgery (mostly for an early detection of complications due to cerebral edema or hemorrhages).", "contents": "[Recording methods of intracranial pressure. (author's transl)]. The physiopathology of intracranial pressure and its measuring techniques are briefly discussed. Such measurements may be achieved: 1) At lumbar level (measurement of cerebrospinal fluid): the main limitations of this method are due to impossibility of long term recording and the danger of \"cerebral erniation* in patients with increased ICP. 2) At cranial level with: a) ventricular catheter connected to a pressure transducer: its limitations are due to difficulties in entering small and/or displaced ventricules in case of cerebral edema or expanding lesion, danger of infections, and catheter obstruction amongst others. b) pressure transducer in the extradural space connected with external recorder by electric wires: its limitations are due to frequent lack of parallelism with the dural surface and the variability of correlations between extra and intradural pressure; c) subdural pressure transducer; these appear the most reliable both from the literature and from the Authors personal experience. The Authors stress the importance of ICP monitoring in head injuries and after intracranial surgery (mostly for an early detection of complications due to cerebral edema or hemorrhages).", "PMID": 1028139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4698", "title": "[Subarachnoid haemorrhage from an ependymoma of the filum terminale. (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a patient suffering from acute lumbosciatic pain, flaccid paraplegia, bladder retention and subarachnoid hemorrage, is reported. The patient underwent operation for a large ependymoma of the filum terminale. The author underlines the rare association of a spinal cord tumour and subarachnoid hemorrage and the opportunity of a routine mielo-radiculographic examination in case of lumbo-sciatic pain requiring surgical intervention: the patient, in fact, had been operated for \"lumbar disc prolapse\", in an orthopaedic department, four years before.", "contents": "[Subarachnoid haemorrhage from an ependymoma of the filum terminale. (author's transl)]. The case of a patient suffering from acute lumbosciatic pain, flaccid paraplegia, bladder retention and subarachnoid hemorrage, is reported. The patient underwent operation for a large ependymoma of the filum terminale. The author underlines the rare association of a spinal cord tumour and subarachnoid hemorrage and the opportunity of a routine mielo-radiculographic examination in case of lumbo-sciatic pain requiring surgical intervention: the patient, in fact, had been operated for \"lumbar disc prolapse\", in an orthopaedic department, four years before.", "PMID": 1028141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4699", "title": "Asynchronous DNA replication and asymmetrical chromosome loss in Chinese hamster-mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "A number of parameters were measured in a series of 12 hybrid cell clones from Chinese hamster and mouse cells to test the hypothesis that asymmetrical chromosome loss may result from asynchrony in the replication of the two parental sets of chromosomes. All clones tended to lose telocentric (mouse) chromosomes with culture time, irrespective of the starting ratio of parental chromosomes, and in all clones, biarmed (hamster) chromosomes appeared to complete DNA replication slightly earlier than telocentrics. However, no quantitative correlation could be established between the degree of asynchrony in chromosome DNA replication and the extent of chromosome loss. It appeared that telocentric chromosomes were lost more readily from those clones which started with a high hamster-to-mouse chromosome ratio.", "contents": "Asynchronous DNA replication and asymmetrical chromosome loss in Chinese hamster-mouse somatic cell hybrids. A number of parameters were measured in a series of 12 hybrid cell clones from Chinese hamster and mouse cells to test the hypothesis that asymmetrical chromosome loss may result from asynchrony in the replication of the two parental sets of chromosomes. All clones tended to lose telocentric (mouse) chromosomes with culture time, irrespective of the starting ratio of parental chromosomes, and in all clones, biarmed (hamster) chromosomes appeared to complete DNA replication slightly earlier than telocentrics. However, no quantitative correlation could be established between the degree of asynchrony in chromosome DNA replication and the extent of chromosome loss. It appeared that telocentric chromosomes were lost more readily from those clones which started with a high hamster-to-mouse chromosome ratio.", "PMID": 1028157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4700", "title": "Reactivation of chick erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons with temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster cell line K12 is temperature-sensitive for the initiation of DNA synthesis. K12 cells synchronized by serum deprivation were collected in early G1(G0). Heterokaryons were formed by fusing chick erythrocytes with serum-starved K12 cells through the use of UV-irradiated Sendai virus. At the permissive temperature (36.5 degrees C), erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons enlarged, the chromatin dispersed, and erythrocyte nuclei synthesized DNA at about the same time as the K12 nuclei. At the restrictive temperature (41 degrees C), erythrocyte nuclei enlarged, but neither erythrocyte nor K12 nuclei initiated DNA synthesis. When erythrocyte nuclei were fused with Wg-1A cells, the wild-type parent for ts K12 cells, both kinds of nuclei synthesized DNA at 36.5 degrees C and 41 degrees C. Activation of erythrocyte nuclei was inefficient in heterokaryons incubated in low-serum medium. The results indicate that serum factors and a cellular function defined by the K12 mutation are required for activation of chick erythrocyte nuclear DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Reactivation of chick erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons with temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cells. Chinese hamster cell line K12 is temperature-sensitive for the initiation of DNA synthesis. K12 cells synchronized by serum deprivation were collected in early G1(G0). Heterokaryons were formed by fusing chick erythrocytes with serum-starved K12 cells through the use of UV-irradiated Sendai virus. At the permissive temperature (36.5 degrees C), erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons enlarged, the chromatin dispersed, and erythrocyte nuclei synthesized DNA at about the same time as the K12 nuclei. At the restrictive temperature (41 degrees C), erythrocyte nuclei enlarged, but neither erythrocyte nor K12 nuclei initiated DNA synthesis. When erythrocyte nuclei were fused with Wg-1A cells, the wild-type parent for ts K12 cells, both kinds of nuclei synthesized DNA at 36.5 degrees C and 41 degrees C. Activation of erythrocyte nuclei was inefficient in heterokaryons incubated in low-serum medium. The results indicate that serum factors and a cellular function defined by the K12 mutation are required for activation of chick erythrocyte nuclear DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1028158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4701", "title": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism III. Isolation and characterization of a mutant unable to convert IMP to AMP.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of a new mutant of Chinese ovary cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant, Ade-H, has the following properties: (1) it forms a new genetic complementation group; (2) it specifically requires adenine for growth and will not grow on aminoimidazole carboxamide (AIC) or hypoxanthine; (3) it accumulates IMP; (4) it cannot synthesize adenine nucleotides; (5) its phenotype can be mimicked by treatment of CHO-K1 (the wild type parental strain) with hadacidin, an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase (E.C.6.3.4.4). Thus, the site of the defect in this mutant is presumed to involve the step in adenylate biosynthesis catalyzed by this enzyme. The usefulness of Ade-H for the study of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism III. Isolation and characterization of a mutant unable to convert IMP to AMP. The isolation and characterization of a new mutant of Chinese ovary cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant, Ade-H, has the following properties: (1) it forms a new genetic complementation group; (2) it specifically requires adenine for growth and will not grow on aminoimidazole carboxamide (AIC) or hypoxanthine; (3) it accumulates IMP; (4) it cannot synthesize adenine nucleotides; (5) its phenotype can be mimicked by treatment of CHO-K1 (the wild type parental strain) with hadacidin, an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase (E.C.6.3.4.4). Thus, the site of the defect in this mutant is presumed to involve the step in adenylate biosynthesis catalyzed by this enzyme. The usefulness of Ade-H for the study of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1028159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4702", "title": "Cytogenetically marked clones in human fibroblasts cultured from normal subjects.", "content": "Clones of cytogenetically abnormal cells have been recognized in fibroblasts cultured from normal human adult skin. No such clones have been observed in human embryo skin fibroblasts cultured in the same way. Although the culture conditions may have played some part in the emergence of these clones, it is possible that the abnormal cells from which the clones were derived were present in vivo.", "contents": "Cytogenetically marked clones in human fibroblasts cultured from normal subjects. Clones of cytogenetically abnormal cells have been recognized in fibroblasts cultured from normal human adult skin. No such clones have been observed in human embryo skin fibroblasts cultured in the same way. Although the culture conditions may have played some part in the emergence of these clones, it is possible that the abnormal cells from which the clones were derived were present in vivo.", "PMID": 1028160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4703", "title": "Nucleotide analysis of DNA and RNA in cells with thymidine totally replaced by bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "The nucleotide composition of nuclear DNA has been determined in a cell line (HAB) that has grown for 275 generations with complete substitution of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in nuclear DNA. Within 50 generations there is a approximately 3% decrease in the G content and an equivalent increase in the BrdU content of DNA, relative to the unsubstituted parent cell line. However, these alterations do not continue to accumulate when the cells are grown for up to 275 generations with fully substituted DNA, suggesting that they are not brought about by BrdU-induced base transitions due to mispairing. RNA transcription has been examined both in vivo and in vitro to determine whether or not BrdU substitution in DNA results in large-scale transcriptional errors. The nucleotide composition of 18S and 28S rRNA from cells 0, 60%, and 100% substituted with BrdU does not significantly differ. Further, when DNA from these cells is transcribed in vitro with E. coli RNA polymerase, there is no evidence for altered incorporation of nucleotides into RNA made from the substituted templates.", "contents": "Nucleotide analysis of DNA and RNA in cells with thymidine totally replaced by bromodeoxyuridine. The nucleotide composition of nuclear DNA has been determined in a cell line (HAB) that has grown for 275 generations with complete substitution of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in nuclear DNA. Within 50 generations there is a approximately 3% decrease in the G content and an equivalent increase in the BrdU content of DNA, relative to the unsubstituted parent cell line. However, these alterations do not continue to accumulate when the cells are grown for up to 275 generations with fully substituted DNA, suggesting that they are not brought about by BrdU-induced base transitions due to mispairing. RNA transcription has been examined both in vivo and in vitro to determine whether or not BrdU substitution in DNA results in large-scale transcriptional errors. The nucleotide composition of 18S and 28S rRNA from cells 0, 60%, and 100% substituted with BrdU does not significantly differ. Further, when DNA from these cells is transcribed in vitro with E. coli RNA polymerase, there is no evidence for altered incorporation of nucleotides into RNA made from the substituted templates.", "PMID": 1028161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4704", "title": "Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with UV and x-irradiation.", "content": "The isolation of ten conditionally lethal temperature-sensitive mutants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-Kl, pro-) by the BUdR-visible light selection procedure described. Treatment with radiation at doses known to cause single gene mutation in mammalian cells increases the mutation frequency by a factor of at least 14. These mutants will grow with normal plating efficiency at 34.5 degrees but will not grow at 39.5 degrees. Complementation analysis by two independent methods indicates that all mutants are recessive and allows the assignment of the mutants to six genetically independent complementation groups. Reversion analysis indicates that the TS-mutants are stable, spontaneous revertants arising at a frequency of less than 10(-6). Preliminary chromosome analysis revealed no systematic chromasomal abnormality in the mutants. Mitotic accumulation is used to study the generation time of the parental cells and representative mutants at 34.5 degrees and 39.5 degrees. The uses of these mutants for genetic analysis of mammalian cells in culture is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with UV and x-irradiation. The isolation of ten conditionally lethal temperature-sensitive mutants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-Kl, pro-) by the BUdR-visible light selection procedure described. Treatment with radiation at doses known to cause single gene mutation in mammalian cells increases the mutation frequency by a factor of at least 14. These mutants will grow with normal plating efficiency at 34.5 degrees but will not grow at 39.5 degrees. Complementation analysis by two independent methods indicates that all mutants are recessive and allows the assignment of the mutants to six genetically independent complementation groups. Reversion analysis indicates that the TS-mutants are stable, spontaneous revertants arising at a frequency of less than 10(-6). Preliminary chromosome analysis revealed no systematic chromasomal abnormality in the mutants. Mitotic accumulation is used to study the generation time of the parental cells and representative mutants at 34.5 degrees and 39.5 degrees. The uses of these mutants for genetic analysis of mammalian cells in culture is discussed.", "PMID": 1028162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4705", "title": "Expression of human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase in Chinese hamster cells treated with isolated human chromosomes.", "content": "Chinese hamster cells deficient for the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) were incubated with isolated human metaphase chromosomes and 21 colonies were isolated in HAT medium. Three different types of cell lines were established from these clones. First, 4 cell lines had 10-30% of normal Chinese hamster HPRT activity with the same electrophoretic mobility as human HPRT. This HPRT activity remains detectable during at least 8 weeks of growth of the cells in nonselective medium. Second, 3 cell lines also had human-like HPRT with the same activity as the first type. This HPRT persists only if the cells are grown in HAT medium and disappears during 8 weeks of growth in nonselective medium. Third, other clones survived in HAT medium as well as in medium with 8-azaguanine. These cells had no detectable HPRT activity. Using differential chromosome staining techniques no recognizable human chromosome fragments were found in any of the cell lines.", "contents": "Expression of human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase in Chinese hamster cells treated with isolated human chromosomes. Chinese hamster cells deficient for the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) were incubated with isolated human metaphase chromosomes and 21 colonies were isolated in HAT medium. Three different types of cell lines were established from these clones. First, 4 cell lines had 10-30% of normal Chinese hamster HPRT activity with the same electrophoretic mobility as human HPRT. This HPRT activity remains detectable during at least 8 weeks of growth of the cells in nonselective medium. Second, 3 cell lines also had human-like HPRT with the same activity as the first type. This HPRT persists only if the cells are grown in HAT medium and disappears during 8 weeks of growth in nonselective medium. Third, other clones survived in HAT medium as well as in medium with 8-azaguanine. These cells had no detectable HPRT activity. Using differential chromosome staining techniques no recognizable human chromosome fragments were found in any of the cell lines.", "PMID": 1028163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4706", "title": "Improved techniques for the induction of mammalian cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol.", "content": "Modifications in the techniques for the induction of mammalian somatic cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol (PEG) have led to procedures that are rapid, simple, and effective. The basic improvements, for both monolayer and suspension fusions, are a short exposure to PEG and a rapid dilution of PEG following treatment. There is a marked effect of PEG concentration on cell hybridization, and there seem to be inherent differences between cells in terms of the extent of cell fusion induced by PEG.", "contents": "Improved techniques for the induction of mammalian cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol. Modifications in the techniques for the induction of mammalian somatic cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol (PEG) have led to procedures that are rapid, simple, and effective. The basic improvements, for both monolayer and suspension fusions, are a short exposure to PEG and a rapid dilution of PEG following treatment. There is a marked effect of PEG concentration on cell hybridization, and there seem to be inherent differences between cells in terms of the extent of cell fusion induced by PEG.", "PMID": 1028164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4707", "title": "Assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase to the region q-24-qter of human chromosome 10.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and human fibroblasts carrying a translocation of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 to chromosome 17 were studied for the expression of cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. A positive correlation between the expression of human cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and the presence of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 was established.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase to the region q-24-qter of human chromosome 10. Somatic cell hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and human fibroblasts carrying a translocation of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 to chromosome 17 were studied for the expression of cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. A positive correlation between the expression of human cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and the presence of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 was established.", "PMID": 1028165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4708", "title": "Differential staining of interspecific chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids by alkaline Giemsa stain.", "content": "Staining of chromosome preparations of Chinese hamster-human hybrid cells and mouse-chimpanzee hybrids with alkaline Giemsa has yielded color differentiation of the interspecific chromosomes. Bicolor chromosomes, indicating apparent translocations also are observed for each of these hybrids. The specific color differences observed provide a rapid means of recognizing and aiding in the identification of the interspecific chromosomes and apparent translocations in these somatic cell hybrids.", "contents": "Differential staining of interspecific chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids by alkaline Giemsa stain. Staining of chromosome preparations of Chinese hamster-human hybrid cells and mouse-chimpanzee hybrids with alkaline Giemsa has yielded color differentiation of the interspecific chromosomes. Bicolor chromosomes, indicating apparent translocations also are observed for each of these hybrids. The specific color differences observed provide a rapid means of recognizing and aiding in the identification of the interspecific chromosomes and apparent translocations in these somatic cell hybrids.", "PMID": 1028166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4709", "title": "Biochemical selection systems for mammalian cells: the essential amino acids.", "content": "The essential amino acid requirement of cultured mammalian cells can be satisfied by 19 amino acid derivatives. This finding (a) confirms the results of animal nutritional studies and (b) identifies 19 essential amino acid derivatives and should permit the isolation of a new class of auxotrophic mutants. Five naturally occurring auxotrophic markers have been detected in this survey; namely, inability to utilize cystathionine and citrulline in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, inability to metabolize citrulline by HTC+hepatoma cells, and confirmation of Eagle's observation that KB cells can utilize homocystine in place of methionine or cystine and D-cystine in place of L-cystine.", "contents": "Biochemical selection systems for mammalian cells: the essential amino acids. The essential amino acid requirement of cultured mammalian cells can be satisfied by 19 amino acid derivatives. This finding (a) confirms the results of animal nutritional studies and (b) identifies 19 essential amino acid derivatives and should permit the isolation of a new class of auxotrophic mutants. Five naturally occurring auxotrophic markers have been detected in this survey; namely, inability to utilize cystathionine and citrulline in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, inability to metabolize citrulline by HTC+hepatoma cells, and confirmation of Eagle's observation that KB cells can utilize homocystine in place of methionine or cystine and D-cystine in place of L-cystine.", "PMID": 1028167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4710", "title": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism. IV. Isolation of a mutant which accumulates adenylosuccinic acid and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide.", "content": "The production, isolation, and characterization of a new complementation group (Ade-I) of adenine-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant accumulates two intermediates of purine biosynthesis, both of which contain an aspartate moiety. One of these is shown to be adenylosuccinic acid (AMPS) by chromatographic analysis, while evidence is presented that strongly suggests the other intermediate is succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR). Thus, Ade-I is most likely lacking the activity of the enzyme adenylosuccinase (EC 4.3.2.2). The use of this and similar mutants for the analysis of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism. IV. Isolation of a mutant which accumulates adenylosuccinic acid and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide. The production, isolation, and characterization of a new complementation group (Ade-I) of adenine-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant accumulates two intermediates of purine biosynthesis, both of which contain an aspartate moiety. One of these is shown to be adenylosuccinic acid (AMPS) by chromatographic analysis, while evidence is presented that strongly suggests the other intermediate is succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR). Thus, Ade-I is most likely lacking the activity of the enzyme adenylosuccinase (EC 4.3.2.2). The use of this and similar mutants for the analysis of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1028168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4711", "title": "Expression of transformation in cell hybrids. I. Isolation and application of density-inhibited Balb/3T3 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and resistant to ouabain.", "content": "A cell line, THO2, was isolated from Balb/3T3 clone A31 after sequential nitrosoguanidine treatments and selection for resistance to 6-thioguanine and ouabain. THO2 retains the properties of density-dependent inhibition of growth and serum dependence of DNA synthesis characteristic of 3T3. The codominant expression of ouabain resistance and inability of THO2 to utilize exogenous hypoxanthine in the presence of aminopterin allows isolation of somatic cell hybrids involving THO2 and any ouabain-sensitive, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-positive cell line. Hybrid clones derived from THO2 and SV40-transformed cells show dominant expression of the transformed phenotype with respect to multilayered arrangement of cells and ability to synthesize DNA in 1% calf-serum medium.", "contents": "Expression of transformation in cell hybrids. I. Isolation and application of density-inhibited Balb/3T3 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and resistant to ouabain. A cell line, THO2, was isolated from Balb/3T3 clone A31 after sequential nitrosoguanidine treatments and selection for resistance to 6-thioguanine and ouabain. THO2 retains the properties of density-dependent inhibition of growth and serum dependence of DNA synthesis characteristic of 3T3. The codominant expression of ouabain resistance and inability of THO2 to utilize exogenous hypoxanthine in the presence of aminopterin allows isolation of somatic cell hybrids involving THO2 and any ouabain-sensitive, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-positive cell line. Hybrid clones derived from THO2 and SV40-transformed cells show dominant expression of the transformed phenotype with respect to multilayered arrangement of cells and ability to synthesize DNA in 1% calf-serum medium.", "PMID": 1028169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4712", "title": "Human diploid fibroblast mutants with altered RNA polymerase II.", "content": "Clones resistant to the cytotoxic action of alpha-amanitin have been isolated from a strain of fetal human lung diploid fibroblasts. Resistant clones were recovered at a frequencey of 5 X 10(-8) after single-step selections following mutagenesis with the mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate. Following propagation in drug-free medium, the clones retained the selected phenotype and in both growth and plating experiments showed a 10-50-fold higher resistance than wild-type cells to the cytotoxicity of 0.25 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin. The alpha-amanitin sensitivity of RNA polymerase II purified from the mutant cells suggests the presence of two forms of the enzyme, one similar to that found in wild-type cells and a second form with increased resistance to alpha-amanitin inhibition. These results are consistent with previous evidence that alpha-amanitin resistance behaves as a codominant marker in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Human diploid fibroblast mutants with altered RNA polymerase II. Clones resistant to the cytotoxic action of alpha-amanitin have been isolated from a strain of fetal human lung diploid fibroblasts. Resistant clones were recovered at a frequencey of 5 X 10(-8) after single-step selections following mutagenesis with the mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate. Following propagation in drug-free medium, the clones retained the selected phenotype and in both growth and plating experiments showed a 10-50-fold higher resistance than wild-type cells to the cytotoxicity of 0.25 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin. The alpha-amanitin sensitivity of RNA polymerase II purified from the mutant cells suggests the presence of two forms of the enzyme, one similar to that found in wild-type cells and a second form with increased resistance to alpha-amanitin inhibition. These results are consistent with previous evidence that alpha-amanitin resistance behaves as a codominant marker in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 1028170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4713", "title": "Isolation of mutants lacking branched-chain amino acid transaminase.", "content": "Variants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell have been isolated which can no longer grow when valine, leucine, or isoleucine is replaced in the culture medium by its respective alpha-keto acid: alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, or alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid. These variants lack branched-chain amino acid transaminase activity. Evidence is presented indicating these variants to be single gene mutants. Genetic evidence is also presented confirming previous biochemical evidence that a single enzyme carries out transaminase functions on valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The branched-chain transaminase-deficient (trans-) mutants can be reverted to wild-type behavior by treatment with mutagenic agents. These mutants promise to be useful in exploring regulatory mechanisms in biochemical, genetic, and cancer research.", "contents": "Isolation of mutants lacking branched-chain amino acid transaminase. Variants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell have been isolated which can no longer grow when valine, leucine, or isoleucine is replaced in the culture medium by its respective alpha-keto acid: alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, or alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid. These variants lack branched-chain amino acid transaminase activity. Evidence is presented indicating these variants to be single gene mutants. Genetic evidence is also presented confirming previous biochemical evidence that a single enzyme carries out transaminase functions on valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The branched-chain transaminase-deficient (trans-) mutants can be reverted to wild-type behavior by treatment with mutagenic agents. These mutants promise to be useful in exploring regulatory mechanisms in biochemical, genetic, and cancer research.", "PMID": 1028171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4714", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of three methotrexate-resistant phenotypes from Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Three mechanisms for resistance to methotrexate (Mtx) have been identified in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells selected from resistance to this drug. First-step selections produce cells with either an apparent structural alteration in the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (class I), or a decreased permeability to the drug (class II). Mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate increases the proportion of Mtx-resistant cells 5-10-fold. Second-step selections to higher resistance using class I resistant cells as parents results in cells with an increased activity of the reductase enzyme (class III) with no apparent further qualitative alterations in the enzyme. All three classes of resistant cells retain their Mtx-resistant phenotype when cultured under nonselectivve conditions.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of three methotrexate-resistant phenotypes from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Three mechanisms for resistance to methotrexate (Mtx) have been identified in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells selected from resistance to this drug. First-step selections produce cells with either an apparent structural alteration in the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (class I), or a decreased permeability to the drug (class II). Mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate increases the proportion of Mtx-resistant cells 5-10-fold. Second-step selections to higher resistance using class I resistant cells as parents results in cells with an increased activity of the reductase enzyme (class III) with no apparent further qualitative alterations in the enzyme. All three classes of resistant cells retain their Mtx-resistant phenotype when cultured under nonselectivve conditions.", "PMID": 1028172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4715", "title": "Dimethyl sulfoxide enhances polyethylene glycol-mediated somatic cell fusion.", "content": "The efficiency of fusion of human diploid cells by polyethylene glycol was greatly enhanced by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide. The extent of fusion was directly proportional to the concentrations of both of these compounds. At all except the highest concentrations, cell loss was moderate to minimal and perturbation of cell cycle function as measured by [3H] thymidine labeling indices and mitotic indices was minimal in the surviving cells. This technique is potentially useful for heterokaryon studies as well as for the isolation of hybrids of mammalian somatic cells.", "contents": "Dimethyl sulfoxide enhances polyethylene glycol-mediated somatic cell fusion. The efficiency of fusion of human diploid cells by polyethylene glycol was greatly enhanced by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide. The extent of fusion was directly proportional to the concentrations of both of these compounds. At all except the highest concentrations, cell loss was moderate to minimal and perturbation of cell cycle function as measured by [3H] thymidine labeling indices and mitotic indices was minimal in the surviving cells. This technique is potentially useful for heterokaryon studies as well as for the isolation of hybrids of mammalian somatic cells.", "PMID": 1028173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4716", "title": "Polyethylene glycol-induced mammalian cell hybridization: effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weight and concentration.", "content": "The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight and concentration on mammalian cell hybridization were studied. The peak hybridization-inducing activity with all grades of PEG from 400-6000 was found to occur in the concentration range of 50-55%. However, changes in concentration were seen to have different quantitative effects with different grades of PEG. For monolayer fusions, PEG 1000 at 50% seems to be the optimal combination of PEG molecular weight and concentration, in terms of both efficiency of hybridization and relative insensitivity to dilution effects.", "contents": "Polyethylene glycol-induced mammalian cell hybridization: effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weight and concentration. The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight and concentration on mammalian cell hybridization were studied. The peak hybridization-inducing activity with all grades of PEG from 400-6000 was found to occur in the concentration range of 50-55%. However, changes in concentration were seen to have different quantitative effects with different grades of PEG. For monolayer fusions, PEG 1000 at 50% seems to be the optimal combination of PEG molecular weight and concentration, in terms of both efficiency of hybridization and relative insensitivity to dilution effects.", "PMID": 1028174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4717", "title": "Contamination formed around a very narrow electron beam.", "content": "Specimen contamination in the electron microscope is studied in an attempt to clarify the processes involved in contamination deposition. A very narrow electron beam has been used to make small peaks of contamination on the surface of a thin carbon film. These peaks have been imaged and the rates of growth of the height, diameter and volume determined. It is concluded that a portion of the contamination can be related to the interaction of the electron beam with the adsorbed surface layer. Surface migration of adsorbed material is indicated as the supply mechanism. Significant deposition of material in regions not exposed to the beam is reported for the first time. A method for determining the thickness of thin amorphous carbon film in the range of a hundred to a few thousand Angstr\u00f6ms is described.", "contents": "Contamination formed around a very narrow electron beam. Specimen contamination in the electron microscope is studied in an attempt to clarify the processes involved in contamination deposition. A very narrow electron beam has been used to make small peaks of contamination on the surface of a thin carbon film. These peaks have been imaged and the rates of growth of the height, diameter and volume determined. It is concluded that a portion of the contamination can be related to the interaction of the electron beam with the adsorbed surface layer. Surface migration of adsorbed material is indicated as the supply mechanism. Significant deposition of material in regions not exposed to the beam is reported for the first time. A method for determining the thickness of thin amorphous carbon film in the range of a hundred to a few thousand Angstr\u00f6ms is described.", "PMID": 1028185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4718", "title": "Electronmicroscopic mass determination using photographic isodensity techniques.", "content": "Using Agfacontour, Kodalith, or similar films, it is possible to convert an electron micrograph into a map of regions of equal photographic density (isodensitites) by simple copying procedures. If images of polystyrene spheres  and a calibrated density wedge are included in the copies, it is possible to quantitatively calibrate the isodensities in terms of mass per unit area of the specimen. In this way, electronmicroscopic mass determination may be accomplished without the need of densitometers or other photometric equipment.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic mass determination using photographic isodensity techniques. Using Agfacontour, Kodalith, or similar films, it is possible to convert an electron micrograph into a map of regions of equal photographic density (isodensitites) by simple copying procedures. If images of polystyrene spheres  and a calibrated density wedge are included in the copies, it is possible to quantitatively calibrate the isodensities in terms of mass per unit area of the specimen. In this way, electronmicroscopic mass determination may be accomplished without the need of densitometers or other photometric equipment.", "PMID": 1028187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4719", "title": "Direct phase determination for quasi-kinematical electron diffraction intensity data from organic microcrystals.", "content": "Direct phasing techniques using cosine estimates for three-phase and four-phase structure invariants in space group P1 are applied to zonal hk0 electron diffraction intensity data from an orthorhombic paraffin and a cephalin. Ab initio use of these kinematical phases is shown to derive the correct structures of the methylene subcell packings for these compounds in agreement with earlier determinations from Patterson maps.", "contents": "Direct phase determination for quasi-kinematical electron diffraction intensity data from organic microcrystals. Direct phasing techniques using cosine estimates for three-phase and four-phase structure invariants in space group P1 are applied to zonal hk0 electron diffraction intensity data from an orthorhombic paraffin and a cephalin. Ab initio use of these kinematical phases is shown to derive the correct structures of the methylene subcell packings for these compounds in agreement with earlier determinations from Patterson maps.", "PMID": 1028188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4720", "title": "Computer experiments for tilted beam dark-field imaging.", "content": "Simulated high resolution tilted beam dark-field electron micrographs for the conventional transmission microscope were obtained by performing wave optical calculations with a high speed computer. Various organometallic molecules and point defects in crystals were studied to assess whether the image structures resembled the orginal object in terms of atom positions and atom correlations for a variety of microscope conditions. For the organometallic molecules close agreement was found between actual experimental micrographs and calculated images for specific combinations of microscope parameters. The images of point defects indicate that it should be possible to identify these structures based upon image size and intensity which in turn are highly dependent on the strain field surrounding the defect.", "contents": "Computer experiments for tilted beam dark-field imaging. Simulated high resolution tilted beam dark-field electron micrographs for the conventional transmission microscope were obtained by performing wave optical calculations with a high speed computer. Various organometallic molecules and point defects in crystals were studied to assess whether the image structures resembled the orginal object in terms of atom positions and atom correlations for a variety of microscope conditions. For the organometallic molecules close agreement was found between actual experimental micrographs and calculated images for specific combinations of microscope parameters. The images of point defects indicate that it should be possible to identify these structures based upon image size and intensity which in turn are highly dependent on the strain field surrounding the defect.", "PMID": 1028189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4721", "title": "Quantitative tensile-tilting stages for the high voltage electron microscope.", "content": "This paper describes a soft and a hard tensile stage for the high voltage electron microscope. Both stages can be combined with a top entry double tilting stage. The devices are driven by thermal expansion elements operating against water cooled parts. The drive mechanism shows smooth action with a relatively low response time and good long-time stability. The stages are equipped with strain gauge bridges for force and elongation measurements. The soft stage has a maximum load of 13 g, and a hard one reaches 1.5 kg.", "contents": "Quantitative tensile-tilting stages for the high voltage electron microscope. This paper describes a soft and a hard tensile stage for the high voltage electron microscope. Both stages can be combined with a top entry double tilting stage. The devices are driven by thermal expansion elements operating against water cooled parts. The drive mechanism shows smooth action with a relatively low response time and good long-time stability. The stages are equipped with strain gauge bridges for force and elongation measurements. The soft stage has a maximum load of 13 g, and a hard one reaches 1.5 kg.", "PMID": 1028190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4722", "title": "The use of backscattered electrons for imaging purposes in a scanning electron microscope.", "content": "It is shown that the use of a very large detector for backscattered electrons can provide a signal comparable to that obtained in the secondary emission mode and that the resolution available is also comparable. A technique is described whereby the difference is taken between these two signals, and the use of this difference signal can significantly enhance surface details. It is believed that the use of such a signal should ultimately prove advantageous in increasing resolution.", "contents": "The use of backscattered electrons for imaging purposes in a scanning electron microscope. It is shown that the use of a very large detector for backscattered electrons can provide a signal comparable to that obtained in the secondary emission mode and that the resolution available is also comparable. A technique is described whereby the difference is taken between these two signals, and the use of this difference signal can significantly enhance surface details. It is believed that the use of such a signal should ultimately prove advantageous in increasing resolution.", "PMID": 1028191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4723", "title": "The formation and interpretation of defect images from crystalline materials in a scanning transmission electron microscope.", "content": "The technique of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been employed usefully in studies of amorphous materials, and the theory of image formation and interpretation in this case has been well developed. Less attention has been given to the practical and theoretical problems associated with the use of STEM for the examination of crystalline materials. In this case the contrast mechanisms are dominated by Bragg diffraction and so they are quite different from those occurring in amorphous substances. In this paper practical techniques for the observation and interpretation of contrast from defects in crystalline materials are discussed. It is shown that whilst images of defects are obtained readily under all typical STEM operating conditions, the form of the image and the information it contains varies with the angle subtended at the specimen by the detector. If this angle is too large significant image modifications relative to the \"conventional\" transmission electron microscope case may occur and the resolution of the image may degrade. If this angle is too small, then signal to noise considerations make an interpretation of the image difficult. In this paper we indicate how the detector angle may be chosen correctly, and also present techniques for setting up a STEM instrument for imaging a crystalline material containing lattice defects.", "contents": "The formation and interpretation of defect images from crystalline materials in a scanning transmission electron microscope. The technique of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been employed usefully in studies of amorphous materials, and the theory of image formation and interpretation in this case has been well developed. Less attention has been given to the practical and theoretical problems associated with the use of STEM for the examination of crystalline materials. In this case the contrast mechanisms are dominated by Bragg diffraction and so they are quite different from those occurring in amorphous substances. In this paper practical techniques for the observation and interpretation of contrast from defects in crystalline materials are discussed. It is shown that whilst images of defects are obtained readily under all typical STEM operating conditions, the form of the image and the information it contains varies with the angle subtended at the specimen by the detector. If this angle is too large significant image modifications relative to the \"conventional\" transmission electron microscope case may occur and the resolution of the image may degrade. If this angle is too small, then signal to noise considerations make an interpretation of the image difficult. In this paper we indicate how the detector angle may be chosen correctly, and also present techniques for setting up a STEM instrument for imaging a crystalline material containing lattice defects.", "PMID": 1028192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4724", "title": "The extension of scanning transmission electron microscopy by use of diffraction information.", "content": "The information contained in the intensity distribution of the convergent beam electron diffraction pattern, produced in the detector plane for each incident beam position in a scanning transmission electron microscope, may be used to enhance the resolution of the microscope or else to decrease the electron irradiation of the specimen involved in deducing information at any particular level of resolution. The structural information concerning the specimen may be obtained, for example by interpretation of the Patterson function using image-seeking methods. The statistical error involved due to the finite number of electrons available may be derived by considering the efficiency of use of the information contained in Patterson function peaks. The most efficient means for using the available information appears to be that based on information theory concepts, which employ the integral over the product of the observed diffraction pattern intensity and the intensity calculated for known or postulated groupings of atoms. The reduction in radiation damage possible by use of this method, relative to that involved in the separate imaging of individual atoms, may be by a factor of approximately n, where n is the number of atoms in the known or postulated group being sought.", "contents": "The extension of scanning transmission electron microscopy by use of diffraction information. The information contained in the intensity distribution of the convergent beam electron diffraction pattern, produced in the detector plane for each incident beam position in a scanning transmission electron microscope, may be used to enhance the resolution of the microscope or else to decrease the electron irradiation of the specimen involved in deducing information at any particular level of resolution. The structural information concerning the specimen may be obtained, for example by interpretation of the Patterson function using image-seeking methods. The statistical error involved due to the finite number of electrons available may be derived by considering the efficiency of use of the information contained in Patterson function peaks. The most efficient means for using the available information appears to be that based on information theory concepts, which employ the integral over the product of the observed diffraction pattern intensity and the intensity calculated for known or postulated groupings of atoms. The reduction in radiation damage possible by use of this method, relative to that involved in the separate imaging of individual atoms, may be by a factor of approximately n, where n is the number of atoms in the known or postulated group being sought.", "PMID": 1028193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4725", "title": "Very low voltage electron microscopy.", "content": "We conclude that a 150 V scanning microscope with a resolution of 10 A is quite feasible and could have considerable value. It might consist of a field emission source, an electron gun to decelerate the electrons, a condenser lens to produce a parallel beam, a multipole corrector and a short focal length objective lens. Electrons reflected from the specimen surface would pass through a spectrometer whose principal features would be a large collecting power and low (1/200) energy resolution. Finally, we should add that such a microscope presents a considerable challenge and new opportunities for the electron optician in both lens and spectrometer design. We cannot refrain from pointing out that the Scherzer theorem does not necessarily hold for such a lens since the constraints of the theorem do not apply to this case.", "contents": "Very low voltage electron microscopy. We conclude that a 150 V scanning microscope with a resolution of 10 A is quite feasible and could have considerable value. It might consist of a field emission source, an electron gun to decelerate the electrons, a condenser lens to produce a parallel beam, a multipole corrector and a short focal length objective lens. Electrons reflected from the specimen surface would pass through a spectrometer whose principal features would be a large collecting power and low (1/200) energy resolution. Finally, we should add that such a microscope presents a considerable challenge and new opportunities for the electron optician in both lens and spectrometer design. We cannot refrain from pointing out that the Scherzer theorem does not necessarily hold for such a lens since the constraints of the theorem do not apply to this case.", "PMID": 1028195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4726", "title": "Use of pure carbon specimen holders for analytical electron microscopy of thin sections.", "content": "The use of a simple specimen holder, made of pure carbon, for analytical electron microscopy of sections of biological material is reported. Interference of the specimen holder with the X-ray spectrum from the specimen is minimized. The contribution of the holder to the continuum spectrum is consistent with theoretical predictions.", "contents": "Use of pure carbon specimen holders for analytical electron microscopy of thin sections. The use of a simple specimen holder, made of pure carbon, for analytical electron microscopy of sections of biological material is reported. Interference of the specimen holder with the X-ray spectrum from the specimen is minimized. The contribution of the holder to the continuum spectrum is consistent with theoretical predictions.", "PMID": 1028205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4727", "title": "Use of coincidence techniques to improve the detection limits of electron spectroscopy in STEM.", "content": "A method of improving the detection limits of microanalysis using electron energy losses due to inner-shell excitation is proposed. This is based on coincidence detection of the energy-loss electrons with another signal which also results from inner-shell excitations, i.e., Auger electrons or characteristic X-rays. It is concluded that there will be a significant improvement in the detection of monolayers on a homogeneous monatomic substrate by using coincidence of energy-loss electrons with Auger electrons.", "contents": "Use of coincidence techniques to improve the detection limits of electron spectroscopy in STEM. A method of improving the detection limits of microanalysis using electron energy losses due to inner-shell excitation is proposed. This is based on coincidence detection of the energy-loss electrons with another signal which also results from inner-shell excitations, i.e., Auger electrons or characteristic X-rays. It is concluded that there will be a significant improvement in the detection of monolayers on a homogeneous monatomic substrate by using coincidence of energy-loss electrons with Auger electrons.", "PMID": 1028199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4728", "title": "High resolution shadowing for electron microscopy by sputter deposition.", "content": "The sputtering process by an ion beam well collimated and highly accelerated provides a valuable means of high resolution shadowing, replication of a fine object by a combination of pre-shadowing and deposition as well as a preparation of supporting films. High resolution shadowing and films with grains smaller than 1 nm can be obtained by argon ion-sputtering targets of tungsten and tungsten/tantalum alloy. The resolution of carbon replicas pre-shadowed with tungsten/tantalum is determined from the radius of curvature of replicated magnesium oxide crystal corners.", "contents": "High resolution shadowing for electron microscopy by sputter deposition. The sputtering process by an ion beam well collimated and highly accelerated provides a valuable means of high resolution shadowing, replication of a fine object by a combination of pre-shadowing and deposition as well as a preparation of supporting films. High resolution shadowing and films with grains smaller than 1 nm can be obtained by argon ion-sputtering targets of tungsten and tungsten/tantalum alloy. The resolution of carbon replicas pre-shadowed with tungsten/tantalum is determined from the radius of curvature of replicated magnesium oxide crystal corners.", "PMID": 1028206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4729", "title": "Scanning transmission electron microscopy of thin specimens.", "content": "The intensity distributions in bright field and dark field images of thin specimens obtained in scanning transmission electron microscopy are evaluated in terms of the phase of object approximation for coherent and partially coherent illumination. Previous treatments, based on a weak phase object approximation are shown to contain unwarranted assumptions in some cases, resulting in predictions of limited validity. The probable errors due to the neglect of higher order terms in power series expansion and in the assumption that the dark-field signal from an annular detector is proportional to the total elastic scattering are evaluated. Questions of optimizing the signal intensity and contrast are examined by considering the detector configuration in relationship to the form of the convergent beam diffraction pattern formed in the detector plane and the implications for the use of diffraction pattern information to enhance the imaging process are considered.", "contents": "Scanning transmission electron microscopy of thin specimens. The intensity distributions in bright field and dark field images of thin specimens obtained in scanning transmission electron microscopy are evaluated in terms of the phase of object approximation for coherent and partially coherent illumination. Previous treatments, based on a weak phase object approximation are shown to contain unwarranted assumptions in some cases, resulting in predictions of limited validity. The probable errors due to the neglect of higher order terms in power series expansion and in the assumption that the dark-field signal from an annular detector is proportional to the total elastic scattering are evaluated. Questions of optimizing the signal intensity and contrast are examined by considering the detector configuration in relationship to the form of the convergent beam diffraction pattern formed in the detector plane and the implications for the use of diffraction pattern information to enhance the imaging process are considered.", "PMID": 1028207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4730", "title": "The modification of the electron microscope for special crystallographic applications.", "content": "The conversion of the transmission electron microscope to a convergent-beam camera and shadow microscope with facilities for experiments using two specimens located in different planes is discussed, with particular reference to older models such as the Elmiskop 1. The conversion requires the removal of the intermediate lens in some microscopes and thus prevents them from operating in their original capacity. The Elmiskop 1 has a wide intermediate lens pole-piece which does not unduly restrict the diffraction angle. The smallest crystal spacing contributing to the convergent-beam diffraction pattern is 0.05 nm.", "contents": "The modification of the electron microscope for special crystallographic applications. The conversion of the transmission electron microscope to a convergent-beam camera and shadow microscope with facilities for experiments using two specimens located in different planes is discussed, with particular reference to older models such as the Elmiskop 1. The conversion requires the removal of the intermediate lens in some microscopes and thus prevents them from operating in their original capacity. The Elmiskop 1 has a wide intermediate lens pole-piece which does not unduly restrict the diffraction angle. The smallest crystal spacing contributing to the convergent-beam diffraction pattern is 0.05 nm.", "PMID": 1028209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4731", "title": "Radiation damage of proteins in the solid state: changes of amino acid composition in catalase.", "content": "Catalase has been irradiated with 100 keV electrons under conditions simulating the hazards of electron microscopic imaging. Amino acid analysis reveals a definite pattern of amino acid destruction which is well correlated with the particular chemical structures of amino acid side chains. This pattern appears to be distinctly different from the sensitivity pattern for monoamino acid systems, which fact is ascribed to intramolecular energy transfer and selective attack of liberated radicals.", "contents": "Radiation damage of proteins in the solid state: changes of amino acid composition in catalase. Catalase has been irradiated with 100 keV electrons under conditions simulating the hazards of electron microscopic imaging. Amino acid analysis reveals a definite pattern of amino acid destruction which is well correlated with the particular chemical structures of amino acid side chains. This pattern appears to be distinctly different from the sensitivity pattern for monoamino acid systems, which fact is ascribed to intramolecular energy transfer and selective attack of liberated radicals.", "PMID": 1028203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4732", "title": "Minimization of dose as a criterion for the selection of imaging modes in electron microscopy of amorphous specimens.", "content": "A fundamental limitation in electron microscopy of organic specimens is radiation damage by the electron beam. To minimize damage it is necessary to have maximum information collection for a given dose. Various modes of operation of conventional and scanning transmission microscopes are compared with respect to their ability to detect small changes in specimen thickness or density with a given signal to noise ratio. Incoherent imaging is assumed, and this is expected to apply to amorphous specimens under a variety of microscope conditions. For either very thin or very thick specimens, the scanning transmission microscope is found to require nearly 10 times less dose than a conventional microscope for the same signal to noise ratio in the image. For specimens of intermediate thickness, scanning and conventional transmission electron microscopes are roughly equivalent.", "contents": "Minimization of dose as a criterion for the selection of imaging modes in electron microscopy of amorphous specimens. A fundamental limitation in electron microscopy of organic specimens is radiation damage by the electron beam. To minimize damage it is necessary to have maximum information collection for a given dose. Various modes of operation of conventional and scanning transmission microscopes are compared with respect to their ability to detect small changes in specimen thickness or density with a given signal to noise ratio. Incoherent imaging is assumed, and this is expected to apply to amorphous specimens under a variety of microscope conditions. For either very thin or very thick specimens, the scanning transmission microscope is found to require nearly 10 times less dose than a conventional microscope for the same signal to noise ratio in the image. For specimens of intermediate thickness, scanning and conventional transmission electron microscopes are roughly equivalent.", "PMID": 1028210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4733", "title": "Influence of detector geometry on image properties of the STEM for thick objects.", "content": "Plural electron scattering within thick objects broadens and smoothes the intensity distribution in the detector plane of a scanning transmission electron microscope. Detector arrangements have been determined which give maximum contrast and optimum S/N when the object details are large compared to the scanning spot. Asymptotic expressions for the optimum detector angles, specimen resolution, and S/N were obtained which are valid for objects thicker than approximately four elastic mean free path lengths. Exact calculations of the changes in contrast and S/N with thickness fluctuations in amorphous carbon foils were performed for atbitrary foil thicknesses. Elastic and inelastic electron scattering was taken into account.", "contents": "Influence of detector geometry on image properties of the STEM for thick objects. Plural electron scattering within thick objects broadens and smoothes the intensity distribution in the detector plane of a scanning transmission electron microscope. Detector arrangements have been determined which give maximum contrast and optimum S/N when the object details are large compared to the scanning spot. Asymptotic expressions for the optimum detector angles, specimen resolution, and S/N were obtained which are valid for objects thicker than approximately four elastic mean free path lengths. Exact calculations of the changes in contrast and S/N with thickness fluctuations in amorphous carbon foils were performed for atbitrary foil thicknesses. Elastic and inelastic electron scattering was taken into account.", "PMID": 1028211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4734", "title": "Contribution of electron energy loss spectroscopy to the development of analytical electron microscopy.", "content": "The combined use of an electron energy loss spectrometer and an electron microscope provides some chemical information at the nanometer scale. The physics of the interaction processes between the incident electron beam and the thin sample foil is reviewed in terms of energy and momentum transfer. This analysis of the content of an electron energy loss spectrum allows us to establish rules for a satisfactory use of the information and to discuss the detection limits of this newly developed microanalytical technique.", "contents": "Contribution of electron energy loss spectroscopy to the development of analytical electron microscopy. The combined use of an electron energy loss spectrometer and an electron microscope provides some chemical information at the nanometer scale. The physics of the interaction processes between the incident electron beam and the thin sample foil is reviewed in terms of energy and momentum transfer. This analysis of the content of an electron energy loss spectrum allows us to establish rules for a satisfactory use of the information and to discuss the detection limits of this newly developed microanalytical technique.", "PMID": 1028200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4735", "title": "Estimation of the Ca2+ binding by microsomal membranes from pig coronary artery using a calcium ion selective electrode.", "content": "To estimate the Ca2+ binding of microsomal membranes from pig coronary artery a modified potentiometric method was used. With this method it was possible to follow directly changes in the Ca2+ ion activity of the incubation medium down to 10(-8) moles. Compared with the Ca45-filter technique the electrometrically measuring device built up was beside the obvious advantages of a directly indicating method more fast, simple and hightly sensitive.", "contents": "Estimation of the Ca2+ binding by microsomal membranes from pig coronary artery using a calcium ion selective electrode. To estimate the Ca2+ binding of microsomal membranes from pig coronary artery a modified potentiometric method was used. With this method it was possible to follow directly changes in the Ca2+ ion activity of the incubation medium down to 10(-8) moles. Compared with the Ca45-filter technique the electrometrically measuring device built up was beside the obvious advantages of a directly indicating method more fast, simple and hightly sensitive.", "PMID": 1028325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4736", "title": "[Insulin catabolism by transformed, cultivated mouse fibroblasts (L-cells)].", "content": "Cultivated, transformed mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) are endowed with enzyme systems for insulin breakdown that are comparable to those of many other types of non-dedifferentiated insulin target cells (time and substrate dependence, Km value). It cannot yet be decided, however, which of the potential enzyme systems (thiolproteindisulfide-oxidoreductase (TPO) [E.C. 1.8.4.2] or proteinase) is prevalent in insulin breakdown in intact L-cells. Despite the lack of typical target symptoms for insulin, the cultivated L-cell could provide an appropriate experimental model for the insulin metabolism.", "contents": "[Insulin catabolism by transformed, cultivated mouse fibroblasts (L-cells)]. Cultivated, transformed mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) are endowed with enzyme systems for insulin breakdown that are comparable to those of many other types of non-dedifferentiated insulin target cells (time and substrate dependence, Km value). It cannot yet be decided, however, which of the potential enzyme systems (thiolproteindisulfide-oxidoreductase (TPO) [E.C. 1.8.4.2] or proteinase) is prevalent in insulin breakdown in intact L-cells. Despite the lack of typical target symptoms for insulin, the cultivated L-cell could provide an appropriate experimental model for the insulin metabolism.", "PMID": 1028326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4737", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of absorption spectra and spectra of magneto-optical rotatory dispersion of hemoproteins with reference to zero-field splitting. I. Analysis of the divalentcation of deuteroporphyrin in the Q-band region].", "content": "I. Analysis of the dication of deuteroporphyrin in the Q-band region. Methods for quantitative analysis of absorption spectra and magneto-optical rotatory dispersion with regard to zero-field splitting of a nearly degenerated term for the latter are described. The methods are based on adaptation of band-form functions to the spectrum using the principle of least squares. Calculation of the zero-field splitting utilizes the formalism evolved by Stephens for strictly degenerated terms (A-terms in the magneto-optical spectrum) which has been further developed to a band-form function depending on zero-field splitting. The curve-form function of the modified A-term contains 4 parameters (zero-field splitting, rotational strength, band width, and the maximum of the band) which have been determined by a computer program. The oscillator and the dipole strength of absorption bands to be calculated simultaneously with the program allows the determination of the magnetic orbital moments of the terms. Exemplified by the dication of deuteroporphyrindimethylester, the significance of zero-field splitting for the recognition of the exact molecule symmetry is demonstrated, and a model of the molecular structure is proposed.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of absorption spectra and spectra of magneto-optical rotatory dispersion of hemoproteins with reference to zero-field splitting. I. Analysis of the divalentcation of deuteroporphyrin in the Q-band region]. I. Analysis of the dication of deuteroporphyrin in the Q-band region. Methods for quantitative analysis of absorption spectra and magneto-optical rotatory dispersion with regard to zero-field splitting of a nearly degenerated term for the latter are described. The methods are based on adaptation of band-form functions to the spectrum using the principle of least squares. Calculation of the zero-field splitting utilizes the formalism evolved by Stephens for strictly degenerated terms (A-terms in the magneto-optical spectrum) which has been further developed to a band-form function depending on zero-field splitting. The curve-form function of the modified A-term contains 4 parameters (zero-field splitting, rotational strength, band width, and the maximum of the band) which have been determined by a computer program. The oscillator and the dipole strength of absorption bands to be calculated simultaneously with the program allows the determination of the magnetic orbital moments of the terms. Exemplified by the dication of deuteroporphyrindimethylester, the significance of zero-field splitting for the recognition of the exact molecule symmetry is demonstrated, and a model of the molecular structure is proposed.", "PMID": 1028327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4738", "title": "Seasonal reproductive periodicity and thyroid fluctuations in female Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti.", "content": "Seasonal reproductive rhythmicity and concomitant thyroid fluctuations have been studied in the female Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. The majority of the squirrels enter estrus during March and April when ovarian follicles attain maximum diameter. Ovulation starts in April and continues till June. A large number of degenerating follicles, indicating decline in ovarian functions, is a characteristic feature of the ovary in August. Minimum percent thyroid 131I uptake is recorded during May and June, i.e. at the onset of mating season. In July, which also marked the gestation period in the majority of the squirrels dissected, thyroid activity significantly increases. Gonadal regression begins in August and this is accompanied by corresponding fall in the thyroid 131I uptake. Alterations in thyroid cytoarchitecture during different months of the year are in accordance with the results obtained from radioiodine uptake studies. Fluctuations in thyroid functions during gonadal regression, recrudescence and peak gonadal activity are discussed in the present communication.", "contents": "Seasonal reproductive periodicity and thyroid fluctuations in female Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Seasonal reproductive rhythmicity and concomitant thyroid fluctuations have been studied in the female Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. The majority of the squirrels enter estrus during March and April when ovarian follicles attain maximum diameter. Ovulation starts in April and continues till June. A large number of degenerating follicles, indicating decline in ovarian functions, is a characteristic feature of the ovary in August. Minimum percent thyroid 131I uptake is recorded during May and June, i.e. at the onset of mating season. In July, which also marked the gestation period in the majority of the squirrels dissected, thyroid activity significantly increases. Gonadal regression begins in August and this is accompanied by corresponding fall in the thyroid 131I uptake. Alterations in thyroid cytoarchitecture during different months of the year are in accordance with the results obtained from radioiodine uptake studies. Fluctuations in thyroid functions during gonadal regression, recrudescence and peak gonadal activity are discussed in the present communication.", "PMID": 1028328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4739", "title": "Folding crystallization of DNA. Circular dichroism studies.", "content": "CD spectra of DNA monocrystals are extremely different from spectra of psi-DNA or DNA-histone H1 or DNA-polylysine complexes. They are discussed to be dependent on the supramolecular organization of DNA in the condensed form, and they are not in contradiction to the previously proposed seven folding model of DNA in chromatin. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the interpretation of chromatin CD spectra.", "contents": "Folding crystallization of DNA. Circular dichroism studies. CD spectra of DNA monocrystals are extremely different from spectra of psi-DNA or DNA-histone H1 or DNA-polylysine complexes. They are discussed to be dependent on the supramolecular organization of DNA in the condensed form, and they are not in contradiction to the previously proposed seven folding model of DNA in chromatin. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the interpretation of chromatin CD spectra.", "PMID": 1028329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4740", "title": "[Action of several respiration inhibitors on the tetramethyl-p-phenyldiamine short-circuit pathway in nonphosphorylating electron transport particles in the bovine heart].", "content": "Non-phosphorylating electron transfer particles from beef heart according to CRANE et al. possess the ability to oxidize succinate via the artificial TMPD bypass of the respiratory chain. The respiratory inhibitors TTFA, carboxin, tridemorph and the inhibitory protein RF from rabbit reticulocytes act both on the normal succinate oxidase and on the bypass. The presence of antimycin A diminishes the inhibition of carboxin on the bypass, likely by way of the increase of the degree of reduction in the iron-sulphur proteins. The inhibition by an isatin-beta-isothiosemicarbazone acting on the complex III of the succinate oxidase system is relieved by TMPD analogous to antimycin A.", "contents": "[Action of several respiration inhibitors on the tetramethyl-p-phenyldiamine short-circuit pathway in nonphosphorylating electron transport particles in the bovine heart]. Non-phosphorylating electron transfer particles from beef heart according to CRANE et al. possess the ability to oxidize succinate via the artificial TMPD bypass of the respiratory chain. The respiratory inhibitors TTFA, carboxin, tridemorph and the inhibitory protein RF from rabbit reticulocytes act both on the normal succinate oxidase and on the bypass. The presence of antimycin A diminishes the inhibition of carboxin on the bypass, likely by way of the increase of the degree of reduction in the iron-sulphur proteins. The inhibition by an isatin-beta-isothiosemicarbazone acting on the complex III of the succinate oxidase system is relieved by TMPD analogous to antimycin A.", "PMID": 1028330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4741", "title": "[Chronic atrophying polychondritis].", "content": "A case of chronic atrophic polychondritis in a 75 year old female patient is reported. The disease started with an asymptomatic lesion of the nasal septum. It was diagnosed after involvement of the auricular cartilages, which was followed by an ocular and then by a tracheal symptomatology. A histological study by means of optical microscopy and of electronic microscopy is presented. The general characteristics of chronic atrophic polychondritis are given. It is a systemic, inflammatory disease, and progresses by successive outbreaks. Its gravity lies in the frequency of laryngeal and tracheo-bronchial lesions. Its pathogeny is unknown. Two hypotheses are considered: the first, that it is due to a disturbance in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides ; the second is based on an immunological mechanism.", "contents": "[Chronic atrophying polychondritis]. A case of chronic atrophic polychondritis in a 75 year old female patient is reported. The disease started with an asymptomatic lesion of the nasal septum. It was diagnosed after involvement of the auricular cartilages, which was followed by an ocular and then by a tracheal symptomatology. A histological study by means of optical microscopy and of electronic microscopy is presented. The general characteristics of chronic atrophic polychondritis are given. It is a systemic, inflammatory disease, and progresses by successive outbreaks. Its gravity lies in the frequency of laryngeal and tracheo-bronchial lesions. Its pathogeny is unknown. Two hypotheses are considered: the first, that it is due to a disturbance in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides ; the second is based on an immunological mechanism.", "PMID": 1028335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4742", "title": "[Schirmer's test in the intratemporal surgery of the facial nerve].", "content": "The Schirmer test enables us to localise a lesion of the facial nerve as situated proximally or distally to the geniculate ganglion. Three cases of traumatic facial paralysis were surgically treated. One by transmastoidal decompression, two others by subtemporal suture or nerve graft. Partial to subtotal reinnervation took place in all three cases. The correct choice of transmastoidal or subtemporal approach was made according to the results of the Schirmer test, in the absence of X ray information.", "contents": "[Schirmer's test in the intratemporal surgery of the facial nerve]. The Schirmer test enables us to localise a lesion of the facial nerve as situated proximally or distally to the geniculate ganglion. Three cases of traumatic facial paralysis were surgically treated. One by transmastoidal decompression, two others by subtemporal suture or nerve graft. Partial to subtotal reinnervation took place in all three cases. The correct choice of transmastoidal or subtemporal approach was made according to the results of the Schirmer test, in the absence of X ray information.", "PMID": 1028338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4743", "title": "[Passage into normal salivary, lacrimal and nasal secretions of ampicillin and erythromycin administered intramuscularly].", "content": "The authors have measured, with the agar diffusion technique, the antibiotic concentrations in the serum as well as in the normal nasal, lachrymal and salivary secretions, after an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of ampicillin and of 200 mg of erythromycin. Bacillus subtilis is used as test germ for dosage of ampicillin and Sarcina lutea for the dosage of erythromycin. An important quantity of ampicillin (0.5 to 2.5 microgram/ml) passes into the nasal secretion. Its passage into the saliva is very irregular and is usually very slight. Bacillus subtilis is not suitable for systematically studying the ampicillin concentration in the lachrymal secretion, which displays a strong, inherent inhibitory effect on this micro-organism. Important concentrations of erythromycin are found in the three secretions: 0.5 to 3.25 microgram/ml in the nasal mucus and in the lachrymal secretion, 0.3 to 4.5 microgram/ml in saliva.", "contents": "[Passage into normal salivary, lacrimal and nasal secretions of ampicillin and erythromycin administered intramuscularly]. The authors have measured, with the agar diffusion technique, the antibiotic concentrations in the serum as well as in the normal nasal, lachrymal and salivary secretions, after an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of ampicillin and of 200 mg of erythromycin. Bacillus subtilis is used as test germ for dosage of ampicillin and Sarcina lutea for the dosage of erythromycin. An important quantity of ampicillin (0.5 to 2.5 microgram/ml) passes into the nasal secretion. Its passage into the saliva is very irregular and is usually very slight. Bacillus subtilis is not suitable for systematically studying the ampicillin concentration in the lachrymal secretion, which displays a strong, inherent inhibitory effect on this micro-organism. Important concentrations of erythromycin are found in the three secretions: 0.5 to 3.25 microgram/ml in the nasal mucus and in the lachrymal secretion, 0.3 to 4.5 microgram/ml in saliva.", "PMID": 1028340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4744", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus).", "content": "A 19-years-old male Orang-Utan had a brief illness of two weeks with marked dyspnoea. Necropsy revealed diffuse bilateral pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. This is the first account of this pathoanatomical entity in lower primates.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus). A 19-years-old male Orang-Utan had a brief illness of two weeks with marked dyspnoea. Necropsy revealed diffuse bilateral pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. This is the first account of this pathoanatomical entity in lower primates.", "PMID": 1028347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4745", "title": "A review of the diets of captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla).", "content": "It is clear that most zoos feed their gorillas a principally frugivorous diet, while the diets of wild gorilla populations are undoubtedly basically herbivorous. The primary food plant of western and eastern lowland gorillas is Aframomum, and Blancou (1955) even maintains that these plants possess active parasiticidal qualities, but this subscription is not borne out by recent research. However, it is possible that another plant food, combretum, could have some propensities as a deparasitant. Many captive gorillas accept cooked or raw meat in their diets and there is some evidence that feral gorillas may also occasionally consume matter of animal origin.", "contents": "A review of the diets of captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). It is clear that most zoos feed their gorillas a principally frugivorous diet, while the diets of wild gorilla populations are undoubtedly basically herbivorous. The primary food plant of western and eastern lowland gorillas is Aframomum, and Blancou (1955) even maintains that these plants possess active parasiticidal qualities, but this subscription is not borne out by recent research. However, it is possible that another plant food, combretum, could have some propensities as a deparasitant. Many captive gorillas accept cooked or raw meat in their diets and there is some evidence that feral gorillas may also occasionally consume matter of animal origin.", "PMID": 1028348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4746", "title": "[Validity of nutrition survey methods].", "content": "The aim of all dietary surveys is to discover what the persons under investigations are in habit of eating. They could be used to collect data on a single individual and on several hundred of individuals. There are two types of methods used: --evaluation of global consumption, --precise dietary studies. Additional studies research conscious and unconscious factors of dietary consumption. Whatever the aim, dietary patterns are used to trace trends both retrospectively and prospectively. But the nutritionist must be aware of limitations of the methods and be constantly improving them. It is imperative, therefore, that critical evolution be made at every stage of the procedure. The interest of those studies is to identify the current nutrient intake of a group or an individual likewise during a longer period, so that we can define the evoluation and perhaps the reason behind them. In epidemiological work, they are a part of the whole given data. They could permit the evaluation of correlation with clinical or biological parameters or with a particular disease.", "contents": "[Validity of nutrition survey methods]. The aim of all dietary surveys is to discover what the persons under investigations are in habit of eating. They could be used to collect data on a single individual and on several hundred of individuals. There are two types of methods used: --evaluation of global consumption, --precise dietary studies. Additional studies research conscious and unconscious factors of dietary consumption. Whatever the aim, dietary patterns are used to trace trends both retrospectively and prospectively. But the nutritionist must be aware of limitations of the methods and be constantly improving them. It is imperative, therefore, that critical evolution be made at every stage of the procedure. The interest of those studies is to identify the current nutrient intake of a group or an individual likewise during a longer period, so that we can define the evoluation and perhaps the reason behind them. In epidemiological work, they are a part of the whole given data. They could permit the evaluation of correlation with clinical or biological parameters or with a particular disease.", "PMID": 1028362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4747", "title": "[Development of human consumption of proteins in France during the past ten years (1965-1974)].", "content": "A rapid development in the alimentary comportment has been primarily due to socioeconomic and physico-sensorial factors. Protein consumption by the French population has modified over the past years. Even though the average ration is high and stable, approximatly 100 grams per day, protein malnutrition still exists. Actually, 16 p. 100 of the aged population, with moderate revenue, consume less than 45 grams of protein per day. Vegetal protein consumption over the last ten years has dropped by 14 p. 100 from 41,7 grams to 35,8 grams of 36 p. 100 of the total. A decline in the consumption of tender wheat down 20 p. 100 in ten years, is responsible for this reduction. Animal proteins represent 64 p. 100 of the ration protein which is a 10 p. 100 increase. However, the milk ration has dropped radically by less than 50 p. 100 during this same ten year period. This is compensated by an increase in cheese consumption, up 25 p. 100 and meat being more often purchased also up 15 p. 100. In the French population the protein ration is high and contains an overabundance of animal proteins associated with a high degree of saturated animal fats. Further studies must be made to permit a more precise evaluation of these consequences on public health and related industries in the alimentary field.", "contents": "[Development of human consumption of proteins in France during the past ten years (1965-1974)]. A rapid development in the alimentary comportment has been primarily due to socioeconomic and physico-sensorial factors. Protein consumption by the French population has modified over the past years. Even though the average ration is high and stable, approximatly 100 grams per day, protein malnutrition still exists. Actually, 16 p. 100 of the aged population, with moderate revenue, consume less than 45 grams of protein per day. Vegetal protein consumption over the last ten years has dropped by 14 p. 100 from 41,7 grams to 35,8 grams of 36 p. 100 of the total. A decline in the consumption of tender wheat down 20 p. 100 in ten years, is responsible for this reduction. Animal proteins represent 64 p. 100 of the ration protein which is a 10 p. 100 increase. However, the milk ration has dropped radically by less than 50 p. 100 during this same ten year period. This is compensated by an increase in cheese consumption, up 25 p. 100 and meat being more often purchased also up 15 p. 100. In the French population the protein ration is high and contains an overabundance of animal proteins associated with a high degree of saturated animal fats. Further studies must be made to permit a more precise evaluation of these consequences on public health and related industries in the alimentary field.", "PMID": 1028365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4748", "title": "[Dietary behavior of the French child].", "content": "For 0 to 1 year old children, breast feeding represents a perfect reference. From the composition of maternal milk and the amount taken by a well developing child, some precise data can be drawn. These data were, in fact, utilized for preparing the maternized milks which must be, to-day the only substitute for human milk when, for any real reason, a mother is not able to feed her own baby. For older children and for adolescents, the data are incredibly rare. The few inquiries now available show some concordance on calories, glucides and lipides, but diverge strongly on proteins and calcium requirement. This lack of information does not seem to embarrass much physicians and dieticians in prescribing some measured diets to their patients; but, from a scientific point of view, this absence of data prevents strongly from understanding the studies made, for instance, on spontaneous diet in diabetic or obese children. A coordinated study, using revised nutritional tables, should be undertaken.", "contents": "[Dietary behavior of the French child]. For 0 to 1 year old children, breast feeding represents a perfect reference. From the composition of maternal milk and the amount taken by a well developing child, some precise data can be drawn. These data were, in fact, utilized for preparing the maternized milks which must be, to-day the only substitute for human milk when, for any real reason, a mother is not able to feed her own baby. For older children and for adolescents, the data are incredibly rare. The few inquiries now available show some concordance on calories, glucides and lipides, but diverge strongly on proteins and calcium requirement. This lack of information does not seem to embarrass much physicians and dieticians in prescribing some measured diets to their patients; but, from a scientific point of view, this absence of data prevents strongly from understanding the studies made, for instance, on spontaneous diet in diabetic or obese children. A coordinated study, using revised nutritional tables, should be undertaken.", "PMID": 1028367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4749", "title": "[A non-receptive hunger].", "content": "The Psychopathology of Anorexia mentalis offers the main and singular interest to understand how hunger is a need and no aliementar response can suffice. The recent contributions of psycho-analysis give central significations of the food relation between mother and baby. The symbolic importance of this relation is determinant in the normal behaviour.", "contents": "[A non-receptive hunger]. The Psychopathology of Anorexia mentalis offers the main and singular interest to understand how hunger is a need and no aliementar response can suffice. The recent contributions of psycho-analysis give central significations of the food relation between mother and baby. The symbolic importance of this relation is determinant in the normal behaviour.", "PMID": 1028371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4750", "title": "[Dietary behavior and constraint by cost].", "content": "After the Second World War, it had become clear that consumers often use the price of a products as an indication to its quality, and the classical economy Homo Economicus'rationalism was often questioned, for that and other reasons, within the context of the Affluent Society. Today, we may be witnessing a return to rationalism. But it may still be more of a lip service rationalism than a behavioural one. Two studies are presented where housewives responded much more negatively \"in words\" (in their intended purchases, as stated in a survey) that \"in fact\" (in actual purchasing), when faced with a price increase of food commodities. The actual purchases were assessed by a controlled experiment using 15 supermarkets. The experiment, designed into a latin square, lasted three months. Four price levels were tested: normal, +20%, -10% and -20%. The intentions-to-buy were assessed by interviewing (at home) customers of the same supermarkets, during the experiment, and asking them whether they would buy the product at each of the four price levels, under experimentation.", "contents": "[Dietary behavior and constraint by cost]. After the Second World War, it had become clear that consumers often use the price of a products as an indication to its quality, and the classical economy Homo Economicus'rationalism was often questioned, for that and other reasons, within the context of the Affluent Society. Today, we may be witnessing a return to rationalism. But it may still be more of a lip service rationalism than a behavioural one. Two studies are presented where housewives responded much more negatively \"in words\" (in their intended purchases, as stated in a survey) that \"in fact\" (in actual purchasing), when faced with a price increase of food commodities. The actual purchases were assessed by a controlled experiment using 15 supermarkets. The experiment, designed into a latin square, lasted three months. Four price levels were tested: normal, +20%, -10% and -20%. The intentions-to-buy were assessed by interviewing (at home) customers of the same supermarkets, during the experiment, and asking them whether they would buy the product at each of the four price levels, under experimentation.", "PMID": 1028375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4751", "title": "[Production of anti-Aeromonas salmonicida agglutinins by the rainbow trout. Influence of temperature, an adjuvant and an immunosuppressive agent].", "content": "Adult rainbow trout were immunized intraperitoneally with a chloroform killed Aeromonas salmonicida suspension. Agglutinating antibodies were titrated using a microtiter system. Antibody activity was associated with IgM fraction obtained from Sepharose 4 B gel filtration. The kinetics of antibody formation were established at three temperatures. At 50C detectable antibodies were found at day 50 post immunization. At 10degrees C and 16 degrees C the agglutinin titer rose before day 20. The antibody titer was significantly raised by Freund's complete adjuvant, but cyclophosphamide at a total dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight administered in 10 injections before and after immunization had no effect.", "contents": "[Production of anti-Aeromonas salmonicida agglutinins by the rainbow trout. Influence of temperature, an adjuvant and an immunosuppressive agent]. Adult rainbow trout were immunized intraperitoneally with a chloroform killed Aeromonas salmonicida suspension. Agglutinating antibodies were titrated using a microtiter system. Antibody activity was associated with IgM fraction obtained from Sepharose 4 B gel filtration. The kinetics of antibody formation were established at three temperatures. At 50C detectable antibodies were found at day 50 post immunization. At 10degrees C and 16 degrees C the agglutinin titer rose before day 20. The antibody titer was significantly raised by Freund's complete adjuvant, but cyclophosphamide at a total dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight administered in 10 injections before and after immunization had no effect.", "PMID": 1028376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4752", "title": "Swine fever: influence of passive immunity on pig immune response following vaccination with a live virus vaccine (Thiverval strain).", "content": "The influence of passive immunity on the immune response to swine fever virus (S.F.V.) was investigated in pigs injected with variable amounts of S.F.V. antibodies instead of piglets from immune sows. The passive immunity suppresses the primary serum antibody response normally observed after vaccination with the Thiverval strain of S.F.V. This inhibition is either partial or complete depending on the amount of injected antibodies. Whatsoever the passive immunity intensity, a priming occurred (even in absence of any detectable primary response). This priming was evidenced by the clinical signs and the type of immune response following a virulent challenge. Two vaccination routes were tested: intramuscular and intranasal: 48 pigs were checked and no significant differences established, concerning protective efficiency. Intranasal vaccination induced local antibody production in pharyngeal secretions. Even in the absence of any detectable immunoglobulin transudation from serum to these secretions, local antibody synthesis was completely inhibited in passively immunized animals.", "contents": "Swine fever: influence of passive immunity on pig immune response following vaccination with a live virus vaccine (Thiverval strain). The influence of passive immunity on the immune response to swine fever virus (S.F.V.) was investigated in pigs injected with variable amounts of S.F.V. antibodies instead of piglets from immune sows. The passive immunity suppresses the primary serum antibody response normally observed after vaccination with the Thiverval strain of S.F.V. This inhibition is either partial or complete depending on the amount of injected antibodies. Whatsoever the passive immunity intensity, a priming occurred (even in absence of any detectable primary response). This priming was evidenced by the clinical signs and the type of immune response following a virulent challenge. Two vaccination routes were tested: intramuscular and intranasal: 48 pigs were checked and no significant differences established, concerning protective efficiency. Intranasal vaccination induced local antibody production in pharyngeal secretions. Even in the absence of any detectable immunoglobulin transudation from serum to these secretions, local antibody synthesis was completely inhibited in passively immunized animals.", "PMID": 1028380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4753", "title": "[In vitro culture of a rotavirus associated with neonatal calf diarrhea].", "content": "About fifty diarrheic fecal samples in which the calf rotavirus was present in variable quantities were passed in tissue cultures and the ability of the virus to replicate was analysed under different experimental conditions by means of an indirect immunoflourescent test. Several cell species were shown to be susceptible to the virus but the best results were obtained in primary or secondary cultures of embryonic calf kidney cells in presence of maintainance medium containing 2 to 4 p. 100 foetal calf serum or chick serum. The specific infectivity of this type of virus is low in tissue culture. Under the best experimental conditions about 70 p. 100 of the samples that were positive for the virus by electron microscopy, induced the appearance of specifically fluorescent cells. Cytopathic effects due to infection are extremely discreet and most often there is no evidence of transfer of infection from cell to cell. Different attempts to adapt the infective agent to grow in tissue culture finally succeeded in the selection of a virus that was able to induce fluorescnet plaques at the fifth pass.", "contents": "[In vitro culture of a rotavirus associated with neonatal calf diarrhea]. About fifty diarrheic fecal samples in which the calf rotavirus was present in variable quantities were passed in tissue cultures and the ability of the virus to replicate was analysed under different experimental conditions by means of an indirect immunoflourescent test. Several cell species were shown to be susceptible to the virus but the best results were obtained in primary or secondary cultures of embryonic calf kidney cells in presence of maintainance medium containing 2 to 4 p. 100 foetal calf serum or chick serum. The specific infectivity of this type of virus is low in tissue culture. Under the best experimental conditions about 70 p. 100 of the samples that were positive for the virus by electron microscopy, induced the appearance of specifically fluorescent cells. Cytopathic effects due to infection are extremely discreet and most often there is no evidence of transfer of infection from cell to cell. Different attempts to adapt the infective agent to grow in tissue culture finally succeeded in the selection of a virus that was able to induce fluorescnet plaques at the fifth pass.", "PMID": 1028381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4754", "title": "[Demonstration of a protocol for obtaining germ-free chickens].", "content": "A simple and reliable technique for obtaining germ-free chickens was investigated. Various disinfection tests of the material and the eggs have been performed with chemical agents. The weak frequency of internal contamination of the eggs (0.4 p. 100), if collected in good hygienic conditions and dipped the same day in a I per 100 solution of mercuric chloride, allows sterile hatchings in 100 fertilized eggs batches to be obtained. The sterilization of the isolator-hatching box was performed by pulverization of a I per 100 solution of quaternary ammonium, followed by a formaldehyde fumigation. The material passed through an antiseptic bath (liquid-lock) of I per 100 quaternary ammonium in water. This technique yielded 250 chickens, in 12 successive lots, that were bred until 15 days to 6 weeks, without bacteriological contamination.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a protocol for obtaining germ-free chickens]. A simple and reliable technique for obtaining germ-free chickens was investigated. Various disinfection tests of the material and the eggs have been performed with chemical agents. The weak frequency of internal contamination of the eggs (0.4 p. 100), if collected in good hygienic conditions and dipped the same day in a I per 100 solution of mercuric chloride, allows sterile hatchings in 100 fertilized eggs batches to be obtained. The sterilization of the isolator-hatching box was performed by pulverization of a I per 100 solution of quaternary ammonium, followed by a formaldehyde fumigation. The material passed through an antiseptic bath (liquid-lock) of I per 100 quaternary ammonium in water. This technique yielded 250 chickens, in 12 successive lots, that were bred until 15 days to 6 weeks, without bacteriological contamination.", "PMID": 1028382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4755", "title": "[Epidemiology of rubella during 1971-1975. Comparison with abortus cases and malformed newborn in Lombardia (Italy) (author's transl)].", "content": "Details regarding claims of rubella occurred in Lombardia (Italy) have been collected by the AA., in force at the Regional Health Services. The results have been also compared with the claimed cases of abortus and of malformed newborn. The first results of voluntary vaccination, promoted by the Regional Services, both on children of the 5th Classes of Primary School and on women more exposed to risks provoked by rubella infections are also reported.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of rubella during 1971-1975. Comparison with abortus cases and malformed newborn in Lombardia (Italy) (author's transl)]. Details regarding claims of rubella occurred in Lombardia (Italy) have been collected by the AA., in force at the Regional Health Services. The results have been also compared with the claimed cases of abortus and of malformed newborn. The first results of voluntary vaccination, promoted by the Regional Services, both on children of the 5th Classes of Primary School and on women more exposed to risks provoked by rubella infections are also reported.", "PMID": 1028387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4756", "title": "[Determination of the cercarial lipids and relations with superficial human cutaneous lipids (author's transl)].", "content": "The lipid class composition of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and skin surface has been examined by thin lager chromatography. Free sterols, sterol esters, triglycerides, phospholipids were major components of cercarial lipids, triglycerides, wax esters, free fatty acids, squalen were major components of skin surface lipids. An examination of fatty acids of total cercarial and skin surface lipids revealed that C16, C18, C18=, C16=, C18= were major components.", "contents": "[Determination of the cercarial lipids and relations with superficial human cutaneous lipids (author's transl)]. The lipid class composition of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and skin surface has been examined by thin lager chromatography. Free sterols, sterol esters, triglycerides, phospholipids were major components of cercarial lipids, triglycerides, wax esters, free fatty acids, squalen were major components of skin surface lipids. An examination of fatty acids of total cercarial and skin surface lipids revealed that C16, C18, C18=, C16=, C18= were major components.", "PMID": 1028388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4757", "title": "[Statistical and epidemiological on the incidence of salmonellosis in Valdinievole's district (author's transl)].", "content": "The Author, on the basis of the data of his Laboratory in Pescia's Hospital, put in evidence the diffusion of the endemic state due to Salmonella in his district and calls competent authority's attention for a greater conscience of this problem, so as to embank a situation that, controlled efficaciously, could cause epidemical episodes like those happened in other zones of our Country.", "contents": "[Statistical and epidemiological on the incidence of salmonellosis in Valdinievole's district (author's transl)]. The Author, on the basis of the data of his Laboratory in Pescia's Hospital, put in evidence the diffusion of the endemic state due to Salmonella in his district and calls competent authority's attention for a greater conscience of this problem, so as to embank a situation that, controlled efficaciously, could cause epidemical episodes like those happened in other zones of our Country.", "PMID": 1028389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4758", "title": "[Blocking antibodies after specific hyposensitization therapy in asthmatic children (author's transl)].", "content": "The Maunsell-test for the evaluation in vivo of a rise in blocking antibodies after specific hyposensitization therapy was perfomed in 27 children with asthma and/or graminaceous rhinitis. The Authors have found a good correlation between blocking antibodies level and clinical improvement.", "contents": "[Blocking antibodies after specific hyposensitization therapy in asthmatic children (author's transl)]. The Maunsell-test for the evaluation in vivo of a rise in blocking antibodies after specific hyposensitization therapy was perfomed in 27 children with asthma and/or graminaceous rhinitis. The Authors have found a good correlation between blocking antibodies level and clinical improvement.", "PMID": 1028390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4759", "title": "Teletransmission of physiological data.", "content": "The routine procedure of EEG recording is recalled to show the advantages of telemetric assessment of this parameter. The procedure for EEG telemetry is shown under different circumstances, e.g., by transmission with the aid of the 'Community Antenna System' of a hospital. Finally, a 16-channel telemetry system, using pulse width modulation is described.", "contents": "Teletransmission of physiological data. The routine procedure of EEG recording is recalled to show the advantages of telemetric assessment of this parameter. The procedure for EEG telemetry is shown under different circumstances, e.g., by transmission with the aid of the 'Community Antenna System' of a hospital. Finally, a 16-channel telemetry system, using pulse width modulation is described.", "PMID": 1028408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4760", "title": "A 4-channel telemetry system for hospital patient monitoring.", "content": "A 4-channel radio telemetry system has been designed and implemented for use in the operating room on patients undergoing surgery. 30 such systems are in daily use throughout the Duke University Medical Cener. Relative simplicity, long battery life and a DC-response capability are the important features of these systems. The four physiological channels used are; electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, peripheral pulse, and arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "A 4-channel telemetry system for hospital patient monitoring. A 4-channel radio telemetry system has been designed and implemented for use in the operating room on patients undergoing surgery. 30 such systems are in daily use throughout the Duke University Medical Cener. Relative simplicity, long battery life and a DC-response capability are the important features of these systems. The four physiological channels used are; electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, peripheral pulse, and arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 1028410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4761", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of a recent case of trisomy 12p].", "content": "A case of trisomy for the short arm and a part of the long arm of chromosome 12 is reported. Before the pregnancy sterility was noted during several years. Birth weight was normal; the newborn with multiple congenital defects died before the 4th day. Her mother, grandmother, and two brothers of the latter showed a balanced translocation t (5 ; 12) (p15 ; q132). The affected child inherited the derived 12 as a 47th chromosome.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of a recent case of trisomy 12p]. A case of trisomy for the short arm and a part of the long arm of chromosome 12 is reported. Before the pregnancy sterility was noted during several years. Birth weight was normal; the newborn with multiple congenital defects died before the 4th day. Her mother, grandmother, and two brothers of the latter showed a balanced translocation t (5 ; 12) (p15 ; q132). The affected child inherited the derived 12 as a 47th chromosome.", "PMID": 1028442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4762", "title": "[Cuticular collagen in Lumbricus sp. Ultrastructure of native fibrils and of precipitates obtained from acetic solutions].", "content": "The paper describes the techniques used to isolate the cuticular collagen fibrils of Lumbricus sp. As revealed by electron microscope examination the isolated fibrils, positively and negatively stained, are aperiodic and appear made up of bundles of filaments (30 A) with an helicoidal arrangement. A filamentous network has been precipitated from the acetic solutions of cuticular collagen. The network exhibits an electrondense cross-striation every 3 000 A.", "contents": "[Cuticular collagen in Lumbricus sp. Ultrastructure of native fibrils and of precipitates obtained from acetic solutions]. The paper describes the techniques used to isolate the cuticular collagen fibrils of Lumbricus sp. As revealed by electron microscope examination the isolated fibrils, positively and negatively stained, are aperiodic and appear made up of bundles of filaments (30 A) with an helicoidal arrangement. A filamentous network has been precipitated from the acetic solutions of cuticular collagen. The network exhibits an electrondense cross-striation every 3 000 A.", "PMID": 1028443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4763", "title": "[States of fragility of chromosome 7 in man].", "content": "The examination of the chromosomes of a seven year old child with severe mental retardation, allowed us to bring to light, beside a majority of cells with a normal karyotype, a population of about 10% of cells in which chromosome 7 showed a gap in the juxtacentromeric area of its short arm. The degree of this alteration varied from the simple angulation to the complete break with short arm's loss. The functional and structural signification of this abnormality is discussed and this case is compared with previous observations concerning the abnormalities of this area of chromosome 7 (specially the causal aberrations occuring in cell cultures).", "contents": "[States of fragility of chromosome 7 in man]. The examination of the chromosomes of a seven year old child with severe mental retardation, allowed us to bring to light, beside a majority of cells with a normal karyotype, a population of about 10% of cells in which chromosome 7 showed a gap in the juxtacentromeric area of its short arm. The degree of this alteration varied from the simple angulation to the complete break with short arm's loss. The functional and structural signification of this abnormality is discussed and this case is compared with previous observations concerning the abnormalities of this area of chromosome 7 (specially the causal aberrations occuring in cell cultures).", "PMID": 1028444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4764", "title": "[Study of the arterial vascularisation of the esophagus of micro-angiography].", "content": "Study of the intrinsic vascularization of the oesophagus in eleven organs. A technic of microangiography was used. The thoracic portion of the oesophagus was carefully studied. The way of penetration of the nutrient arteries and the intraparietal vascular pattern were precised. The vascularization is rather poor, especially 4-5 cms above the oesophagal hiatus.", "contents": "[Study of the arterial vascularisation of the esophagus of micro-angiography]. Study of the intrinsic vascularization of the oesophagus in eleven organs. A technic of microangiography was used. The thoracic portion of the oesophagus was carefully studied. The way of penetration of the nutrient arteries and the intraparietal vascular pattern were precised. The vascularization is rather poor, especially 4-5 cms above the oesophagal hiatus.", "PMID": 1028445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4765", "title": "[Histoenzymologic study of the adrenal gland of the dormouse during the annual cycle].", "content": "The histoenzymologic study of the adrenals in Glis glis was realized for 4 enzymatic activities (acid phosphatase, glucose 1 phosphate dehydrogenase, delta5 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cholinesterase) completed by the simultaneous dosage of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The histophotometric measures made it possible to differentiate the enzymatic activities of the different zones of the adrenal cortex and to show the persistance of an important activity of the zona fasciculata and sometimes of the zona reticulata during hibernation, independantly of the zona glomerulosa. This study confirms the activation of the adrenal cortex during hibernation with a brutal depletion at awakening and reduced activity during estivation.", "contents": "[Histoenzymologic study of the adrenal gland of the dormouse during the annual cycle]. The histoenzymologic study of the adrenals in Glis glis was realized for 4 enzymatic activities (acid phosphatase, glucose 1 phosphate dehydrogenase, delta5 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cholinesterase) completed by the simultaneous dosage of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The histophotometric measures made it possible to differentiate the enzymatic activities of the different zones of the adrenal cortex and to show the persistance of an important activity of the zona fasciculata and sometimes of the zona reticulata during hibernation, independantly of the zona glomerulosa. This study confirms the activation of the adrenal cortex during hibernation with a brutal depletion at awakening and reduced activity during estivation.", "PMID": 1028446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4766", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the follicular cells of the adenohypophysis of the chicken].", "content": "As in other species, a network of follicular cells linked together by functional complexes can be observed by electron microscopy in the adenohypophysis of the chick. No secretory granules are seen in the follicular cells. They are connected with each other by thin and long processes inserted between the glandular cells and the perivascular spaces. They limit, by their follicular pole, submicroscopic cavities of irregular size and shape. They are empty or occupied by a material of variable density. These cells exist very precociously in the embryo but their characteristic organisation to form a network is observed only on the 16th day of incubation. Our experimental study made it possible to evoke, as a number of other authors, that they play a role in the functions of support, exchange, transport of secretory material or phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the follicular cells of the adenohypophysis of the chicken]. As in other species, a network of follicular cells linked together by functional complexes can be observed by electron microscopy in the adenohypophysis of the chick. No secretory granules are seen in the follicular cells. They are connected with each other by thin and long processes inserted between the glandular cells and the perivascular spaces. They limit, by their follicular pole, submicroscopic cavities of irregular size and shape. They are empty or occupied by a material of variable density. These cells exist very precociously in the embryo but their characteristic organisation to form a network is observed only on the 16th day of incubation. Our experimental study made it possible to evoke, as a number of other authors, that they play a role in the functions of support, exchange, transport of secretory material or phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1028447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4767", "title": "[Vascularization of the anal canal].", "content": "The arterial blood supply of the anal canal derives from the superior, middle and inferior rectal arteries, whose branches reach the anal submucosa. Three main arterial trunks in the right anterior, right posterior and left lateral positions can be isolated below the pectinate line. They come, for the most important part, from the superior rectal artery. On the course of the anal submucosal venous plexus are fusiform, saccular or serpiginous dilatations confined to the lower half of the anal canal. This plexus is mainly tributary of the superior rectal vein to the portal system and secondly, of the middle and inferior rectal veins and the lateral sacral veins to the inferior vena cava. Arterio-venous direct communications have been demonstrated by serial section and by radiography of cadaveric specimens and by selective inferior mesenteric arteriography in patients. The erectile property of the anal submucosa as suggested by large vascular spaces, arterio-venous shunts and glomic systems may function in the erectile mechanism.", "contents": "[Vascularization of the anal canal]. The arterial blood supply of the anal canal derives from the superior, middle and inferior rectal arteries, whose branches reach the anal submucosa. Three main arterial trunks in the right anterior, right posterior and left lateral positions can be isolated below the pectinate line. They come, for the most important part, from the superior rectal artery. On the course of the anal submucosal venous plexus are fusiform, saccular or serpiginous dilatations confined to the lower half of the anal canal. This plexus is mainly tributary of the superior rectal vein to the portal system and secondly, of the middle and inferior rectal veins and the lateral sacral veins to the inferior vena cava. Arterio-venous direct communications have been demonstrated by serial section and by radiography of cadaveric specimens and by selective inferior mesenteric arteriography in patients. The erectile property of the anal submucosa as suggested by large vascular spaces, arterio-venous shunts and glomic systems may function in the erectile mechanism.", "PMID": 1028448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4768", "title": "[Changes in the adrenocortical cells of the chick embryo after treatment with corticosterone or graft of a functional adrenal].", "content": "The ultrastructural changes of adrenocortical cells of the chick embryo, caused by administration of corticosterone or after grafting of an additional adrenal gland to the host chorio-allantoic membrane, were studied. The main cytoplasmic change is an increased amount of dense bodies and complex bodies. Arylsulphatase activity is detected in these bodies which should be included in the lysosome series. It is possible that a lysosomal mechanism may be active in the adrenocortical cells.", "contents": "[Changes in the adrenocortical cells of the chick embryo after treatment with corticosterone or graft of a functional adrenal]. The ultrastructural changes of adrenocortical cells of the chick embryo, caused by administration of corticosterone or after grafting of an additional adrenal gland to the host chorio-allantoic membrane, were studied. The main cytoplasmic change is an increased amount of dense bodies and complex bodies. Arylsulphatase activity is detected in these bodies which should be included in the lysosome series. It is possible that a lysosomal mechanism may be active in the adrenocortical cells.", "PMID": 1028449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4769", "title": "[The anastomotic system of sub-hepatic veins in man].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to analyze the possibilities of collateral venous circulation in the liver of man. 100 specimens taken from autopsy, were injected with vinyl-polychloride and corroded. In spite of opinion of some investigators, it has been found that the hepatic veins often (possibly always) anastomose between each other. The largest are the anastomoses between the right and middle hepatic veins. It is evident that there exist good conditions for the venous collateral circulation between all the hepatic veins in the human liver.", "contents": "[The anastomotic system of sub-hepatic veins in man]. The purpose of this study was to analyze the possibilities of collateral venous circulation in the liver of man. 100 specimens taken from autopsy, were injected with vinyl-polychloride and corroded. In spite of opinion of some investigators, it has been found that the hepatic veins often (possibly always) anastomose between each other. The largest are the anastomoses between the right and middle hepatic veins. It is evident that there exist good conditions for the venous collateral circulation between all the hepatic veins in the human liver.", "PMID": 1028450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4770", "title": "[Abortive spermatogenesis in the hybrid duck (cross of male Anas platyrhynchos and female Cairina moschata). Ultrastructural study].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the abortive spermatogenesis of the hybrid drake (cross: male Anas platyrhynchos L. X female Cairina moschata L.) shows the following characteristics: 1) deep anomalies during the pachytene stage (meiotic prophase) where the chromosomes form more or less irregular packs close to the nuclear enveloppe; 2) the total lack of 2nd spermatocytes and in their place were found: --either some cells with lobed or fragmented nuclei in a cytoplasm filled with numerous annulate lamella, lipid droplets and centrioles, --or necrosing cells, with vacuolised chromatin close to the inner side of the nucleus and with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles and dark mitochondria; 3) numerous Sertoli cells overloaded with lysosomes. The mitochondria of the spermatogonia, the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules and the Leydig cells have the same structure that exists in the fertile Barbary drake testis.", "contents": "[Abortive spermatogenesis in the hybrid duck (cross of male Anas platyrhynchos and female Cairina moschata). Ultrastructural study]. The ultrastructural study of the abortive spermatogenesis of the hybrid drake (cross: male Anas platyrhynchos L. X female Cairina moschata L.) shows the following characteristics: 1) deep anomalies during the pachytene stage (meiotic prophase) where the chromosomes form more or less irregular packs close to the nuclear enveloppe; 2) the total lack of 2nd spermatocytes and in their place were found: --either some cells with lobed or fragmented nuclei in a cytoplasm filled with numerous annulate lamella, lipid droplets and centrioles, --or necrosing cells, with vacuolised chromatin close to the inner side of the nucleus and with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles and dark mitochondria; 3) numerous Sertoli cells overloaded with lysosomes. The mitochondria of the spermatogonia, the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules and the Leydig cells have the same structure that exists in the fertile Barbary drake testis.", "PMID": 1028452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4771", "title": "[Development of atrio-ventricular conduction pathways].", "content": "In the embryonic heart of man and mouse, four rings of specialized myocardium are present at the transitions between the different components of the heart tube. Further development produces an adult conducting system which is only composed of certain parts of these rings. The four ring concept not only explains the normal conducting system, but in addition its variations in the hearts of certain animals and in malformed human hearts are easily understood.", "contents": "[Development of atrio-ventricular conduction pathways]. In the embryonic heart of man and mouse, four rings of specialized myocardium are present at the transitions between the different components of the heart tube. Further development produces an adult conducting system which is only composed of certain parts of these rings. The four ring concept not only explains the normal conducting system, but in addition its variations in the hearts of certain animals and in malformed human hearts are easily understood.", "PMID": 1028453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4772", "title": "An introduction to the biomechanics and biomaterials of bone, joints, and implants.", "content": "Biomechanics and biomaterials of bone, joints, and implants has been presented in an overview manner with the use of selected examples. The musculoskeletal system is a living, dynamic entity that is constructed so that changes in mechanics, if the body does not have time to compensate, can lead to major problems over a period of time. The mechanics of the tissues ensure a smoothly operating system.", "contents": "An introduction to the biomechanics and biomaterials of bone, joints, and implants. Biomechanics and biomaterials of bone, joints, and implants has been presented in an overview manner with the use of selected examples. The musculoskeletal system is a living, dynamic entity that is constructed so that changes in mechanics, if the body does not have time to compensate, can lead to major problems over a period of time. The mechanics of the tissues ensure a smoothly operating system.", "PMID": 1028511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4773", "title": "Differential bone scanning.", "content": "This is a preliminary report of eleven patients with painful total joint arthroplasties. In their evaluation the difficulty in the differential diagnosis between the loose and the infected total joint becomes apparent. We have found the use of differential bone scans an accurate method to identify the infected total joint. Further study along these lines is indicated with a larger series and generalization to other types of implants.", "contents": "Differential bone scanning. This is a preliminary report of eleven patients with painful total joint arthroplasties. In their evaluation the difficulty in the differential diagnosis between the loose and the infected total joint becomes apparent. We have found the use of differential bone scans an accurate method to identify the infected total joint. Further study along these lines is indicated with a larger series and generalization to other types of implants.", "PMID": 1028512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4774", "title": "Giant aneurysms of the posterior fossa presenting as space occupying lesions.", "content": "In relation to the case history of a patient, who was observed at the Ursula Clinic, Wassenaar, Holland, a survey from the literature is given of 47 cases of giant aneurysms of the posterior fossa, which primarily presented as space occupying lesions.", "contents": "Giant aneurysms of the posterior fossa presenting as space occupying lesions. In relation to the case history of a patient, who was observed at the Ursula Clinic, Wassenaar, Holland, a survey from the literature is given of 47 cases of giant aneurysms of the posterior fossa, which primarily presented as space occupying lesions.", "PMID": 1028548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4775", "title": "Carotid ligation for carotid aneurysms.", "content": "Thirty patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage due to rupture of a carotid aneurysm were treated by ligation of the common carotid artery. Two patients died as a result of the procedure, two patients developed persisting hemisphere deficit. Eight of the ten patients who developed cerebral ischemia after the operation were operated within ten days after the bleeding. At present out aim is to guide the patient safely through the first ten days after his haemorrhage and perform ligation at the end of the second week. After a follow up period of 1-8 years recurrent haemorrhage did not occur. Common carotid ligation, preferably with control of carotid artery end pressure, cerebral blood-flow and EEG is considered to be a valuable method to treat ruptured intracranial carotid aneurysm.", "contents": "Carotid ligation for carotid aneurysms. Thirty patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage due to rupture of a carotid aneurysm were treated by ligation of the common carotid artery. Two patients died as a result of the procedure, two patients developed persisting hemisphere deficit. Eight of the ten patients who developed cerebral ischemia after the operation were operated within ten days after the bleeding. At present out aim is to guide the patient safely through the first ten days after his haemorrhage and perform ligation at the end of the second week. After a follow up period of 1-8 years recurrent haemorrhage did not occur. Common carotid ligation, preferably with control of carotid artery end pressure, cerebral blood-flow and EEG is considered to be a valuable method to treat ruptured intracranial carotid aneurysm.", "PMID": 1028549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4776", "title": "Complications of the chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "Eighty three chronic subdural hematomas, obtained by surgery or by necropsy, were examinated. The patient age distribution curve of the non-complicated operative cases showed the highest incidence in the first year of life and also a moderate increase in the elderly group. Recurrent hemorrhage in the walls and in the cavity, was observed in twenty of the seventy three non-complicated cases of chronic subdural hematoma. In five cases the membranes and the subdural sac were invaded by leucemic cells and in the five remaining ones the hematoma was transformed in a subdural empyema. All these complicated subdural hematomas showed evidence of recurrent bleeding, suggesting that the leucemic cells or the infectious agent had spread to the subdural space by this way.", "contents": "Complications of the chronic subdural hematoma. Eighty three chronic subdural hematomas, obtained by surgery or by necropsy, were examinated. The patient age distribution curve of the non-complicated operative cases showed the highest incidence in the first year of life and also a moderate increase in the elderly group. Recurrent hemorrhage in the walls and in the cavity, was observed in twenty of the seventy three non-complicated cases of chronic subdural hematoma. In five cases the membranes and the subdural sac were invaded by leucemic cells and in the five remaining ones the hematoma was transformed in a subdural empyema. All these complicated subdural hematomas showed evidence of recurrent bleeding, suggesting that the leucemic cells or the infectious agent had spread to the subdural space by this way.", "PMID": 1028550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4777", "title": "Bilateral acute spontaneous subdural hematoma. A case report.", "content": "A patient is described, with a history of sudden headache and vomiting, without major neurological deficit. There was no history of trauma. The cause turned out to be an acute spontaneous bilateral subdural hematoma. Comparable cases in literature and the etiological possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral acute spontaneous subdural hematoma. A case report. A patient is described, with a history of sudden headache and vomiting, without major neurological deficit. There was no history of trauma. The cause turned out to be an acute spontaneous bilateral subdural hematoma. Comparable cases in literature and the etiological possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 1028551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4778", "title": "Cerebral bacterial aneurysms in subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Bacterial aneurysms are aneurysms which develop on a vascular wall weakened as a result of a bacterial infection. They can develop anywhere. This paper describes a female patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis and multiple cerebral aneurysms. Conservative treatment followed.", "contents": "Cerebral bacterial aneurysms in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Bacterial aneurysms are aneurysms which develop on a vascular wall weakened as a result of a bacterial infection. They can develop anywhere. This paper describes a female patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis and multiple cerebral aneurysms. Conservative treatment followed.", "PMID": 1028552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4779", "title": "Intracranial tuberculomas.", "content": "In this paper the clinical findings, operation results and histological diagnosis of eight patients with intracranial tuberculomas are described, which were admitted to the Neurosurgical Clinic of Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, during the years 1967-1975, among the 1,015 histologically verified intracranial tumours. Our impression by reviewing previous papers on this matter is, that although tuberculomas are not so frequently seen as before, they still count as a certain percentage in Turkey.", "contents": "Intracranial tuberculomas. In this paper the clinical findings, operation results and histological diagnosis of eight patients with intracranial tuberculomas are described, which were admitted to the Neurosurgical Clinic of Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, during the years 1967-1975, among the 1,015 histologically verified intracranial tumours. Our impression by reviewing previous papers on this matter is, that although tuberculomas are not so frequently seen as before, they still count as a certain percentage in Turkey.", "PMID": 1028553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4780", "title": "Isofiltration capillary pressure and compartmental vascular resistances following elevation of venous pressure in subcutaneous tissue.", "content": "Isofiltration technique was used to measure the functional capillary pressure in 10 canine hindpaw (mainly subcutaneous tissue) preparations. With simultaneous determinations of arterial pressure, blood flow and venous pressure, the changes in total, precapillary and postcapillary resistances were assessed at different levels of venous pressure. When the tibial arterial pressure was 100 mm Hg. at an initial venous pressure of 5 mm Hg, the isofiltration capillary pressure averaged 12.8 mm Hg, the ratio of pre-to post-capillary resistance 9.9. The precapillary resistance accounted for 90.8% of the total vascular resistance. The isofiltration capillary pressures were 24.9 and 38.0 mm Hg, respectively when venous pressure was elevated to 20 and 35 mm Hg. Capillary pressure (Pc) was approximately related to venous pressure (Pv) by: Pc=0.82Pvm8. Upon elevation of venous pressure, the total and precapillary resistances were not significantly altered. The paw resistance vessels possess neither myogenic nor metabolic autoregulation. With increasing venous pressure, presumably due to passive distension of venules, the postcapillary resistance fell and the ratio of pre-to post-capillary resistance increased.", "contents": "Isofiltration capillary pressure and compartmental vascular resistances following elevation of venous pressure in subcutaneous tissue. Isofiltration technique was used to measure the functional capillary pressure in 10 canine hindpaw (mainly subcutaneous tissue) preparations. With simultaneous determinations of arterial pressure, blood flow and venous pressure, the changes in total, precapillary and postcapillary resistances were assessed at different levels of venous pressure. When the tibial arterial pressure was 100 mm Hg. at an initial venous pressure of 5 mm Hg, the isofiltration capillary pressure averaged 12.8 mm Hg, the ratio of pre-to post-capillary resistance 9.9. The precapillary resistance accounted for 90.8% of the total vascular resistance. The isofiltration capillary pressures were 24.9 and 38.0 mm Hg, respectively when venous pressure was elevated to 20 and 35 mm Hg. Capillary pressure (Pc) was approximately related to venous pressure (Pv) by: Pc=0.82Pvm8. Upon elevation of venous pressure, the total and precapillary resistances were not significantly altered. The paw resistance vessels possess neither myogenic nor metabolic autoregulation. With increasing venous pressure, presumably due to passive distension of venules, the postcapillary resistance fell and the ratio of pre-to post-capillary resistance increased.", "PMID": 1028555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4781", "title": "A scintiphotographic study of pulmonary edema and hemorrhage induced by cerebral compression and norepinephrine.", "content": "Pulmonary edema and hemorrhage (PEH) was induced in rats by cerebral compression and intraveneous norepinephrine. We used scintiphotographic method to demonstrate the blood volume change in the lung subsequent to the hemodynamic events that cause PEH. A specific isotope, Indium-113m, was chosen for this purpose. The isotope forms large molecular, complex with plasma transferrin (molecular weight of roughly 90,000). It is evenly distributed inside the intravascular space. Normally, the lung showed little radioactivity. After cerebral compression or intravenous norepinephrine, a marked increase in radioactivity of the lung was evident. This indicates an accumulation of blood volume in that area. All the animals developed severe PEH which was proved postmortemly. Findings of the present as well as the previous studies agree with each other and indicate that either cerebral compression or norephinephrine elicits generalized systemic vasoconstriction, causing a shift of large amount of blood into the lung. The hemodynamic changes finally result in pulmonary hypertension and subsequent PEH. The scintiphostographic method may be employed as diagnostic tool when a hypervolemic lung change is suspected. Further quantitative analysis is to be accomplished for a prospective clinical application.", "contents": "A scintiphotographic study of pulmonary edema and hemorrhage induced by cerebral compression and norepinephrine. Pulmonary edema and hemorrhage (PEH) was induced in rats by cerebral compression and intraveneous norepinephrine. We used scintiphotographic method to demonstrate the blood volume change in the lung subsequent to the hemodynamic events that cause PEH. A specific isotope, Indium-113m, was chosen for this purpose. The isotope forms large molecular, complex with plasma transferrin (molecular weight of roughly 90,000). It is evenly distributed inside the intravascular space. Normally, the lung showed little radioactivity. After cerebral compression or intravenous norepinephrine, a marked increase in radioactivity of the lung was evident. This indicates an accumulation of blood volume in that area. All the animals developed severe PEH which was proved postmortemly. Findings of the present as well as the previous studies agree with each other and indicate that either cerebral compression or norephinephrine elicits generalized systemic vasoconstriction, causing a shift of large amount of blood into the lung. The hemodynamic changes finally result in pulmonary hypertension and subsequent PEH. The scintiphostographic method may be employed as diagnostic tool when a hypervolemic lung change is suspected. Further quantitative analysis is to be accomplished for a prospective clinical application.", "PMID": 1028556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4782", "title": "[Characteristics of the development of tolerance to nitrazepam and phenobarbital under experimental conditions].", "content": "Despite the similarity of the nitrazepam and phenobarbital spectra it was found that with their single usage the nature of tolerance for these substances differs quite substantially. With long-term introduction of nitrazepam to mice and rats in invariable and increasing doses there is seen a development of tolerance in the sense of the muscle relaxant and anticonvulsive action and in lethality without any marked attenuation of the tranquillizing effect. In contradistinction to this a long-term administration of phenobarbital is followed by a diminution of its tranquillizing action and by a slowly proceeding reduction of muscle relaxing manifestations. Crosswise tolerance among nitrazepam, diazepam and phenobarbital is marked but feebly. It is presumed that one of the possible mechanisms responsible for the nitrazepam tolerance in mice and rats may be a change in metabolic transformations and redistribution of metabolites.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the development of tolerance to nitrazepam and phenobarbital under experimental conditions]. Despite the similarity of the nitrazepam and phenobarbital spectra it was found that with their single usage the nature of tolerance for these substances differs quite substantially. With long-term introduction of nitrazepam to mice and rats in invariable and increasing doses there is seen a development of tolerance in the sense of the muscle relaxant and anticonvulsive action and in lethality without any marked attenuation of the tranquillizing effect. In contradistinction to this a long-term administration of phenobarbital is followed by a diminution of its tranquillizing action and by a slowly proceeding reduction of muscle relaxing manifestations. Crosswise tolerance among nitrazepam, diazepam and phenobarbital is marked but feebly. It is presumed that one of the possible mechanisms responsible for the nitrazepam tolerance in mice and rats may be a change in metabolic transformations and redistribution of metabolites.", "PMID": 1028578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4783", "title": "[Liberation of H3-GABA from isolated nerve endings of the cerebral cortex of rats under the effect of psychotropic drugs].", "content": "The influence of a number of neuroleptics and antidepressants on the release of 3H-GABA from the synaptosomas of the cerebral cortex in rats was studied. Chlorpromazine, phthorphenazine, trifluperidol, imipramine, phthoracizine caused an intensified liberation of 3H-GABA from the synaptosomas. In this phenothiazine neuroleptics proved more active than did trifluperidol and antidepressants. New neuroleptics--azabuperon and carbidine and also diphenylhydantoin tended to restrict the liberation of the mediator from synaptosomas. The tranquilizer diazepam, gamma-oxybutyric acid and carbamazepine failed to have any significnat effect on this process. The described effects of thepsychotropic substances are due, apparently, to their direct influence on the synaptomal membrane.", "contents": "[Liberation of H3-GABA from isolated nerve endings of the cerebral cortex of rats under the effect of psychotropic drugs]. The influence of a number of neuroleptics and antidepressants on the release of 3H-GABA from the synaptosomas of the cerebral cortex in rats was studied. Chlorpromazine, phthorphenazine, trifluperidol, imipramine, phthoracizine caused an intensified liberation of 3H-GABA from the synaptosomas. In this phenothiazine neuroleptics proved more active than did trifluperidol and antidepressants. New neuroleptics--azabuperon and carbidine and also diphenylhydantoin tended to restrict the liberation of the mediator from synaptosomas. The tranquilizer diazepam, gamma-oxybutyric acid and carbamazepine failed to have any significnat effect on this process. The described effects of thepsychotropic substances are due, apparently, to their direct influence on the synaptomal membrane.", "PMID": 1028577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4784", "title": "[Effects of catecholaminergic substances on the circular reaction caused by stimulation of the caudate nucleus].", "content": "The influence of stimulators (L-DOPA and apomorphine) and of inhibitors (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) of the dopaminergic systems on the circular reaction arising during high-frequency (30 puls/sec) stimulation of the caudate nucleus was studied in chronic experiments with freely moving cats carrying  preliminarily implanted electrodes. L-DOPA and apomorphine inhibited, while chlorpromazine, on the contrary, facilitated the development of a contralateral circular reaction. L-DOPA and chlorpromazine modified in a more pronounced fashion the circular reaction than did apomorphine and haloperidol. In the mechanisms of the circular reaction, apart from the dopaminergic component, the participation of noradrenergic systems is suggested.", "contents": "[Effects of catecholaminergic substances on the circular reaction caused by stimulation of the caudate nucleus]. The influence of stimulators (L-DOPA and apomorphine) and of inhibitors (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) of the dopaminergic systems on the circular reaction arising during high-frequency (30 puls/sec) stimulation of the caudate nucleus was studied in chronic experiments with freely moving cats carrying  preliminarily implanted electrodes. L-DOPA and apomorphine inhibited, while chlorpromazine, on the contrary, facilitated the development of a contralateral circular reaction. L-DOPA and chlorpromazine modified in a more pronounced fashion the circular reaction than did apomorphine and haloperidol. In the mechanisms of the circular reaction, apart from the dopaminergic component, the participation of noradrenergic systems is suggested.", "PMID": 1028579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4785", "title": "[Study of the nature of interactions between narcotic analgesics and barbiturates and biological membranes by the method of fluorescent probes].", "content": "By employing the method of fluorescent probes the  interaction of the barbituric acid derivatives and phenanthrene with biological membranes was analyzed. An association of phenanthrene derivatives with the probe molecules was uncovered. As a result of hydrophobic interaction the barbituric acid derivatives dislodge the probes from the sites of their bonding with biological membranes. This effect correlates with the distribution coefficient of narcotics in the octanol-water system.", "contents": "[Study of the nature of interactions between narcotic analgesics and barbiturates and biological membranes by the method of fluorescent probes]. By employing the method of fluorescent probes the  interaction of the barbituric acid derivatives and phenanthrene with biological membranes was analyzed. An association of phenanthrene derivatives with the probe molecules was uncovered. As a result of hydrophobic interaction the barbituric acid derivatives dislodge the probes from the sites of their bonding with biological membranes. This effect correlates with the distribution coefficient of narcotics in the octanol-water system.", "PMID": 1028580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4786", "title": "[Study of the effect of narcotic analgesics (phenanthrene derivatives)on the physico-chemical properties of nucleic acids].", "content": "The effect of narcotic analgetics (phenanthrene derivatives) on the physico-chemical properties of nucleic acids was studied. It is shown that morphine-like substances have no influence on the secondary and tertiary structure of native DNA molecules and modified DNA agents.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of narcotic analgesics (phenanthrene derivatives)on the physico-chemical properties of nucleic acids]. The effect of narcotic analgetics (phenanthrene derivatives) on the physico-chemical properties of nucleic acids was studied. It is shown that morphine-like substances have no influence on the secondary and tertiary structure of native DNA molecules and modified DNA agents.", "PMID": 1028581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4787", "title": "[Effect of reserpine, octadine and methyldopa on the distribution of cardiac output in hypertension].", "content": "Tests conducted on anesthetized rats with experimental renal hypertension demonstrated that octadine, reserpine and methyl-DOPA with their one-time administration produce at the onset of the maximal hypotensine effect of fall of the arterial pressure at the expense of the lowered total peripheral resistance. Most characteristic of the action exercised by these drugs is an increased fraction of the cardiac ejection going to the gestro-intestinal tract. In hypertension all the substances under study reduce the coronary and splenic fractions of the cardiac ejection. Reserpine and methyl-DOPA do not change, while octadine reduces the fraction of the cardiac ejection that goes to the kidney.", "contents": "[Effect of reserpine, octadine and methyldopa on the distribution of cardiac output in hypertension]. Tests conducted on anesthetized rats with experimental renal hypertension demonstrated that octadine, reserpine and methyl-DOPA with their one-time administration produce at the onset of the maximal hypotensine effect of fall of the arterial pressure at the expense of the lowered total peripheral resistance. Most characteristic of the action exercised by these drugs is an increased fraction of the cardiac ejection going to the gestro-intestinal tract. In hypertension all the substances under study reduce the coronary and splenic fractions of the cardiac ejection. Reserpine and methyl-DOPA do not change, while octadine reduces the fraction of the cardiac ejection that goes to the kidney.", "PMID": 1028583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4788", "title": "[Therapeutic-preventive effect of sodium selenite on the course of experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "An occlusion of the left coronary artery in rats tends to signally raise the intensity of free radical oxidation of myocardial-lipids, which is revealed by the chemofluorescent method. A direct correlational link between the intensity of the lipids peroxidation and the extent of the myocardial damage was established. Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite in a dose of 30 gamma/kg 2 hours prior to ligation and once daily for a space of 7 days produces a distincly reduced intensity of free-radical processes in the myocardium, decreases the extent of infarction and prevents the appearance of gross changes on the ECG.", "contents": "[Therapeutic-preventive effect of sodium selenite on the course of experimental myocardial infarct]. An occlusion of the left coronary artery in rats tends to signally raise the intensity of free radical oxidation of myocardial-lipids, which is revealed by the chemofluorescent method. A direct correlational link between the intensity of the lipids peroxidation and the extent of the myocardial damage was established. Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite in a dose of 30 gamma/kg 2 hours prior to ligation and once daily for a space of 7 days produces a distincly reduced intensity of free-radical processes in the myocardium, decreases the extent of infarction and prevents the appearance of gross changes on the ECG.", "PMID": 1028585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4789", "title": "[Principles of passage of aminazine through the placental barrier].", "content": "The following regularities governing the transplacental passage of chlorpromazine have been established, viz. the drug passes through the placenta only at the end of the pregnancy term; with repeated administration to mothers it accumulates in the placental and fetal tissues and is contained in the organs of the newborn and one-week old animals.", "contents": "[Principles of passage of aminazine through the placental barrier]. The following regularities governing the transplacental passage of chlorpromazine have been established, viz. the drug passes through the placenta only at the end of the pregnancy term; with repeated administration to mothers it accumulates in the placental and fetal tissues and is contained in the organs of the newborn and one-week old animals.", "PMID": 1028582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4790", "title": "[Effect of apressine and euphylline on the bioelectric activity and electrolyte balance of the vascular wall].", "content": "In tests staged on cats the effect of apressin and euphylline on the biopotential and electrolytes metabolism was studied. Apressin was found to raise the negative electricity of the biopotential and the potassium level in the vascular tissue, an increase of the dose producing not any further reduction, but rather a higher concentration of calcium in the arterial vessels. Euphyliine causes no changes in the biopotential, but then raises the potassium content in the vascular wall. An accertion of the euphylline dose blocks the egress of calcium from the muscular tissue of the arteries. It is  suggested that the relaxing action of the introduced substances maycome about owing to stimulation of the processes infolving binding of calcium in the smooth muscle cells, while changes in the transparietal potential difference are conditioned mainly by counter-gradient transport of potassium.", "contents": "[Effect of apressine and euphylline on the bioelectric activity and electrolyte balance of the vascular wall]. In tests staged on cats the effect of apressin and euphylline on the biopotential and electrolytes metabolism was studied. Apressin was found to raise the negative electricity of the biopotential and the potassium level in the vascular tissue, an increase of the dose producing not any further reduction, but rather a higher concentration of calcium in the arterial vessels. Euphyliine causes no changes in the biopotential, but then raises the potassium content in the vascular wall. An accertion of the euphylline dose blocks the egress of calcium from the muscular tissue of the arteries. It is  suggested that the relaxing action of the introduced substances maycome about owing to stimulation of the processes infolving binding of calcium in the smooth muscle cells, while changes in the transparietal potential difference are conditioned mainly by counter-gradient transport of potassium.", "PMID": 1028586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4791", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of P32-phosphemide in the body of rats with sarcoma 45].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of phosphamide-32P was studied in experiments on rats with sarcoma 45 and intact (tumourless) ones. Soon (15 min to 1 hour) after intraperitoneal injection of the compound the maximum amount of the isotope was definable in the liver, kidneys, spleen, suprarenals, in the tumour and the thymus. The content of the compound in the tumour ammounted to 0.2--0.4 per cent of the radioactivity introduced. Distribution of phosphemide-32P among organs and tissues of the rats with sarcoma 45 quatitatively differs from that in intact animals. During the first 24 hours 55--56 per cent of the radioactivity introduced is excreted together with urine.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of P32-phosphemide in the body of rats with sarcoma 45]. Pharmacokinetics of phosphamide-32P was studied in experiments on rats with sarcoma 45 and intact (tumourless) ones. Soon (15 min to 1 hour) after intraperitoneal injection of the compound the maximum amount of the isotope was definable in the liver, kidneys, spleen, suprarenals, in the tumour and the thymus. The content of the compound in the tumour ammounted to 0.2--0.4 per cent of the radioactivity introduced. Distribution of phosphemide-32P among organs and tissues of the rats with sarcoma 45 quatitatively differs from that in intact animals. During the first 24 hours 55--56 per cent of the radioactivity introduced is excreted together with urine.", "PMID": 1028587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4792", "title": "[Effect of obsidan on the course of experimental myocardial infarct with arrhythmias in rabbits].", "content": "Experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) was reproduced in 35 of 40 rabbits operated upon. Ampouled obsidan was slowly introduced to 12 rabbits with EMI directly after ligation of the coronary arteries and once during each subsequent two days into the marginal otic vein. The results of the antiarrhythmic action of the drug were judged about from the data of a dynamic ECG-observation in 3 standard leads. From the information thus obtained it followed that a single administration of obsidan to rabbits in the acute period of EMI (the first 3 days of the experiment) prevented the development of complex disturbances of the rhythm and reduced the lethality rate among the animals. In repeated injections of the drug it is necessary to take account of the preceding arrhythmias. Reintroduction of obsidan to rabbits with EMI complicated by sinus bradycardia and ventricular extrasystole is prognostically dangerous (ventricular extrasystole relapses and its transformation into ventricular tachycardia is possible). At later stages of EMI these animals succumbod due to complex disturbances of the rhythm and conduction.", "contents": "[Effect of obsidan on the course of experimental myocardial infarct with arrhythmias in rabbits]. Experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) was reproduced in 35 of 40 rabbits operated upon. Ampouled obsidan was slowly introduced to 12 rabbits with EMI directly after ligation of the coronary arteries and once during each subsequent two days into the marginal otic vein. The results of the antiarrhythmic action of the drug were judged about from the data of a dynamic ECG-observation in 3 standard leads. From the information thus obtained it followed that a single administration of obsidan to rabbits in the acute period of EMI (the first 3 days of the experiment) prevented the development of complex disturbances of the rhythm and reduced the lethality rate among the animals. In repeated injections of the drug it is necessary to take account of the preceding arrhythmias. Reintroduction of obsidan to rabbits with EMI complicated by sinus bradycardia and ventricular extrasystole is prognostically dangerous (ventricular extrasystole relapses and its transformation into ventricular tachycardia is possible). At later stages of EMI these animals succumbod due to complex disturbances of the rhythm and conduction.", "PMID": 1028584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4793", "title": "[Radioprotective and pharmacological properties of certain phenylethylamine derivatives].", "content": "The toxicity of radioprotective and some pharmacological properties of 33 compounds, phenylethylamine derivatives, substituted in the phenyl ring were studied. Some of these display radioprotective and curative properties and also produce anesthetizing, coronary dilating, antiarrhythmic and other effects.", "contents": "[Radioprotective and pharmacological properties of certain phenylethylamine derivatives]. The toxicity of radioprotective and some pharmacological properties of 33 compounds, phenylethylamine derivatives, substituted in the phenyl ring were studied. Some of these display radioprotective and curative properties and also produce anesthetizing, coronary dilating, antiarrhythmic and other effects.", "PMID": 1028588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4794", "title": "[Effect of 4-amidinophenylpyruvic acid on the generalized Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon].", "content": "The influence of 4-amidinophenylpyruvic acid (APPA)--a synthetic thrombin inhibitor--on the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was tested with the aid of a model of the generalized Sanarelli-Schwarzman phenomenon. After application of APPA the thrombogenesis in different organs subsided quite significantly.", "contents": "[Effect of 4-amidinophenylpyruvic acid on the generalized Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon]. The influence of 4-amidinophenylpyruvic acid (APPA)--a synthetic thrombin inhibitor--on the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was tested with the aid of a model of the generalized Sanarelli-Schwarzman phenomenon. After application of APPA the thrombogenesis in different organs subsided quite significantly.", "PMID": 1028590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4795", "title": "[Effect of different doses of strychnine on blood coagulation and lymph].", "content": "Tests conducted with dogs ascertained that strychnine used in a dose producing convulsions brings on an intensified coagulation of the blood and lymph along with a higher fibrinolytic activity. This reaction is largely due to the ejection of thromboplastic and fibrinolytic agents from the active muscles.", "contents": "[Effect of different doses of strychnine on blood coagulation and lymph]. Tests conducted with dogs ascertained that strychnine used in a dose producing convulsions brings on an intensified coagulation of the blood and lymph along with a higher fibrinolytic activity. This reaction is largely due to the ejection of thromboplastic and fibrinolytic agents from the active muscles.", "PMID": 1028591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4796", "title": "[Distribution of beryllium in the organs of rats].", "content": "Tests with albino female-rats evidenced that following intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration of Be to critical organs the ones most likely to be implicated proved the liver, kidneys and the skeleton, while with intratracheal introduction it were the lungs.", "contents": "[Distribution of beryllium in the organs of rats]. Tests with albino female-rats evidenced that following intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration of Be to critical organs the ones most likely to be implicated proved the liver, kidneys and the skeleton, while with intratracheal introduction it were the lungs.", "PMID": 1028592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4797", "title": "[Determination of embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of a new antidepressive agent, pyrazidol].", "content": "The effect of the new original antidepressant pyrasidol on the embryogenesis of albino rats was investigated. With a single introduction of the drug with a tube into the stomach in a dose of 200 mg/kg within the first 15 days of pregnancy pyradisol was found to produce no embrytoxic and teratogenic effects. Fluorescent microscopy revealed the presence of the pyrasidol metabolites in the amniotic fluid of the test animals 2 hours after enteral administration of the drug, on the 15th and 20th days of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Determination of embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of a new antidepressive agent, pyrazidol]. The effect of the new original antidepressant pyrasidol on the embryogenesis of albino rats was investigated. With a single introduction of the drug with a tube into the stomach in a dose of 200 mg/kg within the first 15 days of pregnancy pyradisol was found to produce no embrytoxic and teratogenic effects. Fluorescent microscopy revealed the presence of the pyrasidol metabolites in the amniotic fluid of the test animals 2 hours after enteral administration of the drug, on the 15th and 20th days of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1028589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4798", "title": "[Morphological substantiation of treatment of liver cirrhosis with retabolil].", "content": "The effect of retabolil on experimental liver cirrhosis in rats was studied. The results of the treatment point to a beneficial action of retabolil on the course of this malady, which found its expression in the prevalence regeneration manifestations over the processes of degeneration, as well as in the inhibitory effect on the development of liver cirrhosis. From morphometric investigations it follows that for retabolil the structure-target is the nucleonic system of the cells, largely of hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Morphological substantiation of treatment of liver cirrhosis with retabolil]. The effect of retabolil on experimental liver cirrhosis in rats was studied. The results of the treatment point to a beneficial action of retabolil on the course of this malady, which found its expression in the prevalence regeneration manifestations over the processes of degeneration, as well as in the inhibitory effect on the development of liver cirrhosis. From morphometric investigations it follows that for retabolil the structure-target is the nucleonic system of the cells, largely of hepatocytes.", "PMID": 1028594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4799", "title": "[Experimental study of the anabolic activity of 6-ketoderivatives of certain natural sapogenins].", "content": "It is shown that 6-ketoderivatives of natural sapogenins, viz. agigenin, diosgenin and alliogenin, display the anabolic activity and do not manifest any androgenic properties. The compoud IV/(25 R)-5alpha-spirostan-2alpha, 3beta, 5alpha-triol-6-OH/produces an accelerated gain of weight in rats, and also an increase in the weight of the liver, heart, kidneys, musculus tibiliasis anterior and augments the total amount of protein therein. All of the above-mentioned changes become more pronounced with the study substance introduced to young animals. Castration of sexually immature rats greatly mitigates the anabolic effect of the compound IV.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the anabolic activity of 6-ketoderivatives of certain natural sapogenins]. It is shown that 6-ketoderivatives of natural sapogenins, viz. agigenin, diosgenin and alliogenin, display the anabolic activity and do not manifest any androgenic properties. The compoud IV/(25 R)-5alpha-spirostan-2alpha, 3beta, 5alpha-triol-6-OH/produces an accelerated gain of weight in rats, and also an increase in the weight of the liver, heart, kidneys, musculus tibiliasis anterior and augments the total amount of protein therein. All of the above-mentioned changes become more pronounced with the study substance introduced to young animals. Castration of sexually immature rats greatly mitigates the anabolic effect of the compound IV.", "PMID": 1028596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4800", "title": "[Toxicological study of an antiviral drug, bonaphthon].", "content": "The toxicity of bonaphthon was studied on laboratory animals of different species (mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs) with its single and repeated (daily, for a space of 4 months) administration. It has been found that bonaphthon, with its single and repeated administration in doses much higher (by 16 to 32 times) than the  ones recommended for human beings, is well tolerated not only by sexually mature, but also by immature animals (rats). Bonaphthon does not affect adversely the dynamic changes in the weight of the animals, nor does it have any effect on the diuresis, functional state of the gastro-intestinal tract and the cardiac activity. On its administration in toxic doses exceeding by 60 and more timesthe ones recommened for human beings the drug provokes flabbiness, bradycardia, a fall of arterial pressure and causes changes in the activity of nonspecific enzymatic systems of the liver. Among the test animals most sensitive to bonaphthon are mice.", "contents": "[Toxicological study of an antiviral drug, bonaphthon]. The toxicity of bonaphthon was studied on laboratory animals of different species (mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs) with its single and repeated (daily, for a space of 4 months) administration. It has been found that bonaphthon, with its single and repeated administration in doses much higher (by 16 to 32 times) than the  ones recommended for human beings, is well tolerated not only by sexually mature, but also by immature animals (rats). Bonaphthon does not affect adversely the dynamic changes in the weight of the animals, nor does it have any effect on the diuresis, functional state of the gastro-intestinal tract and the cardiac activity. On its administration in toxic doses exceeding by 60 and more timesthe ones recommened for human beings the drug provokes flabbiness, bradycardia, a fall of arterial pressure and causes changes in the activity of nonspecific enzymatic systems of the liver. Among the test animals most sensitive to bonaphthon are mice.", "PMID": 1028595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4801", "title": "[Toxic effect of phosphamide after simultaneous entrance into the body through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory organs].", "content": "The experiment involved an investigation into the action of O,O-dimethyl-S-(N-methyl-carbomoilmethyl)-dithiophosphate (phosphamide), used at the level of the liminal dose (4 mg/kg) and in a concentration of 1.9 mg/m3, as compared with the effect of 1/2 of the liminal dose and 1/2 of the thereshold concentration. Both were simultaneously introduced into the organism of test albino rats for a period of 4 months and their complex action showed an intensification of the toxic effect. In evidence was also a more marked anticholinesterase action, a higher level of the insecticide in biological substrates and greater changes of hematological indices.", "contents": "[Toxic effect of phosphamide after simultaneous entrance into the body through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory organs]. The experiment involved an investigation into the action of O,O-dimethyl-S-(N-methyl-carbomoilmethyl)-dithiophosphate (phosphamide), used at the level of the liminal dose (4 mg/kg) and in a concentration of 1.9 mg/m3, as compared with the effect of 1/2 of the liminal dose and 1/2 of the thereshold concentration. Both were simultaneously introduced into the organism of test albino rats for a period of 4 months and their complex action showed an intensification of the toxic effect. In evidence was also a more marked anticholinesterase action, a higher level of the insecticide in biological substrates and greater changes of hematological indices.", "PMID": 1028593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4802", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the methods of determination of the orientation reaction of rats in a toxicological experiment].", "content": "A procedure for determining orientation reaction after Boissi\u00e9 et al (1964) was modified for albino rats. In determining the thresholds of acute action of phthalates and carboran in comparison with summation-threshold index, registration of spontaneous motor activity and orientation reaction according to the number of risings in a jar the proposed method is shown to be 5-10 times more sensitive.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the methods of determination of the orientation reaction of rats in a toxicological experiment]. A procedure for determining orientation reaction after Boissi\u00e9 et al (1964) was modified for albino rats. In determining the thresholds of acute action of phthalates and carboran in comparison with summation-threshold index, registration of spontaneous motor activity and orientation reaction according to the number of risings in a jar the proposed method is shown to be 5-10 times more sensitive.", "PMID": 1028597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4803", "title": "Developing optimum drug regimens.", "content": "In clinical pharmacological trials the determination of the optimum regimen for a drug using the technique of response surface analysis is proposed as being more advantageous than traditional analyses of dose response relationships. Major considerations in favour of this technique are that the optimum regimem can be identified with a minimum of human experimentation, and unacceptable regimens are eliminated from the study early, at a substantial saving of time and money.", "contents": "Developing optimum drug regimens. In clinical pharmacological trials the determination of the optimum regimen for a drug using the technique of response surface analysis is proposed as being more advantageous than traditional analyses of dose response relationships. Major considerations in favour of this technique are that the optimum regimem can be identified with a minimum of human experimentation, and unacceptable regimens are eliminated from the study early, at a substantial saving of time and money.", "PMID": 1028629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4804", "title": "Three years of bacteriological monitoring in the Department of Paediatric Surgery.", "content": "The results of three years of bacteriological monitoring in the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the Ospedale Maggiore Ca'Granda in Milan are reported. The tests carried out involved the patients (faeces, urine, and pus cultures), the environment (operating theatre, incubators), and healthy carriers (upper respiratory tract of nursing and paramedical staff). The aetiopathogenesis of the post-operative infectious complications that occurred in 1974-1975 was investigated with the aid of surveys of the causative pathogens, the type of the surgical interventions, the atmospheric pollution in the operating theatre (mean indicative values), the number of operations per month, and the frequency of positive findings among the carriers. As a parallel investigation, between 1971 and the time of writing of this report the authors monitored the resistance to gentamicin of bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae isolated from patients, in view of the constant threat posed by the vicinity of the burns department.", "contents": "Three years of bacteriological monitoring in the Department of Paediatric Surgery. The results of three years of bacteriological monitoring in the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the Ospedale Maggiore Ca'Granda in Milan are reported. The tests carried out involved the patients (faeces, urine, and pus cultures), the environment (operating theatre, incubators), and healthy carriers (upper respiratory tract of nursing and paramedical staff). The aetiopathogenesis of the post-operative infectious complications that occurred in 1974-1975 was investigated with the aid of surveys of the causative pathogens, the type of the surgical interventions, the atmospheric pollution in the operating theatre (mean indicative values), the number of operations per month, and the frequency of positive findings among the carriers. As a parallel investigation, between 1971 and the time of writing of this report the authors monitored the resistance to gentamicin of bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae isolated from patients, in view of the constant threat posed by the vicinity of the burns department.", "PMID": 1028630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4805", "title": "Polyacrylic bone cement containing erythromycin and colistin. I. In vitro bacteriological activity and diffusion properties of erythromycin, colistin and erythromycin/colistin comibination.", "content": "Erythromycin and colistin demonstrate a non-antagonistic ability to inhibit the growth of a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates. When incorporated in Surgical Simplex P Radiopaque Bone Cement, fabricated cement pellets were effective in inhibiting 98% of all anaerobic and aerobic test isolates. Separate experiments indicate that each antibiotic can diffuse from polymerized cement, and that the concentration of each antibiotic is consistently above the minimum inhibitory concentration of 96% of the isolates. We conclude that erythromycin/colistin Surgical Simplex P radiopaque Bone Cement is a worthy candidate for clinical investigation.", "contents": "Polyacrylic bone cement containing erythromycin and colistin. I. In vitro bacteriological activity and diffusion properties of erythromycin, colistin and erythromycin/colistin comibination. Erythromycin and colistin demonstrate a non-antagonistic ability to inhibit the growth of a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates. When incorporated in Surgical Simplex P Radiopaque Bone Cement, fabricated cement pellets were effective in inhibiting 98% of all anaerobic and aerobic test isolates. Separate experiments indicate that each antibiotic can diffuse from polymerized cement, and that the concentration of each antibiotic is consistently above the minimum inhibitory concentration of 96% of the isolates. We conclude that erythromycin/colistin Surgical Simplex P radiopaque Bone Cement is a worthy candidate for clinical investigation.", "PMID": 1028631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4806", "title": "Short-term and long-term clinical evaluation of a non-amphetaminic anorexiant (mazindol) in the treatment of obesity.", "content": "The effectiveness and tolerance of a non-amphetaminic anorexiant drug has been evaluated in a short-term and in a long-term clinical trial in simple obesity and in refractory obesity. In the short-term 'crossover' trial, a more evident effectiveness and tolerance result when the anorexiant is given in a late phase of treatment. The association of an anorexiant drug with the hypocaloric diet was seen to be effective in the treatment of so-called refractory obesity. In the evaluation of the long-term treatment it is seen that weight loss is greater and remains so farr longer periods in patients receiving anorexiant, as compared to controls. This is related to a better maintenance of a restricted calorie regimen. Mazindol did not affect the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion which follows the weight reduction.", "contents": "Short-term and long-term clinical evaluation of a non-amphetaminic anorexiant (mazindol) in the treatment of obesity. The effectiveness and tolerance of a non-amphetaminic anorexiant drug has been evaluated in a short-term and in a long-term clinical trial in simple obesity and in refractory obesity. In the short-term 'crossover' trial, a more evident effectiveness and tolerance result when the anorexiant is given in a late phase of treatment. The association of an anorexiant drug with the hypocaloric diet was seen to be effective in the treatment of so-called refractory obesity. In the evaluation of the long-term treatment it is seen that weight loss is greater and remains so farr longer periods in patients receiving anorexiant, as compared to controls. This is related to a better maintenance of a restricted calorie regimen. Mazindol did not affect the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion which follows the weight reduction.", "PMID": 1028632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4807", "title": "An evaluation of a once daily dosage r\u00e9gime of dothiepin hydrochloride (prothiaden).", "content": "This paper reports on the use of a single daily dose of dothiepin hydrochloride (Prothiaden). The results from a metabolism study using [14C] dothiepin were used to calculate the daily variations in blood levels after once daily and thrice daily dose regimes. A clinical study on the use of a single daily dose of 75 mg of dothiepin showed this type of regime to be well tolerated and efficacious in the treatment of 105 depressed patients in general practice. Compared to a thrice daily regime the once daily dose appeared to be more beneficial on symptomatic insomnia during the early treatment period.", "contents": "An evaluation of a once daily dosage r\u00e9gime of dothiepin hydrochloride (prothiaden). This paper reports on the use of a single daily dose of dothiepin hydrochloride (Prothiaden). The results from a metabolism study using [14C] dothiepin were used to calculate the daily variations in blood levels after once daily and thrice daily dose regimes. A clinical study on the use of a single daily dose of 75 mg of dothiepin showed this type of regime to be well tolerated and efficacious in the treatment of 105 depressed patients in general practice. Compared to a thrice daily regime the once daily dose appeared to be more beneficial on symptomatic insomnia during the early treatment period.", "PMID": 1028633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4808", "title": "Effects of cloprednol and other corticosteroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.", "content": "The effects of cloprednol and other corticosteroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function were studied in healthy subjects after administration of a single oral dose of corticosteroid at 6 a.m. or 6 p.m., and after daily 6 a.m. administration of corticosteroids at various doses for seven days. The degree of HPA suppression was assessed by metyrapone tests (METP), insulin hypoglycaemia tests (IHT) and 6 a.m. fasting plasma cortisol concentrations. Regardless of the corticosteroid tested, 6 p.m. dosing was at least four-fold more suppressive of METP response than 6 a.m. administration. At therapeutically equivalent doses, single doses of triamcinolone and dexamethasone were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than cloprednol, hydrocortisone or prednisolone, After 6 a.m. administration for seven days, 12-5 mg of cloprednol did not impair the cortisol response to IHT or interfere with the METP response. The clinically equivalent dose of prednisolone (25 mg) resulted in slightly greater HPA-axis suppression. All doses of dexamethasone (0-5, 3-75 and 6-0 mg) and of betamethasome (2-0, 4-0 and 6-5 mg) were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than either cloprednol or prednisolone. These results suggest that at equipotent anti-inflammatory doses, cloprednol is slightly less suppressive of HPA-axis function than prednisolone, and both cloprednol and prednisolone are much less suppressive than dexamethasone or betamethasone.", "contents": "Effects of cloprednol and other corticosteroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. The effects of cloprednol and other corticosteroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function were studied in healthy subjects after administration of a single oral dose of corticosteroid at 6 a.m. or 6 p.m., and after daily 6 a.m. administration of corticosteroids at various doses for seven days. The degree of HPA suppression was assessed by metyrapone tests (METP), insulin hypoglycaemia tests (IHT) and 6 a.m. fasting plasma cortisol concentrations. Regardless of the corticosteroid tested, 6 p.m. dosing was at least four-fold more suppressive of METP response than 6 a.m. administration. At therapeutically equivalent doses, single doses of triamcinolone and dexamethasone were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than cloprednol, hydrocortisone or prednisolone, After 6 a.m. administration for seven days, 12-5 mg of cloprednol did not impair the cortisol response to IHT or interfere with the METP response. The clinically equivalent dose of prednisolone (25 mg) resulted in slightly greater HPA-axis suppression. All doses of dexamethasone (0-5, 3-75 and 6-0 mg) and of betamethasome (2-0, 4-0 and 6-5 mg) were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than either cloprednol or prednisolone. These results suggest that at equipotent anti-inflammatory doses, cloprednol is slightly less suppressive of HPA-axis function than prednisolone, and both cloprednol and prednisolone are much less suppressive than dexamethasone or betamethasone.", "PMID": 1028634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4809", "title": "A study of once daily tenormin (atenolol) in hypertension: some implications in patient compliance.", "content": "A clinical study is described in which hypertensive patients on no drug therapy were given atenolol in increasing doses from 50 mg twice daily to 200 mg twice daily until the diastolic blood pressure was 90 mm Hg or below. At this stage the drug was withdrawn until blood pressure readings had risen to pre-treatment levels. The same dose of atenolol was then re-introduced but now given once-a-day (in the morning) and was continued for four weeks. Of the elevel patients entering the study, one withdrew as his blood pressure was not controlled on a dose of 200 mg of atenolol twice daily, and another because on withdrawal of atenolol his blood pressure did not rise to pre-treatment levels. The remaining nine patients completed the study. There was a statistically significant fall in blood pressure on both atenolol regimes and there was no significant difference between the blood pressure control achieved on twice-a-day and once-a-day administration. Only one patient developed side-effects; this being an asthmatic who developed mild dyspnoea on atenolol which did not necessitate withdrawal of the drug. It is concluded that once-a-day administration of a given dose of atenolol is therapeutically equivalent to twice-a-day administration. The implications of this in terms of better patient compliance, and thus better prognosis, are discussed.", "contents": "A study of once daily tenormin (atenolol) in hypertension: some implications in patient compliance. A clinical study is described in which hypertensive patients on no drug therapy were given atenolol in increasing doses from 50 mg twice daily to 200 mg twice daily until the diastolic blood pressure was 90 mm Hg or below. At this stage the drug was withdrawn until blood pressure readings had risen to pre-treatment levels. The same dose of atenolol was then re-introduced but now given once-a-day (in the morning) and was continued for four weeks. Of the elevel patients entering the study, one withdrew as his blood pressure was not controlled on a dose of 200 mg of atenolol twice daily, and another because on withdrawal of atenolol his blood pressure did not rise to pre-treatment levels. The remaining nine patients completed the study. There was a statistically significant fall in blood pressure on both atenolol regimes and there was no significant difference between the blood pressure control achieved on twice-a-day and once-a-day administration. Only one patient developed side-effects; this being an asthmatic who developed mild dyspnoea on atenolol which did not necessitate withdrawal of the drug. It is concluded that once-a-day administration of a given dose of atenolol is therapeutically equivalent to twice-a-day administration. The implications of this in terms of better patient compliance, and thus better prognosis, are discussed.", "PMID": 1028635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4810", "title": "Bioavailability of digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin.", "content": "In a randomized crossover study the bioavailability of a single dose of digoxin and of beta-methyl-digoxin tablets was tested in four normal volunteers. No difference was found between the two products in the rate and extent of drug absorption using 6 day cumulative urinary excretion and serial serum concentration measurements.", "contents": "Bioavailability of digoxin and beta-methyl-digoxin. In a randomized crossover study the bioavailability of a single dose of digoxin and of beta-methyl-digoxin tablets was tested in four normal volunteers. No difference was found between the two products in the rate and extent of drug absorption using 6 day cumulative urinary excretion and serial serum concentration measurements.", "PMID": 1028636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4811", "title": "Sulphonylurea and hypothyroidism in Nigerian diabetic subjects.", "content": "Thyroid function has been assessed using the T3-Uptake test in 98 nigerian diabetic and 50 non-diabetic control subjects. Whilst abnormal tests suggestive of thyroidal hypofunctional state were commoner in the group on chlorpropamide alone, and in combination with metformin, these were unrelated to the duration of treatment. In addition, none had clinical hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Sulphonylurea and hypothyroidism in Nigerian diabetic subjects. Thyroid function has been assessed using the T3-Uptake test in 98 nigerian diabetic and 50 non-diabetic control subjects. Whilst abnormal tests suggestive of thyroidal hypofunctional state were commoner in the group on chlorpropamide alone, and in combination with metformin, these were unrelated to the duration of treatment. In addition, none had clinical hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1028637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4812", "title": "Prostaglandins as modulators of the inflammatory response in the rat.", "content": "E-type PGs, injected in rat skin at a low dose concentration (1-5 ng ml-) proved not to release vasoactive amines from local mast cell, enhance increase in vascular permeability evoked by hypersensitivity endogenous inflammatory reactions (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and reversed passive Arthus) or by intradermal injection of histamine and bradykinin. The possible role of PGE1 and PGE2 as modulators of the inflammatory response is discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins as modulators of the inflammatory response in the rat. E-type PGs, injected in rat skin at a low dose concentration (1-5 ng ml-) proved not to release vasoactive amines from local mast cell, enhance increase in vascular permeability evoked by hypersensitivity endogenous inflammatory reactions (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and reversed passive Arthus) or by intradermal injection of histamine and bradykinin. The possible role of PGE1 and PGE2 as modulators of the inflammatory response is discussed.", "PMID": 1028639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4813", "title": "The effect of pre-treatment of syngeneic mice with tumour cells cultured in vitro on the induction of a transplantable tumour.", "content": "The pre-treatment with in vitro cultured mammary adenocarcinoma (ADK-1t) cells strongly protects syngeneic Balb/c mice against the challenge with the same non-cultured tumour cells. If the cultured cells were detached with sodium versenate, 50-60% protection was given, whereas if trypsin was used only 20-30% protection was achieved. That in vitro culture considerably reduces the oncogenic potential of ADK-1t cells was shown by the fact that very many more cultured than non-cultured cells were required to induce tumours.", "contents": "The effect of pre-treatment of syngeneic mice with tumour cells cultured in vitro on the induction of a transplantable tumour. The pre-treatment with in vitro cultured mammary adenocarcinoma (ADK-1t) cells strongly protects syngeneic Balb/c mice against the challenge with the same non-cultured tumour cells. If the cultured cells were detached with sodium versenate, 50-60% protection was given, whereas if trypsin was used only 20-30% protection was achieved. That in vitro culture considerably reduces the oncogenic potential of ADK-1t cells was shown by the fact that very many more cultured than non-cultured cells were required to induce tumours.", "PMID": 1028640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4814", "title": "[Possible contamination of preparation of transfer factor with bacterial endotoxins].", "content": "In order to detect the possible contamination with bacterial endotoxins of some preparations of Transfer Factor, Limulus amebocyte lysate test was performed. The results obtained (TF preparations positive with L.T. for endotoxin assay) call sur detection to evaluate very carefully the immunologic responses in vitro ad in vivo, with these biological products contaminate can induce. In fact, bacterial endotoxins with their multiple potent effect on biologic system, represent a contant possible surce of variability in experimental biology and pathology.", "contents": "[Possible contamination of preparation of transfer factor with bacterial endotoxins]. In order to detect the possible contamination with bacterial endotoxins of some preparations of Transfer Factor, Limulus amebocyte lysate test was performed. The results obtained (TF preparations positive with L.T. for endotoxin assay) call sur detection to evaluate very carefully the immunologic responses in vitro ad in vivo, with these biological products contaminate can induce. In fact, bacterial endotoxins with their multiple potent effect on biologic system, represent a contant possible surce of variability in experimental biology and pathology.", "PMID": 1028644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4815", "title": "[Absorption of radiocobalt in Chlorella vulgaris]?1Assorbimento di radiocobalto in \"Chlorella vulgaris\".", "content": "The uptake, accumulation and loss of traces of radiocobalt present in the culture medium by a green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, were studied. The trace quantities of the radionuclide employed had no effect on the growth of the algal population. The uptake is related to the number of cells present and to the temperature of the culture medium; it is not affected by mitotic activity. The rate of the 60Co, uptake during algal growth is compared to the rate of uptake of other radioisotopes; 90Sr and, to some extent, 137Cs have the same rate of uptake as 60Co, whereas 90Y and 144Ce differ. Perhaps the radiocobalt in the cells undergoes a chelating process and consequently its loss to the outer environment is very slow. The involvement of a biological process, in addition to a physical one, is claimed in order to explain the possibility of an active concentration of the radioisotope (C.F.=170). Emphasis is laid on the possible danger of this concentration when a disposal system by dilution of industrial or nuclear waste is employed.", "contents": "[Absorption of radiocobalt in Chlorella vulgaris]?1Assorbimento di radiocobalto in \"Chlorella vulgaris\". The uptake, accumulation and loss of traces of radiocobalt present in the culture medium by a green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, were studied. The trace quantities of the radionuclide employed had no effect on the growth of the algal population. The uptake is related to the number of cells present and to the temperature of the culture medium; it is not affected by mitotic activity. The rate of the 60Co, uptake during algal growth is compared to the rate of uptake of other radioisotopes; 90Sr and, to some extent, 137Cs have the same rate of uptake as 60Co, whereas 90Y and 144Ce differ. Perhaps the radiocobalt in the cells undergoes a chelating process and consequently its loss to the outer environment is very slow. The involvement of a biological process, in addition to a physical one, is claimed in order to explain the possibility of an active concentration of the radioisotope (C.F.=170). Emphasis is laid on the possible danger of this concentration when a disposal system by dilution of industrial or nuclear waste is employed.", "PMID": 1028642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4816", "title": "[Behavior of natural immunity factors in systemic mycoses. I. Determination of lysozyme by means of a new technic].", "content": "Serum lysozyme of 138 patients with various systemic mycosis was determine by means of a new technique. It is reported that the levels of the enzyme are very low, particularly in the most serious diseases. The significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "[Behavior of natural immunity factors in systemic mycoses. I. Determination of lysozyme by means of a new technic]. Serum lysozyme of 138 patients with various systemic mycosis was determine by means of a new technique. It is reported that the levels of the enzyme are very low, particularly in the most serious diseases. The significance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 1028646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4817", "title": "Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation as a possible test for evaluation of the enterotoxigenicity of some enterobacteria. Preliminary study.", "content": "Some culture filtrates or enterotoxin preparations from enterobacteria that activate the adenylate cyclase system (vibrio cholerae, LT fraction from escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae type 1) exibit an inhibiting effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation, while other enterotoxin preparations not effective on adenylate cyclase system, don't interfere with this model. The A. propose the platelet aggregation as cellular assay to detect enterotoxin fractions effective upon adenylate cyclase system.", "contents": "Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation as a possible test for evaluation of the enterotoxigenicity of some enterobacteria. Preliminary study. Some culture filtrates or enterotoxin preparations from enterobacteria that activate the adenylate cyclase system (vibrio cholerae, LT fraction from escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae type 1) exibit an inhibiting effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation, while other enterotoxin preparations not effective on adenylate cyclase system, don't interfere with this model. The A. propose the platelet aggregation as cellular assay to detect enterotoxin fractions effective upon adenylate cyclase system.", "PMID": 1028645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4818", "title": "[Serotyping of Salmonella isolated in the Piedmont region in the years 1975-1976].", "content": "Ninehundredtwentysix bacteria of genus Salmonella, collected from hospitals, provincial laboratories and university centers of Piedmont (Italy) have been serologically tested. The serotypical frequencies were compared with those reported in literature. Our findings shown that the appearance of new and unusual serotypes is dominant in comparison to traditional ones.", "contents": "[Serotyping of Salmonella isolated in the Piedmont region in the years 1975-1976]. Ninehundredtwentysix bacteria of genus Salmonella, collected from hospitals, provincial laboratories and university centers of Piedmont (Italy) have been serologically tested. The serotypical frequencies were compared with those reported in literature. Our findings shown that the appearance of new and unusual serotypes is dominant in comparison to traditional ones.", "PMID": 1028643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4819", "title": "[Presence of Salmonella Wien in Gela in 1976].", "content": "The spreading of Salmonella Wien at Gela is proved by its isolation from the faeces of twelve patients hospitalized in the isolation department of Vittorio Emanuele II Hospital at Gela (Italy) from May to October in 1976. The isolated Salmonella shows the same serological characteristics and the same features of resistance to the antibiotics of the stocks responsable for the epidemics in Algeria and in France.", "contents": "[Presence of Salmonella Wien in Gela in 1976]. The spreading of Salmonella Wien at Gela is proved by its isolation from the faeces of twelve patients hospitalized in the isolation department of Vittorio Emanuele II Hospital at Gela (Italy) from May to October in 1976. The isolated Salmonella shows the same serological characteristics and the same features of resistance to the antibiotics of the stocks responsable for the epidemics in Algeria and in France.", "PMID": 1028651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4820", "title": "[Endotoxemia and phagocytic function in premature subjects].", "content": "The AA. have evaluated some parameters of leukocyte function (phagocytosis, killing and nitroblu tetrazolium NBT test) from premature children, comparing such activities with endotoxemia, detected by means of limulus assay. The results obtained point out that there is not relationship between impaired leukocyte functions and endotoxemia.", "contents": "[Endotoxemia and phagocytic function in premature subjects]. The AA. have evaluated some parameters of leukocyte function (phagocytosis, killing and nitroblu tetrazolium NBT test) from premature children, comparing such activities with endotoxemia, detected by means of limulus assay. The results obtained point out that there is not relationship between impaired leukocyte functions and endotoxemia.", "PMID": 1028647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4821", "title": "[Verification of contamination with bacterial endotoxins in blood derivatives used in coagulative disorders: observations with the Limulus test].", "content": "The AA. expose the results of an investigation for an in vitro endotoxin assay by Limulus lysate test in blood products employed in coagulative area. The Limulus assay has been shown to be a simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method of detecting bacterial endotoxin or endotoxin-like material in these biological products.", "contents": "[Verification of contamination with bacterial endotoxins in blood derivatives used in coagulative disorders: observations with the Limulus test]. The AA. expose the results of an investigation for an in vitro endotoxin assay by Limulus lysate test in blood products employed in coagulative area. The Limulus assay has been shown to be a simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method of detecting bacterial endotoxin or endotoxin-like material in these biological products.", "PMID": 1028648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4822", "title": "[In-vitro microbiological evaluation of the action of gentamicin and sisomicin o schizomycetes of the Salmonella genus].", "content": "The in vitro activity of Gentamicin and Sisomicin towards 142 clinical isolated Salmonella strains was determined and statisically evaluated. The majority of the Salmonella strains was inhibited by concentrations of both antibiotics ranging between 0.75 mcg/ml and 0.02 mcg/ml in the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test and between 1.5 mcg/ml and 0.02 mcg/ml in the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MCB) test.", "contents": "[In-vitro microbiological evaluation of the action of gentamicin and sisomicin o schizomycetes of the Salmonella genus]. The in vitro activity of Gentamicin and Sisomicin towards 142 clinical isolated Salmonella strains was determined and statisically evaluated. The majority of the Salmonella strains was inhibited by concentrations of both antibiotics ranging between 0.75 mcg/ml and 0.02 mcg/ml in the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test and between 1.5 mcg/ml and 0.02 mcg/ml in the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MCB) test.", "PMID": 1028649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4823", "title": "[Studies of the discus articularis ulnae by use of arthrography of the wrist joint].", "content": "Lesions of the \"discus articularis ulnae\" (triangular fibrocartilage) are presented. Possible differences between the left and the right hand, as well as possible age and sex-linked differences were statistically analysed. In 22 wrist the disc was removed. The anatomical and pathological findings correlated with the arthrogram in all cases. Due probably to the advanced age of our study material disc lesions were found to be more frequent than in previous studies. The lesion was less frequent in men than in women. No difference could be shown between the left and the right hand. The arthrographic variations of the joint spaces adjoining the wrist were found to be symmetrically distributed. In no case could a communication between the wrist and the distal radioulnar joint be shown.", "contents": "[Studies of the discus articularis ulnae by use of arthrography of the wrist joint]. Lesions of the \"discus articularis ulnae\" (triangular fibrocartilage) are presented. Possible differences between the left and the right hand, as well as possible age and sex-linked differences were statistically analysed. In 22 wrist the disc was removed. The anatomical and pathological findings correlated with the arthrogram in all cases. Due probably to the advanced age of our study material disc lesions were found to be more frequent than in previous studies. The lesion was less frequent in men than in women. No difference could be shown between the left and the right hand. The arthrographic variations of the joint spaces adjoining the wrist were found to be symmetrically distributed. In no case could a communication between the wrist and the distal radioulnar joint be shown.", "PMID": 1028661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4824", "title": "[The in-vitro action of amoxicillin on 87 strains of Staphylococcus aureus of 1st isolation].", "content": "In vitro activity of Amoxycillin towards 87 strains of Staphilococcus aureus clinically isolated was analyzed. The 70% of the strains were very sensitive to the antibiotic action. Moreover the growth of the 50% of the strains was inhibited by Amoxycillin concentrations less than 0.20 mcg/ml.", "contents": "[The in-vitro action of amoxicillin on 87 strains of Staphylococcus aureus of 1st isolation]. In vitro activity of Amoxycillin towards 87 strains of Staphilococcus aureus clinically isolated was analyzed. The 70% of the strains were very sensitive to the antibiotic action. Moreover the growth of the 50% of the strains was inhibited by Amoxycillin concentrations less than 0.20 mcg/ml.", "PMID": 1028650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4825", "title": "[A new ceiling microscope suspension for plastic and reconstructive microsurgery].", "content": "Since 1969, 168 microsurgical interfascicular nerve transplantations have been performed in the Department for Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery in the Surgical Clinic of the University of Erlangen. Since the end of 1974, the Zeiss Operation Microscope OPMI 2 has been hung from an electrohydraulic ceiling suspension and has proved invaluable. The construction and function of the apparatus is described. Such suspension of the microscope in combination with original Hanau operation lights, facilitates microsurgery in hand and plastic surgical procedure by saving space, reducing operating time and providing a better opportunity of ensuring sterility in the operating field.", "contents": "[A new ceiling microscope suspension for plastic and reconstructive microsurgery]. Since 1969, 168 microsurgical interfascicular nerve transplantations have been performed in the Department for Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery in the Surgical Clinic of the University of Erlangen. Since the end of 1974, the Zeiss Operation Microscope OPMI 2 has been hung from an electrohydraulic ceiling suspension and has proved invaluable. The construction and function of the apparatus is described. Such suspension of the microscope in combination with original Hanau operation lights, facilitates microsurgery in hand and plastic surgical procedure by saving space, reducing operating time and providing a better opportunity of ensuring sterility in the operating field.", "PMID": 1028662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4826", "title": "[Reconstruction of thumb length by \"on-top plasty\"].", "content": "We report the case of a 23 year old man who suffered amputation of thumb and index finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint by an injury with electrical current. In order to elongate the first ray an on-top plasty of the second on the first metacarpal bone was performed. The second metacarpal was severed above the base and with the intact vessels and the first dorsal interosseous muscle placed on the distal end of the first metacarpal. The second dorsal interosseous muscle was severed. The first and second  metacarpal bones united with an intramedullary cortical inlay graft. Nerve and vessels as well as the skin of the back of the hand could be moved without tension. An abdominal tube was applied to the palm because of severe scarring. As a final result pinch grip between the thumb ray and the rest fingers is possible. The other fingers are freely movable.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of thumb length by \"on-top plasty\"]. We report the case of a 23 year old man who suffered amputation of thumb and index finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint by an injury with electrical current. In order to elongate the first ray an on-top plasty of the second on the first metacarpal bone was performed. The second metacarpal was severed above the base and with the intact vessels and the first dorsal interosseous muscle placed on the distal end of the first metacarpal. The second dorsal interosseous muscle was severed. The first and second  metacarpal bones united with an intramedullary cortical inlay graft. Nerve and vessels as well as the skin of the back of the hand could be moved without tension. An abdominal tube was applied to the palm because of severe scarring. As a final result pinch grip between the thumb ray and the rest fingers is possible. The other fingers are freely movable.", "PMID": 1028663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4827", "title": "[Injuries of the terminal phalanx and nail].", "content": "In children the treatment of pulp injuries should amed at conservation. In amputations, replantation should always be tried owing to the high possibility of success and subsequent of functional recovery. In non-specialized workers the simplest and shortest operative procedure (natural healing or skin graft) should be preferred to ensure the quickest possible return to work. In specialized manual workers such as musicians and typists, the return of the sense of touch along with a functional distal joint is essential. In these cases all necessary reconstructive procedures are indicated. In women the cosmetic appearance is most important and requires precise nail reconstruction. Special considerations apply to certain digits: 1. The thumb should be kept as long as possible, without bone sacrifice, requiring plastic procedures to ensure good skin cover. When possible these should employ local flaps which may restore sensation, especially significant on the ulnar side of the pulp. If these local flaps are not possible, sensitive flaps (KUHN/HOLEVICH type) or sensory island flaps (MOBERG, LITTLER or HILGENFELDT type) may be used. 2. In the little finger conversation is almost as important as this digit is mobile, autonomous and represents the usual contact of the ulnar side of the hand. 3. In the index finger, employed manity for fine actions, DIP mobility is important for good pick up ability. Local flaps are preferred. If impossible sensitive flaps should be used on the radical aspect of the pulp, to avoid functional substitution of the middle finger for the index.", "contents": "[Injuries of the terminal phalanx and nail]. In children the treatment of pulp injuries should amed at conservation. In amputations, replantation should always be tried owing to the high possibility of success and subsequent of functional recovery. In non-specialized workers the simplest and shortest operative procedure (natural healing or skin graft) should be preferred to ensure the quickest possible return to work. In specialized manual workers such as musicians and typists, the return of the sense of touch along with a functional distal joint is essential. In these cases all necessary reconstructive procedures are indicated. In women the cosmetic appearance is most important and requires precise nail reconstruction. Special considerations apply to certain digits: 1. The thumb should be kept as long as possible, without bone sacrifice, requiring plastic procedures to ensure good skin cover. When possible these should employ local flaps which may restore sensation, especially significant on the ulnar side of the pulp. If these local flaps are not possible, sensitive flaps (KUHN/HOLEVICH type) or sensory island flaps (MOBERG, LITTLER or HILGENFELDT type) may be used. 2. In the little finger conversation is almost as important as this digit is mobile, autonomous and represents the usual contact of the ulnar side of the hand. 3. In the index finger, employed manity for fine actions, DIP mobility is important for good pick up ability. Local flaps are preferred. If impossible sensitive flaps should be used on the radical aspect of the pulp, to avoid functional substitution of the middle finger for the index.", "PMID": 1028664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4828", "title": "[Effect of operations in  a bloodless field on the fine structure of the hand muscles].", "content": "For young and healthy patients undergoing reconstructive operations following tendon or nerve lesions histological examination of the intrinsic muscle was performed. The authors have not found any morphological alterations following the use of a tourniquet up to two hours even if the muscles have been damaged by the injury.", "contents": "[Effect of operations in  a bloodless field on the fine structure of the hand muscles]. For young and healthy patients undergoing reconstructive operations following tendon or nerve lesions histological examination of the intrinsic muscle was performed. The authors have not found any morphological alterations following the use of a tourniquet up to two hours even if the muscles have been damaged by the injury.", "PMID": 1028665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4829", "title": "Effect of potato protease inhibitor on the clotting system and fibrinolysis in the dog.", "content": "The potato inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes was found to inhibit the plasma clotting and fibrinolytic systems in the dog. The anticoagulative action of potato inhibitor consists in a prolongation of clotting time, inhibition of thromboplastin generation, reduction of prothrombin consumption and of the retractility of the blood clot. The potato inhibitor prolongs the euglobulin fibrinolysis time and causes a rise in the plasma antiplasmin level.", "contents": "Effect of potato protease inhibitor on the clotting system and fibrinolysis in the dog. The potato inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes was found to inhibit the plasma clotting and fibrinolytic systems in the dog. The anticoagulative action of potato inhibitor consists in a prolongation of clotting time, inhibition of thromboplastin generation, reduction of prothrombin consumption and of the retractility of the blood clot. The potato inhibitor prolongs the euglobulin fibrinolysis time and causes a rise in the plasma antiplasmin level.", "PMID": 1028667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4830", "title": "Comparative studies on platelet membrane preparations.", "content": "For the isolation of platelet plasma and cytoplasmatic membranes, the following methods were applied. 1. Glycerol-osmotic lysis technique, combined with sonication. 2. Glycerol-osmotic lysis technique carried out on fresh or frozen platelets. 3. Detergent treatment followed by separation of the protein fractions insoluble at low ionic strength. The detergents used were Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40, Na-deoxycholate and digitonin. The protein fractions were compared by SDS-PAG electrophoresis.", "contents": "Comparative studies on platelet membrane preparations. For the isolation of platelet plasma and cytoplasmatic membranes, the following methods were applied. 1. Glycerol-osmotic lysis technique, combined with sonication. 2. Glycerol-osmotic lysis technique carried out on fresh or frozen platelets. 3. Detergent treatment followed by separation of the protein fractions insoluble at low ionic strength. The detergents used were Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40, Na-deoxycholate and digitonin. The protein fractions were compared by SDS-PAG electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1028669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4831", "title": "Lanthanum Trichloride induced blood coagulation defect and liver injury.", "content": "The rare earth metals have anticoagulant and hepatotoxic effects, among others. In view of the connection between liver and blood coagulation, the character of the coagulation defect developing in rabbits treated with lanthanum trichloride (La) was studied and in connection with it, the role of the liver injury described earlier. The results showed the effect to depend primarily on the dose of the drug administered; acute and prolonged treatments produce coagulation defects different in type. The effect of a single large dose is characterized by a severe disturbance of thrombin formation: Prothrombin activity is decreased, PTT is prolonged, native blood does not coagulate but may be coagulated with thrombin, and its fibrinogen content is high. The effect cannot be regarded as a result of the liver injury. On giving La in repeated smaller doses, a disturbance of intrinsic thromboplastin (or thrombin) formation develops, as indicated by a decrease in prothrombin consumption. This might be due to an alteration of some serum factor or of the thrombocyte lipid factor (factor 3) and is probably connected with the liver injury.", "contents": "Lanthanum Trichloride induced blood coagulation defect and liver injury. The rare earth metals have anticoagulant and hepatotoxic effects, among others. In view of the connection between liver and blood coagulation, the character of the coagulation defect developing in rabbits treated with lanthanum trichloride (La) was studied and in connection with it, the role of the liver injury described earlier. The results showed the effect to depend primarily on the dose of the drug administered; acute and prolonged treatments produce coagulation defects different in type. The effect of a single large dose is characterized by a severe disturbance of thrombin formation: Prothrombin activity is decreased, PTT is prolonged, native blood does not coagulate but may be coagulated with thrombin, and its fibrinogen content is high. The effect cannot be regarded as a result of the liver injury. On giving La in repeated smaller doses, a disturbance of intrinsic thromboplastin (or thrombin) formation develops, as indicated by a decrease in prothrombin consumption. This might be due to an alteration of some serum factor or of the thrombocyte lipid factor (factor 3) and is probably connected with the liver injury.", "PMID": 1028670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4832", "title": "The effect of colloidal gold on blood coagulation.", "content": "Coagulation tests were carried out in rabbits after the intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg colloidal gold. Among the clotting factors, platelet Factor 3 and Factor XIII were found to be inhibited by the gold preparation. Gold at 2 mg/ml concentration induced an overall antithrombotic state in spite of an increased tendency to platelet aggregation. These experiments suggest a new possibility for the inhibition of Factor XIII and platelet Factor 3.", "contents": "The effect of colloidal gold on blood coagulation. Coagulation tests were carried out in rabbits after the intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg colloidal gold. Among the clotting factors, platelet Factor 3 and Factor XIII were found to be inhibited by the gold preparation. Gold at 2 mg/ml concentration induced an overall antithrombotic state in spite of an increased tendency to platelet aggregation. These experiments suggest a new possibility for the inhibition of Factor XIII and platelet Factor 3.", "PMID": 1028671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4833", "title": "Haptoglobin level in haemophiliacs after administration of pooled cold precipitated antihaemophilic globulin. Preliminary report.", "content": "Unlike compatible haemophiliacs, incompatible haemophiliacs developed a decrease in haptoglobin level after administration of pooled cryoprecipitate. The effect is attributed to haemolysis following intravascular agglutination and intravascular coagulation elicited by the cryoprecipitate in incompatible patients.", "contents": "Haptoglobin level in haemophiliacs after administration of pooled cold precipitated antihaemophilic globulin. Preliminary report. Unlike compatible haemophiliacs, incompatible haemophiliacs developed a decrease in haptoglobin level after administration of pooled cryoprecipitate. The effect is attributed to haemolysis following intravascular agglutination and intravascular coagulation elicited by the cryoprecipitate in incompatible patients.", "PMID": 1028672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4834", "title": "Polyagglutinability associated with the cad antigen.", "content": "Various anti-Cad and anti-Sda reagents were tested against a panel of Cad red cells in order to determine whether Cad and Sda antigens were identical. According to the results, although strong Sda reactivity was always found in Cad red cells, the two antigen specificities are not identical. The polyagglutinability of Cad red cells seems to be related to an anti-Cad present in all human sera but Cad, and not with anti-Sda antibody.", "contents": "Polyagglutinability associated with the cad antigen. Various anti-Cad and anti-Sda reagents were tested against a panel of Cad red cells in order to determine whether Cad and Sda antigens were identical. According to the results, although strong Sda reactivity was always found in Cad red cells, the two antigen specificities are not identical. The polyagglutinability of Cad red cells seems to be related to an anti-Cad present in all human sera but Cad, and not with anti-Sda antibody.", "PMID": 1028673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4835", "title": "Jk(a-b-) phenotype in a French family. Quantitative evidence for the inheritance of a silent allele (Jk).", "content": "A Caucasian French family was investigated including two Jk(a-b-) sibs who had developed anti-JkaJkb. The parents were first cousins. Quantitative study of Kidd antigens using titration scoring and HD50 assay clearly showed the parents and a maternal aunt, phenotypically Jk(a+b-), to have a weak expression of Jka documenting thereby the transmission of the postulated silent gene Jk. Absorption, elution and coagglutination assays revealed the cross reactivity of the antibody developed by the two sibs. Leucocytes and platelets from these two individuals were not shown to absorb anti-JkaJkb.", "contents": "Jk(a-b-) phenotype in a French family. Quantitative evidence for the inheritance of a silent allele (Jk). A Caucasian French family was investigated including two Jk(a-b-) sibs who had developed anti-JkaJkb. The parents were first cousins. Quantitative study of Kidd antigens using titration scoring and HD50 assay clearly showed the parents and a maternal aunt, phenotypically Jk(a+b-), to have a weak expression of Jka documenting thereby the transmission of the postulated silent gene Jk. Absorption, elution and coagglutination assays revealed the cross reactivity of the antibody developed by the two sibs. Leucocytes and platelets from these two individuals were not shown to absorb anti-JkaJkb.", "PMID": 1028674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4836", "title": "Kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes after thymectomy.", "content": "Some kinetic parameters of mononuclear phagocytes have been studied. Wistar rats were injected with 3H-thymidine. Samples of peripheral blood and peritoneal macrophages were obtained at 12, 14, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84 hours respectively after injection. The labelling index and the mean grain count were determined. The turnover of monocytes was slowed down in the thymectomized animals. It is assumed that thymectomy had changed some biological qualities of mononuclear phagocytes and/or the humoral relations connected with the function and the regulation of mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes after thymectomy. Some kinetic parameters of mononuclear phagocytes have been studied. Wistar rats were injected with 3H-thymidine. Samples of peripheral blood and peritoneal macrophages were obtained at 12, 14, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84 hours respectively after injection. The labelling index and the mean grain count were determined. The turnover of monocytes was slowed down in the thymectomized animals. It is assumed that thymectomy had changed some biological qualities of mononuclear phagocytes and/or the humoral relations connected with the function and the regulation of mononuclear phagocytes.", "PMID": 1028675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4837", "title": "Acute effect of endogenous inhibitors and exogenous cytostatics on the ultrastructure of bone marrow cells. I. Single dose of 1,2 : 5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAD).", "content": "The ultrastructural effects of the endogenous inhibitor, granuloid crude extract (GCE), known to control the proliferation of myeloid cells, and of the current hexitol derivative, 1,2 : 5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAD) were compared on the rat bone marrow. A single intraperitoneally injected LD50 dose of DAD induces the following changes in the fine structure: The mitochondria become swollen, the matrix less electron-dense, the cristae fragmentate, the ribosomes aggregate, anomalies appear in the perinuclear the cell membranes, and myelin figures and intranuclear bodies develop. Autophagy,  degeneration and the phagocytotic activity of the reticulum cells is appreciable in 4 hours after treatment and increase by the 24th hour. The toxic effect of DAD is cell aspecific but in the ultrastructure its myelotropic effect manifests earlier than in erythropoiesis. In contrast, the arrest caused by a single dose of the endogenous granuloid inhibitor [2] is cell-specific and non-toxic.", "contents": "Acute effect of endogenous inhibitors and exogenous cytostatics on the ultrastructure of bone marrow cells. I. Single dose of 1,2 : 5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAD). The ultrastructural effects of the endogenous inhibitor, granuloid crude extract (GCE), known to control the proliferation of myeloid cells, and of the current hexitol derivative, 1,2 : 5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAD) were compared on the rat bone marrow. A single intraperitoneally injected LD50 dose of DAD induces the following changes in the fine structure: The mitochondria become swollen, the matrix less electron-dense, the cristae fragmentate, the ribosomes aggregate, anomalies appear in the perinuclear the cell membranes, and myelin figures and intranuclear bodies develop. Autophagy,  degeneration and the phagocytotic activity of the reticulum cells is appreciable in 4 hours after treatment and increase by the 24th hour. The toxic effect of DAD is cell aspecific but in the ultrastructure its myelotropic effect manifests earlier than in erythropoiesis. In contrast, the arrest caused by a single dose of the endogenous granuloid inhibitor [2] is cell-specific and non-toxic.", "PMID": 1028676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4838", "title": "Acute effect of endogenous inhibitors and exogenous cytostatics on the ultrastructure of bone marrow cells. II. Single dose of granulocyte crude extract (GCE).", "content": "The particle-free crude extract of granulocytes (GCE) contains at least three inhibitors of proliferation (M.w. greater than or equal to 70,000, approximately 11,500 and less than or equal to 4000, [5,5]). Intraperitoneal administration of a single effective mitodepressive dose (EDM = 59.4 mg/kg b.w. protein) does not damage the majority of rat bone marrow cells. The observed slight ultrastructural alterations are as follows. The cristate pattern of the mitochondria is occasionally deficient, their matrix may contain membrane shreds or myelin figures, the package of individual granules may be injured. Cytoplasmic vacuolization, autophagy are infrequent and nuclear bleb formation occurred in a single case only. The incidence of such injuries is practically the same in untreated bone marrow cells. Although GCE effectively inhibits cell proliferation, its single dose does not induce such toxic, irreversible and degenerative ultrastructural alterations as have been observed in the same system after the administration of the cytostatic dianhydrogalactitol.", "contents": "Acute effect of endogenous inhibitors and exogenous cytostatics on the ultrastructure of bone marrow cells. II. Single dose of granulocyte crude extract (GCE). The particle-free crude extract of granulocytes (GCE) contains at least three inhibitors of proliferation (M.w. greater than or equal to 70,000, approximately 11,500 and less than or equal to 4000, [5,5]). Intraperitoneal administration of a single effective mitodepressive dose (EDM = 59.4 mg/kg b.w. protein) does not damage the majority of rat bone marrow cells. The observed slight ultrastructural alterations are as follows. The cristate pattern of the mitochondria is occasionally deficient, their matrix may contain membrane shreds or myelin figures, the package of individual granules may be injured. Cytoplasmic vacuolization, autophagy are infrequent and nuclear bleb formation occurred in a single case only. The incidence of such injuries is practically the same in untreated bone marrow cells. Although GCE effectively inhibits cell proliferation, its single dose does not induce such toxic, irreversible and degenerative ultrastructural alterations as have been observed in the same system after the administration of the cytostatic dianhydrogalactitol.", "PMID": 1028677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4839", "title": "Correlation between plasma growth hormone and insulin and blood glucose concentrations in premature infants.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone, insulin and blood glucose levels were measured longitudinally during the first 60 days of life in 21 premature infants (8 males and 13 females) born between the 6th and 8th month of gestation. When these variables were related to age it was found that insulin and glucose, which are lower than in the prepubertal children and adults, rise simultaneously. Whereas growth hormone, which is higher than in older prepubertal children, decreases during the first 2 weeks of life. The decrease in growth hormone continues during the first 2 months of life, in contrast to the increases in insulin and glucose which do not persist in as long a period.", "contents": "Correlation between plasma growth hormone and insulin and blood glucose concentrations in premature infants. Plasma growth hormone, insulin and blood glucose levels were measured longitudinally during the first 60 days of life in 21 premature infants (8 males and 13 females) born between the 6th and 8th month of gestation. When these variables were related to age it was found that insulin and glucose, which are lower than in the prepubertal children and adults, rise simultaneously. Whereas growth hormone, which is higher than in older prepubertal children, decreases during the first 2 weeks of life. The decrease in growth hormone continues during the first 2 months of life, in contrast to the increases in insulin and glucose which do not persist in as long a period.", "PMID": 1028724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4840", "title": "Binding of methyltrienolone to various androgen-dependent and androgen-responsive tissues in four animal species.", "content": "Comparative sucrose gradient studies of the in vitro binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of a synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone (R 1881), have been done with the cytosols of various tissues of the rat, mouse, cock and man. With rat prostate cytosol, the amount of R 1881 and DHT binding in the 8-9S region of the gradient was found to be comparable. Specific 8-9S peaks of R 1881 were also found in rat levator ani/bulbocavernosus and skeletal muscles and in the mouse kidney. Only 4-5S peaks could be demonstrated in the cock's comb while DHT under the same conditions showed both 8-9S and 4-5S binding. Binding of R 1881 to the cytosol of the hyperplastic prostate was polydispersed, and showed evidence of the presence of aggregates. Evidence was also found that R 1881 could bind to the progesterone receptor in rat uterus. Our study supports the theory that in a given species the androgen receptors are similar if not identical in all the tissues. The synthetic androgen R 1881 appears to be a useful tool for androgen receptor studies in various animal species provided that the tissue under study contains no progesterone receptor.", "contents": "Binding of methyltrienolone to various androgen-dependent and androgen-responsive tissues in four animal species. Comparative sucrose gradient studies of the in vitro binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of a synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone (R 1881), have been done with the cytosols of various tissues of the rat, mouse, cock and man. With rat prostate cytosol, the amount of R 1881 and DHT binding in the 8-9S region of the gradient was found to be comparable. Specific 8-9S peaks of R 1881 were also found in rat levator ani/bulbocavernosus and skeletal muscles and in the mouse kidney. Only 4-5S peaks could be demonstrated in the cock's comb while DHT under the same conditions showed both 8-9S and 4-5S binding. Binding of R 1881 to the cytosol of the hyperplastic prostate was polydispersed, and showed evidence of the presence of aggregates. Evidence was also found that R 1881 could bind to the progesterone receptor in rat uterus. Our study supports the theory that in a given species the androgen receptors are similar if not identical in all the tissues. The synthetic androgen R 1881 appears to be a useful tool for androgen receptor studies in various animal species provided that the tissue under study contains no progesterone receptor.", "PMID": 1028725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4841", "title": "The role of calcium in glucagon release. Interactions between arginine and calcium.", "content": "The interrelationship between arginine and calcium in glucagon release was studied using the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. In the presence of a normal 2 mM calcium concentration, 10 mM arginine provoked biphasic glucagon release, the amplitude of such a response being inversely related to the glucose concentration of the perfusate. At the lowest 3.3 mM glucose concentration, and after prolonged (40 min) as well as short (10 min) periods of calcium deprivation, arginine-induced glucagon release was inhibited. These results clearly indicate that calcium is necessary for either the recognition or effectiveness of arginine as a stimulus to the alpha-cell. Taking into account this, as well as other data presently available in the literature, it is suggested that calcium plays a versatile role - permissive, inhibitory and stimulatory - in glucagon secretion. The intimate mechanisms by which calcium exerts such versatile actions in the alpha-cell remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "The role of calcium in glucagon release. Interactions between arginine and calcium. The interrelationship between arginine and calcium in glucagon release was studied using the in vitro perfused rat pancreas. In the presence of a normal 2 mM calcium concentration, 10 mM arginine provoked biphasic glucagon release, the amplitude of such a response being inversely related to the glucose concentration of the perfusate. At the lowest 3.3 mM glucose concentration, and after prolonged (40 min) as well as short (10 min) periods of calcium deprivation, arginine-induced glucagon release was inhibited. These results clearly indicate that calcium is necessary for either the recognition or effectiveness of arginine as a stimulus to the alpha-cell. Taking into account this, as well as other data presently available in the literature, it is suggested that calcium plays a versatile role - permissive, inhibitory and stimulatory - in glucagon secretion. The intimate mechanisms by which calcium exerts such versatile actions in the alpha-cell remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1028726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4842", "title": "Growth hormone in blood sampled continuously during pentobarbitone-induced sleep in children.", "content": "Growth hormone has been estimated in blood sampled continuously in periods each lasting 30 min during the first 3-4 h of pentobarbitone-induced sleep in 69 children. With only two half-hour samples, almost the same information was obtained as with the estimation of growth hormone in all samples. In this way 95% of normally growing children showed growth hormone levels of 5 muU/ml of more. Children with growth retardation of unknown cause and overweight children showed on the average lower growth hormone levels, not rarely even below 5 muU/ml. Pituitary dwarfs all had maximum growth hormone levels of 3 muU/ml or less. Growth hormone levels during sleep may be normal in children who show negative results on provocation, while subnormal growth hormone levels during sleep have been encountered in some children with retarded growth who had a normal response upon provocation.", "contents": "Growth hormone in blood sampled continuously during pentobarbitone-induced sleep in children. Growth hormone has been estimated in blood sampled continuously in periods each lasting 30 min during the first 3-4 h of pentobarbitone-induced sleep in 69 children. With only two half-hour samples, almost the same information was obtained as with the estimation of growth hormone in all samples. In this way 95% of normally growing children showed growth hormone levels of 5 muU/ml of more. Children with growth retardation of unknown cause and overweight children showed on the average lower growth hormone levels, not rarely even below 5 muU/ml. Pituitary dwarfs all had maximum growth hormone levels of 3 muU/ml or less. Growth hormone levels during sleep may be normal in children who show negative results on provocation, while subnormal growth hormone levels during sleep have been encountered in some children with retarded growth who had a normal response upon provocation.", "PMID": 1028727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4843", "title": "Responses of single units in the cat cochlear nucleus to sinusoidal amplitude modulation of tones and noise: linearity and relation to speech perception.", "content": "Responses to the sinusoidal modulation envelopes of amplitude-modulated tonend noise carriers were recorded from  single units in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. The unit discharges were synchronized to the peaks of the modulation envelope. Population-averaged firing rate were independent of the modulation index of the stimulus. Temporal firing patterns, as represented by the shapes and magnitudes of modulation-cycle histograms, were strongly dependent on stimulus intesity and modulation index. Nonlinear nonsinusoidal responses to sinusoidal modulation envelopes were observed, but only at high values of sound intensity. These and other results are discussed in the context of psychological studies concerning the perception of speech information.", "contents": "Responses of single units in the cat cochlear nucleus to sinusoidal amplitude modulation of tones and noise: linearity and relation to speech perception. Responses to the sinusoidal modulation envelopes of amplitude-modulated tonend noise carriers were recorded from  single units in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. The unit discharges were synchronized to the peaks of the modulation envelope. Population-averaged firing rate were independent of the modulation index of the stimulus. Temporal firing patterns, as represented by the shapes and magnitudes of modulation-cycle histograms, were strongly dependent on stimulus intesity and modulation index. Nonlinear nonsinusoidal responses to sinusoidal modulation envelopes were observed, but only at high values of sound intensity. These and other results are discussed in the context of psychological studies concerning the perception of speech information.", "PMID": 1028851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4844", "title": "In vitro vs in situ development of Purkinje cells.", "content": "Analysis of in vitro vs in situ development of Purkinje cells was undertaken in order to compare the transitory morphology of Purkinje cells grown in situ with their differentiation in vitro. Purkinje cells in rotary cultures developed their basic morphological pattern only when the cultures were prepared from 16-day chick embryos, indicating the existence of a critical period during their normal differentiation, which lasted approximately 24 hr between days 14 and 15 embryonic development.", "contents": "In vitro vs in situ development of Purkinje cells. Analysis of in vitro vs in situ development of Purkinje cells was undertaken in order to compare the transitory morphology of Purkinje cells grown in situ with their differentiation in vitro. Purkinje cells in rotary cultures developed their basic morphological pattern only when the cultures were prepared from 16-day chick embryos, indicating the existence of a critical period during their normal differentiation, which lasted approximately 24 hr between days 14 and 15 embryonic development.", "PMID": 1028852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4845", "title": "Brain colchicine-binding protein (tubulin) during postnatal development in the rat.", "content": "A time-decay colchicine-binding assay was used under optimal conditions for measuring tubulin concentration in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum during postnatal development. In both brain areas soluble tubulin concentration (pmoles colchicine bound/mg tissue) declined by about 35% between 4 and 12 days of age after which the decrease was more gradual up to adulthood. Colchicine-binding protein concentration of particulate fractions, on the other hand, increased between 4 and 12 days of age followed by relatively little change. The concentration of tubulin in the soluble and particulate fractions of the cerebral cortex was 45% and 75% greater, respectively, than corresponding fractions of the cerebellum. The expression of tubulin on the basis of DNA, revealed marked regional differences which can be considered a reflection of differences in the relative extent of morphological differentiation in these areas during the postnatal period. Tubulin in both soluble and particulate fractions exhibited a marked increase in lability for colchicine binding from approximately 12 days of age. The half-life for loss of colchicine-binding activity was 2,5-fold greater in particulate compared to soluble fractions. An analysis of the characteristics of the particulate colchicine-binding reaction provides additional support for the hypothesis that it represents a functionally significant association of tubulin with the membranous components.", "contents": "Brain colchicine-binding protein (tubulin) during postnatal development in the rat. A time-decay colchicine-binding assay was used under optimal conditions for measuring tubulin concentration in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum during postnatal development. In both brain areas soluble tubulin concentration (pmoles colchicine bound/mg tissue) declined by about 35% between 4 and 12 days of age after which the decrease was more gradual up to adulthood. Colchicine-binding protein concentration of particulate fractions, on the other hand, increased between 4 and 12 days of age followed by relatively little change. The concentration of tubulin in the soluble and particulate fractions of the cerebral cortex was 45% and 75% greater, respectively, than corresponding fractions of the cerebellum. The expression of tubulin on the basis of DNA, revealed marked regional differences which can be considered a reflection of differences in the relative extent of morphological differentiation in these areas during the postnatal period. Tubulin in both soluble and particulate fractions exhibited a marked increase in lability for colchicine binding from approximately 12 days of age. The half-life for loss of colchicine-binding activity was 2,5-fold greater in particulate compared to soluble fractions. An analysis of the characteristics of the particulate colchicine-binding reaction provides additional support for the hypothesis that it represents a functionally significant association of tubulin with the membranous components.", "PMID": 1028853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4846", "title": "Failure to demonstrate alterations in gluconeogenesis in growth-retarded weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN) of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats. Sham-operated rats served as controls. After 22 days on lab chow and tap water ad libitum, the animals were injected with U-14 C-alanine 0.167 muC/mu moles intraperitoneally (5 muC and 30 mu moles/100 gm body weight) and sacrificed 2 hr later. There was no significant difference, in the incorporation of the label into total lipid, free fatty acids, glycogen, or tissue protein of both liver and diaphragm, between the DMN-lesioned and the sham-operated rats. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the incorporation into plasma glucose or protein. It is concluded that in spite of profound alterations in both ponderal and linear growth and food intake, there is no disruption of normal gluconeogenesis in the weanling rat with DMN lesions.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate alterations in gluconeogenesis in growth-retarded weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMN) of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats. Sham-operated rats served as controls. After 22 days on lab chow and tap water ad libitum, the animals were injected with U-14 C-alanine 0.167 muC/mu moles intraperitoneally (5 muC and 30 mu moles/100 gm body weight) and sacrificed 2 hr later. There was no significant difference, in the incorporation of the label into total lipid, free fatty acids, glycogen, or tissue protein of both liver and diaphragm, between the DMN-lesioned and the sham-operated rats. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the incorporation into plasma glucose or protein. It is concluded that in spite of profound alterations in both ponderal and linear growth and food intake, there is no disruption of normal gluconeogenesis in the weanling rat with DMN lesions.", "PMID": 1028854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4847", "title": "Changes of CTP synthetase activity during postnatal rat brain development.", "content": "The activity of CTP synthetase (UTP: ammonia ligase (ADP, EC. 6.3.4.2.) was determined in rat cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum during postnatal development. It was found that enzyme activity, when expressed per unit of protein or wet tissue weight, in both parts of the brain decreased with age, the diminution proceeding more rapidly in the cerebellum than in the hemispheres. When CTP synthetase was expressed on the basis of DNA an activity peak in the hemispheres with a maximum on the 5th day after birth was observed. The enzyme content per cell was several times lower in the cerebellum than in the hemispheres at each age studied, with the exception of 1-day-old animals, in which both tissues displayed similar activity. The results obtained were compared with literature data for the intensity of RNA synthesis in the developing brain. The conclusion was reached that the changes of CTP synthetase activity were closely related to the RNA metabolism. Therefore the enzyme under study may be one of the factors involved in cell control of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Changes of CTP synthetase activity during postnatal rat brain development. The activity of CTP synthetase (UTP: ammonia ligase (ADP, EC. 6.3.4.2.) was determined in rat cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum during postnatal development. It was found that enzyme activity, when expressed per unit of protein or wet tissue weight, in both parts of the brain decreased with age, the diminution proceeding more rapidly in the cerebellum than in the hemispheres. When CTP synthetase was expressed on the basis of DNA an activity peak in the hemispheres with a maximum on the 5th day after birth was observed. The enzyme content per cell was several times lower in the cerebellum than in the hemispheres at each age studied, with the exception of 1-day-old animals, in which both tissues displayed similar activity. The results obtained were compared with literature data for the intensity of RNA synthesis in the developing brain. The conclusion was reached that the changes of CTP synthetase activity were closely related to the RNA metabolism. Therefore the enzyme under study may be one of the factors involved in cell control of RNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1028856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4848", "title": "Structure of neuronal assemblies in cerebral cortex.", "content": "Interrelations in the apical dendrite bundles of a single neuronal column were revealed by means of light and electron microscopy in the cat motor cortex. Such column presents an integrated structural module. There were also found wider joinings of several columns, among which complex coordination may exist.", "contents": "Structure of neuronal assemblies in cerebral cortex. Interrelations in the apical dendrite bundles of a single neuronal column were revealed by means of light and electron microscopy in the cat motor cortex. Such column presents an integrated structural module. There were also found wider joinings of several columns, among which complex coordination may exist.", "PMID": 1028857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4849", "title": "The relationship of afterhyperpolarizations of extraocular motoneurons to membrane potential.", "content": "The effect of membrane potential displacements caused by external current injection on the amplitudes of two antidromically evoked afterhyperpolarizations (AHP1 and AHP2) was measured in extraocular motoneurons. AHP1 had a reversal potential of-70mV and an average compensation for displacements from the reversal potential (\"compensation gain\") of -0.36. AHP2 had a reversal potential of-80mV and a compensation gain of -0.08. Measurements of input resistance of these motoneurons demonstrate a 30-50% decrease at depolarized membrane potentials. This rectification could account for the apparent lack of summation of AHP2. The functional role of AHP1 and AHP2 in the regulation of discharge frequencies of extraocular motoneurons during nromal eye movements is discussed.", "contents": "The relationship of afterhyperpolarizations of extraocular motoneurons to membrane potential. The effect of membrane potential displacements caused by external current injection on the amplitudes of two antidromically evoked afterhyperpolarizations (AHP1 and AHP2) was measured in extraocular motoneurons. AHP1 had a reversal potential of-70mV and an average compensation for displacements from the reversal potential (\"compensation gain\") of -0.36. AHP2 had a reversal potential of-80mV and a compensation gain of -0.08. Measurements of input resistance of these motoneurons demonstrate a 30-50% decrease at depolarized membrane potentials. This rectification could account for the apparent lack of summation of AHP2. The functional role of AHP1 and AHP2 in the regulation of discharge frequencies of extraocular motoneurons during nromal eye movements is discussed.", "PMID": 1028858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4850", "title": "Response of a brain protein fraction 24 hours after training in rats.", "content": "The aim of the study was to follow the amount and incorporation of 14C-valine into separate, soluble protein fractions of the hippocampus, thalamus, and visual cortex of rats from 0 to 72 hr after training. The behavioral test consisted of reversal of handedness with training twice daily for 25 min for 2 days, followed by a 5-day intermission without training, and a final session of 24 min. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with 14C-valine 30 min before sacrifice and taken 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr after last training. After 24 hr, and only at that time, double incorporation values and increased amounts were observed in a protein fraction, No. 6 from the front, in all three brain areas of the trained rats compared to active controls. At 48 hr this protein fraction was at control level.", "contents": "Response of a brain protein fraction 24 hours after training in rats. The aim of the study was to follow the amount and incorporation of 14C-valine into separate, soluble protein fractions of the hippocampus, thalamus, and visual cortex of rats from 0 to 72 hr after training. The behavioral test consisted of reversal of handedness with training twice daily for 25 min for 2 days, followed by a 5-day intermission without training, and a final session of 24 min. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with 14C-valine 30 min before sacrifice and taken 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr after last training. After 24 hr, and only at that time, double incorporation values and increased amounts were observed in a protein fraction, No. 6 from the front, in all three brain areas of the trained rats compared to active controls. At 48 hr this protein fraction was at control level.", "PMID": 1028859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4851", "title": "Effects of local illumination of the hypothalamus on spontaneous and flash-induced multiunit activity recorded from the gonadotropic hypothalamic areas in quail.", "content": "Multiple unit activity (MUA) was obtained from gonadotropic areas of the hypothalamus in quail. Pellets of radioluminous paint (RLP) were implanted unilaterally either in the nucleus tuberis or in the n. posterior medialis hypothalami. Control data were obtained from birds receiving nonluminous material (RP). Spontaneous MUA was decreased by 25% in gonadotropic arease in RLP-treated quail. Direct permanent photostimulation of hypothalamic neuronal population was not as effective in decreasing MUA as environmental photostimulation (50%). Activation in firing rates, which was constant in nonphotostimulated intact birds in response to repetitive flash-light stimulations, was completely suppressed after implantation of RLP.", "contents": "Effects of local illumination of the hypothalamus on spontaneous and flash-induced multiunit activity recorded from the gonadotropic hypothalamic areas in quail. Multiple unit activity (MUA) was obtained from gonadotropic areas of the hypothalamus in quail. Pellets of radioluminous paint (RLP) were implanted unilaterally either in the nucleus tuberis or in the n. posterior medialis hypothalami. Control data were obtained from birds receiving nonluminous material (RP). Spontaneous MUA was decreased by 25% in gonadotropic arease in RLP-treated quail. Direct permanent photostimulation of hypothalamic neuronal population was not as effective in decreasing MUA as environmental photostimulation (50%). Activation in firing rates, which was constant in nonphotostimulated intact birds in response to repetitive flash-light stimulations, was completely suppressed after implantation of RLP.", "PMID": 1028860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4852", "title": "[Pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The earliest change during chronic pancreatitis seems to be precipitation of proteic material consisting apparently of the normal components of pancreatic juice, as demonstrated by pathology studies. Similar changes could be induced in animal experiments. There seems to be a causal relationship between increased protein concentration in pancreatic juice and protein precipitation. The cause of the disease in most cases is alcoholism combined with a diet rich in fat and proteins, or malnutrition in infants. The mechanism of action was clarified in dogs and rats: An increase of cholinergic stimulation influencing pancreatic secretion directly seems to be involved as well as an indirect stimulation of pancreatic secretion by gastroduodenal hormones.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. The earliest change during chronic pancreatitis seems to be precipitation of proteic material consisting apparently of the normal components of pancreatic juice, as demonstrated by pathology studies. Similar changes could be induced in animal experiments. There seems to be a causal relationship between increased protein concentration in pancreatic juice and protein precipitation. The cause of the disease in most cases is alcoholism combined with a diet rich in fat and proteins, or malnutrition in infants. The mechanism of action was clarified in dogs and rats: An increase of cholinergic stimulation influencing pancreatic secretion directly seems to be involved as well as an indirect stimulation of pancreatic secretion by gastroduodenal hormones.", "PMID": 1028873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4853", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pancreatitis--diagnostic relevance of clinical and biochemical changes during the course of the disease and of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to classify a patient with pancreatitis according to the Marseille clasiffication the following criteria must be fulfilled: (a) an acute attach of pancreatitis must be observed, (b) the cause of pancreatitis has to be established, (c) the patient has to be followed over longer periods of time in order to find out, whether the process becomes chronic (involving progredient endocrine and exocrine insufficiency). Diagnostic problems of acute pancreatitis, relapsing pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis are discussed taking into account the author's own results. It is concluded, that repeated tests of pancreatitis function and demonstration of pancreatic calcification are more important for establishing the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis than studies of pancreatic morphology including endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). ERP may help to find the cause of relapsing pancreatitis of unknown origine; it may help as well preoperatively to diagnose local changes of the pancreatic duct system in chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pancreatitis--diagnostic relevance of clinical and biochemical changes during the course of the disease and of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (author's transl)]. In order to classify a patient with pancreatitis according to the Marseille clasiffication the following criteria must be fulfilled: (a) an acute attach of pancreatitis must be observed, (b) the cause of pancreatitis has to be established, (c) the patient has to be followed over longer periods of time in order to find out, whether the process becomes chronic (involving progredient endocrine and exocrine insufficiency). Diagnostic problems of acute pancreatitis, relapsing pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis are discussed taking into account the author's own results. It is concluded, that repeated tests of pancreatitis function and demonstration of pancreatic calcification are more important for establishing the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis than studies of pancreatic morphology including endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP). ERP may help to find the cause of relapsing pancreatitis of unknown origine; it may help as well preoperatively to diagnose local changes of the pancreatic duct system in chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1028874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4854", "title": "[Diagnostic relevance of provocative (evocative) blood enzyme tests in pancreatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "After a review of the literature the author's results of testing pancreatic function in 445 patients with different diseases are reported. The activities of serum amylase and lipase were estimated before and after stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin; at the same time exocrine secretions of the pancreas were collected in the duodenum and analyzed. Serum enzyme activity did not change markedly after stimulation in pronounced pancreatic insufficiency. Measuring the enzyme activity thus helped to make the diagnosis only in a few cases with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. In all other patients there was no correlation between changes of serum enzyme activities and changes of exocrine pancreatic function. Pathological test results, that means an increase in enzyme activity after stimulation, were found not only in patients with established or suspected pancreatic diseases, but also in many other subjects. Thus the diagnostic relevance of these tests seems to be rather limited, since it does not prove or exclude with sufficient specificity or adequate probability the presence of pancreatic diseases; it therefore cannot be recommended for screening purposes.", "contents": "[Diagnostic relevance of provocative (evocative) blood enzyme tests in pancreatic disease (author's transl)]. After a review of the literature the author's results of testing pancreatic function in 445 patients with different diseases are reported. The activities of serum amylase and lipase were estimated before and after stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin; at the same time exocrine secretions of the pancreas were collected in the duodenum and analyzed. Serum enzyme activity did not change markedly after stimulation in pronounced pancreatic insufficiency. Measuring the enzyme activity thus helped to make the diagnosis only in a few cases with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. In all other patients there was no correlation between changes of serum enzyme activities and changes of exocrine pancreatic function. Pathological test results, that means an increase in enzyme activity after stimulation, were found not only in patients with established or suspected pancreatic diseases, but also in many other subjects. Thus the diagnostic relevance of these tests seems to be rather limited, since it does not prove or exclude with sufficient specificity or adequate probability the presence of pancreatic diseases; it therefore cannot be recommended for screening purposes.", "PMID": 1028875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4855", "title": "[Pancreatitis and papillary stenosis: endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) vs. exocrine functional tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional tests and ERP were performed in patients with chronic and acute pancreatitis and papillary stenosis; both diseases differ considerably as can be shown by both, pancreatography and degree of functional impairment. The different classification types of pancreatitis are based upon the Marseille Symposium. The ERP is the only x-ray procedure which allows the diagnosis of intrapapillar pancreatic duct stenosis. The ERP significantly improves diagnosis of the early stages of papillary stenosis of the pancreas. Neither secretin-pancreozymin test nor ERP are indicated in cases of primary chronic calcifying pancreatitis; in chronic relapsing calcifying pancreatitis they should be used for preoperative diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Pancreatitis and papillary stenosis: endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) vs. exocrine functional tests (author's transl)]. Functional tests and ERP were performed in patients with chronic and acute pancreatitis and papillary stenosis; both diseases differ considerably as can be shown by both, pancreatography and degree of functional impairment. The different classification types of pancreatitis are based upon the Marseille Symposium. The ERP is the only x-ray procedure which allows the diagnosis of intrapapillar pancreatic duct stenosis. The ERP significantly improves diagnosis of the early stages of papillary stenosis of the pancreas. Neither secretin-pancreozymin test nor ERP are indicated in cases of primary chronic calcifying pancreatitis; in chronic relapsing calcifying pancreatitis they should be used for preoperative diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 1028876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4856", "title": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia and pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was tested in 8 patients with pancreatitis and hyperlipoproteinemia type I, IV and V. Three young patients with HLP I and V and 2 patients with alcoholic HLP type V exhibited in most cases a distinctly reduced pancreatic function (chronic relapsing pancreatitis). Three patients with primary or secondary HLP type IV and V did not present pancreatic insufficiency (acute pancreatitis, acute relapsing pancreatitis). Taking into account the literature data and our own experience it can be stated that all forms of excessive hypertriglyceridemia can give rise to acute pancreatitis. Different possible causal relationships between HLP and pancreatitis are discussed. Concomitant occurrence of HLP and pancreatitis is observed most often in alcoholics.", "contents": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia and pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Exocrine pancreatic function was tested in 8 patients with pancreatitis and hyperlipoproteinemia type I, IV and V. Three young patients with HLP I and V and 2 patients with alcoholic HLP type V exhibited in most cases a distinctly reduced pancreatic function (chronic relapsing pancreatitis). Three patients with primary or secondary HLP type IV and V did not present pancreatic insufficiency (acute pancreatitis, acute relapsing pancreatitis). Taking into account the literature data and our own experience it can be stated that all forms of excessive hypertriglyceridemia can give rise to acute pancreatitis. Different possible causal relationships between HLP and pancreatitis are discussed. Concomitant occurrence of HLP and pancreatitis is observed most often in alcoholics.", "PMID": 1028877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4857", "title": "Ethical norms of suicide prevention and crisis intervention.", "content": "Life is not a so called highest value in itself--it is highest value as life subdued to the spirit, to the transcendence, as life 'in relation to'. Human existence is existence within history which means that it is vocational. If life is vocational it has an inborn eschatology. To commit suicide is to stop out of one's own history and eschatology, an act devoid of freedom. To help suicidals means: to give the suicidal person 'assistance to freedom', helping him to find his freedom which is also a freedom to suffer, to live, to believe, to gain confidence and to die when death overcomes us.", "contents": "Ethical norms of suicide prevention and crisis intervention. Life is not a so called highest value in itself--it is highest value as life subdued to the spirit, to the transcendence, as life 'in relation to'. Human existence is existence within history which means that it is vocational. If life is vocational it has an inborn eschatology. To commit suicide is to stop out of one's own history and eschatology, an act devoid of freedom. To help suicidals means: to give the suicidal person 'assistance to freedom', helping him to find his freedom which is also a freedom to suffer, to live, to believe, to gain confidence and to die when death overcomes us.", "PMID": 1028891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4858", "title": "Self-destruction and religion.", "content": "In this paper a brief analysis of the development of the Western world after the second world war is attempted. It is stated that since the start of the sixties, anomie can be perceived in many of the components of its socio-cultural complex, especially in some major areas like the economy and religion, deeply influencing the others. To test the assumption that Durkheim's anomie theory is still valid and offers an adequate frame of reference for research of the underlying phenomena, the outcome of a research on 9.189 completed suicides in the Netherlands during the period 1961--1970 is presented, giving force to the validity and usefulness of this theory.", "contents": "Self-destruction and religion. In this paper a brief analysis of the development of the Western world after the second world war is attempted. It is stated that since the start of the sixties, anomie can be perceived in many of the components of its socio-cultural complex, especially in some major areas like the economy and religion, deeply influencing the others. To test the assumption that Durkheim's anomie theory is still valid and offers an adequate frame of reference for research of the underlying phenomena, the outcome of a research on 9.189 completed suicides in the Netherlands during the period 1961--1970 is presented, giving force to the validity and usefulness of this theory.", "PMID": 1028893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4859", "title": "Present status and evaluation of suicide prevention and crisis intervention services in Europe.", "content": "The present West-European suicide prevention and crisis intervention services are reviewed in the article, which also considers suicide prevention in the light of the literature, contains some critical remarks and puts forward certain suggestions for further development of the services concerned. It is concluded in the article that the present situation is not yet satisfactory as far as suicide prevention is concerned, nor is it likely today to be satisfactory in many countries in respect of crisis intervention.", "contents": "Present status and evaluation of suicide prevention and crisis intervention services in Europe. The present West-European suicide prevention and crisis intervention services are reviewed in the article, which also considers suicide prevention in the light of the literature, contains some critical remarks and puts forward certain suggestions for further development of the services concerned. It is concluded in the article that the present situation is not yet satisfactory as far as suicide prevention is concerned, nor is it likely today to be satisfactory in many countries in respect of crisis intervention.", "PMID": 1028894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4860", "title": "Problems associated with culture contact in the psychotherapeutic setting: disparity of expectations between the western-trained therapist and the non-western patient.", "content": "Observations made in this paper are based on work with a group of lower-class French-speaking North Africans receiving treatment at a Community Mental Health Centre in Jaffo. Experience with this group revealed a fundamental disparity between patients' and therapists' expectations from therapy. Patients generally expect tangible, quick relief and regard themselves as passive recipients of a procedure: therapists hope for some form of participation on the patients' part and view treatment as a slow process. Patients' expectations appeared to derive from basic features of their personalities. It is hypothesized that members of this group are 'psychologically undifferentiated': thus, among other things, they have poorly-developed identities, lack self-direction and stereotype themselves as subordinate beings, acted upon by authority figures. The present approach differs from the usual attitude adopted towards patients of this kind since it argues that it is possible to foster independence amongst them. It is proposed that this can be done only if the patient is regarded as an active participant in the therapeutic experience and if one uses the clinical situation as a fundamental learning experience. On a more general level, it is speculated that the observations and analysis presented here are not specific to the ethnic group dealt with, but are applicable to any disadvantaged lower-class group.", "contents": "Problems associated with culture contact in the psychotherapeutic setting: disparity of expectations between the western-trained therapist and the non-western patient. Observations made in this paper are based on work with a group of lower-class French-speaking North Africans receiving treatment at a Community Mental Health Centre in Jaffo. Experience with this group revealed a fundamental disparity between patients' and therapists' expectations from therapy. Patients generally expect tangible, quick relief and regard themselves as passive recipients of a procedure: therapists hope for some form of participation on the patients' part and view treatment as a slow process. Patients' expectations appeared to derive from basic features of their personalities. It is hypothesized that members of this group are 'psychologically undifferentiated': thus, among other things, they have poorly-developed identities, lack self-direction and stereotype themselves as subordinate beings, acted upon by authority figures. The present approach differs from the usual attitude adopted towards patients of this kind since it argues that it is possible to foster independence amongst them. It is proposed that this can be done only if the patient is regarded as an active participant in the therapeutic experience and if one uses the clinical situation as a fundamental learning experience. On a more general level, it is speculated that the observations and analysis presented here are not specific to the ethnic group dealt with, but are applicable to any disadvantaged lower-class group.", "PMID": 1028897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4861", "title": "Socio-cultural modalities in population control.", "content": "Overpopulation with its identifiable and noxious results, is probably the most ominous and potentially destructive condition existing in current world society. The etiology of this problem includes the failure of mankind to develop compatible interrelationships between members of his own family, clan, society, and world population. The author predicts that all efforts to achieve world population control will be essentially ineffective unless the insights of the holistically oriented science of social psychiatry are refined into principles and rules which direct population control endeavors. This paper reviews the extent and severity of the problem and stresses the need for the operational implementation of the value systems and methodologies of social psychiatry. The author believes that effective population control is possible if the actions of world leaders are directed toward efforts to achieve satisfaction of the basic (Ur) needs of all individuals and groups for physical survival, socialization, and transcendence.", "contents": "Socio-cultural modalities in population control. Overpopulation with its identifiable and noxious results, is probably the most ominous and potentially destructive condition existing in current world society. The etiology of this problem includes the failure of mankind to develop compatible interrelationships between members of his own family, clan, society, and world population. The author predicts that all efforts to achieve world population control will be essentially ineffective unless the insights of the holistically oriented science of social psychiatry are refined into principles and rules which direct population control endeavors. This paper reviews the extent and severity of the problem and stresses the need for the operational implementation of the value systems and methodologies of social psychiatry. The author believes that effective population control is possible if the actions of world leaders are directed toward efforts to achieve satisfaction of the basic (Ur) needs of all individuals and groups for physical survival, socialization, and transcendence.", "PMID": 1028900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4862", "title": "Bad tidings and the hospitalized patient.", "content": "The physician in hospital practice may be faced with a situation in which a patient under his care suffers a bereavement or some other unexpected tragedy but is unaware of the fact. Three such cases encountered in the context of our psychiatric sonsultation service are presented. Factors influencing the decision as to whether, when and how the patient should be informed are considered. The complex psychodynamic situation which arises and involves the patient, his family  and the medical staff is described. Stress is laid on the role played by archaic fears of being the bearer of evil tidings. The situation is seen as being ideally handled by the direct treating physician in conjunction with the family, the extent of psychiatric intervention being dictated by the needs of each of the parties concerned. Ideally the patient should be told as soon as his physical and mental condition are seen as conducive and preferably before he leave hospital.", "contents": "Bad tidings and the hospitalized patient. The physician in hospital practice may be faced with a situation in which a patient under his care suffers a bereavement or some other unexpected tragedy but is unaware of the fact. Three such cases encountered in the context of our psychiatric sonsultation service are presented. Factors influencing the decision as to whether, when and how the patient should be informed are considered. The complex psychodynamic situation which arises and involves the patient, his family  and the medical staff is described. Stress is laid on the role played by archaic fears of being the bearer of evil tidings. The situation is seen as being ideally handled by the direct treating physician in conjunction with the family, the extent of psychiatric intervention being dictated by the needs of each of the parties concerned. Ideally the patient should be told as soon as his physical and mental condition are seen as conducive and preferably before he leave hospital.", "PMID": 1028901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4863", "title": "Residential schools as powerful environments.", "content": "This article attempts to make a preliminary classification of some of the theoretical material published in the last two decades which led to the emergence of a new area in educational research, that of residential education. This has come in response to the increasing frequency of placement in residential settings as a means of educating adolescents.", "contents": "Residential schools as powerful environments. This article attempts to make a preliminary classification of some of the theoretical material published in the last two decades which led to the emergence of a new area in educational research, that of residential education. This has come in response to the increasing frequency of placement in residential settings as a means of educating adolescents.", "PMID": 1028902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4864", "title": "Student theatre as a means of promoting communication, self-development and creativity.", "content": "In the process of producing plays in a student drama and theatre workshop at the Hebrew University of Jerusale, certain educational principles and techniques have been utilized. These principles appear to promote inter-group communication, as well as self-development and creativity and to provide a vital educational technique in the teaching of literature.", "contents": "Student theatre as a means of promoting communication, self-development and creativity. In the process of producing plays in a student drama and theatre workshop at the Hebrew University of Jerusale, certain educational principles and techniques have been utilized. These principles appear to promote inter-group communication, as well as self-development and creativity and to provide a vital educational technique in the teaching of literature.", "PMID": 1028903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4865", "title": "Theatre and community: 'the Tent of Joseph'.", "content": "The rationale of community theatre is discussed and its mental health and social goals set forth; these are the mobilisation of creativity through the construction of an original community drama and, impelled by this and its performance, activity for community organisation. An original project in Israel and its first stages of implementation are reported and analysed.", "contents": "Theatre and community: 'the Tent of Joseph'. The rationale of community theatre is discussed and its mental health and social goals set forth; these are the mobilisation of creativity through the construction of an original community drama and, impelled by this and its performance, activity for community organisation. An original project in Israel and its first stages of implementation are reported and analysed.", "PMID": 1028904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4866", "title": "Growth and ultrastructure of Streptomyces venezuelae during chloramphenicol production.", "content": "Streptomyces venezuelae (3022a) was grown in flask cultures and fermentors, using three media having differential effects on chloramphenicol production. Micromorphology, ultrastructure and chloramphenicol concentrations were studied during the growth cycle in each medium. Chloramphenicol production was greatest in the glycerol-serine-lactate (GSL) medium, less in the glycerol-nutrient broth-yeast extract (GNY) medium and very low in glucose-mineral salts (GA) medium. In GSL and GA, much growth was in the form of microcolonies, especially in flask cultures, while short hyphal fragments predominated in GNY. The major ultrastructural features were the high frequency of mesosomes in fragmenting hyphae in GNY, and electron-transparent zones which appeared during chloramphenicol synthesis in GSL. None of the structural abnormalities induced by chloramphenicol in sensitive organisms were observed in S. venezuelae despite high levels of the antibiotic in GSL medium.", "contents": "Growth and ultrastructure of Streptomyces venezuelae during chloramphenicol production. Streptomyces venezuelae (3022a) was grown in flask cultures and fermentors, using three media having differential effects on chloramphenicol production. Micromorphology, ultrastructure and chloramphenicol concentrations were studied during the growth cycle in each medium. Chloramphenicol production was greatest in the glycerol-serine-lactate (GSL) medium, less in the glycerol-nutrient broth-yeast extract (GNY) medium and very low in glucose-mineral salts (GA) medium. In GSL and GA, much growth was in the form of microcolonies, especially in flask cultures, while short hyphal fragments predominated in GNY. The major ultrastructural features were the high frequency of mesosomes in fragmenting hyphae in GNY, and electron-transparent zones which appeared during chloramphenicol synthesis in GSL. None of the structural abnormalities induced by chloramphenicol in sensitive organisms were observed in S. venezuelae despite high levels of the antibiotic in GSL medium.", "PMID": 1028905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4867", "title": "Fatty acid profiles of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 grown on synthetic mediun with sucrose, fructose or sorbitol.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 was grown on synthetic medium in a chemostat, using various major carbon sources, viz, sorbitol, fructose and sucrose. Freeze-dried cells were methylated and the methyl esters analysed by GLC. The fatty acid profiles obtained showed small quantitative change with different sugars, sucrose concentrations and types of growth.", "contents": "Fatty acid profiles of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 grown on synthetic mediun with sucrose, fructose or sorbitol. Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 was grown on synthetic medium in a chemostat, using various major carbon sources, viz, sorbitol, fructose and sucrose. Freeze-dried cells were methylated and the methyl esters analysed by GLC. The fatty acid profiles obtained showed small quantitative change with different sugars, sucrose concentrations and types of growth.", "PMID": 1028906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4868", "title": "Early changes in the ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis after change of background color.", "content": "Stereological analysis of the secretory cells of the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis over a period of 3 days following the transfer of animals from a white to a black background has revealed that significant alterations in the ultrastructural appearance of these cells can be detected 8 h after the transfer. In particular, changes in the secretory granules and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were found to correlate well with previous reports concerning the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) content and the capacity for protein synthesis of the pars intermedia.", "contents": "Early changes in the ultrastructure of the pars intermedia of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis after change of background color. Stereological analysis of the secretory cells of the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis over a period of 3 days following the transfer of animals from a white to a black background has revealed that significant alterations in the ultrastructural appearance of these cells can be detected 8 h after the transfer. In particular, changes in the secretory granules and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were found to correlate well with previous reports concerning the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) content and the capacity for protein synthesis of the pars intermedia.", "PMID": 1028946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4869", "title": "Comparison between hypothalamic, hippocampal and septal multiple unit activity and basal corticotropic function in unrestrained, unanesthetized resting pigeons.", "content": "Multiple unit activity (MUA) was obtained from various forebrain regions in unanesthetized, unrestrained resting pigeons throughout the whole photoperiod and compared with plasma corticosterone levels. The pattern of electrical activity recorded from the adrenocorticotropic area of the hypothalamus showed diurnal variations which paralleled the plasma corticosterone fluctuations during the 24 h photoperiod. Both parameters were low in the late afternoon and the evening and high in the early morning. Hypothalamic activation slightly preceded the peak o corticosteronemia. Conversely, in hippocampal (H) and septal (S) regions, the peak of MUA occurred in phase opposition with respect to the hypothalamic peak, and there was a marked decrease of firing rates at the moment when adrenocorticotropic activation was initiated.", "contents": "Comparison between hypothalamic, hippocampal and septal multiple unit activity and basal corticotropic function in unrestrained, unanesthetized resting pigeons. Multiple unit activity (MUA) was obtained from various forebrain regions in unanesthetized, unrestrained resting pigeons throughout the whole photoperiod and compared with plasma corticosterone levels. The pattern of electrical activity recorded from the adrenocorticotropic area of the hypothalamus showed diurnal variations which paralleled the plasma corticosterone fluctuations during the 24 h photoperiod. Both parameters were low in the late afternoon and the evening and high in the early morning. Hypothalamic activation slightly preceded the peak o corticosteronemia. Conversely, in hippocampal (H) and septal (S) regions, the peak of MUA occurred in phase opposition with respect to the hypothalamic peak, and there was a marked decrease of firing rates at the moment when adrenocorticotropic activation was initiated.", "PMID": 1028947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4870", "title": "Metyrapone inhibition of 3H-hydrocortisone uptake and binding in various brain regions of the pig.", "content": "Metyrapone (MET) inhibition of hydrocortisone (3H-HC) uptake binding in the cytosol and nucleus of various brain regions of the pig was demonstrated in vivo. The hippocampus, hypothalamus and septum were the regions most sensitive to the inhibition by MET. The hippocampus exhibited the greatest reduction in 3H-HC concentration in whole homogenate, bound in cytosol and in nuclei. The anterior pituitary and cerebral cortex were the least sensitive to MET. In vitro incubation of hypothalami with 3H-HC and MET substantiated the results obtained in vivo with regard to the inhibitory action of MET on 3H-HC uptake and binding. These results were interpreted to indicate the MET may act directly in certain brain regions and that this inhibitory aciton has important implications for both experimental and clinical uses of this drug.", "contents": "Metyrapone inhibition of 3H-hydrocortisone uptake and binding in various brain regions of the pig. Metyrapone (MET) inhibition of hydrocortisone (3H-HC) uptake binding in the cytosol and nucleus of various brain regions of the pig was demonstrated in vivo. The hippocampus, hypothalamus and septum were the regions most sensitive to the inhibition by MET. The hippocampus exhibited the greatest reduction in 3H-HC concentration in whole homogenate, bound in cytosol and in nuclei. The anterior pituitary and cerebral cortex were the least sensitive to MET. In vitro incubation of hypothalami with 3H-HC and MET substantiated the results obtained in vivo with regard to the inhibitory action of MET on 3H-HC uptake and binding. These results were interpreted to indicate the MET may act directly in certain brain regions and that this inhibitory aciton has important implications for both experimental and clinical uses of this drug.", "PMID": 1028948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4871", "title": "Production of weanling rat ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic syndromes by electrolytic lesions with platinum-iridium electrodes.", "content": "Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral anodic electrolytic lesions with platinum-iridium (PtIr) electrodes in the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic areas. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The rats were maintained for 48 days (experiment 1) and 33 days (experiment 2) and food intake, body weight (b.w.), nose-tail length and obesity index were recorded. The data of both experiments indicate that all parameters change in the same direction, as they do when lesions are produced with anodic stainless steel electrodes: in the VMN-P-lesioned animals, b.w. gains and overall mean food intake were normal, carcass fat increased and linear growth was reduced. In experiment 2, however, there was a temporary hyperphagia during the 1st 2 weeks of the study. In the DMN-lesioned rats, both ponderal and linear growth and food intake were decreased but body composition was normal. Plasma obtained at sacrifice in experiment 2 showed slight but significant hyperinsulinemia in the VMN rats (p less than 0.02 vs control and p less than 0.05 vs DMN rats). Prolactin (PRL) levels, on the other hand, were higher in the DMN-lesioned rats (p less than 0.05 vs control and p less than 0.02 vs VMN rats). The data indicate that the changes characteristic of the weanling rat VMN and DMN syndrmes are due to 'true' tissue destruction rather than to artifactitious side effects of the lesions. They also suggest, therefore, than an 'irritative focus' hypothesis is not required to account for the observed alterations. They further suggest that the DMN may play role in the control of PRL release.", "contents": "Production of weanling rat ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic syndromes by electrolytic lesions with platinum-iridium electrodes. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral anodic electrolytic lesions with platinum-iridium (PtIr) electrodes in the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic areas. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The rats were maintained for 48 days (experiment 1) and 33 days (experiment 2) and food intake, body weight (b.w.), nose-tail length and obesity index were recorded. The data of both experiments indicate that all parameters change in the same direction, as they do when lesions are produced with anodic stainless steel electrodes: in the VMN-P-lesioned animals, b.w. gains and overall mean food intake were normal, carcass fat increased and linear growth was reduced. In experiment 2, however, there was a temporary hyperphagia during the 1st 2 weeks of the study. In the DMN-lesioned rats, both ponderal and linear growth and food intake were decreased but body composition was normal. Plasma obtained at sacrifice in experiment 2 showed slight but significant hyperinsulinemia in the VMN rats (p less than 0.02 vs control and p less than 0.05 vs DMN rats). Prolactin (PRL) levels, on the other hand, were higher in the DMN-lesioned rats (p less than 0.05 vs control and p less than 0.02 vs VMN rats). The data indicate that the changes characteristic of the weanling rat VMN and DMN syndrmes are due to 'true' tissue destruction rather than to artifactitious side effects of the lesions. They also suggest, therefore, than an 'irritative focus' hypothesis is not required to account for the observed alterations. They further suggest that the DMN may play role in the control of PRL release.", "PMID": 1028949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4872", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of estradiol-concentrating cells in the female hamster brain.", "content": "Autoradiographic methods were used to study the location of estrogen-concentrating cells in the brain of the female hamster. In the hypothalamus, well-labelled cells were reliably found in the posterior medial preoptic area (MPOA), the anterior hypothalamus (AHA), and the ventromedial (VM), arcuate (ARC) and ventral premammillary nuclei (VPM). In the limbic system, well-labelled cells were found in the ventro-lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala. Labelled cells, in small numbers, were also detected in the mesencephalic central gray (CG), lateral hypothalamus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex. The neuroanatomical pattern of estrogen-concentrating cells in the hamster supports the concept of a generalized vertebrate pattern. Furthermore, a comparison of hamster and rat patterns of cellular 3H-estradiol (3H-E2) concentration appears to suggest that species differences in their responsiveness to estrogen may be paralleled by differences in estrogen binding.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of estradiol-concentrating cells in the female hamster brain. Autoradiographic methods were used to study the location of estrogen-concentrating cells in the brain of the female hamster. In the hypothalamus, well-labelled cells were reliably found in the posterior medial preoptic area (MPOA), the anterior hypothalamus (AHA), and the ventromedial (VM), arcuate (ARC) and ventral premammillary nuclei (VPM). In the limbic system, well-labelled cells were found in the ventro-lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala. Labelled cells, in small numbers, were also detected in the mesencephalic central gray (CG), lateral hypothalamus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex. The neuroanatomical pattern of estrogen-concentrating cells in the hamster supports the concept of a generalized vertebrate pattern. Furthermore, a comparison of hamster and rat patterns of cellular 3H-estradiol (3H-E2) concentration appears to suggest that species differences in their responsiveness to estrogen may be paralleled by differences in estrogen binding.", "PMID": 1028950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4873", "title": "Selective actions of prolactin on catecholamine turnover in the hypothalamus and on serum LH and FSH.", "content": "The effects of prolactin (PRL) administration on catecholamine turnover in various brain regions of ovariectomized rats were determined by observing the decline of dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations after alpha-methyltyrosine (alphaMT) administration. PRL had no effect on the steady state concentration of dopamine in the median eminence, anterior hypothalamus and corpus striatum or on the norepinephrine concentration in the anterior hypothalamus. However, PRL selectively enhanced dopamine turnover in the median eminence and anterior hypothalamus after a latent period of 10-26 h. In addition, PRL administration significantly decreased serum concentrations of LH and FSH. These results suggest that the PRL-induced increase in activity of dopaminergic neurons in the median eminence or anterior hypothalamus may be responsible for the reduction of the post-castration rise in serum concentrations of LH and FSH.", "contents": "Selective actions of prolactin on catecholamine turnover in the hypothalamus and on serum LH and FSH. The effects of prolactin (PRL) administration on catecholamine turnover in various brain regions of ovariectomized rats were determined by observing the decline of dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations after alpha-methyltyrosine (alphaMT) administration. PRL had no effect on the steady state concentration of dopamine in the median eminence, anterior hypothalamus and corpus striatum or on the norepinephrine concentration in the anterior hypothalamus. However, PRL selectively enhanced dopamine turnover in the median eminence and anterior hypothalamus after a latent period of 10-26 h. In addition, PRL administration significantly decreased serum concentrations of LH and FSH. These results suggest that the PRL-induced increase in activity of dopaminergic neurons in the median eminence or anterior hypothalamus may be responsible for the reduction of the post-castration rise in serum concentrations of LH and FSH.", "PMID": 1028951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4874", "title": "Effect of ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions on circadian corticosterone rhythms.", "content": "Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial (DMH) or ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic areas destroying primarily the dorsomedial (DMN) or ventromedial (VMN) hypothalamic nuclei. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Lesions in the VMN and DMN, both of which have previously been shown to disrupt normal diurnal feeding rhythms, were also observed to disrupt normal plasma corticosterone rhythms in the present study. The a.m. values of plasma corticosterone in the DMN-lesioned rats were higher than the sham-operated controls. In the p.m., the values of both VMN- and DMN-lesioned rats were lower than those of the controls but unchanged in comparison to their own a.m. concentrations. This disruption of the normal diurnal plasma corticosterone rhythm persisted for at least 9 post-operative weeks.", "contents": "Effect of ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions on circadian corticosterone rhythms. Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial (DMH) or ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic areas destroying primarily the dorsomedial (DMN) or ventromedial (VMN) hypothalamic nuclei. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Lesions in the VMN and DMN, both of which have previously been shown to disrupt normal diurnal feeding rhythms, were also observed to disrupt normal plasma corticosterone rhythms in the present study. The a.m. values of plasma corticosterone in the DMN-lesioned rats were higher than the sham-operated controls. In the p.m., the values of both VMN- and DMN-lesioned rats were lower than those of the controls but unchanged in comparison to their own a.m. concentrations. This disruption of the normal diurnal plasma corticosterone rhythm persisted for at least 9 post-operative weeks.", "PMID": 1028952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4875", "title": "Ovarian control of gonadotropin secretion during induced precocious sexual maturation in the rat.", "content": "In sexually immature female rats 'primed' with a unilateral basal hypothalamic lesion on day 23 of life, a gonadotropin surge was triggered by progesterone (P) on day 26. The influence of sequential ovariectomy (OVX) on this response was studied in an attempt to elucidate the mode of action of brain lesions inducing precocious sexual maturation in this species. OVX, carried out on days 23-26, abolished or greatly reduced the LH surge, but had little effect on basal LH concentrations. In contrast, basal FSH concentrations rose rapidly after OVX. In lesioned rats, the post-castration rise of FSH could be prevented by leaving the ovaries in place during the 1st 24 or 48 h. It is concluded that the lesion-induced maturation of the positive feedback mechanism underlying the pubertal preovulatory gonadotropin surge is mediated by the ovaries. In prepubertal rats at this age, tonic FSH release, but not tonic LH release, is under tight negative feedback control.", "contents": "Ovarian control of gonadotropin secretion during induced precocious sexual maturation in the rat. In sexually immature female rats 'primed' with a unilateral basal hypothalamic lesion on day 23 of life, a gonadotropin surge was triggered by progesterone (P) on day 26. The influence of sequential ovariectomy (OVX) on this response was studied in an attempt to elucidate the mode of action of brain lesions inducing precocious sexual maturation in this species. OVX, carried out on days 23-26, abolished or greatly reduced the LH surge, but had little effect on basal LH concentrations. In contrast, basal FSH concentrations rose rapidly after OVX. In lesioned rats, the post-castration rise of FSH could be prevented by leaving the ovaries in place during the 1st 24 or 48 h. It is concluded that the lesion-induced maturation of the positive feedback mechanism underlying the pubertal preovulatory gonadotropin surge is mediated by the ovaries. In prepubertal rats at this age, tonic FSH release, but not tonic LH release, is under tight negative feedback control.", "PMID": 1028953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4876", "title": "Effects of continuous light and darkness, and of pinealectomy, adrenalectomy and gonadectomy on uptake of 3H-serotonin by the suprachiasmatic nuclear region of male rats.", "content": "Rats exposed to continuous light show no significant differences in serotonin (5-HT) uptake by the suprachiasmatic nuclear region (SNR) at 10.00 and 22.00 L, while in continuous darkness, the uptake at 10.00 D is significantly higher than uptake at 22.00 D. In consideration of the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in light-mediated control of neuroendocrine activity, this suggests endogenous generation or control of this uptake rhythm. An effect of sham-pinealectomy in decreasing 5-HT uptake was found, but cannot be fully interpreted at this time. The lack of effect of castration or adrenalectomy suggests that these endocrines have little if any direct effect on 5-HT mechanisms in the SNR.", "contents": "Effects of continuous light and darkness, and of pinealectomy, adrenalectomy and gonadectomy on uptake of 3H-serotonin by the suprachiasmatic nuclear region of male rats. Rats exposed to continuous light show no significant differences in serotonin (5-HT) uptake by the suprachiasmatic nuclear region (SNR) at 10.00 and 22.00 L, while in continuous darkness, the uptake at 10.00 D is significantly higher than uptake at 22.00 D. In consideration of the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in light-mediated control of neuroendocrine activity, this suggests endogenous generation or control of this uptake rhythm. An effect of sham-pinealectomy in decreasing 5-HT uptake was found, but cannot be fully interpreted at this time. The lack of effect of castration or adrenalectomy suggests that these endocrines have little if any direct effect on 5-HT mechanisms in the SNR.", "PMID": 1028954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4877", "title": "Further studies on the effects of adrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic drugs on the afternoon surge of plasma prolactin in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats.", "content": "The involvement of adrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the diurnal surge of plasma prolactin (Prl) secretion has been examined using ovariectomized, polyestradiol phosphate-treated (PEP) rats bearing aortic catheters. An afternoon surge in plasma Prl was observed to peak at 15.00 h and 17.00 h followed by declining levels at 19.00 and 21.00 h. This pattern was observed between 5 and 21 days after PEP administration. The alpha-adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine (Phenox), completely prevented the Prl surge. The beta-blocker, propranolol (Propra), appeared to delay the onset and intensity of the diurnal Prl surge so that maximum levels were observed at 19.00 and 21.00 h. The serotonergic blocker, methysergide (MES), delayed the maximum diurnal Prl level until 21.00 h, while cyproheptadine (Cypro), another serotonergic blocker, significantly inhibited the surge. The muscarinic cholinergic agonist, arecoline (Arec), when administered at 12.00 h, delayed the surge, while the repeated administration of Arec completely blocked the surge. Atropine (Atro) (10 m/kg at 12.00 h and 5 mg/kg every 2 h thereafter) did not have any effect on the Prl surge, but when administered simultaneously with Arec, prevented the inhibitory effect of Arec on Prl release. The data suggested that the adrenergic and serotonergic systems have a positive input in the occurrence and magnitude of the surge and that the cholinergic system does not appear to have a physiologic role in tonically inhibiting Prl release, but may function under certain special conditions.", "contents": "Further studies on the effects of adrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic drugs on the afternoon surge of plasma prolactin in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats. The involvement of adrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the diurnal surge of plasma prolactin (Prl) secretion has been examined using ovariectomized, polyestradiol phosphate-treated (PEP) rats bearing aortic catheters. An afternoon surge in plasma Prl was observed to peak at 15.00 h and 17.00 h followed by declining levels at 19.00 and 21.00 h. This pattern was observed between 5 and 21 days after PEP administration. The alpha-adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine (Phenox), completely prevented the Prl surge. The beta-blocker, propranolol (Propra), appeared to delay the onset and intensity of the diurnal Prl surge so that maximum levels were observed at 19.00 and 21.00 h. The serotonergic blocker, methysergide (MES), delayed the maximum diurnal Prl level until 21.00 h, while cyproheptadine (Cypro), another serotonergic blocker, significantly inhibited the surge. The muscarinic cholinergic agonist, arecoline (Arec), when administered at 12.00 h, delayed the surge, while the repeated administration of Arec completely blocked the surge. Atropine (Atro) (10 m/kg at 12.00 h and 5 mg/kg every 2 h thereafter) did not have any effect on the Prl surge, but when administered simultaneously with Arec, prevented the inhibitory effect of Arec on Prl release. The data suggested that the adrenergic and serotonergic systems have a positive input in the occurrence and magnitude of the surge and that the cholinergic system does not appear to have a physiologic role in tonically inhibiting Prl release, but may function under certain special conditions.", "PMID": 1028955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4878", "title": "Influence of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on serum prolactin concentrations in the rat.", "content": "Inhibitors of dopaminergic neurotransmission, such as reserpine (RES), given alone or combined with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT)or Ro 4-4602, as well as haloperidol (HAL) and sulpiride (SUL), induced highly elevated serum prolactin (Prl) concentrations in intact rats. In contrast, the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine (APO), lisuride hydrogen meleate (LHM), D-amphetamine (AMPH), piribedil and L-dopa greatly lowered the high serum Prl concentrations in female rats induced by i.p. pretreatment with 2 mg/kg RES. Additional inhibition of catecholamine synthesis in RES-treated animals by alpha-MpT abolished the effect of AMPH, which indicates that the effect of this compound is mediated through newly synthesized dopamine (DA), while the effect of APO and LHM remained unchanged. Inhibition of dopa decarboxylation by Ro 4-4602 within the whole body abolished the effect of L-dopa, while lower dosages of Ro 4-4602, which do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, had less effect. The noradrenergic receptor-stimulating agent clonidine (CLON) had no Prl-lowering effect in RES-treated female rats. In hypophysectomized rats bearing 4 pituitaries transplanted under the kidney capsule, APO and LSM still lowered serum Prl concentrations, while AMPH had no effect; SUL produced a strong increase. These results support the hypothesis that DA has a dominant role as an inhibitor of Prl secretion by acting itself as the Prl inhibiting factor (PIF) on dopaminergic receptors located within the pituitary.", "contents": "Influence of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on serum prolactin concentrations in the rat. Inhibitors of dopaminergic neurotransmission, such as reserpine (RES), given alone or combined with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT)or Ro 4-4602, as well as haloperidol (HAL) and sulpiride (SUL), induced highly elevated serum prolactin (Prl) concentrations in intact rats. In contrast, the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine (APO), lisuride hydrogen meleate (LHM), D-amphetamine (AMPH), piribedil and L-dopa greatly lowered the high serum Prl concentrations in female rats induced by i.p. pretreatment with 2 mg/kg RES. Additional inhibition of catecholamine synthesis in RES-treated animals by alpha-MpT abolished the effect of AMPH, which indicates that the effect of this compound is mediated through newly synthesized dopamine (DA), while the effect of APO and LHM remained unchanged. Inhibition of dopa decarboxylation by Ro 4-4602 within the whole body abolished the effect of L-dopa, while lower dosages of Ro 4-4602, which do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, had less effect. The noradrenergic receptor-stimulating agent clonidine (CLON) had no Prl-lowering effect in RES-treated female rats. In hypophysectomized rats bearing 4 pituitaries transplanted under the kidney capsule, APO and LSM still lowered serum Prl concentrations, while AMPH had no effect; SUL produced a strong increase. These results support the hypothesis that DA has a dominant role as an inhibitor of Prl secretion by acting itself as the Prl inhibiting factor (PIF) on dopaminergic receptors located within the pituitary.", "PMID": 1028957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4879", "title": "Progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome).", "content": "Three cases of progressive facial hemiatrophy are presented. In all three cases there is evidence of localised scleroderma or morphea in association with the facial hemiatrophy. This would seem to support the contention that the two disorders are closely related. In two cases, ocular complications are prominent and in one Raynaud's phenomena provide clear asymmetrical dilatation of the lateral ventricle suggest that there may be a central rather than a peripheral cause for the sympathetic overactivity.", "contents": "Progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome). Three cases of progressive facial hemiatrophy are presented. In all three cases there is evidence of localised scleroderma or morphea in association with the facial hemiatrophy. This would seem to support the contention that the two disorders are closely related. In two cases, ocular complications are prominent and in one Raynaud's phenomena provide clear asymmetrical dilatation of the lateral ventricle suggest that there may be a central rather than a peripheral cause for the sympathetic overactivity.", "PMID": 1028996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4880", "title": "Electrophysiological and pathological studies in spinocerebellar degenerations.", "content": "Electrophysiological and pathological studies have been performed on the peripheral nerves of patients with spinocerebellar degenerations. In Friedreich's ataxia there is impairment of sensory conduction and mild slowing of motor conduction which may be correlated with loss of large diameter fibres in the sural nerve. The abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia are present early, in the first decade. In hereditary spastic paraparesis the nerve conduction studies and sural nerve biopsy are normal. In the other spinocerebellar degeneration and a mild loss of myelinated fibres in the sural nerve. However the abnormalities differ from those seen in Friedreich's ataxia.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and pathological studies in spinocerebellar degenerations. Electrophysiological and pathological studies have been performed on the peripheral nerves of patients with spinocerebellar degenerations. In Friedreich's ataxia there is impairment of sensory conduction and mild slowing of motor conduction which may be correlated with loss of large diameter fibres in the sural nerve. The abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia are present early, in the first decade. In hereditary spastic paraparesis the nerve conduction studies and sural nerve biopsy are normal. In the other spinocerebellar degeneration and a mild loss of myelinated fibres in the sural nerve. However the abnormalities differ from those seen in Friedreich's ataxia.", "PMID": 1028997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4881", "title": "The use of clonazepam in the treatment of tic douloureux (a preliminary report).", "content": "Results are reported of a preliminary trial with clonazepam in 19 patients with trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine treatment. In this series of patients, 13 (68.4%) showed excellent or good improvement. No serious side-effects were seen. The pharmacology and mechanism of action of clonazepam are discussed. It is suggested that patients with trigeminal neuralgia, who do not respond to carbamazepine, should be given clonazepam before surgery is considered.", "contents": "The use of clonazepam in the treatment of tic douloureux (a preliminary report). Results are reported of a preliminary trial with clonazepam in 19 patients with trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine treatment. In this series of patients, 13 (68.4%) showed excellent or good improvement. No serious side-effects were seen. The pharmacology and mechanism of action of clonazepam are discussed. It is suggested that patients with trigeminal neuralgia, who do not respond to carbamazepine, should be given clonazepam before surgery is considered.", "PMID": 1028998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4882", "title": "Serial nerve conduction studies in patients with maturity onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Serial study of peripheral nerve conduction in 18 patients with recently diagnosed maturity onset diabetes mellitus during a period of treatment of hyperglycaemia for 21/2 years showed improvement in motor conduction progressive increase in mixed nerve conduction velocity, but at the same time progressive fall of amplitude of sensory nerve action potentials. It is argued that two independent metabolic processes may underlie peripheral nerve dysfunction in these patients, only one of which is benefically affected by control of hyperglycaemia.", "contents": "Serial nerve conduction studies in patients with maturity onset diabetes mellitus. Serial study of peripheral nerve conduction in 18 patients with recently diagnosed maturity onset diabetes mellitus during a period of treatment of hyperglycaemia for 21/2 years showed improvement in motor conduction progressive increase in mixed nerve conduction velocity, but at the same time progressive fall of amplitude of sensory nerve action potentials. It is argued that two independent metabolic processes may underlie peripheral nerve dysfunction in these patients, only one of which is benefically affected by control of hyperglycaemia.", "PMID": 1028999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4883", "title": "The continual administration of neostigmine and the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The effect of continual administration of neostigmine on the neuromuscular junction of the rat diaphragm was examined by determining the number of quanta of acetylcholine released by each nerve impulse, the effect of differing repetition rats on quantal release and the amplitude and frequency of miniature end-plate potentials. The number of quanta of acetylcholine released at a nerve impulse repetition rate of 1/sec was reduced to 51% of normal in treated animals. The reduction was greater at faster repetition rates. The amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials was reduced to 75% of normal. This reduction appears to be due to blocking of receptor sites rather than the reduction in the amount of acetylcholine in each quantum. The frequency of spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials was reduced in treated animals.", "contents": "The continual administration of neostigmine and the neuromuscular junction. The effect of continual administration of neostigmine on the neuromuscular junction of the rat diaphragm was examined by determining the number of quanta of acetylcholine released by each nerve impulse, the effect of differing repetition rats on quantal release and the amplitude and frequency of miniature end-plate potentials. The number of quanta of acetylcholine released at a nerve impulse repetition rate of 1/sec was reduced to 51% of normal in treated animals. The reduction was greater at faster repetition rates. The amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials was reduced to 75% of normal. This reduction appears to be due to blocking of receptor sites rather than the reduction in the amount of acetylcholine in each quantum. The frequency of spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials was reduced in treated animals.", "PMID": 1029001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4884", "title": "Evoked potential studies in neurological disorders.", "content": "Techniques for recording and analysing visual and somatosensory evoked reponses using an on-line PDP 11/40 computer have been developed and applied to a group of subjects with established or suspected multiple sclerosis as well as to patients with a variety of other lesions of the visual pathways, myoclonic epilepsy and functional neurological deficits. The most consistent responses were obtained using the pattern reversal visual evoked response and the spinal somatosensory evoked response, abnormal responses being found with both techniques in a significant number of patients with suspected demyelinating disease even in the absence of symptoms or signs referable to the visual or somatosensory pathways. The complementary role of these techniques in the detection of sub-clinical abnormalities of conduction in sensory pathways in patients with suspected MS is emphasized.", "contents": "Evoked potential studies in neurological disorders. Techniques for recording and analysing visual and somatosensory evoked reponses using an on-line PDP 11/40 computer have been developed and applied to a group of subjects with established or suspected multiple sclerosis as well as to patients with a variety of other lesions of the visual pathways, myoclonic epilepsy and functional neurological deficits. The most consistent responses were obtained using the pattern reversal visual evoked response and the spinal somatosensory evoked response, abnormal responses being found with both techniques in a significant number of patients with suspected demyelinating disease even in the absence of symptoms or signs referable to the visual or somatosensory pathways. The complementary role of these techniques in the detection of sub-clinical abnormalities of conduction in sensory pathways in patients with suspected MS is emphasized.", "PMID": 1029002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4885", "title": "Computerized axial tomography findings in a group of patients with migrainous headaches.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography of the cranium has been carried out in 46 patients referred because recurring migrainous headaches. Increasing frequency or severity of headaches or a change in headache pattern were the usual reasons for referral. Abnormalities were found in 37 cases and fell into 4 categories. The most frequent (21 cases) consisted of a mild degree of oedema in the white matter of one or both cerebral hemispheres. This was usually bi-frontal (15 patients) but was more extensive in 2 patients. Varying degrees of cerebral atrophy, as determined by widening of the Sylvian, brain-stem and interhemispheric cisterns, and/or widening of the third and lateral ventricles as compared to a group of normal scans, was found in 8 cases. Areas of occipital infarction were found in 4 patients with permanent visual field defects. Unexpected small areas of infarction were found in the temporal lobe in 2 other cases. Cerebral tumours were found in 2 cases. The significance of these findings is discussed, as well as the possible role of migrainous vaso-spasm with consequent changes in cerebral blood flow in the pathogenesis of oedema and atrophy in migraine subjects.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography findings in a group of patients with migrainous headaches. Computerized axial tomography of the cranium has been carried out in 46 patients referred because recurring migrainous headaches. Increasing frequency or severity of headaches or a change in headache pattern were the usual reasons for referral. Abnormalities were found in 37 cases and fell into 4 categories. The most frequent (21 cases) consisted of a mild degree of oedema in the white matter of one or both cerebral hemispheres. This was usually bi-frontal (15 patients) but was more extensive in 2 patients. Varying degrees of cerebral atrophy, as determined by widening of the Sylvian, brain-stem and interhemispheric cisterns, and/or widening of the third and lateral ventricles as compared to a group of normal scans, was found in 8 cases. Areas of occipital infarction were found in 4 patients with permanent visual field defects. Unexpected small areas of infarction were found in the temporal lobe in 2 other cases. Cerebral tumours were found in 2 cases. The significance of these findings is discussed, as well as the possible role of migrainous vaso-spasm with consequent changes in cerebral blood flow in the pathogenesis of oedema and atrophy in migraine subjects.", "PMID": 1029005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4886", "title": "Three cases of post traumatic vascular headache treated by surgery.", "content": "Three cases are reported of vascular headache following trauma and which failed to respond adequately to standard therapy for migraine. In each case the effect of ligation of the arteries involved has been dramatic, with complete and lasting relief in two cases.", "contents": "Three cases of post traumatic vascular headache treated by surgery. Three cases are reported of vascular headache following trauma and which failed to respond adequately to standard therapy for migraine. In each case the effect of ligation of the arteries involved has been dramatic, with complete and lasting relief in two cases.", "PMID": 1029006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4887", "title": "A unique case of derangement of vitamin B12 metabolism.", "content": "The case is described of a child, age 6 1/2 years, with retarded mental development, mild neurological signs and abnormal metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids and methylmalonate, due to an inborn error in the formation of vitamin B12 coenzymes. The patient was treated for almost three years with hydroxycobalamin, folic acid, pyridoxine and choline. Though physical growth was normal, she continued to demonstrate a moderate degree of mental retardation. A brother of the patient died at the age of 5 years, probably of a similar, but undiagnosed, disorder. As far as we are aware there are only four other reported cases similar to the case described here. Two of these patients died and in other other two the defect was so mild that no treatment was necessary and who, in fact, showed appreciable improvement during the follow-up period, which to date amounts to 3 years and 3 months. For reasons detailed in the discussion, it is suggested that the diagnosis of homocystinuria is not complete until studies of folate and vitamin B12 metabolism are undertaken at the same time, so as to identify the metabolic defect(s) responsible for the condition.", "contents": "A unique case of derangement of vitamin B12 metabolism. The case is described of a child, age 6 1/2 years, with retarded mental development, mild neurological signs and abnormal metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids and methylmalonate, due to an inborn error in the formation of vitamin B12 coenzymes. The patient was treated for almost three years with hydroxycobalamin, folic acid, pyridoxine and choline. Though physical growth was normal, she continued to demonstrate a moderate degree of mental retardation. A brother of the patient died at the age of 5 years, probably of a similar, but undiagnosed, disorder. As far as we are aware there are only four other reported cases similar to the case described here. Two of these patients died and in other other two the defect was so mild that no treatment was necessary and who, in fact, showed appreciable improvement during the follow-up period, which to date amounts to 3 years and 3 months. For reasons detailed in the discussion, it is suggested that the diagnosis of homocystinuria is not complete until studies of folate and vitamin B12 metabolism are undertaken at the same time, so as to identify the metabolic defect(s) responsible for the condition.", "PMID": 1029007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4888", "title": "Epilepsy and driving.", "content": "205 actual and potential drivers suffering from epilepsy were examined over a period of nine years in Tasmania under a State scheme whereby all such persons are referred to one neurologist. In Tasmania 0.3% of all road traffic accidents were due to epilepsy. 16% of the total who had had an accident had failed to disclose their disability and another 10% who were non-accident cases had similarly concealed their epilepsy. Only about 28% of the expected number (per year) of new cases of epilepsy in drivers disclose their complaint. Alcohol was a significant association with epilepsy in just over 8%. Medication should continue for at least three consecutive fit-free years and preferable five years. Only two out of 170 drivers approved to drive had a subsequent accident due to epilepsy.", "contents": "Epilepsy and driving. 205 actual and potential drivers suffering from epilepsy were examined over a period of nine years in Tasmania under a State scheme whereby all such persons are referred to one neurologist. In Tasmania 0.3% of all road traffic accidents were due to epilepsy. 16% of the total who had had an accident had failed to disclose their disability and another 10% who were non-accident cases had similarly concealed their epilepsy. Only about 28% of the expected number (per year) of new cases of epilepsy in drivers disclose their complaint. Alcohol was a significant association with epilepsy in just over 8%. Medication should continue for at least three consecutive fit-free years and preferable five years. Only two out of 170 drivers approved to drive had a subsequent accident due to epilepsy.", "PMID": 1029008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4889", "title": "Pattern visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other disorders.", "content": "The diagnostic value of pattern visual evoked potentials has been assessed in a pilot study of 22 patients with proven or suspected multiple sclerosis. Of 7 patients satisfying McAlpin's criteria for diagnosing definite multiple sclerosis, 6 had delayed potentials. Four of 5 patients with probable multiple sclerosis, and 5 of 10 patients with possible multiple sclerosis, had delayed potentials. Ten patients with delayed potentials had no history of optic neuritis. Changes in the evoked potential with other neurological conditions that may affect the visual system are also described.", "contents": "Pattern visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other disorders. The diagnostic value of pattern visual evoked potentials has been assessed in a pilot study of 22 patients with proven or suspected multiple sclerosis. Of 7 patients satisfying McAlpin's criteria for diagnosing definite multiple sclerosis, 6 had delayed potentials. Four of 5 patients with probable multiple sclerosis, and 5 of 10 patients with possible multiple sclerosis, had delayed potentials. Ten patients with delayed potentials had no history of optic neuritis. Changes in the evoked potential with other neurological conditions that may affect the visual system are also described.", "PMID": 1029009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4890", "title": "Some aspects of tuberculous meningitis in Surabaya.", "content": "Eighty tuberculous meningitis patients who were seen in the neurological clinics in Surabaya between the January 1971 and January 1975 were asked to cooperate in a double blind clinical trial. One group was given isoniazid, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the other group was given isioniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and a protease. The outcome after the treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol was significantly better than that with isoniazed, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid. The clinical and laboratory symptoms and signs are reviewed in detail.", "contents": "Some aspects of tuberculous meningitis in Surabaya. Eighty tuberculous meningitis patients who were seen in the neurological clinics in Surabaya between the January 1971 and January 1975 were asked to cooperate in a double blind clinical trial. One group was given isoniazid, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the other group was given isioniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and a protease. The outcome after the treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol was significantly better than that with isoniazed, streptomycin and p-aminosalicylic acid. The clinical and laboratory symptoms and signs are reviewed in detail.", "PMID": 1029010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4891", "title": "An animal model for the study of drugs in the central nervous system.", "content": "An animal model which allowed repetitive sampling of CSF is described. It had a wide potential application and was used to study the passage of clonazepam into the central nervous system. A highly sensitive clonazepam assay is described which allow measurement of CSF and free serum concentrations as low as 0.5 ng/ml. Clonazepam passed rapidly into the central nervous system and its CSF concentration closely approximated to the concentration of unbound clonazepam in serum. Protein binding of clonzaepam in the sheep was 90-95%.", "contents": "An animal model for the study of drugs in the central nervous system. An animal model which allowed repetitive sampling of CSF is described. It had a wide potential application and was used to study the passage of clonazepam into the central nervous system. A highly sensitive clonazepam assay is described which allow measurement of CSF and free serum concentrations as low as 0.5 ng/ml. Clonazepam passed rapidly into the central nervous system and its CSF concentration closely approximated to the concentration of unbound clonazepam in serum. Protein binding of clonzaepam in the sheep was 90-95%.", "PMID": 1029011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4892", "title": "The effects of phenobarbitone dose on plasma phenobarbitone levels in epileptic patients.", "content": "The relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and phenobarbitone dose was studied in 121 patients. The relation changed with age, the dosage requirement (on a day weight basis) tending to fall as patients grew older. Males under 5 years had a higher dosage requirement than females of the same age, but otherwise sex did not affect the relationship, nor did the concurrent intake of the anticonvulsants phenytoin, carbamazepine or sulthiame. In the individual, plasma phenobarbitone levels tended to increase out of proportion of dosage increases. These findings can provide a basis for prescribing appropriate phenobarbitone doses in epileptics.", "contents": "The effects of phenobarbitone dose on plasma phenobarbitone levels in epileptic patients. The relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and phenobarbitone dose was studied in 121 patients. The relation changed with age, the dosage requirement (on a day weight basis) tending to fall as patients grew older. Males under 5 years had a higher dosage requirement than females of the same age, but otherwise sex did not affect the relationship, nor did the concurrent intake of the anticonvulsants phenytoin, carbamazepine or sulthiame. In the individual, plasma phenobarbitone levels tended to increase out of proportion of dosage increases. These findings can provide a basis for prescribing appropriate phenobarbitone doses in epileptics.", "PMID": 1029012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4893", "title": "On the visual disturbances associated with massive basal aneurysms.", "content": "When massive basal aneurysms compromise the anterior visual pathways the resulting disturbances of vision are diverse and a firm clinical diagnosis is difficult. Because of the rarity of the condition, a critical analysis of the visual defects was made in five personally studied patients with large anterior basal aneurysms in an effort to clarify the clinical features of the disorder. These observations were related to those reported in larger series of patients by Jefferson and Bull. This study gives support to the opinion that the commonest visual defect seen with massive basal aneurysms is impairment of visual acuity, followed next in frequency by bitemporal hemianopia, and then by junction scotoma.", "contents": "On the visual disturbances associated with massive basal aneurysms. When massive basal aneurysms compromise the anterior visual pathways the resulting disturbances of vision are diverse and a firm clinical diagnosis is difficult. Because of the rarity of the condition, a critical analysis of the visual defects was made in five personally studied patients with large anterior basal aneurysms in an effort to clarify the clinical features of the disorder. These observations were related to those reported in larger series of patients by Jefferson and Bull. This study gives support to the opinion that the commonest visual defect seen with massive basal aneurysms is impairment of visual acuity, followed next in frequency by bitemporal hemianopia, and then by junction scotoma.", "PMID": 1029013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4894", "title": "de Broglie waves in amoeboid motility.", "content": "The de Broglie wave equation has been applied to the study of amoeboid motility. This leads to precise predictions of wavelengths displayed by the cellular membrane during motility. Motile amoeba are compared to non-biological systems showing de Broglie wave behavior, and three simple experiments are suggested.", "contents": "de Broglie waves in amoeboid motility. The de Broglie wave equation has been applied to the study of amoeboid motility. This leads to precise predictions of wavelengths displayed by the cellular membrane during motility. Motile amoeba are compared to non-biological systems showing de Broglie wave behavior, and three simple experiments are suggested.", "PMID": 1029014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4895", "title": "Chemiluminescence of cigarette smoke.", "content": "Chemiluminescence from cigarette smoke (aerosol) and smoke \"extracts\" (suspensoids) are described. The emissons from aqueous and organic suspensoids persist for hours, are proportional to oxygen solubilities, possess energy of at least 1.8 electron volts, and display characteristics which suggest that the emissions may be partially sensitized by singlet oxygen.", "contents": "Chemiluminescence of cigarette smoke. Chemiluminescence from cigarette smoke (aerosol) and smoke \"extracts\" (suspensoids) are described. The emissons from aqueous and organic suspensoids persist for hours, are proportional to oxygen solubilities, possess energy of at least 1.8 electron volts, and display characteristics which suggest that the emissions may be partially sensitized by singlet oxygen.", "PMID": 1029015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4896", "title": "Bone lipids of marine fishes.", "content": "Assessment of candidates for investigation of bone lipid metabolism yielded the following findings. (1) A tropical marine butterflyfish, Chaetodon ornatissimus, had oil-filled bones (66-80% lipid, percent dry weight) hence may be a suitable condidate. (2) The tropical marine fishes Exallias brevis, Pomacentrus jenkensi, and Chromus agilis, and a Canadian fish Sebastes ruberrimus, had intermediate quantities of oil in their bones (12-49% lipid). (3) In all the foregoing species the major bone lipid was triglyceride, usually more abundant in skull than spine. Sterol and phospholipid were also present. (4) The major fatty acids of the triglycerides (and phospholipids) were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and C20, C22 acids. Those acids were dominated by 20:4, 20:5, 22:5, and 22:6. (5) There was more total unsaturation in the bone lipids of S. ruberrimus (from 10 degrees C water; 67-72% unsaturation) compared to the tropical fish (from 25 degrees C water; 32-67% unsaturation) with the exception of E. brevis. (6) One of the tropical species (Arothron meleagris) and a Canadian Chimaeran (Hydrolagus colliei) contained only 1-3% lipid in their bones.", "contents": "Bone lipids of marine fishes. Assessment of candidates for investigation of bone lipid metabolism yielded the following findings. (1) A tropical marine butterflyfish, Chaetodon ornatissimus, had oil-filled bones (66-80% lipid, percent dry weight) hence may be a suitable condidate. (2) The tropical marine fishes Exallias brevis, Pomacentrus jenkensi, and Chromus agilis, and a Canadian fish Sebastes ruberrimus, had intermediate quantities of oil in their bones (12-49% lipid). (3) In all the foregoing species the major bone lipid was triglyceride, usually more abundant in skull than spine. Sterol and phospholipid were also present. (4) The major fatty acids of the triglycerides (and phospholipids) were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and C20, C22 acids. Those acids were dominated by 20:4, 20:5, 22:5, and 22:6. (5) There was more total unsaturation in the bone lipids of S. ruberrimus (from 10 degrees C water; 67-72% unsaturation) compared to the tropical fish (from 25 degrees C water; 32-67% unsaturation) with the exception of E. brevis. (6) One of the tropical species (Arothron meleagris) and a Canadian Chimaeran (Hydrolagus colliei) contained only 1-3% lipid in their bones.", "PMID": 1029017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4897", "title": "Models for biological ion exchangers. II. Solvent selectivity in DMSO-water-Dowex 50W.", "content": "Dimethylsulfoxide-water-Dowex 50W-X8 systems are characterized by measurements of solvent selectively and proton magnetic resonance spectra. The H+-, Li+-, NH4+-, NHe4+-, NBu4+-, Mg2+-, Zn2+-, and La3+- forms are studied over a wide range of binary-solvent mole fractions. The relative selectivities for water by the ion exchanger, based on an integrated Kipling parameter, are Zn2+-form (reference) --1.00, Mg2+ --0.43, La3+ --0.38, Li+ +0.17, NMe4+ 0.20, NH4+ 0.31, NBU4+ 0.33, and H+ 0.68, the polyvalent counterions preferring DMSO. All of the ionic forms except the NH4+-form exhibit over much of the mole fraction range separations between the external water and the internal water peaks exceeding 50 Hz, the magnitude of the separation varying with the counter-ion. Comparison of results is facilitated by maintaining a constant ratio between the total number of moles of solvent and the number of equivalents of ions exchanger.", "contents": "Models for biological ion exchangers. II. Solvent selectivity in DMSO-water-Dowex 50W. Dimethylsulfoxide-water-Dowex 50W-X8 systems are characterized by measurements of solvent selectively and proton magnetic resonance spectra. The H+-, Li+-, NH4+-, NHe4+-, NBu4+-, Mg2+-, Zn2+-, and La3+- forms are studied over a wide range of binary-solvent mole fractions. The relative selectivities for water by the ion exchanger, based on an integrated Kipling parameter, are Zn2+-form (reference) --1.00, Mg2+ --0.43, La3+ --0.38, Li+ +0.17, NMe4+ 0.20, NH4+ 0.31, NBU4+ 0.33, and H+ 0.68, the polyvalent counterions preferring DMSO. All of the ionic forms except the NH4+-form exhibit over much of the mole fraction range separations between the external water and the internal water peaks exceeding 50 Hz, the magnitude of the separation varying with the counter-ion. Comparison of results is facilitated by maintaining a constant ratio between the total number of moles of solvent and the number of equivalents of ions exchanger.", "PMID": 1029018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4898", "title": "Studies on a patient with iminopeptiduria. I. Identification of urinary iminopeptides.", "content": "A patient suffering from recurrent ulcers on the legs was found to excrete large amounts of iminodipeptides in the urine. Among the iminodipeptides excreted, Glu-Hyp, Asp-Pro, Glu-Pro, Leu-Hyp, Gly-Pro, Thr-Pro, Ser-Pro, Ala-Pro, Val-Pro, Ile-Pro, Leu-Pro, and Phe-Pro were identified and their quantities estimated. Some of the iminopeptides had to be synthesized for purposes of identification.", "contents": "Studies on a patient with iminopeptiduria. I. Identification of urinary iminopeptides. A patient suffering from recurrent ulcers on the legs was found to excrete large amounts of iminodipeptides in the urine. Among the iminodipeptides excreted, Glu-Hyp, Asp-Pro, Glu-Pro, Leu-Hyp, Gly-Pro, Thr-Pro, Ser-Pro, Ala-Pro, Val-Pro, Ile-Pro, Leu-Pro, and Phe-Pro were identified and their quantities estimated. Some of the iminopeptides had to be synthesized for purposes of identification.", "PMID": 1029019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4899", "title": "The role of product release in enzyme catalysis.", "content": "Conceptual definitions of maximal velocity and the Michaelis constant are provided that do not involve the assumption of any rate-determining step. The experimental basis of those definitions is a combination of pre-steady state and steady state kinetic observations.", "contents": "The role of product release in enzyme catalysis. Conceptual definitions of maximal velocity and the Michaelis constant are provided that do not involve the assumption of any rate-determining step. The experimental basis of those definitions is a combination of pre-steady state and steady state kinetic observations.", "PMID": 1029020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4900", "title": "Experimental evidence for high-temperature organic fractional superconduction in cholates.", "content": "Experimental data are presented indicating that six organic compounds (homologous cholates) possess properties associated with high-temperature superconductivity. From magnetic and electrical measurements it is deduced that behavior resembling superconductivity occurs below characteristic transition temperatures in small domains included in the insulating bulk of the sample material, which is therefore designated a fractional o Type III superconductor. The six cholates exhibit this superconductivity below transition temperatures ranging from approximately 7.5 degrees K for sodium dioxycholate to 277 degrees K for sodium cholanate. It has been further established that the diamagnetic shifts with temperature cannot be attributed to ferrielectric, ferroelectric, or capacitive effects. Below the transition temperatures the cholates behave like perfect diamagnets, susceptible to forceful repulsion by a moderate magnetic field. Observed in a sensitive susceptometer, magnetic flux trapped in the material gave rise to a 3% remnant magnetic moment. Studied in particular detail were sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, and lithocholic acid, which showed transition temperatures of 30 degrees K, 60 degrees K, and 130 degrees K respectively. The hydrophobic property of the closed four-ring structure (R-group) common to the cholates, along with the hydrophilic property of the carboxylate group (S-group), are responsible for domain formation. Because of those properties, clustering of the S-groups occurs when traces of water are introduced into the material. When followed by slow desiccation, the clusters form the micelles constituting the superconducting domains.", "contents": "Experimental evidence for high-temperature organic fractional superconduction in cholates. Experimental data are presented indicating that six organic compounds (homologous cholates) possess properties associated with high-temperature superconductivity. From magnetic and electrical measurements it is deduced that behavior resembling superconductivity occurs below characteristic transition temperatures in small domains included in the insulating bulk of the sample material, which is therefore designated a fractional o Type III superconductor. The six cholates exhibit this superconductivity below transition temperatures ranging from approximately 7.5 degrees K for sodium dioxycholate to 277 degrees K for sodium cholanate. It has been further established that the diamagnetic shifts with temperature cannot be attributed to ferrielectric, ferroelectric, or capacitive effects. Below the transition temperatures the cholates behave like perfect diamagnets, susceptible to forceful repulsion by a moderate magnetic field. Observed in a sensitive susceptometer, magnetic flux trapped in the material gave rise to a 3% remnant magnetic moment. Studied in particular detail were sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, and lithocholic acid, which showed transition temperatures of 30 degrees K, 60 degrees K, and 130 degrees K respectively. The hydrophobic property of the closed four-ring structure (R-group) common to the cholates, along with the hydrophilic property of the carboxylate group (S-group), are responsible for domain formation. Because of those properties, clustering of the S-groups occurs when traces of water are introduced into the material. When followed by slow desiccation, the clusters form the micelles constituting the superconducting domains.", "PMID": 1029021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4901", "title": "Protection against toxic effects of formaldehyde in vitro, and of methanol or formaldehyde in vivo, by subsequent administration of SH reagents.", "content": "Rapid and progressive inactivation in vitro of both alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase by low concentrations of acetaldehyde or formaldehyde is illustrated. This inactivation can be prevented or reversed by glutathione or other SH reagents. Those effects led to investigations in vivo. Rats and mice were injected with concentrations that would result in death in approximately 10 h (methanol) and approximately 4 h (formaldehyde). When 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), cysteine, or mercaptoethanol was injected (10 min to 3 h) after administration of methanol or formaldehyde, approximately 70% of the animals survived indefinitely; the remaining 30% showed substantial increase in survival time. The findings indicate the possibility of using reagents such as BAL for human therapy and suggest that the toxicity of methanol and formaldehyde is due in part to effects other than acidosis.", "contents": "Protection against toxic effects of formaldehyde in vitro, and of methanol or formaldehyde in vivo, by subsequent administration of SH reagents. Rapid and progressive inactivation in vitro of both alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase by low concentrations of acetaldehyde or formaldehyde is illustrated. This inactivation can be prevented or reversed by glutathione or other SH reagents. Those effects led to investigations in vivo. Rats and mice were injected with concentrations that would result in death in approximately 10 h (methanol) and approximately 4 h (formaldehyde). When 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), cysteine, or mercaptoethanol was injected (10 min to 3 h) after administration of methanol or formaldehyde, approximately 70% of the animals survived indefinitely; the remaining 30% showed substantial increase in survival time. The findings indicate the possibility of using reagents such as BAL for human therapy and suggest that the toxicity of methanol and formaldehyde is due in part to effects other than acidosis.", "PMID": 1029022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4902", "title": "[The struggle against dust in the Belgian coal mines. Situation at the beginning of 1976].", "content": "The present communication gives a general view of the methods of dust control in the Belgian coal mines at the beginning of 1976. The statistical data received from the mines are presented in tabular form. The length and the output of coal faces treated by the classical methods of pre-spraying of the wall, wet cutting, water infusion and wet pneumatic picks, are given separately; in some cases two or more of these technics are used together on the same coal face. The number of stone drivages in which different methods of dust control are used, is also given.", "contents": "[The struggle against dust in the Belgian coal mines. Situation at the beginning of 1976]. The present communication gives a general view of the methods of dust control in the Belgian coal mines at the beginning of 1976. The statistical data received from the mines are presented in tabular form. The length and the output of coal faces treated by the classical methods of pre-spraying of the wall, wet cutting, water infusion and wet pneumatic picks, are given separately; in some cases two or more of these technics are used together on the same coal face. The number of stone drivages in which different methods of dust control are used, is also given.", "PMID": 1029062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4903", "title": "Human psychophysical analysis of receptive field-like properties. I. A new transient-like visual response using a moving windmill (Werblin-type) target.", "content": "A human transient-like visual response has been revealed psychophysically with a rotating windmill target, similar to that used by Werblin in his recent studies of the retina of Necturus. The windmill pattern evoked complex perceptual phenomena (important in and of themselves) which were minimized by using a high luminance for the \"criterion\" flashing test field (relative to its increment threshold), and by moving the four-vaned windmill pattern at a rate of two complete revolutions per second. The transient response, herein defined as the difference in threshold between the stationary and moving windmill conditions, was greatest when the windmill vanes fell completely within the sensitization (inhibition-like) portion of the Westheimer function determined at the same retinal locus. The test has been developed so that it may be readily adapted to available clinical equipment for future diagnostic purposes .", "contents": "Human psychophysical analysis of receptive field-like properties. I. A new transient-like visual response using a moving windmill (Werblin-type) target. A human transient-like visual response has been revealed psychophysically with a rotating windmill target, similar to that used by Werblin in his recent studies of the retina of Necturus. The windmill pattern evoked complex perceptual phenomena (important in and of themselves) which were minimized by using a high luminance for the \"criterion\" flashing test field (relative to its increment threshold), and by moving the four-vaned windmill pattern at a rate of two complete revolutions per second. The transient response, herein defined as the difference in threshold between the stationary and moving windmill conditions, was greatest when the windmill vanes fell completely within the sensitization (inhibition-like) portion of the Westheimer function determined at the same retinal locus. The test has been developed so that it may be readily adapted to available clinical equipment for future diagnostic purposes .", "PMID": 1029073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4904", "title": "Areal and temporal summation in the thermal reaction time.", "content": "It has previously been shown that the reaction time (RT) to radiant heat measures spatial summation of warmth, because the RT decreases with increases in both the areal extent and the intensity (flux density) of the heat. The previous studies of RT let the response terminate the stimulus exposure and thus introduced a confounding between stimulus duration and intensity, since the weaker the stimulus is, the longer it is presented. The present study shows the RT reflects spatial summation even with a fixed, brief stimulus duration. The precise rules for trading area and intensity that are obtained with fixed-duration pulses differ from those obtained with response-terminated ones, but both sets of functions are consistent with each other and with the results of magnitude estimation if it is assumed that the sensory effect of the heat sums over the stimulus duration, that is, that the RT reflects temporal as well as spatial summation. Two further experiments provide direct evidence for temporal summation.", "contents": "Areal and temporal summation in the thermal reaction time. It has previously been shown that the reaction time (RT) to radiant heat measures spatial summation of warmth, because the RT decreases with increases in both the areal extent and the intensity (flux density) of the heat. The previous studies of RT let the response terminate the stimulus exposure and thus introduced a confounding between stimulus duration and intensity, since the weaker the stimulus is, the longer it is presented. The present study shows the RT reflects spatial summation even with a fixed, brief stimulus duration. The precise rules for trading area and intensity that are obtained with fixed-duration pulses differ from those obtained with response-terminated ones, but both sets of functions are consistent with each other and with the results of magnitude estimation if it is assumed that the sensory effect of the heat sums over the stimulus duration, that is, that the RT reflects temporal as well as spatial summation. Two further experiments provide direct evidence for temporal summation.", "PMID": 1029074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4905", "title": "Some effects of aphasic lesions on order perception.", "content": "Twenty-four aphasic, nine brain-damaged, and eight non-brain-damaged patients were tested for their ability to associate odors with visual targets. The results of the experiment show that lesions producing aphasia interfere with the ability to match an odor to a directly corresponding visual target. As aphasics with anterior and posterior lesions performed at similar levels in this task, it was not possible to conclude that the observed deficits were specifically related to temporal lobe functions. The severity of the deficit was greater for more massively lesioned aphasics. The exact nature of the deficit was not clear, but review of the literature and differential results obtained for the two experimental tasks suggest that aphasic lesions may interefere with odor identification.", "contents": "Some effects of aphasic lesions on order perception. Twenty-four aphasic, nine brain-damaged, and eight non-brain-damaged patients were tested for their ability to associate odors with visual targets. The results of the experiment show that lesions producing aphasia interfere with the ability to match an odor to a directly corresponding visual target. As aphasics with anterior and posterior lesions performed at similar levels in this task, it was not possible to conclude that the observed deficits were specifically related to temporal lobe functions. The severity of the deficit was greater for more massively lesioned aphasics. The exact nature of the deficit was not clear, but review of the literature and differential results obtained for the two experimental tasks suggest that aphasic lesions may interefere with odor identification.", "PMID": 1029075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4906", "title": "Attenuation of vibrotactile spatial summation.", "content": "Masked and quiet thresholds at several frequencies of vibratory stimuli were measured as a function of contactor area. The test site was the left index  finger; the masking site was the left little finger. The quiet threshold data were consistent with previous investigations: Low-frequency stimuli showed no spatial summation, whereas high-frequency stimuli did. In the presence of a masker, spatial summation was reduced or eliminated for high-frequency stimuli, i.e., the masked threshold was, under some conditions, independent of contactor area. Low-frequency stimuli continued to show no spatial summation in the presence of a masker. The attenuation of spatial summation appears to be a direct function of the intensity of the masking stimulus. Additional measurements with the left thenar eminence as the test site showed that spatial summation could be attenuated by a masker placed on a contralateral body site. The implications of the results for quantifying the effectiveness of a masking stimulus, for the duplex mechanoreceptor hypothesis, and for the nature of spatial summation on the skin are discussed.", "contents": "Attenuation of vibrotactile spatial summation. Masked and quiet thresholds at several frequencies of vibratory stimuli were measured as a function of contactor area. The test site was the left index  finger; the masking site was the left little finger. The quiet threshold data were consistent with previous investigations: Low-frequency stimuli showed no spatial summation, whereas high-frequency stimuli did. In the presence of a masker, spatial summation was reduced or eliminated for high-frequency stimuli, i.e., the masked threshold was, under some conditions, independent of contactor area. Low-frequency stimuli continued to show no spatial summation in the presence of a masker. The attenuation of spatial summation appears to be a direct function of the intensity of the masking stimulus. Additional measurements with the left thenar eminence as the test site showed that spatial summation could be attenuated by a masker placed on a contralateral body site. The implications of the results for quantifying the effectiveness of a masking stimulus, for the duplex mechanoreceptor hypothesis, and for the nature of spatial summation on the skin are discussed.", "PMID": 1029076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4907", "title": "Olfaction and the common chemical sense: some psychophysical contrasts.", "content": "Three experiments explored the olfactory and the common chemical attributes of sensations produced by various concentrations of n-butyl alcohol. These two attributes combine in an almost-linear fashion to produce the overall perceived intensity of the stimulus. Common chemical intensity makes only a small contribution to overall magnitude at low concentrations, but its proportional contribution increases with concentration. In like manner, speed of response (i.e., reciprocal of reaction time) to the common chemical attribute increases more rapidly than that to odor. Nevertheless, odor always makes its appearance sooner than the common chemical attribute, even when the two attributes are matched in perceived magnitude. Repeated inhalations cause odor intensity to decrease slightly but cause common chemical intensity to increase dramatically. The results obtained from the normal subjects studied here agree with those obtained from subjects with unilateral destruction of the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "Olfaction and the common chemical sense: some psychophysical contrasts. Three experiments explored the olfactory and the common chemical attributes of sensations produced by various concentrations of n-butyl alcohol. These two attributes combine in an almost-linear fashion to produce the overall perceived intensity of the stimulus. Common chemical intensity makes only a small contribution to overall magnitude at low concentrations, but its proportional contribution increases with concentration. In like manner, speed of response (i.e., reciprocal of reaction time) to the common chemical attribute increases more rapidly than that to odor. Nevertheless, odor always makes its appearance sooner than the common chemical attribute, even when the two attributes are matched in perceived magnitude. Repeated inhalations cause odor intensity to decrease slightly but cause common chemical intensity to increase dramatically. The results obtained from the normal subjects studied here agree with those obtained from subjects with unilateral destruction of the trigeminal nerve.", "PMID": 1029077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4908", "title": "Evidence in support of the duplex theory of mechanoreception.", "content": "Psychophysical thresholds were measured as the frequency, size and duration of vibration on the thenar eminence was varied. The results supported the theory that there are two functionally distinct receptor systems in the skin for the perception of mechanical disturbances. Spatial and temporal summation were found for the detection of high- but not low-frequency stimuli. Furthermore, magnitude estimation data revealed that temporal summation occurs for the perception of high-frequency stimuli presented over a wide range of suprathershold values. On the other hand, temporal summation was absent for low frequency stimuli that were presented at 5, 10, 15, and 20 db above threshold.", "contents": "Evidence in support of the duplex theory of mechanoreception. Psychophysical thresholds were measured as the frequency, size and duration of vibration on the thenar eminence was varied. The results supported the theory that there are two functionally distinct receptor systems in the skin for the perception of mechanical disturbances. Spatial and temporal summation were found for the detection of high- but not low-frequency stimuli. Furthermore, magnitude estimation data revealed that temporal summation occurs for the perception of high-frequency stimuli presented over a wide range of suprathershold values. On the other hand, temporal summation was absent for low frequency stimuli that were presented at 5, 10, 15, and 20 db above threshold.", "PMID": 1029078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4909", "title": "The saltatory effect in vision.", "content": "Events in vision triggered by brief flashes in train prove to be strictly analogous to those generated in the skin by a succession of taps. A requisite condition for their appearance in vision is projection of the flashes into the peripheral retinal field. Experiments are described that establish the general relation between extent of saltatory leaping and degree of retinal eccentricity and between leaping and retinal subtense of stimulus patches. Additionally, a curious \"dip\" phenomenon and several qualitative experiments in which color has been used to \"tag\" the saltatory image are reported.", "contents": "The saltatory effect in vision. Events in vision triggered by brief flashes in train prove to be strictly analogous to those generated in the skin by a succession of taps. A requisite condition for their appearance in vision is projection of the flashes into the peripheral retinal field. Experiments are described that establish the general relation between extent of saltatory leaping and degree of retinal eccentricity and between leaping and retinal subtense of stimulus patches. Additionally, a curious \"dip\" phenomenon and several qualitative experiments in which color has been used to \"tag\" the saltatory image are reported.", "PMID": 1029079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4910", "title": "Interaction of spatial and temporal summation in the warmth sense.", "content": "Two experiments explored the interaction of  spatial and temporal summation in the perception of radiant heat. The first experiment showed that the absolute threshold for detecting two brief (0.1 sec) pulses of heat, one presented to each side of the forehead, is lower than the threshold for detecting a single pulse, even when the two pulses are separated in time by as muchas 0l75 sec. The second experiment showed that a single, 4-sec pulse of heat presented to one side of the forehead feels no warmer than two successive, 2-sec pulses, one to each side. Spatial and temporal summation appear to take place at least partly in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Interaction of spatial and temporal summation in the warmth sense. Two experiments explored the interaction of  spatial and temporal summation in the perception of radiant heat. The first experiment showed that the absolute threshold for detecting two brief (0.1 sec) pulses of heat, one presented to each side of the forehead, is lower than the threshold for detecting a single pulse, even when the two pulses are separated in time by as muchas 0l75 sec. The second experiment showed that a single, 4-sec pulse of heat presented to one side of the forehead feels no warmer than two successive, 2-sec pulses, one to each side. Spatial and temporal summation appear to take place at least partly in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1029080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4911", "title": "Critical band in auditory lateralization.", "content": "A new and powerful procedure for determining frequency analysis in the auditory system, as evidence by the critical band, is described. The onset time difference, delta T, needed to lateralize 30-msec tone bursts toward the leading ear was measured as a function of the frequency difference, delta F, between the brust in one ear and the burst in the other ear. When delta F was less than the critical band, threshold delta T was constant at 100 mu sec or less, depending on center frequency; beyond the critical band, delta T increased with delta F. These dichotically measured critical bandwidths increased from 110 Hz at a center frequency of 500 Hz to 1100 Hz at a center frequency of 6000 Hz. They were unaffected by varying signal level from 25 to 80 dB or signal duration from 10 to 300 msec. The sam e critical-band values have been measured with monaural stimuli in loudness summation, maskin, detection, phase perception, consonance, and so forth.", "contents": "Critical band in auditory lateralization. A new and powerful procedure for determining frequency analysis in the auditory system, as evidence by the critical band, is described. The onset time difference, delta T, needed to lateralize 30-msec tone bursts toward the leading ear was measured as a function of the frequency difference, delta F, between the brust in one ear and the burst in the other ear. When delta F was less than the critical band, threshold delta T was constant at 100 mu sec or less, depending on center frequency; beyond the critical band, delta T increased with delta F. These dichotically measured critical bandwidths increased from 110 Hz at a center frequency of 500 Hz to 1100 Hz at a center frequency of 6000 Hz. They were unaffected by varying signal level from 25 to 80 dB or signal duration from 10 to 300 msec. The sam e critical-band values have been measured with monaural stimuli in loudness summation, maskin, detection, phase perception, consonance, and so forth.", "PMID": 1029081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4912", "title": "Effect of double ipsilateral stimulation on vibrotactile sensation magnitude.", "content": "The phenomena of enhancement and suppression of vibrotactile subjective magnitude were investigated using a matching procedure. Results support earlier reports for audition and vibrotaction suggesting that enhancement is a fundamental sensory process. The time course is described for suppression of stimuli delivered to several different to several different pats of the body. The results are consistent with earlier studies of vibrotactile masking at threshold levels.", "contents": "Effect of double ipsilateral stimulation on vibrotactile sensation magnitude. The phenomena of enhancement and suppression of vibrotactile subjective magnitude were investigated using a matching procedure. Results support earlier reports for audition and vibrotaction suggesting that enhancement is a fundamental sensory process. The time course is described for suppression of stimuli delivered to several different to several different pats of the body. The results are consistent with earlier studies of vibrotactile masking at threshold levels.", "PMID": 1029082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4913", "title": "Vibrotactile temporal summation: effect of frequency.", "content": "Temporal summation of vibrotactile stimuli was measured at four frequencies (25, 40, 80, and 160 Hz) using a large contactor. Stimulation at 160 Hz gave temporal summation comparable in amount to that reported in previous studies. Stimulation at 25, 40, and 80 Hz gave less summation. The presence of summation at low frequencies is unexpected in view of existing data obtained with small contactors' those data indicate that the afferent system primarily sensitive to low frequencies may not summate stimulus energy over time. The present data suggest either that the low-frequency afferents do summate energy over time or that, under some conditions, the perception of low-frequency signals presented through a large contactor may be mediated by more than one afferent system.", "contents": "Vibrotactile temporal summation: effect of frequency. Temporal summation of vibrotactile stimuli was measured at four frequencies (25, 40, 80, and 160 Hz) using a large contactor. Stimulation at 160 Hz gave temporal summation comparable in amount to that reported in previous studies. Stimulation at 25, 40, and 80 Hz gave less summation. The presence of summation at low frequencies is unexpected in view of existing data obtained with small contactors' those data indicate that the afferent system primarily sensitive to low frequencies may not summate stimulus energy over time. The present data suggest either that the low-frequency afferents do summate energy over time or that, under some conditions, the perception of low-frequency signals presented through a large contactor may be mediated by more than one afferent system.", "PMID": 1029083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4914", "title": "Temporal properties of the human taste system.", "content": "An attempt to apply linear systems methods to the temporal properties of the human taste system is described. The percentage modulation in concentration required to detect a fluctuation in intensity was measured as a function of frequency of modulation. Both a sine-wave and a square-wave input were used. The sensitivity of the taste system at its maximum, and also at the low frequencies, was greater than expected from previous work based on classical methodology. The sensitivity of the taste system at its maximum, and also at the low frequencies, was greater then expected from previous work base on classical methodology. The sensitivity of the taste system to the various qualities was, in decreasing order, salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. The taste system in insensitive to frequencies above about 5 Hz. Except for bitter, representatives of the various taste qualities yielded similar functions within qualities.", "contents": "Temporal properties of the human taste system. An attempt to apply linear systems methods to the temporal properties of the human taste system is described. The percentage modulation in concentration required to detect a fluctuation in intensity was measured as a function of frequency of modulation. Both a sine-wave and a square-wave input were used. The sensitivity of the taste system at its maximum, and also at the low frequencies, was greater than expected from previous work based on classical methodology. The sensitivity of the taste system at its maximum, and also at the low frequencies, was greater then expected from previous work base on classical methodology. The sensitivity of the taste system to the various qualities was, in decreasing order, salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. The taste system in insensitive to frequencies above about 5 Hz. Except for bitter, representatives of the various taste qualities yielded similar functions within qualities.", "PMID": 1029084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4915", "title": "Satiation in cutaneous saltation.", "content": "The extent of cutaneous saltation (the illusory displacement of a tap presented to one skin locus by another tap occurring close in time at another locus) was modified by a \"preconditioning\" stimulus presented prior to and at a site distant from the saltatory test pattern. The 10-sec vibratory preconditioning (PC) stimulus appears to be analogous to inspection figures that \"satiate\" the perceptual field in experiments on figural aftereffects, producing changes in the perceived size, position, or shape of subsequent stimuli. The direction of displacement of the saltatory phantom was always away from the locus of the prior PC stimulus, consistent with results observed in studies of visual and kinesthetic aftereffects. Th- amount of repulsion and the rate at which the saltatory phantom returned to its initial position depend on the intensity, locus, and number of PC stimuli. As with figural aftereffects, these results resist explanation by peripheral mechanisms such as adaptation.", "contents": "Satiation in cutaneous saltation. The extent of cutaneous saltation (the illusory displacement of a tap presented to one skin locus by another tap occurring close in time at another locus) was modified by a \"preconditioning\" stimulus presented prior to and at a site distant from the saltatory test pattern. The 10-sec vibratory preconditioning (PC) stimulus appears to be analogous to inspection figures that \"satiate\" the perceptual field in experiments on figural aftereffects, producing changes in the perceived size, position, or shape of subsequent stimuli. The direction of displacement of the saltatory phantom was always away from the locus of the prior PC stimulus, consistent with results observed in studies of visual and kinesthetic aftereffects. Th- amount of repulsion and the rate at which the saltatory phantom returned to its initial position depend on the intensity, locus, and number of PC stimuli. As with figural aftereffects, these results resist explanation by peripheral mechanisms such as adaptation.", "PMID": 1029085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4916", "title": "Recovery of excitability after gustatory adaptation: effects of stimulus intensity.", "content": "The excitability of the rat chorda tympani nerve following adaptation to NaCl was measured by observing the recovery of the transient portion of the integrated neural response. When a single concentration of NaCl was used as a test stimulus, recovery time was positively correlated with the concentration of the adapting solution, a relationship common to a number of other sensory systems. Adapting and testing with the same concentration of NaCl produced very little relationship between concentration and recovery time. It is suggested that the relativley extensive period of postexcitatory depression is due to a prolonged inaccessability of tast receptor sites that results in a reduction in the rate of stimulus-receptor interaction.", "contents": "Recovery of excitability after gustatory adaptation: effects of stimulus intensity. The excitability of the rat chorda tympani nerve following adaptation to NaCl was measured by observing the recovery of the transient portion of the integrated neural response. When a single concentration of NaCl was used as a test stimulus, recovery time was positively correlated with the concentration of the adapting solution, a relationship common to a number of other sensory systems. Adapting and testing with the same concentration of NaCl produced very little relationship between concentration and recovery time. It is suggested that the relativley extensive period of postexcitatory depression is due to a prolonged inaccessability of tast receptor sites that results in a reduction in the rate of stimulus-receptor interaction.", "PMID": 1029086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4917", "title": "[Electron-microscopic study of the nuclear membrane of the PKEV cells during mitosis. 1. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase)].", "content": "An ultrastructural study on dividing PKEV cells provided a possibility to distinguish between certain stages of their desintegration. The changes preceding fragmentation of the nuclear envelope commence with desorganization of its structural components: vanishing of granular peripherial chromatin layer; appearance of the pores without central granules; formation of deep invaginations of the nuclear membranes. The desintegration of the nuclear envelope starts from the disapearance of many pores and the appearance of perforations almost of the same size. Simultaneously, the number of polysomes is reduced on the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and in the cytoplasm. Specific features of the nuclear envelope being lost it becomes undistinguishable from the reticulum elements. On serial sections, no contacts were observed between chromosomes and membranous elements.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic study of the nuclear membrane of the PKEV cells during mitosis. 1. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase)]. An ultrastructural study on dividing PKEV cells provided a possibility to distinguish between certain stages of their desintegration. The changes preceding fragmentation of the nuclear envelope commence with desorganization of its structural components: vanishing of granular peripherial chromatin layer; appearance of the pores without central granules; formation of deep invaginations of the nuclear membranes. The desintegration of the nuclear envelope starts from the disapearance of many pores and the appearance of perforations almost of the same size. Simultaneously, the number of polysomes is reduced on the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and in the cytoplasm. Specific features of the nuclear envelope being lost it becomes undistinguishable from the reticulum elements. On serial sections, no contacts were observed between chromosomes and membranous elements.", "PMID": 1029119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4918", "title": "[Ecologic-histophysiological analysis of the neurohypophysis-metaadenohypophysis complex of the sazan female before and after spawning].", "content": "Much neurosecretory material (4.4 +/- 0.1 units) is seen in the neurohypophysis of sazan females before spawning. A1, A2, and B type terminals contain numerous neurosecretory granules, in particular, elementary granules. Synaptic vesicles are not numerous. The amount of neurosecretory material decreases during and shortly after spawning down to 3.6 +/- 0.3 units. Neurosecretory terminals have less elementary granules. The number of granulated, disintegrating, residual granules and synaptic vesicles somewhat increases. It is hypothesized that mainly peptide neurohormones are discharged from A1 and A2 terminals in the common circulation, and that both peptide neurohormones and monoamines reach glandular cells of the metaadenohypophysis in sazan females during and immediately spawning. The role played by neurohormones and monoamines in controlling the function of both the metaadenohypophysis glandular cells and visceral organs involved in the general adaptive reactions of the fish organism is discussed.", "contents": "[Ecologic-histophysiological analysis of the neurohypophysis-metaadenohypophysis complex of the sazan female before and after spawning]. Much neurosecretory material (4.4 +/- 0.1 units) is seen in the neurohypophysis of sazan females before spawning. A1, A2, and B type terminals contain numerous neurosecretory granules, in particular, elementary granules. Synaptic vesicles are not numerous. The amount of neurosecretory material decreases during and shortly after spawning down to 3.6 +/- 0.3 units. Neurosecretory terminals have less elementary granules. The number of granulated, disintegrating, residual granules and synaptic vesicles somewhat increases. It is hypothesized that mainly peptide neurohormones are discharged from A1 and A2 terminals in the common circulation, and that both peptide neurohormones and monoamines reach glandular cells of the metaadenohypophysis in sazan females during and immediately spawning. The role played by neurohormones and monoamines in controlling the function of both the metaadenohypophysis glandular cells and visceral organs involved in the general adaptive reactions of the fish organism is discussed.", "PMID": 1029120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4919", "title": "[Certain structural details of developing in vitro human embryonal brain explants studied with the aid of fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "The bundles growing away from the explants were mainly formed by neuroblast processes. It has been shown that the degree of differentiation of neuroblasts depends on \"the age\" of embryonal brain. The bundles of neuroblasts are accompained by slightly differentiated cells, having their own processes descending to the surface of the lining. These processes attached to the surface of a bundle cover and have no connection with the inner structures of the bundle. The use of a scanning electron microscopy allows to detect some new details of the behaviour of nerve cells in vitro.", "contents": "[Certain structural details of developing in vitro human embryonal brain explants studied with the aid of fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy]. The bundles growing away from the explants were mainly formed by neuroblast processes. It has been shown that the degree of differentiation of neuroblasts depends on \"the age\" of embryonal brain. The bundles of neuroblasts are accompained by slightly differentiated cells, having their own processes descending to the surface of the lining. These processes attached to the surface of a bundle cover and have no connection with the inner structures of the bundle. The use of a scanning electron microscopy allows to detect some new details of the behaviour of nerve cells in vitro.", "PMID": 1029121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4920", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the kidney glomerulus].", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase was studied in dog's kidney glomeruli using electron microscope. Detection of the enzyme in the podocyte confirms the principle of structural integration of glycolytical enzyme on the membranes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the kidney glomerulus]. Lactate dehydrogenase was studied in dog's kidney glomeruli using electron microscope. Detection of the enzyme in the podocyte confirms the principle of structural integration of glycolytical enzyme on the membranes.", "PMID": 1029122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4921", "title": "[Relationship between cell division and function. Resistance of the liver to toxic effect of CCL4 after partial hepatectomy].", "content": "The necrogenic effect of CCL4 was used as a marker of drug metabolizing function of hepatocytes. CCL4 induced a zonal centrolobular necrosis in normal mice. After partial hepatectomy, during intensive hepatocyte proliferation, the necrosis area in the sections was seen significantly decreased. No damaged cells being observed in some instances. The resistance to hepatotoxin is explaned by inhibition of the specific cell function during proliferation.", "contents": "[Relationship between cell division and function. Resistance of the liver to toxic effect of CCL4 after partial hepatectomy]. The necrogenic effect of CCL4 was used as a marker of drug metabolizing function of hepatocytes. CCL4 induced a zonal centrolobular necrosis in normal mice. After partial hepatectomy, during intensive hepatocyte proliferation, the necrosis area in the sections was seen significantly decreased. No damaged cells being observed in some instances. The resistance to hepatotoxin is explaned by inhibition of the specific cell function during proliferation.", "PMID": 1029123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4922", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the enterocytes of the upper 3d of the villi of murine small intestine].", "content": "The enterocytes of the upper one-third of the villi of duodenum, ileum and jejunum of mice were investigated with the electron microscope. It was found that enterocytes moving to the top of the villus underwent regular structural rearrangements that involve the appearance of triangular dilatations of the intercellular spaces at the cell base, condensation of the mitochondrial matrix, reduction of ergastoplasmic reticulum and dictyosome hypertrophy. It is suggested that enterocytes leave the top of the villus as structurally and functionally valid cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the enterocytes of the upper 3d of the villi of murine small intestine]. The enterocytes of the upper one-third of the villi of duodenum, ileum and jejunum of mice were investigated with the electron microscope. It was found that enterocytes moving to the top of the villus underwent regular structural rearrangements that involve the appearance of triangular dilatations of the intercellular spaces at the cell base, condensation of the mitochondrial matrix, reduction of ergastoplasmic reticulum and dictyosome hypertrophy. It is suggested that enterocytes leave the top of the villus as structurally and functionally valid cells.", "PMID": 1029124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4923", "title": "[Method of ultrastructural analysis with the aid of measuring television complex].", "content": "The area of the section of presynaptic dense projections of the active zone of axondendritic synapses of the rat's cortex was measured using a television complex. Tissue specimens were contrasted with phosphotungstic acid. Morphometry was carried out in the regime of error correction in measurement, the errors arising in scanning process of image. The area of the section of mitochondria, lysosome, nucleoli, channels and tanks of the endoplasmic reticulum may be measured by the method suggested. Quantitative data, obtained by the morphometry of the synapse ultrastructure, may serve a basis for understanding the mechanism by which synapses are involved in information processes of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Method of ultrastructural analysis with the aid of measuring television complex]. The area of the section of presynaptic dense projections of the active zone of axondendritic synapses of the rat's cortex was measured using a television complex. Tissue specimens were contrasted with phosphotungstic acid. Morphometry was carried out in the regime of error correction in measurement, the errors arising in scanning process of image. The area of the section of mitochondria, lysosome, nucleoli, channels and tanks of the endoplasmic reticulum may be measured by the method suggested. Quantitative data, obtained by the morphometry of the synapse ultrastructure, may serve a basis for understanding the mechanism by which synapses are involved in information processes of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1029125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4924", "title": "[Adaptation of a sliding microtome for sectioning of material embedded in epoxy resins].", "content": "The employment of a sliding microtome of sectioning plastic embedded material with glass knives is described. Using a new knife holder and a modificated device for fixing plastic blocks succeeded in cutting sections 1--10 micron thick of relatively large pieces of tissue.", "contents": "[Adaptation of a sliding microtome for sectioning of material embedded in epoxy resins]. The employment of a sliding microtome of sectioning plastic embedded material with glass knives is described. Using a new knife holder and a modificated device for fixing plastic blocks succeeded in cutting sections 1--10 micron thick of relatively large pieces of tissue.", "PMID": 1029126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4925", "title": "Urinary 17-ketosteroids in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies.", "content": "The excretion of estriol into the maternal urine is an effective means of evaluating the fetus in pregnancies complicated by a number of metabolic disorders, such as chronic hypertension, renal disease, pre-eclampsia, etc. It is generally used in the management of pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus even though some question has been raised as to its validity for this disorder. In this study we have evaluated estriol precursors in the form of 17-ketosteroids in the urine of pregnant women with mild diabetes mellitus as well as a non-diabetic control group. Urinary total estrogen excretion was also determined. Diabetics were found to excrete significantly higher amounts of 17-ketosteroids than the non-diabetic group. The possible significance of this finding in relation to the dynamics of estriol production in pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Urinary 17-ketosteroids in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies. The excretion of estriol into the maternal urine is an effective means of evaluating the fetus in pregnancies complicated by a number of metabolic disorders, such as chronic hypertension, renal disease, pre-eclampsia, etc. It is generally used in the management of pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus even though some question has been raised as to its validity for this disorder. In this study we have evaluated estriol precursors in the form of 17-ketosteroids in the urine of pregnant women with mild diabetes mellitus as well as a non-diabetic control group. Urinary total estrogen excretion was also determined. Diabetics were found to excrete significantly higher amounts of 17-ketosteroids than the non-diabetic group. The possible significance of this finding in relation to the dynamics of estriol production in pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 1029354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4926", "title": "Pathology of the trophoblast and fetal vessels of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The morphologic characteristics of the chorial villi from normal full-term placentas and from placentas of different clinical types of diabetic women were studied. The latter showed early maturation of the trophoblast, higher percentage of villi with stromal edema, and higher percentage of vessels of the villous trunks with lesions causing partial or total obstruction of the vascular lumen. The fact that the diabetic patients were treated suggests that the metabolic correction of diabetes mellitus prevents the occurrence or development of the multiple disturbances which the disease produces in the evolution of human pregnancy.", "contents": "Pathology of the trophoblast and fetal vessels of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus. The morphologic characteristics of the chorial villi from normal full-term placentas and from placentas of different clinical types of diabetic women were studied. The latter showed early maturation of the trophoblast, higher percentage of villi with stromal edema, and higher percentage of vessels of the villous trunks with lesions causing partial or total obstruction of the vascular lumen. The fact that the diabetic patients were treated suggests that the metabolic correction of diabetes mellitus prevents the occurrence or development of the multiple disturbances which the disease produces in the evolution of human pregnancy.", "PMID": 1029353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4927", "title": "[Recommended vitamin intake].", "content": "Vitamins intakes cannot be absolutely established; they depend on basic composition of the diet, ecological conditions and physiological status of the subject. Nevertheless, approximate norms can be established, which avoid deficiencies or overdosages. Dietary and epidemiologic surveys, assays on volunteers conducted the commissions of F.A.O./O.M.S. Experts and National Authorities to propose values with a practical consensus for vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, P, C, D, B12 folates and some other factors.", "contents": "[Recommended vitamin intake]. Vitamins intakes cannot be absolutely established; they depend on basic composition of the diet, ecological conditions and physiological status of the subject. Nevertheless, approximate norms can be established, which avoid deficiencies or overdosages. Dietary and epidemiologic surveys, assays on volunteers conducted the commissions of F.A.O./O.M.S. Experts and National Authorities to propose values with a practical consensus for vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, P, C, D, B12 folates and some other factors.", "PMID": 1029422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4928", "title": "[Influence of rapeseed oil feeding on morphology and oxidative properties of mitochondria isolated from the rat heart].", "content": "Mitochondria from heart of rats fed a diet rich in rapeseed oil for two months from weaning, oxidized oleic acid a little better than those from animals fed a control diet containing peanut oil; but their activity decreased much more in presence of potassium cyanide which is an oxidation inhibitor. When observed by electronic microscopy, mitochondria from heart of rats fed rapeseed oil were more mumerous and more mitochondria of great size were encountered as compared with control rats. Biochemical data seemed to show a decrease of activity or quantity of certain enzymatic systems in mitochondria from heart of animals fed rapseed oil. Cyanide could more easily inhibit these enzymatic systems because of their deficiency. It can be thought that it is the mitochondria of great size which are implicated in this phenomenon since their growth is not accompanied by an increase of their content in certain enzymes which are just sensitive to cyanide. A mixture richer in mitochondria of big size, thus poorer in certain enzymes for an equal protein content in drastic conditions, such as partial anoxia since cyanide blocks the respiratory chain.", "contents": "[Influence of rapeseed oil feeding on morphology and oxidative properties of mitochondria isolated from the rat heart]. Mitochondria from heart of rats fed a diet rich in rapeseed oil for two months from weaning, oxidized oleic acid a little better than those from animals fed a control diet containing peanut oil; but their activity decreased much more in presence of potassium cyanide which is an oxidation inhibitor. When observed by electronic microscopy, mitochondria from heart of rats fed rapeseed oil were more mumerous and more mitochondria of great size were encountered as compared with control rats. Biochemical data seemed to show a decrease of activity or quantity of certain enzymatic systems in mitochondria from heart of animals fed rapseed oil. Cyanide could more easily inhibit these enzymatic systems because of their deficiency. It can be thought that it is the mitochondria of great size which are implicated in this phenomenon since their growth is not accompanied by an increase of their content in certain enzymes which are just sensitive to cyanide. A mixture richer in mitochondria of big size, thus poorer in certain enzymes for an equal protein content in drastic conditions, such as partial anoxia since cyanide blocks the respiratory chain.", "PMID": 1029423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4929", "title": "[Tolerance and metabolic results of long-term administration of a mixture of saturated triglycerides by recto-colic route in rabbits].", "content": "Rabbit's and Dog's colonic absorption of triglycerides is shown in previous works. Further, we are studying the possibility to use the rectal route for nutritive substances. This way remains now poorly used and an exceptional therapeutic. However, bringing triglycerides in adequate state would be an energetic, supply, all the more as it is very difficult to provide potent caloric source in parenteral nutrition. This is why we investigate, on the Rabbit, the issues of chronic administration of glycerides by rectal route, on caloric balance and on a biochemical view to seek for in lipid composition of tissues the print of lipids administrated by transanal way. The animals are individually housed in metabolism units feeding a standard diet and drinking ad libitum. The treated subjects are given by transanal way, twice a day, for eight weeds, a sum of 1 g/kg of medium chain triglycerides. The metabolic balance-sheet is daily drawn. The clinic balance-sheet is set on the end, by biological controls to explore the hepatic and renal function (prothrombine ratio, transaminases (SGOT, SGPT), ornithine, carbamyl transferase (OCT), urea, total proteins ratio and electrolyte imbalance. We measure also the concentration of total lipids plasma and tissue (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, perirenal adipose tissue). The triglyceride composition and fatty acid composition of different lipids fractions of control and treated subjects are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The animals support perfectly, without damage, a chronic and massive (1 g/kg/each day) administration of medium chain triglycerides by rectal route. The growth of treated subjects is normal. On the opposite, they adjust their alimentary consumption with the caloric charge of the diet, this is the reason why the reduction is about 12p. 100 with respect to the control animals. The coli-rectal administration of saturated glycerides produces at middle end only qualitative variations of lipids extracts. They essentially affect the triglyceride and fatty acid fraction of the tissue lipids, they become intermediate between that of control animals and the mixture administered by the transanal way. These results prove the integration of the glycerides in the metabolic pathway. They show the problem of the colonic absorption for the liposoluble substances. They authorize researches in view of a possible caloric assistance by this way.", "contents": "[Tolerance and metabolic results of long-term administration of a mixture of saturated triglycerides by recto-colic route in rabbits]. Rabbit's and Dog's colonic absorption of triglycerides is shown in previous works. Further, we are studying the possibility to use the rectal route for nutritive substances. This way remains now poorly used and an exceptional therapeutic. However, bringing triglycerides in adequate state would be an energetic, supply, all the more as it is very difficult to provide potent caloric source in parenteral nutrition. This is why we investigate, on the Rabbit, the issues of chronic administration of glycerides by rectal route, on caloric balance and on a biochemical view to seek for in lipid composition of tissues the print of lipids administrated by transanal way. The animals are individually housed in metabolism units feeding a standard diet and drinking ad libitum. The treated subjects are given by transanal way, twice a day, for eight weeds, a sum of 1 g/kg of medium chain triglycerides. The metabolic balance-sheet is daily drawn. The clinic balance-sheet is set on the end, by biological controls to explore the hepatic and renal function (prothrombine ratio, transaminases (SGOT, SGPT), ornithine, carbamyl transferase (OCT), urea, total proteins ratio and electrolyte imbalance. We measure also the concentration of total lipids plasma and tissue (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, perirenal adipose tissue). The triglyceride composition and fatty acid composition of different lipids fractions of control and treated subjects are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The animals support perfectly, without damage, a chronic and massive (1 g/kg/each day) administration of medium chain triglycerides by rectal route. The growth of treated subjects is normal. On the opposite, they adjust their alimentary consumption with the caloric charge of the diet, this is the reason why the reduction is about 12p. 100 with respect to the control animals. The coli-rectal administration of saturated glycerides produces at middle end only qualitative variations of lipids extracts. They essentially affect the triglyceride and fatty acid fraction of the tissue lipids, they become intermediate between that of control animals and the mixture administered by the transanal way. These results prove the integration of the glycerides in the metabolic pathway. They show the problem of the colonic absorption for the liposoluble substances. They authorize researches in view of a possible caloric assistance by this way.", "PMID": 1029424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4930", "title": "[Comparative physiological effects of partially hydrogenated herring and rapeseed oils in the rat. 1. Mean-term effects on growth, organ weights and heart histology].", "content": "Two partially hydrogenated herring oils, containing 15% or 30% of C 22: 1, supplemented or not with linoleic (maize oil), have been fed for 16 weeks to growing rats (15% by weight in the diet), and their effects have been compared to those of peanut oil (controls), and to those of 2 mixtures of rapeseed oil and peanut oil having similar C 22:1 contents (15% and 30%). On the basis of equal amounts of ingested food, the growth of the rats is lower with herring and rapeseed oil than with peanut oil; this phenomenon is emphasized in the case of the non--C 18:2--supplemented herring oils. Herring and rapeseed oils induce an increase of liver particularly with the one having the highest content of trans fatty acids. Heart lesions have been observed in rats feed herring or rapeseed oils, not in the control group. The frequency of these lesions is greater with rapeseed oil (11/13) than with herring oils (11/24). This result suggests that erucic acid (cis delta 13 docosenoic acid) is more pathogenic than at least some of its isomers present in the hydrogenated herring oils (particularly the trans isomers). In the second part of this paper, we report the effects of the tested dietary fats on organ lipids after very short-term (3-7 days) or mean-term (16 weeks) experiments.", "contents": "[Comparative physiological effects of partially hydrogenated herring and rapeseed oils in the rat. 1. Mean-term effects on growth, organ weights and heart histology]. Two partially hydrogenated herring oils, containing 15% or 30% of C 22: 1, supplemented or not with linoleic (maize oil), have been fed for 16 weeks to growing rats (15% by weight in the diet), and their effects have been compared to those of peanut oil (controls), and to those of 2 mixtures of rapeseed oil and peanut oil having similar C 22:1 contents (15% and 30%). On the basis of equal amounts of ingested food, the growth of the rats is lower with herring and rapeseed oil than with peanut oil; this phenomenon is emphasized in the case of the non--C 18:2--supplemented herring oils. Herring and rapeseed oils induce an increase of liver particularly with the one having the highest content of trans fatty acids. Heart lesions have been observed in rats feed herring or rapeseed oils, not in the control group. The frequency of these lesions is greater with rapeseed oil (11/13) than with herring oils (11/24). This result suggests that erucic acid (cis delta 13 docosenoic acid) is more pathogenic than at least some of its isomers present in the hydrogenated herring oils (particularly the trans isomers). In the second part of this paper, we report the effects of the tested dietary fats on organ lipids after very short-term (3-7 days) or mean-term (16 weeks) experiments.", "PMID": 1029425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4931", "title": "[Effect of diet and of the microbial flora of the digestive tract on the intestinal pool and fecal excretion of bile acids in the rat: a comparative study in axenic, ghotoxenic and holoxenic rats].", "content": "When axenic rats are given a microflora which causes the caecum distension present to disappear but does not metabolize bile acids, the intestinal pools and fecal excretion of bile acids are intermediary between those of axenic and those of holoxenic rats. This flora acts non-specifically on bile acids metabolism by changing the physiological characters related to caecal distension in axenic rats. The intestinal pools and fecal excretion of bile acids are higher in rats given a commercial chow than in those receiving a semi-synthetic feed containing the same amount of cholesterol; the difference between axenic and holoxenic rat fecal excretions is greater than in rats given the semi-synthetic feed. This wider difference is especially due to greater fecal excretion of bile acids in holoxenic rats given the commercial diet; it is thus related to modification of the gut microbial flora due to diet.", "contents": "[Effect of diet and of the microbial flora of the digestive tract on the intestinal pool and fecal excretion of bile acids in the rat: a comparative study in axenic, ghotoxenic and holoxenic rats]. When axenic rats are given a microflora which causes the caecum distension present to disappear but does not metabolize bile acids, the intestinal pools and fecal excretion of bile acids are intermediary between those of axenic and those of holoxenic rats. This flora acts non-specifically on bile acids metabolism by changing the physiological characters related to caecal distension in axenic rats. The intestinal pools and fecal excretion of bile acids are higher in rats given a commercial chow than in those receiving a semi-synthetic feed containing the same amount of cholesterol; the difference between axenic and holoxenic rat fecal excretions is greater than in rats given the semi-synthetic feed. This wider difference is especially due to greater fecal excretion of bile acids in holoxenic rats given the commercial diet; it is thus related to modification of the gut microbial flora due to diet.", "PMID": 1029426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4932", "title": "[Metabolic adaptation to a fatty diet: growth and morphogenesis of Artemia salina (L)].", "content": "Dietary AMP deficiency induces the morphogenesis of supernumerary gonopodes on abdominal segements. The AMP concentration threshold inducing supernumerary gonopodes depends on the lecithin and albumin concentration of the diet. The AMP concentration threshold corresponding to maximal xanthine oxidase activity depends to the maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. The results suggest the existence of a relation between the developmental physiology of Artemia and AMP and lipid metabolisms, relation which would imply the activity of xanthine oxidase.", "contents": "[Metabolic adaptation to a fatty diet: growth and morphogenesis of Artemia salina (L)]. Dietary AMP deficiency induces the morphogenesis of supernumerary gonopodes on abdominal segements. The AMP concentration threshold inducing supernumerary gonopodes depends on the lecithin and albumin concentration of the diet. The AMP concentration threshold corresponding to maximal xanthine oxidase activity depends to the maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. The results suggest the existence of a relation between the developmental physiology of Artemia and AMP and lipid metabolisms, relation which would imply the activity of xanthine oxidase.", "PMID": 1029427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4933", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the adrenal glands in the progeny from females with experimental hypothyroidism].", "content": "Under study were the morphofunctional features of adrenal glands of 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40-day-old rats born by females with experimental hypothyrosis obtained by bilateral subtotal parathyroidectomy and blocade of the gland functioning by mercazolil (3 mkg/kg). The experimental treatment preceded pregnancy. The antithyroid drug was injected during pregnancy and lactation. The posterity of experimental animals was established to have a decreased need in oxygen as compared with controls. Their adrenal glands were of less weight (especially in off-springs of parathryodidectomized rats in the neonatal period). There are a number of morphometrical and histochemical signs suggesting the suppression of the functioning of the cortical and medullary substance, including the period of adaptation of the organism to the extrauterine life.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the adrenal glands in the progeny from females with experimental hypothyroidism]. Under study were the morphofunctional features of adrenal glands of 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40-day-old rats born by females with experimental hypothyrosis obtained by bilateral subtotal parathyroidectomy and blocade of the gland functioning by mercazolil (3 mkg/kg). The experimental treatment preceded pregnancy. The antithyroid drug was injected during pregnancy and lactation. The posterity of experimental animals was established to have a decreased need in oxygen as compared with controls. Their adrenal glands were of less weight (especially in off-springs of parathryodidectomized rats in the neonatal period). There are a number of morphometrical and histochemical signs suggesting the suppression of the functioning of the cortical and medullary substance, including the period of adaptation of the organism to the extrauterine life.", "PMID": 1029431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4934", "title": "[Position of the embryos of American mink in the fetal chamber at different stages of development].", "content": "The spacial position of American mink embryos is characterized by regular changes and is associated with the development and formation of provisory embryonic organs and the uterus. After the implantation the longitudinal axis of the embryo's body lies perpendicularly towards the long axis of the uterus horn. From the end of the 22nd day till birth the embryo moves along the antimesometral side of the fetal chamber by rotation counter clockwise relative to the point of attachment of the alantois stalk. On the 20th day prior to delivery the embryo's body bent as a coil takes a vertical position its fore-part is disposed in the yolk sac cavity, and the hinder part is in the exocoelom. During 17 days before birth the embryo \"rolls out\" from the yolk sac cavity and occupies the low position in the longitudinal posture of the body. During the following 6 days the prefetus moves towards the opposite side wall of the fetal chamber, takes the upper position and keeps a longitudinal position till the end of the embryonic life.", "contents": "[Position of the embryos of American mink in the fetal chamber at different stages of development]. The spacial position of American mink embryos is characterized by regular changes and is associated with the development and formation of provisory embryonic organs and the uterus. After the implantation the longitudinal axis of the embryo's body lies perpendicularly towards the long axis of the uterus horn. From the end of the 22nd day till birth the embryo moves along the antimesometral side of the fetal chamber by rotation counter clockwise relative to the point of attachment of the alantois stalk. On the 20th day prior to delivery the embryo's body bent as a coil takes a vertical position its fore-part is disposed in the yolk sac cavity, and the hinder part is in the exocoelom. During 17 days before birth the embryo \"rolls out\" from the yolk sac cavity and occupies the low position in the longitudinal posture of the body. During the following 6 days the prefetus moves towards the opposite side wall of the fetal chamber, takes the upper position and keeps a longitudinal position till the end of the embryonic life.", "PMID": 1029432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4935", "title": "[Cytological characteristics of the gonocytes in the course of their migration in early rat embryos].", "content": "The work was carried out in 23 rat embryos from 9,5 to the 11th day of development. In 9,5-day embryos the primary sex cells are localized in the mesenchyma of the allantois and in the intestinal entoderm. Later they migrate either with the blood flow or on the surface of cellular layers towards gonad germs which are reached by the 11th day of the intrauterine development. In the course of this process there occur structural and cytochemical changes in gonocyte nuclei. The nucleolus is replaced to the periphery of the nucleus, around it there appears a rim intensively stained with methylene green. Chromatin has a shape of thin threads. These changes of the nuclei seem to be associated with an increased synthesis of r-DNA and hence with the synthesis of substances having the role to prevent the somatic differentiation of primary sex cells in the course of migration.", "contents": "[Cytological characteristics of the gonocytes in the course of their migration in early rat embryos]. The work was carried out in 23 rat embryos from 9,5 to the 11th day of development. In 9,5-day embryos the primary sex cells are localized in the mesenchyma of the allantois and in the intestinal entoderm. Later they migrate either with the blood flow or on the surface of cellular layers towards gonad germs which are reached by the 11th day of the intrauterine development. In the course of this process there occur structural and cytochemical changes in gonocyte nuclei. The nucleolus is replaced to the periphery of the nucleus, around it there appears a rim intensively stained with methylene green. Chromatin has a shape of thin threads. These changes of the nuclei seem to be associated with an increased synthesis of r-DNA and hence with the synthesis of substances having the role to prevent the somatic differentiation of primary sex cells in the course of migration.", "PMID": 1029433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4936", "title": "[Contact microscopic and histochemical studies of the placenta in normal and pathological pregnancy].", "content": "The placenta was studied in 70 women: 19 of them had physiological pregnancy and 51 had pregnancy complicated with late toxicosis. Lesions in the placenta have been shown to increase with the growing severity of toxicosis, and compensatory potencies--to decrease. In late toxicosis the expansion of desorganization and reparation in the placenta occurs from the center towards periphery, the peripheral parts playing the role of reserved zones of the placenta, keeping high functional activity.", "contents": "[Contact microscopic and histochemical studies of the placenta in normal and pathological pregnancy]. The placenta was studied in 70 women: 19 of them had physiological pregnancy and 51 had pregnancy complicated with late toxicosis. Lesions in the placenta have been shown to increase with the growing severity of toxicosis, and compensatory potencies--to decrease. In late toxicosis the expansion of desorganization and reparation in the placenta occurs from the center towards periphery, the peripheral parts playing the role of reserved zones of the placenta, keeping high functional activity.", "PMID": 1029434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4937", "title": "[Changes in the human fetal membranes in late pregnancy toxicoses].", "content": "Changes of a destructive and adaptational character have been revealed in the extraplacental coats in late toxicoses of pregnant women by histological, histochemical and spectrophotometrical methods. The intesity of the apotomical way of the glucose oxidation decreased in the aminiotic epithelium. While the activity of enzymes converting the lipid decomposition products into glycolysis increased. The glucose utilization in the chorial epithelium occurs mainly due to anaerobic glycolysis. Histochemical methods have established a high content of acid glucoaminoglycanes in the smooth chorion under these pathological conditions and the appearance of fibrinoid deposits on the border with the decidual tissue. The number of polyploid cells containing a considerable amount of RNA has been found to increase in the amniotic and chorial epithelium by spectrophotometric methods. The possible role of the extraplacental coats of the fetus in pathogenesis of late toxicoses is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the human fetal membranes in late pregnancy toxicoses]. Changes of a destructive and adaptational character have been revealed in the extraplacental coats in late toxicoses of pregnant women by histological, histochemical and spectrophotometrical methods. The intesity of the apotomical way of the glucose oxidation decreased in the aminiotic epithelium. While the activity of enzymes converting the lipid decomposition products into glycolysis increased. The glucose utilization in the chorial epithelium occurs mainly due to anaerobic glycolysis. Histochemical methods have established a high content of acid glucoaminoglycanes in the smooth chorion under these pathological conditions and the appearance of fibrinoid deposits on the border with the decidual tissue. The number of polyploid cells containing a considerable amount of RNA has been found to increase in the amniotic and chorial epithelium by spectrophotometric methods. The possible role of the extraplacental coats of the fetus in pathogenesis of late toxicoses is discussed.", "PMID": 1029435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4938", "title": "[Localization and volume of the derivatives of the prechordal plate of the cephalic gut in vertebrates].", "content": "In order to determine the localization and volume of the prechordal lamina derivatives the initial stages of histogenesis of the cephalic gut epithelium lining were studied in embryos of chickens and mammals (rabbits, rats, mice) in early terms of the formation of the fore-part of their digestive tube. It has been established that the derivatives characteristics of the prechordal lamina such as the cephalic end of the chordal, larval mesodermal somites, are formed by the real enterocelic means only from the entodermal epithelium of the Seessel's pouch walls which is the most cranial end of the cephalic gut. In other parts of the dorsal wall of the pharynx, the more of the oesophagus, the prechordal lamina derivatives fail to be determined. This fact shows that the localization of the prechordal lamina coincides with the disposition of the Seessel's pouch lining, the histological nature of its material being identical to the entoderm.", "contents": "[Localization and volume of the derivatives of the prechordal plate of the cephalic gut in vertebrates]. In order to determine the localization and volume of the prechordal lamina derivatives the initial stages of histogenesis of the cephalic gut epithelium lining were studied in embryos of chickens and mammals (rabbits, rats, mice) in early terms of the formation of the fore-part of their digestive tube. It has been established that the derivatives characteristics of the prechordal lamina such as the cephalic end of the chordal, larval mesodermal somites, are formed by the real enterocelic means only from the entodermal epithelium of the Seessel's pouch walls which is the most cranial end of the cephalic gut. In other parts of the dorsal wall of the pharynx, the more of the oesophagus, the prechordal lamina derivatives fail to be determined. This fact shows that the localization of the prechordal lamina coincides with the disposition of the Seessel's pouch lining, the histological nature of its material being identical to the entoderm.", "PMID": 1029436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4939", "title": "[Effect of genetic factors on the rate of embryonic growth in mink].", "content": "A comparative analysis of the growth rate of embryos of two groups of minks differing in the coat colour was carried out. For comparison, 10 development stages with progressively more complicated morphology were taken. It has been demonstrated that the difference in the emmbryo growth rate between the standard and \"sapphire\" colour forms appear at the \"pre-fetal\" and, especially, \"fetal\" period of development.", "contents": "[Effect of genetic factors on the rate of embryonic growth in mink]. A comparative analysis of the growth rate of embryos of two groups of minks differing in the coat colour was carried out. For comparison, 10 development stages with progressively more complicated morphology were taken. It has been demonstrated that the difference in the emmbryo growth rate between the standard and \"sapphire\" colour forms appear at the \"pre-fetal\" and, especially, \"fetal\" period of development.", "PMID": 1029437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4940", "title": "Optimal function and health.", "content": "Regular physical activity is essential for the optimal function of many vital organs and tissues, and for general function. I am less sure about its direct and significant effects in the area of preventive medicine, but I can mention much indirect evidence to justify a whole-hearted promotion of physical exercise. Information about diet and exercise should be tied together. My present prescription for exercise is as follows: Daily -- at least 60 minutes of physical activity, not necessarily vigorous, nor all at the same time. During your daily routine, moving, walking, climbing stairs, etc., whether for one minute 60 times per day, 12 minutes 5 times a day, or any combination totalling 60 minutes, will burn up approximately 300 kcal (1.2MJ). Weekly -- at least two or three periods of 30 minutes of intermittent or sustained activity at submaximal rate of work (brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, cross-country skiing, gymnastics etc.) are necessary for maintaining good cardiovascular fitness, and will consume an additional 750 kcal per week (3MJ).", "contents": "Optimal function and health. Regular physical activity is essential for the optimal function of many vital organs and tissues, and for general function. I am less sure about its direct and significant effects in the area of preventive medicine, but I can mention much indirect evidence to justify a whole-hearted promotion of physical exercise. Information about diet and exercise should be tied together. My present prescription for exercise is as follows: Daily -- at least 60 minutes of physical activity, not necessarily vigorous, nor all at the same time. During your daily routine, moving, walking, climbing stairs, etc., whether for one minute 60 times per day, 12 minutes 5 times a day, or any combination totalling 60 minutes, will burn up approximately 300 kcal (1.2MJ). Weekly -- at least two or three periods of 30 minutes of intermittent or sustained activity at submaximal rate of work (brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, cross-country skiing, gymnastics etc.) are necessary for maintaining good cardiovascular fitness, and will consume an additional 750 kcal per week (3MJ).", "PMID": 1029440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4941", "title": "[Epidemic due to group B Coxsackie viruses in a newborn infants' department (author's transl)].", "content": "Virological and clinical researches have been done on hospitalized newborn infants' with various infectious diseases (respiratory infections, aseptic meningitis, serious generalized disease). Initially from some newborn children Coxsackie B5 virus has been isolated and later from other patients Coxsackie B3 virus. The pathological findings, in those newborn who died as a result of serious generalized disease were dominated by hemorragic lesions in different organs.", "contents": "[Epidemic due to group B Coxsackie viruses in a newborn infants' department (author's transl)]. Virological and clinical researches have been done on hospitalized newborn infants' with various infectious diseases (respiratory infections, aseptic meningitis, serious generalized disease). Initially from some newborn children Coxsackie B5 virus has been isolated and later from other patients Coxsackie B3 virus. The pathological findings, in those newborn who died as a result of serious generalized disease were dominated by hemorragic lesions in different organs.", "PMID": 1029428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4942", "title": "[The behaviour of the seric immunoglobulins in brucellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors studied the behaviour of the seroproteic picture and of the seric immunoglobulins in 34 patients affected with brucellosis, almost all of which came from a single epidemic center, some in the initial phase and others in an advanced stage. As regards the seroproteins they found a constant increase in the globulin, which was more apparent in the beta and gamma fractions. As far as the immunoglobulins are concerned they demonstrated an increase in all three classes examined, but a clearer one in the IgM at the beginning of the illness. However the Authors were not able to find evidence of the usual diphasism probably depending on the fact that the primary phase can develope in a pre-clinical stage.", "contents": "[The behaviour of the seric immunoglobulins in brucellosis (author's transl)]. The Authors studied the behaviour of the seroproteic picture and of the seric immunoglobulins in 34 patients affected with brucellosis, almost all of which came from a single epidemic center, some in the initial phase and others in an advanced stage. As regards the seroproteins they found a constant increase in the globulin, which was more apparent in the beta and gamma fractions. As far as the immunoglobulins are concerned they demonstrated an increase in all three classes examined, but a clearer one in the IgM at the beginning of the illness. However the Authors were not able to find evidence of the usual diphasism probably depending on the fact that the primary phase can develope in a pre-clinical stage.", "PMID": 1029429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4943", "title": "Panel V: Acceleration of collaterals due to physical activity--dogma or fast. A misguided goal or unrealized objective?--introduction.", "content": "The hypothesis drawn from Eckstein's study of dogs [5] suggests that collateral circulation (measured retrograde coronary collateral flow) could be enhanced in man provided that the coronary arteries were partially obstructed before training. The currently available data on the effects of exercise training on arteriosclerotic heart disease subjects with significant, but not complete, obstruction, and without collateral vessels before training, indicate that visible coronary collateral vessels do not develop unless further coronary obstruction progresses to complete or near complete occlusion. Although the above hypothesis is not supported by the angiographic studies to date, final judgment should be held in abeyance until data are presented on the collateral flow and regional myocardial perfusion in exercise-trained human subjects with arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "contents": "Panel V: Acceleration of collaterals due to physical activity--dogma or fast. A misguided goal or unrealized objective?--introduction. The hypothesis drawn from Eckstein's study of dogs [5] suggests that collateral circulation (measured retrograde coronary collateral flow) could be enhanced in man provided that the coronary arteries were partially obstructed before training. The currently available data on the effects of exercise training on arteriosclerotic heart disease subjects with significant, but not complete, obstruction, and without collateral vessels before training, indicate that visible coronary collateral vessels do not develop unless further coronary obstruction progresses to complete or near complete occlusion. Although the above hypothesis is not supported by the angiographic studies to date, final judgment should be held in abeyance until data are presented on the collateral flow and regional myocardial perfusion in exercise-trained human subjects with arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "PMID": 1029444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4944", "title": "Exercise training as a therapeutic modality.", "content": "At present we have no data to assure us that physical activity changes or prevents the development of coronary atherosclerosis or that it changes the progression of the disease which is already present. The data are excellent that in about 85% of patients with coronary disease, exercise training has beneficial personal and societal effects. However, even this opinion must be subjected to critical scrutiny. Several (controlled and randomized) studies of the effects of exercise training on arteriosclerotic heart disease subjects are in progress, in the United States, in Canada, and in Europe. The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project in the U.S.A has already accessed 600 arteriosclerotic heart disease subjects and expects to attain the target study population of 800 subjects by 1 June 1976. We msut be prepared and willing to accept the results of such rigorously controlled studies. In another four to five years of follow-up, the basis for our present views will be either confirmed or rejected -- although most of us anticipate a validation of our present opinion, viz., exercise training enhances the quality of life, and coping capacity, even though the direct effects on the course of coronary atherosclerosis have not been demonstrated.", "contents": "Exercise training as a therapeutic modality. At present we have no data to assure us that physical activity changes or prevents the development of coronary atherosclerosis or that it changes the progression of the disease which is already present. The data are excellent that in about 85% of patients with coronary disease, exercise training has beneficial personal and societal effects. However, even this opinion must be subjected to critical scrutiny. Several (controlled and randomized) studies of the effects of exercise training on arteriosclerotic heart disease subjects are in progress, in the United States, in Canada, and in Europe. The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project in the U.S.A has already accessed 600 arteriosclerotic heart disease subjects and expects to attain the target study population of 800 subjects by 1 June 1976. We msut be prepared and willing to accept the results of such rigorously controlled studies. In another four to five years of follow-up, the basis for our present views will be either confirmed or rejected -- although most of us anticipate a validation of our present opinion, viz., exercise training enhances the quality of life, and coping capacity, even though the direct effects on the course of coronary atherosclerosis have not been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1029457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4945", "title": "Are we mobilizing early enough?", "content": "1 A review of experiences with a shorter post-myocardial infarct hospital stay has been presented. 2 A seven-day hospital stay in selected patients appears reasonable and safe. 3 Further multi-center controlled studies to enlarge on this experience is proposed. 4 The socioeconomic impact of a shorter hospital stay and earlier return to work, in higher percentages, would be striking.", "contents": "Are we mobilizing early enough? 1 A review of experiences with a shorter post-myocardial infarct hospital stay has been presented. 2 A seven-day hospital stay in selected patients appears reasonable and safe. 3 Further multi-center controlled studies to enlarge on this experience is proposed. 4 The socioeconomic impact of a shorter hospital stay and earlier return to work, in higher percentages, would be striking.", "PMID": 1029462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4946", "title": "[Change in the nociceptive reactions caused by dental pulp stimulation during excitation of the midbrain].", "content": "It was demonstrated in chronic experiments on cats that stimulation of certain midbrain regions decreased or fully depressed the pain reaction evoked by dental pulp stimulation. The antinociceptive effect depending on the parameters of the brain stimulation was shown in differential change of the separate motor and vegetative and emotional - behaviour components, forming a general pain reaction. A poststimulation analgesia was revealed and the dynamic of restoration of different pain manifestations after the cessation of brain stimulation was traced. Possible mechanism of the realization of the antinociceptive effect are discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the nociceptive reactions caused by dental pulp stimulation during excitation of the midbrain]. It was demonstrated in chronic experiments on cats that stimulation of certain midbrain regions decreased or fully depressed the pain reaction evoked by dental pulp stimulation. The antinociceptive effect depending on the parameters of the brain stimulation was shown in differential change of the separate motor and vegetative and emotional - behaviour components, forming a general pain reaction. A poststimulation analgesia was revealed and the dynamic of restoration of different pain manifestations after the cessation of brain stimulation was traced. Possible mechanism of the realization of the antinociceptive effect are discussed.", "PMID": 1029488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4947", "title": "[Dependence of the evoked potentials of the auditory cortex on the parameters of acoustic stimulus].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 40 rabbits; a study was made of the dependence of the amplitude and the latent period of the auditory evoked potentials on the intensity, duration, accretion front, frequency and the rhythm of the acoustic stimuli (the intervals between them). The intensity of the stimuli, the accretion front and the interstimulus intervals proved to influence the induced potential parameters.", "contents": "[Dependence of the evoked potentials of the auditory cortex on the parameters of acoustic stimulus]. Experiments were conducted on 40 rabbits; a study was made of the dependence of the amplitude and the latent period of the auditory evoked potentials on the intensity, duration, accretion front, frequency and the rhythm of the acoustic stimuli (the intervals between them). The intensity of the stimuli, the accretion front and the interstimulus intervals proved to influence the induced potential parameters.", "PMID": 1029489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4948", "title": "[Changes in the selfexcitation reaction in rats under the effect of modulated electromagnetic field].", "content": "The effect of electromagnetic field with various modulation frequencies (2, 7, and 50 hertz) on the reaction of selfstimulation was studied in rats. The frequency of 2 hertz proved to cause a primary increase in the incidence of the selstimulation reaction, followed by its depression; the frequency 7 hertz at first failed to alter the selfstimulation intensity and then led to the gradual reduction of the incidence of the selfstimulation reaction; the frequency of 50 hertz depressed the selfstimulation reaction practically from the very beginning. The changes in the selfstimulation reaction were independent of the localization of the stimulating electrodes, but were determined by the frequency of the EMF modulation.", "contents": "[Changes in the selfexcitation reaction in rats under the effect of modulated electromagnetic field]. The effect of electromagnetic field with various modulation frequencies (2, 7, and 50 hertz) on the reaction of selfstimulation was studied in rats. The frequency of 2 hertz proved to cause a primary increase in the incidence of the selstimulation reaction, followed by its depression; the frequency 7 hertz at first failed to alter the selfstimulation intensity and then led to the gradual reduction of the incidence of the selfstimulation reaction; the frequency of 50 hertz depressed the selfstimulation reaction practically from the very beginning. The changes in the selfstimulation reaction were independent of the localization of the stimulating electrodes, but were determined by the frequency of the EMF modulation.", "PMID": 1029490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4949", "title": "[Effect of sulfhydryl compounds on the automatism of the pacemakers].", "content": "Experiments were performed on the isolated rabbit hearts and also on the hearts with complete atrioventricular block; a study was made of the effect of an excess or deficiency of the sulfhydryl groups on the automatism of the cardiac pace makers. Unithiol and cysteine in concentrations of 1-10(-6)-1-10(-4) g/ml were used as donors of sulfhydryl groups; deficiency of these groups was induced by the alloxan administration in concentrations of 1-10(-5)-5-10(-5) g/ml. Changes in the sulfhydryl group content produced no marked effect on the automatism of the synoatrial node. An excess of sulfhydryl groups promoted poststimulation depression of the automatism of the potential pace makers of the cardiac ventricles and could lead to the origination of Luciani's periods. On the contrary, in case of a deficiency of the sulfhydryl groups there was a sharp elevation of the automatism of the ventricular pace makers, the atrioventricular conduction became disturbed, and the poststimulation depression of the automatism became considerably diminished. Disturbances of the cardiac activity caused by the sulfhydryl group deficiency were completely eliminated by unithiol or cysteine.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfhydryl compounds on the automatism of the pacemakers]. Experiments were performed on the isolated rabbit hearts and also on the hearts with complete atrioventricular block; a study was made of the effect of an excess or deficiency of the sulfhydryl groups on the automatism of the cardiac pace makers. Unithiol and cysteine in concentrations of 1-10(-6)-1-10(-4) g/ml were used as donors of sulfhydryl groups; deficiency of these groups was induced by the alloxan administration in concentrations of 1-10(-5)-5-10(-5) g/ml. Changes in the sulfhydryl group content produced no marked effect on the automatism of the synoatrial node. An excess of sulfhydryl groups promoted poststimulation depression of the automatism of the potential pace makers of the cardiac ventricles and could lead to the origination of Luciani's periods. On the contrary, in case of a deficiency of the sulfhydryl groups there was a sharp elevation of the automatism of the ventricular pace makers, the atrioventricular conduction became disturbed, and the poststimulation depression of the automatism became considerably diminished. Disturbances of the cardiac activity caused by the sulfhydryl group deficiency were completely eliminated by unithiol or cysteine.", "PMID": 1029491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4950", "title": "[Relationship between the frequency and amplitude of myocardial contractions in rats adapted to heat].", "content": "Papillary muscles from the left ventricle of rats contracted under the effect of electrostimulation with the frequency of 0.2 c. p. s. in Krebs' solution at 28 degrees C. A study was made of the contraction amplitude with the increased stimulation frequency. Following preliminary heat adaptation (3 hours a day at 35 degrees C for one month) the contraction amplitude of the myocardium of the adapted animals with a high frequency was greater than the control level. This difference persisted at 36 degrees C and disappeared at 25 degrees C. Apparently adaptation leaves a definite structural trace in the cells of the cardiac muscle.", "contents": "[Relationship between the frequency and amplitude of myocardial contractions in rats adapted to heat]. Papillary muscles from the left ventricle of rats contracted under the effect of electrostimulation with the frequency of 0.2 c. p. s. in Krebs' solution at 28 degrees C. A study was made of the contraction amplitude with the increased stimulation frequency. Following preliminary heat adaptation (3 hours a day at 35 degrees C for one month) the contraction amplitude of the myocardium of the adapted animals with a high frequency was greater than the control level. This difference persisted at 36 degrees C and disappeared at 25 degrees C. Apparently adaptation leaves a definite structural trace in the cells of the cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 1029492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4951", "title": "[Effect of distribution of the stimulation frequency in the volley on post-contraction hyperemia of the gastrocnemius muscle of cats].", "content": "The influence of  stimulation frequency distribution in a volley on postexercise (postcontraction) hyperemia was studied in acute experiments on cat gastrocnemius muscle. The initial high frequency of the rhythmic volley augmented the postcontraction hyperemia indices (the peak blood flow and an additional blood volume).", "contents": "[Effect of distribution of the stimulation frequency in the volley on post-contraction hyperemia of the gastrocnemius muscle of cats]. The influence of  stimulation frequency distribution in a volley on postexercise (postcontraction) hyperemia was studied in acute experiments on cat gastrocnemius muscle. The initial high frequency of the rhythmic volley augmented the postcontraction hyperemia indices (the peak blood flow and an additional blood volume).", "PMID": 1029493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4952", "title": "[Role of intermediate products of prothrombin proteolysis by thrombin in the stimulation of the anticoagulation system of blood].", "content": "Two components - the intermediate product  1 (P-1) converting under certain conditions into thrombin, and product 2 (P-2) which possesses no such properties were isolated from the products of prothrombin proteolysis by thrombin. The intravenous injection of the P-1 to rats lengthened the blood coagulation time and plasma recalcification. The sum total fibrinolytic activity proved to increase and the fibrinogen concentration - to decrease. A sharp 5-fold rise of the nonfermentative fibrinolysis was observed. It seems that this effect of the anticoagulating and fibrinolytic potential mobilization was stimulated by the response of the second anticoagulating blood system.", "contents": "[Role of intermediate products of prothrombin proteolysis by thrombin in the stimulation of the anticoagulation system of blood]. Two components - the intermediate product  1 (P-1) converting under certain conditions into thrombin, and product 2 (P-2) which possesses no such properties were isolated from the products of prothrombin proteolysis by thrombin. The intravenous injection of the P-1 to rats lengthened the blood coagulation time and plasma recalcification. The sum total fibrinolytic activity proved to increase and the fibrinogen concentration - to decrease. A sharp 5-fold rise of the nonfermentative fibrinolysis was observed. It seems that this effect of the anticoagulating and fibrinolytic potential mobilization was stimulated by the response of the second anticoagulating blood system.", "PMID": 1029494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4953", "title": "[Seasonal changeability in the leukocytic composition of blood in dogs].", "content": "The leukocyte blood composition was studied for seven years in dogs kept outdoors. The lymphocyte count proved to be higher from May to September than from November to March. Variations in the neutrophil and monocyte count were subject to reverse regularity. Changes in the total leukocyte count failed to coincide with the seasonal periodicity.", "contents": "[Seasonal changeability in the leukocytic composition of blood in dogs]. The leukocyte blood composition was studied for seven years in dogs kept outdoors. The lymphocyte count proved to be higher from May to September than from November to March. Variations in the neutrophil and monocyte count were subject to reverse regularity. Changes in the total leukocyte count failed to coincide with the seasonal periodicity.", "PMID": 1029495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4954", "title": "[Role of reactions of large-capacity blood vessels in the pathogenesis of experimental cardiogenic shock].", "content": "Reaction of the capacitance vessels of the abdominal cavity and the pelvis was studied in dogs with the cardiotoxic myocardial necrosis complicated by the cardiogenic shock. The deposit of a significant volume of the circulating blood in the venous part of the vascular reservoir of the abdominal cavity and the pelvis was observed in the course of the first minutes of acute myocardial necrosis. A substantial role of reduction of the venous return to the heart in the pathogenesis of the hemodynamic disturbances accompanying the development of the cardiogenic shock is emphasized.", "contents": "[Role of reactions of large-capacity blood vessels in the pathogenesis of experimental cardiogenic shock]. Reaction of the capacitance vessels of the abdominal cavity and the pelvis was studied in dogs with the cardiotoxic myocardial necrosis complicated by the cardiogenic shock. The deposit of a significant volume of the circulating blood in the venous part of the vascular reservoir of the abdominal cavity and the pelvis was observed in the course of the first minutes of acute myocardial necrosis. A substantial role of reduction of the venous return to the heart in the pathogenesis of the hemodynamic disturbances accompanying the development of the cardiogenic shock is emphasized.", "PMID": 1029496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4955", "title": "[Role of the biological activity of serotonin in the production of the \"shock lung\" syndrome].", "content": "The influence of the serotin biological activity on forming the \"shock\" lung syndrome was revealed in experiments on rats. Tachyhyperpnea with predominance of functional emphysema and a small number of atelectic tissue areas were observed in the animals with traumatic \"shock\" during the serotonin hypersecretion. Tachyhypopnea with a significant predominance of atelectiv areas was seen during the serotonin hypoproduction.", "contents": "[Role of the biological activity of serotonin in the production of the \"shock lung\" syndrome]. The influence of the serotin biological activity on forming the \"shock\" lung syndrome was revealed in experiments on rats. Tachyhyperpnea with predominance of functional emphysema and a small number of atelectic tissue areas were observed in the animals with traumatic \"shock\" during the serotonin hypersecretion. Tachyhypopnea with a significant predominance of atelectiv areas was seen during the serotonin hypoproduction.", "PMID": 1029497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4956", "title": "[Effect of hyperoxia on the rate of restoration of blood composition after blood loss].", "content": "Regeneration of the peripheral red blood was considerably retarded in the anemic rabbits (blood letting of 2% of body weight) after a 5-hour exposure to the hyperoxiconditions (98% of oxygen in the inhaled air, 2 ata).", "contents": "[Effect of hyperoxia on the rate of restoration of blood composition after blood loss]. Regeneration of the peripheral red blood was considerably retarded in the anemic rabbits (blood letting of 2% of body weight) after a 5-hour exposure to the hyperoxiconditions (98% of oxygen in the inhaled air, 2 ata).", "PMID": 1029498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4957", "title": "[Effect of thyrotoxicosis on the activity of proprioceptors of the skeletal muscles].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of prolonged administration of the thyroid hormones on the pulse activity of the cat soleus muscle spindles. In the animals with thyrotoxicosis the response of the primary endings of the spindles on the continuously acting and sudden rapid extension proved to be considerably enhanced both during the dynamic and the static phase. The frequency of discharges of the secondary endings showed no significant changes. It is supported that the changes in the activity of the primary endings observed were connected with the disturbances in the metabolism of the muscle and also with its atrophy.", "contents": "[Effect of thyrotoxicosis on the activity of proprioceptors of the skeletal muscles]. A study was made of the influence of prolonged administration of the thyroid hormones on the pulse activity of the cat soleus muscle spindles. In the animals with thyrotoxicosis the response of the primary endings of the spindles on the continuously acting and sudden rapid extension proved to be considerably enhanced both during the dynamic and the static phase. The frequency of discharges of the secondary endings showed no significant changes. It is supported that the changes in the activity of the primary endings observed were connected with the disturbances in the metabolism of the muscle and also with its atrophy.", "PMID": 1029499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4958", "title": "[Age characteristics of acid-base equilibrium and the blood coagulation system in starvation].", "content": "The state of the acid-base balance and of the blood coagulation system was studied in starvation of young (5-6-month-old) and old (24-26-month-old) male rats during starvation. The periods of the maximal changes coincided in both systems; in the young animals the onset of the acidotic crisis and hypercoagulation development occurred earliear and were more pronounced. Old animals proved to be more resistant to the conditions of starvation and died later than the young ones.", "contents": "[Age characteristics of acid-base equilibrium and the blood coagulation system in starvation]. The state of the acid-base balance and of the blood coagulation system was studied in starvation of young (5-6-month-old) and old (24-26-month-old) male rats during starvation. The periods of the maximal changes coincided in both systems; in the young animals the onset of the acidotic crisis and hypercoagulation development occurred earliear and were more pronounced. Old animals proved to be more resistant to the conditions of starvation and died later than the young ones.", "PMID": 1029500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4959", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase in aging of human erythrocytes].", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase possessed a different activity in the membranes of young, mature and old human erythrocytes - it was greatest in the mature and least in the old cells. In the young and mature erythrocytes the enzyme existed in the form of 3- and in the old ones in the form of 2-molecular components. The data obtained suggested that the changes in the structural organization of acetylcholinesterase in the red cell membrane had a direct relationship to the aging of these cells.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase in aging of human erythrocytes]. Acetylcholinesterase possessed a different activity in the membranes of young, mature and old human erythrocytes - it was greatest in the mature and least in the old cells. In the young and mature erythrocytes the enzyme existed in the form of 3- and in the old ones in the form of 2-molecular components. The data obtained suggested that the changes in the structural organization of acetylcholinesterase in the red cell membrane had a direct relationship to the aging of these cells.", "PMID": 1029501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4960", "title": "[Relationship between the systems of activation of fatty acids and ademine nucleotide translocase in the mitochondria].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria and mitochondria subjected to ageing by two different methods. It was shown that the work of the mitochondrial system of fatty acid activation could lead to inhibition of the adenine nucleotide transport through the internal mitochondrial membrane. Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase was eliminated by preincubation of mitochondria with carnitine. The presence in the mitochondrial preparations of fatty acids in the concentration adequate for induction of inhibition of addition of CoA and ATP served as a preculiarity of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition of the ageing mitochondria. The data obtained permitted to make a supposition on the participation of acyl-CoA formed by the mitochondrial acyl-CoA-synthetase in the regulation of adenine nucleotide transport into the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Relationship between the systems of activation of fatty acids and ademine nucleotide translocase in the mitochondria]. Experiments were conducted on freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria and mitochondria subjected to ageing by two different methods. It was shown that the work of the mitochondrial system of fatty acid activation could lead to inhibition of the adenine nucleotide transport through the internal mitochondrial membrane. Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase was eliminated by preincubation of mitochondria with carnitine. The presence in the mitochondrial preparations of fatty acids in the concentration adequate for induction of inhibition of addition of CoA and ATP served as a preculiarity of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition of the ageing mitochondria. The data obtained permitted to make a supposition on the participation of acyl-CoA formed by the mitochondrial acyl-CoA-synthetase in the regulation of adenine nucleotide transport into the mitochondria.", "PMID": 1029502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4961", "title": "[Activity of various enzymes of energy metabolism of the myocardium after neurogenic injury].", "content": "A 3-hour electrostimulation of the aortic arch in rabbits was followed by the exhastion of the tissue noradrenaline stores in the myocardium accompanied by increase in the activity of the glycolysis enzymes and of the enzyme limiting the process of the pentosophosphate route-G-6-PDH. The use of noradrenaline precursor - 1-DOPA restored the noradrenaline level in the myocardium completely after a 48-hour stimulation. Simultaneously there were noted no changes in the activity of the enzymes under study caused by the stimulation of the aortic arch. The data obtained confirmed the important role of the sympathetic nervous system and of its mediator - noradrenaline in the mechanism of the tissue metabolism regulation, whose derangement played a significant role in the development of dystrophic lesions of the heart tissue.", "contents": "[Activity of various enzymes of energy metabolism of the myocardium after neurogenic injury]. A 3-hour electrostimulation of the aortic arch in rabbits was followed by the exhastion of the tissue noradrenaline stores in the myocardium accompanied by increase in the activity of the glycolysis enzymes and of the enzyme limiting the process of the pentosophosphate route-G-6-PDH. The use of noradrenaline precursor - 1-DOPA restored the noradrenaline level in the myocardium completely after a 48-hour stimulation. Simultaneously there were noted no changes in the activity of the enzymes under study caused by the stimulation of the aortic arch. The data obtained confirmed the important role of the sympathetic nervous system and of its mediator - noradrenaline in the mechanism of the tissue metabolism regulation, whose derangement played a significant role in the development of dystrophic lesions of the heart tissue.", "PMID": 1029503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4962", "title": "[Effect of visual deprivation on the composition of structural proteins of the visual system of rabbit brain].", "content": "Composition of membrane proteins of the visual system structures of normal and dark-reared rabbits (for 2 1/2 months from birth) was studied by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Solubilization of membrane proteins was carried out using a 1% solution of Triton X-100 and a 0.1% solution of sodium dodecylsulfate, in succession. One fraction representing the fraction of high-molecular proteins was absent in membrane proteins of the visual analyser in the dark-reared animals; there was also a change in the percentage content of proteins in different fractions in comparison with the normal. The data obtained led to the conclusion that visual deprivation caused marked quantitative and qualitative reconstruction in the composition of membrane proteins of the brain with some specific characteristics for the formation of the visual analyser.", "contents": "[Effect of visual deprivation on the composition of structural proteins of the visual system of rabbit brain]. Composition of membrane proteins of the visual system structures of normal and dark-reared rabbits (for 2 1/2 months from birth) was studied by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Solubilization of membrane proteins was carried out using a 1% solution of Triton X-100 and a 0.1% solution of sodium dodecylsulfate, in succession. One fraction representing the fraction of high-molecular proteins was absent in membrane proteins of the visual analyser in the dark-reared animals; there was also a change in the percentage content of proteins in different fractions in comparison with the normal. The data obtained led to the conclusion that visual deprivation caused marked quantitative and qualitative reconstruction in the composition of membrane proteins of the brain with some specific characteristics for the formation of the visual analyser.", "PMID": 1029504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4963", "title": "[Structural-mechanical properties and swelling of the protein complexes of hyaluronate and protein-chondroitin-4-sulfate].", "content": "It was shown that the mechano-structural strength and swelling of gels consisting of gelatine and potassium hyaluronate (PH) or potassium protein-chondroitin-4-sulphate (PPCS) depended on the correlation of the components. Low PH and PPCS concentrations showed a minimal mechano-structural strength and a maximal swelling of gels. In the zones of neutralization of the positive electrical charges of gelatine by macropolyanions a high mechano-structural strength coincided with a minimal swelling. With high PH concentrations the mechano-structural strength and swelling of gels became equal to those of pure gelatine; and with high PPCS concentrations there was noted an additional parallel increase in the strength and swelling of gels.", "contents": "[Structural-mechanical properties and swelling of the protein complexes of hyaluronate and protein-chondroitin-4-sulfate]. It was shown that the mechano-structural strength and swelling of gels consisting of gelatine and potassium hyaluronate (PH) or potassium protein-chondroitin-4-sulphate (PPCS) depended on the correlation of the components. Low PH and PPCS concentrations showed a minimal mechano-structural strength and a maximal swelling of gels. In the zones of neutralization of the positive electrical charges of gelatine by macropolyanions a high mechano-structural strength coincided with a minimal swelling. With high PH concentrations the mechano-structural strength and swelling of gels became equal to those of pure gelatine; and with high PPCS concentrations there was noted an additional parallel increase in the strength and swelling of gels.", "PMID": 1029505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4964", "title": "[Collagen-polysaccharide gel as a model of intercellular substance of the connective tissue].", "content": "Gel samples forming at 37 degrees C in the solutions containing tropocollagen and various polysaccharides were examined by electron microscopy. Contracting gel clots formed in the solutions containing chondroitin sulfate, proteoglycine from the tracheal cartilage, gum arabic. Electron microscopy showed such clots to be permeated with collagen fibrillae with transverse striations and a period of 640 A. An association between the density of the forming gel and the nature of the polysaccharide component is discussed. Gel forming in the solutions containing tropocollagen and various polysaccharides is regarded as a model of the connective tissue intercellular substance.", "contents": "[Collagen-polysaccharide gel as a model of intercellular substance of the connective tissue]. Gel samples forming at 37 degrees C in the solutions containing tropocollagen and various polysaccharides were examined by electron microscopy. Contracting gel clots formed in the solutions containing chondroitin sulfate, proteoglycine from the tracheal cartilage, gum arabic. Electron microscopy showed such clots to be permeated with collagen fibrillae with transverse striations and a period of 640 A. An association between the density of the forming gel and the nature of the polysaccharide component is discussed. Gel forming in the solutions containing tropocollagen and various polysaccharides is regarded as a model of the connective tissue intercellular substance.", "PMID": 1029506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4965", "title": "[Study of metabolic mechanisms of the isolated and combined effect of a chemical allergen].", "content": "Biochemical study of the activity of the enzyme systems of different localization in the cell connected with the subcellular structures - lysosomes (hyaluronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta-glucosidase) and hyaloplasm-soluble (aldolase of neuraminic acid), and also a study of the state of the enzyme-substrate groups, belonging to the immunoreactive biopolymeres containing a carbohydrate (glucoproteins, glycosaminoglycanes) was carried out in the tissues of different organs (the liver, kidneys, small intestine, skin) and in the blood serum of albino rats exposed to the isolated and joint (in combination with various doses of ultraviolet irradiation) action of the chemical allergen (dinitrochlorbenzene). General and specific regularities of metabolic reactions, the appearance of which could presumably be connected with the development of delayed allergy were revealed.", "contents": "[Study of metabolic mechanisms of the isolated and combined effect of a chemical allergen]. Biochemical study of the activity of the enzyme systems of different localization in the cell connected with the subcellular structures - lysosomes (hyaluronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta-glucosidase) and hyaloplasm-soluble (aldolase of neuraminic acid), and also a study of the state of the enzyme-substrate groups, belonging to the immunoreactive biopolymeres containing a carbohydrate (glucoproteins, glycosaminoglycanes) was carried out in the tissues of different organs (the liver, kidneys, small intestine, skin) and in the blood serum of albino rats exposed to the isolated and joint (in combination with various doses of ultraviolet irradiation) action of the chemical allergen (dinitrochlorbenzene). General and specific regularities of metabolic reactions, the appearance of which could presumably be connected with the development of delayed allergy were revealed.", "PMID": 1029507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4966", "title": "[Effect of the spleen extracts on primary immune response in mice].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mice. Direct Jerne's test demonstrated a possibility of intensification of the primary immune response in the sexually mature mice under the effect of the splenic extracts. The significance of the extract dose and of the time of administration for the manifestation of the stimulating action was studied.", "contents": "[Effect of the spleen extracts on primary immune response in mice]. Experiments were conducted on mice. Direct Jerne's test demonstrated a possibility of intensification of the primary immune response in the sexually mature mice under the effect of the splenic extracts. The significance of the extract dose and of the time of administration for the manifestation of the stimulating action was studied.", "PMID": 1029508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4967", "title": "[Intensification of cellular immune response by immunization of mice with the cells preincubated in interferon].", "content": "Mice F1(CBA X C57BL/6) were immunized intraperitoneally with a single injection of L-1210 cells preincubated in interferon or control \"false\" preparation. CBA mice were injected with MX-11 cells: similarly treated according to the same scheme. Injection of interferon-treated cells was accompanied by the enhancement of the cellular immune response. The greatest cytotoxic activity was possessed by the lymphocytes of mice to which M-11 cells were administered together with interferon in which the cells were formerly incubated.", "contents": "[Intensification of cellular immune response by immunization of mice with the cells preincubated in interferon]. Mice F1(CBA X C57BL/6) were immunized intraperitoneally with a single injection of L-1210 cells preincubated in interferon or control \"false\" preparation. CBA mice were injected with MX-11 cells: similarly treated according to the same scheme. Injection of interferon-treated cells was accompanied by the enhancement of the cellular immune response. The greatest cytotoxic activity was possessed by the lymphocytes of mice to which M-11 cells were administered together with interferon in which the cells were formerly incubated.", "PMID": 1029509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4968", "title": "[Appearance of entodermal antigen in the mouth mucosa of dogs in recurrent spontaneous stomatitis].", "content": "An additional component absent in the same areas of the mouth under normal conditions appeared in dogs with spontaneous stomatitis in the ectodermal derivatives (mucosa of the cheeks, tongue and the hard palate). This component proved to be fully identical to the antigens of the mucosa of the soft palate, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, which were entodermal derivatives. No entodermal antigen was revealed in the other organs and tissues under study.", "contents": "[Appearance of entodermal antigen in the mouth mucosa of dogs in recurrent spontaneous stomatitis]. An additional component absent in the same areas of the mouth under normal conditions appeared in dogs with spontaneous stomatitis in the ectodermal derivatives (mucosa of the cheeks, tongue and the hard palate). This component proved to be fully identical to the antigens of the mucosa of the soft palate, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, which were entodermal derivatives. No entodermal antigen was revealed in the other organs and tissues under study.", "PMID": 1029510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4969", "title": "[Chemiluminescence of the mouse liver after administration of a cancerogenic substance into the body].", "content": "Regular alterations in the liver chemifluorescence intensity occurred at various periods after injection of a carcinogen (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzantracene) to mice. A possible relation of this phenomenon to the accumulation of the endogenous blastomogenic substance in the liver is considered.", "contents": "[Chemiluminescence of the mouse liver after administration of a cancerogenic substance into the body]. Regular alterations in the liver chemifluorescence intensity occurred at various periods after injection of a carcinogen (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzantracene) to mice. A possible relation of this phenomenon to the accumulation of the endogenous blastomogenic substance in the liver is considered.", "PMID": 1029512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4970", "title": "[Sensitivity of the early mouse embryos to antifolic preparation chloridine].", "content": "A study was made of antifolic preparation chloridine (2,4-diamino-5-p-chlorphenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine) on the cleavage of CBA mouse embryos. Chloridine failed to influence the development of early mouse embryos in the maternal organism and considerably inhibited the cleavage of embryos explanted into the chloridine-containing medium. Chloridine sensitivity in the mouse and rat embryos was compared and a conclusion was drawn on the absence of interspecies differences in their reaction to teratogen at the level of the embryonic cells.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the early mouse embryos to antifolic preparation chloridine]. A study was made of antifolic preparation chloridine (2,4-diamino-5-p-chlorphenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine) on the cleavage of CBA mouse embryos. Chloridine failed to influence the development of early mouse embryos in the maternal organism and considerably inhibited the cleavage of embryos explanted into the chloridine-containing medium. Chloridine sensitivity in the mouse and rat embryos was compared and a conclusion was drawn on the absence of interspecies differences in their reaction to teratogen at the level of the embryonic cells.", "PMID": 1029513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4971", "title": "[Effect of antenatal administration of diethylstilbestrol and progesterone on the blood system of newborn rats].", "content": "The effect of sex hormones administered to pregnant women on the blood system of their progeny was revealed. The changes were noted in different portions of the system: the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, liver. The sex hormones intensified the hemopoiesis in the bone marrow and the spleen of the fetus and inhibited it in the liver. The noted shifts were assessed as the process of acceleration of the functional maturation of the blood system maturation in the fetus.", "contents": "[Effect of antenatal administration of diethylstilbestrol and progesterone on the blood system of newborn rats]. The effect of sex hormones administered to pregnant women on the blood system of their progeny was revealed. The changes were noted in different portions of the system: the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, liver. The sex hormones intensified the hemopoiesis in the bone marrow and the spleen of the fetus and inhibited it in the liver. The noted shifts were assessed as the process of acceleration of the functional maturation of the blood system maturation in the fetus.", "PMID": 1029514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4972", "title": "[Effect of preliminary stress on mitotic activity of the regenerating liver].", "content": "Male rats were exposed to 14- or 24-hour immobilization before partial hepatectomy. Some of these animals were given subcutaneous theophylline injections immediately after and the next day after the immobilization. A tendency to increase of the mitotic activity of the regenerating liver was seen in the stress-subjected animals. This effect was particularly pronounced in rats given theophylline.", "contents": "[Effect of preliminary stress on mitotic activity of the regenerating liver]. Male rats were exposed to 14- or 24-hour immobilization before partial hepatectomy. Some of these animals were given subcutaneous theophylline injections immediately after and the next day after the immobilization. A tendency to increase of the mitotic activity of the regenerating liver was seen in the stress-subjected animals. This effect was particularly pronounced in rats given theophylline.", "PMID": 1029515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4973", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of the rate of collagen synthesis under conditions of stimulation of the wound process].", "content": "A study was made of the rate of the tropocollagen synthesis by the granulation tissue fibroblasts and of its passage into the intercellular space in control animals and under conditions of stimulation of the wound process by potassium orotate, one of the pyrimidine series derivatives. It appeared that the process of tropocollagen synthesis became accelerated under the effect of the stimulant; collagen fiber precursor appeared in the intercellular space earlier than in control and became included into the fibrous structures of the granulation tissue, this correlating with the intensification of the RNA synthesis in the fibroblast nuclei and an accelerated passage of the newly-synthesized RNA from the nucleus into the cell cytoplasm under analogous conditions. There was noted no sharp excess of collagen in the granulation tissue of animals given potassium orotate.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of the rate of collagen synthesis under conditions of stimulation of the wound process]. A study was made of the rate of the tropocollagen synthesis by the granulation tissue fibroblasts and of its passage into the intercellular space in control animals and under conditions of stimulation of the wound process by potassium orotate, one of the pyrimidine series derivatives. It appeared that the process of tropocollagen synthesis became accelerated under the effect of the stimulant; collagen fiber precursor appeared in the intercellular space earlier than in control and became included into the fibrous structures of the granulation tissue, this correlating with the intensification of the RNA synthesis in the fibroblast nuclei and an accelerated passage of the newly-synthesized RNA from the nucleus into the cell cytoplasm under analogous conditions. There was noted no sharp excess of collagen in the granulation tissue of animals given potassium orotate.", "PMID": 1029516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4974", "title": "[Role of the mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum in the process of absorption of true solutions and india ink suspension from the abdominal cavity].", "content": "The method of electron microscopy was applied to the study of absorption from the abdominal cavity of hypotoanic, physiological, hypertonic solutions and of the Indi-ink suspension on physiological saline. Quantitative assessment of pynocytosis was conducted on electron microphotographs. Passage through the mesothelium of true solutions was realized by way of diffusion through the cytoplasm of its cells and by the intercellular spaces; as to the India ink suspension, it passed only by way of the open intercellular spaces. Pynocytosis in the mesothelial cells coursed from their basal portion to the apical one and was directed to the balancing of the concentration of the protein and salt composition in the serous fluid.", "contents": "[Role of the mesothelium of the parietal peritoneum in the process of absorption of true solutions and india ink suspension from the abdominal cavity]. The method of electron microscopy was applied to the study of absorption from the abdominal cavity of hypotoanic, physiological, hypertonic solutions and of the Indi-ink suspension on physiological saline. Quantitative assessment of pynocytosis was conducted on electron microphotographs. Passage through the mesothelium of true solutions was realized by way of diffusion through the cytoplasm of its cells and by the intercellular spaces; as to the India ink suspension, it passed only by way of the open intercellular spaces. Pynocytosis in the mesothelial cells coursed from their basal portion to the apical one and was directed to the balancing of the concentration of the protein and salt composition in the serous fluid.", "PMID": 1029517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4975", "title": "[Healing of experimental wounds under the effect of x-ray irradiation at high altitude].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 969 mature rabbits; combined radiation injury (in general irradiation with 500 r and even more so in local irradiation with 2000 r) inflicated during the first two adaptation phases (particularly the first one) to the high altitide (3379 and 3640 m above the sea level) led to more profound morphological changes in the tissues and to the greater delay in the healing of the penetrating wounds on the pinna than in the valley (820 m above the sea level).", "contents": "[Healing of experimental wounds under the effect of x-ray irradiation at high altitude]. Experiments were conducted on 969 mature rabbits; combined radiation injury (in general irradiation with 500 r and even more so in local irradiation with 2000 r) inflicated during the first two adaptation phases (particularly the first one) to the high altitide (3379 and 3640 m above the sea level) led to more profound morphological changes in the tissues and to the greater delay in the healing of the penetrating wounds on the pinna than in the valley (820 m above the sea level).", "PMID": 1029518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4976", "title": "[The Budd-Chiari syndrome: clinical case reports].", "content": "Two cases of Budd-Chiari's Syndrome are presented. These refer to two women aged 34 and 33 years respectively. The aetiology of the first case is linked to polycythaemia rubra and the use of oral contraceptives; that of the second case to a fibrous perihepatitis involving the outlet of the suprahepatic veins, with a tenacious action of stenosis. The surgical therapy used was a latero-terminal left porto-renal shunt in the first case, and a decapsulation and ligature of the common hepatic artery in the second case. In the discussion the aetiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic problems inherent in the Syndrome are analysed, also on the basis of the most recent experiences reported in the relevant literature.", "contents": "[The Budd-Chiari syndrome: clinical case reports]. Two cases of Budd-Chiari's Syndrome are presented. These refer to two women aged 34 and 33 years respectively. The aetiology of the first case is linked to polycythaemia rubra and the use of oral contraceptives; that of the second case to a fibrous perihepatitis involving the outlet of the suprahepatic veins, with a tenacious action of stenosis. The surgical therapy used was a latero-terminal left porto-renal shunt in the first case, and a decapsulation and ligature of the common hepatic artery in the second case. In the discussion the aetiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic problems inherent in the Syndrome are analysed, also on the basis of the most recent experiences reported in the relevant literature.", "PMID": 1029524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4977", "title": "[Usefulness of the early study of intrathoracic digestive anastomoses].", "content": "The appearance of a dehiscence after an operation of oesophageal resection and reconstruction with stomach, jejunum or colon, constitutes a highly serious event frequently leading to the patient's death. Early recognition of dehiscence is therefore important for the purpose of starting adequate therapy as quickly as possible and preventing the rise and establishment of those lesions which condition an irreversible trend of the clinical condition. In this note the means today available for early diagnosis fo fistula, with particular reference to early radiological examination, are discussed. Early diagnosis and adequate prompt treatment may, in our opinion, lead to an improvement in the poor results reported by a number of surgical schools.", "contents": "[Usefulness of the early study of intrathoracic digestive anastomoses]. The appearance of a dehiscence after an operation of oesophageal resection and reconstruction with stomach, jejunum or colon, constitutes a highly serious event frequently leading to the patient's death. Early recognition of dehiscence is therefore important for the purpose of starting adequate therapy as quickly as possible and preventing the rise and establishment of those lesions which condition an irreversible trend of the clinical condition. In this note the means today available for early diagnosis fo fistula, with particular reference to early radiological examination, are discussed. Early diagnosis and adequate prompt treatment may, in our opinion, lead to an improvement in the poor results reported by a number of surgical schools.", "PMID": 1029525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4978", "title": "[Recent aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis in thoracic surgery].", "content": "Pulmonary tuberculosis--although appreciable reduced as regards number of cases--is still far from being wiped out and even today constitutes a real problem in the field of thoracico-pulmonary surgical pathology. Infection with Koch's bacillus can from this point of view arise basically according to two procedures: a) as superimposed element--unexpected guest--on a pulmonary disease of surgical interest, sometimes being mistaken for it (e.g. a tubercular inflammation of slow evolution mistaken for a cancer of the lung) or b) taking the form of pulmonary relics of an earlier and apparently extinguished Kochian infection, the starting point of an always possible revival of the infection during the postoperative period. In the former case the so-called attack therapy must be adopted without delay in accordance with well tested doses and schedules; in the latter case by means of a chemoprophylaxis, carried out in with rifampicin (600/1200 mg/day) in the cases reported and also continued in the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Recent aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis in thoracic surgery]. Pulmonary tuberculosis--although appreciable reduced as regards number of cases--is still far from being wiped out and even today constitutes a real problem in the field of thoracico-pulmonary surgical pathology. Infection with Koch's bacillus can from this point of view arise basically according to two procedures: a) as superimposed element--unexpected guest--on a pulmonary disease of surgical interest, sometimes being mistaken for it (e.g. a tubercular inflammation of slow evolution mistaken for a cancer of the lung) or b) taking the form of pulmonary relics of an earlier and apparently extinguished Kochian infection, the starting point of an always possible revival of the infection during the postoperative period. In the former case the so-called attack therapy must be adopted without delay in accordance with well tested doses and schedules; in the latter case by means of a chemoprophylaxis, carried out in with rifampicin (600/1200 mg/day) in the cases reported and also continued in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 1029526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4979", "title": "[Indications and limitations of bronchography in surgery of carcinoma of the lung].", "content": "Starting from a consecutive series of 53 bronchographies performed under local anesthesia, in subjects with carcinoma of the lung ascertained by operation, the Authors analyse both the bronchographical aspects which most frequently come under the surgeon's observation, and the usefulness of this investigation in formulating the operating plan. As regards carcinomas of the large and medium bronchi, the bronchographic aspects they found most frequently are occlusion (82%) both in the form of sudden arrest and in the form of a cone image and stenosis (18%). In peripheral carcinomas, on the other hand, most characteristic bronchographic signs are identified as occlusion (58%) (amputation and stenosis) and dislocation (38%) with rigidity of one or more small calibre bronchi (rigid impairment). On the basis of their experience the Authors conclude that bronchography constitutes an almost indispensable examination for diagnostic purposes in malignant neoplasias, especially in the initial stage, when located outside the field of action of bronchoscopy, and can supply elements indispensable in the preoperative operatability judgement. In fact it not only gives very reliable information on the anatomical situation of the bronchus, as well as on the site and presumed starting-point of the neoplasia, but also supplies more approximate elements with regard to the extent of the neoplasia and any presence of lymphoglandular metastases.", "contents": "[Indications and limitations of bronchography in surgery of carcinoma of the lung]. Starting from a consecutive series of 53 bronchographies performed under local anesthesia, in subjects with carcinoma of the lung ascertained by operation, the Authors analyse both the bronchographical aspects which most frequently come under the surgeon's observation, and the usefulness of this investigation in formulating the operating plan. As regards carcinomas of the large and medium bronchi, the bronchographic aspects they found most frequently are occlusion (82%) both in the form of sudden arrest and in the form of a cone image and stenosis (18%). In peripheral carcinomas, on the other hand, most characteristic bronchographic signs are identified as occlusion (58%) (amputation and stenosis) and dislocation (38%) with rigidity of one or more small calibre bronchi (rigid impairment). On the basis of their experience the Authors conclude that bronchography constitutes an almost indispensable examination for diagnostic purposes in malignant neoplasias, especially in the initial stage, when located outside the field of action of bronchoscopy, and can supply elements indispensable in the preoperative operatability judgement. In fact it not only gives very reliable information on the anatomical situation of the bronchus, as well as on the site and presumed starting-point of the neoplasia, but also supplies more approximate elements with regard to the extent of the neoplasia and any presence of lymphoglandular metastases.", "PMID": 1029528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4980", "title": "[Emergency surgical treatment of diverticular disease of the colon (personal cases and review)].", "content": "After a critical review of the indications, techniques and results recorded in literature, there is a description of experiences in emergency surgical treatment of 24 cases of diverticulum disease of the colon. In the light of personal results and in agreement with the majority of cases reported in literature, the conviction is expressed that in this surgery the processes graduated in stages (Mickulicz, Hartman, colostomy on transverse - resection) may frequently be indicated, especially in serious and weak patients.", "contents": "[Emergency surgical treatment of diverticular disease of the colon (personal cases and review)]. After a critical review of the indications, techniques and results recorded in literature, there is a description of experiences in emergency surgical treatment of 24 cases of diverticulum disease of the colon. In the light of personal results and in agreement with the majority of cases reported in literature, the conviction is expressed that in this surgery the processes graduated in stages (Mickulicz, Hartman, colostomy on transverse - resection) may frequently be indicated, especially in serious and weak patients.", "PMID": 1029529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4981", "title": "[Primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum. Considerations on 4 cases].", "content": "Starting from four primitive malignant neoplasias of the duodenum observed during the course of the last two years, the Authors briefly outline the clinical aetiopathological and especially the radiological characteristics of duodenal primitive malignant neoplasias. They stress the importance of the radiological investigation for early diagnosis of such disturbances, as can clearly by deduced from illustration of the radiological pictures concerning the four cases, all male patients aged from 55 to 68 years. A localisation in the duodenal bulb, with ulceration, is to be considered very rare; the other localisations were two at the 2nd and one at the 1st duodenal portion.", "contents": "[Primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum. Considerations on 4 cases]. Starting from four primitive malignant neoplasias of the duodenum observed during the course of the last two years, the Authors briefly outline the clinical aetiopathological and especially the radiological characteristics of duodenal primitive malignant neoplasias. They stress the importance of the radiological investigation for early diagnosis of such disturbances, as can clearly by deduced from illustration of the radiological pictures concerning the four cases, all male patients aged from 55 to 68 years. A localisation in the duodenal bulb, with ulceration, is to be considered very rare; the other localisations were two at the 2nd and one at the 1st duodenal portion.", "PMID": 1029530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4982", "title": "[Revascularization of the aorto-femoral axis by means of a by-pass. Remote results].", "content": "The Authors report their experience in 73 patients wit aorto-iliaco-femoral chronic obliteration, subjected to revascularisation. In 49 cases a bilateral by-pass was performed, in 22 a monolateral by-pass, and in two a thromboendarterioectomy. The results obtained were classified as successes or failures according to the perviousness or otherwise of the substituted or disobliterated arterial segments, and as immediate or longterm according to whether they were evaluated at the time of the patient's discharge or during a period lying betwee six months and seven years from the operation. Immediate successes were obtained in 95.9% of cases with bilateral by-pass, and in 90.9% of the monolateral by-passes. Aggregate mortality was 2.7%. In the long-term chick-ups, the previousness of the bilateral by-passes was 82.9%, that of the monolateral by-passes 72.2%. On the basis of the results obtained the Authors therfore reiterate their preference for by-passes, and for bilateral by-passes in particular (70% of cases). Monolateral bridging were in fact performed only in those cases where the contralateral vascular district was unharmed, in patients with serious ganrenous lesions and those with a high operative risk.", "contents": "[Revascularization of the aorto-femoral axis by means of a by-pass. Remote results]. The Authors report their experience in 73 patients wit aorto-iliaco-femoral chronic obliteration, subjected to revascularisation. In 49 cases a bilateral by-pass was performed, in 22 a monolateral by-pass, and in two a thromboendarterioectomy. The results obtained were classified as successes or failures according to the perviousness or otherwise of the substituted or disobliterated arterial segments, and as immediate or longterm according to whether they were evaluated at the time of the patient's discharge or during a period lying betwee six months and seven years from the operation. Immediate successes were obtained in 95.9% of cases with bilateral by-pass, and in 90.9% of the monolateral by-passes. Aggregate mortality was 2.7%. In the long-term chick-ups, the previousness of the bilateral by-passes was 82.9%, that of the monolateral by-passes 72.2%. On the basis of the results obtained the Authors therfore reiterate their preference for by-passes, and for bilateral by-passes in particular (70% of cases). Monolateral bridging were in fact performed only in those cases where the contralateral vascular district was unharmed, in patients with serious ganrenous lesions and those with a high operative risk.", "PMID": 1029531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4983", "title": "[Pathogenetic and clinico-diagnostic considerations on a case of non-parasitic cyst of the spleen].", "content": "A rare case of non-parasitic cyst of endothelial type, recently observed in the spleen, is illustrated. The relevant literature is reviewed, Fowler's classification stressed, and the aetiopathogenetic and histopathological characteristics of such cysts are discussed in critical spirit. The diagnostic means are also fully described. With stress on the utility of the scintiscanning examination.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic and clinico-diagnostic considerations on a case of non-parasitic cyst of the spleen]. A rare case of non-parasitic cyst of endothelial type, recently observed in the spleen, is illustrated. The relevant literature is reviewed, Fowler's classification stressed, and the aetiopathogenetic and histopathological characteristics of such cysts are discussed in critical spirit. The diagnostic means are also fully described. With stress on the utility of the scintiscanning examination.", "PMID": 1029532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4984", "title": "[Problems of anesthesia and resuscitation in drepanocytic anemia].", "content": "A study was made of anesthesiological and resuscitation problems in 18 patients suffering from drepanocytic anemia. An examination of the results showed that the anesthesiological problems do not so much concern selection of the anesthetic as a knowledge of the physiopathology of this disease, i.e. the tendency to bronchopulmonary complications as a result of the increased viscosity of the blood, the increased mechanical fragility of the erythrocytes, and erythrostasis, with consequent rise of ischaemic necrosis and damage to the various parenchymas. It was also observed that pulmonary complications occurred more frequently in preoperatively transfused patients.", "contents": "[Problems of anesthesia and resuscitation in drepanocytic anemia]. A study was made of anesthesiological and resuscitation problems in 18 patients suffering from drepanocytic anemia. An examination of the results showed that the anesthesiological problems do not so much concern selection of the anesthetic as a knowledge of the physiopathology of this disease, i.e. the tendency to bronchopulmonary complications as a result of the increased viscosity of the blood, the increased mechanical fragility of the erythrocytes, and erythrostasis, with consequent rise of ischaemic necrosis and damage to the various parenchymas. It was also observed that pulmonary complications occurred more frequently in preoperatively transfused patients.", "PMID": 1029535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4985", "title": "[Renal resistance in ethrane anesthesia].", "content": "The indices of renal functionality are studied during the course of ether anesthesia in order to ascertain the behaviour of the kidney subjected to narcosis with this drug. A sharp reduction in the minute volume of F.G. and P.R.E. is evidenced, together with an increase in renal resistances, especially as regards the efferent sector. These changes, which are established at the start of anesthesiological treatment, tend to decrease in intensity as narcosis continues. This picture is interpreted as being due to the concomitant action of two factors: a decrease in cardiac output on the one hand, and an increased incretion of catecholamines leading to renal arteriolar vasoconstriction on the other.", "contents": "[Renal resistance in ethrane anesthesia]. The indices of renal functionality are studied during the course of ether anesthesia in order to ascertain the behaviour of the kidney subjected to narcosis with this drug. A sharp reduction in the minute volume of F.G. and P.R.E. is evidenced, together with an increase in renal resistances, especially as regards the efferent sector. These changes, which are established at the start of anesthesiological treatment, tend to decrease in intensity as narcosis continues. This picture is interpreted as being due to the concomitant action of two factors: a decrease in cardiac output on the one hand, and an increased incretion of catecholamines leading to renal arteriolar vasoconstriction on the other.", "PMID": 1029536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4986", "title": "[Circulatory flow during anesthesia with enflurane].", "content": "The rebreathing technique was used to study the behaviour of the circulatory flow in patients operated under ether anesthesia. It was observed that during ether narcosis the circulatory flow values show a fair drop at the readings made 30' and 45' after the inductive period. 60' after the start of ether narcosis the circulatory flow values show a tendency to increase, and these observations are accentuated in the readings taken at 75' and 90'.", "contents": "[Circulatory flow during anesthesia with enflurane]. The rebreathing technique was used to study the behaviour of the circulatory flow in patients operated under ether anesthesia. It was observed that during ether narcosis the circulatory flow values show a fair drop at the readings made 30' and 45' after the inductive period. 60' after the start of ether narcosis the circulatory flow values show a tendency to increase, and these observations are accentuated in the readings taken at 75' and 90'.", "PMID": 1029537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4987", "title": "[Principles of treatment of patients with multiple injuries].", "content": "Treatment of the seriously multi-traumatised patient in accordance with the principles in use at the Unfallkrankenhaus at Linz is illustrated. The different moments of the diagnostic and therapeutic measures, the main aim of which must be the re-establishment of the vital functions (respiration and circulation), are indicated. The article gives diagrams of the classes of priority of the urgent measures to be undertaken in the multi-traumatised patient, drawing attention to all the devices of modern resuscitation. In conclusion there are some observations on organisation of collection of serious multi-traumatised cases.", "contents": "[Principles of treatment of patients with multiple injuries]. Treatment of the seriously multi-traumatised patient in accordance with the principles in use at the Unfallkrankenhaus at Linz is illustrated. The different moments of the diagnostic and therapeutic measures, the main aim of which must be the re-establishment of the vital functions (respiration and circulation), are indicated. The article gives diagrams of the classes of priority of the urgent measures to be undertaken in the multi-traumatised patient, drawing attention to all the devices of modern resuscitation. In conclusion there are some observations on organisation of collection of serious multi-traumatised cases.", "PMID": 1029538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4988", "title": "[Injurious action of ultrasonics].", "content": "It was felt to be advisable to insist on the harmful action of ultrasounds, since their use in the field of medical therapy is relatively recent and, after causing exaggerated enthusiasm, they now appear to be relagated to the rank of useless accessories. The truth is more tempered and this physical agent must be numbered among the most interesting ones, provided that the technique of its application is perfect and that account is taken of the possibility of incidents or accidents which can be caused by incomplete knowledge thereof.", "contents": "[Injurious action of ultrasonics]. It was felt to be advisable to insist on the harmful action of ultrasounds, since their use in the field of medical therapy is relatively recent and, after causing exaggerated enthusiasm, they now appear to be relagated to the rank of useless accessories. The truth is more tempered and this physical agent must be numbered among the most interesting ones, provided that the technique of its application is perfect and that account is taken of the possibility of incidents or accidents which can be caused by incomplete knowledge thereof.", "PMID": 1029539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4989", "title": "[Traumatic hypovolemic shock].", "content": "The physiopathological aspects of traumatic hypovolemic shock (T.H.S.) are described. On the basis of clinical and biochemical diagnostics, suitable T.H.S. resuscitation and therapeutic measures can be undertaken. The principles of treatment of T.H.S., as applied at the U.K.H. of Linz are then set out. Intense cooperation between anesthetist and traumatologist, as shown by this short note, is the clearest demonstration of what medicine can do today in the field of traumatology.", "contents": "[Traumatic hypovolemic shock]. The physiopathological aspects of traumatic hypovolemic shock (T.H.S.) are described. On the basis of clinical and biochemical diagnostics, suitable T.H.S. resuscitation and therapeutic measures can be undertaken. The principles of treatment of T.H.S., as applied at the U.K.H. of Linz are then set out. Intense cooperation between anesthetist and traumatologist, as shown by this short note, is the clearest demonstration of what medicine can do today in the field of traumatology.", "PMID": 1029540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4990", "title": "[Subcutaneous rupture of the extensor tendon of the fingers and its treatment].", "content": "The process used in 47 cases for treatment of subcutaneous rupture of the extensor tendon at the level of the third phalanx is described. This process of mixed type consists in making a temporary fixation of the third phalanx in slight extension on the second by means of the endomedullary infibulum, to which is added a plaster guardian with 60 degrees flexion of the interphalangeal for six weeks. After illustration of the method, a full set of cases is presented in demonstration of the perfect efficiency of the method through the good results obtained.", "contents": "[Subcutaneous rupture of the extensor tendon of the fingers and its treatment]. The process used in 47 cases for treatment of subcutaneous rupture of the extensor tendon at the level of the third phalanx is described. This process of mixed type consists in making a temporary fixation of the third phalanx in slight extension on the second by means of the endomedullary infibulum, to which is added a plaster guardian with 60 degrees flexion of the interphalangeal for six weeks. After illustration of the method, a full set of cases is presented in demonstration of the perfect efficiency of the method through the good results obtained.", "PMID": 1029541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4991", "title": "[Betamethasone acetate in the therapy of epicondylitis].", "content": "The advantages of cortisone therapy in the particular pathology of the elbow are evaluated, with special reference to humeral epicondylitis. After an outline of the mechanism of action of steroids, consideration is given to the advantages arising from use of a delayed action cortisone product. Reference is made to the relevant literature on the subject, together with a report on personal cases.", "contents": "[Betamethasone acetate in the therapy of epicondylitis]. The advantages of cortisone therapy in the particular pathology of the elbow are evaluated, with special reference to humeral epicondylitis. After an outline of the mechanism of action of steroids, consideration is given to the advantages arising from use of a delayed action cortisone product. Reference is made to the relevant literature on the subject, together with a report on personal cases.", "PMID": 1029542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4992", "title": "[Compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve].", "content": "Some compressions of the posterior branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve) may be caused either by transverse fibrous formations in the front of the articular capsule of the elbow or by the anterior edge of the 2nd radial, as well as by Froshe's arch or the surface end ot the short supinator. Such damage may be due to repeated dorsal bending movements of the wrist, hyperextension of the elbow and, above all, pronosupination of the forearm.", "contents": "[Compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve]. Some compressions of the posterior branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve) may be caused either by transverse fibrous formations in the front of the articular capsule of the elbow or by the anterior edge of the 2nd radial, as well as by Froshe's arch or the surface end ot the short supinator. Such damage may be due to repeated dorsal bending movements of the wrist, hyperextension of the elbow and, above all, pronosupination of the forearm.", "PMID": 1029543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4993", "title": "Myoclonic disorders of spinal origin.", "content": "Data in the literature on spinal myoclonic disorders are still scanty; little has been done to ensure an adequate classification; little is known about the pathophysiology of these disorders. Three patients with spinal myoclonic jerks are described, with detailed reference to electromyographic findings. On the basis of the case reports so far available, a classification into five subgroups is suggested of spinal myoclonic jerks: 1) after cord injuries; 2) associated with intramedullary cord tumours; 3) associated with intramedullary or extramedullary cysts; 4) associated with radiculomyelitis or myelopathy; 5) associated with affections of the alpha motoneurons. A number of hypotheses on the pathogenesis of this disorder are briefly discussed: peripheral or intraspinal sprouting, degeneration of alpha motoneurons or interneurons, reduction of the dendritic tree size, and involvement of the gamma system.", "contents": "Myoclonic disorders of spinal origin. Data in the literature on spinal myoclonic disorders are still scanty; little has been done to ensure an adequate classification; little is known about the pathophysiology of these disorders. Three patients with spinal myoclonic jerks are described, with detailed reference to electromyographic findings. On the basis of the case reports so far available, a classification into five subgroups is suggested of spinal myoclonic jerks: 1) after cord injuries; 2) associated with intramedullary cord tumours; 3) associated with intramedullary or extramedullary cysts; 4) associated with radiculomyelitis or myelopathy; 5) associated with affections of the alpha motoneurons. A number of hypotheses on the pathogenesis of this disorder are briefly discussed: peripheral or intraspinal sprouting, degeneration of alpha motoneurons or interneurons, reduction of the dendritic tree size, and involvement of the gamma system.", "PMID": 1029635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4994", "title": "Torkildsen's ventriculocisternostomy: some complications and their prevention.", "content": "Torkildsen's ventriculocisternostomy retains a certain usefulness despite the recent popularity of newer procedures. Despite many modifications and suggestions for improving the procedure, certain hazards and complications remain. We report instances of myelopathy from contact with and impalement by the cervical end of the tube, acute quadriplegia, unsuspected kinking of the catheter and late ventricular catheter malposition together with certain suggestions for modifications of technique which we believe will make Torkildsen's shunting more reliable and safe.", "contents": "Torkildsen's ventriculocisternostomy: some complications and their prevention. Torkildsen's ventriculocisternostomy retains a certain usefulness despite the recent popularity of newer procedures. Despite many modifications and suggestions for improving the procedure, certain hazards and complications remain. We report instances of myelopathy from contact with and impalement by the cervical end of the tube, acute quadriplegia, unsuspected kinking of the catheter and late ventricular catheter malposition together with certain suggestions for modifications of technique which we believe will make Torkildsen's shunting more reliable and safe.", "PMID": 1029636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4995", "title": "Further observation on the possible relationship between migraine and serum ammonia levels.", "content": "Although patients diagnosed as having migraine, have been studied extensively, there is no definite proof of a primary biochemical abnormality which is of significance in the pathogenesis of migraine. Several authors have suggested that increased serum ammonia levels may play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This possibility was first put forth by Russell, who studied a single family with ornithine carbamyl transferase deficiency and 8 juveniles with migraine, RUSSELL'S finding was supported by a preliminary study carried out by one of the authors in which hyperammo-naemia was found in 22 adults during migraine attacks. In order to etknd these earlier findings, serum ammonia levels were determined in 35 adults with either classic or complicated migraine and in 20 healthy adults. No significant difference was found between the patients (44 microgram/100 ml +/- 13.9) and the controls (74 microgram/100 ml +/- 9.5). Ammonia level was determined in 10 patients within two hours of the onset of an acute migraine and was unchanged (65 microgram/100 ml). This study suggests that alterations in serum ammonia level are not important in the pathogenesis of migraine in adults.", "contents": "Further observation on the possible relationship between migraine and serum ammonia levels. Although patients diagnosed as having migraine, have been studied extensively, there is no definite proof of a primary biochemical abnormality which is of significance in the pathogenesis of migraine. Several authors have suggested that increased serum ammonia levels may play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This possibility was first put forth by Russell, who studied a single family with ornithine carbamyl transferase deficiency and 8 juveniles with migraine, RUSSELL'S finding was supported by a preliminary study carried out by one of the authors in which hyperammo-naemia was found in 22 adults during migraine attacks. In order to etknd these earlier findings, serum ammonia levels were determined in 35 adults with either classic or complicated migraine and in 20 healthy adults. No significant difference was found between the patients (44 microgram/100 ml +/- 13.9) and the controls (74 microgram/100 ml +/- 9.5). Ammonia level was determined in 10 patients within two hours of the onset of an acute migraine and was unchanged (65 microgram/100 ml). This study suggests that alterations in serum ammonia level are not important in the pathogenesis of migraine in adults.", "PMID": 1029637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4996", "title": "Differential effects of simple and choice reaction after closed head injury.", "content": "Simple and choice reaction time to visual signals were recorded in persons having sustained a closed head injury. The results show a disproportional effect of task complexity in comparison to the performance of a normal group. Moreover, an interaction was demonstrated between complexity of the reaction task and length of coma after the injury. Finally it was shown that this interaction was still visible 22 months after the concussion. At that time, there is no longer a difference in simple reaction time between groups with different lengths of coma, while there is still a significant difference in the choice reaction task.", "contents": "Differential effects of simple and choice reaction after closed head injury. Simple and choice reaction time to visual signals were recorded in persons having sustained a closed head injury. The results show a disproportional effect of task complexity in comparison to the performance of a normal group. Moreover, an interaction was demonstrated between complexity of the reaction task and length of coma after the injury. Finally it was shown that this interaction was still visible 22 months after the concussion. At that time, there is no longer a difference in simple reaction time between groups with different lengths of coma, while there is still a significant difference in the choice reaction task.", "PMID": 1029638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4997", "title": "Effect of moderate arterial hypotension combined with repeated withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid on the development of increased ventricular fluid pressure after cold injuries in cats.", "content": "The influence of Trimetaphan induced hypotension was studied on the development of increased ventricular fluid pressure after induction of cold injuries of the brain in cats. Hypotension was induced in two series of animals: in one immediately after freezing and in another series after a delay of three quarters of an hour. In the animals not treated with hypotension ventricular fluid pressure increased considerably according to three types of response. In both series treated with hypotension the ventricular fluid pressure and elastance were significantly lower than in the animals not treated; also brain stem herniation tended to occur less frequently in the animals treated. No deleterious effect of the hypotension was seen on cerebral metabolism as measured by the lactate content in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Effect of moderate arterial hypotension combined with repeated withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid on the development of increased ventricular fluid pressure after cold injuries in cats. The influence of Trimetaphan induced hypotension was studied on the development of increased ventricular fluid pressure after induction of cold injuries of the brain in cats. Hypotension was induced in two series of animals: in one immediately after freezing and in another series after a delay of three quarters of an hour. In the animals not treated with hypotension ventricular fluid pressure increased considerably according to three types of response. In both series treated with hypotension the ventricular fluid pressure and elastance were significantly lower than in the animals not treated; also brain stem herniation tended to occur less frequently in the animals treated. No deleterious effect of the hypotension was seen on cerebral metabolism as measured by the lactate content in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1029639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4998", "title": "Model role for bacteriorhodopsin for solar energy utilization by primordial organisms.", "content": "Enzymes similar in function to contemporary bacteriorhodopsin could have been active in primordial living organisms for the utilization of solar energy to produce ATP. The energy-conversion system, which depends on a light-driven proton pump, is enzymatically simple, insensitive to cyanide inhibition and functional under highly lipid conditions in an anaerobic atmosphere.", "contents": "Model role for bacteriorhodopsin for solar energy utilization by primordial organisms. Enzymes similar in function to contemporary bacteriorhodopsin could have been active in primordial living organisms for the utilization of solar energy to produce ATP. The energy-conversion system, which depends on a light-driven proton pump, is enzymatically simple, insensitive to cyanide inhibition and functional under highly lipid conditions in an anaerobic atmosphere.", "PMID": 1029640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_4999", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the differentiation and development of trophocytes and oocytes in Gerris najas (Heteroptera).", "content": "The differentiation of oogonia and oocytes, and of trophocytes, from undifferentiated germ line cells has been studied in Gerris najas, a pond skater, from the fourth instar to the adult animal. For the first time criteria have been obtained which allow the distinction between poorly differentiated early oogonia and nurse cells. The most important criteria are the size, shape, and structure of nuclei and mucleoli. This is consistent with the different function of these cell types, which is primarily a different nuclear function: meiosis in the oocytes, and RNA synthesis to support the trophic core and the oocytes in the trophocytes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the differentiation and development of trophocytes and oocytes in Gerris najas (Heteroptera). The differentiation of oogonia and oocytes, and of trophocytes, from undifferentiated germ line cells has been studied in Gerris najas, a pond skater, from the fourth instar to the adult animal. For the first time criteria have been obtained which allow the distinction between poorly differentiated early oogonia and nurse cells. The most important criteria are the size, shape, and structure of nuclei and mucleoli. This is consistent with the different function of these cell types, which is primarily a different nuclear function: meiosis in the oocytes, and RNA synthesis to support the trophic core and the oocytes in the trophocytes.", "PMID": 1029641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5000", "title": "Electron microscopic study of concanavalin A binding to membranes of the Golgi complex.", "content": "Binding of Concanavalin A to the Golgi complex and the resultant effect on intramembrane particles and enzyme activity has been studied with Golgi-rich fractions isolated from rat liver. Con A binds mainly to the tubular network of the Golgi complex and, to a lesser extent, the peripheral regions of the cisternae. Interaction of Con A with Golgi membranes is accompanied by aggregation of intramembrane particles reflecting increased membrane fluidity. Enhancement of galactosyl transferase, membrane bound in the Golgi complex, also occurs with Con A binding.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of concanavalin A binding to membranes of the Golgi complex. Binding of Concanavalin A to the Golgi complex and the resultant effect on intramembrane particles and enzyme activity has been studied with Golgi-rich fractions isolated from rat liver. Con A binds mainly to the tubular network of the Golgi complex and, to a lesser extent, the peripheral regions of the cisternae. Interaction of Con A with Golgi membranes is accompanied by aggregation of intramembrane particles reflecting increased membrane fluidity. Enhancement of galactosyl transferase, membrane bound in the Golgi complex, also occurs with Con A binding.", "PMID": 1029642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5001", "title": "Histological study of the effects of hycanthone on the frog's ventricle in the presence of a soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate.", "content": "The histological picture of the ventricle of frog's heart exposed to the action of Hycanthone in Ringer's solution in concentration of 1:1 was compared with that of the ventricle of frog's heart exposed to Ringer's solution devoid of the drug and with that of frog's heart exposed to Ringer's solution containing Hycanthone in concentration of 1:1 in addition to a soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate in concentration 1:1. It was found that the structure of the ventricle of the heart exposed to the action of Hycanthone in the presence of the soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate was close in pattern to the structure of the ventricle of the heart exposed to Ringer's solution alone, while the ventricle of the heart exposed to Hycanthone alone in Ringer's solution in concentration of 1:1 was different in that the muscle fibres swollen, the cytoplasm was paler with less marked striations, the nuclei were swollen and paler, the epicardial cells were swollen and the connective tissue pattern was distorted. This denoted that the morphological changes that occurred in response to Hycanthone in the presence of the soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate was less marked than those which occurred in its absence.", "contents": "Histological study of the effects of hycanthone on the frog's ventricle in the presence of a soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate. The histological picture of the ventricle of frog's heart exposed to the action of Hycanthone in Ringer's solution in concentration of 1:1 was compared with that of the ventricle of frog's heart exposed to Ringer's solution devoid of the drug and with that of frog's heart exposed to Ringer's solution containing Hycanthone in concentration of 1:1 in addition to a soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate in concentration 1:1. It was found that the structure of the ventricle of the heart exposed to the action of Hycanthone in the presence of the soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate was close in pattern to the structure of the ventricle of the heart exposed to Ringer's solution alone, while the ventricle of the heart exposed to Hycanthone alone in Ringer's solution in concentration of 1:1 was different in that the muscle fibres swollen, the cytoplasm was paler with less marked striations, the nuclei were swollen and paler, the epicardial cells were swollen and the connective tissue pattern was distorted. This denoted that the morphological changes that occurred in response to Hycanthone in the presence of the soluble sodium salt of prednisolone hemisuccinate was less marked than those which occurred in its absence.", "PMID": 1029643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5002", "title": "Hycanthone in the treatment of Egyptian bilharzial patients.", "content": "Hycanthone has a schistosomicidal effect against S. haematobium and S. mansoni present singly or combined in the patient. It is effective in all age groups but better in old and adults than in children and better in females than in males. It gave a cure rate of 60.6% after single intramuscular dose of 3 mg/kg body weight. Second dose after three months gave 94.4% cure rate and a third injection after further two months gave 100% cure rate. So, the drug cannot be used in the treatment of bilharziasis as a single dose course.", "contents": "Hycanthone in the treatment of Egyptian bilharzial patients. Hycanthone has a schistosomicidal effect against S. haematobium and S. mansoni present singly or combined in the patient. It is effective in all age groups but better in old and adults than in children and better in females than in males. It gave a cure rate of 60.6% after single intramuscular dose of 3 mg/kg body weight. Second dose after three months gave 94.4% cure rate and a third injection after further two months gave 100% cure rate. So, the drug cannot be used in the treatment of bilharziasis as a single dose course.", "PMID": 1029644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5003", "title": "The chemistry of schistosomicides.", "content": "The chemistry of the different compounds applied in the field of schistosomicides has been reviewed in detail. On the basis of their chemical constitution, these compounds have been classified into: organotrivalent antimonials; Xanthones and related compounds \"xanthones, chromones and mirasans\"; Nitroheterocyclic compounds \"nitroquinolines, nitrofurans and nitrothiazoles\"; Miscellaneous compounds \"phenoxy compounds, piperazines, naphthylazo compounds, phosphorous compounds, carbanilides, rosanilines, salicyclic acid derivatives and natural products\". On consideration of biochemical and pharmacological investigations, studies concerned with mechanism of action, metabolic changes and comparative toxic effects of some groups of these compounds are reported. Investigations on the relation between constitution and action among variety of these compounds are included.", "contents": "The chemistry of schistosomicides. The chemistry of the different compounds applied in the field of schistosomicides has been reviewed in detail. On the basis of their chemical constitution, these compounds have been classified into: organotrivalent antimonials; Xanthones and related compounds \"xanthones, chromones and mirasans\"; Nitroheterocyclic compounds \"nitroquinolines, nitrofurans and nitrothiazoles\"; Miscellaneous compounds \"phenoxy compounds, piperazines, naphthylazo compounds, phosphorous compounds, carbanilides, rosanilines, salicyclic acid derivatives and natural products\". On consideration of biochemical and pharmacological investigations, studies concerned with mechanism of action, metabolic changes and comparative toxic effects of some groups of these compounds are reported. Investigations on the relation between constitution and action among variety of these compounds are included.", "PMID": 1029645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5004", "title": "Bilharziasis of the central nervous system in human beings and experimental animals.", "content": "The investigator studied schistosomiasis of central nervous system in human cadavers and hamsters. He found out that 13.3% of the spinal cords of the human cadavers were infected by Schistosoma ova. The lesion was confined to the lumbosacral region of the cord in cases of advanced bilharziasis. The cords of infected Hamsters showed only diffuse cell infilterate without ova. The possible pathways of ova from the final habitats of the parasites to the cord are pelvivertebral and portovertebral connections as shown from the discovered pathological changes in the blood vessels of these areas.", "contents": "Bilharziasis of the central nervous system in human beings and experimental animals. The investigator studied schistosomiasis of central nervous system in human cadavers and hamsters. He found out that 13.3% of the spinal cords of the human cadavers were infected by Schistosoma ova. The lesion was confined to the lumbosacral region of the cord in cases of advanced bilharziasis. The cords of infected Hamsters showed only diffuse cell infilterate without ova. The possible pathways of ova from the final habitats of the parasites to the cord are pelvivertebral and portovertebral connections as shown from the discovered pathological changes in the blood vessels of these areas.", "PMID": 1029646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5005", "title": "The structure of tartar-emetic.", "content": "Evaluation of the validity of the different formulae assigned to tarar-emetic is reviewed. According to the recent and most valid structure, tartar emetic is defined as potassium hydroxytartratoantimonite hemihydrate which is a derivative of the antimonite ion [Sb(OH)4]-.", "contents": "The structure of tartar-emetic. Evaluation of the validity of the different formulae assigned to tarar-emetic is reviewed. According to the recent and most valid structure, tartar emetic is defined as potassium hydroxytartratoantimonite hemihydrate which is a derivative of the antimonite ion [Sb(OH)4]-.", "PMID": 1029647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5006", "title": "Influence of diet on breeding and infectivity in mass cultivation of Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "Under well defined laboratory conditions as troughs, room temperature, humidity, water and air supply Biomphalaria glabrata was bred and kept. In  feeding trials powder of pellets for mice and commercial fish food were used as high protein diet in comparison to poor protein diet consisting of lettuce only. The high protein diet resulted in more clutches and eggs per snail than the lettuce diet. Also the yield of cercariae in the rish protein group was much higher than in the group fed on on lettuce alone. The optimal amount of snails could be obtained by feeding pellet powder, fish food and lettuce.", "contents": "Influence of diet on breeding and infectivity in mass cultivation of Biomphalaria glabrata. Under well defined laboratory conditions as troughs, room temperature, humidity, water and air supply Biomphalaria glabrata was bred and kept. In  feeding trials powder of pellets for mice and commercial fish food were used as high protein diet in comparison to poor protein diet consisting of lettuce only. The high protein diet resulted in more clutches and eggs per snail than the lettuce diet. Also the yield of cercariae in the rish protein group was much higher than in the group fed on on lettuce alone. The optimal amount of snails could be obtained by feeding pellet powder, fish food and lettuce.", "PMID": 1029648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5007", "title": "Influence of diet on breeding and infectivity in mass cultivation of Bulinus truncatus.", "content": "Under well defined laboratory conditions as troughs, room temperature, humidity, water, and air supply Bulinus truncatus was bred and kept. In a feeding trial high protein diet consisting of powdered mice pellets, commercial tropical fish food and lettuce was compared to poor protein diet of lettuce alone. Higher yield of clutches, eggs and cercariae were observed in the rich protein diet group, Bulinus and Biomphalaria Snail seem to be influenced by diet in the same way.", "contents": "Influence of diet on breeding and infectivity in mass cultivation of Bulinus truncatus. Under well defined laboratory conditions as troughs, room temperature, humidity, water, and air supply Bulinus truncatus was bred and kept. In a feeding trial high protein diet consisting of powdered mice pellets, commercial tropical fish food and lettuce was compared to poor protein diet of lettuce alone. Higher yield of clutches, eggs and cercariae were observed in the rich protein diet group, Bulinus and Biomphalaria Snail seem to be influenced by diet in the same way.", "PMID": 1029649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5008", "title": "Stereo-scan observations on the cercaria of Schistosoma haematobium.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the hinge region and excretory canal of the cercaria of Schistosoma haematobium.", "contents": "Stereo-scan observations on the cercaria of Schistosoma haematobium. The scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the hinge region and excretory canal of the cercaria of Schistosoma haematobium.", "PMID": 1029650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5009", "title": "Assessment of left ventricular function in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Inspite of the fact that the haemodynamic changes in the right ventricle in schistosomal disease received proper attention, left ventricular changes were not equally assessed. That the left ventricle could suffer in bilharzial disease is a possibility, probably due to the development of shunts and toxic myocarditis. In this wor5, left ventricular functions were studied using the rate of maximum rise of intraventricular pressure (kp/dt) as an index of contractility. The study included 10 normal controls, 5 cases with bilharzial liver fibrosis and no ascites or cor pulmonale, 10 cases with BLF, and ascites but no cor pulmonale, and 10 cases with bilharzial cor pulmonale. Diminished dp/dt values were obtained in 8 out of the 10 cases of bilharzial cor pulmonale, in whom the left ventricular pressure curve also showed distortion and delay in the descending limb of the isometric relaxation phase, denoting defective contractility of the left ventricle, and probably a diastolic volume overload in these cases. In BLF with or without ascites, the dp/dt values were surprisingly increased possibly due to increased catecholamines in these cases secondary to ineffective destruction in the liver suffering from parenchymatous disease. The left ventricle is thus shown to suffer in bilharzial disease particularly in cases with bilharzial cor pulmonale.", "contents": "Assessment of left ventricular function in schistosomiasis. Inspite of the fact that the haemodynamic changes in the right ventricle in schistosomal disease received proper attention, left ventricular changes were not equally assessed. That the left ventricle could suffer in bilharzial disease is a possibility, probably due to the development of shunts and toxic myocarditis. In this wor5, left ventricular functions were studied using the rate of maximum rise of intraventricular pressure (kp/dt) as an index of contractility. The study included 10 normal controls, 5 cases with bilharzial liver fibrosis and no ascites or cor pulmonale, 10 cases with BLF, and ascites but no cor pulmonale, and 10 cases with bilharzial cor pulmonale. Diminished dp/dt values were obtained in 8 out of the 10 cases of bilharzial cor pulmonale, in whom the left ventricular pressure curve also showed distortion and delay in the descending limb of the isometric relaxation phase, denoting defective contractility of the left ventricle, and probably a diastolic volume overload in these cases. In BLF with or without ascites, the dp/dt values were surprisingly increased possibly due to increased catecholamines in these cases secondary to ineffective destruction in the liver suffering from parenchymatous disease. The left ventricle is thus shown to suffer in bilharzial disease particularly in cases with bilharzial cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 1029651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5010", "title": "The effects of dyphylline [7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) theophylline] on the toxicity of hycanthone on the frog's heart.", "content": "The effects of the topical application of Dyphylline in concentrations of 1.0 mg/1.0 ml and 10 mg/1.0 ml Ringer's solution and 25 mg/1.0 ml, 0.065% NaCl solution (the content of ampoules in clinical use) were investigated on frog's heart in situ. Dyphylline in all of the above concentrations had a stimulatory effect on the frog's heart. Hycanthone methanesulphonate in concentration of 1.0 ml/1.0 ml when topically applied to the frog's heart had a depressant effect on both of the contractility and rhythmicity. The depressant effects of Hycanthone in concentration of 1:1 were compared before and after the topical application of Dyphylline in the above mentioned concentrations. It was found that Dyphylline in concentration of 1.0 mg/1.0 ml could partially antagonize the depressant effect of Hycanthone on the heart rate but not on the force of contraction. Dyphylline in concentration of 10 mg/1.0 ml could partially antagonize the depressant effects of Hycanthone on both of the heart rate and the force of contraction. Dyphylline in concentration of 25 mg/1.0 ml could completely antagonize the depressant effects of hycanthone on both of the heart rate and the force of contraction.", "contents": "The effects of dyphylline [7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) theophylline] on the toxicity of hycanthone on the frog's heart. The effects of the topical application of Dyphylline in concentrations of 1.0 mg/1.0 ml and 10 mg/1.0 ml Ringer's solution and 25 mg/1.0 ml, 0.065% NaCl solution (the content of ampoules in clinical use) were investigated on frog's heart in situ. Dyphylline in all of the above concentrations had a stimulatory effect on the frog's heart. Hycanthone methanesulphonate in concentration of 1.0 ml/1.0 ml when topically applied to the frog's heart had a depressant effect on both of the contractility and rhythmicity. The depressant effects of Hycanthone in concentration of 1:1 were compared before and after the topical application of Dyphylline in the above mentioned concentrations. It was found that Dyphylline in concentration of 1.0 mg/1.0 ml could partially antagonize the depressant effect of Hycanthone on the heart rate but not on the force of contraction. Dyphylline in concentration of 10 mg/1.0 ml could partially antagonize the depressant effects of Hycanthone on both of the heart rate and the force of contraction. Dyphylline in concentration of 25 mg/1.0 ml could completely antagonize the depressant effects of hycanthone on both of the heart rate and the force of contraction.", "PMID": 1029652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5011", "title": "Clinical features and treatment of urinary calculi in childhood.", "content": "During the period 1926-1975, 94 children with urinary calculi were treated. The incidence, causation, localisation, symptomatology and diagnosis of urolithiasis in children are discussed. The therapeutic possibilities are also outlined. Particular emphasis is laid on therapeutic programmes for the prevention of recurrence in all varieties of urinary calculi, by means of which the recurrence rate in our own series was reduced to around 16%.", "contents": "Clinical features and treatment of urinary calculi in childhood. During the period 1926-1975, 94 children with urinary calculi were treated. The incidence, causation, localisation, symptomatology and diagnosis of urolithiasis in children are discussed. The therapeutic possibilities are also outlined. Particular emphasis is laid on therapeutic programmes for the prevention of recurrence in all varieties of urinary calculi, by means of which the recurrence rate in our own series was reduced to around 16%.", "PMID": 1029653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5012", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma--invasion of veins.", "content": "Out of 188 operatively removed renal cell carcinomas 49% showed macroscopic evidence of vein invasion and in 28% of the cases only histologically provable vein invasion. The uncorrected 5-year survival rates amounted to 40.8% in macroscopic vein invasion, 60.6% in histologically provable vein invasion and 75.6% in the absence of vein invasion. The term 'vein invasion' should therefore always be defined more precisely. Hence suggest to modify the V classification of 1974 of the UICC.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma--invasion of veins. Out of 188 operatively removed renal cell carcinomas 49% showed macroscopic evidence of vein invasion and in 28% of the cases only histologically provable vein invasion. The uncorrected 5-year survival rates amounted to 40.8% in macroscopic vein invasion, 60.6% in histologically provable vein invasion and 75.6% in the absence of vein invasion. The term 'vein invasion' should therefore always be defined more precisely. Hence suggest to modify the V classification of 1974 of the UICC.", "PMID": 1029654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5013", "title": "Influence of plastic splints in the production of epithelial tubes from buried skin strips. An experimental study.", "content": "Based on the practice of the Browne technique for hypospadias, epithelial skin strips were splinted with polyvinyl tubes. In an experimental study the well-known excellent tissue tolerance of the polyvinyl material was demonstrated. Definite enlarged diameter of the splinted epithelialized tubes was observed in comparing it with unsplinted controls.", "contents": "Influence of plastic splints in the production of epithelial tubes from buried skin strips. An experimental study. Based on the practice of the Browne technique for hypospadias, epithelial skin strips were splinted with polyvinyl tubes. In an experimental study the well-known excellent tissue tolerance of the polyvinyl material was demonstrated. Definite enlarged diameter of the splinted epithelialized tubes was observed in comparing it with unsplinted controls.", "PMID": 1029655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5014", "title": "Acute retention of urine due to prolapsed ectopic ureterocele in an adult male.", "content": "A case is presented of prolapsed ectopic ureterocele which produced severe urinary retention in a 31-year-old male patient. The usefulness of lumbar transcutaneous puncture is emphasized in a case associated with a non-functioning upper pole of a duplex kidney.", "contents": "Acute retention of urine due to prolapsed ectopic ureterocele in an adult male. A case is presented of prolapsed ectopic ureterocele which produced severe urinary retention in a 31-year-old male patient. The usefulness of lumbar transcutaneous puncture is emphasized in a case associated with a non-functioning upper pole of a duplex kidney.", "PMID": 1029656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5015", "title": "[Results of 8 years' research on the toxicologic evaluation of animal food additives by the so-called relay toxicity method].", "content": "The authors report the underlying principles of the new methodological approach called \"relay toxicity\" which they proposed eight years ago for the toxicological evaluation of animal feed additives. They stress its value either as a possible criterion of rejection or as a criterion of acceptability. In the latter case, the limiting factor is the difficulty of applying an adequate safety factor when food products destined for human consumption and obtained from animals receiving the additives to be evaluated are administered to laboratory animals. Amongst the examples of the additives which have been subjected to toxicological evaluation using the authors' new method, the following are examined: as growth factor, carbadox, anabolising agents and, in particular, diethylstilboestrol, and steroids used as egglaying potentializers. The results obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[Results of 8 years' research on the toxicologic evaluation of animal food additives by the so-called relay toxicity method]. The authors report the underlying principles of the new methodological approach called \"relay toxicity\" which they proposed eight years ago for the toxicological evaluation of animal feed additives. They stress its value either as a possible criterion of rejection or as a criterion of acceptability. In the latter case, the limiting factor is the difficulty of applying an adequate safety factor when food products destined for human consumption and obtained from animals receiving the additives to be evaluated are administered to laboratory animals. Amongst the examples of the additives which have been subjected to toxicological evaluation using the authors' new method, the following are examined: as growth factor, carbadox, anabolising agents and, in particular, diethylstilboestrol, and steroids used as egglaying potentializers. The results obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 1029657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5016", "title": "[Determination of lead in foodstuffs and tobacco].", "content": "A large variety of food containing lead, food is for us an important source of contamination. The average quantity of lead contained in food and tobacco has been established yet. Thanks to these results, we known the exact quantity absorbed by men in normal conditions of living. We are working to establish its dosage with atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "contents": "[Determination of lead in foodstuffs and tobacco]. A large variety of food containing lead, food is for us an important source of contamination. The average quantity of lead contained in food and tobacco has been established yet. Thanks to these results, we known the exact quantity absorbed by men in normal conditions of living. We are working to establish its dosage with atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "PMID": 1029658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5017", "title": "[Effect of subacute fluorine poisoning in the rabbit on fluorine and phosphorus-calcium metabolism and on radiography of the skeleton].", "content": "Rabbit subacute fluoride intoxication effects (21,4 mg a day for 10 months) are researched on fluor, calcium and phosphorus metabolism and on skeletal radiology. Fluoremy increase (p less than 0.05) and there is a strong fluor retention (p less than 0.01), due to fluor digestive utilization coefficient increase (p less than 0.05), in spite of relative hyperfluorury (p less than 0.05). Calcemy decreases (p less than 0.01), but phosphatemy and alkaline phosphatasemy do not vary but a little. Calcium and phosphorus balances become negative (p less than 0.05), due to calcium digestive utilization coefficient inversion (p less than 0.05) and phosphorus digestive utilization coefficient decrease (p less than 0.05) and hypercalciury (p less than 0.05) and hyperphosphatury (p less than 0.05) with phosphorus renal reabsorption coefficient decrease (p less than 0.05). Some skeletal radiological abnormalities appear on rachis and limbs.", "contents": "[Effect of subacute fluorine poisoning in the rabbit on fluorine and phosphorus-calcium metabolism and on radiography of the skeleton]. Rabbit subacute fluoride intoxication effects (21,4 mg a day for 10 months) are researched on fluor, calcium and phosphorus metabolism and on skeletal radiology. Fluoremy increase (p less than 0.05) and there is a strong fluor retention (p less than 0.01), due to fluor digestive utilization coefficient increase (p less than 0.05), in spite of relative hyperfluorury (p less than 0.05). Calcemy decreases (p less than 0.01), but phosphatemy and alkaline phosphatasemy do not vary but a little. Calcium and phosphorus balances become negative (p less than 0.05), due to calcium digestive utilization coefficient inversion (p less than 0.05) and phosphorus digestive utilization coefficient decrease (p less than 0.05) and hypercalciury (p less than 0.05) and hyperphosphatury (p less than 0.05) with phosphorus renal reabsorption coefficient decrease (p less than 0.05). Some skeletal radiological abnormalities appear on rachis and limbs.", "PMID": 1029659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5018", "title": "[Risks of mercury poisoning in the dental laboratory].", "content": "We present the results of an inquiry about the hydrargyric risk run by the staff of an odonto-stomatological laboratory. A second laboratory in which mercury was not used, served as a control. It would appear that the staff in the laboratory where the practician uses amalgam have a level of mercury higher than that of the staff working in the control laboratory. This level reaches the maximum in the middle of the day and returns to the same level as that of the controls after the nights rest outside the polluted atmosphere. These results are discussed in the light of our findings and of facts obtained from literature.", "contents": "[Risks of mercury poisoning in the dental laboratory]. We present the results of an inquiry about the hydrargyric risk run by the staff of an odonto-stomatological laboratory. A second laboratory in which mercury was not used, served as a control. It would appear that the staff in the laboratory where the practician uses amalgam have a level of mercury higher than that of the staff working in the control laboratory. This level reaches the maximum in the middle of the day and returns to the same level as that of the controls after the nights rest outside the polluted atmosphere. These results are discussed in the light of our findings and of facts obtained from literature.", "PMID": 1029660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5019", "title": "[A new synthesis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol].", "content": "The authors effected the synthesis of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) by first preparing the raw materials: olivetol and p-menthadiene-2.8 ol-1. Then these two reactants were put into contact in the presence of p-toluene sulphonic acid to give the isomer delta8-THC which was converted into the isomer delta9-THC.", "contents": "[A new synthesis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol]. The authors effected the synthesis of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) by first preparing the raw materials: olivetol and p-menthadiene-2.8 ol-1. Then these two reactants were put into contact in the presence of p-toluene sulphonic acid to give the isomer delta8-THC which was converted into the isomer delta9-THC.", "PMID": 1029661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5020", "title": "Role of complement components on cells and in cell interactions.", "content": "The complement system, though complex, is relatively easy to study both in terms of its reaction pathways, its distribution and its genetics. There is reason to believe that the complement system is involved in cell surface events and interactions at a variety of levels and we may hope that the knowledge of the system in the blood plasma will provide relatively easy insights into the more difficult areas with cells.", "contents": "Role of complement components on cells and in cell interactions. The complement system, though complex, is relatively easy to study both in terms of its reaction pathways, its distribution and its genetics. There is reason to believe that the complement system is involved in cell surface events and interactions at a variety of levels and we may hope that the knowledge of the system in the blood plasma will provide relatively easy insights into the more difficult areas with cells.", "PMID": 1029664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5021", "title": "The effects of dark isolation on the performance of a white-black discrimination task in the rat.", "content": "Four experiments were performed on rats using a white-black discrimination task. In Exp. 1 the animals that were isolated in darkness for four hours after each learning trial performed with fewer errors than the animals that spent the same posttrial periods in enriched environments in groups. In Exp. 2 training was carried further and retention after 10 days was investigated. The isolated animals again performed with fewer errors. In Exp. 3 a control was added to the Isolated and Enriched conditions. Animals in the control group were returned to their home cages after each training trial. No difference was found between Enriched and Control animals. In Exp 4 Dark-Isolated, Light-Isolated, Dark-Crowded and Light-Crowded groups were used. The performance of the two Dark-treated groups was superior to that of the Light-treated groups. The findings are discussed with reference to interference and consolidation theory.", "contents": "The effects of dark isolation on the performance of a white-black discrimination task in the rat. Four experiments were performed on rats using a white-black discrimination task. In Exp. 1 the animals that were isolated in darkness for four hours after each learning trial performed with fewer errors than the animals that spent the same posttrial periods in enriched environments in groups. In Exp. 2 training was carried further and retention after 10 days was investigated. The isolated animals again performed with fewer errors. In Exp. 3 a control was added to the Isolated and Enriched conditions. Animals in the control group were returned to their home cages after each training trial. No difference was found between Enriched and Control animals. In Exp 4 Dark-Isolated, Light-Isolated, Dark-Crowded and Light-Crowded groups were used. The performance of the two Dark-treated groups was superior to that of the Light-treated groups. The findings are discussed with reference to interference and consolidation theory.", "PMID": 1029725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5022", "title": "Alteration of escape from rewarding electrical brain stimulation by D-amphetamine.", "content": "Rats were trained both to barpress for and escape from locus coeruleus, midbrain periaqueductal gray and hypothalamic stimulation. Rate-intensity functions for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior and latency-intensity functions for escape behavior were obtained for each electrode site in each animal. Following baseline, d-amphetamine was administered and responding was compared with the saline condition for both rate-intensity and latency-intensity functions. ICSS response rates were enhanced by d-amphetamine at all loci, particularly at threshold intensities, while escape responding was biphasically affected by d-amphetamine at all loci. D-amphetamine increased escape latencies at intensities which, under saline, elicited short escape latencies, while decreasing escape latencies at intensities which, under saline, elicited long escape latencies. A significant correspondence was noted between intensities which, under the influence of d-amphetamine, both elicited longer escape latencies and higher ICSS response rates, suggesting that in both ICSS and escape paradigms, animals were titrating the duration of the stimulus train. No site-specific effects of d-amphetamine upon escape behavior were noted.", "contents": "Alteration of escape from rewarding electrical brain stimulation by D-amphetamine. Rats were trained both to barpress for and escape from locus coeruleus, midbrain periaqueductal gray and hypothalamic stimulation. Rate-intensity functions for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior and latency-intensity functions for escape behavior were obtained for each electrode site in each animal. Following baseline, d-amphetamine was administered and responding was compared with the saline condition for both rate-intensity and latency-intensity functions. ICSS response rates were enhanced by d-amphetamine at all loci, particularly at threshold intensities, while escape responding was biphasically affected by d-amphetamine at all loci. D-amphetamine increased escape latencies at intensities which, under saline, elicited short escape latencies, while decreasing escape latencies at intensities which, under saline, elicited long escape latencies. A significant correspondence was noted between intensities which, under the influence of d-amphetamine, both elicited longer escape latencies and higher ICSS response rates, suggesting that in both ICSS and escape paradigms, animals were titrating the duration of the stimulus train. No site-specific effects of d-amphetamine upon escape behavior were noted.", "PMID": 1029726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5023", "title": "On time space and the cerebral hemispheres: a theoretical note.", "content": "The two well know dichotomies in hemispheric functions--temporal-spatial, and analysis-synthesis (extraction-integration)--are combined in a unified theory of cerebral dominance. The two dichotomies are first considered within the framework of a two-stage model of information processing, and subsequently reduced to the extraction and integration operations performed at each of the two stages. At the first stage, the respective operations of extraction and integration applied on the sensory stream yield the spatiotemporal organization of events. At the second stage, these operations are expressed in progressively more complex organizations such as verbal coding and pictorial imagery. The model is finally generalized into a multiple-stage model. Some empirical consequences are derived.", "contents": "On time space and the cerebral hemispheres: a theoretical note. The two well know dichotomies in hemispheric functions--temporal-spatial, and analysis-synthesis (extraction-integration)--are combined in a unified theory of cerebral dominance. The two dichotomies are first considered within the framework of a two-stage model of information processing, and subsequently reduced to the extraction and integration operations performed at each of the two stages. At the first stage, the respective operations of extraction and integration applied on the sensory stream yield the spatiotemporal organization of events. At the second stage, these operations are expressed in progressively more complex organizations such as verbal coding and pictorial imagery. The model is finally generalized into a multiple-stage model. Some empirical consequences are derived.", "PMID": 1029727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5024", "title": "Lateralization of language and spatial functions in left-handed populations.", "content": "The level of performance in the execution of a tactual-linguistic task was studied in two left-handed populations, one with language lateralized to the left and the other with language lateralized to the right hemisphere, according to Kimura's dichotic digit test. The results showed that left-handers with speech most likely lateralized to the left hemisphere performed significantly better in the tactual-linguistic task with the left hand, while the ones with speech probably lateralized to the right hemisphere, did better with the right hand. The data suggest that integration of functions asymmetrically represented is facilitated by their differential lateralization.", "contents": "Lateralization of language and spatial functions in left-handed populations. The level of performance in the execution of a tactual-linguistic task was studied in two left-handed populations, one with language lateralized to the left and the other with language lateralized to the right hemisphere, according to Kimura's dichotic digit test. The results showed that left-handers with speech most likely lateralized to the left hemisphere performed significantly better in the tactual-linguistic task with the left hand, while the ones with speech probably lateralized to the right hemisphere, did better with the right hand. The data suggest that integration of functions asymmetrically represented is facilitated by their differential lateralization.", "PMID": 1029728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5025", "title": "Neuronal circuits involved in learning: the use of modifiable synapses in the simulation of behavior.", "content": "Our present knowledge of brain structure and function requires that any model of neuronal circuitry designed to account for learning must satisfy three conditions. It must (1) meet economy restrictions on the number of cells in the brain, (2) use the same set of cells to account for a number of different behaviors, and (3) not require a detailed embryological specification of its connections. Previously published models have failed to meet one or more of these conditions. In this paper, a model is presented which does satisfy them, and in doing so accounts in detail for classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and other learning tasks. The model employs the types of synapses proposed by Burke and Hebb in simple modular circuits as a means of providing independent storage of information at each modifiable synapse.", "contents": "Neuronal circuits involved in learning: the use of modifiable synapses in the simulation of behavior. Our present knowledge of brain structure and function requires that any model of neuronal circuitry designed to account for learning must satisfy three conditions. It must (1) meet economy restrictions on the number of cells in the brain, (2) use the same set of cells to account for a number of different behaviors, and (3) not require a detailed embryological specification of its connections. Previously published models have failed to meet one or more of these conditions. In this paper, a model is presented which does satisfy them, and in doing so accounts in detail for classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and other learning tasks. The model employs the types of synapses proposed by Burke and Hebb in simple modular circuits as a means of providing independent storage of information at each modifiable synapse.", "PMID": 1029730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5026", "title": "On the subjectivity of personality theory.", "content": "Every theorist of personality views the human condition from the unique perspective of his own individuality. As a consequence, personality theories are strongly influenced by personal and subjective factors. These influences are partially responsible for the present day lack of consensus in psychology as to basic conceptual frameworks for the study of man. The science of human personality can achieve a greater degree of consensus and generality only if it begins to turn back on itself and question its own psychological foundations. The role of subjective and personal factors in this field can be studied and made more explicit by means of a psychobiographical method which interprets the major ideas of personality theories in the light of the formative experiences in the respective theorists' lives. This method is briefly illustrated by an examination of the influence of personal experiences on theoretical concepts in the work of Carl Jung, Carl Rogers, Wilhelm Reich, and Gordon Allport. The subjective factors disclosed by psychobiographical analysis can bee seen to interact with influences stemming from the intellectual and historical context within which the theorist work. The psychobiographical study of personality theory is only one part of a larger discipline, the psychology of knowledge, which would study the role of subjective and personal factors in the structure of man's knowledge in general.", "contents": "On the subjectivity of personality theory. Every theorist of personality views the human condition from the unique perspective of his own individuality. As a consequence, personality theories are strongly influenced by personal and subjective factors. These influences are partially responsible for the present day lack of consensus in psychology as to basic conceptual frameworks for the study of man. The science of human personality can achieve a greater degree of consensus and generality only if it begins to turn back on itself and question its own psychological foundations. The role of subjective and personal factors in this field can be studied and made more explicit by means of a psychobiographical method which interprets the major ideas of personality theories in the light of the formative experiences in the respective theorists' lives. This method is briefly illustrated by an examination of the influence of personal experiences on theoretical concepts in the work of Carl Jung, Carl Rogers, Wilhelm Reich, and Gordon Allport. The subjective factors disclosed by psychobiographical analysis can bee seen to interact with influences stemming from the intellectual and historical context within which the theorist work. The psychobiographical study of personality theory is only one part of a larger discipline, the psychology of knowledge, which would study the role of subjective and personal factors in the structure of man's knowledge in general.", "PMID": 1029746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5027", "title": "The need for accuracy in historiography.", "content": "Historiographers must be especially accurate in their citations and references. An article by Wettersten contained numerous incorrect references and citations, and factual errors. Corrections are provided.", "contents": "The need for accuracy in historiography. Historiographers must be especially accurate in their citations and references. An article by Wettersten contained numerous incorrect references and citations, and factual errors. Corrections are provided.", "PMID": 1029747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5028", "title": "Haemoglobin changes, diet and anthropometric measurements in adolescent male detainees.", "content": "A fall in haemoglobin noted in detainees in a Detention Centre in 1972 prompted a more detailed study to find possible reasons for this change. A significant fall in haemoglobin occurred between the first and third day after arrival, and no further fall had taken place eight weeks later. There was no evidence to suggest dehydration on arrival, or of any dietary deficiency during their stay. The fall in haemoglobin concentration occurred in non-smokers and smokers alike. It is suggested that the initial haemoglobin was higher than normal, possibly due to a physiological response to stress, and that it returned to normal by the third day when the boys had become accustomed to their new environment.", "contents": "Haemoglobin changes, diet and anthropometric measurements in adolescent male detainees. A fall in haemoglobin noted in detainees in a Detention Centre in 1972 prompted a more detailed study to find possible reasons for this change. A significant fall in haemoglobin occurred between the first and third day after arrival, and no further fall had taken place eight weeks later. There was no evidence to suggest dehydration on arrival, or of any dietary deficiency during their stay. The fall in haemoglobin concentration occurred in non-smokers and smokers alike. It is suggested that the initial haemoglobin was higher than normal, possibly due to a physiological response to stress, and that it returned to normal by the third day when the boys had become accustomed to their new environment.", "PMID": 1029749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5029", "title": "Cold-sensitive variants of Staphylococcus aureus and their stimulation by penicillins and cephalosporins.", "content": "Cold-sensitive (Cs) variants were obtained from ageing broth cultures of the Oxford strain of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) and other penicillin-sensitive strains of this species. Growth of all strains was severely retarded on certain media at 30 degrees C but was stimulated by the addition of penicillins and cephalosporins. Revertants were derived which behaved as the parent cells did with respect to growth temperature requirements and response to these antibiotics.", "contents": "Cold-sensitive variants of Staphylococcus aureus and their stimulation by penicillins and cephalosporins. Cold-sensitive (Cs) variants were obtained from ageing broth cultures of the Oxford strain of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) and other penicillin-sensitive strains of this species. Growth of all strains was severely retarded on certain media at 30 degrees C but was stimulated by the addition of penicillins and cephalosporins. Revertants were derived which behaved as the parent cells did with respect to growth temperature requirements and response to these antibiotics.", "PMID": 1029772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5030", "title": "A qualitative and quantitative study of the fatty acid composition of selected micro-organisms.", "content": "Fatty acid content was found to be an important parameter in the identification and numerical taxonomy of many micro-organisms. Isolates of the same species and genus as well as members of many well defined groups, such as the Enterobacteriaceae, were included in the study. A direct methylation procedure of the bacteria was found to be accurate, efficient and rapid. Fatty acids were found to be reliable indicators of micro-organisms in group, generic, specific and strain identification. Other biochemical tests were especially valuable when used in conjunction with fatty acid profiles in identification and classification of the bacteria studied.", "contents": "A qualitative and quantitative study of the fatty acid composition of selected micro-organisms. Fatty acid content was found to be an important parameter in the identification and numerical taxonomy of many micro-organisms. Isolates of the same species and genus as well as members of many well defined groups, such as the Enterobacteriaceae, were included in the study. A direct methylation procedure of the bacteria was found to be accurate, efficient and rapid. Fatty acids were found to be reliable indicators of micro-organisms in group, generic, specific and strain identification. Other biochemical tests were especially valuable when used in conjunction with fatty acid profiles in identification and classification of the bacteria studied.", "PMID": 1029773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5031", "title": "Monoiodotyrosine: effects on tissue amines and cold survival.", "content": "The effects of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) on cold survival and levels of tissue amines in rats were studied. MIT was found to impair cold suvival and to lower levels of norepinephrine (NE). These experiments confirm previous pharmacologic evidence that MIT has an anti-adrenergic effect. Cold stress lowered brain NE levels but failed to lower brain dopamine levels, a finding consistent with current views of the role of brain mechanisms in temperature regulation.", "contents": "Monoiodotyrosine: effects on tissue amines and cold survival. The effects of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) on cold survival and levels of tissue amines in rats were studied. MIT was found to impair cold suvival and to lower levels of norepinephrine (NE). These experiments confirm previous pharmacologic evidence that MIT has an anti-adrenergic effect. Cold stress lowered brain NE levels but failed to lower brain dopamine levels, a finding consistent with current views of the role of brain mechanisms in temperature regulation.", "PMID": 1029805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5032", "title": "Habituation of visually evoked responses in man: a study of its time course.", "content": "Twelve subjects were tested in a study of short-and long-term habituation of visually evoked responses to flashes with fixed and random interstimulus intervals. Long-term habituation was evalutated using blocks of 64 responses, and 'sliding' averages were calculated for estimation of the short-term habituation. Two measures of averaged evoked responses amplitude were used: N1-P2 amplitude and mean level of responses between 70 and 220 msec. A gradual decrease of amplitude of the vertex responses was observed during the first 3 min of stimulation, the greater part of this decrement occurring during the first 15 sec, with fixed interstimulus intervals. No decrement was observed with random interstimulus intervals. As the time course of long-term habituation may be influenced by fluctuations in the levels of arousal and attention, a decrement of the responses in a short period of stimulation is more likely to represent true habituation. The procedure of 'sliding' average presents some advantages over the averaging by ordinal positions used in some studies and is more satisfactory in investigations of such noncooperative subjects as psychiatric patients.", "contents": "Habituation of visually evoked responses in man: a study of its time course. Twelve subjects were tested in a study of short-and long-term habituation of visually evoked responses to flashes with fixed and random interstimulus intervals. Long-term habituation was evalutated using blocks of 64 responses, and 'sliding' averages were calculated for estimation of the short-term habituation. Two measures of averaged evoked responses amplitude were used: N1-P2 amplitude and mean level of responses between 70 and 220 msec. A gradual decrease of amplitude of the vertex responses was observed during the first 3 min of stimulation, the greater part of this decrement occurring during the first 15 sec, with fixed interstimulus intervals. No decrement was observed with random interstimulus intervals. As the time course of long-term habituation may be influenced by fluctuations in the levels of arousal and attention, a decrement of the responses in a short period of stimulation is more likely to represent true habituation. The procedure of 'sliding' average presents some advantages over the averaging by ordinal positions used in some studies and is more satisfactory in investigations of such noncooperative subjects as psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 1029806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5033", "title": "Bioavailabiltity and side effects of different lithium carbonate products.", "content": "Among the three lithium preparations tested, no significant difference was found in the bioavailability, as expressed in serum and erythrocyte lithium concentrations and urinary lithium output. The side effect reports, however, varied significantly among the types of lithium under study. The slower the absorption of a particular preparation, the fewer the side effects. The results of this study support the view that preference should be given to lithium preparations with slow-release properites, particularly in side-effect-prone subjects.", "contents": "Bioavailabiltity and side effects of different lithium carbonate products. Among the three lithium preparations tested, no significant difference was found in the bioavailability, as expressed in serum and erythrocyte lithium concentrations and urinary lithium output. The side effect reports, however, varied significantly among the types of lithium under study. The slower the absorption of a particular preparation, the fewer the side effects. The results of this study support the view that preference should be given to lithium preparations with slow-release properites, particularly in side-effect-prone subjects.", "PMID": 1029807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5034", "title": "Glucose-insulin metabolism in herion addicts.", "content": "The insulinemic and glycemic response to a glucose load (100 g per os) was studied in 21 heroin addicts, 16 males and 5 females, age 16-28 years, history of addiction lasting from 6 months to 4 years with heroin alone (from 0.5 to 1.5 g/day i.v.). Nine normal sujects, from the hospital staff, 4 females and 5 males matched for age were use as control. The insulinemic and glycemic response to a glucose load was examined immediately after hospitalization, while the patients were still on heroin, 48 h later off drugs, and in 10 of the 21 cases 5 days later still off drugs. From the results obtained, it appears that in heroin addicts the glycemic response to the glucose load shows a delayed peak time. The insulin curves show increased insulin peaks, delayed peak time and prolonged hyperinsulinemia. The pathomechanism of heroin in inducing the above-metioned impairments is discussed, taking also in cosideration the possible influence of the drug on the neurotransmitter regulation of insulin.", "contents": "Glucose-insulin metabolism in herion addicts. The insulinemic and glycemic response to a glucose load (100 g per os) was studied in 21 heroin addicts, 16 males and 5 females, age 16-28 years, history of addiction lasting from 6 months to 4 years with heroin alone (from 0.5 to 1.5 g/day i.v.). Nine normal sujects, from the hospital staff, 4 females and 5 males matched for age were use as control. The insulinemic and glycemic response to a glucose load was examined immediately after hospitalization, while the patients were still on heroin, 48 h later off drugs, and in 10 of the 21 cases 5 days later still off drugs. From the results obtained, it appears that in heroin addicts the glycemic response to the glucose load shows a delayed peak time. The insulin curves show increased insulin peaks, delayed peak time and prolonged hyperinsulinemia. The pathomechanism of heroin in inducing the above-metioned impairments is discussed, taking also in cosideration the possible influence of the drug on the neurotransmitter regulation of insulin.", "PMID": 1029808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5035", "title": "Application of factor analytic procedures to complex evoked potential measurements in psychiatric research.", "content": "Several factor analytic procedures were applied to data gathered with a modified somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) recovery function prodecure in 56 non-patients and 224 psychiatric inpatients. The data were analyzed for each option reflected in three main issues. (1) Which group should be used for calculating the basic factor structure--normals only or all subjects? (2) Should measurements be preadjusted for covariance with variables known to obscure events of interest? (3) Should varimax rotation be used, or are principal components sufficient? Using two criteria, interpretability of factors in relation to experimental design, and their ability to discriminate clinical groups, it appeared that: (1) choice of either population yielded similar results; (2) when measurements were pre-adjusted for covariance more interpretable factors, which also yielded clinical discriminations, were obtained by varimax rotations than by principal components, and (3) when data were not adjusted by covariance, principal component analysis produced a factor which, although less interpretable in relation to experimental design than the varimax factors, provided equivalent clinical discriminations.", "contents": "Application of factor analytic procedures to complex evoked potential measurements in psychiatric research. Several factor analytic procedures were applied to data gathered with a modified somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) recovery function prodecure in 56 non-patients and 224 psychiatric inpatients. The data were analyzed for each option reflected in three main issues. (1) Which group should be used for calculating the basic factor structure--normals only or all subjects? (2) Should measurements be preadjusted for covariance with variables known to obscure events of interest? (3) Should varimax rotation be used, or are principal components sufficient? Using two criteria, interpretability of factors in relation to experimental design, and their ability to discriminate clinical groups, it appeared that: (1) choice of either population yielded similar results; (2) when measurements were pre-adjusted for covariance more interpretable factors, which also yielded clinical discriminations, were obtained by varimax rotations than by principal components, and (3) when data were not adjusted by covariance, principal component analysis produced a factor which, although less interpretable in relation to experimental design than the varimax factors, provided equivalent clinical discriminations.", "PMID": 1029809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5036", "title": "Effect of dietary iron level on efficiency of converting food iron into hemoglobin by the anemic rat.", "content": "The effects of varying the dietary levels of ferrous sulfate or ferric orthophosphate on the efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin iron, was evaluated with the anemic rat. Weanling male rats were made anemic by feeding a semipurified diet containing 8.4 mg iron/kg, and by bleeding. They were divided into nine groups so that hemoglobin levels and body weights were similar. The rats were fed the basal diet or basal diet plus 12, 24, 36 and 48 mg iron/kg diet provided as ferrous sulfate or ferric orthophosphate. The rats were fed 10 g daily of the respective diets for 10 consecutive days. The efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin iron was not significantly affected by dietary level of either iron salt. It was determined that ferric orthophosphate was 51% as efficient as ferrous sulfate for hemoglobin regeneration in the anemic rat.", "contents": "Effect of dietary iron level on efficiency of converting food iron into hemoglobin by the anemic rat. The effects of varying the dietary levels of ferrous sulfate or ferric orthophosphate on the efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin iron, was evaluated with the anemic rat. Weanling male rats were made anemic by feeding a semipurified diet containing 8.4 mg iron/kg, and by bleeding. They were divided into nine groups so that hemoglobin levels and body weights were similar. The rats were fed the basal diet or basal diet plus 12, 24, 36 and 48 mg iron/kg diet provided as ferrous sulfate or ferric orthophosphate. The rats were fed 10 g daily of the respective diets for 10 consecutive days. The efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin iron was not significantly affected by dietary level of either iron salt. It was determined that ferric orthophosphate was 51% as efficient as ferrous sulfate for hemoglobin regeneration in the anemic rat.", "PMID": 1029811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5037", "title": "Regulation of blood pyridoxal phosphate in riboflavin deficiency in man.", "content": "Synthesis and breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were studied in subjects with oral lesions before and after treatment with riboflavin. In vivo conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal phosphate as well as in vitro synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were lower in subjects with lesions of the mouth and improved markedly after treatment with riboflavin. Erythrocyte phosphatase activity, with pyridoxal phosphate as substrate, was lower in riboflavin-deficient subjects and showed an increase after treatment with riboflavin.", "contents": "Regulation of blood pyridoxal phosphate in riboflavin deficiency in man. Synthesis and breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were studied in subjects with oral lesions before and after treatment with riboflavin. In vivo conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal phosphate as well as in vitro synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate by erythrocytes were lower in subjects with lesions of the mouth and improved markedly after treatment with riboflavin. Erythrocyte phosphatase activity, with pyridoxal phosphate as substrate, was lower in riboflavin-deficient subjects and showed an increase after treatment with riboflavin.", "PMID": 1029812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5038", "title": "Effects of a fat-reduced diet on the faecal excretion of radioactivity following administration of 14C-cholic acid and on the duodenal concentration of bile salts in patients with ileal disease.", "content": "The fraction of faecal radioactivity excreted after intravenous administration of 14C-labelled cholic acid decreased in most patients with ileopathy and bile salt malabsorption when the dietary daily fat content was reduced from 100 to 40 g. The decreased faecal cholic acid loss might be due to increased bile salt absorption and decreased emptying of the gall-bladder on the fat-reduced diet. A simplified method to determine the corrected 24-hour excretion of radiologically labelled bile salts is described.", "contents": "Effects of a fat-reduced diet on the faecal excretion of radioactivity following administration of 14C-cholic acid and on the duodenal concentration of bile salts in patients with ileal disease. The fraction of faecal radioactivity excreted after intravenous administration of 14C-labelled cholic acid decreased in most patients with ileopathy and bile salt malabsorption when the dietary daily fat content was reduced from 100 to 40 g. The decreased faecal cholic acid loss might be due to increased bile salt absorption and decreased emptying of the gall-bladder on the fat-reduced diet. A simplified method to determine the corrected 24-hour excretion of radiologically labelled bile salts is described.", "PMID": 1029814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5039", "title": "The effect of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on metabolism and insulin secretion in rats on a controlled feeding regimen.", "content": "The metabolic effect of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions, which are known to cause hyperphagia and obesity, has been studied in rats kept on a controlled light and food regimen. The animals were sacrificed at 4 different times during the second postoperative day. A feeding-induced hypersecretion of insulin was found to the VMH-lesioned animals. It was accompanied by a marked hypoglycemia as compared to the control groups during the feeding period. The glycogen content of liver and diaphragm in the lesioned groups is increased as compared to the controls during the same period. The VMH-lesioned animals showed hypertriglyceridemia both in the fed and fasted state, whereas the postabsorptive plasma levels of free fatty acids and glycerol were decreased. An increased level of urea was observed in all lesioned groups. This is in accordance with the demonstrated protein catabolism which follows VMH lesions.", "contents": "The effect of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on metabolism and insulin secretion in rats on a controlled feeding regimen. The metabolic effect of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions, which are known to cause hyperphagia and obesity, has been studied in rats kept on a controlled light and food regimen. The animals were sacrificed at 4 different times during the second postoperative day. A feeding-induced hypersecretion of insulin was found to the VMH-lesioned animals. It was accompanied by a marked hypoglycemia as compared to the control groups during the feeding period. The glycogen content of liver and diaphragm in the lesioned groups is increased as compared to the controls during the same period. The VMH-lesioned animals showed hypertriglyceridemia both in the fed and fasted state, whereas the postabsorptive plasma levels of free fatty acids and glycerol were decreased. An increased level of urea was observed in all lesioned groups. This is in accordance with the demonstrated protein catabolism which follows VMH lesions.", "PMID": 1029815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5040", "title": "Thymic weight in pantothenic acid deficiency.", "content": "The purpose of this note is to emphasize the significant effects of nutritional factors, in this case pantothenic acid, on growth and development of rat thymus. Low antibody titers against various infectious agents in pantothenic acid deficiency and skin graft tolerance in pyridoxine deficiency warrant an assessment of the effects of vitamins on the growth and development of the thymus and consequently on the immune response.", "contents": "Thymic weight in pantothenic acid deficiency. The purpose of this note is to emphasize the significant effects of nutritional factors, in this case pantothenic acid, on growth and development of rat thymus. Low antibody titers against various infectious agents in pantothenic acid deficiency and skin graft tolerance in pyridoxine deficiency warrant an assessment of the effects of vitamins on the growth and development of the thymus and consequently on the immune response.", "PMID": 1029816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5041", "title": "Erythropoietic response of anemic rats to enriched white bread and bread ash.", "content": "Iron-deficient rats were rehabilitated with diets supplying iron from white wheat bread, bread ash or ferrous sulfate as a standard. The relative biological value of iron in bread or its ash was greater when evaluated from red blood cell count than when estimated from hemoglobin concentration. Ash obtained by heating bread in a muffle furnace and reduced with hydrogen was more effective in stimulating blood cell production than could be accounted for by its iron content alone.", "contents": "Erythropoietic response of anemic rats to enriched white bread and bread ash. Iron-deficient rats were rehabilitated with diets supplying iron from white wheat bread, bread ash or ferrous sulfate as a standard. The relative biological value of iron in bread or its ash was greater when evaluated from red blood cell count than when estimated from hemoglobin concentration. Ash obtained by heating bread in a muffle furnace and reduced with hydrogen was more effective in stimulating blood cell production than could be accounted for by its iron content alone.", "PMID": 1029817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5042", "title": "Influence of litter size on lipid composition in infant mice.", "content": "The amount of milk available to each member of the litter was varied by adjusting the number of mice pups to 4, 8 or 12 per dam. The total fatty acid content of the carcass of the young increased for 2 weeks, and there was more in the well-fed groups. The fatty acid contents decreased thereafter transiently in all groups until weaning. The milk diet contributed major quantities of lauric and myristic acids to peripheral tissues but not to the liver. Undernourishment during neonatal life was associated with a relative reduction in palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids in lipids of the carcass. In contrast the carcass of the progeny subjected to overall dietary abundance showed relative increase in palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids at the expense of stearic acid.", "contents": "Influence of litter size on lipid composition in infant mice. The amount of milk available to each member of the litter was varied by adjusting the number of mice pups to 4, 8 or 12 per dam. The total fatty acid content of the carcass of the young increased for 2 weeks, and there was more in the well-fed groups. The fatty acid contents decreased thereafter transiently in all groups until weaning. The milk diet contributed major quantities of lauric and myristic acids to peripheral tissues but not to the liver. Undernourishment during neonatal life was associated with a relative reduction in palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids in lipids of the carcass. In contrast the carcass of the progeny subjected to overall dietary abundance showed relative increase in palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids at the expense of stearic acid.", "PMID": 1029818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5043", "title": "The influence of interrrupted vitamin D metabolism on acute low calcium adaptation in the rat.", "content": "The small intestine of animals place on a low calcium diet adapts to the dietary restriction by transporting calcium more efficiently. Adaptation has been observed in most mammalian species; however, the mechanism of adaptation has not been well defined. Recent evidence indicates that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2-D3], the active metabolite of vitamin D, may be involved in the process of adaptation. The present study was designed to examine the inflluence of experimental interruption of vitamin D metabolism on acute low calcium adaptation. Partial hepatectomy, cortisone treatment and dietary strontium supplements were used to inhibit the production of 1,25(OH)2-D3. In separate experiments partial hepatectomy produced a 38% reduction in adaptation; cortisone treatment (5 mg/day, s.c.) caused a 88% reduction and dietary strontium abolished adaptation completely. The possible roles of parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2-D3 and their relationships in the process of adaptation are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of interrrupted vitamin D metabolism on acute low calcium adaptation in the rat. The small intestine of animals place on a low calcium diet adapts to the dietary restriction by transporting calcium more efficiently. Adaptation has been observed in most mammalian species; however, the mechanism of adaptation has not been well defined. Recent evidence indicates that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2-D3], the active metabolite of vitamin D, may be involved in the process of adaptation. The present study was designed to examine the inflluence of experimental interruption of vitamin D metabolism on acute low calcium adaptation. Partial hepatectomy, cortisone treatment and dietary strontium supplements were used to inhibit the production of 1,25(OH)2-D3. In separate experiments partial hepatectomy produced a 38% reduction in adaptation; cortisone treatment (5 mg/day, s.c.) caused a 88% reduction and dietary strontium abolished adaptation completely. The possible roles of parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2-D3 and their relationships in the process of adaptation are discussed.", "PMID": 1029819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5044", "title": "Effect of protracted intermittent fasting on the activities of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, and on the concentrations of glycogen, protein and DNA in skeletal muscle of obese women.", "content": "In the quadriceps femoris muscle of obese women the glycogen concentration was significantly lower than in the control group, while protein and DNA values showed no significant differences. After 37 days of intermittent fasting, which consisted of repeated 5-day fasts alternating with 3-day intervals on 500 KCal/day with 60 g protein, in a group of 21 obese women a significant decline of the hexokinase activity in skeletal muscle was found. Other enzymes: triosophosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase showed no significant changes. There was a significant fall in concentration of DNA and and glycogen, but the protein concentration did not change.", "contents": "Effect of protracted intermittent fasting on the activities of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, and on the concentrations of glycogen, protein and DNA in skeletal muscle of obese women. In the quadriceps femoris muscle of obese women the glycogen concentration was significantly lower than in the control group, while protein and DNA values showed no significant differences. After 37 days of intermittent fasting, which consisted of repeated 5-day fasts alternating with 3-day intervals on 500 KCal/day with 60 g protein, in a group of 21 obese women a significant decline of the hexokinase activity in skeletal muscle was found. Other enzymes: triosophosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase showed no significant changes. There was a significant fall in concentration of DNA and and glycogen, but the protein concentration did not change.", "PMID": 1029820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5045", "title": "Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age.", "content": "Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a control low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. At birth some animals were killed and the remainder reared on the same diet as their mothers till 3 months old. Body weight, weight of various adipose tissue depots, size and number of fat cells were measured. Animals fed high-fat diets were fatter than control animals. On all diets females were fatter than males. In both instances the increase in adipose tissue mass was attributable to enlargement of fat cells. The composition of dietary fat had little influence on the cellularity of adipose tissue.", "contents": "Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age. Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a control low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. At birth some animals were killed and the remainder reared on the same diet as their mothers till 3 months old. Body weight, weight of various adipose tissue depots, size and number of fat cells were measured. Animals fed high-fat diets were fatter than control animals. On all diets females were fatter than males. In both instances the increase in adipose tissue mass was attributable to enlargement of fat cells. The composition of dietary fat had little influence on the cellularity of adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1029821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5046", "title": "Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age. II. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of liver, plasma, adipose tissue, muscle and red cell membranes at birth.", "content": "Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a commercial low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. The young were killed at birth and the fatty acid composition of the lipids of the liver, plasma, adipose tissue, quadriceps muscle and red cell membranes was determined. Compared with those fed the commercial diet the tissue of the young of mothers fed maize oil had an increased percentage of linoleic acid whereas in those of the young of mothers fed beef dripping, the percentage of oleic acid was significantly higher. These changes occurred both in the triglycerides and in the membrane phospholipids (with the exceptin of sphingomyelins) of all tissues examined. These results demonstrate that the fatty acid composition of the tissue lipids of the newborn guinea pig can be influenced by the fatty acid composition of the maternal diet. Changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids can be as great as those in storage lipids. This raises the question of long-term physiological significance for the animal.", "contents": "Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age. II. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of liver, plasma, adipose tissue, muscle and red cell membranes at birth. Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a commercial low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. The young were killed at birth and the fatty acid composition of the lipids of the liver, plasma, adipose tissue, quadriceps muscle and red cell membranes was determined. Compared with those fed the commercial diet the tissue of the young of mothers fed maize oil had an increased percentage of linoleic acid whereas in those of the young of mothers fed beef dripping, the percentage of oleic acid was significantly higher. These changes occurred both in the triglycerides and in the membrane phospholipids (with the exceptin of sphingomyelins) of all tissues examined. These results demonstrate that the fatty acid composition of the tissue lipids of the newborn guinea pig can be influenced by the fatty acid composition of the maternal diet. Changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids can be as great as those in storage lipids. This raises the question of long-term physiological significance for the animal.", "PMID": 1029822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5047", "title": "Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age. III. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of plasma, adipose tissue, liver and muscle at 3 months of age.", "content": "Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a 'control' low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. Offspring were reared on the same diet as their mothers and when they were 3 months old, fatty acid compositions of the lipids of the adipose tissue, blood plasma, liver and muscle were analysed. The proportion of linoleic acid was elevated in both the storage triglycerides and the tissue phosphoglycerides of animals fed 'maize' diet whereas in the 'beef' group the proportion of oleic acid was significantly elevated compared with controls. A substantial part of these diet-induced changes in tissue fatty acid composition had occurred by the time animal was born; only minor changes took place in the subsequent 3 months of feeding.", "contents": "Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age. III. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of plasma, adipose tissue, liver and muscle at 3 months of age. Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a 'control' low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. Offspring were reared on the same diet as their mothers and when they were 3 months old, fatty acid compositions of the lipids of the adipose tissue, blood plasma, liver and muscle were analysed. The proportion of linoleic acid was elevated in both the storage triglycerides and the tissue phosphoglycerides of animals fed 'maize' diet whereas in the 'beef' group the proportion of oleic acid was significantly elevated compared with controls. A substantial part of these diet-induced changes in tissue fatty acid composition had occurred by the time animal was born; only minor changes took place in the subsequent 3 months of feeding.", "PMID": 1029823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5048", "title": "[Variability of parameters in enzyme kinetics. 1. Intermethod oscillations].", "content": "Kinetic parameters of urease activity have been determined by five different methods, namely: Henry, Lineweaver-Burk, Hofstee, Woolf and Cornish-Eisenthal. In no instance different methods yielded the same values for the set of parameters (Km and Vm\u00e1x).", "contents": "[Variability of parameters in enzyme kinetics. 1. Intermethod oscillations]. Kinetic parameters of urease activity have been determined by five different methods, namely: Henry, Lineweaver-Burk, Hofstee, Woolf and Cornish-Eisenthal. In no instance different methods yielded the same values for the set of parameters (Km and Vm\u00e1x).", "PMID": 1029846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5049", "title": "The estimation of blood flow to hemodialyzers by bubble time.", "content": "Reliable estimation of blood flow to hemodialyzers is essential to the accurate prescription of therapy. Customarily an air bubble is timed as it traverses a racetrack of known volume and blood flow is calculated from the formula Qb (ml/min) = (volume/BT) (60 sec/min). The linearity of this relationship has recently been questioned. Air bubble velocities were statistically fit to measured blood flows over 6 hematocrit values. From the resulting relationship, Qb (ml/min) = 62 (vol/L) (L/BT)0.96, one can generate a table relating velocity to flow for clinical use.", "contents": "The estimation of blood flow to hemodialyzers by bubble time. Reliable estimation of blood flow to hemodialyzers is essential to the accurate prescription of therapy. Customarily an air bubble is timed as it traverses a racetrack of known volume and blood flow is calculated from the formula Qb (ml/min) = (volume/BT) (60 sec/min). The linearity of this relationship has recently been questioned. Air bubble velocities were statistically fit to measured blood flows over 6 hematocrit values. From the resulting relationship, Qb (ml/min) = 62 (vol/L) (L/BT)0.96, one can generate a table relating velocity to flow for clinical use.", "PMID": 1029879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5050", "title": "Performance and clinical use of a convertible hemodialysis (HD) - ultrafiltration (UF) system.", "content": "A hemodialysis-ultrafiltration system has been developed and evaluated. It may be used either as a conventional hemodialyzer or as a nondialytic ultrafilter. When used as a dialyzer an ultrafiltration controller is required to fix ultrafiltration rate at the desired level. Rates of low molecular solute removal are compatible with those observed in commercially available artificial kidney systems, higher clearances are obtained for middle molecules, and the rate of ultrafiltration can be controlled within narrowly prescribed limits.", "contents": "Performance and clinical use of a convertible hemodialysis (HD) - ultrafiltration (UF) system. A hemodialysis-ultrafiltration system has been developed and evaluated. It may be used either as a conventional hemodialyzer or as a nondialytic ultrafilter. When used as a dialyzer an ultrafiltration controller is required to fix ultrafiltration rate at the desired level. Rates of low molecular solute removal are compatible with those observed in commercially available artificial kidney systems, higher clearances are obtained for middle molecules, and the rate of ultrafiltration can be controlled within narrowly prescribed limits.", "PMID": 1029880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5051", "title": "Nutritional intake, somatomedin activity and linear growth in children undergoing hemodialysis.", "content": "Reduced somatomedin activity was uniformly present pre-dialysis in 7 children with end-stage renal disease. Somatomedin activity improved in 6 of the 7 patients following a single 5 hr hemodialysis. Percent normal growth correlated with post-dialysis somatomedin activity in 6 of the 7 children. No correlation was present between percent normal growth and calorie or protein intake. Reduced somatomedin activity in children with end-stage renal disease appears to be due to a circulating uremic inhibitor(s). Somatomedin activity may be a useful in vitro test for adequacy of dialysis in children. Further efforts are necessary to identify the inhibitor(s) of somatomedin activity in uremia.", "contents": "Nutritional intake, somatomedin activity and linear growth in children undergoing hemodialysis. Reduced somatomedin activity was uniformly present pre-dialysis in 7 children with end-stage renal disease. Somatomedin activity improved in 6 of the 7 patients following a single 5 hr hemodialysis. Percent normal growth correlated with post-dialysis somatomedin activity in 6 of the 7 children. No correlation was present between percent normal growth and calorie or protein intake. Reduced somatomedin activity in children with end-stage renal disease appears to be due to a circulating uremic inhibitor(s). Somatomedin activity may be a useful in vitro test for adequacy of dialysis in children. Further efforts are necessary to identify the inhibitor(s) of somatomedin activity in uremia.", "PMID": 1029883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5052", "title": "Nonpercutaneous transmission of hepatitis B to the families of hemodialysis patients.", "content": "1. Fifteen percent of the hemodialysis patients were carriers of HBsAg. 2. Thirty-one percent of the carriers' contacts had HBAb in their blood. 3. Spouse of carriers had a higher prevalence of positive HBAb than any other family contact. 4. Only 6 out of 17 patients transmitted the virus to their contacts. 5. None of the contacts of the staff, with history of hepatitis B, had evidence of hepatitis. 6. Contacts with positive HBAb had no evidence of active liver disease.", "contents": "Nonpercutaneous transmission of hepatitis B to the families of hemodialysis patients. 1. Fifteen percent of the hemodialysis patients were carriers of HBsAg. 2. Thirty-one percent of the carriers' contacts had HBAb in their blood. 3. Spouse of carriers had a higher prevalence of positive HBAb than any other family contact. 4. Only 6 out of 17 patients transmitted the virus to their contacts. 5. None of the contacts of the staff, with history of hepatitis B, had evidence of hepatitis. 6. Contacts with positive HBAb had no evidence of active liver disease.", "PMID": 1029890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5053", "title": "Acetate levels in human plasma.", "content": "We have developed a gas liquid chromatographic assay for plasma acetate which detects 0.01 mM and has a standard deviation of less than 16% of the mean at 0.05 mM. The acetate concentration of venous blood obtained from normal subjects was 0.025 +/- 0.002 mM. The value was not significantly different from the venous acetate concentration of dialysis patients, prior to a dialysis treatment. The acetate concentration of arterial plasma obtained from dialysis patients prior to a hemodialysis treatment was 0.048 +/- 0.006 mM. This was significantly greater than the venous concentration of 0.027 +/- 0.002 (p less than 0.01). This arteriovenous difference suggests that acetate is utilized peripherally. At the onset of hemodialysis, acetate concentrations rapidly rose and, in all but one case, reached a steady state value in the range of 1.5-5.1 mM. At the termination of dialysis, acetate concentrations fell rapidly, usually achieving baseline values within one hr. The rate of decrease was not a simple logarithmic function, suggesting that acetate metabolism is not solely a first order function. Furthermore, acetate disappearance was more rapid in the dialysis patients than in the normal subjects. We wish to emphasize that the present data, which were obtained on a small number of subjects are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Acetate levels in human plasma. We have developed a gas liquid chromatographic assay for plasma acetate which detects 0.01 mM and has a standard deviation of less than 16% of the mean at 0.05 mM. The acetate concentration of venous blood obtained from normal subjects was 0.025 +/- 0.002 mM. The value was not significantly different from the venous acetate concentration of dialysis patients, prior to a dialysis treatment. The acetate concentration of arterial plasma obtained from dialysis patients prior to a hemodialysis treatment was 0.048 +/- 0.006 mM. This was significantly greater than the venous concentration of 0.027 +/- 0.002 (p less than 0.01). This arteriovenous difference suggests that acetate is utilized peripherally. At the onset of hemodialysis, acetate concentrations rapidly rose and, in all but one case, reached a steady state value in the range of 1.5-5.1 mM. At the termination of dialysis, acetate concentrations fell rapidly, usually achieving baseline values within one hr. The rate of decrease was not a simple logarithmic function, suggesting that acetate metabolism is not solely a first order function. Furthermore, acetate disappearance was more rapid in the dialysis patients than in the normal subjects. We wish to emphasize that the present data, which were obtained on a small number of subjects are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 1029892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5054", "title": "Long-term minoxidil therapy in patients with refractory hypertension and renal disease.", "content": "Minoxidil, an orally effective vasodilator, was successful in lowering blood pressure in 22 patients, followed up for up to 3 yrs, with hypertension refractory to medical management, including both antihypertensive drug combinations and ultrafiltration. In nondialysis patients renal function was preserved and in dialysis patients bilateral nephrectomy was avoided. Although sodium retention and reflex tachycardia were common, they were managed by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and diuresis with furosemide.", "contents": "Long-term minoxidil therapy in patients with refractory hypertension and renal disease. Minoxidil, an orally effective vasodilator, was successful in lowering blood pressure in 22 patients, followed up for up to 3 yrs, with hypertension refractory to medical management, including both antihypertensive drug combinations and ultrafiltration. In nondialysis patients renal function was preserved and in dialysis patients bilateral nephrectomy was avoided. Although sodium retention and reflex tachycardia were common, they were managed by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and diuresis with furosemide.", "PMID": 1029893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5055", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of the anemia of renal insufficiency.", "content": "1. The present studies have demonstrated that the titers of erythropoietin may be elevated to varying degrees in patients with anemia associated with end-stage renal disease. However, the increase in erythropoietin titers was apparently not sufficient to meet the increase in demand for new red blood cells created by their shortened life span and the inhibitors of heme synthesis and/or erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E). 2. Inhibitors of heme synthesis were demonstrated in the plasma of some but not all patients with anemia associated with renal disease and in rabbits 72 hrs following bilateral nephrectomy. 3. CFU-E were both increased and decreased in the bone marrows of the chronic anemic uremic rabbits, when compared with that of sham operated controls, 14 and 21 days after 5/6th nephrectomy and depended on the rate of regeneration of the renal erythropoietic and excretory functions. CFU-E in marrows of 5/6th nephrectomy rabbits were decreased after 35 days. 4. An inhibitor of CFU-E was increased in the sera from chronic anemic uremic rabbits, when compared with that of the sham-operated controls, 35 days after 5/6th nephrectomy. 5. It is possible that in the anemia of uremia in addition to inadequate production of erythropoietin there is a defect in the differentiation of the CFU-E into the heme synthesizing erythroid series due to the presence of a specific inhibitor of CFU-E and/or heme synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of the anemia of renal insufficiency. 1. The present studies have demonstrated that the titers of erythropoietin may be elevated to varying degrees in patients with anemia associated with end-stage renal disease. However, the increase in erythropoietin titers was apparently not sufficient to meet the increase in demand for new red blood cells created by their shortened life span and the inhibitors of heme synthesis and/or erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E). 2. Inhibitors of heme synthesis were demonstrated in the plasma of some but not all patients with anemia associated with renal disease and in rabbits 72 hrs following bilateral nephrectomy. 3. CFU-E were both increased and decreased in the bone marrows of the chronic anemic uremic rabbits, when compared with that of sham operated controls, 14 and 21 days after 5/6th nephrectomy and depended on the rate of regeneration of the renal erythropoietic and excretory functions. CFU-E in marrows of 5/6th nephrectomy rabbits were decreased after 35 days. 4. An inhibitor of CFU-E was increased in the sera from chronic anemic uremic rabbits, when compared with that of the sham-operated controls, 35 days after 5/6th nephrectomy. 5. It is possible that in the anemia of uremia in addition to inadequate production of erythropoietin there is a defect in the differentiation of the CFU-E into the heme synthesizing erythroid series due to the presence of a specific inhibitor of CFU-E and/or heme synthesis.", "PMID": 1029887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5056", "title": "The renal escape from the sodium retaining effect of mineralocorticoids in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The effects of mineralocorticoids on urine and electrolyte excretion were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of Okamoto-Aoki strain and in normotensive white albino wistar strain rats. Sodium excretion fell from 0.568 meq/day to 0.336 meq/day a reduction of 40%, on the 4th day of steroid administration in the SH rats whilst a 30% reduction was observed on the 6th day in normotensive rats whilst urine volumes were not significantly altered in both groups. Similarly, the phase of acute sodium retention was reversed (renal escape) earlier in the SH rats on the 7th experimental day when further administration of mineralocorticoids resulted in a two-fold increased in sodium excretion. Urine volumes were significantly increased during this phase. The pattern of response in SH rats differ significantly in time and magnitude from the normotensive controls. As the renal escape phenomenon is linked with extracellular volume regulation these results highlight the exaggerated sensitivity to increases in blood volume associated with genetic spontaneous hypertension.", "contents": "The renal escape from the sodium retaining effect of mineralocorticoids in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The effects of mineralocorticoids on urine and electrolyte excretion were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of Okamoto-Aoki strain and in normotensive white albino wistar strain rats. Sodium excretion fell from 0.568 meq/day to 0.336 meq/day a reduction of 40%, on the 4th day of steroid administration in the SH rats whilst a 30% reduction was observed on the 6th day in normotensive rats whilst urine volumes were not significantly altered in both groups. Similarly, the phase of acute sodium retention was reversed (renal escape) earlier in the SH rats on the 7th experimental day when further administration of mineralocorticoids resulted in a two-fold increased in sodium excretion. Urine volumes were significantly increased during this phase. The pattern of response in SH rats differ significantly in time and magnitude from the normotensive controls. As the renal escape phenomenon is linked with extracellular volume regulation these results highlight the exaggerated sensitivity to increases in blood volume associated with genetic spontaneous hypertension.", "PMID": 1029906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5057", "title": "Biochemical studies of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor present in Eugenia caryophyllus.", "content": "Water, saline and ethanol extracts of Eugenia caryophyllus inhibited brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. Inhibitory action of the saline extract was greater than that of other extracts. The most active fraction of the saline extract obtained by chromatography through Sephadex G25 and DEAE cellulose columns and elution with tris and phosphate buffers (pH. 7.1) exhibited reactions characteristic of phenols, amino compounds and uronic acid. It is, therefore, suggested that the active inhibitor is a complex glycoside containing phenol and uronic acid part structure.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor present in Eugenia caryophyllus. Water, saline and ethanol extracts of Eugenia caryophyllus inhibited brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. Inhibitory action of the saline extract was greater than that of other extracts. The most active fraction of the saline extract obtained by chromatography through Sephadex G25 and DEAE cellulose columns and elution with tris and phosphate buffers (pH. 7.1) exhibited reactions characteristic of phenols, amino compounds and uronic acid. It is, therefore, suggested that the active inhibitor is a complex glycoside containing phenol and uronic acid part structure.", "PMID": 1029908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5058", "title": "Biological assay of Cassia podocarpa: a plant related to senna.", "content": "Leaves of the plant, Cassia podocarpa, were collected from Opah village near Accra, and dried. A suspension of the powdered leaf was given by gavage to groups of ten mice. A record was kept of the number of wet faeces passed in 24 hours. There was a linear relationship between the log dose of leaf and the number of wet faeces. The effect was maximal between 6 and 24 hours of administration and was larger than has been noted with senna.", "contents": "Biological assay of Cassia podocarpa: a plant related to senna. Leaves of the plant, Cassia podocarpa, were collected from Opah village near Accra, and dried. A suspension of the powdered leaf was given by gavage to groups of ten mice. A record was kept of the number of wet faeces passed in 24 hours. There was a linear relationship between the log dose of leaf and the number of wet faeces. The effect was maximal between 6 and 24 hours of administration and was larger than has been noted with senna.", "PMID": 1029909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5059", "title": "Peripheral nerve injuries from intramuscular injection of drugs.", "content": "17 patients who were treated at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital for peripheral nerve paralysis resulting from intramuscular injection of drugs are analyzed. Ten of them were below the age of 5 years. Sciatic nerve was affected in 16 patients and only one patient had median nerve paralysis. Penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, paraldehyde and optalgin were some of the offending drugs. The prognosis was poor as only three patients achieved a partial recovery of function in the paralyzed nerves. With determination and public education, this iatrogenic tragedy could be eradicated.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve injuries from intramuscular injection of drugs. 17 patients who were treated at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital for peripheral nerve paralysis resulting from intramuscular injection of drugs are analyzed. Ten of them were below the age of 5 years. Sciatic nerve was affected in 16 patients and only one patient had median nerve paralysis. Penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, paraldehyde and optalgin were some of the offending drugs. The prognosis was poor as only three patients achieved a partial recovery of function in the paralyzed nerves. With determination and public education, this iatrogenic tragedy could be eradicated.", "PMID": 1029910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5060", "title": "Nivaquine and urethral pain.", "content": "Two patients, one Jewish and the other Nigerian, were investigated for pain in the urethra. They were both fully treated along the usual lines without any change in the pain. The Jewish patient was later found to be sensitive to chloroquine. When ingestion of this drug was discontinued, his urethral pain disappeared after about four months. The Nigerian patient was advised along the same lines when it was found that he too took chloroquine for malarial attacks regularly. He had total symptomatic relief. The probable relationship between chloroquine and urethral pain is discussed.", "contents": "Nivaquine and urethral pain. Two patients, one Jewish and the other Nigerian, were investigated for pain in the urethra. They were both fully treated along the usual lines without any change in the pain. The Jewish patient was later found to be sensitive to chloroquine. When ingestion of this drug was discontinued, his urethral pain disappeared after about four months. The Nigerian patient was advised along the same lines when it was found that he too took chloroquine for malarial attacks regularly. He had total symptomatic relief. The probable relationship between chloroquine and urethral pain is discussed.", "PMID": 1029911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5061", "title": "Increase of electrocardiogram voltage and contractile force of the frog's heart induced by chloroquine.", "content": "The increase in the amplitude of the E.C.G. and ventricular contractile force induced by chloroquine sulphate was studied in frogs. It was shown that changes originated in the midbrain and were mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. The transmitter was recognized as a beta-adrenergic agent. The possible mechanism of action of chloroquine on the CNS responsible for the phenomenon observed was discussed.", "contents": "Increase of electrocardiogram voltage and contractile force of the frog's heart induced by chloroquine. The increase in the amplitude of the E.C.G. and ventricular contractile force induced by chloroquine sulphate was studied in frogs. It was shown that changes originated in the midbrain and were mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. The transmitter was recognized as a beta-adrenergic agent. The possible mechanism of action of chloroquine on the CNS responsible for the phenomenon observed was discussed.", "PMID": 1029912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5062", "title": "The effect of allyloestrenol on human chorionic somatomammotropin synthesis of the placenta during normal pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of allyloestrenol on human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) level in healthy pregnant women in the fifth to eighth months of gestation has been studied by radioimmune techniques. The HCS level showed a significant increase within 10 to 12 days. According to the results, allyloestrenol exerts a stimulating effect on the placental steroids as well as on HCS production.", "contents": "The effect of allyloestrenol on human chorionic somatomammotropin synthesis of the placenta during normal pregnancy. The effect of allyloestrenol on human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) level in healthy pregnant women in the fifth to eighth months of gestation has been studied by radioimmune techniques. The HCS level showed a significant increase within 10 to 12 days. According to the results, allyloestrenol exerts a stimulating effect on the placental steroids as well as on HCS production.", "PMID": 1030163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5063", "title": "Fatal BCG vaccination.", "content": "A female baby 7 weeks of age developed a fatal tuberculous disease following BCG vaccination. The infant had Swiss type agammaglobulinaemia, associated with oral thrush, pneumonitis, umbilical infection and chronic enteritis not responding to any treatment. Post mortem revealed an aplasia of the thymus, hypoplasia of the lymph system, miliary tuberculous foci in the lymph nodes, liver and spleen.", "contents": "Fatal BCG vaccination. A female baby 7 weeks of age developed a fatal tuberculous disease following BCG vaccination. The infant had Swiss type agammaglobulinaemia, associated with oral thrush, pneumonitis, umbilical infection and chronic enteritis not responding to any treatment. Post mortem revealed an aplasia of the thymus, hypoplasia of the lymph system, miliary tuberculous foci in the lymph nodes, liver and spleen.", "PMID": 1030164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5064", "title": "Mucoviscidosis: total amylase activity of serum and mixed saliva in homozygous and heterozygous subjects.", "content": "Total amylase activity of serum and mixed saliva was studied in homozygotes and heterozygotes for mucoviscidosis and in healthy subjects. Mean serum total activity was 269.0 +/- 113.7 U/l in the homozygotes, exceeding in nearly 50% of the cases the values given in the literature and those observed in the normal controls. The difference against the control group was significant (P less than 0.05). Mean serum total amylase activity of heterozygotes agreed with the mean value for the healthy group (203.5 +/- 79.5 U/l) without a significant difference. Total amylase activity in the saliva of homozygotes (148.700 +/- 65.700  U/l) was higher than in the heterozygotes /118.300 +/- 74.200 U/l) of the healthy children (51.700 +/- 26.500 U/l). The difference between the homozygous and healthy groups was strongly significant (P less than 0.01), and that between the heterozygous group and the combined healthy children and adult groups was also significant (P less than 0.05). In the heterozygotes, salivary amylase activity was slightly elevated but not significantly different from the control group and did not result in a change in serum total amylase activity.", "contents": "Mucoviscidosis: total amylase activity of serum and mixed saliva in homozygous and heterozygous subjects. Total amylase activity of serum and mixed saliva was studied in homozygotes and heterozygotes for mucoviscidosis and in healthy subjects. Mean serum total activity was 269.0 +/- 113.7 U/l in the homozygotes, exceeding in nearly 50% of the cases the values given in the literature and those observed in the normal controls. The difference against the control group was significant (P less than 0.05). Mean serum total amylase activity of heterozygotes agreed with the mean value for the healthy group (203.5 +/- 79.5 U/l) without a significant difference. Total amylase activity in the saliva of homozygotes (148.700 +/- 65.700  U/l) was higher than in the heterozygotes /118.300 +/- 74.200 U/l) of the healthy children (51.700 +/- 26.500 U/l). The difference between the homozygous and healthy groups was strongly significant (P less than 0.01), and that between the heterozygous group and the combined healthy children and adult groups was also significant (P less than 0.05). In the heterozygotes, salivary amylase activity was slightly elevated but not significantly different from the control group and did not result in a change in serum total amylase activity.", "PMID": 1030165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5065", "title": "Antepartum glucocorticoid treatment: the effect of prednisolone on umbilical blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids and individual free amino acid levels.", "content": "Blood glucose, plasma free fatty acid and individual free amino acid levels were measured in the cord blood of preterm newborns whose mothers had received prednisolone treatment to prevent RDS. No significant differences were found in either of the metabolites between the prednisolone treated and the control group of comparable gestational age and birth weight. The results suggest that corticosteroid treatment has no gross adverse effect on fuel homeostasis.", "contents": "Antepartum glucocorticoid treatment: the effect of prednisolone on umbilical blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids and individual free amino acid levels. Blood glucose, plasma free fatty acid and individual free amino acid levels were measured in the cord blood of preterm newborns whose mothers had received prednisolone treatment to prevent RDS. No significant differences were found in either of the metabolites between the prednisolone treated and the control group of comparable gestational age and birth weight. The results suggest that corticosteroid treatment has no gross adverse effect on fuel homeostasis.", "PMID": 1030166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5066", "title": "Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome by antenatal maternal steroid treatment.", "content": "A total of 107 women at risk of premature delivery received antepartum 45 to 60 mg prednisolone medication. Their babies were matched with comparable neonates of untreated mothers. The frequency of respiratory distress syndrome was 6/107 in the steroid-treated, and 33/107 in the control group. No maternal complications were seen. Neonatal mortality was lower in the pretreated group in which, however, a higher number of bronchopneumonia was observed. In 58 prednisolone-treated women labour could be delayed, and their infants were born at term. No stillbirth or intrauterine growth retardation occurred among them.", "contents": "Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome by antenatal maternal steroid treatment. A total of 107 women at risk of premature delivery received antepartum 45 to 60 mg prednisolone medication. Their babies were matched with comparable neonates of untreated mothers. The frequency of respiratory distress syndrome was 6/107 in the steroid-treated, and 33/107 in the control group. No maternal complications were seen. Neonatal mortality was lower in the pretreated group in which, however, a higher number of bronchopneumonia was observed. In 58 prednisolone-treated women labour could be delayed, and their infants were born at term. No stillbirth or intrauterine growth retardation occurred among them.", "PMID": 1030167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5067", "title": "Chloride ion concentration in vaginal discharge and urine during puberty.", "content": "In 27 prepubertal-pubertal girls the chloride ion concentration in vaginal discharge and urine was estimated four times during the menstrual cycle by means of a direct new micromethod using a Cl-selective electrode. In pubertal girls the chloride content showed changes both in vaginal discharge and in urine; the latter changed practically parallel with the vaginal value. A sharp rise in chloride content characteristic of normal ovulation was observed in 5 patients free from hormonal disturbances, while there were significant differences during ovulation 5 times and in the premenstrual phase 6 times in the girls with hormonal disturbances.", "contents": "Chloride ion concentration in vaginal discharge and urine during puberty. In 27 prepubertal-pubertal girls the chloride ion concentration in vaginal discharge and urine was estimated four times during the menstrual cycle by means of a direct new micromethod using a Cl-selective electrode. In pubertal girls the chloride content showed changes both in vaginal discharge and in urine; the latter changed practically parallel with the vaginal value. A sharp rise in chloride content characteristic of normal ovulation was observed in 5 patients free from hormonal disturbances, while there were significant differences during ovulation 5 times and in the premenstrual phase 6 times in the girls with hormonal disturbances.", "PMID": 1030168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5068", "title": "Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone upon the regulation of serum insulin levels and on the blood sugar and serum free fatty acid responses to insulin [author's transl].", "content": "The effect of a chronic treatment with thyroid-stimulating hormone on the blood sugar, serum insulin and free fatty acid responses to exogenous insulin in dogs was studied comparatively. Either before or after thyroid-stimulating hormone treatment, the blood sugar levels were significantly below- and serum immunoreactive insulin above- their respective base line throughout the test. The blood sugar basal value was raised by the treatment, while the blood sugar levels at any time during the test were not affected. Neither were their respective serum insulin values, nor serum insulin base line. The rate of disappearance of exogenous insulin from blood was not affected either, and insulin space was hardly, significantly increased. Hypoglycaemia induced a mobilization of free fatty acids from lipid stores, which was more intense and prolonged after thyroid-stimulating treatment. These results are discussed, emphasizing the weak lipomobilizing effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone in this species, as well as taking into consideration the mild participation of an extra-pancreatic mechanism such as insulin space in the regulation of serum insulin levels in normal dogs as modified by thyroid-stimulating hormone.", "contents": "Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone upon the regulation of serum insulin levels and on the blood sugar and serum free fatty acid responses to insulin [author's transl]. The effect of a chronic treatment with thyroid-stimulating hormone on the blood sugar, serum insulin and free fatty acid responses to exogenous insulin in dogs was studied comparatively. Either before or after thyroid-stimulating hormone treatment, the blood sugar levels were significantly below- and serum immunoreactive insulin above- their respective base line throughout the test. The blood sugar basal value was raised by the treatment, while the blood sugar levels at any time during the test were not affected. Neither were their respective serum insulin values, nor serum insulin base line. The rate of disappearance of exogenous insulin from blood was not affected either, and insulin space was hardly, significantly increased. Hypoglycaemia induced a mobilization of free fatty acids from lipid stores, which was more intense and prolonged after thyroid-stimulating treatment. These results are discussed, emphasizing the weak lipomobilizing effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone in this species, as well as taking into consideration the mild participation of an extra-pancreatic mechanism such as insulin space in the regulation of serum insulin levels in normal dogs as modified by thyroid-stimulating hormone.", "PMID": 1030170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5069", "title": "Steroid metabolism in rat submaxillary glands.", "content": "The ability of rat submaxillary gland to metabolize C21 steroids was studied by culturing explants with labeled progesterone, pregnenolone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The metabolites isolated were identified by paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The radiochemical purity of certain metabolites was confirmed by recrystallization to constant specific activity. The capability of this gland to reduce C21 steroids was confirmed with the isolation of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 20 beta-diol. The presence of delta 5, 3 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase was shown by the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. Only in the incubations with 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone a compound with a molecular weight 290 was detected.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism in rat submaxillary glands. The ability of rat submaxillary gland to metabolize C21 steroids was studied by culturing explants with labeled progesterone, pregnenolone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The metabolites isolated were identified by paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The radiochemical purity of certain metabolites was confirmed by recrystallization to constant specific activity. The capability of this gland to reduce C21 steroids was confirmed with the isolation of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 20 beta-diol. The presence of delta 5, 3 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase was shown by the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. Only in the incubations with 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone a compound with a molecular weight 290 was detected.", "PMID": 1030171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5070", "title": "A depressant cortical reaction induced by afferent stimulation.", "content": "A depressant reaction of the electrocortical activity of the brain cortex is described. The changes consist in decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the basal waves of the electrocorticogram together with the appearance of slow waves similar to those of the sleep state. The results are more clear upon the dendritic action potentials induced by the topical application of strychnine or mescaline. They include a rise in the threshold to the electrical stimulation applied to elicit these potentials together with a lengthening of their latencies. The depressant effects were obtained by low threshold vagal, carotid sinus, low threshold sciatic and tactile afferent stimulation. Similar depressant effects were produced by serotonin (5-HT) topically applied. The effects of afferent stimulation were reduced in magnitude by an intracisternal injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. A serotonergic mechanism acting in a diffuse, humoral, way is postulated. The methodological importance of studying the strychnine or mescaline spikes is emphasized.", "contents": "A depressant cortical reaction induced by afferent stimulation. A depressant reaction of the electrocortical activity of the brain cortex is described. The changes consist in decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the basal waves of the electrocorticogram together with the appearance of slow waves similar to those of the sleep state. The results are more clear upon the dendritic action potentials induced by the topical application of strychnine or mescaline. They include a rise in the threshold to the electrical stimulation applied to elicit these potentials together with a lengthening of their latencies. The depressant effects were obtained by low threshold vagal, carotid sinus, low threshold sciatic and tactile afferent stimulation. Similar depressant effects were produced by serotonin (5-HT) topically applied. The effects of afferent stimulation were reduced in magnitude by an intracisternal injection of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. A serotonergic mechanism acting in a diffuse, humoral, way is postulated. The methodological importance of studying the strychnine or mescaline spikes is emphasized.", "PMID": 1030173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5071", "title": "Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on erythrocytic glycolysis and 2,3 - DPG in rodents.", "content": "Glycolytic activity of red cells was determined in mice, rats and rabbits submitted to 4 700 and/or 6 000 m simulated altitude for variable periods of time and in controls at sea level. In all the species studied, glycolysis was found to be increased by the third week of exposure. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) content was measured in rats submitted to simulated altitude for 4 to 66 days. A highly significant increase, which was higher at 4 700 than at 6 000 m, was found from the first days of exposure and throughout the whole experimental period. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that variable DPG changes in different degrees of hypoxia are related to its ability to increase oxygen release to the tissues and negatively correlated with hematocrit increase. The data show that the increase in red cell glycolysis is only a temporary effect of relatively severe hypoxia, not related with changes in DPG concentration.", "contents": "Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on erythrocytic glycolysis and 2,3 - DPG in rodents. Glycolytic activity of red cells was determined in mice, rats and rabbits submitted to 4 700 and/or 6 000 m simulated altitude for variable periods of time and in controls at sea level. In all the species studied, glycolysis was found to be increased by the third week of exposure. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) content was measured in rats submitted to simulated altitude for 4 to 66 days. A highly significant increase, which was higher at 4 700 than at 6 000 m, was found from the first days of exposure and throughout the whole experimental period. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that variable DPG changes in different degrees of hypoxia are related to its ability to increase oxygen release to the tissues and negatively correlated with hematocrit increase. The data show that the increase in red cell glycolysis is only a temporary effect of relatively severe hypoxia, not related with changes in DPG concentration.", "PMID": 1030176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5072", "title": "Programmed stimulator for threshold of action potential.", "content": "A programmed digital stimulator is described, in which the pulse generator can be regulated in frequency and duration. The output pulses amplitude increases automatically by increments under 5% of the previous step, sequence which allows a much better approximation to the threshold value of action potential. A photographic camera is synchronized for recording. The power supplies, pulse duration generator, binary counter, converter, pulse control, and detector circuits are given in detail.", "contents": "Programmed stimulator for threshold of action potential. A programmed digital stimulator is described, in which the pulse generator can be regulated in frequency and duration. The output pulses amplitude increases automatically by increments under 5% of the previous step, sequence which allows a much better approximation to the threshold value of action potential. A photographic camera is synchronized for recording. The power supplies, pulse duration generator, binary counter, converter, pulse control, and detector circuits are given in detail.", "PMID": 1030177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5073", "title": "Spectral changes of nucleic acids and nucleotide solutions at the 190-220nm region.", "content": "Nucleic acids and nucleotide solutions have between 190 and 220 nm an hypo-bathochromic effect electrostatistically induced by acylic groups or by effective binding of several substances. In the former case, with DNA or RNA, the effect reverts through gel filtration and dialysis. In the latter case no reversion occurs. This is proposed as a probe for complex formation with the nucleic acid bases. Thermal denaturation of DNA solutions gives to the above mentioned maximum, an hyperchromicity somewhat different from the usually obtained at 260 nm.", "contents": "Spectral changes of nucleic acids and nucleotide solutions at the 190-220nm region. Nucleic acids and nucleotide solutions have between 190 and 220 nm an hypo-bathochromic effect electrostatistically induced by acylic groups or by effective binding of several substances. In the former case, with DNA or RNA, the effect reverts through gel filtration and dialysis. In the latter case no reversion occurs. This is proposed as a probe for complex formation with the nucleic acid bases. Thermal denaturation of DNA solutions gives to the above mentioned maximum, an hyperchromicity somewhat different from the usually obtained at 260 nm.", "PMID": 1030205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5074", "title": "Genetic variation in two natural populations of Biomphalaria tenagophila: esterases and alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "The polymorphism of two natural populations of snails, Biomphalaria tenagophila, from S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State (SJ) and from N\u00facleo Bandeirante, Distrito Federal (BN), was studied with respect to esterase and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) zymograms. The two population zymograms do not differ qualitatively. However the high frequency of esterase a and b bands in SJ and of e,f and h in NB, is a diagnostic mark. Moreover, frequency of band e alone can be used to distinguish the two populations. The high frequency of 3-banded ADH phenotype is a diagnostic mark of the SJ population.", "contents": "Genetic variation in two natural populations of Biomphalaria tenagophila: esterases and alcohol dehydrogenase. The polymorphism of two natural populations of snails, Biomphalaria tenagophila, from S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State (SJ) and from N\u00facleo Bandeirante, Distrito Federal (BN), was studied with respect to esterase and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) zymograms. The two population zymograms do not differ qualitatively. However the high frequency of esterase a and b bands in SJ and of e,f and h in NB, is a diagnostic mark. Moreover, frequency of band e alone can be used to distinguish the two populations. The high frequency of 3-banded ADH phenotype is a diagnostic mark of the SJ population.", "PMID": 1030206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5075", "title": "The role of the glucose-6-phosphate in the phosphorylase b kinase activation found in perfused rat hearts treated by dinitrophenol.", "content": "In order to explain the phosphorylase b kinase activation found in perfused rat hearts treated by dinitrophenol, the glucose-6-phosphate levels and the enzyme activity were determined. Experiments were also done to determine the phosphorylase b kinase inhibition by the ester. The low glucose-6-phosphate levels and the enzyme inhibition found, suggested that the phosphorylase b kinase is activated by a mechanism that involves phosphofructokinase.", "contents": "The role of the glucose-6-phosphate in the phosphorylase b kinase activation found in perfused rat hearts treated by dinitrophenol. In order to explain the phosphorylase b kinase activation found in perfused rat hearts treated by dinitrophenol, the glucose-6-phosphate levels and the enzyme activity were determined. Experiments were also done to determine the phosphorylase b kinase inhibition by the ester. The low glucose-6-phosphate levels and the enzyme inhibition found, suggested that the phosphorylase b kinase is activated by a mechanism that involves phosphofructokinase.", "PMID": 1030207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5076", "title": "[Denitrification of waters on the way from surface to underground levels in a karstic area].", "content": "The failure of the biological processes of waters' recycling in their passing through the soil occurs more and more frequently in calcareous areas. This led us to consider the problem of conditions necessary to the good development of the biological activity. This uses enzymatic reactions activated by chemical elements in very low concentrations: the oligo-elements. The experimental study, in drainage basin in a calcareous area, consisted in finding the percentage of oligo-elements in the waters, in the soils and in the parent rocks. This allowed us to draw a map of the probable lack of oligo-elements and thus to foresee the vulnerability of phreatic waters.", "contents": "[Denitrification of waters on the way from surface to underground levels in a karstic area]. The failure of the biological processes of waters' recycling in their passing through the soil occurs more and more frequently in calcareous areas. This led us to consider the problem of conditions necessary to the good development of the biological activity. This uses enzymatic reactions activated by chemical elements in very low concentrations: the oligo-elements. The experimental study, in drainage basin in a calcareous area, consisted in finding the percentage of oligo-elements in the waters, in the soils and in the parent rocks. This allowed us to draw a map of the probable lack of oligo-elements and thus to foresee the vulnerability of phreatic waters.", "PMID": 1030209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5077", "title": "[Nitrate accumulating capability of some market garden vegetables].", "content": "Nitrate accumulation in plant is essentially function of the amount of nitrate nitrogen present in the substrate. That can be provided by mineral fertilizers or by organic manure. Due to the amount of nitrogen fertilizers needed in order to obtain sufficient yields the presence of nitrate is a general phenomenon in vegetable. Nevertheless the distribution of nitrate ions in the different parts of the plant influences the importance of the accumulation in the different kinds of vegetable. The experiments reported showed that leaves contain more nitrate ions than roots and roots more than fruit. The results obtained in soilless culture on lettuces, tomatoes and egg-plant demonstrated that the amount of accumulated nitrate is also dependent on the equilibrium between the different ions in the nutrient solution. Ammonium, potassium, sulfate and molybdenum have been shown to influence the rate of nitrate accumulation in the different species. It appears that it is not possible to obtain vegetable without nitrate, but it is possible, by an equilibrated fertilization, to reduce the amount accumulated in the tissue.", "contents": "[Nitrate accumulating capability of some market garden vegetables]. Nitrate accumulation in plant is essentially function of the amount of nitrate nitrogen present in the substrate. That can be provided by mineral fertilizers or by organic manure. Due to the amount of nitrogen fertilizers needed in order to obtain sufficient yields the presence of nitrate is a general phenomenon in vegetable. Nevertheless the distribution of nitrate ions in the different parts of the plant influences the importance of the accumulation in the different kinds of vegetable. The experiments reported showed that leaves contain more nitrate ions than roots and roots more than fruit. The results obtained in soilless culture on lettuces, tomatoes and egg-plant demonstrated that the amount of accumulated nitrate is also dependent on the equilibrium between the different ions in the nutrient solution. Ammonium, potassium, sulfate and molybdenum have been shown to influence the rate of nitrate accumulation in the different species. It appears that it is not possible to obtain vegetable without nitrate, but it is possible, by an equilibrated fertilization, to reduce the amount accumulated in the tissue.", "PMID": 1030210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5078", "title": "[Occurence of nitrates in pomes and stone fruits].", "content": "Ionometric determinations indicate that nitrate accumulation does not reach very high levels in pears, apples, cherries and peaches. The examination of samples taken from various experimental plots has shown some variations in nitrate contents of fruits, in relation with the uptake by trees of nitrogen, magnesium and calcium. Other factors liable to affect the nitrate content of fruits have also been examined: maturation level of fruits, application of a growth retardant, types of cultivars. Because of their low nitrate content, the fruits here studied are representative of a class of products well suited to human food requirements.", "contents": "[Occurence of nitrates in pomes and stone fruits]. Ionometric determinations indicate that nitrate accumulation does not reach very high levels in pears, apples, cherries and peaches. The examination of samples taken from various experimental plots has shown some variations in nitrate contents of fruits, in relation with the uptake by trees of nitrogen, magnesium and calcium. Other factors liable to affect the nitrate content of fruits have also been examined: maturation level of fruits, application of a growth retardant, types of cultivars. Because of their low nitrate content, the fruits here studied are representative of a class of products well suited to human food requirements.", "PMID": 1030211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5079", "title": "[Cooking in water and nitrate content of some vegetables. Simultaneous changes in other nutritive components].", "content": "The author relates 2 limited studies concerning carrots and spinachs. For carrots, 9 samples each divided in 4 groups showed a lower nitrates content, from a mean value of 229 mg/kg to 29 mg/kg. The cooking water contained only 40 p. 100 of the nitrates of the fresh vegetable. For spinachs, vitamin C and nitrates have approximatively the same sensibility to boiling, while magnesium diminishes slower, and iron seems very resistant to water extraction. The findings need complementary studies but suggest that as it was frequently proposed, boiling is a good way to eliminate contaminants, rather less aggressive against nutritional factors than one could dread.", "contents": "[Cooking in water and nitrate content of some vegetables. Simultaneous changes in other nutritive components]. The author relates 2 limited studies concerning carrots and spinachs. For carrots, 9 samples each divided in 4 groups showed a lower nitrates content, from a mean value of 229 mg/kg to 29 mg/kg. The cooking water contained only 40 p. 100 of the nitrates of the fresh vegetable. For spinachs, vitamin C and nitrates have approximatively the same sensibility to boiling, while magnesium diminishes slower, and iron seems very resistant to water extraction. The findings need complementary studies but suggest that as it was frequently proposed, boiling is a good way to eliminate contaminants, rather less aggressive against nutritional factors than one could dread.", "PMID": 1030212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5080", "title": "[Nitrates in canned spinach. Effects of technological treatments].", "content": "During the last twenty years, the nitrate content of spinach has regularly increased along with the use of nitragenous fertilizers. A study made in the center of Britain (France) shows that along with this growing nitrate content, the quantity of raw harvested spinach has practically doubled in twenty years. But for the same quantity of raw harvested spinach, the yield of canned spinach has noticeably lowered. In a cannery trials made to lower the nitrate levels (preheating, blanching, renewing water blanching) led to a loss of about 45% of nitrate (on a dry matter basis). However nitrate levels stay about the same in one kg of raw spinach and in one kg of processed spinach coming from the same batch. The only answer seems to be able and come from better agricultural practices.", "contents": "[Nitrates in canned spinach. Effects of technological treatments]. During the last twenty years, the nitrate content of spinach has regularly increased along with the use of nitragenous fertilizers. A study made in the center of Britain (France) shows that along with this growing nitrate content, the quantity of raw harvested spinach has practically doubled in twenty years. But for the same quantity of raw harvested spinach, the yield of canned spinach has noticeably lowered. In a cannery trials made to lower the nitrate levels (preheating, blanching, renewing water blanching) led to a loss of about 45% of nitrate (on a dry matter basis). However nitrate levels stay about the same in one kg of raw spinach and in one kg of processed spinach coming from the same batch. The only answer seems to be able and come from better agricultural practices.", "PMID": 1030213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5081", "title": "[Effect of nitrate content in the preparation of canned puree of spinach, complications which can result, precautions to avoid them].", "content": "The author reports studies made by the laboratories of the Institut Appert on the occasion of failures in the canning of chopped spinach caused by the presence of a large amount of nitrate. On the basis of technical and practical data, he indicates the precautions that must be taken to avoid the reocurrence of such failures.", "contents": "[Effect of nitrate content in the preparation of canned puree of spinach, complications which can result, precautions to avoid them]. The author reports studies made by the laboratories of the Institut Appert on the occasion of failures in the canning of chopped spinach caused by the presence of a large amount of nitrate. On the basis of technical and practical data, he indicates the precautions that must be taken to avoid the reocurrence of such failures.", "PMID": 1030214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5082", "title": "[How to reduce the nitrate content in baby foods].", "content": "Nitrates content in baby food must not exceed 50 mg/kg according to the new french legislation. The amount found in fresh vegetable are often higher. Technological methods to reduce this amount eliminate also vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. For this reason, we are looking for agronomics methods to get lower quantities of nitrates.", "contents": "[How to reduce the nitrate content in baby foods]. Nitrates content in baby food must not exceed 50 mg/kg according to the new french legislation. The amount found in fresh vegetable are often higher. Technological methods to reduce this amount eliminate also vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. For this reason, we are looking for agronomics methods to get lower quantities of nitrates.", "PMID": 1030215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5083", "title": "[Residual nitrite and nitrate content in French cooked hams and shoulders].", "content": "The test laboratory of the \"Centre technique de la salaison, de la charcuterie et des conserves de viandes\" has evaluated the nitrite and nitrate salts contents of 1 468 cooked hams and shoulders. 90,5 p. 100 of sample have a sodium nitrite content of less than 150 mg/kg. 81,5 p. 100 have a potassium nitrate content of less than 500 mg/kg. The measured contents show a wide scattering. The nitrite mean content is of 61 mg/kg with a standard deviation of 95. The nitrate mean content is of 292 mg/kg with a standard deviation of 382. There were no significant variations between the various categories of cooked hams and shoulders.", "contents": "[Residual nitrite and nitrate content in French cooked hams and shoulders]. The test laboratory of the \"Centre technique de la salaison, de la charcuterie et des conserves de viandes\" has evaluated the nitrite and nitrate salts contents of 1 468 cooked hams and shoulders. 90,5 p. 100 of sample have a sodium nitrite content of less than 150 mg/kg. 81,5 p. 100 have a potassium nitrate content of less than 500 mg/kg. The measured contents show a wide scattering. The nitrite mean content is of 61 mg/kg with a standard deviation of 95. The nitrate mean content is of 292 mg/kg with a standard deviation of 382. There were no significant variations between the various categories of cooked hams and shoulders.", "PMID": 1030218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5084", "title": "[Nitrates and nitrites in some commercial delicatessen products].", "content": "After a study published in 1974 on nitrate and nitrite contents of 105 cooked ham samples, we undertook in 1975 and 1976 another investigation of 166 samples of various meat products. The results are better than those of 1974: the permissible nitrate and nitrite levels of hams are more respected. But in some other meat products (sausage meat for instance) the levels are sometimes very high. Taking into account the quantity of meat products which can be normally consumed daily, nitrate and nitrite amounts absorbed only by this way are very near, if not exceeding, the daily acceptable intake recommended by the International Committee on Food Additives of the World Health Organization. It seems necessary to reexamine the safety margin left in some cases, to the consumer.", "contents": "[Nitrates and nitrites in some commercial delicatessen products]. After a study published in 1974 on nitrate and nitrite contents of 105 cooked ham samples, we undertook in 1975 and 1976 another investigation of 166 samples of various meat products. The results are better than those of 1974: the permissible nitrate and nitrite levels of hams are more respected. But in some other meat products (sausage meat for instance) the levels are sometimes very high. Taking into account the quantity of meat products which can be normally consumed daily, nitrate and nitrite amounts absorbed only by this way are very near, if not exceeding, the daily acceptable intake recommended by the International Committee on Food Additives of the World Health Organization. It seems necessary to reexamine the safety margin left in some cases, to the consumer.", "PMID": 1030219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5085", "title": "[Binding of nitrite to muscle proteins].", "content": "The toxicity of nitrite and especially of nitrosamines lay down an important problem. The assessment of dangers for the man depends for a great part of the knowledge of the form of nitrite in the diet. The estimate of the part of \"free nitrite\" and \"bound nitrite\" in the cured meat products is a first access of this problem.", "contents": "[Binding of nitrite to muscle proteins]. The toxicity of nitrite and especially of nitrosamines lay down an important problem. The assessment of dangers for the man depends for a great part of the knowledge of the form of nitrite in the diet. The estimate of the part of \"free nitrite\" and \"bound nitrite\" in the cured meat products is a first access of this problem.", "PMID": 1030220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5086", "title": "[Structure of nitroso pigments in meats].", "content": "The study is concerned with the nitrosopigments formed during curing time. It concludes that a reductant nitrosohaem is formed, with a breakdown of the bond between haem and histidine, and it gives the accurate sequence of the reactions. This study has been conducted by measurement of the iron-dried material ratio, electrophoresis on acetonic extracts of pigments formed with ascorbate or cystein, measurement, during the photodecomposition of this extract, of photometric spectra, of ionised iron, and characterization of pyrroles functions.", "contents": "[Structure of nitroso pigments in meats]. The study is concerned with the nitrosopigments formed during curing time. It concludes that a reductant nitrosohaem is formed, with a breakdown of the bond between haem and histidine, and it gives the accurate sequence of the reactions. This study has been conducted by measurement of the iron-dried material ratio, electrophoresis on acetonic extracts of pigments formed with ascorbate or cystein, measurement, during the photodecomposition of this extract, of photometric spectra, of ionised iron, and characterization of pyrroles functions.", "PMID": 1030221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5087", "title": "[State of nitrite in meat products].", "content": "The authors search the form under which nitrite is in cured products. Nitrate formation found by official methods is not confirmed by qualitative characterization. The calculations, according to the chemical equations, show the total breakdown of nitrite in nitroge oxide: NO, bound by many substances which are in meats. The distillation experiments confirm the calculations, the characteristic photometric spectra get in sulfitic medium and the modified Zambelli's reaction. These results lead to estimate that both technologic and toxicologic actions impute to nitrite is dominated by the idea of NO more or less bound, according to the medium composition.", "contents": "[State of nitrite in meat products]. The authors search the form under which nitrite is in cured products. Nitrate formation found by official methods is not confirmed by qualitative characterization. The calculations, according to the chemical equations, show the total breakdown of nitrite in nitroge oxide: NO, bound by many substances which are in meats. The distillation experiments confirm the calculations, the characteristic photometric spectra get in sulfitic medium and the modified Zambelli's reaction. These results lead to estimate that both technologic and toxicologic actions impute to nitrite is dominated by the idea of NO more or less bound, according to the medium composition.", "PMID": 1030222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5088", "title": "[Formation of nitrites from nitrates in the digestive tract].", "content": "The authors performed in vitro incubations of gastrointestinal mucosae and contents in the rat, under anaerobiosis, in the presence of nitrates. Nitrate disappearance and nitrite appearance amounts were measured in the different incubation media. From these works it follows that a certain quantity of nitrates are actually reduced to nitrites specifically by the ileo-caecal microflora of rats and perhaps, to a lower degree, by the action of a nitrate-reductase which may occur in the digestive mucosae. Moreover, the authors carried out in situ perfusions into the small intestine of rats, by adding nitrates to the perfusion liquid at a concentration of 400 mg per litre. It was thus demonstrated that the nitrate-absorbing kinetics is very rapid but those nitrates do not gather in the blood; besides, the presence of nitrites in the perfusion medium indicates a possible nitrate reduction in the intestinal gut.", "contents": "[Formation of nitrites from nitrates in the digestive tract]. The authors performed in vitro incubations of gastrointestinal mucosae and contents in the rat, under anaerobiosis, in the presence of nitrates. Nitrate disappearance and nitrite appearance amounts were measured in the different incubation media. From these works it follows that a certain quantity of nitrates are actually reduced to nitrites specifically by the ileo-caecal microflora of rats and perhaps, to a lower degree, by the action of a nitrate-reductase which may occur in the digestive mucosae. Moreover, the authors carried out in situ perfusions into the small intestine of rats, by adding nitrates to the perfusion liquid at a concentration of 400 mg per litre. It was thus demonstrated that the nitrate-absorbing kinetics is very rapid but those nitrates do not gather in the blood; besides, the presence of nitrites in the perfusion medium indicates a possible nitrate reduction in the intestinal gut.", "PMID": 1030223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5089", "title": "[Methemoglobinemias caused by ingestion of nitrites and nitrates].", "content": "Nitrites and nitrates are often responsible for methemoglobinemy. Infants, on account of their greater sensibility to oxidizing agents, are particularly liable to poison by nitrates and nitrites. Sodium nitrite can be responsible for poisoning after accidental ingestion or owing to an overdose when preparing salt provisions, or because it has been mistaken for another product. Then it is often a case of collective poisoning. Nitrates generally produce methenoglobinemy when they are changed into nitrites under the influence of a bacterial proliferation or of a reductase held in plants. It happens with spinach and carrot soup. Nitrates can pollute municipal water supply and chiefly well water. As regards therapy, cases of methemoglobinemy have been noted after an overdose of potassium nitrate and especially of bismuth subnitrate. The treatment of methemoglobinemy caused by nitrates and nitrites is not specific: suppression of the oxidizing agents, oxygenation, prescription of reducing agents.", "contents": "[Methemoglobinemias caused by ingestion of nitrites and nitrates]. Nitrites and nitrates are often responsible for methemoglobinemy. Infants, on account of their greater sensibility to oxidizing agents, are particularly liable to poison by nitrates and nitrites. Sodium nitrite can be responsible for poisoning after accidental ingestion or owing to an overdose when preparing salt provisions, or because it has been mistaken for another product. Then it is often a case of collective poisoning. Nitrates generally produce methenoglobinemy when they are changed into nitrites under the influence of a bacterial proliferation or of a reductase held in plants. It happens with spinach and carrot soup. Nitrates can pollute municipal water supply and chiefly well water. As regards therapy, cases of methemoglobinemy have been noted after an overdose of potassium nitrate and especially of bismuth subnitrate. The treatment of methemoglobinemy caused by nitrates and nitrites is not specific: suppression of the oxidizing agents, oxygenation, prescription of reducing agents.", "PMID": 1030224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5090", "title": "[Various toxic effects of nitrates and nitrites].", "content": "The main features of the long-term toxicity of nitrates and/or nitrites in man and experimental animals are reviewed; the possible formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines is dealt with in another paper of this series. It appears that the allowable daily intake of nitrates and nitrites for the healthy adult man has been evaluated chiefly from the no-effect levels in rats. First, the no-effect levels in rats are questionable, since some experiments have pointed out adverse effects of nitrates and nitrites with dosages near, or lower than, the so-called no-effect levels. Second, there is a risk that the allowable daily intake is outpassed in the diet of a man. Third, nutritional conditions, such as the vitamin A or C, or the iodine content of the diet, as well as other factors which are discussed, might alter theno-effect levels. From the cell metabolism viewpoint, nitrites are inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and of microsomal enzymes. Our present lack of knowledge does not yet allow us to explain the long-term toxicity of nitrates and nitrites in terms of cell metabolic disturbances.", "contents": "[Various toxic effects of nitrates and nitrites]. The main features of the long-term toxicity of nitrates and/or nitrites in man and experimental animals are reviewed; the possible formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines is dealt with in another paper of this series. It appears that the allowable daily intake of nitrates and nitrites for the healthy adult man has been evaluated chiefly from the no-effect levels in rats. First, the no-effect levels in rats are questionable, since some experiments have pointed out adverse effects of nitrates and nitrites with dosages near, or lower than, the so-called no-effect levels. Second, there is a risk that the allowable daily intake is outpassed in the diet of a man. Third, nutritional conditions, such as the vitamin A or C, or the iodine content of the diet, as well as other factors which are discussed, might alter theno-effect levels. From the cell metabolism viewpoint, nitrites are inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and of microsomal enzymes. Our present lack of knowledge does not yet allow us to explain the long-term toxicity of nitrates and nitrites in terms of cell metabolic disturbances.", "PMID": 1030225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5091", "title": "[Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds].", "content": "The toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of N-nitroso compounds are briefly discussed with reference to recent reviews. These adverse biological effects are discussed in relation to the necessity of metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes for the nitrosamins but not for the nitrosamides.", "contents": "[Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso compounds]. The toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of N-nitroso compounds are briefly discussed with reference to recent reviews. These adverse biological effects are discussed in relation to the necessity of metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes for the nitrosamins but not for the nitrosamides.", "PMID": 1030226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5092", "title": "Clinical telemetry of EMG and temporal information during gait.", "content": "Multichannel telemetry has formed an integral part of the clinical assessment of children's walking problems. EMG signals and temporal information from foot switches are transmitted from a small belt-pack unit which provides almost complete freedom of movement for the child. Although patients with various crippling diseases have been studied, the investigation of problems resulting from cerebral palsy has been most valuable clinically. The effects of orthopaedic surgery to release or transfer muscles can be asssessed more positively and the causes of some unexplained gait patterns can be investigated more thoroughly.", "contents": "Clinical telemetry of EMG and temporal information during gait. Multichannel telemetry has formed an integral part of the clinical assessment of children's walking problems. EMG signals and temporal information from foot switches are transmitted from a small belt-pack unit which provides almost complete freedom of movement for the child. Although patients with various crippling diseases have been studied, the investigation of problems resulting from cerebral palsy has been most valuable clinically. The effects of orthopaedic surgery to release or transfer muscles can be asssessed more positively and the causes of some unexplained gait patterns can be investigated more thoroughly.", "PMID": 1030236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5093", "title": "[Usual arrangement and nomenclature of the coronary arteries].", "content": "The usual distribution of the coronary arteries of the heart as its appears from the study of 60 casts of these vessels is the following:--the right coronary artery gives three right atrial branches, the superior (sinus node artery) medium and inferior branches and three kinds of right ventricular branches : anterior, marginal and inferior. It divides into the posterior descending branch and the posterior left ventricular branch. Its territory is postero-septal.--the left coronary artery divides into 2 branches. The anterior descending artery gives right ventricular, left ventricular (diagonal) and septal branches for the antero-septal territory. The left circumflex gives three left atrial branches, the superior, medium and inferior branches and 1 or 2 left ventricular (lateral) branches for the corresponding lateral territory of the left ventricule.", "contents": "[Usual arrangement and nomenclature of the coronary arteries]. The usual distribution of the coronary arteries of the heart as its appears from the study of 60 casts of these vessels is the following:--the right coronary artery gives three right atrial branches, the superior (sinus node artery) medium and inferior branches and three kinds of right ventricular branches : anterior, marginal and inferior. It divides into the posterior descending branch and the posterior left ventricular branch. Its territory is postero-septal.--the left coronary artery divides into 2 branches. The anterior descending artery gives right ventricular, left ventricular (diagonal) and septal branches for the antero-septal territory. The left circumflex gives three left atrial branches, the superior, medium and inferior branches and 1 or 2 left ventricular (lateral) branches for the corresponding lateral territory of the left ventricule.", "PMID": 1030238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5094", "title": "[Does the phrenico-gastric ligament exist?].", "content": "On thirty cadaveric dissections, we studied the so-called \"phreno-gastric\" ligament. In fact, it appears that there is an adhesion between the fundus and the posterior wall in only 60 % of the cases. This adhesion is always very loose, easily cleaved and in no case is there a real fibrous suspensory ligament. Moreover, in 40 % of the cases, the posterior surface of the fundus is entirely covered by peritoneum and is free in the bursa omentalis. In that case, the posterior surface of the stomach is connected with the diaphragm by a very short meso extending on the right to the meso esophagus and on the left to the gastrosplenic ligament.", "contents": "[Does the phrenico-gastric ligament exist?]. On thirty cadaveric dissections, we studied the so-called \"phreno-gastric\" ligament. In fact, it appears that there is an adhesion between the fundus and the posterior wall in only 60 % of the cases. This adhesion is always very loose, easily cleaved and in no case is there a real fibrous suspensory ligament. Moreover, in 40 % of the cases, the posterior surface of the fundus is entirely covered by peritoneum and is free in the bursa omentalis. In that case, the posterior surface of the stomach is connected with the diaphragm by a very short meso extending on the right to the meso esophagus and on the left to the gastrosplenic ligament.", "PMID": 1030239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5095", "title": "[Anastomoses of the terminal branches of the facial nerve and of the trigeminal nerve].", "content": "Study of peripheric anastomoses between facial et trijeminal nerves based on 18 dissections of 13 adults and 5 foetuses. Macroscopic study shows that those anastomoses are similar in all cases on any comparable levels of the face. Semi-macroscopic study on foetuses (coloration by means of gold chlorid) and histological study on anastomoses (by means of longitudinal sections) reveal that either motor and sensitive fibres grow together and join the appropriate muscles, or proprioceptor fibres follow the facial nerve in the opposite direction and then leave it, forming recurrent branches. Cutaneous endings of muscles present a great number of Pacinian corpuscules.", "contents": "[Anastomoses of the terminal branches of the facial nerve and of the trigeminal nerve]. Study of peripheric anastomoses between facial et trijeminal nerves based on 18 dissections of 13 adults and 5 foetuses. Macroscopic study shows that those anastomoses are similar in all cases on any comparable levels of the face. Semi-macroscopic study on foetuses (coloration by means of gold chlorid) and histological study on anastomoses (by means of longitudinal sections) reveal that either motor and sensitive fibres grow together and join the appropriate muscles, or proprioceptor fibres follow the facial nerve in the opposite direction and then leave it, forming recurrent branches. Cutaneous endings of muscles present a great number of Pacinian corpuscules.", "PMID": 1030242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5096", "title": "[Autonomic corticofugal fibers].", "content": "Lesions affecting the neocortex have been carried out in 16 cats. Wallerian degeneration projects to the vegetative effector nuclei (nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nuclei intermedio-lateralis and intermedio-medialis of the spinal cord). The methods of silver impregnation used were those of Nauta, Fink-Heimer and Velayos-Ull\u00e1n. Corticofugal fibers which show an intercalary formation, such as the nuclei reticularis parvocellularis, lateralis and dorsalis, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, are more numerous. There are also direct fibers for the intermediate zone (intermedio-lateralis and intermedio-medialis nuclei) of the thoracic and sacral spinal cord.", "contents": "[Autonomic corticofugal fibers]. Lesions affecting the neocortex have been carried out in 16 cats. Wallerian degeneration projects to the vegetative effector nuclei (nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nuclei intermedio-lateralis and intermedio-medialis of the spinal cord). The methods of silver impregnation used were those of Nauta, Fink-Heimer and Velayos-Ull\u00e1n. Corticofugal fibers which show an intercalary formation, such as the nuclei reticularis parvocellularis, lateralis and dorsalis, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, are more numerous. There are also direct fibers for the intermediate zone (intermedio-lateralis and intermedio-medialis nuclei) of the thoracic and sacral spinal cord.", "PMID": 1030243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5097", "title": "[Functional consequences of crossing of articular ligaments].", "content": "The movements occurring at joints with fully congruent articular surfaces, such as ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints, can be roughly infered from the geometrical forms of their articular surfaces. In these cases pure sliding occurs between the moving surfaces. But this is no longer true for incongruent joints, and in such joints the ligaments play an important role in determining the frequently complex nature of the movements these joints produce : with combinations of sliding and rolling between their moving surfaces. Finally, the instantaneous velocity of these moving surfaces is also strongly influenced by the arrangement of the ligaments.", "contents": "[Functional consequences of crossing of articular ligaments]. The movements occurring at joints with fully congruent articular surfaces, such as ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints, can be roughly infered from the geometrical forms of their articular surfaces. In these cases pure sliding occurs between the moving surfaces. But this is no longer true for incongruent joints, and in such joints the ligaments play an important role in determining the frequently complex nature of the movements these joints produce : with combinations of sliding and rolling between their moving surfaces. Finally, the instantaneous velocity of these moving surfaces is also strongly influenced by the arrangement of the ligaments.", "PMID": 1030244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5098", "title": "[The cubito-carpal region in gibbons].", "content": "As a continuation of our studies concerning the structure and fetal development of the human carpal articular disc (KAUER, 1968, 1975, 1976) we have investigated the disc-homologue in the Gibbon. For this purpose we have used the serial sectioned hand of a late-fetal specimen. The stratigraphical position of the os Daubentonii has been established comparing the situation in the Gibbon with that of the human ulno-carpal region. The homology presumed by others of the os Daubentonii with the cartilaginous primordium frequently found in the developing carpal articular disc in man, was found questionable. We have tried to give the os Daubentonii a functional interpretation as a sesamoid bone supporting the mechanical loaded pronation and supination of the hand in the Gibbon.", "contents": "[The cubito-carpal region in gibbons]. As a continuation of our studies concerning the structure and fetal development of the human carpal articular disc (KAUER, 1968, 1975, 1976) we have investigated the disc-homologue in the Gibbon. For this purpose we have used the serial sectioned hand of a late-fetal specimen. The stratigraphical position of the os Daubentonii has been established comparing the situation in the Gibbon with that of the human ulno-carpal region. The homology presumed by others of the os Daubentonii with the cartilaginous primordium frequently found in the developing carpal articular disc in man, was found questionable. We have tried to give the os Daubentonii a functional interpretation as a sesamoid bone supporting the mechanical loaded pronation and supination of the hand in the Gibbon.", "PMID": 1030245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5099", "title": "[Anatomic variation of the aortic coronary openings (apropos of 80 dissections)].", "content": "A series of 80 heart dissections, compared with a survey of the literature shows that:--both coronary ostia are usually in the right anterior and in the left posterior position, in the commissural plane, at the level of the corresponding sinus of Valsalva (the left one being often superior in size to the right one).--anatomic variations of the coronary ostia (especially variations of the left coronary ostium) may be summed up into 3 patterns: Variations in number : sometimes, there is only one aortic coronary ostium, usually owing to a left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery; a common aortic ostium for a single coronary artery is not frequent. Multiple ostia are the most common variations : an accessory artery may arise from a separate ostium (often the \"third coronary artery\" from the right aortic sinus; sometimes the anterior descending and the circumflex arteries may originate from separated orifices). Variations in origin remain few, affecting most often the left ostium. Variations in size reflect the corresponding coronary plexus preponderance.", "contents": "[Anatomic variation of the aortic coronary openings (apropos of 80 dissections)]. A series of 80 heart dissections, compared with a survey of the literature shows that:--both coronary ostia are usually in the right anterior and in the left posterior position, in the commissural plane, at the level of the corresponding sinus of Valsalva (the left one being often superior in size to the right one).--anatomic variations of the coronary ostia (especially variations of the left coronary ostium) may be summed up into 3 patterns: Variations in number : sometimes, there is only one aortic coronary ostium, usually owing to a left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery; a common aortic ostium for a single coronary artery is not frequent. Multiple ostia are the most common variations : an accessory artery may arise from a separate ostium (often the \"third coronary artery\" from the right aortic sinus; sometimes the anterior descending and the circumflex arteries may originate from separated orifices). Variations in origin remain few, affecting most often the left ostium. Variations in size reflect the corresponding coronary plexus preponderance.", "PMID": 1030247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5100", "title": "[Anatomic variations of the common trunk of the left coronary artery (apropos of 80 dissections)].", "content": "An anatomic study of the main left coronary artery is reported : important anatomic variations may occur:--sometimes, the main left coronary artery is missing (1 % of the cases),--its origin may be unusual (from the pulmonary artery),--its average length is 11 mm; but, it may be longer (35 mm) and sometimes very short (less than 8 mm in 15 per cent of the cases) : this last aspect has to be taken in account by the surgeon during aortic valve surgery if a coronary perfusion has been decided.--At last, its division into two branches (anterior descending and left circumflex) is the most usual (65 or 70 per cent of the cases). A third branch of division may exist (diagonal or lateral branch) in about 20 to 30 per cent of the cases. The left coronary artery may also divide into four (or even five) branches in 5 to 10 per cent of the cases.", "contents": "[Anatomic variations of the common trunk of the left coronary artery (apropos of 80 dissections)]. An anatomic study of the main left coronary artery is reported : important anatomic variations may occur:--sometimes, the main left coronary artery is missing (1 % of the cases),--its origin may be unusual (from the pulmonary artery),--its average length is 11 mm; but, it may be longer (35 mm) and sometimes very short (less than 8 mm in 15 per cent of the cases) : this last aspect has to be taken in account by the surgeon during aortic valve surgery if a coronary perfusion has been decided.--At last, its division into two branches (anterior descending and left circumflex) is the most usual (65 or 70 per cent of the cases). A third branch of division may exist (diagonal or lateral branch) in about 20 to 30 per cent of the cases. The left coronary artery may also divide into four (or even five) branches in 5 to 10 per cent of the cases.", "PMID": 1030248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5101", "title": "[Radio-anatomic study of the bronchial arteries (apropos of 30 analyzable preparations].", "content": "Arteriographic studies of collateral branches of the descending thoracic aorta are made using barium suspension. The descending aorta is then cut off and measured. Confrontations of these two methods give precise details on the origins of bronchial arteries (vertebral level and situation around the circumference of the aorta). In spite of important variations, the vertebral level of origin is around T5 for the right bronchial arteries and around T6 for the left ones. Most of them (right and left) arise on the right.", "contents": "[Radio-anatomic study of the bronchial arteries (apropos of 30 analyzable preparations]. Arteriographic studies of collateral branches of the descending thoracic aorta are made using barium suspension. The descending aorta is then cut off and measured. Confrontations of these two methods give precise details on the origins of bronchial arteries (vertebral level and situation around the circumference of the aorta). In spite of important variations, the vertebral level of origin is around T5 for the right bronchial arteries and around T6 for the left ones. Most of them (right and left) arise on the right.", "PMID": 1030249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5102", "title": "[Morphologic anatomy of the interjugochiasmatic fenestra].", "content": "The pituitary body can be surgically approached through the triangular cleft limited by the sphenoidal jugum and the anterior side of the optic chiasma. The mean surface was calculated by measurements on 51 specimens; it reached 65 mm2. The ratio height : width of the cleft attained 1,3-1,4 corresponding to an anterior chiasmatic angle of about 66-70 degrees. With regard to the variations of the intermalar distance, the values of the triangular surface could be classified into 3 types:--to a distance of 100 mm corresponds a surface less than 50 mm2 (narrow or first grade);--to a distance of 115 mm corresponds a surface greater than 80 mm2 (wide or third grade);--Between these values, the surface can be reckoned on a grossly parabolic curve, the top of which amounts to 90 mm when the intermalar distance equals 107 mm.", "contents": "[Morphologic anatomy of the interjugochiasmatic fenestra]. The pituitary body can be surgically approached through the triangular cleft limited by the sphenoidal jugum and the anterior side of the optic chiasma. The mean surface was calculated by measurements on 51 specimens; it reached 65 mm2. The ratio height : width of the cleft attained 1,3-1,4 corresponding to an anterior chiasmatic angle of about 66-70 degrees. With regard to the variations of the intermalar distance, the values of the triangular surface could be classified into 3 types:--to a distance of 100 mm corresponds a surface less than 50 mm2 (narrow or first grade);--to a distance of 115 mm corresponds a surface greater than 80 mm2 (wide or third grade);--Between these values, the surface can be reckoned on a grossly parabolic curve, the top of which amounts to 90 mm when the intermalar distance equals 107 mm.", "PMID": 1030250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5103", "title": "[45,X/ 46,XX/ 46,XY Mosaic with female phenotype].", "content": "Report on a girl with female phenotype and 45,X/46,XX/46,XY mosaicism. The patient showed primary amenorrhea, low stature (1,47 m), but no other typical features of Turner's syndrome. Chromosome studies were carried out on cultures of blood lymphocytes, with usual methods and with R- G- and Q-banding: 43,3 % of cells were 46,XY ; 36,6 % were 45,X and 20 % were 46,XX. The chromosome Y is a non-fluorescent one. A comparison is made with other published cases.", "contents": "[45,X/ 46,XX/ 46,XY Mosaic with female phenotype]. Report on a girl with female phenotype and 45,X/46,XX/46,XY mosaicism. The patient showed primary amenorrhea, low stature (1,47 m), but no other typical features of Turner's syndrome. Chromosome studies were carried out on cultures of blood lymphocytes, with usual methods and with R- G- and Q-banding: 43,3 % of cells were 46,XY ; 36,6 % were 45,X and 20 % were 46,XX. The chromosome Y is a non-fluorescent one. A comparison is made with other published cases.", "PMID": 1030251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5104", "title": "[Variations of distribution of the coronary arteries (apropos of 3,000 coronarographies)].", "content": "The various types of anomalous origin and unusual course and/or predominance of the coronary arteries encountered in a review of 3 000 selective coronary arteriograms were studied. 1. Abnormal ostia: Ectopic ostia with anterior, posterior or lateral displacement (11 cases). Variations in the number of ostia:--accessory ostium for the conus branch (68 cases);--distinct ostia for LAD and circumflex artery (21 cases);--single coronary artery (6 cases). 2. Abnormal course of coronary arteries: Anomalous circumflex origin from the right coronary artery (8 cases). Unusual predominance of the left coronary artery:--right predominance 74,5 %;--left predominance 14 %;--balanced 11,5 %. In aortic stenosis, the frequency of these different malformations is very different. Different patterns of vascularizattion of the centers of automatism and of the left ventricular free wall were also studied.", "contents": "[Variations of distribution of the coronary arteries (apropos of 3,000 coronarographies)]. The various types of anomalous origin and unusual course and/or predominance of the coronary arteries encountered in a review of 3 000 selective coronary arteriograms were studied. 1. Abnormal ostia: Ectopic ostia with anterior, posterior or lateral displacement (11 cases). Variations in the number of ostia:--accessory ostium for the conus branch (68 cases);--distinct ostia for LAD and circumflex artery (21 cases);--single coronary artery (6 cases). 2. Abnormal course of coronary arteries: Anomalous circumflex origin from the right coronary artery (8 cases). Unusual predominance of the left coronary artery:--right predominance 74,5 %;--left predominance 14 %;--balanced 11,5 %. In aortic stenosis, the frequency of these different malformations is very different. Different patterns of vascularizattion of the centers of automatism and of the left ventricular free wall were also studied.", "PMID": 1030252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5105", "title": "[Gastro-duodenal artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery].", "content": "These exceptional anomalies of the gastro-duodenal (G.D.) arteries provide a better understanding of certain very odd vessels found on coeliac or superior mesenteric arteries selective arteriography. In our series of 400 dissected bodies, a typical origin of the G.D. artery from the superior mesenteric artery is noted in 4 cases : the aberrant vessel is identified as a G.D. artery because of a) its course, b) and its two usual terminal divisions : superior pancreatico-duodenal and right gastro-epiploic arteries. On the other hand, we have 10 cases of G.D. artery arising from both coeliac hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries with:--a dominant hepatic branch in 6,--a dominant mesenteric branch in 3,--and a balanced origin in 1. A G.D. artery looping around the common bile duct to reach the anterior surface of the pancreas (Michels) was never seen in this series.", "contents": "[Gastro-duodenal artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery]. These exceptional anomalies of the gastro-duodenal (G.D.) arteries provide a better understanding of certain very odd vessels found on coeliac or superior mesenteric arteries selective arteriography. In our series of 400 dissected bodies, a typical origin of the G.D. artery from the superior mesenteric artery is noted in 4 cases : the aberrant vessel is identified as a G.D. artery because of a) its course, b) and its two usual terminal divisions : superior pancreatico-duodenal and right gastro-epiploic arteries. On the other hand, we have 10 cases of G.D. artery arising from both coeliac hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries with:--a dominant hepatic branch in 6,--a dominant mesenteric branch in 3,--and a balanced origin in 1. A G.D. artery looping around the common bile duct to reach the anterior surface of the pancreas (Michels) was never seen in this series.", "PMID": 1030253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5106", "title": "[Lumbar epidural veins (anatomic study apropos of 31 cases)].", "content": "Using 31 corrosion preparations with fortacryl-minium, a new systematization of lumbar internal vertebral veins is suggested. The classical posterior longitudinal vein was not found. An anterior-lateral venous flow, composed of an anterior-internal venous canal and of an anterior-external venous canal was described. These venous canals jointly progress along internal face of the pedicle and leave a wider space between them in front of the exit foramina, to allow the passage of roots. The authors then study the transversal veins, the junction of the lumbar column with the sacral column and veins of the exit foramina.", "contents": "[Lumbar epidural veins (anatomic study apropos of 31 cases)]. Using 31 corrosion preparations with fortacryl-minium, a new systematization of lumbar internal vertebral veins is suggested. The classical posterior longitudinal vein was not found. An anterior-lateral venous flow, composed of an anterior-internal venous canal and of an anterior-external venous canal was described. These venous canals jointly progress along internal face of the pedicle and leave a wider space between them in front of the exit foramina, to allow the passage of roots. The authors then study the transversal veins, the junction of the lumbar column with the sacral column and veins of the exit foramina.", "PMID": 1030254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5107", "title": "[Obstruction and normal rechannelization of the ureter in the human embryo. Relations to stenoses and congenital ureteral valves].", "content": "Study of 5 normal human embryos from 5 to 55 mm in length from vertex to coccyx, shows that the ureteric ducts, which in the first phases of development are permeable (embryos of 5-13 mm, Streeter's Horizons XIII-XVII, age from 28 +/- 1 to 35 +/- 1 days), constantly undergo a process of obstruction and a subsequent recanalization of their lumen, which takes place when the embryos measure from 14 to 22 mm. The processes begin in the middle zone of the ureters and progress proximally and distally until they cover its entire length. These ducts, which in embryos of approximately 17 mm in length form solid cords, are totally permeable in embryos of 23 mm. These modifications are of great importance for correct interpretation of the pathogenic mechanism of congenital ureteric strictures and valves.", "contents": "[Obstruction and normal rechannelization of the ureter in the human embryo. Relations to stenoses and congenital ureteral valves]. Study of 5 normal human embryos from 5 to 55 mm in length from vertex to coccyx, shows that the ureteric ducts, which in the first phases of development are permeable (embryos of 5-13 mm, Streeter's Horizons XIII-XVII, age from 28 +/- 1 to 35 +/- 1 days), constantly undergo a process of obstruction and a subsequent recanalization of their lumen, which takes place when the embryos measure from 14 to 22 mm. The processes begin in the middle zone of the ureters and progress proximally and distally until they cover its entire length. These ducts, which in embryos of approximately 17 mm in length form solid cords, are totally permeable in embryos of 23 mm. These modifications are of great importance for correct interpretation of the pathogenic mechanism of congenital ureteric strictures and valves.", "PMID": 1030256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5108", "title": "[Radio-anatomic data concerning the hyoid bone and its dynamics].", "content": "The study of the Human hyoid bone made from anatomic sections, X-ray pictures and radiocinema shows its variable positions during speech articulation, which vary according to the kind of phonema--from single horizontal or vertical translation to sinusoidal movements allowed by the stylohoid suspension. The hyoid bone plays a role in speech articulation and may have been a factor in its apparition.", "contents": "[Radio-anatomic data concerning the hyoid bone and its dynamics]. The study of the Human hyoid bone made from anatomic sections, X-ray pictures and radiocinema shows its variable positions during speech articulation, which vary according to the kind of phonema--from single horizontal or vertical translation to sinusoidal movements allowed by the stylohoid suspension. The hyoid bone plays a role in speech articulation and may have been a factor in its apparition.", "PMID": 1030257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5109", "title": "[The gastro-phrenic ligament].", "content": "The present study was carried out in order to investigate if 1) the gastrophrenic ligament was involved in gastric stabilization, 2) the surface of this ligament might be influenced by fundus distension induced by the first deglutition of the newborn. In a series of 23 subjects (15 adults, 8 foetuses) the surface of the gastrophrenic ligament was expressed in % of the postero-inferior surface of the stomach. The gastrophrenic ligament consisted of loose areolar tissue and its surface was rather small (5,89% +/- 3,8 in adults; 4,3% +/- 1,5 in the foetus). These facts led us to conclude that this ligament did not play a very important role in gastric stabilization. Furthermore the difference between adults and foetuses was not statistically significant; so the surface of the ligament could not have been changed at birth.", "contents": "[The gastro-phrenic ligament]. The present study was carried out in order to investigate if 1) the gastrophrenic ligament was involved in gastric stabilization, 2) the surface of this ligament might be influenced by fundus distension induced by the first deglutition of the newborn. In a series of 23 subjects (15 adults, 8 foetuses) the surface of the gastrophrenic ligament was expressed in % of the postero-inferior surface of the stomach. The gastrophrenic ligament consisted of loose areolar tissue and its surface was rather small (5,89% +/- 3,8 in adults; 4,3% +/- 1,5 in the foetus). These facts led us to conclude that this ligament did not play a very important role in gastric stabilization. Furthermore the difference between adults and foetuses was not statistically significant; so the surface of the ligament could not have been changed at birth.", "PMID": 1030258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5110", "title": "Neurologic complications of gas myelography by the lumbar route.", "content": "Gas myelography is not a new technique, but its acceptance in neuroradiologic diagnosis has been relatively recent. Previously reported series have emphasized the benign nature of this technique and the lack of significant accompanying complications. From a series of 174 gas myelograms performed during a four-year period, two reports are presented wherein transient exacerbation of neurologic deficit followed exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and gas under pressure by the lumbar route. One patient with cervical spondylotic myelopathy experienced an increase in paresis, while another was found to have marked fasciculations. Speculation regarding possible mechanisms involved with these complications is presented. It is suggested that exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and gas under pressure via the lumbar route be used with caution in those patients with compromised cervical spinal cords.", "contents": "Neurologic complications of gas myelography by the lumbar route. Gas myelography is not a new technique, but its acceptance in neuroradiologic diagnosis has been relatively recent. Previously reported series have emphasized the benign nature of this technique and the lack of significant accompanying complications. From a series of 174 gas myelograms performed during a four-year period, two reports are presented wherein transient exacerbation of neurologic deficit followed exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and gas under pressure by the lumbar route. One patient with cervical spondylotic myelopathy experienced an increase in paresis, while another was found to have marked fasciculations. Speculation regarding possible mechanisms involved with these complications is presented. It is suggested that exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and gas under pressure via the lumbar route be used with caution in those patients with compromised cervical spinal cords.", "PMID": 1030319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5111", "title": "Cultural differences in hemisphericity: a critique.", "content": "A series of four articles on the \"other side\" of the brain has been published in this journal by Dr. Joseph Bogen and his colleagues (1, 2, 3, 4). The first three of these are rapidly becoming minor classics for those of us interested in hemispheric specialization. However, the fourth article reports a combination of sociologic and neurologic observations which, in our opinion, are misinterpreted. This misinterpretation stems primarily from the use of inappropriate statistical procedures and the misleading characteristics of a variable which is comprised of a ratio of two other variables (i.e. the A/P ratio). In short, we argue that the sociologic data presented (4) are not consistent with the constant sum model of hemisphericity discussed in that paper. An alternative model is discussed.", "contents": "Cultural differences in hemisphericity: a critique. A series of four articles on the \"other side\" of the brain has been published in this journal by Dr. Joseph Bogen and his colleagues (1, 2, 3, 4). The first three of these are rapidly becoming minor classics for those of us interested in hemispheric specialization. However, the fourth article reports a combination of sociologic and neurologic observations which, in our opinion, are misinterpreted. This misinterpretation stems primarily from the use of inappropriate statistical procedures and the misleading characteristics of a variable which is comprised of a ratio of two other variables (i.e. the A/P ratio). In short, we argue that the sociologic data presented (4) are not consistent with the constant sum model of hemisphericity discussed in that paper. An alternative model is discussed.", "PMID": 1030320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5112", "title": "Supplemental sensory feedback for the VA/NU myoelectric hand. Background and preliminary designs.", "content": "Methods for realizing three SSF systems for the VA/NU myoelectric hand have been shown. In some cases, estimates concerning amputer acceptance, and references relating to improvements in function, were made. These estimates are purely speculative, and are not intended as a substitute for accurate information which can only be obtained by complete laboratory evaluations of the SSF system codes and by placing the systems on subjects. At this time, it appears that all three of the systems are technically feasible, and that they could be made clinically practical through careful design.", "contents": "Supplemental sensory feedback for the VA/NU myoelectric hand. Background and preliminary designs. Methods for realizing three SSF systems for the VA/NU myoelectric hand have been shown. In some cases, estimates concerning amputer acceptance, and references relating to improvements in function, were made. These estimates are purely speculative, and are not intended as a substitute for accurate information which can only be obtained by complete laboratory evaluations of the SSF system codes and by placing the systems on subjects. At this time, it appears that all three of the systems are technically feasible, and that they could be made clinically practical through careful design.", "PMID": 1030327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5113", "title": "[Apparent cardiac malformations in old age].", "content": "In patients aged 79, 80 and 81 cardiac malformations were found at autopsy which did not permit to decide with certainty whether they were congenital or acquired. In the first case the lesions appeared as a band-shaped fibromuscular subvalvular aortic stenosis, the second one being an isolated aneurysm of the membranous septum directed to the righ side and combined with a minute diverticulum in the muscular part of the interventricular septum. The apex of the aneurysm faced the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. From its dorsocranial circumference two tunnel-like formations projected in the dorsocranial direction terminating blindly beneath the atrial septal endocardium. The ventral canal protruded into the right, the dorsal one into the left atrium. Rather marked regressive changes and areas of florid chronic inflammation were found in the terminal parts of these channels. In the third case observed the pathological lesion were aneurysms of the Valsalva sinuses.", "contents": "[Apparent cardiac malformations in old age]. In patients aged 79, 80 and 81 cardiac malformations were found at autopsy which did not permit to decide with certainty whether they were congenital or acquired. In the first case the lesions appeared as a band-shaped fibromuscular subvalvular aortic stenosis, the second one being an isolated aneurysm of the membranous septum directed to the righ side and combined with a minute diverticulum in the muscular part of the interventricular septum. The apex of the aneurysm faced the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. From its dorsocranial circumference two tunnel-like formations projected in the dorsocranial direction terminating blindly beneath the atrial septal endocardium. The ventral canal protruded into the right, the dorsal one into the left atrium. Rather marked regressive changes and areas of florid chronic inflammation were found in the terminal parts of these channels. In the third case observed the pathological lesion were aneurysms of the Valsalva sinuses.", "PMID": 1030330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5114", "title": "[The course of healing of cutaneous wounds in young and old rats].", "content": "Healing of cutaneous wounds produced on the backs of young and old rats has been compared at ten various intervals between days 3 and 28. The only differences disclosed pertained to the exsudative and proliferative phases between days 3 and 5, which were found to develop more rapidly in young rats. The phase of the (predominantly afibrillar) connection of the wound stumps was reduced to less than 5 days. The exact nature of the \"sticking\" intercellular substance has not been clarified; most probably the substance represents nonfibrillar collagen. In the group of old rats neoformation of fibrillary neocollagen was somewhat more marked during days 7 to 9 than in yound rats, in whom a rather pronounced exsudative component was found during that period. No significant differences between the two groups were disclosed during the later stages of the experiment. Fibroblasts participated in collagen phagocytosis during the definitive reconstruction of the provisional, imperfectly oriented fibrillar connection of the wound edges.", "contents": "[The course of healing of cutaneous wounds in young and old rats]. Healing of cutaneous wounds produced on the backs of young and old rats has been compared at ten various intervals between days 3 and 28. The only differences disclosed pertained to the exsudative and proliferative phases between days 3 and 5, which were found to develop more rapidly in young rats. The phase of the (predominantly afibrillar) connection of the wound stumps was reduced to less than 5 days. The exact nature of the \"sticking\" intercellular substance has not been clarified; most probably the substance represents nonfibrillar collagen. In the group of old rats neoformation of fibrillary neocollagen was somewhat more marked during days 7 to 9 than in yound rats, in whom a rather pronounced exsudative component was found during that period. No significant differences between the two groups were disclosed during the later stages of the experiment. Fibroblasts participated in collagen phagocytosis during the definitive reconstruction of the provisional, imperfectly oriented fibrillar connection of the wound edges.", "PMID": 1030331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5115", "title": "[Familial malignant melanoma].", "content": "Two families with a familiar occurrence of malignant melanoma have been described. In the first family malignant melanoma has been histologically verified in two generations. In the other family, malignant melanoma occurred in four generations, but it has been verified histologically in two of them only. In the remaining two generations there were positive anamnestic data.", "contents": "[Familial malignant melanoma]. Two families with a familiar occurrence of malignant melanoma have been described. In the first family malignant melanoma has been histologically verified in two generations. In the other family, malignant melanoma occurred in four generations, but it has been verified histologically in two of them only. In the remaining two generations there were positive anamnestic data.", "PMID": 1030332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5116", "title": "[The ultrastructure of bovine lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leucosis].", "content": "The morphology of blood lymphocytes as obtained from cows suffering from chronic lymphocytic leucosis (CLL) and from healthy control animals was studied with the electron microscope. In the leukemic lymphocytes there was a significantly higher occurrence of the so-called nuclear pockets (13.8 per cent in the healthy ones). Marking the surface of the lymphocytes with Rutherium Red permitted to discern between two distinct populations of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. By using this method, B-lymphocyte were shown to prevail in CLL, accounting for 89.7 per cent of the total lymphocyte count.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of bovine lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leucosis]. The morphology of blood lymphocytes as obtained from cows suffering from chronic lymphocytic leucosis (CLL) and from healthy control animals was studied with the electron microscope. In the leukemic lymphocytes there was a significantly higher occurrence of the so-called nuclear pockets (13.8 per cent in the healthy ones). Marking the surface of the lymphocytes with Rutherium Red permitted to discern between two distinct populations of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. By using this method, B-lymphocyte were shown to prevail in CLL, accounting for 89.7 per cent of the total lymphocyte count.", "PMID": 1030333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5117", "title": "[Mesothelial polyp of the epicardium].", "content": "In an autopsied male aged 31 who had been suffering from chronic bronchitis, a polyp anchored at the site of the crossing of the aorta with the pulmonary artery was found in the pericardial sac. Histologically, the polyp was classed as benign mesothelioma.", "contents": "[Mesothelial polyp of the epicardium]. In an autopsied male aged 31 who had been suffering from chronic bronchitis, a polyp anchored at the site of the crossing of the aorta with the pulmonary artery was found in the pericardial sac. Histologically, the polyp was classed as benign mesothelioma.", "PMID": 1030334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5118", "title": "[Mesenchymal neoplasms of the skin. (A normative study)].", "content": "On the basis of a retrospective study of a large bioptic material, a scheme for a histological classification of mesenchymal cutaneous neoplasms has been suggested. The scheme as proposed here has been discussed and compared with the elaborations of WHO (1,2) and those of AFIP (3,4).", "contents": "[Mesenchymal neoplasms of the skin. (A normative study)]. On the basis of a retrospective study of a large bioptic material, a scheme for a histological classification of mesenchymal cutaneous neoplasms has been suggested. The scheme as proposed here has been discussed and compared with the elaborations of WHO (1,2) and those of AFIP (3,4).", "PMID": 1030335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5119", "title": "Ultrastructural characterization of the interphase nucleus of Gonyostomum semen.", "content": "The interphase nucleus of the chloromonadophycean alga, Gonyostomum semen (Ehrenberg) Diesing, has a highly distinctive appearance. Interphase chromatin is readily distinguishable in both light and electron microscope preparations. It extends throughout the neucleus and frequently makes contact with the nucleoli and with the nuclear envelope. Among the chromatin filaments are large numbers of 35-46 nm diameter granules which occur singly or in clusters. The nucleoli are characteristically located in the posterior half of the nucleus and are composed of granular and non-granular components. Nuclear pores occur in slight depressions of the nuclear surface; their lumen has a diameter of approximately 75 nm and contains electron-dense material. The chromatin and the large numbers of nuclear granules are unusual and warrant further investigation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characterization of the interphase nucleus of Gonyostomum semen. The interphase nucleus of the chloromonadophycean alga, Gonyostomum semen (Ehrenberg) Diesing, has a highly distinctive appearance. Interphase chromatin is readily distinguishable in both light and electron microscope preparations. It extends throughout the neucleus and frequently makes contact with the nucleoli and with the nuclear envelope. Among the chromatin filaments are large numbers of 35-46 nm diameter granules which occur singly or in clusters. The nucleoli are characteristically located in the posterior half of the nucleus and are composed of granular and non-granular components. Nuclear pores occur in slight depressions of the nuclear surface; their lumen has a diameter of approximately 75 nm and contains electron-dense material. The chromatin and the large numbers of nuclear granules are unusual and warrant further investigation.", "PMID": 1030371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5120", "title": "On formation of melanosomes in a cultured melanoma line.", "content": "Melanosomes are present in abundant numbers in HPM-73 melanoma cells maintained in surum-containing cultures. However, withholding of serum for 3 days caused severe retardation of development of these organelles. Addition of chondroitin-4-sulphate (0.4 mg/ml) to serum-containing culture media for 3 days resulted in greater numbers of premelanosomes and melanosomes relative to mitochondria. The same amount of chrondroitin-4-sulphate (0.4 mg/ml) added to serum-free cultures also resulted in an increased ratio of premelanosomes and melanosomes to mitochondria but, within the 3-day period many of these organelles did not attain the pattern of maturity evident in melanoma cells reared in serum-supplemented media. By exploitation of slowed rates of development of melanosomes in cultures (especially, but not exclusively, in serum-free samples) it was possible to examine various early developmental forms of these organelles. It was found that in this cell line mitochondria appear to be involved in the process of melanosome formation.", "contents": "On formation of melanosomes in a cultured melanoma line. Melanosomes are present in abundant numbers in HPM-73 melanoma cells maintained in surum-containing cultures. However, withholding of serum for 3 days caused severe retardation of development of these organelles. Addition of chondroitin-4-sulphate (0.4 mg/ml) to serum-containing culture media for 3 days resulted in greater numbers of premelanosomes and melanosomes relative to mitochondria. The same amount of chrondroitin-4-sulphate (0.4 mg/ml) added to serum-free cultures also resulted in an increased ratio of premelanosomes and melanosomes to mitochondria but, within the 3-day period many of these organelles did not attain the pattern of maturity evident in melanoma cells reared in serum-supplemented media. By exploitation of slowed rates of development of melanosomes in cultures (especially, but not exclusively, in serum-free samples) it was possible to examine various early developmental forms of these organelles. It was found that in this cell line mitochondria appear to be involved in the process of melanosome formation.", "PMID": 1030372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5121", "title": "Carcinogenesis: a late effect of irreversible toxic damage during development.", "content": "Intrauterine and early postnatal life are periods of exceptionally high susceptibility to certain kinds of chemical carcinogens. The most potent known transplacental carcinogens are direct acting alkylating agents. Most nonreactive compounds, which require enzymes for metabolic conversion into chemically reactive \"proximate carcinogens,\" are less effective because the required enzymes are present at low levels in the fetus, and many proximate carcinogens are too reactive to reach the fetus when formed in maternal tissues. Despite this, many carcinogens which require metabolic activation are very active transplancentally, as the intrinsic susceptibility of rapidly dividing fetal cells compensates effectively for comparatively low tissue levels of reactive metabolites. Transplacental carcinogens of all kinds are most effective late in gestation, generally after organogenesis has begun and after the period of greatest susceptibility to teratogens. Only a small number of known carcinogens have been tested for transplacental carcinogenic activity. The great majority of tumors induced transplacentally in the well-studied rodent and lagomorph species (mouse, rat, Syrian hamster, and rabbit) have morphologic features of adult, rather than embryonal, tissues. A given agent tends to induce in a given species largely the same types of tumor when given transplacentally as when administered directly to postweaning animals, unless its carcinogenic effect in the latter is ascribable to some peculiarity of distribution, metabolism, or physiology. In a second species, the spectrum of tumors induced either before of after birth may be quite different. For bioassay of suspected carcinogens, the significance of perinatal carcinogenesis lies in the facts that the fetal and preweaning rodent is an extremely sensitive indicator of carcinogenic activity, and that the facile adaptibility of fetal cells to tissue culture and their rapid expression in vitro of properties of neoplastic transformation make possible a rapid in vivo/in vitro screening system for chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis: a late effect of irreversible toxic damage during development. Intrauterine and early postnatal life are periods of exceptionally high susceptibility to certain kinds of chemical carcinogens. The most potent known transplacental carcinogens are direct acting alkylating agents. Most nonreactive compounds, which require enzymes for metabolic conversion into chemically reactive \"proximate carcinogens,\" are less effective because the required enzymes are present at low levels in the fetus, and many proximate carcinogens are too reactive to reach the fetus when formed in maternal tissues. Despite this, many carcinogens which require metabolic activation are very active transplancentally, as the intrinsic susceptibility of rapidly dividing fetal cells compensates effectively for comparatively low tissue levels of reactive metabolites. Transplacental carcinogens of all kinds are most effective late in gestation, generally after organogenesis has begun and after the period of greatest susceptibility to teratogens. Only a small number of known carcinogens have been tested for transplacental carcinogenic activity. The great majority of tumors induced transplacentally in the well-studied rodent and lagomorph species (mouse, rat, Syrian hamster, and rabbit) have morphologic features of adult, rather than embryonal, tissues. A given agent tends to induce in a given species largely the same types of tumor when given transplacentally as when administered directly to postweaning animals, unless its carcinogenic effect in the latter is ascribable to some peculiarity of distribution, metabolism, or physiology. In a second species, the spectrum of tumors induced either before of after birth may be quite different. For bioassay of suspected carcinogens, the significance of perinatal carcinogenesis lies in the facts that the fetal and preweaning rodent is an extremely sensitive indicator of carcinogenic activity, and that the facile adaptibility of fetal cells to tissue culture and their rapid expression in vitro of properties of neoplastic transformation make possible a rapid in vivo/in vitro screening system for chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 1030391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5122", "title": "Molecular biology and biochemistry of differentiation.", "content": "Recent work in the field of molecular biology and differentiation has been directed towards an assessment of the number of different genes involved in the development and differentiation process. By the techniques of RNA-DNA hybridization to single copy DNA, it appears that some 60,000-200,000 different RNA sequences are expressed during embryonic development in the mouse. The differentiating brain shows the highest degree RNA transcription diversity. The new technique of cDNA-poly(A)-containing RNA hybridization is described. The nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA appears to reflect the high complexity of sequences as determined in RNA-DNA experiments described above. The cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA or messenger RNA appears to represent a subset of approximately 10-20% of the information in the nuclear poly (A)-RNA. Also, the major portion of frequency class of messenger RNA in different organs such as kidney, spleen, and liver are common to these different organs. However, brain, although containing many of the cytoplasmic messenger RNA sequences found in liver, kidney, and spleen, has a large class of messenger RNA sequences which are specific to the nervous system.", "contents": "Molecular biology and biochemistry of differentiation. Recent work in the field of molecular biology and differentiation has been directed towards an assessment of the number of different genes involved in the development and differentiation process. By the techniques of RNA-DNA hybridization to single copy DNA, it appears that some 60,000-200,000 different RNA sequences are expressed during embryonic development in the mouse. The differentiating brain shows the highest degree RNA transcription diversity. The new technique of cDNA-poly(A)-containing RNA hybridization is described. The nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA appears to reflect the high complexity of sequences as determined in RNA-DNA experiments described above. The cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA or messenger RNA appears to represent a subset of approximately 10-20% of the information in the nuclear poly (A)-RNA. Also, the major portion of frequency class of messenger RNA in different organs such as kidney, spleen, and liver are common to these different organs. However, brain, although containing many of the cytoplasmic messenger RNA sequences found in liver, kidney, and spleen, has a large class of messenger RNA sequences which are specific to the nervous system.", "PMID": 1030392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5123", "title": "Techniques for assessment of teratologic effects: embryo culture.", "content": "A simple method is described for growing rat embryos in vitro for 48 hr from head-fold to early limb-bud stages at rates of development and protein synthesis indistinguishable from those in vivo. Culture of the embryos can be continued for longer periods but at a reduced growth rate. Preheating the culture serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min improves embryonic development, but raising the culture temperature 2-3 degrees C or exposing the presomite embryos to 20% O2 (160 mm Hg) causes malformations, particularly of the brain and spinal cord. The value of such culture methods for teratology is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Techniques for assessment of teratologic effects: embryo culture. A simple method is described for growing rat embryos in vitro for 48 hr from head-fold to early limb-bud stages at rates of development and protein synthesis indistinguishable from those in vivo. Culture of the embryos can be continued for longer periods but at a reduced growth rate. Preheating the culture serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min improves embryonic development, but raising the culture temperature 2-3 degrees C or exposing the presomite embryos to 20% O2 (160 mm Hg) causes malformations, particularly of the brain and spinal cord. The value of such culture methods for teratology is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1030394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5124", "title": "Techniques for assessment of teratogenic effects: developmental enzyme patterns.", "content": "Most studies designed for assessing teratogenic effects focus on only three of four types of final manifestations of abnormal development; namely intrauterine death, malformations, and growth retardation. Developmental toxicity evaluations generally do not include functional deficits. Current techniques are inadequate for assessing functional capability during perinatal development, and there is a need for improved measures. Thus, measurement of developmental enzyme patterns is proposed as an approach that directly evaluates acquisition of metabolic competence of fundamental organ systems. During ontogenesis most organs acquire their full complement of enzyme activities in a programmed sequence which corresponds to attainment of complete functional capability. The usual alterations in enzyme activity that characterize these patterns occur at one of three time periods, namely, late fetal, early neonatal, or late suckling. Qualitative or quantitative changes in these patterns at any time by one or more key enzymes of a tissue could be indicative of developmental toxicity. Factors are outlined relating to consideration of developmental enzyme profiles as indices of maturation capable of reflecting the action of toxic agents. This presentation: (1) reviews the current state of the art for evaluating effects on development, (2) considers the applicability of enzyme patterns for biochemical assessment of development, (3) characterizes the target tissues and those metabolic pathways and/or specific enzymes most sensitive and adaptable to practical toxicity evaluations, and (4) describes the steps being taken to validate this system. The ultimate objective of this approach is to determine whether alterations in developmental enzyme profiles will provide a technique with improved capability for assessing developmental toxicity.", "contents": "Techniques for assessment of teratogenic effects: developmental enzyme patterns. Most studies designed for assessing teratogenic effects focus on only three of four types of final manifestations of abnormal development; namely intrauterine death, malformations, and growth retardation. Developmental toxicity evaluations generally do not include functional deficits. Current techniques are inadequate for assessing functional capability during perinatal development, and there is a need for improved measures. Thus, measurement of developmental enzyme patterns is proposed as an approach that directly evaluates acquisition of metabolic competence of fundamental organ systems. During ontogenesis most organs acquire their full complement of enzyme activities in a programmed sequence which corresponds to attainment of complete functional capability. The usual alterations in enzyme activity that characterize these patterns occur at one of three time periods, namely, late fetal, early neonatal, or late suckling. Qualitative or quantitative changes in these patterns at any time by one or more key enzymes of a tissue could be indicative of developmental toxicity. Factors are outlined relating to consideration of developmental enzyme profiles as indices of maturation capable of reflecting the action of toxic agents. This presentation: (1) reviews the current state of the art for evaluating effects on development, (2) considers the applicability of enzyme patterns for biochemical assessment of development, (3) characterizes the target tissues and those metabolic pathways and/or specific enzymes most sensitive and adaptable to practical toxicity evaluations, and (4) describes the steps being taken to validate this system. The ultimate objective of this approach is to determine whether alterations in developmental enzyme profiles will provide a technique with improved capability for assessing developmental toxicity.", "PMID": 1030395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5125", "title": "Techniques for assessing teratogenic effects: epidemiology.", "content": "Epidemiologic studies of malformations can aid in the understanding of human teratogenesis. Employing a variety of approaches epidemiology can develop or test hypotheses concerning possible causes or through surveillance provide data useful for a variety of purposes. Drawing heavily upon our experiences at the Center for Disease Control, this paper reviews some concepts and uses of epidemiology in studies of human teratogenesis.", "contents": "Techniques for assessing teratogenic effects: epidemiology. Epidemiologic studies of malformations can aid in the understanding of human teratogenesis. Employing a variety of approaches epidemiology can develop or test hypotheses concerning possible causes or through surveillance provide data useful for a variety of purposes. Drawing heavily upon our experiences at the Center for Disease Control, this paper reviews some concepts and uses of epidemiology in studies of human teratogenesis.", "PMID": 1030396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5126", "title": "Studies in adaption to ambient oxidant air pollution: effects of ozone exposure in Los Angeles residents vs. new arrivals.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that adaptation protecting against acute effects of ambient ozone (O3) exposures develops in Los Angeles residents, human volunteers were exposed to 0.4 ppm O3 under conditions simulating ambient pollution exposures. Blood biochemical, pulmonary physiological, and clinical responses were assessed. Los Angeles residents (N = 6) showed only minimal clinical or physiological response to O3, while new arrivals (N = 9) showed significant losses in pulmonary function and a tendency toward increased symptoms. Most biochemical responses did not differ significantly between residents and new arrivals. These results agree with others in suggesting that exposures to elevated ambient concentrations of O3 produce adaptation in a least some residents of photochemical pollution areas. The underlying mechanisms and long-term consequences of such adaptation are unknown.", "contents": "Studies in adaption to ambient oxidant air pollution: effects of ozone exposure in Los Angeles residents vs. new arrivals. To test the hypothesis that adaptation protecting against acute effects of ambient ozone (O3) exposures develops in Los Angeles residents, human volunteers were exposed to 0.4 ppm O3 under conditions simulating ambient pollution exposures. Blood biochemical, pulmonary physiological, and clinical responses were assessed. Los Angeles residents (N = 6) showed only minimal clinical or physiological response to O3, while new arrivals (N = 9) showed significant losses in pulmonary function and a tendency toward increased symptoms. Most biochemical responses did not differ significantly between residents and new arrivals. These results agree with others in suggesting that exposures to elevated ambient concentrations of O3 produce adaptation in a least some residents of photochemical pollution areas. The underlying mechanisms and long-term consequences of such adaptation are unknown.", "PMID": 1030397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5127", "title": "Comparative developmental aspects of selected organ systems. II. Gastrointestinal and urogenital systems.", "content": "A brief description of the basic patterns of mammalian organogenesis of the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems is presented based on events as they occur in human beings. The emphasis is not on the details of this development, but rather on its organization and timing, with tables of comparative development providing a comparison of similar events in man, rat, mouse, and chick.", "contents": "Comparative developmental aspects of selected organ systems. II. Gastrointestinal and urogenital systems. A brief description of the basic patterns of mammalian organogenesis of the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems is presented based on events as they occur in human beings. The emphasis is not on the details of this development, but rather on its organization and timing, with tables of comparative development providing a comparison of similar events in man, rat, mouse, and chick.", "PMID": 1030401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5128", "title": "Behavioral testing as a method for assessing risk.", "content": "Behavioral effects have been found to result from the prenatal administration of substances known to be teratogenic to the CNS. These effects occur at dose levels lower than those producing gross malformations and when the agent is administered at times other than that optimal for CNS relevant technique for detecting adverse consequences of prenatal exposure to drugs and chemicals. Behavioral testing, however, also appears to have attributes that dictate a thoughtful approach to its role as a method for assessing risk, and additional research is needed to obtain usable techniques. The need for such research is intensified by the present inability to identify potential behavioral teratogens by means other than laboratory investigation.", "contents": "Behavioral testing as a method for assessing risk. Behavioral effects have been found to result from the prenatal administration of substances known to be teratogenic to the CNS. These effects occur at dose levels lower than those producing gross malformations and when the agent is administered at times other than that optimal for CNS relevant technique for detecting adverse consequences of prenatal exposure to drugs and chemicals. Behavioral testing, however, also appears to have attributes that dictate a thoughtful approach to its role as a method for assessing risk, and additional research is needed to obtain usable techniques. The need for such research is intensified by the present inability to identify potential behavioral teratogens by means other than laboratory investigation.", "PMID": 1030402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5129", "title": "Research strategies for behavioral teratology studies.", "content": "Several compelling aruguments have been advanced in support of expanding the use of \"behavioral teratology\" evaluations as routine components of toxicologic screening procedures. As a basis for development of effective behavioral teratology screening approaches, a conceptual framework is presented which interrelates: (1) changes in relative functional brain capacity with age, (2) possible times and durations of exposures to environmental insults, and (3) various types of toxicity testing procedures carried out at appropriate time points in relation to different exposure period. Within the context, several research strategies for behavioral teratology studies are concisely posed and evaluated. These include: (1) clinical hypothesis testing, where particular effect(s) of a given agent are evaluated based on hypotheses derived from clinical or epidemiological observations; (2) comprehensive screening approaches, where multifaceted, long-term longitudinal neurobehavioral evaluations are employed to assess whether any of a large number of possible deletarious effects are exerted by an agent and at what threshold exposure levels; (3) alternative screening heuristics, by which adequate assessments of neurobehavioral toxicity of various agents may be accomplished without completion of more exhaustive, but also more expensive and time-consuming comprehensive screening protocols.", "contents": "Research strategies for behavioral teratology studies. Several compelling aruguments have been advanced in support of expanding the use of \"behavioral teratology\" evaluations as routine components of toxicologic screening procedures. As a basis for development of effective behavioral teratology screening approaches, a conceptual framework is presented which interrelates: (1) changes in relative functional brain capacity with age, (2) possible times and durations of exposures to environmental insults, and (3) various types of toxicity testing procedures carried out at appropriate time points in relation to different exposure period. Within the context, several research strategies for behavioral teratology studies are concisely posed and evaluated. These include: (1) clinical hypothesis testing, where particular effect(s) of a given agent are evaluated based on hypotheses derived from clinical or epidemiological observations; (2) comprehensive screening approaches, where multifaceted, long-term longitudinal neurobehavioral evaluations are employed to assess whether any of a large number of possible deletarious effects are exerted by an agent and at what threshold exposure levels; (3) alternative screening heuristics, by which adequate assessments of neurobehavioral toxicity of various agents may be accomplished without completion of more exhaustive, but also more expensive and time-consuming comprehensive screening protocols.", "PMID": 1030403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5130", "title": "Assessment of current test procedures.", "content": "The belief that screening tests for teratogenicity are of low predictive value has many supporters who point to the inconsistency with which malformations are induced. However, to fault the test systems when such inconsistency is predictable from both the inherently unstable nature of a malformation and from fundamental principles of teratology, is unrealistic, and, as is shown, perhaps the greater faults lie with the critics. It is suggested by examples that, if attention was concentrated not on the inconsistent malformations but on more consistent embryopathic effects which in one form or another are always associated with malformations, the predictive value of the screening tests would appear in a more favorable light. Thus, even if malformations are not demonstrated, the range of conditions (dosages) in which they might occur can be determined. Such information, used in conjunction with that obtained from other preclinical studies, can then form a reasonably sound basis for extrapolation to man.", "contents": "Assessment of current test procedures. The belief that screening tests for teratogenicity are of low predictive value has many supporters who point to the inconsistency with which malformations are induced. However, to fault the test systems when such inconsistency is predictable from both the inherently unstable nature of a malformation and from fundamental principles of teratology, is unrealistic, and, as is shown, perhaps the greater faults lie with the critics. It is suggested by examples that, if attention was concentrated not on the inconsistent malformations but on more consistent embryopathic effects which in one form or another are always associated with malformations, the predictive value of the screening tests would appear in a more favorable light. Thus, even if malformations are not demonstrated, the range of conditions (dosages) in which they might occur can be determined. Such information, used in conjunction with that obtained from other preclinical studies, can then form a reasonably sound basis for extrapolation to man.", "PMID": 1030405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5131", "title": "The foot-and-mouth disease situation in Iran.", "content": "Foot-and-mouth disease has been known in Iran since long ago. Typing of virus was done in 1950 at M\u00e9rieux Institute and since 1959 at Razi Institute. Type Asia 1 was isolated three times: in 1957, in 1964 and in 1973. In June 1962, FMD type SAT 1 entered Middle-Eastern countries; it was soon controlled, and completely eradicated by the end of 1963. At the present time, endemic types of FMD cause limited and sporadic outbreaks in some regions of Iran; their incidence is lowered every year. Except the endemic types A and O, all other types in Iran are considered as exotic. The control measures are: 1) stamping-out policy against exotic types, 2) mass-vaccination of all healthy susceptible animals by a polyvalent vaccine, 3) regular disinfection of premises and utensils, 4) strict application of sanitary measures.", "contents": "The foot-and-mouth disease situation in Iran. Foot-and-mouth disease has been known in Iran since long ago. Typing of virus was done in 1950 at M\u00e9rieux Institute and since 1959 at Razi Institute. Type Asia 1 was isolated three times: in 1957, in 1964 and in 1973. In June 1962, FMD type SAT 1 entered Middle-Eastern countries; it was soon controlled, and completely eradicated by the end of 1963. At the present time, endemic types of FMD cause limited and sporadic outbreaks in some regions of Iran; their incidence is lowered every year. Except the endemic types A and O, all other types in Iran are considered as exotic. The control measures are: 1) stamping-out policy against exotic types, 2) mass-vaccination of all healthy susceptible animals by a polyvalent vaccine, 3) regular disinfection of premises and utensils, 4) strict application of sanitary measures.", "PMID": 1030406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5132", "title": "[Occurence of foot-and-mouth disease in Senegal].", "content": "From December 1975 to October 1976, 13 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease were studied in Senegal. The virus, SAT2, identified at Pirbright, was in all probability brought from Mali or from Mauritania by transhumant animals or animals imported illegaly. The disease, which attacks bovines, evolved in its rough form without lethality. Treatment was symptomatic. Only vaccination of imported breeding stock and draught animals was decreed.", "contents": "[Occurence of foot-and-mouth disease in Senegal]. From December 1975 to October 1976, 13 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease were studied in Senegal. The virus, SAT2, identified at Pirbright, was in all probability brought from Mali or from Mauritania by transhumant animals or animals imported illegaly. The disease, which attacks bovines, evolved in its rough form without lethality. Treatment was symptomatic. Only vaccination of imported breeding stock and draught animals was decreed.", "PMID": 1030407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5133", "title": "An assessment of the current status of foot-and-mouth disease in Nigeria.", "content": "Foot-and-mouth disease has been widespread throughout the country in recent years. The disease occurs mainly in cattle though spillover of infections has been observed in sheep and pigs. Virus types A, SAT 2 and SAT 1 are the usual cause of outbreaks. The present field control method is a 6-monthly vaccination schedulae for animals in government ranches, the few semi-commercial ranches and piggeries as well as for other valuable animals and exotic animals of high production quality. Arrangements are under way to institute a strict and more comprehensive control programme against the disease in view of the envisaged expansion of livestock development projects and improved zoo-sanitary status projected for our 3rd National Livestock Development Plan. A national policy of a barrier and frontier vaccination programme supplemented with strategic vaccinations in vulnerable foci is here recommended and discussed on the basis of a survey on the present status of the disease.", "contents": "An assessment of the current status of foot-and-mouth disease in Nigeria. Foot-and-mouth disease has been widespread throughout the country in recent years. The disease occurs mainly in cattle though spillover of infections has been observed in sheep and pigs. Virus types A, SAT 2 and SAT 1 are the usual cause of outbreaks. The present field control method is a 6-monthly vaccination schedulae for animals in government ranches, the few semi-commercial ranches and piggeries as well as for other valuable animals and exotic animals of high production quality. Arrangements are under way to institute a strict and more comprehensive control programme against the disease in view of the envisaged expansion of livestock development projects and improved zoo-sanitary status projected for our 3rd National Livestock Development Plan. A national policy of a barrier and frontier vaccination programme supplemented with strategic vaccinations in vulnerable foci is here recommended and discussed on the basis of a survey on the present status of the disease.", "PMID": 1030408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5134", "title": "Trends in freeze-drying equipment and materials.", "content": "The above discussion outlines some trends seen in the development of equipment for freeze-drying of various biological-like products. It has been pointed out that many similarities in equipment now exist. There are still areas in which a consensus on best design has not been reached and in these areas the user is offered some clear choices. Various changes have been introduced in recent years into freeze-drying equipment principally in an effort to increase reliability and improve the quality of the product produced. It is probable as more products are freeze-dried (and particularly as these products become more cost-sensitive) that manufacturers will also require that greater performance-capability be built into their equipment. This may perhaps translate into requirements for carrying high peak-vapor-rates and for automatic control in an effort to reduce drying cycles and increase throughput in a given machine.", "contents": "Trends in freeze-drying equipment and materials. The above discussion outlines some trends seen in the development of equipment for freeze-drying of various biological-like products. It has been pointed out that many similarities in equipment now exist. There are still areas in which a consensus on best design has not been reached and in these areas the user is offered some clear choices. Various changes have been introduced in recent years into freeze-drying equipment principally in an effort to increase reliability and improve the quality of the product produced. It is probable as more products are freeze-dried (and particularly as these products become more cost-sensitive) that manufacturers will also require that greater performance-capability be built into their equipment. This may perhaps translate into requirements for carrying high peak-vapor-rates and for automatic control in an effort to reduce drying cycles and increase throughput in a given machine.", "PMID": 1030410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5135", "title": "Freeze-drying equipment.", "content": "Illustrated presentation of a sophisticated research freeze-drying apparatus, fitted with many controls including a program controller. With this machine, it is possible to remove samples from any part of the chamber, at any time, without interfering with the freeze-drying process. By this ability to sample, the apparatus makes it possible to study, during the freeze-drying process, the influence on the dried product of many parameters and to reproduce in the chamber the same drying conditions offered by the production-scale machines. The figures include one of a production-scale machine, and a patented device for automatic loading and unloading of the freezers and the freeze-dryers.", "contents": "Freeze-drying equipment. Illustrated presentation of a sophisticated research freeze-drying apparatus, fitted with many controls including a program controller. With this machine, it is possible to remove samples from any part of the chamber, at any time, without interfering with the freeze-drying process. By this ability to sample, the apparatus makes it possible to study, during the freeze-drying process, the influence on the dried product of many parameters and to reproduce in the chamber the same drying conditions offered by the production-scale machines. The figures include one of a production-scale machine, and a patented device for automatic loading and unloading of the freezers and the freeze-dryers.", "PMID": 1030411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5136", "title": "Rubber closures for freeze-dried products.", "content": "Once a biological product has been developed to perform its required medical or pharmaceutical function, it is essential that a container-closure system by chosen which will preserve the efficacy of the product up to the point of administration. The general requirements applicable to proper closure function will be reviewed and the suitability of natural and synthetic elastomers to perform these functions will be discussed. The specialized application of elastomeric materials as closures for freeze-dried products presents additional requirements which are superimposed upon those previously discussed. The first of these unique considerations relates to the proper physical design which will permit the outgassing of water vapor during the sublimation step in the lyophilizing chamber. During this outgassing the design must also permit the closure to remain affixed in the neck while only partially inserted. Since these preparations are lyophilized because they are unstable in aqueous solutions, the elastomer used must constitute an effective barrier to the transmission of moisture vapor through the closure. The MVT and gas transmission properties of elastomers will be discussed. Special consideration will be given to the extremely low temperatures used in the sublimation, stoppering, and storage before use of lyophilized products. The phenomenon of glass transition points with different elastomers will be explained as its relation to satisfactory performance of the closure function at low temperatures.", "contents": "Rubber closures for freeze-dried products. Once a biological product has been developed to perform its required medical or pharmaceutical function, it is essential that a container-closure system by chosen which will preserve the efficacy of the product up to the point of administration. The general requirements applicable to proper closure function will be reviewed and the suitability of natural and synthetic elastomers to perform these functions will be discussed. The specialized application of elastomeric materials as closures for freeze-dried products presents additional requirements which are superimposed upon those previously discussed. The first of these unique considerations relates to the proper physical design which will permit the outgassing of water vapor during the sublimation step in the lyophilizing chamber. During this outgassing the design must also permit the closure to remain affixed in the neck while only partially inserted. Since these preparations are lyophilized because they are unstable in aqueous solutions, the elastomer used must constitute an effective barrier to the transmission of moisture vapor through the closure. The MVT and gas transmission properties of elastomers will be discussed. Special consideration will be given to the extremely low temperatures used in the sublimation, stoppering, and storage before use of lyophilized products. The phenomenon of glass transition points with different elastomers will be explained as its relation to satisfactory performance of the closure function at low temperatures.", "PMID": 1030412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5137", "title": "Some problems in sealing gas-filled glass ampoules.", "content": "We have studied recently the ends of hand-sealed and machine-sealed, gas-filled ampoules of borosilicate glass. The hand-sealed ampoules were of two types: tip-sealed and draw-sealed. The openings in the tip-sealed ampoules were estimated to range from 5 to 10 mu; in the machine-sealed ampoules the helix-like openings were less than approximately 10 mu. From the dimensions and nature of the openings we conclude (1) that the usual, simple methods used to test for \"leakers\" are not successful for small bore channels because pressure differences are less than one atmosphere and the test-time period insufficient, (2) that the failure of ampoules to seal may be due to the physical properties of glass and if this is so, ampoules containing liquid or freeze-dried preparations under gases cannot be sealed completely by ordinary means, and (3) that complete, satisfactory sealing can be done by dipping the ends of the ampoules into an elastomer solution which when cured provides an effective barrier even when stored at -70 degrees C for 12 months.", "contents": "Some problems in sealing gas-filled glass ampoules. We have studied recently the ends of hand-sealed and machine-sealed, gas-filled ampoules of borosilicate glass. The hand-sealed ampoules were of two types: tip-sealed and draw-sealed. The openings in the tip-sealed ampoules were estimated to range from 5 to 10 mu; in the machine-sealed ampoules the helix-like openings were less than approximately 10 mu. From the dimensions and nature of the openings we conclude (1) that the usual, simple methods used to test for \"leakers\" are not successful for small bore channels because pressure differences are less than one atmosphere and the test-time period insufficient, (2) that the failure of ampoules to seal may be due to the physical properties of glass and if this is so, ampoules containing liquid or freeze-dried preparations under gases cannot be sealed completely by ordinary means, and (3) that complete, satisfactory sealing can be done by dipping the ends of the ampoules into an elastomer solution which when cured provides an effective barrier even when stored at -70 degrees C for 12 months.", "PMID": 1030413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5138", "title": "On the adequacy of the draw-sealing of gas-filled glass ampoules.", "content": "It is recommended that a very clear distinction be made between draw-sealed and tip-sealed glass ampoules. We would, that is, defend the draw-seal for its proven value and its demonstrated freedom from microscopic channels. Where tip-sealing is still employed, we would suggest its reevaluation. Little more can be said in the absence of an immediate reason for the differences in the behavior of the glass in the course of the two procedures. Others may be able to explain the persistence of the capillary in the tip-seal in physico-chemical terms. As to balloon-seals, the third \"variety\" in common use, it would seem that their characteristics must derive from the way they are made. Ballooned tip-seals appear to have been shown by Greiff et al. (1975) to suffer the same shortcomings as the simple tip-seal. Where a draw-sealed ampoule is heated at the tip after the completion of the seal, a ballooned end would seem to have to retain the true seal effected in the draw process. It is perhaps sufficient to let the subject rest with a reassurance as to the adequacy of the common draw-seal.", "contents": "On the adequacy of the draw-sealing of gas-filled glass ampoules. It is recommended that a very clear distinction be made between draw-sealed and tip-sealed glass ampoules. We would, that is, defend the draw-seal for its proven value and its demonstrated freedom from microscopic channels. Where tip-sealing is still employed, we would suggest its reevaluation. Little more can be said in the absence of an immediate reason for the differences in the behavior of the glass in the course of the two procedures. Others may be able to explain the persistence of the capillary in the tip-seal in physico-chemical terms. As to balloon-seals, the third \"variety\" in common use, it would seem that their characteristics must derive from the way they are made. Ballooned tip-seals appear to have been shown by Greiff et al. (1975) to suffer the same shortcomings as the simple tip-seal. Where a draw-sealed ampoule is heated at the tip after the completion of the seal, a ballooned end would seem to have to retain the true seal effected in the draw process. It is perhaps sufficient to let the subject rest with a reassurance as to the adequacy of the common draw-seal.", "PMID": 1030414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5139", "title": "The importance of storage temperature to the quality of freeze-dried biological products.", "content": "Several important practical steps are recognized in the process of freeze-drying of biologic material. The first of these is the selection of conditions optimal for the stability of the substance at the normal storage temperature, usually +5 degrees C. The second step involves the collection of material, storage at some choice freezing temperature (preferably around -20 degrees C) until use. The third step consists of the freeze-drying process itself, with preliminary freezing at another temperature, usually between -60 degrees and -80 degrees C. How these steps affect the quality of biologic products, proteins and polysaccharides has been the subject of study in our laboratories. The results have led us to the conclusion that molecular rearrangements occur at certain critical frozen temperatures which, in combination with time, leads to inactivation in some cases, stability in others. Such critical temperatures can be measured for other products and systems.", "contents": "The importance of storage temperature to the quality of freeze-dried biological products. Several important practical steps are recognized in the process of freeze-drying of biologic material. The first of these is the selection of conditions optimal for the stability of the substance at the normal storage temperature, usually +5 degrees C. The second step involves the collection of material, storage at some choice freezing temperature (preferably around -20 degrees C) until use. The third step consists of the freeze-drying process itself, with preliminary freezing at another temperature, usually between -60 degrees and -80 degrees C. How these steps affect the quality of biologic products, proteins and polysaccharides has been the subject of study in our laboratories. The results have led us to the conclusion that molecular rearrangements occur at certain critical frozen temperatures which, in combination with time, leads to inactivation in some cases, stability in others. Such critical temperatures can be measured for other products and systems.", "PMID": 1030415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5140", "title": "Parameters to consider in the selection and purchase of a freeze-drying system.", "content": "When considering the purchase of a freeze-dryer, the user must establish his own performance standards and particular requirements for the following reasons: 1. Large monetary investment required for the purchase, operation and maintenance of the equipment. 2. The expense and stability of the products to be freeze-dried. Some of the basic parameters that must be considered: 1. Product requirements, such as volumes, optimum temperature, and vacuum limits. 2. Facility restraints relating to the availability of space, and utilities. 3. Return on the capital investment (ROI) 4. Technical competence of operating and maintenance personnel. When the parameters are established, the buyer is prepared to purchase a freeze-dryer to best suit his needs. Precise cycle development, reliable hardware and personnel training, assure productivity and product quality.", "contents": "Parameters to consider in the selection and purchase of a freeze-drying system. When considering the purchase of a freeze-dryer, the user must establish his own performance standards and particular requirements for the following reasons: 1. Large monetary investment required for the purchase, operation and maintenance of the equipment. 2. The expense and stability of the products to be freeze-dried. Some of the basic parameters that must be considered: 1. Product requirements, such as volumes, optimum temperature, and vacuum limits. 2. Facility restraints relating to the availability of space, and utilities. 3. Return on the capital investment (ROI) 4. Technical competence of operating and maintenance personnel. When the parameters are established, the buyer is prepared to purchase a freeze-dryer to best suit his needs. Precise cycle development, reliable hardware and personnel training, assure productivity and product quality.", "PMID": 1030416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5141", "title": "Review of United States requirements for residual moisture in drugs.", "content": "Officially recognized procedures for residual moisture determinations on biological products are described. These include gravimetric at ambient temperature and thermogravimetric analysis at specified temperatures for specific products. The bases for selecting the optimum residual moisture for a new product are discussed and values established for currently licensed products are listed. Comparisons are made between the procedures and requirements for biological products and the water determinations specificed in U.S. Pharmacopeia XIX.", "contents": "Review of United States requirements for residual moisture in drugs. Officially recognized procedures for residual moisture determinations on biological products are described. These include gravimetric at ambient temperature and thermogravimetric analysis at specified temperatures for specific products. The bases for selecting the optimum residual moisture for a new product are discussed and values established for currently licensed products are listed. Comparisons are made between the procedures and requirements for biological products and the water determinations specificed in U.S. Pharmacopeia XIX.", "PMID": 1030417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5142", "title": "Moisture analysis of lyophilized allergenic extracts.", "content": "A simple, relatively fast, coulometric method to determine both the surface-moisture and bound-moisture content of a wide variety of lyophilized, allergenic extracts has been developed. The method has been found suitable for the detection of residual-moisture levels in both lyophilized protein and carbohydrate samples. Isothermal rate-changes in moisture desorption, normalized with respect to sample size and plotted versus time, yield desorption curves which are characteristic of several individual classes of lyophilized materials. The method, when compared to the Official Loss on Drying Procedure for Lyophilized Biologicals, has proven to be faster (1.5 hr.) and more sensitive, with increased specificity and accuracy.", "contents": "Moisture analysis of lyophilized allergenic extracts. A simple, relatively fast, coulometric method to determine both the surface-moisture and bound-moisture content of a wide variety of lyophilized, allergenic extracts has been developed. The method has been found suitable for the detection of residual-moisture levels in both lyophilized protein and carbohydrate samples. Isothermal rate-changes in moisture desorption, normalized with respect to sample size and plotted versus time, yield desorption curves which are characteristic of several individual classes of lyophilized materials. The method, when compared to the Official Loss on Drying Procedure for Lyophilized Biologicals, has proven to be faster (1.5 hr.) and more sensitive, with increased specificity and accuracy.", "PMID": 1030418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5143", "title": "Numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer during freeze-drying.", "content": "The transient-state external heat and mass-transfer during freeze-drying was investigated. The spaces between the heaters and porous product-surfaces were simulated as semi porous channels, with mass-injection into the channels from the sublimation of ice. The energy, vorticity, concentration, and stream function/vorticity equations were the governing equations used as the mathematical model. These partial differential-equations were solved by finite-difference, numberical methods. The Fromm, Alternating Direction Implicity, and Upwind Difference methods were used in solving the parabolic equations; and the Successive Over Relaxation method was adopted to solve the elliptic equation. Numerical solutions obtained from the digital computer for the external heat and mass-transfer during freeze-drying were computed for Reynolds numbers equal t0 0.1, 1.0, and 4.0 and Grashof numbers equal to 0, +/- 100, and +/- 1000. The Prandtl number selected for water vapor was 1.0. One set of these solutions were compared to a known, analytical solution, and good agreement was obtained. The external heat and mass-transfer mechanism was then combined with the internal-heat-transfer mechanism developed by Dyer and Sunderland (1968), and the equations describing the relation of heater temperatures and product surface-temperatures developed by Massey and Sunderland (1972). A thorough computer-simulation was carried out for the combined heat and mass-transfer mechanism during freeze-drying of food products.", "contents": "Numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer during freeze-drying. The transient-state external heat and mass-transfer during freeze-drying was investigated. The spaces between the heaters and porous product-surfaces were simulated as semi porous channels, with mass-injection into the channels from the sublimation of ice. The energy, vorticity, concentration, and stream function/vorticity equations were the governing equations used as the mathematical model. These partial differential-equations were solved by finite-difference, numberical methods. The Fromm, Alternating Direction Implicity, and Upwind Difference methods were used in solving the parabolic equations; and the Successive Over Relaxation method was adopted to solve the elliptic equation. Numerical solutions obtained from the digital computer for the external heat and mass-transfer during freeze-drying were computed for Reynolds numbers equal t0 0.1, 1.0, and 4.0 and Grashof numbers equal to 0, +/- 100, and +/- 1000. The Prandtl number selected for water vapor was 1.0. One set of these solutions were compared to a known, analytical solution, and good agreement was obtained. The external heat and mass-transfer mechanism was then combined with the internal-heat-transfer mechanism developed by Dyer and Sunderland (1968), and the equations describing the relation of heater temperatures and product surface-temperatures developed by Massey and Sunderland (1972). A thorough computer-simulation was carried out for the combined heat and mass-transfer mechanism during freeze-drying of food products.", "PMID": 1030421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5144", "title": "Freeze-drying today and tomorrow.", "content": "The freeze-drying process and equipment have been improved over the years; the cycle times have shortened and the dried products have improved as a result. This talk will deal with these improvements and how we have progressed from the early systems to where we are today. Such areas of discussion will include: vacuum pumping systems, how they are sized and designed to meet the needs for general and special applications; heat transfer systems, and their use in maintaining the drying profile; condensing surface design, and what is best for certain types of dryers; controls and instrumentation, and how these have played a big part in the drying process and have made it possible to get repeatability; refrigeration systems, and the part they play in the performance of freeze-drying; and lastly the effect of internal stoppering, bottomless trays, and other items such as these have had on the present state of the art. It goes without saying that there have been many changes and there will continue to be changes and we shall endeavor to look into the future--as to what might well bo some of these changes. Included in the talk will be a number of slides and illustrations to point out the various items as they are discussed.", "contents": "Freeze-drying today and tomorrow. The freeze-drying process and equipment have been improved over the years; the cycle times have shortened and the dried products have improved as a result. This talk will deal with these improvements and how we have progressed from the early systems to where we are today. Such areas of discussion will include: vacuum pumping systems, how they are sized and designed to meet the needs for general and special applications; heat transfer systems, and their use in maintaining the drying profile; condensing surface design, and what is best for certain types of dryers; controls and instrumentation, and how these have played a big part in the drying process and have made it possible to get repeatability; refrigeration systems, and the part they play in the performance of freeze-drying; and lastly the effect of internal stoppering, bottomless trays, and other items such as these have had on the present state of the art. It goes without saying that there have been many changes and there will continue to be changes and we shall endeavor to look into the future--as to what might well bo some of these changes. Included in the talk will be a number of slides and illustrations to point out the various items as they are discussed.", "PMID": 1030422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5145", "title": "Sublimation of formaldehyde in freeze-drying.", "content": "Formaldehyde solution, commonly used to inactivate bacterial, rickettsial and viral suspensions during the preparation of vaccines, is known to have a deleterious effect on many antigens during freeze-drying. Sublimation of formaldehyde in shell-frozen and plug-frozen aqueous samples was investigated by measuring the residual formaldehyde periodically during the freeze-drying procedure. It was found that formaldehyde, even while subliming, concentrated on a volume basis. This was more apparent with the plug-frozen than with the shell-frozen material. Moreover, in the preparations taken to dryness, the formaldehyde polymerized to form paraformaldehyde. It was found that the addition of methanol not only prevented polymerization, but also significantly increased the sublimation of formaldehyde without concentration of the latter.", "contents": "Sublimation of formaldehyde in freeze-drying. Formaldehyde solution, commonly used to inactivate bacterial, rickettsial and viral suspensions during the preparation of vaccines, is known to have a deleterious effect on many antigens during freeze-drying. Sublimation of formaldehyde in shell-frozen and plug-frozen aqueous samples was investigated by measuring the residual formaldehyde periodically during the freeze-drying procedure. It was found that formaldehyde, even while subliming, concentrated on a volume basis. This was more apparent with the plug-frozen than with the shell-frozen material. Moreover, in the preparations taken to dryness, the formaldehyde polymerized to form paraformaldehyde. It was found that the addition of methanol not only prevented polymerization, but also significantly increased the sublimation of formaldehyde without concentration of the latter.", "PMID": 1030423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5146", "title": "A new freeze-drying technique for processing biological materials.", "content": "Wet granulation and dry blending are standard techniques used in tablet formulation. Both techniques impose limitations on the ability to produce homogeneous tablets with rapid dissolution and controllability of the matrix for active ingredients. This report describes the development and application of a new freeze-system using a swirling bath of Freon-12 to process sensitive biological materials. The frozen beads produced with this process are subsequently freeze-dried and may be used to produce precise tablets. The ultra rapid freezing (7-14 milliseconds) provided by the Freon-12 process yiels amorphous homogeneous spheres by retarding component migration which permits precise control of pH and redox potential in the final product. Dissolution of tablets prepared by this Du Pont process is so rapid (8-12 seconds) that a special testing technique is required for measurement of dissolution time. Improved recoveries of activity have been demonstrated for sensitive biological materials compared to conventional freeze-drying. The optimization of droplet sizes is controlled by injection rate, stream diameter and surface velocity of the Freon-12 bath. Droplet size control permits attainment of weight precision in the range of 0.6 +/- 0.06% for a final 50 mg tablet. This compares with a tablet weight precision of 1% to 2% typical of dry blending and wet granulating. Potential applications of this technology include pharmaceuticals and the production of ultra precise reagent tablets for the Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyser.", "contents": "A new freeze-drying technique for processing biological materials. Wet granulation and dry blending are standard techniques used in tablet formulation. Both techniques impose limitations on the ability to produce homogeneous tablets with rapid dissolution and controllability of the matrix for active ingredients. This report describes the development and application of a new freeze-system using a swirling bath of Freon-12 to process sensitive biological materials. The frozen beads produced with this process are subsequently freeze-dried and may be used to produce precise tablets. The ultra rapid freezing (7-14 milliseconds) provided by the Freon-12 process yiels amorphous homogeneous spheres by retarding component migration which permits precise control of pH and redox potential in the final product. Dissolution of tablets prepared by this Du Pont process is so rapid (8-12 seconds) that a special testing technique is required for measurement of dissolution time. Improved recoveries of activity have been demonstrated for sensitive biological materials compared to conventional freeze-drying. The optimization of droplet sizes is controlled by injection rate, stream diameter and surface velocity of the Freon-12 bath. Droplet size control permits attainment of weight precision in the range of 0.6 +/- 0.06% for a final 50 mg tablet. This compares with a tablet weight precision of 1% to 2% typical of dry blending and wet granulating. Potential applications of this technology include pharmaceuticals and the production of ultra precise reagent tablets for the Du Pont Automatic Clinical Analyser.", "PMID": 1030424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5147", "title": "Long term storage studies with a new stabilised formulation of yellow fever virus vaccine.", "content": "A new formulation of yellow fever virus vaccine incorporating a stabiliser has been prepared which is very much more stable than conventional unstabilised vaccines. This vaccine has a half life of 2-4 years at 4 degrees C, 9 months at 20 degrees C and 10 days at 37 degrees C. Its greater stability should have considerable advantages, especially when it is used in tropical countries.", "contents": "Long term storage studies with a new stabilised formulation of yellow fever virus vaccine. A new formulation of yellow fever virus vaccine incorporating a stabiliser has been prepared which is very much more stable than conventional unstabilised vaccines. This vaccine has a half life of 2-4 years at 4 degrees C, 9 months at 20 degrees C and 10 days at 37 degrees C. Its greater stability should have considerable advantages, especially when it is used in tropical countries.", "PMID": 1030425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5148", "title": "Freeze-drying of a purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine.", "content": "A rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell strains was purified by continuous-flow sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The peak fractions containing 35-40% sucrose were diluted with a stabilizer consisting of degraded gelatine in a Tris-EDTA-buffer, and then inactivated with beta-propiolactone and freeze-dried to a residual moisture of approximately 2.5%. This vaccine was stable as proved by accelerated stability tests.", "contents": "Freeze-drying of a purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine. A rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell strains was purified by continuous-flow sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The peak fractions containing 35-40% sucrose were diluted with a stabilizer consisting of degraded gelatine in a Tris-EDTA-buffer, and then inactivated with beta-propiolactone and freeze-dried to a residual moisture of approximately 2.5%. This vaccine was stable as proved by accelerated stability tests.", "PMID": 1030426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5149", "title": "Stability of live, freeze-dried virus vaccines.", "content": "Stability of live, freeze-dried vaccines is a major factor for successful vaccinations. Vaccines may be stored at -20 degrees C or less for long periods without loss of activity and this storage does not affect stability during subsequent storage. Storage in the refrigerator for long periods is harmless for certain very stable vaccines such as influenza, rubella, NDV, Marek's. Other vaccines, such as IBV, show a significant loss in titer after 2 years. The routine use of an accelerated stability test, e.g. exposure of each lot manufactured to 37 degrees C during 7 days, provides useful information regarding the stability of the vaccine at +4 degrees C. In general the loss during the accelerated stability test is higher than the loss after 24 months storage in the refrigerator. Specifications requiring that each vaccine lot must possess, after the accelerated test, a titer equal to or higher than the minimum titer needed for immunization, are a guarantee of sufficient potency at the time of administration. To solve the problems in tropical countries stable vaccines are essential. Cendevax and Rimevax exposed to tropical temperatures still possess the minimum required titer after several days.", "contents": "Stability of live, freeze-dried virus vaccines. Stability of live, freeze-dried vaccines is a major factor for successful vaccinations. Vaccines may be stored at -20 degrees C or less for long periods without loss of activity and this storage does not affect stability during subsequent storage. Storage in the refrigerator for long periods is harmless for certain very stable vaccines such as influenza, rubella, NDV, Marek's. Other vaccines, such as IBV, show a significant loss in titer after 2 years. The routine use of an accelerated stability test, e.g. exposure of each lot manufactured to 37 degrees C during 7 days, provides useful information regarding the stability of the vaccine at +4 degrees C. In general the loss during the accelerated stability test is higher than the loss after 24 months storage in the refrigerator. Specifications requiring that each vaccine lot must possess, after the accelerated test, a titer equal to or higher than the minimum titer needed for immunization, are a guarantee of sufficient potency at the time of administration. To solve the problems in tropical countries stable vaccines are essential. Cendevax and Rimevax exposed to tropical temperatures still possess the minimum required titer after several days.", "PMID": 1030427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5150", "title": "Stability characteristics of freeze-dried human live virus vaccines.", "content": "Freeze-drying (lyophilization) of biologically active materials such as human live virus vaccines is an accepted method of preserving potency. Since freeze-drying does not assure total stability, a formal system of monitoring stability, i.e., potency, has been established. Two experimental desings are utilized: (1) Long term studies to duplicate normal use storage at -20 degrees C and 2-8 degrees C and (2) Accelerated studies which predict long term stability through regression analysis using the Arrhenius equation. Data summarizing stability experience over a long period of study will be presented.", "contents": "Stability characteristics of freeze-dried human live virus vaccines. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) of biologically active materials such as human live virus vaccines is an accepted method of preserving potency. Since freeze-drying does not assure total stability, a formal system of monitoring stability, i.e., potency, has been established. Two experimental desings are utilized: (1) Long term studies to duplicate normal use storage at -20 degrees C and 2-8 degrees C and (2) Accelerated studies which predict long term stability through regression analysis using the Arrhenius equation. Data summarizing stability experience over a long period of study will be presented.", "PMID": 1030428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5151", "title": "The production and use of rinderpest cell culture vaccine.", "content": "Description of preparation, safety and efficacy testing of a rinderpest cell culture vaccine which is observed in lyophilized form and should be used within two hours following its reconstitution. Excellent results have been obtained with this vaccine in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.", "contents": "The production and use of rinderpest cell culture vaccine. Description of preparation, safety and efficacy testing of a rinderpest cell culture vaccine which is observed in lyophilized form and should be used within two hours following its reconstitution. Excellent results have been obtained with this vaccine in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.", "PMID": 1030429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5152", "title": "Methods for determining favorable conditions for freeze-drying biological reference materials.", "content": "By predetermining favorable conditions for freeze-drying samples through pilot runs, one can gain more assurance that relatively large batches of lyophilized biological reference materials produced have the desired characteristics. Included in the pilot studies are the determination of the characteristics of the lyophilizer with a specific freeze-drying cycle, simulation of the water load expected for the production run, residual moisture analyses of the lyophilized samples, and biological activity of the samples before lyophilization and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Various reference materials have been lyophilized by these procedures. Among them are clinical chemistry reference samples, bacterial suspensions, and candidate serum-protein reference immunological standards. A batch of 6,300 vials of the latter was successfully freeze-dried and showed less than 0.1% residual moisture; different proteins (including complement) were both functionally (enzymatically) and antigenically active.", "contents": "Methods for determining favorable conditions for freeze-drying biological reference materials. By predetermining favorable conditions for freeze-drying samples through pilot runs, one can gain more assurance that relatively large batches of lyophilized biological reference materials produced have the desired characteristics. Included in the pilot studies are the determination of the characteristics of the lyophilizer with a specific freeze-drying cycle, simulation of the water load expected for the production run, residual moisture analyses of the lyophilized samples, and biological activity of the samples before lyophilization and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Various reference materials have been lyophilized by these procedures. Among them are clinical chemistry reference samples, bacterial suspensions, and candidate serum-protein reference immunological standards. A batch of 6,300 vials of the latter was successfully freeze-dried and showed less than 0.1% residual moisture; different proteins (including complement) were both functionally (enzymatically) and antigenically active.", "PMID": 1030431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5153", "title": "Freeze-drying of spermatozoa.", "content": "Bull semen was diluted to a concentration of 2 X 10(8) cells/ml, cooled to 5 degrees C in 5 h, frozen in 0.025 ml spheres on the surface of solid carbon dioxide, and stored in liquid nitrogen. 50% by volume of the diluent was 325 m0sm Tes:N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-amino ethane sulfonic acid titrated to pH 7.2 with 325 m0sm Tris:tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane. The diluent also contained 30% by volume isotonic sodium citrate and 20% by volume egg yolk. The frozen spermatozoa were freeze-dried in 400 mg quantities in test tubes at -50 degrees C with a condenser at -196 degrees C. Moisture content was determined by weighing the individual samples before and after freeze-drying. Drying the samples for several days at 20 degrees C removed 868 mg from each gram of frozen material and this was considered the zero moisture level. Samples were stored at 20 degrees C or -196 degrees C after freeze-drying. The freezer-dried samples were rehydrated by flooding with five times their original volume of isotonic sodium citrate. Tests of the recovered spermatozoa included percentage motile cells, acrosome damage, enzyme release, protein denaturation, hypotonic swelling and fertility testing. Sperm motility decreased with dryness until it reached zero at 3% moisture. Acrosome morphology and enzyme release appeared normal down to 1% moisture. Preliminary results showed some fertility at all levels of dryness with -196 degrees C storage, and fertility at less than 1% moisture with 20 degrees C storage. Additional fertility testing is underway.", "contents": "Freeze-drying of spermatozoa. Bull semen was diluted to a concentration of 2 X 10(8) cells/ml, cooled to 5 degrees C in 5 h, frozen in 0.025 ml spheres on the surface of solid carbon dioxide, and stored in liquid nitrogen. 50% by volume of the diluent was 325 m0sm Tes:N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-amino ethane sulfonic acid titrated to pH 7.2 with 325 m0sm Tris:tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane. The diluent also contained 30% by volume isotonic sodium citrate and 20% by volume egg yolk. The frozen spermatozoa were freeze-dried in 400 mg quantities in test tubes at -50 degrees C with a condenser at -196 degrees C. Moisture content was determined by weighing the individual samples before and after freeze-drying. Drying the samples for several days at 20 degrees C removed 868 mg from each gram of frozen material and this was considered the zero moisture level. Samples were stored at 20 degrees C or -196 degrees C after freeze-drying. The freezer-dried samples were rehydrated by flooding with five times their original volume of isotonic sodium citrate. Tests of the recovered spermatozoa included percentage motile cells, acrosome damage, enzyme release, protein denaturation, hypotonic swelling and fertility testing. Sperm motility decreased with dryness until it reached zero at 3% moisture. Acrosome morphology and enzyme release appeared normal down to 1% moisture. Preliminary results showed some fertility at all levels of dryness with -196 degrees C storage, and fertility at less than 1% moisture with 20 degrees C storage. Additional fertility testing is underway.", "PMID": 1030432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5154", "title": "Freeze-drying of histocompatibility typing sera.", "content": "This report describes a unit employed for the freeze-drying of histocompatibility typing sera using a 50-h cycle. The unit will process approximately 3,200 3-ml vials with a final residual moisture content of less than 2%. The system employs dry ice-alcohol cooled circulating baths to maintain the condensers below -60 degrees C, and two shelf-cooling baths to maintain the product at the required temperatures during the freeze-drying process. The results of a recently conducted 5-year study of the effect of residual moisture as a function of time and storage temperature are also included. Studies conducted to date indicate that with residual moistures below 2%, freeze-dried histocompatibility sera can be stored at +4 degrees C without the loss of significant tissue typing factors. Solubility of all serum was lost when samples were stored at +37 degrees C or higher during this same 5-year period. The long-term storage studies are being continued.", "contents": "Freeze-drying of histocompatibility typing sera. This report describes a unit employed for the freeze-drying of histocompatibility typing sera using a 50-h cycle. The unit will process approximately 3,200 3-ml vials with a final residual moisture content of less than 2%. The system employs dry ice-alcohol cooled circulating baths to maintain the condensers below -60 degrees C, and two shelf-cooling baths to maintain the product at the required temperatures during the freeze-drying process. The results of a recently conducted 5-year study of the effect of residual moisture as a function of time and storage temperature are also included. Studies conducted to date indicate that with residual moistures below 2%, freeze-dried histocompatibility sera can be stored at +4 degrees C without the loss of significant tissue typing factors. Solubility of all serum was lost when samples were stored at +37 degrees C or higher during this same 5-year period. The long-term storage studies are being continued.", "PMID": 1030433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5155", "title": "Biological standards: problems in large-scale production.", "content": "A biological standard usually consists of a batch of perhaps several thousand ampoules. In defining a batch of ampoules to be a standard, we are in essence making a number of fundamental claims: (1) That in terms of content, (mass and potency) each individual ampoule is identical to every other amoule in the batch. (2) That in the  course of preparation of the standard, the contents of each ampoule have been treated in exactly the same way and held for the same length of time under the same conditions, (i.e. all the ampoules of the standard have been treated as one single batch, each stage of processing being carried out under constant conditions in one complete working session, however long). (3) That the stability or instability of the biological activity of the contents of each ampoule of the batch is identical to every other ampoule (i.e. that moisture, oxygen, light, raised temperature--all factors which cause deterioration of biological activity--have been exculuded to the same degree in each and every ampoule in the batch, so that each ampoule of the standard is equally stable or unstable). It is quite a difficult task to meet these criteria even in a small number of ampoules at the bench. It becomes a very demanding exercise to achieve the same results in 4,000 ampoules--the normal batch size at NIBSC. Details of the methods used at NIBSC for the production of large batches of ampoules of biological standards have already been published (Campbell, 1974). The author of the papers will take the opportunity to develop various aspects of the published detail.", "contents": "Biological standards: problems in large-scale production. A biological standard usually consists of a batch of perhaps several thousand ampoules. In defining a batch of ampoules to be a standard, we are in essence making a number of fundamental claims: (1) That in terms of content, (mass and potency) each individual ampoule is identical to every other amoule in the batch. (2) That in the  course of preparation of the standard, the contents of each ampoule have been treated in exactly the same way and held for the same length of time under the same conditions, (i.e. all the ampoules of the standard have been treated as one single batch, each stage of processing being carried out under constant conditions in one complete working session, however long). (3) That the stability or instability of the biological activity of the contents of each ampoule of the batch is identical to every other ampoule (i.e. that moisture, oxygen, light, raised temperature--all factors which cause deterioration of biological activity--have been exculuded to the same degree in each and every ampoule in the batch, so that each ampoule of the standard is equally stable or unstable). It is quite a difficult task to meet these criteria even in a small number of ampoules at the bench. It becomes a very demanding exercise to achieve the same results in 4,000 ampoules--the normal batch size at NIBSC. Details of the methods used at NIBSC for the production of large batches of ampoules of biological standards have already been published (Campbell, 1974). The author of the papers will take the opportunity to develop various aspects of the published detail.", "PMID": 1030434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5156", "title": "Research and development of phamaceutical dosage forms.", "content": "The development of a suitable formulation and a freeze-dry cycle for a pharmaceutical dosage form requires knowledge of some basic properties such as (1) eutectic temperature, if one exists, (2) temperature effect on solubility, (3) degree of supercooling, (4) heat transfer properties of the frozen product and (5) equipment design and equipment capability. Basic work with several inorganic and organic salts shows that eutectic temperature is a function of the melting point and the differential heat of solution of a drug. From a knowledge of these parameters, a mathematical expression can be used to estimate eutectic temperature. The desired characteristics which can be achieved by proper formulation of the solution to be freeze-dried and by employing optimum freeze-drying cycles include an intact cake, sufficient strength, uniform color and rapid reconstitution. By utilizing resistivity measurements to determine eutectic temperature and supercooling properties it is possible to reformulate products, increase batch sizes and reduce overall times for freeze-drying cycles.", "contents": "Research and development of phamaceutical dosage forms. The development of a suitable formulation and a freeze-dry cycle for a pharmaceutical dosage form requires knowledge of some basic properties such as (1) eutectic temperature, if one exists, (2) temperature effect on solubility, (3) degree of supercooling, (4) heat transfer properties of the frozen product and (5) equipment design and equipment capability. Basic work with several inorganic and organic salts shows that eutectic temperature is a function of the melting point and the differential heat of solution of a drug. From a knowledge of these parameters, a mathematical expression can be used to estimate eutectic temperature. The desired characteristics which can be achieved by proper formulation of the solution to be freeze-dried and by employing optimum freeze-drying cycles include an intact cake, sufficient strength, uniform color and rapid reconstitution. By utilizing resistivity measurements to determine eutectic temperature and supercooling properties it is possible to reformulate products, increase batch sizes and reduce overall times for freeze-drying cycles.", "PMID": 1030435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5157", "title": "The physico-chemical basis for the freeze-drying process.", "content": "To the extent that the final form and quality of a freeze-dried product depends on the way the freeze-drying is conducted, an understanding of the many factors involved is most important. The numerous effects of the design and mode of operation of the freeze-drying equipment on the course of the process need to be known, as do the properties intrinsic to the material to be freeze-dried. Much can be learned and predicted from the study of the \"supplemented phase diagram\", a series of experimental plots describing the equilibrium and the non-equilibrium phase behavior of the system in question. Such diagrams map and distinguish eutectic and amorphous phase behavior. Further information is available from gravimetric studies allowing the construction of \"desorption isotherms\", the plots describing the loss of sorbed water accompanying the sublimation of ice, frequently termed \"secondary drying\". These plots relate the water retained by the product to the \"water activity\", or relative humidity at different temperatures. Observations in the freeze-drying microscope contribute additional information, in that they reveal the actual course of the process at the microscopic level. These and other laboratory findings facilitate the analysis and comparison of pilot-plant and commercical scale processing experiences. Where scientific and engineering factors appear to interrelate, the nature and extent of the interdependence can often be determined.", "contents": "The physico-chemical basis for the freeze-drying process. To the extent that the final form and quality of a freeze-dried product depends on the way the freeze-drying is conducted, an understanding of the many factors involved is most important. The numerous effects of the design and mode of operation of the freeze-drying equipment on the course of the process need to be known, as do the properties intrinsic to the material to be freeze-dried. Much can be learned and predicted from the study of the \"supplemented phase diagram\", a series of experimental plots describing the equilibrium and the non-equilibrium phase behavior of the system in question. Such diagrams map and distinguish eutectic and amorphous phase behavior. Further information is available from gravimetric studies allowing the construction of \"desorption isotherms\", the plots describing the loss of sorbed water accompanying the sublimation of ice, frequently termed \"secondary drying\". These plots relate the water retained by the product to the \"water activity\", or relative humidity at different temperatures. Observations in the freeze-drying microscope contribute additional information, in that they reveal the actual course of the process at the microscopic level. These and other laboratory findings facilitate the analysis and comparison of pilot-plant and commercical scale processing experiences. Where scientific and engineering factors appear to interrelate, the nature and extent of the interdependence can often be determined.", "PMID": 1030437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5158", "title": "Predicting stability of lyophilized products.", "content": "The usual purpose of freeze-drying is to enhance the stability and thus the marketability of a product. Increasing the length of a product's integrity, however, often requires that the formulator be able to predict the extent of that increased shelf life. Based on the Arrhenius principles, techniques are available that can allow such shelf life estimates with an acceptable degree of confidence. The presentation reviews examples of ongoing studies demonstrating predictive techniques as applied to freeze-dried products. The examples cover the most common situations which call for straight-forward and generally accepted principles of prediction; that is, measuring a specific potency loss at several elevated temperatures and then predicting the time for the same loss at normal storage. Other situations, however, as is the case with many in vitro diagnostic products used in clinical laboratories, require a modification of this technique. In those instances, monitoring of the proper \"functioning\" of samples of a product subjected to exaggerated temperature conditions with an eye to predicting shelf life is reviewed.", "contents": "Predicting stability of lyophilized products. The usual purpose of freeze-drying is to enhance the stability and thus the marketability of a product. Increasing the length of a product's integrity, however, often requires that the formulator be able to predict the extent of that increased shelf life. Based on the Arrhenius principles, techniques are available that can allow such shelf life estimates with an acceptable degree of confidence. The presentation reviews examples of ongoing studies demonstrating predictive techniques as applied to freeze-dried products. The examples cover the most common situations which call for straight-forward and generally accepted principles of prediction; that is, measuring a specific potency loss at several elevated temperatures and then predicting the time for the same loss at normal storage. Other situations, however, as is the case with many in vitro diagnostic products used in clinical laboratories, require a modification of this technique. In those instances, monitoring of the proper \"functioning\" of samples of a product subjected to exaggerated temperature conditions with an eye to predicting shelf life is reviewed.", "PMID": 1030438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5159", "title": "Optimization in freeze-drying.", "content": "The author assumes that success in freeze-drying must be judged in economic terms. Following a summary of the reasons given for adopting freeze-drying, and an historical outline to explain the changing emphasis in the performance requirements of equipment, desirable features in design and operation are reviewed as the basis for a charter for plant manufacturers and an aid to comparison between different types of plant. Ways of appraising value for money are examined and a novel method is proposed for maximizing throughput by optimising the conditions in the freeze-dryer.", "contents": "Optimization in freeze-drying. The author assumes that success in freeze-drying must be judged in economic terms. Following a summary of the reasons given for adopting freeze-drying, and an historical outline to explain the changing emphasis in the performance requirements of equipment, desirable features in design and operation are reviewed as the basis for a charter for plant manufacturers and an aid to comparison between different types of plant. Ways of appraising value for money are examined and a novel method is proposed for maximizing throughput by optimising the conditions in the freeze-dryer.", "PMID": 1030439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5160", "title": "Acute alterations in stroke volume during exercise at 3,100 m altitude.", "content": "Following 3 weeks exposure to an altitude of 3,100 m, the cardiac output response to upright submaximal exercise was examined in 3 healthy subjects breathing ambient air and breathing 60% oxygen. The procedure allowed acute alteration of the 2 conditions within a single testing period of 30 min, 60% oxygen breathing either preceding or following breathing ambient air. Cardiac output was also measured in two of the subjects during maximal exercise under these two conditions. Administration of the high oxygen inspirate during exercise had little effect on the level of cardiac output but resulted in an immediate bradycardia and a dramatic increase of approximately 16% in stroke volume. Stroke volumes during maximal exercise were also increased by approximately 10% by the administration of high oxygen. It is suggested that the condition of decreases exercise stroke volume which develops with chronic exposure to altitude may be largely the result of diminished myocardial contractility stemming from a condition of myocardial hypoxia.", "contents": "Acute alterations in stroke volume during exercise at 3,100 m altitude. Following 3 weeks exposure to an altitude of 3,100 m, the cardiac output response to upright submaximal exercise was examined in 3 healthy subjects breathing ambient air and breathing 60% oxygen. The procedure allowed acute alteration of the 2 conditions within a single testing period of 30 min, 60% oxygen breathing either preceding or following breathing ambient air. Cardiac output was also measured in two of the subjects during maximal exercise under these two conditions. Administration of the high oxygen inspirate during exercise had little effect on the level of cardiac output but resulted in an immediate bradycardia and a dramatic increase of approximately 16% in stroke volume. Stroke volumes during maximal exercise were also increased by approximately 10% by the administration of high oxygen. It is suggested that the condition of decreases exercise stroke volume which develops with chronic exposure to altitude may be largely the result of diminished myocardial contractility stemming from a condition of myocardial hypoxia.", "PMID": 1030441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5161", "title": "Problems of ergonomics in Bali, Indonesia.", "content": "Development in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, has been planned and done through several stages of the Five-Year Development Programs, which started in 1969, and emphasized intensification of agriculture and extensification of industries related to potential resources available in the region. In the process, industrialization, being regarded as a prerequisite to higher living standards, brought with it problems concerning safety, health, and work conditions, especially with respect to transfer of technology. As examples, experiences and data, related particularly to ergonomics in the sectors of agriculture, hotel business, textile mills, transportation, and others in Bali, Indonesia, are reported. In dealing with such possible consequences of development, efforts to find fundamental solutions should be given the highest priority. It is necessary to make use of all the existing institutions having potential functions and roles in the policy of development planning, and to take into consideration the factors of safety, health, and work conditions in specifying technical and financial development projects for industrialization.", "contents": "Problems of ergonomics in Bali, Indonesia. Development in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, has been planned and done through several stages of the Five-Year Development Programs, which started in 1969, and emphasized intensification of agriculture and extensification of industries related to potential resources available in the region. In the process, industrialization, being regarded as a prerequisite to higher living standards, brought with it problems concerning safety, health, and work conditions, especially with respect to transfer of technology. As examples, experiences and data, related particularly to ergonomics in the sectors of agriculture, hotel business, textile mills, transportation, and others in Bali, Indonesia, are reported. In dealing with such possible consequences of development, efforts to find fundamental solutions should be given the highest priority. It is necessary to make use of all the existing institutions having potential functions and roles in the policy of development planning, and to take into consideration the factors of safety, health, and work conditions in specifying technical and financial development projects for industrialization.", "PMID": 1030442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5162", "title": "Effects of industrialization on working schedules.", "content": "Recent increase in industrialization has resulted in attention being drawn to diversity of working schedules and their interrelation with content of work. The results of joint research revealed that adaptation to industrial jobs is made difficult because of urban conditions and modern work-control systems, such as workers in flexible-working-time systems who apparently favored regular daily working cycles. Long overtime work in smaller undertakings and the spread of shift systems are two important features of industrial work schedules, each being dominant among skilled and non-skilled jobs. Another important facet is the problem of intra-shift work-rest schedules significant for machine operations and vigilance tasks. It is suggested that phases of work that become intolerable are correlated with unnatural work rhythms. More emphasis should thus be laid on both phase-shifted work and non-self-governing work, the key factor being the relevance of attained data to real work in the whole course of schedules of work and rest.", "contents": "Effects of industrialization on working schedules. Recent increase in industrialization has resulted in attention being drawn to diversity of working schedules and their interrelation with content of work. The results of joint research revealed that adaptation to industrial jobs is made difficult because of urban conditions and modern work-control systems, such as workers in flexible-working-time systems who apparently favored regular daily working cycles. Long overtime work in smaller undertakings and the spread of shift systems are two important features of industrial work schedules, each being dominant among skilled and non-skilled jobs. Another important facet is the problem of intra-shift work-rest schedules significant for machine operations and vigilance tasks. It is suggested that phases of work that become intolerable are correlated with unnatural work rhythms. More emphasis should thus be laid on both phase-shifted work and non-self-governing work, the key factor being the relevance of attained data to real work in the whole course of schedules of work and rest.", "PMID": 1030443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5163", "title": "Ergonomics in traditional Iranian industries.", "content": "It is an acknowledged fact that Iranian carpet weavers are subject to excessive fatigue. Earlier investigation has shown this to be largely due to a non-ergonomic body position while working at a traditional loom. It would appear that significantly increased production could be achieved by eliminating or reducing this fatigue. An Iranian engineer has attempted to do this by inventing a metal loom which takes ergonomic factors into consideration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the new loom by comparing the productivity of two groups in Kerman, Iran: one using the new ergonomic loom and the other using the traditional loom. In preliminary investigations various factors were taken into account so that the two groups might be considered comparable. After several observations the average productivity of each weaver was calculated (according to knots per day). The results showed that the ergonomic loom had the highest productivity figures for both sexes and that increased productivity was directly related to the degree of comfort of the carpet weavers.", "contents": "Ergonomics in traditional Iranian industries. It is an acknowledged fact that Iranian carpet weavers are subject to excessive fatigue. Earlier investigation has shown this to be largely due to a non-ergonomic body position while working at a traditional loom. It would appear that significantly increased production could be achieved by eliminating or reducing this fatigue. An Iranian engineer has attempted to do this by inventing a metal loom which takes ergonomic factors into consideration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the new loom by comparing the productivity of two groups in Kerman, Iran: one using the new ergonomic loom and the other using the traditional loom. In preliminary investigations various factors were taken into account so that the two groups might be considered comparable. After several observations the average productivity of each weaver was calculated (according to knots per day). The results showed that the ergonomic loom had the highest productivity figures for both sexes and that increased productivity was directly related to the degree of comfort of the carpet weavers.", "PMID": 1030444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5164", "title": "Some observations on the needs of ergonomics in industries in Hong Kong.", "content": "The author's interest in ergonomics lies in the common ground it shares with occupational health, since ergonomics aims to make work easier, safer, and more productive and to promote efficiency, comfort, and health. In Hong Kong, owing to lack of natural resources and guaranteed markets, industrialization has not taken a smooth course. Only light industries exist, and one industry flourishes after another. Occupational health and safety tends to be neglected not only by the employers but by the employees. The government becomes the promoter of labor legislation. There is almost no information on occupational diseases. There are some elementary official statistics on occupational accidents. There is practically no research activities on this area going on. There is a very critical lack of occupational health, workers in Hong Kong. Ergonomics may help in improving the present situation because its aims are more positive to the industrialists and the workers who should be converted into educated consumers of ergonomics. In the long run, advancement in occupational health and safety practice will be made.", "contents": "Some observations on the needs of ergonomics in industries in Hong Kong. The author's interest in ergonomics lies in the common ground it shares with occupational health, since ergonomics aims to make work easier, safer, and more productive and to promote efficiency, comfort, and health. In Hong Kong, owing to lack of natural resources and guaranteed markets, industrialization has not taken a smooth course. Only light industries exist, and one industry flourishes after another. Occupational health and safety tends to be neglected not only by the employers but by the employees. The government becomes the promoter of labor legislation. There is almost no information on occupational diseases. There are some elementary official statistics on occupational accidents. There is practically no research activities on this area going on. There is a very critical lack of occupational health, workers in Hong Kong. Ergonomics may help in improving the present situation because its aims are more positive to the industrialists and the workers who should be converted into educated consumers of ergonomics. In the long run, advancement in occupational health and safety practice will be made.", "PMID": 1030445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5165", "title": "Application of ergonomic principles in the factories of a developing country.", "content": "Several examples of the need for the application of sound ergonomic principles in Singapore factories are presented. Emphasis is laid on the necessity to consider local habits and customs in the devising of ergonomic solutions to occupational health problems. Examples are given concerning vehicle cabin design, difficulties due to climate differences in applying personal protective equipment or in building design, inadequate displays warning dangers, and health consequences of technical improvements, safety measures, or measures to achieve greater efficiency. Sometimes ergonomic practices may promote productivity but be prejudicial to health. In rapidly-changing and cosmopolitan Singapore, ergonomic principles are vital to all facets of manufacturing processes and the transportation and distribution of goods, but ergonomic practice can be complicated by several factors as indicated by such examples.", "contents": "Application of ergonomic principles in the factories of a developing country. Several examples of the need for the application of sound ergonomic principles in Singapore factories are presented. Emphasis is laid on the necessity to consider local habits and customs in the devising of ergonomic solutions to occupational health problems. Examples are given concerning vehicle cabin design, difficulties due to climate differences in applying personal protective equipment or in building design, inadequate displays warning dangers, and health consequences of technical improvements, safety measures, or measures to achieve greater efficiency. Sometimes ergonomic practices may promote productivity but be prejudicial to health. In rapidly-changing and cosmopolitan Singapore, ergonomic principles are vital to all facets of manufacturing processes and the transportation and distribution of goods, but ergonomic practice can be complicated by several factors as indicated by such examples.", "PMID": 1030446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5166", "title": "Ergonomics for occupational hygienists in developing countries with examples from Sri Lanka.", "content": "Occupational health problems in developing countries, especially those situated in the tropical zone, are difficult to define. The conditions are more adverse in unorganized small-scale industries. The application of ergonomic principles in the practice of occupational health in developing countries must be subject to all aspects of community health and impact of industrialization as well. Ergonomics offers a broad concept to health scientists in developing countries. \"Systems ergonomics\" is not applicable. On the contrary, the fact that ergonomics conveys a different meaning to those in developing countries is highlighted by a few examples from Sri Lanka. The author presents his view for consideration in the development of international instruments to prescribe the sale of guarded machinery to developing countries and the limitation of incentive schemes for performing arduous tasks leading to occupational illnesses.", "contents": "Ergonomics for occupational hygienists in developing countries with examples from Sri Lanka. Occupational health problems in developing countries, especially those situated in the tropical zone, are difficult to define. The conditions are more adverse in unorganized small-scale industries. The application of ergonomic principles in the practice of occupational health in developing countries must be subject to all aspects of community health and impact of industrialization as well. Ergonomics offers a broad concept to health scientists in developing countries. \"Systems ergonomics\" is not applicable. On the contrary, the fact that ergonomics conveys a different meaning to those in developing countries is highlighted by a few examples from Sri Lanka. The author presents his view for consideration in the development of international instruments to prescribe the sale of guarded machinery to developing countries and the limitation of incentive schemes for performing arduous tasks leading to occupational illnesses.", "PMID": 1030447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5167", "title": "Designed and real working situations in machine systems operation.", "content": "New work situations designed at the stage when new machine systems are introduced are realized on the assumption that the new systems can maintain their designed functions consistently, generally eliminating previous work habits and without sufficient knowledge about real working processes and skills. This may produce differences between designed and real working situations. Some examples are presented from observations on influence of modern design of cargo ships on their crews. It was difficult for crews to maintain stable working conditions, especially when machine systems deviated from their designed functions. Often the crew had to work in off-duty hours giving up private freetime activities. Among various factors contributing to the discrepancies between designed and real work, lack of availability of the new systems is the most important factor. Also important is lack of back-up systems which would function either when the machine systems are out of order or when previous working skills and habits must be applied. A need for developing methods of evaluation of these two factors from ergonomic points of view is pointed out.", "contents": "Designed and real working situations in machine systems operation. New work situations designed at the stage when new machine systems are introduced are realized on the assumption that the new systems can maintain their designed functions consistently, generally eliminating previous work habits and without sufficient knowledge about real working processes and skills. This may produce differences between designed and real working situations. Some examples are presented from observations on influence of modern design of cargo ships on their crews. It was difficult for crews to maintain stable working conditions, especially when machine systems deviated from their designed functions. Often the crew had to work in off-duty hours giving up private freetime activities. Among various factors contributing to the discrepancies between designed and real work, lack of availability of the new systems is the most important factor. Also important is lack of back-up systems which would function either when the machine systems are out of order or when previous working skills and habits must be applied. A need for developing methods of evaluation of these two factors from ergonomic points of view is pointed out.", "PMID": 1030448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5168", "title": "Shoulder muscle tenderness and physical features of female industrial workers.", "content": "Physique, muscle strength, and jump-step scores of female industrial workers, ages 17--34, were studied in relation to tenderness of shoulder muscles for five groups, (A) character display operators, (B) fluorescent lamp assemblers, (C) photographic film rolling workers, (D) teachers and nurses of handicapped children, and (E) office workers. No significant differences were found between the five groups in mean body height, body weight, and skinfold thickness, but mean knee extension force of groups A and C and mean back muscle strength of groups A, B, and C was significantly lower than that of group E. Workers of groups C and D with a low tenderness threshold of m. trapezius of 0.6 kg/cm2 or less had stiff shoulders more frequently and lower force levels of knee extension, back muscle, and upper arm abduction than those without tenderness. No similar tendency was found for groups B and E. Further, among workers with objective signs of occupational cervicobrachial disorder, there were few whose knee extension force or jump-step scores were above the averages of normal office workers. Shoulder muscles of such operators were revealed to be continuously contracted during operations. The possible effects of chronic fatigue due to repetitive operations on developing localized tenderness and occupational hazards are discussed.", "contents": "Shoulder muscle tenderness and physical features of female industrial workers. Physique, muscle strength, and jump-step scores of female industrial workers, ages 17--34, were studied in relation to tenderness of shoulder muscles for five groups, (A) character display operators, (B) fluorescent lamp assemblers, (C) photographic film rolling workers, (D) teachers and nurses of handicapped children, and (E) office workers. No significant differences were found between the five groups in mean body height, body weight, and skinfold thickness, but mean knee extension force of groups A and C and mean back muscle strength of groups A, B, and C was significantly lower than that of group E. Workers of groups C and D with a low tenderness threshold of m. trapezius of 0.6 kg/cm2 or less had stiff shoulders more frequently and lower force levels of knee extension, back muscle, and upper arm abduction than those without tenderness. No similar tendency was found for groups B and E. Further, among workers with objective signs of occupational cervicobrachial disorder, there were few whose knee extension force or jump-step scores were above the averages of normal office workers. Shoulder muscles of such operators were revealed to be continuously contracted during operations. The possible effects of chronic fatigue due to repetitive operations on developing localized tenderness and occupational hazards are discussed.", "PMID": 1030453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5169", "title": "Gonadal effects of pinealectomy and immunization against N-acetylindolealkylamines in the hamster.", "content": "In order to determine whether circulating melatonin (MEL) is necessary for the gonadal regression seen in hamsters exposed to a short photoperiod, animals were immunized with N-acetylserotonin (NAS) conjugated to protein. Antibodies formed against this conjugate bind MEL and NAS equally. When exposed to a short photoperiod (L:D, 1:23), a dramatic regression was seen in gonadal weight with no effect on body, Harderian gland or adrenal weight. Plasma testosterone levels also dropped. Immunization against NAS did not modify these effects, suggesting that circulating MEL does not mediate the antigonadal effect of the short photoperiod.", "contents": "Gonadal effects of pinealectomy and immunization against N-acetylindolealkylamines in the hamster. In order to determine whether circulating melatonin (MEL) is necessary for the gonadal regression seen in hamsters exposed to a short photoperiod, animals were immunized with N-acetylserotonin (NAS) conjugated to protein. Antibodies formed against this conjugate bind MEL and NAS equally. When exposed to a short photoperiod (L:D, 1:23), a dramatic regression was seen in gonadal weight with no effect on body, Harderian gland or adrenal weight. Plasma testosterone levels also dropped. Immunization against NAS did not modify these effects, suggesting that circulating MEL does not mediate the antigonadal effect of the short photoperiod.", "PMID": 1030497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5170", "title": "Differential localization of pituitary-adrenal activation and temperature changes following intrahypothalamic microinjection of morphine in rats.", "content": "Microinjections of morphine (MOR) into the basal mid-hypothalamus of rats elevate corticosteroid production of adrenal glands in vitro and plasma corticosterone (B) levels. Injections in or close to the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus were most effective in producing pituitary-adrenal activation, without affecting body temperature. Injections of MOR in the anterior hypothalamic area caused hyperthermia or hypothermia, depending on the dose and the site of injection, with little or no effect on piutitary-adrenal activity. The results indicate that piutitary-adrenal activation by MOR is mediated by structures in or close to the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus and that these structures can be distinguished from structures where MOR elicits temperature changes.", "contents": "Differential localization of pituitary-adrenal activation and temperature changes following intrahypothalamic microinjection of morphine in rats. Microinjections of morphine (MOR) into the basal mid-hypothalamus of rats elevate corticosteroid production of adrenal glands in vitro and plasma corticosterone (B) levels. Injections in or close to the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus were most effective in producing pituitary-adrenal activation, without affecting body temperature. Injections of MOR in the anterior hypothalamic area caused hyperthermia or hypothermia, depending on the dose and the site of injection, with little or no effect on piutitary-adrenal activity. The results indicate that piutitary-adrenal activation by MOR is mediated by structures in or close to the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus and that these structures can be distinguished from structures where MOR elicits temperature changes.", "PMID": 1030498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5171", "title": "Biogenic amine control of growth hormone secretion in the fetal and neonatal rat.", "content": "The development of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis for growth hormone (GH) secretion has been studied in the rat fetus and in the neonate 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after birth. Injections of the serotonin blocker cyproheptadine (Cypro) and a catecholamine, dopamine (DA), each led to reductions in the level of serum GH in 21 to 22 day fetuses and in neonates up to 3 days after birth. The O-methylated derivative of dopamine, dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), did not alter serum GH levels from those seen in saline-treated control animals. These results indicate that biogenic amines exert control over GH secretion in the fetus, close to term, and in early neonatal period. They suggest that this control is similar to that seen in the adult rat and in man and that such control may operate through serotonin receptors.", "contents": "Biogenic amine control of growth hormone secretion in the fetal and neonatal rat. The development of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis for growth hormone (GH) secretion has been studied in the rat fetus and in the neonate 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after birth. Injections of the serotonin blocker cyproheptadine (Cypro) and a catecholamine, dopamine (DA), each led to reductions in the level of serum GH in 21 to 22 day fetuses and in neonates up to 3 days after birth. The O-methylated derivative of dopamine, dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA), did not alter serum GH levels from those seen in saline-treated control animals. These results indicate that biogenic amines exert control over GH secretion in the fetus, close to term, and in early neonatal period. They suggest that this control is similar to that seen in the adult rat and in man and that such control may operate through serotonin receptors.", "PMID": 1030499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5172", "title": "Biochemical effects of treatment with oral contraceptive steroids on the dopaminergic system of the rat.", "content": "The effects of acute and chronic administration of a combination of lynestrenol-mestrenol, a widely employed contraceptive medication, on the dopaminergic system of the rat forebrain and striatum were investigated to better understand the biochemical basis of the neurological side-effects of steroid contraceptive drugs (SCDs). Both acute and chronic treatment increased the disappearance rate of striatal dopamine (DA) after synthesis blockade with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT). Moreover, the conversion of 3H-tyrosine (3H-T) into 3H-DA was increased in the forebrain and striatum after chronic administration of this steroid combination. In the same animals, the utilization of tyrosine (T) is increased.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of treatment with oral contraceptive steroids on the dopaminergic system of the rat. The effects of acute and chronic administration of a combination of lynestrenol-mestrenol, a widely employed contraceptive medication, on the dopaminergic system of the rat forebrain and striatum were investigated to better understand the biochemical basis of the neurological side-effects of steroid contraceptive drugs (SCDs). Both acute and chronic treatment increased the disappearance rate of striatal dopamine (DA) after synthesis blockade with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MpT). Moreover, the conversion of 3H-tyrosine (3H-T) into 3H-DA was increased in the forebrain and striatum after chronic administration of this steroid combination. In the same animals, the utilization of tyrosine (T) is increased.", "PMID": 1030500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5173", "title": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine and periodic migrainous neuralgia, migraine variants with ocular manifestations.", "content": "The spectrum of migraine has been outlined with particular attention to two entities: Ophthalmoplegic Migraine and Periodic Migrainous Neuralgia. Although quite different in many respects from classical migraine, the relationship of a periodic localized vascular phenomenon giving rise to headache and transient neurologic signs, classify PMN and OPGM as migraine variants. Supportive of this concept, the literature has been reviewed in both entities, and some observations are made on the validity of earlier reports. It is the author's opinion that Raeder's syndrome should be reserved for patients with a lesion localizing in the paratrigeminal area. This does not exclude migraine as an etiologic agent but also recognizes tumors, infections and fractures as being more common.", "contents": "Ophthalmoplegic migraine and periodic migrainous neuralgia, migraine variants with ocular manifestations. The spectrum of migraine has been outlined with particular attention to two entities: Ophthalmoplegic Migraine and Periodic Migrainous Neuralgia. Although quite different in many respects from classical migraine, the relationship of a periodic localized vascular phenomenon giving rise to headache and transient neurologic signs, classify PMN and OPGM as migraine variants. Supportive of this concept, the literature has been reviewed in both entities, and some observations are made on the validity of earlier reports. It is the author's opinion that Raeder's syndrome should be reserved for patients with a lesion localizing in the paratrigeminal area. This does not exclude migraine as an etiologic agent but also recognizes tumors, infections and fractures as being more common.", "PMID": 1030502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5174", "title": "[Fatal traffic accidents in the South Moravian Region during 1964-1974 and their social consequences].", "content": "A statistical evaluation of 2,327 persons killed during or as a result of road accidents and post-mortem examined in the years 1964-1974 brought to light the fact that the actual number of those deceased was considerably higher than that quoted by official statistics. In this particular group there were 81 cases of people whose lives might have been saved provided they had been given immediate medical and technical aid. An examination of the social consequences of the above cases made it clear that approximately every 100 cases of adults killed in their productive age (16-60 years) were associated with 77 unilaterally orphaned children, or else that for every 100 persons killed that particular period of life there were about 5 completely orphaned children .--Any effort at eliminating the all too ofter unnecessary deaths of persons involved in road accidents then makes it absolutely imperative to establish an appropriate system enabling toe recruitment of immediate medical and technical aid.", "contents": "[Fatal traffic accidents in the South Moravian Region during 1964-1974 and their social consequences]. A statistical evaluation of 2,327 persons killed during or as a result of road accidents and post-mortem examined in the years 1964-1974 brought to light the fact that the actual number of those deceased was considerably higher than that quoted by official statistics. In this particular group there were 81 cases of people whose lives might have been saved provided they had been given immediate medical and technical aid. An examination of the social consequences of the above cases made it clear that approximately every 100 cases of adults killed in their productive age (16-60 years) were associated with 77 unilaterally orphaned children, or else that for every 100 persons killed that particular period of life there were about 5 completely orphaned children .--Any effort at eliminating the all too ofter unnecessary deaths of persons involved in road accidents then makes it absolutely imperative to establish an appropriate system enabling toe recruitment of immediate medical and technical aid.", "PMID": 1030517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5175", "title": "[Drugs and alcohol in 105 fatally injured participants of traffic accidents].", "content": "A total of 105 fatally injured participants of traffic accidents were examined for drugs and alcohol. Drugs were found in 12.38% subjects (12.5% drivers, 25% cyclists, 13.95% pedestrians and 9.09% fellow travellers). Drugs in combination with alcohol were found in 5.72% subjects, alcohol alone was detected in 21%. Out of 100 blood samples taken from living persons and sent for alcohol examination, drugs were found in 5 subjects. In 4 of them the alcohol level in the blood ranged from 0.67% to 1.64%.", "contents": "[Drugs and alcohol in 105 fatally injured participants of traffic accidents]. A total of 105 fatally injured participants of traffic accidents were examined for drugs and alcohol. Drugs were found in 12.38% subjects (12.5% drivers, 25% cyclists, 13.95% pedestrians and 9.09% fellow travellers). Drugs in combination with alcohol were found in 5.72% subjects, alcohol alone was detected in 21%. Out of 100 blood samples taken from living persons and sent for alcohol examination, drugs were found in 5 subjects. In 4 of them the alcohol level in the blood ranged from 0.67% to 1.64%.", "PMID": 1030518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5176", "title": "[Results of blood group evaluations in terms of expert opinion in disputes over paternity].", "content": "The author evaluates the results of control blood group estimations in the sense of supreme expertise in paternity cases as performed during 7966 through 1974. As ensues from the analysis, the percentage of unconfirmed eliminating conclusions remains to be high, i. e. 5,5%. Different findings as occurring in various group systems have been encountered in 284 cases. Therefore revision of eliminating couclusions cannot be abandoned.", "contents": "[Results of blood group evaluations in terms of expert opinion in disputes over paternity]. The author evaluates the results of control blood group estimations in the sense of supreme expertise in paternity cases as performed during 7966 through 1974. As ensues from the analysis, the percentage of unconfirmed eliminating conclusions remains to be high, i. e. 5,5%. Different findings as occurring in various group systems have been encountered in 284 cases. Therefore revision of eliminating couclusions cannot be abandoned.", "PMID": 1030519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5177", "title": "[Oxygen absorption of a biodynamic system in a transitional regimen. I. Determination of operational parameters].", "content": "In this first of three parts, operational parameters (power consumption with and without aeration, aeration number, oxygen volumetric transfer coefficient and hold up) of the system used are presented, together with graphs and tables to show the relation between these parameters and controlable operating variables. Later the values here presented will be correlated with KLa determined by SOM, the kinetics of oxygen transfer in yeast cultures.", "contents": "[Oxygen absorption of a biodynamic system in a transitional regimen. I. Determination of operational parameters]. In this first of three parts, operational parameters (power consumption with and without aeration, aeration number, oxygen volumetric transfer coefficient and hold up) of the system used are presented, together with graphs and tables to show the relation between these parameters and controlable operating variables. Later the values here presented will be correlated with KLa determined by SOM, the kinetics of oxygen transfer in yeast cultures.", "PMID": 1030514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5178", "title": "[Aminoaciduria screening in newborn infants using, comparatively, chromatographic and colorimetric methods].", "content": "The authors showed that the colorimetric methods used to effect aminoacidopathies screening are inadequate and unspecific. The thin layer chromatography was chosen to effect such screening and the authors showed the incidence in newborns of some aminoacid metabolism abnormalities.", "contents": "[Aminoaciduria screening in newborn infants using, comparatively, chromatographic and colorimetric methods]. The authors showed that the colorimetric methods used to effect aminoacidopathies screening are inadequate and unspecific. The thin layer chromatography was chosen to effect such screening and the authors showed the incidence in newborns of some aminoacid metabolism abnormalities.", "PMID": 1030516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5179", "title": "[Influence of lactose rate on calcium fixation in bones. Study in rats].", "content": "This investigation was performed to study the effect of lactose on the fixation of calcium in bones of rats. Lactose 3% and 10% concentration was used and the action was compared to that obtained by 67 U.I. of vitamin D in 100 g diet. The data obtained indicated very definitely that the presence of lactose in the diet favorably influences the fixation of Ca in bone, when the amount is 10%; at 3% concentration lactose don't seem influence Ca fixation in bone.", "contents": "[Influence of lactose rate on calcium fixation in bones. Study in rats]. This investigation was performed to study the effect of lactose on the fixation of calcium in bones of rats. Lactose 3% and 10% concentration was used and the action was compared to that obtained by 67 U.I. of vitamin D in 100 g diet. The data obtained indicated very definitely that the presence of lactose in the diet favorably influences the fixation of Ca in bone, when the amount is 10%; at 3% concentration lactose don't seem influence Ca fixation in bone.", "PMID": 1030515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5180", "title": "Effect of postoperative hypoparathyroidism on bone density.", "content": "The mean radiographic vertebral density of permanently hypoparathyroid patients was elevated above the normal-for-age, while the vertebral density of transiently hypoparathyroid patients was normal. Of the patients who received desiccated thyroid, both the transient and permanent hypoparathyroid patients had significantly higher-than-normal vertebral densities (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). The duration of thyroid treatment corresponded with the degree of hypermineralized vertebral density in the patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism (r = .728, P less than 0.01). However, in the transient hypoparathyroid patients, no significant relationship was found between the duration of thyroid treatment and vertebral density. Visual assessment of spinal radiographs for incidence of vertebral compressions revealed no significant differences between hypoparathyroid patients and the controls. In the patients with transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism who received calcium and vitamin D, the initially depressed blood calcium levels were within normal limits at the follow-up observation, but the untreated permanent hypoparathyroid patients were still depressed.", "contents": "Effect of postoperative hypoparathyroidism on bone density. The mean radiographic vertebral density of permanently hypoparathyroid patients was elevated above the normal-for-age, while the vertebral density of transiently hypoparathyroid patients was normal. Of the patients who received desiccated thyroid, both the transient and permanent hypoparathyroid patients had significantly higher-than-normal vertebral densities (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). The duration of thyroid treatment corresponded with the degree of hypermineralized vertebral density in the patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism (r = .728, P less than 0.01). However, in the transient hypoparathyroid patients, no significant relationship was found between the duration of thyroid treatment and vertebral density. Visual assessment of spinal radiographs for incidence of vertebral compressions revealed no significant differences between hypoparathyroid patients and the controls. In the patients with transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism who received calcium and vitamin D, the initially depressed blood calcium levels were within normal limits at the follow-up observation, but the untreated permanent hypoparathyroid patients were still depressed.", "PMID": 1030538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5181", "title": "The Lx bodies of an eosinophilic granuloma in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The ultrastructure of an eosinophilic granuloma is described. The typical tumor cell in vivo is the generally round histiocyte containing Langerhans cell type granules (Lx bodies), lamellar bodies, cytoplasmic clefts, and a markedly indented nucleus. In vivo, the Lx body was often continuous with the cell membrane, contained a typical periodic or nonperiodic median density, and had dilatations. Some dilatations were coated and similar to membrane-coated vesicles. The longest Lx body measured 4000 nm. After 18 days in culture, the ultrastructure of the histiocytes was similar to those in vivo. However, the Lx body in vitro had no association with the cell membrane, had no membrane coating, the median density was usually nonperiodic, and the longest body measured 7000 nm. Lx bodies in vivo were occasionally associated with vesicles containing membrane-enclosed particles (70--80 nm in diameter) without dense cores, whereas the median density of some Lx bodies in vitro were associated with membrane-enclosed particles (42--85 nm in diameter) with dense cores. Descriptions of the Lx body, its transformations in vitro, and its relation to lamellar bodies, membrane coated vesicles, and virus-like particles are the principal subjects of this report.", "contents": "The Lx bodies of an eosinophilic granuloma in vivo and in vitro. The ultrastructure of an eosinophilic granuloma is described. The typical tumor cell in vivo is the generally round histiocyte containing Langerhans cell type granules (Lx bodies), lamellar bodies, cytoplasmic clefts, and a markedly indented nucleus. In vivo, the Lx body was often continuous with the cell membrane, contained a typical periodic or nonperiodic median density, and had dilatations. Some dilatations were coated and similar to membrane-coated vesicles. The longest Lx body measured 4000 nm. After 18 days in culture, the ultrastructure of the histiocytes was similar to those in vivo. However, the Lx body in vitro had no association with the cell membrane, had no membrane coating, the median density was usually nonperiodic, and the longest body measured 7000 nm. Lx bodies in vivo were occasionally associated with vesicles containing membrane-enclosed particles (70--80 nm in diameter) without dense cores, whereas the median density of some Lx bodies in vitro were associated with membrane-enclosed particles (42--85 nm in diameter) with dense cores. Descriptions of the Lx body, its transformations in vitro, and its relation to lamellar bodies, membrane coated vesicles, and virus-like particles are the principal subjects of this report.", "PMID": 1030539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5182", "title": "The effect of angiotensin II on electrolyte excretion by the renal tubules.", "content": "In vivo studies were done on mongrel dogs to determine the effect of angiotensin II on renal electrolyte excretion. Angiotensin II was infused directly into the left renal artery at a rate of 1 ng/kg/min. Angiotensin produced consistent reductions in the excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the left kidney. These reductions could not be attributed to decreases in GFR or RPF. Electrolyte excretion by the right kidney was constant. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that angiotensin II may function as an intrarenal, antinatriuretic hormone.", "contents": "The effect of angiotensin II on electrolyte excretion by the renal tubules. In vivo studies were done on mongrel dogs to determine the effect of angiotensin II on renal electrolyte excretion. Angiotensin II was infused directly into the left renal artery at a rate of 1 ng/kg/min. Angiotensin produced consistent reductions in the excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the left kidney. These reductions could not be attributed to decreases in GFR or RPF. Electrolyte excretion by the right kidney was constant. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that angiotensin II may function as an intrarenal, antinatriuretic hormone.", "PMID": 1030540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5183", "title": "Distribution of trace elements in the Houston environment: relationship to mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "content": "The relationship of trace elements to arteriosclerotic heart disease (AHD) was assessed. Samples of water supplies in the Houston area were analyzed periodically for cadmium, lithium, iron and zinc. Mortality data for each of the sampling areas, delineated according to boundary of water service, were used to compute average annual age-adjusted death rates for white males aged 35 to 64 during the years 1969 to 1971. Linear regression analyses were performed on the chemical constituents for the age-adjusted death rates due to AHD. Positive correlation coefficients for lithium and zinc were found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level.", "contents": "Distribution of trace elements in the Houston environment: relationship to mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease. The relationship of trace elements to arteriosclerotic heart disease (AHD) was assessed. Samples of water supplies in the Houston area were analyzed periodically for cadmium, lithium, iron and zinc. Mortality data for each of the sampling areas, delineated according to boundary of water service, were used to compute average annual age-adjusted death rates for white males aged 35 to 64 during the years 1969 to 1971. Linear regression analyses were performed on the chemical constituents for the age-adjusted death rates due to AHD. Positive correlation coefficients for lithium and zinc were found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level.", "PMID": 1030541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5184", "title": "Renal autotransplantation: current perspectives.", "content": "Autotransplantation, with or without an extracorporeal renal operation, has been done 39 times in 37 patients. Indications for the procedure included severe ureteral injury in 4 patients, failed supravesical diversion in 2, renal carcinoma in a solitary kidney in 1, renovascular hypertension in 1 and donor arterial reconstruction before renal transplantation in 29. Success was obtained in all but 2 procedures, both of which involved previously operated kidneys with severe inflammation and adhesions involving the renal pelvis and pedicle. Based on our experience and a review of currently available literature we believe that renal autotransplantation and extracorporeal reconstruction can provide the best solution for patients with severe renovascular and ureteral disease not correctable by conventional operative techniques. The technique can be of particular value in removing centrally located tumors in solitary kidneys and in preparing donor kidneys with abnormal arteries for renal transplantation. The role of autotransplantation in the management of advanced renal trauma and calculus disease is less clear. A long-term comparison of patients treated by extracorporeal nephrolithotomy versus conventional lithotomy techniques will be necessary before a conclusion is reached in these disease categories.", "contents": "Renal autotransplantation: current perspectives. Autotransplantation, with or without an extracorporeal renal operation, has been done 39 times in 37 patients. Indications for the procedure included severe ureteral injury in 4 patients, failed supravesical diversion in 2, renal carcinoma in a solitary kidney in 1, renovascular hypertension in 1 and donor arterial reconstruction before renal transplantation in 29. Success was obtained in all but 2 procedures, both of which involved previously operated kidneys with severe inflammation and adhesions involving the renal pelvis and pedicle. Based on our experience and a review of currently available literature we believe that renal autotransplantation and extracorporeal reconstruction can provide the best solution for patients with severe renovascular and ureteral disease not correctable by conventional operative techniques. The technique can be of particular value in removing centrally located tumors in solitary kidneys and in preparing donor kidneys with abnormal arteries for renal transplantation. The role of autotransplantation in the management of advanced renal trauma and calculus disease is less clear. A long-term comparison of patients treated by extracorporeal nephrolithotomy versus conventional lithotomy techniques will be necessary before a conclusion is reached in these disease categories.", "PMID": 1030542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5185", "title": "Hormones in renal cancer.", "content": "Plasma renin, erythropoietin and chorionic gonadotropin levels were evaluated in 57 patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Renin elevation, found in 37 per cent, was unrelated to blood pressure levels but was associated with high grade, high stage lesions of mixed histologic cell type and predicted a poor prognosis. Erythropoietin was raised in 63 per cent of patients and was more sensitive than renin in indicating the presence of renal adenocarcinoma. However, it was less specific and did not correlate directly with tumor grade, stage, histologic type, prognosis or hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. None of the patients had elevated chorionic gonadotropin levels. Therefore, we believe that renin and erythropoietin determinations may be of value as biochemical tumor markers in renal adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Hormones in renal cancer. Plasma renin, erythropoietin and chorionic gonadotropin levels were evaluated in 57 patients with renal adenocarcinoma. Renin elevation, found in 37 per cent, was unrelated to blood pressure levels but was associated with high grade, high stage lesions of mixed histologic cell type and predicted a poor prognosis. Erythropoietin was raised in 63 per cent of patients and was more sensitive than renin in indicating the presence of renal adenocarcinoma. However, it was less specific and did not correlate directly with tumor grade, stage, histologic type, prognosis or hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. None of the patients had elevated chorionic gonadotropin levels. Therefore, we believe that renin and erythropoietin determinations may be of value as biochemical tumor markers in renal adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 1030544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5186", "title": "Results of non-operative management of blunt renal trauma.", "content": "A study of 84 patients with blunt renal trauma has revealed that expectant, non-operative management of the clinically stable patient with either minor or more severe injuries (excluding vascular pedicle trauma) gives satisfactory results and entails few subsequent complications. The nephrectomy rate with expectant management is markedly lower than that reported after an immediate operation. The salvage of functioning renal tissue appears to be commensurate with angiographic delineation of devascularized tissue and would seem to be comparable to that of patients afforded immediate surgical intervention, without the threat of loss of the renal unit that appears to be entailed by early operation.", "contents": "Results of non-operative management of blunt renal trauma. A study of 84 patients with blunt renal trauma has revealed that expectant, non-operative management of the clinically stable patient with either minor or more severe injuries (excluding vascular pedicle trauma) gives satisfactory results and entails few subsequent complications. The nephrectomy rate with expectant management is markedly lower than that reported after an immediate operation. The salvage of functioning renal tissue appears to be commensurate with angiographic delineation of devascularized tissue and would seem to be comparable to that of patients afforded immediate surgical intervention, without the threat of loss of the renal unit that appears to be entailed by early operation.", "PMID": 1030545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5187", "title": "Elevated urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and its relationship among levels of plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and testicular pathology in patients with severe oligospermia and/or azoospermia.", "content": "Plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were measured in 300 patients seen at an andrology clinic. Testicular biopsies were obtained from many of the severely oligospermic or azoospermic patients. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were related inversely to sperm cell concentration, while plasma testosterone concentrations were depressed as the sperm count decreased to 5 times 106 per ml. The urine levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid followed the same pattern as follicle stimulating hormone and were elevated in the group of individuals with sperm counts less than 10 times 106 per ml. Elevations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid often were associated with abnormalities in the testicular biopsy. Only 30 per cent of the patients who had elevated 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid also had elevated follicle stimulating hormone or depressed testosterone levels. The factors responsible for the elevation in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels as the sperm count declines remain unclear.", "contents": "Elevated urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and its relationship among levels of plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and testicular pathology in patients with severe oligospermia and/or azoospermia. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were measured in 300 patients seen at an andrology clinic. Testicular biopsies were obtained from many of the severely oligospermic or azoospermic patients. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were related inversely to sperm cell concentration, while plasma testosterone concentrations were depressed as the sperm count decreased to 5 times 106 per ml. The urine levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid followed the same pattern as follicle stimulating hormone and were elevated in the group of individuals with sperm counts less than 10 times 106 per ml. Elevations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid often were associated with abnormalities in the testicular biopsy. Only 30 per cent of the patients who had elevated 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid also had elevated follicle stimulating hormone or depressed testosterone levels. The factors responsible for the elevation in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels as the sperm count declines remain unclear.", "PMID": 1030546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5188", "title": "Motion picture: transpubic total prostatectomy.", "content": "The transpubic approach for total prostatectomy is ideal in cases involving small glands that have been resected and reported as stage A tumors. The approach also is ideal for stage B1 and B2 tumors. It allows great ease in the osmosis of the bladder to the urethra and dissection of the lymph nodes in the obturator and iliac areas.", "contents": "Motion picture: transpubic total prostatectomy. The transpubic approach for total prostatectomy is ideal in cases involving small glands that have been resected and reported as stage A tumors. The approach also is ideal for stage B1 and B2 tumors. It allows great ease in the osmosis of the bladder to the urethra and dissection of the lymph nodes in the obturator and iliac areas.", "PMID": 1030547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5189", "title": "The continued evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The response and duration of survival were evaluated for patients with stage D relapsing prostatic cancer who were randomized to cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan),5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or standard therapy, or to subsequent chemotherapies. The chemotherapies on initial randomization were superior to the standard therapy in the number of responders and duration of response. Survival was longer for responders (stable or partial regression) on chemotherapy by comparison to responders (stable only) on standard therapy. The survival for patients receiving initial and crossover chemotherapy was significantly improved for patients who responded to therapy. Chemotherapy of advanced relapsing stage D prostatic cancer is more beneficially treated by specific chemotherapy as shown in this randomized study.", "contents": "The continued evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. The response and duration of survival were evaluated for patients with stage D relapsing prostatic cancer who were randomized to cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan),5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or standard therapy, or to subsequent chemotherapies. The chemotherapies on initial randomization were superior to the standard therapy in the number of responders and duration of response. Survival was longer for responders (stable or partial regression) on chemotherapy by comparison to responders (stable only) on standard therapy. The survival for patients receiving initial and crossover chemotherapy was significantly improved for patients who responded to therapy. Chemotherapy of advanced relapsing stage D prostatic cancer is more beneficially treated by specific chemotherapy as shown in this randomized study.", "PMID": 1030548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5190", "title": "Thoughts on the prevention of urologic liability claims.", "content": "We have approached the problems of increasing urological liability claims with a superficial study of their causes and some suggested solutions. We believe that this approach is important because it is one that the urological community can take immediately rather than waiting for changes in state and federal laws that may be of benefit in decreasing the impact of these suits. It seems to be the common disease and the simple operation that lead to the lodging of a claim.", "contents": "Thoughts on the prevention of urologic liability claims. We have approached the problems of increasing urological liability claims with a superficial study of their causes and some suggested solutions. We believe that this approach is important because it is one that the urological community can take immediately rather than waiting for changes in state and federal laws that may be of benefit in decreasing the impact of these suits. It seems to be the common disease and the simple operation that lead to the lodging of a claim.", "PMID": 1030549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5191", "title": "Benzydamine: a new weapon in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Benzydamine hydrochloride was synthesized in 1966 and developed in Italy. It belongs to a chemical class that has not been used previously in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Benzydamine is not related to steroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs, it is given by mouth and its toxicity is low. A pilot trial was done in 25 cases of interstitial cystitis and virtually complete relief of pain was noted in 18 cases.", "contents": "Benzydamine: a new weapon in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Benzydamine hydrochloride was synthesized in 1966 and developed in Italy. It belongs to a chemical class that has not been used previously in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Benzydamine is not related to steroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs, it is given by mouth and its toxicity is low. A pilot trial was done in 25 cases of interstitial cystitis and virtually complete relief of pain was noted in 18 cases.", "PMID": 1030550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5192", "title": "Correlation of ureteral orifice position with renal morphology.", "content": "Double ureters and kidneys have provided models for the comparison of radiographic appearances and the microstructure of each renal segment, as well as the correlation with the position of the corresponding ureteral orifice. An orifice located within the limits of the normal vesical trigone portends normal renal radiography and morphology. Orifices outside the normal limits of the trigone signify accompanying renal malformations in the corresponding kidneys, such as hypoplasia or aplasia of nephrons that are often difficult to determine histologically but that give rise to thin kidneys and clubbed calices, dysplasia of nephrons and abnormal interstitial tissue and blood vessels, all of which are detected more readily on microscopic examination. The more abnormal the orifice is in location and characteristics the more abnormal are the ureteral and renal segments. The correlation also applies to upper tracts when they are associated with lower tract anomalies, such as congenital urethral valves, neuropathic bladders of myelomeningocele patients and paraureteral diverticula.", "contents": "Correlation of ureteral orifice position with renal morphology. Double ureters and kidneys have provided models for the comparison of radiographic appearances and the microstructure of each renal segment, as well as the correlation with the position of the corresponding ureteral orifice. An orifice located within the limits of the normal vesical trigone portends normal renal radiography and morphology. Orifices outside the normal limits of the trigone signify accompanying renal malformations in the corresponding kidneys, such as hypoplasia or aplasia of nephrons that are often difficult to determine histologically but that give rise to thin kidneys and clubbed calices, dysplasia of nephrons and abnormal interstitial tissue and blood vessels, all of which are detected more readily on microscopic examination. The more abnormal the orifice is in location and characteristics the more abnormal are the ureteral and renal segments. The correlation also applies to upper tracts when they are associated with lower tract anomalies, such as congenital urethral valves, neuropathic bladders of myelomeningocele patients and paraureteral diverticula.", "PMID": 1030551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5193", "title": "Complications of single and multistage operations for hypospadias: a comparative review.", "content": "From 1970 through 1975, 198 children with hypospadias were operated upon at our clinic. Three basic types of primary urethroplasty were used: 1) a modified 2-stage Cecil urethroplasty after separate straightening, 2) a modified 1-stage Denis Browne procedure after prior correction of chordee and 3) a 1-stage combined repair of hypospadias and chordee. A comparative review of early complications is presented.", "contents": "Complications of single and multistage operations for hypospadias: a comparative review. From 1970 through 1975, 198 children with hypospadias were operated upon at our clinic. Three basic types of primary urethroplasty were used: 1) a modified 2-stage Cecil urethroplasty after separate straightening, 2) a modified 1-stage Denis Browne procedure after prior correction of chordee and 3) a 1-stage combined repair of hypospadias and chordee. A comparative review of early complications is presented.", "PMID": 1030552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5194", "title": "Central pressor actions of angiotensin II.", "content": "Involvement of the area postrema in experimental hypertension has been investigated. Ablation of the rear apex of the fourth brain ventricle (=the region of the area postrema) elevated blood pressure, heart rate and plasma angiotensin II level. The same characteristic changes were seen in the two kidney Goldblatt rat model of hypertension. A possible involvement of the area postrema in this model of hypertension is discussed. Intraventricular perfusion of angiotensin II elevated blood pressure without a significant change in heart rates. This pressor response appeared to be dependent on release of antidiuretic hormone. The results are discussed in relation to the intrinsic brain angiotensinogenase system.", "contents": "Central pressor actions of angiotensin II. Involvement of the area postrema in experimental hypertension has been investigated. Ablation of the rear apex of the fourth brain ventricle (=the region of the area postrema) elevated blood pressure, heart rate and plasma angiotensin II level. The same characteristic changes were seen in the two kidney Goldblatt rat model of hypertension. A possible involvement of the area postrema in this model of hypertension is discussed. Intraventricular perfusion of angiotensin II elevated blood pressure without a significant change in heart rates. This pressor response appeared to be dependent on release of antidiuretic hormone. The results are discussed in relation to the intrinsic brain angiotensinogenase system.", "PMID": 1030565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5195", "title": "Iron absorption and loss in psoriasis.", "content": "59Fe absorption has been studied in psoriatics to elucidate the iron deficiency state. To determine the rate of iron loss, elimination of injected 59Fe was measured. In psoriasis mean iron absorption did not differ from the mean in the normal group, but a pathologically low absorption was found in 8 cases. Iron loss was significantly higher in psoriatics than in normal men, while it did not differ significantly from iron loss in  women with regular menses.", "contents": "Iron absorption and loss in psoriasis. 59Fe absorption has been studied in psoriatics to elucidate the iron deficiency state. To determine the rate of iron loss, elimination of injected 59Fe was measured. In psoriasis mean iron absorption did not differ from the mean in the normal group, but a pathologically low absorption was found in 8 cases. Iron loss was significantly higher in psoriatics than in normal men, while it did not differ significantly from iron loss in  women with regular menses.", "PMID": 1030566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5196", "title": "Indocyanine green plasma clearance in normal human males and females.", "content": "The plasma clearance of indocyanine green (Cardio-Green, 0.5 mg/kg body weight) was studied in a total of 352 plasma samples from 7 male and 8 female healthy volunteers, and total bilirubinaemia in 6 males and 6 females. Statistical analysis (linear regression, SAAM programmes by BERMAN and WEISS [2],t-test. F-test and rank correlation) disclosed a significantly higher plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green and significantly lower total bilirubinaemia in females than in males with a statistically almost significant negative correlation of both phenomena. A better excretion of indocyanine green from liver to bile in males though statistically significant could be an artefact caused e.g. by a not quite significant abnormally of the calibration straight line of the dye.", "contents": "Indocyanine green plasma clearance in normal human males and females. The plasma clearance of indocyanine green (Cardio-Green, 0.5 mg/kg body weight) was studied in a total of 352 plasma samples from 7 male and 8 female healthy volunteers, and total bilirubinaemia in 6 males and 6 females. Statistical analysis (linear regression, SAAM programmes by BERMAN and WEISS [2],t-test. F-test and rank correlation) disclosed a significantly higher plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green and significantly lower total bilirubinaemia in females than in males with a statistically almost significant negative correlation of both phenomena. A better excretion of indocyanine green from liver to bile in males though statistically significant could be an artefact caused e.g. by a not quite significant abnormally of the calibration straight line of the dye.", "PMID": 1030567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5197", "title": "DNA synthesis in cells of human tuberculous lymph nodes.", "content": "DNA metabolism of cells of tuberculous lymph nodes was studied autoradiographically with 3H-thymidine injected directly into one of the afferent lymph vessels. The undifferentiated mononuclear cells showed the most intensive DNA synthesis, but a large number of epitheloid cells had also become labelled. The nuclei of the giant Langhans cells took no label.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in cells of human tuberculous lymph nodes. DNA metabolism of cells of tuberculous lymph nodes was studied autoradiographically with 3H-thymidine injected directly into one of the afferent lymph vessels. The undifferentiated mononuclear cells showed the most intensive DNA synthesis, but a large number of epitheloid cells had also become labelled. The nuclei of the giant Langhans cells took no label.", "PMID": 1030568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5198", "title": "Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism of isolated human fat cells.", "content": "Glucose-U-14C-activity added to the incubation medium of isolated human fat cells was studied for its conversion to CO2 and its incorporation into fat cell triglyceride. In view of the wide scatter of the figures found under basal conditions as well as in the presence of 100 muU/ml of insulin, the correlations of fat cell glucose metabolism to ponderal index, total body fat mass weight, mean fat cell diameter, fat cell TG-content and age were analysed. The activity of glucose metabolism in obese individuals was found to be inversely related to the degree of obesity under basal conditions as well as under the effect of insulin. According to partial regression analysis, of all these parameters it was the ponderal index which showed the most significant inverse correlation to the activity of fat cell glucose metabolism. No appreciable relationship was found between the production of CO2 from glucose and age. Incorporation of 14C-activity into fat cell triglyceride showed a slight age-related increase under basal conditions as well as on insulin stimulation. It is concluded that at the cellular level it is the triglyceride saturation of fat cells which constitutes the endogenous regulatory factor responsible for the impaired biological action exerted by insulin on the enlarged fat cells in obesity.", "contents": "Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism of isolated human fat cells. Glucose-U-14C-activity added to the incubation medium of isolated human fat cells was studied for its conversion to CO2 and its incorporation into fat cell triglyceride. In view of the wide scatter of the figures found under basal conditions as well as in the presence of 100 muU/ml of insulin, the correlations of fat cell glucose metabolism to ponderal index, total body fat mass weight, mean fat cell diameter, fat cell TG-content and age were analysed. The activity of glucose metabolism in obese individuals was found to be inversely related to the degree of obesity under basal conditions as well as under the effect of insulin. According to partial regression analysis, of all these parameters it was the ponderal index which showed the most significant inverse correlation to the activity of fat cell glucose metabolism. No appreciable relationship was found between the production of CO2 from glucose and age. Incorporation of 14C-activity into fat cell triglyceride showed a slight age-related increase under basal conditions as well as on insulin stimulation. It is concluded that at the cellular level it is the triglyceride saturation of fat cells which constitutes the endogenous regulatory factor responsible for the impaired biological action exerted by insulin on the enlarged fat cells in obesity.", "PMID": 1030569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5199", "title": "[Calibration of gel-chromatographic columns for examination of dextrans for clinical use].", "content": "A procedure is described which allows to obtain integral distribution in molecular weights for oligodextran preparations of clinical use from the elution profiles obtained by gel-filtration. The calibration procedure requires the use of commercially available dextran fractions with known distribution in molecular weight (the M.W. distribution of the standards may be checked through absolute determination of Mn and Mw). For given column dimensions and elution conditions, the outlined procedure yields an accurate plot of log Mw vs k (partition coefficient).", "contents": "[Calibration of gel-chromatographic columns for examination of dextrans for clinical use]. A procedure is described which allows to obtain integral distribution in molecular weights for oligodextran preparations of clinical use from the elution profiles obtained by gel-filtration. The calibration procedure requires the use of commercially available dextran fractions with known distribution in molecular weight (the M.W. distribution of the standards may be checked through absolute determination of Mn and Mw). For given column dimensions and elution conditions, the outlined procedure yields an accurate plot of log Mw vs k (partition coefficient).", "PMID": 1030603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5200", "title": "[Automation in analysis. VII. Automatic mineralization and determination of organic phosphorus].", "content": "An automatic manifold for the organic phosphorus mineralization is described. The device at issue does consist in an electrically heated aluminium blok, in which 80 holes are drilled, in order to hold 80 hydrolysis vials. The heating is automatically controlled by an independent unity. The ortophosphate determination is performed photometrically with the previously described automatic apparatus.", "contents": "[Automation in analysis. VII. Automatic mineralization and determination of organic phosphorus]. An automatic manifold for the organic phosphorus mineralization is described. The device at issue does consist in an electrically heated aluminium blok, in which 80 holes are drilled, in order to hold 80 hydrolysis vials. The heating is automatically controlled by an independent unity. The ortophosphate determination is performed photometrically with the previously described automatic apparatus.", "PMID": 1030604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5201", "title": "[Selection and acceptability of food].", "content": "In this paper the following factors which in one way or the other may have influence on the selection and acceptability of foods are treated: 1. Fisiological and psycological aspects; a) genetic factors, b) neurophysiological factors, c) emotional factors, d) perceptive factors. 2. Physical and ecological aspects. 3. Social and cultural aspects, a) habits and traditions, b) religious believes, c) tabues, d) nutrition faddism, e) prejudice, aversions and perversions, f) social value of foods, g) industrialized foods. 4. Economic aspects. 5. Educational aspects.", "contents": "[Selection and acceptability of food]. In this paper the following factors which in one way or the other may have influence on the selection and acceptability of foods are treated: 1. Fisiological and psycological aspects; a) genetic factors, b) neurophysiological factors, c) emotional factors, d) perceptive factors. 2. Physical and ecological aspects. 3. Social and cultural aspects, a) habits and traditions, b) religious believes, c) tabues, d) nutrition faddism, e) prejudice, aversions and perversions, f) social value of foods, g) industrialized foods. 4. Economic aspects. 5. Educational aspects.", "PMID": 1030619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5202", "title": "[Isolation of preparative amounts of polyribosomes from normal rabbit and guinea pig spleen].", "content": "Preparative amounts of polyribosomes were isolated from normal rabbit and guinea pig spleen; up to 40 optical units of the polyribosome preparation could be obtained by centrifugation in a Spinco L-2B centrifuge with SW-27 rotor. The amount of polyribosomes isolated from spleens of immune animals was 2-3 higher than that isolated from normal animal spleens. Concentration of polyribosomal preparations by lyophylization and the storage of dried preparations do not alter the sedimentation properties of the polyribosomes. The distribution pattern of normal rabbit spleen polyribosomes in a linear sucrose gradient and the sedimentation constants of the polyribosome peaks are in good agreement with data reported by some other authors for plasmocytome polyribosomes. Using electrophoresis in agarose-polyacrylamide gel the radioactive proteins synthesized in the cell culture of normal rabbit spleen it was shown that in normal spleen the average amount of globulins makes up to 35% of total protein synthesis, as reported by some authors.", "contents": "[Isolation of preparative amounts of polyribosomes from normal rabbit and guinea pig spleen]. Preparative amounts of polyribosomes were isolated from normal rabbit and guinea pig spleen; up to 40 optical units of the polyribosome preparation could be obtained by centrifugation in a Spinco L-2B centrifuge with SW-27 rotor. The amount of polyribosomes isolated from spleens of immune animals was 2-3 higher than that isolated from normal animal spleens. Concentration of polyribosomal preparations by lyophylization and the storage of dried preparations do not alter the sedimentation properties of the polyribosomes. The distribution pattern of normal rabbit spleen polyribosomes in a linear sucrose gradient and the sedimentation constants of the polyribosome peaks are in good agreement with data reported by some other authors for plasmocytome polyribosomes. Using electrophoresis in agarose-polyacrylamide gel the radioactive proteins synthesized in the cell culture of normal rabbit spleen it was shown that in normal spleen the average amount of globulins makes up to 35% of total protein synthesis, as reported by some authors.", "PMID": 1030631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5203", "title": "[Application of phase partition method for the fractionation of hydrophobic membrane proteins].", "content": "Phase partition method in a two-phase polyethylene glycol-dextrane system has been applied to fractionation in Triton X-100 of hydrophobic membrane proteins from Micrococcus lysodeikticus. This method allowed to separate the cytochrome b556 from other cytochromes. Spectral and gel electrophoretic patterns of isolated cytochrome are given.", "contents": "[Application of phase partition method for the fractionation of hydrophobic membrane proteins]. Phase partition method in a two-phase polyethylene glycol-dextrane system has been applied to fractionation in Triton X-100 of hydrophobic membrane proteins from Micrococcus lysodeikticus. This method allowed to separate the cytochrome b556 from other cytochromes. Spectral and gel electrophoretic patterns of isolated cytochrome are given.", "PMID": 1030632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5204", "title": "[Proteins of bacterial membranes. Purification of NADH-dehydrogenase by electrofocusing].", "content": "A highly purified preparation of NADH dehydrogenase was isolated from bacteria M. lysodeikticus membranes. The purification procedure involved extraction of the enzyme complex from isolated membranes by EDTA, solubilization of the complex by non-ionogenic detergent (1% Triton X-100), chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and electrofocussing in the pH gradient 4-6. The isoelectric point of the preparation is at 4.5; its main component is a protein with m.w. of about 76.000.", "contents": "[Proteins of bacterial membranes. Purification of NADH-dehydrogenase by electrofocusing]. A highly purified preparation of NADH dehydrogenase was isolated from bacteria M. lysodeikticus membranes. The purification procedure involved extraction of the enzyme complex from isolated membranes by EDTA, solubilization of the complex by non-ionogenic detergent (1% Triton X-100), chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and electrofocussing in the pH gradient 4-6. The isoelectric point of the preparation is at 4.5; its main component is a protein with m.w. of about 76.000.", "PMID": 1030633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5205", "title": "[Control of RNA biosynthesis in rat liver. Some features of RNA biosynthesis during prolonged protein synthesis inhibition].", "content": "A drastic inhibition of protein biosynthesis in rat liver in vivo by cycloheximide (CHI) (0.3 mg/100 g of body weight) first caused an increase of RNA synthesis (after 1 hour), which was then followed by its decrease. Partial gradual restoration of the protein synthesis level was shown to be accompanied by a repeated increase of RNA synthesis (12 hs) and its normalisation after 24 hs. The first maximum of RNA synthesis increase in the isolated nuclei system was AU-type RNA synthesis (sensitive to alpha-amanitine), the second one was due to GC-type RNA synthesis (resistant to this toxin). Purified chromatine template activity in the system with E. coli RNA polymerase (by 14%) an hour after CHI treatment, but 3 hrs later was decreased and subsequently restored (12 hrs after CHI injection). The changes of RNA biosynthesis induced by prolonged protein synthesis inhibition suggest the existence of continuous RNA synthesis control in nuclei. This control is realized by translation system using the feed back principle.", "contents": "[Control of RNA biosynthesis in rat liver. Some features of RNA biosynthesis during prolonged protein synthesis inhibition]. A drastic inhibition of protein biosynthesis in rat liver in vivo by cycloheximide (CHI) (0.3 mg/100 g of body weight) first caused an increase of RNA synthesis (after 1 hour), which was then followed by its decrease. Partial gradual restoration of the protein synthesis level was shown to be accompanied by a repeated increase of RNA synthesis (12 hs) and its normalisation after 24 hs. The first maximum of RNA synthesis increase in the isolated nuclei system was AU-type RNA synthesis (sensitive to alpha-amanitine), the second one was due to GC-type RNA synthesis (resistant to this toxin). Purified chromatine template activity in the system with E. coli RNA polymerase (by 14%) an hour after CHI treatment, but 3 hrs later was decreased and subsequently restored (12 hrs after CHI injection). The changes of RNA biosynthesis induced by prolonged protein synthesis inhibition suggest the existence of continuous RNA synthesis control in nuclei. This control is realized by translation system using the feed back principle.", "PMID": 1030634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5206", "title": "[Steady-state kinetics of electron transfer through the cytochrome chain of uncoupled submitochondrial particles. General kinetic analysis].", "content": "Steady-state kinetics of electron transfer through the cytochrome chain of uncoupled ultrasonic submitochondrial particles at different pH values were studied. The rate constants calculated according to Pring's equation (k1=V/Prpoxt i+1) were found to increase linearly with the increase in the rate of electron transfer. Linearity was observed, however, only at relatively low rates of electron transfer. Several kinetic models were developed and analysed to fit the experimental data on the basis of the suggested activation of respiratory chains induced by their functioning. The best agreement with the experimental data was obtained with the model implying that the rate of activation of the electron carriers is directly proportional to the overall rate of electron transfer and the portion of non-activated respiratory chains in the system. It followed therefrom that electron transfer through already activated chains induced activation of adjacent non-activated chains. This model made it possiple to determine the rate constants for non-activated (ki) and activated (k) carrier states and the life-times of activated carriers (tau).", "contents": "[Steady-state kinetics of electron transfer through the cytochrome chain of uncoupled submitochondrial particles. General kinetic analysis]. Steady-state kinetics of electron transfer through the cytochrome chain of uncoupled ultrasonic submitochondrial particles at different pH values were studied. The rate constants calculated according to Pring's equation (k1=V/Prpoxt i+1) were found to increase linearly with the increase in the rate of electron transfer. Linearity was observed, however, only at relatively low rates of electron transfer. Several kinetic models were developed and analysed to fit the experimental data on the basis of the suggested activation of respiratory chains induced by their functioning. The best agreement with the experimental data was obtained with the model implying that the rate of activation of the electron carriers is directly proportional to the overall rate of electron transfer and the portion of non-activated respiratory chains in the system. It followed therefrom that electron transfer through already activated chains induced activation of adjacent non-activated chains. This model made it possiple to determine the rate constants for non-activated (ki) and activated (k) carrier states and the life-times of activated carriers (tau).", "PMID": 1030635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5207", "title": "[Effect of 2,4-diamino-5-chlorphenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine on the oncorporation of P32-phosphate into adenylic nucleotides of rat embryo and placenta].", "content": "Teratogenic doses of antimalaria preparation, 2,4-diamino-5-p-chlorophenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine (chloridine), known in biochemistry as a specific inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, result in the decrease of 32P-phosphate incorporation into ATP and ADP, coupled with the inhibitions of DNA synthesis, in rat embryo and placenta on 13th day of development, while the incorporation of 14C-formiate into free nucleotides of acid soluble embryo and placenta fractions (at the same intervals after teratogen injections), is the same as in the control. These data show that the primary blocking of folate cycle and DNA biosynthesis in 13 days old embryos with induced anomalies of development is some way coupled with disturbances of ATP metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of 2,4-diamino-5-chlorphenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine on the oncorporation of P32-phosphate into adenylic nucleotides of rat embryo and placenta]. Teratogenic doses of antimalaria preparation, 2,4-diamino-5-p-chlorophenyl-6-ethylpyrimidine (chloridine), known in biochemistry as a specific inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, result in the decrease of 32P-phosphate incorporation into ATP and ADP, coupled with the inhibitions of DNA synthesis, in rat embryo and placenta on 13th day of development, while the incorporation of 14C-formiate into free nucleotides of acid soluble embryo and placenta fractions (at the same intervals after teratogen injections), is the same as in the control. These data show that the primary blocking of folate cycle and DNA biosynthesis in 13 days old embryos with induced anomalies of development is some way coupled with disturbances of ATP metabolism.", "PMID": 1030636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5208", "title": "[Localization of the Meler's reaction with ethanol catalase trap in the chain of photosynthetic electron transport].", "content": "The common view of photosystem I as the action site of catalase and ethanol at oxygen uptake in chloroplasts  are based on indirect data on this reaction. That is why the question on Mehler reaction localization in electron transport chain with ethanolcatalase trap has been investigated anew. It has been demonstrated that oxygen uptake with catalase and ethanol does not decrease in presence of dibromothymoquinone (2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6 isopropyl-p-benzoquinone--DBTQ) which blocks electron transfer to photosystem I at plastoquinones level. The summation of oxygen uptake activities is observed on the combined action of catalase and ethanol with any of the Mehler reagents functioning in photosystem I (methylviologen,FMN, epinephrine, ferredoxin). Catalase and ethanol in contrast to methylviologen have no effect on photooxidation rate of reduced dichlorphenolindophenol in photosystem I. The quatum yield of oxygen uptake with catalase and ethanol versus wave length of actinic light shows a distinct maximum in the photosystem II absorption area and a \"red drop\" in the longware area. The obtained data show that the Mehler reaction with catalase and ethanol takes place in photosystem II only.", "contents": "[Localization of the Meler's reaction with ethanol catalase trap in the chain of photosynthetic electron transport]. The common view of photosystem I as the action site of catalase and ethanol at oxygen uptake in chloroplasts  are based on indirect data on this reaction. That is why the question on Mehler reaction localization in electron transport chain with ethanolcatalase trap has been investigated anew. It has been demonstrated that oxygen uptake with catalase and ethanol does not decrease in presence of dibromothymoquinone (2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6 isopropyl-p-benzoquinone--DBTQ) which blocks electron transfer to photosystem I at plastoquinones level. The summation of oxygen uptake activities is observed on the combined action of catalase and ethanol with any of the Mehler reagents functioning in photosystem I (methylviologen,FMN, epinephrine, ferredoxin). Catalase and ethanol in contrast to methylviologen have no effect on photooxidation rate of reduced dichlorphenolindophenol in photosystem I. The quatum yield of oxygen uptake with catalase and ethanol versus wave length of actinic light shows a distinct maximum in the photosystem II absorption area and a \"red drop\" in the longware area. The obtained data show that the Mehler reaction with catalase and ethanol takes place in photosystem II only.", "PMID": 1030637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5209", "title": "[Lipid-mobilizing activity of a synthetic peptide identical to 33-44 fragment of human growth hormone].", "content": "The lipid-mobilizing activity of a synthetic peptide, NH2-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Pro-Lys-Glu-Gln-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Phe-COOH, corresponding to the 31-44 amino-acid sequence of human growth hormone, was studied. The peptide stimulated lypolysis upon administration to fasted rats and during incubation with isolated epidiymal adiposed tissue of rat and perirenal adiposed tissue of rabbit. The lipid-mobilizing effect of the peptide,unlike the corresponding effect of the native growth hormone, developed fast and was markedly pronounced 15-30 min after the incubation was started. Direct dependence between the peptide dose logarithm and the effect studied was observed at concentrations of 0.01-10microng/ml during incubation with rat adipose tissue and at 0.001-0.1 microng/ml during incubation with rabbit tissue.", "contents": "[Lipid-mobilizing activity of a synthetic peptide identical to 33-44 fragment of human growth hormone]. The lipid-mobilizing activity of a synthetic peptide, NH2-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Ile-Pro-Lys-Glu-Gln-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Phe-COOH, corresponding to the 31-44 amino-acid sequence of human growth hormone, was studied. The peptide stimulated lypolysis upon administration to fasted rats and during incubation with isolated epidiymal adiposed tissue of rat and perirenal adiposed tissue of rabbit. The lipid-mobilizing effect of the peptide,unlike the corresponding effect of the native growth hormone, developed fast and was markedly pronounced 15-30 min after the incubation was started. Direct dependence between the peptide dose logarithm and the effect studied was observed at concentrations of 0.01-10microng/ml during incubation with rat adipose tissue and at 0.001-0.1 microng/ml during incubation with rabbit tissue.", "PMID": 1030639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5210", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase of cobra venom. Determination of concentration of active sites].", "content": "O-Nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate and organophosphorus inhibitors O-n-propyl-p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate, O-n-butyl-p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate, O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, O-n-butyl-S-(beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonate, methysulphate of O,O-diethyl-S-(beta-phenyldimethylammoniumethly) thiophosphate were used in the titration of acetylcholinesterase active site concentratration in Naja naja oxiana venom. No side reactions with the acetylcholinesterase molecule as well as with other components of the venom were observed. In titration the effective concentrations of organophosphorus inhibitors with asymmetric phosphorus were 50% of their analytical concentrations, since cobra venom cholinesterase showed practically absolute stereoselectivity against the compounds.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase of cobra venom. Determination of concentration of active sites]. O-Nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate and organophosphorus inhibitors O-n-propyl-p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate, O-n-butyl-p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate, O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, O-n-butyl-S-(beta-ethylmercaptoethyl) methylthiophosphonate, methysulphate of O,O-diethyl-S-(beta-phenyldimethylammoniumethly) thiophosphate were used in the titration of acetylcholinesterase active site concentratration in Naja naja oxiana venom. No side reactions with the acetylcholinesterase molecule as well as with other components of the venom were observed. In titration the effective concentrations of organophosphorus inhibitors with asymmetric phosphorus were 50% of their analytical concentrations, since cobra venom cholinesterase showed practically absolute stereoselectivity against the compounds.", "PMID": 1030638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5211", "title": "[Characteristics of the activity of \"satellite\" enzymes of gluconeogenesis in the oocytes and embryos of loach].", "content": "The activity of \"satellite\" enzymes related to gluconeogenesis has been measured in the oocytes and embryos at the early stages of loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryogenesis. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase increase during oocyte maturation by 30%, remains constant at the cleavage and blastula stages and decreased on the onset of gastrulation. In the both oocytes and embryos pyruvate dehydrogenase has been found only in the active form. The activity of citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase remained constant during oocyte maturation and et all early stage of embrional development. Citrate lyase and \"malic\"-enzyme were not found, Oocyte maturation is followed by a considerable increase in the malate and oxalacetate content, the level of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA being found invariable.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the activity of \"satellite\" enzymes of gluconeogenesis in the oocytes and embryos of loach]. The activity of \"satellite\" enzymes related to gluconeogenesis has been measured in the oocytes and embryos at the early stages of loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryogenesis. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase increase during oocyte maturation by 30%, remains constant at the cleavage and blastula stages and decreased on the onset of gastrulation. In the both oocytes and embryos pyruvate dehydrogenase has been found only in the active form. The activity of citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase remained constant during oocyte maturation and et all early stage of embrional development. Citrate lyase and \"malic\"-enzyme were not found, Oocyte maturation is followed by a considerable increase in the malate and oxalacetate content, the level of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA being found invariable.", "PMID": 1030640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5212", "title": "[Molecular hybridization of native and modified subunits of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and aldolase A in rats].", "content": "Experimental conditions for the molecular hybridization in vitro between iodine and native subunits of isoenzymes 1 and 5 of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are described. It is also shown that the covalently fixed on the polyacrylamide beads rat J125 labelled LDH-5 and J125 labelled aldolase A, under conditions of complete dissociation of the quaternary structure of these enzymes, only one of the four subunits remain bound with the beads. Subunit of LDH-5, which is covalently bound with the polyacrylamide beads, is capable to hybridize (reassociated) with 3 native subunits. In addition, the immobilized LDH-5 subunits and aldolase A are capable to hybridize with J125 labelled subunits of these enzymes. Thus, when thyrosine, lysine and N-terminal amino acids are modified, subunits of LDH-5 and aldolase A retain their capacity to restore their quaternary structures.", "contents": "[Molecular hybridization of native and modified subunits of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and aldolase A in rats]. Experimental conditions for the molecular hybridization in vitro between iodine and native subunits of isoenzymes 1 and 5 of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are described. It is also shown that the covalently fixed on the polyacrylamide beads rat J125 labelled LDH-5 and J125 labelled aldolase A, under conditions of complete dissociation of the quaternary structure of these enzymes, only one of the four subunits remain bound with the beads. Subunit of LDH-5, which is covalently bound with the polyacrylamide beads, is capable to hybridize (reassociated) with 3 native subunits. In addition, the immobilized LDH-5 subunits and aldolase A are capable to hybridize with J125 labelled subunits of these enzymes. Thus, when thyrosine, lysine and N-terminal amino acids are modified, subunits of LDH-5 and aldolase A retain their capacity to restore their quaternary structures.", "PMID": 1030641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5213", "title": "[Beta-cyanoalanine synthase: Its purification and basic physico-chemical properties].", "content": "A method has been developed for the purification of beta-cyano-L-alanine synthase from etiolated 10-day-old seedlings of blue lupine. High purity preparations of the enzyme were obtained with specific activity exceeding 4000-fold that of the seedling homogenate. Preparations were homogeneous on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The yield of total activity after purification was approximately 20%. Glutamic acid is the enzyme's only N-terminal amino acid; the molecular weight of the enzyme (both native and treated with 6 M urea) is 52000. The synthase containes one mole of pyridoxal-P per mole of protein; its isoelectric point is situated at pH 4,8. The enzyme's absorption spectrum has a maximum at 410 nm i.e., in the characteristic range of many pyridoxal-U-containing enzymes. Data on the amino acid composition of the enzyme are presented.", "contents": "[Beta-cyanoalanine synthase: Its purification and basic physico-chemical properties]. A method has been developed for the purification of beta-cyano-L-alanine synthase from etiolated 10-day-old seedlings of blue lupine. High purity preparations of the enzyme were obtained with specific activity exceeding 4000-fold that of the seedling homogenate. Preparations were homogeneous on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The yield of total activity after purification was approximately 20%. Glutamic acid is the enzyme's only N-terminal amino acid; the molecular weight of the enzyme (both native and treated with 6 M urea) is 52000. The synthase containes one mole of pyridoxal-P per mole of protein; its isoelectric point is situated at pH 4,8. The enzyme's absorption spectrum has a maximum at 410 nm i.e., in the characteristic range of many pyridoxal-U-containing enzymes. Data on the amino acid composition of the enzyme are presented.", "PMID": 1030642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5214", "title": "[Plasma kallikrein: new functions].", "content": "The literature data on some new functions of human plasma kallikrein have been discussed. The role of kallikrein as an enzymatic activator of Hageman factor in fluid-phase was emphasized, and the description of this effect, brought about by a feedback mechanism was given. These new findings stress the importance of plasma kallikrein in the initiation of kinin-forming, intrinsing clotting and fibrinolysis. The chemotactic activity of the kallikrein molecule for human neurophiles was considered. New data were given concerning Hageman factor as proteinase and its substrates in human plasma-coagulation factor XI (PTA), plasminogen proectivator and prekallikrein.", "contents": "[Plasma kallikrein: new functions]. The literature data on some new functions of human plasma kallikrein have been discussed. The role of kallikrein as an enzymatic activator of Hageman factor in fluid-phase was emphasized, and the description of this effect, brought about by a feedback mechanism was given. These new findings stress the importance of plasma kallikrein in the initiation of kinin-forming, intrinsing clotting and fibrinolysis. The chemotactic activity of the kallikrein molecule for human neurophiles was considered. New data were given concerning Hageman factor as proteinase and its substrates in human plasma-coagulation factor XI (PTA), plasminogen proectivator and prekallikrein.", "PMID": 1030643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5215", "title": "[The change of template activity of dog kidney chromtin by polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro].", "content": "Effect of amphotericin B and nistatin on template activity of nuclear membrane-bound (DNPm) and free (DNPo) dog kidney chromatin after intravenous injections of antibiotics and after the incubation of isolated kidney cell nuclei with the antibiotics is studied. It is found that injections of amphotericin B and nistatin resulted in the increase of DNPo template activity in RNA polymerase system, the stimulating effect of nistatin being higher than that of amphotericin B. Injections of nistatine stimulated also template activity of DNPm, while amphotericin B produced no effect on DNPm. When studing the effect of polyene antibiotics on template activity of DNPo and DNPm in vitro, it is found that the intensity of RNA synthesis after incubation of isolated nuclei with antibiotics is considerably increased, and stimulating effect of nistatin is higher than of amphotericin B. Both antibiotics produced no effect on template activity of DNP in vitro. Thus, comparative analysis of changes in template activity of dog kidney chromatin under the effect of polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro has revealed the similarity of these drugs and draws to the conclusion that nistatin and amphotericin B produce a direct effect on template activity of chromatin.", "contents": "[The change of template activity of dog kidney chromtin by polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro]. Effect of amphotericin B and nistatin on template activity of nuclear membrane-bound (DNPm) and free (DNPo) dog kidney chromatin after intravenous injections of antibiotics and after the incubation of isolated kidney cell nuclei with the antibiotics is studied. It is found that injections of amphotericin B and nistatin resulted in the increase of DNPo template activity in RNA polymerase system, the stimulating effect of nistatin being higher than that of amphotericin B. Injections of nistatine stimulated also template activity of DNPm, while amphotericin B produced no effect on DNPm. When studing the effect of polyene antibiotics on template activity of DNPo and DNPm in vitro, it is found that the intensity of RNA synthesis after incubation of isolated nuclei with antibiotics is considerably increased, and stimulating effect of nistatin is higher than of amphotericin B. Both antibiotics produced no effect on template activity of DNP in vitro. Thus, comparative analysis of changes in template activity of dog kidney chromatin under the effect of polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro has revealed the similarity of these drugs and draws to the conclusion that nistatin and amphotericin B produce a direct effect on template activity of chromatin.", "PMID": 1030644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5216", "title": "[Cooperative interaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase from pigeon breast muscle].", "content": "Cooperative interaction of pyruvate with the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD) complex from pigeon breast muscle was shown. The sigmoidal dependence of the reaction rate on pyruvate concentration was observed for the PD complex. The Hill coefficient is equal to 1,5; no inhibition by the substrate (up to 2.2.10(-3) M) was found. The kinetic behaviour of the isolated pyruvate dehydrogenase component (PDH) analyzed under similar conditions, is more complex; this may be probably due to the presence of oligomeric forms with different molecular weights and specific activities. The competitive inhibitor of the PD complex--an amide of pyruvic acid (PA) (Ki=6.3-10(-6) M) activates the enzyme at low concentrations (less than 2,10(-6) M). When PA is present, the dependence of the reaction rate on pyruvate concentration gives a usual hyperbolic curve, v of [S]o. It is concluded that pyruvate may have a regulatory effect on the activity of muscle PD complex.", "contents": "[Cooperative interaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase from pigeon breast muscle]. Cooperative interaction of pyruvate with the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD) complex from pigeon breast muscle was shown. The sigmoidal dependence of the reaction rate on pyruvate concentration was observed for the PD complex. The Hill coefficient is equal to 1,5; no inhibition by the substrate (up to 2.2.10(-3) M) was found. The kinetic behaviour of the isolated pyruvate dehydrogenase component (PDH) analyzed under similar conditions, is more complex; this may be probably due to the presence of oligomeric forms with different molecular weights and specific activities. The competitive inhibitor of the PD complex--an amide of pyruvic acid (PA) (Ki=6.3-10(-6) M) activates the enzyme at low concentrations (less than 2,10(-6) M). When PA is present, the dependence of the reaction rate on pyruvate concentration gives a usual hyperbolic curve, v of [S]o. It is concluded that pyruvate may have a regulatory effect on the activity of muscle PD complex.", "PMID": 1030645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5217", "title": "[Interrelationship between protein synthesis and mRNA metabolism in rat liver cells].", "content": "It is demonstrated that RNA isolated from polyribosomes and postmitochondrial fraction of rat liver cells and bound to nitrocellulose filters (Milliport) represent mRNA. RNA taken from the nitrocellulose filters sedimented in sucrose concentration gradient with a wide peak within the range of 18--6S, attaining a maximum at 12S. The (A+U)/(G+C) ratio of this RNA was equal to 1.04. On the other hand, the same ratio for rRNA was 0.64. Specific radioactivity of polysomal mRNA containing poly-A sequences, was significantly lower at 14-hour labelling with 14C-orotate than at 4-hour labelling (control). Inhibitors (cycloheximide, puromycin, ethionine, actinomycin D) stabilized polysomal mRNA. Specific radioactivity of postmitochondrial fraction mRNA was higher at 14-hour labelling than at 4-hour labelling. Specific radioactivity of postmitochondrial fraction mRNA during protein synthesis blocking by different inhibitors was comparable to those of control animals. It is hypothesized that active translation is necessary for the initiation of rat liver mRNA degradation.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between protein synthesis and mRNA metabolism in rat liver cells]. It is demonstrated that RNA isolated from polyribosomes and postmitochondrial fraction of rat liver cells and bound to nitrocellulose filters (Milliport) represent mRNA. RNA taken from the nitrocellulose filters sedimented in sucrose concentration gradient with a wide peak within the range of 18--6S, attaining a maximum at 12S. The (A+U)/(G+C) ratio of this RNA was equal to 1.04. On the other hand, the same ratio for rRNA was 0.64. Specific radioactivity of polysomal mRNA containing poly-A sequences, was significantly lower at 14-hour labelling with 14C-orotate than at 4-hour labelling (control). Inhibitors (cycloheximide, puromycin, ethionine, actinomycin D) stabilized polysomal mRNA. Specific radioactivity of postmitochondrial fraction mRNA was higher at 14-hour labelling than at 4-hour labelling. Specific radioactivity of postmitochondrial fraction mRNA during protein synthesis blocking by different inhibitors was comparable to those of control animals. It is hypothesized that active translation is necessary for the initiation of rat liver mRNA degradation.", "PMID": 1030646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5218", "title": "[Isolation of a neutral histone-hydrolyzing protease from bovine spleen].", "content": "Neutral histone-hydrolyzing protease has been isolated by fractionation of bovine spleen extract. The low level of the protease activity in the extract may be due to the presence of an inhibitor. The enzyme activity was increased 100--1200-fold during ammonium sulfate fractionations, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-75, chromatography on CM- and DEAE-celluloses. The protease was detected in the fraction with a molecular weight lower than 25000. The enzyme was markedly activated by dithiothreitol and EDTA and inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetic acid. It was also inhibited by N-tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethyl ketone, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone, bovine blood serum and partially by soybean trypsin inhibitor DFP, trasylol and epsilon-amino caproic acid had no effect. Beside histone, the neutral protease hydrolyzed casein and gamma-globulin and fibrinogen in a low extent. The enzyme had no activity toward N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine p-nitroanilide, N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, collagen, elastin and fibrin. Some properties of the enzyme were similar to those of neutral SH-dependent proteases described by Hayashi and Lo Spalluto et al.", "contents": "[Isolation of a neutral histone-hydrolyzing protease from bovine spleen]. Neutral histone-hydrolyzing protease has been isolated by fractionation of bovine spleen extract. The low level of the protease activity in the extract may be due to the presence of an inhibitor. The enzyme activity was increased 100--1200-fold during ammonium sulfate fractionations, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-75, chromatography on CM- and DEAE-celluloses. The protease was detected in the fraction with a molecular weight lower than 25000. The enzyme was markedly activated by dithiothreitol and EDTA and inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetic acid. It was also inhibited by N-tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethyl ketone, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone, bovine blood serum and partially by soybean trypsin inhibitor DFP, trasylol and epsilon-amino caproic acid had no effect. Beside histone, the neutral protease hydrolyzed casein and gamma-globulin and fibrinogen in a low extent. The enzyme had no activity toward N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine p-nitroanilide, N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, collagen, elastin and fibrin. Some properties of the enzyme were similar to those of neutral SH-dependent proteases described by Hayashi and Lo Spalluto et al.", "PMID": 1030647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5219", "title": "[Functional characterization of the creatine phosphokinase reactions in heart mitochondria and myofibrils].", "content": "The kinetic properties of MM-isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) bound to heart myofibrils have been determined experimentally. It has been shown that CPK isozymes bound to the heart myofibrils and mitochondria are electrophoretically different, but have very similar kinetic properties. For both isozymes the ATP formation reaction is preferable. However, in heart mitochondria the kinetic properties of CPK are compensated for by a tight functional coupling with ATP-ADP translocase. Due to this coupling the ATP formed in the course of oxidative phosphorylation can be used completely for creatine phosphate production in mitochondria. On the other hand, the kinetic properties of myofibrillar CPK isozyme are such that they provide for the effective utilization of creatine phosphate produced in mitochondria for rephosphorylation of AKP formed in the myofibrils during contraction. It is concluded that in the heart cells energy can be transferred from the mitochondria to the myofibrils by creatine phosphate molecules.", "contents": "[Functional characterization of the creatine phosphokinase reactions in heart mitochondria and myofibrils]. The kinetic properties of MM-isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) bound to heart myofibrils have been determined experimentally. It has been shown that CPK isozymes bound to the heart myofibrils and mitochondria are electrophoretically different, but have very similar kinetic properties. For both isozymes the ATP formation reaction is preferable. However, in heart mitochondria the kinetic properties of CPK are compensated for by a tight functional coupling with ATP-ADP translocase. Due to this coupling the ATP formed in the course of oxidative phosphorylation can be used completely for creatine phosphate production in mitochondria. On the other hand, the kinetic properties of myofibrillar CPK isozyme are such that they provide for the effective utilization of creatine phosphate produced in mitochondria for rephosphorylation of AKP formed in the myofibrils during contraction. It is concluded that in the heart cells energy can be transferred from the mitochondria to the myofibrils by creatine phosphate molecules.", "PMID": 1030648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5220", "title": "[Interaction of electrophilic alkylating agents with nucleophilic sites of mitochondria].", "content": "The electrophilic alkylating agents having different numbers of electrophilic groups with nucleophilic sites of mitochondria were studied. Bifunctional compounds were found to modify the structure of mitochondria so that some of the sulfhydryl groups become inaccessible for titrating ions of Ag+. Monofunctional agents caused no changes in the number of determinable sulfhydryl groups and prevented the effect of bifunctional compounds. The linkage formed between the electrophilic residue and the nucleophilic site is stable in the absence of electron transport. During the transport of electrons in the respiratory chain the linkage becomes labile and the electrophilic residue chips off. A scheme of interaction of electrophilic alkylating agents with nucleophilic sites of mitochondria is proposed.", "contents": "[Interaction of electrophilic alkylating agents with nucleophilic sites of mitochondria]. The electrophilic alkylating agents having different numbers of electrophilic groups with nucleophilic sites of mitochondria were studied. Bifunctional compounds were found to modify the structure of mitochondria so that some of the sulfhydryl groups become inaccessible for titrating ions of Ag+. Monofunctional agents caused no changes in the number of determinable sulfhydryl groups and prevented the effect of bifunctional compounds. The linkage formed between the electrophilic residue and the nucleophilic site is stable in the absence of electron transport. During the transport of electrons in the respiratory chain the linkage becomes labile and the electrophilic residue chips off. A scheme of interaction of electrophilic alkylating agents with nucleophilic sites of mitochondria is proposed.", "PMID": 1030649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5221", "title": "An attorney's approach to psychiatrists in custody cases.", "content": "The contested custody case has in common with any other case that it is a search for the truth through the medium of the courts. Many modern thinkers believe that the courts are not the proper arena for discovering the truth in all cases. Increasingly, there is agitation to remove areas of testimony from the courts, placing them perhaps in the hands of some commission appointed by government. So far, this has not happened in the area of child custody, and we still have the courtroom technique of examination and cross-examination, with a final decision by a judge on the basic subject of truth, that is, what is the best interest of the child. The attorney can learn from the doctor in this process, and I think the doctor can learn from the courts. I hope the day will come when no psychiatrist will ever say that he is too busy to take the patient's case if it is likely to involve him in legal controversy. I hope the time will come when no psychiatrist will say that he will not become involved with a case unless he can do so as an appointee of the court as opposed to a doctor employed by one of the parties. I hope the doctor will look forward to providing testimony and that some of the thoughts expressed in this discussion will make his day in court a better experience for him.", "contents": "An attorney's approach to psychiatrists in custody cases. The contested custody case has in common with any other case that it is a search for the truth through the medium of the courts. Many modern thinkers believe that the courts are not the proper arena for discovering the truth in all cases. Increasingly, there is agitation to remove areas of testimony from the courts, placing them perhaps in the hands of some commission appointed by government. So far, this has not happened in the area of child custody, and we still have the courtroom technique of examination and cross-examination, with a final decision by a judge on the basic subject of truth, that is, what is the best interest of the child. The attorney can learn from the doctor in this process, and I think the doctor can learn from the courts. I hope the day will come when no psychiatrist will ever say that he is too busy to take the patient's case if it is likely to involve him in legal controversy. I hope the time will come when no psychiatrist will say that he will not become involved with a case unless he can do so as an appointee of the court as opposed to a doctor employed by one of the parties. I hope the doctor will look forward to providing testimony and that some of the thoughts expressed in this discussion will make his day in court a better experience for him.", "PMID": 1030650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5222", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with untreated central nervous system tumors.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether immunological examination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid would be helpful in detecting central nervous system tumors. Forty patients with tumors of the central nervous system were compared with 108 control patients. The findings suggest that: 1) CEA determinations are not helpful as a screening test in detecting preclinical central nervous system tumors; 2) Serum CEA determinations may be useful in determining the presence of a malignant tumor in patients with a circumscribed uptake on brain scan or a nonspecific mass lesion at cerebral angiography; 3) Cerebrospinal fluid CEA determinations were of no value in detecting central nervous system tumors; 4) Further study on a larger population of malignant central nervous system tumors is warranted.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with untreated central nervous system tumors. This study was designed to determine whether immunological examination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid would be helpful in detecting central nervous system tumors. Forty patients with tumors of the central nervous system were compared with 108 control patients. The findings suggest that: 1) CEA determinations are not helpful as a screening test in detecting preclinical central nervous system tumors; 2) Serum CEA determinations may be useful in determining the presence of a malignant tumor in patients with a circumscribed uptake on brain scan or a nonspecific mass lesion at cerebral angiography; 3) Cerebrospinal fluid CEA determinations were of no value in detecting central nervous system tumors; 4) Further study on a larger population of malignant central nervous system tumors is warranted.", "PMID": 1030651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5223", "title": "Congenital facial neuropathy in oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia-hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome).", "content": "Four patients with clinical features of Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome who showed facial paralysis on clinical examination are presented. The fourth case died following surgery for cleft lip. Autopsy revealed hypoplasia of the right facial nerve in its intracranial segment, with small right facial nucleus in the brain stem. Nosological aspects of the Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome are discussed. Peripheral facial paralysis, as a part of this syndrome, is reviewed in the light of clinical and pathological findings and in its relationship to cardiac anomalies. It is suggested that Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome is a part of a so-called cardiofacial syndrome.", "contents": "Congenital facial neuropathy in oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia-hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome). Four patients with clinical features of Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome who showed facial paralysis on clinical examination are presented. The fourth case died following surgery for cleft lip. Autopsy revealed hypoplasia of the right facial nerve in its intracranial segment, with small right facial nucleus in the brain stem. Nosological aspects of the Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome are discussed. Peripheral facial paralysis, as a part of this syndrome, is reviewed in the light of clinical and pathological findings and in its relationship to cardiac anomalies. It is suggested that Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome is a part of a so-called cardiofacial syndrome.", "PMID": 1030652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5224", "title": "Alternating Bell's palsy associated with diabetes mellitus. A report of four cases.", "content": "Four diabetic patients are presented with alternating facial palsy. The term alternating is meant to imply facial nerve paralysis, the onset of which occurs at different points in time on both sides of the face. Clinical findings are presented and a short review of the literature is summarized. The authors conclude that alternating facial palsy is often associated with diabetes mellitus. Alternating facial palsy is an infrequent finding. This is in marked contrast to the unilateral form. Approximately every 13 minutes someone in the United States incurs idiopathic facial paralysis or Bell's palsy (20 persons per 100,000 per year). It is apparent that the majority of unilateral facial palsies fall into the idiopathic category. The alternating form of facial paralysis, however, appears to be an unusual finding in a symptom complex of several diseases which will be discussed. It is the diagnostic significance of this alternating facial paralysis and its occasional association with diabetes mellitus that prompts this report.", "contents": "Alternating Bell's palsy associated with diabetes mellitus. A report of four cases. Four diabetic patients are presented with alternating facial palsy. The term alternating is meant to imply facial nerve paralysis, the onset of which occurs at different points in time on both sides of the face. Clinical findings are presented and a short review of the literature is summarized. The authors conclude that alternating facial palsy is often associated with diabetes mellitus. Alternating facial palsy is an infrequent finding. This is in marked contrast to the unilateral form. Approximately every 13 minutes someone in the United States incurs idiopathic facial paralysis or Bell's palsy (20 persons per 100,000 per year). It is apparent that the majority of unilateral facial palsies fall into the idiopathic category. The alternating form of facial paralysis, however, appears to be an unusual finding in a symptom complex of several diseases which will be discussed. It is the diagnostic significance of this alternating facial paralysis and its occasional association with diabetes mellitus that prompts this report.", "PMID": 1030653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5225", "title": "The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with known cerebral lesions complained of recently acquired blurred vision. None of them had evident oculomotor or pupillary abnormalities, and each had intact central fields and normal visual acuity by conventional standards. Examination of spatial contrast sensitivity was carried out with sinusoidal grating patterns, by determining the minimum contrast between alternate light and dark bars required to distinguish the pattern from a homogeneous field. This was done at each of several spatial frequencies which were established by varying the width of the bars and hence the coarseness of the pattern. The contrast sensitivities were plotted as \"visuograms\" which, by analogy to audiograms, record the sensitivities in comparison to normal standards. Of the 35 patients, most showed significant losses, amounting to greater than 50 per cent elevation of contrast thresholds. Eighteen showed high frequency losses; 11 had uniform reductions over the entire visible spatial frequency range and 6 had selective frequency losses in the intermediate frequency ranges. These defects in spatial contrast sensitivity, which were not predictable from standard acuity scores, indicate that the visual symptoms in our patients may have been caused by damage to frequency-selective neural elements in the central visual systems. The method may be used to advantage in clinical investigations as well as in physiological investigations of the functional pathways subserving central vision.", "contents": "The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions. Thirty-five patients with known cerebral lesions complained of recently acquired blurred vision. None of them had evident oculomotor or pupillary abnormalities, and each had intact central fields and normal visual acuity by conventional standards. Examination of spatial contrast sensitivity was carried out with sinusoidal grating patterns, by determining the minimum contrast between alternate light and dark bars required to distinguish the pattern from a homogeneous field. This was done at each of several spatial frequencies which were established by varying the width of the bars and hence the coarseness of the pattern. The contrast sensitivities were plotted as \"visuograms\" which, by analogy to audiograms, record the sensitivities in comparison to normal standards. Of the 35 patients, most showed significant losses, amounting to greater than 50 per cent elevation of contrast thresholds. Eighteen showed high frequency losses; 11 had uniform reductions over the entire visible spatial frequency range and 6 had selective frequency losses in the intermediate frequency ranges. These defects in spatial contrast sensitivity, which were not predictable from standard acuity scores, indicate that the visual symptoms in our patients may have been caused by damage to frequency-selective neural elements in the central visual systems. The method may be used to advantage in clinical investigations as well as in physiological investigations of the functional pathways subserving central vision.", "PMID": 1030654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5226", "title": "Primary cerebral neuroblastoma. A clinicopathological study of 35 cases.", "content": "A series of 35 primary cerebral neuroblastoma is reported. These rare tumours occur most often in children in the first half of the first decade. Grossly the tumors are often massive, discrete, lobular, firm and cystic. Histologically three variants, largely determined by the extent and distribution of the fibrous connective tissue stroma, are recognized: (1) a classical variant, which most resembles the peripheral neuroblastoma and is characterized by a high frequency of Homer Wright rosettes and a relatively high frequency of ganglionic differentiation; (2) a desmoplastic variant, which is characterized by an intense connective tissue stroma; and (3) a transitional variant, in which both the classical and the desmoplastic features may be present within the same case, either concurrently or consecutively. Both the desmoplastic and the transitional forms are less likely to exhibit differentiation to mature ganglion cells, but the importance of identifying the primitive cell elements as neuroblasts is emphasized. With rare exceptions, this can be established only by specific silver impregnations on frozen material. Occasionally the direction of growth may be largely leptomeningeal. Seven illustrative clinical histories with pathological correlations are described. The over-all clinical behaviour of these tumours is that of malignant neuroepithelial neoplasms, characterized by a high recurrence rate. Recurrence may, however, be a late development, in some cases occurring five or seven years after apparently successful surgical removal. The tumour shows shows a high incidence of metastatic spread, almost 40 per cent of the cases examined at autopsy having disseminated in the cerebrospinal pathways. Exceptionally, extraneural metastases may also develop. However, long post-operative survival occasionally occurs, and the subsequent clinical course is not always predictable in the individual case. The differential diagnosis is briefly discussed. The cellular nature of the tumour and its biological behaviour recall those of the cerebellar medulloblastoma. Post-operative radiation to the entire neuraxis should be considered for these neoplasms.", "contents": "Primary cerebral neuroblastoma. A clinicopathological study of 35 cases. A series of 35 primary cerebral neuroblastoma is reported. These rare tumours occur most often in children in the first half of the first decade. Grossly the tumors are often massive, discrete, lobular, firm and cystic. Histologically three variants, largely determined by the extent and distribution of the fibrous connective tissue stroma, are recognized: (1) a classical variant, which most resembles the peripheral neuroblastoma and is characterized by a high frequency of Homer Wright rosettes and a relatively high frequency of ganglionic differentiation; (2) a desmoplastic variant, which is characterized by an intense connective tissue stroma; and (3) a transitional variant, in which both the classical and the desmoplastic features may be present within the same case, either concurrently or consecutively. Both the desmoplastic and the transitional forms are less likely to exhibit differentiation to mature ganglion cells, but the importance of identifying the primitive cell elements as neuroblasts is emphasized. With rare exceptions, this can be established only by specific silver impregnations on frozen material. Occasionally the direction of growth may be largely leptomeningeal. Seven illustrative clinical histories with pathological correlations are described. The over-all clinical behaviour of these tumours is that of malignant neuroepithelial neoplasms, characterized by a high recurrence rate. Recurrence may, however, be a late development, in some cases occurring five or seven years after apparently successful surgical removal. The tumour shows shows a high incidence of metastatic spread, almost 40 per cent of the cases examined at autopsy having disseminated in the cerebrospinal pathways. Exceptionally, extraneural metastases may also develop. However, long post-operative survival occasionally occurs, and the subsequent clinical course is not always predictable in the individual case. The differential diagnosis is briefly discussed. The cellular nature of the tumour and its biological behaviour recall those of the cerebellar medulloblastoma. Post-operative radiation to the entire neuraxis should be considered for these neoplasms.", "PMID": 1030655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5227", "title": "Enhanced pressor response to noradrenaline in patients with cervical spinal cord transection.", "content": "Arterial blood pressure, heart-rate and the electrocardiogram were recorded in subjects tetraplegic from cervical spinal cord transections, and in control subjects, before, during and after intravenous infusions of 1-noradrenaline. Over a wide range of doses the blood pressure rose much more in the tetraplegics than in the controls. Circulating noradrenaline during infusion did not significantly differ between the two groups. The findings indicate that tetraplegic subjects have an enhanced pressor response to noradrenaline infusions. Such a response therefore does not necessarily indicate post-ganglionic sympathetic denervation. The observed responses in the tetraplegics may in part be due to exaggerated adrenergic receptor responses, but the main cause is likely to be the loss of those baroreceptor reflexes with sympathetic efferent pathways.", "contents": "Enhanced pressor response to noradrenaline in patients with cervical spinal cord transection. Arterial blood pressure, heart-rate and the electrocardiogram were recorded in subjects tetraplegic from cervical spinal cord transections, and in control subjects, before, during and after intravenous infusions of 1-noradrenaline. Over a wide range of doses the blood pressure rose much more in the tetraplegics than in the controls. Circulating noradrenaline during infusion did not significantly differ between the two groups. The findings indicate that tetraplegic subjects have an enhanced pressor response to noradrenaline infusions. Such a response therefore does not necessarily indicate post-ganglionic sympathetic denervation. The observed responses in the tetraplegics may in part be due to exaggerated adrenergic receptor responses, but the main cause is likely to be the loss of those baroreceptor reflexes with sympathetic efferent pathways.", "PMID": 1030656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5228", "title": "Radiculomyelitis following acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis.", "content": "The clinical manifestations and natural history of radiculomyelitis following a newly reported disease--acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC)--have been studied in 33 patients in Taiwan, and the following observations made: All the patients in this series were adults at ages ranging from 21 to 55 years; the salient initial neurological manifestations were radicular pains and acute flaccid paralysis which developed from five to thirty-seven days after the onset of AHC. In some patients, signs and symptoms indicating involvement of the meninges, cranial nerves and the white matter of the cord were observed; motor paralysis was the most striking feature during the whole clinical course; it consisted of flaccid asymmetrical weakness in one or more limbs, usually being more severe in the lower limbs than in the upper, and often more proximal than distal. Atrophy in the severely affected muscles usually became apparent in the second or third week of the weakness; the prognosis regarding the return of function in the affected muscles was dependent on the severity of the involvement. Permanent incapacitation due to paralysis and muscular atrophy in the affected proximal muscles of lower limbs was the main sequel in severe cases. The pattern and prognosis of flaccid motor paralysis were reminiscent of acute poliomyelitis in which the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord are mainly involved. Pleocytosis ranging from 11 to 270 per mm3 was noted in the majority of the patients when the cerebrospinal fluid was examined within the first three weeks from the onset of neurological symptoms; the total protein level was raised invariably from the second week onwards in all specimens, and remained so throughout the subsequent course as long as the seventh week or later. Tissue culture neutralization tests were performed on the sera from 9 patients; significant rises in the antibody titres (greater than or equal to 1:16) to AHC virus antigens were found in 8 cases, and in 2 of them a fourfold rise in the paired sera was noted. The differentiation of this syndrome from poliomyelitis and from Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, the relative freedom of children from neurological complications of AHC and the aetiological relationship of AHC virus to the syndrome have been discussed. It is concluded that this unusual neurological syndrome is caused by the neurovirulent properties of the AHC virus.", "contents": "Radiculomyelitis following acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The clinical manifestations and natural history of radiculomyelitis following a newly reported disease--acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC)--have been studied in 33 patients in Taiwan, and the following observations made: All the patients in this series were adults at ages ranging from 21 to 55 years; the salient initial neurological manifestations were radicular pains and acute flaccid paralysis which developed from five to thirty-seven days after the onset of AHC. In some patients, signs and symptoms indicating involvement of the meninges, cranial nerves and the white matter of the cord were observed; motor paralysis was the most striking feature during the whole clinical course; it consisted of flaccid asymmetrical weakness in one or more limbs, usually being more severe in the lower limbs than in the upper, and often more proximal than distal. Atrophy in the severely affected muscles usually became apparent in the second or third week of the weakness; the prognosis regarding the return of function in the affected muscles was dependent on the severity of the involvement. Permanent incapacitation due to paralysis and muscular atrophy in the affected proximal muscles of lower limbs was the main sequel in severe cases. The pattern and prognosis of flaccid motor paralysis were reminiscent of acute poliomyelitis in which the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord are mainly involved. Pleocytosis ranging from 11 to 270 per mm3 was noted in the majority of the patients when the cerebrospinal fluid was examined within the first three weeks from the onset of neurological symptoms; the total protein level was raised invariably from the second week onwards in all specimens, and remained so throughout the subsequent course as long as the seventh week or later. Tissue culture neutralization tests were performed on the sera from 9 patients; significant rises in the antibody titres (greater than or equal to 1:16) to AHC virus antigens were found in 8 cases, and in 2 of them a fourfold rise in the paired sera was noted. The differentiation of this syndrome from poliomyelitis and from Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, the relative freedom of children from neurological complications of AHC and the aetiological relationship of AHC virus to the syndrome have been discussed. It is concluded that this unusual neurological syndrome is caused by the neurovirulent properties of the AHC virus.", "PMID": 1030657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5229", "title": "Learning and insight in psychotherapy.", "content": "The main objectives of this paper are: (a) an overview of therapeutic parallels and differences between psychoanalytic and behavioral psychotherapy; (b) an analysis of learning process with reference to insight taking place during psychotherapy. For attaining these objectives, the author reviews the literature and explores the cognitive and educational values inherent in the psychotherapeutic process.", "contents": "Learning and insight in psychotherapy. The main objectives of this paper are: (a) an overview of therapeutic parallels and differences between psychoanalytic and behavioral psychotherapy; (b) an analysis of learning process with reference to insight taking place during psychotherapy. For attaining these objectives, the author reviews the literature and explores the cognitive and educational values inherent in the psychotherapeutic process.", "PMID": 1030658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5230", "title": "[Aggression].", "content": "The aggressiveness is not a drive and has nothing in common with Freudian death instinct, but it is one of the ways to fulfill the possession desires and the narcissistic desires. As the way to achievement, it comes into a conflict with the fear of failure, with the co-operation advantages and with the altruistic human drives. As the latter ones are rather weak in an average person, the co-operation--as a basis of society--is in all its strata imbued with aggression. Each social structure, up to the present day, has contained aggression as an organic component. The hope of creating a society free from aggression is not based on the betterment of the human character, but on the growth of the productive forces. The existence of the interpersonal aggression has been concealed from a child, brought up in the spirit of the centuries-old fallacious educational principles. As a result, the child develops its first neurosis--the Superego neurosis. The Superego is not a structural component of the human psyche, but it is a neurotic formation. In the subsequent years, the confrontation of the child and the youth with the true aggression may affect his or her development in various ways. In some cases, the given individual disregards the Superego commands and pays for it with the neurosis of permanent guilt feelings. In other cases, the individual deals with the Superego as with the ethical values in themselves, and develops an inhibition neurosis (Gehemmtheitsneurose). Still in other cases he or she revolts against the mendacity of the society and develops a pseudopsychopathy. The proper education should strive to awake the nobe feelings in the child, but at the same time to reveal the whole truth about the existence of aggression in the human interrelations. In these conditions, through the conscious choice between the egoistic and the altruistic drives, could the growing person form the moral attitudes fitting his or her own nature. Because the ethics of the values in themselves is but a philosophical fiction, the only real ethics is that which is based on feelings.", "contents": "[Aggression]. The aggressiveness is not a drive and has nothing in common with Freudian death instinct, but it is one of the ways to fulfill the possession desires and the narcissistic desires. As the way to achievement, it comes into a conflict with the fear of failure, with the co-operation advantages and with the altruistic human drives. As the latter ones are rather weak in an average person, the co-operation--as a basis of society--is in all its strata imbued with aggression. Each social structure, up to the present day, has contained aggression as an organic component. The hope of creating a society free from aggression is not based on the betterment of the human character, but on the growth of the productive forces. The existence of the interpersonal aggression has been concealed from a child, brought up in the spirit of the centuries-old fallacious educational principles. As a result, the child develops its first neurosis--the Superego neurosis. The Superego is not a structural component of the human psyche, but it is a neurotic formation. In the subsequent years, the confrontation of the child and the youth with the true aggression may affect his or her development in various ways. In some cases, the given individual disregards the Superego commands and pays for it with the neurosis of permanent guilt feelings. In other cases, the individual deals with the Superego as with the ethical values in themselves, and develops an inhibition neurosis (Gehemmtheitsneurose). Still in other cases he or she revolts against the mendacity of the society and develops a pseudopsychopathy. The proper education should strive to awake the nobe feelings in the child, but at the same time to reveal the whole truth about the existence of aggression in the human interrelations. In these conditions, through the conscious choice between the egoistic and the altruistic drives, could the growing person form the moral attitudes fitting his or her own nature. Because the ethics of the values in themselves is but a philosophical fiction, the only real ethics is that which is based on feelings.", "PMID": 1030659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5231", "title": "Hypnotic recall and flashback: the remembrance of things present.", "content": "There are two kinds of flashbacks: the self-programed or intra-individual variety and pre-programed or inter-individual flashbacks re-presenting mythical and narrative event structures which contribute to the survival of the species. Both types of experiences are arousal-state bound and stage (set and setting) or culture bound. Flashbackers may be characterized by (1) their variability (large SD) on perceptual-behavioural tasks pointing to their extensive cognitive or interpretive repertoire, (2) they are minimizers (or reducers) of sensory input (particularly at the peak of a hallucinogenic drug experience), (3) as a group they display high resting heart rates, (4) are hypnotizable and experience), (3) as group they display high resting heart rates, (4) are hypnotizable and hence (5) prefer righ cerebral hemispheric cognition, (6) displaying EEG-alpha dominance in the resting, waking state. Flashback and hypnotic recall differ only in the ways and means by which they are induced. Hypnotic induction, however, is not to be confused with the induced state that may be any ordinary or non-ordinary state of consciousness on the perception-hallucination-meditation continuum which the subject has a least once experienced before. If mind is an open system comprising the individual's mind and the minds of his total environment, i.e. his past and present sets and settings, then for many of us thoughts and actions are hypnotically induced, and memories are flashbacks of those experiences.", "contents": "Hypnotic recall and flashback: the remembrance of things present. There are two kinds of flashbacks: the self-programed or intra-individual variety and pre-programed or inter-individual flashbacks re-presenting mythical and narrative event structures which contribute to the survival of the species. Both types of experiences are arousal-state bound and stage (set and setting) or culture bound. Flashbackers may be characterized by (1) their variability (large SD) on perceptual-behavioural tasks pointing to their extensive cognitive or interpretive repertoire, (2) they are minimizers (or reducers) of sensory input (particularly at the peak of a hallucinogenic drug experience), (3) as a group they display high resting heart rates, (4) are hypnotizable and experience), (3) as group they display high resting heart rates, (4) are hypnotizable and hence (5) prefer righ cerebral hemispheric cognition, (6) displaying EEG-alpha dominance in the resting, waking state. Flashback and hypnotic recall differ only in the ways and means by which they are induced. Hypnotic induction, however, is not to be confused with the induced state that may be any ordinary or non-ordinary state of consciousness on the perception-hallucination-meditation continuum which the subject has a least once experienced before. If mind is an open system comprising the individual's mind and the minds of his total environment, i.e. his past and present sets and settings, then for many of us thoughts and actions are hypnotically induced, and memories are flashbacks of those experiences.", "PMID": 1030660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5232", "title": "The hyperkinetic child syndrome: the need for reassessment.", "content": "The dramatic increase in the incidence of hyperkinesis witnessed in recent years constitutes a growing concern for the children so classified. Some relevant issues are discussed in terms of (a) diagnostic practices, (b) treatment practices, and (c) changing views about the nature of the disorder itself. Rather than focusing on the child as a source of the problem (as has typically been the case), future research and practices need to demonstrate a broad-based perspective on the adjustment problems of these children that examines \"situational\" determinants and institutional policies.", "contents": "The hyperkinetic child syndrome: the need for reassessment. The dramatic increase in the incidence of hyperkinesis witnessed in recent years constitutes a growing concern for the children so classified. Some relevant issues are discussed in terms of (a) diagnostic practices, (b) treatment practices, and (c) changing views about the nature of the disorder itself. Rather than focusing on the child as a source of the problem (as has typically been the case), future research and practices need to demonstrate a broad-based perspective on the adjustment problems of these children that examines \"situational\" determinants and institutional policies.", "PMID": 1030661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5233", "title": "Isotope lymphography of the retrosternal region.", "content": "The authors have examined 150 patients with Hodgkin's lymphomas and cancer of the breast and lung. They consider indirect lymphography as a screening method necessary to be completed with available clinical examinations. In normal scintigram it is possible eliminate the pathological process. Even when some part of lymphatic region is not scanned it is possible to say that the suspicion of a pathological process is highly probable. It is necessary to consider the anatomical variability of lymphatic vessels. Therefore, the scintigram must be evaluated together with other clinical findings. The examination of axillar and cervical area of lymphatic system and the determination of eventual collateral circulation is recommended simultaneously with retrosternal lymphography.", "contents": "Isotope lymphography of the retrosternal region. The authors have examined 150 patients with Hodgkin's lymphomas and cancer of the breast and lung. They consider indirect lymphography as a screening method necessary to be completed with available clinical examinations. In normal scintigram it is possible eliminate the pathological process. Even when some part of lymphatic region is not scanned it is possible to say that the suspicion of a pathological process is highly probable. It is necessary to consider the anatomical variability of lymphatic vessels. Therefore, the scintigram must be evaluated together with other clinical findings. The examination of axillar and cervical area of lymphatic system and the determination of eventual collateral circulation is recommended simultaneously with retrosternal lymphography.", "PMID": 1030663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5234", "title": "Control of the RIA method as viewed from the standpoint of the investigation on the kinetics of the insulin-125 I-antibody reaction.", "content": "In this paper attempts were made towards the optimalization and the control of some parameters of the RIA reaction. Basing on the law mass action, as well as on the Scatchard's and Sip's equations, the equilibrium constants for the reversible reaction: insulin-125I-antibody for different incubation temperatures were calculated. Moreover a characteristic of the antiinsulin antibody by means of the \"alpha\"heterogeneity coefficient was done, as well as the values of the thermodynamic function increments were calculated, which made possible to point out explicitly the optimal shape of the standard curve.", "contents": "Control of the RIA method as viewed from the standpoint of the investigation on the kinetics of the insulin-125 I-antibody reaction. In this paper attempts were made towards the optimalization and the control of some parameters of the RIA reaction. Basing on the law mass action, as well as on the Scatchard's and Sip's equations, the equilibrium constants for the reversible reaction: insulin-125I-antibody for different incubation temperatures were calculated. Moreover a characteristic of the antiinsulin antibody by means of the \"alpha\"heterogeneity coefficient was done, as well as the values of the thermodynamic function increments were calculated, which made possible to point out explicitly the optimal shape of the standard curve.", "PMID": 1030664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5235", "title": "A rational approach to \"in vitro\" thyroid function testing.", "content": "A system of \"in vitro\" thyroid function testing is proposed whereby laboratory staff select the most appropriate screening test depending on the information supplied by the clinician. Total serum triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) are used for screening as appropriate. In borderline cases, secondary tests are performed automatically according to a flow chart. This system improves efficiency and is cost effective, saving approximately 1,800 pounds annually in a laboratory handling about 5,000 requests for thyroid function tests each year.", "contents": "A rational approach to \"in vitro\" thyroid function testing. A system of \"in vitro\" thyroid function testing is proposed whereby laboratory staff select the most appropriate screening test depending on the information supplied by the clinician. Total serum triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) are used for screening as appropriate. In borderline cases, secondary tests are performed automatically according to a flow chart. This system improves efficiency and is cost effective, saving approximately 1,800 pounds annually in a laboratory handling about 5,000 requests for thyroid function tests each year.", "PMID": 1030665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5236", "title": "Experiences with the use of the 131I-hippuran test as an indicator in functional patency of ventriculocardiac shunts in hydrocephalic children.", "content": "In this paper a method is presented that provides information on the function of ventriculocardiac shunts in hydrocephalic children. There is good correlation between clinically and operatively demonstrated obstruction of the shunts as well as with clinically found free C.S.F. passage through the shunt. However, the greatest benefit is provided with the aid of the present method in cases with equivocal obstruction of the shunt where in our experience some operations of the shunt could be postponed or completely avoided in some cases. Because of its simplicity, safety, rapidity, and easy repeatability the method is recommended for routine ambulatory and hospital use.", "contents": "Experiences with the use of the 131I-hippuran test as an indicator in functional patency of ventriculocardiac shunts in hydrocephalic children. In this paper a method is presented that provides information on the function of ventriculocardiac shunts in hydrocephalic children. There is good correlation between clinically and operatively demonstrated obstruction of the shunts as well as with clinically found free C.S.F. passage through the shunt. However, the greatest benefit is provided with the aid of the present method in cases with equivocal obstruction of the shunt where in our experience some operations of the shunt could be postponed or completely avoided in some cases. Because of its simplicity, safety, rapidity, and easy repeatability the method is recommended for routine ambulatory and hospital use.", "PMID": 1030666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5237", "title": "Chronobiological pattern of growth hormone secretion in normal subjects and in retinopathic diabetics. Lack of suppression by a plurichronocorticoid drug.", "content": "Nyctohemeral variations in plasma concentrations of HGH, glucose, and FFA were studied in 22 normal subjects and 48 diabetic patients affected with retinopathy. In the normal subjects, (fourteen males and eight females, mean age 40+/-3 years; body weight less than 110% of I.B.W.) the determinations were made on blood samples drawn every hour. Seven of these normal subjects were examined before and after 10 days of administration of a new plurichronocorticoid drug (administered at 08(00) and 15(00), with a total amount of 14 mg of prednisolone and 15 mg of cortisone). In patients with diabetic retinopathy (32 male and sixteen female patients, mean age 46+/-2 years, body weight less than 110% of I.B.W.) the determinations were made on blood samples drawn every 3 hrs. All the diabetic patients were insulin treated and were under good or discrete metabolic control, and presented advanced retinopathy. Both in the normal subjects and in retinopathic diabetics, the mean HGH curve showed a characteristic elevation during the early nighttime hours (between 21(00) and 02(00). Despite higher values in plasma glucose and FFA, in diabetics the nocturnal elevation of HGH was only slightly lower than in the normals. The comparison between daytime and nighttime determinations, both in the normal subjects and in the diabetics, reveals statistically significant differences. These results suggest that in subjects with diabetic retinopathy, in the phase of good or discrete metabolic control, spontaneous HGH secretion is not increased, and that nocturnal elevation of HGH is not substantially influenced by higher plasma levels of glucose and FFA. Ten days of plurichronocorticoid treatment with a new drug which exhausts its activity before the evening, did not modify the circadian rhythm of HGH.", "contents": "Chronobiological pattern of growth hormone secretion in normal subjects and in retinopathic diabetics. Lack of suppression by a plurichronocorticoid drug. Nyctohemeral variations in plasma concentrations of HGH, glucose, and FFA were studied in 22 normal subjects and 48 diabetic patients affected with retinopathy. In the normal subjects, (fourteen males and eight females, mean age 40+/-3 years; body weight less than 110% of I.B.W.) the determinations were made on blood samples drawn every hour. Seven of these normal subjects were examined before and after 10 days of administration of a new plurichronocorticoid drug (administered at 08(00) and 15(00), with a total amount of 14 mg of prednisolone and 15 mg of cortisone). In patients with diabetic retinopathy (32 male and sixteen female patients, mean age 46+/-2 years, body weight less than 110% of I.B.W.) the determinations were made on blood samples drawn every 3 hrs. All the diabetic patients were insulin treated and were under good or discrete metabolic control, and presented advanced retinopathy. Both in the normal subjects and in retinopathic diabetics, the mean HGH curve showed a characteristic elevation during the early nighttime hours (between 21(00) and 02(00). Despite higher values in plasma glucose and FFA, in diabetics the nocturnal elevation of HGH was only slightly lower than in the normals. The comparison between daytime and nighttime determinations, both in the normal subjects and in the diabetics, reveals statistically significant differences. These results suggest that in subjects with diabetic retinopathy, in the phase of good or discrete metabolic control, spontaneous HGH secretion is not increased, and that nocturnal elevation of HGH is not substantially influenced by higher plasma levels of glucose and FFA. Ten days of plurichronocorticoid treatment with a new drug which exhausts its activity before the evening, did not modify the circadian rhythm of HGH.", "PMID": 1030662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5238", "title": "Definitions and terminology in cancer (tumor) etiology--an analysis aiming at proposals for a current internationally standardized terminology.", "content": "The Committee on International Collaborative Activities (CICA) of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) has decided to attempt to provide a current international standardized terminology in cancer (tumor) etiology, in cooperation with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Worlk Health Organization (WHO). As a first stage of this attempt and to encourage international discussion, CICA has requested one of its members, the author, to formulate and publish under his responsibility the present analysis and proposals. The present paper to be published in a number of cancer journals outdates all of its previous versions or drafts.", "contents": "Definitions and terminology in cancer (tumor) etiology--an analysis aiming at proposals for a current internationally standardized terminology. The Committee on International Collaborative Activities (CICA) of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) has decided to attempt to provide a current international standardized terminology in cancer (tumor) etiology, in cooperation with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Worlk Health Organization (WHO). As a first stage of this attempt and to encourage international discussion, CICA has requested one of its members, the author, to formulate and publish under his responsibility the present analysis and proposals. The present paper to be published in a number of cancer journals outdates all of its previous versions or drafts.", "PMID": 1030673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5239", "title": "[Influence of antidepressants on the convulsive action of corazole and strychnine].", "content": "The influence of 10 antidepressants on an experimentally induced convulsive syndrome in mice was studied. It was found that, as concerns their ability to have an effect on DL50 of metrasol, the depressants may be classified into drugs protecting mice against the action of metrasol (melipramine, amitryptiline, chlorprothixen and phthoracizine), those potentiating the effect of metrasol (insidon, phrenolon, iproniazide, nuredal) and drugs producing no essential effect on DL50 of metrasol (desipramine, sonapax). All of the above drugs had an effect of decreasing the mean lethal dose of strychnine.", "contents": "[Influence of antidepressants on the convulsive action of corazole and strychnine]. The influence of 10 antidepressants on an experimentally induced convulsive syndrome in mice was studied. It was found that, as concerns their ability to have an effect on DL50 of metrasol, the depressants may be classified into drugs protecting mice against the action of metrasol (melipramine, amitryptiline, chlorprothixen and phthoracizine), those potentiating the effect of metrasol (insidon, phrenolon, iproniazide, nuredal) and drugs producing no essential effect on DL50 of metrasol (desipramine, sonapax). All of the above drugs had an effect of decreasing the mean lethal dose of strychnine.", "PMID": 1030667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5240", "title": "HeLa cell-tumor in nude mice and its response to antitumor agents.", "content": "HeLa cells were heterotransplanted to nude mice and their response to some of antitumor agents was investigated. HeLa cell-tumor readily grew in nude mice and no regression was observed. Metastases to the lung and other organs were noticed in some of the animals. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor retained the original characteristics of human epidermoid carcinoma. Standardization of HeLa cell-tumor in nude mice for the screening and evaluation of antitumor chemotherapeutics was attempted. Marked inhibition of tumor growth was observed with lower doses of Mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and Bleomycin. The tumor regression was observed with high doses of Mitomycin-C, Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil. However, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and daunorubicin had little effect on the tumor growth. Complete regression was not obtained with any of the test agents and active regrowth took place even with the most effective compound. Considerable variation in the effect on tumor growth was observed among the test compounds, while histopathological findings were much alike; few mitotic figures, vacuolization, and pyknosis were main changes in tumor cells, and large foci of necrosis and hemorrhage were present in the degenerative areas. The regrowth was initiated around the capillaries in the necrotic tumor tissue.", "contents": "HeLa cell-tumor in nude mice and its response to antitumor agents. HeLa cells were heterotransplanted to nude mice and their response to some of antitumor agents was investigated. HeLa cell-tumor readily grew in nude mice and no regression was observed. Metastases to the lung and other organs were noticed in some of the animals. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor retained the original characteristics of human epidermoid carcinoma. Standardization of HeLa cell-tumor in nude mice for the screening and evaluation of antitumor chemotherapeutics was attempted. Marked inhibition of tumor growth was observed with lower doses of Mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and Bleomycin. The tumor regression was observed with high doses of Mitomycin-C, Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil. However, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and daunorubicin had little effect on the tumor growth. Complete regression was not obtained with any of the test agents and active regrowth took place even with the most effective compound. Considerable variation in the effect on tumor growth was observed among the test compounds, while histopathological findings were much alike; few mitotic figures, vacuolization, and pyknosis were main changes in tumor cells, and large foci of necrosis and hemorrhage were present in the degenerative areas. The regrowth was initiated around the capillaries in the necrotic tumor tissue.", "PMID": 1030674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5241", "title": "[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on peripheral mechanisms regulating autonomic functions].", "content": "Experiments with cats ascertained the potentiating action of GABA (100,300,500 mg/kg) on the pressor reactions of the small intestine vessels, the systemic arterial pressure, depressing (100 mg/kg) and facilitating (500 mg/kg) effect upon the reactions of inhibition of the small intestine motor activity evoked by the efferent stimulation of the celiac nerve. Adrenolytics (dihydroergotoxin, inderal) abolished the facilitating effects of GABA. The latter (0.01 solution) inhibited spontaneous contractions of isolated small intestine lengths. As proved histochemically GABA (500 mg/kg) reduces the catecholamines content in the suprarenals, in the solar plexus ganglia and in vessles \"in vivo\". It also increases the catecholamines content in the small intestine wall in experiments in vivo and reduces in vitro tests. The potentiating action of GABA on the vegetative reactions in efferent stimulation of the ciliac nerve occurs, apparently, due to an increased ejection of catecholamines by suprarenals and lowered the content of catecholamines in the solar plexus ganglia, which causes facilitated conduction of excitation in the ganglia.", "contents": "[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on peripheral mechanisms regulating autonomic functions]. Experiments with cats ascertained the potentiating action of GABA (100,300,500 mg/kg) on the pressor reactions of the small intestine vessels, the systemic arterial pressure, depressing (100 mg/kg) and facilitating (500 mg/kg) effect upon the reactions of inhibition of the small intestine motor activity evoked by the efferent stimulation of the celiac nerve. Adrenolytics (dihydroergotoxin, inderal) abolished the facilitating effects of GABA. The latter (0.01 solution) inhibited spontaneous contractions of isolated small intestine lengths. As proved histochemically GABA (500 mg/kg) reduces the catecholamines content in the suprarenals, in the solar plexus ganglia and in vessles \"in vivo\". It also increases the catecholamines content in the small intestine wall in experiments in vivo and reduces in vitro tests. The potentiating action of GABA on the vegetative reactions in efferent stimulation of the ciliac nerve occurs, apparently, due to an increased ejection of catecholamines by suprarenals and lowered the content of catecholamines in the solar plexus ganglia, which causes facilitated conduction of excitation in the ganglia.", "PMID": 1030668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5242", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to bronchogenic carcinoma cells in patients with lung cancer.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes against a cultured cell line QG-56 of a bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma was studied by a microcytotoxicity test in 33 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. An augmented cytotoxicity was detected in the patients in early stages of the disease as compared to normal controls or the patients carrying other types of tumors. The cytotoxicity declined as the stages of cancer advanced. The patients with high degree of cytotoxicity appeared to show better clinical course after radiotherapy.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes to bronchogenic carcinoma cells in patients with lung cancer. Cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes against a cultured cell line QG-56 of a bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma was studied by a microcytotoxicity test in 33 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. An augmented cytotoxicity was detected in the patients in early stages of the disease as compared to normal controls or the patients carrying other types of tumors. The cytotoxicity declined as the stages of cancer advanced. The patients with high degree of cytotoxicity appeared to show better clinical course after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1030675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5243", "title": "[Bioneutralizing properties of antibodies to serotonin].", "content": "Experiments conducted on rabbits demonstrated formation of antiserotonin antibodies in response to introduction to the animals of a serotonin-proteinic conjugate. The effect of antibodies on the development of a serotonin- and dextran-induced inflammation in rats and on the serotonin level in cells of slices of their organs, as well as in the blood thrombocytes was studied. The antibodies were found to produce an antiphlogistic effect in regard to exogenous (serotonin-induced) and endogenous (dextran-induced inflammation) serotonin. Histochemical investigations showed the antibodies to exert a neutralizing action on intracellular serotonin.", "contents": "[Bioneutralizing properties of antibodies to serotonin]. Experiments conducted on rabbits demonstrated formation of antiserotonin antibodies in response to introduction to the animals of a serotonin-proteinic conjugate. The effect of antibodies on the development of a serotonin- and dextran-induced inflammation in rats and on the serotonin level in cells of slices of their organs, as well as in the blood thrombocytes was studied. The antibodies were found to produce an antiphlogistic effect in regard to exogenous (serotonin-induced) and endogenous (dextran-induced inflammation) serotonin. Histochemical investigations showed the antibodies to exert a neutralizing action on intracellular serotonin.", "PMID": 1030670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5244", "title": "Effect of a sulfated polygalacturonic acid on the proliferation of cells in culture.", "content": "The effect of a low molecular weight sulfated polygalacturonic acid on the growth of BALB/c 3T3 cells and HeLa cells was examined. This chemical reduced the saturation density of 3T3 cells in the range of concentrations of 10(-4) to 1 mg/ml, and inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells, causing little or no cell damage. Treated cells began to grow after removal of the sulfated polygalacturonic acid. Treatment with this acid also induced enlargement of the cell size in 3T3 cells, and a marked reduction of colony size and of central piling up in HeLa cells. 35S-sulfated polygalacturonic acid was bound to the cells immediately. Electrophoretic mobility of both cell lines treated with this sulfated polygalacturonic acid increased the negative charge of the cell surface. These evidences suggest that sulfated polygalacturonic acid affects the cell surface, restricting the cell growth of both cell lines.", "contents": "Effect of a sulfated polygalacturonic acid on the proliferation of cells in culture. The effect of a low molecular weight sulfated polygalacturonic acid on the growth of BALB/c 3T3 cells and HeLa cells was examined. This chemical reduced the saturation density of 3T3 cells in the range of concentrations of 10(-4) to 1 mg/ml, and inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells, causing little or no cell damage. Treated cells began to grow after removal of the sulfated polygalacturonic acid. Treatment with this acid also induced enlargement of the cell size in 3T3 cells, and a marked reduction of colony size and of central piling up in HeLa cells. 35S-sulfated polygalacturonic acid was bound to the cells immediately. Electrophoretic mobility of both cell lines treated with this sulfated polygalacturonic acid increased the negative charge of the cell surface. These evidences suggest that sulfated polygalacturonic acid affects the cell surface, restricting the cell growth of both cell lines.", "PMID": 1030676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5245", "title": "Tumors of the upper digestive tract of ACI/N rats given N-propyl-N-nitrosourethan in the drinking water.", "content": "Three groups of ACI/N rats of both sexes were given 400, 200, or 100 ppm of N-propyl-N-nitrosourethan (PNUR) continuously in the drinking water. The incidence of tumors in the upper digestive tract was 100% in all 3 groups. These tumors were observed most frequently in the forestomach, followed by the esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx. Histologically, all the tumors were papillomas or squamous cell carcinomas. A few tumors were detected in the small intestine and glandular stomach. The study on morphogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas arising from the upper digestive tract indicates that the majority of tumors of the esophagus and forestomach may pass through acanthosis or hyperkeratosis, leukokeratosis, and papilloma, and finally develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma, but many carcinomas of the oral cavity and pharnyx, especially the tongue, may develop without passing through a papillomatous stage.", "contents": "Tumors of the upper digestive tract of ACI/N rats given N-propyl-N-nitrosourethan in the drinking water. Three groups of ACI/N rats of both sexes were given 400, 200, or 100 ppm of N-propyl-N-nitrosourethan (PNUR) continuously in the drinking water. The incidence of tumors in the upper digestive tract was 100% in all 3 groups. These tumors were observed most frequently in the forestomach, followed by the esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx. Histologically, all the tumors were papillomas or squamous cell carcinomas. A few tumors were detected in the small intestine and glandular stomach. The study on morphogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas arising from the upper digestive tract indicates that the majority of tumors of the esophagus and forestomach may pass through acanthosis or hyperkeratosis, leukokeratosis, and papilloma, and finally develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma, but many carcinomas of the oral cavity and pharnyx, especially the tongue, may develop without passing through a papillomatous stage.", "PMID": 1030677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5246", "title": "[Dynamics of nonachlazine distribution in several rat organs following single and repeated administration].", "content": "Dynamics of nonachlazine, a new anti-anginal agent, distribution in organs following its single and repeated introduction in the form of a potion and aqueous solution was studied in tests with albino rats. It was ascertained that on introduction of a ready for use medicinal preparation (potion) the drug is absorbed by the blood and enters internal organs at a quicker pace than does its aqueous solution. The type of the medicinal preparation of the drug has no relevance to the rate of its elimination from the organism. With its repeated introduction (over a space of 12 days) the nonachlazine level in the heart and kidneys goes up, whereas its content in the blood and liver experiences but a slight change.", "contents": "[Dynamics of nonachlazine distribution in several rat organs following single and repeated administration]. Dynamics of nonachlazine, a new anti-anginal agent, distribution in organs following its single and repeated introduction in the form of a potion and aqueous solution was studied in tests with albino rats. It was ascertained that on introduction of a ready for use medicinal preparation (potion) the drug is absorbed by the blood and enters internal organs at a quicker pace than does its aqueous solution. The type of the medicinal preparation of the drug has no relevance to the rate of its elimination from the organism. With its repeated introduction (over a space of 12 days) the nonachlazine level in the heart and kidneys goes up, whereas its content in the blood and liver experiences but a slight change.", "PMID": 1030672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5247", "title": "Properties of thymidine kinase partially purified from human adrenal glands.", "content": "Thymidine kinase was partially purified from human adrenocortical carcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal adrenal glands. For the purpose of clarifying the qualitative and quantitative difference of thymidine kinase between cancer and normal tissue, biochemical properties of partially purified thymidine kinase were compared. Adrenocortical carcinoma and hyperplasia contained greater concentration of thymidine kinase than normal adrenal gland. By the DEAE-cellulose chromatography, adrenocortical carcinoma gave two peaks (Peak I and Peak II) of thymidine kinase, while in hyperplasia and normal adrenal gland, the second peak (Peak II) was only slightly detected or hardly detected. Thymidine kinase in these three glands was identical with respect to pH optimum and inhibition by dTTP, but inhibition by dCTP was quite different. dCTP inhibited the activity of normal adrenal gland and Peak II of adrenocortical carcinoma by 55% and 40% at 0.1 mM, respectively, but the activity of adrenocortical hyperplasia and Peak I of adrenocortical carcinoma was hardly affected. Normal adrenal enzyme was more stable against heat inactivation than adrenocortical carcinoma and hyperplasia. The apparent Km with thymidine for Peak I and Peak II of adrenocortical carcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal adrenal gland was 5.0, 11.1, 5.1 and 25.0 x 10(-6)M, respectively.", "contents": "Properties of thymidine kinase partially purified from human adrenal glands. Thymidine kinase was partially purified from human adrenocortical carcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal adrenal glands. For the purpose of clarifying the qualitative and quantitative difference of thymidine kinase between cancer and normal tissue, biochemical properties of partially purified thymidine kinase were compared. Adrenocortical carcinoma and hyperplasia contained greater concentration of thymidine kinase than normal adrenal gland. By the DEAE-cellulose chromatography, adrenocortical carcinoma gave two peaks (Peak I and Peak II) of thymidine kinase, while in hyperplasia and normal adrenal gland, the second peak (Peak II) was only slightly detected or hardly detected. Thymidine kinase in these three glands was identical with respect to pH optimum and inhibition by dTTP, but inhibition by dCTP was quite different. dCTP inhibited the activity of normal adrenal gland and Peak II of adrenocortical carcinoma by 55% and 40% at 0.1 mM, respectively, but the activity of adrenocortical hyperplasia and Peak I of adrenocortical carcinoma was hardly affected. Normal adrenal enzyme was more stable against heat inactivation than adrenocortical carcinoma and hyperplasia. The apparent Km with thymidine for Peak I and Peak II of adrenocortical carcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal adrenal gland was 5.0, 11.1, 5.1 and 25.0 x 10(-6)M, respectively.", "PMID": 1030678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5248", "title": "Comparison of the manifestation of radiation-induced lethal damage in in vitro and in vivo systems.", "content": "The kinetics of radiation-induced cell death was compared in in vitro and in vivo systems, using mouse mammary carcinoma cell line, FM3A. Cultured and ascites cells were irradiated with 5 krad of X-rays, and changes in the number of viable cells and in the cell volume after irradiation were analyzed. The volume of irradiated cells in both systems increased about 5 times that of control after 3 generations and was saturated. Cells in vitro began to die after 3 generations. The number of cells in vivo began to decrease immediately after irradiation, but the rate of the decrease became large at 3rd generation. It was concluded that radiation-induced lethal damage manifests itself in the same way at the intracellular level in both systems, and some dying cells in vivo were eliminated before manifestation of lethal damage.", "contents": "Comparison of the manifestation of radiation-induced lethal damage in in vitro and in vivo systems. The kinetics of radiation-induced cell death was compared in in vitro and in vivo systems, using mouse mammary carcinoma cell line, FM3A. Cultured and ascites cells were irradiated with 5 krad of X-rays, and changes in the number of viable cells and in the cell volume after irradiation were analyzed. The volume of irradiated cells in both systems increased about 5 times that of control after 3 generations and was saturated. Cells in vitro began to die after 3 generations. The number of cells in vivo began to decrease immediately after irradiation, but the rate of the decrease became large at 3rd generation. It was concluded that radiation-induced lethal damage manifests itself in the same way at the intracellular level in both systems, and some dying cells in vivo were eliminated before manifestation of lethal damage.", "PMID": 1030679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5249", "title": "Tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis in Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "The hepatocellular mitotic response associated with Ehrlich ascites tumour is mediated by the tumour less than 48 hr, but more than 18 hr prior to the time of observation (day 8 of tumour growth). Tumour-associated hepatocellular motisis is normally centrilobular in distribution and appears to involve marginally more of the liver lobule than is sensitive to the necrotic effect of CCl4. There is failure to summate mitotic activity when both tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis and regenerative hepatocyte motisis would be expected to occur; in this situation regenreative heaptocyte mitosis is the overwhelming contributor to the observed mitotic index. It is postulated that tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis is obligatorily centrilobular. Tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis, on the evidence of the present work and the results of others using intraperitoneally administered proteolytic enzymes as inducers of hepatocyte mitosis, is considered to be systematically mediated; there is complete failure to observe any perilobar preponderance of mitotic activity. This implies an indirect effect of tumour in producing the hepatocyte mitogen. Criteria obtained from the present work are suggested as useful in any attempt to isolate and identify the true or in vivo tumour-associated mitogen, and would help to exclude possible non-specific mitogens.", "contents": "Tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis in Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing mice. The hepatocellular mitotic response associated with Ehrlich ascites tumour is mediated by the tumour less than 48 hr, but more than 18 hr prior to the time of observation (day 8 of tumour growth). Tumour-associated hepatocellular motisis is normally centrilobular in distribution and appears to involve marginally more of the liver lobule than is sensitive to the necrotic effect of CCl4. There is failure to summate mitotic activity when both tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis and regenerative hepatocyte motisis would be expected to occur; in this situation regenreative heaptocyte mitosis is the overwhelming contributor to the observed mitotic index. It is postulated that tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis is obligatorily centrilobular. Tumour-associated hepatocellular mitosis, on the evidence of the present work and the results of others using intraperitoneally administered proteolytic enzymes as inducers of hepatocyte mitosis, is considered to be systematically mediated; there is complete failure to observe any perilobar preponderance of mitotic activity. This implies an indirect effect of tumour in producing the hepatocyte mitogen. Criteria obtained from the present work are suggested as useful in any attempt to isolate and identify the true or in vivo tumour-associated mitogen, and would help to exclude possible non-specific mitogens.", "PMID": 1030680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5250", "title": "[Anabolic activity of phytoecdysone-ecdysterone isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin].", "content": "Introduction of phytiexdizone-exdisterone (0.5 mg/100 g) to rats for 7 days is shown to be attended by an accelerated body weight gain and also by a rising weight of the liver, heart, kidneys and musculus tibialis anterior. In these organs the total amount of protein increases. All of the above-stated changes are more marked when the substance is given to growing rats (70--80 g). In experiments on castrated sexually immature rats the androgenic action of exdisterone, unlike that of methandrostenolone, is not demonstrable.", "contents": "[Anabolic activity of phytoecdysone-ecdysterone isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin]. Introduction of phytiexdizone-exdisterone (0.5 mg/100 g) to rats for 7 days is shown to be attended by an accelerated body weight gain and also by a rising weight of the liver, heart, kidneys and musculus tibialis anterior. In these organs the total amount of protein increases. All of the above-stated changes are more marked when the substance is given to growing rats (70--80 g). In experiments on castrated sexually immature rats the androgenic action of exdisterone, unlike that of methandrostenolone, is not demonstrable.", "PMID": 1030669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5251", "title": "[Heinz body formation and abnormal methemoglobin reduction. Expressions of damage to erythrocytes in chronic kidney failure].", "content": "Erythrocytes of patients dialyzed due to chronic renal failure were investigated. An inhibition of the NADH-dependent methaemoglobin reductase, an insufficient methaemoglobin reduction by the NADPH-system, and Heinz-bodies as denaturation products, were found. The damage of erythrocytes was enhanced by incubation in both patient's plasma and dialysis medium. In erythrocytes of normal persons the damaging effect of incubation in plasma of chronic renal failure patients could also be demonstrated. The factors eliciting the oxidative injury are discussed. Factors that could further decrease the reduction capacity of red cells should be omitted.", "contents": "[Heinz body formation and abnormal methemoglobin reduction. Expressions of damage to erythrocytes in chronic kidney failure]. Erythrocytes of patients dialyzed due to chronic renal failure were investigated. An inhibition of the NADH-dependent methaemoglobin reductase, an insufficient methaemoglobin reduction by the NADPH-system, and Heinz-bodies as denaturation products, were found. The damage of erythrocytes was enhanced by incubation in both patient's plasma and dialysis medium. In erythrocytes of normal persons the damaging effect of incubation in plasma of chronic renal failure patients could also be demonstrated. The factors eliciting the oxidative injury are discussed. Factors that could further decrease the reduction capacity of red cells should be omitted.", "PMID": 1030681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5252", "title": "Accumulation and localization of lead in Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) tissues.", "content": "1. Accumulation and distribution of lead in tissues of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) living in soils with different concentrations PbO2 was studied histochemically and with the use of the dithizione method. 2. The earthworms absorb lead from the soil through the alimentary canal as well as through the body wall. this leads to considerable accumulation of this metal in epithelial cells, especially in the epithelial gland cells of the body wall and of the alimentary tract. 3. High concentration of lead in the soil does not favour increased accumulation of lead in the earthworms' organisms. The histochemical data show that the most intense accumulation occurs when the concentration of PbO2 is 0-4 mg/1-00 g soil.", "contents": "Accumulation and localization of lead in Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) tissues. 1. Accumulation and distribution of lead in tissues of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) living in soils with different concentrations PbO2 was studied histochemically and with the use of the dithizione method. 2. The earthworms absorb lead from the soil through the alimentary canal as well as through the body wall. this leads to considerable accumulation of this metal in epithelial cells, especially in the epithelial gland cells of the body wall and of the alimentary tract. 3. High concentration of lead in the soil does not favour increased accumulation of lead in the earthworms' organisms. The histochemical data show that the most intense accumulation occurs when the concentration of PbO2 is 0-4 mg/1-00 g soil.", "PMID": 1030682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5253", "title": "[Influence of the functional state of the endocrine glands on the toxicity and accumulation of lithium in rats].", "content": "Hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, introduction of desoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCCA) and aldosterone facilitate cummulation of lithium in the organs and plasma of rats subjected to the action of lithium chloride, whereas thyroidectomy, administration of triiodothyronine, hydrocortisone and aldactone fail to influence this process. The toxicity of lithium chloride for animals increases with hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy, remains unchanged with introduction of DOCCA, triiodothyronine and thyroidectomy and subsides under the effect of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "[Influence of the functional state of the endocrine glands on the toxicity and accumulation of lithium in rats]. Hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, introduction of desoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCCA) and aldosterone facilitate cummulation of lithium in the organs and plasma of rats subjected to the action of lithium chloride, whereas thyroidectomy, administration of triiodothyronine, hydrocortisone and aldactone fail to influence this process. The toxicity of lithium chloride for animals increases with hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy, remains unchanged with introduction of DOCCA, triiodothyronine and thyroidectomy and subsides under the effect of hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 1030671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5254", "title": "Ultrastructure of the chorionic villus of the human placenta of the second and third trimester pregnancy.", "content": "38 human placentae of the 14th week of normal gestation were studied ultrastructurally. The thickness of the syncytial layer of villi varied markedly, and the syncytial cytoplasm showed marked vacuolization, which increased in the course of pregnancy in association with intensification of processes of resorption and absorption and hormonal function of the syncytium. Toward the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, hypertrophic cytotrophoblastic cells appeared, whose ultrastructural character indicated functional stimulation. This observation contradicts the widely held view that cytotrophoblastic cells undergo gradual reduction in the course of pregnancy.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the chorionic villus of the human placenta of the second and third trimester pregnancy. 38 human placentae of the 14th week of normal gestation were studied ultrastructurally. The thickness of the syncytial layer of villi varied markedly, and the syncytial cytoplasm showed marked vacuolization, which increased in the course of pregnancy in association with intensification of processes of resorption and absorption and hormonal function of the syncytium. Toward the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, hypertrophic cytotrophoblastic cells appeared, whose ultrastructural character indicated functional stimulation. This observation contradicts the widely held view that cytotrophoblastic cells undergo gradual reduction in the course of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1030683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5255", "title": "Characteristics of drug abuse patients at a Veterans Administration Hospital.", "content": "A total of 308 patients were treated at the Wood VAC Drug Treatment Center during its first 2 years of operation (November 1, 1971-October 318 1973). They completed confidential questionnaires upon admission. Personal information and data concerning drug usage were obtained. Significant findings include the following: 1. A wide variety of opiate and nonopiate drugs were available in the military. 2. Although most patients had experienced illicit drugs prior to service, over 60% tried heroin for the first time while in the military; 83% of these men were subsequently treated for opiate dependence. 3. High rates of unemployment, marital instability, and convictions for illegal activities were revealed. A significant proportion of first convictions occurred prior to major drug usage. Data suggest that a flexible and multimodal approach to drug abuse therapy may have the best potential for success. Problems in evaluating and coordinating drug treatment programs are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Characteristics of drug abuse patients at a Veterans Administration Hospital. A total of 308 patients were treated at the Wood VAC Drug Treatment Center during its first 2 years of operation (November 1, 1971-October 318 1973). They completed confidential questionnaires upon admission. Personal information and data concerning drug usage were obtained. Significant findings include the following: 1. A wide variety of opiate and nonopiate drugs were available in the military. 2. Although most patients had experienced illicit drugs prior to service, over 60% tried heroin for the first time while in the military; 83% of these men were subsequently treated for opiate dependence. 3. High rates of unemployment, marital instability, and convictions for illegal activities were revealed. A significant proportion of first convictions occurred prior to major drug usage. Data suggest that a flexible and multimodal approach to drug abuse therapy may have the best potential for success. Problems in evaluating and coordinating drug treatment programs are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1030684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5256", "title": "Psychological testing and the detection of drug abusers.", "content": "Empirical studies using psychological tests for the detection and early identification of drug abusers are summarized. Although the emphasis is on personality testing, intelligence and special aptitude tests are included. The author concludes that psychological testing has not been successful in differentiating drug abusers from other sampled groups. The ARCI and MMPI personality tests show potential, but their validity remains to be fully demonstrated. Factors for their lack of success include subjects with different \"response sets\" and in specific institutionalized settings. Recommendations for additional research in noninstitutional environments are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological testing and the detection of drug abusers. Empirical studies using psychological tests for the detection and early identification of drug abusers are summarized. Although the emphasis is on personality testing, intelligence and special aptitude tests are included. The author concludes that psychological testing has not been successful in differentiating drug abusers from other sampled groups. The ARCI and MMPI personality tests show potential, but their validity remains to be fully demonstrated. Factors for their lack of success include subjects with different \"response sets\" and in specific institutionalized settings. Recommendations for additional research in noninstitutional environments are discussed.", "PMID": 1030685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5257", "title": "Two contrasting alcoholism treatment programs: a comparison of outcomes.", "content": "Participants in two 60-day alcoholism treatment programs with contrasting treatment philosophies and rationale were followed-up 1 year after discharge from the hospital. Widely different results were obtained with distinctly different alcoholic veteran populations. Response to treatment was highly favorable for less symptomatic alcoholics when direct emphasis was place upon the alcoholism per se and complete abstinence. Less favorable responses were achieved with overt neurotic alcoholics when treatment was designed to resolve underlying personality disturbances. Self-reports of marked depression, anxiety, and prior treatment for alcoholism were three pretreatment variables found significantly related to unsuccessful drinking outcome. The implication of these findings is that treatment outcome is largely dependent upon both the characteristics of the population treated and the treatment approach.", "contents": "Two contrasting alcoholism treatment programs: a comparison of outcomes. Participants in two 60-day alcoholism treatment programs with contrasting treatment philosophies and rationale were followed-up 1 year after discharge from the hospital. Widely different results were obtained with distinctly different alcoholic veteran populations. Response to treatment was highly favorable for less symptomatic alcoholics when direct emphasis was place upon the alcoholism per se and complete abstinence. Less favorable responses were achieved with overt neurotic alcoholics when treatment was designed to resolve underlying personality disturbances. Self-reports of marked depression, anxiety, and prior treatment for alcoholism were three pretreatment variables found significantly related to unsuccessful drinking outcome. The implication of these findings is that treatment outcome is largely dependent upon both the characteristics of the population treated and the treatment approach.", "PMID": 1030686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5258", "title": "Student drug use: attitudinal, parental relations, and sex differences--a pilot study.", "content": "Student drug abuse and its relationship to attitudes held by the abuser, sex differences,and the abuser's relationship to his parents were studied. The Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire and four Smantic Differnetials regarding the \"real\" me, the perceived me, the immediate world and the drug addict were employed. Subjects were divided into present, past, and never users. Results indicated striking sex differences as well as differences between female present and never users with respect to all the attitudes investigated and the perceived relationship with the mother. It was hypothesized that the etiological factors surrounding female drug use may be psychodynamic in nature while the etiological factors for male drug use may be environmental.", "contents": "Student drug use: attitudinal, parental relations, and sex differences--a pilot study. Student drug abuse and its relationship to attitudes held by the abuser, sex differences,and the abuser's relationship to his parents were studied. The Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire and four Smantic Differnetials regarding the \"real\" me, the perceived me, the immediate world and the drug addict were employed. Subjects were divided into present, past, and never users. Results indicated striking sex differences as well as differences between female present and never users with respect to all the attitudes investigated and the perceived relationship with the mother. It was hypothesized that the etiological factors surrounding female drug use may be psychodynamic in nature while the etiological factors for male drug use may be environmental.", "PMID": 1030687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5259", "title": "Studies on the nicotine exposure of individual smokers. I. Changes in mouth-level exposure to nicotine on switching to lower nicotine cigarettes.", "content": "Twenty-four subjects smoked two brands of filter-tipped cigarettes delivering different amounts of nicotine, on the following 4-week schedule: 1. Smoking their usual brand for 1 week. 2. Smoking another brand similar in size, but delivering less nicotine, for 2 weeks. 3. Reverting to their usual brand for 1 week. The amount of nicotine entering the mouth, defined as the mouth-level exposure, was estimated from a determination of the amount of nicotine trapped in the filter of each cigarette smoked. The results indicate a substantial variation in mouth-level exposure for the subjects studied, even among smokers of cigarettes that deliver similar amounts of nicotine when smoked on a machine under standard conditions. For the majority of subjects, however, changing to a lower nicotine cigarette reduced the total daily mouth-level exposure to nicotine and, therefore, presumably the total tar intake.", "contents": "Studies on the nicotine exposure of individual smokers. I. Changes in mouth-level exposure to nicotine on switching to lower nicotine cigarettes. Twenty-four subjects smoked two brands of filter-tipped cigarettes delivering different amounts of nicotine, on the following 4-week schedule: 1. Smoking their usual brand for 1 week. 2. Smoking another brand similar in size, but delivering less nicotine, for 2 weeks. 3. Reverting to their usual brand for 1 week. The amount of nicotine entering the mouth, defined as the mouth-level exposure, was estimated from a determination of the amount of nicotine trapped in the filter of each cigarette smoked. The results indicate a substantial variation in mouth-level exposure for the subjects studied, even among smokers of cigarettes that deliver similar amounts of nicotine when smoked on a machine under standard conditions. For the majority of subjects, however, changing to a lower nicotine cigarette reduced the total daily mouth-level exposure to nicotine and, therefore, presumably the total tar intake.", "PMID": 1030688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5260", "title": "Criminality and addiction.", "content": "This follow-up study describes the criminal activity of samples of 112 dropouts and 110 active patients from one of the largest methadone maintenance programs in New York City. Certain refinements in the categorization of \"dropouts\" and in the calculation of crime rates are proposed that appear necessary if different drug treatment modalities are to be compared. Considering the rates for property offenses committed during the year following admission to the program, the highest rates are among the court cases included in the sample of active patients, followed by the dropouts who were in institutions at the time of the interviews, and the dropouts who went to other methadone programs. The data suggest that methadone alone, without adequate supportive services, will not solve the crime problem and may even exacerbate it, at least for some groups of addicts. The need to monitor, alter, and improve treatment programs is emphasized.", "contents": "Criminality and addiction. This follow-up study describes the criminal activity of samples of 112 dropouts and 110 active patients from one of the largest methadone maintenance programs in New York City. Certain refinements in the categorization of \"dropouts\" and in the calculation of crime rates are proposed that appear necessary if different drug treatment modalities are to be compared. Considering the rates for property offenses committed during the year following admission to the program, the highest rates are among the court cases included in the sample of active patients, followed by the dropouts who were in institutions at the time of the interviews, and the dropouts who went to other methadone programs. The data suggest that methadone alone, without adequate supportive services, will not solve the crime problem and may even exacerbate it, at least for some groups of addicts. The need to monitor, alter, and improve treatment programs is emphasized.", "PMID": 1030689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5261", "title": "Frequency and magnitude distribution of life change in heroin and alcohol addicts.", "content": "A study of the frequency and magnitude of life change in two Veterans Administration Hospital addiction groups was made. Both heroin and alcohol addicts were characterized by a high frequency and magnitude of life change. The life change was highly correlated between the two addictions and there were no significant differences. This kind of evaluation is seen as important in identifying areas in which social disruption is concentrated and as an aid to organizing treatment in a way that is acceptable and nonthreatening to the patient.", "contents": "Frequency and magnitude distribution of life change in heroin and alcohol addicts. A study of the frequency and magnitude of life change in two Veterans Administration Hospital addiction groups was made. Both heroin and alcohol addicts were characterized by a high frequency and magnitude of life change. The life change was highly correlated between the two addictions and there were no significant differences. This kind of evaluation is seen as important in identifying areas in which social disruption is concentrated and as an aid to organizing treatment in a way that is acceptable and nonthreatening to the patient.", "PMID": 1030690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5262", "title": "Benzidine and congeners: analytical chemical properties and trace analysis in five substances.", "content": "Spectrophotofluorimetric (SPF) methods are described for the trace analysis of benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, and their dihydrochloride salts in microbiological growth media, waste water, potable water, human urine, and rat blood. The salient elements of the methods for these known or suspected carcinogens are: extraction of the residues as the free amine with benzene, rapid cleanup on an alumina column, and quantification of the free amine in methanol via SPF. Potable water solutions of the salts are diluted with buffer (pH-4) and quantified directly by SPF. Ancillary analytical information concerning the solubility and stability of these compounds in water, p-values, gas chromatographic analysis of the free amines, and thin layer chromatographic data in ten solvent systems are also presented.", "contents": "Benzidine and congeners: analytical chemical properties and trace analysis in five substances. Spectrophotofluorimetric (SPF) methods are described for the trace analysis of benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, and their dihydrochloride salts in microbiological growth media, waste water, potable water, human urine, and rat blood. The salient elements of the methods for these known or suspected carcinogens are: extraction of the residues as the free amine with benzene, rapid cleanup on an alumina column, and quantification of the free amine in methanol via SPF. Potable water solutions of the salts are diluted with buffer (pH-4) and quantified directly by SPF. Ancillary analytical information concerning the solubility and stability of these compounds in water, p-values, gas chromatographic analysis of the free amines, and thin layer chromatographic data in ten solvent systems are also presented.", "PMID": 1030691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5263", "title": "Determination of cadmium in the livers and kidneys of puffins by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "A carbon furnace atomic absorption procedure is described for the determination of cadmium in the livers and kidneys of puffins, fratercula arctica. Samples are dried and weighed and 2 to 100 mg are dissolved in sulphuric and nitric acids. These solutions are analysed directly in the carbon furnace against aqueous standards and provide accurate results in the range 0-1 to 100 micrograms/g dry weight. The method is simple and rapid and requires much less of the small total sample than would be required for flame atomic absorption.", "contents": "Determination of cadmium in the livers and kidneys of puffins by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. A carbon furnace atomic absorption procedure is described for the determination of cadmium in the livers and kidneys of puffins, fratercula arctica. Samples are dried and weighed and 2 to 100 mg are dissolved in sulphuric and nitric acids. These solutions are analysed directly in the carbon furnace against aqueous standards and provide accurate results in the range 0-1 to 100 micrograms/g dry weight. The method is simple and rapid and requires much less of the small total sample than would be required for flame atomic absorption.", "PMID": 1030692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5264", "title": "Interferon synthesis in mouse peritoneal cells damaged by X-irradiation.", "content": "NDV-induced interferon of peritoneal cells of irradiated (X-rays, 400 R) and control mice was investigated in vitro. Irradiation or treatment with hydroxyurea (10(-5) M) and mitomycin C (25 microng/ml) did not change interferon synthesis in spite of an 80--90% inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Increased doses of mitomycin C and treatment with actinomycin D and puromycin blocked interferon production. De novo interferon synthesis occurred in cells with damaged replicative activity of DNA caused by irradiation or by treatment with antimetabolites.", "contents": "Interferon synthesis in mouse peritoneal cells damaged by X-irradiation. NDV-induced interferon of peritoneal cells of irradiated (X-rays, 400 R) and control mice was investigated in vitro. Irradiation or treatment with hydroxyurea (10(-5) M) and mitomycin C (25 microng/ml) did not change interferon synthesis in spite of an 80--90% inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation. Increased doses of mitomycin C and treatment with actinomycin D and puromycin blocked interferon production. De novo interferon synthesis occurred in cells with damaged replicative activity of DNA caused by irradiation or by treatment with antimetabolites.", "PMID": 1030693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5265", "title": "Evidence against the postulated identity of e-antigen with DNA polymerase associated with the hepatitis B candidate virus.", "content": "Partially purified preparations of e-antigen, obtained from sera of hepatitis B antigen carriers, were chromatographed on columns of immobilized single- or double-stranded DNA or on pyran-Sepharose. e-Antigen did not adsorb to any of these columns under conditions appropriate for the retention of various nucleic acid polymerases. Therefore, e-antigen and the DNA polymerase associated with Dane particles can be regarded as distinct proteins.", "contents": "Evidence against the postulated identity of e-antigen with DNA polymerase associated with the hepatitis B candidate virus. Partially purified preparations of e-antigen, obtained from sera of hepatitis B antigen carriers, were chromatographed on columns of immobilized single- or double-stranded DNA or on pyran-Sepharose. e-Antigen did not adsorb to any of these columns under conditions appropriate for the retention of various nucleic acid polymerases. Therefore, e-antigen and the DNA polymerase associated with Dane particles can be regarded as distinct proteins.", "PMID": 1030694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5266", "title": "The mortality component of health status indexes.", "content": "The mortality component of contemporary health indexes is discussed. Since these indexes reduce to mortality indexes when only life and death states enter the analysis, they share the conceptual weaknesses of mortality indexes. Also, they do not incorporate consumption variables explicity and therefore provide no structure for relating health status and living standard. Some attention is devoted to methodological problems of assessing survival probabilities, either from survey or experimental data or from beliefs of experts or individuals who are affected directly. The final section deals with individual preferences for survival lotteries. Conceptual weaknesses of common indexes are discussed, several canonical models for survival preferences are presented, the interdependence of individual utilities is discussed, and methods for eliciting individual survival preferences are considered, along with some illustrative empirical results.", "contents": "The mortality component of health status indexes. The mortality component of contemporary health indexes is discussed. Since these indexes reduce to mortality indexes when only life and death states enter the analysis, they share the conceptual weaknesses of mortality indexes. Also, they do not incorporate consumption variables explicity and therefore provide no structure for relating health status and living standard. Some attention is devoted to methodological problems of assessing survival probabilities, either from survey or experimental data or from beliefs of experts or individuals who are affected directly. The final section deals with individual preferences for survival lotteries. Conceptual weaknesses of common indexes are discussed, several canonical models for survival preferences are presented, the interdependence of individual utilities is discussed, and methods for eliciting individual survival preferences are considered, along with some illustrative empirical results.", "PMID": 1030695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5267", "title": "Scales for measuring general health perceptions.", "content": "This article reports on the construction and testing of eight health perception scales from 32 items on a standardized survey instrument designed for self-administration, the Health Perceptions Questionnaire (Form II). The scales measure perceptions of prior health, current health, health outlook, resistance/susceptibility to illness, health worry/concern, sickness orientation, rejection of sick role, and attitude toward going to the doctor. Field testing revealed that the scales are valid, reliable, and stable over time for diverse populations. It is recommended that the scales be used in studies requiring general health measures. Suggestions for future research are offered.", "contents": "Scales for measuring general health perceptions. This article reports on the construction and testing of eight health perception scales from 32 items on a standardized survey instrument designed for self-administration, the Health Perceptions Questionnaire (Form II). The scales measure perceptions of prior health, current health, health outlook, resistance/susceptibility to illness, health worry/concern, sickness orientation, rejection of sick role, and attitude toward going to the doctor. Field testing revealed that the scales are valid, reliable, and stable over time for diverse populations. It is recommended that the scales be used in studies requiring general health measures. Suggestions for future research are offered.", "PMID": 1030696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5268", "title": "Income group differences in relationships among survey measures of physical and mental health.", "content": "The present research tested the hypothesis that the experience of health is hierarchically organized such that gratification of physical health needs must precede gratification of mental health needs. It was reasoned that because the nondisadvantaged possess greater resources for the gratification of health needs in general, symptoms of mental illness would be more salient for this group and thus better able to explain variance in both mental and physical illness. On the other hand, it was reasoned that symptoms of physical illness would be more salient and thus better able to explain variance in both mental and physical illness for the disadvantaged. Results of the study indicate income group differences in patterns of relationships among health variables, supporting the hypothesis and suggesting important differences in the validity of health measures across income groups. The results are related to previous findings in medical sociology, and suggestions for future research are made.", "contents": "Income group differences in relationships among survey measures of physical and mental health. The present research tested the hypothesis that the experience of health is hierarchically organized such that gratification of physical health needs must precede gratification of mental health needs. It was reasoned that because the nondisadvantaged possess greater resources for the gratification of health needs in general, symptoms of mental illness would be more salient for this group and thus better able to explain variance in both mental and physical illness. On the other hand, it was reasoned that symptoms of physical illness would be more salient and thus better able to explain variance in both mental and physical illness for the disadvantaged. Results of the study indicate income group differences in patterns of relationships among health variables, supporting the hypothesis and suggesting important differences in the validity of health measures across income groups. The results are related to previous findings in medical sociology, and suggestions for future research are made.", "PMID": 1030697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5269", "title": "The K index: a proxy measure of health care quality.", "content": "An index of health care quality is described that requires data on \"sentinel health events\"--unnecessary death and disability caused by specific ICDA-coded conditions on which medical agreement can be reached about avoidability of negative outcomes. The proposed index combines measures of incidence, severity, and concentration of sentinel health events in communities and compares the measures with mean values for a group of normative communities, to arrive at index values that are distributed as X2 for a group of communities with regard to the mean health conditions experienced by the normative communities. Calculation of the index is illustrated with hypothetical data, and problems of selecting normative communities are discussed.", "contents": "The K index: a proxy measure of health care quality. An index of health care quality is described that requires data on \"sentinel health events\"--unnecessary death and disability caused by specific ICDA-coded conditions on which medical agreement can be reached about avoidability of negative outcomes. The proposed index combines measures of incidence, severity, and concentration of sentinel health events in communities and compares the measures with mean values for a group of normative communities, to arrive at index values that are distributed as X2 for a group of communities with regard to the mean health conditions experienced by the normative communities. Calculation of the index is illustrated with hypothetical data, and problems of selecting normative communities are discussed.", "PMID": 1030698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5270", "title": "Predicting self-assessed health status: a multivariate approach.", "content": "Two-stage multivariate analysis was used to examine factors affecting personal perception of health status. In the first stage, sociodemographic variables were used as independent variables in Automatic Interaction Detector (AID) analysis in order to partition the study sample (11,153 civilian noninstitutionalized adults aged 58-63) into subgroups. In the second stage, binary multiple regression analysis was performed on each AID subgroup and on the total sample. Predictors used were indicators of psychological, socioeconomic, and sociomedical well-being. Finally the applicability of these indicators in classifying persons in one of the two categories of perceived health status was examined by discriminant function analysis. Sociomedical health indicators were better explanatory variables of self-assessed health status than socioeconomic or psychological indicators of well-being.", "contents": "Predicting self-assessed health status: a multivariate approach. Two-stage multivariate analysis was used to examine factors affecting personal perception of health status. In the first stage, sociodemographic variables were used as independent variables in Automatic Interaction Detector (AID) analysis in order to partition the study sample (11,153 civilian noninstitutionalized adults aged 58-63) into subgroups. In the second stage, binary multiple regression analysis was performed on each AID subgroup and on the total sample. Predictors used were indicators of psychological, socioeconomic, and sociomedical well-being. Finally the applicability of these indicators in classifying persons in one of the two categories of perceived health status was examined by discriminant function analysis. Sociomedical health indicators were better explanatory variables of self-assessed health status than socioeconomic or psychological indicators of well-being.", "PMID": 1030699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5271", "title": "Health status: types of validity and the index of well-being.", "content": "The concept of validity as it applies to measures of health and health status is examined in the context of a set of standard, widely accepted definitions of validity. Criterion validity is shown to be irrelevant to health status measures because of the lack of a single specific, directly observable measure of health for use as a criterion. To overcome this problem, the Index of Well-being has been constructed to fulfill the definition of content validity by including all levels of function and symptom/problem complexes, a clearly defined relation to the death state, and consumer ratings of the relative desirability of the function levels. Data from a two-wave household interview survey provide convergent evidence of construct validity by demonstrating an expected positive correlation of the Index of Well-being with self-rated well-being and expected negative correlations with age, number of chronic medical conditions, number of reported symptoms or problems, number of physician contacts, and dysfunctional status. Discriminant evidence of construct validity is demonstrated by predicted differences in correlation between concurrent Index of Well-being scores and self-assessed overall health status, and between the Index of Well-being scores and self-rated well-being on different days. A simple method of estimating a currently usable comprehensive population index of health status, the Weighted Life Expectancy, is described.", "contents": "Health status: types of validity and the index of well-being. The concept of validity as it applies to measures of health and health status is examined in the context of a set of standard, widely accepted definitions of validity. Criterion validity is shown to be irrelevant to health status measures because of the lack of a single specific, directly observable measure of health for use as a criterion. To overcome this problem, the Index of Well-being has been constructed to fulfill the definition of content validity by including all levels of function and symptom/problem complexes, a clearly defined relation to the death state, and consumer ratings of the relative desirability of the function levels. Data from a two-wave household interview survey provide convergent evidence of construct validity by demonstrating an expected positive correlation of the Index of Well-being with self-rated well-being and expected negative correlations with age, number of chronic medical conditions, number of reported symptoms or problems, number of physician contacts, and dysfunctional status. Discriminant evidence of construct validity is demonstrated by predicted differences in correlation between concurrent Index of Well-being scores and self-assessed overall health status, and between the Index of Well-being scores and self-rated well-being on different days. A simple method of estimating a currently usable comprehensive population index of health status, the Weighted Life Expectancy, is described.", "PMID": 1030700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5272", "title": "A comparative study on somatic treatment and comprehensive treatment of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Asthmatic patients who were treated at our hospital for at least 3 months and for whom a follow-up was conducted were divided into 2 groups according to their attitudes toward psychotherapy: Group I who accepted psychotherapy and Group II who did not accept it as part of our comprehensive approach. We examined the differences in therapeutic results in these two groups obtaining the following information: (1) No significant differences was found between Groups I and II as to the onset age, family history, type, severity, laboratory findings, etc. (2) In Group I, no significant difference was found in therapeutic results as to the onset age, type of asthma, its severity, etc. (3) In Group II, a significant difference was observed in the therapeutic results as to the onset age, type of asthma and its severity. These findings were almost identical to the literature of the internal medicine field. (4) The difference in therapeutic results of Groups I and II was assumed to be related to the use of psychotherapy when psychological factors were present. (5) Although psychotherapy was shown to be effective in the treatment of bronchial asthma, we need to be aware that there is often initial resistance to the process and a tendency for patients to terminate prematurely.", "contents": "A comparative study on somatic treatment and comprehensive treatment of bronchial asthma. Asthmatic patients who were treated at our hospital for at least 3 months and for whom a follow-up was conducted were divided into 2 groups according to their attitudes toward psychotherapy: Group I who accepted psychotherapy and Group II who did not accept it as part of our comprehensive approach. We examined the differences in therapeutic results in these two groups obtaining the following information: (1) No significant differences was found between Groups I and II as to the onset age, family history, type, severity, laboratory findings, etc. (2) In Group I, no significant difference was found in therapeutic results as to the onset age, type of asthma, its severity, etc. (3) In Group II, a significant difference was observed in the therapeutic results as to the onset age, type of asthma and its severity. These findings were almost identical to the literature of the internal medicine field. (4) The difference in therapeutic results of Groups I and II was assumed to be related to the use of psychotherapy when psychological factors were present. (5) Although psychotherapy was shown to be effective in the treatment of bronchial asthma, we need to be aware that there is often initial resistance to the process and a tendency for patients to terminate prematurely.", "PMID": 1030701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5273", "title": "The smooth muscle cell. III. Elastin synthesis in arterial smooth muscle cell culture.", "content": "Primate arterial smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts were examined for their ability to synthesize elastin in culture. In the presence of the lathyrogen beta-aminopropionitrile, the smooth muscle cells incorporate [3H]lysine into a lysyl oxidase substrate that was present in the medium and associated with the cell layer. A component having a mol wt of 72,000 and an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of authentic tropoelastin was isolated from the labeled smooth muscle cells by coacervation and fractionation with organic solvents. In the absence of beta-aminopropionitrile, long-term cultures of smooth muscle cells incorporated [14C]lysine into desmosine and isodesmosine, the cross-link amino acids unique to elastin. In contrast, no desmosine formation occurred in the fibroblast cultures. These characteristics demonstrate that arterial smooth muscle cells are capable of synthesizing both soluble and cross-lined elastin in culture.", "contents": "The smooth muscle cell. III. Elastin synthesis in arterial smooth muscle cell culture. Primate arterial smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts were examined for their ability to synthesize elastin in culture. In the presence of the lathyrogen beta-aminopropionitrile, the smooth muscle cells incorporate [3H]lysine into a lysyl oxidase substrate that was present in the medium and associated with the cell layer. A component having a mol wt of 72,000 and an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of authentic tropoelastin was isolated from the labeled smooth muscle cells by coacervation and fractionation with organic solvents. In the absence of beta-aminopropionitrile, long-term cultures of smooth muscle cells incorporated [14C]lysine into desmosine and isodesmosine, the cross-link amino acids unique to elastin. In contrast, no desmosine formation occurred in the fibroblast cultures. These characteristics demonstrate that arterial smooth muscle cells are capable of synthesizing both soluble and cross-lined elastin in culture.", "PMID": 1030702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5274", "title": "Purification from black widow spider venom of a protein factor causing the depletion of synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions.", "content": "The aqueous extract of the venom glands of black widow spiders was fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-200 and then on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 pH 8.2. A protein fraction was obtained that caused a great increase in the frequency of occurrence of miniature end plate potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction, and caused swelling of the nerve terminals and depleted them of their vesicles. The fraction consists of a least four protein components that are similar in their molecular weights (about 130,000) and isoelectric points (ranging from pH 5.2 to 5.5) and are immunologically indistinguishable. It contains no sugar residues and has little or no lipolytic or proteolytic activity. The fraction is toxic to mice and is different from the fractions that act on houseflies, the crayfish stretch receptor and the cockroach heart. It seems pure enough to warrant a detailed study of its site and mode of action.", "contents": "Purification from black widow spider venom of a protein factor causing the depletion of synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions. The aqueous extract of the venom glands of black widow spiders was fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-200 and then on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 pH 8.2. A protein fraction was obtained that caused a great increase in the frequency of occurrence of miniature end plate potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction, and caused swelling of the nerve terminals and depleted them of their vesicles. The fraction consists of a least four protein components that are similar in their molecular weights (about 130,000) and isoelectric points (ranging from pH 5.2 to 5.5) and are immunologically indistinguishable. It contains no sugar residues and has little or no lipolytic or proteolytic activity. The fraction is toxic to mice and is different from the fractions that act on houseflies, the crayfish stretch receptor and the cockroach heart. It seems pure enough to warrant a detailed study of its site and mode of action.", "PMID": 1030703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5275", "title": "Evidence for RNA linked to nascent DNA in HeLa cells.", "content": "Rapidly labeled, i.e., nascent, DNA from HeLa cells was separated from the bulk DNA by ultracentrifugation. Further characterization of the rapidly labeled component revealed that its sedimentation coefficient is in the range of 4S and that it exists in a single- and double-stranded conformation. Moreover, analysis by nitrocellulose chromatography and CsSO4 density sedimentation of the nascent DNA labeled with 3H-uridine revealed that it is covalently linked to short chains of RNA, indicating that in HeLa cells RNA primer is involved in DNA replication.", "contents": "Evidence for RNA linked to nascent DNA in HeLa cells. Rapidly labeled, i.e., nascent, DNA from HeLa cells was separated from the bulk DNA by ultracentrifugation. Further characterization of the rapidly labeled component revealed that its sedimentation coefficient is in the range of 4S and that it exists in a single- and double-stranded conformation. Moreover, analysis by nitrocellulose chromatography and CsSO4 density sedimentation of the nascent DNA labeled with 3H-uridine revealed that it is covalently linked to short chains of RNA, indicating that in HeLa cells RNA primer is involved in DNA replication.", "PMID": 1030704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5276", "title": "The role of actin in the temperature-dependent gelation and contraction of extracts of Acanthamoeba.", "content": "The temperature-dependent assembly and the interaction of Acanthamoeba contractile proteins have been studied in a crude extract. A cold extract of soluble proteins from Acanthamoeba castellanii is prepared by homogenizing the cells in a sucrose-ATP-ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid buffer and centrifuging at 136,000 g for 1 h. When this supernate of soluble proteins is warmed to room temperature, it forms a solid gel. Upon standing at room temperature, the gel slowly contracts and squeezes out soluble components. The rates of gelation and contraction are both highly temperature dependent, with activation energies of about 20 kcal per mol. Gel formation is dependent upon the presence of ATP and Mg++. Low concentrations of Ca++ accelerate the contractile phase of this phenomenon. The major protein component of the gel is actin. It is associated with myosin, cofactor, a high molecular weight protein tentatively identfied as actin-binding protein, and several other unidentified proteins. Actin has been purified from these gels and was found to be capable of forming a solid gel when polymerized in the presence of ATP, MgCl3, and KCL. The rate of purified actin polymerication is very temperature dependent and is accelerated by the addition of fragments of muscle actin filaments. These data suggest that Acanthamoeba contractile proteins have a dual role in the cell; they may generate the forces for cellular movements and also act as cytoskeletal elements by controlling the consistency of the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The role of actin in the temperature-dependent gelation and contraction of extracts of Acanthamoeba. The temperature-dependent assembly and the interaction of Acanthamoeba contractile proteins have been studied in a crude extract. A cold extract of soluble proteins from Acanthamoeba castellanii is prepared by homogenizing the cells in a sucrose-ATP-ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid buffer and centrifuging at 136,000 g for 1 h. When this supernate of soluble proteins is warmed to room temperature, it forms a solid gel. Upon standing at room temperature, the gel slowly contracts and squeezes out soluble components. The rates of gelation and contraction are both highly temperature dependent, with activation energies of about 20 kcal per mol. Gel formation is dependent upon the presence of ATP and Mg++. Low concentrations of Ca++ accelerate the contractile phase of this phenomenon. The major protein component of the gel is actin. It is associated with myosin, cofactor, a high molecular weight protein tentatively identfied as actin-binding protein, and several other unidentified proteins. Actin has been purified from these gels and was found to be capable of forming a solid gel when polymerized in the presence of ATP, MgCl3, and KCL. The rate of purified actin polymerication is very temperature dependent and is accelerated by the addition of fragments of muscle actin filaments. These data suggest that Acanthamoeba contractile proteins have a dual role in the cell; they may generate the forces for cellular movements and also act as cytoskeletal elements by controlling the consistency of the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1030705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5277", "title": "Membrane flow during pinocytosis. A stereologic analysis.", "content": "HRP has been used as a cytochemical marker for a sterelogic analysis of pinocytic vesicles and secondary lysosomes in cultivated macrophages and L cells. Evidence is presented that the diaminobenzidine technique (a) detects all vaculoes containing encyme and (b) distinguishes between incoming pinocytic vesicles and those which have fused with pre-existing lysosomes to form secondary lososomes. The HRP reactive pinocytic vesicle spaces fills completely within 5 min after exposure to enzyme, while the secondary lysosome compartment is saturated in 45--60 min. The size distribution of sectioned (profile) vaculoe diameters was measured at equilibrium and converted to actual (spherical) dimensions using a technique modified from Dr. S. D. Wicksell. The most important findings in this study have to do with the rate at which pinocytosed fluid and surface membrane move into the cell and on their subsequent fate. Each minute macrophages form at least 125 pinocytic vesicles having a fractional vol of 0.43% of the cell's volume and a fractional area of 3.1% of the cell's surface area. The fractional volume and surface area flux rates for L cells were 0.05% and 0.8% per minute respectively. Macrophages and L cells thus interiorize the equivalent of their cell surface area every 33 and 125 min. During a 3-period, the size of the secondary lysosome compartment remains constant and represents 2.5% of the cell volume and 18% of the surface area. Each hour, therefore, the volume and surface area of incoming vesicles is 10 times greater than the dimensions of the secondary lysosomes in both macrophages and L cells. This implies a rapid reduction in vesicle size during the formation of the secondary lysosome and the egress of pinocytosed fluid from the vacuole and the cell. In addition, we postulate that membrane components of the vacuole are subsequently recycled back to the cell surface.", "contents": "Membrane flow during pinocytosis. A stereologic analysis. HRP has been used as a cytochemical marker for a sterelogic analysis of pinocytic vesicles and secondary lysosomes in cultivated macrophages and L cells. Evidence is presented that the diaminobenzidine technique (a) detects all vaculoes containing encyme and (b) distinguishes between incoming pinocytic vesicles and those which have fused with pre-existing lysosomes to form secondary lososomes. The HRP reactive pinocytic vesicle spaces fills completely within 5 min after exposure to enzyme, while the secondary lysosome compartment is saturated in 45--60 min. The size distribution of sectioned (profile) vaculoe diameters was measured at equilibrium and converted to actual (spherical) dimensions using a technique modified from Dr. S. D. Wicksell. The most important findings in this study have to do with the rate at which pinocytosed fluid and surface membrane move into the cell and on their subsequent fate. Each minute macrophages form at least 125 pinocytic vesicles having a fractional vol of 0.43% of the cell's volume and a fractional area of 3.1% of the cell's surface area. The fractional volume and surface area flux rates for L cells were 0.05% and 0.8% per minute respectively. Macrophages and L cells thus interiorize the equivalent of their cell surface area every 33 and 125 min. During a 3-period, the size of the secondary lysosome compartment remains constant and represents 2.5% of the cell volume and 18% of the surface area. Each hour, therefore, the volume and surface area of incoming vesicles is 10 times greater than the dimensions of the secondary lysosomes in both macrophages and L cells. This implies a rapid reduction in vesicle size during the formation of the secondary lysosome and the egress of pinocytosed fluid from the vacuole and the cell. In addition, we postulate that membrane components of the vacuole are subsequently recycled back to the cell surface.", "PMID": 1030706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5278", "title": "Functional significance of the variations in the geometrical organization of tight junction networks.", "content": "Using freeze-fracture techniques, we have examined the morpholog of tight junction networks found along the length of the alimentary tract of Xenopus laevis before and after metamorphosis. We have developed the hypothesis, based on these observations, that the geometrical organization of the network determined by the stress-induced shape changes normally experienced by the cells linked by the network. Consistent with this theory, tight junctions can be classified into two distinct types of network organization which differ in their response normal and experimentally induced stress conditions: (a) loosely interconnected networks which can stretch or compress extensively under tension, thereby adapting to stress changes in the tissue; and (b) evenly cross-linked networks which retain their basic morphology under normal stress conditions. The absorptive cells of the large intestine as well as the mucous cells of the gastrointestine or stomach are sealed by the first, flexible type of tight junction. The second type of junctional organization, the evenly cross-connected network, is found between absorptive cells of the small intestine and ciliated cells of the esophagus, and reflects in its constant morphology the relative stability of the apical region of both of these cell types. Networks intermediate between these two types arise when a cell which would normally form a lossely interconnected network borders a cell which tends to form a more evenly cross-linked network, as is found in the esophagus where ciliated and goblet cells adjoin. Despite the change in the animal's diet during metamorphosis from herbivorous to carnivorous, the basic gemetrical organization of the networks associated with each tissue of the alimentary tract remains the same.", "contents": "Functional significance of the variations in the geometrical organization of tight junction networks. Using freeze-fracture techniques, we have examined the morpholog of tight junction networks found along the length of the alimentary tract of Xenopus laevis before and after metamorphosis. We have developed the hypothesis, based on these observations, that the geometrical organization of the network determined by the stress-induced shape changes normally experienced by the cells linked by the network. Consistent with this theory, tight junctions can be classified into two distinct types of network organization which differ in their response normal and experimentally induced stress conditions: (a) loosely interconnected networks which can stretch or compress extensively under tension, thereby adapting to stress changes in the tissue; and (b) evenly cross-linked networks which retain their basic morphology under normal stress conditions. The absorptive cells of the large intestine as well as the mucous cells of the gastrointestine or stomach are sealed by the first, flexible type of tight junction. The second type of junctional organization, the evenly cross-connected network, is found between absorptive cells of the small intestine and ciliated cells of the esophagus, and reflects in its constant morphology the relative stability of the apical region of both of these cell types. Networks intermediate between these two types arise when a cell which would normally form a lossely interconnected network borders a cell which tends to form a more evenly cross-linked network, as is found in the esophagus where ciliated and goblet cells adjoin. Despite the change in the animal's diet during metamorphosis from herbivorous to carnivorous, the basic gemetrical organization of the networks associated with each tissue of the alimentary tract remains the same.", "PMID": 1030707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5279", "title": "Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vascular endothelium. Arteries and veins.", "content": "A systematic survey of endothelial junctions in elastic (aorta) and muscular (mesenteric) arteries and in medium (renal and mesenteric) and large (cava inferior) size veins has been carried out in the rat using freeze-cleaved preparations. The arterial endothelium is provided with a complex of occluding and communicating junctions (gap junctions) comparable to, though less elaborate than, that described in arterioles. The particles of the occluding junctions behave like \"single unit\" particles and have the tendency to remain on B faces upon membrane cleavage. In the venous endothelium the junctions take the form of long occluding junctions with few associated communicating junctions (maculae communicantes). As in arterial endothelium, the junctional particles appear preferentially on B faces in cleaved preparations. These structures, although continuous over long distances, are interrupted focally by areas in which the junctional elements are similar to those found in venules: the ridges and grooves are short, discontinuous, randomly distributed along the general line of cell contact, and often particle-free. In muscular arteries two unusual types of junctions are encountered. Both are disposed in loops over short distances along the perimeter of the cell. One type appears to be a strectched-out version of the usual combination of occluding and communcating junctions of the arterial endothelium (this type is also occasionally encountered in the venous endothelium). The other type is reminiscent of the septate junctions found in the epithelia of invertebrates but the apparent similarity remains to be checked by further work.", "contents": "Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vascular endothelium. Arteries and veins. A systematic survey of endothelial junctions in elastic (aorta) and muscular (mesenteric) arteries and in medium (renal and mesenteric) and large (cava inferior) size veins has been carried out in the rat using freeze-cleaved preparations. The arterial endothelium is provided with a complex of occluding and communicating junctions (gap junctions) comparable to, though less elaborate than, that described in arterioles. The particles of the occluding junctions behave like \"single unit\" particles and have the tendency to remain on B faces upon membrane cleavage. In the venous endothelium the junctions take the form of long occluding junctions with few associated communicating junctions (maculae communicantes). As in arterial endothelium, the junctional particles appear preferentially on B faces in cleaved preparations. These structures, although continuous over long distances, are interrupted focally by areas in which the junctional elements are similar to those found in venules: the ridges and grooves are short, discontinuous, randomly distributed along the general line of cell contact, and often particle-free. In muscular arteries two unusual types of junctions are encountered. Both are disposed in loops over short distances along the perimeter of the cell. One type appears to be a strectched-out version of the usual combination of occluding and communcating junctions of the arterial endothelium (this type is also occasionally encountered in the venous endothelium). The other type is reminiscent of the septate junctions found in the epithelia of invertebrates but the apparent similarity remains to be checked by further work.", "PMID": 1030708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5280", "title": "Isolation and electrophoretic analysis of nucleoli, phenol-soluble nuclear proteins, and outer cyst walls from Acanthamoeba castellanii during encystation initiation.", "content": "A technique is described for isolating nuceoli from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Nuclei isolated by a modification of the technique of F. J. Chlapowski and R. N. Band (1971) are sonicated in a surcrose-Tris-MgSO4-KC1-Triton X-100 buffer and centrifuged on a linear sucrose gradient extending from 1.3 M to 1.5 M with a 2.6 M cushion, at 41000 rpm for 90 min. The only apparent contaminants in the nucleolar preparation are outer cyst walls. A procedure is described for the isolation of chemically pure outer cyst walls, and a comparison of the proteins with the nucleolar preparation reveals that outer cyst walls represent negligible contaminants. The ultrastructure of these isolated nucleoli examined with transmission electron microscopy is found to be identical with that of nucleoli from whole cells, fixed in an identical manner. The 50 nucleolar proteins separated by SDS gel electrophoresis have been examined throughout the growth cycle of Acanthamoeba and into the strat of induced encystment, at which time 10 protein bands disappear, 11 bands are observed to decrease, and 8 are seen to increase in concentration. Phenol-soluble proteins are extracted from the nucleolus which correspond to 29 of the 50 nucleolar proteins, with 17 of these proteins corresponding to nucleolar proteins that change at the onset of encystment. Thes nucleolar proteins are also compared with those of rat liver nucleoli by gel electrophoresis, resulting in the observation that extremely few protein homologies exist between the two. Numerous quantitative and qualitative changes in the gel pattern of phenol-soluble nuclear proteins during early and late log phase growth and the onset of stationary phase were also observed.", "contents": "Isolation and electrophoretic analysis of nucleoli, phenol-soluble nuclear proteins, and outer cyst walls from Acanthamoeba castellanii during encystation initiation. A technique is described for isolating nuceoli from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Nuclei isolated by a modification of the technique of F. J. Chlapowski and R. N. Band (1971) are sonicated in a surcrose-Tris-MgSO4-KC1-Triton X-100 buffer and centrifuged on a linear sucrose gradient extending from 1.3 M to 1.5 M with a 2.6 M cushion, at 41000 rpm for 90 min. The only apparent contaminants in the nucleolar preparation are outer cyst walls. A procedure is described for the isolation of chemically pure outer cyst walls, and a comparison of the proteins with the nucleolar preparation reveals that outer cyst walls represent negligible contaminants. The ultrastructure of these isolated nucleoli examined with transmission electron microscopy is found to be identical with that of nucleoli from whole cells, fixed in an identical manner. The 50 nucleolar proteins separated by SDS gel electrophoresis have been examined throughout the growth cycle of Acanthamoeba and into the strat of induced encystment, at which time 10 protein bands disappear, 11 bands are observed to decrease, and 8 are seen to increase in concentration. Phenol-soluble proteins are extracted from the nucleolus which correspond to 29 of the 50 nucleolar proteins, with 17 of these proteins corresponding to nucleolar proteins that change at the onset of encystment. Thes nucleolar proteins are also compared with those of rat liver nucleoli by gel electrophoresis, resulting in the observation that extremely few protein homologies exist between the two. Numerous quantitative and qualitative changes in the gel pattern of phenol-soluble nuclear proteins during early and late log phase growth and the onset of stationary phase were also observed.", "PMID": 1030709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5281", "title": "Studies of excitable membranes. II. A comparison of specializations at neuromuscular junctions and nonjunctional sarcolemmas of mammalian fast and slow twitch muscle fibers.", "content": "Mammalian fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles are compared by freeze-fracture, thick and thin sectioning, and histochemical techniques using conventional and high voltage electron microscopy. Despite gross morphological differences in endplate structure visualized at relatively low magnifications in this sections, rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (fast twitch) and soleus (slow twitch) fibers cannot be distinguished on the basis of size, number, or distribution of molecular specializations of the pre- and postsynaptic junctional membranes exposed by freeze fracturing. Specializations in the cortex of the juxtaneuronal portions of the junctional folds are revealed by high voltage electron stereomicroscopy as a branching, ladder-like filamentous network associated with the putative acetylcholline receptor complexes. These filaments are considered to be involved in restricting the mobility of receptor proteins to the perineuronal aspects of the postynaptic membrane. Although the junctional membranes of both EDL and soleus appear similar, a differential specialization of the secondary synaptic cleft was noted. The extracellular matrix in the bottom of soleus clefts was observed as an ordered system of filamentous \"combs,\" These filamentous arrays have not been detected in EDL junctions. Examination of the extrajunctional sarcolemmas of EDL and soleus reveal additional differences which may be correlated with variations in electrical and contractile properties. For example, particle aggregates termed \"square arrays\" previously described in the sarcolemmas of some fibers of the rat diaphragm were observed in large numbers in sarcolemmas of EDL fibers but were seldom encountered in soleus fibers. These gross compositional differences in the membranes are discussed in the light of functional differences between fiber types.", "contents": "Studies of excitable membranes. II. A comparison of specializations at neuromuscular junctions and nonjunctional sarcolemmas of mammalian fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. Mammalian fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles are compared by freeze-fracture, thick and thin sectioning, and histochemical techniques using conventional and high voltage electron microscopy. Despite gross morphological differences in endplate structure visualized at relatively low magnifications in this sections, rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (fast twitch) and soleus (slow twitch) fibers cannot be distinguished on the basis of size, number, or distribution of molecular specializations of the pre- and postsynaptic junctional membranes exposed by freeze fracturing. Specializations in the cortex of the juxtaneuronal portions of the junctional folds are revealed by high voltage electron stereomicroscopy as a branching, ladder-like filamentous network associated with the putative acetylcholline receptor complexes. These filaments are considered to be involved in restricting the mobility of receptor proteins to the perineuronal aspects of the postynaptic membrane. Although the junctional membranes of both EDL and soleus appear similar, a differential specialization of the secondary synaptic cleft was noted. The extracellular matrix in the bottom of soleus clefts was observed as an ordered system of filamentous \"combs,\" These filamentous arrays have not been detected in EDL junctions. Examination of the extrajunctional sarcolemmas of EDL and soleus reveal additional differences which may be correlated with variations in electrical and contractile properties. For example, particle aggregates termed \"square arrays\" previously described in the sarcolemmas of some fibers of the rat diaphragm were observed in large numbers in sarcolemmas of EDL fibers but were seldom encountered in soleus fibers. These gross compositional differences in the membranes are discussed in the light of functional differences between fiber types.", "PMID": 1030710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5282", "title": "Ectogalactosyltransferase studies in fibroblasts and concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "In this communication, we have demonstrated that hydrolysis of the nucleotide sugar can cause errors in the detection of an ectoglycosyltransferase. Spleen cell suspensions can incorporate radioactivity when incubated with labeled UDP-galactose, but all the activity is due to decomposition of the nucleotide sugar and uptake of the free sugar. The fibroblast cell lines can incroporate carbohydrate directly from UDP-galactose. Several criteria are presented with can be used to demonstrate that a nucleotide sugar is the direct carbohydrate donor.", "contents": "Ectogalactosyltransferase studies in fibroblasts and concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. In this communication, we have demonstrated that hydrolysis of the nucleotide sugar can cause errors in the detection of an ectoglycosyltransferase. Spleen cell suspensions can incorporate radioactivity when incubated with labeled UDP-galactose, but all the activity is due to decomposition of the nucleotide sugar and uptake of the free sugar. The fibroblast cell lines can incroporate carbohydrate directly from UDP-galactose. Several criteria are presented with can be used to demonstrate that a nucleotide sugar is the direct carbohydrate donor.", "PMID": 1030711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5283", "title": "The role of eye pathology in low vision evaluation.", "content": "The low vision patient's ultimate function and ability to profit from his rehabiliation are influenced by his eye disease. A discussion of low vision patient management uses as a basis the observation that greater success is evidenced when the low vision patient is treated in the context of his eye disease, visual acuity and his subsequent adjustment problems. The diagnosis, visual acuity and the visual field are explored as elements of a functional classification. The author classifies eye diseases according to the pattern of visual field loss: no loss of visual field; central or macular field loss; peripheral or perimacular field loss. Visual characteristics are then elaborated and case management is suggested in the context of each category.", "contents": "The role of eye pathology in low vision evaluation. The low vision patient's ultimate function and ability to profit from his rehabiliation are influenced by his eye disease. A discussion of low vision patient management uses as a basis the observation that greater success is evidenced when the low vision patient is treated in the context of his eye disease, visual acuity and his subsequent adjustment problems. The diagnosis, visual acuity and the visual field are explored as elements of a functional classification. The author classifies eye diseases according to the pattern of visual field loss: no loss of visual field; central or macular field loss; peripheral or perimacular field loss. Visual characteristics are then elaborated and case management is suggested in the context of each category.", "PMID": 1030712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5284", "title": "Training low vision patients.", "content": "The importance of training low vision-patients to use low vision aids is discussed. The team approach is emphasized and the advantages of the additional expertise considered. Specific procedures and techniques are are recommended to enhance the chances for success of the training program and it is concluded that training is an important aspect of follow-up care which should be made an intergral part of low vision care.", "contents": "Training low vision patients. The importance of training low vision-patients to use low vision aids is discussed. The team approach is emphasized and the advantages of the additional expertise considered. Specific procedures and techniques are are recommended to enhance the chances for success of the training program and it is concluded that training is an important aspect of follow-up care which should be made an intergral part of low vision care.", "PMID": 1030713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5285", "title": "Community resources--why should we use them.", "content": "Professionals working with low vision persons may find themselves in the situation where they are either the first or only contact known to their patient. Because one person is usually not able to fulfill the diverse needs of the visually impaired individual, he may find it necessary to refer patients to other sources. Knowledge of the role of other related professionals and their availability in the community may make the difference between a fragmetned receipt of services or a total approach to vision rehabilitation.", "contents": "Community resources--why should we use them. Professionals working with low vision persons may find themselves in the situation where they are either the first or only contact known to their patient. Because one person is usually not able to fulfill the diverse needs of the visually impaired individual, he may find it necessary to refer patients to other sources. Knowledge of the role of other related professionals and their availability in the community may make the difference between a fragmetned receipt of services or a total approach to vision rehabilitation.", "PMID": 1030714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5286", "title": "Visual acuity and highway accidents.", "content": "An analysis of binocularly obtained visual acuity test scores of 13,786 automobile drivers was made in terms of the number of accidents reported by each driver during a 12 month period. For each of eight different age categories the drivers were classified as having poor acuity if their scores were below the lower quartile, and as having good acuity if their scores were above the median. The percent of drivers with poor acuity who reported three or more accidents was approximately double the percent of drivers with good acuity who reported three or more accidents. The proportion with poor acuity who reported two accidents was approximately 50% greater than the proportion for those with good acuity. These differences were statistically significant and prevailed at all age levels above 19 years. The differences in proportions reporting one accident and no accident for the poor and good acuity categories were not significant.", "contents": "Visual acuity and highway accidents. An analysis of binocularly obtained visual acuity test scores of 13,786 automobile drivers was made in terms of the number of accidents reported by each driver during a 12 month period. For each of eight different age categories the drivers were classified as having poor acuity if their scores were below the lower quartile, and as having good acuity if their scores were above the median. The percent of drivers with poor acuity who reported three or more accidents was approximately double the percent of drivers with good acuity who reported three or more accidents. The proportion with poor acuity who reported two accidents was approximately 50% greater than the proportion for those with good acuity. These differences were statistically significant and prevailed at all age levels above 19 years. The differences in proportions reporting one accident and no accident for the poor and good acuity categories were not significant.", "PMID": 1030715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5287", "title": "The center of projection.", "content": "Our ability to manipulate ourselves and the objects which surround us in our object space depends upon reasonably precise localization of the perceived images of these objects in our visual space. To be functionally sensible, this premise suggests that a \"center of projection\" must be located somewhere on the subject's body. Two studies which were done in an effort to illuminate an earlier study in regard to the center of projection are reported. One study used an \"optical gun\" which forced the subject to \"shoot\" at a perceived target. A second study used a focused beam headlamp to indicate the perceived direction of a perceived target. The perceived direction of the targets was altered by changes in the accommodative stimulus. Since the subject was aware only of the perceived direction of the image and since, in addition, he could not see the results of his efforts to localize the target, the location of a fixed center of projection could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "The center of projection. Our ability to manipulate ourselves and the objects which surround us in our object space depends upon reasonably precise localization of the perceived images of these objects in our visual space. To be functionally sensible, this premise suggests that a \"center of projection\" must be located somewhere on the subject's body. Two studies which were done in an effort to illuminate an earlier study in regard to the center of projection are reported. One study used an \"optical gun\" which forced the subject to \"shoot\" at a perceived target. A second study used a focused beam headlamp to indicate the perceived direction of a perceived target. The perceived direction of the targets was altered by changes in the accommodative stimulus. Since the subject was aware only of the perceived direction of the image and since, in addition, he could not see the results of his efforts to localize the target, the location of a fixed center of projection could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1030716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5288", "title": "What causes astigmatism?", "content": "Although spectacles were invented in the 13th century, methods of testing for astigmatism have been developed only within the past one hundred years. Even today, the etiological factors responsible for corneal astigmatism are not well understood. A mechanism which may account for the existence of corneal astigmatism is proposed, on the basis of data concerning changes in astigmatism with age, racial variations in astigmatism and changes in astigmatism due to the wearing of contact lenses.", "contents": "What causes astigmatism? Although spectacles were invented in the 13th century, methods of testing for astigmatism have been developed only within the past one hundred years. Even today, the etiological factors responsible for corneal astigmatism are not well understood. A mechanism which may account for the existence of corneal astigmatism is proposed, on the basis of data concerning changes in astigmatism with age, racial variations in astigmatism and changes in astigmatism due to the wearing of contact lenses.", "PMID": 1030717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5289", "title": "Effects of mydriatics and a miotic on ocular discomfort and pupil responses.", "content": "Mydriatics produced two different effects on the discomfort threshold following administration of the drugs depending upon whether the mydriasis was produced by paralysis of the sphincter muscle or by activation of the dilator. When the sphincter was paralyzed by tropicamide, the discomfort threshold was elevated during the period of time that the pupillary light reflex was significantly reduced to the flashing stimulus. Initially, phenylephrine-induced mydriasis had no effect on the discomfort threshold, but as the pupil responses returned to normal the threshold rapidly increased and then gradually returned to a pre-drug level. The return of the threshold back to normal seemed to parallel the decline of action of phenylphrine on the dilator muscle. Significant impairment of the light reflex by pilocarpine-produced miosis was also related to an increase of the discomfort threshold.", "contents": "Effects of mydriatics and a miotic on ocular discomfort and pupil responses. Mydriatics produced two different effects on the discomfort threshold following administration of the drugs depending upon whether the mydriasis was produced by paralysis of the sphincter muscle or by activation of the dilator. When the sphincter was paralyzed by tropicamide, the discomfort threshold was elevated during the period of time that the pupillary light reflex was significantly reduced to the flashing stimulus. Initially, phenylephrine-induced mydriasis had no effect on the discomfort threshold, but as the pupil responses returned to normal the threshold rapidly increased and then gradually returned to a pre-drug level. The return of the threshold back to normal seemed to parallel the decline of action of phenylphrine on the dilator muscle. Significant impairment of the light reflex by pilocarpine-produced miosis was also related to an increase of the discomfort threshold.", "PMID": 1030718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5290", "title": "Management of fifth metatarsal head lesions by biplane osteotomy.", "content": "We have been using monoplane and biplane wedge osteotomies in the management of fifth metatarsal head lesions and have revised the procedure presented by Sgarlato, Subotnick and Gerbert in that we have been utilizing distal diaphyseal dorsiflexory adductory wedge osteotomies as well as proximal diaphyseal dorsiflexory adductory wedge osteotomies. We feel that the neck wedge osteotomy offers the advantage of reduced postoperative diability and correction of pathology.", "contents": "Management of fifth metatarsal head lesions by biplane osteotomy. We have been using monoplane and biplane wedge osteotomies in the management of fifth metatarsal head lesions and have revised the procedure presented by Sgarlato, Subotnick and Gerbert in that we have been utilizing distal diaphyseal dorsiflexory adductory wedge osteotomies as well as proximal diaphyseal dorsiflexory adductory wedge osteotomies. We feel that the neck wedge osteotomy offers the advantage of reduced postoperative diability and correction of pathology.", "PMID": 1030719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5291", "title": "A histologic analysis of plantar fibromatosis.", "content": "Space occupying lesions of the plantar aspect can be a most preplexing surgical problem. Investigation into the histopathology of one of these lesions is presented. An in-depth cellular analysis of primary structures related to abnormal findings is also presented.", "contents": "A histologic analysis of plantar fibromatosis. Space occupying lesions of the plantar aspect can be a most preplexing surgical problem. Investigation into the histopathology of one of these lesions is presented. An in-depth cellular analysis of primary structures related to abnormal findings is also presented.", "PMID": 1030720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5292", "title": "Melorheostosis.", "content": "Melorheostosis is a seemingly rare condition of unknown etiology. Although it affects bone primarily, it may also involve soft tissue. The lower extremities are most frequently affected, and joints may become stiff as a result of obstruction of joint motion by thickened cortical sclerosis. The disease is difficult to diagnose in the early stages before bone changes become evident, and it is easily misdiagnosed. Surgery may be required to prevent deformity or to restore normal function.", "contents": "Melorheostosis. Melorheostosis is a seemingly rare condition of unknown etiology. Although it affects bone primarily, it may also involve soft tissue. The lower extremities are most frequently affected, and joints may become stiff as a result of obstruction of joint motion by thickened cortical sclerosis. The disease is difficult to diagnose in the early stages before bone changes become evident, and it is easily misdiagnosed. Surgery may be required to prevent deformity or to restore normal function.", "PMID": 1030721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5293", "title": "Double osteotomies for structural correction of hallux abducto valgus.", "content": "The authors discuss their procedure for performing osteotomies for correction of hallux abducto valgus. Their technique involves the use of a paper template which aids in establishing normal values according to the functional position in which they desire to place the joint. They outline their procedure for performing the closing abductory wedges of the base of the first metatarsal and the closing medial wedges of the head of the first metatarsal. After the correction has been completed, they apply a below-the-knee cast.", "contents": "Double osteotomies for structural correction of hallux abducto valgus. The authors discuss their procedure for performing osteotomies for correction of hallux abducto valgus. Their technique involves the use of a paper template which aids in establishing normal values according to the functional position in which they desire to place the joint. They outline their procedure for performing the closing abductory wedges of the base of the first metatarsal and the closing medial wedges of the head of the first metatarsal. After the correction has been completed, they apply a below-the-knee cast.", "PMID": 1030722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5294", "title": "A.C.F.S. Neoplasm survey of the foot--1975: A continuing study.", "content": "This continuing investigation, now in its third year, is being conducted to record statistics on tumors that affect the foot. The study was undertaken to increase the diagnostic information on the various types of tumors in order to assist the pediatric surgeon in the differential diagnosis and surgical management of tumors of the foot. The study is very important to the profession, and it is important for all foot surgeons to participate.", "contents": "A.C.F.S. Neoplasm survey of the foot--1975: A continuing study. This continuing investigation, now in its third year, is being conducted to record statistics on tumors that affect the foot. The study was undertaken to increase the diagnostic information on the various types of tumors in order to assist the pediatric surgeon in the differential diagnosis and surgical management of tumors of the foot. The study is very important to the profession, and it is important for all foot surgeons to participate.", "PMID": 1030723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5295", "title": "Sinus tarsi pain: case history.", "content": "An attempt was made to give the podiatrist some insight into the differential diagnosis of sinus tarsi pain. One possible etiology is discussed in detail along with case presentation and treatment.", "contents": "Sinus tarsi pain: case history. An attempt was made to give the podiatrist some insight into the differential diagnosis of sinus tarsi pain. One possible etiology is discussed in detail along with case presentation and treatment.", "PMID": 1030724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5296", "title": "Reduction of comminuted metatarsal fractures utilizing circular wire fixation.", "content": "The comminuted fracture of a metatarsal shaft provides a greater challenge to clinicians in relationship to stabilization and and fixation then does the simple noncomminuted type of fracture. Comminuted fractures may result in gross displacement or fragmentation of the bony segments calling for more dramatic methods of fixation to insure proper union with optimal bone healing and minimal postfrature complications. Adequate approximation of fractured bone segments is essential to insure proper restoration of function and stability to fractured bones. Open reduction with circular wire fixation is one method by which proper approximation of comminuted fracture bone segments can be accomplished.", "contents": "Reduction of comminuted metatarsal fractures utilizing circular wire fixation. The comminuted fracture of a metatarsal shaft provides a greater challenge to clinicians in relationship to stabilization and and fixation then does the simple noncomminuted type of fracture. Comminuted fractures may result in gross displacement or fragmentation of the bony segments calling for more dramatic methods of fixation to insure proper union with optimal bone healing and minimal postfrature complications. Adequate approximation of fractured bone segments is essential to insure proper restoration of function and stability to fractured bones. Open reduction with circular wire fixation is one method by which proper approximation of comminuted fracture bone segments can be accomplished.", "PMID": 1030725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5297", "title": "Occlusive arterial disease in the lower leg and foot.", "content": "In approaching a patient suspected of peripheral vascular disease the following signs and symptoms are of key importance (16): 1) Pain in the extremity which is induced by exercise and relieved by rest; pain which is influenced by posture is localized to one digit, is unilateral or is paroxysmal. 2) Impaired pulsations of peripheral arteries. 3) Abnormal color of the skin, particularly when affected by raising or lowering the part. 4) Gangrene, ulceration, impaired nail and hair growth, excessive calluses, or paronychial infections. 5) Unusual warmth or coldness. 7) Swelling, atrophy, or difference in length of extremity. 8) Ausculatory evidence of arteriovenous fistula. 9) Cyanosis or unusual pallor of digits when immersed in cold water. 10) Peripheral neuritis.", "contents": "Occlusive arterial disease in the lower leg and foot. In approaching a patient suspected of peripheral vascular disease the following signs and symptoms are of key importance (16): 1) Pain in the extremity which is induced by exercise and relieved by rest; pain which is influenced by posture is localized to one digit, is unilateral or is paroxysmal. 2) Impaired pulsations of peripheral arteries. 3) Abnormal color of the skin, particularly when affected by raising or lowering the part. 4) Gangrene, ulceration, impaired nail and hair growth, excessive calluses, or paronychial infections. 5) Unusual warmth or coldness. 7) Swelling, atrophy, or difference in length of extremity. 8) Ausculatory evidence of arteriovenous fistula. 9) Cyanosis or unusual pallor of digits when immersed in cold water. 10) Peripheral neuritis.", "PMID": 1030726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5298", "title": "Capsule reconstruction.", "content": "In this article, the author discusses the general concept of of capsule reconstruction and emphasizes the importance of discriminative judgement in in capsule reconstruction. He reviews capsular composition and histology, as well as varied capsulotomy procedures.", "contents": "Capsule reconstruction. In this article, the author discusses the general concept of of capsule reconstruction and emphasizes the importance of discriminative judgement in in capsule reconstruction. He reviews capsular composition and histology, as well as varied capsulotomy procedures.", "PMID": 1030727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5299", "title": "Osteomyelitis associated with peripheral vascular disease secondary to diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus and arteriosclerotic vascular disease have been found to be the predisposing factors of osteomyelitis associated with peripheral vascular disease (10). A diabetic person is more susceptible to osteomyelitis because of the microangiopathy, peripheral neuropathy and decreased resistance to infection. In diabetes mellitus there can be microangiopathy which results from the proliferation of the endothelium of the intima and thickening of the basement membrane. This further contributes to a sluggish blood flow. In the patient with arteriosclerotic vascular disease, the lumens of the arterioles and arterioles are compromised by the atheromatous plaques. The anatomic structure of the blood supply to bone along with the pathologic membrane thickening, allows for slowing of blood. This slowing of blood flow causes micro-thrombi and enhances bacterial growth. In diabetes mellitus it has been shown that there is a decreased immunologic response which, along with the above, contributes to the sheltering and proliferation of bacteria in the small bones of the foot.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis associated with peripheral vascular disease secondary to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus and arteriosclerotic vascular disease have been found to be the predisposing factors of osteomyelitis associated with peripheral vascular disease (10). A diabetic person is more susceptible to osteomyelitis because of the microangiopathy, peripheral neuropathy and decreased resistance to infection. In diabetes mellitus there can be microangiopathy which results from the proliferation of the endothelium of the intima and thickening of the basement membrane. This further contributes to a sluggish blood flow. In the patient with arteriosclerotic vascular disease, the lumens of the arterioles and arterioles are compromised by the atheromatous plaques. The anatomic structure of the blood supply to bone along with the pathologic membrane thickening, allows for slowing of blood. This slowing of blood flow causes micro-thrombi and enhances bacterial growth. In diabetes mellitus it has been shown that there is a decreased immunologic response which, along with the above, contributes to the sheltering and proliferation of bacteria in the small bones of the foot.", "PMID": 1030728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5300", "title": "Pattern-analytic approach to analysis of accidents due to human error: an application of the ortho-oblique-type binary data decomposition.", "content": "An ortho-oblique-type binary data decomposition based on data matrices providing relevant conditions of accidents is proposed as a means of classifying patterns of human error, and the computing procedures are described. The usefulness of the technique is shown by a numerical example of accidents in freight-car classification yard work. Forty-two severely injured victims were interviewed by psychologists and the contents of case reports were rearranged into a reliable binary data matrix which indicated the presence or absence of an interrelationship between each sample and each of 42 items of operational, environmental, and psychological conditions. Three patterns of error leading to an accident were identified by interpreting the orthogonally rotated results. They were 1) failure of strenuous performance in relation to fatigue and poor communication, 2) veterans' mistakes in teamwork, possibly due to hasty operation or distractions, and 3) errors caused by certain defects of machines or inappropriate work space. Recommendations were thus made on training plans for beginners. The importance of using non-scaled accidental data in binary form and allowing rotation for data decomposition is discussed.", "contents": "Pattern-analytic approach to analysis of accidents due to human error: an application of the ortho-oblique-type binary data decomposition. An ortho-oblique-type binary data decomposition based on data matrices providing relevant conditions of accidents is proposed as a means of classifying patterns of human error, and the computing procedures are described. The usefulness of the technique is shown by a numerical example of accidents in freight-car classification yard work. Forty-two severely injured victims were interviewed by psychologists and the contents of case reports were rearranged into a reliable binary data matrix which indicated the presence or absence of an interrelationship between each sample and each of 42 items of operational, environmental, and psychological conditions. Three patterns of error leading to an accident were identified by interpreting the orthogonally rotated results. They were 1) failure of strenuous performance in relation to fatigue and poor communication, 2) veterans' mistakes in teamwork, possibly due to hasty operation or distractions, and 3) errors caused by certain defects of machines or inappropriate work space. Recommendations were thus made on training plans for beginners. The importance of using non-scaled accidental data in binary form and allowing rotation for data decomposition is discussed.", "PMID": 1030729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5301", "title": "Factors affecting choice of mode of sitting and sleeping by inhabitants of public housing.", "content": "Field research on mode of living was undertaken in the winter of 1962 and 1973 in households in public residences owned by the Japan Housing Corporation. Factors affecting mode of sitting and sleeping were analyzed for 63 households replying to questionnaires in both years. Three modes, the floor, chair-beds, and their combined use were classified for three major living activities of meal-taking, relaxing, and sleeping. Rate of households with the chair-bed mode was the highest for meal-taking and the lowest for sleeping. Choice of the chair-bed mode was associated with young household heads, smaller family size, separation of sleeping rooms from dining space by a wooden floor, and possession of furniture for relaxing and fixed beds. The adoption of the floor mode was common to households with only elderly people who, in spite of ample space, preferred it and those with small children. The floor mode was also frequent in houses without dining-kitchen areas where meals and sleeping were usually done in the same room. The combined mode was found for all of the three living activities. The results confirm that each pattern of floor utilization was closely related not only with resident factors but also with limited living space and the family's own way of living.", "contents": "Factors affecting choice of mode of sitting and sleeping by inhabitants of public housing. Field research on mode of living was undertaken in the winter of 1962 and 1973 in households in public residences owned by the Japan Housing Corporation. Factors affecting mode of sitting and sleeping were analyzed for 63 households replying to questionnaires in both years. Three modes, the floor, chair-beds, and their combined use were classified for three major living activities of meal-taking, relaxing, and sleeping. Rate of households with the chair-bed mode was the highest for meal-taking and the lowest for sleeping. Choice of the chair-bed mode was associated with young household heads, smaller family size, separation of sleeping rooms from dining space by a wooden floor, and possession of furniture for relaxing and fixed beds. The adoption of the floor mode was common to households with only elderly people who, in spite of ample space, preferred it and those with small children. The floor mode was also frequent in houses without dining-kitchen areas where meals and sleeping were usually done in the same room. The combined mode was found for all of the three living activities. The results confirm that each pattern of floor utilization was closely related not only with resident factors but also with limited living space and the family's own way of living.", "PMID": 1030730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5302", "title": "Spontaneous alternation of the working arm in one-arm cranking.", "content": "One-arm cranking was done by ten healthy male adults at an oxygen intake level of about 1.0 liter/min. Each subject performed two kinds of cranking at a speed of 60 rpm: forced cranking using only one arm continuously for 15 min and free cranking for 30 min with the instructions to alternate from one arm to the other whenever fatigue set in. The results, excluding those of a subject who changed arms very frequently, were analyzed. In forced cranking, oxygen intake and heart rate steadily increased, the average time of appearance of local fatigue being 161 sec for the stronger arm and 122 sec for the weaker one. In free cranking, the working arm was changed 6 to 23 times during the 30-minute period, while oxygen intake and heart rate increased with fluctuations. The mean duration interval was 175 sec with the stronger arm and 123 sec with the weaker one. The mean interval of arm alternation was positively correlated with the individual time of onset of the sensation of local rigidness during forced cranking, but not with the individual time of initiation of respiratory distress. It is suggested that alternation of active muscles in moderately dynamic work may be linked with an early stage of local fatigue which is different from that of static work.", "contents": "Spontaneous alternation of the working arm in one-arm cranking. One-arm cranking was done by ten healthy male adults at an oxygen intake level of about 1.0 liter/min. Each subject performed two kinds of cranking at a speed of 60 rpm: forced cranking using only one arm continuously for 15 min and free cranking for 30 min with the instructions to alternate from one arm to the other whenever fatigue set in. The results, excluding those of a subject who changed arms very frequently, were analyzed. In forced cranking, oxygen intake and heart rate steadily increased, the average time of appearance of local fatigue being 161 sec for the stronger arm and 122 sec for the weaker one. In free cranking, the working arm was changed 6 to 23 times during the 30-minute period, while oxygen intake and heart rate increased with fluctuations. The mean duration interval was 175 sec with the stronger arm and 123 sec with the weaker one. The mean interval of arm alternation was positively correlated with the individual time of onset of the sensation of local rigidness during forced cranking, but not with the individual time of initiation of respiratory distress. It is suggested that alternation of active muscles in moderately dynamic work may be linked with an early stage of local fatigue which is different from that of static work.", "PMID": 1030731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5303", "title": "An electromyographic study on training to pronounce English consonants unfamilar to Japanese.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the electromyographic analyses of the pronunciation of English consonants as pronounced by a native speaker, a well-trained Japanese, and an untrained Japanese. Six muscles related to movement of the lips and the mandible were tested. The three-paired English words (right--light, she--see, and thank--sank) were selected, as they include consonants that are very difficult for Japanese to pronounce or distinguish correctly when heard. Electromyographic results obtained for the native speaker and the well-trained Japanese indicated light pouting of the lips during the preparatory period for pronouncing [r], raising of the upper lip from the preparatory period in the pronouncing of [sh] and [th], and a downward spreading of the lower lip from the preparatory period in the pronouncing of [l] and [s]. The untrained Japanese subject was given individual and intensive training for several hours with a technique based on electromyographic observation results. Following this, the subject showed improvement in pronouncing the consonants, with the exception of [sh] which the subject had learned to pronounce at a language school. The electromyograms of the subject approached those of the native speaker and the well-trained Japanese.", "contents": "An electromyographic study on training to pronounce English consonants unfamilar to Japanese. This paper is concerned with the electromyographic analyses of the pronunciation of English consonants as pronounced by a native speaker, a well-trained Japanese, and an untrained Japanese. Six muscles related to movement of the lips and the mandible were tested. The three-paired English words (right--light, she--see, and thank--sank) were selected, as they include consonants that are very difficult for Japanese to pronounce or distinguish correctly when heard. Electromyographic results obtained for the native speaker and the well-trained Japanese indicated light pouting of the lips during the preparatory period for pronouncing [r], raising of the upper lip from the preparatory period in the pronouncing of [sh] and [th], and a downward spreading of the lower lip from the preparatory period in the pronouncing of [l] and [s]. The untrained Japanese subject was given individual and intensive training for several hours with a technique based on electromyographic observation results. Following this, the subject showed improvement in pronouncing the consonants, with the exception of [sh] which the subject had learned to pronounce at a language school. The electromyograms of the subject approached those of the native speaker and the well-trained Japanese.", "PMID": 1030732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5304", "title": "Combined influences of ambient temperature and graded work on cardiopulmonary functions.", "content": "Several cardiopulmonary items were measured in eight adult females who had performed stationary ergometer cycling of 75-450 kgm/min in air temperature between 14 degrees and 35 degreesC. The experiments were designed on the basis of the Latin square method and the results were analyzed by computing the analysis of variance and multiple regression equations for each item linked with work rate and air temperature. In view of the degree of affinity of the effect of work rate and that of air temperature, the items could be divided into three groups. The first group consisted of items of pulmonary functions closely related with work rate but independent of air temperature, such as pulmonary ventilation, oxygen intake, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, and ratio of oxygen removal. The second group characterized by linear dependency on air temperature included mean skin temperature and mean innermost air temperature. The third group consisting of heart rate, pulse sum during work, and work pulse sum was intermediate. In spite of the confusion in the literature about the attitude of oxygen intake or mean skin temperature during work in heat, the former was the most stable in relation to change in air temperature and the latter was independent of work intensity.", "contents": "Combined influences of ambient temperature and graded work on cardiopulmonary functions. Several cardiopulmonary items were measured in eight adult females who had performed stationary ergometer cycling of 75-450 kgm/min in air temperature between 14 degrees and 35 degreesC. The experiments were designed on the basis of the Latin square method and the results were analyzed by computing the analysis of variance and multiple regression equations for each item linked with work rate and air temperature. In view of the degree of affinity of the effect of work rate and that of air temperature, the items could be divided into three groups. The first group consisted of items of pulmonary functions closely related with work rate but independent of air temperature, such as pulmonary ventilation, oxygen intake, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, and ratio of oxygen removal. The second group characterized by linear dependency on air temperature included mean skin temperature and mean innermost air temperature. The third group consisting of heart rate, pulse sum during work, and work pulse sum was intermediate. In spite of the confusion in the literature about the attitude of oxygen intake or mean skin temperature during work in heat, the former was the most stable in relation to change in air temperature and the latter was independent of work intensity.", "PMID": 1030733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5305", "title": "Cardiorespiratory mobilization and endurance performance.", "content": "Twenty subjects performed for 11 min on a bicycle ergometer 30 sec following 5 min of prior exercise (PE) at each of four different intensities. PE was adjusted to maintain a heart rate of 110, 140, and 170 beats/min. The 4th treatment was no PE. Heart rate was an estimate of the mobilization of the cardiorespiratory system during exercise. The criterion task (CT) included cycling for 10 min against 3 kg resistance at 68 rpm followed by 1 min of an all-out work bout where subjects tried to complete as many rpm's as possible against 3 kg. The 11th minute was used to assure the complete exhaustion of energy reserves following the paced part of the task. Overall performance following PE-170 was significantly worse than that following no PE, PE-110, and PE-140, which was probably due to a build up of anaerobic metabolites such as lactate during the PE. Total work appeared to be greatest following PE-110, which showed a slight tendency toward better performance especially after the 6th minute. However, no clear cut evidence was produced to support the hypothesis that light to moderate PE would sufficiently improve performance by mobilizing the cardiorespiratory system, thereby reducing the initial oxygen deficit in the CT and thus allowing more work to be performed.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory mobilization and endurance performance. Twenty subjects performed for 11 min on a bicycle ergometer 30 sec following 5 min of prior exercise (PE) at each of four different intensities. PE was adjusted to maintain a heart rate of 110, 140, and 170 beats/min. The 4th treatment was no PE. Heart rate was an estimate of the mobilization of the cardiorespiratory system during exercise. The criterion task (CT) included cycling for 10 min against 3 kg resistance at 68 rpm followed by 1 min of an all-out work bout where subjects tried to complete as many rpm's as possible against 3 kg. The 11th minute was used to assure the complete exhaustion of energy reserves following the paced part of the task. Overall performance following PE-170 was significantly worse than that following no PE, PE-110, and PE-140, which was probably due to a build up of anaerobic metabolites such as lactate during the PE. Total work appeared to be greatest following PE-110, which showed a slight tendency toward better performance especially after the 6th minute. However, no clear cut evidence was produced to support the hypothesis that light to moderate PE would sufficiently improve performance by mobilizing the cardiorespiratory system, thereby reducing the initial oxygen deficit in the CT and thus allowing more work to be performed.", "PMID": 1030734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5306", "title": "Influence of castration and testosterone on pineal multi-unit activity in quail.", "content": "Pineal multiple unit electrical activity was recorded in unanaesthetized quail maintained under a short or long daily photoperiod. Both spontaneous and flash-induced multiple unit firing were recorded in intact, castrated or superior cervical ganglionectomized birds. The effects of testosterone administration were tested in each experimental group. 10 Whereas orchidectomy led to a substantial rise in pineal multi-unit activity (MUA), testosterone propionate injection resulted in a markedly decreased MUA in castrates. A smaller decrease in MUA was caused by androgen treatment in intact or ganglionectomized birds. Androgen treatment of controls and ganglionectomized quail was not so effective in reducing pineal activity as was lengthening the photoperiod from 6L-18D to 18L-6D. 20 Repetitive photic stimulations resulted in a significant suppression of pineal MUA in all intact, castrated and ganglionectomized quail, whether or not testosterone was administered.", "contents": "Influence of castration and testosterone on pineal multi-unit activity in quail. Pineal multiple unit electrical activity was recorded in unanaesthetized quail maintained under a short or long daily photoperiod. Both spontaneous and flash-induced multiple unit firing were recorded in intact, castrated or superior cervical ganglionectomized birds. The effects of testosterone administration were tested in each experimental group. 10 Whereas orchidectomy led to a substantial rise in pineal multi-unit activity (MUA), testosterone propionate injection resulted in a markedly decreased MUA in castrates. A smaller decrease in MUA was caused by androgen treatment in intact or ganglionectomized birds. Androgen treatment of controls and ganglionectomized quail was not so effective in reducing pineal activity as was lengthening the photoperiod from 6L-18D to 18L-6D. 20 Repetitive photic stimulations resulted in a significant suppression of pineal MUA in all intact, castrated and ganglionectomized quail, whether or not testosterone was administered.", "PMID": 1030735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5307", "title": "[Diet influence on growth-characteristics of the shrimp Crangon Crangon L., estimated by the evolution of nucleic acid content (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Young sand-shrimps having an initial weight of 63 mg were reared for 4 months with a natural diet (A) and a compounded diet (B). 2. Growth is studied, both by the evolution of the fresh weight and the variation of cell-number and cell-size; these are estimated from total DNA and fresh-weight/DNA ratio evolution. 3. With diet A, the mean weight increment is a linear function of time, the daily weight-gain being equal to 2.8 mg/day. The increase in total DNA content per shrimp is a linear function of fresh weight; its value goes up from 187 to 1020 micromoles. The fresh-weight/DNA ratio, initially equal to 337.9 (mg/micromoles) ,remains constant. For the whole experiment, growth is only a result of cellular multiplication. 4. With diet B, the weight gain is inferior to that observed with diet A. The fresh weight gain curves show two visibly homogenous steps, each with a distinct growth-rate; the mean daily weight gain is equal to 1.7 mg/day during the first two months, and equal to 2.6 mg/day for the two following months (fig. 1). In reality, from the total DNA and fresh-weight/DNA ratio evolution, 3 successive steps can be discerned (fig. 2, fig. 3). During the first month, total DNA increases from 187 to 418 micromoles and fresh-weight/DNA ratio falls down to 273.9, a-19% decrease. For this period, growth is only the result of cellular multiplication, and the decrease of the weight-gain in comparison with diet A is attributed to a decrease in cellular size. During the second month, as the fresh weight increases from 114.5 to 161.2 mg, total DNA increases from 418 to 519 micromoles and the fresh-weight/DNA ratio returns to its initial value. Two thirds of the growth is the result of cellular multiplication, and the rest being due to cell-size enlarging. For the last two months, as the mean fresh weight increases from 161.2 to 296.7 mg, the DNA per shrimp, hence the cell-number, remains constant; but the fresh weight/DNA ratio, or the cell-size, is multiplied by 1.93. 5. By the method used for this study, it is possible to evidence influence of diet on the growth mechanisms themselves (cellular multiplication and cell enlarging). 6. The influence of diet on the growth of the shrimp could be explained by, either a diet qualitative deficiency, or a food-intake decrease. The possibility of a hormonal control has been suggested.", "contents": "[Diet influence on growth-characteristics of the shrimp Crangon Crangon L., estimated by the evolution of nucleic acid content (author's transl)]. 1. Young sand-shrimps having an initial weight of 63 mg were reared for 4 months with a natural diet (A) and a compounded diet (B). 2. Growth is studied, both by the evolution of the fresh weight and the variation of cell-number and cell-size; these are estimated from total DNA and fresh-weight/DNA ratio evolution. 3. With diet A, the mean weight increment is a linear function of time, the daily weight-gain being equal to 2.8 mg/day. The increase in total DNA content per shrimp is a linear function of fresh weight; its value goes up from 187 to 1020 micromoles. The fresh-weight/DNA ratio, initially equal to 337.9 (mg/micromoles) ,remains constant. For the whole experiment, growth is only a result of cellular multiplication. 4. With diet B, the weight gain is inferior to that observed with diet A. The fresh weight gain curves show two visibly homogenous steps, each with a distinct growth-rate; the mean daily weight gain is equal to 1.7 mg/day during the first two months, and equal to 2.6 mg/day for the two following months (fig. 1). In reality, from the total DNA and fresh-weight/DNA ratio evolution, 3 successive steps can be discerned (fig. 2, fig. 3). During the first month, total DNA increases from 187 to 418 micromoles and fresh-weight/DNA ratio falls down to 273.9, a-19% decrease. For this period, growth is only the result of cellular multiplication, and the decrease of the weight-gain in comparison with diet A is attributed to a decrease in cellular size. During the second month, as the fresh weight increases from 114.5 to 161.2 mg, total DNA increases from 418 to 519 micromoles and the fresh-weight/DNA ratio returns to its initial value. Two thirds of the growth is the result of cellular multiplication, and the rest being due to cell-size enlarging. For the last two months, as the mean fresh weight increases from 161.2 to 296.7 mg, the DNA per shrimp, hence the cell-number, remains constant; but the fresh weight/DNA ratio, or the cell-size, is multiplied by 1.93. 5. By the method used for this study, it is possible to evidence influence of diet on the growth mechanisms themselves (cellular multiplication and cell enlarging). 6. The influence of diet on the growth of the shrimp could be explained by, either a diet qualitative deficiency, or a food-intake decrease. The possibility of a hormonal control has been suggested.", "PMID": 1030736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5308", "title": "Carotid sinus, aortic and subclavian baroreceptor activities during cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits.", "content": "10Carotid sinus (SIN), aortic (AO) and subclavian (SUB) baroreceptor activities were recorded from intact nerves during experiments using cardiopulmonary bypass in 11 rabbits. These activities (number of impulses/second) were expressed as a percentage of basal activity observed before artificial circulation (AC). The preparation remained in a relative, \"stable period\" for up to 45 minutes. Then, a progressive decrease occurred in maximal arterial pressure (AP max) in the 11 experiments (fig. 2,4). 20 According to the level of arterial pressure the \"stable period\", our experiments can be divided into two groups: a) Group I (6 rabbits) with AP max greater than or equal 90 mm Hg; in this group, the correlation coefficients between pressure levels and nervous activities calculated during the period 0-70 min after the onset of AC, were positive (fig. 3) and statistically significant, as we could expect (AO, p less than 0.02; SIN, p less than 0.01; SUB, p less than 0.01). b) Group II (5 rabbits) with AP max less than 90 mm Hg; surprisingly, in this group no positive correlation was found between levels and nervous activities, which were generally very high (fig. 5). 30 Experiments were performed in 18 other rabbits in order to check the nature of the higher activities recorded in group II. These high activities were not of chemoreceptor or efferent origin, and, thus, were thought to be indeed really from baroreceptive fibres. 40 Ten experiments under AC were carried out to test the reactivity of baroreceptors in response to induced increase and decrease of pressure. The responses were qualitatively normal (i.e. an increase of pressure produced an increase in the nervous discharge), but in group II, the operative point was set at a higher level (fig. 6). 50 A possible, time-dependent, shift in the baroreceptor response curve under AC can account for these findings by giving, in some cases the illusion of a negative correlation between baroreceptor activity and arterial pressure (fig. 8). 60 The above mentioned shift in the baroreceptor response curve could be related to a change in sympathetic control of baroreceptors,resulting in a higher activity, and initiating and/or maintaining hypotension.", "contents": "Carotid sinus, aortic and subclavian baroreceptor activities during cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits. 10Carotid sinus (SIN), aortic (AO) and subclavian (SUB) baroreceptor activities were recorded from intact nerves during experiments using cardiopulmonary bypass in 11 rabbits. These activities (number of impulses/second) were expressed as a percentage of basal activity observed before artificial circulation (AC). The preparation remained in a relative, \"stable period\" for up to 45 minutes. Then, a progressive decrease occurred in maximal arterial pressure (AP max) in the 11 experiments (fig. 2,4). 20 According to the level of arterial pressure the \"stable period\", our experiments can be divided into two groups: a) Group I (6 rabbits) with AP max greater than or equal 90 mm Hg; in this group, the correlation coefficients between pressure levels and nervous activities calculated during the period 0-70 min after the onset of AC, were positive (fig. 3) and statistically significant, as we could expect (AO, p less than 0.02; SIN, p less than 0.01; SUB, p less than 0.01). b) Group II (5 rabbits) with AP max less than 90 mm Hg; surprisingly, in this group no positive correlation was found between levels and nervous activities, which were generally very high (fig. 5). 30 Experiments were performed in 18 other rabbits in order to check the nature of the higher activities recorded in group II. These high activities were not of chemoreceptor or efferent origin, and, thus, were thought to be indeed really from baroreceptive fibres. 40 Ten experiments under AC were carried out to test the reactivity of baroreceptors in response to induced increase and decrease of pressure. The responses were qualitatively normal (i.e. an increase of pressure produced an increase in the nervous discharge), but in group II, the operative point was set at a higher level (fig. 6). 50 A possible, time-dependent, shift in the baroreceptor response curve under AC can account for these findings by giving, in some cases the illusion of a negative correlation between baroreceptor activity and arterial pressure (fig. 8). 60 The above mentioned shift in the baroreceptor response curve could be related to a change in sympathetic control of baroreceptors,resulting in a higher activity, and initiating and/or maintaining hypotension.", "PMID": 1030737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5309", "title": "[Connections between inspiratory medullary neurons and phrenic or intercostal motoneurones (author's transl)].", "content": "10 The activity of 107 medullary inspiratory neurones has been recorded extracellularly in anesthetized cats (urethane-chloralose). According to their localization in the medulla and to their axonal pathways (tested by antidromic activation), these neurones were classified as: bulbo-spinal neurones (NBSI) which send their axons to the spinal cord; they are located in the dorsal or the ventral respiratory nucleus; propriobulbar neurons (NPBI) whose axons are probably entirely located within the medulla; they are found only in the ventral nucleus. 20 Summation of gross discharges from phrenic (C5 ventral root) or inspiratory intercostal (from T4 to T10) nerves was triggered by spikes from medullary respiratory neurones. If the studied neurone controls the activity of the recorded motor fibres, after sommation of a great number of sweeps (3,000 to 5,000), the summed nerve activity displays a short delay excitatory wave, indicating that the activity of the motoneurones is increased after the onset of the medullary potential. On the other hand, there is a flat summed nerve activity if the nerve discharge is not directly dependent on the medullary recorded activity. 30 The dorsal nucleus NBSIs send their axon to the contralateral phrenic motoneurones (as it is revealed by the excitatory wave noted on the summed phrenic nerve activity, fig. 1 and 4) and not to the intercostal motoneurones (fig. 4). 40 The ventral nucleus NBSIs control contralateral intercostal motoneurones (fig. 5). Some of them send their axons only to these motoneurones, but the majority also act on phrenic motoneurones (fig. 2 and 5). 50 Connections between NBSIs and phrenic motoneurones are monosynaptic and probably also those between NBSIs and intercostal motoneurones. 60 No excitatory wave has been observed on phrenic or intercostal summed activity when summation was triggered by NPBI spikes (fig. 3). This confirms the accuracy of the \"antidromic stimulation test\" used to classify medullary respiratory neurons.", "contents": "[Connections between inspiratory medullary neurons and phrenic or intercostal motoneurones (author's transl)]. 10 The activity of 107 medullary inspiratory neurones has been recorded extracellularly in anesthetized cats (urethane-chloralose). According to their localization in the medulla and to their axonal pathways (tested by antidromic activation), these neurones were classified as: bulbo-spinal neurones (NBSI) which send their axons to the spinal cord; they are located in the dorsal or the ventral respiratory nucleus; propriobulbar neurons (NPBI) whose axons are probably entirely located within the medulla; they are found only in the ventral nucleus. 20 Summation of gross discharges from phrenic (C5 ventral root) or inspiratory intercostal (from T4 to T10) nerves was triggered by spikes from medullary respiratory neurones. If the studied neurone controls the activity of the recorded motor fibres, after sommation of a great number of sweeps (3,000 to 5,000), the summed nerve activity displays a short delay excitatory wave, indicating that the activity of the motoneurones is increased after the onset of the medullary potential. On the other hand, there is a flat summed nerve activity if the nerve discharge is not directly dependent on the medullary recorded activity. 30 The dorsal nucleus NBSIs send their axon to the contralateral phrenic motoneurones (as it is revealed by the excitatory wave noted on the summed phrenic nerve activity, fig. 1 and 4) and not to the intercostal motoneurones (fig. 4). 40 The ventral nucleus NBSIs control contralateral intercostal motoneurones (fig. 5). Some of them send their axons only to these motoneurones, but the majority also act on phrenic motoneurones (fig. 2 and 5). 50 Connections between NBSIs and phrenic motoneurones are monosynaptic and probably also those between NBSIs and intercostal motoneurones. 60 No excitatory wave has been observed on phrenic or intercostal summed activity when summation was triggered by NPBI spikes (fig. 3). This confirms the accuracy of the \"antidromic stimulation test\" used to classify medullary respiratory neurons.", "PMID": 1030738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5310", "title": "Thoughts on love, sex, and commitment.", "content": "The effort is made to delineate some of the key issues involved in the interaction of love, sex, and commitment. Coupling is viewed from an ethological perspective that suggests that, in addition to the developmental contribution of the parent-child experience, peer-peer relating is a major determinant of adult hetrosexual relatedness. Couples are next considered as responding to social and economic forces that influence powerfully what types and duration of relationships have survival value. Finally, the nature of the inner experience of couples, their existential awareness of themselves and the other, and the meaning that they attribute to it is discussed. Being a member of a couple is participating in a story, sometimes a \"love story,\" and whether or not it is seen as a good story depends on one's critical vantage point. Finally, the analysis of relationships is contrasted with the experience of a relationship as a gestalt, a whole; not as the sum of its parts.", "contents": "Thoughts on love, sex, and commitment. The effort is made to delineate some of the key issues involved in the interaction of love, sex, and commitment. Coupling is viewed from an ethological perspective that suggests that, in addition to the developmental contribution of the parent-child experience, peer-peer relating is a major determinant of adult hetrosexual relatedness. Couples are next considered as responding to social and economic forces that influence powerfully what types and duration of relationships have survival value. Finally, the nature of the inner experience of couples, their existential awareness of themselves and the other, and the meaning that they attribute to it is discussed. Being a member of a couple is participating in a story, sometimes a \"love story,\" and whether or not it is seen as a good story depends on one's critical vantage point. Finally, the analysis of relationships is contrasted with the experience of a relationship as a gestalt, a whole; not as the sum of its parts.", "PMID": 1030739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5311", "title": "Anger, sexuality, and the growth of the ego.", "content": "This paper examines the long-term issues of sexual dysfunction in terms of normal psychosexual development. Human sexual development and ego growth take simultaneous origin within the symbiotic relationship of the child and its first nurturant caretaker, usually the mother. Infantile sexuality, the pleasure of the total body, is equivalent to love and dependent upon sameness and continuity, tending toward fusion. Adult sexuality depends for its emotional impetus upon separateness and difference between lovers. Once established, adult sexual relationships drift inexorably toward the symbiotic unity implicit in loving. Genital sexuality may be sacrificed in the preference for more global satisfactions reminiscent of the infantile sexual experience. Essential to the adult sexual relationship then is the capacity to bear and express conflict and anger as a means of breaking the symbiotic tie; a continuous restructuring of ego boundaries is necessary for the maintenance of a functioning sexual relationship of long duration.", "contents": "Anger, sexuality, and the growth of the ego. This paper examines the long-term issues of sexual dysfunction in terms of normal psychosexual development. Human sexual development and ego growth take simultaneous origin within the symbiotic relationship of the child and its first nurturant caretaker, usually the mother. Infantile sexuality, the pleasure of the total body, is equivalent to love and dependent upon sameness and continuity, tending toward fusion. Adult sexuality depends for its emotional impetus upon separateness and difference between lovers. Once established, adult sexual relationships drift inexorably toward the symbiotic unity implicit in loving. Genital sexuality may be sacrificed in the preference for more global satisfactions reminiscent of the infantile sexual experience. Essential to the adult sexual relationship then is the capacity to bear and express conflict and anger as a means of breaking the symbiotic tie; a continuous restructuring of ego boundaries is necessary for the maintenance of a functioning sexual relationship of long duration.", "PMID": 1030740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5312", "title": "Guidelines for evaluating sex therapy.", "content": "Clinical advances in the treatment of human sexual dysfunctions must be documented by objective and scientific assessments of changes in patients as a result of the therapy. The principle guidelines for evaluating such changes include (1) the use of standard methods of interviewing patients and recording information obtained, both before and after treatment, (2) careful specification of treatment technique(s) used, standardized when applied to any group of patients, (3) assessment of patients' psychosocial as well as sexual functioning, (4) clearly defined criteria for diagnosis and outcome, (5) use of control or comparison groups, and (6) methodical in-person follow-up contacts. The procedures can be applied by clinicians in their individual practice as well as by independent evaluation programs. These guidelines, presented in this paper, provide a framework for reliable investigations to determine which treatments work best for which patients with which sexual dysfunctions.", "contents": "Guidelines for evaluating sex therapy. Clinical advances in the treatment of human sexual dysfunctions must be documented by objective and scientific assessments of changes in patients as a result of the therapy. The principle guidelines for evaluating such changes include (1) the use of standard methods of interviewing patients and recording information obtained, both before and after treatment, (2) careful specification of treatment technique(s) used, standardized when applied to any group of patients, (3) assessment of patients' psychosocial as well as sexual functioning, (4) clearly defined criteria for diagnosis and outcome, (5) use of control or comparison groups, and (6) methodical in-person follow-up contacts. The procedures can be applied by clinicians in their individual practice as well as by independent evaluation programs. These guidelines, presented in this paper, provide a framework for reliable investigations to determine which treatments work best for which patients with which sexual dysfunctions.", "PMID": 1030741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5313", "title": "Central auditory dysfunction.", "content": "The numerous tests applicable to the assessment of central deafness are briefly reviewed. It is likely that the more specific verbal and non-verbal tests, which assess more complex auditory function, will prove to be most useful in the assessment of these problems. We believe that the concept of a spectrum of clinical-anatomical types of central deafness is useful, namely, cortical, brainstem and more peripheral forms; a detailed study of an example of a predominantly brainstem type of central deafness is presented. An interdisciplinary approach which applies the methods of the audiologist, otolaryngologist, and neurologist to these patients is required to localize the site of the lesion, to detect and describe the deafness and to establish its etiology.", "contents": "Central auditory dysfunction. The numerous tests applicable to the assessment of central deafness are briefly reviewed. It is likely that the more specific verbal and non-verbal tests, which assess more complex auditory function, will prove to be most useful in the assessment of these problems. We believe that the concept of a spectrum of clinical-anatomical types of central deafness is useful, namely, cortical, brainstem and more peripheral forms; a detailed study of an example of a predominantly brainstem type of central deafness is presented. An interdisciplinary approach which applies the methods of the audiologist, otolaryngologist, and neurologist to these patients is required to localize the site of the lesion, to detect and describe the deafness and to establish its etiology.", "PMID": 1030742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5314", "title": "Experiments on the mechanism of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re attacks.", "content": "The pattern of response decline following semicircular canal stimulation corresponds to a mechanical process. This process is the elastic recoil of the hairs of the sensory cells. The response decline is the same, whether the endolymph-cupula system is patent or mechanically maintained in a displaced position. The role of the bending of the entire cupula as the principle factor is excluded for the response and its decline. Repeated endolymph displacements immediately after each decline of response always result in an equal response and its decline. This rules out the depletion of a chemical mediator as a cause for the response decline. Indentations of the sidewalks of the ampulla result in reactions suggesting that the ampulla is filled with a loose gel secreted by the planum semilunatum cells.", "contents": "Experiments on the mechanism of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re attacks. The pattern of response decline following semicircular canal stimulation corresponds to a mechanical process. This process is the elastic recoil of the hairs of the sensory cells. The response decline is the same, whether the endolymph-cupula system is patent or mechanically maintained in a displaced position. The role of the bending of the entire cupula as the principle factor is excluded for the response and its decline. Repeated endolymph displacements immediately after each decline of response always result in an equal response and its decline. This rules out the depletion of a chemical mediator as a cause for the response decline. Indentations of the sidewalks of the ampulla result in reactions suggesting that the ampulla is filled with a loose gel secreted by the planum semilunatum cells.", "PMID": 1030743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5315", "title": "British Columbia ear bank.", "content": "The B.C. Ear Bank was established in 1974 as a temporal bone laboratory devoted to the study of hearing loss and histological examination of temporal bones. It expanded its activities to the collection and preservation of homograft otologic tissue needed for the ever expanding field of ear surgery. The function of the ear bank in these two fields is discussed in detail.", "contents": "British Columbia ear bank. The B.C. Ear Bank was established in 1974 as a temporal bone laboratory devoted to the study of hearing loss and histological examination of temporal bones. It expanded its activities to the collection and preservation of homograft otologic tissue needed for the ever expanding field of ear surgery. The function of the ear bank in these two fields is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 1030744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5316", "title": "Evoked potential audiometry.", "content": "A large number of different components of the auditory evoked potential can be recorded from the human scalp using averaging techniques. It is now possible to evaluate with such evoked potential measurements the functioning of the entire human auditory system from the hair cell receptors to the association areas of cortex. This multiplicity of evoked potential components is important clinically since any one component measurement may be the most appropriate for a certain subject at a certain time, and also because the replication of objective audiological findings using more than one testing method allows greater confidence in the results. As well as providing an accurate means of determining the extent of a hearing loss, evoked potential studies can also provide information concerning the type and location of such a defect.", "contents": "Evoked potential audiometry. A large number of different components of the auditory evoked potential can be recorded from the human scalp using averaging techniques. It is now possible to evaluate with such evoked potential measurements the functioning of the entire human auditory system from the hair cell receptors to the association areas of cortex. This multiplicity of evoked potential components is important clinically since any one component measurement may be the most appropriate for a certain subject at a certain time, and also because the replication of objective audiological findings using more than one testing method allows greater confidence in the results. As well as providing an accurate means of determining the extent of a hearing loss, evoked potential studies can also provide information concerning the type and location of such a defect.", "PMID": 1030745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5317", "title": "Killing effect of normal peritoneal exudate cells in guinea pigs on microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis evoked by passive transfer of immune humoral factor.", "content": "Parasiticidal activity of normal peritoneal exudate cells on microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in diffusion chambers implanted into normal guinea pigs was evoked by intraperitoneal passive transfer of anti-D. immitis serum. The immune serum was fractionated into supernatant and sediment by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The parasiticidal effect was reproduced with the supernatant and, to a less extent, with the sediment. Anti-D. immitis serum from the animals sensitized 5 days before was also effective in this respect. From these results it can be concluded that the factor responsible for the phenomenon is some other factor(s) than the antibody. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity test demonstrated an enhanced Mf-killing activity of sensitized peritoneal exudate cells by adding with anti-D. immitis serum.", "contents": "Killing effect of normal peritoneal exudate cells in guinea pigs on microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis evoked by passive transfer of immune humoral factor. Parasiticidal activity of normal peritoneal exudate cells on microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in diffusion chambers implanted into normal guinea pigs was evoked by intraperitoneal passive transfer of anti-D. immitis serum. The immune serum was fractionated into supernatant and sediment by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The parasiticidal effect was reproduced with the supernatant and, to a less extent, with the sediment. Anti-D. immitis serum from the animals sensitized 5 days before was also effective in this respect. From these results it can be concluded that the factor responsible for the phenomenon is some other factor(s) than the antibody. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity test demonstrated an enhanced Mf-killing activity of sensitized peritoneal exudate cells by adding with anti-D. immitis serum.", "PMID": 1030746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5318", "title": "Comparison of frequency characteristics of photopic and scotopic S-potentials in the carp.", "content": "Frequency characteristics of photopic and scotopic L-type S-potentials were studied in the carp retina, using either an impulse or a sinusoidal light input superimposed on a steady background light of various intensities. The photopic type responses were faster than the scotopic responses if their frequency characteristics were compared without background illumination. However, the difference was not absolute. Both types of responses became faster in the presence of background illumination. The stronger the background, the faster was the response. At relatively high background intensities, the response to a flash became diphasic due to the rebound effect which corresponds to a low frequency attenuation in the gain characteristics. The main difference between the two types of responses was found in the phase relation; the scotopic units showed more phase lag indicating an extra delay even under a condition in which the time course of their response was faster than that of the photopic units.", "contents": "Comparison of frequency characteristics of photopic and scotopic S-potentials in the carp. Frequency characteristics of photopic and scotopic L-type S-potentials were studied in the carp retina, using either an impulse or a sinusoidal light input superimposed on a steady background light of various intensities. The photopic type responses were faster than the scotopic responses if their frequency characteristics were compared without background illumination. However, the difference was not absolute. Both types of responses became faster in the presence of background illumination. The stronger the background, the faster was the response. At relatively high background intensities, the response to a flash became diphasic due to the rebound effect which corresponds to a low frequency attenuation in the gain characteristics. The main difference between the two types of responses was found in the phase relation; the scotopic units showed more phase lag indicating an extra delay even under a condition in which the time course of their response was faster than that of the photopic units.", "PMID": 1030747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5319", "title": "Maximum capacity of ventilation and efficiency of gas exchange during liquid breathing in guinea pigs.", "content": "Mechanical characteristics of liquid breathing were studied in isolated lungs of guinea pigs filled with fluorocarbons FC-75 and 77. It was found that compliance increased to 2-2.5 times, resistance increased to 20 times, and maximum expiratory flow decreased to 1/20-1/25 times the corresponding values observed in air-filled lungs. The maximum volume of ventilation during liquid breathing was then predicted to be 50 ml/min from parameters mentioned above, and about 80% of such ventilation was actually observed in anesthetized animals. Measurements on O2-uptake and CO2-output as well as gas analysis of arterial blood showed that the ventilation volume was insufficient to maintain the normal gas exchange in the animal unless body temperature was lowered. An increase in physiological dead space observed during liquid breathing suggested that slow diffusion rate of gases through the liquid was responsible for the deficiency of the gas exchange.", "contents": "Maximum capacity of ventilation and efficiency of gas exchange during liquid breathing in guinea pigs. Mechanical characteristics of liquid breathing were studied in isolated lungs of guinea pigs filled with fluorocarbons FC-75 and 77. It was found that compliance increased to 2-2.5 times, resistance increased to 20 times, and maximum expiratory flow decreased to 1/20-1/25 times the corresponding values observed in air-filled lungs. The maximum volume of ventilation during liquid breathing was then predicted to be 50 ml/min from parameters mentioned above, and about 80% of such ventilation was actually observed in anesthetized animals. Measurements on O2-uptake and CO2-output as well as gas analysis of arterial blood showed that the ventilation volume was insufficient to maintain the normal gas exchange in the animal unless body temperature was lowered. An increase in physiological dead space observed during liquid breathing suggested that slow diffusion rate of gases through the liquid was responsible for the deficiency of the gas exchange.", "PMID": 1030748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5320", "title": "Mechanisms underlying cessation of rabbit sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in high potassium solutions.", "content": "To determine the effect of high extracellular potassium concentration ([K]o) on the membrane current of the sinoatrial node cell, voltage clamp experiments were conducted using the double microelectrode technique. When depolarizing clamp pulses were applied, a transient inward current was followed by an outward current and an outward current tail flowed after the pulse. The amplitude of both the transient inward current and the outward current tail were markedly reduced with increasing [K]o, but the magnitude of the outward current during depolarization scarcely changed. The inward current during hyperpolarizing clamp pulses increased in magnitude at higher [K]o and the reversal potential for the inward current change decreased with increasing [K]o. From these results it was concluded that the suppression of the sinoatrial node automaticity at higher [K]o was due to the decrease in magnitude of both the transient inward current and the outward current tail. As the cause of the depression of the transient inward current, its inactivation through depolarization, increased outward leak current and some direct inhibitory effect of K were proposed. The reduction of the outward current tail was attributed to the decrease in the driving force of the K current.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying cessation of rabbit sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in high potassium solutions. To determine the effect of high extracellular potassium concentration ([K]o) on the membrane current of the sinoatrial node cell, voltage clamp experiments were conducted using the double microelectrode technique. When depolarizing clamp pulses were applied, a transient inward current was followed by an outward current and an outward current tail flowed after the pulse. The amplitude of both the transient inward current and the outward current tail were markedly reduced with increasing [K]o, but the magnitude of the outward current during depolarization scarcely changed. The inward current during hyperpolarizing clamp pulses increased in magnitude at higher [K]o and the reversal potential for the inward current change decreased with increasing [K]o. From these results it was concluded that the suppression of the sinoatrial node automaticity at higher [K]o was due to the decrease in magnitude of both the transient inward current and the outward current tail. As the cause of the depression of the transient inward current, its inactivation through depolarization, increased outward leak current and some direct inhibitory effect of K were proposed. The reduction of the outward current tail was attributed to the decrease in the driving force of the K current.", "PMID": 1030749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5321", "title": "Prostaglandin action on the main pulmonary artery and portal vein of the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins on electrical and mechanical properties of the rabbit pulmonary artery and portal vein were investigated and compared with those recorded from the guinea pig. In the pulmonary artery, PGE1 and PGE2 (10(-9)-10(-6) g/ml) had no effect on mechanical properties, but PGF2alpha (10(-8) g/ml) produced tonic contraction, while in the portal vein, PGE1 and PGE2 caused relaxation of the tissues. When the tissue of the pulmonary artery contracted from pretreatment with noradrenaline (10(-7) g/ml), PGE1 and PGE2 experienced partial, incomplete, relaxation, while PGF2alpha enhanced the mechanical response produced by noradrenaline. At concentrations of 10(-7) g/ml, PGE1 and PGE2 hyperpolarized the membranes in both smooth muscle tissues while PGF2alpha depolarized them. These agents decreased membrane resistance at all membrane potential levels to values below those measured in Krebs solution. PGF2alpha (10(-6) g/ml) applied simultaneously with procaine (1.4-2.7 x 10(-3) g/ml) markedly enhanced the mechanical responses of both tissues beyond the effects evoked by PGF2alpha alone. However, noradrenaline (10(-8) and 10(-7) g/ml) applied simultaneously with procaine (1.4 x 10(-3) g/ml) markedly suppressed the mechanical responses evoked by noradrenaline alone. It is concluded that PGE1 and PGE2 brought about relaxation of both tissues (vasodilation), while PGF2alpha brought about contraction (vasoconstriction). The excitatory action of PGF2alpha (10(-5) g/ml) and noradrenaline (10(-7) g/ml) on the electrical and mechanical responses appear as the same phenomena, i.e., depolarized membrane, decreased membrane resistance and contraction, although the mechanisms producing the above phenomena differ.", "contents": "Prostaglandin action on the main pulmonary artery and portal vein of the rabbit. The effects of prostaglandins on electrical and mechanical properties of the rabbit pulmonary artery and portal vein were investigated and compared with those recorded from the guinea pig. In the pulmonary artery, PGE1 and PGE2 (10(-9)-10(-6) g/ml) had no effect on mechanical properties, but PGF2alpha (10(-8) g/ml) produced tonic contraction, while in the portal vein, PGE1 and PGE2 caused relaxation of the tissues. When the tissue of the pulmonary artery contracted from pretreatment with noradrenaline (10(-7) g/ml), PGE1 and PGE2 experienced partial, incomplete, relaxation, while PGF2alpha enhanced the mechanical response produced by noradrenaline. At concentrations of 10(-7) g/ml, PGE1 and PGE2 hyperpolarized the membranes in both smooth muscle tissues while PGF2alpha depolarized them. These agents decreased membrane resistance at all membrane potential levels to values below those measured in Krebs solution. PGF2alpha (10(-6) g/ml) applied simultaneously with procaine (1.4-2.7 x 10(-3) g/ml) markedly enhanced the mechanical responses of both tissues beyond the effects evoked by PGF2alpha alone. However, noradrenaline (10(-8) and 10(-7) g/ml) applied simultaneously with procaine (1.4 x 10(-3) g/ml) markedly suppressed the mechanical responses evoked by noradrenaline alone. It is concluded that PGE1 and PGE2 brought about relaxation of both tissues (vasodilation), while PGF2alpha brought about contraction (vasoconstriction). The excitatory action of PGF2alpha (10(-5) g/ml) and noradrenaline (10(-7) g/ml) on the electrical and mechanical responses appear as the same phenomena, i.e., depolarized membrane, decreased membrane resistance and contraction, although the mechanisms producing the above phenomena differ.", "PMID": 1030750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5322", "title": "[Kidney function after reconstructive operations on the renal arteries in renovascular hypertension].", "content": "A total of 117 patients with renovascular hypertension operated upon by employing reconstructive surgery upon renal arteries for producing hypotensive effect and restoration of renal functions were examined. Examination was made before surgery, in the near (up to 6 months) and remote post-operative periods (after a lapse of up to 10 years time). Soon after the operation persistent normalization of the arterial pressure was recorded in 78 (67 per cent) of 117 patients, improvement supervened in 12 per cent of the cases, and a positive hypotensive effect could be achieved in 92 or 79 per cent of the patients. The immediate normalization and improvement in the evolution of arterial hypertension continue, as a rule, also late after surgery. Following reconstructive operations on the renal arteries with normalized arterial pressure or its improvement the great majority of the patients demonstrated re-establishment or a significant improvement of both the summary (filtration, concentration and even nitrogen-excretory) and individual renal functions (as shown by the results of radioisotope renography with I131 hippuranium and excretory urography. In patients with malignant course of arterial hypertension successful reconstructive surgery was followed by a tendency toward retrograde development of the arterial hypertension malignancy.", "contents": "[Kidney function after reconstructive operations on the renal arteries in renovascular hypertension]. A total of 117 patients with renovascular hypertension operated upon by employing reconstructive surgery upon renal arteries for producing hypotensive effect and restoration of renal functions were examined. Examination was made before surgery, in the near (up to 6 months) and remote post-operative periods (after a lapse of up to 10 years time). Soon after the operation persistent normalization of the arterial pressure was recorded in 78 (67 per cent) of 117 patients, improvement supervened in 12 per cent of the cases, and a positive hypotensive effect could be achieved in 92 or 79 per cent of the patients. The immediate normalization and improvement in the evolution of arterial hypertension continue, as a rule, also late after surgery. Following reconstructive operations on the renal arteries with normalized arterial pressure or its improvement the great majority of the patients demonstrated re-establishment or a significant improvement of both the summary (filtration, concentration and even nitrogen-excretory) and individual renal functions (as shown by the results of radioisotope renography with I131 hippuranium and excretory urography. In patients with malignant course of arterial hypertension successful reconstructive surgery was followed by a tendency toward retrograde development of the arterial hypertension malignancy.", "PMID": 1030751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5323", "title": "[Characteristics of energy metabolism in different regions of the heart, liver and kidneys in myocardial infarct after administration of prednisolone].", "content": "The effect of therapeutic doses of Prednisolone (1 mg/kg) on the indices of energy metabolism in different regions of the heart, liver and kidneys was studied in 70 dogs within the initial 10 days after the ligation of the left coronary artery. The administration of such doses of Prednisolone was found to increase the respiration of the mytochondria and especially the binding of the inorganic phosphate in the zone of the infarction, to switch over from the poorly effective oxidation in the nondamaged area of the left ventricle to the one firmly conjugated with phosphorylation, to level the balance between the respiration and phosphorylation of the mytochondria in the right ventricle, liver and kidneys. The beneficial effect of Prednisolone upon the energy metabolism in the tissues during myocardial infarction manifested itself in growing depots of ATP and creatinephosphate in all regions of the heart. This effect of Prednisolone is most clearly expressed during the initial 5 days of its administration, and is less demonstrative when given for 10 days.", "contents": "[Characteristics of energy metabolism in different regions of the heart, liver and kidneys in myocardial infarct after administration of prednisolone]. The effect of therapeutic doses of Prednisolone (1 mg/kg) on the indices of energy metabolism in different regions of the heart, liver and kidneys was studied in 70 dogs within the initial 10 days after the ligation of the left coronary artery. The administration of such doses of Prednisolone was found to increase the respiration of the mytochondria and especially the binding of the inorganic phosphate in the zone of the infarction, to switch over from the poorly effective oxidation in the nondamaged area of the left ventricle to the one firmly conjugated with phosphorylation, to level the balance between the respiration and phosphorylation of the mytochondria in the right ventricle, liver and kidneys. The beneficial effect of Prednisolone upon the energy metabolism in the tissues during myocardial infarction manifested itself in growing depots of ATP and creatinephosphate in all regions of the heart. This effect of Prednisolone is most clearly expressed during the initial 5 days of its administration, and is less demonstrative when given for 10 days.", "PMID": 1030752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5324", "title": "[Cerebral hemodynamics in neurocirculatory hypotension].", "content": "Data are presented on the state of cerebral haemodynamics in patients with neuro-circulatory hypotension that was studied by measuring the arterial pressure in various zones of blood supply (the central retinal artery, superficial temporal artery and the brachial artery), by studying the ocular fundus and by rheoencephalography. The cerebral haemodynamic disorders were revealed in the form of regional cerebral hypertension in 13.4% and regional cerebral hypotension in 29.4%, against the background of a general fall of the arterial pressure. In regional cerebral hypertension the vessels of the ocular fundus were narrowed, in regional cerebral hypotension--vice versa. The reduction of the pulse pressure during neuro-circulatory hypotension also attracts attention, and it can be considered a sign of impaired blood supply to the brain.", "contents": "[Cerebral hemodynamics in neurocirculatory hypotension]. Data are presented on the state of cerebral haemodynamics in patients with neuro-circulatory hypotension that was studied by measuring the arterial pressure in various zones of blood supply (the central retinal artery, superficial temporal artery and the brachial artery), by studying the ocular fundus and by rheoencephalography. The cerebral haemodynamic disorders were revealed in the form of regional cerebral hypertension in 13.4% and regional cerebral hypotension in 29.4%, against the background of a general fall of the arterial pressure. In regional cerebral hypertension the vessels of the ocular fundus were narrowed, in regional cerebral hypotension--vice versa. The reduction of the pulse pressure during neuro-circulatory hypotension also attracts attention, and it can be considered a sign of impaired blood supply to the brain.", "PMID": 1030753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5325", "title": "[Comparison of the electrocardiographic, clinical and coronarographic data in ischemic heart disease after physical exertion].", "content": "A comparison of the clinical data and those of ECG under physical exercises with the results of coronary angiography is presented for 130 patients with the ischaemic heart disease, aged 28 to 68 years; 63 of them had survived myocardial infarction, 63 had angina of effort, 65--angina at rest and angina of effort, 2 presented no complaints. The comparison of the clinical and coronarographic data demonstrated a high correlation in cases of angina; in 85.3% of the patients with typical angina pectoris coronary angiography revealed anatomic changes in the coronaries. Having compared the data to the positive exercise test with the results of coronary angiography, the authors found that 87.9% of the examined patients have--with a positive exercise test--coronary lesions and the S--T segment depression during physicial exercises 1 mm below the iso-electric line, which permits to diagnose anatomic changes in the coronaries. According to the authors, an acute onset of the disease, a brief history (up to 1 year) and a prompt restoration of the ECG following physical exercises are typical rather for local lesions of one coronary branch.", "contents": "[Comparison of the electrocardiographic, clinical and coronarographic data in ischemic heart disease after physical exertion]. A comparison of the clinical data and those of ECG under physical exercises with the results of coronary angiography is presented for 130 patients with the ischaemic heart disease, aged 28 to 68 years; 63 of them had survived myocardial infarction, 63 had angina of effort, 65--angina at rest and angina of effort, 2 presented no complaints. The comparison of the clinical and coronarographic data demonstrated a high correlation in cases of angina; in 85.3% of the patients with typical angina pectoris coronary angiography revealed anatomic changes in the coronaries. Having compared the data to the positive exercise test with the results of coronary angiography, the authors found that 87.9% of the examined patients have--with a positive exercise test--coronary lesions and the S--T segment depression during physicial exercises 1 mm below the iso-electric line, which permits to diagnose anatomic changes in the coronaries. According to the authors, an acute onset of the disease, a brief history (up to 1 year) and a prompt restoration of the ECG following physical exercises are typical rather for local lesions of one coronary branch.", "PMID": 1030754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5326", "title": "[Circulation time of 125I-labeled fibrinogen in patients with ischemic heart disease with different types of hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "In 31 patients with ischaemic heart disease and different types of hyperlipoproteinemia the Takeda method was used for determining the duration of 125I-labelled fibrinogen circulation. The half-life period of labelled fibrinogen was found to be twice shorter in the patients than in the normal individuals. Two types of curves of plasma radioactivity reduction were distinguished in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The briefest circulataion period of the labelled fibrinogen was found in patients with type II hyperlioproteinemia. In patients with ischaemic heart disease and normal blood lipids content the period of circulation of the labelled fibrinogen comprised 2.07 +/- 0.27 days and was higher than in those with hyperlipoproteinemia.", "contents": "[Circulation time of 125I-labeled fibrinogen in patients with ischemic heart disease with different types of hyperlipoproteinemia]. In 31 patients with ischaemic heart disease and different types of hyperlipoproteinemia the Takeda method was used for determining the duration of 125I-labelled fibrinogen circulation. The half-life period of labelled fibrinogen was found to be twice shorter in the patients than in the normal individuals. Two types of curves of plasma radioactivity reduction were distinguished in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The briefest circulataion period of the labelled fibrinogen was found in patients with type II hyperlioproteinemia. In patients with ischaemic heart disease and normal blood lipids content the period of circulation of the labelled fibrinogen comprised 2.07 +/- 0.27 days and was higher than in those with hyperlipoproteinemia.", "PMID": 1030755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5327", "title": "[Rheologic properties of blood in patients with complicated and uncomplicated course of acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The examination was conducted in 77 patients with a varying course of acute myocardial infarction, in 10 normal individuals, 10 patients with angina pectoris, and 20 patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis. The patients with acute myocardial infarction demonstrated a higher, than in the control group, blood viscosity, fibrinogen, hematocrit level and erythrocytes aggregation rate. The most significant changes in the rheologic properties of blood were observed in the cases of complicated myocardial infarction. Patients with severe coronary shock displayed both high and low levels of blood viscosity, fibrinogen and hematocrit, which may be due to the different stages of the coronary shock.", "contents": "[Rheologic properties of blood in patients with complicated and uncomplicated course of acute myocardial infarct]. The examination was conducted in 77 patients with a varying course of acute myocardial infarction, in 10 normal individuals, 10 patients with angina pectoris, and 20 patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis. The patients with acute myocardial infarction demonstrated a higher, than in the control group, blood viscosity, fibrinogen, hematocrit level and erythrocytes aggregation rate. The most significant changes in the rheologic properties of blood were observed in the cases of complicated myocardial infarction. Patients with severe coronary shock displayed both high and low levels of blood viscosity, fibrinogen and hematocrit, which may be due to the different stages of the coronary shock.", "PMID": 1030756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5328", "title": "[Dynamics of bundle-branch block in the acute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "On the basis of a randomized analysis of ECG of 200 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction the relative incidence of partial blocks was demonstrated: 33% among the survivors, and 54% among the hospital mortality cases. The prognostic value of the development of blocks was supported by the fact that it corresponded to further aggravation of the clinical course--increased cardiac pains, manifestations of cardiac insufficiency, development of arrhythmias. The bundle of His branch block may mask the infarction changes of ECG. Signs of incomplete blocking were revealed that include a leftward deviation of the axis, increase of R-wave amplitude in the 1 and aVL leads, appearance of enhancement of the S-wave in the II and V5-6 leads that preceed a complete blocking of the appropriate branch. The obtained data indicate the necessity of tracing the intraventricular conduction in the course of ECG monitoring during the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Dynamics of bundle-branch block in the acute period of myocardial infarct]. On the basis of a randomized analysis of ECG of 200 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction the relative incidence of partial blocks was demonstrated: 33% among the survivors, and 54% among the hospital mortality cases. The prognostic value of the development of blocks was supported by the fact that it corresponded to further aggravation of the clinical course--increased cardiac pains, manifestations of cardiac insufficiency, development of arrhythmias. The bundle of His branch block may mask the infarction changes of ECG. Signs of incomplete blocking were revealed that include a leftward deviation of the axis, increase of R-wave amplitude in the 1 and aVL leads, appearance of enhancement of the S-wave in the II and V5-6 leads that preceed a complete blocking of the appropriate branch. The obtained data indicate the necessity of tracing the intraventricular conduction in the course of ECG monitoring during the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1030757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5329", "title": "[Hemodynamic research and physiopathologic remarks on \"vibration angiopathy\" with Raynaud's phenomenon (author's transl)].", "content": "A hemodynamic research was carried out by the authors in ten patients affected with upper limb \"vibration angiopathy\", as well as in ten healthy control subjects. Digital artery flow and systolic, diastolic and mean pressures were measured, and vascular resistances and the so-called \"systolic index\" calculated, both in basal condition and following hand warming. In patients with \"vibration angiopathy\" fingers were examined, which on a previous arteriographic study showed the most and the least severe arterial lesions, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected between the mean values of the hemodynamic indices obtained from the most and the least involved fingers, respectively, as well as between such values and the control subject ones. These results would suggest--even with due reservation on account of the relatively small number of cases and of their different features--that digital artery lesions, as shown by arteriography, have no definite hemodynamic significance. The lack of a statistically significant decrease of the digital artery mean pressure, compared to control subjects, supports the hypothesis that Raynaud's phenomenon in \"vibration angiopathy\" is not due to a transmural pressure fall. Finally, the lack of correlation between the severity of arterial lesions and Raynaud's phenomenon site suggests that the vasomotion impairment which causes the phenomenon is not related to such lesions.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic research and physiopathologic remarks on \"vibration angiopathy\" with Raynaud's phenomenon (author's transl)]. A hemodynamic research was carried out by the authors in ten patients affected with upper limb \"vibration angiopathy\", as well as in ten healthy control subjects. Digital artery flow and systolic, diastolic and mean pressures were measured, and vascular resistances and the so-called \"systolic index\" calculated, both in basal condition and following hand warming. In patients with \"vibration angiopathy\" fingers were examined, which on a previous arteriographic study showed the most and the least severe arterial lesions, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected between the mean values of the hemodynamic indices obtained from the most and the least involved fingers, respectively, as well as between such values and the control subject ones. These results would suggest--even with due reservation on account of the relatively small number of cases and of their different features--that digital artery lesions, as shown by arteriography, have no definite hemodynamic significance. The lack of a statistically significant decrease of the digital artery mean pressure, compared to control subjects, supports the hypothesis that Raynaud's phenomenon in \"vibration angiopathy\" is not due to a transmural pressure fall. Finally, the lack of correlation between the severity of arterial lesions and Raynaud's phenomenon site suggests that the vasomotion impairment which causes the phenomenon is not related to such lesions.", "PMID": 1030758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5330", "title": "[Remarks on the nervous disturbances observed during an occupational medicine survey in workmen employed in a metal container manufacturing plant (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the results of a survey carried out in order to investigate psychic disturbances in subjects working in a metal container manufacturing industry. The manufacturing process is described and an attempt made to analyse the relationships among its evolution, work organisation--mainly referring to working group composition--and work division levels reached. The possible influences of noxious environmental factors on the onset of the psychic disturbances observed are examined. The obtained data are analysed and the psychic disturbances classified as: 1) anxious, 2) depressive, and 3) psychosomatic in nature; hypotheses are formulated in order to explain the higher frequency of almost all reported disturbances in female compared to male workers. Data are reported concerning psychotropic drug treatment as well as psychiatric hospitalization in the examined subjects; and their higher prevalence in comparison with the mean general population data is underlined. Finally, some remarks are made on methodology problems, and a correct setting up of the technician/homogeneous working group relationship is said to be the fundamental support for a profitable survey such as the one performed by the authors.", "contents": "[Remarks on the nervous disturbances observed during an occupational medicine survey in workmen employed in a metal container manufacturing plant (author's transl)]. The authors report the results of a survey carried out in order to investigate psychic disturbances in subjects working in a metal container manufacturing industry. The manufacturing process is described and an attempt made to analyse the relationships among its evolution, work organisation--mainly referring to working group composition--and work division levels reached. The possible influences of noxious environmental factors on the onset of the psychic disturbances observed are examined. The obtained data are analysed and the psychic disturbances classified as: 1) anxious, 2) depressive, and 3) psychosomatic in nature; hypotheses are formulated in order to explain the higher frequency of almost all reported disturbances in female compared to male workers. Data are reported concerning psychotropic drug treatment as well as psychiatric hospitalization in the examined subjects; and their higher prevalence in comparison with the mean general population data is underlined. Finally, some remarks are made on methodology problems, and a correct setting up of the technician/homogeneous working group relationship is said to be the fundamental support for a profitable survey such as the one performed by the authors.", "PMID": 1030759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5331", "title": "[Disinfection chambers: Classification and terminology].", "content": "To draw up a scientifically-grounded classification of and terminology for the chamber-type  disinfection equipment a classificational scheme of notions has been worked out, the most essential characteristics were laid at its basis, such as operational conditions, the shape of the working chamber, the method of charging and disinfection, as well as heating the chamber.", "contents": "[Disinfection chambers: Classification and terminology]. To draw up a scientifically-grounded classification of and terminology for the chamber-type  disinfection equipment a classificational scheme of notions has been worked out, the most essential characteristics were laid at its basis, such as operational conditions, the shape of the working chamber, the method of charging and disinfection, as well as heating the chamber.", "PMID": 1030761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5332", "title": "[Sterilization of the pumping units of the apparatus for artificial circulation AIK-5 and AIK-5M].", "content": "Materials on clinical application in cardiosurgery of Soviet-made apparatus for extracorporeal circulation, models (formula: see text) and (formula: see text) are presented. Modification of these apparatus aimed at securing separate sterilization of its pumping units and setting them in place as a complete aggregate is described. This is achieved by providing the pumping assembly with articulated lock bolts and locating grips diametrically on the faceplate of the pump over which, to temporarily fix the cover with distributing valves and the pump's diaphragms, a rubber plait is hooked on.", "contents": "[Sterilization of the pumping units of the apparatus for artificial circulation AIK-5 and AIK-5M]. Materials on clinical application in cardiosurgery of Soviet-made apparatus for extracorporeal circulation, models (formula: see text) and (formula: see text) are presented. Modification of these apparatus aimed at securing separate sterilization of its pumping units and setting them in place as a complete aggregate is described. This is achieved by providing the pumping assembly with articulated lock bolts and locating grips diametrically on the faceplate of the pump over which, to temporarily fix the cover with distributing valves and the pump's diaphragms, a rubber plait is hooked on.", "PMID": 1030762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5333", "title": "[Certain technical aspects of assisted circulation].", "content": "The paper treats of issues concerned with the control, designing of the drive and operating mechanisms of the equipment for assisted circulation, working on the principle of an oriented presure change in the cardio-vascular system. Problems relating to the cardiosynchronization of the therapeutic action, constructing a drive based on the use of a linear direct current motor and to the demands placed on the actuating mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Certain technical aspects of assisted circulation]. The paper treats of issues concerned with the control, designing of the drive and operating mechanisms of the equipment for assisted circulation, working on the principle of an oriented presure change in the cardio-vascular system. Problems relating to the cardiosynchronization of the therapeutic action, constructing a drive based on the use of a linear direct current motor and to the demands placed on the actuating mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1030764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5334", "title": "[Sensitometric characteristics of medical roentgenographic and fluorographic films. Sensitivity of the amplifying screens combined with a film].", "content": "Factors affecting the degree of sensitivity of roentgenographic and radiofluorographic films and of their combinations with fluorescent screens are considered. A method of films exposure with a roentgenosensitometer permitting it to determine the sensitivity in conditions closely approaching the ones used in practice and corresponding to the minimum of the isoopaque is suggested. A way for determining the sensitivity of films in m2-mJ1 and lx-1-c-1 is indicated. Numerical values for the sensitivity of the films and their combinations with the screens are given. It is shown that with Eef = 38 keV, T = 20 degrees C, exposure time of 0.4--1 sec and optical density 1.00 over general focusing the lower limit of the X-ray RM-1film sensitivity to the light of CaWO4-screens is 38 m2-mJ-1 and of the fluorographic film Pphi-3 to the light of the Zn0-68Cd0-32S--Ag-screens -- 14.6 m2-mJ-1 or 30 lx-1-c-1.", "contents": "[Sensitometric characteristics of medical roentgenographic and fluorographic films. Sensitivity of the amplifying screens combined with a film]. Factors affecting the degree of sensitivity of roentgenographic and radiofluorographic films and of their combinations with fluorescent screens are considered. A method of films exposure with a roentgenosensitometer permitting it to determine the sensitivity in conditions closely approaching the ones used in practice and corresponding to the minimum of the isoopaque is suggested. A way for determining the sensitivity of films in m2-mJ1 and lx-1-c-1 is indicated. Numerical values for the sensitivity of the films and their combinations with the screens are given. It is shown that with Eef = 38 keV, T = 20 degrees C, exposure time of 0.4--1 sec and optical density 1.00 over general focusing the lower limit of the X-ray RM-1film sensitivity to the light of CaWO4-screens is 38 m2-mJ-1 and of the fluorographic film Pphi-3 to the light of the Zn0-68Cd0-32S--Ag-screens -- 14.6 m2-mJ-1 or 30 lx-1-c-1.", "PMID": 1030760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5335", "title": "[New construction of an orthotopic heart prosthesis made of fluorosiloxane rubber].", "content": "A new design of orthopedic heart prosthesis with artificial ventricles of the saccular type -- model (see text) is described and results of its test-trials are reported. All the components of the heart prosthesis are made of fluorosiloxan rubber.", "contents": "[New construction of an orthotopic heart prosthesis made of fluorosiloxane rubber]. A new design of orthopedic heart prosthesis with artificial ventricles of the saccular type -- model (see text) is described and results of its test-trials are reported. All the components of the heart prosthesis are made of fluorosiloxan rubber.", "PMID": 1030766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5336", "title": "[Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a stationary membrane oxygenator].", "content": "Univariate diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through a selective membrane of a stationary membranous oxygenator (SMO) and moving blood film is considered. Through the use of a precise exponential approximation of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve [S (p)=1--ae-bp] a partial oxygen pressure distribution [p (x)] along the SMO membrane and a transcedental equation for estimating the value for partial pressure (pa) of the arterialized blood and the SMO efficiency with reference to oxygen have been obtained. A somewhat less exact logarithmic approximation of the summary blood oxygen concentration [C1=a1+b1ln(p--po)] enables it to arrive at an analytical expression for calculating the SMO efficiency with reference to oxygen in a positively definite form. On the other hand, by using logarithmic approximation of the summary carbon dioxide concentration proceeding from the partial CO2 pressure in the blood a partial CO2 pressure distribution along the membrane, as well as an analytical expression for estimating the SMO efficiency with reference to carbon dioxide could be obtained.", "contents": "[Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a stationary membrane oxygenator]. Univariate diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through a selective membrane of a stationary membranous oxygenator (SMO) and moving blood film is considered. Through the use of a precise exponential approximation of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve [S (p)=1--ae-bp] a partial oxygen pressure distribution [p (x)] along the SMO membrane and a transcedental equation for estimating the value for partial pressure (pa) of the arterialized blood and the SMO efficiency with reference to oxygen have been obtained. A somewhat less exact logarithmic approximation of the summary blood oxygen concentration [C1=a1+b1ln(p--po)] enables it to arrive at an analytical expression for calculating the SMO efficiency with reference to oxygen in a positively definite form. On the other hand, by using logarithmic approximation of the summary carbon dioxide concentration proceeding from the partial CO2 pressure in the blood a partial CO2 pressure distribution along the membrane, as well as an analytical expression for estimating the SMO efficiency with reference to carbon dioxide could be obtained.", "PMID": 1030765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5337", "title": "[Appliance for linear pressure changes in the tourniquet of the apparatus for automatic measurement of arterial pressure].", "content": "A linearizer allowing it to reduce the deviation from linearity down to not more than 5 per cent during pressure measurement from 300 to 20 mm Hg has been designed for indirect measurement of arterial pressure. The resulting estimated relation between pressure changes in the cuff and the paying out time makes it possible to construct linearizers for various maximal pressure values in the cuff with the due regard for the environmental conditions.", "contents": "[Appliance for linear pressure changes in the tourniquet of the apparatus for automatic measurement of arterial pressure]. A linearizer allowing it to reduce the deviation from linearity down to not more than 5 per cent during pressure measurement from 300 to 20 mm Hg has been designed for indirect measurement of arterial pressure. The resulting estimated relation between pressure changes in the cuff and the paying out time makes it possible to construct linearizers for various maximal pressure values in the cuff with the due regard for the environmental conditions.", "PMID": 1030763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5338", "title": "[Physiotherapeutic apparatus as a source of air ionization in the rooms].", "content": "The extent of the air ionization in rooms accomodating physiotherapeutic apparatus is assessed. Subject to determination are main characteristics of ionization, such as: the unipolarity coefficient, the ionic air pollution factor, the life time of ions. Formulas for calculating mean concentration of ions and of the ionization energy liberation are cited. Recommendations for reducing the ions concentration are given.", "contents": "[Physiotherapeutic apparatus as a source of air ionization in the rooms]. The extent of the air ionization in rooms accomodating physiotherapeutic apparatus is assessed. Subject to determination are main characteristics of ionization, such as: the unipolarity coefficient, the ionic air pollution factor, the life time of ions. Formulas for calculating mean concentration of ions and of the ionization energy liberation are cited. Recommendations for reducing the ions concentration are given.", "PMID": 1030767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5339", "title": "[Automatic regulator of venous pressure and venous outflow in the perfusion system].", "content": "A scheme for automatic regulation of the venous pressure and venous blood outflow during extracorporeal circulation is proposed. The system consists of a photoelectric sensor placed on a tube led out of the major venous trunkline, a converter and an electromechanical eccentric clamp that compresses the venous trunkline, all of which secures stabilization of the controlled values.", "contents": "[Automatic regulator of venous pressure and venous outflow in the perfusion system]. A scheme for automatic regulation of the venous pressure and venous blood outflow during extracorporeal circulation is proposed. The system consists of a photoelectric sensor placed on a tube led out of the major venous trunkline, a converter and an electromechanical eccentric clamp that compresses the venous trunkline, all of which secures stabilization of the controlled values.", "PMID": 1030768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5340", "title": "[Signaling indicator of ventricular fibrillation].", "content": "The purpose of the work was to design an appliance for reliable detection of ventricular fibrillation. Frequency-amplitude spectrum of electrocardiograms taken in dogs with normal rhythm and fibrillation, as well as the impulse ratio in normalcy, tachycardia and in fibrillation were investigated. An appliance for automatic separation of ventricular fibrillation by referring to pulse ratio is described. The designed device is shown to have a high degree of discrimination and noise-immunity.", "contents": "[Signaling indicator of ventricular fibrillation]. The purpose of the work was to design an appliance for reliable detection of ventricular fibrillation. Frequency-amplitude spectrum of electrocardiograms taken in dogs with normal rhythm and fibrillation, as well as the impulse ratio in normalcy, tachycardia and in fibrillation were investigated. An appliance for automatic separation of ventricular fibrillation by referring to pulse ratio is described. The designed device is shown to have a high degree of discrimination and noise-immunity.", "PMID": 1030769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5341", "title": "[Air flow rate converter errors depending on the manufacturing precision].", "content": "Among the most promising converters of air (gas) flow rate into pressure differential employed in systems for the respiration parameters measurement should be counted the ones based on the viscous friction resistance, made in the shape of plane-parallel channels formed by packs of plates, with pressure take-off along sections of the laminary flow from each channel via orifices and collectors Individual converters of the same type and size may differ substantially from one another in their conversion ratio, depending upon the degree of precision with which the instruments are made, and then mainly due to deviations in the thickness of the plates (the height of channels). In order to exclude such variations and to obtain a standard signal it is recommended that the making of the instruments  should include a tuning operation of the clear opening area in the resistance, or correction of the distance between the pressure take-off points. This will make it possible to utilize standard secondary convertes and thus cut down the cost of measuring systems incorporating such devices.", "contents": "[Air flow rate converter errors depending on the manufacturing precision]. Among the most promising converters of air (gas) flow rate into pressure differential employed in systems for the respiration parameters measurement should be counted the ones based on the viscous friction resistance, made in the shape of plane-parallel channels formed by packs of plates, with pressure take-off along sections of the laminary flow from each channel via orifices and collectors Individual converters of the same type and size may differ substantially from one another in their conversion ratio, depending upon the degree of precision with which the instruments are made, and then mainly due to deviations in the thickness of the plates (the height of channels). In order to exclude such variations and to obtain a standard signal it is recommended that the making of the instruments  should include a tuning operation of the clear opening area in the resistance, or correction of the distance between the pressure take-off points. This will make it possible to utilize standard secondary convertes and thus cut down the cost of measuring systems incorporating such devices.", "PMID": 1030770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5342", "title": "[Protective measures against increase of the potential of a \"grounded\" passive electrode of the electrosurgical apparatus].", "content": "Causes accounting for the occurrence of high-frequency induced burns, one of the most common types of damage inflicted on patients during electrosurgical interventions, are considered. Different variants of circuits indicating the emergence of a leakage current passing to the ground via the patient's body when this comes in contact with a grounded object are analyzed. Recommendations for the protection of patients are listed.", "contents": "[Protective measures against increase of the potential of a \"grounded\" passive electrode of the electrosurgical apparatus]. Causes accounting for the occurrence of high-frequency induced burns, one of the most common types of damage inflicted on patients during electrosurgical interventions, are considered. Different variants of circuits indicating the emergence of a leakage current passing to the ground via the patient's body when this comes in contact with a grounded object are analyzed. Recommendations for the protection of patients are listed.", "PMID": 1030771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5343", "title": "[Cryoprobes in the treatment of vascular occlusive diseases].", "content": "Application of cryosurgical methods offers good promise in the clinic of general surgery and especially in that of vascular surgery. In tests conducted on 20 dogs the authors showed that on the third-seventh day after reproduction in test animals of an acute or arterial thrombosis the thromb could be completely removed from the blood vessel, on its being fixed by freezing to a special cooled rod (cryothrombectomy). By means of a cooled rod to which the vein is being fixed by freezing cryovenectomy can be performed. The method merits further elaboration and clinical investigations.", "contents": "[Cryoprobes in the treatment of vascular occlusive diseases]. Application of cryosurgical methods offers good promise in the clinic of general surgery and especially in that of vascular surgery. In tests conducted on 20 dogs the authors showed that on the third-seventh day after reproduction in test animals of an acute or arterial thrombosis the thromb could be completely removed from the blood vessel, on its being fixed by freezing to a special cooled rod (cryothrombectomy). By means of a cooled rod to which the vein is being fixed by freezing cryovenectomy can be performed. The method merits further elaboration and clinical investigations.", "PMID": 1030772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5344", "title": "[Instrument for cryogenic surgery of subatrophic and atrophic rhinitis and pharyngitis].", "content": "To treat cryogenically the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa an instrument has been devised in which the supply of cold carrier is regulated by changing pressure in the reservoir and by using interchageable needles of different diameter. The direction of the cold carried stream is changed depending upon the needle chamfer angle and the arrangement of holes in its wall. The procedure used in applying cryogenic action is simple and may be used in treating outpatients.", "contents": "[Instrument for cryogenic surgery of subatrophic and atrophic rhinitis and pharyngitis]. To treat cryogenically the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa an instrument has been devised in which the supply of cold carrier is regulated by changing pressure in the reservoir and by using interchageable needles of different diameter. The direction of the cold carried stream is changed depending upon the needle chamfer angle and the arrangement of holes in its wall. The procedure used in applying cryogenic action is simple and may be used in treating outpatients.", "PMID": 1030773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5345", "title": "Reflective and impulsive children: strategies of information processing underlying differences in problem solving.", "content": "The hypothesis that impulsive children differ from reflective children in their preferred strategy of information processing, based on extent of stimulus analysis, was investigated. The experiments employed different age groups and a variety of tasks, including matching, grouping, recall, and concept attainment. Stimuli were presented both visually and auditorily and included both visually and aduitorily and included both verbal and pictorial matrials. The tasks required verbal and nonverbal responses and varied in the level of stimulus analysis necessary for successful performance. The subjects' strategy was assessed by the quality of their performance on tasks requiring detail versus global processing, and by the strategy they chose to adopt in tasks where either detail or global processing led to successful performance. While reflective children performed better on tasks requiring detail analysis than on tasks requiring global analysis, impulsive children showed the reverse trend. Furthermore, when successful solutions could be reached via either a global- or a detail-processing strategy, impulsive children who adopted the former were equally as successful as reflective children who adopted the latter strategy. It was concluded that, contrary to existing views, impulsive children are not inferior to reflective children in general potential or problem-solving ability. Rather, the inferior performance of impulsive children frequently reported in the literature may be due to incompatibility between their preferred global-processing strategy and the detail analysis typically required for successful performance.", "contents": "Reflective and impulsive children: strategies of information processing underlying differences in problem solving. The hypothesis that impulsive children differ from reflective children in their preferred strategy of information processing, based on extent of stimulus analysis, was investigated. The experiments employed different age groups and a variety of tasks, including matching, grouping, recall, and concept attainment. Stimuli were presented both visually and auditorily and included both visually and aduitorily and included both verbal and pictorial matrials. The tasks required verbal and nonverbal responses and varied in the level of stimulus analysis necessary for successful performance. The subjects' strategy was assessed by the quality of their performance on tasks requiring detail versus global processing, and by the strategy they chose to adopt in tasks where either detail or global processing led to successful performance. While reflective children performed better on tasks requiring detail analysis than on tasks requiring global analysis, impulsive children showed the reverse trend. Furthermore, when successful solutions could be reached via either a global- or a detail-processing strategy, impulsive children who adopted the former were equally as successful as reflective children who adopted the latter strategy. It was concluded that, contrary to existing views, impulsive children are not inferior to reflective children in general potential or problem-solving ability. Rather, the inferior performance of impulsive children frequently reported in the literature may be due to incompatibility between their preferred global-processing strategy and the detail analysis typically required for successful performance.", "PMID": 1030779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5346", "title": "[Use of cryogenic technic for the treatment of tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx].", "content": "To achieve cryodestruction of neoplastic tissues or preliminary freezing tumours for reducing bleedings cryogenic technique was employed in the treatment of 60 patients with buccal and pharyngeal neoplasms. Cryogenic action on the buccal and pharyngeal newgrowths is a promising method of therapy, and for it most suitable is cryoprobe. Recommendations for further improvement of cryogenic instruments are given.", "contents": "[Use of cryogenic technic for the treatment of tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx]. To achieve cryodestruction of neoplastic tissues or preliminary freezing tumours for reducing bleedings cryogenic technique was employed in the treatment of 60 patients with buccal and pharyngeal neoplasms. Cryogenic action on the buccal and pharyngeal newgrowths is a promising method of therapy, and for it most suitable is cryoprobe. Recommendations for further improvement of cryogenic instruments are given.", "PMID": 1030774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5347", "title": "Spontaneous regression of hematologic cancers.", "content": "Spontaneous regression of hematologic cancer is extremely rare. Data gleaned from the literature and from previously unreported cases allow certain interesting general conclusions. Spontaneous remission of acute leukemia is associated with bacterial infection and is of short duration, weeks to months. Spontaneous regression of lymphoma or plasma cell dyscrasia is often of substantial duration, months or years, and frequently is associated with viral infections. Spontaneous regression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is also of significant duration and has been associated with the occurence of a new primary carcinoma in one-third of the cases.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of hematologic cancers. Spontaneous regression of hematologic cancer is extremely rare. Data gleaned from the literature and from previously unreported cases allow certain interesting general conclusions. Spontaneous remission of acute leukemia is associated with bacterial infection and is of short duration, weeks to months. Spontaneous regression of lymphoma or plasma cell dyscrasia is often of substantial duration, months or years, and frequently is associated with viral infections. Spontaneous regression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is also of significant duration and has been associated with the occurence of a new primary carcinoma in one-third of the cases.", "PMID": 1030780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5348", "title": "[Improved model of cryosprayer].", "content": "For local congelation of pathologically altered sections of the tissue the design of an earlier devised cryosprayer has been improved. The newly constructed model is convenient in handling, reliable in operation, has low weight and overall dimensions and ensures good visual view of the operation field. The new model of the cryosprayer is recommended for use in the stomatological practice, for treatment precarcinous affections of the buccal mucosa and dental pulp.", "contents": "[Improved model of cryosprayer]. For local congelation of pathologically altered sections of the tissue the design of an earlier devised cryosprayer has been improved. The newly constructed model is convenient in handling, reliable in operation, has low weight and overall dimensions and ensures good visual view of the operation field. The new model of the cryosprayer is recommended for use in the stomatological practice, for treatment precarcinous affections of the buccal mucosa and dental pulp.", "PMID": 1030775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5349", "title": "[Rheographic method of examination during conduction of functional tests with physical exertion].", "content": "In most of the rheographic procedures in use the hemodynamics is studied at rest with retained breathing at expiration. The rheographic method of examination may furnish a wealth of new and extremely valuable information when employed during institution of functional load tests (physical loads, in particular). A design of an electrode is proposed whose use with an integral method of the information readout enables it to obtain a high-standard rheographic curve with the examinee performing physical work on a veloergometer.", "contents": "[Rheographic method of examination during conduction of functional tests with physical exertion]. In most of the rheographic procedures in use the hemodynamics is studied at rest with retained breathing at expiration. The rheographic method of examination may furnish a wealth of new and extremely valuable information when employed during institution of functional load tests (physical loads, in particular). A design of an electrode is proposed whose use with an integral method of the information readout enables it to obtain a high-standard rheographic curve with the examinee performing physical work on a veloergometer.", "PMID": 1030776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5350", "title": "Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma.", "content": "Case of spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma continue to occur in the present multimodal therapy era at institutions where physicians are prepared to withhold treatment on certain patients with residual primary or metastatic disease. From a survey of the 22 member institutions of Children's Cancer Study Group, seven hospitals submitted data on 24 neuroblastoma patients whose disease underwent regression after minimal, unusual, or no treatment. An analysis of these patients and of 33 patients form two large series in the literature shows that the majority of patients are infants with Stage II or Stage IVS disease. The spontaneous regression usually consists of complete disappearance of the disease, but in some neuroblastomas, maturation to ganglioneuroma takes place. The various factors that may influence regression are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma. Case of spontaneous regression of neuroblastoma continue to occur in the present multimodal therapy era at institutions where physicians are prepared to withhold treatment on certain patients with residual primary or metastatic disease. From a survey of the 22 member institutions of Children's Cancer Study Group, seven hospitals submitted data on 24 neuroblastoma patients whose disease underwent regression after minimal, unusual, or no treatment. An analysis of these patients and of 33 patients form two large series in the literature shows that the majority of patients are infants with Stage II or Stage IVS disease. The spontaneous regression usually consists of complete disappearance of the disease, but in some neuroblastomas, maturation to ganglioneuroma takes place. The various factors that may influence regression are discussed.", "PMID": 1030781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5351", "title": "Latent carcinoma and carcinoma in situ.", "content": "Lesions exist in the cervix that are diagnosed as carcinoma in situ; some may progress to invasive carcinoma and some may regress. Many are probably overdiagnosed, may represent effects of promoting agents rather than intiating agents, and may entail risk for the patient in that the lesion may be an unusualy good target in carcinogenesis. Latent carcinomas are small foci of initated cells unable to express their malignant phenotype because of environmental controls. Latent cells are produced in experimental carcinogenesis and occur in spontaneous tumors as G-O stem cells.", "contents": "Latent carcinoma and carcinoma in situ. Lesions exist in the cervix that are diagnosed as carcinoma in situ; some may progress to invasive carcinoma and some may regress. Many are probably overdiagnosed, may represent effects of promoting agents rather than intiating agents, and may entail risk for the patient in that the lesion may be an unusualy good target in carcinogenesis. Latent carcinomas are small foci of initated cells unable to express their malignant phenotype because of environmental controls. Latent cells are produced in experimental carcinogenesis and occur in spontaneous tumors as G-O stem cells.", "PMID": 1030782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5352", "title": "[Complex apparatus for remote study of external respiration].", "content": "A complex set of instruments ensuring telerecording of the basic ventilation and gas exchange values is described. The set provides for the possibility of delivering various gas mixtures to the examinee. The set was mounted, tested and operated with a centrifuge under radial overloads of up to 12Gx. A six-year experience of its operation demonstrated its reliability, accuracy and reproducibility of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Complex apparatus for remote study of external respiration]. A complex set of instruments ensuring telerecording of the basic ventilation and gas exchange values is described. The set provides for the possibility of delivering various gas mixtures to the examinee. The set was mounted, tested and operated with a centrifuge under radial overloads of up to 12Gx. A six-year experience of its operation demonstrated its reliability, accuracy and reproducibility of the results obtained.", "PMID": 1030777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5353", "title": "[Accuracy of reproducing images of objects in electro-roentgenographic examination of various organs].", "content": "Most characteristic distortions of electroroentgenographic and electroroentgenotomographic images obtained with the help of Soviet-made (see article) and (see article) units are reviewed. Images of different nature (positive, negative) are compared. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of distortions is give. An electroentgenographic image is contrasted against an analogous image on a PM-1 film. The dependance of the object's structure discernability on its localization on the electrooentgenographic layer is investigated.", "contents": "[Accuracy of reproducing images of objects in electro-roentgenographic examination of various organs]. Most characteristic distortions of electroroentgenographic and electroroentgenotomographic images obtained with the help of Soviet-made (see article) and (see article) units are reviewed. Images of different nature (positive, negative) are compared. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of distortions is give. An electroentgenographic image is contrasted against an analogous image on a PM-1 film. The dependance of the object's structure discernability on its localization on the electrooentgenographic layer is investigated.", "PMID": 1030778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5354", "title": "[Case of giant intra-petrous and intra-cavernous internal carotid aneurysm in a child].", "content": "The authors report the case of an eight-year-old girl hospitalised for severe headache with paroxysmal left otalgia, vomiting, aprexia, paralysis of the left 6 th cranial nerve and slight left facial weakness. Left carotid arteriography revealed a very large aneurysm of the internal carotid, involving its entire intra-petrous and intra-cavernous course. Treatment consisted of ligation of the internal carotid in the neck. Postoperative angiographic studies showed complete exclusion of the aneurysm, and it was unecessary to carry out \"trapping\" by ligation of the supra-cavernous carotid, as had initially been envisaged. The postoperative course was uneventful : immediate disappearance of otalgia, secondary complete recovery of the oculo-motor involvement and facial paresis. The absence of any infections or traumatic past history, together with the young age of the patient, represent arguments in favour of the congenital origin of this intra-petrous carotid aneurysm.", "contents": "[Case of giant intra-petrous and intra-cavernous internal carotid aneurysm in a child]. The authors report the case of an eight-year-old girl hospitalised for severe headache with paroxysmal left otalgia, vomiting, aprexia, paralysis of the left 6 th cranial nerve and slight left facial weakness. Left carotid arteriography revealed a very large aneurysm of the internal carotid, involving its entire intra-petrous and intra-cavernous course. Treatment consisted of ligation of the internal carotid in the neck. Postoperative angiographic studies showed complete exclusion of the aneurysm, and it was unecessary to carry out \"trapping\" by ligation of the supra-cavernous carotid, as had initially been envisaged. The postoperative course was uneventful : immediate disappearance of otalgia, secondary complete recovery of the oculo-motor involvement and facial paresis. The absence of any infections or traumatic past history, together with the young age of the patient, represent arguments in favour of the congenital origin of this intra-petrous carotid aneurysm.", "PMID": 1030783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5355", "title": "[General anesthesia during neurosurgery in sitting position].", "content": "Sitting position during surgery of the posterior fossa is very convenient for the neurosurgeon but can be dangerous, specially concerning the risk of air-embolism. We discuss the major problems of this special position, and the modifications of respiratory and hemodynamic functions from our experience on 84 cases. We study the monitoring of these patients during surgery, with special emphasis on prevention and detection of air-embolism with the capnograph. With the protocol suggested we can avoid major risk in this position.", "contents": "[General anesthesia during neurosurgery in sitting position]. Sitting position during surgery of the posterior fossa is very convenient for the neurosurgeon but can be dangerous, specially concerning the risk of air-embolism. We discuss the major problems of this special position, and the modifications of respiratory and hemodynamic functions from our experience on 84 cases. We study the monitoring of these patients during surgery, with special emphasis on prevention and detection of air-embolism with the capnograph. With the protocol suggested we can avoid major risk in this position.", "PMID": 1030784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5356", "title": "Effects of estrogen on the electrical activity of identified and unidentified hypothalamic units.", "content": "Experiments performed on unanesthetized ovariectomized female rabbits demonstrated the effects of estradiol benzoate (EB; 20 microng i.v.) on the electrical activity of hypothalamic units which send their axons to the median eminence. Of a total of 1,840 cells recorded in hypothalamic and preoptic areas, 46 (2.5%) were antidromically activated by stimulating the median eminence. Under the present experimental conditions, EB induced a progressive diminution in the mean firing rate of these cells observed throughout the recording period (30-120 min). In addition to cells projecting to the median eminence, neurons which could not be antidromically invaded using our techniques were observed to be sensitive to estrogen. Estrogen administration produced a long-lasting inhibition of antidromically activated cells and a depression of much shorter duration (15-20 min) of unidentified nonstimulated units. These data suggest the existence of two types of hypothalamic neurons sensitive to estrogen.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on the electrical activity of identified and unidentified hypothalamic units. Experiments performed on unanesthetized ovariectomized female rabbits demonstrated the effects of estradiol benzoate (EB; 20 microng i.v.) on the electrical activity of hypothalamic units which send their axons to the median eminence. Of a total of 1,840 cells recorded in hypothalamic and preoptic areas, 46 (2.5%) were antidromically activated by stimulating the median eminence. Under the present experimental conditions, EB induced a progressive diminution in the mean firing rate of these cells observed throughout the recording period (30-120 min). In addition to cells projecting to the median eminence, neurons which could not be antidromically invaded using our techniques were observed to be sensitive to estrogen. Estrogen administration produced a long-lasting inhibition of antidromically activated cells and a depression of much shorter duration (15-20 min) of unidentified nonstimulated units. These data suggest the existence of two types of hypothalamic neurons sensitive to estrogen.", "PMID": 1030785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5357", "title": "Neuroendocrine and electroencephalographic sleep changes due to acute amphetamine ingestion in human beings.", "content": "Amphetamine, a clinically used sympathomimetic central-acting drug, was administered in Spansule capsules in a blind schedule to 8 normal obse volunteers in a daily (8 a.m.) single 15 dose for 7 days. The study, conducted in the metabolic ward, included two 7 day placebo periods (pre- and post-drug). During the 1st placebo period, all subjects exhibited within the 1st 2 h of sleep a clear and significant nocturnal increase of growth hormone (GH) closely related with sleep stages 3 and 4. Thyrotropin (TSH) increase was observed between 01.00 to 04.00 h and was accompanied by a reduction of thyroxine (T4) levels. Cortisol levels presented their characteristic rhythm, clearly associated with paradoxical sleep (REM). Amphetamine significantly reduced stages 3 and 4, as well as REM sleep, and increased stage 2. GH and cortisol circadian profiles were preserved, although their magnitude was diminished. The extent of nocturnal TSH and T4 changes was significantly reduced. Drug withdrawal was accompanied by a rebound of REM sleep and a trend to recover the pretreatment TSH and T4 temporal profile. These results suggest that adrenergic neurotrasmitters may be a significant modulating system for TSH and cortisol, whereas GH nocturnal secretion may be influenced by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine and electroencephalographic sleep changes due to acute amphetamine ingestion in human beings. Amphetamine, a clinically used sympathomimetic central-acting drug, was administered in Spansule capsules in a blind schedule to 8 normal obse volunteers in a daily (8 a.m.) single 15 dose for 7 days. The study, conducted in the metabolic ward, included two 7 day placebo periods (pre- and post-drug). During the 1st placebo period, all subjects exhibited within the 1st 2 h of sleep a clear and significant nocturnal increase of growth hormone (GH) closely related with sleep stages 3 and 4. Thyrotropin (TSH) increase was observed between 01.00 to 04.00 h and was accompanied by a reduction of thyroxine (T4) levels. Cortisol levels presented their characteristic rhythm, clearly associated with paradoxical sleep (REM). Amphetamine significantly reduced stages 3 and 4, as well as REM sleep, and increased stage 2. GH and cortisol circadian profiles were preserved, although their magnitude was diminished. The extent of nocturnal TSH and T4 changes was significantly reduced. Drug withdrawal was accompanied by a rebound of REM sleep and a trend to recover the pretreatment TSH and T4 temporal profile. These results suggest that adrenergic neurotrasmitters may be a significant modulating system for TSH and cortisol, whereas GH nocturnal secretion may be influenced by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 1030786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5358", "title": "[Contribution of the \"limulus test\" to the diagnosis of endotoxemias and meningitis due to gram negative bacteria].", "content": "The \"limulus test\" may be used to detect the endotoxins of Gram negative organisms. Applied to the cerebrospinal fluid (79 specimens from 64 patients) it proved itself to be a very important contribution to the differential diagnosis of purulent meningitis (95% positive results, no false positives). However it can be used on the plasma only in patients with shock of suspected endotoxic origin.", "contents": "[Contribution of the \"limulus test\" to the diagnosis of endotoxemias and meningitis due to gram negative bacteria]. The \"limulus test\" may be used to detect the endotoxins of Gram negative organisms. Applied to the cerebrospinal fluid (79 specimens from 64 patients) it proved itself to be a very important contribution to the differential diagnosis of purulent meningitis (95% positive results, no false positives). However it can be used on the plasma only in patients with shock of suspected endotoxic origin.", "PMID": 1030787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5359", "title": "[Modification of properties of drugs combined with polymers. I].", "content": "The article reviews the papers on modifying the properties of drugs by their administration in the form of a mixture with polymers, or combination of the drugs and polymers using coordinative or ionic bonds. In many cases the combination of drugs and polymers by chemical means or preparation of a mixture of drugs and polymers prolongs and increases the effectivity of drugs, increases their solubility, decreases their toxicity, and modifies their distribution in the organs.", "contents": "[Modification of properties of drugs combined with polymers. I]. The article reviews the papers on modifying the properties of drugs by their administration in the form of a mixture with polymers, or combination of the drugs and polymers using coordinative or ionic bonds. In many cases the combination of drugs and polymers by chemical means or preparation of a mixture of drugs and polymers prolongs and increases the effectivity of drugs, increases their solubility, decreases their toxicity, and modifies their distribution in the organs.", "PMID": 1030788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5360", "title": "Growth hormone and prolactin in the fetus.", "content": "Growth hormone is released from pituitary glands maintained in tissue culture as early as 5 weeks after conception. It has been identified in the fetal anterior pituitary gland by immunologic and biologic techniques between 7 and 15 weeks of gestation. Immunoreactive pituitary GH levels increase rapidly between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation to maximal levels at 30-34 weeks. Serum GH levels are detectable by 10-weeks postconception and reach maximal values at 20-24 weeks declining thereafter until term. Pospartum GH concentrations decline over several weeks to lower values, GH levels remaining higher in preterm than in term infants. The biologic role of pituitary GH in the fetus is unknown. Although birth-weights and lengths are reported to be normal in infants with anencephaly, aplasia, or hypoplasia of the pituitary gland and in isolated deficiency of growth hormone, in whom pituitary and serum GH levels are low, careful inspection of large series of such infants reveals that their birthweights may indeed be low and that cell numbers in many organs may be subnormal. In experimental animals prenatal administration of GH increases maternal weight and gestational length. Reported effects on neuronal growth and adult intelligence of animals treated prenatally may reflect these phenomena rather than a direct transplacental effect of GH. Prolactin is also elaborated by the pituitary gland of very young human fetuses. It has been identified immunologically by 10-weeks gestation and biologically at 18 weeks. Pituitary content of immunoreactive prolactin remains low until 16.5-weeks gestation and then increases steadily until term. The plasma concentration of prolactin is low until 30-weeks gestation and increases thereafter until term. In anencephalic fetuses prolactin levels are normal and respond to appropriate stimuli. Very high concentrations of (possibly fetal) prolactin are found in the amniotic fluid. The role of prolactin in the fetus is also unknown. It has been suggested that prolactin may be important for growth of the fetal adrenal cortex and/or for suppression of the immune response during pregnancy. It is apparent that a great deal of additional work is necessary before the importance of either growth hormone of prolactin for normal fetal growth and development will be known.", "contents": "Growth hormone and prolactin in the fetus. Growth hormone is released from pituitary glands maintained in tissue culture as early as 5 weeks after conception. It has been identified in the fetal anterior pituitary gland by immunologic and biologic techniques between 7 and 15 weeks of gestation. Immunoreactive pituitary GH levels increase rapidly between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation to maximal levels at 30-34 weeks. Serum GH levels are detectable by 10-weeks postconception and reach maximal values at 20-24 weeks declining thereafter until term. Pospartum GH concentrations decline over several weeks to lower values, GH levels remaining higher in preterm than in term infants. The biologic role of pituitary GH in the fetus is unknown. Although birth-weights and lengths are reported to be normal in infants with anencephaly, aplasia, or hypoplasia of the pituitary gland and in isolated deficiency of growth hormone, in whom pituitary and serum GH levels are low, careful inspection of large series of such infants reveals that their birthweights may indeed be low and that cell numbers in many organs may be subnormal. In experimental animals prenatal administration of GH increases maternal weight and gestational length. Reported effects on neuronal growth and adult intelligence of animals treated prenatally may reflect these phenomena rather than a direct transplacental effect of GH. Prolactin is also elaborated by the pituitary gland of very young human fetuses. It has been identified immunologically by 10-weeks gestation and biologically at 18 weeks. Pituitary content of immunoreactive prolactin remains low until 16.5-weeks gestation and then increases steadily until term. The plasma concentration of prolactin is low until 30-weeks gestation and increases thereafter until term. In anencephalic fetuses prolactin levels are normal and respond to appropriate stimuli. Very high concentrations of (possibly fetal) prolactin are found in the amniotic fluid. The role of prolactin in the fetus is also unknown. It has been suggested that prolactin may be important for growth of the fetal adrenal cortex and/or for suppression of the immune response during pregnancy. It is apparent that a great deal of additional work is necessary before the importance of either growth hormone of prolactin for normal fetal growth and development will be known.", "PMID": 1030789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5361", "title": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 4. Blood pressure relationships.", "content": "The significance of these and related data will be discussed in greater detail during the subsequent course of this workshop. For now, we can sum up our findings with the following general statements concerning this analysis: 1. Blood pressure elevation occuring alone during the course of pregnancy, in the absence of edema and/or proteinuria, affects perinatal survival adversely. 2. This relationship is most marked among nulliparas in the age range 20-34 years and is less pronounced, but still evident, in young nulliparas and in multiparas of comparable age. 3. The effect is greater among black patients than among white patients in the median-aged nulliparas and multiparas, but this difference is not mirrored in the young nulliparas studied. 4. Blood pressure elevations during weeks 20-28 of pregnancy result in much higher subsequent perinatal losses in white nulliparas (both median and young age groups) than comparable elevations earlier or later in pregnancy. 5. Among black nulliparas of median age, maximal blood pressure effect on outcome is encountered at the sixteenth week (the earliest available data), with continuing significant increases until the twenty-eighth week, and there is another increment at term. In younger black patients, the results from 20 through 28 weeks parallel those seen in white patients, but with an additional peak at term. 6. among multiparas, maximal effect occurs at 24-28 weeks in both black and white groups. 7. The critical blood pressure levels are significantly lower in early pregnancy than in late pregnancy. 8. Critical levels of blood pressure with advancing pregnancy appear to parallel the trend in mean blood pressures determined to exist for this series. 9. Utilizing blood pressure distribution data to set limits statistically, we find very meaningful increments in perinatal mortality rates for nulliparas presenting blood pressure elevations beyond the 95 percentile point. This holds also for diastolic or systolic levels when these are examined independently because neither alone yielded more convincing data than blood pressure combinations condidered together.", "contents": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 4. Blood pressure relationships. The significance of these and related data will be discussed in greater detail during the subsequent course of this workshop. For now, we can sum up our findings with the following general statements concerning this analysis: 1. Blood pressure elevation occuring alone during the course of pregnancy, in the absence of edema and/or proteinuria, affects perinatal survival adversely. 2. This relationship is most marked among nulliparas in the age range 20-34 years and is less pronounced, but still evident, in young nulliparas and in multiparas of comparable age. 3. The effect is greater among black patients than among white patients in the median-aged nulliparas and multiparas, but this difference is not mirrored in the young nulliparas studied. 4. Blood pressure elevations during weeks 20-28 of pregnancy result in much higher subsequent perinatal losses in white nulliparas (both median and young age groups) than comparable elevations earlier or later in pregnancy. 5. Among black nulliparas of median age, maximal blood pressure effect on outcome is encountered at the sixteenth week (the earliest available data), with continuing significant increases until the twenty-eighth week, and there is another increment at term. In younger black patients, the results from 20 through 28 weeks parallel those seen in white patients, but with an additional peak at term. 6. among multiparas, maximal effect occurs at 24-28 weeks in both black and white groups. 7. The critical blood pressure levels are significantly lower in early pregnancy than in late pregnancy. 8. Critical levels of blood pressure with advancing pregnancy appear to parallel the trend in mean blood pressures determined to exist for this series. 9. Utilizing blood pressure distribution data to set limits statistically, we find very meaningful increments in perinatal mortality rates for nulliparas presenting blood pressure elevations beyond the 95 percentile point. This holds also for diastolic or systolic levels when these are examined independently because neither alone yielded more convincing data than blood pressure combinations condidered together.", "PMID": 1030790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5362", "title": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 6. Proteinuria relationships.", "content": "1. The blood pressures of pregnant patients with proteinuria seem to be no higher than the levels of blood pressure in patients with no proteinuria. The presence of proteinuria and pregnancy in the absence of blood pressure elevation increases perinatal mortality above the values where blood pressure elevation occurs alone. This relationship is most prominent among nulliparous median-age pregnant patients. Even though the number of patients is small, the highest rates occur in the young white nullipara from the sixteenth to twenty-third week of pregnancy. Attempts to compare black and white median-aged nulliparas are meaningless because of the tremendous variability of data. 2. The findings in all cohorts with proteinuria were essentially the same as those in Cohorts I, II and III. Proteinuria of 2+ or greater occurs more frequently in black than in white gravidas. 3. Our observations indicate that perinatal mortality rates in patients with proteinuria are, for the most part, at least twice the rates of patients without proteinuria. 4. The volume of data available is insufficient to determine whether proteinuria influences prematurity rates or mean birth weights. However, our data suggest that some vascular or renal lesion must be affecting perinatal mortality. 5. The small number of patients in the proteinuria study group does not permit meaningful comparisons with the patient group presenting no edema or proteinuria. 6. Adherence to suitable criteria for discovering and measuring proteinuria is necessary to make the diagnosis of preeclampsia. These criteria include careful collection of urine in the clinic or hospital, utilization of acceptable standard testing methods, and the application of uniform principles of medical practice to the overall care of obstetric patients. 7. The data are presented, not interpreted. However, we cannot discount the value of the present data in suggesting the urgent need to restudy more of the current data available. It also seems desirable to initiate another program to investigate a smaller group of patients made up of the same sequential cohorts where it may be possible and more practical to apply strict supervision of statistical design, patient care, personnel, laboratory testing, data recording, data processing and reporting and statistical analysis.", "contents": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 6. Proteinuria relationships. 1. The blood pressures of pregnant patients with proteinuria seem to be no higher than the levels of blood pressure in patients with no proteinuria. The presence of proteinuria and pregnancy in the absence of blood pressure elevation increases perinatal mortality above the values where blood pressure elevation occurs alone. This relationship is most prominent among nulliparous median-age pregnant patients. Even though the number of patients is small, the highest rates occur in the young white nullipara from the sixteenth to twenty-third week of pregnancy. Attempts to compare black and white median-aged nulliparas are meaningless because of the tremendous variability of data. 2. The findings in all cohorts with proteinuria were essentially the same as those in Cohorts I, II and III. Proteinuria of 2+ or greater occurs more frequently in black than in white gravidas. 3. Our observations indicate that perinatal mortality rates in patients with proteinuria are, for the most part, at least twice the rates of patients without proteinuria. 4. The volume of data available is insufficient to determine whether proteinuria influences prematurity rates or mean birth weights. However, our data suggest that some vascular or renal lesion must be affecting perinatal mortality. 5. The small number of patients in the proteinuria study group does not permit meaningful comparisons with the patient group presenting no edema or proteinuria. 6. Adherence to suitable criteria for discovering and measuring proteinuria is necessary to make the diagnosis of preeclampsia. These criteria include careful collection of urine in the clinic or hospital, utilization of acceptable standard testing methods, and the application of uniform principles of medical practice to the overall care of obstetric patients. 7. The data are presented, not interpreted. However, we cannot discount the value of the present data in suggesting the urgent need to restudy more of the current data available. It also seems desirable to initiate another program to investigate a smaller group of patients made up of the same sequential cohorts where it may be possible and more practical to apply strict supervision of statistical design, patient care, personnel, laboratory testing, data recording, data processing and reporting and statistical analysis.", "PMID": 1030791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5363", "title": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 7. Edema-plus-proteinuria relationships.", "content": "1. A total of 488 pregnancies had the combination of two-plus or more proteinuria and edema of the hands and face. Of these, 208 were white and 280 were black gravidas. In the white gravidas, 8 fetal and neonatal deaths occurred with a perinatal mortality of 38.5 per 1,000. There were 13 perinatal deaths in the black subgroup with a perinatal mortality rate of 46.4 per 1,000. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 43.0 per 1,000, which could be compared to the overall perinatal mortality rate of 32.8 per 1,000 for the segment of the study population without edema or proteinuria. This underscored the implication of increased hazard to fetal outcome of these clinical signs in combination. 2. The analysis of the matrix data showed scattered rates throughout gestation in white median-age nulliparas. Their black counterparts had comparable increased mortality rates. In the white multiparas of ages 20 to 34 years, the highest rates were found at relatively low blood pressure levels. The black median-age multiparas had rates associated with higher pressure readings, especially at or above 125/75. In teenage mulliparas with edema and proteinuria, perinatal mortality rates were similar for both subgroups and were found in somewhat lower blood pressures. 3. The incremental analysis was remarkable in that rates were scattered widely in the white subgroups, but tightly clustered in the black subgroups. The black median-age nulliparas had perinatal mortality concentrated about 115 to 134 mm. Hg systolic and 65 to 84 mm. Hg diastolic. The overall mortality rates of this subgroup were the highest of the subgroups studied. The black 20 to 34 year old multiparas had highest coassociated deaths in the 134-154 mm. Hg systolic levels throughout pregnancy. The clustering effect was most pronounced in black teenage nulliparas in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure groups at much lower levels. 4. The use of a critical cut-off blood pressure level of 125 mm. Hg systolic and 75 mm. Hg diastolic emphasized the combination factor effect, especially by the increased perinatal mortality rates in the black median-age subgroups of both nulliparas and multiparas. In the white median-age subgroups the rates were not uniformly affected. The teenage nulliparas as a group showed increased mortality rates with lower pressure levels in general. This was seen when the diastolic level was above 75 mm. Hg. 5. Perinatal mortality rates of nulliparas were increased by proteinuria and edema. This increase was great in the case of the 20 to 34 year old black nulliparas, particularly in association with increased blood pressure. Trends are not so apparent for the white median-age nulliparas. Nulliparas of 19 years of age or less have higher perinatal loss with edema and proteinuria, but this is not necessarily augmented with blood pressure elevation. This is notably so in teenage black nulliparas in the early periods of gestation and at term.", "contents": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 7. Edema-plus-proteinuria relationships. 1. A total of 488 pregnancies had the combination of two-plus or more proteinuria and edema of the hands and face. Of these, 208 were white and 280 were black gravidas. In the white gravidas, 8 fetal and neonatal deaths occurred with a perinatal mortality of 38.5 per 1,000. There were 13 perinatal deaths in the black subgroup with a perinatal mortality rate of 46.4 per 1,000. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 43.0 per 1,000, which could be compared to the overall perinatal mortality rate of 32.8 per 1,000 for the segment of the study population without edema or proteinuria. This underscored the implication of increased hazard to fetal outcome of these clinical signs in combination. 2. The analysis of the matrix data showed scattered rates throughout gestation in white median-age nulliparas. Their black counterparts had comparable increased mortality rates. In the white multiparas of ages 20 to 34 years, the highest rates were found at relatively low blood pressure levels. The black median-age multiparas had rates associated with higher pressure readings, especially at or above 125/75. In teenage mulliparas with edema and proteinuria, perinatal mortality rates were similar for both subgroups and were found in somewhat lower blood pressures. 3. The incremental analysis was remarkable in that rates were scattered widely in the white subgroups, but tightly clustered in the black subgroups. The black median-age nulliparas had perinatal mortality concentrated about 115 to 134 mm. Hg systolic and 65 to 84 mm. Hg diastolic. The overall mortality rates of this subgroup were the highest of the subgroups studied. The black 20 to 34 year old multiparas had highest coassociated deaths in the 134-154 mm. Hg systolic levels throughout pregnancy. The clustering effect was most pronounced in black teenage nulliparas in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure groups at much lower levels. 4. The use of a critical cut-off blood pressure level of 125 mm. Hg systolic and 75 mm. Hg diastolic emphasized the combination factor effect, especially by the increased perinatal mortality rates in the black median-age subgroups of both nulliparas and multiparas. In the white median-age subgroups the rates were not uniformly affected. The teenage nulliparas as a group showed increased mortality rates with lower pressure levels in general. This was seen when the diastolic level was above 75 mm. Hg. 5. Perinatal mortality rates of nulliparas were increased by proteinuria and edema. This increase was great in the case of the 20 to 34 year old black nulliparas, particularly in association with increased blood pressure. Trends are not so apparent for the white median-age nulliparas. Nulliparas of 19 years of age or less have higher perinatal loss with edema and proteinuria, but this is not necessarily augmented with blood pressure elevation. This is notably so in teenage black nulliparas in the early periods of gestation and at term.", "PMID": 1030792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5364", "title": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 8. Evaluation of criteria.", "content": "We have reviewed some of the potential sources of errors in our study data with regard to the criteria used clinically to diagnose toxemia. The constraints imposed are rather clear. Despite these limitations (or perhaps because of them), we are impressed that the trends noted in the foregoing studies reported in this workshop relating to gestational progression and perinatal outcome have been encountered. Because such relationships have been uncovered using relatively coarse study parameters, we are tempted to infer that they are likely to be correct. If indeed such trends were spurious or weak relationships, the indelicate clinical signs at our disposal (in terms of their reliability and reproducibility) should not have been expected to demonstrate them so cogently. At the same time it should be made clear that more subtle correlations may exist, other than those herein shown, which perforce cannot be demonstrated or proved because of the restrictive unreliability of the clinical observations.", "contents": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 8. Evaluation of criteria. We have reviewed some of the potential sources of errors in our study data with regard to the criteria used clinically to diagnose toxemia. The constraints imposed are rather clear. Despite these limitations (or perhaps because of them), we are impressed that the trends noted in the foregoing studies reported in this workshop relating to gestational progression and perinatal outcome have been encountered. Because such relationships have been uncovered using relatively coarse study parameters, we are tempted to infer that they are likely to be correct. If indeed such trends were spurious or weak relationships, the indelicate clinical signs at our disposal (in terms of their reliability and reproducibility) should not have been expected to demonstrate them so cogently. At the same time it should be made clear that more subtle correlations may exist, other than those herein shown, which perforce cannot be demonstrated or proved because of the restrictive unreliability of the clinical observations.", "PMID": 1030793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5365", "title": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 9. Proposal for classification.", "content": "The frequency distributions of blood pressures in large populations fail to show two groups, one normotensive and the other hypertensive. In the spectrum of pressures, some people merely have higher levels than others and division of abnormal from normal is artificial and arbitrary, although it is useful for prognosis. The blood pressure of 140/90 as the conventional dividing line does not seem to be appropriate in pregnant women. From the standpoint of fetal prognosis, a level of 125/75 before the thirty-second week and 125/85 thereafter seems more reasonable. Moreover, those levels are close to the 120/80 that Robinson and Brucer specified as the upper limit of normal for all adults and are close to the 130/70 and 120/80 that the eminent British authority, F.J. Browne, used successively in the diagnosis of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. If the standard of 125/75 were adopted, however, a quarter of all pregnant women would be hypertensive in the second trimester and half in the last month, which are disturbingly high proportions. For the diagnosis of preeclampsia, a rise in blood pressure probably is more significant than an arbitrary level. The usual blood pressure in midpregnancy merely defines the patient's place in the spectrum. Figure 9-1 indicates that in white nulliparas the diastolic pressure rises an average of 10 mm. Hg in the middle of the third trimester. If the mean and median are close together, greater increases would occur in half of the women. The classification of the American Committee on Maternal Welfare and of the Committee on Terminology of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists specify increases of 30 mm. Hg or more in the systolic or 15 mm. Hg or more in the diastolic pressures as criteria of preeclamptic hypertension. pperhaps the rise in diastolic pressure should be set at some greater value. Our analysis of data made thus far cannot decide that issue. The next phase of the study will include analyses in individual women of the times, magnitudes, persistence or transience, and the like of changes in blood pressure, edema, and proteinuria. Such data will afford much more information than can be derived from the preliminary studies reported here. Although edema of the hands and face may be more common in preeclamptic than in normal women, such edema is so common in normal pregnancy as to suggest that it usually is normal. In our data, edema seems to bear no relation to hypertension or proteinuria. The triad of signs -- hypertension, proteinuria, and edema -- is generally accepted as characteristic, though far from specific for preeclampsia. Our data support Hytten's conclusion that edema should by dropped from the triad. There is some indication, however, that some edema is abnormal and that it is associated with an adverse effect when it coincides with proteinuria late in pregnancy.", "contents": "Blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in pregnancy. 9. Proposal for classification. The frequency distributions of blood pressures in large populations fail to show two groups, one normotensive and the other hypertensive. In the spectrum of pressures, some people merely have higher levels than others and division of abnormal from normal is artificial and arbitrary, although it is useful for prognosis. The blood pressure of 140/90 as the conventional dividing line does not seem to be appropriate in pregnant women. From the standpoint of fetal prognosis, a level of 125/75 before the thirty-second week and 125/85 thereafter seems more reasonable. Moreover, those levels are close to the 120/80 that Robinson and Brucer specified as the upper limit of normal for all adults and are close to the 130/70 and 120/80 that the eminent British authority, F.J. Browne, used successively in the diagnosis of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. If the standard of 125/75 were adopted, however, a quarter of all pregnant women would be hypertensive in the second trimester and half in the last month, which are disturbingly high proportions. For the diagnosis of preeclampsia, a rise in blood pressure probably is more significant than an arbitrary level. The usual blood pressure in midpregnancy merely defines the patient's place in the spectrum. Figure 9-1 indicates that in white nulliparas the diastolic pressure rises an average of 10 mm. Hg in the middle of the third trimester. If the mean and median are close together, greater increases would occur in half of the women. The classification of the American Committee on Maternal Welfare and of the Committee on Terminology of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists specify increases of 30 mm. Hg or more in the systolic or 15 mm. Hg or more in the diastolic pressures as criteria of preeclamptic hypertension. pperhaps the rise in diastolic pressure should be set at some greater value. Our analysis of data made thus far cannot decide that issue. The next phase of the study will include analyses in individual women of the times, magnitudes, persistence or transience, and the like of changes in blood pressure, edema, and proteinuria. Such data will afford much more information than can be derived from the preliminary studies reported here. Although edema of the hands and face may be more common in preeclamptic than in normal women, such edema is so common in normal pregnancy as to suggest that it usually is normal. In our data, edema seems to bear no relation to hypertension or proteinuria. The triad of signs -- hypertension, proteinuria, and edema -- is generally accepted as characteristic, though far from specific for preeclampsia. Our data support Hytten's conclusion that edema should by dropped from the triad. There is some indication, however, that some edema is abnormal and that it is associated with an adverse effect when it coincides with proteinuria late in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1030794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5366", "title": "Humoral control of cell proliferation: the role of fibroblast growth factor in regeneration, angiogenesis, wound healing, and neoplastic growth.", "content": "The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) is a mitogenic agent in the brain and pituitary of mammals. Recent investigations of the effect of FGF on diverse cell types has shown that FGF stimulates the division of cells from a wide variety of tissues of mesodermal origin including fibroblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, smooth muscle cells, glial cells, normal adrenal cells, and the Y1 adrenal cell line. Cell types of endodermal or ectodermal origin do not appear to be sensitive to FGF. Since FGF can be found in neural tissues and since it induces the proliferation of two cell types involved in the formation of regeneration blastemas (chondrocytes and myoblasts), we have investigated the possibility that FGF could be similar or identical to the neurotrophic factors present in nerve and responsible for the regeneration of limbs in lower vertebrates. Our results have shown that FGF could indeed substitute for the neurotropic factor and replace the nerves in inducing blastema formation and sustaining proliferation of mesenchymal cells which can differentiate into chrondrocytes and myoblasts. Since the blastema has been described as a benign tumor, the role of FGF in the formation of blastemas and benign tumors is currently under investigation. In addition to stimulating fibroblasts, FGF also has a striking growth-promoting effect on primary cultures of vascular endothelial cells. This suggests that FGF could be an angiogenesis factor. Thus, FGF, one of the most potent mitogenic agents found in tissue extracts has two properties expected of an agent which could induce tumors: it can induce blastema formation (direct mitogenic effect) and, through its mitogenic effect on endothelial cells, it could induce formation of capillaries (amplification step), permitting unlimited growth. Repair processes under FGF control will, under normal circumstances, lead to wound healing. In contrast, if cells become transplanted to the wrong environment (hormonal imbalance), growth factors such as FGF could make them proliferate in an anarchic way since negative feedback from surrounding cells will be lacking.", "contents": "Humoral control of cell proliferation: the role of fibroblast growth factor in regeneration, angiogenesis, wound healing, and neoplastic growth. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) is a mitogenic agent in the brain and pituitary of mammals. Recent investigations of the effect of FGF on diverse cell types has shown that FGF stimulates the division of cells from a wide variety of tissues of mesodermal origin including fibroblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, smooth muscle cells, glial cells, normal adrenal cells, and the Y1 adrenal cell line. Cell types of endodermal or ectodermal origin do not appear to be sensitive to FGF. Since FGF can be found in neural tissues and since it induces the proliferation of two cell types involved in the formation of regeneration blastemas (chondrocytes and myoblasts), we have investigated the possibility that FGF could be similar or identical to the neurotrophic factors present in nerve and responsible for the regeneration of limbs in lower vertebrates. Our results have shown that FGF could indeed substitute for the neurotropic factor and replace the nerves in inducing blastema formation and sustaining proliferation of mesenchymal cells which can differentiate into chrondrocytes and myoblasts. Since the blastema has been described as a benign tumor, the role of FGF in the formation of blastemas and benign tumors is currently under investigation. In addition to stimulating fibroblasts, FGF also has a striking growth-promoting effect on primary cultures of vascular endothelial cells. This suggests that FGF could be an angiogenesis factor. Thus, FGF, one of the most potent mitogenic agents found in tissue extracts has two properties expected of an agent which could induce tumors: it can induce blastema formation (direct mitogenic effect) and, through its mitogenic effect on endothelial cells, it could induce formation of capillaries (amplification step), permitting unlimited growth. Repair processes under FGF control will, under normal circumstances, lead to wound healing. In contrast, if cells become transplanted to the wrong environment (hormonal imbalance), growth factors such as FGF could make them proliferate in an anarchic way since negative feedback from surrounding cells will be lacking.", "PMID": 1030795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5367", "title": "Immunogenicity of tumor cells modified by trinitrobenzene suflonic acid (TNBS).", "content": "The ability of trinitrophenylated tumor cells to stimulate syngeneic antitumor response has been tested in 3 different tumor-host systems: A. Trinitrophenylated and inactivated Moloney induced YAC tumor cells (YAC-TNP) were able to induce the production of cytotoxic antibodies in low responding A/J mice, while inactivated YAC tumor cells (YAC-In) failed to induce such a response. Furthermore, A mice which were injected with YAC-TNP rejected 103 viable YAC tumor cells at a higher frequency than those injected with YAC-In. B. Trinitrophenylated and inactivated Gross virus induced G-35 tumor cells or Monoloney induced LSTRA cells (both syngeneic in BALB/c mice) were as immunogenic as nonmodified inactivated tumor cells. About 50% of the immunized mice survived indefinitely after injection of 103 viable tumors. Fruthermore, spleen cells from mice primed with either modified or nonomodified G-35 cells responded in vitro to G-35 in a mixed leukocyte tumor interaction and generated specific cell-mediated cytotoxic activity to 51Cr-G-35 syngeneic tumors. However, the donors of the primed cells did not produce detectable cytotoxic antibodies to G-35. C. In vitro sensitization of C57B1 spleen cells by trinitrophenylated Mitomycin C treated syngeneic EL-4 generated a stronger cytotoxic response to EL-4 cells than obtained by sensitization with Mitomycin C treated EL-4 cells alone, The superiority of the sensitizing capacity of trinitrophenylated EL-4 was readily demonstrated in conditions which were suboptimal for nonmodified Mitomycin C treated tumor. Both theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of tumor cells modified by trinitrobenzene suflonic acid (TNBS). The ability of trinitrophenylated tumor cells to stimulate syngeneic antitumor response has been tested in 3 different tumor-host systems: A. Trinitrophenylated and inactivated Moloney induced YAC tumor cells (YAC-TNP) were able to induce the production of cytotoxic antibodies in low responding A/J mice, while inactivated YAC tumor cells (YAC-In) failed to induce such a response. Furthermore, A mice which were injected with YAC-TNP rejected 103 viable YAC tumor cells at a higher frequency than those injected with YAC-In. B. Trinitrophenylated and inactivated Gross virus induced G-35 tumor cells or Monoloney induced LSTRA cells (both syngeneic in BALB/c mice) were as immunogenic as nonmodified inactivated tumor cells. About 50% of the immunized mice survived indefinitely after injection of 103 viable tumors. Fruthermore, spleen cells from mice primed with either modified or nonomodified G-35 cells responded in vitro to G-35 in a mixed leukocyte tumor interaction and generated specific cell-mediated cytotoxic activity to 51Cr-G-35 syngeneic tumors. However, the donors of the primed cells did not produce detectable cytotoxic antibodies to G-35. C. In vitro sensitization of C57B1 spleen cells by trinitrophenylated Mitomycin C treated syngeneic EL-4 generated a stronger cytotoxic response to EL-4 cells than obtained by sensitization with Mitomycin C treated EL-4 cells alone, The superiority of the sensitizing capacity of trinitrophenylated EL-4 was readily demonstrated in conditions which were suboptimal for nonmodified Mitomycin C treated tumor. Both theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1030796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5368", "title": "Measurement of lateral transport on cell surfaces.", "content": "This paper describes the principles and recent applications of two new methods for measuring rates of macroscopic lateral transport of fluorescent-labeled particles on the surface of individual cells. Both methods are based on microfluorimetric measurements of fluorescence intensity from a small open region (greater than or equal to 1 micronm radius) on the cell surface. Transport rates are measured from the rates at which the measured fluorescence intensity changes due to entrance or departure of fluorophores from the region. One method, \"Fluorescence Photobleach Recovery\" (FPR), uses a brief intense pulse of light to create an initial concentration gradient over the spot by irreversible photochemical destruction of fluorophores. The rate of fluorescence recovery due to transport of unbleached fluorophores into the observation region is the primary experimental datum. The other method, \"Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy\" (FCS), is based on a statistical analysis of spontaneous fluctuations of numbers of fluorophores in the observation region and does not require a perturbation to generate an initial concentration gradient. FCS is mainly useful to measure relatively fast processes (D greater than or equal to 10(-9) cm 2/sec) in stable systems; FPR can be used to measure both slow and fast transport in less stable systems. Using both FCS and FPR, the diffusion coefficient of a fluorescent lipid probe in rat myoblast plasma membranes was measured to be D = (9 +/- 4) X 10(-9) cm2/sec over a range of at least 4 micronm. FPR was used to measure the lateral mobility of the fluorescent labeled lectin concanavalin A complexed to myoblast plasma membrane \"receptors.\" A fraction of the complexes were immobile on the time scale of the experiment (D less than 8 x 10(-12) cm2/sec). The remainder of the complexes had effective diffusion coefficients far smaller than expected from the measurements on the lipid probe (8 x 10(-12) less than or equal to D less than or equal to 3.3 x 10(-11) cm2/sec). Moreover the mobility depended on the valence, dose, and time of occupancy of the lectin on the membrane, suggesting that an aggregation of complexes was occurring during the experiment. Cytochalasin B decreased the mobility of complexes, suggesting an influence of microfilaments on the transport process. Neither azide nor colchine affected measured transport rates. These results indicate the operation of constraints on the mobility of the lectin-receptor complexes beyond that exerted by the viscous resistance of the lipid bilayer membrane matrix. The two types of interactions revealed by our current experiments - interactions of the complexes with microfilaments and with each other (aggregation) - seem insufficient to account entirely for the low observed mobility.", "contents": "Measurement of lateral transport on cell surfaces. This paper describes the principles and recent applications of two new methods for measuring rates of macroscopic lateral transport of fluorescent-labeled particles on the surface of individual cells. Both methods are based on microfluorimetric measurements of fluorescence intensity from a small open region (greater than or equal to 1 micronm radius) on the cell surface. Transport rates are measured from the rates at which the measured fluorescence intensity changes due to entrance or departure of fluorophores from the region. One method, \"Fluorescence Photobleach Recovery\" (FPR), uses a brief intense pulse of light to create an initial concentration gradient over the spot by irreversible photochemical destruction of fluorophores. The rate of fluorescence recovery due to transport of unbleached fluorophores into the observation region is the primary experimental datum. The other method, \"Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy\" (FCS), is based on a statistical analysis of spontaneous fluctuations of numbers of fluorophores in the observation region and does not require a perturbation to generate an initial concentration gradient. FCS is mainly useful to measure relatively fast processes (D greater than or equal to 10(-9) cm 2/sec) in stable systems; FPR can be used to measure both slow and fast transport in less stable systems. Using both FCS and FPR, the diffusion coefficient of a fluorescent lipid probe in rat myoblast plasma membranes was measured to be D = (9 +/- 4) X 10(-9) cm2/sec over a range of at least 4 micronm. FPR was used to measure the lateral mobility of the fluorescent labeled lectin concanavalin A complexed to myoblast plasma membrane \"receptors.\" A fraction of the complexes were immobile on the time scale of the experiment (D less than 8 x 10(-12) cm2/sec). The remainder of the complexes had effective diffusion coefficients far smaller than expected from the measurements on the lipid probe (8 x 10(-12) less than or equal to D less than or equal to 3.3 x 10(-11) cm2/sec). Moreover the mobility depended on the valence, dose, and time of occupancy of the lectin on the membrane, suggesting that an aggregation of complexes was occurring during the experiment. Cytochalasin B decreased the mobility of complexes, suggesting an influence of microfilaments on the transport process. Neither azide nor colchine affected measured transport rates. These results indicate the operation of constraints on the mobility of the lectin-receptor complexes beyond that exerted by the viscous resistance of the lipid bilayer membrane matrix. The two types of interactions revealed by our current experiments - interactions of the complexes with microfilaments and with each other (aggregation) - seem insufficient to account entirely for the low observed mobility.", "PMID": 1030797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5369", "title": "Direct observation of membrane movement by electron microscopy.", "content": "Motions of wet lipid bilayer membranes and plasma membranes of human erythrocytes were observed directly in an electron microscope, using the techniques of selective area diffraction, diffraction contrast imaging and electron opaque markers. The motions are measured as functions of temperature. At the liquidus state of the membrane, the lateral diffusion coefficient is deduced from the Brownian motion of the labeling particles. The coefficient is measured to be 1.1 x 10(-10) cm2/sec. for a bilayer of an equimolar mixture of cholesterol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 20 degrees C. The value for human erythrocyte membrane at 37 degrees C is similar. At the temperature where phase separation occurs, motion is detected as the solidus domains floating on a liquidus medium. Below the transition temperature, the solidus domains move relative to one another along the domain boundaries, the drift velocity being 3 x 10(-6) cm/sec. for the above mentioned bilayer, at 4 degrees C. Together with specific labeling technique, the electron optical method may be used to study the movement of specific sites relative to the membrane, on a scale beyond the resolving power of light microscopy. The use of scanning electron microscopy is discussed.", "contents": "Direct observation of membrane movement by electron microscopy. Motions of wet lipid bilayer membranes and plasma membranes of human erythrocytes were observed directly in an electron microscope, using the techniques of selective area diffraction, diffraction contrast imaging and electron opaque markers. The motions are measured as functions of temperature. At the liquidus state of the membrane, the lateral diffusion coefficient is deduced from the Brownian motion of the labeling particles. The coefficient is measured to be 1.1 x 10(-10) cm2/sec. for a bilayer of an equimolar mixture of cholesterol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 20 degrees C. The value for human erythrocyte membrane at 37 degrees C is similar. At the temperature where phase separation occurs, motion is detected as the solidus domains floating on a liquidus medium. Below the transition temperature, the solidus domains move relative to one another along the domain boundaries, the drift velocity being 3 x 10(-6) cm/sec. for the above mentioned bilayer, at 4 degrees C. Together with specific labeling technique, the electron optical method may be used to study the movement of specific sites relative to the membrane, on a scale beyond the resolving power of light microscopy. The use of scanning electron microscopy is discussed.", "PMID": 1030798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5370", "title": "Crosslinking of lectins and receptors in membranes with hetero-bifunctional crosslinking reagents.", "content": "125I-Con A was reacted with the imidoester group of methyl 4-azidobenzoimidate and isolated from excess reagents on a Sephadex G-25 column. The hetero-bifunctional crosslinking reagent has two dissimilar functional groups, imidoester and arylazide, instead of two identical functional groups found in conventional homo-bifunctional crosslinking reagents. The two functional groups react under different conditions and it is possible to react one first and to activate the other later. Here the reagents were attached to the lectins by the imidoester reactions, and the arylazides now attached to the lectins were intended for the later use to crosslink the lectins and receptors. Human erythrocyte ghosts were incubated with the activated lectins, unbound lectins removed, and irradiated with UV to photolyze arylazides, thus crosslinking the lectins to the receptors in membranes. Upon the solubilization and subsequent electrophoresis of the sample, a new band appeared on the gel. 125I-Con A was detected in band A, the new band, and band 3, one of the membrane glycoproteins, diminished in parallel to the appearance of band A. The concurrent appearance of band A accompanied by 125I-Con A and decrease of band 3 were significantly reduced, when ghosts were incubated with the activated lectins but were not irradiated, ghosts were incubated with nonactivated 125I-Con A and irradiated, or ghosts were incubated with the activated concanavalin A in the presence of alpha-methylmannoside, the lectin inhibitor, and irradiated. The inhibitor removed a significant amount of the activated lectins bound to membranes, but failed to do so the activated lectins crosslinked into band A.", "contents": "Crosslinking of lectins and receptors in membranes with hetero-bifunctional crosslinking reagents. 125I-Con A was reacted with the imidoester group of methyl 4-azidobenzoimidate and isolated from excess reagents on a Sephadex G-25 column. The hetero-bifunctional crosslinking reagent has two dissimilar functional groups, imidoester and arylazide, instead of two identical functional groups found in conventional homo-bifunctional crosslinking reagents. The two functional groups react under different conditions and it is possible to react one first and to activate the other later. Here the reagents were attached to the lectins by the imidoester reactions, and the arylazides now attached to the lectins were intended for the later use to crosslink the lectins and receptors. Human erythrocyte ghosts were incubated with the activated lectins, unbound lectins removed, and irradiated with UV to photolyze arylazides, thus crosslinking the lectins to the receptors in membranes. Upon the solubilization and subsequent electrophoresis of the sample, a new band appeared on the gel. 125I-Con A was detected in band A, the new band, and band 3, one of the membrane glycoproteins, diminished in parallel to the appearance of band A. The concurrent appearance of band A accompanied by 125I-Con A and decrease of band 3 were significantly reduced, when ghosts were incubated with the activated lectins but were not irradiated, ghosts were incubated with nonactivated 125I-Con A and irradiated, or ghosts were incubated with the activated concanavalin A in the presence of alpha-methylmannoside, the lectin inhibitor, and irradiated. The inhibitor removed a significant amount of the activated lectins bound to membranes, but failed to do so the activated lectins crosslinked into band A.", "PMID": 1030799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5371", "title": "Identification of a high molecular weight trans-membrane protein in mouse L cells.", "content": "We have developed a new method for identifying proteins which span the plasma membrane (\"trans-membrane\" proteins) of mammalian cells grown in tissue culture. The method involves labeling proteins exposed on the cell surface with 125I by the lactoperoxidase technique and then preparing sealed, \"inside-out\" membrane vesicles (phagosomes) from the labeled cells using the polystyrene latex bead procedure. These inside-out vesicles are then treated briefly with trypsin and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the presence of 125I-labeled protein species which were degraded by proteolytic attack. Such proteins must be exposed on both the outer and inner membrane surfaces and, therefore, they must pass through the lipid barrier. This method is a general one in the sense that it is suitable for use with a wide variety of cell types, and here we show how it has been employed to prove that a particular high molecular weight polypeptide, called band 1, spans the plasma membrane of mouse L cells. Further studies of the band 1 polypeptide have demonstrated that it is preferentially exposed on the L cell surface during G1 phase of the cell cycle. Progression of cells from G1 to S is accompanied by a marked decrease in the availability of band 1 to iodination and it remains unavailable until cells re-enter G1. It is suggested that the band 1 polypeptide may be functionally involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.", "contents": "Identification of a high molecular weight trans-membrane protein in mouse L cells. We have developed a new method for identifying proteins which span the plasma membrane (\"trans-membrane\" proteins) of mammalian cells grown in tissue culture. The method involves labeling proteins exposed on the cell surface with 125I by the lactoperoxidase technique and then preparing sealed, \"inside-out\" membrane vesicles (phagosomes) from the labeled cells using the polystyrene latex bead procedure. These inside-out vesicles are then treated briefly with trypsin and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the presence of 125I-labeled protein species which were degraded by proteolytic attack. Such proteins must be exposed on both the outer and inner membrane surfaces and, therefore, they must pass through the lipid barrier. This method is a general one in the sense that it is suitable for use with a wide variety of cell types, and here we show how it has been employed to prove that a particular high molecular weight polypeptide, called band 1, spans the plasma membrane of mouse L cells. Further studies of the band 1 polypeptide have demonstrated that it is preferentially exposed on the L cell surface during G1 phase of the cell cycle. Progression of cells from G1 to S is accompanied by a marked decrease in the availability of band 1 to iodination and it remains unavailable until cells re-enter G1. It is suggested that the band 1 polypeptide may be functionally involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.", "PMID": 1030800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5372", "title": "The role of drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "One approach to effective cancer chemotherapy is to maximize the exposure of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs while minimizing the exposure of sensitive normal cells to such agents. This implies the need for control of the pharmacodynamics of anti-tumor drugs in terms of blood clearance kinetics, disposition in tissues, passage across membrane barriers, and interaction with metabolic pathways. A promising approach to pharmacodynamic control is the microencapsulation of drugs within liposomes. The clearance kinetics and tissue disposition of the drug is then dictated by the pharmacokinetic behavior of the liposomal carrier. The blood clearance rates and tissue uptake of liposomes themselves depend upon physical characteristics such as particle size and surface charge. It is also possible to promote specific interaction between cells and liposomes in vitro by preparing liposomes containing biological macromolecules such as lectin receptors. The potentialities of microencapsulation as an adjunct to chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "The role of drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy. One approach to effective cancer chemotherapy is to maximize the exposure of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs while minimizing the exposure of sensitive normal cells to such agents. This implies the need for control of the pharmacodynamics of anti-tumor drugs in terms of blood clearance kinetics, disposition in tissues, passage across membrane barriers, and interaction with metabolic pathways. A promising approach to pharmacodynamic control is the microencapsulation of drugs within liposomes. The clearance kinetics and tissue disposition of the drug is then dictated by the pharmacokinetic behavior of the liposomal carrier. The blood clearance rates and tissue uptake of liposomes themselves depend upon physical characteristics such as particle size and surface charge. It is also possible to promote specific interaction between cells and liposomes in vitro by preparing liposomes containing biological macromolecules such as lectin receptors. The potentialities of microencapsulation as an adjunct to chemotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1030801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5373", "title": "Biochemical analysis of cell adhesion to a substratum and its possible relevance to cell metastasis.", "content": "The evidence is reviewed that two types of cell attachment occur, depending upon the presence or absence of serum in the medium. In the absence of serum, attachment has many characteristics of a nonphysiological process. In the presence of serum, attachment occurs as a series of steps: adsorption of serum components onto the substratum, contact between the cell and substratum, initial attachment, and progressive attachments leading to cell spreading. Although there is a close interdependence of these events, they could be experimentally distinguished. Studies are reported indicating that cell spreading requires the adsorption of a specific serum glycoprotein onto the substratum surface. The relationship between cell adhesiveness and the altered behavior of malignant cells is discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical analysis of cell adhesion to a substratum and its possible relevance to cell metastasis. The evidence is reviewed that two types of cell attachment occur, depending upon the presence or absence of serum in the medium. In the absence of serum, attachment has many characteristics of a nonphysiological process. In the presence of serum, attachment occurs as a series of steps: adsorption of serum components onto the substratum, contact between the cell and substratum, initial attachment, and progressive attachments leading to cell spreading. Although there is a close interdependence of these events, they could be experimentally distinguished. Studies are reported indicating that cell spreading requires the adsorption of a specific serum glycoprotein onto the substratum surface. The relationship between cell adhesiveness and the altered behavior of malignant cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1030802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5374", "title": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of that part of the plasma membrane which is apposed to the substratum.", "content": "We have developed a membrane isolation technique which allows us to isolate that part of the plasma membrane which is apposed to the solid substratum (LPM) to which cells in vitro attach free of the remainder of the plasma membrane (UPM). Our evidence suggests that the UPM is essentially free of contaminating cellular organelles while the LPM may be somewhat contaminated with endoplasmic reticulum fixed to it during the isolation procedure. Characterization of the peptides of the UPM and LPM suggests that some membrane components are nonrandomly distributed to one or the other membrane fraction while the bulk of the membrane peptides appear to be present in both membrane fractions; Membrane components labeled with 3H-fucose or 3H-glucosamine show a 3--5-fold higher specific activity in the LPM than in the UPM. A number of iodineateable surface components, in particular the LETS protein, show a preferential localization to the LPM. The development of this membrane isolation procedure should allow us to begin investigating the molecular basis of differences in cell-substratum adhesion and cell motility, two functions assigned operationally to the LPM.", "contents": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of that part of the plasma membrane which is apposed to the substratum. We have developed a membrane isolation technique which allows us to isolate that part of the plasma membrane which is apposed to the solid substratum (LPM) to which cells in vitro attach free of the remainder of the plasma membrane (UPM). Our evidence suggests that the UPM is essentially free of contaminating cellular organelles while the LPM may be somewhat contaminated with endoplasmic reticulum fixed to it during the isolation procedure. Characterization of the peptides of the UPM and LPM suggests that some membrane components are nonrandomly distributed to one or the other membrane fraction while the bulk of the membrane peptides appear to be present in both membrane fractions; Membrane components labeled with 3H-fucose or 3H-glucosamine show a 3--5-fold higher specific activity in the LPM than in the UPM. A number of iodineateable surface components, in particular the LETS protein, show a preferential localization to the LPM. The development of this membrane isolation procedure should allow us to begin investigating the molecular basis of differences in cell-substratum adhesion and cell motility, two functions assigned operationally to the LPM.", "PMID": 1030803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5375", "title": "Patching, microvilli, and the agglutination of normal and transformed cells.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to study possible structural correlates in the process of agglutination of several types of normal and transformed cells by Concanavalin A. In parallel studies we found that post-confluence inhibition of cell division and agglutiniability of cells by Concanavalin A were not correlated with patching of surface bound lectin molecules as determined with a hemocyanin marker. Transformed cells growing in monolayer cultures were found to have many more microvilli than the corresponding normal cells. However, when cells were brought into suspension with EDTA, all cells developed numerous microvilli and we were not able to distinguish between agglutinable and nonagglutinable cells on the basis of morphological appearance. Cells agglutinated by Concanavalin A had numerous interdigitated microvilli at points of cell-cell contact. The appearance of spontaneously agglutinated cells and lectin agglutinated cells was very similar with respect to the involvement of microvilli in cell-cell attachments, and labeling studies with hemocyanin indicated that Concanavalin A bound to microvilli is rapidly cleared from these surface specializations in a manner analogous to that observed with patching of surface bound lectin. Several lines of SV-40 transformed fibroblasts were shown to be considerably more spontaneously agglutinable than untransformed cells. These results indicate that Concanavalin A may amplify an intrinsic membrane property common to many transformed cells that is expressed as an increase in the rate of adhesion of suspended cells. It is proposed that the membrane change detected by the agglutination reaction may also be involved in the loss of post-confluence inhibition of cell division and growth of transformed cells in semisolid media, due to a surface interaction that allows transformed cells to use each other as growth substrata.", "contents": "Patching, microvilli, and the agglutination of normal and transformed cells. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to study possible structural correlates in the process of agglutination of several types of normal and transformed cells by Concanavalin A. In parallel studies we found that post-confluence inhibition of cell division and agglutiniability of cells by Concanavalin A were not correlated with patching of surface bound lectin molecules as determined with a hemocyanin marker. Transformed cells growing in monolayer cultures were found to have many more microvilli than the corresponding normal cells. However, when cells were brought into suspension with EDTA, all cells developed numerous microvilli and we were not able to distinguish between agglutinable and nonagglutinable cells on the basis of morphological appearance. Cells agglutinated by Concanavalin A had numerous interdigitated microvilli at points of cell-cell contact. The appearance of spontaneously agglutinated cells and lectin agglutinated cells was very similar with respect to the involvement of microvilli in cell-cell attachments, and labeling studies with hemocyanin indicated that Concanavalin A bound to microvilli is rapidly cleared from these surface specializations in a manner analogous to that observed with patching of surface bound lectin. Several lines of SV-40 transformed fibroblasts were shown to be considerably more spontaneously agglutinable than untransformed cells. These results indicate that Concanavalin A may amplify an intrinsic membrane property common to many transformed cells that is expressed as an increase in the rate of adhesion of suspended cells. It is proposed that the membrane change detected by the agglutination reaction may also be involved in the loss of post-confluence inhibition of cell division and growth of transformed cells in semisolid media, due to a surface interaction that allows transformed cells to use each other as growth substrata.", "PMID": 1030804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5376", "title": "Therapeutic relationships between DNA synthesis and repair, membrane differentiation, and organ-specific immunotherapy in neuroblastoma.", "content": "The mouse neuroblastoma cell system (MNB) is of interest to both neurobiologists and cancer researchers because of its capacity to differentiate, with the consequent loss of some properties classically associated with malignancy. The effects of chemotherapeutic agents on MNB cells are variable; in general, cell cycle-specific agents will frequently induce differentiation, leaving viable surviving cells, while cell cycle nonspecific agents are toxic to both dividing and nondividing MNB cells. X-rays appear intermediate in that they are toxic to both cell populations, but survivors tend to resemble cells treated with cell cycle-specific drugs. Differentiated MNB cells apparently lose their capacity to repair some forms of DNA damage and this loss may be associated with their sensitivity to DNA damaging compounds. MNB cells are also susceptible to immunological lysis, particularly antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Integration of these diverse modes of MNB cell killing is of great interest because of the close resemblance of this murine tumor to human cancers in which cell differentiation is also partially membrane-mediated an indepth study of MNB cell surface receptors may have general relevance in the theoretical approach to cancer treatment.", "contents": "Therapeutic relationships between DNA synthesis and repair, membrane differentiation, and organ-specific immunotherapy in neuroblastoma. The mouse neuroblastoma cell system (MNB) is of interest to both neurobiologists and cancer researchers because of its capacity to differentiate, with the consequent loss of some properties classically associated with malignancy. The effects of chemotherapeutic agents on MNB cells are variable; in general, cell cycle-specific agents will frequently induce differentiation, leaving viable surviving cells, while cell cycle nonspecific agents are toxic to both dividing and nondividing MNB cells. X-rays appear intermediate in that they are toxic to both cell populations, but survivors tend to resemble cells treated with cell cycle-specific drugs. Differentiated MNB cells apparently lose their capacity to repair some forms of DNA damage and this loss may be associated with their sensitivity to DNA damaging compounds. MNB cells are also susceptible to immunological lysis, particularly antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Integration of these diverse modes of MNB cell killing is of great interest because of the close resemblance of this murine tumor to human cancers in which cell differentiation is also partially membrane-mediated an indepth study of MNB cell surface receptors may have general relevance in the theoretical approach to cancer treatment.", "PMID": 1030805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5377", "title": "Independent control of the expression of several membrane-associated antigens of murine leukemia cells: metabolism and response to specific antiserum.", "content": "The effect of specific antisera on the metabolic rates of thymus-leukemia (TL), H-2a, and tumor-associated antigens of ASL-1 and RADA-1 cells, two murine leukemia cell lines, were determined. The metabolic half-life of each antigen was distinct from the others examined. The half-life of TL antigens was 18 hr; in cells exposed to TL antiserum, it changed to 9 hr. In RADA-1 cells, the half-life of TL antigens was 16 hr; in the presence of TL antiserum it became 4 hr. The half-lives of H-2a antigens and the tumor-associated antigen were unaffected by specific antiserum. Somatic hybrids of ASL-1 or RADA-1 cells were formed with LM(TK)-cells, a thymidine kinase deficient mutant of mouse L cells. Hybrid cells formed TL antigens, but unlike their parental cells their half-life of expression, approximately 30 hr, was unaffected by TL antiserum. Hybrid cells failed to undergo antigenic modulation under conditions more stringent than required to stimulate the modulation of ASL-1 or RADA-1 cells. The hybrids formed the tumor-associated antigen of their murine leukemia parental cells; however, the metabolic rate of the tumor antigen in hybrid cells was defferent than the metabolic rate of the analogous antigen in parental cells. Hybrid cells formed H-2 antigens of both parental sources, and possessed a hybrid karyotype. The half-life of H-2 antigens, approximately 26 hr, was the same both in parental and hybrid cells. H-2a antiserum had no detectable effect upon the metabolism of TL antigens in hybrid or parental cells; nor did TL antiserum have an effect upon the metabolism of H-2a antigens.", "contents": "Independent control of the expression of several membrane-associated antigens of murine leukemia cells: metabolism and response to specific antiserum. The effect of specific antisera on the metabolic rates of thymus-leukemia (TL), H-2a, and tumor-associated antigens of ASL-1 and RADA-1 cells, two murine leukemia cell lines, were determined. The metabolic half-life of each antigen was distinct from the others examined. The half-life of TL antigens was 18 hr; in cells exposed to TL antiserum, it changed to 9 hr. In RADA-1 cells, the half-life of TL antigens was 16 hr; in the presence of TL antiserum it became 4 hr. The half-lives of H-2a antigens and the tumor-associated antigen were unaffected by specific antiserum. Somatic hybrids of ASL-1 or RADA-1 cells were formed with LM(TK)-cells, a thymidine kinase deficient mutant of mouse L cells. Hybrid cells formed TL antigens, but unlike their parental cells their half-life of expression, approximately 30 hr, was unaffected by TL antiserum. Hybrid cells failed to undergo antigenic modulation under conditions more stringent than required to stimulate the modulation of ASL-1 or RADA-1 cells. The hybrids formed the tumor-associated antigen of their murine leukemia parental cells; however, the metabolic rate of the tumor antigen in hybrid cells was defferent than the metabolic rate of the analogous antigen in parental cells. Hybrid cells formed H-2 antigens of both parental sources, and possessed a hybrid karyotype. The half-life of H-2 antigens, approximately 26 hr, was the same both in parental and hybrid cells. H-2a antiserum had no detectable effect upon the metabolism of TL antigens in hybrid or parental cells; nor did TL antiserum have an effect upon the metabolism of H-2a antigens.", "PMID": 1030806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5378", "title": "[Platelets aggregation employing ADP and cephalin. Comparative tests (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. have carried out researches into the results of the platelets aggregation test (PAT) on 375 people by use of the Born method; they have employed ADP and a commercial available cephalin (Thrombofax, Ortho). In the first case the parameters taken into consideration are: the minimum dose of ADP able to cause a \"double wave aggregation\", the slope and the maximum increase in light transmission; in the second case the parameters considered are: the latency period, the maximum speed and the maximum amplitude. The normal values, in 75 persons, are: --6 +/- 2 X 10(-7)M (min dose wor \"double wave\"); --15,5 +/- 4,9 UT/min (slope); -- 46,3 +/- 6,8 UT (max increase in light transmission); regarding ADP aggregation. --90 +/- 40 sec (latency period); -- 30 +/- 15 UT/min (max speed); -- 52 +/- 4,63 UT (max amplitude); relating to Thrombofax aggregation. Analyses of PAT, by parallel using both aggregating agents, have been made on 260 women undergoina an oestrogen-progestative therapy, on 25 daibetic subjects and on 15 subjects undergoing an anti-aggregation oral therapy (Ageroplas, Serono, Roma). The AA. stress on the validity of ADP as an aggregation agent in routine tests, while Trombofax has revealed itself to be not very sensitive in all the cases with hyperaggregation. However it is to be noted that use of cephalin results interesting in tests made on subjects undergoing an anti-aggregation therapy, as the PAT parameters seen proportional to the quantity of the drug given to the patient, which is just the opposite of what happens with ADP.", "contents": "[Platelets aggregation employing ADP and cephalin. Comparative tests (author's transl)]. The AA. have carried out researches into the results of the platelets aggregation test (PAT) on 375 people by use of the Born method; they have employed ADP and a commercial available cephalin (Thrombofax, Ortho). In the first case the parameters taken into consideration are: the minimum dose of ADP able to cause a \"double wave aggregation\", the slope and the maximum increase in light transmission; in the second case the parameters considered are: the latency period, the maximum speed and the maximum amplitude. The normal values, in 75 persons, are: --6 +/- 2 X 10(-7)M (min dose wor \"double wave\"); --15,5 +/- 4,9 UT/min (slope); -- 46,3 +/- 6,8 UT (max increase in light transmission); regarding ADP aggregation. --90 +/- 40 sec (latency period); -- 30 +/- 15 UT/min (max speed); -- 52 +/- 4,63 UT (max amplitude); relating to Thrombofax aggregation. Analyses of PAT, by parallel using both aggregating agents, have been made on 260 women undergoina an oestrogen-progestative therapy, on 25 daibetic subjects and on 15 subjects undergoing an anti-aggregation oral therapy (Ageroplas, Serono, Roma). The AA. stress on the validity of ADP as an aggregation agent in routine tests, while Trombofax has revealed itself to be not very sensitive in all the cases with hyperaggregation. However it is to be noted that use of cephalin results interesting in tests made on subjects undergoing an anti-aggregation therapy, as the PAT parameters seen proportional to the quantity of the drug given to the patient, which is just the opposite of what happens with ADP.", "PMID": 1030810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5379", "title": "[Consideration on the King-Armstrong method and on the kinetic method for the measurement of the alkaline phosphatase activity in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative study of a determined time method, according to King-Armstrong, for the measurement of the alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and of a kinetic method consents us to make the following points: 1) the reagents used in the King-Armstrong method are easily prepared and are stable for months, with the sole addition of cloroform to the substrate and to the buffer to avoid the growth of moulds. 2) The substrate used for the kinetic method undergoes spontaneous Xydrolysis in acqueous solution, which makes it possible to keep it refrigerated for a limited number of days. Freezing at - 20 degrees C does not improve the situation. 3) The degree of precision within the series and between the series is the same for the two methods, and very good. 4) From the working point of view the method of \"determined time\" is advantageous for few samples, while the kinetic method becomes preferable when the number of samples goes over 20 and 30 a day, provided that it is linked with the suitable automatic apparatus. 5) The results of the measurement of the enzyme activity found with the two methods on 120 sera of normal and pathological subjects have shown good correlation, confirming the clinical diagnostic value of the results obtained by the kinetic method, which uses a transphosphorilant buffer and their congruency with those obtained by the classical King-Armstrong method.", "contents": "[Consideration on the King-Armstrong method and on the kinetic method for the measurement of the alkaline phosphatase activity in serum (author's transl)]. The comparative study of a determined time method, according to King-Armstrong, for the measurement of the alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and of a kinetic method consents us to make the following points: 1) the reagents used in the King-Armstrong method are easily prepared and are stable for months, with the sole addition of cloroform to the substrate and to the buffer to avoid the growth of moulds. 2) The substrate used for the kinetic method undergoes spontaneous Xydrolysis in acqueous solution, which makes it possible to keep it refrigerated for a limited number of days. Freezing at - 20 degrees C does not improve the situation. 3) The degree of precision within the series and between the series is the same for the two methods, and very good. 4) From the working point of view the method of \"determined time\" is advantageous for few samples, while the kinetic method becomes preferable when the number of samples goes over 20 and 30 a day, provided that it is linked with the suitable automatic apparatus. 5) The results of the measurement of the enzyme activity found with the two methods on 120 sera of normal and pathological subjects have shown good correlation, confirming the clinical diagnostic value of the results obtained by the kinetic method, which uses a transphosphorilant buffer and their congruency with those obtained by the classical King-Armstrong method.", "PMID": 1030811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5380", "title": "[Salmonella strains recently widespread in Italy and its sensitivity to some common antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 517 strains of salmonella identified by the Pathogenic Enterobacteria Centre of Central Italy in the biennium 1974-75 to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. As far as the average percentage of sensitivity to the drugs by the strains tested is concerned, the results obtained are indicative of a situation which may be optimistically looked upon as far as our regions are concerned. Some widely used drugs such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin and kanamycin showed a high percentage of activity in vitro towards Salmonellae with the exception of S. wien, whereas gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, furoxone and cephradine were more widely active, No substantial differences were found between strains normally present in our regions which are, at present, characterized by a stationary epidemiological situation (S. typhi, S. paratyphi B, S. enteritidis, S. typhi-murium) and sertypes which, having been present in Italy for a long time, appear today to have an increasing diffusion (S. infantis, S. newport, S blockley and S. thompson). As for the Salmonellae of recent appearance and diffusion in Italy (S. panama, S. agona, S. wien) a more resistant pattern of behaviour to various drugs was found; this was particularly remarkable for S. wien which is the last in order of appearance in our population. Finally, the probable reasons for this  difference in behaviour are discussed in view of our present knowledge on drug-resistance and on the role played by antibiotics as selective agents at an environmental level.", "contents": "[Salmonella strains recently widespread in Italy and its sensitivity to some common antibiotics (author's transl)]. A study has been carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of a group of some 517 strains of salmonella identified by the Pathogenic Enterobacteria Centre of Central Italy in the biennium 1974-75 to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. As far as the average percentage of sensitivity to the drugs by the strains tested is concerned, the results obtained are indicative of a situation which may be optimistically looked upon as far as our regions are concerned. Some widely used drugs such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin and kanamycin showed a high percentage of activity in vitro towards Salmonellae with the exception of S. wien, whereas gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, furoxone and cephradine were more widely active, No substantial differences were found between strains normally present in our regions which are, at present, characterized by a stationary epidemiological situation (S. typhi, S. paratyphi B, S. enteritidis, S. typhi-murium) and sertypes which, having been present in Italy for a long time, appear today to have an increasing diffusion (S. infantis, S. newport, S blockley and S. thompson). As for the Salmonellae of recent appearance and diffusion in Italy (S. panama, S. agona, S. wien) a more resistant pattern of behaviour to various drugs was found; this was particularly remarkable for S. wien which is the last in order of appearance in our population. Finally, the probable reasons for this  difference in behaviour are discussed in view of our present knowledge on drug-resistance and on the role played by antibiotics as selective agents at an environmental level.", "PMID": 1030812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5381", "title": "[Researches on cholesterolemia \"normal values\" (author's transl].", "content": "The AA. have carried out a statistical analysis regarding the frequency of distribution of two series of laboratory data relative to blood cholesterol. The data were obtained by the \"direct\" method from two populations; healthy blood donors and out-patients of an INAM laboratory. The two distributions resulted to be heterogeneous and it was possible to identify three elementary Gaussian components, one of which indicates normal subjects (values between 140 and 240 mg%). The other two components may be tentatively defined (taking into account the position of the three components) by separating three distinct value levels: less than 210 mg% (normal values); 210-270 mg% (pre-disease); larger than 270 mg% (pathological values).", "contents": "[Researches on cholesterolemia \"normal values\" (author's transl]. The AA. have carried out a statistical analysis regarding the frequency of distribution of two series of laboratory data relative to blood cholesterol. The data were obtained by the \"direct\" method from two populations; healthy blood donors and out-patients of an INAM laboratory. The two distributions resulted to be heterogeneous and it was possible to identify three elementary Gaussian components, one of which indicates normal subjects (values between 140 and 240 mg%). The other two components may be tentatively defined (taking into account the position of the three components) by separating three distinct value levels: less than 210 mg% (normal values); 210-270 mg% (pre-disease); larger than 270 mg% (pathological values).", "PMID": 1030813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5382", "title": "[Use of the islamic penal code and its effects on the prevention of delinquency (field research)].", "content": "The Authors maintain that modern countries, despite their economic and social development, have not been able to find a efficient way to combat crime. In fact, the improvement of the material conditions of human and social life is accompanied by a regression in moral conditions and an increase in crime. But Saudi-Arabia has established a system which has proved itself extremely efficient, both for the improvement of the moral condition of the community, and for the limitation of crime to a minimal level. A comparison of statistical data, in fact, shows that the level of criminality in Saudi-Arabia is lower than that of any other country in the world. This is due to the wisdom and farsightedness of King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, who, to reorganize the Saudi-Arabian people and establish his sovereignty, adopted the divine law of the Koran, the Sharia, as the only law applicable to control all individual and social relationships and to combat crime. By means of research conducted on the basis of statistical analyses and of interviews with experts chosen amongst the more elderly citizens, the Authors lend proof to their statements. In particular, the subjects interviewed have provided information based on memories of their own personal experience, which has been used to make a comparison between the situation as it was before the establishment of the sovereignty (for which no statistic data are available) and as it is now.", "contents": "[Use of the islamic penal code and its effects on the prevention of delinquency (field research)]. The Authors maintain that modern countries, despite their economic and social development, have not been able to find a efficient way to combat crime. In fact, the improvement of the material conditions of human and social life is accompanied by a regression in moral conditions and an increase in crime. But Saudi-Arabia has established a system which has proved itself extremely efficient, both for the improvement of the moral condition of the community, and for the limitation of crime to a minimal level. A comparison of statistical data, in fact, shows that the level of criminality in Saudi-Arabia is lower than that of any other country in the world. This is due to the wisdom and farsightedness of King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, who, to reorganize the Saudi-Arabian people and establish his sovereignty, adopted the divine law of the Koran, the Sharia, as the only law applicable to control all individual and social relationships and to combat crime. By means of research conducted on the basis of statistical analyses and of interviews with experts chosen amongst the more elderly citizens, the Authors lend proof to their statements. In particular, the subjects interviewed have provided information based on memories of their own personal experience, which has been used to make a comparison between the situation as it was before the establishment of the sovereignty (for which no statistic data are available) and as it is now.", "PMID": 1030808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5383", "title": "[Economic crime].", "content": "Economic crime, often also referred to as white collar crime, is one of the most incidious and predatory of offenses. Unlike street crime, for which there may well be some protection, the average citizen is completely at the mercy of the perpetrators of economic crimes. The concept of white collar crime was first identified by Edwin H. Sutherland. He dealt with the problem as a violation of trust involving either or both misrepresentation and duplicity. He argued for the use of criminal sanctions rather than civil remedies as a means of dealing with white collar offenses. Sutherland's views were attacked by the legal profession, by sociologists and criminologists and by public opinion specialists. They contended that an act treated in civil court is not a crime; that criminals are those persons who are defined as such and white collar criminals are neither so defined nor do they define themselves as criminals and, finally, that economic crime is universal. Can anyone be criminal, then, ask the critics? A number of studies by Clinard, Quinney, Black, Ball, Cressey, Newman and others have translated the interest in white collar crime into empirical terms. The last thirty-five years have also witnessed the elaboration and alteration of the theory itself. Geis' work has been particularly important in this respect. His \"street\" versus \"suite\" crime is a useful dichotomy. Most important, however, have been the monograph and papers by Herbert Edelhertz who has conceptualized the issues on various levels - from consumer fraud to the illegal activities of the multinational corporation. This article is concerned with the exposition of the theory and research in the field. Most significant, the paper raises serious doubts whether the problem of economic crime can be researched and studied; it raises even more difficult issues concerning the legal and sociological implications of economic crime and of its prevention, management and control.", "contents": "[Economic crime]. Economic crime, often also referred to as white collar crime, is one of the most incidious and predatory of offenses. Unlike street crime, for which there may well be some protection, the average citizen is completely at the mercy of the perpetrators of economic crimes. The concept of white collar crime was first identified by Edwin H. Sutherland. He dealt with the problem as a violation of trust involving either or both misrepresentation and duplicity. He argued for the use of criminal sanctions rather than civil remedies as a means of dealing with white collar offenses. Sutherland's views were attacked by the legal profession, by sociologists and criminologists and by public opinion specialists. They contended that an act treated in civil court is not a crime; that criminals are those persons who are defined as such and white collar criminals are neither so defined nor do they define themselves as criminals and, finally, that economic crime is universal. Can anyone be criminal, then, ask the critics? A number of studies by Clinard, Quinney, Black, Ball, Cressey, Newman and others have translated the interest in white collar crime into empirical terms. The last thirty-five years have also witnessed the elaboration and alteration of the theory itself. Geis' work has been particularly important in this respect. His \"street\" versus \"suite\" crime is a useful dichotomy. Most important, however, have been the monograph and papers by Herbert Edelhertz who has conceptualized the issues on various levels - from consumer fraud to the illegal activities of the multinational corporation. This article is concerned with the exposition of the theory and research in the field. Most significant, the paper raises serious doubts whether the problem of economic crime can be researched and studied; it raises even more difficult issues concerning the legal and sociological implications of economic crime and of its prevention, management and control.", "PMID": 1030807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5384", "title": "Production of hypercalcemia in the chick embryo by an extract of Solanum malacoxylon.", "content": "White Leghorn eggs were injected on the 15th day of incubation with various doses of an acqueous extract of Solanum malacoxylon (SME). Most of the embryos died after the injection of 0.2 ml but the dose of 0.1 ml was well tolerated. The concentration of calcium in the sera from 15-day embryos injected with 0.1 ml SME was determined. Three hr after the injection the concentration of calcium had increased significantly; this increase lasted for at least 3 hr more but had disappeared 12 hr after the injection. It is suggested that this hypercalcemia may be produced by a water-soluble analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3 the presence of which has been demonstrated in the SME by other authors. It is also assumed that the mortality produced by the higher doses may be related to the hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Production of hypercalcemia in the chick embryo by an extract of Solanum malacoxylon. White Leghorn eggs were injected on the 15th day of incubation with various doses of an acqueous extract of Solanum malacoxylon (SME). Most of the embryos died after the injection of 0.2 ml but the dose of 0.1 ml was well tolerated. The concentration of calcium in the sera from 15-day embryos injected with 0.1 ml SME was determined. Three hr after the injection the concentration of calcium had increased significantly; this increase lasted for at least 3 hr more but had disappeared 12 hr after the injection. It is suggested that this hypercalcemia may be produced by a water-soluble analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3 the presence of which has been demonstrated in the SME by other authors. It is also assumed that the mortality produced by the higher doses may be related to the hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 1030814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5385", "title": "[Current problems in the use of probation with compulsory work].", "content": "In the framework of the Soviet law, probation accompanied by compulsory work represents an up-to-date measure of a criminal character that allows to rehabilitate a convicted offender without depriving him of his freedom. The Panfederal Institute for the study of the causes of criminal behaviour and for the formulation of measures for preventing it, has conducted a number of researches directed at clearing up some debated problems bearing on the implementation of the measures existing on the subject, and at collecting proposals of amendment. The present article deals with the assumptions and preconditions, of both an objective and subjective character, underlying the application of this juridical institute, and also tackles, by referring to some cases previously occurred, the problems posed by the various types of subjects. Special attention is devoted to the decision-making procedure followed by the tribunals in applying the said measures, and to the various elements on which it is to be based.", "contents": "[Current problems in the use of probation with compulsory work]. In the framework of the Soviet law, probation accompanied by compulsory work represents an up-to-date measure of a criminal character that allows to rehabilitate a convicted offender without depriving him of his freedom. The Panfederal Institute for the study of the causes of criminal behaviour and for the formulation of measures for preventing it, has conducted a number of researches directed at clearing up some debated problems bearing on the implementation of the measures existing on the subject, and at collecting proposals of amendment. The present article deals with the assumptions and preconditions, of both an objective and subjective character, underlying the application of this juridical institute, and also tackles, by referring to some cases previously occurred, the problems posed by the various types of subjects. Special attention is devoted to the decision-making procedure followed by the tribunals in applying the said measures, and to the various elements on which it is to be based.", "PMID": 1030809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5386", "title": "[Action of acetylsalicylic acid administered by different routes on the blood and buccal tissues of rats].", "content": "Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats, with an average weight of 120 g, have been used in this study. The experimental groups received twice a day 1 ml of a 2% acetyl-salicylic acid suspension in methyl-cellulose either per os or i.p. The control groups received methyl-cellulose without asprin. The blood was collected before any treatment and each day during the week for the purpose of counting cells. The experimental animals and their control were killed after 2, 4 and 8 days. A piece of endobuccal epithelium with its deeper tissues was cut off and frozen for histochemistry. The tissue sections were treated to show the basic enzymatic reactions of the cell. It was observed that: 1. most of the changes appear between the 4th and 8th day of the treatment: 2. depending on the administration route, certain blood cells show a peak. Microphages between the 4th and 6th day in injected animals. Lymphocytes at the same time, in the gavage group; 3. oral epithelium lesions are limited and appear lately; 4. underlying muscles are a constant target. The lesions are seen in both experimental groups as soon as the 2nd day. After a week, the lesions are more numerous. They are characterized by enzymatic inbalances with or without macrophages. The muscular cell is a real target for acetyl salicylic acid.", "contents": "[Action of acetylsalicylic acid administered by different routes on the blood and buccal tissues of rats]. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats, with an average weight of 120 g, have been used in this study. The experimental groups received twice a day 1 ml of a 2% acetyl-salicylic acid suspension in methyl-cellulose either per os or i.p. The control groups received methyl-cellulose without asprin. The blood was collected before any treatment and each day during the week for the purpose of counting cells. The experimental animals and their control were killed after 2, 4 and 8 days. A piece of endobuccal epithelium with its deeper tissues was cut off and frozen for histochemistry. The tissue sections were treated to show the basic enzymatic reactions of the cell. It was observed that: 1. most of the changes appear between the 4th and 8th day of the treatment: 2. depending on the administration route, certain blood cells show a peak. Microphages between the 4th and 6th day in injected animals. Lymphocytes at the same time, in the gavage group; 3. oral epithelium lesions are limited and appear lately; 4. underlying muscles are a constant target. The lesions are seen in both experimental groups as soon as the 2nd day. After a week, the lesions are more numerous. They are characterized by enzymatic inbalances with or without macrophages. The muscular cell is a real target for acetyl salicylic acid.", "PMID": 1030815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5387", "title": "[Analogs and models of systemic arterial circulation].", "content": "This review article is primarily aimed at those researches using the experimental physiological approach and gives a survey of analogs and models of the systemic arterial blood flow. They are presented in increasing order of complexity in two sections: the \"lumped\" and the \"distributed\" parameter models. In the first section a brief description is given of the purely resistive, Windkessel and multi-element analogs with emphasis on their use in physiology for estimating several hemodynamic variables. The distributed parameter models, whose central idea is pulse wave propagation along the arterial tree, are then presented in five categories, using a new classification scheme. These categories are based on four criteria derived from the assumptions used in the formulation of the fluid and wall equations. The most recent non-linear models are treated in more detail with their common properteis as well as their particular contribution emphasized. In conclusion it is noted that the distributed parameter models also begin to be used to evaluate physiological variables in the experimental and clinical context and that this trend can only become more important in view of the advances made in the field of biomedical instrumentation.", "contents": "[Analogs and models of systemic arterial circulation]. This review article is primarily aimed at those researches using the experimental physiological approach and gives a survey of analogs and models of the systemic arterial blood flow. They are presented in increasing order of complexity in two sections: the \"lumped\" and the \"distributed\" parameter models. In the first section a brief description is given of the purely resistive, Windkessel and multi-element analogs with emphasis on their use in physiology for estimating several hemodynamic variables. The distributed parameter models, whose central idea is pulse wave propagation along the arterial tree, are then presented in five categories, using a new classification scheme. These categories are based on four criteria derived from the assumptions used in the formulation of the fluid and wall equations. The most recent non-linear models are treated in more detail with their common properteis as well as their particular contribution emphasized. In conclusion it is noted that the distributed parameter models also begin to be used to evaluate physiological variables in the experimental and clinical context and that this trend can only become more important in view of the advances made in the field of biomedical instrumentation.", "PMID": 1030816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5388", "title": "Subclinical trichostrongylosis in growing lambs produced by continuous larval dosing. The effect on performance and certain plasma constituents.", "content": "Three groups of eight-four-month-old worm-free lambs were used to investigate the effect of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection on growth rate, food intake, and concentration of plasma constituents. Groups ALC and ALI were fed ad libitum, the latter being dosed daily with 2500 infective larvae for 14 weeks. Lambs in group PF were paired to individuals in group ALI and offered the same quantity of food as the infected pair consumed. Hypophosphataemia and hypoalbuminaemia developed in ALI at week 3 and hyperglobulinaemia was present from week 6. There was no significant difference in plasma calcium, protein, urea or glucose concentration between the three groups at any stage. No clinical signs of parasitism were seen in seven of eight ALI lambs and egg counts were generally less than 2000 epg. Worm burdens of 1500-82,900 were found at slaughter. Group weight gain was only 50 per cent of PF lambs which received the same digestible energy intake. Group ALI consumed 15-5 kg dry matter per kg gain in bodyweight compared with 8-6 kg/kg and 9-8 kg/kg for ALC and PF respectively. The infections resulted in extensive villous atrophy and flattening of the intestinal mucosa. Bone growth was arrested and osteoporosis present in five group ALI lambs. The possible use of plasma constituents, particularly phosphorus, as aids for the diagnosis of the early stages of trichostrongylosis in the field is assessed.", "contents": "Subclinical trichostrongylosis in growing lambs produced by continuous larval dosing. The effect on performance and certain plasma constituents. Three groups of eight-four-month-old worm-free lambs were used to investigate the effect of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection on growth rate, food intake, and concentration of plasma constituents. Groups ALC and ALI were fed ad libitum, the latter being dosed daily with 2500 infective larvae for 14 weeks. Lambs in group PF were paired to individuals in group ALI and offered the same quantity of food as the infected pair consumed. Hypophosphataemia and hypoalbuminaemia developed in ALI at week 3 and hyperglobulinaemia was present from week 6. There was no significant difference in plasma calcium, protein, urea or glucose concentration between the three groups at any stage. No clinical signs of parasitism were seen in seven of eight ALI lambs and egg counts were generally less than 2000 epg. Worm burdens of 1500-82,900 were found at slaughter. Group weight gain was only 50 per cent of PF lambs which received the same digestible energy intake. Group ALI consumed 15-5 kg dry matter per kg gain in bodyweight compared with 8-6 kg/kg and 9-8 kg/kg for ALC and PF respectively. The infections resulted in extensive villous atrophy and flattening of the intestinal mucosa. Bone growth was arrested and osteoporosis present in five group ALI lambs. The possible use of plasma constituents, particularly phosphorus, as aids for the diagnosis of the early stages of trichostrongylosis in the field is assessed.", "PMID": 1030817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5389", "title": "The effects of bumetanide on renal function and blood composition in sheep.", "content": "Respones to bumetanide were studied in five ewes. During ADH infusion urine flow increased from less than 1-0 to approximately 11-5 cm3 min-1 within 30 min of intravenous injection of 0-02 mg kg-1 bumetanide and returned to approximately 2-0 cm3 min-1 within 3 h of dosing. The diuresis was accompanied by large increases in sodium and chloride excretion and smaller increases in potassium and free hydrogen ion excretion. Bicarbonate excretion and TCH20 were reduced. Plasma potassium and chloride concentrations decreased slightly while arterial bicarbonate pH and pCO2 slightly increased. A transient increase in GFR and RPF was followed by a small reduction in GFR. No change in CH20 was observed after bumetanide injection during water diuresis. Increasing the dose of bumetanide over the range 0-002 to 0-20 mg kg-1 resulted in more pronounced and prolonged responses. The results show that bumetanide is a potent diuretic in sheep with its main site of action on the ascending limb of Henle's loop.", "contents": "The effects of bumetanide on renal function and blood composition in sheep. Respones to bumetanide were studied in five ewes. During ADH infusion urine flow increased from less than 1-0 to approximately 11-5 cm3 min-1 within 30 min of intravenous injection of 0-02 mg kg-1 bumetanide and returned to approximately 2-0 cm3 min-1 within 3 h of dosing. The diuresis was accompanied by large increases in sodium and chloride excretion and smaller increases in potassium and free hydrogen ion excretion. Bicarbonate excretion and TCH20 were reduced. Plasma potassium and chloride concentrations decreased slightly while arterial bicarbonate pH and pCO2 slightly increased. A transient increase in GFR and RPF was followed by a small reduction in GFR. No change in CH20 was observed after bumetanide injection during water diuresis. Increasing the dose of bumetanide over the range 0-002 to 0-20 mg kg-1 resulted in more pronounced and prolonged responses. The results show that bumetanide is a potent diuretic in sheep with its main site of action on the ascending limb of Henle's loop.", "PMID": 1030818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5390", "title": "The qualitative assessment of glycosaminoglycans in the canine intervertebral disc using a critical electrolyte concentration staining technique.", "content": "Through the use of a critical electrolyte concentration staining technique, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the nucleus pulposus region of the canine intervertebral disc were arbitrarily identified as \"hyaluronic acid\", chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. Approximate estimates of GAG concentration could be qualitatively deduced by determining the appropriate GAG \"ALCIANOPHILIC INDEX\". This index was considered to be an effective qualitative adjunct to chemical quantitation of GAGs in the intervertebral disc.", "contents": "The qualitative assessment of glycosaminoglycans in the canine intervertebral disc using a critical electrolyte concentration staining technique. Through the use of a critical electrolyte concentration staining technique, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the nucleus pulposus region of the canine intervertebral disc were arbitrarily identified as \"hyaluronic acid\", chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. Approximate estimates of GAG concentration could be qualitatively deduced by determining the appropriate GAG \"ALCIANOPHILIC INDEX\". This index was considered to be an effective qualitative adjunct to chemical quantitation of GAGs in the intervertebral disc.", "PMID": 1030819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5391", "title": "Pharmacokinetic interpretation of erythromycin and tylosin activity in serum after intravenous administration of a single dose to cows.", "content": "The distribution and elimination kinetics of erythromycin and tylosin, which are macrolide antibiotics, were studied in healthy cows. A single dose (12-5 mg/kg) of drug was administered as an intravenous bolus, and blood samples were collected at precisely timed intervals. The standard cylinder plate bioassay method using Sarcina lutea as test organism was employed to determine antibiotic activity in the serum. The results suggested that these drugs are distributed in at least two kinetically distinct body compartments. By use of established mathematical techniques, values were assigned to the individual rate constants controlling distribution between the central and peripheral compartments and to the rate constant  controlling overall elimination (beta) of each drug from the body. The calculated overall tissue to serum drug level ratios (k12/k21) after apparent distribution equilibrium was attained were 2-28 and 2-05 for erythromycin and tylosin, respectively. The half-life (mean+/-SD) of erythromycin was 3-16 h+/-0-44, while that of tylosin was 1-62 h+/-0-17. The total body clearance (ml/kg/min) values were 2-88+/-0-47 for erythromycin and 7-8+/-2-95 for tylosin. Analogue computer simulated curves of the antibiotic levels in the central and tissue compartments as wel as an elimination curve were generated. The tissue level of erythromycin reached a peak of 43 per cent of the dose at 67 min. At 6 h, the percentages of the dose of erythromycin in the central and tissue compartments and eliminated were 6, 19 and 75, respectively. The peak level of tylosin in the tissue compartment (26-5 per cent of the dose) was present at 30 min. At 4 h, 1 and 5 per cent of the dose were contained in the central and peripheral compartments, respectively, while 94 per cent had been eliminated. This single dose study provides information which is essential for the design of a satisfactory dosage regimen.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic interpretation of erythromycin and tylosin activity in serum after intravenous administration of a single dose to cows. The distribution and elimination kinetics of erythromycin and tylosin, which are macrolide antibiotics, were studied in healthy cows. A single dose (12-5 mg/kg) of drug was administered as an intravenous bolus, and blood samples were collected at precisely timed intervals. The standard cylinder plate bioassay method using Sarcina lutea as test organism was employed to determine antibiotic activity in the serum. The results suggested that these drugs are distributed in at least two kinetically distinct body compartments. By use of established mathematical techniques, values were assigned to the individual rate constants controlling distribution between the central and peripheral compartments and to the rate constant  controlling overall elimination (beta) of each drug from the body. The calculated overall tissue to serum drug level ratios (k12/k21) after apparent distribution equilibrium was attained were 2-28 and 2-05 for erythromycin and tylosin, respectively. The half-life (mean+/-SD) of erythromycin was 3-16 h+/-0-44, while that of tylosin was 1-62 h+/-0-17. The total body clearance (ml/kg/min) values were 2-88+/-0-47 for erythromycin and 7-8+/-2-95 for tylosin. Analogue computer simulated curves of the antibiotic levels in the central and tissue compartments as wel as an elimination curve were generated. The tissue level of erythromycin reached a peak of 43 per cent of the dose at 67 min. At 6 h, the percentages of the dose of erythromycin in the central and tissue compartments and eliminated were 6, 19 and 75, respectively. The peak level of tylosin in the tissue compartment (26-5 per cent of the dose) was present at 30 min. At 4 h, 1 and 5 per cent of the dose were contained in the central and peripheral compartments, respectively, while 94 per cent had been eliminated. This single dose study provides information which is essential for the design of a satisfactory dosage regimen.", "PMID": 1030820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5392", "title": "Histological development of the small intestinal mucosa in the ovine fetus.", "content": "Histological changes in the small intestine of 85 ovine fetuses were studied, with particular reference to the mucosa. In 24-day-old fetuses the endoderm of the intestine consisted of a single layer of epithelium. By the 26th day the epithelium was flattened and stratified. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was noted in 39-day-old fetuses. Intestinal glands were first observed at 56 days. Other mucosal structures were present by 101 days. At birth the intestinal mucosa was fully mature.", "contents": "Histological development of the small intestinal mucosa in the ovine fetus. Histological changes in the small intestine of 85 ovine fetuses were studied, with particular reference to the mucosa. In 24-day-old fetuses the endoderm of the intestine consisted of a single layer of epithelium. By the 26th day the epithelium was flattened and stratified. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was noted in 39-day-old fetuses. Intestinal glands were first observed at 56 days. Other mucosal structures were present by 101 days. At birth the intestinal mucosa was fully mature.", "PMID": 1030821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5393", "title": "The isolation of ovine lymphocytes and granulocytes from whole blood using hydroxyethylcellulose.", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes do not aggregate spontaneously but will sediment when mixed with a solution of hydroxyethylcellulose. The resulting leucocyte-rich supernatant can be used in the preparation of purified lymphocyte and granulocyte suspensions.", "contents": "The isolation of ovine lymphocytes and granulocytes from whole blood using hydroxyethylcellulose. Sheep erythrocytes do not aggregate spontaneously but will sediment when mixed with a solution of hydroxyethylcellulose. The resulting leucocyte-rich supernatant can be used in the preparation of purified lymphocyte and granulocyte suspensions.", "PMID": 1030822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5394", "title": "Swine dysentery: protection of pigs by oral and parenteral immunisation with attenuated Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "An attenuated strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae was used to immunise 18 pigs in three experiments. Live attenuated spirochaetes were dosed orally and injected intra-peritoneally, and killed spirochaetes were injected intramuscularly with adjuvant. The vaccinated pigs, which developed high serum agglutination titres against T hyodysenteriae, and 18 unvaccinated litter-mates were repeatedly challenged with virulent T hyodysenteriae. Nine vaccinated pigs and 16 control pigs developed typical swine dysentery.", "contents": "Swine dysentery: protection of pigs by oral and parenteral immunisation with attenuated Treponema hyodysenteriae. An attenuated strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae was used to immunise 18 pigs in three experiments. Live attenuated spirochaetes were dosed orally and injected intra-peritoneally, and killed spirochaetes were injected intramuscularly with adjuvant. The vaccinated pigs, which developed high serum agglutination titres against T hyodysenteriae, and 18 unvaccinated litter-mates were repeatedly challenged with virulent T hyodysenteriae. Nine vaccinated pigs and 16 control pigs developed typical swine dysentery.", "PMID": 1030823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5395", "title": "Preliminary observations on the use of the capillary flocculation test for the diagnosis of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection).", "content": "A capillary flocculation test was developed to diagnose heartwater disease of ruminants. Antigen was prepared from the brains of cattle and goats highly infected with Cowdria ruminantium. Sera were obtained from experimentally infected ruminants which either recovered naturally or with the aid of oxytetracycline treatment. Antibodies were first detected one to two weeks after clinical recovery or after treatment, and persisted for periods varying between one and four weeks. Control sera collected from cattle (sheep) and goats in the Netherlands where heartwater does not occur, or from animals serologically positive for Anaplasma marginale or Eperythrozoon ovis infections, did not react to the test.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the use of the capillary flocculation test for the diagnosis of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection). A capillary flocculation test was developed to diagnose heartwater disease of ruminants. Antigen was prepared from the brains of cattle and goats highly infected with Cowdria ruminantium. Sera were obtained from experimentally infected ruminants which either recovered naturally or with the aid of oxytetracycline treatment. Antibodies were first detected one to two weeks after clinical recovery or after treatment, and persisted for periods varying between one and four weeks. Control sera collected from cattle (sheep) and goats in the Netherlands where heartwater does not occur, or from animals serologically positive for Anaplasma marginale or Eperythrozoon ovis infections, did not react to the test.", "PMID": 1030824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5396", "title": "[Histochemical aspects of the differentiation of the gastric glands].", "content": "The Authors have studied some aspects of the differentiation of gastric mucosa, during the prenatal and postnatal development in man and mouse. They have demonstrated that in both species the first elements of glandular rudiments can be already recognised, owing to the richness of their mitochondrial store, as parietal cells, where oxireductase activities are already present. The functional differentiation in the membrane of such elements takes place later on: from the point of view of the function the parietal cell can then be considered as completely differentiated. Chief cells, on the contrary, define their morphological and functional characters starting from the fifth month of foetal life. At any rate, at least for the studied characters, the gland store of human gastric mucosa, at birth and in the adult, is exactly alike.", "contents": "[Histochemical aspects of the differentiation of the gastric glands]. The Authors have studied some aspects of the differentiation of gastric mucosa, during the prenatal and postnatal development in man and mouse. They have demonstrated that in both species the first elements of glandular rudiments can be already recognised, owing to the richness of their mitochondrial store, as parietal cells, where oxireductase activities are already present. The functional differentiation in the membrane of such elements takes place later on: from the point of view of the function the parietal cell can then be considered as completely differentiated. Chief cells, on the contrary, define their morphological and functional characters starting from the fifth month of foetal life. At any rate, at least for the studied characters, the gland store of human gastric mucosa, at birth and in the adult, is exactly alike.", "PMID": 1030829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5397", "title": "Electrophoretic variants of alkaline phosphatase in normal human populations.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sera obtained from normal individuals shows an incidence (33%) of double and triple bands of alkaline phosphatase in the beta-lipoprotein zone in addition to the usual ones near beta-globulin. The correlation between the occurrence of a slow moving band in addition to the normal one, of different intensities, p+ and p++ with O and B groups has been further confirmed. No relationship was observed between the width or the number of bands with the total amount of alkaline prosphatase as determined biochemically.", "contents": "Electrophoretic variants of alkaline phosphatase in normal human populations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sera obtained from normal individuals shows an incidence (33%) of double and triple bands of alkaline phosphatase in the beta-lipoprotein zone in addition to the usual ones near beta-globulin. The correlation between the occurrence of a slow moving band in addition to the normal one, of different intensities, p+ and p++ with O and B groups has been further confirmed. No relationship was observed between the width or the number of bands with the total amount of alkaline prosphatase as determined biochemically.", "PMID": 1030830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5398", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the peroxidase activity of the bursa of Fabricius of Gallus dom.; study of the enzymatic metabolism of that immunocompetent organ during its development].", "content": "By means of the technique proposed by De Robertis and Grasso (1946) for the histochemical localization of peroxidase activity, we have shown in the developing chicken Bursa of Fabricius positive cells from the 12th day onwards. They are localized in the mesenchymal network and increase during the development, reaching their top level in a period between the 18th-20th day before hatching and the 3rd day after hatching. After the first week these cells decrease and disappear during the second month. Peroxidase positive cells are tentatively identified as eosinophilic granulocytes (pseudoeosinophilic according to Romanoff); their variations should express fluctuations in the pattern of bursal granulocytopoiesis.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the peroxidase activity of the bursa of Fabricius of Gallus dom.; study of the enzymatic metabolism of that immunocompetent organ during its development]. By means of the technique proposed by De Robertis and Grasso (1946) for the histochemical localization of peroxidase activity, we have shown in the developing chicken Bursa of Fabricius positive cells from the 12th day onwards. They are localized in the mesenchymal network and increase during the development, reaching their top level in a period between the 18th-20th day before hatching and the 3rd day after hatching. After the first week these cells decrease and disappear during the second month. Peroxidase positive cells are tentatively identified as eosinophilic granulocytes (pseudoeosinophilic according to Romanoff); their variations should express fluctuations in the pattern of bursal granulocytopoiesis.", "PMID": 1030831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5399", "title": "Modifications in some rat liver cell components following stimulation with isoprenaline (a cytospectrophotometric, microrefractometric and cytoelectrophoretic study).", "content": "The liver cell is a quite interesting model for the study of several cytophysiological problems. Proper suspensions of isolated liver cells can be obtained which can be conveniently studied by means of quantitative microtechniques. Several cytochemical and cytophysical techniques (cytospectrophotometry, microrefractometry, and cytoelectrophoresis) were employed for elucidating the effects on the stimulation of the liver cell with high doses of isoprenaline, an amine which is known to produce hypertrophy and hyperplasia in various organs with effects also at the genetic and metabolic level. The following data were collected during the postnatal development of rats up to the 70th day of life: 1) DNA content per nucleus; 2) total dry mass per cell; 3) cellular electrophoretic mobility in connection with the sialomucinic component of the membrane. The process of polyploidization of the liver cell (typical of this life period) was generally accelerated; in this connection, an early appearance of binucleate cells and subsequent significative variations in their incidence were observed. This fact is important as the binucleate cells should represent an alternative intermediate step in the polyploidization phenomenon. At the same time, marked, although transient, signs of cellular hypertrophy were detected during a rearrangement of the hepatocyte dry mass, where the values tended to a multimodal distribution; in particular, IPR appeared to favor the disappearance of cells with a lower mass to the advantage of those with an intermediate mass. The study of electrophoretic mobility evidenced the role of the sialomucinic component of the membrane in the changes occuring in the parenchyma: indeed, this component exhibited an increase, thus causing an acceleration of the mobility similar to the one observed in actively proliferating cell populations. Such change persists even long after the IPR stimulus has ended and, at any rate, beyond the immediate phase of DNA synthesis and the appearance of binucleate cells.", "contents": "Modifications in some rat liver cell components following stimulation with isoprenaline (a cytospectrophotometric, microrefractometric and cytoelectrophoretic study). The liver cell is a quite interesting model for the study of several cytophysiological problems. Proper suspensions of isolated liver cells can be obtained which can be conveniently studied by means of quantitative microtechniques. Several cytochemical and cytophysical techniques (cytospectrophotometry, microrefractometry, and cytoelectrophoresis) were employed for elucidating the effects on the stimulation of the liver cell with high doses of isoprenaline, an amine which is known to produce hypertrophy and hyperplasia in various organs with effects also at the genetic and metabolic level. The following data were collected during the postnatal development of rats up to the 70th day of life: 1) DNA content per nucleus; 2) total dry mass per cell; 3) cellular electrophoretic mobility in connection with the sialomucinic component of the membrane. The process of polyploidization of the liver cell (typical of this life period) was generally accelerated; in this connection, an early appearance of binucleate cells and subsequent significative variations in their incidence were observed. This fact is important as the binucleate cells should represent an alternative intermediate step in the polyploidization phenomenon. At the same time, marked, although transient, signs of cellular hypertrophy were detected during a rearrangement of the hepatocyte dry mass, where the values tended to a multimodal distribution; in particular, IPR appeared to favor the disappearance of cells with a lower mass to the advantage of those with an intermediate mass. The study of electrophoretic mobility evidenced the role of the sialomucinic component of the membrane in the changes occuring in the parenchyma: indeed, this component exhibited an increase, thus causing an acceleration of the mobility similar to the one observed in actively proliferating cell populations. Such change persists even long after the IPR stimulus has ended and, at any rate, beyond the immediate phase of DNA synthesis and the appearance of binucleate cells.", "PMID": 1030832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5400", "title": "Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Indonesia: a review.", "content": "The prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Indonesia is given, with the emphasis on the current data. An extensive investigation was started in 1971. Control measures became desirable because of development schemes in and around the endemic areas, thus increasing the possibility of the spread of the infection. This investigation consisted of: a study of prevalence, distribution, and intensity of the infection in man and animals; clinical studies, treatment and follow-up; and epidemiological studies. A comparison was made between the results of different workers. In addition to the only known endemic area at Lake Lindu, another endemic area was discovered recently at Napu Valley, situated 50 km southeast of Lake Lindu at an altitude of 1200 meters. Surveys in other areas gave negative results. Nine species of wild and domestic animals were found positive. The intermediate host was discovered in 1971 and described as Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. This snail is widely distributed in the endemic areas.", "contents": "Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Indonesia: a review. The prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Indonesia is given, with the emphasis on the current data. An extensive investigation was started in 1971. Control measures became desirable because of development schemes in and around the endemic areas, thus increasing the possibility of the spread of the infection. This investigation consisted of: a study of prevalence, distribution, and intensity of the infection in man and animals; clinical studies, treatment and follow-up; and epidemiological studies. A comparison was made between the results of different workers. In addition to the only known endemic area at Lake Lindu, another endemic area was discovered recently at Napu Valley, situated 50 km southeast of Lake Lindu at an altitude of 1200 meters. Surveys in other areas gave negative results. Nine species of wild and domestic animals were found positive. The intermediate host was discovered in 1971 and described as Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. This snail is widely distributed in the endemic areas.", "PMID": 1030833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5401", "title": "Amino-oxidase and dermal connective tissue in scoliosis.", "content": "The amino-oxidase and collagen content of dermal tissue was evaluated in 10 patients with severe idiopathic scoliosis and in a control group of 7 patients with poliomyelitic scoliosis, that were to undergo surgical correction of their skeletal deformity. A greater dermal content of neutral salt souble collagen was found in the patients with idiopathic scoliosis, compared with the control group. Statistically the difference was highly significant. Mono-amino-oxidase activity, however, was found to be significantly decreased in dermal extracts obtained from patients affected by idiopathic scoliosis in comparison with controls. The involvement of mono-amino-oxidase in the crosslinking of collagen and the possible classification of idiopathic scoliosis as a systemic disease of connective tissue are discussed.", "contents": "Amino-oxidase and dermal connective tissue in scoliosis. The amino-oxidase and collagen content of dermal tissue was evaluated in 10 patients with severe idiopathic scoliosis and in a control group of 7 patients with poliomyelitic scoliosis, that were to undergo surgical correction of their skeletal deformity. A greater dermal content of neutral salt souble collagen was found in the patients with idiopathic scoliosis, compared with the control group. Statistically the difference was highly significant. Mono-amino-oxidase activity, however, was found to be significantly decreased in dermal extracts obtained from patients affected by idiopathic scoliosis in comparison with controls. The involvement of mono-amino-oxidase in the crosslinking of collagen and the possible classification of idiopathic scoliosis as a systemic disease of connective tissue are discussed.", "PMID": 1030827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5402", "title": "Nuclear medicine computing. Where we have been, where we are and where we are going.", "content": "Demand for the newest and most elaborate Nuclear Medicine equipment is at an all time high. Never has there been more to offer than now with such improvements as large field of view, high resolution, whole-body capability and so on. The dedicated minicomputer systems that are available to go with these latest imaging devices are equally impressive. Still, the headaches associated with putting together a full capability camera/computer system are numerous. Things just do not seem to go together the way they ought to. If we are to truly get the most value out of our new equipment, we must put tremendous work loads on our clinical staff by expecting them to use very awkward and poorly configured systems in which several complicated steps are required to to produce the finished product ready for the reading room. The relatively low usage factor which most clinical Nuclear Medicine computer systems experience is not surprising when we consider the ridiculous way in which these systems are configured. It is time for a little human engineering to be introduced into the design process. Unfortunately, this proliferation of equipment is wasteful of money as well as the operator's time. It would make more sense to consolidate the multitude of displays and controlling elements into a single console which would allow a single operator to perform all necessary data processing operations quickly and interactively.", "contents": "Nuclear medicine computing. Where we have been, where we are and where we are going. Demand for the newest and most elaborate Nuclear Medicine equipment is at an all time high. Never has there been more to offer than now with such improvements as large field of view, high resolution, whole-body capability and so on. The dedicated minicomputer systems that are available to go with these latest imaging devices are equally impressive. Still, the headaches associated with putting together a full capability camera/computer system are numerous. Things just do not seem to go together the way they ought to. If we are to truly get the most value out of our new equipment, we must put tremendous work loads on our clinical staff by expecting them to use very awkward and poorly configured systems in which several complicated steps are required to to produce the finished product ready for the reading room. The relatively low usage factor which most clinical Nuclear Medicine computer systems experience is not surprising when we consider the ridiculous way in which these systems are configured. It is time for a little human engineering to be introduced into the design process. Unfortunately, this proliferation of equipment is wasteful of money as well as the operator's time. It would make more sense to consolidate the multitude of displays and controlling elements into a single console which would allow a single operator to perform all necessary data processing operations quickly and interactively.", "PMID": 1030828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5403", "title": "Schistosomiasis in Cambodia: a review.", "content": "Human schistosomiasis has been known in Cambodia only since 1968. In 1968-1970, many cases were detected in the provincial capital of Krati\u00e9. Infection seemed to be confined to the ethnic Vietnamese fishermen who inhabited raft houses (= floating villages) on the Mekong River at Krati\u00e9. Overall prevalence in fishermen of all ages was between 7 and 10%. In the children of fishermen between the ages of 1 to 14, the prevalence was between 14 and 22%. Transmission was apparently limited to floating houses stationed more or less permanently near shore and connected to each other in a chain. It is believed that transmission occurred only in the areas of still water which were created between raft and shore. The principal focus of schistosomiasis in Cambodia appears to be Krati\u00e9. Only a few cases have been detected elsewhere in the country. The parasite is undoubtedly identical with the Schistosoma reported from humans and dogs at Khong Island, Laos. However, the transmitting snail in Laos, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, has thus far not been reported from the Mekong River in Cambodia.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis in Cambodia: a review. Human schistosomiasis has been known in Cambodia only since 1968. In 1968-1970, many cases were detected in the provincial capital of Krati\u00e9. Infection seemed to be confined to the ethnic Vietnamese fishermen who inhabited raft houses (= floating villages) on the Mekong River at Krati\u00e9. Overall prevalence in fishermen of all ages was between 7 and 10%. In the children of fishermen between the ages of 1 to 14, the prevalence was between 14 and 22%. Transmission was apparently limited to floating houses stationed more or less permanently near shore and connected to each other in a chain. It is believed that transmission occurred only in the areas of still water which were created between raft and shore. The principal focus of schistosomiasis in Cambodia appears to be Krati\u00e9. Only a few cases have been detected elsewhere in the country. The parasite is undoubtedly identical with the Schistosoma reported from humans and dogs at Khong Island, Laos. However, the transmitting snail in Laos, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, has thus far not been reported from the Mekong River in Cambodia.", "PMID": 1030834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5404", "title": "Preliminary observations on the biology of the Indonesian strain of Schistosoma japonicum: animals and oncomelanid snails.", "content": "Laboratory animals and subspecies of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to experimental infections with a strain of Schistosoma japonicum from the Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All laboratory animals given 50 cercariae were suspecptible to infection with the greatest number of worms being found in mice followed by Wistar rats, Long Evans rats, Mongolian gerbils, wild rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. Rabbits and the Taiwan monkeys given larger numbers of cercariae were also susceptible to infections. Adult worms were found to reach the largest size in the rabbit and Taiwan monkeys but many worms from rats were immature. Eggs from the Taiwan monkey were larger than those from a dog and from mice. Six subspecies or geographic strains of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to 3 to 5 miracidia of the Indonesia strain of Schistosoma japonicum and only Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis and Oncomelania upensis chiui from Taiwan were susceptibile and produced cercariae while Oncomelania hupesis formosana from Changhua, Ilan and Kaohsium countries of Taiwan as well as Oncomalania hupensis quadrasi from the Philippines were considered refractory to infection.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the biology of the Indonesian strain of Schistosoma japonicum: animals and oncomelanid snails. Laboratory animals and subspecies of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to experimental infections with a strain of Schistosoma japonicum from the Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All laboratory animals given 50 cercariae were suspecptible to infection with the greatest number of worms being found in mice followed by Wistar rats, Long Evans rats, Mongolian gerbils, wild rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. Rabbits and the Taiwan monkeys given larger numbers of cercariae were also susceptible to infections. Adult worms were found to reach the largest size in the rabbit and Taiwan monkeys but many worms from rats were immature. Eggs from the Taiwan monkey were larger than those from a dog and from mice. Six subspecies or geographic strains of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to 3 to 5 miracidia of the Indonesia strain of Schistosoma japonicum and only Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis and Oncomelania upensis chiui from Taiwan were susceptibile and produced cercariae while Oncomelania hupesis formosana from Changhua, Ilan and Kaohsium countries of Taiwan as well as Oncomalania hupensis quadrasi from the Philippines were considered refractory to infection.", "PMID": 1030835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5405", "title": "Some aspects on the ecology and biology of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis.", "content": "Schistosomiasis is known to be endemic in the lake Lindu area since 1937 (Brug & Tesch, 1937). Investigations carried out later between 1940 and 1942 (Bone et al., 1942) failed to find molluscan intermediate host. It was not until April 1971 that the first specimen of Oncomelania was found (Carney et al., 1972). In August of the same year the first focus was discovered at Paku (Hadidjaja et al., 1974). Further investigations revealed 50 more foci in the lowlands surrounding the lake. A survey of the habitat in the Napu Valley revealed 15 more Oncomelania colonies (Crney et al., in prep.). The morphology studied by Davis and Carney (1973) showed that this snail has a close resemblence to O. h. chiui and O. h. quadrasi. It was given the subspecies name Oncomelania  hupensis lindoensis. Snail cultures maintained according to Davis' method (1971) were done in the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. Diatoms and algae were given as food. Biology of the snails concerning the temperature, hymidity, mortality rate of the snail or survival rate and also the living and egg laying habits of the snails were described.", "contents": "Some aspects on the ecology and biology of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. Schistosomiasis is known to be endemic in the lake Lindu area since 1937 (Brug & Tesch, 1937). Investigations carried out later between 1940 and 1942 (Bone et al., 1942) failed to find molluscan intermediate host. It was not until April 1971 that the first specimen of Oncomelania was found (Carney et al., 1972). In August of the same year the first focus was discovered at Paku (Hadidjaja et al., 1974). Further investigations revealed 50 more foci in the lowlands surrounding the lake. A survey of the habitat in the Napu Valley revealed 15 more Oncomelania colonies (Crney et al., in prep.). The morphology studied by Davis and Carney (1973) showed that this snail has a close resemblence to O. h. chiui and O. h. quadrasi. It was given the subspecies name Oncomelania  hupensis lindoensis. Snail cultures maintained according to Davis' method (1971) were done in the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. Diatoms and algae were given as food. Biology of the snails concerning the temperature, hymidity, mortality rate of the snail or survival rate and also the living and egg laying habits of the snails were described.", "PMID": 1030836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5406", "title": "Control of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "In Indonesia, schistosomiasis is presently confined to two endemic areas in Central Sulawesi; Lindu (1,500) and Napu (5,000 inhabitants) valleys. Because of various development schemes now underway, it is feared that the natural balance which existed for many years between the parasite, the snail intermediate hosts and man, will be upset and will place some 70,000 people of the adjoining Palu and Palolo areas at risk. Measures are being taken to control and prevent the spread of the disease. A pilot control programme is planned for two years in the village of Anca in Lindu with a population of 391 and a prevalence rate of 70.5%. Langko village with a population of 464 and a prevalence rate of 53.7% will be utilized as the comparison area. Baseline data on human, malacological and animal reservoir hosts are being collected and control operations are anticipated to commence in July 1975. Measures to be applied to control schistosomiasis in the order of priorities are: (a) agro-engineering or modification of the environment; (b) environmental sanitation through the provision of adequate water supply and construction of latrines; (c) mollusciciding of remaining snail infested areas; (d) chemotherapy, and (e) health education campaign. At the end of the two-year control programme, the following activities will be carried out to determine the degree of intervention achieved; (a) human data: calculation of prevalence rates, incidence rates, and changes in the intensity of infection based on quantitative egg counts; (b) malacological data: changes in the number and extent of snail foci; snail density, and snail infection rates; (c) reservoir hosts: changes in the prevalence rates among domestic and wild animals. Calculation of reclaimed areas and increase in agricultural production will also be assessed together with the overall cost/benefit analysis of the project undertaking.", "contents": "Control of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In Indonesia, schistosomiasis is presently confined to two endemic areas in Central Sulawesi; Lindu (1,500) and Napu (5,000 inhabitants) valleys. Because of various development schemes now underway, it is feared that the natural balance which existed for many years between the parasite, the snail intermediate hosts and man, will be upset and will place some 70,000 people of the adjoining Palu and Palolo areas at risk. Measures are being taken to control and prevent the spread of the disease. A pilot control programme is planned for two years in the village of Anca in Lindu with a population of 391 and a prevalence rate of 70.5%. Langko village with a population of 464 and a prevalence rate of 53.7% will be utilized as the comparison area. Baseline data on human, malacological and animal reservoir hosts are being collected and control operations are anticipated to commence in July 1975. Measures to be applied to control schistosomiasis in the order of priorities are: (a) agro-engineering or modification of the environment; (b) environmental sanitation through the provision of adequate water supply and construction of latrines; (c) mollusciciding of remaining snail infested areas; (d) chemotherapy, and (e) health education campaign. At the end of the two-year control programme, the following activities will be carried out to determine the degree of intervention achieved; (a) human data: calculation of prevalence rates, incidence rates, and changes in the intensity of infection based on quantitative egg counts; (b) malacological data: changes in the number and extent of snail foci; snail density, and snail infection rates; (c) reservoir hosts: changes in the prevalence rates among domestic and wild animals. Calculation of reclaimed areas and increase in agricultural production will also be assessed together with the overall cost/benefit analysis of the project undertaking.", "PMID": 1030837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5407", "title": "Autorhythmometry: leads from single-sample medical check-ups toward a health science of time series.", "content": "Starting from the definition of health as given by the WHO, the authors emphasize that rhythms of biological variables should be taken into account if one is to arrive at a positive and individual definition of the concept of health. The evaluation of a single datum spot check of physiological functions does not permit to quantify health in dynamic terms whereas this may become possible when the rhythmic quality of these variables, according to a spectrum of characteristic frequencies, has been assessed. Rhythmometry provides for appropriate reference standards as regards both the population in general and the physical conditions of the same subject during certain spans in the (prospective) life history (spans selected according to consideration of risk and hence cost and benefit at a given age). The authors therefore stress the importance of rhythmometry, thanks to which the time course and other peculiarities of any biological phenomenon can be evaluated by obtaining serial measurements, objectively quantifying their characteristic features, and working out special models with the aid of computers. Of special interest, particularly for the evaluation of reference standards, is autorhythmometry (AR), to be used at least for certain variables. This is the method by which each subject studies himself, performing a certain number of measurements in the course of the day (or month or year) of his body temperature, blood pressure, cardiac rhythm, grip strength, etc. In AR, the subject takes an active part in the study of his condition of health and it has been shown that in the majority of cases these measurements are done with the utmost accuracy and precision, providing that the purpose of the operations to be performed has been adequately explained. The wide spread use of AR, during more or less extended periods in a lifetime, would permit the assessment of the normal situation for each individual and thus offer the possibility of diagnosing any disorder at its very beginning; it would thus be of great prophylactic value. The authors refer to the example of arterial blood pressure; widely different values for the normal levels can be found in the texts of different authors. They also show that a certain presure may be normal for a given subject at a certain time of day and be a sign of illness for another subject, or even for the same subject at a different ime. The authors suggest the introduction of AR in the curriculum of secondary schools and into the routine for outpatients and inpatients. This practice would increase the availability of information on public health at a lower cost. AR may be very usefully applied to chronotherapy: it is a well-known fact that there are rhythms of sensitivity and therefore rhythms of toxic as well as therapeutic effects for various drugs. These can be dove-tailed in such a way as to work out, for individual cases, a time for administration at which the therapeutic effect is at its maximum and the toxic one at its minimum...", "contents": "Autorhythmometry: leads from single-sample medical check-ups toward a health science of time series. Starting from the definition of health as given by the WHO, the authors emphasize that rhythms of biological variables should be taken into account if one is to arrive at a positive and individual definition of the concept of health. The evaluation of a single datum spot check of physiological functions does not permit to quantify health in dynamic terms whereas this may become possible when the rhythmic quality of these variables, according to a spectrum of characteristic frequencies, has been assessed. Rhythmometry provides for appropriate reference standards as regards both the population in general and the physical conditions of the same subject during certain spans in the (prospective) life history (spans selected according to consideration of risk and hence cost and benefit at a given age). The authors therefore stress the importance of rhythmometry, thanks to which the time course and other peculiarities of any biological phenomenon can be evaluated by obtaining serial measurements, objectively quantifying their characteristic features, and working out special models with the aid of computers. Of special interest, particularly for the evaluation of reference standards, is autorhythmometry (AR), to be used at least for certain variables. This is the method by which each subject studies himself, performing a certain number of measurements in the course of the day (or month or year) of his body temperature, blood pressure, cardiac rhythm, grip strength, etc. In AR, the subject takes an active part in the study of his condition of health and it has been shown that in the majority of cases these measurements are done with the utmost accuracy and precision, providing that the purpose of the operations to be performed has been adequately explained. The wide spread use of AR, during more or less extended periods in a lifetime, would permit the assessment of the normal situation for each individual and thus offer the possibility of diagnosing any disorder at its very beginning; it would thus be of great prophylactic value. The authors refer to the example of arterial blood pressure; widely different values for the normal levels can be found in the texts of different authors. They also show that a certain presure may be normal for a given subject at a certain time of day and be a sign of illness for another subject, or even for the same subject at a different ime. The authors suggest the introduction of AR in the curriculum of secondary schools and into the routine for outpatients and inpatients. This practice would increase the availability of information on public health at a lower cost. AR may be very usefully applied to chronotherapy: it is a well-known fact that there are rhythms of sensitivity and therefore rhythms of toxic as well as therapeutic effects for various drugs. These can be dove-tailed in such a way as to work out, for individual cases, a time for administration at which the therapeutic effect is at its maximum and the toxic one at its minimum...", "PMID": 1030825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5408", "title": "Agro-engineering and sanitation improvement in the control of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines: a review.", "content": "Measures that would change the habitat of the snails were found to prevent its breeding. Among these are clearing and drainage of waterlogged areas; filling of depressions where filling materials are available; ponding of areas which cannot be drained, and improved rice culture. The degree of success in snail control depends to a large extent on the amount of change brought about in the habitat. The more radical the change, the greater the reduction in snail density. It can be expected that improvement in sanitation in the form of toilet construction and use, provision of safe water supply, building of footbridges and the control of stray animals will bring a further decline in the transmission of the disease. Studies have shown that perfect sanitation in the form of toilet construction and use will reduce transmission by about 75%, the other 25% being contributed by lower mammals. Agro-engineering control measures are presently being carried out intensively in 7 town of Leyte, with food assistance from the UN/FAO World Food Program being given to volunteer workers as incentives for them to work. Snail evaluation after 2 years has shown a snail reduction by 72% in the areas covered. It may be mentioned here that sanitation improvement, especially latrine construction, is an ongoing program of the Department of Health in all rural areas.", "contents": "Agro-engineering and sanitation improvement in the control of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines: a review. Measures that would change the habitat of the snails were found to prevent its breeding. Among these are clearing and drainage of waterlogged areas; filling of depressions where filling materials are available; ponding of areas which cannot be drained, and improved rice culture. The degree of success in snail control depends to a large extent on the amount of change brought about in the habitat. The more radical the change, the greater the reduction in snail density. It can be expected that improvement in sanitation in the form of toilet construction and use, provision of safe water supply, building of footbridges and the control of stray animals will bring a further decline in the transmission of the disease. Studies have shown that perfect sanitation in the form of toilet construction and use will reduce transmission by about 75%, the other 25% being contributed by lower mammals. Agro-engineering control measures are presently being carried out intensively in 7 town of Leyte, with food assistance from the UN/FAO World Food Program being given to volunteer workers as incentives for them to work. Snail evaluation after 2 years has shown a snail reduction by 72% in the areas covered. It may be mentioned here that sanitation improvement, especially latrine construction, is an ongoing program of the Department of Health in all rural areas.", "PMID": 1030838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5409", "title": "Cord blood cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein electrophoresis in 124 Italian infants.", "content": "Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and lipoproteins (by electrophoresis on agarose gel) were determined in the cord blood of 124 Italian infants (Verona area). The mean TC and TG values, when compared with the values reported in other studies, turned out to be remarkably uniform, suggesting common genetic determinants in the modulation of blood lipids; no sex differences were  observed. The TG distribution curve was skewed, overlapping the adult pattern. Cord blood TC and TG were not modified by the presence of perinatal factors. Both beta and alpha bands (on agarose gel electrophoresis) were present in  all the cases. The pre-beta band was clearly detectable in 90% of the cases; it was barely visible for TG values below 20 mg/100 ml; occasionally a discrepancy between the intensity of the pre-beta band and the cord blood TG was observed, indicating a variable lipid composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In 4% of the cases a small band at the origin of the electrophoretic run was observed, consistent with the presence of chylomicrons. In the serum of both a newborn infant and its mother we detected a double band migrating in the pre-beta region. This finding confirms the hypothesis of a familial transmission of this abnormality.", "contents": "Cord blood cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein electrophoresis in 124 Italian infants. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and lipoproteins (by electrophoresis on agarose gel) were determined in the cord blood of 124 Italian infants (Verona area). The mean TC and TG values, when compared with the values reported in other studies, turned out to be remarkably uniform, suggesting common genetic determinants in the modulation of blood lipids; no sex differences were  observed. The TG distribution curve was skewed, overlapping the adult pattern. Cord blood TC and TG were not modified by the presence of perinatal factors. Both beta and alpha bands (on agarose gel electrophoresis) were present in  all the cases. The pre-beta band was clearly detectable in 90% of the cases; it was barely visible for TG values below 20 mg/100 ml; occasionally a discrepancy between the intensity of the pre-beta band and the cord blood TG was observed, indicating a variable lipid composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In 4% of the cases a small band at the origin of the electrophoretic run was observed, consistent with the presence of chylomicrons. In the serum of both a newborn infant and its mother we detected a double band migrating in the pre-beta region. This finding confirms the hypothesis of a familial transmission of this abnormality.", "PMID": 1030826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5410", "title": "A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic conjunctivitis in Brunei.", "content": "The paper reports on a coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis in Brunei. The role of the Singapore Epidemic Conjunctivitis 1970 (coxsackievirus type A24) virus in the new disease syndrome variously known as the \"Epidemic Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis\", \"Picornavirus Epidemic Conjunctivitis\" and \"Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis\" is again established.", "contents": "A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic conjunctivitis in Brunei. The paper reports on a coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis in Brunei. The role of the Singapore Epidemic Conjunctivitis 1970 (coxsackievirus type A24) virus in the new disease syndrome variously known as the \"Epidemic Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis\", \"Picornavirus Epidemic Conjunctivitis\" and \"Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis\" is again established.", "PMID": 1030839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5411", "title": "A comparison of the efficiency of the Nuclepore and Millipore filtration systems for detecting microfilariae.", "content": "Using Brugia pahangi or Dirofilaria immitis as the test organisms no significant difference could be detected between Nuclepore and Millipore filters. It was found that 0.7% of microfilariae passed through the Millipore and 1% through the Nuclepore filters. No microfilariae were lost from the Nuclepore membrane during the staining process.", "contents": "A comparison of the efficiency of the Nuclepore and Millipore filtration systems for detecting microfilariae. Using Brugia pahangi or Dirofilaria immitis as the test organisms no significant difference could be detected between Nuclepore and Millipore filters. It was found that 0.7% of microfilariae passed through the Millipore and 1% through the Nuclepore filters. No microfilariae were lost from the Nuclepore membrane during the staining process.", "PMID": 1030840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5412", "title": "Hydrogen sulphide production as an aid to the identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "In this study 18 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from food and 8 from humans were tested for hydrogen sulphide production on various modifications of Russel's Triple Sugar slopes and on TSI. All strains showed a characteristic surface browning on RTS with Andrade's indicator. This was not seen when RTS with phenol red as indicator or TSI were used. Appearance of this phenomenon allows unknown strains to be suspected as being Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Hydrogen sulphide production as an aid to the identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In this study 18 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from food and 8 from humans were tested for hydrogen sulphide production on various modifications of Russel's Triple Sugar slopes and on TSI. All strains showed a characteristic surface browning on RTS with Andrade's indicator. This was not seen when RTS with phenol red as indicator or TSI were used. Appearance of this phenomenon allows unknown strains to be suspected as being Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "PMID": 1030841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5413", "title": "Leptospirosis in Malaysia: a common cause of short-term fever.", "content": "A study of 1,437 unselected febrile patients in rural Malaysia yielded a diagnosis of leptospirosis in 86 (6.0%). The clinical syndrome was mild to moderate in all cases, jaundice was observed in only 2 (2.3%) and no deaths were documented. The diagnosis was not clinically obvious in most cases, and it is apparent that many infections must be going unnoticed at present.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in Malaysia: a common cause of short-term fever. A study of 1,437 unselected febrile patients in rural Malaysia yielded a diagnosis of leptospirosis in 86 (6.0%). The clinical syndrome was mild to moderate in all cases, jaundice was observed in only 2 (2.3%) and no deaths were documented. The diagnosis was not clinically obvious in most cases, and it is apparent that many infections must be going unnoticed at present.", "PMID": 1030842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5414", "title": "Angiostrongylus malaysiensis from Tuaran, Sabah, with reference to the distribution of the parasite in Malaysia.", "content": "A survey of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis among wild rodent and molluscan hosts was made in the Tuaran Central Agricultural Research Station and within the vicinity of Tuaran, Sabah. Three of 19 Rattus rattus diardii, one of 2 R. exulans and one R. argentiventer were found naturally infected with the parasite. In this survey 56 of 382 molluscs comprising of Pila scutata, Achatina fulica and two species of land slugs, Laevicaulis alte and Microparmarion malayanus, were found naturally infected with the parasite. Samples of larvae from each of these molluscs were experimentally transferred to laboratory albino rats and adult worms consistent with A. malaysiensis were recovered. Comparison of the rat hosts and the molluscan intermediate hosts of the parasite in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah was made, and the finding of A. malaysiensis in Tuaran is the first report of the parasite from Sabah. The distribution of the parasite throughout Malaysia is discussed. Observation on the human consumption of the freshwater snail, P. scutata, was made. Although the infection rate of this snail is low compared with other molluscan hosts examined. The importance of this mollusc as a potential source of human infection should not be overlooked. Hospital records for 1974 and 1975 were examined and clinical human angiostrongyliasis was rarely recorded in Sabah.", "contents": "Angiostrongylus malaysiensis from Tuaran, Sabah, with reference to the distribution of the parasite in Malaysia. A survey of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis among wild rodent and molluscan hosts was made in the Tuaran Central Agricultural Research Station and within the vicinity of Tuaran, Sabah. Three of 19 Rattus rattus diardii, one of 2 R. exulans and one R. argentiventer were found naturally infected with the parasite. In this survey 56 of 382 molluscs comprising of Pila scutata, Achatina fulica and two species of land slugs, Laevicaulis alte and Microparmarion malayanus, were found naturally infected with the parasite. Samples of larvae from each of these molluscs were experimentally transferred to laboratory albino rats and adult worms consistent with A. malaysiensis were recovered. Comparison of the rat hosts and the molluscan intermediate hosts of the parasite in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah was made, and the finding of A. malaysiensis in Tuaran is the first report of the parasite from Sabah. The distribution of the parasite throughout Malaysia is discussed. Observation on the human consumption of the freshwater snail, P. scutata, was made. Although the infection rate of this snail is low compared with other molluscan hosts examined. The importance of this mollusc as a potential source of human infection should not be overlooked. Hospital records for 1974 and 1975 were examined and clinical human angiostrongyliasis was rarely recorded in Sabah.", "PMID": 1030843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5415", "title": "Parasitological survey in Gorontalo North Sulawesi, Indonesia.", "content": "A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the municipality of Gorontalo on the Minahasa peninsula of North Sulawesi. A total of 156 stool specimens were obtained from 83 males and 73  females. Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, unidentified dicrocoeliid-like ova and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common intestinal parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis and Chilomastix mesnili. Brugia malayi microfilaremiar were detected in 6% and Plasmodium falciparum in less than 1% of the population sampled.", "contents": "Parasitological survey in Gorontalo North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the municipality of Gorontalo on the Minahasa peninsula of North Sulawesi. A total of 156 stool specimens were obtained from 83 males and 73  females. Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, unidentified dicrocoeliid-like ova and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common intestinal parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis and Chilomastix mesnili. Brugia malayi microfilaremiar were detected in 6% and Plasmodium falciparum in less than 1% of the population sampled.", "PMID": 1030844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5416", "title": "Reactivation studies on organophosphate inhibited human cholinesterases by pralidoxime (P-2-AM).", "content": "There is biochemical and clinical evidence that P-2-AM (Pyridine-2-Aldoxime Methiodide, Pralidoxime) does not reactive human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by either Malathion or Malaoxon. In vitro studies using Pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by Malathion or Malaoxon. This was observed inspite of prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of Pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate pesticides.", "contents": "Reactivation studies on organophosphate inhibited human cholinesterases by pralidoxime (P-2-AM). There is biochemical and clinical evidence that P-2-AM (Pyridine-2-Aldoxime Methiodide, Pralidoxime) does not reactive human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by either Malathion or Malaoxon. In vitro studies using Pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by Malathion or Malaoxon. This was observed inspite of prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of Pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate pesticides.", "PMID": 1030845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5417", "title": "Observations on the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Jakarta, Indonesia.", "content": "A one-year study was done of the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) and of the water storage habits of the inhabitants in four crowded districts of urban Jakarta. Immature mosquitoes were found in or near houses in containers of relatively clean water used for drinking or bathing purposes. An average of 185 containers were found per 100 houses, of which 60 were positive for Aedes immatures, resulting in a Container Index of 32%. The mean potential water storage capacity per house was 173 liters of which only 92 liters of water was actually being stored at any one time. Water jars were the most common containers found, but bak mandi (cuboidal or oblong concrete reservoirs) held more water per container. Total water storage per house in bak mandi was twice that of water jars and ten times that of drums, which were uncommon. Ant traps and other miscellaneous containers were unimportant for either water storage or mosquito production. A mean of 0.93 pupae per  house was found, pupal production indoors being ten times than outdoors. Indoor water jars produced more pupae per house than all other containers combined. The infestation rate of covered containers was significantly higher than that of uncovered containers, perhaps because loose-fitting lids allowed entrance of gravid females to the attractive darkened interior of the container.", "contents": "Observations on the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Jakarta, Indonesia. A one-year study was done of the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) and of the water storage habits of the inhabitants in four crowded districts of urban Jakarta. Immature mosquitoes were found in or near houses in containers of relatively clean water used for drinking or bathing purposes. An average of 185 containers were found per 100 houses, of which 60 were positive for Aedes immatures, resulting in a Container Index of 32%. The mean potential water storage capacity per house was 173 liters of which only 92 liters of water was actually being stored at any one time. Water jars were the most common containers found, but bak mandi (cuboidal or oblong concrete reservoirs) held more water per container. Total water storage per house in bak mandi was twice that of water jars and ten times that of drums, which were uncommon. Ant traps and other miscellaneous containers were unimportant for either water storage or mosquito production. A mean of 0.93 pupae per  house was found, pupal production indoors being ten times than outdoors. Indoor water jars produced more pupae per house than all other containers combined. The infestation rate of covered containers was significantly higher than that of uncovered containers, perhaps because loose-fitting lids allowed entrance of gravid females to the attractive darkened interior of the container.", "PMID": 1030846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5418", "title": "Endemic goitre in Sarawak, Malaysia: I. Somatic growth and aetiology.", "content": "A comparative epidemiological and anthropometric survey was conducted among Ibans, the largest indigenous ethnic group in Sarawak, in three regions where the endemicity of goitre exhibited marked differences , to assess the effect of endemic goitre on somatic growth. In the Ai river region the prevalence of goitre was 99.5%; 35% having grade 3 goitres, 55% grade 2 goitres and 9.5% grade 1 goitres. At Rubu the prevalence of endemic goitre was 74%; 3% having grade 3 goitre, 16% grade 2 goitre and 55% grade 1 goitre. In the Bajong region relatively few people were detected with goitre and most of these had migrated from other regions. Neurological cretinism was estimated at 3.6% in the severely goitrous Ai river population but was not detected in the other regions. Anthropometric data obtained from the three adult populations did not reveal any statistically significant differences in the following parameters: weight, height, weight/height ratio, height/sitting height ratios, head circumference, scapular skinfold thickness and left mid arm muscle circumference. The haemoglobin, serum total protein and serum albumin concentrations were similar in the three populations. It is concluded that endemic goitre occurs with  a frequency of close to 100% in certain Iban populations which represents one of the highest incidences of endemic goitre in the world. Neurological cretinism is common in this population. Our observations suggest that body proportions and somatic growth do not vary among similar ethnic populations exhibiting greatly different endemicity of goitre. Although no iodine balance studies were performed, assessment of diets suggested that iodine deficiency is a significant contributory factor in the development of endemic goitre in Sarawak. Urgent attention to iodine supplementation is indicated to prevent the development of endemic goitre and neurological cretinism.", "contents": "Endemic goitre in Sarawak, Malaysia: I. Somatic growth and aetiology. A comparative epidemiological and anthropometric survey was conducted among Ibans, the largest indigenous ethnic group in Sarawak, in three regions where the endemicity of goitre exhibited marked differences , to assess the effect of endemic goitre on somatic growth. In the Ai river region the prevalence of goitre was 99.5%; 35% having grade 3 goitres, 55% grade 2 goitres and 9.5% grade 1 goitres. At Rubu the prevalence of endemic goitre was 74%; 3% having grade 3 goitre, 16% grade 2 goitre and 55% grade 1 goitre. In the Bajong region relatively few people were detected with goitre and most of these had migrated from other regions. Neurological cretinism was estimated at 3.6% in the severely goitrous Ai river population but was not detected in the other regions. Anthropometric data obtained from the three adult populations did not reveal any statistically significant differences in the following parameters: weight, height, weight/height ratio, height/sitting height ratios, head circumference, scapular skinfold thickness and left mid arm muscle circumference. The haemoglobin, serum total protein and serum albumin concentrations were similar in the three populations. It is concluded that endemic goitre occurs with  a frequency of close to 100% in certain Iban populations which represents one of the highest incidences of endemic goitre in the world. Neurological cretinism is common in this population. Our observations suggest that body proportions and somatic growth do not vary among similar ethnic populations exhibiting greatly different endemicity of goitre. Although no iodine balance studies were performed, assessment of diets suggested that iodine deficiency is a significant contributory factor in the development of endemic goitre in Sarawak. Urgent attention to iodine supplementation is indicated to prevent the development of endemic goitre and neurological cretinism.", "PMID": 1030847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5419", "title": "Comparative growth of Malay, Chinese and Indian school children in Malaysia.", "content": "The weights and heights of 3,312 Malaysian primary school boys and girls, aged 6 to 11 years, belonging to various ethnic groups in Malaysia were measured. On the whole, the Chinese children were taller and heavier than the Malay and the Indian children who were the least heavy among the three ethnic groups. Economically the Indians were the poorest among the three ethnic groups and they also had the largest family size. When the household incomes were taken into consideration it was found that the growth achievement of the higher income children was better than that of the poorer children, irrespective of their ethnic groups. It is interesting to note that, although the Indian children as a whole, were the least heavy of the three ethnic groups, yet the growth achievement of the higher income Indian children was similar to that of the higher income Chinese children. The differences in growth achievement of the various ethnic groups are probably due to environmental differences, rather than genetic differences. It seems likely that Malaysian children of different ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian) can attain similar statures if environmental conditions are similar.", "contents": "Comparative growth of Malay, Chinese and Indian school children in Malaysia. The weights and heights of 3,312 Malaysian primary school boys and girls, aged 6 to 11 years, belonging to various ethnic groups in Malaysia were measured. On the whole, the Chinese children were taller and heavier than the Malay and the Indian children who were the least heavy among the three ethnic groups. Economically the Indians were the poorest among the three ethnic groups and they also had the largest family size. When the household incomes were taken into consideration it was found that the growth achievement of the higher income children was better than that of the poorer children, irrespective of their ethnic groups. It is interesting to note that, although the Indian children as a whole, were the least heavy of the three ethnic groups, yet the growth achievement of the higher income Indian children was similar to that of the higher income Chinese children. The differences in growth achievement of the various ethnic groups are probably due to environmental differences, rather than genetic differences. It seems likely that Malaysian children of different ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian) can attain similar statures if environmental conditions are similar.", "PMID": 1030848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5420", "title": "Carcinoma of the cystic duct associated with opisthorchiasis.", "content": "Four patients who had obstructing carcinoma of the cystic duct and who presented themselves with enlarged and palpable gall bladders but without jaundice are reported. All patients came from endemic areas of opisthorchiasis and had evidence of Opisthorchis infection by peritoneoscopic and surgical findings. All but one had Opisthorchis eggs in the stool. The pathogenesis and management was discussed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cystic duct associated with opisthorchiasis. Four patients who had obstructing carcinoma of the cystic duct and who presented themselves with enlarged and palpable gall bladders but without jaundice are reported. All patients came from endemic areas of opisthorchiasis and had evidence of Opisthorchis infection by peritoneoscopic and surgical findings. All but one had Opisthorchis eggs in the stool. The pathogenesis and management was discussed.", "PMID": 1030849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5421", "title": "Intestinal and blood parasites of man in Bireuen and Takengon, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.", "content": "A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in Aceh Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 348 stool specimens were obtained from 167 males and 181 females ranging in age from 6 months to 70 years. Over 98% of the population sampled were found infected with at least one intestinal parasite. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana and Giardia lamblia, Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 2% of those examined and only in the coastal villages of Cot Ketapang and Rusip Dayah. No malaria was found.", "contents": "Intestinal and blood parasites of man in Bireuen and Takengon, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in Aceh Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 348 stool specimens were obtained from 167 males and 181 females ranging in age from 6 months to 70 years. Over 98% of the population sampled were found infected with at least one intestinal parasite. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana and Giardia lamblia, Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 2% of those examined and only in the coastal villages of Cot Ketapang and Rusip Dayah. No malaria was found.", "PMID": 1030850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5422", "title": "Prevalence and zoonotic potential of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in cats in Thailand.", "content": "Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum were found in cats from Prachin Buri, Thailand, with infection rates of 92% and 23%, respectively. In this survey, 75% of cats were infected with A. ceylanicum alone, the rest had mixed infections of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum. The worm burden range in 26 cats for A. ceylanicum and A. caninum were 1 to 83 and 1 to 10, respectively. For A. ceylanicum, both males and females were found in the gut from the first part of duodenum to rectum. In the case of A. caninum the distribution was not constant. The sex ratio between male and female A. ceylanicum was 1:1.4. The egg count for A. ceylanicum was in the range 31-150 per gram of faeces (mean 70). The zoonotic potential of these parasites was discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence and zoonotic potential of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in cats in Thailand. Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum were found in cats from Prachin Buri, Thailand, with infection rates of 92% and 23%, respectively. In this survey, 75% of cats were infected with A. ceylanicum alone, the rest had mixed infections of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum. The worm burden range in 26 cats for A. ceylanicum and A. caninum were 1 to 83 and 1 to 10, respectively. For A. ceylanicum, both males and females were found in the gut from the first part of duodenum to rectum. In the case of A. caninum the distribution was not constant. The sex ratio between male and female A. ceylanicum was 1:1.4. The egg count for A. ceylanicum was in the range 31-150 per gram of faeces (mean 70). The zoonotic potential of these parasites was discussed.", "PMID": 1030851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5423", "title": "Pralidoxime as an insignificant reactivator in severe anticholinesterase (organophosphate insecticide) poisoning.", "content": "In acute severe anticholinesterase poisoning by organophosphate compounds, pralidoxime (P-2-AM, pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide) used in the recommended doses, intravenously, has not been shown to reactivate the inhibited cholinesterase, as evidenced both clinically and biochemically. In vitro studies using pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by the organophosphate insecticide Bidrin (di-methyl-3-hydroxyl-N, N-dimethyl-crotonamide phosphate). This was even so despite prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate insecticides.", "contents": "Pralidoxime as an insignificant reactivator in severe anticholinesterase (organophosphate insecticide) poisoning. In acute severe anticholinesterase poisoning by organophosphate compounds, pralidoxime (P-2-AM, pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide) used in the recommended doses, intravenously, has not been shown to reactivate the inhibited cholinesterase, as evidenced both clinically and biochemically. In vitro studies using pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by the organophosphate insecticide Bidrin (di-methyl-3-hydroxyl-N, N-dimethyl-crotonamide phosphate). This was even so despite prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate insecticides.", "PMID": 1030852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5424", "title": "Chronic industrial exposure to lead in 63 subjects. I. Clinical and erythrokinetic findings.", "content": "Clinical, biochemical, haematological and erythrokinetic studies were performed on 63 adult males with prolonged lead exposure. Their most common symptoms and findings were abdominal pain (62%), gingival lead lines (48%), headache and/or dizziness (33%), muscle cramps (32%), anaemia (19%), and fatigue (18%). Colicky abdominal pain (27%) and gingival lead lines correlated with urinary lead excretion. Anaemia was mild, but more frequent in the subjects with the greatest urinary lead excretion. Other associated findings were: higher reticulocyte counts and more basophilic stippling of the RBCs, more sideroblasts and greater erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow, more reduction in 51Cr-tagged RBC survival time, smaller RBC mass, a more rapid plasma iron clearance, a greater plasma iron turnover and greater utilization of 59Fe in subjects with urinary lead excretion of greater than 100 microng/day in comparison with the remainder and normal controls. These findings suggest that minimal chronic exposure to lead causes an increased haemolysis with resulting increased production of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Chronic industrial exposure to lead in 63 subjects. I. Clinical and erythrokinetic findings. Clinical, biochemical, haematological and erythrokinetic studies were performed on 63 adult males with prolonged lead exposure. Their most common symptoms and findings were abdominal pain (62%), gingival lead lines (48%), headache and/or dizziness (33%), muscle cramps (32%), anaemia (19%), and fatigue (18%). Colicky abdominal pain (27%) and gingival lead lines correlated with urinary lead excretion. Anaemia was mild, but more frequent in the subjects with the greatest urinary lead excretion. Other associated findings were: higher reticulocyte counts and more basophilic stippling of the RBCs, more sideroblasts and greater erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow, more reduction in 51Cr-tagged RBC survival time, smaller RBC mass, a more rapid plasma iron clearance, a greater plasma iron turnover and greater utilization of 59Fe in subjects with urinary lead excretion of greater than 100 microng/day in comparison with the remainder and normal controls. These findings suggest that minimal chronic exposure to lead causes an increased haemolysis with resulting increased production of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1030853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5425", "title": "The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of school children in two resettlement areas in Northeast Thailand.", "content": "The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of school children were studied in the Khon Kaen resettlement and irrigation area and in the Lam-takong settlement in northease Thailand using the in vitro tests based on the erythrocyte transketolase, glutathione reductase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activities. Healthy school children from the Khon Kaen University School were selected as a reference group. The results demonstrate that the vitamin B1 status in the resettlement area is sufficient, but about 20% to 35% of all the children show evidence of vitamin B2 and B6 deficiencies. It is noticed that besides a high prevalence of parasitic infections and poor hygienic conditions the protein and vitamin intake is low and improvement of the situation is necessary.", "contents": "The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of school children in two resettlement areas in Northeast Thailand. The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of school children were studied in the Khon Kaen resettlement and irrigation area and in the Lam-takong settlement in northease Thailand using the in vitro tests based on the erythrocyte transketolase, glutathione reductase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activities. Healthy school children from the Khon Kaen University School were selected as a reference group. The results demonstrate that the vitamin B1 status in the resettlement area is sufficient, but about 20% to 35% of all the children show evidence of vitamin B2 and B6 deficiencies. It is noticed that besides a high prevalence of parasitic infections and poor hygienic conditions the protein and vitamin intake is low and improvement of the situation is necessary.", "PMID": 1030854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5426", "title": "The changes of the hair roots in correlation to the clinical status of the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "The examination of the hair roots were performed by a modified technique as described by Bradfield. The mean hair bulb diameter in children with overt nephrotic syndrome was statistically smaller than the controls. The distributions of hair root morphology amongst them were also statistically different from those of the control group. The hair roots of the children with remission or with questionable relapse were not different from the control group. The application of hair root examination, therefore may be useful in the differentiation of various stages of the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "The changes of the hair roots in correlation to the clinical status of the nephrotic syndrome. The examination of the hair roots were performed by a modified technique as described by Bradfield. The mean hair bulb diameter in children with overt nephrotic syndrome was statistically smaller than the controls. The distributions of hair root morphology amongst them were also statistically different from those of the control group. The hair roots of the children with remission or with questionable relapse were not different from the control group. The application of hair root examination, therefore may be useful in the differentiation of various stages of the nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 1030855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5427", "title": "Socio-economic, health and nutritional status of the villagers in the Nong Wai irrigation area, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand.", "content": "Studies were carried out from June 1974 to May 1975 on the socio-economic status, health and nutritional status of the people in 4 villages, in the irrigation area of the Nong Wai Pioneer Agricultural Project of Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand. The result obtained were compared with those in 2 non-irrigated villages in the same province, in order to identify the health and nutritional problems which might arise during the water resource development in the irrigation area. It was found that in the irrigated villages 90% of the peoples were farmers, while in the non-irrigated villages all were farmers. The socio-economic status of the people in the irrigated villages was much better than those in the non-irrigated ones. The income per family in the former was about three times greater than that in the latter. In the study of the health conditions of the villagers, the vulnerable age group including pre-school children under 7 years of age and school children in the elementary school class 1 and class 2, aged 7-9 years old, served as subjects for investigation. Haematological and physical examinations revealed many children with mild to moderate anaemia, vitamin B2 deficiency and a few cases of hepatomegaly. Anaemic children were found to be more prevalent in the non-irrigated villages than in the irrigated area. The overall parasitic infection rates in children in the irrigated and non-irrigated villages were similar with respect to severity of the infection. Hookworm infection, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidiasis and giardiasis were the leading parasitic infections, while amoebiasis was rare. Ascariasis and trichuriasis were not found. However, the first two helminthic infections had a low grade of intensity. The nutritional status of pre-school children, showed that there were more children with good growth in the irrigated villages than in the non-irrigated one. Serum proteins, albumin and globulin, and urinary urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio revealed normal findings indicating that the children had sufficient protein intake. The results of the urinary hydroxyproline-creatinine index suggested that many of the children in both groups of the villages were at marginal malnutrition status. Surveys on domestic animals including cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and field rats revealed no important zoonotic diseases except leptospirosis in a few rats. Some fish were found to harbour metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini, while some snails were positive for cercariae of O. viverrini, Schistosoma spindale, and Echinostoma malayanum. The overall findings indicated that the water resource development by establishing better irrigation, resulted in an improved socio-economic and nutritional status among the villagers, but health conditions and associated parasitic diseases and some nutritional deficiency still existed in the children. However, the findings from this study provide only preliminary data concerning the socio-economic status, health, and nutritional status of the villagers in the irrigation area...", "contents": "Socio-economic, health and nutritional status of the villagers in the Nong Wai irrigation area, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. Studies were carried out from June 1974 to May 1975 on the socio-economic status, health and nutritional status of the people in 4 villages, in the irrigation area of the Nong Wai Pioneer Agricultural Project of Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand. The result obtained were compared with those in 2 non-irrigated villages in the same province, in order to identify the health and nutritional problems which might arise during the water resource development in the irrigation area. It was found that in the irrigated villages 90% of the peoples were farmers, while in the non-irrigated villages all were farmers. The socio-economic status of the people in the irrigated villages was much better than those in the non-irrigated ones. The income per family in the former was about three times greater than that in the latter. In the study of the health conditions of the villagers, the vulnerable age group including pre-school children under 7 years of age and school children in the elementary school class 1 and class 2, aged 7-9 years old, served as subjects for investigation. Haematological and physical examinations revealed many children with mild to moderate anaemia, vitamin B2 deficiency and a few cases of hepatomegaly. Anaemic children were found to be more prevalent in the non-irrigated villages than in the irrigated area. The overall parasitic infection rates in children in the irrigated and non-irrigated villages were similar with respect to severity of the infection. Hookworm infection, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidiasis and giardiasis were the leading parasitic infections, while amoebiasis was rare. Ascariasis and trichuriasis were not found. However, the first two helminthic infections had a low grade of intensity. The nutritional status of pre-school children, showed that there were more children with good growth in the irrigated villages than in the non-irrigated one. Serum proteins, albumin and globulin, and urinary urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio revealed normal findings indicating that the children had sufficient protein intake. The results of the urinary hydroxyproline-creatinine index suggested that many of the children in both groups of the villages were at marginal malnutrition status. Surveys on domestic animals including cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and field rats revealed no important zoonotic diseases except leptospirosis in a few rats. Some fish were found to harbour metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini, while some snails were positive for cercariae of O. viverrini, Schistosoma spindale, and Echinostoma malayanum. The overall findings indicated that the water resource development by establishing better irrigation, resulted in an improved socio-economic and nutritional status among the villagers, but health conditions and associated parasitic diseases and some nutritional deficiency still existed in the children. However, the findings from this study provide only preliminary data concerning the socio-economic status, health, and nutritional status of the villagers in the irrigation area...", "PMID": 1030856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5428", "title": "[Receptor cells of different types and quantitative relations between them in the organ of smell of larval and adult specimens of acipenserid fishes].", "content": "Three types of olfactory cells: rod-like and cone-like (flagellar olfactory cells) and filamentous (microvillar olfactory cells), which have been described previously in adult Acipenseridae were found in the olfactory organ of the ten-days larval sturgeons (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti), sevrugas (Acipenser stellatus) and sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus). The flagellar olfactory receptors appeared to predominate in both ten-days larvae and adults of the anadromous sturgeons and sevrugas, while the microvillar olfactory receptors predominate in freshwater sterlets in ten-days larvae as well in adults. The facts obtained confirm the idea that the rod-like, cone-like and filamentous olfactory cells are independent types of olfactory receptors. The different ratios of these cells in the olfactory organs of anadromous and fresh-water Acipenseridae may be a result of their ecological adaptations.", "contents": "[Receptor cells of different types and quantitative relations between them in the organ of smell of larval and adult specimens of acipenserid fishes]. Three types of olfactory cells: rod-like and cone-like (flagellar olfactory cells) and filamentous (microvillar olfactory cells), which have been described previously in adult Acipenseridae were found in the olfactory organ of the ten-days larval sturgeons (Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti), sevrugas (Acipenser stellatus) and sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus). The flagellar olfactory receptors appeared to predominate in both ten-days larvae and adults of the anadromous sturgeons and sevrugas, while the microvillar olfactory receptors predominate in freshwater sterlets in ten-days larvae as well in adults. The facts obtained confirm the idea that the rod-like, cone-like and filamentous olfactory cells are independent types of olfactory receptors. The different ratios of these cells in the olfactory organs of anadromous and fresh-water Acipenseridae may be a result of their ecological adaptations.", "PMID": 1030860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5429", "title": "[Curve of labeled mitoses in different kinetic states of cell proliferation. III. Experiments with a mathematical model].", "content": "By means of computer simulation, the dynamic structure of labeled mitoses curve (LMC) has been investigated. Experiments using computer demonstrated the dependence of LMC form not only on the values of temporal parameters of the mitotic cycle, but also on the state of cell proliferation kinetics before and after pulse labeling. Of particular interest was a case of a temporal block of cell entry into the S period which has been studied in a greater detail. The results of modelling experiments have shown that the universally accepted graphic procedures for the evaluation of mean durations of S- and G2-periods (using 50%-level of LMC) yield the satisfactory estimates only for systems with stationary age distribution for cells in the mitotic cycle (steady, in the strict sense, and exponential states of cell proliferation kinetics). The paper presents also the kinetic interpretation of certain abnormalities in LMC form arising from some peculiarities of cell population kinetics in the real biological experiment.", "contents": "[Curve of labeled mitoses in different kinetic states of cell proliferation. III. Experiments with a mathematical model]. By means of computer simulation, the dynamic structure of labeled mitoses curve (LMC) has been investigated. Experiments using computer demonstrated the dependence of LMC form not only on the values of temporal parameters of the mitotic cycle, but also on the state of cell proliferation kinetics before and after pulse labeling. Of particular interest was a case of a temporal block of cell entry into the S period which has been studied in a greater detail. The results of modelling experiments have shown that the universally accepted graphic procedures for the evaluation of mean durations of S- and G2-periods (using 50%-level of LMC) yield the satisfactory estimates only for systems with stationary age distribution for cells in the mitotic cycle (steady, in the strict sense, and exponential states of cell proliferation kinetics). The paper presents also the kinetic interpretation of certain abnormalities in LMC form arising from some peculiarities of cell population kinetics in the real biological experiment.", "PMID": 1030861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5430", "title": "[Highly permeable contacts between epithelial cells in culture].", "content": "Cultured epithelial cells producing monolayered sheets were used to study intercellular contacts permeable to sodium fluorescein. Cells in dense cultures were more capable of forming permeable junctions than cells of sparse cultures. In addition, the standard microelectrode technique revealed some differences in cellular membrane potentials in dense and sparse cultures. A possible correlation is discussed between intercellular contact formation and other features of cells depending on cell culture density.", "contents": "[Highly permeable contacts between epithelial cells in culture]. Cultured epithelial cells producing monolayered sheets were used to study intercellular contacts permeable to sodium fluorescein. Cells in dense cultures were more capable of forming permeable junctions than cells of sparse cultures. In addition, the standard microelectrode technique revealed some differences in cellular membrane potentials in dense and sparse cultures. A possible correlation is discussed between intercellular contact formation and other features of cells depending on cell culture density.", "PMID": 1030862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5431", "title": "[Obtaining mutations with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Dactylis glomerata L. under the influence of chemical mutagens].", "content": "When treating seeds of orchard grass with definite concentrations of nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulphate (DMS) and ethylene imine (EI) in M1 and M2 the plants with CMS as well as sterility fixators to them are obtained. Proportionality of mutagenic action and stimulation effect of these substances are found. The greatest amount of sterility fixators is found in M1 among plants the seeds of which were treated with NEU and EI; in M2 the fixators are found among plants obtained after treating seeds with DMS. Sterility fixators were found among plants of the VIK-61 and Asta and VIK-61XAsta hybrid population.", "contents": "[Obtaining mutations with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Dactylis glomerata L. under the influence of chemical mutagens]. When treating seeds of orchard grass with definite concentrations of nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulphate (DMS) and ethylene imine (EI) in M1 and M2 the plants with CMS as well as sterility fixators to them are obtained. Proportionality of mutagenic action and stimulation effect of these substances are found. The greatest amount of sterility fixators is found in M1 among plants the seeds of which were treated with NEU and EI; in M2 the fixators are found among plants obtained after treating seeds with DMS. Sterility fixators were found among plants of the VIK-61 and Asta and VIK-61XAsta hybrid population.", "PMID": 1030857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5432", "title": "[Molecular organization of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome].", "content": "Studies in peculiarities of the DNA secondary structure in barley by means of thermal denaturation and renaturation shows that there are three types of the nucleotide sequences organization in DNA. More than 95% of the genome composition contain distributed repetitive sequences, in one part of the concentration of the repetitive sequences being higher as compared to bulk of them. About 3.5% of DNA is enriched with A-T pairs and contains no repetitive sequences. There is no \"unique\" part in the barley genome, which is natural for animals. Slowly renaturation sequences repeat 4 times.", "contents": "[Molecular organization of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome]. Studies in peculiarities of the DNA secondary structure in barley by means of thermal denaturation and renaturation shows that there are three types of the nucleotide sequences organization in DNA. More than 95% of the genome composition contain distributed repetitive sequences, in one part of the concentration of the repetitive sequences being higher as compared to bulk of them. About 3.5% of DNA is enriched with A-T pairs and contains no repetitive sequences. There is no \"unique\" part in the barley genome, which is natural for animals. Slowly renaturation sequences repeat 4 times.", "PMID": 1030858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5433", "title": "[Aneuploids from the progeny of triploid sugar beets].", "content": "The crossing of sugar beet triploids with triploids (3x X 3x) produced 25.1 +/- 5.16% of aneuploids, the crossing of triploids with tetraploids (3x X 4x) resulted in 17.7 +/- +/- 2.66% of aneuploids, and the crossing of triploids with diploids (3x X 2x) yielded 12.4 +/- 2.36% of aneuploids. In the combinations 3x X 2x and 3x X 4x all the theoretically possible forms of aneuploids were observed. After free pollination of aneuploids with different numbers of chromosomes their progenies comprise 71.4 +/- 2.18% of euploids and 28.6 +/- 3.31% of aneuploids.", "contents": "[Aneuploids from the progeny of triploid sugar beets]. The crossing of sugar beet triploids with triploids (3x X 3x) produced 25.1 +/- 5.16% of aneuploids, the crossing of triploids with tetraploids (3x X 4x) resulted in 17.7 +/- +/- 2.66% of aneuploids, and the crossing of triploids with diploids (3x X 2x) yielded 12.4 +/- 2.36% of aneuploids. In the combinations 3x X 2x and 3x X 4x all the theoretically possible forms of aneuploids were observed. After free pollination of aneuploids with different numbers of chromosomes their progenies comprise 71.4 +/- 2.18% of euploids and 28.6 +/- 3.31% of aneuploids.", "PMID": 1030859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5434", "title": "[Effect of ultraviolet ray-irradiated autogenous blood on hematological indices in horses].", "content": "Comparative clinical and experimental investigations were carried out on 18 clinically normal horses. It was found that the single transfusion of in vitro UV-treated autogenous blood, following a previously described method, was tolerated well by horses and did not lead to any deviations from the normal indices. Under the effect of the treated blood there was an increase in the hemoglobin content, rise in the erythrocyte and leukocyte count with slightly expressed hyperleukocytosis and weak neutrophilia (simple regeneration of the blood). The sedimentation of erythrocytes also showed higher rates as early as the first hour following the autohemotransfusion, remaining at the attained level up to the fourth day, while on the sixth day it again came back to the initial value. The contents of calcium and inorganic phosphorus rose, showing a slightly expressed shift to the physiologic level without reaching it. The changes in the phagocytic activity of the blood showed that the autohemotransfusion stimulates phagocytosis. Along with these effects the bacteriostatic titer of the blood, as recorded with the use of the anthrax bacillus as early as the first hour, and likewise favourably affected, the highest titers being observed at the 24th and 48th hour.", "contents": "[Effect of ultraviolet ray-irradiated autogenous blood on hematological indices in horses]. Comparative clinical and experimental investigations were carried out on 18 clinically normal horses. It was found that the single transfusion of in vitro UV-treated autogenous blood, following a previously described method, was tolerated well by horses and did not lead to any deviations from the normal indices. Under the effect of the treated blood there was an increase in the hemoglobin content, rise in the erythrocyte and leukocyte count with slightly expressed hyperleukocytosis and weak neutrophilia (simple regeneration of the blood). The sedimentation of erythrocytes also showed higher rates as early as the first hour following the autohemotransfusion, remaining at the attained level up to the fourth day, while on the sixth day it again came back to the initial value. The contents of calcium and inorganic phosphorus rose, showing a slightly expressed shift to the physiologic level without reaching it. The changes in the phagocytic activity of the blood showed that the autohemotransfusion stimulates phagocytosis. Along with these effects the bacteriostatic titer of the blood, as recorded with the use of the anthrax bacillus as early as the first hour, and likewise favourably affected, the highest titers being observed at the 24th and 48th hour.", "PMID": 1030866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5435", "title": "[Experiments in the diagnosis and therapy of stylesiasis in sheep].", "content": "Tested were several methods for the diagnosis of sheep stylesiasis - the study of washings, successive decantation, flotation after F\u00fcleborn and with the use of zinc sulfide - obtaining no favourable results. Immunobiologic methods, such as the skin allergic test and the complement-fixation test had no practical diagnostic value either. Sheep infected with S. globipunctata reacted positively to antigens of M. expansa, M. benedeni, and A. centripunctata. A total of 15 anticestode agents were tested to treat stylesias-isaffected animals. Bithionol and lead arsenate caused the shedding of Stylesia strobilae up to 100 per cent, however, about 50 per cent of the scolexes with the necks, attached to the intestinal wall, remained intact and produced strobilae. Cyclosamide, dichlorophen, trichlorophen, sulphen, dibromsulphen, and sulfoxide removed the strobilae, but did not almost act on the scolexes and necks, which later on developed strobilae. Praciquantel (isochinoline-pyrazine, EMBAU, droncit-Bayer) at the rate of 15 mg/kg is 100 per cent effective against S. globipunctata, M. expansa, M. benedeni, M. automnalia, and A. centripunctata, and has been tested for the first time as an anticestode means against the Anoplocephalite parasites in sheep. It has no unpleasant odor and taste, is practically untoxic (therapeutic index over 20), and could be used in group treatment of sheep.", "contents": "[Experiments in the diagnosis and therapy of stylesiasis in sheep]. Tested were several methods for the diagnosis of sheep stylesiasis - the study of washings, successive decantation, flotation after F\u00fcleborn and with the use of zinc sulfide - obtaining no favourable results. Immunobiologic methods, such as the skin allergic test and the complement-fixation test had no practical diagnostic value either. Sheep infected with S. globipunctata reacted positively to antigens of M. expansa, M. benedeni, and A. centripunctata. A total of 15 anticestode agents were tested to treat stylesias-isaffected animals. Bithionol and lead arsenate caused the shedding of Stylesia strobilae up to 100 per cent, however, about 50 per cent of the scolexes with the necks, attached to the intestinal wall, remained intact and produced strobilae. Cyclosamide, dichlorophen, trichlorophen, sulphen, dibromsulphen, and sulfoxide removed the strobilae, but did not almost act on the scolexes and necks, which later on developed strobilae. Praciquantel (isochinoline-pyrazine, EMBAU, droncit-Bayer) at the rate of 15 mg/kg is 100 per cent effective against S. globipunctata, M. expansa, M. benedeni, M. automnalia, and A. centripunctata, and has been tested for the first time as an anticestode means against the Anoplocephalite parasites in sheep. It has no unpleasant odor and taste, is practically untoxic (therapeutic index over 20), and could be used in group treatment of sheep.", "PMID": 1030867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5436", "title": "[Effectiveness of sodium arsamilate and its effect on the immunity of hens experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina].", "content": "The toxicity of sodium arsanilate for chickens was determined following a six-day oral application. Doses higher than 0.15/kg body weight led to symptoms of intoxication and death, especially when the intake of water was restricted. No spirochetemia, clinical signs of spirochetosis, and death cases were noted in birds infected subcutaneously with a lethal dose of Borrelia anserina simultaneously treated (orally) in the course of three days with sodium arsanilate either in solution or in tablets rated 0.05 -0.15/kg or in the drinking water at 0.4--0.5/1 for four days beginning one day prior to infection. Symptoms of the disease were observed in the birds of the control group only. On the second day after the infection the effectiveness of sodium arsanilate proved as high as 95 per cent, and on the third day--75 percent It was found that the agent had a relatively short-term prophylactic action. The chickens acquired immunity at the simultaneous application of sodium arsanilate and a culture of Borrelia anserina. Sodium arsanilate was shown not to affect the building of postvaccinal immunity in birds in the case of Borrelia anserina infection.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of sodium arsamilate and its effect on the immunity of hens experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina]. The toxicity of sodium arsanilate for chickens was determined following a six-day oral application. Doses higher than 0.15/kg body weight led to symptoms of intoxication and death, especially when the intake of water was restricted. No spirochetemia, clinical signs of spirochetosis, and death cases were noted in birds infected subcutaneously with a lethal dose of Borrelia anserina simultaneously treated (orally) in the course of three days with sodium arsanilate either in solution or in tablets rated 0.05 -0.15/kg or in the drinking water at 0.4--0.5/1 for four days beginning one day prior to infection. Symptoms of the disease were observed in the birds of the control group only. On the second day after the infection the effectiveness of sodium arsanilate proved as high as 95 per cent, and on the third day--75 percent It was found that the agent had a relatively short-term prophylactic action. The chickens acquired immunity at the simultaneous application of sodium arsanilate and a culture of Borrelia anserina. Sodium arsanilate was shown not to affect the building of postvaccinal immunity in birds in the case of Borrelia anserina infection.", "PMID": 1030868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5437", "title": "[The out-patient clinic for medical oncology treatment. Experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility to administer chemo-hormone- and immunotherapy on an out-patient basis has greatly increased because of the progress reached in the management of the out-patient departments. The improved knowledges on tossicological, pharmacodynamic and therapeutic data as well as the advent of the cyclic schedules determined the feasibility of medical treatments even when they are combined with surgical and/or radiotherapeutic modalities. To the patient, the possibility to be carefully and effectively treated on out-patient clinic, renders more acceptable, both from a psychologic and economic point of view, even a prolonged combined treatment. On the same time, also the Institutions have some advantages both on their organization (a shorter median stay in hospital and consequently a reduced waiting list) and for their scientific program (increased number of patients who can be treated according to a therapeutic program, possibilities to obtain statistically valuable information on the treatment program of a given disease and on the knowledge of its natural history). The last five year increasing activity of the Out-Patient Clinic for Medical Oncology Treatment of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan is illustrated in Text-figure 1, while Text-figure 2 represents its actual organization; this is obviously of a multidisciplinary type, both on its diagnostic and therapeutic phase. Table 1 shows the activity carried out in 1975; it is noteworthy that 2,570 patients have been followed, thus accounting for a total of 20,164 medical examinations and/or intravenous drug administrations. Table 2 presents the incidence of the different types of neoplasia followed in the out-patient department: the large majority was represented by breast cancer (40%); followed by malignant lymphomas (31.5%) and pediatric tumors (7.5%). During 1975, 22 therapeutic protocols have been applied, 10 of which (table 4) required an initial hospitalization and 12 (table 5) could be entirely carried out in the out-patient department. As shown in Table 6 chest x-rays accounted for 52% and skeletal survey for 18% of the 11.906 radiological examinations. Table 7 shows the number of off-hand required radiological reports carried out for patients not geographically accessible who, in one signle day, could have their radiological, and medical examinations as well as their hemogram and treatment performed. A total 467 scintiscans have been required, 86% of which of the liver (table 8). The hemato-pathology unit counted out about 16,000 hemograms with platelets (table 9). The hemograms were always performed within 1-2 hours with immediate communication of the counts to the out-patient department. In order to modify clinical situations which were deteriorated because either of the disease or of the treatment 358 blood units were transfused.", "contents": "[The out-patient clinic for medical oncology treatment. Experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan (author's transl)]. The possibility to administer chemo-hormone- and immunotherapy on an out-patient basis has greatly increased because of the progress reached in the management of the out-patient departments. The improved knowledges on tossicological, pharmacodynamic and therapeutic data as well as the advent of the cyclic schedules determined the feasibility of medical treatments even when they are combined with surgical and/or radiotherapeutic modalities. To the patient, the possibility to be carefully and effectively treated on out-patient clinic, renders more acceptable, both from a psychologic and economic point of view, even a prolonged combined treatment. On the same time, also the Institutions have some advantages both on their organization (a shorter median stay in hospital and consequently a reduced waiting list) and for their scientific program (increased number of patients who can be treated according to a therapeutic program, possibilities to obtain statistically valuable information on the treatment program of a given disease and on the knowledge of its natural history). The last five year increasing activity of the Out-Patient Clinic for Medical Oncology Treatment of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan is illustrated in Text-figure 1, while Text-figure 2 represents its actual organization; this is obviously of a multidisciplinary type, both on its diagnostic and therapeutic phase. Table 1 shows the activity carried out in 1975; it is noteworthy that 2,570 patients have been followed, thus accounting for a total of 20,164 medical examinations and/or intravenous drug administrations. Table 2 presents the incidence of the different types of neoplasia followed in the out-patient department: the large majority was represented by breast cancer (40%); followed by malignant lymphomas (31.5%) and pediatric tumors (7.5%). During 1975, 22 therapeutic protocols have been applied, 10 of which (table 4) required an initial hospitalization and 12 (table 5) could be entirely carried out in the out-patient department. As shown in Table 6 chest x-rays accounted for 52% and skeletal survey for 18% of the 11.906 radiological examinations. Table 7 shows the number of off-hand required radiological reports carried out for patients not geographically accessible who, in one signle day, could have their radiological, and medical examinations as well as their hemogram and treatment performed. A total 467 scintiscans have been required, 86% of which of the liver (table 8). The hemato-pathology unit counted out about 16,000 hemograms with platelets (table 9). The hemograms were always performed within 1-2 hours with immediate communication of the counts to the out-patient department. In order to modify clinical situations which were deteriorated because either of the disease or of the treatment 358 blood units were transfused.", "PMID": 1030863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5438", "title": "[Biochemical and cytological changes in the milk and blood of cows with subclinical mastitis].", "content": "Some biochemical and cytological investigations were carried out with milk and milk serum, blood and blood serum of 87 cows, of which 57 manifested symptoms of subclinical mastitis and 25 were normal. It was established that the milk of animals having subclinical mastitis had lower content of lactose, inorganic phosphorus, and sialic acids; on the other hand chlorides were at a higher level, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase rose. Besides, the contents of serum albumin and gamma-lactoglobulins showed dependable rise, while those of alpha-lactoglobulin and beta-lactoglobulin dropped. Dependable was likewise the drop of the total protein level. However, no changes were found in the total protein content and the distribution of protein fractions in the blood serum of cows manifesting inflammation of the udder.", "contents": "[Biochemical and cytological changes in the milk and blood of cows with subclinical mastitis]. Some biochemical and cytological investigations were carried out with milk and milk serum, blood and blood serum of 87 cows, of which 57 manifested symptoms of subclinical mastitis and 25 were normal. It was established that the milk of animals having subclinical mastitis had lower content of lactose, inorganic phosphorus, and sialic acids; on the other hand chlorides were at a higher level, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase rose. Besides, the contents of serum albumin and gamma-lactoglobulins showed dependable rise, while those of alpha-lactoglobulin and beta-lactoglobulin dropped. Dependable was likewise the drop of the total protein level. However, no changes were found in the total protein content and the distribution of protein fractions in the blood serum of cows manifesting inflammation of the udder.", "PMID": 1030869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5439", "title": "Carcinoma of the thyroid gland, adenoma of the adrenal cortex and peptic ulcer: an unreported association.", "content": "A 39-year-old man, operated on for duodenal ulcer, was found to have a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, an aldosterone-producing adenoma of the adrenal cortex, and a recurrence of a peptic ulcer. The probable coincidental occurrence of these diseases in this patient is suggested. Nevertheless, careful investigation of the other endocrine glands in patients with endocrine tumors is recommended.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the thyroid gland, adenoma of the adrenal cortex and peptic ulcer: an unreported association. A 39-year-old man, operated on for duodenal ulcer, was found to have a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, an aldosterone-producing adenoma of the adrenal cortex, and a recurrence of a peptic ulcer. The probable coincidental occurrence of these diseases in this patient is suggested. Nevertheless, careful investigation of the other endocrine glands in patients with endocrine tumors is recommended.", "PMID": 1030864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5440", "title": "[Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm].", "content": "Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated. A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative. This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm. Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated. Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm. The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk). The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching. The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness. This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically. The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm. The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S. enteritidis. Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled.", "contents": "[Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm]. Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated. A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative. This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm. Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated. Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm. The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk). The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching. The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness. This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically. The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm. The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S. enteritidis. Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled.", "PMID": 1030870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5441", "title": "[Results of radiotherapy in a series of 250 carcinomas of the mucosal surface of the cheek (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents the results of a retrospective clinical study of 250 cases of monocentric carcinoma of the mucosal surface of the cheek, i.e. all the primaries treated by radiotherapy at our Institute between January 1948 and December 1965. Neoplastic lesions found at follow-up were regarded as marginal recurrences if in the proximity of the treated area and as secondary tumors in other cases. From 1948 to 1957 conventional radium therapy was the usual treatment for the primary tumor whereas from 1958 to 1965 cobalt teletherapy was given most frequently. Surgery was reserved for lymph node metastases when present on clinical examination. In our experience radiotherapy is effective in cancers of the mucosal surface of the cheek, for it checked local spread in 50.9% of cases, however treated and regardless of initial clinical appearance, whereas in the T1-T2 cases the local failure rate dropped to 35.8%. The higher the T level the greater are the difficulties confronting radiotherapy; for more extensive lesions appropriate combination therapy (radiosurgical) in line with the well-defined rules explained in the text is useful. In our experience radiotherapy yields good long term results regardless of T level and even in the more unfavorable cases. Our study confirms the low rate of lymph spread of these carcinomas: over half of the patients were N0 before treatment; only 56.7% of the patients receiving surgical treatment on the neck had histologically positive lymph nodes; there were very few neck recurrences at follow-up; the presence of suspect or frankly metastatic nodes on clinical examination, being movable and homolateral (N1), did not worsen the prognosis. However, considering the techniques used for irradiation of the primary, some patients received a substantial dose to the neck; hence radiotherapy probably played its part in the low rate of neck metastases.", "contents": "[Results of radiotherapy in a series of 250 carcinomas of the mucosal surface of the cheek (author's transl)]. This paper presents the results of a retrospective clinical study of 250 cases of monocentric carcinoma of the mucosal surface of the cheek, i.e. all the primaries treated by radiotherapy at our Institute between January 1948 and December 1965. Neoplastic lesions found at follow-up were regarded as marginal recurrences if in the proximity of the treated area and as secondary tumors in other cases. From 1948 to 1957 conventional radium therapy was the usual treatment for the primary tumor whereas from 1958 to 1965 cobalt teletherapy was given most frequently. Surgery was reserved for lymph node metastases when present on clinical examination. In our experience radiotherapy is effective in cancers of the mucosal surface of the cheek, for it checked local spread in 50.9% of cases, however treated and regardless of initial clinical appearance, whereas in the T1-T2 cases the local failure rate dropped to 35.8%. The higher the T level the greater are the difficulties confronting radiotherapy; for more extensive lesions appropriate combination therapy (radiosurgical) in line with the well-defined rules explained in the text is useful. In our experience radiotherapy yields good long term results regardless of T level and even in the more unfavorable cases. Our study confirms the low rate of lymph spread of these carcinomas: over half of the patients were N0 before treatment; only 56.7% of the patients receiving surgical treatment on the neck had histologically positive lymph nodes; there were very few neck recurrences at follow-up; the presence of suspect or frankly metastatic nodes on clinical examination, being movable and homolateral (N1), did not worsen the prognosis. However, considering the techniques used for irradiation of the primary, some patients received a substantial dose to the neck; hence radiotherapy probably played its part in the low rate of neck metastases.", "PMID": 1030865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5442", "title": "[Carbamide phosphate in sheep feeding].", "content": "Experiments were carried out in 1975 with feeding urea-phosphate to year-old sheep of the Black face Plevenska breed in the course of three months. Results showed that giving urea-phosphate instead of urea produces a favourable effect on the digestibility of nutrient matter, the coefficient of digestibility of the test group sheep rising as follows: for fats--11.12 at p less than 0.001; for proteins--5.10 at p less than 0.01; for phosphorus--10.0 per cent (p less than 0.01); etc. Dietary nitrogen was used 83.05 per cent (p less than 0.001) better when ureaphosphate was offered. A ration composed of meadow hay 1000 g, maize mash 300 g, barley mash 100 g, lime 5 g, sodium chloride 10 g, and urea-phosphate 15 g influenced favorably productivity of sheep, the weight gain rising by 90 per cent (p less than 0.001). Mutton obtained from sheep fed urea-phosphate the rate of 0.4 g per kg proved of higher quality, containing more protein and less fats, the dressing percentage being 3.5 per cent higher.", "contents": "[Carbamide phosphate in sheep feeding]. Experiments were carried out in 1975 with feeding urea-phosphate to year-old sheep of the Black face Plevenska breed in the course of three months. Results showed that giving urea-phosphate instead of urea produces a favourable effect on the digestibility of nutrient matter, the coefficient of digestibility of the test group sheep rising as follows: for fats--11.12 at p less than 0.001; for proteins--5.10 at p less than 0.01; for phosphorus--10.0 per cent (p less than 0.01); etc. Dietary nitrogen was used 83.05 per cent (p less than 0.001) better when ureaphosphate was offered. A ration composed of meadow hay 1000 g, maize mash 300 g, barley mash 100 g, lime 5 g, sodium chloride 10 g, and urea-phosphate 15 g influenced favorably productivity of sheep, the weight gain rising by 90 per cent (p less than 0.001). Mutton obtained from sheep fed urea-phosphate the rate of 0.4 g per kg proved of higher quality, containing more protein and less fats, the dressing percentage being 3.5 per cent higher.", "PMID": 1030871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5443", "title": "[Studies of the carrier state and excretion of the pathogenic plague virus in vaccinated swine].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on the presence of carriers and the excretion of the virulent swine fever virus in pigs vaccinated with the lapinized vaccine strain K. On the 15th, 25th, and 35th day following injection with the virulent virus a pig was killed each time and material was taken for morphologic studies and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results of the investigations were negative except for two pigs the cerebrum of which showed perivascular, slightly to moderately expressed lymphoid-cell agglomerations as well as a weakly manifested perivascular edema. Material of the killed animals was used to infect unvaccinated susceptible pigs in which the presence of the virus had not been demonstrated. No clinical and morphologic data or immunofluorescence microscopy demonstration proved the presence of a virus upon exposure of animals to pigs that were injected with a virulent virus. Hematologic studies revealed leukopenia, lower percent of hemoglobin, and a drop in the erythrocyte count following injection with the virulent virus. After a certain period of time this condition was overcome. These experiments showed that when a virulent virus gains access to pigs that have become immune after vaccination with the K vaccinal strain of the swine fever virus does not persist longer than the seventh day and does not cause the development of latent or a clinically manifested infectious process.", "contents": "[Studies of the carrier state and excretion of the pathogenic plague virus in vaccinated swine]. Investigations were carried out on the presence of carriers and the excretion of the virulent swine fever virus in pigs vaccinated with the lapinized vaccine strain K. On the 15th, 25th, and 35th day following injection with the virulent virus a pig was killed each time and material was taken for morphologic studies and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results of the investigations were negative except for two pigs the cerebrum of which showed perivascular, slightly to moderately expressed lymphoid-cell agglomerations as well as a weakly manifested perivascular edema. Material of the killed animals was used to infect unvaccinated susceptible pigs in which the presence of the virus had not been demonstrated. No clinical and morphologic data or immunofluorescence microscopy demonstration proved the presence of a virus upon exposure of animals to pigs that were injected with a virulent virus. Hematologic studies revealed leukopenia, lower percent of hemoglobin, and a drop in the erythrocyte count following injection with the virulent virus. After a certain period of time this condition was overcome. These experiments showed that when a virulent virus gains access to pigs that have become immune after vaccination with the K vaccinal strain of the swine fever virus does not persist longer than the seventh day and does not cause the development of latent or a clinically manifested infectious process.", "PMID": 1030872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5444", "title": "[Epizootiology of leptospirosis on industrial swine-breeding complexes].", "content": "Epizoovotiologic studies were carried out at two industrial pigbreeding complexes for 40,000 and 33,000 animals with a record of leptospirosis. The serologic examination of pigs made use of the microagglutination reaction in the investigation of a total of 3,793 blood samples by groups corresponded to the technology of raising introduced at such complexes--sows, growing animals, replacement animals, and pigs for fattening, along with the study of 20,914 blood samples taken from pigs in various regions of the country. The total number of positively reacting pigs accounted for 12.9 per cent. Highest was the percent of positively reacting sows and growing pigs--19.1 and 12.9, while the replacement animals showed 8.31. No positively reacting animals were found among the pigs for fattening. Highest titers were noted among sows--up to 1:12,800 (infectious), and lowest among growing pigs--up to 1:100 (postnatal). State are the substantial economic losses caused by abortions and stillborn piglets--11 and 23 per cent, resp., for the two complexes. The basic Leptospira type for the two complexes and for the country as a whole proved L. pomona. The main source of infection were the carrier pigs that excreted Leptospira organisms, and the infection at the industrial complexes came from the hybrid sows and boars imported from abroad for grading purposes. A biologically justified and economically expedient programme of immunoprophylaxis in the control of Leptospirosis was worked out, providing vaccination of replacement pigs and sows only, treatment taking place after impregnation.", "contents": "[Epizootiology of leptospirosis on industrial swine-breeding complexes]. Epizoovotiologic studies were carried out at two industrial pigbreeding complexes for 40,000 and 33,000 animals with a record of leptospirosis. The serologic examination of pigs made use of the microagglutination reaction in the investigation of a total of 3,793 blood samples by groups corresponded to the technology of raising introduced at such complexes--sows, growing animals, replacement animals, and pigs for fattening, along with the study of 20,914 blood samples taken from pigs in various regions of the country. The total number of positively reacting pigs accounted for 12.9 per cent. Highest was the percent of positively reacting sows and growing pigs--19.1 and 12.9, while the replacement animals showed 8.31. No positively reacting animals were found among the pigs for fattening. Highest titers were noted among sows--up to 1:12,800 (infectious), and lowest among growing pigs--up to 1:100 (postnatal). State are the substantial economic losses caused by abortions and stillborn piglets--11 and 23 per cent, resp., for the two complexes. The basic Leptospira type for the two complexes and for the country as a whole proved L. pomona. The main source of infection were the carrier pigs that excreted Leptospira organisms, and the infection at the industrial complexes came from the hybrid sows and boars imported from abroad for grading purposes. A biologically justified and economically expedient programme of immunoprophylaxis in the control of Leptospirosis was worked out, providing vaccination of replacement pigs and sows only, treatment taking place after impregnation.", "PMID": 1030873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5445", "title": "[Study of the immunogenic properties of 3 lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus isolated in Bulgaria].", "content": "Three local strains of lentogenic type of the Newcastle disease were used to produce live liquid vaccines. These were given per os to broiler chickens in order to test their immunogenicity (first vaccination at the age of 25 days and vaccination when 70 days old). The immunity thus acquired was followed serologically by the titer of the antihemagglutinins and the resistance manifested by the birds at the control infection with a proven lethal dose of a highly virulent velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus. The results obtained were compared with those observed with the use of liquid vaccines of the strains Hitchner-B1 and La Soto. It was concluded that the vaccines of the local Newcastle disease strains are completely harmless and immunogenic. The vaccinal strains are excreted by the immunized birds and serve to immunize the contact control chickens.", "contents": "[Study of the immunogenic properties of 3 lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus isolated in Bulgaria]. Three local strains of lentogenic type of the Newcastle disease were used to produce live liquid vaccines. These were given per os to broiler chickens in order to test their immunogenicity (first vaccination at the age of 25 days and vaccination when 70 days old). The immunity thus acquired was followed serologically by the titer of the antihemagglutinins and the resistance manifested by the birds at the control infection with a proven lethal dose of a highly virulent velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus. The results obtained were compared with those observed with the use of liquid vaccines of the strains Hitchner-B1 and La Soto. It was concluded that the vaccines of the local Newcastle disease strains are completely harmless and immunogenic. The vaccinal strains are excreted by the immunized birds and serve to immunize the contact control chickens.", "PMID": 1030874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5446", "title": "[Methods of treating puerperal endometritis in cows].", "content": "Tested were two methods for the treatment of cows affected with acute endometritis after giving birth. The experiments were carried out with a total of 92 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed kept under equal condtions of feeding and management. Two tests and one control groups were formed. The first group of cows (48) were treated with a bilateral epipleural block after Mossin. As a result 66.7 per cent of the cows conceived up to the 80th day after calving and 43.7 per cent at the first insemination. The service period of the impregnated cows of this group was 73.3 +/- 4.94 days, on an average. The second group of cows (25) were treated muscularly with a combination of 1 per cent magnesium sulphuricum solution (40 cu. cm), vitamin C (10 cu. cum), norsulphasol (5 g), and chloramphenicol (2 g). The treatment was repeated at a three-day interval. The results of the treatment accounted for 68 per cent impregnated cows up to an 80-day service period, and 48 per cent--at first insemination. The service period of the cows of this group lasted 69.3 +/- 6.0 days, on an average. The control group cows were treated at random with penicillin and streptomycin, muscularly. The conception rate at first insemination was 36.7 per cent, and within the range of an 80-day service period--47.02 per cent of the treated cows. The average service period for this group lasted 91.80 +/- 9.28 days.", "contents": "[Methods of treating puerperal endometritis in cows]. Tested were two methods for the treatment of cows affected with acute endometritis after giving birth. The experiments were carried out with a total of 92 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed kept under equal condtions of feeding and management. Two tests and one control groups were formed. The first group of cows (48) were treated with a bilateral epipleural block after Mossin. As a result 66.7 per cent of the cows conceived up to the 80th day after calving and 43.7 per cent at the first insemination. The service period of the impregnated cows of this group was 73.3 +/- 4.94 days, on an average. The second group of cows (25) were treated muscularly with a combination of 1 per cent magnesium sulphuricum solution (40 cu. cm), vitamin C (10 cu. cum), norsulphasol (5 g), and chloramphenicol (2 g). The treatment was repeated at a three-day interval. The results of the treatment accounted for 68 per cent impregnated cows up to an 80-day service period, and 48 per cent--at first insemination. The service period of the cows of this group lasted 69.3 +/- 6.0 days, on an average. The control group cows were treated at random with penicillin and streptomycin, muscularly. The conception rate at first insemination was 36.7 per cent, and within the range of an 80-day service period--47.02 per cent of the treated cows. The average service period for this group lasted 91.80 +/- 9.28 days.", "PMID": 1030875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5447", "title": "[Comparative studies of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected by various routes with Salm. gallinarum-pullorum].", "content": "It has been established that the immunologic response in birds is directly associated with the way of infection. Parenteral treatment has proved to be the most effective route in establishing the highest degree of titers as early as the 6th day following injection -- 1:754. Using the intravenous route of infection the titers are found on the eighth day -- 1:580; at the intramuscular infection as well as the accomplished via subcutaneous injection the titers are observed on the tenth day --1:364. At oral infection the peak in the agglutination titer curve is noted on the twentieth day -- 1:383 (comparatively later); it has been found that the titers in this case remain at one and the same level for a much longer period of time.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected by various routes with Salm. gallinarum-pullorum]. It has been established that the immunologic response in birds is directly associated with the way of infection. Parenteral treatment has proved to be the most effective route in establishing the highest degree of titers as early as the 6th day following injection -- 1:754. Using the intravenous route of infection the titers are found on the eighth day -- 1:580; at the intramuscular infection as well as the accomplished via subcutaneous injection the titers are observed on the tenth day --1:364. At oral infection the peak in the agglutination titer curve is noted on the twentieth day -- 1:383 (comparatively later); it has been found that the titers in this case remain at one and the same level for a much longer period of time.", "PMID": 1030876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5448", "title": "[Study of the effect of egg white and thiamine on coccidiosis in chickens caused by E. tenella].", "content": "Studied was the effect of tiamin at the rate of 50 mg/kg mixture and white of egg in ratios of 25 and 50 per cent to the feed on the course of coccidiosis in chickens caused by Eimeria tenella. It was found that those of the birds that were offered 25 per cent white of egg and tiamin in a dose of 100 mg per kg exhibited more severe signs of coccidiosis had more pronounced morphologic changes with a higher mortality rate and the amount of the oocysts shed was higher than the same indices in birds having received the vitamin at the rate of 50 mg per kg and white of egg in a ration of 50 per cent to the feed. The increase of white of egg up to 50 per cent led to a lower oocyst production, however, still the latter was higher than in the control birds that were not given white of eggs and vitamin. Cyclicity was observed as well as explosive shedding of oocysts, which was associated with the physiology of the caecal intestines and with the biology of the parasite.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of egg white and thiamine on coccidiosis in chickens caused by E. tenella]. Studied was the effect of tiamin at the rate of 50 mg/kg mixture and white of egg in ratios of 25 and 50 per cent to the feed on the course of coccidiosis in chickens caused by Eimeria tenella. It was found that those of the birds that were offered 25 per cent white of egg and tiamin in a dose of 100 mg per kg exhibited more severe signs of coccidiosis had more pronounced morphologic changes with a higher mortality rate and the amount of the oocysts shed was higher than the same indices in birds having received the vitamin at the rate of 50 mg per kg and white of egg in a ration of 50 per cent to the feed. The increase of white of egg up to 50 per cent led to a lower oocyst production, however, still the latter was higher than in the control birds that were not given white of eggs and vitamin. Cyclicity was observed as well as explosive shedding of oocysts, which was associated with the physiology of the caecal intestines and with the biology of the parasite.", "PMID": 1030877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5449", "title": "[Study of the mechanism of erythropoietin effect on energy metabolism in the bone marrow].", "content": "In extracts of rabbit bone marrow cells was studied effect of erythropoietine on the activity of some enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphohexoisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-reductase). The NADP-reductase activity was increased under the effect of erythropoietine; the activities of other enzymes studied was not altered.", "contents": "[Study of the mechanism of erythropoietin effect on energy metabolism in the bone marrow]. In extracts of rabbit bone marrow cells was studied effect of erythropoietine on the activity of some enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphohexoisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-reductase). The NADP-reductase activity was increased under the effect of erythropoietine; the activities of other enzymes studied was not altered.", "PMID": 1030878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5450", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone acetate on carbohydrate metabolism and cellular respiration of lymphoma NK/ly].", "content": "Hydrocortisone acetate caused the inhibition of the limphoma cells growing. In the process the aerobic glycolysis was increased, the respiratory activity was altered slightly but the magnitude of Crebtry effect was distinctly decreased. Under effect of the hormone the activity of pentose pathway was drastically increased: oxidation via 6-phosphogluconate and the synthesis of phosphorylated carbohydrates by \"non-oxidative\" pathway were increased 1.7- and 7.4-fold, respectively. Thus, the stopping of the tumor cells development occurred with simultaneous activation of the pentose-phosphate pathway and energy metabolism as a whole.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone acetate on carbohydrate metabolism and cellular respiration of lymphoma NK/ly]. Hydrocortisone acetate caused the inhibition of the limphoma cells growing. In the process the aerobic glycolysis was increased, the respiratory activity was altered slightly but the magnitude of Crebtry effect was distinctly decreased. Under effect of the hormone the activity of pentose pathway was drastically increased: oxidation via 6-phosphogluconate and the synthesis of phosphorylated carbohydrates by \"non-oxidative\" pathway were increased 1.7- and 7.4-fold, respectively. Thus, the stopping of the tumor cells development occurred with simultaneous activation of the pentose-phosphate pathway and energy metabolism as a whole.", "PMID": 1030879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5451", "title": "[Enzymatic hydrolysis and reversible binding of suberyldicholine by cholinesterases].", "content": "A hydrolysis of suberyldicholine and monocholic ester of suberic acid by butyrylcholinesterase was studied. In the region of Sopt the rates of suberyldicholine hydrolysis were slightly below and under S less than Sopt they were far in excess of the rates of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The following kinetic constants of hydrolysis were obtained: for suberyldicholine--Km=2.3-10(-5)M, V=2.4 mcM/mg. min, Kss=7.2-10(-2)M; for monocholic ester of suberic acid--Km=7.5-10(-4)M, V=1.5 mcM/mg, min, Kss=1.2-10(-2)M (25 degrees, pH 7.5, 0.1 M KCl). Suberyldicholine was shown to be highly active reversible inhibitor of competitive--non-competitive type (Ki=2.3-10(-6)M, alpha=0.5) of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes; the inhibitory effect of monocholic ester of suberic acid was distinctly lower. By biological and indirect biochemical methods it was found that low concentrations of suberyldicholine 10(-5)=10(-6)M (similar to concentrations that were in an organism upon myorelaxation) were hydrolyzed by acetlycholinesterase with the rate, approximately equal to the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The reversible binding and the enzymatic hydrolysis of suberyldicholine by acetylcholinesterase of tissues were likely to be the main factors that determined the effectiveness and prolonged blocking action of suberyldicholine on the nerve-muscle conductivity.", "contents": "[Enzymatic hydrolysis and reversible binding of suberyldicholine by cholinesterases]. A hydrolysis of suberyldicholine and monocholic ester of suberic acid by butyrylcholinesterase was studied. In the region of Sopt the rates of suberyldicholine hydrolysis were slightly below and under S less than Sopt they were far in excess of the rates of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The following kinetic constants of hydrolysis were obtained: for suberyldicholine--Km=2.3-10(-5)M, V=2.4 mcM/mg. min, Kss=7.2-10(-2)M; for monocholic ester of suberic acid--Km=7.5-10(-4)M, V=1.5 mcM/mg, min, Kss=1.2-10(-2)M (25 degrees, pH 7.5, 0.1 M KCl). Suberyldicholine was shown to be highly active reversible inhibitor of competitive--non-competitive type (Ki=2.3-10(-6)M, alpha=0.5) of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes; the inhibitory effect of monocholic ester of suberic acid was distinctly lower. By biological and indirect biochemical methods it was found that low concentrations of suberyldicholine 10(-5)=10(-6)M (similar to concentrations that were in an organism upon myorelaxation) were hydrolyzed by acetlycholinesterase with the rate, approximately equal to the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The reversible binding and the enzymatic hydrolysis of suberyldicholine by acetylcholinesterase of tissues were likely to be the main factors that determined the effectiveness and prolonged blocking action of suberyldicholine on the nerve-muscle conductivity.", "PMID": 1030881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5452", "title": "[Enzymatic mechanisms of inhibition of peroxidative oxidation in different regions of rat brain].", "content": "Activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase were studied in the cortex, cerebellul and stem of rat brain. The presence of glutathione: dehydroascorbate reductase was observed in rat brain. The highest levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the lowest levels of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione: dehydroascorbate reductase were found in the stem; the level of glutathione peroxidase was highest in the cerebellum. The significant part (30--40%) of thiol containing substances was bound with proteins as mixed disulfides. The role of the enzymes studied in regulation of free-radical processes and of the content of peroxides in brain tissue is discussed.", "contents": "[Enzymatic mechanisms of inhibition of peroxidative oxidation in different regions of rat brain]. Activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase were studied in the cortex, cerebellul and stem of rat brain. The presence of glutathione: dehydroascorbate reductase was observed in rat brain. The highest levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the lowest levels of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione: dehydroascorbate reductase were found in the stem; the level of glutathione peroxidase was highest in the cerebellum. The significant part (30--40%) of thiol containing substances was bound with proteins as mixed disulfides. The role of the enzymes studied in regulation of free-radical processes and of the content of peroxides in brain tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 1030882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5453", "title": "[Change in the activity and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in rat lungs, liver and kidney cortex under the effect of hydrocortisone, insulin and hypoxia].", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with hydrocortisone or protamin-Zn-insulin within 4 days altered in subsequent acute hypoxia (3 hrs, \"height\" 10 000 m) the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH in lungs, liver tissue and kidney cortex. The differences in alterations in the activity and content of LDH isoenzymes were observed in tissues with various types of metabolism.", "contents": "[Change in the activity and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in rat lungs, liver and kidney cortex under the effect of hydrocortisone, insulin and hypoxia]. Pretreatment of rats with hydrocortisone or protamin-Zn-insulin within 4 days altered in subsequent acute hypoxia (3 hrs, \"height\" 10 000 m) the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH in lungs, liver tissue and kidney cortex. The differences in alterations in the activity and content of LDH isoenzymes were observed in tissues with various types of metabolism.", "PMID": 1030880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5454", "title": "[Effect of actomyosin on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis].", "content": "An increase in the lysis of human and rat clot of euglobulin fraction of blood plasma was caused by an actomyosin preparation isolated from rabbit and rat muscle. Neither fibrinolytic nor activating properties of actomyosin were observed on applying of different concentration (13-0.6 mg/ml) of the protein on the fibrin films. No activation of 0.4% solution of pure plasminogen by actomyosin was observed in vitro. A decrease in fibrin clot density under the effect of actomyosin was indicated by thromboelastogramms of blood plasma and euglobulins. The phenomenon was probably determined by the physicochemical properties of the protein itself.", "contents": "[Effect of actomyosin on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis]. An increase in the lysis of human and rat clot of euglobulin fraction of blood plasma was caused by an actomyosin preparation isolated from rabbit and rat muscle. Neither fibrinolytic nor activating properties of actomyosin were observed on applying of different concentration (13-0.6 mg/ml) of the protein on the fibrin films. No activation of 0.4% solution of pure plasminogen by actomyosin was observed in vitro. A decrease in fibrin clot density under the effect of actomyosin was indicated by thromboelastogramms of blood plasma and euglobulins. The phenomenon was probably determined by the physicochemical properties of the protein itself.", "PMID": 1030884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5455", "title": "[Zonal distribution of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin synthesis in the liver].", "content": "Effect of hepatotoxic agents (carbon tetrachloride and dimethyl nitrosamine) on the rate of the haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin synthesis in liver tissue was studied. In impairment of hepatocytes in the central zone of liver lobes, the distinct decrease in content of haptoglobin was shown to occur with a simultaneous increase in content of ceruloplasmin in blood serum. When parenchyma of the central zone of liver lobes regenerated, the haptoglobin content tended to normalization. The data obtained suggest that the synthesis of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin is carried out in different zones of liver tissue lobes: haptoglobin is mainly found in the central zone and ceruloplasmin -- in the peripheral one.", "contents": "[Zonal distribution of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin synthesis in the liver]. Effect of hepatotoxic agents (carbon tetrachloride and dimethyl nitrosamine) on the rate of the haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin synthesis in liver tissue was studied. In impairment of hepatocytes in the central zone of liver lobes, the distinct decrease in content of haptoglobin was shown to occur with a simultaneous increase in content of ceruloplasmin in blood serum. When parenchyma of the central zone of liver lobes regenerated, the haptoglobin content tended to normalization. The data obtained suggest that the synthesis of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin is carried out in different zones of liver tissue lobes: haptoglobin is mainly found in the central zone and ceruloplasmin -- in the peripheral one.", "PMID": 1030885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5456", "title": "[Liberation of DNA from particles of CD phage of DNA-protein complex: Properties of DNA in the complex and the effect of formaldehyde on the complex structure].", "content": "Properties of DNA in a complex with protein, which was liberated after destruction of CD phage by heat treatment in solutions with low ionic strength, were studied. DNA in the complex did not differ from free DNA under the same conditions as shown by spectra of circular dichroism and by the type of melting during the thermic denaturation. As demonstrated by viscosimetry and gradient centrifugation in cesium sulfate, 1.5% formaldehyde inhibited the dissociation of the complex studied in a medium containing 0.15 M NaCl. In the medium with 1.5% of HCHO T degrees ml of DNA in the complex was distinctly higher than T degrees ml of free DNA under the same conditions. Electron microscopy showed that the complex studied comprised DNA ;molecules, associated with protein membrane in one or several internal sites.", "contents": "[Liberation of DNA from particles of CD phage of DNA-protein complex: Properties of DNA in the complex and the effect of formaldehyde on the complex structure]. Properties of DNA in a complex with protein, which was liberated after destruction of CD phage by heat treatment in solutions with low ionic strength, were studied. DNA in the complex did not differ from free DNA under the same conditions as shown by spectra of circular dichroism and by the type of melting during the thermic denaturation. As demonstrated by viscosimetry and gradient centrifugation in cesium sulfate, 1.5% formaldehyde inhibited the dissociation of the complex studied in a medium containing 0.15 M NaCl. In the medium with 1.5% of HCHO T degrees ml of DNA in the complex was distinctly higher than T degrees ml of free DNA under the same conditions. Electron microscopy showed that the complex studied comprised DNA ;molecules, associated with protein membrane in one or several internal sites.", "PMID": 1030883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5457", "title": "[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the thrombocytes in different forms of cerebral circulatory disorder].", "content": "In thrombocytes of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic insult a transformation in the isozyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase was observed without an alteration in the reaction rate. In this case LDH3 was decreased and LDH1 and LDH4 were increased. The correlation was not found between the type of insult and the character of the isozyme spectrum. The alterations were considered as an adaptive mechanism and the reflected the extent of immediate or intermediate effect of ischemia on thrombocytes.", "contents": "[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the thrombocytes in different forms of cerebral circulatory disorder]. In thrombocytes of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic insult a transformation in the isozyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase was observed without an alteration in the reaction rate. In this case LDH3 was decreased and LDH1 and LDH4 were increased. The correlation was not found between the type of insult and the character of the isozyme spectrum. The alterations were considered as an adaptive mechanism and the reflected the extent of immediate or intermediate effect of ischemia on thrombocytes.", "PMID": 1030886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5458", "title": "[Eznzymatic conversions of ortho-nitrophenyl organophosphorus compounds in the tissues of white rats].", "content": "In homogenates of rat tissues hydrolysis of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate, O-pentyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate and O-heptyl-O-isopentyl-O-orthonitrophenylphosphate was studied. Hydrolysis of the preparation was shown to be carried out mainly in liver tissue and slso in kidney and blood serum. The substances studied were cleaved only at the bond P-O-aryl. The structure of orthonitrophenyl phosphoorganic substances exhibited the distinct effect on Km and on the maximal rates of the enzymatic hydrolysis. In all the tisses studied O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate was hydrolyzed with maximal rate.", "contents": "[Eznzymatic conversions of ortho-nitrophenyl organophosphorus compounds in the tissues of white rats]. In homogenates of rat tissues hydrolysis of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate, O-pentyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate and O-heptyl-O-isopentyl-O-orthonitrophenylphosphate was studied. Hydrolysis of the preparation was shown to be carried out mainly in liver tissue and slso in kidney and blood serum. The substances studied were cleaved only at the bond P-O-aryl. The structure of orthonitrophenyl phosphoorganic substances exhibited the distinct effect on Km and on the maximal rates of the enzymatic hydrolysis. In all the tisses studied O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate was hydrolyzed with maximal rate.", "PMID": 1030887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5459", "title": "[Effect of early visual deprivation on the free amino acid and protein content in the brain formations of dogs].", "content": "10 days old dogs were subjected to bilateral enucleation of eyeballs. When the dogs became 3 months old, content of free amino acids and total proteins was determined in tissue of brain formation of optic system (optic cortex-field 17, external knee body and front bigeminal bodies). locomotor and partietal regions of brain cortex and cerebellum. As compared with the control group, the amount of proteins was distinctly decreased in optic cortex and increased in external knee body. In all he brain formations studied content of arginine, lysine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cysteine (except of external knee body) and histidine (except of external knee body and front bigeminal bodies) was distinctly increased. The decrease in content of glutamic acid was observed only in front bigeminal bodies and aspartic acid -- in cerebellum. Glutathione was accumulated selectively in front bigeminal bodies and in locomotor cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of early visual deprivation on the free amino acid and protein content in the brain formations of dogs]. 10 days old dogs were subjected to bilateral enucleation of eyeballs. When the dogs became 3 months old, content of free amino acids and total proteins was determined in tissue of brain formation of optic system (optic cortex-field 17, external knee body and front bigeminal bodies). locomotor and partietal regions of brain cortex and cerebellum. As compared with the control group, the amount of proteins was distinctly decreased in optic cortex and increased in external knee body. In all he brain formations studied content of arginine, lysine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cysteine (except of external knee body) and histidine (except of external knee body and front bigeminal bodies) was distinctly increased. The decrease in content of glutamic acid was observed only in front bigeminal bodies and aspartic acid -- in cerebellum. Glutathione was accumulated selectively in front bigeminal bodies and in locomotor cortex.", "PMID": 1030888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5460", "title": "[Effect of posthemorrhagic anemia on the protein makeup of the erythrocyte membrane].", "content": "A distinct increase in content of gamma- and beta2-globulins was shown by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in blood serum of rats with posthemorrhagic anemia. The increase in content of high molecular weight proteins and the decrease in content of low molecular proteins were observed in the stroma of erythrocytes on incubation of normal red blood cells in blood serum of animals, subjected to loss of blood and also after perfusion of erythrocytes through kidney of the exsanguinated animal.", "contents": "[Effect of posthemorrhagic anemia on the protein makeup of the erythrocyte membrane]. A distinct increase in content of gamma- and beta2-globulins was shown by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in blood serum of rats with posthemorrhagic anemia. The increase in content of high molecular weight proteins and the decrease in content of low molecular proteins were observed in the stroma of erythrocytes on incubation of normal red blood cells in blood serum of animals, subjected to loss of blood and also after perfusion of erythrocytes through kidney of the exsanguinated animal.", "PMID": 1030889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5461", "title": "[Comparative study of changes in the concentration of free cholesterol and antioxidative activity of lipids from animal tissues].", "content": "An inverse correlation was observed between the alterations in concentration of free cholesterol and an antioxidative activity of lipids in several tissues and cells. The effect was studied in mice liver tissue on reparative regeneration after partial hepatectomy, in intact mice liver under the directed action on the system of free radical reactions of cell lipid oxidation and in a culture of Hela cells during various periods of cell cycle. Using as a model system the thermal oxidation of oleic acid methyl ester cholesterol was found to function as a substrate in the reactions of free-radical cooxidation and the products of oxidation of cholesterol were active as antioxidants. The significance of a system containing cholesterol and its oxidizing products is discussed in connection with the metabolism of cholesterol itself and in reactions, related to alteration in free-radical oxidation of cell lipids.", "contents": "[Comparative study of changes in the concentration of free cholesterol and antioxidative activity of lipids from animal tissues]. An inverse correlation was observed between the alterations in concentration of free cholesterol and an antioxidative activity of lipids in several tissues and cells. The effect was studied in mice liver tissue on reparative regeneration after partial hepatectomy, in intact mice liver under the directed action on the system of free radical reactions of cell lipid oxidation and in a culture of Hela cells during various periods of cell cycle. Using as a model system the thermal oxidation of oleic acid methyl ester cholesterol was found to function as a substrate in the reactions of free-radical cooxidation and the products of oxidation of cholesterol were active as antioxidants. The significance of a system containing cholesterol and its oxidizing products is discussed in connection with the metabolism of cholesterol itself and in reactions, related to alteration in free-radical oxidation of cell lipids.", "PMID": 1030891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5462", "title": "[Non-proteolytic enzymes of human gastric and duodenal mucosa in peptic ulcer].", "content": "Gastric and duodenal ulcers were characterized by the high activity of alkaline phosphatase within the zone of impairment. In gastric ulcer the high concentration of the enzyme was observed also in the region of minor curvature. Activities of aspartate and alanine transaminases were decreased in the zone of gastric ulcer; in duodenal ulcer only the alanine transaminase activity was decreased. The total lactate dehydrogenase activity was unaltered in gastric ulcer, but it was increased in impaired duodenum, where, among the other LDH isozymes, LDH5 fraction was increased.", "contents": "[Non-proteolytic enzymes of human gastric and duodenal mucosa in peptic ulcer]. Gastric and duodenal ulcers were characterized by the high activity of alkaline phosphatase within the zone of impairment. In gastric ulcer the high concentration of the enzyme was observed also in the region of minor curvature. Activities of aspartate and alanine transaminases were decreased in the zone of gastric ulcer; in duodenal ulcer only the alanine transaminase activity was decreased. The total lactate dehydrogenase activity was unaltered in gastric ulcer, but it was increased in impaired duodenum, where, among the other LDH isozymes, LDH5 fraction was increased.", "PMID": 1030892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5463", "title": "[Changes in lipid-carbohydrate metabolism of rabbits after long-term administration of lactose and its derivatives--glucose and galactose].", "content": "Rabbits were administered with lactose, glucose or galactose (3 g per kg of body weight) within three months, after which an alteration in the pattern of response to a sugar loading was noted. Content of cholesterol was distinctly increased in blood serum after administration of glucose. After administration of lactose the increase in content of cholesterol was less distinct. Cholesterol, kephalin and lecithin were markedly deposited in heart and liver after the carbohydrates administration. On the treatment with galactose the total content of lipids and triglycerides was increased in heart. If animals were loaded with lactose, content of triglycerides was increased in heart only.", "contents": "[Changes in lipid-carbohydrate metabolism of rabbits after long-term administration of lactose and its derivatives--glucose and galactose]. Rabbits were administered with lactose, glucose or galactose (3 g per kg of body weight) within three months, after which an alteration in the pattern of response to a sugar loading was noted. Content of cholesterol was distinctly increased in blood serum after administration of glucose. After administration of lactose the increase in content of cholesterol was less distinct. Cholesterol, kephalin and lecithin were markedly deposited in heart and liver after the carbohydrates administration. On the treatment with galactose the total content of lipids and triglycerides was increased in heart. If animals were loaded with lactose, content of triglycerides was increased in heart only.", "PMID": 1030890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5464", "title": "[Comparative study of 21S RNP particles and ribosomes from the cytoplasm of the cells of sarcoma M-1 in vitro].", "content": "Preparations of RNP-particles from rat sarcoma M-1 were obtained by means of treatment with different detergents: anione - sodium deoxycholate (1%) and non-ionic - Triton X-100 (1%). Triton X-100 caused some increase in content of the small ribosomal subunit and also in the content of 21 S and 7.5 S particles in the preparation. The latter particles as well as ribosomes were resistant to different detergents. 21 S RNP-particles were stable in 1 M KCl. In a cell-free system 21 S and 7.5 S RNP-particles lost a significant amount of labelled protein, which appeared partially in the ribosomes.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 21S RNP particles and ribosomes from the cytoplasm of the cells of sarcoma M-1 in vitro]. Preparations of RNP-particles from rat sarcoma M-1 were obtained by means of treatment with different detergents: anione - sodium deoxycholate (1%) and non-ionic - Triton X-100 (1%). Triton X-100 caused some increase in content of the small ribosomal subunit and also in the content of 21 S and 7.5 S particles in the preparation. The latter particles as well as ribosomes were resistant to different detergents. 21 S RNP-particles were stable in 1 M KCl. In a cell-free system 21 S and 7.5 S RNP-particles lost a significant amount of labelled protein, which appeared partially in the ribosomes.", "PMID": 1030894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5465", "title": "[Hydrophobic nucleus in the primary structure of bovine prolactin].", "content": "In the primary structure of bovine prolactin a hydrophobic fragment 79-88 of the peptide chain was found, which participated in a maintenance of conformation of the hormone molecule in a solution due to hydrophobic interactions. The fragment contained about 50% of leucine residues, which are currently considered as important in determination of three-dimensional structure and biological functions of protein (6).", "contents": "[Hydrophobic nucleus in the primary structure of bovine prolactin]. In the primary structure of bovine prolactin a hydrophobic fragment 79-88 of the peptide chain was found, which participated in a maintenance of conformation of the hormone molecule in a solution due to hydrophobic interactions. The fragment contained about 50% of leucine residues, which are currently considered as important in determination of three-dimensional structure and biological functions of protein (6).", "PMID": 1030893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5466", "title": "[Effect of hemorrhagic shock on catecholamine metabolism in the brain].", "content": "Content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, DOPA and normethanephrine was estimated by means of the hydroxyindole method in brain tissue and hypothalamic region of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (loss of 3% of blood during 20 min) within 15 min, 2, 24 and 72 hrs. At the first day after the hemorrhage an increase in content of adrenaline and a distinct decrease in content of noradrenaline were observed in hypothalamic region, although the biosynthesis the neurotransmitters was not inhibited. Then, the noradrenaline concentration was normalized but the content of its precursors was decreased. In brain a constant posthemorrhagic increase in content of dopamine and the phase alterations in patterns of the catecholamine metabolism were observed: an initial decrease in synthesis and turnover of noradrenaline followed by its increased metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of hemorrhagic shock on catecholamine metabolism in the brain]. Content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, DOPA and normethanephrine was estimated by means of the hydroxyindole method in brain tissue and hypothalamic region of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (loss of 3% of blood during 20 min) within 15 min, 2, 24 and 72 hrs. At the first day after the hemorrhage an increase in content of adrenaline and a distinct decrease in content of noradrenaline were observed in hypothalamic region, although the biosynthesis the neurotransmitters was not inhibited. Then, the noradrenaline concentration was normalized but the content of its precursors was decreased. In brain a constant posthemorrhagic increase in content of dopamine and the phase alterations in patterns of the catecholamine metabolism were observed: an initial decrease in synthesis and turnover of noradrenaline followed by its increased metabolism.", "PMID": 1030895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5467", "title": "[Vitamin A esters and their hydrolysis in different organs and tissues].", "content": "Hydrolysis of retinylpalmitate and retinylacetate was studied in rat blood, liver tissue, intestine, testes, placenta and embryonic liver. The retinylpalmitate hydrolase activity was observed only in walls of small intestine and, less distinctly, - in liver tissue of some animals. Retinylpalmitate was hydrolyzed in rat liver very slowly, that was determined apparently by the metabolic requirements of the organism. The retinylpalmitate hydrolase activity occurred in dog blood after absorption of vitamin A oil solutions. This phenomenon was probably related to an increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes into blood after the loading with oils.", "contents": "[Vitamin A esters and their hydrolysis in different organs and tissues]. Hydrolysis of retinylpalmitate and retinylacetate was studied in rat blood, liver tissue, intestine, testes, placenta and embryonic liver. The retinylpalmitate hydrolase activity was observed only in walls of small intestine and, less distinctly, - in liver tissue of some animals. Retinylpalmitate was hydrolyzed in rat liver very slowly, that was determined apparently by the metabolic requirements of the organism. The retinylpalmitate hydrolase activity occurred in dog blood after absorption of vitamin A oil solutions. This phenomenon was probably related to an increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes into blood after the loading with oils.", "PMID": 1030896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5468", "title": "[Changes in phosphorus-calcium metabolism in experimental renal insufficiency and after administration of dihydrotachysterol and thyrocalcitonin].", "content": "Development of experimental chronic renal insufficiency in rats was accompanied by an increase in concentration of residual nitrogen and phosphorus in blood and also by a decrease in intestinal absorption of Ca2+, however, no hypocalcemia was observed and the alkaline phosphatase activity was unaltered in blood serum. At the same time the renal insufficiency caused in some animals metastatic calcification of aorta and kidney, which was manifested by increased calcium concentration in these tissues. Administration of dihydrotachysterol increased the active transport of Ca2+ in rat intestine at the later steps of the impairment and led to development of moderate hypercalcemia and particularly to an increase in the degree of calcinosis of aorta and kidney. Administration of thyrocalcitonine did not prevent the hypercalcemia and calcinosis of internal tissues.", "contents": "[Changes in phosphorus-calcium metabolism in experimental renal insufficiency and after administration of dihydrotachysterol and thyrocalcitonin]. Development of experimental chronic renal insufficiency in rats was accompanied by an increase in concentration of residual nitrogen and phosphorus in blood and also by a decrease in intestinal absorption of Ca2+, however, no hypocalcemia was observed and the alkaline phosphatase activity was unaltered in blood serum. At the same time the renal insufficiency caused in some animals metastatic calcification of aorta and kidney, which was manifested by increased calcium concentration in these tissues. Administration of dihydrotachysterol increased the active transport of Ca2+ in rat intestine at the later steps of the impairment and led to development of moderate hypercalcemia and particularly to an increase in the degree of calcinosis of aorta and kidney. Administration of thyrocalcitonine did not prevent the hypercalcemia and calcinosis of internal tissues.", "PMID": 1030898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5469", "title": "[Role of structural factor in the kinetics of free-radical oxidation of lipids in the membranes].", "content": "Kinetics of free radical oxidation of lipids (formation of primary molecular products - hydroperoxides, secondary products - carbonyl substances and \"fluorescent pigments\") was studied in various membrane fragments, which were distinctly differentiated by their fatty acid composition. The non-enzymatic catalysis of lipoperoxidation in these systems was initiated by addition of Fe2+ + ascorbic acid. The membrane fragments were isolated from microsomes and mitochondria of rat liver tissue, external segments of frog retina rods, sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit and carp skeletal muscles and from microsomes of rabbit brain. In membrane structures the free radical oxidation of lipids developed following the same pattern as the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes. But in phospholipids of biomembranes the rate of hydroperoxides formation did not correlate with the level of unsaturation of their polyene acyls. The rate of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was distinctly determined by their structural organization in membranes.", "contents": "[Role of structural factor in the kinetics of free-radical oxidation of lipids in the membranes]. Kinetics of free radical oxidation of lipids (formation of primary molecular products - hydroperoxides, secondary products - carbonyl substances and \"fluorescent pigments\") was studied in various membrane fragments, which were distinctly differentiated by their fatty acid composition. The non-enzymatic catalysis of lipoperoxidation in these systems was initiated by addition of Fe2+ + ascorbic acid. The membrane fragments were isolated from microsomes and mitochondria of rat liver tissue, external segments of frog retina rods, sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit and carp skeletal muscles and from microsomes of rabbit brain. In membrane structures the free radical oxidation of lipids developed following the same pattern as the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes. But in phospholipids of biomembranes the rate of hydroperoxides formation did not correlate with the level of unsaturation of their polyene acyls. The rate of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was distinctly determined by their structural organization in membranes.", "PMID": 1030897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5470", "title": "[Sequential analysis and its application possibilities in clinical psychology].", "content": "This paper describes an experimental-statistical procedure widely unknown in psychology, which allows an efficient problem-solving in clinical research and practice, such as, for example, in evaluating the officiency of therapeutical strategies. The method dealt with is Wald's (1947) sequential analysis, which has been successfully applied in pharmaceutical research as well as in quality controls of industrial products. The characterization of this method and the description of its application fields are followed by an illustrative computational example.", "contents": "[Sequential analysis and its application possibilities in clinical psychology]. This paper describes an experimental-statistical procedure widely unknown in psychology, which allows an efficient problem-solving in clinical research and practice, such as, for example, in evaluating the officiency of therapeutical strategies. The method dealt with is Wald's (1947) sequential analysis, which has been successfully applied in pharmaceutical research as well as in quality controls of industrial products. The characterization of this method and the description of its application fields are followed by an illustrative computational example.", "PMID": 1030908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5471", "title": "[Indices of intragastric pNa-graphy in dogs].", "content": "The dynamics of intragastric pNa was looked into in 6 dogs with fistulas in the gastric fundus by employing the method of its automatic registration on an empty stomach and after feeding the animals on a nutritional stimulant. The pNa parameters and the types of intragastric pNa-grams before feeding the animals, pNa changes during and after feeding them on a nutritional stimulant and with histamin stimulated secretion, as well as the time of the progressively increasing activity of the Na+ ions and the pNa curve stabilization level were determined.", "contents": "[Indices of intragastric pNa-graphy in dogs]. The dynamics of intragastric pNa was looked into in 6 dogs with fistulas in the gastric fundus by employing the method of its automatic registration on an empty stomach and after feeding the animals on a nutritional stimulant. The pNa parameters and the types of intragastric pNa-grams before feeding the animals, pNa changes during and after feeding them on a nutritional stimulant and with histamin stimulated secretion, as well as the time of the progressively increasing activity of the Na+ ions and the pNa curve stabilization level were determined.", "PMID": 1030900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5472", "title": "[Several methodologic approaches to determining the biological value of proteins].", "content": "By summarizing the results of their personal experimental research work and literature sources the authors come to the conclusion that a temporal determination of the free amino acids concentration in the portal vein blood of rats enables one to judge about the summary duration of the first two stages of the protein assimilation, namely about the rate of the protein digestion and that of the amino acids absorption. The aminogram of free amino acids in the blood of the portal vein shows a marked tendency toward convergence with the consumed protein aminogram.", "contents": "[Several methodologic approaches to determining the biological value of proteins]. By summarizing the results of their personal experimental research work and literature sources the authors come to the conclusion that a temporal determination of the free amino acids concentration in the portal vein blood of rats enables one to judge about the summary duration of the first two stages of the protein assimilation, namely about the rate of the protein digestion and that of the amino acids absorption. The aminogram of free amino acids in the blood of the portal vein shows a marked tendency toward convergence with the consumed protein aminogram.", "PMID": 1030902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5473", "title": "[Attempt at scientific theoretical classification of behavior therapy].", "content": "Following the discussion about the position of behavior therapy there are mentioned some problems of behaviorism, the connection between behavior therapy and learning theory and problems of etiology and treatment. The usefulness of known criteria (formal as well as non-formal) should be demonstrated. There are discussed three different positions of behavior therapy within the scientific disciplines.", "contents": "[Attempt at scientific theoretical classification of behavior therapy]. Following the discussion about the position of behavior therapy there are mentioned some problems of behaviorism, the connection between behavior therapy and learning theory and problems of etiology and treatment. The usefulness of known criteria (formal as well as non-formal) should be demonstrated. There are discussed three different positions of behavior therapy within the scientific disciplines.", "PMID": 1030909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5474", "title": "[Rockers: social background, attitude and personality aspects].", "content": "A group of rockers (N = 46) was tested using questionnaires by means of which their social background, views and attitudes to others, intelligence, performance motivation and further personality variables such as aggression, extraversion, neuroticism and rigidity were investigated. The control group comprised a sample population of non-rockers (N = 132) matched with the rockers as regards age and education. Rockers come more frequently from broken homes and families with financial difficulties. They display more aggression, criminality, intolerance and dislike of other groups and have a higher alcohol consumption. They advocate physical strength and violence. There are frequent changes of employment, as well as a high proportion of unemployment and unqualified occupations. Their intelligence lies below that of the average population. As regards the other personality variables they did not differ from the control group.", "contents": "[Rockers: social background, attitude and personality aspects]. A group of rockers (N = 46) was tested using questionnaires by means of which their social background, views and attitudes to others, intelligence, performance motivation and further personality variables such as aggression, extraversion, neuroticism and rigidity were investigated. The control group comprised a sample population of non-rockers (N = 132) matched with the rockers as regards age and education. Rockers come more frequently from broken homes and families with financial difficulties. They display more aggression, criminality, intolerance and dislike of other groups and have a higher alcohol consumption. They advocate physical strength and violence. There are frequent changes of employment, as well as a high proportion of unemployment and unqualified occupations. Their intelligence lies below that of the average population. As regards the other personality variables they did not differ from the control group.", "PMID": 1030910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5475", "title": "[Effect of the alimentary factor on the immunobiologic reactivity of children's bodies].", "content": "Observations covered 66 healthy six-year old children of a childrens' home. The actual alimentation of the children was studied according to tabulated values for one year and 112 apportionoments. In the rations of actual nutrition a disturbed correlation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates was noted. Seasonal variations of the salival lysozyme activity were revealed against the background of the actual alimentation. The lowest antimicrobial activity of the lysozyme was recorded in the winter and spring seasons of the year. The low lysozyme activity of the saliva in spring may be explained by deficiency of the animal protein in the ration. In winter time added to the insufficient content of the animal protein were features specific for the day's routine, typical of this season. An addition of the animal protein to the actual nutritional rations of the children, in the form of eggs and nonfat dry milk and a correction of the proteins, fats and carbohydrates proportions in the rations led to a statistically significant rise in the lysozyme activity in the saliva of children during all the months of observation.", "contents": "[Effect of the alimentary factor on the immunobiologic reactivity of children's bodies]. Observations covered 66 healthy six-year old children of a childrens' home. The actual alimentation of the children was studied according to tabulated values for one year and 112 apportionoments. In the rations of actual nutrition a disturbed correlation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates was noted. Seasonal variations of the salival lysozyme activity were revealed against the background of the actual alimentation. The lowest antimicrobial activity of the lysozyme was recorded in the winter and spring seasons of the year. The low lysozyme activity of the saliva in spring may be explained by deficiency of the animal protein in the ration. In winter time added to the insufficient content of the animal protein were features specific for the day's routine, typical of this season. An addition of the animal protein to the actual nutritional rations of the children, in the form of eggs and nonfat dry milk and a correction of the proteins, fats and carbohydrates proportions in the rations led to a statistically significant rise in the lysozyme activity in the saliva of children during all the months of observation.", "PMID": 1030901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5476", "title": "[Biological properties of strains of influenza virus that caused the epidemic of 1974-1975].", "content": "The biological features of the strains of influenza virus isolated in the 1974-1975 epidemic were compared with those of the strains which had circulated earlier. Most of the properties examined (toxicity for mice, sensitivity to gamma-inhibitors, thermostability of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) in strains isolated in 1974-1975 did not differ from those in strains of previous epidemics. Clear-cut differences between the new and earlier strains were found in the studies of their chromatographic profiles.", "contents": "[Biological properties of strains of influenza virus that caused the epidemic of 1974-1975]. The biological features of the strains of influenza virus isolated in the 1974-1975 epidemic were compared with those of the strains which had circulated earlier. Most of the properties examined (toxicity for mice, sensitivity to gamma-inhibitors, thermostability of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) in strains isolated in 1974-1975 did not differ from those in strains of previous epidemics. Clear-cut differences between the new and earlier strains were found in the studies of their chromatographic profiles.", "PMID": 1030905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5477", "title": "Conflicts in ethical problems of patient education: strategies for hypertension control explore contractual approach.", "content": "Experiences in the training of health education interviewers for an intervention strategy in a study which utilized health education strategies for control of hypertension afforded the opportunity for examining the relationship of research to practice and for addressing a recurring concern of health educators in practice, i.e., concern over the ethics of adopting a directing role with patients. This concern, which results in ambivalence in presentation and extreme postures of authoritativeness or passivity as educators, detracts from the potential of a health education intervention. While not evaluated comparatively with other strategies as to outcome, one method of addressing this problem, namely explication of the contractual approach in health education, was utilized informally and has implications for health education interventions. This approach utilizes the patient as a truly active partner and sharpens the use of the educational diagnosis. The outcome has potential positives for patients in personal growth and for educators in the sharpening of skills and in more effective use of their resources. These observations and the ensuing discussions come as an unplanned output of the study from which they derived. However, a variety of experiences in health education lend weight to the impression that the concerns addressed are not atypical of universal concerns among practitioners. Such conclusions suggest the timeliness of testing out the approach in an experimental fashion in an effort to document its use as technique as well as its effectiveness in ultimate outcome.", "contents": "Conflicts in ethical problems of patient education: strategies for hypertension control explore contractual approach. Experiences in the training of health education interviewers for an intervention strategy in a study which utilized health education strategies for control of hypertension afforded the opportunity for examining the relationship of research to practice and for addressing a recurring concern of health educators in practice, i.e., concern over the ethics of adopting a directing role with patients. This concern, which results in ambivalence in presentation and extreme postures of authoritativeness or passivity as educators, detracts from the potential of a health education intervention. While not evaluated comparatively with other strategies as to outcome, one method of addressing this problem, namely explication of the contractual approach in health education, was utilized informally and has implications for health education interventions. This approach utilizes the patient as a truly active partner and sharpens the use of the educational diagnosis. The outcome has potential positives for patients in personal growth and for educators in the sharpening of skills and in more effective use of their resources. These observations and the ensuing discussions come as an unplanned output of the study from which they derived. However, a variety of experiences in health education lend weight to the impression that the concerns addressed are not atypical of universal concerns among practitioners. Such conclusions suggest the timeliness of testing out the approach in an experimental fashion in an effort to document its use as technique as well as its effectiveness in ultimate outcome.", "PMID": 1030911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5478", "title": "[Intensity of virus multiplication in abortive rabies].", "content": "Experiments in random-bred and BALB/c white mice inoculated intraperitoneally with street virus, in Syrian hamsters inoculated intramuscularly with fixed viruses as well as experiments reproducing abortive rabies in 99-100% in random-bred white mice inoculated intramuscularly with fixed virus (ERA strain) showed that in the abortive infection the intensity of virus multiplication in the brain is lower than that in fatal infection, the differences being statistically significant. It was found out that from onset of signs of the disease interferon appeared to have no influence on the outcome of infection.", "contents": "[Intensity of virus multiplication in abortive rabies]. Experiments in random-bred and BALB/c white mice inoculated intraperitoneally with street virus, in Syrian hamsters inoculated intramuscularly with fixed viruses as well as experiments reproducing abortive rabies in 99-100% in random-bred white mice inoculated intramuscularly with fixed virus (ERA strain) showed that in the abortive infection the intensity of virus multiplication in the brain is lower than that in fatal infection, the differences being statistically significant. It was found out that from onset of signs of the disease interferon appeared to have no influence on the outcome of infection.", "PMID": 1030903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5479", "title": "[Rifadin activity in trachoma and paratrachoma].", "content": "Rifadin after a single inoculation in a dose of 100 microng/ml completely inhibited the development of the causative agent of trachoma in cell culture. In patients with trachoma (18) and paratrachoma (4) cure was achieved by topical application of 5% ointment. Additional administration of the drug per os did not produce any considerable improvement. The cure was confirmed by the results of clinical, biomicroscopic, cytological and histological examinations of the tarsoconjunctival tissue (biopsy according to indications). Repeated examinations of the patients were carried out for 4 years and no cases of relapse were observed.", "contents": "[Rifadin activity in trachoma and paratrachoma]. Rifadin after a single inoculation in a dose of 100 microng/ml completely inhibited the development of the causative agent of trachoma in cell culture. In patients with trachoma (18) and paratrachoma (4) cure was achieved by topical application of 5% ointment. Additional administration of the drug per os did not produce any considerable improvement. The cure was confirmed by the results of clinical, biomicroscopic, cytological and histological examinations of the tarsoconjunctival tissue (biopsy according to indications). Repeated examinations of the patients were carried out for 4 years and no cases of relapse were observed.", "PMID": 1030904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5480", "title": "[Readaptive mechanisms arising during diet therapy].", "content": "Results of clinical observations and special investigations characterizing peculiar features of readaptive mechanisms emerging under the effect of dietetic therapy are reported. The most favourable shifts in the metabolic status of the patients are shown to occur under the influence of dietetic therapy by the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3d week of the treatment. Toward the end of the treatment there is seen stabilization of readaptive reactions which can be later regulated by a prolonged outpatient treatment.", "contents": "[Readaptive mechanisms arising during diet therapy]. Results of clinical observations and special investigations characterizing peculiar features of readaptive mechanisms emerging under the effect of dietetic therapy are reported. The most favourable shifts in the metabolic status of the patients are shown to occur under the influence of dietetic therapy by the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3d week of the treatment. Toward the end of the treatment there is seen stabilization of readaptive reactions which can be later regulated by a prolonged outpatient treatment.", "PMID": 1030899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5481", "title": "Effect of prednisolone on the glycosaminoglycan components of the regenerating articular cartilage.", "content": "Investigations were performed on the effect of prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg) on the regenerating femoral articular cartilage of the knee joint in dogs that had been subjected to semiarthroplasty. After 70 days of prednisolone treatment the dogs were killed and the regenerating articular cartilage was removed, minced, and dried with acetone. The acetone-dried material was used for the determination of galactosamine, glucosamine, uronic acid, sulphate, sialic acid and hydroxyproline. Prednisolone treatment elicited a quantitative increase in galactosamine (30.2%), uronic acid (76.2%), and sulphate (9.1%), while no difference was observed in sialic acid content between the treated and untreated groups. From the molar ratio of the measured components it appears that prednisolone produced an increase in chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid, and a decrease in the keratosulphate content of cartilage. By comparing the values measured in the regenerating articular cartilage of control and prednisolone-treated dogs with the values obtained in the mature articular cartilage, we may conclude that prednisolone--at least as regards the glycosaminoglycans of the ground substance--exerts an accelerating effect on cartilage regeneration.", "contents": "Effect of prednisolone on the glycosaminoglycan components of the regenerating articular cartilage. Investigations were performed on the effect of prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg) on the regenerating femoral articular cartilage of the knee joint in dogs that had been subjected to semiarthroplasty. After 70 days of prednisolone treatment the dogs were killed and the regenerating articular cartilage was removed, minced, and dried with acetone. The acetone-dried material was used for the determination of galactosamine, glucosamine, uronic acid, sulphate, sialic acid and hydroxyproline. Prednisolone treatment elicited a quantitative increase in galactosamine (30.2%), uronic acid (76.2%), and sulphate (9.1%), while no difference was observed in sialic acid content between the treated and untreated groups. From the molar ratio of the measured components it appears that prednisolone produced an increase in chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid, and a decrease in the keratosulphate content of cartilage. By comparing the values measured in the regenerating articular cartilage of control and prednisolone-treated dogs with the values obtained in the mature articular cartilage, we may conclude that prednisolone--at least as regards the glycosaminoglycans of the ground substance--exerts an accelerating effect on cartilage regeneration.", "PMID": 1030912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5482", "title": "The hypophysis of the marine teleost fish, Mugil auratus Risso.", "content": "Owing to its lack of a hypophysial stalk, the hypophysis of the marine fish, Mugil auratus, is of the platybasic type. Its differentiation into adenohypophysial and neurohypophysial regions well conforms with the situation already recognized in other fishes. But, although the adenohypophysis shows distinction into pro-, meso- and meta-adenophypophysis, the lineo-vertical arrangement which they assume is not of common occurrence. By contrast, the neurohypophysis forms the usual central nervous core, surrounded by the adenohypophysial regions. The acidophils constituting the pro-adenohypophysis, having a deep staining affinity, resemble those in the meso-adenohypophysial region. The acidophils of the meso-adenohypophysis occupy a small region, whereas their associating cyanophils occupy a larger ventral region. The meta-adenohypophysis consists of an integral convoluted sac of epithelial amphiphilic cells. Such encloses the bulk of the neurohypophysis. It is remarkable that the neurohypophysial fibres never interdigitate among the meta-adenohypophysial cells, so they are more closely related in arrangement to tetrapods than to fishes.", "contents": "The hypophysis of the marine teleost fish, Mugil auratus Risso. Owing to its lack of a hypophysial stalk, the hypophysis of the marine fish, Mugil auratus, is of the platybasic type. Its differentiation into adenohypophysial and neurohypophysial regions well conforms with the situation already recognized in other fishes. But, although the adenohypophysis shows distinction into pro-, meso- and meta-adenophypophysis, the lineo-vertical arrangement which they assume is not of common occurrence. By contrast, the neurohypophysis forms the usual central nervous core, surrounded by the adenohypophysial regions. The acidophils constituting the pro-adenohypophysis, having a deep staining affinity, resemble those in the meso-adenohypophysial region. The acidophils of the meso-adenohypophysis occupy a small region, whereas their associating cyanophils occupy a larger ventral region. The meta-adenohypophysis consists of an integral convoluted sac of epithelial amphiphilic cells. Such encloses the bulk of the neurohypophysis. It is remarkable that the neurohypophysial fibres never interdigitate among the meta-adenohypophysial cells, so they are more closely related in arrangement to tetrapods than to fishes.", "PMID": 1030913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5483", "title": "[Splenocyte autoreactivity of mice of sensitive lines during the latent period of carcinogenesis induced by virus SA7(C8)].", "content": "The method of adsorption on a monolayer of embryonal fibroblasts of 51Cr-labelled spleen cells from CBA and C57B1/6 mice infected at birth with SA7(C8) virus was used to show that the cells immune to the antigens of mouse embryo fibroblasts accumulated in the spleen of CBA mice highly susceptible to oncogenesis induced by SA7(C8) virus. In the controls, splenocytes of intact CBA mice were adsorbed on embryonal fibroblast monolayers (the percentage of adsorption 9.8 and 4.2, respectively; P less than 0.05). In the spleen of C57B1/6 mice insusceptible to oncogenesis induced by SA7(C8) virus there was no accumulation of cell antibody to the antigens of embryonal fibroblasts (P greater than 0.1). The detected antibody caused no cytotoxic effect on embryo fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Splenocyte autoreactivity of mice of sensitive lines during the latent period of carcinogenesis induced by virus SA7(C8)]. The method of adsorption on a monolayer of embryonal fibroblasts of 51Cr-labelled spleen cells from CBA and C57B1/6 mice infected at birth with SA7(C8) virus was used to show that the cells immune to the antigens of mouse embryo fibroblasts accumulated in the spleen of CBA mice highly susceptible to oncogenesis induced by SA7(C8) virus. In the controls, splenocytes of intact CBA mice were adsorbed on embryonal fibroblast monolayers (the percentage of adsorption 9.8 and 4.2, respectively; P less than 0.05). In the spleen of C57B1/6 mice insusceptible to oncogenesis induced by SA7(C8) virus there was no accumulation of cell antibody to the antigens of embryonal fibroblasts (P greater than 0.1). The detected antibody caused no cytotoxic effect on embryo fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1030907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5484", "title": "The hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the marine teleost fish, Mugil auratus risso.", "content": "The hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the marinefish, Mugil auratus, consists of two nuclei, viz., the nucleus praeopticus and the nucleus laterlis tuberis. Both are paired, and while those of the nucleus praeopticus are vertically arranged as L-shaped bodies, their strand-like counterparts in the nucleus lateralis tuberis extend in an antero-posterior direction. The two constituent bodies of the nucleus praeopticus lie on both sides of the third cerebral ventricle. Each is differentiated into a dorsal pars magnocellularis and a ventral pars parvocellularis. A nervous tract, the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract, extends posteriorly from each body, but it is not until after they penetrate the pituitary gland that they fuse into one structure, the neurohypophysis. Many neurosecretory granules accumulate in the neurohypophysis adjacent to the meta-adenohypophysial region, and fewer scattered granules of varying sizes are also present along the hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts. Inner to these hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts extend the two bodies of the nucleus lateralis tuberis along the infundibular region. Axons from this nucleus extend sideways, and as they merge with those adjacently disposed of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts, they enter the pituitary gland as a unified structure.", "contents": "The hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the marine teleost fish, Mugil auratus risso. The hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the marinefish, Mugil auratus, consists of two nuclei, viz., the nucleus praeopticus and the nucleus laterlis tuberis. Both are paired, and while those of the nucleus praeopticus are vertically arranged as L-shaped bodies, their strand-like counterparts in the nucleus lateralis tuberis extend in an antero-posterior direction. The two constituent bodies of the nucleus praeopticus lie on both sides of the third cerebral ventricle. Each is differentiated into a dorsal pars magnocellularis and a ventral pars parvocellularis. A nervous tract, the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract, extends posteriorly from each body, but it is not until after they penetrate the pituitary gland that they fuse into one structure, the neurohypophysis. Many neurosecretory granules accumulate in the neurohypophysis adjacent to the meta-adenohypophysial region, and fewer scattered granules of varying sizes are also present along the hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts. Inner to these hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts extend the two bodies of the nucleus lateralis tuberis along the infundibular region. Axons from this nucleus extend sideways, and as they merge with those adjacently disposed of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tracts, they enter the pituitary gland as a unified structure.", "PMID": 1030914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5485", "title": "[Study of the structure of bacteriophage DD7 by the small angle of dispersion x-ray method].", "content": "The method of roentgen small angle dispersion was used for the study of the structure of bacteriophage DD7. According to the results, phage DD7 is a homogeneous icosahedral particle (with the edge of 410-415 A) with a round cylindrical tail (1700-1750 A in length, 110-120 A in diameter). The lineal sizes of the head exceed those determined by electron microscope approximately by 25%. The thickness of the protein coat of the phage is 25-30 A, that is, 2 times less than that of phages Cd and PB-2. This confirms the assumption that the lipid-containing portion of the phage coat is eliminated by centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradient.", "contents": "[Study of the structure of bacteriophage DD7 by the small angle of dispersion x-ray method]. The method of roentgen small angle dispersion was used for the study of the structure of bacteriophage DD7. According to the results, phage DD7 is a homogeneous icosahedral particle (with the edge of 410-415 A) with a round cylindrical tail (1700-1750 A in length, 110-120 A in diameter). The lineal sizes of the head exceed those determined by electron microscope approximately by 25%. The thickness of the protein coat of the phage is 25-30 A, that is, 2 times less than that of phages Cd and PB-2. This confirms the assumption that the lipid-containing portion of the phage coat is eliminated by centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradient.", "PMID": 1030906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5486", "title": "Electron microscopic autoradiography of serotonin uptake in the ganglia of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta cygneak L.).", "content": "After in vitro incubation, the uptake of labelled serotonin was investigated by electron microscopic autoradiography in the ganglia of fresh-water mussel (Anodonta cygnea L.) The labelled serotonin was primarily taken up by the axons of the neurons. The silver grains could always be localized over axons containing eccentric dense-core vesicles with a diameter of 100--200 nm. The results suggest (a) the possibility of the electron microscopic identification of serotonin-containing neurons, and (b) the direct role of the eccentric dense-core vesicles in the storage of serotonin.", "contents": "Electron microscopic autoradiography of serotonin uptake in the ganglia of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta cygneak L.). After in vitro incubation, the uptake of labelled serotonin was investigated by electron microscopic autoradiography in the ganglia of fresh-water mussel (Anodonta cygnea L.) The labelled serotonin was primarily taken up by the axons of the neurons. The silver grains could always be localized over axons containing eccentric dense-core vesicles with a diameter of 100--200 nm. The results suggest (a) the possibility of the electron microscopic identification of serotonin-containing neurons, and (b) the direct role of the eccentric dense-core vesicles in the storage of serotonin.", "PMID": 1030915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5487", "title": "Detection of fetal life and growth by means of ultrasonic A-scan.", "content": "The results achieved in obstetrics by the application of ultrasonic A-scan technique are described. By means of the method fetal life and, from the rate of growth of the biparietal diameter, fetal development were determined in normal and pathological pregnancies.", "contents": "Detection of fetal life and growth by means of ultrasonic A-scan. The results achieved in obstetrics by the application of ultrasonic A-scan technique are described. By means of the method fetal life and, from the rate of growth of the biparietal diameter, fetal development were determined in normal and pathological pregnancies.", "PMID": 1030916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5488", "title": "[Brachial arteriovenous Scribner's shunt].", "content": "Brachial arteriovenous Scribner's shunts gave good results in 18 cases, including an 18 months old child. In none of the cases did the ligation of the distal third of the brachial artery cause circulatory or functional disturbances in the lower arm or in the fingers.", "contents": "[Brachial arteriovenous Scribner's shunt]. Brachial arteriovenous Scribner's shunts gave good results in 18 cases, including an 18 months old child. In none of the cases did the ligation of the distal third of the brachial artery cause circulatory or functional disturbances in the lower arm or in the fingers.", "PMID": 1030917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5489", "title": "Effect of absorbable cellulose on the renal parenchyma.", "content": "Both kidneys of 12 dogs were injured and the wounds were covered with Surgicel which was fixed by means of adhesive. The results were checked by visual inspection and histological tests. The method seems to be suitable for use in appropriate human cases.", "contents": "Effect of absorbable cellulose on the renal parenchyma. Both kidneys of 12 dogs were injured and the wounds were covered with Surgicel which was fixed by means of adhesive. The results were checked by visual inspection and histological tests. The method seems to be suitable for use in appropriate human cases.", "PMID": 1030918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5490", "title": "Determinantion of testosterone concentration in semen of men with normal or subnormal sperm counts and after vasectomy.", "content": "Semen from 58 male subjects, aged 22 to 50, was assayed on an individual basis to determine whether T was present in it. Of the subjects examined 23 were normospermic, 14 oligospermic and 9 azoospermic; 12 men had undergone vasectomy were also included in the study. In 39 of the subjects plasma testosterone was estimated. A competitive protein binding technique was employed for T assays while dried extracts of semen were examined by combined gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography. Measurable amounts of T were detected in all seminal specimens assayed. This was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry which showed a spectrum suggestive of T. The ratio of unconjugated to conjugated steroid in semen was found to be approximately 1:10. Levels of unconjgated T were similar to those found in plasma of normally menstruating women. The mean seminal concentration of unconjugated T (+/-SD) in the specimens assayed was 0.71 ng/ml+/-0.08 for the normospermic, 0.79+/-0.14 for the ezoospermic, 0.69+/-0.09 for the oligospermic, but only 0.38+/-0.04 for the vasectomized subjects. Plasma levels for this androgen were within the range found in normal men of comparable age.  Significant correlation between plasma and seminal T concentration could not be demonstrated and there was no correlation between either of the above parameters and the seminal volume, the number, abnormal form percentage and the motility of spermatozooa in the normo--or oligospermic group. However, when the two groups were pooled into one, significant correlations were found between plasma, (but not seminal T concentration) and the seminal characters examined, perhaps suggesting the number of specimens from the groups should be increased to obtain valid data. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin produced a marked plasma response as well as a rise of seminal T levels in 3 normospermic subjects whereas cyproterone acetate caused reduction of plasm T levels but had no consistent effect on the seminal concentration of ts steroid although the sensitivity of the seminal method may not have detected smaller changes at this level.", "contents": "Determinantion of testosterone concentration in semen of men with normal or subnormal sperm counts and after vasectomy. Semen from 58 male subjects, aged 22 to 50, was assayed on an individual basis to determine whether T was present in it. Of the subjects examined 23 were normospermic, 14 oligospermic and 9 azoospermic; 12 men had undergone vasectomy were also included in the study. In 39 of the subjects plasma testosterone was estimated. A competitive protein binding technique was employed for T assays while dried extracts of semen were examined by combined gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography. Measurable amounts of T were detected in all seminal specimens assayed. This was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry which showed a spectrum suggestive of T. The ratio of unconjugated to conjugated steroid in semen was found to be approximately 1:10. Levels of unconjgated T were similar to those found in plasma of normally menstruating women. The mean seminal concentration of unconjugated T (+/-SD) in the specimens assayed was 0.71 ng/ml+/-0.08 for the normospermic, 0.79+/-0.14 for the ezoospermic, 0.69+/-0.09 for the oligospermic, but only 0.38+/-0.04 for the vasectomized subjects. Plasma levels for this androgen were within the range found in normal men of comparable age.  Significant correlation between plasma and seminal T concentration could not be demonstrated and there was no correlation between either of the above parameters and the seminal volume, the number, abnormal form percentage and the motility of spermatozooa in the normo--or oligospermic group. However, when the two groups were pooled into one, significant correlations were found between plasma, (but not seminal T concentration) and the seminal characters examined, perhaps suggesting the number of specimens from the groups should be increased to obtain valid data. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin produced a marked plasma response as well as a rise of seminal T levels in 3 normospermic subjects whereas cyproterone acetate caused reduction of plasm T levels but had no consistent effect on the seminal concentration of ts steroid although the sensitivity of the seminal method may not have detected smaller changes at this level.", "PMID": 1030919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5491", "title": "Protein content of human seminal plasma and spermatozoa in relation to sperm counts.", "content": "Protein concentrations of seminal plasma and spermatozoa were estimated in human normospermic, oligospermic and azoospermic semens. The protein content of seminal plasma ranged from 20 to 60 mg per ml semen and was found to be unrelated to sperm counts. Suspended sediments of azoospermic specimens were found to contain on the average 570+/-86 microng protein per ml semen. This value is about four times higher than in severe oligospermic specimens (0.2 X 10(6) -6.5 X 10(6) cells per ml semen). It is suggested that in azoospermic disorders seminiferous tubules secrete abnormally high amounts of proteinacous material which cannot be eliminated by washings. In addition, destruction of immature cells may contribute to increased protein conten in these specimens. Protein determinations in washed spermatozoa showed a negative relationship between the amount of protein calculated per 10(6) cells and original sperm counts. This trend demonstrates an altered protein metabolism in the spermatozoa of oligospermic specimens which might be responsible for fertility incompetence.", "contents": "Protein content of human seminal plasma and spermatozoa in relation to sperm counts. Protein concentrations of seminal plasma and spermatozoa were estimated in human normospermic, oligospermic and azoospermic semens. The protein content of seminal plasma ranged from 20 to 60 mg per ml semen and was found to be unrelated to sperm counts. Suspended sediments of azoospermic specimens were found to contain on the average 570+/-86 microng protein per ml semen. This value is about four times higher than in severe oligospermic specimens (0.2 X 10(6) -6.5 X 10(6) cells per ml semen). It is suggested that in azoospermic disorders seminiferous tubules secrete abnormally high amounts of proteinacous material which cannot be eliminated by washings. In addition, destruction of immature cells may contribute to increased protein conten in these specimens. Protein determinations in washed spermatozoa showed a negative relationship between the amount of protein calculated per 10(6) cells and original sperm counts. This trend demonstrates an altered protein metabolism in the spermatozoa of oligospermic specimens which might be responsible for fertility incompetence.", "PMID": 1030920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5492", "title": "Complex of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with Cu2+ ion. I. The apoenzyme-Cu complex.", "content": "D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase binds one Cu2+ ion per subunit, which results in the formation of a specific metal-protein complex. This complex exhibits a sharp absorption band around 370 nm, and a broad, small absorption band in the 600-700 nm region. The shape of the absorption spectrum of Cu-GAPD complex in the visible range depends on the anionic composition of the solution. The Cu-GAPD complex is stable in solutions containing phosphate or pyrophosphate anions, but undergoes a slow change in sulfate-, and a rapid change in chloride-containing solutions. The Cys-149 residue of the enzyme is essential for the formation of the Cu-GAPD complex. The sharp absorption at 370 nm presumably corresponds to a charge transfer interaction between the sulfur and the metal ion. Similar absorption bands are shown by the Cu-complexes of papain and thiol-alcalase enzymes. It is assumed that in addition to the reactive thiol groups an imidazole residue in the active site of these enzymes is also involved in the complex formation, and the specific Cu-GAPD Cu-papain and Cu-thiol-alcalase complexes contain a Cys-Cu-His chelate structure.", "contents": "Complex of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with Cu2+ ion. I. The apoenzyme-Cu complex. D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase binds one Cu2+ ion per subunit, which results in the formation of a specific metal-protein complex. This complex exhibits a sharp absorption band around 370 nm, and a broad, small absorption band in the 600-700 nm region. The shape of the absorption spectrum of Cu-GAPD complex in the visible range depends on the anionic composition of the solution. The Cu-GAPD complex is stable in solutions containing phosphate or pyrophosphate anions, but undergoes a slow change in sulfate-, and a rapid change in chloride-containing solutions. The Cys-149 residue of the enzyme is essential for the formation of the Cu-GAPD complex. The sharp absorption at 370 nm presumably corresponds to a charge transfer interaction between the sulfur and the metal ion. Similar absorption bands are shown by the Cu-complexes of papain and thiol-alcalase enzymes. It is assumed that in addition to the reactive thiol groups an imidazole residue in the active site of these enzymes is also involved in the complex formation, and the specific Cu-GAPD Cu-papain and Cu-thiol-alcalase complexes contain a Cys-Cu-His chelate structure.", "PMID": 1030921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5493", "title": "[Biochemical study on the 1st case of analbuminemia in France].", "content": "A new case of analbuminemia was described as follows for a six month's old child of Algerian origin. The discovery of the disease was made by chance, the clinical signs were limited to small oedema. The serum albumin concentration was 64 mg/1 and its immunochemical action was identical to that of normal albumin. The system reacted by an increase of the synthesis of globulins. For the subject, the alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruleoplasmin, hatoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, transferrin, immunoglobulins M contents were three times higher than the standard figures. The analysis of the distribution of non esterified fatty acids ususally carried by albumin was normal. On the other hand, it was possible to show that the presence of free bilirubin independant from proteins could be detected for a concentration of 17 micronmol/l. A study of the family showed a standard repartition of albumin and globulins. The genetic origin observed in the symptoms was confirmed by the consanguinity of the parents.", "contents": "[Biochemical study on the 1st case of analbuminemia in France]. A new case of analbuminemia was described as follows for a six month's old child of Algerian origin. The discovery of the disease was made by chance, the clinical signs were limited to small oedema. The serum albumin concentration was 64 mg/1 and its immunochemical action was identical to that of normal albumin. The system reacted by an increase of the synthesis of globulins. For the subject, the alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruleoplasmin, hatoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, transferrin, immunoglobulins M contents were three times higher than the standard figures. The analysis of the distribution of non esterified fatty acids ususally carried by albumin was normal. On the other hand, it was possible to show that the presence of free bilirubin independant from proteins could be detected for a concentration of 17 micronmol/l. A study of the family showed a standard repartition of albumin and globulins. The genetic origin observed in the symptoms was confirmed by the consanguinity of the parents.", "PMID": 1030926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5494", "title": "[Use of an ion exchanger as a rapid means of extraction, applied to the determination of urinary estrogens and pregnanediol in pregnancy, using colorimetry or gas chromatography].", "content": "The method described permits, after classical hydrolysis, extraction without a solvent of estrogens during pregnancy. It also permits estimation of pregnanediol which is eluted in a different fraction. Twenty estimations may be carried out in half a day on test samples of from 2 to 10 ml of urine. The estimation of total estrogen by colorimetry takes into consideration the efficiency of extraction by the use of a standard range treated under the same conditions. For gas chromatography, two internal standards are added to the urine after hydrolysis: these are 16,17-epiestriol and 5 beta pregnane-3 alpha, 17 alpha, 20 beta triol (PGTS) have respectively the same behaviour as estriol on the one hand and pregnanediol and pregnanetriol, on the other hand. They take into consideration resin extraction and chromatographic behaviour and may be used for quantitative estimation. The graphs of standardisation and recovery have been studied for the main estrogens together with pregnanediol. The various eluates were controlled by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.", "contents": "[Use of an ion exchanger as a rapid means of extraction, applied to the determination of urinary estrogens and pregnanediol in pregnancy, using colorimetry or gas chromatography]. The method described permits, after classical hydrolysis, extraction without a solvent of estrogens during pregnancy. It also permits estimation of pregnanediol which is eluted in a different fraction. Twenty estimations may be carried out in half a day on test samples of from 2 to 10 ml of urine. The estimation of total estrogen by colorimetry takes into consideration the efficiency of extraction by the use of a standard range treated under the same conditions. For gas chromatography, two internal standards are added to the urine after hydrolysis: these are 16,17-epiestriol and 5 beta pregnane-3 alpha, 17 alpha, 20 beta triol (PGTS) have respectively the same behaviour as estriol on the one hand and pregnanediol and pregnanetriol, on the other hand. They take into consideration resin extraction and chromatographic behaviour and may be used for quantitative estimation. The graphs of standardisation and recovery have been studied for the main estrogens together with pregnanediol. The various eluates were controlled by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 1030927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5495", "title": "Different scientifical orientations in approaching so-called schizophrenics.", "content": "The literature on the phenomenon of \"schizophrenia\" presents different scientific orientations. These are classified under five headings: biophysical, intrapsychic, phenomenological, behavioural and socio-cultural. This classification corresponds to the different contemporary professional orientations. However, each orientation provides only the interpretation of one aspect of the total phenomenon studied. Moreover, most interpretations are still imperfectly developed. A comprehensive transdimensional approach is a task for the future.", "contents": "Different scientifical orientations in approaching so-called schizophrenics. The literature on the phenomenon of \"schizophrenia\" presents different scientific orientations. These are classified under five headings: biophysical, intrapsychic, phenomenological, behavioural and socio-cultural. This classification corresponds to the different contemporary professional orientations. However, each orientation provides only the interpretation of one aspect of the total phenomenon studied. Moreover, most interpretations are still imperfectly developed. A comprehensive transdimensional approach is a task for the future.", "PMID": 1030922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5496", "title": "[Action of 4 percent sulfuric acid on various species of mycobacteria].", "content": "The action of treatment with 4 p. cent sulphuric acid for 10 minutes, was tested on 13 strains of mycobacteria. Rapidly growing mycobacteria, e.g. M. diernhoferi, M. chelonei M. abscessus, M. Fortuitum, proved much more sensitive than slowly growing mycobacteria, e.g. M. xenopi, M, scrofulacem, M. kansaii, M. avium, M. marinum, BCG, M. tuberculosis and M. Bovis. We observed the persistance of a certain number of viable bacteria in spite of a duration of contact of 120 minutes, Albumin in the culture medium used presented a protective effect together with the high concentration in bacteria.", "contents": "[Action of 4 percent sulfuric acid on various species of mycobacteria]. The action of treatment with 4 p. cent sulphuric acid for 10 minutes, was tested on 13 strains of mycobacteria. Rapidly growing mycobacteria, e.g. M. diernhoferi, M. chelonei M. abscessus, M. Fortuitum, proved much more sensitive than slowly growing mycobacteria, e.g. M. xenopi, M, scrofulacem, M. kansaii, M. avium, M. marinum, BCG, M. tuberculosis and M. Bovis. We observed the persistance of a certain number of viable bacteria in spite of a duration of contact of 120 minutes, Albumin in the culture medium used presented a protective effect together with the high concentration in bacteria.", "PMID": 1030928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5497", "title": "[Relationship of decerebrate rigidity maintenance with muscular contraction permanence after spinal cord section in dogs].", "content": "The mammalian spinal cord seems to be capable of information retation in simmilar fashion to the cerebral cortex memory storation. The intercollicular transection otherwise, relieving bulbar and mesencephalic areas from cerebral and cerebelar influences produces tetanic contraction on antigravidity muscles due to somatory with stimuli originated from muscle spindle. This phenomena is very suitable to memory retention studies since myotatic reflex is monossinaptic, occurs in this case, on a simple nervous structure (the spinal cord) and can be easily identified and quantitified, through muscular responses. In the present work, decerebrate rigidity effects upon spinal cord before and after spinal section, was studied. Physiological parameters were recorded in order to maintain the experimental condition of the dogs, as close as possible to normal, Our results showed that thirty and forty-five minutes in time difference of decerebrate rigidity influence on spinal motoneurons has little effects in tetany persistance after spinal section. However, ninety minutes period of time between the two transections produces considerable increase in rigidity permanence after spinal cord section. The relationship of our results with differents types of memory and the basic mechanism involved in the response is unknown and will be the subject of future investigations.", "contents": "[Relationship of decerebrate rigidity maintenance with muscular contraction permanence after spinal cord section in dogs]. The mammalian spinal cord seems to be capable of information retation in simmilar fashion to the cerebral cortex memory storation. The intercollicular transection otherwise, relieving bulbar and mesencephalic areas from cerebral and cerebelar influences produces tetanic contraction on antigravidity muscles due to somatory with stimuli originated from muscle spindle. This phenomena is very suitable to memory retention studies since myotatic reflex is monossinaptic, occurs in this case, on a simple nervous structure (the spinal cord) and can be easily identified and quantitified, through muscular responses. In the present work, decerebrate rigidity effects upon spinal cord before and after spinal section, was studied. Physiological parameters were recorded in order to maintain the experimental condition of the dogs, as close as possible to normal, Our results showed that thirty and forty-five minutes in time difference of decerebrate rigidity influence on spinal motoneurons has little effects in tetany persistance after spinal section. However, ninety minutes period of time between the two transections produces considerable increase in rigidity permanence after spinal cord section. The relationship of our results with differents types of memory and the basic mechanism involved in the response is unknown and will be the subject of future investigations.", "PMID": 1030929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5498", "title": "The interaction between neuroleptic treatment and sociotherapeutic approach in chronic schizophrenics. Investigations with haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide.", "content": "In the modern treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients two major trends can be outlined: sociotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy. Therefore it is an important question whether these two therapeutic approaches interact in a positive or a negative way. Selected examples of experiments about the interaction of haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide with sociotherapy are given and discussed. It is also demonstrated that the learning capacity of the patients depends on the particular type of neuroleptic.", "contents": "The interaction between neuroleptic treatment and sociotherapeutic approach in chronic schizophrenics. Investigations with haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide. In the modern treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients two major trends can be outlined: sociotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy. Therefore it is an important question whether these two therapeutic approaches interact in a positive or a negative way. Selected examples of experiments about the interaction of haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide with sociotherapy are given and discussed. It is also demonstrated that the learning capacity of the patients depends on the particular type of neuroleptic.", "PMID": 1030923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5499", "title": "Long-acting neuroleptics and their place in community mental health services in the United Kingdom: the Salford experience.", "content": "In approaching the goal of a comprehensive community service at the city of Salford (England), the long-acting neuroleptics seem to be an essential step toward a system of continuous care for schizophrenics considered vulnerable to relapse. The hospitalisation experience of a sample of 211 patients is measured on \"mirror-image\" basis, i.e. an equal length of time for each patient before and after the start of long-acting phenothiazines. The results show a very substantial reduction in hospital stay.", "contents": "Long-acting neuroleptics and their place in community mental health services in the United Kingdom: the Salford experience. In approaching the goal of a comprehensive community service at the city of Salford (England), the long-acting neuroleptics seem to be an essential step toward a system of continuous care for schizophrenics considered vulnerable to relapse. The hospitalisation experience of a sample of 211 patients is measured on \"mirror-image\" basis, i.e. an equal length of time for each patient before and after the start of long-acting phenothiazines. The results show a very substantial reduction in hospital stay.", "PMID": 1030924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5500", "title": "Conjoint measurement in psychiatric research.", "content": "In order to study complex drug-patient-milieu interactions, conjoint measurement models can be of great help in finding out whether there are any interaction patterns in the data and, if so, in specifying the kind of interaction. Some examples are given. The possible applications as well as the limitations of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Conjoint measurement in psychiatric research. In order to study complex drug-patient-milieu interactions, conjoint measurement models can be of great help in finding out whether there are any interaction patterns in the data and, if so, in specifying the kind of interaction. Some examples are given. The possible applications as well as the limitations of this technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1030925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5501", "title": "Catecholamines and the abundance of blood cells in a fresh water tropical teleost (Colisa fasciatus) in relation to cold-shock.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (0.05 microng/g) elicited characteristic changes in the abundance of circulating leucocytes at selected time intervals (viz., 3, 15 and 27 min. and, later, at intervals of 48 minutes up to 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h) post-injection in Colisa. Leucocytosis was evident as 15, 27 and 75 min, and tendency towards leucocytosis was observed at 123 and 267 min.; at 3, 171, 219, 315 and 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h, the total leucocyte counts for the experimentals and controls were not significantly different. No such corresponding significant changes were observed in the abundance of circulating erythrocytes or thrombocytes. Leucocyte sequence elicited by epinephrine was also apparent in Colisa which had been exposed to a temperature of 2 degrees C for one minute. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (3.0 mg/l aquarium water), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, abolished the cold-shock leucocytic phases, except 27 min. leucocytosis which emerged unaffected. Exogenous norepinephrine (2 microng/g) and isoproterenol (0.1 microng/g) failed to elicit any significant change in the number of circulating leucocytes, erythrocytes, or thrombocytes. Clearly adrenergic mechanisms are involved in the cold-shock leucocyte stress sequence. The results suggest alpha-activating role of epinephrine during the leucocyte stress syndrome in Colisa and, apparently, epinephrine is leucocytic.", "contents": "Catecholamines and the abundance of blood cells in a fresh water tropical teleost (Colisa fasciatus) in relation to cold-shock. Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (0.05 microng/g) elicited characteristic changes in the abundance of circulating leucocytes at selected time intervals (viz., 3, 15 and 27 min. and, later, at intervals of 48 minutes up to 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h) post-injection in Colisa. Leucocytosis was evident as 15, 27 and 75 min, and tendency towards leucocytosis was observed at 123 and 267 min.; at 3, 171, 219, 315 and 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h, the total leucocyte counts for the experimentals and controls were not significantly different. No such corresponding significant changes were observed in the abundance of circulating erythrocytes or thrombocytes. Leucocyte sequence elicited by epinephrine was also apparent in Colisa which had been exposed to a temperature of 2 degrees C for one minute. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (3.0 mg/l aquarium water), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, abolished the cold-shock leucocytic phases, except 27 min. leucocytosis which emerged unaffected. Exogenous norepinephrine (2 microng/g) and isoproterenol (0.1 microng/g) failed to elicit any significant change in the number of circulating leucocytes, erythrocytes, or thrombocytes. Clearly adrenergic mechanisms are involved in the cold-shock leucocyte stress sequence. The results suggest alpha-activating role of epinephrine during the leucocyte stress syndrome in Colisa and, apparently, epinephrine is leucocytic.", "PMID": 1030935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5502", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the gonadal primordia of the viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) during the period of colonization by the germ cells].", "content": "This ultrastructural study was carried our during colonization of the gonadal primordia by the germ cells which reach the gonads after interstitial migration. During the period of colonization, the germinal epithelia have no basal membrane. The epithelial cells are linked together by desmosomal junctions; they contain many free ribosomes, some lipid droplets, few granular reticula. The Golgi apparatus and the agrangular reticulum are well developed and situated at the distal pole of the cells. The outline of the germinal epithelia is regular in front of the coelomic cavity. At first, the outline of the basal surface is very irregular because the epithelial cells put out many cytoplasmic processes. Then, cytoplasmic processes become more sparse and the outline of the basal surface more regular. The germinal epithelia do not show swellings linked with a merocrine type of excretory process as in the chick (Cuminge and Dubois, 1971). However, this does not rule out a chemotactic type attraction of the germ cells. The first germ cell which arrive in the gonadal areas are incorporated into the epithelia. Later on, the germ cells are immobilized by the mesenchymal cells of the gonadal primordia which prevent them from reaching the epithelia. These germ cells stay in the medullary area of the young gonad which contain a greater number of germ cells than the epithelia.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the gonadal primordia of the viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) during the period of colonization by the germ cells]. This ultrastructural study was carried our during colonization of the gonadal primordia by the germ cells which reach the gonads after interstitial migration. During the period of colonization, the germinal epithelia have no basal membrane. The epithelial cells are linked together by desmosomal junctions; they contain many free ribosomes, some lipid droplets, few granular reticula. The Golgi apparatus and the agrangular reticulum are well developed and situated at the distal pole of the cells. The outline of the germinal epithelia is regular in front of the coelomic cavity. At first, the outline of the basal surface is very irregular because the epithelial cells put out many cytoplasmic processes. Then, cytoplasmic processes become more sparse and the outline of the basal surface more regular. The germinal epithelia do not show swellings linked with a merocrine type of excretory process as in the chick (Cuminge and Dubois, 1971). However, this does not rule out a chemotactic type attraction of the germ cells. The first germ cell which arrive in the gonadal areas are incorporated into the epithelia. Later on, the germ cells are immobilized by the mesenchymal cells of the gonadal primordia which prevent them from reaching the epithelia. These germ cells stay in the medullary area of the young gonad which contain a greater number of germ cells than the epithelia.", "PMID": 1030936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5503", "title": "[Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery. Review and report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery are reported. This is a congenital heart disease with every low incidence. To our knowledge only 62 cases have been previously reported. Patent ductus arteriosus is the usual associated anomaly. The first of our cases is associated with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension with severe pulmonary vascular bed changes; surgical closure was considered unadvisable. Aortic-pulmonic window is associated in the second case; cardiac surgery was carried out and the patient died posoperatively. The previously reported cases are reviewed and are compared with anatomic, physiopathologic, clinical, angiohemodiamic and therapeutic features of our cases. Congestive heart failure and inespecific left-to-right shunt clinical features were present early in life, mostly in the first month. Anatomic and funtional evaluation is only possible by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography, because pulmonary hypertension appears at a very early stage and once fixed makes surgical treatment unadvisable.", "contents": "[Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery. Review and report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery are reported. This is a congenital heart disease with every low incidence. To our knowledge only 62 cases have been previously reported. Patent ductus arteriosus is the usual associated anomaly. The first of our cases is associated with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension with severe pulmonary vascular bed changes; surgical closure was considered unadvisable. Aortic-pulmonic window is associated in the second case; cardiac surgery was carried out and the patient died posoperatively. The previously reported cases are reviewed and are compared with anatomic, physiopathologic, clinical, angiohemodiamic and therapeutic features of our cases. Congestive heart failure and inespecific left-to-right shunt clinical features were present early in life, mostly in the first month. Anatomic and funtional evaluation is only possible by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography, because pulmonary hypertension appears at a very early stage and once fixed makes surgical treatment unadvisable.", "PMID": 1030930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5504", "title": "[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. II. Variations of the number and size of regenerating nerve fibers after localized crushing or total section].", "content": "1. The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels, in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastrocnemius muscles of 112 rats in which the left sciatic nerve had suffered an experimental lesion according one of the following four modalities: localized crushing, total section followed or not by suture and resection of a nervous segment of about 1 cm. 2. In the nerve to medial head of right gastrocnemius muscle (contralateral nerve used as control), the number of myelinated fibers decreased in average to 10% after crushing, 5% or 4% after section followed or not by suture. However, an increase of 6% was observed after resection. The mean values of the mean diameters showed a decrease of 8% after crushing and 5% after section without suture. This value did not seem to be affected by section followed by immediate suture and after resection, it increased of 11%. On the whole, male rats appeared to be more sensitive than female to the effects of the operation. 3. The nerves of 12 rats have been observed from 15 to 334 days after resection of about 1 cm of sciatic nerve. The 20% of the regenerating myelinated nerve fibers which have succeeded to cross over such a distance had a distribution which remained unimodal; the diameter of the large fibres did not exceed 8 micronm. 4. 34 rats have been sacrificed from 15 to 715 days after sciatic nerve section which was not followed by suture. The number of myelinated nerve fibers became normal again during the 4th month and reached afterwards a mean value of 130%, with very marked variations. The nerve fibre distribution was most frequently unimodal, but may came bimodal one year after the operation in certain nerves. Their mean diameter never exceeded 60% of the normal. 5. The nerves of 34 rats have been examined from 15 to 720 days after section and immediate suture. The number of myelinated nerve fibers returned to normal during the second month and increased afterwards to an average of 150% with very important variations. The nerve fiber distribution was generally unimodal, but may become bimodal 7 months after the operation. Their mean diameter reached only 50 to 55% of the normal. 6. 32 rats have been sacrificed from 10 to 720 rats after a localized crushing. The number of myelinated nerve fibers come back to normal during the 4th week and later increased up to a mean of 115%. Their distribution became early bimodal from the 97th day onwards. Although, their mean diameter nerver exceeded 80% of the normal, the histograms of the regenerating nerve and of the control nerve could be almost superposed during the second year.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. II. Variations of the number and size of regenerating nerve fibers after localized crushing or total section]. 1. The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels, in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastrocnemius muscles of 112 rats in which the left sciatic nerve had suffered an experimental lesion according one of the following four modalities: localized crushing, total section followed or not by suture and resection of a nervous segment of about 1 cm. 2. In the nerve to medial head of right gastrocnemius muscle (contralateral nerve used as control), the number of myelinated fibers decreased in average to 10% after crushing, 5% or 4% after section followed or not by suture. However, an increase of 6% was observed after resection. The mean values of the mean diameters showed a decrease of 8% after crushing and 5% after section without suture. This value did not seem to be affected by section followed by immediate suture and after resection, it increased of 11%. On the whole, male rats appeared to be more sensitive than female to the effects of the operation. 3. The nerves of 12 rats have been observed from 15 to 334 days after resection of about 1 cm of sciatic nerve. The 20% of the regenerating myelinated nerve fibers which have succeeded to cross over such a distance had a distribution which remained unimodal; the diameter of the large fibres did not exceed 8 micronm. 4. 34 rats have been sacrificed from 15 to 715 days after sciatic nerve section which was not followed by suture. The number of myelinated nerve fibers became normal again during the 4th month and reached afterwards a mean value of 130%, with very marked variations. The nerve fibre distribution was most frequently unimodal, but may came bimodal one year after the operation in certain nerves. Their mean diameter never exceeded 60% of the normal. 5. The nerves of 34 rats have been examined from 15 to 720 days after section and immediate suture. The number of myelinated nerve fibers returned to normal during the second month and increased afterwards to an average of 150% with very important variations. The nerve fiber distribution was generally unimodal, but may become bimodal 7 months after the operation. Their mean diameter reached only 50 to 55% of the normal. 6. 32 rats have been sacrificed from 10 to 720 rats after a localized crushing. The number of myelinated nerve fibers come back to normal during the 4th week and later increased up to a mean of 115%. Their distribution became early bimodal from the 97th day onwards. Although, their mean diameter nerver exceeded 80% of the normal, the histograms of the regenerating nerve and of the control nerve could be almost superposed during the second year.", "PMID": 1030937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5505", "title": "[Diabetes insipidus in infancy. I. Review (author's transl)].", "content": "Diabetes insipidus and its' treatment, are revised. New pathogenic concepts stressing the roll of osmoreceptors in its' etiological causes are explained. In the diagnosis, great importance is given to recently sistematized proof by Miller-Moses. This allows, to evaluate the grade of deficiency in vasopressin as well as new therapeutic possibilities, using differents drugs other from the classical \"oily\" solution of vasopressin.", "contents": "[Diabetes insipidus in infancy. I. Review (author's transl)]. Diabetes insipidus and its' treatment, are revised. New pathogenic concepts stressing the roll of osmoreceptors in its' etiological causes are explained. In the diagnosis, great importance is given to recently sistematized proof by Miller-Moses. This allows, to evaluate the grade of deficiency in vasopressin as well as new therapeutic possibilities, using differents drugs other from the classical \"oily\" solution of vasopressin.", "PMID": 1030931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5506", "title": "[Acro-osteolysis idiopathic distal (author's transl)].", "content": "A six year old girl. With a clinical picture of acro-osteolysis idiopathic non familial associated with other anomalies is presented. Literature is reviewed and the clinical, radiologic, pathologic and etiopathogenetic features are commented, pointing out the diferent associated abnormalities that other authors did not consign: facial, anacraneal dysplasia, epiphyseal separations and dislocations of radius, and peroneal incurvation.", "contents": "[Acro-osteolysis idiopathic distal (author's transl)]. A six year old girl. With a clinical picture of acro-osteolysis idiopathic non familial associated with other anomalies is presented. Literature is reviewed and the clinical, radiologic, pathologic and etiopathogenetic features are commented, pointing out the diferent associated abnormalities that other authors did not consign: facial, anacraneal dysplasia, epiphyseal separations and dislocations of radius, and peroneal incurvation.", "PMID": 1030932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5507", "title": "Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle.", "content": "Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle. (Localizabi\u00f3n de receptores para lectinas durante el ciclo celular). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 100-104, 1976. The topographic distribution of specific cell surface receptors for concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin was studied by ultrastructural labeling in the course of the cell cycle. C12TSV5 cells were synchronized by double thymidine block or mechanical selection (shakeoff). They were labeled by means of lectin-peroxidase techniques while in G1 S, G2 and M phases of the cycle. The results obtained were similar for both lectins employed. Interphase cells (G1 S, G2) present a stlihtly discontinous labeling pattern that is similar to the one observed on unsynchronized cells of the same line. Cells in mitosis, on the contrary, present a highly discontinous distribution of reaction product. This pattern disappears after the cells enters G1 and is not present on mitotic cells fixed in aldehyde prior to labeling.", "contents": "Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle. Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle. (Localizabi\u00f3n de receptores para lectinas durante el ciclo celular). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 100-104, 1976. The topographic distribution of specific cell surface receptors for concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin was studied by ultrastructural labeling in the course of the cell cycle. C12TSV5 cells were synchronized by double thymidine block or mechanical selection (shakeoff). They were labeled by means of lectin-peroxidase techniques while in G1 S, G2 and M phases of the cycle. The results obtained were similar for both lectins employed. Interphase cells (G1 S, G2) present a stlihtly discontinous labeling pattern that is similar to the one observed on unsynchronized cells of the same line. Cells in mitosis, on the contrary, present a highly discontinous distribution of reaction product. This pattern disappears after the cells enters G1 and is not present on mitotic cells fixed in aldehyde prior to labeling.", "PMID": 1030938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5508", "title": "Effects of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy on the adrenal and testis of the bird myna, Acridotheres tristis.", "content": "Thyroidectomy in Myna, Acridotheres tristis, increased the levels of cholesterol, ascorbic acid and decreased the activity of the adrenal. The size and activity of the testis also decreased following thyroid removal. The weight of the two glands and activity of testis was not affected by 0.25 mg of 1-thyroxine. The chemical and histological changes of the adrenal were however reversed. It is suggested that thyroid deficiency leads to reduced output of the trophic hormones from the adenohypophysis of the bird resulting in decreased size and activity of the gonad and of the adrenal.", "contents": "Effects of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy on the adrenal and testis of the bird myna, Acridotheres tristis. Thyroidectomy in Myna, Acridotheres tristis, increased the levels of cholesterol, ascorbic acid and decreased the activity of the adrenal. The size and activity of the testis also decreased following thyroid removal. The weight of the two glands and activity of testis was not affected by 0.25 mg of 1-thyroxine. The chemical and histological changes of the adrenal were however reversed. It is suggested that thyroid deficiency leads to reduced output of the trophic hormones from the adenohypophysis of the bird resulting in decreased size and activity of the gonad and of the adrenal.", "PMID": 1030933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5509", "title": "In vitro degradation of ribosomes.", "content": "The cytoplasmic ribosomes from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris are found to be of two types taking into consideration their stability \"in vitro\". In the group of unstable ribosomes the large subunit is degraded. The other group apparently does not suffer any degradation under the conditions described. However the RNAs extracted from both types of ribosomes are degraded during sucrose density gradients. The degradation of the largest RNA species has been reported previously, but no comment has been made about the stability of the ribosome itself.", "contents": "In vitro degradation of ribosomes. The cytoplasmic ribosomes from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris are found to be of two types taking into consideration their stability \"in vitro\". In the group of unstable ribosomes the large subunit is degraded. The other group apparently does not suffer any degradation under the conditions described. However the RNAs extracted from both types of ribosomes are degraded during sucrose density gradients. The degradation of the largest RNA species has been reported previously, but no comment has been made about the stability of the ribosome itself.", "PMID": 1030939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5510", "title": "[Paraneoplasic Cushing' syndrome. Neurosecretory granules in a lymph node metastasis in electronic microscopy (author's transl) (proceedings)].", "content": "The authors relate a case of paraneoplasic Cushing's syndrome by mediastinal tumor, probably of thymic origin. All the clinical and biological signs recall similar cases previously related. An \"ACTH-like\" substance has been found by biological method in a lymphoide metastasis. The main interest resides in the anatomo-pathological findings and more especially in electronic microscopy. The abundance of the neurosecretory granules is a characteristic feature of the malignant cells observed. These granules appear to the authors identical to those observed in other secretory thymomas and various tumors.", "contents": "[Paraneoplasic Cushing' syndrome. Neurosecretory granules in a lymph node metastasis in electronic microscopy (author's transl) (proceedings)]. The authors relate a case of paraneoplasic Cushing's syndrome by mediastinal tumor, probably of thymic origin. All the clinical and biological signs recall similar cases previously related. An \"ACTH-like\" substance has been found by biological method in a lymphoide metastasis. The main interest resides in the anatomo-pathological findings and more especially in electronic microscopy. The abundance of the neurosecretory granules is a characteristic feature of the malignant cells observed. These granules appear to the authors identical to those observed in other secretory thymomas and various tumors.", "PMID": 1030934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5511", "title": "Changes in plasma membranes during the prereplicative phase of the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid glands of mice.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol induces resting cells from the acini of the mouse parotid gland to enter the proliferative cycle. Parotid plasma membrane from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice were prepared by differential centrifugation of the homogenates. Comparing the chemical composition of plasma membranes from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice, no variation in the phospholipid/protein ratio was observed. However, the levels of neutral sugars, hexosamines and sialic acid fall drastically in the early prereplicative phase. The decrease in neutral sugars and hexosamines in plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol is imitated by pilocarpine, which induces secretion but little or no increase in DNA synthesis. However, pilocarpine does not mobilize sialic acid from the plasma membrane. Moreover, dosis of isoproterenol that elicits secretion but not mitosis in the acinar cells, does not induce the movement of sialic acid from the plasma membrane. The mobilization of sialic acid from plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol was also demonstrated in an in vitro system. Treatment of the plasma membrane with chloroform/methanol shows that around 60% of the sialic acid is present in the less polar phase. We conclude that the separation of sialic acid from the plasma membrane is one of the early steps in the sequence of events leading to DNA synthesis and cell division in the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid gland of mice.", "contents": "Changes in plasma membranes during the prereplicative phase of the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid glands of mice. A single intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol induces resting cells from the acini of the mouse parotid gland to enter the proliferative cycle. Parotid plasma membrane from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice were prepared by differential centrifugation of the homogenates. Comparing the chemical composition of plasma membranes from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice, no variation in the phospholipid/protein ratio was observed. However, the levels of neutral sugars, hexosamines and sialic acid fall drastically in the early prereplicative phase. The decrease in neutral sugars and hexosamines in plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol is imitated by pilocarpine, which induces secretion but little or no increase in DNA synthesis. However, pilocarpine does not mobilize sialic acid from the plasma membrane. Moreover, dosis of isoproterenol that elicits secretion but not mitosis in the acinar cells, does not induce the movement of sialic acid from the plasma membrane. The mobilization of sialic acid from plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol was also demonstrated in an in vitro system. Treatment of the plasma membrane with chloroform/methanol shows that around 60% of the sialic acid is present in the less polar phase. We conclude that the separation of sialic acid from the plasma membrane is one of the early steps in the sequence of events leading to DNA synthesis and cell division in the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid gland of mice.", "PMID": 1030940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5512", "title": "[Study of the microcirculatory bed by a method of demonstrating lactate dehydrogenase].", "content": "The method of detection of lactate dehydrogenase with some modification was used to study the microcirculatory bed in total preparations of serous membranes and plane sections of organs of any square surface. The employment of non-fixed material, the short time (from 15 to 60 min) necessary to obtain preparations of any size and simultaneous determination of the localization and the degree of the activity of the enzyme--are, to the authors opinion, undoubtful advantages of the given method, which can be an addition to the well-known impregnation method of determination of the microcirculatory bed.", "contents": "[Study of the microcirculatory bed by a method of demonstrating lactate dehydrogenase]. The method of detection of lactate dehydrogenase with some modification was used to study the microcirculatory bed in total preparations of serous membranes and plane sections of organs of any square surface. The employment of non-fixed material, the short time (from 15 to 60 min) necessary to obtain preparations of any size and simultaneous determination of the localization and the degree of the activity of the enzyme--are, to the authors opinion, undoubtful advantages of the given method, which can be an addition to the well-known impregnation method of determination of the microcirculatory bed.", "PMID": 1030941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5513", "title": "[Tomography of the maxillary sinus].", "content": "The maxillary sinuses were studied roentgenographically and tomographically in 108 patients (with intact sinuses) and in 16 anatomical preparations of the cranium. It has been established that the main features of the laminar picture of the maxillary sinuses can be determined by two main properties of tomography as a method: the possibility to lead the portions of the sinus osseous walls of greater-length as compared with conventional roentgenography out to the edge-forming zone due to oblique course of the ray beam, and vise versa, disappearance of outlines of these walls in those sections where they are considerably inclined in relation to the roentgen film plane. A description of the laminar roentgen-anatomical picture of the maxillary sinuses in naso-frontal, nasomental and lateral projections is presented. It is stresses that in each of these projections several main types of the laminar picture of the maxillary sinuses can be detected, characterizing different depth of sections.", "contents": "[Tomography of the maxillary sinus]. The maxillary sinuses were studied roentgenographically and tomographically in 108 patients (with intact sinuses) and in 16 anatomical preparations of the cranium. It has been established that the main features of the laminar picture of the maxillary sinuses can be determined by two main properties of tomography as a method: the possibility to lead the portions of the sinus osseous walls of greater-length as compared with conventional roentgenography out to the edge-forming zone due to oblique course of the ray beam, and vise versa, disappearance of outlines of these walls in those sections where they are considerably inclined in relation to the roentgen film plane. A description of the laminar roentgen-anatomical picture of the maxillary sinuses in naso-frontal, nasomental and lateral projections is presented. It is stresses that in each of these projections several main types of the laminar picture of the maxillary sinuses can be detected, characterizing different depth of sections.", "PMID": 1030942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5514", "title": "[Anatomo-topographic features of the deep lymph nodes of the neck in adult humans].", "content": "Profounod cervical lymph nodes were studied on 35 corpses and 30 complexes of organs of the head and neck in adult man by method of dissection after a preliminary injecting the lymphatic vessels and nodes. Under study were the lymph nodes of the anterior part (prelaryngeal, prethyroid, pretracheal and paratracheal groups) which are disposed under the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia. The lymph nodes of the lateral area of the neck are concentrated along the internal jugular vein, accessory nerve and the transversal artery of the neck. The lymph nodes disposed along the internal jugular vein are divided into 3 groups: superior, medial and inferior. The lymph nodes disposed in the lateral area of the neck are of different types. The obtained data can be used for decoding data of lymphography.", "contents": "[Anatomo-topographic features of the deep lymph nodes of the neck in adult humans]. Profounod cervical lymph nodes were studied on 35 corpses and 30 complexes of organs of the head and neck in adult man by method of dissection after a preliminary injecting the lymphatic vessels and nodes. Under study were the lymph nodes of the anterior part (prelaryngeal, prethyroid, pretracheal and paratracheal groups) which are disposed under the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia. The lymph nodes of the lateral area of the neck are concentrated along the internal jugular vein, accessory nerve and the transversal artery of the neck. The lymph nodes disposed along the internal jugular vein are divided into 3 groups: superior, medial and inferior. The lymph nodes disposed in the lateral area of the neck are of different types. The obtained data can be used for decoding data of lymphography.", "PMID": 1030943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5515", "title": "[Structure of the gastric mucosa following experimental antrectomy].", "content": "The important role of the antral part of the stomach in sustaining the gastric mucosa tissue homeostasis has been shown in chronic experiment in dogs. In 5-13 months after antrectomy the thickness of the gastric mucosa diminishes by 21% at an average, the height of the fundal glands-by 29%, the amount of the parietal cells-by 54%, the amount of basic cells-by 34%. Hypoplastic lesions of the gastric mucous membrane develop and complete within the first months after antrectomy. After the 5th month the degree of hypoplasia fails to markedly increase, i. e. the shifts found are not of constantly progressing character.", "contents": "[Structure of the gastric mucosa following experimental antrectomy]. The important role of the antral part of the stomach in sustaining the gastric mucosa tissue homeostasis has been shown in chronic experiment in dogs. In 5-13 months after antrectomy the thickness of the gastric mucosa diminishes by 21% at an average, the height of the fundal glands-by 29%, the amount of the parietal cells-by 54%, the amount of basic cells-by 34%. Hypoplastic lesions of the gastric mucous membrane develop and complete within the first months after antrectomy. After the 5th month the degree of hypoplasia fails to markedly increase, i. e. the shifts found are not of constantly progressing character.", "PMID": 1030944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5516", "title": "[Arterial blood supply to the laryngeal part of the pharynx].", "content": "The sources, anastomoses and variations of bloodsupply of the laryngeal part of the pharynx were studied in 100 corpses of different sex and age. It has been established that the fronto-lateral divisions of the laryngeal part of the pharynx are supplied with blood by pharyngeal branches of the superior and inferior paryngeal arteries. Ligation of the pharyngeal arteries during laryngectomy prior to their entering the larynx, i. e. before the divergence of the pharyngeal branches from them, as conventional, causes restriction of supply of these parts and can contribute to disjunction of the pharyngeal suture. The trunks of laryngeal arteries with their pharyngeal branches should be preserved, if possible. The posterior wall of the laryngeal part of the pharynx is divided into three zones depending on the main arterial sources (the ascending pharyngeal, superior and inferior thyroid arteries).", "contents": "[Arterial blood supply to the laryngeal part of the pharynx]. The sources, anastomoses and variations of bloodsupply of the laryngeal part of the pharynx were studied in 100 corpses of different sex and age. It has been established that the fronto-lateral divisions of the laryngeal part of the pharynx are supplied with blood by pharyngeal branches of the superior and inferior paryngeal arteries. Ligation of the pharyngeal arteries during laryngectomy prior to their entering the larynx, i. e. before the divergence of the pharyngeal branches from them, as conventional, causes restriction of supply of these parts and can contribute to disjunction of the pharyngeal suture. The trunks of laryngeal arteries with their pharyngeal branches should be preserved, if possible. The posterior wall of the laryngeal part of the pharynx is divided into three zones depending on the main arterial sources (the ascending pharyngeal, superior and inferior thyroid arteries).", "PMID": 1030945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5517", "title": "[Anatomic transformation of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine following immunization].", "content": "The experimental investigation of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine after immunization was performed in 15 rabbits. Ten rabbits were taken as control. The rabbits were immunized by administration of kidney antigen with the complete Freund adjuvant. The animals were killed on the 7-8th days after two cycles of immunization, three injections in each cycle. The interval between the injections was three days, between the cycles - one month. Polychrome injection of arteries and veins was made. The lymphatic bed was filled with Gerota's mass. The chylus sinuses, lymph capillaries and vessels of experimental animals were found to be dilated 2-6 times as compared with normal. There appear many blind processes on the walls of lymph capillaries and vessels. Intraorganic lymphatic pathways were more dilated as compared with extraorganic. The ileum was found to be more reactive in immunization than other two parts of the small intestine.", "contents": "[Anatomic transformation of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine following immunization]. The experimental investigation of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine after immunization was performed in 15 rabbits. Ten rabbits were taken as control. The rabbits were immunized by administration of kidney antigen with the complete Freund adjuvant. The animals were killed on the 7-8th days after two cycles of immunization, three injections in each cycle. The interval between the injections was three days, between the cycles - one month. Polychrome injection of arteries and veins was made. The lymphatic bed was filled with Gerota's mass. The chylus sinuses, lymph capillaries and vessels of experimental animals were found to be dilated 2-6 times as compared with normal. There appear many blind processes on the walls of lymph capillaries and vessels. Intraorganic lymphatic pathways were more dilated as compared with extraorganic. The ileum was found to be more reactive in immunization than other two parts of the small intestine.", "PMID": 1030946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5518", "title": "[Linear dimensions of the lamina of the tectum mesencephali during human ontogenesis].", "content": "The dynamics of the establishment of linear dimensions of the lamina of tectum mesencephali in ontogenesis was studied in 145 preparations of human brain. The investigation was performed with by the M. M. Sauliak-Savitskaja apparatus (1953). The obtained data were processed by the method of mathematical analysis. The relief of the superior colliculi was found to be formed earlier than that of the inferior colliculi. The linear dimensions of both colliculi are practically equal to those of adult men during the third year of life. No correlative relationship between the sex of the objects under study and the linear dimensions of the lamina of tectum mesencephali was found as well as between thr right and left parts of the lamina tecti. The linear dimensions of it in all age groups are very variable.", "contents": "[Linear dimensions of the lamina of the tectum mesencephali during human ontogenesis]. The dynamics of the establishment of linear dimensions of the lamina of tectum mesencephali in ontogenesis was studied in 145 preparations of human brain. The investigation was performed with by the M. M. Sauliak-Savitskaja apparatus (1953). The obtained data were processed by the method of mathematical analysis. The relief of the superior colliculi was found to be formed earlier than that of the inferior colliculi. The linear dimensions of both colliculi are practically equal to those of adult men during the third year of life. No correlative relationship between the sex of the objects under study and the linear dimensions of the lamina of tectum mesencephali was found as well as between thr right and left parts of the lamina tecti. The linear dimensions of it in all age groups are very variable.", "PMID": 1030947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5519", "title": "[Features of the structural organization of the dolphin (Phocaena phocaena) lateral geniculate body in comparison to other dolphins].", "content": "The work describes a new for dolphins type of the cytoarchitectonic organization and topographo-anatomical features of the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body found in the dolphin Phocaena phocaena. In dolphins only the alveolar type of organization of the formation in question had been known which was principally different from the laminar and nuclear types characteristic of the terrestrial mammals. The Phocaena phocaena proved to have the nuclear type of organization of the external geniculate body, as well as in certain mammals. In addition, a fact of a sharp quantitative diminution of the external geniculate body as compared with other dolphins has been revealed which is of interest for the physiology of vision. This fact is of significance showing the total amount of nerve cells in the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body of the Phocaena phocaena to be equal to 6,6% as compared with the white-sided dolphin. Since the above diminution proved to be selective and did not take place in the anterior tuber of the quadrigeminum, the author puts forward the idea that a considerably less afferentation comes to the visual cortex of the Phocaena phocaena than to that of other dolphins, due to some, yet unknown, restriction of the visual function.", "contents": "[Features of the structural organization of the dolphin (Phocaena phocaena) lateral geniculate body in comparison to other dolphins]. The work describes a new for dolphins type of the cytoarchitectonic organization and topographo-anatomical features of the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body found in the dolphin Phocaena phocaena. In dolphins only the alveolar type of organization of the formation in question had been known which was principally different from the laminar and nuclear types characteristic of the terrestrial mammals. The Phocaena phocaena proved to have the nuclear type of organization of the external geniculate body, as well as in certain mammals. In addition, a fact of a sharp quantitative diminution of the external geniculate body as compared with other dolphins has been revealed which is of interest for the physiology of vision. This fact is of significance showing the total amount of nerve cells in the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body of the Phocaena phocaena to be equal to 6,6% as compared with the white-sided dolphin. Since the above diminution proved to be selective and did not take place in the anterior tuber of the quadrigeminum, the author puts forward the idea that a considerably less afferentation comes to the visual cortex of the Phocaena phocaena than to that of other dolphins, due to some, yet unknown, restriction of the visual function.", "PMID": 1030948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5520", "title": "[Nuclei and fields of the rabbit hypothalamus].", "content": "Common features and distinctions in the structure of certain fields of the rabbit hypothalamus were established on the basis of cytoarchitectonical and cytological analysis. It has been shown that there are three types of nerve cells in the nuclei and fields of the hypothalamus which can be referred to somato-, cyto- and karyochromic elements of the nervous system in accordance with the Nissl classification. All the cellular structures of the hypothalamus can be divided into heteromorphic and isomorphic types. The medial and lateral hypothalamic fields of all the rostro-caudal length of the hypothalamus are referred to the first type. The hypothalamic nuclei occupying its basal part are referred to the second type. On the basis of the obtained data concerning the neuronal composition of the fields and nuclei of the hypothalamus, it can be divided into three zones: the medial zone, including 3 medial hypothalamic fields disposed along the 3d ventricle; the lateral zone comprizing two a lateral hypothalamic fields occupying its lateral parts along its all length and the basal zone including hypothalamic nuclei disposed mainly in the ventral part of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Nuclei and fields of the rabbit hypothalamus]. Common features and distinctions in the structure of certain fields of the rabbit hypothalamus were established on the basis of cytoarchitectonical and cytological analysis. It has been shown that there are three types of nerve cells in the nuclei and fields of the hypothalamus which can be referred to somato-, cyto- and karyochromic elements of the nervous system in accordance with the Nissl classification. All the cellular structures of the hypothalamus can be divided into heteromorphic and isomorphic types. The medial and lateral hypothalamic fields of all the rostro-caudal length of the hypothalamus are referred to the first type. The hypothalamic nuclei occupying its basal part are referred to the second type. On the basis of the obtained data concerning the neuronal composition of the fields and nuclei of the hypothalamus, it can be divided into three zones: the medial zone, including 3 medial hypothalamic fields disposed along the 3d ventricle; the lateral zone comprizing two a lateral hypothalamic fields occupying its lateral parts along its all length and the basal zone including hypothalamic nuclei disposed mainly in the ventral part of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1030949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5521", "title": "Chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 with special reference to the extent of interpeptide cross-linking.", "content": "The chemical structure of the cell wall peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 was studied. Estimation of cross linkages between peptide subunits in the peptidoglycan by dinitrophenylation showed that about 30% of the total 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm) residues were involved in cross linkages. The presence of interpeptide bridges was also demonstrated by isolating bisdisaccharide peptide subunit dimers from Chalaropsis muramidase digests of the cell wall peptidoglycan by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange column chromatography, although most of the building blocks obtained were uncross-linked disaccharide peptide monomers. The chain length of a glycan moiety of the peptidoglycan obtained by treatment with the L-11 enzyme and gel filtration of the digest was also studied. The chain length varied from 7 to 44, but 30% of the glycan fragments had muramic acid at the reducing end and a chain length of 28 to 44. In conformity with the above structural study it was demonstrated that a particulate enzyme fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of a sonicated preparation of V. parahaemolyticus catalyzed a penicillin-sensitive transpeptidation reaction, using UDP-MurNAc-14C-pentapeptide and UDP-GlcNAc as substrates.", "contents": "Chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 with special reference to the extent of interpeptide cross-linking. The chemical structure of the cell wall peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 was studied. Estimation of cross linkages between peptide subunits in the peptidoglycan by dinitrophenylation showed that about 30% of the total 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm) residues were involved in cross linkages. The presence of interpeptide bridges was also demonstrated by isolating bisdisaccharide peptide subunit dimers from Chalaropsis muramidase digests of the cell wall peptidoglycan by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange column chromatography, although most of the building blocks obtained were uncross-linked disaccharide peptide monomers. The chain length of a glycan moiety of the peptidoglycan obtained by treatment with the L-11 enzyme and gel filtration of the digest was also studied. The chain length varied from 7 to 44, but 30% of the glycan fragments had muramic acid at the reducing end and a chain length of 28 to 44. In conformity with the above structural study it was demonstrated that a particulate enzyme fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of a sonicated preparation of V. parahaemolyticus catalyzed a penicillin-sensitive transpeptidation reaction, using UDP-MurNAc-14C-pentapeptide and UDP-GlcNAc as substrates.", "PMID": 1030950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5522", "title": "Effect of prolonged trifluoperazine, imipramine and haloperidol administration on serum cholesterol. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "As a result of prolonged intragastric administration of trifluoperazine (TFZ) and imipramine in rabbits, a significant rise in serum cholesterol was observed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Haloperidol was ineffective. Hypercholesterolemia produced by TFZ was not associated with increased estriol excretion in urine. Histochemical examination of aorta of TFZ-treated animals showed positive 'Schultz's reaction' for cholesterol, suggesting a possible causal relationship between TFZ-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged trifluoperazine, imipramine and haloperidol administration on serum cholesterol. An experimental study in rabbits. As a result of prolonged intragastric administration of trifluoperazine (TFZ) and imipramine in rabbits, a significant rise in serum cholesterol was observed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Haloperidol was ineffective. Hypercholesterolemia produced by TFZ was not associated with increased estriol excretion in urine. Histochemical examination of aorta of TFZ-treated animals showed positive 'Schultz's reaction' for cholesterol, suggesting a possible causal relationship between TFZ-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherogenesis.", "PMID": 1031212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5523", "title": "Protection of carrageenin edema and trypsin hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin by naphthylthiosemicarbazides and their cyclized oxadiazoles.", "content": "Seven 1-(naphth-1-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides were synthesized and cyclized to the corresponding 2-(naphth-1-ylmethyl)-5-arylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. All compounds, with the exception of two slbstituted oxadiazoles, possessed low anti-inflammatory activity. The protection afforded by these compounds against carrageen-in-induced edema ranged from 3 to 43% where cyclization, in general, decreased anti-inflammatory activity. All compounds (1 mM), possessed antiproteolytic activity where in vitro protection of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, in most cases was greater with oxadiazoles.", "contents": "Protection of carrageenin edema and trypsin hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin by naphthylthiosemicarbazides and their cyclized oxadiazoles. Seven 1-(naphth-1-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides were synthesized and cyclized to the corresponding 2-(naphth-1-ylmethyl)-5-arylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. All compounds, with the exception of two slbstituted oxadiazoles, possessed low anti-inflammatory activity. The protection afforded by these compounds against carrageen-in-induced edema ranged from 3 to 43% where cyclization, in general, decreased anti-inflammatory activity. All compounds (1 mM), possessed antiproteolytic activity where in vitro protection of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, in most cases was greater with oxadiazoles.", "PMID": 1031213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5524", "title": "The effect of diftalone on collagen and glycosaminoglycans metabolism.", "content": "Diftalone showed a distinct inhibition effect on the collagen formation in sponge granuloma as well as in chick embryos articular cartilage. The inhibitory effect was expressed even in corneal and articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAG) sulphation and GAG formation in granulation tissue. According to our previous results diftalone showed a similar inhibition of collagen and GAG biosynthesis as other effective antirheumatic drugs.", "contents": "The effect of diftalone on collagen and glycosaminoglycans metabolism. Diftalone showed a distinct inhibition effect on the collagen formation in sponge granuloma as well as in chick embryos articular cartilage. The inhibitory effect was expressed even in corneal and articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAG) sulphation and GAG formation in granulation tissue. According to our previous results diftalone showed a similar inhibition of collagen and GAG biosynthesis as other effective antirheumatic drugs.", "PMID": 1031214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5525", "title": "The lymphocytic absorption of p,p'-DDT and some structurally-related compounds in the rat.", "content": "The lymphatic absorption of a series of 14C-labelled compounds structurally related to p,p'-DDT has been examined in thoracic duct-cannulated rats. The compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p-DDT, P,P'-DDD, p,p-DDD, DDE, DDA and 2,4-D) varied markedly in lipid solubility, as well as in extent of lymphatic absorption, urinary and biliary excretion, and localization in body fat. More than 12% of the dose was recovered in 24-hour thoracic duct lymph of rats treated with the p,p'- and o,p-isomers of DDT and DDD and with DDE, and this percentage was increased by concomitant fat absorption. A strict parallel between lipid solubility and lymphatic absorption was not observed in this series of compounds, possibly because of differences in their rates and routes of excretion.", "contents": "The lymphocytic absorption of p,p'-DDT and some structurally-related compounds in the rat. The lymphatic absorption of a series of 14C-labelled compounds structurally related to p,p'-DDT has been examined in thoracic duct-cannulated rats. The compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p-DDT, P,P'-DDD, p,p-DDD, DDE, DDA and 2,4-D) varied markedly in lipid solubility, as well as in extent of lymphatic absorption, urinary and biliary excretion, and localization in body fat. More than 12% of the dose was recovered in 24-hour thoracic duct lymph of rats treated with the p,p'- and o,p-isomers of DDT and DDD and with DDE, and this percentage was increased by concomitant fat absorption. A strict parallel between lipid solubility and lymphatic absorption was not observed in this series of compounds, possibly because of differences in their rates and routes of excretion.", "PMID": 1031215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5526", "title": "Displacement of albumin-bound antimicrobial agents by bilirubin.", "content": "The ability of bilirubin to displace antimicrobial agents from their binding sites on albumin was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillins and cephalosporins of different degrees of protein binding were tested. It was found that bilirubin reduced the protein binding of all four classes of antimicrobial agents, although by varying degrees. This effect was most pronounced with the compounds which had the highest degree of protein binding, such as cloxacillin, cephazolin, methacycline and sulfisoxazole, all of which are bound greater than 80% by albumin. On the other hand, the drugs with less than 25% binding, such as ampicillin, cephalexine and tetracycline were not ostensibly displaced by bilirubin. Scatchard plots of the binding of sulfamethoxazole to albumin in the presence of 400 mumol/1 of bilirubin, showed that bilirubin almost completely displaced the sulfonamide molecule from the high affinity site on the albumin molecule. Reduced protein binding of drugs in hyperbilirubinemic infants may have pharmacokinetic significance.", "contents": "Displacement of albumin-bound antimicrobial agents by bilirubin. The ability of bilirubin to displace antimicrobial agents from their binding sites on albumin was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillins and cephalosporins of different degrees of protein binding were tested. It was found that bilirubin reduced the protein binding of all four classes of antimicrobial agents, although by varying degrees. This effect was most pronounced with the compounds which had the highest degree of protein binding, such as cloxacillin, cephazolin, methacycline and sulfisoxazole, all of which are bound greater than 80% by albumin. On the other hand, the drugs with less than 25% binding, such as ampicillin, cephalexine and tetracycline were not ostensibly displaced by bilirubin. Scatchard plots of the binding of sulfamethoxazole to albumin in the presence of 400 mumol/1 of bilirubin, showed that bilirubin almost completely displaced the sulfonamide molecule from the high affinity site on the albumin molecule. Reduced protein binding of drugs in hyperbilirubinemic infants may have pharmacokinetic significance.", "PMID": 1031216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5527", "title": "Inhibitory action of aliphatic alcohols on smooth muscle contraction.", "content": "The addition of 0.05-0.20 mM CaCl2 to the isolated guinea pig ileum immersed in a depolarizing (excess potassium), and calcium-free Tyrode solution produces a dose-related contraction, which is reversibly blocked by aliphatic alcohols of low molecular weight. The inhibitory potency of the alcohols increases with the length of their carbon chain, and may be due to an interference with the movement of calcium across the smooth muscle cell membrane.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of aliphatic alcohols on smooth muscle contraction. The addition of 0.05-0.20 mM CaCl2 to the isolated guinea pig ileum immersed in a depolarizing (excess potassium), and calcium-free Tyrode solution produces a dose-related contraction, which is reversibly blocked by aliphatic alcohols of low molecular weight. The inhibitory potency of the alcohols increases with the length of their carbon chain, and may be due to an interference with the movement of calcium across the smooth muscle cell membrane.", "PMID": 1031217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5528", "title": "[Angiodysplasia of the colon].", "content": "The authors present a case review of a congenital abnormality of the inferior mesenteric blood vessels which resulted in ischemia of the descending colon and rectosigmoid area. The resulting colitis is only very rarely secondary to a vascular congenital abnormality. In this case, rectosigmoidoscopy, barioum study of the large bowel and a biopsy of the rectal mucosa pointed towards the ischemic nature of the lesion. This led to the selective angiographic study of the inferior mesenteric vessels with findings of a dilated inferior mesenteric artery and angiodysplasia. Surgical treatment included tying off of the inferior mesenteric artery and resection of the descending and rectosigmoid colon followed by transverse colon-rectum anastomosis. The angiographic and histopathologic studies were of great importance in establishing the true nature of the patient's clinical syndrome. One must keep in mind that the rectosigmoidoscopic findings may be seen in other disease states which do not have a vascular origin. These include Crohn's disease, severe amoebiasis and penumatosis of the intestine.", "contents": "[Angiodysplasia of the colon]. The authors present a case review of a congenital abnormality of the inferior mesenteric blood vessels which resulted in ischemia of the descending colon and rectosigmoid area. The resulting colitis is only very rarely secondary to a vascular congenital abnormality. In this case, rectosigmoidoscopy, barioum study of the large bowel and a biopsy of the rectal mucosa pointed towards the ischemic nature of the lesion. This led to the selective angiographic study of the inferior mesenteric vessels with findings of a dilated inferior mesenteric artery and angiodysplasia. Surgical treatment included tying off of the inferior mesenteric artery and resection of the descending and rectosigmoid colon followed by transverse colon-rectum anastomosis. The angiographic and histopathologic studies were of great importance in establishing the true nature of the patient's clinical syndrome. One must keep in mind that the rectosigmoidoscopic findings may be seen in other disease states which do not have a vascular origin. These include Crohn's disease, severe amoebiasis and penumatosis of the intestine.", "PMID": 1031218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5529", "title": "[Retrograde jejuno-gastric invagination as a complication of gastric surgery].", "content": "A review of the world's medical literature concerning retrograde jejunal-gastric invagination reveals that it is a very unusual complication. It is sometimes seen following gastric surgery and presents with the clinical picture of a high intestinal occlusion. From the clinical point of view the diagnosis is difficult but the radiologic study with contrast medium is always useful. Nonetheless, thirty percent of the cases are diagnosed correctly only at autopsy. There are now 146 cases published in the literature and in all the etiologic factors are different from those observed in other types of invagination. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the prognosis and eliminate a fatal outcome, as is seen in the two cases herein presented.", "contents": "[Retrograde jejuno-gastric invagination as a complication of gastric surgery]. A review of the world's medical literature concerning retrograde jejunal-gastric invagination reveals that it is a very unusual complication. It is sometimes seen following gastric surgery and presents with the clinical picture of a high intestinal occlusion. From the clinical point of view the diagnosis is difficult but the radiologic study with contrast medium is always useful. Nonetheless, thirty percent of the cases are diagnosed correctly only at autopsy. There are now 146 cases published in the literature and in all the etiologic factors are different from those observed in other types of invagination. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the prognosis and eliminate a fatal outcome, as is seen in the two cases herein presented.", "PMID": 1031219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5530", "title": "[Cholecystocholedochal ascaridiasis].", "content": "Ascaridiasis, as shown by Stoll is one of the most frequent parasitosis the world over; in our country is very frequent and its incidence is greater in the tropical areas. The emigration of the ascari to the biliary tract is cause of obstructive jaundice and acute cholecystitis. The clinical picture sometimes is taken for the one produced by biliary lythiasis. In the two cases presented the diagnosis was made during the trans-operative period. Ascaridiasis of the biliary ducts is more frequent in women; as judged by our cases and the cases reported by L\u00f3pez Dom\u00ednguez, Laviada and Tovia. The surgical treatment in our cases was cholecystectomy and cholocostomy with good results. This entity should be kept in mind as cause of obstructive jaundice or acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "[Cholecystocholedochal ascaridiasis]. Ascaridiasis, as shown by Stoll is one of the most frequent parasitosis the world over; in our country is very frequent and its incidence is greater in the tropical areas. The emigration of the ascari to the biliary tract is cause of obstructive jaundice and acute cholecystitis. The clinical picture sometimes is taken for the one produced by biliary lythiasis. In the two cases presented the diagnosis was made during the trans-operative period. Ascaridiasis of the biliary ducts is more frequent in women; as judged by our cases and the cases reported by L\u00f3pez Dom\u00ednguez, Laviada and Tovia. The surgical treatment in our cases was cholecystectomy and cholocostomy with good results. This entity should be kept in mind as cause of obstructive jaundice or acute cholecystitis.", "PMID": 1031221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5531", "title": "[Spontaneous perforation of the bile ducts in childhood].", "content": "At the pediatric surgery service of Centro M\u00e9dico La Raza during 20 years six spontaneous perforations of biliary ducts have occurred. Two groups of causes are proposed; the first includes previous biliary ducts malformations with two sub-groups, one with great malformations as partial atresia, cystic dilatation and cystic disease of the biliary tract; the second sub-group includes weak areas. The second group has no previous pathology. Precipitating causes are infections and obstructions. Three of the six patients corresponded to duct perforation and three to gallbladder perforation; the initial diagnosis was different to biliary pathology in all the patients. Male were predominant; there was no previous pathology in any patient; this is difficult to interpret as all of them presented with important morphologic changes. Treatment possibilities are discussed comparing our experience with others'.", "contents": "[Spontaneous perforation of the bile ducts in childhood]. At the pediatric surgery service of Centro M\u00e9dico La Raza during 20 years six spontaneous perforations of biliary ducts have occurred. Two groups of causes are proposed; the first includes previous biliary ducts malformations with two sub-groups, one with great malformations as partial atresia, cystic dilatation and cystic disease of the biliary tract; the second sub-group includes weak areas. The second group has no previous pathology. Precipitating causes are infections and obstructions. Three of the six patients corresponded to duct perforation and three to gallbladder perforation; the initial diagnosis was different to biliary pathology in all the patients. Male were predominant; there was no previous pathology in any patient; this is difficult to interpret as all of them presented with important morphologic changes. Treatment possibilities are discussed comparing our experience with others'.", "PMID": 1031222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5532", "title": "Spermatogenesis in free living mite, Pergamasus viator Hala\u015d. (Parasitidae, Mesostigmata). II. Spermiogenesis.", "content": "The paper presents the results of ultrastructural studies on the spermiogenesis in the mite, Pergamasus viator Hala\u015dkova. The cysts containing 16 spermatids per cyst, are localized in the anterior part of the saccular gonad. The process of spermatid maturation has been divided into three stages: of the early spermatid, middle spermatid and late spermatid. The modifications of spermatid occuring during the spermiogenesis include: a change of cell shape, modifications of its organelles and formation of new structures like the superficial layer of cellular processes, striated bodies, granular bodies, flattened cisternae and canaliculi, central canaliculi, and stiff bands. Within the nucleus the chromatin condenses to threads or lamellae, to form subsequently several electron-dense granules. The remaining nucleoplasm is filled with an electron-dense material, which appears in the middle spermatid and gradually accumulates. The above modifications occuring in the course of spermiogenesis and their relation to the data available from the literature concerning the spermatogenesis of allied groups of animals are discussed in length.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis in free living mite, Pergamasus viator Hala\u015d. (Parasitidae, Mesostigmata). II. Spermiogenesis. The paper presents the results of ultrastructural studies on the spermiogenesis in the mite, Pergamasus viator Hala\u015dkova. The cysts containing 16 spermatids per cyst, are localized in the anterior part of the saccular gonad. The process of spermatid maturation has been divided into three stages: of the early spermatid, middle spermatid and late spermatid. The modifications of spermatid occuring during the spermiogenesis include: a change of cell shape, modifications of its organelles and formation of new structures like the superficial layer of cellular processes, striated bodies, granular bodies, flattened cisternae and canaliculi, central canaliculi, and stiff bands. Within the nucleus the chromatin condenses to threads or lamellae, to form subsequently several electron-dense granules. The remaining nucleoplasm is filled with an electron-dense material, which appears in the middle spermatid and gradually accumulates. The above modifications occuring in the course of spermiogenesis and their relation to the data available from the literature concerning the spermatogenesis of allied groups of animals are discussed in length.", "PMID": 1031232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5533", "title": "Neuroendocrine organs of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. II. The corpora cardiaca-allata complex of the adult.", "content": "The retrocerebral endocrine organs of the adult lemon-butterfly; Papilio demoleus have been described. The organs are subaortic lying closely behind the brain. While the nervi corporis cardiaci I (NCCI) originate from the protocerebrum of the brain, the NCCII seem to take their origin in the tritocerebrum in common with another nerve named earlier as the tegumentary nerve. The corpora cardiaca (CC) and corpora allata (CA) are closely approximated to each other obliterating the nervi corporis allati (NCA) which are conspicuous in the larva of the same species. An intercardiacal bridge (ICB) connects the CC of the two sides and acts as a possible centre of distribution for the neurosecretory material (NSM) to the gut. Histological evidence suggests that the NSM inside the CC remains intraaxonal without being primarily unloaded in the organs for storage. The intrinsic secretory cell of the CC are intimately associated with the neurosecretory fibres from the brain and bear fairly thick axons. No NSM could be detected in the CA of this insect.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine organs of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. II. The corpora cardiaca-allata complex of the adult. The retrocerebral endocrine organs of the adult lemon-butterfly; Papilio demoleus have been described. The organs are subaortic lying closely behind the brain. While the nervi corporis cardiaci I (NCCI) originate from the protocerebrum of the brain, the NCCII seem to take their origin in the tritocerebrum in common with another nerve named earlier as the tegumentary nerve. The corpora cardiaca (CC) and corpora allata (CA) are closely approximated to each other obliterating the nervi corporis allati (NCA) which are conspicuous in the larva of the same species. An intercardiacal bridge (ICB) connects the CC of the two sides and acts as a possible centre of distribution for the neurosecretory material (NSM) to the gut. Histological evidence suggests that the NSM inside the CC remains intraaxonal without being primarily unloaded in the organs for storage. The intrinsic secretory cell of the CC are intimately associated with the neurosecretory fibres from the brain and bear fairly thick axons. No NSM could be detected in the CA of this insect.", "PMID": 1031233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5534", "title": "The effect of carbofuran-toxication on the chloragogen tissue of Tubifex tubifex M\u00fcll. (Oligochaeta).", "content": "Chloragogen cells, subserving ion exchange and electron accepting functions, were studied in Tubifex tubifex after insecticide treatment. Chloragogen cells were strongly influenced by in vivo carbofuran poisoning. The first alterations in the chloragogen cells became activated, both the formation and release of the chloragosomes reached a high rate. The released chloragosomes were phagocytosed by the amoebocytes. At an advanced stage of the toxication a heavy loading of the apical cytoplasm of chloragogen cells with lipid droplets, finally degenerative changes both in the chloragogen cells and amoebocytes were observed. Possible mechanisms of the carbofuran toxication and of the protective function of chloragogen cells in T. tubifex are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of carbofuran-toxication on the chloragogen tissue of Tubifex tubifex M\u00fcll. (Oligochaeta). Chloragogen cells, subserving ion exchange and electron accepting functions, were studied in Tubifex tubifex after insecticide treatment. Chloragogen cells were strongly influenced by in vivo carbofuran poisoning. The first alterations in the chloragogen cells became activated, both the formation and release of the chloragosomes reached a high rate. The released chloragosomes were phagocytosed by the amoebocytes. At an advanced stage of the toxication a heavy loading of the apical cytoplasm of chloragogen cells with lipid droplets, finally degenerative changes both in the chloragogen cells and amoebocytes were observed. Possible mechanisms of the carbofuran toxication and of the protective function of chloragogen cells in T. tubifex are discussed.", "PMID": 1031235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5535", "title": "Histology and seasonal changes in the testes of a hill-stream fish Schizothorax plagiostomus.", "content": "Histology and annual cyclic changes in the testicular activity of S. plagiostomus have been described. The reproductive cycle has been divided into eight phases. The weight and volume of the testes and GSI show correlation with each other, and increase twice in a year (September and March), indicating the existence of two spawning periods. A distinct dormant period during winter intervenes the spawning peaks. Although the testes contain mature spermatozoa during winter, spermiation remains halted until last week of February. On the return of favourable environmental conditions in March, spermiation begins again and complete depletion takes place.", "contents": "Histology and seasonal changes in the testes of a hill-stream fish Schizothorax plagiostomus. Histology and annual cyclic changes in the testicular activity of S. plagiostomus have been described. The reproductive cycle has been divided into eight phases. The weight and volume of the testes and GSI show correlation with each other, and increase twice in a year (September and March), indicating the existence of two spawning periods. A distinct dormant period during winter intervenes the spawning peaks. Although the testes contain mature spermatozoa during winter, spermiation remains halted until last week of February. On the return of favourable environmental conditions in March, spermiation begins again and complete depletion takes place.", "PMID": 1031236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5536", "title": "An electron microscope cytochemical study of calcium ion localization in the honey-bee flight muscle.", "content": "The authors studied the sarcomere ultrastructure and distribution of calcium ions in the cross striated flight muscles (longitudinal-dorsal and tergosternal) of the honey bee after being fixed in osmium tetraoxide and buffered to 7.4 pH and also according to the method of Carasso and Favard (1966). they ascertained an intensive and constant reaction to the presence of calcium on the level of myofilaments within the periphery of the sarcomeres and light and dark mitochondria. Calcium concentrations are not detectable in the Z line and M line. The authors carried out a control of the results using the method of Carasso and Favard (1966).", "contents": "An electron microscope cytochemical study of calcium ion localization in the honey-bee flight muscle. The authors studied the sarcomere ultrastructure and distribution of calcium ions in the cross striated flight muscles (longitudinal-dorsal and tergosternal) of the honey bee after being fixed in osmium tetraoxide and buffered to 7.4 pH and also according to the method of Carasso and Favard (1966). they ascertained an intensive and constant reaction to the presence of calcium on the level of myofilaments within the periphery of the sarcomeres and light and dark mitochondria. Calcium concentrations are not detectable in the Z line and M line. The authors carried out a control of the results using the method of Carasso and Favard (1966).", "PMID": 1031237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5537", "title": "Efferent connections of the nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex in the cat.", "content": "The nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus displays an integrative function. The efferent connections of this nuclear group were examined by the authors in the cat. In their work, they utilized also the earlier observations on the afferent connections of the nucleus. The nuclear complex projects to the associative fields encompassed by the visual- and the acoustic cortex without intruding into the primary cortical areas. On the other hand, its afferent connections are, apart from the associative field, also yielded by the primary visual and acoustic cortex. All this is completed by the reciprocal connections of the LP-pulvinar complex with the visual- and acoustic system, as well as between the associative areas of the cortex.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex in the cat. The nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus displays an integrative function. The efferent connections of this nuclear group were examined by the authors in the cat. In their work, they utilized also the earlier observations on the afferent connections of the nucleus. The nuclear complex projects to the associative fields encompassed by the visual- and the acoustic cortex without intruding into the primary cortical areas. On the other hand, its afferent connections are, apart from the associative field, also yielded by the primary visual and acoustic cortex. All this is completed by the reciprocal connections of the LP-pulvinar complex with the visual- and acoustic system, as well as between the associative areas of the cortex.", "PMID": 1031238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5538", "title": "The central effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-amino-butyric acid and carbachol on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (10 microgram), gamma-amino-butyric acid (20 microgram) and carbachol (1 microgram) were injected through the soft skull into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days, at the slightly subneutral ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) produced no immediate change in oxygen consumption, whereas colonic temperature fell rapidly. One hour after injecting 5-HT, when colonic temperature had decreased by about 0.5 degrees C, oxygen consumption increased and after a lag of 30--40 min was followed by an increase in colonic temperature. Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) increased oxygen consumption and colonic temperature after a latency of 30--60 min. Carbachol was followed by an immediate decrease in colonic temperature and oxygen consumption. Colonic temperature was below the pre-injection level throughout the five-hour period of observation.", "contents": "The central effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-amino-butyric acid and carbachol on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (10 microgram), gamma-amino-butyric acid (20 microgram) and carbachol (1 microgram) were injected through the soft skull into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days, at the slightly subneutral ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) produced no immediate change in oxygen consumption, whereas colonic temperature fell rapidly. One hour after injecting 5-HT, when colonic temperature had decreased by about 0.5 degrees C, oxygen consumption increased and after a lag of 30--40 min was followed by an increase in colonic temperature. Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) increased oxygen consumption and colonic temperature after a latency of 30--60 min. Carbachol was followed by an immediate decrease in colonic temperature and oxygen consumption. Colonic temperature was below the pre-injection level throughout the five-hour period of observation.", "PMID": 1031240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5539", "title": "The central effect of noradrenaline on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig.", "content": "Noradrenaline (10 microgram) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days produced a rapid increase in oxygen consumption and in colonic temperature at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. The increase was most pronounced in the youngest animals and decreased with advancing age, but was still significant at 12 days of age. Species differences and the role of ambient temperature in the responses are discussed.", "contents": "The central effect of noradrenaline on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig. Noradrenaline (10 microgram) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days produced a rapid increase in oxygen consumption and in colonic temperature at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. The increase was most pronounced in the youngest animals and decreased with advancing age, but was still significant at 12 days of age. Species differences and the role of ambient temperature in the responses are discussed.", "PMID": 1031241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5540", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the positive inotropic response of heart muscle to elevation of external Ca++-concentration, to increased driving frequency, and to paired stimulation.", "content": "Electrically driven left guinea pig atria were exposed to positive inotropic stimuli which are thought to be related to the turnover of calcium ions. For increasing contractibility, the following procedures were used: a) varying the concentration of CaCl2 in the bath fluid; b) stimulation at frequencies from 1.0 to 3.0 Hz; c) paired stimulation. Positive inotropic responses to the increase of the rate of stimulation and to paired stimulation were not affected by 0.1 microgram/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX). This excludes the adrenergic contribution to the positive inotropic effects observed. Actions of the positive inotropic stimuli were studied both in the absence and in the presence of 0.1--1.0--10.0--1000.0 ng/ml of PGE1-PGE1 in the highest concentration used increased contractile force. The inotropic stimulus-response curves were not affected by PGE1 at any concentration. This finding suggests there is no interaction between Ca ions and PGE1 in the contractile mechanism of the guinea pig heart muscle.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the positive inotropic response of heart muscle to elevation of external Ca++-concentration, to increased driving frequency, and to paired stimulation. Electrically driven left guinea pig atria were exposed to positive inotropic stimuli which are thought to be related to the turnover of calcium ions. For increasing contractibility, the following procedures were used: a) varying the concentration of CaCl2 in the bath fluid; b) stimulation at frequencies from 1.0 to 3.0 Hz; c) paired stimulation. Positive inotropic responses to the increase of the rate of stimulation and to paired stimulation were not affected by 0.1 microgram/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX). This excludes the adrenergic contribution to the positive inotropic effects observed. Actions of the positive inotropic stimuli were studied both in the absence and in the presence of 0.1--1.0--10.0--1000.0 ng/ml of PGE1-PGE1 in the highest concentration used increased contractile force. The inotropic stimulus-response curves were not affected by PGE1 at any concentration. This finding suggests there is no interaction between Ca ions and PGE1 in the contractile mechanism of the guinea pig heart muscle.", "PMID": 1031242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5541", "title": "Factors influencing the urinary fluoride level in subjects drinking fluoride-poor waters.", "content": "The influence on the urinary F level of the short-term consumption of drinking water of 1 mg/litre fluoride content, of the ingestion of low (1.0 to 2.0 mg) and higher (7.0 and 8.0 mg) fluoride doses and of tea has been studied. Excess fluoride is rapidly excreted with urine, and may disturb the results of urinary fluoride estimation. The urinary F level responds sensitively to the ingestion of fluorine.", "contents": "Factors influencing the urinary fluoride level in subjects drinking fluoride-poor waters. The influence on the urinary F level of the short-term consumption of drinking water of 1 mg/litre fluoride content, of the ingestion of low (1.0 to 2.0 mg) and higher (7.0 and 8.0 mg) fluoride doses and of tea has been studied. Excess fluoride is rapidly excreted with urine, and may disturb the results of urinary fluoride estimation. The urinary F level responds sensitively to the ingestion of fluorine.", "PMID": 1031243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5542", "title": "Effect of drinking waters of high fluorine content on the urinary fluoride level.", "content": "The urinary fluoride level has been studied in 307 subjects consuming drinking waters of different fluoride concentrations. The urinary fluoride level was found to increase with the fluoride content of the drinking water. The urinary F level of the population group drinking water of optimum fluoride concentration was 1.14 mg of fluoride per litre. Thus, in regions where the drinking water contains an insufficient amount of fluoride, the fluoride content of domestic salt must be adjusted so as to ensure an about 1.14 mg/litre urinary F level of the population.", "contents": "Effect of drinking waters of high fluorine content on the urinary fluoride level. The urinary fluoride level has been studied in 307 subjects consuming drinking waters of different fluoride concentrations. The urinary fluoride level was found to increase with the fluoride content of the drinking water. The urinary F level of the population group drinking water of optimum fluoride concentration was 1.14 mg of fluoride per litre. Thus, in regions where the drinking water contains an insufficient amount of fluoride, the fluoride content of domestic salt must be adjusted so as to ensure an about 1.14 mg/litre urinary F level of the population.", "PMID": 1031244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5543", "title": "Urinary fluoride levels of population groups consuming salts different in fluoride concentration.", "content": "The effect of urinary level of a prolonged consumption of table salts containing 200, 250 or 350 mg/kg of fluoride has been studied. Urinary F concentration was increasing with all the three kinds of salt. In the group of consumers using 200 and 250 mg F/kg salt the equilibrium has been reached, but the urinary F level was still below that observed in populations who are drinking water of 1 mg/l F concentration. The equilibrium in the 2--14-year age groups consuming 350 mg F/kg salt could not yet set in. It is concluded that even a mixture of 350 mg F/kg is not in excess of the optimum and is far from the tolerated limit. Thus, this latter mixture may be used for caries prevention in areas with F-deficient drinking water, although it may be still less than the optimum.", "contents": "Urinary fluoride levels of population groups consuming salts different in fluoride concentration. The effect of urinary level of a prolonged consumption of table salts containing 200, 250 or 350 mg/kg of fluoride has been studied. Urinary F concentration was increasing with all the three kinds of salt. In the group of consumers using 200 and 250 mg F/kg salt the equilibrium has been reached, but the urinary F level was still below that observed in populations who are drinking water of 1 mg/l F concentration. The equilibrium in the 2--14-year age groups consuming 350 mg F/kg salt could not yet set in. It is concluded that even a mixture of 350 mg F/kg is not in excess of the optimum and is far from the tolerated limit. Thus, this latter mixture may be used for caries prevention in areas with F-deficient drinking water, although it may be still less than the optimum.", "PMID": 1031245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5544", "title": "Concentration dependence of the veratrine effect on inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in skeletal muscle.", "content": "The concentration dependence of the effect of veratrine in inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in the frog sartorius muscle has been studied. (1) On increasing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the latency period of the development of membrane potential oscillation and depolarization is proportionally shortened. (2) On changing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the magnitude of depolarization is raised logarithmically. (3) When the veratrine concentration reaches 0.05-0.1 mM, both the amplitude and the frequency of the membrane potential oscillation increase. On rising to 1 mM, a further increase in frequency to eight-fold occurs especially in the later phase of oscillation. At this concentration range, the amplitude of oscillation inversely proportional to the concentration of veratrine. (4) On increasing the veratrine concentration above 0.1 mM, the membrane potential oscillation ceases after a temporary rise of frequency. This inhibitory effect of veratrine is, however, reversible, and oscillations appear again, despite the absence of veratrine in Ringer's solution. This also proves the persistance of the veratrine effect.", "contents": "Concentration dependence of the veratrine effect on inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in skeletal muscle. The concentration dependence of the effect of veratrine in inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in the frog sartorius muscle has been studied. (1) On increasing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the latency period of the development of membrane potential oscillation and depolarization is proportionally shortened. (2) On changing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the magnitude of depolarization is raised logarithmically. (3) When the veratrine concentration reaches 0.05-0.1 mM, both the amplitude and the frequency of the membrane potential oscillation increase. On rising to 1 mM, a further increase in frequency to eight-fold occurs especially in the later phase of oscillation. At this concentration range, the amplitude of oscillation inversely proportional to the concentration of veratrine. (4) On increasing the veratrine concentration above 0.1 mM, the membrane potential oscillation ceases after a temporary rise of frequency. This inhibitory effect of veratrine is, however, reversible, and oscillations appear again, despite the absence of veratrine in Ringer's solution. This also proves the persistance of the veratrine effect.", "PMID": 1031246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5545", "title": "Effect of intraventricular oxytocin and vasopressin on self-stimulation in rats.", "content": "Oxytocin (500 mu u) and vasopressin (50 mu u) were injected into the lateral ventricle and its effect on hypothalamic self-stimulation has been studied. Oxytocin increased, while vasopressin decreased the self-stimulation rate tested 10-20 min following application. The hypothalamic and mesencephalic serotonin content decreased slightly while plasma corticosterone content did not change 20 min after oxytocin and vasopressin administration compared to the injected control animals. The data suggest that vasopressin and oxytocin have an opposite effect on self-stimulation and this action is not mediated through the brain serotoninergic or pituitary-adrenocortical axis.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular oxytocin and vasopressin on self-stimulation in rats. Oxytocin (500 mu u) and vasopressin (50 mu u) were injected into the lateral ventricle and its effect on hypothalamic self-stimulation has been studied. Oxytocin increased, while vasopressin decreased the self-stimulation rate tested 10-20 min following application. The hypothalamic and mesencephalic serotonin content decreased slightly while plasma corticosterone content did not change 20 min after oxytocin and vasopressin administration compared to the injected control animals. The data suggest that vasopressin and oxytocin have an opposite effect on self-stimulation and this action is not mediated through the brain serotoninergic or pituitary-adrenocortical axis.", "PMID": 1031247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5546", "title": "Benign adenomatous neoplasm (adenoma) of the middle ear.", "content": "This presentation is a study of the pathogenesis, clinical behaviour and therapeutic response of 20 cases of a primary adenomatous neoplasm confined to the middle ear cleft. The investigation supported origin of the tumour from the middle ear mucosal epithelium. Clinical behaviour was that of a benign, localized, non-metastasizing neoplasm. Simple localized surgical removal of the tumour afforded an excellent prognosis in all cases. The designation of the tumour entity as adenoma of middle ear is proposed.", "contents": "Benign adenomatous neoplasm (adenoma) of the middle ear. This presentation is a study of the pathogenesis, clinical behaviour and therapeutic response of 20 cases of a primary adenomatous neoplasm confined to the middle ear cleft. The investigation supported origin of the tumour from the middle ear mucosal epithelium. Clinical behaviour was that of a benign, localized, non-metastasizing neoplasm. Simple localized surgical removal of the tumour afforded an excellent prognosis in all cases. The designation of the tumour entity as adenoma of middle ear is proposed.", "PMID": 1031337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5547", "title": "Aspirin idiosyncrasy in patients admitted for nasal polypectomy.", "content": "Investigation of 100 consecutive patients admitted for nasal polypectomy revealed only 3 patients with aspirin idiosyncrasy and asthma. It is important that this combination be recognized but fortunately this can be done by the history. Incidental findings were that nasal polypi are much commoner in men and that the incidence of atopy was the same as that in the general population.", "contents": "Aspirin idiosyncrasy in patients admitted for nasal polypectomy. Investigation of 100 consecutive patients admitted for nasal polypectomy revealed only 3 patients with aspirin idiosyncrasy and asthma. It is important that this combination be recognized but fortunately this can be done by the history. Incidental findings were that nasal polypi are much commoner in men and that the incidence of atopy was the same as that in the general population.", "PMID": 1031338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5548", "title": "Anaesthesia for electrocochleography.", "content": "Until recently Ketamine has been the anaesthetic most commonly used for electrocochleography. It was believed that the use of a conventional anaesthetic machine would produce artifacts in the recordings but experience has shown that this is not the case; in fact quieter tracings are obtained due to the abolition of muscle potentials. Ketamine is preferred for children under 3 years old but the others receive a general inhalation anaesthetic. The intramuscular route is chosen for the administration of Ketamine in order to minimize the occurrence of hallucinations in the recovery period. Consistent results have been obtained with a dosage related to the metabolic rate of the child. One milligram of Ketamine is administered for each 35 cm2 of surface area. General inhalation anaesthesia is given by a semiopen circuit and an oral endotracheal tube is used. Induction is with methohexitone or nitrous oxide and halothane, and maintenance is also with nitrous oxide and halothane. The main drawback is pollution of the atmosphere of the sound-proofed testing room with halothane. This has been overcome by ducting the expired gases outside the room using an Enderby valve.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for electrocochleography. Until recently Ketamine has been the anaesthetic most commonly used for electrocochleography. It was believed that the use of a conventional anaesthetic machine would produce artifacts in the recordings but experience has shown that this is not the case; in fact quieter tracings are obtained due to the abolition of muscle potentials. Ketamine is preferred for children under 3 years old but the others receive a general inhalation anaesthetic. The intramuscular route is chosen for the administration of Ketamine in order to minimize the occurrence of hallucinations in the recovery period. Consistent results have been obtained with a dosage related to the metabolic rate of the child. One milligram of Ketamine is administered for each 35 cm2 of surface area. General inhalation anaesthesia is given by a semiopen circuit and an oral endotracheal tube is used. Induction is with methohexitone or nitrous oxide and halothane, and maintenance is also with nitrous oxide and halothane. The main drawback is pollution of the atmosphere of the sound-proofed testing room with halothane. This has been overcome by ducting the expired gases outside the room using an Enderby valve.", "PMID": 1031339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5549", "title": "Radiological bone changes produced by intraoral squamous carcinomata involving the lower alveolus.", "content": "Forty-eight per cent of patients with clinical involvement of the lower alveolus by an intraoral squamous carcinoma showed radiological evidence of bone involvement. This was usually an irregular invasive bone defect, but a smooth pressure erosion is also common. 'Floating teeth', displaced bony fragments, pathological fractures, and rarely an expanded inferior canal are less common radiological signs.", "contents": "Radiological bone changes produced by intraoral squamous carcinomata involving the lower alveolus. Forty-eight per cent of patients with clinical involvement of the lower alveolus by an intraoral squamous carcinoma showed radiological evidence of bone involvement. This was usually an irregular invasive bone defect, but a smooth pressure erosion is also common. 'Floating teeth', displaced bony fragments, pathological fractures, and rarely an expanded inferior canal are less common radiological signs.", "PMID": 1031341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5550", "title": "Myringoplasty.", "content": "Myringoplasty is a deceptively difficult procedure in which surgical finesse and experience dictate success in terms of hearing improvement as well as closure rate. In essence, it is the complete removal of epidermal ingrowth followed by the placement of a non-epithelialized graft on the medial surface of the tympanic membrane which has withstood the test of time.", "contents": "Myringoplasty. Myringoplasty is a deceptively difficult procedure in which surgical finesse and experience dictate success in terms of hearing improvement as well as closure rate. In essence, it is the complete removal of epidermal ingrowth followed by the placement of a non-epithelialized graft on the medial surface of the tympanic membrane which has withstood the test of time.", "PMID": 1031342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5551", "title": "Functional laryngectomy (cricohyoidopexy).", "content": "Two techniques of subtotal functional laryngectomy are described: cricohyoidopexy which is used for supraglottic tumours, and cricohyoidoepiglottopexy for glottic tumours. These operations have been carried out on 61 patients, with tumours too extensive to be managed by the usual partial laryngectomy. The functional results are good, and 94% of the patients have been decannulated.", "contents": "Functional laryngectomy (cricohyoidopexy). Two techniques of subtotal functional laryngectomy are described: cricohyoidopexy which is used for supraglottic tumours, and cricohyoidoepiglottopexy for glottic tumours. These operations have been carried out on 61 patients, with tumours too extensive to be managed by the usual partial laryngectomy. The functional results are good, and 94% of the patients have been decannulated.", "PMID": 1031344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5552", "title": "Observations on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig cochlea and the changes resulting from the administration of the diuretic furosemide.", "content": "An electron microscope examination of the stria vascularis of guinea pigs and the structural changes occurring after administration of furosemide has been made. The use of ruthenium-red, which stains cell coats, has shown that the atria is impermeable to the passive diffusion of material from both the endolymph and the spiral ligament. The first changes after administration of furosemide are observed 4 hours after injection; small spaces develop between the cells. After 5--6 hours the spaces have enlarged but the tight junctions between marginal cells remain intact. The intermediate cells show signs of atrophy. In severely affected animals the intermediate cells have so shrunk that the spaces are very large and the marginal cells clearly resolved. These latter cells show no structural damage. In this severely affected tissue it is seen that the blood vessels are entirely surrounded by marginal cell extensions. It is suggested that the intermediate cells may have a regulatory function. The damage appears to be recoverable, since 6 hours after injection the spaces have decreased in size although some signs of intermediate cell atrophy are still apparent.", "contents": "Observations on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig cochlea and the changes resulting from the administration of the diuretic furosemide. An electron microscope examination of the stria vascularis of guinea pigs and the structural changes occurring after administration of furosemide has been made. The use of ruthenium-red, which stains cell coats, has shown that the atria is impermeable to the passive diffusion of material from both the endolymph and the spiral ligament. The first changes after administration of furosemide are observed 4 hours after injection; small spaces develop between the cells. After 5--6 hours the spaces have enlarged but the tight junctions between marginal cells remain intact. The intermediate cells show signs of atrophy. In severely affected animals the intermediate cells have so shrunk that the spaces are very large and the marginal cells clearly resolved. These latter cells show no structural damage. In this severely affected tissue it is seen that the blood vessels are entirely surrounded by marginal cell extensions. It is suggested that the intermediate cells may have a regulatory function. The damage appears to be recoverable, since 6 hours after injection the spaces have decreased in size although some signs of intermediate cell atrophy are still apparent.", "PMID": 1031348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5553", "title": "Multiple sclerosis. The value of clinical vestibular examination.", "content": "A clinical vestibular examination was carried out on 82 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) selected on McAlpine's criteria. Spontaneous nystagmus, positional nystagmus or pathological caloric test were found in 49 (60%) patients. Pathological horizontal optokinetic nystagmus occurred in 47 (57%) patients. In 36 cases horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was pathological to both sides, in 28 cases combined with a pathological vertical optokinetic nystagmus, indicative of diffuse intracerebral lesions. Lesions in the central vestibular system and in the optokinetic pathways were frequently discovered in early or atypical cases of MS.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis. The value of clinical vestibular examination. A clinical vestibular examination was carried out on 82 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) selected on McAlpine's criteria. Spontaneous nystagmus, positional nystagmus or pathological caloric test were found in 49 (60%) patients. Pathological horizontal optokinetic nystagmus occurred in 47 (57%) patients. In 36 cases horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was pathological to both sides, in 28 cases combined with a pathological vertical optokinetic nystagmus, indicative of diffuse intracerebral lesions. Lesions in the central vestibular system and in the optokinetic pathways were frequently discovered in early or atypical cases of MS.", "PMID": 1031349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5554", "title": "A facial fatigability test: a method for detecting 'latent' facial motor lesions by fatigability.", "content": "This is a simple test for the early recognition of a clinically 'latent' facial motor lesion, which detects the difference in fatigability between the two sides of the peri-oral musculature. Fatigue is produced by the patient's effort to maintain maximal contraction against lateral traction of the angles of the mouth by two weighted hooks. Fatigue is expressed as the distance between the midline of the philtrum and a mark on each hook. Distance plotted against time gives a 'facial fatigue curve'. In the authors ' experience the test has revealed pathological fatigability in 8 cases, 2 intrameatal and 4 large acoustic neuromas--1 of the four not yet confirmed by surgery--and 2 inflammatory processes in the internal auditory meatus, but failed in 1 of intrameatal acoustic neuroma.", "contents": "A facial fatigability test: a method for detecting 'latent' facial motor lesions by fatigability. This is a simple test for the early recognition of a clinically 'latent' facial motor lesion, which detects the difference in fatigability between the two sides of the peri-oral musculature. Fatigue is produced by the patient's effort to maintain maximal contraction against lateral traction of the angles of the mouth by two weighted hooks. Fatigue is expressed as the distance between the midline of the philtrum and a mark on each hook. Distance plotted against time gives a 'facial fatigue curve'. In the authors ' experience the test has revealed pathological fatigability in 8 cases, 2 intrameatal and 4 large acoustic neuromas--1 of the four not yet confirmed by surgery--and 2 inflammatory processes in the internal auditory meatus, but failed in 1 of intrameatal acoustic neuroma.", "PMID": 1031350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5555", "title": "Pulmonary complications following supraglottic laryngectomy.", "content": "Supraglottic laryngectomy has been generally assumed to protect the patient from aspiration changes in the lungs. This paper details a retrospective survey, the results of which suggest that respiratory infections are common after supraglottic laryngectomy and that pneumonia is a fairly common cause of death. The need for prolonged follow-up after this operation is emphasized.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications following supraglottic laryngectomy. Supraglottic laryngectomy has been generally assumed to protect the patient from aspiration changes in the lungs. This paper details a retrospective survey, the results of which suggest that respiratory infections are common after supraglottic laryngectomy and that pneumonia is a fairly common cause of death. The need for prolonged follow-up after this operation is emphasized.", "PMID": 1031351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5556", "title": "Age-dependent distribution of isoamylases in human parotid saliva.", "content": "The number of isoamylases present in parotid saliva from 53 healthy men and women of different ages was determined. A basic pattern of 6 isoamylases was evident in all samples. With increasing age, an increasing number of additional isoenzymes was observed which migrated faster towards the anode. These 'fast isoamylases' are derived from the basic isoenzymes by deamidation. The significance of deamidation of proteins as age increases as well as the increasing number of 'fast isoamylases' in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients are discussed.", "contents": "Age-dependent distribution of isoamylases in human parotid saliva. The number of isoamylases present in parotid saliva from 53 healthy men and women of different ages was determined. A basic pattern of 6 isoamylases was evident in all samples. With increasing age, an increasing number of additional isoenzymes was observed which migrated faster towards the anode. These 'fast isoamylases' are derived from the basic isoenzymes by deamidation. The significance of deamidation of proteins as age increases as well as the increasing number of 'fast isoamylases' in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1031352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5557", "title": "A quantitative study of microscopical changes in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of the laryngeal folds, sinus and saccule.", "content": "The folds, sinuses and saccules from III unselected larynxs removed at autopsy were examined microscopically for epithelial and subepithelial abnormalities. Squamous metaplasia and 'dysplasia' of the vestibular and vocal folds respectively, particularly the former, were commoner in men than women. Two distinct varieties of 'dysplasia' were observed, and the close relationship between 1 of them and changes, possibly of vascular origin, in the subepithelial tissues of the vocal fold suggested cause and effect.", "contents": "A quantitative study of microscopical changes in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of the laryngeal folds, sinus and saccule. The folds, sinuses and saccules from III unselected larynxs removed at autopsy were examined microscopically for epithelial and subepithelial abnormalities. Squamous metaplasia and 'dysplasia' of the vestibular and vocal folds respectively, particularly the former, were commoner in men than women. Two distinct varieties of 'dysplasia' were observed, and the close relationship between 1 of them and changes, possibly of vascular origin, in the subepithelial tissues of the vocal fold suggested cause and effect.", "PMID": 1031353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5558", "title": "The aetiology of chronic laryngitis.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with chronic laryngitis, defined as diffuse laryngeal inflammation, of an average duration of approximately 1 year, were investigated. The sex incidence was equal and the average age 45 years. Occupational factors were of minor importance, and the smoking habits of the patients were the same as those of a similar matched population. Of the haematological factors investigated, anaemia, diabetes, renal disease and syphilis were of no importance whatsoever. The most important aetiological factor was sepsis of the upper and lower respiratory tracts which was present in over half the patients.", "contents": "The aetiology of chronic laryngitis. Fifty-eight patients with chronic laryngitis, defined as diffuse laryngeal inflammation, of an average duration of approximately 1 year, were investigated. The sex incidence was equal and the average age 45 years. Occupational factors were of minor importance, and the smoking habits of the patients were the same as those of a similar matched population. Of the haematological factors investigated, anaemia, diabetes, renal disease and syphilis were of no importance whatsoever. The most important aetiological factor was sepsis of the upper and lower respiratory tracts which was present in over half the patients.", "PMID": 1031354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5559", "title": "Radical neck dissection.", "content": "Radical neck dissection was described in 1906, and the following half century saw it being increasingly accepted without any significant change. More recently a number of differing concepts have arisen. While the value of the original radical operation is established, the more recent modifications are not yet substantiated by proper trials.", "contents": "Radical neck dissection. Radical neck dissection was described in 1906, and the following half century saw it being increasingly accepted without any significant change. More recently a number of differing concepts have arisen. While the value of the original radical operation is established, the more recent modifications are not yet substantiated by proper trials.", "PMID": 1031356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5560", "title": "'Fast isoamylases' in parotid saliva of heterozygous carriers of cystic fibrosis.", "content": "An increased number of 'fast isoamylases' is found in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and their heterozygous parents who are clinically healthy. 'Fast isoamylases' are generated, at least in part, from the 6 isoamylases of the basic pattern by deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues. This basic pattern is present in the parotid saliva of all subjects we have tested so far. A shift in the equilibrium between amidation and deamidation processes is discussed in terms of its possible significance for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and for ageing.", "contents": "'Fast isoamylases' in parotid saliva of heterozygous carriers of cystic fibrosis. An increased number of 'fast isoamylases' is found in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and their heterozygous parents who are clinically healthy. 'Fast isoamylases' are generated, at least in part, from the 6 isoamylases of the basic pattern by deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues. This basic pattern is present in the parotid saliva of all subjects we have tested so far. A shift in the equilibrium between amidation and deamidation processes is discussed in terms of its possible significance for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and for ageing.", "PMID": 1031359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5561", "title": "Upper respiratory problems in the yellow nail syndrome.", "content": "A case of the Yellow Nail Syndrome is described. The characteristic nail changes were associated with pleural effusions, lymphoedema of the face and legs and upper respiratory symptoms. The finding of extremely hard ear wax has not been reported previously. A satisfactory response to combination diuretic therapy was seen. The case of recognition of the Syndrome is emphasized together with the danger of excessive investigation if the nails are not inspected. Possible mechanisms for the formation of extremely hard cerumen are discussed.", "contents": "Upper respiratory problems in the yellow nail syndrome. A case of the Yellow Nail Syndrome is described. The characteristic nail changes were associated with pleural effusions, lymphoedema of the face and legs and upper respiratory symptoms. The finding of extremely hard ear wax has not been reported previously. A satisfactory response to combination diuretic therapy was seen. The case of recognition of the Syndrome is emphasized together with the danger of excessive investigation if the nails are not inspected. Possible mechanisms for the formation of extremely hard cerumen are discussed.", "PMID": 1031360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5562", "title": "Dynamic cardiac scintigraphy with a multi-imaging device.", "content": "Cardiac kinetics can be visualized in two ways after i.v. injection of radiopharmaceutics for labeling either the myocardium or the cardiac chambers. The simpler way is the acquisition of the data in analog mode, using a multiimaging device. Thanks to a short time constant for the image advance, the cardiac cycle is divided into 16 frames, the first being triggered by the R wave of the ECG. The data of a large number of synchronized cycles are integrated on a film. This permits an almost continuous way to follow the kinetics of the studied compartments along the cycle. Several views can be registered successively. This procedure yields separately immediate information on the morphology and dynamics of the myocardium, and chambers. To evaluate quantitatively various parameters of left ventricular function a data processor is connected to the gamma camera. Examples of the two types of data are shown and demonstrate that both are useful for appreciating the value of kinetics though they are not yet accurate enough to replace in every case contrast radiologic techniques. Nevertheless, the indications for these procedures are continuously growing, due to technical progresses and the noninvasive nature of the investigation.", "contents": "Dynamic cardiac scintigraphy with a multi-imaging device. Cardiac kinetics can be visualized in two ways after i.v. injection of radiopharmaceutics for labeling either the myocardium or the cardiac chambers. The simpler way is the acquisition of the data in analog mode, using a multiimaging device. Thanks to a short time constant for the image advance, the cardiac cycle is divided into 16 frames, the first being triggered by the R wave of the ECG. The data of a large number of synchronized cycles are integrated on a film. This permits an almost continuous way to follow the kinetics of the studied compartments along the cycle. Several views can be registered successively. This procedure yields separately immediate information on the morphology and dynamics of the myocardium, and chambers. To evaluate quantitatively various parameters of left ventricular function a data processor is connected to the gamma camera. Examples of the two types of data are shown and demonstrate that both are useful for appreciating the value of kinetics though they are not yet accurate enough to replace in every case contrast radiologic techniques. Nevertheless, the indications for these procedures are continuously growing, due to technical progresses and the noninvasive nature of the investigation.", "PMID": 1031362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5563", "title": "Myocardial scintigraphy.", "content": "Results of myocardial scintigraphy in 103 individuals are reported. This test method was introduced by the authors in 1973; 131Cs chloride served the purpose of tracer. Beside a group of 17 control individuals, 63 patients with myocardial infarction, 9 with myocardiosclerosis, and 14 with other affections were tested. The normal scintigram in full-face, profile, and left half-profile positions of the patient is first described, then the typical picture of these same positions in infarctions with anterior and posterior localizations, and also in myocardiosclerosis of various origin. The valuableness of the new radioisotope test method has been duly stressed. It affords direct and precise information about the localization and the extensiveness of the morbid process which has led to cicatricial alterations in the heart muscle.", "contents": "Myocardial scintigraphy. Results of myocardial scintigraphy in 103 individuals are reported. This test method was introduced by the authors in 1973; 131Cs chloride served the purpose of tracer. Beside a group of 17 control individuals, 63 patients with myocardial infarction, 9 with myocardiosclerosis, and 14 with other affections were tested. The normal scintigram in full-face, profile, and left half-profile positions of the patient is first described, then the typical picture of these same positions in infarctions with anterior and posterior localizations, and also in myocardiosclerosis of various origin. The valuableness of the new radioisotope test method has been duly stressed. It affords direct and precise information about the localization and the extensiveness of the morbid process which has led to cicatricial alterations in the heart muscle.", "PMID": 1031363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5564", "title": "Pertechnetate uptake of joints in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A new isotopic method for evaluation of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. By use of repeated whole body profile scanning a double tracer examination with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 113mIn-transferrin was performed. Total pertechnetate activity and total indium activity were measured over both hands, both feet, the ankles, and over the knee joints. In addition, the extravascular component of pertechnetate uptake and the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity were calculated for these regions. The activity curves were followed up to 2 h after tracer injection in seven female patients presenting with rheumatoid arthritis and in six female controls. The four parameters calculated were compared and statistical analysis revealed the most significant discrimination of both groups for the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity 2 h after injection (P less than 0.002).", "contents": "Pertechnetate uptake of joints in rheumatoid arthritis. A new isotopic method for evaluation of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. By use of repeated whole body profile scanning a double tracer examination with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 113mIn-transferrin was performed. Total pertechnetate activity and total indium activity were measured over both hands, both feet, the ankles, and over the knee joints. In addition, the extravascular component of pertechnetate uptake and the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity were calculated for these regions. The activity curves were followed up to 2 h after tracer injection in seven female patients presenting with rheumatoid arthritis and in six female controls. The four parameters calculated were compared and statistical analysis revealed the most significant discrimination of both groups for the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity 2 h after injection (P less than 0.002).", "PMID": 1031364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5565", "title": "The use of technetium-99m labelled heat-damaged red cells for the quantitative measurement of splenic function.", "content": "A comparison of the rates of clearance of 51Cr labelled and 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells in 25 patients and 4 control subjects is reported. Very little correlation was found between the clearance half-times of the two types of labelled cells when the cells were labelled with 99mTc prior to heat damaging. The correlation was improved when the labelling step occurred after the cells had been damaged. Urinary excretion measurements revealed that the rate of excretion of 99mTc could be as much as nine times that of the 51Cr label. 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells were found not to be sufficiently stable a preparation for use in quantitative clearance studies.", "contents": "The use of technetium-99m labelled heat-damaged red cells for the quantitative measurement of splenic function. A comparison of the rates of clearance of 51Cr labelled and 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells in 25 patients and 4 control subjects is reported. Very little correlation was found between the clearance half-times of the two types of labelled cells when the cells were labelled with 99mTc prior to heat damaging. The correlation was improved when the labelling step occurred after the cells had been damaged. Urinary excretion measurements revealed that the rate of excretion of 99mTc could be as much as nine times that of the 51Cr label. 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells were found not to be sufficiently stable a preparation for use in quantitative clearance studies.", "PMID": 1031365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5566", "title": "A simple method of evaluating the penetrability of Spitz-Holter drains with the aid of radioisotopes.", "content": "A simple, reliable, and innocuous method is described for evaluating the penetrability of cerebrospinal shunts with the use of 99mTc O4. After introducing 25 muCi of 99mTc O4 in a volume of about 0.2 ml into Rickham's reservoir, series scintigrams in the lateral or AP direction are made with the aid of a Nuclear Chicago Pho Gamma HP Scintillation Camera. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the surgical findings. No complications have so far been observed.", "contents": "A simple method of evaluating the penetrability of Spitz-Holter drains with the aid of radioisotopes. A simple, reliable, and innocuous method is described for evaluating the penetrability of cerebrospinal shunts with the use of 99mTc O4. After introducing 25 muCi of 99mTc O4 in a volume of about 0.2 ml into Rickham's reservoir, series scintigrams in the lateral or AP direction are made with the aid of a Nuclear Chicago Pho Gamma HP Scintillation Camera. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the surgical findings. No complications have so far been observed.", "PMID": 1031366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5567", "title": "Comparative evaluation of 99mTc-generators.", "content": "A total of 34 99mTc-generators from eight different manufactures were studied in 1974 and 1975 with regard to their performance and to the quality of the eluates. With some exceptions the generators performed well and proved their ability to act as a reliable source of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Two cases of mechanical malfunction and two cases with a low elution yield of 99mTc were observed. Four generators were overloaded with 99Mo. The 99mTc-pertechnetate did in most cases fulfil the requirements of the Nordic Pharmacopeia.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of 99mTc-generators. A total of 34 99mTc-generators from eight different manufactures were studied in 1974 and 1975 with regard to their performance and to the quality of the eluates. With some exceptions the generators performed well and proved their ability to act as a reliable source of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Two cases of mechanical malfunction and two cases with a low elution yield of 99mTc were observed. Four generators were overloaded with 99Mo. The 99mTc-pertechnetate did in most cases fulfil the requirements of the Nordic Pharmacopeia.", "PMID": 1031367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5568", "title": "Studies of chemical and biological properties of 99mTc-DMS (dimercaptosuccinic acid)--renal imaging agent.", "content": "Studies of the chemistry of preparation of tin chelate 2.3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) complexed with 99mTc with respect to its biological properties have been made. We have varied molar ratio of reactants (DMS:Sn/II/), concentration of Sn-DMS chelate and pH of 99mTc-DMS injection solution and examined their influence on biodistribution. Biodynamics of labeled solution at time intervals of from 0.5 to 4 h have also been measured. Animal experiments were carried out on mice and rats. Radiochemical purity was checked by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gel-filtration through Bio-Gel P-2. A sterile, pyrogen-free lyophilized \"kit\" for labeling, stable for 6 months, was made on the basis of achieved results. The results of its clinical application are also reported.", "contents": "Studies of chemical and biological properties of 99mTc-DMS (dimercaptosuccinic acid)--renal imaging agent. Studies of the chemistry of preparation of tin chelate 2.3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) complexed with 99mTc with respect to its biological properties have been made. We have varied molar ratio of reactants (DMS:Sn/II/), concentration of Sn-DMS chelate and pH of 99mTc-DMS injection solution and examined their influence on biodistribution. Biodynamics of labeled solution at time intervals of from 0.5 to 4 h have also been measured. Animal experiments were carried out on mice and rats. Radiochemical purity was checked by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gel-filtration through Bio-Gel P-2. A sterile, pyrogen-free lyophilized \"kit\" for labeling, stable for 6 months, was made on the basis of achieved results. The results of its clinical application are also reported.", "PMID": 1031368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5569", "title": "99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine: a new renal scanning agent.", "content": "A new radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine, for renal scanning is reported. The preparation is simple and quick. It can also be adopted in the kit form. The complex has the advantage of great stability and fast clearance over earlier reported renal scanning radioagnostic agents.", "contents": "99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine: a new renal scanning agent. A new radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine, for renal scanning is reported. The preparation is simple and quick. It can also be adopted in the kit form. The complex has the advantage of great stability and fast clearance over earlier reported renal scanning radioagnostic agents.", "PMID": 1031369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5570", "title": "Radio diagnosis using 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine.", "content": "A comparative study of 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine using 144 Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, indicates that tumor affinity of carrier substances with covalent labeling could be better used for scintigraphic tumor diagnosis. Halogenated or possibly metallo-organic compounds offer an alternative to the metal complexes in general use up to now.", "contents": "Radio diagnosis using 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine. A comparative study of 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine using 144 Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, indicates that tumor affinity of carrier substances with covalent labeling could be better used for scintigraphic tumor diagnosis. Halogenated or possibly metallo-organic compounds offer an alternative to the metal complexes in general use up to now.", "PMID": 1031370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5571", "title": "Nicotine-11C: synthesis and distribution kinetics in animals.", "content": "In order to study \"in vivo\" the distribution kinetics of (-)-nicotine in animals, this molecule was labeled with carbon-11. Two synthesis methods are described. Immediately after intravenous administration of (-)-nicotine-methyl-11C in rabbits the gamma-camera shows a strong radioactivity build-up in the brain and kidneys. The biological interest of this carbon-11 labeled molecule is discussed.", "contents": "Nicotine-11C: synthesis and distribution kinetics in animals. In order to study \"in vivo\" the distribution kinetics of (-)-nicotine in animals, this molecule was labeled with carbon-11. Two synthesis methods are described. Immediately after intravenous administration of (-)-nicotine-methyl-11C in rabbits the gamma-camera shows a strong radioactivity build-up in the brain and kidneys. The biological interest of this carbon-11 labeled molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 1031371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5572", "title": "Enhancement of abnormality in gamma images using Kohonen filters.", "content": "A new method of processing digital images consists of a numerical filter which suppresses normal features producing an enhancement of the abnormality. The resulting filtered image aids the observer in the recognition of the abnormality. The filter is developed from verified normal images in the computer memory. The enhancement of pathologic accumulations with respect to surrounding activity was improved on the average by a factor of 2.6 for 13 lateral brain images.", "contents": "Enhancement of abnormality in gamma images using Kohonen filters. A new method of processing digital images consists of a numerical filter which suppresses normal features producing an enhancement of the abnormality. The resulting filtered image aids the observer in the recognition of the abnormality. The filter is developed from verified normal images in the computer memory. The enhancement of pathologic accumulations with respect to surrounding activity was improved on the average by a factor of 2.6 for 13 lateral brain images.", "PMID": 1031372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5573", "title": "Fractures in haemophilia.", "content": "Eight cases of fractures in haemophiliac patients are presented. The clinical and radiological features, behaviour and response to treatment indicate that they are normal, not pathological fractures. If fractures in haemophiliac patients are treated early and correctly both from a haematological and orthopaedic point of view, the results are comparable with those in normal subjects. The haematological and orthopaedic management is discussed.", "contents": "Fractures in haemophilia. Eight cases of fractures in haemophiliac patients are presented. The clinical and radiological features, behaviour and response to treatment indicate that they are normal, not pathological fractures. If fractures in haemophiliac patients are treated early and correctly both from a haematological and orthopaedic point of view, the results are comparable with those in normal subjects. The haematological and orthopaedic management is discussed.", "PMID": 1031408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5574", "title": "External skeletal fixation with continuous adjustment of stability and compression.", "content": "A method of external fixation with continuous adjustment of stability is described. It allows interfragmentary compression, even on oblique surfaces in any plane and even when applied only on one side of the bone.", "contents": "External skeletal fixation with continuous adjustment of stability and compression. A method of external fixation with continuous adjustment of stability is described. It allows interfragmentary compression, even on oblique surfaces in any plane and even when applied only on one side of the bone.", "PMID": 1031409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5575", "title": "Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of exstrophia vescicae.", "content": "Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of congenital extrophy of the bladder allows easier approximation of the soft tissues in front of the urethra and facilitates closure of the rectal muscles and fasciae, reducing or abolishing the need for using fascial strips and carrying out plastic procedures to close the skin.", "contents": "Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of exstrophia vescicae. Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of congenital extrophy of the bladder allows easier approximation of the soft tissues in front of the urethra and facilitates closure of the rectal muscles and fasciae, reducing or abolishing the need for using fascial strips and carrying out plastic procedures to close the skin.", "PMID": 1031410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5576", "title": "Metacarpal loss treated by metatarsal substitution.", "content": "In the hand severe trauma and tumours are the most frequent causes of loss of bone substance in the metacarpals. To save the function of the complete digital ray repair by bone grafting is essential. A technique is described for transferring all or part of a metatarsal bone as a hemiarticular graft for substituting metacarpal bone loss.", "contents": "Metacarpal loss treated by metatarsal substitution. In the hand severe trauma and tumours are the most frequent causes of loss of bone substance in the metacarpals. To save the function of the complete digital ray repair by bone grafting is essential. A technique is described for transferring all or part of a metatarsal bone as a hemiarticular graft for substituting metacarpal bone loss.", "PMID": 1031411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5577", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst (a study of 127 cases, 72 with longterm follow up).", "content": "127 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst are analysed, seventy two of which were followed up from one to fifteen years after treatment. Statistics on sex, age, site and localisation are reported. Symptoms, radiographic features, histological appearances and differential diagnosis are discussed. In half the cases the cyst was clearly shown to be of subperiosteal origin. The aetiology is unknown, but the pathogenesis seems to consist of a haemorrhagic and hyperplastic (not neoplastic) process which is progressive but has a tendency to become stabilised on reaching a certain point of maturation. Local excision is indicated or, in cases where this is difficult to carry out, radiotherapy. Recurrences occurred in 12 per cent of the cases, always within one year after operation. All cases were eventually cured and there was no evidence of malignant transformation.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst (a study of 127 cases, 72 with longterm follow up). 127 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst are analysed, seventy two of which were followed up from one to fifteen years after treatment. Statistics on sex, age, site and localisation are reported. Symptoms, radiographic features, histological appearances and differential diagnosis are discussed. In half the cases the cyst was clearly shown to be of subperiosteal origin. The aetiology is unknown, but the pathogenesis seems to consist of a haemorrhagic and hyperplastic (not neoplastic) process which is progressive but has a tendency to become stabilised on reaching a certain point of maturation. Local excision is indicated or, in cases where this is difficult to carry out, radiotherapy. Recurrences occurred in 12 per cent of the cases, always within one year after operation. All cases were eventually cured and there was no evidence of malignant transformation.", "PMID": 1031412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5578", "title": "Exposure in the post-operative management of surgical wounds. Report of a trial.", "content": "The ancient method of leaving operative wounds completely exposed to the air throughout the healing period is assessed on the basis of a trial in 100 surgical wounds (excluding traumatic wounds and wounds of the hand and knee). The method offers two chief advantages; the wound can be regularly and easily inspected, and any collection of secretions which can lead to skin complications and superficial sepsis can be dealt with. The results are analysed and compared favourably with those of conventional dressing techniques.", "contents": "Exposure in the post-operative management of surgical wounds. Report of a trial. The ancient method of leaving operative wounds completely exposed to the air throughout the healing period is assessed on the basis of a trial in 100 surgical wounds (excluding traumatic wounds and wounds of the hand and knee). The method offers two chief advantages; the wound can be regularly and easily inspected, and any collection of secretions which can lead to skin complications and superficial sepsis can be dealt with. The results are analysed and compared favourably with those of conventional dressing techniques.", "PMID": 1031413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5579", "title": "Sympathetic disorders in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn.", "content": "In addition to the classical description of involvement of the cervical sympathetic in low root lesions (Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome), other sympathetic syndromes have been described accompanying the motor and sensory changes in obstetrical paralysis of the upper limb. Loss of sweat secretion can be deomonstrated by electrical skin resistance tests, and the authors describe their apparatus and method of investigating this in the newborn. Although sweat secretion is often scanty in the newborn, it can be enhanced with appropriate techniques, particularly in the areas richer in sweat glands. This method of investigating sympathetic nerve function has been used to clarify the location of the neurological damage and therefore it is of some value for the prognosis in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn.", "contents": "Sympathetic disorders in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn. In addition to the classical description of involvement of the cervical sympathetic in low root lesions (Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome), other sympathetic syndromes have been described accompanying the motor and sensory changes in obstetrical paralysis of the upper limb. Loss of sweat secretion can be deomonstrated by electrical skin resistance tests, and the authors describe their apparatus and method of investigating this in the newborn. Although sweat secretion is often scanty in the newborn, it can be enhanced with appropriate techniques, particularly in the areas richer in sweat glands. This method of investigating sympathetic nerve function has been used to clarify the location of the neurological damage and therefore it is of some value for the prognosis in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn.", "PMID": 1031414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5580", "title": "Experimental model for studying the invasive characteristics of malignant tumours transplanted in bone and muscle of rats.", "content": "The subject of experimental research in bone oncology is comparatively neglected in the literature though it is recognised that such research could offer fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the biological behaviour of tumours in bone. A model for experimental study is proposed which is easy to carry out and effective in producing results. It consists of transplanting a highly malignant tumour with a 100 per cent \"take\" rate, such as Gu\u00e9rin's T8 or Oberling's aleukemic myeloma, in the tibia or femur of the rat. Some morphological and histochemical changes associated with the invasion and spread of these tumours in bone are reported. Observations were also made on their behaviour in muscle.", "contents": "Experimental model for studying the invasive characteristics of malignant tumours transplanted in bone and muscle of rats. The subject of experimental research in bone oncology is comparatively neglected in the literature though it is recognised that such research could offer fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the biological behaviour of tumours in bone. A model for experimental study is proposed which is easy to carry out and effective in producing results. It consists of transplanting a highly malignant tumour with a 100 per cent \"take\" rate, such as Gu\u00e9rin's T8 or Oberling's aleukemic myeloma, in the tibia or femur of the rat. Some morphological and histochemical changes associated with the invasion and spread of these tumours in bone are reported. Observations were also made on their behaviour in muscle.", "PMID": 1031415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5581", "title": "New aspects of the structure of articular cartilage. The \"tidemark\" seen on the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "New observations are reported based on scanning electron microscopy, of the interface (\"tidemark zone\") between articular cartilage and the underlying calcified strata; also on the structure of adult articular cartilage.", "contents": "New aspects of the structure of articular cartilage. The \"tidemark\" seen on the scanning electron microscope. New observations are reported based on scanning electron microscopy, of the interface (\"tidemark zone\") between articular cartilage and the underlying calcified strata; also on the structure of adult articular cartilage.", "PMID": 1031416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5582", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma of the soft tissues? Case report.", "content": "A case is reported of a malignant tumour of the soft tissues of the leg, with histological and pathological features comparable with those of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. This extension of the term Ewing's sarcoma to the soft tissues is proposed and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma of the soft tissues? Case report. A case is reported of a malignant tumour of the soft tissues of the leg, with histological and pathological features comparable with those of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. This extension of the term Ewing's sarcoma to the soft tissues is proposed and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1031417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5583", "title": "Haemangioma of bone with radiographic appearances simulating a giant cell tumour.", "content": "A case is described of haemangioma of the proximal end of the humerus which simulated a giant cell tumour on radiography. An attempt at biopsy, carried out elsewhere, had failed because of severe haemorrhage from the tumour during operation. It was treated by en bloc resection and endoprosthesis with a good result after one year.", "contents": "Haemangioma of bone with radiographic appearances simulating a giant cell tumour. A case is described of haemangioma of the proximal end of the humerus which simulated a giant cell tumour on radiography. An attempt at biopsy, carried out elsewhere, had failed because of severe haemorrhage from the tumour during operation. It was treated by en bloc resection and endoprosthesis with a good result after one year.", "PMID": 1031418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5584", "title": "Intradural lumbar disc hernia. Report of two cases.", "content": "Penetration of disc tissue inside the dural sac in the lumbar region (\"intradural disc hernia\") is a rare occurrence. Two cases are described which presented as multi-root syndromes of the cauda equina. Some clinical aspects are discussed together with the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare type of disc hernia.", "contents": "Intradural lumbar disc hernia. Report of two cases. Penetration of disc tissue inside the dural sac in the lumbar region (\"intradural disc hernia\") is a rare occurrence. Two cases are described which presented as multi-root syndromes of the cauda equina. Some clinical aspects are discussed together with the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare type of disc hernia.", "PMID": 1031419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5585", "title": "The duo-drama.", "content": "A model of psychotherapy based on a 'dramatic look' is presented. It is an aspect developed from the demotorization of psycho-drama reduced to two actors Dialogue - in the sense of Plato and Buber - is looked at as action and dealt with accordingly. A pre-step of interpretation: confrontaion is used 'in flagranti' within the framework of here and now. The patient is continuously confronted with his 'action'.", "contents": "The duo-drama. A model of psychotherapy based on a 'dramatic look' is presented. It is an aspect developed from the demotorization of psycho-drama reduced to two actors Dialogue - in the sense of Plato and Buber - is looked at as action and dealt with accordingly. A pre-step of interpretation: confrontaion is used 'in flagranti' within the framework of here and now. The patient is continuously confronted with his 'action'.", "PMID": 1031458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5586", "title": "Policy decisions and the reduction of mental hospitalization of the aged.", "content": "Inappropriate hospitalization of elderly persons in mental institutions has been a cause for much concern. Reduction of this type of hospitalization has become an accepted national policy. The observed variations among the states in the rates and trends of hospitalization of aged patients may indicate that trends income states are more congruent with national policy than those in others. In an effort to account for the wide variation among the states, time trend analyses of rate changes of hospitalized aged were made for a sample of states. These reveal that there are relationships between impatient trends and specific policies and programs for the aged. The results provide insights into mental hospitalization of elderly persons, and indicate how the inappropriate mental hospitalization of the aged can be reduced.", "contents": "Policy decisions and the reduction of mental hospitalization of the aged. Inappropriate hospitalization of elderly persons in mental institutions has been a cause for much concern. Reduction of this type of hospitalization has become an accepted national policy. The observed variations among the states in the rates and trends of hospitalization of aged patients may indicate that trends income states are more congruent with national policy than those in others. In an effort to account for the wide variation among the states, time trend analyses of rate changes of hospitalized aged were made for a sample of states. These reveal that there are relationships between impatient trends and specific policies and programs for the aged. The results provide insights into mental hospitalization of elderly persons, and indicate how the inappropriate mental hospitalization of the aged can be reduced.", "PMID": 1031459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5587", "title": "The role of the community mental health centre in prevention.", "content": "The writer discusses some theoretical concepts regarding community psychiatry and the role of the community mental health centre with special attention to the primary preventative programmes, the limitations of the field of influence and the scope of activity within any given community. It would appear that most psychiatrists see their work as the delivery of psychiatric care, hopefully resulting in secondary and tertiary prevention. While the healing and supportive functions are of major significance, the mental health community centre has also an important educative part to play in primary prevention, in helping to upgrade the well-being and the social competence of the people in its sphere of influcence.", "contents": "The role of the community mental health centre in prevention. The writer discusses some theoretical concepts regarding community psychiatry and the role of the community mental health centre with special attention to the primary preventative programmes, the limitations of the field of influence and the scope of activity within any given community. It would appear that most psychiatrists see their work as the delivery of psychiatric care, hopefully resulting in secondary and tertiary prevention. While the healing and supportive functions are of major significance, the mental health community centre has also an important educative part to play in primary prevention, in helping to upgrade the well-being and the social competence of the people in its sphere of influcence.", "PMID": 1031461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5588", "title": "Is it possible to educate a psychiatrist?", "content": "The author, who served as Executive Secretary and Editorial Consultant to the Conference on Education of Psychiatrists held in June 1975, presents here in some of the major findings, concerns, and dilemmas encountered by the conferees as they considered the current status of psychiatric education and the course it should take in the coming decade. The fundamental problem is that there is no firm consensus defining what a modern psychiatrist is or what he sould be. Basically the complete psychiatrist sits on a three-legged stool of biological, psychological, and social science. But the stool wobbles because the legs are of different length and thus far no one has been able to even them out.", "contents": "Is it possible to educate a psychiatrist? The author, who served as Executive Secretary and Editorial Consultant to the Conference on Education of Psychiatrists held in June 1975, presents here in some of the major findings, concerns, and dilemmas encountered by the conferees as they considered the current status of psychiatric education and the course it should take in the coming decade. The fundamental problem is that there is no firm consensus defining what a modern psychiatrist is or what he sould be. Basically the complete psychiatrist sits on a three-legged stool of biological, psychological, and social science. But the stool wobbles because the legs are of different length and thus far no one has been able to even them out.", "PMID": 1031462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5589", "title": "Immune response in dog 2 effect of dose of antigen on antibody production.", "content": "The primary antibody response of dogs and rabbits to both 'H' and 'O' antigens of Salmonella typhosa following intravenous injection with a formalin killed vaccine from 2.4 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(10) organisms/kg body weight was analysed. The animals were restimulated 80 days later with various vaccine concentrations. The lgM anti-'O' and lgG anti-'H' and 'O' antigens in the dogs, were significantly weaker in both primary and secondary response than the comparable rabbit group. Primary lgM anti-'H' response in the dog was found to be greater, equal, or less than that observed in the rabbit. A closer analysis of the primary response indicated that both animal species show the same latent period and doubling time in respect of anti-'H', and the differences observed are probably the result of the number of progenitor cells stimulated by the antigen. On the other hand the suppressed response of the dog to 'O'-antigen is the result of an overall weaker response of this animal to the antigen. The secondary anti-'H' lgM response was found to be greater than, equal to, or less than the primary response in the same animal. The significant inhibition of this response was observed in those animals which received a high primary dose of antigen.", "contents": "Immune response in dog 2 effect of dose of antigen on antibody production. The primary antibody response of dogs and rabbits to both 'H' and 'O' antigens of Salmonella typhosa following intravenous injection with a formalin killed vaccine from 2.4 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(10) organisms/kg body weight was analysed. The animals were restimulated 80 days later with various vaccine concentrations. The lgM anti-'O' and lgG anti-'H' and 'O' antigens in the dogs, were significantly weaker in both primary and secondary response than the comparable rabbit group. Primary lgM anti-'H' response in the dog was found to be greater, equal, or less than that observed in the rabbit. A closer analysis of the primary response indicated that both animal species show the same latent period and doubling time in respect of anti-'H', and the differences observed are probably the result of the number of progenitor cells stimulated by the antigen. On the other hand the suppressed response of the dog to 'O'-antigen is the result of an overall weaker response of this animal to the antigen. The secondary anti-'H' lgM response was found to be greater than, equal to, or less than the primary response in the same animal. The significant inhibition of this response was observed in those animals which received a high primary dose of antigen.", "PMID": 1031463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5590", "title": "[Use of telethermography in patients with Holter's cerebrospinal fluid shunt].", "content": "The authors describe their experience with thermography in the study of the permeability of Holter's ventriculo-atrial shunt. Thermography has the advantage of permitting immediate visualisation and photographic documentation of the permeability. It appears that the thermographic findings show a good correlation with the functional state of the shunt in 88% of the cases examined. Causes of possible errors are discussed. It is concluded that thermography is a valuable method to assess the patency of Holter's ventriculoatrial shunt.", "contents": "[Use of telethermography in patients with Holter's cerebrospinal fluid shunt]. The authors describe their experience with thermography in the study of the permeability of Holter's ventriculo-atrial shunt. Thermography has the advantage of permitting immediate visualisation and photographic documentation of the permeability. It appears that the thermographic findings show a good correlation with the functional state of the shunt in 88% of the cases examined. Causes of possible errors are discussed. It is concluded that thermography is a valuable method to assess the patency of Holter's ventriculoatrial shunt.", "PMID": 1031464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5591", "title": "[Cystic meningioma. An aspect of \"forme humide\" of Masson].", "content": "The presence of a no haemorragic cystic cavity in to a meningioma is a rare event. It has different pathogenetic mechanisms. It can sometimes, be the result of a wide necrotic area as it is frequently observed in the meningoblasomas that have had an extensive vascular developments. In our three cases the cystic cavity seems to be the result of a particular vacuolar and mixomatosa degeneration of the neoplastic tissue. Our cystic meningiomas are similar to damp meningioma of Masson.", "contents": "[Cystic meningioma. An aspect of \"forme humide\" of Masson]. The presence of a no haemorragic cystic cavity in to a meningioma is a rare event. It has different pathogenetic mechanisms. It can sometimes, be the result of a wide necrotic area as it is frequently observed in the meningoblasomas that have had an extensive vascular developments. In our three cases the cystic cavity seems to be the result of a particular vacuolar and mixomatosa degeneration of the neoplastic tissue. Our cystic meningiomas are similar to damp meningioma of Masson.", "PMID": 1031465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5592", "title": "[Super-selective catheterization and embolization of the arterial pedicles of 2 meningiomas of the posterior fossa].", "content": "In two cases with meningioma in the posterior fossa, the angiographic study, completed with the super-selective catheterization of the main pedicles, was followed by the technic of embolization. In the first case, a large meningioma, extending from the clivus to the left cerebello pontine angle, was supplied mainly by the ascending pharyngeal artery. In the second case, a huge meningioma, originating from the left inferior tentorial surface, was irrigated predominantly through the posterior branch of the middle meningeal artery and through the left occipital artery. Super-selective catheterization allowed us to better know in both cases the tumoral vasculature and to identify precisely the territory nourished by each supplying artery, from the external carotid artery.", "contents": "[Super-selective catheterization and embolization of the arterial pedicles of 2 meningiomas of the posterior fossa]. In two cases with meningioma in the posterior fossa, the angiographic study, completed with the super-selective catheterization of the main pedicles, was followed by the technic of embolization. In the first case, a large meningioma, extending from the clivus to the left cerebello pontine angle, was supplied mainly by the ascending pharyngeal artery. In the second case, a huge meningioma, originating from the left inferior tentorial surface, was irrigated predominantly through the posterior branch of the middle meningeal artery and through the left occipital artery. Super-selective catheterization allowed us to better know in both cases the tumoral vasculature and to identify precisely the territory nourished by each supplying artery, from the external carotid artery.", "PMID": 1031466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5593", "title": "[Liquorrhoea and acute meningitis. Complications of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula secondary to a skull fracture suffered 45 years previously].", "content": "A case is described in which liquorrhoea and meningitis occur as complications of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. The patient incurred the initial skull fracture 45 1/2 years prior to that. Three hypotheses as to the long interval are discussed. The authors propose to look for a cerebrospinal fluid fistula after every important trauma of the skull.", "contents": "[Liquorrhoea and acute meningitis. Complications of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula secondary to a skull fracture suffered 45 years previously]. A case is described in which liquorrhoea and meningitis occur as complications of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. The patient incurred the initial skull fracture 45 1/2 years prior to that. Three hypotheses as to the long interval are discussed. The authors propose to look for a cerebrospinal fluid fistula after every important trauma of the skull.", "PMID": 1031467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5594", "title": "[The role of diastematomyelia in the differential diagnosis and treatment of kyphoscoliotic paraplegia].", "content": "By its frequent association with malformative scoliosis and neurological symptoms diastematomyelia has an important place in the diagnostic and treatment of cyphoscoliotic neurological syndromes. In all these cases and even in cases without neurological deficits the diagnosis of disatematomyelia should be done by routine myelography. The indication for operation is often curative in cases with neurological signs and prophylactic in those without.", "contents": "[The role of diastematomyelia in the differential diagnosis and treatment of kyphoscoliotic paraplegia]. By its frequent association with malformative scoliosis and neurological symptoms diastematomyelia has an important place in the diagnostic and treatment of cyphoscoliotic neurological syndromes. In all these cases and even in cases without neurological deficits the diagnosis of disatematomyelia should be done by routine myelography. The indication for operation is often curative in cases with neurological signs and prophylactic in those without.", "PMID": 1031471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5595", "title": "Digital blood pressure in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "Systolic toe blood pressure was measured in 10 normal subjects and 17 patients with peripheral arterial disease during a warming and a cooling period, in which the skin temperature on the first toe was changed from 33 degrees C to 24 degrees C. In normal subjects systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 110 mm Hg to 120 mm Hg during cooling (P less than 0.01), while the systolic arm blood pressure was unchanged during the study (125 mm Hg). Among the patients systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 56 mm Hg to an average of 70 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), while arm blood pressure increased from an average of 167/79 mm Hg during warming to 175/83 mm Hg during the cooling period. It is emphazised that despite the small, but significant, increase in digital blood pressure during the cooling period, changes in distal temperature will only have a small influence on the digital blood pressure, when one is evaluating patients with suspected or manifest peripheral arterial disease. In general, measurement during vasodilatation is to be preferred, since curves are easily obtainable.", "contents": "Digital blood pressure in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease. Systolic toe blood pressure was measured in 10 normal subjects and 17 patients with peripheral arterial disease during a warming and a cooling period, in which the skin temperature on the first toe was changed from 33 degrees C to 24 degrees C. In normal subjects systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 110 mm Hg to 120 mm Hg during cooling (P less than 0.01), while the systolic arm blood pressure was unchanged during the study (125 mm Hg). Among the patients systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 56 mm Hg to an average of 70 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), while arm blood pressure increased from an average of 167/79 mm Hg during warming to 175/83 mm Hg during the cooling period. It is emphazised that despite the small, but significant, increase in digital blood pressure during the cooling period, changes in distal temperature will only have a small influence on the digital blood pressure, when one is evaluating patients with suspected or manifest peripheral arterial disease. In general, measurement during vasodilatation is to be preferred, since curves are easily obtainable.", "PMID": 1031484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5596", "title": "Myocardial metabolism and performance during sodium salicylate infusion in dogs.", "content": "The effect of sodium salicylate on net myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and the mechanical activity of the heart was studied in eight intact, anesthetized dogs. Sodium salicylate was given intravenously under basal conditions and during isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Under basal conditions, sodium salicylate significantly reduced arterial FFA concentration, but did not influence net myocardial uptake of FFA, and MVO2 was unchanged. During isoproterenol infusion sodium salicylate reduced arterial FFA concentration 28% (P less than 0.01) and significantly reduced net myocardial uptake of FFA from 44.5 +/- 9.0 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 22.3 +/- 2.1 mumol/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05) and MVO2 from 20.3 +/- 2.2 to 160 +/- 1.9 ml/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05). The reduction in MVO2 could not be explained by reduced mechanical activity of the heart. Most probably the mechanism for the reduction in MVO2 effected by sodium salicylate during isoproterenol infusion was mediated by reduced myocardial FFA consumption.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism and performance during sodium salicylate infusion in dogs. The effect of sodium salicylate on net myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and the mechanical activity of the heart was studied in eight intact, anesthetized dogs. Sodium salicylate was given intravenously under basal conditions and during isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Under basal conditions, sodium salicylate significantly reduced arterial FFA concentration, but did not influence net myocardial uptake of FFA, and MVO2 was unchanged. During isoproterenol infusion sodium salicylate reduced arterial FFA concentration 28% (P less than 0.01) and significantly reduced net myocardial uptake of FFA from 44.5 +/- 9.0 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 22.3 +/- 2.1 mumol/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05) and MVO2 from 20.3 +/- 2.2 to 160 +/- 1.9 ml/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05). The reduction in MVO2 could not be explained by reduced mechanical activity of the heart. Most probably the mechanism for the reduction in MVO2 effected by sodium salicylate during isoproterenol infusion was mediated by reduced myocardial FFA consumption.", "PMID": 1031488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5597", "title": "The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on gastric mucosal content of energy-rich phosphate bond.", "content": "The mucosal content of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate in mini-pig corpus gland area and in pyloric gland area was examined after aspirin ingestion in acute experiments and after ingestion for several weeks. Ingestion of aspirin led to a statistically significant decrease of adenine nucleotide content in corpus gland and in pyloric gland area. An inverse correlation between the pH of the aspirin suspensions and the size of the decrease was established in the short-time experiments. In non-affected pyloric gland area mucosa and adenine nucleotide content was significantly lower than in the corpus gland area. Pyloric mucosa was more susceptible to aspirin-induced lowering of adenine nucleotide content than was the corpus mucosa. Prolonged aspirin ingestion led to statistically significant reductions of adenine nucleotide pool. The findings explain the decrease in mucous secretion and in acid secretion demonstrated in several studies. The finding of lower and more susceptible adenine nucleotide pool in the pyloric area might be the explanation for the preponderant occurrence of aspirin ulcerations in this region.", "contents": "The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on gastric mucosal content of energy-rich phosphate bond. The mucosal content of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate in mini-pig corpus gland area and in pyloric gland area was examined after aspirin ingestion in acute experiments and after ingestion for several weeks. Ingestion of aspirin led to a statistically significant decrease of adenine nucleotide content in corpus gland and in pyloric gland area. An inverse correlation between the pH of the aspirin suspensions and the size of the decrease was established in the short-time experiments. In non-affected pyloric gland area mucosa and adenine nucleotide content was significantly lower than in the corpus gland area. Pyloric mucosa was more susceptible to aspirin-induced lowering of adenine nucleotide content than was the corpus mucosa. Prolonged aspirin ingestion led to statistically significant reductions of adenine nucleotide pool. The findings explain the decrease in mucous secretion and in acid secretion demonstrated in several studies. The finding of lower and more susceptible adenine nucleotide pool in the pyloric area might be the explanation for the preponderant occurrence of aspirin ulcerations in this region.", "PMID": 1031489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5598", "title": "Effects of different doses of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in the dog.", "content": "This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of increasing doses of intravenously administered lysine-acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal function in dogs. The first purpose was to examine the acute effects on renal water and solute output. The second purpose was to correlate the para-aminohippuric (PAH) clearance measurements with measurement of renal PAH extraction and renal blood flow (RBF). After 7 mg/kg ASA (20-80 microgram SA/ml plasma) a decrease in sodium excretion was observed in all dogs. With increasing ASA doses, the urine sodium excretion declined to 23% of the control period excretion. Tubular reabsorption of free water increased 10%. A significant and dose-related decrease in PAH clearance was observed in all dogs, from 108.7 ml/kg ASA to 58.8 ml/min after 200 mg/kg ASA. The creatine clearance was unchanged. PAH extraction fell in all dogs, RBF (measured by flowmeter decreased 21% at the highest plasma SA levels, as compared with 46% decrease in PAH clearance. ASA seems to inhibit tubular transport of PAH. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by ASA offers one explanation of the effects of RBF and sodium excretion.", "contents": "Effects of different doses of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in the dog. This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of increasing doses of intravenously administered lysine-acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal function in dogs. The first purpose was to examine the acute effects on renal water and solute output. The second purpose was to correlate the para-aminohippuric (PAH) clearance measurements with measurement of renal PAH extraction and renal blood flow (RBF). After 7 mg/kg ASA (20-80 microgram SA/ml plasma) a decrease in sodium excretion was observed in all dogs. With increasing ASA doses, the urine sodium excretion declined to 23% of the control period excretion. Tubular reabsorption of free water increased 10%. A significant and dose-related decrease in PAH clearance was observed in all dogs, from 108.7 ml/kg ASA to 58.8 ml/min after 200 mg/kg ASA. The creatine clearance was unchanged. PAH extraction fell in all dogs, RBF (measured by flowmeter decreased 21% at the highest plasma SA levels, as compared with 46% decrease in PAH clearance. ASA seems to inhibit tubular transport of PAH. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by ASA offers one explanation of the effects of RBF and sodium excretion.", "PMID": 1031490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5599", "title": "Effects of different doses of chlorpromazine on renal function in the dog.", "content": "This study was carried out to examine the effects of low 'alpha-blocking' and higher 'membrane-stabilizing' doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on renal function. CPZ was given at slow infusion rate either intravenously or into the left renal artery at three levels (0.5-1.0, 3-8, and 10-15 mg/kg) to 10 anesthetized dogs. An increase in plasma hemoglobin sometimes occurred within few minutes after infusion of more than 10 mg/kg CPZ, probably due to a hemolytic effect of such high doses. Systemic infusion of 0.5-1 mg/kg CPZ caused an increase in urine volume, sodium excretion, and renal plasma flow, and a decrease in filtration fraction and free water clearance was demonstrated in all dogs. At higher CPZ doses renal plasma flow increased further, whereas urine volume and electrolyte excretion were of the same order at all dose levels. A 21% decrease in tubular maximum para-aminohippurate transport (Tm(PAH)) was observed at the highest CPZ doses. After unilateral renal intra-arterial CPZ infusion the percentage change in urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, and Tm(PAH) were of the same order on the infused side as on the contralateral side. Even though the results at all dose levels can be explained by an 'alpha-blocking' effect of CPZ, possible membrane-stabilizine effects of CPZ cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Effects of different doses of chlorpromazine on renal function in the dog. This study was carried out to examine the effects of low 'alpha-blocking' and higher 'membrane-stabilizing' doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on renal function. CPZ was given at slow infusion rate either intravenously or into the left renal artery at three levels (0.5-1.0, 3-8, and 10-15 mg/kg) to 10 anesthetized dogs. An increase in plasma hemoglobin sometimes occurred within few minutes after infusion of more than 10 mg/kg CPZ, probably due to a hemolytic effect of such high doses. Systemic infusion of 0.5-1 mg/kg CPZ caused an increase in urine volume, sodium excretion, and renal plasma flow, and a decrease in filtration fraction and free water clearance was demonstrated in all dogs. At higher CPZ doses renal plasma flow increased further, whereas urine volume and electrolyte excretion were of the same order at all dose levels. A 21% decrease in tubular maximum para-aminohippurate transport (Tm(PAH)) was observed at the highest CPZ doses. After unilateral renal intra-arterial CPZ infusion the percentage change in urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, and Tm(PAH) were of the same order on the infused side as on the contralateral side. Even though the results at all dose levels can be explained by an 'alpha-blocking' effect of CPZ, possible membrane-stabilizine effects of CPZ cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 1031491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5600", "title": "Effects of androgens on oxygen affinity in vivo and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of red cells in peripheral arterial insufficiency.", "content": "The effect of testosterone on the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and on the in vivo oxygen affinity of venous blood was investigated. Six male patients with peripheral arteriosclerosis received 500 mg testosterone enantas intramuscularly for 15 weeks. Six matched controls received 2 ml NaCl weekly for the same period of time. The hemoglobin concentration, the hematocrit, and the 2,3-DPG concentration increased significantly during testosterone treatment, while no significant changes in the oxygen affinity could be detected. It is concluded that testosterone in the doses applied here does not improve oxygen unloading from the blood.", "contents": "Effects of androgens on oxygen affinity in vivo and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of red cells in peripheral arterial insufficiency. The effect of testosterone on the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and on the in vivo oxygen affinity of venous blood was investigated. Six male patients with peripheral arteriosclerosis received 500 mg testosterone enantas intramuscularly for 15 weeks. Six matched controls received 2 ml NaCl weekly for the same period of time. The hemoglobin concentration, the hematocrit, and the 2,3-DPG concentration increased significantly during testosterone treatment, while no significant changes in the oxygen affinity could be detected. It is concluded that testosterone in the doses applied here does not improve oxygen unloading from the blood.", "PMID": 1031492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5601", "title": "Differences between capillary and venous blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "The simultaneous capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were measured during 36 oral glucose tolerance tests performed in 36 postmenopausal women. Three of the subjects had chemical diabetes mellitus. In samples obtained before and 120-180 min after the glucose load the differences between capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were low, whereas samples taken after 15-90 min showed a mean capillary-venous difference of 1.8 mmol/l. This is higher than previously stated by the World Health Organization and the British Diabetes Association. If the definitions that were recommended by these two bodies are used for defining whether the result of an oral glucose tolerance test is to be considered 'normal' or 'abnormal', the present results indicate that the verdict will in some cases be influenced by the route by which the blood was obtained.", "contents": "Differences between capillary and venous blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests. The simultaneous capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were measured during 36 oral glucose tolerance tests performed in 36 postmenopausal women. Three of the subjects had chemical diabetes mellitus. In samples obtained before and 120-180 min after the glucose load the differences between capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were low, whereas samples taken after 15-90 min showed a mean capillary-venous difference of 1.8 mmol/l. This is higher than previously stated by the World Health Organization and the British Diabetes Association. If the definitions that were recommended by these two bodies are used for defining whether the result of an oral glucose tolerance test is to be considered 'normal' or 'abnormal', the present results indicate that the verdict will in some cases be influenced by the route by which the blood was obtained.", "PMID": 1031493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5602", "title": "Radioimmunological determination and characterization of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity in normal human plasma.", "content": "A radioimmunological method for determination of human cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is described. DFP-treated human cathodal trypsin is used as standard and tracer. Freshly drawn normal human plasma contains about 25 microgram/l of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity measured as DFP-treated cathodal trypsin. The normally circulating cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is shown to consist mainly of cathodal trypsinogen.", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination and characterization of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity in normal human plasma. A radioimmunological method for determination of human cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is described. DFP-treated human cathodal trypsin is used as standard and tracer. Freshly drawn normal human plasma contains about 25 microgram/l of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity measured as DFP-treated cathodal trypsin. The normally circulating cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is shown to consist mainly of cathodal trypsinogen.", "PMID": 1031494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5603", "title": "Determination of bradykinin in blood by a sensitive radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antibodies of high avidity (maximum Km 1.3 X 10(10) L/M) were produced in rabbits against bradykinin coupled to ovalbumin with toluene 2,4-disocyanate. Tyrosin8- bradykinin was labelled to a specific activity of 530-700 Ci/mmol with 125I by means of lactoperoxidase. Sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay was 0.01 microgram/l blood. Specificity studies demonstrated the essential role of the C-terminal arginine of bradykinin for binding to antibody. Mean recovery of [3H]bradykinin internal standard after the preparation of 86 blood samples was 39.0%. The major loss occurred during ethanol precipitation. In venous blood collected at random conditions from 32 normal subjects the bradykinin concentration ranged 0.04-0.46 microgram/l and showed no sex difference.", "contents": "Determination of bradykinin in blood by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Antibodies of high avidity (maximum Km 1.3 X 10(10) L/M) were produced in rabbits against bradykinin coupled to ovalbumin with toluene 2,4-disocyanate. Tyrosin8- bradykinin was labelled to a specific activity of 530-700 Ci/mmol with 125I by means of lactoperoxidase. Sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay was 0.01 microgram/l blood. Specificity studies demonstrated the essential role of the C-terminal arginine of bradykinin for binding to antibody. Mean recovery of [3H]bradykinin internal standard after the preparation of 86 blood samples was 39.0%. The major loss occurred during ethanol precipitation. In venous blood collected at random conditions from 32 normal subjects the bradykinin concentration ranged 0.04-0.46 microgram/l and showed no sex difference.", "PMID": 1031495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5604", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of vasopressin in unextracted plasma.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arg8-vasopressin (AVP) in unextracted human plasma was based on a sensitive anti-AVP rabbit antiserum, inhibition of enzymatic damage to [125I]AVP and AVP, and the use of an individual plasma blank, to correct for interference of plasma factors with the RIA. Sensitivity was 0.4 pg of synthetic AVP detected, corresponding to 1.2 pg/ml of AVP in human plasma. Recovery of AVP added to pooled plasma was 94 +/- 9.3% (mean +/- S.D.) in the low range (AVP, 2.8 pg/ml added) and 106 +/- 11.7% in the high range (45.0 pg/ml added). In 26 healthy, ambulatory subjects on ad lib, water intake, plasma AVP concentration was 2.0 +/- 1.22 pg/ml in the supine position and in 28 healthy subjects, 6.2 +/- 4.3 pg/ml in the upright position. Water loading suppressed the plasma AVP concentration. Smoking caused increased plasma AVP in 3 subjects despite water loading.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of vasopressin in unextracted plasma. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arg8-vasopressin (AVP) in unextracted human plasma was based on a sensitive anti-AVP rabbit antiserum, inhibition of enzymatic damage to [125I]AVP and AVP, and the use of an individual plasma blank, to correct for interference of plasma factors with the RIA. Sensitivity was 0.4 pg of synthetic AVP detected, corresponding to 1.2 pg/ml of AVP in human plasma. Recovery of AVP added to pooled plasma was 94 +/- 9.3% (mean +/- S.D.) in the low range (AVP, 2.8 pg/ml added) and 106 +/- 11.7% in the high range (45.0 pg/ml added). In 26 healthy, ambulatory subjects on ad lib, water intake, plasma AVP concentration was 2.0 +/- 1.22 pg/ml in the supine position and in 28 healthy subjects, 6.2 +/- 4.3 pg/ml in the upright position. Water loading suppressed the plasma AVP concentration. Smoking caused increased plasma AVP in 3 subjects despite water loading.", "PMID": 1031496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5605", "title": "Evaluation of the sampling technique and storage of blood using the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler syringe.", "content": "To evaluate the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler (Radiometer), 10 different samples were analyzed for Pco2, Po2, and pH. The aerobic sampling technique, followed by storage for 2 h in water at 1 degrees C, induced small, but clinically insignificant, changes in the measured values.", "contents": "Evaluation of the sampling technique and storage of blood using the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler syringe. To evaluate the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler (Radiometer), 10 different samples were analyzed for Pco2, Po2, and pH. The aerobic sampling technique, followed by storage for 2 h in water at 1 degrees C, induced small, but clinically insignificant, changes in the measured values.", "PMID": 1031497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5606", "title": "Relation between corpus allatum and haemolymph proteins in Sphaerodema rusticum Fabr.", "content": "The active and inactive stages of the corpora allata have been described on the basis of size and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of the haemolymph has been done in the males and different stages of reproducing females. A protein fraction with a value 14 less than or equal to Rm less than 16 has been observed only in females. Out of 8 protein fractions, 5 showed oscillations in their concentration at the time of vitellogenesis. Finally active stages in the corpora allata are correlated with the fluctuations in haemolymph protein concentration.", "contents": "Relation between corpus allatum and haemolymph proteins in Sphaerodema rusticum Fabr. The active and inactive stages of the corpora allata have been described on the basis of size and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of the haemolymph has been done in the males and different stages of reproducing females. A protein fraction with a value 14 less than or equal to Rm less than 16 has been observed only in females. Out of 8 protein fractions, 5 showed oscillations in their concentration at the time of vitellogenesis. Finally active stages in the corpora allata are correlated with the fluctuations in haemolymph protein concentration.", "PMID": 1031506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5607", "title": "The role of hypertrophic cartilage in endochondral ossification.", "content": "Normal stages of histogenesis of long bones show that the hypertrophy of cartilage cells is the pre-requisite for the perichondrium to take up osteoblastic activity, (Fell 1925, Lutfi 1971). Cooper (1965) found the cartilage cells from epihysis of the long bones of chick failed to induce chondrogenesis in somites in mice and chick whereas flat cells and early Peripheral cells could do same. Fell and Landauer (1935) noticed that in avian phocomelia the hypertrophied cartilage cells fail to hypertrophy leading subsequently to deformities of long bones. Presently an attempt is made to analyse this process further by culture experiments. It is found that complete tibial rudiment or part of it grows normally in vitro with good differentiation of various zones and the development of osteoid tissue. However it is noticed that when cartilage and the associated perichondrial tissues are grown separately, there is no patterned growth of cartilage and the absence of development of osteoid tissue in either types of cultures. The role of perichondrium and cartilage is discussed in the light of experimental findings.", "contents": "The role of hypertrophic cartilage in endochondral ossification. Normal stages of histogenesis of long bones show that the hypertrophy of cartilage cells is the pre-requisite for the perichondrium to take up osteoblastic activity, (Fell 1925, Lutfi 1971). Cooper (1965) found the cartilage cells from epihysis of the long bones of chick failed to induce chondrogenesis in somites in mice and chick whereas flat cells and early Peripheral cells could do same. Fell and Landauer (1935) noticed that in avian phocomelia the hypertrophied cartilage cells fail to hypertrophy leading subsequently to deformities of long bones. Presently an attempt is made to analyse this process further by culture experiments. It is found that complete tibial rudiment or part of it grows normally in vitro with good differentiation of various zones and the development of osteoid tissue. However it is noticed that when cartilage and the associated perichondrial tissues are grown separately, there is no patterned growth of cartilage and the absence of development of osteoid tissue in either types of cultures. The role of perichondrium and cartilage is discussed in the light of experimental findings.", "PMID": 1031507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5608", "title": "The behaviour of the donor melanoblasts in the non-pigmented host embryos.", "content": "The behaviour of the donor melanoblasts from the leg bud mesoderm of Silver Campine implanted into White Leghorn embryos has been studied. Their schedule of migration from intracoelomic grafts to various parts of hosts is worked out. Different hypotheses for differentiation of grafted spherical melanoblasts in various tissues of hosts have been investigated.", "contents": "The behaviour of the donor melanoblasts in the non-pigmented host embryos. The behaviour of the donor melanoblasts from the leg bud mesoderm of Silver Campine implanted into White Leghorn embryos has been studied. Their schedule of migration from intracoelomic grafts to various parts of hosts is worked out. Different hypotheses for differentiation of grafted spherical melanoblasts in various tissues of hosts have been investigated.", "PMID": 1031509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5609", "title": "Effect of luteinizing hormone on female Puntius ticto (Ham.).", "content": "Low doses (0.2 mg and 0.4 mg) of LH did not reveal any effect on the ovary of Puntius ticto (Ham.), but with 0.6 mg of LH the vitellogenesis began. Full maturation in the ovary was recorded with a total dose of 1.2 mg of LH and the fish spawned with a dose of 1.4 mg of LH.", "contents": "Effect of luteinizing hormone on female Puntius ticto (Ham.). Low doses (0.2 mg and 0.4 mg) of LH did not reveal any effect on the ovary of Puntius ticto (Ham.), but with 0.6 mg of LH the vitellogenesis began. Full maturation in the ovary was recorded with a total dose of 1.2 mg of LH and the fish spawned with a dose of 1.4 mg of LH.", "PMID": 1031511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5610", "title": "Ventral exocrine gland of larva of Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).", "content": "The morphological and histological structure of the ventral exocrine gland of the larva of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura (Fab.) is shown. The proximal region of the gland is capable of protrusion through the prothoracic sternal slit as an elongate organ reaching upto the spinneret. The middle region of the gland shows characteristic giant cells in only one of the walls of the epithelium, while the distal region shows a thin flat epithelium with small round closely situated nuclei resting against the tunica propria. The gland probably secretes a gummy fluid for larval movements rather than a stinking odourous fluid for defense.", "contents": "Ventral exocrine gland of larva of Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The morphological and histological structure of the ventral exocrine gland of the larva of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura (Fab.) is shown. The proximal region of the gland is capable of protrusion through the prothoracic sternal slit as an elongate organ reaching upto the spinneret. The middle region of the gland shows characteristic giant cells in only one of the walls of the epithelium, while the distal region shows a thin flat epithelium with small round closely situated nuclei resting against the tunica propria. The gland probably secretes a gummy fluid for larval movements rather than a stinking odourous fluid for defense.", "PMID": 1031512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5611", "title": "Relationship of blood vessels to small intensely fluorescent cells in the autonomic ganglion.", "content": "In our experiments we observed the relationship of the blood vessels to the small, intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) in the lower mesenteric ganglion of the cat. We injected the solution of Evan's blue into the ganglia and processed them with the fluorescent histochemical method by Falck and Hillarp. We observed that the SIF cells are placed in the ganglia closely to the blood vessels or closely round them. When observing lager groups of SIF cells placed at the edge of the ganglia a dense network of the blood vessels was observed among these cells.", "contents": "Relationship of blood vessels to small intensely fluorescent cells in the autonomic ganglion. In our experiments we observed the relationship of the blood vessels to the small, intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) in the lower mesenteric ganglion of the cat. We injected the solution of Evan's blue into the ganglia and processed them with the fluorescent histochemical method by Falck and Hillarp. We observed that the SIF cells are placed in the ganglia closely to the blood vessels or closely round them. When observing lager groups of SIF cells placed at the edge of the ganglia a dense network of the blood vessels was observed among these cells.", "PMID": 1031514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5612", "title": "[Afferent nerve endings in the small intestine and the stomach. Light and electron microscopic studies].", "content": "1. In the mucous membrane of the duodenum and pylorus there have been identified free club- and tree like endings by ligth and electron microscopy. These endings lie flat between the muscularis mucosae and the glandular basis. 2. In the duodenum of the dog the receptors are undoubtly formed by myelinated axons. 3. According to neurophysiological results these free afferent endings are similar to PAINTAL'S (1957, 1963) mucosal mechanoreceptors.", "contents": "[Afferent nerve endings in the small intestine and the stomach. Light and electron microscopic studies]. 1. In the mucous membrane of the duodenum and pylorus there have been identified free club- and tree like endings by ligth and electron microscopy. These endings lie flat between the muscularis mucosae and the glandular basis. 2. In the duodenum of the dog the receptors are undoubtly formed by myelinated axons. 3. According to neurophysiological results these free afferent endings are similar to PAINTAL'S (1957, 1963) mucosal mechanoreceptors.", "PMID": 1031515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5613", "title": "[Connective tissue in the perivascular spaces of subependymal capillaries of the spinal cord in the rabbit].", "content": "The normal structure of the subependymal capillaries and venules of the spinal cord was studied in rabbit. The endothelial cells of the capillaries and venules are surrounded by an irregularly formed perivascular space, about 0.5 to 3.3 micrometer wide, which is delimited by an endothelial and glial basal lamina. The space contains a framework of collagen fibers. A period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht) permits to find the perivascular connective tissue lightmicroscopically, while they can be identified by electron microscopy. The significance of the perivascular connective tissue is open to discussion. Structural and functional problems have been reviewed in this context.", "contents": "[Connective tissue in the perivascular spaces of subependymal capillaries of the spinal cord in the rabbit]. The normal structure of the subependymal capillaries and venules of the spinal cord was studied in rabbit. The endothelial cells of the capillaries and venules are surrounded by an irregularly formed perivascular space, about 0.5 to 3.3 micrometer wide, which is delimited by an endothelial and glial basal lamina. The space contains a framework of collagen fibers. A period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht) permits to find the perivascular connective tissue lightmicroscopically, while they can be identified by electron microscopy. The significance of the perivascular connective tissue is open to discussion. Structural and functional problems have been reviewed in this context.", "PMID": 1031516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5614", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical studies of the general body surface apocrine glands in the domestic cat].", "content": "With enzyme histochemical methods, the distribution and the activities of various oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in the apocrine glands of the general body surface of the domestic cat were investigated. The results obtained support the view that these glands are clearly active in function. On the whole, however, the relatively weak enzyme activities in the secretory portion of the glands point to only unimportant secretion production rates.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical studies of the general body surface apocrine glands in the domestic cat]. With enzyme histochemical methods, the distribution and the activities of various oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes in the apocrine glands of the general body surface of the domestic cat were investigated. The results obtained support the view that these glands are clearly active in function. On the whole, however, the relatively weak enzyme activities in the secretory portion of the glands point to only unimportant secretion production rates.", "PMID": 1031517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5615", "title": "Follicular and reticular arrangements of medullary cells in the adrenal gland of G\u00f6ttingen Miniature pigs.", "content": "In the adrenal gland of G\u00f6ttingen miniature pigs adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells showed follicular and reticular arrangements, which were not observed in the domesticated form (German land race) of Sus scrofa. Chromaffin cells could contain vacuoles, which were sometimes connected with follicles and filled with a material indistinguishable from that in follicles. Coated and smooth vesicles with contents of various electron densities were particularly abundant around vacuoles and Golgi areas, which were often found to be closely associated. Chromaffin cells were unconspicious with respect to other ultrastructural details. A comparison was made between this mode of arrangement and that seen after intense stimulation of the adrenal medulla using insulin, reserpine, or vinblastine. The possible significance of this particular pattern of arrangement of chromaffin cells is discussed.", "contents": "Follicular and reticular arrangements of medullary cells in the adrenal gland of G\u00f6ttingen Miniature pigs. In the adrenal gland of G\u00f6ttingen miniature pigs adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells showed follicular and reticular arrangements, which were not observed in the domesticated form (German land race) of Sus scrofa. Chromaffin cells could contain vacuoles, which were sometimes connected with follicles and filled with a material indistinguishable from that in follicles. Coated and smooth vesicles with contents of various electron densities were particularly abundant around vacuoles and Golgi areas, which were often found to be closely associated. Chromaffin cells were unconspicious with respect to other ultrastructural details. A comparison was made between this mode of arrangement and that seen after intense stimulation of the adrenal medulla using insulin, reserpine, or vinblastine. The possible significance of this particular pattern of arrangement of chromaffin cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1031518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5616", "title": "Lysosomal disposal of secretory granules and their transformation into pigment particles in spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas of the rat pituitary.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic study of spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas, found at autopsy of 26 aging female Long-Evans rats and of 9 aging male Wistar rats, revealed pigment particles in the cytoplasm of some adenoma cells. It is postulated that most of the pigment particles derive from secretory granules. The presence of crinophagy and autophagy are interpreted as the morphologic expressions of lysosomal activation. The causative mechanisms accounting for lysosomal disposal of secretory granules and their transformation to pigment particles remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Lysosomal disposal of secretory granules and their transformation into pigment particles in spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas of the rat pituitary. Light and electron microscopic study of spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas, found at autopsy of 26 aging female Long-Evans rats and of 9 aging male Wistar rats, revealed pigment particles in the cytoplasm of some adenoma cells. It is postulated that most of the pigment particles derive from secretory granules. The presence of crinophagy and autophagy are interpreted as the morphologic expressions of lysosomal activation. The causative mechanisms accounting for lysosomal disposal of secretory granules and their transformation to pigment particles remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1031520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5617", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical localization of calcium in a rat cardiac muscle in normal and experimental conditions.", "content": "The experiment carried out by us on the, stimulated by adrenaline, cardiac muscle allowed the activation of calcium localized mainly in the mitochondria, MA and FA of the intercalated discs and SR to be translocated in the direction of the sarcomere myofilaments and this especially to the thin actin filaments. The authors' experimental proves, that during the contraction--relaxation function of the cardiac muscle there exists a circulation rythm or a oscillatory functional flow of calcium ions between the mitochondria, intercalated discs and SR and the contractile fibrillae of the sarcomere.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical localization of calcium in a rat cardiac muscle in normal and experimental conditions. The experiment carried out by us on the, stimulated by adrenaline, cardiac muscle allowed the activation of calcium localized mainly in the mitochondria, MA and FA of the intercalated discs and SR to be translocated in the direction of the sarcomere myofilaments and this especially to the thin actin filaments. The authors' experimental proves, that during the contraction--relaxation function of the cardiac muscle there exists a circulation rythm or a oscillatory functional flow of calcium ions between the mitochondria, intercalated discs and SR and the contractile fibrillae of the sarcomere.", "PMID": 1031521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5618", "title": "[The dorsomedial envelope in the human thalamus. A pigment architectonic study].", "content": "The shape and extension of the dorsomedial envelope (HASSLER 1959) in the human thalamus was examined in 800 micron thick slices stained with aldehyde-fuchsin. By means of selective staining of intracellular lipofuscin granules the pigment architecture of these grisea can be clearly depicted. The dorsomedial envelope consists of the nucleus cucullaris and the nucleus parataenialis. It covers the ventricular surface of the territorium mediale with an almost unbroken cellular layer stretching caudally as far as the nucleus pulvinaris superficialis. The strongly pigmented nucleus cucullaris can be seen as the main nucleus of this part of the envelope. It can be divided into three areas: nucleus cucullaris oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis.", "contents": "[The dorsomedial envelope in the human thalamus. A pigment architectonic study]. The shape and extension of the dorsomedial envelope (HASSLER 1959) in the human thalamus was examined in 800 micron thick slices stained with aldehyde-fuchsin. By means of selective staining of intracellular lipofuscin granules the pigment architecture of these grisea can be clearly depicted. The dorsomedial envelope consists of the nucleus cucullaris and the nucleus parataenialis. It covers the ventricular surface of the territorium mediale with an almost unbroken cellular layer stretching caudally as far as the nucleus pulvinaris superficialis. The strongly pigmented nucleus cucullaris can be seen as the main nucleus of this part of the envelope. It can be divided into three areas: nucleus cucullaris oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis.", "PMID": 1031522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5619", "title": "[Spermatogenesis in the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata variegata L.) during the seasonal activity period and in correlation with the mating call activity (Discoglossidae, Anura)].", "content": "The spermatogenic tissue in the yellow-bellied toad Bombina variegata has certain properties not shared by other Central European anurans. Sertoli cells are lacking; the sperms are not bundled within the seminiferous tubules, but rather they form and mature in a connective-tissue follicle that is cellular in nature. Spermatogenesis is not a continuous process, at either the spermatocyte or the spermatozoa formation stage. Rather, there are periods of stagnation and of proliferation, which can be correlated with the periods during which the male toads produce mating calls and with the pauses between the calling periods. The crucial participation of hormonal factors in these processes is discussed.", "contents": "[Spermatogenesis in the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata variegata L.) during the seasonal activity period and in correlation with the mating call activity (Discoglossidae, Anura)]. The spermatogenic tissue in the yellow-bellied toad Bombina variegata has certain properties not shared by other Central European anurans. Sertoli cells are lacking; the sperms are not bundled within the seminiferous tubules, but rather they form and mature in a connective-tissue follicle that is cellular in nature. Spermatogenesis is not a continuous process, at either the spermatocyte or the spermatozoa formation stage. Rather, there are periods of stagnation and of proliferation, which can be correlated with the periods during which the male toads produce mating calls and with the pauses between the calling periods. The crucial participation of hormonal factors in these processes is discussed.", "PMID": 1031523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5620", "title": "Studies on the seasonal histocytological changes in the internal and chromaffin cells of male Puntius sophore (Ham) in relation to its reproductive cycle.", "content": "An attempt has been made to correlate the activities of interrenal and chromaffin cells with the reproductive cycle of Puntius sophore. Chromaffin cells do not have any significant bearing while interrenal cells undergo qualitative and quantitative changes which have been correlated with the various phases in the reproductive cycle of this fish. These cells undergo degranulation and vacuolisation during spawning phase, disorganisation during regression phase, and reorganisation and gradual growth during resting and prespawning phases. These cells thus appear to play an important role in the reproductive physiology of this fish.", "contents": "Studies on the seasonal histocytological changes in the internal and chromaffin cells of male Puntius sophore (Ham) in relation to its reproductive cycle. An attempt has been made to correlate the activities of interrenal and chromaffin cells with the reproductive cycle of Puntius sophore. Chromaffin cells do not have any significant bearing while interrenal cells undergo qualitative and quantitative changes which have been correlated with the various phases in the reproductive cycle of this fish. These cells undergo degranulation and vacuolisation during spawning phase, disorganisation during regression phase, and reorganisation and gradual growth during resting and prespawning phases. These cells thus appear to play an important role in the reproductive physiology of this fish.", "PMID": 1031524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5621", "title": "Further observations on the B-type neurosecretory cells in the thoracic ganglion of the crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman).", "content": "Only four types of the secretory neurones were observed in the thoracic ganglion of the fresh water crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). These cells are classified as A, A', B and C types. Our results also confirmed that the B and B' types of cells (BAID et al. 1968) are one and the same type, the B cells. The B cells are of two forms, with and without the axons. They clearly showed sequential histological patterns pointing out to their phases. The secretory material is discharged either through the periphery or through the axon and periphery both. The vacuoles were observed in both the forms of the B cells. The remarkable sign of the activity of the nuclear membrane especially at the beginning of the secretory cycle and the appearance of the first secretory granules around the nucleus strongly support the vital role of the nucleus in the initiation of the secretory cycle.", "contents": "Further observations on the B-type neurosecretory cells in the thoracic ganglion of the crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). Only four types of the secretory neurones were observed in the thoracic ganglion of the fresh water crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). These cells are classified as A, A', B and C types. Our results also confirmed that the B and B' types of cells (BAID et al. 1968) are one and the same type, the B cells. The B cells are of two forms, with and without the axons. They clearly showed sequential histological patterns pointing out to their phases. The secretory material is discharged either through the periphery or through the axon and periphery both. The vacuoles were observed in both the forms of the B cells. The remarkable sign of the activity of the nuclear membrane especially at the beginning of the secretory cycle and the appearance of the first secretory granules around the nucleus strongly support the vital role of the nucleus in the initiation of the secretory cycle.", "PMID": 1031526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5622", "title": "Death-discordant twins--a new method to evaluate genetic factors in chronic diseases.", "content": "One of the most important lines of research on unselected large scale twin registries are mortality followups. Death-specific concordance rates have been calculated using different measures of concordance. These estimates are of great importance but they only reflect an \"all or-none\" classification of the genetic effect. It is suggested that mortality studies could be extended to, and include studies on, death-discordant twins. Such studies combine the advantages from mortality follow-ups on total twin populations with the detailed clinical investigation on subsamples. By examining the surviving cotwins with respect to various traits and supposed risk factors, an opportunity has been provided to study the genetic determination on the development of disease. This approach has been used in a study of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and its risk factors in a representative subsample from the Swedish Twin Registry.", "contents": "Death-discordant twins--a new method to evaluate genetic factors in chronic diseases. One of the most important lines of research on unselected large scale twin registries are mortality followups. Death-specific concordance rates have been calculated using different measures of concordance. These estimates are of great importance but they only reflect an \"all or-none\" classification of the genetic effect. It is suggested that mortality studies could be extended to, and include studies on, death-discordant twins. Such studies combine the advantages from mortality follow-ups on total twin populations with the detailed clinical investigation on subsamples. By examining the surviving cotwins with respect to various traits and supposed risk factors, an opportunity has been provided to study the genetic determination on the development of disease. This approach has been used in a study of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and its risk factors in a representative subsample from the Swedish Twin Registry.", "PMID": 1031528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5623", "title": "Alcohol consumption in relation to factors associated with ischemic heart disease: a cotwin control study.", "content": "Moderately alcohol-discordant male twin pairs, aged 45-65 years, have been examined with respect to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and associated factors. No conclusion can yet be drawn with regard to manifest or subclinical IHD, while significant disparities were found with regard to systolic and diastolic blood pressures, high cigarette consumption, hyperglycemia, and serum cholesterol; the greater number of findings of pathological values were found in the high alcohol-consumption as compared to the low alcohol-consumption cotwins. These findings offer a possible explanation for the increased number of reports showing a connection between high consumption of alcohol and occurrence heart disease.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption in relation to factors associated with ischemic heart disease: a cotwin control study. Moderately alcohol-discordant male twin pairs, aged 45-65 years, have been examined with respect to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and associated factors. No conclusion can yet be drawn with regard to manifest or subclinical IHD, while significant disparities were found with regard to systolic and diastolic blood pressures, high cigarette consumption, hyperglycemia, and serum cholesterol; the greater number of findings of pathological values were found in the high alcohol-consumption as compared to the low alcohol-consumption cotwins. These findings offer a possible explanation for the increased number of reports showing a connection between high consumption of alcohol and occurrence heart disease.", "PMID": 1031529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5624", "title": "Gene interaction in the phenotypic expression of mental diseases.", "content": "A genealogical analysis is carried out on the pedigrees of 10 twin pairs with two or more psychoses. The probands' symptoms reveal some peculiar aspects, i.e., an atypical phenomenology possibly due to the interference of more pathological genes. Schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and obsessive neurosis, are found in the pedigrees in different combinations. The study of these pedigrees would lead to the conclusion that interaction of more than one psychosis gives rise to atypical forms as a result of an attempt to establish a state of balance between opposing dynamic actions, as in reversible chemical reactions. Probands' symptoms are less severe and with an often more favourable prognosis. Epilepsy tends to become independent and the major psychoses seem to be epistatic on it. As for obsessive-compulsive neurosis, probands may progress into schizophrenia or depression if one of these psychoses is present in the pedigree, or may represent the neurotic form of the major disease.", "contents": "Gene interaction in the phenotypic expression of mental diseases. A genealogical analysis is carried out on the pedigrees of 10 twin pairs with two or more psychoses. The probands' symptoms reveal some peculiar aspects, i.e., an atypical phenomenology possibly due to the interference of more pathological genes. Schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and obsessive neurosis, are found in the pedigrees in different combinations. The study of these pedigrees would lead to the conclusion that interaction of more than one psychosis gives rise to atypical forms as a result of an attempt to establish a state of balance between opposing dynamic actions, as in reversible chemical reactions. Probands' symptoms are less severe and with an often more favourable prognosis. Epilepsy tends to become independent and the major psychoses seem to be epistatic on it. As for obsessive-compulsive neurosis, probands may progress into schizophrenia or depression if one of these psychoses is present in the pedigree, or may represent the neurotic form of the major disease.", "PMID": 1031531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5625", "title": "Twin pregnancy as a high risk pregnancy: new medical statistical data from the German Democratic Republic.", "content": "In 1972 the rate of multiple births showed a much more substantial decrease than in the years before. In the period 1963-1971 it dropped from 20.3% to 19.3% and in 1972 to 18.3%. The frequency of low birth weight in children from a multiple birth is 10 times higher than in all newborn children and the early neonatal mortality of children from a multiple birth is 8 times higher than that of all newborn infants. Cerebral damage is 30 times higher in children of low birth weight than in children of normal birth weight. In the period 1965-1967 perinatal death associated with cerebral damage (recorded on the death certificate) accounted for 5.7% of all children of low birth weight and for 0.2% of children weighing at birth over 2500 g. Early diagnosis of multiple pregnancy and early in-patient care of women with multiple pregnancy will improve the development of multiple fetuses and give children from a multiple birth much better chances in life. In all twin studies it has to be considered that a relatively high proportion of twins is affected to a higher or lesser degree by cerebral damage.", "contents": "Twin pregnancy as a high risk pregnancy: new medical statistical data from the German Democratic Republic. In 1972 the rate of multiple births showed a much more substantial decrease than in the years before. In the period 1963-1971 it dropped from 20.3% to 19.3% and in 1972 to 18.3%. The frequency of low birth weight in children from a multiple birth is 10 times higher than in all newborn children and the early neonatal mortality of children from a multiple birth is 8 times higher than that of all newborn infants. Cerebral damage is 30 times higher in children of low birth weight than in children of normal birth weight. In the period 1965-1967 perinatal death associated with cerebral damage (recorded on the death certificate) accounted for 5.7% of all children of low birth weight and for 0.2% of children weighing at birth over 2500 g. Early diagnosis of multiple pregnancy and early in-patient care of women with multiple pregnancy will improve the development of multiple fetuses and give children from a multiple birth much better chances in life. In all twin studies it has to be considered that a relatively high proportion of twins is affected to a higher or lesser degree by cerebral damage.", "PMID": 1031534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5626", "title": "A case of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy.", "content": "Twin pregnancies may present tubal involvement in the following cases: (1) simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy; (2) interstitial bilateral pregnancy (either simultaneous or not); (3) multiple pregnancy in the same tube; and (4) simultaneous interstitial and ovarian pregnancy. Interstitial bilateral pregnancy appears to be by far the rarest kind of tubal twin pregnancy, apparently only one case having been reported in the literature, and this referring to a nonsimultaneous pregnancy. A case is now reported that therefore appears to represent the first observation of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy.", "contents": "A case of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy. Twin pregnancies may present tubal involvement in the following cases: (1) simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy; (2) interstitial bilateral pregnancy (either simultaneous or not); (3) multiple pregnancy in the same tube; and (4) simultaneous interstitial and ovarian pregnancy. Interstitial bilateral pregnancy appears to be by far the rarest kind of tubal twin pregnancy, apparently only one case having been reported in the literature, and this referring to a nonsimultaneous pregnancy. A case is now reported that therefore appears to represent the first observation of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy.", "PMID": 1031536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5627", "title": "Hypothesis of an ovular regulation of pregnancy weight-gain.", "content": "A retrospective study of 127 twin pregnancies has been carried out, considering the relation between maternal weight-gain and zygosity of the ovum. At 28 weeks of gestation, the maternal weight-gain distribution goes on according to a bimodal curve, the analysis of which shows that each pike corresponds to one twin-pregnancy variety. Whatever the considered term might be (28-32-36 weeks), the maternal weight-gain is higher in DZ than in MZ pregnancies, and it should be pointed out that toxemic pregnancies, in each group, have nothing to do with this difference. This maternal weight-gain difference may reflect the known quality difference between MZ and DZ ova. The data lead to set up the more general hypothesis of an ovular regulation factor of the maternal weight-gain, in addition to classic data such as the own fetal weight, its annexes, and maternal diet.", "contents": "Hypothesis of an ovular regulation of pregnancy weight-gain. A retrospective study of 127 twin pregnancies has been carried out, considering the relation between maternal weight-gain and zygosity of the ovum. At 28 weeks of gestation, the maternal weight-gain distribution goes on according to a bimodal curve, the analysis of which shows that each pike corresponds to one twin-pregnancy variety. Whatever the considered term might be (28-32-36 weeks), the maternal weight-gain is higher in DZ than in MZ pregnancies, and it should be pointed out that toxemic pregnancies, in each group, have nothing to do with this difference. This maternal weight-gain difference may reflect the known quality difference between MZ and DZ ova. The data lead to set up the more general hypothesis of an ovular regulation factor of the maternal weight-gain, in addition to classic data such as the own fetal weight, its annexes, and maternal diet.", "PMID": 1031537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5628", "title": "Leukemia in twins: antenatal and postnatal factors.", "content": "Two factors emerged from a search for obstetric phenomena that might explain concordance of leukemia in both members of a twin pair within days or months of each other: antenatal exposure to ionizing radiation; and antenatal cojoined intrauterine circulation. In addition, antenatal tumor metastasis and chromosomal changes, antenatal or postnatal, may be contributory. Continued observation of reports should be carried out.", "contents": "Leukemia in twins: antenatal and postnatal factors. Two factors emerged from a search for obstetric phenomena that might explain concordance of leukemia in both members of a twin pair within days or months of each other: antenatal exposure to ionizing radiation; and antenatal cojoined intrauterine circulation. In addition, antenatal tumor metastasis and chromosomal changes, antenatal or postnatal, may be contributory. Continued observation of reports should be carried out.", "PMID": 1031538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5629", "title": "Frequency of thoracoomphalopagus conjoined twins in Thailand.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of conjoined twins have been collected in Thailand. The numbers occurring in the various parts of Thailand are listed. No known cases have occurred between the years 1968-1973. The extent of union between the conjoined twins is described and illustrated. Some theories are offered as to etiological factors which might account for the occurrence of conjoined twins.", "contents": "Frequency of thoracoomphalopagus conjoined twins in Thailand. Twenty-two cases of conjoined twins have been collected in Thailand. The numbers occurring in the various parts of Thailand are listed. No known cases have occurred between the years 1968-1973. The extent of union between the conjoined twins is described and illustrated. Some theories are offered as to etiological factors which might account for the occurrence of conjoined twins.", "PMID": 1031540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5630", "title": "Morphological and cytogenetic studies on conjoined twins.", "content": "Two cases of monoamniotic conjoined male twins, born at term after normal pregnancies, are reported. The first case, a bicephalus, shows hypoplastic and malformed left-side organs, absence of the left umbilical artery, and two communicating hearts, the left one with three cameras. The second case, a pygothoracopagus, consists in a twin \"parasite\", with no head but with two upper and two lower limbs, slightly less developed than those of the formed twin. The left eye of the formed twin is double than the right one and contains two eye apples -- one well-formed and the other rudimentary. There is a rudiment of a second mouth on the left cheek. The umbilical cord contains five blood vessels --- one umbilical vein and four umbilical arteries. The cytogenetic study of the pygothoracopagus reveals aneuploidy, more pronounced in the \"parasite\" than in the formed twin.", "contents": "Morphological and cytogenetic studies on conjoined twins. Two cases of monoamniotic conjoined male twins, born at term after normal pregnancies, are reported. The first case, a bicephalus, shows hypoplastic and malformed left-side organs, absence of the left umbilical artery, and two communicating hearts, the left one with three cameras. The second case, a pygothoracopagus, consists in a twin \"parasite\", with no head but with two upper and two lower limbs, slightly less developed than those of the formed twin. The left eye of the formed twin is double than the right one and contains two eye apples -- one well-formed and the other rudimentary. There is a rudiment of a second mouth on the left cheek. The umbilical cord contains five blood vessels --- one umbilical vein and four umbilical arteries. The cytogenetic study of the pygothoracopagus reveals aneuploidy, more pronounced in the \"parasite\" than in the formed twin.", "PMID": 1031541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5631", "title": "A case of conjoined twins.", "content": "Among 56,249 maternities in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, 615 were twin maternities. One of these resulted in stillborn thoracoomphalopagus MZ female twins with multiple cardiovascular, alimentary and other malformations. The case is of further interest in that the mother had a surgically removed brain tumor in childhood and exhibited neurological symptoms and bizarre behavior before and during pregnancy. Drugs and treatments which she received during pregnancy are not known to be teratogenic.", "contents": "A case of conjoined twins. Among 56,249 maternities in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, 615 were twin maternities. One of these resulted in stillborn thoracoomphalopagus MZ female twins with multiple cardiovascular, alimentary and other malformations. The case is of further interest in that the mother had a surgically removed brain tumor in childhood and exhibited neurological symptoms and bizarre behavior before and during pregnancy. Drugs and treatments which she received during pregnancy are not known to be teratogenic.", "PMID": 1031542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5632", "title": "Monoamniotic twins.", "content": "Six new cases of monoamniotic twins are reported. All had true knots of the cord, the result being double survival in 5 cases and 11 normal children. The mechanism of twin development is described and monoamniotic twins are placed in accordance with the two theories from the literature. A short review of both the Scandinavian and the world cases is presented.", "contents": "Monoamniotic twins. Six new cases of monoamniotic twins are reported. All had true knots of the cord, the result being double survival in 5 cases and 11 normal children. The mechanism of twin development is described and monoamniotic twins are placed in accordance with the two theories from the literature. A short review of both the Scandinavian and the world cases is presented.", "PMID": 1031543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5633", "title": "Delayed ovulation and monozygotic twinning.", "content": "Aiming to show that delayed ovulation may induce MZ twinning, follicular maturation was induced in the rabbit by a small quantity of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (16 UI four times): coitus, which induces ovulation in the rabbit, was delayed 60 hours after the last injection. From the 387 blastocysts obtained after this treatment, 6 (1.5%) were pairs of MZ twins, twinning being otherwise exceptional in the rabbit. Other anomalies were shown by the embryos, apparently related to a deficient quality of the eggs: high embryonic mortality (62% vs. 27% in controls) and chromosomal anomalies (20%) such as trisomies, triploidies, and chimaeras. The relation between MZ twinning, chromosomal anomalies, and embryonic mortality induced by delayed ovulation, could be connected and related to the poor perinatal conditions frequently observed in human MZ twins.", "contents": "Delayed ovulation and monozygotic twinning. Aiming to show that delayed ovulation may induce MZ twinning, follicular maturation was induced in the rabbit by a small quantity of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (16 UI four times): coitus, which induces ovulation in the rabbit, was delayed 60 hours after the last injection. From the 387 blastocysts obtained after this treatment, 6 (1.5%) were pairs of MZ twins, twinning being otherwise exceptional in the rabbit. Other anomalies were shown by the embryos, apparently related to a deficient quality of the eggs: high embryonic mortality (62% vs. 27% in controls) and chromosomal anomalies (20%) such as trisomies, triploidies, and chimaeras. The relation between MZ twinning, chromosomal anomalies, and embryonic mortality induced by delayed ovulation, could be connected and related to the poor perinatal conditions frequently observed in human MZ twins.", "PMID": 1031545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5634", "title": "Triplet pregnancy in a subfertile woman treated with clomiphene citrate.", "content": "A 26-year-old subfertile woman with a history of abortions at the 7-9th week was treated with Clomid, 50 mg for 5 days. A pregnancy resulted, which ended in the premature birth of a set of alive triplets that sex and blood-group determinations showed to be trizgotic. It is suggested that this production of a multiple ovulation in a woman with luteal deficiency be the result of excessive dosage of Clomid.", "contents": "Triplet pregnancy in a subfertile woman treated with clomiphene citrate. A 26-year-old subfertile woman with a history of abortions at the 7-9th week was treated with Clomid, 50 mg for 5 days. A pregnancy resulted, which ended in the premature birth of a set of alive triplets that sex and blood-group determinations showed to be trizgotic. It is suggested that this production of a multiple ovulation in a woman with luteal deficiency be the result of excessive dosage of Clomid.", "PMID": 1031546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5635", "title": "Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: pancreatic ductal-interstitial-vascular and lymphatic pathways.", "content": "The generally accepted theory explaining the pathogenesis of pancreatic autodigestion (acute pancreatitis) is analysed. The pathways are discussed through which the content of the pancreatic duct system, the digestive enzymes, may escape to enter the acinar cells and the pancreatic interstices, together with the effect of the enzymes on the pancreatic vessels and thus on pancreatic blood flow. The potential consequences of vascular damage are described as well as the importance of pancreatic lymphatics in the transport of the escaped enzymes from the interstices. Although no definite answer can be given to the basic problem whether acute autodigestion of the pancreas is a result of some intra- or extra-acinar process, it is suggested that the intra- and extra-acinar processes are linked and are decisive in launching the pathological process.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: pancreatic ductal-interstitial-vascular and lymphatic pathways. The generally accepted theory explaining the pathogenesis of pancreatic autodigestion (acute pancreatitis) is analysed. The pathways are discussed through which the content of the pancreatic duct system, the digestive enzymes, may escape to enter the acinar cells and the pancreatic interstices, together with the effect of the enzymes on the pancreatic vessels and thus on pancreatic blood flow. The potential consequences of vascular damage are described as well as the importance of pancreatic lymphatics in the transport of the escaped enzymes from the interstices. Although no definite answer can be given to the basic problem whether acute autodigestion of the pancreas is a result of some intra- or extra-acinar process, it is suggested that the intra- and extra-acinar processes are linked and are decisive in launching the pathological process.", "PMID": 1031547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5636", "title": "Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the serum glycoprotein levels in chronic aggressive hepatitis.", "content": "The sera of 24 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis receiving combined immunosuppressive therapy were studied for the concentrations of the carbohydrate components of glycoproteins and the IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha-2-macroglobulin, coeruloplasmin, beta-1-C-globulin and transferrin levels over a period of 2 years. Liver biopsy was performed repeatedly in 50% of the cases. On the evidence of the results, combined immunosuppressive treatment is regarded as apt to normalize the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM and to reduce those of alpha-2-macroglobulin and coeruloplasmin. Among the carbohydrate components of glycoproteins only the amount of hexose was reduced.", "contents": "Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the serum glycoprotein levels in chronic aggressive hepatitis. The sera of 24 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis receiving combined immunosuppressive therapy were studied for the concentrations of the carbohydrate components of glycoproteins and the IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha-2-macroglobulin, coeruloplasmin, beta-1-C-globulin and transferrin levels over a period of 2 years. Liver biopsy was performed repeatedly in 50% of the cases. On the evidence of the results, combined immunosuppressive treatment is regarded as apt to normalize the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM and to reduce those of alpha-2-macroglobulin and coeruloplasmin. Among the carbohydrate components of glycoproteins only the amount of hexose was reduced.", "PMID": 1031548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5637", "title": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipids and the lipoprotein pattern were studied in 169 cases chronic liver disease confirmed by biopsy. On the ground of the immunological and morphological results the patients were classified into five groups. In chronic persistent hepatitis no significant abnormality was found. In chronic aggressive hepatitis and in cirrhosis of the liver the serum cholesterol level was significantly reduced. In fatty infiltration of the liver the serum cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid concentrations were significantly increased, as compared with the normal values and with the figures obtained in the cases of chronic inflammatory liver disease. In the cases of cirrhosis with additional diabetes the lipid values were likewise increased. In chronic aggressive hepatitis and in cirrhosis of the liver the levels of pre-beta and alpha lipoprotein were decreased, in fatty infiltration of the liver those of beta and pre-beta lipoprotein were increased.", "contents": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins in chronic liver disease. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipids and the lipoprotein pattern were studied in 169 cases chronic liver disease confirmed by biopsy. On the ground of the immunological and morphological results the patients were classified into five groups. In chronic persistent hepatitis no significant abnormality was found. In chronic aggressive hepatitis and in cirrhosis of the liver the serum cholesterol level was significantly reduced. In fatty infiltration of the liver the serum cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid concentrations were significantly increased, as compared with the normal values and with the figures obtained in the cases of chronic inflammatory liver disease. In the cases of cirrhosis with additional diabetes the lipid values were likewise increased. In chronic aggressive hepatitis and in cirrhosis of the liver the levels of pre-beta and alpha lipoprotein were decreased, in fatty infiltration of the liver those of beta and pre-beta lipoprotein were increased.", "PMID": 1031549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5638", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Insulin secretion has been studied after an oral glucose load in 81 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia and 15 control sugjects. Glucose tolerance was reduced mainly in Type IV, and to a lesser extent in Type IIB hyperlipoproteinaemia. Insulin secretory response to glucose was reduced in Type V and heterogeneous in Type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. No correlation was found between the triglyceride level and the rate of insulin secretion.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in various types of hyperlipoproteinaemia. Insulin secretion has been studied after an oral glucose load in 81 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia and 15 control sugjects. Glucose tolerance was reduced mainly in Type IV, and to a lesser extent in Type IIB hyperlipoproteinaemia. Insulin secretory response to glucose was reduced in Type V and heterogeneous in Type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. No correlation was found between the triglyceride level and the rate of insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1031550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5639", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of gastric analysis (test meal) in Hungary.", "content": "On the basis of information received from 128 medical wards, the frequency of gastric analysis (test meal) used as a clinical diagnostic procedure, the spreading of the different methods and other problems connected with the examination are analysed. In about 3/4 of the institutions the test meal is performed in patients with all kinds of gastric complaint. This incidence decreases to 50% if the X-ray finding is positive. As acid-stimulants caffeine and a moderate dose of histamine are used most frequently. Of the data supplied by the test meal, the value for acid concentration (acidity) is registered by most of the examiners. The authors consider it as suprising that outdated methods such as a qualitative lactic acid assay (47%), isolation of Boas-Oppler's bacillus (25%) and of sarcinas (21%) are still in frequent use. The data are compared to the results of a similar survey made in England.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of gastric analysis (test meal) in Hungary. On the basis of information received from 128 medical wards, the frequency of gastric analysis (test meal) used as a clinical diagnostic procedure, the spreading of the different methods and other problems connected with the examination are analysed. In about 3/4 of the institutions the test meal is performed in patients with all kinds of gastric complaint. This incidence decreases to 50% if the X-ray finding is positive. As acid-stimulants caffeine and a moderate dose of histamine are used most frequently. Of the data supplied by the test meal, the value for acid concentration (acidity) is registered by most of the examiners. The authors consider it as suprising that outdated methods such as a qualitative lactic acid assay (47%), isolation of Boas-Oppler's bacillus (25%) and of sarcinas (21%) are still in frequent use. The data are compared to the results of a similar survey made in England.", "PMID": 1031551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5640", "title": "Regulatory hyperparathyroidism: the role of C-cell hyperplasia.", "content": "Four cases with clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperparathyroidism are reported. The syndrome was due to DHT-intoxication of iatrogenic origin in the first case to histologically confirmed C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid in the three others. The collective term \"regulatory hyperparathyroidism\" is porposed for the syndromes which, in distinction to secondary parathyroidisms, have a pathogenesis other than a negative calcium balance. Management of the syndrome is discussed with particular emphasis on the removal of the TCT-producing hyperplasia or adenoma, and the restoration of the electrolyte balance.", "contents": "Regulatory hyperparathyroidism: the role of C-cell hyperplasia. Four cases with clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperparathyroidism are reported. The syndrome was due to DHT-intoxication of iatrogenic origin in the first case to histologically confirmed C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid in the three others. The collective term \"regulatory hyperparathyroidism\" is porposed for the syndromes which, in distinction to secondary parathyroidisms, have a pathogenesis other than a negative calcium balance. Management of the syndrome is discussed with particular emphasis on the removal of the TCT-producing hyperplasia or adenoma, and the restoration of the electrolyte balance.", "PMID": 1031552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5641", "title": "Heart block: histological and clinical features.", "content": "The clinical types of A-V-block and the localization of the underlying lesion to the conduction pathway have been examined in 25 patients. On the evidence of the post mortem studies the lesions were of the following types: 1) Necrosis or fibrosis of ischaemic origin: 13 cases; 2) lesions of inflammatory character: 5 cases; 3) nonspecific lesions; 6 cases; 4) malignant infiltration: one case. Correlations between the site of lesion and the clinical type and pattern of block could be demonstrated in a large proportion of the cases. The characteristic features of the individual types of block and their localization are discussed and a review of the literature is given.", "contents": "Heart block: histological and clinical features. The clinical types of A-V-block and the localization of the underlying lesion to the conduction pathway have been examined in 25 patients. On the evidence of the post mortem studies the lesions were of the following types: 1) Necrosis or fibrosis of ischaemic origin: 13 cases; 2) lesions of inflammatory character: 5 cases; 3) nonspecific lesions; 6 cases; 4) malignant infiltration: one case. Correlations between the site of lesion and the clinical type and pattern of block could be demonstrated in a large proportion of the cases. The characteristic features of the individual types of block and their localization are discussed and a review of the literature is given.", "PMID": 1031553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5642", "title": "ECG changes in benzene, toluene and xylene poisoned rats.", "content": "Electrical activity of the heart was studied in acute, subacute and chronic benzene, toluene and xylene poisoning by means of NEK-2 type apparatus in CFY male rats. In the early period of acute intoxication benzene and its methyl derivatives, injected either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously or administered by inhalation did not cause changes in the ECG. Intravenously injected toluene induced a rapid and permanent decrease in blood pressure, in higher doses respiratory paralysis. In acute inhalation toluene and xylene poisoning the anesthesia was followed by respiratory paralysis, bradyarrhythmia and asystole, while inhalation of benzene induced respiratory paralysis followed by ventricular fibrillation. Subacute poisoning with benzene, toluene and xylene caused disorders in repolarization and arrhythmia. The degree, incidence and development of these phenomena depended on the dose and the duration of exposure. The effect of benzene influencing ECG was appreciably more intensive than that of toluene or xylene. Owing to the high number of spontaneous ECG changes due to ageing, it is difficult to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to the agents under investigation.", "contents": "ECG changes in benzene, toluene and xylene poisoned rats. Electrical activity of the heart was studied in acute, subacute and chronic benzene, toluene and xylene poisoning by means of NEK-2 type apparatus in CFY male rats. In the early period of acute intoxication benzene and its methyl derivatives, injected either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously or administered by inhalation did not cause changes in the ECG. Intravenously injected toluene induced a rapid and permanent decrease in blood pressure, in higher doses respiratory paralysis. In acute inhalation toluene and xylene poisoning the anesthesia was followed by respiratory paralysis, bradyarrhythmia and asystole, while inhalation of benzene induced respiratory paralysis followed by ventricular fibrillation. Subacute poisoning with benzene, toluene and xylene caused disorders in repolarization and arrhythmia. The degree, incidence and development of these phenomena depended on the dose and the duration of exposure. The effect of benzene influencing ECG was appreciably more intensive than that of toluene or xylene. Owing to the high number of spontaneous ECG changes due to ageing, it is difficult to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to the agents under investigation.", "PMID": 1031554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5643", "title": "Modification of the biologic dose to normal tissue by daily fraction. Model for calculating normal tissue tolerance.", "content": "A method to predict normal tissue injury is proposed that includes high daily doses and unusual times successfully by calculating a new value called BIR (Biologic Index of Reaction). BIR and NSD were calculated for various normal tissue reactions. With the aid of statistical correlation techniques it is found that the BIR model is better than the NSD model in predicting radiation myelopathy and vocal edema and as good as NSD in predicting rib fracture. Neither model predicts pericardial effusion. In no case were the results  of BIR inferior to those of NSD.", "contents": "Modification of the biologic dose to normal tissue by daily fraction. Model for calculating normal tissue tolerance. A method to predict normal tissue injury is proposed that includes high daily doses and unusual times successfully by calculating a new value called BIR (Biologic Index of Reaction). BIR and NSD were calculated for various normal tissue reactions. With the aid of statistical correlation techniques it is found that the BIR model is better than the NSD model in predicting radiation myelopathy and vocal edema and as good as NSD in predicting rib fracture. Neither model predicts pericardial effusion. In no case were the results  of BIR inferior to those of NSD.", "PMID": 1031555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5644", "title": "Anti-oestrogen therapy of advanced mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Forty mg daily of tamoxifen (Nolvadex) was administered orally to 89 patients with advanced soft tissue mammary carcinoma. At two months 43 per cent of the patients responded. At 6, 12 and 18 months, 42, 35 and 32 per cent, respectively, were still responding to therapy. The side effects were limited, fatique being the most frequent complaint. Oestrogen dependent side effects were not encountered. The therapeutic effect of tamoxifen is similar to that of oestrogen, but the side effects are less.", "contents": "Anti-oestrogen therapy of advanced mammary carcinoma. Forty mg daily of tamoxifen (Nolvadex) was administered orally to 89 patients with advanced soft tissue mammary carcinoma. At two months 43 per cent of the patients responded. At 6, 12 and 18 months, 42, 35 and 32 per cent, respectively, were still responding to therapy. The side effects were limited, fatique being the most frequent complaint. Oestrogen dependent side effects were not encountered. The therapeutic effect of tamoxifen is similar to that of oestrogen, but the side effects are less.", "PMID": 1031556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5645", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of cells in the lymph of the human thoracic duct in advanced malignancies.", "content": "At scanning electron microscopy of cells from the lymph of the thoracic duct, collected by cannulation of patients with malignant tumours of different types, lymphocytes and red blood cells were found, but few malignant cells. The latter came from patients with pulmonary carcinoma and mammary carcinoma with lung metastases. Various abnormal shapes of the red blood cells were observed, possibly due to extrinsic factors such as administered drugs of abnormal metabolites from the malignant disease. The lymphocytes had no consistent pathologic shape, but appeared to act as immunologic, active cells against the malignant cells in the thoracic lymph.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of cells in the lymph of the human thoracic duct in advanced malignancies. At scanning electron microscopy of cells from the lymph of the thoracic duct, collected by cannulation of patients with malignant tumours of different types, lymphocytes and red blood cells were found, but few malignant cells. The latter came from patients with pulmonary carcinoma and mammary carcinoma with lung metastases. Various abnormal shapes of the red blood cells were observed, possibly due to extrinsic factors such as administered drugs of abnormal metabolites from the malignant disease. The lymphocytes had no consistent pathologic shape, but appeared to act as immunologic, active cells against the malignant cells in the thoracic lymph.", "PMID": 1031557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5646", "title": "Radiation sensitizing effect of diamide on human cells cultivated in vitro.", "content": "Human cells of line NHIK 3025 were irradiated suspended in growth medium (E2a) in absence and presence of diamide under aerobic and extremely hypoxic (less than 4 ppm O2) conditions. A sensitizing effect of diamide was found for doses exceeding 8 Gy (800 rad) on cells irradiated under extremely hypoxic conditions in presence of diamide of concentration 200 micrometer, whereas no significant effect was observed for 20 micrometer.", "contents": "Radiation sensitizing effect of diamide on human cells cultivated in vitro. Human cells of line NHIK 3025 were irradiated suspended in growth medium (E2a) in absence and presence of diamide under aerobic and extremely hypoxic (less than 4 ppm O2) conditions. A sensitizing effect of diamide was found for doses exceeding 8 Gy (800 rad) on cells irradiated under extremely hypoxic conditions in presence of diamide of concentration 200 micrometer, whereas no significant effect was observed for 20 micrometer.", "PMID": 1031558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5647", "title": "Histochemical and morphometrical changes in the adrenal glands in the course of circulatory failure.", "content": "The histological and biochemical changes in adrenal function has been studied in 50 male cats with circulatory failure. The adrenal glands were examined by morphometric, histochemical and histoenzymological methods after a preliminarily study of the histoenzymological profile of the adrenal glands in intact animals. Five hours after hypotension induced by intravenous injection of trimethaphan and 5 hours after a single massive bleeding, a decrease in adrenal function was observed. Adrenal insufficiency especially of the glucocorticoid release in the course of acute circulatory failure can be considered as a peculiar adaptation of the organism to preserve its life. The demonstrated decrease of adrenal function in the first hours of hypoxia may help in planning hormonal therapy under suitable conditions.", "contents": "Histochemical and morphometrical changes in the adrenal glands in the course of circulatory failure. The histological and biochemical changes in adrenal function has been studied in 50 male cats with circulatory failure. The adrenal glands were examined by morphometric, histochemical and histoenzymological methods after a preliminarily study of the histoenzymological profile of the adrenal glands in intact animals. Five hours after hypotension induced by intravenous injection of trimethaphan and 5 hours after a single massive bleeding, a decrease in adrenal function was observed. Adrenal insufficiency especially of the glucocorticoid release in the course of acute circulatory failure can be considered as a peculiar adaptation of the organism to preserve its life. The demonstrated decrease of adrenal function in the first hours of hypoxia may help in planning hormonal therapy under suitable conditions.", "PMID": 1031559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5648", "title": "Development of collagenous fibres in autologous and preserved homologous tendon grafts.", "content": "Collagen synthesis has been studied in preserved autologous and homologous tendon grafts, applied in dogs. The stages of collagen morphogenesis observed in the synthetizing fibroblasts appearing in the decomposing original structure of the transplants as well as in the extracellular ground substance are described. The results suggest that autologous tendon grafts and homologous ones preserved by irradiation, stored in cold physiological saline and beta-propiolactone, are rebuilt within eight weeks; meanwhile the original collagenous fibre structure is decomposed. When other preserving procedures such as deep-freezing or gamma irradiation are applied recomposition of the graft is retarded or fails to occur; the result is a cicatrizing adhesion.", "contents": "Development of collagenous fibres in autologous and preserved homologous tendon grafts. Collagen synthesis has been studied in preserved autologous and homologous tendon grafts, applied in dogs. The stages of collagen morphogenesis observed in the synthetizing fibroblasts appearing in the decomposing original structure of the transplants as well as in the extracellular ground substance are described. The results suggest that autologous tendon grafts and homologous ones preserved by irradiation, stored in cold physiological saline and beta-propiolactone, are rebuilt within eight weeks; meanwhile the original collagenous fibre structure is decomposed. When other preserving procedures such as deep-freezing or gamma irradiation are applied recomposition of the graft is retarded or fails to occur; the result is a cicatrizing adhesion.", "PMID": 1031560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5649", "title": "Selective sympathetic denervation induced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine in the small intestine.", "content": "The structure of the nerve fibres in the intact and neurally isolated intestine of the cat was studied after 6-OHDA treatment by fluorescence and electron microscopy. A gradual disappearance of green fluorescence in the monoaminergic fibers was observed. Degeneration of nerve fibres containing 30--60 nm agranular and 30--60 nm densecore (granular) vesicles could be seen in all layers of the small intestine. Sporadically, degeneration of the presynaptic elements occurred also in the synapses of myenteric ganglia. A large number of degenerating fibres could be observed in close relation to blood vessels. These were thought to be monoaminergic because 6-OHDA selectively affected their terminals. In the chronically isolated small intestine degenerated nerve processes could not be observed following 6-OHDA treatment. It is concluded that the intrinsic nerve elements do not contain monoamines. Accordingly, the previously observed yellow fluorescence of the nerve elements of the isolated small intestine might be due to some other kind of neurotransmitter, possibly tryptamine.", "contents": "Selective sympathetic denervation induced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine in the small intestine. The structure of the nerve fibres in the intact and neurally isolated intestine of the cat was studied after 6-OHDA treatment by fluorescence and electron microscopy. A gradual disappearance of green fluorescence in the monoaminergic fibers was observed. Degeneration of nerve fibres containing 30--60 nm agranular and 30--60 nm densecore (granular) vesicles could be seen in all layers of the small intestine. Sporadically, degeneration of the presynaptic elements occurred also in the synapses of myenteric ganglia. A large number of degenerating fibres could be observed in close relation to blood vessels. These were thought to be monoaminergic because 6-OHDA selectively affected their terminals. In the chronically isolated small intestine degenerated nerve processes could not be observed following 6-OHDA treatment. It is concluded that the intrinsic nerve elements do not contain monoamines. Accordingly, the previously observed yellow fluorescence of the nerve elements of the isolated small intestine might be due to some other kind of neurotransmitter, possibly tryptamine.", "PMID": 1031561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5650", "title": "Parenchymal destruction and arterial changes (haemodialysis intimal fibrosis) of glomerulonephritic kidneys in chronic intermittent haemodialysis.", "content": "The kidneys of 13 chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis patients who had been subjected to chronic intermittent haemodialysis were compared with those of 6 patients treated in the conservative way. Their renal parenchyma was examined with a semiquantitative histological method and advanced complete destruction of the glomeruli was demonstrated in the dialysed cases. There was no perceptive difference in the distribution of the various grades of damage of the recognizable glomeruli and tubules. With the exception of the chronic lobular glomerulonephritis cases, a marked obliterative mucoid intimal proliferation (\"haemodialysis-intimal-fibrosis\") had developed in the dialysed glomerulonephritis patients. It affected the renal arteries of all size from the segmental to the interlobular arties. Haemodialysis-intimal-fibrosis did not develop in the additionally examined 13 dialysed chronic pyelonephritis cases nor in 8 such treated conservatively. The change seems to be characteristic, but not specific, for chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis treated by chronic intermittent haemodialysis.", "contents": "Parenchymal destruction and arterial changes (haemodialysis intimal fibrosis) of glomerulonephritic kidneys in chronic intermittent haemodialysis. The kidneys of 13 chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis patients who had been subjected to chronic intermittent haemodialysis were compared with those of 6 patients treated in the conservative way. Their renal parenchyma was examined with a semiquantitative histological method and advanced complete destruction of the glomeruli was demonstrated in the dialysed cases. There was no perceptive difference in the distribution of the various grades of damage of the recognizable glomeruli and tubules. With the exception of the chronic lobular glomerulonephritis cases, a marked obliterative mucoid intimal proliferation (\"haemodialysis-intimal-fibrosis\") had developed in the dialysed glomerulonephritis patients. It affected the renal arteries of all size from the segmental to the interlobular arties. Haemodialysis-intimal-fibrosis did not develop in the additionally examined 13 dialysed chronic pyelonephritis cases nor in 8 such treated conservatively. The change seems to be characteristic, but not specific, for chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis treated by chronic intermittent haemodialysis.", "PMID": 1031562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5651", "title": "Reversibility and interaction with hepatic regeneration of toluene induced liver injury.", "content": "Acute and subacute toluene poisoning was induced in CFY rats. Routine histological, enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic investigations revealed that following discontinuation of exposure, the hepatic changes indicating an enhanced load on the detoxicating function (increased SDH activity, increase of mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, decrease in Best carmine staining and PAS positivity) as well as degeneration (dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation positivity) as well as degeneration (dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of autophagous vacuoles) show a rapid regression. The toxic effect of toluene and the functional load on the liver is thus reversible. In another series, toluene exposure was combined with partial hepatectomy. It has been established by routine histological, enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic techniques as well as by quantitative light and electron microscopic methods that the two interventions show a peculiar interaction: hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy inhibited the effect of toluene. On the other hand, the rate of regeneration was not influenced by toluene.", "contents": "Reversibility and interaction with hepatic regeneration of toluene induced liver injury. Acute and subacute toluene poisoning was induced in CFY rats. Routine histological, enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic investigations revealed that following discontinuation of exposure, the hepatic changes indicating an enhanced load on the detoxicating function (increased SDH activity, increase of mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, decrease in Best carmine staining and PAS positivity) as well as degeneration (dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation positivity) as well as degeneration (dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of autophagous vacuoles) show a rapid regression. The toxic effect of toluene and the functional load on the liver is thus reversible. In another series, toluene exposure was combined with partial hepatectomy. It has been established by routine histological, enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic techniques as well as by quantitative light and electron microscopic methods that the two interventions show a peculiar interaction: hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy inhibited the effect of toluene. On the other hand, the rate of regeneration was not influenced by toluene.", "PMID": 1031563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5652", "title": "Myeloid metaplasia in the spleen after acute haemolysis.", "content": "Copper sulphate, phenyl hydrazine and antiserum were administered to adult albino rats to produce equivalent haemolysis. Red pulp activity was studied for myeloid metaplasia after 24, 48 and 72 h, 5 and 7 days. Myeloid metaplasia was not related to the marginal zone proliferation. The activity rose rapidly with all the three agents and followed a similar curve despite the different patterns of haemolysis and erythrophagocytosis. Splenic erythrophagocytosis acts as a powerful feedback for splenic myeloid metaplasia. With copper, the release of reticulocytes and iron binding in haemoglobin is rapid as compared to the other agents, in spite of the initial lag phase, due to its effect on cellular metabolism.", "contents": "Myeloid metaplasia in the spleen after acute haemolysis. Copper sulphate, phenyl hydrazine and antiserum were administered to adult albino rats to produce equivalent haemolysis. Red pulp activity was studied for myeloid metaplasia after 24, 48 and 72 h, 5 and 7 days. Myeloid metaplasia was not related to the marginal zone proliferation. The activity rose rapidly with all the three agents and followed a similar curve despite the different patterns of haemolysis and erythrophagocytosis. Splenic erythrophagocytosis acts as a powerful feedback for splenic myeloid metaplasia. With copper, the release of reticulocytes and iron binding in haemoglobin is rapid as compared to the other agents, in spite of the initial lag phase, due to its effect on cellular metabolism.", "PMID": 1031564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5653", "title": "Frequency of juxtaglomerular granulated cells in the mouse kidney.", "content": "Studies of 23 untreated adult mouse kidneys revealed that in mouse kidney sections the frequency of juxtaglomerular granulated cells as compared to the glomeruli is 38.5 +/- 1.79%, the value for the JGI, 71.8 +/- 3.93. Following 100 glomeruli through complete serial sections prepared from a single mouse kidney, it was shown that in the cortex of the mouse kidney all juxtaglomerular apparatus related to the glomeruli contain renin-producing modified smooth muscle cells with granulated cytoplasm.", "contents": "Frequency of juxtaglomerular granulated cells in the mouse kidney. Studies of 23 untreated adult mouse kidneys revealed that in mouse kidney sections the frequency of juxtaglomerular granulated cells as compared to the glomeruli is 38.5 +/- 1.79%, the value for the JGI, 71.8 +/- 3.93. Following 100 glomeruli through complete serial sections prepared from a single mouse kidney, it was shown that in the cortex of the mouse kidney all juxtaglomerular apparatus related to the glomeruli contain renin-producing modified smooth muscle cells with granulated cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1031565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5654", "title": "A glycoprotein precipitate in the blood vessels of kidneys stored in cold homologous blood.", "content": "Dog kidneys were stored three hours at 4 degrees C in heparinized homologous blood. Their histological examination revealed the presence of a homogeneous precipitate in the glomerular capillaries and afferent and efferent arterioles, and histochemical analysis indicated that it consisted of glycoprotein. It is tentatively suggested that the substance is cryoglobulin, a conclusion supported by the disappearance of the deposit on reimplantation of the kidney.", "contents": "A glycoprotein precipitate in the blood vessels of kidneys stored in cold homologous blood. Dog kidneys were stored three hours at 4 degrees C in heparinized homologous blood. Their histological examination revealed the presence of a homogeneous precipitate in the glomerular capillaries and afferent and efferent arterioles, and histochemical analysis indicated that it consisted of glycoprotein. It is tentatively suggested that the substance is cryoglobulin, a conclusion supported by the disappearance of the deposit on reimplantation of the kidney.", "PMID": 1031566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5655", "title": "Alterations of the Z-band in cardiac and skeletal muscles.", "content": "The heart muscle may react to various hypoxic damaging effects (e.g.N2, CO, haemorrhagic shock, electroshock) by identical responses similarly as in the case of skeletal muscle damages. One of the early manifestations of the process is the alteration of the Z-band, which is considered pathological. The alterations of the Z-band region precede the changes of the mitochondrial and sacrotubular systems and might form the morphological basis of functional changes induced by hypoxic effects. The alterations observed are differentiated from the hypertrophy of the Z-band. In the development of the alterations of the Z-band the role of other factors (e.g. calcium metabolism, sacroplasmatic membrane changes) is emphasized.", "contents": "Alterations of the Z-band in cardiac and skeletal muscles. The heart muscle may react to various hypoxic damaging effects (e.g.N2, CO, haemorrhagic shock, electroshock) by identical responses similarly as in the case of skeletal muscle damages. One of the early manifestations of the process is the alteration of the Z-band, which is considered pathological. The alterations of the Z-band region precede the changes of the mitochondrial and sacrotubular systems and might form the morphological basis of functional changes induced by hypoxic effects. The alterations observed are differentiated from the hypertrophy of the Z-band. In the development of the alterations of the Z-band the role of other factors (e.g. calcium metabolism, sacroplasmatic membrane changes) is emphasized.", "PMID": 1031567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5656", "title": "The cytoarchitecture of the adrenal medulla in the rat.", "content": "The disposition of adrenaline and noradrenaline storing cells in the adrenal medulla has been studied in the rat. It has been demonstrated that no morphological or functional reason exists for the follicular designation of clumps of chromaffin cells in the medulla. No significant difference was found between the outer and inner zone as regards the frequency of NA cells by morphometric and statistical methods. The cytoarchitectural differences between adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cell arrangement are described. Special features of the interrelation between noradrenaline storing cells, cortical cells and the connective tissue framework are stressed. The light and electron microscopic appearance of two types of cortical cells, assumed to represent different states of functional activity is described.", "contents": "The cytoarchitecture of the adrenal medulla in the rat. The disposition of adrenaline and noradrenaline storing cells in the adrenal medulla has been studied in the rat. It has been demonstrated that no morphological or functional reason exists for the follicular designation of clumps of chromaffin cells in the medulla. No significant difference was found between the outer and inner zone as regards the frequency of NA cells by morphometric and statistical methods. The cytoarchitectural differences between adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cell arrangement are described. Special features of the interrelation between noradrenaline storing cells, cortical cells and the connective tissue framework are stressed. The light and electron microscopic appearance of two types of cortical cells, assumed to represent different states of functional activity is described.", "PMID": 1031568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5657", "title": "Central core in the spinal grey matter.", "content": "Golgi--Kopsch impregnated spinal cord sections of adult cats revealed a regular orientation of the dendrites in the intermediate region forming a circular or elliptical grey matter. The orientation of the dendrites is strictly transverse in the central core. A new interpretation of the spinal grey matter is proposed by viewing the dorsal, lateral and ventral horns (or columns) as crest-like appendages attached to the rod-like central core. A structural and possibly functional similarity between the central core and the brain stem reticular formation is emphasized.", "contents": "Central core in the spinal grey matter. Golgi--Kopsch impregnated spinal cord sections of adult cats revealed a regular orientation of the dendrites in the intermediate region forming a circular or elliptical grey matter. The orientation of the dendrites is strictly transverse in the central core. A new interpretation of the spinal grey matter is proposed by viewing the dorsal, lateral and ventral horns (or columns) as crest-like appendages attached to the rod-like central core. A structural and possibly functional similarity between the central core and the brain stem reticular formation is emphasized.", "PMID": 1031569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5658", "title": "Intimate contact between human yolk sac endoderm and haemopoietic precursor cells.", "content": "Although the localization of embryonic haemopoietic cells in the endodermal epithelium of the human yolk sac had been discovered several decades ago, the nature and significance of the localization were dubious, and it was supposed that light microscopic pictures represent technical artifacts. Our ultamicrographs now demonstrate that at 16--26 mm CR-length there is an intimate contact between yolk sac endoderm and free haemopoietic precursor cells: apart from interdigitations various types of intercellular contact could be discovered. These contacts, especially the gap-like ones with associated electron dense cytoplasmic areas speak for intercellular communication, i.e., the role of endoderm in early human embryonic haematopoiesis appears likely. The demonstrability of these contacts, however, does not mean that endodermal associations are indispensable for haemopoietic differentiation.", "contents": "Intimate contact between human yolk sac endoderm and haemopoietic precursor cells. Although the localization of embryonic haemopoietic cells in the endodermal epithelium of the human yolk sac had been discovered several decades ago, the nature and significance of the localization were dubious, and it was supposed that light microscopic pictures represent technical artifacts. Our ultamicrographs now demonstrate that at 16--26 mm CR-length there is an intimate contact between yolk sac endoderm and free haemopoietic precursor cells: apart from interdigitations various types of intercellular contact could be discovered. These contacts, especially the gap-like ones with associated electron dense cytoplasmic areas speak for intercellular communication, i.e., the role of endoderm in early human embryonic haematopoiesis appears likely. The demonstrability of these contacts, however, does not mean that endodermal associations are indispensable for haemopoietic differentiation.", "PMID": 1031570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5659", "title": "Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. IV. Retrochiasmatic area, median eminence, arcuate nucleus.", "content": "The vascular supply of the rat hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex was studied by aid of a double injection technique (two dyes different in colour injected successively). The vascular bed of the median eminence, the arcuate nucleus, and the retrochiasmatic area are intimately interconnected among themselves, but isolated from the vascular system of all other parts of the hypothalamus. The arterial supply of this ensemble of the medial basal hypothalamus is common from the hypophyseal arteries, via the primary plexus and the specific vascular loops of the median eminence. From here a separation of the vascular bed leads the blood flow towards the pituitary portal vessels on the one hand, and over a subependymal vascular network towards the arcuate nuclei on the other. The venous drainage of the arcuate nuclei and the retrochiasmatic area is secured by a special set of tuberal and retrochiasmatic veins. --The unity of the vascular bed of the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, retrochiasmatic area complex, with a blood flow largely in the direction indicated by this sequence, is of considerable importance for the interpretation of the results of experimental interference with this region.", "contents": "Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. IV. Retrochiasmatic area, median eminence, arcuate nucleus. The vascular supply of the rat hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex was studied by aid of a double injection technique (two dyes different in colour injected successively). The vascular bed of the median eminence, the arcuate nucleus, and the retrochiasmatic area are intimately interconnected among themselves, but isolated from the vascular system of all other parts of the hypothalamus. The arterial supply of this ensemble of the medial basal hypothalamus is common from the hypophyseal arteries, via the primary plexus and the specific vascular loops of the median eminence. From here a separation of the vascular bed leads the blood flow towards the pituitary portal vessels on the one hand, and over a subependymal vascular network towards the arcuate nuclei on the other. The venous drainage of the arcuate nuclei and the retrochiasmatic area is secured by a special set of tuberal and retrochiasmatic veins. --The unity of the vascular bed of the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, retrochiasmatic area complex, with a blood flow largely in the direction indicated by this sequence, is of considerable importance for the interpretation of the results of experimental interference with this region.", "PMID": 1031571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5660", "title": "[Clinical and hematogenic considerations on 2 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis occuring during the use of oral estro-progestational preparations].", "content": "The authors illustrate the clinical peculiarities and the laboratory data of thrombotic accidents as complications of oral contraceptives and other estrogen-containing drugs, concerning modern literature. Moreover, they describe two cases of cerebral venous thrombosis verified in Neuropathology Department of Maria Vittoria Hospital-Torino. The problem of prevention of these accidents is debated in the second part of the article.", "contents": "[Clinical and hematogenic considerations on 2 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis occuring during the use of oral estro-progestational preparations]. The authors illustrate the clinical peculiarities and the laboratory data of thrombotic accidents as complications of oral contraceptives and other estrogen-containing drugs, concerning modern literature. Moreover, they describe two cases of cerebral venous thrombosis verified in Neuropathology Department of Maria Vittoria Hospital-Torino. The problem of prevention of these accidents is debated in the second part of the article.", "PMID": 1031575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5661", "title": "[Analysis of nitrocompound pesticides by potentiography (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes a potentiographic technique developed for determining nitrocompound pesticides. The statistical analysis of the results showed that it is precise and accurate. Rapidity is another important characteristic of the developed potentiographic technique. It is not specific and for that in some cases a column chromatographic cleanup is necessary.", "contents": "[Analysis of nitrocompound pesticides by potentiography (author's transl)]. This paper describes a potentiographic technique developed for determining nitrocompound pesticides. The statistical analysis of the results showed that it is precise and accurate. Rapidity is another important characteristic of the developed potentiographic technique. It is not specific and for that in some cases a column chromatographic cleanup is necessary.", "PMID": 1031592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5662", "title": "[Kinetics of the binding 14C-DDT-and haemolymph lipoproteins of Periplaneta americana (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of the kinetics of the complexation of the 14C-DDT and lipoproteins of the haemolymph of Periplaneta americana (L.) was made, the method employed was that described by WINTER et alii (7). It was found that the above complex was unstable when kept at low temperatures (5 degrees) for more than twenty four hours; the incorporation of 14C-DDT in the proteic fraction increased with temperature up to 42 degrees C, and at least 6 hours of incubation were necessary to bind the 14C-DDT to the lipoprotein.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the binding 14C-DDT-and haemolymph lipoproteins of Periplaneta americana (author's transl)]. A study of the kinetics of the complexation of the 14C-DDT and lipoproteins of the haemolymph of Periplaneta americana (L.) was made, the method employed was that described by WINTER et alii (7). It was found that the above complex was unstable when kept at low temperatures (5 degrees) for more than twenty four hours; the incorporation of 14C-DDT in the proteic fraction increased with temperature up to 42 degrees C, and at least 6 hours of incubation were necessary to bind the 14C-DDT to the lipoprotein.", "PMID": 1031591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5663", "title": "[Morphology of experimental argyrosis in kidneys].", "content": "Prolonged per os administration of silver nitrate solution in rats will result in the development of experimental argyrosis with particles of silver in the kidneys being deposited mainly in the glomerular basal membranes. Apart from that, particles of silver in the glomeruli were also found in the mesangioma and, in minor quantities, in podocytes and endothelial cells. Outside the glomerular structures, silver was found deposited in tubular basal membranes, in the proximal tubule epithelium and minute vessel wals. -- A discussion is presented of the possible mechanisms involved in the development of such deposits, as well as of the relationship between intravital silver depositing and some of the tissues affinity to silver, a property taken advantage of in histological methods.", "contents": "[Morphology of experimental argyrosis in kidneys]. Prolonged per os administration of silver nitrate solution in rats will result in the development of experimental argyrosis with particles of silver in the kidneys being deposited mainly in the glomerular basal membranes. Apart from that, particles of silver in the glomeruli were also found in the mesangioma and, in minor quantities, in podocytes and endothelial cells. Outside the glomerular structures, silver was found deposited in tubular basal membranes, in the proximal tubule epithelium and minute vessel wals. -- A discussion is presented of the possible mechanisms involved in the development of such deposits, as well as of the relationship between intravital silver depositing and some of the tissues affinity to silver, a property taken advantage of in histological methods.", "PMID": 1031645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5664", "title": "[Experimental administration of a fatal dose of antiglomerular antibodies].", "content": "The administration of a sufficient dose of heterologous antibodies against renal glomeruli in rats produces symptoms of respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary oedema causing death of the animals. Under these experimental conditions the basic pathogenic mechanism appears to be binding of the injected antibodies on the basement membrane structures of pulmonary capillaries resulting in their damage. Such changes are followed by widespread haemorrhagic exsudative changes in the lungs. Localization of the injected antiglomerular antibodies has been studied with the aid of immunohistochemical methods and in addition, by a method using antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes of iodine, the so-called \"paired administration technique\". After the administration of a lethal dose of antiglomerular antibodies, they later appeared to be predominantly localized in the lungs. This fact correlates well with the idea of the effect of the antibodies upon pulmonary parenchyma in the present experiment. A remarkable finding was a rather high localization of the injected antibodies in the liver parenchyma which could be explained either by a cross reaction between the antibodies and the antigens of hepatic vascular spaces, or by a shock reaction associated with heart failure and circulatory disturbances.", "contents": "[Experimental administration of a fatal dose of antiglomerular antibodies]. The administration of a sufficient dose of heterologous antibodies against renal glomeruli in rats produces symptoms of respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary oedema causing death of the animals. Under these experimental conditions the basic pathogenic mechanism appears to be binding of the injected antibodies on the basement membrane structures of pulmonary capillaries resulting in their damage. Such changes are followed by widespread haemorrhagic exsudative changes in the lungs. Localization of the injected antiglomerular antibodies has been studied with the aid of immunohistochemical methods and in addition, by a method using antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes of iodine, the so-called \"paired administration technique\". After the administration of a lethal dose of antiglomerular antibodies, they later appeared to be predominantly localized in the lungs. This fact correlates well with the idea of the effect of the antibodies upon pulmonary parenchyma in the present experiment. A remarkable finding was a rather high localization of the injected antibodies in the liver parenchyma which could be explained either by a cross reaction between the antibodies and the antigens of hepatic vascular spaces, or by a shock reaction associated with heart failure and circulatory disturbances.", "PMID": 1031646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5665", "title": "[Functionally active tumor of the carotid body].", "content": "The clinical and biochemical pictures of a woman of 60 suffering from paroxysmal hypertension appeared to be clear evidence of a functionally active neoplasm of the sympathoadrenal tissue. A surgical operation ruled out the possibility of the tumour being localized adrenally so that the actual site of noradrenaline release was never found during the patient's lifetime. An autopsy discovered the presence of a carotid body tumor sized. 4.5X3X3 cm. The histological picture, electron microscopy as well as the positive isolation of noradrenalin all seemed to offer clear evidence of a functionally active tumour although the chromaffin reaction was negative. This is just additional evidence of the fact that the carotid body does belong among sympathetic paraganglia and that the chromaffin reaction is not sufficiently sensitive and reliable either for the determination of biogenic amines in the tissue or for a clear, unequivocal detection of functionally active tumours of the sympathetic.", "contents": "[Functionally active tumor of the carotid body]. The clinical and biochemical pictures of a woman of 60 suffering from paroxysmal hypertension appeared to be clear evidence of a functionally active neoplasm of the sympathoadrenal tissue. A surgical operation ruled out the possibility of the tumour being localized adrenally so that the actual site of noradrenaline release was never found during the patient's lifetime. An autopsy discovered the presence of a carotid body tumor sized. 4.5X3X3 cm. The histological picture, electron microscopy as well as the positive isolation of noradrenalin all seemed to offer clear evidence of a functionally active tumour although the chromaffin reaction was negative. This is just additional evidence of the fact that the carotid body does belong among sympathetic paraganglia and that the chromaffin reaction is not sufficiently sensitive and reliable either for the determination of biogenic amines in the tissue or for a clear, unequivocal detection of functionally active tumours of the sympathetic.", "PMID": 1031647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5666", "title": "[Kinetics and morphology of immune reaction cells in the spleen studied using the immuno-cyto-adherence reaction. V. Secondary response and its modification by whole-body irradiation at different intervals following administration of antigen].", "content": "Observations were made of the course of secondary immunological response, using the immuno-cyto-adherence method under the influence of 450 r general body irradiation on murine spleen following secondary ram erythrocyte immunization. Irradiation was applied 24 hours, 72 hours and 6 days after an i.p. administration of antigen. Irradiation was immediately followed by an absolute as well as relative drop in RFC number and by an overall drop in splenic cell number. In case of irradiation applied prior to reaching the secondary reaction quantitative maximum, there was a development of the increment and another RFC quantitative maximum was reached between days 15--20 after irradiation. Small and medium size lymphocyte values were seen decreasing immediately after irradiation. Where irradiation took place prior to reaching the quantitative maximum of a normally proceeding anamnestic reaction, large lymphocytes constituting RFC were increasingly represented after a certain period of stagnation or even without it. Plasmatic series cells on irradiation tended to  increase their total share to become a prominent cell element after delayed quantitative RFC maxima had been reached and to reach complete predominance towards the end of the period of time under observation. A relative increase in the proportion of macrophages was seen immediately after irradiation.", "contents": "[Kinetics and morphology of immune reaction cells in the spleen studied using the immuno-cyto-adherence reaction. V. Secondary response and its modification by whole-body irradiation at different intervals following administration of antigen]. Observations were made of the course of secondary immunological response, using the immuno-cyto-adherence method under the influence of 450 r general body irradiation on murine spleen following secondary ram erythrocyte immunization. Irradiation was applied 24 hours, 72 hours and 6 days after an i.p. administration of antigen. Irradiation was immediately followed by an absolute as well as relative drop in RFC number and by an overall drop in splenic cell number. In case of irradiation applied prior to reaching the secondary reaction quantitative maximum, there was a development of the increment and another RFC quantitative maximum was reached between days 15--20 after irradiation. Small and medium size lymphocyte values were seen decreasing immediately after irradiation. Where irradiation took place prior to reaching the quantitative maximum of a normally proceeding anamnestic reaction, large lymphocytes constituting RFC were increasingly represented after a certain period of stagnation or even without it. Plasmatic series cells on irradiation tended to  increase their total share to become a prominent cell element after delayed quantitative RFC maxima had been reached and to reach complete predominance towards the end of the period of time under observation. A relative increase in the proportion of macrophages was seen immediately after irradiation.", "PMID": 1031649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5667", "title": "Rehabilitation of the voice after pharyngolaryngectomy and skin repair. I. Cineradiography.", "content": "Eleven patients who had undergone pharyngolaryngectomy and who had poor or no speech were studied to find out why. An absent oesophageal stripping wave and the presence of a 'sump effect' are described. It is concluded that these are two positive anatomical factors mitigating against the acquisition of oesophageal speech in pharyngolaryngectomized patients.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the voice after pharyngolaryngectomy and skin repair. I. Cineradiography. Eleven patients who had undergone pharyngolaryngectomy and who had poor or no speech were studied to find out why. An absent oesophageal stripping wave and the presence of a 'sump effect' are described. It is concluded that these are two positive anatomical factors mitigating against the acquisition of oesophageal speech in pharyngolaryngectomized patients.", "PMID": 1031652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5668", "title": "A morphometric study of the laryngeal saccule and sinus.", "content": "A morphometric study of 111 larynxs from both sexes was performed with the initial intention of assessing the incidence of asymptomatic laryngeal pouches. Certain basic measurements were made also to determine the dimensions of the laryngeal saccule and sinus relative to the height and width of the larynx in the two sexes. Asymptomatic pouches were found in 2 patients, one from each sex and there was no obvious difference in the height of the saccule relative to the height of the larynx in the two sexes. However, since the male larynx was deeper in the anteroposterior plane relative to its height, the male saccule tended to be relatively shallower than the female.", "contents": "A morphometric study of the laryngeal saccule and sinus. A morphometric study of 111 larynxs from both sexes was performed with the initial intention of assessing the incidence of asymptomatic laryngeal pouches. Certain basic measurements were made also to determine the dimensions of the laryngeal saccule and sinus relative to the height and width of the larynx in the two sexes. Asymptomatic pouches were found in 2 patients, one from each sex and there was no obvious difference in the height of the saccule relative to the height of the larynx in the two sexes. However, since the male larynx was deeper in the anteroposterior plane relative to its height, the male saccule tended to be relatively shallower than the female.", "PMID": 1031653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5669", "title": "Late recurrence or radiation induced cancer of the larynx.", "content": "Twenty five patients with squamous carcinoma of the glottis (T1a and T1b) had undergone successful irradiation. Many years later they developed a so-called  late recurrence. The following evidence shows that these 'late recurrences' are radiation induced: the interval of 5-18 years (mean 9.9 years) between the first and the second cancer correlates with the interval seen usually in radiation induced malignancy, recurrences generally appear during the first 2 years after irradiation, all the second cancers were found in the previously irradiated area, in patients treated by surgery only, late recurrences are extremely rare, histological examination clearly shows that the second carcinoma originates from the squamous epithelium and not from dormant nests in the deeper layers of the vocal cord. These factors should be taken into consideration when deciding between surgical or radiation therapy in younger patients with high life expectation.", "contents": "Late recurrence or radiation induced cancer of the larynx. Twenty five patients with squamous carcinoma of the glottis (T1a and T1b) had undergone successful irradiation. Many years later they developed a so-called  late recurrence. The following evidence shows that these 'late recurrences' are radiation induced: the interval of 5-18 years (mean 9.9 years) between the first and the second cancer correlates with the interval seen usually in radiation induced malignancy, recurrences generally appear during the first 2 years after irradiation, all the second cancers were found in the previously irradiated area, in patients treated by surgery only, late recurrences are extremely rare, histological examination clearly shows that the second carcinoma originates from the squamous epithelium and not from dormant nests in the deeper layers of the vocal cord. These factors should be taken into consideration when deciding between surgical or radiation therapy in younger patients with high life expectation.", "PMID": 1031654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5670", "title": "The place of cytology in laryngeal diagnosis.", "content": "A cytological procedure providing useful supplementary information in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy is described. Of 51 patients, 22 had complete correlation with histological examination in confirming a benign condition. Twenty patients had complete correlation in confirming a malignant lesion. Five patients showed cellular atypia in the presence of benign conditions. Three showed atypia, of which 2 were malignant, 1 being unstable histologically but with no evidence of frank malignancy. Ten patients had been irradiated previously; in all cases the distinction between residual disease and no evident disease was correctly diagnosed with respect to the histological appearance.", "contents": "The place of cytology in laryngeal diagnosis. A cytological procedure providing useful supplementary information in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy is described. Of 51 patients, 22 had complete correlation with histological examination in confirming a benign condition. Twenty patients had complete correlation in confirming a malignant lesion. Five patients showed cellular atypia in the presence of benign conditions. Three showed atypia, of which 2 were malignant, 1 being unstable histologically but with no evidence of frank malignancy. Ten patients had been irradiated previously; in all cases the distinction between residual disease and no evident disease was correctly diagnosed with respect to the histological appearance.", "PMID": 1031655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5671", "title": "Cardiac arrest in otorhinolaryngology.", "content": "A study has been carried out of 42 episodes of cardiac arrest related to 90 000 otorhinolaryngological operations. The basic pathology, factors precipitating the arrest, and the results of treatment are analysed. Clinical areas presenting special problems are the surgery of cancer of the postcricoid area, deliberate hypotension, anaesthesia for laryngoscopy and respiratory obstruction.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest in otorhinolaryngology. A study has been carried out of 42 episodes of cardiac arrest related to 90 000 otorhinolaryngological operations. The basic pathology, factors precipitating the arrest, and the results of treatment are analysed. Clinical areas presenting special problems are the surgery of cancer of the postcricoid area, deliberate hypotension, anaesthesia for laryngoscopy and respiratory obstruction.", "PMID": 1031656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5672", "title": "Temporary threshold shift and the auditory evoked response. A preliminary report.", "content": "A preliminary study was performed on 5 normal subjects to investigate and compare the reduction and recovery of the auditory evoked response (AER), and to compare this with the temporary threshold shift (TTS) that occurs with fatiguing sounds. The findings are discussed in relation to the basic nature of the AER.", "contents": "Temporary threshold shift and the auditory evoked response. A preliminary report. A preliminary study was performed on 5 normal subjects to investigate and compare the reduction and recovery of the auditory evoked response (AER), and to compare this with the temporary threshold shift (TTS) that occurs with fatiguing sounds. The findings are discussed in relation to the basic nature of the AER.", "PMID": 1031657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5673", "title": "Facial spasm.", "content": "There are many varieties of abnormal facial movement. This paper discusses hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm in particular. A technique found useful for the symptomatic relief of idiopathic hemifacial spasm is described, and experience with its use on 15 patients also described. Experiences in the operative treatment of 6 patients with essential blepharospasm are recounted.", "contents": "Facial spasm. There are many varieties of abnormal facial movement. This paper discusses hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm in particular. A technique found useful for the symptomatic relief of idiopathic hemifacial spasm is described, and experience with its use on 15 patients also described. Experiences in the operative treatment of 6 patients with essential blepharospasm are recounted.", "PMID": 1031658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5674", "title": "Transtympanic electrocochleography in the diagnosis of retrocochlear tumours.", "content": "Transtympanic electrocochleography has been used as a diagnostic procedure in over 250 adult patients with sensorineural deafness. No complications have been encountered. Among these patients vestibulocochlear Schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) has been confirmed in 56 ears while 11 other ears have been found to be affected by other space-occupying lesions. As a result of our observations in these patients, we would like to propose that there are at least three separate criteria to be considered in reaching or strongly suspecting a diagnosis of such pathology. These are broadening of the action potential (loss of P1), observation of a clear microphonic response, and preservation of the action potential even when using stimulus intensities which are not audible in the patients' affected ears. The merits of each of these criteria are discussed and compared with other clinical and operative findings. With the electrocochleographic techniques now employed in searching for acoustic neuromas, false negative results are rare though false positive results are still obtained.", "contents": "Transtympanic electrocochleography in the diagnosis of retrocochlear tumours. Transtympanic electrocochleography has been used as a diagnostic procedure in over 250 adult patients with sensorineural deafness. No complications have been encountered. Among these patients vestibulocochlear Schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) has been confirmed in 56 ears while 11 other ears have been found to be affected by other space-occupying lesions. As a result of our observations in these patients, we would like to propose that there are at least three separate criteria to be considered in reaching or strongly suspecting a diagnosis of such pathology. These are broadening of the action potential (loss of P1), observation of a clear microphonic response, and preservation of the action potential even when using stimulus intensities which are not audible in the patients' affected ears. The merits of each of these criteria are discussed and compared with other clinical and operative findings. With the electrocochleographic techniques now employed in searching for acoustic neuromas, false negative results are rare though false positive results are still obtained.", "PMID": 1031659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5675", "title": "Growth rate and recurrence of residual epidermoid cholesteatoma after tympanoplasty.", "content": "One hundred and forty-one consecutive patients with chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma treated mainly by open surgical techniques between 1965 and 1972 were studied to investigate the phenomenon of residual cholesteatoma. The average rate of emergence of residual cholesteatoma was 0.25% of the cases per month during the first 5 years, after which the rate of discovery almost ceased. Observed cumulative frequencies of recurrence were 1.4% at 10 months, 14.9% at 5 years and 17.0% at 8.3 years postoperatively. The null hypothesis of no apparent predilection of cholesteatoma for recurrence at any one site was retained. Parameters of growth rates of epidermoid cysts arising from residual cholesteatoma were estimated. Epitympanic cysts grew fairly rapidly, doubling in diameter every 10 months. Mastoid cysts were slower, doubling in diameter every 25 months. Results for the mesotympanum were inconclusive. The practical implications of this information for the management of future cases is discussed.", "contents": "Growth rate and recurrence of residual epidermoid cholesteatoma after tympanoplasty. One hundred and forty-one consecutive patients with chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma treated mainly by open surgical techniques between 1965 and 1972 were studied to investigate the phenomenon of residual cholesteatoma. The average rate of emergence of residual cholesteatoma was 0.25% of the cases per month during the first 5 years, after which the rate of discovery almost ceased. Observed cumulative frequencies of recurrence were 1.4% at 10 months, 14.9% at 5 years and 17.0% at 8.3 years postoperatively. The null hypothesis of no apparent predilection of cholesteatoma for recurrence at any one site was retained. Parameters of growth rates of epidermoid cysts arising from residual cholesteatoma were estimated. Epitympanic cysts grew fairly rapidly, doubling in diameter every 10 months. Mastoid cysts were slower, doubling in diameter every 25 months. Results for the mesotympanum were inconclusive. The practical implications of this information for the management of future cases is discussed.", "PMID": 1031660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5676", "title": "Percutaneous teflon injection of a vocal cord under fibre optic laryngoscopic control.", "content": "The technique of percutaneous injection of Teflon paste into a paralysed abducted vocal cord using a fibre optic laryngoscope to observe and control the effect is described. Its use in vocal cord paralysis caused by inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma and the results in 14 patients are discussed.", "contents": "Percutaneous teflon injection of a vocal cord under fibre optic laryngoscopic control. The technique of percutaneous injection of Teflon paste into a paralysed abducted vocal cord using a fibre optic laryngoscope to observe and control the effect is described. Its use in vocal cord paralysis caused by inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma and the results in 14 patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1031661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5677", "title": "A second method for induction of a transmissible entity in the control of cancer in mice.", "content": "Spontaneous tumour-bearing mice of the C3H/St and subline C3HB/St inbred strains received injections of three nucleosides, adenosine, 6-methyl adenosine, and 5-methyl cytidine, prepared in the same molecular concentration as they had occurred in an alcohol-soluble liver extract which in previous work had suppressed tumour growth. Two transmissible entities appear to be present and they show different degrees of effect upon the growth and regression of spontaneous tumours of mammary gland origin (adenocarcinoma). The first transmissible entity (TE) occurred in the lineal descent of mice following injection of the liver extract. The second entity (TE2) appeared following injection of 5-methyl cytidine. TE manifested its maximum effect in suppressing cancer in mice during the 20th generation of a lineal descent following the injection of the original liver extract into a mother of the cancer proband. TE2 appears to be optimal in controlling cancer in the F11 generation of a second lineal descent derived from an original cancer proband of the C3H/St inbred strain injected with 5-methyl cytidine.", "contents": "A second method for induction of a transmissible entity in the control of cancer in mice. Spontaneous tumour-bearing mice of the C3H/St and subline C3HB/St inbred strains received injections of three nucleosides, adenosine, 6-methyl adenosine, and 5-methyl cytidine, prepared in the same molecular concentration as they had occurred in an alcohol-soluble liver extract which in previous work had suppressed tumour growth. Two transmissible entities appear to be present and they show different degrees of effect upon the growth and regression of spontaneous tumours of mammary gland origin (adenocarcinoma). The first transmissible entity (TE) occurred in the lineal descent of mice following injection of the liver extract. The second entity (TE2) appeared following injection of 5-methyl cytidine. TE manifested its maximum effect in suppressing cancer in mice during the 20th generation of a lineal descent following the injection of the original liver extract into a mother of the cancer proband. TE2 appears to be optimal in controlling cancer in the F11 generation of a second lineal descent derived from an original cancer proband of the C3H/St inbred strain injected with 5-methyl cytidine.", "PMID": 1031662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5678", "title": "Salivary gland chromosomes of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Caliphoridae).", "content": "The salivary gland chromosome complement in Lucilia cuprina consists of five pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y, all with characteristic banding patterns. A standard map for the salivary gland chromosomes of this species has been prepared, and compared with the known map of Lucilia cuprina dorsalis from Australia. The differences in their banding patterns indicate the existence of different varieties within the same species.", "contents": "Salivary gland chromosomes of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Caliphoridae). The salivary gland chromosome complement in Lucilia cuprina consists of five pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y, all with characteristic banding patterns. A standard map for the salivary gland chromosomes of this species has been prepared, and compared with the known map of Lucilia cuprina dorsalis from Australia. The differences in their banding patterns indicate the existence of different varieties within the same species.", "PMID": 1031663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5679", "title": "Ultrastructural and physiological changes induced by atractylate in the canine myocardium.", "content": "The myocardial cellular response to the cardiac glycoside atractylate, a known inhibitor of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation, was examined physiologically, morphologically, and morphometrically in eight dogs. An isolated in situ segment of left ventricular tissue was employed in these experiments to eliminate collateral flow and the potential for large sampling error. It was found that atractylate infusion rapidly induced physiological and morphological changes suggestive of a loss of membrane regulation of ion flux in the arteriole, capillary endothelium, and myocardial cell. Also mitochondrial changes suggestive of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition were observed. As these responses are similar to those induced by acute myocardial ischaemia, it is suggested that ischaemia and atractylate induce cell injury by similar mechanisms.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and physiological changes induced by atractylate in the canine myocardium. The myocardial cellular response to the cardiac glycoside atractylate, a known inhibitor of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation, was examined physiologically, morphologically, and morphometrically in eight dogs. An isolated in situ segment of left ventricular tissue was employed in these experiments to eliminate collateral flow and the potential for large sampling error. It was found that atractylate infusion rapidly induced physiological and morphological changes suggestive of a loss of membrane regulation of ion flux in the arteriole, capillary endothelium, and myocardial cell. Also mitochondrial changes suggestive of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition were observed. As these responses are similar to those induced by acute myocardial ischaemia, it is suggested that ischaemia and atractylate induce cell injury by similar mechanisms.", "PMID": 1031664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5680", "title": "[Postnatal development of the adrenal gland in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Postnatal development of adrenocortical function of rats was studied. During the first week after birth the increase in adrenal weight was very slight. Consequently, the relative weight of the gland per body weight decreased progressively during the postnatal 14 days. However, adrenal corticosterone concentration showed a gradual elevation over this period of postnatal days. Adrenal corticosterone response to ether stress did not appear in male rats at 12 days of age, but a distinct response was observed in female ones at the same age. A sex difference in the duration of the stress-nonresponsive period is likely to exist in newborn rats. In accord with the stress-nonresponsive period, the thymus-lymphatic system showed a marked development. The pattern of circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels in 21-day-old rats was somewhat different from that in adult rats. Peak value of the corticosterone rhythm was attained at 0300 in the infant rats. A sex difference was again noticed in the evening rise of plasma corticosterone level in these infant rats: the rise was steeper in females than in males. A significant circadian periodicity was observed in female rats at 14 days of age, but the periodicity was equivocal in male ones at the same age.", "contents": "[Postnatal development of the adrenal gland in the rat (author's transl)]. Postnatal development of adrenocortical function of rats was studied. During the first week after birth the increase in adrenal weight was very slight. Consequently, the relative weight of the gland per body weight decreased progressively during the postnatal 14 days. However, adrenal corticosterone concentration showed a gradual elevation over this period of postnatal days. Adrenal corticosterone response to ether stress did not appear in male rats at 12 days of age, but a distinct response was observed in female ones at the same age. A sex difference in the duration of the stress-nonresponsive period is likely to exist in newborn rats. In accord with the stress-nonresponsive period, the thymus-lymphatic system showed a marked development. The pattern of circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels in 21-day-old rats was somewhat different from that in adult rats. Peak value of the corticosterone rhythm was attained at 0300 in the infant rats. A sex difference was again noticed in the evening rise of plasma corticosterone level in these infant rats: the rise was steeper in females than in males. A significant circadian periodicity was observed in female rats at 14 days of age, but the periodicity was equivocal in male ones at the same age.", "PMID": 1031674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5681", "title": "[Atrophy of adrenal gland and thymus following cortisol treatment in newborn rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of neonatal treatment with cortisol on the mortality, growth rate, the weight of thymus, spleen and adrenal gland, blood lymphocyte counts and stress responses were examined in the rat. In rats treated with 1 mg cortisol the survival rate was only 13 percent, and in those given 0.75 mg the rate was 47 percent. Large doses of cortisol produced \"wasting syndrome\" and the animals died during a period from 5 to 13 days after the injection. Over the first week the body weight did not increase in rats injected with cortisol in doses of 1 and 0.75 mg. A marked atrophy of the thymus and a great reduction of the blood lymphocyte counts were observed in rats treated with large doses of cortisol. The development of spleen was temporarily inhibited. The adrenal gland was remarkably atrophied: the gland weight at 21 days of age was similar to that at birth and only 22 percent of the control value. In rats injected with 0.5 mg cortisol plasma corticosterone response to ether inhalation was not different from that of normal controls at 21 days of age. However, rats treated with 0.75 and 1 mg cortisol did not show plasma corticosterone response on exposure to a strange environment. The effect of several kinds of corticoids was also examined. Dexamethasone and betamethasone caused a marked atrophy of the thymus and spleen. Cortisol and deoxycorticosterone produced a large decrease in the adrenal corticosterone content. The effect of exogenous corticosterone was less in extent as compared with that of cortisol.", "contents": "[Atrophy of adrenal gland and thymus following cortisol treatment in newborn rats (author's transl)]. Effects of neonatal treatment with cortisol on the mortality, growth rate, the weight of thymus, spleen and adrenal gland, blood lymphocyte counts and stress responses were examined in the rat. In rats treated with 1 mg cortisol the survival rate was only 13 percent, and in those given 0.75 mg the rate was 47 percent. Large doses of cortisol produced \"wasting syndrome\" and the animals died during a period from 5 to 13 days after the injection. Over the first week the body weight did not increase in rats injected with cortisol in doses of 1 and 0.75 mg. A marked atrophy of the thymus and a great reduction of the blood lymphocyte counts were observed in rats treated with large doses of cortisol. The development of spleen was temporarily inhibited. The adrenal gland was remarkably atrophied: the gland weight at 21 days of age was similar to that at birth and only 22 percent of the control value. In rats injected with 0.5 mg cortisol plasma corticosterone response to ether inhalation was not different from that of normal controls at 21 days of age. However, rats treated with 0.75 and 1 mg cortisol did not show plasma corticosterone response on exposure to a strange environment. The effect of several kinds of corticoids was also examined. Dexamethasone and betamethasone caused a marked atrophy of the thymus and spleen. Cortisol and deoxycorticosterone produced a large decrease in the adrenal corticosterone content. The effect of exogenous corticosterone was less in extent as compared with that of cortisol.", "PMID": 1031675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5682", "title": "The use of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors to lower the serum requirement for growth of normal diploid cells in early passage: a new method for cloning.", "content": "The proliferation of animal cells in tissue culture requires unidentified macromolecules that are contained in serum. Since serum is an extremely complex mixture, efforts to purify these growth-promoting components of serum have met only limited success. On the assumption that these growth-promoting macromolecules in serum are synthesized in active form in some tissue other than blood, we investigated the possibility that they may be purified more readily from specific organs than from serum. We have concentrated our efforts on two likely sources: the pituitary gland, since partially-purified preparations of pituitary hormones have been reported to stimulate the growth of cells in vitro and brain, since neural tissue is essential for the regrowth of amputated limbs in lower vertebrates capable of regeneration. Both pituitary and brain have yielded a strongly mitogenic polypeptide that we call Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF). FGF was named on the basis of early studies demonstrating its effect on fibroblastic cells: 3T3 cells, amniotic fluid-derived cells, and fibroblasts from human foreskin and mouse embryos. Further work has revealed that FGF promotes the growth of several other mesoderm-derived cell types including adrenal cells, chondrocytes, myoblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells. The effect of FGF will be compared to that of EGF and its use for cloning mammalian cells will be described.", "contents": "The use of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors to lower the serum requirement for growth of normal diploid cells in early passage: a new method for cloning. The proliferation of animal cells in tissue culture requires unidentified macromolecules that are contained in serum. Since serum is an extremely complex mixture, efforts to purify these growth-promoting components of serum have met only limited success. On the assumption that these growth-promoting macromolecules in serum are synthesized in active form in some tissue other than blood, we investigated the possibility that they may be purified more readily from specific organs than from serum. We have concentrated our efforts on two likely sources: the pituitary gland, since partially-purified preparations of pituitary hormones have been reported to stimulate the growth of cells in vitro and brain, since neural tissue is essential for the regrowth of amputated limbs in lower vertebrates capable of regeneration. Both pituitary and brain have yielded a strongly mitogenic polypeptide that we call Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF). FGF was named on the basis of early studies demonstrating its effect on fibroblastic cells: 3T3 cells, amniotic fluid-derived cells, and fibroblasts from human foreskin and mouse embryos. Further work has revealed that FGF promotes the growth of several other mesoderm-derived cell types including adrenal cells, chondrocytes, myoblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells. The effect of FGF will be compared to that of EGF and its use for cloning mammalian cells will be described.", "PMID": 1031677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5683", "title": "Large-scale cultivation of cells in closed systems: stationary and moving.", "content": "Basic metabolic differences have been observed for cell cultures propagated in conventional stationary or rotating systems. The influence of these differences on virus characteristics is largely unknown but could be significant in maintenance of genetic stability of attenuated strains. Current requirements for good manufacturing procedures prompted the development of closed systems for both stationary and rotating cultures. Both are suitable for large-scale virus production. The methods will be described along with data on yields of a number of vaccine viruses.", "contents": "Large-scale cultivation of cells in closed systems: stationary and moving. Basic metabolic differences have been observed for cell cultures propagated in conventional stationary or rotating systems. The influence of these differences on virus characteristics is largely unknown but could be significant in maintenance of genetic stability of attenuated strains. Current requirements for good manufacturing procedures prompted the development of closed systems for both stationary and rotating cultures. Both are suitable for large-scale virus production. The methods will be described along with data on yields of a number of vaccine viruses.", "PMID": 1031678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5684", "title": "The large-scale cultivation of diploid cell strains in microcarrier culture. Improvement of microcarriers.", "content": "The use of diploid cell strains for virus vaccine production is mostly retarded by the inefficient culture techniques used for the propagation of these cells. The microcarrier culture system might be a good solution for this problem. DEAE-gels appear to be the most satisfactory microcarrier. The best results are obtained by using DEAE-gels with a rather low anionic exchange capacity or at higher capacity after coating with polymers.", "contents": "The large-scale cultivation of diploid cell strains in microcarrier culture. Improvement of microcarriers. The use of diploid cell strains for virus vaccine production is mostly retarded by the inefficient culture techniques used for the propagation of these cells. The microcarrier culture system might be a good solution for this problem. DEAE-gels appear to be the most satisfactory microcarrier. The best results are obtained by using DEAE-gels with a rather low anionic exchange capacity or at higher capacity after coating with polymers.", "PMID": 1031679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5685", "title": "Development of a perfusion culture system for production of biologicals using contact dependent cells.", "content": "Design and evaluation of a new type of culture vessel for contact dependent cells is described. Cells are grown on both sides of stationary glass plates in a laminar flow of medium supplied from separate reservoirs. Construction and operation of vessels ranging in growth surface from 0.02 to 10 m2 is relatively simple and there are no moving parts. Cells can be inspected by low power microscopy in the usual way. Evaluation of this equipment was carried out using the human diploid cell line MRC-5. Saturation densities of up to 1 million cells per square centimetre of growth surface were obtained where appropriate medium volumes were used. Application of this sytem to other cell types and the production of biological products is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Development of a perfusion culture system for production of biologicals using contact dependent cells. Design and evaluation of a new type of culture vessel for contact dependent cells is described. Cells are grown on both sides of stationary glass plates in a laminar flow of medium supplied from separate reservoirs. Construction and operation of vessels ranging in growth surface from 0.02 to 10 m2 is relatively simple and there are no moving parts. Cells can be inspected by low power microscopy in the usual way. Evaluation of this equipment was carried out using the human diploid cell line MRC-5. Saturation densities of up to 1 million cells per square centimetre of growth surface were obtained where appropriate medium volumes were used. Application of this sytem to other cell types and the production of biological products is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1031680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5686", "title": "Updated results on the karyology of the WI-38, MRC-5 and MRC-9 cell strains.", "content": "Data concerning cumulative results obtained from studies of the karyology of the characterized MRC-5 cell strain and the MRC-9 strain at present being characterized, indicate that these cells have karyological characteristics similar to each other and to the extensively studied WI-38 cell strain. The general inference from these studies is that the cells are karyotypically stable and that their karyological characteristics are within the limits recommended for normal cell populations.", "contents": "Updated results on the karyology of the WI-38, MRC-5 and MRC-9 cell strains. Data concerning cumulative results obtained from studies of the karyology of the characterized MRC-5 cell strain and the MRC-9 strain at present being characterized, indicate that these cells have karyological characteristics similar to each other and to the extensively studied WI-38 cell strain. The general inference from these studies is that the cells are karyotypically stable and that their karyological characteristics are within the limits recommended for normal cell populations.", "PMID": 1031681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5687", "title": "Reappraisal of karyological monitoring of diploid cell substrates.", "content": "The practical aspects of present requirements for karyological monitoring of diploid human fibroblasts used in vaccine production are critically re-examined. A brief review of known chromosomal instabilities and their correlations with neoplasia and with in vitro conversions of cell growth is presented and discussed in relation to karyological criteria in the selection of mammalian diploid cell substrates. It is proposed that extensive experience with the growth and karyological characteristics of human diploid fibroblast cell strains of embryonic origin may warrant the reduction or elimination of karyological monitoring of production lots. Additional requirements for characterization of cell strains for approval as substrates for vaccines are suggested which involve evaluations of chromosomal stability based upon (a) viral transformation rate and (b) aberration production rate in response to x-irradiation.", "contents": "Reappraisal of karyological monitoring of diploid cell substrates. The practical aspects of present requirements for karyological monitoring of diploid human fibroblasts used in vaccine production are critically re-examined. A brief review of known chromosomal instabilities and their correlations with neoplasia and with in vitro conversions of cell growth is presented and discussed in relation to karyological criteria in the selection of mammalian diploid cell substrates. It is proposed that extensive experience with the growth and karyological characteristics of human diploid fibroblast cell strains of embryonic origin may warrant the reduction or elimination of karyological monitoring of production lots. Additional requirements for characterization of cell strains for approval as substrates for vaccines are suggested which involve evaluations of chromosomal stability based upon (a) viral transformation rate and (b) aberration production rate in response to x-irradiation.", "PMID": 1031682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5688", "title": "The need for non-cultural methods for the detection of mycoplasma contaminants.", "content": "Mycoplasmas are common contaminants of cell cultures and are of great importance because of the deleterious effects they have upon the infected host cells. Routine detection testing usually relies upon cultural methods and demonstration of characteristic colonies on agar. Questions as to the efficacy of this method have been raised because of increasing realization of the presence of \"non-cultivable\" mycoplasmas. Several non-cultural detection methods have been developed to aid in the detection of these fastidious microorganisms. These methods include morphology by light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, enzyme assays, autoradiography, sucrose gradient separation, altered transport of nucleic acid precursors and altered nucleic acid profiles. A comparison of the relative sensitivities of these methods will be outlined. The need for, and the feasibility of non-cultural detection methods as quality control tests in human virus vaccine production will be discussed.", "contents": "The need for non-cultural methods for the detection of mycoplasma contaminants. Mycoplasmas are common contaminants of cell cultures and are of great importance because of the deleterious effects they have upon the infected host cells. Routine detection testing usually relies upon cultural methods and demonstration of characteristic colonies on agar. Questions as to the efficacy of this method have been raised because of increasing realization of the presence of \"non-cultivable\" mycoplasmas. Several non-cultural detection methods have been developed to aid in the detection of these fastidious microorganisms. These methods include morphology by light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, enzyme assays, autoradiography, sucrose gradient separation, altered transport of nucleic acid precursors and altered nucleic acid profiles. A comparison of the relative sensitivities of these methods will be outlined. The need for, and the feasibility of non-cultural detection methods as quality control tests in human virus vaccine production will be discussed.", "PMID": 1031685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5689", "title": "Tumourigenicity testing in immunosuppressed mice: advantages and disadvantages.", "content": "Optimal conditions for the detection of malignant cells substrates were investigated. Three approaches were used: (1) neonatally thymectomized, antithymocyte serum (ATS) treated mice, (2) thymectomized, lethally irriadiated, bone marrow reconstituted (T-B+mice, and (3) congenitally athymic nu/nu (nude) mice. All three systems successfully distinguished between normal and malignant cell lines. However, differences were observed between different colonies of nude mice as to their capacity to support progressive growth of certain tumours. Advantages and disadvantages of the immunosuppressed mouse model system will be discussed. They will include: (a) detection of malignant cells in mixed populations, (b) need for different routes of inoculation for different cell types, (c) comparison with other malignancy testing systems, (d) long term versus short term immunosuppression.", "contents": "Tumourigenicity testing in immunosuppressed mice: advantages and disadvantages. Optimal conditions for the detection of malignant cells substrates were investigated. Three approaches were used: (1) neonatally thymectomized, antithymocyte serum (ATS) treated mice, (2) thymectomized, lethally irriadiated, bone marrow reconstituted (T-B+mice, and (3) congenitally athymic nu/nu (nude) mice. All three systems successfully distinguished between normal and malignant cell lines. However, differences were observed between different colonies of nude mice as to their capacity to support progressive growth of certain tumours. Advantages and disadvantages of the immunosuppressed mouse model system will be discussed. They will include: (a) detection of malignant cells in mixed populations, (b) need for different routes of inoculation for different cell types, (c) comparison with other malignancy testing systems, (d) long term versus short term immunosuppression.", "PMID": 1031686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5690", "title": "Production and control of rabies vaccines made on diploid cells.", "content": "Introductory remarks on the advantages of antirabies vaccines obtained from human diploid cell cultures in comparison with brain tissue vaccine and duck embryo vaccine. The characteristics of these new types of vaccine are: (i) high antigenicity, (ii) rapid development of antibodies, (iii) absence of adverse reactions even when the booster inoculation was given two years later. The disadvantage is the high cost of production to obtain a highly purified product.", "contents": "Production and control of rabies vaccines made on diploid cells. Introductory remarks on the advantages of antirabies vaccines obtained from human diploid cell cultures in comparison with brain tissue vaccine and duck embryo vaccine. The characteristics of these new types of vaccine are: (i) high antigenicity, (ii) rapid development of antibodies, (iii) absence of adverse reactions even when the booster inoculation was given two years later. The disadvantage is the high cost of production to obtain a highly purified product.", "PMID": 1031688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5691", "title": "Observations of the incidence of structural abnormalities in the chromosomes of WI-38 cells prepared for vaccine manufacture.", "content": "Chromosome monitoring of 500 batches of WI-38 cells prepared for vaccine manufacture involved examining 50-60,000 metaphases at p31-32. Results collected over 6 years showed the mean incidence of aneuploidy and breaks to decrease slightly, whereas the incidence of structural abnormalities followed a sharply rising trend, eventually reaching a level where a substantial proportion of cell batches exceeded the limit set for this parameter for vaccine substrates. No technical or cultural factor accounted for the trend which appeared to be correlated with the date of receipt of the seed ampoule. The confidence limits set for this parameter in 1971 were regarded then as provisional. It is suggested that in the light of the observations reported, the position should now be reconsidered.", "contents": "Observations of the incidence of structural abnormalities in the chromosomes of WI-38 cells prepared for vaccine manufacture. Chromosome monitoring of 500 batches of WI-38 cells prepared for vaccine manufacture involved examining 50-60,000 metaphases at p31-32. Results collected over 6 years showed the mean incidence of aneuploidy and breaks to decrease slightly, whereas the incidence of structural abnormalities followed a sharply rising trend, eventually reaching a level where a substantial proportion of cell batches exceeded the limit set for this parameter for vaccine substrates. No technical or cultural factor accounted for the trend which appeared to be correlated with the date of receipt of the seed ampoule. The confidence limits set for this parameter in 1971 were regarded then as provisional. It is suggested that in the light of the observations reported, the position should now be reconsidered.", "PMID": 1031683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5692", "title": "The significance of positive controls in testing the oncogenic potential of cell material for virus vaccine production.", "content": "For all the parts involved in the production and control of virus vaccine it is important that controls of the cell material should be carried out under optimal conditions for the detection of any abnormal characteristics of the cells. The experiments reported here attempt to establish some of the optimal parameters for testing out the tumor-inducing properties of a human diploid cell culture. All experiments were carried out on 6-week old Syrian hamsters and the main objectives were: (i) to devise an optimal immunosupression scheme and (ii) to find a more suitable positive control for testing the oncogenic potential of the human diploid cells. The anti-hamster lymphocyte serum proved to be a more potent immunosuppresser than hydrocortisone succinate as seen from the development of tumors following injections with KB cells; this scheme was subsequently used in assessing the usefulness of KB and Swiss-12 cells as positive controls. The experiments lend support to the suggestion that a heteroploid fibroblastic culture (such as Swiss-12) should become a standard positive control since not only are the tumors so obtained larger and less prone to early necrosis but, more important, they bear a closer resemblance to the kind of tumors likely to be induced by the diploid cell cultures being tested.", "contents": "The significance of positive controls in testing the oncogenic potential of cell material for virus vaccine production. For all the parts involved in the production and control of virus vaccine it is important that controls of the cell material should be carried out under optimal conditions for the detection of any abnormal characteristics of the cells. The experiments reported here attempt to establish some of the optimal parameters for testing out the tumor-inducing properties of a human diploid cell culture. All experiments were carried out on 6-week old Syrian hamsters and the main objectives were: (i) to devise an optimal immunosupression scheme and (ii) to find a more suitable positive control for testing the oncogenic potential of the human diploid cells. The anti-hamster lymphocyte serum proved to be a more potent immunosuppresser than hydrocortisone succinate as seen from the development of tumors following injections with KB cells; this scheme was subsequently used in assessing the usefulness of KB and Swiss-12 cells as positive controls. The experiments lend support to the suggestion that a heteroploid fibroblastic culture (such as Swiss-12) should become a standard positive control since not only are the tumors so obtained larger and less prone to early necrosis but, more important, they bear a closer resemblance to the kind of tumors likely to be induced by the diploid cell cultures being tested.", "PMID": 1031687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5693", "title": "Post-exposure use of human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine.", "content": "880 individuals, 120 of which were exposed to rabid animals, were immunized pre- or post-exposure with 2 different BPL-inactivated and concentrated rabies vaccines prepared in HDC strains WI-38 and MRC-5. The vaccines were well tolerated and no major side effects were observed after primary immunization with 3-10 doses or 1 booster vaccination. The dynamics of neutralizing, antibody formation and persistence of antibodies in 4 different groups of vaccinees are described. The groups were vaccinated pre-exposure (I) on days 0, 28 and 56; (II) on days 0, 7 and 14; (III) on days 0, 3, 7 and 21; and (IV) post-exposure on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90. High antibody levels--persisting for at least 30 months--were obtained in all patients. The CFT, using a concentrated and purified virion antigen, was highly specific for rabies virus antibody demonstration. Since in some 50 patients under severe risk, after having been bitten and/or scratched by proven rabid animals, not a single breakthough of immunity was observed during an observation time between 1/2 and 3 years, the protective effect of the HDCS-rabies vaccines seems to be excellent. With regard to their high immunogenicity and extremely low reactogenicity, the new HDCS-vaccines can be recommended for prophylactic and post-exposure immunization of man without any reserve. Data on simultaneous application of homologous anti-rabies gammaglobulin from man (20 I.E./kg body-weight) and HDCS-vaccines are also presented and discussed.", "contents": "Post-exposure use of human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine. 880 individuals, 120 of which were exposed to rabid animals, were immunized pre- or post-exposure with 2 different BPL-inactivated and concentrated rabies vaccines prepared in HDC strains WI-38 and MRC-5. The vaccines were well tolerated and no major side effects were observed after primary immunization with 3-10 doses or 1 booster vaccination. The dynamics of neutralizing, antibody formation and persistence of antibodies in 4 different groups of vaccinees are described. The groups were vaccinated pre-exposure (I) on days 0, 28 and 56; (II) on days 0, 7 and 14; (III) on days 0, 3, 7 and 21; and (IV) post-exposure on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90. High antibody levels--persisting for at least 30 months--were obtained in all patients. The CFT, using a concentrated and purified virion antigen, was highly specific for rabies virus antibody demonstration. Since in some 50 patients under severe risk, after having been bitten and/or scratched by proven rabid animals, not a single breakthough of immunity was observed during an observation time between 1/2 and 3 years, the protective effect of the HDCS-rabies vaccines seems to be excellent. With regard to their high immunogenicity and extremely low reactogenicity, the new HDCS-vaccines can be recommended for prophylactic and post-exposure immunization of man without any reserve. Data on simultaneous application of homologous anti-rabies gammaglobulin from man (20 I.E./kg body-weight) and HDCS-vaccines are also presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1031689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5694", "title": "Karyological characterization of WI-38 cells used in the production of vaccines.", "content": "According to the valid requirements, samples of WI-38 cells taken prior to the final subcultivation for vaccine production by the manufacturer, were reconstituted, subcultivated and investigated in our control laboratories. Chromosome monitoring was done using permanent orcein stained slide preparations for direct evaluation and photographs of all selected cells for exact counts, scoring for breaks and karyotype analysis in the case of abnormalities. The tabulated summary of karyological analyses on more than 2000 cells shows that with one exception, the chromosome abnormalities did not exceed the upper limits of karyological acceptability. Photographs of abnormalities detected are presented as well as metaphases and reconstructed karyotypes. Our data are compared with those provided by the manufacturer. Obvious discrepancies in the frequency of abnormalities might be due to higher passage levels of the identical cell material tested by us and to slight differences in the methods of preparation and evaluation.", "contents": "Karyological characterization of WI-38 cells used in the production of vaccines. According to the valid requirements, samples of WI-38 cells taken prior to the final subcultivation for vaccine production by the manufacturer, were reconstituted, subcultivated and investigated in our control laboratories. Chromosome monitoring was done using permanent orcein stained slide preparations for direct evaluation and photographs of all selected cells for exact counts, scoring for breaks and karyotype analysis in the case of abnormalities. The tabulated summary of karyological analyses on more than 2000 cells shows that with one exception, the chromosome abnormalities did not exceed the upper limits of karyological acceptability. Photographs of abnormalities detected are presented as well as metaphases and reconstructed karyotypes. Our data are compared with those provided by the manufacturer. Obvious discrepancies in the frequency of abnormalities might be due to higher passage levels of the identical cell material tested by us and to slight differences in the methods of preparation and evaluation.", "PMID": 1031684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5695", "title": "Production of RA27/3 rubella vaccine and clinical results with the vaccine.", "content": "Adaptation of rubella virus to human diploid cell strains was achieved in 1964, with attenuation in the same cells being accomplished by 1967. The production of rubella vaccine in HDCS is featured by the long period required to build up high titer. High multiplicity of infection gives optimal results. Since rubella virus does not produce a cytopathic effect in HDCS, virus harvests must be made blindly and titrated individually before pooling. A unique feature of this cell-virus relationship is the continuous virus production which takes place for months. For vaccine purposes, however, virus-containing supernatant fluids may be harvested each 48 hrs from the 5th to the 21st day post-infection. Lyophilization presents no particular problems and final titers in ampoules can be as high as 10(5.0) PFU, which represents about 100 subcutaneous doses. Control of rubella vaccine presents only the problem that viral CPE is absent or mild. Therefore the presence or absence of virus may have to be determined by interference. Titration of rubella virus produced in HDCS must be by plaquing in RK13 rabbit kidney cells or by interference in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells. Rubella vaccine (RA27/3 strain) produced in HDCS has been more immunogenic than other strains and retains an ability to infect intranasally as well as subcutaneously.", "contents": "Production of RA27/3 rubella vaccine and clinical results with the vaccine. Adaptation of rubella virus to human diploid cell strains was achieved in 1964, with attenuation in the same cells being accomplished by 1967. The production of rubella vaccine in HDCS is featured by the long period required to build up high titer. High multiplicity of infection gives optimal results. Since rubella virus does not produce a cytopathic effect in HDCS, virus harvests must be made blindly and titrated individually before pooling. A unique feature of this cell-virus relationship is the continuous virus production which takes place for months. For vaccine purposes, however, virus-containing supernatant fluids may be harvested each 48 hrs from the 5th to the 21st day post-infection. Lyophilization presents no particular problems and final titers in ampoules can be as high as 10(5.0) PFU, which represents about 100 subcutaneous doses. Control of rubella vaccine presents only the problem that viral CPE is absent or mild. Therefore the presence or absence of virus may have to be determined by interference. Titration of rubella virus produced in HDCS must be by plaquing in RK13 rabbit kidney cells or by interference in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells. Rubella vaccine (RA27/3 strain) produced in HDCS has been more immunogenic than other strains and retains an ability to infect intranasally as well as subcutaneously.", "PMID": 1031691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5696", "title": "Use of human diploid cell MRC-5, for production of measles and rubella virus vaccines.", "content": "A further attenuated strain of measles virus, called AIK strain, developed by Makino and his colleagues at the Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, was adapted to human diploid cells (HDC), MRC-5. In a field trial it was found that this strain initiates a low rate of clinical reactions and 100% seroconversion in vaccines. An attenuated strain of rubella virus, called Takahashi strain, isolated by Shishido at the National Institute of Health, Japan, was also adapted to HDC, MRC-5. Brief details of production of an experimental rubella vaccine are given. Up to 20 harvests of virus were made from each culture without any apparent alteration of diploid cells.", "contents": "Use of human diploid cell MRC-5, for production of measles and rubella virus vaccines. A further attenuated strain of measles virus, called AIK strain, developed by Makino and his colleagues at the Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, was adapted to human diploid cells (HDC), MRC-5. In a field trial it was found that this strain initiates a low rate of clinical reactions and 100% seroconversion in vaccines. An attenuated strain of rubella virus, called Takahashi strain, isolated by Shishido at the National Institute of Health, Japan, was also adapted to HDC, MRC-5. Brief details of production of an experimental rubella vaccine are given. Up to 20 harvests of virus were made from each culture without any apparent alteration of diploid cells.", "PMID": 1031692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5697", "title": "Clinical responses to T(n)BP-disrupted HDCS (WI-38) rabies vaccine.", "content": "Study of 10 batches of an antirabies vaccine made from purified, concentrated subunits (Pitman-Moore strain adapted to Wistar HDCS). One single dose of vaccine is insufficient; three or more doses induce high antibody levels. Among more than 2000 vaccines secondary reactions were rare and generally mild and transient. All the individuals vaccinated post-exposure remained without rabic symptoms. The vaccine was also particularly efficacious for booster doses.", "contents": "Clinical responses to T(n)BP-disrupted HDCS (WI-38) rabies vaccine. Study of 10 batches of an antirabies vaccine made from purified, concentrated subunits (Pitman-Moore strain adapted to Wistar HDCS). One single dose of vaccine is insufficient; three or more doses induce high antibody levels. Among more than 2000 vaccines secondary reactions were rare and generally mild and transient. All the individuals vaccinated post-exposure remained without rabic symptoms. The vaccine was also particularly efficacious for booster doses.", "PMID": 1031690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5698", "title": "The nutrient requirements of MRC-5 human diploid cells.", "content": "Nutrients were assayed by their effect on maximum cell yield (maximum cell population less inoculum) of MRC-5 cells previously maintained in Eagle's basal medium with 10% (v/v) serum, trypsinised, centrifuged and washed. When nonlimiting amounts of iron, methylcellulose and a 68-component supplement were included in our defined medium, cell yields obtained were equivalent to those obtained with 2 to 3% whole serum. Growth then became limited by serum growth factors which, when serum was fractionated by the low temperature ethanol procedure, appeared to precipitate with the alpha-globulins, although the distribution of activity varied from batch to batch of serum. Column chromatography (DEAE and concanavalin A-Sepharose) of serum resulted in much (20 to 45%) loss of growth factor activity during exhaustive dialysis or Sephadex G-25 desalting suggesting that the growth factor may be a diffusible molecule bound in serum to a large protein carrier.", "contents": "The nutrient requirements of MRC-5 human diploid cells. Nutrients were assayed by their effect on maximum cell yield (maximum cell population less inoculum) of MRC-5 cells previously maintained in Eagle's basal medium with 10% (v/v) serum, trypsinised, centrifuged and washed. When nonlimiting amounts of iron, methylcellulose and a 68-component supplement were included in our defined medium, cell yields obtained were equivalent to those obtained with 2 to 3% whole serum. Growth then became limited by serum growth factors which, when serum was fractionated by the low temperature ethanol procedure, appeared to precipitate with the alpha-globulins, although the distribution of activity varied from batch to batch of serum. Column chromatography (DEAE and concanavalin A-Sepharose) of serum resulted in much (20 to 45%) loss of growth factor activity during exhaustive dialysis or Sephadex G-25 desalting suggesting that the growth factor may be a diffusible molecule bound in serum to a large protein carrier.", "PMID": 1031695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5699", "title": "[Lipid and phospholipid content of canine liver tissue after portacaval anastomosis with or without additional arterialization of the intrahepatic portal vein].", "content": "The concentration of phospholipids and total lipids was determined 4 weeks after a portocaval shunt (PCS) in liver tissue of adult mongrel dogs. The concentration of total lipids increased from 33.5 +/- 3.6 to 71.2 +/- 6.9 mg/g ww, whereas the concentration of phospholipids declined from 26.1 +/- 3.1 to 19.8 +/- 7.8 mg/g ww. These changes are not observed when, in addition to the PCS, a pressure-adapted arterialization of the liver is established. They are therfore caused by the decreased blood supply to the liver after PCS alone.", "contents": "[Lipid and phospholipid content of canine liver tissue after portacaval anastomosis with or without additional arterialization of the intrahepatic portal vein]. The concentration of phospholipids and total lipids was determined 4 weeks after a portocaval shunt (PCS) in liver tissue of adult mongrel dogs. The concentration of total lipids increased from 33.5 +/- 3.6 to 71.2 +/- 6.9 mg/g ww, whereas the concentration of phospholipids declined from 26.1 +/- 3.1 to 19.8 +/- 7.8 mg/g ww. These changes are not observed when, in addition to the PCS, a pressure-adapted arterialization of the liver is established. They are therfore caused by the decreased blood supply to the liver after PCS alone.", "PMID": 1031784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5700", "title": "[Etiology of benign papillary stenoses].", "content": "In domestic pigs repeated applications of gastrointestinal hormones (pancreozymin, secretin) as well as cholecystectomy lead to histologic transformation of the epithelium in the area of the papilla of Vater and to inconstant pressure changes in the common duct.", "contents": "[Etiology of benign papillary stenoses]. In domestic pigs repeated applications of gastrointestinal hormones (pancreozymin, secretin) as well as cholecystectomy lead to histologic transformation of the epithelium in the area of the papilla of Vater and to inconstant pressure changes in the common duct.", "PMID": 1031785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5701", "title": "[Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in the fibrillating and empty-beating heart].", "content": "Myocardial flow and oxygen consumption are reduced during cardiopulmonary bypass. In ventricular fibrillation both flow and O2 consumption are higher than in the empty beating heart; after the fibrillation flow remains elevated although O2 consumption decreases. Aortic pressure is the major determinant of the myocardial flow rate, especially in hemodilution.", "contents": "[Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in the fibrillating and empty-beating heart]. Myocardial flow and oxygen consumption are reduced during cardiopulmonary bypass. In ventricular fibrillation both flow and O2 consumption are higher than in the empty beating heart; after the fibrillation flow remains elevated although O2 consumption decreases. Aortic pressure is the major determinant of the myocardial flow rate, especially in hemodilution.", "PMID": 1031786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5702", "title": "[Studies on the local motility and blood circulation of the heart muscle during and after long-term coronary strangulation].", "content": "In ten young pigs a severe prolonged and critical stenosis of a major coronary artery was produced under control of an electromagnetic flowmeter. With stepwise constriction flow could be reduced to 55% of control with only minor hemodynamic changes. Local myocardial segment shortening was depressed to approximately 30% of control values. Hypokinesis was partially reversible within the first 135 min after reperfusion and had disappeared 24 h later. Computerized perfusion scintigraphy with radioactive microspheres gives a reliable approximation of the degree of myocardial blood flow reduction.", "contents": "[Studies on the local motility and blood circulation of the heart muscle during and after long-term coronary strangulation]. In ten young pigs a severe prolonged and critical stenosis of a major coronary artery was produced under control of an electromagnetic flowmeter. With stepwise constriction flow could be reduced to 55% of control with only minor hemodynamic changes. Local myocardial segment shortening was depressed to approximately 30% of control values. Hypokinesis was partially reversible within the first 135 min after reperfusion and had disappeared 24 h later. Computerized perfusion scintigraphy with radioactive microspheres gives a reliable approximation of the degree of myocardial blood flow reduction.", "PMID": 1031787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5703", "title": "[Myocardial blood flow and ventricular function in dependence on the size of myocardial infarct].", "content": "In eight dogs three branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery were occluded by successive ligations. Each time coronary flow reserve was measured by injecting dipyridamole (0.4 mg.kg-1). After an infarction of 13% of the left ventricle there was a significant decrease of Vmax and dp/dtmax (p less than 0.05). Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow detected an infarction of 5% of the left ventricle, whereas the total myocardial blood flow was reduced significantly when 17% of the left ventricle was infarcted.", "contents": "[Myocardial blood flow and ventricular function in dependence on the size of myocardial infarct]. In eight dogs three branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery were occluded by successive ligations. Each time coronary flow reserve was measured by injecting dipyridamole (0.4 mg.kg-1). After an infarction of 13% of the left ventricle there was a significant decrease of Vmax and dp/dtmax (p less than 0.05). Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow detected an infarction of 5% of the left ventricle, whereas the total myocardial blood flow was reduced significantly when 17% of the left ventricle was infarcted.", "PMID": 1031788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5704", "title": "[Animal experiments with a new intracardial pacemaker electrode].", "content": "In order to reduce the rate of dislocation of intracardiac pacemaker electrodes, a new electrode was developed. The tip of this new electrode is helical and can be fixed between the trabecles of the right ventricle by clockwise rotation. Since the tip of this new electrode has no sharp hooks the myocard cannot be damaged by fixation.", "contents": "[Animal experiments with a new intracardial pacemaker electrode]. In order to reduce the rate of dislocation of intracardiac pacemaker electrodes, a new electrode was developed. The tip of this new electrode is helical and can be fixed between the trabecles of the right ventricle by clockwise rotation. Since the tip of this new electrode has no sharp hooks the myocard cannot be damaged by fixation.", "PMID": 1031789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5705", "title": "[Frequency-optimal pacing in chronic pacemaker therapy].", "content": "Hemodynamic studies were performed in 15 pacemaker patients at rest and during exercise by thermodilution technique and impedance cardiography. Particularly in myocardial failure, individual optimal heart rates were observed, ranging from 90 to 120/min. Mean increase of cardiac output at optimal pacing rate was 1.31/min against stimulation at 70/min. Impedance cardiography showed high correlation to thermodilution technique.", "contents": "[Frequency-optimal pacing in chronic pacemaker therapy]. Hemodynamic studies were performed in 15 pacemaker patients at rest and during exercise by thermodilution technique and impedance cardiography. Particularly in myocardial failure, individual optimal heart rates were observed, ranging from 90 to 120/min. Mean increase of cardiac output at optimal pacing rate was 1.31/min against stimulation at 70/min. Impedance cardiography showed high correlation to thermodilution technique.", "PMID": 1031790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5706", "title": "[Criteria for the choice of a membrane oxygenator in long-term oxygenation].", "content": "Five different membrane oxygenator devices were tested in dogs. The following criteria were compared: operating reliability, gas exchange rates, and changes of the mean erythrocyte volume.", "contents": "[Criteria for the choice of a membrane oxygenator in long-term oxygenation]. Five different membrane oxygenator devices were tested in dogs. The following criteria were compared: operating reliability, gas exchange rates, and changes of the mean erythrocyte volume.", "PMID": 1031791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5707", "title": "[Study of turbulence in the normal and stenotic vessel].", "content": "Velocity measurements were performed at the test bench, in dogs and in patients with pulsed ultrasound. A new zero crossing counter was used to measure the different frequencies of the doppler spectrum in real time. The ratio of the standard deviation of the radial mean velocity to the radial mean velocity expressed as a percentage proved to be a useful turbulence index to describe stability of flow.", "contents": "[Study of turbulence in the normal and stenotic vessel]. Velocity measurements were performed at the test bench, in dogs and in patients with pulsed ultrasound. A new zero crossing counter was used to measure the different frequencies of the doppler spectrum in real time. The ratio of the standard deviation of the radial mean velocity to the radial mean velocity expressed as a percentage proved to be a useful turbulence index to describe stability of flow.", "PMID": 1031792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5708", "title": "[Significance of various implantate localizations of Sparks prostheses, experimental studies in rats].", "content": "Our investigations show that Sparks prostheses after subcutaneous implantation are suitable for vascular grafting. At the end of the organization period the connective tissue becomes strong, and after the third and fourth weeks collagenous and elastic fibers can be seen. Ten weeks after s.c. implantation, collagenous fibers predominate. After this the Sparks prostheses can be used as a vascular graft. Intraperitoneal implantation, however, shows a histologically different picture with characteristic findings: only fat cells can be observed, a strong granulation tissue with elastic and collagenous fibers is not present. After intraperitoneal implantation Sparks prostheses are therefore unsuitable for vascular grafts.", "contents": "[Significance of various implantate localizations of Sparks prostheses, experimental studies in rats]. Our investigations show that Sparks prostheses after subcutaneous implantation are suitable for vascular grafting. At the end of the organization period the connective tissue becomes strong, and after the third and fourth weeks collagenous and elastic fibers can be seen. Ten weeks after s.c. implantation, collagenous fibers predominate. After this the Sparks prostheses can be used as a vascular graft. Intraperitoneal implantation, however, shows a histologically different picture with characteristic findings: only fat cells can be observed, a strong granulation tissue with elastic and collagenous fibers is not present. After intraperitoneal implantation Sparks prostheses are therefore unsuitable for vascular grafts.", "PMID": 1031793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5709", "title": "[Morphological and functional changes in the closing sphincter of the lower esophagus after experimentally-induced hiatal hernia].", "content": "Report of an experimental model of axial hiatal hernia in dogs, always combined with reflux (roentgenologic control). Using a new method of pressure measurement, the authors succeeded in proving the distention of the esophageal \"sphincter\". Morphologic investigations demonstrated, that in hernia the muscle fiber is no longer an apolar helical fiber, but runs nearly horizontally. The reduced susceptibility to pentagastrin is caused by diminished tension of the muscle fiber. The distal esophageal closing mechanism consequently seems to be a function of the whole organ and not of a hormonally regulated sphincter.", "contents": "[Morphological and functional changes in the closing sphincter of the lower esophagus after experimentally-induced hiatal hernia]. Report of an experimental model of axial hiatal hernia in dogs, always combined with reflux (roentgenologic control). Using a new method of pressure measurement, the authors succeeded in proving the distention of the esophageal \"sphincter\". Morphologic investigations demonstrated, that in hernia the muscle fiber is no longer an apolar helical fiber, but runs nearly horizontally. The reduced susceptibility to pentagastrin is caused by diminished tension of the muscle fiber. The distal esophageal closing mechanism consequently seems to be a function of the whole organ and not of a hormonally regulated sphincter.", "PMID": 1031794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5710", "title": "[Influence of somatostatin (GIF) and human gastrin I on the lower esophageal sphincter].", "content": "The influence of gastrin and somatostatin on the lower esophageal sphincter was investigated in 10 metabolically healthy volunteers and one patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It could be shown that only unphysiologically high concentrations of gastrin produced a rise in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, while somatostatin has neither an effect on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, nor is it able to inhibit the pharmacologic effect of exogeneous gastrin administration. The results emphasize that gastrin and somatostatin have no influence on the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter.", "contents": "[Influence of somatostatin (GIF) and human gastrin I on the lower esophageal sphincter]. The influence of gastrin and somatostatin on the lower esophageal sphincter was investigated in 10 metabolically healthy volunteers and one patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It could be shown that only unphysiologically high concentrations of gastrin produced a rise in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, while somatostatin has neither an effect on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, nor is it able to inhibit the pharmacologic effect of exogeneous gastrin administration. The results emphasize that gastrin and somatostatin have no influence on the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter.", "PMID": 1031795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5711", "title": "[Manometric studies on the influence of selective proximal vagotomy on the lower esophageal sphincter].", "content": "Selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) decreases the LES pressure (resting pressure and pentagastrin-stimulated pressure), significantly 6 months postoperatively without achieving LES insufficiency by clinical means. Immediately after stimulation LES pressure is identical, compared to preoperative measurements. Concentration of serum gastrin is not a major determinant of LES tone in humans.", "contents": "[Manometric studies on the influence of selective proximal vagotomy on the lower esophageal sphincter]. Selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) decreases the LES pressure (resting pressure and pentagastrin-stimulated pressure), significantly 6 months postoperatively without achieving LES insufficiency by clinical means. Immediately after stimulation LES pressure is identical, compared to preoperative measurements. Concentration of serum gastrin is not a major determinant of LES tone in humans.", "PMID": 1031796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5712", "title": "[Myoelectrical changes of activity of the Vater's ampulla after various forms of vagotomy in the dog].", "content": "The effects of varying the extent of vagotomy on the myoelectrical activity of the sphincter of Oddi have been successfully studied in 12 dogs undergoing either truncal, selective, or highly selective vagotomy. Both the amplitude and the shape of the single action potentials as well as the interval change in the electrical activity in the sphincter of Oddi in relation to the extent of the vagal denervation. No significant change of frequency and amplitude of the myoelectrical activity occurred after highly selective vagotomy which proves to be the best method.", "contents": "[Myoelectrical changes of activity of the Vater's ampulla after various forms of vagotomy in the dog]. The effects of varying the extent of vagotomy on the myoelectrical activity of the sphincter of Oddi have been successfully studied in 12 dogs undergoing either truncal, selective, or highly selective vagotomy. Both the amplitude and the shape of the single action potentials as well as the interval change in the electrical activity in the sphincter of Oddi in relation to the extent of the vagal denervation. No significant change of frequency and amplitude of the myoelectrical activity occurred after highly selective vagotomy which proves to be the best method.", "PMID": 1031797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5713", "title": "[Reproducibility and specificity of insulin-injection and insulin-infusion tests in the examination of complete vagotomy].", "content": "The reproducibility of insulin injection tests, the comparison of insulin injection and insulin infusion tests and the specificity of the insulin injection tests were investigated in 74 duodenal ulcer patients. New failures of the insulin test were detected. The criterion of BACHRACH produced more positive \"insulin tests\" after injection of sodium chloride than after insulin itself. Therefore it is recommended that in single cases (recurrent ulcer) insulin injection tests (HOLLANDER criterion) should be repeated and that a sodium chloride test should be performed.", "contents": "[Reproducibility and specificity of insulin-injection and insulin-infusion tests in the examination of complete vagotomy]. The reproducibility of insulin injection tests, the comparison of insulin injection and insulin infusion tests and the specificity of the insulin injection tests were investigated in 74 duodenal ulcer patients. New failures of the insulin test were detected. The criterion of BACHRACH produced more positive \"insulin tests\" after injection of sodium chloride than after insulin itself. Therefore it is recommended that in single cases (recurrent ulcer) insulin injection tests (HOLLANDER criterion) should be repeated and that a sodium chloride test should be performed.", "PMID": 1031798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5714", "title": "Effects of vagotomy on the catecholamine-containing cells in the gastric mucosa of the rat: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The ECL cells in the fundic mucosa from five different groups of fasted rats were examined by means of electron microscopy; in the control animals, the majority of the secretory granule of the ECL cells contained electron-dense material. Previous studies in our laboratory indicate that this material probably represents a catecholamine. In the second and third groups, in which truncal vagotomy plus pyloroplasty was performed, the secretory granules were depleted of their content. In the fourth group in which vagotomized animals were treated with iproniazid and L-dopa, the mature secretory granules were depleted but formation of new granules was apparent. In the fifth group, in which pyloroplasty alone had been performed, the content of the granules was the same as in the control group. It was concluded that the endocrine function of the ECL cells is under vagal control and that vagotomy causes release of catecholamines from these cells.", "contents": "Effects of vagotomy on the catecholamine-containing cells in the gastric mucosa of the rat: an electron microscopic study. The ECL cells in the fundic mucosa from five different groups of fasted rats were examined by means of electron microscopy; in the control animals, the majority of the secretory granule of the ECL cells contained electron-dense material. Previous studies in our laboratory indicate that this material probably represents a catecholamine. In the second and third groups, in which truncal vagotomy plus pyloroplasty was performed, the secretory granules were depleted of their content. In the fourth group in which vagotomized animals were treated with iproniazid and L-dopa, the mature secretory granules were depleted but formation of new granules was apparent. In the fifth group, in which pyloroplasty alone had been performed, the content of the granules was the same as in the control group. It was concluded that the endocrine function of the ECL cells is under vagal control and that vagotomy causes release of catecholamines from these cells.", "PMID": 1031799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5715", "title": "[Experimental studies of the effects of gastrin, neostigmine and prostaglandin on the motility of the trunculary vagotomized stomach].", "content": "The working effect of Gastrin, neostigmine and prostaglandin in regard to the emptying of the stomach was tested on 31 dogs that had undergone a truncular vagotomy. Gastrin and neostigmine were proved to increase the motility at the stomach pylorus but was not able to bring about a coordinated emptying pattern. Prostaglandin shows different effects on the emptying reflex of the stomach. PGF 2 alpha increases the motility on the measuring marks, but at different time intervals. Because of this a coordinated motility is made possible.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the effects of gastrin, neostigmine and prostaglandin on the motility of the trunculary vagotomized stomach]. The working effect of Gastrin, neostigmine and prostaglandin in regard to the emptying of the stomach was tested on 31 dogs that had undergone a truncular vagotomy. Gastrin and neostigmine were proved to increase the motility at the stomach pylorus but was not able to bring about a coordinated emptying pattern. Prostaglandin shows different effects on the emptying reflex of the stomach. PGF 2 alpha increases the motility on the measuring marks, but at different time intervals. Because of this a coordinated motility is made possible.", "PMID": 1031800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5716", "title": "[Studies on the hormonal regulation of the esophago-gastric and gastro-duodenal high-pressure zone after vagotomy and resection of the antrum].", "content": "Studies on gastric emptying after antrectomy and vagotomy with gastroduodenostomy show that the gastric remnant empties in the same way as the intact stomach by hormonal control. If gastrointestinal passage after gastric resection is restored by gastrojejunostomy no endocrine regulation can be found.", "contents": "[Studies on the hormonal regulation of the esophago-gastric and gastro-duodenal high-pressure zone after vagotomy and resection of the antrum]. Studies on gastric emptying after antrectomy and vagotomy with gastroduodenostomy show that the gastric remnant empties in the same way as the intact stomach by hormonal control. If gastrointestinal passage after gastric resection is restored by gastrojejunostomy no endocrine regulation can be found.", "PMID": 1031801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5717", "title": "[Mono- or biphasic release of gastrin. Results after isolated antrum perfusion in vitro].", "content": "In an in vivo preparation, isolated rat antra were perfused with different releasing agents in an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer-A solution. Upon perfusion with acetylcholine (+ 0,1 mM eserine), the mean gastrin levels in the effluent increased within 2 min to 4 times the basal level, while there was a smaller second release after 20 min. During perfusion with 50 mM glycine and 30 mM calcium chloride containing Krebs-Ringer-A solution gastrin levels in the effluent increased within 4 min to twice the basal level without a secondary release of gastrin. Perfusion with eserine alone or with Krebs-Ringer-A solution failed to release gastrin. The apparent biphasic release of gastrin with acetylcholine may suggest that antral gastrin may exist in two different populations, one of which is readily accessible, the other less so. Alternatively, the initial peak may consist only of stored gastrin and the second peak of newly synthesized gastrin, stimulated only by the physiologic stimulus of acetylcholine, and not by other releasers.", "contents": "[Mono- or biphasic release of gastrin. Results after isolated antrum perfusion in vitro]. In an in vivo preparation, isolated rat antra were perfused with different releasing agents in an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer-A solution. Upon perfusion with acetylcholine (+ 0,1 mM eserine), the mean gastrin levels in the effluent increased within 2 min to 4 times the basal level, while there was a smaller second release after 20 min. During perfusion with 50 mM glycine and 30 mM calcium chloride containing Krebs-Ringer-A solution gastrin levels in the effluent increased within 4 min to twice the basal level without a secondary release of gastrin. Perfusion with eserine alone or with Krebs-Ringer-A solution failed to release gastrin. The apparent biphasic release of gastrin with acetylcholine may suggest that antral gastrin may exist in two different populations, one of which is readily accessible, the other less so. Alternatively, the initial peak may consist only of stored gastrin and the second peak of newly synthesized gastrin, stimulated only by the physiologic stimulus of acetylcholine, and not by other releasers.", "PMID": 1031802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5718", "title": "[Studies of the relationship of gastric motility, gastrin secretion and HCl biosynthesis in patients with duodenal ulcer].", "content": "Serum gastrin, acid output and gastric emptying were measured in patients with duodenal ulcer. 1. Eighty-two patients with duodenal ulcer evacuate a semisolid meal with differing patterns: rapid (n = 24), normal (n = 46), and delayed (n = 12). 2. Comparing patients with rapid and delayed gastric emptying, basal and peak serum gastrin and integrated gastrin output are significantly higher in the rapid emptying group.", "contents": "[Studies of the relationship of gastric motility, gastrin secretion and HCl biosynthesis in patients with duodenal ulcer]. Serum gastrin, acid output and gastric emptying were measured in patients with duodenal ulcer. 1. Eighty-two patients with duodenal ulcer evacuate a semisolid meal with differing patterns: rapid (n = 24), normal (n = 46), and delayed (n = 12). 2. Comparing patients with rapid and delayed gastric emptying, basal and peak serum gastrin and integrated gastrin output are significantly higher in the rapid emptying group.", "PMID": 1031803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5719", "title": "[Importance of bile for stress ulcer in the rat].", "content": "The influence of bile on ulcer formation under restraint stress condition was studied in rats. Animals with a choledochogastrostomy or a pyloroplasty showed as many ulcers as the sham-operated controls. After choledochoileostomy or bile duct ligation the ulcer frequency was reduced by half. A pharmacologic binding of the bile salts by intragastral cholestyramine had the same effect.", "contents": "[Importance of bile for stress ulcer in the rat]. The influence of bile on ulcer formation under restraint stress condition was studied in rats. Animals with a choledochogastrostomy or a pyloroplasty showed as many ulcers as the sham-operated controls. After choledochoileostomy or bile duct ligation the ulcer frequency was reduced by half. A pharmacologic binding of the bile salts by intragastral cholestyramine had the same effect.", "PMID": 1031804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5720", "title": "[Lose-dose treatment with vitamin A in prevention of stress ulcer in swine].", "content": "Hemorrhagic shock in 8 piglets (mean AoBP 40 mm Hg for 3 h) was followed by severe stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions (Gr-I). When vitamin A was administered simultaneously (50,000 IE/kg = Gr. II, n = 6 and 5,000 IE/kg = Gr. III, n = 7) during the procedure, no stress lesions were observed. The study shows that the simultaneous application of vitamin A during hemorrhagic shock, in a reasonable clinical dosage, protects the gastric mucosa against stress-induced lesions.", "contents": "[Lose-dose treatment with vitamin A in prevention of stress ulcer in swine]. Hemorrhagic shock in 8 piglets (mean AoBP 40 mm Hg for 3 h) was followed by severe stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions (Gr-I). When vitamin A was administered simultaneously (50,000 IE/kg = Gr. II, n = 6 and 5,000 IE/kg = Gr. III, n = 7) during the procedure, no stress lesions were observed. The study shows that the simultaneous application of vitamin A during hemorrhagic shock, in a reasonable clinical dosage, protects the gastric mucosa against stress-induced lesions.", "PMID": 1031805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5721", "title": "[Calcium in the prevention of stress ulcer in the rat].", "content": "Calcium gluconate, carbonate, and lactate are potent antiulcerogenic agents when administered intragastrically at pH 6.3 by sustained infusion (45 mg/kg/8 h). In intact rats, by radioimmunologically measurable serum, gastrin and calcitonin are inversely correlated, whereas gastrin and ulcer index tend to correlate directly. The findings imply a key role for thyroid-releasable endogenous calcitonin in this disorder.", "contents": "[Calcium in the prevention of stress ulcer in the rat]. Calcium gluconate, carbonate, and lactate are potent antiulcerogenic agents when administered intragastrically at pH 6.3 by sustained infusion (45 mg/kg/8 h). In intact rats, by radioimmunologically measurable serum, gastrin and calcitonin are inversely correlated, whereas gastrin and ulcer index tend to correlate directly. The findings imply a key role for thyroid-releasable endogenous calcitonin in this disorder.", "PMID": 1031806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5722", "title": "[Experimental studies on the small-intestine invagination valve in continent ileal bladder].", "content": "A method for constructing a continent ileal bladder was tested in dogs. The requirements for a continent ileal bladder: i.e., continency, reservoir function, and prevention of reflux, could be fulfilled in our experimental study.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the small-intestine invagination valve in continent ileal bladder]. A method for constructing a continent ileal bladder was tested in dogs. The requirements for a continent ileal bladder: i.e., continency, reservoir function, and prevention of reflux, could be fulfilled in our experimental study.", "PMID": 1031807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5723", "title": "[Total colectomy with proctomucosectomy and ileal passage--animal experiment studies].", "content": "Resection of the rectal mucosa, total colectomy and continent anal ileostomy was carried out on 10 dogs. Nine dogs survived. One dog died of small bowel volvulus. A complete morphologic integration of the ileum loop within the rectal muscle tube could be demonstrated angiographically and histologically. Continence was retained.", "contents": "[Total colectomy with proctomucosectomy and ileal passage--animal experiment studies]. Resection of the rectal mucosa, total colectomy and continent anal ileostomy was carried out on 10 dogs. Nine dogs survived. One dog died of small bowel volvulus. A complete morphologic integration of the ileum loop within the rectal muscle tube could be demonstrated angiographically and histologically. Continence was retained.", "PMID": 1031808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5724", "title": "[Relationship of the healing process in large intestine anastomosis to the size of vascular skeletization].", "content": "Healing process of single- and double-layer sutures were demonstrated in rats after different degrees of mobilization. Clinical, angiographic, and histologic comparison demonstrates a prolonged healing process after more than 1-cm mobilization. Double-layer sutures showed a high rate of insufficiency.", "contents": "[Relationship of the healing process in large intestine anastomosis to the size of vascular skeletization]. Healing process of single- and double-layer sutures were demonstrated in rats after different degrees of mobilization. Clinical, angiographic, and histologic comparison demonstrates a prolonged healing process after more than 1-cm mobilization. Double-layer sutures showed a high rate of insufficiency.", "PMID": 1031809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5725", "title": "[Humoral and cellular immunologic reaction after allogeneic transplantation of veins in rats--experimentally studied on immunogenetically defined recipient-donor-combinations].", "content": "Vital venous transplants lead to sensitization and induce an immunologic reaction. In the weak allogeneic system only the cell-bound immune reactivity can be identified, whereas in the strong allogeneic system both humoral and cell-bound reactivity can be quantitatively determined.", "contents": "[Humoral and cellular immunologic reaction after allogeneic transplantation of veins in rats--experimentally studied on immunogenetically defined recipient-donor-combinations]. Vital venous transplants lead to sensitization and induce an immunologic reaction. In the weak allogeneic system only the cell-bound immune reactivity can be identified, whereas in the strong allogeneic system both humoral and cell-bound reactivity can be quantitatively determined.", "PMID": 1031810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5726", "title": "[Resorption of fats and carbohydrates following stomach resection and gastrectomy].", "content": "125I- and 14C-labelled triolein were used for the examination of fat absorption in patients after gastric surgery. Fat absorption decreased significantly after total and subtotal proximal gastrectomy, but less after distal gastric resection. Carbohydrate absorption, as measured by D-Xylose test, increased in the same manner after both total and partial gastrectomy.", "contents": "[Resorption of fats and carbohydrates following stomach resection and gastrectomy]. 125I- and 14C-labelled triolein were used for the examination of fat absorption in patients after gastric surgery. Fat absorption decreased significantly after total and subtotal proximal gastrectomy, but less after distal gastric resection. Carbohydrate absorption, as measured by D-Xylose test, increased in the same manner after both total and partial gastrectomy.", "PMID": 1031811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5727", "title": "[Therapeutic modification of blood circulation disorders of the intestine due to strophantin].", "content": "The vasoconstrictor effects of strophanthin on mesenteric hemodynamics were studied using mechanical ventricular massage to exclude the cardiac effects of the drug. The administration of a calcium antagonistic compound prior to digitalis, together with and after digitalis application, prevented the vasoconstrictor response completely. From our experimental experience the combination of cardiac glycosides with calcium antagonistic compounds seems rational.", "contents": "[Therapeutic modification of blood circulation disorders of the intestine due to strophantin]. The vasoconstrictor effects of strophanthin on mesenteric hemodynamics were studied using mechanical ventricular massage to exclude the cardiac effects of the drug. The administration of a calcium antagonistic compound prior to digitalis, together with and after digitalis application, prevented the vasoconstrictor response completely. From our experimental experience the combination of cardiac glycosides with calcium antagonistic compounds seems rational.", "PMID": 1031812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5728", "title": "[Antibiotica release from bone cement in animal experiment].", "content": "The release of antibiotics from bone cement palacos into cortical bone after experimental ostemyelitis in sheep was demonstrated by our experiments. High carbenicillin and cephalothin concentration levels were present for 2 weeks, but after 3 weeks were no longer evident. Lincomycin and gentamicin in the first days showed high tissue levels, then decreased and increased again after the 2nd week. Gentamicin was examined over 10 months, producing high levels after this time also.", "contents": "[Antibiotica release from bone cement in animal experiment]. The release of antibiotics from bone cement palacos into cortical bone after experimental ostemyelitis in sheep was demonstrated by our experiments. High carbenicillin and cephalothin concentration levels were present for 2 weeks, but after 3 weeks were no longer evident. Lincomycin and gentamicin in the first days showed high tissue levels, then decreased and increased again after the 2nd week. Gentamicin was examined over 10 months, producing high levels after this time also.", "PMID": 1031813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5729", "title": "[Behavior of reactive shaft pseudarthroses of the canine radius in the electric and electromagnetic fields].", "content": "In 27 beagles, 19 radius shaft pseudarthroses and 8 tibia were stimulated either by directly applied alternating current of low frequency and strength, delivered from an implanted battery source, or by a pulsing electromagnetic field inductively coupled to bone. Increase of periosteal callus was only found beneath parallel sling electrodes placed on pseudarthroses parallel to the radius shaft. Stimulation by transverse electrodes implanted into bone produced no significant increase of osteogenesis and bone healing, evaluated by x-rays, scintigrams, and morphometry when compared with contralateral leg controls.", "contents": "[Behavior of reactive shaft pseudarthroses of the canine radius in the electric and electromagnetic fields]. In 27 beagles, 19 radius shaft pseudarthroses and 8 tibia were stimulated either by directly applied alternating current of low frequency and strength, delivered from an implanted battery source, or by a pulsing electromagnetic field inductively coupled to bone. Increase of periosteal callus was only found beneath parallel sling electrodes placed on pseudarthroses parallel to the radius shaft. Stimulation by transverse electrodes implanted into bone produced no significant increase of osteogenesis and bone healing, evaluated by x-rays, scintigrams, and morphometry when compared with contralateral leg controls.", "PMID": 1031814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5730", "title": "[Modification of the pseudarthrosis healing process by alternating magnetic fields in vivo].", "content": "The effect of the magnetic field according to the Kraus-Lechner model was investigated on experimental pseudarthroses in beagle dogs. Double-blind evaluation of the 12 experimental pseudarthroses demonstrated that the magnetic field, applied for 3 months, had no effect on healing.", "contents": "[Modification of the pseudarthrosis healing process by alternating magnetic fields in vivo]. The effect of the magnetic field according to the Kraus-Lechner model was investigated on experimental pseudarthroses in beagle dogs. Double-blind evaluation of the 12 experimental pseudarthroses demonstrated that the magnetic field, applied for 3 months, had no effect on healing.", "PMID": 1031815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5731", "title": "[Influence of magnetic fields on growth and regeneration in organ culture].", "content": "The influence of alternating magnetic fields (30 Gauss, 20 Hz) on the growth and regeneration of embryonic rat femora in organ culture was investigated. A pure magnetic field was ineffective at a constant temperature.", "contents": "[Influence of magnetic fields on growth and regeneration in organ culture]. The influence of alternating magnetic fields (30 Gauss, 20 Hz) on the growth and regeneration of embryonic rat femora in organ culture was investigated. A pure magnetic field was ineffective at a constant temperature.", "PMID": 1031816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5732", "title": "[Allogeneic small intestine transplantation in inbred rats. Transplantation technic and morphological findings].", "content": "In a RtH-1-incompatible in-bred rat strain combination (Brown Norway leads to LEWIS), small intestinal transplantations were carried out using the bypass technique. 5, 10 and 12 days after grafting, the transplanted intestines were histologically examined. On the 5th day primarily granulocyte cell infiltration was found. On day 10 and 12 there was an increase of lymphocyte plasma cellular infiltration. The small intestine showed increasing congestion of the lymphatic vessels, an edematous saturation of the stroma as well as loss of the small intestinal-specific epithelial layer.", "contents": "[Allogeneic small intestine transplantation in inbred rats. Transplantation technic and morphological findings]. In a RtH-1-incompatible in-bred rat strain combination (Brown Norway leads to LEWIS), small intestinal transplantations were carried out using the bypass technique. 5, 10 and 12 days after grafting, the transplanted intestines were histologically examined. On the 5th day primarily granulocyte cell infiltration was found. On day 10 and 12 there was an increase of lymphocyte plasma cellular infiltration. The small intestine showed increasing congestion of the lymphatic vessels, an edematous saturation of the stroma as well as loss of the small intestinal-specific epithelial layer.", "PMID": 1031817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5733", "title": "[Long-term results after cartilage transplantation].", "content": "The authors' experimental work is concerned with the structure of articular cartilage after transplantation. In the medial condylus of the femur of the rabbit, bone-cartilage defects were produced and filled with bone-cartilage autografts and homografts preserved by different methods. At 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 months after operation animals were sacrificed. The first phase of the healing process shows regressive processes. The second phase is marked by reactions of repair. The results of the experiment indicate that transplantation of cartilage can be regarded as a possibility of therapy in order to heal bone-cartilage lesions.", "contents": "[Long-term results after cartilage transplantation]. The authors' experimental work is concerned with the structure of articular cartilage after transplantation. In the medial condylus of the femur of the rabbit, bone-cartilage defects were produced and filled with bone-cartilage autografts and homografts preserved by different methods. At 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 months after operation animals were sacrificed. The first phase of the healing process shows regressive processes. The second phase is marked by reactions of repair. The results of the experiment indicate that transplantation of cartilage can be regarded as a possibility of therapy in order to heal bone-cartilage lesions.", "PMID": 1031818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5734", "title": "[Animals experiment studies on the microstructural behavior of hyaline articular cartilage after immobilization and remobilization].", "content": "Early degenerative changes of the articular cartilage in knee joints of rabbits were observed after immobilization and weight bearing. These changes were not reversible. After remobilization there was an increase in the alterations. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Animals experiment studies on the microstructural behavior of hyaline articular cartilage after immobilization and remobilization]. Early degenerative changes of the articular cartilage in knee joints of rabbits were observed after immobilization and weight bearing. These changes were not reversible. After remobilization there was an increase in the alterations. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1031819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5735", "title": "[Revascularization of hypertrophic pseudoarthroses after pressure-plate osteosynthesis].", "content": "In 6 adult mongrel dogs hypertrophic pseudarthroses in the radius were produced. The pseudarthroses were stabilized by compression plate osteosynthesis. The changes in the pattern of vascularization in pseudarthroses under stabilization were studied by means of microangiography. The interfragmental gap revascularization started early and came from medullary vessels of both fragments. Vessel anastomoses in interfragmental areas were observed. With time, medullary and periosteal hypervascularization were reduced. However, the hypervascularization in the remodeled corticalis was still evident after 3 months.", "contents": "[Revascularization of hypertrophic pseudoarthroses after pressure-plate osteosynthesis]. In 6 adult mongrel dogs hypertrophic pseudarthroses in the radius were produced. The pseudarthroses were stabilized by compression plate osteosynthesis. The changes in the pattern of vascularization in pseudarthroses under stabilization were studied by means of microangiography. The interfragmental gap revascularization started early and came from medullary vessels of both fragments. Vessel anastomoses in interfragmental areas were observed. With time, medullary and periosteal hypervascularization were reduced. However, the hypervascularization in the remodeled corticalis was still evident after 3 months.", "PMID": 1031820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5736", "title": "[Revascularization of devitalized cortical segments under stabilizing encircling wires].", "content": "In 10 adult mongrel dogs isolated cortical fragments of the diaphysis of the radius were reimplanted and stabilized by encircling wires. The changes in the pattern of vascularization and the revitalization of the avascular fragment were investigated by microangiography. The revascularization arose from the medullary vessels that penetrated the avascular fragment. The fracture gap was bridged by intracortical anastomoses. After 6 weeks fracture healing was noted and the vessels showed a restoration of the physiologic pattern of vascularization.", "contents": "[Revascularization of devitalized cortical segments under stabilizing encircling wires]. In 10 adult mongrel dogs isolated cortical fragments of the diaphysis of the radius were reimplanted and stabilized by encircling wires. The changes in the pattern of vascularization and the revitalization of the avascular fragment were investigated by microangiography. The revascularization arose from the medullary vessels that penetrated the avascular fragment. The fracture gap was bridged by intracortical anastomoses. After 6 weeks fracture healing was noted and the vessels showed a restoration of the physiologic pattern of vascularization.", "PMID": 1031821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5737", "title": "[Preservation of dog limbs through hypothermic perfusion].", "content": "Different methods of preservation are examined in long-lasting extremity ischemia in dogs. After preservation of 10 h duration by hypothermia and perfusion the status of energy-rich phosphates and pH was equivalent to the status after 2 h of ischemia under control conditions.", "contents": "[Preservation of dog limbs through hypothermic perfusion]. Different methods of preservation are examined in long-lasting extremity ischemia in dogs. After preservation of 10 h duration by hypothermia and perfusion the status of energy-rich phosphates and pH was equivalent to the status after 2 h of ischemia under control conditions.", "PMID": 1031822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5738", "title": "[Pulmonary lipoprotein lipase activity after experimental bone fracture].", "content": "Five hours after a limited, nonhypotensive trauma without gross interference with coagulopathy the lung of dogs was found to be completely deficient of heparin-releasable, metabolically active lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "[Pulmonary lipoprotein lipase activity after experimental bone fracture]. Five hours after a limited, nonhypotensive trauma without gross interference with coagulopathy the lung of dogs was found to be completely deficient of heparin-releasable, metabolically active lipoprotein lipase.", "PMID": 1031823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5739", "title": "[Preventive treatment with methylprednisolone and heparin in experimental trauma and hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "Twenty-six anesthesized mongrel dogs were subjected to a standardized traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Compared with the control group prophylactic treatment with high doses of methylprednisolone reduced functional and histologic alterations of the lung. Methylprednisolone in combination with heparin pretreatment prevents microthrombi but produces more alveolar bleeding.", "contents": "[Preventive treatment with methylprednisolone and heparin in experimental trauma and hemorrhagic shock]. Twenty-six anesthesized mongrel dogs were subjected to a standardized traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Compared with the control group prophylactic treatment with high doses of methylprednisolone reduced functional and histologic alterations of the lung. Methylprednisolone in combination with heparin pretreatment prevents microthrombi but produces more alveolar bleeding.", "PMID": 1031824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5740", "title": "[Pulmonary hemodynamics, coagulation and morphological changes in the lung after thrombocyte aggregation inhibition and intravasal coagulation in experimental trauma and hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "26 mongrel dogs are subjected to a standardized bone trauma followed by a hypotonic hemorrhagic shock. Compared with a control and heparin group prophylactic treatment with Dipyridamol and Acetylsalicylic Acid decreases pulmonary vascular resistance significantly. After an initial period of hyperocagulability secondary fibrinolysis develops. The decrease of the fibrinogen level and the fall of total platelet count after trauma and hemorrhage can partly be prevented by the application of heparin, likewise the development of pulmonary microthrombosis. Histological examination shows a markedly diminished pulmonary microthrombosis.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hemodynamics, coagulation and morphological changes in the lung after thrombocyte aggregation inhibition and intravasal coagulation in experimental trauma and hemorrhagic shock]. 26 mongrel dogs are subjected to a standardized bone trauma followed by a hypotonic hemorrhagic shock. Compared with a control and heparin group prophylactic treatment with Dipyridamol and Acetylsalicylic Acid decreases pulmonary vascular resistance significantly. After an initial period of hyperocagulability secondary fibrinolysis develops. The decrease of the fibrinogen level and the fall of total platelet count after trauma and hemorrhage can partly be prevented by the application of heparin, likewise the development of pulmonary microthrombosis. Histological examination shows a markedly diminished pulmonary microthrombosis.", "PMID": 1031825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5741", "title": "[Prolonged survival of xenogeneic grafts after organ culture].", "content": "Organ culture of xenogeneic thyroids leads to a prolonged survival time. This effect can be reversed when donor-specific cells are injected at the time of transplantation. The results of this experiment disprove the assumption that target antigens are modulated or masked by organ culture.", "contents": "[Prolonged survival of xenogeneic grafts after organ culture]. Organ culture of xenogeneic thyroids leads to a prolonged survival time. This effect can be reversed when donor-specific cells are injected at the time of transplantation. The results of this experiment disprove the assumption that target antigens are modulated or masked by organ culture.", "PMID": 1031826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5742", "title": "[Behavior of intestinal motility and serum gastrin level after administration of prostaglandin A1, E1 and F2alpha in recent mechanical ileus of the rabbit].", "content": "In a mechanical ileus model in 70 rabbits, the effects of PGF2alpha-infusions, PGE1- and PGA1-injections on jejunal pressure and serum gastrin levels were studied. PGF2alpha increases, whereas PGE1 inhibits jejunal motility. PGA1 produces no significant response. A modulation of neurotransmission is discussed. The serum gastrin levels can be decreased by PGE1-injections, whereas PGA1 effects only small decreases. The importance of the vagal mechanism for the release of gastrin is emphasized.", "contents": "[Behavior of intestinal motility and serum gastrin level after administration of prostaglandin A1, E1 and F2alpha in recent mechanical ileus of the rabbit]. In a mechanical ileus model in 70 rabbits, the effects of PGF2alpha-infusions, PGE1- and PGA1-injections on jejunal pressure and serum gastrin levels were studied. PGF2alpha increases, whereas PGE1 inhibits jejunal motility. PGA1 produces no significant response. A modulation of neurotransmission is discussed. The serum gastrin levels can be decreased by PGE1-injections, whereas PGA1 effects only small decreases. The importance of the vagal mechanism for the release of gastrin is emphasized.", "PMID": 1031827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5743", "title": "[Effects of intraluminal pressure increase on oxygen consumption of the rabbit ileum and its possible pharmacological modification].", "content": "Elevated intraluminal pressure of rabbit small bowel induces a decrease of tissue pO2 of the bowel wall dependent on the applied pressure. After decompression local pO2 exceeds the initial pO2 values. While the i.v. application of 25 microgram/kg glucagon is not able to improve local oxygen supply of the distended bowel, local pO2 increases considerably after infusion of 7.5 ml/kg dextran 40. Decompression by operation or intestinal tube as well as application of dextran 40 are recommended in the treatment of ileus.", "contents": "[Effects of intraluminal pressure increase on oxygen consumption of the rabbit ileum and its possible pharmacological modification]. Elevated intraluminal pressure of rabbit small bowel induces a decrease of tissue pO2 of the bowel wall dependent on the applied pressure. After decompression local pO2 exceeds the initial pO2 values. While the i.v. application of 25 microgram/kg glucagon is not able to improve local oxygen supply of the distended bowel, local pO2 increases considerably after infusion of 7.5 ml/kg dextran 40. Decompression by operation or intestinal tube as well as application of dextran 40 are recommended in the treatment of ileus.", "PMID": 1031828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5744", "title": "[Resuscitation with stroma-free hemoglobin solution after acute blood loss].", "content": "Resuscitation and volume replacement after acute blood loss is possible for a short duration by means of 6% stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFH). Despite transcapillary loss of SFH, pulmonary edema is not provoked after massive infusion of cristalloid solution. The oxygen supply to the tissues is maintained by a compensatory rise in cardiac output and O2-extraction, mainly from the remaining red cell hemoglobin.", "contents": "[Resuscitation with stroma-free hemoglobin solution after acute blood loss]. Resuscitation and volume replacement after acute blood loss is possible for a short duration by means of 6% stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFH). Despite transcapillary loss of SFH, pulmonary edema is not provoked after massive infusion of cristalloid solution. The oxygen supply to the tissues is maintained by a compensatory rise in cardiac output and O2-extraction, mainly from the remaining red cell hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1031829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5745", "title": "[Blood coagulation disorder, hemolysis and hypoalbuminemia after autotransfusion in experimental intraperitoneal hemorrhages].", "content": "Autotransfusion in a canine model (n = 15) causes anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, hypalbuminemia, and metabolic acidosis and enhances elimination of intravenously injected 131I albumin. Contact of the shed blood with the peritoneal surface aggravates the pathologic findings; without simultaneous intraperitoneal heparinization the highest rates of hemolysis with concomitant oliguria were observed.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation disorder, hemolysis and hypoalbuminemia after autotransfusion in experimental intraperitoneal hemorrhages]. Autotransfusion in a canine model (n = 15) causes anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, hypalbuminemia, and metabolic acidosis and enhances elimination of intravenously injected 131I albumin. Contact of the shed blood with the peritoneal surface aggravates the pathologic findings; without simultaneous intraperitoneal heparinization the highest rates of hemolysis with concomitant oliguria were observed.", "PMID": 1031830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5746", "title": "[Behavior of IgG, IgA and IgM in aseptic and septic postoperative processes].", "content": "After sterile surgical procedures, serum IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations again reach normal values at the 10th postop. day after initial lowering. During septicaemia this decrease is significantly more pronounced. By i.v. application of a high dose of human gammaglobulin normal values can be reestablished.", "contents": "[Behavior of IgG, IgA and IgM in aseptic and septic postoperative processes]. After sterile surgical procedures, serum IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations again reach normal values at the 10th postop. day after initial lowering. During septicaemia this decrease is significantly more pronounced. By i.v. application of a high dose of human gammaglobulin normal values can be reestablished.", "PMID": 1031831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5747", "title": "[Control of intensive care through the measurement of microcirculation and 02 consumption].", "content": "The pO2-multiwire electrode measures the intercapillary oxygen tension. The pO2 histogram, which results from such measurements gives precise information about the question as to whether microcirculation is disturbed or not. Thus, pathological changes in respiration and volume can be recognized earlier than with classical methods. The latter registers the mainly central variables which are compensated for a longer period of time. The local pO2 measurement allows individual regulation of respiratory therapy and monitors the response of oxygen therapy. Using this method oxygen deficiency as well as overdosage of oxygen supply can be averted. Thus, important diagnostic and therapeutic indications can be identified.", "contents": "[Control of intensive care through the measurement of microcirculation and 02 consumption]. The pO2-multiwire electrode measures the intercapillary oxygen tension. The pO2 histogram, which results from such measurements gives precise information about the question as to whether microcirculation is disturbed or not. Thus, pathological changes in respiration and volume can be recognized earlier than with classical methods. The latter registers the mainly central variables which are compensated for a longer period of time. The local pO2 measurement allows individual regulation of respiratory therapy and monitors the response of oxygen therapy. Using this method oxygen deficiency as well as overdosage of oxygen supply can be averted. Thus, important diagnostic and therapeutic indications can be identified.", "PMID": 1031832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5748", "title": "[25-OH-vitamin D in the serum of patients with femoral-neck fractures].", "content": "In 10 women with femoral neck fracture, 10 with fracture(s) evolved from accidents (mainly traffic accidents) and 10 without disease (controls) in January and July, the 25-OH-vitamin D levels in serum were measured by a competitive protein binding assay. Patients with femoral neck fractures exhibited significantly (p less than 0.05) lower 25-OH-vitamin D levels than the other groups. Additionally, in patients with femoral neck fractures calcium x phosphate product in serum was subnormal (below 25). In Germany, prophylactic dietary supplementation of vitamin D seems feasible.", "contents": "[25-OH-vitamin D in the serum of patients with femoral-neck fractures]. In 10 women with femoral neck fracture, 10 with fracture(s) evolved from accidents (mainly traffic accidents) and 10 without disease (controls) in January and July, the 25-OH-vitamin D levels in serum were measured by a competitive protein binding assay. Patients with femoral neck fractures exhibited significantly (p less than 0.05) lower 25-OH-vitamin D levels than the other groups. Additionally, in patients with femoral neck fractures calcium x phosphate product in serum was subnormal (below 25). In Germany, prophylactic dietary supplementation of vitamin D seems feasible.", "PMID": 1031833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5749", "title": "[Criteria for the surgical treatment of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-dependent Cushing's syndrome].", "content": "This article offers criteria for the surgical treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Patients (n = 6) who showed no secondary complications of Cushing's disease underwent an implantation of 90Y and/or 192Ir into the pituitary gland. After implantation the excessive secretion of ACTH was suppressed to normal values and the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome disappeared. Following operation several patients received substitute therapy with other pituitary hormones. Fertility was not always conserved. Total adrenalectomy as alternative therapy was performed in adults with threatening symptoms of the disease (n = 4) and in children (n = 4). The symptoms of Cushing's syndrome disappeared. In two cases the development of a Nelson's tumor was observed. One was treated by implantation of 192Ir into the pituitary gland; the second needs no therapy up to now.", "contents": "[Criteria for the surgical treatment of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-dependent Cushing's syndrome]. This article offers criteria for the surgical treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Patients (n = 6) who showed no secondary complications of Cushing's disease underwent an implantation of 90Y and/or 192Ir into the pituitary gland. After implantation the excessive secretion of ACTH was suppressed to normal values and the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome disappeared. Following operation several patients received substitute therapy with other pituitary hormones. Fertility was not always conserved. Total adrenalectomy as alternative therapy was performed in adults with threatening symptoms of the disease (n = 4) and in children (n = 4). The symptoms of Cushing's syndrome disappeared. In two cases the development of a Nelson's tumor was observed. One was treated by implantation of 192Ir into the pituitary gland; the second needs no therapy up to now.", "PMID": 1031834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5750", "title": "[Treatment of capillary hemangiomas and nevi flammei with light].", "content": "A report on the treatment of capillary hemangiomas and nevi flammei using laser or broad-band infrared light to initiate thermal coagulation in the blood-filled vascular spaces, leaving intact the nonaffected overlying skin layers. Clinical experiences with 26 patients treated with equipment developed by the group are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of capillary hemangiomas and nevi flammei with light]. A report on the treatment of capillary hemangiomas and nevi flammei using laser or broad-band infrared light to initiate thermal coagulation in the blood-filled vascular spaces, leaving intact the nonaffected overlying skin layers. Clinical experiences with 26 patients treated with equipment developed by the group are discussed.", "PMID": 1031835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5751", "title": "[Treatment of hepatic coma using extracorporeal perfusion with baboon and human liver as well as with activated charcoal].", "content": "In the 6 patients with hepatic coma hemoperfusions with 8 baboon and 2 human livers were carried out. Four awoke from the coma, one women could be discharged, but the others died of various complications and liver insufficiency. In the 4 patients with hepatic coma, 11 hemoperfusions with activated charcoal columns were performed. Two awoke from the coma, but they died of liver insufficiency. We were able to detect the elevation of preforming antibodies in a discharged patient.", "contents": "[Treatment of hepatic coma using extracorporeal perfusion with baboon and human liver as well as with activated charcoal]. In the 6 patients with hepatic coma hemoperfusions with 8 baboon and 2 human livers were carried out. Four awoke from the coma, one women could be discharged, but the others died of various complications and liver insufficiency. In the 4 patients with hepatic coma, 11 hemoperfusions with activated charcoal columns were performed. Two awoke from the coma, but they died of liver insufficiency. We were able to detect the elevation of preforming antibodies in a discharged patient.", "PMID": 1031836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5752", "title": "Micro-organisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae.", "content": "Two types of micro-organisms were found in the midgut of Glossina morsitans larvae, a large Gram-negative bacterial rod and a small Gram-negative rickettsia-like micro-organism, although the occurrence of the rickettsial type is restricted. The location of these micro-organisms in a small area of the proventriculus of all three larval instars is discussed. The large micro-organisms resemble milk-gland bacteria, and further evidence is presented in support of a milk transmission hypothesis for these micro-organisms.", "contents": "Micro-organisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae. Two types of micro-organisms were found in the midgut of Glossina morsitans larvae, a large Gram-negative bacterial rod and a small Gram-negative rickettsia-like micro-organism, although the occurrence of the rickettsial type is restricted. The location of these micro-organisms in a small area of the proventriculus of all three larval instars is discussed. The large micro-organisms resemble milk-gland bacteria, and further evidence is presented in support of a milk transmission hypothesis for these micro-organisms.", "PMID": 1031837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5753", "title": "Studies on the bacteriophage PS8 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend) Conn: physico-chemical properties of its DNA.", "content": "DNA from the bacteriophage PS8 was extracted and purified. The buoyant density was determined was 1.716 cm3/g. The guanine-cytosine content was calculated to be 57%. DNA molecules which looked like circles were found among linear strands in an electron-microscopic study. With an endonuclease from Streptomyces albus G the DNA was digested to 19 fragments, with molecular weights ranging from 600 to 7,400 daltons. The molecular weight of the DNA was determined to be 38.8 X 10(6) daltons +/- 8.7%.", "contents": "Studies on the bacteriophage PS8 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend) Conn: physico-chemical properties of its DNA. DNA from the bacteriophage PS8 was extracted and purified. The buoyant density was determined was 1.716 cm3/g. The guanine-cytosine content was calculated to be 57%. DNA molecules which looked like circles were found among linear strands in an electron-microscopic study. With an endonuclease from Streptomyces albus G the DNA was digested to 19 fragments, with molecular weights ranging from 600 to 7,400 daltons. The molecular weight of the DNA was determined to be 38.8 X 10(6) daltons +/- 8.7%.", "PMID": 1031838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5754", "title": "Management and prognosis of gliomas of the optic pathways in children.", "content": "A follow-up study was made of 24 children with glioma of the optic pathways. In gliomas restricted to one optic nerve, total excision should be performed. The prognosis is excellent. Radiotherapy is not indicated. In gliomas of the anterior chiasm, a biopsy should be taken; occasionally, partial removal is indicated. The prognosis is good. Radiotherapy is indicated only if the follow-up shows a progression in the visual signs. In most cases, the growth of the tumor seems to be arrested. The vision remains stable and most patients have a useful degree of vision in at least one eye. In gliomas of the posterior chiasm with hypothalamic signs, the prognosis is poor. A biopsy and radiotherapy are indicated.", "contents": "Management and prognosis of gliomas of the optic pathways in children. A follow-up study was made of 24 children with glioma of the optic pathways. In gliomas restricted to one optic nerve, total excision should be performed. The prognosis is excellent. Radiotherapy is not indicated. In gliomas of the anterior chiasm, a biopsy should be taken; occasionally, partial removal is indicated. The prognosis is good. Radiotherapy is indicated only if the follow-up shows a progression in the visual signs. In most cases, the growth of the tumor seems to be arrested. The vision remains stable and most patients have a useful degree of vision in at least one eye. In gliomas of the posterior chiasm with hypothalamic signs, the prognosis is poor. A biopsy and radiotherapy are indicated.", "PMID": 1031865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5755", "title": "[Structural interpretation of a supposed symptomatic schizophrenia].", "content": "A short text spoken by a patient with a supposed symptomatic schizophrenia in lupus erythematodes is analyzed by means of a structural interpretation. While the text appears schizophrenic, it is only the confusion and intermingling of five quite distinct textual levels which create this impression. These five levels are presented in three distinctive modes of narrative. (1) Deviation and periphrase: while psychopathologically these breaks in the narrative are deviations from the main thread of argument, stylistically they are periphrasic statements, all having identical structures. They are all related emotionally as well as thematically to the central subject of the text. Their informational quality is impaired by their density and their interlocked form. (2) Narrative: the text contains three meaningful and well-arranged stories. In one case a multilevel narrative structure is employed. Each story represents a response to the initial question. (3) Metalanguage: on a metatextual level, the patient repeatedly makes reference to her linguistic peculiarities. These statements coincide with objective evaluation. Delusions and misidentification of individuals and situations used in classical psychopathological diagnosis can be given a different meaning (in the sense used by Weinrich) if interpretation has deepened the knowledge of the text. In this case, the similarity to schizophrenic texts is only superficial. A more detailed analysis illustrates the difference from schizophrenia on every level.", "contents": "[Structural interpretation of a supposed symptomatic schizophrenia]. A short text spoken by a patient with a supposed symptomatic schizophrenia in lupus erythematodes is analyzed by means of a structural interpretation. While the text appears schizophrenic, it is only the confusion and intermingling of five quite distinct textual levels which create this impression. These five levels are presented in three distinctive modes of narrative. (1) Deviation and periphrase: while psychopathologically these breaks in the narrative are deviations from the main thread of argument, stylistically they are periphrasic statements, all having identical structures. They are all related emotionally as well as thematically to the central subject of the text. Their informational quality is impaired by their density and their interlocked form. (2) Narrative: the text contains three meaningful and well-arranged stories. In one case a multilevel narrative structure is employed. Each story represents a response to the initial question. (3) Metalanguage: on a metatextual level, the patient repeatedly makes reference to her linguistic peculiarities. These statements coincide with objective evaluation. Delusions and misidentification of individuals and situations used in classical psychopathological diagnosis can be given a different meaning (in the sense used by Weinrich) if interpretation has deepened the knowledge of the text. In this case, the similarity to schizophrenic texts is only superficial. A more detailed analysis illustrates the difference from schizophrenia on every level.", "PMID": 1031917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5756", "title": "[Double suicide and symbiontic psychosis (suicide \u00e0 deux and folie \u00e0 deux)].", "content": "Symbiontic psychoses (induced delusions) are marked by 'solitude by twos'--together in alienation to the environment. This special psychological situation is dangerous and the foundation to develop 'suicides by twos' (double suicides). The relations between the psychotic partners (domination-subordination) change over to relations of double suicide (instogator-participant). The presuicide syndrome of such double suicides is described with two cases, one at the psychopathological borderline to a symbiontic psychosis, the other on the culmination of it (delusion of influence and reference).", "contents": "[Double suicide and symbiontic psychosis (suicide \u00e0 deux and folie \u00e0 deux)]. Symbiontic psychoses (induced delusions) are marked by 'solitude by twos'--together in alienation to the environment. This special psychological situation is dangerous and the foundation to develop 'suicides by twos' (double suicides). The relations between the psychotic partners (domination-subordination) change over to relations of double suicide (instogator-participant). The presuicide syndrome of such double suicides is described with two cases, one at the psychopathological borderline to a symbiontic psychosis, the other on the culmination of it (delusion of influence and reference).", "PMID": 1031918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5757", "title": "Season of birth and Schneider-oriented diagnosis of affective disorder.", "content": "Most earlier studies and all recent studies on national samples have shown that compared with live births in the control population, schizophrenic patients have a significant excess of birth rates in the winter or early months of the year. In contrast, only some of the early research efforts and only some of the national studies (in England and Wales as well as for certain decades in Sweden) have demonstrated that the same holds true for patients with affective psychosis. The present German study, carried out on affective disorder diagnosed in a strongly Kurt Schneider-oriented clinic, found (as did most Scandinavian research on national samples) that there was no significant overrepresentation of births in the winter or early months of the year for all types of affective disorder, neurotic as well as psychotic. Thus, the findings on Schneider-diagnosed affective disturbances were similar to those on Schneider-diagnosed schizophrenia reported elsewhere.", "contents": "Season of birth and Schneider-oriented diagnosis of affective disorder. Most earlier studies and all recent studies on national samples have shown that compared with live births in the control population, schizophrenic patients have a significant excess of birth rates in the winter or early months of the year. In contrast, only some of the early research efforts and only some of the national studies (in England and Wales as well as for certain decades in Sweden) have demonstrated that the same holds true for patients with affective psychosis. The present German study, carried out on affective disorder diagnosed in a strongly Kurt Schneider-oriented clinic, found (as did most Scandinavian research on national samples) that there was no significant overrepresentation of births in the winter or early months of the year for all types of affective disorder, neurotic as well as psychotic. Thus, the findings on Schneider-diagnosed affective disturbances were similar to those on Schneider-diagnosed schizophrenia reported elsewhere.", "PMID": 1031919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5758", "title": "Death anxiety in normal children and adolescents.", "content": "Instruments devised to measure death anxiety, depression, and manifest anxiety in adults were administered to 75 junior high-school students, 111 senior high-school students, and 38 adults in an effort ot determine the nature of any developmental differences among these groups. A number of significant differences were noted, with the senior high-school students showing greater anxiety, depression, and death anxiety than the other groups. These results are discussed in the context of tasks of adolescent development, and an item analysis of the death anziety questionnaire is presented. Developmental differences in the origin of death anxiety are related to previous studies of death anxiety in adults.", "contents": "Death anxiety in normal children and adolescents. Instruments devised to measure death anxiety, depression, and manifest anxiety in adults were administered to 75 junior high-school students, 111 senior high-school students, and 38 adults in an effort ot determine the nature of any developmental differences among these groups. A number of significant differences were noted, with the senior high-school students showing greater anxiety, depression, and death anxiety than the other groups. These results are discussed in the context of tasks of adolescent development, and an item analysis of the death anziety questionnaire is presented. Developmental differences in the origin of death anxiety are related to previous studies of death anxiety in adults.", "PMID": 1031920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5759", "title": "[Leukocyte count in manics, endogenous depressive, schizophrenics and neurotics].", "content": "Manic, endogenous depressive, schizophrenic and neurotic patients, 80 (40 females, 40 males) in each diagnostic group, are compared with regard to the white blood count with one another and with normal controls. Significant differences of means were found (1) between some groups of patients concerning the total number of leucocytes (micrometer +/- microseconds, micronD), the number of neutrophil granulocytes (micrometer +/- microsecond, micronN), the number of eosinophil granulocytes (micrometer +/- microseconds, micronD; micronN +/- microseconds, micronD) and the number of lymphocytes (micronN +/- micronD), and (2) between all groups of patients and normal controls concerning the number of monocytes (micronD, micronN, micrometer, microsecond +/- micronK). The findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Leukocyte count in manics, endogenous depressive, schizophrenics and neurotics]. Manic, endogenous depressive, schizophrenic and neurotic patients, 80 (40 females, 40 males) in each diagnostic group, are compared with regard to the white blood count with one another and with normal controls. Significant differences of means were found (1) between some groups of patients concerning the total number of leucocytes (micrometer +/- microseconds, micronD), the number of neutrophil granulocytes (micrometer +/- microsecond, micronN), the number of eosinophil granulocytes (micrometer +/- microseconds, micronD; micronN +/- microseconds, micronD) and the number of lymphocytes (micronN +/- micronD), and (2) between all groups of patients and normal controls concerning the number of monocytes (micronD, micronN, micrometer, microsecond +/- micronK). The findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1031921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5760", "title": "Dynamics of contraction with special reference to calcium.", "content": "Using a new method for tetanizing frog ventricle muscle, the tension-length, force-load-velocity, and load-extension relations were determined under the steady active state. On the basis of these experiments a mechanochemical model was developed. Time courses of internal calcium concentrations, the rates of release, and uptake of calcium during isometric twitches were calculated by the model.", "contents": "Dynamics of contraction with special reference to calcium. Using a new method for tetanizing frog ventricle muscle, the tension-length, force-load-velocity, and load-extension relations were determined under the steady active state. On the basis of these experiments a mechanochemical model was developed. Time courses of internal calcium concentrations, the rates of release, and uptake of calcium during isometric twitches were calculated by the model.", "PMID": 1031923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5761", "title": "Isometric dynamic response of mammalian heart muscle due to step changes in the calcium concentration of the perfusing medium.", "content": "The isometric tension transient response of isolated kitten papillary muscle was found to exhibit direction-dependent dynamics when subjected to step changes in the calcium concentration of the bathing medium. The tension transient curves could be resolved into a minimum of two to three exponential components, which could be considered to indicate different calcium compounds or compartments within the muscle. However, a model relating calcium diffusion across the muscle to the dose-response curve indicates that the exponential components of the tension transient curves are due to the properties of calcium diffusion through the extracellular space, and that the direction-dependent dynamics are caused by the nonlinearity of the dose-response curve.", "contents": "Isometric dynamic response of mammalian heart muscle due to step changes in the calcium concentration of the perfusing medium. The isometric tension transient response of isolated kitten papillary muscle was found to exhibit direction-dependent dynamics when subjected to step changes in the calcium concentration of the bathing medium. The tension transient curves could be resolved into a minimum of two to three exponential components, which could be considered to indicate different calcium compounds or compartments within the muscle. However, a model relating calcium diffusion across the muscle to the dose-response curve indicates that the exponential components of the tension transient curves are due to the properties of calcium diffusion through the extracellular space, and that the direction-dependent dynamics are caused by the nonlinearity of the dose-response curve.", "PMID": 1031924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5762", "title": "Contraction duration and diastolic stiffness in aged canine left ventricle.", "content": "The data obtained from groups of young and old beagles demonstrate that senescent beagle hearts are characterized by lower contractile function as measured by developed pressure and maximal rate of pressure change with time, by longer contraction duration, and by increased dynamic stiffness per given pressure as measured by the sinusoidal forcing technique.", "contents": "Contraction duration and diastolic stiffness in aged canine left ventricle. The data obtained from groups of young and old beagles demonstrate that senescent beagle hearts are characterized by lower contractile function as measured by developed pressure and maximal rate of pressure change with time, by longer contraction duration, and by increased dynamic stiffness per given pressure as measured by the sinusoidal forcing technique.", "PMID": 1031925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5763", "title": "Delay in diastolic restitution of full myocardial contractility in guinea pig atrium.", "content": "In an isolated perfused left atrium of guinea pig, pressure amplitudes were recorded at 37 degrees C and a stimulation rate of 240/min with interposed variable resting pauses. After prolonged intervals the preparation develops maximum pressure, which does not depend on perfusion time or on any positive inotropic intervention. The latter is found to shorten the time needed for restitution of full contractility. Nifedipine (5 X 10(-7)M) exerts its negative inotropic effect mainly by a delay in restitution time; acetylcholine (2 X 10(-7)M), by a concomitant reduction of all pressure amplitudes over the whole range of stimulus intervals. The latter effect is similar to that of lowering [Ca2+]o.", "contents": "Delay in diastolic restitution of full myocardial contractility in guinea pig atrium. In an isolated perfused left atrium of guinea pig, pressure amplitudes were recorded at 37 degrees C and a stimulation rate of 240/min with interposed variable resting pauses. After prolonged intervals the preparation develops maximum pressure, which does not depend on perfusion time or on any positive inotropic intervention. The latter is found to shorten the time needed for restitution of full contractility. Nifedipine (5 X 10(-7)M) exerts its negative inotropic effect mainly by a delay in restitution time; acetylcholine (2 X 10(-7)M), by a concomitant reduction of all pressure amplitudes over the whole range of stimulus intervals. The latter effect is similar to that of lowering [Ca2+]o.", "PMID": 1031926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5764", "title": "Interaction of lanthanides with muscle microsomes.", "content": "The interaction of gadolinium, a lanthanide with calcium-blocking action, with isolated muscle microsomes has been studied. Two classes of binding sites were present, 80 and in excess of 300 nmol/mg in number, respectively. Divalent cation, including Ca, Zn, and Cd, blocked the higher affinity site. Antibiotic ionophores X537A and A23187 enhanced binding, with positive cooperativity. ATP enhanced binding at low concentration (10-20 muM) of nucleotide, and without ATP-hydrolysis. The data suggest a dissociation in the intact membrane between the binding and ATP-hydrolytic portion of the transport site.", "contents": "Interaction of lanthanides with muscle microsomes. The interaction of gadolinium, a lanthanide with calcium-blocking action, with isolated muscle microsomes has been studied. Two classes of binding sites were present, 80 and in excess of 300 nmol/mg in number, respectively. Divalent cation, including Ca, Zn, and Cd, blocked the higher affinity site. Antibiotic ionophores X537A and A23187 enhanced binding, with positive cooperativity. ATP enhanced binding at low concentration (10-20 muM) of nucleotide, and without ATP-hydrolysis. The data suggest a dissociation in the intact membrane between the binding and ATP-hydrolytic portion of the transport site.", "PMID": 1031929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5765", "title": "Voltage-clamp experiments by double microelectrode technique in rabbit sinoatrial node cell.", "content": "When a man-made strand of the rabbit sinoatrial node (S-A node) was shortened by ligation, the spatial decay of the electrotonic potential decreased and the input impedance increased. A satisfactory voltage clamp was achieved in the small S-A node specimen using the double microelectrode technique (Deck, Kern, and Trautwein, 1964).", "contents": "Voltage-clamp experiments by double microelectrode technique in rabbit sinoatrial node cell. When a man-made strand of the rabbit sinoatrial node (S-A node) was shortened by ligation, the spatial decay of the electrotonic potential decreased and the input impedance increased. A satisfactory voltage clamp was achieved in the small S-A node specimen using the double microelectrode technique (Deck, Kern, and Trautwein, 1964).", "PMID": 1031928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5766", "title": "A new spectroscopic approach to cardiac energy metabolism.", "content": "The optical characteristics of the hemoglobin-free perfused rat heart have been examined in detail. For dual-wavelength spectrophotometry, absorption pairs at 605-620 nm and 587-620 nm are found to be suited for the investigation of the oxidation-reduction changes of cytochrome aa3 and oxygenation-deoxygenation of myoglobin in cardiac tissue. Techniques by which the absorption changes of myoglobin and cytochrome aa3 can be measured during one cycle of contraction-relaxation are presented. The results demonstrate that, in the aerobic state, myoglobin is more oxygenated during the systolic and diastolic periods and deoxygenated in the resting period, whereas cytochrome aa3 is more reduced in the systole and diastole and oxidized in the resting period.", "contents": "A new spectroscopic approach to cardiac energy metabolism. The optical characteristics of the hemoglobin-free perfused rat heart have been examined in detail. For dual-wavelength spectrophotometry, absorption pairs at 605-620 nm and 587-620 nm are found to be suited for the investigation of the oxidation-reduction changes of cytochrome aa3 and oxygenation-deoxygenation of myoglobin in cardiac tissue. Techniques by which the absorption changes of myoglobin and cytochrome aa3 can be measured during one cycle of contraction-relaxation are presented. The results demonstrate that, in the aerobic state, myoglobin is more oxygenated during the systolic and diastolic periods and deoxygenated in the resting period, whereas cytochrome aa3 is more reduced in the systole and diastole and oxidized in the resting period.", "PMID": 1031930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5767", "title": "Role of slow inward current on premature excitation in ventricular muscle.", "content": "Action potential durations in premature excitations showed paradoxical prolongation at the shorter coupling intervals; this was abolished by manganous ions. Voltage-clamp experiments also disclosed a transient increase of slow inward current in premature excitations. These results indicate that prolongation of action potential durations was mainly brought about by changes in slow inward current, especially in its characteristics of recovery from inactivation.", "contents": "Role of slow inward current on premature excitation in ventricular muscle. Action potential durations in premature excitations showed paradoxical prolongation at the shorter coupling intervals; this was abolished by manganous ions. Voltage-clamp experiments also disclosed a transient increase of slow inward current in premature excitations. These results indicate that prolongation of action potential durations was mainly brought about by changes in slow inward current, especially in its characteristics of recovery from inactivation.", "PMID": 1031931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5768", "title": "Significance of heat loss in energetics of left ventricle.", "content": "Left ventricular heat loss was examined by measuring the temperatures in the coronary sinus blood, in the aortic blood, and in the left atrial blood by thermistors. The temperature was highest in the coronary sinus blood, in the aortic blood next, and it was the least in the left atrial blood. However, since the aortic blood flow was naturally higher than the coronary sinus blood flow, the heat loss was larger in the left ventricular cavity than in the rest of the chambers. This heat loss was mostly proportional to the magnitude of the changes of both the arterial blood pressure and the aortic blood flow.", "contents": "Significance of heat loss in energetics of left ventricle. Left ventricular heat loss was examined by measuring the temperatures in the coronary sinus blood, in the aortic blood, and in the left atrial blood by thermistors. The temperature was highest in the coronary sinus blood, in the aortic blood next, and it was the least in the left atrial blood. However, since the aortic blood flow was naturally higher than the coronary sinus blood flow, the heat loss was larger in the left ventricular cavity than in the rest of the chambers. This heat loss was mostly proportional to the magnitude of the changes of both the arterial blood pressure and the aortic blood flow.", "PMID": 1031932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5769", "title": "Myocardial adenine nucleotides after infusion of adenosine.", "content": "In the rabbit heart, continuous infusion (12 ml/hr) of 1% adenosine into the superior caval vein, or of 0.5% adenosine into the left myocardial ventricle, for a period of 3 hr increased the myocardial tissue level of ATP by almost 40% over the control (5.0 mumol/g). Both shorter or longer periods of application and lower or higher concentrations of adenosine, as well as the infusion of adenosine into the left atrium, were less effective. The increase markedly outlasted the period of application of adenosine. It did not result from the adenosine-induced systemic hypotension and decrease in cardiac work, but must be attributed to a direct metabolic effect of the adenosine infusion.", "contents": "Myocardial adenine nucleotides after infusion of adenosine. In the rabbit heart, continuous infusion (12 ml/hr) of 1% adenosine into the superior caval vein, or of 0.5% adenosine into the left myocardial ventricle, for a period of 3 hr increased the myocardial tissue level of ATP by almost 40% over the control (5.0 mumol/g). Both shorter or longer periods of application and lower or higher concentrations of adenosine, as well as the infusion of adenosine into the left atrium, were less effective. The increase markedly outlasted the period of application of adenosine. It did not result from the adenosine-induced systemic hypotension and decrease in cardiac work, but must be attributed to a direct metabolic effect of the adenosine infusion.", "PMID": 1031933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5770", "title": "Transmural mitochondrial differences in myocardium.", "content": "Two functional mitochondrial populations with different sedimentation rates (S) were obtained from homogenates of canine myocardium by rate zonal centrifugation using an iso-osmotic Ficoll gradient. To ascertain the origin of these populations, the left ventricular wall of normal myocardium was divided into subepicardial (outer one-third), intermediate (middle on-third), and subendocardial (inner one-third) layers. The slow S mitochondria comprised 75% of the mitochondrial population of the subepicardial layer. In contrast, the fast S mitochondria contributed 65% of the subendocardial population. Intermediate layer mitochondria resembled those of the subepicardium. Mitochondria isolated from the three layers had approximately the same density, as shown by isopycnic zonal centrifugation. These studies indicate that mitochondria from subepicardial and subendocardial layers of normal myocardium differ in size and shape but not in density. Electron micrographs (EM) of the subepicardium showed many mitochondria as long as 4 to 8 sarcomeres. Mitochondria from the outer and inner layers of normal myocardium had the same oxidative phosphorylation parameters. Acute myocardial infarction, lasting 1 or 2 hr, resulted in the selective loss of the fast S mitochondria. Because the fast S mitochondria are prevalent in the subendocardium, these results may explain the greater vulnerability of this layer to anoxia.", "contents": "Transmural mitochondrial differences in myocardium. Two functional mitochondrial populations with different sedimentation rates (S) were obtained from homogenates of canine myocardium by rate zonal centrifugation using an iso-osmotic Ficoll gradient. To ascertain the origin of these populations, the left ventricular wall of normal myocardium was divided into subepicardial (outer one-third), intermediate (middle on-third), and subendocardial (inner one-third) layers. The slow S mitochondria comprised 75% of the mitochondrial population of the subepicardial layer. In contrast, the fast S mitochondria contributed 65% of the subendocardial population. Intermediate layer mitochondria resembled those of the subepicardium. Mitochondria isolated from the three layers had approximately the same density, as shown by isopycnic zonal centrifugation. These studies indicate that mitochondria from subepicardial and subendocardial layers of normal myocardium differ in size and shape but not in density. Electron micrographs (EM) of the subepicardium showed many mitochondria as long as 4 to 8 sarcomeres. Mitochondria from the outer and inner layers of normal myocardium had the same oxidative phosphorylation parameters. Acute myocardial infarction, lasting 1 or 2 hr, resulted in the selective loss of the fast S mitochondria. Because the fast S mitochondria are prevalent in the subendocardium, these results may explain the greater vulnerability of this layer to anoxia.", "PMID": 1031934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5771", "title": "Uptake and release of immunoreactive insulin in coronary circulation in man: studies at rest, during exercise, and during glucose and insulin infusions.", "content": "Significant uptake and release of immunoreactive insulin by the heart have been observed in man, and this is related to plasma insulin levels. Exercise and the fed state appear to affect the myocardial handling of insulin. The findings could not be related to myocardial carbohydrate metabolism, but could, during exercise, be related to myocardial lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Uptake and release of immunoreactive insulin in coronary circulation in man: studies at rest, during exercise, and during glucose and insulin infusions. Significant uptake and release of immunoreactive insulin by the heart have been observed in man, and this is related to plasma insulin levels. Exercise and the fed state appear to affect the myocardial handling of insulin. The findings could not be related to myocardial carbohydrate metabolism, but could, during exercise, be related to myocardial lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 1031935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5772", "title": "Influence of carbocromene on free fatty acid metabolism of the heart.", "content": "In view of the fact that carbocromene (C) influences the metabolic processes in the heart muscle, its effect on the transport of substrates into the heart tissue was investigated. In rat heart slices C inhibits the uptake of [1-14C]palmitic acid up to 40%, while 14CO2 production is reduced to the same extent. At the same time oxygen consumption diminished by about 20%. Using 3-O-[14C] methyl-D-glucose as metabolic marker it was shown that the uptake of glucose into the heart tissue increased by 30% under the influence of C. From these results it can be concluded that C inhibits the oxidation of FFA in favor of glucose and diminishes the oxygen-wasting effect of FFA.", "contents": "Influence of carbocromene on free fatty acid metabolism of the heart. In view of the fact that carbocromene (C) influences the metabolic processes in the heart muscle, its effect on the transport of substrates into the heart tissue was investigated. In rat heart slices C inhibits the uptake of [1-14C]palmitic acid up to 40%, while 14CO2 production is reduced to the same extent. At the same time oxygen consumption diminished by about 20%. Using 3-O-[14C] methyl-D-glucose as metabolic marker it was shown that the uptake of glucose into the heart tissue increased by 30% under the influence of C. From these results it can be concluded that C inhibits the oxidation of FFA in favor of glucose and diminishes the oxygen-wasting effect of FFA.", "PMID": 1031936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5773", "title": "Metabolism of individual fatty acids in heart muscle.", "content": "We have studied the incorporation of various long chain fatty acids into tissue lipids using various heart preparations. We found that individual fatty acids are incorporated into various lipid fractions at unequal rates. In particular, erucic acid was shown to be a poor acyl donor for various acylation reactions. Labeling of triacylglycerol by exogenous fatty acid was found to be extremely rapid in the perfused rat heart and in the in vivo heart.", "contents": "Metabolism of individual fatty acids in heart muscle. We have studied the incorporation of various long chain fatty acids into tissue lipids using various heart preparations. We found that individual fatty acids are incorporated into various lipid fractions at unequal rates. In particular, erucic acid was shown to be a poor acyl donor for various acylation reactions. Labeling of triacylglycerol by exogenous fatty acid was found to be extremely rapid in the perfused rat heart and in the in vivo heart.", "PMID": 1031937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5774", "title": "Myocardial fatty acid and cardiac performance.", "content": "Isoproterenol enhanced myocardial triglyceride utilization and incorporation of exogenous fatty acid into triglyceride fraction in the perfused rat heart in the presence of glucose. However, in the absence of glucose, cardiac performance was considerably aggravated by isoproterenol. This suggests that glucose might be an essential fuel in the heart stimulated by isoproterenol.", "contents": "Myocardial fatty acid and cardiac performance. Isoproterenol enhanced myocardial triglyceride utilization and incorporation of exogenous fatty acid into triglyceride fraction in the perfused rat heart in the presence of glucose. However, in the absence of glucose, cardiac performance was considerably aggravated by isoproterenol. This suggests that glucose might be an essential fuel in the heart stimulated by isoproterenol.", "PMID": 1031938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5775", "title": "Effects of hypoxia and digitalis glycosides on myocardial stiffness.", "content": "The influences of hypoxia and of the interactions of hypoxia with digoxin and ouabain on myocardial stiffness were studied at two extracellular calcium concentrations (2.5 mM and 4.0 mM) in isolated, isometrically contracting cat papillary muscles. Stiffness (delta T/delta L), defined as a change in tension (delta T) in response to an imposed length change (delta L), was measured during contraction and during rest by use of a sinusoidal forcing function. Neither digoxin, ouabain, nor increased extracellular calcium altered contraction or resting stiffness in the well-oxygenated environment. Resting stiffness was increased at the end of hypoxia only in the presence of digoxin in both 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM Ca. Contraction stiffness was increased in 2.5 mM Ca by hypoxia alone and by hypoxia in the presence of digoxin or ouabain, but was not increased in experiments carried out in 4.0 mM Ca. Thus it appears that hypoxia per se increases contraction stiffness, but increasing extracellular calcium from 2.5 mM to 4.0 mM prevents the increase elicited by hypoxia; resting stiffness, however, is increased by hypoxia only in the presence of digoxin, and this occurs in both 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM Ca.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia and digitalis glycosides on myocardial stiffness. The influences of hypoxia and of the interactions of hypoxia with digoxin and ouabain on myocardial stiffness were studied at two extracellular calcium concentrations (2.5 mM and 4.0 mM) in isolated, isometrically contracting cat papillary muscles. Stiffness (delta T/delta L), defined as a change in tension (delta T) in response to an imposed length change (delta L), was measured during contraction and during rest by use of a sinusoidal forcing function. Neither digoxin, ouabain, nor increased extracellular calcium altered contraction or resting stiffness in the well-oxygenated environment. Resting stiffness was increased at the end of hypoxia only in the presence of digoxin in both 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM Ca. Contraction stiffness was increased in 2.5 mM Ca by hypoxia alone and by hypoxia in the presence of digoxin or ouabain, but was not increased in experiments carried out in 4.0 mM Ca. Thus it appears that hypoxia per se increases contraction stiffness, but increasing extracellular calcium from 2.5 mM to 4.0 mM prevents the increase elicited by hypoxia; resting stiffness, however, is increased by hypoxia only in the presence of digoxin, and this occurs in both 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM Ca.", "PMID": 1031940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5776", "title": "Effect of diltiazem on calcium- and noradrenaline-induced contractions in isolated rabbit aorta.", "content": "The effect of diltiazem on calcium- and noradrenaline-induced contractions was investigated in the K-depolarized aortic strip of the rabbit. Diltiazem inhibited the contraction induced by calcium ions dose-dependently. A lower concentration of diltiazem produced no significant influence on the contraction induced by noradrenaline, while a higher concentration suppressed it. It is assumed that in the rabbit aorta diltiazem effectively inhibits the contraction mediated by the influx of calcium ions but it is less effective with the contraction induced by the release of sequestered calcium.", "contents": "Effect of diltiazem on calcium- and noradrenaline-induced contractions in isolated rabbit aorta. The effect of diltiazem on calcium- and noradrenaline-induced contractions was investigated in the K-depolarized aortic strip of the rabbit. Diltiazem inhibited the contraction induced by calcium ions dose-dependently. A lower concentration of diltiazem produced no significant influence on the contraction induced by noradrenaline, while a higher concentration suppressed it. It is assumed that in the rabbit aorta diltiazem effectively inhibits the contraction mediated by the influx of calcium ions but it is less effective with the contraction induced by the release of sequestered calcium.", "PMID": 1031941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5777", "title": "Free fatty acid content of myocardial interstitial spaces of dog.", "content": "Morphological and biochemical observations from our laboratory have shown the presence of lipids in the cardiac interstitial spaces of the dog. The present study was designed to assess the importance of free fatty acids (FFA) in these lipids using FFA or sucrose tracers in 14 anesthetized fasting open-chest mongrel dogs. Endogenous FFA and labeled tracers were measured in arterial and coronary sinus plasma; they were also determined in lymph collected from cardiac efferent lymphatic trunks. [14C] sucrose was infused at a constant rate in the femoral vein of 5 dogs. The concentration of the tracer in the lymph was 90% of the arterial concentration after 60 min of infusion. On the other hand, when [1-14C] palmitate was infused at the same rate in 7 dogs, the ratio of lymph to arterial tracer concentration was only 20% (60 min) and 25% (120 min), even though the myocardial extraction and oxidation of the tracer were stable. This ratio tended to reach a plateau (greater than or equal to 90%) only 24 hr after a bolus injection of the tracer. This tracer study shows the presence of a pool of myocardial fatty acids with a relatively slow turnover rate that may constitute an important reservoir of FFA.", "contents": "Free fatty acid content of myocardial interstitial spaces of dog. Morphological and biochemical observations from our laboratory have shown the presence of lipids in the cardiac interstitial spaces of the dog. The present study was designed to assess the importance of free fatty acids (FFA) in these lipids using FFA or sucrose tracers in 14 anesthetized fasting open-chest mongrel dogs. Endogenous FFA and labeled tracers were measured in arterial and coronary sinus plasma; they were also determined in lymph collected from cardiac efferent lymphatic trunks. [14C] sucrose was infused at a constant rate in the femoral vein of 5 dogs. The concentration of the tracer in the lymph was 90% of the arterial concentration after 60 min of infusion. On the other hand, when [1-14C] palmitate was infused at the same rate in 7 dogs, the ratio of lymph to arterial tracer concentration was only 20% (60 min) and 25% (120 min), even though the myocardial extraction and oxidation of the tracer were stable. This ratio tended to reach a plateau (greater than or equal to 90%) only 24 hr after a bolus injection of the tracer. This tracer study shows the presence of a pool of myocardial fatty acids with a relatively slow turnover rate that may constitute an important reservoir of FFA.", "PMID": 1031939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5778", "title": "Electrically induced automaticity in canine ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Repetitive spontaneous action potentials (SAP) could be induced in canine ventricular and atrial muscle, although this inhibitory action was antagonized by the pretreatment with voltage range between about -60 mV and 0 mV. The SAP seemed dependent on both slow inward Ca2+ and Na+ currents and was suppressed by verapamil, Mn2+, and diltiazem, but not by tetrodotoxin. The increase of extracellular potassium concentration also suppressed the SAP. Acetylcholine could not block the SAP in ventricular muscle, but inhibited that in atrial muscle, although this inhibitory action was antagonized by the pretreatment with atropine. The automatic activity was attributed to slow inward Ca2+ and Na+ currents modified by decreasing time-dependent K+ outward current and K+ anomalous rectification.", "contents": "Electrically induced automaticity in canine ventricular myocardium. Repetitive spontaneous action potentials (SAP) could be induced in canine ventricular and atrial muscle, although this inhibitory action was antagonized by the pretreatment with voltage range between about -60 mV and 0 mV. The SAP seemed dependent on both slow inward Ca2+ and Na+ currents and was suppressed by verapamil, Mn2+, and diltiazem, but not by tetrodotoxin. The increase of extracellular potassium concentration also suppressed the SAP. Acetylcholine could not block the SAP in ventricular muscle, but inhibited that in atrial muscle, although this inhibitory action was antagonized by the pretreatment with atropine. The automatic activity was attributed to slow inward Ca2+ and Na+ currents modified by decreasing time-dependent K+ outward current and K+ anomalous rectification.", "PMID": 1031943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5779", "title": "Effects of insulin on mammalian cardiac muscle.", "content": "Insulin increases the contractile force of myocardium with hyperpolarization and a faster rate of fall of the action-potential plateau. This phenomenon is augmented inthe reduced-K+ or ouabain solution. It is suggested that the insulin-induced positive inotropism can be explained by facilitation of inward movement of Ca2+, which possibly is associated with an increase in outward movement of K+.", "contents": "Effects of insulin on mammalian cardiac muscle. Insulin increases the contractile force of myocardium with hyperpolarization and a faster rate of fall of the action-potential plateau. This phenomenon is augmented inthe reduced-K+ or ouabain solution. It is suggested that the insulin-induced positive inotropism can be explained by facilitation of inward movement of Ca2+, which possibly is associated with an increase in outward movement of K+.", "PMID": 1031942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5780", "title": "Inotropic and chronotropic effects of antiarrhythmic agents onisolated blood-perfused canine ventricular tissue.", "content": "In the isolated blood-perfused canine ventricular tissue, antiarrhythmic agents could be classified as having: 1) positive chronotropic and inotropic effects (procainamide), 2) negative chronotropic but positive inotropic effects (quinidine), and 3) negative chronotropic and inotropic effects (lidocaine, ajmaline, diphenylhydantoin, and propranolol).", "contents": "Inotropic and chronotropic effects of antiarrhythmic agents onisolated blood-perfused canine ventricular tissue. In the isolated blood-perfused canine ventricular tissue, antiarrhythmic agents could be classified as having: 1) positive chronotropic and inotropic effects (procainamide), 2) negative chronotropic but positive inotropic effects (quinidine), and 3) negative chronotropic and inotropic effects (lidocaine, ajmaline, diphenylhydantoin, and propranolol).", "PMID": 1031944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5781", "title": "Influence of quinidine on ATP-linked calcium binding by heart mitochondria and microsomes.", "content": "The action of quinidine on heart microsomal and mitochondrial calcium binding in the presence of MgATP was studied under different experimental conditions and compared with other antiarrhythmic agents such as procaine amide and lidocaine. Quinidine stimulated microsomal calcium binding but depressed mitochondrial calcium binding. Although procaine amide stimulated microsomal calcium binding, it did not affect mitochondrial calcium binding. On the other hand, lidocaine depressed calcium binding by mitochondria without affecting calcium binding by the microsomal fraction. The stimulation of microsomal calcium binding by quinidine was not apparent at high concentrations of Mg2+, low concentrations of ATP, or low concentrations of Ca2+. The depressant action of quinidine on mitochondrial calcium binding was not observed at low concentrations of Mg2+ or ATP but was more pronounced at low concentrations of Ca2+. These results suggest that the action of quinidine on mitochondria may play a major role in eliciting cardiodepressant effect.", "contents": "Influence of quinidine on ATP-linked calcium binding by heart mitochondria and microsomes. The action of quinidine on heart microsomal and mitochondrial calcium binding in the presence of MgATP was studied under different experimental conditions and compared with other antiarrhythmic agents such as procaine amide and lidocaine. Quinidine stimulated microsomal calcium binding but depressed mitochondrial calcium binding. Although procaine amide stimulated microsomal calcium binding, it did not affect mitochondrial calcium binding. On the other hand, lidocaine depressed calcium binding by mitochondria without affecting calcium binding by the microsomal fraction. The stimulation of microsomal calcium binding by quinidine was not apparent at high concentrations of Mg2+, low concentrations of ATP, or low concentrations of Ca2+. The depressant action of quinidine on mitochondrial calcium binding was not observed at low concentrations of Mg2+ or ATP but was more pronounced at low concentrations of Ca2+. These results suggest that the action of quinidine on mitochondria may play a major role in eliciting cardiodepressant effect.", "PMID": 1031945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5782", "title": "Effects of morphine and halothane on canine cardiac function before and after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "In an effort to compare the effects of anesthetics on cardiac functions and metabolism, mongrel dogs were anesthetized with morphine (3 mg/kg, N2O 50% in oxygen) or halothane (0.7%, N2O 50% in oxygen). Hb, Ht, pO2, pCO2, pH, O2 content, lactate, and pyruvate in the arterial and coronary sinus blood were measured and ECG, LVP, CVP, AP, and CO were recorded. Aorta was cross-clamped for 30 min under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Hemodynamic and metabolic survey were continued until 120 min of recovery period. Results were as follows: Hemodynamics, such as LVP, AP, and CO, were depressed after CPB, then gradually returned to control level. Subendocardial ischemia observed through ST depression and QRS widening on ECG, as well as DPTI/TTI ratio under 1.0, disappeared in the recovery period. Lactate was produced by the heart after anoxic arrest and was extracted at 120 min after CPB. Halothane and morphine did not show any significant differences of effects on cardiac function and metabolism in this study.", "contents": "Effects of morphine and halothane on canine cardiac function before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. In an effort to compare the effects of anesthetics on cardiac functions and metabolism, mongrel dogs were anesthetized with morphine (3 mg/kg, N2O 50% in oxygen) or halothane (0.7%, N2O 50% in oxygen). Hb, Ht, pO2, pCO2, pH, O2 content, lactate, and pyruvate in the arterial and coronary sinus blood were measured and ECG, LVP, CVP, AP, and CO were recorded. Aorta was cross-clamped for 30 min under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Hemodynamic and metabolic survey were continued until 120 min of recovery period. Results were as follows: Hemodynamics, such as LVP, AP, and CO, were depressed after CPB, then gradually returned to control level. Subendocardial ischemia observed through ST depression and QRS widening on ECG, as well as DPTI/TTI ratio under 1.0, disappeared in the recovery period. Lactate was produced by the heart after anoxic arrest and was extracted at 120 min after CPB. Halothane and morphine did not show any significant differences of effects on cardiac function and metabolism in this study.", "PMID": 1031947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5783", "title": "Effects of halothane anesthesia on myocardial contractility, coronary as well as systemic hemodynamics, and myocardial metabolism in dogs.", "content": "Halothane depressed coronary and other systemic circulations as arterial halothane concentration rose in dogs. Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased as the cardiac action, especially \"myocardial contractility\", was depressed, while the whole-body oxygen usage remained steady. Lactate and pyruvate levels in arterial, mixed venous, and coronary venous blood did not show any signs of tissue hypoxia or development of anaerobic metabolism even in very deep halothane anesthesia. Coronary blood flow seemed well maintained for the demand, and changed almost in parallel with the myocardial oxygen consumption during the observation.", "contents": "Effects of halothane anesthesia on myocardial contractility, coronary as well as systemic hemodynamics, and myocardial metabolism in dogs. Halothane depressed coronary and other systemic circulations as arterial halothane concentration rose in dogs. Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased as the cardiac action, especially \"myocardial contractility\", was depressed, while the whole-body oxygen usage remained steady. Lactate and pyruvate levels in arterial, mixed venous, and coronary venous blood did not show any signs of tissue hypoxia or development of anaerobic metabolism even in very deep halothane anesthesia. Coronary blood flow seemed well maintained for the demand, and changed almost in parallel with the myocardial oxygen consumption during the observation.", "PMID": 1031946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5784", "title": "Relationship between energy liberation and utilization in ischemic cardiac muscle.", "content": "Mitochondrial respiration, succinate dehydrogenase coenzyme Q reductase, and myosin B were investigated in ischemic myocardium from experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. Respiratory control ratio of mitochondria was impaired by ischemia at 60 min after coronary ligation, and oxygen consumption was inhibited 120 min later. Enzyme activity of succinate dehydrogenase coenzyme Q reductase was decreased at 6 hr after coronary ligation. Calcium ion sensitivity of myosin B declined 12 hr after coronary ligation. However, adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin A from infarcted myocardium was not different from that of the intact one. These results suggest that interaction in the sequence of enzyme complexes was first impaired in ischemic myocardium and that deterioration of enzyme activity was then manifested.", "contents": "Relationship between energy liberation and utilization in ischemic cardiac muscle. Mitochondrial respiration, succinate dehydrogenase coenzyme Q reductase, and myosin B were investigated in ischemic myocardium from experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. Respiratory control ratio of mitochondria was impaired by ischemia at 60 min after coronary ligation, and oxygen consumption was inhibited 120 min later. Enzyme activity of succinate dehydrogenase coenzyme Q reductase was decreased at 6 hr after coronary ligation. Calcium ion sensitivity of myosin B declined 12 hr after coronary ligation. However, adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin A from infarcted myocardium was not different from that of the intact one. These results suggest that interaction in the sequence of enzyme complexes was first impaired in ischemic myocardium and that deterioration of enzyme activity was then manifested.", "PMID": 1031951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5785", "title": "Glycolytic ATP and its production during ischemia in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts.", "content": "The perfused rat heart was used to assess the possible contribution of glycolytically produced ATP to the maintenance of the action potential in the normoxic heart, and to the maintenance of membrane integrity in the underperfused, ischemic heart. During normoxia, pyruvate (10 mM) was nearly as able as glucose (10 mM) to maintain the normal action potential. During ischemia (reduction of perfusion pressure of Langerdorff heart from 100 to 20 cm H2O), total tissue values of ATP and creatine phosphate were similar in pyruvate and in glucose hearts. However, pyruvate-perfused hearts had higher tissue levels of cyclic AMP during the ischemic period, and during the reperfusion period they had an increased release of lactate dehydrogenase and an increased incidence of arrhythmias when compared with glucose hearts. It is proposed that these differences can be related to a higher rate of production of glycolytic ATP. The anatomical, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence favoring a cytoplasmic compartment of ATP located in relation to the cell membrane is reviewed.", "contents": "Glycolytic ATP and its production during ischemia in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. The perfused rat heart was used to assess the possible contribution of glycolytically produced ATP to the maintenance of the action potential in the normoxic heart, and to the maintenance of membrane integrity in the underperfused, ischemic heart. During normoxia, pyruvate (10 mM) was nearly as able as glucose (10 mM) to maintain the normal action potential. During ischemia (reduction of perfusion pressure of Langerdorff heart from 100 to 20 cm H2O), total tissue values of ATP and creatine phosphate were similar in pyruvate and in glucose hearts. However, pyruvate-perfused hearts had higher tissue levels of cyclic AMP during the ischemic period, and during the reperfusion period they had an increased release of lactate dehydrogenase and an increased incidence of arrhythmias when compared with glucose hearts. It is proposed that these differences can be related to a higher rate of production of glycolytic ATP. The anatomical, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence favoring a cytoplasmic compartment of ATP located in relation to the cell membrane is reviewed.", "PMID": 1031948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5786", "title": "An experimental study of the effect of glucose-insulin-potassium solution on energy metabolism of infarcted cardiac muscle.", "content": "The effect of GIK (glucose-insulin-potassium) infusion on the energy liberation of the infarcted heart muscle was studied experimentally in relation to epicardial electrocardiographic changes and cardiac dynamics. In the case of 30-min coronary ligation, the spread of the zone showing ST segment elevation was not depressed significantly, but the mean voltage values of ST elevations were suppressed in the peri-infarcted area, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the peri-infarcted area was also obscured by the GIK treatment. Cardiac dynamics did not change with GIK treatment. On the other hand, in the 60-min coronary ligation, the spread of the zone showing ST segment elevation was reduced significantly and the negative inotropism induced by coronary ligation was suppressed with GIK infusion. However, the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the infarcted area and in the peri-infarcted area did not show any significant improvement. Therefore, the disturbed energy metabolism of the peri-infarcted area of 30-min ligation might be improved by the effect of GIK infusion. These data suggested that the GIK infusion improved the energy liberation of the so-called twilight zone at 30 min after ligation, and then reduced the genuine infarcted zone after 60 min of ligation.", "contents": "An experimental study of the effect of glucose-insulin-potassium solution on energy metabolism of infarcted cardiac muscle. The effect of GIK (glucose-insulin-potassium) infusion on the energy liberation of the infarcted heart muscle was studied experimentally in relation to epicardial electrocardiographic changes and cardiac dynamics. In the case of 30-min coronary ligation, the spread of the zone showing ST segment elevation was not depressed significantly, but the mean voltage values of ST elevations were suppressed in the peri-infarcted area, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the peri-infarcted area was also obscured by the GIK treatment. Cardiac dynamics did not change with GIK treatment. On the other hand, in the 60-min coronary ligation, the spread of the zone showing ST segment elevation was reduced significantly and the negative inotropism induced by coronary ligation was suppressed with GIK infusion. However, the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the infarcted area and in the peri-infarcted area did not show any significant improvement. Therefore, the disturbed energy metabolism of the peri-infarcted area of 30-min ligation might be improved by the effect of GIK infusion. These data suggested that the GIK infusion improved the energy liberation of the so-called twilight zone at 30 min after ligation, and then reduced the genuine infarcted zone after 60 min of ligation.", "PMID": 1031952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5787", "title": "Chronotropic effects of calcium and magnesium ions at different temperatures.", "content": "In the isolated right atrium of rabbit hearts, excess calcium causes an increase of heart rate at 38 degrees C; this effect is absent or even reversed at a temperature of 30 degrees C. From microelectrode studies it seems that when the calcium concentration is increased the pacemaker shifts within the sinoatrial node to cells in which excess calcium causes an acceleration of diastolic depolarization (type A). In fibers where the impulse originates at low calcium (type B), excess calcium causes a deceleration of diastolic depolarization. At low temperature, the effects on type A fibers are completely absent. Excess magnesium has a negative chronotropic effect at both temperatures, mainly by a deceleration of diastolic depolarization in type B fibers.", "contents": "Chronotropic effects of calcium and magnesium ions at different temperatures. In the isolated right atrium of rabbit hearts, excess calcium causes an increase of heart rate at 38 degrees C; this effect is absent or even reversed at a temperature of 30 degrees C. From microelectrode studies it seems that when the calcium concentration is increased the pacemaker shifts within the sinoatrial node to cells in which excess calcium causes an acceleration of diastolic depolarization (type A). In fibers where the impulse originates at low calcium (type B), excess calcium causes a deceleration of diastolic depolarization. At low temperature, the effects on type A fibers are completely absent. Excess magnesium has a negative chronotropic effect at both temperatures, mainly by a deceleration of diastolic depolarization in type B fibers.", "PMID": 1031949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5788", "title": "Effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitor on myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The xanthine oxidase inhibitor, 4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d) pyrimidine (HPP), Allopurinol, caused augmentation of myocardial uptake of [3H] hypoxanthine, which was eventually completely incorporated into ATP. The decrease of [32P] orthophosphate incorporation into ATP induced by isoproterenol was restored by HPP administration.", "contents": "Effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitor on myocardial ischemia. The xanthine oxidase inhibitor, 4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d) pyrimidine (HPP), Allopurinol, caused augmentation of myocardial uptake of [3H] hypoxanthine, which was eventually completely incorporated into ATP. The decrease of [32P] orthophosphate incorporation into ATP induced by isoproterenol was restored by HPP administration.", "PMID": 1031953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5789", "title": "Alteration in calcium metabolism in mitochondria isolated from ischemic and reperfused myocardium.", "content": "This study determines the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on energy-linked Ca2+ uptake by myocardial mitochondria. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in 14 mature pigs for 2 hr. In seven animals the ligature was released and the ischemic zone reperfused for 2 additional hours. After sacrifice, mitochondrial function was measured in normal and reperfused or ischemic areas of the left ventricle, using a polarographic method. Mitochondria were prepared without EDTA by standard procedures and Ca2+ uptake measured by 45Ca2+ isotope tracer. Uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria derived from ischemic myocardium is markedly impaired with or without phosphate. Reperfusion may accentuate this impairment. The presence of exogenous Ca2+ inhibits the ability of ischemic or reperfused mitochondria to phosphorylate ADP.", "contents": "Alteration in calcium metabolism in mitochondria isolated from ischemic and reperfused myocardium. This study determines the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on energy-linked Ca2+ uptake by myocardial mitochondria. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in 14 mature pigs for 2 hr. In seven animals the ligature was released and the ischemic zone reperfused for 2 additional hours. After sacrifice, mitochondrial function was measured in normal and reperfused or ischemic areas of the left ventricle, using a polarographic method. Mitochondria were prepared without EDTA by standard procedures and Ca2+ uptake measured by 45Ca2+ isotope tracer. Uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria derived from ischemic myocardium is markedly impaired with or without phosphate. Reperfusion may accentuate this impairment. The presence of exogenous Ca2+ inhibits the ability of ischemic or reperfused mitochondria to phosphorylate ADP.", "PMID": 1031950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5790", "title": "Influence of ATP or oxygen plus substrate on occurrence of the calcium paradox.", "content": "Reperfusion of Ca2+-deprived rat hearts with Ca2+-containing medium results in irreversible cell damage (calcium paradox). In this study this type of cell damage was studied in the anoxic rat heart, in the presence and absence of glucose. Creatine kinase (CK) release was used to define cell damage. Hearts were perfused successively with Ca2+-containing medium (30 min), Ca2+-free medium (5 min), and Ca2+-containing medium (5 min). In the presence of glucose, myocardial ATP was maintained at a fairly high concentration. Reperfusion with Ca2+ resulted in an immediate and massive release of CK. In the absence of glucose, the ATP concentration was almost zero after 30 min. Reperfusion with Ca2+ did not result in release of CK. Massive release occurred as soon as these hearts were reoxygenated. It is concluded that this type of calcium-induced cell damage only occurs in the presence of ATP, or oxygen plus substrate. Mitochondria most likely play a major role in the occurrence of the calcium paradox because of their ability to accumulate huge amounts of Ca2+ under these conditions.", "contents": "Influence of ATP or oxygen plus substrate on occurrence of the calcium paradox. Reperfusion of Ca2+-deprived rat hearts with Ca2+-containing medium results in irreversible cell damage (calcium paradox). In this study this type of cell damage was studied in the anoxic rat heart, in the presence and absence of glucose. Creatine kinase (CK) release was used to define cell damage. Hearts were perfused successively with Ca2+-containing medium (30 min), Ca2+-free medium (5 min), and Ca2+-containing medium (5 min). In the presence of glucose, myocardial ATP was maintained at a fairly high concentration. Reperfusion with Ca2+ resulted in an immediate and massive release of CK. In the absence of glucose, the ATP concentration was almost zero after 30 min. Reperfusion with Ca2+ did not result in release of CK. Massive release occurred as soon as these hearts were reoxygenated. It is concluded that this type of calcium-induced cell damage only occurs in the presence of ATP, or oxygen plus substrate. Mitochondria most likely play a major role in the occurrence of the calcium paradox because of their ability to accumulate huge amounts of Ca2+ under these conditions.", "PMID": 1031955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5791", "title": "Calcium paradox: changes in high-energy phosphate compounds of isolated perfused rat hearts.", "content": "When isolated rat hearts are perfused with Ca2+-containing medium, after a brief Ca2+-free period, irreversible cell damage occurs (calcium paradox). This phenomenon is concomitant with a rapid consumption of myocardial high-energy phosphate stores, prior to the appearance of these compounds in the effluent perfusion medium. A possible mechanism for the origin of myocardial necrosis, caused by intracellular Ca2+ overload, is discussed.", "contents": "Calcium paradox: changes in high-energy phosphate compounds of isolated perfused rat hearts. When isolated rat hearts are perfused with Ca2+-containing medium, after a brief Ca2+-free period, irreversible cell damage occurs (calcium paradox). This phenomenon is concomitant with a rapid consumption of myocardial high-energy phosphate stores, prior to the appearance of these compounds in the effluent perfusion medium. A possible mechanism for the origin of myocardial necrosis, caused by intracellular Ca2+ overload, is discussed.", "PMID": 1031954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5792", "title": "Role of myocardial lipids in development of cardiac necrosis.", "content": "Significant alterations in fatty acyl composition of cardiac phospholipids and neutral lipids are induced by dietary cod liver oil in the rat. Increased dietary availability of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega3) leads to extensive replacement of linoleic acid (18:2omega6) and arachidonic acid (20:4omega6) in phospholipids. Dietary cod liver oil (10%) reduces isoproterenol stress tolerance and results in increased development of cardiac necrosis and mortality following isoproterenol treatment. It is suggested that diminished catecholamine stress tolerance may be related to altered synthesis of prostaglandins or related products.", "contents": "Role of myocardial lipids in development of cardiac necrosis. Significant alterations in fatty acyl composition of cardiac phospholipids and neutral lipids are induced by dietary cod liver oil in the rat. Increased dietary availability of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega3) leads to extensive replacement of linoleic acid (18:2omega6) and arachidonic acid (20:4omega6) in phospholipids. Dietary cod liver oil (10%) reduces isoproterenol stress tolerance and results in increased development of cardiac necrosis and mortality following isoproterenol treatment. It is suggested that diminished catecholamine stress tolerance may be related to altered synthesis of prostaglandins or related products.", "PMID": 1031956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5793", "title": "Energy liberation in abnormal cardiac muscle.", "content": "Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation was suggested in experiments using the infarcted myocardium, even in dogs with 15-min ligation. The same type of disturbance in mitochondrial respiration was observed in dogs with reperfusion after 45-min ligation, whereas the disturbance was recovered in dogs with reperfusion after 15-min ligation.", "contents": "Energy liberation in abnormal cardiac muscle. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation was suggested in experiments using the infarcted myocardium, even in dogs with 15-min ligation. The same type of disturbance in mitochondrial respiration was observed in dogs with reperfusion after 45-min ligation, whereas the disturbance was recovered in dogs with reperfusion after 15-min ligation.", "PMID": 1031957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5794", "title": "Disturbance of myocardial energy liberation in experimental charcoal embolism of canine pulmonary artery.", "content": "Experimental charcoal embolism of the pulmonary artery was produced in dogs. Changes in hemodynamics, electrophysiology, and cardiac energy liberation were observed. The effects of histaminic and antihistaminic drugs on these changes were also studied. After two infusions of charcoal suspension, acute right ventricular overloading was recognized hemodynamically and electrophysiologically. Mitochondria isolated from both ventricles exhibited uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation polarographically. These changes were enhanced with histamine injection and reduced with diphenhydramine injection. Histamine was seen to have some uncoupling effects on the heart mitochondria and a slight effect on cardiac dynamics. It is concluded that oxidative phosphorylation of the heart mitochondria was uncoupled in the acute stage of experimental pulmonary embolism, and that histamine might emphasize this change directly or indirectly or both, that is, directly affecting the myocardial cell metabolism, and indirectly aggravating myocardial hypoxia through pulmonary vasoconstrictive action.", "contents": "Disturbance of myocardial energy liberation in experimental charcoal embolism of canine pulmonary artery. Experimental charcoal embolism of the pulmonary artery was produced in dogs. Changes in hemodynamics, electrophysiology, and cardiac energy liberation were observed. The effects of histaminic and antihistaminic drugs on these changes were also studied. After two infusions of charcoal suspension, acute right ventricular overloading was recognized hemodynamically and electrophysiologically. Mitochondria isolated from both ventricles exhibited uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation polarographically. These changes were enhanced with histamine injection and reduced with diphenhydramine injection. Histamine was seen to have some uncoupling effects on the heart mitochondria and a slight effect on cardiac dynamics. It is concluded that oxidative phosphorylation of the heart mitochondria was uncoupled in the acute stage of experimental pulmonary embolism, and that histamine might emphasize this change directly or indirectly or both, that is, directly affecting the myocardial cell metabolism, and indirectly aggravating myocardial hypoxia through pulmonary vasoconstrictive action.", "PMID": 1031959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5795", "title": "Stopping of spontaneous beating of cultured mouse and rat myocardial cells by a toxin (thermostable direct hemolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Low concentrations of thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus stopped the spontaneous beating of cultured mouse and rat myocardial cells. These low concentrations depolarized the maximal diastolic potential and inhibited the generation of action potential of cultured myocardial cells. The toxin lost its activity when preincubated with ganglioside, GT1 or GM1. GT1 was more effective than GM1. High concentrations of the toxin caused morphological damage of cultured mouse and rat myocardial cells, but did not stop the beating, or cause morphological damage of cultured chick myocardial cells.", "contents": "Stopping of spontaneous beating of cultured mouse and rat myocardial cells by a toxin (thermostable direct hemolysin) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Low concentrations of thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus stopped the spontaneous beating of cultured mouse and rat myocardial cells. These low concentrations depolarized the maximal diastolic potential and inhibited the generation of action potential of cultured myocardial cells. The toxin lost its activity when preincubated with ganglioside, GT1 or GM1. GT1 was more effective than GM1. High concentrations of the toxin caused morphological damage of cultured mouse and rat myocardial cells, but did not stop the beating, or cause morphological damage of cultured chick myocardial cells.", "PMID": 1031961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5796", "title": "Contribution of an electrogenic sodium pump to the response of sinoatrial node cells to acetylcholine.", "content": "ACh (10-7) - 10(-6) g/ml) induced hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node of the rabbit heart varied inversely with the level of the maximal diastolic potential of the pacemaker cells. The hyperpolarization induced by ACh was completely abolished at 4 degrees -6 degrees C. Ouabain (10(-6) g/ml) markedly depressed or abolished the hyperpolarizing response. The response was also depressed in K-free solution, but not abolished. In Ca-free or low-Na solution, the sino atrial node cell responded well to ACh, showing marked hyperpolarization. Present results indicate that the hyperpolarization induced by ACh is at least in part due to an electrogenic Na pump activated by ACh.", "contents": "Contribution of an electrogenic sodium pump to the response of sinoatrial node cells to acetylcholine. ACh (10-7) - 10(-6) g/ml) induced hyperpolarization in pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node of the rabbit heart varied inversely with the level of the maximal diastolic potential of the pacemaker cells. The hyperpolarization induced by ACh was completely abolished at 4 degrees -6 degrees C. Ouabain (10(-6) g/ml) markedly depressed or abolished the hyperpolarizing response. The response was also depressed in K-free solution, but not abolished. In Ca-free or low-Na solution, the sino atrial node cell responded well to ACh, showing marked hyperpolarization. Present results indicate that the hyperpolarization induced by ACh is at least in part due to an electrogenic Na pump activated by ACh.", "PMID": 1031963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5797", "title": "Increase in membrane conductance and positive inotropic action of hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on rabbit myocardium.", "content": "The effects of purified thermostable direct hemolysin from the cultured filtrate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on both S-A node cells and atrial cells were studied electrophysiologically. Hemolysin caused the membrane conductance to increase, thereby causing membrane depolarization. The major ion responsible for this depolarization was Na+, but other ions, such as K+ and Ca2+, also participated. Positive inotropic action of hemolysin was observed, and the Na-Ca exchange mechanism was enhanced after hemolysin treatment.", "contents": "Increase in membrane conductance and positive inotropic action of hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on rabbit myocardium. The effects of purified thermostable direct hemolysin from the cultured filtrate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on both S-A node cells and atrial cells were studied electrophysiologically. Hemolysin caused the membrane conductance to increase, thereby causing membrane depolarization. The major ion responsible for this depolarization was Na+, but other ions, such as K+ and Ca2+, also participated. Positive inotropic action of hemolysin was observed, and the Na-Ca exchange mechanism was enhanced after hemolysin treatment.", "PMID": 1031962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5798", "title": "Effects of anoxia and metabolic inhibitors on reaction of the fast sodium system.", "content": "The effects of anoxia and metabolic inhibitors on inactivation and reactivation of the fast Na system of dog ventricular muscle fibers were studied by examining (dV/dt)max of the action potential upstroke. Anoxia for 60 min, dinitrophenol (DNP) (2.0 mM), and sodium azide (2.0 mM) depressed markedly steady-state (dV/dt)max at each membrane potential produced by changing [K]o. Anoxia tended to prolong recovery slightly, but DNP and azide changed little the time course of recovery of the (dV/dt)max, which was studied by applying double pulses to elicit action potential at different intervals. It is concluded that anoxia, DNP, and azide caused prominent depression of the maximum Na conductance but had less influence on its recovery kinetics.", "contents": "Effects of anoxia and metabolic inhibitors on reaction of the fast sodium system. The effects of anoxia and metabolic inhibitors on inactivation and reactivation of the fast Na system of dog ventricular muscle fibers were studied by examining (dV/dt)max of the action potential upstroke. Anoxia for 60 min, dinitrophenol (DNP) (2.0 mM), and sodium azide (2.0 mM) depressed markedly steady-state (dV/dt)max at each membrane potential produced by changing [K]o. Anoxia tended to prolong recovery slightly, but DNP and azide changed little the time course of recovery of the (dV/dt)max, which was studied by applying double pulses to elicit action potential at different intervals. It is concluded that anoxia, DNP, and azide caused prominent depression of the maximum Na conductance but had less influence on its recovery kinetics.", "PMID": 1031965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5799", "title": "Intraventricular conduction disturbance due to delayed recovery from ventricular inactivation in chlorpromazine-treated dogs.", "content": "In in situ canine hearts, chlorpromazine induced a time (preceding cycle length)-dependent decrease in conduction velocity within the ventricle. Thus, QRS duration of nonpremature beats was lengthened at rapid pacing rates while QRS duration of atrial premature beats was lengthened at short coupling intervals. These slow conductions were not due to reduced take-off potential of ventricular action potentials but to drug-induced slow recovery of the rapid Na+ system. The phenomenon may be responsible for reported QRS prolongation and fatal ventricular arrhythmias encountered in patients receiving phenothiazines.", "contents": "Intraventricular conduction disturbance due to delayed recovery from ventricular inactivation in chlorpromazine-treated dogs. In in situ canine hearts, chlorpromazine induced a time (preceding cycle length)-dependent decrease in conduction velocity within the ventricle. Thus, QRS duration of nonpremature beats was lengthened at rapid pacing rates while QRS duration of atrial premature beats was lengthened at short coupling intervals. These slow conductions were not due to reduced take-off potential of ventricular action potentials but to drug-induced slow recovery of the rapid Na+ system. The phenomenon may be responsible for reported QRS prolongation and fatal ventricular arrhythmias encountered in patients receiving phenothiazines.", "PMID": 1031966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5800", "title": "Factors accounting for growth and atrophy of the heart.", "content": "Growth of the rat heart was induced by intrathoracic aortic banding, while atrophy followed hypophysectomy. During the early phase of hypertrophy, RNA concentration increased markedly. During the period of atrophy, RNA concentration was reduced. These changes in RNA concentration seemed to account for either the increased or the decreased rates of protein synthesis that was observed during hypertrophy or atrophy, respectively. Rates of protein degradation were unaffected during changes in heart size. These findings suggest that alterations in synthesis, processing, or degradation of RNA play a key role in modification of heart size.", "contents": "Factors accounting for growth and atrophy of the heart. Growth of the rat heart was induced by intrathoracic aortic banding, while atrophy followed hypophysectomy. During the early phase of hypertrophy, RNA concentration increased markedly. During the period of atrophy, RNA concentration was reduced. These changes in RNA concentration seemed to account for either the increased or the decreased rates of protein synthesis that was observed during hypertrophy or atrophy, respectively. Rates of protein degradation were unaffected during changes in heart size. These findings suggest that alterations in synthesis, processing, or degradation of RNA play a key role in modification of heart size.", "PMID": 1031967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5801", "title": "Effect of low protein diet on cardiac function and ultrastructure of spontaneously hypertensive rats loaded with sodium chloride.", "content": "The effects of low protein diet on cardiac metabolic and structural changes subsequent to an extremely high pressure load were investigated. Spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) were divided into four groups, and fed the following diets for four weeks: 1) Group A: regular diet (23% protein) and water, 2) Group B: regular diet and 1% saline, 3) Group C: low protein diet (10% protein) and water, and 4) Group D: low protein diet and 1% saline. Two weeks after the start of feeding, there was no significant difference in the left ventricular ultrastructures between the corresponding regular and low protein diet groups. Four weeks after, degenerative findings such as streaming of Z lines, dilatations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and disarrangements of myofilaments appeared Group D, while in Group B electron microscopic findings indicated hypertrophy. Incorporation of [14C] leucine into the myocardial myosin B in Group D was significantly low, with a resulting fall of the LVdP/dtmax per integrated isometric pressure (IIP) and a rise of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), as compared to that in Group C at four weeks after the start of feeding. These observations suggest that, in the heart with an extremely high pressure load, low protein diet hinders the development of hypertrophy to the load with resulting heart failure.", "contents": "Effect of low protein diet on cardiac function and ultrastructure of spontaneously hypertensive rats loaded with sodium chloride. The effects of low protein diet on cardiac metabolic and structural changes subsequent to an extremely high pressure load were investigated. Spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) were divided into four groups, and fed the following diets for four weeks: 1) Group A: regular diet (23% protein) and water, 2) Group B: regular diet and 1% saline, 3) Group C: low protein diet (10% protein) and water, and 4) Group D: low protein diet and 1% saline. Two weeks after the start of feeding, there was no significant difference in the left ventricular ultrastructures between the corresponding regular and low protein diet groups. Four weeks after, degenerative findings such as streaming of Z lines, dilatations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and disarrangements of myofilaments appeared Group D, while in Group B electron microscopic findings indicated hypertrophy. Incorporation of [14C] leucine into the myocardial myosin B in Group D was significantly low, with a resulting fall of the LVdP/dtmax per integrated isometric pressure (IIP) and a rise of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), as compared to that in Group C at four weeks after the start of feeding. These observations suggest that, in the heart with an extremely high pressure load, low protein diet hinders the development of hypertrophy to the load with resulting heart failure.", "PMID": 1031968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5802", "title": "Ischemic-like change produced in canine heart by atractyloside: a chemical model.", "content": "Experiments were conducted in two canine models. Intracoronary infusion of atractyloside resulted in physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes similar to those seen with ischemia. The fact that atractyloside, a specific inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase produces this change in vivo suggests that this inhibition in the key disturbance that initiates the metabolic derangements seen with ischemia. This chemical model seems to provide unique opportunities to study the possible factors that may reverse adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition and thus possibly prevent cell injury.", "contents": "Ischemic-like change produced in canine heart by atractyloside: a chemical model. Experiments were conducted in two canine models. Intracoronary infusion of atractyloside resulted in physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes similar to those seen with ischemia. The fact that atractyloside, a specific inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase produces this change in vivo suggests that this inhibition in the key disturbance that initiates the metabolic derangements seen with ischemia. This chemical model seems to provide unique opportunities to study the possible factors that may reverse adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition and thus possibly prevent cell injury.", "PMID": 1031969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5803", "title": "Effects of acetate on myocardial contractility and epicardial ECG of isolated and perfused feline hearts.", "content": "In isolated, perfused hearts, the effects of acetate on epicardial ECG and ventricular pressure were observed during various times of perfusion. Anions-Cl-and acetate-caused changes of ECG configuration, especially in the ST segments. These were different in Phase I (fast compartment) and Phase II (slow compartment).", "contents": "Effects of acetate on myocardial contractility and epicardial ECG of isolated and perfused feline hearts. In isolated, perfused hearts, the effects of acetate on epicardial ECG and ventricular pressure were observed during various times of perfusion. Anions-Cl-and acetate-caused changes of ECG configuration, especially in the ST segments. These were different in Phase I (fast compartment) and Phase II (slow compartment).", "PMID": 1031971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5804", "title": "Species difference of mitochondrial respiration in experimentally induced heart failure.", "content": "In guinea pigs with acute heart failure, a decrease in oxygen consumption (QO2) at state 3 and an increase in QO2 at state 4 were seen and the respiratory control index (RCI) was markedly lowered; ADP/O ratio was not affected. In rabbits with acute heart failure, both RCI and ADP/O ratio showed a statistically significant decrease. In dogs with acute and chronic heart failure, no impairment of respiratory function of mitochondria was seen. These conflicting results may be attributed to the difference in experimental conditions, namely, the species difference and the difference in methods to produce experimental heart failure. With special regard to species difference, it was confirmed that the RCI of myocardial mitochondria of healthy dogs was much lower than that of healthy guinea pigs. It is suggested that the difficulty of obtaining intact mitochondria may be responsible for the species difference in experimentally induced heart failure.", "contents": "Species difference of mitochondrial respiration in experimentally induced heart failure. In guinea pigs with acute heart failure, a decrease in oxygen consumption (QO2) at state 3 and an increase in QO2 at state 4 were seen and the respiratory control index (RCI) was markedly lowered; ADP/O ratio was not affected. In rabbits with acute heart failure, both RCI and ADP/O ratio showed a statistically significant decrease. In dogs with acute and chronic heart failure, no impairment of respiratory function of mitochondria was seen. These conflicting results may be attributed to the difference in experimental conditions, namely, the species difference and the difference in methods to produce experimental heart failure. With special regard to species difference, it was confirmed that the RCI of myocardial mitochondria of healthy dogs was much lower than that of healthy guinea pigs. It is suggested that the difficulty of obtaining intact mitochondria may be responsible for the species difference in experimentally induced heart failure.", "PMID": 1031972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5805", "title": "Experimental studies on the effect of glucocorticoids on cardiac muscle.", "content": "Abnormal electrocardiographic changes were found in some patients on long-term glucocorticoid treatment. In experimental animals, chronic glucocorticoid administration resulted in an increase of amplitude of the QRS complex and abnormal ST and T changes. Changes of action potential were somewhat different in the subendocardial and the subepicardial layers. Diffuse mitochondrial alterations were found, particularly in the subepicardial layer. In rabbits treated with glucocorticoids, no significant changes were found in either serum or myocardial potassium content. Slightly decreased Vmax was the observed hemodynamic change.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the effect of glucocorticoids on cardiac muscle. Abnormal electrocardiographic changes were found in some patients on long-term glucocorticoid treatment. In experimental animals, chronic glucocorticoid administration resulted in an increase of amplitude of the QRS complex and abnormal ST and T changes. Changes of action potential were somewhat different in the subendocardial and the subepicardial layers. Diffuse mitochondrial alterations were found, particularly in the subepicardial layer. In rabbits treated with glucocorticoids, no significant changes were found in either serum or myocardial potassium content. Slightly decreased Vmax was the observed hemodynamic change.", "PMID": 1031973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5806", "title": "Transmural gradients in myocardial gas tensions in regionally ischemic canine left ventricle.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated the usefulness of myocardial gas tensions as measured by mass spectrometry for the quantitative assessment of regional myocardial ischemia (Khuri et al., 1975a). Progressive increases in myocardial carbon dioxide tensions were noted when progressive reduction in coronary blood flow was created by means of a variable constrictor. The present study was designed to determine if changes in myocardial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension were greater in deep, compared to more superficial, myocardial layers. In eight anesthetized dogs, progressive reduction in circumflex coronary flow was associated with a progressive reduction in myocardial oxygen tension and a progressive increase in myocardial carbon dioxide tension and intramyocardial ST-segment voltage. Evidence of a transmural gradient in the severity of ischemia was present at all degrees of flow reduction. These results confirm the findings of previous metabolic studies, which demonstrated gradients in lactate and high-energy phosphates. Myocardial carbon dioxide tension, which can be monitored continuously by mass spectrometry, would appear to provide a useful means of quantitatively assessing changes in regional myocardial metabolism.", "contents": "Transmural gradients in myocardial gas tensions in regionally ischemic canine left ventricle. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated the usefulness of myocardial gas tensions as measured by mass spectrometry for the quantitative assessment of regional myocardial ischemia (Khuri et al., 1975a). Progressive increases in myocardial carbon dioxide tensions were noted when progressive reduction in coronary blood flow was created by means of a variable constrictor. The present study was designed to determine if changes in myocardial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension were greater in deep, compared to more superficial, myocardial layers. In eight anesthetized dogs, progressive reduction in circumflex coronary flow was associated with a progressive reduction in myocardial oxygen tension and a progressive increase in myocardial carbon dioxide tension and intramyocardial ST-segment voltage. Evidence of a transmural gradient in the severity of ischemia was present at all degrees of flow reduction. These results confirm the findings of previous metabolic studies, which demonstrated gradients in lactate and high-energy phosphates. Myocardial carbon dioxide tension, which can be monitored continuously by mass spectrometry, would appear to provide a useful means of quantitatively assessing changes in regional myocardial metabolism.", "PMID": 1031974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5807", "title": "Local pulsatile intramyocardial pressure (IMP) as a vector force: simultaneous measurements of IMP and tissue oxygen availability.", "content": "A directional nonuniformity of the intramyocardial pressure (IMP) was observed in anesthetized open-chest dogs using a piezoelectric pressure sensor implanted in the left ventricular myocardium. The nonuniformity seemed to be attributable to the variation in myocardial fiber orientation. The IMP, which developed in a direction parallel to the base-apex line, was measured in the deep portion of the myocardium, simultaneously with local O2 availability. In some cases, IMP decreased quickly as soon as a decrement in O2 availability had proceeded only slightly as a result of ligation of the anterior descending artery (LAD). In other cases, the once decreased IMP recovered gradually even when O2 availability remained lowered by continuation of the ligation. These observations indicated that IMP had no direct dependency on O2 availability in the case of acute LAD.", "contents": "Local pulsatile intramyocardial pressure (IMP) as a vector force: simultaneous measurements of IMP and tissue oxygen availability. A directional nonuniformity of the intramyocardial pressure (IMP) was observed in anesthetized open-chest dogs using a piezoelectric pressure sensor implanted in the left ventricular myocardium. The nonuniformity seemed to be attributable to the variation in myocardial fiber orientation. The IMP, which developed in a direction parallel to the base-apex line, was measured in the deep portion of the myocardium, simultaneously with local O2 availability. In some cases, IMP decreased quickly as soon as a decrement in O2 availability had proceeded only slightly as a result of ligation of the anterior descending artery (LAD). In other cases, the once decreased IMP recovered gradually even when O2 availability remained lowered by continuation of the ligation. These observations indicated that IMP had no direct dependency on O2 availability in the case of acute LAD.", "PMID": 1031977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5808", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic changes caused by regional ischemia in porcine heart.", "content": "Myocardial ischemia was induced in the pig by reducing the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) flow to 26% of its control value. After one hour, the LAD was reperfused for 50 minutes. During ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac output correlated strongly with arterial levels of lactate and nucleosides (all r less than - 0.85). Myocardial inosine production seems to be a good marker of ischemia because it correlated very well with myocardial lactate production (r = 0.99).", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic changes caused by regional ischemia in porcine heart. Myocardial ischemia was induced in the pig by reducing the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) flow to 26% of its control value. After one hour, the LAD was reperfused for 50 minutes. During ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac output correlated strongly with arterial levels of lactate and nucleosides (all r less than - 0.85). Myocardial inosine production seems to be a good marker of ischemia because it correlated very well with myocardial lactate production (r = 0.99).", "PMID": 1031975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5809", "title": "Cardiac muscle taurine: effects of acute left ventricular ischemia in the dog and anoxic perfusion of the rat heart.", "content": "It has been proposed that taurine, or one of its metabolites, may exert anti-arrhythmic effects in cardiac muscle. The present studies examined the effects of acute left ventricular ischemia in the dog (in vivo) and whole heart anoxia in the perfused rat heart (in vitro) on the content and distribution of taurine. In control dogs an increasing outer-to-inner gradient in taurine content was observed in the left ventricle. Left circumflex artery ligation for four hours markedly decreased tissue taurine content, the greatest disappearance occurring in the inner zone. Anoxic perfusion resulted in a similar decrease in rat ventricular taurine levels. Recovery of taurine in the heart perfusates indicated that tissue disappearance, secondary to oxygen deficiency, involved leakage into the extracellular fluid rather than metabolic conversion.", "contents": "Cardiac muscle taurine: effects of acute left ventricular ischemia in the dog and anoxic perfusion of the rat heart. It has been proposed that taurine, or one of its metabolites, may exert anti-arrhythmic effects in cardiac muscle. The present studies examined the effects of acute left ventricular ischemia in the dog (in vivo) and whole heart anoxia in the perfused rat heart (in vitro) on the content and distribution of taurine. In control dogs an increasing outer-to-inner gradient in taurine content was observed in the left ventricle. Left circumflex artery ligation for four hours markedly decreased tissue taurine content, the greatest disappearance occurring in the inner zone. Anoxic perfusion resulted in a similar decrease in rat ventricular taurine levels. Recovery of taurine in the heart perfusates indicated that tissue disappearance, secondary to oxygen deficiency, involved leakage into the extracellular fluid rather than metabolic conversion.", "PMID": 1031980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5810", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of mitochondrial calcium.", "content": "X-ray microanalytical techniques using wavelength dispersive (WDS) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) indicate that Ca2+ is present in intramitochondrial granules which occur in myocardial cells following irreversible ischemic injury. Preliminary results using tissue prepared for routine electron microscopy suggest that the degree of calcium binding that occurs in the mitochondria increases with increased duration of ischemia. Free ions are leached out of the tissue during processing; hence, the role of ion redistribution in producing myocardial necrosis cannot be elicited from a study of this nature. However, with continued progress in the development of techniques of tissue preparation x-ray spectrometry may provide a means of assessing quantitative ion alterations that occur during ischemia.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of mitochondrial calcium. X-ray microanalytical techniques using wavelength dispersive (WDS) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) indicate that Ca2+ is present in intramitochondrial granules which occur in myocardial cells following irreversible ischemic injury. Preliminary results using tissue prepared for routine electron microscopy suggest that the degree of calcium binding that occurs in the mitochondria increases with increased duration of ischemia. Free ions are leached out of the tissue during processing; hence, the role of ion redistribution in producing myocardial necrosis cannot be elicited from a study of this nature. However, with continued progress in the development of techniques of tissue preparation x-ray spectrometry may provide a means of assessing quantitative ion alterations that occur during ischemia.", "PMID": 1031982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5811", "title": "Coronary circulation, myocardial metabolism and hemodynamics of pacing-induced angina.", "content": "The following changes were noted during pacing-induced angina: The coronary sinus blood flow was less than it was during the control period and less than that in the myocardial ischemic group without induced angina. While myocardial oxygen consumption did not increase, myocardial metabolism became anaerobic. The possibility of myocardial dysfunction also was noted.", "contents": "Coronary circulation, myocardial metabolism and hemodynamics of pacing-induced angina. The following changes were noted during pacing-induced angina: The coronary sinus blood flow was less than it was during the control period and less than that in the myocardial ischemic group without induced angina. While myocardial oxygen consumption did not increase, myocardial metabolism became anaerobic. The possibility of myocardial dysfunction also was noted.", "PMID": 1031981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5812", "title": "Metabolic consequences of Sephadex-induced reduction of coronary flow in isolated rat heart.", "content": "With a polysaccharide microsphere suspension (Sephadex), coronary flow of isolated perfused rat hearts was reduced by approximately 70%. During this Sephadex-induced ischemia, the energy charge and creatine phosphate content of the myocardial tissue dropped significantly, while total nucleoside and lactate release from the heart increased. During hypoxia (30% O2), changes in high-energy phosphate content and lactate and nucleoside release were similar to the changes induced by ischemia. During hypoxia, coronary flow rate was increased by 47%. Thus, Sephadex-induced reduction of coronary flow could be a useful model in studies of metabolic change during ischemia.", "contents": "Metabolic consequences of Sephadex-induced reduction of coronary flow in isolated rat heart. With a polysaccharide microsphere suspension (Sephadex), coronary flow of isolated perfused rat hearts was reduced by approximately 70%. During this Sephadex-induced ischemia, the energy charge and creatine phosphate content of the myocardial tissue dropped significantly, while total nucleoside and lactate release from the heart increased. During hypoxia (30% O2), changes in high-energy phosphate content and lactate and nucleoside release were similar to the changes induced by ischemia. During hypoxia, coronary flow rate was increased by 47%. Thus, Sephadex-induced reduction of coronary flow could be a useful model in studies of metabolic change during ischemia.", "PMID": 1031979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5813", "title": "Turnover rates of muscle proteins in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle: turnover rate related to muscle function.", "content": "The turnover rate of muscle proteins was related to the physiological function of the muscle in dogs, fowl, rats, and mice. The turnover rates of mixed muscle proteins were most rapid in cardiac muscle, intermediate in red tonic and mixed fiber-type muscles, and slowest in white twitch skeletal muscle. This same progression in  turnover rates also was shown in the subcellular fractions of muscle-sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins-as well as in purified proteins, myosin, and tropomyosin. The RNA concentration of muscle was highly correlated with the protein turnover rate, and the RNA activity, i.e., the translational efficiency of the RNA, was similar in the different muscle types.", "contents": "Turnover rates of muscle proteins in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle: turnover rate related to muscle function. The turnover rate of muscle proteins was related to the physiological function of the muscle in dogs, fowl, rats, and mice. The turnover rates of mixed muscle proteins were most rapid in cardiac muscle, intermediate in red tonic and mixed fiber-type muscles, and slowest in white twitch skeletal muscle. This same progression in  turnover rates also was shown in the subcellular fractions of muscle-sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins-as well as in purified proteins, myosin, and tropomyosin. The RNA concentration of muscle was highly correlated with the protein turnover rate, and the RNA activity, i.e., the translational efficiency of the RNA, was similar in the different muscle types.", "PMID": 1031983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5814", "title": "Elemental composition of ischemic myocardium determined by x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Elemental composition of ischemic myocardium was attempted with x-ray microanalysis. Energy dispersive spectrum exhibited calcium K alpha and phosphorus K alpha peaks from mitochondrial deposits, and Ca K alpha peaks from nucleus, contraction bands, and Z lines of the ischemic myocardial cell. Ca and P contents were confirmed with wavelength dipersive spectrometers. Mg was present in the mitochondrial deposits which lacked Ca. This study suggests a formation of phosphate salt of Ca at different intracellular sites and also of Mg with mitochondrial deposits.", "contents": "Elemental composition of ischemic myocardium determined by x-ray microanalysis. Elemental composition of ischemic myocardium was attempted with x-ray microanalysis. Energy dispersive spectrum exhibited calcium K alpha and phosphorus K alpha peaks from mitochondrial deposits, and Ca K alpha peaks from nucleus, contraction bands, and Z lines of the ischemic myocardial cell. Ca and P contents were confirmed with wavelength dipersive spectrometers. Mg was present in the mitochondrial deposits which lacked Ca. This study suggests a formation of phosphate salt of Ca at different intracellular sites and also of Mg with mitochondrial deposits.", "PMID": 1031984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5815", "title": "Ultrastructural features of diseased human atrial muscle cells.", "content": "Left atrial myocardial tissues, excised at the time of surgery from 30 Japanese patients, were studied using light and electron microscopy and the freeze-fracture technique. All had mitral valvular disease, and, in 22 (74%) patients, atrial fibrillation also was present. In all patients, most of the left atrial cardiocytes were hypertrophied and surrounded by various amounts of fibrous tissue. Degenerative alterations included large masses of lipofuscin granules and lamellar bodies, disorganized myofibrils, widened Z-line material, selective loss of thick filaments, and prominent tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A high incidence of tubular aggregates was observed in 70% of the cases. Such alterations were seen more often in the mitral regurgitation group as compared to the mitral stenosis group. Atrial cardiocytes were found to be more susceptible to disease processes, such as rheumatic fever and subsequent pressure and/or volume overloading, than ventricular cardiocytes. Human atrial cardiocytes may be utilized in future cytopathological studies to study the effect of processes leading to cardiocyte hypertrophy and degeneration.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of diseased human atrial muscle cells. Left atrial myocardial tissues, excised at the time of surgery from 30 Japanese patients, were studied using light and electron microscopy and the freeze-fracture technique. All had mitral valvular disease, and, in 22 (74%) patients, atrial fibrillation also was present. In all patients, most of the left atrial cardiocytes were hypertrophied and surrounded by various amounts of fibrous tissue. Degenerative alterations included large masses of lipofuscin granules and lamellar bodies, disorganized myofibrils, widened Z-line material, selective loss of thick filaments, and prominent tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A high incidence of tubular aggregates was observed in 70% of the cases. Such alterations were seen more often in the mitral regurgitation group as compared to the mitral stenosis group. Atrial cardiocytes were found to be more susceptible to disease processes, such as rheumatic fever and subsequent pressure and/or volume overloading, than ventricular cardiocytes. Human atrial cardiocytes may be utilized in future cytopathological studies to study the effect of processes leading to cardiocyte hypertrophy and degeneration.", "PMID": 1031985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5816", "title": "Is there a calcium-caused defect of oxidative phosphorylation in cardiomyopathic hamster hearts?", "content": "Mitochondria from cardiomyopathic hamster hearts have elevated calcium levels, which may cause a defect of oxidative phosphorylation in a small fraction of them. Using a combination of dual labeling density-gradient centrifugation, it was not possible to isolate such an abnormal fraction. However, cardiomyopathic mitochondria are more susceptible to damage by calcium in vitro, suggesting that an abnormal fraction does exist nevertheless.", "contents": "Is there a calcium-caused defect of oxidative phosphorylation in cardiomyopathic hamster hearts? Mitochondria from cardiomyopathic hamster hearts have elevated calcium levels, which may cause a defect of oxidative phosphorylation in a small fraction of them. Using a combination of dual labeling density-gradient centrifugation, it was not possible to isolate such an abnormal fraction. However, cardiomyopathic mitochondria are more susceptible to damage by calcium in vitro, suggesting that an abnormal fraction does exist nevertheless.", "PMID": 1031988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5817", "title": "Myocardial metabolism of spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation of myocardial mitochondria isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was determined polarographically. The concentrations of high-energy phosphate compounds, the concentrations of intermediate metabolites, and the activities of the enzymes within the metabolic systems of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate (PPh) cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of the myocardium of SHR were determined. The gradual development of cardiac hypertrophy was observed in SHR in comparison with normotensive Wistar rats. There were no significant differences in the function of oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondria, in concentrations of high-energy phosphate compounds and carbohydrate metabolites, or in activities of glycolytic enzymes between SHR and normotensive Wistar rats.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Oxidative phosphorylation of myocardial mitochondria isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was determined polarographically. The concentrations of high-energy phosphate compounds, the concentrations of intermediate metabolites, and the activities of the enzymes within the metabolic systems of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate (PPh) cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of the myocardium of SHR were determined. The gradual development of cardiac hypertrophy was observed in SHR in comparison with normotensive Wistar rats. There were no significant differences in the function of oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondria, in concentrations of high-energy phosphate compounds and carbohydrate metabolites, or in activities of glycolytic enzymes between SHR and normotensive Wistar rats.", "PMID": 1031989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5818", "title": "Reduced response of cardiac norepinephrine release to isometric handgrip exercise in heart failure.", "content": "In order to evaluate the relation of cardiac norepinephrine (NE) release to left ventricular function, blood was taken simultaneously from the coronary sinus (CS) and the aorta (A) in 19 patients with heart diseases, at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) at 30% of their maximal contraction. Plasma NE was analyzed by Renzini's THI method. The concentrations of plasma NE at rest were 397 +/- 66 (S.E.M.) ng/liter in CS and 292 +/- 50 in A. IHG significantly increased NE to 578 +/- 88 in CS and to 462 +/- 85 in A (p less than 0.001). Estimated NE release from the heart (deltaNE = NECS - NEA) correlated inversely to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest (r = -0.520, p less than 0.05) and during IHG (r= -0.689, p less than 0.01). The changes in deltaNE induced by IHG correlated to the slope of the left ventricular function curve (r=0.618, p less than 0.01). It is concluded that the response of cardiac NE release to exercise is reduced in patients with depressed cardiac function.", "contents": "Reduced response of cardiac norepinephrine release to isometric handgrip exercise in heart failure. In order to evaluate the relation of cardiac norepinephrine (NE) release to left ventricular function, blood was taken simultaneously from the coronary sinus (CS) and the aorta (A) in 19 patients with heart diseases, at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) at 30% of their maximal contraction. Plasma NE was analyzed by Renzini's THI method. The concentrations of plasma NE at rest were 397 +/- 66 (S.E.M.) ng/liter in CS and 292 +/- 50 in A. IHG significantly increased NE to 578 +/- 88 in CS and to 462 +/- 85 in A (p less than 0.001). Estimated NE release from the heart (deltaNE = NECS - NEA) correlated inversely to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest (r = -0.520, p less than 0.05) and during IHG (r= -0.689, p less than 0.01). The changes in deltaNE induced by IHG correlated to the slope of the left ventricular function curve (r=0.618, p less than 0.01). It is concluded that the response of cardiac NE release to exercise is reduced in patients with depressed cardiac function.", "PMID": 1031990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5819", "title": "The influence of plasma volume changes on enzymatic estimation of infarct size.", "content": "In 18 patients, myocardial injury was estimated by mathematical analysis of the rise in plasma activity of alpha-hydroxybutyrate (alpha-HBDH) dehydrogenase as observed by multiple sampling after admission. This enzyme represents the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes LDH1 and LDH2. Changes in plasma volume were assessed by determining hematocrit values at the same time as the enzyme activities. Infarct size was expressed in IU/liter of plasma and in grams of heart muscle per liter of plasma (g/liter). Significant changes in plasma volume, reflected in hematocrit changes, occurred (average 12%): 10 patients without pulmonary edema showed an average change of 7%; for the group of eight patients with pulmonary edema, the change was 17%. When calculated infarct size was not correlated for plasma volume changes, a significant overestimation occurred (11.7%, range 0.7-29.7%). In the subgroup of patients with pulmonary edema the mean overestimation was 15.8%, and in patients without pulmonary edema, the mean overestimation was 8.5%. It is concluded that plasma volume changes after an acute myocardial infarction have to be taken into account when infarct size is calculated on the basis of plasma enzyme levels.", "contents": "The influence of plasma volume changes on enzymatic estimation of infarct size. In 18 patients, myocardial injury was estimated by mathematical analysis of the rise in plasma activity of alpha-hydroxybutyrate (alpha-HBDH) dehydrogenase as observed by multiple sampling after admission. This enzyme represents the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes LDH1 and LDH2. Changes in plasma volume were assessed by determining hematocrit values at the same time as the enzyme activities. Infarct size was expressed in IU/liter of plasma and in grams of heart muscle per liter of plasma (g/liter). Significant changes in plasma volume, reflected in hematocrit changes, occurred (average 12%): 10 patients without pulmonary edema showed an average change of 7%; for the group of eight patients with pulmonary edema, the change was 17%. When calculated infarct size was not correlated for plasma volume changes, a significant overestimation occurred (11.7%, range 0.7-29.7%). In the subgroup of patients with pulmonary edema the mean overestimation was 15.8%, and in patients without pulmonary edema, the mean overestimation was 8.5%. It is concluded that plasma volume changes after an acute myocardial infarction have to be taken into account when infarct size is calculated on the basis of plasma enzyme levels.", "PMID": 1031993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5820", "title": "Experimental study on enzyme distribution and its relation to myocardial ischemic changes following coronary circulatory disturbances.", "content": "Coronary artery ligation of canine heart was performed to investigate the relationship between the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) pattern in myocardium and the distribution of coronary flow, especially in the early stage of ligation and after reperfusion. In the myocardium of normal dogs, the LDH pattern was similar in the left ventricle, the interventricular septum, and the right ventricle; the average LD5:LD4 ratio was 1.1, 1.2, and 1.2, respectively, and consisted mainly of heart type. In the left and right auricles, however, the ratios were 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, lacking heart type. In the left ventricle, LD5:LD4 ratio in the subendocardium was different from that in the subepicardial layer. Blood flow distribution in canine myocardium was investigated by the fluorescent pattern on the cut surface of heart, in which 10% fluorescein sodium was injected into the cavity. By this method the evolution of the ischemic area from the endocardial layer to the epicardial side following coronary artery ligation and the effect of reperfusion on the ischemic area were clarified. Electron microscopic studies indicated that loss of mitochondrial function may account for the irreversibility of myocardial cell alteration. A new method for studying enzyme localization in tissues was introduced for studying LDH isoenzyme distribution in normal and injured myocardium.", "contents": "Experimental study on enzyme distribution and its relation to myocardial ischemic changes following coronary circulatory disturbances. Coronary artery ligation of canine heart was performed to investigate the relationship between the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) pattern in myocardium and the distribution of coronary flow, especially in the early stage of ligation and after reperfusion. In the myocardium of normal dogs, the LDH pattern was similar in the left ventricle, the interventricular septum, and the right ventricle; the average LD5:LD4 ratio was 1.1, 1.2, and 1.2, respectively, and consisted mainly of heart type. In the left and right auricles, however, the ratios were 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, lacking heart type. In the left ventricle, LD5:LD4 ratio in the subendocardium was different from that in the subepicardial layer. Blood flow distribution in canine myocardium was investigated by the fluorescent pattern on the cut surface of heart, in which 10% fluorescein sodium was injected into the cavity. By this method the evolution of the ischemic area from the endocardial layer to the epicardial side following coronary artery ligation and the effect of reperfusion on the ischemic area were clarified. Electron microscopic studies indicated that loss of mitochondrial function may account for the irreversibility of myocardial cell alteration. A new method for studying enzyme localization in tissues was introduced for studying LDH isoenzyme distribution in normal and injured myocardium.", "PMID": 1031992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5821", "title": "Nucleic DNA and RNA in cardiac muscle cell of experimental myocardial infarct.", "content": "Myocardial infarction was produced in dogs, and the changes in nucleic acid synthetic activity were investigated quantitatively by microspectrophotometer in the myocardial cells as time progressed. DNA value, immediately after infarction, was greatly increased in comparison to that of the control group. At two weeks after infarction the value had increased to the highest level. After this point the value decreased, and, in 12 weeks, the mean value was back to the control level. Changes in RNA followed a pattern similar to DNA changes. The mechanism of the repair process of myocardial infarction was investigated.", "contents": "Nucleic DNA and RNA in cardiac muscle cell of experimental myocardial infarct. Myocardial infarction was produced in dogs, and the changes in nucleic acid synthetic activity were investigated quantitatively by microspectrophotometer in the myocardial cells as time progressed. DNA value, immediately after infarction, was greatly increased in comparison to that of the control group. At two weeks after infarction the value had increased to the highest level. After this point the value decreased, and, in 12 weeks, the mean value was back to the control level. Changes in RNA followed a pattern similar to DNA changes. The mechanism of the repair process of myocardial infarction was investigated.", "PMID": 1031995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5822", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "After acute myocardial infarction, serial serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was elevated in both high and low DBH subgroups. The observed increase in DBH activity on the first, second, and third days after acute myocardial infarction suggests an augmentation in sympathetic nervous system activity after acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity after acute myocardial infarction. After acute myocardial infarction, serial serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was elevated in both high and low DBH subgroups. The observed increase in DBH activity on the first, second, and third days after acute myocardial infarction suggests an augmentation in sympathetic nervous system activity after acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1031996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5823", "title": "Release of lysosomal enzymes during ischemic injury of canine myocardium.", "content": "The pathobiology of the process of myocardial injury during ischemia comprises a series of events that results in the release of lysosomal enzymes from their subcellular locations within the myocardium. We have developed a canine model of acute myocardial ischemia in which the anterior descending coronary artery is ligated, myocardial blood flow is measured using radioactive microspheres, and tissues from subendocardium and subepicardium are assayed for activity of lysosomal hydrolases:N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), beta-glucuronidase (beta-gluc), and acid phosphatase (AP). Particulate fractions of subendocardium revealed significant depletion of of total acid hydrolases (NAG, beta-gluc, and AP) after one and two hours of ischemia. In addition, after two hours of ischemia, the total activity of these three hydrolases in the subendocardial supernatant was decreased, correlating significantly with diminished myocardial blood flow (NAG: r =0.96; beta-gluc: r = 0.95; AP: r = 0.75). The diminished enzymatic levels in thesupernatant suggested \"washout\" of the hydrolases that was more efficient in those ischemic areas that had higher myocardial flow (greater than 20% of control). These changes in distribution of lysosomal hydrolases indicate early involvement of these enzymes in the pathobiology of myocardial injury and demonstrate the dynamic relationship of \"washout\" of acid hydrolases with the degree of diminished blood flow.", "contents": "Release of lysosomal enzymes during ischemic injury of canine myocardium. The pathobiology of the process of myocardial injury during ischemia comprises a series of events that results in the release of lysosomal enzymes from their subcellular locations within the myocardium. We have developed a canine model of acute myocardial ischemia in which the anterior descending coronary artery is ligated, myocardial blood flow is measured using radioactive microspheres, and tissues from subendocardium and subepicardium are assayed for activity of lysosomal hydrolases:N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), beta-glucuronidase (beta-gluc), and acid phosphatase (AP). Particulate fractions of subendocardium revealed significant depletion of of total acid hydrolases (NAG, beta-gluc, and AP) after one and two hours of ischemia. In addition, after two hours of ischemia, the total activity of these three hydrolases in the subendocardial supernatant was decreased, correlating significantly with diminished myocardial blood flow (NAG: r =0.96; beta-gluc: r = 0.95; AP: r = 0.75). The diminished enzymatic levels in thesupernatant suggested \"washout\" of the hydrolases that was more efficient in those ischemic areas that had higher myocardial flow (greater than 20% of control). These changes in distribution of lysosomal hydrolases indicate early involvement of these enzymes in the pathobiology of myocardial injury and demonstrate the dynamic relationship of \"washout\" of acid hydrolases with the degree of diminished blood flow.", "PMID": 1031997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5824", "title": "Pepstatin inhibition of rat myocardial acid protease.", "content": "The protease inhibitor, pepstatin, inhibited acid protease in rat heart homogenates with a Ki of 7 x 10(-11) M by a noncompetitive mechanism, but it had no effect on myocardial acid protease activity when given in high doses to intact animals. Exposure of heart slices to 10(-7) M pepstatin for two hours also failed to produce demonstrable acid protease inhibition, suggesting that myocardial acid protease activity is unaffected by this potent inhibitor unless the integrity of the cell is disturbed.", "contents": "Pepstatin inhibition of rat myocardial acid protease. The protease inhibitor, pepstatin, inhibited acid protease in rat heart homogenates with a Ki of 7 x 10(-11) M by a noncompetitive mechanism, but it had no effect on myocardial acid protease activity when given in high doses to intact animals. Exposure of heart slices to 10(-7) M pepstatin for two hours also failed to produce demonstrable acid protease inhibition, suggesting that myocardial acid protease activity is unaffected by this potent inhibitor unless the integrity of the cell is disturbed.", "PMID": 1031998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5825", "title": "Features of lysosomal proteolytic enzyme activity in infarcted myocardium.", "content": "Myocardial infarction was produced in dogs to investigate the behavior of cardiac lysosomal enzymes; acid protease and beta-glucuronidase activities were measured in whole myocardial homogenate and 30,000 X g supernatant fractions. Total activity of acid protease in the whole homogenate of the myocardium increased after 1 hr of infarction and showed maximal value after 6 hr, while in the 30,000 X g supernatant fraction the activity began to increase after 3 hr and reached the maximal level by 24 hr. Total beta-glucuronidase activity in the whole homogenate decreased during the initial 3 hr after myocardial infarction and markedly increased after 12 hr. The activity in the 30,000 X g supernatant fraction showed corresponding changes. These findings that the increase in whole homogenate activity preceded that in the 30,000 X g supernatant fraction may support the hypothesis that lysosomal enzymes may be newly synthesized and then solubilized in the infarcted myocardium.", "contents": "Features of lysosomal proteolytic enzyme activity in infarcted myocardium. Myocardial infarction was produced in dogs to investigate the behavior of cardiac lysosomal enzymes; acid protease and beta-glucuronidase activities were measured in whole myocardial homogenate and 30,000 X g supernatant fractions. Total activity of acid protease in the whole homogenate of the myocardium increased after 1 hr of infarction and showed maximal value after 6 hr, while in the 30,000 X g supernatant fraction the activity began to increase after 3 hr and reached the maximal level by 24 hr. Total beta-glucuronidase activity in the whole homogenate decreased during the initial 3 hr after myocardial infarction and markedly increased after 12 hr. The activity in the 30,000 X g supernatant fraction showed corresponding changes. These findings that the increase in whole homogenate activity preceded that in the 30,000 X g supernatant fraction may support the hypothesis that lysosomal enzymes may be newly synthesized and then solubilized in the infarcted myocardium.", "PMID": 1031999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5826", "title": "Autophagy in cardiac myocytes.", "content": "The fetal mouse heart (FMH) in organ culture continues to beat for a period of weeks, but degenerative changes occur. Electron microscopy revealed formation of autophagic vacuoles containing damaged organelles in some cells after the first day, indicating focal cytoplasmic injury. This process was accelerated by transient deprivation of oxygen and glucose followed by resupply of oxygen and glucose. FMHs were maintained for up to four hours in glucose-free media in an atmosphere of 95% N/5% CO2 followed by resupply of O2 and glucose. Twenty-four hours later, many cells recovered without residual injury. Many others revealed autophagic vacuoles ranging from those in which organelles were readily identified to those characteristic of residual bodies. It appears that focal injury stimulates the endoplasmic reticulum to enclose the damaged components, permitting localized lysosomal digestion without causing injury to the entire cell. Autophagy has not been emphasized as an important mechanism in transient ischemia in adult myocytes, but it may play a role in repair of sublethal injury. The FMH organ culture provides an excellent model for studying the sequential autophagic changes in a system in which these events can be accelerated.", "contents": "Autophagy in cardiac myocytes. The fetal mouse heart (FMH) in organ culture continues to beat for a period of weeks, but degenerative changes occur. Electron microscopy revealed formation of autophagic vacuoles containing damaged organelles in some cells after the first day, indicating focal cytoplasmic injury. This process was accelerated by transient deprivation of oxygen and glucose followed by resupply of oxygen and glucose. FMHs were maintained for up to four hours in glucose-free media in an atmosphere of 95% N/5% CO2 followed by resupply of O2 and glucose. Twenty-four hours later, many cells recovered without residual injury. Many others revealed autophagic vacuoles ranging from those in which organelles were readily identified to those characteristic of residual bodies. It appears that focal injury stimulates the endoplasmic reticulum to enclose the damaged components, permitting localized lysosomal digestion without causing injury to the entire cell. Autophagy has not been emphasized as an important mechanism in transient ischemia in adult myocytes, but it may play a role in repair of sublethal injury. The FMH organ culture provides an excellent model for studying the sequential autophagic changes in a system in which these events can be accelerated.", "PMID": 1032000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5827", "title": "Changes in purine nucleoside content in human myocardial efflux during pacing-induced ischemia.", "content": "Pacing-induced myocardial ischemia in 18 patients resulted in an increase of coronary sinus hypoxanthine levels from 1.20 +/- 0.18 micron during control to 2.41 +/- 0.52 micron (p less than 0.025) during pain. In addition, early lactate production occurred frequently before angina was noted. Neither hypoxanthine nor lactate levels changed in seven nonanginal patients, nor were significant alterations in potassium, inorganic phosphate, glucose, or oxygen saturation found in all patients. Myocardial hypoxanthine production seems a useful indicator of ischemia in the human heart.", "contents": "Changes in purine nucleoside content in human myocardial efflux during pacing-induced ischemia. Pacing-induced myocardial ischemia in 18 patients resulted in an increase of coronary sinus hypoxanthine levels from 1.20 +/- 0.18 micron during control to 2.41 +/- 0.52 micron (p less than 0.025) during pain. In addition, early lactate production occurred frequently before angina was noted. Neither hypoxanthine nor lactate levels changed in seven nonanginal patients, nor were significant alterations in potassium, inorganic phosphate, glucose, or oxygen saturation found in all patients. Myocardial hypoxanthine production seems a useful indicator of ischemia in the human heart.", "PMID": 1031994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5828", "title": "Myocardial protection during open-heart surgery: preservation of myocardial metabolism and ultrastructure by cold coronary perfusion.", "content": "Myocardial protection by means of selective, continuous coronary perfusion with cold oxygenated blood of low flow rate and of low perfusion pressure is an excellent procedure both clinically and experimentally. This method should be particularly useful in poor-risk patients, for whom a maximal preservation of the myocardium is imperative.", "contents": "Myocardial protection during open-heart surgery: preservation of myocardial metabolism and ultrastructure by cold coronary perfusion. Myocardial protection by means of selective, continuous coronary perfusion with cold oxygenated blood of low flow rate and of low perfusion pressure is an excellent procedure both clinically and experimentally. This method should be particularly useful in poor-risk patients, for whom a maximal preservation of the myocardium is imperative.", "PMID": 1032001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5829", "title": "Preservation of myocardial membrane integrity in the early phase of acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Myocardial uptake of dexamethasone (Dex) or methylprednisolone (MP) was studied using tritiated tracers in isolated perfused cat hearts during acute myocardial ischemia. Considerable amounts of Dex and MP were incorported into the plasma membranes in control, border-zone, and ischemic myocardium. Lesser amounts were bound to the remaining subcellular organelles. A gradient of the glucocorticoid uptake was observed decreasing from control myocardium to ischemic myocardium in all subcellular fractions. By the first hour of ischemia, the myocardial plasma membranes underwent marked depletion of activity of 5'-nucleotidase, a plasma membrane marker enzyme, indicating early loss of plasma membrane integrity in acute myocardial ischemia. The incorporation of Dex or MP into the plasma membranes resulted in a significant decrease in loww of 5'-nucleotidase activity of the plasma membranes in the border-zone and ischemic myocardium. The data provide direct evidence 1) to support a membrane stabilizing action of glucocorticoids, and 2) to focus on the plasma membranes as a potentially important site of protection during the early phase of acute myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Preservation of myocardial membrane integrity in the early phase of acute myocardial ischemia. Myocardial uptake of dexamethasone (Dex) or methylprednisolone (MP) was studied using tritiated tracers in isolated perfused cat hearts during acute myocardial ischemia. Considerable amounts of Dex and MP were incorported into the plasma membranes in control, border-zone, and ischemic myocardium. Lesser amounts were bound to the remaining subcellular organelles. A gradient of the glucocorticoid uptake was observed decreasing from control myocardium to ischemic myocardium in all subcellular fractions. By the first hour of ischemia, the myocardial plasma membranes underwent marked depletion of activity of 5'-nucleotidase, a plasma membrane marker enzyme, indicating early loss of plasma membrane integrity in acute myocardial ischemia. The incorporation of Dex or MP into the plasma membranes resulted in a significant decrease in loww of 5'-nucleotidase activity of the plasma membranes in the border-zone and ischemic myocardium. The data provide direct evidence 1) to support a membrane stabilizing action of glucocorticoids, and 2) to focus on the plasma membranes as a potentially important site of protection during the early phase of acute myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1032005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5830", "title": "Effect of physical fitness on myocardial damage and circulation after myocardial necrosis.", "content": "The effect of physical training (conditioning) on myocardial circulation and myocardial damage has been evaluated in experimental myocardial necrosis in albino rats. Conditioning was done by making the animals swim in a tank of water, thermostatically controlled at 32 degrees +/- 1 degrees C, 60 minutes daily, six days a week, for eight weeks. Myocardial necrosis was produced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg body weight, on two consecutive days. Investigations included ECG (lead II), SGOT, SGPT, SLDH, SCPK, histopathology of the heart, and myocardial Rubidium 84 uptake. It was observed that, in conditioned animals, elevation of serum enzymes was less, incidence of cardiac arrhythmia was lower, myocardial damage was less marked, and myocardial circulation was better after myocardial necrosis in comparison to unconditioned animals. Less myocardial damage and lower incidence of cardiac of cardiac arrhythmia are presumably associated with a better prognosis.", "contents": "Effect of physical fitness on myocardial damage and circulation after myocardial necrosis. The effect of physical training (conditioning) on myocardial circulation and myocardial damage has been evaluated in experimental myocardial necrosis in albino rats. Conditioning was done by making the animals swim in a tank of water, thermostatically controlled at 32 degrees +/- 1 degrees C, 60 minutes daily, six days a week, for eight weeks. Myocardial necrosis was produced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 85 mg/kg body weight, on two consecutive days. Investigations included ECG (lead II), SGOT, SGPT, SLDH, SCPK, histopathology of the heart, and myocardial Rubidium 84 uptake. It was observed that, in conditioned animals, elevation of serum enzymes was less, incidence of cardiac arrhythmia was lower, myocardial damage was less marked, and myocardial circulation was better after myocardial necrosis in comparison to unconditioned animals. Less myocardial damage and lower incidence of cardiac of cardiac arrhythmia are presumably associated with a better prognosis.", "PMID": 1032006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5831", "title": "Pharmacological protection of hypoxic heart.", "content": "The ability of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, with and without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and of verapamil to protect the heart against hypoxia-induced damage was investigated. Damage was quantitated in terms of a raised end-diastolic resting tension and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release. The results indicate that both the d and the l isomers act differently, the isomers preventing CPK release and the d isomers preventing the increase in resting tension.", "contents": "Pharmacological protection of hypoxic heart. The ability of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, with and without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and of verapamil to protect the heart against hypoxia-induced damage was investigated. Damage was quantitated in terms of a raised end-diastolic resting tension and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release. The results indicate that both the d and the l isomers act differently, the isomers preventing CPK release and the d isomers preventing the increase in resting tension.", "PMID": 1032007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5832", "title": "Experimental studies on myocardial metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in surface-induced deep hypothermia.", "content": "In surface-induced deep hypothermia, metabolic acidosis resulting from lactacidemia was observed. In the hypothermic heart, the rate of reduction in the coronary arteriovenous (A-V) difference ratio of lactate, pyruvate, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) was proportionately less than that of coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption, suggesting that lactate, pyruvate, and NEFA play important roles as energy fuels in the hypothermic heart. Myocardial metabolism of glucose was reduced; exogenous corticosteroids and ATP do not influence the myocardial metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in the hypothermic heart.", "contents": "Experimental studies on myocardial metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in surface-induced deep hypothermia. In surface-induced deep hypothermia, metabolic acidosis resulting from lactacidemia was observed. In the hypothermic heart, the rate of reduction in the coronary arteriovenous (A-V) difference ratio of lactate, pyruvate, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) was proportionately less than that of coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption, suggesting that lactate, pyruvate, and NEFA play important roles as energy fuels in the hypothermic heart. Myocardial metabolism of glucose was reduced; exogenous corticosteroids and ATP do not influence the myocardial metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in the hypothermic heart.", "PMID": 1032004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5833", "title": "Studies on experimental coronary insufficiency. I. Effects of a physiological dose of adrenaline and noradrenaline on myocardial metabolism in dogs with graded coronary constriction.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism by which catecholamines produce myocardial ischemia, the effect of intracoronary-administered adrenaline and noradrenaline was studied in dogs with graded coronary constriction. A physiological dose of catecholamines was favorable for augmentation or improvement of myocardial metabolism and cardiac function in dogs without or with slight coronary constriction. However, in dogs with moderate or severe coronary constriction, similar doses of catecholamines produced myocardial ischemia and cardiac dysfunction.", "contents": "Studies on experimental coronary insufficiency. I. Effects of a physiological dose of adrenaline and noradrenaline on myocardial metabolism in dogs with graded coronary constriction. To investigate the mechanism by which catecholamines produce myocardial ischemia, the effect of intracoronary-administered adrenaline and noradrenaline was studied in dogs with graded coronary constriction. A physiological dose of catecholamines was favorable for augmentation or improvement of myocardial metabolism and cardiac function in dogs without or with slight coronary constriction. However, in dogs with moderate or severe coronary constriction, similar doses of catecholamines produced myocardial ischemia and cardiac dysfunction.", "PMID": 1032008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5834", "title": "The effects of coronary artery ligation on transmural high-energy phosphates following 20 minutes of blood reflow.", "content": "Normal or elevated levels of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) were observed from the subepicardium to the subendocardium of the canine left ventricle after five and 20 minutes of left circumflex artery occlusion followed by 20 minutes of blood reflow. However, after two or four hours of occlusion, followed by reflow, ATP and PCr levels were markedly depressed, and a significant decreasing decreasing subepicardial to subendocardial gradient appeared, suggestive of inhibition of oxidative metabolism during extended periods of ischemia but not during short periods of ischemia.", "contents": "The effects of coronary artery ligation on transmural high-energy phosphates following 20 minutes of blood reflow. Normal or elevated levels of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) were observed from the subepicardium to the subendocardium of the canine left ventricle after five and 20 minutes of left circumflex artery occlusion followed by 20 minutes of blood reflow. However, after two or four hours of occlusion, followed by reflow, ATP and PCr levels were markedly depressed, and a significant decreasing decreasing subepicardial to subendocardial gradient appeared, suggestive of inhibition of oxidative metabolism during extended periods of ischemia but not during short periods of ischemia.", "PMID": 1032012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5835", "title": "Studies on experimental coronary insufficiency. II. Effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) on metabolic response to adrenaline and noradrenaline in dogs with coronary constriction.", "content": "To obtain further information on the mechanism by which catecholamines produce myocardial ischemia, the effects of propranolol on metabolic and mechanical responses to adrenaline or noradrenaline were investigated in coronary-constricted dogs. Propranolol suppressed the myocardial ischemia produced by noradrenaline and adrenaline in dogs with moderate coronary constriction.", "contents": "Studies on experimental coronary insufficiency. II. Effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) on metabolic response to adrenaline and noradrenaline in dogs with coronary constriction. To obtain further information on the mechanism by which catecholamines produce myocardial ischemia, the effects of propranolol on metabolic and mechanical responses to adrenaline or noradrenaline were investigated in coronary-constricted dogs. Propranolol suppressed the myocardial ischemia produced by noradrenaline and adrenaline in dogs with moderate coronary constriction.", "PMID": 1032009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5836", "title": "Transmural gradients in ischemic canine left ventricle: effects of blood reflow on glycolytic intermediates.", "content": "Following two and four hours of left ventricular ischemia, 20 minutes of blood reflow cannot produce a complete return to normal oxidative metabolism in ischemic canine myocardium. Glycolysis remains increased and aerobic metabolism is most extensively depressed in the subendocardium.", "contents": "Transmural gradients in ischemic canine left ventricle: effects of blood reflow on glycolytic intermediates. Following two and four hours of left ventricular ischemia, 20 minutes of blood reflow cannot produce a complete return to normal oxidative metabolism in ischemic canine myocardium. Glycolysis remains increased and aerobic metabolism is most extensively depressed in the subendocardium.", "PMID": 1032013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5837", "title": "Ultrastructural change in myocardium subsequent to ischemic cardioplegia \"no-reflow phenomenon\".", "content": "Mongrel dogs were subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution and to normothermic anoxic arrest for 30 minutes, to study the subepicardial and the subendocardial myocardial ultructure and the DPTI/TTI ratio. \"No-reflow phenomenon\" was demonstrated in the myocardium after cardiopulmonary bypass, associated with normothermic anoxic arrest. No-reflow phenomenon was a contributing factor to subendocardial ischemia in the normotrophied ventricle after open-heart surgery. Severe hemodilution with hemoglobin less than 5.0 g% resulted in irreversible damage in both myocardial layers.", "contents": "Ultrastructural change in myocardium subsequent to ischemic cardioplegia \"no-reflow phenomenon\". Mongrel dogs were subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution and to normothermic anoxic arrest for 30 minutes, to study the subepicardial and the subendocardial myocardial ultructure and the DPTI/TTI ratio. \"No-reflow phenomenon\" was demonstrated in the myocardium after cardiopulmonary bypass, associated with normothermic anoxic arrest. No-reflow phenomenon was a contributing factor to subendocardial ischemia in the normotrophied ventricle after open-heart surgery. Severe hemodilution with hemoglobin less than 5.0 g% resulted in irreversible damage in both myocardial layers.", "PMID": 1032015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5838", "title": "Coronary microcirculatory factors and cardiac muscle cell injury.", "content": "Coronary artery ligation with or without reperfusion was carried out in Wistar rats to study the role of coronary microcirculatory factors and membrane permeability alteration of cardiac muscle cell in the evolution of cardiac muscle cell injury by using the fine structural extracellular protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The findings were compared with those obtained in noncoronarogenic myocardial injury models following administration of norepinephrine, a pressor, and isoproterenol, a depressor catecholamine. Following left coronary artery ligation lastingfor 10 and 20 minutes, some of the collaterals in the ischemic zone were perused by the tracer, but the numer of patent capillaries decreased during 60-min ligation. The inhomogeneous involvement of cardiac muscle cells in ischemic injury correlated well with these microcirculatory findings. In comparison to permanent ischemia, an abrupt deterioration of the cardiac muscle cell alteration occured after reperfusion with influx of HRP into the damaged cells. The binding of tracer to myofilaments was, however, a later event as compared to that seen in the catecholamine models. The latter observation implies that, in addition to microcirculatory factors, direct cardiac muscle cell stimulation should also be considered in the evolution of noncoronarogenic myocardial injury.", "contents": "Coronary microcirculatory factors and cardiac muscle cell injury. Coronary artery ligation with or without reperfusion was carried out in Wistar rats to study the role of coronary microcirculatory factors and membrane permeability alteration of cardiac muscle cell in the evolution of cardiac muscle cell injury by using the fine structural extracellular protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The findings were compared with those obtained in noncoronarogenic myocardial injury models following administration of norepinephrine, a pressor, and isoproterenol, a depressor catecholamine. Following left coronary artery ligation lastingfor 10 and 20 minutes, some of the collaterals in the ischemic zone were perused by the tracer, but the numer of patent capillaries decreased during 60-min ligation. The inhomogeneous involvement of cardiac muscle cells in ischemic injury correlated well with these microcirculatory findings. In comparison to permanent ischemia, an abrupt deterioration of the cardiac muscle cell alteration occured after reperfusion with influx of HRP into the damaged cells. The binding of tracer to myofilaments was, however, a later event as compared to that seen in the catecholamine models. The latter observation implies that, in addition to microcirculatory factors, direct cardiac muscle cell stimulation should also be considered in the evolution of noncoronarogenic myocardial injury.", "PMID": 1032011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5839", "title": "Viability and histopathology of eleven fresh, antibiotic-treated allografts removed three weeks to three years after implantation.", "content": "Changes in metabolic activity of removed heart valve allografts have been measured. The fresh heart valves were sterilized and stored in antibiotic solution before implantation in patients. Viability was determined before insertion and after removal from patients by two methods: 1) tissue culture, and 2) autoradiography, using tritiated thymidine. The length of storage in the Hank's antibiotic or nutrient-antibiotic medium before insertion did not seem to influence the final metabolic activity nor the structural integrity of the allografts when they were removed. Results from the present study show that the most severe degenerative changes occur in valves stored in Hank's solution and then implanted in the mitral position. The viability percentage declined progressively during the time that a valve treated in this manner was functioning in a patient.", "contents": "Viability and histopathology of eleven fresh, antibiotic-treated allografts removed three weeks to three years after implantation. Changes in metabolic activity of removed heart valve allografts have been measured. The fresh heart valves were sterilized and stored in antibiotic solution before implantation in patients. Viability was determined before insertion and after removal from patients by two methods: 1) tissue culture, and 2) autoradiography, using tritiated thymidine. The length of storage in the Hank's antibiotic or nutrient-antibiotic medium before insertion did not seem to influence the final metabolic activity nor the structural integrity of the allografts when they were removed. Results from the present study show that the most severe degenerative changes occur in valves stored in Hank's solution and then implanted in the mitral position. The viability percentage declined progressively during the time that a valve treated in this manner was functioning in a patient.", "PMID": 1032010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5840", "title": "Evaluation of perfusion conditions in cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Fresh sections of left ventricular drill biopsies, taken at the beginning and end of cardiopulmonary bypass in 164 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, have been analyzed for myocardial function. This has been assessed by changes in biochemical function, measured by semi-quantitative histochemical methods, and by changes in birefringence, measured quantitatively by polarization microscopy. It has been shown that continuous perfusion at 32 degrees C with the heart beating provided better preservation than did the other three perfusion procedures, in all of which the heart was fibrillating. More recently, in a small number of cases, cardioplegic arrest has been found to given even better preservation.", "contents": "Evaluation of perfusion conditions in cardiopulmonary bypass. Fresh sections of left ventricular drill biopsies, taken at the beginning and end of cardiopulmonary bypass in 164 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, have been analyzed for myocardial function. This has been assessed by changes in biochemical function, measured by semi-quantitative histochemical methods, and by changes in birefringence, measured quantitatively by polarization microscopy. It has been shown that continuous perfusion at 32 degrees C with the heart beating provided better preservation than did the other three perfusion procedures, in all of which the heart was fibrillating. More recently, in a small number of cases, cardioplegic arrest has been found to given even better preservation.", "PMID": 1032014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5841", "title": "Effect of environmental factors and tissue culture methodology in producing and studying cultured cardiac cells.", "content": "Improvement in the method of heart cell cultures is described and justified in relation to environmental factors. The validity of such cardiac cell culture for cardiac research is discussed in light of particular cellular activities: differentiation of lipoprotein lipase, myoglobin biosynthesis, glucose and fatty acid metabolism pleiotypic responses (rotein, RNA, and DNA biosyntheses, substrates transports) to serum stimulation, and the architectonic growth of muscle and nonmuscle cells.", "contents": "Effect of environmental factors and tissue culture methodology in producing and studying cultured cardiac cells. Improvement in the method of heart cell cultures is described and justified in relation to environmental factors. The validity of such cardiac cell culture for cardiac research is discussed in light of particular cellular activities: differentiation of lipoprotein lipase, myoglobin biosynthesis, glucose and fatty acid metabolism pleiotypic responses (rotein, RNA, and DNA biosyntheses, substrates transports) to serum stimulation, and the architectonic growth of muscle and nonmuscle cells.", "PMID": 1032017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5842", "title": "Palmitate oxidation by beating heart cells in culture.", "content": "Palmitic acid oxidation has been studied in cultures of beating heart cells. The data reported suggest: 1. The main source of fatty acids for oxidation in cell cultures is provided by lypolysis of preexisting intracellular fatty acids. Most fatty acids that have just entered the cell are not oxidized immediately. Thus, aged heart cells in culture seem to retain their ability to utilize fatty acids as their main energy source. 2. In cultured heart cells, the amount of CO2 obtained from the carboxyl group was much higher than that obtained from the methyl group. On the other hand, beta-hydroxybutrate has been shown to be formed mainly from the methyl group. This may indicate that beta-oxidation terminates at the beta-hydroxybutyrate stage because of premature dissociation of this last intermediate from the enzyme complex.", "contents": "Palmitate oxidation by beating heart cells in culture. Palmitic acid oxidation has been studied in cultures of beating heart cells. The data reported suggest: 1. The main source of fatty acids for oxidation in cell cultures is provided by lypolysis of preexisting intracellular fatty acids. Most fatty acids that have just entered the cell are not oxidized immediately. Thus, aged heart cells in culture seem to retain their ability to utilize fatty acids as their main energy source. 2. In cultured heart cells, the amount of CO2 obtained from the carboxyl group was much higher than that obtained from the methyl group. On the other hand, beta-hydroxybutrate has been shown to be formed mainly from the methyl group. This may indicate that beta-oxidation terminates at the beta-hydroxybutyrate stage because of premature dissociation of this last intermediate from the enzyme complex.", "PMID": 1032020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5843", "title": "Pleiotropic effect of serum on beating rat heart cell cultures and their modulation by hormones.", "content": "The multiple effects of serum on metabolic activities and macromolecular syntheses of heart cell cultures are discussed in this chapter. This pleiotropic response, which is linearly related to the amount of serum used, allowed us to quantitatively test the growth-promoting activity of different hormones. In addition, the possible mediation of the serum effects by cyclic nucleotides is considered.", "contents": "Pleiotropic effect of serum on beating rat heart cell cultures and their modulation by hormones. The multiple effects of serum on metabolic activities and macromolecular syntheses of heart cell cultures are discussed in this chapter. This pleiotropic response, which is linearly related to the amount of serum used, allowed us to quantitatively test the growth-promoting activity of different hormones. In addition, the possible mediation of the serum effects by cyclic nucleotides is considered.", "PMID": 1032022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5844", "title": "Ouabain-induced arrhythmias of cultured myocardial cells and their improvement by quinidine.", "content": "Single-isolated myocardial cells obtained in vitro from fetal mouse heart developed various types of arrhythmic movements, such as fibrillatory and fluttering movements, in medium containing ouabain. The percentage of isolated myocardial cells that exhibited arrhythmic movements increased as ouabain concentration was increased. The arrhythmic movements induced by relatively low concentrations of ouabain were reduced by addition of quinidine. Cell clusters also developed various types of arrhythmic movements in medium containing ouabain. These arrhythmias became more severe when the ouabain concentration was increased. Under conditions such that approximately 43% of the single-isolated myocardial cells showed arrhythmias, many cells in cell clusters showed fibrillatory movements, but the cell clusters as a whole still maintained rhythmic beating. Under conditions in which about 65% of the single-isolated myocardial cells showed arrhythmias, cell clusters as a whole showed irregular beating. The cell clusters stopped beating under conditions in which about 79% of the single-isolated myocardial cells showed arrhythmias. Relatively mild types of arrhythmias of cell clusters were improved by addition of quinidine. From these observations, the genesis and improvement of arrhythmias of cell clusters were concluded to be essentially a result of the genesis and improvement of arrhythmic movements of the individual component cells in the clusters.", "contents": "Ouabain-induced arrhythmias of cultured myocardial cells and their improvement by quinidine. Single-isolated myocardial cells obtained in vitro from fetal mouse heart developed various types of arrhythmic movements, such as fibrillatory and fluttering movements, in medium containing ouabain. The percentage of isolated myocardial cells that exhibited arrhythmic movements increased as ouabain concentration was increased. The arrhythmic movements induced by relatively low concentrations of ouabain were reduced by addition of quinidine. Cell clusters also developed various types of arrhythmic movements in medium containing ouabain. These arrhythmias became more severe when the ouabain concentration was increased. Under conditions such that approximately 43% of the single-isolated myocardial cells showed arrhythmias, many cells in cell clusters showed fibrillatory movements, but the cell clusters as a whole still maintained rhythmic beating. Under conditions in which about 65% of the single-isolated myocardial cells showed arrhythmias, cell clusters as a whole showed irregular beating. The cell clusters stopped beating under conditions in which about 79% of the single-isolated myocardial cells showed arrhythmias. Relatively mild types of arrhythmias of cell clusters were improved by addition of quinidine. From these observations, the genesis and improvement of arrhythmias of cell clusters were concluded to be essentially a result of the genesis and improvement of arrhythmic movements of the individual component cells in the clusters.", "PMID": 1032023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5845", "title": "Experimental studies on cardiac arrhythmias with special reference to fibrillation in heart cell culture.", "content": "Fibrillation-like beating of cardiac muscle cells in culture was induced by altering the concentrations of various ions. Fine structural changes of cell membrane and intercellular alteration of cardiac muscle cells appeared to be more prominent in cells with fibrilliation-like beating than in others. From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that fibrillation-like beating may occur in the presence of altered concentrations of certain ions, accompanied by fine structural changes in the cells.", "contents": "Experimental studies on cardiac arrhythmias with special reference to fibrillation in heart cell culture. Fibrillation-like beating of cardiac muscle cells in culture was induced by altering the concentrations of various ions. Fine structural changes of cell membrane and intercellular alteration of cardiac muscle cells appeared to be more prominent in cells with fibrilliation-like beating than in others. From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that fibrillation-like beating may occur in the presence of altered concentrations of certain ions, accompanied by fine structural changes in the cells.", "PMID": 1032024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5846", "title": "Fucosidosis: diagnosis of five patients and carrier detection.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical data of the two original cases of fucosidosis type I and of three other type II are reported. Of less than forty patients affected with fucosidosis, described in the literature, seven belong to two pedigree originating from a small, isolated area of the Southern Italian region of Calabria. All the affected children were born from first cousin marriages. Clinical heterogeneity has been observed inside both pedigrees and some patients show angiokeratoma while others do not.", "contents": "Fucosidosis: diagnosis of five patients and carrier detection. The clinical and biochemical data of the two original cases of fucosidosis type I and of three other type II are reported. Of less than forty patients affected with fucosidosis, described in the literature, seven belong to two pedigree originating from a small, isolated area of the Southern Italian region of Calabria. All the affected children were born from first cousin marriages. Clinical heterogeneity has been observed inside both pedigrees and some patients show angiokeratoma while others do not.", "PMID": 1032030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5847", "title": "Fucosidosis: a neuropathological study.", "content": "The involvement of the central nervous system in fucosidosis is related to severe lesions of both nerve and glial cells. The morphology of cells degeneration is characterized by both vacuoli containing water-soluble fuco-derivatives (fuco-oligosaccharides) and/or granular substances probably constituted by fuco-sphingolipds. The cerebral cortex is the most severely affected. The involvement of the white matter is related to the glial cells degeneration. The relationship between the morphology of nerve and glial cells lesions, and the accumulation of oligosaccharides and sphingolipids following the absence of alpha-L-fucosidase, is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Fucosidosis: a neuropathological study. The involvement of the central nervous system in fucosidosis is related to severe lesions of both nerve and glial cells. The morphology of cells degeneration is characterized by both vacuoli containing water-soluble fuco-derivatives (fuco-oligosaccharides) and/or granular substances probably constituted by fuco-sphingolipds. The cerebral cortex is the most severely affected. The involvement of the white matter is related to the glial cells degeneration. The relationship between the morphology of nerve and glial cells lesions, and the accumulation of oligosaccharides and sphingolipids following the absence of alpha-L-fucosidase, is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1032031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5848", "title": "Synthesis and phosphorylation of canine cardiac myosin in tissue-culture assessment of hypertrophying factors.", "content": "Canine cardiac myosin, which was synthesized in a 14-day tissue culture, based on L-[3H] leucine incorporation, was precipitated with goat gamma G antimyosin (cardiac-specific) and analyzed on dodecylsulfate gels. Incorporation of 32PO4 into myosin chains occurring in culture was the same as that obtained in vivo and appeared to be coupled with translation. Removal of 32PO4 from myosin heavy chains with base treatment indicated the presence of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine in canine cardiac myosin heavy chains. Further acid hydrolysis confirmed the data. The system described here, i.e., analyses of 32PO4 and L[3H] leucine incorporation into myosin heavy chains, could be used as a system for assaying hypertrophying factors.", "contents": "Synthesis and phosphorylation of canine cardiac myosin in tissue-culture assessment of hypertrophying factors. Canine cardiac myosin, which was synthesized in a 14-day tissue culture, based on L-[3H] leucine incorporation, was precipitated with goat gamma G antimyosin (cardiac-specific) and analyzed on dodecylsulfate gels. Incorporation of 32PO4 into myosin chains occurring in culture was the same as that obtained in vivo and appeared to be coupled with translation. Removal of 32PO4 from myosin heavy chains with base treatment indicated the presence of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine in canine cardiac myosin heavy chains. Further acid hydrolysis confirmed the data. The system described here, i.e., analyses of 32PO4 and L[3H] leucine incorporation into myosin heavy chains, could be used as a system for assaying hypertrophying factors.", "PMID": 1032021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5849", "title": "[Familial myotonic syndrome with hyposthenia corrected with exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "In some cases of myotonic syndromes a paresis after rest has been described corrected by exercise. This syndrome is reported in two brothers. In myotonic patients repetitive stimulation of a nerve causes a transitory decrease of the muscle action potential. Probably the paresis corrected by exercise only represents the clinical evidence of the electrophysiological phenomenon mentioned above. This seems to be a common occurrence and therefore does not represent a new nosologic entity.", "contents": "[Familial myotonic syndrome with hyposthenia corrected with exercise (author's transl)]. In some cases of myotonic syndromes a paresis after rest has been described corrected by exercise. This syndrome is reported in two brothers. In myotonic patients repetitive stimulation of a nerve causes a transitory decrease of the muscle action potential. Probably the paresis corrected by exercise only represents the clinical evidence of the electrophysiological phenomenon mentioned above. This seems to be a common occurrence and therefore does not represent a new nosologic entity.", "PMID": 1032032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5850", "title": "The syndrome of carnitine deficiency.", "content": "Three cases of lipid storage myopathy and carnitine deficiency are presented. Two had a fatal course and were insensitive to cortisone and carnitine-replacement therapy. The two fatal cases had lipid accumulation in organs other than the skeletal muscles and carnitine was reduced in plasma, skeletal muscles, heart and liver. Fibroblasts from one of these \"generalized\" cases of carnitine deficiency were grown from a skin biopsy. Carnitine level, fatty acids uptake and oxidation were not appreciably different between the patients' fibroblasts and those of controls.", "contents": "The syndrome of carnitine deficiency. Three cases of lipid storage myopathy and carnitine deficiency are presented. Two had a fatal course and were insensitive to cortisone and carnitine-replacement therapy. The two fatal cases had lipid accumulation in organs other than the skeletal muscles and carnitine was reduced in plasma, skeletal muscles, heart and liver. Fibroblasts from one of these \"generalized\" cases of carnitine deficiency were grown from a skin biopsy. Carnitine level, fatty acids uptake and oxidation were not appreciably different between the patients' fibroblasts and those of controls.", "PMID": 1032033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5851", "title": "The neurophysiological features of various diseases with NCL storage.", "content": "Combined EEG/ERG/VER studies were carried out on 47 children with verified neuronal storage of ceroid/lipofuscin-like material. The majority of patients fell into one of three main groups. Each group showed its own characteristic combination of neurophysiological features which were of diagnostic importance and closely parallel to the age of onset and the evolution of clinical symptoms characteristic to each group. These findings suggest that general terms such as \"NCL\" or \"Batten's disease\" imply a single disease process and are misleading.", "contents": "The neurophysiological features of various diseases with NCL storage. Combined EEG/ERG/VER studies were carried out on 47 children with verified neuronal storage of ceroid/lipofuscin-like material. The majority of patients fell into one of three main groups. Each group showed its own characteristic combination of neurophysiological features which were of diagnostic importance and closely parallel to the age of onset and the evolution of clinical symptoms characteristic to each group. These findings suggest that general terms such as \"NCL\" or \"Batten's disease\" imply a single disease process and are misleading.", "PMID": 1032034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5852", "title": "Fine structure of the conduction system and working myocardium in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus.", "content": "In the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, topography and ultrastructure of the sinus node and the atrioventricular (AV) node resemble those in large mammalian hearts, except that the P cells in the sinus node are smaller than those in the bat AV node or those in the sinus node of slower hearts (e.g., dog, man). Despite rich innervation in the bat nodes, true neuromuscular synapses are rarely formed. Bat working cardiocytes have a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, but otherwise resemble working myocytes of larger mammals.", "contents": "Fine structure of the conduction system and working myocardium in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. In the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, topography and ultrastructure of the sinus node and the atrioventricular (AV) node resemble those in large mammalian hearts, except that the P cells in the sinus node are smaller than those in the bat AV node or those in the sinus node of slower hearts (e.g., dog, man). Despite rich innervation in the bat nodes, true neuromuscular synapses are rarely formed. Bat working cardiocytes have a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, but otherwise resemble working myocytes of larger mammals.", "PMID": 1032029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5853", "title": "Recent findings on some \"new\" neurometabolic diseases.", "content": "The most common inborn error of glycoprotein catabolism appears to be aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU). It is characterized by deepening mental retardation, progressive lesions of connective tissue, and increased urinary excretion of aspartyglycosylamine. The first symptoms usually appear after 3 years of age and closely resemble those of Hurler's disease. The condition is a hereditary lysosomal storage disease due to a defective enzyme. The main clinical findings in a infantile type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (INCL) are psychomotor retardation, visual failure, and a virtually isoelectric E.E.G. at the final stage of the disease. The symptoms of this hereditary disorder first appear between 8 and 18 months of age and the mean age at death is 6.5 years. Striking cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, together with neuronal loss and accumulation of lipofuscin-like material, can be observed at neuropathological examination.", "contents": "Recent findings on some \"new\" neurometabolic diseases. The most common inborn error of glycoprotein catabolism appears to be aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU). It is characterized by deepening mental retardation, progressive lesions of connective tissue, and increased urinary excretion of aspartyglycosylamine. The first symptoms usually appear after 3 years of age and closely resemble those of Hurler's disease. The condition is a hereditary lysosomal storage disease due to a defective enzyme. The main clinical findings in a infantile type of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (INCL) are psychomotor retardation, visual failure, and a virtually isoelectric E.E.G. at the final stage of the disease. The symptoms of this hereditary disorder first appear between 8 and 18 months of age and the mean age at death is 6.5 years. Striking cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, together with neuronal loss and accumulation of lipofuscin-like material, can be observed at neuropathological examination.", "PMID": 1032035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5854", "title": "Studies on the clustering of multiple sclerosis in Finland.", "content": "The epidemiological investigation of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Finland revealed a prevalence rate of 40.3 per 100.000 inhabitants. The geographic distribution of MS was uneven in the country. MS seemed to occur more often in the western and southwestern parts of the country, where the prevalences varied between 51.7 and 62.1 This phenomenon became even more pronounced when the distribution of the disease was investigated in small geographic units. Optic neuritis showed a geographic distribution similar to that of MS, with clustering in the same parts of the country and even in the same narrow districts. The correlation between the birthplaces of MS and optic neuritis patients was very significant (p less than 0.001), which suggest that they share a common aetiology. The possible aetiological role of genetic and exogenous factors was discussed in the western cluster of MS, where the percentage of familial cases was 13 and an accumulation of muscular dystrophy of cattle was observed.", "contents": "Studies on the clustering of multiple sclerosis in Finland. The epidemiological investigation of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Finland revealed a prevalence rate of 40.3 per 100.000 inhabitants. The geographic distribution of MS was uneven in the country. MS seemed to occur more often in the western and southwestern parts of the country, where the prevalences varied between 51.7 and 62.1 This phenomenon became even more pronounced when the distribution of the disease was investigated in small geographic units. Optic neuritis showed a geographic distribution similar to that of MS, with clustering in the same parts of the country and even in the same narrow districts. The correlation between the birthplaces of MS and optic neuritis patients was very significant (p less than 0.001), which suggest that they share a common aetiology. The possible aetiological role of genetic and exogenous factors was discussed in the western cluster of MS, where the percentage of familial cases was 13 and an accumulation of muscular dystrophy of cattle was observed.", "PMID": 1032036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5855", "title": "Epidemiological survey on multiple sclerosis in Italy.", "content": "An epidemiological survey on Multiple Sclerosis was carried out in 1975 with similar methods in 9 italian provinces: 4 in the North, 2 in central Italy and 3 in the south and islands. It was found that the incidence of the disease was partically uniform in the northern provinces, in the central Italy and in Bari province. It is important however to complete in greater detail such survey in the south of Italy where the data are still incomplete.", "contents": "Epidemiological survey on multiple sclerosis in Italy. An epidemiological survey on Multiple Sclerosis was carried out in 1975 with similar methods in 9 italian provinces: 4 in the North, 2 in central Italy and 3 in the south and islands. It was found that the incidence of the disease was partically uniform in the northern provinces, in the central Italy and in Bari province. It is important however to complete in greater detail such survey in the south of Italy where the data are still incomplete.", "PMID": 1032037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5856", "title": "Myocardial depressant factor and rat heart myoblasts in tissue culture.", "content": "Beating rat heart myoblasts in tissue culture are suitable for the demonstration of the effect of sera from patients with cardiogenic shock upon the contractility of heart muscle. Shock serum either promptly stops beating or causes discoordinated movements of the cultivated myoblasts (fibrillation). This effect of the shock serum is concentration-dependent. Hydrocortisone before and/or after treatment of the cultivated cells does not influence the effect of the shock serum. Calcium ions shorten the period of standstill of the muscle cells after washout of the shock serum.", "contents": "Myocardial depressant factor and rat heart myoblasts in tissue culture. Beating rat heart myoblasts in tissue culture are suitable for the demonstration of the effect of sera from patients with cardiogenic shock upon the contractility of heart muscle. Shock serum either promptly stops beating or causes discoordinated movements of the cultivated myoblasts (fibrillation). This effect of the shock serum is concentration-dependent. Hydrocortisone before and/or after treatment of the cultivated cells does not influence the effect of the shock serum. Calcium ions shorten the period of standstill of the muscle cells after washout of the shock serum.", "PMID": 1032025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5857", "title": "[A case of visual agnosia for objects (author's transl)].", "content": "Following an ischemic accident in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery, a 71 year-old woman had a severe disorder of visual recognition of objects while she quickly identified them by touch. Visual recognition of pictures, written symbols, colours and, to a lesser degree, faces was also impaired. A careful examination showed that the patient's defect could not be accounted for by general intellectual impairment, language disorder, visual acuity, or pattern discrimination deficit. These findings are consistent with the classical concept of associative agnosia: the pathophysiology of the syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "[A case of visual agnosia for objects (author's transl)]. Following an ischemic accident in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery, a 71 year-old woman had a severe disorder of visual recognition of objects while she quickly identified them by touch. Visual recognition of pictures, written symbols, colours and, to a lesser degree, faces was also impaired. A careful examination showed that the patient's defect could not be accounted for by general intellectual impairment, language disorder, visual acuity, or pattern discrimination deficit. These findings are consistent with the classical concept of associative agnosia: the pathophysiology of the syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 1032038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5858", "title": "Cardiotoxic effects of adriamycin in mammalian cardiac cells in culture.", "content": "Cardiotoxicity of unknown etiology may preclude the use of adriamycin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Mammalian cardiac cells in culture were used as a model system in the study of the mechanisms involved. Adriamycin inhibited cell growth, particularly of the fast-dividing nonmuscle cells. This inhibition might be a contributory factor to cardiomyopathy, but it does not explain the cessation of the rhythmic contractions characteristic of myocardial cells in culture. The concentrations of ATP and phosphorylcreatine (PC) were decreased in the adriamycin-treated cells, but the addition of creatine resulted in a several-fold increase of PC. Therefore, the regulation of energy production and the potential to maintain a high, steady-state concentration of PC were not impaired.", "contents": "Cardiotoxic effects of adriamycin in mammalian cardiac cells in culture. Cardiotoxicity of unknown etiology may preclude the use of adriamycin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Mammalian cardiac cells in culture were used as a model system in the study of the mechanisms involved. Adriamycin inhibited cell growth, particularly of the fast-dividing nonmuscle cells. This inhibition might be a contributory factor to cardiomyopathy, but it does not explain the cessation of the rhythmic contractions characteristic of myocardial cells in culture. The concentrations of ATP and phosphorylcreatine (PC) were decreased in the adriamycin-treated cells, but the addition of creatine resulted in a several-fold increase of PC. Therefore, the regulation of energy production and the potential to maintain a high, steady-state concentration of PC were not impaired.", "PMID": 1032027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5859", "title": "[The Rorschach test during chronic haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-eight patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis for renal failure and seven patients suffering from chronic uremia, but not on dialysis programs were submitted to the Rorschach test. The patients who were undergoing haemodialysis for less than one year showed higher signs of anxiety (shock and Hd responses); on the other hand patients undergoing the treatment for more than 5 years showed a generally worse quality response to the test. This bad performance was interpreted either as a sign of organic brain damage or as a worse cooperation in the test procedure.", "contents": "[The Rorschach test during chronic haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Twenty-eight patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis for renal failure and seven patients suffering from chronic uremia, but not on dialysis programs were submitted to the Rorschach test. The patients who were undergoing haemodialysis for less than one year showed higher signs of anxiety (shock and Hd responses); on the other hand patients undergoing the treatment for more than 5 years showed a generally worse quality response to the test. This bad performance was interpreted either as a sign of organic brain damage or as a worse cooperation in the test procedure.", "PMID": 1032039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5860", "title": "[Space requiring intracranial conditions and pregnancy].", "content": "Gravidity and the intracranial process are discussed in view of the question of whether to carry out an interruption of pregnancy or to carry the pregnancy to full term and end it by means of Cesarean section, on the basis of literature and 5 observations.--It is recommended to work out an individual plan of treatment together with the obstetrician and the neurologist. It was shown that there is a possibility of an operative treatment of intracranial processes of different genesis even in the advanced stage of pregnancy and with the continuation pregnancy.", "contents": "[Space requiring intracranial conditions and pregnancy]. Gravidity and the intracranial process are discussed in view of the question of whether to carry out an interruption of pregnancy or to carry the pregnancy to full term and end it by means of Cesarean section, on the basis of literature and 5 observations.--It is recommended to work out an individual plan of treatment together with the obstetrician and the neurologist. It was shown that there is a possibility of an operative treatment of intracranial processes of different genesis even in the advanced stage of pregnancy and with the continuation pregnancy.", "PMID": 1032048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5861", "title": "[Qualitative function test of ventriculo-atrial drainage using Cordis-Hakim valves].", "content": "Description of the acoustic detection of the functional performance of Cordis-Hakim valves. This can be monitored or perceived with a surface microphone, or demonstrated by means of an oscilloscope. To document the findings the image of the viewing screen can be photographed or continuously registered through interconnection of a recorder. There is also the possibility of testing with the stethoscope. The construction of the device and experimental arrangements are described.", "contents": "[Qualitative function test of ventriculo-atrial drainage using Cordis-Hakim valves]. Description of the acoustic detection of the functional performance of Cordis-Hakim valves. This can be monitored or perceived with a surface microphone, or demonstrated by means of an oscilloscope. To document the findings the image of the viewing screen can be photographed or continuously registered through interconnection of a recorder. There is also the possibility of testing with the stethoscope. The construction of the device and experimental arrangements are described.", "PMID": 1032049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5862", "title": "[Reperfusion following cerebrovascular arrest].", "content": "An account is given of a case of artificial perfusion of isolated organ after operative correction of an angiographically recorded standstill of the circulatory system. Criteria of cerebral death and determination of the time of death are discussed.", "contents": "[Reperfusion following cerebrovascular arrest]. An account is given of a case of artificial perfusion of isolated organ after operative correction of an angiographically recorded standstill of the circulatory system. Criteria of cerebral death and determination of the time of death are discussed.", "PMID": 1032050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5863", "title": "Studies on cartilage formation XIX. Oxygen and glucose supply of the regenerating articular surface.", "content": "Complete removal of the articular cartilage in dogs is followed by regeneration of the articular surface. At the site of the bone wound, granulation tissue develops, which later differentiates into cartilage. The O2 and glucose supply of the regenerating articular surface is ensured by the synovial fluid, by the large exposed surface of the medullary cavity, and by the capillary network of the granulation tissue. Oxygen and glucose supply of the articular surface in different stages of differentiation has been statistically analyzed. It is suggested that in the early stage of regeneration O2 supply comes predominantly from the capillaries of the granulation tissue. Later on, as capillarization regresses, the oxygen supply, originating from the synovia and medullary cavity, assumes a more important role. In the stage of cartilage regeneration an oxygen-deficient state can be supposed in the entire articular surface, but areas differing in oxygen supply may be formed owing to local differences (due mainly to the extent of vascularization and degree of generation of the subchondral bone layer). At the site of chondrogenesis, conditions allowing aerobic metabolism of cells with reduced O2 requirements seem to be ensured. Glucose supply deriving from the above-mentioned sources satisfies the highest glucose requirements of the cells in the regenerating articular surface.", "contents": "Studies on cartilage formation XIX. Oxygen and glucose supply of the regenerating articular surface. Complete removal of the articular cartilage in dogs is followed by regeneration of the articular surface. At the site of the bone wound, granulation tissue develops, which later differentiates into cartilage. The O2 and glucose supply of the regenerating articular surface is ensured by the synovial fluid, by the large exposed surface of the medullary cavity, and by the capillary network of the granulation tissue. Oxygen and glucose supply of the articular surface in different stages of differentiation has been statistically analyzed. It is suggested that in the early stage of regeneration O2 supply comes predominantly from the capillaries of the granulation tissue. Later on, as capillarization regresses, the oxygen supply, originating from the synovia and medullary cavity, assumes a more important role. In the stage of cartilage regeneration an oxygen-deficient state can be supposed in the entire articular surface, but areas differing in oxygen supply may be formed owing to local differences (due mainly to the extent of vascularization and degree of generation of the subchondral bone layer). At the site of chondrogenesis, conditions allowing aerobic metabolism of cells with reduced O2 requirements seem to be ensured. Glucose supply deriving from the above-mentioned sources satisfies the highest glucose requirements of the cells in the regenerating articular surface.", "PMID": 1032051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5864", "title": "The development of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projections in the Xenopus toad.", "content": "The appearance of ipsilateral terminal degeneration in the thalamic visual centers is studied with the aid of the Fink-Heimer II technique in Xenopus larvae and postmetamorphic toadlets following unilateral eye removal. The youngest age at which degeneration can reliably be shown in the lateral geniculate complex (nucleus of Bellonci and corpus geniculatum thalami) was at stage 62, that is, 10-12 days before metamorphic climax. The whole compliment of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection develops only in postmetamorphic toadlets, and it is much more abundant in Xenopus than in Rana species. The first appearance of the ipsilateral degeneration in the lateral geniculate complex coincides in time with the first ipsilateral visuotectal responses described by others. The possibility that the two phenomena may have  a closer relationship than the mere time coincidence, is discussed.", "contents": "The development of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projections in the Xenopus toad. The appearance of ipsilateral terminal degeneration in the thalamic visual centers is studied with the aid of the Fink-Heimer II technique in Xenopus larvae and postmetamorphic toadlets following unilateral eye removal. The youngest age at which degeneration can reliably be shown in the lateral geniculate complex (nucleus of Bellonci and corpus geniculatum thalami) was at stage 62, that is, 10-12 days before metamorphic climax. The whole compliment of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection develops only in postmetamorphic toadlets, and it is much more abundant in Xenopus than in Rana species. The first appearance of the ipsilateral degeneration in the lateral geniculate complex coincides in time with the first ipsilateral visuotectal responses described by others. The possibility that the two phenomena may have  a closer relationship than the mere time coincidence, is discussed.", "PMID": 1032052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5865", "title": "Morphology of the post-ovulatory follicle of house sparrow.", "content": "The morphology of the post-ovulatory follicle (or corpus luteum) in the sparrow (Passer domesticus) ovary has been investigated with special reference to the origin of luteal cells which finally fill the fillicular activity. The development and degeneration of luteal cell mass has been described in three phases. The luteal cell mass consists of hypertrophied granulosa luteal cells during the first phase and of both granulosa and thecal luteal cells during the second phase. During the second phase owing to their different staining reactions, both types of luteal cells can be differentiated. In the advanced stages of regression, i.e. during the third phase, the whole luteal cell mass consists of thecal luteal cells and connective tissue elements as the granulosa luteal cells had degenerated and disappeared by this stage.", "contents": "Morphology of the post-ovulatory follicle of house sparrow. The morphology of the post-ovulatory follicle (or corpus luteum) in the sparrow (Passer domesticus) ovary has been investigated with special reference to the origin of luteal cells which finally fill the fillicular activity. The development and degeneration of luteal cell mass has been described in three phases. The luteal cell mass consists of hypertrophied granulosa luteal cells during the first phase and of both granulosa and thecal luteal cells during the second phase. During the second phase owing to their different staining reactions, both types of luteal cells can be differentiated. In the advanced stages of regression, i.e. during the third phase, the whole luteal cell mass consists of thecal luteal cells and connective tissue elements as the granulosa luteal cells had degenerated and disappeared by this stage.", "PMID": 1032053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5866", "title": "Role of ultimobranchial body and corpuscle of Stannius in regulation of the plasma calcium and phosphorus levels in the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis.", "content": "Effects of NaF, CaCl2, NaCl and mammalian calcitonin on the histology of ultimo-branchial (UTB) and corpuscle of Stannius (CS) and plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus in the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis are recorded. Administration of NaF, NaCl, and mammalian calcitonin resulted in varying degree of hypolcalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, whereas hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia developed during CaCl2 treatment. These treatments also produced various histological changes in UTB and CS. It is suggested that CS and UTB are involved in metabolisms of Ca and P, and in osmoregulation. Moreover, it is an important hypocalcaemic mechanism in this fish in combating hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "Role of ultimobranchial body and corpuscle of Stannius in regulation of the plasma calcium and phosphorus levels in the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis. Effects of NaF, CaCl2, NaCl and mammalian calcitonin on the histology of ultimo-branchial (UTB) and corpuscle of Stannius (CS) and plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus in the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis are recorded. Administration of NaF, NaCl, and mammalian calcitonin resulted in varying degree of hypolcalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, whereas hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia developed during CaCl2 treatment. These treatments also produced various histological changes in UTB and CS. It is suggested that CS and UTB are involved in metabolisms of Ca and P, and in osmoregulation. Moreover, it is an important hypocalcaemic mechanism in this fish in combating hypercalcaemia.", "PMID": 1032054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5867", "title": "Dry weight and 5HT concentration in the cerebral ganglia of Anodonta (Mollusca) during activity.", "content": "As shown by interferometry, the amount of protein in neuron bodies of Anodonta cygnea L. cerebral ganglia changed in direct relation to the duration of the active state of the mollusc. The amount of serotonin in cerebral ganglia changes independently of the amount of protein in nerve cells, although it varies consistently with the activity and rest of the animal.", "contents": "Dry weight and 5HT concentration in the cerebral ganglia of Anodonta (Mollusca) during activity. As shown by interferometry, the amount of protein in neuron bodies of Anodonta cygnea L. cerebral ganglia changed in direct relation to the duration of the active state of the mollusc. The amount of serotonin in cerebral ganglia changes independently of the amount of protein in nerve cells, although it varies consistently with the activity and rest of the animal.", "PMID": 1032055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5868", "title": "Rosette formation of concanavalin A-treated erythrocytes around polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) induces rosette formation of erythrocytes around polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes in cell suspensions of autologous human blood cells. The effect which is most characteristic in a concentration between 25 and 50 microgram/ml is due to Con A bound on the erythrocyte membrane. A similar effect, although less pronounced, was observed with phytohaemagglutinin at concentrations of 10 and 25 microgram/ml. The treated erythrocytes showed a higher affinity to polymorphonuclears when compared with lymphocytes. At the contact area, the membrane of the erythrocyte became highly folded while its free surface was smooth and spherical. The effect of the local concentration and immunobilization of the lectin on the erythrocyte membrane and the similarity of the contact pattern to that of erythrophagocytosis are discussed.", "contents": "Rosette formation of concanavalin A-treated erythrocytes around polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. Concanavalin A (Con A) induces rosette formation of erythrocytes around polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes in cell suspensions of autologous human blood cells. The effect which is most characteristic in a concentration between 25 and 50 microgram/ml is due to Con A bound on the erythrocyte membrane. A similar effect, although less pronounced, was observed with phytohaemagglutinin at concentrations of 10 and 25 microgram/ml. The treated erythrocytes showed a higher affinity to polymorphonuclears when compared with lymphocytes. At the contact area, the membrane of the erythrocyte became highly folded while its free surface was smooth and spherical. The effect of the local concentration and immunobilization of the lectin on the erythrocyte membrane and the similarity of the contact pattern to that of erythrophagocytosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1032056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5869", "title": "Axonal labyrinths in the rat spinal cord: a consequence of degenerative atrophy.", "content": "Transection, crush or local colchicine treatment of a peripheral nerve induces degenerative atrophy of central terminals of primary sensory neurons in the Rolando substance of the rat spinal cord. In addition to osmiophilic alterations that occur in the course of degenerative processes in general, degenerative atrophy is characterized by the appearance of spectacular labyrinthine formations. Electron-microscopic analysis reveals that these consist of flattened axonal profiles. Axonal labyrinths are interpreted as signs of futile regenerative efforts of axon terminals undergoining degenerative atrophy. Labyrinths disappear from the Rolando substance several months after peripheral nerve injury, when degenerative atrophy of the central terminal is replaced by regenerative proliferation.", "contents": "Axonal labyrinths in the rat spinal cord: a consequence of degenerative atrophy. Transection, crush or local colchicine treatment of a peripheral nerve induces degenerative atrophy of central terminals of primary sensory neurons in the Rolando substance of the rat spinal cord. In addition to osmiophilic alterations that occur in the course of degenerative processes in general, degenerative atrophy is characterized by the appearance of spectacular labyrinthine formations. Electron-microscopic analysis reveals that these consist of flattened axonal profiles. Axonal labyrinths are interpreted as signs of futile regenerative efforts of axon terminals undergoining degenerative atrophy. Labyrinths disappear from the Rolando substance several months after peripheral nerve injury, when degenerative atrophy of the central terminal is replaced by regenerative proliferation.", "PMID": 1032057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5870", "title": "A comparison of Mersilene and polyglycolic acid sutures in pararectal abdominal wounds after appendectomy.", "content": "A total of 206 patients were subjected to operation for acute appendicitis through a pararectal laparotomy. Mersilene was used in 101 and polyglycolic acid (PGA, Dexon) in 105 patients as buried sutures for the closure of the abdominal wall, including the fascial layer. Wound complications developed after Mersilene in 23 and after PGA in 10 cases. PGA did not lead to an increased frequency of early wound infections. Granulomata or fistulae developed after Mersilene in 18 patients, but not in any of the cases in which PGA was used. Wound rupture and incisional hernia did not occur in any of the patients in the two groups.", "contents": "A comparison of Mersilene and polyglycolic acid sutures in pararectal abdominal wounds after appendectomy. A total of 206 patients were subjected to operation for acute appendicitis through a pararectal laparotomy. Mersilene was used in 101 and polyglycolic acid (PGA, Dexon) in 105 patients as buried sutures for the closure of the abdominal wall, including the fascial layer. Wound complications developed after Mersilene in 23 and after PGA in 10 cases. PGA did not lead to an increased frequency of early wound infections. Granulomata or fistulae developed after Mersilene in 18 patients, but not in any of the cases in which PGA was used. Wound rupture and incisional hernia did not occur in any of the patients in the two groups.", "PMID": 1032060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5871", "title": "Ventilation efficiency after different incisions for cholecystectomy.", "content": "Forced expiratory vital capacity (VC), forced expired volume during the 1st second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured preoperatively and during the first four postoperative days in 44 patients undergoing cholecystectomy. 18 patients had a muscle splitting incision (M.S.), with no transection of the abdominal muscles; 15 patients had a subcostal incision with transection of the rectus muscle; 11 patients had a midline incision with transection of linea alba. Postoperatively, VC and FEV1 were reduced to 75% of the preoperative value with a m.s. incision, and to 40-55% with a subcostal or midline incision PEF was reduced to 65% of the initial value with a m.s. incision and to 50% with the other incisions. Almost every second patient with a m.s. incision had returned to the initial VC and PEF within four days, whereas only one did so with a subcostal or mid-line incision. In conclusion, the m.s. incision reduces postoperative ventilation efficiency less than other incisions. Its use may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications and shorten the hospital stay.", "contents": "Ventilation efficiency after different incisions for cholecystectomy. Forced expiratory vital capacity (VC), forced expired volume during the 1st second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured preoperatively and during the first four postoperative days in 44 patients undergoing cholecystectomy. 18 patients had a muscle splitting incision (M.S.), with no transection of the abdominal muscles; 15 patients had a subcostal incision with transection of the rectus muscle; 11 patients had a midline incision with transection of linea alba. Postoperatively, VC and FEV1 were reduced to 75% of the preoperative value with a m.s. incision, and to 40-55% with a subcostal or midline incision PEF was reduced to 65% of the initial value with a m.s. incision and to 50% with the other incisions. Almost every second patient with a m.s. incision had returned to the initial VC and PEF within four days, whereas only one did so with a subcostal or mid-line incision. In conclusion, the m.s. incision reduces postoperative ventilation efficiency less than other incisions. Its use may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications and shorten the hospital stay.", "PMID": 1032061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5872", "title": "Preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast tumours.", "content": "A simple method for the preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast tumours detected by mammography is described. A small amount of a mixture of contrast media and visible dye is injected into the breast precisely ventral to the lesion and the site of injection is marked on the skin. Forty patients have been operated upon and all the tumours were found without difficulty.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast tumours. A simple method for the preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast tumours detected by mammography is described. A small amount of a mixture of contrast media and visible dye is injected into the breast precisely ventral to the lesion and the site of injection is marked on the skin. Forty patients have been operated upon and all the tumours were found without difficulty.", "PMID": 1032062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5873", "title": "Popliteal vessel injury.", "content": "Popliteal vessel injury still carries a high amputation rate despite the progresses which have been made in vascular surgery. Three patients with such injuries treated with vascular repair are reported and a review of the recent literature is given. Prognostic factors as early diagnosis, delay in treatment, associated injuries as fracture/dislocation and venous injury, soft tissue injuries, adequate vascular repair, and postoperative complications are discussed.", "contents": "Popliteal vessel injury. Popliteal vessel injury still carries a high amputation rate despite the progresses which have been made in vascular surgery. Three patients with such injuries treated with vascular repair are reported and a review of the recent literature is given. Prognostic factors as early diagnosis, delay in treatment, associated injuries as fracture/dislocation and venous injury, soft tissue injuries, adequate vascular repair, and postoperative complications are discussed.", "PMID": 1032063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5874", "title": "Temporary arterio-venous shunts to dilate saphenous crossover graft and maintain graft patency.", "content": "A modification of the Palma operation is described in a 25-year-old man with impaired venous outflow of the right leg. After a phlebitic occlusion of the right superficial femoral and external iliac veins he had been operated on twice for varicose veins. The result of these operations was a serious outflow stasis of the right leg during exercise. A saphenous cross-over graft to the right popliteal vein was constructed. Preoperatively a temporary arterio-venous shunt between the left posterior tibial artery and the great saphenous vein had been made in order to increase the diameter of the saphenous vein. Three months later the dilated saphenous vein was resected at the level of the sapheno-tibial artery shunt and anastomosed to the popliteal vein of the right leg. The cross-over graft occluded several times during this operation. A temporary popliteo-popliteal arterio-venous shunt was established distally to the sapheno-popliteal anastomosis to keep the vein graft patent. This second arterio-venous shunt was resected after three months. Venography one month later showed that the vein graft was patent. The patient's complaints had disappeared one month after the operation and a normalization of his venous outflow was recorded plethysmographically. The graft has remained patent during an observation time of eighteen months.", "contents": "Temporary arterio-venous shunts to dilate saphenous crossover graft and maintain graft patency. A modification of the Palma operation is described in a 25-year-old man with impaired venous outflow of the right leg. After a phlebitic occlusion of the right superficial femoral and external iliac veins he had been operated on twice for varicose veins. The result of these operations was a serious outflow stasis of the right leg during exercise. A saphenous cross-over graft to the right popliteal vein was constructed. Preoperatively a temporary arterio-venous shunt between the left posterior tibial artery and the great saphenous vein had been made in order to increase the diameter of the saphenous vein. Three months later the dilated saphenous vein was resected at the level of the sapheno-tibial artery shunt and anastomosed to the popliteal vein of the right leg. The cross-over graft occluded several times during this operation. A temporary popliteo-popliteal arterio-venous shunt was established distally to the sapheno-popliteal anastomosis to keep the vein graft patent. This second arterio-venous shunt was resected after three months. Venography one month later showed that the vein graft was patent. The patient's complaints had disappeared one month after the operation and a normalization of his venous outflow was recorded plethysmographically. The graft has remained patent during an observation time of eighteen months.", "PMID": 1032064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5875", "title": "Abdominal stab wounds.", "content": "The records of 57 patients with abdominal stab wounds, treated at the Surgical Departments of the Sahlgrenska Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, between 1969-1974, were revised. Fifty-five patients were males and 2 females. The wounds were situated in the upper abdomen in 72% of the patients. Forty-nine patients were treated with an explorative laparotomy and the findings were considered to be negative in 31% of these patients. Liver injuries were found in 45% of the operated patients. No complications occurred in the patients with negative laparotomy findings. One patient with multiple intra-abdominal lesions succumbed from an irreversible septic shock.", "contents": "Abdominal stab wounds. The records of 57 patients with abdominal stab wounds, treated at the Surgical Departments of the Sahlgrenska Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, between 1969-1974, were revised. Fifty-five patients were males and 2 females. The wounds were situated in the upper abdomen in 72% of the patients. Forty-nine patients were treated with an explorative laparotomy and the findings were considered to be negative in 31% of these patients. Liver injuries were found in 45% of the operated patients. No complications occurred in the patients with negative laparotomy findings. One patient with multiple intra-abdominal lesions succumbed from an irreversible septic shock.", "PMID": 1032065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5876", "title": "Non-occlusive enteric gangrene associated with severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Six cases of non-occlusive enteric gangrene in association with severe upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage are described, the incidence of which corresponds to approximately one per cent of the patients with serious gastric bleedings. A brief discussion of the pathophysiology of ischaemic gut lesions is given. In order to reduce the incidence of this disease rapid and adequate treatment of all massive gastro-intestinal bleedings is emphasized. Patients with unexplained abdominal pain in association with haemorrhagic shock should especially be regarded as being at risk of developing the enteric gangrene.", "contents": "Non-occlusive enteric gangrene associated with severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Six cases of non-occlusive enteric gangrene in association with severe upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage are described, the incidence of which corresponds to approximately one per cent of the patients with serious gastric bleedings. A brief discussion of the pathophysiology of ischaemic gut lesions is given. In order to reduce the incidence of this disease rapid and adequate treatment of all massive gastro-intestinal bleedings is emphasized. Patients with unexplained abdominal pain in association with haemorrhagic shock should especially be regarded as being at risk of developing the enteric gangrene.", "PMID": 1032066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5877", "title": "Gastric acid secretion in patients with prepyloric ulcer and with combined gastric and duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The gastric acid secretion during stimulation with histamine given via a continuous intravenous infusion (i.e. during steady state conditions) was studied in 13 patients with prepyloric ulcers and in 21 patients with combined gastric and duodenal ulcers. The rate of volume secretion, the acidity and the acid output were analysed separately. The results were compared with earlier studies of patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Starting from the secretory pattern these four groups of ulcer were characterized. Gastric ulcers thus show hypoacidity. The pyloric ulcers do not differ from a normal material. The combined gastric and duodenal ulcers and the duodenal ulcers show hypersecretion, most pronounced in duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion in patients with prepyloric ulcer and with combined gastric and duodenal ulcer. The gastric acid secretion during stimulation with histamine given via a continuous intravenous infusion (i.e. during steady state conditions) was studied in 13 patients with prepyloric ulcers and in 21 patients with combined gastric and duodenal ulcers. The rate of volume secretion, the acidity and the acid output were analysed separately. The results were compared with earlier studies of patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Starting from the secretory pattern these four groups of ulcer were characterized. Gastric ulcers thus show hypoacidity. The pyloric ulcers do not differ from a normal material. The combined gastric and duodenal ulcers and the duodenal ulcers show hypersecretion, most pronounced in duodenal ulcers.", "PMID": 1032067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5878", "title": "Pyogenic liver abscess as a cause of acute upper abdominal pain. A report of two cases.", "content": "The clinical course of 2 patients with acute abdominal pain, which was eventually found to be due to pyogenic hepatic abscesses is described. One patient, operated on late in the course, died; the other, who was operated on early, recovered. The importance of considering this life-threatening disease in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain is emphasized.", "contents": "Pyogenic liver abscess as a cause of acute upper abdominal pain. A report of two cases. The clinical course of 2 patients with acute abdominal pain, which was eventually found to be due to pyogenic hepatic abscesses is described. One patient, operated on late in the course, died; the other, who was operated on early, recovered. The importance of considering this life-threatening disease in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain is emphasized.", "PMID": 1032068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5879", "title": "A double blind comparison of buprenorphine and morphine in conscious subjects following administration by the intramuscular route.", "content": "Buprenorphine was studied to determine the respiratory depressant effect in a double blind comparison with morphine. Buprenorphine produced a more prolonged displacement of the carbon dioxide response curve than morphine. Because of the marked difference in the time effect curves the relative potency was determined at the time of peak effect--3 hours post-administration for buprenorphine (0.15 and 0.3 mg) and 1 hour post administration for morphine (5 and 10 mg). The data from the subjects who received higher doses of buprenorphine (0.6 and 1.2 mg) showed that there was a linear relationship over the dose range 0.15-1.2 mg in terms of respiratory depression.", "contents": "A double blind comparison of buprenorphine and morphine in conscious subjects following administration by the intramuscular route. Buprenorphine was studied to determine the respiratory depressant effect in a double blind comparison with morphine. Buprenorphine produced a more prolonged displacement of the carbon dioxide response curve than morphine. Because of the marked difference in the time effect curves the relative potency was determined at the time of peak effect--3 hours post-administration for buprenorphine (0.15 and 0.3 mg) and 1 hour post administration for morphine (5 and 10 mg). The data from the subjects who received higher doses of buprenorphine (0.6 and 1.2 mg) showed that there was a linear relationship over the dose range 0.15-1.2 mg in terms of respiratory depression.", "PMID": 1032070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5880", "title": "Muscle relaxants: the classical receptor theory.", "content": "According to the classical receptor occupancy theory non-depolarizing and depolarizing muscle relaxants differ in one respect: both types of drugs possess affinity for the cholinergic receptor at the neuro-muscular function, but only the depolarizing relaxants show efficacy. The two properties, affinity and efficacy are independent from each other.", "contents": "Muscle relaxants: the classical receptor theory. According to the classical receptor occupancy theory non-depolarizing and depolarizing muscle relaxants differ in one respect: both types of drugs possess affinity for the cholinergic receptor at the neuro-muscular function, but only the depolarizing relaxants show efficacy. The two properties, affinity and efficacy are independent from each other.", "PMID": 1032071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5881", "title": "Internal surface and fine structure of the rat seminal vesicle.", "content": "The seminal vesicle of the rat was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The internal surface of the organ is partitioned into small areas by a system of elevated ridges of connective tissue and covered by a columnar epithelium. This consists of small basal cells, presumably reserve elements, and larger ones containing the typical cell organelles involved in protein synthesis. The surface of the cell is covered with slender microvilli, varying in height and number from region to region. It is suggested that they are involved in the maintenance of hydration and/or regulation of low molecular weight substances in the secretion product. The latter develops from small granules which pass the apical cell border and then fuse together as larger drops.", "contents": "Internal surface and fine structure of the rat seminal vesicle. The seminal vesicle of the rat was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The internal surface of the organ is partitioned into small areas by a system of elevated ridges of connective tissue and covered by a columnar epithelium. This consists of small basal cells, presumably reserve elements, and larger ones containing the typical cell organelles involved in protein synthesis. The surface of the cell is covered with slender microvilli, varying in height and number from region to region. It is suggested that they are involved in the maintenance of hydration and/or regulation of low molecular weight substances in the secretion product. The latter develops from small granules which pass the apical cell border and then fuse together as larger drops.", "PMID": 1032074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5882", "title": "Arterial vascularization of the sinuatrial node in the embryonic rat heart.", "content": "We studied the embryological development of the extracoronary cardiac vessels, determining their origins, courses and terminations in embryonic rat hearts. The sinuatrial node is supplied by an extracoronary artery, which can originate from (a) the right internal mammary artery, as a nodal artery, based on its origin; (b) the internal mammary artery, or (c) the right subclavian artery as a collateral artery of the cardiac branch of the cardiomediastinal trunk. The intimate relations of the nodal artery with the sinus node make it possible to study, at the same time, the development of the sinuatrial node in the rat embryo. The sinuatrial node always develops before the nodal artery, which does not appear until 16 or 16.5 days of development.", "contents": "Arterial vascularization of the sinuatrial node in the embryonic rat heart. We studied the embryological development of the extracoronary cardiac vessels, determining their origins, courses and terminations in embryonic rat hearts. The sinuatrial node is supplied by an extracoronary artery, which can originate from (a) the right internal mammary artery, as a nodal artery, based on its origin; (b) the internal mammary artery, or (c) the right subclavian artery as a collateral artery of the cardiac branch of the cardiomediastinal trunk. The intimate relations of the nodal artery with the sinus node make it possible to study, at the same time, the development of the sinuatrial node in the rat embryo. The sinuatrial node always develops before the nodal artery, which does not appear until 16 or 16.5 days of development.", "PMID": 1032075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5883", "title": "Biology of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) in a laborabory environment. X. Postweaning growth of the skull.", "content": "A survey of skull development of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) covering a period of 21 days to 16 months involving equal numbers of males and females (108) was undertaken using various skull parameters. Sexual dimorphism in relation to body weight and length emerged before that of the skull which was only clearly marked by 2 months. A number of the skull parameters by virtue of their individual growth potential did not show sexual differences in size for a long time, whereas others were clearly marked. Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained. One parameter - lenght of cranium - represents those parameters which show changes and it was found that the male rat continued to show a steady linear increase in length up to 16 months, whereas the female cranial length shows a deceleration with termination around 12 months. The skull differences are mirrored in the weight and length findings and it suggested that the earlier sexual maturity of the females is compensated by an earlier cessation of growth compared to the males which mature later and have a correspondingly later cessation.", "contents": "Biology of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) in a laborabory environment. X. Postweaning growth of the skull. A survey of skull development of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) covering a period of 21 days to 16 months involving equal numbers of males and females (108) was undertaken using various skull parameters. Sexual dimorphism in relation to body weight and length emerged before that of the skull which was only clearly marked by 2 months. A number of the skull parameters by virtue of their individual growth potential did not show sexual differences in size for a long time, whereas others were clearly marked. Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained. One parameter - lenght of cranium - represents those parameters which show changes and it was found that the male rat continued to show a steady linear increase in length up to 16 months, whereas the female cranial length shows a deceleration with termination around 12 months. The skull differences are mirrored in the weight and length findings and it suggested that the earlier sexual maturity of the females is compensated by an earlier cessation of growth compared to the males which mature later and have a correspondingly later cessation.", "PMID": 1032076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5884", "title": "Ultrastructural study on topographical variations of the ependyma in Bradypus tridactylus.", "content": "An electron-microscopic study of ependymal cells in 24 different areas of the encephalic ventricular system of Bradypus tridactylus was made, with a view to making a comparative analysis, of a topographical kind, of various cell components: cilia, microvilli, plasma membrane, cytoplasmic protrusions, types of cellular junctions, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, microtubules, mitochondria, granules and dense bodies. There were differences in the distribution of all these cytologic elements, according to the topography, being a complement to a similar work done by the same authors with light-microscopy. By means of a morphofunctional analysis they draw the conclusion that even if one can admit the passage of substances by an intracellular route, on the other hand few facts support the idea the intracellular absorption or secretion could be considered as important phenomena in a great number of the ependymal areas studied.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study on topographical variations of the ependyma in Bradypus tridactylus. An electron-microscopic study of ependymal cells in 24 different areas of the encephalic ventricular system of Bradypus tridactylus was made, with a view to making a comparative analysis, of a topographical kind, of various cell components: cilia, microvilli, plasma membrane, cytoplasmic protrusions, types of cellular junctions, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, microtubules, mitochondria, granules and dense bodies. There were differences in the distribution of all these cytologic elements, according to the topography, being a complement to a similar work done by the same authors with light-microscopy. By means of a morphofunctional analysis they draw the conclusion that even if one can admit the passage of substances by an intracellular route, on the other hand few facts support the idea the intracellular absorption or secretion could be considered as important phenomena in a great number of the ependymal areas studied.", "PMID": 1032077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5885", "title": "[Peculiarities of myelin formation in the spinal roots of the rabbit].", "content": "The axon sheath formation in the ventral and dorsal spinal roots of newborn rabbits is discussed. The mesaxon grows at a greater rate than the outer plasmalemma of the Schwann cell, thereby giving rise to folds in the mesaxon. The compact myelin spiral is formed by the apposition of 2-3 lamellae.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of myelin formation in the spinal roots of the rabbit]. The axon sheath formation in the ventral and dorsal spinal roots of newborn rabbits is discussed. The mesaxon grows at a greater rate than the outer plasmalemma of the Schwann cell, thereby giving rise to folds in the mesaxon. The compact myelin spiral is formed by the apposition of 2-3 lamellae.", "PMID": 1032078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5886", "title": "Possible phylogenetical significance of the corpus callosum with special reference to the dolphin brain (Stenella graffmani).", "content": "The surface area of the corpus callosum was measured in several animals as compared to the brain weight. A general consideration of the importance of this structure on the phylogenetic scale, with special reference to the corpus callosum of the dolphin, Stenella graffmani, is given. Some theoretical considerations about the significance of this structure upon some specialized features are mentioned.", "contents": "Possible phylogenetical significance of the corpus callosum with special reference to the dolphin brain (Stenella graffmani). The surface area of the corpus callosum was measured in several animals as compared to the brain weight. A general consideration of the importance of this structure on the phylogenetic scale, with special reference to the corpus callosum of the dolphin, Stenella graffmani, is given. Some theoretical considerations about the significance of this structure upon some specialized features are mentioned.", "PMID": 1032079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5887", "title": "Further observations on the ear in fossorial mammals with special considerations of Chlamyphorus truncatus (Harlan).", "content": "The morphology of the external and the middle ear (auditory ossicles) in Chlamyphorus truncatus is influenced by its fossorial life. The external auditory canal consists of three parts. The most distal part is a short (cartilaginous) auricle which reaches anteriorly close behing the eye. Posteriorly to the auricle is a long, thin bony duct which consists of two segments, movable against each other. This tube leads through a narrow porus into the third part of the canal, the recessus meatus, which is enclosed in the bulla. The recessus with the narrow porus is characteristic for many fossorials and has a morphology with physical chracteristics of a resonator (HELMOHOLTZ). The malleus and the stapes in Ch. truncatus are also influenced by fossorial life. Based on the dorsal view of the malleus head, the Xenarthra can be divided into two groups. To the first division belong the Dasypodidae with Chlamyphorinae and Dasypodinae, to the second the Myrmecophagidae and Bradypodidae. The malleus of Cyclopes, a myrmecophagid, differs from that in the other Mymecophaginae and is similar to the malleus in the Dasypodinae. Two kinds of experiments should be undertaken: (a) physiologic-acoustic experiments in a fossorial to determine the effect of the recesses and (b) acoustic experiments varying the dimensions and positions of a tube and a porus leading into a resonator.", "contents": "Further observations on the ear in fossorial mammals with special considerations of Chlamyphorus truncatus (Harlan). The morphology of the external and the middle ear (auditory ossicles) in Chlamyphorus truncatus is influenced by its fossorial life. The external auditory canal consists of three parts. The most distal part is a short (cartilaginous) auricle which reaches anteriorly close behing the eye. Posteriorly to the auricle is a long, thin bony duct which consists of two segments, movable against each other. This tube leads through a narrow porus into the third part of the canal, the recessus meatus, which is enclosed in the bulla. The recessus with the narrow porus is characteristic for many fossorials and has a morphology with physical chracteristics of a resonator (HELMOHOLTZ). The malleus and the stapes in Ch. truncatus are also influenced by fossorial life. Based on the dorsal view of the malleus head, the Xenarthra can be divided into two groups. To the first division belong the Dasypodidae with Chlamyphorinae and Dasypodinae, to the second the Myrmecophagidae and Bradypodidae. The malleus of Cyclopes, a myrmecophagid, differs from that in the other Mymecophaginae and is similar to the malleus in the Dasypodinae. Two kinds of experiments should be undertaken: (a) physiologic-acoustic experiments in a fossorial to determine the effect of the recesses and (b) acoustic experiments varying the dimensions and positions of a tube and a porus leading into a resonator.", "PMID": 1032081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5888", "title": "Anteversion versus torsion of the femoral neck.", "content": "The usual term 'torsion angle of the femur' denotes the 'anteversion' of the neck of the femur as a whole, caused by the twist in the shaft of the femur rather than the twist in the neck. This has been differentiated from the twist in the neck of the femur around its own axis, termed 'torsion neck' and the values of both have been measured. To differentiate these two different phenomena, the term 'anteversion' is used to denote the usual angel described, while 'torsion neck' is sued to denote the twist in the neck around its own axis measured in this work. 1,000 femora from 21 cites in different parts of the country have been measured and the average anteversion angle calculated. The Indian average works out to be 12 degrees with a significantly (double) high value for females. The incidence of negative angle is 7% in the normal femora. All fractured femora invariably show a negative angle. The above information should be of great significance on orthopaedic surgery of the neck of the femur in these bones. The 'torsion neck' has been measured by tracing and its average reported as 30 degrees.", "contents": "Anteversion versus torsion of the femoral neck. The usual term 'torsion angle of the femur' denotes the 'anteversion' of the neck of the femur as a whole, caused by the twist in the shaft of the femur rather than the twist in the neck. This has been differentiated from the twist in the neck of the femur around its own axis, termed 'torsion neck' and the values of both have been measured. To differentiate these two different phenomena, the term 'anteversion' is used to denote the usual angel described, while 'torsion neck' is sued to denote the twist in the neck around its own axis measured in this work. 1,000 femora from 21 cites in different parts of the country have been measured and the average anteversion angle calculated. The Indian average works out to be 12 degrees with a significantly (double) high value for females. The incidence of negative angle is 7% in the normal femora. All fractured femora invariably show a negative angle. The above information should be of great significance on orthopaedic surgery of the neck of the femur in these bones. The 'torsion neck' has been measured by tracing and its average reported as 30 degrees.", "PMID": 1032082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5889", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in the thymus.", "content": "(1) Fetal thymuses, organs from patients who died from diseases that are not clinically known to be associated with concomitant lymphoid tissue involvement, as well as thymuses from patients dying from diseases which effect the lymphatic complex of the body, one way or another, have been investigated for their alkaline phosphatase activity, using Gomori technique and applying four different phosphate esters as substrates. (2) Three substrates (beta-glycerophophate, riboflavin 5-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate) showed essentially the same pattern of activity in which the cortex and Hassall's corpuscles were reactive, while the medulla was negative. A reversal of this pattern was demonstrated with 5-monophosphoric acid. (3) Before the age of 32-36 weeks of intra-uterine life there is no alkaline phosphatase activity in the thymus; therafter, the enzyme begins to make its first appearance. (4) There is a definite increase in the intensity of the reaction with advance of intra-uterine life. This increase in phosphatase content is continued postnatally, to reach its maximum at about the age of 10 years: after that, the enzyme activity gradually subsides. (5) There is a tremendous augmentation of phosphatase activity in the case of disease which are known to affect the lymphoid complex. (6) The phosphatase activity of the thymus has been discussed in relation to the prevailing concepts about the function of the thymus, with special emphasis on a possible association with 'lymphocyte-stimulating factor' production and/or secretion.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in the thymus. (1) Fetal thymuses, organs from patients who died from diseases that are not clinically known to be associated with concomitant lymphoid tissue involvement, as well as thymuses from patients dying from diseases which effect the lymphatic complex of the body, one way or another, have been investigated for their alkaline phosphatase activity, using Gomori technique and applying four different phosphate esters as substrates. (2) Three substrates (beta-glycerophophate, riboflavin 5-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate) showed essentially the same pattern of activity in which the cortex and Hassall's corpuscles were reactive, while the medulla was negative. A reversal of this pattern was demonstrated with 5-monophosphoric acid. (3) Before the age of 32-36 weeks of intra-uterine life there is no alkaline phosphatase activity in the thymus; therafter, the enzyme begins to make its first appearance. (4) There is a definite increase in the intensity of the reaction with advance of intra-uterine life. This increase in phosphatase content is continued postnatally, to reach its maximum at about the age of 10 years: after that, the enzyme activity gradually subsides. (5) There is a tremendous augmentation of phosphatase activity in the case of disease which are known to affect the lymphoid complex. (6) The phosphatase activity of the thymus has been discussed in relation to the prevailing concepts about the function of the thymus, with special emphasis on a possible association with 'lymphocyte-stimulating factor' production and/or secretion.", "PMID": 1032083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5890", "title": "Some ultrastructural observations on human palmar stratum corneum.", "content": "Ultrastructure of human palmar stratum corneum was examined for cell junctions and cytoplasmic material. Interdigitated microvilli are shorter and less uniform in man. Most of these processes are either conical or truncated in shape, as distinct from the relatively smooth cell surfaces except for sigma-shaped junctions in hairy sites. It is suggested that this provides strength against shearing force in the palm and sole. There is less cytoplasmic breakdown in palmar horny cells than in hairy cells.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural observations on human palmar stratum corneum. Ultrastructure of human palmar stratum corneum was examined for cell junctions and cytoplasmic material. Interdigitated microvilli are shorter and less uniform in man. Most of these processes are either conical or truncated in shape, as distinct from the relatively smooth cell surfaces except for sigma-shaped junctions in hairy sites. It is suggested that this provides strength against shearing force in the palm and sole. There is less cytoplasmic breakdown in palmar horny cells than in hairy cells.", "PMID": 1032084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5891", "title": "[Studies on urease from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris: action of chemical agents and ionizing radiations].", "content": "Urease obtained from seeds of Citrullus vulgaris fruits has been studied under three points of view: a) the effect of the urea analogs acetamide and hydroxi-urea on the enzyme kinetic b) the action of the sulfhydryl reagents and the reactivation agents on the enzyme c) the effect of X-rays and the protective action of the cysteamine. The Berthelot reaction for the determination of the liberated NH3 was used enzyme activity. Acetamide has no effect on urease kinetic. Hidroxy-urea which produces a typical green color when it is mixed with the Berthelot reagents at high concentrations, when properly diluted acts a aompetitive inhibitor of urease. Spectrophotometric experiments suggest that the studied urease decomposes hydroxi-urea with liberation of hydroxilamine. The sulphydril reagent, p-hydroxi-mercuribenzoate inhibits the enzime. Cysteine and dithiotreitol reactivate the enzyme activity in no more then 50% even when excess of the substances is used. Probably only in the first step of the urea hydrolysis, the enzyme behaves as a typical SH-enzyme. Urease is very sensitive to X-rays. Cysteamine acts as a protective agent of the enzyme. Dithiotreitol reinforces this protective action. This effect is clearly observed when the Fisbein catalytic method for urease is employed.", "contents": "[Studies on urease from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris: action of chemical agents and ionizing radiations]. Urease obtained from seeds of Citrullus vulgaris fruits has been studied under three points of view: a) the effect of the urea analogs acetamide and hydroxi-urea on the enzyme kinetic b) the action of the sulfhydryl reagents and the reactivation agents on the enzyme c) the effect of X-rays and the protective action of the cysteamine. The Berthelot reaction for the determination of the liberated NH3 was used enzyme activity. Acetamide has no effect on urease kinetic. Hidroxy-urea which produces a typical green color when it is mixed with the Berthelot reagents at high concentrations, when properly diluted acts a aompetitive inhibitor of urease. Spectrophotometric experiments suggest that the studied urease decomposes hydroxi-urea with liberation of hydroxilamine. The sulphydril reagent, p-hydroxi-mercuribenzoate inhibits the enzime. Cysteine and dithiotreitol reactivate the enzyme activity in no more then 50% even when excess of the substances is used. Probably only in the first step of the urea hydrolysis, the enzyme behaves as a typical SH-enzyme. Urease is very sensitive to X-rays. Cysteamine acts as a protective agent of the enzyme. Dithiotreitol reinforces this protective action. This effect is clearly observed when the Fisbein catalytic method for urease is employed.", "PMID": 1032092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5892", "title": "Isolation and some properties of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Toledo.", "content": "A trypsin inhibitor was isolated as a homogenous protein from the seeds of guapuruvu-tree (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Toledo). In addition to its strong inhibitory activity against trypsin the purified inhibitor presented a lesser activity against alpha-chymotrypsin. The purification of the protein inhibitor was achieved from the crude extract of deffated seeds through ammonium sulphate salting-out, successive chromatographies on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 columns followed by preparative polyacrylamide-slab electrophoresis. The following properties were presented by the purified inhibitor: molecular weight of 12,000 daltons, as estimated by gel filtration; isoelectric point at pH 5.0 - 5.2, by electrofocusing; combining molar ratio of 1:1 (mole trypsin/mole inhibitor), on the basis of inhibition assay and the molecular weight of 29,800 daltons found for the trypsin-inhibitor complex; A1%1-cm = 4.35, at 275 nm and pH 7.0. The inhibitor presents a high content of cystine (14 cystinyl residues per molecule) and is entirely devoid of methionine, tryptophan and free sulhydryl groups. The fluorescence spectra are typical for tyrosine with a strong quenching of emission indicated by the quantum yield. The circular dichroism spectra suggest a predominantly unordered structure for the inhibitor molecule.", "contents": "Isolation and some properties of a trypsin inhibitor from seeds of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Toledo. A trypsin inhibitor was isolated as a homogenous protein from the seeds of guapuruvu-tree (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Toledo). In addition to its strong inhibitory activity against trypsin the purified inhibitor presented a lesser activity against alpha-chymotrypsin. The purification of the protein inhibitor was achieved from the crude extract of deffated seeds through ammonium sulphate salting-out, successive chromatographies on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 columns followed by preparative polyacrylamide-slab electrophoresis. The following properties were presented by the purified inhibitor: molecular weight of 12,000 daltons, as estimated by gel filtration; isoelectric point at pH 5.0 - 5.2, by electrofocusing; combining molar ratio of 1:1 (mole trypsin/mole inhibitor), on the basis of inhibition assay and the molecular weight of 29,800 daltons found for the trypsin-inhibitor complex; A1%1-cm = 4.35, at 275 nm and pH 7.0. The inhibitor presents a high content of cystine (14 cystinyl residues per molecule) and is entirely devoid of methionine, tryptophan and free sulhydryl groups. The fluorescence spectra are typical for tyrosine with a strong quenching of emission indicated by the quantum yield. The circular dichroism spectra suggest a predominantly unordered structure for the inhibitor molecule.", "PMID": 1032093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5893", "title": "The chemistry of the inhibition of blood xanthine oxidase by -SH reagents.", "content": "In this study it was shown that the rat blood serum xanthine oxidase (X.O.) is differently inhibited by -SH reagents and seems that the blood serum enzyme has two types of -SH groups, one reacting relatively rapidly and unrelated to the enzyme activity and the other reacting slowly to produce inactivation. The results presented suggest that there are only few fundamental relationship between the different -SH reagents used and the inhibition of the enzyme activity in the blood serum. With mercurials it was shown that the most reactive -SH groups of the rat blood serum are not related to the X.O. activity, but when sufficient number are reacted the enzyme is structurally altered so that inhibition appears. With oxidants such as iodine the inhibition of the X.O. activity of rat blood serum seems to be not related specifically with the oxidation of -SH groups.", "contents": "The chemistry of the inhibition of blood xanthine oxidase by -SH reagents. In this study it was shown that the rat blood serum xanthine oxidase (X.O.) is differently inhibited by -SH reagents and seems that the blood serum enzyme has two types of -SH groups, one reacting relatively rapidly and unrelated to the enzyme activity and the other reacting slowly to produce inactivation. The results presented suggest that there are only few fundamental relationship between the different -SH reagents used and the inhibition of the enzyme activity in the blood serum. With mercurials it was shown that the most reactive -SH groups of the rat blood serum are not related to the X.O. activity, but when sufficient number are reacted the enzyme is structurally altered so that inhibition appears. With oxidants such as iodine the inhibition of the X.O. activity of rat blood serum seems to be not related specifically with the oxidation of -SH groups.", "PMID": 1032094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5894", "title": "Norin-10-based semidwarfism.", "content": "Many short-strawed wheats, including the Norin-10-based semidwarfs now grown in many countries, are characterized by their relative \"insensitivity\" to gibberellic acid. The nature of this insensitivity, its genetic control, and the relationships between the Gai genes and the Rht genes, which control height reductiion in Norin-10 and Tom Thumb wheats, are described. The role and potential of these genes in agriculture and their relationship to other genes affecting yield, height, and other agronomic features are considered.", "contents": "Norin-10-based semidwarfism. Many short-strawed wheats, including the Norin-10-based semidwarfs now grown in many countries, are characterized by their relative \"insensitivity\" to gibberellic acid. The nature of this insensitivity, its genetic control, and the relationships between the Gai genes and the Rht genes, which control height reductiion in Norin-10 and Tom Thumb wheats, are described. The role and potential of these genes in agriculture and their relationship to other genes affecting yield, height, and other agronomic features are considered.", "PMID": 1032096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5895", "title": "Evaluation of branched ear derivatives of Triticum aestivum L.", "content": "The branched spikes of Triticum turgidum L. have a potential of producing a high number of kernels. Some of the selected lines of T. turgidum yielded up to 150 kernels per spike as compared to 60--70 kernels per spike in the common wheat cultivar Chenab-70. The best of these lines were crossed with the common wheats Chenab-70, Mexipak, and C-271. Among the lines obtained by selection from the advanced generations of the T. turgidum X Chenab-70 cross, some are similar to Chenab-70 with respect to tillering, plant shape, plant height, and leaf position, but their spikes are branched like those of the T. turgidum parent. These lines appear to be fairly homozygous. Chenab-70 produces, on the average, 60 kernels per spike, 34.8 g of grain per plant and has a 1000-kernel weight of 35 g. The number of kernels per spike, the yield of grain per plant and the 1000-kernel weight of the selected hybrid lines ranged from 25 to 133, from 8.5 to 59.6 g, and from 30.0 to 46.0 g, respectively, which shows that the chances of obtaining high-yielding new common wheat cultivars having spikes branched as those of the T. turgidum parent fairly good.", "contents": "Evaluation of branched ear derivatives of Triticum aestivum L. The branched spikes of Triticum turgidum L. have a potential of producing a high number of kernels. Some of the selected lines of T. turgidum yielded up to 150 kernels per spike as compared to 60--70 kernels per spike in the common wheat cultivar Chenab-70. The best of these lines were crossed with the common wheats Chenab-70, Mexipak, and C-271. Among the lines obtained by selection from the advanced generations of the T. turgidum X Chenab-70 cross, some are similar to Chenab-70 with respect to tillering, plant shape, plant height, and leaf position, but their spikes are branched like those of the T. turgidum parent. These lines appear to be fairly homozygous. Chenab-70 produces, on the average, 60 kernels per spike, 34.8 g of grain per plant and has a 1000-kernel weight of 35 g. The number of kernels per spike, the yield of grain per plant and the 1000-kernel weight of the selected hybrid lines ranged from 25 to 133, from 8.5 to 59.6 g, and from 30.0 to 46.0 g, respectively, which shows that the chances of obtaining high-yielding new common wheat cultivars having spikes branched as those of the T. turgidum parent fairly good.", "PMID": 1032097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5896", "title": "Heritability estimates from four generations of a diallel cross of common wheat.", "content": "The heritabilities of 10 quantitative characters were studied on F1, F2, backcross, and selfed backcross generations of a five-parent diallel cross of common wheat grown at two locations. From this study it was found that (a) most of the characters in question were highly heritable, (b) the heritabilities estimated by regression and variance component methods were more or less the same (r=0.84** to 0.95**), and (c) the heritability of some characters was affected by location or by generation; in one case only (1000-kernel weight) was the heritability of the character affected by both.", "contents": "Heritability estimates from four generations of a diallel cross of common wheat. The heritabilities of 10 quantitative characters were studied on F1, F2, backcross, and selfed backcross generations of a five-parent diallel cross of common wheat grown at two locations. From this study it was found that (a) most of the characters in question were highly heritable, (b) the heritabilities estimated by regression and variance component methods were more or less the same (r=0.84** to 0.95**), and (c) the heritability of some characters was affected by location or by generation; in one case only (1000-kernel weight) was the heritability of the character affected by both.", "PMID": 1032103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5897", "title": "Diallel analysis of four agronomic traits in common wheat.", "content": "The common wheat cultivars Ak\u00f6z, Florence, Mentana, Jaral, and Siete Cerros were crossed in 1972 in all possible combinations excluding reciprocals. In 1972--1973 the F1 hybrids and the five parents were field grown at Bornova in randomized complete blocks. The characters studied were plant height, spike length, 1000-kernel weight, and plant yield. The analysis of data showed that (a) with respect to plant height and 1000-kernel weight all F1 combinations deviated from the corresponding midparental values, (b) for the same characters the GCA variances were significant and the GCA divided by SCA ratios high, (c) the characters' plant height, spike length, and 1000-kernel weight were probably controlled by two effective factors each, and (d) plant height had the highest and 1000-kernel weight the lowest heritability (h2=0.66 and h2=0.26, respectively). It was concluded that a desired response to selection could be expected for plant height and 1000-kernel weight.", "contents": "Diallel analysis of four agronomic traits in common wheat. The common wheat cultivars Ak\u00f6z, Florence, Mentana, Jaral, and Siete Cerros were crossed in 1972 in all possible combinations excluding reciprocals. In 1972--1973 the F1 hybrids and the five parents were field grown at Bornova in randomized complete blocks. The characters studied were plant height, spike length, 1000-kernel weight, and plant yield. The analysis of data showed that (a) with respect to plant height and 1000-kernel weight all F1 combinations deviated from the corresponding midparental values, (b) for the same characters the GCA variances were significant and the GCA divided by SCA ratios high, (c) the characters' plant height, spike length, and 1000-kernel weight were probably controlled by two effective factors each, and (d) plant height had the highest and 1000-kernel weight the lowest heritability (h2=0.66 and h2=0.26, respectively). It was concluded that a desired response to selection could be expected for plant height and 1000-kernel weight.", "PMID": 1032104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5898", "title": "Quantitative genetically nonequivalent reciprocal crosses in cultivated plants.", "content": "Quantitative expressions of character difference between reciprocal crosses have been studied by different researchers in a number of plant species, such as Epilobium, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Hordeum sativum, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium hybridum, Linum usitatissimum, Nicotiana rustica, and others. In all cases it was found that the nonequivalence of reciprocal crosses manifested itself beginning with the F1 generation, with the exception of some flax crosses in which reciprocals differed beginning with the F2 generation. The nonequivalence of reciprocal crosses usually manifested itself in the inequality of their F1 and/or F2 or backcross means; however, there were instances in which their means were the same but the variances were different. Both matroclinous and patroclinous inheritances were reported in plants. Because of the casual complexity of reciprocal differences the experimental results often lack a simple explanation.", "contents": "Quantitative genetically nonequivalent reciprocal crosses in cultivated plants. Quantitative expressions of character difference between reciprocal crosses have been studied by different researchers in a number of plant species, such as Epilobium, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Hordeum sativum, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium hybridum, Linum usitatissimum, Nicotiana rustica, and others. In all cases it was found that the nonequivalence of reciprocal crosses manifested itself beginning with the F1 generation, with the exception of some flax crosses in which reciprocals differed beginning with the F2 generation. The nonequivalence of reciprocal crosses usually manifested itself in the inequality of their F1 and/or F2 or backcross means; however, there were instances in which their means were the same but the variances were different. Both matroclinous and patroclinous inheritances were reported in plants. Because of the casual complexity of reciprocal differences the experimental results often lack a simple explanation.", "PMID": 1032105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5899", "title": "Coadaptation in plant populations.", "content": "One of the most important questions of plant breeding is whether alleles at different loci act independently or whether the population genotype is structured so that favored combinations of alleles occur more frequently than expected under randomness. Studies employing allozyme loci as markers have demonstrated that the distribution of alleles in both natural and experimental populations of inbreeding plants is closely correlated with environment on both micro- and macrogeographic scales. Multilocus analyses have also revealed the occurrence within local populations of striking gametic phase disequilibrium (linkage disequilibrium). These observations demonstrate that selection acts to organize the population into sets of highly interacting coadapted gene complexes that promote high fitness to the local environment.", "contents": "Coadaptation in plant populations. One of the most important questions of plant breeding is whether alleles at different loci act independently or whether the population genotype is structured so that favored combinations of alleles occur more frequently than expected under randomness. Studies employing allozyme loci as markers have demonstrated that the distribution of alleles in both natural and experimental populations of inbreeding plants is closely correlated with environment on both micro- and macrogeographic scales. Multilocus analyses have also revealed the occurrence within local populations of striking gametic phase disequilibrium (linkage disequilibrium). These observations demonstrate that selection acts to organize the population into sets of highly interacting coadapted gene complexes that promote high fitness to the local environment.", "PMID": 1032101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5900", "title": "Estimation of genotypic and environmental variation in plants.", "content": "The frequency of genotypes with the desired degree of expression of economically important quantitative characters within a hybrid or mutant population is usually very low. Therefore, the early identification and selection of such genotypes involves the analysis of very large populations. Because the breeding values of individuals in a population are masked by environmental, competitional, and ontogenic noises, special quantitative--genetic methods of analysis have to be used in order to eliminate their disturbing effects. The present chapter deals with a new approach to such an analysis by using either a simple background character or a background index obtained as a linear function of two, or more than two, background characters. It is believed that the use of this approach would greatly increase the efficiency of selection and shorten the time needed to produce improved new crop cultivars. As the analyses require the handling of large amounts of measurement data, plant breeders must use computer facilities.", "contents": "Estimation of genotypic and environmental variation in plants. The frequency of genotypes with the desired degree of expression of economically important quantitative characters within a hybrid or mutant population is usually very low. Therefore, the early identification and selection of such genotypes involves the analysis of very large populations. Because the breeding values of individuals in a population are masked by environmental, competitional, and ontogenic noises, special quantitative--genetic methods of analysis have to be used in order to eliminate their disturbing effects. The present chapter deals with a new approach to such an analysis by using either a simple background character or a background index obtained as a linear function of two, or more than two, background characters. It is believed that the use of this approach would greatly increase the efficiency of selection and shorten the time needed to produce improved new crop cultivars. As the analyses require the handling of large amounts of measurement data, plant breeders must use computer facilities.", "PMID": 1032102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5901", "title": "Effect of high-temperature stress on the growth and seed characteristics of barley and cotton.", "content": "The existence of a sensitivity gradient to a uniform high-temperature stress applied at stages during seed maturation can be demonstrated in barley. The germination of freshly harvested seed is depressed following heat stress at 7--10 days after awn emergence, but is enhanced by the same stress applied 3 weeks after awn emergence. The depression is attributed to reduced viability associated with thermal injury. The stimulation following stress at more mature stages of seed development is related to a thinner seed coat, increased permeability as evidenced by faster imbibition rate, and decreased content of water-soluble inhibitors in the seed. These effects of environmental stress during seed maturation aid in explaining differences noted in the germinability at harvest of seed produced in successive years or produced in the same year at different locations. Seed of American Cotton, var. AC 134, was stressed at 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 70 degrees, 80 degrees, and 90 degrees C for 24 or 48 h before seeding. Stresses at 50 degrees to 70 degrees C increased seedling emergence and subsequent performance of the cotton plants, but higher temperatures caused thermal injury or killed the seed.", "contents": "Effect of high-temperature stress on the growth and seed characteristics of barley and cotton. The existence of a sensitivity gradient to a uniform high-temperature stress applied at stages during seed maturation can be demonstrated in barley. The germination of freshly harvested seed is depressed following heat stress at 7--10 days after awn emergence, but is enhanced by the same stress applied 3 weeks after awn emergence. The depression is attributed to reduced viability associated with thermal injury. The stimulation following stress at more mature stages of seed development is related to a thinner seed coat, increased permeability as evidenced by faster imbibition rate, and decreased content of water-soluble inhibitors in the seed. These effects of environmental stress during seed maturation aid in explaining differences noted in the germinability at harvest of seed produced in successive years or produced in the same year at different locations. Seed of American Cotton, var. AC 134, was stressed at 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 70 degrees, 80 degrees, and 90 degrees C for 24 or 48 h before seeding. Stresses at 50 degrees to 70 degrees C increased seedling emergence and subsequent performance of the cotton plants, but higher temperatures caused thermal injury or killed the seed.", "PMID": 1032107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5902", "title": "Pituitary apoplexy, therapeutic assessment.", "content": "The management of pituitary apoplexy with reference to both diagnosis and operative sequelae remains a major challenge. Acute onset of retro-orbital headache in association with visual loss and ophthalmoplegia are the cardinal symptoms; however, obtundation and signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage also may be present. Good quality plain skull radiographs and complete angiography prove sufficient for preoperative radiographic studies. Preoperative endocrine preparation focuses on supplemental glucocorticoids since these patients must be presumed deficient in cortisol reserve. Residual visual deficit appears to be more a function of the extent of damage at the time of ictus rather than rapidity of decompression. Our experience indicates that transsphenoidal decompression in appropriate cases offers an ideal opportunity to minimize mortality and morbidity. The acute onset of severe retro-orbital headache in association with stupor and ocular palsies would alert most physicians to the potential diagnosis of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. The association of complex ophthalmoplegias and visual defects in this constellation of symptoms should, in addition, alert one to the possibility of an acute intrasellar or parassellar expansile process. During the past two years, we have had the opportunity to care for 8 such patients with confirmed diagnoses of acute hemorrhagic infarction of the pituitary enabling us to formulate diagnostic and therapeutic schemata with reference to management of this problem.", "contents": "Pituitary apoplexy, therapeutic assessment. The management of pituitary apoplexy with reference to both diagnosis and operative sequelae remains a major challenge. Acute onset of retro-orbital headache in association with visual loss and ophthalmoplegia are the cardinal symptoms; however, obtundation and signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage also may be present. Good quality plain skull radiographs and complete angiography prove sufficient for preoperative radiographic studies. Preoperative endocrine preparation focuses on supplemental glucocorticoids since these patients must be presumed deficient in cortisol reserve. Residual visual deficit appears to be more a function of the extent of damage at the time of ictus rather than rapidity of decompression. Our experience indicates that transsphenoidal decompression in appropriate cases offers an ideal opportunity to minimize mortality and morbidity. The acute onset of severe retro-orbital headache in association with stupor and ocular palsies would alert most physicians to the potential diagnosis of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. The association of complex ophthalmoplegias and visual defects in this constellation of symptoms should, in addition, alert one to the possibility of an acute intrasellar or parassellar expansile process. During the past two years, we have had the opportunity to care for 8 such patients with confirmed diagnoses of acute hemorrhagic infarction of the pituitary enabling us to formulate diagnostic and therapeutic schemata with reference to management of this problem.", "PMID": 1032116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5903", "title": "A simple method for continuous pressure recording.", "content": "A relatively simple, nonoperative, percutaneous procedure for recording continuous cerebrospinal fluid pressure was carried out on 12 patients at UCLA Hospital. The experience with pressure recording in these patients has demonstrated no mortality or permanent sequelae and the technical character of the records has been excellent. This technique could make continuous pressure recording more easily available to the average practioner. Other uses for this procedure are also suggested.", "contents": "A simple method for continuous pressure recording. A relatively simple, nonoperative, percutaneous procedure for recording continuous cerebrospinal fluid pressure was carried out on 12 patients at UCLA Hospital. The experience with pressure recording in these patients has demonstrated no mortality or permanent sequelae and the technical character of the records has been excellent. This technique could make continuous pressure recording more easily available to the average practioner. Other uses for this procedure are also suggested.", "PMID": 1032117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5904", "title": "Wheat protein.", "content": "Results from AID-supported Nebraska research to improve the nutritional quality of wheat indicate that substantial genetic variation for grain protein content exists in wheat. Experimental lines with 5% higher protein in their grain than ordinary varieties have been selected from a high-protein X high-protein cross. Genetic variablity for lysine in wheat grain is limited. The genetic component of total lysine variability among 12,6000 wheats in the USDA World Collection was only 0.5%. Genetic increases in lysine ranging from 0.4 to 0.7% lysine have been identified in selections from a high-lysine X high-lysine cross. Lysine per unit protein is negatively correlated with protein content. In contrast, lysine per unit weight of grain is positively correlated with protein content suggesting that increasing the protein content of wheat can effectively increase the amount of lysine in the grain. Seed fractionation studies have determined that high protein in whole wheat results mainly from increased protein content of the starchy endosperm. Lysine differences were detected both in the endosperm and nonendosperm fractions. A new productive high-protein hard winter wheat variety derived from Atlas-66, with genetic potential for 2% higher grain protein content was released to growers by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station in 1975.", "contents": "Wheat protein. Results from AID-supported Nebraska research to improve the nutritional quality of wheat indicate that substantial genetic variation for grain protein content exists in wheat. Experimental lines with 5% higher protein in their grain than ordinary varieties have been selected from a high-protein X high-protein cross. Genetic variablity for lysine in wheat grain is limited. The genetic component of total lysine variability among 12,6000 wheats in the USDA World Collection was only 0.5%. Genetic increases in lysine ranging from 0.4 to 0.7% lysine have been identified in selections from a high-lysine X high-lysine cross. Lysine per unit protein is negatively correlated with protein content. In contrast, lysine per unit weight of grain is positively correlated with protein content suggesting that increasing the protein content of wheat can effectively increase the amount of lysine in the grain. Seed fractionation studies have determined that high protein in whole wheat results mainly from increased protein content of the starchy endosperm. Lysine differences were detected both in the endosperm and nonendosperm fractions. A new productive high-protein hard winter wheat variety derived from Atlas-66, with genetic potential for 2% higher grain protein content was released to growers by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station in 1975.", "PMID": 1032110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5905", "title": "What is a pain center?", "content": "The authors present the concept that a multi-disciplinary interdepartmental pain center should include: 1) an initial out-patient pain clinic, 2) an inpatient pain service for diagnosis of pain problems and treatment of patients with intractable pain, including pain from cancer, 3) a psychotherapeutically-oriented chronic benign Pain Unit, 4) facilities for clinical and basic pain research, and 5) affiliations for an adequate teaching program.", "contents": "What is a pain center? The authors present the concept that a multi-disciplinary interdepartmental pain center should include: 1) an initial out-patient pain clinic, 2) an inpatient pain service for diagnosis of pain problems and treatment of patients with intractable pain, including pain from cancer, 3) a psychotherapeutically-oriented chronic benign Pain Unit, 4) facilities for clinical and basic pain research, and 5) affiliations for an adequate teaching program.", "PMID": 1032119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5906", "title": "Sensitivity to some rubber additives.", "content": "The frequency of positive patch tests to 13 rubber accelerators in Poland was recorded. Of particular interest was the relatively large group of patients positive to several, mostly chemically unrelated, accelerators. The mechanism of this multiple sensitivity is discussed. Positive tests to N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine were observed in more than half of the patients reacting to several aromatic amines. Anamnesis indicated that in the case of cross-reactions to many aromatic amines, none of the patients positive to N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine had complained of a reaction to rubber products.", "contents": "Sensitivity to some rubber additives. The frequency of positive patch tests to 13 rubber accelerators in Poland was recorded. Of particular interest was the relatively large group of patients positive to several, mostly chemically unrelated, accelerators. The mechanism of this multiple sensitivity is discussed. Positive tests to N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine were observed in more than half of the patients reacting to several aromatic amines. Anamnesis indicated that in the case of cross-reactions to many aromatic amines, none of the patients positive to N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine had complained of a reaction to rubber products.", "PMID": 1032120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5907", "title": "The safety of topical erythromycin.", "content": "The prevention of allergic complications depends on the use of topical medications which have proved to be rare sensitizers. This is particularly true for stasis ulcers and eczemas which are notoriously readily sensitized. Topical erythromycin has proved to be such a non-sensitizing topical antibiotic. In a series of 60 patients with stasis ulcers, erythromycin in the form of Ilotycin ointment (erythromycin in petrolatum) was applied. Not a single instance of allergic sensitization occurred. No instances of sensitization with positive patch tests to topical erythromycin have been reported. Maximization tests with topical erythromycin did not produce sensitization. Topical erythromycin, an effective antibiotic, should be substituted for neomycin which is a common sensitizer.", "contents": "The safety of topical erythromycin. The prevention of allergic complications depends on the use of topical medications which have proved to be rare sensitizers. This is particularly true for stasis ulcers and eczemas which are notoriously readily sensitized. Topical erythromycin has proved to be such a non-sensitizing topical antibiotic. In a series of 60 patients with stasis ulcers, erythromycin in the form of Ilotycin ointment (erythromycin in petrolatum) was applied. Not a single instance of allergic sensitization occurred. No instances of sensitization with positive patch tests to topical erythromycin have been reported. Maximization tests with topical erythromycin did not produce sensitization. Topical erythromycin, an effective antibiotic, should be substituted for neomycin which is a common sensitizer.", "PMID": 1032121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5908", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis to corticosteroids.", "content": "This is a report of two patients suspected of having allergic dermato-conjunctivitis due to corticosteroids. Both were tested with the constituents of the ointments they were using, that is, corticosteroids, antibacterial agents, preservatives, and other active ingredients of the ointment bases. Both patients showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the respective corticosteroid betamethasone valerate, and one to hydrocortisone, neomycin, and a rubber additive. The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of allergy is mentioned. Hydrocortisone (25%) in petrolatum is recommended for patch testing.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis to corticosteroids. This is a report of two patients suspected of having allergic dermato-conjunctivitis due to corticosteroids. Both were tested with the constituents of the ointments they were using, that is, corticosteroids, antibacterial agents, preservatives, and other active ingredients of the ointment bases. Both patients showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the respective corticosteroid betamethasone valerate, and one to hydrocortisone, neomycin, and a rubber additive. The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of allergy is mentioned. Hydrocortisone (25%) in petrolatum is recommended for patch testing.", "PMID": 1032122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5909", "title": "Sensitizing and irritating properties of star anise oil.", "content": "Star anise oil in 2 and 1% concentrations produced active sensitization in 5% of test subjects, and positive patch tests in 36 and 34%, respectively, of consecutive patients with dermatitis. A comparison of the results of tests with balsams and other essential oils showed that star anise oil does not give cross-reactions and pseudo cross-sensitivity. Patients positive to this oil are frequently positive to anethole and to other constituents of this oil: alpha-pinene, limonene and safrole. In tests with star anise oil it is noteworthy that a 1% concentration is strongly irritant, and 0.5% reveals sensitivity in only one fifth of the actively sensitized subjects. It is possible that the cause of false negative patch tests might be similar in the case of some other allergens.", "contents": "Sensitizing and irritating properties of star anise oil. Star anise oil in 2 and 1% concentrations produced active sensitization in 5% of test subjects, and positive patch tests in 36 and 34%, respectively, of consecutive patients with dermatitis. A comparison of the results of tests with balsams and other essential oils showed that star anise oil does not give cross-reactions and pseudo cross-sensitivity. Patients positive to this oil are frequently positive to anethole and to other constituents of this oil: alpha-pinene, limonene and safrole. In tests with star anise oil it is noteworthy that a 1% concentration is strongly irritant, and 0.5% reveals sensitivity in only one fifth of the actively sensitized subjects. It is possible that the cause of false negative patch tests might be similar in the case of some other allergens.", "PMID": 1032123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5910", "title": "Unconventional methods in plant breeding.", "content": "There are three wass whereby unconventional methods of plant genetics can be used for applied plant breeding. 1. The time necessary for breeding by recombination can be shortened, making use of the discovery that plants can be obtained directly from the products of meiosis, the \"Gonen.\" Two new cultivars bred in tobacco by this method already exist. 2. Microbiological methods may be applied to mutation and selection in haploid or dihaploid cell cultures. New cultivars bred by this method have not yet been published, but it should be possible to make use of this technique in plant breeding. 3. Somatic hybridization of plants by fusions of protoplasts or by uptake of nuclei and other organelles (plastids, mitochondria) or pure nucleic acids is another useful method. There exist up to now somatic hybrid plants (a) between mutants of the liverwort Sphaerocarpos donnellii, (b) some varieties of tobacco, and (c) two species of Nicotiana. All these hybrids can also be produced by conventional sexual hybridization. It is impossible to predict how often incompatibility for cross-fertilization can be surmounted by somatic hybridization, as incompatibility between two genomes must be restricted to the fertilization process, but it can work on any stage of the development of the hybrid.", "contents": "Unconventional methods in plant breeding. There are three wass whereby unconventional methods of plant genetics can be used for applied plant breeding. 1. The time necessary for breeding by recombination can be shortened, making use of the discovery that plants can be obtained directly from the products of meiosis, the \"Gonen.\" Two new cultivars bred in tobacco by this method already exist. 2. Microbiological methods may be applied to mutation and selection in haploid or dihaploid cell cultures. New cultivars bred by this method have not yet been published, but it should be possible to make use of this technique in plant breeding. 3. Somatic hybridization of plants by fusions of protoplasts or by uptake of nuclei and other organelles (plastids, mitochondria) or pure nucleic acids is another useful method. There exist up to now somatic hybrid plants (a) between mutants of the liverwort Sphaerocarpos donnellii, (b) some varieties of tobacco, and (c) two species of Nicotiana. All these hybrids can also be produced by conventional sexual hybridization. It is impossible to predict how often incompatibility for cross-fertilization can be surmounted by somatic hybridization, as incompatibility between two genomes must be restricted to the fertilization process, but it can work on any stage of the development of the hybrid.", "PMID": 1032113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5911", "title": "Patch tests with potassium dichromate removed after 24 and 48 hours.", "content": "The rate of release in vitro of four potassium dichromate concentrations (0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01%) was determined. In the course of 24 h, 90.1-97.5% was released of the total K2Cr2O7 amount in 48 h. Out of 30 patients positive to 0.05% dichromate when the patch test was done routinely, 29 were also positive when the patch was removed after 24 h. The effect of the earlier removal of the patch test was also noted in seven other patients, when results of tests with lower dichromate concentrations were taken into account.", "contents": "Patch tests with potassium dichromate removed after 24 and 48 hours. The rate of release in vitro of four potassium dichromate concentrations (0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01%) was determined. In the course of 24 h, 90.1-97.5% was released of the total K2Cr2O7 amount in 48 h. Out of 30 patients positive to 0.05% dichromate when the patch test was done routinely, 29 were also positive when the patch was removed after 24 h. The effect of the earlier removal of the patch test was also noted in seven other patients, when results of tests with lower dichromate concentrations were taken into account.", "PMID": 1032124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5912", "title": "Effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. I. Experimental contact sensitization in humans.", "content": "A study was made to evaluate the effects of vehicle and challenge concentration on response of human subjects to potential allergens. In the vehicle studies the modified Draize test was used to test the response of subjects to cinnamic aldehyde and to costus oil, administered at two skin sites, in petrolatum and in 95% ethyl alcohol. In two tests of costus oil, alcohol proved to be more effective in eliciting a response than petrolatum; on the other hand, in one test with cinnamic aldehyde, no difference in results was obtained with these two vehicles. In the concentration studies, subjects known to be sensitive to the test substance were tested by the Al test with costus oil (three concentrations), chloracetamide (four concentrations), or thimerosal (three concentrations); petrolatum was used as the vehicle in each case. Results of the vehicle test showed no compelling reason for the selection of one vehicle rather than another. Results of the concentration tests indicated that concentration does have an effect on the intensity and frequency of reactions to potential allergens.", "contents": "Effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. I. Experimental contact sensitization in humans. A study was made to evaluate the effects of vehicle and challenge concentration on response of human subjects to potential allergens. In the vehicle studies the modified Draize test was used to test the response of subjects to cinnamic aldehyde and to costus oil, administered at two skin sites, in petrolatum and in 95% ethyl alcohol. In two tests of costus oil, alcohol proved to be more effective in eliciting a response than petrolatum; on the other hand, in one test with cinnamic aldehyde, no difference in results was obtained with these two vehicles. In the concentration studies, subjects known to be sensitive to the test substance were tested by the Al test with costus oil (three concentrations), chloracetamide (four concentrations), or thimerosal (three concentrations); petrolatum was used as the vehicle in each case. Results of the vehicle test showed no compelling reason for the selection of one vehicle rather than another. Results of the concentration tests indicated that concentration does have an effect on the intensity and frequency of reactions to potential allergens.", "PMID": 1032125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5913", "title": "Effect of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. II. Statistical analysis of data.", "content": "Data obtained in tests of several potential allergens with different vehicles and at different concentrations have been analyzed statistically.", "contents": "Effect of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. II. Statistical analysis of data. Data obtained in tests of several potential allergens with different vehicles and at different concentrations have been analyzed statistically.", "PMID": 1032126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5914", "title": "Comparison of guinea pig sensitization methods.", "content": "Up to now, different methods in guinea pig sensitization were used, to assess contact sensitization potential of low molecular weight chemicals. In order to compare the efficiency of the epicutaneous, intradermal and combined sensitization methods, two stronger sensitizers, the water soluble chlormethylimidazoline hydrochloride (CMI) and the lipid soluble 1,3-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were used for the experiments. Eleven modified sensitization methods were performed. In a first trial each substance was tested on 10 animals. In a further study those techniques which had produced the best results, that is the highest degree of sensitization, were applied to 25 to 30 animals. For comparison of the results of the various methods, a mean sensitization index was calculated. The best results were achieved with the Maximization Test of Magnusson & Kligman (1969) and the Split Adjuvant Technique of Maguire & Chase (1967).", "contents": "Comparison of guinea pig sensitization methods. Up to now, different methods in guinea pig sensitization were used, to assess contact sensitization potential of low molecular weight chemicals. In order to compare the efficiency of the epicutaneous, intradermal and combined sensitization methods, two stronger sensitizers, the water soluble chlormethylimidazoline hydrochloride (CMI) and the lipid soluble 1,3-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were used for the experiments. Eleven modified sensitization methods were performed. In a first trial each substance was tested on 10 animals. In a further study those techniques which had produced the best results, that is the highest degree of sensitization, were applied to 25 to 30 animals. For comparison of the results of the various methods, a mean sensitization index was calculated. The best results were achieved with the Maximization Test of Magnusson & Kligman (1969) and the Split Adjuvant Technique of Maguire & Chase (1967).", "PMID": 1032127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5915", "title": "The investigation of quindoxin photosensitivity.", "content": "Quindoxin (quinoxaline di-N-oxide) is a photosensitizer capable of producing photocontact dermatitis. The study of a group of seven affected subjects has provided evidence of persistent light reaction and \"photoallergy\", most probably to the parent substance and not to any photoproduct or contaminant. Clinical and photobiological similarities to the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome were demonstrated.", "contents": "The investigation of quindoxin photosensitivity. Quindoxin (quinoxaline di-N-oxide) is a photosensitizer capable of producing photocontact dermatitis. The study of a group of seven affected subjects has provided evidence of persistent light reaction and \"photoallergy\", most probably to the parent substance and not to any photoproduct or contaminant. Clinical and photobiological similarities to the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1032128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5916", "title": "Nickel dermatitis--nickel excretion.", "content": "Nickel excretion in urine in four females sensitive to nickel with an intermittent dyshidrotic eruption was measured with flameless atomic absorption. Excretion of nickel was found to be increased in association with outbreaks of vesicles. The results support the idea that the chronic condition was maintained by ingestion of nickel in food.", "contents": "Nickel dermatitis--nickel excretion. Nickel excretion in urine in four females sensitive to nickel with an intermittent dyshidrotic eruption was measured with flameless atomic absorption. Excretion of nickel was found to be increased in association with outbreaks of vesicles. The results support the idea that the chronic condition was maintained by ingestion of nickel in food.", "PMID": 1032129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5917", "title": "Platelet function by afibrinogenemia.", "content": "Platelet function was studied in two cases with congenital afibrinogenemia. In these two cases there was no aggregation by ADP, while, there was increased calcium-induced platelet aggregation and decreased platelet adhesiveness to glass. Platelet aggregation was corrected in vitro, by addition of fibrinogen. It can be concluded from the above findings that the fibrinogen is an important factor for platelet aggregation by ADP and for platelet adhesion to glass surfaces, while platelet aggregation by thrombin does not need fibrinogen. The increased calcium-induced aggregation can be explained by postulating that thrombin finds no substrate to act upon except the platelets.", "contents": "Platelet function by afibrinogenemia. Platelet function was studied in two cases with congenital afibrinogenemia. In these two cases there was no aggregation by ADP, while, there was increased calcium-induced platelet aggregation and decreased platelet adhesiveness to glass. Platelet aggregation was corrected in vitro, by addition of fibrinogen. It can be concluded from the above findings that the fibrinogen is an important factor for platelet aggregation by ADP and for platelet adhesion to glass surfaces, while platelet aggregation by thrombin does not need fibrinogen. The increased calcium-induced aggregation can be explained by postulating that thrombin finds no substrate to act upon except the platelets.", "PMID": 1032139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5918", "title": "Protein status in bilharziasis in Egyptian children.", "content": "Fifty-nine bilharzial subjects aged 9-12 years and 18 parallel controls were investigated for total serum proteins, total liver proteins and total urinary proteins. Simple agar gel and immunoelectrophoretic studies were also carried out. The results revealed a highly significant decrease in serum total proteins in mixed infection. A very highly significant increase was demonstrated for serum alpha, globulin. The gamma globulin fraction and the total globulin moiety were very highly significantly raised. The albumin globulin ratio was considerably decreased in mansoniasis. Serum immunoelectrophoresis illustrated a decreased density of haptoglobulin, hemopexin and transferrin arcs, as well as a considerable increase in IgA, IgM and IgG in most of the cases. Urinary protein values were very highly significantly elevated in hematobiasis and mixed infection. A slight increase for alpha1, alpha2 and beta-globulins was found in some cases. Liver proteins were very highly significantly decreased in mansoniasis and mixed infection. The results are discussed and analysed.", "contents": "Protein status in bilharziasis in Egyptian children. Fifty-nine bilharzial subjects aged 9-12 years and 18 parallel controls were investigated for total serum proteins, total liver proteins and total urinary proteins. Simple agar gel and immunoelectrophoretic studies were also carried out. The results revealed a highly significant decrease in serum total proteins in mixed infection. A very highly significant increase was demonstrated for serum alpha, globulin. The gamma globulin fraction and the total globulin moiety were very highly significantly raised. The albumin globulin ratio was considerably decreased in mansoniasis. Serum immunoelectrophoresis illustrated a decreased density of haptoglobulin, hemopexin and transferrin arcs, as well as a considerable increase in IgA, IgM and IgG in most of the cases. Urinary protein values were very highly significantly elevated in hematobiasis and mixed infection. A slight increase for alpha1, alpha2 and beta-globulins was found in some cases. Liver proteins were very highly significantly decreased in mansoniasis and mixed infection. The results are discussed and analysed.", "PMID": 1032138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5919", "title": "Studies on platelet function in cases of hemophiliac Egyptian children.", "content": "Eleven cases of hemophilia were studied for detection of any change in the platelet function. The results showed hyperfunction in 5 cases, normal function in 4, and hypofunction in the remaining two. The hyperfunction of the platelets was shown in the case with acute hemorrhage and it might be a compensation mechanism. The normal function was shown in cases during the quiescent phase. The hypofunction of the platelets was associated with the presence of AHg inhibitor and platelet antibody. Normal function returned after Cortisone administration. It may be postulated that the inhibitor of factor VIII and the platelet antibody are one and the same thing.", "contents": "Studies on platelet function in cases of hemophiliac Egyptian children. Eleven cases of hemophilia were studied for detection of any change in the platelet function. The results showed hyperfunction in 5 cases, normal function in 4, and hypofunction in the remaining two. The hyperfunction of the platelets was shown in the case with acute hemorrhage and it might be a compensation mechanism. The normal function was shown in cases during the quiescent phase. The hypofunction of the platelets was associated with the presence of AHg inhibitor and platelet antibody. Normal function returned after Cortisone administration. It may be postulated that the inhibitor of factor VIII and the platelet antibody are one and the same thing.", "PMID": 1032140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5920", "title": "[Shifts in several aspects of phospholipid metabolism in the brains of white rats with radiation sickness].", "content": "Sublethal (400) and lethal (1600) doses of roentgen decrease the level of neutral phospholipids of rat brain and increase that of acid phospholipids. With the development of radiation disease the content of free glycerine and glycerophosphate increases and the glycerokinase and glycolytic pathways of glycerophosphate biosynthesis are activated together with the intensification of the direct and reverse reactions catalyzed by glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The permeability of the artificial bimolecular phospholipid membranes prepared from rat brain phospholipid extracts is significantly increased at the end of the radiation.", "contents": "[Shifts in several aspects of phospholipid metabolism in the brains of white rats with radiation sickness]. Sublethal (400) and lethal (1600) doses of roentgen decrease the level of neutral phospholipids of rat brain and increase that of acid phospholipids. With the development of radiation disease the content of free glycerine and glycerophosphate increases and the glycerokinase and glycolytic pathways of glycerophosphate biosynthesis are activated together with the intensification of the direct and reverse reactions catalyzed by glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The permeability of the artificial bimolecular phospholipid membranes prepared from rat brain phospholipid extracts is significantly increased at the end of the radiation.", "PMID": 1032216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5921", "title": "[Left hemisphere lesion and visual recognition of single letters (author's transl)].", "content": "100 Controls and 200 left hemisphere-damaged patients were sub-divided by means of a Standard Language Battery in 35 non Aphasic patients, 51 Broca's aphasic patients, 85 Wernicke's aphasic patients and 29 global aphasics. They were all submitted to a single letter recognition test. From a parametric statistical work-out of the experimental data, it turned out that global aphasics are by far the most impaired experimental group, even if their performance had been adjusted by co-variance taking into account their more relevant aphasic and neurological disorders. Whilst age and length of illness do not play a significant role in the test performance, this was significant for the educational level (years of schooling) and for the severity of the aphasic disorders (Token Test). The relationship between the above-mentioned independent variables and the letter recognition scores did not change significantly across the experimental groups. The only exception was that the relation between the Token Test and the letter recognition scores proved to be significantly different between Broca's and Global Aphasics. No definite conclusion could be drawn about the outstandingly poor scores of global aphasics, as neither their performance or their I.Q. (W.A.I.S.) seemed to be related to the letter recognition scores (in contrast with Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics), nor to the presence of retro-geniculate visual field defects.", "contents": "[Left hemisphere lesion and visual recognition of single letters (author's transl)]. 100 Controls and 200 left hemisphere-damaged patients were sub-divided by means of a Standard Language Battery in 35 non Aphasic patients, 51 Broca's aphasic patients, 85 Wernicke's aphasic patients and 29 global aphasics. They were all submitted to a single letter recognition test. From a parametric statistical work-out of the experimental data, it turned out that global aphasics are by far the most impaired experimental group, even if their performance had been adjusted by co-variance taking into account their more relevant aphasic and neurological disorders. Whilst age and length of illness do not play a significant role in the test performance, this was significant for the educational level (years of schooling) and for the severity of the aphasic disorders (Token Test). The relationship between the above-mentioned independent variables and the letter recognition scores did not change significantly across the experimental groups. The only exception was that the relation between the Token Test and the letter recognition scores proved to be significantly different between Broca's and Global Aphasics. No definite conclusion could be drawn about the outstandingly poor scores of global aphasics, as neither their performance or their I.Q. (W.A.I.S.) seemed to be related to the letter recognition scores (in contrast with Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics), nor to the presence of retro-geniculate visual field defects.", "PMID": 1032212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5922", "title": "[Changes in the ribonuclease activity of brain cell nuclei and mitochondria at different periods following removal of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion].", "content": "A study of the changes in the ribonuclease activity of nuclei and mitochondria of rat brain cells following 1, 3, 7, 20 and 90 days after extirpation of the right superior cervical ganglion showed an increase of enzyme activity in nuclei from the first up to the 90-th day following removal of the ganglion. During the first three days after the operation enzyme activity is higher in nuclei obtained from the intact (left) side of the brain while later on enzyme activity is more pronounced in nuclei obtained from the right (sympathectomized) side of the brain. In mitochondria enzyme activity is depressed during the whole period studied after sympathectomy (90 days).", "contents": "[Changes in the ribonuclease activity of brain cell nuclei and mitochondria at different periods following removal of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion]. A study of the changes in the ribonuclease activity of nuclei and mitochondria of rat brain cells following 1, 3, 7, 20 and 90 days after extirpation of the right superior cervical ganglion showed an increase of enzyme activity in nuclei from the first up to the 90-th day following removal of the ganglion. During the first three days after the operation enzyme activity is higher in nuclei obtained from the intact (left) side of the brain while later on enzyme activity is more pronounced in nuclei obtained from the right (sympathectomized) side of the brain. In mitochondria enzyme activity is depressed during the whole period studied after sympathectomy (90 days).", "PMID": 1032217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5923", "title": "[Clinical and anatomical features of a case of Schilder's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a Schilder's disease (1912 type) in a seven year old boy is described. The patient died after four months and autopsy was performed. The most important clinical features are represented by repeated electroencephalograms, immunologic investigations in both plasma and CSF as well as tests of adrenal function. Histopatological examination of the brain shows a diffuse sudanophilic orthocromatic demyelinating process of both hemispheres with intense vascular cuffing, microglial proliferation and astrocytic hypertrophy. These findings are in contrast with some recent statements in the literature which reject a nosographic individuality to Schilder's disease and describe \"Adrenoleukodystrophies\" on doubtful criteria.", "contents": "[Clinical and anatomical features of a case of Schilder's disease (author's transl)]. A case of a Schilder's disease (1912 type) in a seven year old boy is described. The patient died after four months and autopsy was performed. The most important clinical features are represented by repeated electroencephalograms, immunologic investigations in both plasma and CSF as well as tests of adrenal function. Histopatological examination of the brain shows a diffuse sudanophilic orthocromatic demyelinating process of both hemispheres with intense vascular cuffing, microglial proliferation and astrocytic hypertrophy. These findings are in contrast with some recent statements in the literature which reject a nosographic individuality to Schilder's disease and describe \"Adrenoleukodystrophies\" on doubtful criteria.", "PMID": 1032213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5924", "title": "[Effect of neurohormone \"C\" on adenine nucleotide and adenosine metabolism in rat heart and brain].", "content": "Adenine nucleotides and adenosine are known to be of importance in the regulation of coronary function. This made a study of the effect of neurohormone \"C\" on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides and adenosine interesting in as much as neurohormone \"C\" dilates coronary vessels and has a direct metabolic effect on cardiac muscle. The results obtained have shown that incubation of cardiac muscle homogenates with labelled ATP increased the content of adenosine through raising 5'-AMP nucleotidase activity and inhibiting adenosine deaminase activity. In homogenates and slices of brain tissue the content of adenosine is, on the contrary, reduced. Opposite changes are observed in the content of AMP. The increase of adenosine in the heart by the increase of 5'-AMP nucleotidase activity and decrease of adenosine deaminase activity is probably, not the main factor of the coronarodilatatory effect of neurohormone \"C\". The reverse phenomena is noticed in brain, the functional significance of which must be studied. However, the role of adenosine in the mechanism of action of neurohormone \"C\" will become clear after in vivo experiments which are in progress.", "contents": "[Effect of neurohormone \"C\" on adenine nucleotide and adenosine metabolism in rat heart and brain]. Adenine nucleotides and adenosine are known to be of importance in the regulation of coronary function. This made a study of the effect of neurohormone \"C\" on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides and adenosine interesting in as much as neurohormone \"C\" dilates coronary vessels and has a direct metabolic effect on cardiac muscle. The results obtained have shown that incubation of cardiac muscle homogenates with labelled ATP increased the content of adenosine through raising 5'-AMP nucleotidase activity and inhibiting adenosine deaminase activity. In homogenates and slices of brain tissue the content of adenosine is, on the contrary, reduced. Opposite changes are observed in the content of AMP. The increase of adenosine in the heart by the increase of 5'-AMP nucleotidase activity and decrease of adenosine deaminase activity is probably, not the main factor of the coronarodilatatory effect of neurohormone \"C\". The reverse phenomena is noticed in brain, the functional significance of which must be studied. However, the role of adenosine in the mechanism of action of neurohormone \"C\" will become clear after in vivo experiments which are in progress.", "PMID": 1032220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5925", "title": "[Glutamic acid oxidation and its regulation in purified mitochondria and nerve endings of rat cerebral cortex].", "content": "A comparative study of respiration of mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions of adult rat brain cerebral cortex has shown that glutamic acid is oxidized in both fractions and that its oxidation is potentiated by ADP. Addition of ADP has, however, a different effect on the endogenous respiration of these two fractions; while it has no effect on the endogenous respiration of the synaptosomal fraction, it increases considerably the weak endogenous respiration of the mitochondrial fraction.", "contents": "[Glutamic acid oxidation and its regulation in purified mitochondria and nerve endings of rat cerebral cortex]. A comparative study of respiration of mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions of adult rat brain cerebral cortex has shown that glutamic acid is oxidized in both fractions and that its oxidation is potentiated by ADP. Addition of ADP has, however, a different effect on the endogenous respiration of these two fractions; while it has no effect on the endogenous respiration of the synaptosomal fraction, it increases considerably the weak endogenous respiration of the mitochondrial fraction.", "PMID": 1032221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5926", "title": "[Epidemiological observations on plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin in 130 patients on prolonged treatment (author's tranls)].", "content": "Plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin have been measured in 130 epileptic patients undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Only in a small percentage of the patients (15,38%) plasma levels were found to lie within the therapeutic range. Most patients (75,38%) exhibited subtherapeutic values, while in a few cases (9,24%) the upper limit of therapeutic range was exceeded. Although plasma concentrations significantly correlate with the administered dose, predictability of plasma levels in the individual patients given fixed dosage schedules is strongly limited by large interindividual variability. Sex, age and simultaneous administration of other drugs seem not to affect significantly DPH plasma levels. Our observations carried out in a meaningful sample of epileptic patients suggest that at present the practice of monitoring diphenylhydantoin plasma levels is still an essential tool for the management of epilepsy when a safe and effective therapeutic regimen is required.", "contents": "[Epidemiological observations on plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin in 130 patients on prolonged treatment (author's tranls)]. Plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin have been measured in 130 epileptic patients undergoing long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Only in a small percentage of the patients (15,38%) plasma levels were found to lie within the therapeutic range. Most patients (75,38%) exhibited subtherapeutic values, while in a few cases (9,24%) the upper limit of therapeutic range was exceeded. Although plasma concentrations significantly correlate with the administered dose, predictability of plasma levels in the individual patients given fixed dosage schedules is strongly limited by large interindividual variability. Sex, age and simultaneous administration of other drugs seem not to affect significantly DPH plasma levels. Our observations carried out in a meaningful sample of epileptic patients suggest that at present the practice of monitoring diphenylhydantoin plasma levels is still an essential tool for the management of epilepsy when a safe and effective therapeutic regimen is required.", "PMID": 1032214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5927", "title": "[Formation of ammonia from glutamic acid and ADP in purified mitochondria and nerve endings of rat cerebral cortex].", "content": "The aim of the present study was to elucidate the formation of ammonium and its quantitative interrelationship in mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions obtained from rat cerebral cortex. The data obtained have shown that in mitochondrial fraction the level of ammonium is high while its endogenous formation is less pronounced. A large amount of ammonium is formed from ADP and some from glutamic acid, especially in the presence of ADP. The level of ammonium is, on the contrary, low in the synaptosomal fraction and endogenous ammonium formation is high. In this fraction also there is ammonium formation from both ADP and GA but to a smaller extent than in the mitochondrial fraction. The data obtained make up conclude that the formation of ammonium by the glutamatedehydrogenase pathway in the presence of activators is an important mechanism in mitochondria but not synaptosomes.", "contents": "[Formation of ammonia from glutamic acid and ADP in purified mitochondria and nerve endings of rat cerebral cortex]. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the formation of ammonium and its quantitative interrelationship in mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions obtained from rat cerebral cortex. The data obtained have shown that in mitochondrial fraction the level of ammonium is high while its endogenous formation is less pronounced. A large amount of ammonium is formed from ADP and some from glutamic acid, especially in the presence of ADP. The level of ammonium is, on the contrary, low in the synaptosomal fraction and endogenous ammonium formation is high. In this fraction also there is ammonium formation from both ADP and GA but to a smaller extent than in the mitochondrial fraction. The data obtained make up conclude that the formation of ammonium by the glutamatedehydrogenase pathway in the presence of activators is an important mechanism in mitochondria but not synaptosomes.", "PMID": 1032222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5928", "title": "The substrate specificity of an aminopeptidase (neutral arylamidase) from pig brain.", "content": "Neutral arylamidase of pig brain has been purified 235 fold. At this purification the major band on disc-gel electrophoresis is associated with the enzyme activity, although several minor components are also present. The arylamidase is -SH dependent and puromycin inhibited. It has activity toward lysyl and arginyl beta-naphthylamides as well as toward the beta-naphthylamides of a large variety of neutral amino acids. The enzyme is strongly substrate inhibited, making the relative order of reactivity to aminoacyl beta-naphthylamides dependent upon the substrate concentration chosen for comparison. It also shows activity toward certain di-, tri-, and oligopeptides. When more than one residue is cleaved, the release is sequential, starting from the amino terminus of the peptide. It appears therefore that pig brain neutral arylamidase is an aminooligopeptidase of broad specificity. We suggest that beta-naphthylamides are model substrates representing the N-terminal end of peptides with three or more residues. The properties of pig brain enzyme are similar in many respects to those previously isolated from rat and bovine brain and bovine pituitary.", "contents": "The substrate specificity of an aminopeptidase (neutral arylamidase) from pig brain. Neutral arylamidase of pig brain has been purified 235 fold. At this purification the major band on disc-gel electrophoresis is associated with the enzyme activity, although several minor components are also present. The arylamidase is -SH dependent and puromycin inhibited. It has activity toward lysyl and arginyl beta-naphthylamides as well as toward the beta-naphthylamides of a large variety of neutral amino acids. The enzyme is strongly substrate inhibited, making the relative order of reactivity to aminoacyl beta-naphthylamides dependent upon the substrate concentration chosen for comparison. It also shows activity toward certain di-, tri-, and oligopeptides. When more than one residue is cleaved, the release is sequential, starting from the amino terminus of the peptide. It appears therefore that pig brain neutral arylamidase is an aminooligopeptidase of broad specificity. We suggest that beta-naphthylamides are model substrates representing the N-terminal end of peptides with three or more residues. The properties of pig brain enzyme are similar in many respects to those previously isolated from rat and bovine brain and bovine pituitary.", "PMID": 1032223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5929", "title": "[Homocarnosine metabolism in brain tissue].", "content": "In glial tumors of human brain the content of homocarnosine has been found to be lower than in brain tissue. In experimental animals cranial injury induces an increase of homocarnosine in brain tissue. Stimulation of the nervous system of traumatized animals by phenamin brings the metabolism of homocarnosine back to normal. The results of these studies make us suppose that homocarnosine is a substance involved in brain activity.", "contents": "[Homocarnosine metabolism in brain tissue]. In glial tumors of human brain the content of homocarnosine has been found to be lower than in brain tissue. In experimental animals cranial injury induces an increase of homocarnosine in brain tissue. Stimulation of the nervous system of traumatized animals by phenamin brings the metabolism of homocarnosine back to normal. The results of these studies make us suppose that homocarnosine is a substance involved in brain activity.", "PMID": 1032224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5930", "title": "Intraaortic balloon pumping assist following open heart surgery for coronary artery disease.", "content": "Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) assist was employed in 36 patients after surgical operation for coronary artery disease. In 31 patients, the aid of IABP was required because cardiopulmonary bypass could not be terminated without it. In three of these patients, IABP assist was started before the surgical procedure because these patients were in cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction. In the remaining five patients, IABP assist was applied for refractory cardiogenic shock in the early postoperative period. The overall survival rate was 58 percent. IABP assist was used in 13 patients with an ejection fraction of 0.1 to 0.2 (normal 0.7). Nine of these patients survived. From our experience, it would appear that this temporary mechanical circulatory support provides a significant advantage in saving patients who might otherwise die after surgical procedures involving the coronary artery.", "contents": "Intraaortic balloon pumping assist following open heart surgery for coronary artery disease. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) assist was employed in 36 patients after surgical operation for coronary artery disease. In 31 patients, the aid of IABP was required because cardiopulmonary bypass could not be terminated without it. In three of these patients, IABP assist was started before the surgical procedure because these patients were in cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction. In the remaining five patients, IABP assist was applied for refractory cardiogenic shock in the early postoperative period. The overall survival rate was 58 percent. IABP assist was used in 13 patients with an ejection fraction of 0.1 to 0.2 (normal 0.7). Nine of these patients survived. From our experience, it would appear that this temporary mechanical circulatory support provides a significant advantage in saving patients who might otherwise die after surgical procedures involving the coronary artery.", "PMID": 1032225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5931", "title": "Nosocomial vaccinia infection.", "content": "Although hospital-associated spread of vaccinia has been reported in the past, there have been no recent reports. This paper describes hospital-associated spread of vaccinia virus infection, supplies data on the environmental survival of vaccinia virus and offers recommendations for the management of patients with vaccinia that may minimize the hazard of infection in other high-risk patients.", "contents": "Nosocomial vaccinia infection. Although hospital-associated spread of vaccinia has been reported in the past, there have been no recent reports. This paper describes hospital-associated spread of vaccinia virus infection, supplies data on the environmental survival of vaccinia virus and offers recommendations for the management of patients with vaccinia that may minimize the hazard of infection in other high-risk patients.", "PMID": 1032226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5932", "title": "Pressure gun injection injuries of the hand.", "content": "Pressure gun injection injuries are becoming increasingly common. Their effect on the fingers and hands, especially when improperly managed, can be devastating. Therefore it is important to review features, clinical course, anatomic distribution and operative management of such injuries. If a useful hand and fingers are to be attained, rapid and thorough decompression and debridement of these injuries are essential.", "contents": "Pressure gun injection injuries of the hand. Pressure gun injection injuries are becoming increasingly common. Their effect on the fingers and hands, especially when improperly managed, can be devastating. Therefore it is important to review features, clinical course, anatomic distribution and operative management of such injuries. If a useful hand and fingers are to be attained, rapid and thorough decompression and debridement of these injuries are essential.", "PMID": 1032227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5933", "title": "Diethylstilbestrol in the treatment of rape victims.", "content": "Despite growing controversy surrounding its use as a \"morning after pill,\" diethylstilbestrol (DES) is prescribed liberally for rape victims. Guidelines for its use in these patients is lacking. Of 150 consecutive rape victims treated at a university medical center, 63 (42 percent) received prescriptions for DES. Of the 55 (87 percent) on whom follow-up was obtained, in 40 (73 percent) there were substantial side effects-nausea or vomiting, or both. At least six (11 percent) did not complete therapy because of these side effects. The authors offer guidelines for use of DES for rape victims and a plan for patient education and follow-up.", "contents": "Diethylstilbestrol in the treatment of rape victims. Despite growing controversy surrounding its use as a \"morning after pill,\" diethylstilbestrol (DES) is prescribed liberally for rape victims. Guidelines for its use in these patients is lacking. Of 150 consecutive rape victims treated at a university medical center, 63 (42 percent) received prescriptions for DES. Of the 55 (87 percent) on whom follow-up was obtained, in 40 (73 percent) there were substantial side effects-nausea or vomiting, or both. At least six (11 percent) did not complete therapy because of these side effects. The authors offer guidelines for use of DES for rape victims and a plan for patient education and follow-up.", "PMID": 1032235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5934", "title": "Chronic hepatitis; prognostic aspects.", "content": "Chronic hepatitis was diagnosed on the basis of biochemical, immunological and morphological criteria in 153 cases. On the evidence of observations for a mean period of four years the prognosis of chronic persistent hepatitis is regarded as favourable, no progression to chronic aggressive hepatitis or to cirrhosis having been observed in any of the cases. On the other hand, chronic aggressive hepatitis was found to progress to cirrhosis in 12 out of 65 cases. Cirrhotic transformation was more frequent in hyperactive processes (8 out of 25 cases). The sera of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma showed low immunoglobulin concentrations, with increased coeruloplasmin and reduced transferrin levels.", "contents": "Chronic hepatitis; prognostic aspects. Chronic hepatitis was diagnosed on the basis of biochemical, immunological and morphological criteria in 153 cases. On the evidence of observations for a mean period of four years the prognosis of chronic persistent hepatitis is regarded as favourable, no progression to chronic aggressive hepatitis or to cirrhosis having been observed in any of the cases. On the other hand, chronic aggressive hepatitis was found to progress to cirrhosis in 12 out of 65 cases. Cirrhotic transformation was more frequent in hyperactive processes (8 out of 25 cases). The sera of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma showed low immunoglobulin concentrations, with increased coeruloplasmin and reduced transferrin levels.", "PMID": 1032237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5935", "title": "Effect on carbohydrate metabolism of hypotensive adrenergic neurone blocking agents.", "content": "In subjects with normal metabolism sugar tolerance was not appreciable influenced by 4 or 5-day courses of guanethidine and guanazodine. Upon perfusion in isolated rat liver, glycogen metabolism and hepatic sugar release were increased by guanazodine, guanethidine and debrisoquine alike. However, when these drugs were used simultaneously with chlorpropamide debrisoquine proved to be the weakest in counteracting the inhibitory effect of chlorpropamide on glycogen metabolism and sugar release. The observation may have clinical significance.", "contents": "Effect on carbohydrate metabolism of hypotensive adrenergic neurone blocking agents. In subjects with normal metabolism sugar tolerance was not appreciable influenced by 4 or 5-day courses of guanethidine and guanazodine. Upon perfusion in isolated rat liver, glycogen metabolism and hepatic sugar release were increased by guanazodine, guanethidine and debrisoquine alike. However, when these drugs were used simultaneously with chlorpropamide debrisoquine proved to be the weakest in counteracting the inhibitory effect of chlorpropamide on glycogen metabolism and sugar release. The observation may have clinical significance.", "PMID": 1032238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5936", "title": "Myocardial lesions subsequent to roentgenotherapy.", "content": "The myocardium was studied for changes caused by therapeutical X-ray irradiation in a necropsy material of 14 cases. The lesions found in the myocardial vessels, in the parenchyma and in the interstitium are described in detail. While the severity of the vascular changes was independent of the radiation dose, the gravity of parenchymal lesions was closely related to the dose employed.", "contents": "Myocardial lesions subsequent to roentgenotherapy. The myocardium was studied for changes caused by therapeutical X-ray irradiation in a necropsy material of 14 cases. The lesions found in the myocardial vessels, in the parenchyma and in the interstitium are described in detail. While the severity of the vascular changes was independent of the radiation dose, the gravity of parenchymal lesions was closely related to the dose employed.", "PMID": 1032239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5937", "title": "Renal haemodynamics in mercuric chloride-poisoned dogs.", "content": "Intrarenal haemodynamics and glomerular dynamics have been investigated in dogs with mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure. The early phase (12 and 24 hr after the intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg HgCl2) is characterized by some decrease in renal bloodflow, due to afferent (preglomerular) vasoconstriction, while in the later phase (48 and 72 hr after poisoning a pronounced increase in RBF due to efferent (postglomerular) vasodilatation supervenes. Urinary volumes amounts to normal in the early phase, followed by oligo-anuria in the 48 and 72 hr groups. Extraction ratio of inulin, i.e. the filtration fraction and, consequently, glomerular filtration rate show a progessive decline and trend towards zero in the 72 hr group. The pronounced decrease in glomerular capillary pressure is due to both absolute and relative increase and decrease in afferent and efferent resistances, repectively. The progressive fall in effective filtration pressure is brought about by the decrease of glomerular capillary pressure, combined with increased colloid osmotic pressure due to haemoconcentration. Total and segmental intrarenal vascular resistances are reduced by hyperosmotic mannitol infusions resulting in renal hyperaemia. Glomerular filtration rate is, however, not influenced by mannitol and effective filtration pressure remains unaltered. Osmotic diuresis ensues in the early phase but urinary output is not restored in the late, i.e. oligo-anuric, phase.", "contents": "Renal haemodynamics in mercuric chloride-poisoned dogs. Intrarenal haemodynamics and glomerular dynamics have been investigated in dogs with mercuric chloride-induced acute renal failure. The early phase (12 and 24 hr after the intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg HgCl2) is characterized by some decrease in renal bloodflow, due to afferent (preglomerular) vasoconstriction, while in the later phase (48 and 72 hr after poisoning a pronounced increase in RBF due to efferent (postglomerular) vasodilatation supervenes. Urinary volumes amounts to normal in the early phase, followed by oligo-anuria in the 48 and 72 hr groups. Extraction ratio of inulin, i.e. the filtration fraction and, consequently, glomerular filtration rate show a progessive decline and trend towards zero in the 72 hr group. The pronounced decrease in glomerular capillary pressure is due to both absolute and relative increase and decrease in afferent and efferent resistances, repectively. The progressive fall in effective filtration pressure is brought about by the decrease of glomerular capillary pressure, combined with increased colloid osmotic pressure due to haemoconcentration. Total and segmental intrarenal vascular resistances are reduced by hyperosmotic mannitol infusions resulting in renal hyperaemia. Glomerular filtration rate is, however, not influenced by mannitol and effective filtration pressure remains unaltered. Osmotic diuresis ensues in the early phase but urinary output is not restored in the late, i.e. oligo-anuric, phase.", "PMID": 1032241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5938", "title": "Effect of carotid occulsion on intrarenal haemodynamics.", "content": "Renal cortical medullary autoregulation was investigated by Sapirstein's 42K and 86Rb isotope fractionation methods under pentobarbital anaesthesia in nondiuretic dogs under normal conditions and during carotid occlusion. Cortical circulation appeared to be autoregulated in both conditions while medullary blood flow showed moderate autoregulation in the control as well as during carotid occlusion. In contrast to expectation, medullary blood flow was not increased by the blood pressure elevation following carotid occlusion but was reduced as a consequence of the simultaneously evoked reflectory vasoconstriction. Carotid occlusion resulted in a more pronounced enhancement of vascular resistance in the medulla than in the cortex. It was concluded that non-uniform intrarenal distribution of the autoregulatory as well as the reflectory vasoconstriction left pressure and filtration rate essentially unchanged in the cortical glomeruli but increased both in the iuxtamedullary ones. Carotid-occlusion diuresis, therefore, cannot be explained by increased medullary blood flow but may be result of augmented flow rate of tubular fluid through the loops of Henle.", "contents": "Effect of carotid occulsion on intrarenal haemodynamics. Renal cortical medullary autoregulation was investigated by Sapirstein's 42K and 86Rb isotope fractionation methods under pentobarbital anaesthesia in nondiuretic dogs under normal conditions and during carotid occlusion. Cortical circulation appeared to be autoregulated in both conditions while medullary blood flow showed moderate autoregulation in the control as well as during carotid occlusion. In contrast to expectation, medullary blood flow was not increased by the blood pressure elevation following carotid occlusion but was reduced as a consequence of the simultaneously evoked reflectory vasoconstriction. Carotid occlusion resulted in a more pronounced enhancement of vascular resistance in the medulla than in the cortex. It was concluded that non-uniform intrarenal distribution of the autoregulatory as well as the reflectory vasoconstriction left pressure and filtration rate essentially unchanged in the cortical glomeruli but increased both in the iuxtamedullary ones. Carotid-occlusion diuresis, therefore, cannot be explained by increased medullary blood flow but may be result of augmented flow rate of tubular fluid through the loops of Henle.", "PMID": 1032242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5939", "title": "Effect of alpha-pinene on the mixed function microsomal oxidase system in the rat.", "content": "The microsomal fraction of the liver was studied for protein and cytochrome P 450 contents as well as for aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity and for its butylisocyanide spectrum under the effect of alpha-pinene treatment. A moderate increase was found in the amount of microsomal protein and cytochrome P 450, a marked increase in the metabolism of both aminopyrine (substrate of type I) and aniline (substrate of type II), together with an increase in the butylisocyanide-absorption maxima of both haemoproteins involved in the reaction. Thus, alpha-pinene is a broad-spectrum enzyme inductor of the phenobarbital type, with certain quantitative differences.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-pinene on the mixed function microsomal oxidase system in the rat. The microsomal fraction of the liver was studied for protein and cytochrome P 450 contents as well as for aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity and for its butylisocyanide spectrum under the effect of alpha-pinene treatment. A moderate increase was found in the amount of microsomal protein and cytochrome P 450, a marked increase in the metabolism of both aminopyrine (substrate of type I) and aniline (substrate of type II), together with an increase in the butylisocyanide-absorption maxima of both haemoproteins involved in the reaction. Thus, alpha-pinene is a broad-spectrum enzyme inductor of the phenobarbital type, with certain quantitative differences.", "PMID": 1032243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5940", "title": "The structure of gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "The primary and secondary structure of the three kinds of gastrointestinal hormones, i.e. gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and secretin are discussed.", "contents": "The structure of gastrointestinal hormones. The primary and secondary structure of the three kinds of gastrointestinal hormones, i.e. gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and secretin are discussed.", "PMID": 1032244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5941", "title": "Gastrointestinal peptide hormone analogues.", "content": "All derivatives of the C-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of gastrins with 17 amino acids elicit every physiological effect of the gastrin. This recognation led to detailed studies on the structure-activity relationships. In the case of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, a substance consisting of 33 amino acids, the smallest sequence which possesses biological activity is the C-terminal octapeptide fragment. Synthesis of analogous derivatives of this fragment allowed the determination of the structural elements necessary to evoke the biological action.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal peptide hormone analogues. All derivatives of the C-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of gastrins with 17 amino acids elicit every physiological effect of the gastrin. This recognation led to detailed studies on the structure-activity relationships. In the case of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, a substance consisting of 33 amino acids, the smallest sequence which possesses biological activity is the C-terminal octapeptide fragment. Synthesis of analogous derivatives of this fragment allowed the determination of the structural elements necessary to evoke the biological action.", "PMID": 1032245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5942", "title": "Metabolism of the gastrointestinal peptide hormones.", "content": "Results of investigations on the metabolism of gastrin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin are discussed on the basis of data in the literature. Own results concerning the metabolism of 14C-pentagastrin are also described, out of which the significance of a biologically inactive metabolite is emphasized. This metabolite can be demonstrated in the circulation, and is excreted in the urine. As judged from the present state of investigations, this metabolite has a crucial importance in the metabolism of pentagastrin.", "contents": "Metabolism of the gastrointestinal peptide hormones. Results of investigations on the metabolism of gastrin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin are discussed on the basis of data in the literature. Own results concerning the metabolism of 14C-pentagastrin are also described, out of which the significance of a biologically inactive metabolite is emphasized. This metabolite can be demonstrated in the circulation, and is excreted in the urine. As judged from the present state of investigations, this metabolite has a crucial importance in the metabolism of pentagastrin.", "PMID": 1032246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5943", "title": "Clinical significance and perspectives of gastrointestinal peptide hormones.", "content": "Present knowledge about gastrointestinal peptide hormones is discussed from three points of view: (a) diagnostic significance of these hormones; (b) states characterized by over-production or deficiency of peptide hormones; (c) clinical application and perspectives of gastrointestinal hormones. The data in the literature are subjected to a critical analysis; in  addition, the author's own experiments are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical significance and perspectives of gastrointestinal peptide hormones. Present knowledge about gastrointestinal peptide hormones is discussed from three points of view: (a) diagnostic significance of these hormones; (b) states characterized by over-production or deficiency of peptide hormones; (c) clinical application and perspectives of gastrointestinal hormones. The data in the literature are subjected to a critical analysis; in  addition, the author's own experiments are discussed.", "PMID": 1032247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5944", "title": "Oxygen uptake capacity of gills and skin in relation to body weight of the air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).", "content": "Oxygen consumption through gills and skin in relation to body weight was estimated in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus, under two experimental conditions, viz., (i) when access to air was allowed and (ii) when air-breathing was prevented. There was a positive correlation between VO2 (ml/hr) and body weight in both experimental conditions. Oxygen consumption (ml/hr) increased by a power of 0.869 when access to air was allowed whereas the power was slightly less (b = 0.841) when air-breathing was prevented. As the values for exponent (b) were less than 1.0, the weight specific VO2 (ml/kg/hr) decreased with increasing body weight. The decrease was more marked (b = - 0.180) in fishes which were not allowed air than in those where access to air was allowed (b = - 0.148). Under normal conditions of water and air-breathing the rate of VO2 (ml/kg/hr) via gills and skin from water ranged from 39.7 +/- 3.21 to 76.7 +/- 9.01 and this increased to 42.17 +/- 6.2 to 105.9 +/- 8.33 when air-breathing was prevented. The increase in the rate of VO2 was perhaps associated with the increase in the volume of water irrigating the gills per unit time.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake capacity of gills and skin in relation to body weight of the air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Oxygen consumption through gills and skin in relation to body weight was estimated in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus, under two experimental conditions, viz., (i) when access to air was allowed and (ii) when air-breathing was prevented. There was a positive correlation between VO2 (ml/hr) and body weight in both experimental conditions. Oxygen consumption (ml/hr) increased by a power of 0.869 when access to air was allowed whereas the power was slightly less (b = 0.841) when air-breathing was prevented. As the values for exponent (b) were less than 1.0, the weight specific VO2 (ml/kg/hr) decreased with increasing body weight. The decrease was more marked (b = - 0.180) in fishes which were not allowed air than in those where access to air was allowed (b = - 0.148). Under normal conditions of water and air-breathing the rate of VO2 (ml/kg/hr) via gills and skin from water ranged from 39.7 +/- 3.21 to 76.7 +/- 9.01 and this increased to 42.17 +/- 6.2 to 105.9 +/- 8.33 when air-breathing was prevented. The increase in the rate of VO2 was perhaps associated with the increase in the volume of water irrigating the gills per unit time.", "PMID": 1032249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5945", "title": "Intestinal transport of fructose and glycine in Ophiocephalus punctatus.", "content": "The regional variations in the absorption of fructose and glycine have been studied in the intestine and pyloric caeca of the fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus in vivo, by preparing intestinal sacs. Diffusion of amino acids out of the intracellular compartment of the intestine was observed in all the portions of the intestine. The pyloric caeca showed maximum transport of fructose. Absorption of fructose was slightly more in the posterior intestine than in the anterior intestinal sac. Maximum transport of glycine took place in the anterior intestinal sac. Pyloric caeca adsorbed more glycine than did the posterior sac. For both nutrients, the rate of uptake did not differ significantly in the upper and the lower portion of the intestine. In all the portions, the transport of fructose was more rapid than that of glycine. The experiments revealed that though the nutrients are absorbed in the entire length of the intestine, the quantity absorbed varies from one portion to another and is dependent on the nature of the compound absorbed.", "contents": "Intestinal transport of fructose and glycine in Ophiocephalus punctatus. The regional variations in the absorption of fructose and glycine have been studied in the intestine and pyloric caeca of the fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus in vivo, by preparing intestinal sacs. Diffusion of amino acids out of the intracellular compartment of the intestine was observed in all the portions of the intestine. The pyloric caeca showed maximum transport of fructose. Absorption of fructose was slightly more in the posterior intestine than in the anterior intestinal sac. Maximum transport of glycine took place in the anterior intestinal sac. Pyloric caeca adsorbed more glycine than did the posterior sac. For both nutrients, the rate of uptake did not differ significantly in the upper and the lower portion of the intestine. In all the portions, the transport of fructose was more rapid than that of glycine. The experiments revealed that though the nutrients are absorbed in the entire length of the intestine, the quantity absorbed varies from one portion to another and is dependent on the nature of the compound absorbed.", "PMID": 1032250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5946", "title": "Influence of amino acids on gastric emptying in young pigs.", "content": "The effects of amino acids on gastric emptying and secretion were studied in four young conscious pigs provided with a chronic gastric cannula. A basal test meal of 500 ml containing 10 g citrus pectin, 17.5 g sucrose, 100 mg phenol red alone or with glycine, L- or DL-tryptophan, DL-methionine or L-glutamic acid was poured into the stomach and recovered 20 min later. Glycine at concentrations of 26.7--106.8 mM/l did significantly affect gastric emptying, although at the highest concentration gastric emptying appeared to slow down. L-lysine (41.0 mM/l), DL-methionine (40.3 mM/l or L-tryptophan (29.4 mM/l did not significantly affect the rate of stomach emptying; L-tryptophan increased the amount of Cl- and H+ secreted as compared with the basal diet alone. The effects of addition of the essential amino acids, L-lysine and DL-methionine, were compared with those of the nonessential glycine and L-glutamic acid. There was no significant difference in the rate of gastric emptying or secretion between them. The L and DL isomers of lysine and trypotphan were not found to differ significantly in their effects on gastric emptying and secretion.", "contents": "Influence of amino acids on gastric emptying in young pigs. The effects of amino acids on gastric emptying and secretion were studied in four young conscious pigs provided with a chronic gastric cannula. A basal test meal of 500 ml containing 10 g citrus pectin, 17.5 g sucrose, 100 mg phenol red alone or with glycine, L- or DL-tryptophan, DL-methionine or L-glutamic acid was poured into the stomach and recovered 20 min later. Glycine at concentrations of 26.7--106.8 mM/l did significantly affect gastric emptying, although at the highest concentration gastric emptying appeared to slow down. L-lysine (41.0 mM/l), DL-methionine (40.3 mM/l or L-tryptophan (29.4 mM/l did not significantly affect the rate of stomach emptying; L-tryptophan increased the amount of Cl- and H+ secreted as compared with the basal diet alone. The effects of addition of the essential amino acids, L-lysine and DL-methionine, were compared with those of the nonessential glycine and L-glutamic acid. There was no significant difference in the rate of gastric emptying or secretion between them. The L and DL isomers of lysine and trypotphan were not found to differ significantly in their effects on gastric emptying and secretion.", "PMID": 1032251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5947", "title": "Cortical synchronization induced by thermal stimulation of the preoptic area in immobilized rats.", "content": "Cortical synchronization characterized by frontal spindles and occipital slow wave activity was induced by bilateral thermal stimulation of 2--4 degrees C of the preoptic area in unanaesthetized immobilized rats. The synchronization was demonstrated by ECoG and its power density spectra. The ECoG of the synchronization was similar to that of slow wave sleep. Switching off the thermal stimulation the original activity was recovered in most of the cases. Frontal spindle activity and slow wave activity recorded over the posterior cortex seemed to be dissociated to some degree. Low frequency stimulation at the points of thermal stimulation resulted in frequency following synchronization. In some cases electrical and thermal stimulation induced gradually developing seizure activity.", "contents": "Cortical synchronization induced by thermal stimulation of the preoptic area in immobilized rats. Cortical synchronization characterized by frontal spindles and occipital slow wave activity was induced by bilateral thermal stimulation of 2--4 degrees C of the preoptic area in unanaesthetized immobilized rats. The synchronization was demonstrated by ECoG and its power density spectra. The ECoG of the synchronization was similar to that of slow wave sleep. Switching off the thermal stimulation the original activity was recovered in most of the cases. Frontal spindle activity and slow wave activity recorded over the posterior cortex seemed to be dissociated to some degree. Low frequency stimulation at the points of thermal stimulation resulted in frequency following synchronization. In some cases electrical and thermal stimulation induced gradually developing seizure activity.", "PMID": 1032252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5948", "title": "Effect of TSH and melatonin on thyroid activity in the rat.", "content": "Melatonin and TSH, injected separately, caused no change of the blood thyroxine level at 30 min after treatment. Simultaneous or subsequent administration of the two hormones induced an increase of the level. Thus, melatonin is capable of potentiating acute, thyroxine mobilizing effect of TSH.", "contents": "Effect of TSH and melatonin on thyroid activity in the rat. Melatonin and TSH, injected separately, caused no change of the blood thyroxine level at 30 min after treatment. Simultaneous or subsequent administration of the two hormones induced an increase of the level. Thus, melatonin is capable of potentiating acute, thyroxine mobilizing effect of TSH.", "PMID": 1032253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5949", "title": "The frequency dependence of evoked and postsynaptic potentials in the somatosensory cortex of the cat.", "content": "Intracellular records were made from neurones of the somatosensory cortex of cats, during stimulation of the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The aim of the experiments was to detect correlations between frequency dependence of surface evoked potentials and that of unit discharges. The amplitude of the surface evoked potential showed a strong diminution when the frequency of the thalamic stimulation was raised from 1 cps to 15 cps. In spite of this, frequency dependence in amplitude of unit discharges was never seen. As regards their frequency of occurrence the unit responses (full spikes, dendritic, postsynaptic potentials) behaved differently: a part of them showed increasing, another part gave decreasing occurrence, and the remaining portion did not change it. The authors conclude that temporal dispersion fails to give account for the frequency dependence, therefore further possibilities have to be examined.", "contents": "The frequency dependence of evoked and postsynaptic potentials in the somatosensory cortex of the cat. Intracellular records were made from neurones of the somatosensory cortex of cats, during stimulation of the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The aim of the experiments was to detect correlations between frequency dependence of surface evoked potentials and that of unit discharges. The amplitude of the surface evoked potential showed a strong diminution when the frequency of the thalamic stimulation was raised from 1 cps to 15 cps. In spite of this, frequency dependence in amplitude of unit discharges was never seen. As regards their frequency of occurrence the unit responses (full spikes, dendritic, postsynaptic potentials) behaved differently: a part of them showed increasing, another part gave decreasing occurrence, and the remaining portion did not change it. The authors conclude that temporal dispersion fails to give account for the frequency dependence, therefore further possibilities have to be examined.", "PMID": 1032254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5950", "title": "Relation of unit spike discharges and evoked potentials in the auditory cortex of cats.", "content": "Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from the auditory cortex of anaesthetized cats during acoustic click stimulation. The microelectrode of low resistance allowed to record evoked field potentials and unit discharges simultaneously. In distant extracellular leads the relation of unit discharges and field potentials was equivocal. Near extracellular leads revealed that the antidromic invasion of the somadendritic membrane by excitation is a frequency dependent process (just as evoked field potentials) while spike potentials can reliably be elicited from the initial segment at high frequencies. It is assumed that the excitation spreading from the initial segment to the soma-dendritic membrane represents an important component of the evoked potentials, and their frequency dependence may be traced back to inhibitions activated by afferent impulses.", "contents": "Relation of unit spike discharges and evoked potentials in the auditory cortex of cats. Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from the auditory cortex of anaesthetized cats during acoustic click stimulation. The microelectrode of low resistance allowed to record evoked field potentials and unit discharges simultaneously. In distant extracellular leads the relation of unit discharges and field potentials was equivocal. Near extracellular leads revealed that the antidromic invasion of the somadendritic membrane by excitation is a frequency dependent process (just as evoked field potentials) while spike potentials can reliably be elicited from the initial segment at high frequencies. It is assumed that the excitation spreading from the initial segment to the soma-dendritic membrane represents an important component of the evoked potentials, and their frequency dependence may be traced back to inhibitions activated by afferent impulses.", "PMID": 1032255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5951", "title": "A device for evaluation of the dominant component of the EEG activity.", "content": "A setup composed of a bioanalyser and additional electronic circuits is described allowing to measure the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the dominant component of EEG activity. Besides recording the above values on paper by means of the EEG apparatus, functions of probability density of both the amplitude and the frequency of EEG activity are estimated on-line during preadjusted time intervals, and displayed on the screen of the bioanalyser. The mutual relationship between instantaneous EEG amplitude and frequency can be expressed in two-dimensional histograms displayed on a memory scope. The system described is suitable for laboratories having no possibility to use general purpose computer on-line.", "contents": "A device for evaluation of the dominant component of the EEG activity. A setup composed of a bioanalyser and additional electronic circuits is described allowing to measure the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the dominant component of EEG activity. Besides recording the above values on paper by means of the EEG apparatus, functions of probability density of both the amplitude and the frequency of EEG activity are estimated on-line during preadjusted time intervals, and displayed on the screen of the bioanalyser. The mutual relationship between instantaneous EEG amplitude and frequency can be expressed in two-dimensional histograms displayed on a memory scope. The system described is suitable for laboratories having no possibility to use general purpose computer on-line.", "PMID": 1032256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5952", "title": "Assumed identity of granulocyte-pyrogen (GP) and leukocytosis inducing factor (LIF).", "content": "Pyrogen obtained from granulocytes induces granulocytosis in normal, endotoxin-tolerant and spinal animals alike, whereas heat treatment destroys the granulocytosis inducing effect. It is concluded that GP and LIF are identical, or nearly identical, factors.", "contents": "Assumed identity of granulocyte-pyrogen (GP) and leukocytosis inducing factor (LIF). Pyrogen obtained from granulocytes induces granulocytosis in normal, endotoxin-tolerant and spinal animals alike, whereas heat treatment destroys the granulocytosis inducing effect. It is concluded that GP and LIF are identical, or nearly identical, factors.", "PMID": 1032257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5953", "title": "Cardiovascular reactivity and neurogenic tone in unilateral renovascular hypertension in the rat.", "content": "The role of some mechanisms in the development of hypertension due to unilateral renal artery stenosis is influenced by the presence or absence of the intact opposite kidney. In this paper: a) the cardiovascular reactivity (CR) to norepinephrine (NE) and b) the effect of a ganglionic blocker (pentolinium, P) during the early (first two weeks) and later periods (ten weeks) of hypertension elicited by unilateral renal ischemia in the presence of the untouched contralateral kidney in the rat have been reported. Neither the threshold doses nor the dose-pressor response curves have shown a greater reactivity of the cardiovascular system to NE in this specific type of renovascular hypertension. An increase in the activity of the nervous system apparently contributes in early and late periods to the fuller development of high arterial pressure (AP).", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactivity and neurogenic tone in unilateral renovascular hypertension in the rat. The role of some mechanisms in the development of hypertension due to unilateral renal artery stenosis is influenced by the presence or absence of the intact opposite kidney. In this paper: a) the cardiovascular reactivity (CR) to norepinephrine (NE) and b) the effect of a ganglionic blocker (pentolinium, P) during the early (first two weeks) and later periods (ten weeks) of hypertension elicited by unilateral renal ischemia in the presence of the untouched contralateral kidney in the rat have been reported. Neither the threshold doses nor the dose-pressor response curves have shown a greater reactivity of the cardiovascular system to NE in this specific type of renovascular hypertension. An increase in the activity of the nervous system apparently contributes in early and late periods to the fuller development of high arterial pressure (AP).", "PMID": 1032258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5954", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins upon hair growth in mice.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandins upon the diffuse hair wave induced by gonadectomy was studied in male C3H mice. The drugs used were Prostaglandin E1 and Prostaglandin F2alpha, tromethamine salt, which were administered twice a day intraperitoneally during 22 days, in daily doses from 1 to 6 micrograms. The animals had their back clipped and were castrated at the beginning of each experiment. At the end of the 22 day experimental period while all the castrated control mice were completely covered by hair, in the castrated prostaglandin treated mice a marked inhibition of the hair growth was noticed.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins upon hair growth in mice. The effect of prostaglandins upon the diffuse hair wave induced by gonadectomy was studied in male C3H mice. The drugs used were Prostaglandin E1 and Prostaglandin F2alpha, tromethamine salt, which were administered twice a day intraperitoneally during 22 days, in daily doses from 1 to 6 micrograms. The animals had their back clipped and were castrated at the beginning of each experiment. At the end of the 22 day experimental period while all the castrated control mice were completely covered by hair, in the castrated prostaglandin treated mice a marked inhibition of the hair growth was noticed.", "PMID": 1032259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5955", "title": "Electronic system for the obtention of phase plane curves for action potentials.", "content": "This system is designed for the amplification of the bioelectrical signal, obtention of its derivative in respect to time, automatic brightness control for both beams of the oscilloscope, and stability. The system includes a central measuring section which is a modified Tektronix oscilloscope type 565. Automatic control of brightness as a function of sweeping speed allows photographic recordings.", "contents": "Electronic system for the obtention of phase plane curves for action potentials. This system is designed for the amplification of the bioelectrical signal, obtention of its derivative in respect to time, automatic brightness control for both beams of the oscilloscope, and stability. The system includes a central measuring section which is a modified Tektronix oscilloscope type 565. Automatic control of brightness as a function of sweeping speed allows photographic recordings.", "PMID": 1032260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5956", "title": "Automatic microelectrode compensator (AMC).", "content": "A solid-state system designed for compensation of asymmetry potentials between microelectrodes, for bioelectric measurements, is described. Advantages over the manual compensator are the following: synchronic compensation of electrodes, application to automatized systems against aging effects in electordes, high speed, and elimination of general muisances of manual circuits. Besides, the system allows to measure digitally the polarization difference and resting membrane potential with precision of +/- 1 mV.", "contents": "Automatic microelectrode compensator (AMC). A solid-state system designed for compensation of asymmetry potentials between microelectrodes, for bioelectric measurements, is described. Advantages over the manual compensator are the following: synchronic compensation of electrodes, application to automatized systems against aging effects in electordes, high speed, and elimination of general muisances of manual circuits. Besides, the system allows to measure digitally the polarization difference and resting membrane potential with precision of +/- 1 mV.", "PMID": 1032261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5957", "title": "Automatic silver-plater of electrodes. Reference silver-silver chloride electrodes.", "content": "The silver-plater developed for the preparation of silver-silver chloride electrodes attains constancy in electrochemical characteristics, circulating current during exactly identical periods with inverted polarity.", "contents": "Automatic silver-plater of electrodes. Reference silver-silver chloride electrodes. The silver-plater developed for the preparation of silver-silver chloride electrodes attains constancy in electrochemical characteristics, circulating current during exactly identical periods with inverted polarity.", "PMID": 1032262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5958", "title": "[Purification of kininogen II (LMW) from human plasma].", "content": "Plasma supernatant in which kallikrein has been activated and removed by glass powder whilst kininogen I (HMW) has been consumed by the activated kallikrein, was used for the preparation of kininogen II. It was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by gel filtration on G-200 Sephadex. The purification of kininogen II was assessed from determinations of the amount of kinin released (expressed as bradykinin) as measured on the isolated guinea pig ileum, using samples incubated with human salivary kallikrein or trypsin. A preparation of kininogen II containing an activity equivalent to 8 microgram Br/mg protein, was obtained. Salivary kallikrein released approximately three times more kinin from the substrate as compared to trypsin.", "contents": "[Purification of kininogen II (LMW) from human plasma]. Plasma supernatant in which kallikrein has been activated and removed by glass powder whilst kininogen I (HMW) has been consumed by the activated kallikrein, was used for the preparation of kininogen II. It was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by gel filtration on G-200 Sephadex. The purification of kininogen II was assessed from determinations of the amount of kinin released (expressed as bradykinin) as measured on the isolated guinea pig ileum, using samples incubated with human salivary kallikrein or trypsin. A preparation of kininogen II containing an activity equivalent to 8 microgram Br/mg protein, was obtained. Salivary kallikrein released approximately three times more kinin from the substrate as compared to trypsin.", "PMID": 1032267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5959", "title": "[Purification and enzyme study of kininogens I and II from human plasma].", "content": "Kininogens I (HMW) and II (LMW) were isolated and partially purified from human plasma. The disappearance of kininogen I was prevented by the use of hexadimethrine bromide, which inhibits the activation of plasma prekallikrein. The two kininogens were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Further purification of kininogen I and II was achieved by separate chromatographic steps of the partially purified kininogens on SP-Sephadex. The purification of the kininogens was controlled by incubation of the respective samples with different kininogenases: human plasma kallikrein, human salivary kallikrein and trypsin. As determined by gel filtration, a molecular weight of 250 000 daltons was found for kininogen I (HMW) and 48 000 daltons for kininogen II (LMW).", "contents": "[Purification and enzyme study of kininogens I and II from human plasma]. Kininogens I (HMW) and II (LMW) were isolated and partially purified from human plasma. The disappearance of kininogen I was prevented by the use of hexadimethrine bromide, which inhibits the activation of plasma prekallikrein. The two kininogens were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Further purification of kininogen I and II was achieved by separate chromatographic steps of the partially purified kininogens on SP-Sephadex. The purification of the kininogens was controlled by incubation of the respective samples with different kininogenases: human plasma kallikrein, human salivary kallikrein and trypsin. As determined by gel filtration, a molecular weight of 250 000 daltons was found for kininogen I (HMW) and 48 000 daltons for kininogen II (LMW).", "PMID": 1032268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5960", "title": "Metabolic responses to catecholamines.", "content": "Isoproterenol and propranolol, in a single dose, caused hyperglycemia after 15 and 30 min, either in the conscious rat or in the anesthetized dog. In this latter species no modifications of the serum potassium were observed. Adrenaline, 5 microgram/kg, iv provoked hyperglycemia at the same intervals and hyperkalemia at min 1st and 2nd with further hypokalemia until 90 min. The beta-adrenergic blocker, sotalol, 5 mg/kg, iv, administered prior to adrenaline suppressed the increase in glycemia and the late decrease in serum potassium, but not the early hyperkalemia. In the isolated hind limb of the dog the intra femoral artery administration of adrenaline, 3 microgram/kg, produced similar hyperglycemia either in the artery or in the femoral vein, starting from the 15 min. Contrarily, the serum concentration of potassium was significantly less in the vein than in the artery at the 1st min. These findings suggest that different receptors are involved in the glucose and potassium response to adrenaline, and the skeletal muscle plays an important role in the regulation of the early hyperkalemia.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to catecholamines. Isoproterenol and propranolol, in a single dose, caused hyperglycemia after 15 and 30 min, either in the conscious rat or in the anesthetized dog. In this latter species no modifications of the serum potassium were observed. Adrenaline, 5 microgram/kg, iv provoked hyperglycemia at the same intervals and hyperkalemia at min 1st and 2nd with further hypokalemia until 90 min. The beta-adrenergic blocker, sotalol, 5 mg/kg, iv, administered prior to adrenaline suppressed the increase in glycemia and the late decrease in serum potassium, but not the early hyperkalemia. In the isolated hind limb of the dog the intra femoral artery administration of adrenaline, 3 microgram/kg, produced similar hyperglycemia either in the artery or in the femoral vein, starting from the 15 min. Contrarily, the serum concentration of potassium was significantly less in the vein than in the artery at the 1st min. These findings suggest that different receptors are involved in the glucose and potassium response to adrenaline, and the skeletal muscle plays an important role in the regulation of the early hyperkalemia.", "PMID": 1032269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5961", "title": "Caudate-putamen and globus pallidus influences on a visceral reflex.", "content": "The electrical stimulation of the rostral striatum in rats has two different influences on bladder motility. Stimulus applied to the dorsomedial caudoputamen nucleus elicited vesical contractions and increased excitability of micturition reflex. Stimulation of the ventromedial caudoputamen suppressed detrusor contractions and increased the micturition threshold. Similar inhibitory effects were found by electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus. The possible mechanisms involved and the relationship with the clinical finding of bladder dysfunction in patients with extrapyramidal disease, are discussed in view of their anatomical and functional relationships to the vesicomotor centers.", "contents": "Caudate-putamen and globus pallidus influences on a visceral reflex. The electrical stimulation of the rostral striatum in rats has two different influences on bladder motility. Stimulus applied to the dorsomedial caudoputamen nucleus elicited vesical contractions and increased excitability of micturition reflex. Stimulation of the ventromedial caudoputamen suppressed detrusor contractions and increased the micturition threshold. Similar inhibitory effects were found by electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus. The possible mechanisms involved and the relationship with the clinical finding of bladder dysfunction in patients with extrapyramidal disease, are discussed in view of their anatomical and functional relationships to the vesicomotor centers.", "PMID": 1032270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5962", "title": "Effect of hypocalcic media on chemical sensitivity of toad sartorius muscle.", "content": "Membrane potential and spike activity were recorded through intracellular electrodes from toad sartorius muscles superfused in Krebs solution. When this was replaced by a hypocalcic medium (1/20 of normal Krebs Ca2+ concentration), muscles showed extrajunctional sensitivity to acetylcholine, histamine and noradrenaline applied iontophoretically. Normal sensitivity was restored when muscles were bathed in normal calcium media. Changes in chemical excitability of the fibers immersed in hypocalcic solution were related to decreased input membrane resistance. These observations emphasize the role played by Ca2+ on electrical stability and chemical sensitivity of skeletal muscle membrane.", "contents": "Effect of hypocalcic media on chemical sensitivity of toad sartorius muscle. Membrane potential and spike activity were recorded through intracellular electrodes from toad sartorius muscles superfused in Krebs solution. When this was replaced by a hypocalcic medium (1/20 of normal Krebs Ca2+ concentration), muscles showed extrajunctional sensitivity to acetylcholine, histamine and noradrenaline applied iontophoretically. Normal sensitivity was restored when muscles were bathed in normal calcium media. Changes in chemical excitability of the fibers immersed in hypocalcic solution were related to decreased input membrane resistance. These observations emphasize the role played by Ca2+ on electrical stability and chemical sensitivity of skeletal muscle membrane.", "PMID": 1032273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5963", "title": "Nodular thickening of peritubular basement membranes in diabetic kidneys.", "content": "A conspicious renal change associated with diabetes is the thickening of the basement membranes. This was generally considered diffuse and little attention was paid to its nodular character. In the present study of the nodules, their topo-optical reation, electron microscopic fine structure as well as their trypsin digestibility after periodic acid-sulphatation revealed their basement membrane character. The increased basophilia obtained by the aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue reaction indicated an increased amount of sugar components, whereas the decreased double refraction and the red polarization colours a decrease of the micellary arrangement. The change is mostly observed in diabetics; the specific localization around the Henle loops may refer eventual hyperosmolar effects, whereas the nodular character points to the role of local factors.", "contents": "Nodular thickening of peritubular basement membranes in diabetic kidneys. A conspicious renal change associated with diabetes is the thickening of the basement membranes. This was generally considered diffuse and little attention was paid to its nodular character. In the present study of the nodules, their topo-optical reation, electron microscopic fine structure as well as their trypsin digestibility after periodic acid-sulphatation revealed their basement membrane character. The increased basophilia obtained by the aldehyde-bisulphite-toluidine blue reaction indicated an increased amount of sugar components, whereas the decreased double refraction and the red polarization colours a decrease of the micellary arrangement. The change is mostly observed in diabetics; the specific localization around the Henle loops may refer eventual hyperosmolar effects, whereas the nodular character points to the role of local factors.", "PMID": 1032274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5964", "title": "Neonatal hepatitis: histological and differential diagnostic aspects.", "content": "The morphological pecularities of neonatal hepatitis are discussed on the basis of biopsy in 41 cases. The manifestations are similar to those of virus hepatitis in more advanced age, with certain quantitative and qualitative differences. The obligatory presence of multinucleated hepatic giant cells is denied, but a peculiar cell type with large bizarre nucleus was found pathognomic. The questions of differential diagnosis are discussed and the importance of liver biopsy is emphasized.", "contents": "Neonatal hepatitis: histological and differential diagnostic aspects. The morphological pecularities of neonatal hepatitis are discussed on the basis of biopsy in 41 cases. The manifestations are similar to those of virus hepatitis in more advanced age, with certain quantitative and qualitative differences. The obligatory presence of multinucleated hepatic giant cells is denied, but a peculiar cell type with large bizarre nucleus was found pathognomic. The questions of differential diagnosis are discussed and the importance of liver biopsy is emphasized.", "PMID": 1032275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5965", "title": "Secondary structure of glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "It has been shown by X-ray diffraction and chiroptic spectroscopy that the glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue develop a helical structure; this induces the coordination of polycations and scleroproteins in their environment polycations and promotes or inhibites fibrillary aggregation. Analysis of the ORD and CD spectra of various glycosaminoglycans, as well as those of oversulphated and desulphated preparations allowed the following conclusions concerning the secondary structure. 1. For the helical structure of glycosaminoglycans a chain-length of 120 to 150 A and the presence of at least one sulphate group per two disaccharides are required. The helical structure is not influenced by binding to the protein skeleton, e.g. in proteoglycans. 2. Chiroptical properties of the glycosaminoglycan--either in themselves, or if their methylene blue complexes are studied--are determined by the degree of their sulphatation. 3. The degree of sulphatation determines the secondary structure of the molecule and thus also its biological properties. Fibrillogenesis in vitro and probably also in vivo are determined by the strength of the bond between collagen and glycosaminoglycans, in addition to the effect inducing the coordination. Structural analysis of the polysaccharides supports the coordinated fibrillary structure of GAG, as already assumed on the basis of polarization microscopic methods.", "contents": "Secondary structure of glycosaminoglycans. It has been shown by X-ray diffraction and chiroptic spectroscopy that the glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue develop a helical structure; this induces the coordination of polycations and scleroproteins in their environment polycations and promotes or inhibites fibrillary aggregation. Analysis of the ORD and CD spectra of various glycosaminoglycans, as well as those of oversulphated and desulphated preparations allowed the following conclusions concerning the secondary structure. 1. For the helical structure of glycosaminoglycans a chain-length of 120 to 150 A and the presence of at least one sulphate group per two disaccharides are required. The helical structure is not influenced by binding to the protein skeleton, e.g. in proteoglycans. 2. Chiroptical properties of the glycosaminoglycan--either in themselves, or if their methylene blue complexes are studied--are determined by the degree of their sulphatation. 3. The degree of sulphatation determines the secondary structure of the molecule and thus also its biological properties. Fibrillogenesis in vitro and probably also in vivo are determined by the strength of the bond between collagen and glycosaminoglycans, in addition to the effect inducing the coordination. Structural analysis of the polysaccharides supports the coordinated fibrillary structure of GAG, as already assumed on the basis of polarization microscopic methods.", "PMID": 1032276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5966", "title": "Cell surface properties of L1210 leukaemia cells.", "content": "The surface properties of vincristine-colchicine sensitive and resistant L1210 leukaemic cells have been studied using concanavalin A mediated agglutination assay as well as electron microscopic visualization of concanavalin A receptors. 3H-colchicine uptake by the sensitive and resistant lines has also been compared. The resistant L1210 leukaemic cells proved less agglutinable than the sensitive ones at the same concanavalin A concentration. Previous treatments with either colchicine, vincristine or chlorpromazine caused a marked decrease in the agglutinability of the sensitive L1210 leukaemic cells, while agglutination of the resistant ones was lowered slightly by the same treatments. The 3H-colchicine uptake of the sensitive cells was three times higher than that of the resistant ones.", "contents": "Cell surface properties of L1210 leukaemia cells. The surface properties of vincristine-colchicine sensitive and resistant L1210 leukaemic cells have been studied using concanavalin A mediated agglutination assay as well as electron microscopic visualization of concanavalin A receptors. 3H-colchicine uptake by the sensitive and resistant lines has also been compared. The resistant L1210 leukaemic cells proved less agglutinable than the sensitive ones at the same concanavalin A concentration. Previous treatments with either colchicine, vincristine or chlorpromazine caused a marked decrease in the agglutinability of the sensitive L1210 leukaemic cells, while agglutination of the resistant ones was lowered slightly by the same treatments. The 3H-colchicine uptake of the sensitive cells was three times higher than that of the resistant ones.", "PMID": 1032277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5967", "title": "Bioassay of blood-born tumour cells on in vivo and in vitro systems.", "content": "Viability and biological integrity of tumour cells circulating in the blood were studied in an experimental system using bioassay methods. Results of subcutaneous and intravenous retransplantation as well as explantation of the blood obtained from tumour-bearing animals previously receiving intravenous inoculation of tumour cell suspension (Yoshida sarcoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and DMBA-induced myeloid ascitic leukaemia), revealed that the tumour cells detected in the blood are not only viable at the time of their transportation in the blood-stream but are also in possession of biologic potentials to proliferate and establish metastatic growths in organs.", "contents": "Bioassay of blood-born tumour cells on in vivo and in vitro systems. Viability and biological integrity of tumour cells circulating in the blood were studied in an experimental system using bioassay methods. Results of subcutaneous and intravenous retransplantation as well as explantation of the blood obtained from tumour-bearing animals previously receiving intravenous inoculation of tumour cell suspension (Yoshida sarcoma, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and DMBA-induced myeloid ascitic leukaemia), revealed that the tumour cells detected in the blood are not only viable at the time of their transportation in the blood-stream but are also in possession of biologic potentials to proliferate and establish metastatic growths in organs.", "PMID": 1032278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5968", "title": "Infantile and juvenile cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "In 14 years necropsy material 12 cases of infantile and 2 of juvenile liver cirrhosis occurred. In early infancy, diffuse cirrhosis is the most characteristic, whereas in more advanced age cirrhosis of irregular type is more frequent. The posthepatitic, secondary biliary, metabolic and cryptogenic cirrhoses are discussed from aetiological aspects.", "contents": "Infantile and juvenile cirrhosis of the liver. In 14 years necropsy material 12 cases of infantile and 2 of juvenile liver cirrhosis occurred. In early infancy, diffuse cirrhosis is the most characteristic, whereas in more advanced age cirrhosis of irregular type is more frequent. The posthepatitic, secondary biliary, metabolic and cryptogenic cirrhoses are discussed from aetiological aspects.", "PMID": 1032279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5969", "title": "The role of heterogeneity of tumour cell populations in biological activity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.", "content": "The biological activity of a rat ascites leukaemia subline isolated by isopycnic centrifugation was compared to that of the original tumour both in vivo and in vitro. The subline had different marker chromosomes, a longer cell cycle time and decreased sensitivity to vinblastine as compared to the original tumour.", "contents": "The role of heterogeneity of tumour cell populations in biological activity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. The biological activity of a rat ascites leukaemia subline isolated by isopycnic centrifugation was compared to that of the original tumour both in vivo and in vitro. The subline had different marker chromosomes, a longer cell cycle time and decreased sensitivity to vinblastine as compared to the original tumour.", "PMID": 1032280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5970", "title": "Examination of curettage material for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "The histological characteristics of curettage material are described which raise the suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. In the period 1966 to 1975, 464 surgically removed pregnant uterine tubes and in 143 patients curettage material was also examined. On the basis of the curettage material, the suspicion of ectopic pregnancy arose in 109 cases (76%). In 34 curettage materials (24%) no histological sign referring to ectopic pregnancy was detected. Thus in three-fourth of cases examination of the endometrial specimen was of diagnostic value and indicated the necessity of surgery.", "contents": "Examination of curettage material for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. The histological characteristics of curettage material are described which raise the suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. In the period 1966 to 1975, 464 surgically removed pregnant uterine tubes and in 143 patients curettage material was also examined. On the basis of the curettage material, the suspicion of ectopic pregnancy arose in 109 cases (76%). In 34 curettage materials (24%) no histological sign referring to ectopic pregnancy was detected. Thus in three-fourth of cases examination of the endometrial specimen was of diagnostic value and indicated the necessity of surgery.", "PMID": 1032281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5971", "title": "A study of hyperlipidaemia induced by ascites tumours.", "content": "In mice four stages of hyperlipidaemia induced by Ehrlich ascites tumour could be distinguished. Hyperlipidaemia is characterized mainly by increased serum VLDL content accompanied by high triglyceride concentration. The only exception was the regressive stage III where the serum lipid level (VLDL) has temporarily decreased. From the results obtained with the simultaneous examination of the liver, mesenteric fat tissue, tumour cell and ascites plasma lipids, it may be concluded that the endogeneous fat mobilization induced by tumour cells via increased VLDL synthesis and secretion of liver will lead to hyperlipidaemia and to the total depletion of the lipid stores. Rapid and reversible fall in lipid level following the withdrawal of ascites fluid in tumorous animals demonstrated clearly the direct effect of the tumour cells on lipid-lipoprotein metabolism of the host organism.", "contents": "A study of hyperlipidaemia induced by ascites tumours. In mice four stages of hyperlipidaemia induced by Ehrlich ascites tumour could be distinguished. Hyperlipidaemia is characterized mainly by increased serum VLDL content accompanied by high triglyceride concentration. The only exception was the regressive stage III where the serum lipid level (VLDL) has temporarily decreased. From the results obtained with the simultaneous examination of the liver, mesenteric fat tissue, tumour cell and ascites plasma lipids, it may be concluded that the endogeneous fat mobilization induced by tumour cells via increased VLDL synthesis and secretion of liver will lead to hyperlipidaemia and to the total depletion of the lipid stores. Rapid and reversible fall in lipid level following the withdrawal of ascites fluid in tumorous animals demonstrated clearly the direct effect of the tumour cells on lipid-lipoprotein metabolism of the host organism.", "PMID": 1032282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5972", "title": "Studies on the possiblilty of production of immunity against schistosomiasis in experimental animals.", "content": "In the present work antigenization with somatic and metabolic antigens of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms, their cercariae or eggs has been tried. The study of the immunoglobulin patterns in infected and vaccinated non infected mice showed increase in IgG in all animals, increase in IgM only in the infected and IgA was frequently increased in mice that received metabolic or egg antigens. As regards the degree of resistance of vaccinated animals to S. mansoni infection, 2 groups gave prominent results. 1st the group vaccinated with Schistosoma mansonmetabolic worm antigen in which we got: -- Reduction in the worm load. -- Delayed ovulation and reduction in the number of ova/24 hr stools and/g of liver tissue. -- The histopathological picture of the liver was the best. 2nd the group vaccinated with egg antigen: Although it showed delayed ovulation and reduction in the ova count per 4 hr stools and/g liver tissue, yet the histopathological picture was the worst showing the largest granulomata.", "contents": "Studies on the possiblilty of production of immunity against schistosomiasis in experimental animals. In the present work antigenization with somatic and metabolic antigens of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms, their cercariae or eggs has been tried. The study of the immunoglobulin patterns in infected and vaccinated non infected mice showed increase in IgG in all animals, increase in IgM only in the infected and IgA was frequently increased in mice that received metabolic or egg antigens. As regards the degree of resistance of vaccinated animals to S. mansoni infection, 2 groups gave prominent results. 1st the group vaccinated with Schistosoma mansonmetabolic worm antigen in which we got: -- Reduction in the worm load. -- Delayed ovulation and reduction in the number of ova/24 hr stools and/g of liver tissue. -- The histopathological picture of the liver was the best. 2nd the group vaccinated with egg antigen: Although it showed delayed ovulation and reduction in the ova count per 4 hr stools and/g liver tissue, yet the histopathological picture was the worst showing the largest granulomata.", "PMID": 1032290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5973", "title": "Leucine aminopeptidase, Significance of serum elevation in bilharziasis.", "content": "Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity and creatinine concentration was estimated in serum of twenty five normal adult subjects, twenty four cases with active urinary bilharziasis, eleven cases with active intestinal bilharziasis, ten cases with mixed bilharzial infection (urinary and intestinal), fourteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepato-splenomegaly of bilharzial etiology, thirteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, and twelve cases with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology. Significant elevation in the serum enzyme level was found in all bilharzial cases which generally ran parallel to the course of the disease, being more marked in hepatosplenomegalic cases than in cases which showed no clinical signs of liver or spleen involvement. However, it was observed that the enzyme level was lower ascitic than in nonascitic cases. For serum creatinine concentration, no significant variation from normal value was observed in the group of patients with active urinary, active intestinal, mixed infections of bilharziasis and bilharzial hepatosplenomegalic cases. However, a very highly significant decrease in serum creatinine concentration was observed in the group of patients with bilharzial hepatosplenomegaly and ascites. Serum LAP activity and creatinine concentration in the group of patients with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology showed no statistical variation from normal values.", "contents": "Leucine aminopeptidase, Significance of serum elevation in bilharziasis. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity and creatinine concentration was estimated in serum of twenty five normal adult subjects, twenty four cases with active urinary bilharziasis, eleven cases with active intestinal bilharziasis, ten cases with mixed bilharzial infection (urinary and intestinal), fourteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepato-splenomegaly of bilharzial etiology, thirteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, and twelve cases with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology. Significant elevation in the serum enzyme level was found in all bilharzial cases which generally ran parallel to the course of the disease, being more marked in hepatosplenomegalic cases than in cases which showed no clinical signs of liver or spleen involvement. However, it was observed that the enzyme level was lower ascitic than in nonascitic cases. For serum creatinine concentration, no significant variation from normal value was observed in the group of patients with active urinary, active intestinal, mixed infections of bilharziasis and bilharzial hepatosplenomegalic cases. However, a very highly significant decrease in serum creatinine concentration was observed in the group of patients with bilharzial hepatosplenomegaly and ascites. Serum LAP activity and creatinine concentration in the group of patients with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology showed no statistical variation from normal values.", "PMID": 1032291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5974", "title": "Urinary leucine aminopeptidase in bilharziasis.", "content": "Leucine aminopeptidase activity and total protein concentration was estimated in the fresh early morning sample of urine of twenty five normal adult subjects, twenty four cases with active urinary bilharziasis, eleven cases with active intestinal bilharziasis, ten cases with mixed bilharzial infection (urinary and intestinal), fourteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepatosplenomegaly of bilharzial etiology, thirteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, and twelve cases with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology. It was found that there is a significant increase in LAP activity in the urine of all groups of patients studied. Again this increase ran parallel to the course of the disease in bilharzial cases. Urine protein concentration was found to be increased significantly in all groups of bilharzial cases studied with the highest value in urine of patients with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology. However no direct correlation was found between urinary LAP level and protein concentration either within the individual cases or within the different groups.", "contents": "Urinary leucine aminopeptidase in bilharziasis. Leucine aminopeptidase activity and total protein concentration was estimated in the fresh early morning sample of urine of twenty five normal adult subjects, twenty four cases with active urinary bilharziasis, eleven cases with active intestinal bilharziasis, ten cases with mixed bilharzial infection (urinary and intestinal), fourteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepatosplenomegaly of bilharzial etiology, thirteen bilharzial cases with clinical hepatosplenomegaly and ascites, and twelve cases with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology. It was found that there is a significant increase in LAP activity in the urine of all groups of patients studied. Again this increase ran parallel to the course of the disease in bilharzial cases. Urine protein concentration was found to be increased significantly in all groups of bilharzial cases studied with the highest value in urine of patients with cancer bladder of bilharzial etiology. However no direct correlation was found between urinary LAP level and protein concentration either within the individual cases or within the different groups.", "PMID": 1032292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5975", "title": "Chemical control of the sea lamprey: the addition of a chemical to the environment.", "content": "Construction of the Welland Canal enabled shipping to by-pass Niagara Falls and enter the upper Great Lakes and also eliminated the barrier to the entry to the lakes by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus). Within forty years the commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes was almost eliminated by this parasitic cyclostome. A search for selective chemical control of the sea lamprey was undertaken in the 1950's and culminated with the discovery of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol). At the request of the International Great Lakes Fishery Commission, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife undertook to assess the hazard of TFM to the aquatic ecosystem, to humans as well as to fish and wildlife. Studies were undertaken in Bureau laboratories as well as by contracts with university and private laboratories. Results of these studies to-date indicate that this material is not subject to biomagnification and does not pose a hazard to man or the the environment.", "contents": "Chemical control of the sea lamprey: the addition of a chemical to the environment. Construction of the Welland Canal enabled shipping to by-pass Niagara Falls and enter the upper Great Lakes and also eliminated the barrier to the entry to the lakes by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus). Within forty years the commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes was almost eliminated by this parasitic cyclostome. A search for selective chemical control of the sea lamprey was undertaken in the 1950's and culminated with the discovery of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol). At the request of the International Great Lakes Fishery Commission, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife undertook to assess the hazard of TFM to the aquatic ecosystem, to humans as well as to fish and wildlife. Studies were undertaken in Bureau laboratories as well as by contracts with university and private laboratories. Results of these studies to-date indicate that this material is not subject to biomagnification and does not pose a hazard to man or the the environment.", "PMID": 1032293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5976", "title": "Long-lived radionuclides in food: 90Sr and 137Cs in the Israel diet.", "content": "Routine monitoring of Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 levels in the main classes of food consumed in Israel has been carried out for a number of years. Calculations have been made of the intake of these isotopes by various groups in the Israel population using Food Consumption Survey data made available by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. More detailed analyses have been carried out to calculate the exposure of groups selected on the basis of demographic, economic and family-size criteria. This was carried out in an attempt to detect \"critical groups\" in the population who might be overly exposed. Results of these data indicate that in the case of Israel the monitoring of a single food item such as milk or the extrapolation of local fallout data cannot be relied on to give an estimate of radionuclide exposure through food. The relation between high consumption groups and the intake of \"average\" consumers is discussed in detail and the use of the statistical models developed in these studies for the estimates of radionuclide exposure during periods of high fallout levels which occurred in the past and possible applications with regard to other environmental contaminants is discussed.", "contents": "Long-lived radionuclides in food: 90Sr and 137Cs in the Israel diet. Routine monitoring of Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 levels in the main classes of food consumed in Israel has been carried out for a number of years. Calculations have been made of the intake of these isotopes by various groups in the Israel population using Food Consumption Survey data made available by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. More detailed analyses have been carried out to calculate the exposure of groups selected on the basis of demographic, economic and family-size criteria. This was carried out in an attempt to detect \"critical groups\" in the population who might be overly exposed. Results of these data indicate that in the case of Israel the monitoring of a single food item such as milk or the extrapolation of local fallout data cannot be relied on to give an estimate of radionuclide exposure through food. The relation between high consumption groups and the intake of \"average\" consumers is discussed in detail and the use of the statistical models developed in these studies for the estimates of radionuclide exposure during periods of high fallout levels which occurred in the past and possible applications with regard to other environmental contaminants is discussed.", "PMID": 1032295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5977", "title": "Selenium content of some foodstuffs and other environmental samples in a mineralized area of Italy.", "content": "No data are available on Selenium concentration in the Italian environment in spite of its importance as an essential and toxic element. In order to get some information about the concentration and distribution of this element in the environment and in the food-chain, a survey has been made in the Monte Amiata area (Toscana, Italy). Such an area was selected for this study owing to its large mineralization due to many elements (e.g. Fe, Cu, Ag, Sb and particularly Hg). The selenium content has been determined by thermal neutron activaltion analysis and a large volume high-resolution Ge-Li gamma ray spectrometer connected on line to a DEC PDP 8/L computer. The instrumental method requires neither a chemical separation technique nor a pre-or post-concentration of Selenium. The Selenium concentration for wet weight in foodstuffs ranges between a value of 0.008 ppm in milk and a value of 0.2 ppm in chicken. The average Se intake for the population living in the area under investigation has been also estimated. A critical discussion of the data is reported together with a comparison with the Se concentration values referring to other countries.", "contents": "Selenium content of some foodstuffs and other environmental samples in a mineralized area of Italy. No data are available on Selenium concentration in the Italian environment in spite of its importance as an essential and toxic element. In order to get some information about the concentration and distribution of this element in the environment and in the food-chain, a survey has been made in the Monte Amiata area (Toscana, Italy). Such an area was selected for this study owing to its large mineralization due to many elements (e.g. Fe, Cu, Ag, Sb and particularly Hg). The selenium content has been determined by thermal neutron activaltion analysis and a large volume high-resolution Ge-Li gamma ray spectrometer connected on line to a DEC PDP 8/L computer. The instrumental method requires neither a chemical separation technique nor a pre-or post-concentration of Selenium. The Selenium concentration for wet weight in foodstuffs ranges between a value of 0.008 ppm in milk and a value of 0.2 ppm in chicken. The average Se intake for the population living in the area under investigation has been also estimated. A critical discussion of the data is reported together with a comparison with the Se concentration values referring to other countries.", "PMID": 1032296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5978", "title": "ECDIN, an EC data bank for environmental chemicals.", "content": "All environmentally relevant information is computer stored for each organic chemical manufactured in quantities above 1.000 tons per year (whether it is considered as potentially toxic or not), known toxic chemicals (independently of their production figures) and certain classes of inorganic chemicals. The main data fields (\"attributes\" for each chemical) are: 1. substance identification and physicochemical data; 2. production and use data; 3. handling, transportation, and disposal; 4. environmental involvement (breakdown under biotic and abiotic conditions, average concentrations in environmental matrices); 5. biological effects and toxicity; 6. protection standards, administrative and regulatory data. Structure and substructure codification permits screening for substances with similar structures and coupling to GC-MS-computer analysis units with full or approximative structure outputs. A pilot project has been started permitting queries via direct and inverted file. It will include all available information on a limited number of compounds (some 5.000) from different chemical and use classes. The further software development foresees automatic indexing, automatic encoding of formatted data, automatic query formulation and search on a probabilistic basis for natural-language source data. Easy data flow is ensured by a networking between the central unit at the EC research Centre in Ispra (Italy) and specialised national data centres (ECDIN = European Chemicals Data and Information Network).", "contents": "ECDIN, an EC data bank for environmental chemicals. All environmentally relevant information is computer stored for each organic chemical manufactured in quantities above 1.000 tons per year (whether it is considered as potentially toxic or not), known toxic chemicals (independently of their production figures) and certain classes of inorganic chemicals. The main data fields (\"attributes\" for each chemical) are: 1. substance identification and physicochemical data; 2. production and use data; 3. handling, transportation, and disposal; 4. environmental involvement (breakdown under biotic and abiotic conditions, average concentrations in environmental matrices); 5. biological effects and toxicity; 6. protection standards, administrative and regulatory data. Structure and substructure codification permits screening for substances with similar structures and coupling to GC-MS-computer analysis units with full or approximative structure outputs. A pilot project has been started permitting queries via direct and inverted file. It will include all available information on a limited number of compounds (some 5.000) from different chemical and use classes. The further software development foresees automatic indexing, automatic encoding of formatted data, automatic query formulation and search on a probabilistic basis for natural-language source data. Easy data flow is ensured by a networking between the central unit at the EC research Centre in Ispra (Italy) and specialised national data centres (ECDIN = European Chemicals Data and Information Network).", "PMID": 1032298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5979", "title": "Radioisotope techniques in delineation of the environmental behavior of cadmium.", "content": "Radioisotope techniques are being developed and utilized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for evaluating the environmental behavior of toxic elements such as cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Tracer techniques using 109Cd in microcosm, field plot, and stream systems are providing information on biogeochemical cycling and distribution of cadmium in the environment. Parameters being measured include adsorption capacity for cadmium in mineral soils and sediments; uptake rates of cadmium in various plant species from both soils and nutrient solutions as affected by pH, competing cations, and chemical form of cadmium; and distribution of cadmium in various components of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems following application of 109Cd to soil vegetation, or directly to streams. Food chain parameters being estimated with 109Cd include uptake, assimilation, and turnover by both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Information obtained in these radiotracer studies is providing insight into the behavior of cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, especially transport rates of cadmium and potential biomagnification or dilution in food chains. The factors which influence the incorporation of cadmium into vegetative material as well as those affecting residence time in ecosystems have been identified. Use of 109Cd also has permitted evaluation of a cadmium specific electrode as a tool for rapid assay of free cadmium ions in soil solutions.", "contents": "Radioisotope techniques in delineation of the environmental behavior of cadmium. Radioisotope techniques are being developed and utilized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for evaluating the environmental behavior of toxic elements such as cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Tracer techniques using 109Cd in microcosm, field plot, and stream systems are providing information on biogeochemical cycling and distribution of cadmium in the environment. Parameters being measured include adsorption capacity for cadmium in mineral soils and sediments; uptake rates of cadmium in various plant species from both soils and nutrient solutions as affected by pH, competing cations, and chemical form of cadmium; and distribution of cadmium in various components of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems following application of 109Cd to soil vegetation, or directly to streams. Food chain parameters being estimated with 109Cd include uptake, assimilation, and turnover by both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Information obtained in these radiotracer studies is providing insight into the behavior of cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, especially transport rates of cadmium and potential biomagnification or dilution in food chains. The factors which influence the incorporation of cadmium into vegetative material as well as those affecting residence time in ecosystems have been identified. Use of 109Cd also has permitted evaluation of a cadmium specific electrode as a tool for rapid assay of free cadmium ions in soil solutions.", "PMID": 1032300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5980", "title": "Technology assessment on the use of pesticides.", "content": "The extensive use of pesticides in Japanese agriculture was studied as a problem-oriented case of technology assessment with an aim to contribute to the establishment of appropriate procedures of assessing real and potential impacts which modern technologies have or may have on health, industries, economy, society and on the environment and to obtain clues to the development of safer use of pesticides. Direct and indirect impacts, both real and potential, favourable and adverse, were intended to identify and evaluate systematically and comprehensively as their cause and effect sequences were studied. Adverse impacts were divided into tradable and untradable categories, untradable adverse impacts were related mostly to human health. As to the evaluation of impacts, it was suggested that the size of area and population affected, irreversibility and controllability of the impact be considered. It was recognized as urgent and requisite to develop and establish a more efficient and satisfactory method of testing the safety of pesticides and their metabolites over a wider spectrum of organisms and with respect to newer aspects of toxicology as mutagenesis, teratogenesis and cancerogenesis.", "contents": "Technology assessment on the use of pesticides. The extensive use of pesticides in Japanese agriculture was studied as a problem-oriented case of technology assessment with an aim to contribute to the establishment of appropriate procedures of assessing real and potential impacts which modern technologies have or may have on health, industries, economy, society and on the environment and to obtain clues to the development of safer use of pesticides. Direct and indirect impacts, both real and potential, favourable and adverse, were intended to identify and evaluate systematically and comprehensively as their cause and effect sequences were studied. Adverse impacts were divided into tradable and untradable categories, untradable adverse impacts were related mostly to human health. As to the evaluation of impacts, it was suggested that the size of area and population affected, irreversibility and controllability of the impact be considered. It was recognized as urgent and requisite to develop and establish a more efficient and satisfactory method of testing the safety of pesticides and their metabolites over a wider spectrum of organisms and with respect to newer aspects of toxicology as mutagenesis, teratogenesis and cancerogenesis.", "PMID": 1032302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5981", "title": "Use and field application of pheromones in orchard pest management programs.", "content": "Pheromones are recognized as potentially valuable tools in orchard pest management. Their most immediate practical application is in pest monitoring to indicate the need for chemical control. In this role, they can have considerable impact in reduction of pesticide output.", "contents": "Use and field application of pheromones in orchard pest management programs. Pheromones are recognized as potentially valuable tools in orchard pest management. Their most immediate practical application is in pest monitoring to indicate the need for chemical control. In this role, they can have considerable impact in reduction of pesticide output.", "PMID": 1032306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5982", "title": "Approaches to insect control based on chemical ecology--case studies.", "content": "In this article two attempted approaches to control a stored product insect, azuki bean weevil, are discussed based on host selection study and oviposition ecology. The latter study indicated the presence of an oviposition marker, a new kind of pheromone, which was derived from the weevil and was lipid in nature, and suggested its possible use as an oviposition inhibitor.", "contents": "Approaches to insect control based on chemical ecology--case studies. In this article two attempted approaches to control a stored product insect, azuki bean weevil, are discussed based on host selection study and oviposition ecology. The latter study indicated the presence of an oviposition marker, a new kind of pheromone, which was derived from the weevil and was lipid in nature, and suggested its possible use as an oviposition inhibitor.", "PMID": 1032307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5983", "title": "Experiments on the effect of carbon monoxide on aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD).", "content": "The inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) is well known. Recently, it has been suggested that a similar relationship exists between carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and ALAD activity. This study was undertaken to examine more closely the possible effect of carbon monoxide on ALAD. Blood from 19 human volunteers was analyzed for both carboxyhemoglobin and ALAD activity. Smokers had significantly lower concentrations of ALAD than nonsmokers and a rise in carboxyhemoglobin concentration was assocaited with a fall in ALAD activity. The in vitro bubbling of carbon monoxide into human blood did not significantly effect ALAD activity. Four groups of rats (10 per group) wre exposed to carbon monoxide or dietary lead acetate according to the following design: (I) Control--no Pb or CO; (II) 500 ppm Pb acetate in diet; (III) 250 ppm CO four hours/day X 5 days/week X 4 weeks; (IV) Both Pb and CO. Analysis of the rat data showed a significant depression of ALAD by lead. The activity of ALAD in the rats exposed to CO was significantly increased suggesting the possibility of an adaptive phenomenon.", "contents": "Experiments on the effect of carbon monoxide on aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD). The inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) is well known. Recently, it has been suggested that a similar relationship exists between carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and ALAD activity. This study was undertaken to examine more closely the possible effect of carbon monoxide on ALAD. Blood from 19 human volunteers was analyzed for both carboxyhemoglobin and ALAD activity. Smokers had significantly lower concentrations of ALAD than nonsmokers and a rise in carboxyhemoglobin concentration was assocaited with a fall in ALAD activity. The in vitro bubbling of carbon monoxide into human blood did not significantly effect ALAD activity. Four groups of rats (10 per group) wre exposed to carbon monoxide or dietary lead acetate according to the following design: (I) Control--no Pb or CO; (II) 500 ppm Pb acetate in diet; (III) 250 ppm CO four hours/day X 5 days/week X 4 weeks; (IV) Both Pb and CO. Analysis of the rat data showed a significant depression of ALAD by lead. The activity of ALAD in the rats exposed to CO was significantly increased suggesting the possibility of an adaptive phenomenon.", "PMID": 1032310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5984", "title": "Linkage study on dieldrin resistance and an inversion on the second chromosome of Anopheles stephensi.", "content": "In a study on the linkage between the gene for dieldrin resistance and an inversion on the second chromosome in Anopheles stephensi, the two factors were found to assort independently. As dieldrin resistance can be assigned either to the third chromosome, or to a position on the second chromosome more than 50 cross-over units from the inversion.", "contents": "Linkage study on dieldrin resistance and an inversion on the second chromosome of Anopheles stephensi. In a study on the linkage between the gene for dieldrin resistance and an inversion on the second chromosome in Anopheles stephensi, the two factors were found to assort independently. As dieldrin resistance can be assigned either to the third chromosome, or to a position on the second chromosome more than 50 cross-over units from the inversion.", "PMID": 1032324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5985", "title": "Hut entry and exit by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in an unsprayed village near Kaduna in Northern Nigeria.", "content": "Hut entry and exit by An. gambiae and An. funestus were studied in an unsprayed village near Kaduna in Northern Nigeria. A high turn-over of indoor resting mosquitoes of all blood digestion stages was noted throughout the night. The behaviour of both species was similar. The entry pattern was more uniform than the exit which showed two distinct peaks around sunset and after midnight. Most of the daytime resting mosquitoes left the huts during the first hour after sunset, and therefore the mosquitoes escaping during the subsequent hours of the night were mainly those that had entered the same night and spent only a limited period inside the huts. The significance of the movement of mosquitoes is discussed in relation to entomological evaluation of the impact of residual insecticides.", "contents": "Hut entry and exit by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in an unsprayed village near Kaduna in Northern Nigeria. Hut entry and exit by An. gambiae and An. funestus were studied in an unsprayed village near Kaduna in Northern Nigeria. A high turn-over of indoor resting mosquitoes of all blood digestion stages was noted throughout the night. The behaviour of both species was similar. The entry pattern was more uniform than the exit which showed two distinct peaks around sunset and after midnight. Most of the daytime resting mosquitoes left the huts during the first hour after sunset, and therefore the mosquitoes escaping during the subsequent hours of the night were mainly those that had entered the same night and spent only a limited period inside the huts. The significance of the movement of mosquitoes is discussed in relation to entomological evaluation of the impact of residual insecticides.", "PMID": 1032326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5986", "title": "[Infection of mice with oral administration of trophozoites of Giardia muris].", "content": "For the last 9 years we have used Giardia muris for chemotherapy research, passing trophozoites scraped from the mouse small intestine into fresh mice, by gavage. More or less every trophozoite administered orally reproduces in the intestine, as shown by quantitative studies in groups of young, specific pathogen-free mice, treated with 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 Giardia each. After 7-9 days the number of protozoa in the intestine diminished somewhat, in the groups infected with the largest number of trophozoites.", "contents": "[Infection of mice with oral administration of trophozoites of Giardia muris]. For the last 9 years we have used Giardia muris for chemotherapy research, passing trophozoites scraped from the mouse small intestine into fresh mice, by gavage. More or less every trophozoite administered orally reproduces in the intestine, as shown by quantitative studies in groups of young, specific pathogen-free mice, treated with 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 Giardia each. After 7-9 days the number of protozoa in the intestine diminished somewhat, in the groups infected with the largest number of trophozoites.", "PMID": 1032327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5987", "title": "[New faunal and biological observations on ticks in Abruzzo].", "content": "Ticks collected during the years 1975-76 in Abruzzo (Prov. l'Aquila and Chieti) Italy are reported. The following species have been identified: Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma marginatum. New hosts are: Felis catus for Ixodes canisuga; Scolopax rusticola, Motacilla flava, Corvus cornix for Ixodes frontalis; Sciurus vulgaris for Haemaphysalis punctata; Garrulus glandarius for Haemaphysalis sulcata. For Italy the following records are new: hosts: Corvus frugilegus for Ixodes frontalis; Coturnix coturnix and Alauda arvensis for Haemaphysalis sulcata; immature stages: Ixodes canisuga on Vulpes vulpes; Ixodes frontalis on Turdus merula; Haemaphysalis punctata on Coturnix coturnix, Phasianus colchicus, Erinaceus europaeus, Lepus europaeus; Accordingly numerous species, hosts and seasonal records are new for Abruzzo.", "contents": "[New faunal and biological observations on ticks in Abruzzo]. Ticks collected during the years 1975-76 in Abruzzo (Prov. l'Aquila and Chieti) Italy are reported. The following species have been identified: Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma marginatum. New hosts are: Felis catus for Ixodes canisuga; Scolopax rusticola, Motacilla flava, Corvus cornix for Ixodes frontalis; Sciurus vulgaris for Haemaphysalis punctata; Garrulus glandarius for Haemaphysalis sulcata. For Italy the following records are new: hosts: Corvus frugilegus for Ixodes frontalis; Coturnix coturnix and Alauda arvensis for Haemaphysalis sulcata; immature stages: Ixodes canisuga on Vulpes vulpes; Ixodes frontalis on Turdus merula; Haemaphysalis punctata on Coturnix coturnix, Phasianus colchicus, Erinaceus europaeus, Lepus europaeus; Accordingly numerous species, hosts and seasonal records are new for Abruzzo.", "PMID": 1032325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5988", "title": "[A new species of Plagioporus (Caudotestis) tyrrhenicus sp.n. and its 2 new parasitologic findings in Blennius pavo Risso, 1810].", "content": "In a survey of the helminth parasites of Blennius pavo Risso, 1810 three different species of digenea were collected. Plagioporus (Caudotestis) tyrrhenicus sp.n. is described, figured and compared with other species of the subgenus Plagioporus (Caudotestis) Issaitchikov, 1928. Plagioporus (Caudotestis) tyrrhenicus differs from P. (Caudotestis) azurionis Yamaguti, 1951 in the position of cirrus sac, in sucker ratio and size of the eggs; from P. (Caudotestis) sinitzini Mueller, 1934 for extent of excretory bladder and size of the eggs; from P. (Caudotestis) synagris Yamaguti, 1952 for size of the pharynx and oesophagus, extent of the vitellaria and size of the eggs. Lepocreadium album (Stossich, 1890) Stossich, 1904 is redescribed, figured and recorded for the first time in Blennius pavo. Deretrema sp. is figured and recorded for the first time in the same host.", "contents": "[A new species of Plagioporus (Caudotestis) tyrrhenicus sp.n. and its 2 new parasitologic findings in Blennius pavo Risso, 1810]. In a survey of the helminth parasites of Blennius pavo Risso, 1810 three different species of digenea were collected. Plagioporus (Caudotestis) tyrrhenicus sp.n. is described, figured and compared with other species of the subgenus Plagioporus (Caudotestis) Issaitchikov, 1928. Plagioporus (Caudotestis) tyrrhenicus differs from P. (Caudotestis) azurionis Yamaguti, 1951 in the position of cirrus sac, in sucker ratio and size of the eggs; from P. (Caudotestis) sinitzini Mueller, 1934 for extent of excretory bladder and size of the eggs; from P. (Caudotestis) synagris Yamaguti, 1952 for size of the pharynx and oesophagus, extent of the vitellaria and size of the eggs. Lepocreadium album (Stossich, 1890) Stossich, 1904 is redescribed, figured and recorded for the first time in Blennius pavo. Deretrema sp. is figured and recorded for the first time in the same host.", "PMID": 1032328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5989", "title": "[Protostrongylus (Protostrongylus) rufescens boevi, a new subspecies, parasite of the respiratory apparatus of chamois].", "content": "A nematode parasitic of bronchial system of Rupicapra rupicapra (chamois) of Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (Italian Western Alps) is described and the name Protostrongylus (Protostrongylus) rufescens boevi subspecies nova, is proposed.", "contents": "[Protostrongylus (Protostrongylus) rufescens boevi, a new subspecies, parasite of the respiratory apparatus of chamois]. A nematode parasitic of bronchial system of Rupicapra rupicapra (chamois) of Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (Italian Western Alps) is described and the name Protostrongylus (Protostrongylus) rufescens boevi subspecies nova, is proposed.", "PMID": 1032329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5990", "title": "[Natural galactogenic infestation of the foal by Strongyloides westeri].", "content": "Strongyloides westeri larvae transmission by mare milk in foals has been studied; the results show the importance of this route for parasite penetration.", "contents": "[Natural galactogenic infestation of the foal by Strongyloides westeri]. Strongyloides westeri larvae transmission by mare milk in foals has been studied; the results show the importance of this route for parasite penetration.", "PMID": 1032330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5991", "title": "[Parasitic fauna of Salmo trutta L. of the Tirino river. I. Redescription of Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 and considerations on the genus Dentitruncus Sinzar, 1955].", "content": "Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 is redescribed and figured from specimens from Salmo truttae L. collected in the Tirino river (L'Aqula-Italy). The diagnosis of the genus Dentitruncus is completed and the characteristics separating Dentitruncus Sinzar, 1955 from Pseudorhadinorhynchus Achmerov e Drombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941 are discussed.", "contents": "[Parasitic fauna of Salmo trutta L. of the Tirino river. I. Redescription of Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 and considerations on the genus Dentitruncus Sinzar, 1955]. Dentitruncus truttae Sinzar, 1955 is redescribed and figured from specimens from Salmo truttae L. collected in the Tirino river (L'Aqula-Italy). The diagnosis of the genus Dentitruncus is completed and the characteristics separating Dentitruncus Sinzar, 1955 from Pseudorhadinorhynchus Achmerov e Drombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941 are discussed.", "PMID": 1032334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5992", "title": "[Irregularity of spicules of the genus Spiculocaulus Schulz, Orlow and Kutass, 1933].", "content": "The accurate measurement of the length of the spicules of 100 male specimens of a lung nematode belonging to a species of the genus Spiculocaulus collected from trachea and bronchi of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) of Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso--Italian Western Alps--shows that the spicules are constantley inequal: the left spicule is the longer. The original description of the species Spiculocaulus austriacus (Gebauer, 1932) found in trachea and bronchi of Rupicapra rupicapra from Austrian Alps state to the contrary that in this species spicules are equal in length. New investigations are necessary to establish if the species S. austriacus has to be redescribed for this important character or if our specimens belong to a new species.", "contents": "[Irregularity of spicules of the genus Spiculocaulus Schulz, Orlow and Kutass, 1933]. The accurate measurement of the length of the spicules of 100 male specimens of a lung nematode belonging to a species of the genus Spiculocaulus collected from trachea and bronchi of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) of Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso--Italian Western Alps--shows that the spicules are constantley inequal: the left spicule is the longer. The original description of the species Spiculocaulus austriacus (Gebauer, 1932) found in trachea and bronchi of Rupicapra rupicapra from Austrian Alps state to the contrary that in this species spicules are equal in length. New investigations are necessary to establish if the species S. austriacus has to be redescribed for this important character or if our specimens belong to a new species.", "PMID": 1032333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5993", "title": "[Influence of temperature and humidity on the reproductive efficiency of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)].", "content": "Laboratory studies have been carried out on two species of ticks, I. ricinus and H. marginatum, showing different seasonal activity and different geographical distribution in nature. The purpose of the present study has been to investigate the effect of different combinations of temperature and humidity on the oviposition of I. ricinus and H. marginatum. An index of reproduction efficiency (no. eggs/wt female), established to relate the capacity of the females to produce eggs to their body weight, has been calculated; for I. ricinus 5 temperatures (18-20-25-27 and 30 degrees C) have been studied (Fig. 1), for H. marginatum 3 (25-30 and 32 degrees C) (Fig. 2) and for both species 2 R.H. (75-95%). An optimal range of temperature, within which the value of such an index doesn't change, has been demonstrated for both species by statistical testing (Table 1). A critical weight value as the minimum engorged female weight required for egg deposition has been identified with the weight of first female which has laid eggs. This weight, different in each species, is influenced by temperature and humidity.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature and humidity on the reproductive efficiency of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)]. Laboratory studies have been carried out on two species of ticks, I. ricinus and H. marginatum, showing different seasonal activity and different geographical distribution in nature. The purpose of the present study has been to investigate the effect of different combinations of temperature and humidity on the oviposition of I. ricinus and H. marginatum. An index of reproduction efficiency (no. eggs/wt female), established to relate the capacity of the females to produce eggs to their body weight, has been calculated; for I. ricinus 5 temperatures (18-20-25-27 and 30 degrees C) have been studied (Fig. 1), for H. marginatum 3 (25-30 and 32 degrees C) (Fig. 2) and for both species 2 R.H. (75-95%). An optimal range of temperature, within which the value of such an index doesn't change, has been demonstrated for both species by statistical testing (Table 1). A critical weight value as the minimum engorged female weight required for egg deposition has been identified with the weight of first female which has laid eggs. This weight, different in each species, is influenced by temperature and humidity.", "PMID": 1032336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5994", "title": "[Observations on the species Stefanskostrongylus soricis (Soltys, 1954)].", "content": "A short redescription of Stefanskostrongylus soricis (Soltys, 1954) parasite of Sorex minutus from Bialowieza forest (Poland) and Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso (West Italian Alps) is given.", "contents": "[Observations on the species Stefanskostrongylus soricis (Soltys, 1954)]. A short redescription of Stefanskostrongylus soricis (Soltys, 1954) parasite of Sorex minutus from Bialowieza forest (Poland) and Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso (West Italian Alps) is given.", "PMID": 1032331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5995", "title": "The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni 1926.", "content": "The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni, 1926 are described and figured. A. labranchiae is the sibling species of the maculipennis complex most closely related to A. atroparvus and the map of A. labranchiae is generally comparable to that of A. atroparvus. The chromosomal areas which are asynaptic in the hybrids between the two species are also described.", "contents": "The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni 1926. The salivary gland chromosomes of Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni, 1926 are described and figured. A. labranchiae is the sibling species of the maculipennis complex most closely related to A. atroparvus and the map of A. labranchiae is generally comparable to that of A. atroparvus. The chromosomal areas which are asynaptic in the hybrids between the two species are also described.", "PMID": 1032337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5996", "title": "Transmission patterns of onchocerciasis in southwest Ethiopia.", "content": "The three transmission patterns found till now in Ethiopia are described. The forest area contains ideal conditions for the breeding of Simulium, but the sparse human population makes the transmission rate low. Only a few people were found to be infected. The subsistence crop farming area is a less ideal habitat for the vector due to the scarcity of bush and shade. However the presence of a largest population can explain the slightly higher prevalence of the disease than in the forest. The coffee farming area is densely populated, rich in bush and shade, with heavy rainfall and numerous rivers. Here the number of Simulium and their chance to reach the infective stages, are considered to be high. A high prevalence of the disease was found in this zone.", "contents": "Transmission patterns of onchocerciasis in southwest Ethiopia. The three transmission patterns found till now in Ethiopia are described. The forest area contains ideal conditions for the breeding of Simulium, but the sparse human population makes the transmission rate low. Only a few people were found to be infected. The subsistence crop farming area is a less ideal habitat for the vector due to the scarcity of bush and shade. However the presence of a largest population can explain the slightly higher prevalence of the disease than in the forest. The coffee farming area is densely populated, rich in bush and shade, with heavy rainfall and numerous rivers. Here the number of Simulium and their chance to reach the infective stages, are considered to be high. A high prevalence of the disease was found in this zone.", "PMID": 1032332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5997", "title": "Caffeine content of beverages as consumed.", "content": "Quantitative analysis of beverages prepared at home by staff of the Addiction Research Foundation revealed a lower and much more variable caffeine content of both tea and coffee than had been reported in earlier studies, most of which were based on analysis of laboratory-prepared beverages. Median caffeine concentration of 37 home-prepared samples of tea was 27 mg per cup (range, 8 to 91 mg); for 46 coffee samples the median concentration was 74 mg per cup (range, 29 to 176 mg). If tea and coffee as drunk contain less caffeine than generally supposed, the potency of caffeine may be greater than commonly realized, as may the relative caffeine content of certain commercial preparations, including chocolate and colas. The substantial variation in caffeine content emphasizes the need to establish actual caffeine intake in clinical, epidemiologic and experimental investigations of caffeine effects.", "contents": "Caffeine content of beverages as consumed. Quantitative analysis of beverages prepared at home by staff of the Addiction Research Foundation revealed a lower and much more variable caffeine content of both tea and coffee than had been reported in earlier studies, most of which were based on analysis of laboratory-prepared beverages. Median caffeine concentration of 37 home-prepared samples of tea was 27 mg per cup (range, 8 to 91 mg); for 46 coffee samples the median concentration was 74 mg per cup (range, 29 to 176 mg). If tea and coffee as drunk contain less caffeine than generally supposed, the potency of caffeine may be greater than commonly realized, as may the relative caffeine content of certain commercial preparations, including chocolate and colas. The substantial variation in caffeine content emphasizes the need to establish actual caffeine intake in clinical, epidemiologic and experimental investigations of caffeine effects.", "PMID": 1032351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5998", "title": "In vitro estrogen-binding by human breast carcinomas.", "content": "Patients whose breast carcinomas possess only low concentrations of a receptor molecule that binds estrogens with high affinity are unlikely to respond to hormonal manipulative therapy when the disease recurs. The estrogen-binding capacity of 106 breast carcinomas was measured by an in vitro method and was expressed per milligram wet weight and in some cases related to the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the tumours. The ability of tumors to bind 3H-estradiol ranged from 0 to 1.3 fm/mg in pre- and perenopausal women, and from 0 to 16.8 fm/mg in postmenopausal women. Menopausal status or serum concentrations of endogenous estrogen, or both, should therefore be considered when tumours are classified into low and high estrogen-binding capacity. It is not necessary to carry out Scatchard analysis for every tumour, and expressing estradiol binding on the basis of DNA concentration may be preferable to expressing in on a wet-weight basis.", "contents": "In vitro estrogen-binding by human breast carcinomas. Patients whose breast carcinomas possess only low concentrations of a receptor molecule that binds estrogens with high affinity are unlikely to respond to hormonal manipulative therapy when the disease recurs. The estrogen-binding capacity of 106 breast carcinomas was measured by an in vitro method and was expressed per milligram wet weight and in some cases related to the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the tumours. The ability of tumors to bind 3H-estradiol ranged from 0 to 1.3 fm/mg in pre- and perenopausal women, and from 0 to 16.8 fm/mg in postmenopausal women. Menopausal status or serum concentrations of endogenous estrogen, or both, should therefore be considered when tumours are classified into low and high estrogen-binding capacity. It is not necessary to carry out Scatchard analysis for every tumour, and expressing estradiol binding on the basis of DNA concentration may be preferable to expressing in on a wet-weight basis.", "PMID": 1032352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_5999", "title": "Decreased anion gap associated with monoclonal and pseudomonoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "Nine patients with monoclonal and one with pseudomonoclonal gammopathy were found to have a decreased anion gap. Eight of the patients had multiple myeloma, one has plasma cell leukemia and one had chronic active hepatitis. In all of the the decreased anion gap was associated with an increased concentration of IgG greater than 5 g/dl.", "contents": "Decreased anion gap associated with monoclonal and pseudomonoclonal gammopathy. Nine patients with monoclonal and one with pseudomonoclonal gammopathy were found to have a decreased anion gap. Eight of the patients had multiple myeloma, one has plasma cell leukemia and one had chronic active hepatitis. In all of the the decreased anion gap was associated with an increased concentration of IgG greater than 5 g/dl.", "PMID": 1032353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6000", "title": "Technique evaluation of foster care in chronic psychiatric disorders.", "content": "Foster care received by 178 patients with chronic psychiatric disorders discharged from Hamilton Psychiatric Hospital in the years 1966 through 1969 was studied by technique evaluation. Residents were followed for 3 years by means of health records. The achievement of operational objectives of the program (Homes for Special Care) was compared with two types of outcome--emergency readmission to hospital and discharge to the community. Emergency readmission was associated with rural location of the foster home, inferior quality of the home operator and smaller size (i.e., fewer residents) of the home. Discharge to the community was more common among younger, female residents whose previous psychiatric hospitalization had been relatively brief. In general, prescription audit was not a fruitful way of evaluating quality of health care.", "contents": "Technique evaluation of foster care in chronic psychiatric disorders. Foster care received by 178 patients with chronic psychiatric disorders discharged from Hamilton Psychiatric Hospital in the years 1966 through 1969 was studied by technique evaluation. Residents were followed for 3 years by means of health records. The achievement of operational objectives of the program (Homes for Special Care) was compared with two types of outcome--emergency readmission to hospital and discharge to the community. Emergency readmission was associated with rural location of the foster home, inferior quality of the home operator and smaller size (i.e., fewer residents) of the home. Discharge to the community was more common among younger, female residents whose previous psychiatric hospitalization had been relatively brief. In general, prescription audit was not a fruitful way of evaluating quality of health care.", "PMID": 1032354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6001", "title": "Analysis of neocortical electrical responses evoked by stimulation of various hypothalamic structures.", "content": "Evoked potentials (EPs) and extracellular unit activity were recorded in various parts of the neocortex of unanesthetized cats immobilized with succinylcholine. During hippocampal stimulation EPs of maximal amplitude are recorded in the anterior sigmoid gyrus with a latent period (LP) of 0.5-2.5 msec. The first component is a fast positive spike with a duration of about 1.5 msec. In the middle suprasylvian gyrus, hypothalamo-cortical (HC) EPs have a monophasic surface-negative configuration and are recorded after an LP of 2-6 msec. HC EPS in the anterior sigmoid gyrus can bind a rhythm of stimulation of up to 200 pulses/sec and are characterized not only by high functional mobility, but also by the property of posttetanic potentiation. The main positive wave appears to a testing stimulus with an interval of 7-10 msec. Complete recovery of all components of HC EP takes place at an interval of 50-150 msec. In response to the conditioning stimulus a biphasic change in excitability of the neurons is observed in the association areas of the anterior sigmoid and middle suprasylvian gyri of the neocortex. The maximal number of responding neurons in the deep layers of the cortex discharges in the period of development of the initial spike and the main positive wave of the HC EP.", "contents": "Analysis of neocortical electrical responses evoked by stimulation of various hypothalamic structures. Evoked potentials (EPs) and extracellular unit activity were recorded in various parts of the neocortex of unanesthetized cats immobilized with succinylcholine. During hippocampal stimulation EPs of maximal amplitude are recorded in the anterior sigmoid gyrus with a latent period (LP) of 0.5-2.5 msec. The first component is a fast positive spike with a duration of about 1.5 msec. In the middle suprasylvian gyrus, hypothalamo-cortical (HC) EPs have a monophasic surface-negative configuration and are recorded after an LP of 2-6 msec. HC EPS in the anterior sigmoid gyrus can bind a rhythm of stimulation of up to 200 pulses/sec and are characterized not only by high functional mobility, but also by the property of posttetanic potentiation. The main positive wave appears to a testing stimulus with an interval of 7-10 msec. Complete recovery of all components of HC EP takes place at an interval of 50-150 msec. In response to the conditioning stimulus a biphasic change in excitability of the neurons is observed in the association areas of the anterior sigmoid and middle suprasylvian gyri of the neocortex. The maximal number of responding neurons in the deep layers of the cortex discharges in the period of development of the initial spike and the main positive wave of the HC EP.", "PMID": 1032397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6002", "title": "Analysis of the role of central noradrenergic structures in memory trace recall.", "content": "During the reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance response by albino rats and also during the action of a conditioning stimulus in animals trained by invariable reinforcement of the conditioning stimulus, a significant decrease was found in the noradrenalin content in nuclei of the limbic system and anterior hypothalamus compared with the control. In untrained animals, and also in trained animals subjected to repeated testing in the course of 4 days, the decrease in the noradrenalin content was less marked. Reproduction of the conditioned active avoidence response in a shuttle box did not induce changes in the noradrenalin content.", "contents": "Analysis of the role of central noradrenergic structures in memory trace recall. During the reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance response by albino rats and also during the action of a conditioning stimulus in animals trained by invariable reinforcement of the conditioning stimulus, a significant decrease was found in the noradrenalin content in nuclei of the limbic system and anterior hypothalamus compared with the control. In untrained animals, and also in trained animals subjected to repeated testing in the course of 4 days, the decrease in the noradrenalin content was less marked. Reproduction of the conditioned active avoidence response in a shuttle box did not induce changes in the noradrenalin content.", "PMID": 1032398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6003", "title": "Histochemical study of lipid absorption in two teleost fishes.", "content": "Absorption of lipid in the different regions of the intestine of two teleost fishes has been studied histochemically at different time intervals of 4, 10 and 20 h. All the three portions of the intestine have the absorptive capacity. However, it varies from one region to another. The lipid has been absorbed in the form of lipoid particles and lipoid goblets. It is also recorded here that some lipoid droplets are absorbed by pinocytosis across the brush border membrane. The lipid absorbed was localized in the brush border cells, in intercellular spaces of connective tissue, in submucosa, in between serosa and muscularis, in the lumen of blood capillaries and mesentric lymphatic vessels but was absent in muscularis and serosa.", "contents": "Histochemical study of lipid absorption in two teleost fishes. Absorption of lipid in the different regions of the intestine of two teleost fishes has been studied histochemically at different time intervals of 4, 10 and 20 h. All the three portions of the intestine have the absorptive capacity. However, it varies from one region to another. The lipid has been absorbed in the form of lipoid particles and lipoid goblets. It is also recorded here that some lipoid droplets are absorbed by pinocytosis across the brush border membrane. The lipid absorbed was localized in the brush border cells, in intercellular spaces of connective tissue, in submucosa, in between serosa and muscularis, in the lumen of blood capillaries and mesentric lymphatic vessels but was absent in muscularis and serosa.", "PMID": 1032435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6004", "title": "Studies on the oogonial cycle in Puntius ticto (Ham.) II. Formation of mature follicles.", "content": "During the formation of maturing oocyte and mature follicle most of the changes are observed in the ooplasm while nucleus gets reduced in size and finally vanishes in the ooplasm. Few of the nuclei migrate into the ooplasm (yolk nucleus) which is responsible for the yolk accumulation. The mature follicle is covered by the theca, granulosa and zona rediata.", "contents": "Studies on the oogonial cycle in Puntius ticto (Ham.) II. Formation of mature follicles. During the formation of maturing oocyte and mature follicle most of the changes are observed in the ooplasm while nucleus gets reduced in size and finally vanishes in the ooplasm. Few of the nuclei migrate into the ooplasm (yolk nucleus) which is responsible for the yolk accumulation. The mature follicle is covered by the theca, granulosa and zona rediata.", "PMID": 1032436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6005", "title": "Ultrastructural observation on the rectal gills of Zygoptera larva.", "content": "The zygoptera larvae have tracheal gills. Both outer and inner epicuticles of damselfly larvae (Zygoptera) are pierced by pores of about 200...250 A thickness. The pores are distributed at a distance of about 500...600 A apart. Their endings are noticed upto the lower portion of exocuticle. The endocuticle is a big area in which the respiratory epithelium have flat apical and basal sides, plasma membrane is not folded. Glycogen granules are distributed in the cytoplasm and a few mitochondria are noticed. The tracheal brances and the cytoplasm of the respiratory epithelium come in contact with the epicuticle. The distribution of tracheoles, with surplus of tracheoles in a surface outside the hypodermis are close to the sub-cuticular area is found. The gills of Zygoptera appear to be merely respiratory organs having respiratory epithelium and the ions and water are resorbed from the modified rectal epithelium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observation on the rectal gills of Zygoptera larva. The zygoptera larvae have tracheal gills. Both outer and inner epicuticles of damselfly larvae (Zygoptera) are pierced by pores of about 200...250 A thickness. The pores are distributed at a distance of about 500...600 A apart. Their endings are noticed upto the lower portion of exocuticle. The endocuticle is a big area in which the respiratory epithelium have flat apical and basal sides, plasma membrane is not folded. Glycogen granules are distributed in the cytoplasm and a few mitochondria are noticed. The tracheal brances and the cytoplasm of the respiratory epithelium come in contact with the epicuticle. The distribution of tracheoles, with surplus of tracheoles in a surface outside the hypodermis are close to the sub-cuticular area is found. The gills of Zygoptera appear to be merely respiratory organs having respiratory epithelium and the ions and water are resorbed from the modified rectal epithelium.", "PMID": 1032437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6006", "title": "[Histopathogenetic aspects in a case of Fahr's disease (non arteriosclerotic calcinosis of the brain) (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of one case of non arteriosclerotic calcinosis of the brain (Fahr's Disease) gives an opportunity for a discussion on the main pathogenetic aspects of this syndrome. Some features of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes contrast with the fair preservation of neurons. It is suggested that such condition should be considered as an \"astroglial syndrome\" in Seitelberg's terminology.", "contents": "[Histopathogenetic aspects in a case of Fahr's disease (non arteriosclerotic calcinosis of the brain) (author's transl)]. The study of one case of non arteriosclerotic calcinosis of the brain (Fahr's Disease) gives an opportunity for a discussion on the main pathogenetic aspects of this syndrome. Some features of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes contrast with the fair preservation of neurons. It is suggested that such condition should be considered as an \"astroglial syndrome\" in Seitelberg's terminology.", "PMID": 1032431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6007", "title": "Studies on the toxic effect of cadmium in the rat. I. Testicular changes induced by a single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride.", "content": "Adult male rats of Wistar strain were subcutaneously injected with a single dose of 0.025 mM CdCl2/kg body weight. The autopsies were performed 2 and 12 weeks post cadmium injection. Experimental animals showed a normal gain of body weight while a marked lowering of the testes weight was observed. The lowering of testes weight of cadmium treated rats occured mainly due to the necrosis of seminiferous tubules, volume of which is markedly lower if compared to intact control rats. After 2 weeks of experiment a marked enlargement of the interstitial gland of the testis occured while after 12 weeks the gland is markedly lower if compared to control rats and to rats studied 2 weeks post cadmium injection. Histochemical reactions for lactic, succinic, alpha-glycerophosphate and 3beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenases, NADH tetrazolium reductase, acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterases showed for irreversible necrotic changes of seminiferous tubules of cadmium treated rats while the damage to interstitial gland is only temporary.", "contents": "Studies on the toxic effect of cadmium in the rat. I. Testicular changes induced by a single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride. Adult male rats of Wistar strain were subcutaneously injected with a single dose of 0.025 mM CdCl2/kg body weight. The autopsies were performed 2 and 12 weeks post cadmium injection. Experimental animals showed a normal gain of body weight while a marked lowering of the testes weight was observed. The lowering of testes weight of cadmium treated rats occured mainly due to the necrosis of seminiferous tubules, volume of which is markedly lower if compared to intact control rats. After 2 weeks of experiment a marked enlargement of the interstitial gland of the testis occured while after 12 weeks the gland is markedly lower if compared to control rats and to rats studied 2 weeks post cadmium injection. Histochemical reactions for lactic, succinic, alpha-glycerophosphate and 3beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenases, NADH tetrazolium reductase, acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterases showed for irreversible necrotic changes of seminiferous tubules of cadmium treated rats while the damage to interstitial gland is only temporary.", "PMID": 1032438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6008", "title": "[Sleep disturbances in a case of Morvan's chorea (author's transl)].", "content": "Six nocturnal polygraphic recordings were carried out in a young man with fibrillary chorea of Morvan, during the acute period of the disease. Sleep was remarkably fragmented by numerous and brief awakenings but the total sleep time fluctuated between 157 and 312 mins.; the sleep structure was altered by the almost total absence of stages 3,4 and REM. During the day, the subject had one or two periods of sleep (1-2 hours) and complained of being tired. The nocturnal awakenings were correlated by the patient with pain and burning dysaesthesiae of distal distribution that were more severe than those occurring during the day. The patient improved gradually, and five month later both sleep disturbances and other signs of disease had disappeared.", "contents": "[Sleep disturbances in a case of Morvan's chorea (author's transl)]. Six nocturnal polygraphic recordings were carried out in a young man with fibrillary chorea of Morvan, during the acute period of the disease. Sleep was remarkably fragmented by numerous and brief awakenings but the total sleep time fluctuated between 157 and 312 mins.; the sleep structure was altered by the almost total absence of stages 3,4 and REM. During the day, the subject had one or two periods of sleep (1-2 hours) and complained of being tired. The nocturnal awakenings were correlated by the patient with pain and burning dysaesthesiae of distal distribution that were more severe than those occurring during the day. The patient improved gradually, and five month later both sleep disturbances and other signs of disease had disappeared.", "PMID": 1032432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6009", "title": "[Peculiar capillary convolution of the parietal pleura. III. Electron microscopy studies].", "content": "By means of electron microscopy and ultrahistochemical research it has been attempted to detail the structure and explain the function of the pleural tufts of the parietal pleura present in the ventral mediastinum of dogs. This led to the discovery that the varions forms present for the surface-enlarging pleura protusions in actuality exhibit corresponding morphological characteristics. As a special formation of the serous lamina of parietal pleura, they are covered by an occasionally incomplete mesothel unit. The parenchyma of these organs is compinsed of a macrophage-rich outer border zone and of a vessel-canying central zone. The experimental in vivo application of cationized ferritin in the pleura-space clearly indicated a high resorptive metabolism of the mesothel and of the pluripotential mesenchym cells. The higher incidence of lymphoplasmatic cell-forms in the proximity of the central vessels along with leucocytic cell infiltrations fulfill an immunocellular and phagocytic function. The structure of the cell population of the pleural tufts partaking on the resorption of matter out of the pleural space has been discussed in detail. The in vivo application of a cationized ferritin solution for the purpose of studying these resorptive processes has been critically judged.", "contents": "[Peculiar capillary convolution of the parietal pleura. III. Electron microscopy studies]. By means of electron microscopy and ultrahistochemical research it has been attempted to detail the structure and explain the function of the pleural tufts of the parietal pleura present in the ventral mediastinum of dogs. This led to the discovery that the varions forms present for the surface-enlarging pleura protusions in actuality exhibit corresponding morphological characteristics. As a special formation of the serous lamina of parietal pleura, they are covered by an occasionally incomplete mesothel unit. The parenchyma of these organs is compinsed of a macrophage-rich outer border zone and of a vessel-canying central zone. The experimental in vivo application of cationized ferritin in the pleura-space clearly indicated a high resorptive metabolism of the mesothel and of the pluripotential mesenchym cells. The higher incidence of lymphoplasmatic cell-forms in the proximity of the central vessels along with leucocytic cell infiltrations fulfill an immunocellular and phagocytic function. The structure of the cell population of the pleural tufts partaking on the resorption of matter out of the pleural space has been discussed in detail. The in vivo application of a cationized ferritin solution for the purpose of studying these resorptive processes has been critically judged.", "PMID": 1032439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6010", "title": "[Alzheimer's disease. Histopathological and ultrastructural study of 6 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Histologically Alzheimer's disease is chiefly characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary degenerations. Electron microscopy has clarified the basic morphological changes and has shed some light on the pathogenesis of the lesions. The senile plaque includes three components: neurites in various stages of degeneration, amyloid, and glial cells or processes. Degeneration of neurites is considered to represent the major change since it occurs before amyloid deposition, therefore playing a primary role in the development of the plaque: therefore the senile or neuritic plaque is the result of a neuronal disease, even though there is no evidence of perikarion injury. Neurofibrillary tangles are due to the accumulation in the neuronal cytoplasm of large clusters of abnormal neurotubules about 200 A diameter with periodic narrowings every 800 A (Twisted tubules). The nature and significance of the pathological material observed within the neurons are discussed.", "contents": "[Alzheimer's disease. Histopathological and ultrastructural study of 6 cases (author's transl)]. Histologically Alzheimer's disease is chiefly characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary degenerations. Electron microscopy has clarified the basic morphological changes and has shed some light on the pathogenesis of the lesions. The senile plaque includes three components: neurites in various stages of degeneration, amyloid, and glial cells or processes. Degeneration of neurites is considered to represent the major change since it occurs before amyloid deposition, therefore playing a primary role in the development of the plaque: therefore the senile or neuritic plaque is the result of a neuronal disease, even though there is no evidence of perikarion injury. Neurofibrillary tangles are due to the accumulation in the neuronal cytoplasm of large clusters of abnormal neurotubules about 200 A diameter with periodic narrowings every 800 A (Twisted tubules). The nature and significance of the pathological material observed within the neurons are discussed.", "PMID": 1032433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6011", "title": "Ultrastructure of cells of proper gastric glands and their stroma in hemorrhagic shock in the rat.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the cells of the proper gastric glands and their stroma are biphasic in the hemorrhagic shock. First phase: \"paralysis\" of the capillary vessels with an oedema of their stroma, an intracellular oedema with hydropic degeneration of the parietal cells and a degranulation of the argentaffin and argentaffin-like cells. Second phase: ischemia of the gastric mucosa with ultrastructural features of: a) the increased secretion of the parietal cells, b) the degranulation of the chief gastric cells, c) the increased secretion processes in the mucous neck cells. These findings suggest that at last 2 factors coincide in the pathogenesis of so-called stress gastric ulcerations: biphasic disturbances of blood circulation initially damage the gastric mucosa and are followed the digestive hyperactivity of the gastric juice finally resulting stress ulceration.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cells of proper gastric glands and their stroma in hemorrhagic shock in the rat. Ultrastructural changes in the cells of the proper gastric glands and their stroma are biphasic in the hemorrhagic shock. First phase: \"paralysis\" of the capillary vessels with an oedema of their stroma, an intracellular oedema with hydropic degeneration of the parietal cells and a degranulation of the argentaffin and argentaffin-like cells. Second phase: ischemia of the gastric mucosa with ultrastructural features of: a) the increased secretion of the parietal cells, b) the degranulation of the chief gastric cells, c) the increased secretion processes in the mucous neck cells. These findings suggest that at last 2 factors coincide in the pathogenesis of so-called stress gastric ulcerations: biphasic disturbances of blood circulation initially damage the gastric mucosa and are followed the digestive hyperactivity of the gastric juice finally resulting stress ulceration.", "PMID": 1032440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6012", "title": "Investigations on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "The semen of 25 chronic alcoholics aged between 28 to 52 years was examined. The period of alcoholism amounted to 15 years the average being 12.3 years. In each person the semen was twice morphologically studied and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa was evaluated. Submicroscopic changes consisted mainly in the abnormal electron density of nuclear chromatin, altered structure of the acrosome and mitochondrial spiral, as well as in more rarely observed disturbed arrangement of fibrils of the axial filament complex. The hitherto non observed structure in human spermatozoon \u00f6n the form of single, annular, \"whorls\" were described. The interdependance between ultrastructural changes of spermatozoa and fertility was discussed.", "contents": "Investigations on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in chronic alcoholics. The semen of 25 chronic alcoholics aged between 28 to 52 years was examined. The period of alcoholism amounted to 15 years the average being 12.3 years. In each person the semen was twice morphologically studied and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa was evaluated. Submicroscopic changes consisted mainly in the abnormal electron density of nuclear chromatin, altered structure of the acrosome and mitochondrial spiral, as well as in more rarely observed disturbed arrangement of fibrils of the axial filament complex. The hitherto non observed structure in human spermatozoon \u00f6n the form of single, annular, \"whorls\" were described. The interdependance between ultrastructural changes of spermatozoa and fertility was discussed.", "PMID": 1032441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6013", "title": "Histomorphological and ultrastructural studies of a rat myocardium in experimental conditions.", "content": "A histomorphological and ultrastructural analysis of the adaptation reaction of the rat heart muscle during an early experimental alloxan diabetes has been carried out. Changes were observed in the orthomorphology of the ultrastructure which appeared as vesicular intercalated discs within the fasciae adherentes regions, as changes in the mitochondria, cell nucleus, myofibrills and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum with a simultaneous increase in the number of lipid bodies. The described alterations are dependent on the duration time of the experiment and on the disturbances in the entire and local system cellular metabolism.", "contents": "Histomorphological and ultrastructural studies of a rat myocardium in experimental conditions. A histomorphological and ultrastructural analysis of the adaptation reaction of the rat heart muscle during an early experimental alloxan diabetes has been carried out. Changes were observed in the orthomorphology of the ultrastructure which appeared as vesicular intercalated discs within the fasciae adherentes regions, as changes in the mitochondria, cell nucleus, myofibrills and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum with a simultaneous increase in the number of lipid bodies. The described alterations are dependent on the duration time of the experiment and on the disturbances in the entire and local system cellular metabolism.", "PMID": 1032442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6014", "title": "[Submicroscopic structure of collagen--a basis for the interpretation of corresponding polarization-optical and histochemical findings].", "content": "In view of new possibilities of acquiring relatively quantitative information about the molecular structure of collagenous fibres in histological section with the help of polarization and histochemical methods a survey is given of the most important aspects of the molecular structure of collagen in connection with the formation of \"cross-links\", giving due attention to the role of functional groups. These create the basis for interpreting morphological findings covering free amino-groups of lysin and hydroxylysin, guanidine groups of arginine and carboxyl groups of glutamic acid and asparaginic acid, gained by adding phenol or toluidine blue to collagenous fibres and by performing path difference measurements. References made to the applicability of this polarization-histochemical method in clinical research and diagnostics, in gathering reproducible data on processes of development or growth and aging and pathological changes in collagen are intended to encourage wide use of this examination technique in practice.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic structure of collagen--a basis for the interpretation of corresponding polarization-optical and histochemical findings]. In view of new possibilities of acquiring relatively quantitative information about the molecular structure of collagenous fibres in histological section with the help of polarization and histochemical methods a survey is given of the most important aspects of the molecular structure of collagen in connection with the formation of \"cross-links\", giving due attention to the role of functional groups. These create the basis for interpreting morphological findings covering free amino-groups of lysin and hydroxylysin, guanidine groups of arginine and carboxyl groups of glutamic acid and asparaginic acid, gained by adding phenol or toluidine blue to collagenous fibres and by performing path difference measurements. References made to the applicability of this polarization-histochemical method in clinical research and diagnostics, in gathering reproducible data on processes of development or growth and aging and pathological changes in collagen are intended to encourage wide use of this examination technique in practice.", "PMID": 1032443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6015", "title": "A morphological study of antibody transport in the transparent fluid flowing form the lymph-folds of the copulatory organ into the cloacal lumen of the cock (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The lymph of the copulatory organ of the cock is produced mainly in the lymphobulbus phalli. The lymph fluid passes the secretory duct with its branching lymph capillaries and discharges into the lymph-fold. From here, it is released into the interstitial tissue through gaps of the lymph capillaries but also through the intercellular spaces between the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries. A minor portion of the lymph is produced also in the lymph-fold from where it is transported in the interstitial tissue either by transfer vesicles of the circulatory blood capillaries or by pores and fenestrae of the transudatory blood capillaries. During the erection of the copulatory organ the lymph is pressed through the intercellular spaces of the epithelial covering the lymph-fold which is cylindrical and multistratified in shape. From here, it reaches the cloacal lumen in the form of transparent fluid (TF). TF was collected by different methods. It contains immunoglobulins which arise from plasma cells of the lymph-fold. Juxtaluminally, the lymph passage takes place via zonulae pseudooccludentes. The epithelial covering secretes a mucoid substance which is added to the TF prior to its following the spermatic phase as the final fraction of the ejaculate. Plasma cells and lymphocytes migrate along the lymph flow in the intercellular spaces of the epithelial covering of the lymph-fold. After an experimental application of antigen the sub- and intraepithelial cells and lymphocytes increase in number with their portion of active cells exceeding the less active ones. The increase coincides with the increase in antibodies detected in the TF where they may cause a local immunisation.", "contents": "A morphological study of antibody transport in the transparent fluid flowing form the lymph-folds of the copulatory organ into the cloacal lumen of the cock (Gallus domesticus). The lymph of the copulatory organ of the cock is produced mainly in the lymphobulbus phalli. The lymph fluid passes the secretory duct with its branching lymph capillaries and discharges into the lymph-fold. From here, it is released into the interstitial tissue through gaps of the lymph capillaries but also through the intercellular spaces between the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries. A minor portion of the lymph is produced also in the lymph-fold from where it is transported in the interstitial tissue either by transfer vesicles of the circulatory blood capillaries or by pores and fenestrae of the transudatory blood capillaries. During the erection of the copulatory organ the lymph is pressed through the intercellular spaces of the epithelial covering the lymph-fold which is cylindrical and multistratified in shape. From here, it reaches the cloacal lumen in the form of transparent fluid (TF). TF was collected by different methods. It contains immunoglobulins which arise from plasma cells of the lymph-fold. Juxtaluminally, the lymph passage takes place via zonulae pseudooccludentes. The epithelial covering secretes a mucoid substance which is added to the TF prior to its following the spermatic phase as the final fraction of the ejaculate. Plasma cells and lymphocytes migrate along the lymph flow in the intercellular spaces of the epithelial covering of the lymph-fold. After an experimental application of antigen the sub- and intraepithelial cells and lymphocytes increase in number with their portion of active cells exceeding the less active ones. The increase coincides with the increase in antibodies detected in the TF where they may cause a local immunisation.", "PMID": 1032444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6016", "title": "Early signs of leprosy in children.", "content": "Leprosy in children is more frequent than generally thought. Diagnosis is not easily made because early signs of the diseases are overlooked. Statistic data from the Dermatologic Clinic Pascua of Mexico City reveal that early signs are cutaneous in 67%  of cases: hypochromic and anesthetic infiltration, nodules, and alopecia of eyebrows and eyelashes. Neurological symptoms such as anesthesis, facial paralysis, thickening of nerves and trophic problems are present in 19.3% of cases. The nose mucosae are congested in 9.2% of cases. Systemic manifestations may be present in 4% of cases. Examination of contacts living with lepromatous patients is stressed as the best way to discover the early signs of the disease. Dermatological consultation in  general and pediatric hospitals is also recommended. If diagnosis is delayed, leprosy can induce physical, psychological and social disabilitation of the patient.", "contents": "Early signs of leprosy in children. Leprosy in children is more frequent than generally thought. Diagnosis is not easily made because early signs of the diseases are overlooked. Statistic data from the Dermatologic Clinic Pascua of Mexico City reveal that early signs are cutaneous in 67%  of cases: hypochromic and anesthetic infiltration, nodules, and alopecia of eyebrows and eyelashes. Neurological symptoms such as anesthesis, facial paralysis, thickening of nerves and trophic problems are present in 19.3% of cases. The nose mucosae are congested in 9.2% of cases. Systemic manifestations may be present in 4% of cases. Examination of contacts living with lepromatous patients is stressed as the best way to discover the early signs of the disease. Dermatological consultation in  general and pediatric hospitals is also recommended. If diagnosis is delayed, leprosy can induce physical, psychological and social disabilitation of the patient.", "PMID": 1032513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6017", "title": "Collodion baby.", "content": "The study of 198 collodion babies, 29 personal cases and 169 from the literature was undertaken. The collodion membrane with spontaneously desquamate between the 15th day and 3rd month of life. During the neonatal period one third of the infants die due to pulmonary complications or infection. The collodion membrane seems to have an increased permeability. The desquamation is followed by a relapse which leads to different keratinization disorders, most frequently nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma.", "contents": "Collodion baby. The study of 198 collodion babies, 29 personal cases and 169 from the literature was undertaken. The collodion membrane with spontaneously desquamate between the 15th day and 3rd month of life. During the neonatal period one third of the infants die due to pulmonary complications or infection. The collodion membrane seems to have an increased permeability. The desquamation is followed by a relapse which leads to different keratinization disorders, most frequently nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma.", "PMID": 1032521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6018", "title": "Lymphomatoid papulosis. A model of immunoblastic reaction of the skin.", "content": "In 3 cases of lymphomatoid papulosis with few ulceronecrotic lesions and 5 with the classic features of pytiriasis lichenoides acuta with necrotic lesions, a considerable part of the cellular component of the infiltrate of the lesions showed the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of the cells described as immunoblasts. The authors consider that the lymphomatoid papulosis could represent an immunoblastic response to an unknown antigen.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid papulosis. A model of immunoblastic reaction of the skin. In 3 cases of lymphomatoid papulosis with few ulceronecrotic lesions and 5 with the classic features of pytiriasis lichenoides acuta with necrotic lesions, a considerable part of the cellular component of the infiltrate of the lesions showed the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of the cells described as immunoblasts. The authors consider that the lymphomatoid papulosis could represent an immunoblastic response to an unknown antigen.", "PMID": 1032518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6019", "title": "Congenital and non-congenital depigmentation.", "content": "The hypofunction of melanocytes results in congenital and noncongenital depigmentation. Congenital depigmentation can be further divided into two groups; the first is depigmentation caused by loss of melanization in premelanosomes represented by oculocutaneous albinism; the second group is congenital decrease of melanocytes represented by nevus dipigmentosus. In contrast, acquired progressive depigmentation represented by vitiligo vulgaris and Sutton's leukoderma is characterized by the loss of premelanosome synthesis. The pathogenesis of these three major types of melanogenic defects has been further discussed with the current clinical, biological and immunological view of melanogenesis.", "contents": "Congenital and non-congenital depigmentation. The hypofunction of melanocytes results in congenital and noncongenital depigmentation. Congenital depigmentation can be further divided into two groups; the first is depigmentation caused by loss of melanization in premelanosomes represented by oculocutaneous albinism; the second group is congenital decrease of melanocytes represented by nevus dipigmentosus. In contrast, acquired progressive depigmentation represented by vitiligo vulgaris and Sutton's leukoderma is characterized by the loss of premelanosome synthesis. The pathogenesis of these three major types of melanogenic defects has been further discussed with the current clinical, biological and immunological view of melanogenesis.", "PMID": 1032519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6020", "title": "HLA antigens in atopic diseases.", "content": "The immunogenetical relationship among atopic diseases was investigated from the point of human major histocompatibility antigen. The relationship between IgE level and HLA antigen was also discussed. (1) Atopic dermatitis had no high frequency in HLA antigens. HLA-B12 in bronchial asthma and HLA-BW40 in allergic rhinitis were frequently found in the population study. (2) No HLA-BW15 was observed in these three diseases. The term called 'disease-resistant antigen' was proposed in this paper. (3) We considered that IgE level is not controled by HLA antigen.", "contents": "HLA antigens in atopic diseases. The immunogenetical relationship among atopic diseases was investigated from the point of human major histocompatibility antigen. The relationship between IgE level and HLA antigen was also discussed. (1) Atopic dermatitis had no high frequency in HLA antigens. HLA-B12 in bronchial asthma and HLA-BW40 in allergic rhinitis were frequently found in the population study. (2) No HLA-BW15 was observed in these three diseases. The term called 'disease-resistant antigen' was proposed in this paper. (3) We considered that IgE level is not controled by HLA antigen.", "PMID": 1032526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6021", "title": "Organoid nevus.", "content": "The organoid nevus is a malformation of most of the normal tissue components in a strictly localized, smaller or larger area of skin, most commonly the scalp. It undergoes more or less predictable developmental changes in puberty and then remains stable, but is subject to secondary development of benign or semimalignant adnexal tumors in a significant percentage of cases. It may present clinically and histologically in a variety of forms, the most common ones being nevus sebaceus and nevus verrucosus. It may be associated with neurologic and skeletal abnormalities in the organoid nevus syndrome (Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims). Total excision before adolescence is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Organoid nevus. The organoid nevus is a malformation of most of the normal tissue components in a strictly localized, smaller or larger area of skin, most commonly the scalp. It undergoes more or less predictable developmental changes in puberty and then remains stable, but is subject to secondary development of benign or semimalignant adnexal tumors in a significant percentage of cases. It may present clinically and histologically in a variety of forms, the most common ones being nevus sebaceus and nevus verrucosus. It may be associated with neurologic and skeletal abnormalities in the organoid nevus syndrome (Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims). Total excision before adolescence is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1032522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6022", "title": "Studies with a new cardioselective beta-blocker, metoprolol.", "content": "These studies indicate that the cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug metoprolol might be expected to be at least as effective for the treatment of arterial hypertension as propranolol. The difference in effect on the peripheral vascular bed may be of importance when acute increase of the blood adrenaline level occur, as in severe anxiety states. Experience in long-term studies in all kinds of patients with raised arterial pressure has confirmed that metoprolol is an active antihypertensive agent of similar potency to other beta-blocking agents.", "contents": "Studies with a new cardioselective beta-blocker, metoprolol. These studies indicate that the cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug metoprolol might be expected to be at least as effective for the treatment of arterial hypertension as propranolol. The difference in effect on the peripheral vascular bed may be of importance when acute increase of the blood adrenaline level occur, as in severe anxiety states. Experience in long-term studies in all kinds of patients with raised arterial pressure has confirmed that metoprolol is an active antihypertensive agent of similar potency to other beta-blocking agents.", "PMID": 1032569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6023", "title": "Dissociation of the renin lowering and antihypertensive actions of propranolol.", "content": "Suppression of renin release by beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs has been advocated as the prime blood pressure lowering mechanism of these agents. The present report casts doubt on this proposition in three ways. In the first study, involving 22 patients with borderline hypertension, patients with elevated plasma renin levels showed normalization of the blood pressure after pharmacological autonomic blockade with intravenous atropine, propranolol and phentolamine, the time course of the pressure fall being such as to exclude suppression of renin release as the antihypertensive mechanism. It is clear that in patients with mild hypertension and high plasma renin levels, the elevation of blood pressure is maintained by a neurogenic mechanism, the elevated plasma renin having no direct role in sustaining the higher blood pressure. In two additional studies involving 21 patients in all with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension, to whom propranolol was administereed by mouth for 1--3 months, two findings were of interest:1) patients with low-renin essential hypertension showed a good antihypertensive response to propranolol, and 2) in some patients a dosedependent dissociation of the renin and blood pressure lowering action of propranolol could be demonstrated. These findings militate against the assumption that propranolol selectively lowers the blood pressure in \"renin-dependent\" hypertension, and strongly suggest that the antihypertensive action of this drug is not mediated by depression of plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Dissociation of the renin lowering and antihypertensive actions of propranolol. Suppression of renin release by beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs has been advocated as the prime blood pressure lowering mechanism of these agents. The present report casts doubt on this proposition in three ways. In the first study, involving 22 patients with borderline hypertension, patients with elevated plasma renin levels showed normalization of the blood pressure after pharmacological autonomic blockade with intravenous atropine, propranolol and phentolamine, the time course of the pressure fall being such as to exclude suppression of renin release as the antihypertensive mechanism. It is clear that in patients with mild hypertension and high plasma renin levels, the elevation of blood pressure is maintained by a neurogenic mechanism, the elevated plasma renin having no direct role in sustaining the higher blood pressure. In two additional studies involving 21 patients in all with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension, to whom propranolol was administereed by mouth for 1--3 months, two findings were of interest:1) patients with low-renin essential hypertension showed a good antihypertensive response to propranolol, and 2) in some patients a dosedependent dissociation of the renin and blood pressure lowering action of propranolol could be demonstrated. These findings militate against the assumption that propranolol selectively lowers the blood pressure in \"renin-dependent\" hypertension, and strongly suggest that the antihypertensive action of this drug is not mediated by depression of plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 1032570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6024", "title": "[Effect of pindolol (Visken) on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in various forms of hypertension].", "content": "1. In 20 of 20 patients (100%) with borderline hypertension Visken normalized the labile blood pressure. The high renin values after stimulation due to orthostasis and saluresis decreased significantly (p less than 0,01). 2. In 3 of 12 patients (25%) with hyporeninemic essential hypertension Visken alone normalized the blood pressure. The low renin values increased to the normal range. 3. In 4 of 18 patients (22%) with normoreninemic essential hypertension Visken normalized the blood pressure. The normal renin values showed a decreasing tendency within the normal range. 4. In 4 of 10 patients (40%) with hyperreninemic essential hypertension Visken normalized the high blood pressure. In 3 of these patients renin decreased distinctly. 5. In 4 of 20 patients (20%) with renal hypertension a therapy with Visken alone normalized the blood pressure. In 3 patients the high renin values decreased to the normal range. 6. In the most other patients of the groups II to V the additional therapy with diuretics and reserpine normalized the blood pressure. In these cases the renin values showed different reactions corresponding to the different effects of betablocking agents, saluretics or reserpine on the plasma renin activity [7]. 7. It is interesting, that Visken not only suppresses high renin values (borderline hypertension [6], hyperreninemic essential hypertension), but also increases low renin values to the normal range in patients with hyporeninemic essential hypertension. Because in essential hypertension the high blood pressure per se may be responsible for the renin suppression [3,4], this increase of renin activity is possibly the consequence of blood pressure reduction, while the decrease of renin activity after Visken may be the cause of blood pressure reduction.", "contents": "[Effect of pindolol (Visken) on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in various forms of hypertension]. 1. In 20 of 20 patients (100%) with borderline hypertension Visken normalized the labile blood pressure. The high renin values after stimulation due to orthostasis and saluresis decreased significantly (p less than 0,01). 2. In 3 of 12 patients (25%) with hyporeninemic essential hypertension Visken alone normalized the blood pressure. The low renin values increased to the normal range. 3. In 4 of 18 patients (22%) with normoreninemic essential hypertension Visken normalized the blood pressure. The normal renin values showed a decreasing tendency within the normal range. 4. In 4 of 10 patients (40%) with hyperreninemic essential hypertension Visken normalized the high blood pressure. In 3 of these patients renin decreased distinctly. 5. In 4 of 20 patients (20%) with renal hypertension a therapy with Visken alone normalized the blood pressure. In 3 patients the high renin values decreased to the normal range. 6. In the most other patients of the groups II to V the additional therapy with diuretics and reserpine normalized the blood pressure. In these cases the renin values showed different reactions corresponding to the different effects of betablocking agents, saluretics or reserpine on the plasma renin activity [7]. 7. It is interesting, that Visken not only suppresses high renin values (borderline hypertension [6], hyperreninemic essential hypertension), but also increases low renin values to the normal range in patients with hyporeninemic essential hypertension. Because in essential hypertension the high blood pressure per se may be responsible for the renin suppression [3,4], this increase of renin activity is possibly the consequence of blood pressure reduction, while the decrease of renin activity after Visken may be the cause of blood pressure reduction.", "PMID": 1032571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6025", "title": "The effect of prindolol on plasma noradrenaline, plasma renin and sodium-potassium metabolism in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The chronic administration of prindolol in patients with essential hypertension resulted in the following: 1) a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate (with only the exception of the unchanged diastolic blood pressure after the stimulus of the seven-minute standing period), 2) a significant decrease of plasma noradrenaline concentrativn at rest and under orthostatic conditions, 3) a significant decrease of PRC at rest and an even more pronounced suppression of PRA after the stimulus of upright posture, 4)a significant decrease in total exchangeable sodium and 5) a concomitant significant increase in total body potassium even with an increase in body weight. These findings are not subject to easy interpretation. In particular, we cannot conclude which of the changed parameters plays the initial role in lowering blood pressure. A working hypothesis might presume that beta blocking agents inhibit central and/or peripheral sympathetic nervous activity. The results reduction in plasma renin concentration would in turn lead to a drop in aldosterone secretion rate indicated by the increase in potassium and decrease in sodiummour data would support such a sequence of events.", "contents": "The effect of prindolol on plasma noradrenaline, plasma renin and sodium-potassium metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. The chronic administration of prindolol in patients with essential hypertension resulted in the following: 1) a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate (with only the exception of the unchanged diastolic blood pressure after the stimulus of the seven-minute standing period), 2) a significant decrease of plasma noradrenaline concentrativn at rest and under orthostatic conditions, 3) a significant decrease of PRC at rest and an even more pronounced suppression of PRA after the stimulus of upright posture, 4)a significant decrease in total exchangeable sodium and 5) a concomitant significant increase in total body potassium even with an increase in body weight. These findings are not subject to easy interpretation. In particular, we cannot conclude which of the changed parameters plays the initial role in lowering blood pressure. A working hypothesis might presume that beta blocking agents inhibit central and/or peripheral sympathetic nervous activity. The results reduction in plasma renin concentration would in turn lead to a drop in aldosterone secretion rate indicated by the increase in potassium and decrease in sodiummour data would support such a sequence of events.", "PMID": 1032572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6026", "title": "[Hemodynamic long-term effects of a beta-receptor blockader (Pindolol) in primary essential hypertension].", "content": "1. Pindolol lowers blood pressure both, immediately after administration by a reduction of cardiac output and heart rate and after long-term administration by reducing peripheral resistance. Cardiac index, initially decreased, reached the control value after 8 weeks of treatment. 2. The persistent reduction in heart rate and increase of the cardiac index during exercise after prolonged treatment together with the increase of right and left heart filling pressures seems to be due to augmentation of the Starling mechanism. The increase of the stroke volume at rest and during exercise diminished the blood-pressure lowering effect of the drug. 4. The exercise-induced increase of noradrenalin was abolished by acute administration of pindolol. After long-term treatment, however, we found a consistent and significant elevation of the plasma-catecholamines. This may reflect the development of heart failure [1], a tyramin- or cocain-like action of pindolol [2] or an indirect sympathicomimetic effect of this drug at low doses (10--15 mg/day orally ) [3]. 5. The elevation of plasma-noradrenalin reflects increased sympathetic tone and may be responsible for the increase in stroke volume and plasma renin activity observed by several authors. 6. Since there was no evidence for a hemodynamic mode of action, the lowering of blood rpessure by pindolol may be a central effect.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic long-term effects of a beta-receptor blockader (Pindolol) in primary essential hypertension]. 1. Pindolol lowers blood pressure both, immediately after administration by a reduction of cardiac output and heart rate and after long-term administration by reducing peripheral resistance. Cardiac index, initially decreased, reached the control value after 8 weeks of treatment. 2. The persistent reduction in heart rate and increase of the cardiac index during exercise after prolonged treatment together with the increase of right and left heart filling pressures seems to be due to augmentation of the Starling mechanism. The increase of the stroke volume at rest and during exercise diminished the blood-pressure lowering effect of the drug. 4. The exercise-induced increase of noradrenalin was abolished by acute administration of pindolol. After long-term treatment, however, we found a consistent and significant elevation of the plasma-catecholamines. This may reflect the development of heart failure [1], a tyramin- or cocain-like action of pindolol [2] or an indirect sympathicomimetic effect of this drug at low doses (10--15 mg/day orally ) [3]. 5. The elevation of plasma-noradrenalin reflects increased sympathetic tone and may be responsible for the increase in stroke volume and plasma renin activity observed by several authors. 6. Since there was no evidence for a hemodynamic mode of action, the lowering of blood rpessure by pindolol may be a central effect.", "PMID": 1032573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6027", "title": "[Clinicopharmacological studies with pindolol following intravenous and oral administration].", "content": "The beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency of pindolol after intravenous and after oral administration was compared in clinical pharmacological experiments in healthy volunteers. Equal doses of pindolol were aequiactive 75 min after intravenous and 2 h after oral administration on tachycardia due to isoprenaline infusions as well as on tachycardia due to exercise on the cycle ergometer. The results of this comparison of pharmacodynamic effects confirm the good enteral absorption reported in pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "[Clinicopharmacological studies with pindolol following intravenous and oral administration]. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking potency of pindolol after intravenous and after oral administration was compared in clinical pharmacological experiments in healthy volunteers. Equal doses of pindolol were aequiactive 75 min after intravenous and 2 h after oral administration on tachycardia due to isoprenaline infusions as well as on tachycardia due to exercise on the cycle ergometer. The results of this comparison of pharmacodynamic effects confirm the good enteral absorption reported in pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 1032575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6028", "title": "A new method for rapid identification of influenza virus isolates.", "content": "With the use of bacteria sensitized by influenza virus strain-specific antisera, virus isolates can be identified rapidly. One drop of virus suspension is mixed with one drop of sensitized bacteria on a slide that is then agitated; reaction occurs within 10 minutes. The test is subtype-specific. The mehod is based on the fact that the cell wall of the Cowan type 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus contains abundant quantities of an antigen, known as protein A, that reacts with the IgG molecule by binding it in such a manner that the antibody-combining sites remain free. If an antigen homologous to the antibody coated on the surface of the bacteria is added to the suspension of sensitized staphylococci, agglutination occurs.", "contents": "A new method for rapid identification of influenza virus isolates. With the use of bacteria sensitized by influenza virus strain-specific antisera, virus isolates can be identified rapidly. One drop of virus suspension is mixed with one drop of sensitized bacteria on a slide that is then agitated; reaction occurs within 10 minutes. The test is subtype-specific. The mehod is based on the fact that the cell wall of the Cowan type 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus contains abundant quantities of an antigen, known as protein A, that reacts with the IgG molecule by binding it in such a manner that the antibody-combining sites remain free. If an antigen homologous to the antibody coated on the surface of the bacteria is added to the suspension of sensitized staphylococci, agglutination occurs.", "PMID": 1032576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6029", "title": "Management of maple syrup urine disease in Canada. Committee for improvement of Hereditary Disease Management.", "content": "Nine patients with classic maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and four with variant forms are under care at five treatment centres in the network affiliated with the National Food Distribution Centre for the Treatment of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases (the \"Food Bank\"). Diagnosis was made by clinicians and not from mass screening programs. MSUD requires complex emergency treatment to prevent severe neurologic damage, but effective management is compatible with normal growth and development. Long-term treatment requires continuous monitoring of the response to diets restricted in branched-chain amino acids; semisynthetic diet products free of branched-chain amino acids, provided by the Food Bank, are essential. Centralized treatment programs reduce the cost of treatment and maximize the potential benefits. The leucine requirement for adequate somatic growth during infancy in MSUD was found to be 200 to 600 mg/d; this range is lower than that estimated for infants with an intact leucine catabolic outflow pathway. The requirements for isoleucine and valine in infancy were also found to be lower than published values for normal infants.", "contents": "Management of maple syrup urine disease in Canada. Committee for improvement of Hereditary Disease Management. Nine patients with classic maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and four with variant forms are under care at five treatment centres in the network affiliated with the National Food Distribution Centre for the Treatment of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases (the \"Food Bank\"). Diagnosis was made by clinicians and not from mass screening programs. MSUD requires complex emergency treatment to prevent severe neurologic damage, but effective management is compatible with normal growth and development. Long-term treatment requires continuous monitoring of the response to diets restricted in branched-chain amino acids; semisynthetic diet products free of branched-chain amino acids, provided by the Food Bank, are essential. Centralized treatment programs reduce the cost of treatment and maximize the potential benefits. The leucine requirement for adequate somatic growth during infancy in MSUD was found to be 200 to 600 mg/d; this range is lower than that estimated for infants with an intact leucine catabolic outflow pathway. The requirements for isoleucine and valine in infancy were also found to be lower than published values for normal infants.", "PMID": 1032577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6030", "title": "Failure of acetylmethadol in treatment of narcotic addicts due to nonpharmacologic factors.", "content": "Acetylmethadol, a new narcotic substitute, has a longer duration of action than methadone. Seventeen subjects, former heroin users currently under methadone treatment, entered a study of the toxicity and efficacy of this drug. Only nine subjects completed the assessment phase of the study and began the acetylmethadol phase, and only one completed the 8-week study phase. Hence, no conclusions can be drawn about acetylmethadol's efficacy. The high attrition rate was unrelated to pharmacologic factors; the subjects were concerned that if this drug was effective there would be no methadone to take home and hence no opportunity to trade, sell or \"play with\" (that is, combine with other drugs) the latter. This study emphasizes the difficulty in determining the efficacy of specific drug treatments for opiate-dependent patients.", "contents": "Failure of acetylmethadol in treatment of narcotic addicts due to nonpharmacologic factors. Acetylmethadol, a new narcotic substitute, has a longer duration of action than methadone. Seventeen subjects, former heroin users currently under methadone treatment, entered a study of the toxicity and efficacy of this drug. Only nine subjects completed the assessment phase of the study and began the acetylmethadol phase, and only one completed the 8-week study phase. Hence, no conclusions can be drawn about acetylmethadol's efficacy. The high attrition rate was unrelated to pharmacologic factors; the subjects were concerned that if this drug was effective there would be no methadone to take home and hence no opportunity to trade, sell or \"play with\" (that is, combine with other drugs) the latter. This study emphasizes the difficulty in determining the efficacy of specific drug treatments for opiate-dependent patients.", "PMID": 1032578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6031", "title": "Echocardiographic features of an unusual case of aortic valve endocarditis.", "content": "In a patient with aortic valve endocarditis a myocardial abscess, complete heart block and acute aortic regurgitation developed. Echocardiography gave evidence of large aortic valve vegetations, and at operation vegetations were found to have destroyed the right coronary cusp and part of the noncoronary cusp. Following surgery the patient recovered. Echocardiography may prove to be a useful noninvasive technique to aid in the timing of surgical therapy in patients with valvular vegetations.", "contents": "Echocardiographic features of an unusual case of aortic valve endocarditis. In a patient with aortic valve endocarditis a myocardial abscess, complete heart block and acute aortic regurgitation developed. Echocardiography gave evidence of large aortic valve vegetations, and at operation vegetations were found to have destroyed the right coronary cusp and part of the noncoronary cusp. Following surgery the patient recovered. Echocardiography may prove to be a useful noninvasive technique to aid in the timing of surgical therapy in patients with valvular vegetations.", "PMID": 1032579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6032", "title": "Practical guidelines for assessing patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "In assessing the patient the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) the physician must decide on the basis of physical findings, results of laboratory tests and biopsy, when indicated, whether the patient is an asymptomatic carrier or has acute or chronic hepatitis. Asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg must be educated in personal hygiene and the possibility of transmission, should not be allowed to donate blood or breast-feed and should not work with blood products for human use or pharmaceutical products designated for intravenous use. However, it is otherwise not necessary to advise these individuals to change their profession.", "contents": "Practical guidelines for assessing patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. In assessing the patient the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) the physician must decide on the basis of physical findings, results of laboratory tests and biopsy, when indicated, whether the patient is an asymptomatic carrier or has acute or chronic hepatitis. Asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg must be educated in personal hygiene and the possibility of transmission, should not be allowed to donate blood or breast-feed and should not work with blood products for human use or pharmaceutical products designated for intravenous use. However, it is otherwise not necessary to advise these individuals to change their profession.", "PMID": 1032589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6033", "title": "Feasibility of routine testing for hepatitis B surface antigen in hospital employees and restriction of carriers.", "content": "In 1972-73, 48 hospital staff members were tested selectively for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); 4 (8.3%) were found to be HBsAg-positive. In 1974-75, 1415 staff members were tested routinely before employment and at periodic health examination; 25 (1.8%) were found to be HBsAg-positive. Of the HBsAg-positive staff members 55.2% were Asians, this proportion being significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that of any other ethnic group, and 31.0% were southern Europeans. Nurses and laboratory technologists were the largest professional groups among the HBsAg-positive staff, each accounting for 20.7%. Our results indicate that it is impractical to carry out routine testing of hospital staff for HBsAg. Selective testing and restriction from work in their units is proposed for staff of the renal and peritoneal dialysis units, the emergency department and the intravenous team and dietary staff who handle food directly.", "contents": "Feasibility of routine testing for hepatitis B surface antigen in hospital employees and restriction of carriers. In 1972-73, 48 hospital staff members were tested selectively for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg); 4 (8.3%) were found to be HBsAg-positive. In 1974-75, 1415 staff members were tested routinely before employment and at periodic health examination; 25 (1.8%) were found to be HBsAg-positive. Of the HBsAg-positive staff members 55.2% were Asians, this proportion being significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that of any other ethnic group, and 31.0% were southern Europeans. Nurses and laboratory technologists were the largest professional groups among the HBsAg-positive staff, each accounting for 20.7%. Our results indicate that it is impractical to carry out routine testing of hospital staff for HBsAg. Selective testing and restriction from work in their units is proposed for staff of the renal and peritoneal dialysis units, the emergency department and the intravenous team and dietary staff who handle food directly.", "PMID": 1032590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6034", "title": "Detection of core antibody in hepatitis B infection.", "content": "Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is found on the decoated Dane particle and on a morphologically similar particle detected mainly in the nucleus of hepatocytes of patients with hepatitis B. HBcAg prepared from the liver of a chimpanzee infected with hepatitis B virus was used to test human serum for core antibody (anti-HBc) by complement fixation. Anti-HBc was found in serum collected from patients with hepatitis B in both the acute and convalescent stages, from carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and from patients with chronic liver or renal disease who were carriers of HBsAg. It was not found in patients with hepatitis A or infectious mononucleosis, or in healthy persons who were not carriers of HBsAg.", "contents": "Detection of core antibody in hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is found on the decoated Dane particle and on a morphologically similar particle detected mainly in the nucleus of hepatocytes of patients with hepatitis B. HBcAg prepared from the liver of a chimpanzee infected with hepatitis B virus was used to test human serum for core antibody (anti-HBc) by complement fixation. Anti-HBc was found in serum collected from patients with hepatitis B in both the acute and convalescent stages, from carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and from patients with chronic liver or renal disease who were carriers of HBsAg. It was not found in patients with hepatitis A or infectious mononucleosis, or in healthy persons who were not carriers of HBsAg.", "PMID": 1032591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6035", "title": "[The urinary excretion of pregnanediol during pregnancy determined by gas-liquid chromatography. I. Its evolution throughout the normal and pathological pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Employing the technique described by Van Kampen and Anker, modified by Macarulla et al., 180 pregnant women have been studied (66 normals and 114 with different pathology: infertility, toxemia, diabetes, Rh isoinmunization, gemelar pregnancy and abortions), taking 319 determinations of pregnanediol in 24 hours urine samples. The analysis of the results show in normal pregnancy a progressive increase of the urinary pregnanediol from the beginning of gestation, this increase being more intense from the 20th week, reaching the maximum value in the 37th week and from this point descending slowly. In patients with toxemia, the values of pregnanediol (in the majority of the cases) are decreased, while in pregnant women with antecedents of infertility are increased from the 36th week of pregnancy, although they had protective treatment from first months of pregnancy. No manifest deviations of urinary pregnanediol from the normal values exist in diabetic pregnant women, Rb isoinmunization or gemelar pregnancies. In aborted pregnancies the pregnanediol values are markedly decreased without a tendency to increase, contrary to the threats of abortion in full-term pregnancies.", "contents": "[The urinary excretion of pregnanediol during pregnancy determined by gas-liquid chromatography. I. Its evolution throughout the normal and pathological pregnancy (author's transl)]. Employing the technique described by Van Kampen and Anker, modified by Macarulla et al., 180 pregnant women have been studied (66 normals and 114 with different pathology: infertility, toxemia, diabetes, Rh isoinmunization, gemelar pregnancy and abortions), taking 319 determinations of pregnanediol in 24 hours urine samples. The analysis of the results show in normal pregnancy a progressive increase of the urinary pregnanediol from the beginning of gestation, this increase being more intense from the 20th week, reaching the maximum value in the 37th week and from this point descending slowly. In patients with toxemia, the values of pregnanediol (in the majority of the cases) are decreased, while in pregnant women with antecedents of infertility are increased from the 36th week of pregnancy, although they had protective treatment from first months of pregnancy. No manifest deviations of urinary pregnanediol from the normal values exist in diabetic pregnant women, Rb isoinmunization or gemelar pregnancies. In aborted pregnancies the pregnanediol values are markedly decreased without a tendency to increase, contrary to the threats of abortion in full-term pregnancies.", "PMID": 1032592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6036", "title": "[The urinary excretion of pregnanediol during pregnancy determined by gas-liquid chromatography. II. Its relation with other parameters controling pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The relation between the urinary pregnanediol determined by gas-liquid chromatography during pregnancy, with ultrasonic findings (biparietal diameter, thickness and echorrefringency of the placenta and the appreciated quantity of amniotic fluid), with biochemical parameters of control of pregnancy (beta-glucoronidase, total and thermostable alkaline phosphatase), with amnioscopic findings, and with several studied parameters of the amniotic fluid by amniocentesis, were studied. A good relation exists with the parameters which denote placentary insufficiency and fetal risk (irregularity in the homogeneity of the placenta, elevation of the total and thermostable alkaline phosphatase, positive amnioscopy) and also with those that are related with fetal maturity (biparietal diameter, shake test, organge cells, creatinine in amniotic fluid, etc.). These results indicate that the determination of urinary pregnanediol can be one of the tests controlling the normal and pathological pregnancies, being useful in the detection of fetal risk and the diagnosis of the intrauterine fetal maturity.", "contents": "[The urinary excretion of pregnanediol during pregnancy determined by gas-liquid chromatography. II. Its relation with other parameters controling pregnancy (author's transl)]. The relation between the urinary pregnanediol determined by gas-liquid chromatography during pregnancy, with ultrasonic findings (biparietal diameter, thickness and echorrefringency of the placenta and the appreciated quantity of amniotic fluid), with biochemical parameters of control of pregnancy (beta-glucoronidase, total and thermostable alkaline phosphatase), with amnioscopic findings, and with several studied parameters of the amniotic fluid by amniocentesis, were studied. A good relation exists with the parameters which denote placentary insufficiency and fetal risk (irregularity in the homogeneity of the placenta, elevation of the total and thermostable alkaline phosphatase, positive amnioscopy) and also with those that are related with fetal maturity (biparietal diameter, shake test, organge cells, creatinine in amniotic fluid, etc.). These results indicate that the determination of urinary pregnanediol can be one of the tests controlling the normal and pathological pregnancies, being useful in the detection of fetal risk and the diagnosis of the intrauterine fetal maturity.", "PMID": 1032593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6037", "title": "[BAME-Esterase activity in plasmas from blood of human placental interveillous space and umbilical cord vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied an enzymatic activity (BAME-esterase) from human plasma, intimately related with the bradykinin release mechanisms. The optimal conditions of evaluation of the different plasmas were determined. Lately, the authors showed the results obtained with plasma from maternal peripheral blood, umbilical vessels blood and human placental intervillous space blood. It was concluded: 1. The study of enzymatic kinetics allows to establish a reaction time of 30 minutes, and the enzymatic concentration contained within 0.5 ml. of plasma, as ideal parameters to determine the enzymatic activities into the different compartments. 2. In the cases studied, considered clinically normals, the enzymatic activity in plasma from the interveillous space, before and after the detachment of the placenta, was greater than in peripheral maternal and umbilical vessels bloods. The activity in umbilical artery plasma was greater than in umbilical vein and practically the same as in maternal plasma. 3. The esterase activity values into the compartments studied in pre-eclamptics, were similar to that found in the cases considered clinically normal.", "contents": "[BAME-Esterase activity in plasmas from blood of human placental interveillous space and umbilical cord vessels (author's transl)]. The authors studied an enzymatic activity (BAME-esterase) from human plasma, intimately related with the bradykinin release mechanisms. The optimal conditions of evaluation of the different plasmas were determined. Lately, the authors showed the results obtained with plasma from maternal peripheral blood, umbilical vessels blood and human placental intervillous space blood. It was concluded: 1. The study of enzymatic kinetics allows to establish a reaction time of 30 minutes, and the enzymatic concentration contained within 0.5 ml. of plasma, as ideal parameters to determine the enzymatic activities into the different compartments. 2. In the cases studied, considered clinically normals, the enzymatic activity in plasma from the interveillous space, before and after the detachment of the placenta, was greater than in peripheral maternal and umbilical vessels bloods. The activity in umbilical artery plasma was greater than in umbilical vein and practically the same as in maternal plasma. 3. The esterase activity values into the compartments studied in pre-eclamptics, were similar to that found in the cases considered clinically normal.", "PMID": 1032596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6038", "title": "[The urinary excretion of pregnanediol during pregnancy determined by gas-liquid chromatography. III. Its relation with the obstetric results (author's transl)].", "content": "269 determinations of urinary pregnanediol by gas-liquid chromatography were made in 140 patients during pregnancy. A relation between the pregnandioluria and the fetal results (adequacy of the weight to gestational age, Apgar score at one and five minutes of birth, umbilical artery blood PH and perinatal mortality) as well as the global evaluation of the placenta (macroscopic aspect, vascular index of Kawai et al. and Scott and Jordan index) was studied. The results show that in the cases with fetal pathology (small for date, depression, acidosis, perinatal death) as well as in the cases with placental pathology, the values of pregnanediol were significantly decreased from the first months of pregnancy, which indicate that the placental insufficiency is a very precoz chronic process and on the other hand, that the determination of urinary pregnanediol is a good method for its detection.", "contents": "[The urinary excretion of pregnanediol during pregnancy determined by gas-liquid chromatography. III. Its relation with the obstetric results (author's transl)]. 269 determinations of urinary pregnanediol by gas-liquid chromatography were made in 140 patients during pregnancy. A relation between the pregnandioluria and the fetal results (adequacy of the weight to gestational age, Apgar score at one and five minutes of birth, umbilical artery blood PH and perinatal mortality) as well as the global evaluation of the placenta (macroscopic aspect, vascular index of Kawai et al. and Scott and Jordan index) was studied. The results show that in the cases with fetal pathology (small for date, depression, acidosis, perinatal death) as well as in the cases with placental pathology, the values of pregnanediol were significantly decreased from the first months of pregnancy, which indicate that the placental insufficiency is a very precoz chronic process and on the other hand, that the determination of urinary pregnanediol is a good method for its detection.", "PMID": 1032594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6039", "title": "Oxidative and glicolytic metabolism of the frontal cortex (latero-frontal) and of the posterior cortex (latero-occipital) in relation with the sexual activity of the rat.", "content": "The authors of this paper have ascertained the glycolytic metabolism and the oxidative metabolism (intake of QO2), of the frontal and posterior cortex in female rats at different stages of the sexual cycle, as also in ovariectomized animals, by the intake of glucose and the production of lactates. The results indicate a statistically significant increase of the oxidative metabolism of the posterior cortex (latero-occipital) in the estrual and proestrual phases, in comparisons with the diestral phase. The frontal cortex (latero-frontal) did not show any significant difference; moreover, the glycolitic metabolism did not alter in any of the tissues under observation. These findings, seem to suggest possible participation of the posterior cortex (latero-occipital) on the regulation of sexual cycle of the rat. The activation of this cortex occurs through the preponderant imbricantion of the tri-carboxylic acid cycle.", "contents": "Oxidative and glicolytic metabolism of the frontal cortex (latero-frontal) and of the posterior cortex (latero-occipital) in relation with the sexual activity of the rat. The authors of this paper have ascertained the glycolytic metabolism and the oxidative metabolism (intake of QO2), of the frontal and posterior cortex in female rats at different stages of the sexual cycle, as also in ovariectomized animals, by the intake of glucose and the production of lactates. The results indicate a statistically significant increase of the oxidative metabolism of the posterior cortex (latero-occipital) in the estrual and proestrual phases, in comparisons with the diestral phase. The frontal cortex (latero-frontal) did not show any significant difference; moreover, the glycolitic metabolism did not alter in any of the tissues under observation. These findings, seem to suggest possible participation of the posterior cortex (latero-occipital) on the regulation of sexual cycle of the rat. The activation of this cortex occurs through the preponderant imbricantion of the tri-carboxylic acid cycle.", "PMID": 1032599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6040", "title": "[Hystereoscopy with CO2. Technique, indications and contraindications (author's transl)].", "content": "The Hysteroscopy occupies again at the present time an important place among the gynecological explorations, since Lindeman introduced the use of controlled carbonic anhydride for the distensi\u00f3n of the uterine cavity. This work studies the technique, indications and contra-indications as well as the value of the hysteroscopy in the first 80 explorations performed in the Gynecological Endoscopy Unit of the Centro de Estudios sobre Repoducci\u00f3n Humana, from Barcelone (Spain). The results are commented and the reach of such endoscopic exploration is analised as routine technique of exploration in comparison to other exploratory techniques used in the study of uterine cavity.", "contents": "[Hystereoscopy with CO2. Technique, indications and contraindications (author's transl)]. The Hysteroscopy occupies again at the present time an important place among the gynecological explorations, since Lindeman introduced the use of controlled carbonic anhydride for the distensi\u00f3n of the uterine cavity. This work studies the technique, indications and contra-indications as well as the value of the hysteroscopy in the first 80 explorations performed in the Gynecological Endoscopy Unit of the Centro de Estudios sobre Repoducci\u00f3n Humana, from Barcelone (Spain). The results are commented and the reach of such endoscopic exploration is analised as routine technique of exploration in comparison to other exploratory techniques used in the study of uterine cavity.", "PMID": 1032600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6041", "title": "Serum luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin in neonatal-androgenized rats.", "content": "Serum levels of LH, FSH, Prolactin and Testosterone of 90 days old male rats androgenized soon after birth were determined by specific radioimmunoassay and were compared to untreated rats. LH and FSH levels were also determined in 90 days old female rats neo-natally treated with testosterone and compared with normal diestrus rats. Androgenization of male rats significantly increased serum FSH and Prolactin levels without producing changes in plasma LH and testosterone concentrations. Similar increase in the FSH levels were found in androgenized female rats although plasma FSH concentrations were lower than in the male groups. These results obtained in male rats give an additional evidence that androgens acting in the first days of life are responsible of the higher levels of FSH and Prolactin that characterize the male or tonic pattern of gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Serum luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin in neonatal-androgenized rats. Serum levels of LH, FSH, Prolactin and Testosterone of 90 days old male rats androgenized soon after birth were determined by specific radioimmunoassay and were compared to untreated rats. LH and FSH levels were also determined in 90 days old female rats neo-natally treated with testosterone and compared with normal diestrus rats. Androgenization of male rats significantly increased serum FSH and Prolactin levels without producing changes in plasma LH and testosterone concentrations. Similar increase in the FSH levels were found in androgenized female rats although plasma FSH concentrations were lower than in the male groups. These results obtained in male rats give an additional evidence that androgens acting in the first days of life are responsible of the higher levels of FSH and Prolactin that characterize the male or tonic pattern of gonadotrophin secretion.", "PMID": 1032598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6042", "title": "[The effect of androgens upon the differentiation of Cowper and Bartholin glands in rat fetuses (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper, a study is made of the normal structure shown in Bartholin and Cowper glands of 100 female fetuses and 100 male fetuses of Wistar rats at the end of gestation, with the structure of bulbouretral glands that formed in 70 female fetuses of the same species and period of gestation masculinized by androgens. In relation to the Bartholin glands, whose bilateral sketch is constant in the fetuses, we can affirm that it shows significant differences of structure with regards to the sketch of the Cowper gland. On the opposite, the histologycal details of the latter, are entirely identical to those shown by the bulbouretral glands of the masculinized female fetuses, a fact which permits us to affirm that these are authentic Cowper glands, not only because of their position, but also because of their structure. This morphological data corresponds to a masculinization phenomenon and demonstrates that the Bartholin and Cowper glands are very sensitive to the effect of androgens during gestation.", "contents": "[The effect of androgens upon the differentiation of Cowper and Bartholin glands in rat fetuses (author's transl)]. In the present paper, a study is made of the normal structure shown in Bartholin and Cowper glands of 100 female fetuses and 100 male fetuses of Wistar rats at the end of gestation, with the structure of bulbouretral glands that formed in 70 female fetuses of the same species and period of gestation masculinized by androgens. In relation to the Bartholin glands, whose bilateral sketch is constant in the fetuses, we can affirm that it shows significant differences of structure with regards to the sketch of the Cowper gland. On the opposite, the histologycal details of the latter, are entirely identical to those shown by the bulbouretral glands of the masculinized female fetuses, a fact which permits us to affirm that these are authentic Cowper glands, not only because of their position, but also because of their structure. This morphological data corresponds to a masculinization phenomenon and demonstrates that the Bartholin and Cowper glands are very sensitive to the effect of androgens during gestation.", "PMID": 1032597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6043", "title": "Human chorionic somatommamotropin (HCS) and pregnancy. Its relation with insulin.", "content": "Plasma HCS levels have been measured in normal and pathological pregnant women. In the normal group HCS levels increased from 6--8 weeks till 33-34 weeks and then felt significantly. HCS pattern in prediabetic and chemical diabetic pregnant women was similar to the normal group. However HCS levels in chemical diabetics were significantly higher during the first two trimesters. HCS levels increased in twin pregnancy, diminished in cases of eclampsia, hypertension, fetal growth retardation, mole and blighted ovum, and disappeared after intrauterine death. Nothing could be deduced from the obese and Rh-isoimmunization groups. It is confirmed the value of HCS determination as an index of placental maturation. Also, insulin/HCS ratio may be of some aid in the study of carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy.", "contents": "Human chorionic somatommamotropin (HCS) and pregnancy. Its relation with insulin. Plasma HCS levels have been measured in normal and pathological pregnant women. In the normal group HCS levels increased from 6--8 weeks till 33-34 weeks and then felt significantly. HCS pattern in prediabetic and chemical diabetic pregnant women was similar to the normal group. However HCS levels in chemical diabetics were significantly higher during the first two trimesters. HCS levels increased in twin pregnancy, diminished in cases of eclampsia, hypertension, fetal growth retardation, mole and blighted ovum, and disappeared after intrauterine death. Nothing could be deduced from the obese and Rh-isoimmunization groups. It is confirmed the value of HCS determination as an index of placental maturation. Also, insulin/HCS ratio may be of some aid in the study of carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1032601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6044", "title": "[Metabolism of nucleic acids in testicles of adult rats deficient in vitamin A].", "content": "Avitaminosis A, applied on deficient rats receiving retinoic acid leads to an important decrease of thymidine incorporation in testicular DNA in vivo as well as in vitro. On the contrary uridine incorporation in RNA is considerably increased in vitro as well as in vivo. The function of ribosomes, as measured by the aggregation ability in the polysomes, is not altered by vitamin A deficiency. From these results one can say that the degenerescence of rat testicle is accompagnied by a decrease of DNA anabolism and a stimulation of RNA anabolism due to an increase of its catabolism (compensatory synthesis).", "contents": "[Metabolism of nucleic acids in testicles of adult rats deficient in vitamin A]. Avitaminosis A, applied on deficient rats receiving retinoic acid leads to an important decrease of thymidine incorporation in testicular DNA in vivo as well as in vitro. On the contrary uridine incorporation in RNA is considerably increased in vitro as well as in vivo. The function of ribosomes, as measured by the aggregation ability in the polysomes, is not altered by vitamin A deficiency. From these results one can say that the degenerescence of rat testicle is accompagnied by a decrease of DNA anabolism and a stimulation of RNA anabolism due to an increase of its catabolism (compensatory synthesis).", "PMID": 1032623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6045", "title": "Thiamine absorption in the rat. IV. Effects of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) upon absorption and active transport of thiamine.", "content": "The effects upon thiamine absorption in-vitro and in-vivo by caffeic acid (a thiamine antagonist isolated from bracken) was studied, partly using 14C-thiamine. It was again shown that caffeic acid reduced the quantity of thiochrome positive thiamine, dependant upon the concentration ratio caffeic acid/thiamine. Caffeic acid was able to pass across the intestinal wall and to exert its antithiamine effect in the serosal incubation fluid. When caffeic acid was present in the mucosal fluid the amount of thiochrome positive thiamine passed to the serosal side was diminished according to the mucosal caffeic acid concentration. In-vitro studies with 14C-thiamine revealed, however, that thiamine modified and turned into a thiochrome negative form by caffeic acid was absorbed similarly to unaffected thiamine. Active transport in-vitro of thiamine was significantly inhibited by the presence of caffeic acid.", "contents": "Thiamine absorption in the rat. IV. Effects of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) upon absorption and active transport of thiamine. The effects upon thiamine absorption in-vitro and in-vivo by caffeic acid (a thiamine antagonist isolated from bracken) was studied, partly using 14C-thiamine. It was again shown that caffeic acid reduced the quantity of thiochrome positive thiamine, dependant upon the concentration ratio caffeic acid/thiamine. Caffeic acid was able to pass across the intestinal wall and to exert its antithiamine effect in the serosal incubation fluid. When caffeic acid was present in the mucosal fluid the amount of thiochrome positive thiamine passed to the serosal side was diminished according to the mucosal caffeic acid concentration. In-vitro studies with 14C-thiamine revealed, however, that thiamine modified and turned into a thiochrome negative form by caffeic acid was absorbed similarly to unaffected thiamine. Active transport in-vitro of thiamine was significantly inhibited by the presence of caffeic acid.", "PMID": 1032624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6046", "title": "Isolation, partial characterisation of antithiamine factor present in rice-bran and its effect on TPP-transketolase system and Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "1. A light yellow viscous oily antithiamine compound designated as Compound X was isolated from rice-bran and it was composed of three components--glucose, a yellow viscous oily substance (Fraction A) and a reddish brown amorphous substance (Fraction B). 2. 1 mg of Compound X inactivated 3.5 microgram of thiamine hydrochloride whereas 1 mg of Fraction A inactivated 26.5 microgram of thiamine hydrochloride. Fraction B had no antithiamine activity. 3. Fraction A was partially characterised as benzene nucleus with ortho dihydroxyl groups, one methyl group and a side chain containing hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. 4. Compound X as well as Fraction A inhibited the utilisation of ribose-5-phosphate by TPP-TK system of human erythrocyte hemolysate and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was retarded by these compounds.", "contents": "Isolation, partial characterisation of antithiamine factor present in rice-bran and its effect on TPP-transketolase system and Staphylococcus aureus. 1. A light yellow viscous oily antithiamine compound designated as Compound X was isolated from rice-bran and it was composed of three components--glucose, a yellow viscous oily substance (Fraction A) and a reddish brown amorphous substance (Fraction B). 2. 1 mg of Compound X inactivated 3.5 microgram of thiamine hydrochloride whereas 1 mg of Fraction A inactivated 26.5 microgram of thiamine hydrochloride. Fraction B had no antithiamine activity. 3. Fraction A was partially characterised as benzene nucleus with ortho dihydroxyl groups, one methyl group and a side chain containing hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. 4. Compound X as well as Fraction A inhibited the utilisation of ribose-5-phosphate by TPP-TK system of human erythrocyte hemolysate and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was retarded by these compounds.", "PMID": 1032626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6047", "title": "Enzymatic microassay of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate using L-tyrosine apodecarboxylase and L-(1-14C) tyrosine.", "content": "A microassay for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) is described, which incorporates both the enzymatic and radioisotopic techniques. The method is based upon the stoichiometric decarboxylation of L-(1-14C) tyrosine by L-tyrosine apodecarboxylase and PLP. This method is an extensive modification of the ones reported by us previously, the main features of this present method being the ease of preparation of the enzyme extract and the substrate, elimination of the preincubation period and shortening of the 14CO2-trapping step. The assay as described here is rapid, highly sensitive and specific.", "contents": "Enzymatic microassay of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate using L-tyrosine apodecarboxylase and L-(1-14C) tyrosine. A microassay for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) is described, which incorporates both the enzymatic and radioisotopic techniques. The method is based upon the stoichiometric decarboxylation of L-(1-14C) tyrosine by L-tyrosine apodecarboxylase and PLP. This method is an extensive modification of the ones reported by us previously, the main features of this present method being the ease of preparation of the enzyme extract and the substrate, elimination of the preincubation period and shortening of the 14CO2-trapping step. The assay as described here is rapid, highly sensitive and specific.", "PMID": 1032627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6048", "title": "Erythrocyte glutathione metabolism in cobalt-deficient goats.", "content": "Cobalt deficiency was produced in goats by feeding them rhode grass hay. The deficient animals excreted increased amounts of methyl malonic acid in their urine, indicating a lack of vitamin B12. Erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels increased with the onset of anemia. There was a concomitant increase in the levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GSSG NADPH Reductase) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH:H2O2 peroxidase)during deficiency. These results are compared with similar observations reported for vitamin B12 deficiency in humans.", "contents": "Erythrocyte glutathione metabolism in cobalt-deficient goats. Cobalt deficiency was produced in goats by feeding them rhode grass hay. The deficient animals excreted increased amounts of methyl malonic acid in their urine, indicating a lack of vitamin B12. Erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels increased with the onset of anemia. There was a concomitant increase in the levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GSSG NADPH Reductase) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH:H2O2 peroxidase)during deficiency. These results are compared with similar observations reported for vitamin B12 deficiency in humans.", "PMID": 1032628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6049", "title": "Ascorbic acid synthesis in certain guinea pigs.", "content": "Three guinea pigs fed a vitamin C-free diet manifested no symptoms of scurvy even after 4-8 months, normally increased in body weight and excreted quantities of ascorbic acid in urine far exceeding the total body pool of ascorbic acid. The course of healing subsequent to experimental trauma in one of these animals proved to be entirely normal and vitamin C concentration in its liver after 8 months of a scorbutogenic regimen was found to be more than twice that in guinea pigs with a daily intake of 10 mg ascorbic acid. It is evident that certain guinea pigs are capable to synthesize ascorbic acid that fully covers the needs of the organism. However, the freqency of occurence of such guinea pigs appears to be extremely small.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid synthesis in certain guinea pigs. Three guinea pigs fed a vitamin C-free diet manifested no symptoms of scurvy even after 4-8 months, normally increased in body weight and excreted quantities of ascorbic acid in urine far exceeding the total body pool of ascorbic acid. The course of healing subsequent to experimental trauma in one of these animals proved to be entirely normal and vitamin C concentration in its liver after 8 months of a scorbutogenic regimen was found to be more than twice that in guinea pigs with a daily intake of 10 mg ascorbic acid. It is evident that certain guinea pigs are capable to synthesize ascorbic acid that fully covers the needs of the organism. However, the freqency of occurence of such guinea pigs appears to be extremely small.", "PMID": 1032629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6050", "title": "In vivo acylation of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides of liver subcellular fractions with palmitate-1-14C in rats fed vitamin A.", "content": "Incorporation of palmitate-1-14C into liver and its mitochondrial, and microsomal triglycerides and phosphoglycerides of rats fed 100000 I.U. of vitamin A for two days has been studied. Feeding of vitamin A significantly increased triglycerides in liver and its mitochondrial, microsomal and supernatant fractions as compared to the controls. A significant increase in total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline was noted in liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of vitamin A fed rats. The incorporation of palmitate-1-14C (counts/min/liver) into triglycerides of liver mitochondrial, microsomal and supernatant fractions of vitamin A fed rats was significantly higher, whereas in phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline it was not significantly different from the controls.", "contents": "In vivo acylation of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides of liver subcellular fractions with palmitate-1-14C in rats fed vitamin A. Incorporation of palmitate-1-14C into liver and its mitochondrial, and microsomal triglycerides and phosphoglycerides of rats fed 100000 I.U. of vitamin A for two days has been studied. Feeding of vitamin A significantly increased triglycerides in liver and its mitochondrial, microsomal and supernatant fractions as compared to the controls. A significant increase in total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline was noted in liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of vitamin A fed rats. The incorporation of palmitate-1-14C (counts/min/liver) into triglycerides of liver mitochondrial, microsomal and supernatant fractions of vitamin A fed rats was significantly higher, whereas in phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline it was not significantly different from the controls.", "PMID": 1032630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6051", "title": "Effect of vitamin E deficiency on the level of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and lipid peroxide in rat liver.", "content": "The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and xanthine oxidase were simultaneously studied in vitamin-E deficient and -supplemented rat liver and also measured the lipid peroxide content in liver. The lipid peroxide content of vitamin E-deficient rat liver, estimated by thiobarbituric acid, increased as compared with that of vitamin E-supplemented rat liver. No marked changes of activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were observed, but the activity of xanthine oxidase which is strong superoxide generator increased in vitamin E-deficient rat liver. These results suggest that vitamin E prevents the accumulation of lipid peroxide, but not controls the level of peroxide scavenging system such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E deficiency on the level of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and lipid peroxide in rat liver. The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and xanthine oxidase were simultaneously studied in vitamin-E deficient and -supplemented rat liver and also measured the lipid peroxide content in liver. The lipid peroxide content of vitamin E-deficient rat liver, estimated by thiobarbituric acid, increased as compared with that of vitamin E-supplemented rat liver. No marked changes of activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were observed, but the activity of xanthine oxidase which is strong superoxide generator increased in vitamin E-deficient rat liver. These results suggest that vitamin E prevents the accumulation of lipid peroxide, but not controls the level of peroxide scavenging system such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase.", "PMID": 1032631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6052", "title": "The relation of impaired vitamin A and E tolerance to fat absorption in biliary diversion.", "content": "Eleven patients have been studied after cholecystectomy with exploration of the common bile duct (CBD) and insertion of a T tube for free biliary drainage. Prior to clamping the T tube no significant rise was seen above fasting serum vitamin A and E, or serum triglyceride levels after 6 of the patients had been given these substances in a liquid test meal. In addition no rise in fasting vitamin E levels was seen after 3 subjects had been loaded for 4 days with 0.5 g DL alpha-tocopherol acetate/day. Faecal fat collections performed on 9 subjects indicated that over 70% of the ingested fat was absorbed. All these findings returned to normal when the T tube was clamped and the intraluminal flow of bile re-established. We conclude that deficiency of bile may allow the absorption of fat in the absence of fat soluble vitamins.", "contents": "The relation of impaired vitamin A and E tolerance to fat absorption in biliary diversion. Eleven patients have been studied after cholecystectomy with exploration of the common bile duct (CBD) and insertion of a T tube for free biliary drainage. Prior to clamping the T tube no significant rise was seen above fasting serum vitamin A and E, or serum triglyceride levels after 6 of the patients had been given these substances in a liquid test meal. In addition no rise in fasting vitamin E levels was seen after 3 subjects had been loaded for 4 days with 0.5 g DL alpha-tocopherol acetate/day. Faecal fat collections performed on 9 subjects indicated that over 70% of the ingested fat was absorbed. All these findings returned to normal when the T tube was clamped and the intraluminal flow of bile re-established. We conclude that deficiency of bile may allow the absorption of fat in the absence of fat soluble vitamins.", "PMID": 1032636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6053", "title": "Lipoperoxides in organs of vitamin E deficient rats fed large amounts of highly unsaturated fats.", "content": "Rats were fed diets containing 10% cod liver oil with and without a supplement of tocopherol acetate for 32 weeks. The determination of peroxides in lipid extracts of adipose tissue, liver, heart and skeletal muscle by different methods was attempted. High amounts of peroxides were found only in adipose tissue of vitamin E deficient animals. Small values were found in other tissues of both groups. The problem whether the organs contain true lipoperoxides, or some other substances are responsible for the peroxide estimates, is discussed.", "contents": "Lipoperoxides in organs of vitamin E deficient rats fed large amounts of highly unsaturated fats. Rats were fed diets containing 10% cod liver oil with and without a supplement of tocopherol acetate for 32 weeks. The determination of peroxides in lipid extracts of adipose tissue, liver, heart and skeletal muscle by different methods was attempted. High amounts of peroxides were found only in adipose tissue of vitamin E deficient animals. Small values were found in other tissues of both groups. The problem whether the organs contain true lipoperoxides, or some other substances are responsible for the peroxide estimates, is discussed.", "PMID": 1032643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6054", "title": "Effect of micellization on rate of cupric-ion-promoted hydrolysis of dicarboxylic acid hemiesters.", "content": "The effect of micellar sodium lauryl sulfate on the rate of cupric-ion-promoted hydrolysis of some dicarboxylic acid hemiesters was investigated at pH 5, ionic strength 0.1 M, and 40, 45, and 50 degrees. The rate of cupric-ion-promoted hydrolysis of sodium n-decyloxalate in the micellar phase is about 50 times as fast as that in the bulk solution. The formation constant of the intermediate chelate complex, cupric decyl oxalate, was decreased in the micellar phase, while the rate of attack of hydroxide ion upon the chelate complex was increased. The overall rate increase is attributed to the increase in the entropy of activation for the reaction in the micellar phase. The rates of hydrolysis of sodium hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate and sodium hydrocortisone 21-hemi-(3,3-dimethylglutarate) were unaffected by copper ion.", "contents": "Effect of micellization on rate of cupric-ion-promoted hydrolysis of dicarboxylic acid hemiesters. The effect of micellar sodium lauryl sulfate on the rate of cupric-ion-promoted hydrolysis of some dicarboxylic acid hemiesters was investigated at pH 5, ionic strength 0.1 M, and 40, 45, and 50 degrees. The rate of cupric-ion-promoted hydrolysis of sodium n-decyloxalate in the micellar phase is about 50 times as fast as that in the bulk solution. The formation constant of the intermediate chelate complex, cupric decyl oxalate, was decreased in the micellar phase, while the rate of attack of hydroxide ion upon the chelate complex was increased. The overall rate increase is attributed to the increase in the entropy of activation for the reaction in the micellar phase. The rates of hydrolysis of sodium hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate and sodium hydrocortisone 21-hemi-(3,3-dimethylglutarate) were unaffected by copper ion.", "PMID": 1032650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6055", "title": "Subnanogram assay for pilocarpine in biological fluids.", "content": "A method for the determination of pilocarpine was developed in which the imidazole ring of pilocarpine was acylated with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, using triethylamine as a catalyst. After cleanup, the pilocarpine derivative was analyzed using GLC with electron-capture detection. The limit of sensitivity was 25-50 pg of pilocarpine, which had been subjected to the derivatization and cleanup procedures. The method was specific for pilocarpine, with the isopilocarpine derivative eluting prior to the pilocarpine derivative.", "contents": "Subnanogram assay for pilocarpine in biological fluids. A method for the determination of pilocarpine was developed in which the imidazole ring of pilocarpine was acylated with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, using triethylamine as a catalyst. After cleanup, the pilocarpine derivative was analyzed using GLC with electron-capture detection. The limit of sensitivity was 25-50 pg of pilocarpine, which had been subjected to the derivatization and cleanup procedures. The method was specific for pilocarpine, with the isopilocarpine derivative eluting prior to the pilocarpine derivative.", "PMID": 1032652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6056", "title": "Circular dichroism spectra of tetracycline complexes with Mg+2 and Ca+2.", "content": "The study of Ca+2 and Mg+2 complexes of tetracycline in buffered solution was undertaken to determine their stoichiometry and the chelation sites. Circular dichroism was used to follow complex formation. Modified tetracyclines, in which potential complexation sites were blocked, were used to determine the participation of particular sites in complexation. Calcium formed a 2:1 metal-ion to ligand complex, while the magnesium complex formed at a 1:1 ratio. Formation of the calcium complex involved addition of one metal ion to the C-10, C-11 site with subsequent addition of a second metal ion at the C-12, C-1 site. The magnesium chelate occurred at the C-11, C-12 beta-diketone site.", "contents": "Circular dichroism spectra of tetracycline complexes with Mg+2 and Ca+2. The study of Ca+2 and Mg+2 complexes of tetracycline in buffered solution was undertaken to determine their stoichiometry and the chelation sites. Circular dichroism was used to follow complex formation. Modified tetracyclines, in which potential complexation sites were blocked, were used to determine the participation of particular sites in complexation. Calcium formed a 2:1 metal-ion to ligand complex, while the magnesium complex formed at a 1:1 ratio. Formation of the calcium complex involved addition of one metal ion to the C-10, C-11 site with subsequent addition of a second metal ion at the C-12, C-1 site. The magnesium chelate occurred at the C-11, C-12 beta-diketone site.", "PMID": 1032653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6057", "title": "N-Halo derivatives IV: Synthesis of low chlorine potential soft N-chloramine systems.", "content": "A number of low chlorine potential, soft N-chloramines containing nitrogen-chlorine bonds of different polarity were prepared. These novel N-chloramine systems were based on derivatization of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.", "contents": "N-Halo derivatives IV: Synthesis of low chlorine potential soft N-chloramine systems. A number of low chlorine potential, soft N-chloramines containing nitrogen-chlorine bonds of different polarity were prepared. These novel N-chloramine systems were based on derivatization of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.", "PMID": 1032654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6058", "title": "N-Halo derivatives VI: Microbiological and chemical evaluations of 3-chloro-2-oxazolidinones.", "content": "Comparative antimicrobial activity of 3-chloro-2-oxazolidinone (I), 3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (II), 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (III), and N-chlorosuccinimide (IV) was evaluated in aqueous buffers in the absence and presence of 5% horse serum. All four compounds had similar bactericidal activity in the absence of horse serum, but I and III had superior activity relative to IV when serum was present. Compound III was considerably more stable with respect ot loss of positive chlorine and bactericidal activity than I and II when stored in 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffered to pH 7.0 at 40 degrees. Thus, III is potentially the most useful bactericidal agent of those evaluated. The chlorine potentials of I, II, and III, the rate constants for transfer of positive chlorine from I and III to morpholine in aqueous solutions, and the hydrolytic stabilities of I and III with respect to loss of positive chlorine were evaluated. These data, together with previously calculated data for IV, are used to rationalize the observed bactericidal activities.", "contents": "N-Halo derivatives VI: Microbiological and chemical evaluations of 3-chloro-2-oxazolidinones. Comparative antimicrobial activity of 3-chloro-2-oxazolidinone (I), 3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (II), 3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (III), and N-chlorosuccinimide (IV) was evaluated in aqueous buffers in the absence and presence of 5% horse serum. All four compounds had similar bactericidal activity in the absence of horse serum, but I and III had superior activity relative to IV when serum was present. Compound III was considerably more stable with respect ot loss of positive chlorine and bactericidal activity than I and II when stored in 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffered to pH 7.0 at 40 degrees. Thus, III is potentially the most useful bactericidal agent of those evaluated. The chlorine potentials of I, II, and III, the rate constants for transfer of positive chlorine from I and III to morpholine in aqueous solutions, and the hydrolytic stabilities of I and III with respect to loss of positive chlorine were evaluated. These data, together with previously calculated data for IV, are used to rationalize the observed bactericidal activities.", "PMID": 1032655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6059", "title": "Effect of storage at specified temperature and humidity on properties of three directly compressible tablet formulations.", "content": "Direct compression tablets containing sodium starch glycolate, an alginate derivative, or povidone as a disintegrant, magnesium stearate as a lubricant, amaranth as a tracer, and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the matrix were stored for 30 days at 23 degrees and 75% relative humidity (R.H.), 45 degrees and 75% R.H., and 65 degrees and 40% R.H. Samples were evaluated after 0, 10, 20, and 30 days for size, hardness, and dissolution characteristics. Although no significant changes in the dimensions or hardness of the three tablet formulations, prepared at three different compaction pressures, were observed, the dissolution efficiency of the systems showed significant changes, some systems dissolving more rapidly and some more slowly after storage. In some cases, the changes were so substantial as to indicate the possibility of significant changes of the bioavailability of drugs formulated in such systems. The relevance of this work to the problem of evaluating aging effects on the physical properties of tablets is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of storage at specified temperature and humidity on properties of three directly compressible tablet formulations. Direct compression tablets containing sodium starch glycolate, an alginate derivative, or povidone as a disintegrant, magnesium stearate as a lubricant, amaranth as a tracer, and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the matrix were stored for 30 days at 23 degrees and 75% relative humidity (R.H.), 45 degrees and 75% R.H., and 65 degrees and 40% R.H. Samples were evaluated after 0, 10, 20, and 30 days for size, hardness, and dissolution characteristics. Although no significant changes in the dimensions or hardness of the three tablet formulations, prepared at three different compaction pressures, were observed, the dissolution efficiency of the systems showed significant changes, some systems dissolving more rapidly and some more slowly after storage. In some cases, the changes were so substantial as to indicate the possibility of significant changes of the bioavailability of drugs formulated in such systems. The relevance of this work to the problem of evaluating aging effects on the physical properties of tablets is discussed.", "PMID": 1032656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6060", "title": "Disaggregation of compressed tablets.", "content": "Tablets of dibasic calcium phosphate containing varying proportions of intra- to extragranular maize starch were prepared at three compaction pressures. The surface area generated per tablet after 10 and 30 min of disintegration was measured with an automated counter by a new technique. The optimum starch combination that produced the maximum surface area in a tablet formulation was either 2.5% intra-12.5% extragranular or 15% intragranular starch alone. The distribution of starch did not affect the resultant strength of the tablets, and maximum generation of surface area was achieved by compacting the tablets at as low a pressure as practical.", "contents": "Disaggregation of compressed tablets. Tablets of dibasic calcium phosphate containing varying proportions of intra- to extragranular maize starch were prepared at three compaction pressures. The surface area generated per tablet after 10 and 30 min of disintegration was measured with an automated counter by a new technique. The optimum starch combination that produced the maximum surface area in a tablet formulation was either 2.5% intra-12.5% extragranular or 15% intragranular starch alone. The distribution of starch did not affect the resultant strength of the tablets, and maximum generation of surface area was achieved by compacting the tablets at as low a pressure as practical.", "PMID": 1032657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6061", "title": "Dissolution characteristics and oral absorption of digitoxin and digoxin coprecipitates.", "content": "A marked increase in the dissolution rates od digitoxin and digoxin was attained by dispersing the drugs in two inert solid carriers, poloxamer 188 and deoxycholic acid. The 1 and 10% (w/w) drug-carrier solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent method. The former dissolved significantly faster than the latter. The oral administration of 10% (w/w) digitoxin-carrier coprecipitates to mice significantly increased toxicity. This observed increase is attributed to an increase in the rate and, possibly, the extent of oral absorption of the drug. Although a 10% coprecipitate of digoxin in both carriers showed an increase in the dissolution rate, no increase in oral toxicity was observed. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that both digitoxin and deoxycholic acid undergo crystalline modifications due to treatment by the solvent, but the exact nature of the drug-carrier solid dispersions was not revealed.", "contents": "Dissolution characteristics and oral absorption of digitoxin and digoxin coprecipitates. A marked increase in the dissolution rates od digitoxin and digoxin was attained by dispersing the drugs in two inert solid carriers, poloxamer 188 and deoxycholic acid. The 1 and 10% (w/w) drug-carrier solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent method. The former dissolved significantly faster than the latter. The oral administration of 10% (w/w) digitoxin-carrier coprecipitates to mice significantly increased toxicity. This observed increase is attributed to an increase in the rate and, possibly, the extent of oral absorption of the drug. Although a 10% coprecipitate of digoxin in both carriers showed an increase in the dissolution rate, no increase in oral toxicity was observed. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that both digitoxin and deoxycholic acid undergo crystalline modifications due to treatment by the solvent, but the exact nature of the drug-carrier solid dispersions was not revealed.", "PMID": 1032658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6062", "title": "Electrochemical evidence for interaction between chlorpromazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine hydrochloride and the flavin coenzymes.", "content": "Polarographic and chronopotentiometric methods were applied to study the effects of the phenothiazine tranquilizers chlorpromazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine hydrochloride on the electrochemical behavior of the flavin coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. The effects of the drugs were measured mainly by decreases in the diffusion currents, id, developed in the polarographic experiments and by a similar decrease in the chronopotentiometric constant, ior1/2, in the chronopotentiometric experiments when the coenzymes were reduced in the presence of the added drugs. The observed interference with the redox properties of the coenzymes could conceivably be related to the reported ability of the drugs to inhibit respiration and produce their tranquilizing effect.", "contents": "Electrochemical evidence for interaction between chlorpromazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine hydrochloride and the flavin coenzymes. Polarographic and chronopotentiometric methods were applied to study the effects of the phenothiazine tranquilizers chlorpromazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine hydrochloride on the electrochemical behavior of the flavin coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. The effects of the drugs were measured mainly by decreases in the diffusion currents, id, developed in the polarographic experiments and by a similar decrease in the chronopotentiometric constant, ior1/2, in the chronopotentiometric experiments when the coenzymes were reduced in the presence of the added drugs. The observed interference with the redox properties of the coenzymes could conceivably be related to the reported ability of the drugs to inhibit respiration and produce their tranquilizing effect.", "PMID": 1032659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6063", "title": "Fluorometric determination of trifluoromethyl-substituted 2,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)indoles in biological materials.", "content": "Interest in the 5-, 6-, and 7-trifluoromethyl-substituted 2,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)indoles as potent, orally active anti-inflammatory agents required a method for their determination in serum, urine, and feces to permit studies of their absorption, metabolism, and excretion. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure was developed based on an ethyl acetate extraction of alkaline specimens and subsequent fluorometric analysis of ethanolic solutions of the extract residues. The method is sensitive to 0.1 microgram/ml, 0.5 microgram/ml, and 0.7 microgram/100 mg of these compounds in serum, urine, and feces, respectively. Overall mean recoveries and standard deviations of the 5-, 6-, and 7-trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds from biological samples were 102.2 +/- 3.0, 102.2 +/- 5.4, and 100.5 +/- 5.7%, respectively. The procedure was applied successfully to absorption studies with 2,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)indole in the dog.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of trifluoromethyl-substituted 2,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)indoles in biological materials. Interest in the 5-, 6-, and 7-trifluoromethyl-substituted 2,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)indoles as potent, orally active anti-inflammatory agents required a method for their determination in serum, urine, and feces to permit studies of their absorption, metabolism, and excretion. A simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure was developed based on an ethyl acetate extraction of alkaline specimens and subsequent fluorometric analysis of ethanolic solutions of the extract residues. The method is sensitive to 0.1 microgram/ml, 0.5 microgram/ml, and 0.7 microgram/100 mg of these compounds in serum, urine, and feces, respectively. Overall mean recoveries and standard deviations of the 5-, 6-, and 7-trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds from biological samples were 102.2 +/- 3.0, 102.2 +/- 5.4, and 100.5 +/- 5.7%, respectively. The procedure was applied successfully to absorption studies with 2,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)indole in the dog.", "PMID": 1032660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6064", "title": "Effect of nonionic surfactants on percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Fifteen nonionic surfactants, 10% (w/w), were each incorporated into white petrolatum USP ointment base containing 10% (w/w) salicylic acid or 11.6% (w/w) sodium salicylate with 10% (w/w) dimethyl sulfoxide. Percutaneous absorption was determined from blood salicylate levels in New Zealand white rabbits at regular intervals for 8 hr following application of the ointment. Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid was increased significantly when sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan trioleate, poloxamer 231, poloxamer 182, polyoxyethylene 4 lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene 2 oleyl ether, or polyoxyl 8 stearate was added to the ointment containing dimethyl sulfoxide, salicylic acid, and white petrolatum. Percutaneous absorption of sodium salicylate was increased significantly when sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, or poloxamer 182 was added to the ointment containing dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium salicylate, and white petrolatum.", "contents": "Effect of nonionic surfactants on percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Fifteen nonionic surfactants, 10% (w/w), were each incorporated into white petrolatum USP ointment base containing 10% (w/w) salicylic acid or 11.6% (w/w) sodium salicylate with 10% (w/w) dimethyl sulfoxide. Percutaneous absorption was determined from blood salicylate levels in New Zealand white rabbits at regular intervals for 8 hr following application of the ointment. Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid was increased significantly when sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan trioleate, poloxamer 231, poloxamer 182, polyoxyethylene 4 lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene 2 oleyl ether, or polyoxyl 8 stearate was added to the ointment containing dimethyl sulfoxide, salicylic acid, and white petrolatum. Percutaneous absorption of sodium salicylate was increased significantly when sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, or poloxamer 182 was added to the ointment containing dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium salicylate, and white petrolatum.", "PMID": 1032661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6065", "title": "Dissolution of two-component solids.", "content": "The dissolution rates of compressed two-component mixtures were investigated. A good correlation between the composition of the solid and its observed dissolution rate was demonstrated by regression analysis. A model for dissolution was applied to compressed mixtures of aspirin-salicylic acid, aspirin-phenacetin, phenacetin-caffeine, and aspirin and caffeine (the last mixture complexes in solution).", "contents": "Dissolution of two-component solids. The dissolution rates of compressed two-component mixtures were investigated. A good correlation between the composition of the solid and its observed dissolution rate was demonstrated by regression analysis. A model for dissolution was applied to compressed mixtures of aspirin-salicylic acid, aspirin-phenacetin, phenacetin-caffeine, and aspirin and caffeine (the last mixture complexes in solution).", "PMID": 1032662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6066", "title": "Pharmacology of Quercus infectoria.", "content": "The galls of Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae), a commonly available plant in Iran, were studied pharmacologically. Two fractions were employed, a dried acetone-treated methanol extract dissolved in water (Fraction A) and a subfraction prepared by chloroform-methanol extraction (Fraction B). Fraction A was active as an analgesic in rats and significantly reduced blood sugar levels in rabbits. Fraction B had CNS depressant activity. Data obtained with a treadmill indicated a decreased activity ratio by Fraction B, suggesting a possible interference in motor coordination. It potentiated the barbiturate sleeping time significantly without changing the onset time or the loss of the righting reflex. In addition, Fraction B exhibited a moderate antitremorine activity by causing a delay in the onset and a decrease in the severity of tremorine-induced tremors. The local anesthetic action of Fraction B was evident due to the complete blockade of the isolated frog sciatic nerve conduction.", "contents": "Pharmacology of Quercus infectoria. The galls of Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae), a commonly available plant in Iran, were studied pharmacologically. Two fractions were employed, a dried acetone-treated methanol extract dissolved in water (Fraction A) and a subfraction prepared by chloroform-methanol extraction (Fraction B). Fraction A was active as an analgesic in rats and significantly reduced blood sugar levels in rabbits. Fraction B had CNS depressant activity. Data obtained with a treadmill indicated a decreased activity ratio by Fraction B, suggesting a possible interference in motor coordination. It potentiated the barbiturate sleeping time significantly without changing the onset time or the loss of the righting reflex. In addition, Fraction B exhibited a moderate antitremorine activity by causing a delay in the onset and a decrease in the severity of tremorine-induced tremors. The local anesthetic action of Fraction B was evident due to the complete blockade of the isolated frog sciatic nerve conduction.", "PMID": 1032663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6067", "title": "Potentiometric and spectral investigations of anhydrotetracycline and its metal-ion complexes.", "content": "The interaction of various metal ions with anhydrotetracycline was investigated. A comparison of the UV-visible and fluorescence spectral characteristics of anhydrotetracycline and its metal-ion complexes with a number of modified anhydrotetracyclines in the presence of metal ions suggested that the C-11 oxygen was involved in metal-ion binding. Secondary binding was observed in the A-ring by circular dichroism when the primary site was blocked.", "contents": "Potentiometric and spectral investigations of anhydrotetracycline and its metal-ion complexes. The interaction of various metal ions with anhydrotetracycline was investigated. A comparison of the UV-visible and fluorescence spectral characteristics of anhydrotetracycline and its metal-ion complexes with a number of modified anhydrotetracyclines in the presence of metal ions suggested that the C-11 oxygen was involved in metal-ion binding. Secondary binding was observed in the A-ring by circular dichroism when the primary site was blocked.", "PMID": 1032664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6068", "title": "Lipid-protein interactions: enhancement of enzyme activity of L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase by nonionic detergents.", "content": "Five nonionic detergents enhanced the activity of L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase [L-glutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating) (EC 1.4.1.3)]. These detergents activated the enzyme toward alpha-ketoglutaric acid reduction, causing a decrease in the sensitivity of the enzyme to allosteric regulation by guanosine 5-triphosphate. There was also a diminution of the enhancing effect of the modifier adenosine 5-diphosphate on the enzyme's L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity. These detergents may cause a conformational change in the enzyme, and this change could lead to an increase in the binding of the substrates for the alpha-ketoglutaric acid reduction. Accompanied with this conformational change would be a decrease in the binding of the modifier guanosine 5'-triphosphate, with no concomitant change in the binding of the adenosine 5'-diphosphate modifier.", "contents": "Lipid-protein interactions: enhancement of enzyme activity of L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase by nonionic detergents. Five nonionic detergents enhanced the activity of L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase [L-glutamate:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase (deaminating) (EC 1.4.1.3)]. These detergents activated the enzyme toward alpha-ketoglutaric acid reduction, causing a decrease in the sensitivity of the enzyme to allosteric regulation by guanosine 5-triphosphate. There was also a diminution of the enhancing effect of the modifier adenosine 5-diphosphate on the enzyme's L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity. These detergents may cause a conformational change in the enzyme, and this change could lead to an increase in the binding of the substrates for the alpha-ketoglutaric acid reduction. Accompanied with this conformational change would be a decrease in the binding of the modifier guanosine 5'-triphosphate, with no concomitant change in the binding of the adenosine 5'-diphosphate modifier.", "PMID": 1032665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6069", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chlorphenesin carbamate and the beta-isomeric carbamate.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of chlorphenesin carbamate and its beta-isomeric carbamate. A single 4-mm i.d. X 30-cm column, prepacked with 10 micrometer fully porous silica gel particles, is used with 3% methanol in 50% water-saturated butyl chloride as the mobile phase. The procedure separates chlorphenesin carbamate from several possible impurities in addition to the beta-isomeric carbamate. The assay was applied to bulk drug and compressed tablets. The relative standard deviations for the assays of chlorphenesin carbamate and the beta-isomer are approximately 1 and 2%, respectively.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chlorphenesin carbamate and the beta-isomeric carbamate. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of chlorphenesin carbamate and its beta-isomeric carbamate. A single 4-mm i.d. X 30-cm column, prepacked with 10 micrometer fully porous silica gel particles, is used with 3% methanol in 50% water-saturated butyl chloride as the mobile phase. The procedure separates chlorphenesin carbamate from several possible impurities in addition to the beta-isomeric carbamate. The assay was applied to bulk drug and compressed tablets. The relative standard deviations for the assays of chlorphenesin carbamate and the beta-isomer are approximately 1 and 2%, respectively.", "PMID": 1032666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6070", "title": "Molecular connectivity VII: specific treatment of heteroatoms.", "content": "The molecular connective index, chi, initially designed for hydrocarbons, has been formally extended to molecules containing heteroatoms. The sigma value of the heteroatom is modified to take account of its number of attached hydrogen atoma, sigmaiv = Zv - hi. These values were successfully tested on boiling points and molar refractions. A table of sigmav values is presented for nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine in various bonding situations.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity VII: specific treatment of heteroatoms. The molecular connective index, chi, initially designed for hydrocarbons, has been formally extended to molecules containing heteroatoms. The sigma value of the heteroatom is modified to take account of its number of attached hydrogen atoma, sigmaiv = Zv - hi. These values were successfully tested on boiling points and molar refractions. A table of sigmav values is presented for nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine in various bonding situations.", "PMID": 1032667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6071", "title": "Trace analysis of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, its glycineamide, and their alkaline hydrolyzable conjugates in mouse blood, urine, and feces.", "content": "Chemical methods were developed for the trace analysis of the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, its glycineamide, and their alkaline hydrolyzable conjugates in mouse blood, urine, and feces. The salient elements of the methods are extraction of the free acids with benzene, methylation, cleanup on a silica gel column, and quantification via electron-capture GLC. Any unextracted conjugates remaining in the substrates are then subjected to alklaline hydrolysis, and the liberated 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid is assayed. Data are presented concerning recoveries of the compounds from the three spiked substrates. The utility of the procedures is illustrated by a preliminary pharmacolinetic study employing parallel electron-capture GLC and radioassays of the three substrates from mice injected with a single intravenous dose of 14C-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. GLC characteristics and partition values of the the compounds and hydrolysis of the glycineamide under various conditions also are discussed.", "contents": "Trace analysis of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, its glycineamide, and their alkaline hydrolyzable conjugates in mouse blood, urine, and feces. Chemical methods were developed for the trace analysis of the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, its glycineamide, and their alkaline hydrolyzable conjugates in mouse blood, urine, and feces. The salient elements of the methods are extraction of the free acids with benzene, methylation, cleanup on a silica gel column, and quantification via electron-capture GLC. Any unextracted conjugates remaining in the substrates are then subjected to alklaline hydrolysis, and the liberated 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid is assayed. Data are presented concerning recoveries of the compounds from the three spiked substrates. The utility of the procedures is illustrated by a preliminary pharmacolinetic study employing parallel electron-capture GLC and radioassays of the three substrates from mice injected with a single intravenous dose of 14C-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. GLC characteristics and partition values of the the compounds and hydrolysis of the glycineamide under various conditions also are discussed.", "PMID": 1032668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6072", "title": "Mechanistic studies on transcorneal permeation of pilocarpine.", "content": "The mechanism of corneal pilocarpine penetration was studied in the albino rabbit using radiochemical techniques. The apparent rate and extent of pilocarpine accumulation in the aqueous humor and the various cell layers of the cornea were determined for both intact and abraded eyes. For the first time, drug levels were monitored in the epithelium and stroma-endothelium of the intact cornea using a tissue-scraping technique. In addition, a new postinstillation rinsing method was devised to evaluate the rate of corneal uptake. The results demonstrate a dual role for the corneal epithelium, both as a barrier to drug penetration and as a reservoir for drug in the intact cornea. The transcorneal pilocarpine flux is slower than the data appear to indicate, and previous overestimates of the apparent absorption rate constant are due to parallel elimination processes occurring at the absorption site. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each tissue to generate an overall mechanism for corneal permeation.", "contents": "Mechanistic studies on transcorneal permeation of pilocarpine. The mechanism of corneal pilocarpine penetration was studied in the albino rabbit using radiochemical techniques. The apparent rate and extent of pilocarpine accumulation in the aqueous humor and the various cell layers of the cornea were determined for both intact and abraded eyes. For the first time, drug levels were monitored in the epithelium and stroma-endothelium of the intact cornea using a tissue-scraping technique. In addition, a new postinstillation rinsing method was devised to evaluate the rate of corneal uptake. The results demonstrate a dual role for the corneal epithelium, both as a barrier to drug penetration and as a reservoir for drug in the intact cornea. The transcorneal pilocarpine flux is slower than the data appear to indicate, and previous overestimates of the apparent absorption rate constant are due to parallel elimination processes occurring at the absorption site. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each tissue to generate an overall mechanism for corneal permeation.", "PMID": 1032669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6073", "title": "Correlation of absorption of sulfamethazine boluses with dissolution using a new dissolution apparatus for veterinary tablets.", "content": "A rotating-basket apparatus for dissolution testing of veterinary bolus tablets was designed and constructed. Sulfamethazine boluses containing different disintegrating agents were evaluated in vitro and by blood level data following administration to cattle. The dissolution t50 and various pharmacokinetic parameters showed directly compressible starch and carboxymethylstarch to be the most effective disintegrants in the concentrations employed while magnesium aluminum silicate and microcrystalline cellulose were about equal but less effective than the previous disintegrants. A bolus formulation containing no disintegrant gave even less satisfactory results. A correlation was established between the dissolution t50 and the time to peak plasma level and also between the t50 and the area under the plasma-time curve for the first 36 hr.", "contents": "Correlation of absorption of sulfamethazine boluses with dissolution using a new dissolution apparatus for veterinary tablets. A rotating-basket apparatus for dissolution testing of veterinary bolus tablets was designed and constructed. Sulfamethazine boluses containing different disintegrating agents were evaluated in vitro and by blood level data following administration to cattle. The dissolution t50 and various pharmacokinetic parameters showed directly compressible starch and carboxymethylstarch to be the most effective disintegrants in the concentrations employed while magnesium aluminum silicate and microcrystalline cellulose were about equal but less effective than the previous disintegrants. A bolus formulation containing no disintegrant gave even less satisfactory results. A correlation was established between the dissolution t50 and the time to peak plasma level and also between the t50 and the area under the plasma-time curve for the first 36 hr.", "PMID": 1032670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6074", "title": "GLC determination of l-2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in plasma and urine.", "content": "A specific method was developed for the determination of l-2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in plasma and urine by GLC, using flame-ionization detection. The method involves the extraction of the compound into ether from plasma or urine at pH 7.4, followed by back-extraction into 1 N HCl. The acid phase is ether washed and made alkaline, and the compound is reextracted into ether. The ether is evaporated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in methanol, and an aliquot is analyzed by GLC. The same method is applicalble to plasma and urine samples following deconjugation of the compound with glucuronidase-sulfatase. The overall recovery is 93.1 +/- 9.4% SD) in the concentration range of 0.020-2.0 microgram/ml. The method was successfully applied to plasma and urine specimens obtained after administering single 25-mg oral doses to humans.", "contents": "GLC determination of l-2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in plasma and urine. A specific method was developed for the determination of l-2-hydroxy-N-cyclopropylmethylmorphinan in plasma and urine by GLC, using flame-ionization detection. The method involves the extraction of the compound into ether from plasma or urine at pH 7.4, followed by back-extraction into 1 N HCl. The acid phase is ether washed and made alkaline, and the compound is reextracted into ether. The ether is evaporated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in methanol, and an aliquot is analyzed by GLC. The same method is applicalble to plasma and urine samples following deconjugation of the compound with glucuronidase-sulfatase. The overall recovery is 93.1 +/- 9.4% SD) in the concentration range of 0.020-2.0 microgram/ml. The method was successfully applied to plasma and urine specimens obtained after administering single 25-mg oral doses to humans.", "PMID": 1032671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6075", "title": "Determination of cyanocobalamin by thermal decomposition of the cyano group using an ion-selective electrode.", "content": "A method for the simultaneous determination of cyanocobalamin, cobinamide (Factor B), and hydroxocobalamin in the solid state is described. The method is based on heating at 120 degrees for cobinamide and at 140-145 degrees for cyanocobalamin (15-20 min). The cyano content in the sample is distilled as hydrocyanic acid, trapped in 0.1 M potassium nitrate at pH 12-13, and determined by means of the cyanide ion-selective electrode. The error of this method, statistically established, does not exceed +/-3%.", "contents": "Determination of cyanocobalamin by thermal decomposition of the cyano group using an ion-selective electrode. A method for the simultaneous determination of cyanocobalamin, cobinamide (Factor B), and hydroxocobalamin in the solid state is described. The method is based on heating at 120 degrees for cobinamide and at 140-145 degrees for cyanocobalamin (15-20 min). The cyano content in the sample is distilled as hydrocyanic acid, trapped in 0.1 M potassium nitrate at pH 12-13, and determined by means of the cyanide ion-selective electrode. The error of this method, statistically established, does not exceed +/-3%.", "PMID": 1032672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6076", "title": "Steric inhibition of conjugation in lowest excited singlet state of 9-anthramide by hydrogen bond donor solvents: role of solvent in chemical structure.", "content": "9-Anthramide has electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra that, in water, are similar to those of anthracene. This result is attributed to steric hindrance of the 9-carboxamido group with the peri-hydrogen atoms in the 1- and 8-positions of the anthracene ring. However, in aprotic solvents, although the absorption spectrum of 9-anthramide is anthracene-like, its fluorescence spectrum is red shifted and structureless. This finding is attributed to excited-state rotation of the 9-carboxamido group into coplanarity with the anthracene ring and indicates that, in water, the hydrogen-bonded solvent cage affects the steric inhibition of conjugation in excited 9-anthramide. These findings suggest that studies of structure and reactivity of drugs in nonaqueous or solid matrixes are probably of only limited value, since in the strongly interacting aqueous media the aqueous solvent cage plays a substantial role in determining molecular structure and reactivity.", "contents": "Steric inhibition of conjugation in lowest excited singlet state of 9-anthramide by hydrogen bond donor solvents: role of solvent in chemical structure. 9-Anthramide has electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra that, in water, are similar to those of anthracene. This result is attributed to steric hindrance of the 9-carboxamido group with the peri-hydrogen atoms in the 1- and 8-positions of the anthracene ring. However, in aprotic solvents, although the absorption spectrum of 9-anthramide is anthracene-like, its fluorescence spectrum is red shifted and structureless. This finding is attributed to excited-state rotation of the 9-carboxamido group into coplanarity with the anthracene ring and indicates that, in water, the hydrogen-bonded solvent cage affects the steric inhibition of conjugation in excited 9-anthramide. These findings suggest that studies of structure and reactivity of drugs in nonaqueous or solid matrixes are probably of only limited value, since in the strongly interacting aqueous media the aqueous solvent cage plays a substantial role in determining molecular structure and reactivity.", "PMID": 1032673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6077", "title": "Effect of variation in compaction force on properties of six direct compression tablet formulations.", "content": "The effect of variation in compaction force on six direct compression tablet matrixes was investigated. An instrumented tablet press allowed direct measurement of applied and ejection forces. Hardness, apparent tablet density, and disintegration times also were determined. The disintegration time of spray-dried lactose tablets was essentially independent of compaction force. However, in the other systems investigated, the properties studied showed varying types of dependence on compaction pressure. A direct compression formula was developed and exhibits a decrease in disintegration time as compaction force is increased.", "contents": "Effect of variation in compaction force on properties of six direct compression tablet formulations. The effect of variation in compaction force on six direct compression tablet matrixes was investigated. An instrumented tablet press allowed direct measurement of applied and ejection forces. Hardness, apparent tablet density, and disintegration times also were determined. The disintegration time of spray-dried lactose tablets was essentially independent of compaction force. However, in the other systems investigated, the properties studied showed varying types of dependence on compaction pressure. A direct compression formula was developed and exhibits a decrease in disintegration time as compaction force is increased.", "PMID": 1032674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6078", "title": "Influence of steroids and stress on toxicity and disposition of tetraethylammonium bromide.", "content": "In female rats, pretreatment with dexamethasone acetate or triamcinolone reduced the toxicity and plasma concentrations of tetraethylammonium bromide while increasing its level in urine. Pretreatment with corticosterone acetate or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile shared none of these effects. Although starvation or restraint neither diminished the tetraethylammonium bromide concentrations in plasma nor accelerated its urinary excretion, its toxicity was diminished by the stress induced with spinal cord lesions, heat, cold, hydrocortisone, or reserpine as well as starvation or restraint. The protection offered against the toxicant by stress and by the potent glucocorticoids seemed to be mediated, at least partly, via different mechanisms. Stress-induced resistance to tetraethylammonium bromide could not be attributed to elevated plasma corticosterone levels, whereas glucocorticoid-induced resistance could be partially ascribed to increased urinary excretion of the toxicant.", "contents": "Influence of steroids and stress on toxicity and disposition of tetraethylammonium bromide. In female rats, pretreatment with dexamethasone acetate or triamcinolone reduced the toxicity and plasma concentrations of tetraethylammonium bromide while increasing its level in urine. Pretreatment with corticosterone acetate or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile shared none of these effects. Although starvation or restraint neither diminished the tetraethylammonium bromide concentrations in plasma nor accelerated its urinary excretion, its toxicity was diminished by the stress induced with spinal cord lesions, heat, cold, hydrocortisone, or reserpine as well as starvation or restraint. The protection offered against the toxicant by stress and by the potent glucocorticoids seemed to be mediated, at least partly, via different mechanisms. Stress-induced resistance to tetraethylammonium bromide could not be attributed to elevated plasma corticosterone levels, whereas glucocorticoid-induced resistance could be partially ascribed to increased urinary excretion of the toxicant.", "PMID": 1032675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6079", "title": "Determination of the nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate and three of its metabolites, cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol, in urine of rats and rabbits.", "content": "The nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was fed to Wistar albino rats and New Zealand White rabbits. Urine was collected for 3 days after feeding, combined, and examined for the metabolites cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol and for sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was assayed by hydrolysis in acidified dioxane-water and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the product formed (lambdamax = 490 nm) by the liberated amine with p-benzoquinone. The average conversion to cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol was 0.103, 0.171, and 0.054% in the rabbit and 0.057, 0.016, and 0.008% in the rat, respectively.", "contents": "Determination of the nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate and three of its metabolites, cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol, in urine of rats and rabbits. The nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was fed to Wistar albino rats and New Zealand White rabbits. Urine was collected for 3 days after feeding, combined, and examined for the metabolites cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol and for sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was assayed by hydrolysis in acidified dioxane-water and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the product formed (lambdamax = 490 nm) by the liberated amine with p-benzoquinone. The average conversion to cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol was 0.103, 0.171, and 0.054% in the rabbit and 0.057, 0.016, and 0.008% in the rat, respectively.", "PMID": 1032676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6080", "title": "[Autonomic nervous changes in combined exposure to lead and arsenic].", "content": "The characteristic features of the clinical and functional indicators in the early stages are outlined. The impression is that the subjective feelings are being overlapped and objectified by the neurologic status. A considerable number of non-specific reactions with a tendency for generalization are established. It is presumed that in the latent period, the functional changes in the nervous system forerun those in the clinical course and blood. Emphasis is laid on the significance of the astheno-vegetative syndrome and some neurological signs for the early diagnosis.", "contents": "[Autonomic nervous changes in combined exposure to lead and arsenic]. The characteristic features of the clinical and functional indicators in the early stages are outlined. The impression is that the subjective feelings are being overlapped and objectified by the neurologic status. A considerable number of non-specific reactions with a tendency for generalization are established. It is presumed that in the latent period, the functional changes in the nervous system forerun those in the clinical course and blood. Emphasis is laid on the significance of the astheno-vegetative syndrome and some neurological signs for the early diagnosis.", "PMID": 1032699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6081", "title": "[Attempt to assess the effect of atmospheric pollution on human beings and experimental animals via biochemical indices].", "content": "Three biochemical methods--erythrocyte oxygen consumption, erythrocyte decarboxylation and oxygen consumption of tissue homogenates--to determine the influence of atmospheric pollution in populated communities are suggested. The first two methods which provide information on erythrocyte metabolism, employed both in humans and in animals experimented upon, adequately reflect the atmospheric pollution effect in four industrial areas, differing by the type and degree of pollution agents. Oxygen consumption in tissue homogenates of liver and kidney from experimental animals, raised in the same areas, exhibits an analogical correlation. The inference is reached that the degree of inhibition of the oxidation processes in the organism may be employed in atmospheric pollution effect assessment.", "contents": "[Attempt to assess the effect of atmospheric pollution on human beings and experimental animals via biochemical indices]. Three biochemical methods--erythrocyte oxygen consumption, erythrocyte decarboxylation and oxygen consumption of tissue homogenates--to determine the influence of atmospheric pollution in populated communities are suggested. The first two methods which provide information on erythrocyte metabolism, employed both in humans and in animals experimented upon, adequately reflect the atmospheric pollution effect in four industrial areas, differing by the type and degree of pollution agents. Oxygen consumption in tissue homogenates of liver and kidney from experimental animals, raised in the same areas, exhibits an analogical correlation. The inference is reached that the degree of inhibition of the oxidation processes in the organism may be employed in atmospheric pollution effect assessment.", "PMID": 1032700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6082", "title": "[Effect of meteorological factors on the 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in the ground air layer in the region of the city of Sofia].", "content": "An investigation is performed to determine 3,4-benzpyrene content in the Sofia area (in a single spot), covering a one-year period (1970), on the basis of mean monthly concentrations established through gas chromatography, and compared to some of the averaged meteorologic data. The correlation between 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations and some meteorologic factors found is corroborated by the clearcut seasonal fluctuations of 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in the atmospheric air. An inversely proportional dependence is established of 3,4-benzpyrene concentration to the summed up radiation, and directly proportional--to the dust amount. A rise of 3,4-benzpyrene concentration under conditions of the various types of temperature inversions, and a complex effect of meteorologic factors have been also noted. Moreover, an attempt is made at establishing the washing effect of rainfalls, and it has been found that up to a certain extent, such an effect really exists. The study performed shows in a clearcut manner that 3,4-benzpyrene content is considerably influenced by a variety of meteorologic factors.", "contents": "[Effect of meteorological factors on the 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in the ground air layer in the region of the city of Sofia]. An investigation is performed to determine 3,4-benzpyrene content in the Sofia area (in a single spot), covering a one-year period (1970), on the basis of mean monthly concentrations established through gas chromatography, and compared to some of the averaged meteorologic data. The correlation between 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations and some meteorologic factors found is corroborated by the clearcut seasonal fluctuations of 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in the atmospheric air. An inversely proportional dependence is established of 3,4-benzpyrene concentration to the summed up radiation, and directly proportional--to the dust amount. A rise of 3,4-benzpyrene concentration under conditions of the various types of temperature inversions, and a complex effect of meteorologic factors have been also noted. Moreover, an attempt is made at establishing the washing effect of rainfalls, and it has been found that up to a certain extent, such an effect really exists. The study performed shows in a clearcut manner that 3,4-benzpyrene content is considerably influenced by a variety of meteorologic factors.", "PMID": 1032701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6083", "title": "[Ultraviolet radiation in the light microclimate of a city].", "content": "The problems of ultraviolet microclimate under conditions of urban environment are discussed. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative content of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth surface of free spaces, or else penetrating living premises, accounts for a characteristics of the short-wave spectrum supplied by the natural sun radiation, obviously unfavourable in biological and hygienic respect.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet radiation in the light microclimate of a city]. The problems of ultraviolet microclimate under conditions of urban environment are discussed. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative content of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth surface of free spaces, or else penetrating living premises, accounts for a characteristics of the short-wave spectrum supplied by the natural sun radiation, obviously unfavourable in biological and hygienic respect.", "PMID": 1032702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6084", "title": "[Health status and morbidity in schoolchildren from villages in Silistra and Tutrakan Districts].", "content": "This is study of the health state and morbidity rate in a group comprising 408 schoolchildren from the Silistra and Tutrakan regions, aged 7 to 14 years. The results of the research demonstrate a slight lagging behind of the school-children's physical development relative to children of comparable ages from the urban areas. Their health state is estimated as good, and the somatic neurotic morbidity--rather low. The most frequently encountered affections include diseases of the upper airways, infectious and dental diseases. A considerable number of slightly hypochromic anemias are also recorded.", "contents": "[Health status and morbidity in schoolchildren from villages in Silistra and Tutrakan Districts]. This is study of the health state and morbidity rate in a group comprising 408 schoolchildren from the Silistra and Tutrakan regions, aged 7 to 14 years. The results of the research demonstrate a slight lagging behind of the school-children's physical development relative to children of comparable ages from the urban areas. Their health state is estimated as good, and the somatic neurotic morbidity--rather low. The most frequently encountered affections include diseases of the upper airways, infectious and dental diseases. A considerable number of slightly hypochromic anemias are also recorded.", "PMID": 1032703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6085", "title": "[Evaluation of the phase changes in cardiac activity in respect of age].", "content": "A comparative analysis is made of the chronocardiometric indicators among teenagers with a special reference to the age factor. The presence of phasic syndromes is established by the type of hyper- and hypodynamia of the myocardium in 22.3 per cent average of the children under study. Up to the 15th year of life, the diseases characterized by hyperdynamia show a two-times higher incidence in comparison with hypodynamia cases. In the 16 to 17-year age group the ratio is altered and accordingly reveals a predomination of hypodynamia conditions. Development of phase changes of the type of hyper- and hypodynamia in the myocardium is attributed to the anatomo-physiological characteristic features of the cardiovascular system during the puberty period. Parallel to aging, the discrepancy in development between heart and vessels gradually disappears. The relative myocardial hyperfunction, occurring as a compensatory reaction of the organism, loses its significance. The heart begins to work in a regimen of relative hypodynamia.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the phase changes in cardiac activity in respect of age]. A comparative analysis is made of the chronocardiometric indicators among teenagers with a special reference to the age factor. The presence of phasic syndromes is established by the type of hyper- and hypodynamia of the myocardium in 22.3 per cent average of the children under study. Up to the 15th year of life, the diseases characterized by hyperdynamia show a two-times higher incidence in comparison with hypodynamia cases. In the 16 to 17-year age group the ratio is altered and accordingly reveals a predomination of hypodynamia conditions. Development of phase changes of the type of hyper- and hypodynamia in the myocardium is attributed to the anatomo-physiological characteristic features of the cardiovascular system during the puberty period. Parallel to aging, the discrepancy in development between heart and vessels gradually disappears. The relative myocardial hyperfunction, occurring as a compensatory reaction of the organism, loses its significance. The heart begins to work in a regimen of relative hypodynamia.", "PMID": 1032704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6086", "title": "[Age-related characteristics of motor coordination in schoolchildren during dynamic and static work].", "content": "An experimental study is conducted in a group of schoolchildren of varying ages with the purpose to establish the interrelations between muscles-antagonists upon performing dynamic and static work, requiring precision of muscular exertion. The methods employed include electromyography and dynamography. The obtained results show that upon performing movements with power-precision characteristics, both in static and dynamic work, the synchronous co-working of the two muscles antagonists proves to be the basic form of action. The electromyographic analysis proves the coordinating role played by the antagonist in the above described pattern of actions. It is furthermore established that in schoolchildren, aged 12-13 and 16-17 years, accomplishment of the motor task is fulfilled more rationally, with less neuromuscular energy expenditure in comparison with 7 to 8-year-old schoolchildren. In addition, after the age 12-13 years, a certain degree of stabilization in some of motor activity parameters takes place, brought on by improvement of motor activity regulation and control.", "contents": "[Age-related characteristics of motor coordination in schoolchildren during dynamic and static work]. An experimental study is conducted in a group of schoolchildren of varying ages with the purpose to establish the interrelations between muscles-antagonists upon performing dynamic and static work, requiring precision of muscular exertion. The methods employed include electromyography and dynamography. The obtained results show that upon performing movements with power-precision characteristics, both in static and dynamic work, the synchronous co-working of the two muscles antagonists proves to be the basic form of action. The electromyographic analysis proves the coordinating role played by the antagonist in the above described pattern of actions. It is furthermore established that in schoolchildren, aged 12-13 and 16-17 years, accomplishment of the motor task is fulfilled more rationally, with less neuromuscular energy expenditure in comparison with 7 to 8-year-old schoolchildren. In addition, after the age 12-13 years, a certain degree of stabilization in some of motor activity parameters takes place, brought on by improvement of motor activity regulation and control.", "PMID": 1032705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6087", "title": "[Physiological hygienic characteristics of the teaching by the new educational programs for grade III].", "content": "The effect of the new training curricula and plans on the reactivity, health state and physical development of third-grade pupils is studied. Simultaneously with researches into the experimental class, investigations are conducted in a control class also. The working-capacity curve in the experimental-class pupils yields more clearcut fluctuations in a negative sense, interpreted as an expression of greater fatigue, as compared to the control class. This is confirmed by reliable data about the changes in the functional state of the higher nervous activity, hemodynamics and neuroendocrine regulation. It is concluded that the hygiene-physiological characteristics of the reactivity and health state of pupils, trained according to the new curricula, gives sufficient reason to stress the necessity of accurate assessment and rather prolonged medico-pedagogic observation with a view to obviate the cumulation of the described above negative effects on the organism of teenagers.", "contents": "[Physiological hygienic characteristics of the teaching by the new educational programs for grade III]. The effect of the new training curricula and plans on the reactivity, health state and physical development of third-grade pupils is studied. Simultaneously with researches into the experimental class, investigations are conducted in a control class also. The working-capacity curve in the experimental-class pupils yields more clearcut fluctuations in a negative sense, interpreted as an expression of greater fatigue, as compared to the control class. This is confirmed by reliable data about the changes in the functional state of the higher nervous activity, hemodynamics and neuroendocrine regulation. It is concluded that the hygiene-physiological characteristics of the reactivity and health state of pupils, trained according to the new curricula, gives sufficient reason to stress the necessity of accurate assessment and rather prolonged medico-pedagogic observation with a view to obviate the cumulation of the described above negative effects on the organism of teenagers.", "PMID": 1032706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6088", "title": "[Seasonal changes in the makeup of the red blood of healthy children].", "content": "Hemoglobin and red blood count are studied in a series of 240 children, aged 7 to 10 years (30 boys and 30 girls each in the various age groups), during the autumn, winter and spring. The research is performed in boarding-school conditions where all the children are subjected to identicad living conditions, The results point to the fact that both hemoglobin and erythrocyte indicators of the boys and girls in the ages covered by the study show a tendency to an autumn-winter increase and spring reduction. The incidence of anemias does not rise during the spring season. No sex-related difference is established in the indicators under study.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes in the makeup of the red blood of healthy children]. Hemoglobin and red blood count are studied in a series of 240 children, aged 7 to 10 years (30 boys and 30 girls each in the various age groups), during the autumn, winter and spring. The research is performed in boarding-school conditions where all the children are subjected to identicad living conditions, The results point to the fact that both hemoglobin and erythrocyte indicators of the boys and girls in the ages covered by the study show a tendency to an autumn-winter increase and spring reduction. The incidence of anemias does not rise during the spring season. No sex-related difference is established in the indicators under study.", "PMID": 1032707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6089", "title": "[Changes in the serum activity of lysosomal enzymes in rats after the use of propoxur (Baygon) insecticide. 2. The dynamics of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase].", "content": "The influence of 1/50 and 1/10 LD50 of the monomethylcarbamate insecticide Propoxur (Baygon) on the lysosome enzyme beta-N-acetylglucose-aminidase serum activity is studied in white rats upon daily administration per os, over a period of 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. A statistically significant increase of the enzyme activity is recorded at 15 days after introduction of 1/50 LD50, and at 15 and 30 days after 1/10 LD50 administration, followed by a reduction of the activity and returning to normal values. In all likelihood, the harmful effect of Propoxur on the lysosome and cellular membrane decreases after the 15th day because of activation of the microsome enzymes which, in turn, speed up the process of rendering innocuous the insecticide administered.", "contents": "[Changes in the serum activity of lysosomal enzymes in rats after the use of propoxur (Baygon) insecticide. 2. The dynamics of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase]. The influence of 1/50 and 1/10 LD50 of the monomethylcarbamate insecticide Propoxur (Baygon) on the lysosome enzyme beta-N-acetylglucose-aminidase serum activity is studied in white rats upon daily administration per os, over a period of 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. A statistically significant increase of the enzyme activity is recorded at 15 days after introduction of 1/50 LD50, and at 15 and 30 days after 1/10 LD50 administration, followed by a reduction of the activity and returning to normal values. In all likelihood, the harmful effect of Propoxur on the lysosome and cellular membrane decreases after the 15th day because of activation of the microsome enzymes which, in turn, speed up the process of rendering innocuous the insecticide administered.", "PMID": 1032708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6090", "title": "[Changes in lysosomal enzymatic activity during the limited feeding and physical loading of white rats].", "content": "The effect of deficient alimentation and physical exertion on the total and free activity of two lysosome enzymes: acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucose aminidase, in liver homogenate, and in serum--for the latter enzyme, is investigated in a series of 63 white rats at two different durations of the experiment (20 and 140 days). An increase of the free activity of both enzymes is recorded in the groups subjected to a limited nutrition, an increase which is interpreted as an expression of enhanced permeability of the lysosome membrane during the transition to partial andogenous alimentation. The applied physical loading failed to produce additional changes in the activity of the lysosome enzymes under study.", "contents": "[Changes in lysosomal enzymatic activity during the limited feeding and physical loading of white rats]. The effect of deficient alimentation and physical exertion on the total and free activity of two lysosome enzymes: acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucose aminidase, in liver homogenate, and in serum--for the latter enzyme, is investigated in a series of 63 white rats at two different durations of the experiment (20 and 140 days). An increase of the free activity of both enzymes is recorded in the groups subjected to a limited nutrition, an increase which is interpreted as an expression of enhanced permeability of the lysosome membrane during the transition to partial andogenous alimentation. The applied physical loading failed to produce additional changes in the activity of the lysosome enzymes under study.", "PMID": 1032709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6091", "title": "[Morphological changes in the organs of rats subjected to limited feeding and physical loading].", "content": "Changes in the liver, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, lungs, myocardium, aorta, spleen and mesenterial lymph nodes are studied histologically in 120 male white rats from the Wistar line, subjected to a deficient alimentation regime, with and without physical exertion. The observed slight degree of adiposogenital dystrophy of the liver during free feeding regime indicates that the latter is equivalent to overfeeding. Variations from the normal histological picture in some organs (liver, myocardium, stomach and small intestine) are detected in the groups undergoing rather prolonged, moderate undernourishment--a sign of the sensitivity of these organs to the limited supply of nutritive ingredients. Physical loading, combined with free alimentary regimen, exert a beneficial effect on the organism which is suggested by the morphological data disclosing a slightly enhanced function of the myocardium and kidneys in these animals.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the organs of rats subjected to limited feeding and physical loading]. Changes in the liver, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, lungs, myocardium, aorta, spleen and mesenterial lymph nodes are studied histologically in 120 male white rats from the Wistar line, subjected to a deficient alimentation regime, with and without physical exertion. The observed slight degree of adiposogenital dystrophy of the liver during free feeding regime indicates that the latter is equivalent to overfeeding. Variations from the normal histological picture in some organs (liver, myocardium, stomach and small intestine) are detected in the groups undergoing rather prolonged, moderate undernourishment--a sign of the sensitivity of these organs to the limited supply of nutritive ingredients. Physical loading, combined with free alimentary regimen, exert a beneficial effect on the organism which is suggested by the morphological data disclosing a slightly enhanced function of the myocardium and kidneys in these animals.", "PMID": 1032710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6092", "title": "[Physical state and the capacity of agricultural machinery operators].", "content": "Based on anthropometric investigations, and on some biometrical indices and physiological parameters, the authors study the physical fitness and ability for work in a group of 1216 machine operators, engaged in farming activities. Upon comparison of the data obtained, practically insignificant differences are established for the respective age groups relative to the general population. Virtually equal indices are recorded in most of the cases. Emphasis is laid on the necessity to estimate the working load among technicians older than 45 years.", "contents": "[Physical state and the capacity of agricultural machinery operators]. Based on anthropometric investigations, and on some biometrical indices and physiological parameters, the authors study the physical fitness and ability for work in a group of 1216 machine operators, engaged in farming activities. Upon comparison of the data obtained, practically insignificant differences are established for the respective age groups relative to the general population. Virtually equal indices are recorded in most of the cases. Emphasis is laid on the necessity to estimate the working load among technicians older than 45 years.", "PMID": 1032711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6093", "title": "[Lysosomal enzymatic activity in a hepatotoxic lesion in white rats].", "content": "Beta-N-acetylglucoss aminidase and beta-galactosidase serum activity, as well as total and free activity of the former in liver homogenate are studied in the listed below groups of rats experimented upon: group I--controls, group II--fed perorally with 200 000 IU/kg body weight vitamin A for seven days, group III--injected i.p. with 150 mg/kg body weight thioacetamide, 24 hours prior to sacrification, and group IV--thioacetamide was given within seven days of vitamin A treatment. The recorded serum and free activity rise of the enzymes under study is due to the increased permeability of the lysosome and cellular membrane in the group with high vitamin A doses; the increase of the permeability is more pronounced in the group treated with thioacetamide, and in the group subjected to the combined effect of the two factors.", "contents": "[Lysosomal enzymatic activity in a hepatotoxic lesion in white rats]. Beta-N-acetylglucoss aminidase and beta-galactosidase serum activity, as well as total and free activity of the former in liver homogenate are studied in the listed below groups of rats experimented upon: group I--controls, group II--fed perorally with 200 000 IU/kg body weight vitamin A for seven days, group III--injected i.p. with 150 mg/kg body weight thioacetamide, 24 hours prior to sacrification, and group IV--thioacetamide was given within seven days of vitamin A treatment. The recorded serum and free activity rise of the enzymes under study is due to the increased permeability of the lysosome and cellular membrane in the group with high vitamin A doses; the increase of the permeability is more pronounced in the group treated with thioacetamide, and in the group subjected to the combined effect of the two factors.", "PMID": 1032712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6094", "title": "[Changes in serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in obesity patients treated with various diets and physical exertion].", "content": "Changes in the serum activity of the lysosome enzyme beta-N-acetyl glucos aminidase are studied in 85 patients with varying degree alimentary overweight, undergoing treatment under sanatorial conditions with regimes including physical loading and a variety of diets: \"free of carbohydrates\" according to Atkins (31 cases), poor in fats (16 cases) and rich in fats (38 cases). The enzyme activity shows a statistically significant rise in the middle and at the end of treatment. The differences discovered are interpreted as an expression of the participation of lysosomes and their hydrolytic enzymes in the transition period to partial endogenous feeding which is connected with the increased permeability of lysosome and cellular membranes.", "contents": "[Changes in serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in obesity patients treated with various diets and physical exertion]. Changes in the serum activity of the lysosome enzyme beta-N-acetyl glucos aminidase are studied in 85 patients with varying degree alimentary overweight, undergoing treatment under sanatorial conditions with regimes including physical loading and a variety of diets: \"free of carbohydrates\" according to Atkins (31 cases), poor in fats (16 cases) and rich in fats (38 cases). The enzyme activity shows a statistically significant rise in the middle and at the end of treatment. The differences discovered are interpreted as an expression of the participation of lysosomes and their hydrolytic enzymes in the transition period to partial endogenous feeding which is connected with the increased permeability of lysosome and cellular membranes.", "PMID": 1032713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6095", "title": "[Embryotropic action of phosalone].", "content": "The study on the embryotrophic action of phosalon insecticide preparation is conducted against the background of its comprehensive and thorough hygiene-toxicologic assay. Pregnant white rats undergo treatment per os with 1/10 and 1/100 LD50 throughout the entire gravidity period. Recordings are made of the quantity of corpora lutea, pre- and postimplantation lethality; the pedigree development is traced up to the end of the second postnatal month with readings being made of weight and length in the first postnatal day, presence or not of external malformations, weight increase and survival up to the end of the lactation period, day of eye cleft opening and hairing, and sex ratio. The presence of phosalon and phosalon-oxone in whole embryo homogenates is estimated. Enzyme activity of GOT, GPT, catalase, LDH, G-6-PD, RNA and DNA quantity are studied in the liver of newborns on the second postnatal day. Within 21 days of birth, the peripheral blood picture and visceral weight coefficient are also studied. Investigation of the peripheral blood picture, activity of catalase, GOT and GPT in the liver and serum, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and peroxidase in the serum is performed at the end of the second month. The results point to the presence of an embryotoxic effect at the level of the investigated hepatic indicators, detected on the 2nd day of the postnatal period, only at 1/10 LD50 dose.", "contents": "[Embryotropic action of phosalone]. The study on the embryotrophic action of phosalon insecticide preparation is conducted against the background of its comprehensive and thorough hygiene-toxicologic assay. Pregnant white rats undergo treatment per os with 1/10 and 1/100 LD50 throughout the entire gravidity period. Recordings are made of the quantity of corpora lutea, pre- and postimplantation lethality; the pedigree development is traced up to the end of the second postnatal month with readings being made of weight and length in the first postnatal day, presence or not of external malformations, weight increase and survival up to the end of the lactation period, day of eye cleft opening and hairing, and sex ratio. The presence of phosalon and phosalon-oxone in whole embryo homogenates is estimated. Enzyme activity of GOT, GPT, catalase, LDH, G-6-PD, RNA and DNA quantity are studied in the liver of newborns on the second postnatal day. Within 21 days of birth, the peripheral blood picture and visceral weight coefficient are also studied. Investigation of the peripheral blood picture, activity of catalase, GOT and GPT in the liver and serum, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and peroxidase in the serum is performed at the end of the second month. The results point to the presence of an embryotoxic effect at the level of the investigated hepatic indicators, detected on the 2nd day of the postnatal period, only at 1/10 LD50 dose.", "PMID": 1032714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6096", "title": "[Individual variability in human requirements for food stuffs and energy and nutritional norms].", "content": "The regular modifications in man's need of energy and protein substances primarily under the effect of a variety of factors are investigated. Emphasis is laid on the broad limits of individual variations in terms of alimentary requirements of people, and on a number of facts suggesting that in some ses the regularity of variations is by no means clarified. The problem of the minimum energy expenditure required by the organism is dealt with, underscoring the role played in this respect by basic metabolism values, and by the maximum energetic potential. The problem of the influence of deficient feeding and immobilization on man's need of alimentary substances is also discussed, as well as the issue of optimal protein balance level in the organism, considered as a level securing to the organism the optimal possibilities of metabolic adaptation to external milieu effects.", "contents": "[Individual variability in human requirements for food stuffs and energy and nutritional norms]. The regular modifications in man's need of energy and protein substances primarily under the effect of a variety of factors are investigated. Emphasis is laid on the broad limits of individual variations in terms of alimentary requirements of people, and on a number of facts suggesting that in some ses the regularity of variations is by no means clarified. The problem of the minimum energy expenditure required by the organism is dealt with, underscoring the role played in this respect by basic metabolism values, and by the maximum energetic potential. The problem of the influence of deficient feeding and immobilization on man's need of alimentary substances is also discussed, as well as the issue of optimal protein balance level in the organism, considered as a level securing to the organism the optimal possibilities of metabolic adaptation to external milieu effects.", "PMID": 1032715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6097", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on active ion transport across the epithelium of frog skin].", "content": "The effect of acetylcholine on isolated skin of Rana ridibunda is studied. The application of acetylcholine (1 mM) in Ringer's solution, washing the outer aspect of the skin, causes slow and smooth increase in the preparation's current and potential. Upon acetylcholine addition to the solution on the inner aspect, the increase of the above parameters runs a course along a two-peaked curve. It is presumed that in the latter case acetylcholine, prior to exert a direct effect on the epithelium, influences some of the nerve or glandular formations in the skin corium.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on active ion transport across the epithelium of frog skin]. The effect of acetylcholine on isolated skin of Rana ridibunda is studied. The application of acetylcholine (1 mM) in Ringer's solution, washing the outer aspect of the skin, causes slow and smooth increase in the preparation's current and potential. Upon acetylcholine addition to the solution on the inner aspect, the increase of the above parameters runs a course along a two-peaked curve. It is presumed that in the latter case acetylcholine, prior to exert a direct effect on the epithelium, influences some of the nerve or glandular formations in the skin corium.", "PMID": 1032716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6098", "title": "[Possibilities of the biophysical evaluation of the efficiency of vibration protection devices for the hands].", "content": "The possibility of quantitative assessment of the efficiency of hand vibratory-protective devices using a physiological parameter--the loss of vibrosensitivity in the right-hand fingers depending on the intensity of vibration effect--is discussed. The results of the experiments prove that in case of vibration effect at frequency 31--500 Hz, the changes in vibrosensitivity threshold might be employed as an experimental method of assaying the efficiency whenever it exceeds two decibels.", "contents": "[Possibilities of the biophysical evaluation of the efficiency of vibration protection devices for the hands]. The possibility of quantitative assessment of the efficiency of hand vibratory-protective devices using a physiological parameter--the loss of vibrosensitivity in the right-hand fingers depending on the intensity of vibration effect--is discussed. The results of the experiments prove that in case of vibration effect at frequency 31--500 Hz, the changes in vibrosensitivity threshold might be employed as an experimental method of assaying the efficiency whenever it exceeds two decibels.", "PMID": 1032717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6099", "title": "[Method of determining system errors due to the quality of the electronic filters in the spectral analysis of noise vibration].", "content": "A method to determine systematic errors, conditioned by the extreme degree of fading out, beyond the permeability band of electric filters used in noise and vibrations' spectral analysis, is suggested. The obtained formulas for the active filters of the noise-measuring apparatus PSI-202, making part of the hygiene network equipment throughout the country, are tabulated and thus prompt determination of the respective systematic error is rendered possible.", "contents": "[Method of determining system errors due to the quality of the electronic filters in the spectral analysis of noise vibration]. A method to determine systematic errors, conditioned by the extreme degree of fading out, beyond the permeability band of electric filters used in noise and vibrations' spectral analysis, is suggested. The obtained formulas for the active filters of the noise-measuring apparatus PSI-202, making part of the hygiene network equipment throughout the country, are tabulated and thus prompt determination of the respective systematic error is rendered possible.", "PMID": 1032718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6100", "title": "[Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible concentration (MAC) of polyvinyl chloride resin].", "content": "The acute and chronic oral, dermal and inhalatory toxicity of PVH resin is studied in white rats. It is established that in acute treatment, irrespective of the route of PVC resin penetration into the organism, its effect proves weakly toxic. During chronic oral and inhalatory experiments, a slight affection of peripheral blood elements only is noted. In the lungs of the animals inhalating 2 and 6 mg/m3 concentrations for a duration of four months, no changes are detected which might be interpreted as being PVH specific. Cumulative effect, and skin stimulating and sensibilizing action of the polymer are neither established. Against the background of the obtained results, a provisional normal MAC value is proposed, namely 2 mg/m3 of PVH dust in the air of the working environment.", "contents": "[Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible concentration (MAC) of polyvinyl chloride resin]. The acute and chronic oral, dermal and inhalatory toxicity of PVH resin is studied in white rats. It is established that in acute treatment, irrespective of the route of PVC resin penetration into the organism, its effect proves weakly toxic. During chronic oral and inhalatory experiments, a slight affection of peripheral blood elements only is noted. In the lungs of the animals inhalating 2 and 6 mg/m3 concentrations for a duration of four months, no changes are detected which might be interpreted as being PVH specific. Cumulative effect, and skin stimulating and sensibilizing action of the polymer are neither established. Against the background of the obtained results, a provisional normal MAC value is proposed, namely 2 mg/m3 of PVH dust in the air of the working environment.", "PMID": 1032719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6101", "title": "[Pathologicoanatomic and enzymatic histochemical changes in the body of white rats with chronic, intermittent pirimor pesticide poisoning].", "content": "Not infrequently, the continuous use of pesticides leads to production of resistant species of agricultural pests which makes imperative to adopt the practice of intermittent, i. e. periodic application of the agricultural preparations. In this work the difference in degree of pathoanatomical damage upon chronic and periodic, weekly application of the new carbamide pesticide Pyrimor, extensively used in the Bulgarian farming economy, is discussed. The results of pathomorphological and histochemical study of the chief parenchymatous organs shows a clearcut difference in the group with continuous administration of the pesticide, as compared to the control and intermittently poisoned group. It is furthermore pointed out that the two-times higher dose, introduced at weekly intervals, leads to slighter lesions of parenchymatous organs in comparison with chronic, oral Pyrimor treatment. Season related, incessant use of pesticides results in occupational risk increase among the workers engaged in farming.", "contents": "[Pathologicoanatomic and enzymatic histochemical changes in the body of white rats with chronic, intermittent pirimor pesticide poisoning]. Not infrequently, the continuous use of pesticides leads to production of resistant species of agricultural pests which makes imperative to adopt the practice of intermittent, i. e. periodic application of the agricultural preparations. In this work the difference in degree of pathoanatomical damage upon chronic and periodic, weekly application of the new carbamide pesticide Pyrimor, extensively used in the Bulgarian farming economy, is discussed. The results of pathomorphological and histochemical study of the chief parenchymatous organs shows a clearcut difference in the group with continuous administration of the pesticide, as compared to the control and intermittently poisoned group. It is furthermore pointed out that the two-times higher dose, introduced at weekly intervals, leads to slighter lesions of parenchymatous organs in comparison with chronic, oral Pyrimor treatment. Season related, incessant use of pesticides results in occupational risk increase among the workers engaged in farming.", "PMID": 1032720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6102", "title": "[Changes in enzymatic activity in rats with acute Unden poisoning].", "content": "The influence of Uden, exerted on the activity of GOT, GPT, LDH acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum, is investigated upon 4-day-long treatment. The experiment is conducted in three groups of white male rats with mean weight 270 +/- 20 g. The first group of animals underwnt poisoning with 1/20 LD50, the second--with 1/4 LD50 while in the third, control group, the animals were treated with an oil solvent at the respective days. It is found that acid phosphatase, GOT and alkaline phosphatase activity in group two is virtually unchanged, whilst GPT activity in both experimental groups, and acid phosphatase in group one are reliably increased (P less than 0,01), with 20,17 and 53 per cent respectively. LDH activity is reliably lowered with 60 per cent in group two, whereas in group one a tendency for a reduction is noted (P less than 0,05).", "contents": "[Changes in enzymatic activity in rats with acute Unden poisoning]. The influence of Uden, exerted on the activity of GOT, GPT, LDH acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum, is investigated upon 4-day-long treatment. The experiment is conducted in three groups of white male rats with mean weight 270 +/- 20 g. The first group of animals underwnt poisoning with 1/20 LD50, the second--with 1/4 LD50 while in the third, control group, the animals were treated with an oil solvent at the respective days. It is found that acid phosphatase, GOT and alkaline phosphatase activity in group two is virtually unchanged, whilst GPT activity in both experimental groups, and acid phosphatase in group one are reliably increased (P less than 0,01), with 20,17 and 53 per cent respectively. LDH activity is reliably lowered with 60 per cent in group two, whereas in group one a tendency for a reduction is noted (P less than 0,05).", "PMID": 1032721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6103", "title": "[Changes in liver dehydrogenase activity in rats with Unden poisoning].", "content": "Changes in LDH, SDH, MDH and G-6-PDH activity in the liver of white male rats are studied within 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment with 1/10 and 1/50 LD50 and after 15 days recovery period following the 90-day-long treatment. The animals are divided up into three groups as follows: group one--treated with 1/10 LD50, group two--with 1/50 LD50, and a control group treated with vegetable oil solvent at the respective days. The findings show that changes in enzyme activity are comparatively one-way in terms of duration of the treatment. In the early days of the experiment, a reliable increase is noted followed by a normalization of the values and reliable reduction. At ninety days, and after the recovery period is over, the activities of all five enzymes do not differ from those in the control groups. The most clearly outlined changes are recorded in SDH, and the slightest--in MDH. The analysis of the picture obtained shows that in all instances it is a matter of reversible changes.", "contents": "[Changes in liver dehydrogenase activity in rats with Unden poisoning]. Changes in LDH, SDH, MDH and G-6-PDH activity in the liver of white male rats are studied within 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment with 1/10 and 1/50 LD50 and after 15 days recovery period following the 90-day-long treatment. The animals are divided up into three groups as follows: group one--treated with 1/10 LD50, group two--with 1/50 LD50, and a control group treated with vegetable oil solvent at the respective days. The findings show that changes in enzyme activity are comparatively one-way in terms of duration of the treatment. In the early days of the experiment, a reliable increase is noted followed by a normalization of the values and reliable reduction. At ninety days, and after the recovery period is over, the activities of all five enzymes do not differ from those in the control groups. The most clearly outlined changes are recorded in SDH, and the slightest--in MDH. The analysis of the picture obtained shows that in all instances it is a matter of reversible changes.", "PMID": 1032722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6104", "title": "[Sanitary chemical evaluation and control of hazards in the varnishing ships of the furniture industry].", "content": "Using theoretical calculations and personal observations and researches, the authors succeeded in demonstrating that evaporation from lacquered surfaces, particularly in the early period of drying, is the primary source of working environment air pollution with toluene and styrol in the varnishing workshops of furniture factories. Three equations are submitted to calculate the quantities of evaporated volatile components from  the lacquer film of the machine, and from the varnished surfaces, equations which have been adopted in the practice of pollution sources' sanitary-chemical assay. Against the background thus outlined, the conclusion is reached that the varnishing machine is by no means the primary source of harmful effect provided the technology of varnish application employed does not require tools of the type of a conveyor line, pointing out furthermore that air pollution from the wheel-barrows, containing varnished details, is the most significant. Proceeding from the results of the research, it is recommended to carry out during of the varnished surfaces in a separate room or in a tunnelled drying room which, under conditions of updated technology of applying varnish, prove the most effective from sanitary hygienic viewpoint since they provide for the lowest toxic-vapour concentrations in the air of the working environment, and for optimal working conditions.", "contents": "[Sanitary chemical evaluation and control of hazards in the varnishing ships of the furniture industry]. Using theoretical calculations and personal observations and researches, the authors succeeded in demonstrating that evaporation from lacquered surfaces, particularly in the early period of drying, is the primary source of working environment air pollution with toluene and styrol in the varnishing workshops of furniture factories. Three equations are submitted to calculate the quantities of evaporated volatile components from  the lacquer film of the machine, and from the varnished surfaces, equations which have been adopted in the practice of pollution sources' sanitary-chemical assay. Against the background thus outlined, the conclusion is reached that the varnishing machine is by no means the primary source of harmful effect provided the technology of varnish application employed does not require tools of the type of a conveyor line, pointing out furthermore that air pollution from the wheel-barrows, containing varnished details, is the most significant. Proceeding from the results of the research, it is recommended to carry out during of the varnished surfaces in a separate room or in a tunnelled drying room which, under conditions of updated technology of applying varnish, prove the most effective from sanitary hygienic viewpoint since they provide for the lowest toxic-vapour concentrations in the air of the working environment, and for optimal working conditions.", "PMID": 1032723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6105", "title": "[X-ray morphological changes and the degree of lost work capacity in silicosis patients].", "content": "In a series of 200 patients with silicosis an analogy is drawn between form, size, widespreading and evolution of the pneumoconiotic changes, on the one had, and working ability loss, on the other. It is established that the heavier the form of the pneumoconiotic process, the higher the degree of severity and widespreading of the roentgenmorphological changes in the lungs and the quicker the evolution, the heavier the retriction of the ability for work among the affected. The conclusion is reached that that the working ability of patients with silicosis represents a complex phenomenon resulting from numerous factors with varying in intensity effect. A new, more complex and updated method for the assessment of working ability in patients with silicosis is proposed.", "contents": "[X-ray morphological changes and the degree of lost work capacity in silicosis patients]. In a series of 200 patients with silicosis an analogy is drawn between form, size, widespreading and evolution of the pneumoconiotic changes, on the one had, and working ability loss, on the other. It is established that the heavier the form of the pneumoconiotic process, the higher the degree of severity and widespreading of the roentgenmorphological changes in the lungs and the quicker the evolution, the heavier the retriction of the ability for work among the affected. The conclusion is reached that that the working ability of patients with silicosis represents a complex phenomenon resulting from numerous factors with varying in intensity effect. A new, more complex and updated method for the assessment of working ability in patients with silicosis is proposed.", "PMID": 1032725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6106", "title": "[Analysis of a subjective assessment of work and morbidity in modern jobs].", "content": "An analysis is made of the subjective assessment of work and morbidity in individuals engaged in two groups of up-to-date occupations: a) with considerable, and b) with insignificant nervous strain. The questionnaire study covers 1420 workers. Morbidity analysis is carried out on the basis of data from 1980 temporary disability cards--90 per cent of the workers exposed to a substantial neurosensory stress feel tired at the end of the working day. It is accepted that the cause of fatigue is firstly, the sustained and continuous observation and secondly, the rhythm required. The greater concentration and monotomy are pointed out as the primary cause in group two. The incidence of central nervous system diseases among workshop supervisors and operators of punching machines definitely augments with the length of service. The morbidity rate of gastrointestinal and peripheral nervous system diseases is also rather high.", "contents": "[Analysis of a subjective assessment of work and morbidity in modern jobs]. An analysis is made of the subjective assessment of work and morbidity in individuals engaged in two groups of up-to-date occupations: a) with considerable, and b) with insignificant nervous strain. The questionnaire study covers 1420 workers. Morbidity analysis is carried out on the basis of data from 1980 temporary disability cards--90 per cent of the workers exposed to a substantial neurosensory stress feel tired at the end of the working day. It is accepted that the cause of fatigue is firstly, the sustained and continuous observation and secondly, the rhythm required. The greater concentration and monotomy are pointed out as the primary cause in group two. The incidence of central nervous system diseases among workshop supervisors and operators of punching machines definitely augments with the length of service. The morbidity rate of gastrointestinal and peripheral nervous system diseases is also rather high.", "PMID": 1032726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6107", "title": "[Skin mediator reactivity in workers in contact with lead].", "content": "The intracutaneous adrenomimetic test is discussed against the background of overall neurovascular reactivity. The skin-mediator test is recommended as a reference of the functional condition of vegetovasal substrates. A certain degree of synchronization between dermal reaction and degree of clinical syndromes and their stages is sought for. Emphasis is laid on parasympathetic excitation in the initial stage. Adrenergic reactivity considered in a constellation with the other indicators, has a definite diagnostic-prognostic value.", "contents": "[Skin mediator reactivity in workers in contact with lead]. The intracutaneous adrenomimetic test is discussed against the background of overall neurovascular reactivity. The skin-mediator test is recommended as a reference of the functional condition of vegetovasal substrates. A certain degree of synchronization between dermal reaction and degree of clinical syndromes and their stages is sought for. Emphasis is laid on parasympathetic excitation in the initial stage. Adrenergic reactivity considered in a constellation with the other indicators, has a definite diagnostic-prognostic value.", "PMID": 1032727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6108", "title": "[Autonomic nervous manifestations in combined exposure to lead and manganese].", "content": "An increased reactivity of the vegetative nervous system under manganese-lead effect is established in practically healthy workers during the latent stage. The dynamics of the combined toxic invasion is characterized by sympathetic-adrenergic manifestations mainly. A number of vegetative disturbances showing a tendency for generalization, and involving various levels of the nervous system, are also outlined.", "contents": "[Autonomic nervous manifestations in combined exposure to lead and manganese]. An increased reactivity of the vegetative nervous system under manganese-lead effect is established in practically healthy workers during the latent stage. The dynamics of the combined toxic invasion is characterized by sympathetic-adrenergic manifestations mainly. A number of vegetative disturbances showing a tendency for generalization, and involving various levels of the nervous system, are also outlined.", "PMID": 1032728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6109", "title": "Hair transplantation. The use of hairbearing compound grafts for correction of alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, traumatic alopecia, and male pattern baldness.", "content": "In this study 8 patients with alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), 10 patients with traumatic alopecia (TA), and 12 patients with male pattern baldness (MPB) were treated with the punch graft method (PGM). Stastistical evaluations of the results and factors influencing the results were careied out. The mean survival rate of hairs was 72% in CDLE, 97% in TA, and 104% in MPB. The mean number of hairs in a 4 mm graft before transplantation in 30 patients and 752 grafts was found to be 18.2. This is far more than the number reported in previous publications concerning PGM owing probably to the difficulties of counting several hairs simultaneously emerging from the same pilary canal when the hair is cut to a length of 1--2mm preoperatively. For this purpose the author has developed a special photographical magnifying system. The number of hairs surviving transplantation in MPB in a 4 mm graft was about 19 hairs per graft, which is superior to previous reports. This is possibly due to some modifications of the procedure made by the author. In a control series done with the same technique as that often seen in the literature, about 50% inferior results were obtained. These results were however similar to those reported in the literature. Consequently the modifications of the procedure have been successful. Only one article with a series of 12 patients with TA treated with PGM was found in the literature. The hair survival results of the author exeeded the reported results by about 100%. The size, hardness, and elevation of the scars of the donor holes were checked statistically after various treatments. It was found that the diameter of the scar is the same regardless of type of treatment but that a signifcantly greater risk of hard and elevated scars is taken if the bald grafts are put back in the donor holes. No complications were seen in this series. PGM is a safe method that gives good hair survival results on transplanted hairs in MPB and TA, but the results vary in CDLE. In spite of the good results with PGM the author emphasizes that, although the therory of the method is simple, both the preoperative judement and the performance with its practical difficulties and many cosmetic problems is complex and requires a lot of psychological insight, practice and experience before correct preoperative judgement and a maximally good cosmetic result can be achieved.", "contents": "Hair transplantation. The use of hairbearing compound grafts for correction of alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, traumatic alopecia, and male pattern baldness. In this study 8 patients with alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), 10 patients with traumatic alopecia (TA), and 12 patients with male pattern baldness (MPB) were treated with the punch graft method (PGM). Stastistical evaluations of the results and factors influencing the results were careied out. The mean survival rate of hairs was 72% in CDLE, 97% in TA, and 104% in MPB. The mean number of hairs in a 4 mm graft before transplantation in 30 patients and 752 grafts was found to be 18.2. This is far more than the number reported in previous publications concerning PGM owing probably to the difficulties of counting several hairs simultaneously emerging from the same pilary canal when the hair is cut to a length of 1--2mm preoperatively. For this purpose the author has developed a special photographical magnifying system. The number of hairs surviving transplantation in MPB in a 4 mm graft was about 19 hairs per graft, which is superior to previous reports. This is possibly due to some modifications of the procedure made by the author. In a control series done with the same technique as that often seen in the literature, about 50% inferior results were obtained. These results were however similar to those reported in the literature. Consequently the modifications of the procedure have been successful. Only one article with a series of 12 patients with TA treated with PGM was found in the literature. The hair survival results of the author exeeded the reported results by about 100%. The size, hardness, and elevation of the scars of the donor holes were checked statistically after various treatments. It was found that the diameter of the scar is the same regardless of type of treatment but that a signifcantly greater risk of hard and elevated scars is taken if the bald grafts are put back in the donor holes. No complications were seen in this series. PGM is a safe method that gives good hair survival results on transplanted hairs in MPB and TA, but the results vary in CDLE. In spite of the good results with PGM the author emphasizes that, although the therory of the method is simple, both the preoperative judement and the performance with its practical difficulties and many cosmetic problems is complex and requires a lot of psychological insight, practice and experience before correct preoperative judgement and a maximally good cosmetic result can be achieved.", "PMID": 1032729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6110", "title": "Effect of insulin on serum lipids in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "In diabetic children, the effect on serum lipids of insulin by itself and combined with glucose of with Aminosol + glucose has been studied. The level of serum free fatty acids decreased significantly in every case. The cephalin level decreased under the effect of insulin and insulin + Aminosol, whereas it rose after insulin and glucose infusion. The triglyceride level remained unchanged when insulin was applied by itself, and decreased significantly under the effect of insulin + Aminosol, while it showed a rising tendency after insulin + glucose infusion.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on serum lipids in juvenile diabetes. In diabetic children, the effect on serum lipids of insulin by itself and combined with glucose of with Aminosol + glucose has been studied. The level of serum free fatty acids decreased significantly in every case. The cephalin level decreased under the effect of insulin and insulin + Aminosol, whereas it rose after insulin and glucose infusion. The triglyceride level remained unchanged when insulin was applied by itself, and decreased significantly under the effect of insulin + Aminosol, while it showed a rising tendency after insulin + glucose infusion.", "PMID": 1032732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6111", "title": "Surveillance of congenital anomalies in Hungary.", "content": "Surveillance of congenital anomalies has various functions viz. monitoring (to detect clusters as soon as possible), registering (to contribute to medical care and to provide material for scientific research) and informative. The Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register records the occurrence of malformed babies diagnosed from birth to 1 year of age. The Register has 3 sources (obstetricians, paediatricians, pathologists) and has registered since 1971 over 4000 malformed infants annually, an occurrence of over 28%. Validity and completeness of notification depend on the type of malformation. A separate Monitor started on January 1st, 1973, is confined to congenital malformations detectable unequivocally and readily during the first seven days of life. So far four real clusters occurred in Hungary but their causes could not be found. Particular stress has been laid upon multiple malformations (syndromes) since all known teratogens affecting humans produce multiple malformations.", "contents": "Surveillance of congenital anomalies in Hungary. Surveillance of congenital anomalies has various functions viz. monitoring (to detect clusters as soon as possible), registering (to contribute to medical care and to provide material for scientific research) and informative. The Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register records the occurrence of malformed babies diagnosed from birth to 1 year of age. The Register has 3 sources (obstetricians, paediatricians, pathologists) and has registered since 1971 over 4000 malformed infants annually, an occurrence of over 28%. Validity and completeness of notification depend on the type of malformation. A separate Monitor started on January 1st, 1973, is confined to congenital malformations detectable unequivocally and readily during the first seven days of life. So far four real clusters occurred in Hungary but their causes could not be found. Particular stress has been laid upon multiple malformations (syndromes) since all known teratogens affecting humans produce multiple malformations.", "PMID": 1032733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6112", "title": "Abnormal tryptopham metabolism in congenital erythroid hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anaemia.", "content": "Tryptophan loading was performed in a child with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia as well as in his parents and two control persons. There was a fivefold increase of anthranilic acid and kynurenine excretion beside a marked generalized aminoaciduria in the proband; in the parents and the controls no such phenomenon could be demonstrated. The importance of the finding is discussed and investigation of tryptophan metabolism before the first blood transfusion is recommended. The finding cannot be used as a heterozygote test.", "contents": "Abnormal tryptopham metabolism in congenital erythroid hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anaemia. Tryptophan loading was performed in a child with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia as well as in his parents and two control persons. There was a fivefold increase of anthranilic acid and kynurenine excretion beside a marked generalized aminoaciduria in the proband; in the parents and the controls no such phenomenon could be demonstrated. The importance of the finding is discussed and investigation of tryptophan metabolism before the first blood transfusion is recommended. The finding cannot be used as a heterozygote test.", "PMID": 1032736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6113", "title": "Methadone maintenance treatment of narcotic addiction: a unit of medical care based on over 50,000 patient treatment years.", "content": "The experience with methadone maintenance treatment by two major New York City methadone maintenance treatment programs using the Dole-Nyswander philosophy is reviewed. After more than 56,000 person-years in treatment over a 10-year period of time, a unit of medical experience exemplified by these two programs is evident. There was a high degree of patient acceptance, a small amount of recognized residual illicit drug abuse, and steeply reduced criminal activities of those patients who remained in treatment. A wide variety of other methadone treatment programs are recognized. Many use methadone differently from those in the present study. The treatment results reported herein may represent a standard by which narcotic (methadone and other) treatment programs can be assessed.", "contents": "Methadone maintenance treatment of narcotic addiction: a unit of medical care based on over 50,000 patient treatment years. The experience with methadone maintenance treatment by two major New York City methadone maintenance treatment programs using the Dole-Nyswander philosophy is reviewed. After more than 56,000 person-years in treatment over a 10-year period of time, a unit of medical experience exemplified by these two programs is evident. There was a high degree of patient acceptance, a small amount of recognized residual illicit drug abuse, and steeply reduced criminal activities of those patients who remained in treatment. A wide variety of other methadone treatment programs are recognized. Many use methadone differently from those in the present study. The treatment results reported herein may represent a standard by which narcotic (methadone and other) treatment programs can be assessed.", "PMID": 1032737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6114", "title": "Undetected opiate use in the Southwest: comparison of official drug-user files and treatment program patient records.", "content": "Highly disparate research techniques have been employed to develop estimates of the extent of opiate use. Exclusive reliance upon public health and law enforcement statistics has been supplemented in recent years with data generated by survey research \"incidence and prevalence\" epidemiological methods. State agencies attempting to measure the extent of opiate use as a requirement for the receipt of federal categorical grant formula funds utilize multiple indicators: opiate treatment, arrest, incarceration, serum hepatitis, narcotics overdose death, and survey data. To address the question of undetected opiate use in a major southwestern city, the authors have undertaken a study measuring the extent of law enforcement recognition of the addictive status of a random sample of patients selected from the city's two municipally operated methadone treatment programs. The results indicate that over one-half of the sample was unknown to the police as addicts. Descriptive attributes of the unknown group were identified through appropriate statistical analyses. These findings are comparable to those of a similar study conducted in 1973 in a major eastern city.", "contents": "Undetected opiate use in the Southwest: comparison of official drug-user files and treatment program patient records. Highly disparate research techniques have been employed to develop estimates of the extent of opiate use. Exclusive reliance upon public health and law enforcement statistics has been supplemented in recent years with data generated by survey research \"incidence and prevalence\" epidemiological methods. State agencies attempting to measure the extent of opiate use as a requirement for the receipt of federal categorical grant formula funds utilize multiple indicators: opiate treatment, arrest, incarceration, serum hepatitis, narcotics overdose death, and survey data. To address the question of undetected opiate use in a major southwestern city, the authors have undertaken a study measuring the extent of law enforcement recognition of the addictive status of a random sample of patients selected from the city's two municipally operated methadone treatment programs. The results indicate that over one-half of the sample was unknown to the police as addicts. Descriptive attributes of the unknown group were identified through appropriate statistical analyses. These findings are comparable to those of a similar study conducted in 1973 in a major eastern city.", "PMID": 1032738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6115", "title": "Methadone dispensing by community pharmacies.", "content": "This study reports 1 year follow-up data of 96 patients who received methadone at selected community pharmacies instead of traditional program dispensaries. Outcomes are comparable to those reported for traditional programs. Security measures were not a problem. The results indicate that most patients can begin methadone maintenance at a pharmacy without a period of stabilization at a program unit. Of several factors studied, arrest record, both preceding and during treatment, based on official police data was the single factor significantly associated with employment and continuation in methadone treatment. Community pharmacy dispensing of methadone is a useful means of operating a methadone treatment program.", "contents": "Methadone dispensing by community pharmacies. This study reports 1 year follow-up data of 96 patients who received methadone at selected community pharmacies instead of traditional program dispensaries. Outcomes are comparable to those reported for traditional programs. Security measures were not a problem. The results indicate that most patients can begin methadone maintenance at a pharmacy without a period of stabilization at a program unit. Of several factors studied, arrest record, both preceding and during treatment, based on official police data was the single factor significantly associated with employment and continuation in methadone treatment. Community pharmacy dispensing of methadone is a useful means of operating a methadone treatment program.", "PMID": 1032739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6116", "title": "A study of addicts' career experiences with methadone.", "content": "Recent public concern over illicit methadone use has generated considerable interest among both treatment authorities and researchers. Unfortunately, many professional studies on the topic have done little to clear up certain misconceptions surrounding methadone use. In building upon earlier empirical work, the authors sought to explore the role of methadone within the context of addict career experiences as a whole. Interviews revealed considerable differentiation in types of experiences and purposes for use with respect to a variety of demographic and drug career attributes. The findings suggest the need for some rethinking about prevailing conceptions of \"the problem\" of illicit methadone use.", "contents": "A study of addicts' career experiences with methadone. Recent public concern over illicit methadone use has generated considerable interest among both treatment authorities and researchers. Unfortunately, many professional studies on the topic have done little to clear up certain misconceptions surrounding methadone use. In building upon earlier empirical work, the authors sought to explore the role of methadone within the context of addict career experiences as a whole. Interviews revealed considerable differentiation in types of experiences and purposes for use with respect to a variety of demographic and drug career attributes. The findings suggest the need for some rethinking about prevailing conceptions of \"the problem\" of illicit methadone use.", "PMID": 1032740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6117", "title": "Methadone maintenance and the problem with alcohol.", "content": "There is a growing concern with the rapid pace of physical and psychosocial deterioration of methadone patients who abuse alcohol. The need for a sample method for determining the extent of the problem, as well as the presence of an alcohol problem in individual patients, led the authors to test the validity of the Michigan Alcoholism Sreen Test (MAST) in a small urban methadone maintenance clinic (N = 125). The MAST was administered to every patient by their counselors, and the nursing staff was asked to independently rate each patient according to Keller's definition of alcoholism. The authors compared the patients' MAST scores with the global ratings of the nursing staff. Forty-six percent (n = 58) of the patients scored in the alcoholism range of the MAST questionnaire, while 34% (n = 43) of the patients were diagnosed as alcoholics by the nursing staff. There was 75% (n = 94) agreement between the MAST findings and the nurses' global ratings (p less than .001). The authors suggest that the MAST could be an effective screening tool in the area of alcohol abuse in methadone clinics. Going beyond the data, the authors recommend reexamination by psychiatrists of their peripheral role in the treatment of these difficult and multihandicapped patients.", "contents": "Methadone maintenance and the problem with alcohol. There is a growing concern with the rapid pace of physical and psychosocial deterioration of methadone patients who abuse alcohol. The need for a sample method for determining the extent of the problem, as well as the presence of an alcohol problem in individual patients, led the authors to test the validity of the Michigan Alcoholism Sreen Test (MAST) in a small urban methadone maintenance clinic (N = 125). The MAST was administered to every patient by their counselors, and the nursing staff was asked to independently rate each patient according to Keller's definition of alcoholism. The authors compared the patients' MAST scores with the global ratings of the nursing staff. Forty-six percent (n = 58) of the patients scored in the alcoholism range of the MAST questionnaire, while 34% (n = 43) of the patients were diagnosed as alcoholics by the nursing staff. There was 75% (n = 94) agreement between the MAST findings and the nurses' global ratings (p less than .001). The authors suggest that the MAST could be an effective screening tool in the area of alcohol abuse in methadone clinics. Going beyond the data, the authors recommend reexamination by psychiatrists of their peripheral role in the treatment of these difficult and multihandicapped patients.", "PMID": 1032741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6118", "title": "The abuse of multiple drugs. I. Definition, classification, and extent of problem.", "content": "Drug abusers have historically tended to abuse more than one drug. However, over the past 5 years there has been an increasing tendency to combine narcotics, alcohol, sedatives, and/or stimulants. The statistical increase of such abuse in the United States is documented by national surveys and the findings of drug treatment programs and detoxification centers. To clarify the confusion about such terms as \"polydrug abuse\" and \"multidrug abuse,\" these terms are defined. A classification of multiple drug abuse is presented which demonstrates recent increases in each of four categories.", "contents": "The abuse of multiple drugs. I. Definition, classification, and extent of problem. Drug abusers have historically tended to abuse more than one drug. However, over the past 5 years there has been an increasing tendency to combine narcotics, alcohol, sedatives, and/or stimulants. The statistical increase of such abuse in the United States is documented by national surveys and the findings of drug treatment programs and detoxification centers. To clarify the confusion about such terms as \"polydrug abuse\" and \"multidrug abuse,\" these terms are defined. A classification of multiple drug abuse is presented which demonstrates recent increases in each of four categories.", "PMID": 1032742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6119", "title": "The abuse of multiple drugs. II. Psychological hypotheses, treatment considerations.", "content": "Several basic psychological hypotheses about multiple drug abuse are examined, i.e., social determinants, the effect of availability on extent of abuse, that drug abuse is a symptom rather than a disease, the relationship of social class to psychopathology, the lack of specificity of psychodynamics or psychopathology to drug choice, and the use of drugs to facilitate or obliterate concern with assertion, relieve neurosis, or provide homeostasis. There is a need for a variety of comprehensive, directive treatment approaches from which an individual treatment plan can be chosen. Such plans must consider which of the complex factors that can lead to multiple drug abuse are most prominent and can be remedied in each case.", "contents": "The abuse of multiple drugs. II. Psychological hypotheses, treatment considerations. Several basic psychological hypotheses about multiple drug abuse are examined, i.e., social determinants, the effect of availability on extent of abuse, that drug abuse is a symptom rather than a disease, the relationship of social class to psychopathology, the lack of specificity of psychodynamics or psychopathology to drug choice, and the use of drugs to facilitate or obliterate concern with assertion, relieve neurosis, or provide homeostasis. There is a need for a variety of comprehensive, directive treatment approaches from which an individual treatment plan can be chosen. Such plans must consider which of the complex factors that can lead to multiple drug abuse are most prominent and can be remedied in each case.", "PMID": 1032743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6120", "title": "Variables related to length of stay in day programs for drug abusers.", "content": "In a study of client variables related to length of stay in two types of drug-free day treatment programs, results varied according to program structure and sex of the clients. In the more loosely structured Youth Centers, in which the programs differed from center to center and the populations were heterogenous, there were no clear-cut results. However, within the more tightly structured Ambulatory Treatment Units, the programs and the populations were more homogeneous, and the results showed a significant pattern related to length of stay, but for males only.", "contents": "Variables related to length of stay in day programs for drug abusers. In a study of client variables related to length of stay in two types of drug-free day treatment programs, results varied according to program structure and sex of the clients. In the more loosely structured Youth Centers, in which the programs differed from center to center and the populations were heterogenous, there were no clear-cut results. However, within the more tightly structured Ambulatory Treatment Units, the programs and the populations were more homogeneous, and the results showed a significant pattern related to length of stay, but for males only.", "PMID": 1032744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6121", "title": "Clinical guidelines for the cross-cultural treatment of chemical dependency.", "content": "Clinicians should be skilled in work with their ethnic peers before attempting cross-cultural treatment. Acquiring cross-cultural sensitivity involves regression to childlike openness for new values, attitudes, and behaviors. Members of the ethnic group can orient the clinician by discussion, suggested readings, and invitations to their homes and ritual events. Work should begin slowly, with regular consultation from ethnic peers of the patient. Special transference issues involve parent-child transactions and the \"Messianic countertransference.\" Clinicians must maintain their primary commitment to the patient and to the patient's social resources, rather than to an institution not responsible to the patient population.", "contents": "Clinical guidelines for the cross-cultural treatment of chemical dependency. Clinicians should be skilled in work with their ethnic peers before attempting cross-cultural treatment. Acquiring cross-cultural sensitivity involves regression to childlike openness for new values, attitudes, and behaviors. Members of the ethnic group can orient the clinician by discussion, suggested readings, and invitations to their homes and ritual events. Work should begin slowly, with regular consultation from ethnic peers of the patient. Special transference issues involve parent-child transactions and the \"Messianic countertransference.\" Clinicians must maintain their primary commitment to the patient and to the patient's social resources, rather than to an institution not responsible to the patient population.", "PMID": 1032745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6122", "title": "An epidemiological description of the development of drug dependence: environmental factors and prevention.", "content": "The \"agent,\" \"host,\" and \"environment\" of drug dependence are examined relative to their potential as effective foci of efforts in the areas of primary secondary and tertiary prevention. Factors associated with the agent and the host are shown to be of extremely limited value when it comes to the primary prevention of drug dependence. Results of prior rewards are reviewed and they serve as the basis for the conclusion that the manipulation of environmental factors holds the greatest promise relative to the primary prevention of drug dependence.", "contents": "An epidemiological description of the development of drug dependence: environmental factors and prevention. The \"agent,\" \"host,\" and \"environment\" of drug dependence are examined relative to their potential as effective foci of efforts in the areas of primary secondary and tertiary prevention. Factors associated with the agent and the host are shown to be of extremely limited value when it comes to the primary prevention of drug dependence. Results of prior rewards are reviewed and they serve as the basis for the conclusion that the manipulation of environmental factors holds the greatest promise relative to the primary prevention of drug dependence.", "PMID": 1032746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6123", "title": "Relationship of neonatal withdrawal to maternal methadone dose.", "content": "Neonatal withdrawal is described for a sample of 70 infants born to addicted women treated with methadone and comprehensive prenatal care. Although symptoms were manifested by over 90% of the infants, those born to women receiving near-term average doses of less than or equal to 20 mg/day had significantly less symptomatology, weight loss, and need for pharmacologic treatment than those of mothers still on higher doses. Reduction of methadone dose levels during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy to less than or equal to 20 mg/day appears to reduce the severity of neonatal withdrawal.", "contents": "Relationship of neonatal withdrawal to maternal methadone dose. Neonatal withdrawal is described for a sample of 70 infants born to addicted women treated with methadone and comprehensive prenatal care. Although symptoms were manifested by over 90% of the infants, those born to women receiving near-term average doses of less than or equal to 20 mg/day had significantly less symptomatology, weight loss, and need for pharmacologic treatment than those of mothers still on higher doses. Reduction of methadone dose levels during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy to less than or equal to 20 mg/day appears to reduce the severity of neonatal withdrawal.", "PMID": 1032747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6124", "title": "Medical implications of marijuana use.", "content": "The effect of marijuana smoking was studied in 28 healthy young adult men who had previously smoked marijuana for approximately 5 years each. The subjects were hospitalized on a closed research ward for 31 days during which comprehensive psychological, physiological, and medical observations and tests were done. Physical examinations, neurological examinations, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory tests were all within normal limits. Marijuana produced inconstant changes in pulse rate and blood pressure in these studies. Six subjects were found to have significant reduction in resting vital capacity during the baseline period of the study which were felt to be related to their prior marijuana smoking. In contradistinction to these findings, 12 of 15 subjects had statistically significant increases in peak expiratory flow rate immediately following marijuana smoking. Body temperature tended to be slightly reduced during marijuana use.", "contents": "Medical implications of marijuana use. The effect of marijuana smoking was studied in 28 healthy young adult men who had previously smoked marijuana for approximately 5 years each. The subjects were hospitalized on a closed research ward for 31 days during which comprehensive psychological, physiological, and medical observations and tests were done. Physical examinations, neurological examinations, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory tests were all within normal limits. Marijuana produced inconstant changes in pulse rate and blood pressure in these studies. Six subjects were found to have significant reduction in resting vital capacity during the baseline period of the study which were felt to be related to their prior marijuana smoking. In contradistinction to these findings, 12 of 15 subjects had statistically significant increases in peak expiratory flow rate immediately following marijuana smoking. Body temperature tended to be slightly reduced during marijuana use.", "PMID": 1032748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6125", "title": "Narcotic use in an inmate population at three points in time.", "content": "Studies on new jail admissions conducted in 1969, 1971, and 1973 indicated a sharp decrease in heroin use among male inmates in the District of Columbia in 1973. In the jail study conducted in 1969 among 225 inmates, 45% reported to be addicted to heroin, in 1971, 47% of the 150 inmates reported to be addicted, as compared to only 22% of the 200 inmates in 1973. Only 38% of the addict-inmates in 1969 reported ever receiving treatment for their addiction, while 62% in 1971 and 64% in 1973 reported receiving treatment.", "contents": "Narcotic use in an inmate population at three points in time. Studies on new jail admissions conducted in 1969, 1971, and 1973 indicated a sharp decrease in heroin use among male inmates in the District of Columbia in 1973. In the jail study conducted in 1969 among 225 inmates, 45% reported to be addicted to heroin, in 1971, 47% of the 150 inmates reported to be addicted, as compared to only 22% of the 200 inmates in 1973. Only 38% of the addict-inmates in 1969 reported ever receiving treatment for their addiction, while 62% in 1971 and 64% in 1973 reported receiving treatment.", "PMID": 1032751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6126", "title": "Employment and social disability among opiate addicts.", "content": "This study examines the relationship between employment and social disability. It is based on admission data for 296 opiate addicts who enrolled in New York Medical College's Multitrack Abstinence Program during 1974. Social disability is defined here as an attribute of the patient which may count against him or her in the job market. Employment rates are examined in the light of an index comprised of three specific disabilities: minority group status, lack of a high school degree, and presence of an arrest record. It is found that the proportion of addicts employed upon admission to the program varies inversely with the number of disabilities. Furthermore, it is found that the proportion of addicts who rely on illegal acts for their main source of income varies directly with the number of disabilities.", "contents": "Employment and social disability among opiate addicts. This study examines the relationship between employment and social disability. It is based on admission data for 296 opiate addicts who enrolled in New York Medical College's Multitrack Abstinence Program during 1974. Social disability is defined here as an attribute of the patient which may count against him or her in the job market. Employment rates are examined in the light of an index comprised of three specific disabilities: minority group status, lack of a high school degree, and presence of an arrest record. It is found that the proportion of addicts employed upon admission to the program varies inversely with the number of disabilities. Furthermore, it is found that the proportion of addicts who rely on illegal acts for their main source of income varies directly with the number of disabilities.", "PMID": 1032752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6127", "title": "A follow-up study of 300 ex-clients of a drug-free narcotic treatment program in New York City.", "content": "This article deals with an attempt at evaluating the success of a drug-free narcotic treatment program in New York City through a follow-up study of 300 ex-clients of the program. Two hundred ex-clients out of the 300 target population were actually interviewed. The number of months the clients had remained in the treatment program was found to be a key factor in the outcome of the program. The length of time in the program was itself highly dependent upon the client's background: the higher the pretreatment pathology the lower the chance of treatment success.", "contents": "A follow-up study of 300 ex-clients of a drug-free narcotic treatment program in New York City. This article deals with an attempt at evaluating the success of a drug-free narcotic treatment program in New York City through a follow-up study of 300 ex-clients of the program. Two hundred ex-clients out of the 300 target population were actually interviewed. The number of months the clients had remained in the treatment program was found to be a key factor in the outcome of the program. The length of time in the program was itself highly dependent upon the client's background: the higher the pretreatment pathology the lower the chance of treatment success.", "PMID": 1032753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6128", "title": "Drug dependency: some etiological considerations.", "content": "In an effort to illuminate etiological aspects of drug dependency, some findings from genetics are examined for meaningful connections with psychological areas, particularly with regard to the contribution of Object Relations theory. The latter is described in some detail, using methadone maintenance treatment as an illustrative context. Connections between the two areas are described which increase an understanding of the relevance of each and which raise questions about the artificiality of the usual separation of biological and psychological approaches in this area.", "contents": "Drug dependency: some etiological considerations. In an effort to illuminate etiological aspects of drug dependency, some findings from genetics are examined for meaningful connections with psychological areas, particularly with regard to the contribution of Object Relations theory. The latter is described in some detail, using methadone maintenance treatment as an illustrative context. Connections between the two areas are described which increase an understanding of the relevance of each and which raise questions about the artificiality of the usual separation of biological and psychological approaches in this area.", "PMID": 1032754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6129", "title": "An analysis of psychedelic drug flashbacks.", "content": "Psychedelic drug flashbacks have been a puzzling clinical phenomenon observed by clinicians. Flashbacks are defined as transient, spontaneous recurrences of the psychedelic drug effect appearing after a period of normalcy following an intoxication of psychedelics. The paper traces the evolution of the concept of flashback and gives examples of the varieties encountered. Although many drugs have been advocated for the treatment of flashback, flashbacks generally decrease in intensity and frequency with abstinence from psychedelic drugs.", "contents": "An analysis of psychedelic drug flashbacks. Psychedelic drug flashbacks have been a puzzling clinical phenomenon observed by clinicians. Flashbacks are defined as transient, spontaneous recurrences of the psychedelic drug effect appearing after a period of normalcy following an intoxication of psychedelics. The paper traces the evolution of the concept of flashback and gives examples of the varieties encountered. Although many drugs have been advocated for the treatment of flashback, flashbacks generally decrease in intensity and frequency with abstinence from psychedelic drugs.", "PMID": 1032755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6130", "title": "The epidemiological approach to drug abuse: its relevance to the teaching of future professionals.", "content": "In most areas of the medical curriculum it is far more important to teach students the approach to problems, rather than to encourage rote learning of the specific diagnostic and therapeutic regimen indicated in every conceivable circumstance. This is especially true in the field of substance abuse, in part because there simply are no clear-cut answers which can be universally applied. Nevertheless, dogmatism has been all too common in the teaching as well as the treatment of addiction, and there is a general tendency to view the problem simplistically and to advocate a specific modality as the solution. Teaching new professionals to apply the holistic perspective of the epidemiologist will enhance the likelihood of establishing realistic program goals, and adopting a comprehensive, balanced approach.", "contents": "The epidemiological approach to drug abuse: its relevance to the teaching of future professionals. In most areas of the medical curriculum it is far more important to teach students the approach to problems, rather than to encourage rote learning of the specific diagnostic and therapeutic regimen indicated in every conceivable circumstance. This is especially true in the field of substance abuse, in part because there simply are no clear-cut answers which can be universally applied. Nevertheless, dogmatism has been all too common in the teaching as well as the treatment of addiction, and there is a general tendency to view the problem simplistically and to advocate a specific modality as the solution. Teaching new professionals to apply the holistic perspective of the epidemiologist will enhance the likelihood of establishing realistic program goals, and adopting a comprehensive, balanced approach.", "PMID": 1032756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6131", "title": "Use of a social indicator system to assess alcoholism among Indian people in Minnesota.", "content": "A social indicator system was used to assess alcohol-related problems among American Indian people in Minnesota. Instead of counting \"cases,\" the method involved using \"events\" that were recorded by various social institutions in the course of their work. The system showed that Indian people commonly encountered alcohol-related \"events\" that led to death or to social institutions with a poor record of problem resolution (foster homes, jail, prison, welfare agencies). However, they infrequently appeared in psychiatric facilities with alcohol-related \"events.\"", "contents": "Use of a social indicator system to assess alcoholism among Indian people in Minnesota. A social indicator system was used to assess alcohol-related problems among American Indian people in Minnesota. Instead of counting \"cases,\" the method involved using \"events\" that were recorded by various social institutions in the course of their work. The system showed that Indian people commonly encountered alcohol-related \"events\" that led to death or to social institutions with a poor record of problem resolution (foster homes, jail, prison, welfare agencies). However, they infrequently appeared in psychiatric facilities with alcohol-related \"events.\"", "PMID": 1032757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6132", "title": "Sex differences in alcoholics: a comparison of male and femal alcoholics' self and spouse perceptions.", "content": "Self-perceptions of male and female alcoholics and the perception of them by their respective spouses were investigated in an attempt to study sex differences in alcoholics. The subjects were 20 male and 20 female hospitalized alcoholics and their spouses. Subjects were administered a modified Katz Adjustment Scale and the NIMH Mood Scale applied both to states of sobriety and intoxication. The results indicated that the female alcoholic is more likely to characterized by her spouse as guilty and depressed both in states of sobriety and intoxication than is the male alcoholic. The therapeutic implications of these and other findings are discussed.", "contents": "Sex differences in alcoholics: a comparison of male and femal alcoholics' self and spouse perceptions. Self-perceptions of male and female alcoholics and the perception of them by their respective spouses were investigated in an attempt to study sex differences in alcoholics. The subjects were 20 male and 20 female hospitalized alcoholics and their spouses. Subjects were administered a modified Katz Adjustment Scale and the NIMH Mood Scale applied both to states of sobriety and intoxication. The results indicated that the female alcoholic is more likely to characterized by her spouse as guilty and depressed both in states of sobriety and intoxication than is the male alcoholic. The therapeutic implications of these and other findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1032758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6133", "title": "Reported drinking among posttreatment alcohol abusers: a preliminary report.", "content": "Posttreatment drinking behavior and job effectiveness ratings by supervisors are compared at 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up for young (age 25 and younger) and old (age 26 and older) male alcohol abusers admitted to Naval Alcoholism Rehabilitation facilities. Follow-up results indicate that: (1) large percentage of subjects were rated effective at their work following treatment; (2) effective subjects drank significantly less than noneffective subjects; (3) young subjects tended to drink significantly more than old subjects; (4) of those rated effective at their work, young subjects drank more and abstained less than did old subjects; (5) drinking behavior and work effectiveness ratings appear to remain consistent over the three follow-up periods. Some implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.", "contents": "Reported drinking among posttreatment alcohol abusers: a preliminary report. Posttreatment drinking behavior and job effectiveness ratings by supervisors are compared at 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up for young (age 25 and younger) and old (age 26 and older) male alcohol abusers admitted to Naval Alcoholism Rehabilitation facilities. Follow-up results indicate that: (1) large percentage of subjects were rated effective at their work following treatment; (2) effective subjects drank significantly less than noneffective subjects; (3) young subjects tended to drink significantly more than old subjects; (4) of those rated effective at their work, young subjects drank more and abstained less than did old subjects; (5) drinking behavior and work effectiveness ratings appear to remain consistent over the three follow-up periods. Some implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.", "PMID": 1032759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6134", "title": "Drug abuse in junior high school populations.", "content": "Illegal drug use in a population of 3,807 junior high school students in a suburban area appeared strongly correlated with family instability, student personal problems, and low academic performance. Use of tranquilizers, amphetamines, and sedatives was often motivated by attempts at self-medication to reduce painful feelings. Over 14% of illegal users took an overdose with about half of them intentional. Illegal users and nonusers agreed that drug education programs and the threat of legal penalties had little influence in their decisions about drugs.", "contents": "Drug abuse in junior high school populations. Illegal drug use in a population of 3,807 junior high school students in a suburban area appeared strongly correlated with family instability, student personal problems, and low academic performance. Use of tranquilizers, amphetamines, and sedatives was often motivated by attempts at self-medication to reduce painful feelings. Over 14% of illegal users took an overdose with about half of them intentional. Illegal users and nonusers agreed that drug education programs and the threat of legal penalties had little influence in their decisions about drugs.", "PMID": 1032760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6135", "title": "The spread of addiction-the role of the \"average addict\".", "content": "A survey of an accidental sample of 100 addict-clients indicates that approximately two-thirds of addicts induct others into the heroin culture. Typically, the number of new users recruited in this way is no more than one or two new users contacted by each experienced addict. The problems of interdicting the transmission process is complicated not only by the large numbers of persons involved in that process, but is further complicated by the fact that new users are recruited relatively early in the experienced users' careers when they are least likely to be known to treatment or law enforcement officials. The work of interdicting the spread of phenomenon is still further complicated by the fact that heroin is transmitted between friends under circumstances the experienced user can characterize, if with some possible exaggeration, as involving an effort to share a pleasurable experience and/or to meet others' requests.", "contents": "The spread of addiction-the role of the \"average addict\". A survey of an accidental sample of 100 addict-clients indicates that approximately two-thirds of addicts induct others into the heroin culture. Typically, the number of new users recruited in this way is no more than one or two new users contacted by each experienced addict. The problems of interdicting the transmission process is complicated not only by the large numbers of persons involved in that process, but is further complicated by the fact that new users are recruited relatively early in the experienced users' careers when they are least likely to be known to treatment or law enforcement officials. The work of interdicting the spread of phenomenon is still further complicated by the fact that heroin is transmitted between friends under circumstances the experienced user can characterize, if with some possible exaggeration, as involving an effort to share a pleasurable experience and/or to meet others' requests.", "PMID": 1032761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6136", "title": "The black addict: I.Methodology, chronology of addiction, and overview of the population.", "content": "One hundred ninety-two Black, male heroin addicts in various phases of treatment and nontreatment, including never-treated active addicts and actively addicted treatment dropouts, were systematically interviewed for early life events, psychosocial variables, and natural history of addiction. This report presents the chronology of the addiction problem from childhood as well as evidence of significant early antisocial activities predating drug use in this population. Data on family characteristics, arrests, problems in formal schooling, and adult activities are summarized. The current work is compared to earlier data on comparable populations.", "contents": "The black addict: I.Methodology, chronology of addiction, and overview of the population. One hundred ninety-two Black, male heroin addicts in various phases of treatment and nontreatment, including never-treated active addicts and actively addicted treatment dropouts, were systematically interviewed for early life events, psychosocial variables, and natural history of addiction. This report presents the chronology of the addiction problem from childhood as well as evidence of significant early antisocial activities predating drug use in this population. Data on family characteristics, arrests, problems in formal schooling, and adult activities are summarized. The current work is compared to earlier data on comparable populations.", "PMID": 1032762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6137", "title": "A national follow-up study to evaluate the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a report on cohort 1 of the DARP five years later.", "content": "Preliminary findings for the first cohort of a national follow-up study of drug users admitted to treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) during 1969-1971 are reported. From a sample of 1,853 selected for follow-up, 87% were located and interviews were completed for 77%. Gross tabulations are shown comparing several outcome measures based on pre-DARP treatment, the posttreatment period, and for the 2 months before interview. Sixty-one percent of all patients returned to treatment at some time after DARP termination. Decreases in drug use, expecially of opioids, were substantial and were generally accompanied by improvements in other outcome measures as well. Plans for more detailed and informative analysis of these and related DARP data are addressed.", "contents": "A national follow-up study to evaluate the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a report on cohort 1 of the DARP five years later. Preliminary findings for the first cohort of a national follow-up study of drug users admitted to treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) during 1969-1971 are reported. From a sample of 1,853 selected for follow-up, 87% were located and interviews were completed for 77%. Gross tabulations are shown comparing several outcome measures based on pre-DARP treatment, the posttreatment period, and for the 2 months before interview. Sixty-one percent of all patients returned to treatment at some time after DARP termination. Decreases in drug use, expecially of opioids, were substantial and were generally accompanied by improvements in other outcome measures as well. Plans for more detailed and informative analysis of these and related DARP data are addressed.", "PMID": 1032763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6138", "title": "Drugs, Vietnam, and the Vietnam veteran: an overview.", "content": "Highlights are presented on the issue of drug use among servicemen in Vietnam and its aftereffects. Two stages of Vietnam drug use are identified-a period of increasing marijuana use followed by the 1970 influx of highly potent heroin to which 1/5 of the enlisted troops were addicted at some time during their tour. The major contributing factors appear to be: (1) the need of troops in stressful combat situations for self-medication, escape, and hedonistic indulgence; (2) the relaxation of taboos against drug use in the United States; and (3) the availability of illicit drugs at low cost, which was apparently the result of profiteering by a number of South Vietnamese officials. Related to the above was the growing disenchantment with the war and the progressive deterioration in unit morale. These drugs are seen as serving many of the functions performed by alcohol in earlier millitary conflicts. There is no hard evidence that duty performance in Vietnam was seriously affected by drug use. Since 95% of those who were addicted to narcotics in Vietnam have not become readdicted, the situation does not appear to be as severe as originally supposed. Myths as to the persistence and intractibility of physiological narcotic addiction were dispelled. A major negative effect has been the difficulty that soldiers with less-than-honorable discharges due to drug abuse have had in obtaining jobs. Other long-term effects from drug use are less clear and are difficult to separate from the overall effects of the war.", "contents": "Drugs, Vietnam, and the Vietnam veteran: an overview. Highlights are presented on the issue of drug use among servicemen in Vietnam and its aftereffects. Two stages of Vietnam drug use are identified-a period of increasing marijuana use followed by the 1970 influx of highly potent heroin to which 1/5 of the enlisted troops were addicted at some time during their tour. The major contributing factors appear to be: (1) the need of troops in stressful combat situations for self-medication, escape, and hedonistic indulgence; (2) the relaxation of taboos against drug use in the United States; and (3) the availability of illicit drugs at low cost, which was apparently the result of profiteering by a number of South Vietnamese officials. Related to the above was the growing disenchantment with the war and the progressive deterioration in unit morale. These drugs are seen as serving many of the functions performed by alcohol in earlier millitary conflicts. There is no hard evidence that duty performance in Vietnam was seriously affected by drug use. Since 95% of those who were addicted to narcotics in Vietnam have not become readdicted, the situation does not appear to be as severe as originally supposed. Myths as to the persistence and intractibility of physiological narcotic addiction were dispelled. A major negative effect has been the difficulty that soldiers with less-than-honorable discharges due to drug abuse have had in obtaining jobs. Other long-term effects from drug use are less clear and are difficult to separate from the overall effects of the war.", "PMID": 1032764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6139", "title": "The structure of heroin communities (in relation to methadone maintenance).", "content": "The sociocultural structure of contemporary urban heroin-using communities is delineated using the dimensions \"being hooked,\" \"scoring,\" and \"hustling\" on \"the street.\" A concentric ring model is constructed with four rings: (innermost) the street dealing network, other criminal hustles, employed addicts, and a peripheral \"recruitment\" area (outermost). The model is used to define differential intentions toward and responses to methadone maintenance treatment among members of the heroin community.", "contents": "The structure of heroin communities (in relation to methadone maintenance). The sociocultural structure of contemporary urban heroin-using communities is delineated using the dimensions \"being hooked,\" \"scoring,\" and \"hustling\" on \"the street.\" A concentric ring model is constructed with four rings: (innermost) the street dealing network, other criminal hustles, employed addicts, and a peripheral \"recruitment\" area (outermost). The model is used to define differential intentions toward and responses to methadone maintenance treatment among members of the heroin community.", "PMID": 1032765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6140", "title": "Drug overdose emergency room admissions.", "content": "The incidence and patterns of drug overdose admissions to the University of Michigan Medical Center Emergency Suite were studied for the first 3 months of each year from 1956 to 1970. Among variables investigated with regard to age, sex, and time comparisons were types of drugs used, purpose of ingestions, medical condition on arrival, disposition after emergency care, and history of treatment for emotional problems. The continuing escalation in drug overdose emergencies, primarily related to intentional self-poisoning, reflects the growing social health problems of drug use proliferation and rise in suicide attempts over the past two decades. Emergency room resources are being increasingly taxed by the psychological and medical care needs of these cases. Renewed effort toward primary prevention is essential.", "contents": "Drug overdose emergency room admissions. The incidence and patterns of drug overdose admissions to the University of Michigan Medical Center Emergency Suite were studied for the first 3 months of each year from 1956 to 1970. Among variables investigated with regard to age, sex, and time comparisons were types of drugs used, purpose of ingestions, medical condition on arrival, disposition after emergency care, and history of treatment for emotional problems. The continuing escalation in drug overdose emergencies, primarily related to intentional self-poisoning, reflects the growing social health problems of drug use proliferation and rise in suicide attempts over the past two decades. Emergency room resources are being increasingly taxed by the psychological and medical care needs of these cases. Renewed effort toward primary prevention is essential.", "PMID": 1032766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6141", "title": "Fetal cephalometry. An improved method and an evaluation.", "content": "A method of fetal cephalometry is described which is an advance on the combined A and B scan technique previously used. A flow chart has been prepared which clearly specifies the procedure to be followed. The criteria used when making an estimation are reported. The method is applicable to various types of machine and it can be taught to a good degree of accuracy in a short time to people with limited obstetric knowledge. There may be a significant difference between operators but this difference is roughly the same from patient to patient and decreases with training. It is considered that the chief source of variation is the failure to measure the same diameter on each occasion.", "contents": "Fetal cephalometry. An improved method and an evaluation. A method of fetal cephalometry is described which is an advance on the combined A and B scan technique previously used. A flow chart has been prepared which clearly specifies the procedure to be followed. The criteria used when making an estimation are reported. The method is applicable to various types of machine and it can be taught to a good degree of accuracy in a short time to people with limited obstetric knowledge. There may be a significant difference between operators but this difference is roughly the same from patient to patient and decreases with training. It is considered that the chief source of variation is the failure to measure the same diameter on each occasion.", "PMID": 1032810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6142", "title": "Serum oestriol in normal pregnancy.", "content": "Serial measurements of serum oestriol (E3) were made in 56 normal pregnancies from 10 to 40 weeks gestation using a radioreceptor assay. Several parameters of the assay and its intrapatient variability were examined. The mean curve for pregnancy E3 levels and limits of normal variation have been identified and compared with those of other series. A positive correlation was found to exist between infant birth weight and the last E3 value in normal pregnancies prior to the onset of labour. Advantages of serum E3 assays over urinary E3 determinations are discussed.", "contents": "Serum oestriol in normal pregnancy. Serial measurements of serum oestriol (E3) were made in 56 normal pregnancies from 10 to 40 weeks gestation using a radioreceptor assay. Several parameters of the assay and its intrapatient variability were examined. The mean curve for pregnancy E3 levels and limits of normal variation have been identified and compared with those of other series. A positive correlation was found to exist between infant birth weight and the last E3 value in normal pregnancies prior to the onset of labour. Advantages of serum E3 assays over urinary E3 determinations are discussed.", "PMID": 1032811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6143", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on 30 primigravidae with pre-eclampsia and 15 normal primigravidae in late pregnancy. The groups were matched for age, height and weight and had no stigmata of potential diabetes. Plasma glucose, plasma immunoreactive insulin and plasma placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured before (fasting) and at timed intervals after the glucose challenge; the glucose response was expressed as the increment index. The patients with severe pre-eclampsia had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose levels than those with mild pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancies. The mean increment index in both the severe and mild pre-eclamptic groups was significantly lower than that of the normal pregnant group. Fasting HPL levels were significantly lower in patients with severe pre-eclampsia than in those who had mild pre-eclampsia or a normal pregnancy. Both the fasting plasma insulin and insulin response following glucose injection were lower in patients with severe pre-eclampsia than in those with mild pre-eclampsia or a normal pregnancy. The differences however were not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that carbohydrate metabolism in severe pre-eclampsia is altered to an extent similar to that in patients with chemical gestational diabetes, and this alteration may be due to maternal beta-cell anoxia caused by the vascular changes in pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pre-eclampsia. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on 30 primigravidae with pre-eclampsia and 15 normal primigravidae in late pregnancy. The groups were matched for age, height and weight and had no stigmata of potential diabetes. Plasma glucose, plasma immunoreactive insulin and plasma placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured before (fasting) and at timed intervals after the glucose challenge; the glucose response was expressed as the increment index. The patients with severe pre-eclampsia had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose levels than those with mild pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancies. The mean increment index in both the severe and mild pre-eclamptic groups was significantly lower than that of the normal pregnant group. Fasting HPL levels were significantly lower in patients with severe pre-eclampsia than in those who had mild pre-eclampsia or a normal pregnancy. Both the fasting plasma insulin and insulin response following glucose injection were lower in patients with severe pre-eclampsia than in those with mild pre-eclampsia or a normal pregnancy. The differences however were not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that carbohydrate metabolism in severe pre-eclampsia is altered to an extent similar to that in patients with chemical gestational diabetes, and this alteration may be due to maternal beta-cell anoxia caused by the vascular changes in pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 1032812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6144", "title": "The cause of the fall in serum folate in normal pregnancy.", "content": "Study of a complete antenatal population, a group of normal primigravid singleton pregnancies, and a group of normal twin pregnancies, suggests that the fall in the serum folate concentration which occurs in normal pregnancy is due principally to plasma volume expansion and should therefore be regarded as physiological.", "contents": "The cause of the fall in serum folate in normal pregnancy. Study of a complete antenatal population, a group of normal primigravid singleton pregnancies, and a group of normal twin pregnancies, suggests that the fall in the serum folate concentration which occurs in normal pregnancy is due principally to plasma volume expansion and should therefore be regarded as physiological.", "PMID": 1032813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6145", "title": "Plasma solute concentrations during gonadotrophin-induced ovulation.", "content": "The effects of ovulation induction on some plasma solute concentrations were investigated serially in eleven women, nine of whom conceived in that cycle. Increasing oestrogen output during the follicular phase was associated with decreasing levels of osmolality, urea, total protein and the albumin free protein fraction. Smaller decreases in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide combining power (CO2CP) and albumin were not statistically significant. The luteal phase was marked by a rise in osmolality and a fall in CO2CP but no other significant changes. Levels of osmolality, sodium and potassium fell in early pregnancy when oestrogen output was further increased. These results appear consistent with an oestrogen induced expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment by retention of water in excess of solute, which might also account for the similar changes in pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma solute concentrations during gonadotrophin-induced ovulation. The effects of ovulation induction on some plasma solute concentrations were investigated serially in eleven women, nine of whom conceived in that cycle. Increasing oestrogen output during the follicular phase was associated with decreasing levels of osmolality, urea, total protein and the albumin free protein fraction. Smaller decreases in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide combining power (CO2CP) and albumin were not statistically significant. The luteal phase was marked by a rise in osmolality and a fall in CO2CP but no other significant changes. Levels of osmolality, sodium and potassium fell in early pregnancy when oestrogen output was further increased. These results appear consistent with an oestrogen induced expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment by retention of water in excess of solute, which might also account for the similar changes in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1032814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6146", "title": "Haematological changes during ovulation-induction by gonadotrophins.", "content": "The oestrogen response to ovulation-induction by gonadotrophins initiates a preovulation rise in total leucocytes and promotes fluid retention. In consequence of the latter, cyclic changes occur in blood haemoglobin and the haematocrit. The level of oestrone excretion in the follicular phase of induced cycles indicates that multiple follicular development probably occurs, and this also appears to affect the luteal phase. It seems likely, therefore, that the data present a rather exaggerated picture of the situation which obtains in normal menstrual cycles.", "contents": "Haematological changes during ovulation-induction by gonadotrophins. The oestrogen response to ovulation-induction by gonadotrophins initiates a preovulation rise in total leucocytes and promotes fluid retention. In consequence of the latter, cyclic changes occur in blood haemoglobin and the haematocrit. The level of oestrone excretion in the follicular phase of induced cycles indicates that multiple follicular development probably occurs, and this also appears to affect the luteal phase. It seems likely, therefore, that the data present a rather exaggerated picture of the situation which obtains in normal menstrual cycles.", "PMID": 1032815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6147", "title": "The fetal membranes as a possible source of amniotic fluid prostaglandins.", "content": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins was studied in human amniotic and chorionic membranes obtained at term. Using specific in vitro methods it was demonstrated that the fetal membranes contain an organization of enzymes regulating both synthesis and degradation of prostaglandins. Differentiation between amnion and chorion showed that virtually all of the biosynthesis and metabolism occurred in the chorion, whereas enzymatic activities in the amnion were negligible or low. The results suggest a high turnover of prostaglandins in the chorion, and its importance as a source of prostaglandins found in amniotic fluid is discussed.", "contents": "The fetal membranes as a possible source of amniotic fluid prostaglandins. Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins was studied in human amniotic and chorionic membranes obtained at term. Using specific in vitro methods it was demonstrated that the fetal membranes contain an organization of enzymes regulating both synthesis and degradation of prostaglandins. Differentiation between amnion and chorion showed that virtually all of the biosynthesis and metabolism occurred in the chorion, whereas enzymatic activities in the amnion were negligible or low. The results suggest a high turnover of prostaglandins in the chorion, and its importance as a source of prostaglandins found in amniotic fluid is discussed.", "PMID": 1032816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6148", "title": "Prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the placenta before and after the onset of labour.", "content": "Inactivation of prostaglandins in the placenta was studied using an assay for 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH). Forty-four patients with normal single pregnancies between 38 and 42 weeks gestation were studied. Placentae were obtained before the onset of labour in 9, after spontaneous labour in 18, and after oxytocin-induced labour in 17 cases, PGDH-activity ranged from 54 to 495 nanomoles PGF2alpha/g placenta/minute, with a mean +/- SEM of 207 +/- 18 nanomoles/g/minute. The results indicate that the PGDH content of the human placenta does not change markedly with the onset or during the process of labour. The length of either spontaneous or oxytocin-induced labour was not influenced by the PGDH content of the placenta.", "contents": "Prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the placenta before and after the onset of labour. Inactivation of prostaglandins in the placenta was studied using an assay for 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH). Forty-four patients with normal single pregnancies between 38 and 42 weeks gestation were studied. Placentae were obtained before the onset of labour in 9, after spontaneous labour in 18, and after oxytocin-induced labour in 17 cases, PGDH-activity ranged from 54 to 495 nanomoles PGF2alpha/g placenta/minute, with a mean +/- SEM of 207 +/- 18 nanomoles/g/minute. The results indicate that the PGDH content of the human placenta does not change markedly with the onset or during the process of labour. The length of either spontaneous or oxytocin-induced labour was not influenced by the PGDH content of the placenta.", "PMID": 1032817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6149", "title": "Placental pathology in midtrimester pregnancies interrupted by intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic urea.", "content": "The histological appearances of 52 placentae from patients who had a urea-induced second trimester abortion were studied. Extensive subchorionic intervillous fibrin deposition and swollen degenerated stromal cells (probably Hofbauer cells), were found both in the placenta and membranes. Between urea injection and abortion, serial vaginal smears showed signs of progesterone deficiency. The urea-induced placental and fetal damage was similar to that seen with hypertonic saline.", "contents": "Placental pathology in midtrimester pregnancies interrupted by intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic urea. The histological appearances of 52 placentae from patients who had a urea-induced second trimester abortion were studied. Extensive subchorionic intervillous fibrin deposition and swollen degenerated stromal cells (probably Hofbauer cells), were found both in the placenta and membranes. Between urea injection and abortion, serial vaginal smears showed signs of progesterone deficiency. The urea-induced placental and fetal damage was similar to that seen with hypertonic saline.", "PMID": 1032818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6150", "title": "The effect of daily norethisterone (0.35 mg) on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels.", "content": "The effect of 0.35 mg of norethisterone daily on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels was studied during two treatment cycles in five subjects who had been observed during a control cycle. Variable changes in hormone excretion patterns were found and are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of daily norethisterone (0.35 mg) on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels. The effect of 0.35 mg of norethisterone daily on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels was studied during two treatment cycles in five subjects who had been observed during a control cycle. Variable changes in hormone excretion patterns were found and are discussed.", "PMID": 1032819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6151", "title": "The use of a computer in an obstetric department.", "content": "Experience with a computer in an obstetric department is presented. A regular statistical analysis of the work of the department was readily available and computer printed summaries were produced for 86 per cent of the patients within one week of their discharge home. Solutions to problems encountered are discussed. It is concluded that a computer can be used economically and advantageously in this way even in hospitals without a computer on site. Future developments in the use of the computer are outlined.", "contents": "The use of a computer in an obstetric department. Experience with a computer in an obstetric department is presented. A regular statistical analysis of the work of the department was readily available and computer printed summaries were produced for 86 per cent of the patients within one week of their discharge home. Solutions to problems encountered are discussed. It is concluded that a computer can be used economically and advantageously in this way even in hospitals without a computer on site. Future developments in the use of the computer are outlined.", "PMID": 1032820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6152", "title": "Is viviparity the best means of reproduction?", "content": "Successful reproduction in the context of evolution demands no more than perpetuation of the species, but an ideal system of reproduction should also aim for high efficiency. Two basic systems have predominated: egg laying and viviparity with placental attachment of the embryo to the mother. Egg-laying is inefficient in allowing huge losses and greatly limits the size of the newborn, although it has the advantage of causing little physiological upheaval to the mother. Viviparity, on the other hand, allows the growth of a much larger fetus, offers great protection and is highly efficient. Its major disadvantage is the enormous disturbance of the mother's physiology in the interests of ensuring that the fetus will not be rejected immunologically and that a continuous supply of nutrients can be provided and waste products removed. Only the marsupial seems to have achieved a sensible compromise by producing the young at a very early stage when it is living as an egg embryo without the need for placentation, and then giving it continuous nourishment and great protection by milk feeding in an external pouch.", "contents": "Is viviparity the best means of reproduction? Successful reproduction in the context of evolution demands no more than perpetuation of the species, but an ideal system of reproduction should also aim for high efficiency. Two basic systems have predominated: egg laying and viviparity with placental attachment of the embryo to the mother. Egg-laying is inefficient in allowing huge losses and greatly limits the size of the newborn, although it has the advantage of causing little physiological upheaval to the mother. Viviparity, on the other hand, allows the growth of a much larger fetus, offers great protection and is highly efficient. Its major disadvantage is the enormous disturbance of the mother's physiology in the interests of ensuring that the fetus will not be rejected immunologically and that a continuous supply of nutrients can be provided and waste products removed. Only the marsupial seems to have achieved a sensible compromise by producing the young at a very early stage when it is living as an egg embryo without the need for placentation, and then giving it continuous nourishment and great protection by milk feeding in an external pouch.", "PMID": 1032866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6153", "title": "[The growing skull. Part I. Neurocranium. Statistical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements were made on the radiographs of the skull of 540 boys and 496 girls obtained in the years 1951-1968. Distances and angles were established with the Tuberculum sellae as the centre. The subjects ranged in age from the first day of life till late puberty. They were divided into 26 groups comprising smaller periods in earlier life, and increasing with age. Results are presented of measurements of 9 distances and 3 angles exclusively concerning the neurocranium. The neurocranium of the girls is smaller than that of the boys from the first day of life and the difference is growing with age. The angles displayed little sex differences. The greater part of the growth of distance takes place in the earliest period of life.", "contents": "[The growing skull. Part I. Neurocranium. Statistical considerations (author's transl)]. Measurements were made on the radiographs of the skull of 540 boys and 496 girls obtained in the years 1951-1968. Distances and angles were established with the Tuberculum sellae as the centre. The subjects ranged in age from the first day of life till late puberty. They were divided into 26 groups comprising smaller periods in earlier life, and increasing with age. Results are presented of measurements of 9 distances and 3 angles exclusively concerning the neurocranium. The neurocranium of the girls is smaller than that of the boys from the first day of life and the difference is growing with age. The angles displayed little sex differences. The greater part of the growth of distance takes place in the earliest period of life.", "PMID": 1032868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6154", "title": "Serum concentrations of individual monocarboxylic short-chain fatty acids C2-C6 in underweight children.", "content": "The serum concentrations of individual short-chain fatty acids containing 2-6 carbon atoms were studied in 12 underweight children. Mean n-butyric and iso-valeric acid levels were significantly elevated in underweight children, while those of n-valeric and iso-caproic acids were not significantly higher than in the control group. The level of total free fatty acids was also increased in the underweight group. A reduced enzymatic activity in fatty acid synthesis is supposed to be the factor underlying the impaired lipogenesis.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of individual monocarboxylic short-chain fatty acids C2-C6 in underweight children. The serum concentrations of individual short-chain fatty acids containing 2-6 carbon atoms were studied in 12 underweight children. Mean n-butyric and iso-valeric acid levels were significantly elevated in underweight children, while those of n-valeric and iso-caproic acids were not significantly higher than in the control group. The level of total free fatty acids was also increased in the underweight group. A reduced enzymatic activity in fatty acid synthesis is supposed to be the factor underlying the impaired lipogenesis.", "PMID": 1032869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6155", "title": "Lyell's syndrome: histological, immunohistochemical and serological observations.", "content": "Observations of Lyell's syndrome in two girls, one 2 and the other 7 years of age, investigated serologically, histologically and by immunofluorescent technique, are reported. In both cases. the disease had been preceded by a prolonged or repeated treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, in the first case in combination with sulphonamides and antibiotics and in the second in combination with mephenytoin. Immunofluorescent staining revealed immunoglobulins in subepidermal blisters and along the dermal vessels. Acetylsalicylic acid has been assumed to have been one of the causative factors of the violent progression of toxic epidermal necrolysis, probably by an antigen-antibody reaction. This has been supported by serologic demonstration of antibodies to acetylsalicylic acid in both cases.", "contents": "Lyell's syndrome: histological, immunohistochemical and serological observations. Observations of Lyell's syndrome in two girls, one 2 and the other 7 years of age, investigated serologically, histologically and by immunofluorescent technique, are reported. In both cases. the disease had been preceded by a prolonged or repeated treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, in the first case in combination with sulphonamides and antibiotics and in the second in combination with mephenytoin. Immunofluorescent staining revealed immunoglobulins in subepidermal blisters and along the dermal vessels. Acetylsalicylic acid has been assumed to have been one of the causative factors of the violent progression of toxic epidermal necrolysis, probably by an antigen-antibody reaction. This has been supported by serologic demonstration of antibodies to acetylsalicylic acid in both cases.", "PMID": 1032871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6156", "title": "Results of regional portal infusion of 5-fluorouracil in patients with primary and secondary liver cancer.", "content": "The survival of 47 patients with liver malignancies treated with continuous portal infusion of fluorouracil (5-FU) has been studied. 18 of them had been treated initially by hepatic artery ligation. Total mean survival was 9.4 months. Patients treated with hepatic artery ligation + 5-FU lived longer (mean 10.8 months) than those treated with 5-FU alone (7.4 months). The survival was longer than could be expected for patients treated for primary liver cancer or for liver metastases from  colo-rectal cancer, when compared with the \"untreated\" group. It is concluded that continuous portal infusion of 5-FU appears to prolong survival in some groups of patients with malignant liver tumours. However, the influence of \"unspecific, general\" therapy is difficult to evaluate.", "contents": "Results of regional portal infusion of 5-fluorouracil in patients with primary and secondary liver cancer. The survival of 47 patients with liver malignancies treated with continuous portal infusion of fluorouracil (5-FU) has been studied. 18 of them had been treated initially by hepatic artery ligation. Total mean survival was 9.4 months. Patients treated with hepatic artery ligation + 5-FU lived longer (mean 10.8 months) than those treated with 5-FU alone (7.4 months). The survival was longer than could be expected for patients treated for primary liver cancer or for liver metastases from  colo-rectal cancer, when compared with the \"untreated\" group. It is concluded that continuous portal infusion of 5-FU appears to prolong survival in some groups of patients with malignant liver tumours. However, the influence of \"unspecific, general\" therapy is difficult to evaluate.", "PMID": 1032874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6157", "title": "The aetiology of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "The most common aetiological factors of acute pancreatitis in an unselected group of 215 consecutive surgical patients were biliary tract disease (40.0%), alcoholism (20.0%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (4.2%). In women, biliary tract disease was by far the most common cause (61.3%), but in men considerably high frequencies of alcoholism (48.3%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (15.7%) were noted as at least one possible aetiological factor. This deserves a special notation when contemplating prophylactic measures to prevent recurrences of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "The aetiology of acute pancreatitis. The most common aetiological factors of acute pancreatitis in an unselected group of 215 consecutive surgical patients were biliary tract disease (40.0%), alcoholism (20.0%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (4.2%). In women, biliary tract disease was by far the most common cause (61.3%), but in men considerably high frequencies of alcoholism (48.3%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (15.7%) were noted as at least one possible aetiological factor. This deserves a special notation when contemplating prophylactic measures to prevent recurrences of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1032875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6158", "title": "Intestinal blind pouch- and blind loop- syndrome in children operated previously for congenital duodenal obstruction.", "content": "A follow-up study of 27 children operated for congenital duodenal obstruction (CDO) in the years 1953--71 is presented. Nine children belonged to the intrinsic and 18 children to the extrinsic group of CDO. A total of 7 retrocolic, isoperistaltic, side-to-side duodeno-jejunostomy, 7 Ladd's operation, 8 duodenolysis, 2 reduction of midgut volvulus, 2 duodenostomy a.m. Morton and one gastro-jejunostomy were performed at the age of 1 day--15 years. The clinical and radiological examinations were performed 3--21 years (mean 10 years 2 months) after these operations. In 3 cases there was a moderate duodenal dilatation, but reoperation was not necessary. During the follow-up period, one boy, now aged 8 years, developed a blind pouch-syndrome in the I portion of the duodenum containing a 5 x 5 cm phytobezoar 4 1/2 years after duodeno-jejunostomy. The frequency of blind pouch-syndrome after duodeno-jejunostomy was thus 1:7 or 14%. One girl, now aged 9 years, developed a blind loop-syndrome in the ileocaecal segment 3 months after side-to-side ileotransversostomy, which was performed from adhesion-obstruction after duodenolysis for malrotation I and CDO. Both the blind pouch- and the blind loop-deformation were resected and the children recovered well. To avoid blind-pouch- and blind loop-deformations in the intestines, the anastomosis must be made wide enough, and especially in the surgery of the jejuno-ileo-colic region an end-to-end anastomosis is preferable.", "contents": "Intestinal blind pouch- and blind loop- syndrome in children operated previously for congenital duodenal obstruction. A follow-up study of 27 children operated for congenital duodenal obstruction (CDO) in the years 1953--71 is presented. Nine children belonged to the intrinsic and 18 children to the extrinsic group of CDO. A total of 7 retrocolic, isoperistaltic, side-to-side duodeno-jejunostomy, 7 Ladd's operation, 8 duodenolysis, 2 reduction of midgut volvulus, 2 duodenostomy a.m. Morton and one gastro-jejunostomy were performed at the age of 1 day--15 years. The clinical and radiological examinations were performed 3--21 years (mean 10 years 2 months) after these operations. In 3 cases there was a moderate duodenal dilatation, but reoperation was not necessary. During the follow-up period, one boy, now aged 8 years, developed a blind pouch-syndrome in the I portion of the duodenum containing a 5 x 5 cm phytobezoar 4 1/2 years after duodeno-jejunostomy. The frequency of blind pouch-syndrome after duodeno-jejunostomy was thus 1:7 or 14%. One girl, now aged 9 years, developed a blind loop-syndrome in the ileocaecal segment 3 months after side-to-side ileotransversostomy, which was performed from adhesion-obstruction after duodenolysis for malrotation I and CDO. Both the blind pouch- and the blind loop-deformation were resected and the children recovered well. To avoid blind-pouch- and blind loop-deformations in the intestines, the anastomosis must be made wide enough, and especially in the surgery of the jejuno-ileo-colic region an end-to-end anastomosis is preferable.", "PMID": 1032876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6159", "title": "Short-stay varicose vein surgery.", "content": "From 1967 patients attending for varicose vein surgery at the Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, have been operated on on the day of admission, spend the following night in the bed ward and are discharged the morning after the operation. The operation is performed under general anaesthesia with as radical approach as possible stripping the long saphenous vein and, if required, the short saphenous vein, excising the superficial side branches and ligating incompetent perforators. In the study a follow-up examination was carried out on 2334 patients. Wound infections occurred in 1.8%. Two patients had transient arrhythmia, and one a late haemorrhage. More serious complications were absent. During the follow-up period 5.2% of patients were operated on for recurrent varicose veins. 84.6% were subjectively satisfied. The number of hospital days per patient averaged 1.2. It was possible to follow the above planned course of action in 93.4%. The organization and surgical technique can be recommended in order to achieve savings in hospital days and to produce permanent and good surgical results.", "contents": "Short-stay varicose vein surgery. From 1967 patients attending for varicose vein surgery at the Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, have been operated on on the day of admission, spend the following night in the bed ward and are discharged the morning after the operation. The operation is performed under general anaesthesia with as radical approach as possible stripping the long saphenous vein and, if required, the short saphenous vein, excising the superficial side branches and ligating incompetent perforators. In the study a follow-up examination was carried out on 2334 patients. Wound infections occurred in 1.8%. Two patients had transient arrhythmia, and one a late haemorrhage. More serious complications were absent. During the follow-up period 5.2% of patients were operated on for recurrent varicose veins. 84.6% were subjectively satisfied. The number of hospital days per patient averaged 1.2. It was possible to follow the above planned course of action in 93.4%. The organization and surgical technique can be recommended in order to achieve savings in hospital days and to produce permanent and good surgical results.", "PMID": 1032877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6160", "title": "A comparison of dicloxacillin and ampicillin in the antibiotic prophylaxis of total hip replacement.", "content": "The effect of two semi-synthetic penicillins, dicloxacillin and ampicillin was compared in systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip replacement patients. The drugs were given in routine oral dosage for eight days to two patient groups each consisting of 50 patients. There was no fatality. In the ampicillin group there were three staphylococcal infections but no infections in the dicloxacillin group. Two of the infections occurred in reapplication cases leading to the loosening of the prosthesis. One infection appeared after a primary operation with a superficial recurrence 10 months later. In the ampicillin group, side effects were diagnosed in 12 cases and in the dicloxacillin group in one case.", "contents": "A comparison of dicloxacillin and ampicillin in the antibiotic prophylaxis of total hip replacement. The effect of two semi-synthetic penicillins, dicloxacillin and ampicillin was compared in systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip replacement patients. The drugs were given in routine oral dosage for eight days to two patient groups each consisting of 50 patients. There was no fatality. In the ampicillin group there were three staphylococcal infections but no infections in the dicloxacillin group. Two of the infections occurred in reapplication cases leading to the loosening of the prosthesis. One infection appeared after a primary operation with a superficial recurrence 10 months later. In the ampicillin group, side effects were diagnosed in 12 cases and in the dicloxacillin group in one case.", "PMID": 1032878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6161", "title": "Amniotic fluid removal prior to saline abortion.", "content": "To evaluate whether removal of the amniotic fluid prior to the instillation of 200 ml of 20% hypertonic saline has any effect on the success, speed, and safety of the abortion process, 192 patients at 15--20 weeks' gestation were aborted according to one of the following procedures: 1) instillation of 200 ml saline without removal of the amniotic fluid (92 subjects), 2) removal of 100 ml of amniotic fluid prior to saline instillation (46 subjects), and 3) removal of 150 ml of amniotic fluid prior saline instillation (54 subjects). The study indicated that there are no apparent advantages to the removal of the amniotic fluid prior to the instillation of 200 ml of hypertonic saline. The median times from instillation to abortion and rates of incomplete abortion were similar for the three groups of patients. Rates of specific complications, except for fever, were similar for the three groups.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid removal prior to saline abortion. To evaluate whether removal of the amniotic fluid prior to the instillation of 200 ml of 20% hypertonic saline has any effect on the success, speed, and safety of the abortion process, 192 patients at 15--20 weeks' gestation were aborted according to one of the following procedures: 1) instillation of 200 ml saline without removal of the amniotic fluid (92 subjects), 2) removal of 100 ml of amniotic fluid prior to saline instillation (46 subjects), and 3) removal of 150 ml of amniotic fluid prior saline instillation (54 subjects). The study indicated that there are no apparent advantages to the removal of the amniotic fluid prior to the instillation of 200 ml of hypertonic saline. The median times from instillation to abortion and rates of incomplete abortion were similar for the three groups of patients. Rates of specific complications, except for fever, were similar for the three groups.", "PMID": 1032879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6162", "title": "Complications in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "In a group of 260 non-selected cases of acute or subacute pancreatitis, severe complications occurred in 60 (23.1%). Long lasting shock and/or massive internal bleeding (5.4%), severe renal problems (anuria, tubular necrosis, nephrosis) (5.4%) and frank hepatic failure due to extensive liver necrosis or other severe destruction (5.0%), invariably lead to death. The clinical group of findings pointing to a fatal course usually manifested themselves during the first three days. Severe renal and hepatic lesions were in many cases secondary to shock in fulminant rapidly deteriorating cases. Preventing and efficient management of shock are thus essential prerequisites for saving the patient. Other important complications included severe intra-abdominal suppuration and abscesses, peritonitis and sepsis (3.9%), pseudocysts of the pancreas (5.4%) and biliary statis (18.4%). Severe obstruction to bile flow with associated jaundice occurred in only 4.6% of cases; unselected operative biliary decompression does not therefore appear indicated. If an early laparotomy is performed, efficient debridement and drainage are of utmost importance. Fatal panreatitis was associated with extensive necrosis of the pancreas in about 80% of cases; possibly subtotal pancreatic resection at an early laparotomy would have given better results in these most severe cases, as recently reported in the literature.", "contents": "Complications in acute pancreatitis. In a group of 260 non-selected cases of acute or subacute pancreatitis, severe complications occurred in 60 (23.1%). Long lasting shock and/or massive internal bleeding (5.4%), severe renal problems (anuria, tubular necrosis, nephrosis) (5.4%) and frank hepatic failure due to extensive liver necrosis or other severe destruction (5.0%), invariably lead to death. The clinical group of findings pointing to a fatal course usually manifested themselves during the first three days. Severe renal and hepatic lesions were in many cases secondary to shock in fulminant rapidly deteriorating cases. Preventing and efficient management of shock are thus essential prerequisites for saving the patient. Other important complications included severe intra-abdominal suppuration and abscesses, peritonitis and sepsis (3.9%), pseudocysts of the pancreas (5.4%) and biliary statis (18.4%). Severe obstruction to bile flow with associated jaundice occurred in only 4.6% of cases; unselected operative biliary decompression does not therefore appear indicated. If an early laparotomy is performed, efficient debridement and drainage are of utmost importance. Fatal panreatitis was associated with extensive necrosis of the pancreas in about 80% of cases; possibly subtotal pancreatic resection at an early laparotomy would have given better results in these most severe cases, as recently reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1032880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6163", "title": "Persistent and atypical lobules in the human breast may be precancerous.", "content": "Persistent human mammary lobules (PL) remaining after the menopause, and certain atypical lobules (ALA) are morphologically similar to the common preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) of mice of strains having a high incidence of mammary carcinoma. This and other evidence suggest that like the HAN of mice human PL and ALA are precancerous.", "contents": "Persistent and atypical lobules in the human breast may be precancerous. Persistent human mammary lobules (PL) remaining after the menopause, and certain atypical lobules (ALA) are morphologically similar to the common preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) of mice of strains having a high incidence of mammary carcinoma. This and other evidence suggest that like the HAN of mice human PL and ALA are precancerous.", "PMID": 1032889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6164", "title": "Comparison of metabolism of free fatty acid by isolated perfused livers from male and female rats.", "content": "Livers from normal, fed male and female rats were perfused with different amounts of [1-14C]oleate under steady state conditions, and the rates of uptake and utilization of free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. The uptake of FFA by livers from either male or female rats was proportional to the concentration of FFA in the medium. The rate of uptake of FFA, per g of liver, by livers from female rats exceeded that of the males for the same amount of FFA infused. The incorporation by the liver of exogenous oleic acid into triglyceride, phospholipid, and oxidation products was proportional to the uptake of FFA. Livers from female rats incorporated more oleate into triglyceride (TG) and less into phospholipid (PL) and oxidation products than did livers from male animals. Livers from female rats secreted more TG than did livers from male animals when infused with equal quantities of oleate. The incorporation of endogenous fatty acid into TG of the perfusate was inhibite) by exogenous oleate. At low concentrations of perfusate FFA, however, endogenous fatty acids contributed substantially to the increased output of TG by livers from female animals. Production of 14CO2 and radioactive ketone bodies increased with increasing uptake of FFA. The partition of oleate between oxidative pathways (CO2 production and ketogenesis) was modified by the availability of the fatty acid substrate with livers from either sex. The percent incorporation of radioactivity into CO2 reached a maximum, whereas incorporation into ketone bodies continued to increase. The output of ketone bodies was dependent on the uptake of FFA, and output by livers from female animals was less than by livers from male rats. The increase in rate of ketogenesis was dependent on the influx of exogenous FFA, while ketogenesis from endogenous sources remained relatively stable. The output of glucose by the liver increased with the uptake of FFA, but no difference due to sex was observed. The output of urea by livers from male rats was unaffected by oleate, while the output of urea by livers from females decreased as the uptake of FFA increased. A major conclusion to be derived from this work is that oleate is not metabolized identically by livers from the two sexes, but rather, per gram of liver, livers from female rats take up and esterify more fatty acid to TG and oxidize less than do livers from male animals; livers from female animals synthesize and secrete more triglyceride than do livers from male animals when provided with equal quantities of free fatty acid.", "contents": "Comparison of metabolism of free fatty acid by isolated perfused livers from male and female rats. Livers from normal, fed male and female rats were perfused with different amounts of [1-14C]oleate under steady state conditions, and the rates of uptake and utilization of free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. The uptake of FFA by livers from either male or female rats was proportional to the concentration of FFA in the medium. The rate of uptake of FFA, per g of liver, by livers from female rats exceeded that of the males for the same amount of FFA infused. The incorporation by the liver of exogenous oleic acid into triglyceride, phospholipid, and oxidation products was proportional to the uptake of FFA. Livers from female rats incorporated more oleate into triglyceride (TG) and less into phospholipid (PL) and oxidation products than did livers from male animals. Livers from female rats secreted more TG than did livers from male animals when infused with equal quantities of oleate. The incorporation of endogenous fatty acid into TG of the perfusate was inhibite) by exogenous oleate. At low concentrations of perfusate FFA, however, endogenous fatty acids contributed substantially to the increased output of TG by livers from female animals. Production of 14CO2 and radioactive ketone bodies increased with increasing uptake of FFA. The partition of oleate between oxidative pathways (CO2 production and ketogenesis) was modified by the availability of the fatty acid substrate with livers from either sex. The percent incorporation of radioactivity into CO2 reached a maximum, whereas incorporation into ketone bodies continued to increase. The output of ketone bodies was dependent on the uptake of FFA, and output by livers from female animals was less than by livers from male rats. The increase in rate of ketogenesis was dependent on the influx of exogenous FFA, while ketogenesis from endogenous sources remained relatively stable. The output of glucose by the liver increased with the uptake of FFA, but no difference due to sex was observed. The output of urea by livers from male rats was unaffected by oleate, while the output of urea by livers from females decreased as the uptake of FFA increased. A major conclusion to be derived from this work is that oleate is not metabolized identically by livers from the two sexes, but rather, per gram of liver, livers from female rats take up and esterify more fatty acid to TG and oxidize less than do livers from male animals; livers from female animals synthesize and secrete more triglyceride than do livers from male animals when provided with equal quantities of free fatty acid.", "PMID": 1032892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6165", "title": "Control of mating preferences in mice by genes in the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "When a male mouse is presented with two H-2 congenic two female in estrus, his choice of a mate is influenced by their H-2 types. The term \"strain preference\" is used to describe the general tendency of the male population of one inbred strain to prefer two female of one H-2 type rather than another. The term \"consistency of choice\" is used to describe the added tendency of particular two males of one inbred strain, in sequential mating trials, to prefer two females of the H-2 type they chose in previous trials. Statistical analysis showed trends in the data that support the following conclusions: (a) The choice is made by the male, not the female. (b) The strain preference of two males may favor two females of dissimilar H-2 type (four of six comparisons), or of similar H-2 type (one of six comparisons). (c) Consistency of choice does not always correspond with strain preference. In one of six comparisons of H-2 genotypes there was no strain preference but pronounced consistency of choice by individual two male. This suggests memory, but fortuitous bias is not excluded. (d) Strain preference of the same male population may favor two male of the same or a different H-2 type, depending on which different H-2 type is offered as the choice alternative to self. These findings conform to a provisional model in which olfactory mating preference is governed by two linked genes in the region of H-2, one for the female signal and one for the male receptor. These mating preferences could in natural populations serve the purpose of increasing the representation of particular H-2 haplotypes or of maintaining heterozygosity of genes in the region of H-2.", "contents": "Control of mating preferences in mice by genes in the major histocompatibility complex. When a male mouse is presented with two H-2 congenic two female in estrus, his choice of a mate is influenced by their H-2 types. The term \"strain preference\" is used to describe the general tendency of the male population of one inbred strain to prefer two female of one H-2 type rather than another. The term \"consistency of choice\" is used to describe the added tendency of particular two males of one inbred strain, in sequential mating trials, to prefer two females of the H-2 type they chose in previous trials. Statistical analysis showed trends in the data that support the following conclusions: (a) The choice is made by the male, not the female. (b) The strain preference of two males may favor two females of dissimilar H-2 type (four of six comparisons), or of similar H-2 type (one of six comparisons). (c) Consistency of choice does not always correspond with strain preference. In one of six comparisons of H-2 genotypes there was no strain preference but pronounced consistency of choice by individual two male. This suggests memory, but fortuitous bias is not excluded. (d) Strain preference of the same male population may favor two male of the same or a different H-2 type, depending on which different H-2 type is offered as the choice alternative to self. These findings conform to a provisional model in which olfactory mating preference is governed by two linked genes in the region of H-2, one for the female signal and one for the male receptor. These mating preferences could in natural populations serve the purpose of increasing the representation of particular H-2 haplotypes or of maintaining heterozygosity of genes in the region of H-2.", "PMID": 1032893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6166", "title": "High-pouch imperforate anus treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal repair.", "content": "Four male infants with imperforate anus were treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal anoplasty with division of rectourethral fistula. Each had high-pouch imperforate anus of the supralevator type, with rectourethral fishtula at or above the level of the membranous urethra. Perineal anoplasty was accomplished in all four, with division of the rectourethral fistula, avoiding the need to do a sacral-abdominal-perineal procedure, as had been customary previously in similar cases.", "contents": "High-pouch imperforate anus treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal repair. Four male infants with imperforate anus were treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal anoplasty with division of rectourethral fistula. Each had high-pouch imperforate anus of the supralevator type, with rectourethral fishtula at or above the level of the membranous urethra. Perineal anoplasty was accomplished in all four, with division of the rectourethral fistula, avoiding the need to do a sacral-abdominal-perineal procedure, as had been customary previously in similar cases.", "PMID": 1032894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6167", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine-induced miotic response in rabbits.", "content": "The time variation of changes in the chlorpromazine-induced pupil diameter decrease was studied following varying bolus and slowly infused intravenous doses administered to rabbits. The observed pharmacological response data were coverted, via, the use of a dose-effect curve, to values theoretically corresponding to relative biophasic drug levels. These values were, in turn, used to construct a linear pharmacokinetic model of the drug bioavailability input equilibrium pharmacological response output dynamics of the system. The use of a time domain, MULTIFIT, computerized method of fitting the data to obtain a pharmacokinetic model was compared to the use of a frequency response, PLTEST, approach. The fidelity of the model in quantitatively relating the time course of systemic drug bioavailability to observed pupil response was verified by the satisfactory agreement obtained by directly comparing experimentally known amounts of drug intravenously infused with corresponding values computed from observed changes in pupil size. The applicability of using pharmacological data for quantitative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic analysis of chlorpromazine is demonstrated. This finding is particularly significant because no suitable chemical or radiological direct assay technique exists for determining levels of chlorpromazine, except for high doses, in body fluids.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine-induced miotic response in rabbits. The time variation of changes in the chlorpromazine-induced pupil diameter decrease was studied following varying bolus and slowly infused intravenous doses administered to rabbits. The observed pharmacological response data were coverted, via, the use of a dose-effect curve, to values theoretically corresponding to relative biophasic drug levels. These values were, in turn, used to construct a linear pharmacokinetic model of the drug bioavailability input equilibrium pharmacological response output dynamics of the system. The use of a time domain, MULTIFIT, computerized method of fitting the data to obtain a pharmacokinetic model was compared to the use of a frequency response, PLTEST, approach. The fidelity of the model in quantitatively relating the time course of systemic drug bioavailability to observed pupil response was verified by the satisfactory agreement obtained by directly comparing experimentally known amounts of drug intravenously infused with corresponding values computed from observed changes in pupil size. The applicability of using pharmacological data for quantitative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic analysis of chlorpromazine is demonstrated. This finding is particularly significant because no suitable chemical or radiological direct assay technique exists for determining levels of chlorpromazine, except for high doses, in body fluids.", "PMID": 1032895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6168", "title": "Humoral reponse to neuraminidase-treated tumor cells.", "content": "L1210 leukemia cells grew progressively and caused tumor deaths in all recipient mice. However, when these cells had been treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) prior to injection, tumor deaths did not occur. Both untreated and VCN-treated L1210 cells elicited a humoral response, as manifested by an increasing percent of cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity, with various types of membrane-associated immunoglobulins. Progressive tumor growth was associated with a large percent of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells bearing membrane-associated IgG, a late increase in the percent of PE cells with IgG, and only a small percent of PE cells with IgM on their surfaces. Conversely, PE cells from mice given VCN-treated L1210 cells were characterized by a small percent with IgG, an early increase in percent of cells with IgG, and a large percent with membrane-associated IgM. An injection of VCN-treated L1210 cells into mice with progressively growing L1210 tumors caused frequent tumor remissions, with a corresponding alteration of the ongoing humoral responses. Both the degree of alteration and the number of cures depended on the tumor burden at the time VCN-treated tumor cells were injected. The humoral response in mice with tumor remission following immunization was comparable to the response detected after an injection of VCN-treated cells only.", "contents": "Humoral reponse to neuraminidase-treated tumor cells. L1210 leukemia cells grew progressively and caused tumor deaths in all recipient mice. However, when these cells had been treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) prior to injection, tumor deaths did not occur. Both untreated and VCN-treated L1210 cells elicited a humoral response, as manifested by an increasing percent of cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity, with various types of membrane-associated immunoglobulins. Progressive tumor growth was associated with a large percent of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells bearing membrane-associated IgG, a late increase in the percent of PE cells with IgG, and only a small percent of PE cells with IgM on their surfaces. Conversely, PE cells from mice given VCN-treated L1210 cells were characterized by a small percent with IgG, an early increase in percent of cells with IgG, and a large percent with membrane-associated IgM. An injection of VCN-treated L1210 cells into mice with progressively growing L1210 tumors caused frequent tumor remissions, with a corresponding alteration of the ongoing humoral responses. Both the degree of alteration and the number of cures depended on the tumor burden at the time VCN-treated tumor cells were injected. The humoral response in mice with tumor remission following immunization was comparable to the response detected after an injection of VCN-treated cells only.", "PMID": 1032896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6169", "title": "Choline loss during hemodialysis: homeostatic control of plasma choline concentrations.", "content": "Endogenous concentrations of free choline in plasma were measured in azotemic subjects receiving repetitive hemodialysis and excretion of free choline into the dialysate was determined. Chemical choline in plasma and dialysate was measured by adding choline kinase and measuring the production of radiolabelled phosphorycholine in the presence of radiolabelled adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mean free choline concentration in plasma of azotemic subjects receiving hemodialysis was found to be 37 muM, which is about twice that of normal persons. The total excretion of choline into the dialysate during 360 min averaged 730 mumoles +/- 69 (SEM). Levels of free choline in plasma fell during hemodialysis at two hours but recovered toward predialysis values at six hours. The return of plasma choline concentrations toward control values during dialysis suggests that a feedback mechanism exists which was activated rapidly to produce homeostasis of plasma choline concentrations. In these patients, the degree of peripheral neuropathy as judged by measurement of nerve conduction velocities showed a significant inverse correlation with levels of free choline in plasma.", "contents": "Choline loss during hemodialysis: homeostatic control of plasma choline concentrations. Endogenous concentrations of free choline in plasma were measured in azotemic subjects receiving repetitive hemodialysis and excretion of free choline into the dialysate was determined. Chemical choline in plasma and dialysate was measured by adding choline kinase and measuring the production of radiolabelled phosphorycholine in the presence of radiolabelled adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mean free choline concentration in plasma of azotemic subjects receiving hemodialysis was found to be 37 muM, which is about twice that of normal persons. The total excretion of choline into the dialysate during 360 min averaged 730 mumoles +/- 69 (SEM). Levels of free choline in plasma fell during hemodialysis at two hours but recovered toward predialysis values at six hours. The return of plasma choline concentrations toward control values during dialysis suggests that a feedback mechanism exists which was activated rapidly to produce homeostasis of plasma choline concentrations. In these patients, the degree of peripheral neuropathy as judged by measurement of nerve conduction velocities showed a significant inverse correlation with levels of free choline in plasma.", "PMID": 1032897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6170", "title": "Elemental analysis of biological specimens in air with a proton microprobe.", "content": "The unique capabilities of the proton microprobe in an atmospheric environment as a biological tool are illustrated in studies of arsenic and mercury distributions in siingle strands of hair from poisoning victims and of the distributions of several abundant elements in frozen hydrated eye and kidney specimens from rats.", "contents": "Elemental analysis of biological specimens in air with a proton microprobe. The unique capabilities of the proton microprobe in an atmospheric environment as a biological tool are illustrated in studies of arsenic and mercury distributions in siingle strands of hair from poisoning victims and of the distributions of several abundant elements in frozen hydrated eye and kidney specimens from rats.", "PMID": 1032899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6171", "title": "Atopic dermatitis and IgE. Relationship between changes in IgE levels and severity of disease.", "content": "At the Mayo Clinic, atopic dermatitis was evaluated in a series of 28 patients to determine whether, during the course of the disease, serum IgE levels fluctuated with changes in the severity of dermatitis. The study covered a 1- to 11/2-year follow-up period. Previously, it had been shown that, at initial examination, serum IgE levels were positively related to the extent of disease. Although notable fluctuations in serum IgE levels and in extent of dermatitis were seen in more than half of the cases, no relationship was found between the two factors during the period of study.", "contents": "Atopic dermatitis and IgE. Relationship between changes in IgE levels and severity of disease. At the Mayo Clinic, atopic dermatitis was evaluated in a series of 28 patients to determine whether, during the course of the disease, serum IgE levels fluctuated with changes in the severity of dermatitis. The study covered a 1- to 11/2-year follow-up period. Previously, it had been shown that, at initial examination, serum IgE levels were positively related to the extent of disease. Although notable fluctuations in serum IgE levels and in extent of dermatitis were seen in more than half of the cases, no relationship was found between the two factors during the period of study.", "PMID": 1032900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6172", "title": "2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. I. Description of the inhibitory effect.", "content": "Incubation of normal or thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) inhibits the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize IgG- or complement-coated particles via their Fc and C3 receptors. 2-dG has no inhibitory effect on the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize latex or zymosan particles, which are ingested in the absence of specific opsonins, and it does not inhibit binding of IgG- or C3-coated particles to their respective receptors on the macrophage's plasma membrane. 2-dG exerts its inhibitory effect on the macrophage and not on the opsonized particle. The inhibition is independent of particle size, occurs within 15-30 min of addition of this glucose analogue to the medium at 37 degrees C, cannot be overcome by supra-agglutinating amounts of opsonizing antibody, and is completely reversible by substitution of 5.5 mM glucose for 50 mM 2-dG in the medium. Addition of equimolar amounts of glucose or mannose, but not of fructose, galactose, fucose, or glucosamine, to medium containing 50 mM 2-dG results in substantial reversal of the inhibitory effect of 2-dG on Fc and C3 receptor mediated phagocytosis.", "contents": "2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. I. Description of the inhibitory effect. Incubation of normal or thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) inhibits the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize IgG- or complement-coated particles via their Fc and C3 receptors. 2-dG has no inhibitory effect on the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize latex or zymosan particles, which are ingested in the absence of specific opsonins, and it does not inhibit binding of IgG- or C3-coated particles to their respective receptors on the macrophage's plasma membrane. 2-dG exerts its inhibitory effect on the macrophage and not on the opsonized particle. The inhibition is independent of particle size, occurs within 15-30 min of addition of this glucose analogue to the medium at 37 degrees C, cannot be overcome by supra-agglutinating amounts of opsonizing antibody, and is completely reversible by substitution of 5.5 mM glucose for 50 mM 2-dG in the medium. Addition of equimolar amounts of glucose or mannose, but not of fructose, galactose, fucose, or glucosamine, to medium containing 50 mM 2-dG results in substantial reversal of the inhibitory effect of 2-dG on Fc and C3 receptor mediated phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1032901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6173", "title": "An improved isolation procedure for the gas chromatographic analysis of urinary polyamines.", "content": "The isolation of polyamines from urinary hydrolysates in a sufficiently pure state for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography has proved to be difficult. However, by using columns of Porapak-Q and ion-exchange resins, urinary hydrolysates are readily purified and formation of trifluoroacetyl derivatives of polyamines proceeds in high yield without carryover of artifacts in the gas chromatographic elution profile. Good yields from the trifluoroacetylation reaction are not achieved if large quantities of salts or urinary pigments are present. By obtaining the polyamine carbonates in the final stages of the method described, the trifluoroacetylation reaction yields excellent derivatives of nanogram or microgram amounts, particularly after standing over-night at room temperature. The procedure described in detail should permit routine urinary polyamine analysis where rapidity, ease of handling many samples, freedom from complications and artifacts are a consideration.", "contents": "An improved isolation procedure for the gas chromatographic analysis of urinary polyamines. The isolation of polyamines from urinary hydrolysates in a sufficiently pure state for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography has proved to be difficult. However, by using columns of Porapak-Q and ion-exchange resins, urinary hydrolysates are readily purified and formation of trifluoroacetyl derivatives of polyamines proceeds in high yield without carryover of artifacts in the gas chromatographic elution profile. Good yields from the trifluoroacetylation reaction are not achieved if large quantities of salts or urinary pigments are present. By obtaining the polyamine carbonates in the final stages of the method described, the trifluoroacetylation reaction yields excellent derivatives of nanogram or microgram amounts, particularly after standing over-night at room temperature. The procedure described in detail should permit routine urinary polyamine analysis where rapidity, ease of handling many samples, freedom from complications and artifacts are a consideration.", "PMID": 1032903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6174", "title": "Tay-Sachs screening: social and psychological impact.", "content": "Participants in two Tay-Sachs screening programs were generally satisifed with the organization of the tests and the results. There was no evidence of adverse impact on reproductive  plans or interpersonal relations, and the respondents professed to believe in the value of screening. While the carriers discussed their condition freely with others and were no less favorable to the idea of screening than the noncarriers, about one-half of their number expressed discomfort in being told they were heterozygotes. These feelings were allayed by counseling, but there was evidence of some residual unease. It is suggested that this anxiety would be less prominent and more easily reduced if screening were done under conditions of ordinary primary medical care rather than outside the conventional system.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs screening: social and psychological impact. Participants in two Tay-Sachs screening programs were generally satisifed with the organization of the tests and the results. There was no evidence of adverse impact on reproductive  plans or interpersonal relations, and the respondents professed to believe in the value of screening. While the carriers discussed their condition freely with others and were no less favorable to the idea of screening than the noncarriers, about one-half of their number expressed discomfort in being told they were heterozygotes. These feelings were allayed by counseling, but there was evidence of some residual unease. It is suggested that this anxiety would be less prominent and more easily reduced if screening were done under conditions of ordinary primary medical care rather than outside the conventional system.", "PMID": 1032905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6175", "title": "The relation between total finger ridge-count and variability of counts from finger: genetic implications of racial variation.", "content": "The measure of ridge-count diversity, S/square root 10, was computed for a sample of American Whites, American Blacks and African Blacks, and the regression of S/square root 10 on total ridge-count was determined for each group. The shapes of the regression lines differed considerably. The American White curve was very similar to that obtained by Holt in an English sample, while the two Negro curves generally showed lower lower S/square root 10 values for ridge-counts over 80. The American Negro curve was found to behave like a mixture of the White and African Negro curve to a degree approximating to the fraction of White genes in their gene pool. Holt's parent-child data are used to construct a simple test of the hypothesis that that S/square root 10 reflects zygosity in total ridge-count genotypes. The preliminary results support this hypothesis.", "contents": "The relation between total finger ridge-count and variability of counts from finger: genetic implications of racial variation. The measure of ridge-count diversity, S/square root 10, was computed for a sample of American Whites, American Blacks and African Blacks, and the regression of S/square root 10 on total ridge-count was determined for each group. The shapes of the regression lines differed considerably. The American White curve was very similar to that obtained by Holt in an English sample, while the two Negro curves generally showed lower lower S/square root 10 values for ridge-counts over 80. The American Negro curve was found to behave like a mixture of the White and African Negro curve to a degree approximating to the fraction of White genes in their gene pool. Holt's parent-child data are used to construct a simple test of the hypothesis that that S/square root 10 reflects zygosity in total ridge-count genotypes. The preliminary results support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 1032907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6176", "title": "Concentration-dependent mutation of diploid human lymphoblasts by methylnitronitrosoguanidine: the importance of phenotypic lag.", "content": "The mutation of diploid human lymphoblasts by methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was measured over the range of 0--45 ng of MNNG/ml of of medium. We found a 12-day lag in the phenotypic expression of 6-thioguanine resistance; the occurrence of this lag was independent of MNNG concentration. We hypothesize that the unexpectedly long lag period reflects a requirement for the loss of previously existing molecules of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) after mutation at the HGPRT locus.", "contents": "Concentration-dependent mutation of diploid human lymphoblasts by methylnitronitrosoguanidine: the importance of phenotypic lag. The mutation of diploid human lymphoblasts by methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was measured over the range of 0--45 ng of MNNG/ml of of medium. We found a 12-day lag in the phenotypic expression of 6-thioguanine resistance; the occurrence of this lag was independent of MNNG concentration. We hypothesize that the unexpectedly long lag period reflects a requirement for the loss of previously existing molecules of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) after mutation at the HGPRT locus.", "PMID": 1032912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6177", "title": "A model for reinforcing mental health facilities: a student's view.", "content": "Present mental health care facilities are not reinforcing either to work in or to utilize. A new approach to agency design, in order to provide client self-respect and situational relief, to increase availability and accessibility of services, and to attract highly skilled staff should be adopted. The criteria for a reinforcing agency should be based on a client, staff, and community needs. Changes can be implemented by building new facilities or modifying old ones. The resulting facilities would enhance the treatment process, reinforce behavioral change, and reinforce productivity.", "contents": "A model for reinforcing mental health facilities: a student's view. Present mental health care facilities are not reinforcing either to work in or to utilize. A new approach to agency design, in order to provide client self-respect and situational relief, to increase availability and accessibility of services, and to attract highly skilled staff should be adopted. The criteria for a reinforcing agency should be based on a client, staff, and community needs. Changes can be implemented by building new facilities or modifying old ones. The resulting facilities would enhance the treatment process, reinforce behavioral change, and reinforce productivity.", "PMID": 1032917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6178", "title": "[Role of integrity of the inner nuclear membrane in energy supply for protein synthesis in the isolated cell nuclei of the salivary glands of Chironomus plumosus].", "content": "Using isolated nuclei of salivary grand cells of Chironomus plumosus larvae, it was revealed that the integrity of nuclei was a necessary condition for realization of protein synthesis in the nuclei. The involvement of nuclear particles in the above synthesis is supposed.", "contents": "[Role of integrity of the inner nuclear membrane in energy supply for protein synthesis in the isolated cell nuclei of the salivary glands of Chironomus plumosus]. Using isolated nuclei of salivary grand cells of Chironomus plumosus larvae, it was revealed that the integrity of nuclei was a necessary condition for realization of protein synthesis in the nuclei. The involvement of nuclear particles in the above synthesis is supposed.", "PMID": 1032922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6179", "title": "Noise exposure and prevalence of high blood pressure among weavers in Iran.", "content": "821 weavers working in three textile mills were examined in this survey. It was found that 8.5% of the workers were hypertensive and 12.4% borderline. All these rates are significantly different from those of the control groups. Also there is a clear increase in the prevalence of hypertensive and borderline cases in the weavers in relation to the length of employment. These findings emphasize the need for, at least annually, periodic examination of the entire work population in order to detect early such adverse health effects and to consider suitable medical care.", "contents": "Noise exposure and prevalence of high blood pressure among weavers in Iran. 821 weavers working in three textile mills were examined in this survey. It was found that 8.5% of the workers were hypertensive and 12.4% borderline. All these rates are significantly different from those of the control groups. Also there is a clear increase in the prevalence of hypertensive and borderline cases in the weavers in relation to the length of employment. These findings emphasize the need for, at least annually, periodic examination of the entire work population in order to detect early such adverse health effects and to consider suitable medical care.", "PMID": 1032926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6180", "title": "Hiatus hernia: a comparison between two methods of fundoplication by evaluation of the long-term results.", "content": "This paper presents a comparative study of two methods of fundoplication, a Belsey-like procedure and a Nissen-Rossetti operation in the management of 283 cases of hiatal hernia from 1962 to 1974. The methods, history, and preoperative findings are described, and the mortality and morbidity rates, particularly related to recurrence, are discussed. A short historical review is included in the discussion, which also deals with the anatomic and physiologic factors thought to be involved in the maintenance of the competence of the cardia. The author's reasons for preferring a Nissen operation are outlined. The management of peptic stricture and of shortening due to periesophagitis by modification of this technique is described.", "contents": "Hiatus hernia: a comparison between two methods of fundoplication by evaluation of the long-term results. This paper presents a comparative study of two methods of fundoplication, a Belsey-like procedure and a Nissen-Rossetti operation in the management of 283 cases of hiatal hernia from 1962 to 1974. The methods, history, and preoperative findings are described, and the mortality and morbidity rates, particularly related to recurrence, are discussed. A short historical review is included in the discussion, which also deals with the anatomic and physiologic factors thought to be involved in the maintenance of the competence of the cardia. The author's reasons for preferring a Nissen operation are outlined. The management of peptic stricture and of shortening due to periesophagitis by modification of this technique is described.", "PMID": 1032945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6181", "title": "Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in beta-thalassemia trait and effect of iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "The relationship of HbA2 to total Hb has been measured in 204 cases of Beta-Thalassaemia (beta-th-t) where the total Hb varied from 3.6 to 16 g/100 ml. The variation of total Hb in the study population was due, as far as could be defined, only to beta-th-t and a superimposed iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Superimposed IDA decreases HbA2 proportionately more than it does total Hb (P less than 0.001). A not previously described relationship between HbA2 and total Hb was demonstrated and probably conformed to a second degree parabola.", "contents": "Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in beta-thalassemia trait and effect of iron deficiency anaemia. The relationship of HbA2 to total Hb has been measured in 204 cases of Beta-Thalassaemia (beta-th-t) where the total Hb varied from 3.6 to 16 g/100 ml. The variation of total Hb in the study population was due, as far as could be defined, only to beta-th-t and a superimposed iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Superimposed IDA decreases HbA2 proportionately more than it does total Hb (P less than 0.001). A not previously described relationship between HbA2 and total Hb was demonstrated and probably conformed to a second degree parabola.", "PMID": 1032947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6182", "title": "[Studies on the effect of nutritional factors on the rumen mucosa. 2. Report. Morphological conditions after feeding with fattening rations in various physical forms].", "content": "3 groups of fattening cattle (DSR breed) were fed rations of nearly identical composition for a period of 395-455 days. The rations consisted of either crushed (group I), finely ground (group II) or finely ground and pelleted material (group III). Samples of the ruminal mucosa from 26 animals were investigated macroscopically, microscopically and histologically. All samples from animals of group I were found to be normal whereas clumping of the villi, hyperkeratosis, atrophy and loss of villi over 40%-50% of the surface of the ruminal mucosa were observed in the animals from group II, and, to a larger extent in animals of group III. The main reason for the mentioned changes of that kind are the very fine foodstuff particles, less than 0.05 to 0.5 mm in length, which form extraneous deposits in the mucosa or act as cement substances between neighbouring villi. This leads to hyperkeratosis because these particles prevent desquamation of the corneal cells and at the same time produce conditions of compression; these, in turn, result in a hardening of the newly formed stratum corneum. Hypertrophy of the undamaged villi was observed in animals of group III receiving the pelleted ration (thickness of villi group III: 243 mum as compared with group I:196 mum). The unfavourable morphological state of the ruminal mucosa in animals of group III was associated with a reduced rate of daily weight gains and increased food consumption.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of nutritional factors on the rumen mucosa. 2. Report. Morphological conditions after feeding with fattening rations in various physical forms]. 3 groups of fattening cattle (DSR breed) were fed rations of nearly identical composition for a period of 395-455 days. The rations consisted of either crushed (group I), finely ground (group II) or finely ground and pelleted material (group III). Samples of the ruminal mucosa from 26 animals were investigated macroscopically, microscopically and histologically. All samples from animals of group I were found to be normal whereas clumping of the villi, hyperkeratosis, atrophy and loss of villi over 40%-50% of the surface of the ruminal mucosa were observed in the animals from group II, and, to a larger extent in animals of group III. The main reason for the mentioned changes of that kind are the very fine foodstuff particles, less than 0.05 to 0.5 mm in length, which form extraneous deposits in the mucosa or act as cement substances between neighbouring villi. This leads to hyperkeratosis because these particles prevent desquamation of the corneal cells and at the same time produce conditions of compression; these, in turn, result in a hardening of the newly formed stratum corneum. Hypertrophy of the undamaged villi was observed in animals of group III receiving the pelleted ration (thickness of villi group III: 243 mum as compared with group I:196 mum). The unfavourable morphological state of the ruminal mucosa in animals of group III was associated with a reduced rate of daily weight gains and increased food consumption.", "PMID": 1032948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6183", "title": "[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 3. Report. Correlation between the protein metabolism data and the amino acid content of the dietary protein].", "content": "Protein utilization data were established in N balance trials with lactating sows fed various dietary proteins. The data obtained were compared with the amino acid indices of the dietary proteins and regression equations were established for the relations existing between these data. Additionally, simple and multiple regressions were calculated for relationships between the levels of N balance and the levels of crude protein intake, digestible crude protein, lysine per kg of milk production or lysine and all the other essential amino acids per 10 g of milk N. A relation was found between the level of daily lysine intake and all the other essential amino acids and the level of productive N utilization.", "contents": "[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 3. Report. Correlation between the protein metabolism data and the amino acid content of the dietary protein]. Protein utilization data were established in N balance trials with lactating sows fed various dietary proteins. The data obtained were compared with the amino acid indices of the dietary proteins and regression equations were established for the relations existing between these data. Additionally, simple and multiple regressions were calculated for relationships between the levels of N balance and the levels of crude protein intake, digestible crude protein, lysine per kg of milk production or lysine and all the other essential amino acids per 10 g of milk N. A relation was found between the level of daily lysine intake and all the other essential amino acids and the level of productive N utilization.", "PMID": 1032949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6184", "title": "Metabolic effect of alpha-and the beta-adrenergic stimulation of rat submaxillary gland in vitro.", "content": "1. Incubation of submaxillary-gland slices with isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 41% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 50%. Propranolol blocked these effects of isoproterenol. 2. Phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 35% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 75%. In addition, phenylephrine also completely overcame the inhibition of pyruvate removal caused by acetoacetate metabolism and decreased tissue [atp] by 45%. Phentolamine blocked the effects of phenylephrine. 3. In contrast with beta-adrenergic stimulation, alpha-adrenergic stimulation required exogenous Ca2+. 4. These results explain the different metabolic responses of the submaxillary gland to adrenaline in the presence and absence of exogenous Ca2+.", "contents": "Metabolic effect of alpha-and the beta-adrenergic stimulation of rat submaxillary gland in vitro. 1. Incubation of submaxillary-gland slices with isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 41% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 50%. Propranolol blocked these effects of isoproterenol. 2. Phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 35% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 75%. In addition, phenylephrine also completely overcame the inhibition of pyruvate removal caused by acetoacetate metabolism and decreased tissue [atp] by 45%. Phentolamine blocked the effects of phenylephrine. 3. In contrast with beta-adrenergic stimulation, alpha-adrenergic stimulation required exogenous Ca2+. 4. These results explain the different metabolic responses of the submaxillary gland to adrenaline in the presence and absence of exogenous Ca2+.", "PMID": 1032950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6185", "title": "[Lupine, a contribution to the human food supply. 3. Nutritional physiological study with lupine (Lupinus albus) flour].", "content": "Lupinus albus flour doses of 58.9 +/- 9.6 g have been given to 20 persons. This sweet lupine flour has been digestible without complications in all cases. There have been no significant changes of hemoglobine, hematocrite, total protein, urea, bilirubine, and SGOT in the blood. So the lupine may be used for improvement of protein supply in men under the criteria that (1) the alkaloid content of the seed does not exceed 0.02%, (2) the seed itself contains no secondary fungi which may cause a lupinosis.", "contents": "[Lupine, a contribution to the human food supply. 3. Nutritional physiological study with lupine (Lupinus albus) flour]. Lupinus albus flour doses of 58.9 +/- 9.6 g have been given to 20 persons. This sweet lupine flour has been digestible without complications in all cases. There have been no significant changes of hemoglobine, hematocrite, total protein, urea, bilirubine, and SGOT in the blood. So the lupine may be used for improvement of protein supply in men under the criteria that (1) the alkaloid content of the seed does not exceed 0.02%, (2) the seed itself contains no secondary fungi which may cause a lupinosis.", "PMID": 1032959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6186", "title": "[Some clinical and paraclinical observations about the syndrome of \"acropathie ulcero-mutilante\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of \"acropathie ulcero-mutilante\" is reported, some features of which contribute to a better knowledge of the following controversial points: a) the occurrence of sporadic non familiar cases; b) the existence of degenerative changes in the motor pathways; c) the hystochemical picture, which has been not previously described. This case confirm sporadicity and degenerative changes in motor pathways. The histochemical picture show typical signs of denervation.", "contents": "[Some clinical and paraclinical observations about the syndrome of \"acropathie ulcero-mutilante\" (author's transl)]. A case of \"acropathie ulcero-mutilante\" is reported, some features of which contribute to a better knowledge of the following controversial points: a) the occurrence of sporadic non familiar cases; b) the existence of degenerative changes in the motor pathways; c) the hystochemical picture, which has been not previously described. This case confirm sporadicity and degenerative changes in motor pathways. The histochemical picture show typical signs of denervation.", "PMID": 1032956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6187", "title": "[Epidemiological study on coronary risk factors in a population of clerks in Parma. Methods of research and 1st results].", "content": "After a review of current literature, the AA. present the purposes and the methods of an epidemiological study on coronary risk factors in selected bank-clerks of Parma, in view to correlate the dietary factors, possible methabolic alterations, psychical behaviour, social and environmental position and coronary risk evaluated by electrocardiographic stress test. In this respect, the AA. report and discuss, as example of the reliability and validity of the investigative model followed, the preliminary results observed in the 274 subjects up to this time controlled.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study on coronary risk factors in a population of clerks in Parma. Methods of research and 1st results]. After a review of current literature, the AA. present the purposes and the methods of an epidemiological study on coronary risk factors in selected bank-clerks of Parma, in view to correlate the dietary factors, possible methabolic alterations, psychical behaviour, social and environmental position and coronary risk evaluated by electrocardiographic stress test. In this respect, the AA. report and discuss, as example of the reliability and validity of the investigative model followed, the preliminary results observed in the 274 subjects up to this time controlled.", "PMID": 1032957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6188", "title": "[Cystine-amino-peptidase (C.A.P.) and D.B.P. in \"at risk\" pregnancy with \"poor intrauterine fetale growth\" (P.I.F.G.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal range of serum cystine-amino-peptidase (C.A.P.) in 54 cases of uncomplicated pregnancies was established. 21 patients whose pregnancies were though to be \"at risk\" were serially monitored by sonar biparietal cephalometry and serum cystine-amino-peptidase determination. The results show that exists a correlation between C.A.P. and biparietal cephalometry values. Furthermore the \"predictive power\" towards neonatal conditions (by birth weight and Apgar score determination) was of 77,55% for the biparietal cephalometry and 76,10% for C.A.P.", "contents": "[Cystine-amino-peptidase (C.A.P.) and D.B.P. in \"at risk\" pregnancy with \"poor intrauterine fetale growth\" (P.I.F.G.) (author's transl)]. The normal range of serum cystine-amino-peptidase (C.A.P.) in 54 cases of uncomplicated pregnancies was established. 21 patients whose pregnancies were though to be \"at risk\" were serially monitored by sonar biparietal cephalometry and serum cystine-amino-peptidase determination. The results show that exists a correlation between C.A.P. and biparietal cephalometry values. Furthermore the \"predictive power\" towards neonatal conditions (by birth weight and Apgar score determination) was of 77,55% for the biparietal cephalometry and 76,10% for C.A.P.", "PMID": 1032958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6189", "title": "Antibodies to spermatozoa. VII humoral and cellular aspects of sperm inmunity and infertility.", "content": "The occurrence of sperm antibody in serum and cervical mucus of women from intertile couples in the serum of their male partners, as well as cellular immunity to sperm, has been studied by agglutination and immobilization techniques. For a total of about 260 couples, the tests on serum showed that 18% of the women and 8% of the men were positive by the Kibrick technique and that 15% of the women and 4% of the men were positive by the F-D technique. The women who were positive in their cervical mucus were 8% of the group by the K-agg (Kibrick agglutination) technique, 2% by the MIS-agg. (Microscale agglutination) technique, and 40% by the MIS-imm. (Microscale immobilization) tecnique. In considering all three techniques. 42% of a group of 132 women were positive. Cellular immunity to sperm, by the Migration Inhibition method, was positive in 18% and zero per cent of infertile and fertile women, respectively.", "contents": "Antibodies to spermatozoa. VII humoral and cellular aspects of sperm inmunity and infertility. The occurrence of sperm antibody in serum and cervical mucus of women from intertile couples in the serum of their male partners, as well as cellular immunity to sperm, has been studied by agglutination and immobilization techniques. For a total of about 260 couples, the tests on serum showed that 18% of the women and 8% of the men were positive by the Kibrick technique and that 15% of the women and 4% of the men were positive by the F-D technique. The women who were positive in their cervical mucus were 8% of the group by the K-agg (Kibrick agglutination) technique, 2% by the MIS-agg. (Microscale agglutination) technique, and 40% by the MIS-imm. (Microscale immobilization) tecnique. In considering all three techniques. 42% of a group of 132 women were positive. Cellular immunity to sperm, by the Migration Inhibition method, was positive in 18% and zero per cent of infertile and fertile women, respectively.", "PMID": 1032960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6190", "title": "\"Ischemic\" heart disease in fire fighters with normal coronary arteries.", "content": "Near maximal stress testing conducted on a group (N = 90) of randomly selected Los Angeles City fire fighters (age 40-59 yrs.) revealed that 10% had ischemic ECG changes. These ischemic ECG responses were confirmed during a second test conducted two to four weeks after the initial test. Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor analysis revealed that in general the men were not at high risk for CHD. Six of the nine men elected to undergo cardiac catheterization and angiography. One patient had severe triple vessel disease and subsequently underwent aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Another had 50% obstruction in the circumflex branch of the left coronary while the other four men had no visable signs of coronary obstruction. The men with \"normal\" coronaries, however, did show signs of abnormal cardiac function during atrial pacing. One man had cardiac enlargement, hypokinesis, ischemic ECG and abnormal lactate metabolism. Another had abnormal lactate metabolism and ischemic ECG. A third man had moderate cardiac enlargement with anterior wall hypokinesis. The fourth had ischemic ECG changes with angina but otherwise normal cardiac function. All four of these men had pressures which were within normal limits. These data show that some fire fighters have \"ischemic\" heart disease with patent coronary arteries. This disease may be due to job related factors (i.e. carbon monoxide and other noxious fumes, catecholamines, etc.) which reduce myocardial oxygen supply or greatly increase myocardial oxygen demands.", "contents": "\"Ischemic\" heart disease in fire fighters with normal coronary arteries. Near maximal stress testing conducted on a group (N = 90) of randomly selected Los Angeles City fire fighters (age 40-59 yrs.) revealed that 10% had ischemic ECG changes. These ischemic ECG responses were confirmed during a second test conducted two to four weeks after the initial test. Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor analysis revealed that in general the men were not at high risk for CHD. Six of the nine men elected to undergo cardiac catheterization and angiography. One patient had severe triple vessel disease and subsequently underwent aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Another had 50% obstruction in the circumflex branch of the left coronary while the other four men had no visable signs of coronary obstruction. The men with \"normal\" coronaries, however, did show signs of abnormal cardiac function during atrial pacing. One man had cardiac enlargement, hypokinesis, ischemic ECG and abnormal lactate metabolism. Another had abnormal lactate metabolism and ischemic ECG. A third man had moderate cardiac enlargement with anterior wall hypokinesis. The fourth had ischemic ECG changes with angina but otherwise normal cardiac function. All four of these men had pressures which were within normal limits. These data show that some fire fighters have \"ischemic\" heart disease with patent coronary arteries. This disease may be due to job related factors (i.e. carbon monoxide and other noxious fumes, catecholamines, etc.) which reduce myocardial oxygen supply or greatly increase myocardial oxygen demands.", "PMID": 1032966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6191", "title": "Treatment of painful neuromas of sensory nerves in the hand: a comparison of traditional and newer methods.", "content": "The results of treatment of 348 painful neuromas of sensory nerves of the hand in 172 patients were evaluated. Three hundred and sixteen were treated by simple excisional neurectomy and these results may be used for comparison with other methods. Sixty-five percent had an excellent or satisfactory result from a single such procedure. A repeated neurectomy improved the results to 78 percent. The use of silicone rubber caps as a secondary procedure over the nerve stump in 32 cases did not improve the results. A technique of funicular resection with epineurial ligation in 45 patients with neuromas achieved about the same percentage of good results as did simple excisional neurectomy. The ideal treatment is not at hand yet, but at the present time it is recommended that treatment should consist of excisional neurectomy, repeated at least one if necessary.", "contents": "Treatment of painful neuromas of sensory nerves in the hand: a comparison of traditional and newer methods. The results of treatment of 348 painful neuromas of sensory nerves of the hand in 172 patients were evaluated. Three hundred and sixteen were treated by simple excisional neurectomy and these results may be used for comparison with other methods. Sixty-five percent had an excellent or satisfactory result from a single such procedure. A repeated neurectomy improved the results to 78 percent. The use of silicone rubber caps as a secondary procedure over the nerve stump in 32 cases did not improve the results. A technique of funicular resection with epineurial ligation in 45 patients with neuromas achieved about the same percentage of good results as did simple excisional neurectomy. The ideal treatment is not at hand yet, but at the present time it is recommended that treatment should consist of excisional neurectomy, repeated at least one if necessary.", "PMID": 1032972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6192", "title": "Reconstructive hand surgery in tetraplegia, stroke, and cerebral palsy: some basic concepts in physiology and neurology.", "content": "The examination of hands in tetraplegia, stroke, and cerebral palsy must include evaluation of the state of the ligaments the muscles available for motors for tendon transfer, and, most important, the areas of sensibility. The test for two point discrimination is the most valuable in providing information regarding both exteroception and proprioception. Done properly, this test provides more useful information than any other used currently.", "contents": "Reconstructive hand surgery in tetraplegia, stroke, and cerebral palsy: some basic concepts in physiology and neurology. The examination of hands in tetraplegia, stroke, and cerebral palsy must include evaluation of the state of the ligaments the muscles available for motors for tendon transfer, and, most important, the areas of sensibility. The test for two point discrimination is the most valuable in providing information regarding both exteroception and proprioception. Done properly, this test provides more useful information than any other used currently.", "PMID": 1032973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6193", "title": "Effect of stress on serotonin concentration and tryptophan hydroxylase activity of brain nuclei.", "content": "The effects of a single stressful stimulus on serotonin (5-HT) concentration and of repeated stressful stimuli on tryptophan hydroxylase (THy) activity were measured in individual hypothalamic nuclei and other rat brain regions using specific sensitive radioisotopic enzymatic microassays. Two h after formalin injection, 5-HT levels were increased in the dorsal raphe (RDN). Acute immobilization stress, however, reduced the concentrations of 5-HT in several of the hypothalamic nuclei: the medium eminence (ME), lateral amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus, cingulate cortex (CCX) and RDN. Five consecutive daily immobilization periods failed to alter THy activity in any region examined. These results suggest a rapid release of 5-HT both from the cells and the axon terminals in the central nervous system, and failure, even with repeated stresses, to elicit induction of increased levels of the biosynthetic enzyme regulating the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Effect of stress on serotonin concentration and tryptophan hydroxylase activity of brain nuclei. The effects of a single stressful stimulus on serotonin (5-HT) concentration and of repeated stressful stimuli on tryptophan hydroxylase (THy) activity were measured in individual hypothalamic nuclei and other rat brain regions using specific sensitive radioisotopic enzymatic microassays. Two h after formalin injection, 5-HT levels were increased in the dorsal raphe (RDN). Acute immobilization stress, however, reduced the concentrations of 5-HT in several of the hypothalamic nuclei: the medium eminence (ME), lateral amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus, cingulate cortex (CCX) and RDN. Five consecutive daily immobilization periods failed to alter THy activity in any region examined. These results suggest a rapid release of 5-HT both from the cells and the axon terminals in the central nervous system, and failure, even with repeated stresses, to elicit induction of increased levels of the biosynthetic enzyme regulating the synthesis of the neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 1032978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6194", "title": "Pollution-reduced Kjeldahl method for crude protein.", "content": "Pollution from the Kjeldahl method for crude protein has been reduced by substituting a low level of copper (0.04 g CuSO4) for the mercury (0.7 g HgO) specified in the AOAC official method, 2.049. Adjustments were made in the salt-acid ratio so the new system could handle hard-to-digest samples in a reasonable time. The new method was rugged for lysine. HCl. It is designed to be used for crude protein in feeds or similar Kjeldahl work. Precision and accuracy were equal to or better than that for the official method in a study of 17 samples analyzed in duplicate on 3 different days. The following samples were used in the study: lysine. HCl, tryptophan, NBS standards, urea, meals, mixed feeds, grains, and forage. The average per cent nitrogen found was 9.52 by the official method and 9.53 by the copper method. The average standard deviation was 0.038 by the official method and 0.033 by the copper method, giving the corresponding relative standard deviations of 0.40 and 0.35%.", "contents": "Pollution-reduced Kjeldahl method for crude protein. Pollution from the Kjeldahl method for crude protein has been reduced by substituting a low level of copper (0.04 g CuSO4) for the mercury (0.7 g HgO) specified in the AOAC official method, 2.049. Adjustments were made in the salt-acid ratio so the new system could handle hard-to-digest samples in a reasonable time. The new method was rugged for lysine. HCl. It is designed to be used for crude protein in feeds or similar Kjeldahl work. Precision and accuracy were equal to or better than that for the official method in a study of 17 samples analyzed in duplicate on 3 different days. The following samples were used in the study: lysine. HCl, tryptophan, NBS standards, urea, meals, mixed feeds, grains, and forage. The average per cent nitrogen found was 9.52 by the official method and 9.53 by the copper method. The average standard deviation was 0.038 by the official method and 0.033 by the copper method, giving the corresponding relative standard deviations of 0.40 and 0.35%.", "PMID": 1032979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6195", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity and need for achievement in emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "Reflection-impulsivity is the cognitive dimension proposed by Kagan and his colleagues to describe the differences in children's resolution to response uncertainty. Impulsive children tend to respond quickly without considering all of the available alternatives and consequently make many mistakes. Reflecttive children consider all of the available alternatives, withhold responding until they have a high probability of being correct, and consequently make few mistakes. The primary dynamic underlying a reflective cognitive style is hypothesized to be a fear of making a mistake: the greater the fear, the more reflective the child is and the more cautiously he performs. On the other hand, minimal anxiety over a potentially inaccurate answer is likely to result in an impulsive performance.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity and need for achievement in emotionally disturbed children. Reflection-impulsivity is the cognitive dimension proposed by Kagan and his colleagues to describe the differences in children's resolution to response uncertainty. Impulsive children tend to respond quickly without considering all of the available alternatives and consequently make many mistakes. Reflecttive children consider all of the available alternatives, withhold responding until they have a high probability of being correct, and consequently make few mistakes. The primary dynamic underlying a reflective cognitive style is hypothesized to be a fear of making a mistake: the greater the fear, the more reflective the child is and the more cautiously he performs. On the other hand, minimal anxiety over a potentially inaccurate answer is likely to result in an impulsive performance.", "PMID": 1032985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6196", "title": "Anti-hypertensive action, time of onset and effects on carbohydrate metabolism of labetalol.", "content": "1 Seventeen men, aged 45-57 yr, with essential hypertension showed obvious and, in the standing position, dose-related reductions in blood pressure during treatment with oral labetalol with weekly dose increments. 2 Pulse rate changes were not related to dose but reduced compared with pre-treatment values. 3 No postural hypotension was recorded indicating lack of a dominant alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking component. 4 There was a small increase in mean fasting blood glucose levels during labetalol treatment but no alteration in insulin activity or response to an oral glucose tolerance test.", "contents": "Anti-hypertensive action, time of onset and effects on carbohydrate metabolism of labetalol. 1 Seventeen men, aged 45-57 yr, with essential hypertension showed obvious and, in the standing position, dose-related reductions in blood pressure during treatment with oral labetalol with weekly dose increments. 2 Pulse rate changes were not related to dose but reduced compared with pre-treatment values. 3 No postural hypotension was recorded indicating lack of a dominant alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking component. 4 There was a small increase in mean fasting blood glucose levels during labetalol treatment but no alteration in insulin activity or response to an oral glucose tolerance test.", "PMID": 1032990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6197", "title": "Isolation and translation of calvaria procollagen messenger ribonucleic acids.", "content": "Procollagen messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was isolated from the calvaria of 15-day-old chick embryos by chromatographing total RNA over oligo(dT)-cellulose two times, and then fractionating the twice-bound RNA on 85% Me2SO/0-20% sucrose gradients. When analyzed on 99% formamide gels, the 27-30S fraction had three sharp fluorescent bands, one corresponding to 27S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the others having mobilities lower than 27S corresponding to molecular weights of 1 700 000 and 1 800 000. In wheat-germ, cell-free extracts, the 27-30S fraction directed the synthesis of two prominent collagenase sensitive polypeptides with mobilities corresponding to the calvaria pro-alpha chain markers. Twelve percent of this [3H]proline-labeled, wheat-germ product could be hydroxylated with prolyl hydroxylase.", "contents": "Isolation and translation of calvaria procollagen messenger ribonucleic acids. Procollagen messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was isolated from the calvaria of 15-day-old chick embryos by chromatographing total RNA over oligo(dT)-cellulose two times, and then fractionating the twice-bound RNA on 85% Me2SO/0-20% sucrose gradients. When analyzed on 99% formamide gels, the 27-30S fraction had three sharp fluorescent bands, one corresponding to 27S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the others having mobilities lower than 27S corresponding to molecular weights of 1 700 000 and 1 800 000. In wheat-germ, cell-free extracts, the 27-30S fraction directed the synthesis of two prominent collagenase sensitive polypeptides with mobilities corresponding to the calvaria pro-alpha chain markers. Twelve percent of this [3H]proline-labeled, wheat-germ product could be hydroxylated with prolyl hydroxylase.", "PMID": 1032991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6198", "title": "Fluorescence energy-transfer measurements between the calcium binding site and the specificity pocket of bovine trypsin using lanthanide probes.", "content": "Using fluorescence energy-transfer experiments we have measured the distance between the specificity pocket and the calcium ion binding site of bovine pancreatic trypsin. Proflavin and thionine were used to block the specificity site, whereas various lanthanide ions were substituted for the calcium. It was then possible to choose various donor-acceptor pairs which exhibit suitable energy transfer. We have calculated the distance between proflavin and Nd(III), Pr(III), and Ho(III) to be 10.9, and 10.3, and 10.3 A, respectively. This agrees very well with the value of approximately 10 A we obtained between the methyl protons of p-toluamidine (a competitive inhibitor) and Gd(III) using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (Abbott, F., Gomez, J.E., Birnbaum, E.R., and Darnall, D.W. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 4935). This is strong evidence that, in solution, the calcium binding site is composed of the side chains of Ser-190 and Asp-194.", "contents": "Fluorescence energy-transfer measurements between the calcium binding site and the specificity pocket of bovine trypsin using lanthanide probes. Using fluorescence energy-transfer experiments we have measured the distance between the specificity pocket and the calcium ion binding site of bovine pancreatic trypsin. Proflavin and thionine were used to block the specificity site, whereas various lanthanide ions were substituted for the calcium. It was then possible to choose various donor-acceptor pairs which exhibit suitable energy transfer. We have calculated the distance between proflavin and Nd(III), Pr(III), and Ho(III) to be 10.9, and 10.3, and 10.3 A, respectively. This agrees very well with the value of approximately 10 A we obtained between the methyl protons of p-toluamidine (a competitive inhibitor) and Gd(III) using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (Abbott, F., Gomez, J.E., Birnbaum, E.R., and Darnall, D.W. (1975), Biochemistry 14, 4935). This is strong evidence that, in solution, the calcium binding site is composed of the side chains of Ser-190 and Asp-194.", "PMID": 1032992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6199", "title": "Incorporation of macromolecules in microparticles: preparation and characteristics.", "content": "Macromolecules can easily be incorporated in microparticles of polyacrylamide by copolymerization with acrylamide in a water-in-oil emulsion. The microparticles preferably arount 1-3 mum in diameter, will have a macroporous structure formed by the polymeric network. The amount of incorporation of the macromolecules will depend on the structure of the network, which, in turn, will depend on the total amount of monomer (T) and the relative amount of cross-linking agent (C) in the monomeric solution. Two mechanisms are responsible for the incorporation; all macromolecules are, independently of the size, fixed in the threads of polyacrylamide and large ones are entrapped within the network formed by the threads. The amount entrapped will depend on the size of the macromolecule and the mean pore radius of the gel. In microparticles with a total concentration of monomers of 8% and a cross-linking of 25% (T-C=8-25) the biological properties of incorporated macromolecules are retained, due to the macroporous structure, as found in binding studies with albumin. The density of the particles will also depend on C and T and, to some extent, on the protein concentration. Due to the fixation in the polyacrylamide threads, some of the incorporated macromolecules will be exposed on the surface, allowing them to react with, for instance, cells, which cannot penetrate the particles. The optimal conditions for the incorporation of macromolecules in the microparticles are investigated.", "contents": "Incorporation of macromolecules in microparticles: preparation and characteristics. Macromolecules can easily be incorporated in microparticles of polyacrylamide by copolymerization with acrylamide in a water-in-oil emulsion. The microparticles preferably arount 1-3 mum in diameter, will have a macroporous structure formed by the polymeric network. The amount of incorporation of the macromolecules will depend on the structure of the network, which, in turn, will depend on the total amount of monomer (T) and the relative amount of cross-linking agent (C) in the monomeric solution. Two mechanisms are responsible for the incorporation; all macromolecules are, independently of the size, fixed in the threads of polyacrylamide and large ones are entrapped within the network formed by the threads. The amount entrapped will depend on the size of the macromolecule and the mean pore radius of the gel. In microparticles with a total concentration of monomers of 8% and a cross-linking of 25% (T-C=8-25) the biological properties of incorporated macromolecules are retained, due to the macroporous structure, as found in binding studies with albumin. The density of the particles will also depend on C and T and, to some extent, on the protein concentration. Due to the fixation in the polyacrylamide threads, some of the incorporated macromolecules will be exposed on the surface, allowing them to react with, for instance, cells, which cannot penetrate the particles. The optimal conditions for the incorporation of macromolecules in the microparticles are investigated.", "PMID": 1032993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6200", "title": "[Effect on glucose on levansucrase synthesis by Gluconobacter oxydans].", "content": "The effect of glucose on synthesis of levansucrase was studied with Gluconobacter oxydans L-1. Glucose added to the nutritional medium containing sucrose was found to supress its degradation by G. oxydans L-1. At the same time, the lag phase became shorter. Synthesis of levansucrase was inhibited in the nutritional medium containing glucose while the enzymatic activity increased proportionally to the amount of bacterial biomass in the medium containing sorbitol. Addition of glucose to the nutritional medium containing sorbitol prior to inoculation results in a decrease of the differential rate of levansucrase synthesis. The repressory effect of glucose on the enzyme synthesis manifested itself most distinctly at its addition to the culture in the period of bacterial multiplication with the maximum rate.", "contents": "[Effect on glucose on levansucrase synthesis by Gluconobacter oxydans]. The effect of glucose on synthesis of levansucrase was studied with Gluconobacter oxydans L-1. Glucose added to the nutritional medium containing sucrose was found to supress its degradation by G. oxydans L-1. At the same time, the lag phase became shorter. Synthesis of levansucrase was inhibited in the nutritional medium containing glucose while the enzymatic activity increased proportionally to the amount of bacterial biomass in the medium containing sorbitol. Addition of glucose to the nutritional medium containing sorbitol prior to inoculation results in a decrease of the differential rate of levansucrase synthesis. The repressory effect of glucose on the enzyme synthesis manifested itself most distinctly at its addition to the culture in the period of bacterial multiplication with the maximum rate.", "PMID": 1032986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6201", "title": "Separable binding proteins for retinoic acid and retinol in bovine retina.", "content": "Binding proteins for retinoic acid and retinol were separated from a supernatant prepared from bovine retina. Fraction IV from DEAE-cellulose chromatography bound exogenous [3H] retinoic acid which could not be effectively displaced by retinol, retinal, retinyl acetate or palmitate, but which was readily displaced with excess retinoic acid. [3H] Retinol was bound by fraction V from DEAE-cellulose chromatography and was not displaced by retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate, but was readily displaced by excess retinol. Unlike bovine serum retinol-binding protein, neither intracellular binding protein formed a complex with purified human serum prealbumin. The supernatant from bovine retinas was estimated to contain five times more retinoic acid binding than retinol binder.", "contents": "Separable binding proteins for retinoic acid and retinol in bovine retina. Binding proteins for retinoic acid and retinol were separated from a supernatant prepared from bovine retina. Fraction IV from DEAE-cellulose chromatography bound exogenous [3H] retinoic acid which could not be effectively displaced by retinol, retinal, retinyl acetate or palmitate, but which was readily displaced with excess retinoic acid. [3H] Retinol was bound by fraction V from DEAE-cellulose chromatography and was not displaced by retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate, but was readily displaced by excess retinol. Unlike bovine serum retinol-binding protein, neither intracellular binding protein formed a complex with purified human serum prealbumin. The supernatant from bovine retinas was estimated to contain five times more retinoic acid binding than retinol binder.", "PMID": 1032994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6202", "title": "A labile acid phosphatase isozyme associated with the surface of vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum cells.", "content": "A minor acid phosphatase isozyme (acid phosphatase I) of vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum amebae has been shown to be associated exclusively with the external surface of the plasma membrane. The isozyme is not present in phagocytic vacuoles isolated with latex beads. The isozyme disappears from cells removed from nutrient medium and does not reappear during differentiation. When inhibitors of protein synthesis (e.g. cycloheximide, chloral hydrate, concanavalin A) are added to cells growing in nutrient medium, acid phosphatase I is rapidly lost. It appears that the level of protein synthesis need only be moderately reduced (less than 25%) to induce loss of enzyme activity. Treatment with inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis for up to 2 h had no effect on isozyme activity. It is postulated that the cells are able to \"sense\" (through the reduction in levels of protein synthesis) when external conditions become unfavorable, and immediately respond by reducing the activity of enzymes involved in maintaining contact with the extracellular environment. The closed system thought necessary for differentiation would then be created.", "contents": "A labile acid phosphatase isozyme associated with the surface of vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum cells. A minor acid phosphatase isozyme (acid phosphatase I) of vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum amebae has been shown to be associated exclusively with the external surface of the plasma membrane. The isozyme is not present in phagocytic vacuoles isolated with latex beads. The isozyme disappears from cells removed from nutrient medium and does not reappear during differentiation. When inhibitors of protein synthesis (e.g. cycloheximide, chloral hydrate, concanavalin A) are added to cells growing in nutrient medium, acid phosphatase I is rapidly lost. It appears that the level of protein synthesis need only be moderately reduced (less than 25%) to induce loss of enzyme activity. Treatment with inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis for up to 2 h had no effect on isozyme activity. It is postulated that the cells are able to \"sense\" (through the reduction in levels of protein synthesis) when external conditions become unfavorable, and immediately respond by reducing the activity of enzymes involved in maintaining contact with the extracellular environment. The closed system thought necessary for differentiation would then be created.", "PMID": 1032995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6203", "title": "Structural characterization of a glycoprotein cellulase, 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase C from Trichoderma viride.", "content": "A glycoprotein enzyme, 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohycrolase (EC 3.2.1.91) form C, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a procedure which permitted isolation of gram quantities from a commercial Trichoderma viride culture filtrate preparation. Purified cellobiohydrolase C has an E1%/280 nm = 14.2 and degrades both microcrystalline and phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose to cellobiose. The cellobiohydrolase C contains 26.4, 4.8, 2.4 and 3.4 mol of mannose, glucose, galactose and glucosamine, respectively, per mol of enzyme (molecular weight, 48 400). Methylation analysis of cellobiohydrolase glycopeptides indicates an average carbohydrate chain length of two residues. Alkaline borohydride treatment of cellobiohydrolase C released neutral carbohydrate which is bound through an average of 16.7 O-glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine per molecule of enzyme. Glucosamine was not released from the protein by alkaline treatment. Analysis of alkaline borohydride-released carbohydrate by high pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that an average enzyme molecule contains 8.8 mono-, 1.8 di-, 4.6 tri-, 1.2 tetra-, and 0.4 pentasaccharide chains. The linkages between the neutral monosaccharides are (1 leads to 6) as shown by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry of partially methylated residues. The (1 leads to 6) linkage is consistent with the stability of the linkages to alkaline conditions and the destruction of all neutral carbohydrate by periodate. Action of alpha-mannosidase indicates that some oligosaccharide chains contain alpha-mannose as the terminal residue.", "contents": "Structural characterization of a glycoprotein cellulase, 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase C from Trichoderma viride. A glycoprotein enzyme, 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohycrolase (EC 3.2.1.91) form C, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a procedure which permitted isolation of gram quantities from a commercial Trichoderma viride culture filtrate preparation. Purified cellobiohydrolase C has an E1%/280 nm = 14.2 and degrades both microcrystalline and phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose to cellobiose. The cellobiohydrolase C contains 26.4, 4.8, 2.4 and 3.4 mol of mannose, glucose, galactose and glucosamine, respectively, per mol of enzyme (molecular weight, 48 400). Methylation analysis of cellobiohydrolase glycopeptides indicates an average carbohydrate chain length of two residues. Alkaline borohydride treatment of cellobiohydrolase C released neutral carbohydrate which is bound through an average of 16.7 O-glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine per molecule of enzyme. Glucosamine was not released from the protein by alkaline treatment. Analysis of alkaline borohydride-released carbohydrate by high pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that an average enzyme molecule contains 8.8 mono-, 1.8 di-, 4.6 tri-, 1.2 tetra-, and 0.4 pentasaccharide chains. The linkages between the neutral monosaccharides are (1 leads to 6) as shown by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry of partially methylated residues. The (1 leads to 6) linkage is consistent with the stability of the linkages to alkaline conditions and the destruction of all neutral carbohydrate by periodate. Action of alpha-mannosidase indicates that some oligosaccharide chains contain alpha-mannose as the terminal residue.", "PMID": 1032996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6204", "title": "Phospholipids of Semliki Forest virus grown in cultured mosquito cells.", "content": "The phospholipids of Semliki Forest virus grown in mosquito cells (Aedes albopictus) were analyzed radiochemically. The ratio of 32P-labeled phospholipids to total 32P-label in the virus grown in mosquito cells equilibrated with radiophosphorus was 0.558 +/- 0.021. This value was similar to the lipid phosphorus: total phosphorus ratio (0.539 +/- 0.025) of the virus grown in the BHK cells. It is concluded that an average virion of the two types of Semliki Forest virus contains approximately the same number of phospholipid molecules. Phosphatidylethanolamine (62%), phosphatidylcholine (14%), phosphatidylserine (10%) and the ethanolamine analogue of sphingomyelin, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (9%) were the principal phospholipids in the mosquito cell-grown virus. Comparison with the lipids of virus grown in hamster cells (BHK cells) revealed that two-thirds of the polar structures were dissimilar. Surface labeling with formylmethionyl [35S] sulfone methylphosphate suggests that a relatively large fraction of ceramide phosphoethanolamine is located in the outer half of the lipid bilayer of the viral membrane.", "contents": "Phospholipids of Semliki Forest virus grown in cultured mosquito cells. The phospholipids of Semliki Forest virus grown in mosquito cells (Aedes albopictus) were analyzed radiochemically. The ratio of 32P-labeled phospholipids to total 32P-label in the virus grown in mosquito cells equilibrated with radiophosphorus was 0.558 +/- 0.021. This value was similar to the lipid phosphorus: total phosphorus ratio (0.539 +/- 0.025) of the virus grown in the BHK cells. It is concluded that an average virion of the two types of Semliki Forest virus contains approximately the same number of phospholipid molecules. Phosphatidylethanolamine (62%), phosphatidylcholine (14%), phosphatidylserine (10%) and the ethanolamine analogue of sphingomyelin, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (9%) were the principal phospholipids in the mosquito cell-grown virus. Comparison with the lipids of virus grown in hamster cells (BHK cells) revealed that two-thirds of the polar structures were dissimilar. Surface labeling with formylmethionyl [35S] sulfone methylphosphate suggests that a relatively large fraction of ceramide phosphoethanolamine is located in the outer half of the lipid bilayer of the viral membrane.", "PMID": 1032998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6205", "title": "Translation of tubulin messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Tubulin messenger RNA has been partially purified from embryonic chick brain. This messenger has been shown to be polyadenylated and capable of directing tubulin synthesis in an heterologous cell-free protein synthesizing system. Phosphocellulose fractions of IF-3 derived from embryonic leg muscle or brain were tested for their effect on tubulin and myosin synthesis in vitro. Phosphocellulose fraction four from either tissue source stimulates tubulin synthesis three fold. Myosin synthesis is enhanced significantly only by the muscle subfraction. This result suggests the existence of specific factors in muscle for the translation of the myosin messenger.", "contents": "Translation of tubulin messenger ribonucleic acid. Tubulin messenger RNA has been partially purified from embryonic chick brain. This messenger has been shown to be polyadenylated and capable of directing tubulin synthesis in an heterologous cell-free protein synthesizing system. Phosphocellulose fractions of IF-3 derived from embryonic leg muscle or brain were tested for their effect on tubulin and myosin synthesis in vitro. Phosphocellulose fraction four from either tissue source stimulates tubulin synthesis three fold. Myosin synthesis is enhanced significantly only by the muscle subfraction. This result suggests the existence of specific factors in muscle for the translation of the myosin messenger.", "PMID": 1032999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6206", "title": "Primary cultures of rat aortic media: a growth stop phenomenon different from contact inhibition.", "content": "Cultures have been made from explants of thoracic aortas to study the growth pattern of aortic mediacytes. Explants from aortas of eight rats, aged between seven to eight weeks, were seeded. Three parameters were measured weekly from the second to the nineth week: the surface of the culture (S); the relative increment of this surface (delta S/S) and the number of 3H-thymidine labelled cells by the unit surface (n chi S-1) after autoradiography. The surface of primary culture, in relation to time, has roughly the shape of a sigmoidal curve. Growth is continuous until the fifth week and reaches a plateau beyond that time. The two other parameters decreased regularly during the first phase to attain a minimum at the beginning of the plateau-period; however new cells in the S-phase are still found in this second period.", "contents": "Primary cultures of rat aortic media: a growth stop phenomenon different from contact inhibition. Cultures have been made from explants of thoracic aortas to study the growth pattern of aortic mediacytes. Explants from aortas of eight rats, aged between seven to eight weeks, were seeded. Three parameters were measured weekly from the second to the nineth week: the surface of the culture (S); the relative increment of this surface (delta S/S) and the number of 3H-thymidine labelled cells by the unit surface (n chi S-1) after autoradiography. The surface of primary culture, in relation to time, has roughly the shape of a sigmoidal curve. Growth is continuous until the fifth week and reaches a plateau beyond that time. The two other parameters decreased regularly during the first phase to attain a minimum at the beginning of the plateau-period; however new cells in the S-phase are still found in this second period.", "PMID": 1033000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6207", "title": "[Changes in the incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins and homogenates of the brains of rats that have suffered acute hypoxia in the antenatal period].", "content": "The authors studied C14-leucine and S35-methionine incorporation into the brain tissue homogenates and protein from different parts of the brain of rats subjected to intrauterine hypoxia. Depression of protein synthesis in certain brain structures, particularly in the hyppocampus was observed alongside with the stimulation of the amino acid incorporation into proteins of the other parts of the brain. Changes of the amino acid penetration into tissue homogenates fialed to correlate with the rate of their incorporation into proteins in separate structures of the brain. Experimental results pointed to disfunction in the protein metabolism intensity and in the blood-brain barrier system occurring during the late ontogenesis in rats surviving the intrauterine hypoxia.", "contents": "[Changes in the incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins and homogenates of the brains of rats that have suffered acute hypoxia in the antenatal period]. The authors studied C14-leucine and S35-methionine incorporation into the brain tissue homogenates and protein from different parts of the brain of rats subjected to intrauterine hypoxia. Depression of protein synthesis in certain brain structures, particularly in the hyppocampus was observed alongside with the stimulation of the amino acid incorporation into proteins of the other parts of the brain. Changes of the amino acid penetration into tissue homogenates fialed to correlate with the rate of their incorporation into proteins in separate structures of the brain. Experimental results pointed to disfunction in the protein metabolism intensity and in the blood-brain barrier system occurring during the late ontogenesis in rats surviving the intrauterine hypoxia.", "PMID": 1033001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6208", "title": "Feedlot manure top dressing for irrigated pasture: good agricultural practice or a health hazard?", "content": "Top dressing a spray-irrigated pasture of orchard-grass with 125 t/ha of overwintered beef feedlot manure almost doubled the yield of dry forage: 6353 kg/ha vs. 3578 kg/ha for the plots receiving no manure. Even at this rate of application, the manure did not contaminate the irrigated grass with enteropathogenic bacteria after irrigation. When the grass became contaminated through the use of fecally polluted irrigation water, the fecal coliforms, indicator organisms with survival characteristics similar to the salmonellae, were effectively eliminated from the grass after exposure to 65 hr of bright sunlight.", "contents": "Feedlot manure top dressing for irrigated pasture: good agricultural practice or a health hazard? Top dressing a spray-irrigated pasture of orchard-grass with 125 t/ha of overwintered beef feedlot manure almost doubled the yield of dry forage: 6353 kg/ha vs. 3578 kg/ha for the plots receiving no manure. Even at this rate of application, the manure did not contaminate the irrigated grass with enteropathogenic bacteria after irrigation. When the grass became contaminated through the use of fecally polluted irrigation water, the fecal coliforms, indicator organisms with survival characteristics similar to the salmonellae, were effectively eliminated from the grass after exposure to 65 hr of bright sunlight.", "PMID": 1033004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6209", "title": "New protein sources.", "content": "The question whether there is a real need for more protein is first critically reviewed and the two main ways of making more protein available are then exposed. They comprise the more efficient use of the protein already available and the synthesis of new protein. The possibilities offered by the oilseeds are then briefly expounded and the difficulties encountered in their practical application are evaluated. The texture meat-like products based on extruded soya and the more sophisticated spun fibers are mentioned. Protein synthesis using yeast, bacteria and algae as microorganisms is then described. The single-cell protein (SCP) products obtaine on different substrates (paraffins, alcohols or inorganic substrates) are evaluated as regards their general composition, amino acid content and nutritive value. The problems of wholesomeness and tolerance are briefly touched upon and the development of three generations of SCP products is envisaged, each having a higher degree of purity and being more suited as a food. Finally the prospects of SCP as human food are discussed.", "contents": "New protein sources. The question whether there is a real need for more protein is first critically reviewed and the two main ways of making more protein available are then exposed. They comprise the more efficient use of the protein already available and the synthesis of new protein. The possibilities offered by the oilseeds are then briefly expounded and the difficulties encountered in their practical application are evaluated. The texture meat-like products based on extruded soya and the more sophisticated spun fibers are mentioned. Protein synthesis using yeast, bacteria and algae as microorganisms is then described. The single-cell protein (SCP) products obtaine on different substrates (paraffins, alcohols or inorganic substrates) are evaluated as regards their general composition, amino acid content and nutritive value. The problems of wholesomeness and tolerance are briefly touched upon and the development of three generations of SCP products is envisaged, each having a higher degree of purity and being more suited as a food. Finally the prospects of SCP as human food are discussed.", "PMID": 1033009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6210", "title": "[Significance of the endodermal sinus tumor (Teilum) and of simplified teratoma of vitelline determination].", "content": "The histogenesis of yolk-sac tumors has been explained by a selective cloning for extra-embryonic entoblast amongst totipotent carcinoma stemcells. The diverses appearances of the tumor growths are expressed mainly in the range of cyto-differentiations of entoblastic tissue rather than in their ability to form structures which mimick the yolk-sac. The process is clearly apparent in embryoids which are becoming disorganized and during the course of experimentally induced mouse parietal endodermal carcinoma. The latter's appearance is strong evidence that the laws of specificity are obeyed. Human tumors should be analyzed through human embryology. Some paradoxical aspects emerge occasionally due to the angiogenesic capabilities of the neoplastic vitelline tissue, and to the correlations of this tissue with the stromal vascular response.", "contents": "[Significance of the endodermal sinus tumor (Teilum) and of simplified teratoma of vitelline determination]. The histogenesis of yolk-sac tumors has been explained by a selective cloning for extra-embryonic entoblast amongst totipotent carcinoma stemcells. The diverses appearances of the tumor growths are expressed mainly in the range of cyto-differentiations of entoblastic tissue rather than in their ability to form structures which mimick the yolk-sac. The process is clearly apparent in embryoids which are becoming disorganized and during the course of experimentally induced mouse parietal endodermal carcinoma. The latter's appearance is strong evidence that the laws of specificity are obeyed. Human tumors should be analyzed through human embryology. Some paradoxical aspects emerge occasionally due to the angiogenesic capabilities of the neoplastic vitelline tissue, and to the correlations of this tissue with the stromal vascular response.", "PMID": 1033003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6211", "title": "Assessing inter-rater reliability for rating scales: resolving some basic issues.", "content": "This paper extends the recent work of Hall (1974) by presenting the minimal sample sizes and the specific linear agreement weights required for assessing the reliability of rating scales commonly used in neuropsychiatric and other clinico-medical settings. The weights are shown to vary as a function of (a) whether or not the rating scale contains a point of 'absence', and (b) the number of ordinal points on the scale.", "contents": "Assessing inter-rater reliability for rating scales: resolving some basic issues. This paper extends the recent work of Hall (1974) by presenting the minimal sample sizes and the specific linear agreement weights required for assessing the reliability of rating scales commonly used in neuropsychiatric and other clinico-medical settings. The weights are shown to vary as a function of (a) whether or not the rating scale contains a point of 'absence', and (b) the number of ordinal points on the scale.", "PMID": 1033010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6212", "title": "The urethral pressure profile recorded by means of CO2-perfusion at high flow rates.", "content": "The urethral pressure profile (UPP) is recorded by CO2-perfusion of the urethra at a rate of 120 ml/min. The curves are reproducible. Their features are practically identical with the shape of profiles written by liquid perfusion. The curves are absolutely calibrated. High flow perfusion and calibration make it possible to compare CO2-curves with each other and even with graphs executed by other methods.", "contents": "The urethral pressure profile recorded by means of CO2-perfusion at high flow rates. The urethral pressure profile (UPP) is recorded by CO2-perfusion of the urethra at a rate of 120 ml/min. The curves are reproducible. Their features are practically identical with the shape of profiles written by liquid perfusion. The curves are absolutely calibrated. High flow perfusion and calibration make it possible to compare CO2-curves with each other and even with graphs executed by other methods.", "PMID": 1033011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6213", "title": "Regional variations in need for and provision and use of child health services in England and Wales.", "content": "An analysis of indicators of the need for and provision and use of child health services in the 15 pre- 1974 hospital board regions in England and Wales showed that need and provisions were badly matched. There was a high degree of correlation between the indices within each of the three groups, indicating that a region with a small provision in one area of child health services would tend to have few resources in other areas also. Statistics on the use of services relate more to the provision of those services than to the need for them. Regions with large resources will justify these resources by claiming that their use statistics indicate needs, whereas they really indicate met demands. It is more important to identify demands and needs that are not being met.", "contents": "Regional variations in need for and provision and use of child health services in England and Wales. An analysis of indicators of the need for and provision and use of child health services in the 15 pre- 1974 hospital board regions in England and Wales showed that need and provisions were badly matched. There was a high degree of correlation between the indices within each of the three groups, indicating that a region with a small provision in one area of child health services would tend to have few resources in other areas also. Statistics on the use of services relate more to the provision of those services than to the need for them. Regions with large resources will justify these resources by claiming that their use statistics indicate needs, whereas they really indicate met demands. It is more important to identify demands and needs that are not being met.", "PMID": 1033012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6214", "title": "Gonorrhoea in women and exposure to risk.", "content": "Data are presented on the characteristics of women with newly diagnosed gonorrhoea who attended Lydia Clinic, St. Thomas' Hospital, during a 6-month period. Although gonorrhoea in women is largely asymptomatic, there was strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that some women had attended because they had been exposed to risk. The proportion of women thus motivated was largest among those women who had attended a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases before--in which up to 40 per cent. of women had apparently attended entirely of their own accord. Women born in the West Indies differed from their counterparts born in the United Kingdom in three respects: they were younger, recorded fewer contacts, and referred themselves less frequently to the clinic for a first visit. Implications for health education and for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Gonorrhoea in women and exposure to risk. Data are presented on the characteristics of women with newly diagnosed gonorrhoea who attended Lydia Clinic, St. Thomas' Hospital, during a 6-month period. Although gonorrhoea in women is largely asymptomatic, there was strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that some women had attended because they had been exposed to risk. The proportion of women thus motivated was largest among those women who had attended a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases before--in which up to 40 per cent. of women had apparently attended entirely of their own accord. Women born in the West Indies differed from their counterparts born in the United Kingdom in three respects: they were younger, recorded fewer contacts, and referred themselves less frequently to the clinic for a first visit. Implications for health education and for future research are discussed.", "PMID": 1033015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6215", "title": "Neuroanatomic projections related to biting attack elicited from ventral midbrain in cats.", "content": "A single electrode was implanted in each of ten cats at a point in the ventral midbrain from which nonaffective biting attack on a rat could be elicited by electrical stimulation. A lesion was then made which was just large enough to eliminate the elicitation of attack at suprathreshold intensities from that electrode. After post-lesion survival times of 3-14 days the cats were sacrificed, and the degeneration resulting from the lesions was followed with the use of modified Nauta silver stains. Four additional cats were used as anatomic controls. Degenerating fibers were observed to descend bilaterally through the midbrain, pontine, and medullary tegmentum to the vicinity of the principal sensory and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve. There was, in addition, evidence of degenerating terminals within the nucleus of the facial nerve and the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Of particular note was the observation that the degenerating fibers in the region of the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve terminated in glomeruli in the rostral portion of the nucleus. Degenerating fibers ascending from the lesion were found to course along the medial forebrain bundle into the hypothalamus and the midline thalamus in a pattern very similar to that previously demonstrated after lesions of biting attack sites in the hypothalamus. The role that the neural pathways associated with ventral midbrain attack sites might play in the mediation of behavior patterns which are elicited during attack stimulation was discussed and it was concluded that the demonstrated neural pathway could provide a cogent explanation for some of the properties of centrally elicited attack behavior.", "contents": "Neuroanatomic projections related to biting attack elicited from ventral midbrain in cats. A single electrode was implanted in each of ten cats at a point in the ventral midbrain from which nonaffective biting attack on a rat could be elicited by electrical stimulation. A lesion was then made which was just large enough to eliminate the elicitation of attack at suprathreshold intensities from that electrode. After post-lesion survival times of 3-14 days the cats were sacrificed, and the degeneration resulting from the lesions was followed with the use of modified Nauta silver stains. Four additional cats were used as anatomic controls. Degenerating fibers were observed to descend bilaterally through the midbrain, pontine, and medullary tegmentum to the vicinity of the principal sensory and motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve. There was, in addition, evidence of degenerating terminals within the nucleus of the facial nerve and the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Of particular note was the observation that the degenerating fibers in the region of the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve terminated in glomeruli in the rostral portion of the nucleus. Degenerating fibers ascending from the lesion were found to course along the medial forebrain bundle into the hypothalamus and the midline thalamus in a pattern very similar to that previously demonstrated after lesions of biting attack sites in the hypothalamus. The role that the neural pathways associated with ventral midbrain attack sites might play in the mediation of behavior patterns which are elicited during attack stimulation was discussed and it was concluded that the demonstrated neural pathway could provide a cogent explanation for some of the properties of centrally elicited attack behavior.", "PMID": 1033020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6216", "title": "Comparison of changes in tryptophan and serotonin in regions of the hamster and the rat brain over a twenty-four hour period.", "content": "Groups of male golden hamsters and Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period. Tryptophan and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in the telencephalon and brain stem and tryptophan was measured in serum. Highly statistically significant changes in tryptophan and 5-HT content were observed over the period of the day. Generally the changes were more clearly defined and were significant to a higher statistical level in the hamster than in the rat. Statistically significant changes were also observed in serum tryptophan. In the hamster the daily changes in serum tryptophan were coincidental with similar changes in tryptophan and 5-HT in the brain stem and tryptophan in the telencephalon. On the other hand, the changes in 5-HT in the hamster telencephalon were not well correlated with changes in tryptophan and serum tryptophan.", "contents": "Comparison of changes in tryptophan and serotonin in regions of the hamster and the rat brain over a twenty-four hour period. Groups of male golden hamsters and Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period. Tryptophan and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in the telencephalon and brain stem and tryptophan was measured in serum. Highly statistically significant changes in tryptophan and 5-HT content were observed over the period of the day. Generally the changes were more clearly defined and were significant to a higher statistical level in the hamster than in the rat. Statistically significant changes were also observed in serum tryptophan. In the hamster the daily changes in serum tryptophan were coincidental with similar changes in tryptophan and 5-HT in the brain stem and tryptophan in the telencephalon. On the other hand, the changes in 5-HT in the hamster telencephalon were not well correlated with changes in tryptophan and serum tryptophan.", "PMID": 1033022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6217", "title": "Impaired retention of visual discriminated escape training produced by subseizure amygdala stimulation.", "content": "These experiments examined the effects on memory of posttrial, subseizure, electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Rats were trained in a visual discriminated avoidance Y-maze. Each animal received 6 tirals on the training day. Retention, tested the following day, was measured both by the number of correct choices on the first 6 retraining trials and by the number of trials to a criterion of 5 of 6 correct choices. If administered 2 min, 1 h, or 4 h, but not 10 h, after training, bilateral amygdala stimulation significantly impaired retention as measured 24 h after training. In a second experiment, rats received unilateral amygdala stimulation in order to examine better the anatomical localization of effective stimulation sites. The unilateral stimulation was administered either 2 min, 10 min, 1 h, or 4 h after training. The behavioral procedures were the same as those used in the first experiment. For animals stimulated 2 min after training, the optimal stimulation region was one which extended rostrally from the ventrolateral portion of the basomedial nucleus to the dorsomedial region of the amygdala near the stria terminalis and nucleus centralis. For animals stimulated after a 10 min training-treatment interval, this amygdala region was not an effective stimulation site. However, in these animals, stimulation of the basolateral nucleus impaired later retention. Unilateral, posttraining amygdala stimulation administered 1 or 4 h after training did not appear to produce retention deficits. The findings of these experiments thus indicate that posttrial unilateral or bilateral amygdala stimulation impairs retention of discriminated avoidance training. Furthermore, the specific amygdala site at which posttrial stimulation impairs later retention varies with the training-treatment interval.", "contents": "Impaired retention of visual discriminated escape training produced by subseizure amygdala stimulation. These experiments examined the effects on memory of posttrial, subseizure, electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Rats were trained in a visual discriminated avoidance Y-maze. Each animal received 6 tirals on the training day. Retention, tested the following day, was measured both by the number of correct choices on the first 6 retraining trials and by the number of trials to a criterion of 5 of 6 correct choices. If administered 2 min, 1 h, or 4 h, but not 10 h, after training, bilateral amygdala stimulation significantly impaired retention as measured 24 h after training. In a second experiment, rats received unilateral amygdala stimulation in order to examine better the anatomical localization of effective stimulation sites. The unilateral stimulation was administered either 2 min, 10 min, 1 h, or 4 h after training. The behavioral procedures were the same as those used in the first experiment. For animals stimulated 2 min after training, the optimal stimulation region was one which extended rostrally from the ventrolateral portion of the basomedial nucleus to the dorsomedial region of the amygdala near the stria terminalis and nucleus centralis. For animals stimulated after a 10 min training-treatment interval, this amygdala region was not an effective stimulation site. However, in these animals, stimulation of the basolateral nucleus impaired later retention. Unilateral, posttraining amygdala stimulation administered 1 or 4 h after training did not appear to produce retention deficits. The findings of these experiments thus indicate that posttrial unilateral or bilateral amygdala stimulation impairs retention of discriminated avoidance training. Furthermore, the specific amygdala site at which posttrial stimulation impairs later retention varies with the training-treatment interval.", "PMID": 1033024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6218", "title": "Patterns of gastric electrical and motor activity in miniature pigs.", "content": "Gastric myoelectrical and mechanical activity was recorded in miniature pigs using chronically implanted electrodes and strain gauge force transducers. Semiautomated methods were devised to obtain quantitative evaluations of the electrical and mechanical parameters measured in fasted and fed animals. The patterns of gastric myoelectrical activity in pigs were, on the whole, similar to the patterns described in dogs, including regular cyclic control activity and spike response activity associated with muscle contraction. However, several points were peculiar to the species studied: conduction velocity of pacesetter potentials increased only moderately in the antrum; tachygastria never occurred in the experiments; in response to a standard meal, the frequency of pacesetter potentials gradually increased; mechanical activity proceeded at its maximal force immediately after feeding and for a long period; no evidence of 'migrating electrical complexes' was found in the stomach during fasting. The 40-min period following administration of a test meal appeared especially suitable for pharmacological or physiological experiments in which inhibitory factors are to be tested on the stomach.", "contents": "Patterns of gastric electrical and motor activity in miniature pigs. Gastric myoelectrical and mechanical activity was recorded in miniature pigs using chronically implanted electrodes and strain gauge force transducers. Semiautomated methods were devised to obtain quantitative evaluations of the electrical and mechanical parameters measured in fasted and fed animals. The patterns of gastric myoelectrical activity in pigs were, on the whole, similar to the patterns described in dogs, including regular cyclic control activity and spike response activity associated with muscle contraction. However, several points were peculiar to the species studied: conduction velocity of pacesetter potentials increased only moderately in the antrum; tachygastria never occurred in the experiments; in response to a standard meal, the frequency of pacesetter potentials gradually increased; mechanical activity proceeded at its maximal force immediately after feeding and for a long period; no evidence of 'migrating electrical complexes' was found in the stomach during fasting. The 40-min period following administration of a test meal appeared especially suitable for pharmacological or physiological experiments in which inhibitory factors are to be tested on the stomach.", "PMID": 1033025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6219", "title": "Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India.", "content": "In Gujarat, India, 6718 industrial workers, over 35 years of age, with oral leukoplakia (confirmed clinically and microscopically), were studied. After 2 years, 4762 (71%) of the individuals were re-examined. The buccal mucosa was the most common site of occurrence; 98.3% of these individuals had oral habits, with smoking alone or smoking in combination with \"pan\" or \"supari\" chewing accounting for 74.9% of the habit forms. Six individuals (0.13%) with oral leukoplakia developed oral carcinomas within 2 years. This incidence of malignant transformation was equivalent to 63/100,000 per year, which far exceeds that of new oral cancers expected even in high-risk populations. While 57.3% the leukoplakic lesions remained unchanged during a 2-year interval, 31.6% disappeared and 11% had an altered appearance. This study confirmed the precancerous nature of oral leukoplakia.", "contents": "Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. In Gujarat, India, 6718 industrial workers, over 35 years of age, with oral leukoplakia (confirmed clinically and microscopically), were studied. After 2 years, 4762 (71%) of the individuals were re-examined. The buccal mucosa was the most common site of occurrence; 98.3% of these individuals had oral habits, with smoking alone or smoking in combination with \"pan\" or \"supari\" chewing accounting for 74.9% of the habit forms. Six individuals (0.13%) with oral leukoplakia developed oral carcinomas within 2 years. This incidence of malignant transformation was equivalent to 63/100,000 per year, which far exceeds that of new oral cancers expected even in high-risk populations. While 57.3% the leukoplakic lesions remained unchanged during a 2-year interval, 31.6% disappeared and 11% had an altered appearance. This study confirmed the precancerous nature of oral leukoplakia.", "PMID": 1033027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6220", "title": "Treatment of malignant gliomas and brain metastases in adults with a combination of adriamycin, VM 26, and CCNU. Results of a phase II trail.", "content": "Forty-three patients with inoperable or recurring malignant gliomas, and 30 patients with multiple recurring brain metastases were treated with a combination of Adriamycin (45 mg/m2) and 4-dimethyl-epipodophyllotoxin D-thenylidene (VM 26) (60 mg/m2 for 2 days) with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) (60 mg/m2 for 2 days). These cycles of treatment were repeated as soon as the hematologic restoration was complete. The treatment was well tolerated and the clinical condition of 31 of 43 glioblastoma patients improved during the 2 months after the beginning of the treatment. Six of eight patients with breast cancer metastases, one of 13 with bronchial cancer matastases, and three of nine with other types of cancer metastases also benefitted from the treatment. Examination of the results obtained revealed the following characteristics: 1) This combination had a low degree of efficiency in the treatment of metastases to brain, except for breast cancer metastases; 2) there was no complete correlation between the clinical results observed and the cinegammagraphic developments; 3) the results obtained were similar, independent of the initial localization; and a 6-month median survival period was established, with 10 patients now in a state of apparently complete remission, 180 to 506 days after beginning of the treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of malignant gliomas and brain metastases in adults with a combination of adriamycin, VM 26, and CCNU. Results of a phase II trail. Forty-three patients with inoperable or recurring malignant gliomas, and 30 patients with multiple recurring brain metastases were treated with a combination of Adriamycin (45 mg/m2) and 4-dimethyl-epipodophyllotoxin D-thenylidene (VM 26) (60 mg/m2 for 2 days) with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) (60 mg/m2 for 2 days). These cycles of treatment were repeated as soon as the hematologic restoration was complete. The treatment was well tolerated and the clinical condition of 31 of 43 glioblastoma patients improved during the 2 months after the beginning of the treatment. Six of eight patients with breast cancer metastases, one of 13 with bronchial cancer matastases, and three of nine with other types of cancer metastases also benefitted from the treatment. Examination of the results obtained revealed the following characteristics: 1) This combination had a low degree of efficiency in the treatment of metastases to brain, except for breast cancer metastases; 2) there was no complete correlation between the clinical results observed and the cinegammagraphic developments; 3) the results obtained were similar, independent of the initial localization; and a 6-month median survival period was established, with 10 patients now in a state of apparently complete remission, 180 to 506 days after beginning of the treatment.", "PMID": 1033028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6221", "title": "Angiomatosis retinae. An ultrastructural study and lipid analysis.", "content": "A nonfamilial case of agiomatosis retinae (retinal hemangioblastoma) was studied by electron microscopy. In addition to the three major types of cells previously identified within the tumor (endothelial cells, pericytes, heavily lipidized stromal cells), fibrous astrocytes in different stages of lipidization were also found. The endothelial cells were fenestrated, providing the basis for the extravasated exudate that is characteristic of the tumor. The pericytes were completely surrounded by casement membranes and displayed no significant lipidization; in a cellular plaque of vasular tissue at the base of the lesion, however, some of the multilaminar pericytes showed evidence of early smooth muscle differentiation. The stromal cells contained abundant lipid vacuoles and a few organelles, and exhibited granular degeneration of cytoplasmic filaments between the lipid vacuoles. There was spotty basement membrane formation where the stromal cells abutted on the vascular elements. No interconversion could be demonstrated among the endothelial cells, pericytes, and stromal cells. A source for the stromal cells was discovered in the early lipisization of fibrous astrocytes. Analysis of the extracted lipid from the tumor by means of infrared spectroscopy, lipid chromatography, and x-ray diffraction disclosed that the lipid was mostly cholestrol stearate, a plasma lipid. It is suggested that in the retinal lesions the leaky (fenestrated) capillaries of the tumor allowed the passive imbibition of plasma lipid by the fibrous astrocytes, leading to their gradual transformation into the fully lipidized stromal cells.", "contents": "Angiomatosis retinae. An ultrastructural study and lipid analysis. A nonfamilial case of agiomatosis retinae (retinal hemangioblastoma) was studied by electron microscopy. In addition to the three major types of cells previously identified within the tumor (endothelial cells, pericytes, heavily lipidized stromal cells), fibrous astrocytes in different stages of lipidization were also found. The endothelial cells were fenestrated, providing the basis for the extravasated exudate that is characteristic of the tumor. The pericytes were completely surrounded by casement membranes and displayed no significant lipidization; in a cellular plaque of vasular tissue at the base of the lesion, however, some of the multilaminar pericytes showed evidence of early smooth muscle differentiation. The stromal cells contained abundant lipid vacuoles and a few organelles, and exhibited granular degeneration of cytoplasmic filaments between the lipid vacuoles. There was spotty basement membrane formation where the stromal cells abutted on the vascular elements. No interconversion could be demonstrated among the endothelial cells, pericytes, and stromal cells. A source for the stromal cells was discovered in the early lipisization of fibrous astrocytes. Analysis of the extracted lipid from the tumor by means of infrared spectroscopy, lipid chromatography, and x-ray diffraction disclosed that the lipid was mostly cholestrol stearate, a plasma lipid. It is suggested that in the retinal lesions the leaky (fenestrated) capillaries of the tumor allowed the passive imbibition of plasma lipid by the fibrous astrocytes, leading to their gradual transformation into the fully lipidized stromal cells.", "PMID": 1033029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6222", "title": "Protein cross-linking properties of the antitumor agent inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994).", "content": "Inosine dialdehyde (IdA), a new antitumor agent presently undergoing clinical evaluation in man, possesses two aldehyde groups that form stable complexes with a variety of biologic molecules containing amino groups. Complex formation of IdA with lysine, glycine, histidine, or bovine serum albumin (BSA) greatly reduces the cytotoxicity of IdA against L1210 leukemia in vitro. Complexes of IdA and BSA exhibit molecular weights ranging from 69,000 to greater than 800,000 as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, indicating that both aldehyde groups of IdA are functional and can cross-link protein molecules. The cross-linking of plasma proteins and the cross-linking of glycine to BSA were also observed. No interaction of IdA with nucleic acids, nucleic acid bases, or nucleosides was detected. The dialdehyde derivatives of other nucleosides also possessed cross-linking properties.", "contents": "Protein cross-linking properties of the antitumor agent inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994). Inosine dialdehyde (IdA), a new antitumor agent presently undergoing clinical evaluation in man, possesses two aldehyde groups that form stable complexes with a variety of biologic molecules containing amino groups. Complex formation of IdA with lysine, glycine, histidine, or bovine serum albumin (BSA) greatly reduces the cytotoxicity of IdA against L1210 leukemia in vitro. Complexes of IdA and BSA exhibit molecular weights ranging from 69,000 to greater than 800,000 as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, indicating that both aldehyde groups of IdA are functional and can cross-link protein molecules. The cross-linking of plasma proteins and the cross-linking of glycine to BSA were also observed. No interaction of IdA with nucleic acids, nucleic acid bases, or nucleosides was detected. The dialdehyde derivatives of other nucleosides also possessed cross-linking properties.", "PMID": 1033030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6223", "title": "The follicular prolactin cells of the primitive teleost engraulis japonica.", "content": "The elopiform teleost Engraulis japonica was used for a light and electron microscopical study of the follicle epithelium in the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary. In this species, which has one large follicle in the anterior hypophysis, there is no persistent orohypophysial duct in postmetamorphic stages. The apical pole of the prolactin cells is almost completely overlaid by a surface layer of flattened epithelial cells with a thick glycocalyx. The prolactin cells reach the follicular lumen through \"pores\" in this cell layer and at the site of the pore the prolactin cells bear unusual specializations consisting of one cilium, several tall microvilli, and a mass of granular material. Prolactin release takes place at the basal pole of the cells.", "contents": "The follicular prolactin cells of the primitive teleost engraulis japonica. The elopiform teleost Engraulis japonica was used for a light and electron microscopical study of the follicle epithelium in the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary. In this species, which has one large follicle in the anterior hypophysis, there is no persistent orohypophysial duct in postmetamorphic stages. The apical pole of the prolactin cells is almost completely overlaid by a surface layer of flattened epithelial cells with a thick glycocalyx. The prolactin cells reach the follicular lumen through \"pores\" in this cell layer and at the site of the pore the prolactin cells bear unusual specializations consisting of one cilium, several tall microvilli, and a mass of granular material. Prolactin release takes place at the basal pole of the cells.", "PMID": 1033032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6224", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the epithelia of the olfactory organ of cyprinodonts (Teleostei, Cyprinodontoidea).", "content": "The epithelia of the olfactory organ of two cyprinodontoid fish species were studied both by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The relatively flat floor of the organ is covered by sensory and nonsensory epithelia. The latter is distributed in the form of bands or ridges separating distinct areas of sensory epithelium. Differences between the olfactory organs of the two species investigated related only to the topography and quantitative distribution of the epithelia. Their ultrastructural features are very similar. The nonsensory stratified squamous epithelium contains numerous goblet cells and surface cells provided with microridges. A hypothetical function of the microridges is discussed. The sensory epithelium consists mainly of basal, supporting, and two types of sensory cells, i.e., ciliated and microvillous receptor cells. The cilia exhibitapredominant 9+0 microtubule pattern. Both epithelia are covered by a mucus layer in which all surface structures seem to be embedded. The possible nature, origin, and movement mechanisms of the mucus are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the epithelia of the olfactory organ of cyprinodonts (Teleostei, Cyprinodontoidea). The epithelia of the olfactory organ of two cyprinodontoid fish species were studied both by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The relatively flat floor of the organ is covered by sensory and nonsensory epithelia. The latter is distributed in the form of bands or ridges separating distinct areas of sensory epithelium. Differences between the olfactory organs of the two species investigated related only to the topography and quantitative distribution of the epithelia. Their ultrastructural features are very similar. The nonsensory stratified squamous epithelium contains numerous goblet cells and surface cells provided with microridges. A hypothetical function of the microridges is discussed. The sensory epithelium consists mainly of basal, supporting, and two types of sensory cells, i.e., ciliated and microvillous receptor cells. The cilia exhibitapredominant 9+0 microtubule pattern. Both epithelia are covered by a mucus layer in which all surface structures seem to be embedded. The possible nature, origin, and movement mechanisms of the mucus are discussed.", "PMID": 1033033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6225", "title": "Fine structure and cytochemistry of specific granules in the lamprey atrium.", "content": "Fine structural and cytochemical studies were performed to examine the nature of three types of specific granules found in the atrium of lamprey; specific granules of the atrial muscle cell (ASG), interstitial cell granules (ICG) and endocardial endothelial granules (ESG). Ultrastructurally, ASG and ICG appeared quite similar in size, shape and electron opacity, while ESG were much larger and less dense in opacity than the other two. None of the granules showed positive DAB reaction or acid phosphatase reaction. Only ICG revealed positive chromaffin reaction, which agreed with formaldehyde induced green fluorescence along the atrial lumen. Phosphotungstic acid at low pH stained ICG and ASG strongly positive, and ESG weakly positive. Pronase treatment in Epon sections for 24 h digested ASG alone, whereas in glycol-methacrylate embedded sections, ESG were digested first, ASG were digested thoroughly after 30 min, but ICG were not digested completely after 90 min. From these results it can be concluded that the three types of specific granules have different constituents. ESG consist of protein with some polysaccharides; ASG are composed of protein carbohydrate complexes and lack catecholamines; ICG contain catecholamine as well as protein carbohydrate complexes.", "contents": "Fine structure and cytochemistry of specific granules in the lamprey atrium. Fine structural and cytochemical studies were performed to examine the nature of three types of specific granules found in the atrium of lamprey; specific granules of the atrial muscle cell (ASG), interstitial cell granules (ICG) and endocardial endothelial granules (ESG). Ultrastructurally, ASG and ICG appeared quite similar in size, shape and electron opacity, while ESG were much larger and less dense in opacity than the other two. None of the granules showed positive DAB reaction or acid phosphatase reaction. Only ICG revealed positive chromaffin reaction, which agreed with formaldehyde induced green fluorescence along the atrial lumen. Phosphotungstic acid at low pH stained ICG and ASG strongly positive, and ESG weakly positive. Pronase treatment in Epon sections for 24 h digested ASG alone, whereas in glycol-methacrylate embedded sections, ESG were digested first, ASG were digested thoroughly after 30 min, but ICG were not digested completely after 90 min. From these results it can be concluded that the three types of specific granules have different constituents. ESG consist of protein with some polysaccharides; ASG are composed of protein carbohydrate complexes and lack catecholamines; ICG contain catecholamine as well as protein carbohydrate complexes.", "PMID": 1033034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6226", "title": "On the yolk sac of the cat. Endoderm and mesothelium.", "content": "The ultrastructure of feline yolk sacs from 11 stages between the 14th and the 66th day is described with reference to the endoderm and the mesothelium; supplementary histochemical and cytochemical studies are included. Despite the absence of yolk, the endodermal epithelium shows a high degree of differentiation and activity, especially in the period between the 25th and the 38th day. Large stacks of RER, abundant SER, mitochondria enveloped by RER cisternae, and a peculiar type of lysosome are the most prominent organelles. Acid phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase and NAD- and NADP-diaphorases are found with high activity, whereas the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay stains the endothelium only moderately. Indications of reabsorption are less marked. In view of the apparent immaturity of the liver parenchymal cells at this stage, the yolk sac endoderm of cat is suggested to act as an important extraembryonic site of biosynthesis. As preliminary results of a chemical analysis show that the yolk sac fluid has nearly no nutritional value, the substances synthesized are believed to be transported directly to the fetus. The mesothelium shows relatively few alterations over the period studied, is less rich in organelles and is obviously far less active than the endoderm.", "contents": "On the yolk sac of the cat. Endoderm and mesothelium. The ultrastructure of feline yolk sacs from 11 stages between the 14th and the 66th day is described with reference to the endoderm and the mesothelium; supplementary histochemical and cytochemical studies are included. Despite the absence of yolk, the endodermal epithelium shows a high degree of differentiation and activity, especially in the period between the 25th and the 38th day. Large stacks of RER, abundant SER, mitochondria enveloped by RER cisternae, and a peculiar type of lysosome are the most prominent organelles. Acid phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase and NAD- and NADP-diaphorases are found with high activity, whereas the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay stains the endothelium only moderately. Indications of reabsorption are less marked. In view of the apparent immaturity of the liver parenchymal cells at this stage, the yolk sac endoderm of cat is suggested to act as an important extraembryonic site of biosynthesis. As preliminary results of a chemical analysis show that the yolk sac fluid has nearly no nutritional value, the substances synthesized are believed to be transported directly to the fetus. The mesothelium shows relatively few alterations over the period studied, is less rich in organelles and is obviously far less active than the endoderm.", "PMID": 1033035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6227", "title": "Studies on the ovotestis of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller).", "content": "The ovarian oocytes of Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller) have been studied by light and electron microscopy and electron cytochemistry. The development of the oocyte in the ovotestis may be divided into three stages. During Stage I the oocyte cytoplasm contains mainly ribosomes and also strands of endoplasmic reticulum, scattered mitochondria and Golgi systems. The nucleus contains both a paranucleolus and an eunucleolus. By Stage II the oocyte has enlarged, especially in a plane parallel to the basemend membrane. In addition to the above mentioned organelles, the cytoplasm contains lipid, glycogen and early yolk platelets. During Stage III, the oocyte continues to enlarge, but mainly in a plane perpendicular to the basement membrane. A considerable degree of cytoplasmic differentiation has also taken place. The plasma membrane of the oocyte has become specialized with the appearance of a polysaccharide-rich glycocalyx, microvilli and pinocytotic tubules. Elsewhere, much of the background cytoplasm, containing Golgi-derived, polysaccharide and acid phosphatase-rich multivesiculate bodies, lipid and glycogen, is sequestered by smooth membranes and ultimately fuses with the growing yolk platelets. The nucleus contains an amphinucleolus, characteristic of many gastropods. The findings of this study are discussed in relation to results from other studies on oogenesis.", "contents": "Studies on the ovotestis of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller). The ovarian oocytes of Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller) have been studied by light and electron microscopy and electron cytochemistry. The development of the oocyte in the ovotestis may be divided into three stages. During Stage I the oocyte cytoplasm contains mainly ribosomes and also strands of endoplasmic reticulum, scattered mitochondria and Golgi systems. The nucleus contains both a paranucleolus and an eunucleolus. By Stage II the oocyte has enlarged, especially in a plane parallel to the basemend membrane. In addition to the above mentioned organelles, the cytoplasm contains lipid, glycogen and early yolk platelets. During Stage III, the oocyte continues to enlarge, but mainly in a plane perpendicular to the basement membrane. A considerable degree of cytoplasmic differentiation has also taken place. The plasma membrane of the oocyte has become specialized with the appearance of a polysaccharide-rich glycocalyx, microvilli and pinocytotic tubules. Elsewhere, much of the background cytoplasm, containing Golgi-derived, polysaccharide and acid phosphatase-rich multivesiculate bodies, lipid and glycogen, is sequestered by smooth membranes and ultimately fuses with the growing yolk platelets. The nucleus contains an amphinucleolus, characteristic of many gastropods. The findings of this study are discussed in relation to results from other studies on oogenesis.", "PMID": 1033036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6228", "title": "Transformation of cytoplasmic actin. Importance for the organization of the contractile gel reticulum and the contraction--relasation cycle of cytoplasmic actomyosin.", "content": "(1) Within the low viscous flowing endoplasm of Physarum polycephalum a considerable amount of actin is in the non-filamentous state. This can be demonstrated by applying poly-L-lysin to surface spreads of native protoplasm. (2) It has been shown that in protoplasmic drops the endoplasm-ectoplasm transformation is accompanied by an actin polymerization from the non-filamentous state to F-actin. (3) The actual state of the labile G-F-actin equilibrium determines the varying consistency (viscosity) of the cytoplasm. (4) Increasing viscosity can be interpreted as being brought about by a) shifting of the G-F-actin equilibrium to the filamentous side, and (b) increased myosin-mediated binding sites between actin filaments. (5) Polymerization and depolymerization processes are involved in the rhythmically occurring contraction-relaxation cycle of cytoplasmic actomyosin in Physarum. (6) Cytoplasmic actin and myosin represent the architectural proteins of the contractile gel reticulum in eukaryotic cells. (7) The importance of the regulation of actin polymerization as a basic control mechanism of the eukaryotic cell is discussed.", "contents": "Transformation of cytoplasmic actin. Importance for the organization of the contractile gel reticulum and the contraction--relasation cycle of cytoplasmic actomyosin. (1) Within the low viscous flowing endoplasm of Physarum polycephalum a considerable amount of actin is in the non-filamentous state. This can be demonstrated by applying poly-L-lysin to surface spreads of native protoplasm. (2) It has been shown that in protoplasmic drops the endoplasm-ectoplasm transformation is accompanied by an actin polymerization from the non-filamentous state to F-actin. (3) The actual state of the labile G-F-actin equilibrium determines the varying consistency (viscosity) of the cytoplasm. (4) Increasing viscosity can be interpreted as being brought about by a) shifting of the G-F-actin equilibrium to the filamentous side, and (b) increased myosin-mediated binding sites between actin filaments. (5) Polymerization and depolymerization processes are involved in the rhythmically occurring contraction-relaxation cycle of cytoplasmic actomyosin in Physarum. (6) Cytoplasmic actin and myosin represent the architectural proteins of the contractile gel reticulum in eukaryotic cells. (7) The importance of the regulation of actin polymerization as a basic control mechanism of the eukaryotic cell is discussed.", "PMID": 1033037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6229", "title": "Dictyostelium 17S, 25S, and 5S rDNAs lie within a 38,000 base pair repeated unit.", "content": "Mapping with the restriction enzymes Sal 1 and R1 has generated a picture of the organization of Dictyostelium ribosomal DNA. The DNA which codes for 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs is located within a stretch of repetitive DNA at least 38,000 base pairs long. This repeated unit includes 5S DNA, linked to 25S DNA. Two techniques were especially useful in the mapping: \"cloning\" 14S + 25S DNA on the plasmid pMB9 to amplify individual R1 fragments, and digesting DNA with R1 in the presence of the antibiotic distamycin A to produce specific partial digestion products.", "contents": "Dictyostelium 17S, 25S, and 5S rDNAs lie within a 38,000 base pair repeated unit. Mapping with the restriction enzymes Sal 1 and R1 has generated a picture of the organization of Dictyostelium ribosomal DNA. The DNA which codes for 17S and 25S ribosomal RNAs is located within a stretch of repetitive DNA at least 38,000 base pairs long. This repeated unit includes 5S DNA, linked to 25S DNA. Two techniques were especially useful in the mapping: \"cloning\" 14S + 25S DNA on the plasmid pMB9 to amplify individual R1 fragments, and digesting DNA with R1 in the presence of the antibiotic distamycin A to produce specific partial digestion products.", "PMID": 1033038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6230", "title": "Release of RNA--DNA-protein complex during differentiation of the water mould Allomyces arbuscula.", "content": "A correlation between release of a nucleic acid protein complex into the external medium and sporangial differentiation was found. Conditions preventing differentiation also stopped the release. Lethal lysis is not involved in this release process. Extracellular nucleic acids are very heterogenous, consisting of nucleotides as well as acid-precipitable nucleic acids. RNA was found to be associated with proteins and a hetero-duplex RNA--DNA associated with this nucleoprotein. Some speculations are presented about possible correlation between the release of nucleoprotein complexes and the intracellular events of differentiation.", "contents": "Release of RNA--DNA-protein complex during differentiation of the water mould Allomyces arbuscula. A correlation between release of a nucleic acid protein complex into the external medium and sporangial differentiation was found. Conditions preventing differentiation also stopped the release. Lethal lysis is not involved in this release process. Extracellular nucleic acids are very heterogenous, consisting of nucleotides as well as acid-precipitable nucleic acids. RNA was found to be associated with proteins and a hetero-duplex RNA--DNA associated with this nucleoprotein. Some speculations are presented about possible correlation between the release of nucleoprotein complexes and the intracellular events of differentiation.", "PMID": 1033039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6231", "title": "Cell specific activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase during differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Trehalose-6-P synthetase activity was low at the beginning of the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum, reached maximum activity at 20 h, and decreased at late sorocarp. Enzyme activity in developing spore cells increased 10-fold during differentiation from myxamoebae (0 h) to the culmination stage (20 h) and decreased slightly at sorocarp (24 h). Activity was similar in spore cells at the apex of the stalk. The activities in the stalk cells were dependent upon their position in the developing stalk. There was a decreasing gradient of activity from the apex to the base of the stalk.", "contents": "Cell specific activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase during differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. Trehalose-6-P synthetase activity was low at the beginning of the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum, reached maximum activity at 20 h, and decreased at late sorocarp. Enzyme activity in developing spore cells increased 10-fold during differentiation from myxamoebae (0 h) to the culmination stage (20 h) and decreased slightly at sorocarp (24 h). Activity was similar in spore cells at the apex of the stalk. The activities in the stalk cells were dependent upon their position in the developing stalk. There was a decreasing gradient of activity from the apex to the base of the stalk.", "PMID": 1033040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6232", "title": "Clones of Friend leukemia cells: differences in karyotypes and responsiveness to inducers of differentiation.", "content": "Several clones of Friend leukemia cells have been established which differ in their chromosome composition. These cells also vary with regard to their responsiveness to DMSO, whereas all are responsive to butyric acid. Hence, there appears to be independent assortment of the ability of a cell line to respond to DMSO and to butyric acid, suggesting a different mechanism of action for each agent. Further, individual Friend cells possess the ability to simultaneously contain chloroacetate esterase and heme--two biochemical properties which have previously been believed to be mutually exclusive.", "contents": "Clones of Friend leukemia cells: differences in karyotypes and responsiveness to inducers of differentiation. Several clones of Friend leukemia cells have been established which differ in their chromosome composition. These cells also vary with regard to their responsiveness to DMSO, whereas all are responsive to butyric acid. Hence, there appears to be independent assortment of the ability of a cell line to respond to DMSO and to butyric acid, suggesting a different mechanism of action for each agent. Further, individual Friend cells possess the ability to simultaneously contain chloroacetate esterase and heme--two biochemical properties which have previously been believed to be mutually exclusive.", "PMID": 1033041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6233", "title": "A deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study of the condensing effect of cholesterol on egg phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes. I. Perdeuterated fatty acid probes.", "content": "Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance quadrupole splittings Dq and the related acyl chain segmental order parameters Smol have been determined for perdeuteriostearic acid intercalated as a molecular probe in the lamellar liquid crystalline phase of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol-water mixtures. The 2H NMR data show that cholesterol induces a high degree of order in the acyl chains of the phospholipid while maintaining the general profile of high order near the head group and relatively low order in the middle of the bilayer. This results in a pronounced thickening of the bilayer and concomitant decrease in the average molecular area of the fatty acyl chains. The giometrical changes in the bilayer due to cholesterol are discussed in terms of trans-gauche isomerization in the fatty acyl chains. The picture of the condensing effect revealed by 2H NMR is consistent with that from previous X-ray diffraction experiments. No evidence for a specific complex between cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine is apparent. The condensing effect of cholesterol is attributed to interaction between the fatty acyl chains and the rigid steroid nucleus, and to solvation of the 3beta-hydroxyl group at the aqueous interface.", "contents": "A deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study of the condensing effect of cholesterol on egg phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes. I. Perdeuterated fatty acid probes. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance quadrupole splittings Dq and the related acyl chain segmental order parameters Smol have been determined for perdeuteriostearic acid intercalated as a molecular probe in the lamellar liquid crystalline phase of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol-water mixtures. The 2H NMR data show that cholesterol induces a high degree of order in the acyl chains of the phospholipid while maintaining the general profile of high order near the head group and relatively low order in the middle of the bilayer. This results in a pronounced thickening of the bilayer and concomitant decrease in the average molecular area of the fatty acyl chains. The giometrical changes in the bilayer due to cholesterol are discussed in terms of trans-gauche isomerization in the fatty acyl chains. The picture of the condensing effect revealed by 2H NMR is consistent with that from previous X-ray diffraction experiments. No evidence for a specific complex between cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine is apparent. The condensing effect of cholesterol is attributed to interaction between the fatty acyl chains and the rigid steroid nucleus, and to solvation of the 3beta-hydroxyl group at the aqueous interface.", "PMID": 1033045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6234", "title": "Subaortic obstruction after the use of an intracardiac baffle to tunnel the left ventricle to the aorta.", "content": "Postoperative hemodynamic studies in five patients document subaortic obstruction after surgical repair utilizing an intracardiac baffle to establish continuity between the left ventricle and the aorta. Four of the patients had a Rastelli procedure for D-transposition of the great arteries with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis; one patient had repair of double outlet right ventricle with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. The left ventricular outflow was shown to be a long narrow tunnel by angiography in four of five patients and by echocardiography in one patient. Resting aortic peak systolic pressure gradient ranged from 10 to 42 mm Hg (mean 24). The obstruction was localized to the proximal end of the left ventricule to aorta tunnel (i.e., at the site of ventricular septal defect) in five patients. One patient with a gradient of 42 mm Hg has angina and decreased exercise tolerance. Subaortic obstruction is a newly described sequelae after the Rastelli procedure for transposition or repair of double outlet right ventricle. The obstruction may be hemodynamically significant and should be searched for at postoperative cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Subaortic obstruction after the use of an intracardiac baffle to tunnel the left ventricle to the aorta. Postoperative hemodynamic studies in five patients document subaortic obstruction after surgical repair utilizing an intracardiac baffle to establish continuity between the left ventricle and the aorta. Four of the patients had a Rastelli procedure for D-transposition of the great arteries with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis; one patient had repair of double outlet right ventricle with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. The left ventricular outflow was shown to be a long narrow tunnel by angiography in four of five patients and by echocardiography in one patient. Resting aortic peak systolic pressure gradient ranged from 10 to 42 mm Hg (mean 24). The obstruction was localized to the proximal end of the left ventricule to aorta tunnel (i.e., at the site of ventricular septal defect) in five patients. One patient with a gradient of 42 mm Hg has angina and decreased exercise tolerance. Subaortic obstruction is a newly described sequelae after the Rastelli procedure for transposition or repair of double outlet right ventricle. The obstruction may be hemodynamically significant and should be searched for at postoperative cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 1033046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6235", "title": "Current status of porcine heterograft prostheses: a 5-year appraisal.", "content": "Between 1970 and 1975, 234 porcine heterograft valve prostheses were implanted in 193 patients with 12 operative (6%) and 21 late deaths (11%). Detailed hemodynamic studies were made 6 months to 1 year following operation in 72 patients. Mean atrioventricular (A-V) diastolic pressure gradients averaged 5.2 mm Hg for 29 mm heterografts and 2.3, 2.5, and 2.7 mm Hg for 31 mm, 33 mm, and 35 mm heterografts, respectively. In 10 patients with aortic prostheses peak systolic gradients averaged 16 mm Hg at rest (range 0-26) but increased to 70 mm Hg during exercise (range 20-125). Anticoagulants were not used except when intracardiac clot was present at operation. There were 12 systemic arterial emboli, all with mitral prostheses and low cardiac output; nine patients were in atrial fibrillation and three were in sinus rhythm. Three patients evidenced late tissue failure. Hydraulic function in the A-V position is excellent: prosthetic valve size is not limited by tertiary orifice and A-V anulus accepts large prosthesis. The patient's anulus is the determinant of aortic prosthesis size; heterograft internal diameter to outside diameter ratio is suboptimal and hydraulic function of the aortic prosthesis is marginal. In our clinical practice we consider the performance characteristics of currently available valves in relation to the individual patient's priorities to select an appropriate prosthesis.", "contents": "Current status of porcine heterograft prostheses: a 5-year appraisal. Between 1970 and 1975, 234 porcine heterograft valve prostheses were implanted in 193 patients with 12 operative (6%) and 21 late deaths (11%). Detailed hemodynamic studies were made 6 months to 1 year following operation in 72 patients. Mean atrioventricular (A-V) diastolic pressure gradients averaged 5.2 mm Hg for 29 mm heterografts and 2.3, 2.5, and 2.7 mm Hg for 31 mm, 33 mm, and 35 mm heterografts, respectively. In 10 patients with aortic prostheses peak systolic gradients averaged 16 mm Hg at rest (range 0-26) but increased to 70 mm Hg during exercise (range 20-125). Anticoagulants were not used except when intracardiac clot was present at operation. There were 12 systemic arterial emboli, all with mitral prostheses and low cardiac output; nine patients were in atrial fibrillation and three were in sinus rhythm. Three patients evidenced late tissue failure. Hydraulic function in the A-V position is excellent: prosthetic valve size is not limited by tertiary orifice and A-V anulus accepts large prosthesis. The patient's anulus is the determinant of aortic prosthesis size; heterograft internal diameter to outside diameter ratio is suboptimal and hydraulic function of the aortic prosthesis is marginal. In our clinical practice we consider the performance characteristics of currently available valves in relation to the individual patient's priorities to select an appropriate prosthesis.", "PMID": 1033047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6236", "title": "Actuarial comparison of Hancock porcine and prosthetic disc valves for isolated mitral valve replacement.", "content": "From July 1970 through December 1974, 109 patients underwent isolated mitral valve replacement (MVR). A Harken prosthetic disc valve (DVR) was used in 53 patients and glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock porcine xenograft (PVR) in 56 patients. The functional class, distribution of mitral valve pathology, and incidence of atrial fibrillation were similar in both groups. There were no operative and three (5.5%) late deaths in the PVR group and two (3.8%) operative and ten (19.5%) late deaths in the DVR group. Anticoagulants were not used in the PVR group; there were 3 nonfatal emboli (10%), all occurring in  patients with atrial fibrillation and large left atria. Although anticoagulants were used there were 14 emboli (five in patients who died, nine nonfatal) in the DVR group (26.4%). In our experience, there is a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality, primarily from a reduced risk of thromboemboli, if a porcine valve is used for MVR. Anticoagulants should be used in patients with atrial fibrillation and enlarged left atria regardless of the type of valve used.", "contents": "Actuarial comparison of Hancock porcine and prosthetic disc valves for isolated mitral valve replacement. From July 1970 through December 1974, 109 patients underwent isolated mitral valve replacement (MVR). A Harken prosthetic disc valve (DVR) was used in 53 patients and glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock porcine xenograft (PVR) in 56 patients. The functional class, distribution of mitral valve pathology, and incidence of atrial fibrillation were similar in both groups. There were no operative and three (5.5%) late deaths in the PVR group and two (3.8%) operative and ten (19.5%) late deaths in the DVR group. Anticoagulants were not used in the PVR group; there were 3 nonfatal emboli (10%), all occurring in  patients with atrial fibrillation and large left atria. Although anticoagulants were used there were 14 emboli (five in patients who died, nine nonfatal) in the DVR group (26.4%). In our experience, there is a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality, primarily from a reduced risk of thromboemboli, if a porcine valve is used for MVR. Anticoagulants should be used in patients with atrial fibrillation and enlarged left atria regardless of the type of valve used.", "PMID": 1033048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6237", "title": "Biological rhythm of cell-mediated immunity in man.", "content": "The biological rhythm of the spontaneous lymphocyte transformation and the lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was studied in six healthy male volunteers. The count of peripheral blood lymphocytes was increasing from 08.00 until 02.00 hr. The level of plasma cortisol was highest at 08.00 hr and lowest at 20.00 hr. The spontaneous lymphocyte transformation showed a biphasic cycle during the day; the peak values were observed at 08.00 and 20.00 hr and a significant depression was found at 14.00 hr. The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA and Con A varied inversely with the level of plasma cortisol. The PPD response was lowest at 08.00 hr, but the highest value was observed at 02.00 hr. No significant day to day variation was found in any of the parameters studied.", "contents": "Biological rhythm of cell-mediated immunity in man. The biological rhythm of the spontaneous lymphocyte transformation and the lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was studied in six healthy male volunteers. The count of peripheral blood lymphocytes was increasing from 08.00 until 02.00 hr. The level of plasma cortisol was highest at 08.00 hr and lowest at 20.00 hr. The spontaneous lymphocyte transformation showed a biphasic cycle during the day; the peak values were observed at 08.00 and 20.00 hr and a significant depression was found at 14.00 hr. The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA and Con A varied inversely with the level of plasma cortisol. The PPD response was lowest at 08.00 hr, but the highest value was observed at 02.00 hr. No significant day to day variation was found in any of the parameters studied.", "PMID": 1033049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6238", "title": "Genetic study of amobarbital elimination based on its kinetics in twins.", "content": "Following the intravenous administration of 125 mg amobarbital sodium in 7 pairs of dizygotic and 7 pairs of monozygotic twins, the time-course of plasma concentrations was observed. The number of detectable compartments varied from subject to subject but was consistently 1 or 2 or 3 within a given individual. The terminal slope of the semilogarithmic concentration-time plot (corresponding to biologic half-life of 22.8 hr) did not represent the elimination rate constant even in persons with apparently single-compartmental characteristics. The redistribution of amobarbital was rapid in comparison with its elimination. The rate of the latter (characterized by kel = 0.051 hr-1, plasma clearance = 37.7 ml/min) could be closely identified with the rate of metabolism. The twin data showed that genetic control was exerted on kinetic parameters characterizing the rate of amobarbital elimination and, therfore, the rate of its metabolism. Correlation analysis suggested that this control was independent of size factors, which were themselves substantially heritable. The genetic analysis of twin data included, in addition to intracelass correlations and Holzinger's H factors, newly developed lower (and upper) bounds of the broad-sense heritability. In pharmacogenetic studies, assessment of model-independent kinetic parameters, such as plasma clearance with or without adjustment for body weight, is recommended.", "contents": "Genetic study of amobarbital elimination based on its kinetics in twins. Following the intravenous administration of 125 mg amobarbital sodium in 7 pairs of dizygotic and 7 pairs of monozygotic twins, the time-course of plasma concentrations was observed. The number of detectable compartments varied from subject to subject but was consistently 1 or 2 or 3 within a given individual. The terminal slope of the semilogarithmic concentration-time plot (corresponding to biologic half-life of 22.8 hr) did not represent the elimination rate constant even in persons with apparently single-compartmental characteristics. The redistribution of amobarbital was rapid in comparison with its elimination. The rate of the latter (characterized by kel = 0.051 hr-1, plasma clearance = 37.7 ml/min) could be closely identified with the rate of metabolism. The twin data showed that genetic control was exerted on kinetic parameters characterizing the rate of amobarbital elimination and, therfore, the rate of its metabolism. Correlation analysis suggested that this control was independent of size factors, which were themselves substantially heritable. The genetic analysis of twin data included, in addition to intracelass correlations and Holzinger's H factors, newly developed lower (and upper) bounds of the broad-sense heritability. In pharmacogenetic studies, assessment of model-independent kinetic parameters, such as plasma clearance with or without adjustment for body weight, is recommended.", "PMID": 1033050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6239", "title": "[Fetal alcohol syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The fetal alcohol syndrome was observed in four girls aged 1 2/12 to 9 2/12 years, two of whom were sisters. Three of the children are older than all others previously described as having this syndrome. The signs consist of a decrease of body length and weight beginning at birth, microcephalus, marked decrease of intelligence and narrowing of the palpebral fissure. Frequently congenital cardiac defects are found and sometimes anomalies of the genitalia and other malformations. Experience so far indicates a causal relationship between considerable alcohol abuse of mothers during pregnancy and intra-uterine fetal damage. The prognosis is poor; in severe cases of chronic alcoholism interruption of pregnancy should be seriously considered.", "contents": "[Fetal alcohol syndrome (author's transl)]. The fetal alcohol syndrome was observed in four girls aged 1 2/12 to 9 2/12 years, two of whom were sisters. Three of the children are older than all others previously described as having this syndrome. The signs consist of a decrease of body length and weight beginning at birth, microcephalus, marked decrease of intelligence and narrowing of the palpebral fissure. Frequently congenital cardiac defects are found and sometimes anomalies of the genitalia and other malformations. Experience so far indicates a causal relationship between considerable alcohol abuse of mothers during pregnancy and intra-uterine fetal damage. The prognosis is poor; in severe cases of chronic alcoholism interruption of pregnancy should be seriously considered.", "PMID": 1033055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6240", "title": "[Glisoxepide treatment in maturity-onset diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Patterns of blood glucose, serum insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured over a period of eight-and-a-half hours in eleven maturity-onset diabetics receiving 8 mg glisoxepide in the morning and 4 mg in the evening (while on a standard diet). The effects of administering the tablets in the morning with breakfast were compared to those on administering the drug half-an-hour (five patients) or one hour (six patients) before breakfast. Although there was a slightly earlier increase in serum insulin when tablets were taken half-an-hour or an hour before breakfast, different times of administration did not significantly affect the blood glucose or NEFA pattern. In particular, the extreme rise in blood glucose levels after the first breakfast could not be avoided.", "contents": "[Glisoxepide treatment in maturity-onset diabetics (author's transl)]. Patterns of blood glucose, serum insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured over a period of eight-and-a-half hours in eleven maturity-onset diabetics receiving 8 mg glisoxepide in the morning and 4 mg in the evening (while on a standard diet). The effects of administering the tablets in the morning with breakfast were compared to those on administering the drug half-an-hour (five patients) or one hour (six patients) before breakfast. Although there was a slightly earlier increase in serum insulin when tablets were taken half-an-hour or an hour before breakfast, different times of administration did not significantly affect the blood glucose or NEFA pattern. In particular, the extreme rise in blood glucose levels after the first breakfast could not be avoided.", "PMID": 1033056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6241", "title": "[Erysipelothrix endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Following erysipeloid a 46-year-old man fell ill with septicaemia and endocarditis. Treatment with high doses of antibiotics could not prevent his death. Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in man occurs through a skin lesion and only rarely leads to spreading of the agent in the body presenting as arthritis, meningitis, or endocarditis. Erysipelothrix endocarditis is a severe disease leading to widespread destruction of the involved cardiac valves. The aortic valve is most commonly involved. 16 out of 28 patients with erysipelothrix endocarditis reported in the literature died, eleven of them despite treatment with antibiotics.", "contents": "[Erysipelothrix endocarditis (author's transl)]. Following erysipeloid a 46-year-old man fell ill with septicaemia and endocarditis. Treatment with high doses of antibiotics could not prevent his death. Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in man occurs through a skin lesion and only rarely leads to spreading of the agent in the body presenting as arthritis, meningitis, or endocarditis. Erysipelothrix endocarditis is a severe disease leading to widespread destruction of the involved cardiac valves. The aortic valve is most commonly involved. 16 out of 28 patients with erysipelothrix endocarditis reported in the literature died, eleven of them despite treatment with antibiotics.", "PMID": 1033057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6242", "title": "[Treatment of infertile women with epimestrol (author's transl)].", "content": "155 patients have been treated with epimestrol during 593 menstrual cycles in a daily dosage of 5, 10 or 2.5 mg from the 1st to the 10th or from the 5th to the 14th day of the cycle. 143 patients with secondary amenorrhoea, anovulatory cycles, ovulatory oligomenorrhoea, corpus luteum insufficiency, and normal cycles received epimestrol after an average period of 2.4 years of involuntary infertility. The pregnancy rate was 21% (n = 30), the spontaneous abortion rate 13% (n = 4). Twelve further patients not seeking pregnancy were treated with epimestrol because of secondary amenorrhoea and (or) anovulatory bleeding. The results were as follows: 1) In eugonadotropic secondary amenorrhoea 8 out of 12 patients ovulated, 5 out of 10 patients wanting children became pregnant. No patient with hypogonadotropism ovulated. 2) Out of 25 patients with anovulatory  cycles or bleeding 13 ovulated and 4 became pregnant. 3) 17 out of 68 oligomenorrhoeic patients became pregnant. 4) In 12 out of 24 patients with corpus luteum insufficiency the hyperthermic phase improved and four patients became pregnant. 5) In 12 patients without anomalous cycles these remained unchanged and there were no pregnancies. 6) No side effects could be observed.", "contents": "[Treatment of infertile women with epimestrol (author's transl)]. 155 patients have been treated with epimestrol during 593 menstrual cycles in a daily dosage of 5, 10 or 2.5 mg from the 1st to the 10th or from the 5th to the 14th day of the cycle. 143 patients with secondary amenorrhoea, anovulatory cycles, ovulatory oligomenorrhoea, corpus luteum insufficiency, and normal cycles received epimestrol after an average period of 2.4 years of involuntary infertility. The pregnancy rate was 21% (n = 30), the spontaneous abortion rate 13% (n = 4). Twelve further patients not seeking pregnancy were treated with epimestrol because of secondary amenorrhoea and (or) anovulatory bleeding. The results were as follows: 1) In eugonadotropic secondary amenorrhoea 8 out of 12 patients ovulated, 5 out of 10 patients wanting children became pregnant. No patient with hypogonadotropism ovulated. 2) Out of 25 patients with anovulatory  cycles or bleeding 13 ovulated and 4 became pregnant. 3) 17 out of 68 oligomenorrhoeic patients became pregnant. 4) In 12 out of 24 patients with corpus luteum insufficiency the hyperthermic phase improved and four patients became pregnant. 5) In 12 patients without anomalous cycles these remained unchanged and there were no pregnancies. 6) No side effects could be observed.", "PMID": 1033058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6243", "title": "[Metapramine: antidepressant and psycho-stimulant].", "content": "Metapramine is a new antidepressant drug. A tricyclic molecule gives it a novel activity in so far as its thymoanaleptic and, at the same time, psychostimulating actions are concerned. Quick acting, metapramine has a very interesting peculiarity: its large tolerance which seems to be related to a no-anticholinergic effect.", "contents": "[Metapramine: antidepressant and psycho-stimulant]. Metapramine is a new antidepressant drug. A tricyclic molecule gives it a novel activity in so far as its thymoanaleptic and, at the same time, psychostimulating actions are concerned. Quick acting, metapramine has a very interesting peculiarity: its large tolerance which seems to be related to a no-anticholinergic effect.", "PMID": 1033059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6244", "title": "Circulating placental lactogen levels in dairy and beef cattle.", "content": "Levels of bovine placental lactogen (bPL) have been measured in the serum of dairy and beef cattle and in the milk and amniotic fluid of pregnant animals with a highly specific radioimmunoassay. In both dairy and beef cows, serum bPL levels remain low (less than 50 ng/ml) during the first two trimesters and then rise rapidly between 160 and 200 days of gestation to a plateau. The bPL levels do not decline prior to parturition. During the last trimester, serum levels in dairy cows, 1103+/-342 ng/ml, are significantly higher than those in beef cattle, 650+/-37 ng/ml (P less than 0.01); furthermore, dairy cows having a high milk production also tend to have high bPL levels. Serum levels are almost twice as high in twin pregnancies and are not correlated with fetal sex or birth weight. bPL levels in milk and amniotic fluid from dairy cattle during the last trimester are approximately 86% and 25% of the serum values, respectively, suggesting that bPL enters these fluids by passive diffusion.", "contents": "Circulating placental lactogen levels in dairy and beef cattle. Levels of bovine placental lactogen (bPL) have been measured in the serum of dairy and beef cattle and in the milk and amniotic fluid of pregnant animals with a highly specific radioimmunoassay. In both dairy and beef cows, serum bPL levels remain low (less than 50 ng/ml) during the first two trimesters and then rise rapidly between 160 and 200 days of gestation to a plateau. The bPL levels do not decline prior to parturition. During the last trimester, serum levels in dairy cows, 1103+/-342 ng/ml, are significantly higher than those in beef cattle, 650+/-37 ng/ml (P less than 0.01); furthermore, dairy cows having a high milk production also tend to have high bPL levels. Serum levels are almost twice as high in twin pregnancies and are not correlated with fetal sex or birth weight. bPL levels in milk and amniotic fluid from dairy cattle during the last trimester are approximately 86% and 25% of the serum values, respectively, suggesting that bPL enters these fluids by passive diffusion.", "PMID": 1033060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6245", "title": "Androgens augment FSH-induced progesterone secretion by cultured rat granulosa cells.", "content": "Granulosa cells have been isolated from ovaries of estrogen-treated immature intact and hypophysectomized rats, and have been maintained in culture in a chemically-defined medium. Progesterone secretion by these cells was testosterone or 17beta-OH-5alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT), progesterone secretion was low or undetectable. However, the addition of testosterone or DHT together with FSH caused a dramatic 8- to 19-fold increase over that caused by FSH alone. On the other hand, luteinizing hormone (LH) alone had no effect on progesterone secretion, but produced a small stimulation when added together with testosterone. These results demonstrate synergism between androgens and FSH in the control of progesterone secretion by granulosa cells in culture.", "contents": "Androgens augment FSH-induced progesterone secretion by cultured rat granulosa cells. Granulosa cells have been isolated from ovaries of estrogen-treated immature intact and hypophysectomized rats, and have been maintained in culture in a chemically-defined medium. Progesterone secretion by these cells was testosterone or 17beta-OH-5alpha-androstan-3-one (DHT), progesterone secretion was low or undetectable. However, the addition of testosterone or DHT together with FSH caused a dramatic 8- to 19-fold increase over that caused by FSH alone. On the other hand, luteinizing hormone (LH) alone had no effect on progesterone secretion, but produced a small stimulation when added together with testosterone. These results demonstrate synergism between androgens and FSH in the control of progesterone secretion by granulosa cells in culture.", "PMID": 1033061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6246", "title": "The uptake and metabolism of uridine by the slime mould Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "1. Uridine is taken up by microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum via a saturatable transport system with an apparent Km of 29 muM. An intracellular concentration significantly higher than that in the growth medium is attained, suggesting that the uptake is an active process. Both deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides are competitive inhibitors of the uptake of uridine. 2. In contrast, the rate of entry of uridine into surface plasmodia is a linear function of the concentration of the nucleoside in the growth medium, and the uptake is not inhibited by other nucleosides. 3. As well as serving as a source of pyrimidine nucleotides for the synthesis of nucleic acids, uridine is also catabolised by P. polycephalum. Uracil accumulates in the growth medium and there is also significant conversion of C-2 of the pyrimidine ring to CO2. The proportion of uridine subject to catabolism in surface plasmodia is less than that observed for microplasmodia.", "contents": "The uptake and metabolism of uridine by the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. 1. Uridine is taken up by microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum via a saturatable transport system with an apparent Km of 29 muM. An intracellular concentration significantly higher than that in the growth medium is attained, suggesting that the uptake is an active process. Both deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides are competitive inhibitors of the uptake of uridine. 2. In contrast, the rate of entry of uridine into surface plasmodia is a linear function of the concentration of the nucleoside in the growth medium, and the uptake is not inhibited by other nucleosides. 3. As well as serving as a source of pyrimidine nucleotides for the synthesis of nucleic acids, uridine is also catabolised by P. polycephalum. Uracil accumulates in the growth medium and there is also significant conversion of C-2 of the pyrimidine ring to CO2. The proportion of uridine subject to catabolism in surface plasmodia is less than that observed for microplasmodia.", "PMID": 1033062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6247", "title": "Heterogeneity of native ribosomal 60-S subunits in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Native large ribosomal subunits in cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells analyzed by high-resolution CsCl isopycnic centrifugation consist of at least two classes of particles with densities of 1.57 g/cm3 (LI) and 1.59 g/cm3 (LII), respectively. A wash with 0.5 M KCl converts LI into particles with the density of LII particles. Incubation of derived large subunits (density 1.59 g/cm3) with 0.5 M KCl wash of reticulocyte ribosomes leads to the formation of particles with the density of LI particles. A protein with a molecular weight of 57000 present in the high-KCl wash of 60-S native subunits was virtually absent in the KCl wash of 40-S subunits or polyribosomes suggesting that specific protein factors may be present on some native 60-S subunits. Possible functions of these protein factors are discussed.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of native ribosomal 60-S subunits in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells cultured in vitro. Native large ribosomal subunits in cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells analyzed by high-resolution CsCl isopycnic centrifugation consist of at least two classes of particles with densities of 1.57 g/cm3 (LI) and 1.59 g/cm3 (LII), respectively. A wash with 0.5 M KCl converts LI into particles with the density of LII particles. Incubation of derived large subunits (density 1.59 g/cm3) with 0.5 M KCl wash of reticulocyte ribosomes leads to the formation of particles with the density of LI particles. A protein with a molecular weight of 57000 present in the high-KCl wash of 60-S native subunits was virtually absent in the KCl wash of 40-S subunits or polyribosomes suggesting that specific protein factors may be present on some native 60-S subunits. Possible functions of these protein factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1033063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6248", "title": "The requirement for tetravalency of soybean agglutinin for induction of mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes.", "content": "The mitogenic activity of soybean agglutinin was found to depend on the presence of lectin aggregates formed in lectin preparations stored in the lyophilized state. Such soybean agglutinin preparations gave maximal stimulation of untreated pig lymph node cells and neuraminidase-treated mouse spleen cells at relatively high concentrations, ranging from 100 to 2000 mug/ml. After separation into unaggregated (divalent) and polymeric (tetra-and multivalent) fractions, it was found that the unaggregated lectin did not stimulate the cells, while the tetravalent and multivalent fractions were active and gave maximal stimulation at a concentration of 10 mug/ml. These results suggest that soybean agglutinin must have at least four sugar binding sites in order to be able to stimulate lymphocytes.", "contents": "The requirement for tetravalency of soybean agglutinin for induction of mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity of soybean agglutinin was found to depend on the presence of lectin aggregates formed in lectin preparations stored in the lyophilized state. Such soybean agglutinin preparations gave maximal stimulation of untreated pig lymph node cells and neuraminidase-treated mouse spleen cells at relatively high concentrations, ranging from 100 to 2000 mug/ml. After separation into unaggregated (divalent) and polymeric (tetra-and multivalent) fractions, it was found that the unaggregated lectin did not stimulate the cells, while the tetravalent and multivalent fractions were active and gave maximal stimulation at a concentration of 10 mug/ml. These results suggest that soybean agglutinin must have at least four sugar binding sites in order to be able to stimulate lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1033064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6249", "title": "The effect of short-term culture on the sensitivity of MDAY murine tumor cells tolysis mediated by normal rabbit serum.", "content": "Freshly explanted MDAY murine tumor cells are sensitive to lysis mediated by fresh normal rabbit serum. The sensitivity, which increases with the age of the tumor, is rapidly lost upon short-term culture, and takes place at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C. Cellular components released into the medium during short-term culture are capable of eliciting xenogeneic antibodies that mediate complement-dependent lysis of such cells.", "contents": "The effect of short-term culture on the sensitivity of MDAY murine tumor cells tolysis mediated by normal rabbit serum. Freshly explanted MDAY murine tumor cells are sensitive to lysis mediated by fresh normal rabbit serum. The sensitivity, which increases with the age of the tumor, is rapidly lost upon short-term culture, and takes place at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C. Cellular components released into the medium during short-term culture are capable of eliciting xenogeneic antibodies that mediate complement-dependent lysis of such cells.", "PMID": 1033065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6250", "title": "The relationship between storage and secretion of specific antibody by immune lymphoid cells: ultrastructural localization of anti-peroxidase antibodies in plaque-forming cells of the rabbit popliteal lymph node.", "content": "The ultrastructure of antibody-forming cells (AFC) has been studied in the lymph node cell population from rabbits locally immunized with horseradish peroxydase (PO) incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the kinetics of AFC development followed from day 7 to day 18 after one injection of PO.  Identification of the AFC was done by local hemolysis assay, using carboxymethyl cellulose solidifying medium and PO-coated sheep erythrocytes. AFC were thereafter transferred by micromanipulation into a Beem capsule, fixed, treated by PO for fine ultrastructure detection of anti-PO antibodies, included, sectioned and studied by electron microscopy. It was found that the AFC were essentially of three categories: lymphocytes, proplasmacytes and plasmacytes, with (+), or without (-), intracellular antibody. The proportion of these categories varies with the time elapsed since the injection of antigen and with the plaque-forming activity of the population: lymphocytes (-) are relatively more numerous (over 30%) at the early stages of immunization (day 7). The number of plasmacytes increases with immunization. If most of them contain intracellular antibody at the early stages (up to day 9), the proportion of plasmacytes (+) decreases markedly afterwards. The cell type distribution is compatible with the idea that the lymphocytes are the precursors of plasmacytes, proplasmacytes being transitional forms, but no direct filiation scheme can actually be deduced from these experiments.", "contents": "The relationship between storage and secretion of specific antibody by immune lymphoid cells: ultrastructural localization of anti-peroxidase antibodies in plaque-forming cells of the rabbit popliteal lymph node. The ultrastructure of antibody-forming cells (AFC) has been studied in the lymph node cell population from rabbits locally immunized with horseradish peroxydase (PO) incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the kinetics of AFC development followed from day 7 to day 18 after one injection of PO.  Identification of the AFC was done by local hemolysis assay, using carboxymethyl cellulose solidifying medium and PO-coated sheep erythrocytes. AFC were thereafter transferred by micromanipulation into a Beem capsule, fixed, treated by PO for fine ultrastructure detection of anti-PO antibodies, included, sectioned and studied by electron microscopy. It was found that the AFC were essentially of three categories: lymphocytes, proplasmacytes and plasmacytes, with (+), or without (-), intracellular antibody. The proportion of these categories varies with the time elapsed since the injection of antigen and with the plaque-forming activity of the population: lymphocytes (-) are relatively more numerous (over 30%) at the early stages of immunization (day 7). The number of plasmacytes increases with immunization. If most of them contain intracellular antibody at the early stages (up to day 9), the proportion of plasmacytes (+) decreases markedly afterwards. The cell type distribution is compatible with the idea that the lymphocytes are the precursors of plasmacytes, proplasmacytes being transitional forms, but no direct filiation scheme can actually be deduced from these experiments.", "PMID": 1033066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6251", "title": "Frequency of precursor cells against the enzyme beta-galactosidase: an estimate of the BALB/c strain antibody repertoire.", "content": "A method has been developed for detecting anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies after isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gel. By \"staining\" with wild-type enzyme, all antibodies against beta-galactosidase are detected, while a subset of antibodies able to activate a mutant enzyme is detected by staining with that enzyme. Limiting dilutions of beta-galactosidase-primed or unprimed spleen cells of BALB/c mice were transferred together with antigen into sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts. The limiting role of the precursor B cells has been judged by the analysis of the clonal distribution of galactosidase-specific antibodies in recipient sera. The frequency of anti-wild-type beta-galactosidase precursor cells was one in 0.42 x 10(6) in the primed and one in 0.93 x 10(6) in the unprimed spleen. The frequency of precursor cells for antibodies activating the mutant enzyme was one in 1.5 x 10(6) in the primed and one in 4.6 x 10(6) in the unprimed spleen. Therefore four and five times less anti-M (mutant) than anti-B (wild-type) precursor cells exist in the spleens of primed and unprimed BALB/c mice, respectively. Comparing 51 clones derived from one primed donor mouse, it was possible to demonstrate that at least 43 different mutant-beta-galactosidase-activating antibodies can be produced in one mouse. Comparing these 43 clones with 27 clones derived from another donor mouse, only one clone seemed to be common to both mice. From this the repertoire of the BALB/c strain has been estimated to consist of over 1000 different mutant enzyme-activating antibodies.", "contents": "Frequency of precursor cells against the enzyme beta-galactosidase: an estimate of the BALB/c strain antibody repertoire. A method has been developed for detecting anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies after isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gel. By \"staining\" with wild-type enzyme, all antibodies against beta-galactosidase are detected, while a subset of antibodies able to activate a mutant enzyme is detected by staining with that enzyme. Limiting dilutions of beta-galactosidase-primed or unprimed spleen cells of BALB/c mice were transferred together with antigen into sublethally irradiated syngeneic hosts. The limiting role of the precursor B cells has been judged by the analysis of the clonal distribution of galactosidase-specific antibodies in recipient sera. The frequency of anti-wild-type beta-galactosidase precursor cells was one in 0.42 x 10(6) in the primed and one in 0.93 x 10(6) in the unprimed spleen. The frequency of precursor cells for antibodies activating the mutant enzyme was one in 1.5 x 10(6) in the primed and one in 4.6 x 10(6) in the unprimed spleen. Therefore four and five times less anti-M (mutant) than anti-B (wild-type) precursor cells exist in the spleens of primed and unprimed BALB/c mice, respectively. Comparing 51 clones derived from one primed donor mouse, it was possible to demonstrate that at least 43 different mutant-beta-galactosidase-activating antibodies can be produced in one mouse. Comparing these 43 clones with 27 clones derived from another donor mouse, only one clone seemed to be common to both mice. From this the repertoire of the BALB/c strain has been estimated to consist of over 1000 different mutant enzyme-activating antibodies.", "PMID": 1033067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6252", "title": "B cell tolerance induced by polymeric antigens. VI. Kinetics and reversibility of the inhibition of antibody-forming cells by antigen.", "content": "Injection of mice already making antibodies to 2,4-dinitrophenylated (DNP) Ficoll with tolerizing doses of DNP-pneumococcal polysaccharide (DNP-lys-S3) markedly inhibits the secretion of anti-DNP antibodies by IgM antibody-forming cells. The present study shows that the degree of inhibition depends not only on the dose of DNP-lys-S3 but also on the duration of exposure to antigen. DNP-lys-S3 was detectable on the surface of antibody-forming cells at a time when their rate of secretion was unimpaired, thus suggesting that the inhibition involves intracellular events subsequent to the binding of antigen to the cell membrane. The inhibition was reversible if antibody-forming cells were exposed to antigen for 24 h, and then cultured for 18 h in its absence, but became irreversible if the treatment period was extended to 48 h. The relevance of this model of inhibition of lymphocyte function by antigen to possible mechanisms of B cell tolerance is discussed.", "contents": "B cell tolerance induced by polymeric antigens. VI. Kinetics and reversibility of the inhibition of antibody-forming cells by antigen. Injection of mice already making antibodies to 2,4-dinitrophenylated (DNP) Ficoll with tolerizing doses of DNP-pneumococcal polysaccharide (DNP-lys-S3) markedly inhibits the secretion of anti-DNP antibodies by IgM antibody-forming cells. The present study shows that the degree of inhibition depends not only on the dose of DNP-lys-S3 but also on the duration of exposure to antigen. DNP-lys-S3 was detectable on the surface of antibody-forming cells at a time when their rate of secretion was unimpaired, thus suggesting that the inhibition involves intracellular events subsequent to the binding of antigen to the cell membrane. The inhibition was reversible if antibody-forming cells were exposed to antigen for 24 h, and then cultured for 18 h in its absence, but became irreversible if the treatment period was extended to 48 h. The relevance of this model of inhibition of lymphocyte function by antigen to possible mechanisms of B cell tolerance is discussed.", "PMID": 1033068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6253", "title": "In vitro synthesis of factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation was shown to be synthesized and secreted by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The activity of B in the culture supernatants from macrophage monolayers was detected by consumption of C3 in reaction mixtures containing supernatant and guinea pig factors C3, D and insoluble C3b. Using a monospecific antiserum, factor B in concentrated culture supernatants was shown by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis to be identical to factor B in mouse plasma and to form a characteristic complex with cobra venom factor in the presence of D. A steady rate of factor B secretion was observed for 4 days providing the medium was changed every 24 h. Cycloheximide (0.5 mug/ml), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, caused inhibition (90%) of factor B production. Incubation of culture medium containing 14C-labeled amino acids with the macrophage monolayer resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into factor B as detected by autoradiography of precipitation lines formed with anti-B antiserum; This indicated that synthesis of factor B had occurred. In the same culture supernatants the presence of newly synthesized C3 was also demonstrated.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation was shown to be synthesized and secreted by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The activity of B in the culture supernatants from macrophage monolayers was detected by consumption of C3 in reaction mixtures containing supernatant and guinea pig factors C3, D and insoluble C3b. Using a monospecific antiserum, factor B in concentrated culture supernatants was shown by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis to be identical to factor B in mouse plasma and to form a characteristic complex with cobra venom factor in the presence of D. A steady rate of factor B secretion was observed for 4 days providing the medium was changed every 24 h. Cycloheximide (0.5 mug/ml), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, caused inhibition (90%) of factor B production. Incubation of culture medium containing 14C-labeled amino acids with the macrophage monolayer resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into factor B as detected by autoradiography of precipitation lines formed with anti-B antiserum; This indicated that synthesis of factor B had occurred. In the same culture supernatants the presence of newly synthesized C3 was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 1033069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6254", "title": "Withdrawal characteristics following chronic pentobarbital dosing.", "content": "Experiments were performed to provide a quantitative description of the barbiturate withdrawal syndrome. Physical dependence was produced in 63 cats by 'maximally tolerable' dosing with sodium pentobarbital. After 5 weeks of chronic treatment each animal was placed in an activity monitoring cage and observed closely for signs of barbiturate abstinence. Electroencephalographic monitoring of sleep--wake cycles was performed in 5 of these cats. Most withdrawal signs appeared in 12-18 h and rapidly intensified. These included signs of neural hyper-excitability that involved motor, autoncidence, severity and time course of many withdrawal signs. 26 animals (41%) died during abstinence, usually during or immediately following grand mal type convulsions. The importance of quantitating withdrawal phenomena is discussed with respect to investigation of the requirements for physical dependency production, comparison of different drug dependencies, and pre-clinical evaluation of potential treatments of sedative-hypnotic dependence.", "contents": "Withdrawal characteristics following chronic pentobarbital dosing. Experiments were performed to provide a quantitative description of the barbiturate withdrawal syndrome. Physical dependence was produced in 63 cats by 'maximally tolerable' dosing with sodium pentobarbital. After 5 weeks of chronic treatment each animal was placed in an activity monitoring cage and observed closely for signs of barbiturate abstinence. Electroencephalographic monitoring of sleep--wake cycles was performed in 5 of these cats. Most withdrawal signs appeared in 12-18 h and rapidly intensified. These included signs of neural hyper-excitability that involved motor, autoncidence, severity and time course of many withdrawal signs. 26 animals (41%) died during abstinence, usually during or immediately following grand mal type convulsions. The importance of quantitating withdrawal phenomena is discussed with respect to investigation of the requirements for physical dependency production, comparison of different drug dependencies, and pre-clinical evaluation of potential treatments of sedative-hypnotic dependence.", "PMID": 1033070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6255", "title": "The bradykinin potentiating activity of two pentapeptides on various isolated smooth muscle preparations.", "content": "Two bradykinin potentiating peptides A-VI5 (Val-Glu-Ser-Ser-Lys) and BPP5a (Pyr-Lys-Trp-Ala-Pro), were compared with respect to their potentiation of a number of different bradykinin effects on six isolated smooth muscle preparations. Apart from the considerable difference in effective concentrations, no essential qualitative difference was observed between these two peptides. Therefore the assumption of a different mechanism of action for the two peptides, which have a completely different structure, could not be substantiated.", "contents": "The bradykinin potentiating activity of two pentapeptides on various isolated smooth muscle preparations. Two bradykinin potentiating peptides A-VI5 (Val-Glu-Ser-Ser-Lys) and BPP5a (Pyr-Lys-Trp-Ala-Pro), were compared with respect to their potentiation of a number of different bradykinin effects on six isolated smooth muscle preparations. Apart from the considerable difference in effective concentrations, no essential qualitative difference was observed between these two peptides. Therefore the assumption of a different mechanism of action for the two peptides, which have a completely different structure, could not be substantiated.", "PMID": 1033071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6256", "title": "Selective 6OHDA-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: abolition of psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity in rats.", "content": "Selective large scale destruction of mesolimbic dopamine-containing terminals is produced by bilateral injection of 8 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) of rats pretreated with pargyline and desipramine (DMI). The DMI prevents the destruction of the noradrenergic innervation of the forebrain normally produced by the NAS 6OHDA lesion, without affecting the destruction of dopamine-containing neurons. The locomotor stimulation produced by the psychostimulants d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) and cocaine (20 mg/kg) is blocked in rats with selective destruction of the mesolimbic dopamine system. In contrast the locomotor stimulation produced by the directly acting dopamine agonist apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg) is enhanced, which may indicate supersensitivity of the denervated dopamine receptors. These results lend further support to the view that psychostimulant-induced locomotr stimulation in rats results from effects on mesolimbic dopamine neurons. In addition, the protection by DMI of noradrenergic neurons from the toxic effects of 6OHDA is evidence that 6OHDA, as used here, destroys catecholamine neurons mainly by an uptake-dependent specific mechanism.", "contents": "Selective 6OHDA-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: abolition of psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity in rats. Selective large scale destruction of mesolimbic dopamine-containing terminals is produced by bilateral injection of 8 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) of rats pretreated with pargyline and desipramine (DMI). The DMI prevents the destruction of the noradrenergic innervation of the forebrain normally produced by the NAS 6OHDA lesion, without affecting the destruction of dopamine-containing neurons. The locomotor stimulation produced by the psychostimulants d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) and cocaine (20 mg/kg) is blocked in rats with selective destruction of the mesolimbic dopamine system. In contrast the locomotor stimulation produced by the directly acting dopamine agonist apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg) is enhanced, which may indicate supersensitivity of the denervated dopamine receptors. These results lend further support to the view that psychostimulant-induced locomotr stimulation in rats results from effects on mesolimbic dopamine neurons. In addition, the protection by DMI of noradrenergic neurons from the toxic effects of 6OHDA is evidence that 6OHDA, as used here, destroys catecholamine neurons mainly by an uptake-dependent specific mechanism.", "PMID": 1033072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6257", "title": "p-Chloroamphetamine: short and long term effects upon shock-elicited aggression.", "content": "In a series of experiments the effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on shock-elicited aggression in rats were investigated. 15 min after 5 mg/kg PCA, shock elicited aggression was inhibited. 2 h to 4 weeks after PCA, fighting was facilitated. Both the inhibitory and the excitatory effects of PCA were directly related to the dose of PCA (1.5, 2.5 OR 5 mg/kg) and were blocked by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine but not by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. PCA-increased pain thresholds 15 min after injection and then decreased pain thresholds over the next 24 h but not thereafter, even though shock-elicited aggression continued to be facilitated. The results are consistent with the idea that inhibition of shock-elicited aggression is associated with enhanced release of serotonin whereas enhancement of shock-elicited aggression is associated with serotonin depletion.", "contents": "p-Chloroamphetamine: short and long term effects upon shock-elicited aggression. In a series of experiments the effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on shock-elicited aggression in rats were investigated. 15 min after 5 mg/kg PCA, shock elicited aggression was inhibited. 2 h to 4 weeks after PCA, fighting was facilitated. Both the inhibitory and the excitatory effects of PCA were directly related to the dose of PCA (1.5, 2.5 OR 5 mg/kg) and were blocked by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine but not by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. PCA-increased pain thresholds 15 min after injection and then decreased pain thresholds over the next 24 h but not thereafter, even though shock-elicited aggression continued to be facilitated. The results are consistent with the idea that inhibition of shock-elicited aggression is associated with enhanced release of serotonin whereas enhancement of shock-elicited aggression is associated with serotonin depletion.", "PMID": 1033073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6258", "title": "Increased rate of disappearance of serum probenecid in barbital dependent rats.", "content": "Rats were made barbital dependent by administration of barbital in their drinking water. Subsequently, the rats were either not withdrawn (BN) or withdrawn from barbital for 24 h (BW-24). Before sacrifice, probenecid was administered to measure brain serotonin turnover. A statistically significant decrease in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) accumulation was observed in the cerebral cortex medulla pons and  midbrain. Subsequentialy, serum levels of probenecid were also measured by gas chromatography to determine if chronic barbital consumption might affect circulating probenecid. By ninety minutes following probenecid administration, serum probenecid levels in BN and BW-24 rats were significantly lower than control while a probenecid metabolite was significantly increased. The significantly reduced accumulation of 5-HIAA in brain areas of BN and BW-24 rats is probably the result of the more rapid decline of probenecid rather than a true decrease in serotonin turnover.", "contents": "Increased rate of disappearance of serum probenecid in barbital dependent rats. Rats were made barbital dependent by administration of barbital in their drinking water. Subsequently, the rats were either not withdrawn (BN) or withdrawn from barbital for 24 h (BW-24). Before sacrifice, probenecid was administered to measure brain serotonin turnover. A statistically significant decrease in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) accumulation was observed in the cerebral cortex medulla pons and  midbrain. Subsequentialy, serum levels of probenecid were also measured by gas chromatography to determine if chronic barbital consumption might affect circulating probenecid. By ninety minutes following probenecid administration, serum probenecid levels in BN and BW-24 rats were significantly lower than control while a probenecid metabolite was significantly increased. The significantly reduced accumulation of 5-HIAA in brain areas of BN and BW-24 rats is probably the result of the more rapid decline of probenecid rather than a true decrease in serotonin turnover.", "PMID": 1033074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6259", "title": "Experimental studies on the influence of male alcoholism on pregnancy and progeny.", "content": "Chronic alcoholism was induced in male albino rats by an oral self-administration technique. Obvious signs of intoxication, withdrawal symptoms and reduced reproductive performance, as well as decreased serum glucose and serum testosterone levels, were observed in these animals. Notable differences were detected in prenatal mortality, mean litter size and sex ratio between the offspring of male alcoholic rats and the corresponding controls. In the alcohol-treated group the placental index was markedly reduced. However, the mean growth index showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the influence of male alcoholism on pregnancy and progeny. Chronic alcoholism was induced in male albino rats by an oral self-administration technique. Obvious signs of intoxication, withdrawal symptoms and reduced reproductive performance, as well as decreased serum glucose and serum testosterone levels, were observed in these animals. Notable differences were detected in prenatal mortality, mean litter size and sex ratio between the offspring of male alcoholic rats and the corresponding controls. In the alcohol-treated group the placental index was markedly reduced. However, the mean growth index showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups.", "PMID": 1033080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6260", "title": "Ultrastructural investigation of peripheral arterial vessels in the cortex of rats with experimental hypertension.", "content": "The peripheral arterial blood vessels in the cerebrum of 36 experimental animals and 9 controls were studied by electron microscopy. In 5 rats of these renal hypertension was produced (the animals were sacrificed 3 to 15 days following the second operation). 24 animals were treated with depot angiotensin (0.02 to 2.5 mg/daily) for 3 hr up to 40 days, and 7 rats were neurotized for 1 to 41/2 months. The alterations of the cerebral vessels were distinctly different within these 3 models already in the early reactions. Thus, even in the first 14 days of the experiment with renal and angiotensinogenic hypertension alterations were observed that did never occur in the neurotized rats. There were always observed disturbances in permeability of the cerebral vessels, but they were never followed by such heavy wall insudations as usually noticed in the splanchnic vessels. The less frequent occurrence of hemorrhages and malacic processes in the rat brain is ascribed aside from the physiological properties of the brain supply, to genetic factors and the absence of arteriosclerotic burden to the vascular wall in the non-dietetically pretreated experimental animals.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigation of peripheral arterial vessels in the cortex of rats with experimental hypertension. The peripheral arterial blood vessels in the cerebrum of 36 experimental animals and 9 controls were studied by electron microscopy. In 5 rats of these renal hypertension was produced (the animals were sacrificed 3 to 15 days following the second operation). 24 animals were treated with depot angiotensin (0.02 to 2.5 mg/daily) for 3 hr up to 40 days, and 7 rats were neurotized for 1 to 41/2 months. The alterations of the cerebral vessels were distinctly different within these 3 models already in the early reactions. Thus, even in the first 14 days of the experiment with renal and angiotensinogenic hypertension alterations were observed that did never occur in the neurotized rats. There were always observed disturbances in permeability of the cerebral vessels, but they were never followed by such heavy wall insudations as usually noticed in the splanchnic vessels. The less frequent occurrence of hemorrhages and malacic processes in the rat brain is ascribed aside from the physiological properties of the brain supply, to genetic factors and the absence of arteriosclerotic burden to the vascular wall in the non-dietetically pretreated experimental animals.", "PMID": 1033081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6261", "title": "[Effect of electroshock convulsions on caudate nucleus function].", "content": "In unrestrained cats, after the electro--shock seizures, the afamphetamine--indused stereotype, behavior was increased and the caudate circular response to high--frequency stimulation was facilitated. The delayed response to low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus was, on the contrary, decreased. Thresholds of the circular and delayed responses to stimulation of the thalamus and capsula interna did not change in the post--seizure period. The above shifts are supposed to be due to weakening of the caudate nucleus inhibitory function resulting from the electro--shock--evoked increase in the caudate dophamine.", "contents": "[Effect of electroshock convulsions on caudate nucleus function]. In unrestrained cats, after the electro--shock seizures, the afamphetamine--indused stereotype, behavior was increased and the caudate circular response to high--frequency stimulation was facilitated. The delayed response to low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus was, on the contrary, decreased. Thresholds of the circular and delayed responses to stimulation of the thalamus and capsula interna did not change in the post--seizure period. The above shifts are supposed to be due to weakening of the caudate nucleus inhibitory function resulting from the electro--shock--evoked increase in the caudate dophamine.", "PMID": 1033089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6262", "title": "[Emphysematous colpitis in the late puerperium (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of emphysematous colpitis in the late post partum period are reported. The clinical symptoms and signs, the pathogenesis, the causes and the treatment of emphysematous colpitis in the puerperium are described.", "contents": "[Emphysematous colpitis in the late puerperium (author's transl)]. Two cases of emphysematous colpitis in the late post partum period are reported. The clinical symptoms and signs, the pathogenesis, the causes and the treatment of emphysematous colpitis in the puerperium are described.", "PMID": 1033096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6263", "title": "[A rare finding at gynaecological laparotomy: ovarian pregnancy and pinworm abscess (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of concommitant ovarian pregnancy and pinworm abscess is described. The histology and the incidence of Oxyuriasis in the female genital tract are discussed. The clinical symptoms and the management of the condition are also discussed.", "contents": "[A rare finding at gynaecological laparotomy: ovarian pregnancy and pinworm abscess (author's transl)]. A case of concommitant ovarian pregnancy and pinworm abscess is described. The histology and the incidence of Oxyuriasis in the female genital tract are discussed. The clinical symptoms and the management of the condition are also discussed.", "PMID": 1033097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6264", "title": "[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz-syndrome) in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a primigravida with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz Syndrome) is reported. The patient delivered a healthy male infant at 35 weeks gestation during a remission. The patient died at 10 days postpartum from a relapse of the disease. The special points in the differential diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz-syndrome) in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The case of a primigravida with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz Syndrome) is reported. The patient delivered a healthy male infant at 35 weeks gestation during a remission. The patient died at 10 days postpartum from a relapse of the disease. The special points in the differential diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1033098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6265", "title": "[Respiratory function of mitochondria in the inner and outer layers of the dog myocardium].", "content": "The respiratory effect of dog myocardial mitochondria was studied by measuring oxygen content in a reaction chamber using Garbani electrode. 1) In normal dog mitochondria, oxygen consumption rate (QO2) in state 3 and state 4, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP/O ratio were not different between the inner and outer layers when glutamate or succinate was used as substrate. 2) Thirty min after the occlusion of one of the small branches of the anterior descending artery, there were no differences in the respiratory effects between the inner and outer layers when glutamate or succinate was used as substrate. HOowever, compared with the normal dog mitochondria, ADP/O ratio, QO2 in state 3 and state 4 were lower in the outer layer and QO2 in state 4 was lower in the inner layer when succinate was used as substrate. 3) When the anterior descending branch was narrowed to decrease the blood flow to about a half, the respiratory effects were not different between the inner and outer layers when succinate was used as substrate. However, ADP/O ratio in the outer layer was lower than that of the normal dog. 4) Nitroglycerin had no effect on the respiratory effects either in vitro (1.63 X 10(-6) M, succinate as substrate) or in vivo (20 mug/kg i.v., glutamate as substrate.) 5) Dipyridamole had no effect on the respiratory effects in vivo (250 mug/kg, i.v., glutamate as substrate) but, ADP/O ratio in the outer layer was diminished in vitro (7.34 X 10(-6) M, succinate as substrate).", "contents": "[Respiratory function of mitochondria in the inner and outer layers of the dog myocardium]. The respiratory effect of dog myocardial mitochondria was studied by measuring oxygen content in a reaction chamber using Garbani electrode. 1) In normal dog mitochondria, oxygen consumption rate (QO2) in state 3 and state 4, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP/O ratio were not different between the inner and outer layers when glutamate or succinate was used as substrate. 2) Thirty min after the occlusion of one of the small branches of the anterior descending artery, there were no differences in the respiratory effects between the inner and outer layers when glutamate or succinate was used as substrate. HOowever, compared with the normal dog mitochondria, ADP/O ratio, QO2 in state 3 and state 4 were lower in the outer layer and QO2 in state 4 was lower in the inner layer when succinate was used as substrate. 3) When the anterior descending branch was narrowed to decrease the blood flow to about a half, the respiratory effects were not different between the inner and outer layers when succinate was used as substrate. However, ADP/O ratio in the outer layer was lower than that of the normal dog. 4) Nitroglycerin had no effect on the respiratory effects either in vitro (1.63 X 10(-6) M, succinate as substrate) or in vivo (20 mug/kg i.v., glutamate as substrate.) 5) Dipyridamole had no effect on the respiratory effects in vivo (250 mug/kg, i.v., glutamate as substrate) but, ADP/O ratio in the outer layer was diminished in vitro (7.34 X 10(-6) M, succinate as substrate).", "PMID": 1033104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6266", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of antipsychotic drug, penfluridol. 2. General pharmacological properties].", "content": "General pharmacological properties of penfluridol (TLP-607) a long-acting antipsychotic drug, were examined in experimental animals and the following results were obtained. 1) TLP-607 produced a lowering of arterial blood pressure and bradycardia but had almost no effect on respiration and peripheral blood flow. 2) TLP-607 slightly hypertension induced by dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline, but had no effect on hypotension induced by acetylcholine and histamine. 3) Antagonistic actions of TLP-607 on such spasmogens as acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride were slightly stronger than those of haloperidol and chlorpromazine. 4) TLP-607 had neither ganglionic nor neuromuscular blocking action. 5) TLP-607 had a slight or no effect in the following experiments; protection against stomach ulcer, activity of ileum and uterus in vivo and in vitro, urinary volume and electrolytes excretion, and gastro-intestinal propulsion. These results suggest that TLP-607 has no striking peripheral actions in experimental animals.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of antipsychotic drug, penfluridol. 2. General pharmacological properties]. General pharmacological properties of penfluridol (TLP-607) a long-acting antipsychotic drug, were examined in experimental animals and the following results were obtained. 1) TLP-607 produced a lowering of arterial blood pressure and bradycardia but had almost no effect on respiration and peripheral blood flow. 2) TLP-607 slightly hypertension induced by dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline, but had no effect on hypotension induced by acetylcholine and histamine. 3) Antagonistic actions of TLP-607 on such spasmogens as acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride were slightly stronger than those of haloperidol and chlorpromazine. 4) TLP-607 had neither ganglionic nor neuromuscular blocking action. 5) TLP-607 had a slight or no effect in the following experiments; protection against stomach ulcer, activity of ileum and uterus in vivo and in vitro, urinary volume and electrolytes excretion, and gastro-intestinal propulsion. These results suggest that TLP-607 has no striking peripheral actions in experimental animals.", "PMID": 1033105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6267", "title": "[Analgesics and the kallikrein-kinin system].", "content": "The mechanism of analgesic actions of aspirin, aminopyrine and morphine was investigated in reference to the kallikrein-kinin system and the results suggested that the analgesic actions of these agents are definitely related with the peripheral kallikrein-kinin activity. The central action of kinin appears to differ from the peripheral action.", "contents": "[Analgesics and the kallikrein-kinin system]. The mechanism of analgesic actions of aspirin, aminopyrine and morphine was investigated in reference to the kallikrein-kinin system and the results suggested that the analgesic actions of these agents are definitely related with the peripheral kallikrein-kinin activity. The central action of kinin appears to differ from the peripheral action.", "PMID": 1033106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6268", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on bamboo grass. (2) Central depressant and antitoxic actions of a water-soluble fraction (folin) extracted from Sasa albomarginata Makino et Shibata].", "content": "Folin administered showed a significant antagonistic effect to caffeine induced hyperactivity and slightly prolonged hexobarbital induced sleeping time in mice. An antitussive effect was evident only with high doses and anticonvulsant effects were not observed. A mixture of Folin with HgCl2, NaAsO2, 3CdSO4-8H2O or tetrodotoxin resulted in an apparent decrease in mortality rates. However Folin had no effect in the case of alternate administration with a poison or preadministration of Folin. As other pharmacological properties of Folin, a protective effect on induced stress ulcer in rats and an increase in acid output in pylorus-ligated rats in which aspirin was administered. Folin had no inhibitory effect on reserpine ulcer and acetic acid induced anal ulcer in the rat. Neither an increase in gastric motility nor cathartic effect was observed with Folin. In addition, Folin showed a tendency of inhibition on heat induced edema and increase of urinary vikyne and electrolytes in rats.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on bamboo grass. (2) Central depressant and antitoxic actions of a water-soluble fraction (folin) extracted from Sasa albomarginata Makino et Shibata]. Folin administered showed a significant antagonistic effect to caffeine induced hyperactivity and slightly prolonged hexobarbital induced sleeping time in mice. An antitussive effect was evident only with high doses and anticonvulsant effects were not observed. A mixture of Folin with HgCl2, NaAsO2, 3CdSO4-8H2O or tetrodotoxin resulted in an apparent decrease in mortality rates. However Folin had no effect in the case of alternate administration with a poison or preadministration of Folin. As other pharmacological properties of Folin, a protective effect on induced stress ulcer in rats and an increase in acid output in pylorus-ligated rats in which aspirin was administered. Folin had no inhibitory effect on reserpine ulcer and acetic acid induced anal ulcer in the rat. Neither an increase in gastric motility nor cathartic effect was observed with Folin. In addition, Folin showed a tendency of inhibition on heat induced edema and increase of urinary vikyne and electrolytes in rats.", "PMID": 1033107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6269", "title": "[Analgesic effects of Neurotropin in mice, and a comparison with analgesic effect of other drugs in SART-stressmice].", "content": "Analgesic effects of a neuroleptica \"Neurotropin\" (NSP) were studied in mice while the analgesic effects of other agents were studied in SART-stress mice (specific stress caused by alterating rhythm in temperature) and the results compared with those in normal mice. NSP is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. (a) NSP given alone to normal mice resulted in slight analgesic effects as observed with the application of the acetic acid-, phenylquinon-writhing method or the modified Randall-Selitto method. Little effect was seen when the D'Amour-Smith was used. (b) Synergism was evident when NSP and aminopyrine or NSP and morphine were given concomitantly and the acetic acid- or phenylquinon-writhing methods were applied. (c) Analgesic effects of morphine, levomepromazine, imidazole acetic acid and particularly NSP were greater in SART-stress mice than in normal mice. With the D'Amour-Smith method, only NSP had a greater effect in SART-stress mice than in normal mice.", "contents": "[Analgesic effects of Neurotropin in mice, and a comparison with analgesic effect of other drugs in SART-stressmice]. Analgesic effects of a neuroleptica \"Neurotropin\" (NSP) were studied in mice while the analgesic effects of other agents were studied in SART-stress mice (specific stress caused by alterating rhythm in temperature) and the results compared with those in normal mice. NSP is an extract containing many conjugated polysaccarides isolated from the skin or tissues of rabbits which had been inoculated with the living cowpox virus. (a) NSP given alone to normal mice resulted in slight analgesic effects as observed with the application of the acetic acid-, phenylquinon-writhing method or the modified Randall-Selitto method. Little effect was seen when the D'Amour-Smith was used. (b) Synergism was evident when NSP and aminopyrine or NSP and morphine were given concomitantly and the acetic acid- or phenylquinon-writhing methods were applied. (c) Analgesic effects of morphine, levomepromazine, imidazole acetic acid and particularly NSP were greater in SART-stress mice than in normal mice. With the D'Amour-Smith method, only NSP had a greater effect in SART-stress mice than in normal mice.", "PMID": 1033108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6270", "title": "[Behavioral pharmacology of a new antidepressant, lopramine].", "content": "The behavioral effects of lopramine [N-methyl-N-(4-chlorobenzoyl-methyl)-3-(10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenz (b,f) azepin-5-yl) propylamine hydrochloride] were investigated in mice and rats and compared with those of amitriptyline and imipramine. Lopramine inhibited reserpine hypothermia and haloperidol catalepsy in mice and tetrabenazine ptosis in rats. In addition the drug potentiated the effects of methamphetamine, and DOPA- or apomorphine-induced stereotypy in mice, whereas it suppressed muricide of the rat induced by either olfactory bulbectomy or delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, similar to the responses seen with imipramine and amitriptyline. On the other hand,lopramine increased spontaneous motor activity and markedly potentiated methamphetamine hyperactivity. In contrast to imipramine and amitriptyline, lopramine failed to counteract both the lethal effect of physostigmine and oxotremorine tremor in mice, indicating that the drug had no central anticholinergic effect. Lopramine, even at such a large dose as 5,000 mg/kg p.o., caused neitherimpairment of coordinated motor activity nor muscle relaxation. It is concluded that lopramine is a new type of tricyclic antidepressant with extremely low toxicity and without central anticholinergic action.", "contents": "[Behavioral pharmacology of a new antidepressant, lopramine]. The behavioral effects of lopramine [N-methyl-N-(4-chlorobenzoyl-methyl)-3-(10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenz (b,f) azepin-5-yl) propylamine hydrochloride] were investigated in mice and rats and compared with those of amitriptyline and imipramine. Lopramine inhibited reserpine hypothermia and haloperidol catalepsy in mice and tetrabenazine ptosis in rats. In addition the drug potentiated the effects of methamphetamine, and DOPA- or apomorphine-induced stereotypy in mice, whereas it suppressed muricide of the rat induced by either olfactory bulbectomy or delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, similar to the responses seen with imipramine and amitriptyline. On the other hand,lopramine increased spontaneous motor activity and markedly potentiated methamphetamine hyperactivity. In contrast to imipramine and amitriptyline, lopramine failed to counteract both the lethal effect of physostigmine and oxotremorine tremor in mice, indicating that the drug had no central anticholinergic effect. Lopramine, even at such a large dose as 5,000 mg/kg p.o., caused neitherimpairment of coordinated motor activity nor muscle relaxation. It is concluded that lopramine is a new type of tricyclic antidepressant with extremely low toxicity and without central anticholinergic action.", "PMID": 1033109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6271", "title": "[Inhibition of cholinesterase activity induced by pyridaphenthion].", "content": "Inhibitory effects on cholinesterase (ChE) activity in blood of the rabbit induced by pyridaphenthion(PD), an organophosphorus compound, and effects of 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide(PAM) on this inhibition were examined. 1) Experimental results within 24 hr: An oral administration of each dose of PD(100 approximately 750 mg/kg) gradually decreased ChE activity and ChE activity value decreased to 20.5% in the erythrocytes and 21.5% in the plasma 24 hr after administration of 500 mg/kg of PD. However, this value recovered remarkably with an intravenous injection of PAM. The ChE activity value was 55.5% in the erythrocytes and 41.4% in the plasma with a single injection, and respectively 67.8% and 59.1% when PAM was injected three times. 2) Experimental results for 14 days: Following an increase of the administered dose (100 approximately 400 mg/kg) of PD, a decrease in ChE activity was apparent and a recovery to normal values was delayed. This inhibition could be ameliorated quickly with an injection of PAM. Considering that PAM does not have remarkable detoxicative effects on organophosphorus compounds which have a low toxicity, PAM appears to be a promising antidote against PD.", "contents": "[Inhibition of cholinesterase activity induced by pyridaphenthion]. Inhibitory effects on cholinesterase (ChE) activity in blood of the rabbit induced by pyridaphenthion(PD), an organophosphorus compound, and effects of 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide(PAM) on this inhibition were examined. 1) Experimental results within 24 hr: An oral administration of each dose of PD(100 approximately 750 mg/kg) gradually decreased ChE activity and ChE activity value decreased to 20.5% in the erythrocytes and 21.5% in the plasma 24 hr after administration of 500 mg/kg of PD. However, this value recovered remarkably with an intravenous injection of PAM. The ChE activity value was 55.5% in the erythrocytes and 41.4% in the plasma with a single injection, and respectively 67.8% and 59.1% when PAM was injected three times. 2) Experimental results for 14 days: Following an increase of the administered dose (100 approximately 400 mg/kg) of PD, a decrease in ChE activity was apparent and a recovery to normal values was delayed. This inhibition could be ameliorated quickly with an injection of PAM. Considering that PAM does not have remarkable detoxicative effects on organophosphorus compounds which have a low toxicity, PAM appears to be a promising antidote against PD.", "PMID": 1033110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6272", "title": "[Effects of lithium chloride on norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism in the rat brain].", "content": "Lithium chloride (LiCl) was injected acutely (2.4 mEq/kg and 1.2mEq/kg X 2 for 3 hr, i.p.) or subacutely (2.5 mEq/kg X 2/day for 4.5 days, i.p.) in rats, and behavioral effects, steady state levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) and the metabolism of intraventricularly administered 14C-NE and 14C-DA in the brain were investigated. Acute and subacute administratin of LiCl suppressed the spontaneous motor activity, but had no effect on the levels of NE, DA and 5HT in the brain. Acute administration of LiCl did not influence the total radioactivity and the levels of NE and its metabolites in NE metabolism, while subacute administration of LiCl increased the deaminated metabolites. In DA metabolism, the deaminated metabolites were decreased by acute administration of LiCl and the O-methylated deaminated metabolites were increased by subacute administration. From these results, it is suggested that LiCl stimulates the monoamine oxidase pathway in NE and DA metabolism and the behavioral sedative effects of LiCl are attributed to the reduced functional activity of brain NE and DA neurons.", "contents": "[Effects of lithium chloride on norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism in the rat brain]. Lithium chloride (LiCl) was injected acutely (2.4 mEq/kg and 1.2mEq/kg X 2 for 3 hr, i.p.) or subacutely (2.5 mEq/kg X 2/day for 4.5 days, i.p.) in rats, and behavioral effects, steady state levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) and the metabolism of intraventricularly administered 14C-NE and 14C-DA in the brain were investigated. Acute and subacute administratin of LiCl suppressed the spontaneous motor activity, but had no effect on the levels of NE, DA and 5HT in the brain. Acute administration of LiCl did not influence the total radioactivity and the levels of NE and its metabolites in NE metabolism, while subacute administration of LiCl increased the deaminated metabolites. In DA metabolism, the deaminated metabolites were decreased by acute administration of LiCl and the O-methylated deaminated metabolites were increased by subacute administration. From these results, it is suggested that LiCl stimulates the monoamine oxidase pathway in NE and DA metabolism and the behavioral sedative effects of LiCl are attributed to the reduced functional activity of brain NE and DA neurons.", "PMID": 1033111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6273", "title": "[Effects of MS4101, a new benzodiazepine compound, on evoked potentials induced by noxious stimulation of hind legs in cats].", "content": "The effects of 10-chloro-11b-(2'-fluorophenyl)-2,3,5,6,7,11b-hexahydro-7-(2''-hydroxyethyl)benzo[6,7]-1,4-diazepino [5,4-b]oxazol-6-one (MS4101), a new benzodiazepine compound, on evoked potential in cats were examined and compared with diazepam. Though evoked potential in somatic cortex I, motor cortex I and posterior groups induced by tibial nerve stimulation were unaffected by a small dose of MS4101 (1 mg/kg) which did not influence on limbic system, the amplitude of evoked potential in midbrain reticular formation was reduced. The amplitude of evoked potential in amygdala and hippocampus induced by cutaneous nerve stimulation was reduced by MS4101 and diazepam. These two drugs had the same effect on amygdala and difference in the degree of action between these drugs was not observed. Sham rage response following head shake, circling and whine behaviour was observed by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The threshold of sham rage response by raised by MS4101 and diazepam.", "contents": "[Effects of MS4101, a new benzodiazepine compound, on evoked potentials induced by noxious stimulation of hind legs in cats]. The effects of 10-chloro-11b-(2'-fluorophenyl)-2,3,5,6,7,11b-hexahydro-7-(2''-hydroxyethyl)benzo[6,7]-1,4-diazepino [5,4-b]oxazol-6-one (MS4101), a new benzodiazepine compound, on evoked potential in cats were examined and compared with diazepam. Though evoked potential in somatic cortex I, motor cortex I and posterior groups induced by tibial nerve stimulation were unaffected by a small dose of MS4101 (1 mg/kg) which did not influence on limbic system, the amplitude of evoked potential in midbrain reticular formation was reduced. The amplitude of evoked potential in amygdala and hippocampus induced by cutaneous nerve stimulation was reduced by MS4101 and diazepam. These two drugs had the same effect on amygdala and difference in the degree of action between these drugs was not observed. Sham rage response following head shake, circling and whine behaviour was observed by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The threshold of sham rage response by raised by MS4101 and diazepam.", "PMID": 1033112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6274", "title": "[Pharmacological actions of a new antihypertensive drug, olmidine, on the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "It has been reported that dl-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacetamide hydrochloride (Olmidine) shows an antihypertensive action through inhibition of the adrenergic transmission. The present experiment was an attempt to investigate the pharmacological actions of olmidine in the alimentary canal of rat, rabbit and guinea pig. We found that the salivary secretion of rabbit was unaffected by olmidine at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v., but increased by approximately 3 times that of controls with 10 mg/kg i.v.. Volume of gastric juice, concentration of free HCl, total acidity and pH of gastric juice in Shay rats were unaffected by 20 mg/kg i.p. of olmidine while volume and free HCl were significantly reduced at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. of the drug. The pH of gastric juice showed an evident increase to 3.33. Total acidity, however, was unaffected. Bile secretion of rat was decreased by olmidine at a dose of 100 or 500 mg/kg i.p. in a dose-dependent manner. Olmidine did not induce any lesion of gastric mucosa of rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. or less. Movement of charcoal meal in the small intestine of rats was inhibited by olmidine at doses of 20 to 500 mg/kg p.o.. Olmidine caused a biphasic response, that is contraction followed by a relaxation,in the isolated guinea pig gastrointestinal tracts. The contractile response caused by olmidine was completely inhibited by pretreatment with atropine or scopolamine and converted to one of relaxation which was unaffected by a combined treatment with phentolamine and propranolol. Contractile responses caused by transmural stimulation were significantly potentiated by olmidine, while potentiation of the contractile responses caused by exogenously applied acetylcholine was only slight in the isolated gallbladder from guinea pig.", "contents": "[Pharmacological actions of a new antihypertensive drug, olmidine, on the gastrointestinal tract]. It has been reported that dl-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacetamide hydrochloride (Olmidine) shows an antihypertensive action through inhibition of the adrenergic transmission. The present experiment was an attempt to investigate the pharmacological actions of olmidine in the alimentary canal of rat, rabbit and guinea pig. We found that the salivary secretion of rabbit was unaffected by olmidine at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v., but increased by approximately 3 times that of controls with 10 mg/kg i.v.. Volume of gastric juice, concentration of free HCl, total acidity and pH of gastric juice in Shay rats were unaffected by 20 mg/kg i.p. of olmidine while volume and free HCl were significantly reduced at a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. of the drug. The pH of gastric juice showed an evident increase to 3.33. Total acidity, however, was unaffected. Bile secretion of rat was decreased by olmidine at a dose of 100 or 500 mg/kg i.p. in a dose-dependent manner. Olmidine did not induce any lesion of gastric mucosa of rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. or less. Movement of charcoal meal in the small intestine of rats was inhibited by olmidine at doses of 20 to 500 mg/kg p.o.. Olmidine caused a biphasic response, that is contraction followed by a relaxation,in the isolated guinea pig gastrointestinal tracts. The contractile response caused by olmidine was completely inhibited by pretreatment with atropine or scopolamine and converted to one of relaxation which was unaffected by a combined treatment with phentolamine and propranolol. Contractile responses caused by transmural stimulation were significantly potentiated by olmidine, while potentiation of the contractile responses caused by exogenously applied acetylcholine was only slight in the isolated gallbladder from guinea pig.", "PMID": 1033113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6275", "title": "[Effects of eserine and ouabain on the febrile reaction induced by lipopolysaccharide].", "content": "We investigated the effects of eserine and ouabain on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (B.B.B.) as related to the febrile response induced with LPS in rabbit. Results are as follows; The febrile response induced by LPS (0.02 and 1.0 mug/kg) i.v. was suppressed by administration of ouabain (0.06 mg/kg, i.v.). Contrary to the febrile response of LPS given i.c. (10(-4) and 10(-3) mug/kg), the febrile response was not suppressed with the same dose of ouabain. The pyrogenicity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) withdrawn at two hours after rabbits had been injected with LPS (25 mug/kg) was suppressed by ouabain (0.06 mg/kg, i.v.). Pyrogenic response was enhanced by pretreatment with eserine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) given one hr before LPS (1 mug/kg, i.v.). The pyrogenicity of CSF was also potentiated to a greater extent by pretreatment of eserine than with LPS alone. In the eserinized rabbit (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), the pyrogenicity of CSF was potentiated to a greater extent by ACh (10 mug/kg, i.v.) than by LPS (1 mug/kg, i.v.) alone. From these data, it is concluded that the inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by ouabain decreases the pyrogenicity of LPS, while the inhibition of cholinesterase by eserine enhances the pyrogenicity.", "contents": "[Effects of eserine and ouabain on the febrile reaction induced by lipopolysaccharide]. We investigated the effects of eserine and ouabain on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (B.B.B.) as related to the febrile response induced with LPS in rabbit. Results are as follows; The febrile response induced by LPS (0.02 and 1.0 mug/kg) i.v. was suppressed by administration of ouabain (0.06 mg/kg, i.v.). Contrary to the febrile response of LPS given i.c. (10(-4) and 10(-3) mug/kg), the febrile response was not suppressed with the same dose of ouabain. The pyrogenicity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) withdrawn at two hours after rabbits had been injected with LPS (25 mug/kg) was suppressed by ouabain (0.06 mg/kg, i.v.). Pyrogenic response was enhanced by pretreatment with eserine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) given one hr before LPS (1 mug/kg, i.v.). The pyrogenicity of CSF was also potentiated to a greater extent by pretreatment of eserine than with LPS alone. In the eserinized rabbit (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), the pyrogenicity of CSF was potentiated to a greater extent by ACh (10 mug/kg, i.v.) than by LPS (1 mug/kg, i.v.) alone. From these data, it is concluded that the inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by ouabain decreases the pyrogenicity of LPS, while the inhibition of cholinesterase by eserine enhances the pyrogenicity.", "PMID": 1033114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6276", "title": "Effect of crotonaldehyde on the metabolism of Candida utilis during the production of single cell protein from ethanol.", "content": "The effect of 20 low-boiling compounds on the yeast Candida utilis 49 was assessed by a screening test on agar medium. The highest toxicity was exhibited by crotonaldehyde, allyl alcohol and acrolein. Oxidation and assimilation experiments in a slightly aerobic environment showed that an increase in the level of crotonaldehyde in the medium in the range of 10--20 mg 1-1 brings about a lowering of intensity of metabolic processes in Candida utilis, suppression of ethanol utilization and aerobic oxidation rate, a drop in biomass yield, prolongation of cultivation time, etc. The inhibitory effect of crotonaldehyde depends strongly on the manner of its dosage into the medium (single or continuous) and other cultivation conditions (intensity of medium aeration, physiological state of the culture, etc). Crotonaldehyde is lost from the medium partially by volatilization and partially due to chemical and biochemical transformation.", "contents": "Effect of crotonaldehyde on the metabolism of Candida utilis during the production of single cell protein from ethanol. The effect of 20 low-boiling compounds on the yeast Candida utilis 49 was assessed by a screening test on agar medium. The highest toxicity was exhibited by crotonaldehyde, allyl alcohol and acrolein. Oxidation and assimilation experiments in a slightly aerobic environment showed that an increase in the level of crotonaldehyde in the medium in the range of 10--20 mg 1-1 brings about a lowering of intensity of metabolic processes in Candida utilis, suppression of ethanol utilization and aerobic oxidation rate, a drop in biomass yield, prolongation of cultivation time, etc. The inhibitory effect of crotonaldehyde depends strongly on the manner of its dosage into the medium (single or continuous) and other cultivation conditions (intensity of medium aeration, physiological state of the culture, etc). Crotonaldehyde is lost from the medium partially by volatilization and partially due to chemical and biochemical transformation.", "PMID": 1033115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6277", "title": "Predactious fungi Dactylaria pyriformis and Dactylaria thaumasia: production of attractants and nematicides.", "content": "Dactylaria pyriformis Juniper and Dactylaria thaumasia Drechsler are predacious fung forming three-edimensional sticky reticula in which nematodes are captured. It was shown by methods developed in our laboratory that in submerged cultivations both of these fungi produce substances attracting nematodes and compounds having nematicidal activity.", "contents": "Predactious fungi Dactylaria pyriformis and Dactylaria thaumasia: production of attractants and nematicides. Dactylaria pyriformis Juniper and Dactylaria thaumasia Drechsler are predacious fung forming three-edimensional sticky reticula in which nematodes are captured. It was shown by methods developed in our laboratory that in submerged cultivations both of these fungi produce substances attracting nematodes and compounds having nematicidal activity.", "PMID": 1033116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6278", "title": "[Germinal testicular tumors].", "content": "Characteristic for the germinal cell tumors of the testis is their great variety. Collins and Pugh gave a classification of testis tumors under consideration of the genesis of the tumor and the clinical progressing. The staging should be done according to the TNM-system which is based on the UICC recommendations of 1973. If a tumor is suspected an exploration of the testis must be performed. After definitive histological diagnosis via immediate section for microscopic examination during surgery an enlarged orchiectomy and local lymph node dissection has to be performed. In cases of seminoma a 5-year-survival-rate of 90 to 97 per cent can be achieved by radiation of two fields (4 fields in case metastases are suspected). Because of the radio resistance of the teratoid tumors a retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has to follow the enlarged orchiectomy. With a subtile operating technique all the lymph nodes between diaphragm and aortic bifuraction can be removed in case of operability. Postoperative radiation therapy is only recommended in case of excessive lymph node metastases. By an adjuvant chemotherapy following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection a 5-year-survival-rate of more than 80 per cent can be obtained in cases of teratoid tumors.", "contents": "[Germinal testicular tumors]. Characteristic for the germinal cell tumors of the testis is their great variety. Collins and Pugh gave a classification of testis tumors under consideration of the genesis of the tumor and the clinical progressing. The staging should be done according to the TNM-system which is based on the UICC recommendations of 1973. If a tumor is suspected an exploration of the testis must be performed. After definitive histological diagnosis via immediate section for microscopic examination during surgery an enlarged orchiectomy and local lymph node dissection has to be performed. In cases of seminoma a 5-year-survival-rate of 90 to 97 per cent can be achieved by radiation of two fields (4 fields in case metastases are suspected). Because of the radio resistance of the teratoid tumors a retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has to follow the enlarged orchiectomy. With a subtile operating technique all the lymph nodes between diaphragm and aortic bifuraction can be removed in case of operability. Postoperative radiation therapy is only recommended in case of excessive lymph node metastases. By an adjuvant chemotherapy following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection a 5-year-survival-rate of more than 80 per cent can be obtained in cases of teratoid tumors.", "PMID": 1033117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6279", "title": "[Morpholgical changes in the rabbit's bladder after argon laser irradiation].", "content": "After developing a flexible fiber light guide and a special cystoscope it was possible to study the Argon laser beam effects on the bladder wall of rabbits and dogs. It could be proved that the Argon laser is qualified for the use in organs with thin walls, especially in the urinary bladder, because of its strong absorption in tissue with high blood flow and its minor penetretion depth. However, our further investigations showed--they shall be published--that the output of the Argon laser used in our studies not sufficient for destroying human bladder tumors. For this reason it is necessary to use neodymium YAG laser.", "contents": "[Morpholgical changes in the rabbit's bladder after argon laser irradiation]. After developing a flexible fiber light guide and a special cystoscope it was possible to study the Argon laser beam effects on the bladder wall of rabbits and dogs. It could be proved that the Argon laser is qualified for the use in organs with thin walls, especially in the urinary bladder, because of its strong absorption in tissue with high blood flow and its minor penetretion depth. However, our further investigations showed--they shall be published--that the output of the Argon laser used in our studies not sufficient for destroying human bladder tumors. For this reason it is necessary to use neodymium YAG laser.", "PMID": 1033118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6280", "title": "[Synthesis and biological activity of the decapeptide Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-Gly-Gly-Cys as a model for the active center of the basic trypsin inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz inhibitor) (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the above mentioned decapeptide as a model for the active center of the inhibitor molecule is described. The Ki value of this peptide was found to be 4.7 X 10(-4)M. This Ki value differs from the Ki value of the Kunitz Inhibitor by a factor of 10(10).", "contents": "[Synthesis and biological activity of the decapeptide Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys-Ala-Arg-Phe-Gly-Gly-Cys as a model for the active center of the basic trypsin inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz inhibitor) (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the above mentioned decapeptide as a model for the active center of the inhibitor molecule is described. The Ki value of this peptide was found to be 4.7 X 10(-4)M. This Ki value differs from the Ki value of the Kunitz Inhibitor by a factor of 10(10).", "PMID": 1033134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6281", "title": "Effect of d-galactosamine administration on nucleotide and protein metabolism in isolated rat Kupffer cells.", "content": "The nucleoti-e contents of isolated rat Kupffer cells were found to be smaller than those of hepatocytes. The rate of UDPGal formation from D-galactose was much lower in Kupffer cells than in hepatocytes. The viability of the former was checked by measuring the leakage of enzymes and the formation of UTP from uridine. Addition of GalN to isolated Kupffer cells did not decrease their UTP and UDPG contents as much as those of hepatocytes. The same results were obtained when cells were isolated from GalN-pretreated animals. The incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein after GalN addition was much less reduced in Kupffer cells than in hepatocytes. The data suggest that Kupffer cells do not contribute to GalN-induced liver injury as a result of uridylate trapping.", "contents": "Effect of d-galactosamine administration on nucleotide and protein metabolism in isolated rat Kupffer cells. The nucleoti-e contents of isolated rat Kupffer cells were found to be smaller than those of hepatocytes. The rate of UDPGal formation from D-galactose was much lower in Kupffer cells than in hepatocytes. The viability of the former was checked by measuring the leakage of enzymes and the formation of UTP from uridine. Addition of GalN to isolated Kupffer cells did not decrease their UTP and UDPG contents as much as those of hepatocytes. The same results were obtained when cells were isolated from GalN-pretreated animals. The incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein after GalN addition was much less reduced in Kupffer cells than in hepatocytes. The data suggest that Kupffer cells do not contribute to GalN-induced liver injury as a result of uridylate trapping.", "PMID": 1033135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6282", "title": "[Glycine hydrazide as a bifunctional reagent for the synthesis of antigens with steroids as the immunodeterminant groups (author's transl)].", "content": "The suitability of glycine hydrazide as a link between steroids and carrier proteins in the synthesis of antigens was examined. Testosterone was used as hapten; bovine serum albumin as carrier protein. The reaction described here of testosterone with glycine hydrazide to form testosterone glycylhydrazone acetate took place under milk conditions and the yield was nearly quantitative. Rabbits immunized with the new antigen developed specific antibodies against testosterone.", "contents": "[Glycine hydrazide as a bifunctional reagent for the synthesis of antigens with steroids as the immunodeterminant groups (author's transl)]. The suitability of glycine hydrazide as a link between steroids and carrier proteins in the synthesis of antigens was examined. Testosterone was used as hapten; bovine serum albumin as carrier protein. The reaction described here of testosterone with glycine hydrazide to form testosterone glycylhydrazone acetate took place under milk conditions and the yield was nearly quantitative. Rabbits immunized with the new antigen developed specific antibodies against testosterone.", "PMID": 1033136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6283", "title": "Biosynthetic incorporation of fatty acids with photosensitive groups into membrane lipids of cells in tissue culture.", "content": "The physical methods (13C-NMR-spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy) hitherto used for the elucidation of lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions in artificial and simple natural membranes were extended to the application of fatty acids, phospholipids and sphingolipids with photochemical labels (azide group) in defined positions, which on photolysis generate nitrenes. These highly reactive groups react with neighbouring molecules, either lipids or polypeptide chains, with insertion or addition. Highly radioactive 12-azido[9,10-3H2]stearic acid, 12-azido[12-3H]oleic acid and 18-azido-[9,10,12,13-3H4]linoleic acid were added to the growth medium of eukaryotic cell lines in tissue culture (BHK 21 cells and Chang liver cells). They were incorporated into neutral, phosphoand sphingolipids in amounts comparable with the unsubstituted parent fatty acids. The distribution of the azido fatty acids in the phospholipids has been determined by enzymatic hydrolysis (phospholipase A2) on the basis of the distribution of their radioactivity. Radio gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy revealed that the azide group of the radioactive fatty acids remained unaltered.", "contents": "Biosynthetic incorporation of fatty acids with photosensitive groups into membrane lipids of cells in tissue culture. The physical methods (13C-NMR-spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy) hitherto used for the elucidation of lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions in artificial and simple natural membranes were extended to the application of fatty acids, phospholipids and sphingolipids with photochemical labels (azide group) in defined positions, which on photolysis generate nitrenes. These highly reactive groups react with neighbouring molecules, either lipids or polypeptide chains, with insertion or addition. Highly radioactive 12-azido[9,10-3H2]stearic acid, 12-azido[12-3H]oleic acid and 18-azido-[9,10,12,13-3H4]linoleic acid were added to the growth medium of eukaryotic cell lines in tissue culture (BHK 21 cells and Chang liver cells). They were incorporated into neutral, phosphoand sphingolipids in amounts comparable with the unsubstituted parent fatty acids. The distribution of the azido fatty acids in the phospholipids has been determined by enzymatic hydrolysis (phospholipase A2) on the basis of the distribution of their radioactivity. Radio gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy revealed that the azide group of the radioactive fatty acids remained unaltered.", "PMID": 1033137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6284", "title": "Biosynthetic labelling of membrane lipids of eukaryotic cells in tissue culture by a novel type of fluorescent fatty acids.", "content": "W-Anthryl labelled fatty acids with hydrocarbon chains of different lengths (C8, C11, C15) and different degrees of unsaturation have been incorporated into the membrane lipids of three different cell lines in tissue culture by addition of these 3H-labelled precursor fatty acids to the growth medium. The cell lines were baby hamster kidney cells (BHK 21), Chang liver cells and the RN6 cell line derived from a chemically induced Schwannoma tumor cell clone. Cell growth was normal. The quantitative analysis on the basis of radioactivity determinations demonstrated that the fluorescent-labelled fatty acids were introduced into the neutral lipid fraction (triglycerides, diglycerides, and cholesterol esters, all present in small amounts), but mainly into the phospholipid classes phosphatidylcholine, -ethanolamine and -serine, and to a lesser extent, as N-acyl component of sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, ceramides, mono- and diglycosylceramides). Cell fractionation studies indicated that the membranes of all subcellular particles were labelled with the fluorescent probes in their lipid moieties. These w-anthryl fatty acids are the first type of fluorescent lipid precursors which can be incorporated biosynthetically in vivo into membrane lipids of eukaryotic cells. The effective incorporation of the bulky fluorescent anthryl group in the terminal position of fatty acids of different chain lengths into the complex membrane lipids of the cell gives proff of 1) their uninhibited membrane transport, 2) their activation by the acyl-CoA synthetase and 3) their substrate properties for the O- acyl and N-acyl transferases in phospho- and sphingolipid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthetic labelling of membrane lipids of eukaryotic cells in tissue culture by a novel type of fluorescent fatty acids. W-Anthryl labelled fatty acids with hydrocarbon chains of different lengths (C8, C11, C15) and different degrees of unsaturation have been incorporated into the membrane lipids of three different cell lines in tissue culture by addition of these 3H-labelled precursor fatty acids to the growth medium. The cell lines were baby hamster kidney cells (BHK 21), Chang liver cells and the RN6 cell line derived from a chemically induced Schwannoma tumor cell clone. Cell growth was normal. The quantitative analysis on the basis of radioactivity determinations demonstrated that the fluorescent-labelled fatty acids were introduced into the neutral lipid fraction (triglycerides, diglycerides, and cholesterol esters, all present in small amounts), but mainly into the phospholipid classes phosphatidylcholine, -ethanolamine and -serine, and to a lesser extent, as N-acyl component of sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, ceramides, mono- and diglycosylceramides). Cell fractionation studies indicated that the membranes of all subcellular particles were labelled with the fluorescent probes in their lipid moieties. These w-anthryl fatty acids are the first type of fluorescent lipid precursors which can be incorporated biosynthetically in vivo into membrane lipids of eukaryotic cells. The effective incorporation of the bulky fluorescent anthryl group in the terminal position of fatty acids of different chain lengths into the complex membrane lipids of the cell gives proff of 1) their uninhibited membrane transport, 2) their activation by the acyl-CoA synthetase and 3) their substrate properties for the O- acyl and N-acyl transferases in phospho- and sphingolipid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1033138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6285", "title": "Influence of insulin on lysosomal activity and urea production in isolated parenchymal cells from rat liver.", "content": "Non-latent (free) activities of two lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase) and urea production were measured in purified rat liver parenchymal cells incubated in the presence and absence of insulin. Non-latent enzyme activity was measured by including 0.25M sucrose in the assay mixtures to provide osmotic protection to the lysosomes. Total enzyme activity was estimated with Triton X-100 in the homogenates. Insulin was found to inhibit ureogenesis and to reduce non-latent lysosomal enzyme activity in the hepatocytes in vitro. Our data support the idea that insulin inhibits autophagy in rat liver parenchymal cells. Such an effect of insulin may also explain the inhibitory action of insulin on urea production in the rat liver.", "contents": "Influence of insulin on lysosomal activity and urea production in isolated parenchymal cells from rat liver. Non-latent (free) activities of two lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase) and urea production were measured in purified rat liver parenchymal cells incubated in the presence and absence of insulin. Non-latent enzyme activity was measured by including 0.25M sucrose in the assay mixtures to provide osmotic protection to the lysosomes. Total enzyme activity was estimated with Triton X-100 in the homogenates. Insulin was found to inhibit ureogenesis and to reduce non-latent lysosomal enzyme activity in the hepatocytes in vitro. Our data support the idea that insulin inhibits autophagy in rat liver parenchymal cells. Such an effect of insulin may also explain the inhibitory action of insulin on urea production in the rat liver.", "PMID": 1033139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6286", "title": "A survey of patients leaving a mental hospital against medical advice.", "content": "A consecutive series of 100 male psychiatric patients who requested release against medical advice during an 11-month period was compared with a control group consisting of a random sample of 100 patients admitted during the same period who did not submit such a request. The majority of those who submitted the request were alcoholics or schizophrenics. The authors found that a sizable number were either separated or divorced, were younger than patients in the control group, and were in more turbulent phases of their illness. A surprising finding was that 60 patients submitted the request while on an open ward.", "contents": "A survey of patients leaving a mental hospital against medical advice. A consecutive series of 100 male psychiatric patients who requested release against medical advice during an 11-month period was compared with a control group consisting of a random sample of 100 patients admitted during the same period who did not submit such a request. The majority of those who submitted the request were alcoholics or schizophrenics. The authors found that a sizable number were either separated or divorced, were younger than patients in the control group, and were in more turbulent phases of their illness. A surprising finding was that 60 patients submitted the request while on an open ward.", "PMID": 1033140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6287", "title": "Comparison of skeletal muscle monolayer cultures initiated with cells dissociated by the vortex and trypsin methods.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of 12-day embryonic chick skeletal muscle were prepared from cells dissociated with crude trypsin (Difco 1:250) and by a mechanical method that utilizes shearing forces obtained in a vortex of flowing medium. For each technique, experiments were performed in which the feeding schedule and density of cells planted were varied. Culture growoth was observed microscopically and with time-lapse cinematography. Regardless of the parameter varied, the time of onset of fusion and the extent of myotube formation were greatly improved in cultures initiated with the vortex-dissociated muscle cells.", "contents": "Comparison of skeletal muscle monolayer cultures initiated with cells dissociated by the vortex and trypsin methods. Monolayer cultures of 12-day embryonic chick skeletal muscle were prepared from cells dissociated with crude trypsin (Difco 1:250) and by a mechanical method that utilizes shearing forces obtained in a vortex of flowing medium. For each technique, experiments were performed in which the feeding schedule and density of cells planted were varied. Culture growoth was observed microscopically and with time-lapse cinematography. Regardless of the parameter varied, the time of onset of fusion and the extent of myotube formation were greatly improved in cultures initiated with the vortex-dissociated muscle cells.", "PMID": 1033143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6288", "title": "Enzyme separation techniques for the study of growth of cells from layers of bovine dental pulp.", "content": "Effects of the enzymes trypsin, papain, bromelains and ficin on bovine dental pulp tissue were studied. Minced or whole pulps were subjected to each enzyme at 17 degrees, 20 degrees and 37 degrees C for set time intervals, after which aliquots of supernatant fluid were removed for cell counts and viability tests. Pooled samples were subsequently cultured as monolayers in Eagle's MEM plus 10% calf serum. The dissociation characteristics were quite distinct for each enzyme, although quite similar between minced and whole pulp. A parallel histological study was made of the residual pulp tissue. Ficin was found to be the most suitable enzyme for future studies on the growth of isolated pulp cells from various layers of the bovine pulp, due to its even rate of cell removal, and the good initial viability and subsequent growth of the separated cells in monolayer culture. Further studies on ficin may show that it is more suitable for enzymatic separation of tissues generally than the more commonly used trypsin, a major advantage being its use in media containing Ca2+ and Mg2+.", "contents": "Enzyme separation techniques for the study of growth of cells from layers of bovine dental pulp. Effects of the enzymes trypsin, papain, bromelains and ficin on bovine dental pulp tissue were studied. Minced or whole pulps were subjected to each enzyme at 17 degrees, 20 degrees and 37 degrees C for set time intervals, after which aliquots of supernatant fluid were removed for cell counts and viability tests. Pooled samples were subsequently cultured as monolayers in Eagle's MEM plus 10% calf serum. The dissociation characteristics were quite distinct for each enzyme, although quite similar between minced and whole pulp. A parallel histological study was made of the residual pulp tissue. Ficin was found to be the most suitable enzyme for future studies on the growth of isolated pulp cells from various layers of the bovine pulp, due to its even rate of cell removal, and the good initial viability and subsequent growth of the separated cells in monolayer culture. Further studies on ficin may show that it is more suitable for enzymatic separation of tissues generally than the more commonly used trypsin, a major advantage being its use in media containing Ca2+ and Mg2+.", "PMID": 1033144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6289", "title": "Rainbow trout leukocyte culture: a simplified method.", "content": "The addition of 10% fetal bovine serum to Leibovitz's L-15 culture medium resulted in marked growth of peripheral blood leukocytes from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Culture medium without serum or with 20% homologous serum did not induce substantial growth. In contrast to what has been reported by others, oxygenation of the culture medium was found not to be required for excellent cell growth.", "contents": "Rainbow trout leukocyte culture: a simplified method. The addition of 10% fetal bovine serum to Leibovitz's L-15 culture medium resulted in marked growth of peripheral blood leukocytes from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Culture medium without serum or with 20% homologous serum did not induce substantial growth. In contrast to what has been reported by others, oxygenation of the culture medium was found not to be required for excellent cell growth.", "PMID": 1033145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6290", "title": "Development of immunoglobulin and antibody-synthesizing cells after immunization with different doses of antigen.", "content": "The kinetics of development of antibody-synthesizing cells and of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function were studied in rats immunized with different doses (0-1, 1, 10, 100 mg) of horse radish peroxidase, bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, hen ovalbumin, or human IgG, which had been deaggregated or heat-aggregated. Each antigen was injected once or twice as a solution in saline. Antibody and immunoglobulin-producing cells were detected in draining lymph nodes by immunohistochemical staining. In the primary response a few antibody-synthesizing cells were found whatever the dose injected. No increase or some increase was found with the amount of antigen injected, according to the protein used, but with all doses of antigen injected, the population of cells remained small, except with human IgG where a relatively high number of positive cells was detected even after injection of 1 mg of antigen. In the secondary response a few antibody-forming cells were also detected with the lower doses of antigen, but this population increased after boosting with 100 mg of antigen. With human IgG a greater number of positive cells was induced withall the doses tested. A correlation between the number of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody function and the amount of antigen injected was observed in the primary and secondary responses. The relative size of these two populations varied with the stage of immunity of the animals. In the primary response, the population of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody function was larger than the population of antibody-forming cells. The same was true in the secondary response, but if after a booster injection the level of antibody-synthesizing cells exceeded that reached in the primary response, the increase of cells synthesizing Ig without antibody function was smaller than the increase in antibody-forming cells. In general the more immunogenic an antigen was, the smaller was the ratio between antibody-forming cells and cells producing immunoglobulin without antibody function.", "contents": "Development of immunoglobulin and antibody-synthesizing cells after immunization with different doses of antigen. The kinetics of development of antibody-synthesizing cells and of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function were studied in rats immunized with different doses (0-1, 1, 10, 100 mg) of horse radish peroxidase, bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, hen ovalbumin, or human IgG, which had been deaggregated or heat-aggregated. Each antigen was injected once or twice as a solution in saline. Antibody and immunoglobulin-producing cells were detected in draining lymph nodes by immunohistochemical staining. In the primary response a few antibody-synthesizing cells were found whatever the dose injected. No increase or some increase was found with the amount of antigen injected, according to the protein used, but with all doses of antigen injected, the population of cells remained small, except with human IgG where a relatively high number of positive cells was detected even after injection of 1 mg of antigen. In the secondary response a few antibody-forming cells were also detected with the lower doses of antigen, but this population increased after boosting with 100 mg of antigen. With human IgG a greater number of positive cells was induced withall the doses tested. A correlation between the number of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody function and the amount of antigen injected was observed in the primary and secondary responses. The relative size of these two populations varied with the stage of immunity of the animals. In the primary response, the population of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody function was larger than the population of antibody-forming cells. The same was true in the secondary response, but if after a booster injection the level of antibody-synthesizing cells exceeded that reached in the primary response, the increase of cells synthesizing Ig without antibody function was smaller than the increase in antibody-forming cells. In general the more immunogenic an antigen was, the smaller was the ratio between antibody-forming cells and cells producing immunoglobulin without antibody function.", "PMID": 1033148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6291", "title": "Isolation of a factor causing morphological changes of chinese hamster ovary cells from the culture filtrate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "A factor changing Chinese hamster ovary cells from an oval to a spindle shape was isolated from the culture filtrate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It was partially purified by successive column chromatographies on diethylaminoethylcellulose, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25, hydroxylapatite, and Sephadex G-200. This factor was separated from thermostabl direct hemolysin and was heat labile.", "contents": "Isolation of a factor causing morphological changes of chinese hamster ovary cells from the culture filtrate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A factor changing Chinese hamster ovary cells from an oval to a spindle shape was isolated from the culture filtrate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It was partially purified by successive column chromatographies on diethylaminoethylcellulose, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25, hydroxylapatite, and Sephadex G-200. This factor was separated from thermostabl direct hemolysin and was heat labile.", "PMID": 1033156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6292", "title": "Reliability of self-reported age of first drug use: analysis of New York City narcotics register data.", "content": "New York City Narcotics Register data were analyzed to determine the consistency of self-reported age of first drug use among multiple reports on a single individual. There were 15,263 individuals with two or more reports between January 1973 and April 1974 which specified age of first drug use. Discrepancies were noted in 68% of cases; in 31% the responses differed by 3 or more years. Even among reports from a single agency, there were discrepancies in 45% of cases. The degree of consistency was only slightly better when the analysis was restricted to subjects 20 years of age and younger. No comparable inconsistency was observed with respect to self-reported year of birth.", "contents": "Reliability of self-reported age of first drug use: analysis of New York City narcotics register data. New York City Narcotics Register data were analyzed to determine the consistency of self-reported age of first drug use among multiple reports on a single individual. There were 15,263 individuals with two or more reports between January 1973 and April 1974 which specified age of first drug use. Discrepancies were noted in 68% of cases; in 31% the responses differed by 3 or more years. Even among reports from a single agency, there were discrepancies in 45% of cases. The degree of consistency was only slightly better when the analysis was restricted to subjects 20 years of age and younger. No comparable inconsistency was observed with respect to self-reported year of birth.", "PMID": 1033157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6293", "title": "Diabetic macular edema.", "content": "Photocoagulation by either the argon laser or xenon arc instruments has been reported to have a beneficial effect in selected patients with macular edema. Treatment is not effective in all cases; indeed, in some patients with perifoveal capillary closure, severe macular edema, long-standing organized hard exudates, or significant cystoid maculopathy, treatment has proved to be ineffective. Findings associated with a generally favorable or an unfavorable prognosis following photocoagulation are discussed in this chapter, along with proper management of the patient's systemic status, with particular emphasis on the problem of hypertension, important in patients with diabetic macular edema. Because the results of photocoagulation are limited in a significant number of patients, further research into the basic pathogenetic mechanisms involved in increased retinal capillary permeability to recommended, with the hope of providing more effective therapy.", "contents": "Diabetic macular edema. Photocoagulation by either the argon laser or xenon arc instruments has been reported to have a beneficial effect in selected patients with macular edema. Treatment is not effective in all cases; indeed, in some patients with perifoveal capillary closure, severe macular edema, long-standing organized hard exudates, or significant cystoid maculopathy, treatment has proved to be ineffective. Findings associated with a generally favorable or an unfavorable prognosis following photocoagulation are discussed in this chapter, along with proper management of the patient's systemic status, with particular emphasis on the problem of hypertension, important in patients with diabetic macular edema. Because the results of photocoagulation are limited in a significant number of patients, further research into the basic pathogenetic mechanisms involved in increased retinal capillary permeability to recommended, with the hope of providing more effective therapy.", "PMID": 1033159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6294", "title": "Complications of argon laser retinal photocoagulation: a five-year study.", "content": "The operator must become familiar with the dangers involved with argon laser photocoagulation. The hazards in the use of the argon laser slit-lamp photocoagulator derive from the same properties of the instrument that make it advantageous for the treatment of retinal vascular diseases: the wavelengths are highly absorbed by blood, and the beam can be focused to a small diameter. Of course complications can be avoided entirely by using applications so light the virtually no effect is obtained; but such an approach, although safe, cannot be therapeutic.", "contents": "Complications of argon laser retinal photocoagulation: a five-year study. The operator must become familiar with the dangers involved with argon laser photocoagulation. The hazards in the use of the argon laser slit-lamp photocoagulator derive from the same properties of the instrument that make it advantageous for the treatment of retinal vascular diseases: the wavelengths are highly absorbed by blood, and the beam can be focused to a small diameter. Of course complications can be avoided entirely by using applications so light the virtually no effect is obtained; but such an approach, although safe, cannot be therapeutic.", "PMID": 1033162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6295", "title": "Argon laser photocoagulation in ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.", "content": "Argon laser photocoagulation was performed on 30 patients with ocular histoplasmosis syndrome involving the macula. Selection of patients for photocoagulation was dependent upon locating the sub-retinal neovascularization (SRNV) at least one vein-width removed from the capillary-free zone of the fovea on fluorescein angiography. Of the 30 treated patients, 27 maintained or improved visual acuity an average of 1 1/2 years following photocoagulation.", "contents": "Argon laser photocoagulation in ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Argon laser photocoagulation was performed on 30 patients with ocular histoplasmosis syndrome involving the macula. Selection of patients for photocoagulation was dependent upon locating the sub-retinal neovascularization (SRNV) at least one vein-width removed from the capillary-free zone of the fovea on fluorescein angiography. Of the 30 treated patients, 27 maintained or improved visual acuity an average of 1 1/2 years following photocoagulation.", "PMID": 1033164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6296", "title": "Electrical parameters of the isolated cornea of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias.", "content": "The electrical potential difference and electrical resistance of the nonswelling cornea of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias, were examined. It was found that routine procedures used in the procurement of fish invariably produce damage to the corneal epithelium which affects electrical measurements and possibly composition of the aqueous humor. We found no electrical evidence of ionic pumps in the corneal epithelium of this elasmobranch. The electrical resistance of corneas with apparently well-preserved epithelium was 300omega-cm.2 (compared to 30omega-cm.2 in corneas with damaged epithelium).", "contents": "Electrical parameters of the isolated cornea of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias. The electrical potential difference and electrical resistance of the nonswelling cornea of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias, were examined. It was found that routine procedures used in the procurement of fish invariably produce damage to the corneal epithelium which affects electrical measurements and possibly composition of the aqueous humor. We found no electrical evidence of ionic pumps in the corneal epithelium of this elasmobranch. The electrical resistance of corneas with apparently well-preserved epithelium was 300omega-cm.2 (compared to 30omega-cm.2 in corneas with damaged epithelium).", "PMID": 1033167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6297", "title": "Retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins: occurrence in human retina and absence from human cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Low-molecular-weight retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins were shown to be present in the soluble fraction of human retinal tissue but absent from human fibroblasts grown in tissue culture. By the use of gel filtration and comparison with bovine retinal tissue, the human intracellular binding proteins were found to have molecular weights of approximately 17,000 daltons, which are comparable to the molecular weights of bovine intracellular binding proteins. The quantity of retinoic acid bound exceeded that of retinol by about eightfold.", "contents": "Retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins: occurrence in human retina and absence from human cultured fibroblasts. Low-molecular-weight retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins were shown to be present in the soluble fraction of human retinal tissue but absent from human fibroblasts grown in tissue culture. By the use of gel filtration and comparison with bovine retinal tissue, the human intracellular binding proteins were found to have molecular weights of approximately 17,000 daltons, which are comparable to the molecular weights of bovine intracellular binding proteins. The quantity of retinoic acid bound exceeded that of retinol by about eightfold.", "PMID": 1033168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6298", "title": "Normal interaction of plasma retinol-binding protein from retinitis pigmentosa with bovine pigment epithelium.", "content": "The interaction between retinol-binding protein and normal bovine pigment epithelium has been studied with the use of iodinated retinol-binding protein isolated from the plasma of patients with the recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa and of normal subjects. It is concluded that the capacity of the plasma carrier protein to interact with the retinol-binding protein receptor of bovine pigment epithelium is unimpaired in retinitis pigmentosa with autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Normal interaction of plasma retinol-binding protein from retinitis pigmentosa with bovine pigment epithelium. The interaction between retinol-binding protein and normal bovine pigment epithelium has been studied with the use of iodinated retinol-binding protein isolated from the plasma of patients with the recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa and of normal subjects. It is concluded that the capacity of the plasma carrier protein to interact with the retinol-binding protein receptor of bovine pigment epithelium is unimpaired in retinitis pigmentosa with autosomal recessive inheritance.", "PMID": 1033169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6299", "title": "A theoretical study of concentration of profiles of primary cytochemical-enzyme reaction products in membrane-bound cell organelles and its application to lysosomal acid phosphatase.", "content": "A numerical method was developed for computing the steady-state concentration gradient of a diffusible enzyme reaction product in a membrane-limited compartment of a simplified theoretical cell model. In cytochemical enzyme reactions proceeding according to the metal-capture principle, the local concentration of the primary reaction product is an important factor in the onset of the precipitation process and in the distribution of the final reaction product. The following variables were incorporated into the model: enzyme activity, substrate concentration, Km, diffusion coefficient of substrate and product, particle radius and cell radius. The method was applied to lysosomal acid phosphatase. Numerical values for the variables were estimated from experimental data in the literature. The results show that the calculated phosphate concentrations inside lysosomes are several orders of magnitude lower than the critical concentrations for efficient phosphate capture found in a previous experimental model study. Reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "A theoretical study of concentration of profiles of primary cytochemical-enzyme reaction products in membrane-bound cell organelles and its application to lysosomal acid phosphatase. A numerical method was developed for computing the steady-state concentration gradient of a diffusible enzyme reaction product in a membrane-limited compartment of a simplified theoretical cell model. In cytochemical enzyme reactions proceeding according to the metal-capture principle, the local concentration of the primary reaction product is an important factor in the onset of the precipitation process and in the distribution of the final reaction product. The following variables were incorporated into the model: enzyme activity, substrate concentration, Km, diffusion coefficient of substrate and product, particle radius and cell radius. The method was applied to lysosomal acid phosphatase. Numerical values for the variables were estimated from experimental data in the literature. The results show that the calculated phosphate concentrations inside lysosomes are several orders of magnitude lower than the critical concentrations for efficient phosphate capture found in a previous experimental model study. Reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1033172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6300", "title": "[Selective scintillography of the salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "The salivary glands of 32 patients were studied with scintillography. Ten patients were normal controls, while the remaining 22 patients had various disease processes involving their salivary glands. Scintillography was performed by two methods: the standard technique utilizing intravenous isotope injection and selective scintillography. According to this latter method, the radioisotope used is administered only to the gland under investigation by selective catheterization. The present study includes the results of this work, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique employed, and the indications for further use of selective scintillography.", "contents": "[Selective scintillography of the salivary glands (author's transl)]. The salivary glands of 32 patients were studied with scintillography. Ten patients were normal controls, while the remaining 22 patients had various disease processes involving their salivary glands. Scintillography was performed by two methods: the standard technique utilizing intravenous isotope injection and selective scintillography. According to this latter method, the radioisotope used is administered only to the gland under investigation by selective catheterization. The present study includes the results of this work, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique employed, and the indications for further use of selective scintillography.", "PMID": 1033173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6301", "title": "Sensitivity distribution of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi to antibiotics.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics and fungicides for Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas coronafaciens var. atropurpurea, P. lachrymans, Alternaria mali, A. kikuchiana, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis sp. and Sclerotinia sp. isolated from diseased plants in various localities of Japan were examined to enable the isolates to be gruoped into sensitive and resistant strains. To minimize the effects of various variable conditions, MIC of isolates were pooled for either 2 or 3 years and were plotted in a single figure. The grouping values were determined on the basis of MIC values of the antibiotics and agricultural chemicals on phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi under investigations. The relationships between grouping values for isolates of bacteria and fungi and the control of disease on the plants correlated to each other were studied.", "contents": "Sensitivity distribution of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi to antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics and fungicides for Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas coronafaciens var. atropurpurea, P. lachrymans, Alternaria mali, A. kikuchiana, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis sp. and Sclerotinia sp. isolated from diseased plants in various localities of Japan were examined to enable the isolates to be gruoped into sensitive and resistant strains. To minimize the effects of various variable conditions, MIC of isolates were pooled for either 2 or 3 years and were plotted in a single figure. The grouping values were determined on the basis of MIC values of the antibiotics and agricultural chemicals on phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi under investigations. The relationships between grouping values for isolates of bacteria and fungi and the control of disease on the plants correlated to each other were studied.", "PMID": 1033174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6302", "title": "125I-Radioimmunoassay of amikacin and comparison with a microbioassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed using 125I-amikacin. Amikacin was iodinated by a modified BOLTON and HUNTER method. Dextran-charcoal was used to separate bound from free drug. The standard curve was linear on a logit-log plot in the range of 0.5 ng to 4 ng amikacin per tube. There was no cross-reactivity of amikacin antisera to the amino-glycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and sisomicin but a 70% cross-reaction was observed with kanamycin, the compound from which amikacin is synthetically derived. Correlation of the RIA with a microbioassay for the determination of serum amikacin levels in 18 patient samples was excellent (r = 0.94). This new RIA technique is more sensitive, rapid, versatile, and less costly than the RIA using 3H-amikacin, and is far more sensitive and faster than microbioassay.", "contents": "125I-Radioimmunoassay of amikacin and comparison with a microbioassay. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed using 125I-amikacin. Amikacin was iodinated by a modified BOLTON and HUNTER method. Dextran-charcoal was used to separate bound from free drug. The standard curve was linear on a logit-log plot in the range of 0.5 ng to 4 ng amikacin per tube. There was no cross-reactivity of amikacin antisera to the amino-glycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and sisomicin but a 70% cross-reaction was observed with kanamycin, the compound from which amikacin is synthetically derived. Correlation of the RIA with a microbioassay for the determination of serum amikacin levels in 18 patient samples was excellent (r = 0.94). This new RIA technique is more sensitive, rapid, versatile, and less costly than the RIA using 3H-amikacin, and is far more sensitive and faster than microbioassay.", "PMID": 1033175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6303", "title": "Dehydrodicaffeic acid dilactone, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyl transferase.", "content": "In the screening of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, three compounds were isolated from the culture filtrate of a mushroom, Inonotus sp. One was 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid) which had been reported as an inhibitor of this enzyme. The others were the dextrorotatory 2,6-bis-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]-octane 4,8-dione (dehydrodicaffeic acid dilactone) andits antipode. These new compounds inhibited both dopamine beta-hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase and showed hypotensive activity in the SH rat.", "contents": "Dehydrodicaffeic acid dilactone, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyl transferase. In the screening of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, three compounds were isolated from the culture filtrate of a mushroom, Inonotus sp. One was 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid) which had been reported as an inhibitor of this enzyme. The others were the dextrorotatory 2,6-bis-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]-octane 4,8-dione (dehydrodicaffeic acid dilactone) andits antipode. These new compounds inhibited both dopamine beta-hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase and showed hypotensive activity in the SH rat.", "PMID": 1033176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6304", "title": "High performance liquid chromatography of natural products. I. Separation of cephalosporin C derivatives and cephalosporin antibiotics;isolation of cephalosporin C from fermentation broth.", "content": "Microbonded propylamine silica with a solvent system containing acetic acid, methanol, acetonitrile and water (2:4:7.5:86.5) is suitable for an efficient separation of mixtures containing several closely related cephem derivatives. The same system with preparative columns was used for the isolation of cephalosporin C directly from the filtered broth of C. acremonium fermentation.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatography of natural products. I. Separation of cephalosporin C derivatives and cephalosporin antibiotics;isolation of cephalosporin C from fermentation broth. Microbonded propylamine silica with a solvent system containing acetic acid, methanol, acetonitrile and water (2:4:7.5:86.5) is suitable for an efficient separation of mixtures containing several closely related cephem derivatives. The same system with preparative columns was used for the isolation of cephalosporin C directly from the filtered broth of C. acremonium fermentation.", "PMID": 1033177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6305", "title": "L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate, a new semisynthetic erythromycin derivative.", "content": "Erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate, a compound with high antibacterial activity, forms with L-aspartic acid a salt possessing valuable properties as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. The L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate exhibits strong anti-bacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria and shows low toxicity. The serum and the lung tissue levels of the discussed salt after a single dose administration to a rat were measured in comparison with those of erythromycin, its L-aspartate, erythromycin cyclic 11,12-carbonate and its L-glutamate. The new erythromycin derivative showed definitely superior characteristics to those of the other substances tested. The activity of the L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate in chemotherapy of experimental staphylococcal infection and experimental pneumococcal bronchopneumonia in mice is superior to that of the parent carbonate and erythromycin itself.", "contents": "L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate, a new semisynthetic erythromycin derivative. Erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate, a compound with high antibacterial activity, forms with L-aspartic acid a salt possessing valuable properties as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. The L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate exhibits strong anti-bacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria and shows low toxicity. The serum and the lung tissue levels of the discussed salt after a single dose administration to a rat were measured in comparison with those of erythromycin, its L-aspartate, erythromycin cyclic 11,12-carbonate and its L-glutamate. The new erythromycin derivative showed definitely superior characteristics to those of the other substances tested. The activity of the L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate in chemotherapy of experimental staphylococcal infection and experimental pneumococcal bronchopneumonia in mice is superior to that of the parent carbonate and erythromycin itself.", "PMID": 1033178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6306", "title": "A simplified method for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methyl mercury in fish and shellfish.", "content": "A simple acetone wash of the fish sample which removes lipids and other organic materials replaces the cystein cleanup specified in other methods. Methyl mercury is freed by hydrochloric acid, extracted into benzene, and determined with a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The method is quantitative for methyl mercury levels as low as 0.10 ppm in fish and shellfish. Ethyl mercury chloride may be used as an internal standard to detect unsuspected error or instrumental parameter variation.", "contents": "A simplified method for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methyl mercury in fish and shellfish. A simple acetone wash of the fish sample which removes lipids and other organic materials replaces the cystein cleanup specified in other methods. Methyl mercury is freed by hydrochloric acid, extracted into benzene, and determined with a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The method is quantitative for methyl mercury levels as low as 0.10 ppm in fish and shellfish. Ethyl mercury chloride may be used as an internal standard to detect unsuspected error or instrumental parameter variation.", "PMID": 1033180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6307", "title": "A study of renaturation of reduced hen egg white lysozyme. Enzymically active intermediates formed during oxidation of the reduced protein.", "content": "The material obtained from reduced hen egg white lysozyme after complete air oxidation at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees has yielded, by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P-30 column, enzymically active species and an enzymically inactive form which eluted sooner than the active species but later than expected for a dimer of lysozyme. Reduced lysozyme also elutes at the same position as this inactive material. Examination of the fragments produced on CNBr cleavage of the inactive form indicates that at least 24% of the population contains incorrect disulfide bonds involving half-cystine residues 6, 30, 115, and 127. Tryptophan fluorescence and the intrinsic viscosity of the inactive form show an enlarged molecular domain with a disordered conformation. The yield of the inactive form increases as the oxidation of reduced lysozyme is accelerated using cupric ion. In the presence of 4 X 10(-5) M cupric ion, reduced lysozyme forms almost quantitatively the inactive form, which is almost completely converted to the native form by sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange catalyzed by thiol groups of either reduced lysozyme or beta-mercaptoethanol. The material trapped by alkylation of the free sulfhydryl groups with [1-14C]iodoacetic acid during the early stage of air oxidation of reduced lysozyme was fractionated by gel filtration to permit separation of the active species from the inactive form. Ion exchange chromatography of the active species yielded completely renatured lysozyme and three major enzymically active radioactive derivatives. Two of these derivatives contained approximately 2 mol of S-carboxymethylcysteine. Isolation and characterization of radioactive tryptic peptides from each of the three active forms, permitted the identification of Cys 6 and Cys 127, Cys 76 and 94, and Cys 80 as the sulfhydryl groups alkylated in these three incompletely oxidized, partially active forms. Thus, it appears that the interatomic interactions maintaining the compact three-dimensional structure of native lysozyme are operational even when one of these three native disulfide bonds between Cys 6 and Cys 127, Cys 76 and Cys 94, and Cys 64 and 80 is open.", "contents": "A study of renaturation of reduced hen egg white lysozyme. Enzymically active intermediates formed during oxidation of the reduced protein. The material obtained from reduced hen egg white lysozyme after complete air oxidation at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees has yielded, by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P-30 column, enzymically active species and an enzymically inactive form which eluted sooner than the active species but later than expected for a dimer of lysozyme. Reduced lysozyme also elutes at the same position as this inactive material. Examination of the fragments produced on CNBr cleavage of the inactive form indicates that at least 24% of the population contains incorrect disulfide bonds involving half-cystine residues 6, 30, 115, and 127. Tryptophan fluorescence and the intrinsic viscosity of the inactive form show an enlarged molecular domain with a disordered conformation. The yield of the inactive form increases as the oxidation of reduced lysozyme is accelerated using cupric ion. In the presence of 4 X 10(-5) M cupric ion, reduced lysozyme forms almost quantitatively the inactive form, which is almost completely converted to the native form by sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange catalyzed by thiol groups of either reduced lysozyme or beta-mercaptoethanol. The material trapped by alkylation of the free sulfhydryl groups with [1-14C]iodoacetic acid during the early stage of air oxidation of reduced lysozyme was fractionated by gel filtration to permit separation of the active species from the inactive form. Ion exchange chromatography of the active species yielded completely renatured lysozyme and three major enzymically active radioactive derivatives. Two of these derivatives contained approximately 2 mol of S-carboxymethylcysteine. Isolation and characterization of radioactive tryptic peptides from each of the three active forms, permitted the identification of Cys 6 and Cys 127, Cys 76 and 94, and Cys 80 as the sulfhydryl groups alkylated in these three incompletely oxidized, partially active forms. Thus, it appears that the interatomic interactions maintaining the compact three-dimensional structure of native lysozyme are operational even when one of these three native disulfide bonds between Cys 6 and Cys 127, Cys 76 and Cys 94, and Cys 64 and 80 is open.", "PMID": 1033181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6308", "title": "Ultrasonographic evaulation of breast masses.", "content": "B-mode ultrasonic contact scanning should be performed in conjunction with mammography in any patient with a palpable breast mass that is 1 cm or larger in diameter. Patients with masses that appear cystic on the sonogram should undergo needle aspiration of their masses. The fluid should then be cytologically examined for confirmation of its benign nature and repeat sonograms obtained to ensure that the mass has completely disappeared. Patients with masses appearing either solid or complex ultrasonographically should undergo surgical biopsy.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic evaulation of breast masses. B-mode ultrasonic contact scanning should be performed in conjunction with mammography in any patient with a palpable breast mass that is 1 cm or larger in diameter. Patients with masses that appear cystic on the sonogram should undergo needle aspiration of their masses. The fluid should then be cytologically examined for confirmation of its benign nature and repeat sonograms obtained to ensure that the mass has completely disappeared. Patients with masses appearing either solid or complex ultrasonographically should undergo surgical biopsy.", "PMID": 1033182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6309", "title": "Actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles involved?", "content": "The association of actin filaments with membranes is an important feature in the motility of nonmuscle cells. We investigated the role of membrane particles in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes in those systems in which the attachment site can be identified. Freeze fractures through the end-on attachment site of the acrosomal filament bundles in Mytilus (mussel) and Limulus (horseshoe crab) sperm and the attachment site of the microvillar filament bundles in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells were examined. There are no particles on the P face of the membrane at these sites in the sperm systems and generally none at these sites in microvilli. In microvilli, the actin filaments are also attached along their lengths to the membrane by bridges. When the isolated brush border is incubated in high concentrations of Mg++ (15 mM), the actin filaments form paracrystals and, as a result, the bridges are in register (330 A period). Under these conditions, alignment of the particles on the P face of the membrane into circumferential bands also occurs. However, these bands are generally separated by 800-900 A, indicating that all the bridges cannot be directly attached to membrane particles. Thus membrane particles are not directly involved in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes.", "contents": "Actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles involved? The association of actin filaments with membranes is an important feature in the motility of nonmuscle cells. We investigated the role of membrane particles in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes in those systems in which the attachment site can be identified. Freeze fractures through the end-on attachment site of the acrosomal filament bundles in Mytilus (mussel) and Limulus (horseshoe crab) sperm and the attachment site of the microvillar filament bundles in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells were examined. There are no particles on the P face of the membrane at these sites in the sperm systems and generally none at these sites in microvilli. In microvilli, the actin filaments are also attached along their lengths to the membrane by bridges. When the isolated brush border is incubated in high concentrations of Mg++ (15 mM), the actin filaments form paracrystals and, as a result, the bridges are in register (330 A period). Under these conditions, alignment of the particles on the P face of the membrane into circumferential bands also occurs. However, these bands are generally separated by 800-900 A, indicating that all the bridges cannot be directly attached to membrane particles. Thus membrane particles are not directly involved in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes.", "PMID": 1033184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6310", "title": "Topography of the synaptosomal membrane.", "content": "The composition and disposition of the constituent polypeptides of rat cerebral cortical synaptosomal membranes were analyzed on SDS acrylamide gels. Of 20 bands readily detected, 11 account for greater than 93% of the total protein analyzed. These are: (molecu25); 3 (175); 4 (doublet, 137); 5 (doublet, 97); 6 (68); 7 (61); 8 (54); 9 (44); 10 (37); and 11 (33). Bands 5 and 8-10 are the most prominent and account for greater than 60% of the protein mass or 0.67 of its molecular fraction. By lactoperoxidase iodination, the bulk of the proteins in bands 3, 5, 6, and 8 and a portion of band 11 appear to be located on the external (junctional) face of the membrane of intact synaptosomes; proteins in bands 1, 2, 7, 9, and 10 appear to be localized on the internal (synaptoplasmic) face and become labeled only when synaptosomes are lysed. Further confirmation of the topographical distribution is provided by evidence that bands 3-6, 8, and 11 contain glycoproteins susceptible to labeling in intact synaptosomes by oxidation with galactose oxidase or periodate followed by reduction with NaB3H4. Evidence is provided for significant contributions by tubulin- and actin-like molecules to bands 8 and 9, respectively, suggesting that a substantial fraction of the tubulin in the synaptosomal membrane is disposed externally (accessible to iodination) whereas most, if not all, of the actin appears to exhibit the opposite topography. Similar though weaker inferences can also be drawn with regard to the location of tropomyosin and troponin. Preliminary evidence is provided that postsynaptic densities exhibit a protein and iodination profile distinct from that of the synpatosomal membrane.", "contents": "Topography of the synaptosomal membrane. The composition and disposition of the constituent polypeptides of rat cerebral cortical synaptosomal membranes were analyzed on SDS acrylamide gels. Of 20 bands readily detected, 11 account for greater than 93% of the total protein analyzed. These are: (molecu25); 3 (175); 4 (doublet, 137); 5 (doublet, 97); 6 (68); 7 (61); 8 (54); 9 (44); 10 (37); and 11 (33). Bands 5 and 8-10 are the most prominent and account for greater than 60% of the protein mass or 0.67 of its molecular fraction. By lactoperoxidase iodination, the bulk of the proteins in bands 3, 5, 6, and 8 and a portion of band 11 appear to be located on the external (junctional) face of the membrane of intact synaptosomes; proteins in bands 1, 2, 7, 9, and 10 appear to be localized on the internal (synaptoplasmic) face and become labeled only when synaptosomes are lysed. Further confirmation of the topographical distribution is provided by evidence that bands 3-6, 8, and 11 contain glycoproteins susceptible to labeling in intact synaptosomes by oxidation with galactose oxidase or periodate followed by reduction with NaB3H4. Evidence is provided for significant contributions by tubulin- and actin-like molecules to bands 8 and 9, respectively, suggesting that a substantial fraction of the tubulin in the synaptosomal membrane is disposed externally (accessible to iodination) whereas most, if not all, of the actin appears to exhibit the opposite topography. Similar though weaker inferences can also be drawn with regard to the location of tropomyosin and troponin. Preliminary evidence is provided that postsynaptic densities exhibit a protein and iodination profile distinct from that of the synpatosomal membrane.", "PMID": 1033185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6311", "title": "Association of microfilament bundles with lysosomes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The juxtaposition of microfilament bundles and lysosomes seen both in thin-sectioned cells in the transmission electron microscope and in cryofractured cells in the scanning electron microscope, and the presence of short filamentous structures between lysosomes and microfilament bundles, suggest that microfilaments may be attached to lysosomal membranes and that these filaments may be involved in lysosomal movements. Further work is in progress to test these hypotheses.", "contents": "Association of microfilament bundles with lysosomes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The juxtaposition of microfilament bundles and lysosomes seen both in thin-sectioned cells in the transmission electron microscope and in cryofractured cells in the scanning electron microscope, and the presence of short filamentous structures between lysosomes and microfilament bundles, suggest that microfilaments may be attached to lysosomal membranes and that these filaments may be involved in lysosomal movements. Further work is in progress to test these hypotheses.", "PMID": 1033186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6312", "title": "A simple, selective method for freeze-fracturing spherical cells.", "content": "A simple and selective method for freeze-fracturing spherical cells is described. The cells are loaded into the holes of a thin nickel screen. A metal hat is applied to the cell monolayer and the whole assembly, hat-cells-screen, is frozen and then fractured by ripping the hat off. The fractured face on the screen is replicated. By varying the size of the screen holes and by applying the hat to either side of the screen, this method can selectively expose the E face (or the outer half of plasma membrane), the P face (or the inner half of the plasma membrane), or the cytoplasm of the cells. It also provides a means to produce fractures at a preselected area on the cell, if the cells can be loaded onto the screen in an oriented fashion.", "contents": "A simple, selective method for freeze-fracturing spherical cells. A simple and selective method for freeze-fracturing spherical cells is described. The cells are loaded into the holes of a thin nickel screen. A metal hat is applied to the cell monolayer and the whole assembly, hat-cells-screen, is frozen and then fractured by ripping the hat off. The fractured face on the screen is replicated. By varying the size of the screen holes and by applying the hat to either side of the screen, this method can selectively expose the E face (or the outer half of plasma membrane), the P face (or the inner half of the plasma membrane), or the cytoplasm of the cells. It also provides a means to produce fractures at a preselected area on the cell, if the cells can be loaded onto the screen in an oriented fashion.", "PMID": 1033187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6313", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: long-term surgical results.", "content": "The results of surgery in 21 patients with I.H.S.S. are reported. Dyspnea, angina pectoris and syncope were the most common symptoms in decreasing frequency. Before the operation, 5 patients were in New York Heart Association's functional class II, 10 in class III and 6 in class IV. The mean resting peak systolic pressure gradient was 66 mm Hg in 20 patients and mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 14 mm Hg in 19 patients. The ventriculoseptomyectomy accomplished through a transaortic approach is the procedure of choice. The operative mortality rate was 14% (3 of 21 patients). There were 2 late deaths from congestive heart failure. Any sudden death did not occur. The remaining 16 patients have been followed up for a mean of 75 months (range 12 months to 11 years), 11 patients are in functional class I, 4 in class II and 1 in class III. Complete left-bundle-branch block occurred in 3 patients. Our study with a long post-operative follow-up period, documents that surgery results in good to excellent alleviation of symptoms in survivors. The elevated pre-operative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure has a significantly poor prognosis. We currently recommend surgery for the symptomatic patients who have not responded to medical therapy, not late in the symptomatic course of the disease.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: long-term surgical results. The results of surgery in 21 patients with I.H.S.S. are reported. Dyspnea, angina pectoris and syncope were the most common symptoms in decreasing frequency. Before the operation, 5 patients were in New York Heart Association's functional class II, 10 in class III and 6 in class IV. The mean resting peak systolic pressure gradient was 66 mm Hg in 20 patients and mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 14 mm Hg in 19 patients. The ventriculoseptomyectomy accomplished through a transaortic approach is the procedure of choice. The operative mortality rate was 14% (3 of 21 patients). There were 2 late deaths from congestive heart failure. Any sudden death did not occur. The remaining 16 patients have been followed up for a mean of 75 months (range 12 months to 11 years), 11 patients are in functional class I, 4 in class II and 1 in class III. Complete left-bundle-branch block occurred in 3 patients. Our study with a long post-operative follow-up period, documents that surgery results in good to excellent alleviation of symptoms in survivors. The elevated pre-operative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure has a significantly poor prognosis. We currently recommend surgery for the symptomatic patients who have not responded to medical therapy, not late in the symptomatic course of the disease.", "PMID": 1033183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6314", "title": "Actin polymerization and interaction with other proteins in temperature-induced gelation of sea urchin egg extracts.", "content": "The gel which forms on warming the extracts of the cytoplasmic proteins of sea urchin eggs has been separated into two fractions, one containing F-actin and the other containing two proteins of 58,000 and 22,000 mol wt. When combined in 0.1 M KCl, even at 0 degrees C, these components will form gel material identical to that formed by warming extracts. This gel is a network of laterally aggregated F-actin filaments which are in register and which display a complex cross-banding pattern generated by the presence of the other two proteins. Low concentrations of calcium block the assembly of these proteins to form this complex structure, which may play some cytoskeletal role in the cytoplasm. This association of F-actin with the other proteins to form a gel is very likely the last step fo the process occurring in warmed extracts. At low temperatures, gelation of extracts is limited by the relative absence of F-actin, as demonstrated by the inability to sediment it at 100,000 g and also by the fact that gelation occurs immediately if exogenous F-actin is added to cold extracts. The transformation of the G-actin present in the extract to the F-form is apparently repressed at low temperatures. This is shown directly by the failure of added G-actin to polymerize at low temperatures in the presence of extract. These observations resemble those which have been reported on preparations from amoeboid cells and may be significant in the involvement of actin and these other proteins in cell division and later developmental processes.", "contents": "Actin polymerization and interaction with other proteins in temperature-induced gelation of sea urchin egg extracts. The gel which forms on warming the extracts of the cytoplasmic proteins of sea urchin eggs has been separated into two fractions, one containing F-actin and the other containing two proteins of 58,000 and 22,000 mol wt. When combined in 0.1 M KCl, even at 0 degrees C, these components will form gel material identical to that formed by warming extracts. This gel is a network of laterally aggregated F-actin filaments which are in register and which display a complex cross-banding pattern generated by the presence of the other two proteins. Low concentrations of calcium block the assembly of these proteins to form this complex structure, which may play some cytoskeletal role in the cytoplasm. This association of F-actin with the other proteins to form a gel is very likely the last step fo the process occurring in warmed extracts. At low temperatures, gelation of extracts is limited by the relative absence of F-actin, as demonstrated by the inability to sediment it at 100,000 g and also by the fact that gelation occurs immediately if exogenous F-actin is added to cold extracts. The transformation of the G-actin present in the extract to the F-form is apparently repressed at low temperatures. This is shown directly by the failure of added G-actin to polymerize at low temperatures in the presence of extract. These observations resemble those which have been reported on preparations from amoeboid cells and may be significant in the involvement of actin and these other proteins in cell division and later developmental processes.", "PMID": 1033188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6315", "title": "An autoradiographic analysis of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin distribution in the rat brain after intraventricular injection.", "content": "Purified alpha-bungarotoxin was isolated by chromatography and made radioactive with tritium ([3H]acetamidino-alpha-bungarotoxin). Infusions of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin alone or preceded by tubocurarine or atropine were given into the third ventricle. 2. 12, or 24 h after injection the brains were prepared for autoradiography. Injections of alpha-bungarotoxin (radioinert) in buffer, or of [3H]parathyroid hormone in buffer, served as controls. The various patterns of labeling suggest the presence of nicotinic-cholinergic neurons within the arcuate and basolateral regions of the hypothalamus including the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei and, in addition, the central nucleus of the amygdala.", "contents": "An autoradiographic analysis of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin distribution in the rat brain after intraventricular injection. Purified alpha-bungarotoxin was isolated by chromatography and made radioactive with tritium ([3H]acetamidino-alpha-bungarotoxin). Infusions of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin alone or preceded by tubocurarine or atropine were given into the third ventricle. 2. 12, or 24 h after injection the brains were prepared for autoradiography. Injections of alpha-bungarotoxin (radioinert) in buffer, or of [3H]parathyroid hormone in buffer, served as controls. The various patterns of labeling suggest the presence of nicotinic-cholinergic neurons within the arcuate and basolateral regions of the hypothalamus including the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei and, in addition, the central nucleus of the amygdala.", "PMID": 1033189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6316", "title": "The distribution of anionic sites on the surface of the Golgi complex.", "content": "The distribution of anionic binding sites has been investigated in the isolated Golgi complex using cationic ferritin. The greatest density of anionic sites occurs on the tubular network and small vesicles, and this binding is accompanied by increased levels of galactosyltransferase activity. The density of anionic sites on the cisternae is less than on the tubules and shows anisotropic distribution, with higher density on the convex surface and lower density on the concave surface. The distribution of anionic sites may reflect the functional activity of the Golgi complex and possibly the interaction or cohesion between cisternae in this organelle.", "contents": "The distribution of anionic sites on the surface of the Golgi complex. The distribution of anionic binding sites has been investigated in the isolated Golgi complex using cationic ferritin. The greatest density of anionic sites occurs on the tubular network and small vesicles, and this binding is accompanied by increased levels of galactosyltransferase activity. The density of anionic sites on the cisternae is less than on the tubules and shows anisotropic distribution, with higher density on the convex surface and lower density on the concave surface. The distribution of anionic sites may reflect the functional activity of the Golgi complex and possibly the interaction or cohesion between cisternae in this organelle.", "PMID": 1033190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6317", "title": "Umbilical uptake of amino acids in the unstressed fetal lamb.", "content": "The whole blood concentrations of 22 amino acids were measured in a chronic, unstressed fetal lamb preparations. Samples were taken daily from the umbilical artery, umbilical vein, and maternal artery over the latter quarter of gestation. 73 sets of samples (from the umbilical artery and vein and the maternal artery) from 13 animals were analyzed for amino acid levels. Oxygen contents were determined simultaneously in 48 sets (umbilical artery and vein) to relate fetal oxygen consumption to amino acid uptake via the umbilical circulation. The results indicate that there is no umbilical uptake of the acidic amino acids, glutamate and aspartate; there is, in fact, a net flux of glutamate out of the fetus into the placenta. As both of these amino acids are major constituents of body proteins, the data indicate that they are formed within the fetus. The umbilical uptake of some neutral and basic amino acids (e.g., valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) is in considerable excess of estimated growth requirements, suggesting that some amino acids undergo extensive transamination and oxidative degradation in the fetus. Finally, the net uptake of nitrogen, carbon, and calories by the growing ovine fetus in the form of amino acids, glucose, and lactate is compared to estimated requirements as determined in previous studies.", "contents": "Umbilical uptake of amino acids in the unstressed fetal lamb. The whole blood concentrations of 22 amino acids were measured in a chronic, unstressed fetal lamb preparations. Samples were taken daily from the umbilical artery, umbilical vein, and maternal artery over the latter quarter of gestation. 73 sets of samples (from the umbilical artery and vein and the maternal artery) from 13 animals were analyzed for amino acid levels. Oxygen contents were determined simultaneously in 48 sets (umbilical artery and vein) to relate fetal oxygen consumption to amino acid uptake via the umbilical circulation. The results indicate that there is no umbilical uptake of the acidic amino acids, glutamate and aspartate; there is, in fact, a net flux of glutamate out of the fetus into the placenta. As both of these amino acids are major constituents of body proteins, the data indicate that they are formed within the fetus. The umbilical uptake of some neutral and basic amino acids (e.g., valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) is in considerable excess of estimated growth requirements, suggesting that some amino acids undergo extensive transamination and oxidative degradation in the fetus. Finally, the net uptake of nitrogen, carbon, and calories by the growing ovine fetus in the form of amino acids, glucose, and lactate is compared to estimated requirements as determined in previous studies.", "PMID": 1033209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6318", "title": "Translation and stability of human globin mRNA in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Human globin messenger RNA (mRNA) prepared from erythroid cells of patients with sickle cell anemia has been translated in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Addition of hemin to the injected mRNA causes total globin synthesis to increase and the ratio of alpha- to betas-globin synthesis (alpha/betas ratio) to approach unity. To determine the effect of the length of the poly-(A) segment on human globin mRNA stability, 10 S globin mRNA was fractionated into poly-(A)-poor fractions by oligo (dT)-cellulose column chromatography. When oocytes are injected with each of these fractions, translation of the poly-(A)-rich globin mRNA is sustained for a longer period than that of the poly-(A)-poor mRNA. Regardless of the mRNA fraction injected, the alpha/betas ratio of the synthesized globin decreases as the injected oocytes are incubated for longer periods. The results indicate that in frog oocytes poly-(A)-rich mRNA has greater translational stability than poly-(A)-poor mRNA, AND beta-mRNA has greater stability than alpha-mRNA with comparable poly-(A) content.", "contents": "Translation and stability of human globin mRNA in Xenopus oocytes. Human globin messenger RNA (mRNA) prepared from erythroid cells of patients with sickle cell anemia has been translated in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Addition of hemin to the injected mRNA causes total globin synthesis to increase and the ratio of alpha- to betas-globin synthesis (alpha/betas ratio) to approach unity. To determine the effect of the length of the poly-(A) segment on human globin mRNA stability, 10 S globin mRNA was fractionated into poly-(A)-poor fractions by oligo (dT)-cellulose column chromatography. When oocytes are injected with each of these fractions, translation of the poly-(A)-rich globin mRNA is sustained for a longer period than that of the poly-(A)-poor mRNA. Regardless of the mRNA fraction injected, the alpha/betas ratio of the synthesized globin decreases as the injected oocytes are incubated for longer periods. The results indicate that in frog oocytes poly-(A)-rich mRNA has greater translational stability than poly-(A)-poor mRNA, AND beta-mRNA has greater stability than alpha-mRNA with comparable poly-(A) content.", "PMID": 1033208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6319", "title": "Motivated behaviors elicited from hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).", "content": "Eating, drinking, biting attack, male mating behavior, and gnawing were elicited by electrical stimulation through electrodes located predominantly in a region extending from the preoptic area through the lateral hypothalamus into the ventral midbrain. Escape and digging were elicited from a parallel but more medial region that overlapped the lateral zone only in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. Several differentiable vocalizations were produced from sites distributed through most, although not all, areas explored. Sites yielding painlike responses were located principally in the vicinity of the presumed pain pathway traced after anterolateral cordotomy in other species. Reward was obtained from widespread sites that were generally congruent with catecholaminergic systems as described in the rat. Although there was considerable overlap of the effective zones for many responses, their underlying mechanisms were differentiated anatomically by localized differences in their distribution or functionally by the elicitation of pure responses from some electrodes. Response mechanisms localized in the brain stem of the guinea pig generally resembled those in the rat, although there were differences in details, especially in the posterior midbrain and pons.", "contents": "Motivated behaviors elicited from hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Eating, drinking, biting attack, male mating behavior, and gnawing were elicited by electrical stimulation through electrodes located predominantly in a region extending from the preoptic area through the lateral hypothalamus into the ventral midbrain. Escape and digging were elicited from a parallel but more medial region that overlapped the lateral zone only in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. Several differentiable vocalizations were produced from sites distributed through most, although not all, areas explored. Sites yielding painlike responses were located principally in the vicinity of the presumed pain pathway traced after anterolateral cordotomy in other species. Reward was obtained from widespread sites that were generally congruent with catecholaminergic systems as described in the rat. Although there was considerable overlap of the effective zones for many responses, their underlying mechanisms were differentiated anatomically by localized differences in their distribution or functionally by the elicitation of pure responses from some electrodes. Response mechanisms localized in the brain stem of the guinea pig generally resembled those in the rat, although there were differences in details, especially in the posterior midbrain and pons.", "PMID": 1033210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6320", "title": "Male-female differences and the influence of neonatal and adult testosterone on intraspecies aggression in rats.", "content": "Male and female albino rats were tested for intraspecies aggression without the use of shock. In the first experiment, male pairs showed more biting attacks, offensive sideways movements, and self-grooming than did female pairs; male pairs also showed more stereotyped defensive/submissive behaviors and were wounded more frequently. The second experiment examined the effects of neonatal castration and testosterone propionate (TP) administration on fighting. Males castrated at birth attacked other males less frequently than did controls when tested with TP treatment as adults. The TP given at birth to neonatally castrated males restored attacks to control levels. Females given TP as neonates did not differ from either male or female controls. Other aggressive/defensive behaviors, however, did not show this pattern. The results suggest that while the presence of testosterone during a brief postnatal period and during adulthood is necessary for attack behavior to occur, other related behaviors may not be affected in a similar manner.", "contents": "Male-female differences and the influence of neonatal and adult testosterone on intraspecies aggression in rats. Male and female albino rats were tested for intraspecies aggression without the use of shock. In the first experiment, male pairs showed more biting attacks, offensive sideways movements, and self-grooming than did female pairs; male pairs also showed more stereotyped defensive/submissive behaviors and were wounded more frequently. The second experiment examined the effects of neonatal castration and testosterone propionate (TP) administration on fighting. Males castrated at birth attacked other males less frequently than did controls when tested with TP treatment as adults. The TP given at birth to neonatally castrated males restored attacks to control levels. Females given TP as neonates did not differ from either male or female controls. Other aggressive/defensive behaviors, however, did not show this pattern. The results suggest that while the presence of testosterone during a brief postnatal period and during adulthood is necessary for attack behavior to occur, other related behaviors may not be affected in a similar manner.", "PMID": 1033211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6321", "title": "Feeding behavior of steers fed a complete mixed ration.", "content": "Feeding behavior of five Holstein steers fed a complete mixed ration was studied by use of individual, electronically controlled feeding behavior units. Both individual meal and daily behavioral parameters were measured. Number of meals, size of each individual meal, time spent eating, and intervals between meals were measured. Eating rates were then calculated. Diurnal feeding patterns were observed with 60.9% of the meals occurring between 0600 and 1800 h. For individual meals, body weight accounted for less than 30% of the variation in meal size. Average meal size was 414.5 g. Respective means for overall meal duration, actual meal duration, overall eating rate, and actual eating rate were 20.3 min, 13.7 min, 23.1 g/min, and 30.0 g/min. Meal size per body weight (g/kg or g/kg.75) was relatively constant during observation. Both increased eating rate and increased meal length were associated with larger meals. However, eating rate tended to plateau while meal length continued to increase with larger meals. Steers consumed 10.01 meals per day while total daily overall meal duration and actual meal duration were 220.9 and 156.4 min.", "contents": "Feeding behavior of steers fed a complete mixed ration. Feeding behavior of five Holstein steers fed a complete mixed ration was studied by use of individual, electronically controlled feeding behavior units. Both individual meal and daily behavioral parameters were measured. Number of meals, size of each individual meal, time spent eating, and intervals between meals were measured. Eating rates were then calculated. Diurnal feeding patterns were observed with 60.9% of the meals occurring between 0600 and 1800 h. For individual meals, body weight accounted for less than 30% of the variation in meal size. Average meal size was 414.5 g. Respective means for overall meal duration, actual meal duration, overall eating rate, and actual eating rate were 20.3 min, 13.7 min, 23.1 g/min, and 30.0 g/min. Meal size per body weight (g/kg or g/kg.75) was relatively constant during observation. Both increased eating rate and increased meal length were associated with larger meals. However, eating rate tended to plateau while meal length continued to increase with larger meals. Steers consumed 10.01 meals per day while total daily overall meal duration and actual meal duration were 220.9 and 156.4 min.", "PMID": 1033212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6322", "title": "Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows.", "content": "Three complete feeds containing low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar \"1788\"), high glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar \"Span\"), or soybean meal as protein supplement were evaluated with lactating Holstein cows in a double 3 X 3 Latin square design. Lactation performance, hematology, blood chemistry, serum-free amino acids, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, and milk fatty acid composition were measured. The 1788 ration tended to increase yield of milk and of total solids. Hematology, blood chemistry, and serum-free amino acid data showed no differencein utilization of nitrogen. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were not different. Feeding of the high glucosinolate Span ration did not reduce feed intake. However, there were indications that Span-fed cows may have experienced hypothyroidism. No differences were in erucic acid content of milk fat, and concentrations were low. Rapeseed meals 1788 and Span and soybean meal were equal as protein supplements.", "contents": "Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows. Three complete feeds containing low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar \"1788\"), high glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar \"Span\"), or soybean meal as protein supplement were evaluated with lactating Holstein cows in a double 3 X 3 Latin square design. Lactation performance, hematology, blood chemistry, serum-free amino acids, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, and milk fatty acid composition were measured. The 1788 ration tended to increase yield of milk and of total solids. Hematology, blood chemistry, and serum-free amino acid data showed no differencein utilization of nitrogen. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were not different. Feeding of the high glucosinolate Span ration did not reduce feed intake. However, there were indications that Span-fed cows may have experienced hypothyroidism. No differences were in erucic acid content of milk fat, and concentrations were low. Rapeseed meals 1788 and Span and soybean meal were equal as protein supplements.", "PMID": 1033213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6323", "title": "Selenium and vitamin E and incidence of retained placenta in parturient dairy cows.", "content": "In a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment, protein intake, selenium supplementation, and intake of phosphorus were related to the incidence of retained placenta in cows fed varying concentrations of these nutrients during the dry period. The population incidence of 38% retained placenta in 26 control cows was independent of phosphorus intake which ranged between 39 and 95 g per day. When a protein supplement was included in the concentrate as soybean meal, the incidence of retained placenta was reduced to 20% for supplemented animals from 50% for the animals that received no soybean meal. This increased protein in the ration was reflective of a mean increase from .02 ppm of selenium to .06 ppm of selenium in the ration. By increasing the mean daily intake of selenium at least 3 wk prepartum from .23 mg to .92 mg daily, overall incidence of retained placenta was reduced from 38% to 0%. A positive prophylactic effect was achieved regardless of whether alpha tocopherol was supplemented as well. These mature dairy cows were deficient in selenium, and supplementation of selenium reduced the incidence of retained placenta.", "contents": "Selenium and vitamin E and incidence of retained placenta in parturient dairy cows. In a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment, protein intake, selenium supplementation, and intake of phosphorus were related to the incidence of retained placenta in cows fed varying concentrations of these nutrients during the dry period. The population incidence of 38% retained placenta in 26 control cows was independent of phosphorus intake which ranged between 39 and 95 g per day. When a protein supplement was included in the concentrate as soybean meal, the incidence of retained placenta was reduced to 20% for supplemented animals from 50% for the animals that received no soybean meal. This increased protein in the ration was reflective of a mean increase from .02 ppm of selenium to .06 ppm of selenium in the ration. By increasing the mean daily intake of selenium at least 3 wk prepartum from .23 mg to .92 mg daily, overall incidence of retained placenta was reduced from 38% to 0%. A positive prophylactic effect was achieved regardless of whether alpha tocopherol was supplemented as well. These mature dairy cows were deficient in selenium, and supplementation of selenium reduced the incidence of retained placenta.", "PMID": 1033214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6324", "title": "Amounts and sources of protein for dairy calves.", "content": "Female Holstein calves (178) were fed rations varying from 10 to 17% crude protein (air dry) from 30 to 102 days of age. Ten percent was inadequate resulting in less body weight, gain, withers height, and heart girth than rations containing 12 to 17% crude protein. In trial 1 addition of urea, biuret, or ammonia-molasses to a 12% diet to make a 16% crude protein diet allowed gains and weights indistinguishable from those on a 12 or 16% crude protein soybean meal ration. In another trial, addition of urea, biuret, or ammonium propionate to a 10% ration to make a 14% ration allowed insignificantly greater gains and body weight. Gains and body weight were greater for the 14% soybean meal ration than the three non-protein-nitrogen rations for calves to 71 days of age but equal for 71 to 102 days. Gain, body weight, dry matter, and protein intakes at most dates and intervals were greater for calves fed the 14% soybean meal ration than the 10% ration. When 10, 12, 14, and 16% soybean meal rations were compared simultaneously, only the 10% crude protein ration gave inferior performance. Gains were reduced when average daily crude protein intake for the 72 day trail was 258 g or less. Calves fed lupine or dried poultry waste did not gain or consume as much as those fed comparable soybean meal rations. Calves fed a 17% crude protein ration from several protein sources plus alfalfa hay gained no much than those fed the 12 to 16% crude protein rations. Regression analysis relating dry matter and protein intake to body weight or gains indicated both dry matter intake and protein percentage were about equally important from day 41 to 72 and that after this age dry matter intake was of much greater importance than protein percentage. Protein intake expressed as g/day was not of importance in this regression. Weaning at day 42 allowed for greater body weight and gains than weaning at day 32. The difference in body weight was 2.5 kg at day 42 and 7 kg at day 102.", "contents": "Amounts and sources of protein for dairy calves. Female Holstein calves (178) were fed rations varying from 10 to 17% crude protein (air dry) from 30 to 102 days of age. Ten percent was inadequate resulting in less body weight, gain, withers height, and heart girth than rations containing 12 to 17% crude protein. In trial 1 addition of urea, biuret, or ammonia-molasses to a 12% diet to make a 16% crude protein diet allowed gains and weights indistinguishable from those on a 12 or 16% crude protein soybean meal ration. In another trial, addition of urea, biuret, or ammonium propionate to a 10% ration to make a 14% ration allowed insignificantly greater gains and body weight. Gains and body weight were greater for the 14% soybean meal ration than the three non-protein-nitrogen rations for calves to 71 days of age but equal for 71 to 102 days. Gain, body weight, dry matter, and protein intakes at most dates and intervals were greater for calves fed the 14% soybean meal ration than the 10% ration. When 10, 12, 14, and 16% soybean meal rations were compared simultaneously, only the 10% crude protein ration gave inferior performance. Gains were reduced when average daily crude protein intake for the 72 day trail was 258 g or less. Calves fed lupine or dried poultry waste did not gain or consume as much as those fed comparable soybean meal rations. Calves fed a 17% crude protein ration from several protein sources plus alfalfa hay gained no much than those fed the 12 to 16% crude protein rations. Regression analysis relating dry matter and protein intake to body weight or gains indicated both dry matter intake and protein percentage were about equally important from day 41 to 72 and that after this age dry matter intake was of much greater importance than protein percentage. Protein intake expressed as g/day was not of importance in this regression. Weaning at day 42 allowed for greater body weight and gains than weaning at day 32. The difference in body weight was 2.5 kg at day 42 and 7 kg at day 102.", "PMID": 1033215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6325", "title": "Quality factors in beef, pork, and lamb cooked by microwaves.", "content": "Three cooking treatments were applied to the longissimus muscle of beef and of pork and to deboned leg of lamb. Cooking treatments included: Intermittent energy application (3-min. cycle) with a microwave range operated at 220V and intermittent energy application (6-min. cycle) with a microwave range operated at 115V. Control roasts were cooked in a conventional gas oven (163+/-3 degrees C.). Cooking was adjusted so that roasts achieved an internal temperature of 70 degrees C. when cut for analyses. Cooking losses were significantly greater for microwave than for conventionally cooked beef. However, microwave cooking resulted in beef, pork, and lamb roasts with flavor of interior portions similar to those prepared conventionally. Flavor differences in samples from the edge of the slices of lamb and of pork and tenderness of lamb appeared to be related to cooking method. For these attributes, meat cooked conventionally was superior. In contrast, patterns in significant differences in tenderness and juiciness of beef and of pork were not consistent and were not related solely to method of cookery. Neither creatine nor creatinine was a good index of flavor of meat cooked by these methods. Aside from the time-saving aspect of microwave heating, there was no major advantage of one method of cooking over another. Thus, either high- or low- powered microwave equipment, operated at 2450 MHz, can be used satisfactorily for cooking tender cuts of beef, pork, and lamb.", "contents": "Quality factors in beef, pork, and lamb cooked by microwaves. Three cooking treatments were applied to the longissimus muscle of beef and of pork and to deboned leg of lamb. Cooking treatments included: Intermittent energy application (3-min. cycle) with a microwave range operated at 220V and intermittent energy application (6-min. cycle) with a microwave range operated at 115V. Control roasts were cooked in a conventional gas oven (163+/-3 degrees C.). Cooking was adjusted so that roasts achieved an internal temperature of 70 degrees C. when cut for analyses. Cooking losses were significantly greater for microwave than for conventionally cooked beef. However, microwave cooking resulted in beef, pork, and lamb roasts with flavor of interior portions similar to those prepared conventionally. Flavor differences in samples from the edge of the slices of lamb and of pork and tenderness of lamb appeared to be related to cooking method. For these attributes, meat cooked conventionally was superior. In contrast, patterns in significant differences in tenderness and juiciness of beef and of pork were not consistent and were not related solely to method of cookery. Neither creatine nor creatinine was a good index of flavor of meat cooked by these methods. Aside from the time-saving aspect of microwave heating, there was no major advantage of one method of cooking over another. Thus, either high- or low- powered microwave equipment, operated at 2450 MHz, can be used satisfactorily for cooking tender cuts of beef, pork, and lamb.", "PMID": 1033217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6326", "title": "Structural conflict and object relations conflict.", "content": "A hierarchical model of the mind is required for a more integrated understanding of psychic conflict. At a higher developmental level, the hierarchical model includes the tripartite model, and at a lower level it includes an object-relations model. Psychic conflicts may be classified into object relations conflicts and structural conflicts. The object-relations class of psychic conflict covers the phase of psychic development prior to id-ego-superego differentiation. The earlier psychoanalytic writings tended to ascribe all kinds of symptoms, conflicts, and disorders to structural conflicts. Logical and empirical evidence against the universality of structural conflicts in various disorders and symptoms, even psychoneurotic symptoms, has been summarized and discussed.", "contents": "Structural conflict and object relations conflict. A hierarchical model of the mind is required for a more integrated understanding of psychic conflict. At a higher developmental level, the hierarchical model includes the tripartite model, and at a lower level it includes an object-relations model. Psychic conflicts may be classified into object relations conflicts and structural conflicts. The object-relations class of psychic conflict covers the phase of psychic development prior to id-ego-superego differentiation. The earlier psychoanalytic writings tended to ascribe all kinds of symptoms, conflicts, and disorders to structural conflicts. Logical and empirical evidence against the universality of structural conflicts in various disorders and symptoms, even psychoneurotic symptoms, has been summarized and discussed.", "PMID": 1033218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6327", "title": "Aspiculuris tetraptera in wild Mus musculus. Age resistance and acquired immunity.", "content": "Wild house mice, naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera were segregated according to their weight into six age groups. The prevalence of infection and the mean worm burden of these mice were studied in the different age groups. The overall prevalence of infection was high (57% or more) in all the groups except the youngest. Mice acquired larvae soon after weaning; the highest larval burdens were reached in juvenile mice and the highest mature worm burdens, a group later, in mature mice. Older mice had fewer larvae and fewer mature worms. The mature worm burdens decreased but relatively slower than the larval burdens. It is suggested that eigher innate or acquired resistance could account for these observations.", "contents": "Aspiculuris tetraptera in wild Mus musculus. Age resistance and acquired immunity. Wild house mice, naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera were segregated according to their weight into six age groups. The prevalence of infection and the mean worm burden of these mice were studied in the different age groups. The overall prevalence of infection was high (57% or more) in all the groups except the youngest. Mice acquired larvae soon after weaning; the highest larval burdens were reached in juvenile mice and the highest mature worm burdens, a group later, in mature mice. Older mice had fewer larvae and fewer mature worms. The mature worm burdens decreased but relatively slower than the larval burdens. It is suggested that eigher innate or acquired resistance could account for these observations.", "PMID": 1033219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6328", "title": "[Disinfection of sewage waters from rendering plants with peracetic acid].", "content": "In our experiments, peracetic acid--known in commerce as \"Wolfasteril\" was tested as a new and efficient disinfectant to disinfect sewage waters from rendering plants. Peracetic acid was used in experiments in concentration of 0.1 to 1.0% for 30 sec. to 60 min. As a comparative agent, 5% chloramine was used. Results obtained in preliminary and main experiments proved that peracetic acid is fully appropriate to disinfect biologically cleaned sewage waters in rendering plants. Sewage waters supplying the main stream has to pass mostly a short section after having left the water clarifier. Consequently, the concentration of 1% peracetic acid acting for 30 sec. is the optimum one. The recommendation of this application norm for peracetic acid in water clarifiers from rendering plants being at least suitable in controlling disasters.", "contents": "[Disinfection of sewage waters from rendering plants with peracetic acid]. In our experiments, peracetic acid--known in commerce as \"Wolfasteril\" was tested as a new and efficient disinfectant to disinfect sewage waters from rendering plants. Peracetic acid was used in experiments in concentration of 0.1 to 1.0% for 30 sec. to 60 min. As a comparative agent, 5% chloramine was used. Results obtained in preliminary and main experiments proved that peracetic acid is fully appropriate to disinfect biologically cleaned sewage waters in rendering plants. Sewage waters supplying the main stream has to pass mostly a short section after having left the water clarifier. Consequently, the concentration of 1% peracetic acid acting for 30 sec. is the optimum one. The recommendation of this application norm for peracetic acid in water clarifiers from rendering plants being at least suitable in controlling disasters.", "PMID": 1033220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6329", "title": "Assessment of effectivity of oral killed typhoid and paratyphoid B vaccines and aerosol chemical typhoid vaccine in controlled field trials.", "content": "A total of 3 controlled field trials were carried out. One of them (1963) showed that aerosol chemical typhoid vaccine did not protect vaccinated subjects from the disease. Two other tests (1964 and 1965) assessing the effectivity of killed orally administered typhoid vaccine revealed a short term (up to 3 months) protective effect expressed by an effectivity coefficient of 45%, fiducial limits being 8-70%. In the assessment of oral paratyphoid B vaccine, the difference in morbidity in the experimental and control groups was statistically insignificant due to a small number of cases of disease.", "contents": "Assessment of effectivity of oral killed typhoid and paratyphoid B vaccines and aerosol chemical typhoid vaccine in controlled field trials. A total of 3 controlled field trials were carried out. One of them (1963) showed that aerosol chemical typhoid vaccine did not protect vaccinated subjects from the disease. Two other tests (1964 and 1965) assessing the effectivity of killed orally administered typhoid vaccine revealed a short term (up to 3 months) protective effect expressed by an effectivity coefficient of 45%, fiducial limits being 8-70%. In the assessment of oral paratyphoid B vaccine, the difference in morbidity in the experimental and control groups was statistically insignificant due to a small number of cases of disease.", "PMID": 1033223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6330", "title": "Genus Microsporum dermatophytes in eastern Bohemia.", "content": "The authors presented a taxonomic survey of dermatophytes of the genus Microsporum. From the 19 species described so far, they isolated ten species in the region of Eastern Bohemia. Only the species Microsporum cookel and M. gypsem are considered to be endemic species. The remaining are regarded as imported dermatophytes which are not able to maintain their existence permanently in the conditions of the mentioned region. Data on the findings of the individual species were completed by the authors' remarks on their primary hosts and/or substrates of heterotrophy, frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution.", "contents": "Genus Microsporum dermatophytes in eastern Bohemia. The authors presented a taxonomic survey of dermatophytes of the genus Microsporum. From the 19 species described so far, they isolated ten species in the region of Eastern Bohemia. Only the species Microsporum cookel and M. gypsem are considered to be endemic species. The remaining are regarded as imported dermatophytes which are not able to maintain their existence permanently in the conditions of the mentioned region. Data on the findings of the individual species were completed by the authors' remarks on their primary hosts and/or substrates of heterotrophy, frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution.", "PMID": 1033224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6331", "title": "Reliability of the serological method of examination as a basis for diagnosis of associated respiratory virus infections.", "content": "The reliability of the results of serological examination in diagnostics of associated infections was studied on a model of artificially provoked vaccinal infections in humans and in laboratory animals. The effect of administered monopreparations on changes in the level of both homologous and heterologous antibodies was tested. The character of immunological changes following simultaneous administration of two or more respiratory viruses was analysed and the effect of these viruses in diseases of divers etiology was studied. According to the results of experiments on laboratory animals, repeated administration of any of the earlier used respiratory viruses stimulated the accumulation of only homologous antibodies while heterologous antibodies did not increase at all. The results revealed the possibility of simultaneous immunological reorganization of a child's organism in response to the influence of several different antigens from the group of respiratory viruses acting synchronously or in succession. Results of the analysis demonstrated the reliability of the employed serological methods of diagnosis of respiratory virus infections.", "contents": "Reliability of the serological method of examination as a basis for diagnosis of associated respiratory virus infections. The reliability of the results of serological examination in diagnostics of associated infections was studied on a model of artificially provoked vaccinal infections in humans and in laboratory animals. The effect of administered monopreparations on changes in the level of both homologous and heterologous antibodies was tested. The character of immunological changes following simultaneous administration of two or more respiratory viruses was analysed and the effect of these viruses in diseases of divers etiology was studied. According to the results of experiments on laboratory animals, repeated administration of any of the earlier used respiratory viruses stimulated the accumulation of only homologous antibodies while heterologous antibodies did not increase at all. The results revealed the possibility of simultaneous immunological reorganization of a child's organism in response to the influence of several different antigens from the group of respiratory viruses acting synchronously or in succession. Results of the analysis demonstrated the reliability of the employed serological methods of diagnosis of respiratory virus infections.", "PMID": 1033225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6332", "title": "Human infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The patients history included stay in Pakistan or India. They probably contracted the infection on board an aeroplane where they ingested cold meal containing sea products. The possibility of this conditioned pathogen occurring also in an inland country is pointed out.", "contents": "Human infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus in Czechoslovakia. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The patients history included stay in Pakistan or India. They probably contracted the infection on board an aeroplane where they ingested cold meal containing sea products. The possibility of this conditioned pathogen occurring also in an inland country is pointed out.", "PMID": 1033228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6333", "title": "A note on single- and two-dose immunogenicity tests of inactive virus vaccine in chicks.", "content": "Single dose extinction limit test ot inactive polio vaccine in chicks lasts 4 days and offers the same results as the two-dose test which requires 14 days. When \"long-term\" incubation instead of \"conventional\" 2 hours-incubation of the serum/virus mixtures in the neutralization reaction was used, extinction limit values higher by 0.6-0.7 log10 were regularly obtained.", "contents": "A note on single- and two-dose immunogenicity tests of inactive virus vaccine in chicks. Single dose extinction limit test ot inactive polio vaccine in chicks lasts 4 days and offers the same results as the two-dose test which requires 14 days. When \"long-term\" incubation instead of \"conventional\" 2 hours-incubation of the serum/virus mixtures in the neutralization reaction was used, extinction limit values higher by 0.6-0.7 log10 were regularly obtained.", "PMID": 1033226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6334", "title": "Isolation of antibody-forming cells by using cluster formation in combination with velocity sedimentation.", "content": "A method is described for isolation of antibody-forming cells with the help of cluster formation. This was achieved by incubating spleen cells from immunized mice with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C. During incubation rabbit-anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum was present in order to facilitate the formation of clusters. Thereafter the clusters were isolated by velocity sedimentation. In this way we obtained suspensions containing more than 80% clusters. Some of the cells in the clusters still produced antibodies against sheep erythrocytes cultured for two days in vitro.", "contents": "Isolation of antibody-forming cells by using cluster formation in combination with velocity sedimentation. A method is described for isolation of antibody-forming cells with the help of cluster formation. This was achieved by incubating spleen cells from immunized mice with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C. During incubation rabbit-anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum was present in order to facilitate the formation of clusters. Thereafter the clusters were isolated by velocity sedimentation. In this way we obtained suspensions containing more than 80% clusters. Some of the cells in the clusters still produced antibodies against sheep erythrocytes cultured for two days in vitro.", "PMID": 1033230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6335", "title": "Quantitative alterations in the genital microflora of female rats in relation to the estrous cycle.", "content": "The virgin female laboratory rat has been studied as a model of the ecosystem represented by the vaginal mucosa and its bacterial flora. Gram-stained vaginal smears abtained from rats having normal estrous cycles showed cyclic variation in the number of bacteria present. Viable plate counts of material obtained by vaginal lavage demonstrated daily changes in the density of the bacterial population of the vagina in relation to the estrous cycle. Bacterial counts observed during the estrus phase of the cycle in individual rats were 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than viable counts observed during the metestrus or diestrus phases of the cycle. These studies represent the first reported demonstration that physiologic changes occurring during the estrous cycle control the size of the bacterial population of the vagina.", "contents": "Quantitative alterations in the genital microflora of female rats in relation to the estrous cycle. The virgin female laboratory rat has been studied as a model of the ecosystem represented by the vaginal mucosa and its bacterial flora. Gram-stained vaginal smears abtained from rats having normal estrous cycles showed cyclic variation in the number of bacteria present. Viable plate counts of material obtained by vaginal lavage demonstrated daily changes in the density of the bacterial population of the vagina in relation to the estrous cycle. Bacterial counts observed during the estrus phase of the cycle in individual rats were 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than viable counts observed during the metestrus or diestrus phases of the cycle. These studies represent the first reported demonstration that physiologic changes occurring during the estrous cycle control the size of the bacterial population of the vagina.", "PMID": 1033231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6336", "title": "Endotoxin and prevention of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "Endotoxin is known both to stimulate prostaglandin production and to abolish the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia. The present study demonstrated that two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, meclofenamate and indomethacin, prevent loss of pulmonary vasoconstriction due to hypoxia when sublethal doses of endotoxin are administered. This suggests that endotoxin may stimulate the production of a dilator prostaglandin which would oppose the hypoxic vasoconstriction, but other ways in which these inhibitor drugs might act are considered. Endotoxin damages platelets and leukocytes, both of which can form prostaglandins and could be the source of a dilator prostaglandin. However, in these experiments endotoxin abolished the hypoxic pressor response in dogs rendered severely thrombocytopenic by platelet antiserum. This suggests that platelets are not involved. In further experiments blood from anesthetized dogs was circulated through glass bead columns. Changes in the leukocyte count following perfusion were correlated with changes in the subsequent pressor response to hypoxia. The possibility that leukocytes may be involved in the effect of endotoxin on the hypoxic pressor response is considered.", "contents": "Endotoxin and prevention of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Endotoxin is known both to stimulate prostaglandin production and to abolish the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia. The present study demonstrated that two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, meclofenamate and indomethacin, prevent loss of pulmonary vasoconstriction due to hypoxia when sublethal doses of endotoxin are administered. This suggests that endotoxin may stimulate the production of a dilator prostaglandin which would oppose the hypoxic vasoconstriction, but other ways in which these inhibitor drugs might act are considered. Endotoxin damages platelets and leukocytes, both of which can form prostaglandins and could be the source of a dilator prostaglandin. However, in these experiments endotoxin abolished the hypoxic pressor response in dogs rendered severely thrombocytopenic by platelet antiserum. This suggests that platelets are not involved. In further experiments blood from anesthetized dogs was circulated through glass bead columns. Changes in the leukocyte count following perfusion were correlated with changes in the subsequent pressor response to hypoxia. The possibility that leukocytes may be involved in the effect of endotoxin on the hypoxic pressor response is considered.", "PMID": 1033260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6337", "title": "Sterol content of the Myxomycetes Physarum polycephalum and P. flavicomum.", "content": "The sterol content of two Myxomycetes, Physarum polycephalum and P. flavicomum has been examined. The sterols of the two species are apparently identical, the two major sterols in each being poriferasterol and 22-dihydroporiferasterol. Threee minor sterols are probably delta5-ergostenol, ergostanol, and poriferastanol. The triterpenoids of the two species differ in that, though lanosterol was identified in both, 22-dihydrolanosterol was indicated only in P. flavicomum. The occurrence of lanosterol together with a typical mixture of plant sterols is somewhat unusual.", "contents": "Sterol content of the Myxomycetes Physarum polycephalum and P. flavicomum. The sterol content of two Myxomycetes, Physarum polycephalum and P. flavicomum has been examined. The sterols of the two species are apparently identical, the two major sterols in each being poriferasterol and 22-dihydroporiferasterol. Threee minor sterols are probably delta5-ergostenol, ergostanol, and poriferastanol. The triterpenoids of the two species differ in that, though lanosterol was identified in both, 22-dihydrolanosterol was indicated only in P. flavicomum. The occurrence of lanosterol together with a typical mixture of plant sterols is somewhat unusual.", "PMID": 1033261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6338", "title": "Passive potassium transport in LK sheep red cells. Effects of anti-L antibody and intracellular potassium.", "content": "The passive K influx in low K(LK) red blood cells of sheep saturates with increasing external K concentration, indicating that this mode of transport is mediated by membrane-associated sites. The passive K influx, iMLK, is inhibited by external Na. Isoimmune anti-L serum, known to stimulate active K transport in LK sheep red cells, inhibits iMLK about twofold. iMLK is affected by changes in intracellular K concentration, [K]i, in a complex fashion: increasing [K]i from near zero stimulates iMLK, while further increases in [K]i, above 3 mmol/liter cells, inhibit iMLK. The passive K influx is not mediated by K-K exchange diffusion. The effects of anti-L antibody and [K]i on passive cation transport are specific for K: neither factor affects passive Na transport. The common characteristics of passive and active K influx suggest that iMLK is mediated by inactive Na-K pump sites, and that the inability to translocate Na characterizes the inactive pumps. Anti-L antibody stimulates the K pump in reticulocytes of LK sheep. However, anti-L has no effect on iMLK in these cells, apparently because reticulocytes do not have the inactive pump sites which, in mature LK cells, are a consequence of the process of maturation of circulating LK cells. The results also indicate that anti-L alters the maximum velocity of both active and passive K fluxes by converting pumps sites from a form mediating passive K influx to an actively transporting form.", "contents": "Passive potassium transport in LK sheep red cells. Effects of anti-L antibody and intracellular potassium. The passive K influx in low K(LK) red blood cells of sheep saturates with increasing external K concentration, indicating that this mode of transport is mediated by membrane-associated sites. The passive K influx, iMLK, is inhibited by external Na. Isoimmune anti-L serum, known to stimulate active K transport in LK sheep red cells, inhibits iMLK about twofold. iMLK is affected by changes in intracellular K concentration, [K]i, in a complex fashion: increasing [K]i from near zero stimulates iMLK, while further increases in [K]i, above 3 mmol/liter cells, inhibit iMLK. The passive K influx is not mediated by K-K exchange diffusion. The effects of anti-L antibody and [K]i on passive cation transport are specific for K: neither factor affects passive Na transport. The common characteristics of passive and active K influx suggest that iMLK is mediated by inactive Na-K pump sites, and that the inability to translocate Na characterizes the inactive pumps. Anti-L antibody stimulates the K pump in reticulocytes of LK sheep. However, anti-L has no effect on iMLK in these cells, apparently because reticulocytes do not have the inactive pump sites which, in mature LK cells, are a consequence of the process of maturation of circulating LK cells. The results also indicate that anti-L alters the maximum velocity of both active and passive K fluxes by converting pumps sites from a form mediating passive K influx to an actively transporting form.", "PMID": 1033265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6339", "title": "Ultrastructure of an indigotin-producing dome mutant of Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations of an indigotin-producing dome mutant of Schizophyllum commune Fr. have shown that large wall ingrowths occur within the hyphae. These ingrowths are coupled with morphological abnormalities produced by the dome mutation. The pigment indigotin appears to be produced by progressive condensation within vacuoles and to a lesser extent within the wall ingrowths. Cytochemical techniques have shown that the wall ingrowths are similar in structure to the hyphal walls. there was no evidence for the passage of condensed indigotin into the medium; the pigment granules found in the medium must therefore form outside the hyphae.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of an indigotin-producing dome mutant of Schizophyllum commune. Electron microscopic observations of an indigotin-producing dome mutant of Schizophyllum commune Fr. have shown that large wall ingrowths occur within the hyphae. These ingrowths are coupled with morphological abnormalities produced by the dome mutation. The pigment indigotin appears to be produced by progressive condensation within vacuoles and to a lesser extent within the wall ingrowths. Cytochemical techniques have shown that the wall ingrowths are similar in structure to the hyphal walls. there was no evidence for the passage of condensed indigotin into the medium; the pigment granules found in the medium must therefore form outside the hyphae.", "PMID": 1033266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6340", "title": "Studies on basidiospore development in Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "The time required for synthesis of the spore components and the effect of different environmental conditions on basidiospore production were studied in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Both exogenous glucose and storage materials were used in the synthesis of spore components, which took 40 to 45 h to complete. A temperature of 30 degrees C, the presence of 5% CO2, a continuous supply of glucose, or a lack of exogenous glucose, had no effect on the rate of spore production. Light, however, was required for sporulation. Darkness inhibited sporulation between karyogamy and the initiation of meiosis: complete inhibition occurred after 48 h in the dark. Spores were produced 5 h after release from dark inhibition.", "contents": "Studies on basidiospore development in Schizophyllum commune. The time required for synthesis of the spore components and the effect of different environmental conditions on basidiospore production were studied in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Both exogenous glucose and storage materials were used in the synthesis of spore components, which took 40 to 45 h to complete. A temperature of 30 degrees C, the presence of 5% CO2, a continuous supply of glucose, or a lack of exogenous glucose, had no effect on the rate of spore production. Light, however, was required for sporulation. Darkness inhibited sporulation between karyogamy and the initiation of meiosis: complete inhibition occurred after 48 h in the dark. Spores were produced 5 h after release from dark inhibition.", "PMID": 1033267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6341", "title": "Genetic analysis of radiation-sensitive mutations in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The linkage of two mutations leading to increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light and 60Co gamma rays was determined in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum using a genetic analysis based on the parasexual cycle. Diploids were selected from a mixture of radiation-sensitive, temperature-resistant and radiation-resistant, temperature-sensitive haploids on the basis of simultaneous radiation and temperature resistance. Analysis of drug-resistant haploid segregants of the heterozygous diploids indicated that one of the radiation-sensitive mutations, radA20, was linked to linkage group I whereas the other, radB13, was linked to the recently defined linkage group VI.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of radiation-sensitive mutations in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. The linkage of two mutations leading to increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light and 60Co gamma rays was determined in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum using a genetic analysis based on the parasexual cycle. Diploids were selected from a mixture of radiation-sensitive, temperature-resistant and radiation-resistant, temperature-sensitive haploids on the basis of simultaneous radiation and temperature resistance. Analysis of drug-resistant haploid segregants of the heterozygous diploids indicated that one of the radiation-sensitive mutations, radA20, was linked to linkage group I whereas the other, radB13, was linked to the recently defined linkage group VI.", "PMID": 1033268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6342", "title": "Purification of two components of mouse L cell interferon: electrophoretic demonstration of interferon proteins.", "content": "Mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus was purified by the procedure described previously (Yamamoto et al. 1974) followed by gel filtration. The two fractions obtained containing interferon species S (36000 daltons) and F (24000 daltons), respectively, were analysed electrophoretically at pH 4-3, or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at pH 7-2. In both fractions, interferon activity was invariably associated with distinct protein bands. In the F-containing fraction there were essentially no other proteins, and in the S-containing fraction, impurity proteins were well separated from the interferon activity. The apparent mol. wt. determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis showed little or no dependence on gel concentration, suggesting that the interferons had low carbohydrate contents, and did not change after reduction with thiol reagents in SDS and urea.", "contents": "Purification of two components of mouse L cell interferon: electrophoretic demonstration of interferon proteins. Mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus was purified by the procedure described previously (Yamamoto et al. 1974) followed by gel filtration. The two fractions obtained containing interferon species S (36000 daltons) and F (24000 daltons), respectively, were analysed electrophoretically at pH 4-3, or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at pH 7-2. In both fractions, interferon activity was invariably associated with distinct protein bands. In the F-containing fraction there were essentially no other proteins, and in the S-containing fraction, impurity proteins were well separated from the interferon activity. The apparent mol. wt. determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis showed little or no dependence on gel concentration, suggesting that the interferons had low carbohydrate contents, and did not change after reduction with thiol reagents in SDS and urea.", "PMID": 1033269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6343", "title": "The production and action of interferon in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The interferon system has been investigated in primary cell cultures established from Chinese hamster embryos and new born pups. Interferon synthesis was induced with Sindbis virus, ultraviolet inrradiated Newcastle disease virus (u.v.-NDV) and with polyriboinosine acid-polyribocytidylic acid complex [poly (rI). poly (rC)]. Only u.v.-NDV induced significant production of interferon, maximum amounts being produced in 'aged' cells. Its apparent mol. wt. was 25000. CHO-KI cells, an established line of Chinese hamster cells, did not synthesize interferon in response to viruses, but were sensitive to its action.", "contents": "The production and action of interferon in Chinese hamster cells. The interferon system has been investigated in primary cell cultures established from Chinese hamster embryos and new born pups. Interferon synthesis was induced with Sindbis virus, ultraviolet inrradiated Newcastle disease virus (u.v.-NDV) and with polyriboinosine acid-polyribocytidylic acid complex [poly (rI). poly (rC)]. Only u.v.-NDV induced significant production of interferon, maximum amounts being produced in 'aged' cells. Its apparent mol. wt. was 25000. CHO-KI cells, an established line of Chinese hamster cells, did not synthesize interferon in response to viruses, but were sensitive to its action.", "PMID": 1033270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6344", "title": "A survey of Rorschach teaching in APA-approved clinical graduate programs.", "content": "A questionnaire on teaching of the Rorschach technique was sent to all APA-approved graduate clinical psychology programs in the United States and Canada. The questionnaire asked for the degree of emphasis placed on the Rorschach in the primary assessment course, the Rorschach teaching experience of the respondent and the respondent's evaluation of the technique as a clinical tool, a teaching aid and a research instrument. The respondent in each case was the faculty member teaching the major diagnostic assessment course. There was a 100% return of the questionnaires. The major results show that (1) 81% of the programs place major emphasis on the Rorschach Technique in the assessment course; (2) only 24% of the programs offer the course for a full year; (3) respondents with more than 10 years teaching experience rated the Rorschach higher than respondents with less experience, and (4) respondents as a group rated the Rorschach highly as a clinical tool and teaching aid, but gave it generally low ratings as a research instrument.", "contents": "A survey of Rorschach teaching in APA-approved clinical graduate programs. A questionnaire on teaching of the Rorschach technique was sent to all APA-approved graduate clinical psychology programs in the United States and Canada. The questionnaire asked for the degree of emphasis placed on the Rorschach in the primary assessment course, the Rorschach teaching experience of the respondent and the respondent's evaluation of the technique as a clinical tool, a teaching aid and a research instrument. The respondent in each case was the faculty member teaching the major diagnostic assessment course. There was a 100% return of the questionnaires. The major results show that (1) 81% of the programs place major emphasis on the Rorschach Technique in the assessment course; (2) only 24% of the programs offer the course for a full year; (3) respondents with more than 10 years teaching experience rated the Rorschach higher than respondents with less experience, and (4) respondents as a group rated the Rorschach highly as a clinical tool and teaching aid, but gave it generally low ratings as a research instrument.", "PMID": 1033271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6345", "title": "Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs III: Simulation studies interfacing steroid release from silicone matrix and vaginal absorption in rabbits.", "content": "A composite physical model involving the simultaneous receding boundary release of drug from a drug suspension-silicone polymer matrix system, diffusion across the aqueous layer, and passive transport across the vaginal membrane consisting of parallel lipoidal and aqueous pore pathways is described. Simulation studies with progesterone and hydrocortisone illustrate matrix release-limiting, membrane absorption, and aqueous diffusion layer-limiting cases when the cylindrical silicone delivery device is interfaced with the vaginal membrane of the rabbit.", "contents": "Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs III: Simulation studies interfacing steroid release from silicone matrix and vaginal absorption in rabbits. A composite physical model involving the simultaneous receding boundary release of drug from a drug suspension-silicone polymer matrix system, diffusion across the aqueous layer, and passive transport across the vaginal membrane consisting of parallel lipoidal and aqueous pore pathways is described. Simulation studies with progesterone and hydrocortisone illustrate matrix release-limiting, membrane absorption, and aqueous diffusion layer-limiting cases when the cylindrical silicone delivery device is interfaced with the vaginal membrane of the rabbit.", "PMID": 1033272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6346", "title": "Caffeine in plasma and saliva by a radioimmunoassay procedure.", "content": "Caffeine was analyzed in human plasma and saliva by a simple, rapid, and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure. Immunization of rabbits with an antigen prepared by coupling 7-(5-carboxypentyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine to bovine serum albumin resulted in the formation of antibodies selective for caffeine as opposed to various mono- and dimethylxanthines, mono-, di-, and trimethyluric acids and a variety of common drugs. The radioligand used for competitive binding studies was 7-(2,3-3H2-propyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine. The procedure permits direct analysis of caffeine in plasma or saliva without extraction. Comparison with a high pressure liquid chromatography method for the analysis of caffeine gave satisfactory results and showed no evidence for interference by metabolites. A caffeine half-life of 4.0 hours determined by the radioimmunoassay was in agreement with previous work. Comparison of human plasma and saliva levels by the radioimmunoassay procedure indicated approximately equal concentrations in the two fluids.", "contents": "Caffeine in plasma and saliva by a radioimmunoassay procedure. Caffeine was analyzed in human plasma and saliva by a simple, rapid, and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure. Immunization of rabbits with an antigen prepared by coupling 7-(5-carboxypentyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine to bovine serum albumin resulted in the formation of antibodies selective for caffeine as opposed to various mono- and dimethylxanthines, mono-, di-, and trimethyluric acids and a variety of common drugs. The radioligand used for competitive binding studies was 7-(2,3-3H2-propyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine. The procedure permits direct analysis of caffeine in plasma or saliva without extraction. Comparison with a high pressure liquid chromatography method for the analysis of caffeine gave satisfactory results and showed no evidence for interference by metabolites. A caffeine half-life of 4.0 hours determined by the radioimmunoassay was in agreement with previous work. Comparison of human plasma and saliva levels by the radioimmunoassay procedure indicated approximately equal concentrations in the two fluids.", "PMID": 1033273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6347", "title": "[Thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues and immunological responsiveness of the pituitary dward mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Snell's pituitary dwarf mice (dw) were used for studies on the relationship between hypophysis and lymphoid organs. The age-dependent changes of thymus or spleen weights of dwarf mice were compared with those of normal littermates. The suppression of growth of the thymus or spleen in dwarf mice was recognized at 5th day of age. Although involution of the thymus varied among animals, a strong positive correlation was demonstrated between relative thymus weight and body weight in 30 approximately 40 days old dwarf mice. Lymphoid organs of dwarf mice were reconstituted by injection of growth hormone and or thyroxin. Relative thymus weight significantly increased in dwarf mice when the treatment with growth hormone started at 7 days of age, but the same treatment at 3 months of age did not show any effect on the increment of relative thymus weight. On the other hand, the antibody-forming capacitiy against sheep erythrocytes of dwarf mice was significantly increased even when the treatment with growth hormone was started at 3 months of age. A marked increase in the number of lymphoid cells in dwarf mice was observed by treatment with thyroxin, even if treatment was started either at 7 days or 3 months of age. Similar changes were also obtained in the antibody-forming capacity.", "contents": "[Thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues and immunological responsiveness of the pituitary dward mouse (author's transl)]. Snell's pituitary dwarf mice (dw) were used for studies on the relationship between hypophysis and lymphoid organs. The age-dependent changes of thymus or spleen weights of dwarf mice were compared with those of normal littermates. The suppression of growth of the thymus or spleen in dwarf mice was recognized at 5th day of age. Although involution of the thymus varied among animals, a strong positive correlation was demonstrated between relative thymus weight and body weight in 30 approximately 40 days old dwarf mice. Lymphoid organs of dwarf mice were reconstituted by injection of growth hormone and or thyroxin. Relative thymus weight significantly increased in dwarf mice when the treatment with growth hormone started at 7 days of age, but the same treatment at 3 months of age did not show any effect on the increment of relative thymus weight. On the other hand, the antibody-forming capacitiy against sheep erythrocytes of dwarf mice was significantly increased even when the treatment with growth hormone was started at 3 months of age. A marked increase in the number of lymphoid cells in dwarf mice was observed by treatment with thyroxin, even if treatment was started either at 7 days or 3 months of age. Similar changes were also obtained in the antibody-forming capacity.", "PMID": 1033274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6348", "title": "A twin and family study of personality in young children.", "content": "Emotionality, activity, sociability and impulsivity (EASI) and components of each trait were studied in a sample of 137 pairs of young twins (two to six years of age) and their parents (548 individuals). Parents rated themselves and their spouses on an adult version of the EASI Temperament Survey and rated both of their twins on a child version of the EASI. Patterns of both identical and fraternal twin correlations (twin study) and parent-child correlations (family study) were consistent with the hypothesis that the EASI traits are influenced by genetic factors, but the two studies disagreed in the magnitude of that influence.", "contents": "A twin and family study of personality in young children. Emotionality, activity, sociability and impulsivity (EASI) and components of each trait were studied in a sample of 137 pairs of young twins (two to six years of age) and their parents (548 individuals). Parents rated themselves and their spouses on an adult version of the EASI Temperament Survey and rated both of their twins on a child version of the EASI. Patterns of both identical and fraternal twin correlations (twin study) and parent-child correlations (family study) were consistent with the hypothesis that the EASI traits are influenced by genetic factors, but the two studies disagreed in the magnitude of that influence.", "PMID": 1033276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6349", "title": "Studies on the equine placenta II. Ultrastructure of the placental barrier.", "content": "In early pregnancy the equine placenta consists of a simple apposition of fetal and maternal epithelia, but it becomes more complex with the formation of microcotyledons between 75 and 100 days of gestation. Although the placental barrier maintains an epitheliochorial arrangement throughout the course of pregnancy, a thinning of the maternal epithelium and a progressive indentation of the chorionic epithelium by fetal capillaries shortens the length of the diffusion pathway and reduces the amount of placental tissue between fetal and maternal bloodstreams. These structural modifications may reflect the changing requirements of the fetus for O2 and other metabolites as gestation proceeds. During the first 200 days of pregnancy there is evidence of intense pinocytotic activity by the cells of the trophoblast. From the 100th day of pregnancy there is a pronounced development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, while rough endoplasmic reticulum and irregular, dense, membrane-bound bodies are a prominent feature of the paranuclear cytoplasm from Day 200. These changes suggest that the cells of the trophoblast become more highly involved in synthetic processes with increasing gestational age.", "contents": "Studies on the equine placenta II. Ultrastructure of the placental barrier. In early pregnancy the equine placenta consists of a simple apposition of fetal and maternal epithelia, but it becomes more complex with the formation of microcotyledons between 75 and 100 days of gestation. Although the placental barrier maintains an epitheliochorial arrangement throughout the course of pregnancy, a thinning of the maternal epithelium and a progressive indentation of the chorionic epithelium by fetal capillaries shortens the length of the diffusion pathway and reduces the amount of placental tissue between fetal and maternal bloodstreams. These structural modifications may reflect the changing requirements of the fetus for O2 and other metabolites as gestation proceeds. During the first 200 days of pregnancy there is evidence of intense pinocytotic activity by the cells of the trophoblast. From the 100th day of pregnancy there is a pronounced development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, while rough endoplasmic reticulum and irregular, dense, membrane-bound bodies are a prominent feature of the paranuclear cytoplasm from Day 200. These changes suggest that the cells of the trophoblast become more highly involved in synthetic processes with increasing gestational age.", "PMID": 1033277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6350", "title": "Effect of intravasal copper on the fertility of rats.", "content": "Copper wire was inserted into the vas deferens and its effect of the reproductive system and fertility performance of rats was investigated. The copper wire was 100% effective as a contraceptive for up to 4 months if placed correctly, and resulted in decapitation of most of the spermatozoa. No differences between the rats with an intravasal copper wire and the sham-operated controls were found for the weights of the gonads and accessory sex glands or for protein, RNA, DNA and fructose concentrations. The intravasal copper device appears to be promising for the development of a long-term method for male contraception.", "contents": "Effect of intravasal copper on the fertility of rats. Copper wire was inserted into the vas deferens and its effect of the reproductive system and fertility performance of rats was investigated. The copper wire was 100% effective as a contraceptive for up to 4 months if placed correctly, and resulted in decapitation of most of the spermatozoa. No differences between the rats with an intravasal copper wire and the sham-operated controls were found for the weights of the gonads and accessory sex glands or for protein, RNA, DNA and fructose concentrations. The intravasal copper device appears to be promising for the development of a long-term method for male contraception.", "PMID": 1033278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6351", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on uterine contractility and luteal regression in pregnant rats at term.", "content": "Treatment of pregnant rats with 1 mg indomethacin/kg twice daily i.m. beginning on Day 20 delayed the onset of parturition by about 21 hr and prolonged the duration of spontaneous parturition by 4 hr. Plasma progesterone and oestradiol levels were determined in daily samples of peripheral blood, and uterine contractions were recorded before and during parturition by means of small, chronically implanted intrauterine balloons which were connected to pressure transducers via fluid-filled catheters. Indomethacin treatment did not inhibit or suppress spontaneous or oxytocin-induced contractions, which were of the same intensity in indomethacin-treated as in control rats. Parturition was induced with oxytocin in the same proportion of treated and control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in controls. The onset of parturition was always related to the plasma progesterone level, which declined at a slower rate in indomethacin-treated than in control rats, reaching baseline values approximately 1 day later in the treated animals. The appearance of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the CL of pregnant rats normally occurs on Day 21 of gestation, but activity was not observed until about 1 (0-3) day later in the indomethacin-treated rats, indicating that luteolysis was retarded. Prostaglandin F-2alpha infusions given on Day 21 reversed the effects of indomethacin treatment on plasma progesterone, luteal 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the timing and duration of parturition, and reduced the high perinatal mortality associated with indomethacin treatment, suggesting that the effects of indomethacin were related to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthetase activity. It is concluded that, in rats, indomethacin exerts its effects on parturition through inhibition of luteal regression which was significantly retarded but not prevented, and that indomethacin does not have a direct effect on myometrial contractility.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on uterine contractility and luteal regression in pregnant rats at term. Treatment of pregnant rats with 1 mg indomethacin/kg twice daily i.m. beginning on Day 20 delayed the onset of parturition by about 21 hr and prolonged the duration of spontaneous parturition by 4 hr. Plasma progesterone and oestradiol levels were determined in daily samples of peripheral blood, and uterine contractions were recorded before and during parturition by means of small, chronically implanted intrauterine balloons which were connected to pressure transducers via fluid-filled catheters. Indomethacin treatment did not inhibit or suppress spontaneous or oxytocin-induced contractions, which were of the same intensity in indomethacin-treated as in control rats. Parturition was induced with oxytocin in the same proportion of treated and control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in controls. The onset of parturition was always related to the plasma progesterone level, which declined at a slower rate in indomethacin-treated than in control rats, reaching baseline values approximately 1 day later in the treated animals. The appearance of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the CL of pregnant rats normally occurs on Day 21 of gestation, but activity was not observed until about 1 (0-3) day later in the indomethacin-treated rats, indicating that luteolysis was retarded. Prostaglandin F-2alpha infusions given on Day 21 reversed the effects of indomethacin treatment on plasma progesterone, luteal 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the timing and duration of parturition, and reduced the high perinatal mortality associated with indomethacin treatment, suggesting that the effects of indomethacin were related to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthetase activity. It is concluded that, in rats, indomethacin exerts its effects on parturition through inhibition of luteal regression which was significantly retarded but not prevented, and that indomethacin does not have a direct effect on myometrial contractility.", "PMID": 1033279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6352", "title": "Concentration of steroids in bovine peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle and the effect of betamethasone treatment.", "content": "Testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle of 6 heifers. Oestradiol and progesterone results confirmed earlier reports. Concentration of testosterone on the day of oestrus was 40+/-3 pg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.), and two peaks were detected during the cycle, one 7 days before oestrus (1809+/-603 pg/ml) and the other (78+/- 7 pg/ml) on the day before the onset of oestrus. The concentration of progesterone declined in most cases 1 day after the maximum concentration of testosterone. Betamethasone treatment in 5 heifers extended luteal function by an average of 10 days: plasma androstenedione and oestradiol concentrations were unaltered; cortisol values were depressed for at least 16 days after treatment; testosterone concentrations were lowered by 13+/-2-4% during treatment, and except in one heifer the peak on Day -7 was abolished.", "contents": "Concentration of steroids in bovine peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle and the effect of betamethasone treatment. Testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle of 6 heifers. Oestradiol and progesterone results confirmed earlier reports. Concentration of testosterone on the day of oestrus was 40+/-3 pg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.), and two peaks were detected during the cycle, one 7 days before oestrus (1809+/-603 pg/ml) and the other (78+/- 7 pg/ml) on the day before the onset of oestrus. The concentration of progesterone declined in most cases 1 day after the maximum concentration of testosterone. Betamethasone treatment in 5 heifers extended luteal function by an average of 10 days: plasma androstenedione and oestradiol concentrations were unaltered; cortisol values were depressed for at least 16 days after treatment; testosterone concentrations were lowered by 13+/-2-4% during treatment, and except in one heifer the peak on Day -7 was abolished.", "PMID": 1033280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6353", "title": "Differential inhibition of trophoblast outgrowth and inner cell mass growth by actinomycin D in cultured mouse embryos.", "content": "Treatment of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro with 10(-3) to 10(-1) mug actinomycin D/ml for 2 hr showed that (i) postimplantation development in vitro was inhibited most when embryos were treated at the morula stage and (ii) after the morula stage actinomycin D inhibited trophoblast outgrowth less than inner cell mass development.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of trophoblast outgrowth and inner cell mass growth by actinomycin D in cultured mouse embryos. Treatment of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro with 10(-3) to 10(-1) mug actinomycin D/ml for 2 hr showed that (i) postimplantation development in vitro was inhibited most when embryos were treated at the morula stage and (ii) after the morula stage actinomycin D inhibited trophoblast outgrowth less than inner cell mass development.", "PMID": 1033287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6354", "title": "Parentrovite as a supportive therapy for locomotory stress in tsessebe.", "content": "Parentrovite was administered to tsessebe as supportive therapy against artifically induced locomotory stress. An attempt was made to judge the efficacy of this treatment from enzyme levels such as that of LDH. Other parameters such as systemic blood pressure and the ECG were also recorded. No significant differences were established between treated and untreated animals although LDH levels were considerably higher in the untreated than in the treated group. The small numbers of tsessebe available and the artifical nature of the exercise induced made an evaluation of the effectiveness of Parentrovite in the treatment of locomotory or of capture stress uncertain.", "contents": "Parentrovite as a supportive therapy for locomotory stress in tsessebe. Parentrovite was administered to tsessebe as supportive therapy against artifically induced locomotory stress. An attempt was made to judge the efficacy of this treatment from enzyme levels such as that of LDH. Other parameters such as systemic blood pressure and the ECG were also recorded. No significant differences were established between treated and untreated animals although LDH levels were considerably higher in the untreated than in the treated group. The small numbers of tsessebe available and the artifical nature of the exercise induced made an evaluation of the effectiveness of Parentrovite in the treatment of locomotory or of capture stress uncertain.", "PMID": 1033288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6355", "title": "Discolouration of wool: 1 green discolouration.", "content": "Since 1974 green bacterial discolouration of Merino wool was frequently encountered in the Karoo and Eastern Cape areas. The occurrence of this condition coincided with the extraordinary wet conditions that prevailed during this period. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in almost pure culture from affected wool of 24 out of 25 different sheep. The role played by this particular organism was fonfirmed by the successful reproduction of this condition after exposure of unaffected sheep to cultures of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from green wool.", "contents": "Discolouration of wool: 1 green discolouration. Since 1974 green bacterial discolouration of Merino wool was frequently encountered in the Karoo and Eastern Cape areas. The occurrence of this condition coincided with the extraordinary wet conditions that prevailed during this period. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in almost pure culture from affected wool of 24 out of 25 different sheep. The role played by this particular organism was fonfirmed by the successful reproduction of this condition after exposure of unaffected sheep to cultures of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from green wool.", "PMID": 1033289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6356", "title": "Analogues of 8-azaguanosine.", "content": "Two routes for the synthesis of 6-substtituted 8-azaguanosine analogues are described. 2,5,6-Triamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinethione (1) was converted by methylation, nitrosation, and acetylation to -n-acetyl-7-(methylthio)-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine (5). The reaction of 5 with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride gave a mixture of the 7-, 8-, and 9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-8-azapurines 4a-c which was converted to 8-azaguanosine (7c) and the corresponding 7- and 8-substituted isomers 7a and 7b. 4a-c were also converted with NaOMe to 6-O-methyl-8-azaguanosine (8c) and to the corresponding 7- and 8-substituted isomers 8a and 8b. The preferred route, however, to 6-substituted 8-azaguanosine analogues is an unambigous synthesis through N2-acetyl-6-(benzylthio)-N4-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-nitro-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (13), prepared from the reaction of the chloropyrimidine 10 with the aminoribose 11. Catalytic hydrogenation of 13 gave the aminopyrimidine 14, which was converted with nitrous acid to the nucleoside beta-20. Treatment of beta-20 with dilute acid gave 7-(benzylthio)-3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine (19). Replacement of the benzylthio group of 19 with various nucleophilic reagents gave 8-aza-6-thioguanosine 17 and analogues 8c, 15, and 16. The thione 17 rearranges in  aqueous solution to the thiasiazolopyrimidine 21. The parent [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine (24a) was prepared by nitrosation of the triaminopyrimidine (23a). Rearrangement of 24a in the presence of base gave a high yield of the thione 25a which could be rearranged with heat to 24a. Compounds 8a-c, 15-19, 24a, and 25 a were evaluated in the L1210 mouse leukemia screen- Only one compound, 8c, showed high cytotoxicity and borderline L1210 activity resulting from its en,ymatic conversion to 8-azaguanosine.", "contents": "Analogues of 8-azaguanosine. Two routes for the synthesis of 6-substtituted 8-azaguanosine analogues are described. 2,5,6-Triamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinethione (1) was converted by methylation, nitrosation, and acetylation to -n-acetyl-7-(methylthio)-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine (5). The reaction of 5 with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride gave a mixture of the 7-, 8-, and 9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-8-azapurines 4a-c which was converted to 8-azaguanosine (7c) and the corresponding 7- and 8-substituted isomers 7a and 7b. 4a-c were also converted with NaOMe to 6-O-methyl-8-azaguanosine (8c) and to the corresponding 7- and 8-substituted isomers 8a and 8b. The preferred route, however, to 6-substituted 8-azaguanosine analogues is an unambigous synthesis through N2-acetyl-6-(benzylthio)-N4-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-nitro-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (13), prepared from the reaction of the chloropyrimidine 10 with the aminoribose 11. Catalytic hydrogenation of 13 gave the aminopyrimidine 14, which was converted with nitrous acid to the nucleoside beta-20. Treatment of beta-20 with dilute acid gave 7-(benzylthio)-3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine (19). Replacement of the benzylthio group of 19 with various nucleophilic reagents gave 8-aza-6-thioguanosine 17 and analogues 8c, 15, and 16. The thione 17 rearranges in  aqueous solution to the thiasiazolopyrimidine 21. The parent [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine (24a) was prepared by nitrosation of the triaminopyrimidine (23a). Rearrangement of 24a in the presence of base gave a high yield of the thione 25a which could be rearranged with heat to 24a. Compounds 8a-c, 15-19, 24a, and 25 a were evaluated in the L1210 mouse leukemia screen- Only one compound, 8c, showed high cytotoxicity and borderline L1210 activity resulting from its en,ymatic conversion to 8-azaguanosine.", "PMID": 1033290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6357", "title": "Binding characteristics of M and L isoantibodies to high and low potassium sheep red cells.", "content": "Binding of highly purified 125I labeled M and L antibodies, both belonging to the immunoglobulin G class, was studied in high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red cells. Anti-M and anti-L bound specifically to M and L antigen positive HK and LK red cells, respectively. Nonspecific binding was higher for anti-L to HK cells than for anti-M to LK cells. Once bound, the M and L antibodies were capable of inducing complement dependent immune hemolysis. Only 75-100 and 500-750 molecules of anti-M and anti-L immunoglobulins were required to hemolyze 50% of HK (MM) and LK (LL) red cells, respectively, suggesting that the M and L antigens may be clustered on the surfaces of these cells. Equilibrium binding studies revealed that the maximum number of M sites is 3-6 x 10(3) in HK (MM) and 1.5-4 x 10(3) in LK (LM) cells, respectively. In comparison, the number of L antigens is slightly lower in LK cells, about 1.2-1.8 x 10(3) in LL and less in LM(LK) red cells. The number of M and L antigens, therefore, is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of the Na+K+ pumps measured previously in these cells by 3H-ouabain binding, thus precluding a quantitative correlation between M and L antigens and the Na+K+ pumps different in the three genetic types of sheep red cells. The binding affinities of both anti-M and anti-L could not be described by a single equilibrium dissociation constant indicating heterogeneous antibody populations and /or variability in the antigenic sets of individual HK or LK cells. The pronounced heterogeneity of antigens and/or antibodies in both the M and L systems was reflected in the antibody association kinetics, which also exhibited a remarkable temperature dependence. The data suggest that the correlation between the M and L antigens and the Na+K+ pump molecules is more complex than that in goat red cells previously reported by others.", "contents": "Binding characteristics of M and L isoantibodies to high and low potassium sheep red cells. Binding of highly purified 125I labeled M and L antibodies, both belonging to the immunoglobulin G class, was studied in high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red cells. Anti-M and anti-L bound specifically to M and L antigen positive HK and LK red cells, respectively. Nonspecific binding was higher for anti-L to HK cells than for anti-M to LK cells. Once bound, the M and L antibodies were capable of inducing complement dependent immune hemolysis. Only 75-100 and 500-750 molecules of anti-M and anti-L immunoglobulins were required to hemolyze 50% of HK (MM) and LK (LL) red cells, respectively, suggesting that the M and L antigens may be clustered on the surfaces of these cells. Equilibrium binding studies revealed that the maximum number of M sites is 3-6 x 10(3) in HK (MM) and 1.5-4 x 10(3) in LK (LM) cells, respectively. In comparison, the number of L antigens is slightly lower in LK cells, about 1.2-1.8 x 10(3) in LL and less in LM(LK) red cells. The number of M and L antigens, therefore, is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of the Na+K+ pumps measured previously in these cells by 3H-ouabain binding, thus precluding a quantitative correlation between M and L antigens and the Na+K+ pumps different in the three genetic types of sheep red cells. The binding affinities of both anti-M and anti-L could not be described by a single equilibrium dissociation constant indicating heterogeneous antibody populations and /or variability in the antigenic sets of individual HK or LK cells. The pronounced heterogeneity of antigens and/or antibodies in both the M and L systems was reflected in the antibody association kinetics, which also exhibited a remarkable temperature dependence. The data suggest that the correlation between the M and L antigens and the Na+K+ pump molecules is more complex than that in goat red cells previously reported by others.", "PMID": 1033291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6358", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of tissue cultured heart cells grown in a linear array.", "content": "Embryonic chick heart cells were grown in tissue culture on an oriented substrate (channels cut in an agar coated slide), so that they formed narrow(5-100mu) strands of arbitrary length. The electrical properties of these strands were examined using intracellular microelectrodes. ac and dc cable studies were performed to determine the passive cable parameters. Quantitative histology, using light and electronmicroscopy, permitted calculation of intrinsic capacitances and resistivities. Electrical coupling between polarizing and recording electrodes was ubiquitous, falling off exponentially with distance. It was concluded that individual cells were electrically connected, since coupling was observed at distances greater than 3 mm, and the maximum cell length was estimated to be less that 300 mu. The strands were usually spontaneously active, with phase 4 depolarization (pacemaker potential) occurring almost simultaneously in all cells of a strand. The passive electrical properties determined during phase 4 were: core resistivity (cytoplasm plus cell-to-cell resistance), 245 ohm/cm; membrane capacitance, 1.46 muF/CM2. The membrane resistance increased from 16 to 136 kohm/cm2 during phase 4. The space and time constants showed commensurate changes, from 0.95 to 3.2 mm, and from 29 to 269 msec, respectively. The input resistance also increased, from 1.1 to 3.8 Mohm.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of tissue cultured heart cells grown in a linear array. Embryonic chick heart cells were grown in tissue culture on an oriented substrate (channels cut in an agar coated slide), so that they formed narrow(5-100mu) strands of arbitrary length. The electrical properties of these strands were examined using intracellular microelectrodes. ac and dc cable studies were performed to determine the passive cable parameters. Quantitative histology, using light and electronmicroscopy, permitted calculation of intrinsic capacitances and resistivities. Electrical coupling between polarizing and recording electrodes was ubiquitous, falling off exponentially with distance. It was concluded that individual cells were electrically connected, since coupling was observed at distances greater than 3 mm, and the maximum cell length was estimated to be less that 300 mu. The strands were usually spontaneously active, with phase 4 depolarization (pacemaker potential) occurring almost simultaneously in all cells of a strand. The passive electrical properties determined during phase 4 were: core resistivity (cytoplasm plus cell-to-cell resistance), 245 ohm/cm; membrane capacitance, 1.46 muF/CM2. The membrane resistance increased from 16 to 136 kohm/cm2 during phase 4. The space and time constants showed commensurate changes, from 0.95 to 3.2 mm, and from 29 to 269 msec, respectively. The input resistance also increased, from 1.1 to 3.8 Mohm.", "PMID": 1033292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6359", "title": "Electrophysiological study of coupling between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological states.", "content": "Electrical coupling has been observed between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological or pathological states. We have employed young primary cultures of cells dissociated from the following tissues: normal glands from young virgin or midpregnant females, hyperplastic alveolar nodules (believed to be precancerous) transplanted in gland-free mammary fat pads, and spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas and their pulmonary metastases. All successfully impaled pairs of cells (a total of 97 pairs) were found to be ionically coupled. Furthermore, in normal and tumor cell cultures, electrical coupling was observed between dome-dome and dome-nondome cell pairs. This study correlates with electronmicroscopic studies of fresh normal, hyperplastic, and tumor samples, which show the presence of gap junctions in all three.", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of coupling between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological states. Electrical coupling has been observed between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological or pathological states. We have employed young primary cultures of cells dissociated from the following tissues: normal glands from young virgin or midpregnant females, hyperplastic alveolar nodules (believed to be precancerous) transplanted in gland-free mammary fat pads, and spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas and their pulmonary metastases. All successfully impaled pairs of cells (a total of 97 pairs) were found to be ionically coupled. Furthermore, in normal and tumor cell cultures, electrical coupling was observed between dome-dome and dome-nondome cell pairs. This study correlates with electronmicroscopic studies of fresh normal, hyperplastic, and tumor samples, which show the presence of gap junctions in all three.", "PMID": 1033293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6360", "title": "Long-term effect of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) on the gastric mucosa of the rat.", "content": "The long-term effect of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) on the gastric mucosa was assessed in intact rats and in those with a fundusectomy. One hundred female 4-month-old Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups:intact and operated rats on a control diet and intact and operated rats on the same diet saturated with shoyu. The animals given shoyu were smaller than the controls; 15 intact rats receiving the sauce were healthy at 33 months compared with 7 controls. Only 9 of 50 operated rats lived 33 months. Breast tumors developed in 10 control rats but in none given shoyu. The distribution of other tumors was the same. Two malignant neoplasms appeared to originate in the perigastric tissues of operated rats: a reticulum cell sarcoma in the shoyu group and a lymphosarcoma in the control group. None involved the gastric mucosa. Most of the operated rats (with or without shoyu) developed small benign gastric tumors. Mucosal histology was well preserved in 22 intact rats on shoyu: In 15 it was normal, in 7 there was mucus loss and nuclear changes in the cells of the gastric pits; 2 of the 7 had mild gastritis. One intact control showed patchy mucus loss. Shoyu did not appear to be a carcinogen in the rat; its prolonged use impaired neither health nor longevity. Long-term use was associated with gastric mucus loss and nuclear changes in a few rats, occasionally with a mild gastritis.", "contents": "Long-term effect of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) on the gastric mucosa of the rat. The long-term effect of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) on the gastric mucosa was assessed in intact rats and in those with a fundusectomy. One hundred female 4-month-old Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups:intact and operated rats on a control diet and intact and operated rats on the same diet saturated with shoyu. The animals given shoyu were smaller than the controls; 15 intact rats receiving the sauce were healthy at 33 months compared with 7 controls. Only 9 of 50 operated rats lived 33 months. Breast tumors developed in 10 control rats but in none given shoyu. The distribution of other tumors was the same. Two malignant neoplasms appeared to originate in the perigastric tissues of operated rats: a reticulum cell sarcoma in the shoyu group and a lymphosarcoma in the control group. None involved the gastric mucosa. Most of the operated rats (with or without shoyu) developed small benign gastric tumors. Mucosal histology was well preserved in 22 intact rats on shoyu: In 15 it was normal, in 7 there was mucus loss and nuclear changes in the cells of the gastric pits; 2 of the 7 had mild gastritis. One intact control showed patchy mucus loss. Shoyu did not appear to be a carcinogen in the rat; its prolonged use impaired neither health nor longevity. Long-term use was associated with gastric mucus loss and nuclear changes in a few rats, occasionally with a mild gastritis.", "PMID": 1033294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6361", "title": "Chemical probes of estrogen action: affinity labeling.", "content": "A systemic approach has been taken in the preparation and evaluation of photoaffinity labeling agents for the estrogen receptor from rat and lamb uterus. Several derivatives of estradiol and the nonsteroidal estrogen, hexestrol, containing photoreactive diazocarbonyl or azide functions have been synthesized. The receptor binding affinity of these compounds and their capacity to photointeract with the estrogen binding site (inactivate) can be assayed inderectly by competition assays. Several of the compounds that showed both resonably high binding affinities and inactivation efficiencies have been prepared in high specific activity, tritium-labeled form. Direct binding measurements with these derivatives in unpurified rat uterine receptor preparations, show that while these compounds bind to the receptor, they also show considerable nonspecific binding to nonreceptor proteins. Irradiation of these derivatives in rat uterine cytosol preparations results in incorporation of large amounts of radioactivity into protein in a covalent fashion. The amount of nonspecific labeling is so large, however, that estrogen site specificity (indicated by protection with unlabeled estradiol) cannot be demonstrated. More recently, we have used a partially purified receptor preparation from lamb uterus. The receptor in this preparation has been disaggregated by mild trypsinization and can be electrophoresed in native form. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins in photolabeled preparations show some covalent incorporation into the receptor region of the gel with one derivative but not with another. The effectiveness of the photoaffinity labeling reagents prepared thus far is assessed, and suggestions are made for the design of new, more effective reagents.", "contents": "Chemical probes of estrogen action: affinity labeling. A systemic approach has been taken in the preparation and evaluation of photoaffinity labeling agents for the estrogen receptor from rat and lamb uterus. Several derivatives of estradiol and the nonsteroidal estrogen, hexestrol, containing photoreactive diazocarbonyl or azide functions have been synthesized. The receptor binding affinity of these compounds and their capacity to photointeract with the estrogen binding site (inactivate) can be assayed inderectly by competition assays. Several of the compounds that showed both resonably high binding affinities and inactivation efficiencies have been prepared in high specific activity, tritium-labeled form. Direct binding measurements with these derivatives in unpurified rat uterine receptor preparations, show that while these compounds bind to the receptor, they also show considerable nonspecific binding to nonreceptor proteins. Irradiation of these derivatives in rat uterine cytosol preparations results in incorporation of large amounts of radioactivity into protein in a covalent fashion. The amount of nonspecific labeling is so large, however, that estrogen site specificity (indicated by protection with unlabeled estradiol) cannot be demonstrated. More recently, we have used a partially purified receptor preparation from lamb uterus. The receptor in this preparation has been disaggregated by mild trypsinization and can be electrophoresed in native form. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins in photolabeled preparations show some covalent incorporation into the receptor region of the gel with one derivative but not with another. The effectiveness of the photoaffinity labeling reagents prepared thus far is assessed, and suggestions are made for the design of new, more effective reagents.", "PMID": 1033295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6362", "title": "Effects of catecholamines on behavior.", "content": "The potential for at least partial reversible transition of aggression- and anxiety-type symptomatology suggested searching for a potential biochemical link between subcellular mechanisms involved in the execution of aggression and anxiety. The effects of norepinephrine combined with dopamine and of epinephrine on these two types of behavior were tested. Responses to foot-shock were used to test aggression, extinction of avoidance response was used to test anxiety-type behavior. The results suggested that one of the possible links between the intracerebral processes responsible for execution of aggression- and anxiety-type behaviors is transmethylation of norepinephrine and/or dopamine to epinephrine.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines on behavior. The potential for at least partial reversible transition of aggression- and anxiety-type symptomatology suggested searching for a potential biochemical link between subcellular mechanisms involved in the execution of aggression and anxiety. The effects of norepinephrine combined with dopamine and of epinephrine on these two types of behavior were tested. Responses to foot-shock were used to test aggression, extinction of avoidance response was used to test anxiety-type behavior. The results suggested that one of the possible links between the intracerebral processes responsible for execution of aggression- and anxiety-type behaviors is transmethylation of norepinephrine and/or dopamine to epinephrine.", "PMID": 1033296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6363", "title": "Brown tumor of the maxilla due to secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The paper describes a patient with brown tumor of the maxilla caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, and gives an account of pathophysiology and management.", "contents": "Brown tumor of the maxilla due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. The paper describes a patient with brown tumor of the maxilla caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, and gives an account of pathophysiology and management.", "PMID": 1033297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6364", "title": "Tissue factor in cultured cells: metabolic control.", "content": "Tissue factor content of WISH amnion cells in spinner culture increases 3- to 10-fold within 12 hours after subculture, then declines to a basal level within 30 to 50 hours. Maximal development of activity requires fresh serum and fresh medium. When added at the time of subculture, actinomycin D and cycloheximide completely inhibit development of coagulant activity; when added several hours after transfer, these inhibitors suppress the development but do not affect the disappearance of activity. Of the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors tested, dinitrophenol had no effect whereas carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibited the activity increase but did not alter the decline. The kinetics of development and decay are similar over a pH range of 6.7 to 7.6 and with fetal calf serum concentration between 5 and 30 per cent. At pH 6.7 or in 30 per cent fetal calf serum, cell division did not occur. 3H-leucine and 35SO4= incorporation into the cell surface coat did not change appreciably during the burst of coagulant activity nor did the levels of naphthylamidase or alkaline phosphatase; 3H-thymidine incorporation reached a peak within 2 hours of the tissue factor maximum.", "contents": "Tissue factor in cultured cells: metabolic control. Tissue factor content of WISH amnion cells in spinner culture increases 3- to 10-fold within 12 hours after subculture, then declines to a basal level within 30 to 50 hours. Maximal development of activity requires fresh serum and fresh medium. When added at the time of subculture, actinomycin D and cycloheximide completely inhibit development of coagulant activity; when added several hours after transfer, these inhibitors suppress the development but do not affect the disappearance of activity. Of the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors tested, dinitrophenol had no effect whereas carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibited the activity increase but did not alter the decline. The kinetics of development and decay are similar over a pH range of 6.7 to 7.6 and with fetal calf serum concentration between 5 and 30 per cent. At pH 6.7 or in 30 per cent fetal calf serum, cell division did not occur. 3H-leucine and 35SO4= incorporation into the cell surface coat did not change appreciably during the burst of coagulant activity nor did the levels of naphthylamidase or alkaline phosphatase; 3H-thymidine incorporation reached a peak within 2 hours of the tissue factor maximum.", "PMID": 1033435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6365", "title": "The action of cytochalasin A on the in vitro polymerization of brain tubulin and muscle G-actin.", "content": "The presence of cytochalasin A inhibits the self-assembly of beef brain tubulin and rabbit muscle G-actin in vitro and also decreases the colchicine binding of tubulin. Prior reaction of cytochalasin A with 2-mercaptoethanol destroys its inhibitory effects. It is shown that cytochalasin A exerts its actions by reacting with sulfhydryl groups, possibly causing irreversible structural changes in the proteins. Cytochalasin B does not affect the tubulin assembly reaction.", "contents": "The action of cytochalasin A on the in vitro polymerization of brain tubulin and muscle G-actin. The presence of cytochalasin A inhibits the self-assembly of beef brain tubulin and rabbit muscle G-actin in vitro and also decreases the colchicine binding of tubulin. Prior reaction of cytochalasin A with 2-mercaptoethanol destroys its inhibitory effects. It is shown that cytochalasin A exerts its actions by reacting with sulfhydryl groups, possibly causing irreversible structural changes in the proteins. Cytochalasin B does not affect the tubulin assembly reaction.", "PMID": 1033438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6366", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen: report of a case and review of previously reported cases.", "content": "Splenic hamangiosarcomas are rare tumors, usually discovered at autopsy. In a few instances the diagnosis was made premortem, at the time of splenectomy for spontaneous rupture. The tumors usually present with abdominal pain, left upper guadrant mass and tenderness, and occasionally with a microangiopathic type of anemia. The histogenesis of the tumor is in dispute. Some authors feel that they are degenerations of hemangiomas. Others feel that they arise de novo in the spleen. There is not proven association of thorotrast administration or vinyl chloride exposure to the development of hemangiosarcomas in the spleen. The prognosis of the tumor is uniformly poor and most of the patients surviving laparotomy have followed a uniformly fatal clinical course. In a few cases treated with chemotherapy there has been no evidence of clinical benefit. The case report in this article presented with essentially all the features enumerated above.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen: report of a case and review of previously reported cases. Splenic hamangiosarcomas are rare tumors, usually discovered at autopsy. In a few instances the diagnosis was made premortem, at the time of splenectomy for spontaneous rupture. The tumors usually present with abdominal pain, left upper guadrant mass and tenderness, and occasionally with a microangiopathic type of anemia. The histogenesis of the tumor is in dispute. Some authors feel that they are degenerations of hemangiomas. Others feel that they arise de novo in the spleen. There is not proven association of thorotrast administration or vinyl chloride exposure to the development of hemangiosarcomas in the spleen. The prognosis of the tumor is uniformly poor and most of the patients surviving laparotomy have followed a uniformly fatal clinical course. In a few cases treated with chemotherapy there has been no evidence of clinical benefit. The case report in this article presented with essentially all the features enumerated above.", "PMID": 1033439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6367", "title": "Tricuspid regurgitation. A comparison of nonoperative management, tricuspid annuloplasty, and tricuspid valve replacement.", "content": "The best means of managing tricuspid regurgitation associated with mitral or mitral and aortic valve disease is still to be determined. During the period 1972 to 1974, we treated 76 patients who had tricuspid regurgitation along with associated valvular dysfunction. Patients with mold regurgitation were treated conservatively, those with moderate regurgation underwent annuloplasty, and those with severe regurgitation had tricuspid valve replacement. We found the results to be less satisfactory in the group treated by annuloplasty than in the other two groups. We still manage conservatively those patients with mild regurgitation, but we believe it appropriate to replace the valve in an increasing number of subjects who have tricuspid regurgitation of moderate severity.", "contents": "Tricuspid regurgitation. A comparison of nonoperative management, tricuspid annuloplasty, and tricuspid valve replacement. The best means of managing tricuspid regurgitation associated with mitral or mitral and aortic valve disease is still to be determined. During the period 1972 to 1974, we treated 76 patients who had tricuspid regurgitation along with associated valvular dysfunction. Patients with mold regurgitation were treated conservatively, those with moderate regurgation underwent annuloplasty, and those with severe regurgitation had tricuspid valve replacement. We found the results to be less satisfactory in the group treated by annuloplasty than in the other two groups. We still manage conservatively those patients with mild regurgitation, but we believe it appropriate to replace the valve in an increasing number of subjects who have tricuspid regurgitation of moderate severity.", "PMID": 1033441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6368", "title": "Fatty acid variability of plasma lipids and cholesteryl esters in adult male twins and their brothers.", "content": "Variation in the fatty acid composition of fasting plasma lipids and of cholesteryl esters was studied in 69 sets of adult male twins and 25 of their brothers. Genetic variances were estimated using the twin model. In general, monozygotic (MZ) twins were characterized by the smallest within-pair variance, and brothers of twins by the largest. Variation within dizygotic pairs fell imtermediate to that of MZ twins and brothers. The present study did not reveal consistent significant (P greater than 0.05) genetic variation in plasma fatty acids from total plasma lipids or cholesteryl esters.", "contents": "Fatty acid variability of plasma lipids and cholesteryl esters in adult male twins and their brothers. Variation in the fatty acid composition of fasting plasma lipids and of cholesteryl esters was studied in 69 sets of adult male twins and 25 of their brothers. Genetic variances were estimated using the twin model. In general, monozygotic (MZ) twins were characterized by the smallest within-pair variance, and brothers of twins by the largest. Variation within dizygotic pairs fell imtermediate to that of MZ twins and brothers. The present study did not reveal consistent significant (P greater than 0.05) genetic variation in plasma fatty acids from total plasma lipids or cholesteryl esters.", "PMID": 1033448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6369", "title": "Retarding effects of DNA on the autoxidation of liposomal suspensions.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is associated with the cell membrane of prokaryotes and the inner nuclear membrane of eukaryotes. The unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids, which constitute the bilaminar structure of membranes, undergo autoxidation in the presence of O2. Calf thymus DNA was incuabted with methyl archidonate-enriched phosphatidyl choline liposomes in order to study the effect of DNA upon the oxidation of phospholipids while present in their natural in vivo bilayer configuration. DNA retarded the rate of lipid oxidation as monitored by both diene conjugation and the TBA test, but it did not alter the induction period. These results suggest that DNA is scavenging free radicals produced within the phospholipid bilayer.", "contents": "Retarding effects of DNA on the autoxidation of liposomal suspensions. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is associated with the cell membrane of prokaryotes and the inner nuclear membrane of eukaryotes. The unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids, which constitute the bilaminar structure of membranes, undergo autoxidation in the presence of O2. Calf thymus DNA was incuabted with methyl archidonate-enriched phosphatidyl choline liposomes in order to study the effect of DNA upon the oxidation of phospholipids while present in their natural in vivo bilayer configuration. DNA retarded the rate of lipid oxidation as monitored by both diene conjugation and the TBA test, but it did not alter the induction period. These results suggest that DNA is scavenging free radicals produced within the phospholipid bilayer.", "PMID": 1033449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6370", "title": "[Urethritis syndrome and atypical germ flora of the exterior female genitalia (author's transl)].", "content": "A positive microbiological evidence could be obtained 54 times from the smear of the exterior genitals of 80 women suffering from complaints that were caused by urethritis, criteria of the examinations being sterile catheter specimen, negative cystoscopical findings, and missing indications to anatomical changes in the urethral region. Cytological examinations of these cases with regard to the vaginal epithelium had the following results:Group I:6 times; group II: 37 times; group IIW:8 times; group IIId: once; group IVa:twice. The cytological tests were carried out according to the method of papanicolaou as modified by Soost. Furthermore, we could state the following degrees of purity: Degree I: 8 times; degree II:16 times; degree III: 30 times. The cytological examinations of the urethral epithelium demonstrated, in 52 cases, an increased appearance of \"nude\" completely exposed epithelial cell nuclei--a fact corresponding to a degenerative autolysis (according to Wied). In the 26 women with missing atypical germ flora within the region of the exterior genitals, exclusively groups I (according to Papanicolaou and Soost) and degrees of purity I were stated. These persons also demonstrated remarkably grave psychical disturbances, especially in the intimate regions. In the cases of positive microbiological evidence, the following measures have proved satisfactory: Vaginal hygienization combined with a directly aimed antibacterial therapy, and the prescription of preparations containing lactic acid. A transitory discontinuation of contraceptives is being discussed. Our examination results are emphasizing the necessity of an analysis of the germ flora in cases of complaints arising from urethritis. Also psychical disturbances must be taken into consideration in cases of missing urological and gynaecological criteria of evidence.", "contents": "[Urethritis syndrome and atypical germ flora of the exterior female genitalia (author's transl)]. A positive microbiological evidence could be obtained 54 times from the smear of the exterior genitals of 80 women suffering from complaints that were caused by urethritis, criteria of the examinations being sterile catheter specimen, negative cystoscopical findings, and missing indications to anatomical changes in the urethral region. Cytological examinations of these cases with regard to the vaginal epithelium had the following results:Group I:6 times; group II: 37 times; group IIW:8 times; group IIId: once; group IVa:twice. The cytological tests were carried out according to the method of papanicolaou as modified by Soost. Furthermore, we could state the following degrees of purity: Degree I: 8 times; degree II:16 times; degree III: 30 times. The cytological examinations of the urethral epithelium demonstrated, in 52 cases, an increased appearance of \"nude\" completely exposed epithelial cell nuclei--a fact corresponding to a degenerative autolysis (according to Wied). In the 26 women with missing atypical germ flora within the region of the exterior genitals, exclusively groups I (according to Papanicolaou and Soost) and degrees of purity I were stated. These persons also demonstrated remarkably grave psychical disturbances, especially in the intimate regions. In the cases of positive microbiological evidence, the following measures have proved satisfactory: Vaginal hygienization combined with a directly aimed antibacterial therapy, and the prescription of preparations containing lactic acid. A transitory discontinuation of contraceptives is being discussed. Our examination results are emphasizing the necessity of an analysis of the germ flora in cases of complaints arising from urethritis. Also psychical disturbances must be taken into consideration in cases of missing urological and gynaecological criteria of evidence.", "PMID": 1033451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6371", "title": "[Extrahepatic stenosis of the portal vein after infection or catheterization of the umbilical vein during the neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "147 children with high risk of developing a prehepatic portal vein obstruction were reexamined. The children had survived during their neonatal period:--Serious umbilical infection and sepsis (n=33)--Multiple exchange transfusion (n=55)--Long-term umbilical vein catheter treatment for at least 24 hrs (n=59). The reexamination at the age of 2--4 years revealed one case of total occlusion of the vena lienalis with partial obstruction of the vena portae in a child with former umbilical sepsis. Even though the etiologic relation of neonatal umbilical disorders and prehepatic portal obstruction is evident, the risk for the individual case seems to be low.", "contents": "[Extrahepatic stenosis of the portal vein after infection or catheterization of the umbilical vein during the neonatal period (author's transl)]. 147 children with high risk of developing a prehepatic portal vein obstruction were reexamined. The children had survived during their neonatal period:--Serious umbilical infection and sepsis (n=33)--Multiple exchange transfusion (n=55)--Long-term umbilical vein catheter treatment for at least 24 hrs (n=59). The reexamination at the age of 2--4 years revealed one case of total occlusion of the vena lienalis with partial obstruction of the vena portae in a child with former umbilical sepsis. Even though the etiologic relation of neonatal umbilical disorders and prehepatic portal obstruction is evident, the risk for the individual case seems to be low.", "PMID": 1033457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6372", "title": "The quandary of quality assessment.", "content": "Inevitably, quality assurance reflects the context of which it is a part (e.g., underuse or overuse of services is partly a function of their availability and financing). Thus, it can promote change or rationalize lack of it, save money or cost money. Given the current state of the art, it is imperative to develop quality assurance on an evolutionary path while options are kept open and focus is clearly on outcomes. Also, quality assessment must be conceptualized as a behavioral tool, not a policing mechanism; its scope must be broadened to include the total episode of illness, taking into account life-style and environmental factors, with criteria developed and applied as close to the point of patient care as possible, within broad  guidelines; it is essential to build on in-place capacities -- e.g., carrier data -- rather than to create new overlapping systems. Finally, the management setting within which quality assurance functions, in both the public and private sectors, must be improved.", "contents": "The quandary of quality assessment. Inevitably, quality assurance reflects the context of which it is a part (e.g., underuse or overuse of services is partly a function of their availability and financing). Thus, it can promote change or rationalize lack of it, save money or cost money. Given the current state of the art, it is imperative to develop quality assurance on an evolutionary path while options are kept open and focus is clearly on outcomes. Also, quality assessment must be conceptualized as a behavioral tool, not a policing mechanism; its scope must be broadened to include the total episode of illness, taking into account life-style and environmental factors, with criteria developed and applied as close to the point of patient care as possible, within broad  guidelines; it is essential to build on in-place capacities -- e.g., carrier data -- rather than to create new overlapping systems. Finally, the management setting within which quality assurance functions, in both the public and private sectors, must be improved.", "PMID": 1033461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6373", "title": "First European report of swine infection by Microsporum nanum.", "content": "The first European case of swine infection by Microsporum nanum is reported. The infected pig came from a farm in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. European records of human and lower animal infections by this fungus and soil isolation records are discussed.", "contents": "First European report of swine infection by Microsporum nanum. The first European case of swine infection by Microsporum nanum is reported. The infected pig came from a farm in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. European records of human and lower animal infections by this fungus and soil isolation records are discussed.", "PMID": 1033462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6374", "title": "The action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the reserve proteins of some leguminous seeds.", "content": "The action of trypsin on the reserve proteins of the leguminous seeds belonging to Vicieae and Phaseoleae tribes was investicated. The hydrolysis of11S and 7S proteins of Vicieae proceeds relatively fast and some of the proteins are hydrolyzed practically completely. The hydrolysis of most of the investigated reserve proteins of the Phaseoleae tribe proceeds much slower, while that of 7S proteins of four Phaseolus species of American origin stops after the cleavage of only 10-20% of peptide bonds capable of reacting. Analogous results were obtained studying the action of chymotrypsin on a more restricted number of proteins. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyze the same parts of Ph. vulgaris 7S protein, splitting off peptides which can be separated on a Sephadex G-50 column. The nonhydrolyzable high molecular weight core has a slightly smaller sedimentation coefficient and a higher elelctrophoretic mobility than the native protein and is able to dimerize at high ionic strength. Urea does not alter the hydrolyzability of the core butt the latter is partially hydrolyzed after the action of urea or guanidine hydrocholoride in the presence of mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "The action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the reserve proteins of some leguminous seeds. The action of trypsin on the reserve proteins of the leguminous seeds belonging to Vicieae and Phaseoleae tribes was investicated. The hydrolysis of11S and 7S proteins of Vicieae proceeds relatively fast and some of the proteins are hydrolyzed practically completely. The hydrolysis of most of the investigated reserve proteins of the Phaseoleae tribe proceeds much slower, while that of 7S proteins of four Phaseolus species of American origin stops after the cleavage of only 10-20% of peptide bonds capable of reacting. Analogous results were obtained studying the action of chymotrypsin on a more restricted number of proteins. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyze the same parts of Ph. vulgaris 7S protein, splitting off peptides which can be separated on a Sephadex G-50 column. The nonhydrolyzable high molecular weight core has a slightly smaller sedimentation coefficient and a higher elelctrophoretic mobility than the native protein and is able to dimerize at high ionic strength. Urea does not alter the hydrolyzability of the core butt the latter is partially hydrolyzed after the action of urea or guanidine hydrocholoride in the presence of mercaptoethanol.", "PMID": 1033463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6375", "title": "[A case of frontal arteriovenous malformation with optochiasmatic arachnoiditis as an initial symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "A surgically cured case of chronic optochiasmal arachnoiditis presumably caused by concomitant right frontal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is reported. When a 12-year-old boy, suffering from blurred vision for about 1 month, visited the Ophthalmological Clinic of Hirosaki University Hospital, only a chiasmal lesion was suspected because neuro-ophthalmological examination revealed no more than ophthalmic signs, such as bilateral diminution of vision (Vd, Vs = 0.2), concentric narrowing of visual fields and slight bilateral papilledema. The patient was referred to the Neurosurgical clinic for further examination. Left carotid angiograms showed no abnormalities but, thereafter the brain scintigram revealed an abnormal hot area in the right frontoparietal region. A right carotid angiography demonstreated an AVM in the posterior part of the right frontal lobe. This was fed through the right anterior and middle cerebral arteries and drained into the superior sagittal sinus through meandering dilated cortical vein.", "contents": "[A case of frontal arteriovenous malformation with optochiasmatic arachnoiditis as an initial symptoms (author's transl)]. A surgically cured case of chronic optochiasmal arachnoiditis presumably caused by concomitant right frontal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is reported. When a 12-year-old boy, suffering from blurred vision for about 1 month, visited the Ophthalmological Clinic of Hirosaki University Hospital, only a chiasmal lesion was suspected because neuro-ophthalmological examination revealed no more than ophthalmic signs, such as bilateral diminution of vision (Vd, Vs = 0.2), concentric narrowing of visual fields and slight bilateral papilledema. The patient was referred to the Neurosurgical clinic for further examination. Left carotid angiograms showed no abnormalities but, thereafter the brain scintigram revealed an abnormal hot area in the right frontoparietal region. A right carotid angiography demonstreated an AVM in the posterior part of the right frontal lobe. This was fed through the right anterior and middle cerebral arteries and drained into the superior sagittal sinus through meandering dilated cortical vein.", "PMID": 1033465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6376", "title": "[Meningioma in the aged--on its differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Despite vast improvement in diagnostic techniques in neurosurgery during the past few decades, there still remain a significant number of intracranial tumors in geriatric age group, which are not recognized in the early course of the disease or during life. We are now focusing on the diagnostic problems of meningiomas in the geriatric age group and stressing the significant value of brain scanning in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors from cerebral vascular disease or other conditions. During about 10-year period, a total of 36 intracranial tumours in cases over 60 year old have been studied. Sixteen of these tumors are meningiomas and form the basis of this report. The age of these cases was between 60 and 83 years with average of 70.5. There were two males and 14 females. As to the location, four were parsagittal and falx meningiomas, three were at tuberculum sellae, two were at sphenoidal ridge, one was at tentorium in location. Twelve cases were erroniously diagnosed and confusion with cerebrovascular disease was most common. We analysed the onset and the progression of symptoms of our 16 cases, and picked up and stressed the four peculiarities of geriatric meningiomas. The first one is that the onset of symptoms is very sudden, almost precipitate, and the subsequent clinical course may be so rapidly progressive. The six patients in our cases were included in this group. A case among those was verified to be complicated with intratumoral hemorrhage, and another one with a subdural hematoma. The vast contrast to the first group is the second peculiarity. The meningioma especially in the geriatric age group may frequently unfold a clinical picture, which by its very insidious onset and slow development may be even unrecognized during life. The third is that patients developed dementia, at the onset in two cases and in any course of this disease in six. All too frequently in these instances the tumor has been overlooked and wrongly diagnosed as a senile dementia or psychosis. The fourth is that the meningioma developed with intermittent, recurrent and streotyped cerebral symptoms including epilepsy. We presented a case with intermittent aphasia due to a convexity meningioma on the dominant side. In almost all cases, manifestation of increased intracranial pressure was absent or not significant. There was found a papilledema in only one case, and cerebrospinal fluid revealed a normal pressure in six out of eight cases in which lumbar puncture was performed. It was proved that brain scanning was one of the most useful adjuncts in the diagnosis of brain tumor in the aged even in serious conditions. Changing brain scan patterns in association with clinical course is a useful diagnostic guide in differentiating tumors from cerebrovascular accidents. The serial scan density change is more meaningful if the clinical course is considered. Scanning should be done as soon as possible when the brain tumor is suspected and should be rescanned if necessary.", "contents": "[Meningioma in the aged--on its differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Despite vast improvement in diagnostic techniques in neurosurgery during the past few decades, there still remain a significant number of intracranial tumors in geriatric age group, which are not recognized in the early course of the disease or during life. We are now focusing on the diagnostic problems of meningiomas in the geriatric age group and stressing the significant value of brain scanning in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors from cerebral vascular disease or other conditions. During about 10-year period, a total of 36 intracranial tumours in cases over 60 year old have been studied. Sixteen of these tumors are meningiomas and form the basis of this report. The age of these cases was between 60 and 83 years with average of 70.5. There were two males and 14 females. As to the location, four were parsagittal and falx meningiomas, three were at tuberculum sellae, two were at sphenoidal ridge, one was at tentorium in location. Twelve cases were erroniously diagnosed and confusion with cerebrovascular disease was most common. We analysed the onset and the progression of symptoms of our 16 cases, and picked up and stressed the four peculiarities of geriatric meningiomas. The first one is that the onset of symptoms is very sudden, almost precipitate, and the subsequent clinical course may be so rapidly progressive. The six patients in our cases were included in this group. A case among those was verified to be complicated with intratumoral hemorrhage, and another one with a subdural hematoma. The vast contrast to the first group is the second peculiarity. The meningioma especially in the geriatric age group may frequently unfold a clinical picture, which by its very insidious onset and slow development may be even unrecognized during life. The third is that patients developed dementia, at the onset in two cases and in any course of this disease in six. All too frequently in these instances the tumor has been overlooked and wrongly diagnosed as a senile dementia or psychosis. The fourth is that the meningioma developed with intermittent, recurrent and streotyped cerebral symptoms including epilepsy. We presented a case with intermittent aphasia due to a convexity meningioma on the dominant side. In almost all cases, manifestation of increased intracranial pressure was absent or not significant. There was found a papilledema in only one case, and cerebrospinal fluid revealed a normal pressure in six out of eight cases in which lumbar puncture was performed. It was proved that brain scanning was one of the most useful adjuncts in the diagnosis of brain tumor in the aged even in serious conditions. Changing brain scan patterns in association with clinical course is a useful diagnostic guide in differentiating tumors from cerebrovascular accidents. The serial scan density change is more meaningful if the clinical course is considered. Scanning should be done as soon as possible when the brain tumor is suspected and should be rescanned if necessary.", "PMID": 1033470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6377", "title": "[Massive epistaxis from intracranial extradural aneurysm of the internal carotid artery associated with head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe epistaxis following head injury occur from damage to the anterior ethmoidal or sphenopalatine arteries. However, the more massive, life-threatening posttraumatic epistaxis is that arising from ruptured aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or tear of the intracranial extradural portion of the internal carotid artery. The authors had opportunities to treat successfully 3 cases of massive delayed epistaxis from the aneurysm of this site following closed head injury. Case 1. A 23-year-old man was injured in a motorcycle accident on April 19, 1968 and taken to an emergency hospital, where the findings were semicomatose state, profuse bleeding from the left nostril and oral cavity, and laceration above the left eye associated with fracture of the left sphenoid. Since regaining consciousness he was blind in the left. Slight localized protrusion of the cavernous portion of the left internal carotid was shown by angiography, which was performed on the next day (Fig. 1). Three days later, he was transfered to Toyokogyo Hospital. On April 29, he had sudden severe epistaxis. The nasal bleeding recurred massively 6 times over 2 months, requiring the replacement of more than 8000 cc of blood. Sixty days after the trauma, carotid angiography demonstrated an large aneurysm arising from the left internal carotid (Fig. 2). The authors were consulted on this occasion. Intra- and extracranial trapping of the internal carotid artery associated with muscle embolization (Jaeger's operation) was performed (Fig. 3). Postoperative course was uneventful except occurrence of temporary diabetes insipidus. Case 2. This 59-year-old man was admitted to our clinic on November 7, 1970, Because of posttraumatic recurrent massive epistaxis. Thirty-seven days before admisstion, he was hitted by a car and lost consciousness. Profuse nasal bleeding occurred immediately after the accident. Despite skin lacereation above the right eye, visual acuity was not distrubed and no fracture line was found. Two weeks after the injury, he had sudden massive bleeding from the right nostril. The epistaxis recurred 5 times over 3 weeks. Carotid angiography revealed an aneurysm arising from the right internal carotid (Fig. 4). The internal carotid was gradually occluded at the cervical level without any neurological complication. Case 3. A 33-year-old man was referred to our department on October 7, 1974, complaining of recurrent profuse bleeding from the oral cavity. About 2 months prior to admission, he fell from the fourth floor on the street and became comatose. Several fracture lines of the frontal bones were found on skull film. Thirty-six days after the accident, sudden severe epistaxis occurred. Massive bleeding from the oral cavity repeated every 7 to 10 days. Visual acuity was lost within 10 weeks. III and VI cranial nerves palsy was found on the both sides. Carotid angiography demonstrated a small aneurysm of the left internal carotid (Fig. 5). Occlusion of the internal carotid at the cervical level stopped bleeding without further neurological deficit...", "contents": "[Massive epistaxis from intracranial extradural aneurysm of the internal carotid artery associated with head injury (author's transl)]. Severe epistaxis following head injury occur from damage to the anterior ethmoidal or sphenopalatine arteries. However, the more massive, life-threatening posttraumatic epistaxis is that arising from ruptured aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or tear of the intracranial extradural portion of the internal carotid artery. The authors had opportunities to treat successfully 3 cases of massive delayed epistaxis from the aneurysm of this site following closed head injury. Case 1. A 23-year-old man was injured in a motorcycle accident on April 19, 1968 and taken to an emergency hospital, where the findings were semicomatose state, profuse bleeding from the left nostril and oral cavity, and laceration above the left eye associated with fracture of the left sphenoid. Since regaining consciousness he was blind in the left. Slight localized protrusion of the cavernous portion of the left internal carotid was shown by angiography, which was performed on the next day (Fig. 1). Three days later, he was transfered to Toyokogyo Hospital. On April 29, he had sudden severe epistaxis. The nasal bleeding recurred massively 6 times over 2 months, requiring the replacement of more than 8000 cc of blood. Sixty days after the trauma, carotid angiography demonstrated an large aneurysm arising from the left internal carotid (Fig. 2). The authors were consulted on this occasion. Intra- and extracranial trapping of the internal carotid artery associated with muscle embolization (Jaeger's operation) was performed (Fig. 3). Postoperative course was uneventful except occurrence of temporary diabetes insipidus. Case 2. This 59-year-old man was admitted to our clinic on November 7, 1970, Because of posttraumatic recurrent massive epistaxis. Thirty-seven days before admisstion, he was hitted by a car and lost consciousness. Profuse nasal bleeding occurred immediately after the accident. Despite skin lacereation above the right eye, visual acuity was not distrubed and no fracture line was found. Two weeks after the injury, he had sudden massive bleeding from the right nostril. The epistaxis recurred 5 times over 3 weeks. Carotid angiography revealed an aneurysm arising from the right internal carotid (Fig. 4). The internal carotid was gradually occluded at the cervical level without any neurological complication. Case 3. A 33-year-old man was referred to our department on October 7, 1974, complaining of recurrent profuse bleeding from the oral cavity. About 2 months prior to admission, he fell from the fourth floor on the street and became comatose. Several fracture lines of the frontal bones were found on skull film. Thirty-six days after the accident, sudden severe epistaxis occurred. Massive bleeding from the oral cavity repeated every 7 to 10 days. Visual acuity was lost within 10 weeks. III and VI cranial nerves palsy was found on the both sides. Carotid angiography demonstrated a small aneurysm of the left internal carotid (Fig. 5). Occlusion of the internal carotid at the cervical level stopped bleeding without further neurological deficit...", "PMID": 1033471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6378", "title": "[Bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy without skull fracture or intracranial hematoma-a report of 3 cases and consideration of the mechanism of injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy were presented and the mechanism of damage to the abducens nerve was discussed in relation to the analysis of traumatic force at the time of impact and topographical anatomy of the abducens nerve in detail. Case 1. A 70 year old man sustained a traffic accident with one hour loss of consciousness. Physical examination revealed a contused area on the medial side of his right forehead. Neurological examination revealed bilateral abducens nerve palsy (Fig. 1). There were no ther cranial nerve abnormalities. Roentgenograms of the skull, including views of the base and orbit showed no fracture. At follow up examination 12 months later, bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome could be noticed with slight increase in size of the pupil on each side of lateral gaze (Fig. 2). Case 2. A 32 year old women sustained a traffic accident with 31 days of loss of consciousness. At the time of admission, bilateral abducens nerve palsy and slight left hemiparesis were noticed in semicomatose condition. Right carotid angiogtam showed no evidence of intracranial hematoma. One month later, the right eye began to abduct and 2 months later, the left eye began to abduct. Three months after the injury, bilateral abducens nerve palsy could no longer be demonstrated. No retraction syndrome was observed during this period. Case 3. A 3 year old boy sustained a traffic accident with 32 days of loss of consciousness. At the time of admission, neurological examination showed bilateral abducens palsy and left sided decerebrate posture in comatose condition. At the time of discharge 3 months after admission, bilateral abducens palsy, right hemiataxia, left spastic hemiparesis and scanning speach were noticed. Three months later, right eye began to abduct and 4 months later, the left eye began to abduct. At follow up examination 6 months later, there was no evidence of abducens nerve palsy. Topographical details of anatomy of the abducens nerve are shown in Fig. 3, 4. It is greatly speculated that both abducens nerves are streched by the lineal accerelated force on mid sagittal plane at the time of impact, then the apex of petrous pyramid acts as the fulculum, so that the abducens nerves are compressed, contused and streched at this point (Fig. 5-a). The authors pointed out that the abducens nerve are impossible to be damaged at the petroclinoid ligament (Gr\u00fcber's lig.) by the upward movement of the brainstem, because the abducens nerve is fixed downward below this ligament by the dura and apex of the petrous pyramid (Fig. 4-b, c). One case showed bilateral acquired retraction syndrome with slight increase in size of the pupil on each side of lateral gaze, the fact greatly suggesting that the sympathetic nerve have intimate relationship to the miss direction during the recovery stage of abducens nerve palsy.", "contents": "[Bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy without skull fracture or intracranial hematoma-a report of 3 cases and consideration of the mechanism of injury (author's transl)]. Three cases of bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy were presented and the mechanism of damage to the abducens nerve was discussed in relation to the analysis of traumatic force at the time of impact and topographical anatomy of the abducens nerve in detail. Case 1. A 70 year old man sustained a traffic accident with one hour loss of consciousness. Physical examination revealed a contused area on the medial side of his right forehead. Neurological examination revealed bilateral abducens nerve palsy (Fig. 1). There were no ther cranial nerve abnormalities. Roentgenograms of the skull, including views of the base and orbit showed no fracture. At follow up examination 12 months later, bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome could be noticed with slight increase in size of the pupil on each side of lateral gaze (Fig. 2). Case 2. A 32 year old women sustained a traffic accident with 31 days of loss of consciousness. At the time of admission, bilateral abducens nerve palsy and slight left hemiparesis were noticed in semicomatose condition. Right carotid angiogtam showed no evidence of intracranial hematoma. One month later, the right eye began to abduct and 2 months later, the left eye began to abduct. Three months after the injury, bilateral abducens nerve palsy could no longer be demonstrated. No retraction syndrome was observed during this period. Case 3. A 3 year old boy sustained a traffic accident with 32 days of loss of consciousness. At the time of admission, neurological examination showed bilateral abducens palsy and left sided decerebrate posture in comatose condition. At the time of discharge 3 months after admission, bilateral abducens palsy, right hemiataxia, left spastic hemiparesis and scanning speach were noticed. Three months later, right eye began to abduct and 4 months later, the left eye began to abduct. At follow up examination 6 months later, there was no evidence of abducens nerve palsy. Topographical details of anatomy of the abducens nerve are shown in Fig. 3, 4. It is greatly speculated that both abducens nerves are streched by the lineal accerelated force on mid sagittal plane at the time of impact, then the apex of petrous pyramid acts as the fulculum, so that the abducens nerves are compressed, contused and streched at this point (Fig. 5-a). The authors pointed out that the abducens nerve are impossible to be damaged at the petroclinoid ligament (Gr\u00fcber's lig.) by the upward movement of the brainstem, because the abducens nerve is fixed downward below this ligament by the dura and apex of the petrous pyramid (Fig. 4-b, c). One case showed bilateral acquired retraction syndrome with slight increase in size of the pupil on each side of lateral gaze, the fact greatly suggesting that the sympathetic nerve have intimate relationship to the miss direction during the recovery stage of abducens nerve palsy.", "PMID": 1033472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6379", "title": "[The antero-posterior diameter of the cervical spinal canal in cervical spondylosis. (Part 2) (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The antero-posterior diameter (APD) of the cervical spinal canals in 96 cases of cervical spondylosis with radiculopathy and radiculomyelopathy was measured for each vertebra by the method of Burrows, and the thecoperiosteal diameter (TPD) of the cervical spinal canals in the same cases was measured from myelograms by the method of Symon. 2. The APD in patients with myelopathy or positive Queckentedt's test was found to be significantly smaller than those of without them. The upper limit of APD at C4  to C6 vertebrae in patients with myelopathy or positive Queckenstedt's test was 15 mm, while the lower limit of APD in patients with radiculopathy or negative Queckenstedt's test was 13 mm. As based on these findings, the following conclusions were drawn: When the APD is smaller than 15 mm, there is always a chance to develop spondylotic myelopathy or spinal subarachnoid block though not absolute, but if the APD is smaller than 12 mm, the patient will have myelopathy and spinal subarachnoid block absolutely without exception. 3. The TPD in patients with myelopathy or positive Queckenstedt's test was also found to be more significantly smaller than those of without them. It could be seen that the smaller the TPD, the more chance to develop myelopathy and also spinal subarachnoid block. The upper limit of the TPD in myelopathy was 11 mm, and that in spinal arachnoid block was 10 mm. The smallest value in radiculopathy was 9 mm, so that it was suggested that a case which has the value smaller than 8 mm might develop myelopathy. 4. The hight of the inter-body spurs was measured from lateral myelograms in individual case. The value in case with myelopathy and positive Queckenstedt's test was much larger than that of radiculopathy or negative Queckenstedt's test. The lower limit of the hight of the inter-body spurs in case with myelopathy and spinal subarachnoid block was 3 mm.", "contents": "[The antero-posterior diameter of the cervical spinal canal in cervical spondylosis. (Part 2) (author's transl)]. 1. The antero-posterior diameter (APD) of the cervical spinal canals in 96 cases of cervical spondylosis with radiculopathy and radiculomyelopathy was measured for each vertebra by the method of Burrows, and the thecoperiosteal diameter (TPD) of the cervical spinal canals in the same cases was measured from myelograms by the method of Symon. 2. The APD in patients with myelopathy or positive Queckentedt's test was found to be significantly smaller than those of without them. The upper limit of APD at C4  to C6 vertebrae in patients with myelopathy or positive Queckenstedt's test was 15 mm, while the lower limit of APD in patients with radiculopathy or negative Queckenstedt's test was 13 mm. As based on these findings, the following conclusions were drawn: When the APD is smaller than 15 mm, there is always a chance to develop spondylotic myelopathy or spinal subarachnoid block though not absolute, but if the APD is smaller than 12 mm, the patient will have myelopathy and spinal subarachnoid block absolutely without exception. 3. The TPD in patients with myelopathy or positive Queckenstedt's test was also found to be more significantly smaller than those of without them. It could be seen that the smaller the TPD, the more chance to develop myelopathy and also spinal subarachnoid block. The upper limit of the TPD in myelopathy was 11 mm, and that in spinal arachnoid block was 10 mm. The smallest value in radiculopathy was 9 mm, so that it was suggested that a case which has the value smaller than 8 mm might develop myelopathy. 4. The hight of the inter-body spurs was measured from lateral myelograms in individual case. The value in case with myelopathy and positive Queckenstedt's test was much larger than that of radiculopathy or negative Queckenstedt's test. The lower limit of the hight of the inter-body spurs in case with myelopathy and spinal subarachnoid block was 3 mm.", "PMID": 1033473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6380", "title": "[A case of suprasellar tumor associated with so-called atypical angina pectoris].", "content": "A case of suprasellar tumor associated with so-called atypical angina pectoris was reported. A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital on Feb. 2, 1973, because of headache, disturbance of visual field and the attack of chest pain. He had been suffering from disturbance of visual field for about 3 years and the attack of chest pain for about 4 months prior to admission. Neurological findings on admission were bitemporal hemianopia, decreased visual acuity and atrophy of the optic disc. Bilateral carotid angiography showed upward  displacement of A1 portion of the anterior cerebral artery. Pneumoencephalography demonstrated defect of the anterior part of the third ventricle. Laboratory examination showed hypopituitalism. On March 26, 1973, Right frontal craniotomy was performed under the diagnosis of suprasellar tumor. The walnut-sized tumor was detected in the suprasellar region and removed totally. Histological examination showed dermoid cyst. With regard to the attack of chest pain, the selective coronary angiography was performed. But organic change was not detected and Master's two step test did not  induce any pathological finding in EEG. So we made a diagnosis of so-called atypical angina pectoris. There are many arguments about pathogenesis of so-called atypical angina pectoris. There is no organic change of the heart of attention now. Recently it is said that so-called atypical angina pectoris is closely connected with paradoxical sleep. We recognized dysunction of the autonomic nervous system through various examinations. The hypothalamus was displaced upward by a suprasellar tumor in this case. After removal of the suprasellar tumor, the frequency of the attack of chest pain was decreased. The atypical angina pectoris in the presented case may be considered to consequence of distrubance of the hypothalamic function.", "contents": "[A case of suprasellar tumor associated with so-called atypical angina pectoris]. A case of suprasellar tumor associated with so-called atypical angina pectoris was reported. A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital on Feb. 2, 1973, because of headache, disturbance of visual field and the attack of chest pain. He had been suffering from disturbance of visual field for about 3 years and the attack of chest pain for about 4 months prior to admission. Neurological findings on admission were bitemporal hemianopia, decreased visual acuity and atrophy of the optic disc. Bilateral carotid angiography showed upward  displacement of A1 portion of the anterior cerebral artery. Pneumoencephalography demonstrated defect of the anterior part of the third ventricle. Laboratory examination showed hypopituitalism. On March 26, 1973, Right frontal craniotomy was performed under the diagnosis of suprasellar tumor. The walnut-sized tumor was detected in the suprasellar region and removed totally. Histological examination showed dermoid cyst. With regard to the attack of chest pain, the selective coronary angiography was performed. But organic change was not detected and Master's two step test did not  induce any pathological finding in EEG. So we made a diagnosis of so-called atypical angina pectoris. There are many arguments about pathogenesis of so-called atypical angina pectoris. There is no organic change of the heart of attention now. Recently it is said that so-called atypical angina pectoris is closely connected with paradoxical sleep. We recognized dysunction of the autonomic nervous system through various examinations. The hypothalamus was displaced upward by a suprasellar tumor in this case. After removal of the suprasellar tumor, the frequency of the attack of chest pain was decreased. The atypical angina pectoris in the presented case may be considered to consequence of distrubance of the hypothalamic function.", "PMID": 1033474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6381", "title": "[Cerebrovascular moyamoya disease associated with aneurysm at the peripheral portion of the posterior chorioidal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Three adult cases of cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease associated with aneurysmal shadow at the peripheral portion of the posterior choriodial artery are reported. According to the follow-up study of carotid angiograms, this aneurysmal shadow is considered to be a pseudo-aneurysm, which indicates a bleeding point in the brain tissue. It has generally been thought that the mechanism of the occurrence of the symptom in adult patient with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is due to rupture of vessels in the subarachnoid space on the brain surface. But from our experience, it is suggested that there should be another mechanism, beginning with rupture of vessels in the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Cerebrovascular moyamoya disease associated with aneurysm at the peripheral portion of the posterior chorioidal artery (author's transl)]. Three adult cases of cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease associated with aneurysmal shadow at the peripheral portion of the posterior choriodial artery are reported. According to the follow-up study of carotid angiograms, this aneurysmal shadow is considered to be a pseudo-aneurysm, which indicates a bleeding point in the brain tissue. It has generally been thought that the mechanism of the occurrence of the symptom in adult patient with cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is due to rupture of vessels in the subarachnoid space on the brain surface. But from our experience, it is suggested that there should be another mechanism, beginning with rupture of vessels in the brain tissue.", "PMID": 1033475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6382", "title": "[Complications resulting from ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: an anticipatory comment-case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Case is 23 year-old man, Who was admitted to the University Hospital with a diagnosis of acoustic neurinoma as a manifestation of von Recklinghausen's disease. V-P shunt was performed because of the increased intracranial pressure and post-operative course was complicated by repeated bout of meningitis. Otherwise, postoperative course was uneventful till about 7 month after placement of V-P shunt when the proximal end of the shunt tube perforated into the lumen of the intestine and about 30 cm length of shunt tube emerged from anus. Subsequently the patient developed meningitis. Nowadays, the tendency was noted that ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is more frequently performed than ventriculoauricular shunt and so increased incidences of complications attributable to the position of the tip of the shunt tube in theperitoneal cavity is naturally anticipated. In this report, we discussed the mechanism of development of intestinal perforation, its prophylactic measures and the earty diagnosis. Number one factor which is attributed to the cause of intestinal perforation is a fact that any intra-peritoneal foreign body is potentially able to cause intestinal perforation. The second factor is the sharp tip of the peritoneal shunt tlbe which more easily cause intestinal perforation than otherwise. The third factor is the constant pressure at the same location of the intestinal wall over a long period of time which is applied by a peritoneal tip, which is considered to cause necrosis of the intestinal wall. The fourth factor is relatively poor general condition of the patient and secondary decrease in resistance of the intestinal wall against the foreign body. We therefore postulate for the prophylaxis and early diagnosis that we should often check the position of the tip of the shunt tube end should performed the radiological evaluation at the first sight of peritoneal irritation sign. The architecture and the location of the tip of the tube, the length and material of the tube seem to have intimate relation to the prophylaxis against intestinal perforation and these factors have to be evaluated in the future.", "contents": "[Complications resulting from ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: an anticipatory comment-case report (author's transl)]. Case is 23 year-old man, Who was admitted to the University Hospital with a diagnosis of acoustic neurinoma as a manifestation of von Recklinghausen's disease. V-P shunt was performed because of the increased intracranial pressure and post-operative course was complicated by repeated bout of meningitis. Otherwise, postoperative course was uneventful till about 7 month after placement of V-P shunt when the proximal end of the shunt tube perforated into the lumen of the intestine and about 30 cm length of shunt tube emerged from anus. Subsequently the patient developed meningitis. Nowadays, the tendency was noted that ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is more frequently performed than ventriculoauricular shunt and so increased incidences of complications attributable to the position of the tip of the shunt tube in theperitoneal cavity is naturally anticipated. In this report, we discussed the mechanism of development of intestinal perforation, its prophylactic measures and the earty diagnosis. Number one factor which is attributed to the cause of intestinal perforation is a fact that any intra-peritoneal foreign body is potentially able to cause intestinal perforation. The second factor is the sharp tip of the peritoneal shunt tlbe which more easily cause intestinal perforation than otherwise. The third factor is the constant pressure at the same location of the intestinal wall over a long period of time which is applied by a peritoneal tip, which is considered to cause necrosis of the intestinal wall. The fourth factor is relatively poor general condition of the patient and secondary decrease in resistance of the intestinal wall against the foreign body. We therefore postulate for the prophylaxis and early diagnosis that we should often check the position of the tip of the shunt tube end should performed the radiological evaluation at the first sight of peritoneal irritation sign. The architecture and the location of the tip of the tube, the length and material of the tube seem to have intimate relation to the prophylaxis against intestinal perforation and these factors have to be evaluated in the future.", "PMID": 1033476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6383", "title": "[A case with the combination of cerebral aneurysm and cerebral arteriovenous malformation originated from same artery in the same site (author's transl)].", "content": "Several cases associated with cerebral aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation have been reported in literature but such case of association with these two kinds of cerebral vascular lesion originated from the same artery in the same site is quite rare. The authors reported a case of coexistence of cerebral aneurysm and cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the parietal area and both of these vascular lesion were located closely and were fed by the angular artery. A 8 year-old girl was warded on March 28, 1974 with a history of attack of headache and vomitting before lapsing into semicoma on March 23, 1974. She regained consiousness 5 days later but showed speech disturbance. Subarachnoid hemorrahge was proved by her home doctor immediately after the episode. On examination, motor and sensory impairment was negative. Nominal aphasia and agonosia were noted. Four-vessel angiography proved cerebral aneurysm accompanying with arteriovenous malformation-like shadow in the left parietal area. A relative large drainage vein from the above mentioned vascular lesions drained into the superior sagittal sinus.", "contents": "[A case with the combination of cerebral aneurysm and cerebral arteriovenous malformation originated from same artery in the same site (author's transl)]. Several cases associated with cerebral aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation have been reported in literature but such case of association with these two kinds of cerebral vascular lesion originated from the same artery in the same site is quite rare. The authors reported a case of coexistence of cerebral aneurysm and cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the parietal area and both of these vascular lesion were located closely and were fed by the angular artery. A 8 year-old girl was warded on March 28, 1974 with a history of attack of headache and vomitting before lapsing into semicoma on March 23, 1974. She regained consiousness 5 days later but showed speech disturbance. Subarachnoid hemorrahge was proved by her home doctor immediately after the episode. On examination, motor and sensory impairment was negative. Nominal aphasia and agonosia were noted. Four-vessel angiography proved cerebral aneurysm accompanying with arteriovenous malformation-like shadow in the left parietal area. A relative large drainage vein from the above mentioned vascular lesions drained into the superior sagittal sinus.", "PMID": 1033477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6384", "title": "Sacral agenesis. Neurologic and neuropathologic features.", "content": "The neurologic deficits in sacral agenesis involve motor function much more than sensory function, in a lumbosacral distribution; autonomic involvement, with neurogenic bladder, is variable. Relative sensory sparing may be due to the derivation of sensory nerves from neural cre, t tissue, which is uninvolved. An occult sacral meningomyelocele with ectopic neural tissue was found at necropsy in one of our patients. Primary amyoplasia may account for small but histologically normal muscles derived from the same somites as the aplastic vertebrae.", "contents": "Sacral agenesis. Neurologic and neuropathologic features. The neurologic deficits in sacral agenesis involve motor function much more than sensory function, in a lumbosacral distribution; autonomic involvement, with neurogenic bladder, is variable. Relative sensory sparing may be due to the derivation of sensory nerves from neural cre, t tissue, which is uninvolved. An occult sacral meningomyelocele with ectopic neural tissue was found at necropsy in one of our patients. Primary amyoplasia may account for small but histologically normal muscles derived from the same somites as the aplastic vertebrae.", "PMID": 1033479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6385", "title": "Dialysis encephalopathy: a possible seizure disorder.", "content": "Dialysis encephalopathy is a progressive, fatal condition that occurs in patients receiving hemodialysis. It is characterized by abnormalities in speech, myoclonic jerks, and striking changes on the electroencephalogram. We observed dramatic reversal of the clinical symptoms and electroencephalographic abnormalities in four patients with this syndrome who were treated with diazepam. In this paper we propose that in dialysis encephalopathy, some of the symptoms and the electroencephalographic changes represent a form of seizure disorder.", "contents": "Dialysis encephalopathy: a possible seizure disorder. Dialysis encephalopathy is a progressive, fatal condition that occurs in patients receiving hemodialysis. It is characterized by abnormalities in speech, myoclonic jerks, and striking changes on the electroencephalogram. We observed dramatic reversal of the clinical symptoms and electroencephalographic abnormalities in four patients with this syndrome who were treated with diazepam. In this paper we propose that in dialysis encephalopathy, some of the symptoms and the electroencephalographic changes represent a form of seizure disorder.", "PMID": 1033480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6386", "title": "Anosognosia for hemiplegia: somatosensory evoked potential studies.", "content": "Somatosensory evoked potential studies in nine patients with anosognosia for left hemiplegia and in one patient with anosognosia for right hemiplegia revealed an absence of response over either hemisphere on stimulation of the median nerve on the hemiplegic side. This apparent lack of cortical processing may underlie the impaired awareness of the hemiplegic side, manifested as anosognosia.", "contents": "Anosognosia for hemiplegia: somatosensory evoked potential studies. Somatosensory evoked potential studies in nine patients with anosognosia for left hemiplegia and in one patient with anosognosia for right hemiplegia revealed an absence of response over either hemisphere on stimulation of the median nerve on the hemiplegic side. This apparent lack of cortical processing may underlie the impaired awareness of the hemiplegic side, manifested as anosognosia.", "PMID": 1033481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6387", "title": "Neurophysiologic changes in hemiplegia. Possible explanation for the initial disparity between muscle tone and tendon reflexes.", "content": "In an attempt to clarify the neurophysiologic changes that may follow a cerebral lesion in man, we have studied patients with recent and with long-standing hemiplegia from cerebral infarction. In patients with recent cerebral lesions, inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration is enhanced. In patients with long-standing cerebral lesions, this inhibitory mechanism is less effective and a comparison of the electrically and mechanically induced monosynaptic reflexes suggests that fusimotor drive may be increased. Related clinical findings are reduced muscle \"tone\" immediately after the lesion and increased muscle \"tone\" and exaggerated tendon jerks in patients with long-standing hemiplegia.", "contents": "Neurophysiologic changes in hemiplegia. Possible explanation for the initial disparity between muscle tone and tendon reflexes. In an attempt to clarify the neurophysiologic changes that may follow a cerebral lesion in man, we have studied patients with recent and with long-standing hemiplegia from cerebral infarction. In patients with recent cerebral lesions, inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration is enhanced. In patients with long-standing cerebral lesions, this inhibitory mechanism is less effective and a comparison of the electrically and mechanically induced monosynaptic reflexes suggests that fusimotor drive may be increased. Related clinical findings are reduced muscle \"tone\" immediately after the lesion and increased muscle \"tone\" and exaggerated tendon jerks in patients with long-standing hemiplegia.", "PMID": 1033482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6388", "title": "On the movement of fluid through the brain of hydrocephalic cats.", "content": "The effects of changes in serum osmolality on the volume flow of fluid into the cerebral ventricles and on brain water content was examined in cats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Slopes of the regression lines relating volume flow and serum osmolality for both normal and hydrocephalic cats are the same. The constant difference in flow rates between the two lines, 7 mul per minute, is probably due to impaired choroid plexuow rates between the two lines, 7 mul per minute, is probably due to impaired choroid plexus function of the hydrocephalic cats. The osmotic pressure gradient that causes the flow of fluid is therefore probably between blood and brain. Under these conditions changes in brain water content of hydrocephalic cats were smaller than in normals and can be related to the edema present in this disorder. Despite the inflammatory response to kaolin, the blood-brain barrier remains intact. From the calculated filtration coefficient, it can be inferred that the flow of water from serum through brain and into cerebrospinal fluid is limited by the resistance of fluid flow through the brain.", "contents": "On the movement of fluid through the brain of hydrocephalic cats. The effects of changes in serum osmolality on the volume flow of fluid into the cerebral ventricles and on brain water content was examined in cats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Slopes of the regression lines relating volume flow and serum osmolality for both normal and hydrocephalic cats are the same. The constant difference in flow rates between the two lines, 7 mul per minute, is probably due to impaired choroid plexuow rates between the two lines, 7 mul per minute, is probably due to impaired choroid plexus function of the hydrocephalic cats. The osmotic pressure gradient that causes the flow of fluid is therefore probably between blood and brain. Under these conditions changes in brain water content of hydrocephalic cats were smaller than in normals and can be related to the edema present in this disorder. Despite the inflammatory response to kaolin, the blood-brain barrier remains intact. From the calculated filtration coefficient, it can be inferred that the flow of water from serum through brain and into cerebrospinal fluid is limited by the resistance of fluid flow through the brain.", "PMID": 1033483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6389", "title": "Efference copy in the control of movement.", "content": "On a two-choice tracking test of normal subjects, numerous false moves were induced when the directional relation between movement of the hand and the response marker was changed. The mean error-correction times were not consistently less than simple reaction times. When the center of the display was screened to eliminate visual feedback, numerous moves were reversed before the marker was visible. The probability of reversing an error was much greater than that of reversing a correct move. The findings are best explained in terms of a central mechanism that uses efference copy to amend errors of movement.", "contents": "Efference copy in the control of movement. On a two-choice tracking test of normal subjects, numerous false moves were induced when the directional relation between movement of the hand and the response marker was changed. The mean error-correction times were not consistently less than simple reaction times. When the center of the display was screened to eliminate visual feedback, numerous moves were reversed before the marker was visible. The probability of reversing an error was much greater than that of reversing a correct move. The findings are best explained in terms of a central mechanism that uses efference copy to amend errors of movement.", "PMID": 1033484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6390", "title": "Brain serotonin concentration and crude synaptosomal uptake in mice with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "The Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by a serotonin platelet defect and neuronal dysfunction. Whole blood serotonin concentration, serotonin brain concentration, and synaptosomal uptake of serotonin were determined in mice with the syndrome. While brain serotonin uptake in the affected mice was not significantly different from that in nonaffected mice, whole blood serotonin concentration was markedly reduced. These data suggest that in human neuropathies with platelet serotonin defect, a parallel neuronal serotonin disorder may not be assumed.", "contents": "Brain serotonin concentration and crude synaptosomal uptake in mice with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by a serotonin platelet defect and neuronal dysfunction. Whole blood serotonin concentration, serotonin brain concentration, and synaptosomal uptake of serotonin were determined in mice with the syndrome. While brain serotonin uptake in the affected mice was not significantly different from that in nonaffected mice, whole blood serotonin concentration was markedly reduced. These data suggest that in human neuropathies with platelet serotonin defect, a parallel neuronal serotonin disorder may not be assumed.", "PMID": 1033485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6391", "title": "Femoral neuropathy during anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Ten cases of acute femoral neuropathy complicating anticoagulant therapy were followed over periods of 1 to 5 years. Most patients had either sensory or motor residual symptoms, but the two patients who had early surgical intervention made rapid recoveries. The danger of parenteral injections or minor trauma to the abdomen, buttocks, or thighs in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Femoral neuropathy during anticoagulant therapy. Ten cases of acute femoral neuropathy complicating anticoagulant therapy were followed over periods of 1 to 5 years. Most patients had either sensory or motor residual symptoms, but the two patients who had early surgical intervention made rapid recoveries. The danger of parenteral injections or minor trauma to the abdomen, buttocks, or thighs in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 1033486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6392", "title": "Bilateral altitudinal anopia caused by infarction of the calcarine cortex.", "content": "The patient reported here had a bilateral inferior altitudinal hemianopia from lesions of the calcarine (striate) cortex of the occipital lobes. The only significant pathologic findings were bilateral calcarine artery occlusive disease, with infarcts of the striate cortex on both sides. The ages of the infarcts appeared compatible with the clinical development of the respective visual field defects. The rest of the visual system was anatomically intact.", "contents": "Bilateral altitudinal anopia caused by infarction of the calcarine cortex. The patient reported here had a bilateral inferior altitudinal hemianopia from lesions of the calcarine (striate) cortex of the occipital lobes. The only significant pathologic findings were bilateral calcarine artery occlusive disease, with infarcts of the striate cortex on both sides. The ages of the infarcts appeared compatible with the clinical development of the respective visual field defects. The rest of the visual system was anatomically intact.", "PMID": 1033487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6393", "title": "Acute bacterial meningitis secondary to gamma hemolytic streptococcus. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Gamma hemolytic streptococcal meningitis in a 17-year-old boy resulted in a severe purulent reaction and death. Review of the literature shows only one other case of a gamma hemolytic streptococcus as the cause of bacterial meningitis in the absence of endocarditis.", "contents": "Acute bacterial meningitis secondary to gamma hemolytic streptococcus. Case report and review of the literature. Gamma hemolytic streptococcal meningitis in a 17-year-old boy resulted in a severe purulent reaction and death. Review of the literature shows only one other case of a gamma hemolytic streptococcus as the cause of bacterial meningitis in the absence of endocarditis.", "PMID": 1033488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6394", "title": "Erythrocyte shape in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "In a controlled and blind study we were not able to identify any abnormality of erythrocytes of eight patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy compared with seven approximately age-matched unaffected siblings (six males, one female step-sibling). Erythrocyte morphology was found to be very sensitive to various types of cell treatment. At this time, erythrocyte morphology, evaluated by the techniques used, should not be considered an established diagnostic test for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient or carrier.", "contents": "Erythrocyte shape in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In a controlled and blind study we were not able to identify any abnormality of erythrocytes of eight patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy compared with seven approximately age-matched unaffected siblings (six males, one female step-sibling). Erythrocyte morphology was found to be very sensitive to various types of cell treatment. At this time, erythrocyte morphology, evaluated by the techniques used, should not be considered an established diagnostic test for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient or carrier.", "PMID": 1033489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6395", "title": "Comparison of radionuclide scans with computer-assisted tomography in diagnosis of intracranial disease.", "content": "Radionuclide brain scans were compared with computer-assisted tomography (CAT) for the diagnosis of intracranial disorders in 297 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in 281 patients who formed the population for the study. The radionuclide scan was false positive for 12 patients (3.9 percent) and false negative for eight (2.6 percent). The CAT was false positive for three patients (1 percent) and false negative for one (0.3 percent). In the 133 patients in whom both tests were negative, no evidence of central nervous system pathology has been found during the 6 to 18 month follow-up. Brain tumors and intracerebral hemorrhage are more readily detectable with CAT.", "contents": "Comparison of radionuclide scans with computer-assisted tomography in diagnosis of intracranial disease. Radionuclide brain scans were compared with computer-assisted tomography (CAT) for the diagnosis of intracranial disorders in 297 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in 281 patients who formed the population for the study. The radionuclide scan was false positive for 12 patients (3.9 percent) and false negative for eight (2.6 percent). The CAT was false positive for three patients (1 percent) and false negative for one (0.3 percent). In the 133 patients in whom both tests were negative, no evidence of central nervous system pathology has been found during the 6 to 18 month follow-up. Brain tumors and intracerebral hemorrhage are more readily detectable with CAT.", "PMID": 1033492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6396", "title": "[Endemic goiter in Nepal. Comparisons with endemic goiter in the Piedmont].", "content": "Comparison of certain features of endemic goitre in the Khumbu district of Nepal and Piedmont is reported. Cases in the younger generations were observed in both areas. In Khumbu, the incidence of goitre in schoolchildren was 75% and cases were even noted in children who had been receiving iodine prophylactic management (injections of iodised oil: 500-1000 mg/yr) for at least three years. The iodine content of drinking water and the most commonly eaten foods was determined. Values were very low and a daily intake of not more than 30 mug was calculated. The findings are in line with metabolic studies carried out by other workers in Upper Khumbu. While it is clear that ambiental iodine deficiency is much higher in Khumbu than in those areas of Piedmont where goitre is most markedly endemic, the inadequacy of preventive iodine administration measures, and environmental features common to both areas, suggest that iodine deficiency is a concomitant factor and not the prime cause of endemic goitre.", "contents": "[Endemic goiter in Nepal. Comparisons with endemic goiter in the Piedmont]. Comparison of certain features of endemic goitre in the Khumbu district of Nepal and Piedmont is reported. Cases in the younger generations were observed in both areas. In Khumbu, the incidence of goitre in schoolchildren was 75% and cases were even noted in children who had been receiving iodine prophylactic management (injections of iodised oil: 500-1000 mg/yr) for at least three years. The iodine content of drinking water and the most commonly eaten foods was determined. Values were very low and a daily intake of not more than 30 mug was calculated. The findings are in line with metabolic studies carried out by other workers in Upper Khumbu. While it is clear that ambiental iodine deficiency is much higher in Khumbu than in those areas of Piedmont where goitre is most markedly endemic, the inadequacy of preventive iodine administration measures, and environmental features common to both areas, suggest that iodine deficiency is a concomitant factor and not the prime cause of endemic goitre.", "PMID": 1033493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6397", "title": "Quantitative assessment of perilymph sources.", "content": "The problem of the perilymph origin--influx of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) versus ultrafiltration within the cochlea--cannot be solved by mere qualitative proofs of tracer passage through the cochlear aqueduct. In order to gain quantitative data on the possible perilymph sources, an experimental study was designed to follow the time course of dye concentrations in the cisternal CSF and in the perilymph after tracer injection into the CSF at the vertex. By comparing the resulting concentration peaks in both fluids, the mean peak of the perilymph tracer concentrations was found to reach 36% of the maximum CSF concentration only. It is concluded that the local perilymph production within the cochlea exceeds the influx of CSF by a ratio of about 2:1. A working hypothesis of the double perilymph origin is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of perilymph sources. The problem of the perilymph origin--influx of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) versus ultrafiltration within the cochlea--cannot be solved by mere qualitative proofs of tracer passage through the cochlear aqueduct. In order to gain quantitative data on the possible perilymph sources, an experimental study was designed to follow the time course of dye concentrations in the cisternal CSF and in the perilymph after tracer injection into the CSF at the vertex. By comparing the resulting concentration peaks in both fluids, the mean peak of the perilymph tracer concentrations was found to reach 36% of the maximum CSF concentration only. It is concluded that the local perilymph production within the cochlea exceeds the influx of CSF by a ratio of about 2:1. A working hypothesis of the double perilymph origin is discussed.", "PMID": 1033500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6398", "title": "Simplified acoustical measurement of tubal opening.", "content": "A device is discussed in which tubal opening as one of the functions of the Eustachian tube can be measured by expressing the opening phenomena acoustically. The features of the present device are the following: introduction of the test sound of 2,000 Hz, 85 dB, SPL, directly to the tubal opening through the tubal catheter and recording of fluctuations of the sound pressure obtained at the external auditory meatus during swallowing. The results of model experiment made of resin were 85 dB, SPL, at the speaker, 76 dB, SPL, at the end of tubal catheter and 78 dB, SPL, at the external auditory meatus. In the model experiment it was also demonstrated that the height of spike waves depends on the extent of tubal opening and that the continuity of spike waves depends on the duration of tubal opening. Furthermore, in the present method, there was no so-called basic amplitude, seemingly due to the resonant effects or the direct passing sound, and the opening phenomena were correctly expressed. In the measurement on normal adults it was found that variability of the spike wave pattern between subjects was largely depending on individual subjects, and also some intra-subject variability of successively recorded spike waves on the same subject was noted. It was shown that gradual recovery of spike wave patterns occurred from initial water swallowing to successive dry swalllowing.", "contents": "Simplified acoustical measurement of tubal opening. A device is discussed in which tubal opening as one of the functions of the Eustachian tube can be measured by expressing the opening phenomena acoustically. The features of the present device are the following: introduction of the test sound of 2,000 Hz, 85 dB, SPL, directly to the tubal opening through the tubal catheter and recording of fluctuations of the sound pressure obtained at the external auditory meatus during swallowing. The results of model experiment made of resin were 85 dB, SPL, at the speaker, 76 dB, SPL, at the end of tubal catheter and 78 dB, SPL, at the external auditory meatus. In the model experiment it was also demonstrated that the height of spike waves depends on the extent of tubal opening and that the continuity of spike waves depends on the duration of tubal opening. Furthermore, in the present method, there was no so-called basic amplitude, seemingly due to the resonant effects or the direct passing sound, and the opening phenomena were correctly expressed. In the measurement on normal adults it was found that variability of the spike wave pattern between subjects was largely depending on individual subjects, and also some intra-subject variability of successively recorded spike waves on the same subject was noted. It was shown that gradual recovery of spike wave patterns occurred from initial water swallowing to successive dry swalllowing.", "PMID": 1033501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6399", "title": "Vertigo and rocking sensation. A clinical analysis.", "content": "A vertigo perceived as a spinning sensation outside the head indicates a somatic vestibular disturbance including a M\u00e9ni\u00e8r's disease. A turning sensation inside the head indicates a functional or vascular disorder while a sensation of unsteadiness often as if being slowly rocked indicates a functional disorder.", "contents": "Vertigo and rocking sensation. A clinical analysis. A vertigo perceived as a spinning sensation outside the head indicates a somatic vestibular disturbance including a M\u00e9ni\u00e8r's disease. A turning sensation inside the head indicates a functional or vascular disorder while a sensation of unsteadiness often as if being slowly rocked indicates a functional disorder.", "PMID": 1033502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6400", "title": "Primary cancer of the larynx associated with primary lung cancer. Report of 21 cases, 14 with autopsy findings and 7 biopsies.", "content": "The present paper reports 21 cases (14 autopsies and 7 biopsies) of associated primary cancers of the larynx and the lung. This association is by no means uncommon, the laryngeal lesion being usually the first to appear. Mulitple primary cancers--of the same or of a different histologic type--tend to occur in the same organ or organ system, either simultaneously or after a time interval. In case of synchronous primary malignant tumour of the larynx and lung the most lethal cancer (the lung cancer) must be managed first. Cancer patients are more likely than other individuals to develop a second primary malignant tumour. Laryngectomized patients should be followed-up possibly by means of cytologic examinations of bronchial secretions and chest X-rays at short intervals for early detection of a possible second primary malignant pulmonary lesion.", "contents": "Primary cancer of the larynx associated with primary lung cancer. Report of 21 cases, 14 with autopsy findings and 7 biopsies. The present paper reports 21 cases (14 autopsies and 7 biopsies) of associated primary cancers of the larynx and the lung. This association is by no means uncommon, the laryngeal lesion being usually the first to appear. Mulitple primary cancers--of the same or of a different histologic type--tend to occur in the same organ or organ system, either simultaneously or after a time interval. In case of synchronous primary malignant tumour of the larynx and lung the most lethal cancer (the lung cancer) must be managed first. Cancer patients are more likely than other individuals to develop a second primary malignant tumour. Laryngectomized patients should be followed-up possibly by means of cytologic examinations of bronchial secretions and chest X-rays at short intervals for early detection of a possible second primary malignant pulmonary lesion.", "PMID": 1033503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6401", "title": "Concentration of immunoglobulins in the tonsils.", "content": "The concentration of various immunoglobulins in the faucial tonsil was determined and expressed as a portion of the total protein centration of IgA rises with age while that of IgM falls. IgE was found to be relatively high and the highest levels of all immunoglobulins examined were noted in hypertrophied tonsils. They were lowest in the atrophic tonsils of children and in adult tonsils. The results are discussed in their relevance to the overall immunological function of the faucial tonsil.", "contents": "Concentration of immunoglobulins in the tonsils. The concentration of various immunoglobulins in the faucial tonsil was determined and expressed as a portion of the total protein centration of IgA rises with age while that of IgM falls. IgE was found to be relatively high and the highest levels of all immunoglobulins examined were noted in hypertrophied tonsils. They were lowest in the atrophic tonsils of children and in adult tonsils. The results are discussed in their relevance to the overall immunological function of the faucial tonsil.", "PMID": 1033504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6402", "title": "Tension pneumothorax: a teaching model.", "content": "A TPT induced in a small rabbit is an excellent teaching model for the treatment of a TPT in the small human neonate. Pediatric housestaff, neonatal nurses, and others have utilized this model to gain confidence and expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of TPT. The rabbit model is inexpensive, readily available, and recreates the clinical condition of a TPT in an educational environment.", "contents": "Tension pneumothorax: a teaching model. A TPT induced in a small rabbit is an excellent teaching model for the treatment of a TPT in the small human neonate. Pediatric housestaff, neonatal nurses, and others have utilized this model to gain confidence and expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of TPT. The rabbit model is inexpensive, readily available, and recreates the clinical condition of a TPT in an educational environment.", "PMID": 1033513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6403", "title": "Leg muscle blood flow during reactive hyperemia. Effects of different body positions, and of subatmospheric pressure.", "content": "In normal man at rest transition from the supine to the upright body position is accompanied by autoregualtion of the blood flow to tissues in the dependent extremities. In 11 young healthy males the influence of postural changes and external pressure changes on the blood flow in the anterior tibial muscle during reactive hyperemia was studied. The muscle blood flow was evaluated by means of the Xenon-133 wash-out technique. Transmural pressure changes in the resistance vessels were estimated by measuring the systolic blood pressure at ankle level, using the strain-gauge plethysmograph technique. The mean leg muscle blood flow increased from 48 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in a body position with the legs elevated 65 cm above heart level, to 101 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in the supine position, and to 151 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in a sitting position with dependent legs 70 cm below heart level. The muscle blood flows increased from 92 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 at ambient pressure to 139 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 at a subatmospheric pressure of -50 mm Hg. The differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Systemic blood pressure measured at heart level did not change during postural changes and external pressure changes. The post-ischemic muscle blood flow was found to increase with the increasing vascular transmural pressure. It is concluded that during reactive hyperemia the normal compensatory vaso-reactions can be inactivated, so that the vessels react passively to changes in the transmural pressure.", "contents": "Leg muscle blood flow during reactive hyperemia. Effects of different body positions, and of subatmospheric pressure. In normal man at rest transition from the supine to the upright body position is accompanied by autoregualtion of the blood flow to tissues in the dependent extremities. In 11 young healthy males the influence of postural changes and external pressure changes on the blood flow in the anterior tibial muscle during reactive hyperemia was studied. The muscle blood flow was evaluated by means of the Xenon-133 wash-out technique. Transmural pressure changes in the resistance vessels were estimated by measuring the systolic blood pressure at ankle level, using the strain-gauge plethysmograph technique. The mean leg muscle blood flow increased from 48 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in a body position with the legs elevated 65 cm above heart level, to 101 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in the supine position, and to 151 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in a sitting position with dependent legs 70 cm below heart level. The muscle blood flows increased from 92 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 at ambient pressure to 139 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 at a subatmospheric pressure of -50 mm Hg. The differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Systemic blood pressure measured at heart level did not change during postural changes and external pressure changes. The post-ischemic muscle blood flow was found to increase with the increasing vascular transmural pressure. It is concluded that during reactive hyperemia the normal compensatory vaso-reactions can be inactivated, so that the vessels react passively to changes in the transmural pressure.", "PMID": 1033515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6404", "title": "Renal intracortical blood flow distribution, function and sodium excretion in response to saline loading of anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs.", "content": "In order to study the effect of anesthesia on the canine response to saline loading, experiments were performed on 10 dogs, first while awake and then during pentobarbital anesthesia. Individual kidney function and intrarenal blood flow response to saline loading (7.5% body weight) were measured in each condition and all data are reported as the average of a single kidney. CIN is considerably reduced under anesthesia (24.7 +/- 3.2 vs. 43.2 +/- 3.9 ml/min, P less than 0.01). A directionally similar reduction of PAH clearance was noted (89 +/- 17 vs. 122 +/- 13 ml/min). The natriuretic response to saline loading of the dogs reached 290 +/- 61 muEq/min while awake, but only 70 +/- 27 muEq/min while anesthetized. No measurable increase of CIN or CPAH occurred in response to saline loading either in the anesthetized or unanesthetized state. The natriuresis was entirely due to a rise of CNA/GFR in both circumstances. The change of CNA/GFR in response to saline load was also appreciably larger while awake (1.2 leads to 4.7% vs. 0.7 leads to 1.8%). Although the fraction of blood flow to the outermost quarter of the kidney was initially the same (31 +/- 3 vs. 29 +/- 3%) awake or anesthetized, the changes with saline loading were in the opposite direction and the values reached were significantly different (37 +/- 3, awake, vs. 27 +/- 3%, P less than 0.05). We conclude that while increased outer cortical blood flow is not necessary for natriuresis, it may occur during sodium loading and may facilitate sodium excretion.", "contents": "Renal intracortical blood flow distribution, function and sodium excretion in response to saline loading of anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. In order to study the effect of anesthesia on the canine response to saline loading, experiments were performed on 10 dogs, first while awake and then during pentobarbital anesthesia. Individual kidney function and intrarenal blood flow response to saline loading (7.5% body weight) were measured in each condition and all data are reported as the average of a single kidney. CIN is considerably reduced under anesthesia (24.7 +/- 3.2 vs. 43.2 +/- 3.9 ml/min, P less than 0.01). A directionally similar reduction of PAH clearance was noted (89 +/- 17 vs. 122 +/- 13 ml/min). The natriuretic response to saline loading of the dogs reached 290 +/- 61 muEq/min while awake, but only 70 +/- 27 muEq/min while anesthetized. No measurable increase of CIN or CPAH occurred in response to saline loading either in the anesthetized or unanesthetized state. The natriuresis was entirely due to a rise of CNA/GFR in both circumstances. The change of CNA/GFR in response to saline load was also appreciably larger while awake (1.2 leads to 4.7% vs. 0.7 leads to 1.8%). Although the fraction of blood flow to the outermost quarter of the kidney was initially the same (31 +/- 3 vs. 29 +/- 3%) awake or anesthetized, the changes with saline loading were in the opposite direction and the values reached were significantly different (37 +/- 3, awake, vs. 27 +/- 3%, P less than 0.05). We conclude that while increased outer cortical blood flow is not necessary for natriuresis, it may occur during sodium loading and may facilitate sodium excretion.", "PMID": 1033514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6405", "title": "Role of conditioned reinforcers in the initiation, maintenance and extinction of drug-seeking behavior.", "content": "The development of a secondary reinforcer as a result of associating a neutral stimulus (buzzer) with intravenous (IV) doses of morpine was studied in rats. Secondary reinforcement developed in the absence of physical dependence and followed the association of the stimulus with either response-contingent or non-contingent injections of morphine. Strength of the conditioned reinforcer, measured in terms of responding on a lever for the stimulus plus infusion of saline solution, was proportional to the unit dosage of morphine employed in pairings of buzzer and drug. When extinction of the lever-press response for IV morphine was conducted (by substituting saline for morphine solution) in the absence of the conditioned reinforcing stimulus, it was seen later that the stimulus could still elicit lever responses, until it too had been present for a sufficient interval of non-reinforced responding. Similarly, extinction of the response for morphine by blocking its action with naloxone in the absence of the stimulus did not eliminate the conditioned reinforcement. Another study showed that a passive, subcutaneous (SC) dose of morphine served to maintain lever-pressing on a contingency of buzzer plus saline infusion. Furthermore, the stimuli resulting from the presence of morphine (after a SC injection) were able to reinstate the lever-responding with only the buzzer-saline contingency when such responses had previously been extinguished. Moreover, it was shown that d-amphetamine could restore responding under the same conditions, and that morphine could also do so for rats in which the primary reinforcer had been d-amphetamine. It is suggested that animal data such as these show that procedures designed for the elimination of human drug-taking behavior must take into account secondary reinforcers as well as the primary reinforcer(s).", "contents": "Role of conditioned reinforcers in the initiation, maintenance and extinction of drug-seeking behavior. The development of a secondary reinforcer as a result of associating a neutral stimulus (buzzer) with intravenous (IV) doses of morpine was studied in rats. Secondary reinforcement developed in the absence of physical dependence and followed the association of the stimulus with either response-contingent or non-contingent injections of morphine. Strength of the conditioned reinforcer, measured in terms of responding on a lever for the stimulus plus infusion of saline solution, was proportional to the unit dosage of morphine employed in pairings of buzzer and drug. When extinction of the lever-press response for IV morphine was conducted (by substituting saline for morphine solution) in the absence of the conditioned reinforcing stimulus, it was seen later that the stimulus could still elicit lever responses, until it too had been present for a sufficient interval of non-reinforced responding. Similarly, extinction of the response for morphine by blocking its action with naloxone in the absence of the stimulus did not eliminate the conditioned reinforcement. Another study showed that a passive, subcutaneous (SC) dose of morphine served to maintain lever-pressing on a contingency of buzzer plus saline infusion. Furthermore, the stimuli resulting from the presence of morphine (after a SC injection) were able to reinstate the lever-responding with only the buzzer-saline contingency when such responses had previously been extinguished. Moreover, it was shown that d-amphetamine could restore responding under the same conditions, and that morphine could also do so for rats in which the primary reinforcer had been d-amphetamine. It is suggested that animal data such as these show that procedures designed for the elimination of human drug-taking behavior must take into account secondary reinforcers as well as the primary reinforcer(s).", "PMID": 1033507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6406", "title": "Passive stress relaxation followed by active contracture in vertebrate smooth muscles (taenia coli of the guinea pig).", "content": "1. The time course of stress relaxation following stretch was investigated in the taenia coli of the guinea pig in the relaxed (Ca2+ free bath solution with D 600) and in the contracted state (depolarization by KCl or K2SO4 in excess). The mechanical tension was standardized with respect to the volume of the samples. 2. The tension obtained by a constant stretch of 2.5 mm of the 5-15 mm samples was highest after K2SO4-depolarization (K+ = 180 mval/l) and lowest in the relaxed muscles. Muscles contracted by KCl in escess (K+ = 60 mval/l) showed intermediate values. 3. The decrease of tension by stress relaxation to a nearly constant residual value is rapidly observed in contracted muscles during about 10 s. For the relaxed muscles the same changes are slower and take place in nearly 1/2 h. 4. The relations between the extent of stress relaxation (R) and its derivative in time (dR/dt) can be expressed by a hyperbolic function. Analogous behaviour was already noted in previous studies primarily on creep. 5. The different behaviour of the muscle in the different bath solutions used is discussed with respect to the mathematical relations just mentioned. 6. Long term active reactions of depolarized muscles following stretch and stress relaxation are noted.", "contents": "Passive stress relaxation followed by active contracture in vertebrate smooth muscles (taenia coli of the guinea pig). 1. The time course of stress relaxation following stretch was investigated in the taenia coli of the guinea pig in the relaxed (Ca2+ free bath solution with D 600) and in the contracted state (depolarization by KCl or K2SO4 in excess). The mechanical tension was standardized with respect to the volume of the samples. 2. The tension obtained by a constant stretch of 2.5 mm of the 5-15 mm samples was highest after K2SO4-depolarization (K+ = 180 mval/l) and lowest in the relaxed muscles. Muscles contracted by KCl in escess (K+ = 60 mval/l) showed intermediate values. 3. The decrease of tension by stress relaxation to a nearly constant residual value is rapidly observed in contracted muscles during about 10 s. For the relaxed muscles the same changes are slower and take place in nearly 1/2 h. 4. The relations between the extent of stress relaxation (R) and its derivative in time (dR/dt) can be expressed by a hyperbolic function. Analogous behaviour was already noted in previous studies primarily on creep. 5. The different behaviour of the muscle in the different bath solutions used is discussed with respect to the mathematical relations just mentioned. 6. Long term active reactions of depolarized muscles following stretch and stress relaxation are noted.", "PMID": 1033516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6407", "title": "Effects of acute cold exposure on the distribution of cardiac output in the sheep.", "content": "Conscious adult Merino sheep were studied in a thermoneutral environment and then during cold exposure. Microspheres labelled with 141Ce, 51Cr, 85Sr, and 46Sc were used to measure blood flow (Q) in most tissues of the body. (Microspheres labelled with 125I were found to be unsatisfactory.) Cold exposure which caused a marked decrease in skin surface temperature and mild, continuous shivering but no change in deep body temperature, was associated with mean increases in oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output (C.O.) of 100%, 62%, and 48%, respectively; blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were unchanged. There was approximately a 6-fold increase in Q in perirenal white adipose tissue, and a 3- to 4-fold increase in muscles of the upper foreleg and hindleg, and the intercostals; myocardial Q also increased significantly. There was a marked decrease in Q in skin of the legs and ears, in the maxillo turbinals and in the nasal mucosa, and a decrease in the total proportion of C.O. passing through arteriovenous anastomoses. Thus, not only did C.O. increase, but there was a redistribution appropriate to meet the challenge with which the animal was confronted.", "contents": "Effects of acute cold exposure on the distribution of cardiac output in the sheep. Conscious adult Merino sheep were studied in a thermoneutral environment and then during cold exposure. Microspheres labelled with 141Ce, 51Cr, 85Sr, and 46Sc were used to measure blood flow (Q) in most tissues of the body. (Microspheres labelled with 125I were found to be unsatisfactory.) Cold exposure which caused a marked decrease in skin surface temperature and mild, continuous shivering but no change in deep body temperature, was associated with mean increases in oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output (C.O.) of 100%, 62%, and 48%, respectively; blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were unchanged. There was approximately a 6-fold increase in Q in perirenal white adipose tissue, and a 3- to 4-fold increase in muscles of the upper foreleg and hindleg, and the intercostals; myocardial Q also increased significantly. There was a marked decrease in Q in skin of the legs and ears, in the maxillo turbinals and in the nasal mucosa, and a decrease in the total proportion of C.O. passing through arteriovenous anastomoses. Thus, not only did C.O. increase, but there was a redistribution appropriate to meet the challenge with which the animal was confronted.", "PMID": 1033517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6408", "title": "Alleviation of narcotic withdrawal syndrome by conditional stimuli.", "content": "We systematically paired auditory, olfactory, and social stimuli with each injection of morphine in rats. We found that, when morphine was kept constant at a low dose, the external stimuli acquired the property of a conditional stimulus (CS) to cause hyperthermia which was antagonized by naloxone. In rats in which morphine doses were regularly increased to cause morphine dependence, the CS presented during withdrawal, caused reduction in withdrawal signs (wet shakes, hypothermia, aggression) and produced hyperglycemia as well as elevation of striatal homovanillic acid. CS-induced alleviation of withdrawal hypothermia was blocked by mecamylamine, phenoxybenzamine, haloperidol, benztropine or naloxone but not by cyproheptadine or propranolol.", "contents": "Alleviation of narcotic withdrawal syndrome by conditional stimuli. We systematically paired auditory, olfactory, and social stimuli with each injection of morphine in rats. We found that, when morphine was kept constant at a low dose, the external stimuli acquired the property of a conditional stimulus (CS) to cause hyperthermia which was antagonized by naloxone. In rats in which morphine doses were regularly increased to cause morphine dependence, the CS presented during withdrawal, caused reduction in withdrawal signs (wet shakes, hypothermia, aggression) and produced hyperglycemia as well as elevation of striatal homovanillic acid. CS-induced alleviation of withdrawal hypothermia was blocked by mecamylamine, phenoxybenzamine, haloperidol, benztropine or naloxone but not by cyproheptadine or propranolol.", "PMID": 1033508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6409", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of gastric acid secretion by hypertonic solutions and vasopressin.", "content": "An experiment was performed in female rats in order to assess the influence and mechanism underlying the effects of hyperglycemia, hypertonic saline and vasopressin upon the gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow (MBF). Infusion of isotonic saline did not alter acid output and gastric clearance of plasma aminopyrine whereas hypertonic solutions (20% glucose or 3% NaCl) significantly increased plasma osmolality and decreased the acid secretion within 30 min and recovered to normal levels after 2 h. Vasopressin also effectively inhibited acid secretion. Both hypertonic solutions and vasopressin decreased the mucosal blood flow. However, the ratio (R) of MBF to gastric secretory rate which is a helpful guide to the mechanism of secretory inhibition did not significantly change in either case. We concluded that all three agents probably had a direct action on secretion rather than decreasing MBF. The mechanism of inhabition of acid secretion and its relationship to MBF was suggested and discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of gastric acid secretion by hypertonic solutions and vasopressin. An experiment was performed in female rats in order to assess the influence and mechanism underlying the effects of hyperglycemia, hypertonic saline and vasopressin upon the gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow (MBF). Infusion of isotonic saline did not alter acid output and gastric clearance of plasma aminopyrine whereas hypertonic solutions (20% glucose or 3% NaCl) significantly increased plasma osmolality and decreased the acid secretion within 30 min and recovered to normal levels after 2 h. Vasopressin also effectively inhibited acid secretion. Both hypertonic solutions and vasopressin decreased the mucosal blood flow. However, the ratio (R) of MBF to gastric secretory rate which is a helpful guide to the mechanism of secretory inhibition did not significantly change in either case. We concluded that all three agents probably had a direct action on secretion rather than decreasing MBF. The mechanism of inhabition of acid secretion and its relationship to MBF was suggested and discussed.", "PMID": 1033518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6410", "title": "Acclimatization of rats to moderate heat: body water distribution and adaptability of the submaxillary salivary gland.", "content": "Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were studied in rats during exposure to 35 degree C for 28 days. In addition the adaptability of the submaxillary salivary gland to these conditions was studied by measuring its weight, plasma and extracellular volumes during the acclimatization period. Major changes in parameters studied occurred during the first 10 days of acclimatization. Total plasma volume on day 10 was less than in controls (P = 0.02), but from then on returned to normal values. Extracellular fluid volume was expanded for most of the period. An enlargement of the submaxillary salivary gland was present during the whole period, but maximal enlargement was observed on day 10 (42%). On day 28 the gland was 14% larger. No changes in plasma and extracellular volumes of the gland were observed. It appears that due to redistribution of the blood pool at the beginning of heat exposure, plasma and extracellular volumes remain constant.", "contents": "Acclimatization of rats to moderate heat: body water distribution and adaptability of the submaxillary salivary gland. Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were studied in rats during exposure to 35 degree C for 28 days. In addition the adaptability of the submaxillary salivary gland to these conditions was studied by measuring its weight, plasma and extracellular volumes during the acclimatization period. Major changes in parameters studied occurred during the first 10 days of acclimatization. Total plasma volume on day 10 was less than in controls (P = 0.02), but from then on returned to normal values. Extracellular fluid volume was expanded for most of the period. An enlargement of the submaxillary salivary gland was present during the whole period, but maximal enlargement was observed on day 10 (42%). On day 28 the gland was 14% larger. No changes in plasma and extracellular volumes of the gland were observed. It appears that due to redistribution of the blood pool at the beginning of heat exposure, plasma and extracellular volumes remain constant.", "PMID": 1033519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6411", "title": "The influence of cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, temperature and sodium on membrane conductance and potential of crayfish giant axons.", "content": "1. The resting membrane potential and the current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons before and after treatment with cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, extracellular sodium depletion and low temperature. 2. The membrane resistance of axons treated with cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, and low extracellular sodium was reduced by 30-53% depending on the treatment. Low temperature also caused a decrease in the membrane resistance of the axon but the decrease was limited to potentials around the resting membrane potential. The temperature response of sodium depleted or ouabain treated axons was an increase in resistance at all points along the current-voltage relation. 3. All inhibitors and low temperature caused a depolarization of the membrane potential. Ouabain and strophanthidin were the most effective, reducing the membrane potential by an average of 9.6 mV in 10-20 min. Low sodium did not cause a depolarization but consistently reduced the membrane resistance by an average of 30%. 4. The data suggest that there is an interaction between the activity of the ouabain-sensitive transport system and resting membrane resistance in the crayfish axon.", "contents": "The influence of cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, temperature and sodium on membrane conductance and potential of crayfish giant axons. 1. The resting membrane potential and the current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons before and after treatment with cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, extracellular sodium depletion and low temperature. 2. The membrane resistance of axons treated with cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, and low extracellular sodium was reduced by 30-53% depending on the treatment. Low temperature also caused a decrease in the membrane resistance of the axon but the decrease was limited to potentials around the resting membrane potential. The temperature response of sodium depleted or ouabain treated axons was an increase in resistance at all points along the current-voltage relation. 3. All inhibitors and low temperature caused a depolarization of the membrane potential. Ouabain and strophanthidin were the most effective, reducing the membrane potential by an average of 9.6 mV in 10-20 min. Low sodium did not cause a depolarization but consistently reduced the membrane resistance by an average of 30%. 4. The data suggest that there is an interaction between the activity of the ouabain-sensitive transport system and resting membrane resistance in the crayfish axon.", "PMID": 1033520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6412", "title": "The influence of chloride on the ouabain-sensitive membrane potential and conductance of crayfish giant axons.", "content": "1. Resting potential and current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons bathed in chloride-free and sodium-free solutions with and without ouabain. 2. Chloride-free solution caused a transient depolarization but did not alter the steady-state membrane potential. Utilizing isethionate as an anion substitute, the membrane resistance increased 12.5%. 3. In the absence of extracellular chloride, ouabain (0.5-1 mM) depolarized the axon 6-7 mV. The shape of the current-voltage relation did not change but the curve was shifted along the current axis. 4. These results indicate that ouabain inhibits a steady-state hyperpolarizing electrogenic pump current of approximately 3 muA/cm2. 5. Extracellular sodium removal from axons equilibrated in chloride-free solutions transiently hyperpolarized the membrane 6-7 mV without a change in membrane resistance. The transient hyperpolarization was ouabain and temperature sensitive. The steady-state potential reached in sodium-free and chloride-free solution was not ouabain sensitive. Temperature sensitivity of the steady-state membrane potential was greatly reduced. 6. The transient hyperpolarization produced by extracellular sodium removal was metabolically driven and may present the expression of a sodium efflux transport current of 7.0-7.5 muA/cm2. 7. Using electrophysiologically measured parameters, sodium and potassium conductance, influx and efflux currents and the coupling ratio for sodium/potassium transport are calculated from a modification of the conductance equation. 8. The sodium/potassium transport coupling ratio for steady-state conditions was estimated at 5:3 (1.67:1).", "contents": "The influence of chloride on the ouabain-sensitive membrane potential and conductance of crayfish giant axons. 1. Resting potential and current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons bathed in chloride-free and sodium-free solutions with and without ouabain. 2. Chloride-free solution caused a transient depolarization but did not alter the steady-state membrane potential. Utilizing isethionate as an anion substitute, the membrane resistance increased 12.5%. 3. In the absence of extracellular chloride, ouabain (0.5-1 mM) depolarized the axon 6-7 mV. The shape of the current-voltage relation did not change but the curve was shifted along the current axis. 4. These results indicate that ouabain inhibits a steady-state hyperpolarizing electrogenic pump current of approximately 3 muA/cm2. 5. Extracellular sodium removal from axons equilibrated in chloride-free solutions transiently hyperpolarized the membrane 6-7 mV without a change in membrane resistance. The transient hyperpolarization was ouabain and temperature sensitive. The steady-state potential reached in sodium-free and chloride-free solution was not ouabain sensitive. Temperature sensitivity of the steady-state membrane potential was greatly reduced. 6. The transient hyperpolarization produced by extracellular sodium removal was metabolically driven and may present the expression of a sodium efflux transport current of 7.0-7.5 muA/cm2. 7. Using electrophysiologically measured parameters, sodium and potassium conductance, influx and efflux currents and the coupling ratio for sodium/potassium transport are calculated from a modification of the conductance equation. 8. The sodium/potassium transport coupling ratio for steady-state conditions was estimated at 5:3 (1.67:1).", "PMID": 1033521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6413", "title": "Use of endogenous triglycerides to support gluconeogenesis in the perfused isolated rat liver.", "content": "The carbon balances in isolated perfused rat liver during gluconeogenesis from L-alanine and sodium L-lactate indicate that assuming the substrate unaccounted for were fully oxidized the energy yielded was not sufficient to support the observed rates of glucose synthesis. This observation indicates that endogenous substrates must also be oxidized. The possibility that endogenous fatty acid oxidation was the source of the energy needed to support glucose synthesis was investigated by measuring the rate of 14CO2 formation from tracer quantities of added [U-14C] palmitate. Short pulses of L-alanine or sodium L-lactate infusion produced an increased rate of 14CO2 production paralleled by increases in oxygen uptake indicating that more endogenous fuel is being mobilized. That the rate of 14CO2 output is an expression of fatty acid mobilization was supported by experiments demonstrating that the addition of octanoate to dilute the fatty acid pool produced an immediate fall in the rate of 14CO2 output. On the other hand, the administration of glucose produced no changes in oxygen uptake or 14CO2 output. However, lactate even in the presence of glucose induced a rise in 14CO2 production which occurred in parallel with the enhancement in oxygen uptake. It is concluded that mobilization of hepatic endogenous fatty acid is a metabolic event intimately associated with enhancement of gluconeogenesis. Consequently the control of the different steps of this process may indirectly control gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Use of endogenous triglycerides to support gluconeogenesis in the perfused isolated rat liver. The carbon balances in isolated perfused rat liver during gluconeogenesis from L-alanine and sodium L-lactate indicate that assuming the substrate unaccounted for were fully oxidized the energy yielded was not sufficient to support the observed rates of glucose synthesis. This observation indicates that endogenous substrates must also be oxidized. The possibility that endogenous fatty acid oxidation was the source of the energy needed to support glucose synthesis was investigated by measuring the rate of 14CO2 formation from tracer quantities of added [U-14C] palmitate. Short pulses of L-alanine or sodium L-lactate infusion produced an increased rate of 14CO2 production paralleled by increases in oxygen uptake indicating that more endogenous fuel is being mobilized. That the rate of 14CO2 output is an expression of fatty acid mobilization was supported by experiments demonstrating that the addition of octanoate to dilute the fatty acid pool produced an immediate fall in the rate of 14CO2 output. On the other hand, the administration of glucose produced no changes in oxygen uptake or 14CO2 output. However, lactate even in the presence of glucose induced a rise in 14CO2 production which occurred in parallel with the enhancement in oxygen uptake. It is concluded that mobilization of hepatic endogenous fatty acid is a metabolic event intimately associated with enhancement of gluconeogenesis. Consequently the control of the different steps of this process may indirectly control gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 1033522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6414", "title": "The effect of capsa\u00efcin on temperature regulation of the rat.", "content": "1. Subcutaneous injection of capsa\u00efcin (6-11 mg, or 21-66 mg cumulative), permanently reduced the capacity of rats to withstand a hot environment, as described by Jancs\u00f3-G\u00e1bor et al. (1970). 2. The treated rats thermoregulatory behaviour was not different from that of control rats, both in hot and cold environments. 3. Saliva secretion was decreased in a hot environment, and the weight of the submaxillary glands was reduced in capsa\u00efcinized rats. 4. It is concluded that hyperthermia present in treated rats when subjected to a warm environment is not due to a disruption of sensu stricto temperature regulation, but rather to a decreased salivary secretion. Whether this decrease has a central or a peripheral origin is not known.", "contents": "The effect of capsa\u00efcin on temperature regulation of the rat. 1. Subcutaneous injection of capsa\u00efcin (6-11 mg, or 21-66 mg cumulative), permanently reduced the capacity of rats to withstand a hot environment, as described by Jancs\u00f3-G\u00e1bor et al. (1970). 2. The treated rats thermoregulatory behaviour was not different from that of control rats, both in hot and cold environments. 3. Saliva secretion was decreased in a hot environment, and the weight of the submaxillary glands was reduced in capsa\u00efcinized rats. 4. It is concluded that hyperthermia present in treated rats when subjected to a warm environment is not due to a disruption of sensu stricto temperature regulation, but rather to a decreased salivary secretion. Whether this decrease has a central or a peripheral origin is not known.", "PMID": 1033523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6415", "title": "The effect of heart rate on the membrane responsiveness of rabbit atrial muscle.", "content": "The maximum rate of rise of action potentials in myocardial fibers of the rabbit atrium decreases with an increase in heart rate. This decrease of the dV/dt max is accompanied by a decrease of the diastolic transmembrane potential prior to the moment of activation (take-off potential). Comparison of the membrane responsiveness curve (relation between dV/dt max and take-off potential) as measured by varying the extracellular potassium concentration at a fixed rate of stimulation, with the effect of changes in the frequency of stimulation on dV/dt max and take-off potential made clear that the fall in dV/dt max after a sudden increase in heart rate was stronger than could be explained by the concomitant decrease of the take-off potential alone. This implicates that the membrane responsiveness itself is heart rate dependent. A possible explanation for this observation is that when heart rate is increased the active Na/K pump is not able to maintain the intracellular concentration of Na and K at the original level. Acceleration of the heart will lead to an intracellular loss of potassium and a gain of sodium. The first causes a diminishment of the diastolic membrane potential which according to the membrane responsiveness curve is attended with a decrease of the dV/dt max. The second results in a decrease of the sodium concentration gradient and therefore in a further reduction of the dV/dt max. This hypothesis was confirmed by experiments with ouabain added to the perfusion fluid. Ouabain, which is known to inhibit the Na/K pump, caused a decrease of both the take-off potential and dV/dt max that was completely comparable with the effects of an increase of the frequency of stimulation. In addition, observation of the time course of the changes in dV/dt max and membrane \"resting\" potential after a sudden change in the rate of stimulation, gave support to the electrogenic concept of the active Na/K pump in cardiac muscle.", "contents": "The effect of heart rate on the membrane responsiveness of rabbit atrial muscle. The maximum rate of rise of action potentials in myocardial fibers of the rabbit atrium decreases with an increase in heart rate. This decrease of the dV/dt max is accompanied by a decrease of the diastolic transmembrane potential prior to the moment of activation (take-off potential). Comparison of the membrane responsiveness curve (relation between dV/dt max and take-off potential) as measured by varying the extracellular potassium concentration at a fixed rate of stimulation, with the effect of changes in the frequency of stimulation on dV/dt max and take-off potential made clear that the fall in dV/dt max after a sudden increase in heart rate was stronger than could be explained by the concomitant decrease of the take-off potential alone. This implicates that the membrane responsiveness itself is heart rate dependent. A possible explanation for this observation is that when heart rate is increased the active Na/K pump is not able to maintain the intracellular concentration of Na and K at the original level. Acceleration of the heart will lead to an intracellular loss of potassium and a gain of sodium. The first causes a diminishment of the diastolic membrane potential which according to the membrane responsiveness curve is attended with a decrease of the dV/dt max. The second results in a decrease of the sodium concentration gradient and therefore in a further reduction of the dV/dt max. This hypothesis was confirmed by experiments with ouabain added to the perfusion fluid. Ouabain, which is known to inhibit the Na/K pump, caused a decrease of both the take-off potential and dV/dt max that was completely comparable with the effects of an increase of the frequency of stimulation. In addition, observation of the time course of the changes in dV/dt max and membrane \"resting\" potential after a sudden change in the rate of stimulation, gave support to the electrogenic concept of the active Na/K pump in cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 1033524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6416", "title": "Oxygen transport capacity of the capillary blood within the carotid body.", "content": "Local deltaPo2 deltat in the carotid body after perfusion stop depends on the oxygen consumption of the tissue and the apparent O2 solubility coefficient alpha of the blood. Oxygen consumption of the carotid body tissue can be determined by measuring the local deltaPo2 deltat with Po2 needle electrodes after Krebs-Henseleit perfusion. Assuming the same deltaPo2 deltat for the blood-perfused carotid body the actual Po2 decrease can be used to estimate the hemoglobin content of the tissue. The influence of hemoglobin is described by the factor alpha/alpha. Control values measured in the Krebs-Henseleit-perfused carotid body yielded values of alpha/alpha = 0.8-3. In a series of 11 blood-perfused carotid body preparations with 105 perfusion stops the quotient alpha/alpha changed with arterial Po2. At Po2 values higher than 100 Torr alpha/alpha was between 0.8 and 2. This value thus was in the same range as the control values. Below 100 Torr higher values up to 11 were observed. Since a blood-perfused tissue (15 g% Hb) would have an alpha/alpha of about 128, we conclude that the carotid body is mainly perfused by plasma, and that with decreasing arterial Po2 more red cells flowed through the carotid body.", "contents": "Oxygen transport capacity of the capillary blood within the carotid body. Local deltaPo2 deltat in the carotid body after perfusion stop depends on the oxygen consumption of the tissue and the apparent O2 solubility coefficient alpha of the blood. Oxygen consumption of the carotid body tissue can be determined by measuring the local deltaPo2 deltat with Po2 needle electrodes after Krebs-Henseleit perfusion. Assuming the same deltaPo2 deltat for the blood-perfused carotid body the actual Po2 decrease can be used to estimate the hemoglobin content of the tissue. The influence of hemoglobin is described by the factor alpha/alpha. Control values measured in the Krebs-Henseleit-perfused carotid body yielded values of alpha/alpha = 0.8-3. In a series of 11 blood-perfused carotid body preparations with 105 perfusion stops the quotient alpha/alpha changed with arterial Po2. At Po2 values higher than 100 Torr alpha/alpha was between 0.8 and 2. This value thus was in the same range as the control values. Below 100 Torr higher values up to 11 were observed. Since a blood-perfused tissue (15 g% Hb) would have an alpha/alpha of about 128, we conclude that the carotid body is mainly perfused by plasma, and that with decreasing arterial Po2 more red cells flowed through the carotid body.", "PMID": 1033525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6417", "title": "Lactate oxidation by skeletal muscle during sustained contraction in vivo.", "content": "Estimation of lactate oxidation in vivo was carried out by a tracer technique in the muscles of the lower hindleg of the dog during tetani of different duration. The fractional (%) rate of lactate oxidation increased markedly, compared with that of the resting muscle, after the first 2 min of stimulation. Lactate oxidation afforded a large contribution to the total oxygen consumption. Fatigue appeared to play a role in limiting lactate oxidation in the later phase of sustained contraction.", "contents": "Lactate oxidation by skeletal muscle during sustained contraction in vivo. Estimation of lactate oxidation in vivo was carried out by a tracer technique in the muscles of the lower hindleg of the dog during tetani of different duration. The fractional (%) rate of lactate oxidation increased markedly, compared with that of the resting muscle, after the first 2 min of stimulation. Lactate oxidation afforded a large contribution to the total oxygen consumption. Fatigue appeared to play a role in limiting lactate oxidation in the later phase of sustained contraction.", "PMID": 1033526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6418", "title": "A time- and voltage-dependent potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments were conducted in the rabbit sinoatrial node (S-A node) using the double microelectrode technique. When the membrane was repolarized to the resting potential after depolarizing test pulses, the outward current slowly decayed to the steady level (outward current tail). The magnitude of the outward current tail was a sigmoid function of the amplitude of the preceding depolarization. The degree of activation of this current varied from 0 at about -50 mV to 1 at about +20 mV. The time course of the current change was a simple exponential and was independent of the preceding depolarization. The reciprocal time constant appeared to be a U-shaped function of the membrane potential with a minimum value of about 3s-1 at -40 mV. The instantaneous current voltage relation was an inward-going rectifier, but showed no detectable negative slope. The reversal potential, obtained between 10 and 50 mM [K]o, decreased with a slope of 58 mV for a 10-fold increase in [K]o. These findings indicate that the outward current tail in the S-A node cell is attributable to a single component of K current (pacemaker current component). The pacemaker current component is mainly responsible for the slow diastolic depolarization.", "contents": "A time- and voltage-dependent potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Voltage clamp experiments were conducted in the rabbit sinoatrial node (S-A node) using the double microelectrode technique. When the membrane was repolarized to the resting potential after depolarizing test pulses, the outward current slowly decayed to the steady level (outward current tail). The magnitude of the outward current tail was a sigmoid function of the amplitude of the preceding depolarization. The degree of activation of this current varied from 0 at about -50 mV to 1 at about +20 mV. The time course of the current change was a simple exponential and was independent of the preceding depolarization. The reciprocal time constant appeared to be a U-shaped function of the membrane potential with a minimum value of about 3s-1 at -40 mV. The instantaneous current voltage relation was an inward-going rectifier, but showed no detectable negative slope. The reversal potential, obtained between 10 and 50 mM [K]o, decreased with a slope of 58 mV for a 10-fold increase in [K]o. These findings indicate that the outward current tail in the S-A node cell is attributable to a single component of K current (pacemaker current component). The pacemaker current component is mainly responsible for the slow diastolic depolarization.", "PMID": 1033527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6419", "title": "Evolution in vivo of the synthesis rate of catecholamines in various peripheral organs of the rat during cold exposure.", "content": "The synthesis of catecholamines (CA) has been studied in the heart, spleen, submaxillary glands and adrenals of rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 2.5, 24 or 48 h. The synthesis rate has been estimated 30 min after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY) by the evaluation of the ratio: 3H-CA specific activity/3H-TY specific activity. In the sub-maxillary glands, cold exposure reduced the noradrenaline (NA) synthesis by 40% at times 24 and 48 h. In the spleen, NA synthesis was multiplied by a factor 1.6 at times 2.5 and 24 h and 2.8 at time 48 h. In the heart, it was increased by a factor 1.3 after 2.5 h, 2.8 after 24 h and 5.5 after 48 h: an important fall in cardiac NA level was observed during the first 24 h of cold exposure indicating that the synthesis capability was unsufficient to compensate the cold-induced NA release. In the adrenals, adrenaline + NA synthesis was not significantly enhanced during the first 24 h of cold exposure and increased by a factor 2.4 at time 48 h. The important increases in CA synthesis which are observed during the 24-48 h interval are likely consecutive to the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase which has been reported in the rat exposed to cold.", "contents": "Evolution in vivo of the synthesis rate of catecholamines in various peripheral organs of the rat during cold exposure. The synthesis of catecholamines (CA) has been studied in the heart, spleen, submaxillary glands and adrenals of rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 2.5, 24 or 48 h. The synthesis rate has been estimated 30 min after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY) by the evaluation of the ratio: 3H-CA specific activity/3H-TY specific activity. In the sub-maxillary glands, cold exposure reduced the noradrenaline (NA) synthesis by 40% at times 24 and 48 h. In the spleen, NA synthesis was multiplied by a factor 1.6 at times 2.5 and 24 h and 2.8 at time 48 h. In the heart, it was increased by a factor 1.3 after 2.5 h, 2.8 after 24 h and 5.5 after 48 h: an important fall in cardiac NA level was observed during the first 24 h of cold exposure indicating that the synthesis capability was unsufficient to compensate the cold-induced NA release. In the adrenals, adrenaline + NA synthesis was not significantly enhanced during the first 24 h of cold exposure and increased by a factor 2.4 at time 48 h. The important increases in CA synthesis which are observed during the 24-48 h interval are likely consecutive to the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase which has been reported in the rat exposed to cold.", "PMID": 1033528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6420", "title": "Simple and stable techniques for recording slow-wave sleep.", "content": "1. A combination technique of a telemetric system and a Walter-type analyzer have been used in the rat to allow on-line display of the sleep-waking cycle of a freely-moving animal on three consecutive days. 2. The characteristics of slow-wave sleep can be analyzed completely by this technique. 3. Telemetric recording of the integrated slow wave is a good method that allows faster and accurate scoring of slow waves to measure the length of sleep in freely-moving animals.", "contents": "Simple and stable techniques for recording slow-wave sleep. 1. A combination technique of a telemetric system and a Walter-type analyzer have been used in the rat to allow on-line display of the sleep-waking cycle of a freely-moving animal on three consecutive days. 2. The characteristics of slow-wave sleep can be analyzed completely by this technique. 3. Telemetric recording of the integrated slow wave is a good method that allows faster and accurate scoring of slow waves to measure the length of sleep in freely-moving animals.", "PMID": 1033529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6421", "title": "Referencing procedure for location of lumbosacral alpha-motoneurons.", "content": "This report presents a simple referencing procedure to facilitate microelectrode positioning within a desired motor nucleus in the cat spinal cord. The procedure is used in conjunction with the conventional technique of interpreting microelectrode position in the ventral gray column on the basis of the relative amplitude of antidromically or orthodromically evoked field potentials from select motor nuclei. The procedure optimizes the use of a single surface anatomical landmark such that the nuclei can be quantitatively referenced both horizontally and sagitally.", "contents": "Referencing procedure for location of lumbosacral alpha-motoneurons. This report presents a simple referencing procedure to facilitate microelectrode positioning within a desired motor nucleus in the cat spinal cord. The procedure is used in conjunction with the conventional technique of interpreting microelectrode position in the ventral gray column on the basis of the relative amplitude of antidromically or orthodromically evoked field potentials from select motor nuclei. The procedure optimizes the use of a single surface anatomical landmark such that the nuclei can be quantitatively referenced both horizontally and sagitally.", "PMID": 1033530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6422", "title": "Single nephron glomerular filtration rate ratios of superficial, intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in rats during development.", "content": "In 20, 40 and 60-day-old rats the filtration rate was studied using Baines modification of Hanssen's Na4Fe (14CN)6 method enabeling the determination of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) ratio between superficial (S), intercortical (I) and juxtamedullary (J) nephrons. The proximal tubule lengths were determined as well. A close correlation was obtained between age and S/I, I/J and S/J of proximal tubule lengths and between age and I/J, S/J 14C-activities of ferro-cyanide. Presented findings confirm the data on the increasing role of superficial nephrons in the course of postnatal development of rat.", "contents": "Single nephron glomerular filtration rate ratios of superficial, intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in rats during development. In 20, 40 and 60-day-old rats the filtration rate was studied using Baines modification of Hanssen's Na4Fe (14CN)6 method enabeling the determination of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) ratio between superficial (S), intercortical (I) and juxtamedullary (J) nephrons. The proximal tubule lengths were determined as well. A close correlation was obtained between age and S/I, I/J and S/J of proximal tubule lengths and between age and I/J, S/J 14C-activities of ferro-cyanide. Presented findings confirm the data on the increasing role of superficial nephrons in the course of postnatal development of rat.", "PMID": 1033531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6423", "title": "Observations on blood flow related electrical impedance changes in rigid tubes.", "content": "Mammalian blood in pulsatile flow through a rigid tube has been shown to be anisotropic with regard to its electrical conductivity. When flow increases there is a rise in conductivity in the longitudinal and a fall in the radial direction. These changes are caused by flow-dependent variations in the orientation of the disk-shaped erythrocytes.", "contents": "Observations on blood flow related electrical impedance changes in rigid tubes. Mammalian blood in pulsatile flow through a rigid tube has been shown to be anisotropic with regard to its electrical conductivity. When flow increases there is a rise in conductivity in the longitudinal and a fall in the radial direction. These changes are caused by flow-dependent variations in the orientation of the disk-shaped erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1033532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6424", "title": "[The cell count in milk of goats].", "content": "Weekly milk samples were taken from mammary halves from 30 goats from 8 different herds each with from 2 to 5 experimental animals throughout their lactation periods. The physiological variations in the cell counts of goats milk during lactation were investigated by a projection microscope. Only small variations were found in the average cell counts in milk samples from goats in the same herd, but big variations from one herd to another (Table I and Fig. 3.). The curves of the average cell counts in milk samples of 5 herds showed a rise at the beginning of the season at pasture (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Also in the housed periods the cell count showed transitory rises. The herd with the lowest average cell count (220,000/ml) was milked by an ordinary bucket milking system, while the herd with the highest average cell count (1,490,000/ml) was milked by a pipeline milking system. Five herds milked by machine had an average cell count of 720,000/ml and three herds milked by hand 540,000/ml. All the herds in the material had an average cell count of 680,000/ml.", "contents": "[The cell count in milk of goats]. Weekly milk samples were taken from mammary halves from 30 goats from 8 different herds each with from 2 to 5 experimental animals throughout their lactation periods. The physiological variations in the cell counts of goats milk during lactation were investigated by a projection microscope. Only small variations were found in the average cell counts in milk samples from goats in the same herd, but big variations from one herd to another (Table I and Fig. 3.). The curves of the average cell counts in milk samples of 5 herds showed a rise at the beginning of the season at pasture (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Also in the housed periods the cell count showed transitory rises. The herd with the lowest average cell count (220,000/ml) was milked by an ordinary bucket milking system, while the herd with the highest average cell count (1,490,000/ml) was milked by a pipeline milking system. Five herds milked by machine had an average cell count of 720,000/ml and three herds milked by hand 540,000/ml. All the herds in the material had an average cell count of 680,000/ml.", "PMID": 1033533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6425", "title": "Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of colonic diverticulitis.", "content": "A patient over 40 years of age who complains of lower abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea or both, and increased flatulence should be suspected of having diverticulosis. When pain becomes more severe and persistent, diverticulitis must be considered. Diagnosis depends on roentgen demonstration of the presence of diverticula. Sigmoidoscopy and barium enema study are essential to exclude coexisting disease but in diverticulitis may need to be postponed until severe local and systemic signs of inflammation have subsided. A number of diseases can simulate diverticulitis, and differential diagnosis may present considerable difficulty. Irritable colon syndrome and acute appendicitis may be indistinguishable clinically from diverticulitis. Differentiation from carcinoma is usually not difficult, but exclusion of coexistent carcinoma may be impossible except by resection. Ulcerative colitis is also easily distinguished except when, rarely, it coexists. Crohn's disease of the colon is less easily differentiated, especially in patients over 40, in whom the two diseases often coexist. Other colonic diseases, such as ischemic colitis, and pelvic inflammatory diseases usually show characteristic features which make them readily distinguishable from diverticulitis.", "contents": "Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of colonic diverticulitis. A patient over 40 years of age who complains of lower abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea or both, and increased flatulence should be suspected of having diverticulosis. When pain becomes more severe and persistent, diverticulitis must be considered. Diagnosis depends on roentgen demonstration of the presence of diverticula. Sigmoidoscopy and barium enema study are essential to exclude coexisting disease but in diverticulitis may need to be postponed until severe local and systemic signs of inflammation have subsided. A number of diseases can simulate diverticulitis, and differential diagnosis may present considerable difficulty. Irritable colon syndrome and acute appendicitis may be indistinguishable clinically from diverticulitis. Differentiation from carcinoma is usually not difficult, but exclusion of coexistent carcinoma may be impossible except by resection. Ulcerative colitis is also easily distinguished except when, rarely, it coexists. Crohn's disease of the colon is less easily differentiated, especially in patients over 40, in whom the two diseases often coexist. Other colonic diseases, such as ischemic colitis, and pelvic inflammatory diseases usually show characteristic features which make them readily distinguishable from diverticulitis.", "PMID": 1033535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6426", "title": "Toleracne to equine IgG after immunosuppression in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Fourteen patients with multiple sclerosis were given two tolerizing doses of equinine gammaglobulin followed by equine antilymphocyte globulin. Twelve were sufficiently tolerant to have no clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity, no skin reactivity and normal plasma clearance rates. Some tolerance was lost in the following months revealed by immediate wheal and flare skin reactions. No correlation between success in tolerance induction and beneficial effects on the disease process could be established in the short term follow-up period of this pilot study.", "contents": "Toleracne to equine IgG after immunosuppression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Fourteen patients with multiple sclerosis were given two tolerizing doses of equinine gammaglobulin followed by equine antilymphocyte globulin. Twelve were sufficiently tolerant to have no clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity, no skin reactivity and normal plasma clearance rates. Some tolerance was lost in the following months revealed by immediate wheal and flare skin reactions. No correlation between success in tolerance induction and beneficial effects on the disease process could be established in the short term follow-up period of this pilot study.", "PMID": 1033536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6427", "title": "The in vitro assessment of anti-human lymphocyte globulin.", "content": "A simple reproducible in vitro test of anti-human lymphocyte globulin activity is discribed. The method is a \"microtitre\" complement-fixation test using human platelets as a source of antigen, guinea-pig complement and an amboceptor of sheep red blood cells sensitized by rabbit anti-sheep haemolysin.", "contents": "The in vitro assessment of anti-human lymphocyte globulin. A simple reproducible in vitro test of anti-human lymphocyte globulin activity is discribed. The method is a \"microtitre\" complement-fixation test using human platelets as a source of antigen, guinea-pig complement and an amboceptor of sheep red blood cells sensitized by rabbit anti-sheep haemolysin.", "PMID": 1033537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6428", "title": "Conditions affecting plasma amino acid patterns in chickens fed practical and purified diets.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to investigate plasma free amino acid concentrations in the chick. After one hour of fasting, total plasma amino acid concentration decreased to approximately half of the full-fed value. Within three to six hours, most amino acids had returned toward the full-fed level but did not exceed it throughout a 48 hour period of starvation. However, after 48 hours fasting lysine, threonine, and isoleucine accumulated three-fold, two-fold and two-fold of the full-fed level, respectively. Serine and glutamic acid exceeded the full-fed level at three hours and then declined. Alanine reached its highest level after six hours of fasting and then declined. In full-fed chicks diurnal variations of plasma free amino acid concentrations were observed. The lowest and highest concentrations were observed at 11 a.m. and 8 to 11 p.m., respectively under a 24 hr-lighting. Reference plasma amino acid patterns are reported for chicks fed a practical diet ad libitum. In day-old chicks, concentrations of total amino acids, methionine plus one half cystine, lysine, and arginine were high. Alanine and glutamic acid concentrations were low. Most amino acid concentrations declined gradually during the first four weeks of life, but methionine plus one half cystine, phenylalaine, threonine and serine concentrations decreased sharply between two and four weeks. Lysine concentration continued to decrease in chicks fed the starter diet. At 20 weeks, plasma amino acid concentrations had decreased considerably except for methionine plus one half cystine and basic amino acids. The plasma amino acid pattern for chicks fed an isolated soybean protein diet was similar to that of chicks fed the practical diet.", "contents": "Conditions affecting plasma amino acid patterns in chickens fed practical and purified diets. Experiments were conducted to investigate plasma free amino acid concentrations in the chick. After one hour of fasting, total plasma amino acid concentration decreased to approximately half of the full-fed value. Within three to six hours, most amino acids had returned toward the full-fed level but did not exceed it throughout a 48 hour period of starvation. However, after 48 hours fasting lysine, threonine, and isoleucine accumulated three-fold, two-fold and two-fold of the full-fed level, respectively. Serine and glutamic acid exceeded the full-fed level at three hours and then declined. Alanine reached its highest level after six hours of fasting and then declined. In full-fed chicks diurnal variations of plasma free amino acid concentrations were observed. The lowest and highest concentrations were observed at 11 a.m. and 8 to 11 p.m., respectively under a 24 hr-lighting. Reference plasma amino acid patterns are reported for chicks fed a practical diet ad libitum. In day-old chicks, concentrations of total amino acids, methionine plus one half cystine, lysine, and arginine were high. Alanine and glutamic acid concentrations were low. Most amino acid concentrations declined gradually during the first four weeks of life, but methionine plus one half cystine, phenylalaine, threonine and serine concentrations decreased sharply between two and four weeks. Lysine concentration continued to decrease in chicks fed the starter diet. At 20 weeks, plasma amino acid concentrations had decreased considerably except for methionine plus one half cystine and basic amino acids. The plasma amino acid pattern for chicks fed an isolated soybean protein diet was similar to that of chicks fed the practical diet.", "PMID": 1033538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6429", "title": "Ovarian 125I transference in the laying Japanese quail: apparent stimulation by FSH and lack of stimulation by TSH.", "content": "Six-hour accumulations of 125I were measured in the growing oocytes and thyroids of laying Japanese quail injected with 0.002 to 2 mg. of FSH or 0.004 to 4 I.U. of TSH per day for six days. FSH at 0.2 and 2 mg./day increased the 125I content of the growing oocytes to 1.4 times the control values. The numbers and the total weights of these growing oocytes doubled. The egg-laying rate remained unchanged. The FSH-induced apparent stimulation of 125 I transference was seen as a consequence of the increase in oocyte material rather than to a direct effect of FSH on the membranes of the avarian follicular cells. TSH did not increase the transference of 125I.", "contents": "Ovarian 125I transference in the laying Japanese quail: apparent stimulation by FSH and lack of stimulation by TSH. Six-hour accumulations of 125I were measured in the growing oocytes and thyroids of laying Japanese quail injected with 0.002 to 2 mg. of FSH or 0.004 to 4 I.U. of TSH per day for six days. FSH at 0.2 and 2 mg./day increased the 125I content of the growing oocytes to 1.4 times the control values. The numbers and the total weights of these growing oocytes doubled. The egg-laying rate remained unchanged. The FSH-induced apparent stimulation of 125 I transference was seen as a consequence of the increase in oocyte material rather than to a direct effect of FSH on the membranes of the avarian follicular cells. TSH did not increase the transference of 125I.", "PMID": 1033539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6430", "title": "Effect of biotin and niacin on lipid content of livers in the laying hen.", "content": "Single Comb White Leghorn layers maintained in cages were fed a corn-soy diet with a simplified vitamin premix for a 12-week experimental period to determine the effect on liver lipid accumulation. Lipid content was only 29.6% of the liver dry matter and, therefore, was in the normal range and less than that seen in hens with fatty liver syndrome. Adding niacin (44 mg./kg.) or biotin (110 mug./kg.) either alone or in combination failed to significantly alter liver weight or liver lipid content. Liver lipid content of hens fed another diet with a more complex vitamin premix also was not significantly different from that of hens fed the diet with the simplified vitamin premix. None of the diets significantly affected egg production, egg weight, feed consumption or body weight changes observed over the 12-week period.", "contents": "Effect of biotin and niacin on lipid content of livers in the laying hen. Single Comb White Leghorn layers maintained in cages were fed a corn-soy diet with a simplified vitamin premix for a 12-week experimental period to determine the effect on liver lipid accumulation. Lipid content was only 29.6% of the liver dry matter and, therefore, was in the normal range and less than that seen in hens with fatty liver syndrome. Adding niacin (44 mg./kg.) or biotin (110 mug./kg.) either alone or in combination failed to significantly alter liver weight or liver lipid content. Liver lipid content of hens fed another diet with a more complex vitamin premix also was not significantly different from that of hens fed the diet with the simplified vitamin premix. None of the diets significantly affected egg production, egg weight, feed consumption or body weight changes observed over the 12-week period.", "PMID": 1033540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6431", "title": "Diurnal cycles of gastric motlity in normal and fasted turkeys.", "content": "Strain gage transducers were chronically implanted on the muscular stomachs of 12 young turkeys to study diurnal patterns of gastric motility. Continuous recordings were made for several days before and after a period of two or three days of fasting. Pronounced diurnal cycles in gastric motility were observed in which the frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions were increased during the daylight and depressed during darkness. Fasting caused a reduction in both frequency and amplitude and, during fasting, the diurnal cycles were somewhat obscured. Motility improved upon refeeding and cycles were agina apparent. The diurnal cycles appeared to be at least partially regulated by an intrinsic biological rhythm.", "contents": "Diurnal cycles of gastric motlity in normal and fasted turkeys. Strain gage transducers were chronically implanted on the muscular stomachs of 12 young turkeys to study diurnal patterns of gastric motility. Continuous recordings were made for several days before and after a period of two or three days of fasting. Pronounced diurnal cycles in gastric motility were observed in which the frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions were increased during the daylight and depressed during darkness. Fasting caused a reduction in both frequency and amplitude and, during fasting, the diurnal cycles were somewhat obscured. Motility improved upon refeeding and cycles were agina apparent. The diurnal cycles appeared to be at least partially regulated by an intrinsic biological rhythm.", "PMID": 1033541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6432", "title": "Twin pigeon embryos.", "content": "Twin pigeon embryos were found on incubation day 18 in a pipped egg. The egg was pipped at the small end. The embryos were dead. Removal of a portion of the shell allowed removal of one embryo and revealed the second one. Both appeared normal in development and size.", "contents": "Twin pigeon embryos. Twin pigeon embryos were found on incubation day 18 in a pipped egg. The egg was pipped at the small end. The embryos were dead. Removal of a portion of the shell allowed removal of one embryo and revealed the second one. Both appeared normal in development and size.", "PMID": 1033542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6433", "title": "[Differential changes in serum levels of N-acetylneuramic acid and L-fucose as manifestations of physiological and physiopathological adaptation in man. Pregnancy as an experimental model. The tumoral, vascular and hepatic diseases as possible pathological models].", "content": "In this paper we report on the modifications that normal pregnancy introduces on the blood maternal serum concentrations of both N-acetyl maternal serum concentrations of both N-acetyl-neuraminic acid which is elevated above normal level and L-fucose which on the contrary is diminished. The experiences were performed with women in the last trimester of normal gestations. The probable physiochemical meaning and biological significance of those such changes are discussed in connection both to the maternal physiological adaptation during pregnancy and to the possible metabolical changes in intracellular regulation that might take place in such a situation. Similarly it is emphasized the probability that numerous pathological conditions including malignancy vascular diseases and hepatic disorders which course with overt changes in plasma glucoproteins might be amenable to present notorious modifications in N-acetylneuraminic acid and L-fucose plasmatic levels.", "contents": "[Differential changes in serum levels of N-acetylneuramic acid and L-fucose as manifestations of physiological and physiopathological adaptation in man. Pregnancy as an experimental model. The tumoral, vascular and hepatic diseases as possible pathological models]. In this paper we report on the modifications that normal pregnancy introduces on the blood maternal serum concentrations of both N-acetyl maternal serum concentrations of both N-acetyl-neuraminic acid which is elevated above normal level and L-fucose which on the contrary is diminished. The experiences were performed with women in the last trimester of normal gestations. The probable physiochemical meaning and biological significance of those such changes are discussed in connection both to the maternal physiological adaptation during pregnancy and to the possible metabolical changes in intracellular regulation that might take place in such a situation. Similarly it is emphasized the probability that numerous pathological conditions including malignancy vascular diseases and hepatic disorders which course with overt changes in plasma glucoproteins might be amenable to present notorious modifications in N-acetylneuraminic acid and L-fucose plasmatic levels.", "PMID": 1033543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6434", "title": "[Immobolization of beta-galactosidase on silochrome].", "content": "Beta-Galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase 3.2.1.23) from Curvularia inaequalis was immobilized by glutaric dialdehyde on gamma-aminopropyl triethoxysilane treated porous siliceous carrier silochrome. From the crude preparation with a specific activity of 3.1 U/mg immobilized beta-galactosidase with an activity of 113 U/g was obtained. The immobilized enzyme did not show significant changes in its enzymic properties. The column filled with the resultant preparation and used to hydrolyze lactose in milk whey maintained 50% of its initial activity after a 30-day work at 50 degrees C.", "contents": "[Immobolization of beta-galactosidase on silochrome]. Beta-Galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase 3.2.1.23) from Curvularia inaequalis was immobilized by glutaric dialdehyde on gamma-aminopropyl triethoxysilane treated porous siliceous carrier silochrome. From the crude preparation with a specific activity of 3.1 U/mg immobilized beta-galactosidase with an activity of 113 U/g was obtained. The immobilized enzyme did not show significant changes in its enzymic properties. The column filled with the resultant preparation and used to hydrolyze lactose in milk whey maintained 50% of its initial activity after a 30-day work at 50 degrees C.", "PMID": 1033546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6435", "title": "Papaverine, drug-induced stereotypy and catalepsy and biogenic amines in the brain of the rat.", "content": "The effects of papaverine on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypy as well as brain monoamines concentrations in rats were studied. Papaverine increased cataleptogenic effect of haloperidol whilst reduced stereotypy induced by apomorphine. Slight but significant decrease in brain dopamine concentration was observed in rats treated with papaverine. The present study indicates that papaverine has influences upon dopaminergic mechanisms in the brain.", "contents": "Papaverine, drug-induced stereotypy and catalepsy and biogenic amines in the brain of the rat. The effects of papaverine on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypy as well as brain monoamines concentrations in rats were studied. Papaverine increased cataleptogenic effect of haloperidol whilst reduced stereotypy induced by apomorphine. Slight but significant decrease in brain dopamine concentration was observed in rats treated with papaverine. The present study indicates that papaverine has influences upon dopaminergic mechanisms in the brain.", "PMID": 1033561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6436", "title": "Spontaneous and amphetamine induced head-shaking in infant rats.", "content": "A variable proportion of albino rats 6-11 days old exhibit spontaneous and infrequent rotatory head-shaking episodes. This motor pattern is slightly anticipated and significantly increased in occurrence and duration by the administration of D-amphetamine (5 mg/Kg), with a maximal effect of the drug on the 9th day. The rate of amphetamine induced rhythmic head oscillations increases with age from below 5 cps on the 5th day to about 9 cps on the 10th day. The results are discussed in relation to maturation of both the underlying catecholaminergic pathways, activated by D-amphetamine, and the stretch reflex systems of the head and neck muscles participating in the rhythmic activity. Emphasis is placed on the difference between head-shaking and stereotyped activity.", "contents": "Spontaneous and amphetamine induced head-shaking in infant rats. A variable proportion of albino rats 6-11 days old exhibit spontaneous and infrequent rotatory head-shaking episodes. This motor pattern is slightly anticipated and significantly increased in occurrence and duration by the administration of D-amphetamine (5 mg/Kg), with a maximal effect of the drug on the 9th day. The rate of amphetamine induced rhythmic head oscillations increases with age from below 5 cps on the 5th day to about 9 cps on the 10th day. The results are discussed in relation to maturation of both the underlying catecholaminergic pathways, activated by D-amphetamine, and the stretch reflex systems of the head and neck muscles participating in the rhythmic activity. Emphasis is placed on the difference between head-shaking and stereotyped activity.", "PMID": 1033562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6437", "title": "Relative role of catecholamines in head-shaking of infant rats.", "content": "The relative contribution of catecholaminergic mechanisms in head-shaking (H-S) of infant rats was explored by comparing the H-S inducing effects of apomorphine and amphetamine in rats from 4-14 days old, and the blocking effect of neuroleptic drugs (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) and more specific alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and propranolol), on amphetamine induced head-shaking. As apomorphine, but not amphetamine, may induce H-S in four-day-old rats, and the latter drug potentiates apomorphine induced H-S, even in days in which, if injected alone it has no effect, it is suggested that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms are involved in H-S, thus differentiating this motor item from other motor patterns included in stereotyped behaviour. This suggestion is further supported by the demonstration that while D-amphetamine induced H-S is blocked by phenoxybenzamine, other stereotyped motor patterns continue unimpaired.", "contents": "Relative role of catecholamines in head-shaking of infant rats. The relative contribution of catecholaminergic mechanisms in head-shaking (H-S) of infant rats was explored by comparing the H-S inducing effects of apomorphine and amphetamine in rats from 4-14 days old, and the blocking effect of neuroleptic drugs (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) and more specific alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and propranolol), on amphetamine induced head-shaking. As apomorphine, but not amphetamine, may induce H-S in four-day-old rats, and the latter drug potentiates apomorphine induced H-S, even in days in which, if injected alone it has no effect, it is suggested that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms are involved in H-S, thus differentiating this motor item from other motor patterns included in stereotyped behaviour. This suggestion is further supported by the demonstration that while D-amphetamine induced H-S is blocked by phenoxybenzamine, other stereotyped motor patterns continue unimpaired.", "PMID": 1033563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6438", "title": "Cortical administration of somatostatin (SRIF): effect on sleep and motor behavior.", "content": "Cortical administration of SRIF in unrestrained, freely moving rats produced an early activation, stereotyped behavior patterns and later, coordination difficulties often associated with drowsiness. A few animals showed a tendency toward paraplegia-in-extension. A considerable, prolonged alteration in the sleep-waking cycle was also observed. Similar results were obtained in both intact and hypophysectomized animals. Intraperitoneal administration of SRIF induced several other effects in addition to those seen after cortical application. The latter were however, restricted in variety, intensity and duration.", "contents": "Cortical administration of somatostatin (SRIF): effect on sleep and motor behavior. Cortical administration of SRIF in unrestrained, freely moving rats produced an early activation, stereotyped behavior patterns and later, coordination difficulties often associated with drowsiness. A few animals showed a tendency toward paraplegia-in-extension. A considerable, prolonged alteration in the sleep-waking cycle was also observed. Similar results were obtained in both intact and hypophysectomized animals. Intraperitoneal administration of SRIF induced several other effects in addition to those seen after cortical application. The latter were however, restricted in variety, intensity and duration.", "PMID": 1033564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6439", "title": "Abolition of nomifensine-induced stereotypy after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of ascending dopaminergic projections.", "content": "The effects of bilateral focal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC) on nomifensine-induced stereotypy were examined in the rat. These lesions reduced neostriatal dopamine levels to less than 1 percent of control levels. They also abolished nomifensine-induced stereotyped behavior. It is suggested that nomifensine-induced stereotypy is mediated via a presynaptic action on dopamine uptake and release.", "contents": "Abolition of nomifensine-induced stereotypy after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of ascending dopaminergic projections. The effects of bilateral focal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC) on nomifensine-induced stereotypy were examined in the rat. These lesions reduced neostriatal dopamine levels to less than 1 percent of control levels. They also abolished nomifensine-induced stereotyped behavior. It is suggested that nomifensine-induced stereotypy is mediated via a presynaptic action on dopamine uptake and release.", "PMID": 1033565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6440", "title": "On the anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine.", "content": "The anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine, a tricyclic compound known as antiserotonin, anticholinergic and antihistaminic drug in comparison to that of atropine, promethazine, imipramine, desipramine, chlorimipramine and nomifensine was studied in rats. The catalepsy induced by spiperon, pimozide or fluphenazine was antagonized by cyproheptadine, atropine and promethazine. Imipramine and nomifensine were less active, desipramine and chlorimipramine without effect. The reserpine- and alpha-methyltyrosine-catalepsy was counteracted by cyproheptadine, promethazine and nomifensine, but not by atropine or tricyclic antidepressants. Only cyproheptadine and promethazine antagonized the catalepsy caused by a combined treatment with reserpine and alpha-methyltyrosine. The pilocarpine-catalepsy was abolished by atropine, promethazine and nomifensine and unaffected by tricyclic antidepressants. Atropine and promethazine antagonized also the physostigmine-catalepsy. The catalepsy induced by both cholinomimetic drugs was not changed or increased by cyproheptadine. The results presented indicate that cyproheptadine differs in its anticataleptic activity from all the drugs used for comparison. Possible mechansims of this activity are discussed.", "contents": "On the anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine. The anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine, a tricyclic compound known as antiserotonin, anticholinergic and antihistaminic drug in comparison to that of atropine, promethazine, imipramine, desipramine, chlorimipramine and nomifensine was studied in rats. The catalepsy induced by spiperon, pimozide or fluphenazine was antagonized by cyproheptadine, atropine and promethazine. Imipramine and nomifensine were less active, desipramine and chlorimipramine without effect. The reserpine- and alpha-methyltyrosine-catalepsy was counteracted by cyproheptadine, promethazine and nomifensine, but not by atropine or tricyclic antidepressants. Only cyproheptadine and promethazine antagonized the catalepsy caused by a combined treatment with reserpine and alpha-methyltyrosine. The pilocarpine-catalepsy was abolished by atropine, promethazine and nomifensine and unaffected by tricyclic antidepressants. Atropine and promethazine antagonized also the physostigmine-catalepsy. The catalepsy induced by both cholinomimetic drugs was not changed or increased by cyproheptadine. The results presented indicate that cyproheptadine differs in its anticataleptic activity from all the drugs used for comparison. Possible mechansims of this activity are discussed.", "PMID": 1033567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6441", "title": "Response suppression on a mixed schedule of reinforcement during alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "Two groups of rats were maintained on a mixed fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement until performance was stable. The animals were intubated daily with ascending doses of alcohol or water 30 min before each session, starting with 4.0 g/kg and increasing to the final dose of 8.0 g/kg. The results show that withdrawal from alcohol suppresses responding in all components of a mixed schedule and this suppression lasts approximately 14 hours. These results support previous reports which suggest that the duration of the behavioral aberrations produced by alcohol withdrawal are most severe 6 to 14 hours post-withdrawal.", "contents": "Response suppression on a mixed schedule of reinforcement during alcohol withdrawal. Two groups of rats were maintained on a mixed fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement until performance was stable. The animals were intubated daily with ascending doses of alcohol or water 30 min before each session, starting with 4.0 g/kg and increasing to the final dose of 8.0 g/kg. The results show that withdrawal from alcohol suppresses responding in all components of a mixed schedule and this suppression lasts approximately 14 hours. These results support previous reports which suggest that the duration of the behavioral aberrations produced by alcohol withdrawal are most severe 6 to 14 hours post-withdrawal.", "PMID": 1033568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6442", "title": "Effects of nicotinic and muscarinic compounds on biting attack in the cat.", "content": "Predatory-like biting attack on a rat, as well as hissing, growling, and other threat behaviors, could be induced in normally non-aggressive cats by systemic administration of the muscarinic agonist, arecoline (7-12 mg/kg). In contrast to arecoline, nicotine was found to suppress aggressive behaviors. Systemic administration of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) prior to arecoline injection resulted in a significant reduction in elicited attack and threat behaviors. Furthermore, nicotine (0.075-0.500 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent suppression of natural predatory behavior as well. This nicotine-produced suppression of attack did not appear to be due to the induction of general malaise, since attack suppression could be seen in the absence of general behavioral inhibition, and doses of nicotine resulting in complete suppression of attack had little effect on food intake. Results indicate that muscarinic and nicotinic compounds can exert antagonistic control over some types of aggressive behaviors.", "contents": "Effects of nicotinic and muscarinic compounds on biting attack in the cat. Predatory-like biting attack on a rat, as well as hissing, growling, and other threat behaviors, could be induced in normally non-aggressive cats by systemic administration of the muscarinic agonist, arecoline (7-12 mg/kg). In contrast to arecoline, nicotine was found to suppress aggressive behaviors. Systemic administration of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) prior to arecoline injection resulted in a significant reduction in elicited attack and threat behaviors. Furthermore, nicotine (0.075-0.500 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent suppression of natural predatory behavior as well. This nicotine-produced suppression of attack did not appear to be due to the induction of general malaise, since attack suppression could be seen in the absence of general behavioral inhibition, and doses of nicotine resulting in complete suppression of attack had little effect on food intake. Results indicate that muscarinic and nicotinic compounds can exert antagonistic control over some types of aggressive behaviors.", "PMID": 1033569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6443", "title": "Ethanol elimination rates in normal and ethanol dependent animals.", "content": "Ethanol elimination rates were determined in rats using an intravenous route of ethanol administration after several experimental manipulations. Twenty-four hr food deprivation resulted in a 30% reduction to 35 mg/100ml blood/hr in elimination rate from a non-deprived rate of 50 mg/100 ml blood/hr. After 2 months of ethanol drinking (5% v/v), 24 hr starvation resulted in only a 10% reduction in elimination rate (45 mg/100 ml blood/hr), and did not increase the non-food-deprived rate (49.2 mg/100 ml blood/hr) over that obtained in the above animals' drinking water rather than 5% ethanol. Animals which chronically overdrank ethanol or water for 3 months on a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure, known to result in ethanol physical dependence, showed a decreased rate of ethanol elimination (37.9 mg/100 ml blood/hr for water drinkers) in the non-food-deprived condition. By providing 750 mg of liver powder daily as a food supplement in the ethanol overdrinking regimen, the ethanol elimination rate remained at a rate comparable to the normal animal (48.4 mg/100 ml blood/hr).", "contents": "Ethanol elimination rates in normal and ethanol dependent animals. Ethanol elimination rates were determined in rats using an intravenous route of ethanol administration after several experimental manipulations. Twenty-four hr food deprivation resulted in a 30% reduction to 35 mg/100ml blood/hr in elimination rate from a non-deprived rate of 50 mg/100 ml blood/hr. After 2 months of ethanol drinking (5% v/v), 24 hr starvation resulted in only a 10% reduction in elimination rate (45 mg/100 ml blood/hr), and did not increase the non-food-deprived rate (49.2 mg/100 ml blood/hr) over that obtained in the above animals' drinking water rather than 5% ethanol. Animals which chronically overdrank ethanol or water for 3 months on a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure, known to result in ethanol physical dependence, showed a decreased rate of ethanol elimination (37.9 mg/100 ml blood/hr for water drinkers) in the non-food-deprived condition. By providing 750 mg of liver powder daily as a food supplement in the ethanol overdrinking regimen, the ethanol elimination rate remained at a rate comparable to the normal animal (48.4 mg/100 ml blood/hr).", "PMID": 1033570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6444", "title": "The role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in the aquisition of a barpress response.", "content": "The role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in learning a bar-press response reinforced with food was investigated. Firstly, an interstrain comparison showed that mice having a low choline acetyltransferase activity in the dorsal hippocampus were quicker to associate the barpress with reinforcement. Secondly, when the activity of this enzyme was reduced by a subseizure electrical stimulation of the hippocampus learning was accelerated. It is suggested that acetylcholine availability at the hippocampal synapses slowed the apparition of these learned responses.", "contents": "The role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in the aquisition of a barpress response. The role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in learning a bar-press response reinforced with food was investigated. Firstly, an interstrain comparison showed that mice having a low choline acetyltransferase activity in the dorsal hippocampus were quicker to associate the barpress with reinforcement. Secondly, when the activity of this enzyme was reduced by a subseizure electrical stimulation of the hippocampus learning was accelerated. It is suggested that acetylcholine availability at the hippocampal synapses slowed the apparition of these learned responses.", "PMID": 1033571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6445", "title": "Imaginary companions, fantasy twins, mirror dreams and depersonalization.", "content": "Illustrative case material is presented to demonstrate genetic linkages between the presence of imaginary companions or fantasy twins and extensive mirror play in childhood and early adolescence, and the appearance of mirror dreams and depersonalization in later adolescence and adulthood. The defensive splitting of the self-representations observable in these phenomena is viewed as a means of warding off castration anxiety and anxiety about object loss, anxieties which arise because of conflicts primarily centering on intense aggressive drive derivative wishes. Formulations about depersonalization are discussed.", "contents": "Imaginary companions, fantasy twins, mirror dreams and depersonalization. Illustrative case material is presented to demonstrate genetic linkages between the presence of imaginary companions or fantasy twins and extensive mirror play in childhood and early adolescence, and the appearance of mirror dreams and depersonalization in later adolescence and adulthood. The defensive splitting of the self-representations observable in these phenomena is viewed as a means of warding off castration anxiety and anxiety about object loss, anxieties which arise because of conflicts primarily centering on intense aggressive drive derivative wishes. Formulations about depersonalization are discussed.", "PMID": 1033586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6446", "title": "Dopaminergic influence on withdrawal jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice.", "content": "Abrupt withdrawal jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice is accompanied by a decrease in brain dopamine turnover and an increase in brain dopamine level which parallel strain differences in jumping incidence. Both naloxone-precipitated and abrupt withdrawal jumping behavior are inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine. A cataleptic dose of the dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol, does not block naloxone-precipitated jumping, but does significantly block the inhibition by apomorphine. These findings indicate that there may be a decrease release of dopamine in the brain during the expression of withdrawal jumping behavior and that dopaminergic activation may be inhibitory to this behavior.", "contents": "Dopaminergic influence on withdrawal jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice. Abrupt withdrawal jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice is accompanied by a decrease in brain dopamine turnover and an increase in brain dopamine level which parallel strain differences in jumping incidence. Both naloxone-precipitated and abrupt withdrawal jumping behavior are inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine. A cataleptic dose of the dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol, does not block naloxone-precipitated jumping, but does significantly block the inhibition by apomorphine. These findings indicate that there may be a decrease release of dopamine in the brain during the expression of withdrawal jumping behavior and that dopaminergic activation may be inhibitory to this behavior.", "PMID": 1033590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6447", "title": "[Risks to consumers and PVC workers from vinyl chloride].", "content": "Over the past two years the level of exposure of workers in PVC polymerization factories to vinylchloride has been greatly lowered. Thus there should be no further cases of so-called vinylchloride disease, which mainly affects the connective tissues. Also, the risk of liver hemangiosarcomas should not be higher under present working conditions than in the general population. Worldwide, 42 cases of VC sarcomas have been described among the 20,000 to 40,000 workers exposed since 1930. The consumer uptake of VC from PVC-packaged food is almost a million times lower than the carcinogenic threshold dose, and this rules out any danger arising from that source.", "contents": "[Risks to consumers and PVC workers from vinyl chloride]. Over the past two years the level of exposure of workers in PVC polymerization factories to vinylchloride has been greatly lowered. Thus there should be no further cases of so-called vinylchloride disease, which mainly affects the connective tissues. Also, the risk of liver hemangiosarcomas should not be higher under present working conditions than in the general population. Worldwide, 42 cases of VC sarcomas have been described among the 20,000 to 40,000 workers exposed since 1930. The consumer uptake of VC from PVC-packaged food is almost a million times lower than the carcinogenic threshold dose, and this rules out any danger arising from that source.", "PMID": 1033603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6448", "title": "Suppression by 1,3-butanediol of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats.", "content": "1,3-Butanediol was tested for its ability to suppress an ethanol with drawal syndrome. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered physically dependent on ethanol by intragastric administration of ethanol at a dosage of 9 to 15 grams per kilogram per day over a 4-day period. A nonintoxicating oral dose of 1,3-butanediol at 4 grams per kilogram administered after elimination of ethanol from the blood was effective against the tremulous and conbulsive components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in all animals for 1 to 5 hours. This period coincided with the time of maximum severity of the withdrawal syndrome, as seen in the control animals.", "contents": "Suppression by 1,3-butanediol of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. 1,3-Butanediol was tested for its ability to suppress an ethanol with drawal syndrome. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered physically dependent on ethanol by intragastric administration of ethanol at a dosage of 9 to 15 grams per kilogram per day over a 4-day period. A nonintoxicating oral dose of 1,3-butanediol at 4 grams per kilogram administered after elimination of ethanol from the blood was effective against the tremulous and conbulsive components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in all animals for 1 to 5 hours. This period coincided with the time of maximum severity of the withdrawal syndrome, as seen in the control animals.", "PMID": 1033604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6449", "title": "Total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic phosphorus in the amniotic fluid of premature infants.", "content": "Total lipids, total cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic phosphorus were determined in the amniotic fluid of 36 normal and 12 premature neonates. Total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol were significantly decreased in the premature patients and the extent of decrease was more pronounced in patients who developed respiratory distress syndrome. On the other hand, inorganic phosphorus content of the amniotic fluid was within the normal range.", "contents": "Total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic phosphorus in the amniotic fluid of premature infants. Total lipids, total cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic phosphorus were determined in the amniotic fluid of 36 normal and 12 premature neonates. Total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol were significantly decreased in the premature patients and the extent of decrease was more pronounced in patients who developed respiratory distress syndrome. On the other hand, inorganic phosphorus content of the amniotic fluid was within the normal range.", "PMID": 1033608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6450", "title": "Postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.", "content": "In a young woman a twin pregnancy and uneventful labour were complicated by the development of the postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. A number of unusual features of this syndrome were present, including early onset, accompanying hepatocellular necrosis, hepatic encephalopathy and bleeding diathesis. Early institution of heparin therapy combined with coagulation factor replacement was followed by cessation of haemorrhage and complete recovery from acute renal failure.", "contents": "Postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. In a young woman a twin pregnancy and uneventful labour were complicated by the development of the postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. A number of unusual features of this syndrome were present, including early onset, accompanying hepatocellular necrosis, hepatic encephalopathy and bleeding diathesis. Early institution of heparin therapy combined with coagulation factor replacement was followed by cessation of haemorrhage and complete recovery from acute renal failure.", "PMID": 1033609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6451", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of ascosporulation in Arthroderma quadrifidum (=Trichophyton terrestre).", "content": "The ultrastructural features of developing and mature ascospores were delineated after mating Arthroderma quadrifidum on pablum cereal agar. Incipient ascospores each contained a granulated nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope while presumptive ascospore cytoplasm was bounded by a double membrane and resided in glycogen-rich epiplasm of the ascus. Mature ascospores contained nuclei and mitochondria while the ascus epiplasm still retained abundant inclusions. The ascospore wall demonstrated the presence of heterogeneous material between the plasmalemma and the outer spore membrane which appeared smooth.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of ascosporulation in Arthroderma quadrifidum (=Trichophyton terrestre). The ultrastructural features of developing and mature ascospores were delineated after mating Arthroderma quadrifidum on pablum cereal agar. Incipient ascospores each contained a granulated nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope while presumptive ascospore cytoplasm was bounded by a double membrane and resided in glycogen-rich epiplasm of the ascus. Mature ascospores contained nuclei and mitochondria while the ascus epiplasm still retained abundant inclusions. The ascospore wall demonstrated the presence of heterogeneous material between the plasmalemma and the outer spore membrane which appeared smooth.", "PMID": 1033610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6452", "title": "The multifactorial/threshold concept -- uses and misuses.", "content": "The common congenital malformations have familial distributions that cannot be accounted for by simple Mendelian models, but can be explained in terms of a continuous variable, \"liability,\" with a threshold value beyond which individuals will be affected. Both genetic and environmental factors determine liability, making the system multifactorial. Cleft palate is a useful experimental model, illustrating a number of factors that contribute to palate closure, the nature of a developmental threshold, and how genes and teratogens can alter the components of liability to increase the probability of cleft palate. The nature of the genetic component to liability in human malformations in not clear, and various possibilities, ranging from polygenic in the strict sense to a major gene with reduced penetrance are compatible with the data -- but the important feature is the threshold. Much of the confusion over the concept results from inconsistent use of terminology. The term \"multifactorial\" should be used for \"determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors,\" without reference to the nature of the genetic factor(s). \"Polygenic\" should be reserved for \"a large number of genes, each with a small effect, acting additively.\" When several genes, with more major effects are involved, \"multilocal\" can be used. When it is not clear which of these is applicable the term \"plurilocal\" is suggested, in the sense of \"genetic variation more complex than a simple Mendelian difference.\" Since teratological data often represent threshold characters the concept also has important implications for the interpretation of data on dose-response curves, synergisms, and strain differences in response to teratogens.", "contents": "The multifactorial/threshold concept -- uses and misuses. The common congenital malformations have familial distributions that cannot be accounted for by simple Mendelian models, but can be explained in terms of a continuous variable, \"liability,\" with a threshold value beyond which individuals will be affected. Both genetic and environmental factors determine liability, making the system multifactorial. Cleft palate is a useful experimental model, illustrating a number of factors that contribute to palate closure, the nature of a developmental threshold, and how genes and teratogens can alter the components of liability to increase the probability of cleft palate. The nature of the genetic component to liability in human malformations in not clear, and various possibilities, ranging from polygenic in the strict sense to a major gene with reduced penetrance are compatible with the data -- but the important feature is the threshold. Much of the confusion over the concept results from inconsistent use of terminology. The term \"multifactorial\" should be used for \"determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors,\" without reference to the nature of the genetic factor(s). \"Polygenic\" should be reserved for \"a large number of genes, each with a small effect, acting additively.\" When several genes, with more major effects are involved, \"multilocal\" can be used. When it is not clear which of these is applicable the term \"plurilocal\" is suggested, in the sense of \"genetic variation more complex than a simple Mendelian difference.\" Since teratological data often represent threshold characters the concept also has important implications for the interpretation of data on dose-response curves, synergisms, and strain differences in response to teratogens.", "PMID": 1033611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6453", "title": "Inhibition of pinocytosis in rat yolk sac by trypan blue.", "content": "Day 17.5 yolk sacs from rats injected with partially denatured 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (I-BSA) were cultured in vitro by a raft technique. The rates of release of [125I]iodotyrosine were similar in control yolk sacs and in yolk sacs from rats preinjected with trypan blue. Day 17.5 rat yolk sacs were also cultured in medium containing I-BSA. Following pinocytic uptake the substrate was degraded intracellularly and [135I]iodotyrosine released into the medium. Trypan blue, when present in the medium in concentrations above 100 mug/ml, inhibited pinocytosis of I-BSA and so decreased the rate of [125I]iodotyrosine production. Trypan blue similarly decreased the rate of pinocytic uptake of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone. Pinocytic uptake of macromolecules was not decreased in yolk sacs from rats pretreated with trypan blue. The relevance of these results to the mechanism of teratogenic action of trypan blue is discussed. It is proposed that if trypan blue in teratogenic doses similarly inhibits pinocytosis by the yolk sac during the organogenetic period teratogenesis might result from a transient interruption in the flow of metabolites through the yolk sac to the embryo.", "contents": "Inhibition of pinocytosis in rat yolk sac by trypan blue. Day 17.5 yolk sacs from rats injected with partially denatured 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (I-BSA) were cultured in vitro by a raft technique. The rates of release of [125I]iodotyrosine were similar in control yolk sacs and in yolk sacs from rats preinjected with trypan blue. Day 17.5 rat yolk sacs were also cultured in medium containing I-BSA. Following pinocytic uptake the substrate was degraded intracellularly and [135I]iodotyrosine released into the medium. Trypan blue, when present in the medium in concentrations above 100 mug/ml, inhibited pinocytosis of I-BSA and so decreased the rate of [125I]iodotyrosine production. Trypan blue similarly decreased the rate of pinocytic uptake of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone. Pinocytic uptake of macromolecules was not decreased in yolk sacs from rats pretreated with trypan blue. The relevance of these results to the mechanism of teratogenic action of trypan blue is discussed. It is proposed that if trypan blue in teratogenic doses similarly inhibits pinocytosis by the yolk sac during the organogenetic period teratogenesis might result from a transient interruption in the flow of metabolites through the yolk sac to the embryo.", "PMID": 1033612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6454", "title": "Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "We report the clinical, laboratory, and necropsy findings in a 14-year-old boy with a primary Kaposi's sarcoma of the heart. Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma and angiosarcoma are compared, and the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma is discussed. Relevant literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma. We report the clinical, laboratory, and necropsy findings in a 14-year-old boy with a primary Kaposi's sarcoma of the heart. Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma and angiosarcoma are compared, and the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma is discussed. Relevant literature is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1033613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6455", "title": "Use of a tissue sectioner to expose internal structures of biological samples for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A procedure yielding sections of unembedded biological samples for observation by scanning electron microscopy is described. Sections of samples, fixed and hardened in OsO4, were obtained in quantity with a tissue sectioner. Subsequent treatments to osmium-coat cut surfaces were employed prior to critical point drying. The procedure yields cleanly cut surfaces through cells and cytoplasmic organelles which are retained in their normal position. Sections of apple leaf and mouse kidney are illustrated. Sections can be readily cut in a desired plane with less structural damage than is typically encountered by other sectioning or dissection techniques.", "contents": "Use of a tissue sectioner to expose internal structures of biological samples for scanning electron microscopy. A procedure yielding sections of unembedded biological samples for observation by scanning electron microscopy is described. Sections of samples, fixed and hardened in OsO4, were obtained in quantity with a tissue sectioner. Subsequent treatments to osmium-coat cut surfaces were employed prior to critical point drying. The procedure yields cleanly cut surfaces through cells and cytoplasmic organelles which are retained in their normal position. Sections of apple leaf and mouse kidney are illustrated. Sections can be readily cut in a desired plane with less structural damage than is typically encountered by other sectioning or dissection techniques.", "PMID": 1033616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6456", "title": "Incidence of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Buachi (Nigeria).", "content": "A survey was carried out in Bauchi abattoir during the period March 1973 to February 1974 in order to estimate the incidence of bovine fascioliasis. A total of 14,270 cattle originating from various markets in North-eastern Nigeria were examined. The incidence rate varied considerably, the highest being recorded in cattle from markets adjacent to large floodplains. The overall incidence rate was 31-7 per cent. The monthly incidence was highest during the periods immediately before and after the onset of the rains and was more a reflection of the marketing policy of the cattle owners than of the epizootiology of the disease. The annual loss in revenue caused by liver condemnations alone was estimated as 19,375 Naira.", "contents": "Incidence of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Buachi (Nigeria). A survey was carried out in Bauchi abattoir during the period March 1973 to February 1974 in order to estimate the incidence of bovine fascioliasis. A total of 14,270 cattle originating from various markets in North-eastern Nigeria were examined. The incidence rate varied considerably, the highest being recorded in cattle from markets adjacent to large floodplains. The overall incidence rate was 31-7 per cent. The monthly incidence was highest during the periods immediately before and after the onset of the rains and was more a reflection of the marketing policy of the cattle owners than of the epizootiology of the disease. The annual loss in revenue caused by liver condemnations alone was estimated as 19,375 Naira.", "PMID": 1033618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6457", "title": "Specific binding protein for 17 beta-estradiol in prostate with adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A specific binding protein for 17beta-estradiol has been detected in prostates of patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, who had no endocrine manipulation prior to the removal of their prostates. Both the sucrose density gradient centrifugation and dextran-coated charcoal techniques were employed. The 17beta-estradiol binding protein has an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 3.6S and is distinct from cystolic dihydrotestosterone binding protein.", "contents": "Specific binding protein for 17 beta-estradiol in prostate with adenocarcinoma. A specific binding protein for 17beta-estradiol has been detected in prostates of patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, who had no endocrine manipulation prior to the removal of their prostates. Both the sucrose density gradient centrifugation and dextran-coated charcoal techniques were employed. The 17beta-estradiol binding protein has an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 3.6S and is distinct from cystolic dihydrotestosterone binding protein.", "PMID": 1033621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6458", "title": "The effect of LSD on the histology and ultrastructure of the neuroepithelium of young chick embryos: a stereological study.", "content": "Five control chick embryos and fifteen exposed to LSD at concentrations of 2.5, 12.5 and 50 mug/ml were examined. The morphometric analysis performed at the light microscope level shows that (1) the section area of the neural tube increases with the two highest doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LDS) employed, (2) the volume fraction of the intercellular spaces decreases with the two highest doses of LSD, (3) the volume fraction of the nuclei in the neural tube is not modified with any concentrations of LSD employed, (4) the volume fraction of the cytoplasm in the neural tube increases with all three concentrations, and (5) the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio decreases with all three doses employed. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, it was found that (1) the volume fraction of mitochondria in the cytoplasm decreases at doses of 12.5 and 50 mug/ml (2) the surface to volume ratio of the mitochondria is unchanged with any of the concentrations of LSD employed and (3) the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm increases only with a dose of 2.5 mug/ml of LSD.", "contents": "The effect of LSD on the histology and ultrastructure of the neuroepithelium of young chick embryos: a stereological study. Five control chick embryos and fifteen exposed to LSD at concentrations of 2.5, 12.5 and 50 mug/ml were examined. The morphometric analysis performed at the light microscope level shows that (1) the section area of the neural tube increases with the two highest doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LDS) employed, (2) the volume fraction of the intercellular spaces decreases with the two highest doses of LSD, (3) the volume fraction of the nuclei in the neural tube is not modified with any concentrations of LSD employed, (4) the volume fraction of the cytoplasm in the neural tube increases with all three concentrations, and (5) the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio decreases with all three doses employed. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, it was found that (1) the volume fraction of mitochondria in the cytoplasm decreases at doses of 12.5 and 50 mug/ml (2) the surface to volume ratio of the mitochondria is unchanged with any of the concentrations of LSD employed and (3) the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm increases only with a dose of 2.5 mug/ml of LSD.", "PMID": 1033615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6459", "title": "Delayed transection of urethra by mersilene tape.", "content": "This report is of a patient with complete urethral transection after undergoing a mersilene sling urethral suspension. This unusual complication eventually presented as anterior urethral pseudodiverticulum containing the mersilene tape with a secondary calculus.", "contents": "Delayed transection of urethra by mersilene tape. This report is of a patient with complete urethral transection after undergoing a mersilene sling urethral suspension. This unusual complication eventually presented as anterior urethral pseudodiverticulum containing the mersilene tape with a secondary calculus.", "PMID": 1033622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6460", "title": "The use of frozen blood in neonatal exchange transfusion.", "content": "Because of inability to quickly locate donors to provide fresh heparinized blood, seven exchange transfusions were performed on four newborns with hemolytic disease due to Rhesus incompatibility using previously frozen erythrocytes suspended in albumin or heparinized, decitrated fresh frozen plasma. Platellets were added to one unit of previously frozen erythrocytes because of severe thrombocytopenia in one patient following an earlier exchange transfusion. The hematologic and bilirubin removing responses were comparable to those seen with fresh heparinized whole blood. Using this method, the safest red blood cells available, namely the mother's, can be drawn and frozen early in gestation for subsequent exchange transfusion.", "contents": "The use of frozen blood in neonatal exchange transfusion. Because of inability to quickly locate donors to provide fresh heparinized blood, seven exchange transfusions were performed on four newborns with hemolytic disease due to Rhesus incompatibility using previously frozen erythrocytes suspended in albumin or heparinized, decitrated fresh frozen plasma. Platellets were added to one unit of previously frozen erythrocytes because of severe thrombocytopenia in one patient following an earlier exchange transfusion. The hematologic and bilirubin removing responses were comparable to those seen with fresh heparinized whole blood. Using this method, the safest red blood cells available, namely the mother's, can be drawn and frozen early in gestation for subsequent exchange transfusion.", "PMID": 1033617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6461", "title": "[Fractional composition of the RNA of mouse Krebs-II ascitic cell tumor and rat ovarian carcinoma].", "content": "Main fractions (28 S, 18 S and 4S RNA) of cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA were isolated preparatively from two variants of ascites tumor cells i. e. Krebs-11 carcinoma in mice and ovarian tumor in rats. The method of analytical and preparative electrophoresis in 2.5% polyacryl amide gel has revealed a similarity in the spectrum of main fractions -- for c-RNA and n-RNA -- in both ascites tumors.", "contents": "[Fractional composition of the RNA of mouse Krebs-II ascitic cell tumor and rat ovarian carcinoma]. Main fractions (28 S, 18 S and 4S RNA) of cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA were isolated preparatively from two variants of ascites tumor cells i. e. Krebs-11 carcinoma in mice and ovarian tumor in rats. The method of analytical and preparative electrophoresis in 2.5% polyacryl amide gel has revealed a similarity in the spectrum of main fractions -- for c-RNA and n-RNA -- in both ascites tumors.", "PMID": 1033638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6462", "title": "[ Somatostatin in insulin-dependent diabetics and in pancreatectomized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the secretion of glucagon permits the examination of the effect of glucagon on some metabolic parameters in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient. The results obtained in 5 insulin-dependent diabetics and in 4 pancreatectomized patients revealed an inhibitory effect of somatostatin on blood glucose in the juvenile-type diabetics, but failed to show this influence of somatostatin in the pancreatectomized patients. These observations indicate a participation of glucagon in the generation of hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus. However, the failure of somatostatin to influence the blood glucose level in pancreatectomized patients contrasts with the results obtained in dogs and emphasizes the difficulty and pit falls in the application of animal experiments with somatostatin to humans.", "contents": "[ Somatostatin in insulin-dependent diabetics and in pancreatectomized patients (author's transl)]. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the secretion of glucagon permits the examination of the effect of glucagon on some metabolic parameters in the insulin-dependent diabetic patient. The results obtained in 5 insulin-dependent diabetics and in 4 pancreatectomized patients revealed an inhibitory effect of somatostatin on blood glucose in the juvenile-type diabetics, but failed to show this influence of somatostatin in the pancreatectomized patients. These observations indicate a participation of glucagon in the generation of hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus. However, the failure of somatostatin to influence the blood glucose level in pancreatectomized patients contrasts with the results obtained in dogs and emphasizes the difficulty and pit falls in the application of animal experiments with somatostatin to humans.", "PMID": 1033640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6463", "title": "[Evaluation of some epidemiological factors in human toxoplasmosis].", "content": "The authors compared a group of 197 women with different ascertained forms of toxoplasmosis and a group of 72 women with negative serological reactions on toxoplasmosis and hereby they revealed that the consumption of insufficiently heated meats as well as the contact with animals (rearing and digestion embowelling or drawing of coat) play an eminent part. As test animals above all cats were used. The results of the two groups were compared and a significant difference between them was ascertained for the consumption of the insufficiently heated meat as well as for the contact with the animals. The women with toxoplasmosis more frequently consumed insufficiently heated meat and had more contact with cats and other animals.", "contents": "[Evaluation of some epidemiological factors in human toxoplasmosis]. The authors compared a group of 197 women with different ascertained forms of toxoplasmosis and a group of 72 women with negative serological reactions on toxoplasmosis and hereby they revealed that the consumption of insufficiently heated meats as well as the contact with animals (rearing and digestion embowelling or drawing of coat) play an eminent part. As test animals above all cats were used. The results of the two groups were compared and a significant difference between them was ascertained for the consumption of the insufficiently heated meat as well as for the contact with the animals. The women with toxoplasmosis more frequently consumed insufficiently heated meat and had more contact with cats and other animals.", "PMID": 1033642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6464", "title": "[Possibilities of erroneous interpretation of echocardiograms].", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound is capable of providing important information on cardiac structures and motion. Diagnostic misinterpretations and errors, however, are not uncommon, due to the manner in which data are acquired and displayed during an echocardiographic examination. This paper discusses the typical echocardiographic patterns of a variety of important conditions concerning the mitral valve, the left ventricle, the interatrial and interventricular septum as well as the influence of respiration on the performance of echocardiograms. Essential pitfalls in establishing a correct diagnosis in each of these conditions are discussed and demonstrated by illustrations.", "contents": "[Possibilities of erroneous interpretation of echocardiograms]. Diagnostic ultrasound is capable of providing important information on cardiac structures and motion. Diagnostic misinterpretations and errors, however, are not uncommon, due to the manner in which data are acquired and displayed during an echocardiographic examination. This paper discusses the typical echocardiographic patterns of a variety of important conditions concerning the mitral valve, the left ventricle, the interatrial and interventricular septum as well as the influence of respiration on the performance of echocardiograms. Essential pitfalls in establishing a correct diagnosis in each of these conditions are discussed and demonstrated by illustrations.", "PMID": 1033643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6465", "title": "Microfilaments in Naegleria fowleri amoebae.", "content": "Examination by electron microscopy has revealed 2 types of microfilament in the cytoplasm of 3 strains of axenically grown Naegleria fowleri amoebae. Thin, actin-like microfilaments 5-7 nm in diameter are randomly oriented in the nonmotile amoebae, and are concentrated near the plasma membrane. In the actively motile amoebae these microfilaments aggregate to form colateral bundles in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Thick, myosin-like microfilaments 17-19 nm in diameter also occur in the amoebae cytoplasm. The significance of these 2 kinds of microfilament in amoeboid motion is discussed.", "contents": "Microfilaments in Naegleria fowleri amoebae. Examination by electron microscopy has revealed 2 types of microfilament in the cytoplasm of 3 strains of axenically grown Naegleria fowleri amoebae. Thin, actin-like microfilaments 5-7 nm in diameter are randomly oriented in the nonmotile amoebae, and are concentrated near the plasma membrane. In the actively motile amoebae these microfilaments aggregate to form colateral bundles in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Thick, myosin-like microfilaments 17-19 nm in diameter also occur in the amoebae cytoplasm. The significance of these 2 kinds of microfilament in amoeboid motion is discussed.", "PMID": 1033644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6466", "title": "[Vitellogenesis in Echeneibothrium beauchampi Euzet, 1959 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea, Phyllobothriidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The vitellogenesis in Echeneibothrium beauchampi is studied by means of electron microscopy. In the follicles, the vitelline cells undergo three progressive changes characterized by cellular size, membrane system development and nature of stored inclusions. 1. Immature cells have a gonial morphology. 2. Maturing cells display a very well developed membrane system. Their cytoplasm is gradually filled with abundant lipid droplets. At the same time, a small number of homogeneous vesicles occur which contain protein material moderately electron dense. Glycogen (alpha and beta) appears at the end of the vitellogenesis. 3. Mature cells show a conspicuous regression of the membrane system. Cellular organelles, nucleus and protein vesicles are found in the peripheral cytoplasmic layer which still contains numerous free ribosomes. The amorphous remaining cytoplasm is filled with large amounts of aggregated lipid droplets which often surround glycogen areas. 4. The presence of numerous lipid droplets and glycogen in the vitelline cells of E. beauchampi shows evidence that this Tetraphyllidea is close to Pseudophyllidea, but the aspect of protein vesicles (shell-protein material) brings it near the Cyclophyllidea.", "contents": "[Vitellogenesis in Echeneibothrium beauchampi Euzet, 1959 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea, Phyllobothriidae) (author's transl)]. The vitellogenesis in Echeneibothrium beauchampi is studied by means of electron microscopy. In the follicles, the vitelline cells undergo three progressive changes characterized by cellular size, membrane system development and nature of stored inclusions. 1. Immature cells have a gonial morphology. 2. Maturing cells display a very well developed membrane system. Their cytoplasm is gradually filled with abundant lipid droplets. At the same time, a small number of homogeneous vesicles occur which contain protein material moderately electron dense. Glycogen (alpha and beta) appears at the end of the vitellogenesis. 3. Mature cells show a conspicuous regression of the membrane system. Cellular organelles, nucleus and protein vesicles are found in the peripheral cytoplasmic layer which still contains numerous free ribosomes. The amorphous remaining cytoplasm is filled with large amounts of aggregated lipid droplets which often surround glycogen areas. 4. The presence of numerous lipid droplets and glycogen in the vitelline cells of E. beauchampi shows evidence that this Tetraphyllidea is close to Pseudophyllidea, but the aspect of protein vesicles (shell-protein material) brings it near the Cyclophyllidea.", "PMID": 1033645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6467", "title": "[Heavy metal toxicity in mammalian cell cultures (author's transl)].", "content": "Static suspension cultures of L-A cells, a subline of L 929 mouse fibroblasts, were exposed to inorganic metal salts (chlorides). There was an increasing cytotoxicity from lead over mercury to cadmium as determined by reduction of viability and inhibition of proliferation. After 7 days' exposure the LD50 of lead was approximately 3 X 10(-4) M, of mercury 5 X 10(-5) M, and of cadmium 1.3 X 10 (-5) M. The doses causing a 50% inhibition of increase in cell number (ID50) after 7 days' application were determined as follows: 4 X 10(-5) M for lead, 1.3 X 10(-5) M for mercury, and 7.5 X 10(-6) M for cadmium. The biological effects of lead during chronic exposure were studied in more detail. Under continuous presence of the heavy metal the cells developed lead resistance, even to concentrations approaching the LD50. However, the proliferation rates of cells tolerating 1.4 X 10(-4) M were slightly, and of those tolerating 2 X 10(-4) M were clearly reduced as compared to the non-resistant (parent) cells. Cultivation of the resistant cells over 46 days (maximally 60 generations) in lead-free medium lead to a considerable loss of tolerance; this finding indicates that the induced lead resistance is caused by adaptation rather than by mutation and selection.", "contents": "[Heavy metal toxicity in mammalian cell cultures (author's transl)]. Static suspension cultures of L-A cells, a subline of L 929 mouse fibroblasts, were exposed to inorganic metal salts (chlorides). There was an increasing cytotoxicity from lead over mercury to cadmium as determined by reduction of viability and inhibition of proliferation. After 7 days' exposure the LD50 of lead was approximately 3 X 10(-4) M, of mercury 5 X 10(-5) M, and of cadmium 1.3 X 10 (-5) M. The doses causing a 50% inhibition of increase in cell number (ID50) after 7 days' application were determined as follows: 4 X 10(-5) M for lead, 1.3 X 10(-5) M for mercury, and 7.5 X 10(-6) M for cadmium. The biological effects of lead during chronic exposure were studied in more detail. Under continuous presence of the heavy metal the cells developed lead resistance, even to concentrations approaching the LD50. However, the proliferation rates of cells tolerating 1.4 X 10(-4) M were slightly, and of those tolerating 2 X 10(-4) M were clearly reduced as compared to the non-resistant (parent) cells. Cultivation of the resistant cells over 46 days (maximally 60 generations) in lead-free medium lead to a considerable loss of tolerance; this finding indicates that the induced lead resistance is caused by adaptation rather than by mutation and selection.", "PMID": 1033649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6468", "title": "[The interaction between cells and fibrous dusts (author's transl)].", "content": "The shape of fibrous dust particles is an important factor for the biological effects in cell cultures. The fibres elicit a special mechanism of incorporation which is dependent on their length and diameter but independent of their chemical composition. Fibres with a length less than 5 mum are phagocytized rapidly and completely by the cells, comparable to granular dust particles or milled fibres. Phagocytosis of long inorganic fibers is delayed and/or remains incomplete. Incomplete incorporation of the fiber causes a localized discontinuity in the cell membrane. There results continuous liberation of intra-cellular enzymes, which is compensated by an increasing glycolytic metabolism. The interaction between cell and fibre means a chronic irritation which is discussed as a factor in tumour induction. Fibrous dusts, e.g. asbestos and glass fibers, induce the formation of polykaryotic giant cells by way of fusion; asbestos possibly also causes the interspecific fusion of cells. There are indications that in the process of asbestos-induced cell fusion integrated virus genomes are activated and infectious viruses are released. There seems to be a causal relationship between the fibrogenic and carcinogenic effects of inorganic dusts and their shape, i.e. their length and diameter, regardless of their chemical composition. Thus the fibrogenic and carcinogenic effect is limited by a minimal length and a maximal diameter. The findings are discussed with regard to the air burden of fibrous dusts and their implications for human health.", "contents": "[The interaction between cells and fibrous dusts (author's transl)]. The shape of fibrous dust particles is an important factor for the biological effects in cell cultures. The fibres elicit a special mechanism of incorporation which is dependent on their length and diameter but independent of their chemical composition. Fibres with a length less than 5 mum are phagocytized rapidly and completely by the cells, comparable to granular dust particles or milled fibres. Phagocytosis of long inorganic fibers is delayed and/or remains incomplete. Incomplete incorporation of the fiber causes a localized discontinuity in the cell membrane. There results continuous liberation of intra-cellular enzymes, which is compensated by an increasing glycolytic metabolism. The interaction between cell and fibre means a chronic irritation which is discussed as a factor in tumour induction. Fibrous dusts, e.g. asbestos and glass fibers, induce the formation of polykaryotic giant cells by way of fusion; asbestos possibly also causes the interspecific fusion of cells. There are indications that in the process of asbestos-induced cell fusion integrated virus genomes are activated and infectious viruses are released. There seems to be a causal relationship between the fibrogenic and carcinogenic effects of inorganic dusts and their shape, i.e. their length and diameter, regardless of their chemical composition. Thus the fibrogenic and carcinogenic effect is limited by a minimal length and a maximal diameter. The findings are discussed with regard to the air burden of fibrous dusts and their implications for human health.", "PMID": 1033650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6469", "title": "Influence of x-rays on diurnal viration in 131I uptake by guinea pig thyroid.", "content": "The 131I uptake by guinea pig thyroid is subject to distinct diurnal variation. In control males, peak values occurred at 12 h, and minima at 24 h. In control females, peak values were also at 12 h, but minima at 6 h. In guinea pigs irradiated with 500 R of X-rays, a rise in 131I uptake began 1 h after termination of irradiation in both sexes and at all intervals, but maximum and minimum values were at the same time as in controls.", "contents": "Influence of x-rays on diurnal viration in 131I uptake by guinea pig thyroid. The 131I uptake by guinea pig thyroid is subject to distinct diurnal variation. In control males, peak values occurred at 12 h, and minima at 24 h. In control females, peak values were also at 12 h, but minima at 6 h. In guinea pigs irradiated with 500 R of X-rays, a rise in 131I uptake began 1 h after termination of irradiation in both sexes and at all intervals, but maximum and minimum values were at the same time as in controls.", "PMID": 1033652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6470", "title": "[The effect of potentiating factors on the bradykinine effect in vitro].", "content": "Bradykinin potentiating factors from the venom of Bothrops jajaraca and Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii potentiate the action of bradykinin at several smooth muscles. This potentiation is specific for bradykinin and has to be distinguished from an unspecific potentiation. The potentiation induced by BPF is not due to an indirect cholinergic mechanism or to a kininase inhibition in vitro. The results suggest that there would be an allosteric transition of the bradykinin receptor.", "contents": "[The effect of potentiating factors on the bradykinine effect in vitro]. Bradykinin potentiating factors from the venom of Bothrops jajaraca and Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii potentiate the action of bradykinin at several smooth muscles. This potentiation is specific for bradykinin and has to be distinguished from an unspecific potentiation. The potentiation induced by BPF is not due to an indirect cholinergic mechanism or to a kininase inhibition in vitro. The results suggest that there would be an allosteric transition of the bradykinin receptor.", "PMID": 1033653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6471", "title": "[The effect of nicotine and amphetamine on the exploratory behavior of rats].", "content": "The effects of nicotine and amphetamine were found to be dependent on genetic variables. Nicotine produced a stimulant effect on exploratory behavior, while amphetamine produced stereotyped behavior patterns.", "contents": "[The effect of nicotine and amphetamine on the exploratory behavior of rats]. The effects of nicotine and amphetamine were found to be dependent on genetic variables. Nicotine produced a stimulant effect on exploratory behavior, while amphetamine produced stereotyped behavior patterns.", "PMID": 1033648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6472", "title": "[Injuries of the pelvic bone and lower urinary pathways].", "content": "We are all witness of the rapid tempo of our life styles made possible by recent advances in modern technology. The powerful, fast automobiles used in our society are an important contributing factor in trauma and polytrauma. Etiology of injuries therefore are changing before our eyes. Based on statistics of the hospital taken on a series of 753 polytraumatized cases during 1961--1967, the most common etiological factor was automobile accidents. According to predictions for 1977, in Serbia there will be 70,000--105,000 injuries resulting from automobile accidents. 7,000 of these injuries will result in death, 36,000 will be severe injuries, and 62,000 will be minor injuries. These are frightening statistics, and further comment is not needed. Until recently, the principle cause of pelvic trauma was falling from high heights. However, today, statistics show that 60%--80% of all pelvic fractures occur in automobile accidents, only 19% are caused by falls, and 6.4% by industrial accidents. This illustrates the trastic change in etiology of fractures of the pelvis and trauma of the lower urinary pathways.", "contents": "[Injuries of the pelvic bone and lower urinary pathways]. We are all witness of the rapid tempo of our life styles made possible by recent advances in modern technology. The powerful, fast automobiles used in our society are an important contributing factor in trauma and polytrauma. Etiology of injuries therefore are changing before our eyes. Based on statistics of the hospital taken on a series of 753 polytraumatized cases during 1961--1967, the most common etiological factor was automobile accidents. According to predictions for 1977, in Serbia there will be 70,000--105,000 injuries resulting from automobile accidents. 7,000 of these injuries will result in death, 36,000 will be severe injuries, and 62,000 will be minor injuries. These are frightening statistics, and further comment is not needed. Until recently, the principle cause of pelvic trauma was falling from high heights. However, today, statistics show that 60%--80% of all pelvic fractures occur in automobile accidents, only 19% are caused by falls, and 6.4% by industrial accidents. This illustrates the trastic change in etiology of fractures of the pelvis and trauma of the lower urinary pathways.", "PMID": 1033654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6473", "title": "[First clinical experiences with scintiphotosplenoportography].", "content": "This paper reports on the clinical applicability and efficiency of Scintiphotosplenoportography (SPSP) by means of 99mTc Pertechnetate. This diagnostic process permits obtaining the following data: actual route and patency of the portal vein, localizing of collaterals, as well as information on the actual speed of portal flow. By determining the time of transit of the radionuclid via the collateral pathways into systemic circulation, additional assessments as to the hemodynamic functional importance of these collaterals can be made. This process is of particular value for the speedy assessment of the patency of a surgically effected portocaval shunt in cases of shunt-bleeders. In patients without cirrhosis, a stop in the filling along the course of the portal vein indicates portal thrombosis. In cases of manifest cirrhosis, however, the lack of an SPSP image for the proximal portal vein and the liver itself, merely points to the existence of extensive caudal collaterals. Traumatization as the result of intrasplenal application of a volume of less than 1 ml (of tracer) remains minimal. In contrast with radiological splenoportography this methods entails practically no risks. However, as a result of the restricted field of view and the relatively coarse power of resolution, the quality obtainable by szintiphotosplenoportography is somewhat inferior to that of X-ray splenoportography.", "contents": "[First clinical experiences with scintiphotosplenoportography]. This paper reports on the clinical applicability and efficiency of Scintiphotosplenoportography (SPSP) by means of 99mTc Pertechnetate. This diagnostic process permits obtaining the following data: actual route and patency of the portal vein, localizing of collaterals, as well as information on the actual speed of portal flow. By determining the time of transit of the radionuclid via the collateral pathways into systemic circulation, additional assessments as to the hemodynamic functional importance of these collaterals can be made. This process is of particular value for the speedy assessment of the patency of a surgically effected portocaval shunt in cases of shunt-bleeders. In patients without cirrhosis, a stop in the filling along the course of the portal vein indicates portal thrombosis. In cases of manifest cirrhosis, however, the lack of an SPSP image for the proximal portal vein and the liver itself, merely points to the existence of extensive caudal collaterals. Traumatization as the result of intrasplenal application of a volume of less than 1 ml (of tracer) remains minimal. In contrast with radiological splenoportography this methods entails practically no risks. However, as a result of the restricted field of view and the relatively coarse power of resolution, the quality obtainable by szintiphotosplenoportography is somewhat inferior to that of X-ray splenoportography.", "PMID": 1033655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6474", "title": "Latent vaginal choriocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman.", "content": "A 50-year-old Japanese female with choriocarcinoma showed three unusual features: the primary tumor developed in the vagina ectopically without uterine lesion; the first symptoms of atypical vaginal bleeding and coughing occurred 23 years after the last pregnancy; and the tumor appeared during postmenopause. The possible mechanisms for the ectopic location and latency are discussed.", "contents": "Latent vaginal choriocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman. A 50-year-old Japanese female with choriocarcinoma showed three unusual features: the primary tumor developed in the vagina ectopically without uterine lesion; the first symptoms of atypical vaginal bleeding and coughing occurred 23 years after the last pregnancy; and the tumor appeared during postmenopause. The possible mechanisms for the ectopic location and latency are discussed.", "PMID": 1033657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6475", "title": "Intracellular cysts in gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Intracellular cysts were often found in the tumour cells in gastric carcinomas of intestinal as well as diffuse type in specimens from stomachs resected for gastric cancer. In the light microscope, the cysts appeared usually as solitary cytoplasmic vacuoles. In the electron microscope, the intracellular cysts were seen as round cavities, often containing homogenous or granular mucous material which stained with the periodic acid-silver methenamine (PASM)-method. Relatively long microvilli were lining the cysts and, not infrequently, abundant cytoplasmic microfilaments would surround the cyst wall. Similar cysts have been observed in a number of other tumours and, accordingly, their diagnostic significance must be considered in connection with other methods such as differential staining of cellular mucosubstances.", "contents": "Intracellular cysts in gastric carcinoma. Intracellular cysts were often found in the tumour cells in gastric carcinomas of intestinal as well as diffuse type in specimens from stomachs resected for gastric cancer. In the light microscope, the cysts appeared usually as solitary cytoplasmic vacuoles. In the electron microscope, the intracellular cysts were seen as round cavities, often containing homogenous or granular mucous material which stained with the periodic acid-silver methenamine (PASM)-method. Relatively long microvilli were lining the cysts and, not infrequently, abundant cytoplasmic microfilaments would surround the cyst wall. Similar cysts have been observed in a number of other tumours and, accordingly, their diagnostic significance must be considered in connection with other methods such as differential staining of cellular mucosubstances.", "PMID": 1033658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6476", "title": "Precipitins in Liberian sera reacting with goat and sheep sera.", "content": "Precipitins in nine sera from normal Liberian adults were shown to react with an alpha-globulin in goat and sheep sera. No cross-reaction was demonstrated with bovine sera. Hence these precipitins are different to others previously described. At present their significance, if any, is unknown. They are important as a possible cause of unexplained reactions in serological tests using sheep or goat serum as a source of antigen or antibody.", "contents": "Precipitins in Liberian sera reacting with goat and sheep sera. Precipitins in nine sera from normal Liberian adults were shown to react with an alpha-globulin in goat and sheep sera. No cross-reaction was demonstrated with bovine sera. Hence these precipitins are different to others previously described. At present their significance, if any, is unknown. They are important as a possible cause of unexplained reactions in serological tests using sheep or goat serum as a source of antigen or antibody.", "PMID": 1033659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6477", "title": "Reducing patient exposure to ionizing radiation--is it really necessary?", "content": "The thesis that medical radiation exposures to the general population in the United States are excessive and that urgent steps need to be taken to reduce them is examined. At the present time, no evidence is found that deleterious effects result from radiation exposures at the level of a few rads or less. Nevertheless it is prudent that we assume the possibility of harmful effects of radiation exposure. However, because medical radiology is clearly so beneficial, and the harmful effects are problematical, it is doubtful whether the public should be alarmed by the suggestion of any crisis. A balancing of risks and benefits in the medical uses of radiology supports this latter contention.", "contents": "Reducing patient exposure to ionizing radiation--is it really necessary? The thesis that medical radiation exposures to the general population in the United States are excessive and that urgent steps need to be taken to reduce them is examined. At the present time, no evidence is found that deleterious effects result from radiation exposures at the level of a few rads or less. Nevertheless it is prudent that we assume the possibility of harmful effects of radiation exposure. However, because medical radiology is clearly so beneficial, and the harmful effects are problematical, it is doubtful whether the public should be alarmed by the suggestion of any crisis. A balancing of risks and benefits in the medical uses of radiology supports this latter contention.", "PMID": 1033663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6478", "title": "The fate of folate polyglutamates in meat during storage and processing.", "content": "The rate of hydrolysis of chicken liver folate polyglutamates, by endogenous liver conjugases, under various conditions of storage, heat, and tissue disruption, were investigated. The procedure used was to allow a radioactive tracer dose of the vitamin to equilibrate into the folate polyglutamyl pool. After various storage periods and treatments the polyglutamyl state of the folate present was examined by analytical techniques based on oxidative degradation of native folate polyglutamates to the corresponding p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamate followed by chromatographic separation on DEAE cellulose anion exchange resin. Identification of folate polyglutamates present was made by simultaneous elution of known p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamate markers. In an intact tissue sample only slight degradation was found after 48 hr at 4 C; complete degradation of folate polyglutamates taking 120 hr. Samples of homogenized tissue show complete degradation to folate monoglutamates and a small amount of diglutamate after 48 hr storage. Superimposed on the above is the consideration that if at any time prior to or during storage the liver is heated to greater than 100 C irreversible inactivation of the endogenous conjugases takes place and the folate polyglutamate pattern is stabilized. It was also demonstrated that during two different heating procedures no extra deconjugation occurred.", "contents": "The fate of folate polyglutamates in meat during storage and processing. The rate of hydrolysis of chicken liver folate polyglutamates, by endogenous liver conjugases, under various conditions of storage, heat, and tissue disruption, were investigated. The procedure used was to allow a radioactive tracer dose of the vitamin to equilibrate into the folate polyglutamyl pool. After various storage periods and treatments the polyglutamyl state of the folate present was examined by analytical techniques based on oxidative degradation of native folate polyglutamates to the corresponding p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamate followed by chromatographic separation on DEAE cellulose anion exchange resin. Identification of folate polyglutamates present was made by simultaneous elution of known p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamate markers. In an intact tissue sample only slight degradation was found after 48 hr at 4 C; complete degradation of folate polyglutamates taking 120 hr. Samples of homogenized tissue show complete degradation to folate monoglutamates and a small amount of diglutamate after 48 hr storage. Superimposed on the above is the consideration that if at any time prior to or during storage the liver is heated to greater than 100 C irreversible inactivation of the endogenous conjugases takes place and the folate polyglutamate pattern is stabilized. It was also demonstrated that during two different heating procedures no extra deconjugation occurred.", "PMID": 1033664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6479", "title": "ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn, without hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn without hyperbilirubinemia is described in 17 full-term infants. The erythrocyte characteristics, such as reticulocytosis, microspherocytosis, and positive indirect antiglobulin (Coomb's) test, resembled those in ABO disease with hyperbilirubinemia. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in this group to the same degree as in the more severely affected infants. Negro infants predominated over white, in a 2.5:1 ratio in this mild ABO group.", "contents": "ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn, without hyperbilirubinemia. ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn without hyperbilirubinemia is described in 17 full-term infants. The erythrocyte characteristics, such as reticulocytosis, microspherocytosis, and positive indirect antiglobulin (Coomb's) test, resembled those in ABO disease with hyperbilirubinemia. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in this group to the same degree as in the more severely affected infants. Negro infants predominated over white, in a 2.5:1 ratio in this mild ABO group.", "PMID": 1033665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6480", "title": "Obstetrician-gynecologists are primary physicians to women.", "content": "Our studies of the practice patterns of Michigan obstetrician-gynecologists indicate that they serve in a dual capacity: that of primary physicians to women and that of specialist obstetrician-gynecologists. They provide a considerable amount of general medical care for their own patients in the former role, and traditional specialist services for their own patients and for those referred by other physicians in the latter. The objectives and educational content of most house officer training programs do not reflect these changes. Training is directed almost exclusively toward preparing residents for specialty practice and often does not offer them basic experience and permit them to develop basic skills in other disciplines, notably internal medicine nad psychiatry, which they will need to practice as parimary physicians to women. An educational program designed to prepare residents more broadly for what they will actually be doing in practice without compromising their training as specialists is described.", "contents": "Obstetrician-gynecologists are primary physicians to women. Our studies of the practice patterns of Michigan obstetrician-gynecologists indicate that they serve in a dual capacity: that of primary physicians to women and that of specialist obstetrician-gynecologists. They provide a considerable amount of general medical care for their own patients in the former role, and traditional specialist services for their own patients and for those referred by other physicians in the latter. The objectives and educational content of most house officer training programs do not reflect these changes. Training is directed almost exclusively toward preparing residents for specialty practice and often does not offer them basic experience and permit them to develop basic skills in other disciplines, notably internal medicine nad psychiatry, which they will need to practice as parimary physicians to women. An educational program designed to prepare residents more broadly for what they will actually be doing in practice without compromising their training as specialists is described.", "PMID": 1033666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6481", "title": "The embryologic development of the human vagina.", "content": "Our present understanding of the sequence and mechanisms of human genital organogenesis is reviewed. Current theories about the derivation of the vaginal epithelium are examined and tested against two anomalous circumstances, congenital androgen insensitivity and agenesis of the lower vagina, which are presented as examples demonstrating the respective participation of the urogenital sinus or of the M\u00fcllerian ducts alone in the developmental process. The abnormalities recently described in the vagina and cervix of girls exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) correspond remarkably with those encountered in lower vaginal agenesis, particularly with regard to the presence of vaginal adenosis, the deficiency of glycogen in the squamous cells (squamous metaplasia), and the abnormal response of the squamous epithelium to Schiller's iodine test. It is concluded that the development of the human vagina is best explained by the theory which holds that the M\u00fcllerian ducts in fetal life extend caudally to the level of the future hymen. After fusion of these ducts, squamous cells arising in the epithelium of the urogenital sinus invade from below, advance, and replace completely the M\u00fcllerian mucosa up to the level of the external os of the cervical canal.", "contents": "The embryologic development of the human vagina. Our present understanding of the sequence and mechanisms of human genital organogenesis is reviewed. Current theories about the derivation of the vaginal epithelium are examined and tested against two anomalous circumstances, congenital androgen insensitivity and agenesis of the lower vagina, which are presented as examples demonstrating the respective participation of the urogenital sinus or of the M\u00fcllerian ducts alone in the developmental process. The abnormalities recently described in the vagina and cervix of girls exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) correspond remarkably with those encountered in lower vaginal agenesis, particularly with regard to the presence of vaginal adenosis, the deficiency of glycogen in the squamous cells (squamous metaplasia), and the abnormal response of the squamous epithelium to Schiller's iodine test. It is concluded that the development of the human vagina is best explained by the theory which holds that the M\u00fcllerian ducts in fetal life extend caudally to the level of the future hymen. After fusion of these ducts, squamous cells arising in the epithelium of the urogenital sinus invade from below, advance, and replace completely the M\u00fcllerian mucosa up to the level of the external os of the cervical canal.", "PMID": 1033667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6482", "title": "Management and outcome of pregnancies associated with the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "The clinical outcome of 918 pregnancies in women who conceived while using one or another of four models of the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) is presented. Elective abortion was chosen by 58 per cent of the women. The clinical management and course of 275 women who elected to allow their unplanned pregnancy to continue are described. The Copper T was either expelled or extracted during the pregnancy in 118 of the women, while the IUD remained in situ for the duration of the pregnancy in the remaining 157 patients. The incidence of spontaneous abortion more than doubled when the IUD remained in utero. The chance of a live birth being premature was four times greater when the IUD remained in situ than when it was removed. There were 27 ectopic pregnancies in this entire series, giving an incidence of 3.4 per cent. In addition, the data suggest, but do not prove, that there is an increased risk of having an ectopic pregnancy if the woman has worn the Copper T for more than two years. A benign fibroma of the vocal cord was the only congenital anomaly detected. These observations suggest that the incidence of developmental defects is not adversely affected by the presence of intrauterine copper.", "contents": "Management and outcome of pregnancies associated with the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device. The clinical outcome of 918 pregnancies in women who conceived while using one or another of four models of the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) is presented. Elective abortion was chosen by 58 per cent of the women. The clinical management and course of 275 women who elected to allow their unplanned pregnancy to continue are described. The Copper T was either expelled or extracted during the pregnancy in 118 of the women, while the IUD remained in situ for the duration of the pregnancy in the remaining 157 patients. The incidence of spontaneous abortion more than doubled when the IUD remained in utero. The chance of a live birth being premature was four times greater when the IUD remained in situ than when it was removed. There were 27 ectopic pregnancies in this entire series, giving an incidence of 3.4 per cent. In addition, the data suggest, but do not prove, that there is an increased risk of having an ectopic pregnancy if the woman has worn the Copper T for more than two years. A benign fibroma of the vocal cord was the only congenital anomaly detected. These observations suggest that the incidence of developmental defects is not adversely affected by the presence of intrauterine copper.", "PMID": 1033668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6483", "title": "True hermaphroditism: an analytic review with a report of 3 new cases.", "content": "Three new cases of true hermaphroditism are described: a 14-year-old patient with a testis on one side and an ovotestis on the other side and a 11-year-old patient as well as a 6-year-old patient both with an ovary on the one side and an ovotestis on the other side. Twenty-four cases, which were personally investigated, were previously reported. Therefore, this analytic review is based upon the author's experience of 27 cases as well as 340 cases reported in the world literature since 1899. The presenting symptoms and age of diagnosis are discussed. Apart from ambiguous genitals, the development of breasts in a patient reared as male is an important presenting symptom. The variations found regarding the external and internal genitals are described. An ovotestis is the most common gonad found in true hermaphroditism. Among 116 ovotestes available for analysis, 46 per cent are located in an ovarian position, 26 per cent in the labioscrotal fold, 24 per cent in the inguinal canal, and 4 per cent in the internal inguinal ring. Evidence of ovulation is found in 50 per cent of ovotestes. Spermatogenesis has not been observed in the testicular portion of an ovotestis. Spermatogenesis was present in only 12 per cent of testes found in true hermaphroditism. Dysgerminomas occur with a frequency of 1.3 per cent. A fallopian tube and a vas deferens were never found together next to an ovotestis. Cytogenetic findings are reported in 115 cases of true hermaphroditism, including the cases described in this paper. A 46,XX chromosomal complement is the most common finding, occurring in 57.4 per cent of cases. It is interesting that 42.6 per cent showed no evidence of a Y chromosome. With the use of the fluorescent technique in metaphase chromosomes as well as the Y chromatin body in interphase cells, no Y chromosome was detected in the three new cases reported here. The various possibilities for the development of testicular tissues in the absence of a Y chromosome are discussed. In the diagnosis of true hermaphroditism the palpation of an ovotestis with a soft testicular portion and a firm ovarian portion is stressed. As far as the treatment of true hermaphroditism is concerned, the external genitals should be changed according to the gender identity which usually correlates with the sex of rearing.", "contents": "True hermaphroditism: an analytic review with a report of 3 new cases. Three new cases of true hermaphroditism are described: a 14-year-old patient with a testis on one side and an ovotestis on the other side and a 11-year-old patient as well as a 6-year-old patient both with an ovary on the one side and an ovotestis on the other side. Twenty-four cases, which were personally investigated, were previously reported. Therefore, this analytic review is based upon the author's experience of 27 cases as well as 340 cases reported in the world literature since 1899. The presenting symptoms and age of diagnosis are discussed. Apart from ambiguous genitals, the development of breasts in a patient reared as male is an important presenting symptom. The variations found regarding the external and internal genitals are described. An ovotestis is the most common gonad found in true hermaphroditism. Among 116 ovotestes available for analysis, 46 per cent are located in an ovarian position, 26 per cent in the labioscrotal fold, 24 per cent in the inguinal canal, and 4 per cent in the internal inguinal ring. Evidence of ovulation is found in 50 per cent of ovotestes. Spermatogenesis has not been observed in the testicular portion of an ovotestis. Spermatogenesis was present in only 12 per cent of testes found in true hermaphroditism. Dysgerminomas occur with a frequency of 1.3 per cent. A fallopian tube and a vas deferens were never found together next to an ovotestis. Cytogenetic findings are reported in 115 cases of true hermaphroditism, including the cases described in this paper. A 46,XX chromosomal complement is the most common finding, occurring in 57.4 per cent of cases. It is interesting that 42.6 per cent showed no evidence of a Y chromosome. With the use of the fluorescent technique in metaphase chromosomes as well as the Y chromatin body in interphase cells, no Y chromosome was detected in the three new cases reported here. The various possibilities for the development of testicular tissues in the absence of a Y chromosome are discussed. In the diagnosis of true hermaphroditism the palpation of an ovotestis with a soft testicular portion and a firm ovarian portion is stressed. As far as the treatment of true hermaphroditism is concerned, the external genitals should be changed according to the gender identity which usually correlates with the sex of rearing.", "PMID": 1033669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6484", "title": "The effects of dexamethasone on plasma free androgens during the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "In order to evaluate the ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral plasma concentrations of total testosterone (TTe), indixes of the plasma concentrations of free testosterone (FTeI), free 17 beta-hydroxysteroid androgens (FHSI), and testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) during the menstrual cycle, women were examined during three normal cycles and three other cycles under dexamethasone (0.5 mg., four times a day) suppression. All study cycles were apparently ovulatory. The mean TTe and FTeI during the midcycle period were significantly higher than during the early follicular (P less than 0.005) and the midluteal periods (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). During the menstrual cycles under dexamethasone suppression only the difference in TTe and FTeI between the midcycle (37 +/- 12.4 (S.D.) ng. per 100 ml. and 10.5 +/- 4.0 (S.D.), respectively) and the midluteal (26.0 +/- 10.1 (S.D.) ng. per 100 ml and 7.2 +/- 3.2 (S.D.), respectively) periods was significant statistically (P less than 0.05). No significant differences in the mean levels of FHSI and TeBG between three periods within the cycle were noted in either the control or the dexamethasone-treated cycle. When each phase was compared, the mean levels of TTe, FTel, and FSHI were significantly lower in the dexamethasone-treated cycles than in the normal cycles. The data suggest that the level of TeBG is not perceptibly affected by physiologic fluctuation of estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, and the FHSI levels are stable throughout the ovulatory cycle. Decrease in levels of TTe, FTeI, and FHSI during dexamethasone suppression seems to be due to reduction of androgen production as TeBG, a major determinant of the metabolic clearance rate of androgens, was not affected by dexamethasone.", "contents": "The effects of dexamethasone on plasma free androgens during the normal menstrual cycle. In order to evaluate the ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral plasma concentrations of total testosterone (TTe), indixes of the plasma concentrations of free testosterone (FTeI), free 17 beta-hydroxysteroid androgens (FHSI), and testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) during the menstrual cycle, women were examined during three normal cycles and three other cycles under dexamethasone (0.5 mg., four times a day) suppression. All study cycles were apparently ovulatory. The mean TTe and FTeI during the midcycle period were significantly higher than during the early follicular (P less than 0.005) and the midluteal periods (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). During the menstrual cycles under dexamethasone suppression only the difference in TTe and FTeI between the midcycle (37 +/- 12.4 (S.D.) ng. per 100 ml. and 10.5 +/- 4.0 (S.D.), respectively) and the midluteal (26.0 +/- 10.1 (S.D.) ng. per 100 ml and 7.2 +/- 3.2 (S.D.), respectively) periods was significant statistically (P less than 0.05). No significant differences in the mean levels of FHSI and TeBG between three periods within the cycle were noted in either the control or the dexamethasone-treated cycle. When each phase was compared, the mean levels of TTe, FTel, and FSHI were significantly lower in the dexamethasone-treated cycles than in the normal cycles. The data suggest that the level of TeBG is not perceptibly affected by physiologic fluctuation of estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, and the FHSI levels are stable throughout the ovulatory cycle. Decrease in levels of TTe, FTeI, and FHSI during dexamethasone suppression seems to be due to reduction of androgen production as TeBG, a major determinant of the metabolic clearance rate of androgens, was not affected by dexamethasone.", "PMID": 1033670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6485", "title": "Diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma.", "content": "Four women with secondary amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia were studied. Baseline hormonal evaluation, including serum FSH, serum LH, TSH, T3, T4, and plasma cortisols were normal. Plain sella turcia x-rays were also normal. Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas were found in all of the patients only after further diagnostic studies were done. These studies included polytomography of the sella turcia, dynamic pituitary testing of growth hormone reserve, ACTH reserve, gonadotropin reserve, and prolactin suppression with L-dopa. The early diagnosis of a small prolactin-secreting adenoma may be possible if several diagnostic criteria are ulilized. The most sensitive techniques available are: (1) polytomography, (2) the magnitude of plasma prolactin evaluation, and (3) the failure of suppression of prolactin secretion with L-dopa. Our findings emphasize the importance of an extensive evaluation of all women with amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Four women with secondary amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia were studied. Baseline hormonal evaluation, including serum FSH, serum LH, TSH, T3, T4, and plasma cortisols were normal. Plain sella turcia x-rays were also normal. Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas were found in all of the patients only after further diagnostic studies were done. These studies included polytomography of the sella turcia, dynamic pituitary testing of growth hormone reserve, ACTH reserve, gonadotropin reserve, and prolactin suppression with L-dopa. The early diagnosis of a small prolactin-secreting adenoma may be possible if several diagnostic criteria are ulilized. The most sensitive techniques available are: (1) polytomography, (2) the magnitude of plasma prolactin evaluation, and (3) the failure of suppression of prolactin secretion with L-dopa. Our findings emphasize the importance of an extensive evaluation of all women with amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 1033671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6486", "title": "Techniques of argon laser photocoagulation of diabetic disk new vessels.", "content": "Four argon laser techniques have been evaluated in the eradication of diabetic disk neovascularization: focal (nonfeeder) photocoagulation, feeder-frond photocoagulation alone, panretinal photocoagulation alone, and feeder-frond treatment combined with panretinal photocoagulation. Focal photocoagulation was dangerous and the least effective technique in preventing recurrence of neovascularization. Feeder-frond photocoagulation was effective initially, but was associated with a high incidence of recurrent neovascularization. Panretinal photocoagulation and panretinal photocoagulation combined with feeder-frond treatment produced results superior to those obtained with the two earlier techniques. The best results were obtained with combined feeder-frond and panretinal photocoagulation done concurrently. Early diagnosis, aggressive photocoagulation therapy, and close follow-up were essential in order to obtain good results.", "contents": "Techniques of argon laser photocoagulation of diabetic disk new vessels. Four argon laser techniques have been evaluated in the eradication of diabetic disk neovascularization: focal (nonfeeder) photocoagulation, feeder-frond photocoagulation alone, panretinal photocoagulation alone, and feeder-frond treatment combined with panretinal photocoagulation. Focal photocoagulation was dangerous and the least effective technique in preventing recurrence of neovascularization. Feeder-frond photocoagulation was effective initially, but was associated with a high incidence of recurrent neovascularization. Panretinal photocoagulation and panretinal photocoagulation combined with feeder-frond treatment produced results superior to those obtained with the two earlier techniques. The best results were obtained with combined feeder-frond and panretinal photocoagulation done concurrently. Early diagnosis, aggressive photocoagulation therapy, and close follow-up were essential in order to obtain good results.", "PMID": 1033672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6487", "title": "Night myopia: cause and a possible basis for amelioration.", "content": "The relationship between night myopia under simulated night driving conditions and the dark focus accomodation was examined. Over a range of luminance and contrast conditions typical of the night driving situation, college-age subjects accommodated to about one-half the difference between a distant simulated road sign and their individual dark focus. Subsequent laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that: (1) a negative correction equal to one-half the value of the dark focus significantly improved night visual performance as compared with their normal or full dark-focus correction, and (2) greater improvements in performance were obtained for subjects who exhibited a relatively near dark focus.", "contents": "Night myopia: cause and a possible basis for amelioration. The relationship between night myopia under simulated night driving conditions and the dark focus accomodation was examined. Over a range of luminance and contrast conditions typical of the night driving situation, college-age subjects accommodated to about one-half the difference between a distant simulated road sign and their individual dark focus. Subsequent laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that: (1) a negative correction equal to one-half the value of the dark focus significantly improved night visual performance as compared with their normal or full dark-focus correction, and (2) greater improvements in performance were obtained for subjects who exhibited a relatively near dark focus.", "PMID": 1033673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6488", "title": "Eye movement patterns and reading performance in poor readers: immediate effects of convex lenses indicated by book retinoscopy.", "content": "Eye movement patterns and reading performance were evaluated in 38 4th and 5th grade male students who were at least 1 year behind in their reading levels. Half of the subjects (Group I) demonstrated a need for convex lenses at near by a book retinoscopy criterion. The remaining subjects (Group II) showed no need for convex lenses at near by the same criterion. The subject's eye movements during reading were recorded by a commercial device called Eye-Trac. These recordings were made with 2 lens applications, plano and +0.50 D, respectively. The number of fixations, regressions, rate of reading, and relative efficiency for each condition (plano and +0.50 D) were calculated. In Group I, 3 of 5 measures showed significant improvement with plus lenses. These subjects showed fewer regressions, increased reading speed, and higher relative efficiency with plus than without. In Group II, 3 of 5 measures showed decrement with plus lenses, while 1 (comprehension) showed improvement. These subjects showed more fixations and regressions and lower relative efficiency with plus than without. It is therefore concluded that convex lenses of low power can have considerable immediate effect on children's reading skills, sometimes helpful and sometimes detrimental, and that proper pretesting with both retinoscopy will aid in the prediction of this effect.", "contents": "Eye movement patterns and reading performance in poor readers: immediate effects of convex lenses indicated by book retinoscopy. Eye movement patterns and reading performance were evaluated in 38 4th and 5th grade male students who were at least 1 year behind in their reading levels. Half of the subjects (Group I) demonstrated a need for convex lenses at near by a book retinoscopy criterion. The remaining subjects (Group II) showed no need for convex lenses at near by the same criterion. The subject's eye movements during reading were recorded by a commercial device called Eye-Trac. These recordings were made with 2 lens applications, plano and +0.50 D, respectively. The number of fixations, regressions, rate of reading, and relative efficiency for each condition (plano and +0.50 D) were calculated. In Group I, 3 of 5 measures showed significant improvement with plus lenses. These subjects showed fewer regressions, increased reading speed, and higher relative efficiency with plus than without. In Group II, 3 of 5 measures showed decrement with plus lenses, while 1 (comprehension) showed improvement. These subjects showed more fixations and regressions and lower relative efficiency with plus than without. It is therefore concluded that convex lenses of low power can have considerable immediate effect on children's reading skills, sometimes helpful and sometimes detrimental, and that proper pretesting with both retinoscopy will aid in the prediction of this effect.", "PMID": 1033674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6489", "title": "Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following peripheral nerve blocks.", "content": "Mean arterial plasma (MAP) and peripheral mean venous plasma (MVP) levels of bupivacaine were ascertained in 3 groups of 10 patients each for: (1) intercostal nerve block, 400 mg; (2) block of the sciatic, femoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, with or without block of the obturator nerve, 400 mg; and (3) supraclavicular brachial plexus block, 300 mg. MAP levels were consistently higher than simultaneously sampled MVP levels, the highest levels occurring from bilateral intercostal nerve block. No evidence of systemic toxicity was observed. The results suggest that bupivacaine has a much wider margin of safety in humans than is now stated.", "contents": "Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following peripheral nerve blocks. Mean arterial plasma (MAP) and peripheral mean venous plasma (MVP) levels of bupivacaine were ascertained in 3 groups of 10 patients each for: (1) intercostal nerve block, 400 mg; (2) block of the sciatic, femoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, with or without block of the obturator nerve, 400 mg; and (3) supraclavicular brachial plexus block, 300 mg. MAP levels were consistently higher than simultaneously sampled MVP levels, the highest levels occurring from bilateral intercostal nerve block. No evidence of systemic toxicity was observed. The results suggest that bupivacaine has a much wider margin of safety in humans than is now stated.", "PMID": 1033689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6490", "title": "Ketamine and intraocular pressure in children.", "content": "The effect of ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 10 children. Control IOP values were determined prior to induction of anesthesia, following premedication with atropine alone or in combination with pentobarbital and meperidine. After the IM injection of 8 mg/kg of ketamine, the IOP was determined at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Mean (+/- SD) IOP values before and after ketamine were 22.2 +/- 4.8 and 16.7 +/- 3.3 torr (p less than 0.001), respectively. The authors believe that the reduction in IOP was not due to ketamine, per se, but rather to lack of patient relaxation and cooperation during control measurements. At the end of 20 minutes, a second dose of ketamine, this time 1 mg/kg IV, was given and measurements were repeated at the same intervals. In 5 patients, the effects on IOP of d-tubocurarine, endotracheal intubation, and N2O inhalation also was evaluated. A significant increase (6.7 torr) in IOP was observed only after endotracheal intubation. The authors conclude that ketamine does not raise IOP in the healthy pediatric patient and, therefore, can be used for ophthalmic procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia.", "contents": "Ketamine and intraocular pressure in children. The effect of ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 10 children. Control IOP values were determined prior to induction of anesthesia, following premedication with atropine alone or in combination with pentobarbital and meperidine. After the IM injection of 8 mg/kg of ketamine, the IOP was determined at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Mean (+/- SD) IOP values before and after ketamine were 22.2 +/- 4.8 and 16.7 +/- 3.3 torr (p less than 0.001), respectively. The authors believe that the reduction in IOP was not due to ketamine, per se, but rather to lack of patient relaxation and cooperation during control measurements. At the end of 20 minutes, a second dose of ketamine, this time 1 mg/kg IV, was given and measurements were repeated at the same intervals. In 5 patients, the effects on IOP of d-tubocurarine, endotracheal intubation, and N2O inhalation also was evaluated. A significant increase (6.7 torr) in IOP was observed only after endotracheal intubation. The authors conclude that ketamine does not raise IOP in the healthy pediatric patient and, therefore, can be used for ophthalmic procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia.", "PMID": 1033690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6491", "title": "The effects of stellate ganglion block on the idiopathic prolongation of the Q-T interval with cardiac arrhythmia (the Romano-Ward syndrome).", "content": "The association of a prolonged Q-T interval, congenital deafness, and syncopal attacks due to ventricular fibrillation following emotional or physical stress is known as the Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Absence of the congenital deafness characterizes the otherwise identical Romano-Ward syndrome. Both conditions have a high mortality rate and are recognized as contributing to sudden death in children. Although the pathogenetic factors are not yet completely elucidated, the condition is well enough understood to permit effective treatment. The authors performed a left stellate ganglion block in a 12-year-old girl with a mild form of the Romano-Ward syndrome, shortening the Q-T interval and eliminating the ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The left stellete ganglion block should be considered by anesthesiologists as an emergency measure, effective in interrupting the attack.", "contents": "The effects of stellate ganglion block on the idiopathic prolongation of the Q-T interval with cardiac arrhythmia (the Romano-Ward syndrome). The association of a prolonged Q-T interval, congenital deafness, and syncopal attacks due to ventricular fibrillation following emotional or physical stress is known as the Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Absence of the congenital deafness characterizes the otherwise identical Romano-Ward syndrome. Both conditions have a high mortality rate and are recognized as contributing to sudden death in children. Although the pathogenetic factors are not yet completely elucidated, the condition is well enough understood to permit effective treatment. The authors performed a left stellate ganglion block in a 12-year-old girl with a mild form of the Romano-Ward syndrome, shortening the Q-T interval and eliminating the ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The left stellete ganglion block should be considered by anesthesiologists as an emergency measure, effective in interrupting the attack.", "PMID": 1033692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6492", "title": "Anesthesia and the modification of response to infection in mice.", "content": "Anesthetic-induced immunosuppression, if clinically significant, could modify the natural course of infectious disease in vivo. To test this bypothesis, the localized response to IM Candida albicans and the mortality following fecal peritonitis were examined in anesthetized mice. Using these 2 models, halothane anesthesia was found not to modify the natural history of local sepsis but to significantly accentuate the mortality associated with the more severe infection. Possible explanations for these results include significant inhibition of reticuloendothelial function or plasma opsonization with relatively minor derangements of peripheral leukocyte capability.", "contents": "Anesthesia and the modification of response to infection in mice. Anesthetic-induced immunosuppression, if clinically significant, could modify the natural course of infectious disease in vivo. To test this bypothesis, the localized response to IM Candida albicans and the mortality following fecal peritonitis were examined in anesthetized mice. Using these 2 models, halothane anesthesia was found not to modify the natural history of local sepsis but to significantly accentuate the mortality associated with the more severe infection. Possible explanations for these results include significant inhibition of reticuloendothelial function or plasma opsonization with relatively minor derangements of peripheral leukocyte capability.", "PMID": 1033691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6493", "title": "The development of an acute tolerance to ketamine.", "content": "A rapidly developing tolerance to the hypnotic effect of ketamine in rats and mice has been investigated. On the basis of plasma and brain concentrations of ketamine at the time the animals wakened, it seemed likely that a central nervous system tolerance to the drug explained the shortened sleeping times noted.", "contents": "The development of an acute tolerance to ketamine. A rapidly developing tolerance to the hypnotic effect of ketamine in rats and mice has been investigated. On the basis of plasma and brain concentrations of ketamine at the time the animals wakened, it seemed likely that a central nervous system tolerance to the drug explained the shortened sleeping times noted.", "PMID": 1033693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6494", "title": "Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in serum of families with malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "The activity and isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the serum of 2 women vulnerable to malignant hyperpyrexia were studied. Serum CPK activity was markedly elevated but, in contrast to a previous report, only skeletal-muscle type CPK activity was present.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in serum of families with malignant hyperpyrexia. The activity and isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the serum of 2 women vulnerable to malignant hyperpyrexia were studied. Serum CPK activity was markedly elevated but, in contrast to a previous report, only skeletal-muscle type CPK activity was present.", "PMID": 1033694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6495", "title": "Naloxone antagonism after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia.", "content": "Narcotic-supplemented balanced anesthesia is increasing in popularity; however, the narcotic must frequently be antagonized postoperatively. Authorities differ in their recommendations as to dose and as to mode and duration of administration of the narcotic antagonist. In the present study of 58 patients undergoing narcotic-supplemented anesthesia, 60 percent of 42 fentanyl patients and 81 percent of 16 morphine patients required postsurgical naloxone for respiratory inadequacy. Naloxone dosage was initially 1.5 mug/kg IV, with repeat IV doses of 1.5 mug/kg, when needed, at 3-minute intervals, until a regular respiratory rate greater than 15 breaths/min was attained. None of the fentanyl patients and only 25 percent (4/16) of the morphine patients required additional naloxone in the recovery room. For the latter, the dose of naloxone previously administered was given IM and proved satisfactory. Additional analgesia was needed by 12 percent (7/58) of the patients during the recovery room stay. Judicious naloxone titration permitted respiratory adequacy to coexist with analgesia after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia.", "contents": "Naloxone antagonism after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia. Narcotic-supplemented balanced anesthesia is increasing in popularity; however, the narcotic must frequently be antagonized postoperatively. Authorities differ in their recommendations as to dose and as to mode and duration of administration of the narcotic antagonist. In the present study of 58 patients undergoing narcotic-supplemented anesthesia, 60 percent of 42 fentanyl patients and 81 percent of 16 morphine patients required postsurgical naloxone for respiratory inadequacy. Naloxone dosage was initially 1.5 mug/kg IV, with repeat IV doses of 1.5 mug/kg, when needed, at 3-minute intervals, until a regular respiratory rate greater than 15 breaths/min was attained. None of the fentanyl patients and only 25 percent (4/16) of the morphine patients required additional naloxone in the recovery room. For the latter, the dose of naloxone previously administered was given IM and proved satisfactory. Additional analgesia was needed by 12 percent (7/58) of the patients during the recovery room stay. Judicious naloxone titration permitted respiratory adequacy to coexist with analgesia after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia.", "PMID": 1033695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6496", "title": "Enflurane as a primary anesthetic agent for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "For years, halothane has been the anesthetic agent of choice for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reversible airway disease (asthma). Enflurane was compared with halothane in 100 patients with COPD substantiated by spirometry and history. Intraoperative and postoperative complications in each relatively homogenous 50-patient group were assessed. Spirometry, blood gases, chest x-rays, incidence of complications involving secretions, coughing, wheezing, and cardiovascular problems were similar in both groups. Enflurane appears to be equivalent to halothane as an anesthetic in such patients.", "contents": "Enflurane as a primary anesthetic agent for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For years, halothane has been the anesthetic agent of choice for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reversible airway disease (asthma). Enflurane was compared with halothane in 100 patients with COPD substantiated by spirometry and history. Intraoperative and postoperative complications in each relatively homogenous 50-patient group were assessed. Spirometry, blood gases, chest x-rays, incidence of complications involving secretions, coughing, wheezing, and cardiovascular problems were similar in both groups. Enflurane appears to be equivalent to halothane as an anesthetic in such patients.", "PMID": 1033696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6497", "title": "Postpartum hypertension and convulsion after oxytocic drugs.", "content": "An 18-year-old primipara developed acute hypertension leading to cerebral edema and convulsions following the IV injection of a bolus of 10 units of oxytocin with 0.2 mg methylergonovine maleate. Oxytocin in a dose of more than 2 units should not be administered IV in a single injection, as severe hypotension may result. If oxytocin is required, it can be injected either IM, or by IV pump or drip. The use of ergot in obstetrics should be limited to the treatment of life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage and be given only by the IM route. Ergot should not be administered to patients with cardiac, renal, or hypertensive disease, or in association with a vasoconstrictor.", "contents": "Postpartum hypertension and convulsion after oxytocic drugs. An 18-year-old primipara developed acute hypertension leading to cerebral edema and convulsions following the IV injection of a bolus of 10 units of oxytocin with 0.2 mg methylergonovine maleate. Oxytocin in a dose of more than 2 units should not be administered IV in a single injection, as severe hypotension may result. If oxytocin is required, it can be injected either IM, or by IV pump or drip. The use of ergot in obstetrics should be limited to the treatment of life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage and be given only by the IM route. Ergot should not be administered to patients with cardiac, renal, or hypertensive disease, or in association with a vasoconstrictor.", "PMID": 1033698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6498", "title": "Early reversal of postoperative hypoxemia.", "content": "Peridural analgesia was combined with the respiratory-stimulant effect of doxapram for intermittent hyperinflation of the lungs to reverse early postoperative (PO) hypoxemia following inhalation anesthesia for upper abdominal operations. Twenty unpremedicated men undergoing upper abdominal operations were studied for 5 hours in the recovery room. Ten of these patients received doxapram plus peridural analgesia; the other 10, doxapram plus morphine analgesia. Rectal temperature, PaO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate, exhaled minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), and blood pressure and pulse were measured. The mean increase from control for VE was 9.6 L/min and for VT, 356 ml/breath during doxapram therapy for the morphine group. Corresponding values for the peridural group were 14.4 L/min for VE and 660 ml/breath for VT. Mean PaO2 for the morphine group decreased significantly from the corresponding preoperative value (p less than 0.005). Lack of significant change between preoperative and PO values for PaO2 for the peridural group would indicate that under the conditions of this study, early PO hypoxemia can be reversed by the combination of peridural analgesia with doxapram therapy.", "contents": "Early reversal of postoperative hypoxemia. Peridural analgesia was combined with the respiratory-stimulant effect of doxapram for intermittent hyperinflation of the lungs to reverse early postoperative (PO) hypoxemia following inhalation anesthesia for upper abdominal operations. Twenty unpremedicated men undergoing upper abdominal operations were studied for 5 hours in the recovery room. Ten of these patients received doxapram plus peridural analgesia; the other 10, doxapram plus morphine analgesia. Rectal temperature, PaO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate, exhaled minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), and blood pressure and pulse were measured. The mean increase from control for VE was 9.6 L/min and for VT, 356 ml/breath during doxapram therapy for the morphine group. Corresponding values for the peridural group were 14.4 L/min for VE and 660 ml/breath for VT. Mean PaO2 for the morphine group decreased significantly from the corresponding preoperative value (p less than 0.005). Lack of significant change between preoperative and PO values for PaO2 for the peridural group would indicate that under the conditions of this study, early PO hypoxemia can be reversed by the combination of peridural analgesia with doxapram therapy.", "PMID": 1033701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6499", "title": "Unexpected hepatic dysfunction found by multiple laboratory screening.", "content": "During a 1-year period, 7620 elective surgical admissions were given multiple laboratory screening (SMA-18) determinations. Of these, 11 healthy patients, aged 10 to 54, with a pretest classification of ASA 1 (no systemic disease) were found to have clearly abnormal elevations of the SGOT, SGPT, and LDH levels. The proposed elective surgical procedures and anesthesia were canceled. All 11 patients proved to have overt liver pathology by further testing, and 3 later became clinically jaundiced. No cases of unexplained postsurgical jaundice occurred in any of the other 7609 operated cases during the 1-year study. The incidence of clearly elevated enzyme levels in voluntary hospital surgical admissions is approximately 1/700 and the incidence of clinical jaundice is approximately 1/2540. There appears to be a seasonal variation, with the preponderance of elevated enzyme levels in the winter and spring months.", "contents": "Unexpected hepatic dysfunction found by multiple laboratory screening. During a 1-year period, 7620 elective surgical admissions were given multiple laboratory screening (SMA-18) determinations. Of these, 11 healthy patients, aged 10 to 54, with a pretest classification of ASA 1 (no systemic disease) were found to have clearly abnormal elevations of the SGOT, SGPT, and LDH levels. The proposed elective surgical procedures and anesthesia were canceled. All 11 patients proved to have overt liver pathology by further testing, and 3 later became clinically jaundiced. No cases of unexplained postsurgical jaundice occurred in any of the other 7609 operated cases during the 1-year study. The incidence of clearly elevated enzyme levels in voluntary hospital surgical admissions is approximately 1/700 and the incidence of clinical jaundice is approximately 1/2540. There appears to be a seasonal variation, with the preponderance of elevated enzyme levels in the winter and spring months.", "PMID": 1033697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6500", "title": "Local anesthetic agents--pharmacologic basis for use in obstetrics: a review.", "content": "Because of the minimal effects on mother and fetus, regional anesthetic technics are widely employed for labor and delivery. However, the literature describes at least 35 fetal and neonatal deaths and a frightening incidence of fetal distress associated with paracervical block for 1st-stage labor. Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia for 1st-stage labor has also been associated with fetal distress, but this is minimal and no deaths have been reported. Bupivacaine, a relatively new, long-lasting local anesthetic, is extemely toxic when administered paracervically, but no deaths have been reported with its use for epidural anesthesia. While choice of method and agent must be individualized, continuous lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine appears as effective as and less often dangerous to the fetus than paracervical block.", "contents": "Local anesthetic agents--pharmacologic basis for use in obstetrics: a review. Because of the minimal effects on mother and fetus, regional anesthetic technics are widely employed for labor and delivery. However, the literature describes at least 35 fetal and neonatal deaths and a frightening incidence of fetal distress associated with paracervical block for 1st-stage labor. Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia for 1st-stage labor has also been associated with fetal distress, but this is minimal and no deaths have been reported. Bupivacaine, a relatively new, long-lasting local anesthetic, is extemely toxic when administered paracervically, but no deaths have been reported with its use for epidural anesthesia. While choice of method and agent must be individualized, continuous lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine appears as effective as and less often dangerous to the fetus than paracervical block.", "PMID": 1033702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6501", "title": "The anesthetic potency of lidocaine in the rat.", "content": "The anesthetic effect of lidocaine was evaluated in rats by determining the change in anesthetic requirement of cyclopropane MAC that was produced by blood concentrations of lidocaine in the clinically useful range. A linear reduction in anesthetic requirement was produced with concentrations up to 1 mug/ml. Further increases in lidocaine up to 5.5 mug/ml resulted in no further decrease in cyclopropane requirement. Lidocaine was found to contribute a maximum MAC fraction of 0.4.", "contents": "The anesthetic potency of lidocaine in the rat. The anesthetic effect of lidocaine was evaluated in rats by determining the change in anesthetic requirement of cyclopropane MAC that was produced by blood concentrations of lidocaine in the clinically useful range. A linear reduction in anesthetic requirement was produced with concentrations up to 1 mug/ml. Further increases in lidocaine up to 5.5 mug/ml resulted in no further decrease in cyclopropane requirement. Lidocaine was found to contribute a maximum MAC fraction of 0.4.", "PMID": 1033700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6502", "title": "Uptake and excretion of 1-bromo-1,2,2-Trifluorocyclobutane (42M-9) in man: comparative study on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of inhalation anesthetics.", "content": "1-bromo-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (42M-9) has physical properties similar to those of methoxyflurane and has been suggested for use as an anesthetic agent. Its MAC value, predicted from its lipid solubility, is 0.26 percent. No clinically significant changes were observed in cardiovascular or respiratory function or in clinical laboratory tests. Ventricular dysrhythmias were not seen in this study at analgesic concentrations in contrast to those reported at anesthetic concentrations by others. Pulmonary uptake was high and wash-out was slow. The total amount exhaled comprised 60 percent of the dose. Fluorine, equivalent to 11 percent of total uptake, was rapidly excreted in urine as nonvolatile fluorinated metabolites. An additional 9 percent of 42M-9 was degraded to fluroide and excreted in urine. Since an amount of fluoride equivalent to that excreted in the urine tends to be deposited in the skeleton, approximately 29 percent of uptake may possibly be accounted for as metabolites. Based on fluorine recovery, the fate of 11 percent of 42M-9 uptake remains unknown. The kinetics of uptake, metabolism and excretion of 42M-9 did not differ significantly over a five-fold change of inspired concentration. A comparison of the pulmonary clearance of unaltered 42M-9 and the fraction of uptake converted to urinary metabolites or unrecovered with those of other volatile halogenated anesthetics and their physical properties supports the conclusion that 42M-9 is relatively resistant to biotransformation.", "contents": "Uptake and excretion of 1-bromo-1,2,2-Trifluorocyclobutane (42M-9) in man: comparative study on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of inhalation anesthetics. 1-bromo-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (42M-9) has physical properties similar to those of methoxyflurane and has been suggested for use as an anesthetic agent. Its MAC value, predicted from its lipid solubility, is 0.26 percent. No clinically significant changes were observed in cardiovascular or respiratory function or in clinical laboratory tests. Ventricular dysrhythmias were not seen in this study at analgesic concentrations in contrast to those reported at anesthetic concentrations by others. Pulmonary uptake was high and wash-out was slow. The total amount exhaled comprised 60 percent of the dose. Fluorine, equivalent to 11 percent of total uptake, was rapidly excreted in urine as nonvolatile fluorinated metabolites. An additional 9 percent of 42M-9 was degraded to fluroide and excreted in urine. Since an amount of fluoride equivalent to that excreted in the urine tends to be deposited in the skeleton, approximately 29 percent of uptake may possibly be accounted for as metabolites. Based on fluorine recovery, the fate of 11 percent of 42M-9 uptake remains unknown. The kinetics of uptake, metabolism and excretion of 42M-9 did not differ significantly over a five-fold change of inspired concentration. A comparison of the pulmonary clearance of unaltered 42M-9 and the fraction of uptake converted to urinary metabolites or unrecovered with those of other volatile halogenated anesthetics and their physical properties supports the conclusion that 42M-9 is relatively resistant to biotransformation.", "PMID": 1033705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6503", "title": "Obstetric anesthesia training centers in the U.S.A.--1975.", "content": "The current status of obstetric anesthesia training in the United States is reviewed. The 39 anesthesia residency training programs having full time chiefs of obstetric anesthesia were surveyed regarding clinical practice, physical facilities, teaching and research. This paper reports the results and compares them to recommendations of JCAH, ACOG and ASA, concerning standards of patient care and resident teaching.", "contents": "Obstetric anesthesia training centers in the U.S.A.--1975. The current status of obstetric anesthesia training in the United States is reviewed. The 39 anesthesia residency training programs having full time chiefs of obstetric anesthesia were surveyed regarding clinical practice, physical facilities, teaching and research. This paper reports the results and compares them to recommendations of JCAH, ACOG and ASA, concerning standards of patient care and resident teaching.", "PMID": 1033703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6504", "title": "Crdiovascular effects of lidocaine during acid-base imbalance.", "content": "Although lidocaine HCl is often given to critically ill patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, it use is not without hazard. To investigate whether acid-base disturbances and their subsequent effects on molecular ioization influence cardiovascular (CV) response to lidocaine, dogs in normal acid-base balance, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis were given 2 or 4 mg/kg lidocaine IV. Heart rate (HR), PR and QT intervals, MAP, LVEDP, LV dp/dt, and LV dp/dt divided by CPIP were measured at intervals. In all groups a slight increase in mean HR occurred after 2 mg/kg. Generally, myocardial contractile force was depressed in direct proportion to dose. Essentially, the CV response to lidocaine was not altered by any clinically remarkable degree by pH disturbances. Responses differing from those observed during normal acid-base conditions could not be significantly correlated with changes in pH or PaCO2. Results suggest that, in the intact animal, the CV effects of lidocaine, administered in therapeutic doses, are not appreciably influenced by clinically encountered states of acid-base imbalance.", "contents": "Crdiovascular effects of lidocaine during acid-base imbalance. Although lidocaine HCl is often given to critically ill patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, it use is not without hazard. To investigate whether acid-base disturbances and their subsequent effects on molecular ioization influence cardiovascular (CV) response to lidocaine, dogs in normal acid-base balance, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis were given 2 or 4 mg/kg lidocaine IV. Heart rate (HR), PR and QT intervals, MAP, LVEDP, LV dp/dt, and LV dp/dt divided by CPIP were measured at intervals. In all groups a slight increase in mean HR occurred after 2 mg/kg. Generally, myocardial contractile force was depressed in direct proportion to dose. Essentially, the CV response to lidocaine was not altered by any clinically remarkable degree by pH disturbances. Responses differing from those observed during normal acid-base conditions could not be significantly correlated with changes in pH or PaCO2. Results suggest that, in the intact animal, the CV effects of lidocaine, administered in therapeutic doses, are not appreciably influenced by clinically encountered states of acid-base imbalance.", "PMID": 1033706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6505", "title": "Supine hypotensive syndrome caused by intra-abdominal mass: a case report.", "content": "An obese woman who presented with 3 separate intra-abdominal masses developed a supine hypotensive syndrome following induction of general anesthesia. The hypotension was corrected by positioning the patient in a left lateral tilt and by releasing intra-abdominal pressure. Following decompression of the vena cava, arterial and central venous pressure rose and remained at a high level. Urine output was poor until IV furosemide was administered.", "contents": "Supine hypotensive syndrome caused by intra-abdominal mass: a case report. An obese woman who presented with 3 separate intra-abdominal masses developed a supine hypotensive syndrome following induction of general anesthesia. The hypotension was corrected by positioning the patient in a left lateral tilt and by releasing intra-abdominal pressure. Following decompression of the vena cava, arterial and central venous pressure rose and remained at a high level. Urine output was poor until IV furosemide was administered.", "PMID": 1033713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6506", "title": "Uredofos: anthelmintic activity against nematodes and cestodes in dogs with naturally occurring infections.", "content": "A new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was tested in 146 dogs by single and multiple oral dosing. Single doses of 100 and 50 (but not 25) mg/kg were totally effective in removing Dipylidium caninum and Taenia spp from 46 dogs with infections of tapeworms. Among groups of 15 to 20 dogs, the average percentage efficacies against Toxocara canis for single soese of 100, 50, and 25 mg/kg were 98, 96, and 81%, respectively. The average percentage of efficacies against hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) were greater than 96% in dogs treated with single doses of 100, 50, or 25 mg/kg and were 100% in the 35 dogs given 2 or 3 treatments (24-hour intervals) at dose levels of either 25 or 50 mg/kg. The whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, was not efficaciously eliminated by single doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg (av percentage of efficacies of 30, 35, and 71%, respectively). Efficacy against T vulpis markedly improved when 2 doses were given at a 24-hour interval (av percentage of efficacies were 89% at dose level of 25 mg/kg and 99% at dose level of 50 mg/kg). At either dose (25 or 50 mg/kg), 3 daily treatments were no more efficacious against whipworms than were 2 doses. There was no evidence of drug toxicosis in any dogs tested. It was concluded that uredofos is highly effective against canine tapeworms, ascarids, and hookworms when given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg and against whipworm when given at dose level of 50 mg/kg/day for 2 days.", "contents": "Uredofos: anthelmintic activity against nematodes and cestodes in dogs with naturally occurring infections. A new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was tested in 146 dogs by single and multiple oral dosing. Single doses of 100 and 50 (but not 25) mg/kg were totally effective in removing Dipylidium caninum and Taenia spp from 46 dogs with infections of tapeworms. Among groups of 15 to 20 dogs, the average percentage efficacies against Toxocara canis for single soese of 100, 50, and 25 mg/kg were 98, 96, and 81%, respectively. The average percentage of efficacies against hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) were greater than 96% in dogs treated with single doses of 100, 50, or 25 mg/kg and were 100% in the 35 dogs given 2 or 3 treatments (24-hour intervals) at dose levels of either 25 or 50 mg/kg. The whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, was not efficaciously eliminated by single doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg (av percentage of efficacies of 30, 35, and 71%, respectively). Efficacy against T vulpis markedly improved when 2 doses were given at a 24-hour interval (av percentage of efficacies were 89% at dose level of 25 mg/kg and 99% at dose level of 50 mg/kg). At either dose (25 or 50 mg/kg), 3 daily treatments were no more efficacious against whipworms than were 2 doses. There was no evidence of drug toxicosis in any dogs tested. It was concluded that uredofos is highly effective against canine tapeworms, ascarids, and hookworms when given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg and against whipworm when given at dose level of 50 mg/kg/day for 2 days.", "PMID": 1033721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6507", "title": "Comparative effects of uredofos, niclosamide, and bunamidine hydrochloride against tapeworm infections in dogs.", "content": "A single dose of a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was more effective than single doses of either bunamidine hydrochloride (HCI) or niclosamide in removing natural infections of Dipylidium coninum from pound dogs, as determined by necropsy examination for scolices. The efficacy of uredofos was equal to that of bunamidine HCI and exceeded that of niclosamide in removing Taenia spp from his host. All of 12 dogs harboring D caninum and all of 5 dogs harboring Taenia spp were completely cleared of tapeworm infection following treatment with uredofos at 50 mg/kg of body weight. Bunamidine HCl cleared 9 of 11 dogs (82%) of D caninum and 5 of 5 dogs of Taenia spp. Niclosamide had the least anticestodal activity of the 3 drugs; 2 or more scolices of D caninum were found at necropsy in each of 12 dogs treated with this drug. Four of 5 dogs were cleared of Taenia spp following niclosamide therapy. Untreated control dogs did not shed tapeworms of either species during a 3-day period of posttreatment fecal collections, but did have tapeworms at the time of necropsy.", "contents": "Comparative effects of uredofos, niclosamide, and bunamidine hydrochloride against tapeworm infections in dogs. A single dose of a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was more effective than single doses of either bunamidine hydrochloride (HCI) or niclosamide in removing natural infections of Dipylidium coninum from pound dogs, as determined by necropsy examination for scolices. The efficacy of uredofos was equal to that of bunamidine HCI and exceeded that of niclosamide in removing Taenia spp from his host. All of 12 dogs harboring D caninum and all of 5 dogs harboring Taenia spp were completely cleared of tapeworm infection following treatment with uredofos at 50 mg/kg of body weight. Bunamidine HCl cleared 9 of 11 dogs (82%) of D caninum and 5 of 5 dogs of Taenia spp. Niclosamide had the least anticestodal activity of the 3 drugs; 2 or more scolices of D caninum were found at necropsy in each of 12 dogs treated with this drug. Four of 5 dogs were cleared of Taenia spp following niclosamide therapy. Untreated control dogs did not shed tapeworms of either species during a 3-day period of posttreatment fecal collections, but did have tapeworms at the time of necropsy.", "PMID": 1033722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6508", "title": "Experimental cleavage of chorioretinal scars by traction and subretinal fluid.", "content": "The resistance to separation by localized traction and exudative retinal detachment of experimental chorioretinal scars produced with argon laser photocoagulation, cryothermy and diathermy was tested in rabbits. In vivo, the area of retinal separation over the scar was similar to that obtained by traction on normal retina. Moreover, the retinal cleavage occurred at the level of the scar regardless of the scar inducing modality, indicating that the scar is the weakest point in the retina-pigment epithelium joint. However, spaced and dense chorioretinal scars produced by argon laser photocoagulation, diathermy and cryothermy usually remained attached after experimental production of exudative retinal detachments with penicillin G intravitreal injections. This study indicates that the resistance to detachment of the normal retina by traction may be as strong as that of the scarred tissue and that the chorioretinal scars' effect is related to lesser fluid penetration into the treated area.", "contents": "Experimental cleavage of chorioretinal scars by traction and subretinal fluid. The resistance to separation by localized traction and exudative retinal detachment of experimental chorioretinal scars produced with argon laser photocoagulation, cryothermy and diathermy was tested in rabbits. In vivo, the area of retinal separation over the scar was similar to that obtained by traction on normal retina. Moreover, the retinal cleavage occurred at the level of the scar regardless of the scar inducing modality, indicating that the scar is the weakest point in the retina-pigment epithelium joint. However, spaced and dense chorioretinal scars produced by argon laser photocoagulation, diathermy and cryothermy usually remained attached after experimental production of exudative retinal detachments with penicillin G intravitreal injections. This study indicates that the resistance to detachment of the normal retina by traction may be as strong as that of the scarred tissue and that the chorioretinal scars' effect is related to lesser fluid penetration into the treated area.", "PMID": 1033727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6509", "title": "Determination of bilirubin in amniotic fluid: a comparison of some current methods.", "content": "Three methods for the estimation of bilirubin in amniotic fluid are compared. The within-batch precision and recovery of bilirubin by each method has been studied, and the effects of the presence of haemoglobin, methaemoglobin, and methaemalbumin in varying concentrations have been investigated. Measurements on amniotic fluid from patients with rhesus isioimmunization have also been compared and regression equations calculated. The results of the three methods agree reasonably well so long as no haemoglobin degradation products are present. It is suggested that in the presence of these products a method involving organic solvent extraction of bilirubin gives the most accurate result.", "contents": "Determination of bilirubin in amniotic fluid: a comparison of some current methods. Three methods for the estimation of bilirubin in amniotic fluid are compared. The within-batch precision and recovery of bilirubin by each method has been studied, and the effects of the presence of haemoglobin, methaemoglobin, and methaemalbumin in varying concentrations have been investigated. Measurements on amniotic fluid from patients with rhesus isioimmunization have also been compared and regression equations calculated. The results of the three methods agree reasonably well so long as no haemoglobin degradation products are present. It is suggested that in the presence of these products a method involving organic solvent extraction of bilirubin gives the most accurate result.", "PMID": 1033728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6510", "title": "Timing of fertilization and sex ratio of offspring--a review.", "content": "Evidence is reviewed for the hypothesis that there is a causal connection between the time of fertilization within the menstrual cycle and the sex of the resulting zygote.", "contents": "Timing of fertilization and sex ratio of offspring--a review. Evidence is reviewed for the hypothesis that there is a causal connection between the time of fertilization within the menstrual cycle and the sex of the resulting zygote.", "PMID": 1033729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6511", "title": "[Lethal and mutagenic action of nitrosomethylbiuret on a culture of the mycophilic fungus, Didymocladium ternatum].", "content": "The effect of N-nitrozo-N-methylbiuret (NMB) on various features of Didymocladium ternatum, an organism producing termatin was studied. It was found that the lethal effect of NMB depended on the exposure time, prolongation of which resulted in increased numbers of the plus variants, morphological mutations and reverses into the populations. Variants possessing 8 times higher activity as compared to the initial culture were obtained as a result of selection of active variants.", "contents": "[Lethal and mutagenic action of nitrosomethylbiuret on a culture of the mycophilic fungus, Didymocladium ternatum]. The effect of N-nitrozo-N-methylbiuret (NMB) on various features of Didymocladium ternatum, an organism producing termatin was studied. It was found that the lethal effect of NMB depended on the exposure time, prolongation of which resulted in increased numbers of the plus variants, morphological mutations and reverses into the populations. Variants possessing 8 times higher activity as compared to the initial culture were obtained as a result of selection of active variants.", "PMID": 1033730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6512", "title": "[Infantile nephrosis. Microcystic renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Two siblings, male and female with nephrotic syndrome of neonatal onset are reported. Both parents were healthy as well as another 5 year-old brother. Both died under two months. Their clinical, biochemical and immunological data are described, and the more common causes of N.S. (i.e. syphilis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis) ruled out. Pathology was available only from one of the cases, and the lesions were comparable to those described by finnish authors as corresponding to \"congenital\" N.S. This report is an additional evidence of the presence of this entity out of Finland.", "contents": "[Infantile nephrosis. Microcystic renal disease (author's transl)]. Two siblings, male and female with nephrotic syndrome of neonatal onset are reported. Both parents were healthy as well as another 5 year-old brother. Both died under two months. Their clinical, biochemical and immunological data are described, and the more common causes of N.S. (i.e. syphilis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis) ruled out. Pathology was available only from one of the cases, and the lesions were comparable to those described by finnish authors as corresponding to \"congenital\" N.S. This report is an additional evidence of the presence of this entity out of Finland.", "PMID": 1033724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6513", "title": "[Use of paper discs in determining the biological activity of mycoheptin by the agar diffusion method].", "content": "Diffusion of mycoheptin from the discs into agar was studied. A procedure providing practical use of the discs for quantitative estimation of mycoheptin activity was developed. A possibility of using the discs in the assay of solutions containing significant amounts of an organic solvent was shown.", "contents": "[Use of paper discs in determining the biological activity of mycoheptin by the agar diffusion method]. Diffusion of mycoheptin from the discs into agar was studied. A procedure providing practical use of the discs for quantitative estimation of mycoheptin activity was developed. A possibility of using the discs in the assay of solutions containing significant amounts of an organic solvent was shown.", "PMID": 1033731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6514", "title": "[Microbial growth and fuel tanks hazards (author's transl)].", "content": "Fuel tanks are susceptible to contain a microflora consisting of bacteria and fungi which appear as sludge at the bottom of the tanks. This microflora is quite variable. Various strains of microorganisms were isolated, belonging to the following genera: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Mycococcus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium. These strains are generally adapted to hydrocarbons though non adapted strains are also found, which develop with the help of metabolites excreted by the adapted strains or their lysates. The microorganisms use mostly the paraffinic fraction of the fuel. Some strains attack also aromatic hydrocarbons. Contaminated fuels were found to contain noticeable amounts of fatty acids. The study of the production of organic acids by strains isolated from fuel tanks shows that many strains are able to excrete organic acids. The nature of the fatty acids produced depends upon the strain: in some dases they correspond to the branched paraffins contained in the fuel. The comparison of microbial growth and organic acid production in mixed cultures with fuel with various quantities of fuel to water shows that the large amount of fuel compared to water in a fuel tank can be responsible for the importance of microbial growth and organic acids.", "contents": "[Microbial growth and fuel tanks hazards (author's transl)]. Fuel tanks are susceptible to contain a microflora consisting of bacteria and fungi which appear as sludge at the bottom of the tanks. This microflora is quite variable. Various strains of microorganisms were isolated, belonging to the following genera: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Mycococcus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium. These strains are generally adapted to hydrocarbons though non adapted strains are also found, which develop with the help of metabolites excreted by the adapted strains or their lysates. The microorganisms use mostly the paraffinic fraction of the fuel. Some strains attack also aromatic hydrocarbons. Contaminated fuels were found to contain noticeable amounts of fatty acids. The study of the production of organic acids by strains isolated from fuel tanks shows that many strains are able to excrete organic acids. The nature of the fatty acids produced depends upon the strain: in some dases they correspond to the branched paraffins contained in the fuel. The comparison of microbial growth and organic acid production in mixed cultures with fuel with various quantities of fuel to water shows that the large amount of fuel compared to water in a fuel tank can be responsible for the importance of microbial growth and organic acids.", "PMID": 1033726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6515", "title": "Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia.", "content": "The aim of this study was to establish the outcome of very severe birth asphyxia in a group of babies intensively resuscitated at birth. 48 infants, born between 1966 and 1971 inclusive, were selected; 15 were apparently stillborn and 33 had not established spontaneous respirations by 20 minutes after birth. One-half of them died, but 3 to 7 years later three-quarters of the survivors are apparently normal. Later handicap was associated with factors leading to prolonged partial intrapartum asphyxia, while acute periods of more complete asphyxia were not necessarily harmful.", "contents": "Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia. The aim of this study was to establish the outcome of very severe birth asphyxia in a group of babies intensively resuscitated at birth. 48 infants, born between 1966 and 1971 inclusive, were selected; 15 were apparently stillborn and 33 had not established spontaneous respirations by 20 minutes after birth. One-half of them died, but 3 to 7 years later three-quarters of the survivors are apparently normal. Later handicap was associated with factors leading to prolonged partial intrapartum asphyxia, while acute periods of more complete asphyxia were not necessarily harmful.", "PMID": 1033733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6516", "title": "Factors regulating tapeworm populations: dispersion of eggs of Taenia hydatigena on pasture.", "content": "A dog with four patent Taenia hydatigena was placed at a fixed site on a pasture for 50 days. The spread of the eggs was determined by grazing lambs for 10 days on various plots, and counting the cysts present at autopsy. Some 'wild' eggs were detected on the pasture before the dog was introduced. Nevertheless, a marked divergence from randomness was detected in the cyst counts of lambs grazed within 80 metres of the kennel but not beyond from 10-20 and 40-50 days after the dog had been introduced. The main egg clusters remained within a radius of 25 metres.", "contents": "Factors regulating tapeworm populations: dispersion of eggs of Taenia hydatigena on pasture. A dog with four patent Taenia hydatigena was placed at a fixed site on a pasture for 50 days. The spread of the eggs was determined by grazing lambs for 10 days on various plots, and counting the cysts present at autopsy. Some 'wild' eggs were detected on the pasture before the dog was introduced. Nevertheless, a marked divergence from randomness was detected in the cyst counts of lambs grazed within 80 metres of the kennel but not beyond from 10-20 and 40-50 days after the dog had been introduced. The main egg clusters remained within a radius of 25 metres.", "PMID": 1033734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6517", "title": "Changes in diurnal temperature and feeding patterns of rats during repeated injections of heroin and withdrawal.", "content": "Rectral temperatures and feeding activity were measured in adult male rats every 30 min for 4 hr, then every 4 hr following daily s.c. injections at 08:00 or 20:00hr or saline or heroin. Initial heroin injections disrupted diurnal temperature and feeding rhythms: 5 mg/kg heroin HCl induced hyperthermia and abolished feeding for 2 hr; 20 mg/kg led to hypothermia, then hyperthermia and abolished feeding for 4 hr. By the 5th heroin day hyperthermia and increased feeding occurred in all groups with a shorter latency to onset. Total food intake was higher than on the 1st heroin day but the diurnal patterns remained disrupted. Changes in both diurnal rhythms again occurred on the 1st withdrawal day as hypothermia, sporadic feeding and hyper-irritability were observed. By the 5th withdrawal day diurnal temperature and feeding rhythms resembled those of the control period. Monitoring diurnal temperature and feeding patterns of rats reveals characteristic dose-related disruptions after heroin which are modified by repeated doses as tolerance develops and which eventually disappear on withdrawal.", "contents": "Changes in diurnal temperature and feeding patterns of rats during repeated injections of heroin and withdrawal. Rectral temperatures and feeding activity were measured in adult male rats every 30 min for 4 hr, then every 4 hr following daily s.c. injections at 08:00 or 20:00hr or saline or heroin. Initial heroin injections disrupted diurnal temperature and feeding rhythms: 5 mg/kg heroin HCl induced hyperthermia and abolished feeding for 2 hr; 20 mg/kg led to hypothermia, then hyperthermia and abolished feeding for 4 hr. By the 5th heroin day hyperthermia and increased feeding occurred in all groups with a shorter latency to onset. Total food intake was higher than on the 1st heroin day but the diurnal patterns remained disrupted. Changes in both diurnal rhythms again occurred on the 1st withdrawal day as hypothermia, sporadic feeding and hyper-irritability were observed. By the 5th withdrawal day diurnal temperature and feeding rhythms resembled those of the control period. Monitoring diurnal temperature and feeding patterns of rats reveals characteristic dose-related disruptions after heroin which are modified by repeated doses as tolerance develops and which eventually disappear on withdrawal.", "PMID": 1033735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6518", "title": "Time-course of apomorphine in the brain of the immature rat after apomorphine injection.", "content": "The time-course of apomorphine in brain was studied in 7-day-old and young adult rats following i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg apomorphine. In the adult animals continuous stereotypes behaviour (SB) commenced within 1-2 min and was no longer present at 75 min. The peak concentration of apomorphine was present at 5 min and then declined exponentially (half-life = 10.5 min); only trace amounts (less than 0.01 mug/g) were present at 90 min. In the immature rat apomorphine induced an initial phase of intermittent locomotion lasting about 10 min after which the rats appeared sedated; 60-80 min after injection intermittent SB emerged and terminated 150-180 min after the apomorphine injection. The peak brain concentration of apomorphine was present at 10 min and then declined exponentially (half-life = 28 min). Significant amounts of apomorphine were still present in brain at 150 min and trace amounts evident at 180 min. The reason for the delayed onset of SB in the immature rat is unclear. The longer half-life is presumably related to incomplete development of enzyme systems metabolizing apomorphine in the immature animal.", "contents": "Time-course of apomorphine in the brain of the immature rat after apomorphine injection. The time-course of apomorphine in brain was studied in 7-day-old and young adult rats following i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg apomorphine. In the adult animals continuous stereotypes behaviour (SB) commenced within 1-2 min and was no longer present at 75 min. The peak concentration of apomorphine was present at 5 min and then declined exponentially (half-life = 10.5 min); only trace amounts (less than 0.01 mug/g) were present at 90 min. In the immature rat apomorphine induced an initial phase of intermittent locomotion lasting about 10 min after which the rats appeared sedated; 60-80 min after injection intermittent SB emerged and terminated 150-180 min after the apomorphine injection. The peak brain concentration of apomorphine was present at 10 min and then declined exponentially (half-life = 28 min). Significant amounts of apomorphine were still present in brain at 150 min and trace amounts evident at 180 min. The reason for the delayed onset of SB in the immature rat is unclear. The longer half-life is presumably related to incomplete development of enzyme systems metabolizing apomorphine in the immature animal.", "PMID": 1033736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6519", "title": "[Ca and P metabolism in the skeletal system of the dairy cow as shown in histometric follow-up studies on the substantia spongiosa of the tuber coxae].", "content": "1. Histometric follow-up checks of the Substantia spongiosa of Tuber coxae in dairy cows have shown the trabecular percentage of the skeleton to decline continuously from the onset of lactation and to reach its lowest point in the last third of the lactation period. This was followed by some rise up to the next lactation, but the original values were not restored. 2. The percentage of spongiosa trabeculae, consequently, drops along with growing age, and so does the absolute trabecular surface. 3. No unambiguous dependence of trabecular surface on milk yield was established. 4. The results obtained from the above checks are discussed with reference to the physiological dynamics of the bone system as a mobile store of minerals. Some of the aspects mentioned are of greater relevance to practice.", "contents": "[Ca and P metabolism in the skeletal system of the dairy cow as shown in histometric follow-up studies on the substantia spongiosa of the tuber coxae]. 1. Histometric follow-up checks of the Substantia spongiosa of Tuber coxae in dairy cows have shown the trabecular percentage of the skeleton to decline continuously from the onset of lactation and to reach its lowest point in the last third of the lactation period. This was followed by some rise up to the next lactation, but the original values were not restored. 2. The percentage of spongiosa trabeculae, consequently, drops along with growing age, and so does the absolute trabecular surface. 3. No unambiguous dependence of trabecular surface on milk yield was established. 4. The results obtained from the above checks are discussed with reference to the physiological dynamics of the bone system as a mobile store of minerals. Some of the aspects mentioned are of greater relevance to practice.", "PMID": 1033744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6520", "title": "Twin studies of affective illness.", "content": "In a summary of the major twin studies of affective illness, there are significant differences between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) concordance rates for both unipolar and bipolar illness, indicating the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of affective illness. However, since 28% of MZ twins are discordant for bipolar illness and 60% of MZ twins are discordant for unipolar illness, environmental factors are important as well. In addition, there is a significant difference between unipolar and bipolar concordance for MZ twins (although not for DZ twins). This supports other evidence that unipolar and bipolar illness are separate entities, and it suggests the possibility that genetic factors are more important in the occurrence of bipolar illness than in unipolar illness.", "contents": "Twin studies of affective illness. In a summary of the major twin studies of affective illness, there are significant differences between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) concordance rates for both unipolar and bipolar illness, indicating the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of affective illness. However, since 28% of MZ twins are discordant for bipolar illness and 60% of MZ twins are discordant for unipolar illness, environmental factors are important as well. In addition, there is a significant difference between unipolar and bipolar concordance for MZ twins (although not for DZ twins). This supports other evidence that unipolar and bipolar illness are separate entities, and it suggests the possibility that genetic factors are more important in the occurrence of bipolar illness than in unipolar illness.", "PMID": 1033748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6521", "title": "Chronic alcoholism and the pancreas.", "content": "In rats given 15% solution of ethyl alcohol (v/v) instead of drinking water adlibitum for eight months, histochemical analysis showed a dictinct fall in activities of the oxidative enzymes (succinate and lactate dehydrogenases, DPNH-diaphorase) in the centro-acinar cells of the pancreas and in the islets of Langerhans.", "contents": "Chronic alcoholism and the pancreas. In rats given 15% solution of ethyl alcohol (v/v) instead of drinking water adlibitum for eight months, histochemical analysis showed a dictinct fall in activities of the oxidative enzymes (succinate and lactate dehydrogenases, DPNH-diaphorase) in the centro-acinar cells of the pancreas and in the islets of Langerhans.", "PMID": 1033749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6522", "title": "The influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thioridazine.", "content": "A study on the influence of cystamine on the kinetics and dynamics of the action of thioridazine has been carried out. Higher levels of this drug in the blood and lower levels in the brain tissue than those in unpremedicated rats were determined. Half-life of thioridazine underwent shortening from 2-55 hr to 1-05 hr. Excretion of thioridazine with bile was not significantly affected by premedication with cystamine. beta-Glucuronidase activity, after an initial drop on the first day following premedication, increased to levels higher than the control values. The dynamics of the action of the thioridazine were little affected. The cataleptic action of thioridazine was enhanced on the first day after premedication with cystamine. Thioridazine depressed exploratory activity in rats more significantly only during the first three days after cystamine premedication.", "contents": "The influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thioridazine. A study on the influence of cystamine on the kinetics and dynamics of the action of thioridazine has been carried out. Higher levels of this drug in the blood and lower levels in the brain tissue than those in unpremedicated rats were determined. Half-life of thioridazine underwent shortening from 2-55 hr to 1-05 hr. Excretion of thioridazine with bile was not significantly affected by premedication with cystamine. beta-Glucuronidase activity, after an initial drop on the first day following premedication, increased to levels higher than the control values. The dynamics of the action of the thioridazine were little affected. The cataleptic action of thioridazine was enhanced on the first day after premedication with cystamine. Thioridazine depressed exploratory activity in rats more significantly only during the first three days after cystamine premedication.", "PMID": 1033750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6523", "title": "Varicose veins: facts and fantasy.", "content": "The high prevalence of varicose veins in Western countries contrasts with their relative rarity in traditionally living communities in the Third World. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that a major causative factor is the transmission of raised intra-abdominal pressures to the veins of the legs. One important cause of these pressures is the abdominal straining necessitated to evacuate small firm stools, which in turn are the result of fiber-depleted diets.", "contents": "Varicose veins: facts and fantasy. The high prevalence of varicose veins in Western countries contrasts with their relative rarity in traditionally living communities in the Third World. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that a major causative factor is the transmission of raised intra-abdominal pressures to the veins of the legs. One important cause of these pressures is the abdominal straining necessitated to evacuate small firm stools, which in turn are the result of fiber-depleted diets.", "PMID": 1033751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6524", "title": "[Study of scalp hair patterns in the newborn infant].", "content": "A study of scalp hair patterns in 503 healthy patterns in 503 healthy neonates (260 boys and 243 girls) of more than 36 weeks gestation produced the following observations: 1.--A single whorl situated to the right of the midline in a clockwise rotation is the most frequent pattern. 2.--In 5.96% of cases there is a pattern not previously identified which we have called triradius and which is characterised by the arrangement of three locks of hair without a clear clockwise rotation. 3.--75.4% of the patterns, whatever their type, are located 2 to 4 cms from the posterior fontanelle. 4.--The percentage of whorls, double whorls, triradii and their position (right, left of midline) are significantly different according to sex. 5.--By contrast there is no significant racial difference in these parameters.", "contents": "[Study of scalp hair patterns in the newborn infant]. A study of scalp hair patterns in 503 healthy patterns in 503 healthy neonates (260 boys and 243 girls) of more than 36 weeks gestation produced the following observations: 1.--A single whorl situated to the right of the midline in a clockwise rotation is the most frequent pattern. 2.--In 5.96% of cases there is a pattern not previously identified which we have called triradius and which is characterised by the arrangement of three locks of hair without a clear clockwise rotation. 3.--75.4% of the patterns, whatever their type, are located 2 to 4 cms from the posterior fontanelle. 4.--The percentage of whorls, double whorls, triradii and their position (right, left of midline) are significantly different according to sex. 5.--By contrast there is no significant racial difference in these parameters.", "PMID": 1033746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6525", "title": "Postoperative acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopsis glabrata.", "content": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopis glabrata, an opportunistic yeast, developed postoperatively in a 70-year-old man who had an extremely complicated course after resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The infection first appeared as an acute surgical abdomen, three days after resumption of solid food intake subsequent to a prolonged ileus and after 31 days of parenteral hyperalimentation. The condition was successfully treated by cholecystostomy; at the time of writing, six months after cholecystostomy, there are no gastrointestinal symptoms.", "contents": "Postoperative acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopsis glabrata. Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopis glabrata, an opportunistic yeast, developed postoperatively in a 70-year-old man who had an extremely complicated course after resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The infection first appeared as an acute surgical abdomen, three days after resumption of solid food intake subsequent to a prolonged ileus and after 31 days of parenteral hyperalimentation. The condition was successfully treated by cholecystostomy; at the time of writing, six months after cholecystostomy, there are no gastrointestinal symptoms.", "PMID": 1033752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6526", "title": "[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 1. Report. A comparison of skim milk, fish meal and extracted soy beans as a protein source in conjunction with whole wheat meal in a liquid feed].", "content": "40 piglets were reared in separate cages from the 13th to the 28th day of age and received a liquid milk diet (controls) or a substituted liquid diet. Half of the protein requirements of the young pigs were covered from skim milk, the other half was supplied through fish meal, extracted soya bean meal or a combination of both meals. Whole wheat meal was used as source of substitution energy. The ration containing extracted soya bean meal reduced all the digestibility coefficients with the exception of NFE. As a result, the levels of energy and nutrient intake and the rates of weight increase were lower in the experimental groups receiving the soya bean meal diet than in the control group. The same performance level as with the control diet was achieved when 50% of the skim milk in the experimental diet were replaced by wheat and fish meal.", "contents": "[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 1. Report. A comparison of skim milk, fish meal and extracted soy beans as a protein source in conjunction with whole wheat meal in a liquid feed]. 40 piglets were reared in separate cages from the 13th to the 28th day of age and received a liquid milk diet (controls) or a substituted liquid diet. Half of the protein requirements of the young pigs were covered from skim milk, the other half was supplied through fish meal, extracted soya bean meal or a combination of both meals. Whole wheat meal was used as source of substitution energy. The ration containing extracted soya bean meal reduced all the digestibility coefficients with the exception of NFE. As a result, the levels of energy and nutrient intake and the rates of weight increase were lower in the experimental groups receiving the soya bean meal diet than in the control group. The same performance level as with the control diet was achieved when 50% of the skim milk in the experimental diet were replaced by wheat and fish meal.", "PMID": 1033753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6527", "title": "Plaque formation by African swine fever virus in chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of CO2 atmosphere.", "content": "A plaque assay method using ASFV previously adapted to growth in chick embryo fibroblasts is described. Chick embryo fibroblast monolayers under bactoagar or methylcellulose have been employed using cysteine, arginine, DEAE-Dextran and HEPES as additives. Plaque production was optimal under methylcellulose. HEPES rendered the plaques more clear when used with the overlay. Arginine enhances plaque formation with bactoagar, and DEAE-Dextran doubles the plaque size. The growth curve of ASFV in chick embryo monolayers has been studied.", "contents": "Plaque formation by African swine fever virus in chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of CO2 atmosphere. A plaque assay method using ASFV previously adapted to growth in chick embryo fibroblasts is described. Chick embryo fibroblast monolayers under bactoagar or methylcellulose have been employed using cysteine, arginine, DEAE-Dextran and HEPES as additives. Plaque production was optimal under methylcellulose. HEPES rendered the plaques more clear when used with the overlay. Arginine enhances plaque formation with bactoagar, and DEAE-Dextran doubles the plaque size. The growth curve of ASFV in chick embryo monolayers has been studied.", "PMID": 1033755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6528", "title": "[Development of the brain stem reticular formation during ontogenesis of lower simians as compared with man].", "content": "The work has shown a number of common features in the structural organization of the brain stem reticular formation in the adult rhesus monkey and man. According to the peculiar features and developmental features the reticular nuclei may be divided into 3 sections (median, medial and lateral) having different genesis. In ontogenesis all the nuclei of the reticular formation undergo differentiation and specialization due to the complication of the brain as a whole. This process, however, goes differently in ontogenesis of the macaque and man which can be seen in the heterochronous rate of their development, namely, in the macaque the terms of maturation of the reticular nuclei are somewhat more accelerated. The work shows changes in the density of cells, the volume of neurones and all the reticular formation in relation to the volume of the brain stem as a whole. However, the differences found in ontogenesis of the macaque and man are mainly of quantitative and idioadaptive character.", "contents": "[Development of the brain stem reticular formation during ontogenesis of lower simians as compared with man]. The work has shown a number of common features in the structural organization of the brain stem reticular formation in the adult rhesus monkey and man. According to the peculiar features and developmental features the reticular nuclei may be divided into 3 sections (median, medial and lateral) having different genesis. In ontogenesis all the nuclei of the reticular formation undergo differentiation and specialization due to the complication of the brain as a whole. This process, however, goes differently in ontogenesis of the macaque and man which can be seen in the heterochronous rate of their development, namely, in the macaque the terms of maturation of the reticular nuclei are somewhat more accelerated. The work shows changes in the density of cells, the volume of neurones and all the reticular formation in relation to the volume of the brain stem as a whole. However, the differences found in ontogenesis of the macaque and man are mainly of quantitative and idioadaptive character.", "PMID": 1033756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6529", "title": "A theory of behavioral generality and specificity during mild stress.", "content": "A definitional system is given for the concepts of generality and specificity for behavioral variables, relating to signs and sizes of their intercorrelations. In particular, a mapping sentence is provided for defining the universe of observations for emotional behavior of mice under mild stress. Its three content facets are: (a) the temporal features of frequency, latency, and duration, (b) type of control, autonomic or voluntary, and (c) the experimental situation, the apparatus. Data from three studies published previously by other authors are analyzed by Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I). In each case, the smallest space is found to be partitioned into contiguous regions corresponding to the elements of the three facets.", "contents": "A theory of behavioral generality and specificity during mild stress. A definitional system is given for the concepts of generality and specificity for behavioral variables, relating to signs and sizes of their intercorrelations. In particular, a mapping sentence is provided for defining the universe of observations for emotional behavior of mice under mild stress. Its three content facets are: (a) the temporal features of frequency, latency, and duration, (b) type of control, autonomic or voluntary, and (c) the experimental situation, the apparatus. Data from three studies published previously by other authors are analyzed by Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I). In each case, the smallest space is found to be partitioned into contiguous regions corresponding to the elements of the three facets.", "PMID": 1033759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6530", "title": "[Norepinephrine levels and morphologic alterations of myocardium in chronic alcoholic rats].", "content": "Experimental alcoholism was produced in rats by giving them 32% alcohol as the only source of liquid for 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Control rats were given no alcohol. After 12 and 24 weeks on test the alcohol-fed animals developed pathologic changes and tissue catecholamine alterations of the myocardium. However after 4 weeks there were no differences in myocardial structure and norepinephrine levels between alcohol-fed and control rats. The present experiments indicate that marked increase in norepheinephrine concentration accompanies morphologic evidence of myocardial degeneration and may play a role in the development of the alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Norepinephrine levels and morphologic alterations of myocardium in chronic alcoholic rats]. Experimental alcoholism was produced in rats by giving them 32% alcohol as the only source of liquid for 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Control rats were given no alcohol. After 12 and 24 weeks on test the alcohol-fed animals developed pathologic changes and tissue catecholamine alterations of the myocardium. However after 4 weeks there were no differences in myocardial structure and norepinephrine levels between alcohol-fed and control rats. The present experiments indicate that marked increase in norepheinephrine concentration accompanies morphologic evidence of myocardial degeneration and may play a role in the development of the alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1033760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6531", "title": "Comparative study of mitochondrial and cytosol protein kinase activities.", "content": "Both cytosol and mitochondria of rat liver display protein kinase activity, cyclic AMP-independent, which is resolved by Sepharose 6B filtration and P-cellulose chromatography into multiple forms phosphorylating, besides endogenous mitochondrial membrane-bound proteins, also exogenous phosphoproteins such as casein and phosvitin. However, the forms by far predominant in the cytosol phosphorylate both phosphorylserine and phosphorylthreonine residues of casein, while most of the activity associated to mitochondrial structures is due to the forms phosphorylating only phosphorylserine residues.", "contents": "Comparative study of mitochondrial and cytosol protein kinase activities. Both cytosol and mitochondria of rat liver display protein kinase activity, cyclic AMP-independent, which is resolved by Sepharose 6B filtration and P-cellulose chromatography into multiple forms phosphorylating, besides endogenous mitochondrial membrane-bound proteins, also exogenous phosphoproteins such as casein and phosvitin. However, the forms by far predominant in the cytosol phosphorylate both phosphorylserine and phosphorylthreonine residues of casein, while most of the activity associated to mitochondrial structures is due to the forms phosphorylating only phosphorylserine residues.", "PMID": 1033767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6532", "title": "Puromycin inhibition of eucaryotic ribosomes. Differences in sensitivity between polypeptide synthesis directed by endogenous mRNA and synthetic templates including poly(U).", "content": "In a protein synthesis sytem derived from porcine uteri we have made the following observations: 1. Synthesis directed by the endogenous mRNA of the system is more sensitive to inhibition by puromycin than poly(U) directed synthesis. 2. Synthesis directed by the synthetic templates poly(G,U) and poly(C,U) is more sensitive to inhibition by puromycin than poly(U) directed synthesis and frequently shows a sensitivity to puromycin similar to that directed by endogenous mRNA. 3. Protein synthesis was inhibited by three aminoacyloligonucleotides (C-A-Phe, C-A-Asp, and C-A-Pro) which are analogs of the 3' terminus of aminoacyl tRNAs. Of the three, C-A-Phe was the most active and C-A-Asp the least active but, unlike puromycin, inhibition by these compounds was the same for endogenous and poly(U) directed synthesis. These results are interpreted as supporting the proposal that the acceptor site of ribosomes contains an hydrophobic binding region which interacts with the side chain of aliphatic amino acids, and particularly with the aromatic side chain of phenylalanine.", "contents": "Puromycin inhibition of eucaryotic ribosomes. Differences in sensitivity between polypeptide synthesis directed by endogenous mRNA and synthetic templates including poly(U). In a protein synthesis sytem derived from porcine uteri we have made the following observations: 1. Synthesis directed by the endogenous mRNA of the system is more sensitive to inhibition by puromycin than poly(U) directed synthesis. 2. Synthesis directed by the synthetic templates poly(G,U) and poly(C,U) is more sensitive to inhibition by puromycin than poly(U) directed synthesis and frequently shows a sensitivity to puromycin similar to that directed by endogenous mRNA. 3. Protein synthesis was inhibited by three aminoacyloligonucleotides (C-A-Phe, C-A-Asp, and C-A-Pro) which are analogs of the 3' terminus of aminoacyl tRNAs. Of the three, C-A-Phe was the most active and C-A-Asp the least active but, unlike puromycin, inhibition by these compounds was the same for endogenous and poly(U) directed synthesis. These results are interpreted as supporting the proposal that the acceptor site of ribosomes contains an hydrophobic binding region which interacts with the side chain of aliphatic amino acids, and particularly with the aromatic side chain of phenylalanine.", "PMID": 1033768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6533", "title": "Single bilayer vesicles prepared without sonication. Physico-chemical properties.", "content": "Single shelled lecithin vesicles of uniform size (diameter = 300 A) are prepared without sonication by solubilizing unsonicated lecithin dispersions with sodium cholate and removing the detergent from the mixed lecithin - cholate micelles by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. A homogeneous population of pure lecithin single-bilayer vesicles free of multilamellar structures is obtained. The vesicle diameter is somewhat larger than the average diameter of sonicated vesicles. The curvature of the bilayer seems to be sufficiently large to allow for similar packing densities (areas/molecule) on the outer and inner layer of the bilayer. The morphology and some physico-chemical properties of these vesicles are described and compared with those of sonicated vesicles.", "contents": "Single bilayer vesicles prepared without sonication. Physico-chemical properties. Single shelled lecithin vesicles of uniform size (diameter = 300 A) are prepared without sonication by solubilizing unsonicated lecithin dispersions with sodium cholate and removing the detergent from the mixed lecithin - cholate micelles by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. A homogeneous population of pure lecithin single-bilayer vesicles free of multilamellar structures is obtained. The vesicle diameter is somewhat larger than the average diameter of sonicated vesicles. The curvature of the bilayer seems to be sufficiently large to allow for similar packing densities (areas/molecule) on the outer and inner layer of the bilayer. The morphology and some physico-chemical properties of these vesicles are described and compared with those of sonicated vesicles.", "PMID": 1033769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6534", "title": "Dose-response effects of beta-phenylethylamine on stereotyped behavior in pargyline-pretreated rats.", "content": "We studied the dose-response and the time-course effect of beta-phenylethylamine (4.0-64.0 mg/kg, ip) on stereotyped behavior and motor activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated 2 hr eariler with pargyline (0.25-8.0 mg/kg, iv). Stereotyped behavior, defined as repetitive, nongoal-directed head movements and sniffing, and changes in motor activity were observed immediately after injection of beta-phenylethylamine for a 1 hr period. With increasing doses of pargyline pretreatment, beta-phenylethylamine produced, in a dose-response relationship, progressively more stereotyped behavior accompanied by increased motor activity. Without pargyline pretreatment, only 64.0 mg/kg beta-phenylethylamine induced behavioral changes. Stereotyped behavior and increased motor activity had an onset at 4-6 min after the injection of beta-phenylethylamine, peak at 10-30 min, and gradual decline in the next 10-20 min. These results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship with the degree of inhibition of Type a and Type B monoamine oxidase acused by the different doses of pargyline.", "contents": "Dose-response effects of beta-phenylethylamine on stereotyped behavior in pargyline-pretreated rats. We studied the dose-response and the time-course effect of beta-phenylethylamine (4.0-64.0 mg/kg, ip) on stereotyped behavior and motor activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated 2 hr eariler with pargyline (0.25-8.0 mg/kg, iv). Stereotyped behavior, defined as repetitive, nongoal-directed head movements and sniffing, and changes in motor activity were observed immediately after injection of beta-phenylethylamine for a 1 hr period. With increasing doses of pargyline pretreatment, beta-phenylethylamine produced, in a dose-response relationship, progressively more stereotyped behavior accompanied by increased motor activity. Without pargyline pretreatment, only 64.0 mg/kg beta-phenylethylamine induced behavioral changes. Stereotyped behavior and increased motor activity had an onset at 4-6 min after the injection of beta-phenylethylamine, peak at 10-30 min, and gradual decline in the next 10-20 min. These results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship with the degree of inhibition of Type a and Type B monoamine oxidase acused by the different doses of pargyline.", "PMID": 1033771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6535", "title": "Influence of pyrazole on hepatic [1-14C] palmitate oxidation during acute ethanol intoxication.", "content": "When studied at different times following ethanol intubation, the effects of pyrazole, administered to rats prior to ethanol, affects differently the alcohol-induced disturbances in hepatic [1-14C] palmitate oxidation. This peculiar time-course of the pyrazole induced effects supports the relationship between active ethanol oxidation and inhibition of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, but also emphasizes the caution which must be taken when using pyrazole to study \"in vivo\" the mechanisms involved in the alcohol induced fatty liver.", "contents": "Influence of pyrazole on hepatic [1-14C] palmitate oxidation during acute ethanol intoxication. When studied at different times following ethanol intubation, the effects of pyrazole, administered to rats prior to ethanol, affects differently the alcohol-induced disturbances in hepatic [1-14C] palmitate oxidation. This peculiar time-course of the pyrazole induced effects supports the relationship between active ethanol oxidation and inhibition of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, but also emphasizes the caution which must be taken when using pyrazole to study \"in vivo\" the mechanisms involved in the alcohol induced fatty liver.", "PMID": 1033772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6536", "title": "Purification of an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase from Candida utilis.", "content": "An exo-1,3-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.-) has been purified from the culture fluid of the yeast Candida utilis, and its biochemical properties have been studied. The amino acid analysis revealed a high content of acidic amino acids. The purified enzyme had 20% carbohydrate and a net negative charge showing higher affinity for laminarin than for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and yeast cell-wall 1,3-beta-glucans. In addition, the enzyme hydrolyzed the substrates starting from the nonreducing ends, releasing glucose as the exclusive hydrolysis product. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by lactones and also by some heavy-metal ions.", "contents": "Purification of an exo-1,3-beta-glucanase from Candida utilis. An exo-1,3-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.-) has been purified from the culture fluid of the yeast Candida utilis, and its biochemical properties have been studied. The amino acid analysis revealed a high content of acidic amino acids. The purified enzyme had 20% carbohydrate and a net negative charge showing higher affinity for laminarin than for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and yeast cell-wall 1,3-beta-glucans. In addition, the enzyme hydrolyzed the substrates starting from the nonreducing ends, releasing glucose as the exclusive hydrolysis product. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by lactones and also by some heavy-metal ions.", "PMID": 1033777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6537", "title": "Preliminary studies of pharmacological antigonism of anaphylaxis in the horse.", "content": "Systemic anaphylaxis was induced in seven groups of ponies. Systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypotension, and apnea were observed in the control group. Suppression of anaphylaxis was achieved most efficiently with sodium meclofenamate followed by acetylsalicylic acid and diethylcarboamazine. Tripelennamine and methysergide reduced anaphylaxis minimally and burimamide not at all. The findings suggest that histamine and serotonin are of relatively low significance in equine anaphylaxis whereas kinins, prostaglandins and slow reacting substance may be more important.", "contents": "Preliminary studies of pharmacological antigonism of anaphylaxis in the horse. Systemic anaphylaxis was induced in seven groups of ponies. Systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypotension, and apnea were observed in the control group. Suppression of anaphylaxis was achieved most efficiently with sodium meclofenamate followed by acetylsalicylic acid and diethylcarboamazine. Tripelennamine and methysergide reduced anaphylaxis minimally and burimamide not at all. The findings suggest that histamine and serotonin are of relatively low significance in equine anaphylaxis whereas kinins, prostaglandins and slow reacting substance may be more important.", "PMID": 1033778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6538", "title": "[Enzymatic profile of uterine secretions of cows during estraus cycle].", "content": "The uterine secretions of 20 bovine females have been studied and the activity of the following five enzymes has been evaluated: aldolase, glucose-t-phosphodeshydrogenase (G-6-PDH), sorbitol deshydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transminase. Significant cyclic variations have been observed for aldolase and G-6-PDH, aldolase activity being maximum during the estrogenic phase of the cycle whereas G-6-PDH activity has been more important during the progesteronic phase. These results indicate a significant uterine metabolic activity during the different phases of the reproduction processes.", "contents": "[Enzymatic profile of uterine secretions of cows during estraus cycle]. The uterine secretions of 20 bovine females have been studied and the activity of the following five enzymes has been evaluated: aldolase, glucose-t-phosphodeshydrogenase (G-6-PDH), sorbitol deshydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transminase. Significant cyclic variations have been observed for aldolase and G-6-PDH, aldolase activity being maximum during the estrogenic phase of the cycle whereas G-6-PDH activity has been more important during the progesteronic phase. These results indicate a significant uterine metabolic activity during the different phases of the reproduction processes.", "PMID": 1033779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6539", "title": "Concentration of manganese in the tissues of cycling and anestrous ewes.", "content": "A wide range of variation in concentration of manganese was found in the blood of 51 cycling ewes although no significant differences were evident (P less than 0.05) between days 4, 11 and 15 (day 0 = day of estrus) of the estrous cycle. In addition, no differences (P less than 0.05) were found in the manganese concentrations of various soft tissues of 15 ewes, killed on day 4 (five animals), day 11 (five animals) or during anestrus (five animals). The highest concentration of manganese was present in the liver, pancreas and kidney cortex, tissues which are rich in mitochondria. Among the tissues of the reproductive tract, the corpus luteum showed the highest manganese concentration and the level increased significantly (P less than 0.01) between days 4 and 11 suggesting that this trace element may be closely related to the metabolic and possible functional characteristics of this endocrine gland. Uterine horn and caruncles contained greater manganese concentrations than other components of the reproductive tract. The significance of these findings in relation to the effect of manganese intake on ewe fertility remains to be assessed.", "contents": "Concentration of manganese in the tissues of cycling and anestrous ewes. A wide range of variation in concentration of manganese was found in the blood of 51 cycling ewes although no significant differences were evident (P less than 0.05) between days 4, 11 and 15 (day 0 = day of estrus) of the estrous cycle. In addition, no differences (P less than 0.05) were found in the manganese concentrations of various soft tissues of 15 ewes, killed on day 4 (five animals), day 11 (five animals) or during anestrus (five animals). The highest concentration of manganese was present in the liver, pancreas and kidney cortex, tissues which are rich in mitochondria. Among the tissues of the reproductive tract, the corpus luteum showed the highest manganese concentration and the level increased significantly (P less than 0.01) between days 4 and 11 suggesting that this trace element may be closely related to the metabolic and possible functional characteristics of this endocrine gland. Uterine horn and caruncles contained greater manganese concentrations than other components of the reproductive tract. The significance of these findings in relation to the effect of manganese intake on ewe fertility remains to be assessed.", "PMID": 1033780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6540", "title": "Effect of locoweed (Astragalus ientiginosus) feeding of fetal lamb development.", "content": "Locoweed, Astragalus lentiginosus, was fed to pregnant ewes for various periods during gestation. The principal gross effects on the developing fetuses were observed to be delayed placentation, decreased vascularization, fetal edema and hemorrhage, and alteration of cotyledon development. Deformed lambs and undersized lambs also occurred. Data from sheep fed locoweed during various periods of the entire gestation period are summarized and indicate that locoweed poisoning in the fetus as with the adult is a chronic type of intoxication. Also, poisoning of the fetus parallels poisoning in the dam.", "contents": "Effect of locoweed (Astragalus ientiginosus) feeding of fetal lamb development. Locoweed, Astragalus lentiginosus, was fed to pregnant ewes for various periods during gestation. The principal gross effects on the developing fetuses were observed to be delayed placentation, decreased vascularization, fetal edema and hemorrhage, and alteration of cotyledon development. Deformed lambs and undersized lambs also occurred. Data from sheep fed locoweed during various periods of the entire gestation period are summarized and indicate that locoweed poisoning in the fetus as with the adult is a chronic type of intoxication. Also, poisoning of the fetus parallels poisoning in the dam.", "PMID": 1033781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6541", "title": "Cardiological signs and symptoms in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "The cardiovascular signs and symptoms were recorded in 36 patients with typical Friedreich's Ataxia (Group Ia, Ib). Seventeen patients were asymptomatic and this did not correlate with the severity of the disease. No pathognomonic clinical constellation was found to reveal the underlying cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Cardiological signs and symptoms in Friedreich's ataxia. The cardiovascular signs and symptoms were recorded in 36 patients with typical Friedreich's Ataxia (Group Ia, Ib). Seventeen patients were asymptomatic and this did not correlate with the severity of the disease. No pathognomonic clinical constellation was found to reveal the underlying cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1033782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6542", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the specificity of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin.", "content": "The specificity of purified, peanut agglutinin has been studied immunochemically by quantitative precipitin and inhibition assays. The lectin showed substantial differences in precipitating with blood-group substances of the same specificity. Of the B substances tested, horse 4 25% completely precipitated the lectin, Beach phenol insoluble failed to interact, and PM phenol insoluble gave an intermediate reaction. The lectin did not precipitate with A1 substances, with hog gastric mucin A + H substance, or with A2 substance WG phenol insoluble. Another A2 substance, cyst 14 phenol insoluble, precipitated approximately 2/3 of the lectin. Of the H substances, Tighe phenol insoluble was inactive, JS phenol insoluble precipitated poorly, and morgan standard H precipitated about 80% of the lectin. However, first stage of Smith degradation, as well as Pl fractions obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of blood-group substances, gave products which precipitated strongly. The lectin was also completely precipitated by all precursor blood-group substances, as well as by cows 21 and 26, all having strong I-Ma, I-Ort, I-Step, and I-Da activities. Cow 18, which does not possess significant blood-group I activity, precipitated very slightly. Fractions of blood-group substances N-1 (Lea) and Tij (B) obtained by precipitation from 90 percent phenol at higher concentrations of ethanol interacted better with peanut agglutinin. These differences in activity are ascribable to a heterogeneity resulting from incomplete biosynthesis of carbohydrate side-chains of blood-group substances, particularly resulting in variations in the numbers of DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGalNAc or DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAc determinants. The agglutinin reacted with the hydatid cyst P1 glycoprotein, as well as with the previously studied antifreeze and sialic acid-free alpha1 acid glycoproteins, but not with pneumococcus type XIV polysaccharide. Inhibition of precipitation showed the lectin to be most specific for the disaccharide DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGalNAc, which is 14, 55, and 90 times as active as DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAc, DGal, and DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGlcNAc, respectively. DGalbeta1 leads to 3N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol has approximately 1/25th the activity of DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGalNAc. Substitutions of DGlcNAc or LFuc on the DGal of active inhibitors completely blocked the activity, in line with the assumption that the combining site of the peanut lectin is a partial cavity. The oligosaccharides DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6-hexane-1,2,4,5,6-pentol(s) and DGalbeta1 leads to 3[DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6]N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol showed the same inhibitory activity as DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAc, suggesting that the combining site of the peanut agglutinin may not be complementary to more than a disaccharide...", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the specificity of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin. The specificity of purified, peanut agglutinin has been studied immunochemically by quantitative precipitin and inhibition assays. The lectin showed substantial differences in precipitating with blood-group substances of the same specificity. Of the B substances tested, horse 4 25% completely precipitated the lectin, Beach phenol insoluble failed to interact, and PM phenol insoluble gave an intermediate reaction. The lectin did not precipitate with A1 substances, with hog gastric mucin A + H substance, or with A2 substance WG phenol insoluble. Another A2 substance, cyst 14 phenol insoluble, precipitated approximately 2/3 of the lectin. Of the H substances, Tighe phenol insoluble was inactive, JS phenol insoluble precipitated poorly, and morgan standard H precipitated about 80% of the lectin. However, first stage of Smith degradation, as well as Pl fractions obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of blood-group substances, gave products which precipitated strongly. The lectin was also completely precipitated by all precursor blood-group substances, as well as by cows 21 and 26, all having strong I-Ma, I-Ort, I-Step, and I-Da activities. Cow 18, which does not possess significant blood-group I activity, precipitated very slightly. Fractions of blood-group substances N-1 (Lea) and Tij (B) obtained by precipitation from 90 percent phenol at higher concentrations of ethanol interacted better with peanut agglutinin. These differences in activity are ascribable to a heterogeneity resulting from incomplete biosynthesis of carbohydrate side-chains of blood-group substances, particularly resulting in variations in the numbers of DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGalNAc or DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAc determinants. The agglutinin reacted with the hydatid cyst P1 glycoprotein, as well as with the previously studied antifreeze and sialic acid-free alpha1 acid glycoproteins, but not with pneumococcus type XIV polysaccharide. Inhibition of precipitation showed the lectin to be most specific for the disaccharide DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGalNAc, which is 14, 55, and 90 times as active as DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAc, DGal, and DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGlcNAc, respectively. DGalbeta1 leads to 3N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol has approximately 1/25th the activity of DGalbeta1 leads to 3DGalNAc. Substitutions of DGlcNAc or LFuc on the DGal of active inhibitors completely blocked the activity, in line with the assumption that the combining site of the peanut lectin is a partial cavity. The oligosaccharides DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6-hexane-1,2,4,5,6-pentol(s) and DGalbeta1 leads to 3[DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAcbeta1 leads to 6]N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol showed the same inhibitory activity as DGalbeta1 leads to 4DGlcNAc, suggesting that the combining site of the peanut agglutinin may not be complementary to more than a disaccharide...", "PMID": 1033785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6543", "title": "Autonomic innervation and plasma estradiol-17beta and progesterone levels in rats with subcutaneous ovarian autografts.", "content": "Ovaries were removed from female rats and immediately autografted into a subcutaneous pouch in the flank in order to quantitate the relationship of graft re-innervation, steroid secretion and vaginal smear pattern. Animals were killed at thre time periods: three days after grafting, on the first day a cornified vaginal smear appeared and at the first metestrus. In addition, control animals were killed at metestrus. Plasma samples were obtained from all rats and analyzed for estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. At the first day of vaginal cornification after grafting, plasma estradiol-17beta (45.8+/-4.0 pg/ml) was elevated in comparison to controls at metestrus (24.0+/-2.6 pg/ml), but plasma progesterone (21.5+/-4.0 ng/ml) was not different (30.6+/-1.7 ng/ml). Subsequently, at the first metestrus following grafting, plasma estradiol-17beta (23.0+/-3.5 pg/ml) was comparable to control values. In contrast, progesterone was decreased (17.5+/-1.9 ng/ml). A definite correlation was detected between the vaginal smear and plasma levels of steroid hormones in the castrated female rat with subcutaneous ovarian autographs Histochemical techniques were used to study the adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of grafts three days after grafting, at the first day of vaginal cornification, and at the first metestrus. No correlation was shown between density of adrenergic or cholinergic innervation and plasma levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone or onset of a cycling vaginal smear.", "contents": "Autonomic innervation and plasma estradiol-17beta and progesterone levels in rats with subcutaneous ovarian autografts. Ovaries were removed from female rats and immediately autografted into a subcutaneous pouch in the flank in order to quantitate the relationship of graft re-innervation, steroid secretion and vaginal smear pattern. Animals were killed at thre time periods: three days after grafting, on the first day a cornified vaginal smear appeared and at the first metestrus. In addition, control animals were killed at metestrus. Plasma samples were obtained from all rats and analyzed for estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. At the first day of vaginal cornification after grafting, plasma estradiol-17beta (45.8+/-4.0 pg/ml) was elevated in comparison to controls at metestrus (24.0+/-2.6 pg/ml), but plasma progesterone (21.5+/-4.0 ng/ml) was not different (30.6+/-1.7 ng/ml). Subsequently, at the first metestrus following grafting, plasma estradiol-17beta (23.0+/-3.5 pg/ml) was comparable to control values. In contrast, progesterone was decreased (17.5+/-1.9 ng/ml). A definite correlation was detected between the vaginal smear and plasma levels of steroid hormones in the castrated female rat with subcutaneous ovarian autographs Histochemical techniques were used to study the adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of grafts three days after grafting, at the first day of vaginal cornification, and at the first metestrus. No correlation was shown between density of adrenergic or cholinergic innervation and plasma levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone or onset of a cycling vaginal smear.", "PMID": 1033786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6544", "title": "Phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of newborns with ABO systems haemolytic disease.", "content": "The following phosphate compounds of the erythrocyte acid-soluble fraction were subjected to chromatographic separation: ADP, ATP, adenylo-diphosphoglycerate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, hexose monophosphate, hexose diphosphate. In each of the fractions total phosphorus, and in fraction II inorganic phosphorus, were estimated. The material was derived from ten newborns with haemolytic disease as a result of ABO incompatability and from ten full-term healthy newborns, just after birth. The concentration of the compounds assayed, except for 2,3-DPG (the values in both groups were similar) was higher in the erythrocytes from affected newborns, but lower than that found in the material derived from the newborns with Rh incompatibility. It is suggested that the metabolism of erythrocytes of the newborns with haemolytic ABO disease may be somewhat different from that in Rh incompatibility cases because in the former the haemolysis is weaker, the anaemia is less pronounced and the tissue hypoxia is of a smaller degree.", "contents": "Phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of newborns with ABO systems haemolytic disease. The following phosphate compounds of the erythrocyte acid-soluble fraction were subjected to chromatographic separation: ADP, ATP, adenylo-diphosphoglycerate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, hexose monophosphate, hexose diphosphate. In each of the fractions total phosphorus, and in fraction II inorganic phosphorus, were estimated. The material was derived from ten newborns with haemolytic disease as a result of ABO incompatability and from ten full-term healthy newborns, just after birth. The concentration of the compounds assayed, except for 2,3-DPG (the values in both groups were similar) was higher in the erythrocytes from affected newborns, but lower than that found in the material derived from the newborns with Rh incompatibility. It is suggested that the metabolism of erythrocytes of the newborns with haemolytic ABO disease may be somewhat different from that in Rh incompatibility cases because in the former the haemolysis is weaker, the anaemia is less pronounced and the tissue hypoxia is of a smaller degree.", "PMID": 1033790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6545", "title": "Acquisition of human blood group antigens by Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Juvenile forms of Schistosoma mansoni (schistosomula) have been cultured in human blood of various specificities and tested for the presence of blood group substances on their surfaces. The tests employed were survival following transfer into rhesus monkeys immunized against human blood substances, mixed agglutination reactions, and immunofluorescence. A, B, H AND Lewisb+ antigens were expressed at the surface when the parasites were cultured in blood of appropriate specificities. Rhesus, M N S, AND Duffy antigens could not be detected on the parasite surface following culture. The evidence suggests that the expressed blood group antigens are of host origin and are acquired by the parasite during culture, probably in the form of glycolipids or megaloglycolipids. It is likely that these substances are also acquired by parasites in the bloodstream of man. They may serve to mask surface parasite antigens, and so enable schistosomes to evade parasite-specific humoral or cellular immune responses.", "contents": "Acquisition of human blood group antigens by Schistosoma mansoni. Juvenile forms of Schistosoma mansoni (schistosomula) have been cultured in human blood of various specificities and tested for the presence of blood group substances on their surfaces. The tests employed were survival following transfer into rhesus monkeys immunized against human blood substances, mixed agglutination reactions, and immunofluorescence. A, B, H AND Lewisb+ antigens were expressed at the surface when the parasites were cultured in blood of appropriate specificities. Rhesus, M N S, AND Duffy antigens could not be detected on the parasite surface following culture. The evidence suggests that the expressed blood group antigens are of host origin and are acquired by the parasite during culture, probably in the form of glycolipids or megaloglycolipids. It is likely that these substances are also acquired by parasites in the bloodstream of man. They may serve to mask surface parasite antigens, and so enable schistosomes to evade parasite-specific humoral or cellular immune responses.", "PMID": 1033797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6546", "title": "The EMI whole body scanner in the demonstration of lymph node enlargement.", "content": "Thirty-three cases with malignant disease due mainly to lymphoma and testicular tumours were evaluated by computerised tomography (CT) scanning on the EMI general purpose scanner. In many cases there were either more lymph nodes demonstrated than on lymphography or more disease shown in bone or the thorax than was suspected. CT scanning is particularly valuable in showing mesenteric, retrosternal, axillary and para-aortic lymph node enlargement. Bone, liver and pulmonary metastases were shown when not demonstrated by other methods as well as showing the extent of recurrence of malignant disease. In testicular tumours metastatic spread to paravertebral soft tissues behind the diaphragm was clearly demonstrated. This cannot be seen on lymphography. CT scanning appears to be the most accurate method to date of showing the extent of malignant disease, particularly in cases of lymphoma and testicular tumours.", "contents": "The EMI whole body scanner in the demonstration of lymph node enlargement. Thirty-three cases with malignant disease due mainly to lymphoma and testicular tumours were evaluated by computerised tomography (CT) scanning on the EMI general purpose scanner. In many cases there were either more lymph nodes demonstrated than on lymphography or more disease shown in bone or the thorax than was suspected. CT scanning is particularly valuable in showing mesenteric, retrosternal, axillary and para-aortic lymph node enlargement. Bone, liver and pulmonary metastases were shown when not demonstrated by other methods as well as showing the extent of recurrence of malignant disease. In testicular tumours metastatic spread to paravertebral soft tissues behind the diaphragm was clearly demonstrated. This cannot be seen on lymphography. CT scanning appears to be the most accurate method to date of showing the extent of malignant disease, particularly in cases of lymphoma and testicular tumours.", "PMID": 1033805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6547", "title": "The P blood group system in pigeon breeders and pigeon breeder's disease.", "content": "A blood group P1-like antigen has been found in gram-negative bacilli isolated from pigeon droppings, in pigeon serum, and on pigeon red blood cells. As a probable resident of the environment of the pigeon loft, the antigen stimulated formation of anti-P1 antibody in eight of 11 pigeon breeders who belonged to the P2 blood group. Only one of 11 random hospitalized patients with the P2 blood phenotype had a detectable titer of anti-P1 antibody (P less than 0.01). The titer of anti-P1 antibody was not significantly different in symptomatic vs asymptomatic breeders. The presence or absence of anti-P1 antibody could not be correlated with any band of immunoprecipitates formed between pigeon breeder's serum and crude extract of pigeon droppings. The P antigen was identified in pigeon-dropping extracts of breeders with the P2 blood phenotype by inhibition of hemagglutination. We conclude that anti-P1 antibodies appear to be a component of the immunologic response to avian antigens of pigeon breeders but are probably unrelated to the pathogenesis of pigeon breeder's disease.", "contents": "The P blood group system in pigeon breeders and pigeon breeder's disease. A blood group P1-like antigen has been found in gram-negative bacilli isolated from pigeon droppings, in pigeon serum, and on pigeon red blood cells. As a probable resident of the environment of the pigeon loft, the antigen stimulated formation of anti-P1 antibody in eight of 11 pigeon breeders who belonged to the P2 blood group. Only one of 11 random hospitalized patients with the P2 blood phenotype had a detectable titer of anti-P1 antibody (P less than 0.01). The titer of anti-P1 antibody was not significantly different in symptomatic vs asymptomatic breeders. The presence or absence of anti-P1 antibody could not be correlated with any band of immunoprecipitates formed between pigeon breeder's serum and crude extract of pigeon droppings. The P antigen was identified in pigeon-dropping extracts of breeders with the P2 blood phenotype by inhibition of hemagglutination. We conclude that anti-P1 antibodies appear to be a component of the immunologic response to avian antigens of pigeon breeders but are probably unrelated to the pathogenesis of pigeon breeder's disease.", "PMID": 1033821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6548", "title": "The status of prevention in the education of child psychiatrists.", "content": "While the pioneers of modern child psychiatry focused much of their attention on prevention, the situation today is markedly different. A questionnaire survey of child psychiatric residency programs suggests that when attention is devoted to prevention in the education of child psychiatrists, it is often ambiguous, haphazard, and minimal. This impelled the authors to sample the current status of available knowledge about preventive child psychiatry with an assessment of the validity of the knowledge and its potential utility. These are followed by some suggestions for child psychiatric education.", "contents": "The status of prevention in the education of child psychiatrists. While the pioneers of modern child psychiatry focused much of their attention on prevention, the situation today is markedly different. A questionnaire survey of child psychiatric residency programs suggests that when attention is devoted to prevention in the education of child psychiatrists, it is often ambiguous, haphazard, and minimal. This impelled the authors to sample the current status of available knowledge about preventive child psychiatry with an assessment of the validity of the knowledge and its potential utility. These are followed by some suggestions for child psychiatric education.", "PMID": 1033822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6549", "title": "The effects of prenatal and perinatal complications on development at one year of age.", "content": "35 variables descriptive of birth and obstetric complications, prematurity, maternal discomfort, and demographic status were studied for a sample of 322 infants. Factor analyses of these variables resulted in 7 major factors that were used to predict developmental status at 1 year of age for 233 of the subjects. Factors identified as \"prematurity,\" \"delivery and related variables,\" \"ethnicity,\" and \"complications\" made significant independent contributions to Cattell DQ at 1 year. When Cattell DQs were corrected for the effects of gestational age, only delivery and related variables remained critical, confirming the importance of this factor for later development.", "contents": "The effects of prenatal and perinatal complications on development at one year of age. 35 variables descriptive of birth and obstetric complications, prematurity, maternal discomfort, and demographic status were studied for a sample of 322 infants. Factor analyses of these variables resulted in 7 major factors that were used to predict developmental status at 1 year of age for 233 of the subjects. Factors identified as \"prematurity,\" \"delivery and related variables,\" \"ethnicity,\" and \"complications\" made significant independent contributions to Cattell DQ at 1 year. When Cattell DQs were corrected for the effects of gestational age, only delivery and related variables remained critical, confirming the importance of this factor for later development.", "PMID": 1033823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6550", "title": "Effect of melatonin on the reproductive systems of male and female Syrian hamsters: a diurnal rhythm in sensitivity to melatonin.", "content": "Hamsters were maintained on a long photoperiod (14L:10D) and were injected once daily with melatonin (10-25 mug) or sesame oil. Males which received melatonin during the afternoon (e.g., 6.5-13.75 h after lights-on) showed regressed testes and decreased levels of serum LH and FSH after several weeks of treatment. Injections of the oil vehicle or injections of melatonin given in the morning (3 h after lights-on) had no detectable effect on testicular size or on serum gonadotropins. Females which received melatonin during the afternoon became acyclic after several weeks of treatment and showed a diurnal pattern of LH secretion. The acyclic females required 4-6 weeks to resume estrous cyclicity following termination of the melatonin injections. The effects of melatonin on gonadal function and on serum gonadotropin concentrations in both sexes were similar to the previously observed effects of prolonged exposure to short photoperiods. These results indicate that chronic daily injections of melatonin can depress reproductive function in hamsters and that the effectiveness of the injections is dependent upon the time of day at which they are administered.", "contents": "Effect of melatonin on the reproductive systems of male and female Syrian hamsters: a diurnal rhythm in sensitivity to melatonin. Hamsters were maintained on a long photoperiod (14L:10D) and were injected once daily with melatonin (10-25 mug) or sesame oil. Males which received melatonin during the afternoon (e.g., 6.5-13.75 h after lights-on) showed regressed testes and decreased levels of serum LH and FSH after several weeks of treatment. Injections of the oil vehicle or injections of melatonin given in the morning (3 h after lights-on) had no detectable effect on testicular size or on serum gonadotropins. Females which received melatonin during the afternoon became acyclic after several weeks of treatment and showed a diurnal pattern of LH secretion. The acyclic females required 4-6 weeks to resume estrous cyclicity following termination of the melatonin injections. The effects of melatonin on gonadal function and on serum gonadotropin concentrations in both sexes were similar to the previously observed effects of prolonged exposure to short photoperiods. These results indicate that chronic daily injections of melatonin can depress reproductive function in hamsters and that the effectiveness of the injections is dependent upon the time of day at which they are administered.", "PMID": 1033827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6551", "title": "Total and free testosterone and total and free 17 beta-oestradiol in normally menstruating women.", "content": "Estimations of plasma total and free testosterone (T) as well as of total and free 17beta-oestradiol (E2) have been performed in 6 normal women throughout the menstrual cycle. The plasma total T levels showed a small but significant cyclical variations, with significantly increased values around the midcycle (p less than 0.001). The pattern of free T during the cycle was similar to total T. Regarding total plasma E2, two typical peaks occurred, which were also observed in plasma free E2. Changes in testosterone-17beta-oestradiol binding globulin have not been detected throughout the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Total and free testosterone and total and free 17 beta-oestradiol in normally menstruating women. Estimations of plasma total and free testosterone (T) as well as of total and free 17beta-oestradiol (E2) have been performed in 6 normal women throughout the menstrual cycle. The plasma total T levels showed a small but significant cyclical variations, with significantly increased values around the midcycle (p less than 0.001). The pattern of free T during the cycle was similar to total T. Regarding total plasma E2, two typical peaks occurred, which were also observed in plasma free E2. Changes in testosterone-17beta-oestradiol binding globulin have not been detected throughout the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 1033828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6552", "title": "Significantly decreased apparently free testosterone levels in plasma of male homosexuals.", "content": "Total and free plasma testosterone (T) were determined in male homosexuals. While total T showed no significant difference to a heterosexual control group, apparently free T in plasma was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in 35 male homosexuals (mean +/- SD = 10.7 +/- 3.3 ng/100 ml) than in 38 male heterosexuals of similar age (13.3 +/- 4.5 ng/100 ml).", "contents": "Significantly decreased apparently free testosterone levels in plasma of male homosexuals. Total and free plasma testosterone (T) were determined in male homosexuals. While total T showed no significant difference to a heterosexual control group, apparently free T in plasma was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) in 35 male homosexuals (mean +/- SD = 10.7 +/- 3.3 ng/100 ml) than in 38 male heterosexuals of similar age (13.3 +/- 4.5 ng/100 ml).", "PMID": 1033829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6553", "title": "Mercury in Alaskan Eskimo mothers and infants.", "content": "The potential danger of natural mercury accumulation in the diet of the Eskimo is evaluated through mercury levels determined in cord blood, placenta, maternal blood, hair, and milk of 38 maternal-infant pairs from Anchorage and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Although mercury levels are not discernably dangerous, trends to larger accumulations in maternal and fetal RBC and placental tissue with proximity to the sea and consumption of seals during pregnancy provide the basis for considering possible indicators of neonatal involvement. Mercury level in RBC from cord blood appeared as the best potential indicator of this involvement, although relationships with the mother's diet and level of mercury in the placenta also appear useful. In this area, average and maximal mercury levels in cord blood are 39 and 78 ng/ml, respectively, far below the acknowledged toxic level in infants of these mothers who eat seals or fish every day during their pregnancy.", "contents": "Mercury in Alaskan Eskimo mothers and infants. The potential danger of natural mercury accumulation in the diet of the Eskimo is evaluated through mercury levels determined in cord blood, placenta, maternal blood, hair, and milk of 38 maternal-infant pairs from Anchorage and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Although mercury levels are not discernably dangerous, trends to larger accumulations in maternal and fetal RBC and placental tissue with proximity to the sea and consumption of seals during pregnancy provide the basis for considering possible indicators of neonatal involvement. Mercury level in RBC from cord blood appeared as the best potential indicator of this involvement, although relationships with the mother's diet and level of mercury in the placenta also appear useful. In this area, average and maximal mercury levels in cord blood are 39 and 78 ng/ml, respectively, far below the acknowledged toxic level in infants of these mothers who eat seals or fish every day during their pregnancy.", "PMID": 1033830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6554", "title": "The role of biotransformation in chemical-induced liver injury.", "content": "The role of drug metabolism in chemical-induced liver injury is reviewed. Parameters for studying the formation of chemically reactive metabolites are discussed and the factors that alter the formation and covalent binding of reactive metabolites are selectively emphasized. Some of the experimental work that led to these concepts is discussed, especially the chemical toxicology of the hepatic injury produced by acetaminophen, bromobenzene, furosemide, isoniazid and iproniazid.", "contents": "The role of biotransformation in chemical-induced liver injury. The role of drug metabolism in chemical-induced liver injury is reviewed. Parameters for studying the formation of chemically reactive metabolites are discussed and the factors that alter the formation and covalent binding of reactive metabolites are selectively emphasized. Some of the experimental work that led to these concepts is discussed, especially the chemical toxicology of the hepatic injury produced by acetaminophen, bromobenzene, furosemide, isoniazid and iproniazid.", "PMID": 1033831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6555", "title": "The effect of an extraluminal transducer on the reproductive capability of the rabbit.", "content": "An extraluminally attached microminiature force transducer, designed for reproductive tract contractility measurements, was investigated in terms of its effects on the physiology of the uterotubal junction in the rabbit. The presence or attachment process of the extraluminal force transducer (EFT) did not affect the rate of pregnancy or the number of embryonic implantation sites whether the attached device was silicone rubber or polyethylene-encased. The uterotubal junction was able to retain the blastocyst for the required time after mating, while an examination of postembryonic mortality revealed a rate of one resorption in some experimental groups. The gestation period was unaffected by the EFT, ranging from 30 to 40 days with a mode of 32, while histologic examinations revealed formation of a thin fibroblastic layer, some increased vascularity, and no abnormal leukocytic accumulation.", "contents": "The effect of an extraluminal transducer on the reproductive capability of the rabbit. An extraluminally attached microminiature force transducer, designed for reproductive tract contractility measurements, was investigated in terms of its effects on the physiology of the uterotubal junction in the rabbit. The presence or attachment process of the extraluminal force transducer (EFT) did not affect the rate of pregnancy or the number of embryonic implantation sites whether the attached device was silicone rubber or polyethylene-encased. The uterotubal junction was able to retain the blastocyst for the required time after mating, while an examination of postembryonic mortality revealed a rate of one resorption in some experimental groups. The gestation period was unaffected by the EFT, ranging from 30 to 40 days with a mode of 32, while histologic examinations revealed formation of a thin fibroblastic layer, some increased vascularity, and no abnormal leukocytic accumulation.", "PMID": 1033844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6556", "title": "The specification of fertility planning status.", "content": "The principal obstacle to accurate measurement of fertility planning intentions in cross-sectional surveys is the disposition of the respondent to provide the interviewer with a reconstruction of the couple's history which departs more or less from what actually happened... Since married couples in America are now close to effective planning of fertility, the future of reproduction in the United States will depend much more than in the past on reproductive intentions. From this viewpoint, the uncertainty of reproductive intentions as shown here suggests extreme circumspection in using current reproductive orientations for future projections.", "contents": "The specification of fertility planning status. The principal obstacle to accurate measurement of fertility planning intentions in cross-sectional surveys is the disposition of the respondent to provide the interviewer with a reconstruction of the couple's history which departs more or less from what actually happened... Since married couples in America are now close to effective planning of fertility, the future of reproduction in the United States will depend much more than in the past on reproductive intentions. From this viewpoint, the uncertainty of reproductive intentions as shown here suggests extreme circumspection in using current reproductive orientations for future projections.", "PMID": 1033839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6557", "title": "The structural gene for alpha-mannosidase-1 in Dictyostellium discoideum.", "content": "We have isolated 4 independent mutations affecting alpha-mannosidase-1, a developmentally regulated activity in Dictyrostelium discoideum. Three of these result in a thermolabile alpha-mannosidase-1 activity. One mutation also affects the substrate affinity (Km) of the activity. In diploids these mutations show a gene dosage effect and are all alleles. The structural gene for alpha-mannosidase-1, as defined by these mutations, defines a new linkage group, linkage group VI. alpha-mammosidase 1 is probably a homopolymer with subunits of 54,000 daltons. We have also mapped two temperature-sensitive-for-growth mutations onto two previously defined linkage groups.", "contents": "The structural gene for alpha-mannosidase-1 in Dictyostellium discoideum. We have isolated 4 independent mutations affecting alpha-mannosidase-1, a developmentally regulated activity in Dictyrostelium discoideum. Three of these result in a thermolabile alpha-mannosidase-1 activity. One mutation also affects the substrate affinity (Km) of the activity. In diploids these mutations show a gene dosage effect and are all alleles. The structural gene for alpha-mannosidase-1, as defined by these mutations, defines a new linkage group, linkage group VI. alpha-mammosidase 1 is probably a homopolymer with subunits of 54,000 daltons. We have also mapped two temperature-sensitive-for-growth mutations onto two previously defined linkage groups.", "PMID": 1033886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6558", "title": "[Inheritance of human finger and palm dermatoglyphic characteristics].", "content": "The degree of genetic determination of 25 quantitative dermatoglyphic characteristics has been studied on family: twin material: 45 pairs of MZ and 75 single-sex DZ twins; and 53 single-sex \"parent-child\" pairs. Approximating formulae were used to estimate main components of phenotypic variance due to additive interaction of genetic factors, to non-linear effects (intralocus dominance) and to the effect of total-familiar and random environmental factors. All the finger dermatoglyphic characteristics studied had a high degree of genetic determination (G greater than 0,80), and for most of them the contribution into the large variance of intralocus dominance effects was comparable with that of additive gene interaction, included in the determination of these characters. There are some palm dermatoglyphic characteristics (\"ad\" distance \"cd\" comb counting, \"bad\", \"adt\" and \"cda\" angles), which degree of genetic determination is low (G less than 0,35). At least ten quantitative finger and palm dermatogliphic characteristics with a high degree of genetic determination can be used for special studies in frames of multidimentional genetical analysis, including determination of twin zygosity type. Earlier described \"indices\" (using twin data) of relative role of genetic and environment factors in the determination of populational variability of quantitative characters are considered. None of them is shown to be a reliable estimate of the coefficient of genetic character determination. The use of these indices in practical studies can result in wrong conclusions on the degree and the character of genetic determination of quantitative characters.", "contents": "[Inheritance of human finger and palm dermatoglyphic characteristics]. The degree of genetic determination of 25 quantitative dermatoglyphic characteristics has been studied on family: twin material: 45 pairs of MZ and 75 single-sex DZ twins; and 53 single-sex \"parent-child\" pairs. Approximating formulae were used to estimate main components of phenotypic variance due to additive interaction of genetic factors, to non-linear effects (intralocus dominance) and to the effect of total-familiar and random environmental factors. All the finger dermatoglyphic characteristics studied had a high degree of genetic determination (G greater than 0,80), and for most of them the contribution into the large variance of intralocus dominance effects was comparable with that of additive gene interaction, included in the determination of these characters. There are some palm dermatoglyphic characteristics (\"ad\" distance \"cd\" comb counting, \"bad\", \"adt\" and \"cda\" angles), which degree of genetic determination is low (G less than 0,35). At least ten quantitative finger and palm dermatogliphic characteristics with a high degree of genetic determination can be used for special studies in frames of multidimentional genetical analysis, including determination of twin zygosity type. Earlier described \"indices\" (using twin data) of relative role of genetic and environment factors in the determination of populational variability of quantitative characters are considered. None of them is shown to be a reliable estimate of the coefficient of genetic character determination. The use of these indices in practical studies can result in wrong conclusions on the degree and the character of genetic determination of quantitative characters.", "PMID": 1033887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6559", "title": "[Protective effect of caffeine on chromosomal structures of mammalian cells irradiated with UV-rays].", "content": "The effect of caffeine (2mM) on the frequency of structural mutations induced by UV light (lambda = 265 nm at an incident dose of 40 erg/mm2) in the primary culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts is studied. A half-hour treatment with caffeine of cells at the time of the first mitosis metaphase decreased approximately by 2 times the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by UV light at the S stage and observed at the metaphase of this or the next C-mitosis. The frequency of both breaks and exchanges decreased as the result of caffeine treatment. The persistence of the protective effect of caffeine at the time of the second C-mitosis suggests that the observed decrease of the aberration rate is accompanied by the true reparation of pre-mutational lesions in chromosomes; the nature of the reparative process and the time when it takes place is as yet not clear. Caffeine did not decrease the frequency of spontaneous structural mutations.", "contents": "[Protective effect of caffeine on chromosomal structures of mammalian cells irradiated with UV-rays]. The effect of caffeine (2mM) on the frequency of structural mutations induced by UV light (lambda = 265 nm at an incident dose of 40 erg/mm2) in the primary culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts is studied. A half-hour treatment with caffeine of cells at the time of the first mitosis metaphase decreased approximately by 2 times the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by UV light at the S stage and observed at the metaphase of this or the next C-mitosis. The frequency of both breaks and exchanges decreased as the result of caffeine treatment. The persistence of the protective effect of caffeine at the time of the second C-mitosis suggests that the observed decrease of the aberration rate is accompanied by the true reparation of pre-mutational lesions in chromosomes; the nature of the reparative process and the time when it takes place is as yet not clear. Caffeine did not decrease the frequency of spontaneous structural mutations.", "PMID": 1033888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6560", "title": "[\"Coronary arteriographic findings in the patients of arteriosclerotic heart disease combined with cardiac arrhythmias or conduction defects\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Correlation between cine-coronary arteriographic findings and various cardiac arrhythmias or conduction defects were studied in 40 patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. These cases were divided into 3 groups according to the type of arrhythmias or conduction defects. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. In the group I of 25 patients whose arrhythmias were atrial origin, there were sinus bradycardia in 9, suins tachycardia in 5, atrial premature beats in 2 and atrial fibrillation in 9. Cine-angiographically, the degree of luminal stenosis of the main coronary arterial branches were mild to moderate in severity compared to that of the other two groups. However, it was remarkable that the sinus node artery was not visualized in 9 of 25 cases (36%). 2. The group II of 5 patients who have shown premature ventricular contractions exhibited moderate to severe degree of stenosis of coronary artery trees, especially much more often in left anterior descending coronary arteries. 3. In the group III of 10 patients who had various type of intraventricular conduction defects, the degree of stenosis of the main coronary artery branches were usually severe and also, the number of the coronary artery involved in stenosis was increased. Interestingly, atrioventricular node arteries were not opacified in 5 of 10 cases. There were 2 cases of complete A-V block where the atrioventricular node artery was not visualized at all both either from right or left coronary artery opacification. It seemed to be hard to draw a clear cut correlation between cine coronary angiographic pictures and a certain type of cardiac arrhythmias or conduction defects in such a small scale of study. However, cind coronary angiography may contribute to rule out local ischemia of the conduction tissue as a primary cause of the development of arrhythmias or conduction defects in patients with arterisclerotic heart disease.", "contents": "[\"Coronary arteriographic findings in the patients of arteriosclerotic heart disease combined with cardiac arrhythmias or conduction defects\" (author's transl)]. Correlation between cine-coronary arteriographic findings and various cardiac arrhythmias or conduction defects were studied in 40 patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. These cases were divided into 3 groups according to the type of arrhythmias or conduction defects. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. In the group I of 25 patients whose arrhythmias were atrial origin, there were sinus bradycardia in 9, suins tachycardia in 5, atrial premature beats in 2 and atrial fibrillation in 9. Cine-angiographically, the degree of luminal stenosis of the main coronary arterial branches were mild to moderate in severity compared to that of the other two groups. However, it was remarkable that the sinus node artery was not visualized in 9 of 25 cases (36%). 2. The group II of 5 patients who have shown premature ventricular contractions exhibited moderate to severe degree of stenosis of coronary artery trees, especially much more often in left anterior descending coronary arteries. 3. In the group III of 10 patients who had various type of intraventricular conduction defects, the degree of stenosis of the main coronary artery branches were usually severe and also, the number of the coronary artery involved in stenosis was increased. Interestingly, atrioventricular node arteries were not opacified in 5 of 10 cases. There were 2 cases of complete A-V block where the atrioventricular node artery was not visualized at all both either from right or left coronary artery opacification. It seemed to be hard to draw a clear cut correlation between cine coronary angiographic pictures and a certain type of cardiac arrhythmias or conduction defects in such a small scale of study. However, cind coronary angiography may contribute to rule out local ischemia of the conduction tissue as a primary cause of the development of arrhythmias or conduction defects in patients with arterisclerotic heart disease.", "PMID": 1033896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6561", "title": "An ultramicroscopic study on rigor mortis.", "content": "Gastrocnemius muscles taken from decapitated mice at various intervals after death and from mice killed by 2,4-dinitrophenol or mono-iodoacetic acid injection to induce rigor mortis soon after death, were observed by electron microscopy. The prominent appearance of many fine cross striations in the myofibrils (occurring about every 400 A) was considered to be characteristic of rigor mortis. These striations were caused by minute granules studded along the surfaces of both thick and thin filaments and appeared to be the bridges connecting the 2 kinds of filaments and accounted for the hardness and rigidity of the muscle.", "contents": "An ultramicroscopic study on rigor mortis. Gastrocnemius muscles taken from decapitated mice at various intervals after death and from mice killed by 2,4-dinitrophenol or mono-iodoacetic acid injection to induce rigor mortis soon after death, were observed by electron microscopy. The prominent appearance of many fine cross striations in the myofibrils (occurring about every 400 A) was considered to be characteristic of rigor mortis. These striations were caused by minute granules studded along the surfaces of both thick and thin filaments and appeared to be the bridges connecting the 2 kinds of filaments and accounted for the hardness and rigidity of the muscle.", "PMID": 1033890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6562", "title": "The use of sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme for the identification of semen in dried stains.", "content": "The sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme (Blanco and Zinkham, 1963; Goldberg, 1963) separated from other LDH isoenzymes of semen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been found to be suitable for specific differentiation of human semen from other human body fluids and semen of commonly encountered animals. Seminal isoenzymes were found to be stable even 4 weeks after storage in tropical conditions. The method gave substantially more positive results than microscopic identification of spermatozoa when applied to a large number of relatively old stains on actual crime articles. It is therefore valuable in a large number of cases involving normal males and also in interpreting results of immunological and enzymological individualisation of semen stains.", "contents": "The use of sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme for the identification of semen in dried stains. The sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme (Blanco and Zinkham, 1963; Goldberg, 1963) separated from other LDH isoenzymes of semen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been found to be suitable for specific differentiation of human semen from other human body fluids and semen of commonly encountered animals. Seminal isoenzymes were found to be stable even 4 weeks after storage in tropical conditions. The method gave substantially more positive results than microscopic identification of spermatozoa when applied to a large number of relatively old stains on actual crime articles. It is therefore valuable in a large number of cases involving normal males and also in interpreting results of immunological and enzymological individualisation of semen stains.", "PMID": 1033891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6563", "title": "[Studies on the mechanism of lowering of the cholesterol level by ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate (clofibrate) (author's transl)].", "content": "Amimal experiments were conducted to elucidate the mechanism responsible for lowering the blood cholesterol level of mice by clofibrate (CPIB). 1. Cholesterol biosynthesis: (1) Cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-14C or mevalonic acid-2-14C in liver, blood, intestine and kidney was not changed when 0.3 X 10(-3) M CPIB was added to the liver homogenate, when mice were fed on a basal diet containing 0.1% CPIB for 10 days or fed on a basal diet containing 0.5% CPIB for 18 days, and when fed on a diet containing both cholesterol and 0.5% CPIB for 10 days. (2) However, the cholesterol biosynthesis in liver and blood of the mice fed on the basal diet containing 0.5% CPIB for 10 days was suppressed at the step of conversion of acetate to mevalonic acid. In addition, since the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into squalene and of mevalonic acid-2-14C into squalene and ianosterol was suppressed in the liver homogenate of the mice, the cholesterol biosynthesis was depressed at the step of conversion of mevalonic acid to squalene. Therefore, CPIB depressed the cholesterol biosynthesis at both steps before and after mevalonic acid. 2. The fecal excretion of the sterol-14C and bile acid-14C derived from injected cholesterol -14C: When mice injected with cholesterol-14C were kept on a basal diet or cholesterol-added diet containing 0.1% CPIB, the excretion of sterol-14C and nonsaponifiable materials-14C in the feces was markedly increased in the case of basal diet as well as cholesterol-added diet. However, the excretion of total bile acid-14C was not changed when mice were fed on the basal diet, but it was markedly increased when fed on the cholesterol-added diet. The specific radioactivity of sterol-14C in blood 30 days after injection was reduced in the basal diet or the cholesterol-added diet, while that in liver was not changed or increased. Total cholesterol level in blood 30 days after injection was not affected in mice fed on basal diet and was reduced in mice fed on the cholesterol-added diet. From the above facts, the lowering effective of CPIB on the blood cholesterol level appears to depend not on the alteration of the cholesterol biosynthesis but on the increase of excretion of sterol derived from the tissue cholesterol in the feces.", "contents": "[Studies on the mechanism of lowering of the cholesterol level by ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate (clofibrate) (author's transl)]. Amimal experiments were conducted to elucidate the mechanism responsible for lowering the blood cholesterol level of mice by clofibrate (CPIB). 1. Cholesterol biosynthesis: (1) Cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-14C or mevalonic acid-2-14C in liver, blood, intestine and kidney was not changed when 0.3 X 10(-3) M CPIB was added to the liver homogenate, when mice were fed on a basal diet containing 0.1% CPIB for 10 days or fed on a basal diet containing 0.5% CPIB for 18 days, and when fed on a diet containing both cholesterol and 0.5% CPIB for 10 days. (2) However, the cholesterol biosynthesis in liver and blood of the mice fed on the basal diet containing 0.5% CPIB for 10 days was suppressed at the step of conversion of acetate to mevalonic acid. In addition, since the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into squalene and of mevalonic acid-2-14C into squalene and ianosterol was suppressed in the liver homogenate of the mice, the cholesterol biosynthesis was depressed at the step of conversion of mevalonic acid to squalene. Therefore, CPIB depressed the cholesterol biosynthesis at both steps before and after mevalonic acid. 2. The fecal excretion of the sterol-14C and bile acid-14C derived from injected cholesterol -14C: When mice injected with cholesterol-14C were kept on a basal diet or cholesterol-added diet containing 0.1% CPIB, the excretion of sterol-14C and nonsaponifiable materials-14C in the feces was markedly increased in the case of basal diet as well as cholesterol-added diet. However, the excretion of total bile acid-14C was not changed when mice were fed on the basal diet, but it was markedly increased when fed on the cholesterol-added diet. The specific radioactivity of sterol-14C in blood 30 days after injection was reduced in the basal diet or the cholesterol-added diet, while that in liver was not changed or increased. Total cholesterol level in blood 30 days after injection was not affected in mice fed on basal diet and was reduced in mice fed on the cholesterol-added diet. From the above facts, the lowering effective of CPIB on the blood cholesterol level appears to depend not on the alteration of the cholesterol biosynthesis but on the increase of excretion of sterol derived from the tissue cholesterol in the feces.", "PMID": 1033897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6564", "title": "[Effect of vitamin E on the alteration of the cholesterol metabolism with the aging of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Vitamin E (alpha-tochopherol acetate) 200 mg/kg was injected twelve times every five days into two groups of dd mice, one six months old and the other one month old. Thereafter the incorporation of acetate-1-14C or mevalonic acid-2-14C into sterols in the liver and kidney was examined. (1) In the liver, the incorporation of acetate-14C or mevalonic acid -14C into total lipid, total cholesterol, total fatty acid and proteins was lower in the old group than in the young group. When vitamin E was administered to the young group, hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis from the acetate-1-14C was reduced while total lipids, total fatty acid and proteins were not affected. Whereas when vitamin E was administered to the old group, the body weight increased, the hepatic cholesterol was reduced and the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into total lipids and proteins was increased while that into total cholesterol was reduced, and that into total fatty acid was not affected. The cholesterol biosynthesis was inhibited at the step of conversion of acetate to mevalonic acid in both young and old groups by the injection of vitamin E. (2) In the kidney the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into total lipid, total fatty acid and total cholesterol was more reduced in the old group of mice than in the young group. The administration of vitamin E to the young group of mice reduced the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into total lipid, total fatty acid and total cholesterol, while in the old group of mice administered with vitamin E the incorporation into total lipid and total cholesterol was not affected but that into total fatty acid was increased. The incorporation of mevalonic acid-2-14C into cholesterol was reduced in the young group of mice administered with vitamin E while the same was not affected in the old group. 2. When the old group of mice was fed with a diet containing vitamin E for two months, the excretion of bile acid-14C derived from injected cholesterol4-14C or cholic acid-24-14C was increased and the disappearance of hepatic cholesterol-14C became more rapid. As a result, it may be said that aging brought about the reduction of the lipid biosynthesis in liver and kidney, which was recovered partially by the administration of vitamin E. With regard to the cholesterol metabolism, the aging increased total cholesterol level, which was adjusted by vitamin E. The effect of vitamin E appeared to depend upon the supression of cholesterol biosynthesis as well as the increase of cholesterol catabolism and the excretion of bile acid.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamin E on the alteration of the cholesterol metabolism with the aging of mice (author's transl)]. 1. Vitamin E (alpha-tochopherol acetate) 200 mg/kg was injected twelve times every five days into two groups of dd mice, one six months old and the other one month old. Thereafter the incorporation of acetate-1-14C or mevalonic acid-2-14C into sterols in the liver and kidney was examined. (1) In the liver, the incorporation of acetate-14C or mevalonic acid -14C into total lipid, total cholesterol, total fatty acid and proteins was lower in the old group than in the young group. When vitamin E was administered to the young group, hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis from the acetate-1-14C was reduced while total lipids, total fatty acid and proteins were not affected. Whereas when vitamin E was administered to the old group, the body weight increased, the hepatic cholesterol was reduced and the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into total lipids and proteins was increased while that into total cholesterol was reduced, and that into total fatty acid was not affected. The cholesterol biosynthesis was inhibited at the step of conversion of acetate to mevalonic acid in both young and old groups by the injection of vitamin E. (2) In the kidney the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into total lipid, total fatty acid and total cholesterol was more reduced in the old group of mice than in the young group. The administration of vitamin E to the young group of mice reduced the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into total lipid, total fatty acid and total cholesterol, while in the old group of mice administered with vitamin E the incorporation into total lipid and total cholesterol was not affected but that into total fatty acid was increased. The incorporation of mevalonic acid-2-14C into cholesterol was reduced in the young group of mice administered with vitamin E while the same was not affected in the old group. 2. When the old group of mice was fed with a diet containing vitamin E for two months, the excretion of bile acid-14C derived from injected cholesterol4-14C or cholic acid-24-14C was increased and the disappearance of hepatic cholesterol-14C became more rapid. As a result, it may be said that aging brought about the reduction of the lipid biosynthesis in liver and kidney, which was recovered partially by the administration of vitamin E. With regard to the cholesterol metabolism, the aging increased total cholesterol level, which was adjusted by vitamin E. The effect of vitamin E appeared to depend upon the supression of cholesterol biosynthesis as well as the increase of cholesterol catabolism and the excretion of bile acid.", "PMID": 1033898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6565", "title": "[The tissue distribution and the effect of mercury on the hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis following the oral administration of methyl- and ethylmercurial compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-14C, hepatic cholesterol level and accumulation of mercury into various tissues were examined following oral administration of methyl- or ethyl-mercury to mice (or rat) at next dosage levels, 80 ppm for 10-19 days, 50 ppm for 30 days and 100 ppm for 15 days. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis was elevated at a dose of 80 ppm and decreased at a dose of 50 and 100 ppm. The change of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis showed the negative correlation with that of cholesterol level. 2. In comparison between methyl-and ethylmercury, the latter accumulated more than the former in liver and spleen, while the former accumulated more than the latter in kidney, cerebum and skeletal muscle. The administration of ethylmercury caused more decrease of body weight, increase of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and hepatic cholesterol level than the administration of methylmercury.", "contents": "[The tissue distribution and the effect of mercury on the hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis following the oral administration of methyl- and ethylmercurial compounds (author's transl)]. Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-14C, hepatic cholesterol level and accumulation of mercury into various tissues were examined following oral administration of methyl- or ethyl-mercury to mice (or rat) at next dosage levels, 80 ppm for 10-19 days, 50 ppm for 30 days and 100 ppm for 15 days. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis was elevated at a dose of 80 ppm and decreased at a dose of 50 and 100 ppm. The change of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis showed the negative correlation with that of cholesterol level. 2. In comparison between methyl-and ethylmercury, the latter accumulated more than the former in liver and spleen, while the former accumulated more than the latter in kidney, cerebum and skeletal muscle. The administration of ethylmercury caused more decrease of body weight, increase of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and hepatic cholesterol level than the administration of methylmercury.", "PMID": 1033899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6566", "title": "[A statistical study of autopsy cases in the department of legal medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, during the last 10 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The mediocolegal autopsies performed in the Department of Legal Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, during the 10-year period, 1965-1974 were 617 cases, 87 of them in newborns, 530 in infants and adults. Of cases autopsied as homicidal or suspicious deaths in infants and adults, 88.5% were recognized to be due to external causes, 9.1% to disease conditions and 2.5% undetermined. Of neonatal deaths, 10.3% were stillbirth, 78.2% live birth and 11.5% undetermined. Among the deaths due to external causes in infants and adults, 43.3% were homicidal, 7.2% suicidal, 32.6% accidental and 16.6% undetermined. Of external factors causing death, 42.9% were force, 36.8% asphyxiaton, 8.0% chemical substances and 8.0% heat. The causes of homicidal deaths inflicted with cutting or piercing instruments were circulatory disturbance, asphyxia and infection. In deaths inflicted with blunt instruments, they were mostly injuries of central nervous system and circulatory disturbance in the minority. All categories of causes of death were recognized in accidental deaths. All neonatal deaths were due to external causes. Their causes of death were mostly asphyxia and blunt force injuries of head.", "contents": "[A statistical study of autopsy cases in the department of legal medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, during the last 10 years (author's transl)]. The mediocolegal autopsies performed in the Department of Legal Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, during the 10-year period, 1965-1974 were 617 cases, 87 of them in newborns, 530 in infants and adults. Of cases autopsied as homicidal or suspicious deaths in infants and adults, 88.5% were recognized to be due to external causes, 9.1% to disease conditions and 2.5% undetermined. Of neonatal deaths, 10.3% were stillbirth, 78.2% live birth and 11.5% undetermined. Among the deaths due to external causes in infants and adults, 43.3% were homicidal, 7.2% suicidal, 32.6% accidental and 16.6% undetermined. Of external factors causing death, 42.9% were force, 36.8% asphyxiaton, 8.0% chemical substances and 8.0% heat. The causes of homicidal deaths inflicted with cutting or piercing instruments were circulatory disturbance, asphyxia and infection. In deaths inflicted with blunt instruments, they were mostly injuries of central nervous system and circulatory disturbance in the minority. All categories of causes of death were recognized in accidental deaths. All neonatal deaths were due to external causes. Their causes of death were mostly asphyxia and blunt force injuries of head.", "PMID": 1033900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6567", "title": "Immunogenicity of \"single component\" port insulin.", "content": "Twelve diabetic subjects who were not previously treated with insulin were divided into two groups of six each. Group I was treated with single component pork insulin and Group II was treated with standard (USP) insulin for 5 to 10 months. Three out of six in Group I, and five in Group II, developed circulating insulin antibodies. Daily insulin requirement in the two groups were almost the same. Insulin antibody titer did not fall in three insulin-treated diabetic subjects when single component pork insulin was substituted for USP beef-pork insulin. This study shows that the single component insulin is antigenic in human subjects.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of \"single component\" port insulin. Twelve diabetic subjects who were not previously treated with insulin were divided into two groups of six each. Group I was treated with single component pork insulin and Group II was treated with standard (USP) insulin for 5 to 10 months. Three out of six in Group I, and five in Group II, developed circulating insulin antibodies. Daily insulin requirement in the two groups were almost the same. Insulin antibody titer did not fall in three insulin-treated diabetic subjects when single component pork insulin was substituted for USP beef-pork insulin. This study shows that the single component insulin is antigenic in human subjects.", "PMID": 1033904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6568", "title": "Endometrial blood flow in rats.", "content": "The endometrial blood flow was measured in rats by injections of 85Kr saline into aorta and measurements of the clearance of the radioactivity by a Geiger-M\u00fcller probe situated in the uterine lumen. Estrus and diestrus were determined by vaginal smears. The endometrial blood flow was found to be 0.88 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SEM) ml/g tissue/min in estus and 1.60 +/- 0.15 mg/g/min in diestrus. The experiment indicates that the endometrial blood flow and the total uterine blood flow change in opposite directions during the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Endometrial blood flow in rats. The endometrial blood flow was measured in rats by injections of 85Kr saline into aorta and measurements of the clearance of the radioactivity by a Geiger-M\u00fcller probe situated in the uterine lumen. Estrus and diestrus were determined by vaginal smears. The endometrial blood flow was found to be 0.88 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SEM) ml/g tissue/min in estus and 1.60 +/- 0.15 mg/g/min in diestrus. The experiment indicates that the endometrial blood flow and the total uterine blood flow change in opposite directions during the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 1033905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6569", "title": "Testosterone production by ovarian follicles of the domestic cat (Felis catus).", "content": "In order to determine whether the ovarian follicles of the domestic cat which normally ovulates following copulation, were similar to those of the rabbit steroidogenically, the following experiments were carried out. Follicles were dissected out of ovaries from nine estrous cats throughout the year and incubated in medium alone or with luteinizing hormone (LH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Media were removed every 15 min and stored frozen until analyzed for testosterone using established radioimmunoassay procedures. Although LH and HCG caused slight increases in testosterone production the amounts produced were much less than that produced by rabbit follicles under identical conditions. However, when follicles were incubated for a total of 8 h without removal of media, marked changes in testosterone and estradiol production occurred. These data suggest that the ovarian follicles of the estrous cat are steroidogenically active.", "contents": "Testosterone production by ovarian follicles of the domestic cat (Felis catus). In order to determine whether the ovarian follicles of the domestic cat which normally ovulates following copulation, were similar to those of the rabbit steroidogenically, the following experiments were carried out. Follicles were dissected out of ovaries from nine estrous cats throughout the year and incubated in medium alone or with luteinizing hormone (LH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Media were removed every 15 min and stored frozen until analyzed for testosterone using established radioimmunoassay procedures. Although LH and HCG caused slight increases in testosterone production the amounts produced were much less than that produced by rabbit follicles under identical conditions. However, when follicles were incubated for a total of 8 h without removal of media, marked changes in testosterone and estradiol production occurred. These data suggest that the ovarian follicles of the estrous cat are steroidogenically active.", "PMID": 1033906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6570", "title": "The use of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid as a reporter group molecule for circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. The effect of stearic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate on the conformation of bovine and human serum albumin.", "content": "The fluorescence probe ANS(8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid) was employed as a reporter group molecule for circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements in order to investigate the effects of stearic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate on the conformation of bovine and human serum albumin. Stearate as well as dodecylsulfate displaces ANS from the binding to both albumins. Besides this displacement, stearate and dodecylsulfate influence the fluorescence properties and the extrinsic Cotton effects on ANS bound to both albumins. It is suggested that the origin of these effects is a microdisorganization of the albumin structure, provoked by the binding of stearate and sodium dodecylsulfate. Each of the four extrinsic CD bands of bound ANS was influenced in a different manner by the addition of stearate and dodecylsulfate. Using the data of the fluorescence measurements and of the circular dichroism measurements it was possible to differentiate the effects of one ligand on both albumins and of both ligands on one albumin more efficiently than would have been possible using one of the two methods alone. It is suggested that the use of ANS as a reporter group molecule for fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements is a very good tool to detect small changes in the environment of ligand binding sites on protein molecules.", "contents": "The use of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid as a reporter group molecule for circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. The effect of stearic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate on the conformation of bovine and human serum albumin. The fluorescence probe ANS(8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid) was employed as a reporter group molecule for circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements in order to investigate the effects of stearic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate on the conformation of bovine and human serum albumin. Stearate as well as dodecylsulfate displaces ANS from the binding to both albumins. Besides this displacement, stearate and dodecylsulfate influence the fluorescence properties and the extrinsic Cotton effects on ANS bound to both albumins. It is suggested that the origin of these effects is a microdisorganization of the albumin structure, provoked by the binding of stearate and sodium dodecylsulfate. Each of the four extrinsic CD bands of bound ANS was influenced in a different manner by the addition of stearate and dodecylsulfate. Using the data of the fluorescence measurements and of the circular dichroism measurements it was possible to differentiate the effects of one ligand on both albumins and of both ligands on one albumin more efficiently than would have been possible using one of the two methods alone. It is suggested that the use of ANS as a reporter group molecule for fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements is a very good tool to detect small changes in the environment of ligand binding sites on protein molecules.", "PMID": 1033907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6571", "title": "Abnormal behaviour of proline in the isothiocyanate degradation.", "content": "It has been observed that proline residues often initiate overlaps during sequenator analysis. The cause has been shown to be an abnormally slow cleavage reaction. The kinetics of the cleavage reaction has been studied and found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics. There are considerable differences in reaction rates depending on the position of proline in the sequence, as demonstrated for the four prolines in the N-terminal section of the H2B histone from chicken.", "contents": "Abnormal behaviour of proline in the isothiocyanate degradation. It has been observed that proline residues often initiate overlaps during sequenator analysis. The cause has been shown to be an abnormally slow cleavage reaction. The kinetics of the cleavage reaction has been studied and found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics. There are considerable differences in reaction rates depending on the position of proline in the sequence, as demonstrated for the four prolines in the N-terminal section of the H2B histone from chicken.", "PMID": 1033908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6572", "title": "Activity of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in mouse limb buds differentiating in vivo or in organ culture.", "content": "1) A method was developed to measure the activity of DNA dependent RNA polymerase reactions I (alpha-amanitin-insensitive) and II (alpha-amanitin-sensitive) in homogenates of very small amounts of tissue. This technique was used to study the activity of these polymerase reactions in limb buds from mouse embryos developing in vivo or in an organ culture system. This culture system allows the morphogenetic differentiation of limb buds in early stages of embryonic development (day 10-11 of gestation greater than or equal to 37 - 45 pairs of somites) from a blastema stage to well recognizable cartilaginous bone analgen. 2) An increase in the activities of both types of RNA polymerases was found to occur in vivo in limb buds on day 12 of gestation when compared with the activity measured on day 11 of gestation. A similar increase with a maximum about 24-48h after initiation of the cultures could be observed in the explants differentiating in organ culture. To our knowledge this is the first time that induction processes proceeding in mammalian embryonic tissues could be correlated with an increased activity of RNA polymerases. 3)A rough estimate shows that the rate of transcription due to RNA polymerase I measured in homogenates or in isolated nuclei (measured with substrate concentrations giving about 80% of the maximal rate) would account for the assumed rate of rRNA synthesis in vivo. The measurement of the RNA polymerase activity in isolated nuclei, thus, may give some information about the transcriptional processes occurring under \"physiological\" conditions. 4) The mammalian organ culture system presented provides a suitable model for studying embryonic differentiation processes.", "contents": "Activity of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in mouse limb buds differentiating in vivo or in organ culture. 1) A method was developed to measure the activity of DNA dependent RNA polymerase reactions I (alpha-amanitin-insensitive) and II (alpha-amanitin-sensitive) in homogenates of very small amounts of tissue. This technique was used to study the activity of these polymerase reactions in limb buds from mouse embryos developing in vivo or in an organ culture system. This culture system allows the morphogenetic differentiation of limb buds in early stages of embryonic development (day 10-11 of gestation greater than or equal to 37 - 45 pairs of somites) from a blastema stage to well recognizable cartilaginous bone analgen. 2) An increase in the activities of both types of RNA polymerases was found to occur in vivo in limb buds on day 12 of gestation when compared with the activity measured on day 11 of gestation. A similar increase with a maximum about 24-48h after initiation of the cultures could be observed in the explants differentiating in organ culture. To our knowledge this is the first time that induction processes proceeding in mammalian embryonic tissues could be correlated with an increased activity of RNA polymerases. 3)A rough estimate shows that the rate of transcription due to RNA polymerase I measured in homogenates or in isolated nuclei (measured with substrate concentrations giving about 80% of the maximal rate) would account for the assumed rate of rRNA synthesis in vivo. The measurement of the RNA polymerase activity in isolated nuclei, thus, may give some information about the transcriptional processes occurring under \"physiological\" conditions. 4) The mammalian organ culture system presented provides a suitable model for studying embryonic differentiation processes.", "PMID": 1033909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6573", "title": "Constitutional chromosomal breakage.", "content": "There were 18 individuals found to have a constitutional chromosome fragility causing an increase in break frequency. For each chromosome the breakpoint is always the same, whether it involves chromosomes from the same person, the same family, or different families. The fragile points are bands 10q24, 12q13, 16q21, 17p12, and Xq27. Autosomal constitutional fragility does not seem to have a phenotypic correspondence. They were found mostly in parents of children with chromosomal abnormalities or in couples with a history of repeated spontaneous abortions which permits one to raise the possibility of an interchromosomal effect. The six constitutional chromosomal fragilities of the X chromosome had in common the association of mental deficiency, delayed speech, and large malformed ears. The break points in constitutional chromosomal fragility were compared to those of spontaneous breaks in vitro, to those induced by X-rays, and to those in Fanconi's anemia. The theoretical  consequences of these structural abnormalities are discussed as well as what to do about them when they are found.", "contents": "Constitutional chromosomal breakage. There were 18 individuals found to have a constitutional chromosome fragility causing an increase in break frequency. For each chromosome the breakpoint is always the same, whether it involves chromosomes from the same person, the same family, or different families. The fragile points are bands 10q24, 12q13, 16q21, 17p12, and Xq27. Autosomal constitutional fragility does not seem to have a phenotypic correspondence. They were found mostly in parents of children with chromosomal abnormalities or in couples with a history of repeated spontaneous abortions which permits one to raise the possibility of an interchromosomal effect. The six constitutional chromosomal fragilities of the X chromosome had in common the association of mental deficiency, delayed speech, and large malformed ears. The break points in constitutional chromosomal fragility were compared to those of spontaneous breaks in vitro, to those induced by X-rays, and to those in Fanconi's anemia. The theoretical  consequences of these structural abnormalities are discussed as well as what to do about them when they are found.", "PMID": 1033912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6574", "title": "Volatile nitrosamines in fried bacon.", "content": "Higher levels of NPy and NDMA in cooked bacon and its cooked-out fat were associated with those cures which contained higher levels of nitrite, but no correlation between nitrosamine concentrations and initial nitrate levels was observed. There was a higher proportion of nitrosamines in cooked-out fat than in cooked bacon, but by far the greatest amounts were lost in the vapours produced during cooking.", "contents": "Volatile nitrosamines in fried bacon. Higher levels of NPy and NDMA in cooked bacon and its cooked-out fat were associated with those cures which contained higher levels of nitrite, but no correlation between nitrosamine concentrations and initial nitrate levels was observed. There was a higher proportion of nitrosamines in cooked-out fat than in cooked bacon, but by far the greatest amounts were lost in the vapours produced during cooking.", "PMID": 1033914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6575", "title": "Determination of eight volatile nitrosamines in thirty cured meat products with capillary gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry: the presence of nitrosodiethylamine and the absence of nitrosopyrrolidine.", "content": "Five samples each of six cured meat products were analysed for the presence of eight volatile nitrosamines. A combined steam distillation-extraction step at pH 8-9 plus a concentration step were used for preparation of extracts. These were analysed, without further clean-up, using a coupled capillary GC-HRMS system at a resolution of 4 000. The MS was used in the fixed mass mode, but after the retention time of each nitrosamine the mass adjustment was tuned to the mass of the next nitrosamine. This combination allowed not only an unambiguous identification of the nitrosamines but also their direct quantitative determination. The products investigated were cooked ham, fermented sausage, raw bacon, mildly fried bacon, fried minced mean and smoked meat. Only one nitrosamine, NDEA, was sometimes found to be present in relatively large amounts. It occurred in two of the bacon samples; the concentration increased during mild frying from 4 and 13 mug/kg to 16 and 43 mug/kg, respectively. It was also present in two of the smoked meat samples in amounts of 7 and 91 mug/kg, respectively. Its identity was further confirmed on a second and third capillary column also coupled to the MS, and by direct introduction of the extracts into the MS at a resolution of 15 000. A silicon compound with practically the same retention time and mass as NDMA, which originates from the antifoam agents used as shown by other investigators, was found in the extracts in amounts corresponding to abuot 2 mug/kg of product. Nevertheless, seven samples were found positively to contain NDMA in amounts of 2-6 mug/kg. NMEA, NMPA, NMBA and NDPA could not be detected in any of the samples, nor could NPip or NPy. That no NPy (i.e., less than 50 mug/kg) was found in the fried bacon samples may be due to the mild frying method used. The use only of capillary GC with a nitrogen-selective detector, without further sample clean up, would have led to many false-positive results due to the presence of other nitrogen-containing compounds.", "contents": "Determination of eight volatile nitrosamines in thirty cured meat products with capillary gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry: the presence of nitrosodiethylamine and the absence of nitrosopyrrolidine. Five samples each of six cured meat products were analysed for the presence of eight volatile nitrosamines. A combined steam distillation-extraction step at pH 8-9 plus a concentration step were used for preparation of extracts. These were analysed, without further clean-up, using a coupled capillary GC-HRMS system at a resolution of 4 000. The MS was used in the fixed mass mode, but after the retention time of each nitrosamine the mass adjustment was tuned to the mass of the next nitrosamine. This combination allowed not only an unambiguous identification of the nitrosamines but also their direct quantitative determination. The products investigated were cooked ham, fermented sausage, raw bacon, mildly fried bacon, fried minced mean and smoked meat. Only one nitrosamine, NDEA, was sometimes found to be present in relatively large amounts. It occurred in two of the bacon samples; the concentration increased during mild frying from 4 and 13 mug/kg to 16 and 43 mug/kg, respectively. It was also present in two of the smoked meat samples in amounts of 7 and 91 mug/kg, respectively. Its identity was further confirmed on a second and third capillary column also coupled to the MS, and by direct introduction of the extracts into the MS at a resolution of 15 000. A silicon compound with practically the same retention time and mass as NDMA, which originates from the antifoam agents used as shown by other investigators, was found in the extracts in amounts corresponding to abuot 2 mug/kg of product. Nevertheless, seven samples were found positively to contain NDMA in amounts of 2-6 mug/kg. NMEA, NMPA, NMBA and NDPA could not be detected in any of the samples, nor could NPip or NPy. That no NPy (i.e., less than 50 mug/kg) was found in the fried bacon samples may be due to the mild frying method used. The use only of capillary GC with a nitrogen-selective detector, without further sample clean up, would have led to many false-positive results due to the presence of other nitrogen-containing compounds.", "PMID": 1033915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6576", "title": "Nitrosamines in cured meat products.", "content": "One hundred samples of specially selected spiced meat products (sausages, salami, bologna, wieners, meat loaf, canned luncheon mean, etc) were analysed for nitrate, nitrite and volatile nitrosamines. None of the samples contained high levels of nitrosamines, but many contained traces, generally in the range from 2-50 mug/kg. Some contained as many as four nitrosamines, namely, NDMA, NDEA, NPip and NPy. In a few cases the samples were reanalysed after two weeks' storage at 4 or -20 degrees C, but no significant change in the nitrosamine levels could be detected. The identity of the nitrosamines was confirmed by GLC-high-resolution-MS.", "contents": "Nitrosamines in cured meat products. One hundred samples of specially selected spiced meat products (sausages, salami, bologna, wieners, meat loaf, canned luncheon mean, etc) were analysed for nitrate, nitrite and volatile nitrosamines. None of the samples contained high levels of nitrosamines, but many contained traces, generally in the range from 2-50 mug/kg. Some contained as many as four nitrosamines, namely, NDMA, NDEA, NPip and NPy. In a few cases the samples were reanalysed after two weeks' storage at 4 or -20 degrees C, but no significant change in the nitrosamine levels could be detected. The identity of the nitrosamines was confirmed by GLC-high-resolution-MS.", "PMID": 1033916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6577", "title": "Identification and quantitative determination of nitrosoproline and nitrososarcosine and preliminary investigations on nitrosohydroxyproline in cured meat products.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of certain nonvolatile N-nitrosoamino acids has been developed. After a clean up procedure, using liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange separation, the nitrosoamino acids are determined either by GC after conversion to their methylesters or by photolysis and subsequent determination of formed nitrite ion. Identification is made by GC-MS. Nitrosoproline and nitrososarcosine can be determined unambiguously; work on nitrosohydroxy-proline is in progress. Analysis of some cured meat products has shown that nitrosoproline may be present in relatively large amounts (340-440 mug/kg, confirmed by GC-MS) as compared to the amounts of volatile in notrosamines commonly found in these products. A trace of nitrososarcosine (about 10 mug/kg) was found in one product.", "contents": "Identification and quantitative determination of nitrosoproline and nitrososarcosine and preliminary investigations on nitrosohydroxyproline in cured meat products. A method for the quantitative determination of certain nonvolatile N-nitrosoamino acids has been developed. After a clean up procedure, using liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange separation, the nitrosoamino acids are determined either by GC after conversion to their methylesters or by photolysis and subsequent determination of formed nitrite ion. Identification is made by GC-MS. Nitrosoproline and nitrososarcosine can be determined unambiguously; work on nitrosohydroxy-proline is in progress. Analysis of some cured meat products has shown that nitrosoproline may be present in relatively large amounts (340-440 mug/kg, confirmed by GC-MS) as compared to the amounts of volatile in notrosamines commonly found in these products. A trace of nitrososarcosine (about 10 mug/kg) was found in one product.", "PMID": 1033918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6578", "title": "The relation between the determinable quantities of volatile N-nitroso compounds and the peroxide number in soya bean oil.", "content": "Comparative studies of soya bean oil with and without addition of N-nitroso compounds (NDMA and NDEA) at different hydroperoxide concentrations have shown that the determinable quantities of substances having the retention time of N-nitroso compounds in soya bean oil and of nitrosoamines added to the oil are dependent upon the peroxide number. The determination was carried out by gas chromatography (nitrogen detector, nitrogen-sensitive, flame-ionization detector) prior to and following irradiation with UV light (360 nm). When the peroxide number was above 4, the determinability and the recovery were reduced by more than 60 per cent. In advanced autoxidation and after reduced recoveries, large amounts of NMDA and NDEA may be encountered for a short time. A possible linkage between N-nitroso compounds and peroxide is discussed. Comparative investigations of soya beans, crude oil, intermediates and commercially available steamed oils have revealed that the concentrations of the compounds with NDMA and NDEA properties in crude oil (peroxide number about 3) is higher than in soya beans. The recovery of these compounds is very poor in intermediate products with high peroxide numbers (about 5 to 9). However, N-nitroso compounds can be demonstrated in commercially available oils treated with steam (peroxide number about 0.7), although to a lesser extent than in crude oil.", "contents": "The relation between the determinable quantities of volatile N-nitroso compounds and the peroxide number in soya bean oil. Comparative studies of soya bean oil with and without addition of N-nitroso compounds (NDMA and NDEA) at different hydroperoxide concentrations have shown that the determinable quantities of substances having the retention time of N-nitroso compounds in soya bean oil and of nitrosoamines added to the oil are dependent upon the peroxide number. The determination was carried out by gas chromatography (nitrogen detector, nitrogen-sensitive, flame-ionization detector) prior to and following irradiation with UV light (360 nm). When the peroxide number was above 4, the determinability and the recovery were reduced by more than 60 per cent. In advanced autoxidation and after reduced recoveries, large amounts of NMDA and NDEA may be encountered for a short time. A possible linkage between N-nitroso compounds and peroxide is discussed. Comparative investigations of soya beans, crude oil, intermediates and commercially available steamed oils have revealed that the concentrations of the compounds with NDMA and NDEA properties in crude oil (peroxide number about 3) is higher than in soya beans. The recovery of these compounds is very poor in intermediate products with high peroxide numbers (about 5 to 9). However, N-nitroso compounds can be demonstrated in commercially available oils treated with steam (peroxide number about 0.7), although to a lesser extent than in crude oil.", "PMID": 1033919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6579", "title": "Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in cattle slaughtered at an Ohio abattoir.", "content": "Specimens of heart, diaphragm and, in 159 instances, esophagus were taken from 352 cattle slaughtered in an Ohio abattoir. The total weight of the material was 32 kg, and this was fed to 12 specific-pathogen-free cats to test for Toxoplasma infectivity. None of the 12 cats acquired Toxoplasma infection, as evidenced by their failure to excrete oocysts or to develop antibodies, and by failure to isolate Toxoplasma from their tissues by inoculation into mice. In further tests, a 650-g sample of beef from 77 of the 352 cattle was digested in 1% trypsin, then inoculated intraperitoneally into 40 mice. Toxoplasma was not isolated from the mice. Serums from 186 of the 352 cattle were inactivated at 60 C for 1 hour, then examined by the Sabin-Feldman (dye) test for antibodies to Toxoplasma. None had titers of more than 1:8. Of the 186 serums, 77 were also examined for antibodies in the indirect hemagglutination test. One had a titer of 1:64, which was considered nonspecific. Thus, evidence for Toxoplasma infection was not found in 352 cattle.", "contents": "Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in cattle slaughtered at an Ohio abattoir. Specimens of heart, diaphragm and, in 159 instances, esophagus were taken from 352 cattle slaughtered in an Ohio abattoir. The total weight of the material was 32 kg, and this was fed to 12 specific-pathogen-free cats to test for Toxoplasma infectivity. None of the 12 cats acquired Toxoplasma infection, as evidenced by their failure to excrete oocysts or to develop antibodies, and by failure to isolate Toxoplasma from their tissues by inoculation into mice. In further tests, a 650-g sample of beef from 77 of the 352 cattle was digested in 1% trypsin, then inoculated intraperitoneally into 40 mice. Toxoplasma was not isolated from the mice. Serums from 186 of the 352 cattle were inactivated at 60 C for 1 hour, then examined by the Sabin-Feldman (dye) test for antibodies to Toxoplasma. None had titers of more than 1:8. Of the 186 serums, 77 were also examined for antibodies in the indirect hemagglutination test. One had a titer of 1:64, which was considered nonspecific. Thus, evidence for Toxoplasma infection was not found in 352 cattle.", "PMID": 1033928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6580", "title": "A serologic survey of a population of Georgia dogs for Brucella canis and an evaluation of the slide agglutination test.", "content": "In a serologic survey of stray and pet dog populations of Georgia, serums were screened for Brucella canis antibodies, using the slide agglutination test. If results were positive, B canis antibody titers were determined, using the standard tube agglutination test. The stray dogs had significantly (P less than 0.01) higher titers than did the pet dogs. The reactor rate was 58% higher for the slide agglutination test than for the tube agglutination test. The manufacturer's  evaluation of the slide agglutination test was based on a comparison of the serologic results of that test with those of the tube agglutination test, using a comparative method that permitted the results to be interpreted as 99% agreement between the 2 tests. Reevaluation of the manufacturer's data by a different method indicated that the slide agglutination test is very accurate when the results are negative (99.7% specific) but less so when the results are positive (62.5% sensitive).", "contents": "A serologic survey of a population of Georgia dogs for Brucella canis and an evaluation of the slide agglutination test. In a serologic survey of stray and pet dog populations of Georgia, serums were screened for Brucella canis antibodies, using the slide agglutination test. If results were positive, B canis antibody titers were determined, using the standard tube agglutination test. The stray dogs had significantly (P less than 0.01) higher titers than did the pet dogs. The reactor rate was 58% higher for the slide agglutination test than for the tube agglutination test. The manufacturer's  evaluation of the slide agglutination test was based on a comparison of the serologic results of that test with those of the tube agglutination test, using a comparative method that permitted the results to be interpreted as 99% agreement between the 2 tests. Reevaluation of the manufacturer's data by a different method indicated that the slide agglutination test is very accurate when the results are negative (99.7% specific) but less so when the results are positive (62.5% sensitive).", "PMID": 1033929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6581", "title": "Evaluation of a modified water-deprivation test for diagnosis of polyuric disorders in dogs.", "content": "A modified water-deprivation test was performed on 12 polyuric and 4 clinically normal dogs. Immediately after maximal urine osmolality had been achieved with water deprivation, antidiuretic hormone was injected to test further renal concentrating ability. The test provided accurate diagnosis of severe hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus in 3 dogs, partial diabetes insipidus in 2 dogs, and primary (psychogenic) polydipsia in 2 dogs. Five polyuric dogs with hyperadreno corticism had a response to the modified water-deprivation test similar to that of dogs with partial diabetes indipidus.", "contents": "Evaluation of a modified water-deprivation test for diagnosis of polyuric disorders in dogs. A modified water-deprivation test was performed on 12 polyuric and 4 clinically normal dogs. Immediately after maximal urine osmolality had been achieved with water deprivation, antidiuretic hormone was injected to test further renal concentrating ability. The test provided accurate diagnosis of severe hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus in 3 dogs, partial diabetes insipidus in 2 dogs, and primary (psychogenic) polydipsia in 2 dogs. Five polyuric dogs with hyperadreno corticism had a response to the modified water-deprivation test similar to that of dogs with partial diabetes indipidus.", "PMID": 1033931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6582", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the endometrium during the secretory phase.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface morphology of the rabbit endometrium during the secretory phase of the oestrous cycle. The free surfaces of ciliated and of inactive active secretory cells are described. Changes in secretory cell surface morphology resulting from accumulation and secretion of material involve the apparent retraction of microvilli and the formation of one or more bulbous protrusions of the cell's apical surface. These protrusions may be relatively smooth surfaced or exhibit long  slender micro-extensions. The protrusions grow in size and are eventually pinched off. Loss of the bulbous protrusions often leaves behind crater-like invaginations of the cell's surface. Secretory cells adjacent to the endometrial glands are the first to exhibit signs of mucin accumulation and secretion. The single cilium of a secretory cell is not apparently affected by the secretory process. Signs of ciliated and secretory cell degeneration, and possible sloughing, are also described.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the endometrium during the secretory phase. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface morphology of the rabbit endometrium during the secretory phase of the oestrous cycle. The free surfaces of ciliated and of inactive active secretory cells are described. Changes in secretory cell surface morphology resulting from accumulation and secretion of material involve the apparent retraction of microvilli and the formation of one or more bulbous protrusions of the cell's apical surface. These protrusions may be relatively smooth surfaced or exhibit long  slender micro-extensions. The protrusions grow in size and are eventually pinched off. Loss of the bulbous protrusions often leaves behind crater-like invaginations of the cell's surface. Secretory cells adjacent to the endometrial glands are the first to exhibit signs of mucin accumulation and secretion. The single cilium of a secretory cell is not apparently affected by the secretory process. Signs of ciliated and secretory cell degeneration, and possible sloughing, are also described.", "PMID": 1033932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6583", "title": "Genetic influence on normal variability of maximum expiratory flow-volume curves.", "content": "To determine the importance of genetic influence on the variability of maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves in normal individuals, MEFV curves breathing air and a mixture of 80% helium and 20% oxygen (He-O2), lung volumes, specific airway conductance, and closing capacity (CC) were obtained in 10 pairs of identical and 6 pairs of nonidentical twins, all nonsmokers and asymptomatic. For a given pair of identical twins, MEFV curves on air were more similar than those of a pair of nonidentical twins (P less than 0.02). The intrapair differences of identical twins were smaller than nonidentical twins of maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) at 60% of total lung capacity (TLC) on air (P less than 0.001) and on He-O2 (P less than 0.01). However, intrapair differences of Vmax at 40% TLC and CC were not significantly different in the two groups. Since Vmax at 60% TLC on air and He-O2 are dependent on the geometry of large airways these findings are suggestive that the geometry of large airways may be related to genetic factors. The relationship of the geometry of the peripheral airways and genetic factors has not been defined.", "contents": "Genetic influence on normal variability of maximum expiratory flow-volume curves. To determine the importance of genetic influence on the variability of maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves in normal individuals, MEFV curves breathing air and a mixture of 80% helium and 20% oxygen (He-O2), lung volumes, specific airway conductance, and closing capacity (CC) were obtained in 10 pairs of identical and 6 pairs of nonidentical twins, all nonsmokers and asymptomatic. For a given pair of identical twins, MEFV curves on air were more similar than those of a pair of nonidentical twins (P less than 0.02). The intrapair differences of identical twins were smaller than nonidentical twins of maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) at 60% of total lung capacity (TLC) on air (P less than 0.001) and on He-O2 (P less than 0.01). However, intrapair differences of Vmax at 40% TLC and CC were not significantly different in the two groups. Since Vmax at 60% TLC on air and He-O2 are dependent on the geometry of large airways these findings are suggestive that the geometry of large airways may be related to genetic factors. The relationship of the geometry of the peripheral airways and genetic factors has not been defined.", "PMID": 1033933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6584", "title": "Molecular weight estimation of protoheme ferro-lyase by radiation inactivation.", "content": "The molecular weight of protoheme ferro-lyase [EC 4.99.1.1], a mitochondrial enzyme, was estimated by the radiation inactivation method. Irradiation in vacuo caused less inactivation than that in air. The approximate molecular weight determined by this method was in the range from 250,000 to 320,000. The significance of the location of the enzyme in connection with its role in heme synthesis is discussed on the basis of Singer's membrane theory.", "contents": "Molecular weight estimation of protoheme ferro-lyase by radiation inactivation. The molecular weight of protoheme ferro-lyase [EC 4.99.1.1], a mitochondrial enzyme, was estimated by the radiation inactivation method. Irradiation in vacuo caused less inactivation than that in air. The approximate molecular weight determined by this method was in the range from 250,000 to 320,000. The significance of the location of the enzyme in connection with its role in heme synthesis is discussed on the basis of Singer's membrane theory.", "PMID": 1033934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6585", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. Precursor-product relationships among sialoglycosphingolipids.", "content": "The reaction sequence for the biosynthesis of gangliosides by mouse neuroblastoma cells has been investigated by studying the pattern of incorporation of labeled precursors into sialoglycosphingolipids. Cultured NB41A cells incorporated N-[3H]acetylmannosamine into the sialic acid moiety of GM3 in less than 10 min. Labeled GM2 was not detected in cells incubated for less than 30 min, while measurable radioactivity did not appear in GM1 until after 60 to 90 min. Analogous experiments were carried out using [14C]galactose. No significant amount of labeled hexose was incorporated into asialo-GM2 during 60 min of culture. These studies are in accord with results of previous studies on glycosyltransferases of NB41A cells (Kemp, S. F., and Stoolmiller, A. C. (1976), J. Neurochem. 26, 723-732), and further support the concept that the pathway of synthesis of gangliosides proceeds via GM3 leads to GM2 leads to GM1.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. Precursor-product relationships among sialoglycosphingolipids. The reaction sequence for the biosynthesis of gangliosides by mouse neuroblastoma cells has been investigated by studying the pattern of incorporation of labeled precursors into sialoglycosphingolipids. Cultured NB41A cells incorporated N-[3H]acetylmannosamine into the sialic acid moiety of GM3 in less than 10 min. Labeled GM2 was not detected in cells incubated for less than 30 min, while measurable radioactivity did not appear in GM1 until after 60 to 90 min. Analogous experiments were carried out using [14C]galactose. No significant amount of labeled hexose was incorporated into asialo-GM2 during 60 min of culture. These studies are in accord with results of previous studies on glycosyltransferases of NB41A cells (Kemp, S. F., and Stoolmiller, A. C. (1976), J. Neurochem. 26, 723-732), and further support the concept that the pathway of synthesis of gangliosides proceeds via GM3 leads to GM2 leads to GM1.", "PMID": 1033935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6586", "title": "Conformational constraints in nuclear DNA.", "content": "We have investigated DNA superstructure in a wide range of nuclei of higher cells by gently lysing cells to release structures that resemble nuclei but are depleted of nuclear proteins. The sedimentation properties of these structures, which we call nucleoids, have been examined in sucrose gradients containing the intercalating agent, ethidium. The sedimentation rate of nucleoids derived from the growing cells of mammals, birds, amphibians and insects varies in the manner characteristic of circular and superhelical molecules of DNA. These characteristic changes in sedimentation rate are abolished by irradiating the nucleoids with low doses of gamma-rays, a procedure known to introduce single-strand scissions into DNA. We have also investigated by similar means DNA superstructure in nucleoids derived from a variety of different chick cells. Nucleoids derived from adult hen erythrocytes differ from the other nucleoids studied in that their sedimentation rate does not vary in the manner characteristic of supercoiled DNA.", "contents": "Conformational constraints in nuclear DNA. We have investigated DNA superstructure in a wide range of nuclei of higher cells by gently lysing cells to release structures that resemble nuclei but are depleted of nuclear proteins. The sedimentation properties of these structures, which we call nucleoids, have been examined in sucrose gradients containing the intercalating agent, ethidium. The sedimentation rate of nucleoids derived from the growing cells of mammals, birds, amphibians and insects varies in the manner characteristic of circular and superhelical molecules of DNA. These characteristic changes in sedimentation rate are abolished by irradiating the nucleoids with low doses of gamma-rays, a procedure known to introduce single-strand scissions into DNA. We have also investigated by similar means DNA superstructure in nucleoids derived from a variety of different chick cells. Nucleoids derived from adult hen erythrocytes differ from the other nucleoids studied in that their sedimentation rate does not vary in the manner characteristic of supercoiled DNA.", "PMID": 1033937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6587", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the surface membrane of the mouse egg.", "content": "Fertilized and unfertilized mouse eggs were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy for evidence of mosaicism in the organization and concanavalin A-binding properties of their surface membranes. No obvious quantitative mosaicism in concanavalin A binding was noted. The egg membrane was microvillous over most of its surface, but was smooth in the region overlying the 2nd metaphase spindle of the unfertilized egg and on the polar body of the fertilized egg.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the surface membrane of the mouse egg. Fertilized and unfertilized mouse eggs were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy for evidence of mosaicism in the organization and concanavalin A-binding properties of their surface membranes. No obvious quantitative mosaicism in concanavalin A binding was noted. The egg membrane was microvillous over most of its surface, but was smooth in the region overlying the 2nd metaphase spindle of the unfertilized egg and on the polar body of the fertilized egg.", "PMID": 1033938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6588", "title": "Contacts between pigmented retina epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "The behaviour of primary cultures of dissociated embryonic chick pigmented retina epithelial (PRE) cells has been investigated. Isolated PRE cells have a mean speed of locomotion of 7-16 mum/h. Collisions between the cells normally result in the development of stable contacts between the cells involved. This leads to a gradual reduction in the number of isolated cells and an increase in the number of cells incorporated into islands. Ultrastructural observations of islands of cells after 24 h in culture show that junctional complexes are present between the cells. These complexes consist of 2 components: (a) an apically situated region of focal tight junctions and/or gap junctions, and (b) a more ventrally located zonula adhaerens with associated cytoplasmic filaments forming a band running completely around the periphery of each cell. The intermembrane gap in the region of the zonula is 6-0-12-0 nm. The junctional complexes become more differentiated with time and after 48 h in culture consist of an extensive region of tight junctions and/or gap junctions and a more specialized zonula adhaerens. It is suggested that the development of junctional complexes may be responsible for the stable contacts that the cells display in culture.", "contents": "Contacts between pigmented retina epithelial cells in culture. The behaviour of primary cultures of dissociated embryonic chick pigmented retina epithelial (PRE) cells has been investigated. Isolated PRE cells have a mean speed of locomotion of 7-16 mum/h. Collisions between the cells normally result in the development of stable contacts between the cells involved. This leads to a gradual reduction in the number of isolated cells and an increase in the number of cells incorporated into islands. Ultrastructural observations of islands of cells after 24 h in culture show that junctional complexes are present between the cells. These complexes consist of 2 components: (a) an apically situated region of focal tight junctions and/or gap junctions, and (b) a more ventrally located zonula adhaerens with associated cytoplasmic filaments forming a band running completely around the periphery of each cell. The intermembrane gap in the region of the zonula is 6-0-12-0 nm. The junctional complexes become more differentiated with time and after 48 h in culture consist of an extensive region of tight junctions and/or gap junctions and a more specialized zonula adhaerens. It is suggested that the development of junctional complexes may be responsible for the stable contacts that the cells display in culture.", "PMID": 1033939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6589", "title": "Preferential binding of testosterone over epitestosterone by human plasma.", "content": "The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the specificity of the binding of testosterone to plasma proteins could be defined as a preferential binding of this steroid over epitestosterone. The amount of testosterone that is specifically bound was calculated using the formula: (see article) concentration, where \"Ri\" is the ratio (14C) testosterone: (3H) epitestosterone in plasma prior to centrifugation, \"Ru\" is the isotope ratio in the protein-free supernatant obtained after ultracentrifugation (149,000 x g, at 0 C, for 18 h) and \"T concentration\" is the testosterone concentration in plasma resulting from addition of (14C) testosterone, the endogenous steroids having been removed by preliminary charcoal extraction. The theoretical separation of the binding sites for testosterone into two populations, one non-specific with no preference for testosterone over epitestosterone, and another with absolute specificity for testosterone over its physiologically inactive stereoisomer, proved to be useful. Ovalbumin was found to be an example for non-specific, non-preferential binding. Determination of the ratio (14C) testosterone: (3H) epitestosterone in the successive fractions of various ultracentrifuged preparations showed a small but significant preference for (14C) testosterone by human and bovine serum albumin, while alpha1-acid glycoprotein had a preference for (3H) epitestosterone. Saturation curves showed at least two components: the first one, presumably corresponding to TeBG, had a higher affinity and lower capacity. This binding capacity can be accurately determined by extrapolation to the ordinate or the second component, a straight line corresponding to a binding of somewhat lower affinity and much larger capacity.", "contents": "Preferential binding of testosterone over epitestosterone by human plasma. The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the specificity of the binding of testosterone to plasma proteins could be defined as a preferential binding of this steroid over epitestosterone. The amount of testosterone that is specifically bound was calculated using the formula: (see article) concentration, where \"Ri\" is the ratio (14C) testosterone: (3H) epitestosterone in plasma prior to centrifugation, \"Ru\" is the isotope ratio in the protein-free supernatant obtained after ultracentrifugation (149,000 x g, at 0 C, for 18 h) and \"T concentration\" is the testosterone concentration in plasma resulting from addition of (14C) testosterone, the endogenous steroids having been removed by preliminary charcoal extraction. The theoretical separation of the binding sites for testosterone into two populations, one non-specific with no preference for testosterone over epitestosterone, and another with absolute specificity for testosterone over its physiologically inactive stereoisomer, proved to be useful. Ovalbumin was found to be an example for non-specific, non-preferential binding. Determination of the ratio (14C) testosterone: (3H) epitestosterone in the successive fractions of various ultracentrifuged preparations showed a small but significant preference for (14C) testosterone by human and bovine serum albumin, while alpha1-acid glycoprotein had a preference for (3H) epitestosterone. Saturation curves showed at least two components: the first one, presumably corresponding to TeBG, had a higher affinity and lower capacity. This binding capacity can be accurately determined by extrapolation to the ordinate or the second component, a straight line corresponding to a binding of somewhat lower affinity and much larger capacity.", "PMID": 1033948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6590", "title": "Somatomedin in cord blood: relationship to gestational age and birth size.", "content": "Somatomedin (SM) was determined by bioassay in cord blood from 100 neonates born at 24-42 weeks of gestation and from three infants with major congenital malformations. SM levels rose with gestational age and had a positive correlation with birth weight, length and head circumference independantly of gestational age. These findings suggest a relationship between somatomedin and fetal growth.", "contents": "Somatomedin in cord blood: relationship to gestational age and birth size. Somatomedin (SM) was determined by bioassay in cord blood from 100 neonates born at 24-42 weeks of gestation and from three infants with major congenital malformations. SM levels rose with gestational age and had a positive correlation with birth weight, length and head circumference independantly of gestational age. These findings suggest a relationship between somatomedin and fetal growth.", "PMID": 1033949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6591", "title": "Schistoma mansoni soluble egg antigens: determination of the stage and species specificity of their serologic reactivity by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Three highly purified Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens reactivity with sera from mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni (major serologic antigens-MSA1, MSA2, and MSA3) were utilized in radioimmunoassays for determining their stage and species specificity. Inhibition studies revealed that MSA1 was completely stage specific, since its binding to S. mansoni chronic infection serum (CIS) could not be inhibited either with cercarial or adult worm antigen. MAS2 and MSA3 were specific with regard to adult worm antigen but their binding to CIS was slightly inhibited by cercarial antigen. Immature eggs in comparison with mature eggs contained only negligible amounts of MSA1 whereas MSA2 and MSA3 were present in large quantities. Fluid from eggs hatched in spring water (hatch fluid-HF) contained considerable amounts of MSA1 as well as MSA2 and MSA3. With regard to species specificity, MSA1 essentially did not cross-react with crude soluble egg antigen (SEA) from Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium whereas MSA2 and MSA3 showed partial cross-reactivity. Antibody dilution studies with sera from animals and humans infected with heterologous schistosome species (i.e., S. japonicum and S. haematobium) indirectly confirmed the high degree of species specificity of MSA1. The degree of serologic specificity of MSA1 as demonstrated in this study parallels that of the sensitizing activity of S. mansoni eggs and SEA for granuloma formation, as demonstrated in previous investigations. This study, therefore, indicates that MSA1 may be a major immunopathologically active egg antigen. In addition, the high degree of species specificity of MSA1 suggests its use in the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni.", "contents": "Schistoma mansoni soluble egg antigens: determination of the stage and species specificity of their serologic reactivity by radioimmunoassay. Three highly purified Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens reactivity with sera from mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni (major serologic antigens-MSA1, MSA2, and MSA3) were utilized in radioimmunoassays for determining their stage and species specificity. Inhibition studies revealed that MSA1 was completely stage specific, since its binding to S. mansoni chronic infection serum (CIS) could not be inhibited either with cercarial or adult worm antigen. MAS2 and MSA3 were specific with regard to adult worm antigen but their binding to CIS was slightly inhibited by cercarial antigen. Immature eggs in comparison with mature eggs contained only negligible amounts of MSA1 whereas MSA2 and MSA3 were present in large quantities. Fluid from eggs hatched in spring water (hatch fluid-HF) contained considerable amounts of MSA1 as well as MSA2 and MSA3. With regard to species specificity, MSA1 essentially did not cross-react with crude soluble egg antigen (SEA) from Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium whereas MSA2 and MSA3 showed partial cross-reactivity. Antibody dilution studies with sera from animals and humans infected with heterologous schistosome species (i.e., S. japonicum and S. haematobium) indirectly confirmed the high degree of species specificity of MSA1. The degree of serologic specificity of MSA1 as demonstrated in this study parallels that of the sensitizing activity of S. mansoni eggs and SEA for granuloma formation, as demonstrated in previous investigations. This study, therefore, indicates that MSA1 may be a major immunopathologically active egg antigen. In addition, the high degree of species specificity of MSA1 suggests its use in the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni.", "PMID": 1033955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6592", "title": "The in vitro permeability of skin and buccal mucosa to selected drugs and tritiated water.", "content": "The permeability of whole human skin, human dermis, whole pig skin, and canine buccal mucosa have been determined for four chemically different solutes: tritiated water, amphetamine, estradiol, and ouabain. Several new in vitro techniques for isolation, preservation, and permeability determination of these membranous tissues are described. Water permeabilities of human epidermis and dermis using these techniques agree well with published results. Human and porcine skins are very similar with respect to water permeability, while buccal mucosa is similar to dermis in its permeability characteristics to the four representative test agents. The permeability of hydrated whole skin is determined by the permeability of the epidermis, and the dermis and buccal mucosa behave as if they are water barriers exhibiting a permeability of about 30% of the diffusion through pure water, a difference that can be ascribed to the porosity and/or tortuosity of the tissue matrix.", "contents": "The in vitro permeability of skin and buccal mucosa to selected drugs and tritiated water. The permeability of whole human skin, human dermis, whole pig skin, and canine buccal mucosa have been determined for four chemically different solutes: tritiated water, amphetamine, estradiol, and ouabain. Several new in vitro techniques for isolation, preservation, and permeability determination of these membranous tissues are described. Water permeabilities of human epidermis and dermis using these techniques agree well with published results. Human and porcine skins are very similar with respect to water permeability, while buccal mucosa is similar to dermis in its permeability characteristics to the four representative test agents. The permeability of hydrated whole skin is determined by the permeability of the epidermis, and the dermis and buccal mucosa behave as if they are water barriers exhibiting a permeability of about 30% of the diffusion through pure water, a difference that can be ascribed to the porosity and/or tortuosity of the tissue matrix.", "PMID": 1033956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6593", "title": "Plasma concentration of androstenedione during the bovine oestrous cycle.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay with Sephadex chromatography for androstenedione is described. Concentrations of androstenedione in bovine peripheral blood during the oestrous cycle ranged from 80 to 100 pg/ml. There was considerable variation and no pattern suggestive of physiological significance emerged, unlike those of oestradiol and testosterone.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of androstenedione during the bovine oestrous cycle. A radioimmunoassay with Sephadex chromatography for androstenedione is described. Concentrations of androstenedione in bovine peripheral blood during the oestrous cycle ranged from 80 to 100 pg/ml. There was considerable variation and no pattern suggestive of physiological significance emerged, unlike those of oestradiol and testosterone.", "PMID": 1033977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6594", "title": "Changes in uterine and ovarian blood flow during the oestrous cycle in rats.", "content": "The rates of uterine and ovarian blood flow during the oestrous cycle in rats were measured using radioactive microspheres. Blood flow was highest in the ovaries and uteri during pro-oestrus and lowest during metoestrus. During pro-oestrus, mean ovarian blood flow was 676-2 +/- 183-6 (S.D.) ml/min/100 g wet tissue and mean uterine blood flow was 249-7 +/- 120-1 ml/min/100 g. During metoestrus mean ovarian blood flow was 117-4 +/- 19-8 ml/min/100 g and mean uterine blood flow was 38-5 +/- 7-4 ml/min/100 g. In ovariectomized rats, uterine blood flow was 28-7 +/- 10-5 ml/min 100 g.", "contents": "Changes in uterine and ovarian blood flow during the oestrous cycle in rats. The rates of uterine and ovarian blood flow during the oestrous cycle in rats were measured using radioactive microspheres. Blood flow was highest in the ovaries and uteri during pro-oestrus and lowest during metoestrus. During pro-oestrus, mean ovarian blood flow was 676-2 +/- 183-6 (S.D.) ml/min/100 g wet tissue and mean uterine blood flow was 249-7 +/- 120-1 ml/min/100 g. During metoestrus mean ovarian blood flow was 117-4 +/- 19-8 ml/min/100 g and mean uterine blood flow was 38-5 +/- 7-4 ml/min/100 g. In ovariectomized rats, uterine blood flow was 28-7 +/- 10-5 ml/min 100 g.", "PMID": 1033978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6595", "title": "Variables affecting establishment of schedule-induced attack on pictorial targets in White King pigeons.", "content": "White King pigeons exposed to food schedules before introduction of a colored photograph of a pigeon showed sustained schedule-induced attack on that image; additional birds given an early introduction to both the photograph and the schedule subsequently attacked the image at lower rates. Other pigeons attacked a second photograph of a pigeon regardless of whether it was introduced early or late. The late-introduction procedure was also effective in establishing attack on a projected image of a conspecific. The combined results showed that 14 of 17 White King pigeons given a late introduction to a pictorial target exhibited sustained attack against it and that a pigeon's initial reaction to a photograph of a conspecific when introduced early was a good predictor of subsequent schedule-induced attack on it.", "contents": "Variables affecting establishment of schedule-induced attack on pictorial targets in White King pigeons. White King pigeons exposed to food schedules before introduction of a colored photograph of a pigeon showed sustained schedule-induced attack on that image; additional birds given an early introduction to both the photograph and the schedule subsequently attacked the image at lower rates. Other pigeons attacked a second photograph of a pigeon regardless of whether it was introduced early or late. The late-introduction procedure was also effective in establishing attack on a projected image of a conspecific. The combined results showed that 14 of 17 White King pigeons given a late introduction to a pictorial target exhibited sustained attack against it and that a pigeon's initial reaction to a photograph of a conspecific when introduced early was a good predictor of subsequent schedule-induced attack on it.", "PMID": 1033979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6596", "title": "Developmental aspects of secondary palate formation.", "content": "Research on development of the secondary palate has, in the past, dealt primarily with morphological aspects of shelf elevation and fusion. The many factors thought to be involved in palatal elevation, such as fetal neuromuscular activity and growth of the cranial base and mandible, as well as production of extracellular matrix and contractile elements in the palate, are mostly based on gross, light microscopic, morphometric or histochemical observations. Recently, more biochemical procedures have been utilized to described palatal shelf elevation. Although these studies strongly suggest that palatal extracellular matrix plays a major role in shelf movement, interpretation of these data remains difficult owing to the complexity of tissue interactions involved in craniofacial development. Shelf elevation does not appear to involve a single motive factor, but rather a coordinated interaction of all of the abovementioned developmental events. Further analysis of mechanisms of shelf elevation requires development of new, and refinement of existing, in vitro procedures. A system that enables one to examine shelf elevation in vitro would allow more meaningful analysis of the relative importance of the various components in shelf movement. Much more is known about fusion of the palatal shelves, owing in large part to in vitro studies. Fusion of the apposing shelves, both in vivo and in vitro, is dependent upon adhesion and cell dealth of the midline epithelial cells. Adhesion betweeen apposing epithelial surfaces appears to involve epithelial cell surface macromolecules. Further analysis of palatal epithelial adhesion should be directed towards characterization of those cell surface components responsible for this adhesive interaction. Midline epithelial cells cease DNA synthesis 24-36 h before shelf elevation and contact, become active in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins, and subsequently manifest morphological signs of necrosis. Death of the midline epithelial cells is thought to involve a programmed, lysosomal-mediated autolysis...", "contents": "Developmental aspects of secondary palate formation. Research on development of the secondary palate has, in the past, dealt primarily with morphological aspects of shelf elevation and fusion. The many factors thought to be involved in palatal elevation, such as fetal neuromuscular activity and growth of the cranial base and mandible, as well as production of extracellular matrix and contractile elements in the palate, are mostly based on gross, light microscopic, morphometric or histochemical observations. Recently, more biochemical procedures have been utilized to described palatal shelf elevation. Although these studies strongly suggest that palatal extracellular matrix plays a major role in shelf movement, interpretation of these data remains difficult owing to the complexity of tissue interactions involved in craniofacial development. Shelf elevation does not appear to involve a single motive factor, but rather a coordinated interaction of all of the abovementioned developmental events. Further analysis of mechanisms of shelf elevation requires development of new, and refinement of existing, in vitro procedures. A system that enables one to examine shelf elevation in vitro would allow more meaningful analysis of the relative importance of the various components in shelf movement. Much more is known about fusion of the palatal shelves, owing in large part to in vitro studies. Fusion of the apposing shelves, both in vivo and in vitro, is dependent upon adhesion and cell dealth of the midline epithelial cells. Adhesion betweeen apposing epithelial surfaces appears to involve epithelial cell surface macromolecules. Further analysis of palatal epithelial adhesion should be directed towards characterization of those cell surface components responsible for this adhesive interaction. Midline epithelial cells cease DNA synthesis 24-36 h before shelf elevation and contact, become active in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins, and subsequently manifest morphological signs of necrosis. Death of the midline epithelial cells is thought to involve a programmed, lysosomal-mediated autolysis...", "PMID": 1033980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6597", "title": "Biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins by mouse embryos cultured in the presence of a teratogenic dose of chlorambucil.", "content": "The effect of chlorambucil on the rates of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in mouse embryos was investigated using a system of whole embryo culture. Embryos were isolated on the 11th day of gestation (33 +/- 3 somites) and grown in culture media for periods of 4-8 h. Reichert's membrane and most of the placental tissue was removed leaving only the amnion and visceral yolk-sac surrounding the embryo. In the presence of teratogenic doses of chlorabucil (15 mug/ml) the rate of DNA synthesis was significantly decreased at 4 and 8 h. RNA and protein synthesis were not inhibited at either of these times. A trend toward decreasing rates of protein synthesis at some time beyond 8 h was noted, but not tested.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins by mouse embryos cultured in the presence of a teratogenic dose of chlorambucil. The effect of chlorambucil on the rates of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in mouse embryos was investigated using a system of whole embryo culture. Embryos were isolated on the 11th day of gestation (33 +/- 3 somites) and grown in culture media for periods of 4-8 h. Reichert's membrane and most of the placental tissue was removed leaving only the amnion and visceral yolk-sac surrounding the embryo. In the presence of teratogenic doses of chlorabucil (15 mug/ml) the rate of DNA synthesis was significantly decreased at 4 and 8 h. RNA and protein synthesis were not inhibited at either of these times. A trend toward decreasing rates of protein synthesis at some time beyond 8 h was noted, but not tested.", "PMID": 1033981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6598", "title": "Postimplantation development of blastomeres isolated from 4- and 8-cell mouse eggs.", "content": "Blastomeres isolated from 4- and 8-cell mouse eggs were inserted into empty zonae and transferred to the oviduct. The products of both types of blastomere were capable of inducing decidual formation. One implant produced by an isolated blastomere from a 4-cell egg contained a small, retarded embryo at 5 1/2 days but most decidua from blastomeres of either 4- or 8-cell eggs contained only a few trophoblast giant cells. It is suggested that this lack of totipotency is due to insufficient cells being present at cavitation rather than restriction in developmental potential.", "contents": "Postimplantation development of blastomeres isolated from 4- and 8-cell mouse eggs. Blastomeres isolated from 4- and 8-cell mouse eggs were inserted into empty zonae and transferred to the oviduct. The products of both types of blastomere were capable of inducing decidual formation. One implant produced by an isolated blastomere from a 4-cell egg contained a small, retarded embryo at 5 1/2 days but most decidua from blastomeres of either 4- or 8-cell eggs contained only a few trophoblast giant cells. It is suggested that this lack of totipotency is due to insufficient cells being present at cavitation rather than restriction in developmental potential.", "PMID": 1033982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6599", "title": "The permeability to cytochalasin B of the new unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow of the newt's egg.", "content": "Two of 10 mug/ml cytochalasin B (CB) caused retraction of the first cleavage furrow in Triturus eggs, a spreading of the unpigmented surface from the furrow region and a flattening of the whole egg. CB appears to act against the contractility of the microfilamentous band at mid-cleavage so as to relax the furrow and also to weaken unpigmented surface to allow the egg to flatten. Uncleaved eggs and the initial formation of the cleavage groove were unaffected by CB. A fully-retracted first cleavage furrow reformed itself on transfer of the egg to normal medium but only at the time of second cleavage. Initiation of second cleavage depended upon there being sufficient of the original pigmented surface on the animal hemisphere. Tritium-labelled CB of high specific activty was prepared and used to study its ability to penetrate the surface of newt eggs during cleavage. Scintillation couting of whole eggs showed that CB was not taken into the newt egg until mid-cleavage (about 17 min after the double stripe stage) when new surface began to spread in the cleavage furrow. Fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide retained radioactivity in the egg, but more CB was retained after fixation in osmium tetroxide alone than after double fixation. Most of the retained radioactivity was in yolk platelets. Autoradiographs were prepared to sectioned eggs which had been fixed at late cleavage after [3H]CB had flattend the furrow. These showed that CB entered the egg through the unpigmented surface which formed in the furrow but it could not enter through the pigmented surface. The impermeability of the pigmented surface explains the observations that CB does not prevent initial furrowing at cleavage. Once inside the egg CB is transported slowly. CB penetrates to a limited extent beneath the pigmented surface from its border with the unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow and this seems insufficient in some circumstances to suppress the contractile phase of second cleavage.", "contents": "The permeability to cytochalasin B of the new unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow of the newt's egg. Two of 10 mug/ml cytochalasin B (CB) caused retraction of the first cleavage furrow in Triturus eggs, a spreading of the unpigmented surface from the furrow region and a flattening of the whole egg. CB appears to act against the contractility of the microfilamentous band at mid-cleavage so as to relax the furrow and also to weaken unpigmented surface to allow the egg to flatten. Uncleaved eggs and the initial formation of the cleavage groove were unaffected by CB. A fully-retracted first cleavage furrow reformed itself on transfer of the egg to normal medium but only at the time of second cleavage. Initiation of second cleavage depended upon there being sufficient of the original pigmented surface on the animal hemisphere. Tritium-labelled CB of high specific activty was prepared and used to study its ability to penetrate the surface of newt eggs during cleavage. Scintillation couting of whole eggs showed that CB was not taken into the newt egg until mid-cleavage (about 17 min after the double stripe stage) when new surface began to spread in the cleavage furrow. Fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide retained radioactivity in the egg, but more CB was retained after fixation in osmium tetroxide alone than after double fixation. Most of the retained radioactivity was in yolk platelets. Autoradiographs were prepared to sectioned eggs which had been fixed at late cleavage after [3H]CB had flattend the furrow. These showed that CB entered the egg through the unpigmented surface which formed in the furrow but it could not enter through the pigmented surface. The impermeability of the pigmented surface explains the observations that CB does not prevent initial furrowing at cleavage. Once inside the egg CB is transported slowly. CB penetrates to a limited extent beneath the pigmented surface from its border with the unpigmented surface in the first cleavage furrow and this seems insufficient in some circumstances to suppress the contractile phase of second cleavage.", "PMID": 1033983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6600", "title": "The developmental analysis of an embryonic lethal (C6H) in the mouse.", "content": "A development study of the effects of the C6H allele at the albino locus has identified the C6H homozygote as an early postimplantation lethal. Homozygous C6H embryos can first be recognized at 6 1/2-7 days of gestation by abnormalities of the ectoplacental and parietal endodern. At 7 1/2 days, mutant embryos appear severely retarded with obvious abnormalities in all germ layers. All C6H homozygotes are dead and resorbed by 8 days of development. It is proposed that the mutation interferes with the normal differentiation of the parietal endoderm, ectoplacental cone and extra-embryonic ectoderm of the egg cyclinder.", "contents": "The developmental analysis of an embryonic lethal (C6H) in the mouse. A development study of the effects of the C6H allele at the albino locus has identified the C6H homozygote as an early postimplantation lethal. Homozygous C6H embryos can first be recognized at 6 1/2-7 days of gestation by abnormalities of the ectoplacental and parietal endodern. At 7 1/2 days, mutant embryos appear severely retarded with obvious abnormalities in all germ layers. All C6H homozygotes are dead and resorbed by 8 days of development. It is proposed that the mutation interferes with the normal differentiation of the parietal endoderm, ectoplacental cone and extra-embryonic ectoderm of the egg cyclinder.", "PMID": 1033984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6601", "title": "Experiments on blocking and unblocking of first meiotic metaphase in eggs of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br. (Phasmida, Insecta).", "content": "The eggs of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus, which remain arrested in first meiotic metaphase until oviposition, must be activated in order to develop. The activating agent is oxygen from the air, which enters the egg cell through the micropyle. An exposure shorter than one minute is sufficient to release the blockage. In non-activated (micropyle-less) eggs the first metaphase chromsomes either degenerate or change into an interphase nucleus. This nucleus polyploidizes by endoreduplication, and then either degenerates or multiplies by amitosis. Similarly more generations of nuclei may arise resulting in a chaotic development. These nuclei survive better in the anterior region of the egg. The question of whether the cytoplasmic factors which control nuclear behaviour, also operate in eggs of C. morosus is discussed.", "contents": "Experiments on blocking and unblocking of first meiotic metaphase in eggs of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus Br. (Phasmida, Insecta). The eggs of the parthenogenetic stick insect Carausius morosus, which remain arrested in first meiotic metaphase until oviposition, must be activated in order to develop. The activating agent is oxygen from the air, which enters the egg cell through the micropyle. An exposure shorter than one minute is sufficient to release the blockage. In non-activated (micropyle-less) eggs the first metaphase chromsomes either degenerate or change into an interphase nucleus. This nucleus polyploidizes by endoreduplication, and then either degenerates or multiplies by amitosis. Similarly more generations of nuclei may arise resulting in a chaotic development. These nuclei survive better in the anterior region of the egg. The question of whether the cytoplasmic factors which control nuclear behaviour, also operate in eggs of C. morosus is discussed.", "PMID": 1033985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6602", "title": "Protein synthesis and germ plasm in cleavage embryos of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "(3H) leucine was injected into unfertilized eggs, fertilized eggs, and Stage 2-12 embryos of X. laevis. Incorporation of the leucine into protein by blastomeres containing germ plasm was studied autoradiographically. Eggs, both fertilized and unfertilized, actively synthesized protein, ad did embryos from Stage 2 onwards. Probably all blastomerers containing germ plasm were labelled. In embryos from Stages 4-12, the germ plasm itself was also labelled, and this result suggests that the germ plasm is metabolically active during cleavage.", "contents": "Protein synthesis and germ plasm in cleavage embryos of Xenopus laevis. (3H) leucine was injected into unfertilized eggs, fertilized eggs, and Stage 2-12 embryos of X. laevis. Incorporation of the leucine into protein by blastomeres containing germ plasm was studied autoradiographically. Eggs, both fertilized and unfertilized, actively synthesized protein, ad did embryos from Stage 2 onwards. Probably all blastomerers containing germ plasm were labelled. In embryos from Stages 4-12, the germ plasm itself was also labelled, and this result suggests that the germ plasm is metabolically active during cleavage.", "PMID": 1033986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6603", "title": "Structure and function of the glandular vas deferens in Ascaris suum (Nematoda).", "content": "The glandular vas deferens in the linearly arranged male reproductive tract in Ascaris suum produces substances which cause marked morphological and physiological changes in the spermatozoa. The glandular secretions, presumably formed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules, are extruded from the cells and coalesce to form homogeneous masses in the gland lumen. In sexually inactive worms the secretory material is separated from the spermatozoa by a sphincter comprised of neuro-muscular-like cells. During copulation the sphincter lumen enlarges and the spermatozoa and sperm-activating glandular material are mixed and simultaneously transferred to the female worm.", "contents": "Structure and function of the glandular vas deferens in Ascaris suum (Nematoda). The glandular vas deferens in the linearly arranged male reproductive tract in Ascaris suum produces substances which cause marked morphological and physiological changes in the spermatozoa. The glandular secretions, presumably formed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules, are extruded from the cells and coalesce to form homogeneous masses in the gland lumen. In sexually inactive worms the secretory material is separated from the spermatozoa by a sphincter comprised of neuro-muscular-like cells. During copulation the sphincter lumen enlarges and the spermatozoa and sperm-activating glandular material are mixed and simultaneously transferred to the female worm.", "PMID": 1033989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6604", "title": "Thelazia lacrymalis in horses in Kentucky and observations on the face fly (Musca autumnalis) as a probable intermediate host.", "content": "Eyes from 114 (30.3%) of 376 dead horses, examined from 3 April 1975 to 3 April 1976, were naturally infected with adult Thelazia lacrymalis; 1 horse was also infected with 1 male Thelazia skrijabini. Adult T. lacrymalis from dead horses were successfully transferred mechanically to the eyes of 3 of 4 Shetland ponies raised helminth-free. Larvae from gravid female T. lacrymalis underwent development in experimentally infected, laboratory-raised face flies (Musca autumnalis) and third-stage larvae ranging from 1.82 to 2.94 mm in total length were recovered at 12 to 15 days postexposure. A total of 866 naturally occurring face flies were collected from the head region of horses. Twelve of the face flies harbored larval stages of Thelazia spp. One of the larvae resembled third-stage T. lacrymalis that were recovered from the experimentally infected, laboratory-raised face flies. Introduction of 3 third-stage larvae from 1 face fly onto the cornea of a pony raised helminth-free resulted in the recovery of 1 male T. skrjabini 242 days later. In addition to the eyeworm larvae, other parasites recovered from the face flies included Heterotylenchus autumnalis, hypopi of astigmatid mites and a first instar beetle (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae). Data from these investigations indicate the likelihood that face flies are an intermediate host for T. lacrymalis and probably other species of Thelazia in this part of the country.", "contents": "Thelazia lacrymalis in horses in Kentucky and observations on the face fly (Musca autumnalis) as a probable intermediate host. Eyes from 114 (30.3%) of 376 dead horses, examined from 3 April 1975 to 3 April 1976, were naturally infected with adult Thelazia lacrymalis; 1 horse was also infected with 1 male Thelazia skrijabini. Adult T. lacrymalis from dead horses were successfully transferred mechanically to the eyes of 3 of 4 Shetland ponies raised helminth-free. Larvae from gravid female T. lacrymalis underwent development in experimentally infected, laboratory-raised face flies (Musca autumnalis) and third-stage larvae ranging from 1.82 to 2.94 mm in total length were recovered at 12 to 15 days postexposure. A total of 866 naturally occurring face flies were collected from the head region of horses. Twelve of the face flies harbored larval stages of Thelazia spp. One of the larvae resembled third-stage T. lacrymalis that were recovered from the experimentally infected, laboratory-raised face flies. Introduction of 3 third-stage larvae from 1 face fly onto the cornea of a pony raised helminth-free resulted in the recovery of 1 male T. skrjabini 242 days later. In addition to the eyeworm larvae, other parasites recovered from the face flies included Heterotylenchus autumnalis, hypopi of astigmatid mites and a first instar beetle (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae). Data from these investigations indicate the likelihood that face flies are an intermediate host for T. lacrymalis and probably other species of Thelazia in this part of the country.", "PMID": 1033990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6605", "title": "Changes in leadership appraisal as a function of the stress of a simulated panic situation.", "content": "Research by Mintz and Kelley, Condry, Dahke, and Hill left unresolved the question of what level of personal threat leads to group incoordination of \"panic behavior.\" The present study set out to resolve this issue and to explore the additional relationship between leadership and behavior in the panic situation. The dependent variables were Likert-type questionnaire items designed to investigate the level of responsibility attributed to a leader by members of a group as a function of four variables: (a) two levels of stress (threat of shock or of small monetary loss); (b) two levels of leadership authority (elected or appointed); (c) two conditions of leadership (\"me-last\" or \"me-first\"); and (d) group success or failure. The specific questions were adapted from earlier pilot work by Sulzer and Sisti. One hundred and forty-four males were run in this 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design with a nonfactorial control group. The task setting, which required subjects to retrieve their wooden cones through the same hole, was designed to be analogous to the kind of situation that would occur in a theater fire where only one narrow exit existed. The results support the contention of Kelley that group incoordination (panic) increases under personal threat. Additional results were: (a) Leaders facilitated achieving the goal of safe exit; (b) elected leaders were given more responsibility and were seen as more competent than appointed leaders, but only when the stress is comparatively low, as otherwise the difference in evaluation narrows and reverses; and (c) success or failure seems to have had little effect on the leader's evaluation by the group.", "contents": "Changes in leadership appraisal as a function of the stress of a simulated panic situation. Research by Mintz and Kelley, Condry, Dahke, and Hill left unresolved the question of what level of personal threat leads to group incoordination of \"panic behavior.\" The present study set out to resolve this issue and to explore the additional relationship between leadership and behavior in the panic situation. The dependent variables were Likert-type questionnaire items designed to investigate the level of responsibility attributed to a leader by members of a group as a function of four variables: (a) two levels of stress (threat of shock or of small monetary loss); (b) two levels of leadership authority (elected or appointed); (c) two conditions of leadership (\"me-last\" or \"me-first\"); and (d) group success or failure. The specific questions were adapted from earlier pilot work by Sulzer and Sisti. One hundred and forty-four males were run in this 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design with a nonfactorial control group. The task setting, which required subjects to retrieve their wooden cones through the same hole, was designed to be analogous to the kind of situation that would occur in a theater fire where only one narrow exit existed. The results support the contention of Kelley that group incoordination (panic) increases under personal threat. Additional results were: (a) Leaders facilitated achieving the goal of safe exit; (b) elected leaders were given more responsibility and were seen as more competent than appointed leaders, but only when the stress is comparatively low, as otherwise the difference in evaluation narrows and reverses; and (c) success or failure seems to have had little effect on the leader's evaluation by the group.", "PMID": 1033991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6606", "title": "[Anatomical and histological approach to the radioraphic appearance of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present first correlations between histology, anatomy and serial radiography of the breast, in order to establish a new understanding of the mammographic picture, with respect to the tridimensional histological structures. Several essential points are considered: - Mammographic pictures only show fibrous, connecting and fatty tissues. The epithelium of the galactophores is not shown, because of its low radio-opacity. Mammographic densities are due above all to fibrous connecting tissue, which has a high percentage of water. Benign or malignant breast tumors present with a proliferation of epithelium and connecting tissue, but only connecting tissue, more or less hydrated is shown on the mammographic picture. Many mammographic patterns are related to various superimposed fibrous strands, appearing as pseudotumoral opacities. The benign or malignant tumoral opacities are hidden or modified by multiple superimposed adjacent structures. - The mammographic patterns is related to the degree of hydratation and components of the connecting tissue.", "contents": "[Anatomical and histological approach to the radioraphic appearance of the breast (author's transl)]. The authors present first correlations between histology, anatomy and serial radiography of the breast, in order to establish a new understanding of the mammographic picture, with respect to the tridimensional histological structures. Several essential points are considered: - Mammographic pictures only show fibrous, connecting and fatty tissues. The epithelium of the galactophores is not shown, because of its low radio-opacity. Mammographic densities are due above all to fibrous connecting tissue, which has a high percentage of water. Benign or malignant breast tumors present with a proliferation of epithelium and connecting tissue, but only connecting tissue, more or less hydrated is shown on the mammographic picture. Many mammographic patterns are related to various superimposed fibrous strands, appearing as pseudotumoral opacities. The benign or malignant tumoral opacities are hidden or modified by multiple superimposed adjacent structures. - The mammographic patterns is related to the degree of hydratation and components of the connecting tissue.", "PMID": 1034013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6607", "title": "Clinical details, cytogenic studies,and cellular physiology of a 69, XXX fetus, with comments on the biological effect of triploidy in man.", "content": "A triploid fetus, 69, XXX, aborted spontaneously at 26 weeks' gestation. It had multiple abnormalities including syndactyly of the hands and feet single palmar creases, hypoplasia of the adrenals and ovaries, hypertrophy of thigh muscles, and abnormalities of the brain. The placenta was large and showed hydatidiform degeneration. The pregnancy had been complicated by acute dyspnoea, pre-eclampsia, and postpartum haemorrhage. Detailed cytogenetic studies, using banding and fluorescence techniques, were performed on fetus and parents. Meiotic studies were made on the fetal ovaries. Muscle cell differentiation and electrophysiological relationships of cultured skin fibriblasts were examined in an attempt to study the way in which the extra haploid set of chromosomes exerts its effect on the phenotype. The antenatal diagnosis of late triploidy is discussed. The finding that 25 per cent of late triploids have spina bifida is further evidence that meningomyelocele has a genetic component and strongly suggests that this results from chromosomal imbalance or a regulatory gene disturbance.", "contents": "Clinical details, cytogenic studies,and cellular physiology of a 69, XXX fetus, with comments on the biological effect of triploidy in man. A triploid fetus, 69, XXX, aborted spontaneously at 26 weeks' gestation. It had multiple abnormalities including syndactyly of the hands and feet single palmar creases, hypoplasia of the adrenals and ovaries, hypertrophy of thigh muscles, and abnormalities of the brain. The placenta was large and showed hydatidiform degeneration. The pregnancy had been complicated by acute dyspnoea, pre-eclampsia, and postpartum haemorrhage. Detailed cytogenetic studies, using banding and fluorescence techniques, were performed on fetus and parents. Meiotic studies were made on the fetal ovaries. Muscle cell differentiation and electrophysiological relationships of cultured skin fibriblasts were examined in an attempt to study the way in which the extra haploid set of chromosomes exerts its effect on the phenotype. The antenatal diagnosis of late triploidy is discussed. The finding that 25 per cent of late triploids have spina bifida is further evidence that meningomyelocele has a genetic component and strongly suggests that this results from chromosomal imbalance or a regulatory gene disturbance.", "PMID": 1034015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6608", "title": "The de Lange syndrome in one of twins.", "content": "A pair of female monozygotic twins, one of them affected by the de Lange syndrome is described for the first time. Monozygosity was established by most of the accepted standards in use at the present time. Speculation is offered as to whether the discordance in the manifestation of the syndrome provides any clues for understanding its controversial pathogenesis. In this regard two genetic mechanisms are discussed. One is the hypothesis of a chromosomal or mitotic instability. The other possibility would be a postzygotic new mutation of a gene or large effect.", "contents": "The de Lange syndrome in one of twins. A pair of female monozygotic twins, one of them affected by the de Lange syndrome is described for the first time. Monozygosity was established by most of the accepted standards in use at the present time. Speculation is offered as to whether the discordance in the manifestation of the syndrome provides any clues for understanding its controversial pathogenesis. In this regard two genetic mechanisms are discussed. One is the hypothesis of a chromosomal or mitotic instability. The other possibility would be a postzygotic new mutation of a gene or large effect.", "PMID": 1034016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6609", "title": "Trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride as a tumor inducer in Swiss mice.", "content": "A 0.05% solution of trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (TMH) administered for a lifetime in drinking water to outbred Swiss albino mice, beginning at 6 weeks of age, induced tumors of blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys. The tumor incidences in these tissues in untreated controls were 5,22 and 0%, whereas in the treated groups the corresponding tumor incidences increased to 85, 44, and 6%, respectively. Histopathologically, tumors were classified as angiosarcomas of blood vessels and adenomas of the lungs and kidneys. The study thus demonstrated the tumorigenicity of TMH. Contrary to expectation, the chemical structure modification apparently failed to alter qualitatively the tumorigenic response.", "contents": "Trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride as a tumor inducer in Swiss mice. A 0.05% solution of trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (TMH) administered for a lifetime in drinking water to outbred Swiss albino mice, beginning at 6 weeks of age, induced tumors of blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys. The tumor incidences in these tissues in untreated controls were 5,22 and 0%, whereas in the treated groups the corresponding tumor incidences increased to 85, 44, and 6%, respectively. Histopathologically, tumors were classified as angiosarcomas of blood vessels and adenomas of the lungs and kidneys. The study thus demonstrated the tumorigenicity of TMH. Contrary to expectation, the chemical structure modification apparently failed to alter qualitatively the tumorigenic response.", "PMID": 1034017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6610", "title": "Age incidence and site distribution of mammary dysplasias in young beagle bitches.", "content": "The age incidence and site distribution of 2,142 mammary dysplasias were documented for 39 beagle bitches 6 months to 4 years of age. Lesion onset was at 2-3 years of age, at which time more than 50% of the females had dysplasias. Dysplasias appeared before palpable tumors. Posterior mammae developed more lesions than did anterior mammae. Thus the gradient for early onset of lesions coincided with the gradient for tumor frequency reported previously; a preneoplastic potential is suggested for (some) dysplasias. Problems of defining normal tissue are discussed.", "contents": "Age incidence and site distribution of mammary dysplasias in young beagle bitches. The age incidence and site distribution of 2,142 mammary dysplasias were documented for 39 beagle bitches 6 months to 4 years of age. Lesion onset was at 2-3 years of age, at which time more than 50% of the females had dysplasias. Dysplasias appeared before palpable tumors. Posterior mammae developed more lesions than did anterior mammae. Thus the gradient for early onset of lesions coincided with the gradient for tumor frequency reported previously; a preneoplastic potential is suggested for (some) dysplasias. Problems of defining normal tissue are discussed.", "PMID": 1034018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6611", "title": "Hepatic angiosarcomas in dogs: an excessive frequency as compared with man.", "content": "A series of 18 angiosarcomas of the liver in dogs reported by veterinary schools in the United States and Canada suggested that certain breeds may have an excess of the tumor and that there is no marked predilection by sex. Histologic characteristics of hepatic angiosarcomas were similar in man and dog, but the relative frequency in dogs was about 25-100 times that of man.", "contents": "Hepatic angiosarcomas in dogs: an excessive frequency as compared with man. A series of 18 angiosarcomas of the liver in dogs reported by veterinary schools in the United States and Canada suggested that certain breeds may have an excess of the tumor and that there is no marked predilection by sex. Histologic characteristics of hepatic angiosarcomas were similar in man and dog, but the relative frequency in dogs was about 25-100 times that of man.", "PMID": 1034019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6612", "title": "Mutant lines of guinea pig L2C leukemia. II. Comparative cytogenetic studies and banding analyses of normal and leukemic karyotypes.", "content": "Chromosomes of normal guinea pig (strain 2) cells and of cell lines dervied from a spontaneously arising leukemia were analyzed in detail. All cell lines studied, LG-L2C, GH-L2-C, BZ-LC, and EN-L2C, contained one M1 marker and two X chromosomes, in addition to other chromosome abnormalities specific for each cell line. The presence of the M1 marker and the two X chromosomes confirmed that all of these leukemic cell lines are derived from one ancestral line. Comparison of the chromosome markers and immunologic characteristics of these lines revealed that possibly the gene involved in the determination of C3 receptor sites is located on the terminal portion of the long arm of chromosome No. 2, but no other correlations could be made.", "contents": "Mutant lines of guinea pig L2C leukemia. II. Comparative cytogenetic studies and banding analyses of normal and leukemic karyotypes. Chromosomes of normal guinea pig (strain 2) cells and of cell lines dervied from a spontaneously arising leukemia were analyzed in detail. All cell lines studied, LG-L2C, GH-L2-C, BZ-LC, and EN-L2C, contained one M1 marker and two X chromosomes, in addition to other chromosome abnormalities specific for each cell line. The presence of the M1 marker and the two X chromosomes confirmed that all of these leukemic cell lines are derived from one ancestral line. Comparison of the chromosome markers and immunologic characteristics of these lines revealed that possibly the gene involved in the determination of C3 receptor sites is located on the terminal portion of the long arm of chromosome No. 2, but no other correlations could be made.", "PMID": 1034020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6613", "title": "Tumorigenicity of tetramethylhydrazine hydrochloride in Swiss mice.", "content": "Tetramethylhydrazine hydrochloride (TEMH) was administered in drinking water as a 0.125% solution to randomly bred Swiss mice for life beginning at 6 weeks of age. As a result of treatment, the incidence of blood vessel tumors rose from 5 to 96% in females and from 6 to 88% in males, while that of lung tumors increased from 21 to 36% in females and from 23 to 28% in males, as compared with untreated controls. The increased incidence of blood vessel tumors, but not of lung neoplasms, was statistically significant. Histopathologically, the tumors exhibited the characteristics of angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels and adenomas of the lung. The investigation proved for the first time the tumorigenicity of TEMH. The possible role of increased methyl substitution on hydrazine in tumorigenesis was also discussed, as well as hydrazine derivatives as a tumor-producing class.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of tetramethylhydrazine hydrochloride in Swiss mice. Tetramethylhydrazine hydrochloride (TEMH) was administered in drinking water as a 0.125% solution to randomly bred Swiss mice for life beginning at 6 weeks of age. As a result of treatment, the incidence of blood vessel tumors rose from 5 to 96% in females and from 6 to 88% in males, while that of lung tumors increased from 21 to 36% in females and from 23 to 28% in males, as compared with untreated controls. The increased incidence of blood vessel tumors, but not of lung neoplasms, was statistically significant. Histopathologically, the tumors exhibited the characteristics of angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels and adenomas of the lung. The investigation proved for the first time the tumorigenicity of TEMH. The possible role of increased methyl substitution on hydrazine in tumorigenesis was also discussed, as well as hydrazine derivatives as a tumor-producing class.", "PMID": 1034021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6614", "title": "The influence of vesical distension on the urethral resistance to flow: a possible role for prostaglandins?", "content": "The possible role of prostaglandins in the mediation and/or modulation of the urethral response to vesical distension was investigated in female dogs. Three criteria for the possible involvement of these mediators have been investigated. Indomethacin could block the reduction of urethral resistance observed during vesical distension. Intra-arterial infusion of exogenous prostaglandin E2 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the urethral resistance to flow. Moreover, a significant release of prostaglandin E2 in the venous blood during the course of vesical distension could be demonstrated. The functional significance, mechanisms of release and mode of action of these highly active lipids are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of vesical distension on the urethral resistance to flow: a possible role for prostaglandins? The possible role of prostaglandins in the mediation and/or modulation of the urethral response to vesical distension was investigated in female dogs. Three criteria for the possible involvement of these mediators have been investigated. Indomethacin could block the reduction of urethral resistance observed during vesical distension. Intra-arterial infusion of exogenous prostaglandin E2 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the urethral resistance to flow. Moreover, a significant release of prostaglandin E2 in the venous blood during the course of vesical distension could be demonstrated. The functional significance, mechanisms of release and mode of action of these highly active lipids are discussed.", "PMID": 1034028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6615", "title": "Colpocystourethropexy: the way we do it.", "content": "In pure stress urinary incontinence the sphincteric mechanism is intact. Restoration of normal position and support to the vesicourethral segment usually re-establish normal sphincteric function. A suprapublic approach is used to gain adequate mobilization of the anteriorr vaginal wall and vesicourethral segment. Full thickness sutures applied in the anterior vaginal wall as far lateral from the urethra as possible are then tied to Cooper's ligament. Forward and upward lifting of the vesicourethral segment is achieved but the urethra is free in a wide retropubic space. Normal position with limited mobility of the sphincteric segment is attained, yet compression or obstruction of the urethra and surgical trauma to the delicate sphincteric musculature are avoided. Adsorbable sutures are used. Permanent fixation is to be achieved by the postoperative fibrosis made possible after all retropubic fat has been cleared away. This technique has been uniformly successful in virginal cases and in the great majority of the least favorable cases, after repeated failures. Adequate mobilization proper placement of sutures and prevention of compression and surgical damage are the keys to longlasting successful repair.", "contents": "Colpocystourethropexy: the way we do it. In pure stress urinary incontinence the sphincteric mechanism is intact. Restoration of normal position and support to the vesicourethral segment usually re-establish normal sphincteric function. A suprapublic approach is used to gain adequate mobilization of the anteriorr vaginal wall and vesicourethral segment. Full thickness sutures applied in the anterior vaginal wall as far lateral from the urethra as possible are then tied to Cooper's ligament. Forward and upward lifting of the vesicourethral segment is achieved but the urethra is free in a wide retropubic space. Normal position with limited mobility of the sphincteric segment is attained, yet compression or obstruction of the urethra and surgical trauma to the delicate sphincteric musculature are avoided. Adsorbable sutures are used. Permanent fixation is to be achieved by the postoperative fibrosis made possible after all retropubic fat has been cleared away. This technique has been uniformly successful in virginal cases and in the great majority of the least favorable cases, after repeated failures. Adequate mobilization proper placement of sutures and prevention of compression and surgical damage are the keys to longlasting successful repair.", "PMID": 1034029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6616", "title": "[Current therapeutic orientations for malignant teratomas of the testis with a choriocarcinomatous element. 14 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In teratomas with a choriocarcinomatous element, the association with surgery of sequential chemotherapy lasting at least two years would appear to represent an improvement. Definitive conclusions may only be drawn from the study of large series.", "contents": "[Current therapeutic orientations for malignant teratomas of the testis with a choriocarcinomatous element. 14 cases (author's transl)]. In teratomas with a choriocarcinomatous element, the association with surgery of sequential chemotherapy lasting at least two years would appear to represent an improvement. Definitive conclusions may only be drawn from the study of large series.", "PMID": 1034024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6617", "title": "[Reconstruction of the female urethra using the roots of the clitoris. Eleven cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 cases of obstetric and surgical necrosis of the urethra and in one of congenital aplasia, the canal was reconstructed using as an intermediate layer the roots of the clitoris, freed and applied. In the ten cases in which treatment has been completed, continence was restored in 8, either with one operation only (3 cases), or with the addition of various procedures for suspension of the bladder neck using autografts (5 cases).", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the female urethra using the roots of the clitoris. Eleven cases (author's transl)]. In 10 cases of obstetric and surgical necrosis of the urethra and in one of congenital aplasia, the canal was reconstructed using as an intermediate layer the roots of the clitoris, freed and applied. In the ten cases in which treatment has been completed, continence was restored in 8, either with one operation only (3 cases), or with the addition of various procedures for suspension of the bladder neck using autografts (5 cases).", "PMID": 1034025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6618", "title": "Mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a chromatin-positive boy.", "content": "A case of primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a chromatin-positive boy is reported. The incidence of neoplasms in patients with so-called Klinefelter's syndrome is discussed as well as embryogenesis and diagnostic evaluation in patients presenting with this tumor.", "contents": "Mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a chromatin-positive boy. A case of primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma in a chromatin-positive boy is reported. The incidence of neoplasms in patients with so-called Klinefelter's syndrome is discussed as well as embryogenesis and diagnostic evaluation in patients presenting with this tumor.", "PMID": 1034031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6619", "title": "[Considerations relating to multiple primary carcinomas of the urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The patient with more than one primary malignant neoplasm has ceased to be a pathologic curiosity and has instead become a practical problem. It is possible for a patient to have two simultaneous developping independant cancers, but is also possible for a second primary cancer to develop in a cancer prone individual after the initial malignant lesion has been removed by radical surgical procedures. The generally improved survival rate after treatment of cancer has permitted more patients to live long enough for a second or even a third primary lesion to develop and it probably also reflects the more thorough pathological studies in both surgical and autopsy cases. It may be hoped that factors of genetic predisposition, ethiology and pathogenesis that are obscure in the patient with single lesions may be brought out in patients with multiple cancers. We present the case of a 83 years old patient with three different primary malignancies. His first tumour was a clear cell carcinoma of the left kidney at the age of 71, followed by a transitional cell carcinoma gr. II/IV of the bladder seven years later, and followed by a third one two and a half years latter which was a distinct adeno carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "[Considerations relating to multiple primary carcinomas of the urinary tract (author's transl)]. The patient with more than one primary malignant neoplasm has ceased to be a pathologic curiosity and has instead become a practical problem. It is possible for a patient to have two simultaneous developping independant cancers, but is also possible for a second primary cancer to develop in a cancer prone individual after the initial malignant lesion has been removed by radical surgical procedures. The generally improved survival rate after treatment of cancer has permitted more patients to live long enough for a second or even a third primary lesion to develop and it probably also reflects the more thorough pathological studies in both surgical and autopsy cases. It may be hoped that factors of genetic predisposition, ethiology and pathogenesis that are obscure in the patient with single lesions may be brought out in patients with multiple cancers. We present the case of a 83 years old patient with three different primary malignancies. His first tumour was a clear cell carcinoma of the left kidney at the age of 71, followed by a transitional cell carcinoma gr. II/IV of the bladder seven years later, and followed by a third one two and a half years latter which was a distinct adeno carcinoma of the prostate.", "PMID": 1034027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6620", "title": "[The signification of renal sequential scintigraphy with determination of regions of interest for the therapeutical purpose in urology (author's transl)].", "content": "Sequential scintigraphy with regions-of-interest technique has a firm position in the diagnosis of localized lesions of renal parenchyma. The method is of little annoyance to the patient and is often decisive for the further diagnostic and therapeutical proceedings. The mathematical evaluation process takes little time, an advantage in emergency cases. Main indications are pathological duplex kidneys, staghorn calculi and anomalies of renal form and position. Radiation doses are low, a valuable factor in long-term controls, above all renal trauma and urotuberculosis.", "contents": "[The signification of renal sequential scintigraphy with determination of regions of interest for the therapeutical purpose in urology (author's transl)]. Sequential scintigraphy with regions-of-interest technique has a firm position in the diagnosis of localized lesions of renal parenchyma. The method is of little annoyance to the patient and is often decisive for the further diagnostic and therapeutical proceedings. The mathematical evaluation process takes little time, an advantage in emergency cases. Main indications are pathological duplex kidneys, staghorn calculi and anomalies of renal form and position. Radiation doses are low, a valuable factor in long-term controls, above all renal trauma and urotuberculosis.", "PMID": 1034026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6621", "title": "Effects of rubidium on behavioral responses to methamphetamine and tetrabenazine.", "content": "Different groups of mice were injected subcutaneously every other day with rubidium chloride at three doses (0.41(50), 1.23(150) and 3.69(450) meq/kg (mg/kg)) or with saline as a control for a period of 2-3 weeks. Rubidium administered acutely did not affect spontaneous locomotor activities, while it tended to increase the activities when administered repeatedly though the increase was not statistically significant. The methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activities were potentiated in the rubidium groups as compared with those in the saline group, this effect of ribidium being increased with prolongation of repeated administrations. Monotonic decreases in ambulation after tetrabenazine were not significantly affected in the rubidium-treated animals though the decreases were sometimes preceded by slight increases and recovery from the decrement tended to be more rapid. After tetrabenazine in the rubidium-treated groups, incidences of catalepsy were increased and jumping behavior and Straub tail responses occurred in a few cases. The results suggest that rubidium potentiates the excitatory action of methamphetamine on spontaneous locomotor activities, as contrasted with inhibitory influence of lithium.", "contents": "Effects of rubidium on behavioral responses to methamphetamine and tetrabenazine. Different groups of mice were injected subcutaneously every other day with rubidium chloride at three doses (0.41(50), 1.23(150) and 3.69(450) meq/kg (mg/kg)) or with saline as a control for a period of 2-3 weeks. Rubidium administered acutely did not affect spontaneous locomotor activities, while it tended to increase the activities when administered repeatedly though the increase was not statistically significant. The methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activities were potentiated in the rubidium groups as compared with those in the saline group, this effect of ribidium being increased with prolongation of repeated administrations. Monotonic decreases in ambulation after tetrabenazine were not significantly affected in the rubidium-treated animals though the decreases were sometimes preceded by slight increases and recovery from the decrement tended to be more rapid. After tetrabenazine in the rubidium-treated groups, incidences of catalepsy were increased and jumping behavior and Straub tail responses occurred in a few cases. The results suggest that rubidium potentiates the excitatory action of methamphetamine on spontaneous locomotor activities, as contrasted with inhibitory influence of lithium.", "PMID": 1034136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6622", "title": "[Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) in the pediatric age group. Normal values and changes under different storage conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal values for PTT were obtained from 60 infants and children- age 3 days to 14 years- who had unremarkable preoperative coagulation tests and had tolerated surgical procedures without bleeding complications. The 27 infants, who were less than 0.5 years old, had significantly longer PTT-times (mean value 37.65 sec., extreme values 29.6-47.4 sec) than the older children (mean value: 32.72 sec., extreme values: 24.9-40.5 sec). These results, which were obtained with PTT-reagent ROCHE, are considerably shorter than comparable values in the literature. There were no differences in the values from boys or girls. No positive correlation between PTT and bleeding time were found. There were no significant changes of PTT when the whole blood had been stored at room temperature (22-25 degrees C) for 6 to 10 hours before it was tested.", "contents": "[Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) in the pediatric age group. Normal values and changes under different storage conditions (author's transl)]. Normal values for PTT were obtained from 60 infants and children- age 3 days to 14 years- who had unremarkable preoperative coagulation tests and had tolerated surgical procedures without bleeding complications. The 27 infants, who were less than 0.5 years old, had significantly longer PTT-times (mean value 37.65 sec., extreme values 29.6-47.4 sec) than the older children (mean value: 32.72 sec., extreme values: 24.9-40.5 sec). These results, which were obtained with PTT-reagent ROCHE, are considerably shorter than comparable values in the literature. There were no differences in the values from boys or girls. No positive correlation between PTT and bleeding time were found. There were no significant changes of PTT when the whole blood had been stored at room temperature (22-25 degrees C) for 6 to 10 hours before it was tested.", "PMID": 1034164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6623", "title": "[Retention of platelets in newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "In healthy, 24-72 hour-old newborns, platelet retention is significantly elevated compared to adults. A relationship could not be established between the retention and the erythrocyte count, bilirubin in the serum or the content of energy-rich phosphates in the erythrocytes. The above results indicate that the platelet function in newborns is elevated and/or comparable with the adult norm. The basic cause of the frequent symptoms of hemorrhage during the newborn period cannot be traced back to disturbed thrombocyte function.", "contents": "[Retention of platelets in newborns (author's transl)]. In healthy, 24-72 hour-old newborns, platelet retention is significantly elevated compared to adults. A relationship could not be established between the retention and the erythrocyte count, bilirubin in the serum or the content of energy-rich phosphates in the erythrocytes. The above results indicate that the platelet function in newborns is elevated and/or comparable with the adult norm. The basic cause of the frequent symptoms of hemorrhage during the newborn period cannot be traced back to disturbed thrombocyte function.", "PMID": 1034165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6624", "title": "Neonatal respirator allowing simultaneous ventilation and suction.", "content": "A new type of respirator for newborns allowing tracheal suction and ventilation simultaneously is presented. Additional characteristics are: a partly disposable air supply system, no apparatus deadspace and with one exception no moving parts. The performance of the respirator under varied conditions of lung mechanics was tested using a pneumatic lung thorax analogue. The procedure of tracheal suction was simulated and the effect on tidal volume and alveolar pressure investigated. Triggervolume and response time were also determined. Analysis shows that the respirator has qualities of flow- and pressure preset ventilators. Tracheal suction during ventilation does not impair the delivery of tidal volume. In mechanical ventilation with PEEP the alveolar pressure remains positive throughout the respiratory cycle despite suction.", "contents": "Neonatal respirator allowing simultaneous ventilation and suction. A new type of respirator for newborns allowing tracheal suction and ventilation simultaneously is presented. Additional characteristics are: a partly disposable air supply system, no apparatus deadspace and with one exception no moving parts. The performance of the respirator under varied conditions of lung mechanics was tested using a pneumatic lung thorax analogue. The procedure of tracheal suction was simulated and the effect on tidal volume and alveolar pressure investigated. Triggervolume and response time were also determined. Analysis shows that the respirator has qualities of flow- and pressure preset ventilators. Tracheal suction during ventilation does not impair the delivery of tidal volume. In mechanical ventilation with PEEP the alveolar pressure remains positive throughout the respiratory cycle despite suction.", "PMID": 1034166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6625", "title": "[Corticosteroid therapy in atopic diseases of children? (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 416 children suffering from different atopic diseases who were admitted as in-patients in a German aero-biological childrens clinic, 69.2% had previously received corticosteroid therapy. According to dermatological findings, 81.9% of these patients developed undesirable side effects. Of the children whose atopic dermatitis was treated prolonged with topical corticosteroids, also irreversible body changes developed through the transcutaneous absorptive processes, which were more evident and appeared more often in girls than in boys.", "contents": "[Corticosteroid therapy in atopic diseases of children? (author's transl)]. Of 416 children suffering from different atopic diseases who were admitted as in-patients in a German aero-biological childrens clinic, 69.2% had previously received corticosteroid therapy. According to dermatological findings, 81.9% of these patients developed undesirable side effects. Of the children whose atopic dermatitis was treated prolonged with topical corticosteroids, also irreversible body changes developed through the transcutaneous absorptive processes, which were more evident and appeared more often in girls than in boys.", "PMID": 1034167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6626", "title": "[Cytostatic therapy in a patient with histologically verified, but not irradiatied, brain stem glioma (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy, aged 8 1/2 years, was operated becuase of a brainstem tumor (polymorph mixed glioma) more than 4 years ago. Because of its dimension and location in the medulla oblongata the tumor was resected only partially. Radiotherapy was refused at that time. A combined cytostatic therapy proved to be successful. The marked neurological symptoms diminished considerably during treatment. The patient (with minor neurological symptoms) has been living a normal and active life for the last 4 years.", "contents": "[Cytostatic therapy in a patient with histologically verified, but not irradiatied, brain stem glioma (author's transl)]. A boy, aged 8 1/2 years, was operated becuase of a brainstem tumor (polymorph mixed glioma) more than 4 years ago. Because of its dimension and location in the medulla oblongata the tumor was resected only partially. Radiotherapy was refused at that time. A combined cytostatic therapy proved to be successful. The marked neurological symptoms diminished considerably during treatment. The patient (with minor neurological symptoms) has been living a normal and active life for the last 4 years.", "PMID": 1034168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6627", "title": "[Intracranial hemorrhage in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (author's transl)].", "content": "Intracranial hemorrhage is a rare, lifethreatening complication of immun-allergic thrombocytopenia (ITP). A 4 8 1/2 year old boy, who developed intracranial hemorrhage while receiving long term steroid treatment for ITP, was successfully managed by emergency splenectomy. Possible treatment for this condition is discussed.", "contents": "[Intracranial hemorrhage in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (author's transl)]. Intracranial hemorrhage is a rare, lifethreatening complication of immun-allergic thrombocytopenia (ITP). A 4 8 1/2 year old boy, who developed intracranial hemorrhage while receiving long term steroid treatment for ITP, was successfully managed by emergency splenectomy. Possible treatment for this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1034169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6628", "title": "[Heroin withdrawal syndrome in newborns (author's transl].", "content": "A case of a severe heroin withdrawal syndrom in a newborn infant is reported. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease are reviewed.", "contents": "[Heroin withdrawal syndrome in newborns (author's transl]. A case of a severe heroin withdrawal syndrom in a newborn infant is reported. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease are reviewed.", "PMID": 1034170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6629", "title": "[Risks and results of banding surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A Muller-Dammann banding operation was performed in 64 infants and small children within 5 years. The diagnosis and the surgical risk (between 5.9% and 65% depending on the degree of intracardial malformation) were presented. Complications and cause of death were described and compared with data presented in the literature. Twenty-three patients were given a follow-up examination with special cardiac diagnostic methods. The hemodynamic results were compared with those from 9 children who were operated on late. As other authors, were also found a pronounced reduction in pulmonary flow in those children operated on early and not in those operated on late.", "contents": "[Risks and results of banding surgery (author's transl)]. A Muller-Dammann banding operation was performed in 64 infants and small children within 5 years. The diagnosis and the surgical risk (between 5.9% and 65% depending on the degree of intracardial malformation) were presented. Complications and cause of death were described and compared with data presented in the literature. Twenty-three patients were given a follow-up examination with special cardiac diagnostic methods. The hemodynamic results were compared with those from 9 children who were operated on late. As other authors, were also found a pronounced reduction in pulmonary flow in those children operated on early and not in those operated on late.", "PMID": 1034171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6630", "title": "[Casuistic contribltion to acquired knee extension contracture in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of two observations, the clinical symptoms for acquired knee extension contracture in childhood was presented. A progressive fibrosis of the vastus intermedius of the musculus quadriceps femoris develops as a result of multiple injections into the ventral thigh musculature. This method of application should, therefore, be avoided and an intragluteal or intravenous method used.", "contents": "[Casuistic contribltion to acquired knee extension contracture in childhood (author's transl)]. On the basis of two observations, the clinical symptoms for acquired knee extension contracture in childhood was presented. A progressive fibrosis of the vastus intermedius of the musculus quadriceps femoris develops as a result of multiple injections into the ventral thigh musculature. This method of application should, therefore, be avoided and an intragluteal or intravenous method used.", "PMID": 1034172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6631", "title": "Cytoskeletal elements of chick embryo fibroblasts revealed by detergent extraction.", "content": "Treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts with 0.5% Triton X-100 extracts most of the cell protein, leaving an organized part of the cell structure attached to the tissue culture dish. This \"Triton cytoskeleton\" consists largely of intermediate-sized filaments and bundles of microfilaments. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that this cytoskeleton is made up of three main proteins. One protein component is 42,000 daltons and co-migrates with muscle actin. The other two components are 52,000 and 230,000 daltons and remain quantitatively associated with the cytoskeleton during the detergent extraction. The possible identity of these three protein components and their organization into a supramolecular structure is discussed.", "contents": "Cytoskeletal elements of chick embryo fibroblasts revealed by detergent extraction. Treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts with 0.5% Triton X-100 extracts most of the cell protein, leaving an organized part of the cell structure attached to the tissue culture dish. This \"Triton cytoskeleton\" consists largely of intermediate-sized filaments and bundles of microfilaments. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that this cytoskeleton is made up of three main proteins. One protein component is 42,000 daltons and co-migrates with muscle actin. The other two components are 52,000 and 230,000 daltons and remain quantitatively associated with the cytoskeleton during the detergent extraction. The possible identity of these three protein components and their organization into a supramolecular structure is discussed.", "PMID": 1034175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6632", "title": "Morphological and biochemical abnormalities in hearts of cardiac mutant salamanders (Ambystoma mexicanum).", "content": "The effect of homozygosity for recessive gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum is the absence of a heartbeat even though initially heart development appears normal. Mutant embryos (c/c) are first distinguishable from their normal siblings (+/+;+/c) at stage 34 (7 days after fertilization) when the normals develop contracting hearts. The mutant hearts at this stage, upon gross examination, appear structurally normal but fail to beat. Nevertheless, the mutants survive through stage 41, which is about 20 days beyond the heartbeat stage, and they exhibit normal swimming movements, indicating that gene c does not affect skeletal muscle. Electron microscopic studies of normal hearts show some myofibrils to be present at stage 34; by stage 41, the normal myocardial cells have become highly differentiated muscle cells. Although some mutant heart cells contain a few thin 60 A and thick 150 A filaments, organized myofibrils are absent. Instead, amorphous proteinaceous collections are prominent. Heavy meromyosin (HMM) binding experiments were performed on mutant hearts to determine whether the myocardial cells contain actin. Mutant myocardial cells that are glycerinated but not treated with HMM contain intact amorphous bodies. After incubation in HMM, the amorphous collections are no longer present and large numbers of decorated actin filaments appear. The.results suggest that the amorphous proteinaceous collections contain actin in a nonfilamentous form, and the addition of HMM induces this actin to polymerize into filaments. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of mutant heart tissue supports this conclusion by showing a prominent 43,000 dalton band suggestive of actin. The electrophoresis experiments also demonstrate a significant reduction of myosin heavy chain (200,000 daltons) in mutant hearts when compared to normal, and this latter observation is confirmed by radioimmunoassay experiments. Muscle tropomyosin (34,000 daltons), prominent in normal hearts, is virtually nonexistent in mutants. Thus, it appears that this single gene mutation affects the accumulation and organization of several different muscle proteins, including actin, myosin, and tropomyosin.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical abnormalities in hearts of cardiac mutant salamanders (Ambystoma mexicanum). The effect of homozygosity for recessive gene c in Ambystoma mexicanum is the absence of a heartbeat even though initially heart development appears normal. Mutant embryos (c/c) are first distinguishable from their normal siblings (+/+;+/c) at stage 34 (7 days after fertilization) when the normals develop contracting hearts. The mutant hearts at this stage, upon gross examination, appear structurally normal but fail to beat. Nevertheless, the mutants survive through stage 41, which is about 20 days beyond the heartbeat stage, and they exhibit normal swimming movements, indicating that gene c does not affect skeletal muscle. Electron microscopic studies of normal hearts show some myofibrils to be present at stage 34; by stage 41, the normal myocardial cells have become highly differentiated muscle cells. Although some mutant heart cells contain a few thin 60 A and thick 150 A filaments, organized myofibrils are absent. Instead, amorphous proteinaceous collections are prominent. Heavy meromyosin (HMM) binding experiments were performed on mutant hearts to determine whether the myocardial cells contain actin. Mutant myocardial cells that are glycerinated but not treated with HMM contain intact amorphous bodies. After incubation in HMM, the amorphous collections are no longer present and large numbers of decorated actin filaments appear. The.results suggest that the amorphous proteinaceous collections contain actin in a nonfilamentous form, and the addition of HMM induces this actin to polymerize into filaments. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of mutant heart tissue supports this conclusion by showing a prominent 43,000 dalton band suggestive of actin. The electrophoresis experiments also demonstrate a significant reduction of myosin heavy chain (200,000 daltons) in mutant hearts when compared to normal, and this latter observation is confirmed by radioimmunoassay experiments. Muscle tropomyosin (34,000 daltons), prominent in normal hearts, is virtually nonexistent in mutants. Thus, it appears that this single gene mutation affects the accumulation and organization of several different muscle proteins, including actin, myosin, and tropomyosin.", "PMID": 1034176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6633", "title": "Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol. An approach to an animal model of alcoholism. I. General procedures.", "content": "Strains of rats are being developed which have distinct responses in spontaneous locomotor activity to a subhypnotic dose of alcohol. The purpose is to produce one strain in which the injection of a standard dose of alcohol will result in objectively measurable intoxication and a second in which an identical dose will result in virtually no effect.", "contents": "Selective breeding of rats for differences in reactivity to alcohol. An approach to an animal model of alcoholism. I. General procedures. Strains of rats are being developed which have distinct responses in spontaneous locomotor activity to a subhypnotic dose of alcohol. The purpose is to produce one strain in which the injection of a standard dose of alcohol will result in objectively measurable intoxication and a second in which an identical dose will result in virtually no effect.", "PMID": 1034177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6634", "title": "Effect of housing density on alcohol consumption by rats.", "content": "Rats housed six to a cage drank significantly more of a 10% alcohol solution than those housed three per cage or individually. Open-field behavior was negatively correlated with alcohol intake.", "contents": "Effect of housing density on alcohol consumption by rats. Rats housed six to a cage drank significantly more of a 10% alcohol solution than those housed three per cage or individually. Open-field behavior was negatively correlated with alcohol intake.", "PMID": 1034178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6635", "title": "Alcohol withdrawal effects on brain serotonin in mice behaviorally attracted to alcohol.", "content": "Serotonin concentration in whole brain tissue of CF1 mice behaviorally attracted to a 3% alcohol solution was significantly depressed 48 hours after access to the solution was denied. Norepinephrine concentration was not affected.", "contents": "Alcohol withdrawal effects on brain serotonin in mice behaviorally attracted to alcohol. Serotonin concentration in whole brain tissue of CF1 mice behaviorally attracted to a 3% alcohol solution was significantly depressed 48 hours after access to the solution was denied. Norepinephrine concentration was not affected.", "PMID": 1034179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6636", "title": "Studies on the mechanisms of 6-hydroxydopamine cytotoxicity.", "content": "The uptake-accumulation and binding of radioactivity in mouse heart after administration of the catecholamine neurotoxin [3H]6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.v.) has been investigated. It was confirmed that a substantial portion (8--20%) of the radioactivity taken up and retained by the heart could not be extracted with perchloric acid, in all probability representing covalently bound oxidation products of 6-OH-DA to tissue proteins. Pharmacological analysis showed that a large part of this fraction was associated with the adrenergic nerves. The time-course of the perchloric acid resistant binding to the adrenergic nerves was found to parallel that of the neurotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine as evaluated by monitoring the change in [3H]noradrenaline uptake. Calculation of the intranelronal 6-hydroxydopamine concentration (average) needed to induce degeneration showed it to be in the order of 50 mM. The binding ratio for tritium deriving from [3H]6-OH-DA between the intraneuronal and extraneuronal compartments was found to be 10,000 to 30,000, pointing to a very high neuronal specificity for 6-hydroxydopamine. The 'covalent' binding of oxidation products of [3H]6-OH-DA was considerably reduced after desipramine or 1-phenyl-3(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea administration, treatments both known to protect the adrenergic nerves from undergoing degeneration. Conversely it was found that the binding increased during conditions known to potentiate the neurotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine, e.g., after monoamine oxidase inhibition with nialamide. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that the predominant site of interaction between 6-hydroxydopamine oxidation products and neuronal proteins is the cytoplasm and the axonal membrane. Analysis of the effect in vivo administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on the field-stimulated induced release of [3H]noradrenaline previously taken up in the adrenergic nerves showed a 6-hydroxydopamine indiced reduction in [3H]noradrenaline release which was approximately proportional to the reduction in the number of nerve terminals. These findings further support the view that 6-hydroxydopamine acts largely in an \"all-or-none' fashion with respect to the neurodegenerative action. Administration of [3H]dopamine also resulted in a fraction which was not extractable with perchloric acid, although this fraction was very small compared to that found after an equal dose of [3H]6-hydroxydopamine. These data may indicate that oxidation products of dopamine can interact with tissue proteins. From the present results it can be concluded that there is a close relationship between 'covalent' binding of 6-hydroxydopamine oxidation products to neuronal elements and the cytotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine, indicating that this binding may play an important role in the neurodegenerative action of 6-hydroxydopamine on catecholamine neurons.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanisms of 6-hydroxydopamine cytotoxicity. The uptake-accumulation and binding of radioactivity in mouse heart after administration of the catecholamine neurotoxin [3H]6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.v.) has been investigated. It was confirmed that a substantial portion (8--20%) of the radioactivity taken up and retained by the heart could not be extracted with perchloric acid, in all probability representing covalently bound oxidation products of 6-OH-DA to tissue proteins. Pharmacological analysis showed that a large part of this fraction was associated with the adrenergic nerves. The time-course of the perchloric acid resistant binding to the adrenergic nerves was found to parallel that of the neurotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine as evaluated by monitoring the change in [3H]noradrenaline uptake. Calculation of the intranelronal 6-hydroxydopamine concentration (average) needed to induce degeneration showed it to be in the order of 50 mM. The binding ratio for tritium deriving from [3H]6-OH-DA between the intraneuronal and extraneuronal compartments was found to be 10,000 to 30,000, pointing to a very high neuronal specificity for 6-hydroxydopamine. The 'covalent' binding of oxidation products of [3H]6-OH-DA was considerably reduced after desipramine or 1-phenyl-3(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea administration, treatments both known to protect the adrenergic nerves from undergoing degeneration. Conversely it was found that the binding increased during conditions known to potentiate the neurotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine, e.g., after monoamine oxidase inhibition with nialamide. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that the predominant site of interaction between 6-hydroxydopamine oxidation products and neuronal proteins is the cytoplasm and the axonal membrane. Analysis of the effect in vivo administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on the field-stimulated induced release of [3H]noradrenaline previously taken up in the adrenergic nerves showed a 6-hydroxydopamine indiced reduction in [3H]noradrenaline release which was approximately proportional to the reduction in the number of nerve terminals. These findings further support the view that 6-hydroxydopamine acts largely in an \"all-or-none' fashion with respect to the neurodegenerative action. Administration of [3H]dopamine also resulted in a fraction which was not extractable with perchloric acid, although this fraction was very small compared to that found after an equal dose of [3H]6-hydroxydopamine. These data may indicate that oxidation products of dopamine can interact with tissue proteins. From the present results it can be concluded that there is a close relationship between 'covalent' binding of 6-hydroxydopamine oxidation products to neuronal elements and the cytotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine, indicating that this binding may play an important role in the neurodegenerative action of 6-hydroxydopamine on catecholamine neurons.", "PMID": 1034180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6637", "title": "[Development and differentiation of mycelium of Trichothecium roseum in submerged culture].", "content": "Ontogenesis of Trichothecium roseum during biosynthesis of trichothecin was studied during submerged cultivation on maize and synthetic media. Growth of the fungus is polycyclic; several generations of the submerged mycelium develop from the submerged conidia on the maize medium, and from the submerged conidia, chlamydospores and budding mycelium on the synthetic medium. Differentiation of the mycelium favours biosynthesis of the antibiotic. The nuclei in the cells of the submerged mycelium differ by their number, dimensions, and shape (round and elongated, polyploid). Several nuclei are found in the cells of the submerged mycelium more often during growth on the synthetic medium; this phenomenon is related to the reproductive cells -- submerged conidia and chlamydospores.", "contents": "[Development and differentiation of mycelium of Trichothecium roseum in submerged culture]. Ontogenesis of Trichothecium roseum during biosynthesis of trichothecin was studied during submerged cultivation on maize and synthetic media. Growth of the fungus is polycyclic; several generations of the submerged mycelium develop from the submerged conidia on the maize medium, and from the submerged conidia, chlamydospores and budding mycelium on the synthetic medium. Differentiation of the mycelium favours biosynthesis of the antibiotic. The nuclei in the cells of the submerged mycelium differ by their number, dimensions, and shape (round and elongated, polyploid). Several nuclei are found in the cells of the submerged mycelium more often during growth on the synthetic medium; this phenomenon is related to the reproductive cells -- submerged conidia and chlamydospores.", "PMID": 1034193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6638", "title": "[Cytological mechanisms involved in assimilation of n-alkanes by yeasts].", "content": "The paper describes cytological mechanism of adaptation of yeasts to assimilation of aliphatic hydrocarbons added to a growth medium as a sole source of carbon. The process was studied by light optical and electron microscopy, employing fluorescent labelling and electron microscopy contrasting. Two types of yeasts were found, which differed by the response of the cell walls to hydrocarbons: those that formed \"channels\" and those that did not form them. Cytological response to hydrocarbon assimilation was detected also in the mitochondria and canals of the endoplasmic reticulum. Components of the Golgi apparatus may also participate in this process, in particular, in formation of peroxisomes (microbodies). Close contacts of the yeast cells with the hydrocarbon being assimilated is important; assimilation may start in a close vicinity of the cell walls. The rate of flavin production by Candida tropicalis 303 IBFM increases during growth on solid paraffins, beginning with C20-paraffin.", "contents": "[Cytological mechanisms involved in assimilation of n-alkanes by yeasts]. The paper describes cytological mechanism of adaptation of yeasts to assimilation of aliphatic hydrocarbons added to a growth medium as a sole source of carbon. The process was studied by light optical and electron microscopy, employing fluorescent labelling and electron microscopy contrasting. Two types of yeasts were found, which differed by the response of the cell walls to hydrocarbons: those that formed \"channels\" and those that did not form them. Cytological response to hydrocarbon assimilation was detected also in the mitochondria and canals of the endoplasmic reticulum. Components of the Golgi apparatus may also participate in this process, in particular, in formation of peroxisomes (microbodies). Close contacts of the yeast cells with the hydrocarbon being assimilated is important; assimilation may start in a close vicinity of the cell walls. The rate of flavin production by Candida tropicalis 303 IBFM increases during growth on solid paraffins, beginning with C20-paraffin.", "PMID": 1034194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6639", "title": "'3H-testosterone distribution and binding in rat thymus cells in vivo'.", "content": "Autoradiography and biochemical investigations showed that [3H]-testosterone where injected intraperitoneally into male white rats was incorporated rapidly into thymus lymphocytes. Thymic cortex contained more silver grains than medulla, and larger lymphocytes were more labelled than medium or small lymphocytes. Cytosol fraction of thymus cells labelled in vivo with [3H]-testosterone, contained the largest quantity of labelled hormone. A 4S cytosol fraction binds [3H]-testosterone. This could be separated by Sephadex chromatography or by linear sucrose gradient centrifugation. Nuclear extract contained also a small quantity of the labelled hormone.", "contents": "'3H-testosterone distribution and binding in rat thymus cells in vivo'. Autoradiography and biochemical investigations showed that [3H]-testosterone where injected intraperitoneally into male white rats was incorporated rapidly into thymus lymphocytes. Thymic cortex contained more silver grains than medulla, and larger lymphocytes were more labelled than medium or small lymphocytes. Cytosol fraction of thymus cells labelled in vivo with [3H]-testosterone, contained the largest quantity of labelled hormone. A 4S cytosol fraction binds [3H]-testosterone. This could be separated by Sephadex chromatography or by linear sucrose gradient centrifugation. Nuclear extract contained also a small quantity of the labelled hormone.", "PMID": 1034202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6640", "title": "Stabilization of double-stranded DNA molecule by non-histone peptidic effector from calf thymus.", "content": "A peptidic effector from calf thymus causes a strong stabilization of DNA double-stranded molecule in vitro. The active factor was isolated from aqueous ultrafiltered thymus extracts and purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and then on Dowex 50 WX2. The purified thymic factor was characterized as a peptide of low molecular weight (less than 5000). The biological activity of the thymic factor cannot be attributed to a histone fragment. Melting data of the control DNA and of the DNA-active factor complex in various conditions of ionic strength and dielectric constant of the solution medium are recorded.", "contents": "Stabilization of double-stranded DNA molecule by non-histone peptidic effector from calf thymus. A peptidic effector from calf thymus causes a strong stabilization of DNA double-stranded molecule in vitro. The active factor was isolated from aqueous ultrafiltered thymus extracts and purified by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and then on Dowex 50 WX2. The purified thymic factor was characterized as a peptide of low molecular weight (less than 5000). The biological activity of the thymic factor cannot be attributed to a histone fragment. Melting data of the control DNA and of the DNA-active factor complex in various conditions of ionic strength and dielectric constant of the solution medium are recorded.", "PMID": 1034203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6641", "title": "Synthesis of delta crystallin from embryonic chick lens messenger ribonucleoprotein complex.", "content": "A single, major 21 S messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP complex) was isolated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation after EDTA treatment of high salt washed polysomes from 15 day embryonic chick lenses. A 17 S mRNA was released from the 21 S subunit of delta crystallin. Similar results were obtained with the 17 S mRNA released from the 21 S mRNP complex.", "contents": "Synthesis of delta crystallin from embryonic chick lens messenger ribonucleoprotein complex. A single, major 21 S messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP complex) was isolated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation after EDTA treatment of high salt washed polysomes from 15 day embryonic chick lenses. A 17 S mRNA was released from the 21 S subunit of delta crystallin. Similar results were obtained with the 17 S mRNA released from the 21 S mRNP complex.", "PMID": 1034204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6642", "title": "Characterization of poly(A)-protein complexes isolated from free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Proteins present in messenger ribonucleoprotein particles were labeled with [35S]-methionine in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in which synthesis of new ribosomes was inhibited. Poly(A)-protein complexes were isolated from free and membrane-bound polyribosomes by sucrose gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Both classes of Poly(A)-protein particles contain a poly(A) chain of about 70 adenyl residues and a protein with a molecular weight of 76000 attached to it.", "contents": "Characterization of poly(A)-protein complexes isolated from free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Proteins present in messenger ribonucleoprotein particles were labeled with [35S]-methionine in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in which synthesis of new ribosomes was inhibited. Poly(A)-protein complexes were isolated from free and membrane-bound polyribosomes by sucrose gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Both classes of Poly(A)-protein particles contain a poly(A) chain of about 70 adenyl residues and a protein with a molecular weight of 76000 attached to it.", "PMID": 1034205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6643", "title": "Cytoskeletal control of surface membrane mobility.", "content": "Cytochalasin B induced redistribution of actin microfilaments into a bulge of the cytoplasm, bringing cell-surface elements to the corresponding surface area. This process was reversible, inhibited by colchicine and enhanced by antibodies to cell-surface antigens.", "contents": "Cytoskeletal control of surface membrane mobility. Cytochalasin B induced redistribution of actin microfilaments into a bulge of the cytoplasm, bringing cell-surface elements to the corresponding surface area. This process was reversible, inhibited by colchicine and enhanced by antibodies to cell-surface antigens.", "PMID": 1034208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6644", "title": "Porcine pituitary peptides with opiate-like activity: partial purification and effects in the rat after intraventricular injection.", "content": "A peptide material with opiate-like activity in the guinea-pig ileum was extracted from porcine pituitaries using a hot glacial acetic acid extraction method and was partially purified by gel filtration. When injected intraventricularly in rats, these purified peptides induced strong analgesia, catelepsy, respiratory depression and other opiate-like effects, which lasted for several hours.", "contents": "Porcine pituitary peptides with opiate-like activity: partial purification and effects in the rat after intraventricular injection. A peptide material with opiate-like activity in the guinea-pig ileum was extracted from porcine pituitaries using a hot glacial acetic acid extraction method and was partially purified by gel filtration. When injected intraventricularly in rats, these purified peptides induced strong analgesia, catelepsy, respiratory depression and other opiate-like effects, which lasted for several hours.", "PMID": 1034219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6645", "title": "Tolerance and dependence induced by morphine-like pituitary peptides in rats.", "content": "An extract from porcine pituitaries containing peptides with opiate-like activity (endorphins) was investigated for possible tolerance/dependence liability in rats. Repeated intraventricular administration of endorphins induced a degree of tolerance similar to that induced by normorphine. Rats made tolerant to morphine by repeated pellet implantation proved cross-tolerant to the pituitary extract as well as to synthetic methionine-enkephalin. Naloxone given to rats, repeatedly pretreated with endorphins, precipitated a withdrawal syndrome strongly resembling that induced in rats treated with normorphine. Withdrawal precipitated in morphine-dependent rats was suppressed by intraventricularly applied endorphins. The results suggest that identical sites and mechanisms are involved in the development of tolerance/dependence induced by opiates and pituitary endorphins.", "contents": "Tolerance and dependence induced by morphine-like pituitary peptides in rats. An extract from porcine pituitaries containing peptides with opiate-like activity (endorphins) was investigated for possible tolerance/dependence liability in rats. Repeated intraventricular administration of endorphins induced a degree of tolerance similar to that induced by normorphine. Rats made tolerant to morphine by repeated pellet implantation proved cross-tolerant to the pituitary extract as well as to synthetic methionine-enkephalin. Naloxone given to rats, repeatedly pretreated with endorphins, precipitated a withdrawal syndrome strongly resembling that induced in rats treated with normorphine. Withdrawal precipitated in morphine-dependent rats was suppressed by intraventricularly applied endorphins. The results suggest that identical sites and mechanisms are involved in the development of tolerance/dependence induced by opiates and pituitary endorphins.", "PMID": 1034220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6646", "title": "Inverse diurnal variation of blood plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids level in cancer patients.", "content": "The plasma level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was examined twice a day by means of MATTINGLY'S fluorometric method in patients with malignant and other chronic diseases and in control subjects. Higher values in the afternoon or the same as those in the morning were found in each case of malignant disease. This change of physiological diurnal rhythm was not observed in the vast majority of healthy subjects or in patients with non-cancerous diseases.", "contents": "Inverse diurnal variation of blood plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids level in cancer patients. The plasma level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was examined twice a day by means of MATTINGLY'S fluorometric method in patients with malignant and other chronic diseases and in control subjects. Higher values in the afternoon or the same as those in the morning were found in each case of malignant disease. This change of physiological diurnal rhythm was not observed in the vast majority of healthy subjects or in patients with non-cancerous diseases.", "PMID": 1034221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6647", "title": "[Determination of blood polyamines in patients with brain tumor -with special reference to relationship between varieties of tumors and concentrations of blood spermidine and spermine (author's transl)].", "content": "Examination of blood polyamines in 38 patients with brain tumor and 17 normal volunteers was carried out by columnar chromatography--cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. The upper limits of the normal values; M.+2S.D. of the blood polyamine concentrations in 17 normal volunteers, were less than 2.1 mg/ml for spermidine, less than 1.6 mg/ml for spermine, and less than 2.2 mg/ml for spermidine plus spermine. The values of blood polyamines in 21 cases with glioma were significantly higher than those in normal subjects (p less than 0.01). And in 14 out of them, the concentrations of the blood polyamines were higher than the maximum normal value. In one case with reticulum cell sarcoma, the concentrations of the blood polyamines were remarkably increased. In 2 out of 4 cases with metastatic brain tumor the concentration of the blood polyamines were higher than the upper limit of normal amount, and values of the blood polyamines in 4 cases with metastatic brain tumor were significantly higher than those in normal volunteers (p less than 0.05). In none of 2 cases with pituitary adenoma, 3 cases with meningioma, 4 cases with neurinoma, one case with hemangioblastoma, and one case with pinealoma, the values of the blood polyamines were significantly higher than those in normal volunteers. The CSF samples obtained from 9 patients with brain tumor, consisted of 6 gliomas (glioblastoma multiforme 2, anaplastic glioma 4), 1 teratoblastoma, 1 von Recklinghausen's disease (neurinoma and meningioma), and 1 craniopharyngioma, were analyzed for detection of polyamines, but no detectable amount was present in those cases.", "contents": "[Determination of blood polyamines in patients with brain tumor -with special reference to relationship between varieties of tumors and concentrations of blood spermidine and spermine (author's transl)]. Examination of blood polyamines in 38 patients with brain tumor and 17 normal volunteers was carried out by columnar chromatography--cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. The upper limits of the normal values; M.+2S.D. of the blood polyamine concentrations in 17 normal volunteers, were less than 2.1 mg/ml for spermidine, less than 1.6 mg/ml for spermine, and less than 2.2 mg/ml for spermidine plus spermine. The values of blood polyamines in 21 cases with glioma were significantly higher than those in normal subjects (p less than 0.01). And in 14 out of them, the concentrations of the blood polyamines were higher than the maximum normal value. In one case with reticulum cell sarcoma, the concentrations of the blood polyamines were remarkably increased. In 2 out of 4 cases with metastatic brain tumor the concentration of the blood polyamines were higher than the upper limit of normal amount, and values of the blood polyamines in 4 cases with metastatic brain tumor were significantly higher than those in normal volunteers (p less than 0.05). In none of 2 cases with pituitary adenoma, 3 cases with meningioma, 4 cases with neurinoma, one case with hemangioblastoma, and one case with pinealoma, the values of the blood polyamines were significantly higher than those in normal volunteers. The CSF samples obtained from 9 patients with brain tumor, consisted of 6 gliomas (glioblastoma multiforme 2, anaplastic glioma 4), 1 teratoblastoma, 1 von Recklinghausen's disease (neurinoma and meningioma), and 1 craniopharyngioma, were analyzed for detection of polyamines, but no detectable amount was present in those cases.", "PMID": 1034226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6648", "title": "[Normal meatogram (author's transl)].", "content": "Meatograms obtained in 33 patients (41 examinations) in whom cerebello-pontine angle tumor was excluded clinically and operatively, were studied. Meatographies were performed with a small quantity of contrast medium, and restricted to the visualization of the structures in the auditory canal. Tomographies of antero-posterior view were utilized in all the cases. Normal tomomeatograms were classified into 4 types. In the first type the internal auditory canal not opacified, in the second the contrast medium recognized as a single stream along the superior wall of the internal auditory canal, in the third another parallel line of contrast medium is recognized close to the middle of the internal auditory canal, and in the fourth the contrast medium fills the internal auditory canal with two transparent lines corresponding to the arrangement of the nerves. The nerve roots were recognized as peripheral recess in lateral tomograms of the internal auditory canal. These types of normal meatograms are related to the width of the internal auditory canal. The height of the internal auditory canal of type I is about 3 mm., that of type II is 3 to 5 mm., that of type III is 5 to 7 mm., and that of type IV is over 7 mm.", "contents": "[Normal meatogram (author's transl)]. Meatograms obtained in 33 patients (41 examinations) in whom cerebello-pontine angle tumor was excluded clinically and operatively, were studied. Meatographies were performed with a small quantity of contrast medium, and restricted to the visualization of the structures in the auditory canal. Tomographies of antero-posterior view were utilized in all the cases. Normal tomomeatograms were classified into 4 types. In the first type the internal auditory canal not opacified, in the second the contrast medium recognized as a single stream along the superior wall of the internal auditory canal, in the third another parallel line of contrast medium is recognized close to the middle of the internal auditory canal, and in the fourth the contrast medium fills the internal auditory canal with two transparent lines corresponding to the arrangement of the nerves. The nerve roots were recognized as peripheral recess in lateral tomograms of the internal auditory canal. These types of normal meatograms are related to the width of the internal auditory canal. The height of the internal auditory canal of type I is about 3 mm., that of type II is 3 to 5 mm., that of type III is 5 to 7 mm., and that of type IV is over 7 mm.", "PMID": 1034227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6649", "title": "[A case of the anterior choroidal artery aneurysm combined with the abnormal intracranial vascular network (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of the anterior choroidal artery aneurysm combined with the abnormal intracranial vascular net-work was reported. The patient was 43-year-old male who was attacked by subarachnoid hemorrhage in February 25th 1975. When he was admitted to our clinic 30 days after the ictus, his general status was good and the neurological examination showed no particular findings except only slightly accelerated deep tendon reflexes on the left side. Cerebrospinal fluid still remained xanthochromic although no nuchal rigidity was denoted. Based on the angiographic four vessel studies, the circulatory condition of the patient's brain was summarized as follows; the internal carotid arteries were stenosed or occluded between the C1 and C2 segment on both sides, and abundant collateral circulation was developed mainly around the circle of Willis making an angiographically peculiar vascular net-work in tha base of the brain. Another angiographic finding to be noticed was a berry aneurysm which originated from the distal part of the left anterior choirdal artery. No special treatment was performed on him. He was discharged without any neurological residuals. It would be difficult to find out any hemodynamic relationship between the occlusion of the internal carotid arteries and occurence of the aneurysm. But the abnormally dilated anterior choroidal artery might suggest that the vessel wall of this artery would be burdened in the abnormal distension stress due to the increased transaxial pressure in this artery. Unqder such a hemodynamically stressed state, it would be possible the aneurysm like outpouching of the vessel wall being developed in some fragile portion of the artery functioning as a prominent collateral circulation.", "contents": "[A case of the anterior choroidal artery aneurysm combined with the abnormal intracranial vascular network (author's transl)]. A case of the anterior choroidal artery aneurysm combined with the abnormal intracranial vascular net-work was reported. The patient was 43-year-old male who was attacked by subarachnoid hemorrhage in February 25th 1975. When he was admitted to our clinic 30 days after the ictus, his general status was good and the neurological examination showed no particular findings except only slightly accelerated deep tendon reflexes on the left side. Cerebrospinal fluid still remained xanthochromic although no nuchal rigidity was denoted. Based on the angiographic four vessel studies, the circulatory condition of the patient's brain was summarized as follows; the internal carotid arteries were stenosed or occluded between the C1 and C2 segment on both sides, and abundant collateral circulation was developed mainly around the circle of Willis making an angiographically peculiar vascular net-work in tha base of the brain. Another angiographic finding to be noticed was a berry aneurysm which originated from the distal part of the left anterior choirdal artery. No special treatment was performed on him. He was discharged without any neurological residuals. It would be difficult to find out any hemodynamic relationship between the occlusion of the internal carotid arteries and occurence of the aneurysm. But the abnormally dilated anterior choroidal artery might suggest that the vessel wall of this artery would be burdened in the abnormal distension stress due to the increased transaxial pressure in this artery. Unqder such a hemodynamically stressed state, it would be possible the aneurysm like outpouching of the vessel wall being developed in some fragile portion of the artery functioning as a prominent collateral circulation.", "PMID": 1034228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6650", "title": "[Intracranial invasion of ethmoid cancer --a report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of intracranial invasion of the ethmoid cancer were reported. With additional six cases reported in Japan, the precise clinical course and pathophysiological findings of the disease were reviewed, and the following several points became clear; 1) The incidence of the ethmoid cancer was rare. 2) These were divided into main groups according to the onset of intracranial signs, such as the frontal lobe symptoms and I-VII cranial nerve involvement. The first group showed the intracranial symptoms early, and the second group late. 3) The tumor invaded the cranial cavity along the perineural sheeth of each cranial nerve mainly. 4) It was very difficult to identify the paranasal sinus of origin after invading the cranial cavity. 5) The prognosis was extremely poor. All cases were died within one and half year.", "contents": "[Intracranial invasion of ethmoid cancer --a report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of intracranial invasion of the ethmoid cancer were reported. With additional six cases reported in Japan, the precise clinical course and pathophysiological findings of the disease were reviewed, and the following several points became clear; 1) The incidence of the ethmoid cancer was rare. 2) These were divided into main groups according to the onset of intracranial signs, such as the frontal lobe symptoms and I-VII cranial nerve involvement. The first group showed the intracranial symptoms early, and the second group late. 3) The tumor invaded the cranial cavity along the perineural sheeth of each cranial nerve mainly. 4) It was very difficult to identify the paranasal sinus of origin after invading the cranial cavity. 5) The prognosis was extremely poor. All cases were died within one and half year.", "PMID": 1034229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6651", "title": "[An infantile skull fracture followed by the enlarging of the fracture line (\"enlarging skull fracture\") (author's transl)].", "content": "We experience sometimes an infantile skull fracture which is followed by the skull fracture line and bulging of the fractured area day by day after the head injury. Since John Howship reported the case of the partial absorption of the right parietal bone, arising from a blow on the head in a child aged 9 month in 1816, this phenomenon was variously described meningocele spuria, traumatic cephalohydrocele, leptomeningeal cyst, fibrosing osteitis, cerebrocranial erosion, traumatic meningocele, die wachsende Sch\u00e4delfrakture, growing skull fracture, etc. So called \"growing skull fracture\" has generally the triad of the symptoms which are the parietal skull fracture in infancy or childhood, traumatic dural tears, and subsequent enlargement of the fractures. And it is said that the dural tear is an indispensable condition for the developing of the \"growing skull fracture\". But we recently had the case of a 14 day old male infant who had neither traumatic dural tear nor subdural hematoma, but the progressive enlarging of the fracture line in the left parietal bone. The authors suggest that there should be the difference between the growing skull fracture (with the dural teat) and the enlarging skull fracture (without the dural tear).", "contents": "[An infantile skull fracture followed by the enlarging of the fracture line (\"enlarging skull fracture\") (author's transl)]. We experience sometimes an infantile skull fracture which is followed by the skull fracture line and bulging of the fractured area day by day after the head injury. Since John Howship reported the case of the partial absorption of the right parietal bone, arising from a blow on the head in a child aged 9 month in 1816, this phenomenon was variously described meningocele spuria, traumatic cephalohydrocele, leptomeningeal cyst, fibrosing osteitis, cerebrocranial erosion, traumatic meningocele, die wachsende Sch\u00e4delfrakture, growing skull fracture, etc. So called \"growing skull fracture\" has generally the triad of the symptoms which are the parietal skull fracture in infancy or childhood, traumatic dural tears, and subsequent enlargement of the fractures. And it is said that the dural tear is an indispensable condition for the developing of the \"growing skull fracture\". But we recently had the case of a 14 day old male infant who had neither traumatic dural tear nor subdural hematoma, but the progressive enlarging of the fracture line in the left parietal bone. The authors suggest that there should be the difference between the growing skull fracture (with the dural teat) and the enlarging skull fracture (without the dural tear).", "PMID": 1034230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6652", "title": "[Surgery of vertebral aneurysms at the origin of PICA (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen cases of vertebral aneurysm at the origin of PICA (VA-PICA aneurysm) were operated on at the Department of Neurological Surgery of Kitano Hospital from March, 1970 through July, 1975. Those included 9 cases of saccular aneurysm and 5 cases of fusiform aneurysm (Table 1). The incidence of VA-PICA aneurysms among our whole series of intracranial aneurysms was 4.2%. Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were subjected to our routine 4 vessel angiography. For those with suspected vertebral aneurysm vertebral angiography was performed in a transoral projection. In this method, when the angle between the film and the horizontal plain of Frankfurt is fixed at 50 degrees, the origin of PICA is projected on the film between the upper and lower teeth line. Since X-ray beam falls vertically on the origin of PICA, the resultant vascular shadow is free from shortening, elongation and distortion, leading to precise demonstration of anatomical arrangement of the vessels. At surgery a lateral suboccipital incision was made. With the position of VA-PICA junction the surgical approach was slightly different. When the junction was located higher than the line between the lowest point of the occipital bone and the basion by 1 cm or more, the approach was made through the middle of the sigmoid sinus which was exposed by suboccipital osteoclastic craniectomy (mid-lateral cerebellar approach). When the VA-PICA junction was situated lower than the line by 1 cm or more, the operation was initiated at the upper limit of the lower one-third of the sigmoid sinus (lower-lateral cerebellar approach). Since VA-PICA junction is ventrally situated to the lower cranial nerves, surgical attack to the junction can be attained only through the space among the nerves. Two spaces are available for this direct attack. One is the space between the facial nerve, acoustic nerve and the group of vagal nerves. The other is between accessory nerve bundles or between the group of accessory nerves and the hypoglossal nerves. The former procedure is employed for reaching the aneurysm by mid-lateral cerebellar approach and the latter by lower-lateral cerebellar approach. In the patients in acute stage of ruptured VA-PICA aneurysm, hemisuboccipital craniectomy and laminectomy of the atlas were carried out for the purpose of decompression. Surgical procedures used included coating in 2 cases, trapping in 2, proximal ligation of the vertebral artery in 2 and neck clipping in 6. Two patients died due to grastrointestinal bleeding. Surgical complications noted were hypoglossal nerve palsy in 1 case mild sensory disturbance contralateral to the aneurysm in 3 cases. Those symptoms were thought to be caused either by direct injury to the lower cranial nerves or circulatory disturbance in the medullary branches of the vertebral artery. To eliminate those postoperative complications it is desirable to devise smaller aneurysm clips and smaller clip foreceps.", "contents": "[Surgery of vertebral aneurysms at the origin of PICA (author's transl)]. Thirteen cases of vertebral aneurysm at the origin of PICA (VA-PICA aneurysm) were operated on at the Department of Neurological Surgery of Kitano Hospital from March, 1970 through July, 1975. Those included 9 cases of saccular aneurysm and 5 cases of fusiform aneurysm (Table 1). The incidence of VA-PICA aneurysms among our whole series of intracranial aneurysms was 4.2%. Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were subjected to our routine 4 vessel angiography. For those with suspected vertebral aneurysm vertebral angiography was performed in a transoral projection. In this method, when the angle between the film and the horizontal plain of Frankfurt is fixed at 50 degrees, the origin of PICA is projected on the film between the upper and lower teeth line. Since X-ray beam falls vertically on the origin of PICA, the resultant vascular shadow is free from shortening, elongation and distortion, leading to precise demonstration of anatomical arrangement of the vessels. At surgery a lateral suboccipital incision was made. With the position of VA-PICA junction the surgical approach was slightly different. When the junction was located higher than the line between the lowest point of the occipital bone and the basion by 1 cm or more, the approach was made through the middle of the sigmoid sinus which was exposed by suboccipital osteoclastic craniectomy (mid-lateral cerebellar approach). When the VA-PICA junction was situated lower than the line by 1 cm or more, the operation was initiated at the upper limit of the lower one-third of the sigmoid sinus (lower-lateral cerebellar approach). Since VA-PICA junction is ventrally situated to the lower cranial nerves, surgical attack to the junction can be attained only through the space among the nerves. Two spaces are available for this direct attack. One is the space between the facial nerve, acoustic nerve and the group of vagal nerves. The other is between accessory nerve bundles or between the group of accessory nerves and the hypoglossal nerves. The former procedure is employed for reaching the aneurysm by mid-lateral cerebellar approach and the latter by lower-lateral cerebellar approach. In the patients in acute stage of ruptured VA-PICA aneurysm, hemisuboccipital craniectomy and laminectomy of the atlas were carried out for the purpose of decompression. Surgical procedures used included coating in 2 cases, trapping in 2, proximal ligation of the vertebral artery in 2 and neck clipping in 6. Two patients died due to grastrointestinal bleeding. Surgical complications noted were hypoglossal nerve palsy in 1 case mild sensory disturbance contralateral to the aneurysm in 3 cases. Those symptoms were thought to be caused either by direct injury to the lower cranial nerves or circulatory disturbance in the medullary branches of the vertebral artery. To eliminate those postoperative complications it is desirable to devise smaller aneurysm clips and smaller clip foreceps.", "PMID": 1034236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6653", "title": "[Experimental study of acute brain swelling under acute intracranial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "There are many problems about the cause, pathophysiology and treatment of acute brain swelling under intracranial hypertension frequently encountered in the neurosurgical clinics. Generally, rapid increase of the cerebral vasoparesis caused by unknown etiology is thought to be the main cause of acute brain swelling under intracranial hypertension. Moreover, disturbance of the cerebral venous circulatory system is discussed recently by many authors. But, research from the point of systemic respiration and hemodynamics is necessary for resolving these problems. This experiment was designed to study the effects of respiration and hemodynamics on the cerebral vasoparesis. Using 22 adult dogs, acute intracranial hypertension was produced by epidural balloon inflation sustained at the level of 300 - 400 mmH2O. Simultaneously with measurement of intracranial pressure at the epidural space, superior sagittal sinus pressure, respirogram, systemic blood pressure (femoral artery), central venous pressure, common carotid blood flow, EKG and bipolar lead EEG were monitored continuously. The experimental group was divided by the respiratory loading into 5 groups as follows: control (6 cases), 10% CO2 hypercapnia (4 cases), 10% O2 hypoxia (4 cases), stenosis of airway (5 cases), 100% O2-controled respiration (3 cases). 1) Cerebral vasoparesis under acute intracranial hypertension took place earlier and showed more rapid progression in groups of stenosis of airway, hypercapnia and hypoxia than control group of spontaneous respiration in room air. No occurrence of cerebral vasoparesis was found out in a group of 100% O2 controlled respiration. It is proved that increased airway resistance or asphyxia, hypercapnia and hypoxia have strictly reference to the occurrence and progression of cerebral vasoparesis and for the prevention of cerebral vasoparesis, correct 100% O2 cont rolled respiration is effective. 2) From the hemodynamic change, the progression of rapid increase of cerebral blood volume with increase of blood volume in the superior sagitta sinus during cerebral vasoparesis under intracranial hypertension is presumed. It is suggested from the superior sagittal sinus pressure in various experimental groups that the site, reactivity and disturbed degree of the cerebral venous system are changed by the difference of respiratory or ventrilatory state and the cerebral venous circulatory disturbance has also reference to the occurrence of acute brain swelling. 3) During cerebral vasopareris under acute intracranial hypertension, remarkable supression of respiration, increased central venous pressure and increased common carotid blood flow were observed. It is concluded that the reaction of systemic hemodynamics following respiratory change effects on cerebral circulation markedly and they are being important factors to occurrence of acute brain swelling.", "contents": "[Experimental study of acute brain swelling under acute intracranial hypertension (author's transl)]. There are many problems about the cause, pathophysiology and treatment of acute brain swelling under intracranial hypertension frequently encountered in the neurosurgical clinics. Generally, rapid increase of the cerebral vasoparesis caused by unknown etiology is thought to be the main cause of acute brain swelling under intracranial hypertension. Moreover, disturbance of the cerebral venous circulatory system is discussed recently by many authors. But, research from the point of systemic respiration and hemodynamics is necessary for resolving these problems. This experiment was designed to study the effects of respiration and hemodynamics on the cerebral vasoparesis. Using 22 adult dogs, acute intracranial hypertension was produced by epidural balloon inflation sustained at the level of 300 - 400 mmH2O. Simultaneously with measurement of intracranial pressure at the epidural space, superior sagittal sinus pressure, respirogram, systemic blood pressure (femoral artery), central venous pressure, common carotid blood flow, EKG and bipolar lead EEG were monitored continuously. The experimental group was divided by the respiratory loading into 5 groups as follows: control (6 cases), 10% CO2 hypercapnia (4 cases), 10% O2 hypoxia (4 cases), stenosis of airway (5 cases), 100% O2-controled respiration (3 cases). 1) Cerebral vasoparesis under acute intracranial hypertension took place earlier and showed more rapid progression in groups of stenosis of airway, hypercapnia and hypoxia than control group of spontaneous respiration in room air. No occurrence of cerebral vasoparesis was found out in a group of 100% O2 controlled respiration. It is proved that increased airway resistance or asphyxia, hypercapnia and hypoxia have strictly reference to the occurrence and progression of cerebral vasoparesis and for the prevention of cerebral vasoparesis, correct 100% O2 cont rolled respiration is effective. 2) From the hemodynamic change, the progression of rapid increase of cerebral blood volume with increase of blood volume in the superior sagitta sinus during cerebral vasoparesis under intracranial hypertension is presumed. It is suggested from the superior sagittal sinus pressure in various experimental groups that the site, reactivity and disturbed degree of the cerebral venous system are changed by the difference of respiratory or ventrilatory state and the cerebral venous circulatory disturbance has also reference to the occurrence of acute brain swelling. 3) During cerebral vasopareris under acute intracranial hypertension, remarkable supression of respiration, increased central venous pressure and increased common carotid blood flow were observed. It is concluded that the reaction of systemic hemodynamics following respiratory change effects on cerebral circulation markedly and they are being important factors to occurrence of acute brain swelling.", "PMID": 1034237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6654", "title": "[Tentorial dural arteriovenous malformation--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of tentorial dural AVM was reported. A 52 years old man came to the Jichi Medical School hospital on July 29, 1974, with the chief complaints of intermittent left exophthalmos, diplopia and left blepharoptosis, which had been noted since March of 1974. He had episodes of severe headache attack since 3 years prior to the hospital visit. Angiography done at the out-patient department demonstrated the dural AVM with the nidus in the left tentorium. The nidus was fed by the left posterior middle meningeal artery, the dural branch of the left occipital artery, the left posterior cerebral artery, the left superior cerebellar artery and the dural branches of vertebral artery. It was drained to the vein of Labb\u00e9 and the two cortical veins of the occipital lobe. He was appointing admission under the diagnosis of dural AVM, but he had an apopleptic attack three days before the appointed date, so was admitted in emergency. Neurological examination on admission: The patient was in drowsy state, papilledema on the both sides and right hemiparesis including the face were noted. The bruit was not audible. Left CAG revealed intracerebral hematoma in the left tempotal lobe, so that the removal of the intracerebral hematoma and the middle meningeal artery ligation were carried out after his general condition improved, on October 18, 1974. On October 30, 1974, the second operation was performed in an attempt of the radical excision of the AVM nidud. But, unfortunately, the patient fell into the shock state so that the operation had to be stopped at the stage of the ligation of the feeders running in the dura of the posterior fossa. The third operation was done on February 19, 1975. The AVM nidus was removed with the left transverse sinus and a part of tentorium. He was discharged on March 3, 1975, with only the right homonymous hemianopsia. Nine months after his discharge, there was no sign of recurrence of AVM. The left transverse sinus was almost occupied with AVM tissue. The endothelium of arteries were hypertrophied and the internal elastic bnadles were partly defected. Veins showed also hspertrophy of the endothelium and the thrombus formation. The dural AVM of the posterior fossa is not a rare malady, especially in the recent years, probably due to the technical advances in the roentgenology, such as magnification techniques as well as selective arterial catheterization. The most common signs and symptoms of this disease picked up from the reports of 112 cases in the literature are: bruit 47%, headache 44%, papilledema 26% and SAH 24%. The extra cranial ligation of feeders were reportedly carried out on 39 cases, but only 9 cases (23%) were effective. Therefore, the radical excision of the nidus would be the most desirable method for the complete treatment of the dural AVM.", "contents": "[Tentorial dural arteriovenous malformation--a case report (author's transl)]. A case of tentorial dural AVM was reported. A 52 years old man came to the Jichi Medical School hospital on July 29, 1974, with the chief complaints of intermittent left exophthalmos, diplopia and left blepharoptosis, which had been noted since March of 1974. He had episodes of severe headache attack since 3 years prior to the hospital visit. Angiography done at the out-patient department demonstrated the dural AVM with the nidus in the left tentorium. The nidus was fed by the left posterior middle meningeal artery, the dural branch of the left occipital artery, the left posterior cerebral artery, the left superior cerebellar artery and the dural branches of vertebral artery. It was drained to the vein of Labb\u00e9 and the two cortical veins of the occipital lobe. He was appointing admission under the diagnosis of dural AVM, but he had an apopleptic attack three days before the appointed date, so was admitted in emergency. Neurological examination on admission: The patient was in drowsy state, papilledema on the both sides and right hemiparesis including the face were noted. The bruit was not audible. Left CAG revealed intracerebral hematoma in the left tempotal lobe, so that the removal of the intracerebral hematoma and the middle meningeal artery ligation were carried out after his general condition improved, on October 18, 1974. On October 30, 1974, the second operation was performed in an attempt of the radical excision of the AVM nidud. But, unfortunately, the patient fell into the shock state so that the operation had to be stopped at the stage of the ligation of the feeders running in the dura of the posterior fossa. The third operation was done on February 19, 1975. The AVM nidus was removed with the left transverse sinus and a part of tentorium. He was discharged on March 3, 1975, with only the right homonymous hemianopsia. Nine months after his discharge, there was no sign of recurrence of AVM. The left transverse sinus was almost occupied with AVM tissue. The endothelium of arteries were hypertrophied and the internal elastic bnadles were partly defected. Veins showed also hspertrophy of the endothelium and the thrombus formation. The dural AVM of the posterior fossa is not a rare malady, especially in the recent years, probably due to the technical advances in the roentgenology, such as magnification techniques as well as selective arterial catheterization. The most common signs and symptoms of this disease picked up from the reports of 112 cases in the literature are: bruit 47%, headache 44%, papilledema 26% and SAH 24%. The extra cranial ligation of feeders were reportedly carried out on 39 cases, but only 9 cases (23%) were effective. Therefore, the radical excision of the nidus would be the most desirable method for the complete treatment of the dural AVM.", "PMID": 1034238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6655", "title": "[A case of the lateral ventricular tumor (subependymal glomerate astrocytoma) with preceding Parkinsonian symptoms due to normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report a patient with a subependymal glomerate astrocytoma in the right lateral ventricle. He maifested parkinsonian symptoms and dementia related to the preceding normal pressure hydrocephalus which was proved by an infusion test, and then advanced an akinetic mutism. Soon after a shunting operation was carried out he showed a full recovery from the symptoms, which may suggest that an incomplete block of the ventricular system is one cause of the normal pressure hydrocephalus. From pathology it was revealed that the tumor is an intraventricular astrocytoma with a fibrous stalk and was totally removed with an ease. The findings seem to accord with \"Subependymal glomerate astrocytoma\" (Boykin.) Further corroboration would be necessary to establish this entity.", "contents": "[A case of the lateral ventricular tumor (subependymal glomerate astrocytoma) with preceding Parkinsonian symptoms due to normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Authors report a patient with a subependymal glomerate astrocytoma in the right lateral ventricle. He maifested parkinsonian symptoms and dementia related to the preceding normal pressure hydrocephalus which was proved by an infusion test, and then advanced an akinetic mutism. Soon after a shunting operation was carried out he showed a full recovery from the symptoms, which may suggest that an incomplete block of the ventricular system is one cause of the normal pressure hydrocephalus. From pathology it was revealed that the tumor is an intraventricular astrocytoma with a fibrous stalk and was totally removed with an ease. The findings seem to accord with \"Subependymal glomerate astrocytoma\" (Boykin.) Further corroboration would be necessary to establish this entity.", "PMID": 1034239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6656", "title": "[Delayed radiation necrosis of the brain simulating a brain tumor--report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain were reported. Case 1 was a 50-year-old man who had right hemiparesis and disorientation 26 months after Linac irradiation (5,000 rad), preceded by the operation for right maxillar carcinoma. A left carotid angiogram demonstrated a left temporal mass lesion, extending the frontal lobe. Case 2 was a 41-year-old man who had previously the operation for right intraorbital plasmocytoma, followed by two times Co irradiation (6,400 rad, and 5,000 rad). He had the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension 36 months after last irradiation. A left carotid angiogram demonstrated a left temporal mass lesion. Both cases were treated by administration of steroid hormone, which alleviated the signs and symptoms, followed by the temporal lobectomy. Microscopic examinations showed necrosis of the brain tissues associated with hyaline degeneration of blood vessel walls and perivascular cell infiltration. The signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension subsided postoperatively. The other thirteen cases as same as ours were collected from literature, which showed the signs and symptoms simulating a brain tumor (like a metastic brain tumor) after the irradiation to extracranial malignant tumors, and the diagnosis of radiation necrosis were made by the operation or autopsy. A follow-up for a long time is necessary, because the pathological changes in the brain may be progressive and extending in some cases, although the decompressive operations for mass lesion are excellent in result.", "contents": "[Delayed radiation necrosis of the brain simulating a brain tumor--report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain were reported. Case 1 was a 50-year-old man who had right hemiparesis and disorientation 26 months after Linac irradiation (5,000 rad), preceded by the operation for right maxillar carcinoma. A left carotid angiogram demonstrated a left temporal mass lesion, extending the frontal lobe. Case 2 was a 41-year-old man who had previously the operation for right intraorbital plasmocytoma, followed by two times Co irradiation (6,400 rad, and 5,000 rad). He had the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension 36 months after last irradiation. A left carotid angiogram demonstrated a left temporal mass lesion. Both cases were treated by administration of steroid hormone, which alleviated the signs and symptoms, followed by the temporal lobectomy. Microscopic examinations showed necrosis of the brain tissues associated with hyaline degeneration of blood vessel walls and perivascular cell infiltration. The signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension subsided postoperatively. The other thirteen cases as same as ours were collected from literature, which showed the signs and symptoms simulating a brain tumor (like a metastic brain tumor) after the irradiation to extracranial malignant tumors, and the diagnosis of radiation necrosis were made by the operation or autopsy. A follow-up for a long time is necessary, because the pathological changes in the brain may be progressive and extending in some cases, although the decompressive operations for mass lesion are excellent in result.", "PMID": 1034240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6657", "title": "Suckling and LH-induced progesterone secretion in lactating hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "The effects of suckling and LH upon serum progesterone levels in lactating hamsters were investigated. Diurnal rhythms in serum levels of progesterone and LH occur throughout lactation in the hamster and these levels are normally higher between 15.00 and 17.00 than between 8.00 and 12.00 (lights on 6.00-20.00). Hamsters injected with 10 mug of LH at 8.00 on day 9 of lactation had higher levels of serum progesterone 2 h after injections than did vehicle-injected controls. Suckling was also found to induce an increase in serum progesterone concentrations. 30 min of suckling from 10.30 to 11.00 on days 10 or 11 of lactation resulted in increased serum levels of progesterone and prolactin, but had no measurable effect upon serum LH levels in animals bled at 11.00. However, suckling for 30 min from 15.00 to 15.30 had no effect upon serum progesterone levels, although it did result in increased titers of both serum LH and prolactin at 15.30. Ovariectomy on day 7 of lactation resulted in lowered levels of serum progesterone at 11.00 on day 11 of lactation and abolished the suckling-induced increase in serum progesterone concentrations. These findings suggest that in the lactating hamster (1) suckling bouts stimulate progesterone secretion from the ovaries, and (2) the diurnal rise in serum progesterone levels is stimulated in part by the increase in serum levels of LH.", "contents": "Suckling and LH-induced progesterone secretion in lactating hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The effects of suckling and LH upon serum progesterone levels in lactating hamsters were investigated. Diurnal rhythms in serum levels of progesterone and LH occur throughout lactation in the hamster and these levels are normally higher between 15.00 and 17.00 than between 8.00 and 12.00 (lights on 6.00-20.00). Hamsters injected with 10 mug of LH at 8.00 on day 9 of lactation had higher levels of serum progesterone 2 h after injections than did vehicle-injected controls. Suckling was also found to induce an increase in serum progesterone concentrations. 30 min of suckling from 10.30 to 11.00 on days 10 or 11 of lactation resulted in increased serum levels of progesterone and prolactin, but had no measurable effect upon serum LH levels in animals bled at 11.00. However, suckling for 30 min from 15.00 to 15.30 had no effect upon serum progesterone levels, although it did result in increased titers of both serum LH and prolactin at 15.30. Ovariectomy on day 7 of lactation resulted in lowered levels of serum progesterone at 11.00 on day 11 of lactation and abolished the suckling-induced increase in serum progesterone concentrations. These findings suggest that in the lactating hamster (1) suckling bouts stimulate progesterone secretion from the ovaries, and (2) the diurnal rise in serum progesterone levels is stimulated in part by the increase in serum levels of LH.", "PMID": 1034241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6658", "title": "Neonatal hydrocortisone: effect of the development of the stress response and the diurnal rhythm of corticosterone.", "content": "Neonatal rats were given s.c. injections of 1 mg of hydrocortisone acetate, and the effect on the subsequent development of the pituitary-adrenal response to ether stress and the development of the circadian rhythm in adrenal and serum corticosterone (B) was investigated. Following exposure to ether, adrenal steroids were elevated in 11-day-old controls. The response did not appear in treated animals until 25 days. At this age, the time-course of response to ether in the adrenal was more sluggish in hormone-treated rats. After stress, serum corticoids were high in controls at 20 days; however, this rise did not appear in treated rats until 25 days. Serum corticoids, 5-60 min after ether, tended to be lower in 25-day-old runts than in controls. The diurnal rhythm in serum B first appeared in controls at 27 days and in treated animals at 30 days. The rhythm in adrenal corticoids appeared in both groups at 30 days.", "contents": "Neonatal hydrocortisone: effect of the development of the stress response and the diurnal rhythm of corticosterone. Neonatal rats were given s.c. injections of 1 mg of hydrocortisone acetate, and the effect on the subsequent development of the pituitary-adrenal response to ether stress and the development of the circadian rhythm in adrenal and serum corticosterone (B) was investigated. Following exposure to ether, adrenal steroids were elevated in 11-day-old controls. The response did not appear in treated animals until 25 days. At this age, the time-course of response to ether in the adrenal was more sluggish in hormone-treated rats. After stress, serum corticoids were high in controls at 20 days; however, this rise did not appear in treated rats until 25 days. Serum corticoids, 5-60 min after ether, tended to be lower in 25-day-old runts than in controls. The diurnal rhythm in serum B first appeared in controls at 27 days and in treated animals at 30 days. The rhythm in adrenal corticoids appeared in both groups at 30 days.", "PMID": 1034242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6659", "title": "Anterior segment ischemia and sector iris atrophy: after strabismus surgery in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 69-year-old woman with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed segmental iris atrophy and iridocyclitis after routine surgery for exotropia. Both the clinical picture and fluorescein angiogram indicated anterior segment ischemia. It is postulated that this was related to hyperviscosity of the blood caused by a high white blood cell count (114,000/cu mm). The possibility of anterior segment ischemia should be kept in mind when contemplating strabismus or retinal detachment surgery in the presence of hematologic disorders likely to increase blood viscosity. In these cases a minimal amount of surgery should be done with proper supportive therapy. Strabismus surgery should be done in stages allowing for hemodynamic compensation between procedures.", "contents": "Anterior segment ischemia and sector iris atrophy: after strabismus surgery in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A 69-year-old woman with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed segmental iris atrophy and iridocyclitis after routine surgery for exotropia. Both the clinical picture and fluorescein angiogram indicated anterior segment ischemia. It is postulated that this was related to hyperviscosity of the blood caused by a high white blood cell count (114,000/cu mm). The possibility of anterior segment ischemia should be kept in mind when contemplating strabismus or retinal detachment surgery in the presence of hematologic disorders likely to increase blood viscosity. In these cases a minimal amount of surgery should be done with proper supportive therapy. Strabismus surgery should be done in stages allowing for hemodynamic compensation between procedures.", "PMID": 1034246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6660", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the endolymphatic sac epithelium.", "content": "In this study, scanning electron micrographs of the dog endolymphatic sac surface epithelium are presented. According to our morphological findings, three portions were recognized, the proximal, intermediate and distal part. The intermediate or 'rugose' portion was found the most differentiated where two types of cells were identified. These cells were seen to have many of the criteria for fluid absorption and phagocytosis. In man, alteration in the ability of these cells may lead to endolymphatic hydrops.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the endolymphatic sac epithelium. In this study, scanning electron micrographs of the dog endolymphatic sac surface epithelium are presented. According to our morphological findings, three portions were recognized, the proximal, intermediate and distal part. The intermediate or 'rugose' portion was found the most differentiated where two types of cells were identified. These cells were seen to have many of the criteria for fluid absorption and phagocytosis. In man, alteration in the ability of these cells may lead to endolymphatic hydrops.", "PMID": 1034247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6661", "title": "Histological findings in infantile otoantritis.", "content": "The histopathological findings in the granulation tissue removed at mastoidectomy from 34 infants between 1971 and 1974 are described. Granulation tissue was present in every case, characterized by the histological features of chronic inflammation and fibrosis (sclerosis), although the process was of short duration. The great number of thick fibers was a surprising finding. To prevent fibrosis (sclerosis) to develop later on, it is advisable to operate as early as indicated.", "contents": "Histological findings in infantile otoantritis. The histopathological findings in the granulation tissue removed at mastoidectomy from 34 infants between 1971 and 1974 are described. Granulation tissue was present in every case, characterized by the histological features of chronic inflammation and fibrosis (sclerosis), although the process was of short duration. The great number of thick fibers was a surprising finding. To prevent fibrosis (sclerosis) to develop later on, it is advisable to operate as early as indicated.", "PMID": 1034248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6662", "title": "Emergency repair of traumatic drum tears.", "content": "Tympanic membrane tears have been found in about 20% of casualties in modern combat (war of October 1973). Repair of the tears that do not seem to have the optimal chances for spontaneous healing should be undertaken during the first few days of trauma. This prompts healing, prevents complications, and obviates the need for future intervention.", "contents": "Emergency repair of traumatic drum tears. Tympanic membrane tears have been found in about 20% of casualties in modern combat (war of October 1973). Repair of the tears that do not seem to have the optimal chances for spontaneous healing should be undertaken during the first few days of trauma. This prompts healing, prevents complications, and obviates the need for future intervention.", "PMID": 1034249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6663", "title": "Symptoms and signs of acute maxillary sinusitis.", "content": "Symptoms and signs of acute maxillary sinusitis have seldom been specifically analyzed. Since there is a gradual transition from rhinitis to sinusitis it can be expected that many symptoms are common for the two diseases. However, since sinusitis requires drainage measures and/or antibiotic treatment, both of which seldom are actual for rhinitis, the differential diagnosis is important. The present investigation confirms most of the symptoms presented previously in textbooks. However, most of these sympatoms which conventionally are supposed to indicate sinus disease were found to be just as common in radiologically normal sinuses and in sinuses with pronounced changes. The subjective or objective finding of purulent nasal secretion was more helpful in the differentiation between rhinitis and sinusitis. It appears that the patient's symptoms do not constitute a reliable diagnostic basis for the confident differentiation between the two diseases. The simplest and least discomfortable means of demonstrating sinusitis is by radiology.", "contents": "Symptoms and signs of acute maxillary sinusitis. Symptoms and signs of acute maxillary sinusitis have seldom been specifically analyzed. Since there is a gradual transition from rhinitis to sinusitis it can be expected that many symptoms are common for the two diseases. However, since sinusitis requires drainage measures and/or antibiotic treatment, both of which seldom are actual for rhinitis, the differential diagnosis is important. The present investigation confirms most of the symptoms presented previously in textbooks. However, most of these sympatoms which conventionally are supposed to indicate sinus disease were found to be just as common in radiologically normal sinuses and in sinuses with pronounced changes. The subjective or objective finding of purulent nasal secretion was more helpful in the differentiation between rhinitis and sinusitis. It appears that the patient's symptoms do not constitute a reliable diagnostic basis for the confident differentiation between the two diseases. The simplest and least discomfortable means of demonstrating sinusitis is by radiology.", "PMID": 1034250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6664", "title": "[Late results in the removal of vocal-cord polyps].", "content": "A follow-up of 60 patients in whom polyps of the vocal cord have been removed between 1966 and 1974 is analyzed. Two thirds of the patients were male, mostly between 30 and 55 years of age. Most of the female patients were between 25 and 60. The most frequent localization was the typical one between the anterior and middle third of the vocal cord (47 patients). In 38 patients a direct laryngoscopy in local anaesthesia was performed; in 22 the removal of the polyps was done in microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesia. The follow-up shows no recurrence. 55 patients had a clear voice, the remaining 5 showed signs of chronic laryngitis. It is concluded that microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesia is indicated in cases of unfavourable anatomical configuration of the neck, sessile polyps or in cases where precise endoscopical manipulations are called for. The direct laryngoscopy remains an approved method in favourable cases, for instance pendular polyps, as these represent an affection of the vocal cord which shows no tendency to recurrence after mediculous removal.", "contents": "[Late results in the removal of vocal-cord polyps]. A follow-up of 60 patients in whom polyps of the vocal cord have been removed between 1966 and 1974 is analyzed. Two thirds of the patients were male, mostly between 30 and 55 years of age. Most of the female patients were between 25 and 60. The most frequent localization was the typical one between the anterior and middle third of the vocal cord (47 patients). In 38 patients a direct laryngoscopy in local anaesthesia was performed; in 22 the removal of the polyps was done in microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesia. The follow-up shows no recurrence. 55 patients had a clear voice, the remaining 5 showed signs of chronic laryngitis. It is concluded that microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesia is indicated in cases of unfavourable anatomical configuration of the neck, sessile polyps or in cases where precise endoscopical manipulations are called for. The direct laryngoscopy remains an approved method in favourable cases, for instance pendular polyps, as these represent an affection of the vocal cord which shows no tendency to recurrence after mediculous removal.", "PMID": 1034251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6665", "title": "[Velo-pharyngeal closure before and after adenotomy and tonsillectomy].", "content": "Prior to and after removal of the tonsils and adenoids at the ENT clinic in Lucerne, phoniatric and X-ray examinations were performed in 42 children with normal velo-pharyngeal closure. Prior to the operation the velo-pharyngeal closure took place against the adenoid tissue. The surface of contact and the inclinatation of the velum were dependent on the amount of hyperplastic adenoid tissue. The configuration and the mobility of the velum were more important for the post-operative velo-pharyngeal closure than the distance from the pharyngeal wall. 3 months following the operation the velum was reaching the posterior pharyngeal wall. A distinct Passavant ridge was only visible in cases having slight difficulties in the post-operative adaptation of the velo-pharyngeal closure.", "contents": "[Velo-pharyngeal closure before and after adenotomy and tonsillectomy]. Prior to and after removal of the tonsils and adenoids at the ENT clinic in Lucerne, phoniatric and X-ray examinations were performed in 42 children with normal velo-pharyngeal closure. Prior to the operation the velo-pharyngeal closure took place against the adenoid tissue. The surface of contact and the inclinatation of the velum were dependent on the amount of hyperplastic adenoid tissue. The configuration and the mobility of the velum were more important for the post-operative velo-pharyngeal closure than the distance from the pharyngeal wall. 3 months following the operation the velum was reaching the posterior pharyngeal wall. A distinct Passavant ridge was only visible in cases having slight difficulties in the post-operative adaptation of the velo-pharyngeal closure.", "PMID": 1034252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6666", "title": "[Spastic dysphonia].", "content": "Between 1968 and 1974 10 patients (4 men, 5 women, and 1 10-year-old girl) with spastic dysphonia were observed at the Phoniatric Department of the ENT clinic in Lucerne. According to the clinical documentation, the probable etiologic factors, the clinic appearance as well as the therapeutic measures and their results are discussed.", "contents": "[Spastic dysphonia]. Between 1968 and 1974 10 patients (4 men, 5 women, and 1 10-year-old girl) with spastic dysphonia were observed at the Phoniatric Department of the ENT clinic in Lucerne. According to the clinical documentation, the probable etiologic factors, the clinic appearance as well as the therapeutic measures and their results are discussed.", "PMID": 1034253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6667", "title": "[Approach and reconstruction in the operative treatment of tumors of the tongue, epiglottis, floor of the mouth and pharynx].", "content": "This paper explains a new way of a temporary splitting of the lower jaw and the reconstruction of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. The described way of the temporary splitting of the lower jaw allows to maintain the nerve and results in better suppositions for the reposition and osteosynthesis. For the reconstruction of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, an island flap is reommended. The flap consists of the musculus sternocleidomastoideus, pedicled inferiorly in its cranial part of the skin. The skin taking extends over the insertion of the muscle up to the beginning of the hairy part. With this flap it is possible to cover even large defects in the floor of the mouth and its taking does scarcely bother the patient. Thus, in many cases the flap gives the suppositions to maintain the lower jaw.", "contents": "[Approach and reconstruction in the operative treatment of tumors of the tongue, epiglottis, floor of the mouth and pharynx]. This paper explains a new way of a temporary splitting of the lower jaw and the reconstruction of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. The described way of the temporary splitting of the lower jaw allows to maintain the nerve and results in better suppositions for the reposition and osteosynthesis. For the reconstruction of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, an island flap is reommended. The flap consists of the musculus sternocleidomastoideus, pedicled inferiorly in its cranial part of the skin. The skin taking extends over the insertion of the muscle up to the beginning of the hairy part. With this flap it is possible to cover even large defects in the floor of the mouth and its taking does scarcely bother the patient. Thus, in many cases the flap gives the suppositions to maintain the lower jaw.", "PMID": 1034254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6668", "title": "[Modification of a technic of reconstruction after total or subtotal resection of the lower lip].", "content": "It has been shown that two different kinds of modification are able to improve Meyer's operation after subtotal or total ablation of the lower lip. Either a flap taken from the top of the tongue or the Estlander-Abb\u00e9's triangular flap can be used in the intention of widening the new lip and consequently avoiding an excess of tension of it.", "contents": "[Modification of a technic of reconstruction after total or subtotal resection of the lower lip]. It has been shown that two different kinds of modification are able to improve Meyer's operation after subtotal or total ablation of the lower lip. Either a flap taken from the top of the tongue or the Estlander-Abb\u00e9's triangular flap can be used in the intention of widening the new lip and consequently avoiding an excess of tension of it.", "PMID": 1034255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6669", "title": "[Cervico-facial lesions caused by windshields of tempered glass].", "content": "The authors stress the dangers presented by windshield fragments of tempered glass to soft parts of the cervicofacial region, in cases of traffic accidents. With the aid of seven recent clinical observations, the difficulties in emergency surgical treatment, late complications due to the persistence of foreign bodies, and permanent facial mutilations are successively discussed.", "contents": "[Cervico-facial lesions caused by windshields of tempered glass]. The authors stress the dangers presented by windshield fragments of tempered glass to soft parts of the cervicofacial region, in cases of traffic accidents. With the aid of seven recent clinical observations, the difficulties in emergency surgical treatment, late complications due to the persistence of foreign bodies, and permanent facial mutilations are successively discussed.", "PMID": 1034256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6670", "title": "[Rupture of the aorta secondary to perforation of the esophagus by a foreign body].", "content": "A case of traumatic rupture of the aorta due to a foreign body in the esophagus is presented. After extraction of the foreign body and chemotherapy there was a rapid recovery. Thereafter, the patient died from a recurrent hematemesis. Two factors have produced the aortic lesion: the sharp edge of the foreign body (which probably provoked a superficial lesion of the aortic wall), and the diffuse mediastinitis (which provoked a necrosis of the aortic lesion).", "contents": "[Rupture of the aorta secondary to perforation of the esophagus by a foreign body]. A case of traumatic rupture of the aorta due to a foreign body in the esophagus is presented. After extraction of the foreign body and chemotherapy there was a rapid recovery. Thereafter, the patient died from a recurrent hematemesis. Two factors have produced the aortic lesion: the sharp edge of the foreign body (which probably provoked a superficial lesion of the aortic wall), and the diffuse mediastinitis (which provoked a necrosis of the aortic lesion).", "PMID": 1034257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6671", "title": "[Clinical aspects of leishmaniasis].", "content": "Report of an extremely rare localization of leishmaniosis with primary affection of the hard palate. The diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of leishmaniasis]. Report of an extremely rare localization of leishmaniosis with primary affection of the hard palate. The diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1034258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6672", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of salivary disturbances by quantitative scintigraphy].", "content": "The scintigraphy of salivary glands with technetium-99m pertechnetate is predisposed to be an excellent test for evaluating salivary gland function. But the absence of a sufficiently precise and simple quantitative analysis procedure of the technetium uptake has reduced its clinical use. For this reason, the authors propose a new and quick method:  the quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy. With an uptake index (ratio of technetium uptake between the glandular tissue and a cervical reference) they get precise quantitative information on functional activity. Among other applications, the test allows to make within a few minutes, in a case of xerostomia, the differential diagnosis between Sj\u00e4ogren syndrome and sialosis.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of salivary disturbances by quantitative scintigraphy]. The scintigraphy of salivary glands with technetium-99m pertechnetate is predisposed to be an excellent test for evaluating salivary gland function. But the absence of a sufficiently precise and simple quantitative analysis procedure of the technetium uptake has reduced its clinical use. For this reason, the authors propose a new and quick method:  the quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy. With an uptake index (ratio of technetium uptake between the glandular tissue and a cervical reference) they get precise quantitative information on functional activity. Among other applications, the test allows to make within a few minutes, in a case of xerostomia, the differential diagnosis between Sj\u00e4ogren syndrome and sialosis.", "PMID": 1034259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6673", "title": "[Xerography in otorhinolaryngology].", "content": "This study compares, in the field of oto-rhino-laryngology, the xerography (a radiographic method recently introduced in the Cantonal Hospital of Geneva) with conventional radiography. In spite of the quantity of irradiation which is by far superior, the xerography, with its larger field of information and with its sharpness of outlines, permits a more precise topographic diagnosis, particularly as far as the pharyngolarynx is concerned.", "contents": "[Xerography in otorhinolaryngology]. This study compares, in the field of oto-rhino-laryngology, the xerography (a radiographic method recently introduced in the Cantonal Hospital of Geneva) with conventional radiography. In spite of the quantity of irradiation which is by far superior, the xerography, with its larger field of information and with its sharpness of outlines, permits a more precise topographic diagnosis, particularly as far as the pharyngolarynx is concerned.", "PMID": 1034260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6674", "title": "[Futher experimental studies on the relationship between the stapedius reflex threshold and speech discrimination].", "content": "This paper discusses the functional relatiohship between the position of the stapedius reflex threshold and the results of the Feldmann test. 25 hearing-impaired patients have been examined in this respect. A positive correlation on a 5% level of significance has been confirmed between these two parameters.", "contents": "[Futher experimental studies on the relationship between the stapedius reflex threshold and speech discrimination]. This paper discusses the functional relatiohship between the position of the stapedius reflex threshold and the results of the Feldmann test. 25 hearing-impaired patients have been examined in this respect. A positive correlation on a 5% level of significance has been confirmed between these two parameters.", "PMID": 1034261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6675", "title": "[Clinical significance of preoperative impedance measurements].", "content": "On the basis of six particular cases in which the various impairments of the middle ear were verified during the surgical intervention, the authors show how it is possible to obtain by means of the Madsen ZO 70 electroacoustic impedance meter and of the Grason-Stadler Model 1720 otoadmittance meter useful additional information about the preoperative dynamic behavior of the tympano-ossicular system. With regard to the measurement of 'susceptance' and the 'conductance' at 220 and 660 Hz, it permits to establish a better differential diagnostic.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of preoperative impedance measurements]. On the basis of six particular cases in which the various impairments of the middle ear were verified during the surgical intervention, the authors show how it is possible to obtain by means of the Madsen ZO 70 electroacoustic impedance meter and of the Grason-Stadler Model 1720 otoadmittance meter useful additional information about the preoperative dynamic behavior of the tympano-ossicular system. With regard to the measurement of 'susceptance' and the 'conductance' at 220 and 660 Hz, it permits to establish a better differential diagnostic.", "PMID": 1034262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6676", "title": "[Change of working place in occupational noise].", "content": "Nowadays noise in industry cannot be eliminated by technical means alone. Therefore, exposed workers have to wear an ear protector to prevent the occurrence of deafness caused by professional noise. Patients with chronic otitis media and permanent or intermittent otorrhea should avoid the prolonged use of ear protectors. On principle, such patients are not allowed to work in a noisy environment (inaptitude for noisy employment/change of occupation) unless the contraindication for use of ear protectors can be eliminated by therapeutic means (such as operation).", "contents": "[Change of working place in occupational noise]. Nowadays noise in industry cannot be eliminated by technical means alone. Therefore, exposed workers have to wear an ear protector to prevent the occurrence of deafness caused by professional noise. Patients with chronic otitis media and permanent or intermittent otorrhea should avoid the prolonged use of ear protectors. On principle, such patients are not allowed to work in a noisy environment (inaptitude for noisy employment/change of occupation) unless the contraindication for use of ear protectors can be eliminated by therapeutic means (such as operation).", "PMID": 1034263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6677", "title": "[Meningitis and labyrinthitis in childhood].", "content": "The Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is the most common cause of deafness following meningitis. Five of 22 children (23%) had this complication in spite of antibiotic treatment (ampicillin). The question must be raised whether a different antibiotic treatment could avoid the inner-ear problems occurring in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Early decompression of the internal auditory canal has reversed deafness in one of four children.", "contents": "[Meningitis and labyrinthitis in childhood]. The Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is the most common cause of deafness following meningitis. Five of 22 children (23%) had this complication in spite of antibiotic treatment (ampicillin). The question must be raised whether a different antibiotic treatment could avoid the inner-ear problems occurring in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Early decompression of the internal auditory canal has reversed deafness in one of four children.", "PMID": 1034264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6678", "title": "[Tympanoplasty and congenital cardiopathies].", "content": "During the course of 1974, 16 tympanoplasties were performed on patients who suffered from serious congenital heart defects. 50% of the cases had recurrence of the perforation. It was not possible to deny the evidence of other failing factors such as the poor hemodynamic condition. Indications for performing a tympanoplasty were motivated by the necessity to eliminate a focus of dangerous infection to the patient before under-going a major cardiac intervention. These indications have been modified to the following: (a) chronic cholesteatomatous otitis remains a valid surgical indication and (b) simple chronic otitis could be controlled by local medical treatment. The tympanoplasty could be postponed after the cardiac intervention when the hemodynamic condition had been corrected.", "contents": "[Tympanoplasty and congenital cardiopathies]. During the course of 1974, 16 tympanoplasties were performed on patients who suffered from serious congenital heart defects. 50% of the cases had recurrence of the perforation. It was not possible to deny the evidence of other failing factors such as the poor hemodynamic condition. Indications for performing a tympanoplasty were motivated by the necessity to eliminate a focus of dangerous infection to the patient before under-going a major cardiac intervention. These indications have been modified to the following: (a) chronic cholesteatomatous otitis remains a valid surgical indication and (b) simple chronic otitis could be controlled by local medical treatment. The tympanoplasty could be postponed after the cardiac intervention when the hemodynamic condition had been corrected.", "PMID": 1034265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6679", "title": "[Radiologic aspects of temporal-bone fractures with facial paresis].", "content": "The value of the radiobiological diagnosis in establishing the localization of a facial palsy resulting from temporal bone fractures has been investigated in 49 cases. Radiological confirmation was found in 21 out of 37 cases of longitudinal fracture and in 11 out of 12 patients (90%) with a transverse fracture. The fracture line was seen by polytomography alone in 1 out of 21 (5%) longitudinal fractures and in 5 out of 11 (45%) transverse fractures. A precise readiological localization of the facial nerve lesion was only possible if the fracutre line was running across the long axis of the pyramid. The surgical revision of 37 patients has shown that the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve was injured in 93% of longitudinal fractures and in 70% of the transverse fractures. Therefore, one should always be prepared to expose the labyringhine segment of the facial nerve when revising a facial nerve palsy due to a fracture of the temporal bone.", "contents": "[Radiologic aspects of temporal-bone fractures with facial paresis]. The value of the radiobiological diagnosis in establishing the localization of a facial palsy resulting from temporal bone fractures has been investigated in 49 cases. Radiological confirmation was found in 21 out of 37 cases of longitudinal fracture and in 11 out of 12 patients (90%) with a transverse fracture. The fracture line was seen by polytomography alone in 1 out of 21 (5%) longitudinal fractures and in 5 out of 11 (45%) transverse fractures. A precise readiological localization of the facial nerve lesion was only possible if the fracutre line was running across the long axis of the pyramid. The surgical revision of 37 patients has shown that the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve was injured in 93% of longitudinal fractures and in 70% of the transverse fractures. Therefore, one should always be prepared to expose the labyringhine segment of the facial nerve when revising a facial nerve palsy due to a fracture of the temporal bone.", "PMID": 1034266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6680", "title": "[Experimental studies on the suppression of the stapedius reflex in comparison with EMG-results in idiopathic facial paresis].", "content": "The recording of intra-aural muscle reflexes elicited by acoustic stimulation is a routine method in clinical audiology. The most important quantitative examinations of the reflex dynamic, i.e. Metz recruitment and reflex decay in low frequencies, allow the judgement of function of the afferent pathway in the stimulated inner ear and acoustic nerve. Quantitative determinations of the efferent branch were carried out by several authors in a few normal subjects and in several patients with multiple sclerosis or facial palsy. Absolute acoustic impedance - a method yielding wide scattering - was used in order to determine changes in reflex activity in pathological conditions. In the first part of our investigations we tried to find a parameter or reflex dynamic allowing to characterize the functional capacity in the efferent part of the reflex arch in the facial nerve. We examined particularly the steepness of the onset of recorded reflex. Statistical analysis showed an extraordinary stability of this parameter in normal and pathological conditions. Measurements in normal subjects yielded very small intra- and inter-individual variability. In the second part of our experiments we studied normal-hearing patients with unilateral Bells palsy. In the early phase of the lesion we found a significant decrease of the onset steepness in the reflex diagram recorded on the paralyzed side. The greatest reduction of this parameter was seen with a 1,000-Hz stimulus. The time course of the alteration of the onset steepness also seems to have a characteristis pattern. In a further investigation we compared the variations of this reflex parameter with findings in stimultaneously recorded electroneuronograms.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the suppression of the stapedius reflex in comparison with EMG-results in idiopathic facial paresis]. The recording of intra-aural muscle reflexes elicited by acoustic stimulation is a routine method in clinical audiology. The most important quantitative examinations of the reflex dynamic, i.e. Metz recruitment and reflex decay in low frequencies, allow the judgement of function of the afferent pathway in the stimulated inner ear and acoustic nerve. Quantitative determinations of the efferent branch were carried out by several authors in a few normal subjects and in several patients with multiple sclerosis or facial palsy. Absolute acoustic impedance - a method yielding wide scattering - was used in order to determine changes in reflex activity in pathological conditions. In the first part of our investigations we tried to find a parameter or reflex dynamic allowing to characterize the functional capacity in the efferent part of the reflex arch in the facial nerve. We examined particularly the steepness of the onset of recorded reflex. Statistical analysis showed an extraordinary stability of this parameter in normal and pathological conditions. Measurements in normal subjects yielded very small intra- and inter-individual variability. In the second part of our experiments we studied normal-hearing patients with unilateral Bells palsy. In the early phase of the lesion we found a significant decrease of the onset steepness in the reflex diagram recorded on the paralyzed side. The greatest reduction of this parameter was seen with a 1,000-Hz stimulus. The time course of the alteration of the onset steepness also seems to have a characteristis pattern. In a further investigation we compared the variations of this reflex parameter with findings in stimultaneously recorded electroneuronograms.", "PMID": 1034267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6681", "title": "[Tissue adhesives in facial-nerve surgery].", "content": "Large amounts of the tissue glue Histoacryl applied over the circumference of the epi- and perineurium of the facial nerve produced a rapid decrease of the summation potentials of the face in acute and chronic experiments performed in cats and guinea pigs. No toxic action on the motor neurons of the facial nerve was seen after application of 1 or 2 drops of the tissue glue over the epi- or perineurium of the facial nerve in association with or without a collagen tube splint.", "contents": "[Tissue adhesives in facial-nerve surgery]. Large amounts of the tissue glue Histoacryl applied over the circumference of the epi- and perineurium of the facial nerve produced a rapid decrease of the summation potentials of the face in acute and chronic experiments performed in cats and guinea pigs. No toxic action on the motor neurons of the facial nerve was seen after application of 1 or 2 drops of the tissue glue over the epi- or perineurium of the facial nerve in association with or without a collagen tube splint.", "PMID": 1034268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6682", "title": "[Treatment of posterior epistaxis by ligation of the internal maxillary artery in the pterygo-maxillany fossa].", "content": "The microsurgical, transantral ligature of the internal maxillary artery is the treatment of choice for recurring posterior epistaxis. An immediate success was obtained by this method in 5 out of 7 patients. In one case the concomitant coagulation of the ethmoidal arteries was necessary and in another instance a revascularization of the spheno-palatine artery could be visualized by arteriography.", "contents": "[Treatment of posterior epistaxis by ligation of the internal maxillary artery in the pterygo-maxillany fossa]. The microsurgical, transantral ligature of the internal maxillary artery is the treatment of choice for recurring posterior epistaxis. An immediate success was obtained by this method in 5 out of 7 patients. In one case the concomitant coagulation of the ethmoidal arteries was necessary and in another instance a revascularization of the spheno-palatine artery could be visualized by arteriography.", "PMID": 1034269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6683", "title": "[Extirpation of nasopharyngeal fibromas after selective preoperative angiographic embolization].", "content": "The gross amount of bleeding during surgical removal of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas is feared. An excellent method to reduce this amount is the preoperative selective embolization of the feeding vessels of these tumors under angiographic control. The advances in selective angiography of the branches of the external carotid artery by femoral catheterization make it possible to applicate Gelfoam emboli in the very arteries which are to be embolized. There is a case report about two young men who have been pretreated in this manner. The intraoperative bleeding was minimal.", "contents": "[Extirpation of nasopharyngeal fibromas after selective preoperative angiographic embolization]. The gross amount of bleeding during surgical removal of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas is feared. An excellent method to reduce this amount is the preoperative selective embolization of the feeding vessels of these tumors under angiographic control. The advances in selective angiography of the branches of the external carotid artery by femoral catheterization make it possible to applicate Gelfoam emboli in the very arteries which are to be embolized. There is a case report about two young men who have been pretreated in this manner. The intraoperative bleeding was minimal.", "PMID": 1034270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6684", "title": "[Tympanometry in chronic otitis media].", "content": "We present an analysis of the otological and audiological findings in 63 patients (113 ears) in which a myringotomy for suspected serous otitis media has been performed. In 98 ears (87%) the impedance data correlated with otoscopy. Tympanograms did not give further information than otoscopy alone in 49 patients with reliable pure-tone audiometrical results, whereas tympanograms would have missed 6 out of 78 ears containing fluid and 6 out of 49 ears who improved in hearing following myringotomy and transtympanic tube therapy. We feel, however, that, in patients who are too young or too retarded to be tested audiometrically, tympanometry in combination with otoscopy could eventually be helpful in settling the indication for a myringotomy, since 3 out of 83 ears with middle ear fluid and hearing improvement following transtympanic tube therapy had pathological tympanograms in spite of normal-seeming ear drums.", "contents": "[Tympanometry in chronic otitis media]. We present an analysis of the otological and audiological findings in 63 patients (113 ears) in which a myringotomy for suspected serous otitis media has been performed. In 98 ears (87%) the impedance data correlated with otoscopy. Tympanograms did not give further information than otoscopy alone in 49 patients with reliable pure-tone audiometrical results, whereas tympanograms would have missed 6 out of 78 ears containing fluid and 6 out of 49 ears who improved in hearing following myringotomy and transtympanic tube therapy. We feel, however, that, in patients who are too young or too retarded to be tested audiometrically, tympanometry in combination with otoscopy could eventually be helpful in settling the indication for a myringotomy, since 3 out of 83 ears with middle ear fluid and hearing improvement following transtympanic tube therapy had pathological tympanograms in spite of normal-seeming ear drums.", "PMID": 1034271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6685", "title": "[Vocal and laryngo-tracheal sequelae of prolonged intubation at the university medical clinic of the cantonal hospital at Lausanne].", "content": "70 patients (39 men and 31 women) submitted to a prolonged intubation at the Centre respiratoire de la Clinique m\u00e9dicale universitaire de Lausanne have been investigated. They represent the half of the patients having survived of 488 cases treated between January 1966 and June 1974. 33% of the investigated patients (i.e. 18% of all men and 48% of all females) complain about a permanent dysphonia related to the intubation. 17% of the patients (i.e. 13% of all men and 23% of all females) presented with a laryngotracheal lesion induced by the prolonged intubation. This study shows that laryngo-tracheal complications following prolonged intubation are more frequent in females than males. The time of intubation is a determinant factor for the development of complications. Following the first 48 h or intubation of the risk of laryngo-tracheal complication is proportional to the duration of the permanence of the nasal tube. The presence of pathogenous microbes (Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterium coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in the tracheo-bronchial secretion is also important for the development of sequelae. In conclusion, laryngo-tracheal complications following prolonged intubation occur in the male when predisposing factors are present, whereas in the female post-intubation sequelae occur without such predisposing factors.", "contents": "[Vocal and laryngo-tracheal sequelae of prolonged intubation at the university medical clinic of the cantonal hospital at Lausanne]. 70 patients (39 men and 31 women) submitted to a prolonged intubation at the Centre respiratoire de la Clinique m\u00e9dicale universitaire de Lausanne have been investigated. They represent the half of the patients having survived of 488 cases treated between January 1966 and June 1974. 33% of the investigated patients (i.e. 18% of all men and 48% of all females) complain about a permanent dysphonia related to the intubation. 17% of the patients (i.e. 13% of all men and 23% of all females) presented with a laryngotracheal lesion induced by the prolonged intubation. This study shows that laryngo-tracheal complications following prolonged intubation are more frequent in females than males. The time of intubation is a determinant factor for the development of complications. Following the first 48 h or intubation of the risk of laryngo-tracheal complication is proportional to the duration of the permanence of the nasal tube. The presence of pathogenous microbes (Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterium coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in the tracheo-bronchial secretion is also important for the development of sequelae. In conclusion, laryngo-tracheal complications following prolonged intubation occur in the male when predisposing factors are present, whereas in the female post-intubation sequelae occur without such predisposing factors.", "PMID": 1034272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6686", "title": "Variability of blood pressure in normal and abnormal pregnancy.", "content": "Using an automatic indirect method of measurement, diurnal blood  pressure patterns have been studied in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. In the last trimester, normotensive and hypertensive pregnant subjects show small but significant increases of blood pressure that develop especially during the evening and night. This change is more clear-cut for the systolic than the diastolic pressure. The tendency to a relatively greater increased pressure at night is exaggerated in preeclampsia. This fact explains earlier observations of a dimunution of the nocturnal fall of blood pressure in preeclampsia. In very severe preeclampsia, the nocturnal increase of blood pressure may be so exaggerated as to reverse the normal diurnal blood pressure pattern. These changes have been documented sequentially, and their implications are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Variability of blood pressure in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Using an automatic indirect method of measurement, diurnal blood  pressure patterns have been studied in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. In the last trimester, normotensive and hypertensive pregnant subjects show small but significant increases of blood pressure that develop especially during the evening and night. This change is more clear-cut for the systolic than the diastolic pressure. The tendency to a relatively greater increased pressure at night is exaggerated in preeclampsia. This fact explains earlier observations of a dimunution of the nocturnal fall of blood pressure in preeclampsia. In very severe preeclampsia, the nocturnal increase of blood pressure may be so exaggerated as to reverse the normal diurnal blood pressure pattern. These changes have been documented sequentially, and their implications are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1034277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6687", "title": "Responses of Purkinje cells in rabbit nodulus and uvula to natural vestibular and visual stimuli.", "content": "1. The responses of Purkinje cells and presumed mossy fibers to natural stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals were recorded in the nodulus and uvula of rabbit vestibulocerebellum. Units responding to vestibular stimulation were also studied with visual stimulation. 2. The responses of presumed mossy fibers were of the Type I and Type II varieties and were characterized by a low threshold for angular acceleration and high sensitivity. 3. Purkinje cell responses were divided into two groups: The first group showed only modulation of simple spike activity during rotation. According to the directionality of their responses to rotation, Purkinje cells of the first group could be further subdivided into Types I, II or III; Type II was the most frequently encountered. The second group showed modulation of both simple spike and climbing fiber activity. The simple spike response most frequently encountered was of Type II while the climbing fiber activity in the same Purkinje cells responded in the Type I mode. In another population of Purkinje cells of this group, simple spike activity was modulated by rotation in one direction only. All Purkinje cell responses had relatively high thresholds and low sensitivities. 4. Some Purkinje cells responding to rotation showed direction-selective modulation of climbing fiber discharge in response to slowly moving visual patterns.", "contents": "Responses of Purkinje cells in rabbit nodulus and uvula to natural vestibular and visual stimuli. 1. The responses of Purkinje cells and presumed mossy fibers to natural stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals were recorded in the nodulus and uvula of rabbit vestibulocerebellum. Units responding to vestibular stimulation were also studied with visual stimulation. 2. The responses of presumed mossy fibers were of the Type I and Type II varieties and were characterized by a low threshold for angular acceleration and high sensitivity. 3. Purkinje cell responses were divided into two groups: The first group showed only modulation of simple spike activity during rotation. According to the directionality of their responses to rotation, Purkinje cells of the first group could be further subdivided into Types I, II or III; Type II was the most frequently encountered. The second group showed modulation of both simple spike and climbing fiber activity. The simple spike response most frequently encountered was of Type II while the climbing fiber activity in the same Purkinje cells responded in the Type I mode. In another population of Purkinje cells of this group, simple spike activity was modulated by rotation in one direction only. All Purkinje cell responses had relatively high thresholds and low sensitivities. 4. Some Purkinje cells responding to rotation showed direction-selective modulation of climbing fiber discharge in response to slowly moving visual patterns.", "PMID": 1034278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6688", "title": "Alterations during postnatal period in the secretory responsiveness of the sweat glands in rats to mecholyl.", "content": "A study was made to know the alterations in the secretory responsiveness of the plantar and palmar sweat glands to local administration of mecholyl in rats during postnatal period. Nonresponsiveness of the plantar and palmar sweat glands to mecholyl was observed in 0- to 16-day-old and 0- to 10-day-old rats, respectively. After the nonresponsive period, a gradual increase in the responsiveness to mecholyl was observed in the plantar sweat glands. In the palmar sweat glands, however, a rapid increase followed by a temporary decrease and a subsequent gradual increase in the secretory responsiveness to mecholyl was found. This temporary decrease in the secretory responsiveness was observed on days soon after weaning.", "contents": "Alterations during postnatal period in the secretory responsiveness of the sweat glands in rats to mecholyl. A study was made to know the alterations in the secretory responsiveness of the plantar and palmar sweat glands to local administration of mecholyl in rats during postnatal period. Nonresponsiveness of the plantar and palmar sweat glands to mecholyl was observed in 0- to 16-day-old and 0- to 10-day-old rats, respectively. After the nonresponsive period, a gradual increase in the responsiveness to mecholyl was observed in the plantar sweat glands. In the palmar sweat glands, however, a rapid increase followed by a temporary decrease and a subsequent gradual increase in the secretory responsiveness to mecholyl was found. This temporary decrease in the secretory responsiveness was observed on days soon after weaning.", "PMID": 1034279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6689", "title": "Climbing fiber evoked potassium release in cat cerebellum.", "content": "K+-selective micropipettes were used to measure the extracellular K+-signal associated with the activation of a single Purkinje cell, via a climbing fiber (CF). The maximum K+-signal had a magnitude of 0.3 - 0.5 mM and was correlated with a positive all-or-none extracellular potential. The ionic signal was of the same order of magnitude as that evoked from a population of Purkinje cells by local stimulation of a parallel fiber beam. The large size of the CF-evoked K+-response supports the concept of dendritic spikes under these conditions and may be relevant to CF function.", "contents": "Climbing fiber evoked potassium release in cat cerebellum. K+-selective micropipettes were used to measure the extracellular K+-signal associated with the activation of a single Purkinje cell, via a climbing fiber (CF). The maximum K+-signal had a magnitude of 0.3 - 0.5 mM and was correlated with a positive all-or-none extracellular potential. The ionic signal was of the same order of magnitude as that evoked from a population of Purkinje cells by local stimulation of a parallel fiber beam. The large size of the CF-evoked K+-response supports the concept of dendritic spikes under these conditions and may be relevant to CF function.", "PMID": 1034280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6690", "title": "Paradoxical changes of respiratory rate elicited by altering rostral brain stem temperature in the pigeon.", "content": "Intermittent panting was induced in conscious pigeons by exposure to warm ambient conditions. Cooling of the rostral brain stem elicited temporary increases of respiratory rate, the extent of which depended on precooling respiratory rate and body temperature, respectively. Hypothalamic heating elicited a temporary suppression of intermittent panting.", "contents": "Paradoxical changes of respiratory rate elicited by altering rostral brain stem temperature in the pigeon. Intermittent panting was induced in conscious pigeons by exposure to warm ambient conditions. Cooling of the rostral brain stem elicited temporary increases of respiratory rate, the extent of which depended on precooling respiratory rate and body temperature, respectively. Hypothalamic heating elicited a temporary suppression of intermittent panting.", "PMID": 1034281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6691", "title": "Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. 3. The effects of angiotensin II.", "content": "The effects of the intrarenal infusion of synthetic Asn1, val 5 angiotensin II (AII) (from 0.38 to 1 mug min-1) on the determinants of glomerular filtration have been studied. The intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients along the capillaries, together with 2 parameters characterizing the porosity of the membrane in terms of pore theory (r, radius of the pores and Ap/1, total pore area per unit of path length) were calculated from the analysis of the sieving curve of I125 PVP molecules (polyvinylpyrrolidone) according to a biomathematical model previously described. AII increased PGC, the intracapillary hydrostatic pressure, but more at the efferent end of the capillaries. Filtration pressure equilibrium was maintained. AII also decreased the water permeability coefficient, Kf. by decreasing Ap/1, r remaining constant. Our results were compared to those obtained from the direct measurements of PGC, using micropuncture techniqles in hydropenic and plasma loaded rats. The complete agreement between the two approaches confirms the validity of the method based on the analysis of the sieving data of neutral macromolecules to calculate the determinants of GFR.", "contents": "Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. 3. The effects of angiotensin II. The effects of the intrarenal infusion of synthetic Asn1, val 5 angiotensin II (AII) (from 0.38 to 1 mug min-1) on the determinants of glomerular filtration have been studied. The intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients along the capillaries, together with 2 parameters characterizing the porosity of the membrane in terms of pore theory (r, radius of the pores and Ap/1, total pore area per unit of path length) were calculated from the analysis of the sieving curve of I125 PVP molecules (polyvinylpyrrolidone) according to a biomathematical model previously described. AII increased PGC, the intracapillary hydrostatic pressure, but more at the efferent end of the capillaries. Filtration pressure equilibrium was maintained. AII also decreased the water permeability coefficient, Kf. by decreasing Ap/1, r remaining constant. Our results were compared to those obtained from the direct measurements of PGC, using micropuncture techniqles in hydropenic and plasma loaded rats. The complete agreement between the two approaches confirms the validity of the method based on the analysis of the sieving data of neutral macromolecules to calculate the determinants of GFR.", "PMID": 1034282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6692", "title": "Lingual blood flow and its hypothalamic control in the dog during panting.", "content": "1. The effects of increased ambient temperature (Ta) on blood-flow and -temperatures of the tongue were studied in the unanaesthetized dog. At Ta of 20 degrees C and a relative humidity (rh) of 30% the mean lingual blood flow was 11 ml-min-1 (0.15 ml-g-1-min-1) and the temperature difference between the lingual artery and vein (deltaTLAV) was 1.0 degrees C. Accordingly, a heat loss of 48.6 J-min-1 was calculated even for the dog breathing with the mouth closed. When Ta was elevated to 38 degrees C at constant rh, panting ensued. In parallel fashion lingual blood flow increased to 60.4 ml-min-1 (0.81 ml-g-1-min-1) in mean and to 74.7 ml-min-1 (0.99 ml-g-1-min-1) at peak rate of thermal tachypnoea (272 breaths-min-1). This flow increase resulted from a decrease in the local vascular resistance since the driving systemic pressure remained constant. It was accompanied by an increase in TLAV to 1.5 degrees C equivalent to a heat loss of 400.7J-min-1 in mean and 496.2J-min-1 at maximum respiratory rate. 2. The preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region was heated with a water perfused thermode in urethane anaesthetized dogs at constant body temperature in order to study the relationship in time between the increase in lingual blood flow and the onset of thermal panting. Lingual blood flow was found to be 20 ml-min-1 at a respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min. During hypothalamic heating both respiratory rate and lingual blood flow increased markedly. At maximum respiratory rates (244 breaths-min-1) lingual blood flow reached a level of 60 ml-min-1. When perfusion of the thermode was stopped, both respiratory rate and lingual blood flow synchronously returned to control values within 5 min. Similar changes did not occur in dogs in which a ventilatory response failed to be elicited during hypothalamic heating. 3. The results suggest that the tongue contributes to the evaporative heat loss mechanism and they confirm the concept that panting, associated with increased lingual blood flow, is induced by a common autonomic outflow pattern which is mediated by the central mechanism controlling thermal homeostasis.", "contents": "Lingual blood flow and its hypothalamic control in the dog during panting. 1. The effects of increased ambient temperature (Ta) on blood-flow and -temperatures of the tongue were studied in the unanaesthetized dog. At Ta of 20 degrees C and a relative humidity (rh) of 30% the mean lingual blood flow was 11 ml-min-1 (0.15 ml-g-1-min-1) and the temperature difference between the lingual artery and vein (deltaTLAV) was 1.0 degrees C. Accordingly, a heat loss of 48.6 J-min-1 was calculated even for the dog breathing with the mouth closed. When Ta was elevated to 38 degrees C at constant rh, panting ensued. In parallel fashion lingual blood flow increased to 60.4 ml-min-1 (0.81 ml-g-1-min-1) in mean and to 74.7 ml-min-1 (0.99 ml-g-1-min-1) at peak rate of thermal tachypnoea (272 breaths-min-1). This flow increase resulted from a decrease in the local vascular resistance since the driving systemic pressure remained constant. It was accompanied by an increase in TLAV to 1.5 degrees C equivalent to a heat loss of 400.7J-min-1 in mean and 496.2J-min-1 at maximum respiratory rate. 2. The preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region was heated with a water perfused thermode in urethane anaesthetized dogs at constant body temperature in order to study the relationship in time between the increase in lingual blood flow and the onset of thermal panting. Lingual blood flow was found to be 20 ml-min-1 at a respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min. During hypothalamic heating both respiratory rate and lingual blood flow increased markedly. At maximum respiratory rates (244 breaths-min-1) lingual blood flow reached a level of 60 ml-min-1. When perfusion of the thermode was stopped, both respiratory rate and lingual blood flow synchronously returned to control values within 5 min. Similar changes did not occur in dogs in which a ventilatory response failed to be elicited during hypothalamic heating. 3. The results suggest that the tongue contributes to the evaporative heat loss mechanism and they confirm the concept that panting, associated with increased lingual blood flow, is induced by a common autonomic outflow pattern which is mediated by the central mechanism controlling thermal homeostasis.", "PMID": 1034283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6693", "title": "Activation of anaerobic metabolism in cat skeletal muscle during cholinergic sympathetic vasodilatation.", "content": "Phosphorylase activity was found to increase 2-fold as compared with the control value (79% and 39% respectively) within the first 2-3 s of the vasomotor effect elicited in the skeletal muscle by sympathetic stimulation. Phosphorylase activity was still high during the period of maximum blood flow, although to a lesser extent (54% and 45%). During the phase of restoration of the initial rate of blood flow the values of phosphorylase activity were the same in the experimental and the control sample. The AMP content did not increase with the initiation of the vasomotor effect, and this fact suggests that the increase in phosphorylase activity is due to an increase in phosphorylase \"a\" rather than to the activation of phosphorylase \"b\" by AMP. Atropine blocks both the dilator effect and phosphorylase activation elicited by sympathetic stimulation. Acetylcholine, injected intraarterially or added to a muscle homogenate, increases phosphorylase activity. It is concluded that acetylcholine, released by sympathetic nerve endings, performs a second mediator function, that of activating anaerobic metabolism in the skeletal muscle. The two mediator functions of acetylcholine seem to be spatially delimited.", "contents": "Activation of anaerobic metabolism in cat skeletal muscle during cholinergic sympathetic vasodilatation. Phosphorylase activity was found to increase 2-fold as compared with the control value (79% and 39% respectively) within the first 2-3 s of the vasomotor effect elicited in the skeletal muscle by sympathetic stimulation. Phosphorylase activity was still high during the period of maximum blood flow, although to a lesser extent (54% and 45%). During the phase of restoration of the initial rate of blood flow the values of phosphorylase activity were the same in the experimental and the control sample. The AMP content did not increase with the initiation of the vasomotor effect, and this fact suggests that the increase in phosphorylase activity is due to an increase in phosphorylase \"a\" rather than to the activation of phosphorylase \"b\" by AMP. Atropine blocks both the dilator effect and phosphorylase activation elicited by sympathetic stimulation. Acetylcholine, injected intraarterially or added to a muscle homogenate, increases phosphorylase activity. It is concluded that acetylcholine, released by sympathetic nerve endings, performs a second mediator function, that of activating anaerobic metabolism in the skeletal muscle. The two mediator functions of acetylcholine seem to be spatially delimited.", "PMID": 1034284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6694", "title": "Blood flow and transport of free fatty acids in striated muscle under chronic ischemia.", "content": "Three weeks of ischemia of the right hind limb in rat produced by ligature and severing of the right common iliac artery, resulted in changes in FFA transport and blood flow in the regenerating tibialis muscle. FFA transport was measured using i.v. administered palmitate-1-14C bound to albumin. Uptake of palmitate-1-14C or 86Rb 90 s after i.v. administration was decreased in ischemic tibialis muscle, whereas no apparent effect of ischemia on the contralateral muscle was seen. Plasma FFA outflow rate measured according Beker and Rostami was not affected by the presence of an ischemic extremity in comparison with control animals. The plasma FFA inflow rate into the ischemic muscle was markedly decreased to values of 6.5 mmumoles FFA/min/g whereas in control animals values were 18.8 mmumoles FFA/min/g wet tissue. Decreased FFA inflow rate to the ischemic tibialis muscle was due to the decreased radioactivity of palmitate-1-14C in the muscle under the conditions of a constant plasma FFA pool. Differences in the uptake of palmitate-1-14C in tibialis muscle were dependent upon the muscle blood flow, which was markedly decreased in the ischemic muscle on indirect measurement with 86Rb or with the 133Xe clearance.", "contents": "Blood flow and transport of free fatty acids in striated muscle under chronic ischemia. Three weeks of ischemia of the right hind limb in rat produced by ligature and severing of the right common iliac artery, resulted in changes in FFA transport and blood flow in the regenerating tibialis muscle. FFA transport was measured using i.v. administered palmitate-1-14C bound to albumin. Uptake of palmitate-1-14C or 86Rb 90 s after i.v. administration was decreased in ischemic tibialis muscle, whereas no apparent effect of ischemia on the contralateral muscle was seen. Plasma FFA outflow rate measured according Beker and Rostami was not affected by the presence of an ischemic extremity in comparison with control animals. The plasma FFA inflow rate into the ischemic muscle was markedly decreased to values of 6.5 mmumoles FFA/min/g whereas in control animals values were 18.8 mmumoles FFA/min/g wet tissue. Decreased FFA inflow rate to the ischemic tibialis muscle was due to the decreased radioactivity of palmitate-1-14C in the muscle under the conditions of a constant plasma FFA pool. Differences in the uptake of palmitate-1-14C in tibialis muscle were dependent upon the muscle blood flow, which was markedly decreased in the ischemic muscle on indirect measurement with 86Rb or with the 133Xe clearance.", "PMID": 1034285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6695", "title": "[Ultra-slow changes in the rhythmic activity within the alpha band and their probable origin (author's transl)].", "content": "The time variation of spectral parameters of EEG data, from occipital and central regions, were analysed in normal subjects. Three-second segments, overlapping at 1-s intervals, were studied as to their peakfrequency, bandwidth and power within the alpha band using an autoregressive model of 7th order. In addition, the EKG and respiration were also analysed. Beat-to-beat intervals from the EKG were measured to quantify underlying slow rhythms. Individual EEG parameters were found to change synchronously with respiration and also with the 6/min rhythms underlying the heart rate variation. These changes occurred most frequently only for a short time and they seldom appeared in several cortical regions simultaneously. In addition, the EEG parameters also changed synchronously with the repetition of a specific task (e.g., CNV paradigm) showing dependence from stimulus modality and from task complexity. Basically a decrease in power within the alpha band, sometimes together with a small increase or decrease of peak frequency, was shown to occur predominantly in that cortical area involved with processing of task-relevant information. Ultra-slow changes of the EEG parameters can be interpreted as changes in cortical excitability and responsiveness.", "contents": "[Ultra-slow changes in the rhythmic activity within the alpha band and their probable origin (author's transl)]. The time variation of spectral parameters of EEG data, from occipital and central regions, were analysed in normal subjects. Three-second segments, overlapping at 1-s intervals, were studied as to their peakfrequency, bandwidth and power within the alpha band using an autoregressive model of 7th order. In addition, the EKG and respiration were also analysed. Beat-to-beat intervals from the EKG were measured to quantify underlying slow rhythms. Individual EEG parameters were found to change synchronously with respiration and also with the 6/min rhythms underlying the heart rate variation. These changes occurred most frequently only for a short time and they seldom appeared in several cortical regions simultaneously. In addition, the EEG parameters also changed synchronously with the repetition of a specific task (e.g., CNV paradigm) showing dependence from stimulus modality and from task complexity. Basically a decrease in power within the alpha band, sometimes together with a small increase or decrease of peak frequency, was shown to occur predominantly in that cortical area involved with processing of task-relevant information. Ultra-slow changes of the EEG parameters can be interpreted as changes in cortical excitability and responsiveness.", "PMID": 1034286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6696", "title": "The optical spike. Structure of the olfactory nerve of pike and rapid birefringence changes during excitation.", "content": "1. Electron microscope studies on the olfactory nerve of the pike revealed a population of 4.2 million, densely packed unmyelinated nerve fibres; 95% are small fibres (average diameter 0.19 mum, narrow modal class), 5% are larger (average diameter 0.6 mum). Each fibre is bounded by an axonal membrane with a bilayer structure (80 A thickness). 2. The olfactory nerve is birefringent (negative with respect to fibre axis) and shows at 20 degrees C an average retardation R = 23 mn. The birefringence becomes more negative on lowering the temperature. 3. With the passage of an action potential a rapid, transient increase of retardation--the optical spike-- occurs; deltaR = 0.04 nm. The optical spike corresponds to the time course of structural changes in the axon membrane during excitation; it begins later, peaks earlier and decays more quickly than the voltage changes as recorded externally in the present study.", "contents": "The optical spike. Structure of the olfactory nerve of pike and rapid birefringence changes during excitation. 1. Electron microscope studies on the olfactory nerve of the pike revealed a population of 4.2 million, densely packed unmyelinated nerve fibres; 95% are small fibres (average diameter 0.19 mum, narrow modal class), 5% are larger (average diameter 0.6 mum). Each fibre is bounded by an axonal membrane with a bilayer structure (80 A thickness). 2. The olfactory nerve is birefringent (negative with respect to fibre axis) and shows at 20 degrees C an average retardation R = 23 mn. The birefringence becomes more negative on lowering the temperature. 3. With the passage of an action potential a rapid, transient increase of retardation--the optical spike-- occurs; deltaR = 0.04 nm. The optical spike corresponds to the time course of structural changes in the axon membrane during excitation; it begins later, peaks earlier and decays more quickly than the voltage changes as recorded externally in the present study.", "PMID": 1034287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6697", "title": "Phase-plane analysis of action potentials in uterine smooth muscle.", "content": "Action potentials were recorded by microelectrode from narrow strips of pregnant rat uterus in vitro. The phase-plane display (V vs dV/dt) of selected action potentials was analysed by the method of Jenerick (1964) to yield the ionic current. From this membrane current data, various parameters of the action potential were calculated. In comparison to skeletal muscle action potentials, the ionic currents were 30-100 times smaller in the uterus action potential. Epinephrine hyperpolarized the resting potentials and suppressed spontaneous activity, but did not cause any significant changes in the stimulated action potential. The after-potential may have been affected by epinephrine, preventing repetitive firing, but the data were inconclusive. The phase-plane analysis results were similar to the results of the double sucrose gap voltage clamp method on the same tissue (Kao and McCullough, 1975).", "contents": "Phase-plane analysis of action potentials in uterine smooth muscle. Action potentials were recorded by microelectrode from narrow strips of pregnant rat uterus in vitro. The phase-plane display (V vs dV/dt) of selected action potentials was analysed by the method of Jenerick (1964) to yield the ionic current. From this membrane current data, various parameters of the action potential were calculated. In comparison to skeletal muscle action potentials, the ionic currents were 30-100 times smaller in the uterus action potential. Epinephrine hyperpolarized the resting potentials and suppressed spontaneous activity, but did not cause any significant changes in the stimulated action potential. The after-potential may have been affected by epinephrine, preventing repetitive firing, but the data were inconclusive. The phase-plane analysis results were similar to the results of the double sucrose gap voltage clamp method on the same tissue (Kao and McCullough, 1975).", "PMID": 1034288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6698", "title": "[Isotop cardiac pacemaker during pregnancy. 3 cases].", "content": "The authors report three cases of full term pregnancies, without complications, in women with isotopic pacemakers. The newborn infants were normal. In one case, pregnancy occurred in a patient who already had a pacemaker. In two cases, the pacemaker was inserted during pregnancy (at 1 and 1/2 and 5 months respectively), in the treatment of syncopal attacks due to paroxysmal atrioventricular block. This type of pacemaker using a radioactive source (Plutonium 238) is, by virtue of the low degree of radiation, harmless and may be used in women of childbearing age. Under the least favourable conditions (pacemaker box in abdominal situation), the dose delivered during pregnancy (57 mrem) is approximately 20 times less than the authorised dose (1125 mrem).", "contents": "[Isotop cardiac pacemaker during pregnancy. 3 cases]. The authors report three cases of full term pregnancies, without complications, in women with isotopic pacemakers. The newborn infants were normal. In one case, pregnancy occurred in a patient who already had a pacemaker. In two cases, the pacemaker was inserted during pregnancy (at 1 and 1/2 and 5 months respectively), in the treatment of syncopal attacks due to paroxysmal atrioventricular block. This type of pacemaker using a radioactive source (Plutonium 238) is, by virtue of the low degree of radiation, harmless and may be used in women of childbearing age. Under the least favourable conditions (pacemaker box in abdominal situation), the dose delivered during pregnancy (57 mrem) is approximately 20 times less than the authorised dose (1125 mrem).", "PMID": 1034289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6699", "title": "[Current treatment of testicular cancers].", "content": "The treatment and prognosis of dysembryoma of the testis have been transformed by the dissection of retroperitoneal nodes and by combination chemotherapy as early as possible. Routine retroperitoneal node dissection followed by early and prolonged chemotherapy lead to a hope of cure in more than 75% of cases of dysembryoma of the testis. Similar early chemotherapy is effective and indicate for choriocarcinoma of the testis and retroperitoneal node dissection may be of value in tumours in which the chorial element is \"minor\".", "contents": "[Current treatment of testicular cancers]. The treatment and prognosis of dysembryoma of the testis have been transformed by the dissection of retroperitoneal nodes and by combination chemotherapy as early as possible. Routine retroperitoneal node dissection followed by early and prolonged chemotherapy lead to a hope of cure in more than 75% of cases of dysembryoma of the testis. Similar early chemotherapy is effective and indicate for choriocarcinoma of the testis and retroperitoneal node dissection may be of value in tumours in which the chorial element is \"minor\".", "PMID": 1034291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6700", "title": "Sheared DNA fragment sizing: comparison of techniques.", "content": "DNA fragmented by conventional French press shearing procedures (30,000 lbs/in2) has a number-average fragment size of 230 base pairs. This is considerably smaller than the 450 base pairs typically reported for DNA sheared by this method. Comparison of 5 sizing techniques indicates that sheared DNA fragment size is overestimated by either measurement of velocity sedimentation or Kleinschmidt Electron Microscopic visualization. Both adsorption grid electron microscopic visualization and gel electrophoresis yield the most reliable estimates of the mean size of small DNA fragment populations. In addition, the assessment of fragment size distribution (not possible from sedimentation analysis) potentially allows more critical evaluation of DNA hybridization and reassociation kinetic and measurement parameters.", "contents": "Sheared DNA fragment sizing: comparison of techniques. DNA fragmented by conventional French press shearing procedures (30,000 lbs/in2) has a number-average fragment size of 230 base pairs. This is considerably smaller than the 450 base pairs typically reported for DNA sheared by this method. Comparison of 5 sizing techniques indicates that sheared DNA fragment size is overestimated by either measurement of velocity sedimentation or Kleinschmidt Electron Microscopic visualization. Both adsorption grid electron microscopic visualization and gel electrophoresis yield the most reliable estimates of the mean size of small DNA fragment populations. In addition, the assessment of fragment size distribution (not possible from sedimentation analysis) potentially allows more critical evaluation of DNA hybridization and reassociation kinetic and measurement parameters.", "PMID": 1034292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6701", "title": "The subunit structure of chromatin from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Nucleosome DNA repeat lengths in Physarum chromatin, determined by nuclease digestion experiments, are shorter than those observed in most mammalian chromatin and longer than those reported for chromatin of certain other lower eukaryotes. After digestion with staphylococcal nuclease for short periods of time an average repeat length of 190 base pairs is measured. After more extensive digestion an average repeat length of 172 base pairs is measured. Upon prolonged digestion DNA is degraded to an average monomer subunit length of 160 base pairs, with only a small amount of DNA found in lengths of 130 base pairs or smaller. Mathematical analysis of the data suggests that the Physarum nucleosome DNA repeat comprises a protected DNA segment of about 159 base pairs with a nuclease-accessible interconnecting segment which ranges from 13 to 31 base pairs. The spacing data are compatible with measurements from electron micrographs of Physarum chromatin.", "contents": "The subunit structure of chromatin from Physarum polycephalum. Nucleosome DNA repeat lengths in Physarum chromatin, determined by nuclease digestion experiments, are shorter than those observed in most mammalian chromatin and longer than those reported for chromatin of certain other lower eukaryotes. After digestion with staphylococcal nuclease for short periods of time an average repeat length of 190 base pairs is measured. After more extensive digestion an average repeat length of 172 base pairs is measured. Upon prolonged digestion DNA is degraded to an average monomer subunit length of 160 base pairs, with only a small amount of DNA found in lengths of 130 base pairs or smaller. Mathematical analysis of the data suggests that the Physarum nucleosome DNA repeat comprises a protected DNA segment of about 159 base pairs with a nuclease-accessible interconnecting segment which ranges from 13 to 31 base pairs. The spacing data are compatible with measurements from electron micrographs of Physarum chromatin.", "PMID": 1034293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6702", "title": "[Value of specific IgE levels in the etiological diagnosis of asthma].", "content": "The authors report a study of skin and inhalation tests and of specific IgE in 76 control subjects and 180 patients with allergic asthma. There is a remarkable correlation between the skin tests and the R.A.S.T. in pollinosis (96% of correlation) and in the respiratory allergy to Dermatrophagoides pteronyssinus (120 patients and 87.5% of correlation). It is good in the allergy to animal dander (82% of correlation) but poorer in the respiratory allergy to house dust (62% of correlation). The comparative study of inhalation tests and R.A.S.T. confirms that the degree of correlation depends on the quality of the allergens and on the patients selection. With the extract of house dust (101 cases) the correlation is only of 61.9%, whereas it reaches 95% with a purified extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (38 cases). The comparison between the treshold of allergenic sensitivity and the group of R.A.S.T. shows that to one group of high R.A.S.T. usually corresponds a low treshold of bronchial sensitivity (D.L.A.L. less than 100 gamma of extract of D. pt. in 22 patients having a R.A.S.T.D. pt. of group 3 or 4). Besides being valuable in characterizing allergens, the R.A.S.T. when confronted to the case history, to skin and inhalation tests, provides supplementary information leading to a more precise allergological diagnosis. In respiratory allergies caused by well known allergens (pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), the R.A.S.T. could be substituted to skin and inhalation tests, when in agreement with clinical data. In doubtful cases, the inhalation tests would still keep their value and the confrontation of different techniques is necessary.", "contents": "[Value of specific IgE levels in the etiological diagnosis of asthma]. The authors report a study of skin and inhalation tests and of specific IgE in 76 control subjects and 180 patients with allergic asthma. There is a remarkable correlation between the skin tests and the R.A.S.T. in pollinosis (96% of correlation) and in the respiratory allergy to Dermatrophagoides pteronyssinus (120 patients and 87.5% of correlation). It is good in the allergy to animal dander (82% of correlation) but poorer in the respiratory allergy to house dust (62% of correlation). The comparative study of inhalation tests and R.A.S.T. confirms that the degree of correlation depends on the quality of the allergens and on the patients selection. With the extract of house dust (101 cases) the correlation is only of 61.9%, whereas it reaches 95% with a purified extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (38 cases). The comparison between the treshold of allergenic sensitivity and the group of R.A.S.T. shows that to one group of high R.A.S.T. usually corresponds a low treshold of bronchial sensitivity (D.L.A.L. less than 100 gamma of extract of D. pt. in 22 patients having a R.A.S.T.D. pt. of group 3 or 4). Besides being valuable in characterizing allergens, the R.A.S.T. when confronted to the case history, to skin and inhalation tests, provides supplementary information leading to a more precise allergological diagnosis. In respiratory allergies caused by well known allergens (pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), the R.A.S.T. could be substituted to skin and inhalation tests, when in agreement with clinical data. In doubtful cases, the inhalation tests would still keep their value and the confrontation of different techniques is necessary.", "PMID": 1034298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6703", "title": "Chronic intermittent ethyl alcohol inhalation and avoidance learning.", "content": "Weanling male and female rats were chronically exposed to alcohol for 50 days using an intermittent inhalation technique which does not cause alcohol dependency. After 17 days of no exposure to alcohol, animals began two-way active avoidance testing. Results indicated that males were impaired on this task and females were not while at the same time males had reduced body weights. The male weight reduction was not responsible for the avoidance impairment. It was concluded that impaired avoidance learning following chronic esposure to alcohol is not specific to dependency models of animal alcoholism.", "contents": "Chronic intermittent ethyl alcohol inhalation and avoidance learning. Weanling male and female rats were chronically exposed to alcohol for 50 days using an intermittent inhalation technique which does not cause alcohol dependency. After 17 days of no exposure to alcohol, animals began two-way active avoidance testing. Results indicated that males were impaired on this task and females were not while at the same time males had reduced body weights. The male weight reduction was not responsible for the avoidance impairment. It was concluded that impaired avoidance learning following chronic esposure to alcohol is not specific to dependency models of animal alcoholism.", "PMID": 1034304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6704", "title": "[Catalytic activity of UDPAG-2-epimerase in the rat. Probable use in the differential diagnosis of diseases in man].", "content": "In this communication, we report, for the first time in the literature, on the presence of UD-PAG-2'-epimerase catalytic activity in various organs; i.e. kidney, brain, heart, testicle, and pancreas of rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) and the kinetical behavior of hepatic and renal activities are compared in a preliminary way. The subcellular distribution, the enzymatic stability at 4 degrees C., the catalytical efficiency and stability as a function of pH, and the enzymatic activity and differential denaturation as a function of the temperature would allow to postulate on the existence of UDPAG=2'-epimerase isozymes. The medical importance of such a differential kinetical behaviour of UDPAG-2'-epimerase as a function of its tissue origin is stressed, particularly in connection to the differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of various human diseases.", "contents": "[Catalytic activity of UDPAG-2-epimerase in the rat. Probable use in the differential diagnosis of diseases in man]. In this communication, we report, for the first time in the literature, on the presence of UD-PAG-2'-epimerase catalytic activity in various organs; i.e. kidney, brain, heart, testicle, and pancreas of rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) and the kinetical behavior of hepatic and renal activities are compared in a preliminary way. The subcellular distribution, the enzymatic stability at 4 degrees C., the catalytical efficiency and stability as a function of pH, and the enzymatic activity and differential denaturation as a function of the temperature would allow to postulate on the existence of UDPAG=2'-epimerase isozymes. The medical importance of such a differential kinetical behaviour of UDPAG-2'-epimerase as a function of its tissue origin is stressed, particularly in connection to the differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of various human diseases.", "PMID": 1034299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6705", "title": "Effects of lesions of the caudate nucleus on morphine dependence in the rat.", "content": "Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and oral self-administration of morphine were compared in norphine-dependent caudate-lesioned and sham animals. The lesion failed to suppress any signs of withdrawal in the dependent-lesioned animals as compared with the shams. However, the dependent-lesioned animals self-administered less morphine that their sham controls. The withdrawal results differed from others previously reported and it was hypothesized that the possibility of development of processes compensatory to the lesion among animals of this experiment, might account for the difference. The results were also discussed in relation to possible dissociation of mechanisms governing physical dependence and self-administration.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of the caudate nucleus on morphine dependence in the rat. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and oral self-administration of morphine were compared in norphine-dependent caudate-lesioned and sham animals. The lesion failed to suppress any signs of withdrawal in the dependent-lesioned animals as compared with the shams. However, the dependent-lesioned animals self-administered less morphine that their sham controls. The withdrawal results differed from others previously reported and it was hypothesized that the possibility of development of processes compensatory to the lesion among animals of this experiment, might account for the difference. The results were also discussed in relation to possible dissociation of mechanisms governing physical dependence and self-administration.", "PMID": 1034305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6706", "title": "[Chemical composition of different sorts of soybeans and changes under the influence of weather and soil-climatic conditions].", "content": "The biochemical composition (the content of protein and lipids, the content of essential amino acids in the protein complex, the fatty acid composition of lipids) of seeds of eighteen soyabean varieties cultivated in different soil-climatic zones under various weather conditions was examined. Changes in the biochemical parameters were primarily associated with the genotype of the variety. The effect of weather, soil and climatic conditions was less marked. With an increase of the protein content the concentration of lysine and methionine in proteins tended to decrease. As long as the oil content in seeds grew, the concentration of oleic acid increased and that of linoleic and linolenic acids decreased.", "contents": "[Chemical composition of different sorts of soybeans and changes under the influence of weather and soil-climatic conditions]. The biochemical composition (the content of protein and lipids, the content of essential amino acids in the protein complex, the fatty acid composition of lipids) of seeds of eighteen soyabean varieties cultivated in different soil-climatic zones under various weather conditions was examined. Changes in the biochemical parameters were primarily associated with the genotype of the variety. The effect of weather, soil and climatic conditions was less marked. With an increase of the protein content the concentration of lysine and methionine in proteins tended to decrease. As long as the oil content in seeds grew, the concentration of oleic acid increased and that of linoleic and linolenic acids decreased.", "PMID": 1034301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6707", "title": "Pulmonary radiation reaction in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Chest roentgenograms were performed regularly before and a long time after radiotherapy in 157 patients with cancer of the breast. Radiation-induced parenchymal changes were demonstrated in 73 per cent of the patients and pleural effusions in about 10 percent. Total regression of the parenchymal changes were extremely rare, but a slight decrease in the volume of the affected lung was normal. The radiation-induced pleural effusion had no special characteristics, but, with one exception, it occurred simultaneously with radiation-induced parenchymal infiltrates, and it did not increase in quantity in any case.", "contents": "Pulmonary radiation reaction in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Chest roentgenograms were performed regularly before and a long time after radiotherapy in 157 patients with cancer of the breast. Radiation-induced parenchymal changes were demonstrated in 73 per cent of the patients and pleural effusions in about 10 percent. Total regression of the parenchymal changes were extremely rare, but a slight decrease in the volume of the affected lung was normal. The radiation-induced pleural effusion had no special characteristics, but, with one exception, it occurred simultaneously with radiation-induced parenchymal infiltrates, and it did not increase in quantity in any case.", "PMID": 1034310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6708", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on 3H-thymidine uptake into human epidermal cells in vitro.", "content": "Prostaglandins A2, B1, E1, E2, F1alpha and F2alpha were added to cultures of human epidermal cells (keratinocytes) for 24 hours at 37 degrees C, and the effects on 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA was measured. At 70 mu/ml all prostaglandins tested except PGF2alpha inhibited the uptake of 3-thymidine greater than 50%. However, at 35 mug/ml, PGA2 and PGB1 were the only two prostaglandins to show significant inhibition, 96% and 51% respectively. At 17.5 mug/ml only PGA2 caused substantial inhibition, 68%. In order to determine if the PGA2 action was mediated by membrane receptors propranolol, phentolamine, metiamide and prostynoic acid were added in conjunction with PGA2. None of the above receptor antagonists were able to reduce the PGA2-induced inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake. These results indicate that the pre-incubation of human keratinocytes  with prostaglandins for 24 hours results in a decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DNA. The precise mechanism of action is unknown at this time.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on 3H-thymidine uptake into human epidermal cells in vitro. Prostaglandins A2, B1, E1, E2, F1alpha and F2alpha were added to cultures of human epidermal cells (keratinocytes) for 24 hours at 37 degrees C, and the effects on 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA was measured. At 70 mu/ml all prostaglandins tested except PGF2alpha inhibited the uptake of 3-thymidine greater than 50%. However, at 35 mug/ml, PGA2 and PGB1 were the only two prostaglandins to show significant inhibition, 96% and 51% respectively. At 17.5 mug/ml only PGA2 caused substantial inhibition, 68%. In order to determine if the PGA2 action was mediated by membrane receptors propranolol, phentolamine, metiamide and prostynoic acid were added in conjunction with PGA2. None of the above receptor antagonists were able to reduce the PGA2-induced inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake. These results indicate that the pre-incubation of human keratinocytes  with prostaglandins for 24 hours results in a decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DNA. The precise mechanism of action is unknown at this time.", "PMID": 1034313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6709", "title": "Daily self-reports on activities, life events, moods, and somatic changes during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Thirty-three undergraduate students (11 males, 11 females taking oral contraceptives, and 11 females not taking oral contraceptives) filled out daily self-reports on pleasant activities, stressful events, moods, and somatic changes for 35 consecutive days. By randomly assigning each male a \"pseudo\" cycle, the data were analyzed to compare the three samples across the three phases of the menstrual cycle. The results indicated that males reported somewhat more stable but less positive experiences than females. While males reported a stable, low level of pain and water retention throughout the study, both female samples reported increases during the premenstrual and menstrual phases. Reports of negative affect, impaired concentration, and stressful events did not differ by samples, but significant sample by cycle interactions reflected differential increases in the two female samples during the premenstrual and menstrual phases. Subsequent analyses indicated that the experience of stressful events accounted for more of the variance than did cycle phase for these negative mood factors, but not for pain and water retention.", "contents": "Daily self-reports on activities, life events, moods, and somatic changes during the menstrual cycle. Thirty-three undergraduate students (11 males, 11 females taking oral contraceptives, and 11 females not taking oral contraceptives) filled out daily self-reports on pleasant activities, stressful events, moods, and somatic changes for 35 consecutive days. By randomly assigning each male a \"pseudo\" cycle, the data were analyzed to compare the three samples across the three phases of the menstrual cycle. The results indicated that males reported somewhat more stable but less positive experiences than females. While males reported a stable, low level of pain and water retention throughout the study, both female samples reported increases during the premenstrual and menstrual phases. Reports of negative affect, impaired concentration, and stressful events did not differ by samples, but significant sample by cycle interactions reflected differential increases in the two female samples during the premenstrual and menstrual phases. Subsequent analyses indicated that the experience of stressful events accounted for more of the variance than did cycle phase for these negative mood factors, but not for pain and water retention.", "PMID": 1034309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6710", "title": "Control of ethanol withdrawal symptoms in mice by phenytoin.", "content": "Mice were made physically dependent upon ethanol using either of two methods which involved ethanol vapor inhalation. Following the cessation of exposure to ethanol, the severity of handling-induced convulsions and changes in the response to an electric foot shock (startle reflex) were recorded. Animals given isotonic saline or propylene glycol:ethanol vehicle during withdrawal exhibited handling-induced convulsions, and ethanol (2.0-4.0 g/kg) or phenytoin (5-20 mg/kg) administration during withdrawal resulted in a reduction in the severity of these convulsions. A reduced startle reflex threshold was also evident during withdrawal in mice given isotonic saline or propylene glycol:ethanol vehicle. Ethanol (0.5-4.0 g/kg) or phenytoin (10-20 mg/kg) administration during withdrawal resulted in a significant elevation of the startle reflex threshold compared to control animals. The results are discussed as they relate to others obtained in experimental and clinical studies.", "contents": "Control of ethanol withdrawal symptoms in mice by phenytoin. Mice were made physically dependent upon ethanol using either of two methods which involved ethanol vapor inhalation. Following the cessation of exposure to ethanol, the severity of handling-induced convulsions and changes in the response to an electric foot shock (startle reflex) were recorded. Animals given isotonic saline or propylene glycol:ethanol vehicle during withdrawal exhibited handling-induced convulsions, and ethanol (2.0-4.0 g/kg) or phenytoin (5-20 mg/kg) administration during withdrawal resulted in a reduction in the severity of these convulsions. A reduced startle reflex threshold was also evident during withdrawal in mice given isotonic saline or propylene glycol:ethanol vehicle. Ethanol (0.5-4.0 g/kg) or phenytoin (10-20 mg/kg) administration during withdrawal resulted in a significant elevation of the startle reflex threshold compared to control animals. The results are discussed as they relate to others obtained in experimental and clinical studies.", "PMID": 1034316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6711", "title": "[Effect of truncal vagotomy on the occurence of gastric mucosal lesions induced by hemorrhagic shock in piglets (author's transl)].", "content": "3 groups of total 37 mini-pigs have been bled to a mean aortic blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for three hours (Norton et al., 1972): Group I: hemorrhagic shock along (n = 15) Group II: right thoracotomy prior to shock without vagotomy (n = 4) Group III: right thoracotomy prior to shock with truncal vagotomy right above diaphragm (n = 15) 3 animals died during shock. All others showed severe mucosal hyperaemia and hemorrhage after shock, which intensified in animals without vagotomy during 8-24 hours. Gastric mucosal lesions of vagotomized animals did not differ to those of group I and II, when the animals were killed 4-8 hours after shock. However, there was a significant reduction of early changes after 12-24 hours, when compared to groups I and II. This study shows, that truncal vagotomy has no effect on the occurence of gastric mucosal lesions, which are induced by hemorrhagic shock in piglets, but prevents these from developing into severe bleeding peptic ulceration.", "contents": "[Effect of truncal vagotomy on the occurence of gastric mucosal lesions induced by hemorrhagic shock in piglets (author's transl)]. 3 groups of total 37 mini-pigs have been bled to a mean aortic blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for three hours (Norton et al., 1972): Group I: hemorrhagic shock along (n = 15) Group II: right thoracotomy prior to shock without vagotomy (n = 4) Group III: right thoracotomy prior to shock with truncal vagotomy right above diaphragm (n = 15) 3 animals died during shock. All others showed severe mucosal hyperaemia and hemorrhage after shock, which intensified in animals without vagotomy during 8-24 hours. Gastric mucosal lesions of vagotomized animals did not differ to those of group I and II, when the animals were killed 4-8 hours after shock. However, there was a significant reduction of early changes after 12-24 hours, when compared to groups I and II. This study shows, that truncal vagotomy has no effect on the occurence of gastric mucosal lesions, which are induced by hemorrhagic shock in piglets, but prevents these from developing into severe bleeding peptic ulceration.", "PMID": 1034317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6712", "title": "Evaluation of the proper photographic density range of Lodose mammography.", "content": "An underexposed or overexposed mammogram can make it impossible for the radiologist to arrive at the proper diagnosis and may cause unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient. The range of photographic densities that can result in properly exposed, underexposed, or overexposed mammograms when the Lodose system is used has been determined. This study should be of significant value to technologists who do mammography on a routine basis and to those involved in mass screening programs.", "contents": "Evaluation of the proper photographic density range of Lodose mammography. An underexposed or overexposed mammogram can make it impossible for the radiologist to arrive at the proper diagnosis and may cause unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient. The range of photographic densities that can result in properly exposed, underexposed, or overexposed mammograms when the Lodose system is used has been determined. This study should be of significant value to technologists who do mammography on a routine basis and to those involved in mass screening programs.", "PMID": 1034311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6713", "title": "[Concept of risk in perinatology: the obstetrician point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "Perinatal risks involve the life and health of the mother and baby. It is possible to define both medical and socio-cultural risk factors. They are frequently associated. The surveillance of pregnancy is modulated by the clinician according to his preception of these factors. One essential medical problem is to define the field of application of some examination or therapeutic procedures: to all patients or to selected groups according to clinical criteria. There is no general rule. Some types of surveillance such as serodiagnosis of rubella or toxoplasmosis, or the electronic monitoring of labour involve all women. At the opposite, progestative treatment must be given only to patients at high risk of premature labour. From the public health point of view, it doesn't seem realistic to implement different policies according to risk. Surveillance and perinatal care must apply to all pregnant women. This policy, however, must take into account a fondamental finding of recent surveys, i.e. the deficiency of prenatal surveillance among the most exposed socio-cultural categories and regions, in order to improve information about the rights and duties of the pregnant woman, the concept of risk and how it can be reduced. The role of epidemiological surveys in defining risk factors appears fundamental. Coordination among studies would be desirable. In the future they will probably aid the clinician in real time diagnosis and decision.", "contents": "[Concept of risk in perinatology: the obstetrician point of view (author's transl)]. Perinatal risks involve the life and health of the mother and baby. It is possible to define both medical and socio-cultural risk factors. They are frequently associated. The surveillance of pregnancy is modulated by the clinician according to his preception of these factors. One essential medical problem is to define the field of application of some examination or therapeutic procedures: to all patients or to selected groups according to clinical criteria. There is no general rule. Some types of surveillance such as serodiagnosis of rubella or toxoplasmosis, or the electronic monitoring of labour involve all women. At the opposite, progestative treatment must be given only to patients at high risk of premature labour. From the public health point of view, it doesn't seem realistic to implement different policies according to risk. Surveillance and perinatal care must apply to all pregnant women. This policy, however, must take into account a fondamental finding of recent surveys, i.e. the deficiency of prenatal surveillance among the most exposed socio-cultural categories and regions, in order to improve information about the rights and duties of the pregnant woman, the concept of risk and how it can be reduced. The role of epidemiological surveys in defining risk factors appears fundamental. Coordination among studies would be desirable. In the future they will probably aid the clinician in real time diagnosis and decision.", "PMID": 1034315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6714", "title": "Aplastic anaemia with 'hot pockets'.", "content": "4 patients with chronic severe aplastic anaemia and with persistent foci of intense haematopoietic activity, so-called 'Hot Pockets', in their bone marrow were studied. In all patients the remainder of the bone marrow was morphologically and erythrokinetically hypoplastic. The cellular morphology in these 'Hot Pockets' displayed megaloblastic features and definite maturation abnormalities in erythroblasts, but no consistent changes in the myeloid or megakaryocytic series. The presence of persistent 'Hot Pockets' presents a conceptual challenge since these pockets contain multipotential stem cells capable of differentiation and self-renewal, but obviously incapable of repopulation of the bone marrow. In view of additional evidence for dyserythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia such as changes in erythroblast morphology and the production of macrocytes, fetal haemoglobin and complement sensitive cells, it seems likely that the bone marrow of aplastic anaemia patients is totally dyserythropoietic rather than hypoactive and that bone marrow transplantation in many cases may be both justified and necessary.", "contents": "Aplastic anaemia with 'hot pockets'. 4 patients with chronic severe aplastic anaemia and with persistent foci of intense haematopoietic activity, so-called 'Hot Pockets', in their bone marrow were studied. In all patients the remainder of the bone marrow was morphologically and erythrokinetically hypoplastic. The cellular morphology in these 'Hot Pockets' displayed megaloblastic features and definite maturation abnormalities in erythroblasts, but no consistent changes in the myeloid or megakaryocytic series. The presence of persistent 'Hot Pockets' presents a conceptual challenge since these pockets contain multipotential stem cells capable of differentiation and self-renewal, but obviously incapable of repopulation of the bone marrow. In view of additional evidence for dyserythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia such as changes in erythroblast morphology and the production of macrocytes, fetal haemoglobin and complement sensitive cells, it seems likely that the bone marrow of aplastic anaemia patients is totally dyserythropoietic rather than hypoactive and that bone marrow transplantation in many cases may be both justified and necessary.", "PMID": 1034334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6715", "title": "Electrophysiological techniques for the study of urethral and vesical innervation.", "content": "A new electrophysiological technique for the study of urethral and vesical innervation is reported. The method gives valuable information on the structural integrity and function of two of the reflex arcs involved in micturition. Normal and pathological patterns are described, illustrating the diagnostic value of the method in the assessment of neurogenic disturbances of bladder and urethral function.", "contents": "Electrophysiological techniques for the study of urethral and vesical innervation. A new electrophysiological technique for the study of urethral and vesical innervation is reported. The method gives valuable information on the structural integrity and function of two of the reflex arcs involved in micturition. Normal and pathological patterns are described, illustrating the diagnostic value of the method in the assessment of neurogenic disturbances of bladder and urethral function.", "PMID": 1034335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6716", "title": "[Transitory remission of hypercorticism by means of cyproheptadine in a patient with Cushing syndrome].", "content": "In patients with Cushing's syndrome of hypothalamischem Cushing-Syndrom wereden eine zentrale St\u00f6rung und eine wichtige Rolle des Serotonins.  Accordingly, in the present study a patient with hypothalamic-pituitary hypercorticism was treated with the seotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. Urinary free cortisol excretion was measured repeatedly before, during and after therapy. In addition, night-day rhythm of plasma cortisol was determined before and at the end of cyproheptadine medication. Within 2 months, therapy with 24 mg cyproheptadine resulted in a lowering of urinary cortisol excretion to normal values. Then, however, despite continuation of the therapy, urinary free cortisol excretion rates again rose to pathological levels. Due to the occurrence of severe psychosis, the drug had to be withdrawn. Before and under cyproheptadine no night-day rhythm of plasma cortisol could be observed.", "contents": "[Transitory remission of hypercorticism by means of cyproheptadine in a patient with Cushing syndrome]. In patients with Cushing's syndrome of hypothalamischem Cushing-Syndrom wereden eine zentrale St\u00f6rung und eine wichtige Rolle des Serotonins.  Accordingly, in the present study a patient with hypothalamic-pituitary hypercorticism was treated with the seotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. Urinary free cortisol excretion was measured repeatedly before, during and after therapy. In addition, night-day rhythm of plasma cortisol was determined before and at the end of cyproheptadine medication. Within 2 months, therapy with 24 mg cyproheptadine resulted in a lowering of urinary cortisol excretion to normal values. Then, however, despite continuation of the therapy, urinary free cortisol excretion rates again rose to pathological levels. Due to the occurrence of severe psychosis, the drug had to be withdrawn. Before and under cyproheptadine no night-day rhythm of plasma cortisol could be observed.", "PMID": 1034340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6717", "title": "[Anti-thrombocyte antibodies].", "content": "1. There are two possible ways in which platelets may be involved in immune reactions: a) as target cells for antiplatelet antibodies, and b) as receptor cells for circulating antigen-antibody complexes. Since most of the clinical tests used to detect \"antiplatelet antibodies\" are incapable of discriminating between the two mechanisms, thrombocytopenia in many autoimmune diseases with \"antiplatelet antibodies\" may well be caused by immune complexes. 2. Immune reactions involving platelets do not always lead to thrombocytopenia. A moderate acceleration of platelet destruction can easily be compensated by increased production: this situation corresponds to a \"compensated thrombocytolytic state\". Evidence is also presented for immunologically induced functional platelet defects of \"immunologic thrombocytopathy.", "contents": "[Anti-thrombocyte antibodies]. 1. There are two possible ways in which platelets may be involved in immune reactions: a) as target cells for antiplatelet antibodies, and b) as receptor cells for circulating antigen-antibody complexes. Since most of the clinical tests used to detect \"antiplatelet antibodies\" are incapable of discriminating between the two mechanisms, thrombocytopenia in many autoimmune diseases with \"antiplatelet antibodies\" may well be caused by immune complexes. 2. Immune reactions involving platelets do not always lead to thrombocytopenia. A moderate acceleration of platelet destruction can easily be compensated by increased production: this situation corresponds to a \"compensated thrombocytolytic state\". Evidence is also presented for immunologically induced functional platelet defects of \"immunologic thrombocytopathy.", "PMID": 1034341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6718", "title": "[Lymphocyte antigens in autoimmune thrombocytopenia].", "content": "18 patients with proven autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) (group A) were screened for human lymphocyte antigens (HLA) and compared with 13 patients with secondary thrombocytopenic purpura (group B). An additional comparison was made with a control panel of a European population (group C). HLA-B8 was present in 12 of 18 patients (66.6%) of group A, compared with only one of 13 patients (7.6%) of group B. HLA-B12 occured in 8 of 18 patients (44.4%) of group A, compared with, again, only one of 13 patients in group B. The alleles HLA-B8/B12 were observed in 7 of 18 patients (38.8%) of group A, whereas no patient of group B exhibited such phenotypes. The differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.001 to p less than 0.03). A high incidence of the antigens HLA-B8/B12 has been noted in a family of which three members displayed serious symptoms of ATP over three generations. Thus, it is conceivable that individuals who carry the HLA-B8/B12 alleles run an increased risk of developing the disease if they are exposed to additional causal factors which finally trigger ATP.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte antigens in autoimmune thrombocytopenia]. 18 patients with proven autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) (group A) were screened for human lymphocyte antigens (HLA) and compared with 13 patients with secondary thrombocytopenic purpura (group B). An additional comparison was made with a control panel of a European population (group C). HLA-B8 was present in 12 of 18 patients (66.6%) of group A, compared with only one of 13 patients (7.6%) of group B. HLA-B12 occured in 8 of 18 patients (44.4%) of group A, compared with, again, only one of 13 patients in group B. The alleles HLA-B8/B12 were observed in 7 of 18 patients (38.8%) of group A, whereas no patient of group B exhibited such phenotypes. The differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.001 to p less than 0.03). A high incidence of the antigens HLA-B8/B12 has been noted in a family of which three members displayed serious symptoms of ATP over three generations. Thus, it is conceivable that individuals who carry the HLA-B8/B12 alleles run an increased risk of developing the disease if they are exposed to additional causal factors which finally trigger ATP.", "PMID": 1034342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6719", "title": "[Studies on mastitis in ten groups of female offspring (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of mastitis in groups of female offspring of ten AI bulls was studied under field conditions. Marked variations in the incidence of symptoms of mastitis were observed. The results of this preliminary study were verified experimentally. Efforts should be made to direct breeding policies towards the selection of animals resistant to mastitis. The possibilities of selective breeding have been considerably improved by adopting modern methods of recording.", "contents": "[Studies on mastitis in ten groups of female offspring (author's transl)]. The incidence of mastitis in groups of female offspring of ten AI bulls was studied under field conditions. Marked variations in the incidence of symptoms of mastitis were observed. The results of this preliminary study were verified experimentally. Efforts should be made to direct breeding policies towards the selection of animals resistant to mastitis. The possibilities of selective breeding have been considerably improved by adopting modern methods of recording.", "PMID": 1034352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6720", "title": "A simple radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol (17, 21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione).", "content": "A simple procedure for the measurement of cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in plasma or serum is described. One-half ml. of plasma is extracted with methylene chloride. Separation of cortisol and deoxycortisol is achieved by a Sephadex LH-20 mini-column. The assay itself is achieved by the use of a commercially available cortisol kit employing rabbit anti-cortisol coated tubes. This antibody exhibits a 20% crossreactivity with 11-deoxycortisol. This procedure is extremely useful in the assessment of a pituitary-adrenal reserve in the Metyrapone test.", "contents": "A simple radioimmunoassay for plasma cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol (17, 21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione). A simple procedure for the measurement of cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in plasma or serum is described. One-half ml. of plasma is extracted with methylene chloride. Separation of cortisol and deoxycortisol is achieved by a Sephadex LH-20 mini-column. The assay itself is achieved by the use of a commercially available cortisol kit employing rabbit anti-cortisol coated tubes. This antibody exhibits a 20% crossreactivity with 11-deoxycortisol. This procedure is extremely useful in the assessment of a pituitary-adrenal reserve in the Metyrapone test.", "PMID": 1034356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6721", "title": "Quantitative changes in the metabolism of 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one by rat hypothalamus and pituitary during proestrus.", "content": "The in vitro conversion of 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20alpha-DHP) by medial basal hypothalamus and anterior pituitary was investigated throughout the day of proestrus in the 4-day cyclic rat. Reverse isotopic dilution analysis was utilized to quantitate the substrate remaining and three metabolic products: 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one, 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol and progesterone. Serum levels of 20alpha-DHP, progesterone, LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Conversion of 20alpha-DHP to its 5alpha-reduced metabolites (20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol) by the pituitary was constant throughout proestrus except for a significant decrease at 1600 h, near the end of the critical period. Although 5alpha-reduction of 20alpha-DHP by the hypothalamus fluctuated, it was relatively high at 1600 h and was lowest at 1400 h. Small amounts of progesterone (less than2%) were formed but there was not variation with time. The decrease in pituitary enzymic activity coincided with the time when serum levels of LH, FSH and progesterone were increasing but not with later times when the elevated serum levels were maintained. Thus, there may be endogenous regulation of 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat pituitary and perhaps hypothalamus on the afternoon of proestrus. The regulation and subsequent effects of quantitative changes in 5alpha-reduction of 20alpha-DHP by pituitary and hypothalamus remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in the metabolism of 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one by rat hypothalamus and pituitary during proestrus. The in vitro conversion of 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20alpha-DHP) by medial basal hypothalamus and anterior pituitary was investigated throughout the day of proestrus in the 4-day cyclic rat. Reverse isotopic dilution analysis was utilized to quantitate the substrate remaining and three metabolic products: 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one, 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol and progesterone. Serum levels of 20alpha-DHP, progesterone, LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Conversion of 20alpha-DHP to its 5alpha-reduced metabolites (20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol) by the pituitary was constant throughout proestrus except for a significant decrease at 1600 h, near the end of the critical period. Although 5alpha-reduction of 20alpha-DHP by the hypothalamus fluctuated, it was relatively high at 1600 h and was lowest at 1400 h. Small amounts of progesterone (less than2%) were formed but there was not variation with time. The decrease in pituitary enzymic activity coincided with the time when serum levels of LH, FSH and progesterone were increasing but not with later times when the elevated serum levels were maintained. Thus, there may be endogenous regulation of 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat pituitary and perhaps hypothalamus on the afternoon of proestrus. The regulation and subsequent effects of quantitative changes in 5alpha-reduction of 20alpha-DHP by pituitary and hypothalamus remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1034357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6722", "title": "Stimulation of hamster and human lymphocyte cultures by soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni.", "content": "Soluble egg and adult worm antigen preparations of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were tested in hamster and human lymphocyte cultures. Primed lymphocytes from infected donors showed a marked blastogenic response to the homologous antigens. A cross-reactivity to the heterologous antigens was seen especially in S. mansoni infected hamsters.", "contents": "Stimulation of hamster and human lymphocyte cultures by soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni. Soluble egg and adult worm antigen preparations of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were tested in hamster and human lymphocyte cultures. Primed lymphocytes from infected donors showed a marked blastogenic response to the homologous antigens. A cross-reactivity to the heterologous antigens was seen especially in S. mansoni infected hamsters.", "PMID": 1034358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6723", "title": "[Decrease in the excretion of antigonadotropic factor in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix and prostate gland. Experimental antitumor effect of an epiphyseal extract].", "content": "Kaolin-acetone extracts from the urine of patients with cancer of the prostatic gland and uterine neck were found to contain much less quantity of antigonadotropic factor than corresponding substances from the urine of control groups of males and females. This evidences a decreased function of the epiphysis in these groups of tumor patients. Acetic acid extract from cattle epiphyses inhibits the growth of transplantable tumor of mice strain RSM.", "contents": "[Decrease in the excretion of antigonadotropic factor in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix and prostate gland. Experimental antitumor effect of an epiphyseal extract]. Kaolin-acetone extracts from the urine of patients with cancer of the prostatic gland and uterine neck were found to contain much less quantity of antigonadotropic factor than corresponding substances from the urine of control groups of males and females. This evidences a decreased function of the epiphysis in these groups of tumor patients. Acetic acid extract from cattle epiphyses inhibits the growth of transplantable tumor of mice strain RSM.", "PMID": 1034367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6724", "title": "[Kinetic patterns in the growth of transplantable mouse tumor RShM-1].", "content": "Under study was the kinetics of growth of cervical cancer (CCM-1) transplanted on mice CBA, also the mitotic cycle and diurnal activity of tumor cells division. The tumor growth can well be described with the Hompertz equation, the constants of acceleration and retardation being equal to 0.34 day-1 and 0.004 day-1 accordingly. A linear dependence between the size, weight and number of CCM-1 celos is shown. In the tumor under study a persistant diurnal rhythm of the cell division was found with the maximum at 7 and 19 hours and the minimum at 13. The basis parameters of the mitotic cycle of tumor cells were determined: Tc=17.8 hr., G2 approximately 40 min.; S=9 hr., M approximately 24 min., G1 approximately 18.4 hr. The time of tumor doubling was 48.7 hr. The cell loss factor is as much as 42.1 per cent.", "contents": "[Kinetic patterns in the growth of transplantable mouse tumor RShM-1]. Under study was the kinetics of growth of cervical cancer (CCM-1) transplanted on mice CBA, also the mitotic cycle and diurnal activity of tumor cells division. The tumor growth can well be described with the Hompertz equation, the constants of acceleration and retardation being equal to 0.34 day-1 and 0.004 day-1 accordingly. A linear dependence between the size, weight and number of CCM-1 celos is shown. In the tumor under study a persistant diurnal rhythm of the cell division was found with the maximum at 7 and 19 hours and the minimum at 13. The basis parameters of the mitotic cycle of tumor cells were determined: Tc=17.8 hr., G2 approximately 40 min.; S=9 hr., M approximately 24 min., G1 approximately 18.4 hr. The time of tumor doubling was 48.7 hr. The cell loss factor is as much as 42.1 per cent.", "PMID": 1034368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6725", "title": "Transmission of vaccinia virus from vaccinated milkers to cattle.", "content": "An infection of cattle by transmission of vaccinia virus from milkers vaccinated against small pox is reported. Six vaccinia virus strains could be isolated from the vaccinal lesions localized on the nipples of the udder. Serological reactions with samples collected from diseased cows demonstrated the presence of HAI antibodies and made evident their kinetics at a 2-week-interval.", "contents": "Transmission of vaccinia virus from vaccinated milkers to cattle. An infection of cattle by transmission of vaccinia virus from milkers vaccinated against small pox is reported. Six vaccinia virus strains could be isolated from the vaccinal lesions localized on the nipples of the udder. Serological reactions with samples collected from diseased cows demonstrated the presence of HAI antibodies and made evident their kinetics at a 2-week-interval.", "PMID": 1034363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6726", "title": "[Anastomosis of the vas deferens employing concentrated fibrinogen: an experimental study in rabbits (authors transl)].", "content": "Bilateral vaso-vasostomy was carried out in 30 rabbits using highly concentrated fibrinogen in combination with thrombin and clotting Factor XIII for tissue adhesion. The patency of the anastomoses was confirmed radiologically and by the injection of a dye, as well as histologically in paraffin-embedded and Goldner-stained serial sections. The overall patency amounted to 58% in animals investigated 4--6 weeks postoperatively (i.e. 17 out of 30 anastomoses). Stenosis of the junction was observed in all patent anastomoses investigated. The results of vaso-vasostomy employing a biological tissue adhesive were markedly superior to those with cyanoacylate.", "contents": "[Anastomosis of the vas deferens employing concentrated fibrinogen: an experimental study in rabbits (authors transl)]. Bilateral vaso-vasostomy was carried out in 30 rabbits using highly concentrated fibrinogen in combination with thrombin and clotting Factor XIII for tissue adhesion. The patency of the anastomoses was confirmed radiologically and by the injection of a dye, as well as histologically in paraffin-embedded and Goldner-stained serial sections. The overall patency amounted to 58% in animals investigated 4--6 weeks postoperatively (i.e. 17 out of 30 anastomoses). Stenosis of the junction was observed in all patent anastomoses investigated. The results of vaso-vasostomy employing a biological tissue adhesive were markedly superior to those with cyanoacylate.", "PMID": 1034375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6727", "title": "Effects of polyamines and analogs on staphylococcal nuclease.", "content": "The promoting activity of polyamine analogs (IV approximately XV) on staphylococcal nuclease with DNA as the substrate was compared with that of natural polyamines (I APPROXIMATELY III): I. NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NH2(spermine); II. NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2(thermine); III. NH2(CH2)4NH2 (putrescine); IV. CN(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2CN; V. HOOC(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2COOH; VI. C2H5OOC(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2COOC2H5; VII. HO(CH2)3NH(CH2)4HH(CH2)3OH; VIII. CH3COHH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NHCOCH3; IX. C2H5NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NHC2H5; X. NH2(CH2)3S(CH2)4S(CH2)3NH2; XI. NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH(CH2)3NH2; XII. NH2(CH2)3NCH3(CH2)4HCH3(CH2)3NH2; XIII. CN(CH2)2NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)2CN; XIV. (CH3)2N(CH2)3NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)3N(CH3)2; XV. NH2(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH2 Replacement of the terminal groups by CN, COOH, COOEt, NHAc, NHEt, or N(CH3)2 remarkably decreased the activity. The compound VII with terminal hydroxyl groups had a lower promoting activity at low concentrations, but revealed higher activity at higher concentrations and, in contrast to spermine, no inhibition at all even at very high concentrations. Replacement of both internal amino groups by sulfur or NCH3 decreased the activity. The introduction of an ether bond into the internal methylene groups (compound XI) highly decreased the activity. Based upon these findings the possible relationship between structure and activity is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of polyamines and analogs on staphylococcal nuclease. The promoting activity of polyamine analogs (IV approximately XV) on staphylococcal nuclease with DNA as the substrate was compared with that of natural polyamines (I APPROXIMATELY III): I. NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NH2(spermine); II. NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2(thermine); III. NH2(CH2)4NH2 (putrescine); IV. CN(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2CN; V. HOOC(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2COOH; VI. C2H5OOC(CH2)2NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)2COOC2H5; VII. HO(CH2)3NH(CH2)4HH(CH2)3OH; VIII. CH3COHH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NHCOCH3; IX. C2H5NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NHC2H5; X. NH2(CH2)3S(CH2)4S(CH2)3NH2; XI. NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH(CH2)3NH2; XII. NH2(CH2)3NCH3(CH2)4HCH3(CH2)3NH2; XIII. CN(CH2)2NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)2CN; XIV. (CH3)2N(CH2)3NCH3(CH2)4NCH3(CH2)3N(CH3)2; XV. NH2(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH2 Replacement of the terminal groups by CN, COOH, COOEt, NHAc, NHEt, or N(CH3)2 remarkably decreased the activity. The compound VII with terminal hydroxyl groups had a lower promoting activity at low concentrations, but revealed higher activity at higher concentrations and, in contrast to spermine, no inhibition at all even at very high concentrations. Replacement of both internal amino groups by sulfur or NCH3 decreased the activity. The introduction of an ether bond into the internal methylene groups (compound XI) highly decreased the activity. Based upon these findings the possible relationship between structure and activity is discussed.", "PMID": 1034376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6728", "title": "[Oncornavirus D--an inducer of a new antigen].", "content": "Oncornavirus D inoculated into chick fibroblast cultures induced in them synthesis of a new antigen which is not incorporated into the virion structure and is absent in cells not infected with this virus. The oncornavirus D newly induced antigen is identical to that found in long-term continuous human HeLa, HEp-2 and J-96 cells. These facts give grounds to believe that the new antigen present in these cells emerged as a consequence of their infection with oncornavirus D. However it remains unknown whether this antigen plays the role of the transforming agent and whether transformation of normal human cells into malignant cells is associated with it.", "contents": "[Oncornavirus D--an inducer of a new antigen]. Oncornavirus D inoculated into chick fibroblast cultures induced in them synthesis of a new antigen which is not incorporated into the virion structure and is absent in cells not infected with this virus. The oncornavirus D newly induced antigen is identical to that found in long-term continuous human HeLa, HEp-2 and J-96 cells. These facts give grounds to believe that the new antigen present in these cells emerged as a consequence of their infection with oncornavirus D. However it remains unknown whether this antigen plays the role of the transforming agent and whether transformation of normal human cells into malignant cells is associated with it.", "PMID": 1034371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6729", "title": "Different glycosubstances and galactans in the albumin gland and eggs of Achatina fulica.", "content": "In saline extracts from the eggs and the albumin gland of the snail Achatina fulica 3 different forms of glycosubstances have been found by using heterophile precipitins from different sources: 1. An alkali-stable galactan reacting with the anti-galactans from Axinella polypoides sponge and from the clam Tridacna maxima (Tridacnin) and with Concanavalin A. 2. Another glycosubstance giving cross-reactions with a second precipitin from Axinella polypoides, with the lectin from Ricinus communis, with murine myeloma anti-galactan, with pneumococcus Type XIV antiserum and with Tridacnin. 3. The second precipitin from Axinella polypoides detects a third glycosubstance, which reacts with the lectins from Abrus precatorius and wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris).", "contents": "Different glycosubstances and galactans in the albumin gland and eggs of Achatina fulica. In saline extracts from the eggs and the albumin gland of the snail Achatina fulica 3 different forms of glycosubstances have been found by using heterophile precipitins from different sources: 1. An alkali-stable galactan reacting with the anti-galactans from Axinella polypoides sponge and from the clam Tridacna maxima (Tridacnin) and with Concanavalin A. 2. Another glycosubstance giving cross-reactions with a second precipitin from Axinella polypoides, with the lectin from Ricinus communis, with murine myeloma anti-galactan, with pneumococcus Type XIV antiserum and with Tridacnin. 3. The second precipitin from Axinella polypoides detects a third glycosubstance, which reacts with the lectins from Abrus precatorius and wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris).", "PMID": 1034378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6730", "title": "[Comparative data on the propagation of cells from commercial common and leukemia-free chick embryos].", "content": "Certain differences were found in comparative studies of optimal conditions for preparation and propagation of cell cultures from common and leukemia-free chick embryos. The yield of cells per 1 g of tissue was regularly higher by 12-20% with leukemia-free chick embryos than with common chick embryos. The viability of the latter under conditions of roller cultivation was lower. Monolayer cultures of cells from leukemia-free chick embryos formed 1 day earlier than those from cells of common chick embryos. The optimal medium for growth of leukemia-free chick embryo cells was 0.5% lactalbumin hydrolysate, and for common chick embryo cells--Eagle's medium.", "contents": "[Comparative data on the propagation of cells from commercial common and leukemia-free chick embryos]. Certain differences were found in comparative studies of optimal conditions for preparation and propagation of cell cultures from common and leukemia-free chick embryos. The yield of cells per 1 g of tissue was regularly higher by 12-20% with leukemia-free chick embryos than with common chick embryos. The viability of the latter under conditions of roller cultivation was lower. Monolayer cultures of cells from leukemia-free chick embryos formed 1 day earlier than those from cells of common chick embryos. The optimal medium for growth of leukemia-free chick embryo cells was 0.5% lactalbumin hydrolysate, and for common chick embryo cells--Eagle's medium.", "PMID": 1034373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6731", "title": "[Determination of the biosynthetic chemotherapeutic index of antiviral agents in cell culture].", "content": "An experimental substantiation of an improved approach to testing antiviral chemotherapeutic agents in tissue culture was done on the model of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and primarily trypsinized chick embryo fibroblasts using some biologically active agents such as actinomycin D, RNA-ase, gentamycin, poly (rI). poly (rC). The approach is based on combined use of stationary cultivation of cells and virlses, a method for determination of radioactivity of the cells grown directly in vials for scintillation counting as well as methods for determination of virus-specific and cell syntheses by incorporation of labeled precursors. The features of the mechanism of action of the agents under study is discussed in terms of their influence on cell metabolism.", "contents": "[Determination of the biosynthetic chemotherapeutic index of antiviral agents in cell culture]. An experimental substantiation of an improved approach to testing antiviral chemotherapeutic agents in tissue culture was done on the model of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and primarily trypsinized chick embryo fibroblasts using some biologically active agents such as actinomycin D, RNA-ase, gentamycin, poly (rI). poly (rC). The approach is based on combined use of stationary cultivation of cells and virlses, a method for determination of radioactivity of the cells grown directly in vials for scintillation counting as well as methods for determination of virus-specific and cell syntheses by incorporation of labeled precursors. The features of the mechanism of action of the agents under study is discussed in terms of their influence on cell metabolism.", "PMID": 1034372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6732", "title": "The effect of antioxidants on the production of volatile nitrosamines during the frying of bacon.", "content": "In model system studies simulating the frying of bacon a considerable variation in the production of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NOPyr) has been observed, as occurs in sliced bacon fried conventionally. The inclusion of ascorbate or erythorbate (isoacorbate) has led consistently to a fall in or an elimination of NOPyr production up to an addition of 300 ppm (1,5 mM). Above this concentration of ascorbate, the elimination of NOPyr formation persisted in some instances but in others an increased production of the nitrosamine occurred. Using alpha-tocopherol, a fall of NOPyr production during the simulated frying of bacon was obtained with increase of concentration of the antioxidant, there being a consistent elimination of the volatile nitrosamine following an additionof 500 ppm (1.16 mM). Whilst ascorbyl palmitate had a similar action in reducing or eliminating NOPyr production, no synergistic effect between it and alpha-tocopherol was noted in an experiment combining the two antioxidants. When bacon was fried in fat containing 400 or 800 ppm alpha-tocopherol, the total production of NOPyr and DMN in the fried bacon, cooked out fat and condensate was markedly reduced but not completely eliminated as in the model system studies. Similarly, the curing of bacon with a brine containing a mixture of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid has led to considerable reductions in NOPyr and DMN output on frying when the combined concentrations of the two anti-oxidants were calculated to be 800 ppm.", "contents": "The effect of antioxidants on the production of volatile nitrosamines during the frying of bacon. In model system studies simulating the frying of bacon a considerable variation in the production of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NOPyr) has been observed, as occurs in sliced bacon fried conventionally. The inclusion of ascorbate or erythorbate (isoacorbate) has led consistently to a fall in or an elimination of NOPyr production up to an addition of 300 ppm (1,5 mM). Above this concentration of ascorbate, the elimination of NOPyr formation persisted in some instances but in others an increased production of the nitrosamine occurred. Using alpha-tocopherol, a fall of NOPyr production during the simulated frying of bacon was obtained with increase of concentration of the antioxidant, there being a consistent elimination of the volatile nitrosamine following an additionof 500 ppm (1.16 mM). Whilst ascorbyl palmitate had a similar action in reducing or eliminating NOPyr production, no synergistic effect between it and alpha-tocopherol was noted in an experiment combining the two antioxidants. When bacon was fried in fat containing 400 or 800 ppm alpha-tocopherol, the total production of NOPyr and DMN in the fried bacon, cooked out fat and condensate was markedly reduced but not completely eliminated as in the model system studies. Similarly, the curing of bacon with a brine containing a mixture of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid has led to considerable reductions in NOPyr and DMN output on frying when the combined concentrations of the two anti-oxidants were calculated to be 800 ppm.", "PMID": 1034383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6733", "title": "[Comparative study of antigens specific for hepatitis B in transfected cell cultures].", "content": "A comparative study of antigens detected in the livers of patients with hepatitis B. in the mesonephros of the human tissue--chick embryo system infected with the agents isolated from the blood of hepatitis patients, as well as antigens detectable in cell cultures transfected by the DNA isolated from these tissues was carried out. The results are in favour of the hypothesis on the integrational nature of serum hepatitis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of antigens specific for hepatitis B in transfected cell cultures]. A comparative study of antigens detected in the livers of patients with hepatitis B. in the mesonephros of the human tissue--chick embryo system infected with the agents isolated from the blood of hepatitis patients, as well as antigens detectable in cell cultures transfected by the DNA isolated from these tissues was carried out. The results are in favour of the hypothesis on the integrational nature of serum hepatitis.", "PMID": 1034374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6734", "title": "[Manometry, effect of pentagastrin and appearance of reflux in experimentally created hiatal hernia (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of morphological and hormonal factors in the gastro-oesophageal junction can be evaluated, since a hiatal hernia comparable to the axial sliding hernia could be created in animal experiments. A new adequate procedure of manometry enables intraluminal pressures to be measured as a functional analysis. In 10 dogs a hiatal hernia with roentgenological reflux was performed. Pentagastrin administered intravenously could not prevent the gastro-oesophageal reflux. Pentagastrin intensified the muscle tension for only 5 minutes, but could not maintain the closing mechanism because of the altered morphological structure. After having restored the longitudinal tension of the organ by gastropexia, the terminal oesophagus has regained its closing function.", "contents": "[Manometry, effect of pentagastrin and appearance of reflux in experimentally created hiatal hernia (author's transl)]. The importance of morphological and hormonal factors in the gastro-oesophageal junction can be evaluated, since a hiatal hernia comparable to the axial sliding hernia could be created in animal experiments. A new adequate procedure of manometry enables intraluminal pressures to be measured as a functional analysis. In 10 dogs a hiatal hernia with roentgenological reflux was performed. Pentagastrin administered intravenously could not prevent the gastro-oesophageal reflux. Pentagastrin intensified the muscle tension for only 5 minutes, but could not maintain the closing mechanism because of the altered morphological structure. After having restored the longitudinal tension of the organ by gastropexia, the terminal oesophagus has regained its closing function.", "PMID": 1034386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6735", "title": "[Function of thrombocytes during the gestational period and puerperium and their relation to the occurence of thromboses. 2. Function of blood platelets during late pregnancy, labor and puerperium in gestosis].", "content": "Platelet functions during late pregnancy with praeeclampsia, birth and childbed were observed. There are found variations in opposition to normal pregnancy. Increase of platelet aggregation was clearest. In this observations is not conclud from increase risk developing a thromboembolic disease during toxemic pregnancy, birth and childbed. The variations of platelet functions are parts of complex appearence.", "contents": "[Function of thrombocytes during the gestational period and puerperium and their relation to the occurence of thromboses. 2. Function of blood platelets during late pregnancy, labor and puerperium in gestosis]. Platelet functions during late pregnancy with praeeclampsia, birth and childbed were observed. There are found variations in opposition to normal pregnancy. Increase of platelet aggregation was clearest. In this observations is not conclud from increase risk developing a thromboembolic disease during toxemic pregnancy, birth and childbed. The variations of platelet functions are parts of complex appearence.", "PMID": 1034387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6736", "title": "[The effects of enzymes and secretions of the gastrointestinal tract on the EB vaccine strain].", "content": "Experiments were conducted in vitro. A study was made of the action of the enzymes and of the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract on the viability of the EB vaccine strain. Sensitivity of bacterial cells to the action of saliva, gastric juice, intestinal contents, trypsin, and bile proved to differ. Gastric juice inactivated the vaccine strain which expressed a satisfactory resistance towards the rest of the factors under study practically immediately. There were revealed no significant morphological changes in the cells subjected to the two-hour action of saliva, bile, trypsin and the intestinal content, by means of the electron microscopic examination. These studies permitted to substantiate the rational form of the preparation for oral administration.", "contents": "[The effects of enzymes and secretions of the gastrointestinal tract on the EB vaccine strain]. Experiments were conducted in vitro. A study was made of the action of the enzymes and of the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract on the viability of the EB vaccine strain. Sensitivity of bacterial cells to the action of saliva, gastric juice, intestinal contents, trypsin, and bile proved to differ. Gastric juice inactivated the vaccine strain which expressed a satisfactory resistance towards the rest of the factors under study practically immediately. There were revealed no significant morphological changes in the cells subjected to the two-hour action of saliva, bile, trypsin and the intestinal content, by means of the electron microscopic examination. These studies permitted to substantiate the rational form of the preparation for oral administration.", "PMID": 1034388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6737", "title": "[Rosette formation and humoral immune response to 2,4-dinitrophenol in mice of different inbred strains].", "content": "A study was made of the content of rosette-forming cells to DNP-ovalbumin in the spleen of mice of different inbred strains. The values of the rosette-forming cells and of the titre of serum agglutinins to the DNP-group in DNP--bovine gamma-globulin immunization of mice of these strains were determined. It was shown that there were interstrain differences in respect to the normal and immune rosette-forming cells and also humoral antibodies. There was noted a direct correlation between the number of the immune rosette-forming cells and the antibody titre in the serum of mice of the same inbred strain. Immune response (both by the content of rosettes in the spleen and by the antibody level) proved to be the minimal in mice with the highest level of rosette-forming cells. There proved to be no inverse relationship.", "contents": "[Rosette formation and humoral immune response to 2,4-dinitrophenol in mice of different inbred strains]. A study was made of the content of rosette-forming cells to DNP-ovalbumin in the spleen of mice of different inbred strains. The values of the rosette-forming cells and of the titre of serum agglutinins to the DNP-group in DNP--bovine gamma-globulin immunization of mice of these strains were determined. It was shown that there were interstrain differences in respect to the normal and immune rosette-forming cells and also humoral antibodies. There was noted a direct correlation between the number of the immune rosette-forming cells and the antibody titre in the serum of mice of the same inbred strain. Immune response (both by the content of rosettes in the spleen and by the antibody level) proved to be the minimal in mice with the highest level of rosette-forming cells. There proved to be no inverse relationship.", "PMID": 1034389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6738", "title": "Dependence of Sertoli cell maturation on the pituitary gland in the mouse.", "content": "Postnatal development of the Sertoli cell population was studied in testes taken from newborn mice and implanted into the testes of normal hypophysectomized and testosterone-treated hypophyturation of the Seroti cell complement of each specimen was judged by two criteria: (1) the proportion of Sertoli cells exhibiting a nucleolonema; (2) the prevalence of specialized inter-Sertoli cell junctions. In these respects implants recovered from normal hosts did not differ from sibling controls of the same age. Sertoli cells in implants recovered from hypophysectomized hosts retained the features observed in newborn controls, indicating that maturation of the Sertoli cells is dependent on normal pituitary function. Implants recovered from testosterone-treated hypophysectomized hosts exhibited a degree of Sertoli cell development intermediate between those recovered from the other two host categories.", "contents": "Dependence of Sertoli cell maturation on the pituitary gland in the mouse. Postnatal development of the Sertoli cell population was studied in testes taken from newborn mice and implanted into the testes of normal hypophysectomized and testosterone-treated hypophyturation of the Seroti cell complement of each specimen was judged by two criteria: (1) the proportion of Sertoli cells exhibiting a nucleolonema; (2) the prevalence of specialized inter-Sertoli cell junctions. In these respects implants recovered from normal hosts did not differ from sibling controls of the same age. Sertoli cells in implants recovered from hypophysectomized hosts retained the features observed in newborn controls, indicating that maturation of the Sertoli cells is dependent on normal pituitary function. Implants recovered from testosterone-treated hypophysectomized hosts exhibited a degree of Sertoli cell development intermediate between those recovered from the other two host categories.", "PMID": 1034439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6739", "title": "Factors involved in immunization program for swine influenza.", "content": "The decision to undertake a nationwide program of vaccination against swine influenza requires assessment of the status of immunity of those in various age groups in our population against this agent. Pools of serum were collected from persons born in the years from 1889 to 1943; they were tested for hemaggultinin inhibiting (HI) antibody against the HSW 1N1 influenza virus strains isolated in 1931 and 1976. The titers secured serve as an indication of the average level of immunity of those of different ages. Persons less than 43 years of age are found to be without antibody protection. The need for vaccination of people in different age groups based on mortality statistics of previous epidemics is evaluated. It is realized that no epidemic may occur and that a reduced virulence of the viral agent and use of antibiotics may reduce the death rate if the infection recurs. The extraordinary high mortality in 1918 in people between 15 and 44 years of age deserves recognition together with the fact that those in the same age group are now without protection. The fact that women of childbearing age fall into this group deserves special consideration in view of increased mortality in puerperal women observed in the pandemics of 1918 and 1957. The degree of protection afforded the newborn by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies is discussed. The need of increasing the level of immunity in those who have varying titers of HI antibodies is considered in relation to the prevalence of cardiopulmonary complications and other chronic diseases in older subjects.", "contents": "Factors involved in immunization program for swine influenza. The decision to undertake a nationwide program of vaccination against swine influenza requires assessment of the status of immunity of those in various age groups in our population against this agent. Pools of serum were collected from persons born in the years from 1889 to 1943; they were tested for hemaggultinin inhibiting (HI) antibody against the HSW 1N1 influenza virus strains isolated in 1931 and 1976. The titers secured serve as an indication of the average level of immunity of those of different ages. Persons less than 43 years of age are found to be without antibody protection. The need for vaccination of people in different age groups based on mortality statistics of previous epidemics is evaluated. It is realized that no epidemic may occur and that a reduced virulence of the viral agent and use of antibiotics may reduce the death rate if the infection recurs. The extraordinary high mortality in 1918 in people between 15 and 44 years of age deserves recognition together with the fact that those in the same age group are now without protection. The fact that women of childbearing age fall into this group deserves special consideration in view of increased mortality in puerperal women observed in the pandemics of 1918 and 1957. The degree of protection afforded the newborn by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies is discussed. The need of increasing the level of immunity in those who have varying titers of HI antibodies is considered in relation to the prevalence of cardiopulmonary complications and other chronic diseases in older subjects.", "PMID": 1034440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6740", "title": "A sausage-associated outbreak of trichinosis in Illinois.", "content": "Twenty-three of 50 members of an extended Dutch-German family and their close friends who ate raw homemade summer sausage became ill with trichinosis; 12 patients were hospitalized for an average of 10 days each. The sausage had been made in three different batches according to an old family recipe. One of the batches made from USDA-inspected pork was found to contain Trichinella spiralis larvae by two Illinois State laboratories. The other two batches were negative. Seventeen of the 23 patients submitted information on medical expenses incurred and wages lost because of the outbreak. These costs totaled almost $20,000. There is need for a nationwide program for controlling trichinosis in swine.", "contents": "A sausage-associated outbreak of trichinosis in Illinois. Twenty-three of 50 members of an extended Dutch-German family and their close friends who ate raw homemade summer sausage became ill with trichinosis; 12 patients were hospitalized for an average of 10 days each. The sausage had been made in three different batches according to an old family recipe. One of the batches made from USDA-inspected pork was found to contain Trichinella spiralis larvae by two Illinois State laboratories. The other two batches were negative. Seventeen of the 23 patients submitted information on medical expenses incurred and wages lost because of the outbreak. These costs totaled almost $20,000. There is need for a nationwide program for controlling trichinosis in swine.", "PMID": 1034441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6741", "title": "Autochthonous dermal leishmaniasis in Texas.", "content": "Over a 2-year period two cases of dermal leishmaniasis of special interest were recognized in Texas. The first occurred in 1972 in a 74-year-old woman who had residences in Dilworth and Gahzales, Gonzales County, and the other was in a 56-year-old man from Kenedy, Karnes County, in 1974. Both cases were biopsy- and culture-positive, and the second patient exhibited anti-Leishmania antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent antibody and direct agglutination tests. Epidemiologic investigation revealed no association between the two cases and suggested that both patients had acquired their infections locally in southern Texas. Moreover, serologic evidence of Leishmania infection was uncovered in a neighbor of the second case and in 3 dogs living nearby. Potential sylvatic reservoirs and arthropod vectors of the disease are resident in the area. Epidemiologic data suggest that dermal leishmaniasis is endemic in south-central Texas.", "contents": "Autochthonous dermal leishmaniasis in Texas. Over a 2-year period two cases of dermal leishmaniasis of special interest were recognized in Texas. The first occurred in 1972 in a 74-year-old woman who had residences in Dilworth and Gahzales, Gonzales County, and the other was in a 56-year-old man from Kenedy, Karnes County, in 1974. Both cases were biopsy- and culture-positive, and the second patient exhibited anti-Leishmania antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent antibody and direct agglutination tests. Epidemiologic investigation revealed no association between the two cases and suggested that both patients had acquired their infections locally in southern Texas. Moreover, serologic evidence of Leishmania infection was uncovered in a neighbor of the second case and in 3 dogs living nearby. Potential sylvatic reservoirs and arthropod vectors of the disease are resident in the area. Epidemiologic data suggest that dermal leishmaniasis is endemic in south-central Texas.", "PMID": 1034442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6742", "title": "Fine structure of schistosome eggs as seen through the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Through a scanning electron microscope the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum were observed to have microvili-like chitinous projections densely distributed and entangled on the surface, each more than 3 mu in length and 0.05 to 0.08 mu in diameter. The microspines of eggs of S. mansoni and S. haematobium were found to be thicker, shorter, and less widespread than were those of S. japonicum eggs, and not entangled. It is noteworthy that such small projections on the surface of schistosome eggs remain erect in the critical point drying procedure.", "contents": "Fine structure of schistosome eggs as seen through the scanning electron microscope. Through a scanning electron microscope the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum were observed to have microvili-like chitinous projections densely distributed and entangled on the surface, each more than 3 mu in length and 0.05 to 0.08 mu in diameter. The microspines of eggs of S. mansoni and S. haematobium were found to be thicker, shorter, and less widespread than were those of S. japonicum eggs, and not entangled. It is noteworthy that such small projections on the surface of schistosome eggs remain erect in the critical point drying procedure.", "PMID": 1034443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6743", "title": "After smallpox eradication: yaws?", "content": "The WHO-coordinated Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP) has reduced the number of smallpox-endemic countries from 30 to 1, and now expects to complete the eradication of smallpox after a 10-year campaign. Campaigns to eradicate yaws were begun in the early 1950's with WHO and UNICEF support, and have greatly reduced the prevalence of that disease. Yaws has not yet been eradicated from any large geographic area, however, and is already resurgent in some countries. Some of the differences between the two diseases and available control measures are discussed. The thesis of this paper is that yaws programs have been deficient in failing to aggressively seek and contain yaws cases and contacts after mass treatment campaigns reduced yaws prevalence to low levels. It is further suggested that by using a modified SEP-type strategy to focus investigation and control efforts on infections yaws cases and their contacts, and by taking advantage of new methods to obtain more accurate diagnosis of yaws cases in the field, it should be possible to control yaws more effectively and efficiently, and perhaps to eradicate it. Outstanding barriers to yaws eradication are also discussed.", "contents": "After smallpox eradication: yaws? The WHO-coordinated Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP) has reduced the number of smallpox-endemic countries from 30 to 1, and now expects to complete the eradication of smallpox after a 10-year campaign. Campaigns to eradicate yaws were begun in the early 1950's with WHO and UNICEF support, and have greatly reduced the prevalence of that disease. Yaws has not yet been eradicated from any large geographic area, however, and is already resurgent in some countries. Some of the differences between the two diseases and available control measures are discussed. The thesis of this paper is that yaws programs have been deficient in failing to aggressively seek and contain yaws cases and contacts after mass treatment campaigns reduced yaws prevalence to low levels. It is further suggested that by using a modified SEP-type strategy to focus investigation and control efforts on infections yaws cases and their contacts, and by taking advantage of new methods to obtain more accurate diagnosis of yaws cases in the field, it should be possible to control yaws more effectively and efficiently, and perhaps to eradicate it. Outstanding barriers to yaws eradication are also discussed.", "PMID": 1034444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6744", "title": "Erythropoiesis in the yolk sac of the bat Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala.", "content": "The process of erythropoiesis and vasculogenesis in the yolk sac of the bat (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala) has been studied through the use of both light and electron microscopy. Stem cells arise from the leading edge of the migrating splanchnic mesoderm and transform into primitive erythroblasts. Differentiation involves either contact or association with the endodermal cells, since all erythropoietic activity occurs on the endodermal side of the expanding vascular bed, and many of the cells are in close apposition to the lateral or basal plasma membranes of the endodermal cells. Endodermal cells also phagocytize developing primitive erythroblasts during the later stage of the process when erythropoiesis is subsiding in the yolk sac. Cells destined to become the endothelium of the expanding vascular bed also arise from the leading edge of the migrating splanchnic mesoderm. Their process of differentiation involves the development of cytoplasmic extensions that may surround a group of differentiating erythroblasts, enclosing them in the newly formed lumen of the blood vessel. The cytoplasmic extensions make contact and develop junctional complexes with similar processes from other cells to complete the lumen of the lengthening vascular bed. Cells of the granulocyte series or megakaryocytes are not observed in the yolk sac of the bat as has been described in certain other species.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in the yolk sac of the bat Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala. The process of erythropoiesis and vasculogenesis in the yolk sac of the bat (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala) has been studied through the use of both light and electron microscopy. Stem cells arise from the leading edge of the migrating splanchnic mesoderm and transform into primitive erythroblasts. Differentiation involves either contact or association with the endodermal cells, since all erythropoietic activity occurs on the endodermal side of the expanding vascular bed, and many of the cells are in close apposition to the lateral or basal plasma membranes of the endodermal cells. Endodermal cells also phagocytize developing primitive erythroblasts during the later stage of the process when erythropoiesis is subsiding in the yolk sac. Cells destined to become the endothelium of the expanding vascular bed also arise from the leading edge of the migrating splanchnic mesoderm. Their process of differentiation involves the development of cytoplasmic extensions that may surround a group of differentiating erythroblasts, enclosing them in the newly formed lumen of the blood vessel. The cytoplasmic extensions make contact and develop junctional complexes with similar processes from other cells to complete the lumen of the lengthening vascular bed. Cells of the granulocyte series or megakaryocytes are not observed in the yolk sac of the bat as has been described in certain other species.", "PMID": 1034449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6745", "title": "Structural characterization and rapid manual isolation of a reptilian testicular tunic rich in Leydig cells.", "content": "During the annual breeding season, the testes of the lizard Cnemidophorus gularis are yellow-orange, oviod organs measuring almost 1 cm in greatest diameter. The pigment is confined to the testicular tunic, which contains a zone of Leydig cells and vascular channels more than 50 mu thick. Leydig cells constitute approximately 60% of the zone, with remaining space occupied by capillaries, sinusoids, and lymphatic vessels. Lymphatics are concentrated at the interface between tunic and seminiferous tubules. Interstitial space is poorly developed among the tubules, accounting for less than 3% of tissue volume. Capillaries, lymphatics, and few widely scattering Leydig cells occur in the sparse interstitial space. Leydig cells in the tunic and elsewhere in the testis show ultrastructural features commonly found in mammalian Leydig cells. Separation of the tunic from the seminiferous tubules is achieved in a few seconds by manual decapsulation of the testis and yields an enriched preparation of Leydig cells that is essentially uncontaminated by tubular elements.", "contents": "Structural characterization and rapid manual isolation of a reptilian testicular tunic rich in Leydig cells. During the annual breeding season, the testes of the lizard Cnemidophorus gularis are yellow-orange, oviod organs measuring almost 1 cm in greatest diameter. The pigment is confined to the testicular tunic, which contains a zone of Leydig cells and vascular channels more than 50 mu thick. Leydig cells constitute approximately 60% of the zone, with remaining space occupied by capillaries, sinusoids, and lymphatic vessels. Lymphatics are concentrated at the interface between tunic and seminiferous tubules. Interstitial space is poorly developed among the tubules, accounting for less than 3% of tissue volume. Capillaries, lymphatics, and few widely scattering Leydig cells occur in the sparse interstitial space. Leydig cells in the tunic and elsewhere in the testis show ultrastructural features commonly found in mammalian Leydig cells. Separation of the tunic from the seminiferous tubules is achieved in a few seconds by manual decapsulation of the testis and yields an enriched preparation of Leydig cells that is essentially uncontaminated by tubular elements.", "PMID": 1034450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6746", "title": "Bovine lymphocyte antigens: serological relationships with erythrocyte and spermatozoan antigens.", "content": "Bovine lymphocytotoxicity tests with 20 unabsorbed bovine blood group sera revealed extensive reactivity which in the majority of cases had no indication of blood group relationship. Six of these sera were absorbed with selected lymphocytes to produce eleven antisera of reduced specificity. Again, most of the sera had reaction patterns which could not be related to the hemolytic patterns of any known blood group antibodies. However, five comparisons involving unabsorbed antisera and two comparisons involving absorbed antisera provided statistical evidence of similarities between their lymphocytotoxic reaction patterns and the hemolytic reaction patterns of certain blood group antibodies. Several of the sera appeared to contain related cytotoxic specificities, and three such absorbed sera may have contained an anti-J specificity. All six examined monospecific isoimmune blood group antisera contained lymphocytic reactivities not related to their hemolytic specificities. Two normal sera containing naturally occurring anti-J had no cytotoxic activity. Anti-semen sera likewise were devoid of lymphocytotoxic activity.", "contents": "Bovine lymphocyte antigens: serological relationships with erythrocyte and spermatozoan antigens. Bovine lymphocytotoxicity tests with 20 unabsorbed bovine blood group sera revealed extensive reactivity which in the majority of cases had no indication of blood group relationship. Six of these sera were absorbed with selected lymphocytes to produce eleven antisera of reduced specificity. Again, most of the sera had reaction patterns which could not be related to the hemolytic patterns of any known blood group antibodies. However, five comparisons involving unabsorbed antisera and two comparisons involving absorbed antisera provided statistical evidence of similarities between their lymphocytotoxic reaction patterns and the hemolytic reaction patterns of certain blood group antibodies. Several of the sera appeared to contain related cytotoxic specificities, and three such absorbed sera may have contained an anti-J specificity. All six examined monospecific isoimmune blood group antisera contained lymphocytic reactivities not related to their hemolytic specificities. Two normal sera containing naturally occurring anti-J had no cytotoxic activity. Anti-semen sera likewise were devoid of lymphocytotoxic activity.", "PMID": 1034452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6747", "title": "The temporal pattern of feeding over the oestrous cycle of the mouse.", "content": "The detailed temporal pattern of feeding in female mice was measured by an automated method over the oestrous cycle whilst feeding on either of two foods differing in stimulus characteristics, but of similar calorific value. The total time spent feeding varied systematically over the cycle, being increased for sweet food and decreased for laboratory chow at the time of sexual receptivity. and increased for both foods towards the end of the cycle. The temporal pattern is analysed into a number of variables, which are seen to alter in different ways over the oestrous cycle. The pro-oestrus disturbance is due to alterations in meal size brought about solely by changes in mean bout length, themselves products of variations in the initial bouts of the meal. Inter-meal interval is unrelated to changes in meal size at this time, allowing the latter to affect food intake. The changes towards the end of the cycle are produced by alterations of meal frequency at constant meal size. It is argued that separable 'phasic' and 'tonic' effects of reproductive condition on feeding may therefore be identified, and that they might possibly have different functions.", "contents": "The temporal pattern of feeding over the oestrous cycle of the mouse. The detailed temporal pattern of feeding in female mice was measured by an automated method over the oestrous cycle whilst feeding on either of two foods differing in stimulus characteristics, but of similar calorific value. The total time spent feeding varied systematically over the cycle, being increased for sweet food and decreased for laboratory chow at the time of sexual receptivity. and increased for both foods towards the end of the cycle. The temporal pattern is analysed into a number of variables, which are seen to alter in different ways over the oestrous cycle. The pro-oestrus disturbance is due to alterations in meal size brought about solely by changes in mean bout length, themselves products of variations in the initial bouts of the meal. Inter-meal interval is unrelated to changes in meal size at this time, allowing the latter to affect food intake. The changes towards the end of the cycle are produced by alterations of meal frequency at constant meal size. It is argued that separable 'phasic' and 'tonic' effects of reproductive condition on feeding may therefore be identified, and that they might possibly have different functions.", "PMID": 1034453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6748", "title": "Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from pigeon manure.", "content": "We recently diagnosed and treated a 45-year-old white male horticulturist with acute progressive blastomycosis. Epidemiologic studies revealed that the patient used a load of pigeon manure as fertilizer approximately 6 weeks before becoming ill. He used the pigeon manure only once, resealed the remainder, and stored it in his hothouse. Samples of the pigeon guano were digested with 10 per cent KOH, and the characteristic yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis were seen in large numbers. The fungus was cultured from another sample of the same material. This is the first time that the pathogenic fungus B. dermatitidis has been isolated from the environment in association with a human case.", "contents": "Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from pigeon manure. We recently diagnosed and treated a 45-year-old white male horticulturist with acute progressive blastomycosis. Epidemiologic studies revealed that the patient used a load of pigeon manure as fertilizer approximately 6 weeks before becoming ill. He used the pigeon manure only once, resealed the remainder, and stored it in his hothouse. Samples of the pigeon guano were digested with 10 per cent KOH, and the characteristic yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis were seen in large numbers. The fungus was cultured from another sample of the same material. This is the first time that the pathogenic fungus B. dermatitidis has been isolated from the environment in association with a human case.", "PMID": 1034455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6749", "title": "Genetic control of serum hemopexin.", "content": "Serum hemopexin was studied in a sample of twin pairs. Among monozygotic twin pairs a high concordance was found for serum hemopexin. This zygosity group analysis of variance also showed a significantly lower variance within than between pairs. The results indicate that the concentration of serum hemopexin is strongly influenced by genetic factors.", "contents": "Genetic control of serum hemopexin. Serum hemopexin was studied in a sample of twin pairs. Among monozygotic twin pairs a high concordance was found for serum hemopexin. This zygosity group analysis of variance also showed a significantly lower variance within than between pairs. The results indicate that the concentration of serum hemopexin is strongly influenced by genetic factors.", "PMID": 1034458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6750", "title": "Incubation of double labelled coproporphyrinogen with chicken red cell haemolysates, chemical and TLC fractionation of extracts.", "content": "Further evidence is presented for the enzymic conversion of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin by observing the loss of 3H counts by 3H and 14C labelled coproporphyrinogen when incubated in chicken red cell haemolysates. Use was made of chemical and TLC fractionation of porphyrin extracts after incubation and a loss of half the 3H was again found. Evidence is presented for the role of harderoporphyrinogen as a natural intermediate in this conversion. The relevance of the findings in the porphyrias, and in particular variegate porphyria, is discussed. It is suggested that the enzymic process involved in the conversion of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin may be deficient in variegate porphyria.", "contents": "Incubation of double labelled coproporphyrinogen with chicken red cell haemolysates, chemical and TLC fractionation of extracts. Further evidence is presented for the enzymic conversion of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin by observing the loss of 3H counts by 3H and 14C labelled coproporphyrinogen when incubated in chicken red cell haemolysates. Use was made of chemical and TLC fractionation of porphyrin extracts after incubation and a loss of half the 3H was again found. Evidence is presented for the role of harderoporphyrinogen as a natural intermediate in this conversion. The relevance of the findings in the porphyrias, and in particular variegate porphyria, is discussed. It is suggested that the enzymic process involved in the conversion of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin may be deficient in variegate porphyria.", "PMID": 1034459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6751", "title": "[Intraventricular glial tumor. in the evolution of Bourneville tuberous sclerosis: ultrastructural study].", "content": "Ultrastructural study of an intraventricular tumour in a child with Bourneville tuberose sclerosis showed the presence of marked glial astrocytic proliferation. All the tumour cells were undoubtedly of astrocytic type, as shown by the presence of gliofilaments and beta-type glycogenic particles. They were also characterized by an abundant ergastoplasm of an original type (lamellar stacking of the saccules), a well developed Golgi apparatus, a multitude of mitochondria and numerous dense lysosomic bodies, indicative of metabolic hyperactivity. On the basis of these morphological date, the tumour may be defined as an astrocytoma, the blastic tendency of which cannot be affirmed, other than on the basis of the presence of mitotic figures.", "contents": "[Intraventricular glial tumor. in the evolution of Bourneville tuberous sclerosis: ultrastructural study]. Ultrastructural study of an intraventricular tumour in a child with Bourneville tuberose sclerosis showed the presence of marked glial astrocytic proliferation. All the tumour cells were undoubtedly of astrocytic type, as shown by the presence of gliofilaments and beta-type glycogenic particles. They were also characterized by an abundant ergastoplasm of an original type (lamellar stacking of the saccules), a well developed Golgi apparatus, a multitude of mitochondria and numerous dense lysosomic bodies, indicative of metabolic hyperactivity. On the basis of these morphological date, the tumour may be defined as an astrocytoma, the blastic tendency of which cannot be affirmed, other than on the basis of the presence of mitotic figures.", "PMID": 1034454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6752", "title": "Serum growth hormone and free fatty acid levels in heifers and cows before, during and after parturition.", "content": "A large number of blood samples was taken from the jugular vein of 18 cows or heifers during parturition, especially during stage II. In 9 animals an increase in serum growth hormone was observed and the peak occurred within the period which began when the forelegs of the calf became visible in the vulva, and ended a few minutes after expulsion of the calf. In typical cases, the growth hormone peak was preceded by a progressive increase, and followed by a gradual decrease in the hormone level. The total duration of the phenomenon amounted to a few hours. During the days before and after parturition, no change in growth hormone concentration could be noted. The serum free fatty acid values were high during parturition.", "contents": "Serum growth hormone and free fatty acid levels in heifers and cows before, during and after parturition. A large number of blood samples was taken from the jugular vein of 18 cows or heifers during parturition, especially during stage II. In 9 animals an increase in serum growth hormone was observed and the peak occurred within the period which began when the forelegs of the calf became visible in the vulva, and ended a few minutes after expulsion of the calf. In typical cases, the growth hormone peak was preceded by a progressive increase, and followed by a gradual decrease in the hormone level. The total duration of the phenomenon amounted to a few hours. During the days before and after parturition, no change in growth hormone concentration could be noted. The serum free fatty acid values were high during parturition.", "PMID": 1034460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6753", "title": "[Interaction of androgens with uterine receptors].", "content": "Interactions of testosterone and 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone with the estrogen receptor have been studied in the immature rat uterus. At low concentrations, androgens interact with their own receptors (1) which are different from the estrogen receptor by their specificity, sedimentation constant and number of binding sites (2) (Table I). At high concentrations, androgens interact with the estrogen receptors, as shown by \"rate\" competitive experiments performed on uterine cytosol. This low affinity interaction is efficient to translocate the estrogen receptor to the nucleus in vitro (3) and in vivo (fig. I). Androgens also bind to the progesterone receptor. The responsibility of these interactions in the observed uterotrophic and anti estrogenic effect of androgens will be discussed.", "contents": "[Interaction of androgens with uterine receptors]. Interactions of testosterone and 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone with the estrogen receptor have been studied in the immature rat uterus. At low concentrations, androgens interact with their own receptors (1) which are different from the estrogen receptor by their specificity, sedimentation constant and number of binding sites (2) (Table I). At high concentrations, androgens interact with the estrogen receptors, as shown by \"rate\" competitive experiments performed on uterine cytosol. This low affinity interaction is efficient to translocate the estrogen receptor to the nucleus in vitro (3) and in vivo (fig. I). Androgens also bind to the progesterone receptor. The responsibility of these interactions in the observed uterotrophic and anti estrogenic effect of androgens will be discussed.", "PMID": 1034461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6754", "title": "Antifungal properties of electrically generated metallic ions.", "content": "A qualitative and quantitative investigation was undertaken to study the susceptibility of unicellular eucaryotic organisms (yeasts) to metallic cations generated by low levels of direct current. Results were characteristic of effects obtained previously using clinical and standard bacteria test organisms. The present study demonstrated that anodic silver (Ag(+)) at low direct currents had inhibitory and fungicidal properties. Broth dilution susceptibility tests were made on several species of Candida and one species of Torulopsis. Growth in all isolates was inhibited by concentrations of electrically generated silver ions between 0.5 and 4.7 mug/ml, and silver exhibited fungicidal properties at concentrations as low as 1.9 mug/ml. The inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of electrically generated silver ions are lower than those reported for other silver compounds.", "contents": "Antifungal properties of electrically generated metallic ions. A qualitative and quantitative investigation was undertaken to study the susceptibility of unicellular eucaryotic organisms (yeasts) to metallic cations generated by low levels of direct current. Results were characteristic of effects obtained previously using clinical and standard bacteria test organisms. The present study demonstrated that anodic silver (Ag(+)) at low direct currents had inhibitory and fungicidal properties. Broth dilution susceptibility tests were made on several species of Candida and one species of Torulopsis. Growth in all isolates was inhibited by concentrations of electrically generated silver ions between 0.5 and 4.7 mug/ml, and silver exhibited fungicidal properties at concentrations as low as 1.9 mug/ml. The inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of electrically generated silver ions are lower than those reported for other silver compounds.", "PMID": 1034467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6755", "title": "Origin of erythropoietic stem cells in avian development: shift from the yolk sac to an intraembryonic site.", "content": "Haemopoietic stem cells are currently considered as deriving exclusively from the embryonic yolk sac in birds and mammals. A new experimental approach has been devised: quail embryonic bodies are grafted on to chick yolk sacs before establishment of circulation, and allowed to develop. The proportions of quail and chick erythrocytes in the circulating blood are assayed through a differential immunohaemolysis technique. Up to 10 days of incubation, grafted quails have 80 to 95% chick erythrocytes. Between 10 and 13 days, quail erythrocytes appear in increasing proportions making up as much as 80% of the red blood cells in some embryos. Morphological analysis reveals that chick cells colonize transiently the spleen of grafted embryos between 10 and 12 days, and undergo erythropoiesis in that organ. However at 13 days chick cells have disappeared from the spleen of grafted embryos. It is concluded that yolk sac stem cells are capable of colonizing intraembryonic organs, but do not do permanently and that there is an intraembryonic source of definitive erythropoietic stem cells.", "contents": "Origin of erythropoietic stem cells in avian development: shift from the yolk sac to an intraembryonic site. Haemopoietic stem cells are currently considered as deriving exclusively from the embryonic yolk sac in birds and mammals. A new experimental approach has been devised: quail embryonic bodies are grafted on to chick yolk sacs before establishment of circulation, and allowed to develop. The proportions of quail and chick erythrocytes in the circulating blood are assayed through a differential immunohaemolysis technique. Up to 10 days of incubation, grafted quails have 80 to 95% chick erythrocytes. Between 10 and 13 days, quail erythrocytes appear in increasing proportions making up as much as 80% of the red blood cells in some embryos. Morphological analysis reveals that chick cells colonize transiently the spleen of grafted embryos between 10 and 12 days, and undergo erythropoiesis in that organ. However at 13 days chick cells have disappeared from the spleen of grafted embryos. It is concluded that yolk sac stem cells are capable of colonizing intraembryonic organs, but do not do permanently and that there is an intraembryonic source of definitive erythropoietic stem cells.", "PMID": 1034462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6756", "title": "Changes in haemoglobin and antigenic constitution of erythrocytes during embryonic and postembryonic chick development.", "content": "Between the 18th and 20th day of incubation, the proportion of haemoglobin F (Hb F) synthesis decreases in the embryo bone marrow from the value found in the yolk sac (10% of the total haemoglobin synthesis) to the value found in the bone marrow of young chicks (2%). A similar drop in Hb F synthesis is observed with a delay of 48 hours in the blood. Two membrane antigens each specific of either embryo or adult erythrocytes have been detected. The study by immunofluorescence of their cellular distribution shows that 3 erythrocyte populations are successively produced: a population E bearing the embryonic antigen only, a population EA bearing both antigens and a population A bearing the adult antigen only. The presence of a relatively high proportion of Hb F in population E is strongly suggested by the similar kinetics of Hb F and E cells disappearance within the first posthatching month.", "contents": "Changes in haemoglobin and antigenic constitution of erythrocytes during embryonic and postembryonic chick development. Between the 18th and 20th day of incubation, the proportion of haemoglobin F (Hb F) synthesis decreases in the embryo bone marrow from the value found in the yolk sac (10% of the total haemoglobin synthesis) to the value found in the bone marrow of young chicks (2%). A similar drop in Hb F synthesis is observed with a delay of 48 hours in the blood. Two membrane antigens each specific of either embryo or adult erythrocytes have been detected. The study by immunofluorescence of their cellular distribution shows that 3 erythrocyte populations are successively produced: a population E bearing the embryonic antigen only, a population EA bearing both antigens and a population A bearing the adult antigen only. The presence of a relatively high proportion of Hb F in population E is strongly suggested by the similar kinetics of Hb F and E cells disappearance within the first posthatching month.", "PMID": 1034463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6757", "title": "[Enrichment of wheat flour with sunflower and soya flour for bakery products].", "content": "In order to improve the nutritive value of wheat protein, with a wheat flour, defated soybean flour and sunflower seed flour were mixed on the basis of their amino acid composition. The highest nutritive value, 86 expressed as CS, was obtained with 60% wheat flour + 28% defatted soybean flour + 12% defatted sunflower seed flour. The mixture was used to prepare: a) sea-biscuits, baked in a traditional bakery oven, and b) crackers, baked in an electric endless oven. Similar products, baked with wheat flour alone, were studied as controls. Chemical composition, total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine and available lysine content were determine on the raw flours and mixture. Protein, fats and available lysine were determined on the bakery products. The nutritive value of the latter was assessed by their NPUop from which NPUst was calculated. The results showed an increase in the protein content of the enriched bakery products up to 60% over the controls. The nutritive value of the products was lower than the calculated figure for the raw mixture. Products b had the highest NPUst (56.4), surpassing the figures for the control (33.3) and also for product a (53.5). These values agreed with the figures for lysine availability which decreased with heat according to the cooking process. These data and the good acceptability of the crackers suggest that their enrichment with soybean and sunflowers seed concentrates asayed, could help to fulfill protein requirements in children.", "contents": "[Enrichment of wheat flour with sunflower and soya flour for bakery products]. In order to improve the nutritive value of wheat protein, with a wheat flour, defated soybean flour and sunflower seed flour were mixed on the basis of their amino acid composition. The highest nutritive value, 86 expressed as CS, was obtained with 60% wheat flour + 28% defatted soybean flour + 12% defatted sunflower seed flour. The mixture was used to prepare: a) sea-biscuits, baked in a traditional bakery oven, and b) crackers, baked in an electric endless oven. Similar products, baked with wheat flour alone, were studied as controls. Chemical composition, total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine and available lysine content were determine on the raw flours and mixture. Protein, fats and available lysine were determined on the bakery products. The nutritive value of the latter was assessed by their NPUop from which NPUst was calculated. The results showed an increase in the protein content of the enriched bakery products up to 60% over the controls. The nutritive value of the products was lower than the calculated figure for the raw mixture. Products b had the highest NPUst (56.4), surpassing the figures for the control (33.3) and also for product a (53.5). These values agreed with the figures for lysine availability which decreased with heat according to the cooking process. These data and the good acceptability of the crackers suggest that their enrichment with soybean and sunflowers seed concentrates asayed, could help to fulfill protein requirements in children.", "PMID": 1034469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6758", "title": "[Cerebral gigantism in twins].", "content": "Two probably monozygotic twins with cerebral gigantism are reported. They showed three typical features: pneumo-encephalography demonstrated a fifth anterior ventricular dilatation; in both patients dermatoglyphic findings showed a thenar exit of the Aline and a vertical palmar alignement; Growth hormone and sulfatation factor blood concentration were low but within normal limits.", "contents": "[Cerebral gigantism in twins]. Two probably monozygotic twins with cerebral gigantism are reported. They showed three typical features: pneumo-encephalography demonstrated a fifth anterior ventricular dilatation; in both patients dermatoglyphic findings showed a thenar exit of the Aline and a vertical palmar alignement; Growth hormone and sulfatation factor blood concentration were low but within normal limits.", "PMID": 1034470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6759", "title": "Mouse foetal development: translational inactivation of globin genes during the terminal differentiation of yolk sac erythroid cells.", "content": "The molecular mechanism of globin genes inactivation has been explored at the translational level in yolk sac erythroid cells from mouse foetuses. Ageing of the messenger molecules is paralleled by a progressive decrease of the poly(A) tail. Poly(A) less messengers are less active when tested in a wheat germ cell free system and become uncapable to terminate globin chain elongation.", "contents": "Mouse foetal development: translational inactivation of globin genes during the terminal differentiation of yolk sac erythroid cells. The molecular mechanism of globin genes inactivation has been explored at the translational level in yolk sac erythroid cells from mouse foetuses. Ageing of the messenger molecules is paralleled by a progressive decrease of the poly(A) tail. Poly(A) less messengers are less active when tested in a wheat germ cell free system and become uncapable to terminate globin chain elongation.", "PMID": 1034464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6760", "title": "Restorative effects of different embryonic cells transplanted into immunodeficient chick embryos.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide-treated 18-day chicken embryos were transplanted with cells from different organs of histocompatible embryonic donors. The cells transplanted include cells from the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, bone marrow, thymus or liver of 15- and 18-day embryos and yolk sac cells from 9, 11, 13, 15 and 18-day embryos. To evaluate the reconstitution capacity of the cells transplanted, gain of body weight, weight and microscopic morphology of the lymphoid organs and antibody forming capacity to sheep red blood cells and Brucella were assessed at the age of five weeks. According to all the criteria employed, bursa cells were the only cells capable of a functional and morphological reconstitution of the recipient's humoral immune system. Cells from the embryonic spleen, bone marrow, thymus, liver or yolk sac had no reconstituting effect, indicating that these organs do not harbor precursors for the B-cell lineage. Taken together with other observations, these findings reveal that, as a differentiation site of the B-cell lineage, the bursa of Fabricius precedes the bone marrow during ontogenetic development, and furthermore, that the role of the yolk sac as the first generator of prebursal stem cells must be questioned.", "contents": "Restorative effects of different embryonic cells transplanted into immunodeficient chick embryos. Cyclophosphamide-treated 18-day chicken embryos were transplanted with cells from different organs of histocompatible embryonic donors. The cells transplanted include cells from the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, bone marrow, thymus or liver of 15- and 18-day embryos and yolk sac cells from 9, 11, 13, 15 and 18-day embryos. To evaluate the reconstitution capacity of the cells transplanted, gain of body weight, weight and microscopic morphology of the lymphoid organs and antibody forming capacity to sheep red blood cells and Brucella were assessed at the age of five weeks. According to all the criteria employed, bursa cells were the only cells capable of a functional and morphological reconstitution of the recipient's humoral immune system. Cells from the embryonic spleen, bone marrow, thymus, liver or yolk sac had no reconstituting effect, indicating that these organs do not harbor precursors for the B-cell lineage. Taken together with other observations, these findings reveal that, as a differentiation site of the B-cell lineage, the bursa of Fabricius precedes the bone marrow during ontogenetic development, and furthermore, that the role of the yolk sac as the first generator of prebursal stem cells must be questioned.", "PMID": 1034465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6761", "title": "Two feminized male American Indians.", "content": "Two American Indian males are described who wish to change sex. Both appear to be anatomically normal; one is a monozygotic twin. In both cases, feminine identification began very early in life. In both cases, there were early acceptance and positive reinforcement of the feminine behavior. These two males and the environment in which they live are contrasted with the anthropological literature published decades ago describing the unique Indian tribal role played by feminized males.", "contents": "Two feminized male American Indians. Two American Indian males are described who wish to change sex. Both appear to be anatomically normal; one is a monozygotic twin. In both cases, feminine identification began very early in life. In both cases, there were early acceptance and positive reinforcement of the feminine behavior. These two males and the environment in which they live are contrasted with the anthropological literature published decades ago describing the unique Indian tribal role played by feminized males.", "PMID": 1034471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6762", "title": "[Studies on the effect of raw protein supply on the lysine requirements in young pigs of living weight of 12-40 kg. 2. Report. Feeding studies with wheat-soy bean extraction residues].", "content": "A feeding trial was conducted on a total of 96 pigs to investigate the effect of lysine supplements added to rations of wheat+extracted soya bean meal and rations of wheat+extracted gound nut meal. Significant differences in the daily weight gains were noted (up to the 4th week of experiment) between the groups fed the soya bean meal ration and those fed the ground nut meal ration and between the soya bean meal groups receiving rations supplemented with 0,71% lysine or 0.79% lysine. At the termination of the trial (8th week) these differences were no longer significant statistically although the soya bean meal group fed rations supplemented with 0.79% lysine yielded clearly the best results.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of raw protein supply on the lysine requirements in young pigs of living weight of 12-40 kg. 2. Report. Feeding studies with wheat-soy bean extraction residues]. A feeding trial was conducted on a total of 96 pigs to investigate the effect of lysine supplements added to rations of wheat+extracted soya bean meal and rations of wheat+extracted gound nut meal. Significant differences in the daily weight gains were noted (up to the 4th week of experiment) between the groups fed the soya bean meal ration and those fed the ground nut meal ration and between the soya bean meal groups receiving rations supplemented with 0,71% lysine or 0.79% lysine. At the termination of the trial (8th week) these differences were no longer significant statistically although the soya bean meal group fed rations supplemented with 0.79% lysine yielded clearly the best results.", "PMID": 1034472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6763", "title": "[Amniotic amputation (author's transl)].", "content": "This report is upon a new-born child whose intra-uterine amputated right hand was found in the placenta. Besides there was a syndactylism together with the missing of the middle and end phalnges of the long fingers of the left hand. Individual observations have been reported and the question of exogenous or endogenous causes for the so-called amniotic amputation is being discussed.", "contents": "[Amniotic amputation (author's transl)]. This report is upon a new-born child whose intra-uterine amputated right hand was found in the placenta. Besides there was a syndactylism together with the missing of the middle and end phalnges of the long fingers of the left hand. Individual observations have been reported and the question of exogenous or endogenous causes for the so-called amniotic amputation is being discussed.", "PMID": 1034473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6764", "title": "Migration of yolk sac cells to thymus grafts: requirement of prior sojourn in bone marrow (or liver?).", "content": "The migration of CBA/HT6T6 haemopoietic cells (adult bone marrow, embryonic liver or yolk sac) to established thymus grafts, in CBA/H 60-day neonatally thymectomized hosts, shows that all three cell types can migrate and divide within the grafts, albeit yolk sac cells appear later after cell injection. This last observation suggested possible intermediate steps, i.e. a sojourn in bone marrow (or liver in the embryos). When the same experiments were performed in hosts that had been pre-treated with 100 muCi of 89Sr (a bone seeking isotope), it was observed that marrow and embryonic liver cells still could migrate to thymus and subsequently generate a population of competent T lymphocytes, while yolk sac cells were incapable of such migration.", "contents": "Migration of yolk sac cells to thymus grafts: requirement of prior sojourn in bone marrow (or liver?). The migration of CBA/HT6T6 haemopoietic cells (adult bone marrow, embryonic liver or yolk sac) to established thymus grafts, in CBA/H 60-day neonatally thymectomized hosts, shows that all three cell types can migrate and divide within the grafts, albeit yolk sac cells appear later after cell injection. This last observation suggested possible intermediate steps, i.e. a sojourn in bone marrow (or liver in the embryos). When the same experiments were performed in hosts that had been pre-treated with 100 muCi of 89Sr (a bone seeking isotope), it was observed that marrow and embryonic liver cells still could migrate to thymus and subsequently generate a population of competent T lymphocytes, while yolk sac cells were incapable of such migration.", "PMID": 1034466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6765", "title": "Purification of an exo-beta-D-glucanase from cell-free extracts of Candida utilis.", "content": "beta-Glucanase present in cell-free extracts from Candida utilis was isolated and purified 562-fold by procedures that include adsorption on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and filtration through columns of Sephadex G-50, G-100 and G-200, Bio-Gel P-10, and Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and in ultracentrifugation studies (S20,w = 1.74S). The enzyme behaved as an acidic glycoprotein (pI4.1) with 68% carbohydrate and a high content of acidic amino acids. The mol.wt. was estimated to be 20000 from gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and 36000 from sedimentation experiments. Studies on the hydrolysis of different substrates showed that the enzyme is an unspecific beta-glucanase able to break down both (1 leads to 3)-eta- and (1 leads to 6)-beta-linkages by an exo-splitting mechanism. Glucono-delta-lactone, Zn2+ and Hg2+ inhibited the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Purification of an exo-beta-D-glucanase from cell-free extracts of Candida utilis. beta-Glucanase present in cell-free extracts from Candida utilis was isolated and purified 562-fold by procedures that include adsorption on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and filtration through columns of Sephadex G-50, G-100 and G-200, Bio-Gel P-10, and Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme appeared homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and in ultracentrifugation studies (S20,w = 1.74S). The enzyme behaved as an acidic glycoprotein (pI4.1) with 68% carbohydrate and a high content of acidic amino acids. The mol.wt. was estimated to be 20000 from gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and 36000 from sedimentation experiments. Studies on the hydrolysis of different substrates showed that the enzyme is an unspecific beta-glucanase able to break down both (1 leads to 3)-eta- and (1 leads to 6)-beta-linkages by an exo-splitting mechanism. Glucono-delta-lactone, Zn2+ and Hg2+ inhibited the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 1034477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6766", "title": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "The cardiac findings in two sibs with Friedreich's ataxia are described. The clinical signs were suggestive of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. During left heart catheterization a systolic pressure gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract could be provoked by an infusion of isoprenaline. Left ventricular angiocardiograms and echocardiograms showed gross thickening of the interventricular septum. In one patient a systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was seen. The importance of serial echocardiographic examination for patients with Friedreich's ataxia is emphasized.", "contents": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's ataxia. The cardiac findings in two sibs with Friedreich's ataxia are described. The clinical signs were suggestive of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. During left heart catheterization a systolic pressure gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract could be provoked by an infusion of isoprenaline. Left ventricular angiocardiograms and echocardiograms showed gross thickening of the interventricular septum. In one patient a systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve was seen. The importance of serial echocardiographic examination for patients with Friedreich's ataxia is emphasized.", "PMID": 1034480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6767", "title": "Motor activity changes in scrapie-affected mice.", "content": "Measurements of spontaneous motor activity using Animex equipment have been made throughout the incubation period in mice developing scrapie. A progressive fall in activity has been noted from an early stage in the disease process well before clinical signs of scrapie were evident. The initial fall was followed by an upsurge in activity at about the time when clinical signs of disease develop.", "contents": "Motor activity changes in scrapie-affected mice. Measurements of spontaneous motor activity using Animex equipment have been made throughout the incubation period in mice developing scrapie. A progressive fall in activity has been noted from an early stage in the disease process well before clinical signs of scrapie were evident. The initial fall was followed by an upsurge in activity at about the time when clinical signs of disease develop.", "PMID": 1034481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6768", "title": "Components of the haemostatic mechanism at birth in pre-eclampsia with particular reference to fetal growth retardation.", "content": "A comparative study of proteinuric pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy has been carried out to assess changes in the haemostatic mechanism in maternal and umbilical vein blood at birth. The results demonstrated changes in pre-eclampsia compatible with hypercoagulability with, in particular, depressed fibrinolysis. No strong pattern of differences from normal pregnancy or pre-eclampsia emerged when growth retarded infants were studied as a separate group.", "contents": "Components of the haemostatic mechanism at birth in pre-eclampsia with particular reference to fetal growth retardation. A comparative study of proteinuric pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy has been carried out to assess changes in the haemostatic mechanism in maternal and umbilical vein blood at birth. The results demonstrated changes in pre-eclampsia compatible with hypercoagulability with, in particular, depressed fibrinolysis. No strong pattern of differences from normal pregnancy or pre-eclampsia emerged when growth retarded infants were studied as a separate group.", "PMID": 1034482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6769", "title": "The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta in pregnancy complicated by fetal growth retardation.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta was studied in 15 pregnancies with severe fetal growth retardation. There were five patients with essential hypertension and superimposed pre-eclampsia, five patients with pre-eclampsia, and five patients with no hypertension. The patients were delivered by elective Caesarean section and biopsies of the placental bed were taken under direct vision. Extensive placental infarction was invariably present and the degree of infarction reflected the extent of pathological changes in the spiral arteries. In both hypertensive and normotensive patients the spiral arteries and basal arteries of the decidua showed occlusive atheromatous lesions with considerable fibrin deposition and accumulation of lipid-laden cells in both the intima and media of the vessel walls.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta in pregnancy complicated by fetal growth retardation. The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta was studied in 15 pregnancies with severe fetal growth retardation. There were five patients with essential hypertension and superimposed pre-eclampsia, five patients with pre-eclampsia, and five patients with no hypertension. The patients were delivered by elective Caesarean section and biopsies of the placental bed were taken under direct vision. Extensive placental infarction was invariably present and the degree of infarction reflected the extent of pathological changes in the spiral arteries. In both hypertensive and normotensive patients the spiral arteries and basal arteries of the decidua showed occlusive atheromatous lesions with considerable fibrin deposition and accumulation of lipid-laden cells in both the intima and media of the vessel walls.", "PMID": 1034483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6770", "title": "The effect of different diets including those containing soya-bean products, on digesta movement and water and nitrogen absorption in the small intestine of the pre-ruminant calf.", "content": "1. Preruminant calves, fistulated in the abomassum and distal ileum, were given by infusion into the abomasum, at intervals of 2-3 d, single experimental feeds of cow's milk or a synthetic milk diet in which the protein source was casein or a soya-bean product. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and phenol red were included as markers. 2. After infusion of the experimental feed, measurements were made of transit time from proximal duodenum to distal ileum and mean ileal flow-rates for the first 3 and 21 h after food residues reached the distal ileum. PEG recoveries for these two periods and net nitrogen absorption up to the distal ileum were also determined. In some experiments sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations and numbers of viable bacteria in ileal digesta were determined. 3. Measurements of passage of digesta, recovery of marker and net N absorption did not differ greatly between calves given cow's milk and the synthetic milk diet containing casein. Compared to the casein-based diet, a diet based on heated soya-bean flour given to a calf for the first or second time produced a somewhat higher ileal flow-rate and a significantly lower net N absorption. Net N absorption was even lower when a calf received a diet containing unheated soya-bean flour. 4. Calves given the diet containing heated soya-bean flour on several occasions appeared to develop a sensitivity to the flour, and after further feeds containing it they had significantly higher rates of ileal flow (accompanied by correspondingly high rates of Na and K flow), lower small intestine transit times and lower net N absorption values than similarly fed unsensitized calves. They also had significantly lower rates of passage of marker in the first few hours after food residues reached the ileum, indicating inhibition of abomasal emptying. Over all, the changes indicated a severe disturbance in digestive function which was not caused by abnormal bacterial growth and may have been due to a gastrointestinal allergy. 5. Diets prepared from water-extracted flour and from soya-bean-protein isolate also led to digestive disturbances in sensitized calves, but those containing concentrates prepared by extracting soya-bean meal with hot aqueous ethanol did not.", "contents": "The effect of different diets including those containing soya-bean products, on digesta movement and water and nitrogen absorption in the small intestine of the pre-ruminant calf. 1. Preruminant calves, fistulated in the abomassum and distal ileum, were given by infusion into the abomasum, at intervals of 2-3 d, single experimental feeds of cow's milk or a synthetic milk diet in which the protein source was casein or a soya-bean product. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and phenol red were included as markers. 2. After infusion of the experimental feed, measurements were made of transit time from proximal duodenum to distal ileum and mean ileal flow-rates for the first 3 and 21 h after food residues reached the distal ileum. PEG recoveries for these two periods and net nitrogen absorption up to the distal ileum were also determined. In some experiments sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations and numbers of viable bacteria in ileal digesta were determined. 3. Measurements of passage of digesta, recovery of marker and net N absorption did not differ greatly between calves given cow's milk and the synthetic milk diet containing casein. Compared to the casein-based diet, a diet based on heated soya-bean flour given to a calf for the first or second time produced a somewhat higher ileal flow-rate and a significantly lower net N absorption. Net N absorption was even lower when a calf received a diet containing unheated soya-bean flour. 4. Calves given the diet containing heated soya-bean flour on several occasions appeared to develop a sensitivity to the flour, and after further feeds containing it they had significantly higher rates of ileal flow (accompanied by correspondingly high rates of Na and K flow), lower small intestine transit times and lower net N absorption values than similarly fed unsensitized calves. They also had significantly lower rates of passage of marker in the first few hours after food residues reached the ileum, indicating inhibition of abomasal emptying. Over all, the changes indicated a severe disturbance in digestive function which was not caused by abnormal bacterial growth and may have been due to a gastrointestinal allergy. 5. Diets prepared from water-extracted flour and from soya-bean-protein isolate also led to digestive disturbances in sensitized calves, but those containing concentrates prepared by extracting soya-bean meal with hot aqueous ethanol did not.", "PMID": 1034484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6771", "title": "Glycogen degradation during migration of presumptive cell types in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "During the time course of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum, glycogen was found to accumulate from the amoebae stage to the culmination stage of development. Upon sorocarp formation (23 h), glycogen was rapidly degraded. Ultramicrotechniques, utilizing amplification of glycogen by enzymatic cycling, were used to follow glycogen metabolism in pre-stalk and prespore cells during the differentiation cycle. Both cell types accumulated glycogen at nearly the same rate. By the pseudoplasmodium stage of development glycogen had accumulated to 50% of its maximum value, and no differences were found between pre-stalk and pre-spore cells. Glycogen was degraded as pre-stalk cells migrated into the position for stalk construction. At the culmination stage of development stalk cells near the base were devoid of glycogen while pre-stalk cells near the apex of the stalk showed no loss of glycogen. The complete loss of glycogen from stalk cells occurred over a distance occupied by approximately 100 cells, and over a time period of approx. 1 h. Pre-spore cells at the culmination stage showed no loss of glycogen even though separated from stalk cells by only a thin cellulose sheath. The degradation of prespore cell glycogen did not commence until stalk construction was completed and the pre-spore mass had reached the apex of the stalk. Pre-spore cells at the culmination stage contained high levels of glycogen while only 2 h later, total degradation had occurred.", "contents": "Glycogen degradation during migration of presumptive cell types in Dictyostelium discoideum. During the time course of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum, glycogen was found to accumulate from the amoebae stage to the culmination stage of development. Upon sorocarp formation (23 h), glycogen was rapidly degraded. Ultramicrotechniques, utilizing amplification of glycogen by enzymatic cycling, were used to follow glycogen metabolism in pre-stalk and prespore cells during the differentiation cycle. Both cell types accumulated glycogen at nearly the same rate. By the pseudoplasmodium stage of development glycogen had accumulated to 50% of its maximum value, and no differences were found between pre-stalk and pre-spore cells. Glycogen was degraded as pre-stalk cells migrated into the position for stalk construction. At the culmination stage of development stalk cells near the base were devoid of glycogen while pre-stalk cells near the apex of the stalk showed no loss of glycogen. The complete loss of glycogen from stalk cells occurred over a distance occupied by approximately 100 cells, and over a time period of approx. 1 h. Pre-spore cells at the culmination stage showed no loss of glycogen even though separated from stalk cells by only a thin cellulose sheath. The degradation of prespore cell glycogen did not commence until stalk construction was completed and the pre-spore mass had reached the apex of the stalk. Pre-spore cells at the culmination stage contained high levels of glycogen while only 2 h later, total degradation had occurred.", "PMID": 1034485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6772", "title": "Identification of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha formed from arachidonic acid in bovine seminal vesicles.", "content": "The prostaglandin synthesizing system in bovine seminal vesicles was characterized by a radiometric assay. Two main products were formed from [1-14C]-arachidonic acid, and their structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The less polar product was identical with prostaglandin E2 and the more polar one was identical with a new prostaglandin, i.e., 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha.", "contents": "Identification of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha formed from arachidonic acid in bovine seminal vesicles. The prostaglandin synthesizing system in bovine seminal vesicles was characterized by a radiometric assay. Two main products were formed from [1-14C]-arachidonic acid, and their structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The less polar product was identical with prostaglandin E2 and the more polar one was identical with a new prostaglandin, i.e., 6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha.", "PMID": 1034487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6773", "title": "Noxytiolin and peritoneal adhesion formation.", "content": "Clinical and experimental studies have suggested that intraperitoneal noxytiolin prevents adhesion formation. A reliable experimental animal model was therefore established and the effect of noxytiolin on adhesion formation was evaluated in a controlled trial using 80 rats. All 40 rats given Ringer solution developed adhesions, whereas in 7 out of 40 given noxytiolin no adhesions were found (P less than 0-02). Noxytiolin reduced both the total and the mean number of adhesions formed (P less than 0-2) and their mean length of attachment (P less than 0-05). The anti-adhesive effect of noxytiolin may be due to its anticoagulant, cytotoxic or antibacterial properties.", "contents": "Noxytiolin and peritoneal adhesion formation. Clinical and experimental studies have suggested that intraperitoneal noxytiolin prevents adhesion formation. A reliable experimental animal model was therefore established and the effect of noxytiolin on adhesion formation was evaluated in a controlled trial using 80 rats. All 40 rats given Ringer solution developed adhesions, whereas in 7 out of 40 given noxytiolin no adhesions were found (P less than 0-02). Noxytiolin reduced both the total and the mean number of adhesions formed (P less than 0-2) and their mean length of attachment (P less than 0-05). The anti-adhesive effect of noxytiolin may be due to its anticoagulant, cytotoxic or antibacterial properties.", "PMID": 1034491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6774", "title": "[Microspectrophotometric study of loach oocytes after treatment with dimethylsulfate].", "content": "It has been shown by microspectrophotometric studies of loach oocytes that after DMS effect RNA concnetration in the cytoplasm cells is 3.3 times higher in the experiment than in the control; in the nucleoli it is 2.3 times higher. The increase of RNA concentration in some strucutres of loach oocytes affected with DNS seems to be indicative of the strengthening intensity of synthetic processes in these cells.", "contents": "[Microspectrophotometric study of loach oocytes after treatment with dimethylsulfate]. It has been shown by microspectrophotometric studies of loach oocytes that after DMS effect RNA concnetration in the cytoplasm cells is 3.3 times higher in the experiment than in the control; in the nucleoli it is 2.3 times higher. The increase of RNA concentration in some strucutres of loach oocytes affected with DNS seems to be indicative of the strengthening intensity of synthetic processes in these cells.", "PMID": 1034488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6775", "title": "Comparative zone electrophoresis of catalase of Staphylococcus species isolated from mammalian skin.", "content": "Vertical polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was conducted for the catalase enzymes of representative strains of 18 proposed species and subspecies of the genus Staphylococcus. The catalase bands which resulted were predominantly monomorphic within each of the species and differences in catalase mobilities were observed between many of the species. The electrophoretic mobilities of the catalases were supportive to the scheme of classification used. Many strains of certain species demonstrated multiple catalase bands which are suggestive of multimolecular forms of the enzyme. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of representative strains of S. capitis produced catalase bands with relative mobilities that were different from those obtained with polyacrylamide electrophoresis, presumably due to a difference in molecular sieving between the gels.", "contents": "Comparative zone electrophoresis of catalase of Staphylococcus species isolated from mammalian skin. Vertical polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was conducted for the catalase enzymes of representative strains of 18 proposed species and subspecies of the genus Staphylococcus. The catalase bands which resulted were predominantly monomorphic within each of the species and differences in catalase mobilities were observed between many of the species. The electrophoretic mobilities of the catalases were supportive to the scheme of classification used. Many strains of certain species demonstrated multiple catalase bands which are suggestive of multimolecular forms of the enzyme. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of representative strains of S. capitis produced catalase bands with relative mobilities that were different from those obtained with polyacrylamide electrophoresis, presumably due to a difference in molecular sieving between the gels.", "PMID": 1034497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6776", "title": "Activation and killing of Dictyostelium discoideum spores with urea.", "content": "The optimal conditions for activation of Dictyostellium discoideum spores are an 8 M urea treatment for 30 min. The lag between activation and swelling is 45 min. Lower concentrations of urea do not activate entire spore populations. Incubating spores in 8 M urea for 60 min or treatment with 10 M urea for 30 min results in a lengthening of the post-activation lag and a decrease in the final percentage of germination. Urea-activated spores can be deactivated by azide, cyanide, osmotic pressure, and low-temperature incubation. Activated spores do not germinate if incubated in 1 M urea for 24 h but will complete germination upon resuspension in urea-free buffer. Shocking spores at 45 degrees C in 8 M urea or incubating spores in 4-8 M urea for 10 h at 23.5 degrees C causes inactivation. When suspended in urea-free buffer, a larger percentage of these dead spores release spheroplasts through a longitudinal split in the spore case. Sequential enzyme treatment of spheroplasts with cellulase and pronase causes them to release lysable protoplasts. The data of these experiments suggest that shedding of the outer and middle wall layers during physiological spore swelling may be a physical process rather than an enzymatic one.", "contents": "Activation and killing of Dictyostelium discoideum spores with urea. The optimal conditions for activation of Dictyostellium discoideum spores are an 8 M urea treatment for 30 min. The lag between activation and swelling is 45 min. Lower concentrations of urea do not activate entire spore populations. Incubating spores in 8 M urea for 60 min or treatment with 10 M urea for 30 min results in a lengthening of the post-activation lag and a decrease in the final percentage of germination. Urea-activated spores can be deactivated by azide, cyanide, osmotic pressure, and low-temperature incubation. Activated spores do not germinate if incubated in 1 M urea for 24 h but will complete germination upon resuspension in urea-free buffer. Shocking spores at 45 degrees C in 8 M urea or incubating spores in 4-8 M urea for 10 h at 23.5 degrees C causes inactivation. When suspended in urea-free buffer, a larger percentage of these dead spores release spheroplasts through a longitudinal split in the spore case. Sequential enzyme treatment of spheroplasts with cellulase and pronase causes them to release lysable protoplasts. The data of these experiments suggest that shedding of the outer and middle wall layers during physiological spore swelling may be a physical process rather than an enzymatic one.", "PMID": 1034498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6777", "title": "Pre- and postoperative echocardiographic features of discrete subaortic stenosis.", "content": "In two patients with discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, partial early systolic closure of the aortic valve was noted on the preoperative record. Postoperatively, this abnormality was found to be less pronounced. Narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract was seen in the preoperative tracing in each patient. Echocardiograms taken after resection of the subaortic membrane showed widening of the left ventricular outflow tract as compared with the preoperative tracing. Thus, echocardiography may be of value in distinguishing between discrete subaortic stenosis and other forms of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "contents": "Pre- and postoperative echocardiographic features of discrete subaortic stenosis. In two patients with discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, partial early systolic closure of the aortic valve was noted on the preoperative record. Postoperatively, this abnormality was found to be less pronounced. Narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract was seen in the preoperative tracing in each patient. Echocardiograms taken after resection of the subaortic membrane showed widening of the left ventricular outflow tract as compared with the preoperative tracing. Thus, echocardiography may be of value in distinguishing between discrete subaortic stenosis and other forms of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "PMID": 1034499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6778", "title": "Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of Dictyostelium discoideum: mapping of the nontranscribed spacer regions.", "content": "Most of the Dictyostelium ribosomal nontranscribed spacer DNA has been mapped using Eco R1, Hind III, and Sal I restriction digests and recombinant plasmids containing parts of the rDNA (ribosomal DNA). The repeat units are at least 42 kb (1 kilobase = 1000 base pairs = 1 kb) long; of this, 8 kb codes for the 36S rRNA precursor. The repeat units give a homogeneous pattern of Sal I, Eco R1, and Hind III restriction fragments. The repeats could be linked by a heterogeneous region in the nontranscribed spacer, not tandemly repeated, or linked in a more complicated structural arrangement. The total rDNA comprises at least 18% of the nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of Dictyostelium discoideum: mapping of the nontranscribed spacer regions. Most of the Dictyostelium ribosomal nontranscribed spacer DNA has been mapped using Eco R1, Hind III, and Sal I restriction digests and recombinant plasmids containing parts of the rDNA (ribosomal DNA). The repeat units are at least 42 kb (1 kilobase = 1000 base pairs = 1 kb) long; of this, 8 kb codes for the 36S rRNA precursor. The repeat units give a homogeneous pattern of Sal I, Eco R1, and Hind III restriction fragments. The repeats could be linked by a heterogeneous region in the nontranscribed spacer, not tandemly repeated, or linked in a more complicated structural arrangement. The total rDNA comprises at least 18% of the nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 1034500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6779", "title": "Organization of brainstem behavioral systems.", "content": "A review of recent literature suggests that the brainstem may play a more fundamental role in the elaboration of adaptive behaviors than has often been assumed. This view is indicated by current reports documenting the substantial behavioral repertoire of decerebrate animals and by the recent findings that electrical stimulation of localized areas in all major levels of the brainstem can induce complex and coordinated behaviors, including eating, grooming and attack. Indeed, behaviors elicited from sites in the caudal brainstem evidence unexpected goal specificity and stimulus control over response topography. Additional neuroanatomical and behavioral data are reviewed which further implicate caudal brainstem networks in process of reward and aversion. From these and other findings it is argued that integrating mechanisms for the expression of many aspects of species-characteristic behaviors are intrinsic to the brainstem. In line with this view, rostral hypothalamic-limbic mechanisms, while perhaps contributing refinement to the integration of behaviors, may best be viewed as phylogenetically newer control mechanisms making the expression of species-characteristic behaviors subordinate to additional class of exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli.", "contents": "Organization of brainstem behavioral systems. A review of recent literature suggests that the brainstem may play a more fundamental role in the elaboration of adaptive behaviors than has often been assumed. This view is indicated by current reports documenting the substantial behavioral repertoire of decerebrate animals and by the recent findings that electrical stimulation of localized areas in all major levels of the brainstem can induce complex and coordinated behaviors, including eating, grooming and attack. Indeed, behaviors elicited from sites in the caudal brainstem evidence unexpected goal specificity and stimulus control over response topography. Additional neuroanatomical and behavioral data are reviewed which further implicate caudal brainstem networks in process of reward and aversion. From these and other findings it is argued that integrating mechanisms for the expression of many aspects of species-characteristic behaviors are intrinsic to the brainstem. In line with this view, rostral hypothalamic-limbic mechanisms, while perhaps contributing refinement to the integration of behaviors, may best be viewed as phylogenetically newer control mechanisms making the expression of species-characteristic behaviors subordinate to additional class of exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli.", "PMID": 1034494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6780", "title": "Studies on vasculitis. VII. C-reactive protein as a substance perpetuating chronic vasculitis. Occurrence in lesions and concentrations in sera.", "content": "Previous findings were confirmed that C-reactive protein (C-RP) occurs in some vasculitis lesions, particularly those infiltrated mainly by neutrophils (necrotizing vasculitis). The C-RP was usually in lesions also containing complement C1 or C3c, and in some, IgG was present. Using a procedure that reliably detected 200 ng C-RP/ml serum, C-RP was found in sera of many normal persons, and the amount was influenced by the occupation of the donor. Sera of thirty-one persons with vasculitis with mainly mononuclear cell-infiltrated lesions had about four-fold more C-RP (mean 28, 200 ng/ml serum) than found in normal persons, and sera of thirty-nine persons with mainly neutrophil-infiltrated lesions had eight times the normal amount (mean 56,400 ng C-RP/ml). The amount of C-RP was influenced by the severity, extent and duration of the disorder in most patients. Experimental data suggests that C-RP may contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation in chronic vasculitis.", "contents": "Studies on vasculitis. VII. C-reactive protein as a substance perpetuating chronic vasculitis. Occurrence in lesions and concentrations in sera. Previous findings were confirmed that C-reactive protein (C-RP) occurs in some vasculitis lesions, particularly those infiltrated mainly by neutrophils (necrotizing vasculitis). The C-RP was usually in lesions also containing complement C1 or C3c, and in some, IgG was present. Using a procedure that reliably detected 200 ng C-RP/ml serum, C-RP was found in sera of many normal persons, and the amount was influenced by the occupation of the donor. Sera of thirty-one persons with vasculitis with mainly mononuclear cell-infiltrated lesions had about four-fold more C-RP (mean 28, 200 ng/ml serum) than found in normal persons, and sera of thirty-nine persons with mainly neutrophil-infiltrated lesions had eight times the normal amount (mean 56,400 ng C-RP/ml). The amount of C-RP was influenced by the severity, extent and duration of the disorder in most patients. Experimental data suggests that C-RP may contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation in chronic vasculitis.", "PMID": 1034502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6781", "title": "Physical dependence in the rat induced by slow release morphine: dose-response, time course and brain biogenic amines.", "content": "1. Physical dependence was induced in rats by administration of a slow release morphine emulsion (morphine SR), and assessed by scoring abstinence signs and temperature changes after i.p. administration of naloxone (5 mg/kg). Three groups of rats received doses of 75, 100 or 150 mg/kg of morphine SR. Dependence was evaluated in each of these groups after 24, 48 and 72 h. 2. The effect of these treatments at the different times on brain levels of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, noradrenaline and dopamine was determined. 3. A ceiling level of dependence was reached 24 h after 75 and 100 mg/kg and 48 h after 150 mg/kg of morphine SR. 4. These different treatments produced no significant effect on the brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine or serotonin. The levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly raised in morphine-dependent rats and the changes correlated well with the changes in abstinence behaviour and temperature after naloxone. 5. The results suggest that a relationship exists between serotonin turnover and physical dependence on morphine.", "contents": "Physical dependence in the rat induced by slow release morphine: dose-response, time course and brain biogenic amines. 1. Physical dependence was induced in rats by administration of a slow release morphine emulsion (morphine SR), and assessed by scoring abstinence signs and temperature changes after i.p. administration of naloxone (5 mg/kg). Three groups of rats received doses of 75, 100 or 150 mg/kg of morphine SR. Dependence was evaluated in each of these groups after 24, 48 and 72 h. 2. The effect of these treatments at the different times on brain levels of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, noradrenaline and dopamine was determined. 3. A ceiling level of dependence was reached 24 h after 75 and 100 mg/kg and 48 h after 150 mg/kg of morphine SR. 4. These different treatments produced no significant effect on the brain levels of noradrenaline, dopamine or serotonin. The levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly raised in morphine-dependent rats and the changes correlated well with the changes in abstinence behaviour and temperature after naloxone. 5. The results suggest that a relationship exists between serotonin turnover and physical dependence on morphine.", "PMID": 1034533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6782", "title": "Binding of testosterone in mouse plasma.", "content": "The binding of testosterone (T) in the plasma of adult male mice was examined using florisil absorption. The binding decreased as the temperature of incubation increased, and was substantially reduced by preheating the plasma at 75 degrees C. The addition of an excess of cold T did not displace 3H-T, and the binding did not depend on the concentration of endogenous T in the plasma. It appears that, under physiological conditions, approximately 60% of the T present in the peripheral circulation of male mice is bound to plasma components, probably mostly to albumin.", "contents": "Binding of testosterone in mouse plasma. The binding of testosterone (T) in the plasma of adult male mice was examined using florisil absorption. The binding decreased as the temperature of incubation increased, and was substantially reduced by preheating the plasma at 75 degrees C. The addition of an excess of cold T did not displace 3H-T, and the binding did not depend on the concentration of endogenous T in the plasma. It appears that, under physiological conditions, approximately 60% of the T present in the peripheral circulation of male mice is bound to plasma components, probably mostly to albumin.", "PMID": 1034554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6783", "title": "Regulation of adenylate cyclase in two rat liver cell lines, 3C4 and 62.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activities were examined in membrane preparations from two rat liver cell lines (62 and 3C4) which were grown in monolayer cultures. The cells were epithelial-like in growth character. Adenylate cyclase from the line 62 was stimulated by epinephrine, Gpp(NH)p, and prostaglandins A1,A2,E1,E2, and F2alpha, but not by glucagon. Arrhenius plots of adenylate cylase activity from line 62 gave straight lines, except when epinephrine was present in the assay; epinephrine-stimulated activity gave a distinct break at 20 degrees C. Adenylate cyclase activity in line 3C4 was stimulated by glucagon ten times greater than by epinephrine. It was responsive to Gpp(NH)p and all the prostaglandins. Arrhenius plots of adenylate cyclase activity of line 3C4 always gave straight line curves. Prostaglandins flattened the straight line curves (allowed temperature independence) of adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from both cell lines.", "contents": "Regulation of adenylate cyclase in two rat liver cell lines, 3C4 and 62. Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activities were examined in membrane preparations from two rat liver cell lines (62 and 3C4) which were grown in monolayer cultures. The cells were epithelial-like in growth character. Adenylate cyclase from the line 62 was stimulated by epinephrine, Gpp(NH)p, and prostaglandins A1,A2,E1,E2, and F2alpha, but not by glucagon. Arrhenius plots of adenylate cylase activity from line 62 gave straight lines, except when epinephrine was present in the assay; epinephrine-stimulated activity gave a distinct break at 20 degrees C. Adenylate cyclase activity in line 3C4 was stimulated by glucagon ten times greater than by epinephrine. It was responsive to Gpp(NH)p and all the prostaglandins. Arrhenius plots of adenylate cyclase activity of line 3C4 always gave straight line curves. Prostaglandins flattened the straight line curves (allowed temperature independence) of adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from both cell lines.", "PMID": 1034555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6784", "title": "Ectogalactosyltransferase. Presence of enzyme and acceptors on the rat lymphocyte cell surface.", "content": "Experiments are described to demonstrate the existence of ectogalactosyltransferase activity on the lymphocyte surface. The procedures described enable us to exclude the possibility of misleading results due to precursor hydrolysis and intracellular utilization of the free galactose. This depicted transferase is able to catalyse the transfer of a galactosyl residue from UDP-galactose to a nonphagocytosable exogenous acceptor and to endogenous membrane acceptors. The cells galactosylated in this way acquired new agglutinating properties with soybean agglutinin, which proves the external position of the galactosyl residues incorporated on the cell surface.", "contents": "Ectogalactosyltransferase. Presence of enzyme and acceptors on the rat lymphocyte cell surface. Experiments are described to demonstrate the existence of ectogalactosyltransferase activity on the lymphocyte surface. The procedures described enable us to exclude the possibility of misleading results due to precursor hydrolysis and intracellular utilization of the free galactose. This depicted transferase is able to catalyse the transfer of a galactosyl residue from UDP-galactose to a nonphagocytosable exogenous acceptor and to endogenous membrane acceptors. The cells galactosylated in this way acquired new agglutinating properties with soybean agglutinin, which proves the external position of the galactosyl residues incorporated on the cell surface.", "PMID": 1034556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6785", "title": "Interference of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives of 2-deoxy-D-glucose with the glycosylation of virus-specific glycoproteins in vivo.", "content": "The predominant effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on chick embryo cells infected with Semliki Forest virus is an interference with glycosylation of virus-specific glycoproteins; this results in a block of synthesis of infectious virus. Incorporation of radioactive mannose is blocked severely in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose in the cultural medium although it is readily phosphorylated and subsequently activated by GTP to yield GDP-mannose, which accumulates under these conditions. The intracellular concentrations of GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetyl-D-hexosamine are not reduced in the presence of the inhibitor. An equimolar concentration of mannose in the cultural medium competes with the inhibitory effect of the deoxysugar and drops the cellular pool of GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose below the level of detection, at the same time restoring the synthesis of infectious virus. When the intracellular concentration of UDP-2-deoxyglucose is reduced by addition of glucose into the cultural medium the inhibition of virus synthesis by the deoxysugar and the concentration of GDP-2-deoxyglucose within the cells remain near to the values when the inhibitor is present alone. It is concluded that among the metabolites of 2-deoxyglucose which occur in vivo after addition of 2-deoxyglucose to the culture medium, GDP-2-deoxyglucose is the agent responsible for inhibition of glycosylation of viral glycoproteins.", "contents": "Interference of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives of 2-deoxy-D-glucose with the glycosylation of virus-specific glycoproteins in vivo. The predominant effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on chick embryo cells infected with Semliki Forest virus is an interference with glycosylation of virus-specific glycoproteins; this results in a block of synthesis of infectious virus. Incorporation of radioactive mannose is blocked severely in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose in the cultural medium although it is readily phosphorylated and subsequently activated by GTP to yield GDP-mannose, which accumulates under these conditions. The intracellular concentrations of GDP-mannose and UDP-N-acetyl-D-hexosamine are not reduced in the presence of the inhibitor. An equimolar concentration of mannose in the cultural medium competes with the inhibitory effect of the deoxysugar and drops the cellular pool of GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose below the level of detection, at the same time restoring the synthesis of infectious virus. When the intracellular concentration of UDP-2-deoxyglucose is reduced by addition of glucose into the cultural medium the inhibition of virus synthesis by the deoxysugar and the concentration of GDP-2-deoxyglucose within the cells remain near to the values when the inhibitor is present alone. It is concluded that among the metabolites of 2-deoxyglucose which occur in vivo after addition of 2-deoxyglucose to the culture medium, GDP-2-deoxyglucose is the agent responsible for inhibition of glycosylation of viral glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1034557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6786", "title": "A functional arginine residue in rabbit-muscle aldolase.", "content": "Rabbit muscle aldolase is irreversibly modified by the arginine-selective alpha-dicarbonyl, phenylglyoxal, loss of activity correlating with the unique modifications of one arginine residue per subunit, as determined by amino acid analysis, and (7-14C)phenylglyoxal incorporation. The affinity of the modified enzyme for dihydroxyacetone phosphate is significantly reduced while substantial protection against inactivation is afforded by fructose 1,6-disphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate or phosphate ion. The nature of the substrate C-1 phosphate binding site in this enzyme is discussed in the light of these and other results.", "contents": "A functional arginine residue in rabbit-muscle aldolase. Rabbit muscle aldolase is irreversibly modified by the arginine-selective alpha-dicarbonyl, phenylglyoxal, loss of activity correlating with the unique modifications of one arginine residue per subunit, as determined by amino acid analysis, and (7-14C)phenylglyoxal incorporation. The affinity of the modified enzyme for dihydroxyacetone phosphate is significantly reduced while substantial protection against inactivation is afforded by fructose 1,6-disphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate or phosphate ion. The nature of the substrate C-1 phosphate binding site in this enzyme is discussed in the light of these and other results.", "PMID": 1034558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6787", "title": "Artificially produced urinary incontinence preparatory to enterocystoplasty of the small tuberculous bladder associated with severe renal insufficiency due to vesico-ureteric reflux. Long-term results.", "content": "The small contracted tuberculous bladder is often associated with vesico-uretenic reflux which, from the resultant ureteric and pelvic dilatation, is responsible in many cases for severe renal insufficiency which contraindicates entercystoplasty. In order to improve kidney function and consequently render plastic enlargement of the bladder feasible, it may be useful to induce complete incontinence of urine by means of wide TUR of the bladder neck extending to the external sphincter. By eliminating back pressure in the urinary tract, incontinence produces a regression of this dilatation and improved renal function. Following enterocystoplasty perfect continence is restored.", "contents": "Artificially produced urinary incontinence preparatory to enterocystoplasty of the small tuberculous bladder associated with severe renal insufficiency due to vesico-ureteric reflux. Long-term results. The small contracted tuberculous bladder is often associated with vesico-uretenic reflux which, from the resultant ureteric and pelvic dilatation, is responsible in many cases for severe renal insufficiency which contraindicates entercystoplasty. In order to improve kidney function and consequently render plastic enlargement of the bladder feasible, it may be useful to induce complete incontinence of urine by means of wide TUR of the bladder neck extending to the external sphincter. By eliminating back pressure in the urinary tract, incontinence produces a regression of this dilatation and improved renal function. Following enterocystoplasty perfect continence is restored.", "PMID": 1034559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6788", "title": "Localization of Mycoplasma pulmonis in mice.", "content": "Localization of Mycoplasma pulmonis was examined in mice infected by direct contact with previously infected mice. After contact with infected animals, the organisms were shown to become detectable first in the nasal and oral cavities and trachea on the next day, and then they were recovered from the middle ear and brain after 3 and 4 days, respectively. After 7 days of contact, isolation rates retained to be 100% in the nasal, oral and tracheal cavities, while 95% in the middle ear and brain, 25% in the lung and 20% in the vagina and uterus. The number of colonies was the most numerous from the nasal, uterine and vaginal cavities, followed by the trachea, middle ear, oral cavity, brain and lung in this order, except for a few mice having pneumonic lesions giving a large number of the organisms. The isolation rates with these organs were not changed even after 6 weeks of contact and organisms were never detected from the liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Mice from a naturally infected breeding colony showed similar finding to those sacrificed after 6 weeks of experimental contact.", "contents": "Localization of Mycoplasma pulmonis in mice. Localization of Mycoplasma pulmonis was examined in mice infected by direct contact with previously infected mice. After contact with infected animals, the organisms were shown to become detectable first in the nasal and oral cavities and trachea on the next day, and then they were recovered from the middle ear and brain after 3 and 4 days, respectively. After 7 days of contact, isolation rates retained to be 100% in the nasal, oral and tracheal cavities, while 95% in the middle ear and brain, 25% in the lung and 20% in the vagina and uterus. The number of colonies was the most numerous from the nasal, uterine and vaginal cavities, followed by the trachea, middle ear, oral cavity, brain and lung in this order, except for a few mice having pneumonic lesions giving a large number of the organisms. The isolation rates with these organs were not changed even after 6 weeks of contact and organisms were never detected from the liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Mice from a naturally infected breeding colony showed similar finding to those sacrificed after 6 weeks of experimental contact.", "PMID": 1034561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6789", "title": "Survival of 16-celled and morula stage rabbit embryos frozen to -196 degrees C,.", "content": "Preimplantation stage (16-celled and morula) rabbit embryos were successfully frozen to -196 degrees C. The cooling rate (from a room temperature to 0 degrees C), the presence of the mucin layer surrounding embryos, the ice-seeding treatment and the thawing procedure were examined to determine their effects on the survival of the frozen embryos of Japanese white, New Zealand white and Dutch-Belted rabbits. A high proportion (51%; 16-celled, 69%; morula) of Dutch-Belted rabbit embryos developed in vitro, when they were frozen to -196 degrees C, applying the ice-seeding at -4 degrees C in the presence of 12.5% DMSO, after being cooled to 0 degrees C at the rate of 7-9 degrees C/min, and were diluted by a stepwise addition of 4 different strength PBS on thawing. The highest rate of in vitro development (81%; Japanese white, 75%; New Zealand white, 82%; Dutch Belted embryos) was obtained when the morula stage embryos were frozen to -196 degrees C applying seeding at -4 degrees C after being cooled to 0 degrees C at the rate of 1 degrees C/2.5 min and were diluted, on thawing, by stepwise addition of 6, 3 and 1% DMSO solution and a culture medium. No great difference was found in the survival rate between the embryos covered with the mucin layer and those which had not the coat. All the embryos frozen without applying seeding treatment failed to develop in vitro after being thawed and diluted. Nine out of 27 does each of which received 6 reimplantations of the embryos frozen-thawed became pregnant and were found to be carrying 37 normal fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy.", "contents": "Survival of 16-celled and morula stage rabbit embryos frozen to -196 degrees C,. Preimplantation stage (16-celled and morula) rabbit embryos were successfully frozen to -196 degrees C. The cooling rate (from a room temperature to 0 degrees C), the presence of the mucin layer surrounding embryos, the ice-seeding treatment and the thawing procedure were examined to determine their effects on the survival of the frozen embryos of Japanese white, New Zealand white and Dutch-Belted rabbits. A high proportion (51%; 16-celled, 69%; morula) of Dutch-Belted rabbit embryos developed in vitro, when they were frozen to -196 degrees C, applying the ice-seeding at -4 degrees C in the presence of 12.5% DMSO, after being cooled to 0 degrees C at the rate of 7-9 degrees C/min, and were diluted by a stepwise addition of 4 different strength PBS on thawing. The highest rate of in vitro development (81%; Japanese white, 75%; New Zealand white, 82%; Dutch Belted embryos) was obtained when the morula stage embryos were frozen to -196 degrees C applying seeding at -4 degrees C after being cooled to 0 degrees C at the rate of 1 degrees C/2.5 min and were diluted, on thawing, by stepwise addition of 6, 3 and 1% DMSO solution and a culture medium. No great difference was found in the survival rate between the embryos covered with the mucin layer and those which had not the coat. All the embryos frozen without applying seeding treatment failed to develop in vitro after being thawed and diluted. Nine out of 27 does each of which received 6 reimplantations of the embryos frozen-thawed became pregnant and were found to be carrying 37 normal fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1034562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6790", "title": "[Effects of the population density on growth of SD-JCL rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the population density on growth and life span of 21 to 26 months in SD-JCL-rats were investigated. The mean life spans of males and females were 23 and 24 months, respectively. The population density had no definite influence on increase in body weight of females, whereas a most accelerated growth of males was seen with 2 rats per cage. The total amounts of food intake of each animal throughout its life were about 15 and 11 kg for males and females, respectively, and those of water intake were about twice the food. No correlation was observed between the population density and the weights of the liver, kidney, heart and femur, though mals reared at 5 animals per cage had lightest adrenals among all the animals.", "contents": "[Effects of the population density on growth of SD-JCL rats (author's transl)]. The effects of the population density on growth and life span of 21 to 26 months in SD-JCL-rats were investigated. The mean life spans of males and females were 23 and 24 months, respectively. The population density had no definite influence on increase in body weight of females, whereas a most accelerated growth of males was seen with 2 rats per cage. The total amounts of food intake of each animal throughout its life were about 15 and 11 kg for males and females, respectively, and those of water intake were about twice the food. No correlation was observed between the population density and the weights of the liver, kidney, heart and femur, though mals reared at 5 animals per cage had lightest adrenals among all the animals.", "PMID": 1034563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6791", "title": "[Occurrence of the heterozygosity at Es-1 locus in a sub-strain of the NZB mice].", "content": "In the course of inspection of the biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice maintained in our laboratory, a female mouse of the NZB strain was found to be heterozygous for the Es-1 locus. Namely, it was Es-1a/Es-1b type. After this finding, many heterozygous mice were found among her sisters and the descendants. However, these heterozygotes (Es-1a/Es-1b) showed no heterozygosity for other 11 characters, i.e., the 6 biochemical markers (Hbb, Trf, Es-2, Id-1, Mod-1, Gpd-1) and the 5 coat colour markers (A, B, C, D, AND S) were idential as those previously described. It was, moreover, observed that they possessed the immunological characteristics typical of the NZB mice. Therefore, it could be concluded that the heterozygosity had been originated from a single mutation at the Es-1 locus, i.e., from Es-1a to Es-1b or vice versa. With regard to the alleles at the Es-1 locus, an investigation was carried out in two sub-strains of the NZB mice having different breeding history and the followings were clarified. One substrain imported from Karolinska Institute, Sweden, had been fixed with the Es-1a allele and the other imported from England was found to be Es-1b/Es-1b type. The NZB mice which displayed the heterozygosity had been derieved from the Karolinska sub-strain. Importance of biochemical marker genes for inspection of proper maintenance of inbred strains has been discussed.", "contents": "[Occurrence of the heterozygosity at Es-1 locus in a sub-strain of the NZB mice]. In the course of inspection of the biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice maintained in our laboratory, a female mouse of the NZB strain was found to be heterozygous for the Es-1 locus. Namely, it was Es-1a/Es-1b type. After this finding, many heterozygous mice were found among her sisters and the descendants. However, these heterozygotes (Es-1a/Es-1b) showed no heterozygosity for other 11 characters, i.e., the 6 biochemical markers (Hbb, Trf, Es-2, Id-1, Mod-1, Gpd-1) and the 5 coat colour markers (A, B, C, D, AND S) were idential as those previously described. It was, moreover, observed that they possessed the immunological characteristics typical of the NZB mice. Therefore, it could be concluded that the heterozygosity had been originated from a single mutation at the Es-1 locus, i.e., from Es-1a to Es-1b or vice versa. With regard to the alleles at the Es-1 locus, an investigation was carried out in two sub-strains of the NZB mice having different breeding history and the followings were clarified. One substrain imported from Karolinska Institute, Sweden, had been fixed with the Es-1a allele and the other imported from England was found to be Es-1b/Es-1b type. The NZB mice which displayed the heterozygosity had been derieved from the Karolinska sub-strain. Importance of biochemical marker genes for inspection of proper maintenance of inbred strains has been discussed.", "PMID": 1034564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6792", "title": "[Application of the RaBA-System to clinical blood chemistry test in experimental animals].", "content": "Blood samples from rats, rabbits and beagles were subjected to simultaneous analyses for ten parameters using the RaBA-System and the results were compared with those obtained by the routine manual methods. Although the mean values measured by the two methods differ in several items, a significant correlation between the two methods in the majority of the determinations makes the use of the RaBA-System acceptable. The RaBA-System is thus considered to be applicable to evaluation of hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, BUN, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase in blood samples from rats, rabbits and beagles. Plasma LDH and albumin, however, cannot be determined with accuracy by the system.", "contents": "[Application of the RaBA-System to clinical blood chemistry test in experimental animals]. Blood samples from rats, rabbits and beagles were subjected to simultaneous analyses for ten parameters using the RaBA-System and the results were compared with those obtained by the routine manual methods. Although the mean values measured by the two methods differ in several items, a significant correlation between the two methods in the majority of the determinations makes the use of the RaBA-System acceptable. The RaBA-System is thus considered to be applicable to evaluation of hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, BUN, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase in blood samples from rats, rabbits and beagles. Plasma LDH and albumin, however, cannot be determined with accuracy by the system.", "PMID": 1034565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6793", "title": "[Clinical blood chemistry values in normal Wistar-Imamichi rats using the RaBA-System (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish the normal baseline of blood values in rats using the RaBA-System, the following eight parameters were analyzed in 8-22-week-old Wistar-Imamichi rats of both sexes: hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, BUN, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase. With the exception of glucose, all these parameters were significantly different depending upon ages. Significant sex differences were observed in the values of hemoglobin, total cholesterol, GOT, and alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "[Clinical blood chemistry values in normal Wistar-Imamichi rats using the RaBA-System (author's transl)]. In order to establish the normal baseline of blood values in rats using the RaBA-System, the following eight parameters were analyzed in 8-22-week-old Wistar-Imamichi rats of both sexes: hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, BUN, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase. With the exception of glucose, all these parameters were significantly different depending upon ages. Significant sex differences were observed in the values of hemoglobin, total cholesterol, GOT, and alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 1034566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6794", "title": "[Establishment of two rat strains for testing coat color genes (author's transl)].", "content": "Two tester strains of the rats for testing coat color genes were established. The names, the origins and the genotypes of the rats were as follows: (1) abh (F4) Origin: selected from (BN/fMai X Kyo: Wistar) F2. Genotype: C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h. (2) bhd (F2) Origin: selected from (abh X Tester Moriyama)F2. Genotype: C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h, D/d and C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h, d/d.", "contents": "[Establishment of two rat strains for testing coat color genes (author's transl)]. Two tester strains of the rats for testing coat color genes were established. The names, the origins and the genotypes of the rats were as follows: (1) abh (F4) Origin: selected from (BN/fMai X Kyo: Wistar) F2. Genotype: C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h. (2) bhd (F2) Origin: selected from (abh X Tester Moriyama)F2. Genotype: C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h, D/d and C/C, a/a, b/b, h/h, d/d.", "PMID": 1034567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6795", "title": "[Dynamics of autonomic and bioelectric shifts in rats under emotional stress].", "content": "Obvious changes in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the electric activity of the limbic structures were observed following time--scheduled stimulation: stage of anxiety, stage of adaptation, stage of exhaustion. The hippocampal structures were also involved in the process suggesting participation of the hippocampus in prognostication of the events. Three types of cardiovascular and respiratory responses were distinguished in the \"anticipation of the stress\" model: increased frequency, decreased frequency, relative stability of the rhythm. Prevalence of the sympathetic tonus was noticed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of autonomic and bioelectric shifts in rats under emotional stress]. Obvious changes in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and in the electric activity of the limbic structures were observed following time--scheduled stimulation: stage of anxiety, stage of adaptation, stage of exhaustion. The hippocampal structures were also involved in the process suggesting participation of the hippocampus in prognostication of the events. Three types of cardiovascular and respiratory responses were distinguished in the \"anticipation of the stress\" model: increased frequency, decreased frequency, relative stability of the rhythm. Prevalence of the sympathetic tonus was noticed.", "PMID": 1034570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6796", "title": "A freeze-fracture and concanavalin A-binding study of the membrane of cleaving Xenopus embryos.", "content": "The freeze-fracture appearance and concanavalin A-binding capacity of the plasma membrane of cells of the cleaving Xenopus embryo have been examined up to the 16-cell stage. It was found that membrane on the outer surface of the embryo, which faces the vitelline membrane and is remote from cleavage furrows, and membrane in the shallow regions of the furrow possessed a high population of intramembranous particles on the PF-face (1171 per mum2). The EF-face of these membranes showed a lower particle population (245 per mum2). By contrast, membrane deep in the furrow and bounding the blastocoel did not display a face with high particle numbers. Both faces of this membrane, which is newly exposed as the furrow grows, were relatively poorly supplied with particles (93 per mum2). Therefore it appears that, in this tissue, newly added membrane possesses fewer intramembranous particles than the pre-existing membrane. Concanavalin A, as detected cytochemically using peroxidase and haemocyanin techniques, bound extensively to both particle-rich and particle-poor membrane. Thus there was no correlation between intramembranous particle frequency and degree of concanavalin A binding.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture and concanavalin A-binding study of the membrane of cleaving Xenopus embryos. The freeze-fracture appearance and concanavalin A-binding capacity of the plasma membrane of cells of the cleaving Xenopus embryo have been examined up to the 16-cell stage. It was found that membrane on the outer surface of the embryo, which faces the vitelline membrane and is remote from cleavage furrows, and membrane in the shallow regions of the furrow possessed a high population of intramembranous particles on the PF-face (1171 per mum2). The EF-face of these membranes showed a lower particle population (245 per mum2). By contrast, membrane deep in the furrow and bounding the blastocoel did not display a face with high particle numbers. Both faces of this membrane, which is newly exposed as the furrow grows, were relatively poorly supplied with particles (93 per mum2). Therefore it appears that, in this tissue, newly added membrane possesses fewer intramembranous particles than the pre-existing membrane. Concanavalin A, as detected cytochemically using peroxidase and haemocyanin techniques, bound extensively to both particle-rich and particle-poor membrane. Thus there was no correlation between intramembranous particle frequency and degree of concanavalin A binding.", "PMID": 1034573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6797", "title": "[Systolic time intervals in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The effects of adrenergic beta-stimulation and beta-blockade in 38 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on the behaviour of systolic time intervals, studied with a noninvasive poligraphic technique, under normal conditions, after adrenergic beta stimuls (orciprenaline) and successive beta blocker (pindolole) in 38 patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy. Under normal conditions, the authors observed a marked dispersion of PEP and TEVS data, which have, however, average normal values. The IPEP was reduced in 29% of cases, was normal in 47.3% and raised in 23.7%; the ITEVS was reduced in 55.2% of cases, was normal in 21.1%, raised in 23.7%; the PEP/TEVS was reduced in 23.7%, normal in 31.6% and raised in 44.7%. The beta stimulation demonstrated a number of behaviour patterns: the most frequent cause was a reduction of PEP in the cases where it had been raised or where it had remained within normal limits, an increase of TEVS in the cases where it had been diminished or normal, a reduction of the PEP/TEVS correlation where these values were increased or normal. The beta blocker, followed by beta stimulus, brought on variations opposite from those of the beta stimulation. Thus, one can consider the hypothesis that the possible behaviour patterns and combination of PEP and TEVS result from different anatomical and functional expressions that can become obstructive cardiomyopathy, according to the seriousness of the obstruction, the ventricular compliance and the contractility.", "contents": "[Systolic time intervals in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The effects of adrenergic beta-stimulation and beta-blockade in 38 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report on the behaviour of systolic time intervals, studied with a noninvasive poligraphic technique, under normal conditions, after adrenergic beta stimuls (orciprenaline) and successive beta blocker (pindolole) in 38 patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy. Under normal conditions, the authors observed a marked dispersion of PEP and TEVS data, which have, however, average normal values. The IPEP was reduced in 29% of cases, was normal in 47.3% and raised in 23.7%; the ITEVS was reduced in 55.2% of cases, was normal in 21.1%, raised in 23.7%; the PEP/TEVS was reduced in 23.7%, normal in 31.6% and raised in 44.7%. The beta stimulation demonstrated a number of behaviour patterns: the most frequent cause was a reduction of PEP in the cases where it had been raised or where it had remained within normal limits, an increase of TEVS in the cases where it had been diminished or normal, a reduction of the PEP/TEVS correlation where these values were increased or normal. The beta blocker, followed by beta stimulus, brought on variations opposite from those of the beta stimulation. Thus, one can consider the hypothesis that the possible behaviour patterns and combination of PEP and TEVS result from different anatomical and functional expressions that can become obstructive cardiomyopathy, according to the seriousness of the obstruction, the ventricular compliance and the contractility.", "PMID": 1034574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6798", "title": "[Experimental skeletal teratogenesis: a disturbance of relative osteo-neural growth].", "content": "The previously suggested concept of the closest growth relations existing between the bony and the nervous tissue at the organ level of the spinal cord and the peripheral (including the facial) nervous trunks is experimentally buttressed. It is shown that the normal gross-morphological features of the vertebrae as well as of the tubular bones (viz., their length, physiological curvatures and terminal expansions) result from the adaptation of the bone growth to the slower proceeding and vulnerable neural extensive growth, viz., from a physiological osteo-neural growth disproportion. The more or less conspicuous growth in length of the facial skeleton depends upon the phylogenetically established, more or less evolved extensive-growth potentially of the facial nervous trunks as well. The growth relation existing between the developing brain and its bony case applies essentially even for the axial organ, the extremities as well as for the facial skeleton. The experimental findings speak in favour of the theoretical expectation that the typical teratogenic deformities of the extremities (micromelia), of the spine (scoliosis, defects of the vertebrae and of the ribs) as well as of the beak (jaws) which may be produced by a great number of most diverse teratogens, result from the adaptation of the bone growth to the growth-insufficient nervous trunks, viz., from the pathologically enhanced osteo-neural growth disproportion. The cleft palate and the digital defects (syndactylia, oligodactylia) may be readily explained by the growth-inhibition of the palatal and digital nervous structures as well. The vertebrate body may be thus conceived as composed of 2 growth types, viz., the neural-extensive and the cellular-divisional (mitotic). The former is represented by an extremely dense feltwork of nerve fibers and trunks (the DONALDSON'S \"nervous skeleton\") which is \"stuffed\" with the other, mostly mitotically growing tissues. The 2 growth types are closely related partly at the macro-(organ-) level concerning the normal and teratogenic morphogenesis of the skeleton, partly at the micro-level of the utmost periphery, viz., of the terminal extensive meshwork and the individual cells or groups of cells. The cells which escape from the extensive feltwork (i.e. from the \"nervous skeleton\") such as the superficial cells of the epidermis or mucous membranes and, in all probability, the elements of the haemopoetic organs, perish under normal conditions, suffer a planned, highly purposeful death. With regard to the lack of normal nerves within malignant tumours, the malignant cell may be conceived as the one which escaped from the limiting confines of the extensive feltwork and, inspite of that, continues to live instead of \"committing suicide.\"", "contents": "[Experimental skeletal teratogenesis: a disturbance of relative osteo-neural growth]. The previously suggested concept of the closest growth relations existing between the bony and the nervous tissue at the organ level of the spinal cord and the peripheral (including the facial) nervous trunks is experimentally buttressed. It is shown that the normal gross-morphological features of the vertebrae as well as of the tubular bones (viz., their length, physiological curvatures and terminal expansions) result from the adaptation of the bone growth to the slower proceeding and vulnerable neural extensive growth, viz., from a physiological osteo-neural growth disproportion. The more or less conspicuous growth in length of the facial skeleton depends upon the phylogenetically established, more or less evolved extensive-growth potentially of the facial nervous trunks as well. The growth relation existing between the developing brain and its bony case applies essentially even for the axial organ, the extremities as well as for the facial skeleton. The experimental findings speak in favour of the theoretical expectation that the typical teratogenic deformities of the extremities (micromelia), of the spine (scoliosis, defects of the vertebrae and of the ribs) as well as of the beak (jaws) which may be produced by a great number of most diverse teratogens, result from the adaptation of the bone growth to the growth-insufficient nervous trunks, viz., from the pathologically enhanced osteo-neural growth disproportion. The cleft palate and the digital defects (syndactylia, oligodactylia) may be readily explained by the growth-inhibition of the palatal and digital nervous structures as well. The vertebrate body may be thus conceived as composed of 2 growth types, viz., the neural-extensive and the cellular-divisional (mitotic). The former is represented by an extremely dense feltwork of nerve fibers and trunks (the DONALDSON'S \"nervous skeleton\") which is \"stuffed\" with the other, mostly mitotically growing tissues. The 2 growth types are closely related partly at the macro-(organ-) level concerning the normal and teratogenic morphogenesis of the skeleton, partly at the micro-level of the utmost periphery, viz., of the terminal extensive meshwork and the individual cells or groups of cells. The cells which escape from the extensive feltwork (i.e. from the \"nervous skeleton\") such as the superficial cells of the epidermis or mucous membranes and, in all probability, the elements of the haemopoetic organs, perish under normal conditions, suffer a planned, highly purposeful death. With regard to the lack of normal nerves within malignant tumours, the malignant cell may be conceived as the one which escaped from the limiting confines of the extensive feltwork and, inspite of that, continues to live instead of \"committing suicide.\"", "PMID": 1034576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6799", "title": "The development of the Chondrocranium in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse).", "content": "3 -stages of development of the chondrocranium of the golden hamster have been described. The chondrocrania of the gerbil, mouse and white rat have been compared with the chondrocranium of the golden hamster and the main differences noted. In several respects, the chondrocranium of the golden hamster is primitive.", "contents": "The development of the Chondrocranium in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse). 3 -stages of development of the chondrocranium of the golden hamster have been described. The chondrocrania of the gerbil, mouse and white rat have been compared with the chondrocranium of the golden hamster and the main differences noted. In several respects, the chondrocranium of the golden hamster is primitive.", "PMID": 1034577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6800", "title": "[Pathologic discharge from the breast. Galactography and histologic clarification (author's transl)].", "content": "Up until 31 December 1975, 1646 galactograms were made in 1150 female patients. The intentional segment resection and then the histologic preparation via complicated technique adapted to the excision was conducted 371 times. - In 99 out of 100 cases, an anatomic substrate could be found for the discharge. We were unable to discover any pathological finding to explain the discharge in only 3 cases (0.8%). Included in the benign processes were 170 cases of duct papillomas (45.8%). In these cases segment resection is also adequate therapy. - Approximately 8% of the excisions revealed cancer. In additional 12%, serious proliferative processes in the breast were found which should, at least, be kept under careful clinical supervision. - Galactography used in combination with an adapted surgical and histologic technique to diagnose not only a carcinoma which has evaded other methods of detection but also possible preliminary stages is a valuable procedure.", "contents": "[Pathologic discharge from the breast. Galactography and histologic clarification (author's transl)]. Up until 31 December 1975, 1646 galactograms were made in 1150 female patients. The intentional segment resection and then the histologic preparation via complicated technique adapted to the excision was conducted 371 times. - In 99 out of 100 cases, an anatomic substrate could be found for the discharge. We were unable to discover any pathological finding to explain the discharge in only 3 cases (0.8%). Included in the benign processes were 170 cases of duct papillomas (45.8%). In these cases segment resection is also adequate therapy. - Approximately 8% of the excisions revealed cancer. In additional 12%, serious proliferative processes in the breast were found which should, at least, be kept under careful clinical supervision. - Galactography used in combination with an adapted surgical and histologic technique to diagnose not only a carcinoma which has evaded other methods of detection but also possible preliminary stages is a valuable procedure.", "PMID": 1034578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6801", "title": "[Chronic recurrent mastitis associated with galactorrhea: case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems in the pathophysiology of chronic recurrent mastitis in association with galactorrhea are discussed. The discussion was centered around the role of Prolactin. Treatment consists of inhibition of Prolactin by Bromocryptin following exclusion of other conditions of importance in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Chronic recurrent mastitis associated with galactorrhea: case report (author's transl)]. The problems in the pathophysiology of chronic recurrent mastitis in association with galactorrhea are discussed. The discussion was centered around the role of Prolactin. Treatment consists of inhibition of Prolactin by Bromocryptin following exclusion of other conditions of importance in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1034579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6802", "title": "Allosomal and autosomal control of sex ratio in PHH and PHL mice.", "content": "When male mice from inbred PHH (sex ratio .535) and PHL (.435) are mated to females of various inbred lines, the sex ratio follows the male parent. The sex ratios from litters sired by reciprocal cross F1 males (letting A represent a set of autosomes) are 0.510 from AH/AL, XL/YH and 0.469 from AH/AL, XH/YL. The difference is statistically significant but only half the difference between pure strains. The paternal effect, presumably due to the Y, persists in progeny of the two kinds of F2 males. In backcrosses to the female parent, resulting finally in AH/AH, XH/YL and AL/AL, XL/YH, and in outcrosses, the effect of the Y chromosome does not persist, indicating that neither the Y alone, nor the autosomes alone, will cause the sex ratio to depart significantly from equality of sexes. When pairs of males in all possible combinations were presented with C57BL/6 females mating success gave the following ranking: AH-YL, AL-YL, AH-YH, AL-YH. The combination of autosomes from PHH and Y-chromosome from PHL seems to confer the greatest competitive advantage.", "contents": "Allosomal and autosomal control of sex ratio in PHH and PHL mice. When male mice from inbred PHH (sex ratio .535) and PHL (.435) are mated to females of various inbred lines, the sex ratio follows the male parent. The sex ratios from litters sired by reciprocal cross F1 males (letting A represent a set of autosomes) are 0.510 from AH/AL, XL/YH and 0.469 from AH/AL, XH/YL. The difference is statistically significant but only half the difference between pure strains. The paternal effect, presumably due to the Y, persists in progeny of the two kinds of F2 males. In backcrosses to the female parent, resulting finally in AH/AH, XH/YL and AL/AL, XL/YH, and in outcrosses, the effect of the Y chromosome does not persist, indicating that neither the Y alone, nor the autosomes alone, will cause the sex ratio to depart significantly from equality of sexes. When pairs of males in all possible combinations were presented with C57BL/6 females mating success gave the following ranking: AH-YL, AL-YL, AH-YH, AL-YH. The combination of autosomes from PHH and Y-chromosome from PHL seems to confer the greatest competitive advantage.", "PMID": 1034582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6803", "title": "[Development of spontaneous mutations in somatic mamalian cells and DNA replication. II. Expression of gene mutations in cultured cells].", "content": "The dependence of spontaneous rate and phenotypic expression of 6-mercaptopurine resistance mutations of DNA replication synthesis was studied in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Spontaneous mutations arising with a constant rate per cell per time unit independently on DNA replication rate were shown to be expressed only in the course of subsequent cell divisions. The frequency of N-nitrosomethylurea induced mutations in cells with reduced and normal DNA replication rate is approximately the same. However, DNA replication synthesis is necessary for the phenotypic expression of both induced and spontaneous mutations. The causes of the phenotypic lag are discussed.", "contents": "[Development of spontaneous mutations in somatic mamalian cells and DNA replication. II. Expression of gene mutations in cultured cells]. The dependence of spontaneous rate and phenotypic expression of 6-mercaptopurine resistance mutations of DNA replication synthesis was studied in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Spontaneous mutations arising with a constant rate per cell per time unit independently on DNA replication rate were shown to be expressed only in the course of subsequent cell divisions. The frequency of N-nitrosomethylurea induced mutations in cells with reduced and normal DNA replication rate is approximately the same. However, DNA replication synthesis is necessary for the phenotypic expression of both induced and spontaneous mutations. The causes of the phenotypic lag are discussed.", "PMID": 1034583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6804", "title": "[Use of the integral parameter of dermatoglyphic differences for determining the type of zygosity of twins].", "content": "A method is described increasing the reliability of twin zygosity diagnosis in cases when the possibility of using a large number of mendelian markers is restricted. The method is based on the determination of generalized index of dermatoglyphic differences between members of twin pair for 18 characteris of finger and palm dermatoglyphics and on principles of multivariate genetic analysis, which is worked out to determine the degree of heritability of multifactorial character and to study the structure of hereditary predisposition to multifactorial diseases. The efficiency of the method with respect to determinating the type of twin zygosity is approximately equivalent to the efficiency of using 5--6 mendelian marker systems.", "contents": "[Use of the integral parameter of dermatoglyphic differences for determining the type of zygosity of twins]. A method is described increasing the reliability of twin zygosity diagnosis in cases when the possibility of using a large number of mendelian markers is restricted. The method is based on the determination of generalized index of dermatoglyphic differences between members of twin pair for 18 characteris of finger and palm dermatoglyphics and on principles of multivariate genetic analysis, which is worked out to determine the degree of heritability of multifactorial character and to study the structure of hereditary predisposition to multifactorial diseases. The efficiency of the method with respect to determinating the type of twin zygosity is approximately equivalent to the efficiency of using 5--6 mendelian marker systems.", "PMID": 1034584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6805", "title": "Nematodes parasitizing domestic ruminants in Afghanistan.", "content": "A total of 12 nematode species were determined in the collection recovered from domestic ruminants in Afghanistan. Ten of them were found for the first time in this region: Trichocephalus globulosus, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Cooperia bisonis, Nematodirus spathiger, N. abnormalis, Thelazia rhodesi, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Haemonchus contortus, Dictyocaulus filaria and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Morphological and metrical characteristics of T. globulosus, T. skrjabini and C. bisonis, based on our own material, are added.", "contents": "Nematodes parasitizing domestic ruminants in Afghanistan. A total of 12 nematode species were determined in the collection recovered from domestic ruminants in Afghanistan. Ten of them were found for the first time in this region: Trichocephalus globulosus, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Cooperia bisonis, Nematodirus spathiger, N. abnormalis, Thelazia rhodesi, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Haemonchus contortus, Dictyocaulus filaria and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Morphological and metrical characteristics of T. globulosus, T. skrjabini and C. bisonis, based on our own material, are added.", "PMID": 1034588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6806", "title": "Localization of some enzymes in polycephalic larvae of two species of the genus Multiceps (Cestoda).", "content": "The histochemical distribution of alkaline phosphatase (AIP), acid phosphatase (AcP) and nonspecific esterase (NE) has been determined in polycephalic larvae of the species Multiceps multiceps Leske, 1870 and M. endothoracicus Kirschenblat, 1948. In the scolex anlages of both species, an activity of these enzymes has been determined in sites associated with growth and with the transport of metabolites. In a young larva of M. multiceps, the activity of AIP, AcP and NE was strong in the entire proliferating bladder wall surrounding groups of scoleces, but absent in the remaining part of the bladder wall outside the area of these scolex groups. In young larvae of M. endothoracicus, AlP and NE activity was highest in the modified bladder wall forming a verrucose mound, and at the site of the opening of the invaginated canal. No activity of these enzymes was demonstrated in mature and aging larvae.", "contents": "Localization of some enzymes in polycephalic larvae of two species of the genus Multiceps (Cestoda). The histochemical distribution of alkaline phosphatase (AIP), acid phosphatase (AcP) and nonspecific esterase (NE) has been determined in polycephalic larvae of the species Multiceps multiceps Leske, 1870 and M. endothoracicus Kirschenblat, 1948. In the scolex anlages of both species, an activity of these enzymes has been determined in sites associated with growth and with the transport of metabolites. In a young larva of M. multiceps, the activity of AIP, AcP and NE was strong in the entire proliferating bladder wall surrounding groups of scoleces, but absent in the remaining part of the bladder wall outside the area of these scolex groups. In young larvae of M. endothoracicus, AlP and NE activity was highest in the modified bladder wall forming a verrucose mound, and at the site of the opening of the invaginated canal. No activity of these enzymes was demonstrated in mature and aging larvae.", "PMID": 1034589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6807", "title": "Interspecific affinity among keratinolytic fungi associated with birds.", "content": "Twelve species of keratin decomposers isolated from 923 samples of feathers, nests and pellets of 90 species of free-living birds were clustered in 4 \"econs\" (numerical ecological groups): (A) Artroderma tuberculatum, A. ciferrii, A. multifidum, A. cuniculi (associated with the birds nesting in hollows); (B) Ctenomyces serratus, Arthroderma quadrifidum, Chrysosporium evolceanui (moderately alkalophilic species associated with the birds having a frequent contact with the soil); (C) Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Aphanoascus fulvescens, Chrysosporium tropicum (alkalophilic and hygrophilic species); (D) Arthroderma curreyi, Aphanoascus terreus (the species common in water habitats and associated frequently with exoanthropic birds). Two simple numerical procedures were used and compared: (1) Jaccard's association coefficient, and S\u00f6rensen's complete linkage clustering; (2) Forbes's association coeficient adjusted with chi-square, and the 3-linkage clustering technique. The method (2) seemed to be more effective.", "contents": "Interspecific affinity among keratinolytic fungi associated with birds. Twelve species of keratin decomposers isolated from 923 samples of feathers, nests and pellets of 90 species of free-living birds were clustered in 4 \"econs\" (numerical ecological groups): (A) Artroderma tuberculatum, A. ciferrii, A. multifidum, A. cuniculi (associated with the birds nesting in hollows); (B) Ctenomyces serratus, Arthroderma quadrifidum, Chrysosporium evolceanui (moderately alkalophilic species associated with the birds having a frequent contact with the soil); (C) Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Aphanoascus fulvescens, Chrysosporium tropicum (alkalophilic and hygrophilic species); (D) Arthroderma curreyi, Aphanoascus terreus (the species common in water habitats and associated frequently with exoanthropic birds). Two simple numerical procedures were used and compared: (1) Jaccard's association coefficient, and S\u00f6rensen's complete linkage clustering; (2) Forbes's association coeficient adjusted with chi-square, and the 3-linkage clustering technique. The method (2) seemed to be more effective.", "PMID": 1034590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6808", "title": "[Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of a basic ether compound (R97) with antispasmodic activity].", "content": "The absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of 14C labelled 2-chlorophenyl-1-phenyl-3-(2 methyl-piperidino) propyl ether methyl iodide (14C-R97) were studied by means of direct measurement of radioactivity and autoradiographic technique in rats. 1) With intravenous administration, radioactivity was found in all the tissues and organs immediately after dosing, with particularly high levels in the liver, kidney, heart and lung. Five minutes after administration, the level of radioactivity in blood decreased to about 6% of the initial level, indicating the rapid absorption of radioactive material by other tissues and organs. Radioactivity was not detected in the brain and eye. Thirty minutes after administration, the concentration of radioactivity in the gastrointestinal contents was very high and a certain amount of radioactivity uptake was noted both in gastric and intestinal mucosa. Approximately 12% and 40% of radioactivity administered was excreted in the urine and feces respectively during the first 24 hours, however, the excretion of radioactivity by expiration was not determined. 2) With oral administration, radioactivity was restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Activities in other tissues and organs were not detectable. Approximately 94% of the radioactivity administered was recovered in feces during the first 24 hours. 3) Radioactivity was not observed in either the foetus or placenta after both intravenous and oral administrations. 4) The results from autoradiographic study were in good accord with those described above.", "contents": "[Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of a basic ether compound (R97) with antispasmodic activity]. The absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of 14C labelled 2-chlorophenyl-1-phenyl-3-(2 methyl-piperidino) propyl ether methyl iodide (14C-R97) were studied by means of direct measurement of radioactivity and autoradiographic technique in rats. 1) With intravenous administration, radioactivity was found in all the tissues and organs immediately after dosing, with particularly high levels in the liver, kidney, heart and lung. Five minutes after administration, the level of radioactivity in blood decreased to about 6% of the initial level, indicating the rapid absorption of radioactive material by other tissues and organs. Radioactivity was not detected in the brain and eye. Thirty minutes after administration, the concentration of radioactivity in the gastrointestinal contents was very high and a certain amount of radioactivity uptake was noted both in gastric and intestinal mucosa. Approximately 12% and 40% of radioactivity administered was excreted in the urine and feces respectively during the first 24 hours, however, the excretion of radioactivity by expiration was not determined. 2) With oral administration, radioactivity was restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Activities in other tissues and organs were not detectable. Approximately 94% of the radioactivity administered was recovered in feces during the first 24 hours. 3) Radioactivity was not observed in either the foetus or placenta after both intravenous and oral administrations. 4) The results from autoradiographic study were in good accord with those described above.", "PMID": 1034592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6809", "title": "[Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on bile secretion and bile components. Comparison with chenodeoxycholic acid and dehydrocholic acid].", "content": "Effects of some bile acids on the biliary flow, BSP output and composition (phospholipid, cholesterol, bilirubin and bile acids) were studied in dogs. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UD), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) and dehydrocholic acid (DC) caused a dramatic increase in biliary flow and BSP output. Relative potencies of these effects were DC greater than CD greater than or equal to UD. UD increased the phospholipid, bile acids and cholesterol concentration but had little effect on bilirubin concentration. Furthermore, UD greatly increased the output of four bile components. CD slightly decreased the phospholipid, cholesterol and bilirubin concentration without the bile acids, while CD increased the output of bile components. After UD or CD administration, the bile acid of each appeared markedly in the bile, dose dependently. On the other hand, DC caused a dramatic decrease of phospholipid, cholesterol and bilirubin concentration but had little effect on bile acids concentration. Output of bile components was increased by DC the first 1 hr but decreased at 2 hr. After DC administration, 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-12keto-5beta-cholanic acid appeared in the bile while DC did not. Therefore, it is concluded that UD and CD are cholanereticas and DC is a hydrocholeretica.", "contents": "[Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on bile secretion and bile components. Comparison with chenodeoxycholic acid and dehydrocholic acid]. Effects of some bile acids on the biliary flow, BSP output and composition (phospholipid, cholesterol, bilirubin and bile acids) were studied in dogs. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UD), chenodeoxycholic acid (CD) and dehydrocholic acid (DC) caused a dramatic increase in biliary flow and BSP output. Relative potencies of these effects were DC greater than CD greater than or equal to UD. UD increased the phospholipid, bile acids and cholesterol concentration but had little effect on bilirubin concentration. Furthermore, UD greatly increased the output of four bile components. CD slightly decreased the phospholipid, cholesterol and bilirubin concentration without the bile acids, while CD increased the output of bile components. After UD or CD administration, the bile acid of each appeared markedly in the bile, dose dependently. On the other hand, DC caused a dramatic decrease of phospholipid, cholesterol and bilirubin concentration but had little effect on bile acids concentration. Output of bile components was increased by DC the first 1 hr but decreased at 2 hr. After DC administration, 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-12keto-5beta-cholanic acid appeared in the bile while DC did not. Therefore, it is concluded that UD and CD are cholanereticas and DC is a hydrocholeretica.", "PMID": 1034593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6810", "title": "[Conditioning of emotional behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation (4). Effects of drugs on conditioned avoidance and escape behavior].", "content": "In the present study, effects of psychotropic drugs were analyzed by observing avoidance and escape behavior or rabbits under hypothalamic electrical stimulation. In avoidance behavior, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diazepam (DZP) depressed avoidance response and extended avoidance response latency and head movement latency. Autonomic behavior such as opening of palpebral fissure and pupil size were also delayed. The locus of movement and count of head movement were depressed by the administration of each drug. On the other hand, unlike CPZ, DZP extended escape response latency. On escape behavior, effects of CPZ and DZP were apparently different. Unlike CPZ, DZP induced avoidance behavior and increased locus of movement. With methamphetamine, no avoidance behavior was observed, but under conditional stimulation, the behavior and the escape response latency were decreased. Chlordiazepoxide induced avoidance behavior.", "contents": "[Conditioning of emotional behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation (4). Effects of drugs on conditioned avoidance and escape behavior]. In the present study, effects of psychotropic drugs were analyzed by observing avoidance and escape behavior or rabbits under hypothalamic electrical stimulation. In avoidance behavior, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and diazepam (DZP) depressed avoidance response and extended avoidance response latency and head movement latency. Autonomic behavior such as opening of palpebral fissure and pupil size were also delayed. The locus of movement and count of head movement were depressed by the administration of each drug. On the other hand, unlike CPZ, DZP extended escape response latency. On escape behavior, effects of CPZ and DZP were apparently different. Unlike CPZ, DZP induced avoidance behavior and increased locus of movement. With methamphetamine, no avoidance behavior was observed, but under conditional stimulation, the behavior and the escape response latency were decreased. Chlordiazepoxide induced avoidance behavior.", "PMID": 1034594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6811", "title": "[A shift to diurnal feeding following chronic administration of theophylline in rats].", "content": "Influence of chronic administration of theophylline on feeding behavior in rats was studied in contrast with the saline controls under a 12 hr light-dark cycle. The results obtained were as follows: 1) total amount of food intake per 24 hr was not affected by either chronic administration of theophylline or saline administration; 2) theophyllinized rats, however, ate more food during light time (0900-2100) and less food during the dark (2100-0900); 3) the amount of food intake during the dark in the control group was approximately 80% of total intake, while that in the theophylline group decreased to below 60%; 4) increase in ratios of body weights in the theophylline and the control groups did not differ significantly throughout the entire experimental period. Feeding behavior of the rat is closely correlated with a daily light-dark cycle as was seen in the control group. The feeding circadian pattern disappeared in theophyllinized rats, i.e., the behavioral characteristic of a nocturnal feeder could not be preserved following theophylline administration. The disappearance of the feeding cycle may result from a phase shift of the cycle, which was induced by facilitatory effects of theophylline on food intake during light time.", "contents": "[A shift to diurnal feeding following chronic administration of theophylline in rats]. Influence of chronic administration of theophylline on feeding behavior in rats was studied in contrast with the saline controls under a 12 hr light-dark cycle. The results obtained were as follows: 1) total amount of food intake per 24 hr was not affected by either chronic administration of theophylline or saline administration; 2) theophyllinized rats, however, ate more food during light time (0900-2100) and less food during the dark (2100-0900); 3) the amount of food intake during the dark in the control group was approximately 80% of total intake, while that in the theophylline group decreased to below 60%; 4) increase in ratios of body weights in the theophylline and the control groups did not differ significantly throughout the entire experimental period. Feeding behavior of the rat is closely correlated with a daily light-dark cycle as was seen in the control group. The feeding circadian pattern disappeared in theophyllinized rats, i.e., the behavioral characteristic of a nocturnal feeder could not be preserved following theophylline administration. The disappearance of the feeding cycle may result from a phase shift of the cycle, which was induced by facilitatory effects of theophylline on food intake during light time.", "PMID": 1034595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6812", "title": "[Conditioning of emotional behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation (3): The learned behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation in rabbits].", "content": "In the present study, the learned behavior caused by hypothalamic electrical stimulation was examined in order to determine the effects of psychotropic drugs. Subjects were albino male rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in the hypothalamic area. A shuttle box, which was adjusted for behavioral pharmacological estimation of drugs in rabbits, was used. A buzzer sound (85dB) and electrical stimulation of hypothalamus (100 HZ, 1 msec, 1.2-2.0V) were used as the conditional stimulation (CS) and unconditional stimulation (UCS), respectively. The same animal was trained in habituation to a buzzer sound as the CS. For avoidance conditioning in a two-compartment situation, the animal was placed in a shuttle box divided by a hurdle situated at the middle of two-compartments. After the CS was presented for 10 sec, the UCS was given. The animals were subjected to 15 conditioning trials per day. The avoidance and escape behavior model became as distinct by hypothalamic stimulation as by UCS. After termination of the experiments, extinction trials were carried out after which the animals were sacrificed, and localization of the stimulating electrodes was determined histologically.", "contents": "[Conditioning of emotional behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation (3): The learned behavior caused by hypothalamic stimulation in rabbits]. In the present study, the learned behavior caused by hypothalamic electrical stimulation was examined in order to determine the effects of psychotropic drugs. Subjects were albino male rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted in the hypothalamic area. A shuttle box, which was adjusted for behavioral pharmacological estimation of drugs in rabbits, was used. A buzzer sound (85dB) and electrical stimulation of hypothalamus (100 HZ, 1 msec, 1.2-2.0V) were used as the conditional stimulation (CS) and unconditional stimulation (UCS), respectively. The same animal was trained in habituation to a buzzer sound as the CS. For avoidance conditioning in a two-compartment situation, the animal was placed in a shuttle box divided by a hurdle situated at the middle of two-compartments. After the CS was presented for 10 sec, the UCS was given. The animals were subjected to 15 conditioning trials per day. The avoidance and escape behavior model became as distinct by hypothalamic stimulation as by UCS. After termination of the experiments, extinction trials were carried out after which the animals were sacrificed, and localization of the stimulating electrodes was determined histologically.", "PMID": 1034596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6813", "title": "Prostaglandin Falpha, progesterone and oestrogens in relation to parturition in sheep.", "content": "Six hourly blood samples were collected from either the uterine vein or posterior vena cava of 8 conscious ewes over a period of about 1 week prior to and 2 days after parturition. In addition blood was also collected simultaneously from the jugular vein. Using sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques, these samples were analyzed for PGF2 alpha, progesterone and oestrogens. The results indicate that concentrations of PGF2 alpha in sheep blood started to rise before a fall in progesterone concentrations. A rise in total oestrogens also preceded the fall in progesterone concentrations. It was however not possible to show a temporal relationship between the rises in oesterogens and PGF2 alpha concentrations.", "contents": "Prostaglandin Falpha, progesterone and oestrogens in relation to parturition in sheep. Six hourly blood samples were collected from either the uterine vein or posterior vena cava of 8 conscious ewes over a period of about 1 week prior to and 2 days after parturition. In addition blood was also collected simultaneously from the jugular vein. Using sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques, these samples were analyzed for PGF2 alpha, progesterone and oestrogens. The results indicate that concentrations of PGF2 alpha in sheep blood started to rise before a fall in progesterone concentrations. A rise in total oestrogens also preceded the fall in progesterone concentrations. It was however not possible to show a temporal relationship between the rises in oesterogens and PGF2 alpha concentrations.", "PMID": 1034597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6814", "title": "[Comparative studies in cholesterol metabolism in the salivary glands and the livers of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparative radioisotopic studies in cholesterol metabolism between salivary glands and livers were done. 1. In the salivary glands, the cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-14C or mevalonic acid-2-14C in vitro and in vivo, the elimination rate of cholesterol-4-14C and the uptake of cholesterol-4-14C following a single subcutaneous injection, were lowered compared with liver. 2. The rate of cholesterol catabolism in the salivary gland, determined by cholesterol-4-14C injection, were very less than in liver. 3. When the animals were consuming a diet labeled with cholesterol-3H of constant specific activity using cholesterol balance techniques, the isotopic steady state in both salivary gland and liver was within about 20 days and remained essentially constant thereafter, while specific activity of the salivary glands were remarkably lower than that of livers.", "contents": "[Comparative studies in cholesterol metabolism in the salivary glands and the livers of mice (author's transl)]. The comparative radioisotopic studies in cholesterol metabolism between salivary glands and livers were done. 1. In the salivary glands, the cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-14C or mevalonic acid-2-14C in vitro and in vivo, the elimination rate of cholesterol-4-14C and the uptake of cholesterol-4-14C following a single subcutaneous injection, were lowered compared with liver. 2. The rate of cholesterol catabolism in the salivary gland, determined by cholesterol-4-14C injection, were very less than in liver. 3. When the animals were consuming a diet labeled with cholesterol-3H of constant specific activity using cholesterol balance techniques, the isotopic steady state in both salivary gland and liver was within about 20 days and remained essentially constant thereafter, while specific activity of the salivary glands were remarkably lower than that of livers.", "PMID": 1034610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6815", "title": "[Effect of nicotinic acid derivatives on the cholesterol metabolism with special regard to biosynthesis, absorption and excretion of cholesterol in the salivary gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The cholesterol metabolism of the salivary gland of mice fed on a diet containing 0.5% nicotinic acid derivative, 2, 2, 6, 6, tetrakis--(nicotinoyl-oxymethyl)--cyclohexanol (K-31) was as follows. 1. Total cholesterol level of sublingual and submaxially glands decreased in mice fed on normal diet as well as cholesterol-added diet. 2. The in vivo cholesterol biosynthesis from the acetate-1-14C increased in the sublingual gland, while it was not affected in the submaxillary gland. However, in vitro cholesterol synthesis decreased in both sublingual and submaxillary glands. 3. The disappearance of cholesterol-4-14C injected into the mice was more rapid in the K-31 treated mice than in the control after 30 days. 4. The incorporation of cholesterol-7-3h with a constant specific radioactivity administered orally for 37 days was reduced in the sublingual and submaxillary glands of K-31 treated mice. 5. When the mice were maintained on cholesterol-added diet for 21 days after cholesterol-4-14C injection, the excretion of sterol-14C in the feces was increased in K-31 treated mice. Thus, it was considered that the decrease of the cholesterol level of salivary glands by oral administration of K-31 is due to the increase of the excretion of cholesterol, the decrease of the uptake of the external cholesterol and the increase of excretion of sterol in the feces. These alterations of the cholesterol metabolism appear to induce cholesterol biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of nicotinic acid derivatives on the cholesterol metabolism with special regard to biosynthesis, absorption and excretion of cholesterol in the salivary gland (author's transl)]. The cholesterol metabolism of the salivary gland of mice fed on a diet containing 0.5% nicotinic acid derivative, 2, 2, 6, 6, tetrakis--(nicotinoyl-oxymethyl)--cyclohexanol (K-31) was as follows. 1. Total cholesterol level of sublingual and submaxially glands decreased in mice fed on normal diet as well as cholesterol-added diet. 2. The in vivo cholesterol biosynthesis from the acetate-1-14C increased in the sublingual gland, while it was not affected in the submaxillary gland. However, in vitro cholesterol synthesis decreased in both sublingual and submaxillary glands. 3. The disappearance of cholesterol-4-14C injected into the mice was more rapid in the K-31 treated mice than in the control after 30 days. 4. The incorporation of cholesterol-7-3h with a constant specific radioactivity administered orally for 37 days was reduced in the sublingual and submaxillary glands of K-31 treated mice. 5. When the mice were maintained on cholesterol-added diet for 21 days after cholesterol-4-14C injection, the excretion of sterol-14C in the feces was increased in K-31 treated mice. Thus, it was considered that the decrease of the cholesterol level of salivary glands by oral administration of K-31 is due to the increase of the excretion of cholesterol, the decrease of the uptake of the external cholesterol and the increase of excretion of sterol in the feces. These alterations of the cholesterol metabolism appear to induce cholesterol biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1034611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6816", "title": "[Gross and light microscopic observations of the pudendal nerve of the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Using thirty six adult guinea pigs, the course and distribution of the pudendal nerve was observed macroscopically and then the constitution of the myelinated nerve fibers in these branches was studied with the fan-wise split preparation method (Fukuyama) and the cross sections embeded in paraffin wax. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1) The pudendal plexus in the guinea pig is formed most frequently by a bigeminal nerve which arises from the ventral ramus of the second sacral nerve at an average rate of 55.0% and the pudendal nerve is so independent from the sciatic nerve that the most part of the bigeminal nerve runs into the pudendal nerve. 2) The perineal nerve of the guinea pig arises most frequently with four roots (43.3%). The myelinated fiber constitution of this nerve is as follows: The small-sized fibers occupy 49.8%, the medium--sized 21.9%, the large--sized 15.1%, the maximum--sized 13.1% on an average, and the nerve fiber diameters observed in the cross section shows a bimodality in their distribution, of which the fibers in the higher peak are 1 mu to 2 mu and in the lower peak 5 mu to 8 mu. 3) The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris of the guinea pig arises most frequently with one root from the originating roots of the perineal nerve. The relationship between the sciatic and dorsal nerve appears to be scanty. The myelinated fibers of this nerve comprise 50.8% of small--sized, 28.4% of medium--sized, 14.7% of large--sized and 6.2% of maximum--sized fibers on an average. The fiber sized histograms constructed in the cross section shows a unimodality laying at 1 mu to 3 mu and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris contains more medium fibers 3 mu to 6 mu than the perineal nerve. From these results, it seems clear that the genital corpuscles are supplied by these medium fibers. 4) The inferior rectal nerve of the guinea pig arises from the perineal nerve in all cases, however, it is very slender. 5) The branch to the Obturator internus arises from the originating root or main trunck of the perineal nerve (51.7%). The myelinated fiber constitution of this branch is as follows: The maximum--sized fibers occupy 67.6%, the large--sized 16.2%, the small--sized 9.5% and the medium sized 6.8%. On the other hand, the fiber diameters observed in the transverse section are distributed around three peaks lying at 1 mu, 8 mu to 9 mu and 12 mu to 13 mu. 6) The branch to the accessory head of the Semitendinosus arises from the pudendal nerve at an average rate of 91.7%, of which this branch arises most frequently with one root from the originating root of the perineal nerve. The myelinated fiber constitution is as follows: The maximum--sized fibers 50.0%, the large--sized 23.9%, the small--sized 15.9% and the medium--sized 10.2% on an average. The histogram shows that myelinated fibers in this muscular branch consist of two groups of 1 mu to 2 mu and 12 mu to 14 mu...", "contents": "[Gross and light microscopic observations of the pudendal nerve of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Using thirty six adult guinea pigs, the course and distribution of the pudendal nerve was observed macroscopically and then the constitution of the myelinated nerve fibers in these branches was studied with the fan-wise split preparation method (Fukuyama) and the cross sections embeded in paraffin wax. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1) The pudendal plexus in the guinea pig is formed most frequently by a bigeminal nerve which arises from the ventral ramus of the second sacral nerve at an average rate of 55.0% and the pudendal nerve is so independent from the sciatic nerve that the most part of the bigeminal nerve runs into the pudendal nerve. 2) The perineal nerve of the guinea pig arises most frequently with four roots (43.3%). The myelinated fiber constitution of this nerve is as follows: The small-sized fibers occupy 49.8%, the medium--sized 21.9%, the large--sized 15.1%, the maximum--sized 13.1% on an average, and the nerve fiber diameters observed in the cross section shows a bimodality in their distribution, of which the fibers in the higher peak are 1 mu to 2 mu and in the lower peak 5 mu to 8 mu. 3) The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris of the guinea pig arises most frequently with one root from the originating roots of the perineal nerve. The relationship between the sciatic and dorsal nerve appears to be scanty. The myelinated fibers of this nerve comprise 50.8% of small--sized, 28.4% of medium--sized, 14.7% of large--sized and 6.2% of maximum--sized fibers on an average. The fiber sized histograms constructed in the cross section shows a unimodality laying at 1 mu to 3 mu and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris contains more medium fibers 3 mu to 6 mu than the perineal nerve. From these results, it seems clear that the genital corpuscles are supplied by these medium fibers. 4) The inferior rectal nerve of the guinea pig arises from the perineal nerve in all cases, however, it is very slender. 5) The branch to the Obturator internus arises from the originating root or main trunck of the perineal nerve (51.7%). The myelinated fiber constitution of this branch is as follows: The maximum--sized fibers occupy 67.6%, the large--sized 16.2%, the small--sized 9.5% and the medium sized 6.8%. On the other hand, the fiber diameters observed in the transverse section are distributed around three peaks lying at 1 mu, 8 mu to 9 mu and 12 mu to 13 mu. 6) The branch to the accessory head of the Semitendinosus arises from the pudendal nerve at an average rate of 91.7%, of which this branch arises most frequently with one root from the originating root of the perineal nerve. The myelinated fiber constitution is as follows: The maximum--sized fibers 50.0%, the large--sized 23.9%, the small--sized 15.9% and the medium--sized 10.2% on an average. The histogram shows that myelinated fibers in this muscular branch consist of two groups of 1 mu to 2 mu and 12 mu to 14 mu...", "PMID": 1034612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6817", "title": "[Phonocardiographical studies in hypertensive subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "Phonocardiographical (PCG) studies were made to evaluate the relation of the PCG to blood pressure, ECG, chest X-ray finding and changes of fundi in hypertensive subjects. One hundred and thirty hypertensive patients and sixty normal adults were examined. Results were as follows: 1) There were abnormal second heart sounds such as, narrow splitting or ringing in most cases of hypertensive subjects with high both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These phenomena seemed to be delay and accentuation of aortic component. 2) Ejection murmur was found in majority of constantly hypertensive cases. 3) The third and fourth sounds had no definite correlation to blood pressure. However, accentuation of the fourth sound was found only in subjects with severe myocardial changes in ECG. 4). Q-I time in hypertensive group was found to be prolonged as compared to normal. 5) In normal subjects, I-IIA interval was related closely to square root R--R. It was not clear in hypertensive group, and the most cases of this group showed that I-IIA interval was prolonged as compared to square root R--R. Prolonged I-IIA interval was seen in the group with only high voltage and no myocardial abnormality in ECG. In conclusion, characteristic phonocardiographical findings in hypertensive subjects were the prolonged mechanical contraction time involving isovolumic one and this time became shorter when myocardial damage was increased in its severity.", "contents": "[Phonocardiographical studies in hypertensive subjects (author's transl)]. Phonocardiographical (PCG) studies were made to evaluate the relation of the PCG to blood pressure, ECG, chest X-ray finding and changes of fundi in hypertensive subjects. One hundred and thirty hypertensive patients and sixty normal adults were examined. Results were as follows: 1) There were abnormal second heart sounds such as, narrow splitting or ringing in most cases of hypertensive subjects with high both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These phenomena seemed to be delay and accentuation of aortic component. 2) Ejection murmur was found in majority of constantly hypertensive cases. 3) The third and fourth sounds had no definite correlation to blood pressure. However, accentuation of the fourth sound was found only in subjects with severe myocardial changes in ECG. 4). Q-I time in hypertensive group was found to be prolonged as compared to normal. 5) In normal subjects, I-IIA interval was related closely to square root R--R. It was not clear in hypertensive group, and the most cases of this group showed that I-IIA interval was prolonged as compared to square root R--R. Prolonged I-IIA interval was seen in the group with only high voltage and no myocardial abnormality in ECG. In conclusion, characteristic phonocardiographical findings in hypertensive subjects were the prolonged mechanical contraction time involving isovolumic one and this time became shorter when myocardial damage was increased in its severity.", "PMID": 1034613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6818", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of the mouse. I. Effect of hydrocortisone on marrow small lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "In male dd-mice given two subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mg of hydrocortisone at 35 and 36 days of age, lymphocytes in the bone marrow were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by electron microscopy. In normal 35-day-old mice, lymphocytes comprise 16.4% of nucleated free cells of the marrow. Marrow lymphocytes were, for the most part, of small type which constituted 15.5% of nucleated marrow cells. Small lymphocytes consisted of two types; dark and light small lymphocytes. At 35 days of age, dark small lymphocytes constituted 94.4% of all the marrow small lymphocytes and light small lymphocytes were the remaining 5.6%. After administration of hydrocortisone, lymphocytes in the marrow decreased markedly. The proportion of lymphocytes failed to 6.1% at 1 day, 4.5% at 5 days and 3.5% at 10 days after injection. Thereafter it slightly increased to 5.0% at 20 days after injection. The percentage of marrow lymphocytes at 20 days after injection was almost the same as that of controls at 60 days of age. Of the two types of marrow small lymphocytes dark small lymphocytes decreased rapidly after administration of hydrocortisone. They found 22.4% of the marrow small lymphocytes at 1 day and 10.7% at 5 days after injection. Thereafter, they increased gradually and occupied 58.0% of marrow small lymphocytes at 20 days. On the other hand, light small lymphocytes appeared more resistant to hydrocortisone than dark small lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of the mouse. I. Effect of hydrocortisone on marrow small lymphocytes (author's transl)]. In male dd-mice given two subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mg of hydrocortisone at 35 and 36 days of age, lymphocytes in the bone marrow were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by electron microscopy. In normal 35-day-old mice, lymphocytes comprise 16.4% of nucleated free cells of the marrow. Marrow lymphocytes were, for the most part, of small type which constituted 15.5% of nucleated marrow cells. Small lymphocytes consisted of two types; dark and light small lymphocytes. At 35 days of age, dark small lymphocytes constituted 94.4% of all the marrow small lymphocytes and light small lymphocytes were the remaining 5.6%. After administration of hydrocortisone, lymphocytes in the marrow decreased markedly. The proportion of lymphocytes failed to 6.1% at 1 day, 4.5% at 5 days and 3.5% at 10 days after injection. Thereafter it slightly increased to 5.0% at 20 days after injection. The percentage of marrow lymphocytes at 20 days after injection was almost the same as that of controls at 60 days of age. Of the two types of marrow small lymphocytes dark small lymphocytes decreased rapidly after administration of hydrocortisone. They found 22.4% of the marrow small lymphocytes at 1 day and 10.7% at 5 days after injection. Thereafter, they increased gradually and occupied 58.0% of marrow small lymphocytes at 20 days. On the other hand, light small lymphocytes appeared more resistant to hydrocortisone than dark small lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1034614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6819", "title": "Separation and estimation of short-chain fatty acids and organic acids by thermodetective liquid chromatography.", "content": "Short-chain fatty acids and organic acids in aqueous solution were separated quantitatively by using a liquid chromatography. JLC-2A, which posseses a thermodetector with ion-exchange resin. A peak height of thermogram showing a thermal difference caused by adsorption and desorption of substance was proportional to the concentration. Each sample was detectable at least between approximately 10(-5) and 2 X 10(-3) moles. The \"inter-day\" coefficient of variation obtained from two peak heights of acetic and n-butyric acids was 1.9 and 2.3%, respectively.", "contents": "Separation and estimation of short-chain fatty acids and organic acids by thermodetective liquid chromatography. Short-chain fatty acids and organic acids in aqueous solution were separated quantitatively by using a liquid chromatography. JLC-2A, which posseses a thermodetector with ion-exchange resin. A peak height of thermogram showing a thermal difference caused by adsorption and desorption of substance was proportional to the concentration. Each sample was detectable at least between approximately 10(-5) and 2 X 10(-3) moles. The \"inter-day\" coefficient of variation obtained from two peak heights of acetic and n-butyric acids was 1.9 and 2.3%, respectively.", "PMID": 1034615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6820", "title": "Cytotoxicity of cysteine in culture media.", "content": "When added to Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum (MEM-10BS), 1mM cysteine was highly toxic to cultured cells. This toxicity was eliminated by (a) preincubation of the medium at 37 degrees C for 24 hr before use, or (b) presence of 5mM pyruvate. Similar results were obtained with freshly prepared CMRL 1066 supplemented with 10% bovine serum (CMRL-10BS), which contains 1.5 mM cysteine as an original ingredient. Medium L 15 supplemented with 10% bovine serum (L-10BS), which contains both 1 mM cysteine and 5 mM pyruvate, supported cell growth. On incubation of MEM-10BS supplemented with 1 mM cysteine (MEM-10BS-1CySH) or CMRL-10BS without cells for one day, the cysteine concentrations decreased to about one-tenth or less of the original concentrations. The cysteine concentration in L-10BS did not decrease so much on similar incubation. Pyruvate reduced the rate of disappearance of the cysteine in MEM-10BS-1CySH or CMRL-10BS as assayed with p-chloromercuribenzoate, although less than that in L-10BS. This effect of pyruvate was concentration dependent. These paradoxical effects of pyruvate on cysteine, i.e. the reduction of its cytotoxicity and the stabilization as an SH compound, are probably due to the formation of a dissociable complex between these two compounds, which is not cytotoxic and resistant to oxidation.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of cysteine in culture media. When added to Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum (MEM-10BS), 1mM cysteine was highly toxic to cultured cells. This toxicity was eliminated by (a) preincubation of the medium at 37 degrees C for 24 hr before use, or (b) presence of 5mM pyruvate. Similar results were obtained with freshly prepared CMRL 1066 supplemented with 10% bovine serum (CMRL-10BS), which contains 1.5 mM cysteine as an original ingredient. Medium L 15 supplemented with 10% bovine serum (L-10BS), which contains both 1 mM cysteine and 5 mM pyruvate, supported cell growth. On incubation of MEM-10BS supplemented with 1 mM cysteine (MEM-10BS-1CySH) or CMRL-10BS without cells for one day, the cysteine concentrations decreased to about one-tenth or less of the original concentrations. The cysteine concentration in L-10BS did not decrease so much on similar incubation. Pyruvate reduced the rate of disappearance of the cysteine in MEM-10BS-1CySH or CMRL-10BS as assayed with p-chloromercuribenzoate, although less than that in L-10BS. This effect of pyruvate was concentration dependent. These paradoxical effects of pyruvate on cysteine, i.e. the reduction of its cytotoxicity and the stabilization as an SH compound, are probably due to the formation of a dissociable complex between these two compounds, which is not cytotoxic and resistant to oxidation.", "PMID": 1034617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6821", "title": "Spread and control of mycoplasmal infection of cell cultures.", "content": "Environmental sampling was performed during trypsinization and passage of 3T-6 cell cultures that contained a mean of 4.3 X 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) per ml supernatant of A. laidlawii. The lip of the culture flask and the outside of the used pipet were always heavily contaminated. The outside of the culture flask (3/7), the work surface (8/12) and the outside of a pan of disinfectant (4/5) were regularly contaminated with mycoplasmas. Airborne mycoplasmas were detected eight of 32 times (25%) by settling plates; simultaneous forced-air samplers by two different methods were always negative. The technician's hands were contaminated two of 15 samples. When hands were contaminated, more contamination was detected in the environment. Droplets of A. laidlawii and M. orale inoculated onto work surfaces survived drying for a minimum of 3 days, even in laminar airflow cabinets. Twenty-five of 31 (80.6%) cell culture technicians carried M. salivarium in their throats; only two carried M. orale. It is concluded that mycoplasma-infected clltures are the most common source of further infection. Recommendations for prevention and control of mycoplasmal infection are listed.", "contents": "Spread and control of mycoplasmal infection of cell cultures. Environmental sampling was performed during trypsinization and passage of 3T-6 cell cultures that contained a mean of 4.3 X 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) per ml supernatant of A. laidlawii. The lip of the culture flask and the outside of the used pipet were always heavily contaminated. The outside of the culture flask (3/7), the work surface (8/12) and the outside of a pan of disinfectant (4/5) were regularly contaminated with mycoplasmas. Airborne mycoplasmas were detected eight of 32 times (25%) by settling plates; simultaneous forced-air samplers by two different methods were always negative. The technician's hands were contaminated two of 15 samples. When hands were contaminated, more contamination was detected in the environment. Droplets of A. laidlawii and M. orale inoculated onto work surfaces survived drying for a minimum of 3 days, even in laminar airflow cabinets. Twenty-five of 31 (80.6%) cell culture technicians carried M. salivarium in their throats; only two carried M. orale. It is concluded that mycoplasma-infected clltures are the most common source of further infection. Recommendations for prevention and control of mycoplasmal infection are listed.", "PMID": 1034618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6822", "title": "Cardiocirculatory and biochemical effects of dextran 1.8% and ringer's lactate after minor surgical procedures.", "content": "The effects of dextran 1.8% in Ringer's lactate solution were compared with infusion of Ringer's lactate alone in two groups of 12 patients after minor surgical interventions. Plasma volume increased significantly only in the dextran treatment patients. We observed a marked hemodilution with both infusions, but all changes had disappeared after 24 hours. No adverse effects on the coagulation process, hepatic and renal function were noted. These results suggest that dextran 1.8% in Ringer's lactate is an effective and safe solution in plasma volume expansion for this type of patient.", "contents": "Cardiocirculatory and biochemical effects of dextran 1.8% and ringer's lactate after minor surgical procedures. The effects of dextran 1.8% in Ringer's lactate solution were compared with infusion of Ringer's lactate alone in two groups of 12 patients after minor surgical interventions. Plasma volume increased significantly only in the dextran treatment patients. We observed a marked hemodilution with both infusions, but all changes had disappeared after 24 hours. No adverse effects on the coagulation process, hepatic and renal function were noted. These results suggest that dextran 1.8% in Ringer's lactate is an effective and safe solution in plasma volume expansion for this type of patient.", "PMID": 1034621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6823", "title": "[Hypoproteinemia--consequence of cause of diseases, particularly in long-term hospitalized patients].", "content": "In most cases hypoproteinemia of our patients is a result of the disease leading to hospitalization. Moreover, it may also be a consequence of unappropriate nutrition, so that it has to be pointed out with emphasis that clinics being able to furnish a great number of ferment analysis should be in a position to answer the simple question: are patients receiving adequate nutrition or not? Necessary assumption for this purpose is-besides analyses of serum-protein-in acute cases the control of nitrogen excretion in urine and in case of exact balances also in stool, in order to exactly answer the question, whether the nitrogen supply will suffice special requirements.", "contents": "[Hypoproteinemia--consequence of cause of diseases, particularly in long-term hospitalized patients]. In most cases hypoproteinemia of our patients is a result of the disease leading to hospitalization. Moreover, it may also be a consequence of unappropriate nutrition, so that it has to be pointed out with emphasis that clinics being able to furnish a great number of ferment analysis should be in a position to answer the simple question: are patients receiving adequate nutrition or not? Necessary assumption for this purpose is-besides analyses of serum-protein-in acute cases the control of nitrogen excretion in urine and in case of exact balances also in stool, in order to exactly answer the question, whether the nitrogen supply will suffice special requirements.", "PMID": 1034622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6824", "title": "[Dietetic and antibiotic preparation in surgery of the large intestine].", "content": "Besides patient's cardiac, pulmonary, renal and hepatic status, a correct operative technique and mechanical bowel cleansing the protein status is of central importance to prevent anastomotic leakage and wound infection in colon surgery. Using an oral elemental diet prior to surgery both sufficient caloric and protein intake and reduction of intestinal flora can be achieved. Wound infection and anastomotic leakage are reduced significantly without the side effects of antibiotic bowel preparation. If oral antibiotics are used preoperatively only a short term low dose regimen is effective for the control of infection after colon surgery which reduces the concentration of aerobes and anaerobes.", "contents": "[Dietetic and antibiotic preparation in surgery of the large intestine]. Besides patient's cardiac, pulmonary, renal and hepatic status, a correct operative technique and mechanical bowel cleansing the protein status is of central importance to prevent anastomotic leakage and wound infection in colon surgery. Using an oral elemental diet prior to surgery both sufficient caloric and protein intake and reduction of intestinal flora can be achieved. Wound infection and anastomotic leakage are reduced significantly without the side effects of antibiotic bowel preparation. If oral antibiotics are used preoperatively only a short term low dose regimen is effective for the control of infection after colon surgery which reduces the concentration of aerobes and anaerobes.", "PMID": 1034623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6825", "title": "The postnatal development of the alimentary canal in the opossum. II. Stomach.", "content": "The postnatal development of the gastric mucosa in the opossum has been traced with the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The formation of fovea and gastric glands occurs simultaneously during the postnatal period. During the first 60 postnatal days the developing gastric glands are composed of undifferentiated cells, parietal cells and scattered endocrine cells. Chief cells are not present until just before weaning (13 cm, i.e. ca. 75 days). Juvenile and adult animals show only a small population of chief cells, and these are confined to the bases of the gastric glands. The pH of stomach contents ranges from 6-0 to 6-5 until the time of appearance of solid food within the stomach, when it drops to 2-0-2-5. The surface cells lining the gastric lumen contain a considerable amount of what appears to be lipid during the first 3 weeks after birth, and this may indicate that the gastric mucosa is involved in the absorption of lipid during this period. The mode of lipid absorption appears to be different from that described for the intestinal tract of several other species.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the alimentary canal in the opossum. II. Stomach. The postnatal development of the gastric mucosa in the opossum has been traced with the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The formation of fovea and gastric glands occurs simultaneously during the postnatal period. During the first 60 postnatal days the developing gastric glands are composed of undifferentiated cells, parietal cells and scattered endocrine cells. Chief cells are not present until just before weaning (13 cm, i.e. ca. 75 days). Juvenile and adult animals show only a small population of chief cells, and these are confined to the bases of the gastric glands. The pH of stomach contents ranges from 6-0 to 6-5 until the time of appearance of solid food within the stomach, when it drops to 2-0-2-5. The surface cells lining the gastric lumen contain a considerable amount of what appears to be lipid during the first 3 weeks after birth, and this may indicate that the gastric mucosa is involved in the absorption of lipid during this period. The mode of lipid absorption appears to be different from that described for the intestinal tract of several other species.", "PMID": 1034628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6826", "title": "RIT 2214, a new biosynthetic penicillin produced by a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium.", "content": "A number of lysine-requiring auxotrophs of Cephalosporium acremonium were investigated for incorporation of side-chain precursors and for accumulation of beta-lactam compounds. One of the auxotrophs, Acremonium chrysogenum ATCC 20389, producing cephalosporin C and penicillin N only if grown in media supplemented with DL-alpha-amino-adipic acid (DL-alpha-AAA), was found to use L-S-carboxymethylcysteine (L-CMC) as a side-chain precursor for the synthesis of a new penicillin (RIT 2214). No corresponding cephalosporin was detected. The penicillin present in the culture filtrate, was concentrated by adsorption on activated carbon and successive column chromatography on Amberlite IRA-68 and Amberlite XAD-4. Final purification was achieved by cellulose column chromatography. RIT 2214 was identified as 6-(D)-[(2-amino-2-carboxy)-ethylthio]-acetamido]-penicillanic acid by spectral analysis, bioactivity spectrum, elucidation of side-chain structure and finally by semisynthesis. Its biological properties were also evaluated.", "contents": "RIT 2214, a new biosynthetic penicillin produced by a mutant of Cephalosporium acremonium. A number of lysine-requiring auxotrophs of Cephalosporium acremonium were investigated for incorporation of side-chain precursors and for accumulation of beta-lactam compounds. One of the auxotrophs, Acremonium chrysogenum ATCC 20389, producing cephalosporin C and penicillin N only if grown in media supplemented with DL-alpha-amino-adipic acid (DL-alpha-AAA), was found to use L-S-carboxymethylcysteine (L-CMC) as a side-chain precursor for the synthesis of a new penicillin (RIT 2214). No corresponding cephalosporin was detected. The penicillin present in the culture filtrate, was concentrated by adsorption on activated carbon and successive column chromatography on Amberlite IRA-68 and Amberlite XAD-4. Final purification was achieved by cellulose column chromatography. RIT 2214 was identified as 6-(D)-[(2-amino-2-carboxy)-ethylthio]-acetamido]-penicillanic acid by spectral analysis, bioactivity spectrum, elucidation of side-chain structure and finally by semisynthesis. Its biological properties were also evaluated.", "PMID": 1034629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6827", "title": "A cytoplasmic inhibitor of DNA polymerase from the plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "A factor which inhibited DNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.7] activity was isolated from the cytoplasm of plasmodia of true slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. This factor was purified by DEAE-Sephadex and CM-cellulose column chromatographies, heat treatment and gel filtration. This inhibitor was heat-stable, insensitive to trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] and was not digested by RNase [EC 3.1.4.22] or DNase [EC 3.1.4.5]. The molecular weight was 16,000 as determined by gel filtration, and the isoelectric point was determined to be pH 10.1. In the presence of the inhibitor, Km for DNA in the DNA polymerizing reaction was markedly increased. The inhibitory effect was eliminated by addition of excess DNA, but the addition of excess enzyme or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates had no effect on the inhibition.", "contents": "A cytoplasmic inhibitor of DNA polymerase from the plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. A factor which inhibited DNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.7] activity was isolated from the cytoplasm of plasmodia of true slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. This factor was purified by DEAE-Sephadex and CM-cellulose column chromatographies, heat treatment and gel filtration. This inhibitor was heat-stable, insensitive to trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] and was not digested by RNase [EC 3.1.4.22] or DNase [EC 3.1.4.5]. The molecular weight was 16,000 as determined by gel filtration, and the isoelectric point was determined to be pH 10.1. In the presence of the inhibitor, Km for DNA in the DNA polymerizing reaction was markedly increased. The inhibitory effect was eliminated by addition of excess DNA, but the addition of excess enzyme or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates had no effect on the inhibition.", "PMID": 1034631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6828", "title": "The H+/site ratio of mitochondrial electron transport.", "content": "The number of H+ ejected during passage of 2e- through each energy-conserving site of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (the H+/site ratio) was measured in three ways. In each case transmembrane movements of endogenous phosphate were minimized. (1) Measurement of the uptake of weak acids during loading of mitochondria with Ca2+ demonstrated that 2.0 weak acid anions were accumulated per Ca2+ ion. Since 1.7 to 2.0 Ca2+ ions were were taken up per site, these data correspond to an H+/site ratio of 3.5 to 4.0. (2) More direct measurement of H+ ejection using the oxygen pulse technique demonstrated that the H+/site ratio was 3.0. In these experiments phosphate movements were prevented by addition of N-ethylmaleimide to inhibit phosphate-hydroxide antiport, by washing the mitochondria to remove endogenous phosphate, or by working at 5 degrees C to reduce the rate of phosphate transport. When phosphate movements were allowed, H+/site ratios of 2.0 were observed. (3) Measurement of the initial steady rates of oxygen consumption and H+ ejection following addition of substrate to aerobic, substrate-limited mitochondria yielded H+/site ratios of 2.0, which were elevated to 4.0 when phosphate transport was prevented as described above. Previous determinations of the H+/site ratio were thus underestimates due to the unrecognized movements of endogenous phosphate; our results show that the H+/site ratio is at least 3.0 andmay be as high as 4.0.", "contents": "The H+/site ratio of mitochondrial electron transport. The number of H+ ejected during passage of 2e- through each energy-conserving site of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (the H+/site ratio) was measured in three ways. In each case transmembrane movements of endogenous phosphate were minimized. (1) Measurement of the uptake of weak acids during loading of mitochondria with Ca2+ demonstrated that 2.0 weak acid anions were accumulated per Ca2+ ion. Since 1.7 to 2.0 Ca2+ ions were were taken up per site, these data correspond to an H+/site ratio of 3.5 to 4.0. (2) More direct measurement of H+ ejection using the oxygen pulse technique demonstrated that the H+/site ratio was 3.0. In these experiments phosphate movements were prevented by addition of N-ethylmaleimide to inhibit phosphate-hydroxide antiport, by washing the mitochondria to remove endogenous phosphate, or by working at 5 degrees C to reduce the rate of phosphate transport. When phosphate movements were allowed, H+/site ratios of 2.0 were observed. (3) Measurement of the initial steady rates of oxygen consumption and H+ ejection following addition of substrate to aerobic, substrate-limited mitochondria yielded H+/site ratios of 2.0, which were elevated to 4.0 when phosphate transport was prevented as described above. Previous determinations of the H+/site ratio were thus underestimates due to the unrecognized movements of endogenous phosphate; our results show that the H+/site ratio is at least 3.0 andmay be as high as 4.0.", "PMID": 1034632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6829", "title": "Magnesium deprivation reproduces the coordinate effects of serum removal or cortisol addition on transport and metabolism in chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "A variety of unrelated effectors stimulate or inhibit coordinately the same array of metabolic reactions in chick embryo fibroblasts, including the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and uridine, and the incorporation of uridine and thymidine into acid insoluble material. The coordinate inhibition of these reactions by omission of serum or addition of cortisol is reproduced quantitatively by lowering the concentration of magnesium (Mg2+) in medium containing 0.2 mM Ca2+. The response times for the utilization of uridine and thymidine following the removal of addition of Mg2+ are similar to those which follow removal or addition of serum. The effect of serum on the incorporation of choline, which is not part of the coordinate response to unrelated effectors, is not reproduced by varying Mg2+ concentrations. The results support the hypothesis that the availability of Mg2+ within the cell plays a central role in the coordinate control of transport, metabolism and growth by external physiological effectors.", "contents": "Magnesium deprivation reproduces the coordinate effects of serum removal or cortisol addition on transport and metabolism in chick embryo fibroblasts. A variety of unrelated effectors stimulate or inhibit coordinately the same array of metabolic reactions in chick embryo fibroblasts, including the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and uridine, and the incorporation of uridine and thymidine into acid insoluble material. The coordinate inhibition of these reactions by omission of serum or addition of cortisol is reproduced quantitatively by lowering the concentration of magnesium (Mg2+) in medium containing 0.2 mM Ca2+. The response times for the utilization of uridine and thymidine following the removal of addition of Mg2+ are similar to those which follow removal or addition of serum. The effect of serum on the incorporation of choline, which is not part of the coordinate response to unrelated effectors, is not reproduced by varying Mg2+ concentrations. The results support the hypothesis that the availability of Mg2+ within the cell plays a central role in the coordinate control of transport, metabolism and growth by external physiological effectors.", "PMID": 1034633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6830", "title": "Stimulation of sugar uptake in cultured fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF-binding arginine esterase.", "content": "Mouse epidermal growth factor causes a rapid increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in stationary phase mouse (3T3) cells or human fibroblasts. Maximum effect is approximately two fold over control levels for 3T3 cells and about 50% over controls for human fibroblasts. Maximum effect on 3T3 cells is seen about two hours after addition of 10 ng/ml EGF to the culture medium. Stimulation is easily measureable within the first fifteen minutes after addition of the hormone and may be detected at hormone concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml. The EGF-binding arginine esterase found associated with EGF in the mouse submaxillary gland causes an enhancement of the EGF effect. In serum-free medium, the EGF effect is still readily observed, but no enhancement by the esterase is seen. SV40 virus-transformed 3T3 cells show no effect on deoxyglucose uptake after addition of 10 ng/ml EGF to the culture medium, but a response may be demonstrated after these cells are incubated for 12 hours or more in serumless medium. EFG stimulates transport of 3-O-methylglucose in stationary phase 3T3 and human fibroblasts but no EGF stimulation of alpha-amino-isobutyrate uptake in 3T3 cells is seen under conditions is reproted to inhibit intracellular degradation of human EGF by human fibroblasts, does not diminish the EGF effect on deoxyglucose uptake in human fibroblasts.", "contents": "Stimulation of sugar uptake in cultured fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF-binding arginine esterase. Mouse epidermal growth factor causes a rapid increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in stationary phase mouse (3T3) cells or human fibroblasts. Maximum effect is approximately two fold over control levels for 3T3 cells and about 50% over controls for human fibroblasts. Maximum effect on 3T3 cells is seen about two hours after addition of 10 ng/ml EGF to the culture medium. Stimulation is easily measureable within the first fifteen minutes after addition of the hormone and may be detected at hormone concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml. The EGF-binding arginine esterase found associated with EGF in the mouse submaxillary gland causes an enhancement of the EGF effect. In serum-free medium, the EGF effect is still readily observed, but no enhancement by the esterase is seen. SV40 virus-transformed 3T3 cells show no effect on deoxyglucose uptake after addition of 10 ng/ml EGF to the culture medium, but a response may be demonstrated after these cells are incubated for 12 hours or more in serumless medium. EFG stimulates transport of 3-O-methylglucose in stationary phase 3T3 and human fibroblasts but no EGF stimulation of alpha-amino-isobutyrate uptake in 3T3 cells is seen under conditions is reproted to inhibit intracellular degradation of human EGF by human fibroblasts, does not diminish the EGF effect on deoxyglucose uptake in human fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1034634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6831", "title": "Current status of the thiol redox model for the regulation of hexose transport by insulin.", "content": "Data obtained over the last two years pertinent to the thiol redox model for the modulation of hexose transport activity by insulin is summarized. The model proposes that activation of hexose transport in fat cells involves sulfhydryl oxidation to the disulfide form in a key protein component of the fat cell surface membrane. Theoretically, the rapid activation of transport by insulin may involve either the conversion of inactive membrane carriers to the active form as originally proposed, or the conversion of a low Vmax transport system to a high Vmax form. The present experiments showed that the percent inhibition of insulin-activated transport rates by submaximal levels of cytochalasin B was decreased compared to its effects on basal transport. Treatment of fat cells with N-ethylmaleimide inhibited cytochalasin B action but not transport activity. When insulin or the oxidant vitamin K5 was added to cells 5 minutes before the N-ethylmaleimide, the elevated transport activity was also resistant to the sulfhydryl reagent, but cytochalasin B retained its potent inhibitory effect on transport. The data demonstrate that unique properties characterize basal versus insulin-activated transport activity with respect to the sensitivity of cytochalasin B action to sulfhydryl blockade in isolated fat cells. The data are consistent with the concept that activation of transport activity reflects the conversion of a reduced (sulfhydryl) system characterized by a low Vmax to an oxidized (disulfide), high Vmax transport system.", "contents": "Current status of the thiol redox model for the regulation of hexose transport by insulin. Data obtained over the last two years pertinent to the thiol redox model for the modulation of hexose transport activity by insulin is summarized. The model proposes that activation of hexose transport in fat cells involves sulfhydryl oxidation to the disulfide form in a key protein component of the fat cell surface membrane. Theoretically, the rapid activation of transport by insulin may involve either the conversion of inactive membrane carriers to the active form as originally proposed, or the conversion of a low Vmax transport system to a high Vmax form. The present experiments showed that the percent inhibition of insulin-activated transport rates by submaximal levels of cytochalasin B was decreased compared to its effects on basal transport. Treatment of fat cells with N-ethylmaleimide inhibited cytochalasin B action but not transport activity. When insulin or the oxidant vitamin K5 was added to cells 5 minutes before the N-ethylmaleimide, the elevated transport activity was also resistant to the sulfhydryl reagent, but cytochalasin B retained its potent inhibitory effect on transport. The data demonstrate that unique properties characterize basal versus insulin-activated transport activity with respect to the sensitivity of cytochalasin B action to sulfhydryl blockade in isolated fat cells. The data are consistent with the concept that activation of transport activity reflects the conversion of a reduced (sulfhydryl) system characterized by a low Vmax to an oxidized (disulfide), high Vmax transport system.", "PMID": 1034635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6832", "title": "Regulation of glucose transport in chick fibroblasts: bicarbonate, lactate and ascorbic acid.", "content": "The rate at which chick embryo fibroblasts in primary or secondary culture transport glucose or 3-O-methyl glucose is strongly influenced by the presence of bicarbonate ion in the culture medium. Cells growing or maintained on glucose at physiologic concentration (5.5 mM) have an 8 to 10 fold higher rate of glucose uptake than their counterparts cultivated without bicarbonate. These cells also produce more lactate as a consequence of their more rapid intake of glucose. The hydrogen acceptors, methylene blue and dehydroascorbate added to the culture medium reduce the cell capacity to transport glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose to levels obtaining in the bicarbonate-free medium. There is a concomitant reduction in glucose utilized by cells during 24 hours and further reduction in lactate formed per molecule of glucose metabolized.", "contents": "Regulation of glucose transport in chick fibroblasts: bicarbonate, lactate and ascorbic acid. The rate at which chick embryo fibroblasts in primary or secondary culture transport glucose or 3-O-methyl glucose is strongly influenced by the presence of bicarbonate ion in the culture medium. Cells growing or maintained on glucose at physiologic concentration (5.5 mM) have an 8 to 10 fold higher rate of glucose uptake than their counterparts cultivated without bicarbonate. These cells also produce more lactate as a consequence of their more rapid intake of glucose. The hydrogen acceptors, methylene blue and dehydroascorbate added to the culture medium reduce the cell capacity to transport glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose to levels obtaining in the bicarbonate-free medium. There is a concomitant reduction in glucose utilized by cells during 24 hours and further reduction in lactate formed per molecule of glucose metabolized.", "PMID": 1034636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6833", "title": "Cooperative binding of concanavalin A to thymocyte membrane vesicles augments uptake of alpha aminoisobutyrate.", "content": "(1) Membrane vesicles from rabbit thymocytes accumulate alpha-aminoisobutyrate in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. Uptake is 1/2 maximal after about 2 min and reaches a plateau value (61 pmoles/mg protein) after 30 min. (2) Up to 25 mug concanavalin A/ml, binding of the lectin describes a sigmoid curve indicative of a cooperative process. (3) At lectin concentrations up to 8 mug/ml, lectin binding enhances the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate (maximally 30%).", "contents": "Cooperative binding of concanavalin A to thymocyte membrane vesicles augments uptake of alpha aminoisobutyrate. (1) Membrane vesicles from rabbit thymocytes accumulate alpha-aminoisobutyrate in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. Uptake is 1/2 maximal after about 2 min and reaches a plateau value (61 pmoles/mg protein) after 30 min. (2) Up to 25 mug concanavalin A/ml, binding of the lectin describes a sigmoid curve indicative of a cooperative process. (3) At lectin concentrations up to 8 mug/ml, lectin binding enhances the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate (maximally 30%).", "PMID": 1034638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6834", "title": "Uptake of amino acids in reconstituted vesicles derived from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells.", "content": "To obtain a clearer concept of the mechanism of organic solute transport in mammalian cells, we have attempted to reconstitute a functional transport system for amino acids from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells. Purified plasma membranes were dissolved in 2% Na cholate--4 M urea, a mixture which brought over 85% of the membrane proteins into solution. After centrifugation of the solubilized material for 2 hrs at 100,000 x g, the supernatant was dialyzed in the cold for 20 hrs with additional lipid. The reformed vesicles were tested for the ability to transport amino acids. The preliminary results obtained show that the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid can be inhibited by L-methionine and much less by L-leucine as would be predicted from the known properties of alpha-aminoisobutyric transport in the intact cells. In addition, it has been possible to show accelerated efflux of intravesicular phenylalanine when phenylalanine is added to the trans side (medium side). The data are consistent with the conclusion that there is carrier mediated transport in the reconstituted vesicles.", "contents": "Uptake of amino acids in reconstituted vesicles derived from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells. To obtain a clearer concept of the mechanism of organic solute transport in mammalian cells, we have attempted to reconstitute a functional transport system for amino acids from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells. Purified plasma membranes were dissolved in 2% Na cholate--4 M urea, a mixture which brought over 85% of the membrane proteins into solution. After centrifugation of the solubilized material for 2 hrs at 100,000 x g, the supernatant was dialyzed in the cold for 20 hrs with additional lipid. The reformed vesicles were tested for the ability to transport amino acids. The preliminary results obtained show that the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid can be inhibited by L-methionine and much less by L-leucine as would be predicted from the known properties of alpha-aminoisobutyric transport in the intact cells. In addition, it has been possible to show accelerated efflux of intravesicular phenylalanine when phenylalanine is added to the trans side (medium side). The data are consistent with the conclusion that there is carrier mediated transport in the reconstituted vesicles.", "PMID": 1034639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6835", "title": "The mechanism of interaction between high-affinity probes and the uridine transport system of mammalian cells.", "content": "The carrier of uridine transport in hamster cells in culture is highly susceptible to the inhibitory effect of probes like S-benzylated derivatives of mercaptopurine nucleosides. The interaction between the probes and the carrier is competitive and reversible and it takes place at a site different from the substrate binding site. The Ki for the most potent derivative p-nitrobenzyl-6-mercaptoinosine is 0.15 n Molar at 20 degrees C. The effect of the probes is interpreted in terms of conformational change induced on the carrier upon binding of the probe. The carrier assumes distinct conformations depending on whether it is probe-free (form A) or probe bound (form B). Kinetic as well as chemical evidence supports the predictions of the allosteric carrier model. A single component of kinetics is observed either in the absence of inhibitor (Km form A) or at high concentrations of inhibitor (Km form B). A two component kinetics is observed at intermediate concentrations of inhibitor (some carriers in form B and others in form A). The two forms have distinct Km values for uridine: form A50 muMolar and form B 250 muMolar. Two forms have also different susceptibilities to the action of organomercurials: form A is insensitive whereas form B is highly inhibited by the chemical modified of SH groups. The existence of putative allosteric sites in carriers is discussed in terms of modifier sites capable of modulating transport activities as a result of specific membrane-ligand interactions.", "contents": "The mechanism of interaction between high-affinity probes and the uridine transport system of mammalian cells. The carrier of uridine transport in hamster cells in culture is highly susceptible to the inhibitory effect of probes like S-benzylated derivatives of mercaptopurine nucleosides. The interaction between the probes and the carrier is competitive and reversible and it takes place at a site different from the substrate binding site. The Ki for the most potent derivative p-nitrobenzyl-6-mercaptoinosine is 0.15 n Molar at 20 degrees C. The effect of the probes is interpreted in terms of conformational change induced on the carrier upon binding of the probe. The carrier assumes distinct conformations depending on whether it is probe-free (form A) or probe bound (form B). Kinetic as well as chemical evidence supports the predictions of the allosteric carrier model. A single component of kinetics is observed either in the absence of inhibitor (Km form A) or at high concentrations of inhibitor (Km form B). A two component kinetics is observed at intermediate concentrations of inhibitor (some carriers in form B and others in form A). The two forms have distinct Km values for uridine: form A50 muMolar and form B 250 muMolar. Two forms have also different susceptibilities to the action of organomercurials: form A is insensitive whereas form B is highly inhibited by the chemical modified of SH groups. The existence of putative allosteric sites in carriers is discussed in terms of modifier sites capable of modulating transport activities as a result of specific membrane-ligand interactions.", "PMID": 1034640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6836", "title": "On a new nematode Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. (Strongyloididae), parasitic in the pangolin Manis pentadactyla from Hyderabad, India.", "content": "Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. is described from the pangolin Manis pentadactyla in India. Both parasitic free-living generations have been examined. Features which differentiate the parasite from Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides are described.", "contents": "On a new nematode Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. (Strongyloididae), parasitic in the pangolin Manis pentadactyla from Hyderabad, India. Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. is described from the pangolin Manis pentadactyla in India. Both parasitic free-living generations have been examined. Features which differentiate the parasite from Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides are described.", "PMID": 1034651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6837", "title": "Stability of resistance to neguvon in the fly Musca domestica L. after cessation of laboratory selection.", "content": "Stability of resistance to neguvon was studied in three strains of Musca domestica L. after selection using different numbers of generations and different degrees of resistance. It has been found that the stability of resistance to neguvon is not always the same after cessation of selection. The loss of resistance depends on the duration of selection, i.e., on the degree of homogenization of populations with respect to resistant specimens. The degree of resistance is the function of the duration of selection to the same extent as the loss of resistance depends on it. The period of time during which the insecticide has been used is of decisive importance for the stability of resistance. The process of loss of resistance, similarly to that of its development, takes its course according to a zigzag curve, but in the opposite direction. This variation of resistance, occurring also in its development, can be explained by the heterogenity of the strains.", "contents": "Stability of resistance to neguvon in the fly Musca domestica L. after cessation of laboratory selection. Stability of resistance to neguvon was studied in three strains of Musca domestica L. after selection using different numbers of generations and different degrees of resistance. It has been found that the stability of resistance to neguvon is not always the same after cessation of selection. The loss of resistance depends on the duration of selection, i.e., on the degree of homogenization of populations with respect to resistant specimens. The degree of resistance is the function of the duration of selection to the same extent as the loss of resistance depends on it. The period of time during which the insecticide has been used is of decisive importance for the stability of resistance. The process of loss of resistance, similarly to that of its development, takes its course according to a zigzag curve, but in the opposite direction. This variation of resistance, occurring also in its development, can be explained by the heterogenity of the strains.", "PMID": 1034653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6838", "title": "Residual disinfection of some preparations and substances.", "content": "The results of our experiments over many years point to the possibility of practical application of disinfectants of residual effect. In our opinion, further investigations should be carried out in the following two directions: detection of new means and preparations showing uniform properties and development of an optimum method of their application. We believe that residual disinfection will play a role in the prophylaxis of hospitalism.", "contents": "Residual disinfection of some preparations and substances. The results of our experiments over many years point to the possibility of practical application of disinfectants of residual effect. In our opinion, further investigations should be carried out in the following two directions: detection of new means and preparations showing uniform properties and development of an optimum method of their application. We believe that residual disinfection will play a role in the prophylaxis of hospitalism.", "PMID": 1034654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6839", "title": "Genus Microsporum dermatophytes in Eastern Bohemia.", "content": "The authors presented a taxonomic survey of dermatophytes of the genus Microsporum. From the 19 species described so far, they isolated ten species in the region of Eastern Bohemia. Only the species Microsporum cookei and M. gypsem are considered to be endemic species. The remaining are regarded as imported dermatophytes which are not able to maintain their existence permanently in the conditions of the mentioned region. Data on the findings of the individual species were completed by the authors' remarks on their primary hosts and/or substrates of heterotrophy, frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution.", "contents": "Genus Microsporum dermatophytes in Eastern Bohemia. The authors presented a taxonomic survey of dermatophytes of the genus Microsporum. From the 19 species described so far, they isolated ten species in the region of Eastern Bohemia. Only the species Microsporum cookei and M. gypsem are considered to be endemic species. The remaining are regarded as imported dermatophytes which are not able to maintain their existence permanently in the conditions of the mentioned region. Data on the findings of the individual species were completed by the authors' remarks on their primary hosts and/or substrates of heterotrophy, frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution.", "PMID": 1034655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6840", "title": "Human infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The patients' history included stay in Pakistan or India. They probably contracted the infection on board an aeroplane where they ingested cold meal containing sea products. The possibility of this conditioned pathogen occurring also in an inland country is pointed out.", "contents": "Human infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus in Czechoslovakia. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The patients' history included stay in Pakistan or India. They probably contracted the infection on board an aeroplane where they ingested cold meal containing sea products. The possibility of this conditioned pathogen occurring also in an inland country is pointed out.", "PMID": 1034657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6841", "title": "Nephelometric density adjustment of leptospiral antigen.", "content": "In testing leptospirosis by microagglutination, reproducibility of the results is affected by population age and germ concentration. These undersirable factors can be avoided if antibody identification is made with cultures incubated for 7 to 21 days and adjusted to 50 X 10(6) leptospires per millilitre. Most suitable for the purpose is an analogue mode based on nephelometry and the probability theory. The obtained statistical data furnish calculated and tabulated apparatus values which are used for standardizing with the aid of a newly developed nepheloflask with compression-spring stirrer.", "contents": "Nephelometric density adjustment of leptospiral antigen. In testing leptospirosis by microagglutination, reproducibility of the results is affected by population age and germ concentration. These undersirable factors can be avoided if antibody identification is made with cultures incubated for 7 to 21 days and adjusted to 50 X 10(6) leptospires per millilitre. Most suitable for the purpose is an analogue mode based on nephelometry and the probability theory. The obtained statistical data furnish calculated and tabulated apparatus values which are used for standardizing with the aid of a newly developed nepheloflask with compression-spring stirrer.", "PMID": 1034658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6842", "title": "Diurnal variation and the episodic release of plasma gonadotrophins in Japanese quail during a photoperiodically induced gonadal cycle.", "content": "Blood samples were taken every 3 h, over a 27 h period, from (1) a group of 12 intact male quail on short days (lights on 09.00-17.00 h) and during the 2nd, 15th and 36th day of photostimulation (lights on 09.00-05.00 h); (2) 12 castrated male quail on the 2nd, 20th and 43rd long day, and (3) 12 intact male quail on the 12th long day. Plasma LH was measured in all samples and FSH in the 43rd long day castrate and 12th long day intact male samples. Although there was considerable variation in the levels of LH and FSH, both between birds and between samples taken from the same bird, statistical analyses failed to reveal any diurnal (or circadian) rhythm at any time. There was a marked correlation between the LH and FSH levels in all samples. Possible episodic LH secretion was investigated by taking blood samples every 15 min for between 3 and 6 h from six intact male quail and six laying females on long days. Samples were obtained from each bird at three time-periods which were arranged so as to overlap and cover the first 12 h of the daily photoperiod. Statistical analysis suggested that episodes of secretion occurred 6-10 times/day in males, and 4-8 times/day in females. The pulses appeared to occur at random.", "contents": "Diurnal variation and the episodic release of plasma gonadotrophins in Japanese quail during a photoperiodically induced gonadal cycle. Blood samples were taken every 3 h, over a 27 h period, from (1) a group of 12 intact male quail on short days (lights on 09.00-17.00 h) and during the 2nd, 15th and 36th day of photostimulation (lights on 09.00-05.00 h); (2) 12 castrated male quail on the 2nd, 20th and 43rd long day, and (3) 12 intact male quail on the 12th long day. Plasma LH was measured in all samples and FSH in the 43rd long day castrate and 12th long day intact male samples. Although there was considerable variation in the levels of LH and FSH, both between birds and between samples taken from the same bird, statistical analyses failed to reveal any diurnal (or circadian) rhythm at any time. There was a marked correlation between the LH and FSH levels in all samples. Possible episodic LH secretion was investigated by taking blood samples every 15 min for between 3 and 6 h from six intact male quail and six laying females on long days. Samples were obtained from each bird at three time-periods which were arranged so as to overlap and cover the first 12 h of the daily photoperiod. Statistical analysis suggested that episodes of secretion occurred 6-10 times/day in males, and 4-8 times/day in females. The pulses appeared to occur at random.", "PMID": 1034662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6843", "title": "Influence of 16-aryloxyprostaglandins on the production of progesterone by human granulosa cells in vitro.", "content": "16-Aryloxy analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) are potent luteolysins in laboratory and farm animals. When their effect on progesterone production by luteinized human granulosa cells in tissue culture was investigated inhibition of both basal gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone production was observed, so revealing characteristics expected of potential human luteolysins. The analogues were, however, unable to inhibit progesterone production stimulated by PGE2, suggesting that like PGF2alpha these compounds may act by specifically blocking LH-activated adenylate cyclase. The 16-aryloxyprostaglandins similarly inhibited progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells, so that the effects observed with the 16-aryloxyprostaglandins in vitro may be indicative of their potential in vivo.", "contents": "Influence of 16-aryloxyprostaglandins on the production of progesterone by human granulosa cells in vitro. 16-Aryloxy analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) are potent luteolysins in laboratory and farm animals. When their effect on progesterone production by luteinized human granulosa cells in tissue culture was investigated inhibition of both basal gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone production was observed, so revealing characteristics expected of potential human luteolysins. The analogues were, however, unable to inhibit progesterone production stimulated by PGE2, suggesting that like PGF2alpha these compounds may act by specifically blocking LH-activated adenylate cyclase. The 16-aryloxyprostaglandins similarly inhibited progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells, so that the effects observed with the 16-aryloxyprostaglandins in vitro may be indicative of their potential in vivo.", "PMID": 1034663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6844", "title": "Direct exposure of postimplantation mouse embryos to 5-bromodeoxyuridine in vitro and its effect on subsequent chondrogenesis in the limbs.", "content": "As maternally administered 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BudR) is very quickly degraded by the liver, a combination of whole embryo culture and organ culture techniques was adopted to expose postimplantation mouse embryos to the analog and to study the effects of long-term embryos were exposed to increasing concentrations of BudR for 12 or 24 h. Forelimbs of the treated embryos were then organ-cultured in drug-free medium and the extent of cartilage development in the explants examined. Exposure of embryos to 50-150 mug/ml of BudR for 24 h resulted in significant inhibition of chondrogenesis in the subsequent limb cultures and the effect was related to dose. After treatment with 150 mug/ml of the drug, the forelimbs of the early 11-day embryos (somite stage 26-29) showed an almost complete lack of cartilage, while the limbs of mid-11 th-day embryos (somite stage 32-34) were not nearly as sensitive and exhibited about 50% reduction in the amount of cartilage development. We conclude that if embryos in which the limb development is at a very early stage of development are exposed to BudR, the future course of limb differentiation is permanently and irreversibly damaged, resulting in a partial or even complete suppression of chondrogenesis in the organ. As both the dose and perhaps also the duration of treatment were critical, we suggest that the rather low frequency of reported limb malformations after in vivo injection of teratological doses of BudR may be due to only a small amount of the chemical reaching the embryos.", "contents": "Direct exposure of postimplantation mouse embryos to 5-bromodeoxyuridine in vitro and its effect on subsequent chondrogenesis in the limbs. As maternally administered 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BudR) is very quickly degraded by the liver, a combination of whole embryo culture and organ culture techniques was adopted to expose postimplantation mouse embryos to the analog and to study the effects of long-term embryos were exposed to increasing concentrations of BudR for 12 or 24 h. Forelimbs of the treated embryos were then organ-cultured in drug-free medium and the extent of cartilage development in the explants examined. Exposure of embryos to 50-150 mug/ml of BudR for 24 h resulted in significant inhibition of chondrogenesis in the subsequent limb cultures and the effect was related to dose. After treatment with 150 mug/ml of the drug, the forelimbs of the early 11-day embryos (somite stage 26-29) showed an almost complete lack of cartilage, while the limbs of mid-11 th-day embryos (somite stage 32-34) were not nearly as sensitive and exhibited about 50% reduction in the amount of cartilage development. We conclude that if embryos in which the limb development is at a very early stage of development are exposed to BudR, the future course of limb differentiation is permanently and irreversibly damaged, resulting in a partial or even complete suppression of chondrogenesis in the organ. As both the dose and perhaps also the duration of treatment were critical, we suggest that the rather low frequency of reported limb malformations after in vivo injection of teratological doses of BudR may be due to only a small amount of the chemical reaching the embryos.", "PMID": 1034666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6845", "title": "Cell patterning in migrating slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "When front quarters of migrating slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum are isolated by surgery and induced to friut immediately they produce fruiting bodies with disproportionately large stalks (Raper, 1940). The data in this communication show that the 'stalky' character of fruits derived from front quarters persists even if the cells of the front quarter are disaggregated and hence to reaggregate before fruiting. The data also demonstrate that friuts derived from rear quarters of slugs have disproportionately large spore heads, and that this effect becomes more pronounced with increasing age of the slugs. These observations support the view that the cells of the front and rear of migrating slugs are to some extent committed to different fates.", "contents": "Cell patterning in migrating slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum. When front quarters of migrating slugs of Dictyostelium discoideum are isolated by surgery and induced to friut immediately they produce fruiting bodies with disproportionately large stalks (Raper, 1940). The data in this communication show that the 'stalky' character of fruits derived from front quarters persists even if the cells of the front quarter are disaggregated and hence to reaggregate before fruiting. The data also demonstrate that friuts derived from rear quarters of slugs have disproportionately large spore heads, and that this effect becomes more pronounced with increasing age of the slugs. These observations support the view that the cells of the front and rear of migrating slugs are to some extent committed to different fates.", "PMID": 1034667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6846", "title": "[Enzyme activities in serum of rabbits and rats-reference values and circadian alterations. Serum enzymes and factors that influence their activity,I (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "The activities of aspartate transminase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine transminase (EC 2.6.1.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) leucine arylamidase (EC 3.4.1.1), aldolase (EC 4.1.2), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.38) and cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) were measured in serum of male rabbits and albino Wistar rats in dlplicate by means of microliter techniques. Furthermore, the diurnal alterations of enzyme activity were established in 8--10 animals of both species. Aspartate transaminase activity in the serum of rats was found to be significantly higher than in the serum of humans and rabbits, and essentially lower alkaline phosphatase values were obtained from the serum of rabbits in comparison with those found for the serum of humans and rats. Relatively high acid phosphatase and aldolase values as well as a very low cholinesterase activity were found in the serum of rabbits and rats. The mean malate dehydrogenase-activity was found to be twice as high as the mean lactate dehydrogenase, which is the contrary of the situation found in human serum. No significant diural alterations of the examined enzyme activities were established. The differences found between the animal and the human enzyme activities in serum are explained by species-determined peculiarities of metabolism or specific enzyme configuration.", "contents": "[Enzyme activities in serum of rabbits and rats-reference values and circadian alterations. Serum enzymes and factors that influence their activity,I (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. The activities of aspartate transminase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine transminase (EC 2.6.1.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) leucine arylamidase (EC 3.4.1.1), aldolase (EC 4.1.2), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.38) and cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) were measured in serum of male rabbits and albino Wistar rats in dlplicate by means of microliter techniques. Furthermore, the diurnal alterations of enzyme activity were established in 8--10 animals of both species. Aspartate transaminase activity in the serum of rats was found to be significantly higher than in the serum of humans and rabbits, and essentially lower alkaline phosphatase values were obtained from the serum of rabbits in comparison with those found for the serum of humans and rats. Relatively high acid phosphatase and aldolase values as well as a very low cholinesterase activity were found in the serum of rabbits and rats. The mean malate dehydrogenase-activity was found to be twice as high as the mean lactate dehydrogenase, which is the contrary of the situation found in human serum. No significant diural alterations of the examined enzyme activities were established. The differences found between the animal and the human enzyme activities in serum are explained by species-determined peculiarities of metabolism or specific enzyme configuration.", "PMID": 1034668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6847", "title": "Nuclei, septation, branching and growth of Geotrichum candidum.", "content": "A study was made of growth, septation and branching in Geotrichum candidum, a mould which forms physiologically complete septa. A correlation was observed between septation and branch initiation; branches were almost invariably formed just behind septa. Primary branches and their parent intercalary compartments initially increased in length at an exponential rate before eventually attaining a constant rate of extension. The whole branching system (which eventually contained seven tips) produced by an intercalary compartment increased in length exponentially until it attained a total length of at least 1-5 mm. The total length and the number of nuclei of undifferentiated mycelia increased exponentially at the same specific growth rate. The results suggest that nuclei divide just before or just after arthrospore formation.", "contents": "Nuclei, septation, branching and growth of Geotrichum candidum. A study was made of growth, septation and branching in Geotrichum candidum, a mould which forms physiologically complete septa. A correlation was observed between septation and branch initiation; branches were almost invariably formed just behind septa. Primary branches and their parent intercalary compartments initially increased in length at an exponential rate before eventually attaining a constant rate of extension. The whole branching system (which eventually contained seven tips) produced by an intercalary compartment increased in length exponentially until it attained a total length of at least 1-5 mm. The total length and the number of nuclei of undifferentiated mycelia increased exponentially at the same specific growth rate. The results suggest that nuclei divide just before or just after arthrospore formation.", "PMID": 1034669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6848", "title": "The relationship between the uptake of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose and soluble carbohydrate and polysaccharide in the fungus Dendryphiella salina.", "content": "When mycelium of Dendryphiella salina, pre-incubated in D-[I-14C]mannitol such that this is the only major labelled soluble carbohydrate present, absorbs glucose or the non-metabolized sugar 3-O-methylglucose, there is a specific stimulation of incorporation of 14C into alkali-insoluble, trichloroacetic-acid-soluble (1 leads to 4)-alpha-glucan, probably glycogen. There is also a net increase in the amount of glucan caused by stimulation of synthesis and inhibition of breakdown. Addition of 3-O-methylglucose results in the loss of mannitol into the medium. This loss and the reduced rate of replenishment from the glucan is important in the osmotic regulation of the hyphae. If osmotic adjustment does not occur, the hyphae do not show the specific incorporation of 14C into the glucan.", "contents": "The relationship between the uptake of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose and soluble carbohydrate and polysaccharide in the fungus Dendryphiella salina. When mycelium of Dendryphiella salina, pre-incubated in D-[I-14C]mannitol such that this is the only major labelled soluble carbohydrate present, absorbs glucose or the non-metabolized sugar 3-O-methylglucose, there is a specific stimulation of incorporation of 14C into alkali-insoluble, trichloroacetic-acid-soluble (1 leads to 4)-alpha-glucan, probably glycogen. There is also a net increase in the amount of glucan caused by stimulation of synthesis and inhibition of breakdown. Addition of 3-O-methylglucose results in the loss of mannitol into the medium. This loss and the reduced rate of replenishment from the glucan is important in the osmotic regulation of the hyphae. If osmotic adjustment does not occur, the hyphae do not show the specific incorporation of 14C into the glucan.", "PMID": 1034670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6849", "title": "A chemically-defined medium for the growth of a ureolytic strain of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "A chemically-defined medium was developed which supported growth of Streptococcus faecium and permitted synthesis of urease. This streptococcus cannot utilize ammonia and needs a complex medium, but its requirements are probably provided in the rumen. The specific activity of urease was inversely related to growth and in no medium was there high growth and high urease activity. Anaerobic culture and the presence of urea in the medium were essential for urease activity, but not for growth.", "contents": "A chemically-defined medium for the growth of a ureolytic strain of Streptococcus faecium. A chemically-defined medium was developed which supported growth of Streptococcus faecium and permitted synthesis of urease. This streptococcus cannot utilize ammonia and needs a complex medium, but its requirements are probably provided in the rumen. The specific activity of urease was inversely related to growth and in no medium was there high growth and high urease activity. Anaerobic culture and the presence of urea in the medium were essential for urease activity, but not for growth.", "PMID": 1034671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6850", "title": "Occurrence of familial spastic paraplegia in only one of monozygous twins.", "content": "Three patients who suffer from spastic paraplegia are described who belong to two generations in one family. One of the patients, who has had symptoms and signs for at least 10 years, has a monozygous twin who is unaffected. Using blood groups and chromosomal polymorphisms, the probability of monozygosity is estimated to be 0.99986. The observation of nonpenetrance in familial spastic paraplegia suggests that environmental factors may be involved in provocation and emphasises the need for careful genetic counselling in this and related diseases.", "contents": "Occurrence of familial spastic paraplegia in only one of monozygous twins. Three patients who suffer from spastic paraplegia are described who belong to two generations in one family. One of the patients, who has had symptoms and signs for at least 10 years, has a monozygous twin who is unaffected. Using blood groups and chromosomal polymorphisms, the probability of monozygosity is estimated to be 0.99986. The observation of nonpenetrance in familial spastic paraplegia suggests that environmental factors may be involved in provocation and emphasises the need for careful genetic counselling in this and related diseases.", "PMID": 1034672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6851", "title": "Isolation of 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine from a high flavinogenic mold Eremothecium ashbyii1.", "content": "The addition of glyoxal, a trapping agent, caused simultaneously the accumulation of a green fluorescent compound and the inhibition of riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii. The fluorescent compound purified was identified as 8-ribityllumazine from the results of spectrophotometric and fluorometric analyses. Accordingly, the fragment, except for the glyoxal portion on the 8-ribityllumazine molecule, 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, is believed to be an intermediate in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway.", "contents": "Isolation of 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine from a high flavinogenic mold Eremothecium ashbyii1. The addition of glyoxal, a trapping agent, caused simultaneously the accumulation of a green fluorescent compound and the inhibition of riboflavin formation in non-growing cells of Eremothecium ashbyii. The fluorescent compound purified was identified as 8-ribityllumazine from the results of spectrophotometric and fluorometric analyses. Accordingly, the fragment, except for the glyoxal portion on the 8-ribityllumazine molecule, 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, is believed to be an intermediate in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway.", "PMID": 1034673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6852", "title": "Identification of the second product of the riboflavin synthetase reaction.", "content": "This study was concerned with the detailed identification of the second product involved in the riboflavin synthetase reaction with riboflavin synthetase from Eremothecium ashbyii and a trapping agent, glyoxal.Thus, a green fluorescent compound accumulated during the incubation. The compound was purified through various column chromatography steps, and was examined by UV, IR, excitation and emission spectra and paper chromatography to prove that the isolated compound was 8-ribityllumazine. Accordingly it was concluded that a second product in riboflavin synthetase reaction was 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, the fragment, except for C-6 and C-7 of 8-ribityllumazine, being an incorporated glyoxal portion.", "contents": "Identification of the second product of the riboflavin synthetase reaction. This study was concerned with the detailed identification of the second product involved in the riboflavin synthetase reaction with riboflavin synthetase from Eremothecium ashbyii and a trapping agent, glyoxal.Thus, a green fluorescent compound accumulated during the incubation. The compound was purified through various column chromatography steps, and was examined by UV, IR, excitation and emission spectra and paper chromatography to prove that the isolated compound was 8-ribityllumazine. Accordingly it was concluded that a second product in riboflavin synthetase reaction was 4-ribitylamino-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, the fragment, except for C-6 and C-7 of 8-ribityllumazine, being an incorporated glyoxal portion.", "PMID": 1034674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6853", "title": "Electrical excitability of cultured adrenal chromaffin cells.", "content": "1. Adult human and gerbil adrenal medullary cells were maintained in dissociated cell culture and studied by micro-electrode penetration. 2. In the best recordings, chromaffin cell transmembrane potentials exceeded -50mV. 3. Chromaffin cells were capable of generating all-or-nothing over-shooting action potentials, similar to those generated by sympathetic neurones. 4. The action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-6)g/ml.) but were not blocked by removal of Ca or by CoCl2 (10 mM). We conclude that the action potentials are probably generated by a Na mechanism. 5. Chromaffin cells are depolarized by the iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh). This depolarization was accompanied by an increased membrane conductance and could trigger action potentials. 6. Action potentials were also found in cells in fresh slices of gerbil adrenal medullae.", "contents": "Electrical excitability of cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. 1. Adult human and gerbil adrenal medullary cells were maintained in dissociated cell culture and studied by micro-electrode penetration. 2. In the best recordings, chromaffin cell transmembrane potentials exceeded -50mV. 3. Chromaffin cells were capable of generating all-or-nothing over-shooting action potentials, similar to those generated by sympathetic neurones. 4. The action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-6)g/ml.) but were not blocked by removal of Ca or by CoCl2 (10 mM). We conclude that the action potentials are probably generated by a Na mechanism. 5. Chromaffin cells are depolarized by the iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh). This depolarization was accompanied by an increased membrane conductance and could trigger action potentials. 6. Action potentials were also found in cells in fresh slices of gerbil adrenal medullae.", "PMID": 1034699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6854", "title": "[Classification of oscillatory states of blood pressure after bleeding in cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood pressure and heart rate responses were recorded on bleeding of blood volume of 1 ml/kg body weight (test input) from the abdominal aorta of cat. Forward path gain, backward path gain and minification were determined from blood pressure responses to test input. Oscillations in blood pressure were elicited spontaneously or artificially after bleeding of blood volume of 5 ml/kg body weight (conditioning input). The oscillatory states are classified into latent state, underdamped oscillatory state and harmonic oscillatory state. Open loop gain decreased in the latent state but increased in the other states. Therefore, oscillation was hard to elicit in the latent state. Minification, however, enlarged in the latent state, making the system irritable to disturbances and reducing its control accuracy. In the latent state, an insensible disturbance increased backward path gain and open loop gain to induce the oscillations. There was an increase of heart rate at an elicitation of oscillation in any state and a decrease of heart rate made it damped. Therefore, the heart rate regulatory system plays a main role in the feedback path of the blood pressure regulatory system and an increase of heart rate by an insensible disturbance or test input increases backward path gain.", "contents": "[Classification of oscillatory states of blood pressure after bleeding in cats (author's transl)]. Blood pressure and heart rate responses were recorded on bleeding of blood volume of 1 ml/kg body weight (test input) from the abdominal aorta of cat. Forward path gain, backward path gain and minification were determined from blood pressure responses to test input. Oscillations in blood pressure were elicited spontaneously or artificially after bleeding of blood volume of 5 ml/kg body weight (conditioning input). The oscillatory states are classified into latent state, underdamped oscillatory state and harmonic oscillatory state. Open loop gain decreased in the latent state but increased in the other states. Therefore, oscillation was hard to elicit in the latent state. Minification, however, enlarged in the latent state, making the system irritable to disturbances and reducing its control accuracy. In the latent state, an insensible disturbance increased backward path gain and open loop gain to induce the oscillations. There was an increase of heart rate at an elicitation of oscillation in any state and a decrease of heart rate made it damped. Therefore, the heart rate regulatory system plays a main role in the feedback path of the blood pressure regulatory system and an increase of heart rate by an insensible disturbance or test input increases backward path gain.", "PMID": 1034701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6855", "title": "Control of blood pressure oscillation elicited by bleeding.", "content": "1) A control objective regarding the blood pressure oscillation is to decrease the heart rate. 2) The transfusion of a small amount of blood at the bottom of a cycle in the oscillation is usually useful as a control plan for the blood pressure oscillation. 3) A partial occlusion of the abdominal aorta is effective in arresting the oscillation, but the oscillation starts again after releasing the abdominal aorta from the partial occlusion.", "contents": "Control of blood pressure oscillation elicited by bleeding. 1) A control objective regarding the blood pressure oscillation is to decrease the heart rate. 2) The transfusion of a small amount of blood at the bottom of a cycle in the oscillation is usually useful as a control plan for the blood pressure oscillation. 3) A partial occlusion of the abdominal aorta is effective in arresting the oscillation, but the oscillation starts again after releasing the abdominal aorta from the partial occlusion.", "PMID": 1034702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6856", "title": "[Neuron activities of the motor cortex during conditioned eye blink reflex in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of the tone (CS) on neurons of the motor cortex were investigated in naive, pseudoconditioned, and conditioned rabbits. Conditioning to eye blink reflex was made by a combination of CS and air puff (US). Effects of electrical stimulation of the subcortical structures were also observed on the cortical neurons associated with the conditioned reflex. The results were as follows. (1) Proportion of neurons which significantly increased the firing rate in response to the CS, type E, was higher in the conditioned group than in other two groups. On the other hand, no group difference was found in the proportion of neurons which significantly decreased the firing rate to the stimulus, type I. (2) Most of the type E neurons in the conditioned rabbits began to fire at latencies of about 50 to 100 msec after the CS, preceding about 200 msec to the appearance of the peripheral conditioned responses (EMG). (3) Most of the type E neurons in the conditioned animals were more easily affected by stimulation of the medial geniculate body and the brain stem reticular formation. Based on the results mentioned above, it is concluded that in the rabbits conditioned to the eye blink reflex, excitability of neurons in the motor cortex is enhanced by the tone (CS), and by electrical stimulation to the medial geniculate body and the brain stem reticular formation.", "contents": "[Neuron activities of the motor cortex during conditioned eye blink reflex in rabbits (author's transl)]. Effects of the tone (CS) on neurons of the motor cortex were investigated in naive, pseudoconditioned, and conditioned rabbits. Conditioning to eye blink reflex was made by a combination of CS and air puff (US). Effects of electrical stimulation of the subcortical structures were also observed on the cortical neurons associated with the conditioned reflex. The results were as follows. (1) Proportion of neurons which significantly increased the firing rate in response to the CS, type E, was higher in the conditioned group than in other two groups. On the other hand, no group difference was found in the proportion of neurons which significantly decreased the firing rate to the stimulus, type I. (2) Most of the type E neurons in the conditioned rabbits began to fire at latencies of about 50 to 100 msec after the CS, preceding about 200 msec to the appearance of the peripheral conditioned responses (EMG). (3) Most of the type E neurons in the conditioned animals were more easily affected by stimulation of the medial geniculate body and the brain stem reticular formation. Based on the results mentioned above, it is concluded that in the rabbits conditioned to the eye blink reflex, excitability of neurons in the motor cortex is enhanced by the tone (CS), and by electrical stimulation to the medial geniculate body and the brain stem reticular formation.", "PMID": 1034703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6857", "title": "[Mondor's disease. A radioclinical diagnosis, concerning one case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present a typical case of Mondor's disease of the superior external quadrant of the breast. They discuss two specific points: --the absence of superior-internal venous drainage; --the radiological picture given by a thrombosed vein.", "contents": "[Mondor's disease. A radioclinical diagnosis, concerning one case (author's transl)]. The authors present a typical case of Mondor's disease of the superior external quadrant of the breast. They discuss two specific points: --the absence of superior-internal venous drainage; --the radiological picture given by a thrombosed vein.", "PMID": 1034706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6858", "title": "Preparation of cultured cells for SEM: air drying from organic solvents.", "content": "Air evaporation from organic solvents of differing polarities and surface free energies was used in the preparation of cultured murine peritoneal macrophages for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface structural features of these cells were compared to the surfaces of similar cells prepared by the critical-point procedure. In general, all organic solvents produced a marked collapse of cell structure resulting in an increase in surface irregularity. Fracture surfaces and sharply defined contours including numerous flaps and ridges were characteristic of the non-polar solvent dehydrated samples. Polar solvent dehydrated samples, including those dried from solvents of low surface free energy, exhibited a secondary flowing and settling of the cell membrane. Primary collapse was apparent but cell contours were smoothed and rounded. Overall cell shape and cell-to-cell relationships were retained regardless of solvent type. It is suggested that solvent evaporation may prove useful in certain cases, though investigators are advised to use caution when interpreting the results obtained by such procedures.", "contents": "Preparation of cultured cells for SEM: air drying from organic solvents. Air evaporation from organic solvents of differing polarities and surface free energies was used in the preparation of cultured murine peritoneal macrophages for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface structural features of these cells were compared to the surfaces of similar cells prepared by the critical-point procedure. In general, all organic solvents produced a marked collapse of cell structure resulting in an increase in surface irregularity. Fracture surfaces and sharply defined contours including numerous flaps and ridges were characteristic of the non-polar solvent dehydrated samples. Polar solvent dehydrated samples, including those dried from solvents of low surface free energy, exhibited a secondary flowing and settling of the cell membrane. Primary collapse was apparent but cell contours were smoothed and rounded. Overall cell shape and cell-to-cell relationships were retained regardless of solvent type. It is suggested that solvent evaporation may prove useful in certain cases, though investigators are advised to use caution when interpreting the results obtained by such procedures.", "PMID": 1034707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6859", "title": "Issues in the use of psychophysiology to assess female sexual dysfunction.", "content": "The viability of psychophysiology as an assessment approach for female sexual function and dysfunction revolves around physiological measurement issues, subjective measurement issues, and the nature of the sexual difficulty. Recent data are presented and discussed as are the potentials and limitations inherent in a psychophysiological study of human sexuality. A case is made for the use of vaginal pressure pulse as a primary measure, vaginal blood volume as a secondary measure, correlations between subjective and objective measures of sexual arousal, and intercorrelations between various subjective affect scales.", "contents": "Issues in the use of psychophysiology to assess female sexual dysfunction. The viability of psychophysiology as an assessment approach for female sexual function and dysfunction revolves around physiological measurement issues, subjective measurement issues, and the nature of the sexual difficulty. Recent data are presented and discussed as are the potentials and limitations inherent in a psychophysiological study of human sexuality. A case is made for the use of vaginal pressure pulse as a primary measure, vaginal blood volume as a secondary measure, correlations between subjective and objective measures of sexual arousal, and intercorrelations between various subjective affect scales.", "PMID": 1034709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6860", "title": "Androgens and male sexual function: a review of human studies.", "content": "The scope of this article will be a review and brief discussion of recently gathered information on androgens and sexual behavior in men. It will include experimental observations on the covariance between androgens, mainly testosterone, and sexual functioning in normal heterosexual men and studies on sexual dysfunction and homo-sexual behavior. The effects of castration, hypogonadal conditions, hormonal replacement, and endogenous testosterone variations on sexual behavior are examined. Further psychoendocrine studies, are necessary to evaluate the role of gonadal hormone production in impotency. Current pharmacological research does not furnish specific evidence, that the administration of androgens or preparations that stimulate the secretion of endogenous androgens have beneficial effects on functional impotence. After reviewing the studies on male homosexuality and androgen levels, the article concludes that it has not been established that homosexual men are characterized by abnormalities in plasma testosterone.", "contents": "Androgens and male sexual function: a review of human studies. The scope of this article will be a review and brief discussion of recently gathered information on androgens and sexual behavior in men. It will include experimental observations on the covariance between androgens, mainly testosterone, and sexual functioning in normal heterosexual men and studies on sexual dysfunction and homo-sexual behavior. The effects of castration, hypogonadal conditions, hormonal replacement, and endogenous testosterone variations on sexual behavior are examined. Further psychoendocrine studies, are necessary to evaluate the role of gonadal hormone production in impotency. Current pharmacological research does not furnish specific evidence, that the administration of androgens or preparations that stimulate the secretion of endogenous androgens have beneficial effects on functional impotence. After reviewing the studies on male homosexuality and androgen levels, the article concludes that it has not been established that homosexual men are characterized by abnormalities in plasma testosterone.", "PMID": 1034710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6861", "title": "[Sub-urethral pouches in the adult female (author's transl)].", "content": "With reference to 15 cases, the authors carried out a diagnostic and therapeutic study of \"suburethral pouches\" in the adult female. They emphasize the importance of the micturition phase of intravenous pyelography and retrograde cystography. Retrograde urethrography is rarely necessary. Surgical indications must be limited by the undisputable risks of this form of surgery.", "contents": "[Sub-urethral pouches in the adult female (author's transl)]. With reference to 15 cases, the authors carried out a diagnostic and therapeutic study of \"suburethral pouches\" in the adult female. They emphasize the importance of the micturition phase of intravenous pyelography and retrograde cystography. Retrograde urethrography is rarely necessary. Surgical indications must be limited by the undisputable risks of this form of surgery.", "PMID": 1034713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6862", "title": "[The 3- and 4-point experiments and a test of homogeneity in binocular visual space (author's transl)].", "content": "The variability of the 2 parameters in the Luneburg model, sigma (the degree of depth perception) and K (the curvature of binocular visual space), was examined. The 3- and 4-point experiments were performed to estimate these parameters by using various sized stimulus configurations. For 2 of the Os used, it was found that the value of K was inversely related to the size of stimulus configuration (SSC) while the value of sigma was constant. This finding was discussed referring to previous investigations and problems: The discrepancy in the estimated values of K between the alley experiment and 3- and 4-point experiments, equidistance tendency, and angular separation problem in the traditional size constancy experiment.", "contents": "[The 3- and 4-point experiments and a test of homogeneity in binocular visual space (author's transl)]. The variability of the 2 parameters in the Luneburg model, sigma (the degree of depth perception) and K (the curvature of binocular visual space), was examined. The 3- and 4-point experiments were performed to estimate these parameters by using various sized stimulus configurations. For 2 of the Os used, it was found that the value of K was inversely related to the size of stimulus configuration (SSC) while the value of sigma was constant. This finding was discussed referring to previous investigations and problems: The discrepancy in the estimated values of K between the alley experiment and 3- and 4-point experiments, equidistance tendency, and angular separation problem in the traditional size constancy experiment.", "PMID": 1034832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6863", "title": "[Effect of tone on perception of figures in children (author's transl)].", "content": "This experiment was designed to examine the effect of tone on the perception of figures in children, presenting a tone together with figures. On the basis of studies concerning sensory interaction, the factors producing perceptual changes of figures were also examined. It was found that the change of figure perception was caused by tones, not by suggestions nor by differences in pitch. Significant difference was obtained between the conditions with and without tones. The changes in color, shape, size, position and color shade were observed. As the extreme case of the inhibitional effect of color shades, the disappearance of figure perception was also observed. The results obtained in this experiment were discussed in relation to the sensory developmental study.", "contents": "[Effect of tone on perception of figures in children (author's transl)]. This experiment was designed to examine the effect of tone on the perception of figures in children, presenting a tone together with figures. On the basis of studies concerning sensory interaction, the factors producing perceptual changes of figures were also examined. It was found that the change of figure perception was caused by tones, not by suggestions nor by differences in pitch. Significant difference was obtained between the conditions with and without tones. The changes in color, shape, size, position and color shade were observed. As the extreme case of the inhibitional effect of color shades, the disappearance of figure perception was also observed. The results obtained in this experiment were discussed in relation to the sensory developmental study.", "PMID": 1034833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6864", "title": "Experimental gastric ulcers in the fundic gland area following transplantation of the gastric-wall pedicles.", "content": "Using adult mongrel dogs, a portion of the anterior gastric wall of the pyloric gland area was transplanted into the fundic gland area using the Z-plastic procedure forming an islet. Three weeks postoperatively, 2 per cent histamine in sesame oil was injected intramuscularly in a daily dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. Ulcers developed in the graft in nine of 19 animals. The factors responsible to the development of the ulcers may well be circulatory disturbance and reduction of mucosal resistance following surgical insult, and continuous irritation caused by gastric juice. When a portion of the anterior gastric wall of the fundic gland area was transplanted into the fundic gland area followed by administration of histamine in sesame oil, ulcers developed in the graft only in four of 12 animals. Histological examination revealed the regenerated epithelium at the margin of the ulcers. Thus the ulcers presently induced may provide an useful experimental model for ulcers in the fundic gland area.", "contents": "Experimental gastric ulcers in the fundic gland area following transplantation of the gastric-wall pedicles. Using adult mongrel dogs, a portion of the anterior gastric wall of the pyloric gland area was transplanted into the fundic gland area using the Z-plastic procedure forming an islet. Three weeks postoperatively, 2 per cent histamine in sesame oil was injected intramuscularly in a daily dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. Ulcers developed in the graft in nine of 19 animals. The factors responsible to the development of the ulcers may well be circulatory disturbance and reduction of mucosal resistance following surgical insult, and continuous irritation caused by gastric juice. When a portion of the anterior gastric wall of the fundic gland area was transplanted into the fundic gland area followed by administration of histamine in sesame oil, ulcers developed in the graft only in four of 12 animals. Histological examination revealed the regenerated epithelium at the margin of the ulcers. Thus the ulcers presently induced may provide an useful experimental model for ulcers in the fundic gland area.", "PMID": 1034834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6865", "title": "[Changes of arterial pressure and biosynthesis of corticosteroids in rats with neurogenic stress].", "content": "By way of a \"psychogenic stimulation\" (crowding for 1, 7 and 15 days) neurogenic hypertension was induced in male rats that developed in them within 11--15 days of the tsne of the stress. The biosynthesis of aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticostrone and desoxycorticosterone by the adrenal glands of the rats in vitro from progesterone-14C appeared to greatly increased on the 1st day of stress. In 7 days of the beginning of stress the production of labelled corticosteroids fell to controlvalues (with the exception of 11-dehydrocorticosterone which production was growing still further). By the 15th day of stress reduction of the biosynthesis of aldosterone, corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone was observed, as well as normalization of the biosynthesis of 11-dehydrocorticosterone.", "contents": "[Changes of arterial pressure and biosynthesis of corticosteroids in rats with neurogenic stress]. By way of a \"psychogenic stimulation\" (crowding for 1, 7 and 15 days) neurogenic hypertension was induced in male rats that developed in them within 11--15 days of the tsne of the stress. The biosynthesis of aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticostrone and desoxycorticosterone by the adrenal glands of the rats in vitro from progesterone-14C appeared to greatly increased on the 1st day of stress. In 7 days of the beginning of stress the production of labelled corticosteroids fell to controlvalues (with the exception of 11-dehydrocorticosterone which production was growing still further). By the 15th day of stress reduction of the biosynthesis of aldosterone, corticosterone and desoxycorticosterone was observed, as well as normalization of the biosynthesis of 11-dehydrocorticosterone.", "PMID": 1034851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6866", "title": "Effect of certain nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum.", "content": "Pyridine, isonicotinoylhydrazide and 1-methylamidazole have been used to investigate carotenoid biosynthesis in V. agaricinum. The results suggest that both torulin (C40) and neurosporaxanthin (C35) are formed from the precursors phytoene and phytofluene. These was no evidence of lycopene accumulation under these conditions. After 4 days' growth in the presence of isocotinolyhydrazine the fungus contained torulin and neurosporaxanthin only, whereas after 7 days, seven other carotenoids appeared as well, some of which were at the early stages of carotenoid biosynthesis. There results cannot be explained on the basis of a system consisting of free enzymes but of an enzyme aggregate already proposed for Phycomyces.", "contents": "Effect of certain nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum. Pyridine, isonicotinoylhydrazide and 1-methylamidazole have been used to investigate carotenoid biosynthesis in V. agaricinum. The results suggest that both torulin (C40) and neurosporaxanthin (C35) are formed from the precursors phytoene and phytofluene. These was no evidence of lycopene accumulation under these conditions. After 4 days' growth in the presence of isocotinolyhydrazine the fungus contained torulin and neurosporaxanthin only, whereas after 7 days, seven other carotenoids appeared as well, some of which were at the early stages of carotenoid biosynthesis. There results cannot be explained on the basis of a system consisting of free enzymes but of an enzyme aggregate already proposed for Phycomyces.", "PMID": 1034865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6867", "title": "Mycobacterium marinum infection from a tropical fish tank. Treatment with trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "A paronychial granuloma on the left thumb, in a man who kept tanks of tropical fish, was followed by cutaneous nodules on the left upper limb and tender lymph nodes in the left axilla. Mycobacterium marinum was isolated from the lesion on the thumb and also from the tank water. Subsidence of the lesions followed administration of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole.", "contents": "Mycobacterium marinum infection from a tropical fish tank. Treatment with trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. A paronychial granuloma on the left thumb, in a man who kept tanks of tropical fish, was followed by cutaneous nodules on the left upper limb and tender lymph nodes in the left axilla. Mycobacterium marinum was isolated from the lesion on the thumb and also from the tank water. Subsidence of the lesions followed administration of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole.", "PMID": 1034869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6868", "title": "[Morphogenetic action of trichothecin on Trichothecium roseum].", "content": "Trichothecin and some conditions of cultivation, especially high concentrations of carbon favour differentiation of the submerged mycelium of Trichothecium roseum, i.e. formation of submerged conidia, bud forming cells, chlamidospores, chains of barrel-shaped cells capable of germination and development of new generations of the submerged mycelium. Biosynthesis of trichothecin is connected with growth of these generations of the mycelium which are characterized by a high dehydrogenase activity. Synthesis of fibrinolytic enzymes is also possible in the period of growth of a weakly differentiated mycelium.", "contents": "[Morphogenetic action of trichothecin on Trichothecium roseum]. Trichothecin and some conditions of cultivation, especially high concentrations of carbon favour differentiation of the submerged mycelium of Trichothecium roseum, i.e. formation of submerged conidia, bud forming cells, chlamidospores, chains of barrel-shaped cells capable of germination and development of new generations of the submerged mycelium. Biosynthesis of trichothecin is connected with growth of these generations of the mycelium which are characterized by a high dehydrogenase activity. Synthesis of fibrinolytic enzymes is also possible in the period of growth of a weakly differentiated mycelium.", "PMID": 1034866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6869", "title": "[Possible participation of mitochondria in formation of peroxisomes in yeasts].", "content": "The origin of peroxisomes in yeast organisms is still unknown. These organelles are believed to be formed, similar to animal cells, from the endoplasmatic reticulum. However, this has not been confirmed directly. Peroxisomes are often found to be in contact with channels of the endoplasmatic reticulum and, in our experiments, with mitochondria of yeast organisms, especially those which utilize oleic acid, n-alkanes and methanol as a sole source of carbon. In Rhodotorula, peroxisomes are characterized by the same \"bean\" configuration and paired arrangement imitating \"copulation\" as mitocondria. In Kloeckera boidinii, a mitochondrion was transformed into a peroxisome and cristae were lost. A part of the peroxisome still possessed a double membrane typical of mitochondria while another part had a single membrane characteristic of peroxisomes. Further studies are being carried out in order to find if this is a general relationship or one of possibilities.", "contents": "[Possible participation of mitochondria in formation of peroxisomes in yeasts]. The origin of peroxisomes in yeast organisms is still unknown. These organelles are believed to be formed, similar to animal cells, from the endoplasmatic reticulum. However, this has not been confirmed directly. Peroxisomes are often found to be in contact with channels of the endoplasmatic reticulum and, in our experiments, with mitochondria of yeast organisms, especially those which utilize oleic acid, n-alkanes and methanol as a sole source of carbon. In Rhodotorula, peroxisomes are characterized by the same \"bean\" configuration and paired arrangement imitating \"copulation\" as mitocondria. In Kloeckera boidinii, a mitochondrion was transformed into a peroxisome and cristae were lost. A part of the peroxisome still possessed a double membrane typical of mitochondria while another part had a single membrane characteristic of peroxisomes. Further studies are being carried out in order to find if this is a general relationship or one of possibilities.", "PMID": 1034867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6870", "title": "Isolation and characterization of compatible diploids of Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Common-AB diploids with several heterozygous biochemical markers were mated with appropriately marked haploid strains of S. commune in an effort to obtain compatible, common-A, and common-B diploid progeny with biochemical markers identical to those of the common-AB parent. The spores from these crosses were germinated on minimal medium. Five compatible diploids, but no common-A or common-B diploids, marked as desired, were isolated by this method. Two possessed some dikaryotic cells and two had many dikaryotic cells. One of the latter was shown to have peculiar behaviour associated with one of its B mating-type factors.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of compatible diploids of Schizophyllum commune. Common-AB diploids with several heterozygous biochemical markers were mated with appropriately marked haploid strains of S. commune in an effort to obtain compatible, common-A, and common-B diploid progeny with biochemical markers identical to those of the common-AB parent. The spores from these crosses were germinated on minimal medium. Five compatible diploids, but no common-A or common-B diploids, marked as desired, were isolated by this method. Two possessed some dikaryotic cells and two had many dikaryotic cells. One of the latter was shown to have peculiar behaviour associated with one of its B mating-type factors.", "PMID": 1034874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6871", "title": "The dominant lethal effect of dietary triethylenemelamine.", "content": "Triethylenemelamine (TEM) was administered in the diet to adult male mice at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 10 or 50 mg/kg body weight for 45 days or at doses of 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg b.w. for 10 days. As a comparison, male mice were treated intraperitoneally with 5 daily doses of 0.25 or 0.5 mg TEM/kg b.w. At the end of the treatment period, males were mated sequentially with 2 untreated virgin females each for 2 or 3 weeks. Near mid-pregnancy the number of implantation sites and fetal deaths were determined. TEM, administered in the diet at 10 or 50 mg/kg b.w. for 45 dyas, was lethal to male mice. Surviving males from the 1 mg/kg level failed to impregnate any females during the two matings. TEM, given in the diet at 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg for 10 or 45 dyas, decreased fertility and increased dominant lethal mutations in a dose and time dependent manner. These results were comparable to those obtained from males treated i.p. with TEM at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg b.w.", "contents": "The dominant lethal effect of dietary triethylenemelamine. Triethylenemelamine (TEM) was administered in the diet to adult male mice at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 10 or 50 mg/kg body weight for 45 days or at doses of 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg b.w. for 10 days. As a comparison, male mice were treated intraperitoneally with 5 daily doses of 0.25 or 0.5 mg TEM/kg b.w. At the end of the treatment period, males were mated sequentially with 2 untreated virgin females each for 2 or 3 weeks. Near mid-pregnancy the number of implantation sites and fetal deaths were determined. TEM, administered in the diet at 10 or 50 mg/kg b.w. for 45 dyas, was lethal to male mice. Surviving males from the 1 mg/kg level failed to impregnate any females during the two matings. TEM, given in the diet at 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg for 10 or 45 dyas, decreased fertility and increased dominant lethal mutations in a dose and time dependent manner. These results were comparable to those obtained from males treated i.p. with TEM at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg b.w.", "PMID": 1034877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6872", "title": "Production of immunoglobulins by tumor cell lines from avian lymphoid leukosis.", "content": "Two avian lymphoma cell lines, 1104-X-5 and 1104-B, were examined for ability to produce immunoglobulin. They were found to produce and release the components of immunoglobulins related to IgG and IgM. The analysis of sucrose density gradient and gel electrophoresis suggested that these components might consist of light chains and fragments of heavy chains.", "contents": "Production of immunoglobulins by tumor cell lines from avian lymphoid leukosis. Two avian lymphoma cell lines, 1104-X-5 and 1104-B, were examined for ability to produce immunoglobulin. They were found to produce and release the components of immunoglobulins related to IgG and IgM. The analysis of sucrose density gradient and gel electrophoresis suggested that these components might consist of light chains and fragments of heavy chains.", "PMID": 1034881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6873", "title": "Activity of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system during precipitated morphine withdrawal investigated in rats with acute unilateral inactivation of the striatum.", "content": "The activity of the striatal dopamine system during precipitated morphine withdrawl was studied in rats using a model in which the striatum was unilaterally inactivated by the local injection of KCl. In naive rats dopamine agonists administered just prior to KCL induced ipsilateral turning or circling, while dopamine antagonists in the same situation caused contralateral turning. Withdrawal precipitated by morphine antagonists in rats made dependent by repeated implantation of morphine pellets induced contralateral circling during unilateral inactivation of the striatum. This contralateral circling was only slightly enhanced by haloperidol, but strongly enhanced by a low dosage of apomorphine as well as by some weak dopamine agonists such as CB 154 or By 101. However, high doses of apomorphine completely reversed the withdrawal-induced contralateral circling into ipsilateral circling. Other dopamine agonists, such as d-amphetamine, L-Dopa and piribedil, did not abolish the withdrawal-induced contralateral circling, however, they caused the appearance of an additional ipsilateral circling. Other types of drugs which are known to intensify withdrawal-induced jumping (desipramine, atropine, caffeine) enhanced contralateral circling. There are also other parallels jumping and contralateral circling induced by withdrawal. The direction of naloxone-induced asymmetric behaviour during acute unilateral inactivation of the striatum suggests that striatal dopaminergic activity is reduced during precipitated withdrawal; the other results reported point to the possiblity that extrastriatal dopaminergic mechanisms or different dopamine receptor types within the striatum are involved.", "contents": "Activity of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system during precipitated morphine withdrawal investigated in rats with acute unilateral inactivation of the striatum. The activity of the striatal dopamine system during precipitated morphine withdrawl was studied in rats using a model in which the striatum was unilaterally inactivated by the local injection of KCl. In naive rats dopamine agonists administered just prior to KCL induced ipsilateral turning or circling, while dopamine antagonists in the same situation caused contralateral turning. Withdrawal precipitated by morphine antagonists in rats made dependent by repeated implantation of morphine pellets induced contralateral circling during unilateral inactivation of the striatum. This contralateral circling was only slightly enhanced by haloperidol, but strongly enhanced by a low dosage of apomorphine as well as by some weak dopamine agonists such as CB 154 or By 101. However, high doses of apomorphine completely reversed the withdrawal-induced contralateral circling into ipsilateral circling. Other dopamine agonists, such as d-amphetamine, L-Dopa and piribedil, did not abolish the withdrawal-induced contralateral circling, however, they caused the appearance of an additional ipsilateral circling. Other types of drugs which are known to intensify withdrawal-induced jumping (desipramine, atropine, caffeine) enhanced contralateral circling. There are also other parallels jumping and contralateral circling induced by withdrawal. The direction of naloxone-induced asymmetric behaviour during acute unilateral inactivation of the striatum suggests that striatal dopaminergic activity is reduced during precipitated withdrawal; the other results reported point to the possiblity that extrastriatal dopaminergic mechanisms or different dopamine receptor types within the striatum are involved.", "PMID": 1034882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6874", "title": "Re-analysis of radiation-induced specific locus mutations in the mouse.", "content": "A re-analysis of published data on mouse mutation rates induced by X and gamma rays suggests that the kinetics of induction can be analysed by fitting the data to a parabolic curve. We interpret this to mean that a substantial proportion of the induced mutations results from gross chromosomal changes such as deletions, some of which are one-track and some of which are two-track. This analysis is based on the assumption that the shape of the dose curve, which in the female is concave upward, reflects the manner in which the mutations are induced rather than representing a one-track (linear) curve whose shape has been modified by differential repair.", "contents": "Re-analysis of radiation-induced specific locus mutations in the mouse. A re-analysis of published data on mouse mutation rates induced by X and gamma rays suggests that the kinetics of induction can be analysed by fitting the data to a parabolic curve. We interpret this to mean that a substantial proportion of the induced mutations results from gross chromosomal changes such as deletions, some of which are one-track and some of which are two-track. This analysis is based on the assumption that the shape of the dose curve, which in the female is concave upward, reflects the manner in which the mutations are induced rather than representing a one-track (linear) curve whose shape has been modified by differential repair.", "PMID": 1034880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6875", "title": "[Maxillary artery to middle cerebral artery anastomosis in dog-- a new experimental model (author's transl)].", "content": "End-to-side anastomosis between the maxillary artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery was performed in the dog. The technique was devised as a new experimental model for extracranial-intracranial arterial shunt operation. The middle cerebral artery was ligated at the origin through a subtemporal small burr hole under the operating microscope in 13 dogs. Then, the shunt operation was carried out in 8 dogs 4 hours after the ligation(acute state), and in 5 dogs 3 weeks after(chronic stage). The patency of the anastomotic site was evaluated by the selective external carotid angiography 2 weeks after the shunt operation. In the acute stage of 8 dogs, 7 cases showed patency of anastomosis (88%), and in the chronic stage of 5 dogs, arteriogram revealed 4 patent anastomosis (80%). In successful cases, arteriogram showed excellent filling of the entire territory of the middle cerebral artery through the shunts (Fig. 4, 5). Various types of experimental shunt operation were attempted in our review of the literature. Among them, the anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery by Yasargil (1967) is rather popular and this procedure has been used by some investigators including us to investigate the effect of the extracranial-intracranial shunt on experimental acute stroke. So far as dog's experiment is concerned, the superficial temporal artery appeared to be not suitable for a donor artery, because the superficial temporal artery runs far from the middle cerebral artery and its distal part is extremely small in caliber. Therefore, the superficial temporal artery was often obstructed by compression, kinking or narrowing by surrounding tissues and by adhesion to the bone edge of the burr hole. On the other hand, the maxillary artery of the dog, which is the largest terminal branch of the external carotid artery, has plenty of blood flow and suitable size for end-to-side anastomosis to the middle cerebral artery. In addition, maxillary artery is located very close to the proximal part of the middle cerebral artery. These anatomical and spatial advantage of the maxillary artery seemed to be favorable donor artery to the middle cerebral artery and have brought hight patency rate in our series of anastomosis than that of the other previous experimental extracranial-intracranial shunts. To our knowledge, this is the first report on successful patent shunt formation after long-term occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in animals. Now, it is in our mind that progress of the study can be expected  in the field of extracranial-intracranial shunt operation for cerebral infarction by this experimental procedure.", "contents": "[Maxillary artery to middle cerebral artery anastomosis in dog-- a new experimental model (author's transl)]. End-to-side anastomosis between the maxillary artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery was performed in the dog. The technique was devised as a new experimental model for extracranial-intracranial arterial shunt operation. The middle cerebral artery was ligated at the origin through a subtemporal small burr hole under the operating microscope in 13 dogs. Then, the shunt operation was carried out in 8 dogs 4 hours after the ligation(acute state), and in 5 dogs 3 weeks after(chronic stage). The patency of the anastomotic site was evaluated by the selective external carotid angiography 2 weeks after the shunt operation. In the acute stage of 8 dogs, 7 cases showed patency of anastomosis (88%), and in the chronic stage of 5 dogs, arteriogram revealed 4 patent anastomosis (80%). In successful cases, arteriogram showed excellent filling of the entire territory of the middle cerebral artery through the shunts (Fig. 4, 5). Various types of experimental shunt operation were attempted in our review of the literature. Among them, the anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and a branch of the middle cerebral artery by Yasargil (1967) is rather popular and this procedure has been used by some investigators including us to investigate the effect of the extracranial-intracranial shunt on experimental acute stroke. So far as dog's experiment is concerned, the superficial temporal artery appeared to be not suitable for a donor artery, because the superficial temporal artery runs far from the middle cerebral artery and its distal part is extremely small in caliber. Therefore, the superficial temporal artery was often obstructed by compression, kinking or narrowing by surrounding tissues and by adhesion to the bone edge of the burr hole. On the other hand, the maxillary artery of the dog, which is the largest terminal branch of the external carotid artery, has plenty of blood flow and suitable size for end-to-side anastomosis to the middle cerebral artery. In addition, maxillary artery is located very close to the proximal part of the middle cerebral artery. These anatomical and spatial advantage of the maxillary artery seemed to be favorable donor artery to the middle cerebral artery and have brought hight patency rate in our series of anastomosis than that of the other previous experimental extracranial-intracranial shunts. To our knowledge, this is the first report on successful patent shunt formation after long-term occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in animals. Now, it is in our mind that progress of the study can be expected  in the field of extracranial-intracranial shunt operation for cerebral infarction by this experimental procedure.", "PMID": 1034886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6876", "title": "[Endocrinological evaluation of sellar and suprasellar tumor cases (the seventh report)--endcrinological study on four cases of pituitary adenoma with intratumoral hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of pituitary adenoma with intratumoral hemorrhage were studied endocrinologically. 1) It would be suggested that ACTH and TSH secretion of these cases was strongly impaired but LH, FSH and PRL secretion was fairly preserved immediately after hemorrhagic episode. 2) Two of these four cases revealed normal TSH secretion and normal thyroid function following the period of excessive TSH secretion and impaired thyroid function.", "contents": "[Endocrinological evaluation of sellar and suprasellar tumor cases (the seventh report)--endcrinological study on four cases of pituitary adenoma with intratumoral hemorrhage (author's transl)]. Four cases of pituitary adenoma with intratumoral hemorrhage were studied endocrinologically. 1) It would be suggested that ACTH and TSH secretion of these cases was strongly impaired but LH, FSH and PRL secretion was fairly preserved immediately after hemorrhagic episode. 2) Two of these four cases revealed normal TSH secretion and normal thyroid function following the period of excessive TSH secretion and impaired thyroid function.", "PMID": 1034887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6877", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in cerebral infarction--Numerical study with RI Anger camera (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the cerebral blood flow dynamics in cerebral infarction has already been studied by many investigators, the CSF flow dynamics in cerebral infarction has not been well discussed. The purpose of this paper is to investigate CSF flow dynamics in chronic cerebral infarction by RI cisternography and our new quantitative method. In 12 patients with cerebral infarction, the flow of CSF was estimated following intrathecal injection of 169Yb-DTPA or 111In-DTPA. In this study, in addition to the conventional cisternograms, quantitative evaluation of CSF flow was performed in 6 patients by our method. Our previous work included the quantitative CSF flow dynamics in 26 various cerebral disorders using RI Anger camera. This method consisted of following procedure: 30 minutes after RI injection, RI activity was studied continuously for 30 minutes, afterwards playing back the record to calculate the changes of RI activity in the optimal regions of interest. These operations were performed with Anger camera, accessory digital ratemeter and tape-recorder. The changes of RI activity which appeared to be linear is called flow rate in our study for convenience. In this report, the region of interest was selected at Sylvian cistern. 6 patients had abnormal cisternograms consisting of reflux of tracer into the ventricle and delayed migration of tracer to the basal cisterns and diminished flow of tracer in the affected hemisphers. In 5 patients whose cisternograms could not demonstrate the laterality of RI perfsion over the cerebral hemishere, a marked difference of flow rate between right and left Sylvian cisterns was found. These findings probably indicated the correlation between cerebral blood flow dynamics and CSF flow dynamics in cerebral infarction. Moreover, it was confirmed that our method could be of clinical use to evaluate CSF flow dynamics quantitatively. The possible mechanisms of CSF flow disturbance in the affected hemisphere following cerebral infarction was discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in cerebral infarction--Numerical study with RI Anger camera (author's transl)]. Although the cerebral blood flow dynamics in cerebral infarction has already been studied by many investigators, the CSF flow dynamics in cerebral infarction has not been well discussed. The purpose of this paper is to investigate CSF flow dynamics in chronic cerebral infarction by RI cisternography and our new quantitative method. In 12 patients with cerebral infarction, the flow of CSF was estimated following intrathecal injection of 169Yb-DTPA or 111In-DTPA. In this study, in addition to the conventional cisternograms, quantitative evaluation of CSF flow was performed in 6 patients by our method. Our previous work included the quantitative CSF flow dynamics in 26 various cerebral disorders using RI Anger camera. This method consisted of following procedure: 30 minutes after RI injection, RI activity was studied continuously for 30 minutes, afterwards playing back the record to calculate the changes of RI activity in the optimal regions of interest. These operations were performed with Anger camera, accessory digital ratemeter and tape-recorder. The changes of RI activity which appeared to be linear is called flow rate in our study for convenience. In this report, the region of interest was selected at Sylvian cistern. 6 patients had abnormal cisternograms consisting of reflux of tracer into the ventricle and delayed migration of tracer to the basal cisterns and diminished flow of tracer in the affected hemisphers. In 5 patients whose cisternograms could not demonstrate the laterality of RI perfsion over the cerebral hemishere, a marked difference of flow rate between right and left Sylvian cisterns was found. These findings probably indicated the correlation between cerebral blood flow dynamics and CSF flow dynamics in cerebral infarction. Moreover, it was confirmed that our method could be of clinical use to evaluate CSF flow dynamics quantitatively. The possible mechanisms of CSF flow disturbance in the affected hemisphere following cerebral infarction was discussed.", "PMID": 1034888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6878", "title": "[Intracranial collision tumor--A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 21-year-old man with nasopharyngeal tumor was  first admitted to the Nagoya University Hospital on April 15, 1972. He had difficulty in speaking and swallowing, and developed double vision prior to admission. A soft and yellow tumor was found in the nasopharynx and revealed typical features of chordoma. The patient underwent Co60 irradiation after the operation. On January 25, 1973, the patient developed double vision of severe degree. Microscopic examination of the specimen which was obtained at the time of the second operation in February 9, 1973, disclosed a coexistence (collision) of chordoma and hemangioblastoma. The two different tumors were situated in juxtaposition on histological examination. Co60 irradiation was added during his second hospitalization. Three months after the second operation, he developed symptoms of meningitis and was hospitalized for the third time on June 3, 1973, at which time the tumor tissue extended through the right frontal and middle fossa. The third operation was done with frontal craniotomy and tumor was partially removed. The histological diagnosis was hemangioblastoma. Postoperatively the patient went downhill and died on September 19, 1973. The report of a collision tumor of intracranial chordoma and hemangioblastoma is not found in the previous literature. There have been many theories as to the origin of collision tumor. Some investigators have proposed that the existence of hyperplastic blood vessels within the glioblastoma is responsible for the collision tumor of sarcoma and glioblastoma. Since the advent of radiotherapy, several examples of sarcoma have been discovered at postmortem examination in patient irradiated for treatment of cerebral neoplasm, both gliogeneous and nongliogenous, suggesting a possible relationship between the tumor and the radiation therapy. In our case, the chordoma showed neither hyperplastic blood vessels nor malignant pattern on histological examination. It was suspected that post-operative radiation induced the hemangioblastoma. The etiology was discussed from the review of literature.", "contents": "[Intracranial collision tumor--A case report (author's transl)]. A 21-year-old man with nasopharyngeal tumor was  first admitted to the Nagoya University Hospital on April 15, 1972. He had difficulty in speaking and swallowing, and developed double vision prior to admission. A soft and yellow tumor was found in the nasopharynx and revealed typical features of chordoma. The patient underwent Co60 irradiation after the operation. On January 25, 1973, the patient developed double vision of severe degree. Microscopic examination of the specimen which was obtained at the time of the second operation in February 9, 1973, disclosed a coexistence (collision) of chordoma and hemangioblastoma. The two different tumors were situated in juxtaposition on histological examination. Co60 irradiation was added during his second hospitalization. Three months after the second operation, he developed symptoms of meningitis and was hospitalized for the third time on June 3, 1973, at which time the tumor tissue extended through the right frontal and middle fossa. The third operation was done with frontal craniotomy and tumor was partially removed. The histological diagnosis was hemangioblastoma. Postoperatively the patient went downhill and died on September 19, 1973. The report of a collision tumor of intracranial chordoma and hemangioblastoma is not found in the previous literature. There have been many theories as to the origin of collision tumor. Some investigators have proposed that the existence of hyperplastic blood vessels within the glioblastoma is responsible for the collision tumor of sarcoma and glioblastoma. Since the advent of radiotherapy, several examples of sarcoma have been discovered at postmortem examination in patient irradiated for treatment of cerebral neoplasm, both gliogeneous and nongliogenous, suggesting a possible relationship between the tumor and the radiation therapy. In our case, the chordoma showed neither hyperplastic blood vessels nor malignant pattern on histological examination. It was suspected that post-operative radiation induced the hemangioblastoma. The etiology was discussed from the review of literature.", "PMID": 1034889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6879", "title": "[Co-existing aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation--case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient was presented with both an aneurysm of the frontobasal branch of the right anterior cerebral artery and an arterio-venous malformation fed by the same artery. A 36-year-old man with sudden headache, nausea and vomiting was admitted to the emergency clinic on July, 4, 1974. On admission, he was slightly lethargic and complained of severe headache. The blood pressure was 112 systolic and 64 diastolic. He showed no abnormal findings except for nuchal stiffness and bloody liquor (pressure 260 mmH2o). A right carotid angiogram revealed an aneurysm, 1.0 cm in diameter, on the frontabasal branch of the right anterior cerebral artery and distal to the aneurysm the artery continued to an arteriovenous malformation. No other vascular lesion was observed by other angiographies. On July, 24, 1974, the parent artery (frontobasal branch) of the aneurysm was clipped and the part of right frontal lobe containing the nidus excisted. The patient's post operative course was uneventful.", "contents": "[Co-existing aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation--case report (author's transl)]. A patient was presented with both an aneurysm of the frontobasal branch of the right anterior cerebral artery and an arterio-venous malformation fed by the same artery. A 36-year-old man with sudden headache, nausea and vomiting was admitted to the emergency clinic on July, 4, 1974. On admission, he was slightly lethargic and complained of severe headache. The blood pressure was 112 systolic and 64 diastolic. He showed no abnormal findings except for nuchal stiffness and bloody liquor (pressure 260 mmH2o). A right carotid angiogram revealed an aneurysm, 1.0 cm in diameter, on the frontabasal branch of the right anterior cerebral artery and distal to the aneurysm the artery continued to an arteriovenous malformation. No other vascular lesion was observed by other angiographies. On July, 24, 1974, the parent artery (frontobasal branch) of the aneurysm was clipped and the part of right frontal lobe containing the nidus excisted. The patient's post operative course was uneventful.", "PMID": 1034890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6880", "title": "[Dermoid tumor in left cerebellum--A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes a dermoid tumor which developed in the dorso-lateral area of the left cerebellar hemisphere. It is the first to be reported in Japan. The patient was a 31 year old female who suffered from severe occipital headaches, frequent vomiting and gait disturbances. Neurological findings on admission included marked bilateral choked discs, horizontal nystagmus on gaze to the left, and poor coordination on the finger to nose test, nose-finger-nose test and and heel-shin test on the left side. Left suboccipital craniectomy was performed. A tumor was found which displaced the left cerebellum anteromedially and inferiorly. The postero-lateral surface of the tumor was adherent to the overlying dura matter. It was completely removed and found to be about the size of a hen's egg. It contained a yellow, porridge-like substance and short hairs. Histological examination of the capsule of the tumor showed stratified squamous epithelium and cutaneous structures, such as hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The diagnosis was dermoid tumors. We could find as many as 78 cases of the posterior fossa dermoids in the literature. In 72 cases (92.4%), the mass existed along the midline in the posterior fossa. The dermoids developed in the cerebellar hemisphere were reported in only 6 cases (7.6%) including the present case. Laterally growing dermoids are considered to be very rare. The pathogenesis is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "[Dermoid tumor in left cerebellum--A case report (author's transl)]. This paper describes a dermoid tumor which developed in the dorso-lateral area of the left cerebellar hemisphere. It is the first to be reported in Japan. The patient was a 31 year old female who suffered from severe occipital headaches, frequent vomiting and gait disturbances. Neurological findings on admission included marked bilateral choked discs, horizontal nystagmus on gaze to the left, and poor coordination on the finger to nose test, nose-finger-nose test and and heel-shin test on the left side. Left suboccipital craniectomy was performed. A tumor was found which displaced the left cerebellum anteromedially and inferiorly. The postero-lateral surface of the tumor was adherent to the overlying dura matter. It was completely removed and found to be about the size of a hen's egg. It contained a yellow, porridge-like substance and short hairs. Histological examination of the capsule of the tumor showed stratified squamous epithelium and cutaneous structures, such as hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The diagnosis was dermoid tumors. We could find as many as 78 cases of the posterior fossa dermoids in the literature. In 72 cases (92.4%), the mass existed along the midline in the posterior fossa. The dermoids developed in the cerebellar hemisphere were reported in only 6 cases (7.6%) including the present case. Laterally growing dermoids are considered to be very rare. The pathogenesis is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 1034891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6881", "title": "[Traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery: Report of three cases due to head injury with basal skull fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery due to head injury with basal skull fracture were reported. The mechanism of thrombosis, the symptomatologic characteristics and the prognosis were discussed with reference to the data in the literature. Four mechanisms by which the condition may be produced include; injury to the intrapetrous or cevernous portion of the carotid artery during basal skull fracture, injury to the point of emergence of the carotid artery from the cavernous sinus as a result of shearing strains suffered at the time of injury, a direct blow to the neck or trauma to the paratonsillar area by a foreign object carried in the mouth, and stretching of the carotid artery by heperextension and lateral flexion of the neck. Secondary symptoms due to thrombosis of the carotid artery after an interval develop most commonly from twelve to twenty four hours. The prognosis in these patients is mostly poor. Therefore, angiography should be performed immediately on any patient suspected of having this lesion and treatment should be considered.", "contents": "[Traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery: Report of three cases due to head injury with basal skull fracture (author's transl)]. Three cases of traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery due to head injury with basal skull fracture were reported. The mechanism of thrombosis, the symptomatologic characteristics and the prognosis were discussed with reference to the data in the literature. Four mechanisms by which the condition may be produced include; injury to the intrapetrous or cevernous portion of the carotid artery during basal skull fracture, injury to the point of emergence of the carotid artery from the cavernous sinus as a result of shearing strains suffered at the time of injury, a direct blow to the neck or trauma to the paratonsillar area by a foreign object carried in the mouth, and stretching of the carotid artery by heperextension and lateral flexion of the neck. Secondary symptoms due to thrombosis of the carotid artery after an interval develop most commonly from twelve to twenty four hours. The prognosis in these patients is mostly poor. Therefore, angiography should be performed immediately on any patient suspected of having this lesion and treatment should be considered.", "PMID": 1034892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6882", "title": "Progesterone action on estrous rhythm in the rat following ventromedial nucleus lesions.", "content": "Small bilateral lesions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (SVMN) were produced in 4 day cyclic female Wistar rats by passing a 2 mA cathodic current through stereotaxically oriented platinum unipolar electrodes for 7 sec. The 24 h lengthening of cycle which occurred in 111 our ot 208 females was shown to depend upon lesion placement. Early s.c. injection of 0.75 or 1.5 mg progesterone caused 24 h cycle prolongation more frequently in SVMN-lesioned females with maintained 4 day cycles than in 4 day cyclic unoperated, sham VMN-lesioned, or dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) lesioned females. This effect proved to be related to lesion placement. It was therefore concluded that the VMN is involved in the mechanisms whereby progesterone controls estrous cycle duration in the rat.", "contents": "Progesterone action on estrous rhythm in the rat following ventromedial nucleus lesions. Small bilateral lesions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (SVMN) were produced in 4 day cyclic female Wistar rats by passing a 2 mA cathodic current through stereotaxically oriented platinum unipolar electrodes for 7 sec. The 24 h lengthening of cycle which occurred in 111 our ot 208 females was shown to depend upon lesion placement. Early s.c. injection of 0.75 or 1.5 mg progesterone caused 24 h cycle prolongation more frequently in SVMN-lesioned females with maintained 4 day cycles than in 4 day cyclic unoperated, sham VMN-lesioned, or dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) lesioned females. This effect proved to be related to lesion placement. It was therefore concluded that the VMN is involved in the mechanisms whereby progesterone controls estrous cycle duration in the rat.", "PMID": 1034893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6883", "title": "The contribution of genetics to biological psychiatry.", "content": "One of the most striking developments in the framework of biological psychiatry, is the use of human as well as animal genetics' methodology in psychiatric research. After reviewing some basic concepts in human genetic research, we shall present the current status of our knowledge on the genetic determinants of the major psychoses, i.e., the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. The importance of genetic research into psychiatry can also be underscored from a biometric point of view in showing its contribution to the clarification of problem of nosology in attempting to subclassify abnormal behavior on a more etiological basis. Finally, a still open field essential to our comprehension of therapeutics emerges from the study of genetic mechanisms involved in drug metabolism and drug response.", "contents": "The contribution of genetics to biological psychiatry. One of the most striking developments in the framework of biological psychiatry, is the use of human as well as animal genetics' methodology in psychiatric research. After reviewing some basic concepts in human genetic research, we shall present the current status of our knowledge on the genetic determinants of the major psychoses, i.e., the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. The importance of genetic research into psychiatry can also be underscored from a biometric point of view in showing its contribution to the clarification of problem of nosology in attempting to subclassify abnormal behavior on a more etiological basis. Finally, a still open field essential to our comprehension of therapeutics emerges from the study of genetic mechanisms involved in drug metabolism and drug response.", "PMID": 1034894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6884", "title": "Aortic prolyl hydroxylase and the development of arteriosclerosis in the female breeder rat.", "content": "Female breeder rats develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously. The primary lesions seen in the early stages of the disease consist of subintimal and adjacent medial ground substance accumulations. With repeated breeding there is extensive elastolysis and calcification in the aorta. In aortae with developing arterial disease, prolyl hydroxylase activity is elevated as is both aortic protein and hydroxyproline, indicative of increased collagen deposition associated with the sclerotic degeneration. As the disease becomes very severe, however, prolyl hydroxylase activity declines, possibly associated with decreased metabolic activity in the severely calcified aorta. Lactation, followed by forced weaning, may condition the development or arterial disease through effect on collagen metabolism. During the first breeding cycle, aortic prolyl hydroxylase activity is elevated for 5 to 10 days after weaning. This increased collagen metabolism in the aorta may be a primary event in the development of the advanced calcific lesions characteristic of the lesions in breeder rats, and may be affected by hormones associated with different phases of the reproductive cycle.", "contents": "Aortic prolyl hydroxylase and the development of arteriosclerosis in the female breeder rat. Female breeder rats develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously. The primary lesions seen in the early stages of the disease consist of subintimal and adjacent medial ground substance accumulations. With repeated breeding there is extensive elastolysis and calcification in the aorta. In aortae with developing arterial disease, prolyl hydroxylase activity is elevated as is both aortic protein and hydroxyproline, indicative of increased collagen deposition associated with the sclerotic degeneration. As the disease becomes very severe, however, prolyl hydroxylase activity declines, possibly associated with decreased metabolic activity in the severely calcified aorta. Lactation, followed by forced weaning, may condition the development or arterial disease through effect on collagen metabolism. During the first breeding cycle, aortic prolyl hydroxylase activity is elevated for 5 to 10 days after weaning. This increased collagen metabolism in the aorta may be a primary event in the development of the advanced calcific lesions characteristic of the lesions in breeder rats, and may be affected by hormones associated with different phases of the reproductive cycle.", "PMID": 1034899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6885", "title": "The M. omohyoideus of the mouse as a convenient mammalian muscle preparation.  A study of junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors by noise analysis and cooperativity.", "content": "Muscles from cats, rats, guinea pigs and mice have been investigated as preparations for visualizing mammalian neuromuscular junctions with the aid of Nomarski interference optics. The M. omohyoideus of the mouse was found to be most convenient. Electrophysiological investigations showed that an endplate is normally surrounded by a population of perijunctional receptors. For junctional receptors in the endplate, a Hill coefficient of nH = 2.6 for acetylcholine was determined at 38 degrees C, decreasing to a value of 2.3 at room temperature. For both perijunctional and extrajunctional receptors (the latter occurring after denervation), the coefficient nH was 1.9. Noise analysis revealed a channel conductance gamma which changed abruptly from 22.4 +/- 1.0 pS (10--23 degrees C) to 45.6 +/- 3.9 pS (34--39 degrees C) in a very small temperature range around 25.5 degrees C. The mean channel lifetime tau was 0.3 ms at 39 degrees C and 1.0 ms at 23 degrees C.", "contents": "The M. omohyoideus of the mouse as a convenient mammalian muscle preparation.  A study of junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors by noise analysis and cooperativity. Muscles from cats, rats, guinea pigs and mice have been investigated as preparations for visualizing mammalian neuromuscular junctions with the aid of Nomarski interference optics. The M. omohyoideus of the mouse was found to be most convenient. Electrophysiological investigations showed that an endplate is normally surrounded by a population of perijunctional receptors. For junctional receptors in the endplate, a Hill coefficient of nH = 2.6 for acetylcholine was determined at 38 degrees C, decreasing to a value of 2.3 at room temperature. For both perijunctional and extrajunctional receptors (the latter occurring after denervation), the coefficient nH was 1.9. Noise analysis revealed a channel conductance gamma which changed abruptly from 22.4 +/- 1.0 pS (10--23 degrees C) to 45.6 +/- 3.9 pS (34--39 degrees C) in a very small temperature range around 25.5 degrees C. The mean channel lifetime tau was 0.3 ms at 39 degrees C and 1.0 ms at 23 degrees C.", "PMID": 1034907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6886", "title": "Renal tubular reabsorption of taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and beta-alanine studied by continuous microperfusion.", "content": "Renal tubular reabsorption of taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and beta-alanine was studied in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal tubules of the rat. In each case, reabsorption was much slower than that for other amino acids that have been studied. With a concentration of 0.1 mmol/l in initial load was reabsorbed over perfusion distance of 3 mm. Taurine reabsorption saturated with only 2.17 mmol/l in initial perfusate. Assuming simple two-parameter kinetics, upper limits for Km of 0.54 mmol/l and forVmax of 0.59 pmol-cm-1--s-1 for tubular reabsorption of taurine were estimated. High (20 mmol/l) concentrations of taurine or beta-alanine in perfusate completely inhibited GABA reabsorption, but L-phenylalanine (20 mmol/l) had no significant effect. The results indicate that the three amino acids are reabsorbed slowly from the proximal tubule by what may be a common transport system. This system appears to have a high affinity but low capacity and to be different from other known renal tubular transport systems for amino acids.", "contents": "Renal tubular reabsorption of taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and beta-alanine studied by continuous microperfusion. Renal tubular reabsorption of taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and beta-alanine was studied in vivo et situ by continuous microperfusion of single proximal tubules of the rat. In each case, reabsorption was much slower than that for other amino acids that have been studied. With a concentration of 0.1 mmol/l in initial load was reabsorbed over perfusion distance of 3 mm. Taurine reabsorption saturated with only 2.17 mmol/l in initial perfusate. Assuming simple two-parameter kinetics, upper limits for Km of 0.54 mmol/l and forVmax of 0.59 pmol-cm-1--s-1 for tubular reabsorption of taurine were estimated. High (20 mmol/l) concentrations of taurine or beta-alanine in perfusate completely inhibited GABA reabsorption, but L-phenylalanine (20 mmol/l) had no significant effect. The results indicate that the three amino acids are reabsorbed slowly from the proximal tubule by what may be a common transport system. This system appears to have a high affinity but low capacity and to be different from other known renal tubular transport systems for amino acids.", "PMID": 1034908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6887", "title": "The time course of phosphorylcreatine resynthesis during recovery of the quadriceps muscle in man.", "content": "The time course of phosphorylcreatine (PC) resynthesis in the human m. quadriceps femoris was studied during recovery from exhaustive dynamic exercise and from isometric contraction sustained to fatigue. The immediate postexercise muscle PC content after either form of exercise was 15-16% of the resting muscle content. The time course of PC resynthesis during recovery was biphasic exhibiting a fast and slow recovery component. The half-time for the fast component was 21-22s but this accounted for a smaller fraction of the total PC restored during recovery from the isometric contraction than after the dynamic exercise. The half-time for the slow component was in each case more than 170 s. After 2 and 4 min recovery the total amount of PC resynthesized after the isometric exercise were significantly lower than from the dynamic exercise. Occlusion of the circulation of the quadriceps completely abolished the resynthesis of PC. Restoration of resynthesis occurred only after release of occlusion.", "contents": "The time course of phosphorylcreatine resynthesis during recovery of the quadriceps muscle in man. The time course of phosphorylcreatine (PC) resynthesis in the human m. quadriceps femoris was studied during recovery from exhaustive dynamic exercise and from isometric contraction sustained to fatigue. The immediate postexercise muscle PC content after either form of exercise was 15-16% of the resting muscle content. The time course of PC resynthesis during recovery was biphasic exhibiting a fast and slow recovery component. The half-time for the fast component was 21-22s but this accounted for a smaller fraction of the total PC restored during recovery from the isometric contraction than after the dynamic exercise. The half-time for the slow component was in each case more than 170 s. After 2 and 4 min recovery the total amount of PC resynthesized after the isometric exercise were significantly lower than from the dynamic exercise. Occlusion of the circulation of the quadriceps completely abolished the resynthesis of PC. Restoration of resynthesis occurred only after release of occlusion.", "PMID": 1034909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6888", "title": "Evaluation of a neurogenic rapid coronary dilatation during an excitatory response in conscious dogs.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to evaluate the mechanisms of coronary adaptation to sudden changes in myocardial oxygen demand that occur during excitement. An excitatory response was evoked either by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area or by noise (discharge of a fire-arm). Continuous measurement of the oxygen saturation in coronary venous blood was used to judge, whether an increase in coronary flow was adequate to match an increased myocardial oxygen demand. During the excitatory response heart rate, cardiac output and coronary flow increased. However, the increase in coronary flow was not adequate to meet the increased metabolic requirement as indicated by a decrease in coronary venous oxygen saturation. In dogs with experimental atrioventricular block, and with heart rate controlled by external pacing, a rapid coronary dilation occurred during the excitatory response and was accompanied by an increase in coronary venous oxygen saturation. This rapid coronary dilation was abolished by beta-adrenergic blockade. The pattern of coronary flow and coronary venous oxygen saturation that occurred during the excitatory response in normal dogs could be mimicked in dogs with atrioventricular block by increasing the ventricular pacing rate. However, when identical increases in heart rate were induced either excitement or by external pacing, the drop in coronary venous oxygen saturation was significantly larger in the paced series. This demonstrates, that an increase in heart rate is responsible for the transient decrease in coronary venous oxygen saturation during the excitatory response. From these experiments it is concluded that a rapid neurogenic dilation of the coronary vessels occurs during the excitatory response. Under normal conditions this rapid neurogenic dilation is masked by the effect of the accompanying increase in heart rate on extravascular coronary resistance.", "contents": "Evaluation of a neurogenic rapid coronary dilatation during an excitatory response in conscious dogs. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the mechanisms of coronary adaptation to sudden changes in myocardial oxygen demand that occur during excitement. An excitatory response was evoked either by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area or by noise (discharge of a fire-arm). Continuous measurement of the oxygen saturation in coronary venous blood was used to judge, whether an increase in coronary flow was adequate to match an increased myocardial oxygen demand. During the excitatory response heart rate, cardiac output and coronary flow increased. However, the increase in coronary flow was not adequate to meet the increased metabolic requirement as indicated by a decrease in coronary venous oxygen saturation. In dogs with experimental atrioventricular block, and with heart rate controlled by external pacing, a rapid coronary dilation occurred during the excitatory response and was accompanied by an increase in coronary venous oxygen saturation. This rapid coronary dilation was abolished by beta-adrenergic blockade. The pattern of coronary flow and coronary venous oxygen saturation that occurred during the excitatory response in normal dogs could be mimicked in dogs with atrioventricular block by increasing the ventricular pacing rate. However, when identical increases in heart rate were induced either excitement or by external pacing, the drop in coronary venous oxygen saturation was significantly larger in the paced series. This demonstrates, that an increase in heart rate is responsible for the transient decrease in coronary venous oxygen saturation during the excitatory response. From these experiments it is concluded that a rapid neurogenic dilation of the coronary vessels occurs during the excitatory response. Under normal conditions this rapid neurogenic dilation is masked by the effect of the accompanying increase in heart rate on extravascular coronary resistance.", "PMID": 1034910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6889", "title": "Elimination of vasopressin by the normal and the damaged liver. Experiments on unanaesthetized normal and thiocetamide treated rats with a note on the influence of ethanol.", "content": "Arginine vasopressin was infused into the V. portae and into the V. cava of unanesthetized rats in water diuresis. The differential antidiuretic response of the same animal to these infusions was used to calculate extraction fraction of ADH by the liver. In the normal rat no extraction was detected. The liver of rats hydrated with 5% ethanol extracted 10% and that of rats treated with thioacetamide extracted 60% of the ADH infused into the portal vein. It is postulated that disturbances of liver cell function by narcotics and substances causing liver damage may liberate ADH-destroying ferments into the blood.", "contents": "Elimination of vasopressin by the normal and the damaged liver. Experiments on unanaesthetized normal and thiocetamide treated rats with a note on the influence of ethanol. Arginine vasopressin was infused into the V. portae and into the V. cava of unanesthetized rats in water diuresis. The differential antidiuretic response of the same animal to these infusions was used to calculate extraction fraction of ADH by the liver. In the normal rat no extraction was detected. The liver of rats hydrated with 5% ethanol extracted 10% and that of rats treated with thioacetamide extracted 60% of the ADH infused into the portal vein. It is postulated that disturbances of liver cell function by narcotics and substances causing liver damage may liberate ADH-destroying ferments into the blood.", "PMID": 1034911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6890", "title": "Effects of saline loading on jejunal absorption of calcium, sodium, and water, and on parathyroid hormone secretion in the rat.", "content": "To investigate whether intestinal calcium absorption parallels that of sodium following extra-cellular fluid volume expansion, the effects of saline loading on intestinal transport of calcium, sodium and water were studied in rats by perfusing jejunal loops in situ. After calcium-free saline infusion net calcium absorption was reversed similar to that of sodium and water and net secretion occurred. Concurrently, blood-to-lumen (b-l) calcium flux, measured using 45Ca, increased significantly (P less than 0.001). Following expansion with calcium-containing Ringer a similar reversal of net calcium, sodium and water flux was also observed. Again the b-l calicum flux increased but to a significantly lesser extent (P less than 0.05). Plasma ionized calcium remained unchanged after calcium-rich Ringer loading, but decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) when calcium was omitted from the solution. Plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone unchanged after expansion with the calcium containing solution but increased following calcum-free infusion. It is concluded that after extracellular fluid volume expansion: 1. net jejunal calcium absorption is decreased; 2. the decrease parallels that of sodium and water; 3. b-l calcium transport is enhanced to a greater degree of calcium-free Rnger infusion than by a calcium-rich solution. This difference could be the result of increased parathyroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "Effects of saline loading on jejunal absorption of calcium, sodium, and water, and on parathyroid hormone secretion in the rat. To investigate whether intestinal calcium absorption parallels that of sodium following extra-cellular fluid volume expansion, the effects of saline loading on intestinal transport of calcium, sodium and water were studied in rats by perfusing jejunal loops in situ. After calcium-free saline infusion net calcium absorption was reversed similar to that of sodium and water and net secretion occurred. Concurrently, blood-to-lumen (b-l) calcium flux, measured using 45Ca, increased significantly (P less than 0.001). Following expansion with calcium-containing Ringer a similar reversal of net calcium, sodium and water flux was also observed. Again the b-l calicum flux increased but to a significantly lesser extent (P less than 0.05). Plasma ionized calcium remained unchanged after calcium-rich Ringer loading, but decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) when calcium was omitted from the solution. Plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone unchanged after expansion with the calcium containing solution but increased following calcum-free infusion. It is concluded that after extracellular fluid volume expansion: 1. net jejunal calcium absorption is decreased; 2. the decrease parallels that of sodium and water; 3. b-l calcium transport is enhanced to a greater degree of calcium-free Rnger infusion than by a calcium-rich solution. This difference could be the result of increased parathyroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 1034912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6891", "title": "Renal urate transport during variations in urate synthesis in the rat.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of intrarenal synthesis of urate upon the urinary urate excretion in the rat, we effected large changes in urate synthesis by increasing it with allopurinol. Hypoxanthine infusion increased plasma urate rapidly and also increased the urinary urate excretion and its renal clearance. However, when the plasma urate was maintained constant, hypoxanthine had no effect upon renal urate transport. Conversely, allpurinol infusion rapidly diminished the plasma urate, urinary urate excretion and its renal clearance. Again, the maintenance of a constant plasma urate concentration prevented any change in urate transport during allopurinol. The urinary degradative purine metabolic pattern was altered predictably by hypoxanthine and allopurinol. Assuming than any putative intrarenal component of urate synthesis would be affected predictably and consistently by hypoxanthine and allopurinol, these results suggest that changes in intrarenal urate synthesis are not an important determinant of urate excretion in the rat.", "contents": "Renal urate transport during variations in urate synthesis in the rat. In order to determine the effect of intrarenal synthesis of urate upon the urinary urate excretion in the rat, we effected large changes in urate synthesis by increasing it with allopurinol. Hypoxanthine infusion increased plasma urate rapidly and also increased the urinary urate excretion and its renal clearance. However, when the plasma urate was maintained constant, hypoxanthine had no effect upon renal urate transport. Conversely, allpurinol infusion rapidly diminished the plasma urate, urinary urate excretion and its renal clearance. Again, the maintenance of a constant plasma urate concentration prevented any change in urate transport during allopurinol. The urinary degradative purine metabolic pattern was altered predictably by hypoxanthine and allopurinol. Assuming than any putative intrarenal component of urate synthesis would be affected predictably and consistently by hypoxanthine and allopurinol, these results suggest that changes in intrarenal urate synthesis are not an important determinant of urate excretion in the rat.", "PMID": 1034913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6892", "title": "Fatigue and caffeine effects in fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of the mouse.", "content": "In excised, curarized and massively stimulated fast-twitch mouse gastrocnemius muscles the early twitch tension enhancements (treppe) during 1/s activity between 10 and 36 degrees C increase and affect more contractions as temperature increases. Tension output eventually declines at a temperature-independent rate. Half-relaxation time lengthens below 25 degrees C and shortens above 25 degrees C. During 1/0.63s twitches half-relaxation time lengthens even at 25 degrees C. In slow-twitch soleus muscles activity decreases twitch tension and half-relaxation time regardless of temperature. Activity shortens contraction times in both muscles. Oxygen lack induced by NaN3 cannot account satisfactorily for these results. Activation is apparently more plastic in the gastrocnemius than in the soleus, and the relationship between the rates of their activation and relaxation processes and the temperature sensitivities of these rates also seem to differ. In both muscles caffeine can convert activity-induced shortened of half-relaxation times into prolongations. In the soleus this effect is more pronounced at 30 than at 25 degrees C. At high temperature and twitch rates caffeine reduces treppe amplitude and duration without affecting the eventual twitch tension decline in the gastrocnemius while it greatly accelerates twitch tension decline in the soleus. In both muscles intrafiber Ca2+ movements are apparently major determinants of fatigue behavior.", "contents": "Fatigue and caffeine effects in fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of the mouse. In excised, curarized and massively stimulated fast-twitch mouse gastrocnemius muscles the early twitch tension enhancements (treppe) during 1/s activity between 10 and 36 degrees C increase and affect more contractions as temperature increases. Tension output eventually declines at a temperature-independent rate. Half-relaxation time lengthens below 25 degrees C and shortens above 25 degrees C. During 1/0.63s twitches half-relaxation time lengthens even at 25 degrees C. In slow-twitch soleus muscles activity decreases twitch tension and half-relaxation time regardless of temperature. Activity shortens contraction times in both muscles. Oxygen lack induced by NaN3 cannot account satisfactorily for these results. Activation is apparently more plastic in the gastrocnemius than in the soleus, and the relationship between the rates of their activation and relaxation processes and the temperature sensitivities of these rates also seem to differ. In both muscles caffeine can convert activity-induced shortened of half-relaxation times into prolongations. In the soleus this effect is more pronounced at 30 than at 25 degrees C. At high temperature and twitch rates caffeine reduces treppe amplitude and duration without affecting the eventual twitch tension decline in the gastrocnemius while it greatly accelerates twitch tension decline in the soleus. In both muscles intrafiber Ca2+ movements are apparently major determinants of fatigue behavior.", "PMID": 1034914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6893", "title": "A continuous-flow, variable mixing valve for perfusion experiments.", "content": "The device described here continuously mixes two solutions in any required ratio and has been used at flow rates of 6 ml/min in tissue perfusion experiments. Its low-cost construction consists of a three-way miniature solenoid valve driven by a simple electronic circuit. Mixing is stable, reproducible and accurate to +/- 1% of dial setting.", "contents": "A continuous-flow, variable mixing valve for perfusion experiments. The device described here continuously mixes two solutions in any required ratio and has been used at flow rates of 6 ml/min in tissue perfusion experiments. Its low-cost construction consists of a three-way miniature solenoid valve driven by a simple electronic circuit. Mixing is stable, reproducible and accurate to +/- 1% of dial setting.", "PMID": 1034915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6894", "title": "Prophylactic, postinfectious and neonatal vaccination against canine distemper in mink.", "content": "Mink were vaccinated against canine distemper and challenged with the Snyder Hill strain of canine distemper virus. Protection was acquired if vaccination took place more than a few days before challenge. If vaccination took place even early during incubation mortality was higher than in the unvaccinated controls. Full protection of kits may be achieved even at an age of 16 to 20 days provided the kits had not passively acquired immunity from their mothers. Kits surviving distemper because of passively acquired immunity may not actively acquire immunity during infection and may die at a later exposure.", "contents": "Prophylactic, postinfectious and neonatal vaccination against canine distemper in mink. Mink were vaccinated against canine distemper and challenged with the Snyder Hill strain of canine distemper virus. Protection was acquired if vaccination took place more than a few days before challenge. If vaccination took place even early during incubation mortality was higher than in the unvaccinated controls. Full protection of kits may be achieved even at an age of 16 to 20 days provided the kits had not passively acquired immunity from their mothers. Kits surviving distemper because of passively acquired immunity may not actively acquire immunity during infection and may die at a later exposure.", "PMID": 1034916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6895", "title": "[The receptor of adenosine-dephosphate on the human platelet membrane (author's translation)].", "content": "The binding of 14C-ADP on the isolated platelet membrane is a saturable and reversible phenomenon which seems to implicate a protein only partially solubilised by Triton X-100. The binding is strongly reduced by mersalyl, which is known to inhibit the ATPase activity of the thrombosthenin i.e. the platelet contractile protein; this protein could be involved in the mechanism of binding of ADP on the platelet membrane. Platelets not aggregated by ADP from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, have a normal binding of 14C-ADP which is also strongly reduced by mersalyl.", "contents": "[The receptor of adenosine-dephosphate on the human platelet membrane (author's translation)]. The binding of 14C-ADP on the isolated platelet membrane is a saturable and reversible phenomenon which seems to implicate a protein only partially solubilised by Triton X-100. The binding is strongly reduced by mersalyl, which is known to inhibit the ATPase activity of the thrombosthenin i.e. the platelet contractile protein; this protein could be involved in the mechanism of binding of ADP on the platelet membrane. Platelets not aggregated by ADP from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, have a normal binding of 14C-ADP which is also strongly reduced by mersalyl.", "PMID": 1034917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6896", "title": "[Clinics and genetics of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (author's translation)].", "content": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia begins in infancy. The most important clinical signs are cutaneous and mucous hemorraghes (purpura, epistaxis, bleeding gums, menorraghia after puberty). The disease proceedes by alternate periods of activity and remission, the frequency and severity of which decrease with age. Death occurred during any of the attachs. Our 10 cases (7 girls, 3 boys) were in 5 \"Manouche\" gypsies sibships, interrelated by consanguineous marriages. Genetic studies demonstrated that the disease was inherited in the autosomal recessive pattern. The detection of heterozygotes is now possible with an antibody which appeared in a thrombasthenic patient. This antibody agglutinated the normal platelets, but not the ones of thrombasthenic patients. In heterozygotes the agglutinating effects is intermediate between the homozygote and normal.", "contents": "[Clinics and genetics of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (author's translation)]. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia begins in infancy. The most important clinical signs are cutaneous and mucous hemorraghes (purpura, epistaxis, bleeding gums, menorraghia after puberty). The disease proceedes by alternate periods of activity and remission, the frequency and severity of which decrease with age. Death occurred during any of the attachs. Our 10 cases (7 girls, 3 boys) were in 5 \"Manouche\" gypsies sibships, interrelated by consanguineous marriages. Genetic studies demonstrated that the disease was inherited in the autosomal recessive pattern. The detection of heterozygotes is now possible with an antibody which appeared in a thrombasthenic patient. This antibody agglutinated the normal platelets, but not the ones of thrombasthenic patients. In heterozygotes the agglutinating effects is intermediate between the homozygote and normal.", "PMID": 1034918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6897", "title": "Central action of ergometrine.", "content": "Ergometrine, a spasmolytic which also stimulates dopamine receptors, was investigated as a potential central stimulant. It did not influence the locomotor activity of normal rats and mice, and in high doses even depressed it. The locomotor activity depressed by reserpine, spiroperidol, and pimozide was elevated by ergometrine. Ergometrine antagonized neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and abolished ptosis and hypothermia produced by reserpine. Given alone ergometrine depressed the body temperature in rats and mice, and this effect was abolished by pimozide in both species, and by spiroperidol and haloperidol in mice. The hypothermia was not antagonized by atropine. In several respects the central action of ergometrine resembles that of apomorphine.", "contents": "Central action of ergometrine. Ergometrine, a spasmolytic which also stimulates dopamine receptors, was investigated as a potential central stimulant. It did not influence the locomotor activity of normal rats and mice, and in high doses even depressed it. The locomotor activity depressed by reserpine, spiroperidol, and pimozide was elevated by ergometrine. Ergometrine antagonized neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and abolished ptosis and hypothermia produced by reserpine. Given alone ergometrine depressed the body temperature in rats and mice, and this effect was abolished by pimozide in both species, and by spiroperidol and haloperidol in mice. The hypothermia was not antagonized by atropine. In several respects the central action of ergometrine resembles that of apomorphine.", "PMID": 1034920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6898", "title": "Spectrum of pharmacological actions on brain dopamine. Indications for development of new psychoactive drugs. Discussion of amantadines as examples of new drugs with special actions on dopamine systems.", "content": "Amantadine (D1) and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (D145) as examples of new drugs with special actions on dopamine systems are discussed. D1 or D145 decreased significantly apomorphine or amphetamine-induced stereotypy in rats but in experiments with chronic pretreatment with amantadines -- potentiation of stereotypy was observed. D145 (20 mg/kg) abolished stereotypy in these conditions. In biochemical experiments D1 or D145 were neither like apomorphine nor like amphetamine. Its concluded that D1 and D145 in addition to their amine releasing properties have the ability partially to occupy the dopaminergic receptor.", "contents": "Spectrum of pharmacological actions on brain dopamine. Indications for development of new psychoactive drugs. Discussion of amantadines as examples of new drugs with special actions on dopamine systems. Amantadine (D1) and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane (D145) as examples of new drugs with special actions on dopamine systems are discussed. D1 or D145 decreased significantly apomorphine or amphetamine-induced stereotypy in rats but in experiments with chronic pretreatment with amantadines -- potentiation of stereotypy was observed. D145 (20 mg/kg) abolished stereotypy in these conditions. In biochemical experiments D1 or D145 were neither like apomorphine nor like amphetamine. Its concluded that D1 and D145 in addition to their amine releasing properties have the ability partially to occupy the dopaminergic receptor.", "PMID": 1034919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6899", "title": "[Pickwickian syndrome and hypersomnia with periodic respiration].", "content": "A classical definition of Pickwickian syndrome associates alveolar hypoventilation, obesity and hypersomnia with periodic breathing. Obesity in itself is enough to explain the alveolar hypoventilation and some of the sleep disorders, but in fact all three elements of this syndrome are intricated. Obesity, whether associated with a Pickwickian syndrome or not, affects ventilatory mechanics similarly. With the cause of sleep disorders are associated central ventilatory pauses, appearing periodically followed by phases of apnoea secondary to buccopharyngial hypotony. The alveolar hypoventilation is therefore the consequence of obesity and periodic apnoea. It also results from a low respiratory frequency considering that the tidal volume is also decreased. These different elements suggest some disorder of the centers controling ventilation. One can describe different nosological forms, all having as a common factor hypersomnia with periodic respiration, the latter being a determining factor in the diagnosis. Therapy, including weight reduction and symptomatic treatment of alveolar hypoventilation, is now augmented by new drugs acting on the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Pickwickian syndrome and hypersomnia with periodic respiration]. A classical definition of Pickwickian syndrome associates alveolar hypoventilation, obesity and hypersomnia with periodic breathing. Obesity in itself is enough to explain the alveolar hypoventilation and some of the sleep disorders, but in fact all three elements of this syndrome are intricated. Obesity, whether associated with a Pickwickian syndrome or not, affects ventilatory mechanics similarly. With the cause of sleep disorders are associated central ventilatory pauses, appearing periodically followed by phases of apnoea secondary to buccopharyngial hypotony. The alveolar hypoventilation is therefore the consequence of obesity and periodic apnoea. It also results from a low respiratory frequency considering that the tidal volume is also decreased. These different elements suggest some disorder of the centers controling ventilation. One can describe different nosological forms, all having as a common factor hypersomnia with periodic respiration, the latter being a determining factor in the diagnosis. Therapy, including weight reduction and symptomatic treatment of alveolar hypoventilation, is now augmented by new drugs acting on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1034929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6900", "title": "The effect of bradykinin on central dopamine receptors.", "content": "Bradykinin (BK) injected intraventricularly (ivc) at doses of 0.25-0.5 mug per rat potentiated the depth of fluphenazine catalepsy and depressed or abolished the symptoms of sterotypy produced by amphetamine or apomorphine. BK did not affect the level of dopamine (DA), but elevated the level of homovanillic acid in the brain, and accelerated DA turnover as measured by the rate of dopamine disappearance following treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine. The results suggest that BK inhibits the central dopamine structures by blocking the DA receptors.", "contents": "The effect of bradykinin on central dopamine receptors. Bradykinin (BK) injected intraventricularly (ivc) at doses of 0.25-0.5 mug per rat potentiated the depth of fluphenazine catalepsy and depressed or abolished the symptoms of sterotypy produced by amphetamine or apomorphine. BK did not affect the level of dopamine (DA), but elevated the level of homovanillic acid in the brain, and accelerated DA turnover as measured by the rate of dopamine disappearance following treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine. The results suggest that BK inhibits the central dopamine structures by blocking the DA receptors.", "PMID": 1034925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6901", "title": "Influence of albumin degradation products (ADP) on the central action of catecholamines.", "content": "The influence of ADP on the central action of catecholamines was investigated. ADP abolished the central action of noradrenaline, amphetamine and nialamide. The peptides decreased apomorphine stereotypy and enhanced haloperidol induced catalepsy. These results support our previous suggestions [10-14] that ADP acts on the CNS by antagonizing the action of central catecholamines.", "contents": "Influence of albumin degradation products (ADP) on the central action of catecholamines. The influence of ADP on the central action of catecholamines was investigated. ADP abolished the central action of noradrenaline, amphetamine and nialamide. The peptides decreased apomorphine stereotypy and enhanced haloperidol induced catalepsy. These results support our previous suggestions [10-14] that ADP acts on the CNS by antagonizing the action of central catecholamines.", "PMID": 1034926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6902", "title": "Effect of angiotensin on the central action of dopamine.", "content": "Angiotensin given intraventricularly enhances amphetamine but not apomorphine-induced stereotypy 30 min. after peptide administration. Simultaneous injection of angiotensin and dopamine increases amphetamine -- while decreases apomorphine -- induced stereotypy. The stereotypy produced either by apomorphine or amphetamine in rats pretreated with Ro 4-4602 + L-DOPA was diminished by angiotensin. Angiotensin elevated haloperidol-induced catalepsy. A possibility that angiotensin may inhibit both release and uptake of dopamine by nerve endings is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin on the central action of dopamine. Angiotensin given intraventricularly enhances amphetamine but not apomorphine-induced stereotypy 30 min. after peptide administration. Simultaneous injection of angiotensin and dopamine increases amphetamine -- while decreases apomorphine -- induced stereotypy. The stereotypy produced either by apomorphine or amphetamine in rats pretreated with Ro 4-4602 + L-DOPA was diminished by angiotensin. Angiotensin elevated haloperidol-induced catalepsy. A possibility that angiotensin may inhibit both release and uptake of dopamine by nerve endings is discussed.", "PMID": 1034924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6903", "title": "Hormones and regional brain blood flow.", "content": "Acute effects of the hormones, estradiol-17beta and alphaMSH, and of neonatal pretreatment with alphaMSH on the flow of blood to regions of the brains of conscious adult rats have been determined with an indicator distribution technique. As previously reported, flows were reduced in most areas within 10 min after intravenous administration of alphaMSH; only the occipital cortex was spared. Though these effects were transitroy for most areas, perfusion of pons and medulla, cerebellum, hippocampus and parietal cortex was still low by 20 min. However, pretreatment with alphaMSH during infancy led to persistent behavioral changes which were not accompanied by flow differences. Assuming that flow changes reflect functional changes, the rapid responses to alphaMSH suggest an explanation for the effects of this hormone on visual learning and on the determination of subsequent learning behavior. By contrast, estradiol, within 10 min after injection, increased flow to most regions of the brain, especially the frontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum; females were more affected than males. Flow changes were greater than those elicited by more obvious behavior-modifying drugs. Compared to alphaMSH, the flow data for estradiol suggest a physiologic basis for a behavioral effect which is likely to be different yet, perhaps, equally profound.", "contents": "Hormones and regional brain blood flow. Acute effects of the hormones, estradiol-17beta and alphaMSH, and of neonatal pretreatment with alphaMSH on the flow of blood to regions of the brains of conscious adult rats have been determined with an indicator distribution technique. As previously reported, flows were reduced in most areas within 10 min after intravenous administration of alphaMSH; only the occipital cortex was spared. Though these effects were transitroy for most areas, perfusion of pons and medulla, cerebellum, hippocampus and parietal cortex was still low by 20 min. However, pretreatment with alphaMSH during infancy led to persistent behavioral changes which were not accompanied by flow differences. Assuming that flow changes reflect functional changes, the rapid responses to alphaMSH suggest an explanation for the effects of this hormone on visual learning and on the determination of subsequent learning behavior. By contrast, estradiol, within 10 min after injection, increased flow to most regions of the brain, especially the frontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum; females were more affected than males. Flow changes were greater than those elicited by more obvious behavior-modifying drugs. Compared to alphaMSH, the flow data for estradiol suggest a physiologic basis for a behavioral effect which is likely to be different yet, perhaps, equally profound.", "PMID": 1034935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6904", "title": "Hexobarbital sleeping time in the rat: effects of isolation and lesions of the locus coeruleus.", "content": "Hexobarbital sleeping time was observed in isolated and nonisolated rats with lesioned locus coeruleus (LC). Isolated animals were divided into 2 groups: aggressive (killers) and indifferent (nonkillers). Each group included rats with no lesion, with sham lesion and with LC lesion. Hexobarbital sleeping time was prolonged in nonisolated male, but not female, rats with lesioned LC (7 and 14 days after the lesion). This effect was not observed in animals previously isolated for 3 weeks. These results suggest that the LC plays an important role in the mechanisms of barbiturate sleep, but this effect may be related to the emotionality of animals.", "contents": "Hexobarbital sleeping time in the rat: effects of isolation and lesions of the locus coeruleus. Hexobarbital sleeping time was observed in isolated and nonisolated rats with lesioned locus coeruleus (LC). Isolated animals were divided into 2 groups: aggressive (killers) and indifferent (nonkillers). Each group included rats with no lesion, with sham lesion and with LC lesion. Hexobarbital sleeping time was prolonged in nonisolated male, but not female, rats with lesioned LC (7 and 14 days after the lesion). This effect was not observed in animals previously isolated for 3 weeks. These results suggest that the LC plays an important role in the mechanisms of barbiturate sleep, but this effect may be related to the emotionality of animals.", "PMID": 1034923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6905", "title": "Effects of monoolein on hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase in the presence of an inhibitory apolipoprotein.", "content": "The previously demonstrated inhibition of cow's milk lipoprotein lipase by apoLp-Ala and the deinhibition by monoglyceride have been studied in more detail. The apoLp-Ala inhibition is reversible by the addition of monoglyceride before or after enzyme additions. Quantities of monoglyceride accumulate during hydrolysis of triglyceride which are adequate to prevent inhibition by added apoLp-Ala. Accelerating reaction rates observed when the substrate contains the apoprotein at levels producing partial inhibition are also explained by monoglyceride production. These effects were observed with both crude preparations of skim milk and highly pruified lipase. It is suggested that the generation of monoglyceride may be important in facilitating hydrolysis of triglyceride in lipoproteins containing this inhibitory apolipoprotein.", "contents": "Effects of monoolein on hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase in the presence of an inhibitory apolipoprotein. The previously demonstrated inhibition of cow's milk lipoprotein lipase by apoLp-Ala and the deinhibition by monoglyceride have been studied in more detail. The apoLp-Ala inhibition is reversible by the addition of monoglyceride before or after enzyme additions. Quantities of monoglyceride accumulate during hydrolysis of triglyceride which are adequate to prevent inhibition by added apoLp-Ala. Accelerating reaction rates observed when the substrate contains the apoprotein at levels producing partial inhibition are also explained by monoglyceride production. These effects were observed with both crude preparations of skim milk and highly pruified lipase. It is suggested that the generation of monoglyceride may be important in facilitating hydrolysis of triglyceride in lipoproteins containing this inhibitory apolipoprotein.", "PMID": 1034936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6906", "title": "A simple method for counting antibody bound labelled steroids.", "content": "A simple method is described for the counting of tritiated antibody-bound steroid after acidification and extraction into a toluene based scintillant. The resulting count rate is stable and quenching is minimal. The method give improved count rates when compared with methods employing scintillants containing methanol, dioxane, or Triton and compares favourably with methods involving pre-heating of antibody-bound steroid or extraction of free steroids after the addition of ammonium sulphate. A specific antibody for estradiol has been used to illustrate the application of the technique to antibody titration curves and standard curves.", "contents": "A simple method for counting antibody bound labelled steroids. A simple method is described for the counting of tritiated antibody-bound steroid after acidification and extraction into a toluene based scintillant. The resulting count rate is stable and quenching is minimal. The method give improved count rates when compared with methods employing scintillants containing methanol, dioxane, or Triton and compares favourably with methods involving pre-heating of antibody-bound steroid or extraction of free steroids after the addition of ammonium sulphate. A specific antibody for estradiol has been used to illustrate the application of the technique to antibody titration curves and standard curves.", "PMID": 1034985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6907", "title": "O-(Carboxymethyl)oxime steroidal haptens linked in the C3 position: study of the characteristics of antibodies against 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone and of their evolution with time.", "content": "The production of highly sensitive and specific antisera against 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 OHP) is reported. 17 OHP was rendered antigenic by covalent linkage to bovine serum albumin through position 3 of the steroid. An unambiguous method to prepare the mono-3-0-(carboxy-methyl) oxime derivative (CMO) of 17 OHP is described starting from 17 OHP-acetate. Antisera raised in rabbits were of high affinity for 17 OHP (Ka = 1 to 2 x 10(10) L/mole) and showed very little (less than 0.7%) or no cross reaction with a variety of steroids. Cross-reaction with 17alpha-hydroxy pregnenolone was however significant. When studied in relation to time, cross-reaction of the latter steroid decreased significantly (18 to 2%) while Ka remained at the same level. The same study of the evolution with time (up to 600 days) of the characteristics of antisera raised against the 3 CMO derivative of testosterone is also reported.", "contents": "O-(Carboxymethyl)oxime steroidal haptens linked in the C3 position: study of the characteristics of antibodies against 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone and of their evolution with time. The production of highly sensitive and specific antisera against 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 OHP) is reported. 17 OHP was rendered antigenic by covalent linkage to bovine serum albumin through position 3 of the steroid. An unambiguous method to prepare the mono-3-0-(carboxy-methyl) oxime derivative (CMO) of 17 OHP is described starting from 17 OHP-acetate. Antisera raised in rabbits were of high affinity for 17 OHP (Ka = 1 to 2 x 10(10) L/mole) and showed very little (less than 0.7%) or no cross reaction with a variety of steroids. Cross-reaction with 17alpha-hydroxy pregnenolone was however significant. When studied in relation to time, cross-reaction of the latter steroid decreased significantly (18 to 2%) while Ka remained at the same level. The same study of the evolution with time (up to 600 days) of the characteristics of antisera raised against the 3 CMO derivative of testosterone is also reported.", "PMID": 1034986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6908", "title": "[Protein SH-group concentration and RNA synthesis during the process of induction of proliferation in the stationary phase of cell culture growth].", "content": "The dynamics of intracellular protein SH-group (PSH) content was studied cytochemically in the course of stimulation of cell proliferation in stationary cultures of an established Chinese hamster cell line and of human diploid embryo fibroblasts. The results were compared with the pattern of RNA synthesis during the prereplicative period. In Chinese hamster cells immediately after medium changing in stationary cultures there is an augmentation of PSH content in parallel withe the increase in RNA synthesis rate. Later on, the rate of RNA synthesis and PSH content are seen decreasing followed by a new increase in the rate of RNA synthesis correlated with the second rise in PSH content. In stationary cultures of human diploid fibroblasts, there is also an increase in the rate of RNA synthesis and in the content of SH after medium changing, but the second wave of RNA synthesis and the second rise in PSH content are not pronounced. The variation in PSH content reflects the shift in the cell metabolism during the prereplicative period and is not attributed to changes in cell protein content.", "contents": "[Protein SH-group concentration and RNA synthesis during the process of induction of proliferation in the stationary phase of cell culture growth]. The dynamics of intracellular protein SH-group (PSH) content was studied cytochemically in the course of stimulation of cell proliferation in stationary cultures of an established Chinese hamster cell line and of human diploid embryo fibroblasts. The results were compared with the pattern of RNA synthesis during the prereplicative period. In Chinese hamster cells immediately after medium changing in stationary cultures there is an augmentation of PSH content in parallel withe the increase in RNA synthesis rate. Later on, the rate of RNA synthesis and PSH content are seen decreasing followed by a new increase in the rate of RNA synthesis correlated with the second rise in PSH content. In stationary cultures of human diploid fibroblasts, there is also an increase in the rate of RNA synthesis and in the content of SH after medium changing, but the second wave of RNA synthesis and the second rise in PSH content are not pronounced. The variation in PSH content reflects the shift in the cell metabolism during the prereplicative period and is not attributed to changes in cell protein content.", "PMID": 1034987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6909", "title": "[Changes in the cytochemical properties of chromatin after stimulating proliferation in a stationary culture of Chinese hamster cells].", "content": "The first part of the prereplicative period in stimulated for cell proliferation steady-state culture of Chinese hamster cells was studied cytochemically. Investigation of the binding pattern of basic dye Acridine orange and Actinomycin D with cell nuclei and the melting profile of chromatin in situ suggests that one of the early events occurring in the course of stimulation of cell proliferation in steady-state culture is chromatin activation, i.e. changes in its physicochemical properties resulting in augmentation of transcription.", "contents": "[Changes in the cytochemical properties of chromatin after stimulating proliferation in a stationary culture of Chinese hamster cells]. The first part of the prereplicative period in stimulated for cell proliferation steady-state culture of Chinese hamster cells was studied cytochemically. Investigation of the binding pattern of basic dye Acridine orange and Actinomycin D with cell nuclei and the melting profile of chromatin in situ suggests that one of the early events occurring in the course of stimulation of cell proliferation in steady-state culture is chromatin activation, i.e. changes in its physicochemical properties resulting in augmentation of transcription.", "PMID": 1034988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6910", "title": "[Analysis of total lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activity in mouse ova during clevage].", "content": "The total activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes was detected in the intact ova of mice during the clevage and, in particular, blastomeres at the 2-cell stage. Routine histochemical technique was employed in addition to microspectrometry. During the clevage, the ova differ in their enzyme activity. At the 2-cell stage there are ova with similar reaction in both the blastomeres as well as those with different enzyme activity in each blastomere.", "contents": "[Analysis of total lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activity in mouse ova during clevage]. The total activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes was detected in the intact ova of mice during the clevage and, in particular, blastomeres at the 2-cell stage. Routine histochemical technique was employed in addition to microspectrometry. During the clevage, the ova differ in their enzyme activity. At the 2-cell stage there are ova with similar reaction in both the blastomeres as well as those with different enzyme activity in each blastomere.", "PMID": 1034989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6911", "title": "[Ability of bovine fibrinogen to accept and retain plasminogen proactivator specific for human blood].", "content": "The plasminogen proactivator present in human plasma and retained by purified human fibrinogen preparations is readily accepted and retained by bovine fibrinogen. This \"transplantation\" makes isolated bovine fibrinogen susceptible to streptokinase. The latter induces degradation of isolated bovine fibrinogen resulting in characteristic fragment formation. Our experimental results, particularly those showing the inability of bovine plasminogen (applied in a great excess) to remove the acquired proactivator from bovine fibrinogen, give indirect evidence that the proactivator function is not a specific property of the human plasminogen but that of some other substance.", "contents": "[Ability of bovine fibrinogen to accept and retain plasminogen proactivator specific for human blood]. The plasminogen proactivator present in human plasma and retained by purified human fibrinogen preparations is readily accepted and retained by bovine fibrinogen. This \"transplantation\" makes isolated bovine fibrinogen susceptible to streptokinase. The latter induces degradation of isolated bovine fibrinogen resulting in characteristic fragment formation. Our experimental results, particularly those showing the inability of bovine plasminogen (applied in a great excess) to remove the acquired proactivator from bovine fibrinogen, give indirect evidence that the proactivator function is not a specific property of the human plasminogen but that of some other substance.", "PMID": 1034991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6912", "title": "Parkinsonism and neurogenic bladder. Experimental and clinical observations.", "content": "In a group of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, beside neurogenic bladder dysfunction, we have also found dysfunction affecting the external sphincter musculature. Treatment with L-Dopa probably improves the urethral symptoms by providing a relaxing effect on the urethral closure pressur together with better coordination of the pelvic floor and external sphincter Mechanism during micturition. The effect was parallel to the improvement in Parkinsonion symptoms. Experimental studies demonstrate the ability of L-Dopa to reduce urethral closure pressure and this effect was related to a central effect on the skeletal musculature.", "contents": "Parkinsonism and neurogenic bladder. Experimental and clinical observations. In a group of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, beside neurogenic bladder dysfunction, we have also found dysfunction affecting the external sphincter musculature. Treatment with L-Dopa probably improves the urethral symptoms by providing a relaxing effect on the urethral closure pressur together with better coordination of the pelvic floor and external sphincter Mechanism during micturition. The effect was parallel to the improvement in Parkinsonion symptoms. Experimental studies demonstrate the ability of L-Dopa to reduce urethral closure pressure and this effect was related to a central effect on the skeletal musculature.", "PMID": 1034992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6913", "title": "The importance of gonadothropin assays in the clinical follow up patients with germinal tumors of the testis.", "content": "Clinical-hormone studied were done on 34 patients with germinal tumors of the testis. The gonadotropin titres varied from normal to highly elevated values. Only in 4 cases (11.77%), however, were the gonadotropin titres above 10,000 mouse units/24 hours. These 4 were among the 9 cases (26.47%) with positive pregnancy tests. Gynaecomastia was present in 4 patients (11.77%). Total estrogens were assayed in these 4 cases and were found to be high. Gynaecomastia is attributed to excess estrogens. Elevated gonadotropin titres were found predominantly in cases of embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma and choriocarcinoma, as well as in the most advanced clinical stages. As regards the correlation between gonadotropin titres and course of the tumor, it was found that the higher the titre the worse the prognosis. The results suggest that hormonal assays are of value in the clinical follow-up of testicular germinal tumors and should therefore be carried out in association with other clinical parameters.", "contents": "The importance of gonadothropin assays in the clinical follow up patients with germinal tumors of the testis. Clinical-hormone studied were done on 34 patients with germinal tumors of the testis. The gonadotropin titres varied from normal to highly elevated values. Only in 4 cases (11.77%), however, were the gonadotropin titres above 10,000 mouse units/24 hours. These 4 were among the 9 cases (26.47%) with positive pregnancy tests. Gynaecomastia was present in 4 patients (11.77%). Total estrogens were assayed in these 4 cases and were found to be high. Gynaecomastia is attributed to excess estrogens. Elevated gonadotropin titres were found predominantly in cases of embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma and choriocarcinoma, as well as in the most advanced clinical stages. As regards the correlation between gonadotropin titres and course of the tumor, it was found that the higher the titre the worse the prognosis. The results suggest that hormonal assays are of value in the clinical follow-up of testicular germinal tumors and should therefore be carried out in association with other clinical parameters.", "PMID": 1034990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6914", "title": "[Lasers in the treatment of arterial occlusive diseases of the limbs].", "content": "The authors have analysed the initial results of treatment in 64 patients suffering obliterating diseases of arteries of upper and lower extremities by means of irradiation with a helium-neon laser the least electric resistance points. The control over the results of treatment is exercised basing on findings of thermovision study and patients' subjective sensations. The best results were gained in treatment of patients with Reynaud diseases and obliterating endarteritis. The therapy employed yielded an insignificant effect in various forms of atherosclerosis of the lower extremities.", "contents": "[Lasers in the treatment of arterial occlusive diseases of the limbs]. The authors have analysed the initial results of treatment in 64 patients suffering obliterating diseases of arteries of upper and lower extremities by means of irradiation with a helium-neon laser the least electric resistance points. The control over the results of treatment is exercised basing on findings of thermovision study and patients' subjective sensations. The best results were gained in treatment of patients with Reynaud diseases and obliterating endarteritis. The therapy employed yielded an insignificant effect in various forms of atherosclerosis of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 1034994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6915", "title": "Oestrous behaviour in a herd of dairy cows.", "content": "A group of 60 housed Friesian cows were observed continuously for a period of 25 days, during which time all cows were recorded for incidence of mounting activity and 18 selected cows were recorded for various aspects of maintenance activity. All 60 cows were judged as showing oestrus. Average duration of oestrus (+/-SD) in 33 cows was 14-9 +/- 4-7 hours, and the cows were mounted 56-3 +/- 34-8 times. The greatest mounting activity was associated with the night hours. There was no diurnal pattern of onset of oestrus. The majority of mounting activity (79 per cent) occurred in the cubicle area of the building. Comparison of maintenance activities showed that oestrous cows spent, on average, less time standing in a cubicle (P less than 0-01), lying in a cubicle (P less than 0-001) and more time standing elsewhere (P less than 0-001) than non-oestrous cows. The results are discussed in relation to oestrus detection.", "contents": "Oestrous behaviour in a herd of dairy cows. A group of 60 housed Friesian cows were observed continuously for a period of 25 days, during which time all cows were recorded for incidence of mounting activity and 18 selected cows were recorded for various aspects of maintenance activity. All 60 cows were judged as showing oestrus. Average duration of oestrus (+/-SD) in 33 cows was 14-9 +/- 4-7 hours, and the cows were mounted 56-3 +/- 34-8 times. The greatest mounting activity was associated with the night hours. There was no diurnal pattern of onset of oestrus. The majority of mounting activity (79 per cent) occurred in the cubicle area of the building. Comparison of maintenance activities showed that oestrous cows spent, on average, less time standing in a cubicle (P less than 0-01), lying in a cubicle (P less than 0-001) and more time standing elsewhere (P less than 0-001) than non-oestrous cows. The results are discussed in relation to oestrus detection.", "PMID": 1034995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6916", "title": "Effect of lactation on the immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes.", "content": "The immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes is impaired during lactation by the inhibition of the lymphocyte mediated component. As a result the population of worms may increase. At the same time, the fecundity of female worms in previously immune hosts may increase to approach that of worms in fully susceptible animals. There is good evidence that these events are primarily endocrinal in origin but although prolactin is probably involved, certain anomalies exist. These may reflect differences in the secretion pattern of the hormone in different phases of reproduction or they may indicate an interrelationship with a second hormone, for instance, adrenal glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Effect of lactation on the immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes. The immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes is impaired during lactation by the inhibition of the lymphocyte mediated component. As a result the population of worms may increase. At the same time, the fecundity of female worms in previously immune hosts may increase to approach that of worms in fully susceptible animals. There is good evidence that these events are primarily endocrinal in origin but although prolactin is probably involved, certain anomalies exist. These may reflect differences in the secretion pattern of the hormone in different phases of reproduction or they may indicate an interrelationship with a second hormone, for instance, adrenal glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 1034996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6917", "title": "[Transplacental blastomogenic effect of N-nitrosomethylurea in rats with constant estrus].", "content": "As a result of transplacental exposure of rats of NMU in the dosage of 20 mg/Kg (intraperitoneally) on the 21st day of pregnancy tumors in the offspring developed in 6 to 16 females and in 10 of 17 males. In rats with persistent estrus, induced in sex mature females by their castration and one-moment autoimplantation of ovaries in the tail, tumour developed in 25 of 41 animals. In combination of transplacental effect of NMU and postnatal induction of persistent estrus in females neoplasms were recorded in 14 of 17 animals, the incidence of neoplasms of the nervous system and kidney observed only after transplacental NMU exposure of males being increased. Hormonalmetabolic shifts observed in rats with persistent estrus seemed to potentiate transplacental blastomogenic action of NMU.", "contents": "[Transplacental blastomogenic effect of N-nitrosomethylurea in rats with constant estrus]. As a result of transplacental exposure of rats of NMU in the dosage of 20 mg/Kg (intraperitoneally) on the 21st day of pregnancy tumors in the offspring developed in 6 to 16 females and in 10 of 17 males. In rats with persistent estrus, induced in sex mature females by their castration and one-moment autoimplantation of ovaries in the tail, tumour developed in 25 of 41 animals. In combination of transplacental effect of NMU and postnatal induction of persistent estrus in females neoplasms were recorded in 14 of 17 animals, the incidence of neoplasms of the nervous system and kidney observed only after transplacental NMU exposure of males being increased. Hormonalmetabolic shifts observed in rats with persistent estrus seemed to potentiate transplacental blastomogenic action of NMU.", "PMID": 1035003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6918", "title": "[Change in the adrenocortical function of the adrenals and activity of several intracellular enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in experimental hypothermia].", "content": "An increased content of adrenaline was observed in rabbit adrenal glands under the conditions leading to a decrease of rectal temperature. At the same time the activities of aspartate- and alanine aminotransferases in liver hyaloplasm and ornithine carbamoyl-transferase in mitochondria were decreased, while the activity of the transaminases in mitochondria was maintained unaltered. After the recovery of the temperature the content of the hormone still exceeded the normal level; function of the enzymes studied was distinctly intensified in all the subcellular fractions of hepatocyte. Content of 11-hydrocorticosteroid, being unaltered distinctly in overcooling, was markedly decreased within the later period. Membrane and substrate interrelations, apparently responsible for the biochemical alterations observed, are discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the adrenocortical function of the adrenals and activity of several intracellular enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in experimental hypothermia]. An increased content of adrenaline was observed in rabbit adrenal glands under the conditions leading to a decrease of rectal temperature. At the same time the activities of aspartate- and alanine aminotransferases in liver hyaloplasm and ornithine carbamoyl-transferase in mitochondria were decreased, while the activity of the transaminases in mitochondria was maintained unaltered. After the recovery of the temperature the content of the hormone still exceeded the normal level; function of the enzymes studied was distinctly intensified in all the subcellular fractions of hepatocyte. Content of 11-hydrocorticosteroid, being unaltered distinctly in overcooling, was markedly decreased within the later period. Membrane and substrate interrelations, apparently responsible for the biochemical alterations observed, are discussed.", "PMID": 1035001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6919", "title": "[Creatine biosynthesis in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy: possible defect in liver plasma membrane adenyl cyclase].", "content": "Activity of enzymes responsible for creatine biosynthesis (transamidinase, EC 2.1.4.1., and guanidine acetate methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.2.) was studied in homogenates of pancreas, kidney and liver tissue of mice in normal state and in hereditary muscle dystrophy (129/Re-dy). Simultaneously, the activity of guanidine acetate methyltransferase from liver tissue was studied after addition of glucagon and ardenaline. In normal healthy mice homogenates of liver tissue distinctly increased the activity of guanidine acetate methyltransferase if glucagon and adrenaline were used in physiological concentrations. At the advanced stage of mice hereditary myodystrophy liver homogenates lost their capacity to activate the enzyme after addition of the hormones. The data obtained suggest that adenyl cyclase is impaired in plasmatic membranes of liver tissue, which mediated, using cAMP,the transformation of hormonal signals affecting the intracellular synthesis of creatine.", "contents": "[Creatine biosynthesis in mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy: possible defect in liver plasma membrane adenyl cyclase]. Activity of enzymes responsible for creatine biosynthesis (transamidinase, EC 2.1.4.1., and guanidine acetate methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.2.) was studied in homogenates of pancreas, kidney and liver tissue of mice in normal state and in hereditary muscle dystrophy (129/Re-dy). Simultaneously, the activity of guanidine acetate methyltransferase from liver tissue was studied after addition of glucagon and ardenaline. In normal healthy mice homogenates of liver tissue distinctly increased the activity of guanidine acetate methyltransferase if glucagon and adrenaline were used in physiological concentrations. At the advanced stage of mice hereditary myodystrophy liver homogenates lost their capacity to activate the enzyme after addition of the hormones. The data obtained suggest that adenyl cyclase is impaired in plasmatic membranes of liver tissue, which mediated, using cAMP,the transformation of hormonal signals affecting the intracellular synthesis of creatine.", "PMID": 1035002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6920", "title": "[Notifiable and non-notifiable infectious diseases in the federal republic of germany (author's transl)].", "content": "Owing to the growing density of population, urbanization, and the use of all kinds of publicly accessible facilities, the interruption of the infection chain for air-borne diseases proves particularly inadequate if no efficient prophylactic inoculations are available to combat viral infections or if no efficient chemotherapeutical measures can be adopted against bacterial infections. Equally problematic is the struggle against salmonellosis associated with the mechanized mass production and distribution of foodstuffs as well as the forms of infectious hospitalism, especially hepatitis B, which are favoured by the technical advances in the medical field. Venereal diseases prove highly resistant because the human patterns of sexual behaviour are difficult to influence. Thus the infectious diseases caused by deficient hygiene have virtually disappeared in our country, while those diseases survive or occur which are capable of profiting from the sociological changes and the technical progress of civilisation. On the whole, the mortality rate has drastically dropped while morbidity has remained more or less the same (with, however, a change in the spectrum of the infectious diseases); this is due mainly to mass inoculation and specific therapy.", "contents": "[Notifiable and non-notifiable infectious diseases in the federal republic of germany (author's transl)]. Owing to the growing density of population, urbanization, and the use of all kinds of publicly accessible facilities, the interruption of the infection chain for air-borne diseases proves particularly inadequate if no efficient prophylactic inoculations are available to combat viral infections or if no efficient chemotherapeutical measures can be adopted against bacterial infections. Equally problematic is the struggle against salmonellosis associated with the mechanized mass production and distribution of foodstuffs as well as the forms of infectious hospitalism, especially hepatitis B, which are favoured by the technical advances in the medical field. Venereal diseases prove highly resistant because the human patterns of sexual behaviour are difficult to influence. Thus the infectious diseases caused by deficient hygiene have virtually disappeared in our country, while those diseases survive or occur which are capable of profiting from the sociological changes and the technical progress of civilisation. On the whole, the mortality rate has drastically dropped while morbidity has remained more or less the same (with, however, a change in the spectrum of the infectious diseases); this is due mainly to mass inoculation and specific therapy.", "PMID": 1035015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6921", "title": "[New topics in infectious medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "After the eradication and control of the old classical epidemics, the situation in the sector of infectious diseases has changed. These days 3 groups of infectious diseases have gained importance than they had in the past and thus have changed the scene: I. Infectious diseases which earlier were either not known on such a scale or completely unknown Under this group fall mainly the \"infectious factor diseases\" caused by so-called \"opportunistic\" germs, mixed infections, old and new zoonoses, iatrogenic infections, \"explosion epidemics\" and epidemics caused by germ mutations. II. Therapy-resistant infectious diseases Here a distinction is made between infectious diseases caused by chemotherapy-resistant germs and the diseases whose increased rate of incidence is due to the fact that the arthropod vectors became resistant to insecticides. III. Infectious diseases to which the classical Henle-Koch postulates no longer apply These are chronic diseases and persistent infections, immunopathogenic consequences of infections and viral tumours. The diseases are discussed separately with respect to the cause/effect relationship with the emphasis on the following subjects: Opportunistic problem germs, infectious factor diseases with hospitalism, mixed infections, salmonellosis and new viral zoonoses, chronic diseases, \"slow viruses\", immunopathogenic consequences of infections and viral tumours.", "contents": "[New topics in infectious medicine (author's transl)]. After the eradication and control of the old classical epidemics, the situation in the sector of infectious diseases has changed. These days 3 groups of infectious diseases have gained importance than they had in the past and thus have changed the scene: I. Infectious diseases which earlier were either not known on such a scale or completely unknown Under this group fall mainly the \"infectious factor diseases\" caused by so-called \"opportunistic\" germs, mixed infections, old and new zoonoses, iatrogenic infections, \"explosion epidemics\" and epidemics caused by germ mutations. II. Therapy-resistant infectious diseases Here a distinction is made between infectious diseases caused by chemotherapy-resistant germs and the diseases whose increased rate of incidence is due to the fact that the arthropod vectors became resistant to insecticides. III. Infectious diseases to which the classical Henle-Koch postulates no longer apply These are chronic diseases and persistent infections, immunopathogenic consequences of infections and viral tumours. The diseases are discussed separately with respect to the cause/effect relationship with the emphasis on the following subjects: Opportunistic problem germs, infectious factor diseases with hospitalism, mixed infections, salmonellosis and new viral zoonoses, chronic diseases, \"slow viruses\", immunopathogenic consequences of infections and viral tumours.", "PMID": 1035016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6922", "title": "[Immunologic response ot introduction of intact and formalinized erythrocytes].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on mice; there was revealed an increase in the immunogenicity of erythrocytes following their immunization illustrated by the difference in the circulating antibody titres and the plaque count in the spleen of the animals, and also by the results of immunization with formalin-treated erythrocytes mixed with the cells of the peritoneal exudate. A conclusion was drawn on the expediency of the immunization with formalinized erythrocytes of rabbits--producers of the hemolytic serum.", "contents": "[Immunologic response ot introduction of intact and formalinized erythrocytes]. Experiments were conducted on mice; there was revealed an increase in the immunogenicity of erythrocytes following their immunization illustrated by the difference in the circulating antibody titres and the plaque count in the spleen of the animals, and also by the results of immunization with formalin-treated erythrocytes mixed with the cells of the peritoneal exudate. A conclusion was drawn on the expediency of the immunization with formalinized erythrocytes of rabbits--producers of the hemolytic serum.", "PMID": 1035017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6923", "title": "[Effect of group and isolated rearing of white rats on their resistance to exposure to emotional stress].", "content": "The influence of isolated vs. group breeding on the sensitivity of higher nervous and vegetative functions to chronic stress effects was studied in 50 albino random-bred male rats. It has been found that group breeding of the animals (ten specimens in each cage) from the 12th to the 30th week of their life enhances their resistance to external stress factors which begin to take effect from the 17th week on. The effect is linked to the positive emotions produced by mutual contacts among the animals and their intensified motor activity. Isolated breeding of the rats (beginning with the 17th week of their life) makes them vulnerable to the action of stress situations. By the end of the investigation they exhibit clear symptoms of an early stage of neurogenic hypertension. The isolation evidently sets up a negative emotional background, reduces drastically the motor activity and lowers the animals resistance to extreme environmental influences.", "contents": "[Effect of group and isolated rearing of white rats on their resistance to exposure to emotional stress]. The influence of isolated vs. group breeding on the sensitivity of higher nervous and vegetative functions to chronic stress effects was studied in 50 albino random-bred male rats. It has been found that group breeding of the animals (ten specimens in each cage) from the 12th to the 30th week of their life enhances their resistance to external stress factors which begin to take effect from the 17th week on. The effect is linked to the positive emotions produced by mutual contacts among the animals and their intensified motor activity. Isolated breeding of the rats (beginning with the 17th week of their life) makes them vulnerable to the action of stress situations. By the end of the investigation they exhibit clear symptoms of an early stage of neurogenic hypertension. The isolation evidently sets up a negative emotional background, reduces drastically the motor activity and lowers the animals resistance to extreme environmental influences.", "PMID": 1035011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6924", "title": "Effect of sodium fluoride on glycolysis in human erythrocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vitro.", "content": "In human erythrocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, NaF inhibites aerobic glucose utilization and lactate formation. The inhibition of glycolysis was accompanied by a decrease in cellular pyruvate and ATP, and by accumulation of 2-hosphoenolpyruvate. These results and direct enzymatic determinations showed that fluoride inhibits, in addition to enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase, EC 4.2.1.11), also pyruvate kinase.", "contents": "Effect of sodium fluoride on glycolysis in human erythrocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vitro. In human erythrocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells, NaF inhibites aerobic glucose utilization and lactate formation. The inhibition of glycolysis was accompanied by a decrease in cellular pyruvate and ATP, and by accumulation of 2-hosphoenolpyruvate. These results and direct enzymatic determinations showed that fluoride inhibits, in addition to enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase, EC 4.2.1.11), also pyruvate kinase.", "PMID": 1035019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6925", "title": "[Glucose tolerance of postnatally stress-sensitized albino rats following chronic emotional stress in adulthood].", "content": "Male albino rats were used to study the effect of electrical stimulation in the postnatal phase (day 1--15) leading to short-time convulsions and cyanosis lasting about 10 min in 5-month-old animals upon the development of glycemic dysregulation induced by emotional stress. The studies involving i.p. glucose administration show that a 3-week stress influence on postnatally stimulated animals caused heavier changes of glycemic regulation than with non-pretreated animals. These results suggest a stress sensitization occurring in the postnatal phase and are discussed in connection with the \"stress-sensitive risk personality\" by R. BAUMANN. Further studies have shown that the postnatal stress sensitiveness is reversible and cannot only be compensated by a rest period of several weeks but may even cause stress resistance on renewed stressing for three weeks.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance of postnatally stress-sensitized albino rats following chronic emotional stress in adulthood]. Male albino rats were used to study the effect of electrical stimulation in the postnatal phase (day 1--15) leading to short-time convulsions and cyanosis lasting about 10 min in 5-month-old animals upon the development of glycemic dysregulation induced by emotional stress. The studies involving i.p. glucose administration show that a 3-week stress influence on postnatally stimulated animals caused heavier changes of glycemic regulation than with non-pretreated animals. These results suggest a stress sensitization occurring in the postnatal phase and are discussed in connection with the \"stress-sensitive risk personality\" by R. BAUMANN. Further studies have shown that the postnatal stress sensitiveness is reversible and cannot only be compensated by a rest period of several weeks but may even cause stress resistance on renewed stressing for three weeks.", "PMID": 1035020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6926", "title": "[The role of uncertainty in the conditioned-reflex learning behavior for selected cardiovascular functions].", "content": "As a contribution to quantitative analysis of exogenous stress action, the role of probability learning (probability stress, probability affirmation) for selected cardio-vascular functions was studied in 25 albino rats and 8 dogs. It has been shown in the rats learning with probability stress that a dependence exists between stress probability, on the one hand, and conditional-reflectory processes and systolic blood pressure rise, on the other, that is, the pathogenic action of probability stress increases from a probability of p = 1.0 to p = 0.5. An analogous picture was found with the probability affirmation being applied in dogs. While a probability affirmation with p = 1.0 promoted adaptational processes, a value of p = 0.5 led to experimental neurosis, tachycardia and ECG alterations. The results obtained are discussed in context with the information entropy and information theory of emotions.", "contents": "[The role of uncertainty in the conditioned-reflex learning behavior for selected cardiovascular functions]. As a contribution to quantitative analysis of exogenous stress action, the role of probability learning (probability stress, probability affirmation) for selected cardio-vascular functions was studied in 25 albino rats and 8 dogs. It has been shown in the rats learning with probability stress that a dependence exists between stress probability, on the one hand, and conditional-reflectory processes and systolic blood pressure rise, on the other, that is, the pathogenic action of probability stress increases from a probability of p = 1.0 to p = 0.5. An analogous picture was found with the probability affirmation being applied in dogs. While a probability affirmation with p = 1.0 promoted adaptational processes, a value of p = 0.5 led to experimental neurosis, tachycardia and ECG alterations. The results obtained are discussed in context with the information entropy and information theory of emotions.", "PMID": 1035021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6927", "title": "Variations in the spontaneous activity of the uterine muscle in vitro and in situ and its response to oxytocin.", "content": "A study is made of the contractile and bioelectrical activities of the uterine muscle of guinea-pig in vitro and of rabbit in vitro and in situ, as well as their Oxytocin-induced changes upon different balance of the ovarial hormones. In rabbits in situ the uterine muscle contractions are longer and are recorded with a slower rhythm than in vitro. Both in situ and in vitro the sensitivity of the myometrium to Oxytocin is lower upon domination of progesteron and higher upon domination of oestrogen. In guinea pigs the myometrium is least sensitive to Oxytocin in the juvenile animals as compared with the sexually mature ones. The sensitivity of the guinea-pig myometrium to oxytocin in the various phases of the oestral cycle is weakest during dioestrus and strongest during oestrus.", "contents": "Variations in the spontaneous activity of the uterine muscle in vitro and in situ and its response to oxytocin. A study is made of the contractile and bioelectrical activities of the uterine muscle of guinea-pig in vitro and of rabbit in vitro and in situ, as well as their Oxytocin-induced changes upon different balance of the ovarial hormones. In rabbits in situ the uterine muscle contractions are longer and are recorded with a slower rhythm than in vitro. Both in situ and in vitro the sensitivity of the myometrium to Oxytocin is lower upon domination of progesteron and higher upon domination of oestrogen. In guinea pigs the myometrium is least sensitive to Oxytocin in the juvenile animals as compared with the sexually mature ones. The sensitivity of the guinea-pig myometrium to oxytocin in the various phases of the oestral cycle is weakest during dioestrus and strongest during oestrus.", "PMID": 1035028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6928", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of certain mechanisms of morphine addiction.", "content": "The effects of L-Dopa, Methysergid, Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and LSD on the development of morphine dependence and the abstience syndrome after its withdrawal, were tested in experiments on 200 male Wistar albino rats. L-Dopa had no efect on the development of physical morphine dependence, while Methysergid prevented its development. Applied in rats during the abstinence syndrome, LSD intensified their aggressivity with no influence on the analgesic effect of morphine. Diphenhydramine reduced the aggressiveness of the rats during the abstinence syndrome. Biochemical tests show that in morphine-tolerant rats there was an increase in the content of brain serotonin, less of dopamine and no changes in noradrenaline. The significance of the brain levels of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline for the development of physical morphine-dependence is discussed. It is pointed out that serotonin and dopamine play an important role both for the origin of the physical morphine dependence, and in the abstinence syndrome after its withdrawal.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of certain mechanisms of morphine addiction. The effects of L-Dopa, Methysergid, Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and LSD on the development of morphine dependence and the abstience syndrome after its withdrawal, were tested in experiments on 200 male Wistar albino rats. L-Dopa had no efect on the development of physical morphine dependence, while Methysergid prevented its development. Applied in rats during the abstinence syndrome, LSD intensified their aggressivity with no influence on the analgesic effect of morphine. Diphenhydramine reduced the aggressiveness of the rats during the abstinence syndrome. Biochemical tests show that in morphine-tolerant rats there was an increase in the content of brain serotonin, less of dopamine and no changes in noradrenaline. The significance of the brain levels of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline for the development of physical morphine-dependence is discussed. It is pointed out that serotonin and dopamine play an important role both for the origin of the physical morphine dependence, and in the abstinence syndrome after its withdrawal.", "PMID": 1035029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6929", "title": "Experimental and theoretical analysis of oxygen transport in fetal brain.", "content": "Based on the results obtained in this study and the results of others it seems safe to conclude the following: 1) Fetal brain PO2 values are considerably lower than those found in adult brain. 2) Administration of 100% oxygen to the mother can (but not always) significantly raise the PO2 at a specific point in the fetal cortex. 3) The response of fetal brain PO2 to changes in maternal arterial PO2 is delayed by a finite quantity of time of the order of magnitude of 38 seconds. 4) The time required for the fetal brain PO2 to reach a minimum following a decrease in the PO2 of maternal arterial blood coincides closely with the time required for the maternal arterial PO2 to reach its minimum plus the pure transport delay time (38 seconds). 5) The fetus has available a control mechanism which acts to compensate for periods of reduced PO2 in the microenvironment of the fetal cortex.", "contents": "Experimental and theoretical analysis of oxygen transport in fetal brain. Based on the results obtained in this study and the results of others it seems safe to conclude the following: 1) Fetal brain PO2 values are considerably lower than those found in adult brain. 2) Administration of 100% oxygen to the mother can (but not always) significantly raise the PO2 at a specific point in the fetal cortex. 3) The response of fetal brain PO2 to changes in maternal arterial PO2 is delayed by a finite quantity of time of the order of magnitude of 38 seconds. 4) The time required for the fetal brain PO2 to reach a minimum following a decrease in the PO2 of maternal arterial blood coincides closely with the time required for the maternal arterial PO2 to reach its minimum plus the pure transport delay time (38 seconds). 5) The fetus has available a control mechanism which acts to compensate for periods of reduced PO2 in the microenvironment of the fetal cortex.", "PMID": 1035035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6930", "title": "Compositional data on some Persian bezoars.", "content": "Fourteen Bezoars from Persia, used in past times and even to-day as a medicine or as a health-preserving precious tone, are examined. Among the concretions ellagic acid prevails. Some are bile pigmented or calcite stones. Other bezoars are mineral substances or artifacts.", "contents": "Compositional data on some Persian bezoars. Fourteen Bezoars from Persia, used in past times and even to-day as a medicine or as a health-preserving precious tone, are examined. Among the concretions ellagic acid prevails. Some are bile pigmented or calcite stones. Other bezoars are mineral substances or artifacts.", "PMID": 1035061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6931", "title": "The rapid onset of inhibition of antibody-forming cell proliferation upon an increase in density of cellular suspensions cultured in vitro.", "content": "It was shown previously that the development of primary immune response in vitro in the Mishell-Dutton system was strongly inhibited by increased cell densities (Gurvich et al., Immunology 1975. 28: 271). In the present work, the rate of onset of this inhibition was studied in C57BL/6 mouse spleen cell suspensions during the phase of exponential increase of antibody-forming cells (AFC) after 3 days' cultivation in vitro with the antigen. It has been shown that the increase in AFC number is very soon inhibited following an increase in the cellular density, the inhibition already being evident within 2 or 4 h. Parallel reduction in incorporation of radioactive precursors in DNA and especially RNA is observed, whereas inhibition of protein synthesis was delayed.", "contents": "The rapid onset of inhibition of antibody-forming cell proliferation upon an increase in density of cellular suspensions cultured in vitro. It was shown previously that the development of primary immune response in vitro in the Mishell-Dutton system was strongly inhibited by increased cell densities (Gurvich et al., Immunology 1975. 28: 271). In the present work, the rate of onset of this inhibition was studied in C57BL/6 mouse spleen cell suspensions during the phase of exponential increase of antibody-forming cells (AFC) after 3 days' cultivation in vitro with the antigen. It has been shown that the increase in AFC number is very soon inhibited following an increase in the cellular density, the inhibition already being evident within 2 or 4 h. Parallel reduction in incorporation of radioactive precursors in DNA and especially RNA is observed, whereas inhibition of protein synthesis was delayed.", "PMID": 1035064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6932", "title": "Retinal detachment secondary to branch vein occlusion: Part I.", "content": "Eight patients with retinal detachment secondary to branch vein occlusion were studied. Retinal detachment secondary to branch vein occlusion occurs when the vein occlusion is severe and there is marked capillary nonperfusion and leakage. The detachment is limited to the area of the occluded vein and does not extend beyond the equator. Usually the detachment is shallow; however, it can be bullous as demonstrated in 3 of our patients. Fluorescein angiography revealed the typical findings associated with branch vein occlusion, in addition to late pooling of the dye into the fluid in the subretinal space. In each of the 6 cases treated by laser photocoagulation, reattachment of the retina occurred. The disease is discussed from the standpoint of ocular findings, fluorescein angiography, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, course, treatment, and prognosis.", "contents": "Retinal detachment secondary to branch vein occlusion: Part I. Eight patients with retinal detachment secondary to branch vein occlusion were studied. Retinal detachment secondary to branch vein occlusion occurs when the vein occlusion is severe and there is marked capillary nonperfusion and leakage. The detachment is limited to the area of the occluded vein and does not extend beyond the equator. Usually the detachment is shallow; however, it can be bullous as demonstrated in 3 of our patients. Fluorescein angiography revealed the typical findings associated with branch vein occlusion, in addition to late pooling of the dye into the fluid in the subretinal space. In each of the 6 cases treated by laser photocoagulation, reattachment of the retina occurred. The disease is discussed from the standpoint of ocular findings, fluorescein angiography, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, course, treatment, and prognosis.", "PMID": 1035068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6933", "title": "The possibility of a flaw underlying Weinberg's differential rule.", "content": "There seems rather good evidence that there is a flaw underlying Weinberg's Differential Rule, and that among DZ twin pairs, there are perhaps eight same-sexed pairs to every seven opposite-sexed pairs.", "contents": "The possibility of a flaw underlying Weinberg's differential rule. There seems rather good evidence that there is a flaw underlying Weinberg's Differential Rule, and that among DZ twin pairs, there are perhaps eight same-sexed pairs to every seven opposite-sexed pairs.", "PMID": 1035073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6934", "title": "Paternal age, stillbirths and mutation.", "content": "Previous suggestions that accumulation of mutations in the germ line of ageing fathers causes an increased stillbirth rate were based on analyses of data which were heterogeneous for social variables whose effects were confounded with possible paternal age effects. This study was confined to the analysis of stillbirth rates of groups of women selected to be homogeneous for education, previous pregnancy outcomes, age, race and marital status. It is concluded that stillbirth rates do not increase with father's age independently of maternal variables. Neither accumulation of mutations in the paternal germ line nor other biological change associated with father's age can be inferred to cause an increase in risk of stillbirth with increasing paternal age.", "contents": "Paternal age, stillbirths and mutation. Previous suggestions that accumulation of mutations in the germ line of ageing fathers causes an increased stillbirth rate were based on analyses of data which were heterogeneous for social variables whose effects were confounded with possible paternal age effects. This study was confined to the analysis of stillbirth rates of groups of women selected to be homogeneous for education, previous pregnancy outcomes, age, race and marital status. It is concluded that stillbirth rates do not increase with father's age independently of maternal variables. Neither accumulation of mutations in the paternal germ line nor other biological change associated with father's age can be inferred to cause an increase in risk of stillbirth with increasing paternal age.", "PMID": 1035074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6935", "title": "Variety of 2,4-D metabolic pathways in plants; its significance in developing analytical methods for herbicides residues.", "content": "2,4-D in plants very rapidly undergoes various transformations and its predominant metabolic pathways and rates vary with different plant species. In bean and soybean plants major 2,4-D metabolites are 4-O-beta-D-glucosides of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dichloro- and 4-hydroxy-2,3-dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acids; in addition, considerable amounts of N-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl)-L-aspartic and N-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl)-L-glutamic acids are accumulating in them. Among 2,4-D metabolites in cereals there prevailed 1-O-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucose while the glycoside of 2,4-dichlorophenol prevailed in strawberry plants.", "contents": "Variety of 2,4-D metabolic pathways in plants; its significance in developing analytical methods for herbicides residues. 2,4-D in plants very rapidly undergoes various transformations and its predominant metabolic pathways and rates vary with different plant species. In bean and soybean plants major 2,4-D metabolites are 4-O-beta-D-glucosides of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dichloro- and 4-hydroxy-2,3-dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acids; in addition, considerable amounts of N-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl)-L-aspartic and N-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl)-L-glutamic acids are accumulating in them. Among 2,4-D metabolites in cereals there prevailed 1-O-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucose while the glycoside of 2,4-dichlorophenol prevailed in strawberry plants.", "PMID": 1035079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6936", "title": "[Role of central catecholamines in the psychostimulant activity of pyrovalerone].", "content": "A comparative study of the effects of alpha methylparatyrosine (alpha MPT) and/or reserpine pretreatments on mice motorhyperactivity and rat stereotyped behaviour induced by pyrovalerone and amphetamine suggests a different mechanism for these two substances. Both behavioral effects were abolished by alpha MPT but not altered by reserpine in the case of amphetamine which presumably acts through a selective release of \"newly synthesized\" catecholamines from a \"functional\" pool. In contrast to this, pyrovalerone would increase spontaneous motor activity through a preferential release of norepinephrine from a \"storage\" pool since motorhyperactivity was not altered by alpha MPT especially during the first phase, whereas it was abolished by reserpine. Stereotyped behaviour induced by pyrovalerone, was still present after pretreatment with alpha MPT or reserpine; these data suggest an action through a release of both \"newly synthesized\" and \"stored\" dopamine. On the other hand, a direct action on dopamine receptors might be involved after high doses of pyrovalerone and amphetamine since stereotyped behaviour was found to be present after a combined pretreatment with alpha MPT + reserpine.", "contents": "[Role of central catecholamines in the psychostimulant activity of pyrovalerone]. A comparative study of the effects of alpha methylparatyrosine (alpha MPT) and/or reserpine pretreatments on mice motorhyperactivity and rat stereotyped behaviour induced by pyrovalerone and amphetamine suggests a different mechanism for these two substances. Both behavioral effects were abolished by alpha MPT but not altered by reserpine in the case of amphetamine which presumably acts through a selective release of \"newly synthesized\" catecholamines from a \"functional\" pool. In contrast to this, pyrovalerone would increase spontaneous motor activity through a preferential release of norepinephrine from a \"storage\" pool since motorhyperactivity was not altered by alpha MPT especially during the first phase, whereas it was abolished by reserpine. Stereotyped behaviour induced by pyrovalerone, was still present after pretreatment with alpha MPT or reserpine; these data suggest an action through a release of both \"newly synthesized\" and \"stored\" dopamine. On the other hand, a direct action on dopamine receptors might be involved after high doses of pyrovalerone and amphetamine since stereotyped behaviour was found to be present after a combined pretreatment with alpha MPT + reserpine.", "PMID": 1035081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6937", "title": "[The \"mycoplasma pneumoniae\" in pathological respiratory processes. Serological disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA. present the results obtained determining by the F.C. test the antibodies for respiraotry viruses and for Mycoplasma pneumoniae over 1112 patients, of which 742 affected with pathological respiratory processes, during the period 1971-1975. 104 patient have shown a significant correlation between respiratory disease and antibody movement for M. pneumoniae. They have been classified according to their clinical-radiological properties as follows: 38 affected with pneumonia; 37 affected with pleuritis; 29 affected with tracheobronchitis. Particularly interesting is the range of occurrence of the disease: we have noticed a high incidence in the period 1971-1972, followed by an almost complete disappearance of pathological instances in the period 1973-first semester of 1975, and signs of a new recrudescence in the second semester of 1975. These data have been confirmed also by investigations carried out among healthy people. It has also to be pointed out the possibility of family's epidemicity, and the AA. report two epidemic cases under personal observation.", "contents": "[The \"mycoplasma pneumoniae\" in pathological respiratory processes. Serological disease (author's transl)]. The AA. present the results obtained determining by the F.C. test the antibodies for respiraotry viruses and for Mycoplasma pneumoniae over 1112 patients, of which 742 affected with pathological respiratory processes, during the period 1971-1975. 104 patient have shown a significant correlation between respiratory disease and antibody movement for M. pneumoniae. They have been classified according to their clinical-radiological properties as follows: 38 affected with pneumonia; 37 affected with pleuritis; 29 affected with tracheobronchitis. Particularly interesting is the range of occurrence of the disease: we have noticed a high incidence in the period 1971-1972, followed by an almost complete disappearance of pathological instances in the period 1973-first semester of 1975, and signs of a new recrudescence in the second semester of 1975. These data have been confirmed also by investigations carried out among healthy people. It has also to be pointed out the possibility of family's epidemicity, and the AA. report two epidemic cases under personal observation.", "PMID": 1035080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6938", "title": "A note on the kinetics of uptake of D-glucose by the food yeast, Candida utilis.", "content": "Unlike other yeasts so far investigated, the D-glucose carrier of Candida utilis (strain NCYC 737) appears to change affinity for D-glucose according to its exogenous concentration. When the concentration of D-glucose was less than 0.4 mM, the apparent Km approximately 0.2 mM; at greater than 0.4 mM, the Km approximately 10 mM.", "contents": "A note on the kinetics of uptake of D-glucose by the food yeast, Candida utilis. Unlike other yeasts so far investigated, the D-glucose carrier of Candida utilis (strain NCYC 737) appears to change affinity for D-glucose according to its exogenous concentration. When the concentration of D-glucose was less than 0.4 mM, the apparent Km approximately 0.2 mM; at greater than 0.4 mM, the Km approximately 10 mM.", "PMID": 1035088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6939", "title": "[Relationship between the limbic system and gonadal function. Quantifiable morphokinesis of the medial amygdaloid nucleus with reference to the estrous cycle].", "content": "Karyovolumetric investigation showed that in rat the neurons of the limbic system which are associated with the Pars caudalis of the nucleus amygdaloideus medialis followed a morphokineses which was quantifiable in relation to the oestral cycle. The cell nuclei differed significantly in volume between cycle phases, which was interpreted as morphological correlation between variations in neuronal activity of metabolism. It was thought to be another point in support of the relationship between the amygdala and central-nervous structures of the cerebro-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "contents": "[Relationship between the limbic system and gonadal function. Quantifiable morphokinesis of the medial amygdaloid nucleus with reference to the estrous cycle]. Karyovolumetric investigation showed that in rat the neurons of the limbic system which are associated with the Pars caudalis of the nucleus amygdaloideus medialis followed a morphokineses which was quantifiable in relation to the oestral cycle. The cell nuclei differed significantly in volume between cycle phases, which was interpreted as morphological correlation between variations in neuronal activity of metabolism. It was thought to be another point in support of the relationship between the amygdala and central-nervous structures of the cerebro-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "PMID": 1035089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6940", "title": "Synthesis and biological properties of derivatives of 3-methyl-5-aminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid.", "content": "The reaction of 3-methyl-5-aminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid with the chlorides of chloroacetaic acid and chloropropionic acid gave 3-methyl-5-chloroacetyl- and 5-chloropropionylisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acids, which upon heating in anhydrous ethanol with aliphatic and aromatic amines gave the respective 5-aminoacetyl and amino-propionyl derivatives of these acids. Iodoacetyloaminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid in reaction with ammonia was converted in 3-methylo-5-aminoacetylo-aminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid, which upon heating in toluene with isocyanates and isothiocyanates gave the respective derivatives of urea and thiourea. Some of the synthesized compounds showed psychotropic and cytostatic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological properties of derivatives of 3-methyl-5-aminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid. The reaction of 3-methyl-5-aminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid with the chlorides of chloroacetaic acid and chloropropionic acid gave 3-methyl-5-chloroacetyl- and 5-chloropropionylisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acids, which upon heating in anhydrous ethanol with aliphatic and aromatic amines gave the respective 5-aminoacetyl and amino-propionyl derivatives of these acids. Iodoacetyloaminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid in reaction with ammonia was converted in 3-methylo-5-aminoacetylo-aminoisothiazolo-4-carboxylic acid, which upon heating in toluene with isocyanates and isothiocyanates gave the respective derivatives of urea and thiourea. Some of the synthesized compounds showed psychotropic and cytostatic activity.", "PMID": 1035090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6941", "title": "[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration].", "content": "Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.", "contents": "[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration]. Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.", "PMID": 1035091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6942", "title": "[The substitution of protein feed by lysine supplemented protein-rich wheat during the raising and laying periods of hens. 7. Report. Determination of the true digestibility of amino acids with and without lysine supplement in the feed].", "content": "In the present paper regression techniques were used for determing the true digestibility of amino acids from lysine-supplemented rations fed to laying hens as compared with unsupplemented rations of the same composition. 5 groups of 4 hens each were investigated receiving graded amounts of food and nutrients. The daily amounts of pellets fed per bird in group 1 to 5 were 120 gms, 100 gms, 80 gms, 60 gms and 40 gms. The quantity of lysine contained in 100 gms of the pellets was 664 mg in ration 1 and 554 mg in ration 2, the corresponding N values being 2.57 gm and 2.62 mg. The total amount of endogenic amino acids excreted per day was 128 mg per kg of body weight in birds receiving the lysine-supplemented ration and 132 mg per kg of body weight for the lysine-deficient ration. Data for the true digestibility of lysine and isoleucine were significantly higher in the case of the lysine-supplemented ration than with the lysine-deficient mixture. Lysine values were 86% and 75%, the corresponding lysine data in crude faecal proteins 4.8% and 7.1%. Generally speaking, the crude faecal protein of hens fed the lysine-deficient diet contained higher proportions of most of the essential and non-essential amino acids.", "contents": "[The substitution of protein feed by lysine supplemented protein-rich wheat during the raising and laying periods of hens. 7. Report. Determination of the true digestibility of amino acids with and without lysine supplement in the feed]. In the present paper regression techniques were used for determing the true digestibility of amino acids from lysine-supplemented rations fed to laying hens as compared with unsupplemented rations of the same composition. 5 groups of 4 hens each were investigated receiving graded amounts of food and nutrients. The daily amounts of pellets fed per bird in group 1 to 5 were 120 gms, 100 gms, 80 gms, 60 gms and 40 gms. The quantity of lysine contained in 100 gms of the pellets was 664 mg in ration 1 and 554 mg in ration 2, the corresponding N values being 2.57 gm and 2.62 mg. The total amount of endogenic amino acids excreted per day was 128 mg per kg of body weight in birds receiving the lysine-supplemented ration and 132 mg per kg of body weight for the lysine-deficient ration. Data for the true digestibility of lysine and isoleucine were significantly higher in the case of the lysine-supplemented ration than with the lysine-deficient mixture. Lysine values were 86% and 75%, the corresponding lysine data in crude faecal proteins 4.8% and 7.1%. Generally speaking, the crude faecal protein of hens fed the lysine-deficient diet contained higher proportions of most of the essential and non-essential amino acids.", "PMID": 1035092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6943", "title": "[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 3. Report. Use of liquid substitute feed on the basis of skim milk, fish meal and wheat under production conditions].", "content": "A trial was performed in which 273 piglets received a liquid milk diet between the 12th and 30th day of age. This was compared with a liquid experimental diet, in which 60% of the milk was replaced by fish meal and wheat. Both diets were given as sole feed under practical feeding conditions. The experimental diet produced a weight increase of 81,9% relative to that of the milk diet; milk consumption was 53.7% the required amount of dry matter 117.4%, milk consumption per kg of weight gain 61.5% and expenditure on feed per kg of weight gain 78%. The general growth development of the piglets was quite good irrespective of the different rates of weight increase. The weight gains after 30 days were 6.6 kg+/-1.5 kg for the experimental diet and 7.0 kg+/-1.2 kg for the milk diet. Losses among the piglets amounted to 0.7% and 2.9%. On the basis of the results of the present trial and of previous experiments the authors believe that under practical conditions of feeding 50% of the milk contained in a liquid milk diet fed to piglets that are 12 to 30 days of age could be replaced by wheat and fish meal.", "contents": "[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 3. Report. Use of liquid substitute feed on the basis of skim milk, fish meal and wheat under production conditions]. A trial was performed in which 273 piglets received a liquid milk diet between the 12th and 30th day of age. This was compared with a liquid experimental diet, in which 60% of the milk was replaced by fish meal and wheat. Both diets were given as sole feed under practical feeding conditions. The experimental diet produced a weight increase of 81,9% relative to that of the milk diet; milk consumption was 53.7% the required amount of dry matter 117.4%, milk consumption per kg of weight gain 61.5% and expenditure on feed per kg of weight gain 78%. The general growth development of the piglets was quite good irrespective of the different rates of weight increase. The weight gains after 30 days were 6.6 kg+/-1.5 kg for the experimental diet and 7.0 kg+/-1.2 kg for the milk diet. Losses among the piglets amounted to 0.7% and 2.9%. On the basis of the results of the present trial and of previous experiments the authors believe that under practical conditions of feeding 50% of the milk contained in a liquid milk diet fed to piglets that are 12 to 30 days of age could be replaced by wheat and fish meal.", "PMID": 1035093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6944", "title": "Growth, purification and characterization of Semliki Forest virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell suspensions.", "content": "The growth of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) in suspension cultures of Ehrlich Ascites (EA) cells and its purification is described. Large volumes of virus material were concentrated by filtration with DIAFLO XM-300 membrane and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. A combination of protamine sulfate treatment, centrifugation of the virus onto a 50 per cent sucrose cushion, and sedimentation through a 5--30 per cent sucrose density gradient was employed. The purified virus particles were homogeneous as revealed by electron microscopy, by moving boundary electrophoresis, and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Virus suspensions containing 1 mg/ml of protein had a hemagglutinin titer of 1:12,000 when measured with 0.25 per cent goose red blood cells.", "contents": "Growth, purification and characterization of Semliki Forest virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cell suspensions. The growth of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) in suspension cultures of Ehrlich Ascites (EA) cells and its purification is described. Large volumes of virus material were concentrated by filtration with DIAFLO XM-300 membrane and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. A combination of protamine sulfate treatment, centrifugation of the virus onto a 50 per cent sucrose cushion, and sedimentation through a 5--30 per cent sucrose density gradient was employed. The purified virus particles were homogeneous as revealed by electron microscopy, by moving boundary electrophoresis, and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Virus suspensions containing 1 mg/ml of protein had a hemagglutinin titer of 1:12,000 when measured with 0.25 per cent goose red blood cells.", "PMID": 1035094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6945", "title": "The role of the Tasmanian devil in the epizootiology of ovine cysticercosis and echinococcosis.", "content": "Tasmanian devils were fed infective cystic material of Taenia ovis, T. hydatigena and Echinococcus granulosus and later killed and examined for adult tapeworms. No infections with T. ovis were found after feeding 23 cysts to 8 devils. T. hydatigena were recovered from 5 to 41 devils and 10 worms established after feeding 417 cysticerci. No E. granulosus were recovered from any of 3 devils. Specimens of T. hydatigena appeared to develop as well in devils as in dogs. From these and previous results devils could be successful hosts to T. hydatigena and T. ovis. A survey of 320 devils failed to detect any natural infections with any of these 3 species.", "contents": "The role of the Tasmanian devil in the epizootiology of ovine cysticercosis and echinococcosis. Tasmanian devils were fed infective cystic material of Taenia ovis, T. hydatigena and Echinococcus granulosus and later killed and examined for adult tapeworms. No infections with T. ovis were found after feeding 23 cysts to 8 devils. T. hydatigena were recovered from 5 to 41 devils and 10 worms established after feeding 417 cysticerci. No E. granulosus were recovered from any of 3 devils. Specimens of T. hydatigena appeared to develop as well in devils as in dogs. From these and previous results devils could be successful hosts to T. hydatigena and T. ovis. A survey of 320 devils failed to detect any natural infections with any of these 3 species.", "PMID": 1035096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6946", "title": "Purification and some properties of a medium-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase from lactating-rabbit mammary gland which terminates chain elongation in fatty acid synthesis.", "content": "1. An acyl-thioester hydrolase was isolated from the cytosol of lactating-rabbit mammary gland. The purified enzyme terminates fatty acid synthesis at medium-chain (C8:0-C12:0) acids when it is incubated with fatty acid synthetase and rate-limiting concentrations of malonyl-CoA. These acids are characteristic products of the lactating gland. 2. The mol.wt. of the enzyme is 29000+/-500 (mean+/-S.D. of three independent preparations), as estimated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. The enzyme also hydrolyses acyl-CoA esters of chain lengths C10:0-C16:0 when these are used as model substrates. The greatest activity was towards dodecanoyl-CoA, and the three preparations had specific activities of 305, 1130 and 2010 nmol of dodecanoyl-CoA hydrolysed/min per mg of protein when 56muM substrate was used. 4. The way in which this enzyme controls the synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids by fatty acid synthetase is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of a medium-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase from lactating-rabbit mammary gland which terminates chain elongation in fatty acid synthesis. 1. An acyl-thioester hydrolase was isolated from the cytosol of lactating-rabbit mammary gland. The purified enzyme terminates fatty acid synthesis at medium-chain (C8:0-C12:0) acids when it is incubated with fatty acid synthetase and rate-limiting concentrations of malonyl-CoA. These acids are characteristic products of the lactating gland. 2. The mol.wt. of the enzyme is 29000+/-500 (mean+/-S.D. of three independent preparations), as estimated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. The enzyme also hydrolyses acyl-CoA esters of chain lengths C10:0-C16:0 when these are used as model substrates. The greatest activity was towards dodecanoyl-CoA, and the three preparations had specific activities of 305, 1130 and 2010 nmol of dodecanoyl-CoA hydrolysed/min per mg of protein when 56muM substrate was used. 4. The way in which this enzyme controls the synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids by fatty acid synthetase is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1035109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6947", "title": "Administration of peripheral-blood rat-lymphocytes stimulated \"in vitro\" with human lymphokines and spleen colonies in the total body irradiated rat.", "content": "It was previously reported that PHA-incubation of a pool of peripheral-blood lymphocytes before their i.v. injection into rats submitted to total body irradiation, stimulates spleen colony formation and growth. On the same model, the present study has investigated the effect of lymphocyte preincubation with supernates obtained in short term cultures from human lymphocytes prestimulated with PHA (lymphokines). The \"in vitro\" culture of rat lymphocytes in a medium supplemented with human lymphokines showed either a marked increase of lymphocyte survival rate, or significant stimulation of lymphocyte blastogenesis, but at an extent much lower than that caused by PHA, also because in this particular experiment the culture medium was supplemented with too little amount of lymphokines. These data support the interpretation that human lymphokines may act across the species barriers. Peripheral-blood rat lymphocytes prestimulated with human lymphokines, and then injected i.v. into rats previously submitted to total body irradiation, caused significant increase in the spleen weight, as well as formation of spleen colonies quite larger and with higher erythroid differentiation - though less numerous than in the controls (i.e., in the rats injected just with untreated lymphocytes). This behaviour may be due to the tendency to merge together of two or more colonies in a single giant colony, and supports the interpretation that immune-competent lymphocytes activated either with PHA or with lymphokines may stimulate spleen colony growth and erythroid differentiation, though at different extents.", "contents": "Administration of peripheral-blood rat-lymphocytes stimulated \"in vitro\" with human lymphokines and spleen colonies in the total body irradiated rat. It was previously reported that PHA-incubation of a pool of peripheral-blood lymphocytes before their i.v. injection into rats submitted to total body irradiation, stimulates spleen colony formation and growth. On the same model, the present study has investigated the effect of lymphocyte preincubation with supernates obtained in short term cultures from human lymphocytes prestimulated with PHA (lymphokines). The \"in vitro\" culture of rat lymphocytes in a medium supplemented with human lymphokines showed either a marked increase of lymphocyte survival rate, or significant stimulation of lymphocyte blastogenesis, but at an extent much lower than that caused by PHA, also because in this particular experiment the culture medium was supplemented with too little amount of lymphokines. These data support the interpretation that human lymphokines may act across the species barriers. Peripheral-blood rat lymphocytes prestimulated with human lymphokines, and then injected i.v. into rats previously submitted to total body irradiation, caused significant increase in the spleen weight, as well as formation of spleen colonies quite larger and with higher erythroid differentiation - though less numerous than in the controls (i.e., in the rats injected just with untreated lymphocytes). This behaviour may be due to the tendency to merge together of two or more colonies in a single giant colony, and supports the interpretation that immune-competent lymphocytes activated either with PHA or with lymphokines may stimulate spleen colony growth and erythroid differentiation, though at different extents.", "PMID": 1035111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6948", "title": "Effect of halothane and diethyl ether on the circulatory response to carbon dioxide in the isolated perfused cat lung.", "content": "Constant flow perfusion of the pulmonary circulation was established in isolated cat lungs. These were ventilated with 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen in order to maintain a near-normal carbon dioxide tension and acid-base status in the perfusing blood. The alteration of pulmonary vascular resistance in response to a change in inspired carbon dioxide concentration from 5% to 10% was investigated before, during and after the administration of 1% halothane (in 16 perfusions) or 5% diethyl ether (in 8 perfusions). An increase of inspired carbon dioxide concentration caused a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, but the magnitude of the increase was diminished during the administration of both anaesthetic agents. The response increased again after the anaesthetics were withdrawn. The administration of halothane during ventilation with 5% carbon dioxide caused a significant reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance whilst diethyl ether resulted in a significant increase in this measurement. It is suggested that inhalation anaesthetic agents may increase ventilation/perfusion mismatching by altering the normal vasoconstrictor response to increased alveolar PCO2;", "contents": "Effect of halothane and diethyl ether on the circulatory response to carbon dioxide in the isolated perfused cat lung. Constant flow perfusion of the pulmonary circulation was established in isolated cat lungs. These were ventilated with 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen in order to maintain a near-normal carbon dioxide tension and acid-base status in the perfusing blood. The alteration of pulmonary vascular resistance in response to a change in inspired carbon dioxide concentration from 5% to 10% was investigated before, during and after the administration of 1% halothane (in 16 perfusions) or 5% diethyl ether (in 8 perfusions). An increase of inspired carbon dioxide concentration caused a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, but the magnitude of the increase was diminished during the administration of both anaesthetic agents. The response increased again after the anaesthetics were withdrawn. The administration of halothane during ventilation with 5% carbon dioxide caused a significant reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance whilst diethyl ether resulted in a significant increase in this measurement. It is suggested that inhalation anaesthetic agents may increase ventilation/perfusion mismatching by altering the normal vasoconstrictor response to increased alveolar PCO2;", "PMID": 1035112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6949", "title": "The effect of narcotic and narcotic-antagonist drugs in the newborn rabbit.", "content": "The newborn rabbit responds to acute anoxia, as a result of breathing nitrogen, with successive periods of dyspnoea, primary apnoea, gasping and terminal apnoea. Pethidine caused an increase in the period of primary apnoea and a decrease in the duration and rate of gasping. When nalorphine was combined with pethidine the period of primary apnoea was still increased although the duration and number of gasps were restored to control values. Naloxone, in contrast, acted as a mild respiratory stimulant, shown as a longer phase of dyspnoea. Also it completely abolished the respiratory depression produced by pethidine. Naloxone may be preferable to nalorphine as a drug to reverse the effects of pethidine immediately after birth.", "contents": "The effect of narcotic and narcotic-antagonist drugs in the newborn rabbit. The newborn rabbit responds to acute anoxia, as a result of breathing nitrogen, with successive periods of dyspnoea, primary apnoea, gasping and terminal apnoea. Pethidine caused an increase in the period of primary apnoea and a decrease in the duration and rate of gasping. When nalorphine was combined with pethidine the period of primary apnoea was still increased although the duration and number of gasps were restored to control values. Naloxone, in contrast, acted as a mild respiratory stimulant, shown as a longer phase of dyspnoea. Also it completely abolished the respiratory depression produced by pethidine. Naloxone may be preferable to nalorphine as a drug to reverse the effects of pethidine immediately after birth.", "PMID": 1035113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6950", "title": "Kinetics of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by spin labeled acetylcholine analogs.", "content": "A series of spin labeled acetycholine analogs, in which the number of methylene groups between the quaternary nitrogen and the alcohol oxygen ranged between 1-5, have been examined as inhibitors of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Evidence is presented suggesting that inhibition of acetylocholinesterase by the spin labeled ACH analogs is due to the high affinity of these compounds for the enzyme, inhibition is competitive and reversible. It has been shown that complex formation is of major importance in the reaction between spin labeled ACH analogs and acetylcholinesterase. The acetylation step has been shown to occur by demonstrating that the leaving group is released as the reaction proceeds. Complex formation has been demonstrated by means of kinetic criteria. Kinetic parameter have been measured for the five compounds, and correlations with alkaline hydrolysis are disussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by spin labeled acetylcholine analogs. A series of spin labeled acetycholine analogs, in which the number of methylene groups between the quaternary nitrogen and the alcohol oxygen ranged between 1-5, have been examined as inhibitors of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Evidence is presented suggesting that inhibition of acetylocholinesterase by the spin labeled ACH analogs is due to the high affinity of these compounds for the enzyme, inhibition is competitive and reversible. It has been shown that complex formation is of major importance in the reaction between spin labeled ACH analogs and acetylcholinesterase. The acetylation step has been shown to occur by demonstrating that the leaving group is released as the reaction proceeds. Complex formation has been demonstrated by means of kinetic criteria. Kinetic parameter have been measured for the five compounds, and correlations with alkaline hydrolysis are disussed.", "PMID": 1035114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6951", "title": "[Atherosclerosis in rabbits induced by prolonged electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus].", "content": "The influence of prolonged electrical stimulation of rabbit hypothalamus on blood lipids and the development of atherosclerosis were studied. The negative emotional state observed during the electrical stimulation was accompanied by blood hyperlipemia and atherosclerosis development in 1/3 noncastrated and 2/3 castrated animals.", "contents": "[Atherosclerosis in rabbits induced by prolonged electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus]. The influence of prolonged electrical stimulation of rabbit hypothalamus on blood lipids and the development of atherosclerosis were studied. The negative emotional state observed during the electrical stimulation was accompanied by blood hyperlipemia and atherosclerosis development in 1/3 noncastrated and 2/3 castrated animals.", "PMID": 1035115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6952", "title": "[Effect of aflatoxin B1 in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "The direct and transplacental action of aflatoxin B1 was studied on organic cultures of the embryonic pulmonary tissue of mice of the A line, BD-IX rats and golden hamsters (Cricetus auratus W.). Its toxic action on the cultures and the absence of any blastomogenic effect was demonstrated. In experiments on mice the transplacental penetration of aflatoxin B1 led to an increase in the incidence of the breast tumours in the progeny.", "contents": "[Effect of aflatoxin B1 in vitro and in vivo]. The direct and transplacental action of aflatoxin B1 was studied on organic cultures of the embryonic pulmonary tissue of mice of the A line, BD-IX rats and golden hamsters (Cricetus auratus W.). Its toxic action on the cultures and the absence of any blastomogenic effect was demonstrated. In experiments on mice the transplacental penetration of aflatoxin B1 led to an increase in the incidence of the breast tumours in the progeny.", "PMID": 1035116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6953", "title": "[Duration of the mitotic cycle of Chinese hamster cells cultured at 30--39 degrees].", "content": "The duration of the mitotic cycle (T) at temperatures of 30, 33, 36 and 39 degrees C was studied in subline 237 of Chinese hamster cells with the aid of the radioautographic method. T was the least at 39 degrees C and increased with reduction of the cultivation temperature. At the temperature range of 33--39 degrees C prolongation of T and its periods was \"proportional\" to the temperature under study. The characteristic curve gradient of T dependence on the temperature showed a sharp change in the direction of greater figures with the temperature reduction from 33 to 30 degrees C. Analysis of the results of other studies on T duration of the human amniotic cells demonstrated that such sharp elevation of the duration of the mitotic cycle occurred with the change from 39 to 40--41 degrees C. The G1 period was the most and G2--THE LEAST Sensitive to changes of the cultivation temperature.", "contents": "[Duration of the mitotic cycle of Chinese hamster cells cultured at 30--39 degrees]. The duration of the mitotic cycle (T) at temperatures of 30, 33, 36 and 39 degrees C was studied in subline 237 of Chinese hamster cells with the aid of the radioautographic method. T was the least at 39 degrees C and increased with reduction of the cultivation temperature. At the temperature range of 33--39 degrees C prolongation of T and its periods was \"proportional\" to the temperature under study. The characteristic curve gradient of T dependence on the temperature showed a sharp change in the direction of greater figures with the temperature reduction from 33 to 30 degrees C. Analysis of the results of other studies on T duration of the human amniotic cells demonstrated that such sharp elevation of the duration of the mitotic cycle occurred with the change from 39 to 40--41 degrees C. The G1 period was the most and G2--THE LEAST Sensitive to changes of the cultivation temperature.", "PMID": 1035117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6954", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of compensatory renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy in mature and old rats].", "content": "One of the kidneys was removed in rats from 35 to 900 g in weight; they were then sacrificed 2, 14, 30 and 60 days after the operation. The degree of compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney varied greatly in rats of different age, without decreasing in old age, however. Sixty days after the operation the weight of the hypertrophic kidney in old rats was equal to 55--93% of the weight of both kidneys in control. Hypertrophy of the kidney at any age was accompanied by an increased proliferation of the tubular cells, particularly in their proximal portion. An increase in the size of renal bodies during kidney hypertrophy was characteristic of rats of any age. However, with the advance of age this process developed more rapidly and was stronger. At any periods of investigation the hypertrophic kidney in rats of any age contained a greater number (1 1/2--2 times more) of \"open\" renal bodies in comparison with the kidney of intact rats.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of compensatory renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy in mature and old rats]. One of the kidneys was removed in rats from 35 to 900 g in weight; they were then sacrificed 2, 14, 30 and 60 days after the operation. The degree of compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney varied greatly in rats of different age, without decreasing in old age, however. Sixty days after the operation the weight of the hypertrophic kidney in old rats was equal to 55--93% of the weight of both kidneys in control. Hypertrophy of the kidney at any age was accompanied by an increased proliferation of the tubular cells, particularly in their proximal portion. An increase in the size of renal bodies during kidney hypertrophy was characteristic of rats of any age. However, with the advance of age this process developed more rapidly and was stronger. At any periods of investigation the hypertrophic kidney in rats of any age contained a greater number (1 1/2--2 times more) of \"open\" renal bodies in comparison with the kidney of intact rats.", "PMID": 1035118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6955", "title": "[Irreversible character of the antimitotic effect of actinomycin D on the egg of Artemia, in the early stages of cleavage].", "content": "Inhibition of cleavage by actinomycine D is irreversible. Discussion of the results gives new arguments in favour of a protein synthesis during G2. Necessary for the initiation of the following cell division.", "contents": "[Irreversible character of the antimitotic effect of actinomycin D on the egg of Artemia, in the early stages of cleavage]. Inhibition of cleavage by actinomycine D is irreversible. Discussion of the results gives new arguments in favour of a protein synthesis during G2. Necessary for the initiation of the following cell division.", "PMID": 1035119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6956", "title": "[Effects of amniotic fluid on the development of neoplastic tissue in organotypic culture].", "content": "In previous researches, it has been observed that the human amniotic fluid presents in vitro an antineoplasic action. 75% of the examined amniotic fluids contain an anti HCG principle. In order to evaluate if the effect of amniotic fluid is due to this principle, cultures of tumoral tissue have been performed, with the Wolff and Wolff's method, using media containing either positive amniotic fluid or negative amniotic fluid. Results obtained with positive amniotic fluid have confirmed the previous observations. A complete degeneration of both tumoral tissue and mesonephros was observed when the culture medium was enriched with negative amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[Effects of amniotic fluid on the development of neoplastic tissue in organotypic culture]. In previous researches, it has been observed that the human amniotic fluid presents in vitro an antineoplasic action. 75% of the examined amniotic fluids contain an anti HCG principle. In order to evaluate if the effect of amniotic fluid is due to this principle, cultures of tumoral tissue have been performed, with the Wolff and Wolff's method, using media containing either positive amniotic fluid or negative amniotic fluid. Results obtained with positive amniotic fluid have confirmed the previous observations. A complete degeneration of both tumoral tissue and mesonephros was observed when the culture medium was enriched with negative amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 1035120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6957", "title": "Division of the external urethral sphincter in the neuropathic bladder: a twenty years' review.", "content": "It is now twenty years since the authors first performed division of the external sphincter region in the treatment of the neuropathic bladder. Although a ten year report was published in 1967, it was decided to review all the patients at the end of the twenty year period. The rationale of the operation in the upper motor neurone lesion has been confirmed by modern investigative techniques, while it appears from recent work that the success of the procedure in the lower motor neurone case is due to division of plain muscle which is subjected to excessive sympathetic stimulation. It is the authors' firm conviction that long term catheterization, whether permanent or intermittent is a confession of failure and can be avoided in the vast majority of patients. The operation has proved of permanent benefit especially with the regard to the elimination of residual urine. Further, hydronephrosis, and renal infection and failure, are also benefited in many cases. These factors are of great importance in a condition in which late morbidity and mortality has been usually due to renal causes.", "contents": "Division of the external urethral sphincter in the neuropathic bladder: a twenty years' review. It is now twenty years since the authors first performed division of the external sphincter region in the treatment of the neuropathic bladder. Although a ten year report was published in 1967, it was decided to review all the patients at the end of the twenty year period. The rationale of the operation in the upper motor neurone lesion has been confirmed by modern investigative techniques, while it appears from recent work that the success of the procedure in the lower motor neurone case is due to division of plain muscle which is subjected to excessive sympathetic stimulation. It is the authors' firm conviction that long term catheterization, whether permanent or intermittent is a confession of failure and can be avoided in the vast majority of patients. The operation has proved of permanent benefit especially with the regard to the elimination of residual urine. Further, hydronephrosis, and renal infection and failure, are also benefited in many cases. These factors are of great importance in a condition in which late morbidity and mortality has been usually due to renal causes.", "PMID": 1035121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6958", "title": "Anterior detrusor tube repair for urinary incontinence in children.", "content": "The technique, complications and results of an anterior detrusor tube repair for urinary incontinence in children is described. It appears that this procedure is appropriate only for selected cases of urinary incontinence but that it is an operation which should be within the paediatric urologist's repertoire. It is simple to perform, but care should be taken, by omental packing, to prevent a sharp posterior lip to the newly formed bladder neck.", "contents": "Anterior detrusor tube repair for urinary incontinence in children. The technique, complications and results of an anterior detrusor tube repair for urinary incontinence in children is described. It appears that this procedure is appropriate only for selected cases of urinary incontinence but that it is an operation which should be within the paediatric urologist's repertoire. It is simple to perform, but care should be taken, by omental packing, to prevent a sharp posterior lip to the newly formed bladder neck.", "PMID": 1035122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6959", "title": "Natural occurrence of an inhibitor of mammalian cell growth in human and mouse cells of normal and tumor origin.", "content": "N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine was found both as a component of tRNA and as the cytoplasmic mononucleotide in human leukemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts from peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. This hypermodified nucleotide was also found in the tRNA and as a mononucleotide in human (MRC-5 and KB) and mouse (A9, FLV, LM, and RAG) cell lines. The relative amounts of this hypermodified nucleotide in the tRNA of the cell lines and the human leukemias were similar (the mean value being 0.06 +/- 0.03 mole % of the total tRNA nucleotide content); whereas the amounts occurring as the free cytoplasmic mononucleotide were more varied but still comparable (the mean value being 0.53 +/- .09 mole % of all cytoplasmic nucleotides) for all cells investigated with the notable exception of all normal, diploid cell lines under study (0.04 mole%). A possible relationship of the free cytoplasmic mononucleotide with the nucleotide in the tRNA for control of mammalian cell protein synthesis in vivo was investigated by addition of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine to the culture medium. The exogenously added nucleoside caused inhibition of cell growth within 3 h and cell death within 36 h at concentrations as low as 0.4 muM. No comparable effects were seen when adenosine, adenine, or N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenine were added to the cultures. The simultaneous presence of adenosine in cultures containing N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine did not alter the detrimental effects of the hypermodified nucleoside on cell growth even when the concentration of adenosine was 50-fold that of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine. Addition of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine to cell cultures caused within the first 6 h a significant reduction in the rates of RNA and protein synthesis; whereas DNA synthesis continued at a rate comparable to control and adenosine-treated cells for 18 h before decreasing.", "contents": "Natural occurrence of an inhibitor of mammalian cell growth in human and mouse cells of normal and tumor origin. N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine was found both as a component of tRNA and as the cytoplasmic mononucleotide in human leukemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts from peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. This hypermodified nucleotide was also found in the tRNA and as a mononucleotide in human (MRC-5 and KB) and mouse (A9, FLV, LM, and RAG) cell lines. The relative amounts of this hypermodified nucleotide in the tRNA of the cell lines and the human leukemias were similar (the mean value being 0.06 +/- 0.03 mole % of the total tRNA nucleotide content); whereas the amounts occurring as the free cytoplasmic mononucleotide were more varied but still comparable (the mean value being 0.53 +/- .09 mole % of all cytoplasmic nucleotides) for all cells investigated with the notable exception of all normal, diploid cell lines under study (0.04 mole%). A possible relationship of the free cytoplasmic mononucleotide with the nucleotide in the tRNA for control of mammalian cell protein synthesis in vivo was investigated by addition of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine to the culture medium. The exogenously added nucleoside caused inhibition of cell growth within 3 h and cell death within 36 h at concentrations as low as 0.4 muM. No comparable effects were seen when adenosine, adenine, or N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenine were added to the cultures. The simultaneous presence of adenosine in cultures containing N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine did not alter the detrimental effects of the hypermodified nucleoside on cell growth even when the concentration of adenosine was 50-fold that of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine. Addition of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine to cell cultures caused within the first 6 h a significant reduction in the rates of RNA and protein synthesis; whereas DNA synthesis continued at a rate comparable to control and adenosine-treated cells for 18 h before decreasing.", "PMID": 1035127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6960", "title": "Hydrocortisone inhibits the spontaneous detachment of viable mammary tumor cells from monolayer cultures.", "content": "Primary mammary adenocarcinomas of C3H mice were dissociated to single cells. These cells were seeded at a density of 5 x 10(5)/cm2 substrate area and were grown as monolayers for 36 days in high-serum medium supplemented with insulin. Cultures became confluent within a few days and confluence was maintained throughout the culture period. Viable cells (representing amitotic cell population) were released spontaneously from the confluent monolayer and could be harvested from the culture fluid. The rate of cell release declined after about 30 days, apparently due to mitotic pool depletion. Release of cells from the monolayer was strongly depressed in medium containing hydrocortisone. The cell release event and its alteration by hydrocortisone can be interpreted as reflecting the propensity towards shedding of cells from these tumors in vivo and the alteration of metastatic incidence by adrenal steroids.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone inhibits the spontaneous detachment of viable mammary tumor cells from monolayer cultures. Primary mammary adenocarcinomas of C3H mice were dissociated to single cells. These cells were seeded at a density of 5 x 10(5)/cm2 substrate area and were grown as monolayers for 36 days in high-serum medium supplemented with insulin. Cultures became confluent within a few days and confluence was maintained throughout the culture period. Viable cells (representing amitotic cell population) were released spontaneously from the confluent monolayer and could be harvested from the culture fluid. The rate of cell release declined after about 30 days, apparently due to mitotic pool depletion. Release of cells from the monolayer was strongly depressed in medium containing hydrocortisone. The cell release event and its alteration by hydrocortisone can be interpreted as reflecting the propensity towards shedding of cells from these tumors in vivo and the alteration of metastatic incidence by adrenal steroids.", "PMID": 1035128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6961", "title": "Presence of cellular rentinol and retinoic acid binding proteins in experimental rumors.", "content": "Cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins were detected in mouse skin papillomas, human adenocarcinoma HAD-1, Dunning Leukemia, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma MAC-1. A chondrosarcoma and Sarcoma 180 apparently contain only the cellular retinoic acid binding protein. Neither protein could be detected in Ehrlich carcinoma and L1210 leukemia. The presence of these proteins might be necessary for sensitivity to retinoid therapy.", "contents": "Presence of cellular rentinol and retinoic acid binding proteins in experimental rumors. Cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins were detected in mouse skin papillomas, human adenocarcinoma HAD-1, Dunning Leukemia, Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma MAC-1. A chondrosarcoma and Sarcoma 180 apparently contain only the cellular retinoic acid binding protein. Neither protein could be detected in Ehrlich carcinoma and L1210 leukemia. The presence of these proteins might be necessary for sensitivity to retinoid therapy.", "PMID": 1035129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6962", "title": "Excision of epithelial tumors: CO2 laser versus conventional methods.", "content": "In a comparative experimental study, excisions of a transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma in BDF1 mice were performed by means of the CO2 laser and conventional methods, namely common scalpel and diathermy. The results showed a significant reduction in tumor recurrence and animal mortality rates (27.5% vs. 75% and 45%) after tumor excision with the laser in the early stage (5th day) of tumor development. This finding, in addition to the surgical properties of the CO2 laser, suggests that early excision using this modality is a rational treatment of this type of tumor.", "contents": "Excision of epithelial tumors: CO2 laser versus conventional methods. In a comparative experimental study, excisions of a transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma in BDF1 mice were performed by means of the CO2 laser and conventional methods, namely common scalpel and diathermy. The results showed a significant reduction in tumor recurrence and animal mortality rates (27.5% vs. 75% and 45%) after tumor excision with the laser in the early stage (5th day) of tumor development. This finding, in addition to the surgical properties of the CO2 laser, suggests that early excision using this modality is a rational treatment of this type of tumor.", "PMID": 1035130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6963", "title": "Common metabolites of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylomorpholine and N-nitroso-bis(2-oxopropyl)amine in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "N-Nitroso-2,6-demethylmorpholine (NDMM) administered intraperitoneally to Syrian hamsters was metabolized  to N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropy)(2-oxopropyl)amine(HPOP) and N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxpropyl)amine (BHP) which were identified in blood and urine. The potent pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-bis(2-oxoproply)amine was previously shown to form the same metabolites. Preliminary results indicate that NDMM also induces pancreatic and other tumors in Syrian hamsters, similar to those found following BHP treatment.", "contents": "Common metabolites of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylomorpholine and N-nitroso-bis(2-oxopropyl)amine in the Syrian hamster. N-Nitroso-2,6-demethylmorpholine (NDMM) administered intraperitoneally to Syrian hamsters was metabolized  to N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropy)(2-oxopropyl)amine(HPOP) and N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxpropyl)amine (BHP) which were identified in blood and urine. The potent pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-bis(2-oxoproply)amine was previously shown to form the same metabolites. Preliminary results indicate that NDMM also induces pancreatic and other tumors in Syrian hamsters, similar to those found following BHP treatment.", "PMID": 1035131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6964", "title": "Phase I alternate-day dose study of chromomycin A3.", "content": "Chromomycin A3 was given to 43 patients with metastatic cancer in order to determine the tolerable dose when the drug was administered on an every-other-day dose schedule for a total of five iv push injections, with the course of therapy being repeated every 4 weeks. At least three patients were entered at each dose level, graduated in 0.1-mg/m2 increments between 0.7 and 1.6 mg/m2. The most common (19 patients) side effect was nausea and/or vomiting, but this was usually mild, lasted for a few hours, and diminished in severity with repeated injections. Skin necrosis due to drug extravasation was a problem early in the study, but was eliminated by injecting the drug through iv tubing. Transient elevations in SGOT and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed, but proved not to be of serious consequence. Renal toxicity proved to be the limiting factor in therapy. However, a dose level of 1.3 mg/m2 was found to be a tolerable level of drug administration in previously untreated patients. Objective tumor responses were noted in four patients (Hodgkin's disease, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and malignant melanoma).", "contents": "Phase I alternate-day dose study of chromomycin A3. Chromomycin A3 was given to 43 patients with metastatic cancer in order to determine the tolerable dose when the drug was administered on an every-other-day dose schedule for a total of five iv push injections, with the course of therapy being repeated every 4 weeks. At least three patients were entered at each dose level, graduated in 0.1-mg/m2 increments between 0.7 and 1.6 mg/m2. The most common (19 patients) side effect was nausea and/or vomiting, but this was usually mild, lasted for a few hours, and diminished in severity with repeated injections. Skin necrosis due to drug extravasation was a problem early in the study, but was eliminated by injecting the drug through iv tubing. Transient elevations in SGOT and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed, but proved not to be of serious consequence. Renal toxicity proved to be the limiting factor in therapy. However, a dose level of 1.3 mg/m2 was found to be a tolerable level of drug administration in previously untreated patients. Objective tumor responses were noted in four patients (Hodgkin's disease, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and malignant melanoma).", "PMID": 1035132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6965", "title": "Studies with 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride. I. Cell kinetic and biologic effects in cultured L1210, human epidermoid No. 2, and adenocarcinoma 755 cells.", "content": "Experimental results obtained with cultured L1210, human epidermoid No. 2, and Adenocarcinoma 755 cells are consistent in showing that inhibition of proliferation of the cells by 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride is accompanied by cell enlargement. Although cells initially in the G2 phase when exposure to the agent is begun can probably proceed through mitosis and divide, cells that are initially in G1 and S phases accumulate in the G2 phase. Progression of cells to G2 phase during the period of exposure to the agent is not a requisite for cell-killing, because cells exposed for periods insufficient to permit their accumulation in G2 are killed.", "contents": "Studies with 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride. I. Cell kinetic and biologic effects in cultured L1210, human epidermoid No. 2, and adenocarcinoma 755 cells. Experimental results obtained with cultured L1210, human epidermoid No. 2, and Adenocarcinoma 755 cells are consistent in showing that inhibition of proliferation of the cells by 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-,dihydrochloride is accompanied by cell enlargement. Although cells initially in the G2 phase when exposure to the agent is begun can probably proceed through mitosis and divide, cells that are initially in G1 and S phases accumulate in the G2 phase. Progression of cells to G2 phase during the period of exposure to the agent is not a requisite for cell-killing, because cells exposed for periods insufficient to permit their accumulation in G2 are killed.", "PMID": 1035133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6966", "title": "Structural studies on the extracellular polysaccharide of the red alga, Porhyridium.", "content": "Partial acid hydrolyzates of the extracellular polysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum yield three disaccharides and two uronic acids. These constitute all of the uronic acid in the polymer. The novel disaccharides are 3-O(alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-L-galactose, 3-O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose, and 3-O-(2-O-methly-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose. The polyanion of high molecular weight contains D- and L-galactose, xylose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid and 2-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, and sulfate in molar ratio (relative to D-glucose) of 2.12:2.42:1.00:1.22:2.61. Preliminary periodate-oxidation studies suggest that the hexose and uronic acids are joined to other residues by (1 leads to 3) glycosidic linkages. About one-half of the xylose residues are (1 leads to 3)-linked.", "contents": "Structural studies on the extracellular polysaccharide of the red alga, Porhyridium. Partial acid hydrolyzates of the extracellular polysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum yield three disaccharides and two uronic acids. These constitute all of the uronic acid in the polymer. The novel disaccharides are 3-O(alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-L-galactose, 3-O-(2-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose, and 3-O-(2-O-methly-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose. The polyanion of high molecular weight contains D- and L-galactose, xylose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid and 2-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, and sulfate in molar ratio (relative to D-glucose) of 2.12:2.42:1.00:1.22:2.61. Preliminary periodate-oxidation studies suggest that the hexose and uronic acids are joined to other residues by (1 leads to 3) glycosidic linkages. About one-half of the xylose residues are (1 leads to 3)-linked.", "PMID": 1035134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6967", "title": "Microinjection studies of duck globin messenger RNA translation in human and avian cells.", "content": "Microinjection techniques were used for the study of the translation of heterospecific messenger RNAs in living cells. Duck globin messenger RNAs, in the form of polysomes, messenger ribonucleoprotein particles, or free mRNAs, were injected into cells of human origin (HeLa), and the subsequent appearance and accumulation of avian globin were measured by specific immunofluorescence techniques. Globin accumulated within a high proportion of HeLa cells for at least 25 hr following injection, indicating the intracellular stability of the heterospecific globin messenger RNA and the fact that mRNA initially associated with more complex structures could be translated in the HeLa cytoplasm. In similar experiments, duck reticulocyte polysomes were shown to be translated in duck embryo cells but not in embryonic chick liver cells. The latter, however, could be shown to withstand the microinjection procedure as judged by their capacity to respond normally to inducers and inhibitors of the synthesis of alpha-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. HeLa cells injected with duck hemoglobin divide at normal or nearly normal rates following the injection, but their globin content diminishes, in contrast with the increasing globin content of cells receiving duck reticulocyte polysomes, mRNP particles, or free mRNA.", "contents": "Microinjection studies of duck globin messenger RNA translation in human and avian cells. Microinjection techniques were used for the study of the translation of heterospecific messenger RNAs in living cells. Duck globin messenger RNAs, in the form of polysomes, messenger ribonucleoprotein particles, or free mRNAs, were injected into cells of human origin (HeLa), and the subsequent appearance and accumulation of avian globin were measured by specific immunofluorescence techniques. Globin accumulated within a high proportion of HeLa cells for at least 25 hr following injection, indicating the intracellular stability of the heterospecific globin messenger RNA and the fact that mRNA initially associated with more complex structures could be translated in the HeLa cytoplasm. In similar experiments, duck reticulocyte polysomes were shown to be translated in duck embryo cells but not in embryonic chick liver cells. The latter, however, could be shown to withstand the microinjection procedure as judged by their capacity to respond normally to inducers and inhibitors of the synthesis of alpha-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. HeLa cells injected with duck hemoglobin divide at normal or nearly normal rates following the injection, but their globin content diminishes, in contrast with the increasing globin content of cells receiving duck reticulocyte polysomes, mRNP particles, or free mRNA.", "PMID": 1035136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6968", "title": "The 3' terminal sequences of human alpha and beta globin messenger RNAs: comparison with rabbit globin messenger RNA.", "content": "Sequences of 43 and 70 nucleotides adjacent to the 3' terminal poly(A) of human alpha and beta globin mRNAs have been established. Sequence analysis of complementary DNA from both normal and thalassemic globin mRNA preparations was carried out using endonuclease IV digestion and limited synthesis procedures. The two RNA sequences are 83% homologous to rabbit globin mRNA (Proudfoot, 1976), and a part of the alpha globin mRNA sequence codes for the carboxy terminus of human alpha globin Constant Spring (Clegg, Weatherall, and Milner, 1971). This latter result predicts that the 3' noncoding region of human alpha globin mRNA is exactly 112 nucleotides, while the 5' noncoding region is probably about 50 nucleotides.", "contents": "The 3' terminal sequences of human alpha and beta globin messenger RNAs: comparison with rabbit globin messenger RNA. Sequences of 43 and 70 nucleotides adjacent to the 3' terminal poly(A) of human alpha and beta globin mRNAs have been established. Sequence analysis of complementary DNA from both normal and thalassemic globin mRNA preparations was carried out using endonuclease IV digestion and limited synthesis procedures. The two RNA sequences are 83% homologous to rabbit globin mRNA (Proudfoot, 1976), and a part of the alpha globin mRNA sequence codes for the carboxy terminus of human alpha globin Constant Spring (Clegg, Weatherall, and Milner, 1971). This latter result predicts that the 3' noncoding region of human alpha globin mRNA is exactly 112 nucleotides, while the 5' noncoding region is probably about 50 nucleotides.", "PMID": 1035137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6969", "title": "Chromatin organization in nuclei of sea urchin embryos. Comparison with the chromatin organization of the sperm.", "content": "The chromatin in sea urchin embryo nuclei and that in sperm heads are both organized in nucleosomes but show marked differences when analyzed by endonuclease digestion. Sperm chromatin DNA appears to be totally organized in nucleosomes that are highly resistant to nuclease hydrolysis. The kinetics of formation of acid-soluble oligonucleotides is slow and concerns only about 50% of the total DNA. In contrast, the DNA of embryo chromatin does not appear to be totally organized in nucleosomes since 5 to 10% is rapidly and preferentially hydrolysed into acid-soluble oligonucleotides without any appreciable fragmentation of the remaining parts. Futher digestion causes the formation of the usual pattern of DNA bands, as detected by gel electrophoresis. The length of the DNA segment associated with the embryo nucleosomes appears to be shorter than that of the DNA segment associated with the sperm nucleosomes. The kinetics of formation of acid-soluble oligonucleotides upon digestion of embryo chromatin is much faster than that of sperm chromatin and concerns almost all the chromatin DNA.", "contents": "Chromatin organization in nuclei of sea urchin embryos. Comparison with the chromatin organization of the sperm. The chromatin in sea urchin embryo nuclei and that in sperm heads are both organized in nucleosomes but show marked differences when analyzed by endonuclease digestion. Sperm chromatin DNA appears to be totally organized in nucleosomes that are highly resistant to nuclease hydrolysis. The kinetics of formation of acid-soluble oligonucleotides is slow and concerns only about 50% of the total DNA. In contrast, the DNA of embryo chromatin does not appear to be totally organized in nucleosomes since 5 to 10% is rapidly and preferentially hydrolysed into acid-soluble oligonucleotides without any appreciable fragmentation of the remaining parts. Futher digestion causes the formation of the usual pattern of DNA bands, as detected by gel electrophoresis. The length of the DNA segment associated with the embryo nucleosomes appears to be shorter than that of the DNA segment associated with the sperm nucleosomes. The kinetics of formation of acid-soluble oligonucleotides upon digestion of embryo chromatin is much faster than that of sperm chromatin and concerns almost all the chromatin DNA.", "PMID": 1035138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6970", "title": "Vitamin A acid: clinical investigations with 405 patients.", "content": "Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) is less toxic than vitamin A and seems to be an important advance in dermatology. Its therapeutic effect was investigated in clinical studies involving 405 patients. Biochemical investigations have shown that the administration of vitamin A acid is associated with elevation of serum levels of retinol and carotene and after high dosage symptoms develop identical with hypervitaminosis A. Several possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid: clinical investigations with 405 patients. Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) is less toxic than vitamin A and seems to be an important advance in dermatology. Its therapeutic effect was investigated in clinical studies involving 405 patients. Biochemical investigations have shown that the administration of vitamin A acid is associated with elevation of serum levels of retinol and carotene and after high dosage symptoms develop identical with hypervitaminosis A. Several possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "PMID": 1035148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6971", "title": "Perioral dermatitis: etiology and treatment.", "content": "Ninety-five patients with perioral dermatitis were studied from an epidemiological aspect. Consistent clearing of the eruption was obtained with oral tetracycline in combination with a topical sodium sulfacetamide-sulfur-hydro-cortisone lotion. Comparison of the study group of patients to a group of 50 control patients revealed highly significant quantitative differences in the cosmetic preparations used by the two groups. This latter finding would suggest that lubricating and moisturizing products play some part in the etiology of perioral dermatitis.", "contents": "Perioral dermatitis: etiology and treatment. Ninety-five patients with perioral dermatitis were studied from an epidemiological aspect. Consistent clearing of the eruption was obtained with oral tetracycline in combination with a topical sodium sulfacetamide-sulfur-hydro-cortisone lotion. Comparison of the study group of patients to a group of 50 control patients revealed highly significant quantitative differences in the cosmetic preparations used by the two groups. This latter finding would suggest that lubricating and moisturizing products play some part in the etiology of perioral dermatitis.", "PMID": 1035149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6972", "title": "Prognostic significance of ploidy level in human tumours. II extra-uterine cancers and summary of data on 1171 tumours.", "content": "The 5-year survival rate of 78 patients with carcinoma of the ovary showed that the prognosis was significantly better when the tumour modal DNA value was in the diploid region than when it was near-triploid or above. Similar data on 140 patients with carcinoma of the breast and 52 with carcinoma of the bladder also suggested a better prognosis for the near-diploid tumours. Among 105 carcinomas of the large bowel, however, there were more survivors in the high-ploidy than in the near-diploid group, although the difference was not statistically significant. The varying relationship between ploidy and prognosis, depending on the site or histological type of the tumour, is briefly discussed on the basis of the 1171 cases included in the present and a previous paper.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of ploidy level in human tumours. II extra-uterine cancers and summary of data on 1171 tumours. The 5-year survival rate of 78 patients with carcinoma of the ovary showed that the prognosis was significantly better when the tumour modal DNA value was in the diploid region than when it was near-triploid or above. Similar data on 140 patients with carcinoma of the breast and 52 with carcinoma of the bladder also suggested a better prognosis for the near-diploid tumours. Among 105 carcinomas of the large bowel, however, there were more survivors in the high-ploidy than in the near-diploid group, although the difference was not statistically significant. The varying relationship between ploidy and prognosis, depending on the site or histological type of the tumour, is briefly discussed on the basis of the 1171 cases included in the present and a previous paper.", "PMID": 1035153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6973", "title": "Sustained administration of cyclazocine for antagonism of morphine.", "content": "The plasma levels, distribution and excretion of tritium were determined after administration of a single or sustained dose of 3H-cyclazocine to naive and morphine-addicted rats. The plasma levels reached and maintainat animals tolerant to morphine were cross-tolerant to cyclazocine. Although only half the administered radioactivity was excreted after either a single dose or a continuous administration, no appreciable concentration was found in any of the organs studied. The behavior of a single or sustained dose of cyclazocine was also determined in rabbits to evaluate the effect of the implant site on the drugs release rate and tissue biocompatibility. The release-rate of 3H-cyclazocine from a glyceride matrix implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly could be controlled by modification of the matrix itself or by manipulation of the drug concentration within the matrix. Durations of action between a few days and a month were obtained by these means from devices that were both biodegradable and tissue compatible. The results indicate that the procedures used here may provide a practical means for administering narcotic antagonists to addicts.", "contents": "Sustained administration of cyclazocine for antagonism of morphine. The plasma levels, distribution and excretion of tritium were determined after administration of a single or sustained dose of 3H-cyclazocine to naive and morphine-addicted rats. The plasma levels reached and maintainat animals tolerant to morphine were cross-tolerant to cyclazocine. Although only half the administered radioactivity was excreted after either a single dose or a continuous administration, no appreciable concentration was found in any of the organs studied. The behavior of a single or sustained dose of cyclazocine was also determined in rabbits to evaluate the effect of the implant site on the drugs release rate and tissue biocompatibility. The release-rate of 3H-cyclazocine from a glyceride matrix implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly could be controlled by modification of the matrix itself or by manipulation of the drug concentration within the matrix. Durations of action between a few days and a month were obtained by these means from devices that were both biodegradable and tissue compatible. The results indicate that the procedures used here may provide a practical means for administering narcotic antagonists to addicts.", "PMID": 1035154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6974", "title": "The role of physical dependence in animal models of human alcoholism.", "content": "This paper critically examines the concept that physical dependence is a necessary attribute for animal models of human alcoholism. On the basis of a review of the literature, it is argued that, since the production of physical dependence requires the presence of continuous high blood-alcohol levels, and since the production of preference for alcohol requires intermittent presentation of alcohol, the two cannot, in principle, be established in the same organism at the same time. It is further argued that physical dependence does not play a role in the development of high alcohol intake in animals. The implications of these observations for human alcoholism are discussed.", "contents": "The role of physical dependence in animal models of human alcoholism. This paper critically examines the concept that physical dependence is a necessary attribute for animal models of human alcoholism. On the basis of a review of the literature, it is argued that, since the production of physical dependence requires the presence of continuous high blood-alcohol levels, and since the production of preference for alcohol requires intermittent presentation of alcohol, the two cannot, in principle, be established in the same organism at the same time. It is further argued that physical dependence does not play a role in the development of high alcohol intake in animals. The implications of these observations for human alcoholism are discussed.", "PMID": 1035155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6975", "title": "[Kinetics of proliferation of a mouse tumor cell line originating in the fetal large intestine].", "content": "The authors examine the kinetics of cellular proliferation of the cellular line STS, originating from adenocarcinoma, obtained after \"spontaneous\" malignization of a fragment from fetal colon. The cells of STS grow as a single layer and reach exponential phase on the 48th hour, but stationary phase-on the 96th hour of the culture. Time for doubling the number of the cells TD at the exponential phase of growth is 12 hours. The mitotic index varies from 7% at the exponential phase to 1,3% at the stationary. Time of cellular cycle and its phases, estimated by the curves of the marked mitosis, shows the following values: TGi=5.3 hours, Ts=6 hours, TG2=0.5 hour, TM=1,2 hour, and TC=13 hours. The authors discuss the differences in the data of TC and TD.", "contents": "[Kinetics of proliferation of a mouse tumor cell line originating in the fetal large intestine]. The authors examine the kinetics of cellular proliferation of the cellular line STS, originating from adenocarcinoma, obtained after \"spontaneous\" malignization of a fragment from fetal colon. The cells of STS grow as a single layer and reach exponential phase on the 48th hour, but stationary phase-on the 96th hour of the culture. Time for doubling the number of the cells TD at the exponential phase of growth is 12 hours. The mitotic index varies from 7% at the exponential phase to 1,3% at the stationary. Time of cellular cycle and its phases, estimated by the curves of the marked mitosis, shows the following values: TGi=5.3 hours, Ts=6 hours, TG2=0.5 hour, TM=1,2 hour, and TC=13 hours. The authors discuss the differences in the data of TC and TD.", "PMID": 1035158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6976", "title": "Isolated perfused rabbit lung: a critical appraisal.", "content": "The isolated perfused lung (IPL), when compared to available in vitro and in vivo pulmonary systems, is a preparation that fulfills a majority of the ideal criteria for studying metabolism, binding and/or physiological response to xenobiotics. The IPL is an exceptionally useful method when there is a need for concurrent administration of multiple agents in different physical forms. Various details such as physiological and biochemical parameters and the construction of a small animal tracheal valve system are discussed.", "contents": "Isolated perfused rabbit lung: a critical appraisal. The isolated perfused lung (IPL), when compared to available in vitro and in vivo pulmonary systems, is a preparation that fulfills a majority of the ideal criteria for studying metabolism, binding and/or physiological response to xenobiotics. The IPL is an exceptionally useful method when there is a need for concurrent administration of multiple agents in different physical forms. Various details such as physiological and biochemical parameters and the construction of a small animal tracheal valve system are discussed.", "PMID": 1035159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6977", "title": "Survival of octogenarians: six years after initial chromosome examination.", "content": "The frequencies of hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy, monosomy C, monosomy G, and breaks were lower in the 19 female octogenarians who survived chromosome examination by six years than in the 19 who died, although none of the differences were statistically significant. In men, if anything, the trend was in the opposite direction with the nine survivors having higher frequencies than the 14 decedents. Again the differences were small and none were statistically significant. In neither sex, was there a relationship between length of survival and any of the parameters examined. Repeat chromosome examinations (two each, average interval 2.4 years) were available for seven women (one survivor and six decedents). There were no statistically significant differences between the two chromosome examinations except for an increase in monosomy C. Seven individuals, however, including but a single survivor, form too small a group to permit definitive conclusions about the lack of a relationship between chromosomal changes and survival.", "contents": "Survival of octogenarians: six years after initial chromosome examination. The frequencies of hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy, monosomy C, monosomy G, and breaks were lower in the 19 female octogenarians who survived chromosome examination by six years than in the 19 who died, although none of the differences were statistically significant. In men, if anything, the trend was in the opposite direction with the nine survivors having higher frequencies than the 14 decedents. Again the differences were small and none were statistically significant. In neither sex, was there a relationship between length of survival and any of the parameters examined. Repeat chromosome examinations (two each, average interval 2.4 years) were available for seven women (one survivor and six decedents). There were no statistically significant differences between the two chromosome examinations except for an increase in monosomy C. Seven individuals, however, including but a single survivor, form too small a group to permit definitive conclusions about the lack of a relationship between chromosomal changes and survival.", "PMID": 1035160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6978", "title": "A behavioral-chromosome relationship in the elderly: a critical review of a biobehavioral hypothesis.", "content": "The evidence for the hypothesis that an increased frequency of hypodiploid cells is related to mental status in older persons, as well as the underlying assumptions crucial to the hypothesis, are reviewed. Results of chromosome examinations reported by several independent laboratories favor an increasing proportion of hypodiploid cells in older age groups as well as sex differences in the level and distribution of missing chromosomes. However, the presence, extent, and development course of chromosome loss associated with major modifying variables and their interactions, e.g., age, morbidity, sex, environmental conditions, remain to be empirically documented. Furthermore, the meaning of chromosome loss, including its relationship to mental status, is not clear.", "contents": "A behavioral-chromosome relationship in the elderly: a critical review of a biobehavioral hypothesis. The evidence for the hypothesis that an increased frequency of hypodiploid cells is related to mental status in older persons, as well as the underlying assumptions crucial to the hypothesis, are reviewed. Results of chromosome examinations reported by several independent laboratories favor an increasing proportion of hypodiploid cells in older age groups as well as sex differences in the level and distribution of missing chromosomes. However, the presence, extent, and development course of chromosome loss associated with major modifying variables and their interactions, e.g., age, morbidity, sex, environmental conditions, remain to be empirically documented. Furthermore, the meaning of chromosome loss, including its relationship to mental status, is not clear.", "PMID": 1035161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6979", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels and intellectual functioning in the aged.", "content": "Significant positive correlations between vocabulary test scores and serum levels of immunoglobulins, IgG and IgM, were obtained for 14 subjects ranging in age from 83-100 years (mean 89.0 years). This positive association with vocabulary scores is a result contrary to data reported by other investigators. The interrelationship between measures of behavior, central nervous system and immunologic function deserve further attention.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels and intellectual functioning in the aged. Significant positive correlations between vocabulary test scores and serum levels of immunoglobulins, IgG and IgM, were obtained for 14 subjects ranging in age from 83-100 years (mean 89.0 years). This positive association with vocabulary scores is a result contrary to data reported by other investigators. The interrelationship between measures of behavior, central nervous system and immunologic function deserve further attention.", "PMID": 1035162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6980", "title": "Life span characteristics in the male Fischer rat.", "content": "Survival data are reported for 572 male non-breeding Fischer rats, representing offspring from brother-sister matings, maintained at a constant temperature and humidity, exposed to twelve hours of artificial lighting and to twelve hours of darkness per day, and fed a standard laboratory diet ad libitum. The mean longevity for these male rats was 642 days and the median longevity was 659 days; the longest-lived individual survived to 1192 days. Animals surviving beyond the median life span for this colony were found to lose a greater percentage of body weight during the last few weeks before death than did shorter-lived animals. Offspring born of parents one year of age showed no significant difference in longevity from those of three-month old parents. Moreover, the longer any animal lived, the greater the maximan weight which he obtained.", "contents": "Life span characteristics in the male Fischer rat. Survival data are reported for 572 male non-breeding Fischer rats, representing offspring from brother-sister matings, maintained at a constant temperature and humidity, exposed to twelve hours of artificial lighting and to twelve hours of darkness per day, and fed a standard laboratory diet ad libitum. The mean longevity for these male rats was 642 days and the median longevity was 659 days; the longest-lived individual survived to 1192 days. Animals surviving beyond the median life span for this colony were found to lose a greater percentage of body weight during the last few weeks before death than did shorter-lived animals. Offspring born of parents one year of age showed no significant difference in longevity from those of three-month old parents. Moreover, the longer any animal lived, the greater the maximan weight which he obtained.", "PMID": 1035163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6981", "title": "[Baroreflex regulation of arterial pressure and regional blood flow during emotional stress].", "content": "In unanesthetized cats, the effect of hypothalamic stimulation on the blood pressure reflex and blood flow changes in hindlimb and intestine during activation of baroreceptors was studied. The stimulation decreased functional activity of baroreflex in regard to the blood pressure, while the dilatation of hindlimb vessels on hypothalamic stimulation was suppressed by activation of the carotid sinuses. Anesthetic drugs alter the hypothalamic regulation of the baroreflex.", "contents": "[Baroreflex regulation of arterial pressure and regional blood flow during emotional stress]. In unanesthetized cats, the effect of hypothalamic stimulation on the blood pressure reflex and blood flow changes in hindlimb and intestine during activation of baroreceptors was studied. The stimulation decreased functional activity of baroreflex in regard to the blood pressure, while the dilatation of hindlimb vessels on hypothalamic stimulation was suppressed by activation of the carotid sinuses. Anesthetic drugs alter the hypothalamic regulation of the baroreflex.", "PMID": 1035166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6982", "title": "Changes of serum gonadotropin concentrations in fetal and neonatal rat following castration.", "content": "Changes of serum concentrations of LH were measured in fetal and neonatal rats following castration. Intact fetal and neonatal male rats showed low levels of serum LH concentration. Though serum LH levels of male rats casterated on the 20th day of gestation did not significantly increase by the 22nd day of fetal age, serum levels of neonatal male rats increased 2-to 3-fold 3 days following castration at all ages studied. The increase was greater in 4-day-old male rats than in 1-day-old males. The increase of serum LH after castration was also found in 4-day-old male rats castrated on the 20th day of gestation. In contrast, serum levels of 1-day-old neonatal female rats did not increase 3-days after castration. These observations suggest sex differences in maturation of the gonadal-hypophyseal feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Changes of serum gonadotropin concentrations in fetal and neonatal rat following castration. Changes of serum concentrations of LH were measured in fetal and neonatal rats following castration. Intact fetal and neonatal male rats showed low levels of serum LH concentration. Though serum LH levels of male rats casterated on the 20th day of gestation did not significantly increase by the 22nd day of fetal age, serum levels of neonatal male rats increased 2-to 3-fold 3 days following castration at all ages studied. The increase was greater in 4-day-old male rats than in 1-day-old males. The increase of serum LH after castration was also found in 4-day-old male rats castrated on the 20th day of gestation. In contrast, serum levels of 1-day-old neonatal female rats did not increase 3-days after castration. These observations suggest sex differences in maturation of the gonadal-hypophyseal feedback mechanism.", "PMID": 1035167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6983", "title": "[Comparative study of diagnosis for location of adrenal adenoma in patients with primary aldosteronism (author's transl)].", "content": "Four methods; retroperitoneal air insufflation study, adrenal phlebography, adrenal scintiscan and estimation of plasma aldosterone in adrenal or renal veins, were compared to determine the diagnostic value for the location of adrenal adenoma in 27 patients with primary aldosteronism and one with idiopathic aldosteronism. The location of adrenal adenoma could be certainly determined, in 12 of 27 patients with primary aldosteronism by retroperitoneal air insufflation study, in 7 of 22 by adrenal phlebography, in 18 of 23 by estimation of aldosterone in adrenal or renal vein blood, and in 19 of 27 by adrenal scintiscan. From these results, it is concluded that firstly adrenal scintiscan with 131I-cholesterol and then adrenal phlebography and estimation of aldosterone in adrenal and renal vein blood combined with retroperitoneal air insufflation study should be performed for determination of location of adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "[Comparative study of diagnosis for location of adrenal adenoma in patients with primary aldosteronism (author's transl)]. Four methods; retroperitoneal air insufflation study, adrenal phlebography, adrenal scintiscan and estimation of plasma aldosterone in adrenal or renal veins, were compared to determine the diagnostic value for the location of adrenal adenoma in 27 patients with primary aldosteronism and one with idiopathic aldosteronism. The location of adrenal adenoma could be certainly determined, in 12 of 27 patients with primary aldosteronism by retroperitoneal air insufflation study, in 7 of 22 by adrenal phlebography, in 18 of 23 by estimation of aldosterone in adrenal or renal vein blood, and in 19 of 27 by adrenal scintiscan. From these results, it is concluded that firstly adrenal scintiscan with 131I-cholesterol and then adrenal phlebography and estimation of aldosterone in adrenal and renal vein blood combined with retroperitoneal air insufflation study should be performed for determination of location of adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism.", "PMID": 1035168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6984", "title": "[Metabolism of synthetic corticosteroid esters in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Metabolism of water-soluble synthetic corticosteroid esters, hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (H-H); hydrocortisone phosphate (HP), prednisolone hemisuccinate (P-H), prednisolone phosphate (P-P), dexamethasone phosphate (D-P) and dexamethasone sulfate (D-S) was studied by i.v. administration of steroids in a dose of 100 mg to 6 healthy volunteers and consequtive urine collections over 24 hrs. Uniary metabolites were separated into free, glucuronide, sulfate and \"unhydrolyzed\" fractions and measured by means of Porter-Silber (P-S) reaction and isonicotinic acid (INH) reaction. In H-H, H-P and D-S, glucuronide conjugates constituted the largest fraction of P-S positive metabolites in 24 hr-urine. In contrast, P-H, P-P and D-P were excreted mainly as free metabolites. Small but variable portions were found as sulfate and \"unhydrolized\" conjugates. Time course study revealed that, in H-H, H-P and D-S, the free/glucuronide ratio of P-S positive metabolites decreased progressively or remained low throughout the collection periods, whereas in P-H, P-P and D-P the ratio increased markedly in the 4--12 hr period. For all steroids, the INH/P-S ratio was found to be high in the free fraction and low in the glucuronide fraction; the tendency was especially marked in P-H, P-P and d-p. INH-positive metabolites were also predominant in the sulfate and \"unhydrolyzed\" fractions. The results indicate that the metabolism of synthetic corticosteroids, in general, is characterized by diminised rate of ring A reduction followed by glucuronide conjugation and compensatory increase in free metabolites, the bulk of which consists of ring A intact, C-20 reduced metabolites. 6-Hydroxylated metabolites may also be increased. Conjugation with sulfuric acid occurs but to a small extent. The consistent presence of \"unhydrolyzed\" metabolites suggests that portions of esters can be excreted unsplitted. It is also noted that the structure of steroid moieties and type of esters were important factors determining the quantitative and qualitative difference in their metabolic fates.", "contents": "[Metabolism of synthetic corticosteroid esters in man (author's transl)]. Metabolism of water-soluble synthetic corticosteroid esters, hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (H-H); hydrocortisone phosphate (HP), prednisolone hemisuccinate (P-H), prednisolone phosphate (P-P), dexamethasone phosphate (D-P) and dexamethasone sulfate (D-S) was studied by i.v. administration of steroids in a dose of 100 mg to 6 healthy volunteers and consequtive urine collections over 24 hrs. Uniary metabolites were separated into free, glucuronide, sulfate and \"unhydrolyzed\" fractions and measured by means of Porter-Silber (P-S) reaction and isonicotinic acid (INH) reaction. In H-H, H-P and D-S, glucuronide conjugates constituted the largest fraction of P-S positive metabolites in 24 hr-urine. In contrast, P-H, P-P and D-P were excreted mainly as free metabolites. Small but variable portions were found as sulfate and \"unhydrolized\" conjugates. Time course study revealed that, in H-H, H-P and D-S, the free/glucuronide ratio of P-S positive metabolites decreased progressively or remained low throughout the collection periods, whereas in P-H, P-P and D-P the ratio increased markedly in the 4--12 hr period. For all steroids, the INH/P-S ratio was found to be high in the free fraction and low in the glucuronide fraction; the tendency was especially marked in P-H, P-P and d-p. INH-positive metabolites were also predominant in the sulfate and \"unhydrolyzed\" fractions. The results indicate that the metabolism of synthetic corticosteroids, in general, is characterized by diminised rate of ring A reduction followed by glucuronide conjugation and compensatory increase in free metabolites, the bulk of which consists of ring A intact, C-20 reduced metabolites. 6-Hydroxylated metabolites may also be increased. Conjugation with sulfuric acid occurs but to a small extent. The consistent presence of \"unhydrolyzed\" metabolites suggests that portions of esters can be excreted unsplitted. It is also noted that the structure of steroid moieties and type of esters were important factors determining the quantitative and qualitative difference in their metabolic fates.", "PMID": 1035169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6985", "title": "[Estrogen receptor in human endometrium--energy requirement, stability and subunit structure-- (author's transl)].", "content": "1) In our previous paper, it was reported that in human endometrium the step of formation of nuclear receptor -estradiol complex was not temperature dependent but in rat uteri temperature dependent. In order to clarify whether this temperature dependency in rat uteri means an energy requirement for this step or not, experiments with 2,4 dinitrophenol as an energy uncoupler were done. Even when rat uteri or endometrium of women were incubated with 10 muc of 3H-estradiol and 10(-4)M of 2,4-dinitrophenol, 8S estrogen receptor-E2 complex in cytosol and 5S estrogen receptor-E2 complex in nuclear extract were recognized in both rat and woman. Namely, no evidence was recognized for this step to require activation energy in rat uterus as well as in human endometrium. 2) The cytosol fraction was prepared after human endometrium had been incubated with 3HE2 at 2 degrees C. Cytosol was analysed on sucross density gradient after heat treatment (at 10 degrees C, 31 degrees C or 37 degrees C). At 31 degrees C and 37 degrees C treatment, the 8S receptor peak was difficultly recognized. Namely, the 8S receptor-E2 complex was heat labile in cell free condition. This appears to be one of the reasons why 8S cytosol receptor was not visible in human endometrium incubated with 3HE2 at 37 degrees C. 3) When the cytosol fraction from the human endometrium was analysed on 3--20% linear sucrose gradient containing 0.4M KCl, the 8S peak diminished and about 4S peak appeared. This was considered to mean that 8S receptor in human endometrium was also split to a 4S binding unit at high salt condition and the 8S receptor in humans had also a subunit structure. 4) 8S receptor in cytosol and 5S receptor in nuclear fraction were recognized in one case of human endometrial carcinoma, but in another case both receptors were not recognized. 5) Estrogen binding protein in human serum was sedimented at 6S fraction by sucrose gradient.", "contents": "[Estrogen receptor in human endometrium--energy requirement, stability and subunit structure-- (author's transl)]. 1) In our previous paper, it was reported that in human endometrium the step of formation of nuclear receptor -estradiol complex was not temperature dependent but in rat uteri temperature dependent. In order to clarify whether this temperature dependency in rat uteri means an energy requirement for this step or not, experiments with 2,4 dinitrophenol as an energy uncoupler were done. Even when rat uteri or endometrium of women were incubated with 10 muc of 3H-estradiol and 10(-4)M of 2,4-dinitrophenol, 8S estrogen receptor-E2 complex in cytosol and 5S estrogen receptor-E2 complex in nuclear extract were recognized in both rat and woman. Namely, no evidence was recognized for this step to require activation energy in rat uterus as well as in human endometrium. 2) The cytosol fraction was prepared after human endometrium had been incubated with 3HE2 at 2 degrees C. Cytosol was analysed on sucross density gradient after heat treatment (at 10 degrees C, 31 degrees C or 37 degrees C). At 31 degrees C and 37 degrees C treatment, the 8S receptor peak was difficultly recognized. Namely, the 8S receptor-E2 complex was heat labile in cell free condition. This appears to be one of the reasons why 8S cytosol receptor was not visible in human endometrium incubated with 3HE2 at 37 degrees C. 3) When the cytosol fraction from the human endometrium was analysed on 3--20% linear sucrose gradient containing 0.4M KCl, the 8S peak diminished and about 4S peak appeared. This was considered to mean that 8S receptor in human endometrium was also split to a 4S binding unit at high salt condition and the 8S receptor in humans had also a subunit structure. 4) 8S receptor in cytosol and 5S receptor in nuclear fraction were recognized in one case of human endometrial carcinoma, but in another case both receptors were not recognized. 5) Estrogen binding protein in human serum was sedimented at 6S fraction by sucrose gradient.", "PMID": 1035170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6986", "title": "[The reducing effect of prostaglandins on circulating eosinophils in splenectomized rats--on its mechanism (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known that Prostaglandins(PGs) have many interesting physiological effects on various tissues, but the reducing effect on circulating eosinophils was still obscure, except for our report in 1975. Our previous report revealed that the effect had not act through beta-adrenergic receptors, because a beta-adrenergic blocker did not inhibit this effect. The present report was carried out to study whether the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical axis would be concerned or not on this effect. PGs(10 mug/kg) were administered intraperitoneally under thiopental sodium anesthesia and blood was drawn from the tail vein of the splenectomized rats. Both PGE1, E2, F2alpha did not decrease the number of peripheral eosinophils on the group of the adrenalectomized rats. Both PGE1, F2alpha did not decrease the number of peripheral eosinophils, but PGE2 had a significant reducing effect on the number of them 2 and 3 hours after administration in the group of the rats with hypothalamic lesions. Both PGE1, E2, F2alpha had a significant reducing effect at the group of the rats with man-made hypothalamic lesions. This effect was almost the same as for the control group just splenectomized. It could be concluded that the eosinopenic effect of PGE1 and PGF2alpha was conducted through the hypothalamus and adrenal glands, but that of PGE2 might be effected through the hypophysis or directly through the adrenal glands.", "contents": "[The reducing effect of prostaglandins on circulating eosinophils in splenectomized rats--on its mechanism (author's transl)]. It is known that Prostaglandins(PGs) have many interesting physiological effects on various tissues, but the reducing effect on circulating eosinophils was still obscure, except for our report in 1975. Our previous report revealed that the effect had not act through beta-adrenergic receptors, because a beta-adrenergic blocker did not inhibit this effect. The present report was carried out to study whether the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenocortical axis would be concerned or not on this effect. PGs(10 mug/kg) were administered intraperitoneally under thiopental sodium anesthesia and blood was drawn from the tail vein of the splenectomized rats. Both PGE1, E2, F2alpha did not decrease the number of peripheral eosinophils on the group of the adrenalectomized rats. Both PGE1, F2alpha did not decrease the number of peripheral eosinophils, but PGE2 had a significant reducing effect on the number of them 2 and 3 hours after administration in the group of the rats with hypothalamic lesions. Both PGE1, E2, F2alpha had a significant reducing effect at the group of the rats with man-made hypothalamic lesions. This effect was almost the same as for the control group just splenectomized. It could be concluded that the eosinopenic effect of PGE1 and PGF2alpha was conducted through the hypothalamus and adrenal glands, but that of PGE2 might be effected through the hypophysis or directly through the adrenal glands.", "PMID": 1035171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6987", "title": "Development of malignant goiter by defatted soybean with iodine-free diet in rats.", "content": "Hyperplastic goiters were observed frequently in female rats of Wistar strain when given defatted soybean under iodine deficiency for 6 to 12 months. The findings in the thyroid were those of malignant tumors in which the features of thyroid carcinomas were seen, accompanied with metastasis in the lungs of some animals. Enlargement of the thyroid was completely inhibited in rats when a small amount of iodine was added to the diet. The role of soybean factor(s) which causes enlargment of the thyroid is discussed in relation to the development of malignant goiter, together with pathological findings in the animals.", "contents": "Development of malignant goiter by defatted soybean with iodine-free diet in rats. Hyperplastic goiters were observed frequently in female rats of Wistar strain when given defatted soybean under iodine deficiency for 6 to 12 months. The findings in the thyroid were those of malignant tumors in which the features of thyroid carcinomas were seen, accompanied with metastasis in the lungs of some animals. Enlargement of the thyroid was completely inhibited in rats when a small amount of iodine was added to the diet. The role of soybean factor(s) which causes enlargment of the thyroid is discussed in relation to the development of malignant goiter, together with pathological findings in the animals.", "PMID": 1035180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6988", "title": "On the regularities of distribution of Hypoderma bovis De Geer larvae parasitizine cattle herds in different parts of the range of this warble fly.", "content": "The type and parameters of the distribution of the second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis in cattle herds in Czechoslovakia (54 herds, 7233 head), Mongolia (20 herds, 1809 head) and the USSR (48 herds, 4978 head) were studied. A statistical analysis showed a) that in the majority of cases negative binomial distribution serves as a model of the distribution of larvae with sufficient reliability; b) that the regularity of dependence of the distribution exponent k of the negative binomial distribution on the incidence of infestation remains constant in different parts of the range of thes warble fly. The latter fact indicates that the regulatory systems limiting the population numbers of this warble fly are associated with host-parasite relationships and do not depend on a complex of conditions specific for various natural zones. In order to understand the regulatory processes in parasite populations it is necessary to study equally the regulatory mechanisms operating primarily on the level of specimens as well as the regulatory systems operating on the level of populations.", "contents": "On the regularities of distribution of Hypoderma bovis De Geer larvae parasitizine cattle herds in different parts of the range of this warble fly. The type and parameters of the distribution of the second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis in cattle herds in Czechoslovakia (54 herds, 7233 head), Mongolia (20 herds, 1809 head) and the USSR (48 herds, 4978 head) were studied. A statistical analysis showed a) that in the majority of cases negative binomial distribution serves as a model of the distribution of larvae with sufficient reliability; b) that the regularity of dependence of the distribution exponent k of the negative binomial distribution on the incidence of infestation remains constant in different parts of the range of thes warble fly. The latter fact indicates that the regulatory systems limiting the population numbers of this warble fly are associated with host-parasite relationships and do not depend on a complex of conditions specific for various natural zones. In order to understand the regulatory processes in parasite populations it is necessary to study equally the regulatory mechanisms operating primarily on the level of specimens as well as the regulatory systems operating on the level of populations.", "PMID": 1035182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6989", "title": "Histopathological changes and the genesis of adiaspiromycomas in mice infected intraperitoneally with Emmonsia cresens Emmons et Jellison, 1960.", "content": "Following an intraperitoneal inoculation with a suspension of aleuries of the funtus Emmonsia crescens, characteristic adiaspiromycomas originate in the abdominal cavity; a generalisation of the infection was caused by lymphogenic and haematogenic dissemination. At first, fragments of the mycelium became implanted and started to grow on the peritoneum; these were quickly destroyed by a gradually increasing leukocytic reaction. In the first month of infection nodules were formed mainly on predisposed sites in the abdominal cavity. Inside these nodules we found aleuries in the granulation tissue and a necrotic centre enclosing the accumulated inoculum. Development was delayed in aleuries released from agar particles after their resorption and in aleuries originating from remnants of the inoculum. This accounted for an initial heterogeneity of spherules in the nodules. The original nodules fus-d and formed large fibrous adiaspiromycomas. In the following months atypical spherules produced in large numbers by minute, developmentally retarded, budding spherules from the zone bordering the centres, were found inside these cel layer succumbed to regressive changes. The viability of these large spherules was confirmed by a finding of live adiaspores even at as late a time as 19 months after infection.", "contents": "Histopathological changes and the genesis of adiaspiromycomas in mice infected intraperitoneally with Emmonsia cresens Emmons et Jellison, 1960. Following an intraperitoneal inoculation with a suspension of aleuries of the funtus Emmonsia crescens, characteristic adiaspiromycomas originate in the abdominal cavity; a generalisation of the infection was caused by lymphogenic and haematogenic dissemination. At first, fragments of the mycelium became implanted and started to grow on the peritoneum; these were quickly destroyed by a gradually increasing leukocytic reaction. In the first month of infection nodules were formed mainly on predisposed sites in the abdominal cavity. Inside these nodules we found aleuries in the granulation tissue and a necrotic centre enclosing the accumulated inoculum. Development was delayed in aleuries released from agar particles after their resorption and in aleuries originating from remnants of the inoculum. This accounted for an initial heterogeneity of spherules in the nodules. The original nodules fus-d and formed large fibrous adiaspiromycomas. In the following months atypical spherules produced in large numbers by minute, developmentally retarded, budding spherules from the zone bordering the centres, were found inside these cel layer succumbed to regressive changes. The viability of these large spherules was confirmed by a finding of live adiaspores even at as late a time as 19 months after infection.", "PMID": 1035183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6990", "title": "[Effects of psychotropic drugs and the roles of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior].", "content": "A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in or near the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the posterior lateral hypothalamus of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. 1) Two electrode sites implanted in a rat both in the lateral hypothalamus and in the dorsal noradrenaline bundle supported self-stimulation (SS) behavior. 2) Methamphetamine facilitated the SS dose-dependently in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. The pretreatment of imipramine enhanced the effects of methamphetamine, but that of chlorpromazine inhibited those effects. Methamphetamine facilitated the SS also in the moderate-intensity reinforcement. Imipramine had no significant effects. On the other hand, chlorpromazine inhibited markedly the SS behavior. 3) FLA63 and U-14,624, dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, suppressed the SS behavior. Both drugs significantly reduced brain norepinephrine levels. FLA63 significantly increased the levels of dopamine, but the increase with U-14,624 was not significant. 4) Apomorphine, stimulant of dopamine receptor, did not facilitate, but rather suppressed the SS in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. 5) l-Norepinephrine injected into the lateral ventricle facilitated the rate of SS, dose-dependently. On the other hand, dopamine had no detectable effects. 7) These results suggest that the noradrenergic system in the brain plays a more important role in the positive reinforcement of the lateral hypothalamic SS behavior than does the dopaminergic system.", "contents": "[Effects of psychotropic drugs and the roles of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior]. A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in or near the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the posterior lateral hypothalamus of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. 1) Two electrode sites implanted in a rat both in the lateral hypothalamus and in the dorsal noradrenaline bundle supported self-stimulation (SS) behavior. 2) Methamphetamine facilitated the SS dose-dependently in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. The pretreatment of imipramine enhanced the effects of methamphetamine, but that of chlorpromazine inhibited those effects. Methamphetamine facilitated the SS also in the moderate-intensity reinforcement. Imipramine had no significant effects. On the other hand, chlorpromazine inhibited markedly the SS behavior. 3) FLA63 and U-14,624, dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, suppressed the SS behavior. Both drugs significantly reduced brain norepinephrine levels. FLA63 significantly increased the levels of dopamine, but the increase with U-14,624 was not significant. 4) Apomorphine, stimulant of dopamine receptor, did not facilitate, but rather suppressed the SS in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. 5) l-Norepinephrine injected into the lateral ventricle facilitated the rate of SS, dose-dependently. On the other hand, dopamine had no detectable effects. 7) These results suggest that the noradrenergic system in the brain plays a more important role in the positive reinforcement of the lateral hypothalamic SS behavior than does the dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 1035185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6991", "title": "[Roles of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the self-stimulation behavior of the substantia nigra].", "content": "A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in the substantia nigra of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. 1) Rats lifted and turned their heads and contralateral forelimb towards the contralateral side to the electrode during the substantia nigral self-stimulation (SS) behavior. 2) Methamphetamine facilitated the SS dose-dependently in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. The pretreatment of imipramine facilitated the effects of methamphetamine. 3) FLA63 and U-14,624, dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, suppressed the SS in the moderate-intensity reinforcement. 4) Apomorphine, stimulant of dopamine receptor, did not facilitate, but rather inhibited the SS dose-dependently in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. 5) l-Norepinephrine injected into the lateral ventricle facilitated the SS dose-dependently. On the other hand, dopamine had no marked effects. 6) These results suggest that the noradrenergic system in the brain plays a more important role in the positive reinforcement of the substantia nigral SS behavior than does the dopaminergicsystem.", "contents": "[Roles of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the self-stimulation behavior of the substantia nigra]. A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in the substantia nigra of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. 1) Rats lifted and turned their heads and contralateral forelimb towards the contralateral side to the electrode during the substantia nigral self-stimulation (SS) behavior. 2) Methamphetamine facilitated the SS dose-dependently in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. The pretreatment of imipramine facilitated the effects of methamphetamine. 3) FLA63 and U-14,624, dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, suppressed the SS in the moderate-intensity reinforcement. 4) Apomorphine, stimulant of dopamine receptor, did not facilitate, but rather inhibited the SS dose-dependently in the \"threshold\"-intensity reinforcement. 5) l-Norepinephrine injected into the lateral ventricle facilitated the SS dose-dependently. On the other hand, dopamine had no marked effects. 6) These results suggest that the noradrenergic system in the brain plays a more important role in the positive reinforcement of the substantia nigral SS behavior than does the dopaminergicsystem.", "PMID": 1035186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6992", "title": "[Pharmacological effects of [(octahydro-2-azocinyl)methyl] guanidine(guanazodine): its action mechanism and hypotensive effect].", "content": "Cardiovascular effects of guanazodine, a new antihypertensive drug, in anesthetized dogs, rabbits and rats and also isolated atria and arteries were compared with those of guanethidine and bethanidine. Guanazodine caused a sustained decrease in the systemic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats, renal hypertensive dogs and normal cats. No tachyphylaxis developed when the drug was administered orally to the rats once a day for 10 days. The heart rate decreased. Guanazodine relaxed the cat nictitating membrane, attenuated the positive chronotropic response to sympathetic nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs and in isolated rabbit aorta to transmural electrical stimulation. Guazazodine potentiated the pressor response to noradrenaline but attenuated the response to tyramine in anesthetized cats. The noradrenaline content of rat hearts was significantly reduced 4 hr or later after the injection of guanazodine, while the content in brains and adrenal glands was unaffected. The LD50 of guanazodine injected intravenously to male rats was 136 +/- 11 mg/kg which was approximately 4 times the value of guanethidine and 7 times the value of bethanidine. It may be concluded that the hypotensive effect of guanazodine is related to adrenergic neuron blocking action, the noradrenaline-depleting action in peripheral tissues is similar to the effect of guanethidine and bethanidine, and that the extent and the duration of the hypotension induced by guanazodine are approximately the same as those with guanethidine but appreciably greater than those with bethanidine. Toxicity and side effects appear to be less with guanazodine than with guanethidine and bethanidine.", "contents": "[Pharmacological effects of [(octahydro-2-azocinyl)methyl] guanidine(guanazodine): its action mechanism and hypotensive effect]. Cardiovascular effects of guanazodine, a new antihypertensive drug, in anesthetized dogs, rabbits and rats and also isolated atria and arteries were compared with those of guanethidine and bethanidine. Guanazodine caused a sustained decrease in the systemic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats, renal hypertensive dogs and normal cats. No tachyphylaxis developed when the drug was administered orally to the rats once a day for 10 days. The heart rate decreased. Guanazodine relaxed the cat nictitating membrane, attenuated the positive chronotropic response to sympathetic nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs and in isolated rabbit aorta to transmural electrical stimulation. Guazazodine potentiated the pressor response to noradrenaline but attenuated the response to tyramine in anesthetized cats. The noradrenaline content of rat hearts was significantly reduced 4 hr or later after the injection of guanazodine, while the content in brains and adrenal glands was unaffected. The LD50 of guanazodine injected intravenously to male rats was 136 +/- 11 mg/kg which was approximately 4 times the value of guanethidine and 7 times the value of bethanidine. It may be concluded that the hypotensive effect of guanazodine is related to adrenergic neuron blocking action, the noradrenaline-depleting action in peripheral tissues is similar to the effect of guanethidine and bethanidine, and that the extent and the duration of the hypotension induced by guanazodine are approximately the same as those with guanethidine but appreciably greater than those with bethanidine. Toxicity and side effects appear to be less with guanazodine than with guanethidine and bethanidine.", "PMID": 1035187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6993", "title": "[Distribution of lithium and its effects on electrolyte and norepinephrine metabolism in discrete areas of the rat brain].", "content": "Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) or lithium chloride (LiCl) was administered to rats, and distribution in discrete areas of the brain as well as the effects on electrolytes in the urine, blood and whole brain were investigated. Further, the effects of Li with or without methamphetamine on electrolytes and norepinephrine (NE) metabolism in discrete areas of rat brain were examined. After a single administration of Li2CO3 (2.7 mEq/kg p.o.), the Li concentration in all regions of the brain except the hypothalamus reached the maximum level at 12 hr and decreased gradually. A relatively high concentration was observed in the hypothalamus, a short time after the administration. After repeated administration of Li2Co3 (2.7 mEq/kg/day for 5 or days p.o.), the Li concentration did not increase in any region of the brain in comparison with after a single administration and there were no marked changes in the balance of electrolytes in the plasma and brain despite significant changes in the urinary electrolytes and urine volume. Acute administration of LiCl (2.4 mEq/kg and 1.2 mEq/kgx2 for 2 hr i.p.) did not affect the levels of NE and its metabolites in any region of the brain. Subacute administration of LiCl (2.5mEq/kg X 2/day for 4.5 days i.p.) concomitant with methamphetamine increased the deaminated metabolites of NE in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, whereas no influence was observed on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in any region of the brain. From these results, it is suggested that the hypothalamus is one area where Li exerts its action.", "contents": "[Distribution of lithium and its effects on electrolyte and norepinephrine metabolism in discrete areas of the rat brain]. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) or lithium chloride (LiCl) was administered to rats, and distribution in discrete areas of the brain as well as the effects on electrolytes in the urine, blood and whole brain were investigated. Further, the effects of Li with or without methamphetamine on electrolytes and norepinephrine (NE) metabolism in discrete areas of rat brain were examined. After a single administration of Li2CO3 (2.7 mEq/kg p.o.), the Li concentration in all regions of the brain except the hypothalamus reached the maximum level at 12 hr and decreased gradually. A relatively high concentration was observed in the hypothalamus, a short time after the administration. After repeated administration of Li2Co3 (2.7 mEq/kg/day for 5 or days p.o.), the Li concentration did not increase in any region of the brain in comparison with after a single administration and there were no marked changes in the balance of electrolytes in the plasma and brain despite significant changes in the urinary electrolytes and urine volume. Acute administration of LiCl (2.4 mEq/kg and 1.2 mEq/kgx2 for 2 hr i.p.) did not affect the levels of NE and its metabolites in any region of the brain. Subacute administration of LiCl (2.5mEq/kg X 2/day for 4.5 days i.p.) concomitant with methamphetamine increased the deaminated metabolites of NE in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, whereas no influence was observed on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in any region of the brain. From these results, it is suggested that the hypothalamus is one area where Li exerts its action.", "PMID": 1035188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6994", "title": "[Depressive effects of benzodiazepines on penicillin-induced epileptic discharges].", "content": "Effects of clonazepam, nitrazepam and diazepam on penicillin induced primary, spread and reactive epileptoform discharges were investigated in gallamine immobilized cats. Different strengths of seizure foci were induced by penicillin G 1000, 3000 and 6000 U injected into the cortex, amygdala and intralaminal thalamus, and the spread of epileptic discharges in the subcortex or surrounding area and to the contralateral area was followed. Benzodiazepines 5 mg/kg i.v. shortened the duration of primary epileptoform discharges and prolonged the interictal interval in the cortical, amygdaloid and intralaminal thalamic epileptogenesis induced by a high concentration of penicillin G. When a low concentration of penicillin G was injected into the cortex, amygdala and intralaminal thalamus, benzodiazepines abolished the spread of primary epileptoform discharges and the reactive discharges, but did not suppress completely the primary epileptogenic discharges and the contralateral reflective activity. Suppression of the discharges necessitated administration of a high dose. The greatest degree of suppression was seen with clonazepam. It is concluded that the anticonvulsive effect of benzodiazepines may be due to the blackades of neuronal pathways which spread the seizure discharges from the site of origin (focus) to the effector organ, and the elevation of convulsive thresholds.", "contents": "[Depressive effects of benzodiazepines on penicillin-induced epileptic discharges]. Effects of clonazepam, nitrazepam and diazepam on penicillin induced primary, spread and reactive epileptoform discharges were investigated in gallamine immobilized cats. Different strengths of seizure foci were induced by penicillin G 1000, 3000 and 6000 U injected into the cortex, amygdala and intralaminal thalamus, and the spread of epileptic discharges in the subcortex or surrounding area and to the contralateral area was followed. Benzodiazepines 5 mg/kg i.v. shortened the duration of primary epileptoform discharges and prolonged the interictal interval in the cortical, amygdaloid and intralaminal thalamic epileptogenesis induced by a high concentration of penicillin G. When a low concentration of penicillin G was injected into the cortex, amygdala and intralaminal thalamus, benzodiazepines abolished the spread of primary epileptoform discharges and the reactive discharges, but did not suppress completely the primary epileptogenic discharges and the contralateral reflective activity. Suppression of the discharges necessitated administration of a high dose. The greatest degree of suppression was seen with clonazepam. It is concluded that the anticonvulsive effect of benzodiazepines may be due to the blackades of neuronal pathways which spread the seizure discharges from the site of origin (focus) to the effector organ, and the elevation of convulsive thresholds.", "PMID": 1035189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6995", "title": "[Central activity, antihypertensive action and antiulcerogenic effects of neurotropin].", "content": "Central activity, antihypertensive action and antiulcerogenic actions of Neurotropin (NSP), an extract isolated from vaccinia virus-innoculated skin or tissues of rabbits were investigated herein. When actions of NSP were examined in isolated muscle preparations by the Magnus-method, peristalsis and ACh-induced contraction in the small intestine isolated from crayfish were not influenced, peristalsis and ACh-induced contraction in the small intestine from mice were slightly accelerated, but adrenaline-induced relaxation in the small intestine from mice was not affected. Histamine-induced contraction in the small intestine and tracheal muscles isolated from guinea pigs was antagonized slightly, or not at all by NSP in a high concentration. NSP had no direct action nor anti-ACh action on abdominal muscles from frogs. NSP had no influence on E1-mice-convulsions. Both spontaneous motor activities and exploratory movements in mice were depressed. Sleeping time induced by hexobarbital-Na was prolonged in mice. Tremorine-induced tremor in mice was inhibited by NSP, while perphenazine-induced catalepsy in rats was not. Normal blood pressure in Wistar rats was not influenced, but high blood pressure in SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rats) decreased close to normal levels after NSP. NSP had antiulcerogenic effects on Takagi's restraint-plus-water-immersing ulcers in rats and histamine-induced duodenal ulcers in guinea pigs, but no influence on Shay ulcers in Wistar rats. From the data obtained herein, it may be concluded that NSP has many central depressant-like activities.", "contents": "[Central activity, antihypertensive action and antiulcerogenic effects of neurotropin]. Central activity, antihypertensive action and antiulcerogenic actions of Neurotropin (NSP), an extract isolated from vaccinia virus-innoculated skin or tissues of rabbits were investigated herein. When actions of NSP were examined in isolated muscle preparations by the Magnus-method, peristalsis and ACh-induced contraction in the small intestine isolated from crayfish were not influenced, peristalsis and ACh-induced contraction in the small intestine from mice were slightly accelerated, but adrenaline-induced relaxation in the small intestine from mice was not affected. Histamine-induced contraction in the small intestine and tracheal muscles isolated from guinea pigs was antagonized slightly, or not at all by NSP in a high concentration. NSP had no direct action nor anti-ACh action on abdominal muscles from frogs. NSP had no influence on E1-mice-convulsions. Both spontaneous motor activities and exploratory movements in mice were depressed. Sleeping time induced by hexobarbital-Na was prolonged in mice. Tremorine-induced tremor in mice was inhibited by NSP, while perphenazine-induced catalepsy in rats was not. Normal blood pressure in Wistar rats was not influenced, but high blood pressure in SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rats) decreased close to normal levels after NSP. NSP had antiulcerogenic effects on Takagi's restraint-plus-water-immersing ulcers in rats and histamine-induced duodenal ulcers in guinea pigs, but no influence on Shay ulcers in Wistar rats. From the data obtained herein, it may be concluded that NSP has many central depressant-like activities.", "PMID": 1035190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6996", "title": "[Behavioral pharmacology of berberine-type alkaloids. (1) Central depressive action of Coptidis rhizoma and its constituents].", "content": "Coptis root is frequently utilized as a sedative in Chinese medicines, however, the central depressant action of this compound has not been reported. Such being the case, the central depressant actions of methanol extract of coptis root, its active ingredients such as non-alkaloids fraction, tertiary base fraction, quarternary base fraction, magnoflorine fraction, berberine hydrochloride, coptisine hydrochloride and the extract from SAN O SHA SHIN TO being one of the preparations which contain coptis root were investigated in mice. The antigastric ulcer action of these substances was also examined in rats. All substances were given orally. Sontaneous movement and coordinative motor activity were not depressed by methanol extract, non-alkaloid fraction quarternary base fraction, magnoflorine fraction, berberine hydrochloride, coptisine hhdrochloride and the extract from SAN O SHA SHIN TO. There was no inhibition of chemical- and electro-shock-induced convulsion, morphine induced Straub's tail reaction, apomorphine-induced masticating motion and aggressive behavior induced by electrical stimulation. A loss of righting reflex due to hypnotics was not potentiated by the substances. The quarternary base fraction did not elicit central depression, while the tertiary base fraction slightly depressed the function of the central nervous system. Quarternary base alkaloids such as berberine exerted a slight antiulcer effect.", "contents": "[Behavioral pharmacology of berberine-type alkaloids. (1) Central depressive action of Coptidis rhizoma and its constituents]. Coptis root is frequently utilized as a sedative in Chinese medicines, however, the central depressant action of this compound has not been reported. Such being the case, the central depressant actions of methanol extract of coptis root, its active ingredients such as non-alkaloids fraction, tertiary base fraction, quarternary base fraction, magnoflorine fraction, berberine hydrochloride, coptisine hydrochloride and the extract from SAN O SHA SHIN TO being one of the preparations which contain coptis root were investigated in mice. The antigastric ulcer action of these substances was also examined in rats. All substances were given orally. Sontaneous movement and coordinative motor activity were not depressed by methanol extract, non-alkaloid fraction quarternary base fraction, magnoflorine fraction, berberine hydrochloride, coptisine hhdrochloride and the extract from SAN O SHA SHIN TO. There was no inhibition of chemical- and electro-shock-induced convulsion, morphine induced Straub's tail reaction, apomorphine-induced masticating motion and aggressive behavior induced by electrical stimulation. A loss of righting reflex due to hypnotics was not potentiated by the substances. The quarternary base fraction did not elicit central depression, while the tertiary base fraction slightly depressed the function of the central nervous system. Quarternary base alkaloids such as berberine exerted a slight antiulcer effect.", "PMID": 1035191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6997", "title": "[Behavioral pharmacology of berberine-type alkaloids. (2) Central depressant effects of tetrahydroberberine (THB) and related compounds].", "content": "The behavioral effects of tetrahydroberberine (THB), tetrahydrocoptisine (THC), tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and tetrahydrojateorrhizine (THJ) were compared with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and benzodiazepines in mice and rats. Effects of THB were also determined by electroencephalography (EEG) in rabbits. THB was found to pharmacologically exert various actions similar to those of CPZ which is a major tranquilizer, however, the actions of THB were weaker than those of CPZ. Although THB alone did not induce catalepsy, it enhanced the cataleptogenic action of CPZ. At a dose over the effective levels, THB did not lower normal body temperature or induce muscle relaxation and loss of righting reflex. EEG activities in the frontal cortex areas were markedly affected by THB, e.g., fast waves in spontaneous EEG were converted to slow waves. THB and CPZ in a similar manner elicited a sustaining increase in hippocampal afterdischarge, but the action of THB was weaker than that of CPZ. The acute toxicity of THB was lower than that of CPZ and benzodiazepines and the depressant activity of THB almost equalled that of THC and THP, whereas the activity of 1-THB was 1.5 times as great as that of THB. These data indicate that THB, THC and THP may be a new type of tranquilizer.", "contents": "[Behavioral pharmacology of berberine-type alkaloids. (2) Central depressant effects of tetrahydroberberine (THB) and related compounds]. The behavioral effects of tetrahydroberberine (THB), tetrahydrocoptisine (THC), tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and tetrahydrojateorrhizine (THJ) were compared with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and benzodiazepines in mice and rats. Effects of THB were also determined by electroencephalography (EEG) in rabbits. THB was found to pharmacologically exert various actions similar to those of CPZ which is a major tranquilizer, however, the actions of THB were weaker than those of CPZ. Although THB alone did not induce catalepsy, it enhanced the cataleptogenic action of CPZ. At a dose over the effective levels, THB did not lower normal body temperature or induce muscle relaxation and loss of righting reflex. EEG activities in the frontal cortex areas were markedly affected by THB, e.g., fast waves in spontaneous EEG were converted to slow waves. THB and CPZ in a similar manner elicited a sustaining increase in hippocampal afterdischarge, but the action of THB was weaker than that of CPZ. The acute toxicity of THB was lower than that of CPZ and benzodiazepines and the depressant activity of THB almost equalled that of THC and THP, whereas the activity of 1-THB was 1.5 times as great as that of THB. These data indicate that THB, THC and THP may be a new type of tranquilizer.", "PMID": 1035192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6998", "title": "The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the chicken embryo cartilage somatomedin assay.", "content": "In a study of the effects of hydrocortisone on the embryonic chicken cartilage somatomedin assay, in the absence and in the presence of normal human reference serum (NHRS), it was found that: (1) The basal uptake of 35S into chicken embryo pelvic cartilage was reduced when hydrocortisone hemisuccinate was added to the incubation medium in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 1.5 X 10(5) ng/ml. There was a correlation between the inhibitory effect and the quantity of hydrocortisone added (r=-0.869; p less than 0.01). (2) The 35S uptake stimulated by 1.25 and 5% serum present in the incubation medium was reduced by hydrocortisone in a final concentration range of 150-1.5 X 10(5) ng/ml incubation medium. The minimal dose was 1,000 times that required to affect the basal 35S uptake. (3) When hydrocortisone was directly added to the NHRS, its interfering effect on the 35S uptake stimulated by 1.25, 5 and 20% of serum in the incubation medium was demonstrable with 5 X 10(5) ng hydrocortisone/ml serum. This concentration exceeded the physiological level of hydrocortisone by a factor of 5,000.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the chicken embryo cartilage somatomedin assay. In a study of the effects of hydrocortisone on the embryonic chicken cartilage somatomedin assay, in the absence and in the presence of normal human reference serum (NHRS), it was found that: (1) The basal uptake of 35S into chicken embryo pelvic cartilage was reduced when hydrocortisone hemisuccinate was added to the incubation medium in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 1.5 X 10(5) ng/ml. There was a correlation between the inhibitory effect and the quantity of hydrocortisone added (r=-0.869; p less than 0.01). (2) The 35S uptake stimulated by 1.25 and 5% serum present in the incubation medium was reduced by hydrocortisone in a final concentration range of 150-1.5 X 10(5) ng/ml incubation medium. The minimal dose was 1,000 times that required to affect the basal 35S uptake. (3) When hydrocortisone was directly added to the NHRS, its interfering effect on the 35S uptake stimulated by 1.25, 5 and 20% of serum in the incubation medium was demonstrable with 5 X 10(5) ng hydrocortisone/ml serum. This concentration exceeded the physiological level of hydrocortisone by a factor of 5,000.", "PMID": 1035198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_6999", "title": "Familial male internal pseudohermaphroditism; report on a case.", "content": "A rare case of male internal pseudohermaphroditism is described. The patient had normal external male sexual characteristics but unilateral cryptorchidism. Three of his four brothers had also cryptorchidism and were also involuntary infertile. One of them was later operated and a uterus found intra-peritoneallu. The patient's parents were cousins and the possible importance of an inheritable defect is discussed. The patient's karyotype was normal.", "contents": "Familial male internal pseudohermaphroditism; report on a case. A rare case of male internal pseudohermaphroditism is described. The patient had normal external male sexual characteristics but unilateral cryptorchidism. Three of his four brothers had also cryptorchidism and were also involuntary infertile. One of them was later operated and a uterus found intra-peritoneallu. The patient's parents were cousins and the possible importance of an inheritable defect is discussed. The patient's karyotype was normal.", "PMID": 1035199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7000", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of cyclitols, XXXV. On the mechanism of action of myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase from rat testicles.", "content": "The animal myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase is competitively inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate and trinitrobenzensulphonate, both compounds known to prevent Schiff's base formation. When incubated with labelled substrate and then treated with NaBH4, label can be recovered in the enzyme protein. In analogous experiments with tritiated NaBH4 the enzyme protein also becomes labelled; after hydrolysis of such protein only one labelled compound, derived from lysine and D-glucose 6-phosphate, could be isolated. Its exact structure is not yet known. From these results it can be concluded that during its action myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase forms a Schiff's base with its substrate, in analogy to the class I aldolases.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of cyclitols, XXXV. On the mechanism of action of myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase from rat testicles. The animal myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase is competitively inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate and trinitrobenzensulphonate, both compounds known to prevent Schiff's base formation. When incubated with labelled substrate and then treated with NaBH4, label can be recovered in the enzyme protein. In analogous experiments with tritiated NaBH4 the enzyme protein also becomes labelled; after hydrolysis of such protein only one labelled compound, derived from lysine and D-glucose 6-phosphate, could be isolated. Its exact structure is not yet known. From these results it can be concluded that during its action myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase forms a Schiff's base with its substrate, in analogy to the class I aldolases.", "PMID": 1035200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7001", "title": "The effect of a bacterial extract on synovial cells in tissue culture.", "content": "The studies reported here were undertaken to determine if Erysipelothrix crude extract (CE) could elicit consistent, detectable alterations in synovial cells in vitro. Synovial cells of rabbits were cultured in vitro and data about normal synovial cells in vitro were presented. Such cells were consistently and characteristically affected by exposure to small amounts of CE; an effect that was neutralized in the presence of specific and anti-CE anti-serum. With an increase in the amount of CE added to the cells in culture, a decreasing number of cells was formed but protein content remained relatively constant.", "contents": "The effect of a bacterial extract on synovial cells in tissue culture. The studies reported here were undertaken to determine if Erysipelothrix crude extract (CE) could elicit consistent, detectable alterations in synovial cells in vitro. Synovial cells of rabbits were cultured in vitro and data about normal synovial cells in vitro were presented. Such cells were consistently and characteristically affected by exposure to small amounts of CE; an effect that was neutralized in the presence of specific and anti-CE anti-serum. With an increase in the amount of CE added to the cells in culture, a decreasing number of cells was formed but protein content remained relatively constant.", "PMID": 1035204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7002", "title": "Culture characteristics of cells derived from type II pneumocyte enriched fractions from rabbit and rat.", "content": "Type II cell enriched fractions were isolated from rabbit and rat lungs using density gradient centrifugation. Cultures established from these fractions contained predominantly cells similar in most morphological respects to type II pneumocytes. These were in continuous replicating culture for 1 year and still exhibited contact inhibition. Membrane-bound structures reminiscent of, but no longer strictly identical to, type II cell lamellar cytosomes were seen in cells from these long-term cultures although their numbers were reduced in comparison to lamellar bodies in freshly isolated cells. Mitochondrial numbers and sizes, determined morphometrically, were reduced after culture in comparison to freshly isolated type II cells and those in situ. Phosphatidylcholine was synthesized by these cells and released into the extracellular medium. Application of laser activated electronic sizing data, confirmed by direct micrometry, demonstrated a significant increase in cell size as a function of culture. This sizing data, after prior confirmation by electron microscopy, was used as an aid in identifying type II cells and macrophages in dispersion, especially with those cells derived from rabbit lungs.", "contents": "Culture characteristics of cells derived from type II pneumocyte enriched fractions from rabbit and rat. Type II cell enriched fractions were isolated from rabbit and rat lungs using density gradient centrifugation. Cultures established from these fractions contained predominantly cells similar in most morphological respects to type II pneumocytes. These were in continuous replicating culture for 1 year and still exhibited contact inhibition. Membrane-bound structures reminiscent of, but no longer strictly identical to, type II cell lamellar cytosomes were seen in cells from these long-term cultures although their numbers were reduced in comparison to lamellar bodies in freshly isolated cells. Mitochondrial numbers and sizes, determined morphometrically, were reduced after culture in comparison to freshly isolated type II cells and those in situ. Phosphatidylcholine was synthesized by these cells and released into the extracellular medium. Application of laser activated electronic sizing data, confirmed by direct micrometry, demonstrated a significant increase in cell size as a function of culture. This sizing data, after prior confirmation by electron microscopy, was used as an aid in identifying type II cells and macrophages in dispersion, especially with those cells derived from rabbit lungs.", "PMID": 1035205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7003", "title": "[Clinical picture, pathophysiology and therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the clinical picture, the therapy and the pathophysiology of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is presented. Emphasis is put on recent evidence concerning cellular and humoral autoimmune reactions, and their relevance for the pathogenesis of the disease is outlined.", "contents": "[Clinical picture, pathophysiology and therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)]. A review of the clinical picture, the therapy and the pathophysiology of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is presented. Emphasis is put on recent evidence concerning cellular and humoral autoimmune reactions, and their relevance for the pathogenesis of the disease is outlined.", "PMID": 1035206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7004", "title": "Diagnostic aspects of bladder angiography in urinary bladder tuberculosis.", "content": "Histopathological and angiographic findings were correlated in 6 cases of tuberculosis of the urinary bladder. The number of vessels was only slightly increased in the initial and fibrotic stages, whereas hypervascularization was observed in the exudative and productive stages. Otherwise the angiographic changes were nonspecific. Thus it was not possible to distinguish tuberculous cystitis from cystitis of other genesis, and in some instances from tumours of the urinary bladder either.", "contents": "Diagnostic aspects of bladder angiography in urinary bladder tuberculosis. Histopathological and angiographic findings were correlated in 6 cases of tuberculosis of the urinary bladder. The number of vessels was only slightly increased in the initial and fibrotic stages, whereas hypervascularization was observed in the exudative and productive stages. Otherwise the angiographic changes were nonspecific. Thus it was not possible to distinguish tuberculous cystitis from cystitis of other genesis, and in some instances from tumours of the urinary bladder either.", "PMID": 1035208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7005", "title": "Malignant testicular tumors in three  brothers.", "content": "Three brothers out of four had malignant testicular tumors. The first of them had choriocarcinoma, the second seminoma, and the third teratocarcinoma of the testis.", "contents": "Malignant testicular tumors in three  brothers. Three brothers out of four had malignant testicular tumors. The first of them had choriocarcinoma, the second seminoma, and the third teratocarcinoma of the testis.", "PMID": 1035209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7006", "title": "Patterns of labor in native and immigrant population in Israel.", "content": "The application of cervical dilatation rates as a predictive index of the outcome of labor was tested among various subgroups of the Israel population. Cervical dilatation rates, gestational ages, birth weights, initial fetal head station, cervical dilatation at head engagement, and incidence of delivery problems were similar among Jewish patients, both native born and foreign; and among Arab patients. Generally, primiparas entered labor with lower fetal head station and reached head engagement with less cervical dilatation than did multiparous or grand multiparous patients. The results suggest that the rate of cervical dilatation, as measured early in the active phase of labor, can be used with equal confidence among all our population groups to forecast type of delivery. Early in the active phase of labor, women in whom the probability of a spontaneous delivery is approximately 95% can be separated from those cases in which intervention will be necessary.", "contents": "Patterns of labor in native and immigrant population in Israel. The application of cervical dilatation rates as a predictive index of the outcome of labor was tested among various subgroups of the Israel population. Cervical dilatation rates, gestational ages, birth weights, initial fetal head station, cervical dilatation at head engagement, and incidence of delivery problems were similar among Jewish patients, both native born and foreign; and among Arab patients. Generally, primiparas entered labor with lower fetal head station and reached head engagement with less cervical dilatation than did multiparous or grand multiparous patients. The results suggest that the rate of cervical dilatation, as measured early in the active phase of labor, can be used with equal confidence among all our population groups to forecast type of delivery. Early in the active phase of labor, women in whom the probability of a spontaneous delivery is approximately 95% can be separated from those cases in which intervention will be necessary.", "PMID": 1035210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7007", "title": "Cerebral distress in full-term newborns and its prognostic value. A follow-up study of 90 infants.", "content": "The history of 90 full-term infants with neonatal cerebral distress was examined. Informations concerning pregnancy, delivery, neonatal status, clinical and laboratory evolution were compared with final outcome in each case. It was then possible to distinguish certain clinical features significantly associated with poor prognosis. After statistical analysis, different adverse criteria were selected, such as severe neonatal asphyxia, associated respiratory disorders, acute anemia, and especially neurological signs with regard to their chronology. This part of the study has resulted in a classification of the neurological signs and has permitted the description of both malignant and benign cerebral distress syndromes.", "contents": "Cerebral distress in full-term newborns and its prognostic value. A follow-up study of 90 infants. The history of 90 full-term infants with neonatal cerebral distress was examined. Informations concerning pregnancy, delivery, neonatal status, clinical and laboratory evolution were compared with final outcome in each case. It was then possible to distinguish certain clinical features significantly associated with poor prognosis. After statistical analysis, different adverse criteria were selected, such as severe neonatal asphyxia, associated respiratory disorders, acute anemia, and especially neurological signs with regard to their chronology. This part of the study has resulted in a classification of the neurological signs and has permitted the description of both malignant and benign cerebral distress syndromes.", "PMID": 1035211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7008", "title": "[Sugar consumption and prenatal acceleration. II. Studies on the etiology and pathophysiology of secular prenatal acceleration].", "content": "The pathophysiologic considerations support the causal relationship between the secular trend of sugar consumption in industrialized society and the development of prenatal acceleration, which is evident on the basis of epidemiological data. The excessive consumption of sugar and the other quickly absorbed \"refined\" carbohydrates enhances the hormonogenic effect of food which is also potentiated by the proteins. Together with the caloric overloading, provoked also by the excess in fat, characteristic for the affluent society, the excessive sugar consumption enhances in the pregnant women obesity and \"protodiabetes\" (PFEIFFER), in the predisposed child the tendency to hyperinsulinism with its consequences. In a prediabetic mother with normal glucose-tolerance the regularly repeated postprandial overfloating of the fetus with maternal glucose changes the feto-maternal hormonal regulation and enhances together with the overloading of substrate, i.e. energy and elements of biosyntheses, the accelerated fetal growth and especially the obesity of the large baby.", "contents": "[Sugar consumption and prenatal acceleration. II. Studies on the etiology and pathophysiology of secular prenatal acceleration]. The pathophysiologic considerations support the causal relationship between the secular trend of sugar consumption in industrialized society and the development of prenatal acceleration, which is evident on the basis of epidemiological data. The excessive consumption of sugar and the other quickly absorbed \"refined\" carbohydrates enhances the hormonogenic effect of food which is also potentiated by the proteins. Together with the caloric overloading, provoked also by the excess in fat, characteristic for the affluent society, the excessive sugar consumption enhances in the pregnant women obesity and \"protodiabetes\" (PFEIFFER), in the predisposed child the tendency to hyperinsulinism with its consequences. In a prediabetic mother with normal glucose-tolerance the regularly repeated postprandial overfloating of the fetus with maternal glucose changes the feto-maternal hormonal regulation and enhances together with the overloading of substrate, i.e. energy and elements of biosyntheses, the accelerated fetal growth and especially the obesity of the large baby.", "PMID": 1035212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7009", "title": "Sulfate incorporation from ascorbate 2-sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses.", "content": "Radioactivity was significantly incorporated from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses. The extent of incorporation was comparable with that from inorganic [35S]sulfate. The radioactive chondroitin sulfate formed from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate gave two radioactive disaccharides on chondroitinase-ABC [EC 4.2.2.4] digestion. The incorporation was markedly decreased by inorganic sulfate. The time course of incorporation from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate and inorganic [35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate and the constituent disaccharides suggest that the incorporation rates from the two radioactive substances are different.", "contents": "Sulfate incorporation from ascorbate 2-sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses. Radioactivity was significantly incorporated from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick cartilage epiphyses. The extent of incorporation was comparable with that from inorganic [35S]sulfate. The radioactive chondroitin sulfate formed from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate gave two radioactive disaccharides on chondroitinase-ABC [EC 4.2.2.4] digestion. The incorporation was markedly decreased by inorganic sulfate. The time course of incorporation from ascorbate 2-[35S]sulfate and inorganic [35S]sulfate into chondroitin sulfate and the constituent disaccharides suggest that the incorporation rates from the two radioactive substances are different.", "PMID": 1035215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7010", "title": "Studies on the hydrazinolysis of glycoproteins. Core structures of oligosaccharides obtained from Porcine thyroglobulin and pineapple stem bromelain.", "content": "Hydrazinolysis of porcine thyroglobulin glycopeptides and of pineapple stem bromelain [EC 3.4.22.4] permitted the isolation of almost intact carbohydrate chains of these glycoproteins. On the basis of permethylation analyses of the released oligosaccharides after reduction with NaBH4, the core structures of Unit A-type and Unit B-type carbohydrate chains of porcine thyroglobulin were deduced to be Manalpha1 leads to 6[Manalpha1 leads to 3]Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4[Ralpha1 leads to 6]GlcNAc leads to Asn (Unit A-type, R=H; Unit B-type, R=Fuc), and that of bromelain was found to be Manalpha1 leads to 6[R'1 leads to 2]Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4[R1 leads to 3]GlcNAc leads to Asn (R'=Xylbeta and R=Fucalpha, or R'=Fucalpha and R=Xylbeta). From these results, it appears that the hydrazinolysis method is applicable to wide variety of glycoproteins which have an N-glycosylamine linkage between the carbohydrate and peptide moieties, regardless of the type of linkage to the most proximal N-acetylglucosamine residue which is bound to asparagine.", "contents": "Studies on the hydrazinolysis of glycoproteins. Core structures of oligosaccharides obtained from Porcine thyroglobulin and pineapple stem bromelain. Hydrazinolysis of porcine thyroglobulin glycopeptides and of pineapple stem bromelain [EC 3.4.22.4] permitted the isolation of almost intact carbohydrate chains of these glycoproteins. On the basis of permethylation analyses of the released oligosaccharides after reduction with NaBH4, the core structures of Unit A-type and Unit B-type carbohydrate chains of porcine thyroglobulin were deduced to be Manalpha1 leads to 6[Manalpha1 leads to 3]Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4[Ralpha1 leads to 6]GlcNAc leads to Asn (Unit A-type, R=H; Unit B-type, R=Fuc), and that of bromelain was found to be Manalpha1 leads to 6[R'1 leads to 2]Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4[R1 leads to 3]GlcNAc leads to Asn (R'=Xylbeta and R=Fucalpha, or R'=Fucalpha and R=Xylbeta). From these results, it appears that the hydrazinolysis method is applicable to wide variety of glycoproteins which have an N-glycosylamine linkage between the carbohydrate and peptide moieties, regardless of the type of linkage to the most proximal N-acetylglucosamine residue which is bound to asparagine.", "PMID": 1035216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7011", "title": "Isolation of two forms of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of rabbit complement.", "content": "Two forms of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, were present in preparations of C1 specifically purified from rabbit serum by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose 6B and were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in the presence of EDTA. These two activated C1s, designated C1s(I) and C1s(II), were indistinguishable with regard to hemolytic activity as well as C1s esterase activity, though they had different molecular weights. C1s(I) had a molecular weight of 106,000, consisting of H and L chains connected by disulfide bonds; the molecular weights of the chains were 70,000 and 36,000, respectively. On the other hand, C1s(II), with a molecular weight of 72,000, consisted of two chains each with a molecular weight of about 37,000, which were also connected by disulfide bonds. These results suggest that, in the case of rabbit C1s, the primary product of activation with C1r, C1s(I), may be susceptible to further cleavage of its H chain without any loss of C1s activity, resulting in the formation of C1s(II), though the active principle responsible for this conversion remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Isolation of two forms of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of rabbit complement. Two forms of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, were present in preparations of C1 specifically purified from rabbit serum by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose 6B and were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in the presence of EDTA. These two activated C1s, designated C1s(I) and C1s(II), were indistinguishable with regard to hemolytic activity as well as C1s esterase activity, though they had different molecular weights. C1s(I) had a molecular weight of 106,000, consisting of H and L chains connected by disulfide bonds; the molecular weights of the chains were 70,000 and 36,000, respectively. On the other hand, C1s(II), with a molecular weight of 72,000, consisted of two chains each with a molecular weight of about 37,000, which were also connected by disulfide bonds. These results suggest that, in the case of rabbit C1s, the primary product of activation with C1r, C1s(I), may be susceptible to further cleavage of its H chain without any loss of C1s activity, resulting in the formation of C1s(II), though the active principle responsible for this conversion remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1035218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7012", "title": "Classification of loops of lampbrush chromosomes according to the arrangement of transcriptional complexes.", "content": "The arrangement of transcriptional units in the loops of lampbrush chromosomes from oocyte nuclei of urodele amphibia and from primary nuclei of the green alga Acetabularia have been studied in the electron microscope using spread preparations. Loops with different patterns of arrangement of matrix units (i.e. to a first approximation, transcriptional units) can be distinguished: (i) loops consisting of one active transcriptional unit; (ii) loops containing one active transcriptional unit plus additional fibril-free, i.e. apparently untranscribed, intercepts that may include 'spacer' regions; (iii) loops containing two or more transcriptional units arranged in identical or changing polarities, with or without interspersed apparent spacer regions. Morphological details of the transcriptional complexes are described. The observations are not compatible with the concept that one loop reflects one and only one transcriptional unit but, rather, lead to a classification of loop types according to the arrangement of their transcriptional units. We propose that the lampbrush chromosome loop can represent a unit for the coordinate transcription of either one gene or a set of several (different) genes.", "contents": "Classification of loops of lampbrush chromosomes according to the arrangement of transcriptional complexes. The arrangement of transcriptional units in the loops of lampbrush chromosomes from oocyte nuclei of urodele amphibia and from primary nuclei of the green alga Acetabularia have been studied in the electron microscope using spread preparations. Loops with different patterns of arrangement of matrix units (i.e. to a first approximation, transcriptional units) can be distinguished: (i) loops consisting of one active transcriptional unit; (ii) loops containing one active transcriptional unit plus additional fibril-free, i.e. apparently untranscribed, intercepts that may include 'spacer' regions; (iii) loops containing two or more transcriptional units arranged in identical or changing polarities, with or without interspersed apparent spacer regions. Morphological details of the transcriptional complexes are described. The observations are not compatible with the concept that one loop reflects one and only one transcriptional unit but, rather, lead to a classification of loop types according to the arrangement of their transcriptional units. We propose that the lampbrush chromosome loop can represent a unit for the coordinate transcription of either one gene or a set of several (different) genes.", "PMID": 1035219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7013", "title": "Scanning electron-microscopical and other observations of sperm fertilization reactions in Limulus polyphemus L. (Merostomata: Xiphosura).", "content": "Sperm fertilization reactions of Limulus polyphemus were examined by scanning electron and/or light microscopy. The following were considered: sperm motility, attachment of sperm to egg, acrosome reaction, and penetration of the acrosomal filament. The spermatozoa after semination are non-motile and become active only in close proximity to a defined region surrounding the egg. Egg materials diffusing into this region induce sperm motility and stimulate large numbers of spermatozoa to move towards the egg surface. Each sperm initially attaches by the apical tip and undergoes the acrosome reaction which causes a more permanent secondary attachment by the adhesion of acrosomal contents to the egg surface. The acrosome reaction also initiates the penetration of the acrosomal filament through the egg envelope, an event occurring in 70-80% of the attached spermatozoa (about 10(6). Shortly after this penetration, a secondary reaction occurs which involves a spiralling of the flagellum and an incorporation into the sperm body of the flagellar fibrous components, which then become closely apposed to the sperm nucleus. These sperm fertilization reactions were performed or initiated with 0-34 M CaCl2 in whole eggs, egg sections, excised egg envelopes and/or the outer basement lamina of the egg envelope. The Limulus fertilization system is very valuable since sperm reactions can be examined biochemically, which may lead to a better understanding of the chemical mechanisms involved in sperm-egg interactions in all animal species.", "contents": "Scanning electron-microscopical and other observations of sperm fertilization reactions in Limulus polyphemus L. (Merostomata: Xiphosura). Sperm fertilization reactions of Limulus polyphemus were examined by scanning electron and/or light microscopy. The following were considered: sperm motility, attachment of sperm to egg, acrosome reaction, and penetration of the acrosomal filament. The spermatozoa after semination are non-motile and become active only in close proximity to a defined region surrounding the egg. Egg materials diffusing into this region induce sperm motility and stimulate large numbers of spermatozoa to move towards the egg surface. Each sperm initially attaches by the apical tip and undergoes the acrosome reaction which causes a more permanent secondary attachment by the adhesion of acrosomal contents to the egg surface. The acrosome reaction also initiates the penetration of the acrosomal filament through the egg envelope, an event occurring in 70-80% of the attached spermatozoa (about 10(6). Shortly after this penetration, a secondary reaction occurs which involves a spiralling of the flagellum and an incorporation into the sperm body of the flagellar fibrous components, which then become closely apposed to the sperm nucleus. These sperm fertilization reactions were performed or initiated with 0-34 M CaCl2 in whole eggs, egg sections, excised egg envelopes and/or the outer basement lamina of the egg envelope. The Limulus fertilization system is very valuable since sperm reactions can be examined biochemically, which may lead to a better understanding of the chemical mechanisms involved in sperm-egg interactions in all animal species.", "PMID": 1035220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7014", "title": "Signal emission and signal propagation during early aggregation in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Waves of chemotactic movement during the early phase of aggregation in Dictyostelium discoideum are of 2 kinds, concentric waves produced by cells that emit cyclic AMP signals spontaneously, and spirals generated by excitations relayed continuously around loops of excitable cells. The period of a spiral wave is the time taken for the excitation to make one complete circuit of the pacemaker loop. We have compared signal emission from the 2 types of source in time-lapse films made at a variety of temperatures. Our results show that spiral waves have a characteristic period length throughout most if not all of the early phase of aggregation, and that the period of concentric waves is generally longer and more variable. Temperature has a pronounced effect on period length and a lesser effect on propagation velocity. We find that each individual wave is propagated at constant velocity over distances of 1-2 cm but that the velocity of successive waves declines. This decline probably reflects some cumulative effect of the chemotactic excitations on the excitable properties of the aggregating cells.", "contents": "Signal emission and signal propagation during early aggregation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Waves of chemotactic movement during the early phase of aggregation in Dictyostelium discoideum are of 2 kinds, concentric waves produced by cells that emit cyclic AMP signals spontaneously, and spirals generated by excitations relayed continuously around loops of excitable cells. The period of a spiral wave is the time taken for the excitation to make one complete circuit of the pacemaker loop. We have compared signal emission from the 2 types of source in time-lapse films made at a variety of temperatures. Our results show that spiral waves have a characteristic period length throughout most if not all of the early phase of aggregation, and that the period of concentric waves is generally longer and more variable. Temperature has a pronounced effect on period length and a lesser effect on propagation velocity. We find that each individual wave is propagated at constant velocity over distances of 1-2 cm but that the velocity of successive waves declines. This decline probably reflects some cumulative effect of the chemotactic excitations on the excitable properties of the aggregating cells.", "PMID": 1035221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7015", "title": "[Spine-distribution of pyramidal neurons of the CAl-region of the rat hippocampus following long-term oral alcohol administration].", "content": "The distribution of the dendritic spines in the CA1 hippocampal region of adult rats was investigated by means of lightmicroscopical and statistical methods. The rats received daily equal amounts of aethanol for a period of 52 days. The average number of spines for a part of 50 mum along the apical main dendrite raised from 35 to 36.9 spines. The average spines-density for a part of 1 mum length on the apical dendritic branches raised from 0.71 to 0.94 spines. In a similar way the average spines-density on the basal dendritic branches raised from 0.65 to 0.94 spines. According to our results received after a period of aethanol application the total number of dendritic spines of one rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neuron was calculated with 4177 visible spines. The value was compared with the normal value of 3029 dendritic spines. The results were discussed by the aid of additional light- and electronmicroscopical findings.", "contents": "[Spine-distribution of pyramidal neurons of the CAl-region of the rat hippocampus following long-term oral alcohol administration]. The distribution of the dendritic spines in the CA1 hippocampal region of adult rats was investigated by means of lightmicroscopical and statistical methods. The rats received daily equal amounts of aethanol for a period of 52 days. The average number of spines for a part of 50 mum along the apical main dendrite raised from 35 to 36.9 spines. The average spines-density for a part of 1 mum length on the apical dendritic branches raised from 0.71 to 0.94 spines. In a similar way the average spines-density on the basal dendritic branches raised from 0.65 to 0.94 spines. According to our results received after a period of aethanol application the total number of dendritic spines of one rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neuron was calculated with 4177 visible spines. The value was compared with the normal value of 3029 dendritic spines. The results were discussed by the aid of additional light- and electronmicroscopical findings.", "PMID": 1035222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7016", "title": "The role of environmental calcium in freshwater survival of the marine teleost, Lagodon rhomboides.", "content": "(1) The marine teleost fish, Lagodon rhomboides, can only tolerate fresh water (5 mM Na) if Ca is also present (10 mM). Transfer to Ca-free fresh water is followed by a substantial increase in radioactive Na efflux with little or no change in the transepithelial potential. Addition of the chelating agent EDTA (2 mM) further increases Na efflux. Fish left in Ca-free fresh water for 2-5 h die with a total body Na less than 50% of that found in animals acclimated to Ca-supplemented fresh water. (2) Rates of Na uptake were measured on either sea-water-acclimated or Ca-supplemented fresh water-acclimated fish transferred to various low Na media. In both cases Na uptake has a high Km, is saturable, inhibited by external NH4, H and amiloride, and is not related to changes in the trans-epithelial potential. (3) It is suggested that L. rhomboides is dependent upon external Ca to decrease diffusional Na loss in low salinities so that a relatively inefficient Na uptake can balance diffusional and urinary Na loss.", "contents": "The role of environmental calcium in freshwater survival of the marine teleost, Lagodon rhomboides. (1) The marine teleost fish, Lagodon rhomboides, can only tolerate fresh water (5 mM Na) if Ca is also present (10 mM). Transfer to Ca-free fresh water is followed by a substantial increase in radioactive Na efflux with little or no change in the transepithelial potential. Addition of the chelating agent EDTA (2 mM) further increases Na efflux. Fish left in Ca-free fresh water for 2-5 h die with a total body Na less than 50% of that found in animals acclimated to Ca-supplemented fresh water. (2) Rates of Na uptake were measured on either sea-water-acclimated or Ca-supplemented fresh water-acclimated fish transferred to various low Na media. In both cases Na uptake has a high Km, is saturable, inhibited by external NH4, H and amiloride, and is not related to changes in the trans-epithelial potential. (3) It is suggested that L. rhomboides is dependent upon external Ca to decrease diffusional Na loss in low salinities so that a relatively inefficient Na uptake can balance diffusional and urinary Na loss.", "PMID": 1035254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7017", "title": "Altered calcium conductance in pawns, behavioural mutants of Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "Pawns are behavioural mutants (in one of three genes) of Paramecium aurelia that have lost, to varying degrees, the reversal response which is thought to depend on the calcium influx during excitation. This report shows that all of the single and double mutants have reduced active inward (calcium) current, the reduction correlating with the degree of behavioural deficit. All of the mutants display normal resting potential, input impedance and delayed rectification. Mutants in genes pwA and pwC show normal anomalous rectification, but pwB mutants do not show anomalous rectification until the membrane is hyperpolarized further. We suggest that the pwA gene plays a role in depolarization sensitivity (the 'gate') and the pwB gene a role affecting either the wall of the channel itself or the total number of channels.", "contents": "Altered calcium conductance in pawns, behavioural mutants of Paramecium aurelia. Pawns are behavioural mutants (in one of three genes) of Paramecium aurelia that have lost, to varying degrees, the reversal response which is thought to depend on the calcium influx during excitation. This report shows that all of the single and double mutants have reduced active inward (calcium) current, the reduction correlating with the degree of behavioural deficit. All of the mutants display normal resting potential, input impedance and delayed rectification. Mutants in genes pwA and pwC show normal anomalous rectification, but pwB mutants do not show anomalous rectification until the membrane is hyperpolarized further. We suggest that the pwA gene plays a role in depolarization sensitivity (the 'gate') and the pwB gene a role affecting either the wall of the channel itself or the total number of channels.", "PMID": 1035255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7018", "title": "Calcium channel stability measured by gradual loss of excitability in pawn mutants of Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "Mutants of Paramecium aurelia that are unable to reverse swimming direction are called pawns. They lack the inward ionic (calcium) current required for the upstroke of the electrically excitable membrane response. By following the progressive loss of reversal response and excitability in cells that are suddenly changed from a heterozygous (wild-type) state to a homozygous mutant state, an estimate of the stability and mean lifetime of the calcium channel has been obtained. During rapid growth, channel dilution due to division occurred, but no channel decay was observed. Under conditions of slow growth, decay could also be observed; channel lifetime was found to be from 5 to 8 days.", "contents": "Calcium channel stability measured by gradual loss of excitability in pawn mutants of Paramecium aurelia. Mutants of Paramecium aurelia that are unable to reverse swimming direction are called pawns. They lack the inward ionic (calcium) current required for the upstroke of the electrically excitable membrane response. By following the progressive loss of reversal response and excitability in cells that are suddenly changed from a heterozygous (wild-type) state to a homozygous mutant state, an estimate of the stability and mean lifetime of the calcium channel has been obtained. During rapid growth, channel dilution due to division occurred, but no channel decay was observed. Under conditions of slow growth, decay could also be observed; channel lifetime was found to be from 5 to 8 days.", "PMID": 1035256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7019", "title": "[Effects of K+ or norepinephrine on oxygen uptake in brown adipose tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of the stimulated--respiration caused by K+ or norepinephrine in brown adipose tissue. 1. The addition of 30 approximately 100 mM K+ stimulated remarkably oxygen uptake in brown adipose tissue, and similarly norepinephrine (0.1 or 1.0 mug/ml) caused a marked stimulation. 2. Even if Na+ in normal Ringer solution was replaced by Choline or Li+, oxygen uptake caused by K+ (30 mM) or norepinephrine (1.0 mug/ml) was unaffected. 3. K+ -induced oxygen uptake was not observed when a Ca2+ -deficient tissue was incubated in Ca2+ -free Ringer, while norepinephrine-induced oxygen uptake clearly observed. And the oxygen uptake of Ca2+ -deficient tissue due to K+ was recovered by the addition of 5 mM Ca2+. 4. Mn2+ (6 mM) or La3+ (10 mM) inhibited significantly oxygen uptake due to K+, but not oxygen uptake due to norepinephrine. 5. K+ -induced oxygen uptake was unaffected by 10(-4) or 10(-3)M ouabain, but norepinephrine-induced oxygen uptake was inhibited considerably by 10(-4)M ouabain. 6. The oxygen uptake due to K+ was unaffected by propranolol (33 muM), whereas that due to norepinephrine was significantly inhibited in the presence of propranolol. 7. In the tissue from reserpine-treated animal, the oxygen uptake caused by K+ was observed. According, from these positive results we are justified to suggest that K+ -induced oxygen uptake is dependent on the presence of Ca2+, and not always caused by catecholamines released secondarily from nerve terminal.", "contents": "[Effects of K+ or norepinephrine on oxygen uptake in brown adipose tissue (author's transl)]. This investigation was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of the stimulated--respiration caused by K+ or norepinephrine in brown adipose tissue. 1. The addition of 30 approximately 100 mM K+ stimulated remarkably oxygen uptake in brown adipose tissue, and similarly norepinephrine (0.1 or 1.0 mug/ml) caused a marked stimulation. 2. Even if Na+ in normal Ringer solution was replaced by Choline or Li+, oxygen uptake caused by K+ (30 mM) or norepinephrine (1.0 mug/ml) was unaffected. 3. K+ -induced oxygen uptake was not observed when a Ca2+ -deficient tissue was incubated in Ca2+ -free Ringer, while norepinephrine-induced oxygen uptake clearly observed. And the oxygen uptake of Ca2+ -deficient tissue due to K+ was recovered by the addition of 5 mM Ca2+. 4. Mn2+ (6 mM) or La3+ (10 mM) inhibited significantly oxygen uptake due to K+, but not oxygen uptake due to norepinephrine. 5. K+ -induced oxygen uptake was unaffected by 10(-4) or 10(-3)M ouabain, but norepinephrine-induced oxygen uptake was inhibited considerably by 10(-4)M ouabain. 6. The oxygen uptake due to K+ was unaffected by propranolol (33 muM), whereas that due to norepinephrine was significantly inhibited in the presence of propranolol. 7. In the tissue from reserpine-treated animal, the oxygen uptake caused by K+ was observed. According, from these positive results we are justified to suggest that K+ -induced oxygen uptake is dependent on the presence of Ca2+, and not always caused by catecholamines released secondarily from nerve terminal.", "PMID": 1035268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7020", "title": "Activation of therminal components of human complement by a trypsin-activated complex of human factor B and cobra venom factor.", "content": "Cleavage of C3 by CVF-B was demonstrated by hemolytic, immunoelectrophoretic and immune adherence reactions. No cleavage of C5 was detected by immunoelectrophoresis, but C5 hemolytic activity, assayed with EAC1423, decreased although less than C3 hemolytic activity. The co-existence of C3 with limiting amounts of C5 did not reduce the final degree of hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE) induced by late-acting components C6 through C9 and CVF-B. Thus, a CVF-B hemolytic system composed of GPE, C5 through C9 and CVF-B provided a method for titration of terminal components of human complement. CVF-B was able to generate hemolytically active sites of C567 on GPE by activation of C5, C6 and C7. The complex C567 in the fluid-phase decayed within 1 min but C567 on GPE was quite stable. Originally insensitive sheep erythrocytes became sensitive to the CVF-B hemolytic system if C3b sites were present, suggesting that cell-bound C3b played a role in orienting the positions of C567 to be fixed. CVF-B could be recovered quantitatively from the supernatant of the reaction mixture in which the hemolytically active intermediate GPEC-5678 had been formed through the interaction between C5 to C8 and CVF-B.", "contents": "Activation of therminal components of human complement by a trypsin-activated complex of human factor B and cobra venom factor. Cleavage of C3 by CVF-B was demonstrated by hemolytic, immunoelectrophoretic and immune adherence reactions. No cleavage of C5 was detected by immunoelectrophoresis, but C5 hemolytic activity, assayed with EAC1423, decreased although less than C3 hemolytic activity. The co-existence of C3 with limiting amounts of C5 did not reduce the final degree of hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE) induced by late-acting components C6 through C9 and CVF-B. Thus, a CVF-B hemolytic system composed of GPE, C5 through C9 and CVF-B provided a method for titration of terminal components of human complement. CVF-B was able to generate hemolytically active sites of C567 on GPE by activation of C5, C6 and C7. The complex C567 in the fluid-phase decayed within 1 min but C567 on GPE was quite stable. Originally insensitive sheep erythrocytes became sensitive to the CVF-B hemolytic system if C3b sites were present, suggesting that cell-bound C3b played a role in orienting the positions of C567 to be fixed. CVF-B could be recovered quantitatively from the supernatant of the reaction mixture in which the hemolytically active intermediate GPEC-5678 had been formed through the interaction between C5 to C8 and CVF-B.", "PMID": 1035353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7021", "title": "An attempt to create spleno-systemic anastomosis in the rat.", "content": "A selective diversion of the splenic venous flow into the systemic circulation was attempted in the rat. A combination of the subcutaneous splenic transposition and the ligation of the splenic vein as a two stage operation was carried out in 15 rats. A rich collateral system developed rapidly from the transposed spleen to the systemic circulation. Angiography, performed four weeks after the ligation, revealed that almost all of the injected contrast medium was diverted into the systemic circulation via those newly developed collaterals. The described method as an experimental model could be of value in the search for a spleno-hepatic axis.", "contents": "An attempt to create spleno-systemic anastomosis in the rat. A selective diversion of the splenic venous flow into the systemic circulation was attempted in the rat. A combination of the subcutaneous splenic transposition and the ligation of the splenic vein as a two stage operation was carried out in 15 rats. A rich collateral system developed rapidly from the transposed spleen to the systemic circulation. Angiography, performed four weeks after the ligation, revealed that almost all of the injected contrast medium was diverted into the systemic circulation via those newly developed collaterals. The described method as an experimental model could be of value in the search for a spleno-hepatic axis.", "PMID": 1035368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7022", "title": "[Laser-treatment of the anterior segment of the eye with the new glaucoma research laser (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities for treatment of the anterior segment of the eye with the new glaucoma research laser, model 152, constructed by Britt-Corp. are reported on, along with the possibilities of vasodesolation, pupilplastics, iridontomies and iridectomies. Especially mentioned is the technic and possibility of laser-trabeculopuncture. This laser archieves remarkable success also in open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma provided the technic is suitable. It is shown that all operations can be carried out by an ambulant patients and practicly without any complications. There are no problems during the aftertreatment for the doctor or for the patient.", "contents": "[Laser-treatment of the anterior segment of the eye with the new glaucoma research laser (author's transl)]. The possibilities for treatment of the anterior segment of the eye with the new glaucoma research laser, model 152, constructed by Britt-Corp. are reported on, along with the possibilities of vasodesolation, pupilplastics, iridontomies and iridectomies. Especially mentioned is the technic and possibility of laser-trabeculopuncture. This laser archieves remarkable success also in open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma provided the technic is suitable. It is shown that all operations can be carried out by an ambulant patients and practicly without any complications. There are no problems during the aftertreatment for the doctor or for the patient.", "PMID": 1035379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7023", "title": "[Coccidioidomycosis in Mendoza].", "content": "3 cases of cocidiomycosis observed in the province of Mendoza (Argentina) are described by the authors. The study of the endemic cocidiomycosis in Argentina and the ecological aspects of this disease in Mendoza are studied by the authors.", "contents": "[Coccidioidomycosis in Mendoza]. 3 cases of cocidiomycosis observed in the province of Mendoza (Argentina) are described by the authors. The study of the endemic cocidiomycosis in Argentina and the ecological aspects of this disease in Mendoza are studied by the authors.", "PMID": 1035382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7024", "title": "[Idiopathic calcinosis of the skin].", "content": "Biochemical, radiologic and enzymatic studies are carried out in a case of idiopatic calcinosis cutis. The diagnosis has been obtained by exclusion of the other forms of calcinosis cutis. Therefore we believe that the disease may evolue in the future to a sistemic disease probably \"collagen disease\". However, today there is no evidence for this.", "contents": "[Idiopathic calcinosis of the skin]. Biochemical, radiologic and enzymatic studies are carried out in a case of idiopatic calcinosis cutis. The diagnosis has been obtained by exclusion of the other forms of calcinosis cutis. Therefore we believe that the disease may evolue in the future to a sistemic disease probably \"collagen disease\". However, today there is no evidence for this.", "PMID": 1035383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7025", "title": "[Herpetiforme pemphigus].", "content": "The case is presented of a woman, who for seven years had vesicobullous outbreaks, typical of Dermatitis herpetiformis, with an extraordinary itching. The first biopsy had a doub acantholysis but the following one showed: \"eccematoid-like spongiosis with eosinophilia\" and \"subepidermal bulla with eosinophilia, erythema multiformislike\". The evolution of the case was to pemphigus foliaceus, and by the action of long-standing corthicotherapy ended in a typical Senear-Usher with present good health. These anomalous cases, first described clinically by Brocq, and histologically by Unna et Leredde, are best known now as \"Pemphigus herpetiformis\" (Jablonska et al.).", "contents": "[Herpetiforme pemphigus]. The case is presented of a woman, who for seven years had vesicobullous outbreaks, typical of Dermatitis herpetiformis, with an extraordinary itching. The first biopsy had a doub acantholysis but the following one showed: \"eccematoid-like spongiosis with eosinophilia\" and \"subepidermal bulla with eosinophilia, erythema multiformislike\". The evolution of the case was to pemphigus foliaceus, and by the action of long-standing corthicotherapy ended in a typical Senear-Usher with present good health. These anomalous cases, first described clinically by Brocq, and histologically by Unna et Leredde, are best known now as \"Pemphigus herpetiformis\" (Jablonska et al.).", "PMID": 1035384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7026", "title": "[Allergy to domestic animals].", "content": "This report concerns of 37 cases of allergenicity to domestic animals, dogs and cats. Clinical observations and skin tests confirm diagnosis showing dog and cat danders as etiologic factors. Sixteen cases were positive only to cat and dog danders and twenty one cases were associated with house dust, mould spores, feathers, etc. Bronchial asthma, rhinitis and contact dermatitis in face and lips were observed. Symptomatic treatment, elimination or avoidance when possible of contact with these animals and specific hyposensitization was carried out. Allergic symptomatology disappeared in twenty three cases, five abandoned treatment and in the others the allergic episodes showed less incidence and frequency. Shorter treatment time necessary for cases positive to dog and cat danders (a year to year and a half). In the others two or three years were required.", "contents": "[Allergy to domestic animals]. This report concerns of 37 cases of allergenicity to domestic animals, dogs and cats. Clinical observations and skin tests confirm diagnosis showing dog and cat danders as etiologic factors. Sixteen cases were positive only to cat and dog danders and twenty one cases were associated with house dust, mould spores, feathers, etc. Bronchial asthma, rhinitis and contact dermatitis in face and lips were observed. Symptomatic treatment, elimination or avoidance when possible of contact with these animals and specific hyposensitization was carried out. Allergic symptomatology disappeared in twenty three cases, five abandoned treatment and in the others the allergic episodes showed less incidence and frequency. Shorter treatment time necessary for cases positive to dog and cat danders (a year to year and a half). In the others two or three years were required.", "PMID": 1035385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7027", "title": "[Carcinoid papillomatosis].", "content": "Papilomatosis Carcinoides, presents clinical and histological characteristics that may be authentically described as a transition state between the benign papillomatous proliferations and spindle cell carcinoma. It involves a series of clinical conditions, that are described with different names that correspond to the condyloma accuminatum gigantum. [Buschke and Lowenstein) wartic carcinoma [Ackerman], Papillomatosis oral florid [Rock and Fisher], carcinomatoid [Gilbert] profuse conjuntival papillomatosis [Bazex], etc. These latter only refer to partial localizations or a special clinical form. That is why we believe the denonmination Papillomatosis Carcinoides, is preferable, which is its cutaneous, mucose or semimucose forms involves all of them. The treatments applied to the 18 cases presented have been very diverse: they vary from the elimination of the lesions by the application of topical podophylin to large surgical ablations. But most of them showed a regression or cure of their lesions by citostatics [methotrexate] not prevent the proliferative advance of the lessions. These therapeutic data can also contribute to its nosologic classification. In some cases they have an evolutive character with slow progression for years, still being curable with podophylin and in others that due to their chronic evolution with added supuration, and complications of the general health, make surgery necessary. In most cases, the antimetabolities are the therapy of choice the radiations seem inoperative. It may be noted that tumoral papillomatous lesions produced by virus, exist in veterinatian pathology (fibropapillomatosis in the bovine genitals, equine sarcoid, papilomatosis of goats, monkeys, etc.). Noteworthy are those of the oral mucosa of rabbits which are white greyish sesiles or pedunculated small nodules localized mostly on the inferior surface of tongue with a similar histology to the papilomatosis carcinoides. These observations would suggest a viral ethiology, even though all the efforts to isolate the virus of the lesions gave negative results. Our attention is drawn to case n. degrees 14. That began as a simple plantar wart. There have also been numerous cases in which from the beginning they were simple condylomas accuminatum, caused without any doubt by a virus. The carcinoid papillomatosis could be related to the spindle-cell carcinoma that developed in the areas of chronic infection with herpetic virus n. degrees 2, where the virus can be isolated from the lesions; the virus disappearing later with the development of the epithelial tumoral state [cases described previously by some authors as neophasias on vaccination scars and on recurrent genital herpes].", "contents": "[Carcinoid papillomatosis]. Papilomatosis Carcinoides, presents clinical and histological characteristics that may be authentically described as a transition state between the benign papillomatous proliferations and spindle cell carcinoma. It involves a series of clinical conditions, that are described with different names that correspond to the condyloma accuminatum gigantum. [Buschke and Lowenstein) wartic carcinoma [Ackerman], Papillomatosis oral florid [Rock and Fisher], carcinomatoid [Gilbert] profuse conjuntival papillomatosis [Bazex], etc. These latter only refer to partial localizations or a special clinical form. That is why we believe the denonmination Papillomatosis Carcinoides, is preferable, which is its cutaneous, mucose or semimucose forms involves all of them. The treatments applied to the 18 cases presented have been very diverse: they vary from the elimination of the lesions by the application of topical podophylin to large surgical ablations. But most of them showed a regression or cure of their lesions by citostatics [methotrexate] not prevent the proliferative advance of the lessions. These therapeutic data can also contribute to its nosologic classification. In some cases they have an evolutive character with slow progression for years, still being curable with podophylin and in others that due to their chronic evolution with added supuration, and complications of the general health, make surgery necessary. In most cases, the antimetabolities are the therapy of choice the radiations seem inoperative. It may be noted that tumoral papillomatous lesions produced by virus, exist in veterinatian pathology (fibropapillomatosis in the bovine genitals, equine sarcoid, papilomatosis of goats, monkeys, etc.). Noteworthy are those of the oral mucosa of rabbits which are white greyish sesiles or pedunculated small nodules localized mostly on the inferior surface of tongue with a similar histology to the papilomatosis carcinoides. These observations would suggest a viral ethiology, even though all the efforts to isolate the virus of the lesions gave negative results. Our attention is drawn to case n. degrees 14. That began as a simple plantar wart. There have also been numerous cases in which from the beginning they were simple condylomas accuminatum, caused without any doubt by a virus. The carcinoid papillomatosis could be related to the spindle-cell carcinoma that developed in the areas of chronic infection with herpetic virus n. degrees 2, where the virus can be isolated from the lesions; the virus disappearing later with the development of the epithelial tumoral state [cases described previously by some authors as neophasias on vaccination scars and on recurrent genital herpes].", "PMID": 1035386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7028", "title": "[Persistent scabietic nodules with cutaneous lymphoplasia].", "content": "Two patients with one year duration post-scabious nodules are reported. Lymphoid hyperplasia was found histologically and a malignant lymphoma was suspected. Six patients with pseudolymphomatous scabious nodules were found in the literature and of these only one had evidence of lymphoid follicle formation with germinal centres. Short lived and persistent scabious nodules are discussed and diagnosis with lymphomatous nodules, dermatofibroma and urticaria pigmentosa considered. A \"Darier's sign\" was elicited on rubbing the lesions which is probably related to the increased number of mast cells in the infiltrate and may explain the persistent pruritus. Histological criteria to separate cutaneous lymphoplasia from lymphoma are reviewed and other more common causes of lymphadenosis benigna cutis are considered. Cutaneous lymphoplasia in persistent scabious nodules is possibly an indirect evidence of the importance of immunological factors in scabies.", "contents": "[Persistent scabietic nodules with cutaneous lymphoplasia]. Two patients with one year duration post-scabious nodules are reported. Lymphoid hyperplasia was found histologically and a malignant lymphoma was suspected. Six patients with pseudolymphomatous scabious nodules were found in the literature and of these only one had evidence of lymphoid follicle formation with germinal centres. Short lived and persistent scabious nodules are discussed and diagnosis with lymphomatous nodules, dermatofibroma and urticaria pigmentosa considered. A \"Darier's sign\" was elicited on rubbing the lesions which is probably related to the increased number of mast cells in the infiltrate and may explain the persistent pruritus. Histological criteria to separate cutaneous lymphoplasia from lymphoma are reviewed and other more common causes of lymphadenosis benigna cutis are considered. Cutaneous lymphoplasia in persistent scabious nodules is possibly an indirect evidence of the importance of immunological factors in scabies.", "PMID": 1035387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7029", "title": "[Aspects of cutaneous sarcoidosis in Brazil].", "content": "This study collects all cases of sarcoidosis with cutaneous involvement referred to in the Brazilian literature. Only 40 cases could be found confirming the rarity of the disease in Brazil. With regard to these cases the following aspects of the disease were studied: age, incidence, race and sex distribution, origin of patients, clinical forms, systemic involvement, behaviour of the intradermic reactions and histopathology. Some characteristics could be established: 1) Females are most frequently affected than males. 2) No racial differences were noticed as far as the caucasian and the negroid are concerned. 3) The onset of the disease occurred between  16 and 69 years of age (mean age 37). 4) All patients originated from the south-central region of the country. 5) The most frequent cutaneous forms were associations of papulous lesions, nodular lesion and plaques. 6) Besides the skin, involvement of lymph nodes, bones, liver, eyes, spleen, salivary glands, heart, bowels and the facial nerve could be found. Heerfordt syndrome (uneoparotidic fever) was seen only once. Death occurred twice. 7) Kveim test was positive in all 11 cases in which it was done. Tuberculin and lepromin tests resulted in weak reaction or its complete absence. 8) All cases were confirmed by histopathology. Eight of the forty biopsies were reexamined by the authors themselves.", "contents": "[Aspects of cutaneous sarcoidosis in Brazil]. This study collects all cases of sarcoidosis with cutaneous involvement referred to in the Brazilian literature. Only 40 cases could be found confirming the rarity of the disease in Brazil. With regard to these cases the following aspects of the disease were studied: age, incidence, race and sex distribution, origin of patients, clinical forms, systemic involvement, behaviour of the intradermic reactions and histopathology. Some characteristics could be established: 1) Females are most frequently affected than males. 2) No racial differences were noticed as far as the caucasian and the negroid are concerned. 3) The onset of the disease occurred between  16 and 69 years of age (mean age 37). 4) All patients originated from the south-central region of the country. 5) The most frequent cutaneous forms were associations of papulous lesions, nodular lesion and plaques. 6) Besides the skin, involvement of lymph nodes, bones, liver, eyes, spleen, salivary glands, heart, bowels and the facial nerve could be found. Heerfordt syndrome (uneoparotidic fever) was seen only once. Death occurred twice. 7) Kveim test was positive in all 11 cases in which it was done. Tuberculin and lepromin tests resulted in weak reaction or its complete absence. 8) All cases were confirmed by histopathology. Eight of the forty biopsies were reexamined by the authors themselves.", "PMID": 1035388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7030", "title": "[Nonvenereal lymphangitis of the penis].", "content": "Two personal cases of Non venereal Lymphangitis of the Penis are presented in 23 and 28 men, and 38 cases from the literature are reviewed. This benign self-limiting condition is not too well known among dermatologists and urologists. The clinical changes, in particular noted by palpation are characteristic: painless firm cartilaginous cord freely movable behind the corona of glans penis in the coronary sulcus. The inguinal lymph nodes are not involved. The microscopic features in one of our patients demonstrated that the lesion results from cystic dilatation of secondary organization of the thrombus. The etiology is unknown. We favour the mecanical trauma as an important factor based on excessive sexual activity of the patients.", "contents": "[Nonvenereal lymphangitis of the penis]. Two personal cases of Non venereal Lymphangitis of the Penis are presented in 23 and 28 men, and 38 cases from the literature are reviewed. This benign self-limiting condition is not too well known among dermatologists and urologists. The clinical changes, in particular noted by palpation are characteristic: painless firm cartilaginous cord freely movable behind the corona of glans penis in the coronary sulcus. The inguinal lymph nodes are not involved. The microscopic features in one of our patients demonstrated that the lesion results from cystic dilatation of secondary organization of the thrombus. The etiology is unknown. We favour the mecanical trauma as an important factor based on excessive sexual activity of the patients.", "PMID": 1035389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7031", "title": "[Granuloma gluteale infantum].", "content": "Bibliographic review of all the published cases of granuloma gluteale infantum and study of the second observation in Argentina. In this case there was a previous Leiner's erythrodermia treated with fluorinatec corticoid creams. The typical lesions appeared suddenly. The authors made a histopathologic study and a review of the pathogenetic theories on this dermatose. In the observation of authors the lesion disappeared in spite of persistence with the treatment with fluorinated corticoid creams, one of the causes of this dermatose according to some authors.", "contents": "[Granuloma gluteale infantum]. Bibliographic review of all the published cases of granuloma gluteale infantum and study of the second observation in Argentina. In this case there was a previous Leiner's erythrodermia treated with fluorinatec corticoid creams. The typical lesions appeared suddenly. The authors made a histopathologic study and a review of the pathogenetic theories on this dermatose. In the observation of authors the lesion disappeared in spite of persistence with the treatment with fluorinated corticoid creams, one of the causes of this dermatose according to some authors.", "PMID": 1035390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7032", "title": "[New drugs in the treatment of leprosy].", "content": "Two groups of patients were chosen for this treatment; the first group of 14 patients was treated with a daily dose of 600 mg. of Rifampicine and the second group with Rifampicine associated with Isoprodian (1-2 tablets). In the first group clinical and bacteriological improvement was apparent. This was parallel in bacteriological and morphological index. Two patients became negative in nasal mucous. Tolerance was good and number of leprosy reactions 65%. In the second group clinical improvement was good in general but one case that presented a continuous polyneuritis and hepatic intolerance. Bacteriological results were lightly lower than the first group and the number of leprosy reactions 85%. This treatment is considered inferior to the sulfons, which is very expensive. A longer period of time will be needed to appriase results.", "contents": "[New drugs in the treatment of leprosy]. Two groups of patients were chosen for this treatment; the first group of 14 patients was treated with a daily dose of 600 mg. of Rifampicine and the second group with Rifampicine associated with Isoprodian (1-2 tablets). In the first group clinical and bacteriological improvement was apparent. This was parallel in bacteriological and morphological index. Two patients became negative in nasal mucous. Tolerance was good and number of leprosy reactions 65%. In the second group clinical improvement was good in general but one case that presented a continuous polyneuritis and hepatic intolerance. Bacteriological results were lightly lower than the first group and the number of leprosy reactions 85%. This treatment is considered inferior to the sulfons, which is very expensive. A longer period of time will be needed to appriase results.", "PMID": 1035391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7033", "title": "[Study of the aerobic bacterial flora of onycolysis and paronychia caused by Candida].", "content": "The aerobic bacterial flora of 63 cases of onicolysis 78 of paronychis and 5 of onicomadesis produced by yeast-like fungus were studied. Bacterial isolation was carried out in nutrient agar with a concentration of 10 mug/ml of nystatin. These microorganisms were identified following the Otto Bier and Bailey & Scott's techniques (3, 1). Bacterial contamination was very frequent. One species or more were isolated from 93,6% of onicolysis and 97% of paronychis. The onicolysis presented the following flora: \"Staphylococcus aureus\" in 22 cases, \"Staphylococcus epidermidis\" in 21, Gram positive sporulated bacilli in 17, \"Enterobacteriaceae\" in 13, and \"Pseudomona aeruginosa\" in 6. The paronychial lesions showed the following flora: \"Staphylococcus aureus\" in 21 cases, \"Staphylococcus epidermidis\" in 26, Gram positive sporulated bacilli in 17, \"Enterobacteriaceae\" in 17 and \"Pseudomona aeruginosa\" in 3. It is important to emphasize that \"Pseudomona aeruginosa\" was isolated in a few cases of both types of candidal onixis, contrary to usual reports (2, 4, 9). No significant difference between the aerobic bacterial flora of the onicolysis and paronychia was found, that would give an explanation of the existence of these two clinical forms of candidal nails infection.", "contents": "[Study of the aerobic bacterial flora of onycolysis and paronychia caused by Candida]. The aerobic bacterial flora of 63 cases of onicolysis 78 of paronychis and 5 of onicomadesis produced by yeast-like fungus were studied. Bacterial isolation was carried out in nutrient agar with a concentration of 10 mug/ml of nystatin. These microorganisms were identified following the Otto Bier and Bailey & Scott's techniques (3, 1). Bacterial contamination was very frequent. One species or more were isolated from 93,6% of onicolysis and 97% of paronychis. The onicolysis presented the following flora: \"Staphylococcus aureus\" in 22 cases, \"Staphylococcus epidermidis\" in 21, Gram positive sporulated bacilli in 17, \"Enterobacteriaceae\" in 13, and \"Pseudomona aeruginosa\" in 6. The paronychial lesions showed the following flora: \"Staphylococcus aureus\" in 21 cases, \"Staphylococcus epidermidis\" in 26, Gram positive sporulated bacilli in 17, \"Enterobacteriaceae\" in 17 and \"Pseudomona aeruginosa\" in 3. It is important to emphasize that \"Pseudomona aeruginosa\" was isolated in a few cases of both types of candidal onixis, contrary to usual reports (2, 4, 9). No significant difference between the aerobic bacterial flora of the onicolysis and paronychia was found, that would give an explanation of the existence of these two clinical forms of candidal nails infection.", "PMID": 1035392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7034", "title": "[Guatemalan cutaneous syndrome in actinic dermatitis].", "content": "The author, describes the Actinic Dermatitis and a syndrome that he named \"Sindrome cut\u00e1neo guatemalense\" SCG (Guatemala's Cutaneous syndrome). Its has been studied and found in 98;5% of more than a thousand patients studied since 1957. He considered the SCG a patognomonic syndrome and of practical importance in the positive and differential clinical diagnosis of Actinic dermatitis with the other photodermatoses of the face, neck and \"V\" of the chest. The finding of the SCG, is of great help to the clinicians and dermatologits who practise in tropical countries.", "contents": "[Guatemalan cutaneous syndrome in actinic dermatitis]. The author, describes the Actinic Dermatitis and a syndrome that he named \"Sindrome cut\u00e1neo guatemalense\" SCG (Guatemala's Cutaneous syndrome). Its has been studied and found in 98;5% of more than a thousand patients studied since 1957. He considered the SCG a patognomonic syndrome and of practical importance in the positive and differential clinical diagnosis of Actinic dermatitis with the other photodermatoses of the face, neck and \"V\" of the chest. The finding of the SCG, is of great help to the clinicians and dermatologits who practise in tropical countries.", "PMID": 1035394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7035", "title": "[Skin manifestations in patients with renal chronic renal failure on regular hemodyalysis].", "content": "The authors studied the skin disorders in 50 hemodialyzed patients. Pruritus appears to be the main dermatological feature by the frequency of its occurrence and by its unpleasant and even intolerable effects. This sign is more frequent among long time dialyzed patients and seems to be due to 2 factors: high urea blood concentration and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Calcinosis cutis is less frequent than pruritus. It seems to have the same origin and can be considered in the more general picture of the metastatic calcinosis in patients with renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hypermelanosis, exceptional in the chronic renal insufficiency patients before hemodialysis, is present in 41% of our group. It is more obvious in the long time dialyzed patients. The nail disorders are mostly the absence of lunula (30%), related to the anaemia, and the half and half nail (36%) that seems specific of the severe azotaemia. Skin dryness (30%) and ichthyosis (10%) can be related to the pruritus. Alopecia, drug reactions and prurigo seems to have a particular indidence. Two patients presented bullous eruptions localized in sunlight exposed areas of skin. The clinical, histological and immunological aspect was identical to that observed in the Porphyria Cutanea Tarda but all the porphyrin levels in the urine and faeces were normal.", "contents": "[Skin manifestations in patients with renal chronic renal failure on regular hemodyalysis]. The authors studied the skin disorders in 50 hemodialyzed patients. Pruritus appears to be the main dermatological feature by the frequency of its occurrence and by its unpleasant and even intolerable effects. This sign is more frequent among long time dialyzed patients and seems to be due to 2 factors: high urea blood concentration and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Calcinosis cutis is less frequent than pruritus. It seems to have the same origin and can be considered in the more general picture of the metastatic calcinosis in patients with renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hypermelanosis, exceptional in the chronic renal insufficiency patients before hemodialysis, is present in 41% of our group. It is more obvious in the long time dialyzed patients. The nail disorders are mostly the absence of lunula (30%), related to the anaemia, and the half and half nail (36%) that seems specific of the severe azotaemia. Skin dryness (30%) and ichthyosis (10%) can be related to the pruritus. Alopecia, drug reactions and prurigo seems to have a particular indidence. Two patients presented bullous eruptions localized in sunlight exposed areas of skin. The clinical, histological and immunological aspect was identical to that observed in the Porphyria Cutanea Tarda but all the porphyrin levels in the urine and faeces were normal.", "PMID": 1035395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7036", "title": "[A case of Nonne-Milroy syndrome associated with chyloabdomen. Immunologic study].", "content": "A case of None Milroy syndrome with chiloabdomen in a 7 year old girl is reported. The most important features are the immunological alterations (depressed delayed immunity in the affected extremity and decreased level of IgA). A review of the literature is made.", "contents": "[A case of Nonne-Milroy syndrome associated with chyloabdomen. Immunologic study]. A case of None Milroy syndrome with chiloabdomen in a 7 year old girl is reported. The most important features are the immunological alterations (depressed delayed immunity in the affected extremity and decreased level of IgA). A review of the literature is made.", "PMID": 1035396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7037", "title": "[Furunculoid myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis].", "content": "The authors report a case of forunculoid miasis by \"Dermatobia hominis\" (\"Ura\" fly). a process that being not very common in the Argentine Republic is sometimes misjudged as a furunculosis. The patient reported, a white woman, 51, travelled to a zone where this parasitose is endemid. After some time of her stay there, she noted three small nodes in her vulvar region. They grew on until reaching nearly the size of a walnut. At her first consultation with a gynecologist it was taken as a case of furuncolosis and treated with antibiotics. As the treatment didn't prove succesful, she asked for dermatological advice. It was then possible to verify the presence of three nodes. In the central hole of one of them, there could be seen a whitish body that soon disappeared inwards. This lead to the diagnosis of forunculoid miasis. An accurate and easy-to-perform treatment was carried out: a 1% solution of formaldehyde in distilled water was infused through the central hole of each node. This determined the larva's caudal extremity to appear in search of air. It was taken advantage of this situation to remove the larvae with a pair of nippers. \"Dermatobia hominis\" is widely spread in the warm-climated Argentine northern provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Misiones, as well as in Brazil, Paraguay and some regions of Uruguay. It is also known under the name of \"Ura\". It is a large fly, yellow faced, with dark-blue thorax; an almost rombic metallic-blue abdomen, orange antennae and legs, and dark-brown wings. It lives on the nutrients spared during its larval stage and both fecundation and oviposition, take place along its week-long life. The fecundated female catches different haematophagus insects on the wing, sticking sets of eggs to their abdomens. An embryo developes in each egg, being ready to emerge in a week but does this only when the bearer insect settles on a homeothermal being piercing and penetrating the skin of the new guest in about 10 minutes.", "contents": "[Furunculoid myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis]. The authors report a case of forunculoid miasis by \"Dermatobia hominis\" (\"Ura\" fly). a process that being not very common in the Argentine Republic is sometimes misjudged as a furunculosis. The patient reported, a white woman, 51, travelled to a zone where this parasitose is endemid. After some time of her stay there, she noted three small nodes in her vulvar region. They grew on until reaching nearly the size of a walnut. At her first consultation with a gynecologist it was taken as a case of furuncolosis and treated with antibiotics. As the treatment didn't prove succesful, she asked for dermatological advice. It was then possible to verify the presence of three nodes. In the central hole of one of them, there could be seen a whitish body that soon disappeared inwards. This lead to the diagnosis of forunculoid miasis. An accurate and easy-to-perform treatment was carried out: a 1% solution of formaldehyde in distilled water was infused through the central hole of each node. This determined the larva's caudal extremity to appear in search of air. It was taken advantage of this situation to remove the larvae with a pair of nippers. \"Dermatobia hominis\" is widely spread in the warm-climated Argentine northern provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Misiones, as well as in Brazil, Paraguay and some regions of Uruguay. It is also known under the name of \"Ura\". It is a large fly, yellow faced, with dark-blue thorax; an almost rombic metallic-blue abdomen, orange antennae and legs, and dark-brown wings. It lives on the nutrients spared during its larval stage and both fecundation and oviposition, take place along its week-long life. The fecundated female catches different haematophagus insects on the wing, sticking sets of eggs to their abdomens. An embryo developes in each egg, being ready to emerge in a week but does this only when the bearer insect settles on a homeothermal being piercing and penetrating the skin of the new guest in about 10 minutes.", "PMID": 1035397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7038", "title": "[Inflammatory verrucous epidermal nevus (IVEN)].", "content": "From the original description of Altman and Mehregan (1971) a new clinical type of linear nevus is known as inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). Two girls of 5 and 4 years of age are reported. One of them had good therapeutical results with the use of trichloroacetic acid. The clinical and histopathological aspects of this nevus are reviewed and the differential diagnosis should be done with: lichen planus, lichen striatus, linear psoriasis, zoniform dermatitis, naevus unius lateris.", "contents": "[Inflammatory verrucous epidermal nevus (IVEN)]. From the original description of Altman and Mehregan (1971) a new clinical type of linear nevus is known as inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). Two girls of 5 and 4 years of age are reported. One of them had good therapeutical results with the use of trichloroacetic acid. The clinical and histopathological aspects of this nevus are reviewed and the differential diagnosis should be done with: lichen planus, lichen striatus, linear psoriasis, zoniform dermatitis, naevus unius lateris.", "PMID": 1035398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7039", "title": "[Post-traumatic achromia in vitiligo (vitiligo facticio)].", "content": "Two patients affected with vitiligo showed achromic lesions in areas of skin apparently normal submitted to the action of external traumatic agents. In the first case the striate linear lesion might be attributed to the excoriation due to pruritus determined by scabies. In the second one an angular lesion in both feet was strictly limited to the areas exposed to the straps of sandals.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic achromia in vitiligo (vitiligo facticio)]. Two patients affected with vitiligo showed achromic lesions in areas of skin apparently normal submitted to the action of external traumatic agents. In the first case the striate linear lesion might be attributed to the excoriation due to pruritus determined by scabies. In the second one an angular lesion in both feet was strictly limited to the areas exposed to the straps of sandals.", "PMID": 1035399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7040", "title": "[Nail-patella-elbow syndrome].", "content": "The authors describe a typical, non familiar case of nail-patela-elbow syndrome, in which was found malformation of the nails and bones involving mainly the Knees and elbows, together with spondylolisthesis of the spine at the level L5-S1. There were no renal, ocular or psychic alterations.", "contents": "[Nail-patella-elbow syndrome]. The authors describe a typical, non familiar case of nail-patela-elbow syndrome, in which was found malformation of the nails and bones involving mainly the Knees and elbows, together with spondylolisthesis of the spine at the level L5-S1. There were no renal, ocular or psychic alterations.", "PMID": 1035400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7041", "title": "[Chronic urticaria. Provocation test].", "content": "Sixty patients of ages ranging from 11 to 64, with chronic urticaria from 2 months to 50 years duration, were studied with the provocation test. We found responses in 33.3% of patients. Tartrazine was the most common inducer, specially in those patients sensitive to aspirin with increased salicilate blood levels. As we did not use aspirin as inducer the results with tartrazine are more relevant and can be used to detect a positive response to aspirin. The relation between tartrazine and aspirin was not observed in patients with pressure or cholinergic urticaria. The provocation test is most useful in patients with chronic urticaria of unknown cause. 4 hydroxybenzoic acid and sodium acid and sodium benzoate were the more common inducers in the latter patients. We feel that the provocation test is a useful tool to study patients with chronic urticaria. Tartrazine, 4 hydroxybenzoic acid, sodium benzoate, tiramin and penicilin are included in the test. The responders should eliminate the offender from their diet.", "contents": "[Chronic urticaria. Provocation test]. Sixty patients of ages ranging from 11 to 64, with chronic urticaria from 2 months to 50 years duration, were studied with the provocation test. We found responses in 33.3% of patients. Tartrazine was the most common inducer, specially in those patients sensitive to aspirin with increased salicilate blood levels. As we did not use aspirin as inducer the results with tartrazine are more relevant and can be used to detect a positive response to aspirin. The relation between tartrazine and aspirin was not observed in patients with pressure or cholinergic urticaria. The provocation test is most useful in patients with chronic urticaria of unknown cause. 4 hydroxybenzoic acid and sodium acid and sodium benzoate were the more common inducers in the latter patients. We feel that the provocation test is a useful tool to study patients with chronic urticaria. Tartrazine, 4 hydroxybenzoic acid, sodium benzoate, tiramin and penicilin are included in the test. The responders should eliminate the offender from their diet.", "PMID": 1035401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7042", "title": "[Halcinonide-neomycin-nystatin in the treatment of dermatosis and cutaneous candidiasis].", "content": "Sixty-four patients were treated for inflammatory dermatoses or cutaneous candidiasis with a new corticosteroid combination drug, halcinonide-neomycin-nystatin (HNN). In 50 patients treated for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, or neurodermatitis, HNN was evaluated in a double-blind, paired comparison study with hydrocortisone (HC) as the control drug. HNN was superior in 24 patients, HC was superior in 6, and the responses were equal in 18. The overall therapeutic response was Excellent with HNN in 29 patients as compared to 14 with HC. The anticandidal properties of HNN were assessed in a parallel study with iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone (I-HC) as the control drug. The most frequently treated conditions were \"erosio interdigitalis blastomycotica\" and candidal lesions of the neck region. The response with HNN was Excellent in 7 of 14 patients as compared to 4 out of 14 treated with I-HC.", "contents": "[Halcinonide-neomycin-nystatin in the treatment of dermatosis and cutaneous candidiasis]. Sixty-four patients were treated for inflammatory dermatoses or cutaneous candidiasis with a new corticosteroid combination drug, halcinonide-neomycin-nystatin (HNN). In 50 patients treated for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, or neurodermatitis, HNN was evaluated in a double-blind, paired comparison study with hydrocortisone (HC) as the control drug. HNN was superior in 24 patients, HC was superior in 6, and the responses were equal in 18. The overall therapeutic response was Excellent with HNN in 29 patients as compared to 14 with HC. The anticandidal properties of HNN were assessed in a parallel study with iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone (I-HC) as the control drug. The most frequently treated conditions were \"erosio interdigitalis blastomycotica\" and candidal lesions of the neck region. The response with HNN was Excellent in 7 of 14 patients as compared to 4 out of 14 treated with I-HC.", "PMID": 1035402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7043", "title": "Entrainment of the adrenal rhythm to photoperiod prior to puberty: effects of early experience on the adrenal rhythm and puberty.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to a cycle of light and dark before the onset of the adrenal rhythm would be necessary in order for rats to develop a normal rhythm of peripheral corticosterone when placed in a test photoperiod at weaning age. Rats were reared in constant light (LL) until weaning age, at which time they were placed in a cycle of 14 h light, 10 h dark (14:10). Females born and reared in 14:10 had peak corticosterone values at 14.00 h on days 22 and 26, and at 18.00 h on days 32 and 36. Males did not display a clear-cut rhythm at 22 or 26 days but had peak corticosterone at 18.00 h on days 32 and 36. Males and females reared in LL until weaning had no rhythm as a group in 14:10 at 24 days of age, but had a corticosterone peak at 18.00 h on days 28 and 40. Females born and reared in LL and exposed to 14:10 for 1 day developed an adrenal rhythm regardless of the age at exposure, but only 25 day old animals showed a normal pattern for their age group. Puberty was advanced in rats exposed to a single day of 14:10 at 25 days of age, but was delayed in younger rats (22 days old), and was unaffected by light exposure in older rats (28 days of age). It can be concluded that early exposure to light-dark cycles is not required for the normal development of an adrenal rhythm in the weanling rat, and that the setting of the corticosterone rhythm to the photoperiod can occur quite rapidly. Rats at 25-26 days of age are able to respond differently to a light cycle challenge than younger rats. A photoperiodic stimulus at that time can advance the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Entrainment of the adrenal rhythm to photoperiod prior to puberty: effects of early experience on the adrenal rhythm and puberty. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to a cycle of light and dark before the onset of the adrenal rhythm would be necessary in order for rats to develop a normal rhythm of peripheral corticosterone when placed in a test photoperiod at weaning age. Rats were reared in constant light (LL) until weaning age, at which time they were placed in a cycle of 14 h light, 10 h dark (14:10). Females born and reared in 14:10 had peak corticosterone values at 14.00 h on days 22 and 26, and at 18.00 h on days 32 and 36. Males did not display a clear-cut rhythm at 22 or 26 days but had peak corticosterone at 18.00 h on days 32 and 36. Males and females reared in LL until weaning had no rhythm as a group in 14:10 at 24 days of age, but had a corticosterone peak at 18.00 h on days 28 and 40. Females born and reared in LL and exposed to 14:10 for 1 day developed an adrenal rhythm regardless of the age at exposure, but only 25 day old animals showed a normal pattern for their age group. Puberty was advanced in rats exposed to a single day of 14:10 at 25 days of age, but was delayed in younger rats (22 days old), and was unaffected by light exposure in older rats (28 days of age). It can be concluded that early exposure to light-dark cycles is not required for the normal development of an adrenal rhythm in the weanling rat, and that the setting of the corticosterone rhythm to the photoperiod can occur quite rapidly. Rats at 25-26 days of age are able to respond differently to a light cycle challenge than younger rats. A photoperiodic stimulus at that time can advance the onset of puberty.", "PMID": 1035407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7044", "title": "Modifications of the striatal dopamine metabolism during the estrus cycle in mice.", "content": "The metabolism of striatum dopamine (DA) was studied in mice during proestrus, estrus and diestrus. The following results have been obtained: (1) the concentration of DA is higher in diestrus than in proestrus and estrus; (2) the concentration of its metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), is maximum in the estrus phase; (3) the DA turnover, evaluated by measuring the DA disappearance after blocking synthesis with methyltyrosine, is faster in estrus than in the other phases. These results have been discussed in view of the possible role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the control of gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Modifications of the striatal dopamine metabolism during the estrus cycle in mice. The metabolism of striatum dopamine (DA) was studied in mice during proestrus, estrus and diestrus. The following results have been obtained: (1) the concentration of DA is higher in diestrus than in proestrus and estrus; (2) the concentration of its metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), is maximum in the estrus phase; (3) the DA turnover, evaluated by measuring the DA disappearance after blocking synthesis with methyltyrosine, is faster in estrus than in the other phases. These results have been discussed in view of the possible role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the control of gonadotropin secretion.", "PMID": 1035408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7045", "title": "Woman dancing dreaming: Psychosocial benefits of the aboriginal outstation movement.", "content": "The establishment of an Aboriginal outstation, or small autonomous community, is described. Some of the beneficial psychosocial changes observed during an eighteen-month period are described, and some possible reasons for them outlined. The outstation movement is presented as a viable, Aboriginal-initiated solution to some of the dilemmas facing present-day Australian Aborigines.", "contents": "Woman dancing dreaming: Psychosocial benefits of the aboriginal outstation movement. The establishment of an Aboriginal outstation, or small autonomous community, is described. Some of the beneficial psychosocial changes observed during an eighteen-month period are described, and some possible reasons for them outlined. The outstation movement is presented as a viable, Aboriginal-initiated solution to some of the dilemmas facing present-day Australian Aborigines.", "PMID": 1035404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7046", "title": "[Microbial maps and blood cultures in acute leukemia].", "content": "Microbial maps were performed taking swabs from nose, pharinx, external auditory meatus, groin, vagina, sputum and urine cultures in 69 cases of acute leukaemia, in order: to assess the germs' incidence in an \"open ward\" department; to eliminate the most dangerous pathogens with local treatment or with a selective therapy without broad-specturm antibiotics; to check, in the 43 cases followed from onset, the changes occurring during the admission and the disease progression; to collect data for comparison with a \"sterile\" ward. The local decontamination had only a temporary effect. During the course of the disease new, particularly dangerous, pathogens were cultured. Blood cultures were positive in 15% of the patients with fever at the onset of the disease, and in 36.9% of the patients with fever during the disease progression. These values were virtually the same as those observed in the acute stage of C.M.L. (35.7%). In akute leukaemia E. coli (35%) was the most common, followed by P. aeruginosa (20%), Klebsiella (15%), S. alpha haemolyticus (10%) and others. There was little or no relationship between the germs in the maps and those in the blood cultures, though it must be remembered that no stool cultures were examined.", "contents": "[Microbial maps and blood cultures in acute leukemia]. Microbial maps were performed taking swabs from nose, pharinx, external auditory meatus, groin, vagina, sputum and urine cultures in 69 cases of acute leukaemia, in order: to assess the germs' incidence in an \"open ward\" department; to eliminate the most dangerous pathogens with local treatment or with a selective therapy without broad-specturm antibiotics; to check, in the 43 cases followed from onset, the changes occurring during the admission and the disease progression; to collect data for comparison with a \"sterile\" ward. The local decontamination had only a temporary effect. During the course of the disease new, particularly dangerous, pathogens were cultured. Blood cultures were positive in 15% of the patients with fever at the onset of the disease, and in 36.9% of the patients with fever during the disease progression. These values were virtually the same as those observed in the acute stage of C.M.L. (35.7%). In akute leukaemia E. coli (35%) was the most common, followed by P. aeruginosa (20%), Klebsiella (15%), S. alpha haemolyticus (10%) and others. There was little or no relationship between the germs in the maps and those in the blood cultures, though it must be remembered that no stool cultures were examined.", "PMID": 1035410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7047", "title": "An unusual stingray injury--the skindiver at risk.", "content": "Serious abdominal injury following a stingray attack on a skindiver is described. Knowledge of the creature's habits and the avoidance of swimming along the seabed are recommended as precautionary measures against such an injury.", "contents": "An unusual stingray injury--the skindiver at risk. Serious abdominal injury following a stingray attack on a skindiver is described. Knowledge of the creature's habits and the avoidance of swimming along the seabed are recommended as precautionary measures against such an injury.", "PMID": 1035405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7048", "title": "Reversible deafness as model of pressure damage to the VIIIth nerve.", "content": "Frequency-specific compound action potentials (CAP) of the VIIIth nerve were registered in patients in which surgery confirmed retrocochlear pathology. A different pathologic behaviour of threshold latency was encountered for 2 and 4 kHz CAP, respectively. This was due to the question of whether transmission of neural information by the acoustic nerve's fibres was blocked completely by retrocochlear pathology or not. A totally reversible hearing loss in a case of cystic arachnitis can offer a reasonable explanation.", "contents": "Reversible deafness as model of pressure damage to the VIIIth nerve. Frequency-specific compound action potentials (CAP) of the VIIIth nerve were registered in patients in which surgery confirmed retrocochlear pathology. A different pathologic behaviour of threshold latency was encountered for 2 and 4 kHz CAP, respectively. This was due to the question of whether transmission of neural information by the acoustic nerve's fibres was blocked completely by retrocochlear pathology or not. A totally reversible hearing loss in a case of cystic arachnitis can offer a reasonable explanation.", "PMID": 1035414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7049", "title": "Experimental labyrinthine lesions through stylomastoid foramen.", "content": "It was confirmed that the substances injected into the facial nerve through the stylomastoid foramen, reached every part of the inner ear. In sensitized animals, by repeated provocative injections of antigen, acute reversible episodes, very similar to that of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, were observed. The injection of various solutions and the provocative injection into the sensitized animals, resulted in completely opposite reactions. In sensitized animals, the electrophysiological phenomena of the cochlea also showed fluctuations like M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "Experimental labyrinthine lesions through stylomastoid foramen. It was confirmed that the substances injected into the facial nerve through the stylomastoid foramen, reached every part of the inner ear. In sensitized animals, by repeated provocative injections of antigen, acute reversible episodes, very similar to that of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, were observed. The injection of various solutions and the provocative injection into the sensitized animals, resulted in completely opposite reactions. In sensitized animals, the electrophysiological phenomena of the cochlea also showed fluctuations like M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "PMID": 1035415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7050", "title": "Solitary schwannoma of the cervical vagus nerve.", "content": "A case of benign, solitary schwannoma of the cervical vagus nerve with ipsilateral vocal cord paralysis is presented. The differential diagnostic aspects are discussed, with special reference to neurologic deficit in association with this lesion. The possible occurrence of concomitant unrelated malignancy is emphasised.", "contents": "Solitary schwannoma of the cervical vagus nerve. A case of benign, solitary schwannoma of the cervical vagus nerve with ipsilateral vocal cord paralysis is presented. The differential diagnostic aspects are discussed, with special reference to neurologic deficit in association with this lesion. The possible occurrence of concomitant unrelated malignancy is emphasised.", "PMID": 1035416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7051", "title": "Rhinoscleroma: a scanning electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Nasal biopsies from 6 patients with rhinoscleroma were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Numerous bacilli of different sizes were found on the epithelial surface. Few bacilli with thin spiral terminal cilia were seen over the surface of large protruding non-epithelial cells. These cells appeared to be the Mikulicz cells migrating from the tunica propria to the epithelial surface through small ulcerations. In the tunica propria, Mikulicz cells containing numerous bacilli were observed. In 4 patients, round bodies and long tubular structures were found on the epithelial surface. These bodies were suggested to be fungi, yet their exact nature and their relation to Klebsiella rhinoscleromatitis bacilli need further investigation.", "contents": "Rhinoscleroma: a scanning electron-microscopic study. Nasal biopsies from 6 patients with rhinoscleroma were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Numerous bacilli of different sizes were found on the epithelial surface. Few bacilli with thin spiral terminal cilia were seen over the surface of large protruding non-epithelial cells. These cells appeared to be the Mikulicz cells migrating from the tunica propria to the epithelial surface through small ulcerations. In the tunica propria, Mikulicz cells containing numerous bacilli were observed. In 4 patients, round bodies and long tubular structures were found on the epithelial surface. These bodies were suggested to be fungi, yet their exact nature and their relation to Klebsiella rhinoscleromatitis bacilli need further investigation.", "PMID": 1035417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7052", "title": "Dietary salt and round heart disease in turkey poults with a note on the minimum level of supplementary salt necessary in corn-soybean diets.", "content": "Round heart disease in turkey poults has been associated with high levels of dietary salt and when it occurs in the field recommendations often include a reduction in the level of dietary salt. Poults fed diets containing up to 1.5% salt and 1.5% sodium did not exhibit signs of round heart disease. A high mortality rate occurred with poults fed a salt-free diet. Post-mortem analysis generally revealed enlargement of the kidneys with urates; exudate was present in both abdominal and thoracic air sacs. Growth trials indicated that in order to maintain an optimum feed:body weight gain ratio, corn-soybean diets should contain at least 0.1--0.2% supplemental salt, and at least 0.2--0.3% salt when growth rate is considered. Minimum salt levels could not be reduced further by adjustment of the total dietary sodium:chloride ratio to unity.", "contents": "Dietary salt and round heart disease in turkey poults with a note on the minimum level of supplementary salt necessary in corn-soybean diets. Round heart disease in turkey poults has been associated with high levels of dietary salt and when it occurs in the field recommendations often include a reduction in the level of dietary salt. Poults fed diets containing up to 1.5% salt and 1.5% sodium did not exhibit signs of round heart disease. A high mortality rate occurred with poults fed a salt-free diet. Post-mortem analysis generally revealed enlargement of the kidneys with urates; exudate was present in both abdominal and thoracic air sacs. Growth trials indicated that in order to maintain an optimum feed:body weight gain ratio, corn-soybean diets should contain at least 0.1--0.2% supplemental salt, and at least 0.2--0.3% salt when growth rate is considered. Minimum salt levels could not be reduced further by adjustment of the total dietary sodium:chloride ratio to unity.", "PMID": 1035422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7053", "title": "[Changes in the composition of leukocytes of carp after infection with Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) in the light of a new classification of formed elements].", "content": "The paper presents new data on the effect of Dactylogyrus extensus on the blood of the carp. The data have become available due to a new classification of formed elements worked out by N.T. Ivanova. One of characteristic features of dactylogyrosis is eosinophilia. Polychromatophil anaemia and anisocytosis were recorded as well.", "contents": "[Changes in the composition of leukocytes of carp after infection with Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) in the light of a new classification of formed elements]. The paper presents new data on the effect of Dactylogyrus extensus on the blood of the carp. The data have become available due to a new classification of formed elements worked out by N.T. Ivanova. One of characteristic features of dactylogyrosis is eosinophilia. Polychromatophil anaemia and anisocytosis were recorded as well.", "PMID": 1035418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7054", "title": "[Indications, contraindications and legal problems in antiandrogen treatment].", "content": "The author in his present paper gives an outline of the indications, contraindications, and legal problems of Androcur treatment. Androcur (cyproterone acetate) is an antiandrogen that is capable of competitively inhibiting androgens in the organism. Accordingly, the effects obtained by drug therapy, of which the purpose is to reduce the sexual desire or libido, are similar to those produced by operative castration. The use of such drugs makes it possible to control abnormal sex drives and desires and prevent sexual offenders from becoming recidivous. Since treatment with Androcur is an intervention in the deeply personal sphere and there is not yet availability any reliable data on the full reversibility of the phenomena involved (for example, alterations to the testicles) especially in the case of long-time treatment, such therapy should be carried out on the principle of absolute voluntariness and after suitable suggestions have been furnished as to the proper treatment of the respective subject.", "contents": "[Indications, contraindications and legal problems in antiandrogen treatment]. The author in his present paper gives an outline of the indications, contraindications, and legal problems of Androcur treatment. Androcur (cyproterone acetate) is an antiandrogen that is capable of competitively inhibiting androgens in the organism. Accordingly, the effects obtained by drug therapy, of which the purpose is to reduce the sexual desire or libido, are similar to those produced by operative castration. The use of such drugs makes it possible to control abnormal sex drives and desires and prevent sexual offenders from becoming recidivous. Since treatment with Androcur is an intervention in the deeply personal sphere and there is not yet availability any reliable data on the full reversibility of the phenomena involved (for example, alterations to the testicles) especially in the case of long-time treatment, such therapy should be carried out on the principle of absolute voluntariness and after suitable suggestions have been furnished as to the proper treatment of the respective subject.", "PMID": 1035425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7055", "title": "[State of the sympathetic-adrenal system in newborn infants (clinico-biochemical comparisons)].", "content": "A study was made of urinary catecholamine excretion in 102 newborn boys on the 1st-8th day after birth. Depending on the state at birth neonates were divided into 2 groups: the 1st group included babies born in satisfactory condition (60), and the 2nd group - at the state of mild asphyxia. Catecholamines were determined on the 1st-2nd, 3rd-5th, and 6th-8th days after birth. It was shown that at the time of birth the noradrenaline level prevailed over the adrenaline level, but as soon as the 3rd-5th day the noradrenaline content displayed a relative reduction in both groups. Asphyxia showed practically no influence on the urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion of the newborn boys; however, there were significant differences in the dynamics of dophamine excretion with the urine. The children born asphyxiated urinary excretion of dophamine showed a continuous accretion.", "contents": "[State of the sympathetic-adrenal system in newborn infants (clinico-biochemical comparisons)]. A study was made of urinary catecholamine excretion in 102 newborn boys on the 1st-8th day after birth. Depending on the state at birth neonates were divided into 2 groups: the 1st group included babies born in satisfactory condition (60), and the 2nd group - at the state of mild asphyxia. Catecholamines were determined on the 1st-2nd, 3rd-5th, and 6th-8th days after birth. It was shown that at the time of birth the noradrenaline level prevailed over the adrenaline level, but as soon as the 3rd-5th day the noradrenaline content displayed a relative reduction in both groups. Asphyxia showed practically no influence on the urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion of the newborn boys; however, there were significant differences in the dynamics of dophamine excretion with the urine. The children born asphyxiated urinary excretion of dophamine showed a continuous accretion.", "PMID": 1035423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7056", "title": "Unusual masses in the spermatic cord: report of six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Differential diagnosis of spermatic cord swellings includes direct inguinal hernia, hydrocele, spermatocele, hematocele, lipoma, tuberculosis, and filariasis. This communication focuses attention on other unusual swellings of the spermatic cord. Three cases of sarcoma, two cases of foreign body in the spermatic cord, and one case of vasitis are presented. Although unusual, these conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spermatic cord swellings.", "contents": "Unusual masses in the spermatic cord: report of six cases and review of the literature. Differential diagnosis of spermatic cord swellings includes direct inguinal hernia, hydrocele, spermatocele, hematocele, lipoma, tuberculosis, and filariasis. This communication focuses attention on other unusual swellings of the spermatic cord. Three cases of sarcoma, two cases of foreign body in the spermatic cord, and one case of vasitis are presented. Although unusual, these conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spermatic cord swellings.", "PMID": 1035435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7057", "title": "Isolated galactorrhea with normal serum prolactin levels: clinical implications.", "content": "Detailed endocrine-metabolic studies were performed on five women who were otherwise well but who had had inappropriate breast secretions for variable periods of time (three months to 16 years). Our results suggest that the presence of a lactose-containing breast secretion, which strictly defines galactorrhea, does not necessarily indicate a recognizable abnormality if normal hypothalamic-pituitary function is present. In these regularly menstruating women with isolated galactorrhea, we suggest a minimum initial evaluation, but careful long-term follow-up studies to identify those cases which may progress to the other recognized, more serious amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes.", "contents": "Isolated galactorrhea with normal serum prolactin levels: clinical implications. Detailed endocrine-metabolic studies were performed on five women who were otherwise well but who had had inappropriate breast secretions for variable periods of time (three months to 16 years). Our results suggest that the presence of a lactose-containing breast secretion, which strictly defines galactorrhea, does not necessarily indicate a recognizable abnormality if normal hypothalamic-pituitary function is present. In these regularly menstruating women with isolated galactorrhea, we suggest a minimum initial evaluation, but careful long-term follow-up studies to identify those cases which may progress to the other recognized, more serious amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes.", "PMID": 1035436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7058", "title": "Brain abscess caused by Cladosporium trichoides (Bantianum): a case with paranasal sinus involvement.", "content": "Dematiacious fungi (ie, fungi with dark hyphae) are a rare and usually fatal cause of central nervous system infection. Cladosporium trichoides has been implicated most frequently. Documentation of extra-CNS involvement has been rare. Our patient had a brain abscess and paranasal sinus infection due to C trichoides. The organism was sensitive to less than or equal 2mug/ml of flucytosine. Although our patient did not receive flucytosine, it is possible that this drug, because of its excellent penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid, may be a useful therapeutic agent in cerebral cladosporiosis.", "contents": "Brain abscess caused by Cladosporium trichoides (Bantianum): a case with paranasal sinus involvement. Dematiacious fungi (ie, fungi with dark hyphae) are a rare and usually fatal cause of central nervous system infection. Cladosporium trichoides has been implicated most frequently. Documentation of extra-CNS involvement has been rare. Our patient had a brain abscess and paranasal sinus infection due to C trichoides. The organism was sensitive to less than or equal 2mug/ml of flucytosine. Although our patient did not receive flucytosine, it is possible that this drug, because of its excellent penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid, may be a useful therapeutic agent in cerebral cladosporiosis.", "PMID": 1035437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7059", "title": "Social work information and accountability systems in a hospital setting.", "content": "Information and accountability systems for departments of social work are a major concern for the profession, particularly within the health care sector. This paper describes the development of such a system within a large university hospital, the forces that led to its development, and the multiple expectations for its usefulness in planning and implementing social work services most effectively, within the lowest cost. It includes potential for building research projects and is utilized as a communication mechanism for recording. Collaboration within the profession is essential for implementing objective standards to be utilized in reviewing delivery of professional social work services.", "contents": "Social work information and accountability systems in a hospital setting. Information and accountability systems for departments of social work are a major concern for the profession, particularly within the health care sector. This paper describes the development of such a system within a large university hospital, the forces that led to its development, and the multiple expectations for its usefulness in planning and implementing social work services most effectively, within the lowest cost. It includes potential for building research projects and is utilized as a communication mechanism for recording. Collaboration within the profession is essential for implementing objective standards to be utilized in reviewing delivery of professional social work services.", "PMID": 1035439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7060", "title": "The use of CO2 laser in otolaryngology: a progress report.", "content": "Since 1971 the CO2 laser has been used in otolaryngology at Boston University School of Medicine, University of Illinois, and the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, New Orleans; over 560 patients have been cared for and over 1,000 operations performed. The instruments have proved to be reliable and the use of CO2 laser relatively free of complications when appropriate precautions are taken. The nature of the laser wound is such that laser surgery has facilitated the management of numerous benign and malignant lesions of the larynx as well as the oral cavity, pharynx, and tracheobronchial tree. Laser surgery is associated with a minimal morbidity, excellent healing, minimal scar formation, and excellent residual function. The instrument has been most useful in the management of lesions situated in relatively inaccessible areas such as the nasopharynx, subglottic area of the larynx, and tracheobronchial tree. The advantages of laser surgery in otolaryngology are so significant that it can be recommended for continued usage. Many applications of this unique surgical instrument have been identified but others need to be explored in the future.", "contents": "The use of CO2 laser in otolaryngology: a progress report. Since 1971 the CO2 laser has been used in otolaryngology at Boston University School of Medicine, University of Illinois, and the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, New Orleans; over 560 patients have been cared for and over 1,000 operations performed. The instruments have proved to be reliable and the use of CO2 laser relatively free of complications when appropriate precautions are taken. The nature of the laser wound is such that laser surgery has facilitated the management of numerous benign and malignant lesions of the larynx as well as the oral cavity, pharynx, and tracheobronchial tree. Laser surgery is associated with a minimal morbidity, excellent healing, minimal scar formation, and excellent residual function. The instrument has been most useful in the management of lesions situated in relatively inaccessible areas such as the nasopharynx, subglottic area of the larynx, and tracheobronchial tree. The advantages of laser surgery in otolaryngology are so significant that it can be recommended for continued usage. Many applications of this unique surgical instrument have been identified but others need to be explored in the future.", "PMID": 1035443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7061", "title": "Evaluation of the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis virus in the northeastern United States.", "content": "The problem of evaluating the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis in the northeastern United States is presented and possible reasons are discussed for the present lack of human and horse cases of this disease even though increased numbers of isolations of the virus have been obtained in the East during recent years. Epidemiologic factors of vector bionomics and virus strain variations are considered. It is concluded that while this virus strain can no longer be regarded as uncommon in the Northeast, the evidence indicates there is little potential for epidemic expression of this agent in the human and horse population. This appears to be due to differences in the bionomics of the mosquito Culiseta melanura, which serves as the primary enzootic vector in the northeastern United States and in the bionomics of Culex tarsalis that is the vector in the western region of the United States. Other limiting factors in the epidemic potential may be variations between virus strains located in the East and West.", "contents": "Evaluation of the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis virus in the northeastern United States. The problem of evaluating the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis in the northeastern United States is presented and possible reasons are discussed for the present lack of human and horse cases of this disease even though increased numbers of isolations of the virus have been obtained in the East during recent years. Epidemiologic factors of vector bionomics and virus strain variations are considered. It is concluded that while this virus strain can no longer be regarded as uncommon in the Northeast, the evidence indicates there is little potential for epidemic expression of this agent in the human and horse population. This appears to be due to differences in the bionomics of the mosquito Culiseta melanura, which serves as the primary enzootic vector in the northeastern United States and in the bionomics of Culex tarsalis that is the vector in the western region of the United States. Other limiting factors in the epidemic potential may be variations between virus strains located in the East and West.", "PMID": 1035448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7062", "title": "[Precipitation reaction and hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction in tuberculosis. I. Precipitation reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of patients, blood donors and cattle sera were examined by means of diffusion--in--gel technique using self produced antigens, prepared from H 37 Ra, one fresh isolated strain of M. tbc and BCG Jena. 38.2% of 421 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis reacted positive. Positive reactions were observed in 55.7% of 199 patients suffering from another infectious disease and in 31;7% of normal sera. Most precipitation lines were found with the antigen prepared from H37 Ra after incubation for 7 months. In human sera as well as in cattle a dependence of reactions upon mode of antigen production was evident.", "contents": "[Precipitation reaction and hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction in tuberculosis. I. Precipitation reaction (author's transl)]. Sera of patients, blood donors and cattle sera were examined by means of diffusion--in--gel technique using self produced antigens, prepared from H 37 Ra, one fresh isolated strain of M. tbc and BCG Jena. 38.2% of 421 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis reacted positive. Positive reactions were observed in 55.7% of 199 patients suffering from another infectious disease and in 31;7% of normal sera. Most precipitation lines were found with the antigen prepared from H37 Ra after incubation for 7 months. In human sera as well as in cattle a dependence of reactions upon mode of antigen production was evident.", "PMID": 1035449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7063", "title": "[Use and importance of cytology for tumor diagnosis in internal medicine].", "content": "Many fields of internal medicine give the assumption for the ingenious application of cytodiagnostics. The respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal system and the urinary passage are the most important groups of organs. A technically unobjectionable gaining of material is the basis for this. The examination of exfoliated cells and the fine needle aspiration biopsy are the technical variants. The close cooperation of a morphologically interested clinician with a clinically interested morphologist and the guaranty of the mutual control of cytology and histology yield a promising success method for the clinical differential diagnostics and for the early recognition of cancer.", "contents": "[Use and importance of cytology for tumor diagnosis in internal medicine]. Many fields of internal medicine give the assumption for the ingenious application of cytodiagnostics. The respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal system and the urinary passage are the most important groups of organs. A technically unobjectionable gaining of material is the basis for this. The examination of exfoliated cells and the fine needle aspiration biopsy are the technical variants. The close cooperation of a morphologically interested clinician with a clinically interested morphologist and the guaranty of the mutual control of cytology and histology yield a promising success method for the clinical differential diagnostics and for the early recognition of cancer.", "PMID": 1035451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7064", "title": "[Precipitation reaction and hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction in tuberculosis. II. Hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction by Middlebrook-Dubos (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera of patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, of blood donors and cattle sera were researched in hemagglutination reaction, using untreated and papain-treated sheep erythrocytes, and in hemolysis reaction. 58% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 23% of normal sera, reacted positive in at least one of the 3 reactions. 24 sera of 44 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were found to be positive. The titer is important for diagnosis. In normal sera the highest titers were 1:64 in all reactions. Titers of 1:128 are to be considered as proof of tuberculosis. Considering the height of titers the hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction can also be used for diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle.", "contents": "[Precipitation reaction and hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction in tuberculosis. II. Hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction by Middlebrook-Dubos (author's transl)]. Sera of patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, of blood donors and cattle sera were researched in hemagglutination reaction, using untreated and papain-treated sheep erythrocytes, and in hemolysis reaction. 58% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 23% of normal sera, reacted positive in at least one of the 3 reactions. 24 sera of 44 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were found to be positive. The titer is important for diagnosis. In normal sera the highest titers were 1:64 in all reactions. Titers of 1:128 are to be considered as proof of tuberculosis. Considering the height of titers the hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction can also be used for diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle.", "PMID": 1035450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7065", "title": "[Insulin lipoatrophy and its elimination through the use of monocomponent insulin].", "content": "Since their first description 50 years ago severe forms of lipoatrophy appearing above all in girls and women are occasionally a cosmetically significant and therapeutically problematic side effect of the insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus. On two own female patients is shown, how the hitherto recommended measures failed in distinctive cases and only the treatment with monocomponent-insulin of the pig led to the restoration of the fatty tissue. The successful therapy of lipoatrophy with monocomponent insulin in all cases hitherto published confirms the hypothesis that a local antigen-antibody-reaction to highly molecular constituents of the commercial mixed insulins causes the atrophy of fatty tissue.", "contents": "[Insulin lipoatrophy and its elimination through the use of monocomponent insulin]. Since their first description 50 years ago severe forms of lipoatrophy appearing above all in girls and women are occasionally a cosmetically significant and therapeutically problematic side effect of the insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus. On two own female patients is shown, how the hitherto recommended measures failed in distinctive cases and only the treatment with monocomponent-insulin of the pig led to the restoration of the fatty tissue. The successful therapy of lipoatrophy with monocomponent insulin in all cases hitherto published confirms the hypothesis that a local antigen-antibody-reaction to highly molecular constituents of the commercial mixed insulins causes the atrophy of fatty tissue.", "PMID": 1035452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7066", "title": "[Morphometric studies of the density and diameter of capillaries in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of unmilked and milked cows].", "content": "With mathematical-statistical methods the density and the diameter of the capillaries of the NSO and NPV were investigated by unmilked and milked cows. After the milking the diameter of the capillaries is significantly expanded in both nuclei districts. The density of the capillaries measured through the length of the capillaries pro mm3 tissue, were not significantly enlarged after the milking stimulus. The adaptation on the changed functionstate of the neurosecreoty cells arrive at a maximum 15 min after the milking, to go back afterwards, by 60 min after the milking studied cows, to the values of the beginning. It is discussed, that the intensified blood maintenance of the activated neurosecretory cells of the NSO and NPV is of a higher oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies of the density and diameter of capillaries in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of unmilked and milked cows]. With mathematical-statistical methods the density and the diameter of the capillaries of the NSO and NPV were investigated by unmilked and milked cows. After the milking the diameter of the capillaries is significantly expanded in both nuclei districts. The density of the capillaries measured through the length of the capillaries pro mm3 tissue, were not significantly enlarged after the milking stimulus. The adaptation on the changed functionstate of the neurosecreoty cells arrive at a maximum 15 min after the milking, to go back afterwards, by 60 min after the milking studied cows, to the values of the beginning. It is discussed, that the intensified blood maintenance of the activated neurosecretory cells of the NSO and NPV is of a higher oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 1035453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7067", "title": "The effect of lead on cells cultivated in vitro. II. Chronic exposure and development of resistance.", "content": "In a previous communication the acute effects of anorganic lead salts on L-A mouse fibroblasts cells cultured in vitro have been described. This report presents the results of long-term tests with L-A cells. Under continuous exposure lead tolerance developed, even to concentrations exceeding the LD50. The kinetics of the acquirement of resistance are demonstrated. The resistant cells adjusted more quickly to higher doses of the heavy metal than the controls. Low-resistance strains retained the growth characteristics of the parent cells, but with increasing levels of lead tolerance multiplication rates decreased significantly. After approximately 60 generations in lead-free environment the cells had to a major degree lost their resistance indicating that the induced lead tolerance is caused by adaptation rather than by mutation and selection. Lead resistance appears not to depend on lead exclusion, for the lead content of resistant cells and lead-exposed controls was found to be of a comparable order of magnitude.", "contents": "The effect of lead on cells cultivated in vitro. II. Chronic exposure and development of resistance. In a previous communication the acute effects of anorganic lead salts on L-A mouse fibroblasts cells cultured in vitro have been described. This report presents the results of long-term tests with L-A cells. Under continuous exposure lead tolerance developed, even to concentrations exceeding the LD50. The kinetics of the acquirement of resistance are demonstrated. The resistant cells adjusted more quickly to higher doses of the heavy metal than the controls. Low-resistance strains retained the growth characteristics of the parent cells, but with increasing levels of lead tolerance multiplication rates decreased significantly. After approximately 60 generations in lead-free environment the cells had to a major degree lost their resistance indicating that the induced lead tolerance is caused by adaptation rather than by mutation and selection. Lead resistance appears not to depend on lead exclusion, for the lead content of resistant cells and lead-exposed controls was found to be of a comparable order of magnitude.", "PMID": 1035454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7068", "title": "[Influence of homologous n-alkanoic on functional properties of isolated skeletal muscles. II. Membrane resting potential and the osmotic effectiveness of alkanoic acid].", "content": "The influence of butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid on the membrane resting potential of isolated frog skeletal muscles were studied and the osmotic effects of n-alkanoic acids tested. 1. n-alkanoic acids cause osmotic effects like impermeable non-electrolytes (sucrose). Therefore, the permeability to alkanoic acids of the resting muscle cell membrane seems to be small. There are no differences between the acids tested. 2. The membrane resting potential is differently affected. Butyric acid in high concentration effects a hyperpolarization of the membrane whereas higher homologues (C6--C10) cause a depolarization. The depolarizing action increases with increasing concentration, exposure, and with the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the alkanoic acids. 3. It is suggested that osmotic effects are the cause for hyperpolarization of the membrane by high concentrations of butyric acid. 4. The depolarizing action of hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid is discussed with regard to alterations induced by alkanoic acids in the membrane permeability and/or in the metabolism of the cells.", "contents": "[Influence of homologous n-alkanoic on functional properties of isolated skeletal muscles. II. Membrane resting potential and the osmotic effectiveness of alkanoic acid]. The influence of butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid on the membrane resting potential of isolated frog skeletal muscles were studied and the osmotic effects of n-alkanoic acids tested. 1. n-alkanoic acids cause osmotic effects like impermeable non-electrolytes (sucrose). Therefore, the permeability to alkanoic acids of the resting muscle cell membrane seems to be small. There are no differences between the acids tested. 2. The membrane resting potential is differently affected. Butyric acid in high concentration effects a hyperpolarization of the membrane whereas higher homologues (C6--C10) cause a depolarization. The depolarizing action increases with increasing concentration, exposure, and with the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the alkanoic acids. 3. It is suggested that osmotic effects are the cause for hyperpolarization of the membrane by high concentrations of butyric acid. 4. The depolarizing action of hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid is discussed with regard to alterations induced by alkanoic acids in the membrane permeability and/or in the metabolism of the cells.", "PMID": 1035456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7069", "title": "On the significance of nipple discharge in the diagnosis of breast disease.", "content": "Nipple discharge, especially the blood-stained type, is regarded as an important symptom in breast disease. In many reports the high incidence of malignancy is stressed and an active surgical approach has often been recommended. In this series of 80 women with nipple discharge the type of secretion and the result of exfoliative cytology were evaluated. Three women had cancer but the nipple discharge was important for the diagnosis in only one case. Six women had papilloma and in all the nipple discharge was essential for the diagnosis. Fibroadenosis and duct ectasia were the most common diagnoses. The blood-stained secretion was due to fibroadenosis in about half of the cases. No cancer was found in 46 women with a serous secretion. When a tumour is present nipple discharge is of little importance for the diagnosis and treatment. In the absence of a tumour and when exfoliative cytology gives no suspicion of cancer and no atypical cells or papillomatous clusters are present, an expectant attitude towards surgery seems satisfactory. With such an approach many surgical biopsies prove unnecessary, but a prerequisite is an organized follow-up.", "contents": "On the significance of nipple discharge in the diagnosis of breast disease. Nipple discharge, especially the blood-stained type, is regarded as an important symptom in breast disease. In many reports the high incidence of malignancy is stressed and an active surgical approach has often been recommended. In this series of 80 women with nipple discharge the type of secretion and the result of exfoliative cytology were evaluated. Three women had cancer but the nipple discharge was important for the diagnosis in only one case. Six women had papilloma and in all the nipple discharge was essential for the diagnosis. Fibroadenosis and duct ectasia were the most common diagnoses. The blood-stained secretion was due to fibroadenosis in about half of the cases. No cancer was found in 46 women with a serous secretion. When a tumour is present nipple discharge is of little importance for the diagnosis and treatment. In the absence of a tumour and when exfoliative cytology gives no suspicion of cancer and no atypical cells or papillomatous clusters are present, an expectant attitude towards surgery seems satisfactory. With such an approach many surgical biopsies prove unnecessary, but a prerequisite is an organized follow-up.", "PMID": 1035457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7070", "title": "[Seasonal changes in the activity of the thyroid gland of the gerbil Meriones unguiculatus].", "content": "Positive correlation was observed between the thermostability level of the parental sperm and that of muscles in the progeny of the frog R. temporaria. The data obtained indicate that in animal evolution the thermostability of cells may be monitored by non-thermal factor or factors.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes in the activity of the thyroid gland of the gerbil Meriones unguiculatus]. Positive correlation was observed between the thermostability level of the parental sperm and that of muscles in the progeny of the frog R. temporaria. The data obtained indicate that in animal evolution the thermostability of cells may be monitored by non-thermal factor or factors.", "PMID": 1035455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7071", "title": "The influence of propanediol-1,3 on the development of the legs, wings and lower beak of the chick embryo.", "content": "In seven series of 31-34 chick embryos each, the influence of the position of the egg during incubation and of the administration of 0.05 ml propanediol-1,3 on the 5th day of incubation on the development and growth of the limbs and beak were studied. Isotonic saline injected embryos served as controls. The embryos were sacrificed at the age of 15 days. Incubation of the egg in a vertical position, with the air chamber pointing upward, proved to result in a slight, through significant reduction in the length of the limbs and beak. Propanediol was highly toxic if injected in the immediate vicinity of the embryo. If injected at some distance from the embryo, either into the air chamber or into the yolk, the agent proved to be teratogenic: measurements showed a considerable retardation of the longitudinal growth of the limbs and beak, the latter being a parrot beak in 60 per cent of the cases, whereas both the tibia and the metatarsals were, moreover, bent posteriorward. Histological studies of the tibia showed an underdevelopment of the periosteal bone collar and, at the angle of the bone, a replacement of the posterior part of this collar by endochondral bone trabeculae. The abnormalities observed are dissimilar to those demonstrated in hereditary congenital chondrodystrophy and in micromelic conditions induced by insulin or sulfonamides.", "contents": "The influence of propanediol-1,3 on the development of the legs, wings and lower beak of the chick embryo. In seven series of 31-34 chick embryos each, the influence of the position of the egg during incubation and of the administration of 0.05 ml propanediol-1,3 on the 5th day of incubation on the development and growth of the limbs and beak were studied. Isotonic saline injected embryos served as controls. The embryos were sacrificed at the age of 15 days. Incubation of the egg in a vertical position, with the air chamber pointing upward, proved to result in a slight, through significant reduction in the length of the limbs and beak. Propanediol was highly toxic if injected in the immediate vicinity of the embryo. If injected at some distance from the embryo, either into the air chamber or into the yolk, the agent proved to be teratogenic: measurements showed a considerable retardation of the longitudinal growth of the limbs and beak, the latter being a parrot beak in 60 per cent of the cases, whereas both the tibia and the metatarsals were, moreover, bent posteriorward. Histological studies of the tibia showed an underdevelopment of the periosteal bone collar and, at the angle of the bone, a replacement of the posterior part of this collar by endochondral bone trabeculae. The abnormalities observed are dissimilar to those demonstrated in hereditary congenital chondrodystrophy and in micromelic conditions induced by insulin or sulfonamides.", "PMID": 1035471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7072", "title": "The fine structure of the epithelium of prostate glands in adult female mastomys erythroleucus Temm.", "content": "The prostate glands in adult female Mastomys were studied with the light and the electron microscope. In the light microscopy, each prostatic acinus is lined by a single layer of tall cuboidal secretory epithelial cells which are surrounded by a capsule composed of a few layers of elongated and flattened cells. The acinar secretory epithelial cells show no presence of the supranuclear light areas in their cytoplasm and tend to be more readily stained with toluidine blue in the perinuclear and the upper basal cytoplasm than in the rest cytoplasm. In the electron microscopy, sharply localized pittings are occasionally found on the luminal surface and further the secretory granules which are closely situated to the apical cell surface are recognized. In the supranuclear cytoplasm, several well-developed Golgi apparatuses appear individually and early developing secretory granules are also observed. In the perinuclear and the upper basal cytoplasm the rough endoplasmic reticulum is well developed while in the lower basal cytoplasm the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is conspicuously developed and predominates.", "contents": "The fine structure of the epithelium of prostate glands in adult female mastomys erythroleucus Temm. The prostate glands in adult female Mastomys were studied with the light and the electron microscope. In the light microscopy, each prostatic acinus is lined by a single layer of tall cuboidal secretory epithelial cells which are surrounded by a capsule composed of a few layers of elongated and flattened cells. The acinar secretory epithelial cells show no presence of the supranuclear light areas in their cytoplasm and tend to be more readily stained with toluidine blue in the perinuclear and the upper basal cytoplasm than in the rest cytoplasm. In the electron microscopy, sharply localized pittings are occasionally found on the luminal surface and further the secretory granules which are closely situated to the apical cell surface are recognized. In the supranuclear cytoplasm, several well-developed Golgi apparatuses appear individually and early developing secretory granules are also observed. In the perinuclear and the upper basal cytoplasm the rough endoplasmic reticulum is well developed while in the lower basal cytoplasm the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is conspicuously developed and predominates.", "PMID": 1035485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7073", "title": "[Effect of aflatoxin B1, of some of its metabolites and of culture extracts from \"Aspergillus parasiticus\" on virulent bacteriophages (author's transl)].", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 has different effects on bacteriophages: it inhibits some virulent strains and induces lysogenic bacteria. In this experiments we have used several classes of phages of enterobacteria, streptococci, staphylococci and Bacillus. We have tested different substances: cristallized aflatoxin B1, metabolites of the same mycotoxin and culture extracts from a toxinogenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. The inhibitory effects observed are different for each strain, and for a given phage the substances do not show the same action.", "contents": "[Effect of aflatoxin B1, of some of its metabolites and of culture extracts from \"Aspergillus parasiticus\" on virulent bacteriophages (author's transl)]. Aflatoxin B1 has different effects on bacteriophages: it inhibits some virulent strains and induces lysogenic bacteria. In this experiments we have used several classes of phages of enterobacteria, streptococci, staphylococci and Bacillus. We have tested different substances: cristallized aflatoxin B1, metabolites of the same mycotoxin and culture extracts from a toxinogenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. The inhibitory effects observed are different for each strain, and for a given phage the substances do not show the same action.", "PMID": 1035487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7074", "title": "[Embryotoxicity and the immunodepressive action of tetracycline and its epi- and anhydro- derivatives].", "content": "The toxic effect of tetracycline and its epi- and anhydro-derivatives on growing chick embryos and the spleen cells of immunized mice was studied. High acute toxicity of 4-epianhydrotetracycline with respect to the chick embryos was found. Its LD50 was 4.8 times lower than toxicity of tetracycline hydrochloride. The characteristics of the acute toxicity was confirmed by the data on the embryo survival by the time of hatching. The same survival rate, i. e. 12 per cent was observed with the use of tetracycline and 4-epianhydrotetracycline in doses of 1000 and 100gamma per embryo respectively. Comparative investigation of the effect of tetracycline and anhydrotetracycline on the spleen cells revealed high toxicity of anhydrotetracycline which induced the same decrease in the number of the antibody-producing cells as tetracycline when used in doses 40 to 100 times lower than those of tetracycline. High toxicity of the anhydro-derivatives of tetracycline was also observed with respect to their teratogenic effect. Extremely pronounced anomalies in the embryo development were observed after exposure to 500gamma of 4-epianhydrotetracycline.", "contents": "[Embryotoxicity and the immunodepressive action of tetracycline and its epi- and anhydro- derivatives]. The toxic effect of tetracycline and its epi- and anhydro-derivatives on growing chick embryos and the spleen cells of immunized mice was studied. High acute toxicity of 4-epianhydrotetracycline with respect to the chick embryos was found. Its LD50 was 4.8 times lower than toxicity of tetracycline hydrochloride. The characteristics of the acute toxicity was confirmed by the data on the embryo survival by the time of hatching. The same survival rate, i. e. 12 per cent was observed with the use of tetracycline and 4-epianhydrotetracycline in doses of 1000 and 100gamma per embryo respectively. Comparative investigation of the effect of tetracycline and anhydrotetracycline on the spleen cells revealed high toxicity of anhydrotetracycline which induced the same decrease in the number of the antibody-producing cells as tetracycline when used in doses 40 to 100 times lower than those of tetracycline. High toxicity of the anhydro-derivatives of tetracycline was also observed with respect to their teratogenic effect. Extremely pronounced anomalies in the embryo development were observed after exposure to 500gamma of 4-epianhydrotetracycline.", "PMID": 1035488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7075", "title": "[Polysaccharide biological activity dependent on structural characteristics].", "content": "Anti-Influenza and interferonogenic activity of polysaccharides from the glucane class produced extracellularly by the yeast-like organism Aureobasidium pollulans was studied on albino mice. The polysaccharides differed from each other by the branching level and content of bonds beta-C1-C3 and alpha-C1-C between the monomers. At the moment of the drugs administration to the albino mice the level of the early interferon was in correlation with the following 2 factors: the level of the polysaccharide branching and the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C3, while the amount of interferon produced in 24 hours correlated only with the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C4. The anti-influenza activity of the polysaccharides depended on the level of interferon production induced by them in the mice. Preparations stimulating production of sufficient amounts of both early and later interferon had the maximum activity.", "contents": "[Polysaccharide biological activity dependent on structural characteristics]. Anti-Influenza and interferonogenic activity of polysaccharides from the glucane class produced extracellularly by the yeast-like organism Aureobasidium pollulans was studied on albino mice. The polysaccharides differed from each other by the branching level and content of bonds beta-C1-C3 and alpha-C1-C between the monomers. At the moment of the drugs administration to the albino mice the level of the early interferon was in correlation with the following 2 factors: the level of the polysaccharide branching and the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C3, while the amount of interferon produced in 24 hours correlated only with the percentage of bonds beta-C1-C4. The anti-influenza activity of the polysaccharides depended on the level of interferon production induced by them in the mice. Preparations stimulating production of sufficient amounts of both early and later interferon had the maximum activity.", "PMID": 1035489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7076", "title": "[The effect of formamide on the achromatic apparatus and the chromosomes of dividing pleurodele eggs: an electron microscope study].", "content": "Electron microscope studies of blastulae of Pleurodeles waltlii Michah., treated with formamide (0,5 M for 17 hours), show various abnormalities concerning centrospheres, chromosomes and microtubules as well. At the prophase stage, the centrospheres may display at their outer region an accumulation of dense bodies, which shows a temporary blocking of these centrospheres. At metaphase the poles of pluripolar mitoses appear more or less separated from the material which contains the chromosomes of the equatorial region. Each of these poles contains an unique centriole and therefore it is considered as resulting of the subdivision of a normal anaphasic pole. Astral and spindle microtubules are very reduced in number and more or less shortened. The chromosomes are without any recognizable kinetochcre, they show various degrees of condensation. All these electron microscope observations confirm the light microscope ones, and we may conclude that formamide has a double action on microtubules formation and on the ultrastructure of chromosomes, the latter perhaps by a direct action on DNA protein complexes.", "contents": "[The effect of formamide on the achromatic apparatus and the chromosomes of dividing pleurodele eggs: an electron microscope study]. Electron microscope studies of blastulae of Pleurodeles waltlii Michah., treated with formamide (0,5 M for 17 hours), show various abnormalities concerning centrospheres, chromosomes and microtubules as well. At the prophase stage, the centrospheres may display at their outer region an accumulation of dense bodies, which shows a temporary blocking of these centrospheres. At metaphase the poles of pluripolar mitoses appear more or less separated from the material which contains the chromosomes of the equatorial region. Each of these poles contains an unique centriole and therefore it is considered as resulting of the subdivision of a normal anaphasic pole. Astral and spindle microtubules are very reduced in number and more or less shortened. The chromosomes are without any recognizable kinetochcre, they show various degrees of condensation. All these electron microscope observations confirm the light microscope ones, and we may conclude that formamide has a double action on microtubules formation and on the ultrastructure of chromosomes, the latter perhaps by a direct action on DNA protein complexes.", "PMID": 1035490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7077", "title": "[Murine model for experimental studies on attenuated mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity for the calf. 1. Isolation and biological characterization of streptomycin-dependent mutants (Sm-d) and their examination for immunogenicity in comparison with thermally inactivated pathogens].", "content": "An experimental study was conducted into the immunisation of mice to a strain of Pasteurella multocida with pathogenicity for calf. Here are the results: (a) Stable Sm-d mutants were isolated. (b) The genetic stability of this mutant type was established by unsubstantiable reversion up to the magnitude of 10(-8) or - in cases in which 20 Sm-id revertants maximum occurred in 10(-8) Sm-d germs--by prolongation of the generation period of these suppressor mutants which can be defined also as minus mutants. (c) Stable attenuation of selected Sm-d mutants has been established in mice by intraperitoneal application of 108 germs. (d) Live germs with restricted reproduction exhibited more immunogenicity to thermally inactivated antigen.", "contents": "[Murine model for experimental studies on attenuated mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity for the calf. 1. Isolation and biological characterization of streptomycin-dependent mutants (Sm-d) and their examination for immunogenicity in comparison with thermally inactivated pathogens]. An experimental study was conducted into the immunisation of mice to a strain of Pasteurella multocida with pathogenicity for calf. Here are the results: (a) Stable Sm-d mutants were isolated. (b) The genetic stability of this mutant type was established by unsubstantiable reversion up to the magnitude of 10(-8) or - in cases in which 20 Sm-id revertants maximum occurred in 10(-8) Sm-d germs--by prolongation of the generation period of these suppressor mutants which can be defined also as minus mutants. (c) Stable attenuation of selected Sm-d mutants has been established in mice by intraperitoneal application of 108 germs. (d) Live germs with restricted reproduction exhibited more immunogenicity to thermally inactivated antigen.", "PMID": 1035491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7078", "title": "[Results of vaginal cytology studies and examination of the arborization phenomenon of the vaginal mucus for the determination of estrus cycle activity in sheep].", "content": "Vaginal smears were taken by means of a metal spatula from the dorsal part of the vaginal vestibule of sexually mature sheep with intach genitals for the purpose of following up changes in the vaginal cell structure. The smears were taken daily over the whole testing period of 35 days. The cells were defferentiated by means of the dyeing method according to Papanicolaou as well as by using Shorr's staining which had been modified according to Pundel. Differentiation was made between occurrences ob basal, parabasal, intermediary, and superficial cells, with the view to figuring out the cycle phases. That vaginal smear method, when used in two or three folloow-up examinations on the basis of random checks, has proved to enable determination of cyclic activity of a complete herd. This is of great importance to heart synchronization or heart induction, since all results so far have shown that all success depended strongly on the given degree of cyclic activity of the sheep concerned.", "contents": "[Results of vaginal cytology studies and examination of the arborization phenomenon of the vaginal mucus for the determination of estrus cycle activity in sheep]. Vaginal smears were taken by means of a metal spatula from the dorsal part of the vaginal vestibule of sexually mature sheep with intach genitals for the purpose of following up changes in the vaginal cell structure. The smears were taken daily over the whole testing period of 35 days. The cells were defferentiated by means of the dyeing method according to Papanicolaou as well as by using Shorr's staining which had been modified according to Pundel. Differentiation was made between occurrences ob basal, parabasal, intermediary, and superficial cells, with the view to figuring out the cycle phases. That vaginal smear method, when used in two or three folloow-up examinations on the basis of random checks, has proved to enable determination of cyclic activity of a complete herd. This is of great importance to heart synchronization or heart induction, since all results so far have shown that all success depended strongly on the given degree of cyclic activity of the sheep concerned.", "PMID": 1035492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7079", "title": "[Grass tetany in cattle].", "content": "An optimal magnesium supply of dairy cows during pasture period is still a pressing problem in our farms and husbandry. Experiences are described concerning the application of different magnesium concentrated preparations in cases of grass tetany in 1970 to 1975 in the district of Potsdam. In 224 cows with magnesium concentrations values in the serum below 1.8 mg/100 ml a 25% MgSO4-solution, Parevert and Vers. A, a test solution of VEB Tierarzneimittelwerk Leipzig are used as a metaphylactic treatment. Losses by grass tetany could be reduced after application of the named preparations. Also in cases of low dosage a further, at least temporary drop of magnesium values in the serum could be prevented. Metaphylactic measures are recommended for andangered herds.", "contents": "[Grass tetany in cattle]. An optimal magnesium supply of dairy cows during pasture period is still a pressing problem in our farms and husbandry. Experiences are described concerning the application of different magnesium concentrated preparations in cases of grass tetany in 1970 to 1975 in the district of Potsdam. In 224 cows with magnesium concentrations values in the serum below 1.8 mg/100 ml a 25% MgSO4-solution, Parevert and Vers. A, a test solution of VEB Tierarzneimittelwerk Leipzig are used as a metaphylactic treatment. Losses by grass tetany could be reduced after application of the named preparations. Also in cases of low dosage a further, at least temporary drop of magnesium values in the serum could be prevented. Metaphylactic measures are recommended for andangered herds.", "PMID": 1035493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7080", "title": "Artificial induction of lactation in ewes: the involvement of progesterone and prolactin in lactogenesis.", "content": "An attempt has been made to evaluate the importance of prolactin and 'progesterone withdrawal' for lactogenesis. The experimental model system used was the ovariectomized, non-pregnant ewe induced to lactate artifically by treatment with trigger hormone (either oestrogen, glucocorticoid or oxytocin) alone or in combination with progesterone. It appears from the results that prolactin is important in the lactogenic responses elicited by oestrogen and oxytocin but not as important in the response elicited by glucocorticoid. Moreover, the results suggest that, in the ewe, an appropriate positive hormonal stimulus will overcome the inhibitory influence of progesterone on lactogenesis.", "contents": "Artificial induction of lactation in ewes: the involvement of progesterone and prolactin in lactogenesis. An attempt has been made to evaluate the importance of prolactin and 'progesterone withdrawal' for lactogenesis. The experimental model system used was the ovariectomized, non-pregnant ewe induced to lactate artifically by treatment with trigger hormone (either oestrogen, glucocorticoid or oxytocin) alone or in combination with progesterone. It appears from the results that prolactin is important in the lactogenic responses elicited by oestrogen and oxytocin but not as important in the response elicited by glucocorticoid. Moreover, the results suggest that, in the ewe, an appropriate positive hormonal stimulus will overcome the inhibitory influence of progesterone on lactogenesis.", "PMID": 1035498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7081", "title": "The suppressive effect of halothane on DNA synthesis of immunocytes.", "content": "Mice, previously immunized with sheep erythrocytes, were anaesthetized with halothane and the splenic lymphoid cells were incubated with 3H-thymidine at 1-h intervals. Abiphasic response was observed; 0.9 and 1.5% halothane reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into the primed lymphoid cells by 83 and 94% respectively, while 0.4% halothane stimulated it by 5% of control at 3H. Immunosuppression by halothane may be the result of reduced 3H-thymidine uptake of the dividing immunocytes.", "contents": "The suppressive effect of halothane on DNA synthesis of immunocytes. Mice, previously immunized with sheep erythrocytes, were anaesthetized with halothane and the splenic lymphoid cells were incubated with 3H-thymidine at 1-h intervals. Abiphasic response was observed; 0.9 and 1.5% halothane reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into the primed lymphoid cells by 83 and 94% respectively, while 0.4% halothane stimulated it by 5% of control at 3H. Immunosuppression by halothane may be the result of reduced 3H-thymidine uptake of the dividing immunocytes.", "PMID": 1035500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7082", "title": "[Enzymatic splitting of antibodies bound to immobilized antigen as a means of Fab fragments preparation].", "content": "A method of Fab fragments preparation by enzymatic splitting of antibodies bound to specific antigen immobilized on an insoluble support is described. The complex of rat muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), immobilized on Sepharose 4B, with anti-rat GAPD rabbit antibodies was digested with papain. The antigen was inaccessible to proteolysis under conditions employed. After 4 hrs of incubation with papain the antibody was completely split into non-precipitating fragments. The products of proteolysis not bound to Sepharose, were eluted with 0.1 M givcine buffer pH 2.5, and shown to correspond to Fab fragments.", "contents": "[Enzymatic splitting of antibodies bound to immobilized antigen as a means of Fab fragments preparation]. A method of Fab fragments preparation by enzymatic splitting of antibodies bound to specific antigen immobilized on an insoluble support is described. The complex of rat muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), immobilized on Sepharose 4B, with anti-rat GAPD rabbit antibodies was digested with papain. The antigen was inaccessible to proteolysis under conditions employed. After 4 hrs of incubation with papain the antibody was completely split into non-precipitating fragments. The products of proteolysis not bound to Sepharose, were eluted with 0.1 M givcine buffer pH 2.5, and shown to correspond to Fab fragments.", "PMID": 1035501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7083", "title": "[Growth and functional activiy of the adrenal cortex during fetal development during exposure to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions].", "content": "A study was made of lipid, cholesterol, and ascorbic acid content in the adrenal cortex of rabbit fetuses developing under conditions of normal pregnancy and under the action of hypoxic and hyperoxic exposures during its third trimester. It appeared that in normal pregnancy the adrenal cortex was activated, this being associated with the adaptive motor reactions of the developing fetus. The action of moderate hypoxic exposures led to a greater activation of moderate hypoxic exposures led to a greater activation of the adrenal cortex, this being expressed in a marked fall of lipid, cholesterol and ascorbic acid content. The weight of the total muscle mass and of the fetuses increased as a whole. The adrenal cortex became disactivated under conditions of the hyperoxic exposures; this is expressed in a marked increase in the content of the mentioned formations. The weight of the total mass and of the fetuses decreases.", "contents": "[Growth and functional activiy of the adrenal cortex during fetal development during exposure to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions]. A study was made of lipid, cholesterol, and ascorbic acid content in the adrenal cortex of rabbit fetuses developing under conditions of normal pregnancy and under the action of hypoxic and hyperoxic exposures during its third trimester. It appeared that in normal pregnancy the adrenal cortex was activated, this being associated with the adaptive motor reactions of the developing fetus. The action of moderate hypoxic exposures led to a greater activation of moderate hypoxic exposures led to a greater activation of the adrenal cortex, this being expressed in a marked fall of lipid, cholesterol and ascorbic acid content. The weight of the total muscle mass and of the fetuses increased as a whole. The adrenal cortex became disactivated under conditions of the hyperoxic exposures; this is expressed in a marked increase in the content of the mentioned formations. The weight of the total mass and of the fetuses decreases.", "PMID": 1035503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7084", "title": "Interactions of antiestrogens with human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture.", "content": "A variety of antiestrogens can be shown to antagonize estrogen action in animal model systems. Several of these compounds are useful in the management of metastatic human breast cancer. To further elucidate their mechanism of action, we studied several of these compounds using human breast cancer cell lines maintained in long-term tissue culture as a model system. Antiestrogens including tamoxifen (NSC-180973; ICI-46474), nafoxidine. CI-628, and clomiphene citrate inhibit macromolecular synthesis below control levels in two human breast cell lines. This effect is limited to cell lines which contain estrogen receptors. Simultaneous addition of as little as 1000-fold less estradiol prevents antiestrogen effects. Sequential addition of estrogen for up to 48 hours to cells incubated in antiestrogen reverses inhibition. If cells are continued in antiestrogen alone for more than about 3 days, inhibitory effects become irreversible. The cells detach from the surface of the culture vessel and are no longer viable. Tamoxifen competes with 3H-estradiol for specific receptor sites but with about a 100-fold lower apparent affinity. Direct binding of 3H-tamoxifen and 3H-estradiol to duplicate cytoplasmic extracts reveals equivalent numbers of binding sites but a 20-fold lower affinity for the antiestrogen. There is reasonable agreement between concentrations of tamoxifen which bind to receptor and concentrations which inhibit cells.", "contents": "Interactions of antiestrogens with human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. A variety of antiestrogens can be shown to antagonize estrogen action in animal model systems. Several of these compounds are useful in the management of metastatic human breast cancer. To further elucidate their mechanism of action, we studied several of these compounds using human breast cancer cell lines maintained in long-term tissue culture as a model system. Antiestrogens including tamoxifen (NSC-180973; ICI-46474), nafoxidine. CI-628, and clomiphene citrate inhibit macromolecular synthesis below control levels in two human breast cell lines. This effect is limited to cell lines which contain estrogen receptors. Simultaneous addition of as little as 1000-fold less estradiol prevents antiestrogen effects. Sequential addition of estrogen for up to 48 hours to cells incubated in antiestrogen reverses inhibition. If cells are continued in antiestrogen alone for more than about 3 days, inhibitory effects become irreversible. The cells detach from the surface of the culture vessel and are no longer viable. Tamoxifen competes with 3H-estradiol for specific receptor sites but with about a 100-fold lower apparent affinity. Direct binding of 3H-tamoxifen and 3H-estradiol to duplicate cytoplasmic extracts reveals equivalent numbers of binding sites but a 20-fold lower affinity for the antiestrogen. There is reasonable agreement between concentrations of tamoxifen which bind to receptor and concentrations which inhibit cells.", "PMID": 1035504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7085", "title": "Evaluation of an intermittent schedule of dibromodulcitol in breast cancer.", "content": "Dibromodulcitol was administered orally on Days 1-10 every 3-4 weeks to 29 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma refractory to previous combination chemotherapy. Initial doses between 70 and 280 mg/m2/day were utilized. The dose was escalated as tolerated in subsequent cycles in individual patients. Hematosuppression was dose-limiting. At doses of greater than 200 mg/m2/day leukopenia (greater than 1000 cells/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (greater than 25,000 platelets/mm3) occurred in one of 28 cycles and two of 27 cycles respectively. In contrast, at doses of less than or equal to 200 mg/m2/day leukopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in four of 18 cycles and five of 18 cycles respectively. Recovery of leukocytes (less than 4000 cells/mm3) and platelets (less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) by Day 29 after the start of therapy was also delayed at higher doses. Responses were observed in three of 29 evaluable patients and subjective improvement of osseous disease in one additional patient. A dose of 180 mg/m2/day X 10 Every 28 days is recommended in previously treated patients to avoid severe hematologic side effects.", "contents": "Evaluation of an intermittent schedule of dibromodulcitol in breast cancer. Dibromodulcitol was administered orally on Days 1-10 every 3-4 weeks to 29 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma refractory to previous combination chemotherapy. Initial doses between 70 and 280 mg/m2/day were utilized. The dose was escalated as tolerated in subsequent cycles in individual patients. Hematosuppression was dose-limiting. At doses of greater than 200 mg/m2/day leukopenia (greater than 1000 cells/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (greater than 25,000 platelets/mm3) occurred in one of 28 cycles and two of 27 cycles respectively. In contrast, at doses of less than or equal to 200 mg/m2/day leukopenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in four of 18 cycles and five of 18 cycles respectively. Recovery of leukocytes (less than 4000 cells/mm3) and platelets (less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) by Day 29 after the start of therapy was also delayed at higher doses. Responses were observed in three of 29 evaluable patients and subjective improvement of osseous disease in one additional patient. A dose of 180 mg/m2/day X 10 Every 28 days is recommended in previously treated patients to avoid severe hematologic side effects.", "PMID": 1035505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7086", "title": "Rapid analytic method for adriamycin and metabolites in human plasma by a thin-film fluorescence scanner.", "content": "A rapid and highly sensitive method is described for the quantitative determination of adriamycin and metabolites in plasma. Adriamycin (Ad) with daunorubicin added as the internal standard was extracted from plasma with chloroform-isopropanol (1:1), separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and quantitated in situ via a fluorescence scanning technique. This method represents one of the very few reliable quantitative TLC methods and is suitable for the routine determination of Ad in plasma in amounts as low as 2 ng/ml. Plasma Ad levels at 24 hours in rabbits and in patients both given a 1-mg/kg dose, previously regarded as difficult to be measured, are now easily measurable using as little as 0.5 ml of plasma. Multiple samples (ten to 15) can be analyzed by this method within a day.", "contents": "Rapid analytic method for adriamycin and metabolites in human plasma by a thin-film fluorescence scanner. A rapid and highly sensitive method is described for the quantitative determination of adriamycin and metabolites in plasma. Adriamycin (Ad) with daunorubicin added as the internal standard was extracted from plasma with chloroform-isopropanol (1:1), separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and quantitated in situ via a fluorescence scanning technique. This method represents one of the very few reliable quantitative TLC methods and is suitable for the routine determination of Ad in plasma in amounts as low as 2 ng/ml. Plasma Ad levels at 24 hours in rabbits and in patients both given a 1-mg/kg dose, previously regarded as difficult to be measured, are now easily measurable using as little as 0.5 ml of plasma. Multiple samples (ten to 15) can be analyzed by this method within a day.", "PMID": 1035506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7087", "title": "Phase I study of oral mitomycin C.", "content": "This study demonstrates that the gastrointestinal absorption of oral mitomycin C is variable and that myelosuppression correlates most closely with the peak serum concentration. The probable maximal-tolerated dose of oral mitomycin C is 45-50 mg/m2.", "contents": "Phase I study of oral mitomycin C. This study demonstrates that the gastrointestinal absorption of oral mitomycin C is variable and that myelosuppression correlates most closely with the peak serum concentration. The probable maximal-tolerated dose of oral mitomycin C is 45-50 mg/m2.", "PMID": 1035507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7088", "title": "[Effect of duodenal contents of patients with pancreatitis following its introduction into the duodenum of healthy rats].", "content": "The authors examined 18 rats--6 controls and 12 experimental. After duodenostomy by means of a puncure of the duodenal wall duodenal content from healthy persons was administered in the duodenum of control rats. In the experimental group of animals duodenal content form patients with pancreatitis was administered. Duodenum, pancrea, liver and kidneys were examined histomorphologicaly. The obtained results showed that there were no substantial deviations from the norm in the histomorphological picture of the examined organs after administration of duodenal content. In the organs of the experimental group these changes could be characterized as acute necrotic pancreatitis, acute duodenitis, acute finely dotted dystrophy of liver and slightly, manifested acute renal insufficiency. the authors suggested the occurrence of some toxic substances in the duodenal content in patients with acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Effect of duodenal contents of patients with pancreatitis following its introduction into the duodenum of healthy rats]. The authors examined 18 rats--6 controls and 12 experimental. After duodenostomy by means of a puncure of the duodenal wall duodenal content from healthy persons was administered in the duodenum of control rats. In the experimental group of animals duodenal content form patients with pancreatitis was administered. Duodenum, pancrea, liver and kidneys were examined histomorphologicaly. The obtained results showed that there were no substantial deviations from the norm in the histomorphological picture of the examined organs after administration of duodenal content. In the organs of the experimental group these changes could be characterized as acute necrotic pancreatitis, acute duodenitis, acute finely dotted dystrophy of liver and slightly, manifested acute renal insufficiency. the authors suggested the occurrence of some toxic substances in the duodenal content in patients with acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1035537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7089", "title": "Subunit structure of 27 S thyroid iodoprotein.", "content": "The dissociation of thyroid 27 S iodoprotein by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and by succinic anhydride was investigated by means of ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The iodoprotein obtained from either a human or hog was dissociated into three kinds of subunits (S-19, S-17 and S-12) by SDS treatment. At increased concentrations of SDS, the S-12 subunit was predominant among the dissociation products. The succinylation of 27 S iodoprotein showed essentially the same dissociation pattern as in the case of SDS treatment. This dissociation products of the protein preparations of different animals were qualitatively the same as those of thyroglobulin of the respective animals, confirming the hypothesis that 27 S iodoprotein was composed of two molecules of thyroglobulin. However, the extent of dissociation of 27 S iodoprotein measured by S-12 formation showed higher resistancy of the protein to the dissociating agents than that of thyroglobulin. The contents of sialic acid and hexose as well as iodoamino acids of 27 S iodoprotein were found to be the same as, or not far from, those of thyroglobulin; The dissociability and chemical composition of 27 S iodoprotein was discussed with reference to the subunit structure of the protein.", "contents": "Subunit structure of 27 S thyroid iodoprotein. The dissociation of thyroid 27 S iodoprotein by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and by succinic anhydride was investigated by means of ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The iodoprotein obtained from either a human or hog was dissociated into three kinds of subunits (S-19, S-17 and S-12) by SDS treatment. At increased concentrations of SDS, the S-12 subunit was predominant among the dissociation products. The succinylation of 27 S iodoprotein showed essentially the same dissociation pattern as in the case of SDS treatment. This dissociation products of the protein preparations of different animals were qualitatively the same as those of thyroglobulin of the respective animals, confirming the hypothesis that 27 S iodoprotein was composed of two molecules of thyroglobulin. However, the extent of dissociation of 27 S iodoprotein measured by S-12 formation showed higher resistancy of the protein to the dissociating agents than that of thyroglobulin. The contents of sialic acid and hexose as well as iodoamino acids of 27 S iodoprotein were found to be the same as, or not far from, those of thyroglobulin; The dissociability and chemical composition of 27 S iodoprotein was discussed with reference to the subunit structure of the protein.", "PMID": 1035538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7090", "title": "A model for evaluation of the peroral insulin therapy: short-term treatment of alloxan diabetic rats with oral water-in-oil-in-water insulin emulsions.", "content": "Alloxan diabetic rats with fasting blood glucose levels above 300 mg/100 ml were treated with oral administration of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) insulin emulsions at a dose of 50 U/100 g body weight, three times daily for 10 to 14 days. The course of diabetes was followed by determinations of glucose levels in blood and urine. During treatment with oral W/O/W insulin emulsions, daily excretion of urinary glucose decreased by about 30 to 40% (2 to 3 g/day) in all of the five rats studied, and returned to the pre-treatment levels after the treatment being discontinued. During treatment, a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels was observed in 4 out of 5 rats, giving the decrease by 18 to 44%. Quantitative estimates suggested that the effectiveness of 50 U/100 g of oral W/O/W insulin emulsions was comparable to that after intramuscular regular insulin at a dose of 0.5 U/100 g. Although oral W/O/W insulin emulsions are still of low efficiency, these results would indicate that diabetes can be controlled by effective oral insulin preparations.", "contents": "A model for evaluation of the peroral insulin therapy: short-term treatment of alloxan diabetic rats with oral water-in-oil-in-water insulin emulsions. Alloxan diabetic rats with fasting blood glucose levels above 300 mg/100 ml were treated with oral administration of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) insulin emulsions at a dose of 50 U/100 g body weight, three times daily for 10 to 14 days. The course of diabetes was followed by determinations of glucose levels in blood and urine. During treatment with oral W/O/W insulin emulsions, daily excretion of urinary glucose decreased by about 30 to 40% (2 to 3 g/day) in all of the five rats studied, and returned to the pre-treatment levels after the treatment being discontinued. During treatment, a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels was observed in 4 out of 5 rats, giving the decrease by 18 to 44%. Quantitative estimates suggested that the effectiveness of 50 U/100 g of oral W/O/W insulin emulsions was comparable to that after intramuscular regular insulin at a dose of 0.5 U/100 g. Although oral W/O/W insulin emulsions are still of low efficiency, these results would indicate that diabetes can be controlled by effective oral insulin preparations.", "PMID": 1035539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7091", "title": "Assortative mating between chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi.", "content": "Females of two parapatric chromosomal forms (2n = 52 and 2n =58) of the fossorial mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel, were tested for mate selection between two alternative, a homo- and a heterochromosomal, males. Estrous females significantly preferred the male of their own chromosomal form, on the basis of several behavioural criteria. The evolutionary significance of the positive assortative mating found, lies presumably in reinforcing reproductive isolation between the chromosome forms, thereby contributing to finalize speciation.", "contents": "Assortative mating between chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. Females of two parapatric chromosomal forms (2n = 52 and 2n =58) of the fossorial mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel, were tested for mate selection between two alternative, a homo- and a heterochromosomal, males. Estrous females significantly preferred the male of their own chromosomal form, on the basis of several behavioural criteria. The evolutionary significance of the positive assortative mating found, lies presumably in reinforcing reproductive isolation between the chromosome forms, thereby contributing to finalize speciation.", "PMID": 1035541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7092", "title": "Olfactory discrimination as an isolating mechanism in speciating mole rats.", "content": "Olfactory discrimination was tested in two chromosome forms of the speciating fossorial rodent, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel. Females of the chromosome forms 2n = 52 and 2n = 58 were tested for male odour discrimination, the source of odour being either case litter or urine. Estrous females of both forms preferred homochromosomal odurs, whereas diestrous females showed no discrimination. These results suggest that olfactory discrimination may serve as a reproductive isolating mechanism in the speciation of mole rats.", "contents": "Olfactory discrimination as an isolating mechanism in speciating mole rats. Olfactory discrimination was tested in two chromosome forms of the speciating fossorial rodent, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel. Females of the chromosome forms 2n = 52 and 2n = 58 were tested for male odour discrimination, the source of odour being either case litter or urine. Estrous females of both forms preferred homochromosomal odurs, whereas diestrous females showed no discrimination. These results suggest that olfactory discrimination may serve as a reproductive isolating mechanism in the speciation of mole rats.", "PMID": 1035542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7093", "title": "Evidence of diurnal fluctuation of sensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat-the role of the thyroid.", "content": "The capacity for heat production, under the influence of the same amount of noradrenaline, in the rat was significantly higher in the evening (20.00 h) than in the morning (07.00 h). Thyroidectomy produces not only a lower level of heat production, but also a complete disappearance of the differences between the morning and the evening experiments.", "contents": "Evidence of diurnal fluctuation of sensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat-the role of the thyroid. The capacity for heat production, under the influence of the same amount of noradrenaline, in the rat was significantly higher in the evening (20.00 h) than in the morning (07.00 h). Thyroidectomy produces not only a lower level of heat production, but also a complete disappearance of the differences between the morning and the evening experiments.", "PMID": 1035543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7094", "title": "Fine structrual relation between pancreatic excretory ductules and intercellular spaces.", "content": "Horse-radish peroxidase injected into the femoral vein of intact rats, or infused at 30 cm H2o pressure into the main pancreatic duct of intact dogs, entered easily the interstitial spaces surrounding acini and acinar cells. The latter are interconnected at their luminal segments by zonulae occuldentes. These junctions form a barrier to tracer penetrating from the interstituim towards the lumen of terminal ductules. However, the intraductally infused peroxidase entered the interstitial spaces, probably through the pressure injured acinar cells, as did colloidal carbon particles when infused intraductally.", "contents": "Fine structrual relation between pancreatic excretory ductules and intercellular spaces. Horse-radish peroxidase injected into the femoral vein of intact rats, or infused at 30 cm H2o pressure into the main pancreatic duct of intact dogs, entered easily the interstitial spaces surrounding acini and acinar cells. The latter are interconnected at their luminal segments by zonulae occuldentes. These junctions form a barrier to tracer penetrating from the interstituim towards the lumen of terminal ductules. However, the intraductally infused peroxidase entered the interstitial spaces, probably through the pressure injured acinar cells, as did colloidal carbon particles when infused intraductally.", "PMID": 1035544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7095", "title": "Foetal blood abnormality associated with hypodactyly in the hd strain of rat.", "content": "The homozygous foetuses of hypodactyl rats (hd strain) present an obvious red blood cell macrocytosis (day 14 of gestation). This blood abnormality could give rise to thrombosis leading to early necrosis of the extremities.", "contents": "Foetal blood abnormality associated with hypodactyly in the hd strain of rat. The homozygous foetuses of hypodactyl rats (hd strain) present an obvious red blood cell macrocytosis (day 14 of gestation). This blood abnormality could give rise to thrombosis leading to early necrosis of the extremities.", "PMID": 1035545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7096", "title": "[Role of the determinance factor in formation of systemic connections during ontogenesis].", "content": "Behaviour of differentiating neuroblasts was studied in the nervous tissue culture of the newborn rats cortex and medulla oblongata of the rabbit embryo. The phasic-contrast microscopy and study of fixated preparations revealed that distribution of the neuroblasts over the substrate, their mutual orientation, the character  of their branches growth and formation of contacts occur in vitro involving certain stages of morphological forming of the brain systemic organization. The clear trend of the neuroblasts behaviour to formation of certain connections suggests their genetic determinance. The distribution of neuroblasts over the substrate from different brain areas has its own phenotypic features.", "contents": "[Role of the determinance factor in formation of systemic connections during ontogenesis]. Behaviour of differentiating neuroblasts was studied in the nervous tissue culture of the newborn rats cortex and medulla oblongata of the rabbit embryo. The phasic-contrast microscopy and study of fixated preparations revealed that distribution of the neuroblasts over the substrate, their mutual orientation, the character  of their branches growth and formation of contacts occur in vitro involving certain stages of morphological forming of the brain systemic organization. The clear trend of the neuroblasts behaviour to formation of certain connections suggests their genetic determinance. The distribution of neuroblasts over the substrate from different brain areas has its own phenotypic features.", "PMID": 1035546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7097", "title": "[Effect of fat on the evacuatory function of the stomach].", "content": "In dogs with a postpyloric fistula, the food with relatively large content of fat passed out of the stomach by equal portions although not exponentially. The size of these portions seem to be determined by the ability of small intestine to digest and absorb the portion of fat which has passed the pyloric sphincter. Besides, the fat in the food increases pH of chyme in the duodenum. Similar findings are reported for healthy subjects and patients with the duodenum ulcer. The inhibitory effect of fat on the stomach and duodenum motility depends on the initial background of contractile activity of the digestive tract. The positive role of fat in self-convalescence from the ulcer disease is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of fat on the evacuatory function of the stomach]. In dogs with a postpyloric fistula, the food with relatively large content of fat passed out of the stomach by equal portions although not exponentially. The size of these portions seem to be determined by the ability of small intestine to digest and absorb the portion of fat which has passed the pyloric sphincter. Besides, the fat in the food increases pH of chyme in the duodenum. Similar findings are reported for healthy subjects and patients with the duodenum ulcer. The inhibitory effect of fat on the stomach and duodenum motility depends on the initial background of contractile activity of the digestive tract. The positive role of fat in self-convalescence from the ulcer disease is suggested.", "PMID": 1035547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7098", "title": "[Influence of change in feeding regime and food deprivation on circadian rhythm of adrenal cortical activity in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of food deprivation on circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels were studied in adult male rats kept under regular light-dark alternation (light: 7 AM - 7 PM). Blood samples were obtained by tail vein sampling method. Plasma levels of corticosterone determined by this method were comparable to those obtained by decapitation both in the morning and evening. Twenty-four hour patterns of plasma corticosterone levels determined at 4 hour intervals using these two different methods were also essentially similar, indicating that the tail vein sampling method is reliable and useful for the study on adrenocortical rhythm. A restriction of feeding time between 10 AM and 6 PM for 2 weeks resulted in a phase shift of the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone levels. A peak appeared at 8 AM and the value was significantly higher than that at 6 PM. These findings confirmed the facts reported by Johnson and Levine, and Krieger. Overt circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels persisted in rats fasted for three days. However, after the 5th day of food deprivation, the circadian rhythm was abolished and a flat 24 hour pattern of higher levels was observed. These results indicated that the feeding pattern plays an important role in establishing of circadian rhythm of adrenocortical activity.", "contents": "[Influence of change in feeding regime and food deprivation on circadian rhythm of adrenal cortical activity in rats (author's transl)]. The effects of food deprivation on circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels were studied in adult male rats kept under regular light-dark alternation (light: 7 AM - 7 PM). Blood samples were obtained by tail vein sampling method. Plasma levels of corticosterone determined by this method were comparable to those obtained by decapitation both in the morning and evening. Twenty-four hour patterns of plasma corticosterone levels determined at 4 hour intervals using these two different methods were also essentially similar, indicating that the tail vein sampling method is reliable and useful for the study on adrenocortical rhythm. A restriction of feeding time between 10 AM and 6 PM for 2 weeks resulted in a phase shift of the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone levels. A peak appeared at 8 AM and the value was significantly higher than that at 6 PM. These findings confirmed the facts reported by Johnson and Levine, and Krieger. Overt circadian periodicity of plasma corticosterone levels persisted in rats fasted for three days. However, after the 5th day of food deprivation, the circadian rhythm was abolished and a flat 24 hour pattern of higher levels was observed. These results indicated that the feeding pattern plays an important role in establishing of circadian rhythm of adrenocortical activity.", "PMID": 1035549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7099", "title": "[Effects of ferulic acid on FSH, LH and prolactin levels in serum and pituitary tissue of male rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of substances in corn germ, which induce a positive response in pigeon crop test, has been previously reported by Okamoto and Takahashi in 1974. Following this first experiment, one of these substances was identified as ferulic acid by purification. In the present experiment FSH, LH and prolactin levels in the serum and the pituitary tissue of castrated male rats and EP (estradiol benzoate and progesterone) treated male rats were determined by radioimmunoassay at 5 to 180 min. after intravenous injection with 1 mg of ferulic acid. It was noted that FSH release only was promoted significantly at 5 min. after the injection, whereas LH and prolactin releases were inhibited at 5 to 10 min. after the injection. A rebound effect was noted in LH and prolactin releases after the injection.", "contents": "[Effects of ferulic acid on FSH, LH and prolactin levels in serum and pituitary tissue of male rats (author's transl)]. The existence of substances in corn germ, which induce a positive response in pigeon crop test, has been previously reported by Okamoto and Takahashi in 1974. Following this first experiment, one of these substances was identified as ferulic acid by purification. In the present experiment FSH, LH and prolactin levels in the serum and the pituitary tissue of castrated male rats and EP (estradiol benzoate and progesterone) treated male rats were determined by radioimmunoassay at 5 to 180 min. after intravenous injection with 1 mg of ferulic acid. It was noted that FSH release only was promoted significantly at 5 min. after the injection, whereas LH and prolactin releases were inhibited at 5 to 10 min. after the injection. A rebound effect was noted in LH and prolactin releases after the injection.", "PMID": 1035550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7100", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (Flurbiprofen) on prostaglandin synthesis].", "content": "Inhibitory effects of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (Flurbiprofen, FP-70) on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and PG activity were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. FP-70 at 0.64 micronM showed 50% inhibitory effect on PG synthesis from arachidonic acid in cell-free homogenate of guinea pig lung. PGE2 and PGF2alpha in the sample of lung homogenate incubated with arachidonic acid were separated by thin-layer chromatography in solvent AI system. FP-70 inhibited strongly both synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha at 3 micron, but inhibited more extensively the synthesis of PGE2 than that of PGF2alpha at 0.3 micronM. FP-70 at 1 mg/kg, p.o. inhibited mostly arachidonic acid potentiation of carrageenin-induced edema in the rat paw, but did not inhibit PGE2 potentiation of carrageenin-induced edema. FP-70 also did not inhibit the contraction of rat stomach strip induced by PGE2. From the above and previously5) reported results, FP-70 proved to inhibit PG synthesis but not PG activity. It is suggested that the potent anti-inflammatory action of FP-70 is the result of inhibition of PG synthesis.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl)propionic acid (Flurbiprofen) on prostaglandin synthesis]. Inhibitory effects of 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl) propionic acid (Flurbiprofen, FP-70) on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and PG activity were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. FP-70 at 0.64 micronM showed 50% inhibitory effect on PG synthesis from arachidonic acid in cell-free homogenate of guinea pig lung. PGE2 and PGF2alpha in the sample of lung homogenate incubated with arachidonic acid were separated by thin-layer chromatography in solvent AI system. FP-70 inhibited strongly both synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2alpha at 3 micron, but inhibited more extensively the synthesis of PGE2 than that of PGF2alpha at 0.3 micronM. FP-70 at 1 mg/kg, p.o. inhibited mostly arachidonic acid potentiation of carrageenin-induced edema in the rat paw, but did not inhibit PGE2 potentiation of carrageenin-induced edema. FP-70 also did not inhibit the contraction of rat stomach strip induced by PGE2. From the above and previously5) reported results, FP-70 proved to inhibit PG synthesis but not PG activity. It is suggested that the potent anti-inflammatory action of FP-70 is the result of inhibition of PG synthesis.", "PMID": 1035562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7101", "title": "[Effects of l-methyl-5-(O-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-One (ID-540) on operant behavior in rats].", "content": "Effects of ID-540, a new benzodiazepine derivative, on operant behavior were studied and compared with those of diazepam in rats for the purpose of determining the characteristics on behavioral pharmacology. Four schedules used were as follows: Fixed interval (FI-60sec) of food reinforcement and differential food reinforcement of low rate (DRL20sec) for positively reinforced behavior, Sidman-type avoidance response for negatively reinforced behavior and conflict behavior induced by simultaneously rewarding with food and punishing with electric shock. In the experiments on FI-60sec schedule, the responses at the early stage (0 approximately 30 min after administration of the drug) were increased by both ID-540 and diazepam at lower doses (0.5 approximately 4 mg/kg p.o.), but inhibited at higher doses (8 approximately 32 mg/kg p.o.). The effect of ID-540 lasted longer than that of diazepam. In the experiments on DRL20sec schedule, neither drug accelerated the responses, but decreased the lever-press response and total number of reinforcements at higher doses (4 mg/kg or more) showing the disturbance of discrimination on time. In Sidman-type avoidance responses, ID-540 did not show any inhibitory effect, thus a neuroleptic-like effect of ID-540 was not demonstrated. In experiments on FI-60sec and Sidman-type avoidance schedules, the effect of ID-540 was not changed by a consecutive administration for 10 days. Conflict behavior is considered to resemble the anxiety states in humans, and in related experiments, ID-540 increased the lever-press response which delivered a food-pellet and an electric shock simultaneously at a dose of 0.0625 mg/kg (i.p.). Change in other behavior was not observed at this dose level. Maximum effect of ID-540 was observed at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (i.p.). Maximum effect of diazepam on conflict behavior was seen at a dose of 4 mg/kg (i.p.). The potency of ID-540 on conflict behavior was estimated to be about 8 times that of diazepam.", "contents": "[Effects of l-methyl-5-(O-fluorophenyl)-7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-One (ID-540) on operant behavior in rats]. Effects of ID-540, a new benzodiazepine derivative, on operant behavior were studied and compared with those of diazepam in rats for the purpose of determining the characteristics on behavioral pharmacology. Four schedules used were as follows: Fixed interval (FI-60sec) of food reinforcement and differential food reinforcement of low rate (DRL20sec) for positively reinforced behavior, Sidman-type avoidance response for negatively reinforced behavior and conflict behavior induced by simultaneously rewarding with food and punishing with electric shock. In the experiments on FI-60sec schedule, the responses at the early stage (0 approximately 30 min after administration of the drug) were increased by both ID-540 and diazepam at lower doses (0.5 approximately 4 mg/kg p.o.), but inhibited at higher doses (8 approximately 32 mg/kg p.o.). The effect of ID-540 lasted longer than that of diazepam. In the experiments on DRL20sec schedule, neither drug accelerated the responses, but decreased the lever-press response and total number of reinforcements at higher doses (4 mg/kg or more) showing the disturbance of discrimination on time. In Sidman-type avoidance responses, ID-540 did not show any inhibitory effect, thus a neuroleptic-like effect of ID-540 was not demonstrated. In experiments on FI-60sec and Sidman-type avoidance schedules, the effect of ID-540 was not changed by a consecutive administration for 10 days. Conflict behavior is considered to resemble the anxiety states in humans, and in related experiments, ID-540 increased the lever-press response which delivered a food-pellet and an electric shock simultaneously at a dose of 0.0625 mg/kg (i.p.). Change in other behavior was not observed at this dose level. Maximum effect of ID-540 was observed at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (i.p.). Maximum effect of diazepam on conflict behavior was seen at a dose of 4 mg/kg (i.p.). The potency of ID-540 on conflict behavior was estimated to be about 8 times that of diazepam.", "PMID": 1035563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7102", "title": "[Activity of neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and circadian rhythms: the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in rhythmic activities of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and ventromedian nuclei and the control of the pineal gland].", "content": "Unit activity of lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and ventromedian nuclei (VMN) was recorded in urethane anesthetized male rats. A 5 to 10 sec, a 3 to 5 min and a circadian rhythmicity were observed. In about 15% of all neurons, spontaneous activity of LHA and VMN showed reciprocal relationships. Subthreshold stimuli applied at a slow rate in the septum and the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) suppressed the rhythms without changing firing rates. On the other hand stimulation of the optic nerve at a rate of 5 to 10/sec increased firing rates in one third of neurons of SCN. Iontophoretically applied acetycholine increased 80% of tested neurons of SCN, whereas norepinephrine, dopamine and 5HT inhibited 64%, 60% and 75% of SCN neurons, respectively. These inhibitions were much stronger in neurons, the activity of which was increased by optic nerve stimulation. Stimulation of the SCN inhibited the tonic activity in cervical sympathetic nerves. These data suggest that SCN plays a significant role in controlling the rhythmic activity of LHA, VMN and the pineal gland. Dopamine and 5HT may be involved in regulation of the firings of SCN neurons.", "contents": "[Activity of neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and circadian rhythms: the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in rhythmic activities of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and ventromedian nuclei and the control of the pineal gland]. Unit activity of lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and ventromedian nuclei (VMN) was recorded in urethane anesthetized male rats. A 5 to 10 sec, a 3 to 5 min and a circadian rhythmicity were observed. In about 15% of all neurons, spontaneous activity of LHA and VMN showed reciprocal relationships. Subthreshold stimuli applied at a slow rate in the septum and the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) suppressed the rhythms without changing firing rates. On the other hand stimulation of the optic nerve at a rate of 5 to 10/sec increased firing rates in one third of neurons of SCN. Iontophoretically applied acetycholine increased 80% of tested neurons of SCN, whereas norepinephrine, dopamine and 5HT inhibited 64%, 60% and 75% of SCN neurons, respectively. These inhibitions were much stronger in neurons, the activity of which was increased by optic nerve stimulation. Stimulation of the SCN inhibited the tonic activity in cervical sympathetic nerves. These data suggest that SCN plays a significant role in controlling the rhythmic activity of LHA, VMN and the pineal gland. Dopamine and 5HT may be involved in regulation of the firings of SCN neurons.", "PMID": 1035564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7103", "title": "[Role of the adrenergic system in lateral hypothalamic self stimulation behavior: effects induced by intraventricular injection of epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and dopamine].", "content": "A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in or near the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the posterior lateral hypothalamus of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. The relationship between the adrenergic system and the lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (SS) behavior was investigated by intraventricular injection (by the use of the modelled hypodermic needle) of catecholamines. l-Epinephrine(Ep), l-norepinephrine (NE) facilitated the SS behavior dose-dependently. On the other hand, l-isoproterenol and dopamine revealed no detectable effects. Phentolamine inhibited the SS behavior, but propranolol had no marked effects. Facilitation by NE for the SS behavior was not induced when the current was cut off at the time of the injection of NE. These results suggest the following: a) the adrenergic or the noradrenergic system in the brain may play a more important role in the positive reinforcement of the lateral hypothalamic SS behavior than does the dopaminergic system. b) The action of Ep or NE may be facilitated through alpha-receptors rather than through beta-receptors. c) Facilitation by NE for the lateral hypothalamic SS behavior may not be due to the non-specific facilitation of lever pressing, but rather may be related to intracranial stimulation.", "contents": "[Role of the adrenergic system in lateral hypothalamic self stimulation behavior: effects induced by intraventricular injection of epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and dopamine]. A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in or near the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the posterior lateral hypothalamus of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. The relationship between the adrenergic system and the lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (SS) behavior was investigated by intraventricular injection (by the use of the modelled hypodermic needle) of catecholamines. l-Epinephrine(Ep), l-norepinephrine (NE) facilitated the SS behavior dose-dependently. On the other hand, l-isoproterenol and dopamine revealed no detectable effects. Phentolamine inhibited the SS behavior, but propranolol had no marked effects. Facilitation by NE for the SS behavior was not induced when the current was cut off at the time of the injection of NE. These results suggest the following: a) the adrenergic or the noradrenergic system in the brain may play a more important role in the positive reinforcement of the lateral hypothalamic SS behavior than does the dopaminergic system. b) The action of Ep or NE may be facilitated through alpha-receptors rather than through beta-receptors. c) Facilitation by NE for the lateral hypothalamic SS behavior may not be due to the non-specific facilitation of lever pressing, but rather may be related to intracranial stimulation.", "PMID": 1035565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7104", "title": "[Changes in the substantia nigal self-stimulation behavior caused by intraventricular injection of norepinephrine, dopamine and GABA].", "content": "A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in the substantia nigra of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. Effects of l-norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), injected into the lateral ventricle, on the substantia nigral self-stimulation (SS) behavior, and the effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists on the facilitation induced by NE were investigated. NE but not DA facilitated the SS behavior and GABA showed no constant effects on the behavior. Facilitation by NE of SS behavior was inhibited by phentolamine, but not by propranolol. These results suggest that the noradrenergic system in the brain may play a more significant role in the positive reinforcement of the substantia nigral SS behavior than does the dopaminergic or GABA-ergic system, and that the action of NE may be facilitated through alpha-receptors rather than through beta-receptors.", "contents": "[Changes in the substantia nigal self-stimulation behavior caused by intraventricular injection of norepinephrine, dopamine and GABA]. A bipolar electrode was stereotaxically implanted in the substantia nigra of male albino Wistar-Imamichi rats. Effects of l-norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), injected into the lateral ventricle, on the substantia nigral self-stimulation (SS) behavior, and the effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists on the facilitation induced by NE were investigated. NE but not DA facilitated the SS behavior and GABA showed no constant effects on the behavior. Facilitation by NE of SS behavior was inhibited by phentolamine, but not by propranolol. These results suggest that the noradrenergic system in the brain may play a more significant role in the positive reinforcement of the substantia nigral SS behavior than does the dopaminergic or GABA-ergic system, and that the action of NE may be facilitated through alpha-receptors rather than through beta-receptors.", "PMID": 1035566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7105", "title": "[Clinical and pathological considerations of Plummer's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of Plummer's disease were experienced and its clinical and pathological characteristics were considered. Clinically, three cases were thyrotoxic or slightly toxic, but one was non-toxic. Thyroid scintigrams showed hot nodules which revealed autonomic production of thyroid hormone, and the depleted uptake of 131I in the thyroid glands around the nodules was recovered to normal after the surgical extripation of the nodules. Histologic findings of the extripated nodules were follicular adenoma or adenomatous goitor. On electron-microscopy, epithelial cells of the thyroid follicules in the nodules from all cases contained numerous secretory granules significantly increased in number, while development of the general cytoplasmic organelles varied from case to case. Capillaries in the nodules were fenestrated. Thus, the nodules were electron-microscopically revealed active secretion of thyroid hormone. The electron-microscopical examinations may be useful in the study of Plummer's disease.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathological considerations of Plummer's disease (author's transl)]. Four cases of Plummer's disease were experienced and its clinical and pathological characteristics were considered. Clinically, three cases were thyrotoxic or slightly toxic, but one was non-toxic. Thyroid scintigrams showed hot nodules which revealed autonomic production of thyroid hormone, and the depleted uptake of 131I in the thyroid glands around the nodules was recovered to normal after the surgical extripation of the nodules. Histologic findings of the extripated nodules were follicular adenoma or adenomatous goitor. On electron-microscopy, epithelial cells of the thyroid follicules in the nodules from all cases contained numerous secretory granules significantly increased in number, while development of the general cytoplasmic organelles varied from case to case. Capillaries in the nodules were fenestrated. Thus, the nodules were electron-microscopically revealed active secretion of thyroid hormone. The electron-microscopical examinations may be useful in the study of Plummer's disease.", "PMID": 1035572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7106", "title": "[Effect of S-propyl-mercapto-cysteine on lipid metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "When intra tissue reduction of thiamine propyldisulfide (TPD) occurs the following changes take place : TPD+cysteine leads to thiamine+propyl-mercapto-cysteine (PMC). We have reports that PMC has an effect of blood cholesterol lowering or not. In the present paper experiments were conducted to determine whether the effect of TPD on blood cholesterol lowering lies in PMC or not. The following results were obtained. 1) It was shown that when PMC was added to liver homogenate, no change was seen in the biosynthesis of cholesterol where TPD inhibited the biosynthesis. 2) When administered to normal animals while PMC showed no change in the total blood cholesterol value, TPD produced a decrease. While no change in total liver cholesterol value was induced by both, total liver, fatty acid showed a decrease by both. The biosynthesis of liver cholesterol from acetate-1-14C showed a decrease by both PMC and TPD, while the uptake from mevalonic acid-2-14C showed no change by both. The uptake of total liver fatty acid from acetate-1-14C while showing no change by PMC, showed an increase by TPD. 3) In cholesterol fed animals, the increase of blood cholesterol and total liver cholesterol was inhibited by TPD but PMC showed no effect. The biosynthesis of liver cholesterol from acetate-1-14C, showed an inhibitory effect on the lowering of biosynthesis in cholesterol fed animals by both TPD and PMC. And it was shown that the effect of TPD was larger. The total fatty acid value and the lowering of the uptake of total liver fatty acid from acetate-1-14C was inhibited to a similar extent by both TPD and PMC. From the above results, it may be said that even when PMC, a degenerative product of TPD is administered, either no effect is seen on the cholesterol metabolism or even when there is an effect, it would be negligible. Therefore, it may be surmized that the total structure of TPD exerts its effect on cholesterol and while the effect on fatty acid metabolism shows the same degree as TPD no characteristic features are seen.", "contents": "[Effect of S-propyl-mercapto-cysteine on lipid metabolism (author's transl)]. When intra tissue reduction of thiamine propyldisulfide (TPD) occurs the following changes take place : TPD+cysteine leads to thiamine+propyl-mercapto-cysteine (PMC). We have reports that PMC has an effect of blood cholesterol lowering or not. In the present paper experiments were conducted to determine whether the effect of TPD on blood cholesterol lowering lies in PMC or not. The following results were obtained. 1) It was shown that when PMC was added to liver homogenate, no change was seen in the biosynthesis of cholesterol where TPD inhibited the biosynthesis. 2) When administered to normal animals while PMC showed no change in the total blood cholesterol value, TPD produced a decrease. While no change in total liver cholesterol value was induced by both, total liver, fatty acid showed a decrease by both. The biosynthesis of liver cholesterol from acetate-1-14C showed a decrease by both PMC and TPD, while the uptake from mevalonic acid-2-14C showed no change by both. The uptake of total liver fatty acid from acetate-1-14C while showing no change by PMC, showed an increase by TPD. 3) In cholesterol fed animals, the increase of blood cholesterol and total liver cholesterol was inhibited by TPD but PMC showed no effect. The biosynthesis of liver cholesterol from acetate-1-14C, showed an inhibitory effect on the lowering of biosynthesis in cholesterol fed animals by both TPD and PMC. And it was shown that the effect of TPD was larger. The total fatty acid value and the lowering of the uptake of total liver fatty acid from acetate-1-14C was inhibited to a similar extent by both TPD and PMC. From the above results, it may be said that even when PMC, a degenerative product of TPD is administered, either no effect is seen on the cholesterol metabolism or even when there is an effect, it would be negligible. Therefore, it may be surmized that the total structure of TPD exerts its effect on cholesterol and while the effect on fatty acid metabolism shows the same degree as TPD no characteristic features are seen.", "PMID": 1035573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7107", "title": "[Studies on screening for cholesterol-lowering agents using phenyl- and chromane substituted compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen phenyl compounds and twenty chromane compounds substituted by geranoyl, farnesoyl, phytonoyl, retinoyl and linolenoyl synthesized by Eisai Co., Ltd were used. Male mice were fed a cholesterol or a normal basal diet which 0.3% compound was added for 10 or 31 days. Effect of these compounds on the cholesterol level of serum and liver were examined and compared to that of CPIB. As a results of this series of experiments hypocholesteremic agents were screened as follows: 3 phenyl compounds (N76009, N76011, N76012), and 6 chromane compounds (N-76-H-23, N-76-H-25, N-76-H-27, N-76-H-35, N-76-H-37, N-76-H-38). Among these compounds, N-76-H-38, (formula: see text) was found to be the most favorable cholesterol-lowering agent.", "contents": "[Studies on screening for cholesterol-lowering agents using phenyl- and chromane substituted compounds (author's transl)]. Sixteen phenyl compounds and twenty chromane compounds substituted by geranoyl, farnesoyl, phytonoyl, retinoyl and linolenoyl synthesized by Eisai Co., Ltd were used. Male mice were fed a cholesterol or a normal basal diet which 0.3% compound was added for 10 or 31 days. Effect of these compounds on the cholesterol level of serum and liver were examined and compared to that of CPIB. As a results of this series of experiments hypocholesteremic agents were screened as follows: 3 phenyl compounds (N76009, N76011, N76012), and 6 chromane compounds (N-76-H-23, N-76-H-25, N-76-H-27, N-76-H-35, N-76-H-37, N-76-H-38). Among these compounds, N-76-H-38, (formula: see text) was found to be the most favorable cholesterol-lowering agent.", "PMID": 1035574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7108", "title": "[Chemico-analytical studies on the water content of the human tissues. 1. Investigation of the method of oven-drying at 105 degrees C (author's transl)].", "content": "By heating at 105 degrees C in a constant temperature electric oven, a 35 ml crucible becomes completely dry in an hour and 2 grams of human tissue in 48 hours. Within 5 minutes after taken out from an oven and allowed to stand in a room, a dried crucible and tissue become wet with moisture in the air and their water content reaches equilibrium and saturation. Thereafter the weight of the crucible remains constant for 5 days, that of the tissue for 30 minutes. A major portion of increased weight of a crucible containing tissue by moisture depends on the moisture of a crucible, whereas the moisture of tissue is extremely small being under 1.0%. Consequently it is sufficient to cool samples taken out from an oven in a room and to weigh within 30 minutes. There is no necessity for cooling them in a desiccator.", "contents": "[Chemico-analytical studies on the water content of the human tissues. 1. Investigation of the method of oven-drying at 105 degrees C (author's transl)]. By heating at 105 degrees C in a constant temperature electric oven, a 35 ml crucible becomes completely dry in an hour and 2 grams of human tissue in 48 hours. Within 5 minutes after taken out from an oven and allowed to stand in a room, a dried crucible and tissue become wet with moisture in the air and their water content reaches equilibrium and saturation. Thereafter the weight of the crucible remains constant for 5 days, that of the tissue for 30 minutes. A major portion of increased weight of a crucible containing tissue by moisture depends on the moisture of a crucible, whereas the moisture of tissue is extremely small being under 1.0%. Consequently it is sufficient to cool samples taken out from an oven in a room and to weigh within 30 minutes. There is no necessity for cooling them in a desiccator.", "PMID": 1035575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7109", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies of transvenous electrophrenic respiration (author's transl)].", "content": "The transvenous electrophrenic respiration (EPR) is one of the effective and relatively simple method for artificial respiration. Twenty seven mongrel dogs were subjected to the experiment which were subdevided into 4 groups. Stimulation is 44 times in group 1, 22 times in group 2 and 3. Ventilation is carried out by Harverd Respirator in group 4. The normal arterial pressure, the normal minute ventilatory volume and the normal arterial blood gases were unchanged for a 5 hour period of experiment in group 2. However, the frequent stimulation such as 44 times/min. in group 1 yielded the hypotension, the decreased ventilatory volume and brought the congestion of the portal venous area and rendered the subjects to death. The systemic pressure remained in slightly lowered levels in group 2, 3 and 4 at the end of a 24 hour of experiment. The ventilatory volume decreased one third of initial values in group 2 and 3 at the end of a 24 hour of experiment. The pulmonary arterial pressure decreased in group 3 significantly, whereas it increased in positive pressure respiration in group 4. Intermittent clinical application of EPR was performed in three patients. The arterial pressure, minute ventilatory volume, arterial gases and central venous pressure were maintained normal. The following conclusions were obtained: 1) EPR is more physiologic than positive pressure respiration in ventilatory and circulatory aspects. 2) Undesiable conditions of stimulation cause complications such as neural fatigue, portal hypertension, etc. 3) Intermittent clinical application of EPR has been quite successful in supporting the ventilation of the patients.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies of transvenous electrophrenic respiration (author's transl)]. The transvenous electrophrenic respiration (EPR) is one of the effective and relatively simple method for artificial respiration. Twenty seven mongrel dogs were subjected to the experiment which were subdevided into 4 groups. Stimulation is 44 times in group 1, 22 times in group 2 and 3. Ventilation is carried out by Harverd Respirator in group 4. The normal arterial pressure, the normal minute ventilatory volume and the normal arterial blood gases were unchanged for a 5 hour period of experiment in group 2. However, the frequent stimulation such as 44 times/min. in group 1 yielded the hypotension, the decreased ventilatory volume and brought the congestion of the portal venous area and rendered the subjects to death. The systemic pressure remained in slightly lowered levels in group 2, 3 and 4 at the end of a 24 hour of experiment. The ventilatory volume decreased one third of initial values in group 2 and 3 at the end of a 24 hour of experiment. The pulmonary arterial pressure decreased in group 3 significantly, whereas it increased in positive pressure respiration in group 4. Intermittent clinical application of EPR was performed in three patients. The arterial pressure, minute ventilatory volume, arterial gases and central venous pressure were maintained normal. The following conclusions were obtained: 1) EPR is more physiologic than positive pressure respiration in ventilatory and circulatory aspects. 2) Undesiable conditions of stimulation cause complications such as neural fatigue, portal hypertension, etc. 3) Intermittent clinical application of EPR has been quite successful in supporting the ventilation of the patients.", "PMID": 1035576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7110", "title": "Genetic characterization of methotrexate-resistant chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "In a previous report, we described the selection and partial characterization of three methotrexate (Mtx)-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (1). Class I cells contained an apparent structural alteration in dihydrofolate reductase. Class II cells had an alteration affecting the permeability of the drug. Class III cells, selected from Class I cells, had an increased activity of the altered enzyme. In the work described here, it has been shown that the spontaneous mutation rate to Class I resistance is in the order of 2 X 10-9 mutations per locus per generation and that in single-step mutagenized selections the number of resistant colonies of Class I and II are about equal. Class I and Class III resistance is expressed codominantly in somatic cell hybrids, whereas the Class II resistant marker is a recessive trait.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of methotrexate-resistant chinese hamster ovary cells. In a previous report, we described the selection and partial characterization of three methotrexate (Mtx)-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (1). Class I cells contained an apparent structural alteration in dihydrofolate reductase. Class II cells had an alteration affecting the permeability of the drug. Class III cells, selected from Class I cells, had an increased activity of the altered enzyme. In the work described here, it has been shown that the spontaneous mutation rate to Class I resistance is in the order of 2 X 10-9 mutations per locus per generation and that in single-step mutagenized selections the number of resistant colonies of Class I and II are about equal. Class I and Class III resistance is expressed codominantly in somatic cell hybrids, whereas the Class II resistant marker is a recessive trait.", "PMID": 1035580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7111", "title": "Cytoplasmic inheritance in mammalian tissue culture cells.", "content": "A series of intraspecific, interspecific and interorder somatic cell cybrids and hybrids have been prepared by fusions in which one of the parents contained the cytoplasmically inherited marker for chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance. A clear relationship has been established between the expression of the CAP-resistant (CAP-R) determinants in the fusion products and the genetic homology of the parents. With increased genetic divergence, the acceptability of the CAP-R mitochondria decreased. Intraspecific cybrids and hybrids of the same strain were stable for the CAP-R marker, while those between strains were stable only in CAP. Intergeneric mouse-hamster cybrids occurred at a high frequency but were unstable in CAP, while CAP suppressed hybrid formation 100-fold. Interorder cybrids (CAP-R human X CAP-S mouse) occurred either at a moderate frequency and were stable at a low frequency and were unstable in CAP. Interorder hybrids could only be formed by challenging HAT-selected hybrids with CAP or by direct selection in ouabain and CAP. Reciprocal interorder crosses between CAP-R mouse and CAP-S human cells were unsuccessful. Interspecific cybrids contain only the chromosomes of the CAP-S parent. Interspecific hybrids selected directly in CAP segregated the chromosomes of the CAP-S parent, while hybrids selected in HAT and then CAP segregated those of the CAP-R parent. The mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) of all mouse-human cybrids and most HAT and then CAP-selected hybrids contain only the mtDNA of the CAP-S mouse parent. However, preliminary evidence suggests that one of these hybrids contains both mouse and human mtDNA sequences.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic inheritance in mammalian tissue culture cells. A series of intraspecific, interspecific and interorder somatic cell cybrids and hybrids have been prepared by fusions in which one of the parents contained the cytoplasmically inherited marker for chloramphenicol (CAP) resistance. A clear relationship has been established between the expression of the CAP-resistant (CAP-R) determinants in the fusion products and the genetic homology of the parents. With increased genetic divergence, the acceptability of the CAP-R mitochondria decreased. Intraspecific cybrids and hybrids of the same strain were stable for the CAP-R marker, while those between strains were stable only in CAP. Intergeneric mouse-hamster cybrids occurred at a high frequency but were unstable in CAP, while CAP suppressed hybrid formation 100-fold. Interorder cybrids (CAP-R human X CAP-S mouse) occurred either at a moderate frequency and were stable at a low frequency and were unstable in CAP. Interorder hybrids could only be formed by challenging HAT-selected hybrids with CAP or by direct selection in ouabain and CAP. Reciprocal interorder crosses between CAP-R mouse and CAP-S human cells were unsuccessful. Interspecific cybrids contain only the chromosomes of the CAP-S parent. Interspecific hybrids selected directly in CAP segregated the chromosomes of the CAP-S parent, while hybrids selected in HAT and then CAP segregated those of the CAP-R parent. The mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) of all mouse-human cybrids and most HAT and then CAP-selected hybrids contain only the mtDNA of the CAP-S mouse parent. However, preliminary evidence suggests that one of these hybrids contains both mouse and human mtDNA sequences.", "PMID": 1035581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7112", "title": "Time sequence and morphological evaluations of cells fused by polyethylene glycol 6000(1).", "content": "Mouse L cells (clone 1D) were fused with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fusion sequence was determined by using sequential light microscopy of the same group of cells, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy, and freeze-etching. The cells were found to fuse only 1 min after PEG had been washed off at small localized areas. Larger fusion images were found after 3 min. Intramembrane particles were observed to have a tendency to aggregate after PEG treatment, but a direct correlation of this activity with the fusion process could not be made. No pathological changes were noted at longer times after PEG removal, except for the extensive widening of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in some cells. It is proposed that fusion does not occur if apposing cells have many microvilli at the area of apparent contact.", "contents": "Time sequence and morphological evaluations of cells fused by polyethylene glycol 6000(1). Mouse L cells (clone 1D) were fused with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fusion sequence was determined by using sequential light microscopy of the same group of cells, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy, and freeze-etching. The cells were found to fuse only 1 min after PEG had been washed off at small localized areas. Larger fusion images were found after 3 min. Intramembrane particles were observed to have a tendency to aggregate after PEG treatment, but a direct correlation of this activity with the fusion process could not be made. No pathological changes were noted at longer times after PEG removal, except for the extensive widening of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in some cells. It is proposed that fusion does not occur if apposing cells have many microvilli at the area of apparent contact.", "PMID": 1035582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7113", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip in the newborn. A correlation of clinical, roentgenogrhic and anatomical findings.", "content": "This study correlates roentgenography, arthrography, morbid anatomy and histology in four newborn infants with congenital dislocation of the hip. Three died shortly after birth. In two of these, manipulative reduction was impossible. Both demonstrated secondary adaptive changes at autopsy, indicating that the dislocation had been present for some time in utero. The first had a paralytic dislocation (meningomyelocele), and the second showed no pathologic findings other than the dislocated hip. The third infant had a dislocation that was reduced at birth. The child died of pneumonia on the 15th day. At autopsy, no secondary adaptive changes were found in the hip. The fourth infant, who had undergone open reduction because of a dislocation irreducible at birth, was retrospectively found to have an intrauterine dislocation when the maternal roentgenogram was reviewed. Significant secondary adaptive changes were noted at the time of operation.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip in the newborn. A correlation of clinical, roentgenogrhic and anatomical findings. This study correlates roentgenography, arthrography, morbid anatomy and histology in four newborn infants with congenital dislocation of the hip. Three died shortly after birth. In two of these, manipulative reduction was impossible. Both demonstrated secondary adaptive changes at autopsy, indicating that the dislocation had been present for some time in utero. The first had a paralytic dislocation (meningomyelocele), and the second showed no pathologic findings other than the dislocated hip. The third infant had a dislocation that was reduced at birth. The child died of pneumonia on the 15th day. At autopsy, no secondary adaptive changes were found in the hip. The fourth infant, who had undergone open reduction because of a dislocation irreducible at birth, was retrospectively found to have an intrauterine dislocation when the maternal roentgenogram was reviewed. Significant secondary adaptive changes were noted at the time of operation.", "PMID": 1035589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7114", "title": "Intra-oral temperatures in man with special reference to involvement of the central incisors and premaxillary alveolar process in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "The predilection of lepromatous leprosy for body sites substantially below core temperature is well known, and within the oral cavity the premaxillary alveolar process and upper central incisor teeth are especially affected. In this study, intra-oral temperatures were recorded by means of a series of thermistor probes applied to the teeth and labial surfaces of the gums of normal subjects. The temperature distribution established showed a close correlation with the known pattern of involvement of teeth and supporting structures derived from clinical, pathological and archeological data. Relatively low temperature of the premaxillary alveolar process was demonstrated, a factor which may be of prime importance for the localization of disease in this region, as it is for other tissues in the lepromatous patient.", "contents": "Intra-oral temperatures in man with special reference to involvement of the central incisors and premaxillary alveolar process in lepromatous leprosy. The predilection of lepromatous leprosy for body sites substantially below core temperature is well known, and within the oral cavity the premaxillary alveolar process and upper central incisor teeth are especially affected. In this study, intra-oral temperatures were recorded by means of a series of thermistor probes applied to the teeth and labial surfaces of the gums of normal subjects. The temperature distribution established showed a close correlation with the known pattern of involvement of teeth and supporting structures derived from clinical, pathological and archeological data. Relatively low temperature of the premaxillary alveolar process was demonstrated, a factor which may be of prime importance for the localization of disease in this region, as it is for other tissues in the lepromatous patient.", "PMID": 1035584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7115", "title": "Androgenic status of lepromatous leprosy patients with gynecomastia.", "content": "The androgenic status of 24 lepromatous leprosy male patients, 12 with and 12 without gynecomastia, was studied in comparison with that of 12 normal healthy males. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly diminished in the gynecomastia group as compared to levels in either of the control groups. The patients without gynecomastia showed values not significantly lower than those of normal males. Histopathologic examination of the leprous testes showed a variable admixture of inflammatory, degenerative anf fibrotic changes which were more severe and more frequent in the patients with gynecomastia than in those without it. Parenchymatous liver function tests showed greater derangement in the gynecomastia group as compared to the controls Histopathology of the liver showed lepromatous infiltration in patients with and without gynecomastia though the changes in liver were minimal in patients who showed total testicular degeneration in the biopsies.", "contents": "Androgenic status of lepromatous leprosy patients with gynecomastia. The androgenic status of 24 lepromatous leprosy male patients, 12 with and 12 without gynecomastia, was studied in comparison with that of 12 normal healthy males. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly diminished in the gynecomastia group as compared to levels in either of the control groups. The patients without gynecomastia showed values not significantly lower than those of normal males. Histopathologic examination of the leprous testes showed a variable admixture of inflammatory, degenerative anf fibrotic changes which were more severe and more frequent in the patients with gynecomastia than in those without it. Parenchymatous liver function tests showed greater derangement in the gynecomastia group as compared to the controls Histopathology of the liver showed lepromatous infiltration in patients with and without gynecomastia though the changes in liver were minimal in patients who showed total testicular degeneration in the biopsies.", "PMID": 1035585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7116", "title": "A mare mule--dam or foster mother?", "content": "A female, horse-like foal was apparently born to a mare mule from mating to a Shetland stallion. The presence of three pregnant Shetland mares in the same pasture, however, raised some questions about parentage, even though all three mares apparently gave birth to single foals within 6 weeks after the birth of the propositus. The transferrin system indicated that the foal was not born to the mare mule but was the offspring of one of the Shetland mares. Apparently one Shetland mare gave birth to twins 3 to 6 weeks apart, and the mare mule came into lactation spontaneously and adopted the first twin. The offspring was determined to be a horse by appearance, karyotype, blood type, and voice.", "contents": "A mare mule--dam or foster mother? A female, horse-like foal was apparently born to a mare mule from mating to a Shetland stallion. The presence of three pregnant Shetland mares in the same pasture, however, raised some questions about parentage, even though all three mares apparently gave birth to single foals within 6 weeks after the birth of the propositus. The transferrin system indicated that the foal was not born to the mare mule but was the offspring of one of the Shetland mares. Apparently one Shetland mare gave birth to twins 3 to 6 weeks apart, and the mare mule came into lactation spontaneously and adopted the first twin. The offspring was determined to be a horse by appearance, karyotype, blood type, and voice.", "PMID": 1035593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7117", "title": "Effect of maternal parity on aneuploidy in early mouse embryos.", "content": "An attempt to evaluate the incidence of chromosomal aneuploidy in mouse blastocysts recovered from females of various ages and parity levels revealed an insignificant regression coefficient for aneuploidy on age of the female and its square, and an insignificant correlation coefficient for aneuploidy with the number of previous offspring born to the dam. However, significant regression coefficients were obtained for aneuploidy on parity of the dam and its square. These results indicate that not only does aneuploidy increase with parity level, but the rate of increase accelerates as parity level increases. Possible explanations for the increase in aneuploidy and its detrimental effect on reproductive efficiency were discussed.", "contents": "Effect of maternal parity on aneuploidy in early mouse embryos. An attempt to evaluate the incidence of chromosomal aneuploidy in mouse blastocysts recovered from females of various ages and parity levels revealed an insignificant regression coefficient for aneuploidy on age of the female and its square, and an insignificant correlation coefficient for aneuploidy with the number of previous offspring born to the dam. However, significant regression coefficients were obtained for aneuploidy on parity of the dam and its square. These results indicate that not only does aneuploidy increase with parity level, but the rate of increase accelerates as parity level increases. Possible explanations for the increase in aneuploidy and its detrimental effect on reproductive efficiency were discussed.", "PMID": 1035594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7118", "title": "Stochastic selection in both haplophase and diplophase.", "content": "A population genetic model incorporating the evolutionary forces of zygotic selection, gametic selection and non-Mendelian segregation has been analyzed for the case in which all selection coefficients and the segregation parameter are assumed to be random variables that are uncorrelated from generation to generation. The diffusion approximation of the model is developed, and the subsequent analysis shows that one of four limiting outcomes of the stochastic process may obtain--an allele may be fixed or lost almost surely and irrespective of the initial gene frequency, the gene frequency may converge to a unique stationary distribution, or an allele may be fixed or lost with probabilities depending on the initial gene frequency. These outcomes correspond rather closely with the possible outcomes of the deterministic model--fixation or loss of an allele, convergence to a stable equilibrium, or the existence of an unstable equilibrium.", "contents": "Stochastic selection in both haplophase and diplophase. A population genetic model incorporating the evolutionary forces of zygotic selection, gametic selection and non-Mendelian segregation has been analyzed for the case in which all selection coefficients and the segregation parameter are assumed to be random variables that are uncorrelated from generation to generation. The diffusion approximation of the model is developed, and the subsequent analysis shows that one of four limiting outcomes of the stochastic process may obtain--an allele may be fixed or lost almost surely and irrespective of the initial gene frequency, the gene frequency may converge to a unique stationary distribution, or an allele may be fixed or lost with probabilities depending on the initial gene frequency. These outcomes correspond rather closely with the possible outcomes of the deterministic model--fixation or loss of an allele, convergence to a stable equilibrium, or the existence of an unstable equilibrium.", "PMID": 1035610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7119", "title": "Predator prey interactions with time delays.", "content": "A general (Volterra-Lotka type) integrodifferential system which describes a predator-prey interaction subject to delay effects is considered. A rather complete picture is drawn of certain qualitative aspects of the solutions as they are functions of the parameters in the system. Namely, it is argued that such systems have, roughly speaking, the following features. If the carrying capacity of the prey is smaller than a critical value then the predator goes extinct while the prey tends to this carrying capacity; and if the carrying capacity is greater than, but close to this critical value then there is a (globally) asymptotically stable positive equilibrium. However, unlike the classical, non-delay Volterra-Lotka model, if the carrying capacity of the prey is too large then this equilibrium becomes unstable. In this event there are critical values of the birth and death rates of the prey and predator respectively (which hitherto have been fixed) at which \"stable\" periodic solutions bifurcate from the equilibrium and hence at which the system is stabilized. These features are illustrated by means of a numerically solved example.", "contents": "Predator prey interactions with time delays. A general (Volterra-Lotka type) integrodifferential system which describes a predator-prey interaction subject to delay effects is considered. A rather complete picture is drawn of certain qualitative aspects of the solutions as they are functions of the parameters in the system. Namely, it is argued that such systems have, roughly speaking, the following features. If the carrying capacity of the prey is smaller than a critical value then the predator goes extinct while the prey tends to this carrying capacity; and if the carrying capacity is greater than, but close to this critical value then there is a (globally) asymptotically stable positive equilibrium. However, unlike the classical, non-delay Volterra-Lotka model, if the carrying capacity of the prey is too large then this equilibrium becomes unstable. In this event there are critical values of the birth and death rates of the prey and predator respectively (which hitherto have been fixed) at which \"stable\" periodic solutions bifurcate from the equilibrium and hence at which the system is stabilized. These features are illustrated by means of a numerically solved example.", "PMID": 1035612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7120", "title": "Animal experiments on thiamine avitaminosis and cerebral function.", "content": "Before industrial production of thiamine becam possible, among many beriberi patients some showed symptoms of encephalopathy, the cerebral form of the disease. In this animal experiment, thiamine-deficient rats showed failure or blocking of the operant behavior in the maze box, pole climbing box and shuttle box, indicating orientation disturbance and defective memory. This Wernicke's syndrome-like sign dramatically disappeared by treatment with thiamine. Potentiated narcosis with thiopental or alcohol induced in thiamine-deficient rats and mice was readily reversible by thiamine administration. These phenomena are associated with thiamine content of the brain and are found long before histopathological changes in the brain of deficient animals. It is easily surmised that thiamine deficiency in the brain may block the brain metabolism and subsequently cause changes in any chemical substances in the brain, refracting on biophysical phenomenon, such as EEG. However, in the present study, generally speaking, no meaningful results concerning these points were obtained.", "contents": "Animal experiments on thiamine avitaminosis and cerebral function. Before industrial production of thiamine becam possible, among many beriberi patients some showed symptoms of encephalopathy, the cerebral form of the disease. In this animal experiment, thiamine-deficient rats showed failure or blocking of the operant behavior in the maze box, pole climbing box and shuttle box, indicating orientation disturbance and defective memory. This Wernicke's syndrome-like sign dramatically disappeared by treatment with thiamine. Potentiated narcosis with thiopental or alcohol induced in thiamine-deficient rats and mice was readily reversible by thiamine administration. These phenomena are associated with thiamine content of the brain and are found long before histopathological changes in the brain of deficient animals. It is easily surmised that thiamine deficiency in the brain may block the brain metabolism and subsequently cause changes in any chemical substances in the brain, refracting on biophysical phenomenon, such as EEG. However, in the present study, generally speaking, no meaningful results concerning these points were obtained.", "PMID": 1035613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7121", "title": "[Genetic difference in extinction of a conditioned behavior in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The conditioned avoidance behavior from electric shock were examined in thirty male mice of inbred JCL: ICR and DDF with a newly-designed apparatus which had a wide square open field implanted shock-electrodes in floor and a fixed arc running path way where electric shock current could be delivered or not. Data were recorded on running traces and times from the start point to the goal and analysed statistically. 1. In acquisition training, both the JCL: ICR and the DDF acquired to run the way correctly and any difference between them could not be observed. While in extinction, the JCL: ICR were more rapid than the DDF. 2. After the 2nd acquisition training, all mice were trained to run of the field where electric shocks were delivered including the way. The DDF ran into the goal correctly along the way, while the JCL: ICR did not, but ran straight into the goal. The straight-trace of the JCL: ICR could not be changed by the following acquisition. 3. After a eight weeks' pause of acquisition, all mice were tested on retention without shock delivery. The both the JCL: ICR and the DDF ran correctly along the way, and showed a full score by a few trials of aquisition-training. 4. No change in behavior between the strains was found when high voltage shock were delivered during running the way. But in evaluation trials after the delivery only the JCL: ICR showed some changes in running trace and time. 5. Arguments on the difference in the process of extinctions between the strains were proved that may be associated with the genetic difference of a inhibitory mechanism.", "contents": "[Genetic difference in extinction of a conditioned behavior in mice (author's transl)]. The conditioned avoidance behavior from electric shock were examined in thirty male mice of inbred JCL: ICR and DDF with a newly-designed apparatus which had a wide square open field implanted shock-electrodes in floor and a fixed arc running path way where electric shock current could be delivered or not. Data were recorded on running traces and times from the start point to the goal and analysed statistically. 1. In acquisition training, both the JCL: ICR and the DDF acquired to run the way correctly and any difference between them could not be observed. While in extinction, the JCL: ICR were more rapid than the DDF. 2. After the 2nd acquisition training, all mice were trained to run of the field where electric shocks were delivered including the way. The DDF ran into the goal correctly along the way, while the JCL: ICR did not, but ran straight into the goal. The straight-trace of the JCL: ICR could not be changed by the following acquisition. 3. After a eight weeks' pause of acquisition, all mice were tested on retention without shock delivery. The both the JCL: ICR and the DDF ran correctly along the way, and showed a full score by a few trials of aquisition-training. 4. No change in behavior between the strains was found when high voltage shock were delivered during running the way. But in evaluation trials after the delivery only the JCL: ICR showed some changes in running trace and time. 5. Arguments on the difference in the process of extinctions between the strains were proved that may be associated with the genetic difference of a inhibitory mechanism.", "PMID": 1035635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7122", "title": "[A trial measurement of individual noise exposure by time-zone in a day (author's transl)].", "content": "Noise has been measured usually for a particular source or place and not for each individual exposed. It has been thought to be of great significance if individual noise exposure is recorded in various kinds of noise environment and auditory effects of noise on each individual can be discussed. The present study, having each of examinees carry 10-Channel Noise Exposure Meter with him, intended to know about dose or equivalent sound level (Leq) of individual nois exposure for a whole day and for each of eight time-zones in a day. The examinees were 12 male married workers in a factory manufacturing electronic machines in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. They were divided into two groups; those who were working in a noisy workshop (Group N, 8 workers) and those who were working in a less noisy workshop (Group N-N 4 workers). Time-zones were categorized as follows: (a) time from rising to leaving home for the place of work, (b) commuting time in the forenoon, (c) working time in the forenoon, (d) noon recess time, (e) working time in the afternoon, (f) commuting time in the afternoon, (g) time from returning home to going to bed, and (h) sleeping time. Leq (c) and Leq (b) were highest and Leq (h) was lowest for Group N among the eight Leq values in the day, while Leq (b) and Leq (f) were highest for Group N-N. Statistically significant differences of Leq for each time-zone between the two groups were found in Leq (c), Leq (d) and Leq (e), whose energy average sound levels for Group N and Group N-N were 84.2 and 59.4 dB, 72.7 and 61.4 dB, and 85.5 and 61.4 dBrespectively. Energy average equivalent sound levels of Leq (24) were 81.0 dB for Group N and 66.7 dB for Group N-N. Leq (24) for Group N were primarily determined by the noise exposure in the working time (c and e), while those for Group N-N by that in the commuting time (b and f). Practical disadvantages in the course of individual application of 10-Channel Noise Exposure Meter were also pointed out. It was shown that it is possible individually to measure the noise exposure dose for each time-zone in a day or daily noise exposure pattern, and the noise exposure dose over 24-hour. It may be recommended that many typical noise exposure patterns and 24-hour noise exposure doses for each of the groups classified by sex, age, kind of job, kind of commuting methods, kind of residential area of residential area and so forth should be surveyed further, which will be useful for estimating the auditory effects of noise on a population. Also, the relationships between Leq and such effects as annoyance or interference with daily activities should be examined to ease the measurement of noise.", "contents": "[A trial measurement of individual noise exposure by time-zone in a day (author's transl)]. Noise has been measured usually for a particular source or place and not for each individual exposed. It has been thought to be of great significance if individual noise exposure is recorded in various kinds of noise environment and auditory effects of noise on each individual can be discussed. The present study, having each of examinees carry 10-Channel Noise Exposure Meter with him, intended to know about dose or equivalent sound level (Leq) of individual nois exposure for a whole day and for each of eight time-zones in a day. The examinees were 12 male married workers in a factory manufacturing electronic machines in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. They were divided into two groups; those who were working in a noisy workshop (Group N, 8 workers) and those who were working in a less noisy workshop (Group N-N 4 workers). Time-zones were categorized as follows: (a) time from rising to leaving home for the place of work, (b) commuting time in the forenoon, (c) working time in the forenoon, (d) noon recess time, (e) working time in the afternoon, (f) commuting time in the afternoon, (g) time from returning home to going to bed, and (h) sleeping time. Leq (c) and Leq (b) were highest and Leq (h) was lowest for Group N among the eight Leq values in the day, while Leq (b) and Leq (f) were highest for Group N-N. Statistically significant differences of Leq for each time-zone between the two groups were found in Leq (c), Leq (d) and Leq (e), whose energy average sound levels for Group N and Group N-N were 84.2 and 59.4 dB, 72.7 and 61.4 dB, and 85.5 and 61.4 dBrespectively. Energy average equivalent sound levels of Leq (24) were 81.0 dB for Group N and 66.7 dB for Group N-N. Leq (24) for Group N were primarily determined by the noise exposure in the working time (c and e), while those for Group N-N by that in the commuting time (b and f). Practical disadvantages in the course of individual application of 10-Channel Noise Exposure Meter were also pointed out. It was shown that it is possible individually to measure the noise exposure dose for each time-zone in a day or daily noise exposure pattern, and the noise exposure dose over 24-hour. It may be recommended that many typical noise exposure patterns and 24-hour noise exposure doses for each of the groups classified by sex, age, kind of job, kind of commuting methods, kind of residential area of residential area and so forth should be surveyed further, which will be useful for estimating the auditory effects of noise on a population. Also, the relationships between Leq and such effects as annoyance or interference with daily activities should be examined to ease the measurement of noise.", "PMID": 1035660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7123", "title": "Analysis of combined effects of benzene with radiation on chromosomes in cultured human leukocytes.", "content": "Three experiments were carried out on 53-hr cultured human leukocytes on chromosome mutagenicity of benzene with particular reference to combined effects with gamma-radiation and inhibitory effect on rejoining of radiation-induced chromosome breaks. The results and their analyses were summarized as follows: 1) Benzene can induce mainly chromatid-type deletions, especially gaps, suggesting that the cells in their late S-G2 stage have a higher susceptibility to chromosome breakage by benzene. 2) The aberration tield of dicentrics and rings induced by 100 rads irradiation can significantly be enhanced by the treatment of benzene equal to or in excess of 0.2 mM. 3) Quantitative analyses using newly defined \"Synergetic effect factor\" revealed that combined cytogenetic effect of benzene with radiation could be synergetic exclusively in dicentrics and rings, being almost additive in the other types of aberration. 4) The experiment with dosage fractionation method showed that the more strongly benzene could inhibit the rejoining of radiation-induced chromosome breaks, the higher concentration it was treated at. Related iwth these results, possible inducps, and the repair and its inhibition of radiation-induced DNA-strand(s) breaks. Further studies for related effects by benzene are needed on protein synthesis, activities of repair enzymes and fine structure of chromosomes.", "contents": "Analysis of combined effects of benzene with radiation on chromosomes in cultured human leukocytes. Three experiments were carried out on 53-hr cultured human leukocytes on chromosome mutagenicity of benzene with particular reference to combined effects with gamma-radiation and inhibitory effect on rejoining of radiation-induced chromosome breaks. The results and their analyses were summarized as follows: 1) Benzene can induce mainly chromatid-type deletions, especially gaps, suggesting that the cells in their late S-G2 stage have a higher susceptibility to chromosome breakage by benzene. 2) The aberration tield of dicentrics and rings induced by 100 rads irradiation can significantly be enhanced by the treatment of benzene equal to or in excess of 0.2 mM. 3) Quantitative analyses using newly defined \"Synergetic effect factor\" revealed that combined cytogenetic effect of benzene with radiation could be synergetic exclusively in dicentrics and rings, being almost additive in the other types of aberration. 4) The experiment with dosage fractionation method showed that the more strongly benzene could inhibit the rejoining of radiation-induced chromosome breaks, the higher concentration it was treated at. Related iwth these results, possible inducps, and the repair and its inhibition of radiation-induced DNA-strand(s) breaks. Further studies for related effects by benzene are needed on protein synthesis, activities of repair enzymes and fine structure of chromosomes.", "PMID": 1035661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7124", "title": "[An epidemiologic study on vibration hazards among workers at the state forests in Kyushu (author's transl)].", "content": "There are only very few reports of epidemiologic analysis on vibration hazards among the workers at the state forests of Japan since 1970. It was necessary to perform investigations on the state of vibration hazards anew, through some labor hygienic policies on the prevention of the hazards, such as regulation of the time of using vibrating tools, had been executed to some extent since 1970. From the data of physical check-ups of 861 chain saw users of 24 District Forestry Offices in Kumamoto, Miyazaki and Kagoshima Prefectures in the south of Kyushu, the transition of vibration hazards was studied by using the incidence and prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon and paresthesia of the fingers as indices. From the yearly transition of the hazards, a tendency was observed of increasing patients with vibration syndrome during the period from 1962 to 1970 when countermeasures on vibration hazards were not sufficient. However, since 1970 the occurrence of Raynaud's Phenomenon has shown a tendency to decrease among the workers with short history of using chain saw and the occurrence of paresthesia of the fingers as indices. From the yearly transition of the hazards, a tendency was observed of increasing patients with vibration syndrome during the period from 1962 to 1970 when countermeasures on vibration hazards were not sufficient. However, since 1970 the occurrence of Raynaud's Phenomenon has shown a tendency to decrease among the workers with short history of using chain saw and the occurrence of paresthesia of the fingers to increase among those with long history. The results are suggestive of making clear the pathophysiology of vibration hazards.", "contents": "[An epidemiologic study on vibration hazards among workers at the state forests in Kyushu (author's transl)]. There are only very few reports of epidemiologic analysis on vibration hazards among the workers at the state forests of Japan since 1970. It was necessary to perform investigations on the state of vibration hazards anew, through some labor hygienic policies on the prevention of the hazards, such as regulation of the time of using vibrating tools, had been executed to some extent since 1970. From the data of physical check-ups of 861 chain saw users of 24 District Forestry Offices in Kumamoto, Miyazaki and Kagoshima Prefectures in the south of Kyushu, the transition of vibration hazards was studied by using the incidence and prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon and paresthesia of the fingers as indices. From the yearly transition of the hazards, a tendency was observed of increasing patients with vibration syndrome during the period from 1962 to 1970 when countermeasures on vibration hazards were not sufficient. However, since 1970 the occurrence of Raynaud's Phenomenon has shown a tendency to decrease among the workers with short history of using chain saw and the occurrence of paresthesia of the fingers as indices. From the yearly transition of the hazards, a tendency was observed of increasing patients with vibration syndrome during the period from 1962 to 1970 when countermeasures on vibration hazards were not sufficient. However, since 1970 the occurrence of Raynaud's Phenomenon has shown a tendency to decrease among the workers with short history of using chain saw and the occurrence of paresthesia of the fingers to increase among those with long history. The results are suggestive of making clear the pathophysiology of vibration hazards.", "PMID": 1035662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7125", "title": "[Occupational chronic arsenical poisoning. On the cutaneous manifestations (author's transl)].", "content": "A physical examination with detailed dermatological examination was made on 28 Japanese male workers, 22 to 63 years old, who had been exposed to arsenic for one to 24 years, in processes manufacturing lead arsenate, calcium arsenate and so on to be used as insecticides. Many corn-like punctate keratoses were seen on the palms and soles of 7 workers. The histopathological features in 6 specimens of punctate keratoses of palms and other regions of 4 workers were hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and elongation of rete ridge, but no malignant changes, although there were mild disorderly arrangements in part of stratum malpighii. Multiple lesions of sharply demarcated dullred patch with scale were found on the trunk and extremities of 3 workers. These lesions histopathologically showed the typical feature of Bowen's disease. Characteristic bronze pigmentation on the trunk and extremities was seen in 6 workers, and 5 of these 6 workers showed tiny normal or depigmented skin (raindrops) throughout the involved areas. These corn-like punctate keratoses mainly on the palms and soles, multiple Bowen's disease and diffuse bronze pigmentation with raindrop areas of hypopigmentation on the trunk and extremities were manifest almost in the same individuals, and it was concluded that they were characteristic cutaneous symptoms of chronic arsenical poisoning. There was no correlation between the intensity of cutaneous manifestations and the term of exposure to arsenic. Cutaneous manifestations due to arsenic were generally recognized as follows: diffuse pigmentation appears at first in one to two years after exposure to arsenic, then punctate hyperkeratotic lesions appear mainly on the palms and soles, and Bowen's lesions occur after several years or more. The use of arsenic has been abandoned in this factory since January, 1971. Diffuse bronze pigmentation now seems to be considerably lightened, as long time has passed after exposure to arsenic. However, since punctate hyperkeratotic lesions on the palms, soles and others may, though rarely, undergo malignant transformations, new lesions of Bowen's  disease may further occur and these lesions may develop to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, physical examinations of the workers exposed to arsenic should be continued and careful observation of them is necessary for the future.", "contents": "[Occupational chronic arsenical poisoning. On the cutaneous manifestations (author's transl)]. A physical examination with detailed dermatological examination was made on 28 Japanese male workers, 22 to 63 years old, who had been exposed to arsenic for one to 24 years, in processes manufacturing lead arsenate, calcium arsenate and so on to be used as insecticides. Many corn-like punctate keratoses were seen on the palms and soles of 7 workers. The histopathological features in 6 specimens of punctate keratoses of palms and other regions of 4 workers were hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and elongation of rete ridge, but no malignant changes, although there were mild disorderly arrangements in part of stratum malpighii. Multiple lesions of sharply demarcated dullred patch with scale were found on the trunk and extremities of 3 workers. These lesions histopathologically showed the typical feature of Bowen's disease. Characteristic bronze pigmentation on the trunk and extremities was seen in 6 workers, and 5 of these 6 workers showed tiny normal or depigmented skin (raindrops) throughout the involved areas. These corn-like punctate keratoses mainly on the palms and soles, multiple Bowen's disease and diffuse bronze pigmentation with raindrop areas of hypopigmentation on the trunk and extremities were manifest almost in the same individuals, and it was concluded that they were characteristic cutaneous symptoms of chronic arsenical poisoning. There was no correlation between the intensity of cutaneous manifestations and the term of exposure to arsenic. Cutaneous manifestations due to arsenic were generally recognized as follows: diffuse pigmentation appears at first in one to two years after exposure to arsenic, then punctate hyperkeratotic lesions appear mainly on the palms and soles, and Bowen's lesions occur after several years or more. The use of arsenic has been abandoned in this factory since January, 1971. Diffuse bronze pigmentation now seems to be considerably lightened, as long time has passed after exposure to arsenic. However, since punctate hyperkeratotic lesions on the palms, soles and others may, though rarely, undergo malignant transformations, new lesions of Bowen's  disease may further occur and these lesions may develop to invasive squamous cell carcinoma, physical examinations of the workers exposed to arsenic should be continued and careful observation of them is necessary for the future.", "PMID": 1035665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7126", "title": "[Work load due to stamping task as a simple repetitive hand work (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental study was carried out on stamping task using no conveyers with short work cycle which was taken as featuring simple repetitive hand work. Each phase of this work was allowed to each subject. Seventeen healthy adults, 8 males and 9 females, were engaged in the 120 minutes, stamping task. They were tested by their function of concentration maintenance (TAF), by flicker frequency and 30 items of subjective symptoms as advocated by the Japan Association of Industrial Health. Quantities of work for each 10 minutes were calculated. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Number of stamped cards by male subjects was more than that by female subjects. 2) Pace of work performance in the female subjects was being kept more in balance with their capacity in comparison with the male subjects. 3) The results of TAF and FF tests showed that the body load in the male subjects were greater than in the female subjects.", "contents": "[Work load due to stamping task as a simple repetitive hand work (author's transl)]. An experimental study was carried out on stamping task using no conveyers with short work cycle which was taken as featuring simple repetitive hand work. Each phase of this work was allowed to each subject. Seventeen healthy adults, 8 males and 9 females, were engaged in the 120 minutes, stamping task. They were tested by their function of concentration maintenance (TAF), by flicker frequency and 30 items of subjective symptoms as advocated by the Japan Association of Industrial Health. Quantities of work for each 10 minutes were calculated. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Number of stamped cards by male subjects was more than that by female subjects. 2) Pace of work performance in the female subjects was being kept more in balance with their capacity in comparison with the male subjects. 3) The results of TAF and FF tests showed that the body load in the male subjects were greater than in the female subjects.", "PMID": 1035666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7127", "title": "[Health effect of long-term diet mercury contaminated tuna. Part II. Accumulation and retention of mercury and selenium in organs and clinical symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Health effects of long-term tuna diet in cats were examined. The cats were fed daily with three kinds of tuna, containing different concentrations of mercury and selenium. The following results were obtained. 1) A high correlation was noted between the amount of fish intake and the mercury level in hair and blood samples of cats. 2) Mercury levels in organs were elevated corresponding with the amount of tuna consumption, but the distribution of mercury in organs of cats exposed to mercury in tuna flake differed from that in tuna fresh meat. In the liver, the ratio of methyl mercury to the total mercury was very low with an average of 11.5% of the ratio. 3) With regard to selenium, there was no correlation between intake of selenium and selenium levels in the cerebrum, celebellum, and kidneys, exept in the liver (r=0.766). 4) None of the cats had definite methyl mercury poisoning, but some slight disturbances were noted in several cats.", "contents": "[Health effect of long-term diet mercury contaminated tuna. Part II. Accumulation and retention of mercury and selenium in organs and clinical symptoms (author's transl)]. Health effects of long-term tuna diet in cats were examined. The cats were fed daily with three kinds of tuna, containing different concentrations of mercury and selenium. The following results were obtained. 1) A high correlation was noted between the amount of fish intake and the mercury level in hair and blood samples of cats. 2) Mercury levels in organs were elevated corresponding with the amount of tuna consumption, but the distribution of mercury in organs of cats exposed to mercury in tuna flake differed from that in tuna fresh meat. In the liver, the ratio of methyl mercury to the total mercury was very low with an average of 11.5% of the ratio. 3) With regard to selenium, there was no correlation between intake of selenium and selenium levels in the cerebrum, celebellum, and kidneys, exept in the liver (r=0.766). 4) None of the cats had definite methyl mercury poisoning, but some slight disturbances were noted in several cats.", "PMID": 1035667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7128", "title": "Toxicity of propoxur to rats by subacute inhalation.", "content": "Male and female rats were exposed to propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methyl-carbamate) aerosol, concentrations averaging 5.7, 18.7 and 31.7 mg/m3 air, for 6 hours daily on five days in a week over a period of 12 weeks. The effects were depressions of plasma by 20 to 30%, and of erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activities which were caused by the highest air concentration of 31.7 mg/m3. On the basis of the physical, biochemical, phamacokinetic and metabolic behaviors of propoxur, a maximum allowable concentration of 2.5 mg/m3 air is suggested.", "contents": "Toxicity of propoxur to rats by subacute inhalation. Male and female rats were exposed to propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methyl-carbamate) aerosol, concentrations averaging 5.7, 18.7 and 31.7 mg/m3 air, for 6 hours daily on five days in a week over a period of 12 weeks. The effects were depressions of plasma by 20 to 30%, and of erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activities which were caused by the highest air concentration of 31.7 mg/m3. On the basis of the physical, biochemical, phamacokinetic and metabolic behaviors of propoxur, a maximum allowable concentration of 2.5 mg/m3 air is suggested.", "PMID": 1035672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7129", "title": "Studies on muscular strength-myogram (MSMG). Part 1. A new device of apparatus for measuring muscular strength-myogram.", "content": "1. A new apparatus, consisting of a strain gauge and a carrier amplifier, was devised for measuring back muscular and shoulder arms strength by the author. This apparatus was applied for analysing myogenic disorder related to muscular fatigue or pain. 2. Muscular strength with load and its myogram were recorded simultaneously, and their changes during the exertion were analysed. 3. Muscular strength-myograms of sternocleidomastoid muscle, upper trapezius muscle, deltoid muscle, rhomboid muscle and lumbodorsal muscle were observed from the back muscular strength-myogram, and those of teres minor muscle and major pectoral muscle from the shoulder arm strength-myogram. 4. It seemed paradoxically that the amplitude of action myogram increased in proportion to the grade of lowering of muscular strength caused by muscular fatigue or pain.", "contents": "Studies on muscular strength-myogram (MSMG). Part 1. A new device of apparatus for measuring muscular strength-myogram. 1. A new apparatus, consisting of a strain gauge and a carrier amplifier, was devised for measuring back muscular and shoulder arms strength by the author. This apparatus was applied for analysing myogenic disorder related to muscular fatigue or pain. 2. Muscular strength with load and its myogram were recorded simultaneously, and their changes during the exertion were analysed. 3. Muscular strength-myograms of sternocleidomastoid muscle, upper trapezius muscle, deltoid muscle, rhomboid muscle and lumbodorsal muscle were observed from the back muscular strength-myogram, and those of teres minor muscle and major pectoral muscle from the shoulder arm strength-myogram. 4. It seemed paradoxically that the amplitude of action myogram increased in proportion to the grade of lowering of muscular strength caused by muscular fatigue or pain.", "PMID": 1035673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7130", "title": "Aging and activity of 5-aminolevulinate hydrolyase in the blood of humans and rats.", "content": "Activity of 5-aminolevulinate hydrolyase (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, ALAD, EC 4.2.1.24) in the blood was determined in relation to age in humans and rats, and the following findings were obtained: (1) In the group which consisted of 47 women (mean age 46, ranged 24 to 62 years) living in a rural district, where the atmospheric lead concentration was 0.5 micron/m3, a significant negative correlation between ALAD activity and age was observed statistically (r = -0.54). However, in the group which consisted of 53 women of similar age group living in an urban district, where the atmospheric lead concentration was 1.9 microng/m3, showed a lower level of the ALAD activity than that of the former group and no correlation was found r = -0.01) between ALAD activity and age. (2) The ALAD activity of intact rats showed a decrease with age. The decrease proceeds rapidly within 8 weeks of age and becomes stable after reaching 25 weeks of age or 300 g of body weight. The value of the activity after 25 weeks of age was about one tenth of that at 5 weeks of age or 100 to 130 g of body weight. (3) Fifteen intact rats weighing 240 to 705 g were divided into three groups according to their body weight and were injected with lead acetate solution equivalent to 1 mg Pb/kg intraperitoneally in order to examine the sensitivity to lead in rats that have variation of ALAD activity by age or by body weight. The ALAD activity of these rats fell to the same level in all groups independently of the activity or the body weight before injection.", "contents": "Aging and activity of 5-aminolevulinate hydrolyase in the blood of humans and rats. Activity of 5-aminolevulinate hydrolyase (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, ALAD, EC 4.2.1.24) in the blood was determined in relation to age in humans and rats, and the following findings were obtained: (1) In the group which consisted of 47 women (mean age 46, ranged 24 to 62 years) living in a rural district, where the atmospheric lead concentration was 0.5 micron/m3, a significant negative correlation between ALAD activity and age was observed statistically (r = -0.54). However, in the group which consisted of 53 women of similar age group living in an urban district, where the atmospheric lead concentration was 1.9 microng/m3, showed a lower level of the ALAD activity than that of the former group and no correlation was found r = -0.01) between ALAD activity and age. (2) The ALAD activity of intact rats showed a decrease with age. The decrease proceeds rapidly within 8 weeks of age and becomes stable after reaching 25 weeks of age or 300 g of body weight. The value of the activity after 25 weeks of age was about one tenth of that at 5 weeks of age or 100 to 130 g of body weight. (3) Fifteen intact rats weighing 240 to 705 g were divided into three groups according to their body weight and were injected with lead acetate solution equivalent to 1 mg Pb/kg intraperitoneally in order to examine the sensitivity to lead in rats that have variation of ALAD activity by age or by body weight. The ALAD activity of these rats fell to the same level in all groups independently of the activity or the body weight before injection.", "PMID": 1035674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7131", "title": "Changes of the vibratory sensation threshold in workers using vibrating tools.", "content": "Vibratory sensation thresholds of ten fingertips of each person were measured by each of the three frequencies in groups using three kinds of vibrating tools and the control groups. The subject groups were using leg-drill (n=37), chipping-hammer (n=25) and chain-saw (n=19). The control groups were engaged in desk work or outdoor work in a bureau of forest management (n=24), a local forest office (n=30) and a gas company (n=22) (Table 1). The tested frequencies were 63 Hz, 125 Hz and 250 Hz. The room temperature was kept at 20 degrees C. 1) The threshold values were found in such order as V greater than IV greater than III greater than I and II-finger in the subject groups, whereas I and V greater than II, III and IV-finger in the control groups. No significant difference between left and right hands was found in any group, both the subject and the control. 2) The threshold values were significantly higher in the chipping-hammer group and the chain-saw group than in the control (p less than 0.05 at 63 Hz, p less than 0.01 at 125 Hz and 250 Hz). They were higher in the leg-drill group than in the control but it was statistically not significant. 3) Regression analysis was performed about age and experience-years of the subject groups which were thought to have an effect upon the threshold change. But the effect of both factors to the threshold values were small in all subject groups. 4) The patterns of threshold values made up by each of the three frequencies were different among the three subject groups. The chipping-hammer group had the higher vibratory sensation threshold shift in the order of 250 Hz, 125 Hz and 63 Hz, the leg-drill group had almost equal threshold shift among the three frequencies, and the chain-saw group had the intermediate tendency between the other two groups. 5) Frequencies of 125 Hz and 250 Hz were more advantageous than that of 63 Hz in order to discriminate between the subject group and the control. Both 125 Hz and 250 Hz vibratory sensation threshold should be measured to find early disorders of vibration disease if possible, because the relation between thresholds of 125 Hz and 250 Hz was not so linear. 6) The observed significant differences of threshold values among the control groups were thought to be caused by different climatic circumstances.", "contents": "Changes of the vibratory sensation threshold in workers using vibrating tools. Vibratory sensation thresholds of ten fingertips of each person were measured by each of the three frequencies in groups using three kinds of vibrating tools and the control groups. The subject groups were using leg-drill (n=37), chipping-hammer (n=25) and chain-saw (n=19). The control groups were engaged in desk work or outdoor work in a bureau of forest management (n=24), a local forest office (n=30) and a gas company (n=22) (Table 1). The tested frequencies were 63 Hz, 125 Hz and 250 Hz. The room temperature was kept at 20 degrees C. 1) The threshold values were found in such order as V greater than IV greater than III greater than I and II-finger in the subject groups, whereas I and V greater than II, III and IV-finger in the control groups. No significant difference between left and right hands was found in any group, both the subject and the control. 2) The threshold values were significantly higher in the chipping-hammer group and the chain-saw group than in the control (p less than 0.05 at 63 Hz, p less than 0.01 at 125 Hz and 250 Hz). They were higher in the leg-drill group than in the control but it was statistically not significant. 3) Regression analysis was performed about age and experience-years of the subject groups which were thought to have an effect upon the threshold change. But the effect of both factors to the threshold values were small in all subject groups. 4) The patterns of threshold values made up by each of the three frequencies were different among the three subject groups. The chipping-hammer group had the higher vibratory sensation threshold shift in the order of 250 Hz, 125 Hz and 63 Hz, the leg-drill group had almost equal threshold shift among the three frequencies, and the chain-saw group had the intermediate tendency between the other two groups. 5) Frequencies of 125 Hz and 250 Hz were more advantageous than that of 63 Hz in order to discriminate between the subject group and the control. Both 125 Hz and 250 Hz vibratory sensation threshold should be measured to find early disorders of vibration disease if possible, because the relation between thresholds of 125 Hz and 250 Hz was not so linear. 6) The observed significant differences of threshold values among the control groups were thought to be caused by different climatic circumstances.", "PMID": 1035675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7132", "title": "Cold water immersion test in patients with vibration disease.", "content": "Peripheral vascular disorder is one of the most important symptoms in diagnosing vibration disease. Several kinds of tests have been introduced to evaluate the peripheral vascular function. Among those tests, cold water immersion test has been mostly applied. In Japan, the generally used method is to measure the skin temperature of one finger of the hand immersed up to the wrist joint in water at 5 degreesC for 10 minutes. However, because the suffering during the test is so severe and some unfavorable warning symptoms have been observed during group examinations, a safer and milder method is more desirable. In order to examine the applicability of the test by using water at 10 degreesC in comparison with that at 5 degreesC, and to know the degree of suffering during the tests, a comparative study was performed. Sixteen students and 29 patients with vibration disease joined in this study. The results suggest that water at 10 degreesC can be effective stimulus, if the immediate rewarming response is used for evaluation. The self-rating scores revealed that the suffering was milder in case of water of 10 degreesC than at 5 degreesC for both the students and the patients. And the patients seemed to suffer more from chest discomfort than the students.", "contents": "Cold water immersion test in patients with vibration disease. Peripheral vascular disorder is one of the most important symptoms in diagnosing vibration disease. Several kinds of tests have been introduced to evaluate the peripheral vascular function. Among those tests, cold water immersion test has been mostly applied. In Japan, the generally used method is to measure the skin temperature of one finger of the hand immersed up to the wrist joint in water at 5 degreesC for 10 minutes. However, because the suffering during the test is so severe and some unfavorable warning symptoms have been observed during group examinations, a safer and milder method is more desirable. In order to examine the applicability of the test by using water at 10 degreesC in comparison with that at 5 degreesC, and to know the degree of suffering during the tests, a comparative study was performed. Sixteen students and 29 patients with vibration disease joined in this study. The results suggest that water at 10 degreesC can be effective stimulus, if the immediate rewarming response is used for evaluation. The self-rating scores revealed that the suffering was milder in case of water of 10 degreesC than at 5 degreesC for both the students and the patients. And the patients seemed to suffer more from chest discomfort than the students.", "PMID": 1035678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7133", "title": "[Factor analysis of Cornell Medical Index and Medical Data Index (author's transl)].", "content": "Structures of Cornell Medical Index and Medical Data Index were examined by factor analysis. Both of the translated questionnaires were self-administered by six hundred male employees. Questions of low response rate less than 5 and 6% were excluded, and 117 and 70 questions were analysed finally by the method of varimax rotation for CMI and MDI respectively. Ten factors were extracted. Cummulated contribution ratio of them amounted to 72.0 and 84.1% for CMI and MDI respectively. The first two factors were common for the both questionaires and had pronounced contribution ratio amounting to 36.7 and 29.3% for CMI and MDI respectively. The first factors was composed of questions related to autonomic inbalance, gastrointesinal symptom and fatigue, so it was named a tendency of many physical complaints. This factor was considered to be characteristic and representative one in such general health questionnaires, which was closely related to response set of the respondent. The second factor of the questionnaires was named mental instability. The two major factors would correspond to the first and the second component of the Subjective Fatigue Complaint Test (1970) by Japan Association of Industrial Health. Not also CMI but MDI were found to have a poor scalability except for the two major factors.", "contents": "[Factor analysis of Cornell Medical Index and Medical Data Index (author's transl)]. Structures of Cornell Medical Index and Medical Data Index were examined by factor analysis. Both of the translated questionnaires were self-administered by six hundred male employees. Questions of low response rate less than 5 and 6% were excluded, and 117 and 70 questions were analysed finally by the method of varimax rotation for CMI and MDI respectively. Ten factors were extracted. Cummulated contribution ratio of them amounted to 72.0 and 84.1% for CMI and MDI respectively. The first two factors were common for the both questionaires and had pronounced contribution ratio amounting to 36.7 and 29.3% for CMI and MDI respectively. The first factors was composed of questions related to autonomic inbalance, gastrointesinal symptom and fatigue, so it was named a tendency of many physical complaints. This factor was considered to be characteristic and representative one in such general health questionnaires, which was closely related to response set of the respondent. The second factor of the questionnaires was named mental instability. The two major factors would correspond to the first and the second component of the Subjective Fatigue Complaint Test (1970) by Japan Association of Industrial Health. Not also CMI but MDI were found to have a poor scalability except for the two major factors.", "PMID": 1035679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7134", "title": "[Effects of signal-shock contingency probability on gastric lesions in rats as a function of shock region (author's transl].", "content": "Effects of signal-shock contingency probability on stress pathology were studied with 2 regions of electric shock and with (a) only sound signal presentations (NS), (b) unrelated presentations of the signal and tail shock (TS) or foot shock (FS) (NPS), (c) signal presentations all of which were paired with the TS or FS (100 PS), or (d) signal presentations, 50% of which were paired with a TS or FS (50 PS). Rats in NPS and 50 PS groups with TS showed more stress-induced pathology than animals in the 100 PS groups with TS. However, the 100 PS group with FS resulted in greater gastric lesions than NPS, 50 PS, or NS group. The interaction between shock region and signal-shock contingency probability plays an important role.", "contents": "[Effects of signal-shock contingency probability on gastric lesions in rats as a function of shock region (author's transl]. Effects of signal-shock contingency probability on stress pathology were studied with 2 regions of electric shock and with (a) only sound signal presentations (NS), (b) unrelated presentations of the signal and tail shock (TS) or foot shock (FS) (NPS), (c) signal presentations all of which were paired with the TS or FS (100 PS), or (d) signal presentations, 50% of which were paired with a TS or FS (50 PS). Rats in NPS and 50 PS groups with TS showed more stress-induced pathology than animals in the 100 PS groups with TS. However, the 100 PS group with FS resulted in greater gastric lesions than NPS, 50 PS, or NS group. The interaction between shock region and signal-shock contingency probability plays an important role.", "PMID": 1035688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7135", "title": "[Functional hemispheric asymmetries in perception of digit and line orientation orientation (author's transl)].", "content": "In Exp. I, right-handed Ss made the \"same\" or \"diffeeent\" judgement to paired digits serially presented to the right and left visual field, and exhibited erroneous judgements in the left visual field lead condition. These results suggest the left hemisphere superiority. In Exp. II, the Ss were requested to make the \"same\" or \"different\" judgment and to press a key as fast as possible to the paired line orientation. The right visual field lead condition product more errors than the left visual field lead condition. This suggests the right hemisphere superiority. But no difference appeared between both conditions in the reaction time. The opposite hemispheric superiority, found in perceiving verbal and non-verbal materials in the 2 experiments, would be attributed to the basic difference in \"perceptual\" process.", "contents": "[Functional hemispheric asymmetries in perception of digit and line orientation orientation (author's transl)]. In Exp. I, right-handed Ss made the \"same\" or \"diffeeent\" judgement to paired digits serially presented to the right and left visual field, and exhibited erroneous judgements in the left visual field lead condition. These results suggest the left hemisphere superiority. In Exp. II, the Ss were requested to make the \"same\" or \"different\" judgment and to press a key as fast as possible to the paired line orientation. The right visual field lead condition product more errors than the left visual field lead condition. This suggests the right hemisphere superiority. But no difference appeared between both conditions in the reaction time. The opposite hemispheric superiority, found in perceiving verbal and non-verbal materials in the 2 experiments, would be attributed to the basic difference in \"perceptual\" process.", "PMID": 1035689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7136", "title": "[Spectral analytical study on the developmental properties of EEG in children: Generalized and localized components of EEG spectra in the normal and the mentally retarded children (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the developmental properties of EEG in the normal and the mentally retarded children through regional differences and regional regional interrelationships. The localized components appearing at 1 or 2 regions tended to show low coherences in relation to the occipital region. The generalized component, observed over all regions, indicated lower coherences in the theta component than in the alpha one. It may be inferred that the theta component shown in the developing children may be differenciated from the component around 10 Hz.", "contents": "[Spectral analytical study on the developmental properties of EEG in children: Generalized and localized components of EEG spectra in the normal and the mentally retarded children (author's transl)]. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the developmental properties of EEG in the normal and the mentally retarded children through regional differences and regional regional interrelationships. The localized components appearing at 1 or 2 regions tended to show low coherences in relation to the occipital region. The generalized component, observed over all regions, indicated lower coherences in the theta component than in the alpha one. It may be inferred that the theta component shown in the developing children may be differenciated from the component around 10 Hz.", "PMID": 1035690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7137", "title": "[An experimental approach to eye-movements: comparison of response patterns between normal subjects and schizophrenic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This experiment attempted to analyse eye movements (opthalmograph) when Ss freely observed 7 types of stimuli projected on the screen. 2 kinds of Ss, a normal control group (5 males, 5 females) and a schizophrenic experimental group (6 males), participated and their response patterns were compared. The results indicated that the schizophrenic group was inferior to the normal Ss in the number of fixations, the mean duration of single fixation, the scan path patterns of the eye mark, the frequency changes of the eye movements within a presentation time, and the dispersion of fixations. These results seemed to show that the schizophrenic group was not able to process much information, and had poor contact with the outer world.", "contents": "[An experimental approach to eye-movements: comparison of response patterns between normal subjects and schizophrenic patients (author's transl)]. This experiment attempted to analyse eye movements (opthalmograph) when Ss freely observed 7 types of stimuli projected on the screen. 2 kinds of Ss, a normal control group (5 males, 5 females) and a schizophrenic experimental group (6 males), participated and their response patterns were compared. The results indicated that the schizophrenic group was inferior to the normal Ss in the number of fixations, the mean duration of single fixation, the scan path patterns of the eye mark, the frequency changes of the eye movements within a presentation time, and the dispersion of fixations. These results seemed to show that the schizophrenic group was not able to process much information, and had poor contact with the outer world.", "PMID": 1035691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7138", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity tests with Mycobacterium leprae purified protein derivative.", "content": "Skin tests were conducted on 3 lepromatous, 3 dimorphous and 6 tuberculoid leprosy patients and 3 others not suffering from leprosy with lepromin, purified protein derivative from M. leprae of armadillo origin and tuberculin. Results show that a delayed hypersensitivity reaction could be produced with PPD in 72 hours on all Mitsuda positive cases, with one anomalous exception, without cross reaction to tuberculin. The results were promising from the point of view of substituting lepromin with PPD in usual tests.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity tests with Mycobacterium leprae purified protein derivative. Skin tests were conducted on 3 lepromatous, 3 dimorphous and 6 tuberculoid leprosy patients and 3 others not suffering from leprosy with lepromin, purified protein derivative from M. leprae of armadillo origin and tuberculin. Results show that a delayed hypersensitivity reaction could be produced with PPD in 72 hours on all Mitsuda positive cases, with one anomalous exception, without cross reaction to tuberculin. The results were promising from the point of view of substituting lepromin with PPD in usual tests.", "PMID": 1035779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7139", "title": "Microtubules and actin filaments in teleost visual cone elongation and contraction.", "content": "Teleost retinal cones contract in light and elongate in darkness. This paper describes the disposition of microtubules and cytoplasmic filaments in cone cells of 2 species of fish (Haemulon sciurus and Lutjanus griseus). In Haemulon, the neck-like \"myoid\" region of the cone changes in length from 5 mu to 75 mu. Maximal observed rates of elongation and contraction are comparable to that of chromosome movement in mitosis (2-3 mu/min). Microtubules presumably participate in cone elongation, since numerous longitudinal microtubules are present in the myoid region, and colchicine blocks dark-induced elongation. Myoid shortening, on the other hand, appears to be an active contractile process. Disruption of microtubules in dark-adapted cones does not produce myoid shortening in the absence of light, and light-induced myoid shortening is blocked by cytochalasin-B. Cone cells possess longitudinally-oriented thin filaments which bind myosin subfragment-1 to form arrowhead complexes typical of muscle actin. Myoid thin filaments are clearly observed in negatively stained preparations of isolated cones which have been disrupted with detergent after attachment to grids. These myoid filaments are not, however, generally preserved by conventional fixation, though bundles of thin filaments are preserved in other regions of the cell. Thus, actin filaments are poorly retained by fixation in precisely the region of the cone cell where contraction occurs. Cone cells also possess longitudinally-oriented thick filaments 130-160 A in diameter. That these thick filaments may be myosin is suggested by the presence of side-arms with approximately 150 A periodicity. The linear organization of the contractile apparatus of the retinal cone cell makes this cell a promising model for morphological characterization of the disposition of actin and myosin filaments during contraction in a nonmuscle cell.", "contents": "Microtubules and actin filaments in teleost visual cone elongation and contraction. Teleost retinal cones contract in light and elongate in darkness. This paper describes the disposition of microtubules and cytoplasmic filaments in cone cells of 2 species of fish (Haemulon sciurus and Lutjanus griseus). In Haemulon, the neck-like \"myoid\" region of the cone changes in length from 5 mu to 75 mu. Maximal observed rates of elongation and contraction are comparable to that of chromosome movement in mitosis (2-3 mu/min). Microtubules presumably participate in cone elongation, since numerous longitudinal microtubules are present in the myoid region, and colchicine blocks dark-induced elongation. Myoid shortening, on the other hand, appears to be an active contractile process. Disruption of microtubules in dark-adapted cones does not produce myoid shortening in the absence of light, and light-induced myoid shortening is blocked by cytochalasin-B. Cone cells possess longitudinally-oriented thin filaments which bind myosin subfragment-1 to form arrowhead complexes typical of muscle actin. Myoid thin filaments are clearly observed in negatively stained preparations of isolated cones which have been disrupted with detergent after attachment to grids. These myoid filaments are not, however, generally preserved by conventional fixation, though bundles of thin filaments are preserved in other regions of the cell. Thus, actin filaments are poorly retained by fixation in precisely the region of the cone cell where contraction occurs. Cone cells also possess longitudinally-oriented thick filaments 130-160 A in diameter. That these thick filaments may be myosin is suggested by the presence of side-arms with approximately 150 A periodicity. The linear organization of the contractile apparatus of the retinal cone cell makes this cell a promising model for morphological characterization of the disposition of actin and myosin filaments during contraction in a nonmuscle cell.", "PMID": 1035780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7140", "title": "The surface events of fertilization: the movements of the spermatozoon through the sea urchin egg surface and the roles of the surface layers.", "content": "The sea urchin egg surface at fertilization has been examined with the scanning electron microscope to reveal the movements of the spermatozoon from the exterior, through the surface layers, and into the egg cytoplasm. The layers that the spermatozoon encounter have been studied to determine their physical and chemical natures and their role in early development. By studying the outside of whole eggs and the inner face of surfaces isolated shortly after fertilization, it has been possible to compile data on the movements of the spermatozoon through the egg surface. The spermatozoon initially contacts the egg with the elongated acrosomal process. The vitelline sheet, the outermost layer of the egg, separates slightly next to the attached spermatozoon. As membrane fusion between the gametes occurs, the plasma membrane from the egg engulfs the spermhead, the cortical granules start to discharge their contents, and a spreading surface deformation, concommitant with a distortion of the fibrous cortex, is initiated. A cluster of elongate microville surround the perpendicularly fusing spermatozoon. These microvilli interidigitate as the spermatozoon is forced to lie upon the egg surface between the plasma membrane and the matrix of cortical fibers. The spermatozoon then rotates additionally to enter the egg cytoplasm with the posterior end first; it has rotated 180 degrees through the cell surface. Finally, it detaches into the egg cytoplasm, leaving a scar in the cortex through which it penetrated. The egg cortex, previously unobserved by electron microscopy, is revealed to be composed of 50-200 nm fibers. At fertilization they are uniformly organized but during later development this order is lost. The cortex is from 0.2-0.5 micronm thick and is a contractile structure. The role of the outer surface in releasing the cell from the metabolic constraints of the unfertilized egg is shown, and the apparent differences in the mobilities of the membranes derived from the sperm and from the egg are demonstrated. The relation of these layers to the movements of the spermatozoon, to the activation of the egg, to the block to polyspermy, and to each other are discussed.", "contents": "The surface events of fertilization: the movements of the spermatozoon through the sea urchin egg surface and the roles of the surface layers. The sea urchin egg surface at fertilization has been examined with the scanning electron microscope to reveal the movements of the spermatozoon from the exterior, through the surface layers, and into the egg cytoplasm. The layers that the spermatozoon encounter have been studied to determine their physical and chemical natures and their role in early development. By studying the outside of whole eggs and the inner face of surfaces isolated shortly after fertilization, it has been possible to compile data on the movements of the spermatozoon through the egg surface. The spermatozoon initially contacts the egg with the elongated acrosomal process. The vitelline sheet, the outermost layer of the egg, separates slightly next to the attached spermatozoon. As membrane fusion between the gametes occurs, the plasma membrane from the egg engulfs the spermhead, the cortical granules start to discharge their contents, and a spreading surface deformation, concommitant with a distortion of the fibrous cortex, is initiated. A cluster of elongate microville surround the perpendicularly fusing spermatozoon. These microvilli interidigitate as the spermatozoon is forced to lie upon the egg surface between the plasma membrane and the matrix of cortical fibers. The spermatozoon then rotates additionally to enter the egg cytoplasm with the posterior end first; it has rotated 180 degrees through the cell surface. Finally, it detaches into the egg cytoplasm, leaving a scar in the cortex through which it penetrated. The egg cortex, previously unobserved by electron microscopy, is revealed to be composed of 50-200 nm fibers. At fertilization they are uniformly organized but during later development this order is lost. The cortex is from 0.2-0.5 micronm thick and is a contractile structure. The role of the outer surface in releasing the cell from the metabolic constraints of the unfertilized egg is shown, and the apparent differences in the mobilities of the membranes derived from the sperm and from the egg are demonstrated. The relation of these layers to the movements of the spermatozoon, to the activation of the egg, to the block to polyspermy, and to each other are discussed.", "PMID": 1035781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7141", "title": "Regional brain variations of tryptophan, monoamines, monoamine oxidase activity, plasma free and total tryptophan during the estrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "Normal 4-day cyclic rats were sacrificed at 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. on proestrus or estrus and at 10 a.m. on metestrus. Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and tryptophan (T) concentrations varied only slightly. Serotonin (5-HT) concentrations showed characteristic changing patterns in many hypothalamic, limbic and midbrain structures with a decrease during proestrus and an increase during estrus being observed. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity changes were often parallel to the 5-HT changes, but were not as great. The marked changes in 5-HT early in proestrus are a further indication of its inhibitory effect on gonadotropin release mechanisms before the 'critical period'.", "contents": "Regional brain variations of tryptophan, monoamines, monoamine oxidase activity, plasma free and total tryptophan during the estrous cycle of the rat. Normal 4-day cyclic rats were sacrificed at 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. on proestrus or estrus and at 10 a.m. on metestrus. Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and tryptophan (T) concentrations varied only slightly. Serotonin (5-HT) concentrations showed characteristic changing patterns in many hypothalamic, limbic and midbrain structures with a decrease during proestrus and an increase during estrus being observed. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity changes were often parallel to the 5-HT changes, but were not as great. The marked changes in 5-HT early in proestrus are a further indication of its inhibitory effect on gonadotropin release mechanisms before the 'critical period'.", "PMID": 1035790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7142", "title": "Persistent estrus in rats after anterolateral hypothalamic microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Bilateral injections of 30 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, as base) into the anterolateral hypothalamic area induced constant vaginal cornification (CVC), polyfollicular ovaries and uterine hypertrophy in cyclic adult female rats. There were no important changes in the vaginal patterns or ovarian and uterine morphology in animals given injections in the same area with the solvent only and in animals given injections with 6-OHDA in the anterior amygdaloid area. It is suggested that the persistent estrus after anterolateral hypothalamic injections of 6-OHDA results from lesions of central catecholaminergic pathways, which are probably involved in gonadotropin secretion.", "contents": "Persistent estrus in rats after anterolateral hypothalamic microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine. Bilateral injections of 30 mug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, as base) into the anterolateral hypothalamic area induced constant vaginal cornification (CVC), polyfollicular ovaries and uterine hypertrophy in cyclic adult female rats. There were no important changes in the vaginal patterns or ovarian and uterine morphology in animals given injections in the same area with the solvent only and in animals given injections with 6-OHDA in the anterior amygdaloid area. It is suggested that the persistent estrus after anterolateral hypothalamic injections of 6-OHDA results from lesions of central catecholaminergic pathways, which are probably involved in gonadotropin secretion.", "PMID": 1035791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7143", "title": "[Study of the hypothalamus of neonatally castrated rats by the karyometric method].", "content": "The sensitivity of different hypothalamic regions to the effect of androgens has been studied during the period of the brain sex differentiation. The castration of animals during the first week of life was shown to result in the marked increase of size of the neuron nuclei in the preoptic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus; the size of neuron nuclei in the dorsomedial nucleus suffered no changes. The dynamics of size of the cell nuclei was followed in different hypothalamic regions with respect to the time of castration.", "contents": "[Study of the hypothalamus of neonatally castrated rats by the karyometric method]. The sensitivity of different hypothalamic regions to the effect of androgens has been studied during the period of the brain sex differentiation. The castration of animals during the first week of life was shown to result in the marked increase of size of the neuron nuclei in the preoptic, suprachiasmatic, arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus; the size of neuron nuclei in the dorsomedial nucleus suffered no changes. The dynamics of size of the cell nuclei was followed in different hypothalamic regions with respect to the time of castration.", "PMID": 1035792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7144", "title": "[Effect of incomplete starvation on development of compensatory testicular hypertrophy during postnatal ontogenesis of rats].", "content": "The incomplete starvation of rats during the first month of life resulted in the inhibition of development of the spermatogenic epithelium cells in 80% of seminiferous tubules, preserved the increased permeability of hematotesticular barrier with respect to rivanol and the ability of rats to react by the increase of testis volume in response to unilateral castration. The data obtained confirm our hypothesis according to which there is a definite correlation between the degree of spermatogenesis completion, the function of hematotesticular barrier and the ability of animals for compensatory hypertrophy of testis.", "contents": "[Effect of incomplete starvation on development of compensatory testicular hypertrophy during postnatal ontogenesis of rats]. The incomplete starvation of rats during the first month of life resulted in the inhibition of development of the spermatogenic epithelium cells in 80% of seminiferous tubules, preserved the increased permeability of hematotesticular barrier with respect to rivanol and the ability of rats to react by the increase of testis volume in response to unilateral castration. The data obtained confirm our hypothesis according to which there is a definite correlation between the degree of spermatogenesis completion, the function of hematotesticular barrier and the ability of animals for compensatory hypertrophy of testis.", "PMID": 1035793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7145", "title": "[Absorption of testosterone-7alpha-3H by reproductive tract tissues of male-embryo rats in vitro].", "content": "The dynamics of testosterone-7alpha-3H consumption by the reproductive tract rudiments (tubules, urogenital sinus and genital tubercle) and the muscles has been studied in the in vitro experiments immediately after the isolation of embryos (16-21 days of development), as well as after the preliminary two days cultivation in the diffusion chambers (13-20 days of development). In the first series of experiments, the selective, specific consumption of the labelled androgen was observed at all stages under study, whereas in the second series of experiments the specific and selective consumption in the organs-targets was noted from the 15th day of development (in the genital tubercle and urogenital sinus). No selective consumption in the tubules was noted.", "contents": "[Absorption of testosterone-7alpha-3H by reproductive tract tissues of male-embryo rats in vitro]. The dynamics of testosterone-7alpha-3H consumption by the reproductive tract rudiments (tubules, urogenital sinus and genital tubercle) and the muscles has been studied in the in vitro experiments immediately after the isolation of embryos (16-21 days of development), as well as after the preliminary two days cultivation in the diffusion chambers (13-20 days of development). In the first series of experiments, the selective, specific consumption of the labelled androgen was observed at all stages under study, whereas in the second series of experiments the specific and selective consumption in the organs-targets was noted from the 15th day of development (in the genital tubercle and urogenital sinus). No selective consumption in the tubules was noted.", "PMID": 1035794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7146", "title": "Effects of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and fluoxetine on cataplexy in dogs.", "content": "Four narcoleptic dogs with cataplexy were given trials with the serotonin uptake blockers imipramine and chlorimipramine (known to be effective in treating cataplexy in humans). An even more selective serotonin uptake blocker, fluoxetine, was also tested. Injections of placebo, test compound, and placebo were given respectively on 3 successive days. Anticataplectic effects were measured approximately 30 min, 3 hr, and 6 hr postinjection by recording elapsed time and number of cataplectic episodes during the dogs' attempts to eat ten pieces of a desired food presented in a standard fashion. Imipramine (1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg)significantly improved performance, while chlorimipramine (0.5-5 mg/kg) had no clear effect. Data were not totally consistent with the notion that serotonin uptake blockers improve cataplexy in dogs, since chlorimipramine was not effective in these animals.", "contents": "Effects of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and fluoxetine on cataplexy in dogs. Four narcoleptic dogs with cataplexy were given trials with the serotonin uptake blockers imipramine and chlorimipramine (known to be effective in treating cataplexy in humans). An even more selective serotonin uptake blocker, fluoxetine, was also tested. Injections of placebo, test compound, and placebo were given respectively on 3 successive days. Anticataplectic effects were measured approximately 30 min, 3 hr, and 6 hr postinjection by recording elapsed time and number of cataplectic episodes during the dogs' attempts to eat ten pieces of a desired food presented in a standard fashion. Imipramine (1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg)significantly improved performance, while chlorimipramine (0.5-5 mg/kg) had no clear effect. Data were not totally consistent with the notion that serotonin uptake blockers improve cataplexy in dogs, since chlorimipramine was not effective in these animals.", "PMID": 1035802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7147", "title": "A comparison of withdrawal in rats implanted with different types of morphine pellets.", "content": "Time course and duration and physical dependence was investigated in rats implanted subcutaneously with 3 different types of morphine (M) pellets. Each was formulated according to the method of Gibson and Tingstand [8], but differed in surface area and hardness. Animals were maintained for 19 days after implantation and physical dependence was assessed every other day. Severity of naloxone (Nx)-induced withdrawal was quantified by the use of a composite symptom score and weight loss. Withdrawal severity was greatest following implantation of a pellet (Type C) of large surface area and low hardness rating, and least following implantation of a pellet (Type A) of small surface area and high hardness rating. Abstinence severity which resulted from implantation of a pellet (Type B) of moderate surface area and low hardness rating was intermediate. When 2 pellets were implanted the difference between Type C and B was amplified. It was concluded that formulation per se was not sufficient for specifying M pellet characteristics.", "contents": "A comparison of withdrawal in rats implanted with different types of morphine pellets. Time course and duration and physical dependence was investigated in rats implanted subcutaneously with 3 different types of morphine (M) pellets. Each was formulated according to the method of Gibson and Tingstand [8], but differed in surface area and hardness. Animals were maintained for 19 days after implantation and physical dependence was assessed every other day. Severity of naloxone (Nx)-induced withdrawal was quantified by the use of a composite symptom score and weight loss. Withdrawal severity was greatest following implantation of a pellet (Type C) of large surface area and low hardness rating, and least following implantation of a pellet (Type A) of small surface area and high hardness rating. Abstinence severity which resulted from implantation of a pellet (Type B) of moderate surface area and low hardness rating was intermediate. When 2 pellets were implanted the difference between Type C and B was amplified. It was concluded that formulation per se was not sufficient for specifying M pellet characteristics.", "PMID": 1035803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7148", "title": "Blockade of apomorphine's discriminative stimulus properties: relation to neuroleptic activity in neuropharmacological and biochemical assays.", "content": "Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant conditioning procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.16 mg/kg apomorphine from saline. Eight neuroleptics of the phenothiazine, butyrophenone or diphenylbutylamine type were investigated for thsir ability to antagonize the discriminative stimulus properties of apomorphine. The same drugs were also assayed for in vivo antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior as well as for in vitro inhibition of stereospecific 3-H-haloperidol binding in rat striatal tissue preparations. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that apomorphine exerts its discriminative stimulus properties by a mechanism similar to that underlying its stereotypogenic action. The loci involved in these two phenomena are likely to be distinct.", "contents": "Blockade of apomorphine's discriminative stimulus properties: relation to neuroleptic activity in neuropharmacological and biochemical assays. Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant conditioning procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.16 mg/kg apomorphine from saline. Eight neuroleptics of the phenothiazine, butyrophenone or diphenylbutylamine type were investigated for thsir ability to antagonize the discriminative stimulus properties of apomorphine. The same drugs were also assayed for in vivo antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior as well as for in vitro inhibition of stereospecific 3-H-haloperidol binding in rat striatal tissue preparations. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that apomorphine exerts its discriminative stimulus properties by a mechanism similar to that underlying its stereotypogenic action. The loci involved in these two phenomena are likely to be distinct.", "PMID": 1035804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7149", "title": "Diminished reaction to a novel stimulus during amphetamine withdrawal in rats.", "content": "This experiment determined whether reaction to a novel stimulus was diminished in a dose-dependent fashion following 8 consecutive days of d-amphetamine administration. Thirty-two male rats were injected with saline, 0.5, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (each N = 8). On the ninth day, all animals received saline injections and were tested (a) in the presence of a novel stimulus, or (b) in the absence of a novel stimulus. Reaction to the novel stimulus varied inversely with the dose of d-amphetamine which had been received during the drug administration period. This reduction in reaction to the novel stimulus did not seem to depend on (a) the level of amphetamine-induced sterotypy at the end of the drug administration period (b) general reduction of activity, or (c) interference by drug-conditioned responses.", "contents": "Diminished reaction to a novel stimulus during amphetamine withdrawal in rats. This experiment determined whether reaction to a novel stimulus was diminished in a dose-dependent fashion following 8 consecutive days of d-amphetamine administration. Thirty-two male rats were injected with saline, 0.5, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (each N = 8). On the ninth day, all animals received saline injections and were tested (a) in the presence of a novel stimulus, or (b) in the absence of a novel stimulus. Reaction to the novel stimulus varied inversely with the dose of d-amphetamine which had been received during the drug administration period. This reduction in reaction to the novel stimulus did not seem to depend on (a) the level of amphetamine-induced sterotypy at the end of the drug administration period (b) general reduction of activity, or (c) interference by drug-conditioned responses.", "PMID": 1035805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7150", "title": "[Synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in the appendix of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella].", "content": "A comparative study was carried out of the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in blind appendages of the intestine of healthy and infected with E. tenella chickens. It was established that the inclusion of P32 into DNA and C14 - orotic acid into RNA increases in 2-10 days after the infection. An intensive inclusion of C14-lysine into protein of blind appendages was observed in 2-6 days after the infection of chickens. Under the effect of the parasite an activation of metabolism of DNA, RNA and protein takes place in blind appendages of the host's intestine.", "contents": "[Synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in the appendix of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella]. A comparative study was carried out of the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in blind appendages of the intestine of healthy and infected with E. tenella chickens. It was established that the inclusion of P32 into DNA and C14 - orotic acid into RNA increases in 2-10 days after the infection. An intensive inclusion of C14-lysine into protein of blind appendages was observed in 2-6 days after the infection of chickens. Under the effect of the parasite an activation of metabolism of DNA, RNA and protein takes place in blind appendages of the host's intestine.", "PMID": 1035795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7151", "title": "Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins).", "content": "Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins). Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum.", "PMID": 1035813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7152", "title": "Some aspects of the kinetics of emiocytosis in prolactin cells.", "content": "Some aspects of the kinetics of emiocytosis of secretory granules were investigated in pituitary prolactin cells of lactating female rats. Most of the emiocytotic events were directed towards those areas of the cells which were covered with a basal lamina. Diameters of the secretory granules within the emiocytotic pockets and of the openings of the pockets to the exterior were measured. An inverse relationship between the size of the granule and the diameter of the foramen was noted. A mechanism is proposed relative to the processes involved in the release of secretory granules from prolactin cells.", "contents": "Some aspects of the kinetics of emiocytosis in prolactin cells. Some aspects of the kinetics of emiocytosis of secretory granules were investigated in pituitary prolactin cells of lactating female rats. Most of the emiocytotic events were directed towards those areas of the cells which were covered with a basal lamina. Diameters of the secretory granules within the emiocytotic pockets and of the openings of the pockets to the exterior were measured. An inverse relationship between the size of the granule and the diameter of the foramen was noted. A mechanism is proposed relative to the processes involved in the release of secretory granules from prolactin cells.", "PMID": 1035830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7153", "title": "Platelet storage in the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly.", "content": "The kinetics of 51Cr-tagged platelets was studied in 10 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in 8 patients with congestive splenomegaly. The surgically removed spleens were examined for their platelet content and for their microscopic structure. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura the life-span of platelets was reduced, the number of platelets washed out from the spleen averaged 4.36 X 10(10)/100 g splenic tissue (intrasplenic platelet reserve). The index platelets per g splenic tissue/platelets per ml whole blood reflecting the tendency of platelets to concentrate in the spleen was 8.06. Microscopically, extensive phagocytosis of platelets by macrophages and a preserved lienal architecture were seen. In the group of congestive splenomegaly the life-span of platelets was not significantly shortened and the intrasplenic platelet reserve agreed with the figure found in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The spleen was characterized by fibroid degeneration and endothelial hypertrophy causing partial obstruction of the sinusoids. It is concluded that while the intrasplenic platelet reserve is nearly the same in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly, in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura hypersequestration while in congestive splenomegaly platelet storage predominates.", "contents": "Platelet storage in the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly. The kinetics of 51Cr-tagged platelets was studied in 10 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in 8 patients with congestive splenomegaly. The surgically removed spleens were examined for their platelet content and for their microscopic structure. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura the life-span of platelets was reduced, the number of platelets washed out from the spleen averaged 4.36 X 10(10)/100 g splenic tissue (intrasplenic platelet reserve). The index platelets per g splenic tissue/platelets per ml whole blood reflecting the tendency of platelets to concentrate in the spleen was 8.06. Microscopically, extensive phagocytosis of platelets by macrophages and a preserved lienal architecture were seen. In the group of congestive splenomegaly the life-span of platelets was not significantly shortened and the intrasplenic platelet reserve agreed with the figure found in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The spleen was characterized by fibroid degeneration and endothelial hypertrophy causing partial obstruction of the sinusoids. It is concluded that while the intrasplenic platelet reserve is nearly the same in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly, in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura hypersequestration while in congestive splenomegaly platelet storage predominates.", "PMID": 1035832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7154", "title": "[Headache].", "content": "Headache is an alarm sympton, whether there is an organic disease (lesional headache) or a perturbation of one of the various functions of the head (functional headache). Lesional headaches follow a sinusitis or an arthrosis, or accompany a \"temporal arteritis of Horton\". Funstional headaches include several varieties. 1. Trigemellar neuralgia. 2.Vascular algi originating from the basal arteries, the large cerebral venous sinuses or the branches of the external carotid. Among these are: a) headaches due to a dilatation of the internal wall, causing \"Horton headache\", migraine-like psychosomatic migraine and hormonal migraines (premenstrual, menstrual, menopausal or linked to the use of contraceptive pills); b) headaches caused by an angiospasm of the arteriole, which is the case in exposure to the cold, in traumatic headaches (malfunction of temporomandibular articulation, dry alveolitis), in psychosomatic angiospastic algias and in ethmoidal artery algias preciously described by the author in 1949 (Godin's disease).3. Headaches due to psychic hypertension. 4. Postconcussional psychogenic headaches. 5. Neurotic headaches. The author gives a detailed description of the subjective symptoms in each case, including localisation, from, intensity, duration course and associated phenomenons. This facilitates greatly the differential diagnosis and the choice of complementary examinations. Necessary biological investigations should be performed (e.g. hormonal balance). One should however avoid to increase the number of complementary examination which would only delay treatement and would expose patients to somatisation. Furthermore, in each case drug treatment, periarterial infiltration technics of the temporal, internal frontal, facial, mastoid and occipital arteries are described. The necessity of questioning the patient at lenght and to listen to him to enable him to verbalise conscious conflicts is emphasized. A serious medicopsychlogical examination and a relaxation treatment to reduce anxiety and muscular tension are advised in some cases.", "contents": "[Headache]. Headache is an alarm sympton, whether there is an organic disease (lesional headache) or a perturbation of one of the various functions of the head (functional headache). Lesional headaches follow a sinusitis or an arthrosis, or accompany a \"temporal arteritis of Horton\". Funstional headaches include several varieties. 1. Trigemellar neuralgia. 2.Vascular algi originating from the basal arteries, the large cerebral venous sinuses or the branches of the external carotid. Among these are: a) headaches due to a dilatation of the internal wall, causing \"Horton headache\", migraine-like psychosomatic migraine and hormonal migraines (premenstrual, menstrual, menopausal or linked to the use of contraceptive pills); b) headaches caused by an angiospasm of the arteriole, which is the case in exposure to the cold, in traumatic headaches (malfunction of temporomandibular articulation, dry alveolitis), in psychosomatic angiospastic algias and in ethmoidal artery algias preciously described by the author in 1949 (Godin's disease).3. Headaches due to psychic hypertension. 4. Postconcussional psychogenic headaches. 5. Neurotic headaches. The author gives a detailed description of the subjective symptoms in each case, including localisation, from, intensity, duration course and associated phenomenons. This facilitates greatly the differential diagnosis and the choice of complementary examinations. Necessary biological investigations should be performed (e.g. hormonal balance). One should however avoid to increase the number of complementary examination which would only delay treatement and would expose patients to somatisation. Furthermore, in each case drug treatment, periarterial infiltration technics of the temporal, internal frontal, facial, mastoid and occipital arteries are described. The necessity of questioning the patient at lenght and to listen to him to enable him to verbalise conscious conflicts is emphasized. A serious medicopsychlogical examination and a relaxation treatment to reduce anxiety and muscular tension are advised in some cases.", "PMID": 1035833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7155", "title": "The maltase activity of bovine serum as an aid to the study of the amylase i locus.", "content": "A method has been described for the detection of maltase activity in starch gels. This method has been used to resolve the difficulties encountered when analysing animals with weak AmIB activity for Ami genotype. It was found that, with the herd of the Hannah Research Institute, the heterozygote excess observed could be explained largely on the basis of these weak AmIB bands.", "contents": "The maltase activity of bovine serum as an aid to the study of the amylase i locus. A method has been described for the detection of maltase activity in starch gels. This method has been used to resolve the difficulties encountered when analysing animals with weak AmIB activity for Ami genotype. It was found that, with the herd of the Hannah Research Institute, the heterozygote excess observed could be explained largely on the basis of these weak AmIB bands.", "PMID": 1035839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7156", "title": "[Vitamin E activity of stored forages and incidence of myopathy in calves].", "content": "Two experiments to study nutritional muscular dystrophy (N.M.D.) in calves were conducted in northern Ontario, where the disease is prevalent. In the first experiment, ninety Shorthorn cows were used. They were divided into three groups and fed the following forages during the winter of 1972-1973. Group I - Silage. Group II. - Heated-air-dried hay. Group III. - Field-dried hay. Chemical analysis of the forage during storage showed that the silage had a higher tocopherol content than the other two forages. This higher content had a direct effect on plasma tocopherol concentrations in the cows, since tocopherol levels were found to be higher in the group fed silage than in the other two groups. The highest mortality rate-eight dead calves-was in the group fed heated-air-dried hay; one calf died in each of the other two groups. Hence, it is evident that the severity of N.M.D. symptoms in calves is directly linked with the quantity of selenium or vitamin E ingested. The substances act synergistically to protect against the disease. In a second experiment, a herd of forty-seven Shorthorn cows, some of which had calves with N.N.D. and some of which had healthy offspring, were studied to measure the activity of serum creatine phosphokinase. The dams were found to have the same C.P.K., whether or not their calves suffered from N.M.D.", "contents": "[Vitamin E activity of stored forages and incidence of myopathy in calves]. Two experiments to study nutritional muscular dystrophy (N.M.D.) in calves were conducted in northern Ontario, where the disease is prevalent. In the first experiment, ninety Shorthorn cows were used. They were divided into three groups and fed the following forages during the winter of 1972-1973. Group I - Silage. Group II. - Heated-air-dried hay. Group III. - Field-dried hay. Chemical analysis of the forage during storage showed that the silage had a higher tocopherol content than the other two forages. This higher content had a direct effect on plasma tocopherol concentrations in the cows, since tocopherol levels were found to be higher in the group fed silage than in the other two groups. The highest mortality rate-eight dead calves-was in the group fed heated-air-dried hay; one calf died in each of the other two groups. Hence, it is evident that the severity of N.M.D. symptoms in calves is directly linked with the quantity of selenium or vitamin E ingested. The substances act synergistically to protect against the disease. In a second experiment, a herd of forty-seven Shorthorn cows, some of which had calves with N.N.D. and some of which had healthy offspring, were studied to measure the activity of serum creatine phosphokinase. The dams were found to have the same C.P.K., whether or not their calves suffered from N.M.D.", "PMID": 1035840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7157", "title": "[Abortive infection of mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Chlamydia ovis].", "content": "A mouse adaptated strain of Chlamydia ovis, when inoculated in the peritoneal cavity, caused the death of both pregnant and non pregnant mice. In addition, mice inoculated late in pregnancy (12 to 16 days after breeding) aborted 4 to 6 days after inoculation. Chlamydia was recovered from foetuses and from the organs of the mice (Liver, Spleen, Lungs). The severity of the disease was related to the inoculum concentration, so it was possible to induce late abortions with a rapid recovery of the females, like in the natural infection of the ewes. In the same conditions, the original Chlamydia strain maintained by passage on yolk sac, induced only an inapparent disease transmissible to the young mice.", "contents": "[Abortive infection of mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Chlamydia ovis]. A mouse adaptated strain of Chlamydia ovis, when inoculated in the peritoneal cavity, caused the death of both pregnant and non pregnant mice. In addition, mice inoculated late in pregnancy (12 to 16 days after breeding) aborted 4 to 6 days after inoculation. Chlamydia was recovered from foetuses and from the organs of the mice (Liver, Spleen, Lungs). The severity of the disease was related to the inoculum concentration, so it was possible to induce late abortions with a rapid recovery of the females, like in the natural infection of the ewes. In the same conditions, the original Chlamydia strain maintained by passage on yolk sac, induced only an inapparent disease transmissible to the young mice.", "PMID": 1035841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7158", "title": "[Study of hydrolysis of aminoalcohol ethers, phenol and choline under the action of horse blood serum cholinesterase].", "content": "Hydrolysis of ethers of saturated and unsaturated alcohols and ethers, e.g. phenol and choline, under the action of horse blood serum cholinesterase, was studied. The reactivity towards enzymatic hydrolysis is decreased due to a greater length of the chain in the alcohol residue of the benzoic acid aminoethers; at nCH2 = 4 the compound is a poor substrate. An increase in nydrophobicity of the acyl residue of the ether molecule also leads to a decrease in the Vmax and Km values. In case of cholinesterase substrates, an increase in the molecule hydrophobicity results in an increase of its non-productive absorption on the active surface of the enzyme, which decreases its hydrolysis. Aminobutynol benzoates are hydrolyzed by cholinesterase more rapidly as compared to the ethers of corresponding aminobutanols and their homologs.", "contents": "[Study of hydrolysis of aminoalcohol ethers, phenol and choline under the action of horse blood serum cholinesterase]. Hydrolysis of ethers of saturated and unsaturated alcohols and ethers, e.g. phenol and choline, under the action of horse blood serum cholinesterase, was studied. The reactivity towards enzymatic hydrolysis is decreased due to a greater length of the chain in the alcohol residue of the benzoic acid aminoethers; at nCH2 = 4 the compound is a poor substrate. An increase in nydrophobicity of the acyl residue of the ether molecule also leads to a decrease in the Vmax and Km values. In case of cholinesterase substrates, an increase in the molecule hydrophobicity results in an increase of its non-productive absorption on the active surface of the enzyme, which decreases its hydrolysis. Aminobutynol benzoates are hydrolyzed by cholinesterase more rapidly as compared to the ethers of corresponding aminobutanols and their homologs.", "PMID": 1035847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7159", "title": "[Study on the medium normalized velocity of circumferential lengthening of the fiber using ultrasound. I. Evaluation of left-ventricular compliance].", "content": "The following parameters obtained by echocardiography have been measured in a group of normal subjects and in a group suffering from hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS): 1) speed of mitral valve protodiastolic closing (MVV); 2) circumferential lengthening speed of the fibre (MVCL) both standardized and otherwise. There is a good correlation between MVCL and MVV (P = 0.01 and 0.05). Since a low mitral valve closing rate is an indirect index for measuring ventricular compliance, the use of the MVCL can be considered valid for the same purposes. Using this it has in fact been possible to distinguish subjects with IHSS in which lower MVV is an index of reduced compliance, from normal subjects.", "contents": "[Study on the medium normalized velocity of circumferential lengthening of the fiber using ultrasound. I. Evaluation of left-ventricular compliance]. The following parameters obtained by echocardiography have been measured in a group of normal subjects and in a group suffering from hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS): 1) speed of mitral valve protodiastolic closing (MVV); 2) circumferential lengthening speed of the fibre (MVCL) both standardized and otherwise. There is a good correlation between MVCL and MVV (P = 0.01 and 0.05). Since a low mitral valve closing rate is an indirect index for measuring ventricular compliance, the use of the MVCL can be considered valid for the same purposes. Using this it has in fact been possible to distinguish subjects with IHSS in which lower MVV is an index of reduced compliance, from normal subjects.", "PMID": 1035842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7160", "title": "[Changes in subfraction composition of chicken lysine-rich histone during ontogenesis].", "content": "Lysine-rich histone isolated from different chicken tissues was separated electrophoretically into 4-5 subfractions. The subfrations reffered to as 1, 2, 3, and 4, occur in each the tissue studied, erythrocyte lysine-rich histone containing an additional subfraction 1a. F1 histone from mitotically active tissues (intestinal mucosa, thymus, testes) has a higher content of subfraction 2, while the same histones from mototically inactive tissues (liver, heart, brain) contain an elevated amount of subfraction 3. F1 histone isolated from liver, brain and heart of 21-day embryo has much more of subfraction 2, than the same histone of adult animal. During the chicken development from hatching till maturation the content of subfraction 2 in these organs decreases, and the content of subfraction 3 increases. The rate of this change in liver corresponds to the rate of DNA synthesis. In F1 histone of erythrocytes the content of subfraction 4 falls down during the post hatching ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Changes in subfraction composition of chicken lysine-rich histone during ontogenesis]. Lysine-rich histone isolated from different chicken tissues was separated electrophoretically into 4-5 subfractions. The subfrations reffered to as 1, 2, 3, and 4, occur in each the tissue studied, erythrocyte lysine-rich histone containing an additional subfraction 1a. F1 histone from mitotically active tissues (intestinal mucosa, thymus, testes) has a higher content of subfraction 2, while the same histones from mototically inactive tissues (liver, heart, brain) contain an elevated amount of subfraction 3. F1 histone isolated from liver, brain and heart of 21-day embryo has much more of subfraction 2, than the same histone of adult animal. During the chicken development from hatching till maturation the content of subfraction 2 in these organs decreases, and the content of subfraction 3 increases. The rate of this change in liver corresponds to the rate of DNA synthesis. In F1 histone of erythrocytes the content of subfraction 4 falls down during the post hatching ontogenesis.", "PMID": 1035848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7161", "title": "[Study on the medium normalized velocity of circumferential lengthening of the fiber using ultrasound. II. Use of the construction of left-ventricle performance curves].", "content": "Telediastolic pressure and volume can readily be employed as expressions of sarcomere length when constructing ventricular performance curves for the normal heart. In pathological hearts, however, these parameters are rendered inadequate as a result of altered compliance, which means that diastolic lengthening of the muscle fibre cell must be determined from telediastolic stress and linear compliance, corrected for wall thickness (muscle fibre stretch, strain index). Ventricular performance curves were constructed for normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, using the normalised mean rate of circumferential lengthening of the fibre as the expression of fiber strength. Comparison was made with the mean circumferential shortening rate and the ejection fraction as the expression of ventricular effort. It was found that both normal subjects and stenosis patients lay on the same curve, the latter acting low down through having short sarcomeres.", "contents": "[Study on the medium normalized velocity of circumferential lengthening of the fiber using ultrasound. II. Use of the construction of left-ventricle performance curves]. Telediastolic pressure and volume can readily be employed as expressions of sarcomere length when constructing ventricular performance curves for the normal heart. In pathological hearts, however, these parameters are rendered inadequate as a result of altered compliance, which means that diastolic lengthening of the muscle fibre cell must be determined from telediastolic stress and linear compliance, corrected for wall thickness (muscle fibre stretch, strain index). Ventricular performance curves were constructed for normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, using the normalised mean rate of circumferential lengthening of the fibre as the expression of fiber strength. Comparison was made with the mean circumferential shortening rate and the ejection fraction as the expression of ventricular effort. It was found that both normal subjects and stenosis patients lay on the same curve, the latter acting low down through having short sarcomeres.", "PMID": 1035843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7162", "title": "[DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity of isolated kinetoplasts of crithidia oncopelti].", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity was found in the kinetoplasts of Crithidia oncopelti. Kinetic patterns of 14C-UTP incorporation into the acid-insoluble fraction of isolated kinetoplasts at 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C were estimated. The effects of different antibiotics and intercalating agents on RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts were studied. alpha-amanitin, a specific inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme, does not affect the RNA-polymerase activity of the kinetoplasts. Streptolidigin and rifampicin, inhibitors of bacterial RNA-polymerase, have little effect on RNA synthesis in the kinetoplasts even at high concentrations. Kinetoplasts preincubation in the phosphate buffer increases the permeability of their membranes for rifampicin. Intercalating agents, acriflavin and ethidium bromide, strongly inhibit the kinetoplast RNA synthesis. Similar specific effects of some antibiotics and intercalating agents on RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts and typical mitochondria may be indicative of similarity of functional properties of RNA-polymerases in those organelles.", "contents": "[DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity of isolated kinetoplasts of crithidia oncopelti]. DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity was found in the kinetoplasts of Crithidia oncopelti. Kinetic patterns of 14C-UTP incorporation into the acid-insoluble fraction of isolated kinetoplasts at 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C were estimated. The effects of different antibiotics and intercalating agents on RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts were studied. alpha-amanitin, a specific inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme, does not affect the RNA-polymerase activity of the kinetoplasts. Streptolidigin and rifampicin, inhibitors of bacterial RNA-polymerase, have little effect on RNA synthesis in the kinetoplasts even at high concentrations. Kinetoplasts preincubation in the phosphate buffer increases the permeability of their membranes for rifampicin. Intercalating agents, acriflavin and ethidium bromide, strongly inhibit the kinetoplast RNA synthesis. Similar specific effects of some antibiotics and intercalating agents on RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts and typical mitochondria may be indicative of similarity of functional properties of RNA-polymerases in those organelles.", "PMID": 1035849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7163", "title": "[Structural changes in caudate nucleus neurons of the progeny of rats subjected to exposure to aminazine].", "content": "The caudate nucleus neurons structure in 21-day old rattlings, whose mothers received chlorpromazine over the whole period of their pregnancy, was studied. The intracellular build-up of the caudate nucleus neurons, the structure of their dendrites and spinae were in these rattlings more perfect than in control animals. The data obtained accord well with the results of physiological observations over the activation of behavioral reactions in the test rattlings as against the control ones.", "contents": "[Structural changes in caudate nucleus neurons of the progeny of rats subjected to exposure to aminazine]. The caudate nucleus neurons structure in 21-day old rattlings, whose mothers received chlorpromazine over the whole period of their pregnancy, was studied. The intracellular build-up of the caudate nucleus neurons, the structure of their dendrites and spinae were in these rattlings more perfect than in control animals. The data obtained accord well with the results of physiological observations over the activation of behavioral reactions in the test rattlings as against the control ones.", "PMID": 1035857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7164", "title": "[Effect of corazole on the functional activity of the caudate nucleus].", "content": "In chronic experiments with freely moving cats the action of diverse metrazol doses on the d,1-amphetamine-induced stereotype behaviour and the arrest reaction following low frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus was studied. After injections of metrazol (20--30 mg/kg, i.c.) myoclonic seizure jerks and decreased locomotion occurred. This state was accompanied by depression of the stereotype behaviour and lowered arrest reaction threshold. It is suggested that some behavioural and the EEG metrazol-induced changes may come as a result of the caudate nucleus activation.", "contents": "[Effect of corazole on the functional activity of the caudate nucleus]. In chronic experiments with freely moving cats the action of diverse metrazol doses on the d,1-amphetamine-induced stereotype behaviour and the arrest reaction following low frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus was studied. After injections of metrazol (20--30 mg/kg, i.c.) myoclonic seizure jerks and decreased locomotion occurred. This state was accompanied by depression of the stereotype behaviour and lowered arrest reaction threshold. It is suggested that some behavioural and the EEG metrazol-induced changes may come as a result of the caudate nucleus activation.", "PMID": 1035858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7165", "title": "[Effect of vincamine, vinervine and serotonin on the sexual cycle in rats].", "content": "With a prolonged enteral introduction indole alkaloids vincamine (5--20 mg/kg), vinervine (5 mg/kg) and serotonin (2 mg/kg) significantly lengthen the duration of the sex cycle through extending the estrus cycle (vincamine, vinervine and serotonin) and diestrus (serotonin). Without changing the weight of the uterus the studied alkaloids tend to significantly increase the weight of the ovaries and the number of follicles therein. In test with sexually mature castrated and also sexually immature (both alkaloids) and hypophysectomized (vincamine) animals these alkaloids fail to display any estrogenic action.", "contents": "[Effect of vincamine, vinervine and serotonin on the sexual cycle in rats]. With a prolonged enteral introduction indole alkaloids vincamine (5--20 mg/kg), vinervine (5 mg/kg) and serotonin (2 mg/kg) significantly lengthen the duration of the sex cycle through extending the estrus cycle (vincamine, vinervine and serotonin) and diestrus (serotonin). Without changing the weight of the uterus the studied alkaloids tend to significantly increase the weight of the ovaries and the number of follicles therein. In test with sexually mature castrated and also sexually immature (both alkaloids) and hypophysectomized (vincamine) animals these alkaloids fail to display any estrogenic action.", "PMID": 1035859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7166", "title": "Ultrastructure of the wall and of the septal pore apparatus in Panaeolus foenisecii (Fr.) K\u00fchn.", "content": "The fine structure of the walls and septal pore apparatus in Panaeolus foenisecii is reported. Our description is based on sections of intact hyphae and purified fractions, as well as on the analysis of wall surfaces after purification and shadowcasting, or else of collapsed hypha walls. The cell wall can be more or less homologized to that of the mycelia of Schizophyllum commune; the septal apparatus fits the Polyporus model type.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the wall and of the septal pore apparatus in Panaeolus foenisecii (Fr.) K\u00fchn. The fine structure of the walls and septal pore apparatus in Panaeolus foenisecii is reported. Our description is based on sections of intact hyphae and purified fractions, as well as on the analysis of wall surfaces after purification and shadowcasting, or else of collapsed hypha walls. The cell wall can be more or less homologized to that of the mycelia of Schizophyllum commune; the septal apparatus fits the Polyporus model type.", "PMID": 1035869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7167", "title": "Serum 5-nucleotidase in some rachitic and jaundiced Egyptian children.", "content": "5-Nucleotidase (5-Nase) was determined in the serum of 67 Egyptian Children: 15 cases as a control group, 10 cases with infantile rickets, 8 cases with the so-called physiological jaundice of the newborn, 4 cases with rhesus incompatibility, and 30 cases with infective hepatits. In rachitic cases and in cases with icterus neonatorum, 5-Nase was not increased, while in cases with infective hepatitis it showed a statistically significant elevation when compared with the control group.", "contents": "Serum 5-nucleotidase in some rachitic and jaundiced Egyptian children. 5-Nucleotidase (5-Nase) was determined in the serum of 67 Egyptian Children: 15 cases as a control group, 10 cases with infantile rickets, 8 cases with the so-called physiological jaundice of the newborn, 4 cases with rhesus incompatibility, and 30 cases with infective hepatits. In rachitic cases and in cases with icterus neonatorum, 5-Nase was not increased, while in cases with infective hepatitis it showed a statistically significant elevation when compared with the control group.", "PMID": 1035871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7168", "title": "Enhancement of tumour growth by pretreatment with tumoral cells adsorbed by poly i:c deae-dextran complex in syngeneic mice.", "content": "Pretreatment of balb/c mice with ADK-1t cells adsorbed with Poly I:C DEAE- dx complex was found to enhance tumour growth as measured after challenge with non adsorbed ADK-1t cells. This results contrasts strongly with the increased tumour resistance previously observed when Poly I:C alone was used for adsorption. Some reasons are suggested for this striking difference.", "contents": "Enhancement of tumour growth by pretreatment with tumoral cells adsorbed by poly i:c deae-dextran complex in syngeneic mice. Pretreatment of balb/c mice with ADK-1t cells adsorbed with Poly I:C DEAE- dx complex was found to enhance tumour growth as measured after challenge with non adsorbed ADK-1t cells. This results contrasts strongly with the increased tumour resistance previously observed when Poly I:C alone was used for adsorption. Some reasons are suggested for this striking difference.", "PMID": 1035870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7169", "title": "Conditions affecting primary cell cultures of functional adult rat hepatocytes. II. Dexamethasone enhanced longevity and maintenance of morphology.", "content": "Primary monolayer cell cultures of adult rat hepatocytes underwent change in morphology and substantial cell loss between 1 and 3 days postinoculation. Dexamethasone-supplementation (1 micronM) of the culture medium maintained the polygonal epithelial morphology of the hepatocytes and increased longevity such that over 80% of the cells survived for 3 days and at least 30% for 8 or 9 days. This enhancement of survival was obtained up to 48 hr postinoculation, but the earlier the time of dexamethason supplementation the greater the effect. Removal of dexamethasone resulted in a decrease in longevity. The positive effect of dexamethasone on longevity was observed following dexamethasone replacement of insulin in supplemented cultures, but the combination of insulin and dexamethasone resulted in poorer survival than with dexamethasone alone. The results are interpreted to indicate that dexamethasone provided a requirement of the in vitro environment for survival and suggest that elaboration of a complex medium is required to maintain hepatocytes in culture.", "contents": "Conditions affecting primary cell cultures of functional adult rat hepatocytes. II. Dexamethasone enhanced longevity and maintenance of morphology. Primary monolayer cell cultures of adult rat hepatocytes underwent change in morphology and substantial cell loss between 1 and 3 days postinoculation. Dexamethasone-supplementation (1 micronM) of the culture medium maintained the polygonal epithelial morphology of the hepatocytes and increased longevity such that over 80% of the cells survived for 3 days and at least 30% for 8 or 9 days. This enhancement of survival was obtained up to 48 hr postinoculation, but the earlier the time of dexamethason supplementation the greater the effect. Removal of dexamethasone resulted in a decrease in longevity. The positive effect of dexamethasone on longevity was observed following dexamethasone replacement of insulin in supplemented cultures, but the combination of insulin and dexamethasone resulted in poorer survival than with dexamethasone alone. The results are interpreted to indicate that dexamethasone provided a requirement of the in vitro environment for survival and suggest that elaboration of a complex medium is required to maintain hepatocytes in culture.", "PMID": 1035898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7170", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies of the thecal membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra: circadian changes in the particles of one membrane face.", "content": "Intramembrane faces were visualized in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra by the freeze-fracture technique, in order to test a prediction of a membrane model for circadian oscillations--i.e;, that membrane particle distribution and size change with time in the circadian cycle. Cells from each of four cell suspensions in continuous light (500 1x, 20-21 degrees C) were frozen, without fixation or cryoprotection, at four circadian times in a cycle. This paper reports findings concerning the membranes associated with the theca, particularly the cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of the large peripheral vesicle. While the number and size distribution of the particles of the PF face of the cytoplasmic membrane were constant with time, those of the EF face of the peripheral vesicle doubled in number at 18 h circadian time as compared with 06 h. Particles of the 120-A size class, in particular, were more numerous at 12 and 18 h circadian time than at 00 and 06 h. While the finding does not provide definitive confirmation of the membrane hypothesis for circadian rhythms, it is consistent with this model. It is suggested that the peripheral vesicle may be the site of bioluminescence in Gonyaulax.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies of the thecal membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra: circadian changes in the particles of one membrane face. Intramembrane faces were visualized in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra by the freeze-fracture technique, in order to test a prediction of a membrane model for circadian oscillations--i.e;, that membrane particle distribution and size change with time in the circadian cycle. Cells from each of four cell suspensions in continuous light (500 1x, 20-21 degrees C) were frozen, without fixation or cryoprotection, at four circadian times in a cycle. This paper reports findings concerning the membranes associated with the theca, particularly the cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of the large peripheral vesicle. While the number and size distribution of the particles of the PF face of the cytoplasmic membrane were constant with time, those of the EF face of the peripheral vesicle doubled in number at 18 h circadian time as compared with 06 h. Particles of the 120-A size class, in particular, were more numerous at 12 and 18 h circadian time than at 00 and 06 h. While the finding does not provide definitive confirmation of the membrane hypothesis for circadian rhythms, it is consistent with this model. It is suggested that the peripheral vesicle may be the site of bioluminescence in Gonyaulax.", "PMID": 1035909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7171", "title": "Effect of thiol-oxidation of glutathione with diamide on corneal endothelial function, junctional complexes, and microfilaments.", "content": "Intracellular-reduced glutathione (GSH) was removed by thiol-oxidation with diamide during in vitro perfusion of the corneal endothelium. By 15 min the normal mosaic-like pattern of the endothelial cells was disrupted by serpentine-like lines of cell separation at the cell juntions. After 45 min of perfusion, infividual clusters of cells formed cup-shaped islands. The resultant exposure of Descemet's membrane to the perfusion solution resulted in corneal swelling. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the endothelial cells separated at the apical junctions and that the microfilaments in the apical cytoplasm of cells formed dense bands, whereas the other subcellular organelles were normal in appearance. The change in cellular shape may be due to loss of cellular adhesion which results in the condensation of the microfilaments or contraction of the microfilaments. The addition of glucose to the perfusate prevented the diamide effect, and the diamide effect could be reversed upon removal and perfusion of a glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution. These results suggest that the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione in the endothelial cells plays a role in the maintenance of the endothelial cell barrier function.", "contents": "Effect of thiol-oxidation of glutathione with diamide on corneal endothelial function, junctional complexes, and microfilaments. Intracellular-reduced glutathione (GSH) was removed by thiol-oxidation with diamide during in vitro perfusion of the corneal endothelium. By 15 min the normal mosaic-like pattern of the endothelial cells was disrupted by serpentine-like lines of cell separation at the cell juntions. After 45 min of perfusion, infividual clusters of cells formed cup-shaped islands. The resultant exposure of Descemet's membrane to the perfusion solution resulted in corneal swelling. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the endothelial cells separated at the apical junctions and that the microfilaments in the apical cytoplasm of cells formed dense bands, whereas the other subcellular organelles were normal in appearance. The change in cellular shape may be due to loss of cellular adhesion which results in the condensation of the microfilaments or contraction of the microfilaments. The addition of glucose to the perfusate prevented the diamide effect, and the diamide effect could be reversed upon removal and perfusion of a glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution. These results suggest that the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione in the endothelial cells plays a role in the maintenance of the endothelial cell barrier function.", "PMID": 1035910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7172", "title": "Interactions of actin, myosin, and a new actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages. II. Role in cytoplasmic movement and phagocytosis.", "content": "Actin and myosin of rabbit pulmonary macrophages are influenced by two other proteins. A protein cofactor is required for the actin activation of macrophage myosin Mg2 ATPase activity, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein aggregates actin filaments (Stossel T.P., and J.H. Hartwig. 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250:5706-5711)9 When warmed in 0.34 M sucrose solution containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol, these four proteins interact cooperatively. Acin-binding protein in the presence of actin causes the actin to form a gel, which liquifies when cooled. The myosin contracts the gel into an aggregate, and the rate of aggregation is accelerated by the cofactor. Therefore, we believe that these four proteins also effec the temperature-dependent gelation and aggregation of crude sucrose extracts pulmonary macrophages containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol. The gelled extracts are composed of tangled filaments. Relative to homogenates of resting macrophages, the distribution of actin-binding protein in homogenates of phagocytizing macrophages is altered such that 2-6 times more actin-binding protein is soluble. Sucrose extracts of phagocytizing macrophages gel more rapidly than extracts of resting macrophages. Phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages involves the formation of peripheral pseudopods containing filaments. The findings suggest that the actin-binding protein initiates a cooperative interaction of contractile proteins to generate cytoplasmic gelation, and that phagocytosis influences the behavior of the actin-binding protein.", "contents": "Interactions of actin, myosin, and a new actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages. II. Role in cytoplasmic movement and phagocytosis. Actin and myosin of rabbit pulmonary macrophages are influenced by two other proteins. A protein cofactor is required for the actin activation of macrophage myosin Mg2 ATPase activity, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein aggregates actin filaments (Stossel T.P., and J.H. Hartwig. 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250:5706-5711)9 When warmed in 0.34 M sucrose solution containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol, these four proteins interact cooperatively. Acin-binding protein in the presence of actin causes the actin to form a gel, which liquifies when cooled. The myosin contracts the gel into an aggregate, and the rate of aggregation is accelerated by the cofactor. Therefore, we believe that these four proteins also effec the temperature-dependent gelation and aggregation of crude sucrose extracts pulmonary macrophages containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol. The gelled extracts are composed of tangled filaments. Relative to homogenates of resting macrophages, the distribution of actin-binding protein in homogenates of phagocytizing macrophages is altered such that 2-6 times more actin-binding protein is soluble. Sucrose extracts of phagocytizing macrophages gel more rapidly than extracts of resting macrophages. Phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages involves the formation of peripheral pseudopods containing filaments. The findings suggest that the actin-binding protein initiates a cooperative interaction of contractile proteins to generate cytoplasmic gelation, and that phagocytosis influences the behavior of the actin-binding protein.", "PMID": 1035911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7173", "title": "Ultrastructural features of chromatin nu bodies.", "content": "Spread chromatin fibers and isolated chromatin fragments prepared from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were stained with dilute aqueous uranyl acetate. High-resolution electron micrographs reveal two new morphological features exhibited by many of the chromatin nu bodies: (a) lateral association of the nu body with the connecting strand, and (b) a centrally stained spot approximately 15 A wide, possibly corresponding to a hole or crevice within the nu body.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of chromatin nu bodies. Spread chromatin fibers and isolated chromatin fragments prepared from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were stained with dilute aqueous uranyl acetate. High-resolution electron micrographs reveal two new morphological features exhibited by many of the chromatin nu bodies: (a) lateral association of the nu body with the connecting strand, and (b) a centrally stained spot approximately 15 A wide, possibly corresponding to a hole or crevice within the nu body.", "PMID": 1035912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7174", "title": "Mechanical damage to rabbit tracheal epithelium from inhaling inert pyrite dust of needle-like structure. Part II.", "content": "The ultrastructure of rabbit tracheal epithelium was studied 2, 8 and 26 hours after termination of 8-hour inhalation of ground pyrite dust. Pyrite particles persist in the cytoplasm of ciliated cells throughout the interval followed up. Only through degeneration and elimination of these cells from the epithelium is the inhaled dust gradually removed from the mucous membrane. Goblet cells discharge pyrite-containing  mucus into the  ciliary border region for a period of 26 hours after cessation of inhalation thus inducing further damage to the ciliary border and the apical regions of the cells even after termination of inhalation. The morphological appearance of the ciliary border, especially in the first phase after termination of inhalation, suggests a disturbance of the self-cleaning function of the eipithelium of respiratory passages. The inhalation of aerosol of needle-like structure causes mechanical damage to tracheal epithelium. Substantial retardation of the onset of epithelial regeneration and slow rate of elimination of the inhaled aerosol from the tracheal mucosa was noted.", "contents": "Mechanical damage to rabbit tracheal epithelium from inhaling inert pyrite dust of needle-like structure. Part II. The ultrastructure of rabbit tracheal epithelium was studied 2, 8 and 26 hours after termination of 8-hour inhalation of ground pyrite dust. Pyrite particles persist in the cytoplasm of ciliated cells throughout the interval followed up. Only through degeneration and elimination of these cells from the epithelium is the inhaled dust gradually removed from the mucous membrane. Goblet cells discharge pyrite-containing  mucus into the  ciliary border region for a period of 26 hours after cessation of inhalation thus inducing further damage to the ciliary border and the apical regions of the cells even after termination of inhalation. The morphological appearance of the ciliary border, especially in the first phase after termination of inhalation, suggests a disturbance of the self-cleaning function of the eipithelium of respiratory passages. The inhalation of aerosol of needle-like structure causes mechanical damage to tracheal epithelium. Substantial retardation of the onset of epithelial regeneration and slow rate of elimination of the inhaled aerosol from the tracheal mucosa was noted.", "PMID": 1035915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7175", "title": "[Evaluation of the incidence of congenital rubella in GDR].", "content": "Annual number of congenital rubellas in GDR was evaluated by means of a mathematic model. Dates of inmunity rate of rubella in L. and P. districts obtained by means of haemagglutination inhibition reaction were taken into account. From these dates of a number of possible primary cases of rubella infection in wifes in the first 3 months of pregnancy as well as literary dates on mean number of monsters determined after the infection, i.e. 10--15--25% cases, were evaluated. There were obtained in relation with different mean numbers of monsters 37--56--93 cases of congenital rubellas for live born children from mothers at the age of 14 to 45 years. It results in total that the incidence of disease for live born children from mothers up to 45 years, is 0,2--0,5%, i.e. 2--5 children with congenital rubella on 10 000 live born children. Compared with literary data, it results a good correlation between proper evaluations and numbers of congenital rubella incidence quoted by other authors. In view of these evaluations, a conclusion to introduce protective rubella vaccination, is fully justified.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the incidence of congenital rubella in GDR]. Annual number of congenital rubellas in GDR was evaluated by means of a mathematic model. Dates of inmunity rate of rubella in L. and P. districts obtained by means of haemagglutination inhibition reaction were taken into account. From these dates of a number of possible primary cases of rubella infection in wifes in the first 3 months of pregnancy as well as literary dates on mean number of monsters determined after the infection, i.e. 10--15--25% cases, were evaluated. There were obtained in relation with different mean numbers of monsters 37--56--93 cases of congenital rubellas for live born children from mothers at the age of 14 to 45 years. It results in total that the incidence of disease for live born children from mothers up to 45 years, is 0,2--0,5%, i.e. 2--5 children with congenital rubella on 10 000 live born children. Compared with literary data, it results a good correlation between proper evaluations and numbers of congenital rubella incidence quoted by other authors. In view of these evaluations, a conclusion to introduce protective rubella vaccination, is fully justified.", "PMID": 1035917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7176", "title": "International and national aspects of epidemiological plague surveillance in the USSR.", "content": "General principles and organizational forms of epidemiological surveillance of plague in the USSR both in seaports andin natural foci are discussed. On the basis of the analysis of the authors' experience over many years and taking into consideration literary data, the authors recommend a minimum, but in their opinion effective amount of a successful realization of these recommendations, it is expedient to establish a special team (or teams) consisting of 10-12 members.", "contents": "International and national aspects of epidemiological plague surveillance in the USSR. General principles and organizational forms of epidemiological surveillance of plague in the USSR both in seaports andin natural foci are discussed. On the basis of the analysis of the authors' experience over many years and taking into consideration literary data, the authors recommend a minimum, but in their opinion effective amount of a successful realization of these recommendations, it is expedient to establish a special team (or teams) consisting of 10-12 members.", "PMID": 1035918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7177", "title": "The epidemiology of epidemic parotitis in the USSR.", "content": "Morbidity from epidemic parotitis in the USSR in the period from 1958 to 1972 ranged within the limits of 266.6 and 521.7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. A 3--4 years cyclic recurrence of rises and falls in morbidity was observed. The bulk of cases of disease occur in the winter-spring period. In towns, parotitis is registered 3 times more frequently, in the mean, than in rural districts. More than 95% of patients in the USSR consisted of children under 15, while in Moscow, children aged 3--5 years were the most affected group. In Moscow in the period from February 1, 1972 to January 31, 1973, the morbidity in men was 493.2 per 100 000 and in women 339.5 per 100 000 (ratio 1:1.45).", "contents": "The epidemiology of epidemic parotitis in the USSR. Morbidity from epidemic parotitis in the USSR in the period from 1958 to 1972 ranged within the limits of 266.6 and 521.7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. A 3--4 years cyclic recurrence of rises and falls in morbidity was observed. The bulk of cases of disease occur in the winter-spring period. In towns, parotitis is registered 3 times more frequently, in the mean, than in rural districts. More than 95% of patients in the USSR consisted of children under 15, while in Moscow, children aged 3--5 years were the most affected group. In Moscow in the period from February 1, 1972 to January 31, 1973, the morbidity in men was 493.2 per 100 000 and in women 339.5 per 100 000 (ratio 1:1.45).", "PMID": 1035919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7178", "title": "The density of microflora in the oral and pharyngeal cavities.", "content": "A method for quantitative assessment of the microbial density on the mucous membranes in the oral and pharyngeal cavities is described. The results of the assessment are in agreement with the theoretical assumption based on the existence of a natural electrostatic filter. The highest density of microbes is on the tonsils where the positive pole of the filter is situated, so that a synergism between the defensive immunological role of the tonsils and the bioelectric potential pattern is obvious. The microbial densities in the oral cavity are more or less interdependent whereas the findings on the pharynx rear wall are isolated being probably perturbed by repeated swallowing.", "contents": "The density of microflora in the oral and pharyngeal cavities. A method for quantitative assessment of the microbial density on the mucous membranes in the oral and pharyngeal cavities is described. The results of the assessment are in agreement with the theoretical assumption based on the existence of a natural electrostatic filter. The highest density of microbes is on the tonsils where the positive pole of the filter is situated, so that a synergism between the defensive immunological role of the tonsils and the bioelectric potential pattern is obvious. The microbial densities in the oral cavity are more or less interdependent whereas the findings on the pharynx rear wall are isolated being probably perturbed by repeated swallowing.", "PMID": 1035920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7179", "title": "Identification of Leptospira andamana isolated from the spinal fluid of a fatal case of leptospirosis in S\u00e3o Paulo, 1963.", "content": "The IAL-S. P. strain was isolated from the spinal fluid of a patient male, aged 35, black, a sewer worker with fever, myalgia, jaundice, vomiting and meningitis symptoms with a 5-day incubation period after the lower half of the body had been submerged for 2 hours in sewers when unblocking a drain. Leptospires were isolated by direct inoculation of the spinal fluid taken on the 9th day of the illness into the Fletcher's media and into guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route. The patient gave a positive agglutination test for L. andamana with cross-reaction with L. sejroe. The strain was identified as L. andamana by the cross-agglutination-lysis test and the cross-absorption test. The IAL-S. P. strain is undoubtedly not saprophytic but parasitic and pathogenic for man and animals, however its biological properties resist to the oligodynamic action of Cu and Hg and the 8-azoguanine action as in the case of the Patoc 1 strain. I could be recommended to reconsider whether the strain belongs to L. interrogans, L. biflexa or to another group because the grounds for L. andamana being saprophytic were denied by this report.", "contents": "Identification of Leptospira andamana isolated from the spinal fluid of a fatal case of leptospirosis in S\u00e3o Paulo, 1963. The IAL-S. P. strain was isolated from the spinal fluid of a patient male, aged 35, black, a sewer worker with fever, myalgia, jaundice, vomiting and meningitis symptoms with a 5-day incubation period after the lower half of the body had been submerged for 2 hours in sewers when unblocking a drain. Leptospires were isolated by direct inoculation of the spinal fluid taken on the 9th day of the illness into the Fletcher's media and into guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route. The patient gave a positive agglutination test for L. andamana with cross-reaction with L. sejroe. The strain was identified as L. andamana by the cross-agglutination-lysis test and the cross-absorption test. The IAL-S. P. strain is undoubtedly not saprophytic but parasitic and pathogenic for man and animals, however its biological properties resist to the oligodynamic action of Cu and Hg and the 8-azoguanine action as in the case of the Patoc 1 strain. I could be recommended to reconsider whether the strain belongs to L. interrogans, L. biflexa or to another group because the grounds for L. andamana being saprophytic were denied by this report.", "PMID": 1035921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7180", "title": "Composition of immunoglobulins in brucellosis patients using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.", "content": "The composition of immunoglobulins in patients with brucellosis was studied. The method of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns was used to define more precisely the physico-chemical character of cysteine-resistant antibodies. The study of IgM, IgA and IgG fractions obtained from the patients sera showed the IgG fraction to possess the greatest serological activity in the agglutination reaction, in the passive haemagglutination reaction and in Coomb's test. Specific antibodies in the remaining 2 fractions  (IgA and IgM) were found only in single patients in low titres, mainly in Coomb's test (incomplete antibodies). The study of IgM, IgA and IgG serum fractions before and after cysteine treatment revealed cysteine-resistant antibodies to be usually IgG globulins. The presence of specific IgG antibodies in the sera of patients was found to correlate with active clinical manifestations of brucellosis.", "contents": "Composition of immunoglobulins in brucellosis patients using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The composition of immunoglobulins in patients with brucellosis was studied. The method of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns was used to define more precisely the physico-chemical character of cysteine-resistant antibodies. The study of IgM, IgA and IgG fractions obtained from the patients sera showed the IgG fraction to possess the greatest serological activity in the agglutination reaction, in the passive haemagglutination reaction and in Coomb's test. Specific antibodies in the remaining 2 fractions  (IgA and IgM) were found only in single patients in low titres, mainly in Coomb's test (incomplete antibodies). The study of IgM, IgA and IgG serum fractions before and after cysteine treatment revealed cysteine-resistant antibodies to be usually IgG globulins. The presence of specific IgG antibodies in the sera of patients was found to correlate with active clinical manifestations of brucellosis.", "PMID": 1035922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7181", "title": "Investigation of some problems of virology and creation of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections in the institute of poliomyelitis and virus encephalitis, academy of medical sciences of the USSR.", "content": "Several great problems are clearly distinguished in the development of the Soviet medical virology. The team of the Institute of Polliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis of the AMS of the USSR actively participates in the study of these problems. They include the investigation of theoretical questions of general virology, creation and improvement of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections, virological examination of diseases endemic for single districts of the USSR as well as the search for, discovery and exploration of new viruses, causative agents of disease. The achievements of the team of the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis in the field of liquidation of poliomyelits, creation of new effective preparations against tick-borne encephalitis, rabies and other neurovirus infections are a clear consequence of the prophylactic trend of the Soviet health care, thoughtful planning of scientific work and broad, complex conception of scientific investigations, close connection with other scientific institutions, involvement of specialists of contiguous disciplines in scientific problems, international cooperation inthe elaboration of the mentioned problems within the framework of the CMEA, the use of the most modern and most perfect methods of scientific work and the accomplishment of all socio-economic and medical measures.", "contents": "Investigation of some problems of virology and creation of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections in the institute of poliomyelitis and virus encephalitis, academy of medical sciences of the USSR. Several great problems are clearly distinguished in the development of the Soviet medical virology. The team of the Institute of Polliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis of the AMS of the USSR actively participates in the study of these problems. They include the investigation of theoretical questions of general virology, creation and improvement of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections, virological examination of diseases endemic for single districts of the USSR as well as the search for, discovery and exploration of new viruses, causative agents of disease. The achievements of the team of the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis in the field of liquidation of poliomyelits, creation of new effective preparations against tick-borne encephalitis, rabies and other neurovirus infections are a clear consequence of the prophylactic trend of the Soviet health care, thoughtful planning of scientific work and broad, complex conception of scientific investigations, close connection with other scientific institutions, involvement of specialists of contiguous disciplines in scientific problems, international cooperation inthe elaboration of the mentioned problems within the framework of the CMEA, the use of the most modern and most perfect methods of scientific work and the accomplishment of all socio-economic and medical measures.", "PMID": 1035923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7182", "title": "Administration of antibiotics in combination. Determination of antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine after simultaneous administration of macrolides and tetracyclines.", "content": "The authors deal with antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine in simultaneous administration of macrolids and tetracyclines under in vivo conditions, using Staphylococcus aureus strains. The obtained results suggest that pharmacodynamic effect, i.e., higher effective concentration, is induced in some combinations of these preparations. It was found mainly after the administration of the combinations of erythromycin 250 mg + doxycycline 200 mg in all the chosen reference strains S. a. The results have also shown that the combination of erythromycin with tetracycline has a higher effect when an erythromycin-resistant strain is used than when using a strain resistant to tetracycline.", "contents": "Administration of antibiotics in combination. Determination of antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine after simultaneous administration of macrolides and tetracyclines. The authors deal with antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine in simultaneous administration of macrolids and tetracyclines under in vivo conditions, using Staphylococcus aureus strains. The obtained results suggest that pharmacodynamic effect, i.e., higher effective concentration, is induced in some combinations of these preparations. It was found mainly after the administration of the combinations of erythromycin 250 mg + doxycycline 200 mg in all the chosen reference strains S. a. The results have also shown that the combination of erythromycin with tetracycline has a higher effect when an erythromycin-resistant strain is used than when using a strain resistant to tetracycline.", "PMID": 1035924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7183", "title": "Motility evaluation of bull spermatozoa by photon correlation spectroscopy.", "content": "Quasi-elastic light scattering techniques are employed to evaluate motility of bovine spermatozoa. The electric field correlation function CE(k, tau) has two components CE(k, tau) = alphafm+(1-alpha)fd, where fm is the correlation function due to motile cells, fd is due to dead cells and alpha is the fraction of motile cells. A function which is a linear combination of the experimentally measured fd and an empirically determined function fm is fit to the CE(k, tau) data. In this way, alpha and the approximate analytic form of fm are determined. The distribution of swimming speeds P(v) is derived from fm using an inverse Fourier sine transform procedure. Results for the time dependence of motility of bull sperm in Hank's balanced salt solution are presented.", "contents": "Motility evaluation of bull spermatozoa by photon correlation spectroscopy. Quasi-elastic light scattering techniques are employed to evaluate motility of bovine spermatozoa. The electric field correlation function CE(k, tau) has two components CE(k, tau) = alphafm+(1-alpha)fd, where fm is the correlation function due to motile cells, fd is due to dead cells and alpha is the fraction of motile cells. A function which is a linear combination of the experimentally measured fd and an empirically determined function fm is fit to the CE(k, tau) data. In this way, alpha and the approximate analytic form of fm are determined. The distribution of swimming speeds P(v) is derived from fm using an inverse Fourier sine transform procedure. Results for the time dependence of motility of bull sperm in Hank's balanced salt solution are presented.", "PMID": 1035928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7184", "title": "Force-length relations of glycerinated rabbit psoas.", "content": "Force-length curves of glycerinated rabbit psoas were determined in media of physiological interest. In one set of experiments the free [Ca++] was constant at 10(-5) M and the [MgATP] varied. At low [MgATP] the elastic properties are those of a highly ordered, inextensible fiber; at high [MgATP] they are representative of a much more elastic body. At intermediate concentrations sigmoidal shaped curves were observed as were also found when [MgATP] was constant and the free [Ca++] varied. These curves closely resemble coexistence curves that have been reported for fibrous proteins.", "contents": "Force-length relations of glycerinated rabbit psoas. Force-length curves of glycerinated rabbit psoas were determined in media of physiological interest. In one set of experiments the free [Ca++] was constant at 10(-5) M and the [MgATP] varied. At low [MgATP] the elastic properties are those of a highly ordered, inextensible fiber; at high [MgATP] they are representative of a much more elastic body. At intermediate concentrations sigmoidal shaped curves were observed as were also found when [MgATP] was constant and the free [Ca++] varied. These curves closely resemble coexistence curves that have been reported for fibrous proteins.", "PMID": 1035929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7185", "title": "Heavy metals and spermatozoan motility. III conformational changes induced by divalent cations and by ATP in flagellar proteins.", "content": "Conformational changes of flagellar proteins of sea urchin spermatozoa caused by divalent cations and nucleotides were investigated by examining the circular dichroism spectra of axonemes and outer doublet microtubules. The alpha-Helix content of the flagellar components was diminished in the presence of zinc, cadmium and mercury, while no other heavy metals contributed to such a change. The original content of alpha-helix was restored by the subsequent addition of ATP or GTP, the former being more effective. An oscillation was found to occur in the alpha-helix content measured at 222 micron in the presence of zinc and ATP. On the other hand, ATP caused a marked reduction in alpha-helical structures of axonemes in the presence of magnesium or calcium, especially in a medium containing KCl. The effect was rather specific for ATP. The obtained results were discussed in relation to the basic mechanisms of spermatozoan motility.", "contents": "Heavy metals and spermatozoan motility. III conformational changes induced by divalent cations and by ATP in flagellar proteins. Conformational changes of flagellar proteins of sea urchin spermatozoa caused by divalent cations and nucleotides were investigated by examining the circular dichroism spectra of axonemes and outer doublet microtubules. The alpha-Helix content of the flagellar components was diminished in the presence of zinc, cadmium and mercury, while no other heavy metals contributed to such a change. The original content of alpha-helix was restored by the subsequent addition of ATP or GTP, the former being more effective. An oscillation was found to occur in the alpha-helix content measured at 222 micron in the presence of zinc and ATP. On the other hand, ATP caused a marked reduction in alpha-helical structures of axonemes in the presence of magnesium or calcium, especially in a medium containing KCl. The effect was rather specific for ATP. The obtained results were discussed in relation to the basic mechanisms of spermatozoan motility.", "PMID": 1035930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7186", "title": "[Pattern stimulation and salivary secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temporal stimulus pattern of chorda or sympathetic stimulation on salivary secretion of the rabbit or the dog. Stimulation of short or long period was adopted. The latency and the velocity of secretion were recorded. The amount of secretion increased with the increase of the number of stimuli within moderate range. The optimum interval of chorda stimulation was about 50 msec, but it was somewhat longer for shorter period of stimulation. Various patterns of stimulation were adopted (1) by varying the interval, the number of stimuli and the period of stimulation, (2) by changing stepwise the interval halfway through stimulation and (3) by intermittent stimulation. Experiments on the effect of sympathetic stimulation were also reported. Fitness of Michaelis-Menten's equation for the relationship between the number of stimuli and the amount of secretion was tested. Moreover, the other equation that described this relation satisfactorily was derived from the hypothesis of superposition of unitary processes. It is suggested that the response of a excitable tissue to repetitive stimuli, if it be pattern sensitive, can not be predicted only from the intensity, the frequency and the number of stimuli without considering their temporal configuration.", "contents": "[Pattern stimulation and salivary secretion (author's transl)]. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temporal stimulus pattern of chorda or sympathetic stimulation on salivary secretion of the rabbit or the dog. Stimulation of short or long period was adopted. The latency and the velocity of secretion were recorded. The amount of secretion increased with the increase of the number of stimuli within moderate range. The optimum interval of chorda stimulation was about 50 msec, but it was somewhat longer for shorter period of stimulation. Various patterns of stimulation were adopted (1) by varying the interval, the number of stimuli and the period of stimulation, (2) by changing stepwise the interval halfway through stimulation and (3) by intermittent stimulation. Experiments on the effect of sympathetic stimulation were also reported. Fitness of Michaelis-Menten's equation for the relationship between the number of stimuli and the amount of secretion was tested. Moreover, the other equation that described this relation satisfactorily was derived from the hypothesis of superposition of unitary processes. It is suggested that the response of a excitable tissue to repetitive stimuli, if it be pattern sensitive, can not be predicted only from the intensity, the frequency and the number of stimuli without considering their temporal configuration.", "PMID": 1035950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7187", "title": "Male pseudoheterosexuality and minimal sexual dysfunction.", "content": "Male heterosexual activity is not always heterosexual. Frequently it only appears to be, but, in fact, it is an attempt at denial of underlying homosexual feelings. There is often a correlation between such \"pseudoheterosexuality\" and minor sexual dysfunctions. Insight alone is not sufficient to provide relief, but when the patient can be helped to a comfortable acceptance of his homosexual feelings as a normal and healthy facet of his personality, very often the dysfunction is relieved, and there is a marked change in the ability of the individual to achieve gratification in genuine heterosexuality.", "contents": "Male pseudoheterosexuality and minimal sexual dysfunction. Male heterosexual activity is not always heterosexual. Frequently it only appears to be, but, in fact, it is an attempt at denial of underlying homosexual feelings. There is often a correlation between such \"pseudoheterosexuality\" and minor sexual dysfunctions. Insight alone is not sufficient to provide relief, but when the patient can be helped to a comfortable acceptance of his homosexual feelings as a normal and healthy facet of his personality, very often the dysfunction is relieved, and there is a marked change in the ability of the individual to achieve gratification in genuine heterosexuality.", "PMID": 1035953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7188", "title": "Changing attendance patterns to sex therapy programs as a function of location and personnel.", "content": "This paper explores innovative treatment modalities that may encourage the participation of lower socioeconomic minority clients in sex therapy programs. It suggests the consideration of informal therapeutic settings, flexible hours, and an immediate contact with the therapist. It lends support to the concept that equal time be given to education and communication skills in counseling. It also stresses the necessity of directive yet permissive techniques to bridge the communication gap by identifying areas of commonality, especially when confronted with the lower socioeconomic minority client. The paper compares this approach with a sex therapy approach more oriented to the middle class.", "contents": "Changing attendance patterns to sex therapy programs as a function of location and personnel. This paper explores innovative treatment modalities that may encourage the participation of lower socioeconomic minority clients in sex therapy programs. It suggests the consideration of informal therapeutic settings, flexible hours, and an immediate contact with the therapist. It lends support to the concept that equal time be given to education and communication skills in counseling. It also stresses the necessity of directive yet permissive techniques to bridge the communication gap by identifying areas of commonality, especially when confronted with the lower socioeconomic minority client. The paper compares this approach with a sex therapy approach more oriented to the middle class.", "PMID": 1035954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7189", "title": "Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion induced by stimulation of thalamic nuclei.", "content": "The effect of electrochemical stimulation (anodic current, 100 micronA/30 sec) of thalamic nuclei was studied in nonanesthetized freely-behaving rats bearing chronic implanted electrodes and plastic cannulae inserted into the jugular vein for blood sampling. Stimulation of the anterior thalamic nuclei, the nucleus (n.) mediodorsalis thalami (MD) and the n. posteromedianus thalami at 2 p.m. on the day of proestrus prevented spontaneous ovulation and the release of LH which takes place on that day. No effect on ovulation or LH release was observed after stimulation of the n. lateralis thalami, the n. ventralis thalami or other thalamic nuclei or after passing a cathodic current through the n. MD. Stimulation of the n. MD resulted also in a significant decrease of the elevated serum LH levels found after an injection of progesterone into ovariectomyzed estrogen-primed rats. These results indicate that nuclei of the medial thalamic region are capable of inhibiting LH secretion. No stimulatory influence of LH release was observed after thalamic stimulation in ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats.", "contents": "Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion induced by stimulation of thalamic nuclei. The effect of electrochemical stimulation (anodic current, 100 micronA/30 sec) of thalamic nuclei was studied in nonanesthetized freely-behaving rats bearing chronic implanted electrodes and plastic cannulae inserted into the jugular vein for blood sampling. Stimulation of the anterior thalamic nuclei, the nucleus (n.) mediodorsalis thalami (MD) and the n. posteromedianus thalami at 2 p.m. on the day of proestrus prevented spontaneous ovulation and the release of LH which takes place on that day. No effect on ovulation or LH release was observed after stimulation of the n. lateralis thalami, the n. ventralis thalami or other thalamic nuclei or after passing a cathodic current through the n. MD. Stimulation of the n. MD resulted also in a significant decrease of the elevated serum LH levels found after an injection of progesterone into ovariectomyzed estrogen-primed rats. These results indicate that nuclei of the medial thalamic region are capable of inhibiting LH secretion. No stimulatory influence of LH release was observed after thalamic stimulation in ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats.", "PMID": 1035968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7190", "title": "Plasma norepinephrine during the rat estrous cycle and after progesterone treatment to the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat.", "content": "In four-day cycling rats studied during the estrous cycle, the levels of circulating norepinephrine (NE) showed a sharp rise concomitant with the LH surge in the afternoon of proestrus. Following the peak, plasma NE fell rapidly to the minimum value by the morning of estrus. The administration of progesterone to ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats resulted in a surge in plasma NE levels 4 h after progesterone treatment. The maximal levels attained were 3-fold greater than baseline values, falling rapidly to reach basal values 8 h after the administration of progesterone. The amine levels remained unaffected 12-20 h later. The LH values attained a maximum 8 h after the injection of progesterone. In rats treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by 0.1 ml of oil instead of progesterone, neither the NE nor the LH peak were observed. These findings are discussed with respect to the significance of increased amounts of plasma NE related to the LH surge.", "contents": "Plasma norepinephrine during the rat estrous cycle and after progesterone treatment to the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat. In four-day cycling rats studied during the estrous cycle, the levels of circulating norepinephrine (NE) showed a sharp rise concomitant with the LH surge in the afternoon of proestrus. Following the peak, plasma NE fell rapidly to the minimum value by the morning of estrus. The administration of progesterone to ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats resulted in a surge in plasma NE levels 4 h after progesterone treatment. The maximal levels attained were 3-fold greater than baseline values, falling rapidly to reach basal values 8 h after the administration of progesterone. The amine levels remained unaffected 12-20 h later. The LH values attained a maximum 8 h after the injection of progesterone. In rats treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by 0.1 ml of oil instead of progesterone, neither the NE nor the LH peak were observed. These findings are discussed with respect to the significance of increased amounts of plasma NE related to the LH surge.", "PMID": 1035969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7191", "title": "Surface differences of normal and transformed cells as detected by a new, fluorescent labeling technique.", "content": "A method was developed to label the outer surface of chick embryo fibroblasts with fluorescamine. Cells were labeled in less than a minute without disruption of the monolayer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved two distinct areas of fluorescence: a group of high molecular weight polypeptides and several rapidly migrating species. The latter were demonstrated to be phospholipids by thin layer chromatography. Fluorescamine did not label internal components of the cell, as evidenced by two intracellular proteins which were found to be nonfluorescent. Intact normal cells were labeled threefold more than transformed cells, indicating a possible loss of reactive sites at the surface.", "contents": "Surface differences of normal and transformed cells as detected by a new, fluorescent labeling technique. A method was developed to label the outer surface of chick embryo fibroblasts with fluorescamine. Cells were labeled in less than a minute without disruption of the monolayer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved two distinct areas of fluorescence: a group of high molecular weight polypeptides and several rapidly migrating species. The latter were demonstrated to be phospholipids by thin layer chromatography. Fluorescamine did not label internal components of the cell, as evidenced by two intracellular proteins which were found to be nonfluorescent. Intact normal cells were labeled threefold more than transformed cells, indicating a possible loss of reactive sites at the surface.", "PMID": 1035972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7192", "title": "[Device for measuring the miction output].", "content": "An apparatus enabling it to register the micturition rate both under natural conditions and during catheterization of the urinary bladder is recommended for gauging the miction output. The method of measuring the miction (urinary) output is very simple. Formulas listed in the paper permit one to calculate the relative urethral resistance from the amounts of miction and cetherterized urinary outputs.", "contents": "[Device for measuring the miction output]. An apparatus enabling it to register the micturition rate both under natural conditions and during catheterization of the urinary bladder is recommended for gauging the miction output. The method of measuring the miction (urinary) output is very simple. Formulas listed in the paper permit one to calculate the relative urethral resistance from the amounts of miction and cetherterized urinary outputs.", "PMID": 1035966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7193", "title": "Attack-induced changes in response to decapitation of plasma catecholamines of victim mice.", "content": "Male mice of 3 different strains (NIH, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ) were exposed individuality (victims) to attack by trained fighter Swiss Webster mice for 10 minutes daily for various numbers of days. Immediately after the last attack the victim mice were decapitated along with unattacked control mice of the appropriate strain, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured. The concentration of NE was significantly lower in decapitated C57BR/cdJ mice than in the other 2 strains. The concentrations of E and NE in the plasma of decapitated C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ mice were significantly greater after 4 days of attacks, whereas in NIH mice plasma levels of only NE were greater and this occurred only after 14 days of attacks. After 7 days of exposure to attack, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ victim mice were permitted to rest for various periods of time. In C57BR/cdJ animals plasma E returned to almost normal levels after 2 days, and NE after 4 days, while in A/HeJ mice plasma E and NE returned to control levels already after 1 day of rest.", "contents": "Attack-induced changes in response to decapitation of plasma catecholamines of victim mice. Male mice of 3 different strains (NIH, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ) were exposed individuality (victims) to attack by trained fighter Swiss Webster mice for 10 minutes daily for various numbers of days. Immediately after the last attack the victim mice were decapitated along with unattacked control mice of the appropriate strain, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured. The concentration of NE was significantly lower in decapitated C57BR/cdJ mice than in the other 2 strains. The concentrations of E and NE in the plasma of decapitated C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ mice were significantly greater after 4 days of attacks, whereas in NIH mice plasma levels of only NE were greater and this occurred only after 14 days of attacks. After 7 days of exposure to attack, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ victim mice were permitted to rest for various periods of time. In C57BR/cdJ animals plasma E returned to almost normal levels after 2 days, and NE after 4 days, while in A/HeJ mice plasma E and NE returned to control levels already after 1 day of rest.", "PMID": 1035973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7194", "title": "Variations in immunoglobulin concentrations in Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin concentrations in two-day-old Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs, which were born and nursed indoors, were high and unrelated to littersize, except when young ewes had large litters, or when ewes lambed twice in a year. The results contrast sharply with those from Merino and Blackface lambs, examined previously, whose mean concentrations were much lower, and generally fell substantially with increasing litter-size. The superiority of the Finnish x Dorset Horn sheep in this respect is attributed to the ability of the lambs to suck particularly vigorously, shortly after birth, especially when large litters are compared, and to a higher rate of colostrum production by the ewes. The correlations between the immunoglobulin concentrations in the lambs and their growth and survival were significant but slight.", "contents": "Variations in immunoglobulin concentrations in Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs. The serum immunoglobulin concentrations in two-day-old Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs, which were born and nursed indoors, were high and unrelated to littersize, except when young ewes had large litters, or when ewes lambed twice in a year. The results contrast sharply with those from Merino and Blackface lambs, examined previously, whose mean concentrations were much lower, and generally fell substantially with increasing litter-size. The superiority of the Finnish x Dorset Horn sheep in this respect is attributed to the ability of the lambs to suck particularly vigorously, shortly after birth, especially when large litters are compared, and to a higher rate of colostrum production by the ewes. The correlations between the immunoglobulin concentrations in the lambs and their growth and survival were significant but slight.", "PMID": 1035975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7195", "title": "Breed differences in the position of the urethral meatus of gilts.", "content": "In a strain of Pietrain the distance between the vulva and the urethral meatus is greater than that of other breeds of pig. This difference is such that it is difficult to catheterise the bladders of Pietrain gilts since the available specula are either too short in length or too wide in diameter.", "contents": "Breed differences in the position of the urethral meatus of gilts. In a strain of Pietrain the distance between the vulva and the urethral meatus is greater than that of other breeds of pig. This difference is such that it is difficult to catheterise the bladders of Pietrain gilts since the available specula are either too short in length or too wide in diameter.", "PMID": 1035976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7196", "title": "Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in the Philippines: a review.", "content": "The known endemic areas in the Philippines are the provinces of Mindoro Oriental and Sorsogon in Southern Luzon; the provinces of North, East and Western Samar; Leyte; and Bohol in Eastern Visayas, and all the provinces of Mindanao with the exception of Misamis Oriental, Davao Oriental and Maguindanao. The total snail area in 22 affected provinces is estimated aorth latitude. There are 655,124 estimated cases out of 3,961,000 exposed population or a prevalence of 16.5% based on the results of stool surveys conducted by Regional Schistosomiasis Advisory Teams and projected to the total population in the endemic areas.", "contents": "Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in the Philippines: a review. The known endemic areas in the Philippines are the provinces of Mindoro Oriental and Sorsogon in Southern Luzon; the provinces of North, East and Western Samar; Leyte; and Bohol in Eastern Visayas, and all the provinces of Mindanao with the exception of Misamis Oriental, Davao Oriental and Maguindanao. The total snail area in 22 affected provinces is estimated aorth latitude. There are 655,124 estimated cases out of 3,961,000 exposed population or a prevalence of 16.5% based on the results of stool surveys conducted by Regional Schistosomiasis Advisory Teams and projected to the total population in the endemic areas.", "PMID": 1035982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7197", "title": "The biology of Schistosoma japonicum, Philippine strain: a review.", "content": "Some important and adequately studied aspects of the biology of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines were reviewed and presented. The identity of the species of human blood fluke in the Philippines was established by Tubangui who also was the first to complete the life cycle of the parasite in his laboratory. Successful cross-infections of different strains of S. Japonicum from different mammalian hosts including man suggest that there is only one common strain for all of the definitive hosts in the Philippines. Studies on egg-laying habits, factors affecting hatching of eggs, eruption of cercariae from snails, cercarial survival and undocumented obervations are considered in this review.", "contents": "The biology of Schistosoma japonicum, Philippine strain: a review. Some important and adequately studied aspects of the biology of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines were reviewed and presented. The identity of the species of human blood fluke in the Philippines was established by Tubangui who also was the first to complete the life cycle of the parasite in his laboratory. Successful cross-infections of different strains of S. Japonicum from different mammalian hosts including man suggest that there is only one common strain for all of the definitive hosts in the Philippines. Studies on egg-laying habits, factors affecting hatching of eggs, eruption of cercariae from snails, cercarial survival and undocumented obervations are considered in this review.", "PMID": 1035983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7198", "title": "Advances in pathophysiology of schistosomiasis japonica: a review.", "content": "Schistosomiasis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction to eggs deposited or trapped in the tissues. Granuloma formation, depending on extent, if in the liver will lead to portal hypertension while if in the lungs, will lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.", "contents": "Advances in pathophysiology of schistosomiasis japonica: a review. Schistosomiasis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction to eggs deposited or trapped in the tissues. Granuloma formation, depending on extent, if in the liver will lead to portal hypertension while if in the lungs, will lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 1035985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7199", "title": "Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of Bathmostomum sangeri Cobbold, 1879, of elephants.", "content": "Bathmostomum sangeri is an intestinal parasite of the elephant. Males measured 12.15-14.25 mm in length; females measured 14.98-17.68 mm in length. Buccal capsule is well-developed and funnel-shaped. There is a raised and transverse fissure ridge around the oral margin. The internal wall of the buccal capsule is raised into a series of circular ridges or lamellae. Teeth or cutting plates could not be seen. Spicules are stout, wing-like structures. The telamon is pear-shaped, but a gibernaculum is not present. There are two pairs of papillae on the either side of the cloacal opening. The female tail is gradually tepering.", "contents": "Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of Bathmostomum sangeri Cobbold, 1879, of elephants. Bathmostomum sangeri is an intestinal parasite of the elephant. Males measured 12.15-14.25 mm in length; females measured 14.98-17.68 mm in length. Buccal capsule is well-developed and funnel-shaped. There is a raised and transverse fissure ridge around the oral margin. The internal wall of the buccal capsule is raised into a series of circular ridges or lamellae. Teeth or cutting plates could not be seen. Spicules are stout, wing-like structures. The telamon is pear-shaped, but a gibernaculum is not present. There are two pairs of papillae on the either side of the cloacal opening. The female tail is gradually tepering.", "PMID": 1035986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7200", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the centrometric regions of mouse chromosomes in metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei].", "content": "The chromatin ultrastructure was studied in the centromeric region of mitotic chromosomes and in interphase nuclei of mouse cells after differential staining on C-band. A new method is suggested to study centromeric region of chromosomes treated by the Giemsa banding technique. Fibers of chromosomes appeared to be packed denser in the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes than in arms. The disposition of chromatin fibers in the centromeric chromocentres of interphase nuclei is the same as in the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the centrometric regions of mouse chromosomes in metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei]. The chromatin ultrastructure was studied in the centromeric region of mitotic chromosomes and in interphase nuclei of mouse cells after differential staining on C-band. A new method is suggested to study centromeric region of chromosomes treated by the Giemsa banding technique. Fibers of chromosomes appeared to be packed denser in the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes than in arms. The disposition of chromatin fibers in the centromeric chromocentres of interphase nuclei is the same as in the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes.", "PMID": 1035990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7201", "title": "[Effect of acetycholine on the Ca2+ transport system in sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog skeletal muscle].", "content": "In fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum of the frog abdominal straight muscle the functional properties of Ca2+ transport and effect of acetycholine on those properties were studied. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation was decreased due to stimulation by acetylcholine the Ca2+ out-flow from the reticular vesicles. The ratio Ca2+/ATP decreased and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was increased. The Ki vlaue for the inhibition by acetylcholine of Ca2+ absorption was 60micronM. Effect of acetylcholine on the Ca2+ transport depended on the temperature of medium.", "contents": "[Effect of acetycholine on the Ca2+ transport system in sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog skeletal muscle]. In fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum of the frog abdominal straight muscle the functional properties of Ca2+ transport and effect of acetycholine on those properties were studied. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation was decreased due to stimulation by acetylcholine the Ca2+ out-flow from the reticular vesicles. The ratio Ca2+/ATP decreased and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was increased. The Ki vlaue for the inhibition by acetylcholine of Ca2+ absorption was 60micronM. Effect of acetylcholine on the Ca2+ transport depended on the temperature of medium.", "PMID": 1035991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7202", "title": "[Activity of various enzymes of the initial stages of glycerolipid biosynthesis and glycerophosphate content in alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "A distinct increase in activity of glycerokinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and in content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate were observed in brain and liver tissues of rats treated with ethanol for 40 days. The similar alterations were observed after treatment with ehtanol for 80 days but in these conditions the content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate in liver tissue was decreased.", "contents": "[Activity of various enzymes of the initial stages of glycerolipid biosynthesis and glycerophosphate content in alcoholic intoxication]. A distinct increase in activity of glycerokinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and in content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate were observed in brain and liver tissues of rats treated with ethanol for 40 days. The similar alterations were observed after treatment with ehtanol for 80 days but in these conditions the content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate in liver tissue was decreased.", "PMID": 1035993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7203", "title": "[Phospholipids and free ethanolamine in the brain and liver of albino rats in alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "An experimental alcohol intoxication was accompanied by an increase in content of total phospholipids and phosphatide acid in rat brain with simultaneous decrease in content of free ethanolamine. The phenomenon demonstrate the activation of phosphatidogenesis. In the liver tissue an opposite alterations were observed; the lipolytic reactions were activated.", "contents": "[Phospholipids and free ethanolamine in the brain and liver of albino rats in alcoholic intoxication]. An experimental alcohol intoxication was accompanied by an increase in content of total phospholipids and phosphatide acid in rat brain with simultaneous decrease in content of free ethanolamine. The phenomenon demonstrate the activation of phosphatidogenesis. In the liver tissue an opposite alterations were observed; the lipolytic reactions were activated.", "PMID": 1035992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7204", "title": "3H-GABA uptake and acetylcholinesterase activity in dissociated cell cultures of the medial hypothalamus.", "content": "Medial hypothalamic tissue of 1 to 4 days old rats was dissociated and cultured in vitro for 8--10 days. Neuronal perikarya were demonstrated by supravital methylene blue staining and electron microscopy. Synapses with typical vesicles and subsynaptic thickening were also observed. 3H-GABA was taken up into a small percentage of the cells in the cultures. Neuron-like perikarya and long processes accumulated the label while many neurons contained much less activity. Some astroglial and oligodendroglial cells and processes also accumulated GABA. A few neurons in these cultures contained acetylcholinesterase. It is concluded that neurons concentrating GABA and containing acetylcholinesterase are present in the hypothalamus of rats of 1 to 4 days of age and can be maintained in dissociated cell culture.", "contents": "3H-GABA uptake and acetylcholinesterase activity in dissociated cell cultures of the medial hypothalamus. Medial hypothalamic tissue of 1 to 4 days old rats was dissociated and cultured in vitro for 8--10 days. Neuronal perikarya were demonstrated by supravital methylene blue staining and electron microscopy. Synapses with typical vesicles and subsynaptic thickening were also observed. 3H-GABA was taken up into a small percentage of the cells in the cultures. Neuron-like perikarya and long processes accumulated the label while many neurons contained much less activity. Some astroglial and oligodendroglial cells and processes also accumulated GABA. A few neurons in these cultures contained acetylcholinesterase. It is concluded that neurons concentrating GABA and containing acetylcholinesterase are present in the hypothalamus of rats of 1 to 4 days of age and can be maintained in dissociated cell culture.", "PMID": 1036000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7205", "title": "[Adenylate deaminase of the liver mitochondria in normal state and in alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "AMP-deaminases were isolated and partially purified from subfractions of soluble mitochondrial proteins of rat liver under normal conditions and in ethanol intoxication. Repeated freezing and thawing of the mitochondrial fractions from liver of rats, which were treated with ethanol (1 ml of 32% solution daily for 7 days, intraperitoneally), liberated into the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins significantly less AMP-deaminases, as compared with the control animals. The enzyme preparations obtained from intoxicated and intact animals were quite similarly inactivated by controlled heating, deaminated at similar rates AMP, ADP, FAD and some other nitrogenous compounds (but did not deaminate adenosine and some structural analogues of AMP). However, an inhibitory effect of the structural analogues of AMP and of nucleosides was significantly higher towards the AMP-deaminase from healthy rats as compared with the corresponding enzyme preparations obtained from the ethanol-treated animals. The increase in velocity of enzymatic AMP deamination in the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins apparently does not represent a suitable target for possible therapeutic approaches to control the phenomenon, observed in the experimental ethanol intoxication, of stimulation of the deaminating activity in total mitochondrial fraction of rat liver.", "contents": "[Adenylate deaminase of the liver mitochondria in normal state and in alcoholic intoxication]. AMP-deaminases were isolated and partially purified from subfractions of soluble mitochondrial proteins of rat liver under normal conditions and in ethanol intoxication. Repeated freezing and thawing of the mitochondrial fractions from liver of rats, which were treated with ethanol (1 ml of 32% solution daily for 7 days, intraperitoneally), liberated into the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins significantly less AMP-deaminases, as compared with the control animals. The enzyme preparations obtained from intoxicated and intact animals were quite similarly inactivated by controlled heating, deaminated at similar rates AMP, ADP, FAD and some other nitrogenous compounds (but did not deaminate adenosine and some structural analogues of AMP). However, an inhibitory effect of the structural analogues of AMP and of nucleosides was significantly higher towards the AMP-deaminase from healthy rats as compared with the corresponding enzyme preparations obtained from the ethanol-treated animals. The increase in velocity of enzymatic AMP deamination in the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins apparently does not represent a suitable target for possible therapeutic approaches to control the phenomenon, observed in the experimental ethanol intoxication, of stimulation of the deaminating activity in total mitochondrial fraction of rat liver.", "PMID": 1035994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7206", "title": "Effect of thyroid hormone on initiation of persistent oestrus in the rat.", "content": "When rats are exposed to continuous illumination persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile rats) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries under exposure to constant light, and irregular ovulation continues to occur. Replacement with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus. However, in adult persistent-oestrous rats (90 days after exposure to continous illumination) thyroidectomy does not interrupt persistent vaginal cornification. In rats receiving 100 microng of testosterone propionate subcutaneously at 5 days of age, persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and the development of polyfollicular ovaries, however, ovulation is not observed. Replacement treatment with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries. However, in adult persistent oestrus rats, thyroidectomy at 130 days does not interrup persistent vaginal cornification. From these facts, it may be inferred that circulation of a physiological level of thyroid hormone in juvenile rats is necessary for the development of oestrogen binding receptors in the hypothalamus. Therefore, a hypothyroid state during the juvenile stage interferes with the development and maturation of hypothalamic controlled pituitary ovarian function.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid hormone on initiation of persistent oestrus in the rat. When rats are exposed to continuous illumination persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile rats) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries under exposure to constant light, and irregular ovulation continues to occur. Replacement with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus. However, in adult persistent-oestrous rats (90 days after exposure to continous illumination) thyroidectomy does not interrupt persistent vaginal cornification. In rats receiving 100 microng of testosterone propionate subcutaneously at 5 days of age, persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and the development of polyfollicular ovaries, however, ovulation is not observed. Replacement treatment with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries. However, in adult persistent oestrus rats, thyroidectomy at 130 days does not interrup persistent vaginal cornification. From these facts, it may be inferred that circulation of a physiological level of thyroid hormone in juvenile rats is necessary for the development of oestrogen binding receptors in the hypothalamus. Therefore, a hypothyroid state during the juvenile stage interferes with the development and maturation of hypothalamic controlled pituitary ovarian function.", "PMID": 1036001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7207", "title": "Observations on the effects of danazol on the female reproductive tract of mice.", "content": "Antifertility and oestrogenic effects of Danazol have been studied in female mice. Danazol brings about suppression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion. Enlargement of uterine horns and well defined vaginal keratinization was seen in Danazol treated ovariectomized animals. The results were similar to that of oestradiol dipropionate confirming the estrogenic activity of Danazol.", "contents": "Observations on the effects of danazol on the female reproductive tract of mice. Antifertility and oestrogenic effects of Danazol have been studied in female mice. Danazol brings about suppression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion. Enlargement of uterine horns and well defined vaginal keratinization was seen in Danazol treated ovariectomized animals. The results were similar to that of oestradiol dipropionate confirming the estrogenic activity of Danazol.", "PMID": 1036002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7208", "title": "[Characteristics of RNA isolated from the nuclear RNA-synthesizing complex of influenza virus].", "content": "When Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells infected with classical fowl plague virus and treated with actinomycin D were pulse labeled for 10 min with 3H-uridine, it was mainly incorporated into nucleoplasm structures sedimenting in sucrose gradients at 120S. At 2-hr exposure of the infected cells to 3H-uridine radioactivity was found in nucleoplasm in the area of 65S and in the cytoplasm in 30-40S zone. The analysis of RNA isolated from these structures gave the following results. The RNA isolated from 120S structures sedimented in two zones of sucrose gradient: 11S and 16-23S. The 11S RNA was resistant to RNA-ase, while 16-23S RNA was sensitive to RNA-ase. A similar (16-23S) RNA was isolated from virus-specific structures 65S and 30-40S.", "contents": "[Characteristics of RNA isolated from the nuclear RNA-synthesizing complex of influenza virus]. When Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells infected with classical fowl plague virus and treated with actinomycin D were pulse labeled for 10 min with 3H-uridine, it was mainly incorporated into nucleoplasm structures sedimenting in sucrose gradients at 120S. At 2-hr exposure of the infected cells to 3H-uridine radioactivity was found in nucleoplasm in the area of 65S and in the cytoplasm in 30-40S zone. The analysis of RNA isolated from these structures gave the following results. The RNA isolated from 120S structures sedimented in two zones of sucrose gradient: 11S and 16-23S. The 11S RNA was resistant to RNA-ase, while 16-23S RNA was sensitive to RNA-ase. A similar (16-23S) RNA was isolated from virus-specific structures 65S and 30-40S.", "PMID": 1035995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7209", "title": "[Comparative antiviral and interferonogenic activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes of poly(I).poly(C) and poly(G).poly(C) in different cell systems].", "content": "The antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes poly(I)-poly(C) and poly(G)-poly(C) was studied in chick embryo, mouse embryo and rabbit kidney cell cultures. In chick embryo cell cultures both polyribonucleotides had similar antiviral activities. The interferon-inducing activity was more marked in poly(G)-poly(C) than in poly(I)-poly(C). In the other two cell cultures poly(I)-poly(C) was considerably superior in both activities. The revealed differences in the comparative activity of the polyribonucleotides in relation to the kind of tissue culture were not associated with differences between them in toxicity, sensitivity to pancreatic RN-ase or with possible differences in the duration of the contact with cells necessary for the achievement of the antiviral effect.", "contents": "[Comparative antiviral and interferonogenic activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes of poly(I).poly(C) and poly(G).poly(C) in different cell systems]. The antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes poly(I)-poly(C) and poly(G)-poly(C) was studied in chick embryo, mouse embryo and rabbit kidney cell cultures. In chick embryo cell cultures both polyribonucleotides had similar antiviral activities. The interferon-inducing activity was more marked in poly(G)-poly(C) than in poly(I)-poly(C). In the other two cell cultures poly(I)-poly(C) was considerably superior in both activities. The revealed differences in the comparative activity of the polyribonucleotides in relation to the kind of tissue culture were not associated with differences between them in toxicity, sensitivity to pancreatic RN-ase or with possible differences in the duration of the contact with cells necessary for the achievement of the antiviral effect.", "PMID": 1035996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7210", "title": "Effects of cadmium chloride on the testis and sex accessory glands of the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughthon).", "content": "A single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride caused reversible destruction in the testis of palm, squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Marked regression in testicular weight and seminiferous tubule diameter associated with complete necrosis of germinal epithelium was observed after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days of cadmium administration. A significant increase in the concentration of testicular cholesterol was observed after 5 days treatment. Decrease in the citric acid concentration of prostate gland was associated with the degenerative changes of the spermatogenic elements. Reduced fructose concentration in the seminal vesicle and prostate of cadmium treated animals indicate an inhibition of androgen production. Decreased androgen production was also reflected by the atrophic seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymides. These effects were reversible and about 70% seminiferous tubules showed normal spermatogenesis. The cholesterol, fructose and citric acid concentration of testis and sex accessory glands returned to subnormal levels after 45 days of cadmium chloride treatment. It is suggested that the degenerative effects of cadmium chloride are dose, time and species dependent.", "contents": "Effects of cadmium chloride on the testis and sex accessory glands of the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughthon). A single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride caused reversible destruction in the testis of palm, squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Marked regression in testicular weight and seminiferous tubule diameter associated with complete necrosis of germinal epithelium was observed after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days of cadmium administration. A significant increase in the concentration of testicular cholesterol was observed after 5 days treatment. Decrease in the citric acid concentration of prostate gland was associated with the degenerative changes of the spermatogenic elements. Reduced fructose concentration in the seminal vesicle and prostate of cadmium treated animals indicate an inhibition of androgen production. Decreased androgen production was also reflected by the atrophic seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymides. These effects were reversible and about 70% seminiferous tubules showed normal spermatogenesis. The cholesterol, fructose and citric acid concentration of testis and sex accessory glands returned to subnormal levels after 45 days of cadmium chloride treatment. It is suggested that the degenerative effects of cadmium chloride are dose, time and species dependent.", "PMID": 1036003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7211", "title": "[Abortive influenza virus infection in Ehrlich ascitic cancer cells. Further studies of the properties of ascitic virus].", "content": "Non-infectious virus particles produced by influenza virus (classical fowl plague)-infected Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells have the same morphology, size and sedimentation rate as the standard virions. Their main difference from the allantoic virus is their extreme fragility. They remain intact upon a short-term centrifugation in sucrose solutions but desintegrate upon prolonged centrifugation. In isopicnic fractionation they are detected in two forms, with a density of 1.23 g/ml retaining the hemagglutinating but not the neuraminidase activity and with a density of 1.27 g/ml deprived of both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity. In the electron microscopic examination the 1.23 g/ml structure appears as virus particles with defective areas in the surface spikes layer whereas the 1.27 g/ml structure has no spike layer at all. The protein analysis by polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis revealed a sharply reduced amount of the membrane protein in the ascitic virus. A hypothesis is suggested according to which the reduced amount of the membrane protein is the cause of the unusual fragility of ascitic virus particle membranes as a result of which they readily lose glycoproteins which, in its turn, leads to their reduced infectious activity.", "contents": "[Abortive influenza virus infection in Ehrlich ascitic cancer cells. Further studies of the properties of ascitic virus]. Non-infectious virus particles produced by influenza virus (classical fowl plague)-infected Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells have the same morphology, size and sedimentation rate as the standard virions. Their main difference from the allantoic virus is their extreme fragility. They remain intact upon a short-term centrifugation in sucrose solutions but desintegrate upon prolonged centrifugation. In isopicnic fractionation they are detected in two forms, with a density of 1.23 g/ml retaining the hemagglutinating but not the neuraminidase activity and with a density of 1.27 g/ml deprived of both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity. In the electron microscopic examination the 1.23 g/ml structure appears as virus particles with defective areas in the surface spikes layer whereas the 1.27 g/ml structure has no spike layer at all. The protein analysis by polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis revealed a sharply reduced amount of the membrane protein in the ascitic virus. A hypothesis is suggested according to which the reduced amount of the membrane protein is the cause of the unusual fragility of ascitic virus particle membranes as a result of which they readily lose glycoproteins which, in its turn, leads to their reduced infectious activity.", "PMID": 1035997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7212", "title": "The poly(A)-containing ribonucleoproteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.", "content": "The sedimentation characteristics and protein composition of the polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles separated from the polysomes of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by means of ribonuclease treatment were studied. The results were compared with the corresponding characteristics of the poly(A)-containing particles of the cell nucleus. The sedimentation coefficient of the poly(A)-containing RNP from poly-ribosomes was found to be 11 S, while that of the nuclear particles was 14 S. In Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient values of p=1.25 and 1.34 gcm-3 were obtained for the nuclear particles and the poly(A)-RNP separated from polyribosomes, respectively. The molecular weights of the proteins making up the polysomal poly(A)-particles were found to be over 40 000 daltons, i.e. 54 000, 48 000, 68 000 and 89 000 daltons for the four polypeptides present in considerable amounts. As far as electrophoretic mobility is concerned these proteins were indistinguishable from the proteins of the nuclear poly(A)-containing RNP. However, the ratio of the components in the two types of particle proved to be quite different.", "contents": "The poly(A)-containing ribonucleoproteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The sedimentation characteristics and protein composition of the polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles separated from the polysomes of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by means of ribonuclease treatment were studied. The results were compared with the corresponding characteristics of the poly(A)-containing particles of the cell nucleus. The sedimentation coefficient of the poly(A)-containing RNP from poly-ribosomes was found to be 11 S, while that of the nuclear particles was 14 S. In Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient values of p=1.25 and 1.34 gcm-3 were obtained for the nuclear particles and the poly(A)-RNP separated from polyribosomes, respectively. The molecular weights of the proteins making up the polysomal poly(A)-particles were found to be over 40 000 daltons, i.e. 54 000, 48 000, 68 000 and 89 000 daltons for the four polypeptides present in considerable amounts. As far as electrophoretic mobility is concerned these proteins were indistinguishable from the proteins of the nuclear poly(A)-containing RNP. However, the ratio of the components in the two types of particle proved to be quite different.", "PMID": 1036004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7213", "title": "Microinjection of tRNA into amphibian oocytes.", "content": "The microinjection technique affords us the possibility to introduce purified components into living cells and to answer the question of what effects the change introduced has on cellular metabolism. This technique can therefore be used to test the hypothesis that transfer RNA plays a regulatory role in cellular protein synthesis. Prior to these experiments it is important, however, to test whether transfer RNA microinjected into amphibian oocytes is stable and functional inside this cells. These two questions are answered affirmatively in this report. The stability of tRNA was tested by following the content of TCA precipitable counts inside the oocytes at different times after microinjection of radioactive yeast and E. coli tRNA and by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis of the material recovered from the cell. The results clearly indicate that tRNAs are resistant to the action of occyte ribonucleases that degrade other RNAs such as 5S RNA. The functionality of the injected tRNA was tested by assaying the intracellular aminoacylation of microinjected yeast tRNA. The aminoacylation of bulk yeast (3H) tRNA introduced into Xenopus laevis oocytes was tested by the capacity of the material recovered 5 hours after injection into the cell to form a ternary complex with wheat protein synthesis elongation factor 1 and GTP. The complex only forms with aminoacyl-tRNA and not with unacylated tRNA. This method showed that at least 80% of the tRNA introduced into the cell was aminoacylated in vivo. A direct assay for internal aminoacylation made use of microinjection of pure tRNAPhe and subsequent determination by phenol extraction of (14C)Phe-tRNA content of oocytes that had been incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing (14C)phenylalanine. The results obtained showed that the oocytes could internally aminoacylate 200-500 times more tRNAPhe that the cell normally contains. Appropiate controls demonstrated that the aminoacylation was aminoacid and tRNA specific and that periodate oxidized tRNAPhe could not be in vivo aminoacylated but tRNAPhe deprived of its Y base could accept the aminoacid. A brief study demonstrated that bulk yeast tRNA and tRNAPhe without its Y base did not inhibit endogenous protein synthesis but a similar amount of tRNAPhe caused 50% inhibition and periodate-oxidized tRNAPhe a 95% inhibition.", "contents": "Microinjection of tRNA into amphibian oocytes. The microinjection technique affords us the possibility to introduce purified components into living cells and to answer the question of what effects the change introduced has on cellular metabolism. This technique can therefore be used to test the hypothesis that transfer RNA plays a regulatory role in cellular protein synthesis. Prior to these experiments it is important, however, to test whether transfer RNA microinjected into amphibian oocytes is stable and functional inside this cells. These two questions are answered affirmatively in this report. The stability of tRNA was tested by following the content of TCA precipitable counts inside the oocytes at different times after microinjection of radioactive yeast and E. coli tRNA and by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis of the material recovered from the cell. The results clearly indicate that tRNAs are resistant to the action of occyte ribonucleases that degrade other RNAs such as 5S RNA. The functionality of the injected tRNA was tested by assaying the intracellular aminoacylation of microinjected yeast tRNA. The aminoacylation of bulk yeast (3H) tRNA introduced into Xenopus laevis oocytes was tested by the capacity of the material recovered 5 hours after injection into the cell to form a ternary complex with wheat protein synthesis elongation factor 1 and GTP. The complex only forms with aminoacyl-tRNA and not with unacylated tRNA. This method showed that at least 80% of the tRNA introduced into the cell was aminoacylated in vivo. A direct assay for internal aminoacylation made use of microinjection of pure tRNAPhe and subsequent determination by phenol extraction of (14C)Phe-tRNA content of oocytes that had been incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing (14C)phenylalanine. The results obtained showed that the oocytes could internally aminoacylate 200-500 times more tRNAPhe that the cell normally contains. Appropiate controls demonstrated that the aminoacylation was aminoacid and tRNA specific and that periodate oxidized tRNAPhe could not be in vivo aminoacylated but tRNAPhe deprived of its Y base could accept the aminoacid. A brief study demonstrated that bulk yeast tRNA and tRNAPhe without its Y base did not inhibit endogenous protein synthesis but a similar amount of tRNAPhe caused 50% inhibition and periodate-oxidized tRNAPhe a 95% inhibition.", "PMID": 1036012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7214", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid and parathyroid glands of the progeny in the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism].", "content": "The posterity of female albino rats given di-thyroxin (15 mkg/100 g) during gestation and lactation differ from off-springs of intact rats by less body weight and increased gas-exchange. Their thyroid galnds show evident signs of functional suppression, e. g. decreased relative weight, diminished height of thyrocytes, cytochemical shifts in the content and topography of RNP and the ascorbic acid. During the first 30 days of the postnatal life the parathyroid glands have greater weight than controls, are characterized by a number of morphological and cytochemical signs suggesting their increased functioning.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid and parathyroid glands of the progeny in the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism]. The posterity of female albino rats given di-thyroxin (15 mkg/100 g) during gestation and lactation differ from off-springs of intact rats by less body weight and increased gas-exchange. Their thyroid galnds show evident signs of functional suppression, e. g. decreased relative weight, diminished height of thyrocytes, cytochemical shifts in the content and topography of RNP and the ascorbic acid. During the first 30 days of the postnatal life the parathyroid glands have greater weight than controls, are characterized by a number of morphological and cytochemical signs suggesting their increased functioning.", "PMID": 1036015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7215", "title": "[Fulminant hepatic failure in neonatal period (author's transl)].", "content": "A newbron baby that following an exchange transfusion due to A incompatibility, presented an hepatic and renal failure, is reported. Hepatic necrosis and associated renal patholgy suspected ruging evolution treated with exchange transfusions and peritoneal dialysis for three days, with improvement but, died at eight days of age. Necropsy findings confirm clinical suspect of hepatic necrosis. Pathology more frequently associated and management of fulminant hepatic failure is commented.", "contents": "[Fulminant hepatic failure in neonatal period (author's transl)]. A newbron baby that following an exchange transfusion due to A incompatibility, presented an hepatic and renal failure, is reported. Hepatic necrosis and associated renal patholgy suspected ruging evolution treated with exchange transfusions and peritoneal dialysis for three days, with improvement but, died at eight days of age. Necropsy findings confirm clinical suspect of hepatic necrosis. Pathology more frequently associated and management of fulminant hepatic failure is commented.", "PMID": 1036010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7216", "title": "[Determination of antithyroglobulin antibodies: comparison of three immunologic methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Antithyroglobulin antibodies were investigated in various thyroidopathy using 3 immunological technics. The radio-immunological methods are a little more sensitive and more reproducible that passive hemagglutination. In the radio-immunological methods the polyethylene glycol precipitation is less expensive but less sensitive and less reproductible than the double precipitation procedure. This one imply to perform a dilution curve of positive serum because of the modifications of the slope during the dilution. This technic allows a detection with high frequency of antithyroglobulin antibodies particularly in Hashimoto thyroiditis and chronic thyroiditis. One can observe the higher incidence in primary hypothyroidism and in Graves' disease which seems to imply auto-immun factors in these diseases.", "contents": "[Determination of antithyroglobulin antibodies: comparison of three immunologic methods (author's transl)]. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were investigated in various thyroidopathy using 3 immunological technics. The radio-immunological methods are a little more sensitive and more reproducible that passive hemagglutination. In the radio-immunological methods the polyethylene glycol precipitation is less expensive but less sensitive and less reproductible than the double precipitation procedure. This one imply to perform a dilution curve of positive serum because of the modifications of the slope during the dilution. This technic allows a detection with high frequency of antithyroglobulin antibodies particularly in Hashimoto thyroiditis and chronic thyroiditis. One can observe the higher incidence in primary hypothyroidism and in Graves' disease which seems to imply auto-immun factors in these diseases.", "PMID": 1036011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7217", "title": "[Experimental studies on the etiological mechanism of congenital microcephaly].", "content": "Pregnant mice were injected intraperitoneally on different gestational day with either one or three successive doses of 30 mg/kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), which has been known to interfere with DNA synthesis. Some of them were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) consecutively. The fetuses and the youngs were sacrificed at various hours and days after treatment. Pyknotic nuclei or nuclear debris were observed at the matrix layer three hours after the injection of single dose of ara-C. Nuclear debris were increased as time elapse and they were most prominent 12 hours after treatment. However, 24 hours later, new matrix layer was regenerating. Twenty-four hours after treatment with two successive doses of ara-C, labeling index in the matrix layer was about one third of that of control. Cerebral hemispheres of the treated youngs were reduced in size. The youngs, treated with three successive doses of ara-C on day 13, 14 and 15 of gestation, showed most severe microcephalus. Cytoarchitecture in the cortices of these microcephalic mice was characterized by irregular arrangement of the pyramidal neurons and their dendritic branches. Autoradiographic study revealed that cortical neurons which were produced at the regenerated matrix layer after ara-C treatment migrated to the surface of the cortex.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the etiological mechanism of congenital microcephaly]. Pregnant mice were injected intraperitoneally on different gestational day with either one or three successive doses of 30 mg/kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), which has been known to interfere with DNA synthesis. Some of them were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) consecutively. The fetuses and the youngs were sacrificed at various hours and days after treatment. Pyknotic nuclei or nuclear debris were observed at the matrix layer three hours after the injection of single dose of ara-C. Nuclear debris were increased as time elapse and they were most prominent 12 hours after treatment. However, 24 hours later, new matrix layer was regenerating. Twenty-four hours after treatment with two successive doses of ara-C, labeling index in the matrix layer was about one third of that of control. Cerebral hemispheres of the treated youngs were reduced in size. The youngs, treated with three successive doses of ara-C on day 13, 14 and 15 of gestation, showed most severe microcephalus. Cytoarchitecture in the cortices of these microcephalic mice was characterized by irregular arrangement of the pyramidal neurons and their dendritic branches. Autoradiographic study revealed that cortical neurons which were produced at the regenerated matrix layer after ara-C treatment migrated to the surface of the cortex.", "PMID": 1036019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7218", "title": "[Contrast media enhancement in cranial computed tomography --studies of iodinated contrast infusion (ICI)].", "content": "The effect of infusion of iodinated contrast material on the enhancement of the computed tomography were studied in several kinds of the intracranial lesions. Especially, relationship between the degree of the enhancement and the time interval after the infusion was examined. It was found that the appearance of the enhancement effect were different according to the pathological types of the lesions. There were also time differences even in the same lesion before the full size of the lesions was demonstrated. The pathological type of the lesions could be suggested from the enhanced figures of the lesions, but the diagnosis would be more accurate in consideration of the localization of the lesions. It was thus concluded that this method was useful for the detection of the precise localization and the size of the lesions which were not so clearly demonstrated in conventional cranial computed tomography.", "contents": "[Contrast media enhancement in cranial computed tomography --studies of iodinated contrast infusion (ICI)]. The effect of infusion of iodinated contrast material on the enhancement of the computed tomography were studied in several kinds of the intracranial lesions. Especially, relationship between the degree of the enhancement and the time interval after the infusion was examined. It was found that the appearance of the enhancement effect were different according to the pathological types of the lesions. There were also time differences even in the same lesion before the full size of the lesions was demonstrated. The pathological type of the lesions could be suggested from the enhanced figures of the lesions, but the diagnosis would be more accurate in consideration of the localization of the lesions. It was thus concluded that this method was useful for the detection of the precise localization and the size of the lesions which were not so clearly demonstrated in conventional cranial computed tomography.", "PMID": 1036028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7219", "title": "[Wallenberg's syndrome with sleep-induced dyspnea--a case study].", "content": "One case with Wallenberg's syndrome followed by the neck clipping of the posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysm was reported. The patient was 49 years old female with the subarachnoid hemorrhage, who had previously no history of the cardiovascular disease. The vertebral angiogram revealed a saccular aneurysm of the left vertebral artery at the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The preoperative neurological examination were normal, except for the slight degree of the meningeal irritation. The surgical intervention was successfully performed on 39th day after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Postoperative course was eventful, presenting the typical Wallenberg's syndrome, which was complicated the accompanying signs. The troublesome accompanying signs were chiefly automatic respiratory dysfunction (sleep-induced dyspnea), autonomic dysfunction (Horner's syndrome, perspiration, hypertension), and restless confusion. The postoperative vertebral angiogram showed the obliteration of the aneurysm and the sufficient circulation of the vertebrobasilar system, especially the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The mechanism of \"sleep-induced dyspnea\" was discussed in detail from the literatures. In addition to the above mentioned, it should be stressed that the recognition of \"sleep-induced dyspnea\" and the other accompanying signs are important for the treatment of the patient with the brain stem lesion.", "contents": "[Wallenberg's syndrome with sleep-induced dyspnea--a case study]. One case with Wallenberg's syndrome followed by the neck clipping of the posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysm was reported. The patient was 49 years old female with the subarachnoid hemorrhage, who had previously no history of the cardiovascular disease. The vertebral angiogram revealed a saccular aneurysm of the left vertebral artery at the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The preoperative neurological examination were normal, except for the slight degree of the meningeal irritation. The surgical intervention was successfully performed on 39th day after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Postoperative course was eventful, presenting the typical Wallenberg's syndrome, which was complicated the accompanying signs. The troublesome accompanying signs were chiefly automatic respiratory dysfunction (sleep-induced dyspnea), autonomic dysfunction (Horner's syndrome, perspiration, hypertension), and restless confusion. The postoperative vertebral angiogram showed the obliteration of the aneurysm and the sufficient circulation of the vertebrobasilar system, especially the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The mechanism of \"sleep-induced dyspnea\" was discussed in detail from the literatures. In addition to the above mentioned, it should be stressed that the recognition of \"sleep-induced dyspnea\" and the other accompanying signs are important for the treatment of the patient with the brain stem lesion.", "PMID": 1036029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7220", "title": "[Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy with personality changes and slight disturbance of intelligence].", "content": "H. I., a housewife aged 55 years, began feeling a gait disturbance at 48 years old. After this she had incoordination of arms, dysarthria and tremor of hands. Aged 54 years, she could not stand up by herself. In addition to these neurological signs she had a change of character, such as losing control of herself, unreservedness and unceremoniousness, and slight disturbance of intelligence. She died at the age of 55 years about seven years after the onset. Histopathologically, noticeable changes were observed on the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum; the severe neuronal loss of the pontine nuclei and the olivary nuclei with demyelination and gliosis of the cerebellopetal fibers. Especially a great deal of lipofuscin granules in the nerve cells of the frontal and temporal lobe were observed. In the substantia nigra some pigmented cells were deleted. This case was diagnosed as olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy clinico-histopathologically. We discussed conserning the etiology of the changes of personality and slight disturbance of intelligence in relation to histopathological changes. It is speculated that the mental disorders are due to the degeneration of the nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes.", "contents": "[Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy with personality changes and slight disturbance of intelligence]. H. I., a housewife aged 55 years, began feeling a gait disturbance at 48 years old. After this she had incoordination of arms, dysarthria and tremor of hands. Aged 54 years, she could not stand up by herself. In addition to these neurological signs she had a change of character, such as losing control of herself, unreservedness and unceremoniousness, and slight disturbance of intelligence. She died at the age of 55 years about seven years after the onset. Histopathologically, noticeable changes were observed on the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum; the severe neuronal loss of the pontine nuclei and the olivary nuclei with demyelination and gliosis of the cerebellopetal fibers. Especially a great deal of lipofuscin granules in the nerve cells of the frontal and temporal lobe were observed. In the substantia nigra some pigmented cells were deleted. This case was diagnosed as olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy clinico-histopathologically. We discussed conserning the etiology of the changes of personality and slight disturbance of intelligence in relation to histopathological changes. It is speculated that the mental disorders are due to the degeneration of the nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes.", "PMID": 1036031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7221", "title": "[Atypical mitochondria and crystallines in chromatolytic neuronal swelling].", "content": "Chromatolytic neuronal swelling was observed in the various brain regions, e. g. precentral cortex, pons and anterior horn of the spinal cord etc., of a 50-year-old woman showing psycho-organic syndrome and various neurological symptoms over a period of 14 years. In these inflated, chromatolytic nerve cells, atypical mitochondrias and paracrystalline structures were seen. Atypical mitochondrias contained membranous trans-somal bridges composed of about 60 A parallel filaments with a spacing of about 80 A. Paracystalline structures consisted of 7-16 hexagonal lattices with electron-light dots 160 A in diameter and with 280 A spacing. The goniometer revealed another featue of the paracrystals, i.e., lamellar structures consisting of 4-10 parallel filaments 120 A thick with a spacing of 160 A. These paracrystals were compared with similar structures in physiological and pathological conditions and the significance of the atypical mitochondrias was discussed.", "contents": "[Atypical mitochondria and crystallines in chromatolytic neuronal swelling]. Chromatolytic neuronal swelling was observed in the various brain regions, e. g. precentral cortex, pons and anterior horn of the spinal cord etc., of a 50-year-old woman showing psycho-organic syndrome and various neurological symptoms over a period of 14 years. In these inflated, chromatolytic nerve cells, atypical mitochondrias and paracrystalline structures were seen. Atypical mitochondrias contained membranous trans-somal bridges composed of about 60 A parallel filaments with a spacing of about 80 A. Paracystalline structures consisted of 7-16 hexagonal lattices with electron-light dots 160 A in diameter and with 280 A spacing. The goniometer revealed another featue of the paracrystals, i.e., lamellar structures consisting of 4-10 parallel filaments 120 A thick with a spacing of 160 A. These paracrystals were compared with similar structures in physiological and pathological conditions and the significance of the atypical mitochondrias was discussed.", "PMID": 1036032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7222", "title": "[Intracranial hemorrhage in an infant due to vitamin K deficiency --successful management of spontaneous intracerebral and subjural hematoma].", "content": "A one-month-old male infant with spontaneous intracerebral and subdural hematomas due to vitamin K deficiency was described. He was breastfed. Loose stools continued and began to contain blood. He had fever, vomiting and convulsion, and became drowsy. The blood studies showed anemia and hypoprothrombinemia. Left carotid angiograms revealed intracerebral and subdural hematomas. He was treated successfully by immediate operation and administration of vitamin K. 2) Vitamin K deficient hemorrhage beyond the immediate newborn period was discussed with reference in the literature. Three etiologic factors included, decreased vitamin K intake, decreased intestinal absorption of vitamin K and decreased production of vitamin K by colon bacteria. The most important factor of the three seemed to be low vitamin K intake. Intracranial hemorrhage was recognized in about one third of the cases in the literature. It was emphasized that vitamin K deficiency occurring beyond the immediate newborn period was very important as a cause of intracranial hemorrhage in infancy.", "contents": "[Intracranial hemorrhage in an infant due to vitamin K deficiency --successful management of spontaneous intracerebral and subjural hematoma]. A one-month-old male infant with spontaneous intracerebral and subdural hematomas due to vitamin K deficiency was described. He was breastfed. Loose stools continued and began to contain blood. He had fever, vomiting and convulsion, and became drowsy. The blood studies showed anemia and hypoprothrombinemia. Left carotid angiograms revealed intracerebral and subdural hematomas. He was treated successfully by immediate operation and administration of vitamin K. 2) Vitamin K deficient hemorrhage beyond the immediate newborn period was discussed with reference in the literature. Three etiologic factors included, decreased vitamin K intake, decreased intestinal absorption of vitamin K and decreased production of vitamin K by colon bacteria. The most important factor of the three seemed to be low vitamin K intake. Intracranial hemorrhage was recognized in about one third of the cases in the literature. It was emphasized that vitamin K deficiency occurring beyond the immediate newborn period was very important as a cause of intracranial hemorrhage in infancy.", "PMID": 1036036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7223", "title": "[Effects of norepinephrine and phentolamine on acute intracranial hypertension].", "content": "It is accepted that cerebrovascular dilatation is a constant response during the advanced stage of intracranial hypertension. Severe intracranial hypertension ultimately associates with profound vasodilatation and reduces cerebral blood flow to zero. This irreversible state is called cerebral vasomotor paralysis by Langfitt et al (1965). The rich adrenergic nerve supply of the cerebral vessels suggests that pressor amines possibly affect the cerebral circulation and the cerebral vascular tone. This study is to investigate the reactivity of norepinephrine and phentolamine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe intracranial hypertension. The ICP and systemic blood pressure (SBP) monitorings were carried out continuously after the evacuation of intracerebral hematomas due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Severe intracranial hypertension due to brain swelling was observed in these patients. Three stages were defined according to the reactivity to norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP. In Stage I, norepinephrine caused a transient decrease in the ICP and phentolamine caused a marked rise in the ICP. Stage II was marked by the absence of the ICP response to norepinephrine and phentolamine. During Stage III, the ICP changes synchronously with a variation of the SBP after the administration of norepinephrine and phentolamine. In Stage I patients, the mean ICP level was between 500-1000 mmH2O. Tracing of the ICP in this group showed transient rises called pressure waves and the waves were recurring increases in the ICP to value of 300-500 mmH2O superimposed on an elevated level of the ICP. On the other hand, in Stage II and III patients, the ICP level exceeded 1000 mmH2O. Tracing of the ICP in these groups showed only variations by the arterial pulses. The patients in Stage I had a well prognosis for life if proper treatments such as continuous ventricular drainage were carried out. The patients in Stage II and III had a poor prognosis for life inspite of continuous ventricular drainage. There are varying stages in cerebrovascular dilatation accompanying intracranial hypertension. We have no information on the mechanism of this cerebrovascular dilatation at present. However, we speculate that the pressor amines such as norepinephrine may partly participate in the mechanism responsible for the vasodilation. So, we attempt to grade the degree of this vasodilatation according to the reactivity of norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP. It is presumed that cerebrovascular dilatation is slight and reversible in Stage I patients, whereas cerebrovascular dilatation is profund and irreversible in Stage II and III patients. Continuous ICP recording and examination of the reactivity to norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP are valuable when considering the prognosis for life in patients with severe intracranial hypertension.", "contents": "[Effects of norepinephrine and phentolamine on acute intracranial hypertension]. It is accepted that cerebrovascular dilatation is a constant response during the advanced stage of intracranial hypertension. Severe intracranial hypertension ultimately associates with profound vasodilatation and reduces cerebral blood flow to zero. This irreversible state is called cerebral vasomotor paralysis by Langfitt et al (1965). The rich adrenergic nerve supply of the cerebral vessels suggests that pressor amines possibly affect the cerebral circulation and the cerebral vascular tone. This study is to investigate the reactivity of norepinephrine and phentolamine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe intracranial hypertension. The ICP and systemic blood pressure (SBP) monitorings were carried out continuously after the evacuation of intracerebral hematomas due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Severe intracranial hypertension due to brain swelling was observed in these patients. Three stages were defined according to the reactivity to norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP. In Stage I, norepinephrine caused a transient decrease in the ICP and phentolamine caused a marked rise in the ICP. Stage II was marked by the absence of the ICP response to norepinephrine and phentolamine. During Stage III, the ICP changes synchronously with a variation of the SBP after the administration of norepinephrine and phentolamine. In Stage I patients, the mean ICP level was between 500-1000 mmH2O. Tracing of the ICP in this group showed transient rises called pressure waves and the waves were recurring increases in the ICP to value of 300-500 mmH2O superimposed on an elevated level of the ICP. On the other hand, in Stage II and III patients, the ICP level exceeded 1000 mmH2O. Tracing of the ICP in these groups showed only variations by the arterial pulses. The patients in Stage I had a well prognosis for life if proper treatments such as continuous ventricular drainage were carried out. The patients in Stage II and III had a poor prognosis for life inspite of continuous ventricular drainage. There are varying stages in cerebrovascular dilatation accompanying intracranial hypertension. We have no information on the mechanism of this cerebrovascular dilatation at present. However, we speculate that the pressor amines such as norepinephrine may partly participate in the mechanism responsible for the vasodilation. So, we attempt to grade the degree of this vasodilatation according to the reactivity of norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP. It is presumed that cerebrovascular dilatation is slight and reversible in Stage I patients, whereas cerebrovascular dilatation is profund and irreversible in Stage II and III patients. Continuous ICP recording and examination of the reactivity to norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP are valuable when considering the prognosis for life in patients with severe intracranial hypertension.", "PMID": 1036038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7224", "title": "[Effects of ATP on cerebral circulation--morphological observation of cerebral circulation and cerebral vasculature].", "content": "Review was made on the effect of adenosine triphosphate, 1.0-3.0 mg/kg intravenously, on the cerebral circulation and the presence of the dilating action on the cerebral blood-vessels in cats. 1. The group of the normal intra-cranial pressure showed, as reported previously, the transient hypotension and its complicated decrease of cerebral blood-circulation at the initial period for 30-100 check, then demonstrating the increase of cerebral blood-flow for 200-1000 check. Its increased volume and duration were dose-dependent. 2. The group of the loaded intracranial pressure of 20-30 mmHg (slightly elevated group) showed the increase of cerebral blood-flow, like the group of the normal intracranial pressure. However, the effect of ATP showed the decrease or disappearance in accordance with the elevation of the loaded pressure. 3. Cerebral vasodilating effect of ATP was promptly observed after the administration, and its degree was 30-50% in photographical observation. 4. Increasing effect on cerebral blood-flow and cerebral vasodilating action of ATP were similar in the pattern to that of vasodilators such as papaverine hydrochloride.", "contents": "[Effects of ATP on cerebral circulation--morphological observation of cerebral circulation and cerebral vasculature]. Review was made on the effect of adenosine triphosphate, 1.0-3.0 mg/kg intravenously, on the cerebral circulation and the presence of the dilating action on the cerebral blood-vessels in cats. 1. The group of the normal intra-cranial pressure showed, as reported previously, the transient hypotension and its complicated decrease of cerebral blood-circulation at the initial period for 30-100 check, then demonstrating the increase of cerebral blood-flow for 200-1000 check. Its increased volume and duration were dose-dependent. 2. The group of the loaded intracranial pressure of 20-30 mmHg (slightly elevated group) showed the increase of cerebral blood-flow, like the group of the normal intracranial pressure. However, the effect of ATP showed the decrease or disappearance in accordance with the elevation of the loaded pressure. 3. Cerebral vasodilating effect of ATP was promptly observed after the administration, and its degree was 30-50% in photographical observation. 4. Increasing effect on cerebral blood-flow and cerebral vasodilating action of ATP were similar in the pattern to that of vasodilators such as papaverine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 1036039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7225", "title": "[Intracranial pressure--volumetric pressure and driving pressure].", "content": "In order to understand the pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure, the concept of the driving pressure (DP) from the intracranial vascular system was proposed. The DP consists of the transmission of atrial pressure (ADP) and venous pressure (vp). It is well known that when the animals died, the intracranial pressure decreased to the atmospheric pressure. This means that the DP is important in maintaining the static pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The theoretical equation of the intracranial pressure was expressed as follows.ICP=ADP+VP (1) ADP is expressed as (2). ADP=eta (BP-VP) (2) The pressure transmission rat (eta) was calculated as the ratio of the CSF pressure to the systemic arterial blood pressure in the experimental and clinical cases. In the normal CSF pressure, eta was very small (2.0 X 10(-2)), while in the severe intracranial hypertension, eta approached to 1. The concept of the driving pressure was useful to analyze the static intracranial pressure and the pulse pressure.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure--volumetric pressure and driving pressure]. In order to understand the pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure, the concept of the driving pressure (DP) from the intracranial vascular system was proposed. The DP consists of the transmission of atrial pressure (ADP) and venous pressure (vp). It is well known that when the animals died, the intracranial pressure decreased to the atmospheric pressure. This means that the DP is important in maintaining the static pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The theoretical equation of the intracranial pressure was expressed as follows.ICP=ADP+VP (1) ADP is expressed as (2). ADP=eta (BP-VP) (2) The pressure transmission rat (eta) was calculated as the ratio of the CSF pressure to the systemic arterial blood pressure in the experimental and clinical cases. In the normal CSF pressure, eta was very small (2.0 X 10(-2)), while in the severe intracranial hypertension, eta approached to 1. The concept of the driving pressure was useful to analyze the static intracranial pressure and the pulse pressure.", "PMID": 1036040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7226", "title": "[Clinicophysiological studies of orbicularis oculi reflex in brain stem diseases].", "content": "Orbicularis oculi reflex is consisted of two components; one is early reflex response (R1) which is 14.1 +/- 2.2 msec in latency, and the other is late reflex response (R2) that is 35.0 +/- 8.6 msec in latency (mean +/- 2SD). R1 is observed on the ipsilateral side of stimulation and R2 is visible bilaterally on ipsiand contralateral sides of stimulation. Clinically orbicularis oculi reflex can be recorded easily, however, its clinical and physiological significance has not been clearly solved. Orbicularis oculi reflex was tested on patients with the brain stem lesions of various kinds, and the factors influencing to the reflex pathways were examined, such as the site and the type of lesions, sleep, several anesthetics and the level of consciousness. Results obtained were as follows; 1) both R1 and R2 disappeared or prolonged in latencies by nuclear as well as peripheral facial nerve palsy, since the facial nerve was the final common pathway. 2) on cases of facial sensory disturbance R1 prolonged in latency with concomitant delay of R2 response. 3) both R1 and were attenuated as soon as the alpha rhythmicity of the EEG was disappeared. Administration of thiamylal also attenuated both the R1 and R2, however, ketamine (a dissociative anesthetic) enhanced the R1 in amplitude and suppressed R2. These findings indicated that the R1 and R2 were in some extent regulated from brain stem reticular formation and the orbicularis oculi reflex should be an useful diagnostic measure to detect imparied consciousness. 4) also the reflex should be used to know the extent of neoplastic process in the cerebellar hemisphere to the brain stem. 5) recovery curve of R1 from double shock stimuli (conditioned and test) indicated that this reflex was different from H wave of the spinal cord because of absent refractory period and shorter facilitatory period ranging between 40 to 60 msec.", "contents": "[Clinicophysiological studies of orbicularis oculi reflex in brain stem diseases]. Orbicularis oculi reflex is consisted of two components; one is early reflex response (R1) which is 14.1 +/- 2.2 msec in latency, and the other is late reflex response (R2) that is 35.0 +/- 8.6 msec in latency (mean +/- 2SD). R1 is observed on the ipsilateral side of stimulation and R2 is visible bilaterally on ipsiand contralateral sides of stimulation. Clinically orbicularis oculi reflex can be recorded easily, however, its clinical and physiological significance has not been clearly solved. Orbicularis oculi reflex was tested on patients with the brain stem lesions of various kinds, and the factors influencing to the reflex pathways were examined, such as the site and the type of lesions, sleep, several anesthetics and the level of consciousness. Results obtained were as follows; 1) both R1 and R2 disappeared or prolonged in latencies by nuclear as well as peripheral facial nerve palsy, since the facial nerve was the final common pathway. 2) on cases of facial sensory disturbance R1 prolonged in latency with concomitant delay of R2 response. 3) both R1 and were attenuated as soon as the alpha rhythmicity of the EEG was disappeared. Administration of thiamylal also attenuated both the R1 and R2, however, ketamine (a dissociative anesthetic) enhanced the R1 in amplitude and suppressed R2. These findings indicated that the R1 and R2 were in some extent regulated from brain stem reticular formation and the orbicularis oculi reflex should be an useful diagnostic measure to detect imparied consciousness. 4) also the reflex should be used to know the extent of neoplastic process in the cerebellar hemisphere to the brain stem. 5) recovery curve of R1 from double shock stimuli (conditioned and test) indicated that this reflex was different from H wave of the spinal cord because of absent refractory period and shorter facilitatory period ranging between 40 to 60 msec.", "PMID": 1036042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7227", "title": "[Simple method of differential diagnosis of peripheral and central vertigo--development of diagnostic method and studies of 178 cases].", "content": "In patients who complain of vertigo or who have equilibrium disorders, it is often difficult to determine the etiology of the disorder, that is to determine whether it is dependent on a peripheral or central vestibular disorder. To attempt to determine the etiology in these cases, we divised a new method, the caloric eye tracking pattern test (CETP-Test). Seventeen normal subjects and 161 patients were tested. The latter group included 33 with peripheral disorders such as Meniere's disease, benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus, and others, and 128 with central disorders such as vertebral basilar artery insufficiency, cervical vertigo, and others, were tested. The cases of central disorders were limited to those patients whose eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation was normal. In normal subjects and in patients with peripheral disorders, it is well known that caloric nystagmus has little influence on the eye tracking pattern. In contrast, in patients with central vestibular disorders, caloric nystagmus evokes abnormalities on the eye tracking pattern, either superimposed or saccades, despite the fact that the eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation is normal. First we administer the eye tracking stimulation test using a target which moves horizontally at 0.3 cycle per second. Next, we perform the caloric test on the right ear, using 20 c.c. of ice water for 10 seconds. During the evoked caloric nystagmus we administer the eye tracking test once again. The eye tracking pattern is recorded for 20 seconds beginning 50 seconds after the start of the ice water injection. The procedure repeated on the left ear. The results on each case are presented as three patterns of ENG-recording. We may stat that in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders, visual suppression of caloric nystagmus remains functional. Caloric induced nystagmus does not affect the CETP. In patients with central vestibular disorders, visual suppression of caloric nystagmus does not function properly because of defects in the visual suppression mechanism. Therefore, caloric nystagmus greatly influences the CETP. Consequently, the CETP may not be smooth when CETP test is administered to patients with central vestibular disorders. We may say also that the visual suppression to the vestibular nystagmus is evoked more strongly by pursuing a moving visual stimulus than by gazing a stational target. These results allow for a differential diagnosis between peripheral and central disorders.", "contents": "[Simple method of differential diagnosis of peripheral and central vertigo--development of diagnostic method and studies of 178 cases]. In patients who complain of vertigo or who have equilibrium disorders, it is often difficult to determine the etiology of the disorder, that is to determine whether it is dependent on a peripheral or central vestibular disorder. To attempt to determine the etiology in these cases, we divised a new method, the caloric eye tracking pattern test (CETP-Test). Seventeen normal subjects and 161 patients were tested. The latter group included 33 with peripheral disorders such as Meniere's disease, benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus, and others, and 128 with central disorders such as vertebral basilar artery insufficiency, cervical vertigo, and others, were tested. The cases of central disorders were limited to those patients whose eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation was normal. In normal subjects and in patients with peripheral disorders, it is well known that caloric nystagmus has little influence on the eye tracking pattern. In contrast, in patients with central vestibular disorders, caloric nystagmus evokes abnormalities on the eye tracking pattern, either superimposed or saccades, despite the fact that the eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation is normal. First we administer the eye tracking stimulation test using a target which moves horizontally at 0.3 cycle per second. Next, we perform the caloric test on the right ear, using 20 c.c. of ice water for 10 seconds. During the evoked caloric nystagmus we administer the eye tracking test once again. The eye tracking pattern is recorded for 20 seconds beginning 50 seconds after the start of the ice water injection. The procedure repeated on the left ear. The results on each case are presented as three patterns of ENG-recording. We may stat that in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders, visual suppression of caloric nystagmus remains functional. Caloric induced nystagmus does not affect the CETP. In patients with central vestibular disorders, visual suppression of caloric nystagmus does not function properly because of defects in the visual suppression mechanism. Therefore, caloric nystagmus greatly influences the CETP. Consequently, the CETP may not be smooth when CETP test is administered to patients with central vestibular disorders. We may say also that the visual suppression to the vestibular nystagmus is evoked more strongly by pursuing a moving visual stimulus than by gazing a stational target. These results allow for a differential diagnosis between peripheral and central disorders.", "PMID": 1036043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7228", "title": "[Congenital anomalies of cerebral artery and intracranial aneurysm].", "content": "It is well known that congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney, aortic coarctation, Marfan syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome are apt to be complicated by intracranial aneurysms. In this report we attempt to reveal the relation and incidence between cerebrovascular anomalies and intracranial aneurysms. The etiology of aneurysms has been discussed, too. 12 cases of persistent trigeminl artery, 2 cases of persistent hypoglossal artery and 11 cases of fenestration were obtained from 3841 patients who were angiographically examined in our clinic for 5 years. The incidence is 0.31%, 0.05% and 0.29%, respectively. Persistent trigeminal arteries were complicated by 2 cases of intracranial aneurysms and one case of arterivenous malformations (AVM), persistent hypoglossal arteries were complicated by one case of aneurysm, and fenestrations were complicated by 2 cases of aneurysms and one case of AVM. One case of congenital agenesis of right internal carotid artery was obtained which was complicated by aneurysm of anterior communicating artery. Totally, 8 cases of aneurysms and AVM were obtained from 26 cases of cerebrovascular anomalies (incidence 30.8%). On the other hand, thalamic or caudate hemorrhage revealed the highest incidence of complication of intracranial aneurysms among intracerebral hematomas (10.7%). Compared with the incidence of aneurysms between cerebro vascular anomalies (30.8%) and thalamic or caudate hemorrhage (10.7%), the difference is statistically signigicant (P less than 0.05). The cause of intracranial aneurysm has not yet been clarified. But it is well accepted that the defect of tunica media vasorum is most responsible factor as to the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms. We concluded that the genetic error of cerebral vessels including defect of media caused intracranial aneurysms, and this result was supported from the evidence that cerebrovascular anomalies showed statistically high incidence of complication of intracranial aneurysms.", "contents": "[Congenital anomalies of cerebral artery and intracranial aneurysm]. It is well known that congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney, aortic coarctation, Marfan syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome are apt to be complicated by intracranial aneurysms. In this report we attempt to reveal the relation and incidence between cerebrovascular anomalies and intracranial aneurysms. The etiology of aneurysms has been discussed, too. 12 cases of persistent trigeminl artery, 2 cases of persistent hypoglossal artery and 11 cases of fenestration were obtained from 3841 patients who were angiographically examined in our clinic for 5 years. The incidence is 0.31%, 0.05% and 0.29%, respectively. Persistent trigeminal arteries were complicated by 2 cases of intracranial aneurysms and one case of arterivenous malformations (AVM), persistent hypoglossal arteries were complicated by one case of aneurysm, and fenestrations were complicated by 2 cases of aneurysms and one case of AVM. One case of congenital agenesis of right internal carotid artery was obtained which was complicated by aneurysm of anterior communicating artery. Totally, 8 cases of aneurysms and AVM were obtained from 26 cases of cerebrovascular anomalies (incidence 30.8%). On the other hand, thalamic or caudate hemorrhage revealed the highest incidence of complication of intracranial aneurysms among intracerebral hematomas (10.7%). Compared with the incidence of aneurysms between cerebro vascular anomalies (30.8%) and thalamic or caudate hemorrhage (10.7%), the difference is statistically signigicant (P less than 0.05). The cause of intracranial aneurysm has not yet been clarified. But it is well accepted that the defect of tunica media vasorum is most responsible factor as to the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms. We concluded that the genetic error of cerebral vessels including defect of media caused intracranial aneurysms, and this result was supported from the evidence that cerebrovascular anomalies showed statistically high incidence of complication of intracranial aneurysms.", "PMID": 1036044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7229", "title": "[Intracranial pressure monitoring apparatus for clinical use balanced pressure sensors].", "content": "Three types of pressure sensors, (1) electric pressure switch, (2) fiber optic pressure switch and (3) pressure indicating bag for intracranial pressure monitoring which were developed by the author are described. Advantages and disadvantages between them are also discussed. The electric pressure switch is relatively simple in construction but has a possibility of producing micro-shock hazard in case of accidental electric leakage. The fiber optic pressure switch is the safest for the micro shock but its structure is rather complicated and fragile. The pressure indicating bag is simple to make and durable to use. However, it has a hydrostatic effect.", "contents": "[Intracranial pressure monitoring apparatus for clinical use balanced pressure sensors]. Three types of pressure sensors, (1) electric pressure switch, (2) fiber optic pressure switch and (3) pressure indicating bag for intracranial pressure monitoring which were developed by the author are described. Advantages and disadvantages between them are also discussed. The electric pressure switch is relatively simple in construction but has a possibility of producing micro-shock hazard in case of accidental electric leakage. The fiber optic pressure switch is the safest for the micro shock but its structure is rather complicated and fragile. The pressure indicating bag is simple to make and durable to use. However, it has a hydrostatic effect.", "PMID": 1036058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7230", "title": "[Left atrial myxoma with repeated multiple cerebral emboli].", "content": "A case of left atrial myxoma with repeated multiple cerebral emboli is reported. A-44-year-old man first developed a sudden right hemiparesis in October 1969. After intensive physical theraphy, strength improved and he was able to return to his work. In March 1970, he suddenly lost consciousness and remained comatose for a day. Upon waking, he had a profound right hemiparesis, motor aphasia and Gerstmann's syndrome. He was admitted to Hiroshima City Hospital on August 1, 1970. The cardiac examination, including an electrocardiogram, was entirely normal. Laboratory studies revealed a normal blood count and urinalysis; erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated (32mm/hour). On a left cerebral angiographic study, performed on September 6, 1971, multiple aneurysmal dilatations of the branches of the left middle cerebral artery were demonstrated. No specific diagnosis was made. In January 1973, he developed dysarthria, dysphagia and quadriplegia because of the recurrent cerebral attacks. He had a high temperature continuously for three days and died on May 30, 1974. At autopsy a myxoma with the peduncle was attached to the septal wall of left atrium, and there were old infarcts in the brain, the myocardium and the kidneys.", "contents": "[Left atrial myxoma with repeated multiple cerebral emboli]. A case of left atrial myxoma with repeated multiple cerebral emboli is reported. A-44-year-old man first developed a sudden right hemiparesis in October 1969. After intensive physical theraphy, strength improved and he was able to return to his work. In March 1970, he suddenly lost consciousness and remained comatose for a day. Upon waking, he had a profound right hemiparesis, motor aphasia and Gerstmann's syndrome. He was admitted to Hiroshima City Hospital on August 1, 1970. The cardiac examination, including an electrocardiogram, was entirely normal. Laboratory studies revealed a normal blood count and urinalysis; erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated (32mm/hour). On a left cerebral angiographic study, performed on September 6, 1971, multiple aneurysmal dilatations of the branches of the left middle cerebral artery were demonstrated. No specific diagnosis was made. In January 1973, he developed dysarthria, dysphagia and quadriplegia because of the recurrent cerebral attacks. He had a high temperature continuously for three days and died on May 30, 1974. At autopsy a myxoma with the peduncle was attached to the septal wall of left atrium, and there were old infarcts in the brain, the myocardium and the kidneys.", "PMID": 1036060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7231", "title": "[Congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria of the cerebrum and cerebellum].", "content": "The characteristic features of micropolygyria were demonstrated in the cerebral and cerebellar gray matter of two cases, 5 and 16 years old males, of congenital muscular dystrophy. (Fokuyama type). The micropolygyria of the cerebral cortex showed an undifferentiated cytoarchitecture, e. g. status verrucosus deformis. On the surface of cortical molecular layer, subpial mesenchymal fibres, tangential myelin fibres and marginal glial fibres were observed to be still proliferated even at the stages examined and all the fibres were caved into the cortical cell layer associated with the molecular layer, without secondary sulcus formation. It is proposed that micropolygyria without secondary sulcus formation described in the present paper is named as \"pachygyric micropolygyria\", while four-layered type of micropolygyria with normal sulcus formation is \"eugyric micropolygyria\". On the other hand, micropolygyria of the cerebellar cortex was found to be consisted of various sized fragments in which basic structures of the cerebellum were preserved. On a part of surface of the cerebellar cortex the cytoarchitecture of cell layers was shown in inverse order. The Purkinje cell were irregularly migrated and the external granular layer remained in the molecular layer showing ectopic features. Tangential myelin fibres, connecting with fibres of the folial white matter, were observed to exist on the surface of the internal granular layer.", "contents": "[Congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria of the cerebrum and cerebellum]. The characteristic features of micropolygyria were demonstrated in the cerebral and cerebellar gray matter of two cases, 5 and 16 years old males, of congenital muscular dystrophy. (Fokuyama type). The micropolygyria of the cerebral cortex showed an undifferentiated cytoarchitecture, e. g. status verrucosus deformis. On the surface of cortical molecular layer, subpial mesenchymal fibres, tangential myelin fibres and marginal glial fibres were observed to be still proliferated even at the stages examined and all the fibres were caved into the cortical cell layer associated with the molecular layer, without secondary sulcus formation. It is proposed that micropolygyria without secondary sulcus formation described in the present paper is named as \"pachygyric micropolygyria\", while four-layered type of micropolygyria with normal sulcus formation is \"eugyric micropolygyria\". On the other hand, micropolygyria of the cerebellar cortex was found to be consisted of various sized fragments in which basic structures of the cerebellum were preserved. On a part of surface of the cerebellar cortex the cytoarchitecture of cell layers was shown in inverse order. The Purkinje cell were irregularly migrated and the external granular layer remained in the molecular layer showing ectopic features. Tangential myelin fibres, connecting with fibres of the folial white matter, were observed to exist on the surface of the internal granular layer.", "PMID": 1036064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7232", "title": "[2 cases with unusual lid-jaw co-movements].", "content": "General review of the literature makes it apparent that there exist various combinations of associated movements between cranial nerves. Most of them involve four of nerves, the oculomotor, the abducens, the facial, and the motor potion of the trigeminal nerve. We report two patients in whom left upper eyelids produced peculior up and down movements in accompany with mastication. The one was a 9-year-old female who had shown left eye-lid retraction since 3 months; the other, a 4-year-old male, had produced the synkinesis one year since. Either children showed contraction of left palpebral levators associated with volitional mouth opening, deviation of the mandible toward the right, and sucking. Their pupils were normal and their upper eye-lids showed no ptosis on the affected side. The EEG showed high voltage rhythmic slow waves in parieto-occipital areas bilaterally. Head injuries or hereditary defects not being recorded in their histories, their synkinesis is assumed to be congenital in orgin. Abnormal neural connections have been presumed to be affected in the course of the development between the trigeminal and the oculomotor nuclei within the midbrain. In triggering the synkinesis, however, stretched muscle-spindles of the masseter muscle most play an important role. After all, synchronizing lid-jaw co-movements as observed in our two children represent an unusual pattern of the Marcus Gunn phenomenon.", "contents": "[2 cases with unusual lid-jaw co-movements]. General review of the literature makes it apparent that there exist various combinations of associated movements between cranial nerves. Most of them involve four of nerves, the oculomotor, the abducens, the facial, and the motor potion of the trigeminal nerve. We report two patients in whom left upper eyelids produced peculior up and down movements in accompany with mastication. The one was a 9-year-old female who had shown left eye-lid retraction since 3 months; the other, a 4-year-old male, had produced the synkinesis one year since. Either children showed contraction of left palpebral levators associated with volitional mouth opening, deviation of the mandible toward the right, and sucking. Their pupils were normal and their upper eye-lids showed no ptosis on the affected side. The EEG showed high voltage rhythmic slow waves in parieto-occipital areas bilaterally. Head injuries or hereditary defects not being recorded in their histories, their synkinesis is assumed to be congenital in orgin. Abnormal neural connections have been presumed to be affected in the course of the development between the trigeminal and the oculomotor nuclei within the midbrain. In triggering the synkinesis, however, stretched muscle-spindles of the masseter muscle most play an important role. After all, synchronizing lid-jaw co-movements as observed in our two children represent an unusual pattern of the Marcus Gunn phenomenon.", "PMID": 1036066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7233", "title": "[Autopsy case of progressive subcortical gliosis].", "content": "A case of a 44-year-old male with progressive subcortical gliosis was presented. The clinical manifestations included mental activity, difficulty in attention, euphoria and inability to work. The impairement of memory was not evident and his personality was fairly well preserved. Neurological examination showed no abnormality. The course was progressive without remission and the patient died with pneumonia approximately fifteen months after the onset of the disease. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable except for slight degree of glucosuria and elevated F.B.S. Electroencephalography and carotid angiography were within normal. Neuropathological finding revealed that brain weighed 1200 g. and moderate degree of atrophy on frontal to parietotemporal lobes was evident. Occipital lobe was not involved. Microscopic examination revealed such changes as fibrillary gliosis in the cerebral white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord. The lesion in the cerebral white matter was predominent in the frontal lobe. Striatum and brain stem also showed mild degree of fibrillary gliosis. No senility related change such as senile plaque, granulovacuolar degeneration and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangle was found. The clinicopathologic findings in this case supported a diagnosis of progressive subcortical gliosis which was first described by Neumann in 1949.", "contents": "[Autopsy case of progressive subcortical gliosis]. A case of a 44-year-old male with progressive subcortical gliosis was presented. The clinical manifestations included mental activity, difficulty in attention, euphoria and inability to work. The impairement of memory was not evident and his personality was fairly well preserved. Neurological examination showed no abnormality. The course was progressive without remission and the patient died with pneumonia approximately fifteen months after the onset of the disease. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable except for slight degree of glucosuria and elevated F.B.S. Electroencephalography and carotid angiography were within normal. Neuropathological finding revealed that brain weighed 1200 g. and moderate degree of atrophy on frontal to parietotemporal lobes was evident. Occipital lobe was not involved. Microscopic examination revealed such changes as fibrillary gliosis in the cerebral white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord. The lesion in the cerebral white matter was predominent in the frontal lobe. Striatum and brain stem also showed mild degree of fibrillary gliosis. No senility related change such as senile plaque, granulovacuolar degeneration and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangle was found. The clinicopathologic findings in this case supported a diagnosis of progressive subcortical gliosis which was first described by Neumann in 1949.", "PMID": 1036071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7234", "title": "[Traumatic aneurysm of the peripheral cerebral artery].", "content": "Two cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reported. Case 1. A 6-year-old girl was severely injured on her head by automobile accident. Plain skull films showed depressed fracture in the left frontal region. Left common carotid angiogram 25 days after the injury revealed small aneurysm of a cortical branch of the anterior cerebral artery. Cranioplasty and removal of the aneurysm was performed. Postoperative course of this patient was uneventful. Case 2. A 4-year-old girl fell downstaris and struck her left temporal region. On admission, she was unconscious and plain skull films showed multiple linear fractures. No aneurysm was demonstrated in the right common carotid angiogram immediately after the head trauma. Since her general condition gradually improved, she discharged 23 days after the head trauma. 63 days after the injury, she developed sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting, and status epilepticus. Right common carotid angiogram showed a large aneurysm arising from a branch of right pericallosal artery at the free edge of the falx. Parent artery of the aneurysm was clipped. Postoperatively, the patient made uneventful recovery. 60 reported cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reviewed and analyzed in etiology, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment and pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Traumatic aneurysm of the peripheral cerebral artery]. Two cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reported. Case 1. A 6-year-old girl was severely injured on her head by automobile accident. Plain skull films showed depressed fracture in the left frontal region. Left common carotid angiogram 25 days after the injury revealed small aneurysm of a cortical branch of the anterior cerebral artery. Cranioplasty and removal of the aneurysm was performed. Postoperative course of this patient was uneventful. Case 2. A 4-year-old girl fell downstaris and struck her left temporal region. On admission, she was unconscious and plain skull films showed multiple linear fractures. No aneurysm was demonstrated in the right common carotid angiogram immediately after the head trauma. Since her general condition gradually improved, she discharged 23 days after the head trauma. 63 days after the injury, she developed sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting, and status epilepticus. Right common carotid angiogram showed a large aneurysm arising from a branch of right pericallosal artery at the free edge of the falx. Parent artery of the aneurysm was clipped. Postoperatively, the patient made uneventful recovery. 60 reported cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reviewed and analyzed in etiology, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment and pathogenesis.", "PMID": 1036073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7235", "title": "[Clinicopathological studies of the vegetative state--distinction between the vegetative state and brain death].", "content": "10 cases showing vegetative state and 2 cases of brain death due to severe brain damage were observed and the differences of clinicopathological findings between both states were discussed. The cases of vegetative state can be divided into three groups, first is widespread lesion in the cerebral cortex, second is in the cerebral white matter and third is in the brain stem. While, the diffuse whole brain damage including the vegetative center of the central nervous system causes brain death. We should like to emphasize that the most important structure to maintain the human life is the vital center in the brain stem, and that a human being, in whom only those function can be preserved, is possible to be alive as vegetative state. Prognostic value of the EEG indicating quality of survival noted in early stage after severe brain damage has not so important as the flat EEG revealed in brain death.", "contents": "[Clinicopathological studies of the vegetative state--distinction between the vegetative state and brain death]. 10 cases showing vegetative state and 2 cases of brain death due to severe brain damage were observed and the differences of clinicopathological findings between both states were discussed. The cases of vegetative state can be divided into three groups, first is widespread lesion in the cerebral cortex, second is in the cerebral white matter and third is in the brain stem. While, the diffuse whole brain damage including the vegetative center of the central nervous system causes brain death. We should like to emphasize that the most important structure to maintain the human life is the vital center in the brain stem, and that a human being, in whom only those function can be preserved, is possible to be alive as vegetative state. Prognostic value of the EEG indicating quality of survival noted in early stage after severe brain damage has not so important as the flat EEG revealed in brain death.", "PMID": 1036078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7236", "title": "[Morphohistochemical study of the rat placenta administered a hepatotropic poison at different periods of pregnancy].", "content": "Intragastric administration of CCl4 (0.3 ml per 100 g of body weight) to female rats caused a marked injury of the placental tissue and particularly of the chorionic epithelium of the labyrinthine portion with the maximal development of dystrophic necrobiotic processes on the 14th-16th day of pregnancy (when the poison was administered 48 hours before the animal was sacrificed). There was noted an increase in the number of mitoses in the epithelial cells at all the periods, and a statistically significant enlargement of the nuclei and the nucleoli of the cytotrophoblastic cells on the 17th--18th day of the intrauterine fetal development. CCl4 administration led to the reduction in the content of histochemically detectable glycogen in the cytoplasm of the chorionic epithelium and to the fall in the amount of amylase-resistant glycoproteins, protein and RNA in dystrophically altered cells.", "contents": "[Morphohistochemical study of the rat placenta administered a hepatotropic poison at different periods of pregnancy]. Intragastric administration of CCl4 (0.3 ml per 100 g of body weight) to female rats caused a marked injury of the placental tissue and particularly of the chorionic epithelium of the labyrinthine portion with the maximal development of dystrophic necrobiotic processes on the 14th-16th day of pregnancy (when the poison was administered 48 hours before the animal was sacrificed). There was noted an increase in the number of mitoses in the epithelial cells at all the periods, and a statistically significant enlargement of the nuclei and the nucleoli of the cytotrophoblastic cells on the 17th--18th day of the intrauterine fetal development. CCl4 administration led to the reduction in the content of histochemically detectable glycogen in the cytoplasm of the chorionic epithelium and to the fall in the amount of amylase-resistant glycoproteins, protein and RNA in dystrophically altered cells.", "PMID": 1036085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7237", "title": "[Effect of polychlorocamphene on the organs and their neural apparatus in pregnant animals].", "content": "Experiments conducted on pregnant albino rats showed that in daily oral administration of polychlorokamphene--a chlorine organic compound widely used in agriculature--in a dose of 12 mg/kg (1/20 LD50) there was interrelation between the structural and the enzymatic changes in the nerve elements of the organs under study. They consisted in the focality of the affection of the nervous structures of the brain cortex,  and in increase in the destructive processes involving the nervous structures of the heart, uterus, spinal cord at the end of  pregnancy. A peculiar enzymatic reconstruction with the preservation of the activity of the cholinesterase (CE)-positive pericellular structures (whose number was markedly decreased in comparison with control) was noted against the background of reduction of the CE activity. The prevalence of destructive processes by the end of pregnancy was conditioned by a considerable accumulation of the preparation in the heart, uterus, and the brain (as shown by thin-layer chromatography). The presence of polychlorkamphene in the organs of fetuses pointed to disturbances in the permeability of the transplacental barrier and to a possible influence of the preparation on the development of the fetal nervous system.", "contents": "[Effect of polychlorocamphene on the organs and their neural apparatus in pregnant animals]. Experiments conducted on pregnant albino rats showed that in daily oral administration of polychlorokamphene--a chlorine organic compound widely used in agriculature--in a dose of 12 mg/kg (1/20 LD50) there was interrelation between the structural and the enzymatic changes in the nerve elements of the organs under study. They consisted in the focality of the affection of the nervous structures of the brain cortex,  and in increase in the destructive processes involving the nervous structures of the heart, uterus, spinal cord at the end of  pregnancy. A peculiar enzymatic reconstruction with the preservation of the activity of the cholinesterase (CE)-positive pericellular structures (whose number was markedly decreased in comparison with control) was noted against the background of reduction of the CE activity. The prevalence of destructive processes by the end of pregnancy was conditioned by a considerable accumulation of the preparation in the heart, uterus, and the brain (as shown by thin-layer chromatography). The presence of polychlorkamphene in the organs of fetuses pointed to disturbances in the permeability of the transplacental barrier and to a possible influence of the preparation on the development of the fetal nervous system.", "PMID": 1036086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7238", "title": "Use of cell-cycle information in the preparation of drug combinations: results with cytosine arabinoside plus actinomycin D1,2.", "content": "Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) plus actinomycin D acted synergistically in killing L1210 and DON cells. The time course of cell-kill by the combination was different from that seen for either drug alone. The results obtained (both with L1210 and synchronous DON cells) suggest that cells blocked in G1/S with continuing unbalanced growth are particularly sensitive to the combined action of ara-C and actinomycin D.", "contents": "Use of cell-cycle information in the preparation of drug combinations: results with cytosine arabinoside plus actinomycin D1,2. Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) plus actinomycin D acted synergistically in killing L1210 and DON cells. The time course of cell-kill by the combination was different from that seen for either drug alone. The results obtained (both with L1210 and synchronous DON cells) suggest that cells blocked in G1/S with continuing unbalanced growth are particularly sensitive to the combined action of ara-C and actinomycin D.", "PMID": 1036090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7239", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of an increase in acetylcholinesterase in established lines of human and mouse neuroblastomas by nerve growth factor.", "content": "Cells of three established lines of human neuroblastoma and an established line of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma were grown in control medium or in experimental medium containing mouse nerve growth factor (NGF). Cultures were stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during log growth and at confluency. Human neuroblastoma cells grown in medium containing NGF were morphologically more differentiated and they were stained much more intensely for AChE during both phases of growth than were cells in control cultures. The enzyme was distributed over cell bodies and neurites. Neuroblastoma cells of the mouse line were not stimulated to form neurites by NGF, but they were more intensely stained for acetylcholinesterase than cells grown in control medium. These observations support earlier findings that NGF stimulates differentiation of human and mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of an increase in acetylcholinesterase in established lines of human and mouse neuroblastomas by nerve growth factor. Cells of three established lines of human neuroblastoma and an established line of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma were grown in control medium or in experimental medium containing mouse nerve growth factor (NGF). Cultures were stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during log growth and at confluency. Human neuroblastoma cells grown in medium containing NGF were morphologically more differentiated and they were stained much more intensely for AChE during both phases of growth than were cells in control cultures. The enzyme was distributed over cell bodies and neurites. Neuroblastoma cells of the mouse line were not stimulated to form neurites by NGF, but they were more intensely stained for acetylcholinesterase than cells grown in control medium. These observations support earlier findings that NGF stimulates differentiation of human and mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro.", "PMID": 1036092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7240", "title": "Biological effects of vinyl chloride: an experimental study.", "content": "Plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase, (AP), transaminases and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with isoenzymes were determined in mice inhaling 50 and 550 ppm vinyl chloride (VC). The animals were also autopsied and the tissue pathology was studies. The total LDH activity was elevanted in both dose groups along with a shift to cathodic enzymes. AP was increased in animals exposed to 500 ppm and transaminases were not at all changed. Enzyme changes occurred after the appearance of tumors. Alveologenic adenomas occurred in all animals at the higher dosage and in about half of the animals inhaling the lower dose. Subperitoneal and subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas were frequent in both dose groups; but especially among 50 ppm animals. Only one animal had a hemangiosarcoma of the liver. No liver fibrosis was seen. All primary subperitoneal and subcutaneous tumors were located in fat tissue. Telangiectasis was observed in two animals in the 500 ppm series. The importance of blood vessel changes in the toxicology of vinyl chloride is discussed.", "contents": "Biological effects of vinyl chloride: an experimental study. Plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase, (AP), transaminases and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with isoenzymes were determined in mice inhaling 50 and 550 ppm vinyl chloride (VC). The animals were also autopsied and the tissue pathology was studies. The total LDH activity was elevanted in both dose groups along with a shift to cathodic enzymes. AP was increased in animals exposed to 500 ppm and transaminases were not at all changed. Enzyme changes occurred after the appearance of tumors. Alveologenic adenomas occurred in all animals at the higher dosage and in about half of the animals inhaling the lower dose. Subperitoneal and subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas were frequent in both dose groups; but especially among 50 ppm animals. Only one animal had a hemangiosarcoma of the liver. No liver fibrosis was seen. All primary subperitoneal and subcutaneous tumors were located in fat tissue. Telangiectasis was observed in two animals in the 500 ppm series. The importance of blood vessel changes in the toxicology of vinyl chloride is discussed.", "PMID": 1036093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7241", "title": "[Effect of cholinergic drugs on serotonin metabolism and emotional reactions in rats].", "content": "The effects of physostigmine and m-cholinolytics on emotional reactivity, aggressiveness, exploratory behavior, along with simultaneous influence on the endogenous serotonin metabolism, enhanced by 1-tryptophan serotonin metabolism in the brain, were studied. Upon blocking the peripheral effects with methylatropine-physostigmine exerted a tranquillizing action on emotional reactions without producing any significant changes in the serotonin metabolism. Physostigmine acted as an antagonist to the traquillizing effect of 1-tryptophan, facilitating the catabolism of serotonin. M-cholinolytics--atropine and benactyzine exercised a tranquillizing action on emotional reactions, increasing the serotonin level in the forebrain and diencephalon.", "contents": "[Effect of cholinergic drugs on serotonin metabolism and emotional reactions in rats]. The effects of physostigmine and m-cholinolytics on emotional reactivity, aggressiveness, exploratory behavior, along with simultaneous influence on the endogenous serotonin metabolism, enhanced by 1-tryptophan serotonin metabolism in the brain, were studied. Upon blocking the peripheral effects with methylatropine-physostigmine exerted a tranquillizing action on emotional reactions without producing any significant changes in the serotonin metabolism. Physostigmine acted as an antagonist to the traquillizing effect of 1-tryptophan, facilitating the catabolism of serotonin. M-cholinolytics--atropine and benactyzine exercised a tranquillizing action on emotional reactions, increasing the serotonin level in the forebrain and diencephalon.", "PMID": 1036094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7242", "title": "[Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on the body of rats].", "content": "Experiments involving chronic introduction of ethanol (36 per cent of caloric value) as a part of a specially devised liquid ration demonstrated the trainability of rats to sharply decrease, their antistress resistance to significantly decline, especially in rats kept on a low-protein diet. A general tendency toward a reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase in different sectors of the brain was revealed both in animals receiving alcohol against the background of a normal protein allowance and in those kept on a low-protein diet (when compared with the enzyme activity in animals maintained on a ration with a normal of protein).", "contents": "[Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on the body of rats]. Experiments involving chronic introduction of ethanol (36 per cent of caloric value) as a part of a specially devised liquid ration demonstrated the trainability of rats to sharply decrease, their antistress resistance to significantly decline, especially in rats kept on a low-protein diet. A general tendency toward a reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase in different sectors of the brain was revealed both in animals receiving alcohol against the background of a normal protein allowance and in those kept on a low-protein diet (when compared with the enzyme activity in animals maintained on a ration with a normal of protein).", "PMID": 1036095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7243", "title": "[Pregnancy type nephropathies experimentally induced in rats].", "content": "The theory behind our work is the following: toxaemia may be due to the accidental passage of fetal proteins into the maternal organism. Particularly suspect are alpha-fetoproteins from the fetal blood or the amniotic fluid. The experiments were carried out on rats by injecting amniotic fluid or fetal serum into the rats by different routes and rhythms and in different doses. Arterial blood pressure readings showed that the levels were consistently higher than those of controls. The study of the kidneys anatomo-pathologically shows the following triad: intense congestion, tubular lesions, connective tissues affected. These lesions are reversible. The discussion concentrates on the similarities and differences between these findings and pathological changes found in kidneys in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Pregnancy type nephropathies experimentally induced in rats]. The theory behind our work is the following: toxaemia may be due to the accidental passage of fetal proteins into the maternal organism. Particularly suspect are alpha-fetoproteins from the fetal blood or the amniotic fluid. The experiments were carried out on rats by injecting amniotic fluid or fetal serum into the rats by different routes and rhythms and in different doses. Arterial blood pressure readings showed that the levels were consistently higher than those of controls. The study of the kidneys anatomo-pathologically shows the following triad: intense congestion, tubular lesions, connective tissues affected. These lesions are reversible. The discussion concentrates on the similarities and differences between these findings and pathological changes found in kidneys in pregnancy.", "PMID": 1036105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7244", "title": "[Interaction of allogeneic lymphocytes and precursor cells during the primary and secondary immune response].", "content": "A mixture of lymph node cells from CBA mice and spleen cells from C57Bl/6J mice stimulated by the cheep erythrocytes fro the first or second time was transplanted in the lethally irradiated mice (CBA X C57Bl/6j)Fl. The interaction of allogenic cells during the secondary immune response was accompanied by the complete inactivation of antibody producents. Under the ratio of interacting cell elements 1 : 1-1 : 2, 93-96% of precursor cells and 98% of antibody forming cells were inactivated. Under the ratio 1 : 5, the index of inactivation of precursor cells fell down to 35%. During the primary response, under the ratio 1 : 1, only 20-48% of precursor cells and 68% of antibody forming cells were inactivated. Under the ratio 1 : 2, no inactivation of precursor cells was observed and, under the ratio 1 : 10, the antibody formation was stimulated. Following the delayed by 1-3 days transplantation of CBA lymphocytes, the cooperative effect was registered with respect to the spleen cells from C57Bl/6J mice stimulated by the erythrocytes for the first time. The interaction of allogenic cells resulted in the 3-4-fold increase in the number of antibody forming cells.", "contents": "[Interaction of allogeneic lymphocytes and precursor cells during the primary and secondary immune response]. A mixture of lymph node cells from CBA mice and spleen cells from C57Bl/6J mice stimulated by the cheep erythrocytes fro the first or second time was transplanted in the lethally irradiated mice (CBA X C57Bl/6j)Fl. The interaction of allogenic cells during the secondary immune response was accompanied by the complete inactivation of antibody producents. Under the ratio of interacting cell elements 1 : 1-1 : 2, 93-96% of precursor cells and 98% of antibody forming cells were inactivated. Under the ratio 1 : 5, the index of inactivation of precursor cells fell down to 35%. During the primary response, under the ratio 1 : 1, only 20-48% of precursor cells and 68% of antibody forming cells were inactivated. Under the ratio 1 : 2, no inactivation of precursor cells was observed and, under the ratio 1 : 10, the antibody formation was stimulated. Following the delayed by 1-3 days transplantation of CBA lymphocytes, the cooperative effect was registered with respect to the spleen cells from C57Bl/6J mice stimulated by the erythrocytes for the first time. The interaction of allogenic cells resulted in the 3-4-fold increase in the number of antibody forming cells.", "PMID": 1036111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7245", "title": "[Obtaining chimeric embryos of groundling for study of the role of cellular interactions in early development].", "content": "A methos of production of chimaeric embryos of the loach by parabiosis of whole embryos and a whole embryo and an isolated blastodisc is proposed. The parabiosis was shown to be possible between the embryos of both the same and different ages during cleavage and blastulation. The relation between the frequency of parabiosis and the age of embryos and temperature was studied. An electric coupling is established between the cells of parabionts, similar by its value to that between the cells of each parabiont. The interrelations of cells of chimaeric embryos are considered as a model for studying the role of cell interactions during embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Obtaining chimeric embryos of groundling for study of the role of cellular interactions in early development]. A methos of production of chimaeric embryos of the loach by parabiosis of whole embryos and a whole embryo and an isolated blastodisc is proposed. The parabiosis was shown to be possible between the embryos of both the same and different ages during cleavage and blastulation. The relation between the frequency of parabiosis and the age of embryos and temperature was studied. An electric coupling is established between the cells of parabionts, similar by its value to that between the cells of each parabiont. The interrelations of cells of chimaeric embryos are considered as a model for studying the role of cell interactions during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1036112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7246", "title": "[Duration of meiotic prophase stages during oogenesis in the newt Triturus cristatus cristatus].", "content": "The duration of the early stages of meiotic prophase was determined in the oogenesis of T. cristatus cristatus by means of autoradiography. The oocytes were being investigated during 39 days from the moment of 3H-thymidine injection. It was shown that preleptotene lasts 1--2, leptotene ca. 4, zygotene 5 and pachytene 26 days. When studying the preparations obtained 1 day after the injection of 3H-thymidine, the silver grains were found to be localized over the nuclei at all stages of meiotic prophase; this suggests the amplification of rDNA which begins in leptotene-zygotene and ends in early diplotene.", "contents": "[Duration of meiotic prophase stages during oogenesis in the newt Triturus cristatus cristatus]. The duration of the early stages of meiotic prophase was determined in the oogenesis of T. cristatus cristatus by means of autoradiography. The oocytes were being investigated during 39 days from the moment of 3H-thymidine injection. It was shown that preleptotene lasts 1--2, leptotene ca. 4, zygotene 5 and pachytene 26 days. When studying the preparations obtained 1 day after the injection of 3H-thymidine, the silver grains were found to be localized over the nuclei at all stages of meiotic prophase; this suggests the amplification of rDNA which begins in leptotene-zygotene and ends in early diplotene.", "PMID": 1036113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7247", "title": "[Damaging effect of 3H-uridine on tissue culture cells during the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth].", "content": "The Chinese hamster fibroblasts entered the stationary phase of growth after 5.5 days of cultivation. The induction of the culture proliferation occurred within the first 4 hrs of cultivation in the fresh nutrient medium. After addition of 3H-uridine in high concentration and with high specific activity (75 micron Cu/M and 23 Cu/mM), in the stationary phase a lesser number of cells with aberrations and a higher mitotic index were noted than in the logarithmic phase. 3H-uridine injured the cells in the stationary phase of growth but  to a lesser extent than those in the logarithmic phase, i. e. during the intensive RNA synthesis in cells.", "contents": "[Damaging effect of 3H-uridine on tissue culture cells during the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth]. The Chinese hamster fibroblasts entered the stationary phase of growth after 5.5 days of cultivation. The induction of the culture proliferation occurred within the first 4 hrs of cultivation in the fresh nutrient medium. After addition of 3H-uridine in high concentration and with high specific activity (75 micron Cu/M and 23 Cu/mM), in the stationary phase a lesser number of cells with aberrations and a higher mitotic index were noted than in the logarithmic phase. 3H-uridine injured the cells in the stationary phase of growth but  to a lesser extent than those in the logarithmic phase, i. e. during the intensive RNA synthesis in cells.", "PMID": 1036114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7248", "title": "[Method of obtaining enzymatic preparations of lipase from the fungi of the genus Geotrichum under semi-industrial conditions].", "content": "A method of manufacturing stable enzymic preparations of lipase from fungi Geotrichum candidum and G. asteroides under semi-industrial conditions has been developed. The paper describes the preparation of the inoculate, fermentation nutrient medium, scheme of cultivation and isolation of the raw enzyme with a yield of 31.2%.", "contents": "[Method of obtaining enzymatic preparations of lipase from the fungi of the genus Geotrichum under semi-industrial conditions]. A method of manufacturing stable enzymic preparations of lipase from fungi Geotrichum candidum and G. asteroides under semi-industrial conditions has been developed. The paper describes the preparation of the inoculate, fermentation nutrient medium, scheme of cultivation and isolation of the raw enzyme with a yield of 31.2%.", "PMID": 1036115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7249", "title": "[Elimination of phenylalanine from amino acid mixtures obtained from yeast hydrolysates and autolyzates].", "content": "In order to obtain amino acid mixtures devoid of phenylalanine, adsorption of aromatic amino acids was studied during their chromatography on ion-exchange resin IA-Ip. When 40 g of the amino acid mixture were passed through 400 ml of the swollen ion-exchange resin, phenylalanine and tyrosine were eliminated and 67% of dry substance were yielded. Ion-exchange resin adsorbed phenylalanine and tyrosine could be regenerated. The use IA-Ip is advantageous as compared with that of ion-exchange resin Amberlite IR-45 and activated charcoal.", "contents": "[Elimination of phenylalanine from amino acid mixtures obtained from yeast hydrolysates and autolyzates]. In order to obtain amino acid mixtures devoid of phenylalanine, adsorption of aromatic amino acids was studied during their chromatography on ion-exchange resin IA-Ip. When 40 g of the amino acid mixture were passed through 400 ml of the swollen ion-exchange resin, phenylalanine and tyrosine were eliminated and 67% of dry substance were yielded. Ion-exchange resin adsorbed phenylalanine and tyrosine could be regenerated. The use IA-Ip is advantageous as compared with that of ion-exchange resin Amberlite IR-45 and activated charcoal.", "PMID": 1036116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7250", "title": "Hypodontus macropi, M\u00f6nnig, 1929 from a Bennetts' wallaby Macropus rufogrisea.", "content": "Hypodontus macropi was found in Macropus rufogrisea. Males measured 12.73--13.93 mm in length; one female was 19.07 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel-shaped. The mouth opening was directed antero-ventrally. There was a pair of large cutting plates on the dorsal margin of the buccal capsule. The brusal rays were well-developed. Spicules were equal and each bore a cuticular wing. A gubernaculum and a telamon were present. The vulva was situated near the anus. The female tail, 0.163 mm in length, was suddenly tapering.", "contents": "Hypodontus macropi, M\u00f6nnig, 1929 from a Bennetts' wallaby Macropus rufogrisea. Hypodontus macropi was found in Macropus rufogrisea. Males measured 12.73--13.93 mm in length; one female was 19.07 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel-shaped. The mouth opening was directed antero-ventrally. There was a pair of large cutting plates on the dorsal margin of the buccal capsule. The brusal rays were well-developed. Spicules were equal and each bore a cuticular wing. A gubernaculum and a telamon were present. The vulva was situated near the anus. The female tail, 0.163 mm in length, was suddenly tapering.", "PMID": 1036125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7251", "title": "Bovine ostertagiosis, a review. Analysis of types and syndromes found in France by post mortem examinations and total worm counts.", "content": "We have completed an analysis of the total worm counts (including digests) performed on 74 weaned cattle of various ages and sacrified in our laboratory. We identified 21 cases of animals suffering from Ostertagiosis (harbouring over 40,000 adults + immatures in the lumen and the mucosa) or moribund animals showing symptoms and lesions of Ostertagiosis. The results are presented with the Parasite profiles (percentage of G.I. genera) and Parasite levels (\"Very low, Low and Average\" for carrier animals and \"High\" and \"Very High\" for animals suffering from parasitism). We have observed typical cases of Type I on weaned calves but not on calves grazing when suckling their own dams (Charollais, Limousin type), Pretype II and typical Type II on 2 year old or older animals. Variants of Type II were found : Fasciologis/Ostertagiosis complex and Parturient Ostertagiosis which seems to be well-known by practitioners. Complexes of a clinical Type II + stage of Pretype II with 1 to 2 million hypobiotic L4 larvae could explain the difficulty to control very severe diseases. Oedematous ostertagiosis is also described as an original type or syndrome in 2 to 3 year old cattle : the typical lesion is a dramatic oedema of the abomasum which is found enlarged up to X 2 or X 3 times its normal size/weight. The abomasal folds and the edges are filled with a watery oedema and have an appearance of \"foetal membranes\". As only few parasites are present the disease is considered to be an allergic over reaction in adult animals. It is recommended that the peptic digestion of the abomasal mucosa and differential counts of the various developmental stages of the parasites be added to the routine technique used in diagnosis laboratories.", "contents": "Bovine ostertagiosis, a review. Analysis of types and syndromes found in France by post mortem examinations and total worm counts. We have completed an analysis of the total worm counts (including digests) performed on 74 weaned cattle of various ages and sacrified in our laboratory. We identified 21 cases of animals suffering from Ostertagiosis (harbouring over 40,000 adults + immatures in the lumen and the mucosa) or moribund animals showing symptoms and lesions of Ostertagiosis. The results are presented with the Parasite profiles (percentage of G.I. genera) and Parasite levels (\"Very low, Low and Average\" for carrier animals and \"High\" and \"Very High\" for animals suffering from parasitism). We have observed typical cases of Type I on weaned calves but not on calves grazing when suckling their own dams (Charollais, Limousin type), Pretype II and typical Type II on 2 year old or older animals. Variants of Type II were found : Fasciologis/Ostertagiosis complex and Parturient Ostertagiosis which seems to be well-known by practitioners. Complexes of a clinical Type II + stage of Pretype II with 1 to 2 million hypobiotic L4 larvae could explain the difficulty to control very severe diseases. Oedematous ostertagiosis is also described as an original type or syndrome in 2 to 3 year old cattle : the typical lesion is a dramatic oedema of the abomasum which is found enlarged up to X 2 or X 3 times its normal size/weight. The abomasal folds and the edges are filled with a watery oedema and have an appearance of \"foetal membranes\". As only few parasites are present the disease is considered to be an allergic over reaction in adult animals. It is recommended that the peptic digestion of the abomasal mucosa and differential counts of the various developmental stages of the parasites be added to the routine technique used in diagnosis laboratories.", "PMID": 1036131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7252", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine on the diurnal rhythm of the mitotic activity and parameters of the life cycle of cells of the liver and esophagus].", "content": "The duration of the cellular cycle and the diurnal rhythm of the amount of mitosis were studied in young rats in normality and under the influence of thyroxin. The parenchymal and connective-tissue cells of the liver and cells of the liver and the cells of the oesophagus epithelium basal layer were studied. It was found that under the influence of thyroxin there occured a shortening of the periods of the cellular cycle and a 3--6 h shift to the left of the diurnal rhythm curve of the amount of mitoses. In thyroxinized animals the 21--95% increase of the amount of mitoses in the period of maximum values of the mitotic index during a day was observed as compared with control animals. A conclusion is made about the diurnal rhythm of sensitivity of G0-phase cells to the synchronizing factor, suggesting the decisive significance of the state of the cell population in the interaction of the tissue and hormone cells. The data obatained in the work show that the thyroid hormones regulate the cellular reproduction in the organism by stimulating the cells in the division cycle, synchronization of greater amount of cells by the moment of beginning of the mitotic cycle at a definite time of day and by shortening the period of the cell mitotic cycle.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine on the diurnal rhythm of the mitotic activity and parameters of the life cycle of cells of the liver and esophagus]. The duration of the cellular cycle and the diurnal rhythm of the amount of mitosis were studied in young rats in normality and under the influence of thyroxin. The parenchymal and connective-tissue cells of the liver and cells of the liver and the cells of the oesophagus epithelium basal layer were studied. It was found that under the influence of thyroxin there occured a shortening of the periods of the cellular cycle and a 3--6 h shift to the left of the diurnal rhythm curve of the amount of mitoses. In thyroxinized animals the 21--95% increase of the amount of mitoses in the period of maximum values of the mitotic index during a day was observed as compared with control animals. A conclusion is made about the diurnal rhythm of sensitivity of G0-phase cells to the synchronizing factor, suggesting the decisive significance of the state of the cell population in the interaction of the tissue and hormone cells. The data obatained in the work show that the thyroid hormones regulate the cellular reproduction in the organism by stimulating the cells in the division cycle, synchronization of greater amount of cells by the moment of beginning of the mitotic cycle at a definite time of day and by shortening the period of the cell mitotic cycle.", "PMID": 1036132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7253", "title": "[Recovery processes in 2 cases of bilingual aphasia].", "content": "Recovery processes of two English-Japanese bilingual aphasics were investigated with special emphasia on the effect of language therapy. Although the two patients had different types of aphasia (one Broca's aphasia and the other Wernicke's aphasia), the degree of the language impairment initially manifested in English and Japanese was almost equivalent in each case with the pattern of impairment corresponding to the respective types of aphasia. In either case, language therapy was conducted in English, and the course of recovery during the first six months was analyzed. The results indicated that auditory comprehension improved almost simultaneously in both treated (English) and untreated (Japanese) languages regardless of the type of the patients' aphasia. In contrast, oral language production in Broca's aphasia improved only for the treated language while that in Wernicke's aphasia improved simultaneously for both languages. Writing ability seemed to improve as a function of language therapy in both cases. The implications for the relationship between spontaneous recovery and the effects of treatment were discussed.", "contents": "[Recovery processes in 2 cases of bilingual aphasia]. Recovery processes of two English-Japanese bilingual aphasics were investigated with special emphasia on the effect of language therapy. Although the two patients had different types of aphasia (one Broca's aphasia and the other Wernicke's aphasia), the degree of the language impairment initially manifested in English and Japanese was almost equivalent in each case with the pattern of impairment corresponding to the respective types of aphasia. In either case, language therapy was conducted in English, and the course of recovery during the first six months was analyzed. The results indicated that auditory comprehension improved almost simultaneously in both treated (English) and untreated (Japanese) languages regardless of the type of the patients' aphasia. In contrast, oral language production in Broca's aphasia improved only for the treated language while that in Wernicke's aphasia improved simultaneously for both languages. Writing ability seemed to improve as a function of language therapy in both cases. The implications for the relationship between spontaneous recovery and the effects of treatment were discussed.", "PMID": 1036145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7254", "title": "[Antiepileptic activity of clonazepam--an antiepileptic benzodiazepine derivative].", "content": "Clonazepam, an antiepileptic benzodiazepine derivative was administered into 30 patients mainly with incurable type epilepsy. Results were as summarized below: (1) Clonazepam was effective in 44.4% of 36 cases of seizures. The initial effect was noticed in 55.6%. (2) Clonazepam was proved to have a broad spectrum in its efficacy. It showed the highest rate of effectiveness, 71.4%, on psychomotor seizures. (3) Clonazepam was effective in all 4 cases of the photogenic epilepsy which shows the photosensitivity in the EEG. With the exception of 1 case, the sensitivity in the EEG also disappeared responding to clonazepam. (4) The Jacksonian type of the partial motor seizure disappeared in 2 cases after the administration with clonazepam. (5) The effects of clonazepam of EEG were examined in 24 patients. The abnormality of the basic activity, the diffuse epileptic discharge and the focal epileptic discharge were improved in 29.2%, 61.5% and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, the rate of the clinical effectiveness was high in the cases with the centrencephalic discharge. (6) Side effects were observed to have appeared in 38.9% of the patients. They were mostly drowsiness and ataxia. (7) Based on the above-mentioned results, it can be claimed that clonazepam is effective on psychomotor seizures, photogenic epilepsy and the secondary type of generalized convulsion (Jacksonian).", "contents": "[Antiepileptic activity of clonazepam--an antiepileptic benzodiazepine derivative]. Clonazepam, an antiepileptic benzodiazepine derivative was administered into 30 patients mainly with incurable type epilepsy. Results were as summarized below: (1) Clonazepam was effective in 44.4% of 36 cases of seizures. The initial effect was noticed in 55.6%. (2) Clonazepam was proved to have a broad spectrum in its efficacy. It showed the highest rate of effectiveness, 71.4%, on psychomotor seizures. (3) Clonazepam was effective in all 4 cases of the photogenic epilepsy which shows the photosensitivity in the EEG. With the exception of 1 case, the sensitivity in the EEG also disappeared responding to clonazepam. (4) The Jacksonian type of the partial motor seizure disappeared in 2 cases after the administration with clonazepam. (5) The effects of clonazepam of EEG were examined in 24 patients. The abnormality of the basic activity, the diffuse epileptic discharge and the focal epileptic discharge were improved in 29.2%, 61.5% and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, the rate of the clinical effectiveness was high in the cases with the centrencephalic discharge. (6) Side effects were observed to have appeared in 38.9% of the patients. They were mostly drowsiness and ataxia. (7) Based on the above-mentioned results, it can be claimed that clonazepam is effective on psychomotor seizures, photogenic epilepsy and the secondary type of generalized convulsion (Jacksonian).", "PMID": 1036151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7255", "title": "[RI cisternography with 111-In-DTPA].", "content": "In contrast to 169Yb-DTPA the usage of 111In-DTPA, a new radiopharmaceutical, is not as yet popular for RI cisternography. This report deals with a comparative study of these two radiopharmaceuticals for RI cisternography. For the past one year 301 RI cisternography. For the past one year 301 RI cisternographies were performed in 160 cases at the Neurosurgical Survice of Shizuoka Rosai Hospital. Among those 169Yb-DTPA was used in 137 occasions, 111In-DTPA in 53, and both 169Yb-DTPA and 111In-DTPA in 30. The results of this study were as follow. 1. 111In-DTPA was chemically stable in intrathecal administration. 2. A reactive fever was minimal with 111In-DTPA if any. 3. There was no adverse reaction, such as aseptic meningitis, following 111In-DTPA cisternographies. 4. The effective half-life of 111In-DTPA was 16 hours, and that of 169Yb-DTPA 22 hours in this series. This means the men were exposed to radioactivity less with 111In-DTPA than with 169Yb-DTPA. 5. However, there was no difference in diagnostic value between these two radiopharmaceuticals, even 48 hours after intrathecal administration. From this study 111In-DTPA appears to be more suitable for RI cisternography than 169Yb-DTPA.", "contents": "[RI cisternography with 111-In-DTPA]. In contrast to 169Yb-DTPA the usage of 111In-DTPA, a new radiopharmaceutical, is not as yet popular for RI cisternography. This report deals with a comparative study of these two radiopharmaceuticals for RI cisternography. For the past one year 301 RI cisternography. For the past one year 301 RI cisternographies were performed in 160 cases at the Neurosurgical Survice of Shizuoka Rosai Hospital. Among those 169Yb-DTPA was used in 137 occasions, 111In-DTPA in 53, and both 169Yb-DTPA and 111In-DTPA in 30. The results of this study were as follow. 1. 111In-DTPA was chemically stable in intrathecal administration. 2. A reactive fever was minimal with 111In-DTPA if any. 3. There was no adverse reaction, such as aseptic meningitis, following 111In-DTPA cisternographies. 4. The effective half-life of 111In-DTPA was 16 hours, and that of 169Yb-DTPA 22 hours in this series. This means the men were exposed to radioactivity less with 111In-DTPA than with 169Yb-DTPA. 5. However, there was no difference in diagnostic value between these two radiopharmaceuticals, even 48 hours after intrathecal administration. From this study 111In-DTPA appears to be more suitable for RI cisternography than 169Yb-DTPA.", "PMID": 1036152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7256", "title": "[2 cases of unilateral hydrocephalus developing in the fetal period].", "content": "Dilatation of the lateral ventricle may occur as a result of unilateral hydrocephalus with obstruction of the foramen of Monro. Two cases with congenital dilatation of unilateral ventricle are presented, in which no obstruction of the foramen of Monro was demonstrated. The patients had infantile spasm, asymmetry of the skull and face, and contralateral hemiparesis. Angiography showed embryonal type of the middle cerebral artery. These findings suggest probable presence of active unilateral hydrocephalus in the fetal period.", "contents": "[2 cases of unilateral hydrocephalus developing in the fetal period]. Dilatation of the lateral ventricle may occur as a result of unilateral hydrocephalus with obstruction of the foramen of Monro. Two cases with congenital dilatation of unilateral ventricle are presented, in which no obstruction of the foramen of Monro was demonstrated. The patients had infantile spasm, asymmetry of the skull and face, and contralateral hemiparesis. Angiography showed embryonal type of the middle cerebral artery. These findings suggest probable presence of active unilateral hydrocephalus in the fetal period.", "PMID": 1036153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7257", "title": "[Histopathological findings of the nerve and muscles in familial primary amyloidosis, with special reference to the mechanism of amyloid fibril production].", "content": "T. I., a male aged 38, had a hereditary primary amyloidosis over four generation in his family history. He had peripheral neuropathy with dissociated sensory disturbances in the lower limbs, impotence, gastrointerstial dysfunction and orthostatic hypotention. N. suralis and M. quadriceps femoralis taken from him were examined by light and electron microscopy. N. suralis contained a lot of amyloids reacting with congo-red in the nerve fibres. Amyloid fibrils were remarkably observed around the blood vessels. They were continuous with the basement membrane of the endotherial cells. A few deposites were observed around the Schwann cell and fibroblasts. In M. quadriceps femoralis, amyloid like fibrils were noted in the perivascular spaces. Especially, a great deal of amyloid fibrils were continuous with the basement membranes. From this finding, it might be speculated that the basement membrane may play an important role in the production of amyloid fibrils.", "contents": "[Histopathological findings of the nerve and muscles in familial primary amyloidosis, with special reference to the mechanism of amyloid fibril production]. T. I., a male aged 38, had a hereditary primary amyloidosis over four generation in his family history. He had peripheral neuropathy with dissociated sensory disturbances in the lower limbs, impotence, gastrointerstial dysfunction and orthostatic hypotention. N. suralis and M. quadriceps femoralis taken from him were examined by light and electron microscopy. N. suralis contained a lot of amyloids reacting with congo-red in the nerve fibres. Amyloid fibrils were remarkably observed around the blood vessels. They were continuous with the basement membrane of the endotherial cells. A few deposites were observed around the Schwann cell and fibroblasts. In M. quadriceps femoralis, amyloid like fibrils were noted in the perivascular spaces. Especially, a great deal of amyloid fibrils were continuous with the basement membranes. From this finding, it might be speculated that the basement membrane may play an important role in the production of amyloid fibrils.", "PMID": 1036158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7258", "title": "[Experimental study on epilepsy using a \"kindling preparation\". Correlation between septal seizure development and psychomotor seizure].", "content": "The seizure development was investigated in seven septal kindled cats for examining a participation of septal area in psychomotor epilepsy. Daily electrical stimulation (mean: 33.5 days) of septal area could lead to the \"kindled\" generalized convulsion. Six stages of behavioral seizure development were distinguished: 1) attention reaction, 2) the above and immobility, 3) the above and autonomic manifestation, 4) the above and facial twitching, head nodding, 5) the above and tonic extension of contralateral forepaw, 6) the above and generalized clonic convulsions. Self-sustained after-discharge and independent interictal spike discharge appeared in the hippocampus in stage 2 or 3, in the amygdala and the globus pallidus in stage 3 or 4, and also in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in stage 5. Positive transference phenomenon was confirmed in bilateral hippocampus, amygdala and globus pallidus. These findings show the progressive dissemination of secondary epileptogeneses in these secondary brain structures during the septal seizure development. Electrographic and behavioral seizure development mentioned above were completely identical to those in the hippocampal seizure that we have reported previously. It is concluded that psychomotor epilepsies may not only be triggered by the hippocampal and amygdaloid foci but by the septum and its related structuresfoei.", "contents": "[Experimental study on epilepsy using a \"kindling preparation\". Correlation between septal seizure development and psychomotor seizure]. The seizure development was investigated in seven septal kindled cats for examining a participation of septal area in psychomotor epilepsy. Daily electrical stimulation (mean: 33.5 days) of septal area could lead to the \"kindled\" generalized convulsion. Six stages of behavioral seizure development were distinguished: 1) attention reaction, 2) the above and immobility, 3) the above and autonomic manifestation, 4) the above and facial twitching, head nodding, 5) the above and tonic extension of contralateral forepaw, 6) the above and generalized clonic convulsions. Self-sustained after-discharge and independent interictal spike discharge appeared in the hippocampus in stage 2 or 3, in the amygdala and the globus pallidus in stage 3 or 4, and also in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in stage 5. Positive transference phenomenon was confirmed in bilateral hippocampus, amygdala and globus pallidus. These findings show the progressive dissemination of secondary epileptogeneses in these secondary brain structures during the septal seizure development. Electrographic and behavioral seizure development mentioned above were completely identical to those in the hippocampal seizure that we have reported previously. It is concluded that psychomotor epilepsies may not only be triggered by the hippocampal and amygdaloid foci but by the septum and its related structuresfoei.", "PMID": 1036159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7259", "title": "[Cerebellar hemangioblastoma with multiple aneurysms].", "content": "We have reported a case of cerebellar hemangioblastoma in a 50 year-old Japanese female in which bilateral kidney and ovarian cysts, adrenal adnomatus hyperplasia, and erythrocytosis were observed. Futhermore, an aneurysm not initially observed was detected by cerebral angiography done 23 months after tumor extirpation. We have evaluated the relationship between cerebellar hemangioblastoma and concurrent multiple aneurysms with reference to reported cases.", "contents": "[Cerebellar hemangioblastoma with multiple aneurysms]. We have reported a case of cerebellar hemangioblastoma in a 50 year-old Japanese female in which bilateral kidney and ovarian cysts, adrenal adnomatus hyperplasia, and erythrocytosis were observed. Futhermore, an aneurysm not initially observed was detected by cerebral angiography done 23 months after tumor extirpation. We have evaluated the relationship between cerebellar hemangioblastoma and concurrent multiple aneurysms with reference to reported cases.", "PMID": 1036163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7260", "title": "The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function.", "content": "The terminology of lower urinary tract function will be standardized by the ICS. This report contains the recommendations dealing with urinary incontinence, procedures related to the evaluation of urine storage (cystometry, urethral closure pressure profile) and units of measurement.", "contents": "The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. The terminology of lower urinary tract function will be standardized by the ICS. This report contains the recommendations dealing with urinary incontinence, procedures related to the evaluation of urine storage (cystometry, urethral closure pressure profile) and units of measurement.", "PMID": 1036165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7261", "title": "[Neurochemical aspects of corrective effect of fluoracizine in triphthazine-induced catalepsy in rats].", "content": "Following introduction of triftazine (2 mg/kg) and phthoracizine 8 mg/kg, separately and in combination, the intensity of catalepsy, the content of dopamine, norepinephrine (fluorometrically), of acetylcholine (biologically) and the activity of cholinesterase (calorimetrically) in the caudate nuclei and the frontal part of the cortex were determined in rats. It was established that with its one-time administration phthoracizine, while keeping down the intensity of triftazine-induced catalepsy, prevents, at the same time, the development of a number of biochemical effects, viz. there appears a distinctly pronounced tendency toward mormalization of the dopamine, acetylcholine levels and of the cholinesterase activity. A multiple joint administration of the drugs is also attended by lowering the intensity of catalepsy. Then, biochemical changes manifest themselves in more complex interrelations.", "contents": "[Neurochemical aspects of corrective effect of fluoracizine in triphthazine-induced catalepsy in rats]. Following introduction of triftazine (2 mg/kg) and phthoracizine 8 mg/kg, separately and in combination, the intensity of catalepsy, the content of dopamine, norepinephrine (fluorometrically), of acetylcholine (biologically) and the activity of cholinesterase (calorimetrically) in the caudate nuclei and the frontal part of the cortex were determined in rats. It was established that with its one-time administration phthoracizine, while keeping down the intensity of triftazine-induced catalepsy, prevents, at the same time, the development of a number of biochemical effects, viz. there appears a distinctly pronounced tendency toward mormalization of the dopamine, acetylcholine levels and of the cholinesterase activity. A multiple joint administration of the drugs is also attended by lowering the intensity of catalepsy. Then, biochemical changes manifest themselves in more complex interrelations.", "PMID": 1036166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7262", "title": "The challenge: PSRO and optometry.", "content": "Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSRO) will be reviewing services rendered under Medicare/Medicaid and Maternal and Child Health. The United States has been divided into 203 PSRO areas. In states with three or more PSROs, a statewide Professional Standards Review Council will be set up. A national Professional Standards Review Council advises the Secretary of HEW and Congress on the progress of the PSRO program. Norms, criteria and standards will be used in the PSRO review process. It is hoped that the PSRO system will be able to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of health care being paid for by the Federal government.", "contents": "The challenge: PSRO and optometry. Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSRO) will be reviewing services rendered under Medicare/Medicaid and Maternal and Child Health. The United States has been divided into 203 PSRO areas. In states with three or more PSROs, a statewide Professional Standards Review Council will be set up. A national Professional Standards Review Council advises the Secretary of HEW and Congress on the progress of the PSRO program. Norms, criteria and standards will be used in the PSRO review process. It is hoped that the PSRO system will be able to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of health care being paid for by the Federal government.", "PMID": 1036177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7263", "title": "PSRO's and optometry.", "content": "Public Law 92-603 is reviewed and reference made to sections where optometry can be involved. A guide to the development of a program for inclusion in the PSRO program is discussed and a challenge to the profession is issued.", "contents": "PSRO's and optometry. Public Law 92-603 is reviewed and reference made to sections where optometry can be involved. A guide to the development of a program for inclusion in the PSRO program is discussed and a challenge to the profession is issued.", "PMID": 1036178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7264", "title": "Critical closing pressure in the fetal vessel of the human placenta in vitro. II. Compared effects of a beta adrenergic substance, Salbutamol, on the critical closing pressure and vascular resistance.", "content": "Salbutamol effects upon the fetal vessels of the human placenta were studied in vitro, comparing the changes induced upon the critical closing pressure (CCP) and viscous resistance (R). Four normal full-term placentas were used. In each of them, 4 cotyledonary areas were perfused, thus obtaining a total of 16 measurements for the observation of spontaneous variations (blank), by perfusion with Krebs solution, and the same amount for the variations due to Salbutamol. The concentration used was 10 microgram/ml, with a 4.25 ml/min flow. The relative effect of Salbutamol upon CCP was its decrease--30.4% against a relative spontaneous variation of --3.6%. The mean relative effect upon R was much lower, --9.4%. against a mean relative spontaneous variation of + 3.3%. The advantages of using CCP instead of R as a parameter of vascular contractility are discussed. Furthermore, Salbutamol is suggested to be useful in improving fetal placental circulation.", "contents": "Critical closing pressure in the fetal vessel of the human placenta in vitro. II. Compared effects of a beta adrenergic substance, Salbutamol, on the critical closing pressure and vascular resistance. Salbutamol effects upon the fetal vessels of the human placenta were studied in vitro, comparing the changes induced upon the critical closing pressure (CCP) and viscous resistance (R). Four normal full-term placentas were used. In each of them, 4 cotyledonary areas were perfused, thus obtaining a total of 16 measurements for the observation of spontaneous variations (blank), by perfusion with Krebs solution, and the same amount for the variations due to Salbutamol. The concentration used was 10 microgram/ml, with a 4.25 ml/min flow. The relative effect of Salbutamol upon CCP was its decrease--30.4% against a relative spontaneous variation of --3.6%. The mean relative effect upon R was much lower, --9.4%. against a mean relative spontaneous variation of + 3.3%. The advantages of using CCP instead of R as a parameter of vascular contractility are discussed. Furthermore, Salbutamol is suggested to be useful in improving fetal placental circulation.", "PMID": 1036171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7265", "title": "Effects of oxamate, an inhibitor of lactate dahydrogenase, upon the spontaneous or oxytocin-induced motility and over pyruvate levels of uterine horns isolated from ovariectomized or estrus rats.", "content": "The stability with time of the spontaneous as well as the oxytocin-triggered functional activity of uterine borns isolated from induced estrus rats and immersed in a medium with lactate as the substrate was not affected by the presence of oxomate (an inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase) at 10 or 20mM. On the contrary, the oxytocin-driven and the spontaneous motility of preparations obtained from 15 days castrated rats diminished significantly following in addition of the enzyme inhibitor. Furthermore, uterine borns from ovariectomized animals injected with 17-beta estradiol, regain the lack of functional sensivity towards oxamate. In addition, determinations of pyruvate levels in homogenates of uterine tissue, previously suspended in lactate medium (as in the functional experiments), demonstrate to be significantly reduced, following oxamate. Several possible reasons, attempting to explain these findings, are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of oxamate, an inhibitor of lactate dahydrogenase, upon the spontaneous or oxytocin-induced motility and over pyruvate levels of uterine horns isolated from ovariectomized or estrus rats. The stability with time of the spontaneous as well as the oxytocin-triggered functional activity of uterine borns isolated from induced estrus rats and immersed in a medium with lactate as the substrate was not affected by the presence of oxomate (an inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase) at 10 or 20mM. On the contrary, the oxytocin-driven and the spontaneous motility of preparations obtained from 15 days castrated rats diminished significantly following in addition of the enzyme inhibitor. Furthermore, uterine borns from ovariectomized animals injected with 17-beta estradiol, regain the lack of functional sensivity towards oxamate. In addition, determinations of pyruvate levels in homogenates of uterine tissue, previously suspended in lactate medium (as in the functional experiments), demonstrate to be significantly reduced, following oxamate. Several possible reasons, attempting to explain these findings, are discussed.", "PMID": 1036172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7266", "title": "Modifying effects of inactivated bovine serum on the acute toxicity of methylmercuric chloride in cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Dynamics of the killing of Ehrlich's murine ascites tumor cells by methylmercuric chloride, MMC, were investigated. Thresholds in the killing action of MMC were observed in the MMC treatment concentration, but not in the MMC treatment time. Inactivated bovine serum protected the E-cells from killing by MMC in vitro. The apparent MMC toxicity was reduced as the serum concentration increased, but remaining partially at high concentrations. Thus the serum increases the threshold for MMC toxicity. It was confirmed that the mode of action, observed as the kinetics of the acute lethality by suspicious substances, could be examined promptly on the mammalian cell level by the present experimental system.", "contents": "Modifying effects of inactivated bovine serum on the acute toxicity of methylmercuric chloride in cells cultured in vitro. Dynamics of the killing of Ehrlich's murine ascites tumor cells by methylmercuric chloride, MMC, were investigated. Thresholds in the killing action of MMC were observed in the MMC treatment concentration, but not in the MMC treatment time. Inactivated bovine serum protected the E-cells from killing by MMC in vitro. The apparent MMC toxicity was reduced as the serum concentration increased, but remaining partially at high concentrations. Thus the serum increases the threshold for MMC toxicity. It was confirmed that the mode of action, observed as the kinetics of the acute lethality by suspicious substances, could be examined promptly on the mammalian cell level by the present experimental system.", "PMID": 1036187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7267", "title": "[Endurable grip strength of office workers classified by job and age (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have measured the power and endurable grip strength by five times repetition at five second intervals on post-office clerks (indoor service and outdoor service) and the personnel of harbor construction office (office workers and crew of dredger). The results are as follows: 1) Grip strength (power: higher value either at the first or the second grip) has negative correlation with age. 2) Endurable grip strength (endurance: subtract lower value either at the fourth or fifth grip from the grip strength) of the indoor mail clerks and office workers has no correlation with age, but that of the others (the outdoor service and crew of dredger) has negative correlation with age.", "contents": "[Endurable grip strength of office workers classified by job and age (author's transl)]. The authors have measured the power and endurable grip strength by five times repetition at five second intervals on post-office clerks (indoor service and outdoor service) and the personnel of harbor construction office (office workers and crew of dredger). The results are as follows: 1) Grip strength (power: higher value either at the first or the second grip) has negative correlation with age. 2) Endurable grip strength (endurance: subtract lower value either at the fourth or fifth grip from the grip strength) of the indoor mail clerks and office workers has no correlation with age, but that of the others (the outdoor service and crew of dredger) has negative correlation with age.", "PMID": 1036188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7268", "title": "Ricinus communis toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts of a toxin-resistant variant mouse lymphoma cell line.", "content": "Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCAII, ricin, toxin) at low concentrations inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, but not in intact cells, of an RCAII-resistant mouse lymphoma variant cell line. The concentration dependence of the inhibition by RCAII was the same in cell-free extracts of both RCAII-resistant variant and RCAII-sensitive parental cells, while intact parental cells are 250 times more sensitive to RCAII toxicity. The onset of RCAII inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis was extremely rapid in both cases, being complete in a few minutes. Under these conditions RCAII inhibits protein synthesis in intact RCAII-sensitive parental cells, but maximal inhibition requires several hours to occur. These results support our previous electron microscopic observations that the variant cells are defective in the uptake of RCAII by endocytosis at low toxin concentrations.", "contents": "Ricinus communis toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts of a toxin-resistant variant mouse lymphoma cell line. Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCAII, ricin, toxin) at low concentrations inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, but not in intact cells, of an RCAII-resistant mouse lymphoma variant cell line. The concentration dependence of the inhibition by RCAII was the same in cell-free extracts of both RCAII-resistant variant and RCAII-sensitive parental cells, while intact parental cells are 250 times more sensitive to RCAII toxicity. The onset of RCAII inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis was extremely rapid in both cases, being complete in a few minutes. Under these conditions RCAII inhibits protein synthesis in intact RCAII-sensitive parental cells, but maximal inhibition requires several hours to occur. These results support our previous electron microscopic observations that the variant cells are defective in the uptake of RCAII by endocytosis at low toxin concentrations.", "PMID": 1036193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7269", "title": "[Chorionepithelioma and disgerminoma in a 14-year-old girl].", "content": "A 14-year-old girl was operated on for an ovarian tumour, the size of a human head, which was twisted, necrotic, and ruptured. The histopathologic finding was chorionepithelioma et dysgerminoma ovarii. The girl died two months and a half after the onset of the first complaints. The case is presented with all relevant details.", "contents": "[Chorionepithelioma and disgerminoma in a 14-year-old girl]. A 14-year-old girl was operated on for an ovarian tumour, the size of a human head, which was twisted, necrotic, and ruptured. The histopathologic finding was chorionepithelioma et dysgerminoma ovarii. The girl died two months and a half after the onset of the first complaints. The case is presented with all relevant details.", "PMID": 1036194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7270", "title": "[Morphogenetic function of the nuclei in the early development of the common freshwater snail, Limnaea stagnalis].", "content": "The early embryos L. stagnalis were placed in the actinomycin solution at the successive developmental stages. The permeability to actinomycin was previously increased by the pricking through egg capsules. The inactivation of nuclei by actinomycin up to the stage of 12 blastomeres resulted in the arrest of development at the 22 cell stage. The inactivation of nuclei at the subsequent development stages resulted in the developmental arrest at later stages. These data suggest that the embryonic development up to the 22 cell stage is provided by the nuclear function during oogenesis. The morphogenetic nuclear function of the embryo begins at the stage of 12 blastomeres and provides the embryonic development beyond the 22 cell stage.", "contents": "[Morphogenetic function of the nuclei in the early development of the common freshwater snail, Limnaea stagnalis]. The early embryos L. stagnalis were placed in the actinomycin solution at the successive developmental stages. The permeability to actinomycin was previously increased by the pricking through egg capsules. The inactivation of nuclei by actinomycin up to the stage of 12 blastomeres resulted in the arrest of development at the 22 cell stage. The inactivation of nuclei at the subsequent development stages resulted in the developmental arrest at later stages. These data suggest that the embryonic development up to the 22 cell stage is provided by the nuclear function during oogenesis. The morphogenetic nuclear function of the embryo begins at the stage of 12 blastomeres and provides the embryonic development beyond the 22 cell stage.", "PMID": 1036196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7271", "title": "[Changes in the monoamine content in different parts of hypothalamus depending on the stages of the estrous cycle].", "content": "Fluorimetric determination of monoamines in various regions of the hypothalamus and at different stages of the estral cycle in rats showed that the serotonin, noradrenaline, and particularly dophamine content changed both in the course of the cycle and at different time (10, 15 and 18 hours) of the same stage of the cycle. Dophamine concentration in the arcuate area--the centre of the tonic activity--reached its maximum at 18 hours of the diestrus-2 (D2) and fell to the minimum at 10 hours of the proestrus (P). Noradrenaline level in the preoptic area increased at 18 hours of the D2 and fell at 10 hours of the P. It is supposed that in the hypothalamic regulation of the estral cycle at least two monoamines (dopamine and noradrenaline) took part; the trigger role belongs to noradrenaline of the preoptic area (the cyclic centre).", "contents": "[Changes in the monoamine content in different parts of hypothalamus depending on the stages of the estrous cycle]. Fluorimetric determination of monoamines in various regions of the hypothalamus and at different stages of the estral cycle in rats showed that the serotonin, noradrenaline, and particularly dophamine content changed both in the course of the cycle and at different time (10, 15 and 18 hours) of the same stage of the cycle. Dophamine concentration in the arcuate area--the centre of the tonic activity--reached its maximum at 18 hours of the diestrus-2 (D2) and fell to the minimum at 10 hours of the proestrus (P). Noradrenaline level in the preoptic area increased at 18 hours of the D2 and fell at 10 hours of the P. It is supposed that in the hypothalamic regulation of the estral cycle at least two monoamines (dopamine and noradrenaline) took part; the trigger role belongs to noradrenaline of the preoptic area (the cyclic centre).", "PMID": 1036197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7272", "title": "[Effect of L-dopa on the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland].", "content": "Chronic experiments were conducted on female rats. It was shown that administration of noradrenaline precursor l-DOPA in a dose of 20 mg/kg for a period  of 2 weeks led to the premature sexual maturation of the sexually immature rats, depressed the estrus, but increased the percentage of ovulations in adult rats with a normal cycle, restored the ovulation in 50% of rats with irregular anovular cycle and altered the correlation of the sexual cycle phases and the FSH and the LH level in the hypophysis. Administration of l-DOPA to rats with a spontaneous estrus restored the normal sexual cycle and ovulation in them. Prolonged administration of l-DOPA; (for 3 to 4 weeks) in a dose of 20 mg/kg and also the use of higher doses (100 mg/kg) produced a depressive effect on the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis.", "contents": "[Effect of L-dopa on the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland]. Chronic experiments were conducted on female rats. It was shown that administration of noradrenaline precursor l-DOPA in a dose of 20 mg/kg for a period  of 2 weeks led to the premature sexual maturation of the sexually immature rats, depressed the estrus, but increased the percentage of ovulations in adult rats with a normal cycle, restored the ovulation in 50% of rats with irregular anovular cycle and altered the correlation of the sexual cycle phases and the FSH and the LH level in the hypophysis. Administration of l-DOPA to rats with a spontaneous estrus restored the normal sexual cycle and ovulation in them. Prolonged administration of l-DOPA; (for 3 to 4 weeks) in a dose of 20 mg/kg and also the use of higher doses (100 mg/kg) produced a depressive effect on the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 1036198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7273", "title": "[Change in the estrous cycle of mice under the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha].", "content": "It was shown that specific reception in female mice to prostaglandine F2alpha maturated in the process of ontogenesis since the vaginal reaction and the weight of the reproductive organs in the immature female animals failed to alter under its effect. In the sexually mature mice prostaglandine F2alpha arrested the course of the estral cycle and caused an untimely occurrence of the next estrus for a more prolonged time than normal, irrespective of the phase of the estral cycle during which it was administered.", "contents": "[Change in the estrous cycle of mice under the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha]. It was shown that specific reception in female mice to prostaglandine F2alpha maturated in the process of ontogenesis since the vaginal reaction and the weight of the reproductive organs in the immature female animals failed to alter under its effect. In the sexually mature mice prostaglandine F2alpha arrested the course of the estral cycle and caused an untimely occurrence of the next estrus for a more prolonged time than normal, irrespective of the phase of the estral cycle during which it was administered.", "PMID": 1036199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7274", "title": "[Comparison of 2 in vitro methods of titration of antibodies neutralizing the classic swine plague virus].", "content": "Swine fever virus neutralization have been studied by the following method: variable plaque forming units numbers are mixed with a predetermined serum dilution. Infectivity is measured before (VO) and after (Vr) neutralization reaction. Neutralization index (N.I. = logVo/V) represent the difference between the two titers. It had been demonstrated that mass law is a good approximation to describe swine fever virus neutralization. So the most useful form in which to express the relation between N.I. and dilution logarithm (log D) is NI = NIo--K log D (I) where K is the constante corresponding to the slope of neutralization curve. A sligh K variation is observed according to immunoglobulin classes sharing antibody activity. Average K value is equal to 3. NIO is the NI obtained when extrapolating the curve to log D = o. These results have permitted to compare the two seroneutralization methods commonly used: \"constant serum\" method and \"variable serum\" method (determination of serum dilution inhibiting 50% of infectivity: D50). From formula (I) the following relation can be obtained: see formular. Theoretical and experimental log D50 values were appromaximatively the same (difference inferior or equal to 0.3). So D50 can be calculated by both methods.", "contents": "[Comparison of 2 in vitro methods of titration of antibodies neutralizing the classic swine plague virus]. Swine fever virus neutralization have been studied by the following method: variable plaque forming units numbers are mixed with a predetermined serum dilution. Infectivity is measured before (VO) and after (Vr) neutralization reaction. Neutralization index (N.I. = logVo/V) represent the difference between the two titers. It had been demonstrated that mass law is a good approximation to describe swine fever virus neutralization. So the most useful form in which to express the relation between N.I. and dilution logarithm (log D) is NI = NIo--K log D (I) where K is the constante corresponding to the slope of neutralization curve. A sligh K variation is observed according to immunoglobulin classes sharing antibody activity. Average K value is equal to 3. NIO is the NI obtained when extrapolating the curve to log D = o. These results have permitted to compare the two seroneutralization methods commonly used: \"constant serum\" method and \"variable serum\" method (determination of serum dilution inhibiting 50% of infectivity: D50). From formula (I) the following relation can be obtained: see formular. Theoretical and experimental log D50 values were appromaximatively the same (difference inferior or equal to 0.3). So D50 can be calculated by both methods.", "PMID": 1036215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7275", "title": "A preliminary fertility appraisal of exotic cattle herds.", "content": "The fertility of 754 cows and 13 heifers in 4 government and several private herds of exotic milk and beef breeds in Uganda were studied using information originated from the records of genital examinations conducted during a period of 15 months. The pregnancy or in-calf rate in these animals ranged between 59.2% (private farms) and 85.3% (government farms). The proportion of cows not inseminated by three months after parturition varied between 50% (government farms) and 92.9% (private farms). The average number of days open was 119.07 to 249.51 in government farms and 187.43 days in private farms, the index of artificial insemination ranged between 1.5 and 3.18. Clinical examination revealed that inactive ovaries (52.9%) and normal cyclic changes (24.5%) were the main disturbances in cows with fertility problems. A smaller percentage was attributed to cystic follicles, endometritis, and others.", "contents": "A preliminary fertility appraisal of exotic cattle herds. The fertility of 754 cows and 13 heifers in 4 government and several private herds of exotic milk and beef breeds in Uganda were studied using information originated from the records of genital examinations conducted during a period of 15 months. The pregnancy or in-calf rate in these animals ranged between 59.2% (private farms) and 85.3% (government farms). The proportion of cows not inseminated by three months after parturition varied between 50% (government farms) and 92.9% (private farms). The average number of days open was 119.07 to 249.51 in government farms and 187.43 days in private farms, the index of artificial insemination ranged between 1.5 and 3.18. Clinical examination revealed that inactive ovaries (52.9%) and normal cyclic changes (24.5%) were the main disturbances in cows with fertility problems. A smaller percentage was attributed to cystic follicles, endometritis, and others.", "PMID": 1036216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7276", "title": "The effect of light stimulus on Pekin ducks in the subtropics. Effect on the reproduction.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the effect of an extended light period (natural, gradual, and abrupt) on the semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability of Pekin ducks. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: 1. Night feeding has no reliable effect on the semen production and characteristics in drakes. Thus, any improvement in the semen characteristics of different treated groups compared to the control may be traced back to light stimulus only. 2. Light stimulus showed a favourable effect on the semen volume and sperm motility, concentration, viability and normality during the two laying seasons. 3. Subjection of ducks to artificial light had a favourable effect on their fertility and hatchability.", "contents": "The effect of light stimulus on Pekin ducks in the subtropics. Effect on the reproduction. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of an extended light period (natural, gradual, and abrupt) on the semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability of Pekin ducks. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: 1. Night feeding has no reliable effect on the semen production and characteristics in drakes. Thus, any improvement in the semen characteristics of different treated groups compared to the control may be traced back to light stimulus only. 2. Light stimulus showed a favourable effect on the semen volume and sperm motility, concentration, viability and normality during the two laying seasons. 3. Subjection of ducks to artificial light had a favourable effect on their fertility and hatchability.", "PMID": 1036217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7277", "title": "[The coelom and its lining as organoblastema].", "content": "Dissent in the description of the walls of the serous cavities in the thorax has led to an investigation of the origin of these serous walls in man. The macroscopical and microscopical observations in human dissected and sectioned material not only solved this contradiction, but also suggested, that the development of the coelom is a more complicated process than is presumed in the literature. On one side our observations are confirmed, on the other side they are contradicted. Therefore, we decided to follow the development of the coelom conscientiously, step by step. A pilot study of embryonic stages in the mouse pointed out that in this laboratory animal very similar processes take place, and that in very young stages the coelomic wall consists of epitheloid cells. Studying the behaviour of these epitheloid cells in embryonic stages in the rat, it appeared that the development of the coelom must not only be looked upon as an outgrowth and a modification of a cavity, but as an outgrowth and a modification of an organ, which consists of a cavity surrounded by its own specific wall. It is evident that the cells of this coelomic wall determine the outgrowth and the modification of this coelomic organ, which can be considered as a blastema for various organs in the thorax.", "contents": "[The coelom and its lining as organoblastema]. Dissent in the description of the walls of the serous cavities in the thorax has led to an investigation of the origin of these serous walls in man. The macroscopical and microscopical observations in human dissected and sectioned material not only solved this contradiction, but also suggested, that the development of the coelom is a more complicated process than is presumed in the literature. On one side our observations are confirmed, on the other side they are contradicted. Therefore, we decided to follow the development of the coelom conscientiously, step by step. A pilot study of embryonic stages in the mouse pointed out that in this laboratory animal very similar processes take place, and that in very young stages the coelomic wall consists of epitheloid cells. Studying the behaviour of these epitheloid cells in embryonic stages in the rat, it appeared that the development of the coelom must not only be looked upon as an outgrowth and a modification of a cavity, but as an outgrowth and a modification of an organ, which consists of a cavity surrounded by its own specific wall. It is evident that the cells of this coelomic wall determine the outgrowth and the modification of this coelomic organ, which can be considered as a blastema for various organs in the thorax.", "PMID": 1036218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7278", "title": "[The azygos system].", "content": "The great variety of anatomical dispositions of the azygos system explains its facility of adaptation. The second lumbar vein is able to play a buffer role between the caval systems or, conversely, is able to direct venous flow to a preferential system. In case of portal hypertension, an inferior omphalo-azygos flow by the right ascending lumbar vein was noticed. Finally, the left venous system may either be the major element of the azygos system (mainly by a big ascending lumbar vein) or be divided in 2 distinct streams to the azygos venous trunc. The final disposition of the azygos system seems to correlate well with a progressive evolution towards an unique trunc, linking directly the two caval systems (this being confirmed by foetal data). Practically, the study of the arterial and venous relations of the azygos crossing have interesting applications in surgery.", "contents": "[The azygos system]. The great variety of anatomical dispositions of the azygos system explains its facility of adaptation. The second lumbar vein is able to play a buffer role between the caval systems or, conversely, is able to direct venous flow to a preferential system. In case of portal hypertension, an inferior omphalo-azygos flow by the right ascending lumbar vein was noticed. Finally, the left venous system may either be the major element of the azygos system (mainly by a big ascending lumbar vein) or be divided in 2 distinct streams to the azygos venous trunc. The final disposition of the azygos system seems to correlate well with a progressive evolution towards an unique trunc, linking directly the two caval systems (this being confirmed by foetal data). Practically, the study of the arterial and venous relations of the azygos crossing have interesting applications in surgery.", "PMID": 1036219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7279", "title": "[H1- and H2-receptor sensitivity to 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole derivatives].", "content": "Histamine-like derivatives of 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-trizole were synthetized and subjected to a pharmacological study. The sensitivity of H1- and H2-receptors to these substances was defined by the following tests, viz. in the isolated uterus of a rat, on the isolated atrium of a guinea pig and measurements of the blood pressure nn a cat. The derivative 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-triazole (IEM-813) affects predominantly H1-receptors, while 3-(aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4,triazole (IEM-759) has the closest affinity for H2-receptors, The authors presume that corresponding zones of histamine recpetors differ in their lyophilic and hydrophilic properties.", "contents": "[H1- and H2-receptor sensitivity to 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole derivatives]. Histamine-like derivatives of 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-trizole were synthetized and subjected to a pharmacological study. The sensitivity of H1- and H2-receptors to these substances was defined by the following tests, viz. in the isolated uterus of a rat, on the isolated atrium of a guinea pig and measurements of the blood pressure nn a cat. The derivative 3-(beta-aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-triazole (IEM-813) affects predominantly H1-receptors, while 3-(aminoethyl)-5-amino-1,2,4,triazole (IEM-759) has the closest affinity for H2-receptors, The authors presume that corresponding zones of histamine recpetors differ in their lyophilic and hydrophilic properties.", "PMID": 1036224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7280", "title": "[The antistreptolysin activity of lysozyme].", "content": "The action of O-streptolysin on rabbit red corpuscles is inhibited by lysozyme, whereas the enzyme has no effect on termostable cytotoxic fraction of the toxin. Moreover little amounts of lysozyme canhance the anti-streptolysinic titers of human immune sera. These findings and the relationship between the biological activities of O-streptolysin are discussed.", "contents": "[The antistreptolysin activity of lysozyme]. The action of O-streptolysin on rabbit red corpuscles is inhibited by lysozyme, whereas the enzyme has no effect on termostable cytotoxic fraction of the toxin. Moreover little amounts of lysozyme canhance the anti-streptolysinic titers of human immune sera. These findings and the relationship between the biological activities of O-streptolysin are discussed.", "PMID": 1036231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7281", "title": "Melatonin inhibition of reproduction in the male hamster: its dependency on time of day of administration and on an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland.", "content": "The daily s.c injection of 25 microgram melatonin (MEL) in oil into adult male hamsters at 7 p.m. (lights on 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.) for 50 days caused involution of the tests, coagulation of gland and seminal vesicles and depression in pituitary prolactin (Prl) levels. Similar injections of MEL given at 9 a.m. completely failed to cause regression of the sex organs or a depression in pituitary Prl levels. Injections of MEL in the p.m. were completely ineffective in inhibiting either the growth of the gonads and adnexa or the pituitary Prl levels if the animals had been pinealectomized. Likewise, superior cervical ganglionectomy, decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia and anterior hypothalamic deafferetation, procedures which interfere with the sympathetic nerve supply to the pineal gland, negated the ability of p.m. MEL injections to inhibit reproduction in male hamsters. The results indicate that daily MEL injections are capable of suppressing reproductive physiology in male hamsters, but only when the indole is injected late in the light period, in this case, 13 h after light on. The findings also illustrate that daily p.m. MEL injections can inhibit reproduction only in animals that have an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland.", "contents": "Melatonin inhibition of reproduction in the male hamster: its dependency on time of day of administration and on an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland. The daily s.c injection of 25 microgram melatonin (MEL) in oil into adult male hamsters at 7 p.m. (lights on 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.) for 50 days caused involution of the tests, coagulation of gland and seminal vesicles and depression in pituitary prolactin (Prl) levels. Similar injections of MEL given at 9 a.m. completely failed to cause regression of the sex organs or a depression in pituitary Prl levels. Injections of MEL in the p.m. were completely ineffective in inhibiting either the growth of the gonads and adnexa or the pituitary Prl levels if the animals had been pinealectomized. Likewise, superior cervical ganglionectomy, decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia and anterior hypothalamic deafferetation, procedures which interfere with the sympathetic nerve supply to the pineal gland, negated the ability of p.m. MEL injections to inhibit reproduction in male hamsters. The results indicate that daily MEL injections are capable of suppressing reproductive physiology in male hamsters, but only when the indole is injected late in the light period, in this case, 13 h after light on. The findings also illustrate that daily p.m. MEL injections can inhibit reproduction only in animals that have an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland.", "PMID": 1036241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7282", "title": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Dehydrogenase enzymes during the estrous cycle.", "content": "Three enzymes selected as representative of major metabolic pathways (malic dehydrogenase, of the citric acid cycle, lactic dehydrogenase, of glycolysis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, of the pentose pathway) were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei during the 5-day estrous cycle of adult rats. Malic dehydrogenase increases significantly from low proestrous levels to a peak at estrus and then declines during diestrus in the following nuclei and areas of the anterior hypothalamus: medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and anterior. Significant peaks of lactic dehydrogenase occur more often during diestrus-3 in hypothalamic nuclei of the middle and posterior hypothalamus, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has a biphasic pattern with peaks usually occurring during the diestrous period.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Dehydrogenase enzymes during the estrous cycle. Three enzymes selected as representative of major metabolic pathways (malic dehydrogenase, of the citric acid cycle, lactic dehydrogenase, of glycolysis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, of the pentose pathway) were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei during the 5-day estrous cycle of adult rats. Malic dehydrogenase increases significantly from low proestrous levels to a peak at estrus and then declines during diestrus in the following nuclei and areas of the anterior hypothalamus: medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and anterior. Significant peaks of lactic dehydrogenase occur more often during diestrus-3 in hypothalamic nuclei of the middle and posterior hypothalamus, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has a biphasic pattern with peaks usually occurring during the diestrous period.", "PMID": 1036242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7283", "title": "[Labeled mitoses curve in different states of cell proliferation kinetics. 2. Mathematical model with the calculation of transient processes].", "content": "The available information about the temporal patterns of labelling and mitotic indices in the same system has been used to develop a general approach to the mathematical simulation of labelled mitoses curve. Such states of cell proliferation kinetics as induced DNA synthesis, steady (in narrow sense) state and diurnal rhythm of proliferative processes are investigated in a greater detail. The principle of a mathematical description of an additional DNA synthesis stimulation coming from the states under consideration is also discussed in this work.", "contents": "[Labeled mitoses curve in different states of cell proliferation kinetics. 2. Mathematical model with the calculation of transient processes]. The available information about the temporal patterns of labelling and mitotic indices in the same system has been used to develop a general approach to the mathematical simulation of labelled mitoses curve. Such states of cell proliferation kinetics as induced DNA synthesis, steady (in narrow sense) state and diurnal rhythm of proliferative processes are investigated in a greater detail. The principle of a mathematical description of an additional DNA synthesis stimulation coming from the states under consideration is also discussed in this work.", "PMID": 1036245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7284", "title": "[Relationship between the proliferation waves of the hepatocytes after hepatectomy and the waves of diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity. 1. Dependence of the form of the mitotic wave and the time of attaining its maximal degree on the time of operation].", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity (MA) of intact animal hepatocytes and the proliferative wave of hepatocytes after partial hepatactomy at time t0 are thought to appear as a result of formation of an initial proliferative wave, Pk-wave, within the G0-phase at constant moments of the day--time tk+1=tk+TMA(TMA=24hrs/K, k=1, or 2, . . ., or K) under the influence of the regulating system of the organism. Cells of the Pk-wave pass during a short time deltat (deltat less than TMA) from the G0-phase into the transformation phase, and then into the G1-phase. The 1st stimulated proliferative wave is formed at time tk, if tk--TMA less than t0 less than or equal to tk; its intensity depends most likely on the intensity of the corresponding Pk-wave of the intact liver.  It was noted that time t0 of partial hepatectomy was necessary to coordinate with tk, but not with the time of the maximal mitotic activity, and that it was necessary to hepatectomize all animals within the interval from time tk--TMA to time tk. The model was shown to compare well with data by Post et al. (1963), Barbason (1970), and Van Cantfort and Barbason (1972) for hepatocytes of Wistar rats with TMA=8hrs, and tk (k=1,2,3) within intervals (2 a.m.; 4 a.m), (10 p.m.; noon), and (6 p.m. 8 p.m.). The maximal rate of liver generation was observed for all the hepactomized animals with the time of operation being between 8 p. m. and 2 a.m.", "contents": "[Relationship between the proliferation waves of the hepatocytes after hepatectomy and the waves of diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity. 1. Dependence of the form of the mitotic wave and the time of attaining its maximal degree on the time of operation]. The diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity (MA) of intact animal hepatocytes and the proliferative wave of hepatocytes after partial hepatactomy at time t0 are thought to appear as a result of formation of an initial proliferative wave, Pk-wave, within the G0-phase at constant moments of the day--time tk+1=tk+TMA(TMA=24hrs/K, k=1, or 2, . . ., or K) under the influence of the regulating system of the organism. Cells of the Pk-wave pass during a short time deltat (deltat less than TMA) from the G0-phase into the transformation phase, and then into the G1-phase. The 1st stimulated proliferative wave is formed at time tk, if tk--TMA less than t0 less than or equal to tk; its intensity depends most likely on the intensity of the corresponding Pk-wave of the intact liver.  It was noted that time t0 of partial hepatectomy was necessary to coordinate with tk, but not with the time of the maximal mitotic activity, and that it was necessary to hepatectomize all animals within the interval from time tk--TMA to time tk. The model was shown to compare well with data by Post et al. (1963), Barbason (1970), and Van Cantfort and Barbason (1972) for hepatocytes of Wistar rats with TMA=8hrs, and tk (k=1,2,3) within intervals (2 a.m.; 4 a.m), (10 p.m.; noon), and (6 p.m. 8 p.m.). The maximal rate of liver generation was observed for all the hepactomized animals with the time of operation being between 8 p. m. and 2 a.m.", "PMID": 1036246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7285", "title": "[Temporary organization of the processes of cell reproduction in the HeLa culture].", "content": "Rhythmical changes of the DNA--synthesizing and dividing cells have been identified in Hela cultures in the stationary phase of the growth. The periods of these changes were not equal to 24 hours. Synchronous quantitative changes of the DNA-synthesizing and dividing cells and the similarity in the length of their frequency periods were observed. The parameters of culture mitotic cycle: T--27--31 hr, tG2min--2hr, tG2+1/2M--4hr, ts--11 hr, tG1+1/2M--12--16 hr.", "contents": "[Temporary organization of the processes of cell reproduction in the HeLa culture]. Rhythmical changes of the DNA--synthesizing and dividing cells have been identified in Hela cultures in the stationary phase of the growth. The periods of these changes were not equal to 24 hours. Synchronous quantitative changes of the DNA-synthesizing and dividing cells and the similarity in the length of their frequency periods were observed. The parameters of culture mitotic cycle: T--27--31 hr, tG2min--2hr, tG2+1/2M--4hr, ts--11 hr, tG1+1/2M--12--16 hr.", "PMID": 1036247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7286", "title": "[Critical periods in the development of spurs in light of the theory of phylembryogenesis].", "content": "Two critical periods have been established in the development of spurs representing a derivative of the corneous squama. During the first period the exposure to x-rays results in the development of the corneous squama instead of the spur, and the same exposure during the second critical period completely suppresses the development of the spur. These periods seem to correspond to the truning-points in the chain of morphogenetical processes of the spur formation associated with phylembryogeneses. Department of Embryology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, USSR Acad. Med. Sci., Leningrad.", "contents": "[Critical periods in the development of spurs in light of the theory of phylembryogenesis]. Two critical periods have been established in the development of spurs representing a derivative of the corneous squama. During the first period the exposure to x-rays results in the development of the corneous squama instead of the spur, and the same exposure during the second critical period completely suppresses the development of the spur. These periods seem to correspond to the truning-points in the chain of morphogenetical processes of the spur formation associated with phylembryogeneses. Department of Embryology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, USSR Acad. Med. Sci., Leningrad.", "PMID": 1036256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7287", "title": "[Diurnal biological rhythms in the cells of granulation tissue in a liver injury].", "content": "Under study were the diurnal biological rhythms in 37 young mature male Wistar rats and in 44 young mature female Wistar rats in the cells of the granulation tissue (fibroblasts) 4 and 9 days respectively after injuring the liver. The animals were killed in groups every 4 h during 1 day, and in the second series--during 2 days. The diurnal rhythm was found in the mitotic activity. The first peak of mitoses was observed at midday and the second one--at midnight. The second peak may be absent. It has been shown autoradiographically that the maximum intensive synthesis of DNA took place at 8'clock a. m., i. e. 4th. before the appearance of the first maximum of mitoses. The most intensive synthesis of proteins and sulphated mucopolysaccharides in fibroblasts took place at 4 p. m.", "contents": "[Diurnal biological rhythms in the cells of granulation tissue in a liver injury]. Under study were the diurnal biological rhythms in 37 young mature male Wistar rats and in 44 young mature female Wistar rats in the cells of the granulation tissue (fibroblasts) 4 and 9 days respectively after injuring the liver. The animals were killed in groups every 4 h during 1 day, and in the second series--during 2 days. The diurnal rhythm was found in the mitotic activity. The first peak of mitoses was observed at midday and the second one--at midnight. The second peak may be absent. It has been shown autoradiographically that the maximum intensive synthesis of DNA took place at 8'clock a. m., i. e. 4th. before the appearance of the first maximum of mitoses. The most intensive synthesis of proteins and sulphated mucopolysaccharides in fibroblasts took place at 4 p. m.", "PMID": 1036257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7288", "title": "[Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rats with neurogenic stress].", "content": "A moderate neurogenic stress was induced in adult male rats by crowding for a period of 1 and 7 days. The content of angiotensin I and the activity of renin in the blood plasm aldosterone concentration in the peripheral blood plasma considerably. Seven days after the beginning of the neurogenic stress the content of aldosterone in the blood plasma considerably. Seven days after the beginning of the neurogenic stress the content of aldosterone in the blood and the adrenal tissue was determined radioimmunologically. Crowding of rats for 24 hours led to a marked increase of aldosterone content in the adrenal glands, failed to alter the content of this hormone in the blood, decreased the activity of renin and angiotensin I content in the blood and the adrenal glands of rats proved to fall; as to the activity of renin and the amount of angiotensin I in the peripheral blood plasma - it rose. The problem on the causes of dissociation observed in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to the neurogenic stress of various duration is discussed.", "contents": "[Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rats with neurogenic stress]. A moderate neurogenic stress was induced in adult male rats by crowding for a period of 1 and 7 days. The content of angiotensin I and the activity of renin in the blood plasm aldosterone concentration in the peripheral blood plasma considerably. Seven days after the beginning of the neurogenic stress the content of aldosterone in the blood plasma considerably. Seven days after the beginning of the neurogenic stress the content of aldosterone in the blood and the adrenal tissue was determined radioimmunologically. Crowding of rats for 24 hours led to a marked increase of aldosterone content in the adrenal glands, failed to alter the content of this hormone in the blood, decreased the activity of renin and angiotensin I content in the blood and the adrenal glands of rats proved to fall; as to the activity of renin and the amount of angiotensin I in the peripheral blood plasma - it rose. The problem on the causes of dissociation observed in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to the neurogenic stress of various duration is discussed.", "PMID": 1036260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7289", "title": "Congenital retarded myelinization in a new-born child with infantile spasms.", "content": "A new-born child with frequent infantile spasms was investigated. In a cachectic state it died at the age of 11 months. Biopsy of the cerebral cortex revealed a retarded myelinization; at autopsy this slight myelinization was found again. The ganglioside pattern suggested a developmental stage of approximately 3 months before birth. This is a case with a congenital failure of myelinization.", "contents": "Congenital retarded myelinization in a new-born child with infantile spasms. A new-born child with frequent infantile spasms was investigated. In a cachectic state it died at the age of 11 months. Biopsy of the cerebral cortex revealed a retarded myelinization; at autopsy this slight myelinization was found again. The ganglioside pattern suggested a developmental stage of approximately 3 months before birth. This is a case with a congenital failure of myelinization.", "PMID": 1036285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7290", "title": "Mitosis and cytokinesis in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae.", "content": "Mitosis and cytokinesis are described in the free-living dinoflagellate, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt. In prophase, invaginations of the nuclear envelope form into tunnels which enclose bundles of microtubules. No centrioles or spindle organizers are present but microbodies are situated at the ends of the bundles of microtubules. The dividing chromosomes are attached to the tunnels, and microtubules connect to the nuclear envelope adjacent to the chromosomes by means of kinetochore-like structures. At anaphase, daughter chromatids are pulled apart as the nucleus extends but there is little change in the pole to chromosome distance. Cytokinesis is brought about by pinching-in of the cytoplasm adjacent to the equatorial region in an area where many microtubules lie under the plasmalemma. The account adds further details to the earlier descriptions of mitosis in other dinoflagellates.", "contents": "Mitosis and cytokinesis in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae. Mitosis and cytokinesis are described in the free-living dinoflagellate, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt. In prophase, invaginations of the nuclear envelope form into tunnels which enclose bundles of microtubules. No centrioles or spindle organizers are present but microbodies are situated at the ends of the bundles of microtubules. The dividing chromosomes are attached to the tunnels, and microtubules connect to the nuclear envelope adjacent to the chromosomes by means of kinetochore-like structures. At anaphase, daughter chromatids are pulled apart as the nucleus extends but there is little change in the pole to chromosome distance. Cytokinesis is brought about by pinching-in of the cytoplasm adjacent to the equatorial region in an area where many microtubules lie under the plasmalemma. The account adds further details to the earlier descriptions of mitosis in other dinoflagellates.", "PMID": 1036286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7291", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the ova of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Ova of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Observations on the microsculpture, the excretory groove on the spine, and the mode of miracidial hatching are discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the ova of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni. Ova of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Observations on the microsculpture, the excretory groove on the spine, and the mode of miracidial hatching are discussed.", "PMID": 1036287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7292", "title": "Transurethral or endoscopic ureterectomy.", "content": "A technique of ureterectomy performed endoscopically in 5 cases, following nephro-ureterectomy for pelvic papillomatosis, without evident ureteric involvement, is described. This technique for its simplicity, speed of execution and innocuity, proved to be of practical utility.", "contents": "Transurethral or endoscopic ureterectomy. A technique of ureterectomy performed endoscopically in 5 cases, following nephro-ureterectomy for pelvic papillomatosis, without evident ureteric involvement, is described. This technique for its simplicity, speed of execution and innocuity, proved to be of practical utility.", "PMID": 1036288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7293", "title": "[Problems in the genetics of stress. I. Genetic analysis of the behavior of mice in a stressful situation].", "content": "Behavior of progeny of complete diallel crossing between 4 inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, AKR/J) in a stressful situation was studied. As a model of stressful situation, the open field test was used. A statistically significant influence of genotype on the variability of the behaviour characteristics is found. On the basis of analysis of general combining ability of the strains, a hypothesis is made that in the gene pool of BALB/c and C3H/He strains there are concentrated some genes of additive effect, which increase the strength of emotional reactions of mice in a stressful situation, while in the gene pool of C57BL/6 and AKR/J there are genes of opposite effect. An analysis of the specific combining ability demonstrates that an important role in the control of features characterizing the exploratory activity of mice is played by non-additive gene effects, in particular, the effects of over-dominance. Significant genotypic correlations between the rate of sexual maturation of female mice and their behaviour in stressful situation were observed. The mice which mature earlier are more reactive to the stressing effect of a strange environment.", "contents": "[Problems in the genetics of stress. I. Genetic analysis of the behavior of mice in a stressful situation]. Behavior of progeny of complete diallel crossing between 4 inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, AKR/J) in a stressful situation was studied. As a model of stressful situation, the open field test was used. A statistically significant influence of genotype on the variability of the behaviour characteristics is found. On the basis of analysis of general combining ability of the strains, a hypothesis is made that in the gene pool of BALB/c and C3H/He strains there are concentrated some genes of additive effect, which increase the strength of emotional reactions of mice in a stressful situation, while in the gene pool of C57BL/6 and AKR/J there are genes of opposite effect. An analysis of the specific combining ability demonstrates that an important role in the control of features characterizing the exploratory activity of mice is played by non-additive gene effects, in particular, the effects of over-dominance. Significant genotypic correlations between the rate of sexual maturation of female mice and their behaviour in stressful situation were observed. The mice which mature earlier are more reactive to the stressing effect of a strange environment.", "PMID": 1036292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7294", "title": "[Problems in the genetics of stress. II. Genetic analysis of endocrine gland weight in mice under normal conditions and during exposure to stress].", "content": "Relative weight of adrenals, thymus, hypophysis and gonads was studied in female mice after 21 days after parturition and in intact males. One group of females was stressed during pregnancy, and another group was intact. All these animals were a progeny of the full diallele cross of 4 inbred mice strains (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, AKR/J). On the basis of analysis of general and specific combining ability the conclusion is drawn that the relative weight of the endocrine glands is inherited additively in females of both experimental groups. However, it was found that the size of additive genetic variation for these characters in the population of females, which had been stressed during their pregnancy was larger, than in the control population. A significant role of non-additive genes in the determination of these characters was observed in males. The degree of hypertrophy of adrenals and lysis of thymus in stressed females corresponded to their emotional reactivity. Significant genotypic correlations between the weight of some endocrine glands, on one hand, and the emotional reactivity and the rate of sexual maturation, on the other hand, were found in both experimental groups of females. In the stressed group these correlations were higher.", "contents": "[Problems in the genetics of stress. II. Genetic analysis of endocrine gland weight in mice under normal conditions and during exposure to stress]. Relative weight of adrenals, thymus, hypophysis and gonads was studied in female mice after 21 days after parturition and in intact males. One group of females was stressed during pregnancy, and another group was intact. All these animals were a progeny of the full diallele cross of 4 inbred mice strains (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, AKR/J). On the basis of analysis of general and specific combining ability the conclusion is drawn that the relative weight of the endocrine glands is inherited additively in females of both experimental groups. However, it was found that the size of additive genetic variation for these characters in the population of females, which had been stressed during their pregnancy was larger, than in the control population. A significant role of non-additive genes in the determination of these characters was observed in males. The degree of hypertrophy of adrenals and lysis of thymus in stressed females corresponded to their emotional reactivity. Significant genotypic correlations between the weight of some endocrine glands, on one hand, and the emotional reactivity and the rate of sexual maturation, on the other hand, were found in both experimental groups of females. In the stressed group these correlations were higher.", "PMID": 1036293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7295", "title": "The comparative effect of prolonged feeding with raw and heated soybean mean on the growth response, pancreatic enlargement and pancreatic enzymes of chicks.", "content": "Prolonged feeding of chicks with raw soybean meal as the main protein source in the diet resulted in growth inhibition, pancreas enlargement, and increased content of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. The effect of feeding with raw soybean meal as compared to heated soybean meal upon total intestinal enzymatic activities in chicks was tested. The tendency of chicks to overcome the effects of raw soybean meal is expressed mainly by the increase of biosynthesis and secretion of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas.", "contents": "The comparative effect of prolonged feeding with raw and heated soybean mean on the growth response, pancreatic enlargement and pancreatic enzymes of chicks. Prolonged feeding of chicks with raw soybean meal as the main protein source in the diet resulted in growth inhibition, pancreas enlargement, and increased content of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. The effect of feeding with raw soybean meal as compared to heated soybean meal upon total intestinal enzymatic activities in chicks was tested. The tendency of chicks to overcome the effects of raw soybean meal is expressed mainly by the increase of biosynthesis and secretion of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas.", "PMID": 1036297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7296", "title": "Metabolic acidosis, nitrogen balance and weight gain in preterm infants.", "content": "Nitrogen balance, urinary NAE and the acid base parameters in the blood of 15 male preterm infants with birth weights of 1000--2370 g (mean 1715 g) and gestational age of 29--37 weeks (mean 33.3 weeks) were determined weekly, in the first six weeks of life. The sum of NAE plus acid retention, as \"total acid\", was used to investigate the relationship between nitrogen balance, weight gain and acid-base homeostasis. During the first three postnatal weeks, nitrogen intake, urinary and faecal loss of nitrogen as well as the nitrogen retention were rapidly increasing. Later, urinary excretion continued to rise, the intake remained unchanged and as a result, the amount of retained nitrogen decreased slightly. Urinary NAE was steadily increasing to reach the maximum of 2.8 mEq/kg by the fourth week. Acid retention was the most pronounced in the second and third week, thereafter it fell until the end of the study. The importance of NAE relative to acid retention was continuously increasing throughout the observation period. The \"total acid\" increased gradually and reached its peak value in the third week of life. Subsequently a continuous fall was seen. During the first three weeks of life there was a significant positive correlation between \"total acid\" and nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen extraction. Since the increase in \"total acid\" went parallel with the increasing nitrogen retention, the latter may be assumed to be an additional factor in producing acidosis. Calculated per 100 mg nitrogen ingested, retained or excreted with urine, \"total acid\" was decreasing with the increasing rate of weight gain. This indicates that the growth process -- irrespective of the postnatal development of renal H+ handling -- is also involved in the elimination of acids.", "contents": "Metabolic acidosis, nitrogen balance and weight gain in preterm infants. Nitrogen balance, urinary NAE and the acid base parameters in the blood of 15 male preterm infants with birth weights of 1000--2370 g (mean 1715 g) and gestational age of 29--37 weeks (mean 33.3 weeks) were determined weekly, in the first six weeks of life. The sum of NAE plus acid retention, as \"total acid\", was used to investigate the relationship between nitrogen balance, weight gain and acid-base homeostasis. During the first three postnatal weeks, nitrogen intake, urinary and faecal loss of nitrogen as well as the nitrogen retention were rapidly increasing. Later, urinary excretion continued to rise, the intake remained unchanged and as a result, the amount of retained nitrogen decreased slightly. Urinary NAE was steadily increasing to reach the maximum of 2.8 mEq/kg by the fourth week. Acid retention was the most pronounced in the second and third week, thereafter it fell until the end of the study. The importance of NAE relative to acid retention was continuously increasing throughout the observation period. The \"total acid\" increased gradually and reached its peak value in the third week of life. Subsequently a continuous fall was seen. During the first three weeks of life there was a significant positive correlation between \"total acid\" and nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen extraction. Since the increase in \"total acid\" went parallel with the increasing nitrogen retention, the latter may be assumed to be an additional factor in producing acidosis. Calculated per 100 mg nitrogen ingested, retained or excreted with urine, \"total acid\" was decreasing with the increasing rate of weight gain. This indicates that the growth process -- irrespective of the postnatal development of renal H+ handling -- is also involved in the elimination of acids.", "PMID": 1036299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7297", "title": "[Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa of Emallagma cheliferum Selys, 1875 (Coenagrionidae: Odonata)].", "content": "The spermiogenesis in Enallagma cheliferum follows the  usual patterns of differentiation in insects. Thus, the Golgi originates the acrosome; the \"nebenkern\", the mitochondrial structures that form a long tail with the axonema. The axonema has the configuration 9 + 9 + 2 and around the centriole a centriole adjunt is visible in the immature spermatide. The centriole adjunt differentiates into dense bodies as a \"demi-lune\" shape in the mature sperm.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa of Emallagma cheliferum Selys, 1875 (Coenagrionidae: Odonata)]. The spermiogenesis in Enallagma cheliferum follows the  usual patterns of differentiation in insects. Thus, the Golgi originates the acrosome; the \"nebenkern\", the mitochondrial structures that form a long tail with the axonema. The axonema has the configuration 9 + 9 + 2 and around the centriole a centriole adjunt is visible in the immature spermatide. The centriole adjunt differentiates into dense bodies as a \"demi-lune\" shape in the mature sperm.", "PMID": 1036302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7298", "title": "Absence of hyperactivity in lead-exposed developing rats.", "content": "It has been reported that postnatal lead treatment produces hyperactivity in rodents. Using rats, we attempted to extend these findings. Locomotor activity of offspring of lead-intubated and pair-fed control mothers was measured at 24-27 days of age, and no significant differences in reactivity or basal activity were found. Observational scoring of the animals at 28-29 and 35-36 days of age indicated that active behaviors were slightly reduced in the lead-treated rats. The brain lead concentrations of experimental animals were slightly reduced in the lead-treated rats. The brain lead concentrations of experimental animals were significantly elevated over controls. Estimates of statistical power indicated that behavioral effects of the magnitude reported in the literature would likely have been detected. The present results indicate that low-level lead exposure may not reliably produce hyperactivity in rodents. A review of the literature suggests that other data provide little support for a recently proposed rodent model of hyperactivity in children.", "contents": "Absence of hyperactivity in lead-exposed developing rats. It has been reported that postnatal lead treatment produces hyperactivity in rodents. Using rats, we attempted to extend these findings. Locomotor activity of offspring of lead-intubated and pair-fed control mothers was measured at 24-27 days of age, and no significant differences in reactivity or basal activity were found. Observational scoring of the animals at 28-29 and 35-36 days of age indicated that active behaviors were slightly reduced in the lead-treated rats. The brain lead concentrations of experimental animals were slightly reduced in the lead-treated rats. The brain lead concentrations of experimental animals were significantly elevated over controls. Estimates of statistical power indicated that behavioral effects of the magnitude reported in the literature would likely have been detected. The present results indicate that low-level lead exposure may not reliably produce hyperactivity in rodents. A review of the literature suggests that other data provide little support for a recently proposed rodent model of hyperactivity in children.", "PMID": 1036326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7299", "title": "Observation of the freeze-drying process of biological materials with a scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been done on the freeze-drying of biological materials from a physical, chemical and biological point of view. Morphological observation of the freeze-drying process of specimens, however, has been tried by only a few investigators. In those studies, thin-layered aqueous specimens, which were sandwiched between two cover slips, were mostly observed with an optical microscope. For ultrastructural and stereoscopic observation, the scanning electron microscope has a great advantage, unlike that of the optical microscope. A specially designed cryo-scanning electron microscope, employed in the present study, made it possible to observe the freezing patterns of the specimens and also the sublimation process of ice in frozen specimens under vacuum. With this specially designed microscope, shrinkage of some specimens due to dehydration during the freeze-drying process was revealed and the extent of such shrinkage was quantitatively determined.", "contents": "Observation of the freeze-drying process of biological materials with a scanning electron microscope. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been done on the freeze-drying of biological materials from a physical, chemical and biological point of view. Morphological observation of the freeze-drying process of specimens, however, has been tried by only a few investigators. In those studies, thin-layered aqueous specimens, which were sandwiched between two cover slips, were mostly observed with an optical microscope. For ultrastructural and stereoscopic observation, the scanning electron microscope has a great advantage, unlike that of the optical microscope. A specially designed cryo-scanning electron microscope, employed in the present study, made it possible to observe the freezing patterns of the specimens and also the sublimation process of ice in frozen specimens under vacuum. With this specially designed microscope, shrinkage of some specimens due to dehydration during the freeze-drying process was revealed and the extent of such shrinkage was quantitatively determined.", "PMID": 1036327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7300", "title": "An improved freeze-dried bilirubin preparation.", "content": "We describe the conditions for successful freeze-drying of bilirubin solutions in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and human serum albumin. Freeze-dried bilirubin preparations rehydrate readily, rapidly resulting in clear solutions. The preparations exhibit excellent homogeneity and stability at -20 degrees C. Accelerated storage tests indicate that the freeze-dried product would also be stable at higher temperatures but our results do not permit, at the present time, to make accurate predictions regarding the stability at 4 degrees C or 0 degrees C. We believe that our approach will permit manufacturers of bilirubin calibrators for clinical use to improve the quality of their products.", "contents": "An improved freeze-dried bilirubin preparation. We describe the conditions for successful freeze-drying of bilirubin solutions in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and human serum albumin. Freeze-dried bilirubin preparations rehydrate readily, rapidly resulting in clear solutions. The preparations exhibit excellent homogeneity and stability at -20 degrees C. Accelerated storage tests indicate that the freeze-dried product would also be stable at higher temperatures but our results do not permit, at the present time, to make accurate predictions regarding the stability at 4 degrees C or 0 degrees C. We believe that our approach will permit manufacturers of bilirubin calibrators for clinical use to improve the quality of their products.", "PMID": 1036328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7301", "title": "Experimental observations on the integration of bladder and urethral function.", "content": "Bladder and urethral pressure responses to pelvic sympathetic and pudendal nerve stimulation in 60 anesthetized cats were studied. Results show that urethral resistance is composed of smooth and skeletal muscular components, which relax with pelvic nerve stimulation. Reciprocal inhibition of the detrusor-external sphincter is a spinal-mediated reflex that can be elicited by pelvic or pudendal nerve stimulation. Urethral smooth muscular pressure loss with pelvic nerve stimulation can be blocked with propranolol, suggesting that beta-receptors are involved in this response.", "contents": "Experimental observations on the integration of bladder and urethral function. Bladder and urethral pressure responses to pelvic sympathetic and pudendal nerve stimulation in 60 anesthetized cats were studied. Results show that urethral resistance is composed of smooth and skeletal muscular components, which relax with pelvic nerve stimulation. Reciprocal inhibition of the detrusor-external sphincter is a spinal-mediated reflex that can be elicited by pelvic or pudendal nerve stimulation. Urethral smooth muscular pressure loss with pelvic nerve stimulation can be blocked with propranolol, suggesting that beta-receptors are involved in this response.", "PMID": 1036332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7302", "title": "Lead-inducing hyperactivity. Chronic exposure during the neonatal period in the rat.", "content": "The effects of chronic exposure to low levels of lead via maternal milk during the neonatal period in the rat were evaluated by means of several activity measures, spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, and weight data. Animals reared at the highest concentrations of lead showed retarded body growth. Lead-treated rats were found to be more active in the Y-maze and in the tilt-box, but not in the running wheel. Lead-treated rats showed lowered spontaneous alternation and increased squealing; results were dependent upon the concentration of lead on which the animals were reared. Activity and alternation data provide suggestive evidence of lead-induced damage of the hippocampus, a structure which undergoes much of its development during the stage in which the lead was administered. Behavioral parallels found between lead poisoning and childhood hyperactivity were discussed with respect to the utility of chronic low level lead administration as an animal model of minimal brain dysfunction hyperactivity.", "contents": "Lead-inducing hyperactivity. Chronic exposure during the neonatal period in the rat. The effects of chronic exposure to low levels of lead via maternal milk during the neonatal period in the rat were evaluated by means of several activity measures, spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, and weight data. Animals reared at the highest concentrations of lead showed retarded body growth. Lead-treated rats were found to be more active in the Y-maze and in the tilt-box, but not in the running wheel. Lead-treated rats showed lowered spontaneous alternation and increased squealing; results were dependent upon the concentration of lead on which the animals were reared. Activity and alternation data provide suggestive evidence of lead-induced damage of the hippocampus, a structure which undergoes much of its development during the stage in which the lead was administered. Behavioral parallels found between lead poisoning and childhood hyperactivity were discussed with respect to the utility of chronic low level lead administration as an animal model of minimal brain dysfunction hyperactivity.", "PMID": 1036336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7303", "title": "Some behavioral effects of prethcamide compared with those of its two components.", "content": "The effects of the two components of prethcamide (namely crotetamide and cropropamide) upon various behaviors in rats were compared with those of prethcamide itself to see if both were active or not and the kind of joint action shown when they were given in combination. Both crotetamide and cropropamide increase the motor activity of rats, reduce the rate of lever pressing in FR and VI food-reinforced schedules and increase the latency times in a multiple CRF-discrimination schedule. When given in combination the drugs show additive effects upon locomotor activity and FR or VI behaviors but they potentiate each other as regards the effects upon latency times in the multiple schedule. On the other hand, a clear antagonism between the two drugs has been found in the acute toxicity test.", "contents": "Some behavioral effects of prethcamide compared with those of its two components. The effects of the two components of prethcamide (namely crotetamide and cropropamide) upon various behaviors in rats were compared with those of prethcamide itself to see if both were active or not and the kind of joint action shown when they were given in combination. Both crotetamide and cropropamide increase the motor activity of rats, reduce the rate of lever pressing in FR and VI food-reinforced schedules and increase the latency times in a multiple CRF-discrimination schedule. When given in combination the drugs show additive effects upon locomotor activity and FR or VI behaviors but they potentiate each other as regards the effects upon latency times in the multiple schedule. On the other hand, a clear antagonism between the two drugs has been found in the acute toxicity test.", "PMID": 1036337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7304", "title": "The migration of melanoblasts in the extra-epidermal structures of the Silver Campine fowl.", "content": "The sequence of time and tracking of melanoblast migration has been worked out for Silver Campine fowl. The routes of entry and modes of dispersal of melanoblasts into different tissues have been described. The time and condition of pigment cell differentiation in extra-epidermal tissues is fully accounted.", "contents": "The migration of melanoblasts in the extra-epidermal structures of the Silver Campine fowl. The sequence of time and tracking of melanoblast migration has been worked out for Silver Campine fowl. The routes of entry and modes of dispersal of melanoblasts into different tissues have been described. The time and condition of pigment cell differentiation in extra-epidermal tissues is fully accounted.", "PMID": 1036338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7305", "title": "Post ovulatory follicles of the domestic duck.", "content": "Histogenesis of the post-ovulatory follicles in relation to the regression process has been studied in the Indian domestic duck. The activities of the alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, sudan black-B and periodic acid Schiff reaction have been demonstrated histochemically. No lutein cells comparable to the mammalian corpus luteum are found. The hypertrophy or proliferation of granulosa cells are not observed in this bird. The functional significance of different histochemically demonstrable material and steroidogenesis in the avian post-ovulatory follicles have been briefly discussed.", "contents": "Post ovulatory follicles of the domestic duck. Histogenesis of the post-ovulatory follicles in relation to the regression process has been studied in the Indian domestic duck. The activities of the alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, sudan black-B and periodic acid Schiff reaction have been demonstrated histochemically. No lutein cells comparable to the mammalian corpus luteum are found. The hypertrophy or proliferation of granulosa cells are not observed in this bird. The functional significance of different histochemically demonstrable material and steroidogenesis in the avian post-ovulatory follicles have been briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1036339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7306", "title": "Neuroendocrine control of vitellogenesis in the dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) (Odonata: Libellulidae).", "content": "1. Histological correlative studies on the cerebral neurosecretory cells, the corpora allata and the oocyte development strongly suggest the involvement of cerebral NSM mostly produced by the A cells of pars intercerebralis and the CA hormone in the vitellogenesis. 2. Biochemical studies reveal the incorporation of haemolymph proteins and lipids in the yolk during vitellogenesis. 3. Exogenous administration of the extract of the brain-CC and FME demonstrates, to some extent, the stimulation of protein synthesis during vitellogenesis in the haemolymph by the cerebral NSM and the CA hormone, while the lipid metabolism lies, mostly, under the control of juvenile hormone.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine control of vitellogenesis in the dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) (Odonata: Libellulidae). 1. Histological correlative studies on the cerebral neurosecretory cells, the corpora allata and the oocyte development strongly suggest the involvement of cerebral NSM mostly produced by the A cells of pars intercerebralis and the CA hormone in the vitellogenesis. 2. Biochemical studies reveal the incorporation of haemolymph proteins and lipids in the yolk during vitellogenesis. 3. Exogenous administration of the extract of the brain-CC and FME demonstrates, to some extent, the stimulation of protein synthesis during vitellogenesis in the haemolymph by the cerebral NSM and the CA hormone, while the lipid metabolism lies, mostly, under the control of juvenile hormone.", "PMID": 1036340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7307", "title": "Zinc and vitamin A: serum concentrations of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in healthy adolescents.", "content": "The concentrations of serum zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been studied with special reference to pubertal development in 132 healthy adolescents and young adults (11-26 years of age). The RBP level remained low during the first three of the five stages of puberty (mean, about 30 mg/l). When puberty degree 4 had been reached, the mean RBP level increased to nearly adult values (about 40 mg/l), the boys having somewhat higher levels than the girls. Use of oral contraceptives significantly increased the RBP level. The mean zinc values were rather constant throughout puberty, but boys 13-14 years of age had significantly depressed values. There was a statistically significant correlation between the serum levels of zinc and RBP.", "contents": "Zinc and vitamin A: serum concentrations of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in healthy adolescents. The concentrations of serum zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been studied with special reference to pubertal development in 132 healthy adolescents and young adults (11-26 years of age). The RBP level remained low during the first three of the five stages of puberty (mean, about 30 mg/l). When puberty degree 4 had been reached, the mean RBP level increased to nearly adult values (about 40 mg/l), the boys having somewhat higher levels than the girls. Use of oral contraceptives significantly increased the RBP level. The mean zinc values were rather constant throughout puberty, but boys 13-14 years of age had significantly depressed values. There was a statistically significant correlation between the serum levels of zinc and RBP.", "PMID": 1036344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7308", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies of the gill epithelium of the amphibian teleost Periophthalmus vulgaris].", "content": "The gill epithelium of the airdwelling fish Periophthalmus vulgaris has been studied with the electron microscope. The following celltypes can be distinguished: flat covering epithelial cells, chloride cells, mucous cells, basal cells, various leucocytes as well as a specific granule containing cell which is possibly an epithelial cell. The covering epithelial cells exhibit a relatively smooth apical surface and contain in their apical half densely packed microfilaments, pinocytotic vesicles are rare. These characteristics are not to be found in water dwelling fish and possibly represent adaptations to the air containing surroundings. In the chloride cells are numerous, especially in the basal halves of the secondary lamellae. The distal parts of the secondary lamellae the barrier for the respiratory gases measures about 0,9 micrometer. The basal cells are ribosome rich replacement cells. Two types of mucous cells occur. Individual intraepithelial nerve fibres have been observed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies of the gill epithelium of the amphibian teleost Periophthalmus vulgaris]. The gill epithelium of the airdwelling fish Periophthalmus vulgaris has been studied with the electron microscope. The following celltypes can be distinguished: flat covering epithelial cells, chloride cells, mucous cells, basal cells, various leucocytes as well as a specific granule containing cell which is possibly an epithelial cell. The covering epithelial cells exhibit a relatively smooth apical surface and contain in their apical half densely packed microfilaments, pinocytotic vesicles are rare. These characteristics are not to be found in water dwelling fish and possibly represent adaptations to the air containing surroundings. In the chloride cells are numerous, especially in the basal halves of the secondary lamellae. The distal parts of the secondary lamellae the barrier for the respiratory gases measures about 0,9 micrometer. The basal cells are ribosome rich replacement cells. Two types of mucous cells occur. Individual intraepithelial nerve fibres have been observed.", "PMID": 1036346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7309", "title": "[The effect of orotic acid and orotic acid derivatives on the in vitro differentiation of hippocampus neurons-morphometric and electron microscopic studies of ribosomes].", "content": "1. By means of electron microscopic and quantitative methods at the explantate cultures of the fetal hippocampus in vitro the influence of the orotic acid, sodium orotate and methylglucamine orotate on the neurogenesis was investigated. 2. After three days of the in vitro cultivation the neuroblasts influenced by these drugs show a smaller respectively not different degree of differentiation compared to the controls. 3. Under the influence of the orotic acid and of its derivatives the neurogenesis is significantly stimulated. The drugs produce a significant increase of the membrane-bound ribosomes and polysomes. The total number of ribosomes increases following the application of orotic acid by 20%, of sodium-orotate by 48% and of methylglucamine-orotate by 23% compared to the controls (alpha = 0,1%). 4. Sodium-orotate shows with reference to the neuronal development the clearest stimulatory effect. After 20 days in vitro the total number of ribosomes is by 60% higher at the treated cultures than in the controls. 5. The results might suggest, that an enlarged supply of the pyrimidine nucleotide via a raising of the RNA- and the protein synthesis might stimulate the development of the neuroblasts even under the in vitro conditions.", "contents": "[The effect of orotic acid and orotic acid derivatives on the in vitro differentiation of hippocampus neurons-morphometric and electron microscopic studies of ribosomes]. 1. By means of electron microscopic and quantitative methods at the explantate cultures of the fetal hippocampus in vitro the influence of the orotic acid, sodium orotate and methylglucamine orotate on the neurogenesis was investigated. 2. After three days of the in vitro cultivation the neuroblasts influenced by these drugs show a smaller respectively not different degree of differentiation compared to the controls. 3. Under the influence of the orotic acid and of its derivatives the neurogenesis is significantly stimulated. The drugs produce a significant increase of the membrane-bound ribosomes and polysomes. The total number of ribosomes increases following the application of orotic acid by 20%, of sodium-orotate by 48% and of methylglucamine-orotate by 23% compared to the controls (alpha = 0,1%). 4. Sodium-orotate shows with reference to the neuronal development the clearest stimulatory effect. After 20 days in vitro the total number of ribosomes is by 60% higher at the treated cultures than in the controls. 5. The results might suggest, that an enlarged supply of the pyrimidine nucleotide via a raising of the RNA- and the protein synthesis might stimulate the development of the neuroblasts even under the in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 1036347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7310", "title": "Analysis of twin data and estimation of heritability effects.", "content": "In a statistical sense, the objective of twin research is to partition the variance on some criterion measure among genetic and environmental factors. Although certain elaborate models have been developed, these models do not supply a convenient test statistic to show which factors make a significant contribution. Consequently several procedures drawn from analysis of variance have been adapted for use with twin data.", "contents": "Analysis of twin data and estimation of heritability effects. In a statistical sense, the objective of twin research is to partition the variance on some criterion measure among genetic and environmental factors. Although certain elaborate models have been developed, these models do not supply a convenient test statistic to show which factors make a significant contribution. Consequently several procedures drawn from analysis of variance have been adapted for use with twin data.", "PMID": 1036348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7311", "title": "Genetic studies of the offspring of identical twins: a model for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man.", "content": "In conjunction with full-sib and parental observations, half-sib analysis permits an estimation of the genetic and environmental variance as well as a partitioning of the genetic variance into its additive, dominance and epistatic components. The offspring of identical twins are a unique class of human half-sibs who provide an unusual opportunity to resolve and measure several additional potentially important sources of human variation including maternal effects, the influences of common environmental factors and assortative mating. The genetic model thus developed for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man has been applied to the analysis of total ridge count and birth weight, confirming the existence of a major additive genetic effect on ridge count and a significant maternal effect on birth weight.", "contents": "Genetic studies of the offspring of identical twins: a model for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man. In conjunction with full-sib and parental observations, half-sib analysis permits an estimation of the genetic and environmental variance as well as a partitioning of the genetic variance into its additive, dominance and epistatic components. The offspring of identical twins are a unique class of human half-sibs who provide an unusual opportunity to resolve and measure several additional potentially important sources of human variation including maternal effects, the influences of common environmental factors and assortative mating. The genetic model thus developed for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man has been applied to the analysis of total ridge count and birth weight, confirming the existence of a major additive genetic effect on ridge count and a significant maternal effect on birth weight.", "PMID": 1036349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7312", "title": "A monozygotic cotwin control study of a treatment for myopia.", "content": "Myopia is the world's most common cause of defective vision. The role of controlled accommodation on the progress of myopia is unsettled. This cotwin control study is designed to provide a careful appraisal of the effectiveness of a clinically acceptable method of controlling accommodation. There are no previous reports of similar prospective studies among MZ twins. Expansion of such studies would be aided by collaboration among interested investigators.", "contents": "A monozygotic cotwin control study of a treatment for myopia. Myopia is the world's most common cause of defective vision. The role of controlled accommodation on the progress of myopia is unsettled. This cotwin control study is designed to provide a careful appraisal of the effectiveness of a clinically acceptable method of controlling accommodation. There are no previous reports of similar prospective studies among MZ twins. Expansion of such studies would be aided by collaboration among interested investigators.", "PMID": 1036352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7313", "title": "Genetic variance in blood pressure.", "content": "The National Heart and Lung Institute Twin Study has examined 514 white adult male twin sets aged 42-56 with respect to blood pressure. The data were analyzed by a method of Christian et al. which eliminates possible biases in estimated genetic variances that could result from different total variances in MZ and DZ twins. Results of the test for the presence of genetic variance indicate that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are to a considerable extent genetically controlled with an estimated heritability of 0.8 for systolic and 0.6 for diastolic pressure. Although these findings are at variance with some previous reports, it is thought that much of the discrepancy results from application of different analytic techniques, not in the data themselves. The application of these findings to our understanding of hypertension epidemiology and community hypertension control programs are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic variance in blood pressure. The National Heart and Lung Institute Twin Study has examined 514 white adult male twin sets aged 42-56 with respect to blood pressure. The data were analyzed by a method of Christian et al. which eliminates possible biases in estimated genetic variances that could result from different total variances in MZ and DZ twins. Results of the test for the presence of genetic variance indicate that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are to a considerable extent genetically controlled with an estimated heritability of 0.8 for systolic and 0.6 for diastolic pressure. Although these findings are at variance with some previous reports, it is thought that much of the discrepancy results from application of different analytic techniques, not in the data themselves. The application of these findings to our understanding of hypertension epidemiology and community hypertension control programs are discussed.", "PMID": 1036353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7314", "title": "Genetics of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides: a study of adult male twins.", "content": "Fasting plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as cholesterol in very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins, were measured in 250 MZ and 264 DZ adult male twin pairs. A new method was used to choose an estimate of genetic variance. This includes an estimate of genetic variance for use when the total variances of MZ and DZ twins are unequal. DZ twins had greater total variance for cholesterol. When genetic variance was estimated by subtracting the within-MZ-sets mean square from the within-DZ-sets mean square, all of the lipids had significant estimates of genetic variance; however, when genetic variance was estimated by a method designed to correct bias due to unequal total variances of MZ and DZ twins, only triglycerides had significant genetic variance. The heritability of plasma triglycerides was calculated to be 0.68.", "contents": "Genetics of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides: a study of adult male twins. Fasting plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as cholesterol in very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins, were measured in 250 MZ and 264 DZ adult male twin pairs. A new method was used to choose an estimate of genetic variance. This includes an estimate of genetic variance for use when the total variances of MZ and DZ twins are unequal. DZ twins had greater total variance for cholesterol. When genetic variance was estimated by subtracting the within-MZ-sets mean square from the within-DZ-sets mean square, all of the lipids had significant estimates of genetic variance; however, when genetic variance was estimated by a method designed to correct bias due to unequal total variances of MZ and DZ twins, only triglycerides had significant genetic variance. The heritability of plasma triglycerides was calculated to be 0.68.", "PMID": 1036354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7315", "title": "Plasma protein variability in MZ twins.", "content": "A previous study had shown that only MZ twins are easily exchanged by trained police dogs. This is certainly due to the superimposability of the biochemical basis of body scent. A different approach has now been tried, based on plasma protein fractionating procedures. A pilot study has shown that PolyAcrilamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) results, as expected, in widely different patterns only in DZ twin pairs. Plasma specimens from a sample of 55 supposedly MZ twin pairs were analysed by PAGE. The substantial superimposability of MZ cotwin patterns was confirmed. Analysis of the different fractions indicates the extent of environmental variability. Application to zygosity determination is suggested.", "contents": "Plasma protein variability in MZ twins. A previous study had shown that only MZ twins are easily exchanged by trained police dogs. This is certainly due to the superimposability of the biochemical basis of body scent. A different approach has now been tried, based on plasma protein fractionating procedures. A pilot study has shown that PolyAcrilamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) results, as expected, in widely different patterns only in DZ twin pairs. Plasma specimens from a sample of 55 supposedly MZ twin pairs were analysed by PAGE. The substantial superimposability of MZ cotwin patterns was confirmed. Analysis of the different fractions indicates the extent of environmental variability. Application to zygosity determination is suggested.", "PMID": 1036355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7316", "title": "Genetic basis of individual differences in tissue composition.", "content": "A total of 19 pairs of twin adolescent boys, 14 MZ and 5 DZ, were used to determine the relative contribution of the genotype to the individual differences observed in surface density of muscle, subcutaneous fat, and bone. The cross-sectional areas of these tissue components were calculated from photographs of the upper arm, taken by means of an ultrasonic apparatus. The respective mean percentage intrapair difference in MZ and DZ twins was 6.9 and 9.8 for total area, 6.6 and 7.8 for muscle, 13.9 and 32.0 for fat, and 6.7 and 31.3 for bone tissue. Interindividual variations in bone only could be ascribed to genetic differences.", "contents": "Genetic basis of individual differences in tissue composition. A total of 19 pairs of twin adolescent boys, 14 MZ and 5 DZ, were used to determine the relative contribution of the genotype to the individual differences observed in surface density of muscle, subcutaneous fat, and bone. The cross-sectional areas of these tissue components were calculated from photographs of the upper arm, taken by means of an ultrasonic apparatus. The respective mean percentage intrapair difference in MZ and DZ twins was 6.9 and 9.8 for total area, 6.6 and 7.8 for muscle, 13.9 and 32.0 for fat, and 6.7 and 31.3 for bone tissue. Interindividual variations in bone only could be ascribed to genetic differences.", "PMID": 1036356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7317", "title": "Dermatoglyphic investigations in twins and siblings.", "content": "The present report describes the preliminary results of an extensive dermatoglyphic investigation among 491 pairs of MZ and DZ twins, and sibs of both sexes. Paired homolateral comparisons were performed for the determination of the degree of discordance for each dermatoglyphic trait and the results were presented in a series of histograms. Some of the outstanding points brought forth by this study are: (1) different dermatoglyphic traits at different digits or palmar areas have different degrees of discordance; (2) in MZ twins the frequency of discordance for each trait is constant regardless of sex or laterality, whereas in DZ twins and sibs both sex and lateral differences are observed; (3) the higher number of significant differences in concordance between the MZ twins vs. sibs than between MZ vs. DZ twins suggests that, at least in the female, the dermatoglyphics may be affected by changing intrauterine environments.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic investigations in twins and siblings. The present report describes the preliminary results of an extensive dermatoglyphic investigation among 491 pairs of MZ and DZ twins, and sibs of both sexes. Paired homolateral comparisons were performed for the determination of the degree of discordance for each dermatoglyphic trait and the results were presented in a series of histograms. Some of the outstanding points brought forth by this study are: (1) different dermatoglyphic traits at different digits or palmar areas have different degrees of discordance; (2) in MZ twins the frequency of discordance for each trait is constant regardless of sex or laterality, whereas in DZ twins and sibs both sex and lateral differences are observed; (3) the higher number of significant differences in concordance between the MZ twins vs. sibs than between MZ vs. DZ twins suggests that, at least in the female, the dermatoglyphics may be affected by changing intrauterine environments.", "PMID": 1036357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7318", "title": "Normal and aberrant palmar creases in twins and siblings.", "content": "The present study involving MZ and DZ twin pairs, as well as paired normal sibs, was undertaken to investigate further the genetic involvement in the formation of normal palmar crease patterns, as well as simian and Sydney patterns. Two variations of normal creases were investigated: the thenar type R and the distal type I. Both types cluster in families. The R is more frequent in the females. For both types, MZ twins are more concordant than DZ twins or sibs. Sib studies suggest strong genetic involvement in the development of both the R and I crease types. Parents with simian and/or Sydney creases have more children with these traits than offspring of parents without these traits; however, concordance rate comparisons of MZ or DZ twins and sibs do not suggest strong genetic involvement as in the case of the R and I crease types.", "contents": "Normal and aberrant palmar creases in twins and siblings. The present study involving MZ and DZ twin pairs, as well as paired normal sibs, was undertaken to investigate further the genetic involvement in the formation of normal palmar crease patterns, as well as simian and Sydney patterns. Two variations of normal creases were investigated: the thenar type R and the distal type I. Both types cluster in families. The R is more frequent in the females. For both types, MZ twins are more concordant than DZ twins or sibs. Sib studies suggest strong genetic involvement in the development of both the R and I crease types. Parents with simian and/or Sydney creases have more children with these traits than offspring of parents without these traits; however, concordance rate comparisons of MZ or DZ twins and sibs do not suggest strong genetic involvement as in the case of the R and I crease types.", "PMID": 1036358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7319", "title": "Genetic penetrance from MZ twins of absent C-triradius, a palmar dermatoglyphic trait.", "content": "Among 59 sets of MZ male twins and 48 sets of MZ female twins from Italy, 7 male sets (11.9%) and 7 female sets (14.6%) had absent c-triradius on one or more palms; among 214 individuals who had a MZ twin, 19(8.9%) had absent c-triradius in one or both palms. Due to small numbers these percentages are comparable to the occurrence of absent c-triradius found in 8.2% of 3946 Caucasians. When one member of a set of MZ twins showed the trait in one or both palms, 35.7% (5/14) of the other members also showed the trait in one or both palms. When an individual showed the trait in one palm, 26.3% (5/19) of the other palms also showed the trait. These two estimates of penetrance combined give an average value of 30.3% (10/33) which is comparable to an estimate of 30% found in a study of 478 family units in which transmission was compatible with an autosomal dominant gene.", "contents": "Genetic penetrance from MZ twins of absent C-triradius, a palmar dermatoglyphic trait. Among 59 sets of MZ male twins and 48 sets of MZ female twins from Italy, 7 male sets (11.9%) and 7 female sets (14.6%) had absent c-triradius on one or more palms; among 214 individuals who had a MZ twin, 19(8.9%) had absent c-triradius in one or both palms. Due to small numbers these percentages are comparable to the occurrence of absent c-triradius found in 8.2% of 3946 Caucasians. When one member of a set of MZ twins showed the trait in one or both palms, 35.7% (5/14) of the other members also showed the trait in one or both palms. When an individual showed the trait in one palm, 26.3% (5/19) of the other palms also showed the trait. These two estimates of penetrance combined give an average value of 30.3% (10/33) which is comparable to an estimate of 30% found in a study of 478 family units in which transmission was compatible with an autosomal dominant gene.", "PMID": 1036359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7320", "title": "Heritability study on size of the physiologic cup of the optic nerve head: a summary report.", "content": "Cupping of the optic nerve head is regarded as one of a triad of diagnostic signs associated with glaucoma. This study was undertaken to assess the role of genetic factors in determining size of the physiologic cup of the normal optic nerve head, as measured by a horizontal cup/disc ratio. This is important to our ultimate understanding of the determinants of pathologic change. Horizontal cup/disc ratio was estimated in a sample of 37 MZ and 26 like-sex DZ twin pairs aged 15 years and older. Differences between MZ and DZ samples with respect to intrapair variance and intraclass correlation coefficient were highly significant. This finding of high heritability for measurements of cup diameter is in contrast to low heritability estimates found in a companion investigation on heritability of the effect of corticosteroids on intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Heritability study on size of the physiologic cup of the optic nerve head: a summary report. Cupping of the optic nerve head is regarded as one of a triad of diagnostic signs associated with glaucoma. This study was undertaken to assess the role of genetic factors in determining size of the physiologic cup of the normal optic nerve head, as measured by a horizontal cup/disc ratio. This is important to our ultimate understanding of the determinants of pathologic change. Horizontal cup/disc ratio was estimated in a sample of 37 MZ and 26 like-sex DZ twin pairs aged 15 years and older. Differences between MZ and DZ samples with respect to intrapair variance and intraclass correlation coefficient were highly significant. This finding of high heritability for measurements of cup diameter is in contrast to low heritability estimates found in a companion investigation on heritability of the effect of corticosteroids on intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 1036360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7321", "title": "Twin studies and behavior genetics.", "content": "It is observed that neither the methodology of twin studies nor that of behavior genetics in general has been adequately explored in most investigations of human behavior. General distrust of genetic methodologies as well as the belief that genic disorders are unalterable appear to be salient factors in explaining the neglect of those areas by social scientists. A plea is made for putting aside biased attitudes that prevent utilization of the best available techniques for the study of human beings as distinguished from all other animals.", "contents": "Twin studies and behavior genetics. It is observed that neither the methodology of twin studies nor that of behavior genetics in general has been adequately explored in most investigations of human behavior. General distrust of genetic methodologies as well as the belief that genic disorders are unalterable appear to be salient factors in explaining the neglect of those areas by social scientists. A plea is made for putting aside biased attitudes that prevent utilization of the best available techniques for the study of human beings as distinguished from all other animals.", "PMID": 1036361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7322", "title": "Biology of human intelligence.", "content": "The article presents a brief review of the genetic aspects of intelligence as measured by IQ tests. The results from family and twin investigations seem to agree in as much as high heritabilities for IQ can be calculated. There are, however, a large number of insecurities and sources of error which invite to criticism. Although, at present, it is justified to assume that genetic factors contribute substantially to variations in IQs, it would be premature to claim that genetic and other causes of variation could be expressed in precise figures. It seems doubtful if this situation could be further improved by continued use of IQs in genetic investigations. It should be more profitable to use other entities, such as well-defined special abilities, which could be designed directly for genetic analyses.", "contents": "Biology of human intelligence. The article presents a brief review of the genetic aspects of intelligence as measured by IQ tests. The results from family and twin investigations seem to agree in as much as high heritabilities for IQ can be calculated. There are, however, a large number of insecurities and sources of error which invite to criticism. Although, at present, it is justified to assume that genetic factors contribute substantially to variations in IQs, it would be premature to claim that genetic and other causes of variation could be expressed in precise figures. It seems doubtful if this situation could be further improved by continued use of IQs in genetic investigations. It should be more profitable to use other entities, such as well-defined special abilities, which could be designed directly for genetic analyses.", "PMID": 1036362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7323", "title": "Nature-nurture and intelligence: the twin and adoption studies agree.", "content": "A large-scale adoption study is underway at the University of Texas where IQ test scores are available for over 1200 women who gave up their children for adoption immediately following delivery. The adopted children and their adoptive families are now being located and tested and, if current trends continue, complete data should eventually be available on over 400 families. About half of these families will contain two or more adopted children or both adopted and natural children. At present, data are available for 89 families. The results are consistent with twin data and support a genetic hypothesis. The biological mother-adopted child correlation is 0.37 whereas the adoptive mother-adopted child and adoptive father-adopted child correlations are only 0.22 and 0.04 respectively. There are 59 pairs of unrelated children reared together in this sample and the IQ correlation for these children is only 0.13.", "contents": "Nature-nurture and intelligence: the twin and adoption studies agree. A large-scale adoption study is underway at the University of Texas where IQ test scores are available for over 1200 women who gave up their children for adoption immediately following delivery. The adopted children and their adoptive families are now being located and tested and, if current trends continue, complete data should eventually be available on over 400 families. About half of these families will contain two or more adopted children or both adopted and natural children. At present, data are available for 89 families. The results are consistent with twin data and support a genetic hypothesis. The biological mother-adopted child correlation is 0.37 whereas the adoptive mother-adopted child and adoptive father-adopted child correlations are only 0.22 and 0.04 respectively. There are 59 pairs of unrelated children reared together in this sample and the IQ correlation for these children is only 0.13.", "PMID": 1036363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7324", "title": "Twin resemblances in creativity and in esthetic and emotional expression.", "content": "Three sources of observation relevant to the measurement of individual differences in emotional and esthetic expressiveness were employed to study their heritability by application to a sample of some 60 pairs of young adult like-sexed twins, approximately evenly divided between male and female and MZ and DZ pairs. The sources of observation were objective test performances, trait ascription using a standard list of adjectives, and videotaped enactments of mood and esthetic performances. Perceptual and esthetic abilities do appear to have substantial heritability, although esthetic preferences do not. Heritability is also indicated for such adjectives as artistic, inventive, original, and independent. Ratings of the videotape performances yielded somewhat ambiguous results, due to the presence of a marked halo effect; the most likely interpretation congruent with earlier results is that greater MZ twin resemblances in social extroversion generated greater resemblances in the videotape situation on such other trait-rating variables as creativity, naturalness, and dominance.", "contents": "Twin resemblances in creativity and in esthetic and emotional expression. Three sources of observation relevant to the measurement of individual differences in emotional and esthetic expressiveness were employed to study their heritability by application to a sample of some 60 pairs of young adult like-sexed twins, approximately evenly divided between male and female and MZ and DZ pairs. The sources of observation were objective test performances, trait ascription using a standard list of adjectives, and videotaped enactments of mood and esthetic performances. Perceptual and esthetic abilities do appear to have substantial heritability, although esthetic preferences do not. Heritability is also indicated for such adjectives as artistic, inventive, original, and independent. Ratings of the videotape performances yielded somewhat ambiguous results, due to the presence of a marked halo effect; the most likely interpretation congruent with earlier results is that greater MZ twin resemblances in social extroversion generated greater resemblances in the videotape situation on such other trait-rating variables as creativity, naturalness, and dominance.", "PMID": 1036365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7325", "title": "The role of genetic factors in the child drawing behavior: a preliminary twin study.", "content": "A sample of 27 MZ and 32 DZ twin pairs, aged 6 to 12 years, has been tested with the Draw A Family Test. Significantly higher concordance values in MZ than DZ twins have been found with respect to some graphic-structural factors (i.e.: line, hand pressure, area of the drawing, dimensions of the figures, distribution, and shading) as well as with respect to contents factors, such as spatial representation and cotwin's valorization. These correlates of personality development would thus appear to undergo significant genetic conditioning.", "contents": "The role of genetic factors in the child drawing behavior: a preliminary twin study. A sample of 27 MZ and 32 DZ twin pairs, aged 6 to 12 years, has been tested with the Draw A Family Test. Significantly higher concordance values in MZ than DZ twins have been found with respect to some graphic-structural factors (i.e.: line, hand pressure, area of the drawing, dimensions of the figures, distribution, and shading) as well as with respect to contents factors, such as spatial representation and cotwin's valorization. These correlates of personality development would thus appear to undergo significant genetic conditioning.", "PMID": 1036366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7326", "title": "Heritability of personality and behavior pattern.", "content": "As part of the National Heart and Lung Institute multicenter study of twins, 190 twin pairs (93 MZ, 97 DZ) residing in California and aged 44-55 years were comprehensively studied for all risk factors for coronary heart disease and for Behavior Pattern Type A or B. Psychological tests included MMPI, CPI, 16 Cattell PF, Gough Adjective Check List (ACL), Thurstone Temperament Schedule (TTS). Heritability at statistically significant levels was found only for scales of TTS. Twelve scales of ACL and five scales of TTS showed significant correlations with Behavior Pattern Type A-B as well as with several risk factors, including blood pressure and serum lipids. Multiple regression equations were constructed for those characteristics accounting for significant and unique portions of the total variance of Type A-B Behavior. The use of certain scales of ACL and TTS may provide a new questionnaire for screening purposes in the assessment of Behavior Pattern Type A-B.", "contents": "Heritability of personality and behavior pattern. As part of the National Heart and Lung Institute multicenter study of twins, 190 twin pairs (93 MZ, 97 DZ) residing in California and aged 44-55 years were comprehensively studied for all risk factors for coronary heart disease and for Behavior Pattern Type A or B. Psychological tests included MMPI, CPI, 16 Cattell PF, Gough Adjective Check List (ACL), Thurstone Temperament Schedule (TTS). Heritability at statistically significant levels was found only for scales of TTS. Twelve scales of ACL and five scales of TTS showed significant correlations with Behavior Pattern Type A-B as well as with several risk factors, including blood pressure and serum lipids. Multiple regression equations were constructed for those characteristics accounting for significant and unique portions of the total variance of Type A-B Behavior. The use of certain scales of ACL and TTS may provide a new questionnaire for screening purposes in the assessment of Behavior Pattern Type A-B.", "PMID": 1036367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7327", "title": "Is Weinberg's method valid?", "content": "Suppose that L like-sexed and U unlike-sexed twins have been observed. Weinberg's method estimates the numbers of DZ and MZ twins as DZ = 2U and MZ = L--U. This method is based on the assumptions that (1) the sex ratio in DZ twins is 1/2 and (2) the sexes of DZ twins are determined independently and with the same probability in all parents; in consequence there should, on average, be equal numbers of like-sexed and unlike-sexed DZ twins. The first assumption is not exactly true, but the necessary correction is negligible. Departures from the second assumption would probably lead to an excess of like-sexed over unlike-sexed DZ twins; in consequence, Weinberg's method would underestimate the numbers of DZ twins and overestimate the numbers of MZ twins. The literature on the frequencies of like-sexed and unlike-sexed pairs among twins known to be DZ through other genetic markers is reviewed. It is concluded that there is no evidence of an excess of like-sexed twins among them, and that there is therefore no reason to doubt the validity of Weinberg's method. The extension of Weinberg's method to estimate the zygosity types of triplets and quadruplets is described; it is shown that the resulting estimates agree well with the results of direct zygosity determination by blood grouping.", "contents": "Is Weinberg's method valid? Suppose that L like-sexed and U unlike-sexed twins have been observed. Weinberg's method estimates the numbers of DZ and MZ twins as DZ = 2U and MZ = L--U. This method is based on the assumptions that (1) the sex ratio in DZ twins is 1/2 and (2) the sexes of DZ twins are determined independently and with the same probability in all parents; in consequence there should, on average, be equal numbers of like-sexed and unlike-sexed DZ twins. The first assumption is not exactly true, but the necessary correction is negligible. Departures from the second assumption would probably lead to an excess of like-sexed over unlike-sexed DZ twins; in consequence, Weinberg's method would underestimate the numbers of DZ twins and overestimate the numbers of MZ twins. The literature on the frequencies of like-sexed and unlike-sexed pairs among twins known to be DZ through other genetic markers is reviewed. It is concluded that there is no evidence of an excess of like-sexed twins among them, and that there is therefore no reason to doubt the validity of Weinberg's method. The extension of Weinberg's method to estimate the zygosity types of triplets and quadruplets is described; it is shown that the resulting estimates agree well with the results of direct zygosity determination by blood grouping.", "PMID": 1036371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7328", "title": "Wolf's syndrome in twins -- translocation in the mother.", "content": "A case of MZ twins, both affected by Wolf's syndrome, is described. Their mother, of subnormal look and low intellectual level is translocated. The children, born with a weight and size much below the average, show a very special morphotype; a hook-nose, an an abnormal conformation of the back edge of the nostrils (a protrusion in the shape of a horn overhanging the filtrum), hypertelorism, microcephaly. Great asynchronism in the maturation of the bones and a somatoschisis of the body of the cervical vertebrae are noted. Deletion of the short arm chromosome 4 is juxtacentromeric. The study of blood and tissue groups corroborates monozygosity. Dermatoglyphs are little abnormal and identical in the two children. The mother's family is phenotypically normal. At 19 months of age, measuring is still below 4, psychomotor progress is extremely weak, and convulsions are frequent.", "contents": "Wolf's syndrome in twins -- translocation in the mother. A case of MZ twins, both affected by Wolf's syndrome, is described. Their mother, of subnormal look and low intellectual level is translocated. The children, born with a weight and size much below the average, show a very special morphotype; a hook-nose, an an abnormal conformation of the back edge of the nostrils (a protrusion in the shape of a horn overhanging the filtrum), hypertelorism, microcephaly. Great asynchronism in the maturation of the bones and a somatoschisis of the body of the cervical vertebrae are noted. Deletion of the short arm chromosome 4 is juxtacentromeric. The study of blood and tissue groups corroborates monozygosity. Dermatoglyphs are little abnormal and identical in the two children. The mother's family is phenotypically normal. At 19 months of age, measuring is still below 4, psychomotor progress is extremely weak, and convulsions are frequent.", "PMID": 1036373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7329", "title": "Ischemic heart disease in death-discordant twins: a study on 205 male and female pairs with special reference to hereditary factors.", "content": "From January 1971 to March 1973 all twin pairs in the Swedish Twin Registry below the age of 70, who became death-discordant, were continuously recorded. A total of 205 (78%) of the surviving cotwins were examined with respect to different manifestation of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and several \"environmental\" and \"biometric\" risk factors. Among the death-discordant pairs, the cause of death was IHD in 57 pairs and other than IHD in 148 pairs. Analyses revealed that the prevalence rate of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pathologic Q-wave, and ST depressions in connection with exercise, were significantly higher among the surviving cotwins whose partners had died from IHD than those whose partners had died from other causes. The same trends were seen for most of the risk factors measured both singly and in combination, although not very pronounced. The results indicate a substantial genetic influence in the development of IHD. The genetic influence is possibly transmitted not only through some of the risk factors measured, but also through other factors, still unknown.", "contents": "Ischemic heart disease in death-discordant twins: a study on 205 male and female pairs with special reference to hereditary factors. From January 1971 to March 1973 all twin pairs in the Swedish Twin Registry below the age of 70, who became death-discordant, were continuously recorded. A total of 205 (78%) of the surviving cotwins were examined with respect to different manifestation of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and several \"environmental\" and \"biometric\" risk factors. Among the death-discordant pairs, the cause of death was IHD in 57 pairs and other than IHD in 148 pairs. Analyses revealed that the prevalence rate of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pathologic Q-wave, and ST depressions in connection with exercise, were significantly higher among the surviving cotwins whose partners had died from IHD than those whose partners had died from other causes. The same trends were seen for most of the risk factors measured both singly and in combination, although not very pronounced. The results indicate a substantial genetic influence in the development of IHD. The genetic influence is possibly transmitted not only through some of the risk factors measured, but also through other factors, still unknown.", "PMID": 1036374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7330", "title": "Coronary heart disease in male twins: seven-year follow-up of discordant pairs.", "content": "In an investigation in 1967 of about 100 male twin pairs collected from the Swedish Twin Register, discordance with respect to the presence of CHD was found in 37 pairs of which 19 were MZ. The investigation included physical examination, cholesterol measurements, and an interview regarding, among other things, smoking habits. In a follow-up study in 1974 -- seven years after the original investigation -- all but one of the 37 twins regarded in 1967 as free from overt CHD could be traced. Ten of the 36 twins had developed symptoms of overt CHD (angina pectoris or infarction); 18 twins were still healthy, 2 had died from other causes, and 6 had questionable complaints of breast pains. In a comparison of the two groups of twins with and without symptoms of overt CHD, no differences were found with respect to blood pressure, serum cholesterol, or smoking habits, as presented at the 1967 investigation. It is concluded that none of these factors seemed to influence the future development of CHD in twins apparently tainted with a heredity for this disease.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease in male twins: seven-year follow-up of discordant pairs. In an investigation in 1967 of about 100 male twin pairs collected from the Swedish Twin Register, discordance with respect to the presence of CHD was found in 37 pairs of which 19 were MZ. The investigation included physical examination, cholesterol measurements, and an interview regarding, among other things, smoking habits. In a follow-up study in 1974 -- seven years after the original investigation -- all but one of the 37 twins regarded in 1967 as free from overt CHD could be traced. Ten of the 36 twins had developed symptoms of overt CHD (angina pectoris or infarction); 18 twins were still healthy, 2 had died from other causes, and 6 had questionable complaints of breast pains. In a comparison of the two groups of twins with and without symptoms of overt CHD, no differences were found with respect to blood pressure, serum cholesterol, or smoking habits, as presented at the 1967 investigation. It is concluded that none of these factors seemed to influence the future development of CHD in twins apparently tainted with a heredity for this disease.", "PMID": 1036375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7331", "title": "Metabolic research in monozygotic twins with diabetes mellitus: progress report.", "content": "An intravenous and oral glucose tolerance test and an intravenous tolbutamide test have been performed in 11 MZ twin pairs, discordant for diabetes mellitus. Blood sugar, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acids were determined. The research aimed at finding out whether prediabetic subjects may show any characteristic parameter which could be suggestive of the hereditary disposition. Three MZ twins of juvenile diabetics showed a normal blood glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acids during the glucose and tolbutamide loads within a maximum of 10 years observation.", "contents": "Metabolic research in monozygotic twins with diabetes mellitus: progress report. An intravenous and oral glucose tolerance test and an intravenous tolbutamide test have been performed in 11 MZ twin pairs, discordant for diabetes mellitus. Blood sugar, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acids were determined. The research aimed at finding out whether prediabetic subjects may show any characteristic parameter which could be suggestive of the hereditary disposition. Three MZ twins of juvenile diabetics showed a normal blood glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acids during the glucose and tolbutamide loads within a maximum of 10 years observation.", "PMID": 1036376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7332", "title": "A genetic study on deaf twins.", "content": "A clinical and genetic study on 25 twin pairs with at least one deaf member was performed. Concordance rate of hearing loss was 0.88 in MZ and 0.50 in DZ pairs, with an almost complete penetrance (P = 0.94). Consanguinity was found in 32% of cases, corresponding to five times the average population rate in Japan.", "contents": "A genetic study on deaf twins. A clinical and genetic study on 25 twin pairs with at least one deaf member was performed. Concordance rate of hearing loss was 0.88 in MZ and 0.50 in DZ pairs, with an almost complete penetrance (P = 0.94). Consanguinity was found in 32% of cases, corresponding to five times the average population rate in Japan.", "PMID": 1036377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7333", "title": "Genetic factors in myopia.", "content": "A school population has been screened to locate same-sexed twins with myopia and also to compare intelligence test performance of myopic and nonmyopic individuals. Augmentation of the twin data by a survey of the world literature has led to the identification of a total of 106 MZ twin pairs, 100 of them concordant for myopia, as well as 41 DZ pairs, 12 concordant. Myopic students score eight points higher on IQ tests than nonmyopes, the entire bell shaped distribution curve being shifted to a higher range. The intellectual gain precedes in time the development of nearsightedness.", "contents": "Genetic factors in myopia. A school population has been screened to locate same-sexed twins with myopia and also to compare intelligence test performance of myopic and nonmyopic individuals. Augmentation of the twin data by a survey of the world literature has led to the identification of a total of 106 MZ twin pairs, 100 of them concordant for myopia, as well as 41 DZ pairs, 12 concordant. Myopic students score eight points higher on IQ tests than nonmyopes, the entire bell shaped distribution curve being shifted to a higher range. The intellectual gain precedes in time the development of nearsightedness.", "PMID": 1036378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7334", "title": "[A few remarks on an oculistic and orthoptic screening of 61 monozygotic twin pairs (author's transl)].", "content": "An oculistic and orthoptic screening has been carried out on a sample of 122 twins aged 6 to 10 years (31 MZ male and 30 MZ female pairs). A few remarks could be made, concerning both twins as such and the heritability of the traits under examination. The twins appear to differ from the general population of singletons of the same age on account of a lower frequency of ametropia and strabismus as well as of a high frequency of epicanthus.", "contents": "[A few remarks on an oculistic and orthoptic screening of 61 monozygotic twin pairs (author's transl)]. An oculistic and orthoptic screening has been carried out on a sample of 122 twins aged 6 to 10 years (31 MZ male and 30 MZ female pairs). A few remarks could be made, concerning both twins as such and the heritability of the traits under examination. The twins appear to differ from the general population of singletons of the same age on account of a lower frequency of ametropia and strabismus as well as of a high frequency of epicanthus.", "PMID": 1036379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7335", "title": "Congenital malformations in twins.", "content": "Among 1195 twins born in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, for whom information was available, 219 (18.33%) were found to have malformations, 179 (14.98%) single and 40 (3.35%) multiple. The frequency of malformations among twins was significantly higher than that among singletons from the same population, but the difference was entirely contributed by MZ twins. This holds true for both major and minor malformations. The frequency among Negro twins was higher than among white, and among male twins higher than among female. Twins had more malformations of the central nervous, musculoskeletal, ear, respiratory, cardiovascular, and alimentary systems and fewer malformations of the genitourinary and integumentary systems than singletons. In a significant number of cases when one twin of a pair had a malformation, the cotwin also had a malformation though not necessarily the same as that of the first twin.", "contents": "Congenital malformations in twins. Among 1195 twins born in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, for whom information was available, 219 (18.33%) were found to have malformations, 179 (14.98%) single and 40 (3.35%) multiple. The frequency of malformations among twins was significantly higher than that among singletons from the same population, but the difference was entirely contributed by MZ twins. This holds true for both major and minor malformations. The frequency among Negro twins was higher than among white, and among male twins higher than among female. Twins had more malformations of the central nervous, musculoskeletal, ear, respiratory, cardiovascular, and alimentary systems and fewer malformations of the genitourinary and integumentary systems than singletons. In a significant number of cases when one twin of a pair had a malformation, the cotwin also had a malformation though not necessarily the same as that of the first twin.", "PMID": 1036380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7336", "title": "The twin condition and the couple effects on personality development.", "content": "Twin psychology has been studied to a very limited extent. Only few remarkable peculiarities of the twins' development are known for sure, such as delayed intellectual development, language retardation with frequent cryptophasia, difficulties and fragility of self consciousness, reduced sociability. These and other peculiarities may result from a number of different factors: biological, peculiar parental attitude, and especially the twin situation itself, the psychology of the twin as an individual being a function of the psychology of the twin pair. Twin peculiarities have for a long time been ignored. On the one hand, psychology ignored the couple reality (it was a \"one-body\" psychology), and on the other, the twin method classically postulated that twins are not atypical and may therefore be used as a test for the general population. As a matter of fact, twin psychology opens a new way to science. The twin situation may serve as a paradigm for the general study of the couple effect, namely, for the objective analysis of personality as a consequence of the relations between self and others. For certain traits of personality, it is already known that MZ twins brought-up together are significantly less similar than MZ twins brought-up apart. In fact, couple effects may mask or considerably reduce genetic factors.", "contents": "The twin condition and the couple effects on personality development. Twin psychology has been studied to a very limited extent. Only few remarkable peculiarities of the twins' development are known for sure, such as delayed intellectual development, language retardation with frequent cryptophasia, difficulties and fragility of self consciousness, reduced sociability. These and other peculiarities may result from a number of different factors: biological, peculiar parental attitude, and especially the twin situation itself, the psychology of the twin as an individual being a function of the psychology of the twin pair. Twin peculiarities have for a long time been ignored. On the one hand, psychology ignored the couple reality (it was a \"one-body\" psychology), and on the other, the twin method classically postulated that twins are not atypical and may therefore be used as a test for the general population. As a matter of fact, twin psychology opens a new way to science. The twin situation may serve as a paradigm for the general study of the couple effect, namely, for the objective analysis of personality as a consequence of the relations between self and others. For certain traits of personality, it is already known that MZ twins brought-up together are significantly less similar than MZ twins brought-up apart. In fact, couple effects may mask or considerably reduce genetic factors.", "PMID": 1036381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7337", "title": "The process of identity in twins.", "content": "The Blacky Picture Test was administered to a sample of 12 pairs of male MZ twins, aged 17 to 19 years, and to an equal number of singletons. A score for 30 factors was assigned to each protocol. By comparing the scores of the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U test, only one significant difference emerged, relative to the factor concerned with positive identification and fraternal relationship. Twins chose the sibling figure as the identification object significantly less often than singletons did. A more qualitative elaboration was undertaken in order to interpret this result. From the final data, the precariousness of the sense of identity in the twins comes out indirectly in their passive and conformistic acceptance of the paternal model. It would seem that the twin is induced by his relationship with his cotwin, seen as the origin of this uncertainty as to his own identity, to adhere closely to the paternal image.", "contents": "The process of identity in twins. The Blacky Picture Test was administered to a sample of 12 pairs of male MZ twins, aged 17 to 19 years, and to an equal number of singletons. A score for 30 factors was assigned to each protocol. By comparing the scores of the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U test, only one significant difference emerged, relative to the factor concerned with positive identification and fraternal relationship. Twins chose the sibling figure as the identification object significantly less often than singletons did. A more qualitative elaboration was undertaken in order to interpret this result. From the final data, the precariousness of the sense of identity in the twins comes out indirectly in their passive and conformistic acceptance of the paternal model. It would seem that the twin is induced by his relationship with his cotwin, seen as the origin of this uncertainty as to his own identity, to adhere closely to the paternal image.", "PMID": 1036382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7338", "title": "Twinning frequencies in Baden-Wurttemberg according to maternal age and parity from 1955 to 1972.", "content": "The decline of the twinning rate in Germany since 1900 is exclusively due to a fall of the DZ rate. The analysis of the birth data in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg from 1955 to 1972 shows that the decline of the DZ twinning rate can be explained only to a small extent by the shift of the maternal age-parity distribution towards younger mothers and lower parities. It appears reasonable that the greater part of this decline is caused by the lessening prevalence of the more fecundable, DZ twin-prone women due to the growing influence of family planning. Furthermore, it is imaginable that the probability for multiple ovulation is decreased after cessation of hormonal contraception.", "contents": "Twinning frequencies in Baden-Wurttemberg according to maternal age and parity from 1955 to 1972. The decline of the twinning rate in Germany since 1900 is exclusively due to a fall of the DZ rate. The analysis of the birth data in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg from 1955 to 1972 shows that the decline of the DZ twinning rate can be explained only to a small extent by the shift of the maternal age-parity distribution towards younger mothers and lower parities. It appears reasonable that the greater part of this decline is caused by the lessening prevalence of the more fecundable, DZ twin-prone women due to the growing influence of family planning. Furthermore, it is imaginable that the probability for multiple ovulation is decreased after cessation of hormonal contraception.", "PMID": 1036384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7339", "title": "Specific language disorders in twins during childhood.", "content": "The delay in the development of the language often found in twins is usually interpreted as being strictly connected with the twinning situation and on the assumption that a model of verbal, tendentially cryptophasic, communication would more easily exist between twins. Two types of language pathology in twins, diverging from this classic framework, are presented: (1) Developmental dyslalia (or developmental dysarthria); in these cases no abnormality could be found in the modality of verbal communication between the cotwin; (2) developmental dysphasia; in these cases not only no tendency toward cryptophasia was observed, but indeed the verbal communication between the twins was markedly reduced. These two types of language disorders, as well as the classic one, are discussed in the light of a neurolinguistic interpretation.", "contents": "Specific language disorders in twins during childhood. The delay in the development of the language often found in twins is usually interpreted as being strictly connected with the twinning situation and on the assumption that a model of verbal, tendentially cryptophasic, communication would more easily exist between twins. Two types of language pathology in twins, diverging from this classic framework, are presented: (1) Developmental dyslalia (or developmental dysarthria); in these cases no abnormality could be found in the modality of verbal communication between the cotwin; (2) developmental dysphasia; in these cases not only no tendency toward cryptophasia was observed, but indeed the verbal communication between the twins was markedly reduced. These two types of language disorders, as well as the classic one, are discussed in the light of a neurolinguistic interpretation.", "PMID": 1036385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7340", "title": "Stuttering and tics in twins.", "content": "A total of 63 twin pairs (22 MZ and 41 DZ), with one or both members affected by not organic stuttering and/or tics, have been drawn out of the Mendel Institute's twin file. Concordance of stuttering was observed in 10:12 MZ, but only in 2:19 DZ twin pairs; concordance of tics in 6:10 MZ and in 2:22 DZ twin pairs. Stuttering did not come out significantly associated either with other disturbances of language or with an IQ under the average; almost always it was possible to find out a precipitating factor. Significant relations between stuttering and tics could not be stated. Sex ratio, obtained regarding any affected subject separately, clearly turned in favour of males both in stuttering (32:12) and in tics (27:12). Stutterers and left-handers incidence in the families of stuttering subjects appeared significant in comparison with families of subjects with tics.", "contents": "Stuttering and tics in twins. A total of 63 twin pairs (22 MZ and 41 DZ), with one or both members affected by not organic stuttering and/or tics, have been drawn out of the Mendel Institute's twin file. Concordance of stuttering was observed in 10:12 MZ, but only in 2:19 DZ twin pairs; concordance of tics in 6:10 MZ and in 2:22 DZ twin pairs. Stuttering did not come out significantly associated either with other disturbances of language or with an IQ under the average; almost always it was possible to find out a precipitating factor. Significant relations between stuttering and tics could not be stated. Sex ratio, obtained regarding any affected subject separately, clearly turned in favour of males both in stuttering (32:12) and in tics (27:12). Stutterers and left-handers incidence in the families of stuttering subjects appeared significant in comparison with families of subjects with tics.", "PMID": 1036386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7341", "title": "Intellectual development of twins -- comparison with singletons.", "content": "Analysis of mental and motor tests scores and intelligence test performance of twins born in the Collaborative Perinatal Project shows that twins perform more poorly than singletons from the same population and that the differences are greater in Negroes than in whites. The poor performance of twins relative to that of singletons is of complex etiology. It is partly due to poor prenatal environment, for twins brought up as singletons perform at the intelligence level of twins and not of singletons. It may also be partly due to the higher incidence of congenital malformations in twins, especially those of the central nervous system. But the performance of twins, relative to that of singletons, tends to improve as they get older, at least from 4 to 7 years, suggesting that prematurity is also a contributing factor, whose detrimental effects may be reversible.", "contents": "Intellectual development of twins -- comparison with singletons. Analysis of mental and motor tests scores and intelligence test performance of twins born in the Collaborative Perinatal Project shows that twins perform more poorly than singletons from the same population and that the differences are greater in Negroes than in whites. The poor performance of twins relative to that of singletons is of complex etiology. It is partly due to poor prenatal environment, for twins brought up as singletons perform at the intelligence level of twins and not of singletons. It may also be partly due to the higher incidence of congenital malformations in twins, especially those of the central nervous system. But the performance of twins, relative to that of singletons, tends to improve as they get older, at least from 4 to 7 years, suggesting that prematurity is also a contributing factor, whose detrimental effects may be reversible.", "PMID": 1036387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7342", "title": "Psychopathologic problems in twins during childhood.", "content": "Some psychopathologic problems occurring during childhood in twins are discussed from the point of view of mental health. On the basis of case history of twins affected by neurologic or psychiatric disorders some typical situations have been examined: (1) psychopathologic problems arising from perinatal death of the cotwin; (2) psychopathologic problems arising from the death of the cotwin during late childhood; (3) psychopathologic problems arising in the pair from organic or neuropsychaitric event in one of the twins; (4) psychopathologic problems of the twins due to disorders of personal identity and the interaction between the twins. The cases are analyzed from a psychodynamic point of view, in relation to the development of personality in the twins, and from a psychosocial point of view, in relation to the cultural stereotype of the twins during the socialization process and in the context of parental dynamics.", "contents": "Psychopathologic problems in twins during childhood. Some psychopathologic problems occurring during childhood in twins are discussed from the point of view of mental health. On the basis of case history of twins affected by neurologic or psychiatric disorders some typical situations have been examined: (1) psychopathologic problems arising from perinatal death of the cotwin; (2) psychopathologic problems arising from the death of the cotwin during late childhood; (3) psychopathologic problems arising in the pair from organic or neuropsychaitric event in one of the twins; (4) psychopathologic problems of the twins due to disorders of personal identity and the interaction between the twins. The cases are analyzed from a psychodynamic point of view, in relation to the development of personality in the twins, and from a psychosocial point of view, in relation to the cultural stereotype of the twins during the socialization process and in the context of parental dynamics.", "PMID": 1036388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7343", "title": "[Psychopedagogic counseling for twins and twin families (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1973 the Mendel Institute, within the specialized services it offers to Italian twins, instituted psychopedagogic counseling for twins and their families. This service is carried out in the intermediate field between neuropsychiatry and social work. Cases involving family and social maladjustment were referring for counseling. During the academic year 1973-1974, the service examined 96 cases, of which 58 involved problems of school retardation and 38 involved family maladjustment because of changed parent-twin relationships. The counseling service aimed at achieving improved family and school relationships by means of various therapeutic interventions. The psychopedagogic counseling, besides the immediate therapy, has permitted deeper study of maladjustment by means of analyses of the twins' condition as a possible additional cause of the maladjustment itself. Analysis of the cases in this limited sample would seem to indicate an indirect incidence of the twin situation per se (couple effect), somewhat emphasized by the family and social environment.", "contents": "[Psychopedagogic counseling for twins and twin families (author's transl)]. In 1973 the Mendel Institute, within the specialized services it offers to Italian twins, instituted psychopedagogic counseling for twins and their families. This service is carried out in the intermediate field between neuropsychiatry and social work. Cases involving family and social maladjustment were referring for counseling. During the academic year 1973-1974, the service examined 96 cases, of which 58 involved problems of school retardation and 38 involved family maladjustment because of changed parent-twin relationships. The counseling service aimed at achieving improved family and school relationships by means of various therapeutic interventions. The psychopedagogic counseling, besides the immediate therapy, has permitted deeper study of maladjustment by means of analyses of the twins' condition as a possible additional cause of the maladjustment itself. Analysis of the cases in this limited sample would seem to indicate an indirect incidence of the twin situation per se (couple effect), somewhat emphasized by the family and social environment.", "PMID": 1036389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7344", "title": "[Heredity of twinning in families of monozygotic twins (author's transl)].", "content": "Whereas the existence of some genetic factor underlying the phenomenon of twinning is almost generally accepted with respect to DZ twins, no such agreement exists with respect to MZ twins. The possible existence of genetic factors underlying MZ twinning has been verified through an analysis of segregation in the sibships of MZ twins and in those of their parents, carried out on a sample of 57 MZ twin pairs (30 M and 27 F). Haldane's a priori method has been applied, considering the sample as obtained through a complete and through an incomplete ascertainment. The results may lead to cautiously confirm the hypothesis of some genetic conditioning of MZ twinning.", "contents": "[Heredity of twinning in families of monozygotic twins (author's transl)]. Whereas the existence of some genetic factor underlying the phenomenon of twinning is almost generally accepted with respect to DZ twins, no such agreement exists with respect to MZ twins. The possible existence of genetic factors underlying MZ twinning has been verified through an analysis of segregation in the sibships of MZ twins and in those of their parents, carried out on a sample of 57 MZ twin pairs (30 M and 27 F). Haldane's a priori method has been applied, considering the sample as obtained through a complete and through an incomplete ascertainment. The results may lead to cautiously confirm the hypothesis of some genetic conditioning of MZ twinning.", "PMID": 1036392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7345", "title": "[Hematological effects produced on horses and sheeps pasturing upon Brachiaria radicans Napper (Tanner grass) in winter time (author's transl)].", "content": "Hematological studies were developed on two mares and twelve adults castrate sheeps of \"Ideal\" breed. The animals had been on a pasture formed with Brachiaria radicans Napper for one and two months respectively. This experiment was developed in winter time, so the leaves of the graminea had a yellow-green color. Clinical and hematological observations were made weekly. The typical symptoms of intoxication failed to present as observed in the former investigation when the plant was green (3). The hematological exames showed only for ovines a slight anemia, it was also characterized as being macrocytic and hypochromic. Some red blood cells with basophillic stippling and the occurrence of anisocytosis was observed in the blood of anemic animals, but no methemoglobin and Heinz bodies were found. The Brachiaria radicans Napper, had a low level of nitrate (2) therefore the animal poisoning must be attributed to another plant component, not nitrate as admited in the first hematological study (12).", "contents": "[Hematological effects produced on horses and sheeps pasturing upon Brachiaria radicans Napper (Tanner grass) in winter time (author's transl)]. Hematological studies were developed on two mares and twelve adults castrate sheeps of \"Ideal\" breed. The animals had been on a pasture formed with Brachiaria radicans Napper for one and two months respectively. This experiment was developed in winter time, so the leaves of the graminea had a yellow-green color. Clinical and hematological observations were made weekly. The typical symptoms of intoxication failed to present as observed in the former investigation when the plant was green (3). The hematological exames showed only for ovines a slight anemia, it was also characterized as being macrocytic and hypochromic. Some red blood cells with basophillic stippling and the occurrence of anisocytosis was observed in the blood of anemic animals, but no methemoglobin and Heinz bodies were found. The Brachiaria radicans Napper, had a low level of nitrate (2) therefore the animal poisoning must be attributed to another plant component, not nitrate as admited in the first hematological study (12).", "PMID": 1036396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7346", "title": "The testing of cell invasiveness in embryonic tissue and in cell culture.", "content": "The subcutis of 11-day-old chick embryos, 15- to 18-day-old mouse embryos and the skin muscle tissue of human fetus were stretched on lens paper in a Petri dish and seeded with a piece of LED-Widr or HDC cell sheet. Mem + 10% FCS was added. After three days incubation the material was fixed, sectioned and H-E stained. In the second part of our investigation several cell lines were prepared on cover slips. When confluent, the cultures were inoculated with 1-2 drops of cell suspension of another cell line. Three days after the seeding of cell suspension on the confluent cell sheet the cultures were fixed and stained. It can be seen in the organ cultures that LED-Widr cells closely adhere to the embryonic tissue which in some places they are invading. In tissue culture examination we found that heteroploid cells seeded on a confluent sheet of diploid cells adhered but that a diploid cell seeded on epithelial-like heteroploid cells would not adhere. The testing of invasiveness in embryonic tissue in organ culture showed that it can be a useful model. By seeding suspended cells of fibroblast lines on a confluent sheet of heteroploid cell lines their contact inhibition or their invasive ability can be determined. The seeding of heteroploid cell lines on diploid cell lines can be used as a model for the study of the mechanism of invasion into normal tissue and for the in vitro study of invasion inhibiting properties of certain substances.", "contents": "The testing of cell invasiveness in embryonic tissue and in cell culture. The subcutis of 11-day-old chick embryos, 15- to 18-day-old mouse embryos and the skin muscle tissue of human fetus were stretched on lens paper in a Petri dish and seeded with a piece of LED-Widr or HDC cell sheet. Mem + 10% FCS was added. After three days incubation the material was fixed, sectioned and H-E stained. In the second part of our investigation several cell lines were prepared on cover slips. When confluent, the cultures were inoculated with 1-2 drops of cell suspension of another cell line. Three days after the seeding of cell suspension on the confluent cell sheet the cultures were fixed and stained. It can be seen in the organ cultures that LED-Widr cells closely adhere to the embryonic tissue which in some places they are invading. In tissue culture examination we found that heteroploid cells seeded on a confluent sheet of diploid cells adhered but that a diploid cell seeded on epithelial-like heteroploid cells would not adhere. The testing of invasiveness in embryonic tissue in organ culture showed that it can be a useful model. By seeding suspended cells of fibroblast lines on a confluent sheet of heteroploid cell lines their contact inhibition or their invasive ability can be determined. The seeding of heteroploid cell lines on diploid cell lines can be used as a model for the study of the mechanism of invasion into normal tissue and for the in vitro study of invasion inhibiting properties of certain substances.", "PMID": 1036400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7347", "title": "Nonhuman primate diploid cells for vaccine production.", "content": "A cell line was established from male rhesus embryonic lung tissue in 1968. Tests for adventitious agents at every tenth passage were negative. The cells had diploid characteristics, and supported the growth of polio, rubella, and dengue viruses. Tests for latent RNA tumor viruses and tumorigenic potential were uniformly negative. A small clinical trial with rubella vaccine produced in these cells was conducted, and no major adverse reactions were reported. This cell line appears to meet all criteria of acceptability for a safe vaccine cell substrate.", "contents": "Nonhuman primate diploid cells for vaccine production. A cell line was established from male rhesus embryonic lung tissue in 1968. Tests for adventitious agents at every tenth passage were negative. The cells had diploid characteristics, and supported the growth of polio, rubella, and dengue viruses. Tests for latent RNA tumor viruses and tumorigenic potential were uniformly negative. A small clinical trial with rubella vaccine produced in these cells was conducted, and no major adverse reactions were reported. This cell line appears to meet all criteria of acceptability for a safe vaccine cell substrate.", "PMID": 1036399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7348", "title": "Production and control of live oral poliovirus vaccine in WI-38 human diploid cells.", "content": "Production of live poliomyelitis vaccine in human diploid cells WI-38 can be carried out successfully on a continuous basis. Starting at the 8th population doubling level it is possible to produce 128 ampoules, each containing 1 ml of cell suspension at the 16th level. Each of these cell seed ampoules will yield 85 bottles each with a surface area of 1400 sq. cm at the production level (P29) together with 85 Roux bottle cultures which act as controls. A further passage from the control cells yields a sufficient supply of cells for karyology, tumourigenicity and other tests. Virus yields of the Sabin strains are rather lower than those obtained in primary monkey kidney cells, but this is compensated for by the very much lower reject rate. Karyological characterisation is undoubtedly the most demanding of the testing procedures both in time and expertise. Other tests for contamination, other than bacteriological have yielded uniformly negative results. There is urgent need for standardization of the assay systems used in different laboratories and there is perhaps a case for the use of reference vaccine produced in homogeneic cells.", "contents": "Production and control of live oral poliovirus vaccine in WI-38 human diploid cells. Production of live poliomyelitis vaccine in human diploid cells WI-38 can be carried out successfully on a continuous basis. Starting at the 8th population doubling level it is possible to produce 128 ampoules, each containing 1 ml of cell suspension at the 16th level. Each of these cell seed ampoules will yield 85 bottles each with a surface area of 1400 sq. cm at the production level (P29) together with 85 Roux bottle cultures which act as controls. A further passage from the control cells yields a sufficient supply of cells for karyology, tumourigenicity and other tests. Virus yields of the Sabin strains are rather lower than those obtained in primary monkey kidney cells, but this is compensated for by the very much lower reject rate. Karyological characterisation is undoubtedly the most demanding of the testing procedures both in time and expertise. Other tests for contamination, other than bacteriological have yielded uniformly negative results. There is urgent need for standardization of the assay systems used in different laboratories and there is perhaps a case for the use of reference vaccine produced in homogeneic cells.", "PMID": 1036401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7349", "title": "The development of rabbit diploid cell lines.", "content": "The authors describe briefly studies on the development of diploid cell lines from fetal tissues (origin: four inbred rabbits). Some lines have been maintained in continuous serial culture for over three years. The Lung 16 may represent a qualifying rabbit diploid cell line when used between cell passages 48 and 100; during this period it has shown a minimum deviation from the normal diploid rabbit karyotype; it supports the growth of rubella virus, is non-tumorigenic and might be useful as a substrate for human vaccine.", "contents": "The development of rabbit diploid cell lines. The authors describe briefly studies on the development of diploid cell lines from fetal tissues (origin: four inbred rabbits). Some lines have been maintained in continuous serial culture for over three years. The Lung 16 may represent a qualifying rabbit diploid cell line when used between cell passages 48 and 100; during this period it has shown a minimum deviation from the normal diploid rabbit karyotype; it supports the growth of rubella virus, is non-tumorigenic and might be useful as a substrate for human vaccine.", "PMID": 1036403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7350", "title": "The use of foetal, calf and adult bovine sera for the growth of serially subcultivated diploid cells.", "content": "Medium CMRL-1969 supplemented with either foetal calf, calf or adult bovine sera, or a combination of the various sera, was used to subcultivate diploid cells for the preparation of substrates for vaccine production. Supplementation with calf or adult bovine sera gave satisfactory cell yields for at least 3-4 population doublings. The finite lifespan of the diploid cells grown in media supplemented with foetal calf was always longer than with calf or adult bovine sera. However, a combined supplement of adult serum plus a low concentration of foetal calf serum gave results equally as good as foetal calf serum alone. Sera obtained aseptically from adult animals kept in isolation and monitored constantly for health are more desirable than sera obtained from abattoirs. Selection of donor animals and pooling of certain serum batches were found to be important for the preparation of serum supplements. The final protein concentration of the cell culture medium should not exceed 0.8% when adult bovine sera are used. For the growth of WI-38 or MRC-5 cells the use of foetal calf serum can be reduced or eliminated.", "contents": "The use of foetal, calf and adult bovine sera for the growth of serially subcultivated diploid cells. Medium CMRL-1969 supplemented with either foetal calf, calf or adult bovine sera, or a combination of the various sera, was used to subcultivate diploid cells for the preparation of substrates for vaccine production. Supplementation with calf or adult bovine sera gave satisfactory cell yields for at least 3-4 population doublings. The finite lifespan of the diploid cells grown in media supplemented with foetal calf was always longer than with calf or adult bovine sera. However, a combined supplement of adult serum plus a low concentration of foetal calf serum gave results equally as good as foetal calf serum alone. Sera obtained aseptically from adult animals kept in isolation and monitored constantly for health are more desirable than sera obtained from abattoirs. Selection of donor animals and pooling of certain serum batches were found to be important for the preparation of serum supplements. The final protein concentration of the cell culture medium should not exceed 0.8% when adult bovine sera are used. For the growth of WI-38 or MRC-5 cells the use of foetal calf serum can be reduced or eliminated.", "PMID": 1036405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7351", "title": "[Animal-experiment studies on the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer in the newborn].", "content": "Gastric secretion was studied in 188 fetuses of 28 pregnant dogs near term. Baseline secretory values were determined and gastric secretion was stimulated in additional fetuses with histamine, insulin, or gastrin. A significant increase in volume, acidity and pepsin output was observed in fetuses stimulated during the last week of gestation. Following maternal stimulation the placental transfer of histamine, insulin, and gastrin are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Animal-experiment studies on the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer in the newborn]. Gastric secretion was studied in 188 fetuses of 28 pregnant dogs near term. Baseline secretory values were determined and gastric secretion was stimulated in additional fetuses with histamine, insulin, or gastrin. A significant increase in volume, acidity and pepsin output was observed in fetuses stimulated during the last week of gestation. Following maternal stimulation the placental transfer of histamine, insulin, and gastrin are demonstrated.", "PMID": 1036412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7352", "title": "Methods for reducing the serum requirement for growth in vitro of nontransformed diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The amount of serum protein required for clonal growth of normal diploid human and chicken fibroblasts has been reduced more than 90% by development of improved synthetic media and culture conditions. The following has contributed significantly to the reduction: (1) replacement of specific serum proteins with defined small molecular nutrients; (2) precise quantitative balance of all defined nutrients for optimal growth of single cells of each type under consideration; (3) modification of the culture substrate; (4) improvement of the cell harvesting technique. By combining these improvements, optimal growth of human fibroblasts (fetal lung, newborn foreskin, amniotic fluid) and chicken embryo fibroblasts occurs in synthetic media supplemented with 500 microgram/ml dialyzed fetal bovine serum protein [equivalent to 1% (v/v) whole serum]. The human fibroblasts form large colonies at a suboptimum rate at 25 microgram/ml dialyzed serum protein [equivalent to 0.05% (v/v) whole serum] and several divisions can be obtained in the complete absence of serum protein. Human and chicken fibroblasts differ both in their quantitative requirements for defined nutrients, and in the type and number of incompletely characterized serum components that they continue to require under the improved growth conditions. The improved systems provide a sensitive assay for the remaining undefined growth-promoting components of serum and other biological extracts.", "contents": "Methods for reducing the serum requirement for growth in vitro of nontransformed diploid fibroblasts. The amount of serum protein required for clonal growth of normal diploid human and chicken fibroblasts has been reduced more than 90% by development of improved synthetic media and culture conditions. The following has contributed significantly to the reduction: (1) replacement of specific serum proteins with defined small molecular nutrients; (2) precise quantitative balance of all defined nutrients for optimal growth of single cells of each type under consideration; (3) modification of the culture substrate; (4) improvement of the cell harvesting technique. By combining these improvements, optimal growth of human fibroblasts (fetal lung, newborn foreskin, amniotic fluid) and chicken embryo fibroblasts occurs in synthetic media supplemented with 500 microgram/ml dialyzed fetal bovine serum protein [equivalent to 1% (v/v) whole serum]. The human fibroblasts form large colonies at a suboptimum rate at 25 microgram/ml dialyzed serum protein [equivalent to 0.05% (v/v) whole serum] and several divisions can be obtained in the complete absence of serum protein. Human and chicken fibroblasts differ both in their quantitative requirements for defined nutrients, and in the type and number of incompletely characterized serum components that they continue to require under the improved growth conditions. The improved systems provide a sensitive assay for the remaining undefined growth-promoting components of serum and other biological extracts.", "PMID": 1036406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7353", "title": "Growth characteristics, cytogenetic stability and virus susceptibility of cell lines from New Zealand rabbits.", "content": "We have initiated and established over 90 cell cultures from tissues of embroynic New Zealand rabbits. These cell lines show a very varied growth pattern when compared to cell lines initiated from human embryonic tissues. The type of medium used to grow the cells influences the chromosome stability of rabbit cells. Cultures initiated from kidney tissue rarely grow more than 10 passages unless the medium is supplemented with lactalbumin hydrolysate. In turn, analyses of metaphase chromosomes from the kidney cultures, revealed they were aneuploid as early as passages 15. Cultures established from skin and lung tissues will remain diploid at least 60 passages when grown on Eagle's Basal Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. However, rarely do rabbit cell lines go into senescence.", "contents": "Growth characteristics, cytogenetic stability and virus susceptibility of cell lines from New Zealand rabbits. We have initiated and established over 90 cell cultures from tissues of embroynic New Zealand rabbits. These cell lines show a very varied growth pattern when compared to cell lines initiated from human embryonic tissues. The type of medium used to grow the cells influences the chromosome stability of rabbit cells. Cultures initiated from kidney tissue rarely grow more than 10 passages unless the medium is supplemented with lactalbumin hydrolysate. In turn, analyses of metaphase chromosomes from the kidney cultures, revealed they were aneuploid as early as passages 15. Cultures established from skin and lung tissues will remain diploid at least 60 passages when grown on Eagle's Basal Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. However, rarely do rabbit cell lines go into senescence.", "PMID": 1036402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7354", "title": "Development of a diploid cell line from fetal calf lung for virus vaccine production.", "content": "Details of isolation and replication of a fetal calf diploid cell (FCDC) is given. From the karyological point of view, the fairly large number of chromosomes existing in metaphase spreads made counting rather tedious. Lack of practical classification was another problem which made reference to individual chromosomes difficult. By increasing the population doubling of this cell, a tendency of telocentric chromosomes to undergo centric fusion was observed. Susceptibility of FCDC to different viruses is described.", "contents": "Development of a diploid cell line from fetal calf lung for virus vaccine production. Details of isolation and replication of a fetal calf diploid cell (FCDC) is given. From the karyological point of view, the fairly large number of chromosomes existing in metaphase spreads made counting rather tedious. Lack of practical classification was another problem which made reference to individual chromosomes difficult. By increasing the population doubling of this cell, a tendency of telocentric chromosomes to undergo centric fusion was observed. Susceptibility of FCDC to different viruses is described.", "PMID": 1036404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7355", "title": "Tissue specificity of myocardial glycopeptides synthesized during early embryonic development.", "content": "[3H] Glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides synthesized by hearts from stage 14-16 chick embryos were separated on DE-52 by ion-exchange chromatography and compared to those synthesized in other parts of the embryo at the same stage. Relatively few molecular species were present in all tissues, and they appeared closely homologous. There were no glycopeptides unique to any embryonic region examined, suggesting that tissue specificity may result from quantitative rather than qualitative differences in glycopeptides.", "contents": "Tissue specificity of myocardial glycopeptides synthesized during early embryonic development. [3H] Glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides synthesized by hearts from stage 14-16 chick embryos were separated on DE-52 by ion-exchange chromatography and compared to those synthesized in other parts of the embryo at the same stage. Relatively few molecular species were present in all tissues, and they appeared closely homologous. There were no glycopeptides unique to any embryonic region examined, suggesting that tissue specificity may result from quantitative rather than qualitative differences in glycopeptides.", "PMID": 1036415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7356", "title": "Role of acetaldehyde in the pathogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Rats given both ethanol and tolbutamide showed decreased oxidative phosphorylation of the myocardial mitochondria as compared with rats given only ethanol. There were no differences in ethanol consumption and blood ethanol levels between the two groups. The concentration of acetaldehyde tended to be higher in rats given both ethanol and tolbutamide than in rats given ethanol alone. It is concluded that acetaldehyde plays a more important role in the production of alcoholic cardiomyopathy than does ethanol itself.", "contents": "Role of acetaldehyde in the pathogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Rats given both ethanol and tolbutamide showed decreased oxidative phosphorylation of the myocardial mitochondria as compared with rats given only ethanol. There were no differences in ethanol consumption and blood ethanol levels between the two groups. The concentration of acetaldehyde tended to be higher in rats given both ethanol and tolbutamide than in rats given ethanol alone. It is concluded that acetaldehyde plays a more important role in the production of alcoholic cardiomyopathy than does ethanol itself.", "PMID": 1036417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7357", "title": "Effect of graded coronary stenosis on regional myocardial blood flow and left ventricular function.", "content": "Dogs with 70% stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery showed a reduction of myocardial blood flow with a minimal impairment of left ventricular wall motion. Eighty to ninety percent stenosis produced a marked reduction of flow and wall motion, and ST elevation close to 100% occlusion, but delayed antegrade run-off was found. The effectiveness of collaterals to protect against left ventricular dysfunction was supported.", "contents": "Effect of graded coronary stenosis on regional myocardial blood flow and left ventricular function. Dogs with 70% stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery showed a reduction of myocardial blood flow with a minimal impairment of left ventricular wall motion. Eighty to ninety percent stenosis produced a marked reduction of flow and wall motion, and ST elevation close to 100% occlusion, but delayed antegrade run-off was found. The effectiveness of collaterals to protect against left ventricular dysfunction was supported.", "PMID": 1036416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7358", "title": "[A cholinergic participation in the increase of cerebral cortical blood flow induced by vincamine (rat) (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of vincamine on cortical blood flow was tested in control rats and after atropine administration. Cortical blood flow was measured in urethanized rats by means of the hydrogen clearance method. A significative increase in cortical blood flow and decrease in blood pressure and cortical vascular resistance was produced by vincamine iv administration in control animals. In atropinized rats significative cortical blood flow changes were not observed although some tendency to increase was detected. It is suggested that increase in cortical blood flow induced by vincamine may be due to direct action on the vascular smooth muscle and, partially, through a cholinergic mechanism.", "contents": "[A cholinergic participation in the increase of cerebral cortical blood flow induced by vincamine (rat) (author's transl)]. The effect of vincamine on cortical blood flow was tested in control rats and after atropine administration. Cortical blood flow was measured in urethanized rats by means of the hydrogen clearance method. A significative increase in cortical blood flow and decrease in blood pressure and cortical vascular resistance was produced by vincamine iv administration in control animals. In atropinized rats significative cortical blood flow changes were not observed although some tendency to increase was detected. It is suggested that increase in cortical blood flow induced by vincamine may be due to direct action on the vascular smooth muscle and, partially, through a cholinergic mechanism.", "PMID": 1036425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7359", "title": "Molecular mechanisms in genetic transformation.", "content": "Molecular mechanisms of recombination of genetic material are most readily studied in microorganisms; a great deal is known about recombination of transforming DNA, introduced into the cell from the medium, with DNA inside bacteria. At present it is doubtful that this type of transformation will be of use in improving crop plants. However, a new technique of making recombinant DNA molecules from two or more highly divergent organisms may turn out to have great practical importance for agriculture.", "contents": "Molecular mechanisms in genetic transformation. Molecular mechanisms of recombination of genetic material are most readily studied in microorganisms; a great deal is known about recombination of transforming DNA, introduced into the cell from the medium, with DNA inside bacteria. At present it is doubtful that this type of transformation will be of use in improving crop plants. However, a new technique of making recombinant DNA molecules from two or more highly divergent organisms may turn out to have great practical importance for agriculture.", "PMID": 1036420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7360", "title": "Early corpus luteum formation (corpus haemorrhagicum) in a 3--3/12-year-old \"senile\" mouse.", "content": "In a female mouse sacrificed at the age of 3--3/12 years, corpus heamorrhagicum and arteric corpora lutea were found in the ovaries, apart from smaller follicles. No evidence could be found in the literature for their presence at this age. Based on these findings, aspects of basic gerontological research are discussed.", "contents": "Early corpus luteum formation (corpus haemorrhagicum) in a 3--3/12-year-old \"senile\" mouse. In a female mouse sacrificed at the age of 3--3/12 years, corpus heamorrhagicum and arteric corpora lutea were found in the ovaries, apart from smaller follicles. No evidence could be found in the literature for their presence at this age. Based on these findings, aspects of basic gerontological research are discussed.", "PMID": 1036426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7361", "title": "Lowering of blood acetaldehyde levels-a possible approach to prevention of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Based on the assumption that circulating acetaldehyde (AcH) is cardiotoxic, D-penicillamine was administered to dogs given alcohol orally, or given AcH intravenously. Paralleling the increase in plamsa norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) induced by AcH infusion, hemodynamic measurements showed a positive inotropic response with increase in pulse, blood pressure, left ventricular contractility, and cardiac output. Infusion of D-penicillamine abruptly lowered circulating levels of AcH and catecholamines, which was accompanied by an appropriate hemodynamic response.", "contents": "Lowering of blood acetaldehyde levels-a possible approach to prevention of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Based on the assumption that circulating acetaldehyde (AcH) is cardiotoxic, D-penicillamine was administered to dogs given alcohol orally, or given AcH intravenously. Paralleling the increase in plamsa norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) induced by AcH infusion, hemodynamic measurements showed a positive inotropic response with increase in pulse, blood pressure, left ventricular contractility, and cardiac output. Infusion of D-penicillamine abruptly lowered circulating levels of AcH and catecholamines, which was accompanied by an appropriate hemodynamic response.", "PMID": 1036418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7362", "title": "Mechanisms of spontaneous and induced heteroploidization and polyploidization.", "content": "Mechanisms of heteroploidization and polyploidization were studied in tissue cultures, using various methods and cell lines. In untreated populations cells with different chromosome number are formed by mitotic non-disjunction. Mononuclear polyploid cells are formed by repeated DNA synthesis (endoreduplication) and polynuclear giant cells by postmitotic fusion of the daughter cells. These phenomena occur more frequently in cell populations treated with cystostatic drugs. Most polyploid cells are not viable.", "contents": "Mechanisms of spontaneous and induced heteroploidization and polyploidization. Mechanisms of heteroploidization and polyploidization were studied in tissue cultures, using various methods and cell lines. In untreated populations cells with different chromosome number are formed by mitotic non-disjunction. Mononuclear polyploid cells are formed by repeated DNA synthesis (endoreduplication) and polynuclear giant cells by postmitotic fusion of the daughter cells. These phenomena occur more frequently in cell populations treated with cystostatic drugs. Most polyploid cells are not viable.", "PMID": 1036427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7363", "title": "[Neuropsychological study of long-term cerebral complications of eclampsia (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the literature shows that long-lasting neurological complications of eclampsia are rare, but that, when present, they frequently involve visual function. Two patients are reported, whose symptomatology suggested damage to the posterior region of both cerebral hemispheres. The first patient showed a Balint's syndrome with complete inability to perceive more than one object at a time, erratic gaze movements and optic ataxia. After a year and half a marked improvement was observed. The second patient presented with severe of dyscalculia, spatial memory disorders, constructional apraxia and mild aphasia. She recovered completely in one year. This symptomatology might result from ischemic lesions in the watershed area between the territories of the middle and posterior cerebral arteries, the underlying mechanism being the compression of the posterior cerebral artery against the tentorium, caused by edema.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological study of long-term cerebral complications of eclampsia (author's transl)]. A review of the literature shows that long-lasting neurological complications of eclampsia are rare, but that, when present, they frequently involve visual function. Two patients are reported, whose symptomatology suggested damage to the posterior region of both cerebral hemispheres. The first patient showed a Balint's syndrome with complete inability to perceive more than one object at a time, erratic gaze movements and optic ataxia. After a year and half a marked improvement was observed. The second patient presented with severe of dyscalculia, spatial memory disorders, constructional apraxia and mild aphasia. She recovered completely in one year. This symptomatology might result from ischemic lesions in the watershed area between the territories of the middle and posterior cerebral arteries, the underlying mechanism being the compression of the posterior cerebral artery against the tentorium, caused by edema.", "PMID": 1036434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7364", "title": "Polymerized micelles and their use as adjuvants in immunology.", "content": "A polymerization process is described for the preparation of hydrophilic micelles containing solubilized drug molecules in a colloidal aqueous system of dissolved monomers. A hydrocarbon medium constitutes the outer phase. After secondary solubilization with the aid of selected surfactants, polymerization of micelles under different conditions takes place. The formulation of drugs including labile proteins in the ultrafine polymer components (\"nanoparts\") and their isolation are possible without noticeable destruction of the encapsulated molecules. Entrapped tagged material (human 125I-immunoglobulin G) shows a stable fixation in such nanoparts during long-term in vitro liberation trials. Nanoparts are visible with the aid of an electron microscope. They are mostly spherical in shape and smaller than 80 nm in diameter. They form real colloidal aqueous solutions. Nanoparts are suitable to embed antigenic material (tetanus toxoid and human immunoglobulin G) for parenteral use. These preparations show intact biological activity and high antibody production in animals.", "contents": "Polymerized micelles and their use as adjuvants in immunology. A polymerization process is described for the preparation of hydrophilic micelles containing solubilized drug molecules in a colloidal aqueous system of dissolved monomers. A hydrocarbon medium constitutes the outer phase. After secondary solubilization with the aid of selected surfactants, polymerization of micelles under different conditions takes place. The formulation of drugs including labile proteins in the ultrafine polymer components (\"nanoparts\") and their isolation are possible without noticeable destruction of the encapsulated molecules. Entrapped tagged material (human 125I-immunoglobulin G) shows a stable fixation in such nanoparts during long-term in vitro liberation trials. Nanoparts are visible with the aid of an electron microscope. They are mostly spherical in shape and smaller than 80 nm in diameter. They form real colloidal aqueous solutions. Nanoparts are suitable to embed antigenic material (tetanus toxoid and human immunoglobulin G) for parenteral use. These preparations show intact biological activity and high antibody production in animals.", "PMID": 1036442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7365", "title": "[Levels of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin TeBG and of testosterone in pregnancy with relation to the sex of the foetus (author's transl)].", "content": "A practical and economic method for the quantification of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin TeBG is described. The procedure premits the differentiation without overlap of the TeBP levels in males, non-pregnant females and during pregnancy. Mean titles were 1/5, 1/93 and 1/360 respectively. During pregnancy, we found high levels of TeBG and increased plasma testosterone, with mean values of 143.4 nanograms/100 ml. We have found no significant differences in TeBG levels, or in maternal blood testosterone levels in relation to fetal sex; however, plasma testosterone levels were significantly different among new born of different sex, with mean values of 96.25 nanograms per cent for males and 78.21 nanograms per cent for females.", "contents": "[Levels of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin TeBG and of testosterone in pregnancy with relation to the sex of the foetus (author's transl)]. A practical and economic method for the quantification of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin TeBG is described. The procedure premits the differentiation without overlap of the TeBP levels in males, non-pregnant females and during pregnancy. Mean titles were 1/5, 1/93 and 1/360 respectively. During pregnancy, we found high levels of TeBG and increased plasma testosterone, with mean values of 143.4 nanograms/100 ml. We have found no significant differences in TeBG levels, or in maternal blood testosterone levels in relation to fetal sex; however, plasma testosterone levels were significantly different among new born of different sex, with mean values of 96.25 nanograms per cent for males and 78.21 nanograms per cent for females.", "PMID": 1036439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7366", "title": "Reinvestigation of disulfiram-like biological activity of Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. extracts.", "content": "A ninhydrin-positive aqueous fraction isolated from Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. showed significant disulfiram-like activity in mice. The isolation of the fraction from the mushroom crude extract and a convenient pharmacological test for following the physiological activity in each fraction are described.", "contents": "Reinvestigation of disulfiram-like biological activity of Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. extracts. A ninhydrin-positive aqueous fraction isolated from Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Fr. showed significant disulfiram-like activity in mice. The isolation of the fraction from the mushroom crude extract and a convenient pharmacological test for following the physiological activity in each fraction are described.", "PMID": 1036443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7367", "title": "D-penicillamine therapy of neonatal jaundice: comparison with phototherapy.", "content": "A total 330 newborns suffering from haemolytic disease of the newborn and hyperbilirubinaemia was treated with D-penicillamine. The therapy resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of exchange transfusions and of high serum bilirubin levels among preterm and fullterm babies with or without sensitization. Concerning the drug's mechanism of action, reduction of the bilirubin level is achieved by means of the copper stored in the liver. The intravenous route is suggested for application of the drug. In preterm infants D-penicillamine treatment proved more effective than phototherapy.", "contents": "D-penicillamine therapy of neonatal jaundice: comparison with phototherapy. A total 330 newborns suffering from haemolytic disease of the newborn and hyperbilirubinaemia was treated with D-penicillamine. The therapy resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of exchange transfusions and of high serum bilirubin levels among preterm and fullterm babies with or without sensitization. Concerning the drug's mechanism of action, reduction of the bilirubin level is achieved by means of the copper stored in the liver. The intravenous route is suggested for application of the drug. In preterm infants D-penicillamine treatment proved more effective than phototherapy.", "PMID": 1036444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7368", "title": "Effects of stress upon the oxidative metabolism and its correlation with gastric ulcer formation: the role of sex.", "content": "The metabolic-oxidative activity of different nervous and glandular structures (amygdala, hypothalamus, lateral-frontal cerebral cortex, adrenal glands) in male and female rats under acute stress caused by physical immobilization, was determined. The sexual cycle of the female rat was controlled by examination of their vaginal frotis. One experimental group during estrus and another one during diestrus were selected. At the same time ovariectomy was performed on an experimental group in order to eliminate the hormonal influences of the ovary. Results show there are no significant differerneces in the oxidative metabolism. Nor in the numbers of ulcers. Hypothalamus-hypophyseal-adrenocortical activation was made manifest on obtaining significant differences in the weight of the adrenal glands, a fact long ago reported in a number of studies. Necropsy showed severe gastric hemorrhages and ulcer in the stomach. Nevertheless, no significant differences between the distinc experimental groups were obtained. The likely participation of sexual hormones in female rats is discussed in the light of our results.", "contents": "Effects of stress upon the oxidative metabolism and its correlation with gastric ulcer formation: the role of sex. The metabolic-oxidative activity of different nervous and glandular structures (amygdala, hypothalamus, lateral-frontal cerebral cortex, adrenal glands) in male and female rats under acute stress caused by physical immobilization, was determined. The sexual cycle of the female rat was controlled by examination of their vaginal frotis. One experimental group during estrus and another one during diestrus were selected. At the same time ovariectomy was performed on an experimental group in order to eliminate the hormonal influences of the ovary. Results show there are no significant differerneces in the oxidative metabolism. Nor in the numbers of ulcers. Hypothalamus-hypophyseal-adrenocortical activation was made manifest on obtaining significant differences in the weight of the adrenal glands, a fact long ago reported in a number of studies. Necropsy showed severe gastric hemorrhages and ulcer in the stomach. Nevertheless, no significant differences between the distinc experimental groups were obtained. The likely participation of sexual hormones in female rats is discussed in the light of our results.", "PMID": 1036440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7369", "title": "Morphine withdrawal reactions in male and female mice.", "content": "In the present study we have used the morphine implantation method to investigate the intensity of the abstinence syndrome in both male and female Swiss Webster morphine-dependent mice. It is evident from our data that naloxone induced no significant difference in the jumping behavior of both morphine-dependent male and female mice when weight variables were controlled.", "contents": "Morphine withdrawal reactions in male and female mice. In the present study we have used the morphine implantation method to investigate the intensity of the abstinence syndrome in both male and female Swiss Webster morphine-dependent mice. It is evident from our data that naloxone induced no significant difference in the jumping behavior of both morphine-dependent male and female mice when weight variables were controlled.", "PMID": 1036445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7370", "title": "The dilemmas of coordinating treatment with criminal justice.", "content": "Problems the Abraxas Foundation encountered in accommodating therapeutic community practices to the justice system in order to develop an alternative for courtstipulated drug offenders are reviewed. First, traditional expectations for prospective clients' motivation proved to be unrealistic. Second, courts' needs for information on their clients' progress appeared to conflict with client confidentiality laws. Finally, Abraxas resented what it initially took to be the courts' intrusion into program affairs. In response, Abraxas has sensitized its staff to the courts' role, established a uniform policy on progress reports, promoted communications with external agencies, and emphasized coordination of treatment effort with court officials.", "contents": "The dilemmas of coordinating treatment with criminal justice. Problems the Abraxas Foundation encountered in accommodating therapeutic community practices to the justice system in order to develop an alternative for courtstipulated drug offenders are reviewed. First, traditional expectations for prospective clients' motivation proved to be unrealistic. Second, courts' needs for information on their clients' progress appeared to conflict with client confidentiality laws. Finally, Abraxas resented what it initially took to be the courts' intrusion into program affairs. In response, Abraxas has sensitized its staff to the courts' role, established a uniform policy on progress reports, promoted communications with external agencies, and emphasized coordination of treatment effort with court officials.", "PMID": 1036446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7371", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma of the ovary in association with pregnancy. Two case reports.", "content": "Burkitt's lymphoma of the ovary, occurring in association with pregnancy, is rare, only one case having been previously reported. Two cases are reported here and the possible effect of pregnancy discussed.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma of the ovary in association with pregnancy. Two case reports. Burkitt's lymphoma of the ovary, occurring in association with pregnancy, is rare, only one case having been previously reported. Two cases are reported here and the possible effect of pregnancy discussed.", "PMID": 1036449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7372", "title": "Menstruation per urethram. A case report.", "content": "The case history is presented of a 24-year-old woman who had a uterus duplex, grossly underdeveloped cervices, absent vagina and who menstruated regularly through a communication between one cervical canal and the urethra.", "contents": "Menstruation per urethram. A case report. The case history is presented of a 24-year-old woman who had a uterus duplex, grossly underdeveloped cervices, absent vagina and who menstruated regularly through a communication between one cervical canal and the urethra.", "PMID": 1036450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7373", "title": "Purification of interferon by adsorption chromatography on controlled pore glass.", "content": "Human fibroblast and mouse L929 cell interferons can be purified by adsoprtion to and subsequent elution from Controlled Pore Glass. Purification of 40 to 90-fold to specific activities of 1 to 5 times 10(6) units/mg of protein can be achieved in a single step, with good recovery of activity. Human leukocyte interferon does not bind to the glass and cannot be purified in this way.", "contents": "Purification of interferon by adsorption chromatography on controlled pore glass. Human fibroblast and mouse L929 cell interferons can be purified by adsoprtion to and subsequent elution from Controlled Pore Glass. Purification of 40 to 90-fold to specific activities of 1 to 5 times 10(6) units/mg of protein can be achieved in a single step, with good recovery of activity. Human leukocyte interferon does not bind to the glass and cannot be purified in this way.", "PMID": 1036458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7374", "title": "A new method for assessment of fetal lung maturity.", "content": "A new method for evaluation of fetal lung maturity in utero is described. The method is based on the fluorescence polarization (P) of the lipids in the amniotic fluid after labelling with a special dye. Tests performed with 49 amniotic fluid samples drawn from 33 pregnancies clearly demonstrated a decrease in P during gestation which correlated with the increase in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) in the fluid. During gestation the P value at 24 degrees C decreased steadily from about 0-4 to 0-2 and the value of P (24 degrees C) = 0-310 has been tentatively chosen as the threshold above which respiratory distress syndrome may develop. The described method, which requires a specially designed instrument, offers a series of important advantages over the presently available methods. It is simple, rapid, highly accurate and reproducible, and independent of amniotic fluid volume. The P value reflects the microviscosity in the whole lipid assembly of amniotic fluid and is not confined specifically to lecithin.", "contents": "A new method for assessment of fetal lung maturity. A new method for evaluation of fetal lung maturity in utero is described. The method is based on the fluorescence polarization (P) of the lipids in the amniotic fluid after labelling with a special dye. Tests performed with 49 amniotic fluid samples drawn from 33 pregnancies clearly demonstrated a decrease in P during gestation which correlated with the increase in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) in the fluid. During gestation the P value at 24 degrees C decreased steadily from about 0-4 to 0-2 and the value of P (24 degrees C) = 0-310 has been tentatively chosen as the threshold above which respiratory distress syndrome may develop. The described method, which requires a specially designed instrument, offers a series of important advantages over the presently available methods. It is simple, rapid, highly accurate and reproducible, and independent of amniotic fluid volume. The P value reflects the microviscosity in the whole lipid assembly of amniotic fluid and is not confined specifically to lecithin.", "PMID": 1036459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7375", "title": "Galactose oxidase: applications of the covalently immobilized enzyme in a packed bed configuration.", "content": "Galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.9) was covalently immobilized to chemically modified porous silica particles by reaction of the native enzyme with pendant benzoyl azide groups on the carrier. The enzyme loading on the carrier was 100-150 units per milliliter. The immobilized enzyme was incorporated into a hardware assembly suitable for the determination of galactose or lactose concentrations in complex biological fluids. The prototype instrument as described is suitable for continuous, on-line monitoring or discrete sample analysis. Reaction conditions can be readily provided which maintain global first order kinetics within the reactor and strict linearity of the procedure over a wide range of sample concentrations. Auto-inactivation of the immobilized enzyme can be prevented by K3Fe(CN)6 and long-term reactor stability can be achieved by the periodic application of the reagent to the enzyme reactor in situ.", "contents": "Galactose oxidase: applications of the covalently immobilized enzyme in a packed bed configuration. Galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.9) was covalently immobilized to chemically modified porous silica particles by reaction of the native enzyme with pendant benzoyl azide groups on the carrier. The enzyme loading on the carrier was 100-150 units per milliliter. The immobilized enzyme was incorporated into a hardware assembly suitable for the determination of galactose or lactose concentrations in complex biological fluids. The prototype instrument as described is suitable for continuous, on-line monitoring or discrete sample analysis. Reaction conditions can be readily provided which maintain global first order kinetics within the reactor and strict linearity of the procedure over a wide range of sample concentrations. Auto-inactivation of the immobilized enzyme can be prevented by K3Fe(CN)6 and long-term reactor stability can be achieved by the periodic application of the reagent to the enzyme reactor in situ.", "PMID": 1036460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7376", "title": "Prolonged eradication of urogenital mycoplasmas after administration of tetracycline to men in the Antarctic.", "content": "Meatal swabs were obtained at intervals over 1 year from 23 men in the Antarctic. A 5-day course of tetracycline was given to twelve of them. In retrospect it was found that the antibiotic had been received by two men who were harbouring ureaplasmas, one of whom also had M. hominis. After treatment, these organisms  were not found in any of the swabs taken over the next year, except in a swab from one of the men following sexual contact after this time. One of the twelve men developed N.S.U. just before arriving in the Antarctic. He responded clinically to a shorter course of tetracycline and ureplasmas were not recovered from a meatal swab immediately thereafter. However, without further sexual contact, ureaplasmas and disease recurred about a month later. This time, after a 5-day course of tetracycline, disease was not seen, and ureaplasmas were not isolated, over the next year. In contrast, ureaplasmas were isolated consistently over a year from two men who were not given the antibiotic. The evidence strongly suggests that, under natural conditions, the most likely cause of mycoplasmas, particularly ureaplasmas, recurring in the genital tract after apparently adequate tetracycline therapy, is re-infection as a result of sexual re-exposure.", "contents": "Prolonged eradication of urogenital mycoplasmas after administration of tetracycline to men in the Antarctic. Meatal swabs were obtained at intervals over 1 year from 23 men in the Antarctic. A 5-day course of tetracycline was given to twelve of them. In retrospect it was found that the antibiotic had been received by two men who were harbouring ureaplasmas, one of whom also had M. hominis. After treatment, these organisms  were not found in any of the swabs taken over the next year, except in a swab from one of the men following sexual contact after this time. One of the twelve men developed N.S.U. just before arriving in the Antarctic. He responded clinically to a shorter course of tetracycline and ureplasmas were not recovered from a meatal swab immediately thereafter. However, without further sexual contact, ureaplasmas and disease recurred about a month later. This time, after a 5-day course of tetracycline, disease was not seen, and ureaplasmas were not isolated, over the next year. In contrast, ureaplasmas were isolated consistently over a year from two men who were not given the antibiotic. The evidence strongly suggests that, under natural conditions, the most likely cause of mycoplasmas, particularly ureaplasmas, recurring in the genital tract after apparently adequate tetracycline therapy, is re-infection as a result of sexual re-exposure.", "PMID": 1036463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7377", "title": "Shigellosis. Another sexually transmitted disease?", "content": "Following the clinical observation that there appeared to be an association between shigellosis and male homosexuality, the medical records of 113 patients at The New York Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 38 males studied who were between the ages 19 and 61, seventeen were homosexual (44-7 per cent.). Only one of the matched controls was homosexual. Of the men with shigellosis who had a history of foreign travel, 10 per cent. were homosexual; however, among the patients without a travel history, 57-1 per cent. were homosexual (P less than 0-05). For male patients with shigellosis who do not have an appropriate travel history, the physician should expand his epidemiological investigation to include sexual contacts. Men and women who perform rectal intercourse should be cautioned to abstain from this activity until their stool cultures are negative for shigella. If a male patient with shigellosis is homosexual, he should be screened for other sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, and amoebiasis.", "contents": "Shigellosis. Another sexually transmitted disease? Following the clinical observation that there appeared to be an association between shigellosis and male homosexuality, the medical records of 113 patients at The New York Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 38 males studied who were between the ages 19 and 61, seventeen were homosexual (44-7 per cent.). Only one of the matched controls was homosexual. Of the men with shigellosis who had a history of foreign travel, 10 per cent. were homosexual; however, among the patients without a travel history, 57-1 per cent. were homosexual (P less than 0-05). For male patients with shigellosis who do not have an appropriate travel history, the physician should expand his epidemiological investigation to include sexual contacts. Men and women who perform rectal intercourse should be cautioned to abstain from this activity until their stool cultures are negative for shigella. If a male patient with shigellosis is homosexual, he should be screened for other sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, and amoebiasis.", "PMID": 1036464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7378", "title": "Successful therapy with methotrexate of a multicentric mixed lymphoma of the central nervous system.", "content": "Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) is extremely rare. A case of mixed histiocytic lymphocytic lymphoma of the CNS that initially occurred in the spinal cord is reported. Multicentric recurrence following radiotherapy was successfully treated with intrathecal methotrexate and the patient remains free of disease after 4 years. The role of intrathecal methotrexate as alternative therapy following irradiation failure is discussed.", "contents": "Successful therapy with methotrexate of a multicentric mixed lymphoma of the central nervous system. Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) is extremely rare. A case of mixed histiocytic lymphocytic lymphoma of the CNS that initially occurred in the spinal cord is reported. Multicentric recurrence following radiotherapy was successfully treated with intrathecal methotrexate and the patient remains free of disease after 4 years. The role of intrathecal methotrexate as alternative therapy following irradiation failure is discussed.", "PMID": 1036465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7379", "title": "Methotrexate pneumonitis induced by intrathecal methotrexate therapy: a case report with pharmacokinetic data.", "content": "A patient with adenocarcinoma of the breast metastatic to the leptomeninges was treated with 10 doses of intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) administered at intervals of 2 days. Following these treatments she developed fever, hypoxemia, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates without documented pulmonary infection. Autopsy findings were consistent with the pneumonitis that has been associated with intermittent oral, intramuscular, and intravenous MTX therapy. It is suggested that this patient's pulmonary process represented MTX pneumonitis following intrathecal MTX. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum MTX concentrations determined retrospectively on frozen samples reflect an atypically rapid transport of MTX from this patient's cerebrospinal fluid to a slowly decaying systemic pool. Because of this, serum MTX levels probably exceeded 10-8M during the entire 20-day course of therapy, thus exposing the pulmonary parenchyma to significant drug concentrations for a prolonged interval. It is suggested that these unfavorable pharmacokinetics may have contributed to this patient's susceptibility to MTX pneumonitis.", "contents": "Methotrexate pneumonitis induced by intrathecal methotrexate therapy: a case report with pharmacokinetic data. A patient with adenocarcinoma of the breast metastatic to the leptomeninges was treated with 10 doses of intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) administered at intervals of 2 days. Following these treatments she developed fever, hypoxemia, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates without documented pulmonary infection. Autopsy findings were consistent with the pneumonitis that has been associated with intermittent oral, intramuscular, and intravenous MTX therapy. It is suggested that this patient's pulmonary process represented MTX pneumonitis following intrathecal MTX. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum MTX concentrations determined retrospectively on frozen samples reflect an atypically rapid transport of MTX from this patient's cerebrospinal fluid to a slowly decaying systemic pool. Because of this, serum MTX levels probably exceeded 10-8M during the entire 20-day course of therapy, thus exposing the pulmonary parenchyma to significant drug concentrations for a prolonged interval. It is suggested that these unfavorable pharmacokinetics may have contributed to this patient's susceptibility to MTX pneumonitis.", "PMID": 1036466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7380", "title": "A comparison of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) in the treatment of nodular, poorly differentiated, lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "This study was designed to test the efficacy and toxicity of COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) and MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine) in 13 previously untreated patients with disseminated, nodular, poorly differentiated, lymphocytic lymphoma, and to test for patient cross-resistance to the regimens. Complete remission was initially achieved in six of eight patients on COP and three of five on MOPP. Three patients were crossed over to the alternative induction regimen because of progressive disease after an initial partial response; one was crossed over because of toxicity. On crossover, four patients achieved complete remission, two on either regimen. Durations of unmaintained complete remission range from 6-46+ months, with 8/13 still in their first complete remission. Only one patient has died, while in remission, from progressive Kaposi's sarcoma; one was lost to follow-up while in complete remission at 44 months; the others (85%) remain alive 33-54 months from the initiation of chemotherapy. MOPP was significantly more toxic with respect to thrombocytopenia, duration of myelosuppression, and cumulation of toxicity. Because of its more acceptable toxicity, COP is recommended as initial therapy for patients with nodular, poorly differentiated, lymphocytic lymphoma. MOPP or another regimen of non-crossresistant combination chemotherapy would be more appropriate for primary treatment failures.", "contents": "A comparison of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) in the treatment of nodular, poorly differentiated, lymphocytic lymphoma. This study was designed to test the efficacy and toxicity of COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone) and MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine) in 13 previously untreated patients with disseminated, nodular, poorly differentiated, lymphocytic lymphoma, and to test for patient cross-resistance to the regimens. Complete remission was initially achieved in six of eight patients on COP and three of five on MOPP. Three patients were crossed over to the alternative induction regimen because of progressive disease after an initial partial response; one was crossed over because of toxicity. On crossover, four patients achieved complete remission, two on either regimen. Durations of unmaintained complete remission range from 6-46+ months, with 8/13 still in their first complete remission. Only one patient has died, while in remission, from progressive Kaposi's sarcoma; one was lost to follow-up while in complete remission at 44 months; the others (85%) remain alive 33-54 months from the initiation of chemotherapy. MOPP was significantly more toxic with respect to thrombocytopenia, duration of myelosuppression, and cumulation of toxicity. Because of its more acceptable toxicity, COP is recommended as initial therapy for patients with nodular, poorly differentiated, lymphocytic lymphoma. MOPP or another regimen of non-crossresistant combination chemotherapy would be more appropriate for primary treatment failures.", "PMID": 1036467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7381", "title": "Effects of an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, on the kidney of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.).", "content": "The fine structure of the kidney is studied in the sexually mature male three-spined stickleback after administration of an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate. Under these conditions, the dedifferentiation of renal tubules is characterized by the same involutive processes as those induced by castration, with the difference that cyproterone acetate only begins to act after 14 days whereas after castration the first signs of involution are visible after 7 days. The ultrastructural modifications affect the nucleoli, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. They reflect an inhibition of the secretory process. The results obtained demonstrate that administration of cyproterone acetate to male sticklebacks has an inhibitory effect on renal target cells, apparently indistinguishable from the changes induced by lack of male sex hormone, and that this drug may be a valid substitute for castration in fish.", "contents": "Effects of an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, on the kidney of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). The fine structure of the kidney is studied in the sexually mature male three-spined stickleback after administration of an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate. Under these conditions, the dedifferentiation of renal tubules is characterized by the same involutive processes as those induced by castration, with the difference that cyproterone acetate only begins to act after 14 days whereas after castration the first signs of involution are visible after 7 days. The ultrastructural modifications affect the nucleoli, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. They reflect an inhibition of the secretory process. The results obtained demonstrate that administration of cyproterone acetate to male sticklebacks has an inhibitory effect on renal target cells, apparently indistinguishable from the changes induced by lack of male sex hormone, and that this drug may be a valid substitute for castration in fish.", "PMID": 1036470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7382", "title": "[Drepanocytosis and navigation personnel].", "content": "In West and Central Africa one adult in 4 or 5 carries AS trait. This haemoglobin abnormality therefore underlines the question of aptitude of navigation personnel in national or international air-lines. Among these personnel one should separate commercial navigation personnel (CNP) and technical navigation personnel (TNP), if the aptitude in flight of CNP may perhaps be acquired without systematic previous submission to files of Civil Aeronautics Medical Advice, on the other hand a definite and irrefutable decision on the aptitude of TNP can only be envisaged after proving tests for placing the personnel carrying sickle cell trait in the context of airling work.", "contents": "[Drepanocytosis and navigation personnel]. In West and Central Africa one adult in 4 or 5 carries AS trait. This haemoglobin abnormality therefore underlines the question of aptitude of navigation personnel in national or international air-lines. Among these personnel one should separate commercial navigation personnel (CNP) and technical navigation personnel (TNP), if the aptitude in flight of CNP may perhaps be acquired without systematic previous submission to files of Civil Aeronautics Medical Advice, on the other hand a definite and irrefutable decision on the aptitude of TNP can only be envisaged after proving tests for placing the personnel carrying sickle cell trait in the context of airling work.", "PMID": 1036471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7383", "title": "[Results of a survey of potential dengue vectors in the Neo-Caledonian archipelago].", "content": "The author gives the results of an entomological survey in neo-caledonian archipelago (New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands), november-december 1972. Concerning the distribution and the abundance of Aedes aegypti, the local dengue vector, this study shows the presence of this culicid not only in Noumea, but also all along the western developped coast of New Caledonia, and in Ouvea Island. This constitutes a great risk of outbreak extension from Noumea if a dengue virus is again imported there.", "contents": "[Results of a survey of potential dengue vectors in the Neo-Caledonian archipelago]. The author gives the results of an entomological survey in neo-caledonian archipelago (New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands), november-december 1972. Concerning the distribution and the abundance of Aedes aegypti, the local dengue vector, this study shows the presence of this culicid not only in Noumea, but also all along the western developped coast of New Caledonia, and in Ouvea Island. This constitutes a great risk of outbreak extension from Noumea if a dengue virus is again imported there.", "PMID": 1036473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7384", "title": "[Surgey of tick-borne arboviruses in the Central African Republic (1973-1974). Isolation of Dugbe, CHF/Congo, Jos and Bhanja viruses].", "content": "As a complement of the study of the epidemiology of the arboviruses in Central Africa a survey of tick borne viruses has been done, in the Central African Republic, from December 1972 to June 1974; 15.103 ticks were collected, mainly from cattle at the slaughterhouses. They include: 10.085 Ambylomma variegatum, 4.113 Boophilus, 542 Rhipicephalus and 363 Hyalomma. From 892 monospecific pools inoculated into baby mice, 98 isolates of virus were obtained. Among the 57 isolates which have been fully identified (the identification of 41 other isolates is still in progress), 4 different serotypes of arbovirus have been found: Dugbe virus has been the most frequently found with 45 isolates from A. variegatum and I from B. decoloratus; this virus, previously isolated from human cases in Central African Republic in 1967 and 1970 has been isolated from a new human case in 1973. One isolate of CHF/Congo virus has been obtained from Hyalomma nitidum, but this virus has not yet been isolated from human beeings in C.A.R. The two other tick borne viruses isolated during this survey are Jos virus (9 isolates) and Bhanja virus (I isolate), all of them from A variegatum.", "contents": "[Surgey of tick-borne arboviruses in the Central African Republic (1973-1974). Isolation of Dugbe, CHF/Congo, Jos and Bhanja viruses]. As a complement of the study of the epidemiology of the arboviruses in Central Africa a survey of tick borne viruses has been done, in the Central African Republic, from December 1972 to June 1974; 15.103 ticks were collected, mainly from cattle at the slaughterhouses. They include: 10.085 Ambylomma variegatum, 4.113 Boophilus, 542 Rhipicephalus and 363 Hyalomma. From 892 monospecific pools inoculated into baby mice, 98 isolates of virus were obtained. Among the 57 isolates which have been fully identified (the identification of 41 other isolates is still in progress), 4 different serotypes of arbovirus have been found: Dugbe virus has been the most frequently found with 45 isolates from A. variegatum and I from B. decoloratus; this virus, previously isolated from human cases in Central African Republic in 1967 and 1970 has been isolated from a new human case in 1973. One isolate of CHF/Congo virus has been obtained from Hyalomma nitidum, but this virus has not yet been isolated from human beeings in C.A.R. The two other tick borne viruses isolated during this survey are Jos virus (9 isolates) and Bhanja virus (I isolate), all of them from A variegatum.", "PMID": 1036474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7385", "title": "A multi-centre general practitioner assessment of butriptyline hydrochloride ('Evadyne').", "content": "A multi-centre open study in general practice was carried out to assess the efficacy of and incidence of side-effects with the tricyclic antidepressant, butriptyline. Of a series of 153 patients with non-psychotic depression, with or without anxiety, 105 (69%) were judged as having a good or fair response to treatment with 75 mg to 150 mg butriptyline daily. Side-effects of an anticholinergic nature were seen in 13.7% of patients, but the incidence decreased to less than 4% in the 101 patients receiving treatment for over 7 weeks.", "contents": "A multi-centre general practitioner assessment of butriptyline hydrochloride ('Evadyne'). A multi-centre open study in general practice was carried out to assess the efficacy of and incidence of side-effects with the tricyclic antidepressant, butriptyline. Of a series of 153 patients with non-psychotic depression, with or without anxiety, 105 (69%) were judged as having a good or fair response to treatment with 75 mg to 150 mg butriptyline daily. Side-effects of an anticholinergic nature were seen in 13.7% of patients, but the incidence decreased to less than 4% in the 101 patients receiving treatment for over 7 weeks.", "PMID": 1036481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7386", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in Graves' disease.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes in Graves' disease sera were detected by the 125I Clq deviation test. High titers of immune complexes were detected and correlated significantly with the microsomal antibody but not with the thyroglobulin antibody titer nor with serum thyroxine levels. Serum fractionation studies in a patient with high titer of immune complexes revealed these to be heterogeneous in size, sedimenting in 19S, intermediate and 7S regions. The data suggest a role for immune complexes in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in Graves' disease. Circulating immune complexes in Graves' disease sera were detected by the 125I Clq deviation test. High titers of immune complexes were detected and correlated significantly with the microsomal antibody but not with the thyroglobulin antibody titer nor with serum thyroxine levels. Serum fractionation studies in a patient with high titer of immune complexes revealed these to be heterogeneous in size, sedimenting in 19S, intermediate and 7S regions. The data suggest a role for immune complexes in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.", "PMID": 1036482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7387", "title": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 6. Survey of clinical cases of infantile visceral leishmaniasis from 1965 to 1974].", "content": "The authors present the results of an inquiry conducted in the principal hospitals of Algeria. The number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis recorded over the last ten years (1965 to 1974) totaled 497. The disease occurs essentially in children under 5 years of age (94%); it is mainly detected in central and eastern parts of the Tell region: principally in the Grande Kabylie, Algerois and Constantinois areas (humid and sub-humid bioclimatic stages). The results of the malaria eradication campaign in relation to the incidence of visceral Leishmaniasis is discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Algeria. 6. Survey of clinical cases of infantile visceral leishmaniasis from 1965 to 1974]. The authors present the results of an inquiry conducted in the principal hospitals of Algeria. The number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis recorded over the last ten years (1965 to 1974) totaled 497. The disease occurs essentially in children under 5 years of age (94%); it is mainly detected in central and eastern parts of the Tell region: principally in the Grande Kabylie, Algerois and Constantinois areas (humid and sub-humid bioclimatic stages). The results of the malaria eradication campaign in relation to the incidence of visceral Leishmaniasis is discussed.", "PMID": 1036477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7388", "title": "Questions to the supply of young infants with fat and fatty acids. II. Fat content and fatty acid pattern in milk formulae for healthy infants in the first 6 months of life.", "content": "The fat content and the fatty acid pattern were analyzed in 30 commercially prepared milk formulae for healthy infants in the fisrt 6 months of life. We found an average fat content of 3.4 g or 3.6 g/100 ml in \"partly adapted\" and \"adapted\" milk formulae, between 1.4 g and 3.3 g/100 ml in \"not defined\" milk formulae. We regard a fat content lower than 3.0 g/100 ml and more than 4.0 g/100 ml as not advisable. In most milk formulae the ratio of saturated: unsaturated fatty acids is similar to the ratio in human milk fat. This ratio is obtained from a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable oils or by a mixture of various vegetable fats. The difference in the fatty acid pattern between the milk formulae and the fatty acid pattern in mature human milk are demonstrated and discussed. The tolerance of milk formulae for young infants is not influenced in an unfavorable manner by butyic acid. A high portion of lauric acid in mild formulae seems undesirable. The importance of the position of palmitic acid in the triglycerides of milk formulae for infants is discussed, and it is referred to the advantage of a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable fats. A linoleic acid content of 3 kcal% in the minimum and 7 kcal% in the maximum in milk formulae for infants is regarded as advisable.", "contents": "Questions to the supply of young infants with fat and fatty acids. II. Fat content and fatty acid pattern in milk formulae for healthy infants in the first 6 months of life. The fat content and the fatty acid pattern were analyzed in 30 commercially prepared milk formulae for healthy infants in the fisrt 6 months of life. We found an average fat content of 3.4 g or 3.6 g/100 ml in \"partly adapted\" and \"adapted\" milk formulae, between 1.4 g and 3.3 g/100 ml in \"not defined\" milk formulae. We regard a fat content lower than 3.0 g/100 ml and more than 4.0 g/100 ml as not advisable. In most milk formulae the ratio of saturated: unsaturated fatty acids is similar to the ratio in human milk fat. This ratio is obtained from a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable oils or by a mixture of various vegetable fats. The difference in the fatty acid pattern between the milk formulae and the fatty acid pattern in mature human milk are demonstrated and discussed. The tolerance of milk formulae for young infants is not influenced in an unfavorable manner by butyic acid. A high portion of lauric acid in mild formulae seems undesirable. The importance of the position of palmitic acid in the triglycerides of milk formulae for infants is discussed, and it is referred to the advantage of a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable fats. A linoleic acid content of 3 kcal% in the minimum and 7 kcal% in the maximum in milk formulae for infants is regarded as advisable.", "PMID": 1036483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7389", "title": "[10 new clinical cases of mycoses caused by Entomophorales in Cameroon].", "content": "Authors describe ten new cases of Entomophthoromycosis in Cameroon. In four cases of subcutaneous phycomycosis, Basidiobolus meristoporus was isolated in one case. In six cases of rhino-entomophthoromycosis, we have obtained by culture two Basidiobolus meristoporus and one Entomophthora coronata. In Cameroon, rhino-entomophthoromycosis may be caused by the two species Basidiobolus meristoporus and Entomophthora coronata.", "contents": "[10 new clinical cases of mycoses caused by Entomophorales in Cameroon]. Authors describe ten new cases of Entomophthoromycosis in Cameroon. In four cases of subcutaneous phycomycosis, Basidiobolus meristoporus was isolated in one case. In six cases of rhino-entomophthoromycosis, we have obtained by culture two Basidiobolus meristoporus and one Entomophthora coronata. In Cameroon, rhino-entomophthoromycosis may be caused by the two species Basidiobolus meristoporus and Entomophthora coronata.", "PMID": 1036475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7390", "title": "[The average degree of parasitosis, a criterion for evaluation of the geohelminthic contamination of a population, and for application of santiary measures].", "content": "The severity of ascaridiasis in a region depends first of all on the degree of pollution by ascaris ova of the environemtn and consquently on the per diem output of ascaris ova in the stools. Therefore, the importance of ascaridiasis as an endemic disease, depends of course upon the number of positive cases, their prevalence, but still more, it depends upon the intensity of the infection of the diseased population (global parasitic discharge). Practically, this concept of global parasitic discharge is expressed by the number of ascaris ova expelled per gram and per day by a sample of the considered population. The mean parasitic discharge is the quotient of the global parasitic discharge through the number of positive cases of the sample. An epidemiological survey and a mass chemotherapy test at La R\u00e9union has showed us that the conept of global parasitic discharge is a more representative reliable and sensitive measuring method than prevalence, to evaluate the gravity of endemic ascaridiasis and its variations.", "contents": "[The average degree of parasitosis, a criterion for evaluation of the geohelminthic contamination of a population, and for application of santiary measures]. The severity of ascaridiasis in a region depends first of all on the degree of pollution by ascaris ova of the environemtn and consquently on the per diem output of ascaris ova in the stools. Therefore, the importance of ascaridiasis as an endemic disease, depends of course upon the number of positive cases, their prevalence, but still more, it depends upon the intensity of the infection of the diseased population (global parasitic discharge). Practically, this concept of global parasitic discharge is expressed by the number of ascaris ova expelled per gram and per day by a sample of the considered population. The mean parasitic discharge is the quotient of the global parasitic discharge through the number of positive cases of the sample. An epidemiological survey and a mass chemotherapy test at La R\u00e9union has showed us that the conept of global parasitic discharge is a more representative reliable and sensitive measuring method than prevalence, to evaluate the gravity of endemic ascaridiasis and its variations.", "PMID": 1036479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7391", "title": "Changes in erythropoiesis and renal ultrastructure during exposure of mice to hypoxia.", "content": "During hypoxia, elevated ESF levels occur which are accompanied by increased erythropoietic activity resulting in progressive elevation of the haemoglobin and haematocrit concentration. An attempt has been made to correlate ultrastructural changes in the kidney with changes in serum ESF concentrations and the erythropoietic state of mice exposed to continuous hypoxia for 3 weeks. A series of changes in the epitheloid and proximal tubules cells occurred which may be related to the biogenesis of erythropoietin. However, no detectable ESF or renal erythropoietic factor could be extracted from the kidneys at the time of maximal ultrastructural changes. Although some ESF-inhibitory material was demonstrated, it could not be extracted into lipid solvents. It is suggested that the failure to consistently extract an erythropoietic factor from the kidneys of hypoxic mice may be related to the absence of renal storage at the onset of increased peripheral demand. Other levels and durations of hypoxia may help to elucidate the role of the kidneys in regulating serum ESF levels.", "contents": "Changes in erythropoiesis and renal ultrastructure during exposure of mice to hypoxia. During hypoxia, elevated ESF levels occur which are accompanied by increased erythropoietic activity resulting in progressive elevation of the haemoglobin and haematocrit concentration. An attempt has been made to correlate ultrastructural changes in the kidney with changes in serum ESF concentrations and the erythropoietic state of mice exposed to continuous hypoxia for 3 weeks. A series of changes in the epitheloid and proximal tubules cells occurred which may be related to the biogenesis of erythropoietin. However, no detectable ESF or renal erythropoietic factor could be extracted from the kidneys at the time of maximal ultrastructural changes. Although some ESF-inhibitory material was demonstrated, it could not be extracted into lipid solvents. It is suggested that the failure to consistently extract an erythropoietic factor from the kidneys of hypoxic mice may be related to the absence of renal storage at the onset of increased peripheral demand. Other levels and durations of hypoxia may help to elucidate the role of the kidneys in regulating serum ESF levels.", "PMID": 1036484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7392", "title": "Arthroscopy of the Knee.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-one consecutive arthroscopic examinations of the knee are reviewed to establish diagnostic accuracy based on subsequent arthrotomy and the clinical course in the absence of arthrotomy. One hundred and nine knees showed an arthroscopic accuracy of 89.9 per cent at subsequent arthrotomy. Ninety-five patients who did not have an arthrotomy revealed 73.7 per cent clinical improvement between 9 months and 4 years after arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is a simple diagnostic procedure which, with experience, can be done safely and accuratly with minimal morbidity and, in this series, allowed 33.5 per cent of patients to avoid arthrotomy.", "contents": "Arthroscopy of the Knee. Two hundred and twenty-one consecutive arthroscopic examinations of the knee are reviewed to establish diagnostic accuracy based on subsequent arthrotomy and the clinical course in the absence of arthrotomy. One hundred and nine knees showed an arthroscopic accuracy of 89.9 per cent at subsequent arthrotomy. Ninety-five patients who did not have an arthrotomy revealed 73.7 per cent clinical improvement between 9 months and 4 years after arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is a simple diagnostic procedure which, with experience, can be done safely and accuratly with minimal morbidity and, in this series, allowed 33.5 per cent of patients to avoid arthrotomy.", "PMID": 1036480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7393", "title": "[Role of the autonomic nervous system in the differentiated response of pancreatic enzyme secretion].", "content": "In chronic studies on fistular dogs, the basal secretion of pancreas and secretion stimulated by the duodenal perfusion of acid (pH 1.5) solutions of albumen and its poly-peptide hydrolysate was studied. Perfusion of the hydrolysate stimulated the pancreatic release of enzyme more than albumen itself. Pentamin, atropin, and ergotal suppressed basal secretion and secretion stimulated by the duodenal perfusion with the above solutions.", "contents": "[Role of the autonomic nervous system in the differentiated response of pancreatic enzyme secretion]. In chronic studies on fistular dogs, the basal secretion of pancreas and secretion stimulated by the duodenal perfusion of acid (pH 1.5) solutions of albumen and its poly-peptide hydrolysate was studied. Perfusion of the hydrolysate stimulated the pancreatic release of enzyme more than albumen itself. Pentamin, atropin, and ergotal suppressed basal secretion and secretion stimulated by the duodenal perfusion with the above solutions.", "PMID": 1036487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7394", "title": "Effect of localization of L-asparaginase as the concanavalin A conjugate on anti-tumor activity.", "content": "A method potentially capable of enhancing the effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes such as L-asparaginase was investigated. The method was suggested by the following properties that have been observed for lectins injected into tissues: (1) six lectins with differing specificities were retained near the site of injection in the feet of mice 10 to 100 times longer than several non-lectin proteins. Prolonged retention of 125I-labelled concanavalin A was also observed in other normal and malignant mouse tissues. (2) The retention of 125I-labelled concanavalin A was not affected by prior immunization against concanavalin A. (3) Electrophoresis of tissue extracts on sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gels followed by radioautography indicated that the 125I-labelled concanavalin A retained in the tissue remained as intact in form as prior to injection. Since the therapeutic efficacy of many enzymes may be enhanced by localization at the intended site of action, in principle it should be possible to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes by combining the tissue-localizing properties of a lectin with therapeutic effectiveness of the enzyme. A conjugate of E. coli L-asparaginase and concanavalin A has been prepared by covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and has been shown to be retained in mouse tissue 90 times longer than the free enzyme. However, it is completely ineffective in the treatment of the L-asparaginase-sensitive lymphosarcoma 6C3HED in C3H/HeJ mice. The ineffectiveness of the conjugated enzyme may be associated with the interiorization of the conjugate by the cells of the tumor.", "contents": "Effect of localization of L-asparaginase as the concanavalin A conjugate on anti-tumor activity. A method potentially capable of enhancing the effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes such as L-asparaginase was investigated. The method was suggested by the following properties that have been observed for lectins injected into tissues: (1) six lectins with differing specificities were retained near the site of injection in the feet of mice 10 to 100 times longer than several non-lectin proteins. Prolonged retention of 125I-labelled concanavalin A was also observed in other normal and malignant mouse tissues. (2) The retention of 125I-labelled concanavalin A was not affected by prior immunization against concanavalin A. (3) Electrophoresis of tissue extracts on sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gels followed by radioautography indicated that the 125I-labelled concanavalin A retained in the tissue remained as intact in form as prior to injection. Since the therapeutic efficacy of many enzymes may be enhanced by localization at the intended site of action, in principle it should be possible to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes by combining the tissue-localizing properties of a lectin with therapeutic effectiveness of the enzyme. A conjugate of E. coli L-asparaginase and concanavalin A has been prepared by covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and has been shown to be retained in mouse tissue 90 times longer than the free enzyme. However, it is completely ineffective in the treatment of the L-asparaginase-sensitive lymphosarcoma 6C3HED in C3H/HeJ mice. The ineffectiveness of the conjugated enzyme may be associated with the interiorization of the conjugate by the cells of the tumor.", "PMID": 1036489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7395", "title": "The immunospecificity of altered initial arrest patterns of circulating cancer cells in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The early arrest patterns of a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma were determined after injection of 125IUdR-labelled cells into the systemic circulation of mice bearing transplanted lymphosarcomas, and of normal animals. Similar experiments were performed using radiolabelled lymphosarcoma cells and normal or fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. The results showed that shifts in normal distribution patterns previously observed in tumor-bearing animals injected with cells of the same type as that borne by the animal, were not detectable when cells of a different tumor type were injected. Peritoneal exudate cell migration inhibition assays showed little immunologic cross-reactivity between the two tumors and, together with the results of the distribution studies, indicated that alterations of early arrest patterns in mice sensitized to their tumor is an immunologically specific phenomenon.", "contents": "The immunospecificity of altered initial arrest patterns of circulating cancer cells in tumor-bearing mice. The early arrest patterns of a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma were determined after injection of 125IUdR-labelled cells into the systemic circulation of mice bearing transplanted lymphosarcomas, and of normal animals. Similar experiments were performed using radiolabelled lymphosarcoma cells and normal or fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. The results showed that shifts in normal distribution patterns previously observed in tumor-bearing animals injected with cells of the same type as that borne by the animal, were not detectable when cells of a different tumor type were injected. Peritoneal exudate cell migration inhibition assays showed little immunologic cross-reactivity between the two tumors and, together with the results of the distribution studies, indicated that alterations of early arrest patterns in mice sensitized to their tumor is an immunologically specific phenomenon.", "PMID": 1036490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7396", "title": "Infection of a nonspecific urethritis patient and his consort with a pathogenic species of nonspecific urethritis Corynebacteria, Corynebacterium genitalium, N. SP.", "content": "A patient with nonspecific urethritis (NSU) and his consort were examined for infection with NSU corynebacteria, mycoplasmas, and gonococci. No classic and T-mycoplasmas or gonococci were cultured, but one species of NSU corynebacteria was isolated not only from the patient's urethral discharge during three episodes of NSU but also from his consort. It was not isolated after successful treatment of the patient with tetracycline and the use of condoms prevented reoccurrence of urethritis. This NSU corynebacterium was isolated previously from one epididymitis patient and two NSU patients but not from any of the normal male and female subjects examined. Therefore, this strain is considered to be one of the etiologic agents of NSU and female subjects are asymptomatic carriers. In consequence, it is suggested that NSU corynebacteria which are commensals and pathogens of the male and female urogenital tracts should be incorporated in a new species, of the Coryneform group, and that this strain should be the type species, Corynebacterium genitalium n. sp.", "contents": "Infection of a nonspecific urethritis patient and his consort with a pathogenic species of nonspecific urethritis Corynebacteria, Corynebacterium genitalium, N. SP. A patient with nonspecific urethritis (NSU) and his consort were examined for infection with NSU corynebacteria, mycoplasmas, and gonococci. No classic and T-mycoplasmas or gonococci were cultured, but one species of NSU corynebacteria was isolated not only from the patient's urethral discharge during three episodes of NSU but also from his consort. It was not isolated after successful treatment of the patient with tetracycline and the use of condoms prevented reoccurrence of urethritis. This NSU corynebacterium was isolated previously from one epididymitis patient and two NSU patients but not from any of the normal male and female subjects examined. Therefore, this strain is considered to be one of the etiologic agents of NSU and female subjects are asymptomatic carriers. In consequence, it is suggested that NSU corynebacteria which are commensals and pathogens of the male and female urogenital tracts should be incorporated in a new species, of the Coryneform group, and that this strain should be the type species, Corynebacterium genitalium n. sp.", "PMID": 1036491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7397", "title": "The reliability and diagnostic validity of the physical and neurological examination for soft signs (PANESS).", "content": "Twenty-one children, mean age of 8 years, were each examined on separate occasions by two pediatric residents, blind to diagnosis, using the neurological examination (PANESS) included in the group of instruments recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health for psychotropic drug studies in children. Half the children were hyperactive/aggressive, one quarter were normal, and one quarter had histories or signs strongly presumptive of brain damage. Many of the signs, though reliable, did not occur in the majority of children. Examiners did achieve a high level of agreement about global neurological status. It was concluded that the neurological examination probably contains a substantial number of non-contributory items and should be regarded as experimental rather than definitive.", "contents": "The reliability and diagnostic validity of the physical and neurological examination for soft signs (PANESS). Twenty-one children, mean age of 8 years, were each examined on separate occasions by two pediatric residents, blind to diagnosis, using the neurological examination (PANESS) included in the group of instruments recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health for psychotropic drug studies in children. Half the children were hyperactive/aggressive, one quarter were normal, and one quarter had histories or signs strongly presumptive of brain damage. Many of the signs, though reliable, did not occur in the majority of children. Examiners did achieve a high level of agreement about global neurological status. It was concluded that the neurological examination probably contains a substantial number of non-contributory items and should be regarded as experimental rather than definitive.", "PMID": 1036492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7398", "title": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in psychotic children.", "content": "Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) activity was studied in three groups of institutionalized children: (1) a group of schizophrenic children; (2) a heterogeneous group of chronic psychotic children characterized by severe symptomatology and onset before 5 years of age; (3) a group of acting-out but nonpsychotic children. Erythrocyte COMT activity was found to be significantly lower among the schizophrenic subjects in contrast to the greater activity in both the other groups--the nonpsychotic and chronic psychotic children. The difference in COMT activity between psychotic groups appeared to be related to diagnosis and age of onset of disorder. Generality of findings is limited by the small sample size (N = 42) and by the difficulties inherent in the diagnosis of severe mental disorder in children. However, this preliminary study suggests that enzymatic activity may be associated with the development of schizophrenia in children.", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in psychotic children. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) activity was studied in three groups of institutionalized children: (1) a group of schizophrenic children; (2) a heterogeneous group of chronic psychotic children characterized by severe symptomatology and onset before 5 years of age; (3) a group of acting-out but nonpsychotic children. Erythrocyte COMT activity was found to be significantly lower among the schizophrenic subjects in contrast to the greater activity in both the other groups--the nonpsychotic and chronic psychotic children. The difference in COMT activity between psychotic groups appeared to be related to diagnosis and age of onset of disorder. Generality of findings is limited by the small sample size (N = 42) and by the difficulties inherent in the diagnosis of severe mental disorder in children. However, this preliminary study suggests that enzymatic activity may be associated with the development of schizophrenia in children.", "PMID": 1036493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7399", "title": "Autistic children exhibit undetectable hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers despite previous rubella vaccination.", "content": "The etiology of autism is unknown, but autism has been associated with a number of diseases, including prenatal rubella. Rubella vaccine challenge was used in an attempt to retrospectively diagnose prenatal rubella in autistic children. This test was selected because unresponsiveness of antibody titer has been reported as helpful in retrospective diagnosing of prenatal rubella. Fifteen autistic children and 8 controls matched for age were challenged with rubella vaccine. Rubella vaccine challenge did not differentiate autistic children from the control subjects. However, 5 of 13 autistic children had undetectable titers despite previous vaccine; all control subjects had detectable titers. This finding of undetectable titers in autistic children suggests these children may have an altered immune response.", "contents": "Autistic children exhibit undetectable hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers despite previous rubella vaccination. The etiology of autism is unknown, but autism has been associated with a number of diseases, including prenatal rubella. Rubella vaccine challenge was used in an attempt to retrospectively diagnose prenatal rubella in autistic children. This test was selected because unresponsiveness of antibody titer has been reported as helpful in retrospective diagnosing of prenatal rubella. Fifteen autistic children and 8 controls matched for age were challenged with rubella vaccine. Rubella vaccine challenge did not differentiate autistic children from the control subjects. However, 5 of 13 autistic children had undetectable titers despite previous vaccine; all control subjects had detectable titers. This finding of undetectable titers in autistic children suggests these children may have an altered immune response.", "PMID": 1036494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7400", "title": "Multiple factors in short-term behavioral control of protein intake in rats.", "content": "The availability and concentration of dietary protein was varied in an examination of the nature of the day-to-day intake of protein solutions by 60-day-old male rats. It was found that the rats consumed a remarkably constant absolute amount of protein each day, adjusting overall caloric intake to maintain protein at a roughly constant proportion of total calories. Factors such as the time of access to a protein source or the extent of prior experience with a protein source were seen to influence the overall constancy of protein intake, whereas daily shifts in preference between two available concentrations of protein did not interfere with such short-term control. The mechanism for this behavioral control is likely to be different from mechanisms mediating the conditioned response to dietary protein, as in the response to dietary amino acid imbalance.", "contents": "Multiple factors in short-term behavioral control of protein intake in rats. The availability and concentration of dietary protein was varied in an examination of the nature of the day-to-day intake of protein solutions by 60-day-old male rats. It was found that the rats consumed a remarkably constant absolute amount of protein each day, adjusting overall caloric intake to maintain protein at a roughly constant proportion of total calories. Factors such as the time of access to a protein source or the extent of prior experience with a protein source were seen to influence the overall constancy of protein intake, whereas daily shifts in preference between two available concentrations of protein did not interfere with such short-term control. The mechanism for this behavioral control is likely to be different from mechanisms mediating the conditioned response to dietary protein, as in the response to dietary amino acid imbalance.", "PMID": 1036496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7401", "title": "Incidence and identification of phospholipase C-producing bacteria in fresh and spoiled homogenized milk.", "content": "Bacteria which produced phospholipase C were isolated from 13 of 34 fresh and 15 of 35 spoiled samples of homogenized milk. No single off flavor was assigned consistently to samples with phospholipase producers, but 75% of them were bitter. Pseudomonads constituted 62% of the isolates. Other phospholipase C-producing genera and their numbers were Acinetobacter, two; Alcaligenes, three; Bacillus, two; Citrobacter, one; Enterobacter, three; and Flavobacterium, two. Two unidentified yeasts also were isolated.", "contents": "Incidence and identification of phospholipase C-producing bacteria in fresh and spoiled homogenized milk. Bacteria which produced phospholipase C were isolated from 13 of 34 fresh and 15 of 35 spoiled samples of homogenized milk. No single off flavor was assigned consistently to samples with phospholipase producers, but 75% of them were bitter. Pseudomonads constituted 62% of the isolates. Other phospholipase C-producing genera and their numbers were Acinetobacter, two; Alcaligenes, three; Bacillus, two; Citrobacter, one; Enterobacter, three; and Flavobacterium, two. Two unidentified yeasts also were isolated.", "PMID": 1036497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7402", "title": "The content of 90Sr in the bone tissue of the population of the Soviet Union. (1959-1971) (The basic laws of its accumulation and distribution).", "content": "On the basis of the results of long-term observations, general laws have been identified determining the dynamics of 90Sr concentration in the bone tissue of the population of the USSR in 1959-71, the peculiarities of 90Sr accumulation in different age groups and the connection and dependences between the intake and the contect of the isotope in human organism. It has been found that maximum 90Sr concentration occur in children born in the year when nuclear tests were carried out. The type of distribution of the frequency of occurrence of cases showing different levels of 90Sr content in uniform population groups was determined. Characteristic features of 90Sr distribution in different bones of the skeleton and its changes in the course of time were demonstrated.", "contents": "The content of 90Sr in the bone tissue of the population of the Soviet Union. (1959-1971) (The basic laws of its accumulation and distribution). On the basis of the results of long-term observations, general laws have been identified determining the dynamics of 90Sr concentration in the bone tissue of the population of the USSR in 1959-71, the peculiarities of 90Sr accumulation in different age groups and the connection and dependences between the intake and the contect of the isotope in human organism. It has been found that maximum 90Sr concentration occur in children born in the year when nuclear tests were carried out. The type of distribution of the frequency of occurrence of cases showing different levels of 90Sr content in uniform population groups was determined. Characteristic features of 90Sr distribution in different bones of the skeleton and its changes in the course of time were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1036498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7403", "title": "Intussusception in the older child- suspect lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Examination of the records of 378 children with intussusception at our institution revealed that 29 cases were caused by an identifiable intestinal lesion. A Meckel's diverticulum was the causative agent in 21 children, all of whom were under 2 yr of age. A previously undiagnosed ileal lymphosarcoma produced the intussusception in six other children, all between 6 1/2 and 9 yr of age. Our experience indicates that any child over 6 yr of age with the clinical findings of colicky abdominal pain, bloody stools, and a palpable mass plus the radiographic evidence of intussusception must be considered to have ileal lymphosarcoma until proven otherwise. Hydrostatic reduction of the intussusception must be accompanied by extensive small bowel reflux of barium in order to effectively rule out a small intestinal lesion. If this is not accomplished, surgery should be planned with the suspicion that a malignancy may be present. If this suspicion is confirmed by frozen section, the operation procedure should include wide surgical excision of the lesion along with the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Intussusception in the older child- suspect lymphosarcoma. Examination of the records of 378 children with intussusception at our institution revealed that 29 cases were caused by an identifiable intestinal lesion. A Meckel's diverticulum was the causative agent in 21 children, all of whom were under 2 yr of age. A previously undiagnosed ileal lymphosarcoma produced the intussusception in six other children, all between 6 1/2 and 9 yr of age. Our experience indicates that any child over 6 yr of age with the clinical findings of colicky abdominal pain, bloody stools, and a palpable mass plus the radiographic evidence of intussusception must be considered to have ileal lymphosarcoma until proven otherwise. Hydrostatic reduction of the intussusception must be accompanied by extensive small bowel reflux of barium in order to effectively rule out a small intestinal lesion. If this is not accomplished, surgery should be planned with the suspicion that a malignancy may be present. If this suspicion is confirmed by frozen section, the operation procedure should include wide surgical excision of the lesion along with the regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1036499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7404", "title": "Bioavailability assessment under quasi- and nonsteady-state conditions III: Application.", "content": "The applicability of bioavailability assessment at quasi- and nonsteady state is illustrated with data from a study comparing two formulations of amitriptyline hydrochloride in humans. Relative bioavailability as a function of the observed mean plasma concentrations may be expressed in closed form, provided the affected intervals begin and end in the log-linear region. Alternatively, numerical, graphical and/or electronic computational techniques may be used to stimulate the appropriate [Cp(i)]sim, the proximity of which to [Cp(i)]obs is a function of relative bioavailability and omega. If a model can be found to fit the data adequately, it would be sufficient that only one sampled interval end in the log-linear phase.", "contents": "Bioavailability assessment under quasi- and nonsteady-state conditions III: Application. The applicability of bioavailability assessment at quasi- and nonsteady state is illustrated with data from a study comparing two formulations of amitriptyline hydrochloride in humans. Relative bioavailability as a function of the observed mean plasma concentrations may be expressed in closed form, provided the affected intervals begin and end in the log-linear region. Alternatively, numerical, graphical and/or electronic computational techniques may be used to stimulate the appropriate [Cp(i)]sim, the proximity of which to [Cp(i)]obs is a function of relative bioavailability and omega. If a model can be found to fit the data adequately, it would be sufficient that only one sampled interval end in the log-linear phase.", "PMID": 1036500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7405", "title": "The electrophysiologic effects of tolamolol (UK-6558-01) on the passive membrane properties of mammalian cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Tolamolol (UK-6558-01) is a relatively cardioselective beta receptor antagonist which is effective clinically in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Animal studies suggest tolamolol may have significant antifibrillatory properties. The effect of tolamolol on the passive membrane properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers was studied using multiple microelectrode techniques. In sodium-deficient Tyrode's solution, we measured the resting transmembrane voltage (Vr) at differing external potassium concentrations (K+]0, investigated current-voltage relationships and per formed cable analysis. Tolamolol was found to hyperpolarize the membrane in the presence of a large driving force [i.e., when (Vr - VK) was significantly greater than zero, where VK is the potassium equilibrium voltage ]; to hyperpolarize fibers with a Vr decreased due to stretch at [K+]0 = 4.0 mM; to increase membrane chord and slope potassium conductance; to decrease the membrane length constant; and to decrease the membrane time constant. In normal sodium Tyrode's solution, tolamolol could suppress automaticity. These results suggest that tolamolol increases membrane potassium conductance within the range of the pacemaker potential. This action can account, in part, for its ability to suppress automaticity and for its ability to prevent reentrant arrhythmias. In normal sodium Tyrode's solution, tolamolol suppressed oscillatory and sustained rhythmic activity occurring at a low transmembrane voltage which may be related to its alleged antifibrillatory effects.", "contents": "The electrophysiologic effects of tolamolol (UK-6558-01) on the passive membrane properties of mammalian cardiac Purkinje fibers. Tolamolol (UK-6558-01) is a relatively cardioselective beta receptor antagonist which is effective clinically in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Animal studies suggest tolamolol may have significant antifibrillatory properties. The effect of tolamolol on the passive membrane properties of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers was studied using multiple microelectrode techniques. In sodium-deficient Tyrode's solution, we measured the resting transmembrane voltage (Vr) at differing external potassium concentrations (K+]0, investigated current-voltage relationships and per formed cable analysis. Tolamolol was found to hyperpolarize the membrane in the presence of a large driving force [i.e., when (Vr - VK) was significantly greater than zero, where VK is the potassium equilibrium voltage ]; to hyperpolarize fibers with a Vr decreased due to stretch at [K+]0 = 4.0 mM; to increase membrane chord and slope potassium conductance; to decrease the membrane length constant; and to decrease the membrane time constant. In normal sodium Tyrode's solution, tolamolol could suppress automaticity. These results suggest that tolamolol increases membrane potassium conductance within the range of the pacemaker potential. This action can account, in part, for its ability to suppress automaticity and for its ability to prevent reentrant arrhythmias. In normal sodium Tyrode's solution, tolamolol suppressed oscillatory and sustained rhythmic activity occurring at a low transmembrane voltage which may be related to its alleged antifibrillatory effects.", "PMID": 1036501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7406", "title": "Correlation between analgesia and the decrease of acetylcholine turnover rate in cortex and hippocampus elicited by morphine, meperidine, viminol R2 and azidomorphine.", "content": "In rats, an ED50 for analgesia of morphine, meperidine, viminol R2 or azidomorphine decreases the turnover rate of acetylcholine (TRACh) in cortex and hippocampus. These four analgetics fail to change to TRACh in striatum when given in a dose range from ED30 for analgesia up to a cataleptic dose. Viminol S2, a nonanalgesic stereoisomer of vimonol R2, fails to decrease the TRACh in cortex and hippocampus. Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, also fails to change the cortical and hippocampal TRACh but it antagonizes the decrease in cortical and hippocampal TRACh elicited by the four analgetics. Since the ED50 of these four analgetics fails to change the TRACh in striatum which contains a high density of opiate receptors and intrinsic cholinergic neurons, but decreases the TRACh in hippocampus and cortex which contain a low density of opiate receptors, it can be inferred that opiate receptors are not exclusively involved in the regulation of TRACh. However, the results suggest that certain cholinergic pathways participate in the mediation of analgesia.", "contents": "Correlation between analgesia and the decrease of acetylcholine turnover rate in cortex and hippocampus elicited by morphine, meperidine, viminol R2 and azidomorphine. In rats, an ED50 for analgesia of morphine, meperidine, viminol R2 or azidomorphine decreases the turnover rate of acetylcholine (TRACh) in cortex and hippocampus. These four analgetics fail to change to TRACh in striatum when given in a dose range from ED30 for analgesia up to a cataleptic dose. Viminol S2, a nonanalgesic stereoisomer of vimonol R2, fails to decrease the TRACh in cortex and hippocampus. Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, also fails to change the cortical and hippocampal TRACh but it antagonizes the decrease in cortical and hippocampal TRACh elicited by the four analgetics. Since the ED50 of these four analgetics fails to change the TRACh in striatum which contains a high density of opiate receptors and intrinsic cholinergic neurons, but decreases the TRACh in hippocampus and cortex which contain a low density of opiate receptors, it can be inferred that opiate receptors are not exclusively involved in the regulation of TRACh. However, the results suggest that certain cholinergic pathways participate in the mediation of analgesia.", "PMID": 1036502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7407", "title": "Effects of pituitary graft and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on mammary DNA synthesis in mice in relation to mammary tumorigenesis.", "content": "3H-thymidine incorporation into mammary DNA as an index of mammary DNA synthesis in C3H/He virgin females was significantly higher at proestrus than at estrus and diestrus. The rise in incorporation at proestrus was completely blocked by the administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (Bromocriptin) 1 day before proestrus. The incorporation was maintained at a higher level than that at proestrus by pituitary grafts. The results supported the view that mammary DNA synthesis, which is stimulated by prolactin, is an important factor for mammary tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Effects of pituitary graft and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on mammary DNA synthesis in mice in relation to mammary tumorigenesis. 3H-thymidine incorporation into mammary DNA as an index of mammary DNA synthesis in C3H/He virgin females was significantly higher at proestrus than at estrus and diestrus. The rise in incorporation at proestrus was completely blocked by the administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (Bromocriptin) 1 day before proestrus. The incorporation was maintained at a higher level than that at proestrus by pituitary grafts. The results supported the view that mammary DNA synthesis, which is stimulated by prolactin, is an important factor for mammary tumorigenesis.", "PMID": 1036504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7408", "title": "Interaction of estrogen and prolactin in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis of the mouse.", "content": "Daily treatment for 12 months of young nulliparous C3H mice with 0.1 mg 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), an effective suppressor of prolactin secretion, significantly reduced and in some instances virtually eliminated the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors. The CB-154-treated mice had normal body weight gains and normal estrous cycles. Ovariectomy of young nulliparous C3H mice also reduced mammary tumor incicence, but appeared to be slightly less effective than treatment with the ergot. Chronic administration of 17beta-estradiol for 12-19 months (via drinking water) to young nulliparous intact or ovariectomized-hysterectomized C3H mice significantly increased mammary tumor incidence. Concurrent administration of 0.1 mg CB-154 to the estrogen-treated mice significantly reduced the incidence of mammary tumors when compared with mice treated with the steroid alone. Chronic sc administration (0.1 mg/mouse, twice weekly for 20 months) of Enovid to young, nulliparous, intact C3H mice significantly increased mammary tumor incidence, whereas concurrent administration of 0.1 mg CB-154 to the Enovid-treated mice significantly reduced the incidence of these tumors. Thus significant inhibition of spontaneous or estrogen- or Enovid-induced mammary tumorigenesis by concurrent drug-induced prolactin suppression has been demonstrated in these studies.", "contents": "Interaction of estrogen and prolactin in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis of the mouse. Daily treatment for 12 months of young nulliparous C3H mice with 0.1 mg 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), an effective suppressor of prolactin secretion, significantly reduced and in some instances virtually eliminated the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors. The CB-154-treated mice had normal body weight gains and normal estrous cycles. Ovariectomy of young nulliparous C3H mice also reduced mammary tumor incicence, but appeared to be slightly less effective than treatment with the ergot. Chronic administration of 17beta-estradiol for 12-19 months (via drinking water) to young nulliparous intact or ovariectomized-hysterectomized C3H mice significantly increased mammary tumor incidence. Concurrent administration of 0.1 mg CB-154 to the estrogen-treated mice significantly reduced the incidence of mammary tumors when compared with mice treated with the steroid alone. Chronic sc administration (0.1 mg/mouse, twice weekly for 20 months) of Enovid to young, nulliparous, intact C3H mice significantly increased mammary tumor incidence, whereas concurrent administration of 0.1 mg CB-154 to the Enovid-treated mice significantly reduced the incidence of these tumors. Thus significant inhibition of spontaneous or estrogen- or Enovid-induced mammary tumorigenesis by concurrent drug-induced prolactin suppression has been demonstrated in these studies.", "PMID": 1036505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7409", "title": "Bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis.", "content": "Improved angiographic techniques have proved that therapeutic embolization is effective in controlling massive hemorrhage in selected sites of the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. We have controlled massive hemoptysis in five cases with use of our improved techniques and bronchial artery embolization. Because mortality due to massive hemoptysis in both benign and malignant disease is high, therapeutic bronchial artery embolization is the preferable approach in some cases.", "contents": "Bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis. Improved angiographic techniques have proved that therapeutic embolization is effective in controlling massive hemorrhage in selected sites of the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. We have controlled massive hemoptysis in five cases with use of our improved techniques and bronchial artery embolization. Because mortality due to massive hemoptysis in both benign and malignant disease is high, therapeutic bronchial artery embolization is the preferable approach in some cases.", "PMID": 1036512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7410", "title": "Y-chromosomal genes in a phenotypic male with a 46XX karyotype.", "content": "A number of patients with a male phenotype and a female (46XX) karyotype have been described. Although there is little or no evidence for the presence of a Y chromosome in their cells, these individuals resemble patients with Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY). Using a new serological assay for the presence of H-Y antigen, a cell surface component associated with the Y chromosome, we have demonstrated the presence of Y-chromosomal genes in a 46-year-old man with an XX karyotype. In addition, using standard cytological technique, we have located a minor population of XXY cells as well as cells bearing and abnormal chromosome 17 among the blood leukocytes of this individual.", "contents": "Y-chromosomal genes in a phenotypic male with a 46XX karyotype. A number of patients with a male phenotype and a female (46XX) karyotype have been described. Although there is little or no evidence for the presence of a Y chromosome in their cells, these individuals resemble patients with Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY). Using a new serological assay for the presence of H-Y antigen, a cell surface component associated with the Y chromosome, we have demonstrated the presence of Y-chromosomal genes in a 46-year-old man with an XX karyotype. In addition, using standard cytological technique, we have located a minor population of XXY cells as well as cells bearing and abnormal chromosome 17 among the blood leukocytes of this individual.", "PMID": 1036513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7411", "title": "Severe transient pancytopenia associated with procainamide ingestion.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman was found to have clinically significant pancytopenia in association with procainamide hydrochloride ingestion. The syndrome, resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, which has been reported to develop in patients treated with this agent, is characterized by mild to moderate anemia and mild to moderate granulocytopenia. Severe granulocytopenia in patients taking procainamide and unrelated to a lupus syndrome has not previously been reported in association with significant thrombocytopenia. The clinical severity of this patient's presentation, suggesting an aleukemic leukemia, and its complete remission after cessation of procainamide administration occasional this report.", "contents": "Severe transient pancytopenia associated with procainamide ingestion. A 73-year-old woman was found to have clinically significant pancytopenia in association with procainamide hydrochloride ingestion. The syndrome, resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, which has been reported to develop in patients treated with this agent, is characterized by mild to moderate anemia and mild to moderate granulocytopenia. Severe granulocytopenia in patients taking procainamide and unrelated to a lupus syndrome has not previously been reported in association with significant thrombocytopenia. The clinical severity of this patient's presentation, suggesting an aleukemic leukemia, and its complete remission after cessation of procainamide administration occasional this report.", "PMID": 1036516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7412", "title": "Mycoplasmemia in adult male patients.", "content": "Mycoplasma hominis mycoplasmemia was associated with obstruction, manipulation, or surgery of the genitourinary tract in five adult men. A four-fold increase in specific antibody titer against M hominis was demonstrated in serial convalescent serum obtained from one patient. Two patients became afebrile after treatment with tetracycline; a third recovered without therapy for a Mycoplasm infection. The two remaining patients died of thier underlying diseases.", "contents": "Mycoplasmemia in adult male patients. Mycoplasma hominis mycoplasmemia was associated with obstruction, manipulation, or surgery of the genitourinary tract in five adult men. A four-fold increase in specific antibody titer against M hominis was demonstrated in serial convalescent serum obtained from one patient. Two patients became afebrile after treatment with tetracycline; a third recovered without therapy for a Mycoplasm infection. The two remaining patients died of thier underlying diseases.", "PMID": 1036517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7413", "title": "Hemiparesis in cervical spondylosis.", "content": "Two patients with hemiparesis were thought to have intracranial lesions. Cervical spondylosis was discovered, and the condition of both patients improved after laminectomy. Although it has been rarely emphasized in the past, cervical spondylosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemiparesis.", "contents": "Hemiparesis in cervical spondylosis. Two patients with hemiparesis were thought to have intracranial lesions. Cervical spondylosis was discovered, and the condition of both patients improved after laminectomy. Although it has been rarely emphasized in the past, cervical spondylosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemiparesis.", "PMID": 1036518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7414", "title": "Intrinsic asthma in adults. Association with gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Of 28 patients with severe asthma routinely examined with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) x-ray films, 18 (64%) were found to have hiatus hernia and 13 (46%) were found to have demonstrable gastroesophageal reflux. These prevalences differed significantly (P less than .001) from those seen in a control population (19% and 5%, respectively). These data suggest that aspiration of gastric acid is a frequent incitant to severe asthma and that it should be routinely sought in the treatment-resistant asthmatic patient. Intensive medical regimens directed against reflux and acidity may bring notable improvement in asthma symptoms. Surgical restoration of effective lower esophageal spincter function has proved to be curative in other reported studies.", "contents": "Intrinsic asthma in adults. Association with gastroesophageal reflux. Of 28 patients with severe asthma routinely examined with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) x-ray films, 18 (64%) were found to have hiatus hernia and 13 (46%) were found to have demonstrable gastroesophageal reflux. These prevalences differed significantly (P less than .001) from those seen in a control population (19% and 5%, respectively). These data suggest that aspiration of gastric acid is a frequent incitant to severe asthma and that it should be routinely sought in the treatment-resistant asthmatic patient. Intensive medical regimens directed against reflux and acidity may bring notable improvement in asthma symptoms. Surgical restoration of effective lower esophageal spincter function has proved to be curative in other reported studies.", "PMID": 1036535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7415", "title": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. A family case report.", "content": "Six cases of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia were found in a 30-member kindred. The kindred showed an increased incidence of other joint abnormalities. A dominant pattern of inheritance was not confirmed.", "contents": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. A family case report. Six cases of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia were found in a 30-member kindred. The kindred showed an increased incidence of other joint abnormalities. A dominant pattern of inheritance was not confirmed.", "PMID": 1036536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7416", "title": "Syphilis surveillance. Failure to screen in a university hospital.", "content": "Of 5,954 adult inpatients consecutively discharged from a university hospital during a three-month period, only 8.4% had serologic tests for syphilis performed during hospitalization. The testing rate was 20.1% on patients admitted to a medical teaching service and 1.4% on a surgical teaching service. In patients tested, a positive rapid plasma reagin test result was obtained in 6.2% and the diagnosis was confirmed by further testing, but effective therapy was not always given. On 9 of 30 patient records listed syphilis as a diagnosis on discharge. We conclude that serologic testing for syphilis is routinely omitted in the evaluation of hospitalized patients; even when tests are positive, the results are often ignored.", "contents": "Syphilis surveillance. Failure to screen in a university hospital. Of 5,954 adult inpatients consecutively discharged from a university hospital during a three-month period, only 8.4% had serologic tests for syphilis performed during hospitalization. The testing rate was 20.1% on patients admitted to a medical teaching service and 1.4% on a surgical teaching service. In patients tested, a positive rapid plasma reagin test result was obtained in 6.2% and the diagnosis was confirmed by further testing, but effective therapy was not always given. On 9 of 30 patient records listed syphilis as a diagnosis on discharge. We conclude that serologic testing for syphilis is routinely omitted in the evaluation of hospitalized patients; even when tests are positive, the results are often ignored.", "PMID": 1036537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7417", "title": "Adverse reactions in treatment with lithium carbonate and haloperidol.", "content": "Hospital records of 425 patients who had been treated simultaneously with lithium carbonate and haloperidol were examined. Adverse reactions in these patients were the same as in patients given lithium alone or haloperidol alone. None of the patients developed a syndrome resembling that described by others in patients treated with a lithium and haloperidol combination.", "contents": "Adverse reactions in treatment with lithium carbonate and haloperidol. Hospital records of 425 patients who had been treated simultaneously with lithium carbonate and haloperidol were examined. Adverse reactions in these patients were the same as in patients given lithium alone or haloperidol alone. None of the patients developed a syndrome resembling that described by others in patients treated with a lithium and haloperidol combination.", "PMID": 1036539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7418", "title": "Destructive bone disease in early syphilis.", "content": "Although destructive bone disease is a well-known complication of tertiary syphilis, osteitis or osteomyelitis are not commonly recognized as complications of early (primary or secondary) syphillis. A patient with secondary syphilis characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, perianal condyloma lata, and positive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) tests also complained of headache, right should pain, and right anterior chest pain and swelling. Roentgenograms showed mottled osteolytic lesions consistent with previously described luetic bone disease. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of syphilitic osteomyelitis, and treatment with penicillin resulted in prompt resolution of symptoms.", "contents": "Destructive bone disease in early syphilis. Although destructive bone disease is a well-known complication of tertiary syphilis, osteitis or osteomyelitis are not commonly recognized as complications of early (primary or secondary) syphillis. A patient with secondary syphilis characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, perianal condyloma lata, and positive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) tests also complained of headache, right should pain, and right anterior chest pain and swelling. Roentgenograms showed mottled osteolytic lesions consistent with previously described luetic bone disease. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of syphilitic osteomyelitis, and treatment with penicillin resulted in prompt resolution of symptoms.", "PMID": 1036540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7419", "title": "Nonsurgical closure of large arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "We report a nonsurgical closure of large postnephrectomy arteriovenous fistulas in two patients. To out knowledge, this method has not previously been attempted because of the large size of the communication and the risk of pulmonary embolization. However, the development of new embolization techniques makes a nonsurgical approach feasible and safe.", "contents": "Nonsurgical closure of large arteriovenous fistulas. We report a nonsurgical closure of large postnephrectomy arteriovenous fistulas in two patients. To out knowledge, this method has not previously been attempted because of the large size of the communication and the risk of pulmonary embolization. However, the development of new embolization techniques makes a nonsurgical approach feasible and safe.", "PMID": 1036541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7420", "title": "Successful protection of humans exposed to rabies infection. Postexposure treatment with the new human diploid cell rabies vaccine and antirabies serum.", "content": "Forty-five persons severely bitten by rabid dogs and wolves in Iran were treated after exposure with a new rabies vaccine produced in cultures of human diploid cells. All except one also received one injection of rabies immune serum. This treatment, in contrast to past experience with other vaccines, resulted in protection of all individuals against rabies. Thus, almost a century after the postexposure treatment of humans was initiated, an effective tool for protecting man against rabies has finally been developed.", "contents": "Successful protection of humans exposed to rabies infection. Postexposure treatment with the new human diploid cell rabies vaccine and antirabies serum. Forty-five persons severely bitten by rabid dogs and wolves in Iran were treated after exposure with a new rabies vaccine produced in cultures of human diploid cells. All except one also received one injection of rabies immune serum. This treatment, in contrast to past experience with other vaccines, resulted in protection of all individuals against rabies. Thus, almost a century after the postexposure treatment of humans was initiated, an effective tool for protecting man against rabies has finally been developed.", "PMID": 1036566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7421", "title": "Identifying patients at risk for thromboembolism. Use of 125I-labeled fibrinogen in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fibrinogen labeled with iodine 125 was used to detect deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 35 patients during their course and convalescence from acute myocardial infarction. Clinical status was assessed and scored with the use of a modified coronary prognostic index. According to the prognostic scores, patients were allocated to one of two groups. Of 27 patients in good clinical condition, DVT developed in only one patient, whereas thromboembolic complications occurred in seven of eight patients who were severely ill--a highly significant difference. Prophylactic anticoagulation is advisable in patients at risk.", "contents": "Identifying patients at risk for thromboembolism. Use of 125I-labeled fibrinogen in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Fibrinogen labeled with iodine 125 was used to detect deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 35 patients during their course and convalescence from acute myocardial infarction. Clinical status was assessed and scored with the use of a modified coronary prognostic index. According to the prognostic scores, patients were allocated to one of two groups. Of 27 patients in good clinical condition, DVT developed in only one patient, whereas thromboembolic complications occurred in seven of eight patients who were severely ill--a highly significant difference. Prophylactic anticoagulation is advisable in patients at risk.", "PMID": 1036567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7422", "title": "Unexpected cardiac arrest during anesthesia and surgery. An environmental study.", "content": "Medical and legal records of 41 cases of cardiac arrest that occurred during surgery were supplied by a professional liability insurance company and a review was undertaken in an attempt to identify recurring or common factors. The majority of patients in this study were healthy and required relatively routine elective surgical procedures. Only three of the patients survived the cardiac arrest and returned to normal activities. The remaining patients either died in the hospital or had a major central nervous system deficit. Hypoxia from hypoventilation and low levels of inspired oxygen appeared to be the chief cause of cardiac arrest in this study. Because of the unknown frequency of cardiac arrest during surgery, we recommend the establishment of a national registry of cardiac arrest cases that occur in surgical patients, in order to monitor incidence, causes, and outcome. Only in this way will it be possible to lessen the frequency of this disastrous event.", "contents": "Unexpected cardiac arrest during anesthesia and surgery. An environmental study. Medical and legal records of 41 cases of cardiac arrest that occurred during surgery were supplied by a professional liability insurance company and a review was undertaken in an attempt to identify recurring or common factors. The majority of patients in this study were healthy and required relatively routine elective surgical procedures. Only three of the patients survived the cardiac arrest and returned to normal activities. The remaining patients either died in the hospital or had a major central nervous system deficit. Hypoxia from hypoventilation and low levels of inspired oxygen appeared to be the chief cause of cardiac arrest in this study. Because of the unknown frequency of cardiac arrest during surgery, we recommend the establishment of a national registry of cardiac arrest cases that occur in surgical patients, in order to monitor incidence, causes, and outcome. Only in this way will it be possible to lessen the frequency of this disastrous event.", "PMID": 1036568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7423", "title": "Patients' response to tubal division.", "content": "Of the 187 women who underwent laparoscopic tubal division at the Massachusetts General Hospital between September 1969 and June 1973, one hundred thirty-nine were interviewed in a follow-up study. The mean age was 33.9 years; the mean gravidity was 5.0 and mean parity 3.8. Most women were married, with religious affiliations reflecting those of the general hospital population, and most underwent tubal division because they felt they had had enough children. The majority (85.6%) were satisfied with their decision and reported similar or improved mental and physical health and sexual activity. Almost all (93.5%) said that they would make the same choice again, and more than half (54.7%) would have liked to have had this operation earlier. Those ambivalent or regretful about their decision could not be readily identified by any preoperative characteristics such as age, parity, and marital status.", "contents": "Patients' response to tubal division. Of the 187 women who underwent laparoscopic tubal division at the Massachusetts General Hospital between September 1969 and June 1973, one hundred thirty-nine were interviewed in a follow-up study. The mean age was 33.9 years; the mean gravidity was 5.0 and mean parity 3.8. Most women were married, with religious affiliations reflecting those of the general hospital population, and most underwent tubal division because they felt they had had enough children. The majority (85.6%) were satisfied with their decision and reported similar or improved mental and physical health and sexual activity. Almost all (93.5%) said that they would make the same choice again, and more than half (54.7%) would have liked to have had this operation earlier. Those ambivalent or regretful about their decision could not be readily identified by any preoperative characteristics such as age, parity, and marital status.", "PMID": 1036569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7424", "title": "Reversible renal failure and myositis caused by phenytoin hypersensitivity.", "content": "A 38-year old woman receiving phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) noticed maculopapular erythema as the first manifestation of a syndrome that included acute renal failure and myositis in addition to fever, lymphadenopathy, exfoliative dermatitis, and hepatitis. Prednisolone sodium phosphate therapy resulted in resolution of this hypersensitivity reaction, and she recovered from renal insufficiency. The occurrence of renal failure and myositis in the spectrum of phenytoin hypersensitivity reactions is discussed, and the importance of a morbilliform rash in a patient receiving phenytoin is emphasized.", "contents": "Reversible renal failure and myositis caused by phenytoin hypersensitivity. A 38-year old woman receiving phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) noticed maculopapular erythema as the first manifestation of a syndrome that included acute renal failure and myositis in addition to fever, lymphadenopathy, exfoliative dermatitis, and hepatitis. Prednisolone sodium phosphate therapy resulted in resolution of this hypersensitivity reaction, and she recovered from renal insufficiency. The occurrence of renal failure and myositis in the spectrum of phenytoin hypersensitivity reactions is discussed, and the importance of a morbilliform rash in a patient receiving phenytoin is emphasized.", "PMID": 1036571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7425", "title": "Hyperkalemia with cardiac arrhythmia. Induction by salt substitutes, spironolactone, and azotemia.", "content": "In two patients, severe hyperkalemia and serious cardiac arrhythmia developed after excessive use of potassium-containing salt substitutes. Both had impaired ability to handle and excrete additional potassium load due to chronic congestive heart failure, azotemia, and administration of spironolactone. Prompt recognition of the arrhythmia and immediate restoration of the cardiac rate and rhythm by pacemaker support followed by intensive regimen to lower the serum potassium prevented a potentially fatal outcome. These cases emphasize the potential danger of salt substitutes when used by patients who are predisposed to retain potassium.", "contents": "Hyperkalemia with cardiac arrhythmia. Induction by salt substitutes, spironolactone, and azotemia. In two patients, severe hyperkalemia and serious cardiac arrhythmia developed after excessive use of potassium-containing salt substitutes. Both had impaired ability to handle and excrete additional potassium load due to chronic congestive heart failure, azotemia, and administration of spironolactone. Prompt recognition of the arrhythmia and immediate restoration of the cardiac rate and rhythm by pacemaker support followed by intensive regimen to lower the serum potassium prevented a potentially fatal outcome. These cases emphasize the potential danger of salt substitutes when used by patients who are predisposed to retain potassium.", "PMID": 1036572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7426", "title": "Human umbilical cord. A new source for vascular prosthesis.", "content": "Reconstructions were performed to the popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries employing a modified umbilical cord vein prosthesis. The latter was obtained from human cords and was made available as an onshelf graft for surgery following glutaraldehyde tanning. The early patency and limb salvage rates are equivalent to those obtained with autogenous saphenous veins. Additional benefits include significant decreased operative time and morbidity. It is also probable that this new graft may be resistant to biodegradation and therefore may obviate many of the causes for late failure that occur with the use of living biologic tissues or collagen tubes. Long-term follow-up and study are essential to validate the results obtained thus far and  to assess the potential of this new graft in a variety of vascular reconstructions.", "contents": "Human umbilical cord. A new source for vascular prosthesis. Reconstructions were performed to the popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries employing a modified umbilical cord vein prosthesis. The latter was obtained from human cords and was made available as an onshelf graft for surgery following glutaraldehyde tanning. The early patency and limb salvage rates are equivalent to those obtained with autogenous saphenous veins. Additional benefits include significant decreased operative time and morbidity. It is also probable that this new graft may be resistant to biodegradation and therefore may obviate many of the causes for late failure that occur with the use of living biologic tissues or collagen tubes. Long-term follow-up and study are essential to validate the results obtained thus far and  to assess the potential of this new graft in a variety of vascular reconstructions.", "PMID": 1036587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7427", "title": "Shoulder enlargement as the presenting sign in syringomyelia. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two adult patients had painful enlargement of the shoulder and complete destruction of the humeral head. Angiograms of the shoulder showed highly vascular lesions in both patients. Both patients had syringomyelia, for which the swollen shoulder was the first manifestation.", "contents": "Shoulder enlargement as the presenting sign in syringomyelia. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Two adult patients had painful enlargement of the shoulder and complete destruction of the humeral head. Angiograms of the shoulder showed highly vascular lesions in both patients. Both patients had syringomyelia, for which the swollen shoulder was the first manifestation.", "PMID": 1036589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7428", "title": "Evaluation of a new aerosolized steroid for asthma therapy: beclomethasone dipropionate (Vanceril inhaler).", "content": "Beclomethasone dipropionate, an esterified derivative of betamethasone, can be given in small doses in aerosol form to patients with severe asthma whose symptoms cannot be controlled with nonsteroidal agents (bronchodilators and cromolyn). Many asthmatic patients who previously required systemic steroids can be transferred to this safer anti-inflammatory agent. In usual doses, beclomethasone produces few, if any, systemic side effects. The only susbstantial reaction is Candida infections of the oropharynx and larynx.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new aerosolized steroid for asthma therapy: beclomethasone dipropionate (Vanceril inhaler). Beclomethasone dipropionate, an esterified derivative of betamethasone, can be given in small doses in aerosol form to patients with severe asthma whose symptoms cannot be controlled with nonsteroidal agents (bronchodilators and cromolyn). Many asthmatic patients who previously required systemic steroids can be transferred to this safer anti-inflammatory agent. In usual doses, beclomethasone produces few, if any, systemic side effects. The only susbstantial reaction is Candida infections of the oropharynx and larynx.", "PMID": 1036594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7429", "title": "NDV-O agglutinins and heteroagglutinins in sera of blood donors.", "content": "In sera of healthy blood donors advancing age was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of agglutinins against human group O erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus (NDV-O agglutinins) and of heteroagglutinins against sheep, guinea-pig and rabbit erythrocytes. Significant correlations of titres existed between the different heteroagglutinins, but not between these and the NDV-O agglutinins. The origins and interrelations of the natural agglutinins are discussed.", "contents": "NDV-O agglutinins and heteroagglutinins in sera of blood donors. In sera of healthy blood donors advancing age was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of agglutinins against human group O erythrocytes modified by Newcastle disease virus (NDV-O agglutinins) and of heteroagglutinins against sheep, guinea-pig and rabbit erythrocytes. Significant correlations of titres existed between the different heteroagglutinins, but not between these and the NDV-O agglutinins. The origins and interrelations of the natural agglutinins are discussed.", "PMID": 1036596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7430", "title": "[Oerations on peripheral nerves, plexus and nerve roots, including subarachnoid block with phenol in chronic pain (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripheral surgery was performed in 112 patients. Neurolysis or resection of neurons gave rather poor results in pain after nerve injury and stump pain. Rhizotomy is considered to be more effective in those cases. Rhizotomy is also successful in radicular, especially coccygeal, pain syndromes. Subarachnoid blocks with Phenol gave similar promising results. Causalgia responds well in a high percentage of cases to sympathectomy; cases of postherpetic neuralgia phantom pain and tabetic crises generally do not respond to peripheral surgery.", "contents": "[Oerations on peripheral nerves, plexus and nerve roots, including subarachnoid block with phenol in chronic pain (author's transl)]. Peripheral surgery was performed in 112 patients. Neurolysis or resection of neurons gave rather poor results in pain after nerve injury and stump pain. Rhizotomy is considered to be more effective in those cases. Rhizotomy is also successful in radicular, especially coccygeal, pain syndromes. Subarachnoid blocks with Phenol gave similar promising results. Causalgia responds well in a high percentage of cases to sympathectomy; cases of postherpetic neuralgia phantom pain and tabetic crises generally do not respond to peripheral surgery.", "PMID": 1036597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7431", "title": "Changes in cholesterol synthesis and excretion when cholesterol intake is increased.", "content": "The metabolic responses to increased amounts of dietary cholesterol include, in man, a reduction in the synthesis and an increase in the re-excretion of cholesterol. The effectiveness of these compensating mechanisms in preventing increases in the plasma cholesterol concentration was studied in nine subjects. Cholesterol absorption, the excretion of bile acids, the excretion of endogenous neutral steroids, and the cholesterol balance (synthesis) were measured twice during intakes of cholesterol of about 250 and 750 mg/day. The serum of the compensating mechanisms (reduction in synthesis and increase in excretion of cholesterol) almost equalled the increase in absorbed cholesterol when the intake was raised by 500 mg (mean change in compensation, 226 mg/day; mean changes in absorption, 230 mg/day). In three subjects in whom re-excretion of cholesterol was predominant and compensated for absorbed cholesterol, the plasma cholesterol levels rose substantially. In five others, in whom the predominant change was reduction in cholesterol synthesis, the rise in plasma cholesterol levels was not significant. At moderate intakes of cholesterol both compensating mechanisms prevented retention of dietary cholesterol in the body, though a rise in the plasma cholesterol level was prevented only when cholesterol synthesis was suppressed.", "contents": "Changes in cholesterol synthesis and excretion when cholesterol intake is increased. The metabolic responses to increased amounts of dietary cholesterol include, in man, a reduction in the synthesis and an increase in the re-excretion of cholesterol. The effectiveness of these compensating mechanisms in preventing increases in the plasma cholesterol concentration was studied in nine subjects. Cholesterol absorption, the excretion of bile acids, the excretion of endogenous neutral steroids, and the cholesterol balance (synthesis) were measured twice during intakes of cholesterol of about 250 and 750 mg/day. The serum of the compensating mechanisms (reduction in synthesis and increase in excretion of cholesterol) almost equalled the increase in absorbed cholesterol when the intake was raised by 500 mg (mean change in compensation, 226 mg/day; mean changes in absorption, 230 mg/day). In three subjects in whom re-excretion of cholesterol was predominant and compensated for absorbed cholesterol, the plasma cholesterol levels rose substantially. In five others, in whom the predominant change was reduction in cholesterol synthesis, the rise in plasma cholesterol levels was not significant. At moderate intakes of cholesterol both compensating mechanisms prevented retention of dietary cholesterol in the body, though a rise in the plasma cholesterol level was prevented only when cholesterol synthesis was suppressed.", "PMID": 1036602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7432", "title": "[Clinical experiences with iodoxamic acid in the cholecystography-cholangiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous contrast media must have an optimum biliary excretion and a small urinary excretion, also a good tolerability. These demands are not dependent on the proportion of iodine, but of the proportion of the transport medium. By searching for a good transport medium iodoxamic acid has been found. In experiments this acid was compared with other intravenous contrast media. A better tolerability and better diagnostical effectivity had been proved. At the clinical examination of 86 cases we could point out a very good to good tolerability and a good diagnostical effect. Our experiences conform to other authors all of the world. In the Federal Republic of Germany this contrast medium is called Endomirabil and exists in ampoules of 20 cc and 30 cc contents and in bottles of 100 cc contents.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with iodoxamic acid in the cholecystography-cholangiography (author's transl)]. Intravenous contrast media must have an optimum biliary excretion and a small urinary excretion, also a good tolerability. These demands are not dependent on the proportion of iodine, but of the proportion of the transport medium. By searching for a good transport medium iodoxamic acid has been found. In experiments this acid was compared with other intravenous contrast media. A better tolerability and better diagnostical effectivity had been proved. At the clinical examination of 86 cases we could point out a very good to good tolerability and a good diagnostical effect. Our experiences conform to other authors all of the world. In the Federal Republic of Germany this contrast medium is called Endomirabil and exists in ampoules of 20 cc and 30 cc contents and in bottles of 100 cc contents.", "PMID": 1036604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7433", "title": "Growth and synthesis of rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum in a chemically defined medium fortified with organic acids and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.", "content": "A sterile glucose-mineral salts broth was fortified with equimolar concentrations (10--3 M) of various organic acids and intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Appropriate media were neutralized with 2 N NaOH, inoculated with spore suspensions or mycelial pellets of Penicillium rubrum and incubated quiescently for 14 days or with shaking for 5 days. Rubratoxins were recovered from culture filtrates by ether extraction and resolved by thin-layer chromatography. Toxin formation in quiescent cultures was enhanced by malonate but was not markedly affected by ethyl malonate, shikimate, and acetate or by isocitrate or oxaloacetate added in the presence of malonate. Citrate, cis-aconitate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malonate when present in the medium alone or in conjunction with malonate caused a 15 to 50% reduction in rubratoxin formation. Acetyl-CoA (10--5 M/flask) caused an 80% increase in toxin yield. Rubratoxin formation in shake cultures was not affected by succinate and malonate. All other combinations of intermediates and malonate caused a 10 to 50% reduction in toxin formation. At 10--3 M, citrate enhanced rubratoxin B formation and stimulated rubratoxin A production by as much as 100%. Above 10--3 M, citrate inhibited toxin production. Incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into rubratoxin was enhanced by malonate, fumarate, and malonate. A combination of pyruvate and malonate produced a 40% increase in [2-14C]acetate incorporation into rubratoxin. The highest reduction of labeled acetate incorporation (36%) was caused by succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate combined with malonate.", "contents": "Growth and synthesis of rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum in a chemically defined medium fortified with organic acids and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A sterile glucose-mineral salts broth was fortified with equimolar concentrations (10--3 M) of various organic acids and intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Appropriate media were neutralized with 2 N NaOH, inoculated with spore suspensions or mycelial pellets of Penicillium rubrum and incubated quiescently for 14 days or with shaking for 5 days. Rubratoxins were recovered from culture filtrates by ether extraction and resolved by thin-layer chromatography. Toxin formation in quiescent cultures was enhanced by malonate but was not markedly affected by ethyl malonate, shikimate, and acetate or by isocitrate or oxaloacetate added in the presence of malonate. Citrate, cis-aconitate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malonate when present in the medium alone or in conjunction with malonate caused a 15 to 50% reduction in rubratoxin formation. Acetyl-CoA (10--5 M/flask) caused an 80% increase in toxin yield. Rubratoxin formation in shake cultures was not affected by succinate and malonate. All other combinations of intermediates and malonate caused a 10 to 50% reduction in toxin formation. At 10--3 M, citrate enhanced rubratoxin B formation and stimulated rubratoxin A production by as much as 100%. Above 10--3 M, citrate inhibited toxin production. Incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into rubratoxin was enhanced by malonate, fumarate, and malonate. A combination of pyruvate and malonate produced a 40% increase in [2-14C]acetate incorporation into rubratoxin. The highest reduction of labeled acetate incorporation (36%) was caused by succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate combined with malonate.", "PMID": 1036609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7434", "title": "[Detection of mineral oil and paraffin in foods].", "content": "The author describes a thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of small amounts of mineral oil and paraffin in foods. Fatty acids, glycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, sterols, and unsaturated hydrocarbons remain at the starting point. This method permits to detect as little as 0.2 mug of mineral oil or 20 mug of mineral oil/kg of food in low-fat products. 0.01% of mineral oil-like contaminants may be detected in fats.", "contents": "[Detection of mineral oil and paraffin in foods]. The author describes a thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of small amounts of mineral oil and paraffin in foods. Fatty acids, glycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, sterols, and unsaturated hydrocarbons remain at the starting point. This method permits to detect as little as 0.2 mug of mineral oil or 20 mug of mineral oil/kg of food in low-fat products. 0.01% of mineral oil-like contaminants may be detected in fats.", "PMID": 1036610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7435", "title": "[Lead and cadmium content of baby food and their nutritional hygienic-toxicological significance].", "content": "Little is known of the amounts of lead and cadmium which the infantile organism takes up from the total diet. The author's analyses of more than 150 jars or packs of ready-to-use baby food produced in the German Democratic Republic (trade mark: F\u00fcr's Kind) revealed lead contents of less than 100 mug/kg and cadmium contents of less than 10 mug/kg. Only spinach showed higher lead values. In liver -containing ready-to-use foods the cadmium contents were higher than 10 mug/kg (25-50 mug/kg). Like liquid milk, powdered milk-base foods contained no cadmium. From these values it was calculated that the daily lead and cadmium intake of an infant during his first year of life amounts to 42-47 mug of lead and to 6,4-11,5 mug of cadmium, respectively. A conversion to mg/kg of body weight shows that, in both cases, the load on an infant equals that on an adult or is even greater. Literature data lead intake are in good agreement with these results. Corresponding studies for cadmium are not known.", "contents": "[Lead and cadmium content of baby food and their nutritional hygienic-toxicological significance]. Little is known of the amounts of lead and cadmium which the infantile organism takes up from the total diet. The author's analyses of more than 150 jars or packs of ready-to-use baby food produced in the German Democratic Republic (trade mark: F\u00fcr's Kind) revealed lead contents of less than 100 mug/kg and cadmium contents of less than 10 mug/kg. Only spinach showed higher lead values. In liver -containing ready-to-use foods the cadmium contents were higher than 10 mug/kg (25-50 mug/kg). Like liquid milk, powdered milk-base foods contained no cadmium. From these values it was calculated that the daily lead and cadmium intake of an infant during his first year of life amounts to 42-47 mug of lead and to 6,4-11,5 mug of cadmium, respectively. A conversion to mg/kg of body weight shows that, in both cases, the load on an infant equals that on an adult or is even greater. Literature data lead intake are in good agreement with these results. Corresponding studies for cadmium are not known.", "PMID": 1036611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7436", "title": "[Neuroendocrine aspects of Parkinson's disease. Therapeutic/effect of a prolactin inhibitor].", "content": "On the basis of a reassessment of the aetiopathogenetic problem and the neuroendocrine implications, the therapeutic effectiveness of a prolactin inhibitor, 2-alpha-Br-ergocryptine (CB 154), in Parkinson's disease is assessed. Five patients were treated for a total of two weeks using doses between 10 and 15 mg/die. CB 154 was found to act as a dopaminergic receptor agonist at nigro-striatal level, considerably improving tremor and rigidity and to a lesser extent bradykinesia and total disability.", "contents": "[Neuroendocrine aspects of Parkinson's disease. Therapeutic/effect of a prolactin inhibitor]. On the basis of a reassessment of the aetiopathogenetic problem and the neuroendocrine implications, the therapeutic effectiveness of a prolactin inhibitor, 2-alpha-Br-ergocryptine (CB 154), in Parkinson's disease is assessed. Five patients were treated for a total of two weeks using doses between 10 and 15 mg/die. CB 154 was found to act as a dopaminergic receptor agonist at nigro-striatal level, considerably improving tremor and rigidity and to a lesser extent bradykinesia and total disability.", "PMID": 1036612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7437", "title": "Treatment of fibrocystic disease of the breast with a prolactin inhibitor: 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154).", "content": "In order to evaluate the importance of prolactin in the pathogenesis and clinical evolution of fibrocystic disease of the breast, serum prolactin levels were determined in 7 patients affected by this condition before and during treatment with a prolactin inhibitor, 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Serum prolactin levels were found to be low or normal before treatment. During treatment with CB-154 there was an improvement in all patients but 2. The results of the study do not allow any conclusion on the possible relation between serum prolactin levels and fibrocystic disease of the breast but they indicate that CB-154 may be useful for treating patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Treatment of fibrocystic disease of the breast with a prolactin inhibitor: 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). In order to evaluate the importance of prolactin in the pathogenesis and clinical evolution of fibrocystic disease of the breast, serum prolactin levels were determined in 7 patients affected by this condition before and during treatment with a prolactin inhibitor, 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Serum prolactin levels were found to be low or normal before treatment. During treatment with CB-154 there was an improvement in all patients but 2. The results of the study do not allow any conclusion on the possible relation between serum prolactin levels and fibrocystic disease of the breast but they indicate that CB-154 may be useful for treating patients with this disorder.", "PMID": 1036613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7438", "title": "[On the radiotherapy of the carcinoma of the tonsils (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period 1932 to 1975 469 patients were admitted with a malignoma of the tonsils. 74,9% were stage T3. Nearly 50% showed up with involvement of fixated and suspicious lymphnodes. The relation men to women was 80:20. The highest incidence was found in the age group 61-70 a. The patients were treated using Radium: interstitial implants and external radiation, later Cobalt sources and the Betatron. The over-all 5 year survival rate is 21.6% for carcinomas and 32% for sarcomas. In the case histories there are predominantly late ones because difficulties in swallowing are neglected for a long time. The prognosis for cases stage T3 is rather bad. Considering the literature our material is the greatest out of a single department.", "contents": "[On the radiotherapy of the carcinoma of the tonsils (author's transl)]. In the period 1932 to 1975 469 patients were admitted with a malignoma of the tonsils. 74,9% were stage T3. Nearly 50% showed up with involvement of fixated and suspicious lymphnodes. The relation men to women was 80:20. The highest incidence was found in the age group 61-70 a. The patients were treated using Radium: interstitial implants and external radiation, later Cobalt sources and the Betatron. The over-all 5 year survival rate is 21.6% for carcinomas and 32% for sarcomas. In the case histories there are predominantly late ones because difficulties in swallowing are neglected for a long time. The prognosis for cases stage T3 is rather bad. Considering the literature our material is the greatest out of a single department.", "PMID": 1036615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7439", "title": "[Five years treatment of advanced solid malignomas with a combination of four cytostatic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "132 patients with advanced solid malignomas were treated with a combination of four cytostatic drugs (vinblastine, amethopterine, 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamid) given on one day. This was repeated once every 2-3 weeks. In every case the diagnosis was made histologically and the tumour was staged according to the TNM-system. The treatment of breast and ovarian cancer brought the best results, improved by a synchronisation therapy. Good results were achieved also in the treatment of special kind of sarcomas and of carcinoma of the urine bladder. The general condition of patients with colon carcinoma could be improved in about 30%. Only one patient died by drug-induced pancytopenia, otherwise severe side-effects were not noted. Before beginning the therapy the cell-mediated immunity of 31 patients was tested by skin-tests with tuberkulin purified protein derivative (PPD) and dinitrochlorbenzole (DNCB). Before and during cytostatic therapy PPD reactions were proven by 23 patients. In accordance to other authors we found that cell-mediated immunity is decreased in the advanced stage of malignoma. Further we noted that delayed hypersensitivity and the number of lymphocytes and monocytes in peripherel blood are important to prognosis and course in patients with cancer.", "contents": "[Five years treatment of advanced solid malignomas with a combination of four cytostatic drugs (author's transl)]. 132 patients with advanced solid malignomas were treated with a combination of four cytostatic drugs (vinblastine, amethopterine, 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamid) given on one day. This was repeated once every 2-3 weeks. In every case the diagnosis was made histologically and the tumour was staged according to the TNM-system. The treatment of breast and ovarian cancer brought the best results, improved by a synchronisation therapy. Good results were achieved also in the treatment of special kind of sarcomas and of carcinoma of the urine bladder. The general condition of patients with colon carcinoma could be improved in about 30%. Only one patient died by drug-induced pancytopenia, otherwise severe side-effects were not noted. Before beginning the therapy the cell-mediated immunity of 31 patients was tested by skin-tests with tuberkulin purified protein derivative (PPD) and dinitrochlorbenzole (DNCB). Before and during cytostatic therapy PPD reactions were proven by 23 patients. In accordance to other authors we found that cell-mediated immunity is decreased in the advanced stage of malignoma. Further we noted that delayed hypersensitivity and the number of lymphocytes and monocytes in peripherel blood are important to prognosis and course in patients with cancer.", "PMID": 1036616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7440", "title": "Pregnancy of the wife of a complete paraplegic by homologeous insemination after an intrathecal injection of neostigmine.", "content": "A case of successful pregnancy following artificial insemination following intrathecal neostigmine injection in the wife of a complete traumatic paraplegic (T7-T8 to T11-T12) is described.", "contents": "Pregnancy of the wife of a complete paraplegic by homologeous insemination after an intrathecal injection of neostigmine. A case of successful pregnancy following artificial insemination following intrathecal neostigmine injection in the wife of a complete traumatic paraplegic (T7-T8 to T11-T12) is described.", "PMID": 1036617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7441", "title": "[Surgical treatment of Basedow's disease].", "content": "Specific surgery of Graves' disease in the patient prepared by prior medication is a low-risk method of treatment. Subtotal thyroidectomy can be regarded as a specific therapeutic procedure which brings about a prompt euthyroid status. Mandatory and circumspect exposure of the recurrent nerves affords greater certainty of avoiding damage to them.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of Basedow's disease]. Specific surgery of Graves' disease in the patient prepared by prior medication is a low-risk method of treatment. Subtotal thyroidectomy can be regarded as a specific therapeutic procedure which brings about a prompt euthyroid status. Mandatory and circumspect exposure of the recurrent nerves affords greater certainty of avoiding damage to them.", "PMID": 1036629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7442", "title": "[Radioiodine treatment in Basedow's disease].", "content": "Radioiodine (131I) is the standard treatment for hyperthyroidism with Graves' disease because of ease of performance, relatively low cost and minimal complications. The patient must be followed up regularly at 1-2 year intervals although the risk of \"early myxedema\" (less than 3%) and the cumulative myxedema rate (less than 2% per year) are now minimized thanks to smaller single doses of radioiodine and to an individualized scheme for dose calculation. For patients in poor condition, 131I should be combined with thyrostatic therapy for at least 2 1/2 months.", "contents": "[Radioiodine treatment in Basedow's disease]. Radioiodine (131I) is the standard treatment for hyperthyroidism with Graves' disease because of ease of performance, relatively low cost and minimal complications. The patient must be followed up regularly at 1-2 year intervals although the risk of \"early myxedema\" (less than 3%) and the cumulative myxedema rate (less than 2% per year) are now minimized thanks to smaller single doses of radioiodine and to an individualized scheme for dose calculation. For patients in poor condition, 131I should be combined with thyrostatic therapy for at least 2 1/2 months.", "PMID": 1036630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7443", "title": "[Treatment of internal hemorrhoids by the method of nonsurgical ligature combined with proctoglivenol].", "content": "In the Research Laboratory of Proctology with the clinic of the RSFSR Ministry of Health since 1974 a nonoperative ligature method was employed for treatment of 50 patients at high risk for this affection. A combined use of the nonoperative method and proctoglivenol suppositories is a rather effective therapeutic measure, which is indicated for treatment of hemorrhoids in patients, in whom operative intervention is contraindicated.", "contents": "[Treatment of internal hemorrhoids by the method of nonsurgical ligature combined with proctoglivenol]. In the Research Laboratory of Proctology with the clinic of the RSFSR Ministry of Health since 1974 a nonoperative ligature method was employed for treatment of 50 patients at high risk for this affection. A combined use of the nonoperative method and proctoglivenol suppositories is a rather effective therapeutic measure, which is indicated for treatment of hemorrhoids in patients, in whom operative intervention is contraindicated.", "PMID": 1036635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7444", "title": "The use of a technicon SMA 12/60 multichannel biochemical analyzer in veterinary clinical pathology.", "content": "This article has described many of the advantages of using a sequential multichannel autoanalyzer to obtain a biochemical profile on animal blood specimens and how this profile can be used in assessing the patients biochemical status. Precautions concerning the collection of blood samples to avoid spurious results have been emphasized. Hemolysis should, in particular, be avoided. Ideally, plasma should be separated from cells shortly after collection and refrigerated. If this is not possible, storage of whole blood under refrigeration (4 degrees C.) is permissible for a short period. In these cases minor changes in blood glucose, total CO2, and calcium may be expected. Also presented are some of the statistical calculations and manipulations that are possible utilizing a data bank containing the data from the SMA 12/60. This information is being used to update much of our knowledge of veterinary clinical pathology.", "contents": "The use of a technicon SMA 12/60 multichannel biochemical analyzer in veterinary clinical pathology. This article has described many of the advantages of using a sequential multichannel autoanalyzer to obtain a biochemical profile on animal blood specimens and how this profile can be used in assessing the patients biochemical status. Precautions concerning the collection of blood samples to avoid spurious results have been emphasized. Hemolysis should, in particular, be avoided. Ideally, plasma should be separated from cells shortly after collection and refrigerated. If this is not possible, storage of whole blood under refrigeration (4 degrees C.) is permissible for a short period. In these cases minor changes in blood glucose, total CO2, and calcium may be expected. Also presented are some of the statistical calculations and manipulations that are possible utilizing a data bank containing the data from the SMA 12/60. This information is being used to update much of our knowledge of veterinary clinical pathology.", "PMID": 1036636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7445", "title": "[Primary malignant tumours of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years between 1936 and 1973 19 patients with malignant tumours of the small intestine were admitted to the 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna. Analogous to the findings of large-scale investigations adenocarcinomas (7 cases) preponderate in the upper small intestine in our case material, while lymphosarcomas and carcinoids mainly occur in the ileum. A radical surgical procedure was possible in 11 cases. The adenocarcinomas have the most unfavourable prognosis, whilst survival times of up to 10 years were found with lymphosarcomas and carcinoid tumours.", "contents": "[Primary malignant tumours of the small intestine (author's transl)]. In the years between 1936 and 1973 19 patients with malignant tumours of the small intestine were admitted to the 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna. Analogous to the findings of large-scale investigations adenocarcinomas (7 cases) preponderate in the upper small intestine in our case material, while lymphosarcomas and carcinoids mainly occur in the ileum. A radical surgical procedure was possible in 11 cases. The adenocarcinomas have the most unfavourable prognosis, whilst survival times of up to 10 years were found with lymphosarcomas and carcinoid tumours.", "PMID": 1036639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7446", "title": "[The lung phospholipid content in newborn infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome in relation to lung histology and survival time (author's transl)].", "content": "In an autopsy series on 25 newborn infants who died in the perinatal period (19 with and 6 without respiratory distress syndrome [RDS]) the total phospho-lipid, lecithin, and sphingomyelin content was determined in lung homogenates as parameters of the surfactant content. Histologically, the newborn infants with RDS were subdivided into those with and those without hyaline membranes. Newborn infants with RDS hat a lower lung phospho-lipid content than mature newborn infants without RDS but there was no difference in phospholipid content in relation to the presence or absence of hyaline membranes. The lecithin content of the lungs in those infants with RDS who had survived for more than 24 hours was higher in the absence of hyaline membranes than in their presence.", "contents": "[The lung phospholipid content in newborn infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome in relation to lung histology and survival time (author's transl)]. In an autopsy series on 25 newborn infants who died in the perinatal period (19 with and 6 without respiratory distress syndrome [RDS]) the total phospho-lipid, lecithin, and sphingomyelin content was determined in lung homogenates as parameters of the surfactant content. Histologically, the newborn infants with RDS were subdivided into those with and those without hyaline membranes. Newborn infants with RDS hat a lower lung phospho-lipid content than mature newborn infants without RDS but there was no difference in phospholipid content in relation to the presence or absence of hyaline membranes. The lecithin content of the lungs in those infants with RDS who had survived for more than 24 hours was higher in the absence of hyaline membranes than in their presence.", "PMID": 1036640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7447", "title": "[Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in milk and milk products - situation and evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "Residues of the most varied chemical substances can be found in milk and in milk products. For the transfer into milk such factors as fat solubility, persistance with respect to metabolic processes and accumulation capacity in certain organic systems are of particular importance. For the description of the situation with respect to residues of chlorinated insectides the results of analyses obtained in 20 supply areas of the German Federal Republic are presented and interpreted. In 1974 the following mean values were found (fat basis): alpha-HCH 0.04, gamma-HCH 0.072, heptachloro-epoxide 0.024, dieldrin 0.021 and DDT 0.20 ppm. These mean values are far below the max. quantities legally permissible and in no way constitute a toxicological risk (referred to ADI). In the German Federal Republic the concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in some cases reach the permissible max. quantity of 0.5 ppm on a fat basis. There is reason to assume that this substance finds its way into the milk not only via its application as a fungicide but probably also via a number of other, in part unknown, sources of contamination in or on vegetable products. With PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) average concentrations from 0.2 to 0.3 ppm must be expected to be present in milk and milk products (fat basis). At present a toxicological interpretation of the values found is hardly possible.", "contents": "[Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in milk and milk products - situation and evaluation (author's transl)]. Residues of the most varied chemical substances can be found in milk and in milk products. For the transfer into milk such factors as fat solubility, persistance with respect to metabolic processes and accumulation capacity in certain organic systems are of particular importance. For the description of the situation with respect to residues of chlorinated insectides the results of analyses obtained in 20 supply areas of the German Federal Republic are presented and interpreted. In 1974 the following mean values were found (fat basis): alpha-HCH 0.04, gamma-HCH 0.072, heptachloro-epoxide 0.024, dieldrin 0.021 and DDT 0.20 ppm. These mean values are far below the max. quantities legally permissible and in no way constitute a toxicological risk (referred to ADI). In the German Federal Republic the concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in some cases reach the permissible max. quantity of 0.5 ppm on a fat basis. There is reason to assume that this substance finds its way into the milk not only via its application as a fungicide but probably also via a number of other, in part unknown, sources of contamination in or on vegetable products. With PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) average concentrations from 0.2 to 0.3 ppm must be expected to be present in milk and milk products (fat basis). At present a toxicological interpretation of the values found is hardly possible.", "PMID": 1036644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7448", "title": "The first international standard for human urinary FSH and for human urinary LH (ICSH), for bioassay.", "content": "This paper describes the preparation and nature of the First International Standard for Human Urinary Follicle Stimulating Hormone and for Human Urinary Luteinizing Hormone, for Bioassay, and of two batches of working standard which were prepared from the same material. A collaborative study of these materials was carried out by six laboratories in six different countries. The FSH and LH activities of the Standard were assayed in terms of those of the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotrophins, Urinary, for Bioassay, which it replaces. The results from 20 valid FSH assays and 30 valid LH assays (using four different methods) obtained in this way gave a weighted combined potency estimate for FSH of 53.7 IU, with 95 % fiducial limits of 47.2-61.1 IU, and for LH of 46.2 IU, with 95 % fiducial limits of 43.3-49.3 IU. Accelerated degradation studies of the Standard stored at elevated temperatures suggested that the stability of both FSH and LH activities under normal storage conditions would be satisfactory. The FSH and LH activities of the two batches of working standard (WS-A and WS-B) were compared with those of the Standard and were not found to differ significantly, except for the LH activity of WS-B which appeared to be slightly higher than that of the Standard. Accelerated degradation studies did not show any significant differences in stability between the Standard and batches of working standards. On the basis of these results the Standard has been established by WHO and allocated a potency for FSH of 54 IU per ampoule and for LH 46 IU per ampoule. The International Units for FSH, Human Urinary, for Bioassay and for LH (ICSH), Human Urinary, for Bioassay are thus defined as the activities contained in 0.1138 mg and 0.13369 mg of the International Standard, respectively.", "contents": "The first international standard for human urinary FSH and for human urinary LH (ICSH), for bioassay. This paper describes the preparation and nature of the First International Standard for Human Urinary Follicle Stimulating Hormone and for Human Urinary Luteinizing Hormone, for Bioassay, and of two batches of working standard which were prepared from the same material. A collaborative study of these materials was carried out by six laboratories in six different countries. The FSH and LH activities of the Standard were assayed in terms of those of the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotrophins, Urinary, for Bioassay, which it replaces. The results from 20 valid FSH assays and 30 valid LH assays (using four different methods) obtained in this way gave a weighted combined potency estimate for FSH of 53.7 IU, with 95 % fiducial limits of 47.2-61.1 IU, and for LH of 46.2 IU, with 95 % fiducial limits of 43.3-49.3 IU. Accelerated degradation studies of the Standard stored at elevated temperatures suggested that the stability of both FSH and LH activities under normal storage conditions would be satisfactory. The FSH and LH activities of the two batches of working standard (WS-A and WS-B) were compared with those of the Standard and were not found to differ significantly, except for the LH activity of WS-B which appeared to be slightly higher than that of the Standard. Accelerated degradation studies did not show any significant differences in stability between the Standard and batches of working standards. On the basis of these results the Standard has been established by WHO and allocated a potency for FSH of 54 IU per ampoule and for LH 46 IU per ampoule. The International Units for FSH, Human Urinary, for Bioassay and for LH (ICSH), Human Urinary, for Bioassay are thus defined as the activities contained in 0.1138 mg and 0.13369 mg of the International Standard, respectively.", "PMID": 1036645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7449", "title": "Prolactin in the ram: seasonal variations in the concentration of blood plasma from birth until three years old.", "content": "Peripheral prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in nine Ile de France rams, born in autumn and reared under natural conditions of light and temperature until three years old. During December, when the rams were 80-100 days old, a brief and transitory peak of prolactin occurred (70 ng PS6/ml plasma +/- 10 ng). During each following year, the prolactin level fell in winter to approximately 20 ng/ml. However, in summer the prolactin was 4 times higher than the winter level during the first year and 11 times higher during the 2nd and 3rd years. A possible role of prolactin variation throughout the breeding season is discussed.", "contents": "Prolactin in the ram: seasonal variations in the concentration of blood plasma from birth until three years old. Peripheral prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in nine Ile de France rams, born in autumn and reared under natural conditions of light and temperature until three years old. During December, when the rams were 80-100 days old, a brief and transitory peak of prolactin occurred (70 ng PS6/ml plasma +/- 10 ng). During each following year, the prolactin level fell in winter to approximately 20 ng/ml. However, in summer the prolactin was 4 times higher than the winter level during the first year and 11 times higher during the 2nd and 3rd years. A possible role of prolactin variation throughout the breeding season is discussed.", "PMID": 1036646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7450", "title": "Thyroid hormone response to varying doses of TSH.", "content": "Fifty-five normal subjects were studied following intravenous injection of increasing doses of bovine thyrotropin (b-TSH) from 0.5 to 250 mU/kg. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the TSH injection. Dose-related increments in serum T3 and T4 were demonstrated with doses of b-TSH = 2.5 mU/kg and a maximum response was obtained after approximately 100 mU/kg. The fractional increase in serum T3 was greater than in serum T4, but the ratio between the increase in serum T4 and serum T4 and serum T3 (21.3/l ng/ng) was independent of the dose of b-TSH and time after TSH stimulation. The T3 response was reproducible and unaffected by sex and age.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone response to varying doses of TSH. Fifty-five normal subjects were studied following intravenous injection of increasing doses of bovine thyrotropin (b-TSH) from 0.5 to 250 mU/kg. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the TSH injection. Dose-related increments in serum T3 and T4 were demonstrated with doses of b-TSH = 2.5 mU/kg and a maximum response was obtained after approximately 100 mU/kg. The fractional increase in serum T3 was greater than in serum T4, but the ratio between the increase in serum T4 and serum T4 and serum T3 (21.3/l ng/ng) was independent of the dose of b-TSH and time after TSH stimulation. The T3 response was reproducible and unaffected by sex and age.", "PMID": 1036647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7451", "title": "Dynamic study of post-natal thyroid function in the rat.", "content": "The thyroid function in development was investigated in post-natal rats. The thyroid iodine content rapidly increased from birth (137 +/- 26 ng iodine/mg thyroid) up to day 10 (338 +/- 42 ng iodine/mg thyroid) then increased more slowly up to day 30 (425 +/- 34 ng iodine/mg thyroid). The maximal plasma concentration of thyroxine was observed on day 16 (56.9 +/- 3.5 ng T4/ml) and of iodide on day 10 (110.2 +/- 12.6 ng I-/ml). The turnover rate constant of extrathyroidal thyroxine was higher at birth (8.0 +/- 2.3 %/h) than at any older age studied (average 6 %/h). Thyroxine secretion by the thyroid was more intense before weaning (37 ng hormonal iodine/h/100 g body weight on days 10 and 20) than after weaning (22 +/- 6 ng hormonal iodine/h/100 g body weight in 30 days old rats). The peripheral deiodination rate of thyroxine represented about 90 % thyroxine secretion rate in newborn and 10 days old rats and only 40% in adult females. In pre-weaning rats, after a single injection of both [131I]L-T4 and [125I]Na, extrathyroidal radioactivity disappeared more slowly than in 30 days old rats and adult animals. This suggests that iodide concentrations of extrathyroidal tissues are higher before than after weaning.", "contents": "Dynamic study of post-natal thyroid function in the rat. The thyroid function in development was investigated in post-natal rats. The thyroid iodine content rapidly increased from birth (137 +/- 26 ng iodine/mg thyroid) up to day 10 (338 +/- 42 ng iodine/mg thyroid) then increased more slowly up to day 30 (425 +/- 34 ng iodine/mg thyroid). The maximal plasma concentration of thyroxine was observed on day 16 (56.9 +/- 3.5 ng T4/ml) and of iodide on day 10 (110.2 +/- 12.6 ng I-/ml). The turnover rate constant of extrathyroidal thyroxine was higher at birth (8.0 +/- 2.3 %/h) than at any older age studied (average 6 %/h). Thyroxine secretion by the thyroid was more intense before weaning (37 ng hormonal iodine/h/100 g body weight on days 10 and 20) than after weaning (22 +/- 6 ng hormonal iodine/h/100 g body weight in 30 days old rats). The peripheral deiodination rate of thyroxine represented about 90 % thyroxine secretion rate in newborn and 10 days old rats and only 40% in adult females. In pre-weaning rats, after a single injection of both [131I]L-T4 and [125I]Na, extrathyroidal radioactivity disappeared more slowly than in 30 days old rats and adult animals. This suggests that iodide concentrations of extrathyroidal tissues are higher before than after weaning.", "PMID": 1036648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7452", "title": "Antigoitrogenic effect of casein.", "content": "Epidemiological findings from the city of Cali, Colombia, support the hypothesis that water supply and iodine intake are not the only dietary factors which influence the magnitude of the goitre endemia. Experiments were conducted in rats to determine whether casein has a counteracting effect on the goitrogenic and antithyroid activities of methimazole (MMI) and goitrogenic water extracts (GWE) from the endemic area of the Cauca Valley. Female albino rats (Charles River, DC strain) 100-110 g initial weight, receiving 12 mug of iodine daily, were divided into three groups annd put on special diets: protein-free, 8 % casein, or 60 % casein, respectively. Each group (24 rats) was then divided into three subgroups. Subgroup one received goitrogen-free water and was used as a control. Subgroup two was administered MMI, 50 mug/day/rat. Subgroup three was given per animal a daily amount of GWE equivalent in antithyroid potency to 50 mug of MMI. At 77 days, the thyroid glands were studied for weight, 131I uptake, and 127I concentration. Animals on the protein-free diet showed significantly (P less than 0.05 - less than 0.01) larger thyroid glands per 100 g body weight and lower thyroidal 4 h 131I uptake and 127I-concentrations than rats on casein diets. These differences were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) by the administration of MMI and GWE. All the effects were completely reversed by the 60 % casein diet showing no differences between control rats and those on MMI or GWE. Rats on 8 % casein showed intermediate values between those of animals on protein-free and 60 % casein diets; differences were still present between the control as against the MMI or GWE groups, The results indicate that under these experimental conditions, a poor-protein diet impairs the thyroidal transport of iodine, decreases its concentration in the thyroid and is accompanied by an enlargement of the gland. Under these circumstances, the action of thiourea-like antithyroid agents is enhanced. The administration of protein reverses these alterations and decreases the action of such antithyroid agents. Whether the changes observed are due to a direct action of casein on the thyroid and/or to effects of malnutrition on the metabolism of antithyroid compounds remains to be determined.", "contents": "Antigoitrogenic effect of casein. Epidemiological findings from the city of Cali, Colombia, support the hypothesis that water supply and iodine intake are not the only dietary factors which influence the magnitude of the goitre endemia. Experiments were conducted in rats to determine whether casein has a counteracting effect on the goitrogenic and antithyroid activities of methimazole (MMI) and goitrogenic water extracts (GWE) from the endemic area of the Cauca Valley. Female albino rats (Charles River, DC strain) 100-110 g initial weight, receiving 12 mug of iodine daily, were divided into three groups annd put on special diets: protein-free, 8 % casein, or 60 % casein, respectively. Each group (24 rats) was then divided into three subgroups. Subgroup one received goitrogen-free water and was used as a control. Subgroup two was administered MMI, 50 mug/day/rat. Subgroup three was given per animal a daily amount of GWE equivalent in antithyroid potency to 50 mug of MMI. At 77 days, the thyroid glands were studied for weight, 131I uptake, and 127I concentration. Animals on the protein-free diet showed significantly (P less than 0.05 - less than 0.01) larger thyroid glands per 100 g body weight and lower thyroidal 4 h 131I uptake and 127I-concentrations than rats on casein diets. These differences were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) by the administration of MMI and GWE. All the effects were completely reversed by the 60 % casein diet showing no differences between control rats and those on MMI or GWE. Rats on 8 % casein showed intermediate values between those of animals on protein-free and 60 % casein diets; differences were still present between the control as against the MMI or GWE groups, The results indicate that under these experimental conditions, a poor-protein diet impairs the thyroidal transport of iodine, decreases its concentration in the thyroid and is accompanied by an enlargement of the gland. Under these circumstances, the action of thiourea-like antithyroid agents is enhanced. The administration of protein reverses these alterations and decreases the action of such antithyroid agents. Whether the changes observed are due to a direct action of casein on the thyroid and/or to effects of malnutrition on the metabolism of antithyroid compounds remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1036649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7453", "title": "The effect of atropine on the insulin release caused by oral and intravenous glucose in human subjects.", "content": "Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on normal fasting subjects, with and without atropine. Insulin release after oral glucose was significantly diminished by atropine, and this effect could not be ascribed to the drug delaying glucose absorption. However, insulin release brought about by intravenous glucose was not altered by atropine. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of atropine on the insulin release caused by oral and intravenous glucose in human subjects. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on normal fasting subjects, with and without atropine. Insulin release after oral glucose was significantly diminished by atropine, and this effect could not be ascribed to the drug delaying glucose absorption. However, insulin release brought about by intravenous glucose was not altered by atropine. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1036650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7454", "title": "The distribution of blood flow to the reproductive tract of anaesthetized ewes near oestrus.", "content": "Radioactive microspheres were used to measure the rate and distribution of blood flow to the reproductive tract of anaesthetized sheep. Seven sheep were examined on day 14, 6 on day 15 and 10 on day 16 of the oestrous cycle: oestrus is normally on day 16 or 17. The rate of blood flow to the myometrium, endometrium and oviducts increased by 2-fold from day 14 to 15: the weights of these organs increased on day 16. Blood flow to the vagina and cervix increased by over 10-fold from day 14 to 15 but vaginal and cervical weights remained unchanged. Thirty minutes after the administration of 1200 IU PMSG, blood flow increased in the vagina and cervix on day 14, the myometrium on day 15 and the vagina, cervix and oviducts on day 16. However, these results must be viewed with caution since there were substantial, though not significant changes in the controls. The results favour the hypothesis that, near the end of the oestrous cycle, oestrogen has a dominant role in the control of blood flow to the reproductive tract of sheep.", "contents": "The distribution of blood flow to the reproductive tract of anaesthetized ewes near oestrus. Radioactive microspheres were used to measure the rate and distribution of blood flow to the reproductive tract of anaesthetized sheep. Seven sheep were examined on day 14, 6 on day 15 and 10 on day 16 of the oestrous cycle: oestrus is normally on day 16 or 17. The rate of blood flow to the myometrium, endometrium and oviducts increased by 2-fold from day 14 to 15: the weights of these organs increased on day 16. Blood flow to the vagina and cervix increased by over 10-fold from day 14 to 15 but vaginal and cervical weights remained unchanged. Thirty minutes after the administration of 1200 IU PMSG, blood flow increased in the vagina and cervix on day 14, the myometrium on day 15 and the vagina, cervix and oviducts on day 16. However, these results must be viewed with caution since there were substantial, though not significant changes in the controls. The results favour the hypothesis that, near the end of the oestrous cycle, oestrogen has a dominant role in the control of blood flow to the reproductive tract of sheep.", "PMID": 1036651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7455", "title": "Cytosol and nuclear [3H]oestradiol binding in the foetal tissues of guinea pig.", "content": "The formation of [3H]oestradiol macromolecule complexes was studied in vivo and in vitro in the kidney, lung and liver of intact foetal guinea pig. Specific binding of [3H]oestradiol was demonstrated in the cytosol and nuclear fractions of foetal kidney. Intensive binding was found in the cytosol of foetal lung but most of the bound radioactive material (70 %) was [3H]oestrone. Some binding was found in the cytosol of foetal liver but not in the nucleus of this tissue. In the in vivo experiments, the binding of radioactive material to plasma proteins was studied: 22 % of the plasma radioactivity was bound of which 67 % was identified as oestrone sulphate. Oestradiol sulphate represented 7% and unconjugated oestradiol only 0.6 % (0.1 % of the total plasma radioactivity). On the other hand, 2-3 % of the foetal plasma radioactivity was found as unbound [3H]oestradiol. In the kidney, the formation of [3H]oestradiol complexes in the cytosol fraction does not depend on temperature while nuclear [3H]oestradiol complexes increase with increasing temperature. Maximal formation of [3H]oestradiol complexes in the cytosol fraction and the 0.1 M TRIS and 0.3 M NaCl nuclear extracts was reached after 15 min but binding in the 1 M NaCl nuclear extract continued to increase up to 30 min. After incubation of purified nuclei of foetal kidney with 1.1 x 10(-7) M [3H]oestradiol, specific binding was found in the different nucelar fractions. Specific binding was also detected in isolated nuclei previously extracted by 0.1 M TRIS and 0.3 M NaCl before being incubated with 1.1 x 10(-7) M [3H]oestradiol. The Kd of binding of [3H]oestradiol in the renal cytosol fraction is 2.5 x 10(-10) M with n = 4.5 x 10(-14) moles/mg protein. Incubation of isolated 1 M NaCl nuclear extract from foetal kidney with [3H]oestradiol gives a Kd of 3.3 x 10(-10) M with n = 2.5 x 10(-14) moles/mg protein. It is concluded that the nuclear complexes in the foetal kidney could be formed either through an intermediate cytosol complex or that the \"two step\" mechanism could take place in the nucleus. Furthermore, direct binding of [3H]oestradiol with high affinity was observed in the 1 M NaCl nuclear extract.", "contents": "Cytosol and nuclear [3H]oestradiol binding in the foetal tissues of guinea pig. The formation of [3H]oestradiol macromolecule complexes was studied in vivo and in vitro in the kidney, lung and liver of intact foetal guinea pig. Specific binding of [3H]oestradiol was demonstrated in the cytosol and nuclear fractions of foetal kidney. Intensive binding was found in the cytosol of foetal lung but most of the bound radioactive material (70 %) was [3H]oestrone. Some binding was found in the cytosol of foetal liver but not in the nucleus of this tissue. In the in vivo experiments, the binding of radioactive material to plasma proteins was studied: 22 % of the plasma radioactivity was bound of which 67 % was identified as oestrone sulphate. Oestradiol sulphate represented 7% and unconjugated oestradiol only 0.6 % (0.1 % of the total plasma radioactivity). On the other hand, 2-3 % of the foetal plasma radioactivity was found as unbound [3H]oestradiol. In the kidney, the formation of [3H]oestradiol complexes in the cytosol fraction does not depend on temperature while nuclear [3H]oestradiol complexes increase with increasing temperature. Maximal formation of [3H]oestradiol complexes in the cytosol fraction and the 0.1 M TRIS and 0.3 M NaCl nuclear extracts was reached after 15 min but binding in the 1 M NaCl nuclear extract continued to increase up to 30 min. After incubation of purified nuclei of foetal kidney with 1.1 x 10(-7) M [3H]oestradiol, specific binding was found in the different nucelar fractions. Specific binding was also detected in isolated nuclei previously extracted by 0.1 M TRIS and 0.3 M NaCl before being incubated with 1.1 x 10(-7) M [3H]oestradiol. The Kd of binding of [3H]oestradiol in the renal cytosol fraction is 2.5 x 10(-10) M with n = 4.5 x 10(-14) moles/mg protein. Incubation of isolated 1 M NaCl nuclear extract from foetal kidney with [3H]oestradiol gives a Kd of 3.3 x 10(-10) M with n = 2.5 x 10(-14) moles/mg protein. It is concluded that the nuclear complexes in the foetal kidney could be formed either through an intermediate cytosol complex or that the \"two step\" mechanism could take place in the nucleus. Furthermore, direct binding of [3H]oestradiol with high affinity was observed in the 1 M NaCl nuclear extract.", "PMID": 1036652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7456", "title": "Studies in congenital generalized lipodystrophy. IV. Effect of muscular exercise on carbohydrate and fat metabolism including plasma levels of IRI and HGH.", "content": "Two patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been studied at rest, and during and after long-term exercise at different carefully measured work loads. The two patients represented different stages of diabetes development. Both patients derived most of their energy used during muscular exercise from carbohydrate, and comparatively little from fat. FFA levels remained low throughout the period of observation in contrast to normal individuals and patients with juvinile diabetes. The data presented seem to show that deposition of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) as triglyceride, must be impaired and are not compatible with the concept of increased triglyceride turnover in the adipocytes. The fall in blood glucose concentration (BCG) was less than in normal individuals and juvenile diabetes during exercise, and the glucose tolerance remained unchanged following work stop in both patients (k-values unchanged), in contrast to normal persons and patients with juvenile diabetes. Both patients showed significant falls in circulating immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) levels during exercise irrespective of a rise or fall in BGC. Thus, the exercise itself might activate endogenous mechanisms which could, on the one hand increase the circulating BGC, and at the same time force circulating IRI to decrease, thus disturbing the well-known relationship between circulating glucose and IRI levels as has been exhibited in normal subjects. The high IRI levels, also during exercise in these patients, indicate a relative insulin resistance in the muscles, but less marked than the insulin resistance in the adipose tissue. The IRI response after glucose infusion did not change significantly with increasing work loads with one exception. Exercose did not alter significantly the human growth hormone (HGH) levels in either the diabetic or the non-diabetic patient indicating an abnormal regulation of the HGH secretion in congenital lipodystrophy.", "contents": "Studies in congenital generalized lipodystrophy. IV. Effect of muscular exercise on carbohydrate and fat metabolism including plasma levels of IRI and HGH. Two patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been studied at rest, and during and after long-term exercise at different carefully measured work loads. The two patients represented different stages of diabetes development. Both patients derived most of their energy used during muscular exercise from carbohydrate, and comparatively little from fat. FFA levels remained low throughout the period of observation in contrast to normal individuals and patients with juvinile diabetes. The data presented seem to show that deposition of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) as triglyceride, must be impaired and are not compatible with the concept of increased triglyceride turnover in the adipocytes. The fall in blood glucose concentration (BCG) was less than in normal individuals and juvenile diabetes during exercise, and the glucose tolerance remained unchanged following work stop in both patients (k-values unchanged), in contrast to normal persons and patients with juvenile diabetes. Both patients showed significant falls in circulating immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) levels during exercise irrespective of a rise or fall in BGC. Thus, the exercise itself might activate endogenous mechanisms which could, on the one hand increase the circulating BGC, and at the same time force circulating IRI to decrease, thus disturbing the well-known relationship between circulating glucose and IRI levels as has been exhibited in normal subjects. The high IRI levels, also during exercise in these patients, indicate a relative insulin resistance in the muscles, but less marked than the insulin resistance in the adipose tissue. The IRI response after glucose infusion did not change significantly with increasing work loads with one exception. Exercose did not alter significantly the human growth hormone (HGH) levels in either the diabetic or the non-diabetic patient indicating an abnormal regulation of the HGH secretion in congenital lipodystrophy.", "PMID": 1036653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7457", "title": "Changes in amniotic fluid phospholipids on treatment with glucocorticoids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis in 51 women in the 29th-36th week of pregnancy. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was determined. In 28 patients,the ratio was less than 2.2. Beta-methasone was given for three days to 14 of them; the rest served as controls. On the fourth day, a second amniocentesis was performed on all patients. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio rose to a value greater than 2.2 in 4 of the patients in the betamethasone-treated group and in one of the controls. The percentage of palmitic acid in the lecithin increased concomitantly with increasing lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. These results suggest that glucocorticoid induced acceleration of fetal pulmonary maturation may be reflected in the amniotic fluid as changes in its phospholipid composition. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was found to be greater than 2.2 in 23 patients at the first amniocentesis. In such cases treatment with glucocorticoids can be avoided.", "contents": "Changes in amniotic fluid phospholipids on treatment with glucocorticoids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis in 51 women in the 29th-36th week of pregnancy. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was determined. In 28 patients,the ratio was less than 2.2. Beta-methasone was given for three days to 14 of them; the rest served as controls. On the fourth day, a second amniocentesis was performed on all patients. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio rose to a value greater than 2.2 in 4 of the patients in the betamethasone-treated group and in one of the controls. The percentage of palmitic acid in the lecithin increased concomitantly with increasing lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. These results suggest that glucocorticoid induced acceleration of fetal pulmonary maturation may be reflected in the amniotic fluid as changes in its phospholipid composition. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was found to be greater than 2.2 in 23 patients at the first amniocentesis. In such cases treatment with glucocorticoids can be avoided.", "PMID": 1036654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7458", "title": "Changes in erythrocyte lipid stroma in the premature infant according to dietary fat composition.", "content": "Eighteen premature infants of similar gestational age, divided into three groups, were fed 3 milk formulas containing different amounts of linoleic acid. All the cases received 120 calories per kg of weight and day, of which formula A supplied 6.1% of the dietary total calories as linoleic acid, formula B 15.9% and formula C only 0.6%. The fatty acids of red cell ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were studied in a first sample obtained during the first hours of life before the infants had received any food, and in a second sample taken at the age of three weeks. In the group fed formula C (0.6% of the total calories) changes similar to those described in EFA-deficient rats were found, namely, a decrease of linoleic acid, and an increase of oleic acid and of 20:3 (n-9), with a consequent rise of the triene to tetraene ratio. When the supply of linoleate was highest (15.9% of the total caloric intake) linoleic acid increased, oleic acid decreased and the 20:3 (n-9) practically disappeared. None of the three groups showed any clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Changes in erythrocyte lipid stroma in the premature infant according to dietary fat composition. Eighteen premature infants of similar gestational age, divided into three groups, were fed 3 milk formulas containing different amounts of linoleic acid. All the cases received 120 calories per kg of weight and day, of which formula A supplied 6.1% of the dietary total calories as linoleic acid, formula B 15.9% and formula C only 0.6%. The fatty acids of red cell ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were studied in a first sample obtained during the first hours of life before the infants had received any food, and in a second sample taken at the age of three weeks. In the group fed formula C (0.6% of the total calories) changes similar to those described in EFA-deficient rats were found, namely, a decrease of linoleic acid, and an increase of oleic acid and of 20:3 (n-9), with a consequent rise of the triene to tetraene ratio. When the supply of linoleate was highest (15.9% of the total caloric intake) linoleic acid increased, oleic acid decreased and the 20:3 (n-9) practically disappeared. None of the three groups showed any clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 1036660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7459", "title": "Nitrogen retention and plasma amino acids of adults who consumed isonitrogenous diets containing rice and milk or wheat versus their constituent amino acids.", "content": "Nitrogen retention and concentrations of plasma amino acids were compared when young adults consumed isonitrogenous diets containing proteins (3.0 g of N from rice plus 3.0 g of N from milk or 3.0 g of N from rice plus 3.0 g of N from wheat flour) or mixtures of their constituent amino acids. Diets containing proteins induced greater nitrogen retention than did those containing corresponding amounts of amino acids in crystalline form, and the difference between the combinations of proteins was delineated more sharply. Concentrations of several amino acids were elevated by substituting crystalline amino acids for proteins, especially in postprandial plasma. Subjects responded differently to addition of the limiting amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, to the diets containing amino acids instead of rice plus wheat. Therefore, data obtained by means of combinations of cereals and by mixtures of their constituent amino acids cannot always be used interchangeably.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention and plasma amino acids of adults who consumed isonitrogenous diets containing rice and milk or wheat versus their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen retention and concentrations of plasma amino acids were compared when young adults consumed isonitrogenous diets containing proteins (3.0 g of N from rice plus 3.0 g of N from milk or 3.0 g of N from rice plus 3.0 g of N from wheat flour) or mixtures of their constituent amino acids. Diets containing proteins induced greater nitrogen retention than did those containing corresponding amounts of amino acids in crystalline form, and the difference between the combinations of proteins was delineated more sharply. Concentrations of several amino acids were elevated by substituting crystalline amino acids for proteins, especially in postprandial plasma. Subjects responded differently to addition of the limiting amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, to the diets containing amino acids instead of rice plus wheat. Therefore, data obtained by means of combinations of cereals and by mixtures of their constituent amino acids cannot always be used interchangeably.", "PMID": 1036663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7460", "title": "Gynecologic disease in young, sexually active women.", "content": "There has been a significant change in adolescent sexual behavior in the past decade. This report of 1,594 young, sexually active women, primarily from middle and upper socioeconomic backgrounds, identifies the obstetric and gynecologic problems characteristic of the group. While supposedly in a low-risk category these patients displayed a high incidence of cervical epithelial abnormality, problem pregnancy, and other obstetric and gynecologic abnormality. The incidence of veneral disease  was somewhat lower than anticipated.", "contents": "Gynecologic disease in young, sexually active women. There has been a significant change in adolescent sexual behavior in the past decade. This report of 1,594 young, sexually active women, primarily from middle and upper socioeconomic backgrounds, identifies the obstetric and gynecologic problems characteristic of the group. While supposedly in a low-risk category these patients displayed a high incidence of cervical epithelial abnormality, problem pregnancy, and other obstetric and gynecologic abnormality. The incidence of veneral disease  was somewhat lower than anticipated.", "PMID": 1036665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7461", "title": "125I therapy in Graves' disease. Long-term results in 355 patients.", "content": "Because of the physical and radiobiologic differences between 125I and 131I, a trial using 125I to treat hyperthyroidism was undertaken in the hope of controlling hyperthyroidism without causing subsequent hypothyroidism. Three hundred fifty-five patients with diffuse toxic goitres were treated and have been under review for an average of 49.4 months:  63.4% are euthyroid, 33.5% are hypothyroid, and 3.1% remain hyperthyroid. Different groups of patients received a wide range of doses of 125I (4.0 to 56.0 mCi), and the lowest incidence of hypothyroidism (23%) was in the group that received between 6.0 and 10.5 mCi. Sixty-three percent of the patients whose initial dose was greater than 20.0 mCi are hypothyroid. Persistent hyperthyroidism was common in patients who received small doses. Because of the high incidence of posttreatment hypothyroidism in this series and because 131I has stood the test of time, we believe that 131I is the radionuclide of choice for the routine treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "125I therapy in Graves' disease. Long-term results in 355 patients. Because of the physical and radiobiologic differences between 125I and 131I, a trial using 125I to treat hyperthyroidism was undertaken in the hope of controlling hyperthyroidism without causing subsequent hypothyroidism. Three hundred fifty-five patients with diffuse toxic goitres were treated and have been under review for an average of 49.4 months:  63.4% are euthyroid, 33.5% are hypothyroid, and 3.1% remain hyperthyroid. Different groups of patients received a wide range of doses of 125I (4.0 to 56.0 mCi), and the lowest incidence of hypothyroidism (23%) was in the group that received between 6.0 and 10.5 mCi. Sixty-three percent of the patients whose initial dose was greater than 20.0 mCi are hypothyroid. Persistent hyperthyroidism was common in patients who received small doses. Because of the high incidence of posttreatment hypothyroidism in this series and because 131I has stood the test of time, we believe that 131I is the radionuclide of choice for the routine treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 1036667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7462", "title": "Antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in thyroid disease.", "content": "The prevalence of elevated antibody titers against Yersinia enterocolitica was studied in normal subjects, patients with a variety of nonthyroidal illnesses, and patients with thyroid disease. In contrast to the low prevalence of antibodies in controls (less than 8%), 48 of 67 patients (75%) with a variety of thyroid disorders had titers greater than 1:8. Antibodies were found in 24 of 36 patients with Graves' disease, five of six with autonomous adenoma, seven of seven with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, three of five with idiopathic primary hypothyroidism, four of 11 with nontoxic nodular goiter, and one of two with thyroid carcinoma. Antibodies to serotype 3 were the most prevalent, occurred in the highest titers, and were found particularly in patients with Graves' disease. These observations indicate that in spite of the infreqent occurrence of yersinia infection in the United States as compared with Scandinavia, patients with thyroid disorders have a higher prevalence of antibodies to Yersinia than normal subjects or patients with other disorders.", "contents": "Antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in thyroid disease. The prevalence of elevated antibody titers against Yersinia enterocolitica was studied in normal subjects, patients with a variety of nonthyroidal illnesses, and patients with thyroid disease. In contrast to the low prevalence of antibodies in controls (less than 8%), 48 of 67 patients (75%) with a variety of thyroid disorders had titers greater than 1:8. Antibodies were found in 24 of 36 patients with Graves' disease, five of six with autonomous adenoma, seven of seven with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, three of five with idiopathic primary hypothyroidism, four of 11 with nontoxic nodular goiter, and one of two with thyroid carcinoma. Antibodies to serotype 3 were the most prevalent, occurred in the highest titers, and were found particularly in patients with Graves' disease. These observations indicate that in spite of the infreqent occurrence of yersinia infection in the United States as compared with Scandinavia, patients with thyroid disorders have a higher prevalence of antibodies to Yersinia than normal subjects or patients with other disorders.", "PMID": 1036668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7463", "title": "Prolonged rupture of membranes, pre-eclamptic toxaemia, and respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made of the incidence and severity of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in babies of less than 35 weeks' gestation born at this hospital from January 1967-December 1974. There was a lower incidence of RDS in babies born after pregnancies complicated only by prolonged rupture of membranes (PRM) (19%) and in babies born vaginally after pregnancies complicated only by pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET) (18%) compared with the incidence of RDS after uncomplicated pregnancies (35%). Babies born vaginally who developed RDS after pregnancies complicated by PRM or PET had less severe disease compared with those who developed RDS after uncomplicated pregnancies. Mortality in babies who developed severe RDS was not influenced by the occurrence of PRM or PET. The biological implication of the study is that certain complications of pregnancy may accelerate pulmonary surfactant production in preterm babies.", "contents": "Prolonged rupture of membranes, pre-eclamptic toxaemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. A retrospective analysis was made of the incidence and severity of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in babies of less than 35 weeks' gestation born at this hospital from January 1967-December 1974. There was a lower incidence of RDS in babies born after pregnancies complicated only by prolonged rupture of membranes (PRM) (19%) and in babies born vaginally after pregnancies complicated only by pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET) (18%) compared with the incidence of RDS after uncomplicated pregnancies (35%). Babies born vaginally who developed RDS after pregnancies complicated by PRM or PET had less severe disease compared with those who developed RDS after uncomplicated pregnancies. Mortality in babies who developed severe RDS was not influenced by the occurrence of PRM or PET. The biological implication of the study is that certain complications of pregnancy may accelerate pulmonary surfactant production in preterm babies.", "PMID": 1036670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7464", "title": "Intrathecal antibiotic therapy for neonatal meningitis.", "content": "Twenty infants with neonatal meningitis were treated with systemic and lumbar intrathecal antibiotics upon initial diagnosis. Failure to sterilize the CSF in 2-3 days was associated with evidence of ventriculitis in these infants who were then treated with intraventricular antibiotics. 4 infants died, but only 2 of them may be regarded as treatment failure. It is suggested that many deaths from neonatal meningitis may be preventable by early detection and treatment of ventriculitis with intraventricular antibiotics.", "contents": "Intrathecal antibiotic therapy for neonatal meningitis. Twenty infants with neonatal meningitis were treated with systemic and lumbar intrathecal antibiotics upon initial diagnosis. Failure to sterilize the CSF in 2-3 days was associated with evidence of ventriculitis in these infants who were then treated with intraventricular antibiotics. 4 infants died, but only 2 of them may be regarded as treatment failure. It is suggested that many deaths from neonatal meningitis may be preventable by early detection and treatment of ventriculitis with intraventricular antibiotics.", "PMID": 1036671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7465", "title": "Acute renal failure following halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Acute renal failure was observed postoperatively in a patient after halothane anesthesia. The clinical and pathologic findings in this case were remarkably similar to those found in patients with renal failure after methoxyflurane anesthesia.", "contents": "Acute renal failure following halothane anesthesia. Acute renal failure was observed postoperatively in a patient after halothane anesthesia. The clinical and pathologic findings in this case were remarkably similar to those found in patients with renal failure after methoxyflurane anesthesia.", "PMID": 1036673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7466", "title": "Abnormal vessels in the urinary tract following analgesic abuse in man.", "content": "A brownish discoloration of the bladder mucosa around the ureteric orifices has been observed on cystoscopy in three patients taking excessive quantities of analgesics. Biopsy specimens revealed an unusual degree of hyalinization of the vessels in the submucosa. Similar changes have been noted in the renal medulla, pelvis, and ureter of patients with classical analgesic nephritis. This vascular change may play an important part in the development of the characteristic infarct-like necrosis seen in the analgesic kidney.", "contents": "Abnormal vessels in the urinary tract following analgesic abuse in man. A brownish discoloration of the bladder mucosa around the ureteric orifices has been observed on cystoscopy in three patients taking excessive quantities of analgesics. Biopsy specimens revealed an unusual degree of hyalinization of the vessels in the submucosa. Similar changes have been noted in the renal medulla, pelvis, and ureter of patients with classical analgesic nephritis. This vascular change may play an important part in the development of the characteristic infarct-like necrosis seen in the analgesic kidney.", "PMID": 1036674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7467", "title": "Pulmonary injury and repair. Organ culture studies of murine lung after oxygen.", "content": "Samples of mouse lung were cultured at various stages of the injury-repair cycle induced by oxygen. At intervals during and after a six-day exposure, pulmonary explants were prepared and cultured in media labeled with tritiated thymidine. Lungs cultured during the first three days in oxygen, when only interstitial edema was observed, resembled control explants in morphologic features and labeling. Cultures prepared from animals after four to six days of exposure, when necrosis of type 1 epithelial cells and hyaline membranes were observed, showed reduced thymidine uptake and reduced epithelial regeneration. Fibroblastic proliferation and collagen deposition occurred directly beneath areas with hyaline membranes, indicating that, in severely damaged lungs, cellular proliferation is predominantly fibroblastic rather than epithelial. The results suggest that the organ culture system is suitable for studying the reparative capacity of injured tissue.", "contents": "Pulmonary injury and repair. Organ culture studies of murine lung after oxygen. Samples of mouse lung were cultured at various stages of the injury-repair cycle induced by oxygen. At intervals during and after a six-day exposure, pulmonary explants were prepared and cultured in media labeled with tritiated thymidine. Lungs cultured during the first three days in oxygen, when only interstitial edema was observed, resembled control explants in morphologic features and labeling. Cultures prepared from animals after four to six days of exposure, when necrosis of type 1 epithelial cells and hyaline membranes were observed, showed reduced thymidine uptake and reduced epithelial regeneration. Fibroblastic proliferation and collagen deposition occurred directly beneath areas with hyaline membranes, indicating that, in severely damaged lungs, cellular proliferation is predominantly fibroblastic rather than epithelial. The results suggest that the organ culture system is suitable for studying the reparative capacity of injured tissue.", "PMID": 1036675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7468", "title": "Primary pulmonary neurilemoma. Report of a case with ultrastructural examination.", "content": "The electron microscopic features of a primary neurilemoma of the lung, a very rare neoplasm, were studied. Characteristic Schwann cells were present, with cytoplasm and elongated cytoplasmic processes coated with a basal lamina. The highly characteristic Luse bodies were also seen. We add electron microscopic corroboration to the previous tissue culture confirmation of this unusual benign pulmonary neoplasm.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary neurilemoma. Report of a case with ultrastructural examination. The electron microscopic features of a primary neurilemoma of the lung, a very rare neoplasm, were studied. Characteristic Schwann cells were present, with cytoplasm and elongated cytoplasmic processes coated with a basal lamina. The highly characteristic Luse bodies were also seen. We add electron microscopic corroboration to the previous tissue culture confirmation of this unusual benign pulmonary neoplasm.", "PMID": 1036676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7469", "title": "Tubular stenosis of the aorta with aortic fibromuscular dysplasia.", "content": "The autopsy findings in a 2-year-old girl with severe hypertension resulting from stenosis of the lower part of the thoracic and the abdominal aorta were reviewed. The lower portion of the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta showed uniform narrowing down to the level of the bifurcation of iliac arteries. Histologically, the aortic wall of the stenotic site showed irregular proliferation of smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers. The elastic fibers had disappeared from outside the media. No intimal thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. These histologic changes of the aortic media in this case are apparently similar to fibromuscular dysplasia (medial hyperplasia).", "contents": "Tubular stenosis of the aorta with aortic fibromuscular dysplasia. The autopsy findings in a 2-year-old girl with severe hypertension resulting from stenosis of the lower part of the thoracic and the abdominal aorta were reviewed. The lower portion of the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta showed uniform narrowing down to the level of the bifurcation of iliac arteries. Histologically, the aortic wall of the stenotic site showed irregular proliferation of smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers. The elastic fibers had disappeared from outside the media. No intimal thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. These histologic changes of the aortic media in this case are apparently similar to fibromuscular dysplasia (medial hyperplasia).", "PMID": 1036677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7470", "title": "Identification of calcium oxalate deposits in bone by electron diffraction.", "content": "Oxalosis involving bone secondary to prolonged chronic renal failure and long-term dialysis occurred in a living patient. The cystalline deposit in the small fragment of bone was identified by electron diffraction.", "contents": "Identification of calcium oxalate deposits in bone by electron diffraction. Oxalosis involving bone secondary to prolonged chronic renal failure and long-term dialysis occurred in a living patient. The cystalline deposit in the small fragment of bone was identified by electron diffraction.", "PMID": 1036678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7471", "title": "Wilson disease. Comparative ultrastructure in a sibship of nine.", "content": "Comparative electron microscopy was done on liver tissue from a family of nine siblings to determine whether presymptomatic, affected patients with Wilson disease could be differentiated from heterozygous, normal carriers. Two of the nine had developed the neurologic manifestations of the disease; three others were considered to be homozygous but normal, two were heterozygous and normal, and two were classified as genotypically uncertain because of borderline biochemical abnormalities. Alterations of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of copper toxicity were present in both the heterozygous and the genotypically uncertain siblings, and a clear distinction could not be made on this basis. The severity of the abnormalities appeared to correlate with liver copper level, and organelle changes were found to precede lipid accumulation.", "contents": "Wilson disease. Comparative ultrastructure in a sibship of nine. Comparative electron microscopy was done on liver tissue from a family of nine siblings to determine whether presymptomatic, affected patients with Wilson disease could be differentiated from heterozygous, normal carriers. Two of the nine had developed the neurologic manifestations of the disease; three others were considered to be homozygous but normal, two were heterozygous and normal, and two were classified as genotypically uncertain because of borderline biochemical abnormalities. Alterations of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of copper toxicity were present in both the heterozygous and the genotypically uncertain siblings, and a clear distinction could not be made on this basis. The severity of the abnormalities appeared to correlate with liver copper level, and organelle changes were found to precede lipid accumulation.", "PMID": 1036679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7472", "title": "Meningioma with sarcomatous change and hepatic metastasis.", "content": "A 72-year-old patient had a meningotheliomatous meningioma that invaded through the skull and into temporalis muscle. One year following craniotomy for removal of the neoplasm, he developed headaches, diplopia, and proptosis of the left eye. Biopsy of the orbital contents revealed a malignant supporting tissue neoplasm having a resemblance to the previous meningioma. No curative therapy was possible and the patient died 33 months after diagnosis. Autopsy examination showed extensive residual intracranial neoplasm and a 3-cm metastasis in the liver. The metastatic tumor appeared similar to the meningioma and did not appear malignant histologically. The case illustrates the distinct histologic variations in meningiomas and the difficulties in predicting their biologic activity. Aggressive local behavior may indicate possible malignant areas in the neoplasm. Therefore, examination of the neoplasm should be thorough. Such a correlation may suggest malignant biologic potential.", "contents": "Meningioma with sarcomatous change and hepatic metastasis. A 72-year-old patient had a meningotheliomatous meningioma that invaded through the skull and into temporalis muscle. One year following craniotomy for removal of the neoplasm, he developed headaches, diplopia, and proptosis of the left eye. Biopsy of the orbital contents revealed a malignant supporting tissue neoplasm having a resemblance to the previous meningioma. No curative therapy was possible and the patient died 33 months after diagnosis. Autopsy examination showed extensive residual intracranial neoplasm and a 3-cm metastasis in the liver. The metastatic tumor appeared similar to the meningioma and did not appear malignant histologically. The case illustrates the distinct histologic variations in meningiomas and the difficulties in predicting their biologic activity. Aggressive local behavior may indicate possible malignant areas in the neoplasm. Therefore, examination of the neoplasm should be thorough. Such a correlation may suggest malignant biologic potential.", "PMID": 1036680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7473", "title": "[Local pO2- and pH2-measurements with needle electrodes for the examination of the hydrogen maintenance and microcirculation of the cochleae (author's transl)].", "content": "The local partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and the rate of hydrogen elimination were measured in the three scalae of the basal turn of 28 Guinea-pig cochleae under conditions of normoxia, hyperoxia and hypercapnia and with acoustical stimulation with the needle electrodes developed by Baumg\u00e4rtl and L\u00fcbbers. In the scala tympani a pO2 decrease from the round window toward Corti's organ was registered and pO2 values of over 100 mm Hg were measured near the membrane of the round window and of 10-40 mm Hg near the basilar membrane depending on how deeply the electrode penetrated into the scala tympani. The pO2 profiles were changed or reversed when the animal breathed a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and when the round window membrane was covered with agar-agar or paraffine and exteriorly flooded with nitrogen. Acoustical stimulation with a white noise of 85 dB caused a considerable pO2 drop in the perilymph of the scala tympani while in the endolymph of the scala media we observe only a slight decrease. Intravenous application of dextran of low viscosity leads to a pO2 increase when the original oxygen value in the scala tympani was low. The half-life of hydrogen in the scala tympani amounts to about 4 min. The results permit the conclusion that, in the area of the cochlear basis, Corti's organ receives its oxygen supply via the capillary system as well as via the membrane of the round window.", "contents": "[Local pO2- and pH2-measurements with needle electrodes for the examination of the hydrogen maintenance and microcirculation of the cochleae (author's transl)]. The local partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and the rate of hydrogen elimination were measured in the three scalae of the basal turn of 28 Guinea-pig cochleae under conditions of normoxia, hyperoxia and hypercapnia and with acoustical stimulation with the needle electrodes developed by Baumg\u00e4rtl and L\u00fcbbers. In the scala tympani a pO2 decrease from the round window toward Corti's organ was registered and pO2 values of over 100 mm Hg were measured near the membrane of the round window and of 10-40 mm Hg near the basilar membrane depending on how deeply the electrode penetrated into the scala tympani. The pO2 profiles were changed or reversed when the animal breathed a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and when the round window membrane was covered with agar-agar or paraffine and exteriorly flooded with nitrogen. Acoustical stimulation with a white noise of 85 dB caused a considerable pO2 drop in the perilymph of the scala tympani while in the endolymph of the scala media we observe only a slight decrease. Intravenous application of dextran of low viscosity leads to a pO2 increase when the original oxygen value in the scala tympani was low. The half-life of hydrogen in the scala tympani amounts to about 4 min. The results permit the conclusion that, in the area of the cochlear basis, Corti's organ receives its oxygen supply via the capillary system as well as via the membrane of the round window.", "PMID": 1036681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7474", "title": "[On the practice of audiological balance-tests (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychological factors influencing the common test-situation of the ABLB are still unknown. The fact that always on the same ear the intensity is remaining constant and that this intensity is increased in equal steps is no longer due to modern psychological principles of testing. Both--the side and the intensity--should be randomized within the given range (both sides and all possible intensities). Therefore the test-procedure is controlled by a computer, which also calculates the significance of the relative recruitment. When the test is finished a diagram is plotted containing the values and the regressionline. Also the monaural test (comparison of two frequencies) is well practicable using the same program, because the incertainty (being greater if the test is more difficult) is included in the statistic calculation.", "contents": "[On the practice of audiological balance-tests (author's transl)]. The psychological factors influencing the common test-situation of the ABLB are still unknown. The fact that always on the same ear the intensity is remaining constant and that this intensity is increased in equal steps is no longer due to modern psychological principles of testing. Both--the side and the intensity--should be randomized within the given range (both sides and all possible intensities). Therefore the test-procedure is controlled by a computer, which also calculates the significance of the relative recruitment. When the test is finished a diagram is plotted containing the values and the regressionline. Also the monaural test (comparison of two frequencies) is well practicable using the same program, because the incertainty (being greater if the test is more difficult) is included in the statistic calculation.", "PMID": 1036682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7475", "title": "A comparison of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the inner ear and other organs: electrophoretic microanalysis.", "content": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in the ground substance of the membranous cochlear lateral wall, kidney, brain and liver of the guinea pigs were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, using electrophoretic microanalysis. The lateral wall of the cochlea showed highest content (0.46 +/- 0.08%/D.W.) of acidic glycosmainoglycans, which were chondroitin sulfate-B (75%), chondroitin sulfate-A (12%) and hyaluronic acid (13%). However, the pattern of these acidic glycosaminoglycans in the inner ear differed from the other organs. A possible role of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the inner ear was discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the inner ear and other organs: electrophoretic microanalysis. Acidic glycosaminoglycans in the ground substance of the membranous cochlear lateral wall, kidney, brain and liver of the guinea pigs were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, using electrophoretic microanalysis. The lateral wall of the cochlea showed highest content (0.46 +/- 0.08%/D.W.) of acidic glycosmainoglycans, which were chondroitin sulfate-B (75%), chondroitin sulfate-A (12%) and hyaluronic acid (13%). However, the pattern of these acidic glycosaminoglycans in the inner ear differed from the other organs. A possible role of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the inner ear was discussed.", "PMID": 1036683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7476", "title": "[Aerosinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "After distinguishing a nonobstructive from an obstructive form of aerosinusitis, different pathological changes are discussed. Two cases illustrate the possibility of endoscopic removal of submucous sinus hematomas. Nonobstructive aerosinusitis may be due to highly viscous paranasal secretion. In obstructive sinus disease intranasal application of vasoconstrictors may prevent additional aerosinusitis. In 71 patients with obstructive frontal and maxillary sinusitis, aerosinusitis followed a negative sinus pressure of 66 mm Hg and 35 mm Hg respectively. Intranasal application of a vasoconstrictive and antiexsudative solution for prophylaxis of aerosinusitis lead to an increase of negative pressure tolerance of 47-57 mm Hg.", "contents": "[Aerosinusitis (author's transl)]. After distinguishing a nonobstructive from an obstructive form of aerosinusitis, different pathological changes are discussed. Two cases illustrate the possibility of endoscopic removal of submucous sinus hematomas. Nonobstructive aerosinusitis may be due to highly viscous paranasal secretion. In obstructive sinus disease intranasal application of vasoconstrictors may prevent additional aerosinusitis. In 71 patients with obstructive frontal and maxillary sinusitis, aerosinusitis followed a negative sinus pressure of 66 mm Hg and 35 mm Hg respectively. Intranasal application of a vasoconstrictive and antiexsudative solution for prophylaxis of aerosinusitis lead to an increase of negative pressure tolerance of 47-57 mm Hg.", "PMID": 1036684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7477", "title": "The damped pendular rotation test in central vestibular disorders.", "content": "Nystagmic rhythm in the damped pendular rotation test (DPRT) was analysed electronystagmographically both in healthy subjects (control) and patients with peripheral and central vestibular lesions. The patients were tested in a semi-dark room with eyes open and, in addition, a serial subtraction task was performed to maintain the state of alertness throughout the rotation. In the controls 49 years of age and under dysrhythmia was found in 11%, while in persons 50 years of age and over the abnormal rate was 29%. In patients with acoustic tumors, who had undergone surgery in which the translabyrinthine and middle fossa approach had been utilized, dysrhthmia was present post-operatively in only a few cases. In patients 49 years of age and under, operated on through the suboccipital approach, dysrhythmia was found post-operatively, or was at least more remarkable than pre-operatively in most cases. Nystagmic rhythm was, on the other hand, regular with cerebellar degenerative process or atrophy. Pre-operative dysrhythmia in patients with cerebellar and cerebral tumors was in some cases post-operatively converted to regular rhythmic nystagmus in pendular stimulations. Therefore, in cerebellar and cerebral tumors, dysrhythmia was thought to be due to secondary effects in brainstem, as these tumors can cause intracranial hypertension and circulatory disturbances in surrounding brain tissues. In Meni\u00e8re's disease and sudden deafness, dysrhythmia and salvos in DPRT were found in the age groups, 49 years of age and under and 50 years and over, as frequently as in the healthy and control group. In one case with Meni\u00e8re's disease which showed dysrhythmia, labyrinthectomy was done. This surgical manipulation of the labyrinth did not eliminate dysrhythmia, though a temporary improvement was obtained. This result indicates that the dysrhythmia may be of central origin. These findings also suggest that nystagmic rhythm in DPRT with mental arithmetic is significant in assessing brainstem dysfunctions, when the age and state of alertness of the patient are taken into consideration, or when comparing the pre- and post-operative findings in intracranial lesions.", "contents": "The damped pendular rotation test in central vestibular disorders. Nystagmic rhythm in the damped pendular rotation test (DPRT) was analysed electronystagmographically both in healthy subjects (control) and patients with peripheral and central vestibular lesions. The patients were tested in a semi-dark room with eyes open and, in addition, a serial subtraction task was performed to maintain the state of alertness throughout the rotation. In the controls 49 years of age and under dysrhythmia was found in 11%, while in persons 50 years of age and over the abnormal rate was 29%. In patients with acoustic tumors, who had undergone surgery in which the translabyrinthine and middle fossa approach had been utilized, dysrhthmia was present post-operatively in only a few cases. In patients 49 years of age and under, operated on through the suboccipital approach, dysrhythmia was found post-operatively, or was at least more remarkable than pre-operatively in most cases. Nystagmic rhythm was, on the other hand, regular with cerebellar degenerative process or atrophy. Pre-operative dysrhythmia in patients with cerebellar and cerebral tumors was in some cases post-operatively converted to regular rhythmic nystagmus in pendular stimulations. Therefore, in cerebellar and cerebral tumors, dysrhythmia was thought to be due to secondary effects in brainstem, as these tumors can cause intracranial hypertension and circulatory disturbances in surrounding brain tissues. In Meni\u00e8re's disease and sudden deafness, dysrhythmia and salvos in DPRT were found in the age groups, 49 years of age and under and 50 years and over, as frequently as in the healthy and control group. In one case with Meni\u00e8re's disease which showed dysrhythmia, labyrinthectomy was done. This surgical manipulation of the labyrinth did not eliminate dysrhythmia, though a temporary improvement was obtained. This result indicates that the dysrhythmia may be of central origin. These findings also suggest that nystagmic rhythm in DPRT with mental arithmetic is significant in assessing brainstem dysfunctions, when the age and state of alertness of the patient are taken into consideration, or when comparing the pre- and post-operative findings in intracranial lesions.", "PMID": 1036687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7478", "title": "Loss of a homologous group of proteins in a dominantly inherited ectodermal malformation.", "content": "Hair from mice bearing the dominantly inherited Naked trait (NN) and from normal (NN) mice of the same inbred strain was separated into its major protein components by standard techniques. The relative amounts of proteins in these components were then determined by a regression method from the amino acid composition of the hair samples and of the fractions into which they had been separated. The results indicated that the amount of soluble fibril in Naked-mouse hair is decreased. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of this fraction prepared from the hair of both normal and Naked mice revealed that all protein bands present in the normal are also present in the Naked mice. However, a densitometric scan of the gels at 280 nm showed that the soluble fibril fraction from Naked-mouse hair is deficient in several proteins which, on amino acid analysis, were found to contain 31% glycine and 10% tyrosine. Gel filtration of S-carboxymethylkerateine prepared from normal and mutant hair showed that the mutant hair is deficient in a heterogeneous, low-molecular-weight fraction also rich in glycine and tyrosine. Our present data do not reveal the mechanism whereby a single gene locus modulates the production of several different proteins.", "contents": "Loss of a homologous group of proteins in a dominantly inherited ectodermal malformation. Hair from mice bearing the dominantly inherited Naked trait (NN) and from normal (NN) mice of the same inbred strain was separated into its major protein components by standard techniques. The relative amounts of proteins in these components were then determined by a regression method from the amino acid composition of the hair samples and of the fractions into which they had been separated. The results indicated that the amount of soluble fibril in Naked-mouse hair is decreased. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of this fraction prepared from the hair of both normal and Naked mice revealed that all protein bands present in the normal are also present in the Naked mice. However, a densitometric scan of the gels at 280 nm showed that the soluble fibril fraction from Naked-mouse hair is deficient in several proteins which, on amino acid analysis, were found to contain 31% glycine and 10% tyrosine. Gel filtration of S-carboxymethylkerateine prepared from normal and mutant hair showed that the mutant hair is deficient in a heterogeneous, low-molecular-weight fraction also rich in glycine and tyrosine. Our present data do not reveal the mechanism whereby a single gene locus modulates the production of several different proteins.", "PMID": 1036688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7479", "title": "A method for radioimmunological assay of glisoxepide (author's transl).", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the antidiabetic drug 3-(4-[beta-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-carboxyamido)-ethyl]-benzenesulfonyl)-ureido-piperidine-4-carboxic acid (glisoxepide, I, Pro-Diaban) is described. Antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with a piperidine carboxylic acid analogue of glisoxepide coupled to bovine serum albumine. The carboxylic acid analogue coupled to [3H]-1-tyrosine methyl ester was used as the tracer. Antisera with high sensitivity were obtained. With some glisoxepide analogues the specificity of the antisera was investigated. For good binding the isoxazole and the benzene ring as well as the appropriate distance between both rings are essential. The assay can be carried out without extraction of the compound from the serum. Dextran coated charcoal is used for separation of free and bound glisoxepide.", "contents": "A method for radioimmunological assay of glisoxepide (author's transl). A radioimmunoassay for the antidiabetic drug 3-(4-[beta-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-carboxyamido)-ethyl]-benzenesulfonyl)-ureido-piperidine-4-carboxic acid (glisoxepide, I, Pro-Diaban) is described. Antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with a piperidine carboxylic acid analogue of glisoxepide coupled to bovine serum albumine. The carboxylic acid analogue coupled to [3H]-1-tyrosine methyl ester was used as the tracer. Antisera with high sensitivity were obtained. With some glisoxepide analogues the specificity of the antisera was investigated. For good binding the isoxazole and the benzene ring as well as the appropriate distance between both rings are essential. The assay can be carried out without extraction of the compound from the serum. Dextran coated charcoal is used for separation of free and bound glisoxepide.", "PMID": 1036690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7480", "title": "[Adenosine degradation in human erythrocytes in the presence of dilazep].", "content": "1. In the molar end concentration of 1 X 10(-6), 1,4-bis-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyloxy)-propyl]-perhydro-1,4-diazepine (dilazep) has no effect on crystalline adenosine desaminase. 2. In the same concentration dilazep does not affect adenosine desaminase activity of human hemolysing erythrocytes. 3. Under the influence of dilazep the methylene blue activated respiration of human erythrocytes is inhibited adenosine serving as substrate. a) The final molar concentration of 1 X 10(-7) leads to minor inhibition of the respiration. b) After transitory activation, final molar concentrations of 1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-5) also lead to inhibition, which is complete after 4 h and in which the concentration of 1 X 10(-6) has the most pronounced effect. 4. Basing on the experimental results obtained it is not yet possible to classify the mode of activity of dilazep.", "contents": "[Adenosine degradation in human erythrocytes in the presence of dilazep]. 1. In the molar end concentration of 1 X 10(-6), 1,4-bis-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyloxy)-propyl]-perhydro-1,4-diazepine (dilazep) has no effect on crystalline adenosine desaminase. 2. In the same concentration dilazep does not affect adenosine desaminase activity of human hemolysing erythrocytes. 3. Under the influence of dilazep the methylene blue activated respiration of human erythrocytes is inhibited adenosine serving as substrate. a) The final molar concentration of 1 X 10(-7) leads to minor inhibition of the respiration. b) After transitory activation, final molar concentrations of 1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-5) also lead to inhibition, which is complete after 4 h and in which the concentration of 1 X 10(-6) has the most pronounced effect. 4. Basing on the experimental results obtained it is not yet possible to classify the mode of activity of dilazep.", "PMID": 1036691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7481", "title": "[On the mode of action of difenoxine (R15403). Part 1: Studies on isolated intestinal smooth muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "1-(3-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonicotinic acid hydrochloride (difenoxine, R 15 403) in vitro acts directly on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It inhibits spontaneous contractions, it antagonizes the histamin-induced contractions and partially inhibits acetylcholine. Compared with pethidine difenoxine appears 50 times more powerful.", "contents": "[On the mode of action of difenoxine (R15403). Part 1: Studies on isolated intestinal smooth muscle (author's transl)]. 1-(3-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonicotinic acid hydrochloride (difenoxine, R 15 403) in vitro acts directly on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It inhibits spontaneous contractions, it antagonizes the histamin-induced contractions and partially inhibits acetylcholine. Compared with pethidine difenoxine appears 50 times more powerful.", "PMID": 1036692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7482", "title": "The effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides on function and structure of the ganglion cells.", "content": "The effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (Venoruton) on function and structure of the motor anterior-horn cells of the lumbar spinal cord was investigated under conditions of ischemia in the rabbit. The determination of the functional parameters of the ganglion cells, such as maximal function time (Fm), disappearance time (SFm), relative efficiency (La), and regeneration expenditure (Ea) revealed that 50 mg/kg of Venoruton injected prior to repeated aortic occlusion of short duration (occlusion time A = Fm and A = 2 Fm, respectively) caused the efficiency of the anterior-horn cells to be decreased. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial structure after prolonged aortic occlusion (15-25 min) revealed that after prior injection of Venoruton irreversible structural changes in the mitochondrial membranes of the ischemic area in the spinal cord occurred after aortic occlusion of 15 min duration. In the untreated controls such changes were not observed before 20 min of occlusion. The mitochondrial structure of the non-ischemic area in the spinal cord was found to be undamaged, however, in both controls and experimental animals. Venoruton given after prolonged aortic occlusion resulted in less pronounced structural changes of the mitochondria in the ischemic area of the experimental animals than those found in the untreated controls; paralysis of the hind extremities was found to occur only after prolonged occlusion (25 min), whereas in the controls such changes were already observed after 20 min of occlusion. Since no ultrastructural changes in the ganglion cells of the non-ischemic area in the in the lumbar spinal cord were observed after application of Venoruton, it is assumed that the decreased efficiency of the motor anterior-horn cells found in the ischemic area when Venoruton had been injected before the aortic occlusion may be due to reactions of the cell that only occur when the blood supply has been completely cut off and Venoruton is present at the same time.", "contents": "The effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides on function and structure of the ganglion cells. The effect of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (Venoruton) on function and structure of the motor anterior-horn cells of the lumbar spinal cord was investigated under conditions of ischemia in the rabbit. The determination of the functional parameters of the ganglion cells, such as maximal function time (Fm), disappearance time (SFm), relative efficiency (La), and regeneration expenditure (Ea) revealed that 50 mg/kg of Venoruton injected prior to repeated aortic occlusion of short duration (occlusion time A = Fm and A = 2 Fm, respectively) caused the efficiency of the anterior-horn cells to be decreased. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial structure after prolonged aortic occlusion (15-25 min) revealed that after prior injection of Venoruton irreversible structural changes in the mitochondrial membranes of the ischemic area in the spinal cord occurred after aortic occlusion of 15 min duration. In the untreated controls such changes were not observed before 20 min of occlusion. The mitochondrial structure of the non-ischemic area in the spinal cord was found to be undamaged, however, in both controls and experimental animals. Venoruton given after prolonged aortic occlusion resulted in less pronounced structural changes of the mitochondria in the ischemic area of the experimental animals than those found in the untreated controls; paralysis of the hind extremities was found to occur only after prolonged occlusion (25 min), whereas in the controls such changes were already observed after 20 min of occlusion. Since no ultrastructural changes in the ganglion cells of the non-ischemic area in the in the lumbar spinal cord were observed after application of Venoruton, it is assumed that the decreased efficiency of the motor anterior-horn cells found in the ischemic area when Venoruton had been injected before the aortic occlusion may be due to reactions of the cell that only occur when the blood supply has been completely cut off and Venoruton is present at the same time.", "PMID": 1036693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7483", "title": "On the adrenergic neuron blocking activity of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) during acute and chronic administration.", "content": "The quaternary quinuclidine derivative 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) antagonized rabbit ileum and cat nictitating membrane responses to postganglionic sympathetic stimulation in a manner similar to guanethidine, indicating adrenergic neuron blocking activity. The potency of MA540 in relation to guanethidine varied according to the experimental procedure employed for assay, being equal to, less and greater than that of the reference agent in the rabbit ileum, and the acute and chronic nictitating membrane, respectively. Preferential blockade of nictitating membrane responses to both lower and higher frequencies of sympathetic stimulation were found with MA540 and guanethidine, depending on the dose used in acute experiments, or on the number of daily administrations in chronic tests. Significant tolerance to the adrenergic impairment induced by MA540 and guanethidine was not apparent in membranes subjected to supramaximal sympathetic stimulation, but was evident in membranes under the influence of normal sympathetic tone in unanesthetized cats. This phenomenon appeared much earlier with guanethidine than with the quinuclidine derivative. Tolerance was correlated neither with norepinephrine supersensitivity nor with catecholamine depletion, which was evaluated indirectly through measurement of membrane responses to tyramine. The results of this study indicate that MA540 may be a useful antihypertensive agent, possessing some advantages over guanethidine.", "contents": "On the adrenergic neuron blocking activity of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) during acute and chronic administration. The quaternary quinuclidine derivative 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) antagonized rabbit ileum and cat nictitating membrane responses to postganglionic sympathetic stimulation in a manner similar to guanethidine, indicating adrenergic neuron blocking activity. The potency of MA540 in relation to guanethidine varied according to the experimental procedure employed for assay, being equal to, less and greater than that of the reference agent in the rabbit ileum, and the acute and chronic nictitating membrane, respectively. Preferential blockade of nictitating membrane responses to both lower and higher frequencies of sympathetic stimulation were found with MA540 and guanethidine, depending on the dose used in acute experiments, or on the number of daily administrations in chronic tests. Significant tolerance to the adrenergic impairment induced by MA540 and guanethidine was not apparent in membranes subjected to supramaximal sympathetic stimulation, but was evident in membranes under the influence of normal sympathetic tone in unanesthetized cats. This phenomenon appeared much earlier with guanethidine than with the quinuclidine derivative. Tolerance was correlated neither with norepinephrine supersensitivity nor with catecholamine depletion, which was evaluated indirectly through measurement of membrane responses to tyramine. The results of this study indicate that MA540 may be a useful antihypertensive agent, possessing some advantages over guanethidine.", "PMID": 1036694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7484", "title": "Cardiovascular and antihypertensive actions of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide.", "content": "The sympatholytic and norepinephrine depleting drug 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) possessed significant chronic antihypertensive activity in mecamylamine- and renal-hypertensive dogs. The compound was approximately four times more potent than guanethidine in the former model and three times as potent in the latter. MA540 reduced orthostatic blood pressure responses in unanesthetized rabbits, but was approximately ten times less potent than guanethidine. The quinuclidine derivative did not affect cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume in anesthetized open chest dogs and moderately increased mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance. It produced diuresis and saluresis in anesthetized dogs, but did not influence water or electrolyte urinary excretion in conscious rats. In the latter test, guanethidine produced antidiuresis and antisaluresis. It was concluded that MA540 is a potent, orally effective antihypertensive agent acting through adrenergic neuron blockade, that it lacks undesirable effects on cardiac and renal functions, and that compared with guanethidine, it is more potent in lowering blood pressure but less so in interfering with orthostatic cardiovascular reflexes.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and antihypertensive actions of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide. The sympatholytic and norepinephrine depleting drug 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) possessed significant chronic antihypertensive activity in mecamylamine- and renal-hypertensive dogs. The compound was approximately four times more potent than guanethidine in the former model and three times as potent in the latter. MA540 reduced orthostatic blood pressure responses in unanesthetized rabbits, but was approximately ten times less potent than guanethidine. The quinuclidine derivative did not affect cardiac output, heart rate or stroke volume in anesthetized open chest dogs and moderately increased mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance. It produced diuresis and saluresis in anesthetized dogs, but did not influence water or electrolyte urinary excretion in conscious rats. In the latter test, guanethidine produced antidiuresis and antisaluresis. It was concluded that MA540 is a potent, orally effective antihypertensive agent acting through adrenergic neuron blockade, that it lacks undesirable effects on cardiac and renal functions, and that compared with guanethidine, it is more potent in lowering blood pressure but less so in interfering with orthostatic cardiovascular reflexes.", "PMID": 1036695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7485", "title": "Secretion and localization of cathepsin D in synovial tissues removed from rheumatoid and traumatized joints. An immunohistochemical study.", "content": "The proteinase cathepsin D which degrades proteoglycan was never demonstrated in extracellular sites in tissues from patients with traumatized meniscoid cartilage, either before or after culture with an antiserum to human cathepsin D. In contrast, in synovia (but not usually cartilage) from the knees of 6 of 11 rheumatoid patients, extracellular cathepsin D was commonly detected by culturing tissues with an antiserum to this enzyme.", "contents": "Secretion and localization of cathepsin D in synovial tissues removed from rheumatoid and traumatized joints. An immunohistochemical study. The proteinase cathepsin D which degrades proteoglycan was never demonstrated in extracellular sites in tissues from patients with traumatized meniscoid cartilage, either before or after culture with an antiserum to human cathepsin D. In contrast, in synovia (but not usually cartilage) from the knees of 6 of 11 rheumatoid patients, extracellular cathepsin D was commonly detected by culturing tissues with an antiserum to this enzyme.", "PMID": 1036689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7486", "title": "Influence of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide on rat tissue monoamine levels in vivo.", "content": "The effects of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) on tissue monoamine levels in male rats have been compared to those of guanethidine. Neither compound influenced norepinephrine (NE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in brain or epinephrine (E) levels in adrenal medulla. MA540 is about twice as potent as guanethidine as a heart NE depleting agent at both 8 and 24 h after drug administration. The durations of action of the compounds are similar. Unlike guanethidine, MA540 does not deplete NE in small intestine, which suggests that the drug may not elicit guanethidine-like intestinal side effects.", "contents": "Influence of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide on rat tissue monoamine levels in vivo. The effects of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) on tissue monoamine levels in male rats have been compared to those of guanethidine. Neither compound influenced norepinephrine (NE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in brain or epinephrine (E) levels in adrenal medulla. MA540 is about twice as potent as guanethidine as a heart NE depleting agent at both 8 and 24 h after drug administration. The durations of action of the compounds are similar. Unlike guanethidine, MA540 does not deplete NE in small intestine, which suggests that the drug may not elicit guanethidine-like intestinal side effects.", "PMID": 1036696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7487", "title": "The biological disposition of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide in the rat and dog.", "content": "The biological disposition of 1-methyl-3-keto-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) has been studied in the rat and dog. Gastrointestinal absorption of the drug was considerably different in the 2 species; about 15% and 75% of the dose in the rat and dog, respectively. Tissue distribution after i.v. administration was characterized by generally high tissue/plasma drug ratios in the rat and by low plasma (the only tissue examined) levels in the dog. Drug localization was apparent in the liver and adrenals, and the highest average (24-h) concentration was found in those tissues. The distribution profile and the chemical nature of MA540 suggest that the compound was distributed, at least initially, in extracellular water. MA540 was not extensively metabolized by either species. Excretion, although initially fairly rapid, slowed such that whole body half-lives were estimated to be 21 h and 47 h in the rat and dog, respectively.", "contents": "The biological disposition of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide in the rat and dog. The biological disposition of 1-methyl-3-keto-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) has been studied in the rat and dog. Gastrointestinal absorption of the drug was considerably different in the 2 species; about 15% and 75% of the dose in the rat and dog, respectively. Tissue distribution after i.v. administration was characterized by generally high tissue/plasma drug ratios in the rat and by low plasma (the only tissue examined) levels in the dog. Drug localization was apparent in the liver and adrenals, and the highest average (24-h) concentration was found in those tissues. The distribution profile and the chemical nature of MA540 suggest that the compound was distributed, at least initially, in extracellular water. MA540 was not extensively metabolized by either species. Excretion, although initially fairly rapid, slowed such that whole body half-lives were estimated to be 21 h and 47 h in the rat and dog, respectively.", "PMID": 1036697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7488", "title": "The acute and target organ toxicity of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) and guanethidine in the rat and dog.", "content": "The effects of acute and repeated increasing oral doses of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) and guanethidine in the rat and dog have been described. On repeated oral administration guanethidine produced histopathological changes in cervical ganglia of rats and dogs which were clearly dose-dependent and reproduced lesions reported in the literature. Repeated oral administration of MA540 resulted in no histopathological changes in either species. The maximum tolerated oral dose for guanethidine was estimated to be 515 mg/kg in the rat and 26 mg/kg in the dog compared with an estimated maximum tolerated oral dose for MA540 of 1750 mg/kg in the rat and 460 mg/kg in the dog. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that subchronic studies with MA540 in the rat and dog should provide evidence which would justify the use of MA540 in man at daily oral doses as high as 9 mg/kg.", "contents": "The acute and target organ toxicity of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) and guanethidine in the rat and dog. The effects of acute and repeated increasing oral doses of 1-methyl-3-keto-4-phenylquinuclidinium bromide (MA540) and guanethidine in the rat and dog have been described. On repeated oral administration guanethidine produced histopathological changes in cervical ganglia of rats and dogs which were clearly dose-dependent and reproduced lesions reported in the literature. Repeated oral administration of MA540 resulted in no histopathological changes in either species. The maximum tolerated oral dose for guanethidine was estimated to be 515 mg/kg in the rat and 26 mg/kg in the dog compared with an estimated maximum tolerated oral dose for MA540 of 1750 mg/kg in the rat and 460 mg/kg in the dog. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that subchronic studies with MA540 in the rat and dog should provide evidence which would justify the use of MA540 in man at daily oral doses as high as 9 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1036698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7489", "title": "Anticatabolic action of formebolone in the castrated rat treated with dexamethasone.", "content": "The anticatabolic action of 2-formyl-17a-methylandrosta-1,4-diene-11a,17beta-diol-3-one (formebolone) was demonstrated by assessing the nitrogen elimination in the urine of castrated rats treated with dexamethasone-21-phosphate. The absence of a virilizing action is duly pointed out.", "contents": "Anticatabolic action of formebolone in the castrated rat treated with dexamethasone. The anticatabolic action of 2-formyl-17a-methylandrosta-1,4-diene-11a,17beta-diol-3-one (formebolone) was demonstrated by assessing the nitrogen elimination in the urine of castrated rats treated with dexamethasone-21-phosphate. The absence of a virilizing action is duly pointed out.", "PMID": 1036699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7490", "title": "The absorption of [G-3H]-acetylglycyrrhetate after oral administration to rats.", "content": "A tritium-labelled form of aluminium acetylglycyrrhetate has been synthesised by catalytic exchange with tritiated water. An oral dose of aluminium [3H]-acetylglycyrrhetate to rats was mainly excreted in the faeces (a mean of 73%). A mean of 4% was excreted in the urine and after five days 17% of the radioactivity was retained in the carcass. The amounts of non-volatile (drug-related radioactivity excreted in faeces and urine during five days were 65% and 3%, respectively, while 6% was retained in the carcass. The total amount of tritiated water produced was 24% of the dose. Experiments in rats with cannulated bile ducts indicated that much of the faecal radioactivity represented unabsorbed drug. 15% of an oral dose was eliminated in bile during 2 days. A minimum value for the extent of absorption of an oral dose was estimated as 21%. Plasma levels of radioactivity were very low and peak levels of drug-related radioactivity were reached at 30 min and represented about 0.2% of the dose in total plasma.", "contents": "The absorption of [G-3H]-acetylglycyrrhetate after oral administration to rats. A tritium-labelled form of aluminium acetylglycyrrhetate has been synthesised by catalytic exchange with tritiated water. An oral dose of aluminium [3H]-acetylglycyrrhetate to rats was mainly excreted in the faeces (a mean of 73%). A mean of 4% was excreted in the urine and after five days 17% of the radioactivity was retained in the carcass. The amounts of non-volatile (drug-related radioactivity excreted in faeces and urine during five days were 65% and 3%, respectively, while 6% was retained in the carcass. The total amount of tritiated water produced was 24% of the dose. Experiments in rats with cannulated bile ducts indicated that much of the faecal radioactivity represented unabsorbed drug. 15% of an oral dose was eliminated in bile during 2 days. A minimum value for the extent of absorption of an oral dose was estimated as 21%. Plasma levels of radioactivity were very low and peak levels of drug-related radioactivity were reached at 30 min and represented about 0.2% of the dose in total plasma.", "PMID": 1036700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7491", "title": "[The influence of orotic acid on the learning process of rats. Short communication (author's transl)].", "content": "A genuine water soluble orotic acid, e.g. thiamindisulfide orotate, increases the learning capability and thus the so called \"short-time memory\" in rats.", "contents": "[The influence of orotic acid on the learning process of rats. Short communication (author's transl)]. A genuine water soluble orotic acid, e.g. thiamindisulfide orotate, increases the learning capability and thus the so called \"short-time memory\" in rats.", "PMID": 1036701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7492", "title": "[Study on different kinds of animal feed for their adequateness for breeding and rearing beagle dogs. 1st communication: summarizing presentation of results (author's transl)].", "content": "Some of the current food mixtures for dogs available on the market and their further development were tested regarding the usage under rational and standardized experimental conditions. Further, it should be clarified which of the two separate modes of nutrition has the better effect on breeding and rearing of dogs. The use of a complete feed for breeding and maintaining (Altromin H) was compared with a special breeding feed (Zahn Z) together with a special maintenance feed (Zahn H). The tests were made at two places (Mannheim and Ingelheim) mainly on Beagle dogs. The food mixtures are described with the kind and quantity of the ingredients and nutrients. The results of the parameters measured in breeding effect, nursing period and rearing phase showed that all the feeds tested were nutritively satisfactory to the animals. Detailed information will be given in the 2nd and 3rd communications. Further investigations should be carried out on food consumption, food wastage, optional usage of the ingredients of the foodstuff and on energy balance.", "contents": "[Study on different kinds of animal feed for their adequateness for breeding and rearing beagle dogs. 1st communication: summarizing presentation of results (author's transl)]. Some of the current food mixtures for dogs available on the market and their further development were tested regarding the usage under rational and standardized experimental conditions. Further, it should be clarified which of the two separate modes of nutrition has the better effect on breeding and rearing of dogs. The use of a complete feed for breeding and maintaining (Altromin H) was compared with a special breeding feed (Zahn Z) together with a special maintenance feed (Zahn H). The tests were made at two places (Mannheim and Ingelheim) mainly on Beagle dogs. The food mixtures are described with the kind and quantity of the ingredients and nutrients. The results of the parameters measured in breeding effect, nursing period and rearing phase showed that all the feeds tested were nutritively satisfactory to the animals. Detailed information will be given in the 2nd and 3rd communications. Further investigations should be carried out on food consumption, food wastage, optional usage of the ingredients of the foodstuff and on energy balance.", "PMID": 1036702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7493", "title": "Behavioral effects of withdrawal of fluphenazine after long-term treatment.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were treated i.p. with 10-(3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-phenothiazine (fluphenazine dihydrochloride, FL, Mirenil) in a dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 weeks, or in a dose of 5 mg/kg for 21 weeks, beginning from the 6th day of life. Withdrawal of the drug caused an abstinence syndrome in the form of increased locomotor and exploratory activity and increased irritability of the animals. Behavioral observation during the period of drug administration indicated the development of tolerance to behavioral effects of FL. Male and female Wistar rats from mothers treated i.p. with 1 mg/kg of FL during pregnancy and lactation period were treated for 32 weeks with 1 mg/kg of FL beginning from the 8th day of life. In males, during the period of withdrawal as well as during renewed treatment, an increase in locomotor and exploratory activity was observed. The behavior of female rats during the withdrawal period was similar to that of control animals. The abstinence syndrome observed after withdrawal of FL is modified by the time of life at which treatment was started and by the sex of the animals.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of withdrawal of fluphenazine after long-term treatment. Male Wistar rats were treated i.p. with 10-(3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-phenothiazine (fluphenazine dihydrochloride, FL, Mirenil) in a dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 weeks, or in a dose of 5 mg/kg for 21 weeks, beginning from the 6th day of life. Withdrawal of the drug caused an abstinence syndrome in the form of increased locomotor and exploratory activity and increased irritability of the animals. Behavioral observation during the period of drug administration indicated the development of tolerance to behavioral effects of FL. Male and female Wistar rats from mothers treated i.p. with 1 mg/kg of FL during pregnancy and lactation period were treated for 32 weeks with 1 mg/kg of FL beginning from the 8th day of life. In males, during the period of withdrawal as well as during renewed treatment, an increase in locomotor and exploratory activity was observed. The behavior of female rats during the withdrawal period was similar to that of control animals. The abstinence syndrome observed after withdrawal of FL is modified by the time of life at which treatment was started and by the sex of the animals.", "PMID": 1036703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7494", "title": "Absorption and excretion of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) in man and dog.", "content": "The blood levels and excretion of radioactivity administered as 14C- or 3H-4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) have been studied after oral administration to dogs and man. After a single dose of 14C- or 3H-DA 2370 (10 mg/kg) to dogs the daily loss of radioactivity in urine and faeces fell to less than 1% of the dose in 4 days and the plasma levels showed a biexponential decay with mean half-lives of 3.7 and 62 h. When a single 200 mg dose of 3H-DA 2370 was administered to human subjects maximum urinary excretion of radioactivity occurred during day 2 with 4% of the total during day 5. Maximum faecal excretion was on day 2-3 with 0.5% of the dose on day 7. The plasma half-life was 32.5 h. A similar dose three times a day for 3 days had a half-life of 39 h when dosing ceased; radioactivity in the urine and faeces was 2% and 2.5% of the dose, respectively, 4 days later.", "contents": "Absorption and excretion of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) in man and dog. The blood levels and excretion of radioactivity administered as 14C- or 3H-4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) have been studied after oral administration to dogs and man. After a single dose of 14C- or 3H-DA 2370 (10 mg/kg) to dogs the daily loss of radioactivity in urine and faeces fell to less than 1% of the dose in 4 days and the plasma levels showed a biexponential decay with mean half-lives of 3.7 and 62 h. When a single 200 mg dose of 3H-DA 2370 was administered to human subjects maximum urinary excretion of radioactivity occurred during day 2 with 4% of the total during day 5. Maximum faecal excretion was on day 2-3 with 0.5% of the dose on day 7. The plasma half-life was 32.5 h. A similar dose three times a day for 3 days had a half-life of 39 h when dosing ceased; radioactivity in the urine and faeces was 2% and 2.5% of the dose, respectively, 4 days later.", "PMID": 1036704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7495", "title": "[Critical survey on liver microsome test, a system for detecting point mutations (author's transl)].", "content": "The host-mediated assay systems and the liver microsome test are compared considering carefully the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems regarding practice. The essay includes methodical problems as well as relevant questions for humans.", "contents": "[Critical survey on liver microsome test, a system for detecting point mutations (author's transl)]. The host-mediated assay systems and the liver microsome test are compared considering carefully the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems regarding practice. The essay includes methodical problems as well as relevant questions for humans.", "PMID": 1036705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7496", "title": "[Kinetics of ampicillin, oxacillin and carbenicillin after a short intravenous infusion in man].", "content": "Within 5 min 5 g of ampicillin, oxacillin and carbenicillin, respectively, were administered i.v. to patients with normal kidney function. Plasma levels of the antibiotic activity were measured up to 6 h following the injection. Urine was collected at intervals up to 8 h and the cumulative urinary excretion calculated. Furtheron, biologic half-life, volumes of distribution, total and renal clearance and area under the serum level curve have been assessed for the one- and the two-compartment model. For this model the amounts of drug in central and peripheral compartments were simulated. The statistical evaluation resulted in a highly significantly better fit when the data were analyzed according to the two-compartment model. Despite of these differences the physiological consequences of using the parameters of the one-compartment model were not significantly different.", "contents": "[Kinetics of ampicillin, oxacillin and carbenicillin after a short intravenous infusion in man]. Within 5 min 5 g of ampicillin, oxacillin and carbenicillin, respectively, were administered i.v. to patients with normal kidney function. Plasma levels of the antibiotic activity were measured up to 6 h following the injection. Urine was collected at intervals up to 8 h and the cumulative urinary excretion calculated. Furtheron, biologic half-life, volumes of distribution, total and renal clearance and area under the serum level curve have been assessed for the one- and the two-compartment model. For this model the amounts of drug in central and peripheral compartments were simulated. The statistical evaluation resulted in a highly significantly better fit when the data were analyzed according to the two-compartment model. Despite of these differences the physiological consequences of using the parameters of the one-compartment model were not significantly different.", "PMID": 1036706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7497", "title": "[Studies on the metabolism of l-asparaginic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "After infusion of DL-asparaginic acid (Inzolen) during operation the pharmacokinetics of L-aspartic acid were followed by means of enzymatic determinations in serum and urine samples. The level of L-aspartic acid in the serum increases during the infusion of 250 ml of Inzolen-Infusion (18.54 g DL-aspartic acid) from an original value of 2 mg/l to a maximal value of 156 mg/l, reached at the end of the infusion. Two hours after the termination of infusion, the aspartic acid level returns almost to its original value. Only 20% of the infused L-aspartic acid is excreted unmetabolized.", "contents": "[Studies on the metabolism of l-asparaginic acid (author's transl)]. After infusion of DL-asparaginic acid (Inzolen) during operation the pharmacokinetics of L-aspartic acid were followed by means of enzymatic determinations in serum and urine samples. The level of L-aspartic acid in the serum increases during the infusion of 250 ml of Inzolen-Infusion (18.54 g DL-aspartic acid) from an original value of 2 mg/l to a maximal value of 156 mg/l, reached at the end of the infusion. Two hours after the termination of infusion, the aspartic acid level returns almost to its original value. Only 20% of the infused L-aspartic acid is excreted unmetabolized.", "PMID": 1036707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7498", "title": "[Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 14C-cyproterone acetate after administration as a 50-mg tablet (author's transl)].", "content": "Four male volunteers were each given a 50 mg oral dose of methylene-14C-labelled cyproterone acetate in a formulation largely identical to the commercial preparation Androcur Tablets. A further 3 volunteers were each given 10 mg of the 14C-labelled compound by intramuscular injection. Plasma samples were obtained and urine and faeces collected quantitatively from each volunteer up to 10 days post administration. 1. Absorption of the 50 mg of cyproterone acetate administered in the form of Androcur Tablets was largely complete. 2. The maximal plasma level of 400 +/- 40 ng cyproterone acetate equivalents/ml of plasma, calculated from the 14C activity, was found 3,8 +/- 0,5 hours after oral administration. By 10 hours post administration the plasma level had declined with a half-life of 7,9 +/- 2,5 hours (distribution and elimination). The fictitious distribution volume assignable to this process amounted to 140 +/- 40% of body weight. Plasma 14C-activity then decreased with a half-life of 1,8 +/- 0,2 days, which was consistent with elimination. 3. The labelled substance was almost completely extractable from plasma and could be separated by chromatography into 2 fractions of about equal size: cyproterone acetate and one metabolite. 4. Orally administered cyproterone acetate was eliminated with a half-life of 1,6 +/- 0,1 days. By 10 days post administration 33 +/- 6% of the dose had been detected in urine and 60 +/- 8% in faeces. Up to this time total elimination amounted to 93 +/- 5% of the dose. 5. After intramuscular injection of 10 mg of cyproterone acetate the half-life for absorption from the muscular depot was 7,0 +/- 0,2 hours. Between 2 and 10 days post administration there was a uniform decrease in plasma level and urinary elimination with half-life of 2,3 +/- 0,1 days and 2,1 +/- 0,2 days respectively. By the end of the trial 34 +/- 5% of the dose had been eliminated with urine and 57 +/- 6% with faeces.", "contents": "[Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 14C-cyproterone acetate after administration as a 50-mg tablet (author's transl)]. Four male volunteers were each given a 50 mg oral dose of methylene-14C-labelled cyproterone acetate in a formulation largely identical to the commercial preparation Androcur Tablets. A further 3 volunteers were each given 10 mg of the 14C-labelled compound by intramuscular injection. Plasma samples were obtained and urine and faeces collected quantitatively from each volunteer up to 10 days post administration. 1. Absorption of the 50 mg of cyproterone acetate administered in the form of Androcur Tablets was largely complete. 2. The maximal plasma level of 400 +/- 40 ng cyproterone acetate equivalents/ml of plasma, calculated from the 14C activity, was found 3,8 +/- 0,5 hours after oral administration. By 10 hours post administration the plasma level had declined with a half-life of 7,9 +/- 2,5 hours (distribution and elimination). The fictitious distribution volume assignable to this process amounted to 140 +/- 40% of body weight. Plasma 14C-activity then decreased with a half-life of 1,8 +/- 0,2 days, which was consistent with elimination. 3. The labelled substance was almost completely extractable from plasma and could be separated by chromatography into 2 fractions of about equal size: cyproterone acetate and one metabolite. 4. Orally administered cyproterone acetate was eliminated with a half-life of 1,6 +/- 0,1 days. By 10 days post administration 33 +/- 6% of the dose had been detected in urine and 60 +/- 8% in faeces. Up to this time total elimination amounted to 93 +/- 5% of the dose. 5. After intramuscular injection of 10 mg of cyproterone acetate the half-life for absorption from the muscular depot was 7,0 +/- 0,2 hours. Between 2 and 10 days post administration there was a uniform decrease in plasma level and urinary elimination with half-life of 2,3 +/- 0,1 days and 2,1 +/- 0,2 days respectively. By the end of the trial 34 +/- 5% of the dose had been eliminated with urine and 57 +/- 6% with faeces.", "PMID": 1036708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7499", "title": "[The influence of a therapy with vasodilating agents on the sleep EEG of patients with cerebral circulatory disturbances. Results of a double blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients (24 men, 6 women) aged from 30-74 years and suffering from ischemic lesions in the cerebral hemispheres all-night EEG recordings before and after a 3 weeks' treatment with vasodilating drugs were carried out. At the same time the development of the clinico-neurological and psychoorganic symptomatology, also using test psychological methods, were studied. The drugs--10 patients received 50 mg raubasin, 6 patients 500 mg bencyclan and the others a salt solution--were administered i.v. Under the treatment no change in the primary sleep EEG findings could be observed, whereas there was an improvement of the clinico-neurological and psychoorganic symptomatology in the drug as well as in the placebo group. The lack of improvement in mood and state of well-being is discussed in its relationship to the sleep behaviour.", "contents": "[The influence of a therapy with vasodilating agents on the sleep EEG of patients with cerebral circulatory disturbances. Results of a double blind study (author's transl)]. In 30 patients (24 men, 6 women) aged from 30-74 years and suffering from ischemic lesions in the cerebral hemispheres all-night EEG recordings before and after a 3 weeks' treatment with vasodilating drugs were carried out. At the same time the development of the clinico-neurological and psychoorganic symptomatology, also using test psychological methods, were studied. The drugs--10 patients received 50 mg raubasin, 6 patients 500 mg bencyclan and the others a salt solution--were administered i.v. Under the treatment no change in the primary sleep EEG findings could be observed, whereas there was an improvement of the clinico-neurological and psychoorganic symptomatology in the drug as well as in the placebo group. The lack of improvement in mood and state of well-being is discussed in its relationship to the sleep behaviour.", "PMID": 1036709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7500", "title": "[On the effect of colloid sulphur addition to shampoos on the pileous skin of the head (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 16 male test persons was subjected to hair washes with a standard tenside solution over a period of 4 weeks at one-weekly intervals. 1.25% colloidal sulphur were added to the solution for the 3rd hair wash. From the 2nd week onwards quantitative lipid determinations were carried out on the 2nd and 5th day after washing. The samples from the 5th day were also analysed by thin-layer chromatography. We could not demonstrate any influence on the amount of lipid. There was, however, after the addition of sulphur a significant reduction in the free fatty acids to the advantage of the triglycerides. The addition of sulphur, therefore, brings about a decrease in the bacterial lipolysis of the triglycerides on the hair of the head. Apart from this, a significant increase in the free cholesterol and a significant decrease in the wax and cholesterol esters could be demonstrated after the application of sulphur. This could be possibly an expresion of the keratolytic effect of the sulphur.", "contents": "[On the effect of colloid sulphur addition to shampoos on the pileous skin of the head (author's transl)]. A group of 16 male test persons was subjected to hair washes with a standard tenside solution over a period of 4 weeks at one-weekly intervals. 1.25% colloidal sulphur were added to the solution for the 3rd hair wash. From the 2nd week onwards quantitative lipid determinations were carried out on the 2nd and 5th day after washing. The samples from the 5th day were also analysed by thin-layer chromatography. We could not demonstrate any influence on the amount of lipid. There was, however, after the addition of sulphur a significant reduction in the free fatty acids to the advantage of the triglycerides. The addition of sulphur, therefore, brings about a decrease in the bacterial lipolysis of the triglycerides on the hair of the head. Apart from this, a significant increase in the free cholesterol and a significant decrease in the wax and cholesterol esters could be demonstrated after the application of sulphur. This could be possibly an expresion of the keratolytic effect of the sulphur.", "PMID": 1036710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7501", "title": "[Pharmacology of \"essential\" phospholipids (author's transl)].", "content": "In an extensive pharmacological screening of \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) antilipemic, hepatoprotective, broncholytic, as well as slight choleretic effects were found and the substance decreased capillary permeability. There was practically no influence on other functions or systems including the vegetative system (heart, circulation, respiration).", "contents": "[Pharmacology of \"essential\" phospholipids (author's transl)]. In an extensive pharmacological screening of \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) antilipemic, hepatoprotective, broncholytic, as well as slight choleretic effects were found and the substance decreased capillary permeability. There was practically no influence on other functions or systems including the vegetative system (heart, circulation, respiration).", "PMID": 1036711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7502", "title": "[The anti-hyperlipemic and anti-atherogenic effect of \"essential\" phospholipids: a pharmacologic trial].", "content": "To prove antilipemic and antiatherogenic effectiveness several animal species were given \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) during different experimental procedures. The following actions were studied: 1. Effect of EPL-substance after prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight daily) in rats with acute and subacute hypelipemia induced by triton. 2. Effect of EPL-substance after prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450, 1800 mg/kg bodyweight daily) in rats with dietetic hypercholesterolemia. 3. Effect of EPL-substance after daily oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight) on the development of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis and various biochemical parameters in cholesterol-fed cockerels. 4. Effect of EPL-substance after dialy oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight) on subacute triton-hyperlipemia in mini pigs. Triton-administration causes a greater or smaller increase in all parameters of the lipid metabolism measured. EPL treatment decreases these parameters during therapeutic and prophylactic administration in some cases even reaching normal values. The effect was clearly dose-dependent. EPL inhibit the increase in total lipids in dietetic hypercholesterolemia during therapeutic as well as during prophylactic administration. The effect was clearly dose-dependent in all doses, being statistically significant at the highest dosage level. In cockerels EPL were effective at all dose levels in counteracting the development of coronary atherosclerosis while the effect in atherosclerosis of aorta was less distinct. Except for non-esterified fatty acids, EPL reduced all biochemical parameters measured.", "contents": "[The anti-hyperlipemic and anti-atherogenic effect of \"essential\" phospholipids: a pharmacologic trial]. To prove antilipemic and antiatherogenic effectiveness several animal species were given \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) during different experimental procedures. The following actions were studied: 1. Effect of EPL-substance after prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight daily) in rats with acute and subacute hypelipemia induced by triton. 2. Effect of EPL-substance after prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450, 1800 mg/kg bodyweight daily) in rats with dietetic hypercholesterolemia. 3. Effect of EPL-substance after daily oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight) on the development of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis and various biochemical parameters in cholesterol-fed cockerels. 4. Effect of EPL-substance after dialy oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight) on subacute triton-hyperlipemia in mini pigs. Triton-administration causes a greater or smaller increase in all parameters of the lipid metabolism measured. EPL treatment decreases these parameters during therapeutic and prophylactic administration in some cases even reaching normal values. The effect was clearly dose-dependent. EPL inhibit the increase in total lipids in dietetic hypercholesterolemia during therapeutic as well as during prophylactic administration. The effect was clearly dose-dependent in all doses, being statistically significant at the highest dosage level. In cockerels EPL were effective at all dose levels in counteracting the development of coronary atherosclerosis while the effect in atherosclerosis of aorta was less distinct. Except for non-esterified fatty acids, EPL reduced all biochemical parameters measured.", "PMID": 1036712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7503", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the pharmacokinetics of \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of orally applied \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) (i.e. polyenyl phosphatidyl choline) was investigated in conscious and in anesthetized rats with the aid of radioactively labelled dilinolyl phosphatidylcholines (3H and 14C.). Absorption, distribution and metabolism of EPL were studied using autoradiography and by measuring the distribution of the abosrbed radioactivity in lymph, blood and internal organs, and by determining excretion and expiration.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the pharmacokinetics of \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL)]. The pharmacokinetics of orally applied \"essential\" phospholipids (EPL) (i.e. polyenyl phosphatidyl choline) was investigated in conscious and in anesthetized rats with the aid of radioactively labelled dilinolyl phosphatidylcholines (3H and 14C.). Absorption, distribution and metabolism of EPL were studied using autoradiography and by measuring the distribution of the abosrbed radioactivity in lymph, blood and internal organs, and by determining excretion and expiration.", "PMID": 1036713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7504", "title": "Chrysotile-induced asbestosis: changes in the free cell population, pulmonary surfactant and whole lung tissue of rats.", "content": "Rats inhaling chrysotile asbestos contracted asbestosis and fibrosis of the lungs. Studies of biochemical and morphological changes (between normal and treated animals) show that chrysotile induces an increase in the lung free cell population and pulmonary surfactant levels. Lysosomal enzyme levels are elevated in both the whole lung and free cell population and there are considerable changes in macrophage morphology. It is suggested that the primary response of the lung to chrysotile is an increase in surfactant production coupled with an increase in free cell numbers, in order to prevent the cytotoxic effect of the dust.", "contents": "Chrysotile-induced asbestosis: changes in the free cell population, pulmonary surfactant and whole lung tissue of rats. Rats inhaling chrysotile asbestos contracted asbestosis and fibrosis of the lungs. Studies of biochemical and morphological changes (between normal and treated animals) show that chrysotile induces an increase in the lung free cell population and pulmonary surfactant levels. Lysosomal enzyme levels are elevated in both the whole lung and free cell population and there are considerable changes in macrophage morphology. It is suggested that the primary response of the lung to chrysotile is an increase in surfactant production coupled with an increase in free cell numbers, in order to prevent the cytotoxic effect of the dust.", "PMID": 1036714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7505", "title": "Facilitated transport of di- and trinitrophenolate ions across lipid membranes by valinomycin and nonactin.", "content": "The conductance of black lipid membranes in the presence of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (or 2,4-dinitrophenol) is considerably enhanced, if the cation carriers valinomycin, enniatin B or nonactin are added. The effect is, however, largely independent of the cation concentration and is identical for the cations Li+, Na+ and Ba2+. This finding, as well as the sign and magnitude of the diffusion potential in the presence of a gradient of picrate are consistent with the assumption that the transport of picrate anions is facilitated by the above-mentioned macrocyclic compounds, but that cations are not directly involved. A model is suggested which, based on the generation of mobile defect structures by the incorporation of large molecules, allows one to explain facilitated transport without the assumption of stable chemical bonds between a carrier and its transported substrate. If K+ is present in the aqueous phase, the conductance is largely determined by the permeation of the cation complexes of valinomycin and nonactin. The conductance is, however, increases by adsorption of picrate anions to the membrane surface. The negative surface potential generated by the adsorption layer seems to be responsible for the saturation of the conductance at high picrate concentrations in the absence of valinomycin and nonactin.", "contents": "Facilitated transport of di- and trinitrophenolate ions across lipid membranes by valinomycin and nonactin. The conductance of black lipid membranes in the presence of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (or 2,4-dinitrophenol) is considerably enhanced, if the cation carriers valinomycin, enniatin B or nonactin are added. The effect is, however, largely independent of the cation concentration and is identical for the cations Li+, Na+ and Ba2+. This finding, as well as the sign and magnitude of the diffusion potential in the presence of a gradient of picrate are consistent with the assumption that the transport of picrate anions is facilitated by the above-mentioned macrocyclic compounds, but that cations are not directly involved. A model is suggested which, based on the generation of mobile defect structures by the incorporation of large molecules, allows one to explain facilitated transport without the assumption of stable chemical bonds between a carrier and its transported substrate. If K+ is present in the aqueous phase, the conductance is largely determined by the permeation of the cation complexes of valinomycin and nonactin. The conductance is, however, increases by adsorption of picrate anions to the membrane surface. The negative surface potential generated by the adsorption layer seems to be responsible for the saturation of the conductance at high picrate concentrations in the absence of valinomycin and nonactin.", "PMID": 1036715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7506", "title": "Combined modality treatment of American Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "Fifteen American patients with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated in a clinical trial employing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Two patients died during induction, and 13 achieved complete responses. Eight patients relapsed at a median of 11 weeks from initial treatment, and seven of these have died. The remaining patient has enjoyed a prolonged third remission following intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow autograft. Five patients remain in their first remission in excess of 1 year. The major therapeutic goal in the management of Burkitt's lymphoma is the prevention of relapse; the identification of risk factors and various strategies to achieve this goal are discussed.", "contents": "Combined modality treatment of American Burkitt's lymphoma. Fifteen American patients with Burkitt's lymphoma were treated in a clinical trial employing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Two patients died during induction, and 13 achieved complete responses. Eight patients relapsed at a median of 11 weeks from initial treatment, and seven of these have died. The remaining patient has enjoyed a prolonged third remission following intensive chemotherapy and bone marrow autograft. Five patients remain in their first remission in excess of 1 year. The major therapeutic goal in the management of Burkitt's lymphoma is the prevention of relapse; the identification of risk factors and various strategies to achieve this goal are discussed.", "PMID": 1036716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7507", "title": "Luekemic infiltration of the prostate: a case study and clinicopathological review.", "content": "A case of leukemic infiltration of the prostate occurring with acute retention of urine is reported. Examination of the blood showed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The number of reported cases of leukemic infiltration of the prostate is updated and a review of the literature on the subject is presented.", "contents": "Luekemic infiltration of the prostate: a case study and clinicopathological review. A case of leukemic infiltration of the prostate occurring with acute retention of urine is reported. Examination of the blood showed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The number of reported cases of leukemic infiltration of the prostate is updated and a review of the literature on the subject is presented.", "PMID": 1036717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7508", "title": "The relationship between the ionic composition of the environment and the secretory activity of the endocrine cell types of Stannius corpuscles in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus.", "content": "The corpuscles of Stannius of threespined sticklebacks contain two glandular cell types of presumed endocrine nature. To elucidate the function of both cell types the secretory activity of the cells was studied in fully adapted seawater and freshwater fishes and in specimens transferred from sea water to fresh water or adapted to media of various ionic composition. The secretory activity was established, in tissue sections and freeze-etch replicas, by estimating the volume of the nuclei, the density of the nuclear pores, and the frequency of exocytotic phenomena. The type-1 cells, ultrastructurally comparable to the predominant or only cell type described in many other teleosts, are more active in sea water than in fresh water. The activity of the type-2 cells, whose ultrastructural appearance is known only for salmonids and eels, is higher in fresh water. Transfer of seawater fishes to fresh water results in reduction of type-1 cells and activation of type-2 cells. The factors responsible for these changes were analyzed by exposure of fishes to solutions of various salts in fresh water and to artificial sea water with a reduced content of one of its components. The high activity of type-1 cells in sea water proved to be related to the high calcium content of this medium. These cells probably produce a substance comparable to hypocalcin, the endocrine factor isolated from the Stannius corpuscles of some other teleost species. The high activity of type-2 cells in fresh water appeared to be connected with the low sodium and potassium levels of this medium. Type-2 cells possibly produce a hitherto unknown hormone involved in the control of sodium and/or potassium metabolism.", "contents": "The relationship between the ionic composition of the environment and the secretory activity of the endocrine cell types of Stannius corpuscles in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus. The corpuscles of Stannius of threespined sticklebacks contain two glandular cell types of presumed endocrine nature. To elucidate the function of both cell types the secretory activity of the cells was studied in fully adapted seawater and freshwater fishes and in specimens transferred from sea water to fresh water or adapted to media of various ionic composition. The secretory activity was established, in tissue sections and freeze-etch replicas, by estimating the volume of the nuclei, the density of the nuclear pores, and the frequency of exocytotic phenomena. The type-1 cells, ultrastructurally comparable to the predominant or only cell type described in many other teleosts, are more active in sea water than in fresh water. The activity of the type-2 cells, whose ultrastructural appearance is known only for salmonids and eels, is higher in fresh water. Transfer of seawater fishes to fresh water results in reduction of type-1 cells and activation of type-2 cells. The factors responsible for these changes were analyzed by exposure of fishes to solutions of various salts in fresh water and to artificial sea water with a reduced content of one of its components. The high activity of type-1 cells in sea water proved to be related to the high calcium content of this medium. These cells probably produce a substance comparable to hypocalcin, the endocrine factor isolated from the Stannius corpuscles of some other teleost species. The high activity of type-2 cells in fresh water appeared to be connected with the low sodium and potassium levels of this medium. Type-2 cells possibly produce a hitherto unknown hormone involved in the control of sodium and/or potassium metabolism.", "PMID": 1036718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7509", "title": "Cytological factors and their predictive role in comparative radiosensitivity: a general summary.", "content": "Various cytological factors, including interphase chromosome volume (ICV), nuclear volume (NV), cell volume, DNA content per nucleus and per chromosome, have been reviewed to determine their usefulness as indices to predict radiosensitivity. Fourteen topics are discussed. They are: a historical development of the concept of using karyotypic features to estimate radiosensitivity; interrelationships between cellular parameters; relationship of the karyotype to the duration of mitosis and meiosis; relationships between chronic and acute irradiation and ICV using several radiobiological end points for woody and herbaceous species; correlations between dose and cellular parameters ftween chromosome aberrations and cellular characteristics after chronic irradiation; polyploidy and plant radiosensitivity; radiation-induced petal mutations in plants and their relationship to cellular parameters; correlations between mean survival time facter irradiation and cellular parameters in amphibians and higher plants; correlations between radiobiological end points and cellular parameters after whole-body irradiation in amphibians. insects and mammals; correlations between radiosensitivity and cellular parameters in diverse single-cell organisms; correlations between radiobiological end points and cellular parameters in higher plants irradiated with neutrons and the value of cell parameters to estimate relative biological effectiveness (RBE); and energy absorption and trends in radiosensitivity among species and radiobiological end points. It is concluded that ICV is usually the most useful parameter for predicting radiosensitivity.", "contents": "Cytological factors and their predictive role in comparative radiosensitivity: a general summary. Various cytological factors, including interphase chromosome volume (ICV), nuclear volume (NV), cell volume, DNA content per nucleus and per chromosome, have been reviewed to determine their usefulness as indices to predict radiosensitivity. Fourteen topics are discussed. They are: a historical development of the concept of using karyotypic features to estimate radiosensitivity; interrelationships between cellular parameters; relationship of the karyotype to the duration of mitosis and meiosis; relationships between chronic and acute irradiation and ICV using several radiobiological end points for woody and herbaceous species; correlations between dose and cellular parameters ftween chromosome aberrations and cellular characteristics after chronic irradiation; polyploidy and plant radiosensitivity; radiation-induced petal mutations in plants and their relationship to cellular parameters; correlations between mean survival time facter irradiation and cellular parameters in amphibians and higher plants; correlations between radiobiological end points and cellular parameters after whole-body irradiation in amphibians. insects and mammals; correlations between radiosensitivity and cellular parameters in diverse single-cell organisms; correlations between radiobiological end points and cellular parameters in higher plants irradiated with neutrons and the value of cell parameters to estimate relative biological effectiveness (RBE); and energy absorption and trends in radiosensitivity among species and radiobiological end points. It is concluded that ICV is usually the most useful parameter for predicting radiosensitivity.", "PMID": 1036722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7510", "title": "Lack of effect of acute prolactin suppression on renal water sodium and potassium excretion during sleep.", "content": "The possible role of endogenous prolactin (hPRL) in the regulation of renal water, Na and K excretion during sleep was tested in a group of 10 healthy female volunteers. Plasma hPRL and total urinary Na and K excretion were measured at 2- and 4-hourly intervals, respectively, in the control period and after prolactin inhibition with bromocriptin. Despite adequate prolactin suppression, no significant changes were observed in the nyctohemeral excretion rhythms of water, Na and K, suggesting that endogenous prolactin is not instrumental in the control of these parameters.", "contents": "Lack of effect of acute prolactin suppression on renal water sodium and potassium excretion during sleep. The possible role of endogenous prolactin (hPRL) in the regulation of renal water, Na and K excretion during sleep was tested in a group of 10 healthy female volunteers. Plasma hPRL and total urinary Na and K excretion were measured at 2- and 4-hourly intervals, respectively, in the control period and after prolactin inhibition with bromocriptin. Despite adequate prolactin suppression, no significant changes were observed in the nyctohemeral excretion rhythms of water, Na and K, suggesting that endogenous prolactin is not instrumental in the control of these parameters.", "PMID": 1036731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7511", "title": "Urinary excretion of drugs in chronic renal impairment with respect to changes their tubular handling by residual nephrons.", "content": "Decrease of the relative value of the renal clearance (the ratio between the value observed and the normal value) of a drug may be slower than the decrease of the relative value of the glomerular filtration rate. A slower decrease of drug renal clearance may be due to an increase in its effective secretion or a decrease in its effective reabsorption by residual nephrons. The mechanisms underlying these changes still remain obscure. One of the factors is assumed to be sodium osmotic diuresis in residual nephrons (associated with functional adaptation).", "contents": "Urinary excretion of drugs in chronic renal impairment with respect to changes their tubular handling by residual nephrons. Decrease of the relative value of the renal clearance (the ratio between the value observed and the normal value) of a drug may be slower than the decrease of the relative value of the glomerular filtration rate. A slower decrease of drug renal clearance may be due to an increase in its effective secretion or a decrease in its effective reabsorption by residual nephrons. The mechanisms underlying these changes still remain obscure. One of the factors is assumed to be sodium osmotic diuresis in residual nephrons (associated with functional adaptation).", "PMID": 1036732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7512", "title": "Articulation in early childhood autism.", "content": "Using a standardized articulation test, comparisons were made between the articulation of autistic children and (1) a group of predominantly subnormal language matched controls; (2) developmental receptive dysphasic controls. The autistic children's articulation was significantly superior to that of both control groups. The findings are discussed in relation to differences in the pattern of language impairment in the three groups.", "contents": "Articulation in early childhood autism. Using a standardized articulation test, comparisons were made between the articulation of autistic children and (1) a group of predominantly subnormal language matched controls; (2) developmental receptive dysphasic controls. The autistic children's articulation was significantly superior to that of both control groups. The findings are discussed in relation to differences in the pattern of language impairment in the three groups.", "PMID": 1036736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7513", "title": "Phonological investigation of verbal autistic and mentally retarded subjects.", "content": "A review of the pertinent literature indicates that autistic children are likely to show normal but delayed development of speech sounds. In contrast, atypical phonological development is suggested by experiments demonstrating that autistic subjects are deficient in their ability to extract the components of structured auditory input. A systematic investigation of the speech sound systems of verbal autistic and mentally retarded children reveals a delay in phoneme acquisition, as well as a relative uniformity of error types in both groups. The autistic subjects, however, differ significantly from the mentally retarded in the phonemic substitutions which they make. Autistic subjects are also characterized by a high correlation between frequency of phonological errors and level of overall language development. The findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that the autistic group shows a more global delay in language development.", "contents": "Phonological investigation of verbal autistic and mentally retarded subjects. A review of the pertinent literature indicates that autistic children are likely to show normal but delayed development of speech sounds. In contrast, atypical phonological development is suggested by experiments demonstrating that autistic subjects are deficient in their ability to extract the components of structured auditory input. A systematic investigation of the speech sound systems of verbal autistic and mentally retarded children reveals a delay in phoneme acquisition, as well as a relative uniformity of error types in both groups. The autistic subjects, however, differ significantly from the mentally retarded in the phonemic substitutions which they make. Autistic subjects are also characterized by a high correlation between frequency of phonological errors and level of overall language development. The findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that the autistic group shows a more global delay in language development.", "PMID": 1036737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7514", "title": "Biotransformation of ioglycamic acid, iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid in man.", "content": "The biotransformation of the 131I-labeled cholegraphic media ioglycamic acid, iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid in man is investigated. Plasma, urine and fistular bile were analyzed for unchanged and metabolized constituents of the administered substances using thin layer chromatography. No metabolites were found in plasma, but up to two were found in urine in addition to unchanged contrast media (a total of 50% of the total elimination in 24 hr. urine). A metabolite was only found in the fistular bile after the injection of iotroxic acid.", "contents": "Biotransformation of ioglycamic acid, iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid in man. The biotransformation of the 131I-labeled cholegraphic media ioglycamic acid, iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid in man is investigated. Plasma, urine and fistular bile were analyzed for unchanged and metabolized constituents of the administered substances using thin layer chromatography. No metabolites were found in plasma, but up to two were found in urine in addition to unchanged contrast media (a total of 50% of the total elimination in 24 hr. urine). A metabolite was only found in the fistular bile after the injection of iotroxic acid.", "PMID": 1036733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7515", "title": "Reassessment of elevated serotonin levels in blood platelets in early infantile autism.", "content": "Blood platelet serotonin content was measured in 30 children with early infantile autism, as defined by Kanner, 30 age-matched normal subjects, and 45 children with various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Serotonin content in the autistic group was 980 +/- 357 ng/mg platelet protein (mean +/- standard deviation), a value significantly higher than that for normal children, 807 +/- 202 ng/mg (p less than .025). Autistic children under school age had higher platelet serotonin concentrations than other older autistic individuals. There was little correlation between age and serotonin levels in the normal children. Elevated serotonin was also seen in some of the non-autistic pathological group, who were disturbed and hyperactive. Elevated serotonin levels are not necessarily a specific biochemical finding for autistic children, but seem to be due to their behavioral distinction.", "contents": "Reassessment of elevated serotonin levels in blood platelets in early infantile autism. Blood platelet serotonin content was measured in 30 children with early infantile autism, as defined by Kanner, 30 age-matched normal subjects, and 45 children with various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Serotonin content in the autistic group was 980 +/- 357 ng/mg platelet protein (mean +/- standard deviation), a value significantly higher than that for normal children, 807 +/- 202 ng/mg (p less than .025). Autistic children under school age had higher platelet serotonin concentrations than other older autistic individuals. There was little correlation between age and serotonin levels in the normal children. Elevated serotonin was also seen in some of the non-autistic pathological group, who were disturbed and hyperactive. Elevated serotonin levels are not necessarily a specific biochemical finding for autistic children, but seem to be due to their behavioral distinction.", "PMID": 1036738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7516", "title": "Neuropathologic aspects of psychosis in children.", "content": "On the basis of a search of the literature and extensive inquiries to clinicians, this paper catalogues those cases that contain any information concerning possible neuropathologic changes in cases of childhood autism or psychosis. In all, 33 cases were identified. Twenty-nine cases are from the literature; six of these are sibling pairs. Four cases were folnd by inquiry and have not been reported heretofore. Because of limitations in both the clinical and neuropathologic data in most of the case reports, the paper serves primarily as a source of reference to the 33 cases identified. The information that is available is presented along with some tentative suggestions for further research.", "contents": "Neuropathologic aspects of psychosis in children. On the basis of a search of the literature and extensive inquiries to clinicians, this paper catalogues those cases that contain any information concerning possible neuropathologic changes in cases of childhood autism or psychosis. In all, 33 cases were identified. Twenty-nine cases are from the literature; six of these are sibling pairs. Four cases were folnd by inquiry and have not been reported heretofore. Because of limitations in both the clinical and neuropathologic data in most of the case reports, the paper serves primarily as a source of reference to the 33 cases identified. The information that is available is presented along with some tentative suggestions for further research.", "PMID": 1036739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7517", "title": "Platelet uptake and efflux of serotonin in subtypes of psychotic children.", "content": "The only finding of a metabolic defect in psychotic children which has been replicated in a blind study is the discovery of an elevated efflux of serotonin from the platelets of children with early infantile autism (Boullin, Coleman, & O'Brien, 1970; Boullin, Coleman, O'Brien, & Rimland, 1971). The reported failure of Yuwiler, Ritvo, Geller, Glousman, Schneiderman, and Matsuno (1975) to replicate the Boullin et al. findings is attributable to differences in the method of selecting subjects. The Boullin et al. studies found that only children with classical infantile autism, as diagnosed by the Rimland E-2 check list, manifested the metabolic error. Since only 10% of psychotic children score in the autistic range on the check list, and since all children in the Yuwiler et al. study displayed the syndrome of \"perceptual inconstancy,\" a syndrome inconsistent with \"insistence on the preservation of sameness,\" an integral part of the syndrome of early infantile autism as scored on the E-2 check list, the failure of Yuwiler et al. to find elevated efflux in their sample was to be expected.", "contents": "Platelet uptake and efflux of serotonin in subtypes of psychotic children. The only finding of a metabolic defect in psychotic children which has been replicated in a blind study is the discovery of an elevated efflux of serotonin from the platelets of children with early infantile autism (Boullin, Coleman, & O'Brien, 1970; Boullin, Coleman, O'Brien, & Rimland, 1971). The reported failure of Yuwiler, Ritvo, Geller, Glousman, Schneiderman, and Matsuno (1975) to replicate the Boullin et al. findings is attributable to differences in the method of selecting subjects. The Boullin et al. studies found that only children with classical infantile autism, as diagnosed by the Rimland E-2 check list, manifested the metabolic error. Since only 10% of psychotic children score in the autistic range on the check list, and since all children in the Yuwiler et al. study displayed the syndrome of \"perceptual inconstancy,\" a syndrome inconsistent with \"insistence on the preservation of sameness,\" an integral part of the syndrome of early infantile autism as scored on the E-2 check list, the failure of Yuwiler et al. to find elevated efflux in their sample was to be expected.", "PMID": 1036740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7518", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a solitary functioning thyroid nodule.", "content": "A case of hypothyroidism is described in a young woman who on thyroid scan had a discrete functioning \"nodule\" with homogeneous radioactive iodine uptake, and surrounded by atrophic non-functioning thyroid tissue. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were not demonstrable, but anti-microsomal antibodies were positive at a titer of 1:25,600. Histologically, the \"nodule\" represented Hashimoto's thyroiditis with more extensive destruction of the remaining gland. Although it is unusual, Hashimoto's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of functioning thyroid nodules, and both anti-thyroglobulin and anti-microsomal antibodies should be obtained in such circumstances.", "contents": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a solitary functioning thyroid nodule. A case of hypothyroidism is described in a young woman who on thyroid scan had a discrete functioning \"nodule\" with homogeneous radioactive iodine uptake, and surrounded by atrophic non-functioning thyroid tissue. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were not demonstrable, but anti-microsomal antibodies were positive at a titer of 1:25,600. Histologically, the \"nodule\" represented Hashimoto's thyroiditis with more extensive destruction of the remaining gland. Although it is unusual, Hashimoto's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of functioning thyroid nodules, and both anti-thyroglobulin and anti-microsomal antibodies should be obtained in such circumstances.", "PMID": 1036742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7519", "title": "Ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropins in cases of inappropriate lactation: restoration of ovarian function with bromocryptine.", "content": "In ten patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who had hyperprolactinemia, ovulation could not be induced clomiphene citrate or exogenous gonadotropins. Treatment with bromocryptine in eight of these patients resulted in suppression of PRL in all, cessation of galactorrhea and ovulation in seven and conception in five.", "contents": "Ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropins in cases of inappropriate lactation: restoration of ovarian function with bromocryptine. In ten patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who had hyperprolactinemia, ovulation could not be induced clomiphene citrate or exogenous gonadotropins. Treatment with bromocryptine in eight of these patients resulted in suppression of PRL in all, cessation of galactorrhea and ovulation in seven and conception in five.", "PMID": 1036743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7520", "title": "The in vitro suppression of lectin induced 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes after the addition of propylthiouracil.", "content": "A possible in vitro immunosuppressive role of propylthiouracil (PTU) was investigated by culturing peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal subjects with plant lectins in the presence of PTU added at the onset of culture or near the time of peak cell division. When added at the onset of culture PTU caused a dose-related suppression of lectin stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake with an average of approximately 50% suppression at a PTU concentration of 100 mug/ml. When added at the time of peak cell division however, marked suppression was produced by 10 mug/ml of PTU. Prolonged remissions in patients with Graves' disease treated with PTU, and possibly other anti-thyroid drugs, may thus be due to an immunosuppressive role of the drug rather than the natural evolution of the disease.", "contents": "The in vitro suppression of lectin induced 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes after the addition of propylthiouracil. A possible in vitro immunosuppressive role of propylthiouracil (PTU) was investigated by culturing peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal subjects with plant lectins in the presence of PTU added at the onset of culture or near the time of peak cell division. When added at the onset of culture PTU caused a dose-related suppression of lectin stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake with an average of approximately 50% suppression at a PTU concentration of 100 mug/ml. When added at the time of peak cell division however, marked suppression was produced by 10 mug/ml of PTU. Prolonged remissions in patients with Graves' disease treated with PTU, and possibly other anti-thyroid drugs, may thus be due to an immunosuppressive role of the drug rather than the natural evolution of the disease.", "PMID": 1036744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7521", "title": "Electron microscope assessment of fertilization of rabbit ova treated with concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "Zonaless rabbit ova, exposed to Concanavalin A or Wheat Germ Agglutinin, then to uterine capacitated sperm produce pronuclear, 2 and 4 stage embryos that are indistinguishable from controls. Absence of cortical granules indicates that the ova were fertilized and not merely activated. Survival of lectin-bearing receptors during the period necessary for fertilization was evaluated in ova marked with ferritin-conjugated lectin.", "contents": "Electron microscope assessment of fertilization of rabbit ova treated with concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. Zonaless rabbit ova, exposed to Concanavalin A or Wheat Germ Agglutinin, then to uterine capacitated sperm produce pronuclear, 2 and 4 stage embryos that are indistinguishable from controls. Absence of cortical granules indicates that the ova were fertilized and not merely activated. Survival of lectin-bearing receptors during the period necessary for fertilization was evaluated in ova marked with ferritin-conjugated lectin.", "PMID": 1036748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7522", "title": "Enhancement of haemolysis by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) after pre-treatment with heterophile antibody and complement.", "content": "Pre-treatment of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with fresh human plasma enhances its haemolytic (HL) capacity by several factors. The effect is due to complement activation by the heterophile anti-chick antibody present in human plasma. All the adult human plasmas tested were effective, also 91/100 human cord blood sera. The antibody was mainly of the IgM class. The enhanced HL was due to integration and transference of the complement 'holed' virus envelope membrane and subsequent leakage of haemoglobin. High concentration of activated complement destroys the integrity of the virus enevelope. Treatment of chick erythrocytes and fibroblasts with human plasma also produced lysis of the cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of haemolysis by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) after pre-treatment with heterophile antibody and complement. Pre-treatment of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with fresh human plasma enhances its haemolytic (HL) capacity by several factors. The effect is due to complement activation by the heterophile anti-chick antibody present in human plasma. All the adult human plasmas tested were effective, also 91/100 human cord blood sera. The antibody was mainly of the IgM class. The enhanced HL was due to integration and transference of the complement 'holed' virus envelope membrane and subsequent leakage of haemoglobin. High concentration of activated complement destroys the integrity of the virus enevelope. Treatment of chick erythrocytes and fibroblasts with human plasma also produced lysis of the cells.", "PMID": 1036749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7523", "title": "Pregnancy following bromocryptine therapy for the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to a pituitary tumour.", "content": "A woman developed amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea after partial removal of a pituitary tumor during pregnancy. Hyperprolactinaemia was supressed by therapy with bromocryptine (CB 154, Sandoz) resulting in cessation of galactorrhoea in two months, spontaneous menstruation after eight months, and pregnancy after twelve months.", "contents": "Pregnancy following bromocryptine therapy for the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to a pituitary tumour. A woman developed amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea after partial removal of a pituitary tumor during pregnancy. Hyperprolactinaemia was supressed by therapy with bromocryptine (CB 154, Sandoz) resulting in cessation of galactorrhoea in two months, spontaneous menstruation after eight months, and pregnancy after twelve months.", "PMID": 1036755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7524", "title": "The reaction of Cytembena with cellular thiol compounds.", "content": "Cytembena has been shown to undergo a rapid addition reaction with a number of thiol compounds, including glutathione and cysteine, resulting in alkylation of the sulphur. Administration of Cytembena to Yoshida sarcoma cells and to L1210 leukemia cells resulted in a loss of titratable thiol groups within the cells, though the loss of thiol groups caused by pharmacologically active doses of the drug was not sufficient to account, in itself, for the observed toxicity. The addition product of Cytembena and glutathione was isolated and tested for cytotoxicity; it was much less effective than free Cytembena. It is concluded that this reaction acts as a route of detoxification of Cytembena.", "contents": "The reaction of Cytembena with cellular thiol compounds. Cytembena has been shown to undergo a rapid addition reaction with a number of thiol compounds, including glutathione and cysteine, resulting in alkylation of the sulphur. Administration of Cytembena to Yoshida sarcoma cells and to L1210 leukemia cells resulted in a loss of titratable thiol groups within the cells, though the loss of thiol groups caused by pharmacologically active doses of the drug was not sufficient to account, in itself, for the observed toxicity. The addition product of Cytembena and glutathione was isolated and tested for cytotoxicity; it was much less effective than free Cytembena. It is concluded that this reaction acts as a route of detoxification of Cytembena.", "PMID": 1036760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7525", "title": "Spermatozoal migration and lymphatics: a hypothesis.", "content": "The exact mechanism of sperm migration is still unknown. Lymphatics may act as transporting channels for the migration of sperms. The relevant literature is reviewed and it is suggested that myometrial contractions may allow the lymphatics of the uterus to take up the sperms and pump them actively towards the uterine tubes, where they are pumped again by tubal contractions towards their destination at the end of the tube where they fertilize the ovum.", "contents": "Spermatozoal migration and lymphatics: a hypothesis. The exact mechanism of sperm migration is still unknown. Lymphatics may act as transporting channels for the migration of sperms. The relevant literature is reviewed and it is suggested that myometrial contractions may allow the lymphatics of the uterus to take up the sperms and pump them actively towards the uterine tubes, where they are pumped again by tubal contractions towards their destination at the end of the tube where they fertilize the ovum.", "PMID": 1036754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7526", "title": "Sequelae of head and neck positions on auditory performance.", "content": "Stapedius reflex level, slow auditory evoked potential (AEP), and hearing threshold level of 18 normal adult probands (11 female, 7 male) as well as of 14 normal hearing cerebral palsied children between 4 and 12 years of age (5 female, 9 males)--were determined in different postures which correspond to the influence of tonic reflex activities in supine and prone, and in the so-called \"reflex inhibiting pattern\" (Bobath) and in a symmetrical relaxed position of neck, trunk and extremities in supine (the last one could only be maintained by the normal volunteers). Influence of the postures was small but significant for all parameters in the volunteers group as well as for AEP in the patients group. In the latter group the influence of tonic reflex activities on auditory evoked potential was independent from their strength. The strength of tonic reflex activity had been graded from 1-5 as judged from clinical impression by observation and palpation.", "contents": "Sequelae of head and neck positions on auditory performance. Stapedius reflex level, slow auditory evoked potential (AEP), and hearing threshold level of 18 normal adult probands (11 female, 7 male) as well as of 14 normal hearing cerebral palsied children between 4 and 12 years of age (5 female, 9 males)--were determined in different postures which correspond to the influence of tonic reflex activities in supine and prone, and in the so-called \"reflex inhibiting pattern\" (Bobath) and in a symmetrical relaxed position of neck, trunk and extremities in supine (the last one could only be maintained by the normal volunteers). Influence of the postures was small but significant for all parameters in the volunteers group as well as for AEP in the patients group. In the latter group the influence of tonic reflex activities on auditory evoked potential was independent from their strength. The strength of tonic reflex activity had been graded from 1-5 as judged from clinical impression by observation and palpation.", "PMID": 1036762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7527", "title": "Bobath-therapy, tonic reflex--activities and processing of acoustic stimuli.", "content": "The influence of tonic reflex activities on the slow auditory evoked potential (AEP) as well as the influence of Bobath's reflex inhibiting patterns (r.i.p.) in a group of 14 cerebral palsied children is compared under the same conditions with simulated tonic reflex patterns in 18 adult normal volunteers and 15 cerebral palsied children. In the adult volunteers group the effect of a relaxed symmetrical position of neck, trunk, and extremities in supine on the AEP is also evaluated. There are none but age specific differences in the latence of AEP between both groups but clear cut differences in the amplitudes and in the specific effect of r.i.p. in both groups.", "contents": "Bobath-therapy, tonic reflex--activities and processing of acoustic stimuli. The influence of tonic reflex activities on the slow auditory evoked potential (AEP) as well as the influence of Bobath's reflex inhibiting patterns (r.i.p.) in a group of 14 cerebral palsied children is compared under the same conditions with simulated tonic reflex patterns in 18 adult normal volunteers and 15 cerebral palsied children. In the adult volunteers group the effect of a relaxed symmetrical position of neck, trunk, and extremities in supine on the AEP is also evaluated. There are none but age specific differences in the latence of AEP between both groups but clear cut differences in the amplitudes and in the specific effect of r.i.p. in both groups.", "PMID": 1036763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7528", "title": "Muscle activity and postural behaviour in newborn infants. A polymyographic study.", "content": "In a group of 9 healthy newborns, spontaneous activity of different muscles was studied for 6 or 8 hours by means of surface electromyography on the 5th or 6th day of life. According to the local nursing routine the infants were placed in alternating left and right side positions. Averaged EMG activities were analysed with respect to behavioural states and observed postural behaviour. An improved recording technique and the logarithmic presentation of averaged EMG activities allowed the study of characteristics of tonic activity in state 1. The chin muscles showed the most specific EMG pattern in state 1. Chin muscle quiescence was observed during only 15% of that state. Lack of tonic activity was observed more in the beginning than at the end, but never in the middle of state 1. By visual analysis of 41 patterns of averaged EMG activities from the chin muscle it was found that increases of tonic activity only happen stepwise following concomitant phasic activities. Relaxation of tonic activity is either asymptotic or abrupt or by steps. The latter two are especially characteristic for the transition to state 2. Long periods of sustained tonic activity and low motility were characteristic for a long lasting state 1. The interval between the beginning of state 1 and the first increase of tonic activity varied more than the interval between the end of state 1 and the final drop of tonic activity back to the noise level. Other muscles showed less tonic activity in state 1: the neck area (sterncleidomastoid muscle 48% of state 1 time, trapezius m. 32%) was followed by the muscles of the forearm (extensor carpi m. 18%, flexor carpi m. 16%). These muscles also lead the rank order of the modulation of tonic activity. Tonic activity sustained for more than 30 sec. was not observed in state 2, except during transitions. In state 2 as in state 1 the muscles from chin, neck and upper extremities were more active than the muscles from the lower extremities. Durations of activities ranged from 28% (chin) to 13% (ant. tibialis) of state 2 time. No dominance of flexor muscles, which might account for the observed flexed posture, was found. Systematically changed side positions during the recording had no consistent effect on either motility or presence of tonic activity when corresponding muscles from the upper- and the lower-lying body side were compared during state 1. Likewise in state 2 no consistent effect on the total duration of phasic activity was observed. The results are discussed in relation to other known state dependent motor phenomena. It is suggested that sustained tonic activity results from an increased gain of the gamma-loop which may also contribute to the regularity of respiration. Differences between muscles probably reflect maturational and functional differences.", "contents": "Muscle activity and postural behaviour in newborn infants. A polymyographic study. In a group of 9 healthy newborns, spontaneous activity of different muscles was studied for 6 or 8 hours by means of surface electromyography on the 5th or 6th day of life. According to the local nursing routine the infants were placed in alternating left and right side positions. Averaged EMG activities were analysed with respect to behavioural states and observed postural behaviour. An improved recording technique and the logarithmic presentation of averaged EMG activities allowed the study of characteristics of tonic activity in state 1. The chin muscles showed the most specific EMG pattern in state 1. Chin muscle quiescence was observed during only 15% of that state. Lack of tonic activity was observed more in the beginning than at the end, but never in the middle of state 1. By visual analysis of 41 patterns of averaged EMG activities from the chin muscle it was found that increases of tonic activity only happen stepwise following concomitant phasic activities. Relaxation of tonic activity is either asymptotic or abrupt or by steps. The latter two are especially characteristic for the transition to state 2. Long periods of sustained tonic activity and low motility were characteristic for a long lasting state 1. The interval between the beginning of state 1 and the first increase of tonic activity varied more than the interval between the end of state 1 and the final drop of tonic activity back to the noise level. Other muscles showed less tonic activity in state 1: the neck area (sterncleidomastoid muscle 48% of state 1 time, trapezius m. 32%) was followed by the muscles of the forearm (extensor carpi m. 18%, flexor carpi m. 16%). These muscles also lead the rank order of the modulation of tonic activity. Tonic activity sustained for more than 30 sec. was not observed in state 2, except during transitions. In state 2 as in state 1 the muscles from chin, neck and upper extremities were more active than the muscles from the lower extremities. Durations of activities ranged from 28% (chin) to 13% (ant. tibialis) of state 2 time. No dominance of flexor muscles, which might account for the observed flexed posture, was found. Systematically changed side positions during the recording had no consistent effect on either motility or presence of tonic activity when corresponding muscles from the upper- and the lower-lying body side were compared during state 1. Likewise in state 2 no consistent effect on the total duration of phasic activity was observed. The results are discussed in relation to other known state dependent motor phenomena. It is suggested that sustained tonic activity results from an increased gain of the gamma-loop which may also contribute to the regularity of respiration. Differences between muscles probably reflect maturational and functional differences.", "PMID": 1036764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7529", "title": "Communicating hydrocephalus causing aqueductal stenosis.", "content": "The cited evidence establishes that the pathogenetic sequence of generalized communicating hydrocephalus followed by various degrees of aqueductal stenosis occurs in many mammalian species. The aqueductal stenosis is caused by compression of the midbrain by the expanding cerebral hemisphere. Therefore the sharp separation of communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus is no longer tenable.", "contents": "Communicating hydrocephalus causing aqueductal stenosis. The cited evidence establishes that the pathogenetic sequence of generalized communicating hydrocephalus followed by various degrees of aqueductal stenosis occurs in many mammalian species. The aqueductal stenosis is caused by compression of the midbrain by the expanding cerebral hemisphere. Therefore the sharp separation of communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus is no longer tenable.", "PMID": 1036765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7530", "title": "Benign hereditary non-progressive chorea of early onset. Clinical genetics of the syndrome and report of a new family.", "content": "The syndrome of benign non-progressive chorea (of early onset) is described in three brothers and some of their relatives. Clinical genetic study of the family showed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and suggested presence of the gene in both sides of the family. Thus, the propositi might be homozygous for the dominant gene (suggested by increased clinical manifestations as compared with other affected members on both sides of the family) which shows relatively high penetrance and variable expressivity. The phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome is differentiated from similar observations in the literature, and genetic implications are discussed. The condition is differentiated from hereditary essential tremor and from paramyoclonus multiplex.", "contents": "Benign hereditary non-progressive chorea of early onset. Clinical genetics of the syndrome and report of a new family. The syndrome of benign non-progressive chorea (of early onset) is described in three brothers and some of their relatives. Clinical genetic study of the family showed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and suggested presence of the gene in both sides of the family. Thus, the propositi might be homozygous for the dominant gene (suggested by increased clinical manifestations as compared with other affected members on both sides of the family) which shows relatively high penetrance and variable expressivity. The phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome is differentiated from similar observations in the literature, and genetic implications are discussed. The condition is differentiated from hereditary essential tremor and from paramyoclonus multiplex.", "PMID": 1036766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7531", "title": "Propanolol treatment of infantile polymyoclonia.", "content": "Two infants with the classical involuntary movements of polymyoclonia and opsoclonus were treated with propanolol in a dosage of 2 mg/kg/24 hr. There was a marked improvement in the abnormal movements in both children. No side effects of treatment were encountered.", "contents": "Propanolol treatment of infantile polymyoclonia. Two infants with the classical involuntary movements of polymyoclonia and opsoclonus were treated with propanolol in a dosage of 2 mg/kg/24 hr. There was a marked improvement in the abnormal movements in both children. No side effects of treatment were encountered.", "PMID": 1036767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7532", "title": "[5,000 mammography--results and analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Mammography, well performed, is the best method for the differential diagnosis of breast diseases. It is essential for the detection of clinical occult cancer (in some cases thermography can do the same). The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed the lesser is the chance of lymphnode involvement. Therefore women aged over 40 years and belonging to a so-called riskgroup (carcinoma in the family, earlier breast diseases, mastopathies, breast cancer of the other breast etc.) should perform mammography once a year. 90% of the breast cancer patients are over 40 years. In higher ages that mammographic diagnosis is more accurate. Considering the advantage of this method the effect of radiation is to be neglected. The experienced radiologist can obtain 90% correct diagnoses. In combination with thermography and needle aspiration biopsy he can improve to 95%.", "contents": "[5,000 mammography--results and analysis (author's transl)]. Mammography, well performed, is the best method for the differential diagnosis of breast diseases. It is essential for the detection of clinical occult cancer (in some cases thermography can do the same). The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed the lesser is the chance of lymphnode involvement. Therefore women aged over 40 years and belonging to a so-called riskgroup (carcinoma in the family, earlier breast diseases, mastopathies, breast cancer of the other breast etc.) should perform mammography once a year. 90% of the breast cancer patients are over 40 years. In higher ages that mammographic diagnosis is more accurate. Considering the advantage of this method the effect of radiation is to be neglected. The experienced radiologist can obtain 90% correct diagnoses. In combination with thermography and needle aspiration biopsy he can improve to 95%.", "PMID": 1036771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7533", "title": "[Ventilation mechanics in the premature and the newborn. I. Statistical measurements of the isolated lungs].", "content": "On 31 pairs of lungs from still borns and newborns of differing stages of maturation and age (23rd week of gestation up to the 24th week after birth) statical measurements including liquid fillings were performed. On account of the histo-mechanical tests as well as morphological and clinical data, the group could be divided into normal lungs and lungs with decreased surfactant activity. Between the 35th week of gestation and the 5th week after birth a marked increase in pulmonary maturation with unproportional changes of the histomechanical values could be demonstrated. In lungs with decreased surfactant activity the influence of life span upon the mechanical properties of pulmonary tissue could be shown. The high surface tension decreases, presumably on account of surfactant synthesis, while the values of tissue elasticity decrease as a result of overstretching.", "contents": "[Ventilation mechanics in the premature and the newborn. I. Statistical measurements of the isolated lungs]. On 31 pairs of lungs from still borns and newborns of differing stages of maturation and age (23rd week of gestation up to the 24th week after birth) statical measurements including liquid fillings were performed. On account of the histo-mechanical tests as well as morphological and clinical data, the group could be divided into normal lungs and lungs with decreased surfactant activity. Between the 35th week of gestation and the 5th week after birth a marked increase in pulmonary maturation with unproportional changes of the histomechanical values could be demonstrated. In lungs with decreased surfactant activity the influence of life span upon the mechanical properties of pulmonary tissue could be shown. The high surface tension decreases, presumably on account of surfactant synthesis, while the values of tissue elasticity decrease as a result of overstretching.", "PMID": 1036781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7534", "title": "[Studies on milk from different species. I. The content of methionine in cow, water buffalo and sheep caseines].", "content": "The present paper reports the content of methionine in cow, water buffalo and sheep casein measured according to Maugenet and Coauthors. The following values were obtained: 3,25% in cow; 3,15% in water buffalo; 3,16% in sheep.", "contents": "[Studies on milk from different species. I. The content of methionine in cow, water buffalo and sheep caseines]. The present paper reports the content of methionine in cow, water buffalo and sheep casein measured according to Maugenet and Coauthors. The following values were obtained: 3,25% in cow; 3,15% in water buffalo; 3,16% in sheep.", "PMID": 1036784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7535", "title": "[Results of some experiences on modern techniques of vinification of red grapes].", "content": "The results of experiences carryed out at the \"Istituto di Industrie Agrarie\" of the University of Bologna in the last five years, applying the techniques of vinification by carbonic maceration (CM) and by heat treatment of the crushed in the production of Emilia-Romagna wines, are reported. In particular, the evolution of the main organic constituents during anaerobic conditioning of grapes, the possibility of applying the CM to Sangiovese, Merlot and Canina grapes, the different variations of the CM technique, that is, CM followed by information with skins, the rifermentation of wines produced by traditional method with 10-20% of grape juice obtained by CM, the influence of CM on aging of barbera wine, some laboratory tests to explain the mechanism that regulate same interaction phenomena during the \"intracellular fermentation\", are discussed. The results of technique of heat treatment of the crushed, in the vinification of Sangiovese grapes, in a pilot plant, are exposed. Finally, the effects of some parameters (treatment of the crushed integral or partially dripped, heating temperature, rest time, sulphur dioxide employ, etc.) on the chemical characteristics and on the organoleptic quality, are estimated.", "contents": "[Results of some experiences on modern techniques of vinification of red grapes]. The results of experiences carryed out at the \"Istituto di Industrie Agrarie\" of the University of Bologna in the last five years, applying the techniques of vinification by carbonic maceration (CM) and by heat treatment of the crushed in the production of Emilia-Romagna wines, are reported. In particular, the evolution of the main organic constituents during anaerobic conditioning of grapes, the possibility of applying the CM to Sangiovese, Merlot and Canina grapes, the different variations of the CM technique, that is, CM followed by information with skins, the rifermentation of wines produced by traditional method with 10-20% of grape juice obtained by CM, the influence of CM on aging of barbera wine, some laboratory tests to explain the mechanism that regulate same interaction phenomena during the \"intracellular fermentation\", are discussed. The results of technique of heat treatment of the crushed, in the vinification of Sangiovese grapes, in a pilot plant, are exposed. Finally, the effects of some parameters (treatment of the crushed integral or partially dripped, heating temperature, rest time, sulphur dioxide employ, etc.) on the chemical characteristics and on the organoleptic quality, are estimated.", "PMID": 1036786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7536", "title": "[Chromatographic analysis of water-soluble vitamins. I- Chromatographic behaviour of water-soluble vitamins on Aminex resins (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important water-soluble vitamins are quantitatively determined by high pressure chromatography using porous ion exchange resins. Thiamine and Riboflavine are separated by a cation exchange resin Aminex A5 using 0.3 M KCI in 0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 8.0 buffer as mobile phase; pyridoxamine, pyridoxol, pirydoxal and nicotinamide are successfully chromatographated on the same type of cationic resin using a linear gradient both of pH and ionic strength as mobile phase. Anionic vitamins like L-Ascorbic Acid and Nicotinic Acid are separated on Aminex A14 at acidic values of pH, using isocratic conditions of the ionic modifier. Under the described experimental conditions, the reproducibility of VR, RS and peak area are of 2.5% and 3% respectively. The sensitivity relative to the vitamins tested ranges from 100 to 250 ng.", "contents": "[Chromatographic analysis of water-soluble vitamins. I- Chromatographic behaviour of water-soluble vitamins on Aminex resins (author's transl)]. The most important water-soluble vitamins are quantitatively determined by high pressure chromatography using porous ion exchange resins. Thiamine and Riboflavine are separated by a cation exchange resin Aminex A5 using 0.3 M KCI in 0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 8.0 buffer as mobile phase; pyridoxamine, pyridoxol, pirydoxal and nicotinamide are successfully chromatographated on the same type of cationic resin using a linear gradient both of pH and ionic strength as mobile phase. Anionic vitamins like L-Ascorbic Acid and Nicotinic Acid are separated on Aminex A14 at acidic values of pH, using isocratic conditions of the ionic modifier. Under the described experimental conditions, the reproducibility of VR, RS and peak area are of 2.5% and 3% respectively. The sensitivity relative to the vitamins tested ranges from 100 to 250 ng.", "PMID": 1036782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7537", "title": "[Search of optimum survival conditions for lactic acid bacteria in powders obtained by spray drying of yoghurt].", "content": "The paper reports the results of two spray-drying tests carried out on yogurt as such or previously neutralized. The operating conditions of the drying operation were such that the temperature of the product didn't exceed 80 degrees C, and the residual moisture of the powder was about 10%, slightly higher than the B.E.T. monolayer value. The decrease of total counts was three and two decimal reductions respectively for the natural and neutralized product. This latter gave also much higher viability index as determined in a \"fermenting activity\" test. Also, the analyses, related to the quality of the protein fraction, strongly support the opportunity of neutralization before drying. In storage tests carried out during 8 months the survival data were higher at 5% relative humidity (corresponding to 7-8% humidity) and at 5 degrees C temperature. In all cases the better results were obtained from the powders of neutralized yogurt, even in comparison with a freeze-dried sample obtained from the natural product. The typical shape of the sorption isotherms of these products suggests that the optimum process as regard to microorganisms' survival consists in drying the neutralized product up to residual humidities of 8-10%, followed by storage, in humidity-proof containers, at temperatures of about 5 degrees C.", "contents": "[Search of optimum survival conditions for lactic acid bacteria in powders obtained by spray drying of yoghurt]. The paper reports the results of two spray-drying tests carried out on yogurt as such or previously neutralized. The operating conditions of the drying operation were such that the temperature of the product didn't exceed 80 degrees C, and the residual moisture of the powder was about 10%, slightly higher than the B.E.T. monolayer value. The decrease of total counts was three and two decimal reductions respectively for the natural and neutralized product. This latter gave also much higher viability index as determined in a \"fermenting activity\" test. Also, the analyses, related to the quality of the protein fraction, strongly support the opportunity of neutralization before drying. In storage tests carried out during 8 months the survival data were higher at 5% relative humidity (corresponding to 7-8% humidity) and at 5 degrees C temperature. In all cases the better results were obtained from the powders of neutralized yogurt, even in comparison with a freeze-dried sample obtained from the natural product. The typical shape of the sorption isotherms of these products suggests that the optimum process as regard to microorganisms' survival consists in drying the neutralized product up to residual humidities of 8-10%, followed by storage, in humidity-proof containers, at temperatures of about 5 degrees C.", "PMID": 1036787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7538", "title": "[Clinical features of Cryptococcus neoformans infections].", "content": "Two cases of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans are presented. The first showed primary localization in the CNS, while the second occurred in connection with lymphoproliferative malignancy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, with the typical sequence of initial lung infection and secondary meningo-encepha-litis. The important clinical features, development and therapy of the disease are discussed in the light of this personal experience.", "contents": "[Clinical features of Cryptococcus neoformans infections]. Two cases of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans are presented. The first showed primary localization in the CNS, while the second occurred in connection with lymphoproliferative malignancy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, with the typical sequence of initial lung infection and secondary meningo-encepha-litis. The important clinical features, development and therapy of the disease are discussed in the light of this personal experience.", "PMID": 1036794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7539", "title": "[Development of a \"vortex bed\" drying apparatus].", "content": "Fundamental parameters in dimensioning a \"vortex bed\" drying apparatus are the pressure drop across the bed and the higher and lower limit of fluidization velocity. The analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations brings to the following functional relations between dimensionless groups: (see journal). These relations define the fluidization conditions in a \"vortex bed\" apparatus. Experimental tests carried out on a laboratory scale apparatus will provide us with the unknown constants for industrial scale extrapolation.", "contents": "[Development of a \"vortex bed\" drying apparatus]. Fundamental parameters in dimensioning a \"vortex bed\" drying apparatus are the pressure drop across the bed and the higher and lower limit of fluidization velocity. The analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations brings to the following functional relations between dimensionless groups: (see journal). These relations define the fluidization conditions in a \"vortex bed\" apparatus. Experimental tests carried out on a laboratory scale apparatus will provide us with the unknown constants for industrial scale extrapolation.", "PMID": 1036788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7540", "title": "[Fine needle biopsy of \"cold\" struma nodules in 4555 patients of an endemic goiter area. Results and clinical significance].", "content": "Over a period of 8 years, thin needle biopsies of hypofunctional, scintigraphically cold goiter nodules were performed in 4555 patients. 1076 underwent surgery and cytological diagnoses were thereby histologically confirmed. In 715 patients with normal or degenerative cytological findings, the diagnosis was correct in 95.1%. On the other hand, 8 malignancies, 13 H\u00fcrthle-cell adenomas, and 26 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis were misdiagnosed. The 8 diagnostic errors in the malignancies were due to puncturing of the wrong nodule in 3 cases and, in 5 cases, due to highly differentiated, partially degenerated, follicular carcinomas. In 322 cases with suspect or malignant cytological findings, 129 malignancies (40%) were confirmed. In most cases, false positive diagnosis was due to histologically atypical adenomas, e.g. H\u00fcrthle-cell adenomas. Hashimoto's thryoiditis could be readily diagnosed only in the advanced stage. The clinical diagnosis of de Quervain's thyroiditis can be verified by cytological examination.", "contents": "[Fine needle biopsy of \"cold\" struma nodules in 4555 patients of an endemic goiter area. Results and clinical significance]. Over a period of 8 years, thin needle biopsies of hypofunctional, scintigraphically cold goiter nodules were performed in 4555 patients. 1076 underwent surgery and cytological diagnoses were thereby histologically confirmed. In 715 patients with normal or degenerative cytological findings, the diagnosis was correct in 95.1%. On the other hand, 8 malignancies, 13 H\u00fcrthle-cell adenomas, and 26 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis were misdiagnosed. The 8 diagnostic errors in the malignancies were due to puncturing of the wrong nodule in 3 cases and, in 5 cases, due to highly differentiated, partially degenerated, follicular carcinomas. In 322 cases with suspect or malignant cytological findings, 129 malignancies (40%) were confirmed. In most cases, false positive diagnosis was due to histologically atypical adenomas, e.g. H\u00fcrthle-cell adenomas. Hashimoto's thryoiditis could be readily diagnosed only in the advanced stage. The clinical diagnosis of de Quervain's thyroiditis can be verified by cytological examination.", "PMID": 1036795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7541", "title": "[The sterolic fraction of virgin olive oil and its and its analytical significance].", "content": "The influence of the cultivar factor over the composition of the sterolic fraction of virgin olive oil has been verified by G.L.C. Such a fraction is not influenced by either the poor condition of the olives or the auto-oxidation process of oil. The use of many selective stationary phases like OV-17 in comparison with the SE-30 doesn't improve the analitic situation aiming at guarding the genuineness of the virgin oil. The analytic results confirm the value of the official method, even if, in the very few cases of oils with an insufficient level of beta-sitosteroil, blending it is necessary.", "contents": "[The sterolic fraction of virgin olive oil and its and its analytical significance]. The influence of the cultivar factor over the composition of the sterolic fraction of virgin olive oil has been verified by G.L.C. Such a fraction is not influenced by either the poor condition of the olives or the auto-oxidation process of oil. The use of many selective stationary phases like OV-17 in comparison with the SE-30 doesn't improve the analitic situation aiming at guarding the genuineness of the virgin oil. The analytic results confirm the value of the official method, even if, in the very few cases of oils with an insufficient level of beta-sitosteroil, blending it is necessary.", "PMID": 1036783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7542", "title": "[Poly-protein. I- A new process for obtaining leaf protein concentrates].", "content": "The authors have devised a new process, called POLY-PROTEIN, for obtaining leaf protein concentrates from alphalpha juice by precipitation with polyelectrolites. The use of steam is avoided and the technology is very simple, making this process more economical than those already employed.", "contents": "[Poly-protein. I- A new process for obtaining leaf protein concentrates]. The authors have devised a new process, called POLY-PROTEIN, for obtaining leaf protein concentrates from alphalpha juice by precipitation with polyelectrolites. The use of steam is avoided and the technology is very simple, making this process more economical than those already employed.", "PMID": 1036789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7543", "title": "[Microaggregates in preserved blood].", "content": "Today it is generally accepted that microaggregates contained in stored blood may be deleterious to the pulmonary circulation if large volumes of blood are transfused. These microaggregates can be eliminated from blood with the help of microaggregate filters. Such filters are expensive and their efficiency and safety has not been tested thoroughly as yet. Alternatively, the use of microaggregate-free blood is advocated to prevent pulmonary complications in massively transfused patients. Fresh blood, fresh frozen plasma and buffy-coat free red cell concentrates do not contain significant numbers of microaggregates and can be used for massive transfusion without microaggregate filtration.", "contents": "[Microaggregates in preserved blood]. Today it is generally accepted that microaggregates contained in stored blood may be deleterious to the pulmonary circulation if large volumes of blood are transfused. These microaggregates can be eliminated from blood with the help of microaggregate filters. Such filters are expensive and their efficiency and safety has not been tested thoroughly as yet. Alternatively, the use of microaggregate-free blood is advocated to prevent pulmonary complications in massively transfused patients. Fresh blood, fresh frozen plasma and buffy-coat free red cell concentrates do not contain significant numbers of microaggregates and can be used for massive transfusion without microaggregate filtration.", "PMID": 1036796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7544", "title": "[Influence of technological processes on the extractability of phenols and carbohydrates from sunflower meal and related protein solubility].", "content": "A chemical method for the removal of chromogenic phenolic constituents and carbohydrates of the sunflower meal has been investigated. This method uses a nondenaturing polar solvent formed by n-butanol saturated by diluite HCl and allows the preparation of protein isolate off-colour free. Evaluations on the extractibility of phenols, carbohydrates and proteins of sunflower meals from different technological processes have been carried out.", "contents": "[Influence of technological processes on the extractability of phenols and carbohydrates from sunflower meal and related protein solubility]. A chemical method for the removal of chromogenic phenolic constituents and carbohydrates of the sunflower meal has been investigated. This method uses a nondenaturing polar solvent formed by n-butanol saturated by diluite HCl and allows the preparation of protein isolate off-colour free. Evaluations on the extractibility of phenols, carbohydrates and proteins of sunflower meals from different technological processes have been carried out.", "PMID": 1036785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7545", "title": "A pathomorphic study of chronic thyroiditis.", "content": "The authors studied the pathomorphy of 364 cases of chronic thyroiditis including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (67 cases), Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with thyroid cancer (21 cases), De Quervain's thyroiditis (10 cases), tuberculous thyroiditis (6 cases), and 260 cases of focal thyroiditis without manifest clinical symptoms appearing in 10% of euthyroid polynodular goitres. A personal classification of chronic thyroiditis is presented. The high incidence (24%) of association between thyroid cancer and the fibrous type of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is emphasized. A morphometric investigation showed the highest sclerosis percentage in De Quervalin's thyroiditis.", "contents": "A pathomorphic study of chronic thyroiditis. The authors studied the pathomorphy of 364 cases of chronic thyroiditis including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (67 cases), Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with thyroid cancer (21 cases), De Quervain's thyroiditis (10 cases), tuberculous thyroiditis (6 cases), and 260 cases of focal thyroiditis without manifest clinical symptoms appearing in 10% of euthyroid polynodular goitres. A personal classification of chronic thyroiditis is presented. The high incidence (24%) of association between thyroid cancer and the fibrous type of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is emphasized. A morphometric investigation showed the highest sclerosis percentage in De Quervalin's thyroiditis.", "PMID": 1036793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7546", "title": "The activation of human factor X in sodium citrate: the role of factor VII.", "content": "Human factor X was purified by several different procedures yielding products which had varying amounts of factor VII and factor IX. Treatment with CHCl3 during the fractionation of the factor X removed 95% of the factor VII and factor IX activity and the resulting factor X activated more slowly when incubated in 25% sodium citrate. Removal of residual factor VII by DEAE cellulose chromatography yielded a factor X which activated still more slowly and less completely. When the factor VII, removed by chromatography, was added to the chromatographed factor X, the ability to be activated in 25% sodium citrate was restored. Confirmatory evidence for the role of factor VII in this reaction was the inhibition of the conversion of the factor X by both DFP and SBTI.", "contents": "The activation of human factor X in sodium citrate: the role of factor VII. Human factor X was purified by several different procedures yielding products which had varying amounts of factor VII and factor IX. Treatment with CHCl3 during the fractionation of the factor X removed 95% of the factor VII and factor IX activity and the resulting factor X activated more slowly when incubated in 25% sodium citrate. Removal of residual factor VII by DEAE cellulose chromatography yielded a factor X which activated still more slowly and less completely. When the factor VII, removed by chromatography, was added to the chromatographed factor X, the ability to be activated in 25% sodium citrate was restored. Confirmatory evidence for the role of factor VII in this reaction was the inhibition of the conversion of the factor X by both DFP and SBTI.", "PMID": 1036799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7547", "title": "Bleeding in uremic patients after carbenicillin.", "content": "Hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in patients with renal insufficiency after carbenicillin at serum levels greater than 300 mug/ml. Normal coagulation factors (F. I, II, V, VII, VIII, X), normal PTT, normal platelet counts, negative ethanol gelation test (fibrin monomers) were found as well as a prolongation of thromboplastin time (Quick), thrombin time, reptilase time and thrombin coagulase time. Platelet function was disturbed. In addition, the plasmatic system was involved: inhibition of fibrinogen-fibrin conversion (Belitser assay) and enhanced antithrombin III activity; in vivo the latter was ascribed to a heparin-like activity. In vitro, abnormal III was seen: however an enhanced antithrombin III activity in vitro was not found with carbenicillin and various penicillin derivatives. This study demonstrates that carbenicillin, in addition to its known effect on platelet function, also disturbs the plasmatic coagulation system. This additional effect of carbenicillin is clinically important since protamin chloride effectively blocks bleeding without interfering with antibacterial activity. Both penicillin and penicillin derivatives have been shown to interfere with hemostasis and to cause clinically manifest hemorrhagic diathesis (Fleming and Fish 1947, Lurie et al. 1970a, b, McClure et al. 1970, Yudis et al. 1972, Demos 1971, Waisbren et al. 1971). Carbenicillin interferes with ADP-, collagen- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and with the release reaction both in vivo (McClure et al. 1970, Cazenae et al. 1973) and in vitro (McClure et al. 1970, Cazenave et al. 1973). In addition Lurie and colleagues (1970b) concluded that an inhibition of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is involved although no experimental details were given. Later Brown and colleagues (1974) concluded that carbenicillin at usual dose levels \"only affects the platelet component of hemostasis and has little effect on fibrin formation or other phases of coagulation in patients with normal renal function\".", "contents": "Bleeding in uremic patients after carbenicillin. Hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in patients with renal insufficiency after carbenicillin at serum levels greater than 300 mug/ml. Normal coagulation factors (F. I, II, V, VII, VIII, X), normal PTT, normal platelet counts, negative ethanol gelation test (fibrin monomers) were found as well as a prolongation of thromboplastin time (Quick), thrombin time, reptilase time and thrombin coagulase time. Platelet function was disturbed. In addition, the plasmatic system was involved: inhibition of fibrinogen-fibrin conversion (Belitser assay) and enhanced antithrombin III activity; in vivo the latter was ascribed to a heparin-like activity. In vitro, abnormal III was seen: however an enhanced antithrombin III activity in vitro was not found with carbenicillin and various penicillin derivatives. This study demonstrates that carbenicillin, in addition to its known effect on platelet function, also disturbs the plasmatic coagulation system. This additional effect of carbenicillin is clinically important since protamin chloride effectively blocks bleeding without interfering with antibacterial activity. Both penicillin and penicillin derivatives have been shown to interfere with hemostasis and to cause clinically manifest hemorrhagic diathesis (Fleming and Fish 1947, Lurie et al. 1970a, b, McClure et al. 1970, Yudis et al. 1972, Demos 1971, Waisbren et al. 1971). Carbenicillin interferes with ADP-, collagen- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and with the release reaction both in vivo (McClure et al. 1970, Cazenae et al. 1973) and in vitro (McClure et al. 1970, Cazenave et al. 1973). In addition Lurie and colleagues (1970b) concluded that an inhibition of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is involved although no experimental details were given. Later Brown and colleagues (1974) concluded that carbenicillin at usual dose levels \"only affects the platelet component of hemostasis and has little effect on fibrin formation or other phases of coagulation in patients with normal renal function\".", "PMID": 1036800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7548", "title": "Platelet adhesiveness and fibrinolysis after recent cerebro-vascular accidents and their relationship with subsequent deep venous thrombosis of the legs.", "content": "In fifteen patients with a cerebro-vascular accident resulting in an acute hemiplegia there was a subsequent rise in the platelet count and plasma fibrinogen level. There were no significant alterations in platelet adhesiveness, plasminogen activator, plasminogen, FR-antigen and haematocrit. Patients diagnosed as developing deep venous thrombosis with the 125I-fibrinogen technique had a significantly lower platelet adhesiveness and plasminogen level than those who were not.", "contents": "Platelet adhesiveness and fibrinolysis after recent cerebro-vascular accidents and their relationship with subsequent deep venous thrombosis of the legs. In fifteen patients with a cerebro-vascular accident resulting in an acute hemiplegia there was a subsequent rise in the platelet count and plasma fibrinogen level. There were no significant alterations in platelet adhesiveness, plasminogen activator, plasminogen, FR-antigen and haematocrit. Patients diagnosed as developing deep venous thrombosis with the 125I-fibrinogen technique had a significantly lower platelet adhesiveness and plasminogen level than those who were not.", "PMID": 1036801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7549", "title": "Microvascular haemostasis and the effect of local stimulation and inhibition of platelet function. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "The local stimulation and inhibition of haemostatic plug formation was studied by local infusion and superfusion of different agents - ADP, thrombin, adenosine, heparin, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and laster injury. ADP and laser injury shortened venular haemostatic plug formation time whereas adenosine in the superfusate and PGE1 prolonged it. Thrombin infusion had no effect but thrombin in the superfusate significantly stabilised the haemostatic plugs. It is suggested that ADP released from red cells is the most potent stimulator for haemostatic plug formation in the rabbit mesenteric microcirculation.", "contents": "Microvascular haemostasis and the effect of local stimulation and inhibition of platelet function. An experimental study in rabbits. The local stimulation and inhibition of haemostatic plug formation was studied by local infusion and superfusion of different agents - ADP, thrombin, adenosine, heparin, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and laster injury. ADP and laser injury shortened venular haemostatic plug formation time whereas adenosine in the superfusate and PGE1 prolonged it. Thrombin infusion had no effect but thrombin in the superfusate significantly stabilised the haemostatic plugs. It is suggested that ADP released from red cells is the most potent stimulator for haemostatic plug formation in the rabbit mesenteric microcirculation.", "PMID": 1036802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7550", "title": "Molecular size distribution of fibrinogen derivatives formed in vitro and in vivo: a chromatographic study.", "content": "Using gel chromatography, fibrinogen derivatives present in purified systems or in biological fluids were separated and partially characterized. Eight groups of fibrinogen derivatives could be separated by gel filtration through 6% agarose in large columns, four with an elution volume smaller and four groups with an elution volume larger than that of fibrinogen. Careful calibration of the column allowed estimation of the diffusion coefficients of some of the derivatives and, thus, comparison with derivatives previously identified. Three, rather than two, groups of intermediate derivatives were observed during the degradation of human fibrinogen by plasmin in vitro or in vivo. One of these had a marked tendency to polymerize. A rather distinct difference in elution pattern was found between plasma obtained during streptokinase administration and from patients with intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Molecular size distribution of fibrinogen derivatives formed in vitro and in vivo: a chromatographic study. Using gel chromatography, fibrinogen derivatives present in purified systems or in biological fluids were separated and partially characterized. Eight groups of fibrinogen derivatives could be separated by gel filtration through 6% agarose in large columns, four with an elution volume smaller and four groups with an elution volume larger than that of fibrinogen. Careful calibration of the column allowed estimation of the diffusion coefficients of some of the derivatives and, thus, comparison with derivatives previously identified. Three, rather than two, groups of intermediate derivatives were observed during the degradation of human fibrinogen by plasmin in vitro or in vivo. One of these had a marked tendency to polymerize. A rather distinct difference in elution pattern was found between plasma obtained during streptokinase administration and from patients with intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 1036803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7551", "title": "Low-dose heparin and deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement.", "content": "The effect of subcutaneous low-dose heparin on postoperative deep-vein thrombosis (D.V.T.) (diagnosed by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen test) has been investigated in a trial of 143 patients undergoing the operation of total hip replacement. Two randomized studies were carried out: in one the scanning for D.V.T. was carried out daily for 7 days postoperatively andin the other for 15 days. In both, the incidence of D.V.T. was significantly lower in the heparin-treated patients (P less than 0.005). Bilateral D.V.T. was also prevented (P less than 0.05), through the extension of D.V.T. to the distal veins of the thigh was not significantly reduced. Heparin treatment was, however, followed by a higher incidence of severe postoperative bleeding (P less than 0.02) and wound haematoma formation (P less than 0.005), and the postoperative haemoglobin was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.005). A higher number of transfused blood units was also needed by the heparin treated patients (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Low-dose heparin and deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. The effect of subcutaneous low-dose heparin on postoperative deep-vein thrombosis (D.V.T.) (diagnosed by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen test) has been investigated in a trial of 143 patients undergoing the operation of total hip replacement. Two randomized studies were carried out: in one the scanning for D.V.T. was carried out daily for 7 days postoperatively andin the other for 15 days. In both, the incidence of D.V.T. was significantly lower in the heparin-treated patients (P less than 0.005). Bilateral D.V.T. was also prevented (P less than 0.05), through the extension of D.V.T. to the distal veins of the thigh was not significantly reduced. Heparin treatment was, however, followed by a higher incidence of severe postoperative bleeding (P less than 0.02) and wound haematoma formation (P less than 0.005), and the postoperative haemoglobin was significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.005). A higher number of transfused blood units was also needed by the heparin treated patients (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1036806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7552", "title": "Comparison between a modified ethanol gelation test and protamine sulfate test. Experimental studies.", "content": "A comparative experimental study has been made to correlate the protamine sulfate test and a modified ethanol gelation test, based on clinical observations of the solubility of a gel formed at 20 degrees C (Godal and Abildgaard procedure) when it was transferred to a bath at 37 degrees C. Two different results were obtained: the gel remained insoluble at 37 degrees C or it became completely soluble, with intermediate degrees of partial solubility. Our studies indicate that this is due to the amount of fibrin monomers formed and the level of fibrinogen: the first are responsible for the insolubility of the gel and the second for its solubility. This furnishes us with useful information for diagnostic purposes. We found the protamine sulfate test more sensitive than the ethanol gelation test, and its sensitivity increased when fibrinogen level decreased. An insoluble gelation test is a sure indication of the presence of fibrin monomers, but a soluble gel calls for the protamine sulfate test to confirm this or the existence of high fibrinogen level.", "contents": "Comparison between a modified ethanol gelation test and protamine sulfate test. Experimental studies. A comparative experimental study has been made to correlate the protamine sulfate test and a modified ethanol gelation test, based on clinical observations of the solubility of a gel formed at 20 degrees C (Godal and Abildgaard procedure) when it was transferred to a bath at 37 degrees C. Two different results were obtained: the gel remained insoluble at 37 degrees C or it became completely soluble, with intermediate degrees of partial solubility. Our studies indicate that this is due to the amount of fibrin monomers formed and the level of fibrinogen: the first are responsible for the insolubility of the gel and the second for its solubility. This furnishes us with useful information for diagnostic purposes. We found the protamine sulfate test more sensitive than the ethanol gelation test, and its sensitivity increased when fibrinogen level decreased. An insoluble gelation test is a sure indication of the presence of fibrin monomers, but a soluble gel calls for the protamine sulfate test to confirm this or the existence of high fibrinogen level.", "PMID": 1036807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7553", "title": "Platelet preservation. II. The response of human platelet suspensions to hypotonic stress.", "content": "1. Platelet suspensions were exposed to hypotonic stress. Several parameters of the changes in light absorbance were investigated i.a. the initial decrease in absorbance (A min), the maximal rate of the recovery process (V max), and the value of the absorbance two hours after mixing the platelet suspension with the hypotonic solution. 2. The ratio V max/A min appeared to be independent of both platelet concentration and, within a specific range, decrease in osmolarity. 3. Cryoprotectants appeared to disturb the response to hypotonic stress. 4. Cryopreservation caused a decrease in the light absorbance of the platelet suspension, of A min, and of the recovery process.", "contents": "Platelet preservation. II. The response of human platelet suspensions to hypotonic stress. 1. Platelet suspensions were exposed to hypotonic stress. Several parameters of the changes in light absorbance were investigated i.a. the initial decrease in absorbance (A min), the maximal rate of the recovery process (V max), and the value of the absorbance two hours after mixing the platelet suspension with the hypotonic solution. 2. The ratio V max/A min appeared to be independent of both platelet concentration and, within a specific range, decrease in osmolarity. 3. Cryoprotectants appeared to disturb the response to hypotonic stress. 4. Cryopreservation caused a decrease in the light absorbance of the platelet suspension, of A min, and of the recovery process.", "PMID": 1036808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7554", "title": "Platelet preservation. III. The influence of dimethylsulfoxide and cooling conditions on serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress of human platelets.", "content": "1. Serotonin uptake velocity of human platelets was found to be reversibly inhibited by the presence of dimethylsfulfoxide (DMSO). 2. Incubation of platelet concentrates in the presence of DMSO for 90 minutes at room temperature decreased serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress. 3. The serotonin uptake velocity was not substantially influenced by the temperature of incubation with DMSO. 4. The best recovery of serotonin uptake velocity after cryopreservation in the presence of DMSO was observed when DMSO was added quickly before cooling and removed quickly after thawing. 5. No significant differences were observed in serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress cryopreservation in the presence of DMSO when cooling rates were varied from 2 to 10 degrees C/min.", "contents": "Platelet preservation. III. The influence of dimethylsulfoxide and cooling conditions on serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress of human platelets. 1. Serotonin uptake velocity of human platelets was found to be reversibly inhibited by the presence of dimethylsfulfoxide (DMSO). 2. Incubation of platelet concentrates in the presence of DMSO for 90 minutes at room temperature decreased serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress. 3. The serotonin uptake velocity was not substantially influenced by the temperature of incubation with DMSO. 4. The best recovery of serotonin uptake velocity after cryopreservation in the presence of DMSO was observed when DMSO was added quickly before cooling and removed quickly after thawing. 5. No significant differences were observed in serotonin uptake velocity and response to hypotonic stress cryopreservation in the presence of DMSO when cooling rates were varied from 2 to 10 degrees C/min.", "PMID": 1036809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7555", "title": "Newborn platelet dysfunction: a storage pool and release defect.", "content": "Per cent aggregation, release and content of adenine nucleotides, and specific radioactivity were evaluated in citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared from paired samples of maternal and cord blood. Platelets of newborn infants aggregated normally in response to highdose ADP (20 muM), strong collagen suspensions, and thrombin; however, when compared with PRP from the mothers or from normal adults, per cent aggregation in response to lower concentrations of ADP (2 muM), weak collagen, and part particularly epinephrine was markedly reduced. Nucleotide release after stimulation of the newborns' PRP with the latter two inducers was also impaired. ATP and ADP content of the newborns' platelets was also significantly less than that of their mothers or of normal adults, but specific activity was normal. The data suggest that the impairment of ADP release in the platelets of newborn infants is due to decreased sensitivity to external stimuli. Since metabolic ATP is necessary for the platelet release reaction, it is postulated that the platelet dysfunction results from a lack of metabolic ATP.", "contents": "Newborn platelet dysfunction: a storage pool and release defect. Per cent aggregation, release and content of adenine nucleotides, and specific radioactivity were evaluated in citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared from paired samples of maternal and cord blood. Platelets of newborn infants aggregated normally in response to highdose ADP (20 muM), strong collagen suspensions, and thrombin; however, when compared with PRP from the mothers or from normal adults, per cent aggregation in response to lower concentrations of ADP (2 muM), weak collagen, and part particularly epinephrine was markedly reduced. Nucleotide release after stimulation of the newborns' PRP with the latter two inducers was also impaired. ATP and ADP content of the newborns' platelets was also significantly less than that of their mothers or of normal adults, but specific activity was normal. The data suggest that the impairment of ADP release in the platelets of newborn infants is due to decreased sensitivity to external stimuli. Since metabolic ATP is necessary for the platelet release reaction, it is postulated that the platelet dysfunction results from a lack of metabolic ATP.", "PMID": 1036810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7556", "title": "The prothrombin time test: effect of varying citrate concentration.", "content": "Blood samples from 12 normal subjects and 46 patients on oral anticoagulants were divided so that each was anticoagulated with four concentrations of trisodium citrate solution in the range 0.09-0.15 M, 9 vol blood being added to 1 vol citrate solution in each case. Citrated blood haematocrit and plasma prothrombin time was measured on each subsample; 0.025 M CaCl2-solution was used for recalcification throughout. Three laboratories participated, each using a different prothrombin-time technique.", "contents": "The prothrombin time test: effect of varying citrate concentration. Blood samples from 12 normal subjects and 46 patients on oral anticoagulants were divided so that each was anticoagulated with four concentrations of trisodium citrate solution in the range 0.09-0.15 M, 9 vol blood being added to 1 vol citrate solution in each case. Citrated blood haematocrit and plasma prothrombin time was measured on each subsample; 0.025 M CaCl2-solution was used for recalcification throughout. Three laboratories participated, each using a different prothrombin-time technique.", "PMID": 1036813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7557", "title": "Fibrin formation: the role of the fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex.", "content": "The process of fibrin formation using highly purified fibrinogen and thrombin was studied using laser fluctuation spectroscopy, a method that rapidly determines particle size in a solution. Two periods in fibrin clot formation were noted: an induction period during which no fibrin polymerization occurred and a period of rapid increase in particle size. Direct measurement of fibrin monomer polymerization and fibrinopeptide release showed no evidence of an induction period. These observations were best explained by a kinetic model for fibrin clot formation incorporating a reversible fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex. In this model, the complex serves as a buffer system during the earliest phase of fibrin formation. This prevents the accumulation of free polymerizable fibrin monomer until an appreciable amount of fibrinogen has reacted with thrombin, at which point the fibrin monomer level rises rapidly and polymerization proceeds. Clinically, the complex may be a homeostatic mechanism preventing pathological clotting during periods of elevated fibrinogen.", "contents": "Fibrin formation: the role of the fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex. The process of fibrin formation using highly purified fibrinogen and thrombin was studied using laser fluctuation spectroscopy, a method that rapidly determines particle size in a solution. Two periods in fibrin clot formation were noted: an induction period during which no fibrin polymerization occurred and a period of rapid increase in particle size. Direct measurement of fibrin monomer polymerization and fibrinopeptide release showed no evidence of an induction period. These observations were best explained by a kinetic model for fibrin clot formation incorporating a reversible fibrinogen-fibrin monomer complex. In this model, the complex serves as a buffer system during the earliest phase of fibrin formation. This prevents the accumulation of free polymerizable fibrin monomer until an appreciable amount of fibrinogen has reacted with thrombin, at which point the fibrin monomer level rises rapidly and polymerization proceeds. Clinically, the complex may be a homeostatic mechanism preventing pathological clotting during periods of elevated fibrinogen.", "PMID": 1036827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7558", "title": "Analysis of the disappearance curve of labelled fibrinogen at the time of hyperfibrinogenemia in rabbits with acute or chronic intravascular coagulation.", "content": "In order to study fibrinogen metabolism, the disappearance curve of 125I-abelled homologous fibrinogen was investigated in the rabbits with experimentally induced acute or chronic intravascular coagulation by injection of Lycopodium spores or thromboplastin. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Using haemolysate, an intermediate phase with upward convexity was clearly recognized between the early rapid-decay phase and the late slow phase in each radioactivity decay curve obtained in groups of rabbits. This convexity was most marked with acute intravascular coagulation induced by injection of Lycopodium spores, and was less marked, although higher, with chronic intravascular coagulation induced by injection of thromboplastin than that in the normal control. 2. The disappearance curve with the intermediate phase could be expressed, in approximation, as a sum of 2 equations--the initial exponential decay equation and the late parabolic one. 3. From the results obtained by separate examinations of the disappearance curve of plasma, fibrin clots and serum in rabbits with acute intravascular coagulation induced by injection of Lycopodium spores, the intermediate phase appears to be influenced more by the secondary increase of labelled non-clottable part tahn recirculation of the labelled fibrinogen. 4. The half time (27.4 hours) of the radioactivity in fibrin clots at the late phase observed in the group of rabbits with acute intravascular coagulation induced by injection of Lycopodium spores was shorter than that in the normal rabbits (50.2 hours). This fact may indicate that the increase of fibrinogen in the group of rabbits with acute intravascular coagulation induced by the injection of Lycopodium spores is due to overproduction of fibrinogen. 5. The half time of labelled fibrinogen should be calculated from disappearance curve of fibrin clots, instead from that of haemolysate or plasma.", "contents": "Analysis of the disappearance curve of labelled fibrinogen at the time of hyperfibrinogenemia in rabbits with acute or chronic intravascular coagulation. In order to study fibrinogen metabolism, the disappearance curve of 125I-abelled homologous fibrinogen was investigated in the rabbits with experimentally induced acute or chronic intravascular coagulation by injection of Lycopodium spores or thromboplastin. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Using haemolysate, an intermediate phase with upward convexity was clearly recognized between the early rapid-decay phase and the late slow phase in each radioactivity decay curve obtained in groups of rabbits. This convexity was most marked with acute intravascular coagulation induced by injection of Lycopodium spores, and was less marked, although higher, with chronic intravascular coagulation induced by injection of thromboplastin than that in the normal control. 2. The disappearance curve with the intermediate phase could be expressed, in approximation, as a sum of 2 equations--the initial exponential decay equation and the late parabolic one. 3. From the results obtained by separate examinations of the disappearance curve of plasma, fibrin clots and serum in rabbits with acute intravascular coagulation induced by injection of Lycopodium spores, the intermediate phase appears to be influenced more by the secondary increase of labelled non-clottable part tahn recirculation of the labelled fibrinogen. 4. The half time (27.4 hours) of the radioactivity in fibrin clots at the late phase observed in the group of rabbits with acute intravascular coagulation induced by injection of Lycopodium spores was shorter than that in the normal rabbits (50.2 hours). This fact may indicate that the increase of fibrinogen in the group of rabbits with acute intravascular coagulation induced by the injection of Lycopodium spores is due to overproduction of fibrinogen. 5. The half time of labelled fibrinogen should be calculated from disappearance curve of fibrin clots, instead from that of haemolysate or plasma.", "PMID": 1036828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7559", "title": "The recovery of factor VIII from fresh-frozen indated and outdated human plasma.", "content": "The availability of factor VIII concentrates is frequently a limitation in the management of classical hemophilia. Such concentrates are prepared from fresh or fresh-frozen plasma. A significant volume of plasma in the United States becomes \"indated\", i.e., in contact with red blood cells for 24 hours at 4 degrees, and is therefore not used to prepare factor VIII concentrates. To evaluate this possible resource, partially purified factor VIII was prepared from random samples of fresh-frozen, indated and outdated plasma. The yield of factor VIII protein and procoagulant activity from indated plasma was about the same as that from fresh-frozen plasma. The yield from outdated plasma was substantially less. After further purification, factor VIII from the three sources gave a single subunit band when reduced and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results indicate that the approximately 287,000 liters of indated plasma processed annually by the American National Red Cross (ANRC) could be used to prepare factor VIII concentrates of good quality. This resource alone could quadruple the supply of factor VIII available for therapy.", "contents": "The recovery of factor VIII from fresh-frozen indated and outdated human plasma. The availability of factor VIII concentrates is frequently a limitation in the management of classical hemophilia. Such concentrates are prepared from fresh or fresh-frozen plasma. A significant volume of plasma in the United States becomes \"indated\", i.e., in contact with red blood cells for 24 hours at 4 degrees, and is therefore not used to prepare factor VIII concentrates. To evaluate this possible resource, partially purified factor VIII was prepared from random samples of fresh-frozen, indated and outdated plasma. The yield of factor VIII protein and procoagulant activity from indated plasma was about the same as that from fresh-frozen plasma. The yield from outdated plasma was substantially less. After further purification, factor VIII from the three sources gave a single subunit band when reduced and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results indicate that the approximately 287,000 liters of indated plasma processed annually by the American National Red Cross (ANRC) could be used to prepare factor VIII concentrates of good quality. This resource alone could quadruple the supply of factor VIII available for therapy.", "PMID": 1036829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7560", "title": "Failure of immunosuppression in a severe haemophilia B patient with specific antibody.", "content": "Prevention of a secondary response to factor IX by cyclophosphamide was attempted in an 11 year old patient with severe Christmas disease. An antibody to factor IX had been present for 4 years before immunosuppressive therapy was tried. Despite profound lymphopenia, synthesis of factor IX antibody was not depressed. The difficulties of modifying the anamnestic response to factor IX by chemical immunosuppression may be as real as has been reported for factor VIII in classical haemophilia.", "contents": "Failure of immunosuppression in a severe haemophilia B patient with specific antibody. Prevention of a secondary response to factor IX by cyclophosphamide was attempted in an 11 year old patient with severe Christmas disease. An antibody to factor IX had been present for 4 years before immunosuppressive therapy was tried. Despite profound lymphopenia, synthesis of factor IX antibody was not depressed. The difficulties of modifying the anamnestic response to factor IX by chemical immunosuppression may be as real as has been reported for factor VIII in classical haemophilia.", "PMID": 1036830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7561", "title": "Comparison of the actions of thrombin and the thrombin-like venom enzymes ancrod and batroxobin.", "content": "Thrombin acts on several coagulant proteins to produce products with physiologic, pharmacologic and pathologic potential. The most sensitive thrombin substrate seems to be factor VIII. Some thrombin dependent reactions studied in vitro and proposed as control reactions seem too insensitive to the action of thrombin to be of in vivo significance. The only enzymic reaction the thrombin-like venom enzymes, Ancrod and Batroxobin, have in common with thrombin is the removal of fibrinopeptide A.", "contents": "Comparison of the actions of thrombin and the thrombin-like venom enzymes ancrod and batroxobin. Thrombin acts on several coagulant proteins to produce products with physiologic, pharmacologic and pathologic potential. The most sensitive thrombin substrate seems to be factor VIII. Some thrombin dependent reactions studied in vitro and proposed as control reactions seem too insensitive to the action of thrombin to be of in vivo significance. The only enzymic reaction the thrombin-like venom enzymes, Ancrod and Batroxobin, have in common with thrombin is the removal of fibrinopeptide A.", "PMID": 1036831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7562", "title": "Properties of human tissue thromboplastins from brain, lung, arteries, and placenta.", "content": "Properties of purified and delipidated human tissue thromboplastins (TTPs) from brain (BTTP), lung (LTTP), arteries (ATTP) and placenta (PTTP) were studied. The extinction coefficients were closely similar with a mean value of 8.3 +/- 0.01 (SD). The molecular weights were 200,000 +/- 3,000 (SD) BTTP), 90,000 +/- 2,000 (SD) (LTTP), 110,000 +/- 3,000 (SD) (ATTP) and 250,000 +/- 4,000 (SD) (PTTP). The maximum activity of each delipidated TTP after relipidation was obtained when phospholipid-delipidated TTP ratio was 2.0, and the maximum specific activity was 440 units per mg BTTP, 270 units per mg LTTP, 80 units per mg ATTP and 600 units per mg PTTP. Ouchterlony analysis with anti-delipidated PTTP antibody showed the reaction of partial identity between delipidated TTPs and the antibody. Studies of the reactivity of I-125-delipidated TTPs with the antibody gave the following average values for % bound I-125-TTPs in 2 hours: 3.6 +/- 0.2(SD) % (I-125-BTTP), 11.0 +/- 0.3 (SD) % (I-125-LTTP), 4.4 +/- 0.2 (SD) % (I-125-ATTP) and 13.7 +/- 0.3 (SD) % (I-125-PTTP). It was also found that the antibody markedly neutralized the coagulant activity of saline extracts of brain, lung and placenta. These results indicate that delipidated BTTP, LTTP, ATTP and PTTP are different while being similar in some aspects and that complete TTPs are not coated with lipids in a manner inaccessible to anti-delipidated PTTP antibody.", "contents": "Properties of human tissue thromboplastins from brain, lung, arteries, and placenta. Properties of purified and delipidated human tissue thromboplastins (TTPs) from brain (BTTP), lung (LTTP), arteries (ATTP) and placenta (PTTP) were studied. The extinction coefficients were closely similar with a mean value of 8.3 +/- 0.01 (SD). The molecular weights were 200,000 +/- 3,000 (SD) BTTP), 90,000 +/- 2,000 (SD) (LTTP), 110,000 +/- 3,000 (SD) (ATTP) and 250,000 +/- 4,000 (SD) (PTTP). The maximum activity of each delipidated TTP after relipidation was obtained when phospholipid-delipidated TTP ratio was 2.0, and the maximum specific activity was 440 units per mg BTTP, 270 units per mg LTTP, 80 units per mg ATTP and 600 units per mg PTTP. Ouchterlony analysis with anti-delipidated PTTP antibody showed the reaction of partial identity between delipidated TTPs and the antibody. Studies of the reactivity of I-125-delipidated TTPs with the antibody gave the following average values for % bound I-125-TTPs in 2 hours: 3.6 +/- 0.2(SD) % (I-125-BTTP), 11.0 +/- 0.3 (SD) % (I-125-LTTP), 4.4 +/- 0.2 (SD) % (I-125-ATTP) and 13.7 +/- 0.3 (SD) % (I-125-PTTP). It was also found that the antibody markedly neutralized the coagulant activity of saline extracts of brain, lung and placenta. These results indicate that delipidated BTTP, LTTP, ATTP and PTTP are different while being similar in some aspects and that complete TTPs are not coated with lipids in a manner inaccessible to anti-delipidated PTTP antibody.", "PMID": 1036832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7563", "title": "Some observations on the preparation of platelet-rich plasma.", "content": "In order to prepare platelet-rich plasma a constant height and volume of citrated whole blood was centrifuged at different gravity forces and times. The supernatant plasmas were examined for platelet concentrations, plasma volumes and optical densities. Results are described showing that gravity force and time have an important influence on the platelet numbers and the plasma volumes recovered. The light attenuation by different concentrations of platelets in plasma, using light path lengths of 5 mm and 10 mm, was compared. The shorter light path provides greater linearity between optical density and platelet numbers especially at higher concentrations.", "contents": "Some observations on the preparation of platelet-rich plasma. In order to prepare platelet-rich plasma a constant height and volume of citrated whole blood was centrifuged at different gravity forces and times. The supernatant plasmas were examined for platelet concentrations, plasma volumes and optical densities. Results are described showing that gravity force and time have an important influence on the platelet numbers and the plasma volumes recovered. The light attenuation by different concentrations of platelets in plasma, using light path lengths of 5 mm and 10 mm, was compared. The shorter light path provides greater linearity between optical density and platelet numbers especially at higher concentrations.", "PMID": 1036834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7564", "title": "Effects of matrix contact during gel filtration of human platelets in plasma.", "content": "When gel filtration is used to transfer platelets from plasma into an established environment, alterations in platelet characteristics may result from the change in environment or from the effects of platelet contact with the gel matrix. To approach the problem of evaluating the relative contributions from these sources, a Sepharose 2B matrix was employed and platelets transferred from citrate anticoagulated PRP into autologous PPP to yield plasma-GFP. Platelet recoveries averaged 93%. PRP: plasma-GFP pairs were found to be indistinguishable with respect to: morphology; ADP, thrombin or collagen-induced aggregation response; uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or adenosine; and thrombin or collagen-induced release of accumulated 5-HT or adenosine. Pairs are distinguishable by prostaglandin E2 synthesis assayed immediately after filtration.", "contents": "Effects of matrix contact during gel filtration of human platelets in plasma. When gel filtration is used to transfer platelets from plasma into an established environment, alterations in platelet characteristics may result from the change in environment or from the effects of platelet contact with the gel matrix. To approach the problem of evaluating the relative contributions from these sources, a Sepharose 2B matrix was employed and platelets transferred from citrate anticoagulated PRP into autologous PPP to yield plasma-GFP. Platelet recoveries averaged 93%. PRP: plasma-GFP pairs were found to be indistinguishable with respect to: morphology; ADP, thrombin or collagen-induced aggregation response; uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or adenosine; and thrombin or collagen-induced release of accumulated 5-HT or adenosine. Pairs are distinguishable by prostaglandin E2 synthesis assayed immediately after filtration.", "PMID": 1036835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7565", "title": "Platelet dysfunction in migraine: effect of self-medication with aspirin.", "content": "Circulating microembolic index (CMI) was determined by drawing one blood sample into EDTA-formalin and the other into DTA alone in patients with migraine and compared with matched normal controls. Platelet aggregates, if any, are fixed in EDTA-formalin but disaggregated by EDTA. Ratios of these two counts approximate \"unity\" in normals and are proportionately less than unity, depending on the number of platelet aggregates. 26 untreated migraineurs and 19 migraineurs with history of self-medication with aspirin taken within 72 hours of the test, were studied in headache-free intervals. Results were compared with those from 20 healthy, age and sex matched volunteers, without migraine, who were medication-free for at least one week. Mean CMI in untreated migraineurs (0.77 +/- 0.03 SEM) was significantly lower than the mean in normal controls (0.94 +/- 0.02, p. less than 0.002). Migraineurs with self administration of aspirin had mean CMI of 0.88 +/- 0.02, differing significantly from untreated migraineurs (p less than 0.01) but not from normal controls (0.1 less than p less than 0.2). Results suggest excessive platelet aggregation in migraineurs which tends to be corrected by treatment with platelet inhibitors such as aspirin.", "contents": "Platelet dysfunction in migraine: effect of self-medication with aspirin. Circulating microembolic index (CMI) was determined by drawing one blood sample into EDTA-formalin and the other into DTA alone in patients with migraine and compared with matched normal controls. Platelet aggregates, if any, are fixed in EDTA-formalin but disaggregated by EDTA. Ratios of these two counts approximate \"unity\" in normals and are proportionately less than unity, depending on the number of platelet aggregates. 26 untreated migraineurs and 19 migraineurs with history of self-medication with aspirin taken within 72 hours of the test, were studied in headache-free intervals. Results were compared with those from 20 healthy, age and sex matched volunteers, without migraine, who were medication-free for at least one week. Mean CMI in untreated migraineurs (0.77 +/- 0.03 SEM) was significantly lower than the mean in normal controls (0.94 +/- 0.02, p. less than 0.002). Migraineurs with self administration of aspirin had mean CMI of 0.88 +/- 0.02, differing significantly from untreated migraineurs (p less than 0.01) but not from normal controls (0.1 less than p less than 0.2). Results suggest excessive platelet aggregation in migraineurs which tends to be corrected by treatment with platelet inhibitors such as aspirin.", "PMID": 1036836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7566", "title": "Effects of fasting on plasma and platelet-free fatty acids and platelet function in healthy males.", "content": "10 healthy male volunteers fasted for 72 hours. Their plasma concentration of free fatty acid increased more than two-fold, to 1.8 mmol/l. The number of reversible venous \"in vivo\" platelet aggregates increased significantly (p less than 0.01); this figure correlated with the concentration of long-chain saturated free fatty acid in plasma (p less than 0.02). The correlation with the amount of long-chain saturated free fatty acid plus oleic acid (18:1) was even better (p less than 0.01). Plasma PF-4 concentration increased, suggesting increased platelet release reaction. In spite of the plasma increase, total platelet FFA concentration was reduced and there was a change in the distribution of platelet free fatty acid which correlated with the degree of aggregation.", "contents": "Effects of fasting on plasma and platelet-free fatty acids and platelet function in healthy males. 10 healthy male volunteers fasted for 72 hours. Their plasma concentration of free fatty acid increased more than two-fold, to 1.8 mmol/l. The number of reversible venous \"in vivo\" platelet aggregates increased significantly (p less than 0.01); this figure correlated with the concentration of long-chain saturated free fatty acid in plasma (p less than 0.02). The correlation with the amount of long-chain saturated free fatty acid plus oleic acid (18:1) was even better (p less than 0.01). Plasma PF-4 concentration increased, suggesting increased platelet release reaction. In spite of the plasma increase, total platelet FFA concentration was reduced and there was a change in the distribution of platelet free fatty acid which correlated with the degree of aggregation.", "PMID": 1036837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7567", "title": "Sedimentation and adhesion of platelets onto a horizontal glass surface.", "content": "An experimental method for measuring platelet adhesion to a glass surface and platelet sedimentation rate is described. Anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma is placed on a horizontal glass slide for various contact periods. The number of platelets adhering to the slide per unit area is recorded as a function of time. The experimental results are used to verify theoretical predictions which account for the effect of the slow sedimentation rate of the platelets and for their escape over the potential barrier between them and the solid surface. By a least-squares fit of the theoretical equation to the experimental data, both the platelet adhesiveness, in terms of P the probability to overcome the potential barrier, and the platelet sedimentation rate V are evaluated. A range of values of P and V for healthy humans is presented.", "contents": "Sedimentation and adhesion of platelets onto a horizontal glass surface. An experimental method for measuring platelet adhesion to a glass surface and platelet sedimentation rate is described. Anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma is placed on a horizontal glass slide for various contact periods. The number of platelets adhering to the slide per unit area is recorded as a function of time. The experimental results are used to verify theoretical predictions which account for the effect of the slow sedimentation rate of the platelets and for their escape over the potential barrier between them and the solid surface. By a least-squares fit of the theoretical equation to the experimental data, both the platelet adhesiveness, in terms of P the probability to overcome the potential barrier, and the platelet sedimentation rate V are evaluated. A range of values of P and V for healthy humans is presented.", "PMID": 1036838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7568", "title": "Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adenosine tetraphosphate.", "content": "In contrast to previous reports, highly purified adenosine tetraphosphate (AP4) does not induce the aggregation of platelets but inhibits the aggregation and release reaction in platelet-rich plasma promoted by ADP. The inhibitory action of AP4 on the aggregation by ADP is compared with that of AMP and ATP. The data presented suggest a competitive manner of inhibition of the ADP-induced aggregation by AP4.", "contents": "Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adenosine tetraphosphate. In contrast to previous reports, highly purified adenosine tetraphosphate (AP4) does not induce the aggregation of platelets but inhibits the aggregation and release reaction in platelet-rich plasma promoted by ADP. The inhibitory action of AP4 on the aggregation by ADP is compared with that of AMP and ATP. The data presented suggest a competitive manner of inhibition of the ADP-induced aggregation by AP4.", "PMID": 1036839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7569", "title": "Effect of platelet age on adhesiveness to collagen and platelet surface charge.", "content": "Adhesion to collagen was investigated as a function of platelet age in rat platelets. Platelet adherence was measured using EDTA-containing platelet- rich plasma which was added to preparations of collagen fibers clamped between magnetic stirrers by recording changes in light transmission. The plot of light transmission versus logarithm of time was linear and allowed calculation of a slope factor which related to the rate of adherence. Neither the amount of collagen nor the platelet count were limiting in the test. Young platelet populations (less than or equal to 1 day old) were obtained during the recovery phase from immune induced thrombocytopenia. Old platelet populations were prepared by blocking thrombopoiesis with cyclophosphamide. Young platelets showed a moderate but statistically significant increase in adhesivity to collagen but old platelets did not differ significantly from randomly aged platelets in this function. The electrophoretic mobility of platelets was not affected by their age.", "contents": "Effect of platelet age on adhesiveness to collagen and platelet surface charge. Adhesion to collagen was investigated as a function of platelet age in rat platelets. Platelet adherence was measured using EDTA-containing platelet- rich plasma which was added to preparations of collagen fibers clamped between magnetic stirrers by recording changes in light transmission. The plot of light transmission versus logarithm of time was linear and allowed calculation of a slope factor which related to the rate of adherence. Neither the amount of collagen nor the platelet count were limiting in the test. Young platelet populations (less than or equal to 1 day old) were obtained during the recovery phase from immune induced thrombocytopenia. Old platelet populations were prepared by blocking thrombopoiesis with cyclophosphamide. Young platelets showed a moderate but statistically significant increase in adhesivity to collagen but old platelets did not differ significantly from randomly aged platelets in this function. The electrophoretic mobility of platelets was not affected by their age.", "PMID": 1036840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7570", "title": "Inhibition of human and animal platelet adhesiveness to glass bead columns by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid.", "content": "The differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.", "contents": "Inhibition of human and animal platelet adhesiveness to glass bead columns by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid. The differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.", "PMID": 1036841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7571", "title": "Platelet aggregation following defibrination with ancrod.", "content": "In vitro platelet aggregation was studied in dogs following defibrination with Ancrod. There was marked inhibition of aggregation immediately after defibrination. A gradual return toward normal aggregation was observed over the 96 hours study period, but aggregation was still abnormal at 96 hours after defibrination. There was an inverse and highly significant correlation between aggregation and fibrin degradation product level. Fibrinogen was not measurable after defibrination for the entire study period. Aggregation was thus independent of fibrinogen concentration in this study.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation following defibrination with ancrod. In vitro platelet aggregation was studied in dogs following defibrination with Ancrod. There was marked inhibition of aggregation immediately after defibrination. A gradual return toward normal aggregation was observed over the 96 hours study period, but aggregation was still abnormal at 96 hours after defibrination. There was an inverse and highly significant correlation between aggregation and fibrin degradation product level. Fibrinogen was not measurable after defibrination for the entire study period. Aggregation was thus independent of fibrinogen concentration in this study.", "PMID": 1036842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7572", "title": "Physico-chemical explanation of blood cell adhesion in thrombus formation.", "content": "A model is suggested which assumes that the rate of deposition of cells is determined both by hydrodynamic factors and by Brownian motion over the potential barrier caused by London and double-layer forces in the immediate vicinity of the deposition surface. The height of the barrier in the potential energy of interaction between blood cells and various surfaces is analyzed in relation to the physical properties of the cells, surfaces, and solutions. Based on this analysis, the adhesion of platelets to injured blood vessel walls and to non-biologic materials, the lack of adhesion of red blood cells under the same conditions, the mechanism of ADP induced aggregation and the interaction with blood flow are explained. The qualitative predictions of the model are substantiated by available experimental information. Quantitative results are presented in terms of a time constant, which typifies a period of contact with a surface, during which appreciable deposition occurs.", "contents": "Physico-chemical explanation of blood cell adhesion in thrombus formation. A model is suggested which assumes that the rate of deposition of cells is determined both by hydrodynamic factors and by Brownian motion over the potential barrier caused by London and double-layer forces in the immediate vicinity of the deposition surface. The height of the barrier in the potential energy of interaction between blood cells and various surfaces is analyzed in relation to the physical properties of the cells, surfaces, and solutions. Based on this analysis, the adhesion of platelets to injured blood vessel walls and to non-biologic materials, the lack of adhesion of red blood cells under the same conditions, the mechanism of ADP induced aggregation and the interaction with blood flow are explained. The qualitative predictions of the model are substantiated by available experimental information. Quantitative results are presented in terms of a time constant, which typifies a period of contact with a surface, during which appreciable deposition occurs.", "PMID": 1036843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7573", "title": "An immunological method for detection of the carrier of hemophilia B.", "content": "This paper presents the results of an immunological study of hemophilia B and its carriers which used two kinds of antibodies, a heterologous antibody of high specificity and a homologous antibody developed in a patient with severe hemophilia B. 1. The factor IX related antigen for hemophilia B could be determined by a neutralization test and not by a precipitation reaction. 2. The activity of factor IX in a definite carrier of hemophilia B was significantly lower than that of factor VIII in a definite carrier of hemophilia A. 3. In hemophilia B, there were no differences between the factor IX antigen determined by either the heterologous rabbit antibodies or the homologous antibodies. And there was no discrepancy between the factor IX antigen and the factor IX activity. Therefore, we cannot use this discrepancy for the detection of a carrier of hemophilia B. 4. However, there was a discrepancy between the factor IX antigen determined by the neutralization test and the factor IX procoagulant activity in the patients of both hemophilia BM and hemophilia B+. The identical results were obtained in the cases of carriers of both hemophilia BM and hemophilia B+. These facts are very useful for the detection of carriers of hemophilia BM and hemophilia B+.", "contents": "An immunological method for detection of the carrier of hemophilia B. This paper presents the results of an immunological study of hemophilia B and its carriers which used two kinds of antibodies, a heterologous antibody of high specificity and a homologous antibody developed in a patient with severe hemophilia B. 1. The factor IX related antigen for hemophilia B could be determined by a neutralization test and not by a precipitation reaction. 2. The activity of factor IX in a definite carrier of hemophilia B was significantly lower than that of factor VIII in a definite carrier of hemophilia A. 3. In hemophilia B, there were no differences between the factor IX antigen determined by either the heterologous rabbit antibodies or the homologous antibodies. And there was no discrepancy between the factor IX antigen and the factor IX activity. Therefore, we cannot use this discrepancy for the detection of a carrier of hemophilia B. 4. However, there was a discrepancy between the factor IX antigen determined by the neutralization test and the factor IX procoagulant activity in the patients of both hemophilia BM and hemophilia B+. The identical results were obtained in the cases of carriers of both hemophilia BM and hemophilia B+. These facts are very useful for the detection of carriers of hemophilia BM and hemophilia B+.", "PMID": 1036844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7574", "title": "Enhancement of fibrinolytic and thrombolytic potential in the rat by treatment with an anabolic steroid, furazabol.", "content": "The effect of long-term ingestion of an anabolic steroid, furazabol, was studied on coagulo-fibrinolytic systems in the rat. During the administration of furazabol at the daily dose of 0.04, 0.2 or 1 mg/rat for 3 months, the most remarkable changes were increase in the plasminogen activator activity in blood and the lung tissue and decrease in plasma fibrinogen level as well as decrease in plasma cholesterol. It was a very important finding that in most of the rats the furazabol treatment was effective in reducing susceptibility to lactic acidosis-induced pulmonary thrombosis. No meaningful changes were observed in other parameters tested including ADP-induced platelet aggregability, plasma recalcification time, plasma plasminogen, plasma antiplasmin activity, plasminogen activator content of tissues other than the lungs and the release of vascular activator induced by venous occlusion. One month after cessation of the furazabol treatment, these altered parameters tended to return to normal. Independently on the furazabol treatment, highly significant positive correlation existed between the plasma activator activity and the pulmonary tissue activator content. This indicated that the major source of plasma activator in the rat was the lung tissue and that the furazabol treatment increased the circulating activator activity through enhancing activator content in the lungs.", "contents": "Enhancement of fibrinolytic and thrombolytic potential in the rat by treatment with an anabolic steroid, furazabol. The effect of long-term ingestion of an anabolic steroid, furazabol, was studied on coagulo-fibrinolytic systems in the rat. During the administration of furazabol at the daily dose of 0.04, 0.2 or 1 mg/rat for 3 months, the most remarkable changes were increase in the plasminogen activator activity in blood and the lung tissue and decrease in plasma fibrinogen level as well as decrease in plasma cholesterol. It was a very important finding that in most of the rats the furazabol treatment was effective in reducing susceptibility to lactic acidosis-induced pulmonary thrombosis. No meaningful changes were observed in other parameters tested including ADP-induced platelet aggregability, plasma recalcification time, plasma plasminogen, plasma antiplasmin activity, plasminogen activator content of tissues other than the lungs and the release of vascular activator induced by venous occlusion. One month after cessation of the furazabol treatment, these altered parameters tended to return to normal. Independently on the furazabol treatment, highly significant positive correlation existed between the plasma activator activity and the pulmonary tissue activator content. This indicated that the major source of plasma activator in the rat was the lung tissue and that the furazabol treatment increased the circulating activator activity through enhancing activator content in the lungs.", "PMID": 1036845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7575", "title": "[The influence of straw, particularly rice straw, together with calcium-cyanamide on the microbiological activity of two Portuguese soils (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of calcium-cyanamide upon the microbiological activity was tested in pot experiments under controlled conditions in two Portuguese soils (sandy and loamy) after the addition of rice or wheat straw (rice straw 0.275% N, wheat straw 0.307% N). The amount of straw was equalled to 100 dz/ha, the application of calcium-cyanamide to 25, 50 and 100 kg N/ha. In the containers treated with straw the total amount of microorganisms (Koch-method) was higher in sandy than in loamy soil after 30 days, but after 70 days it was higher in loamy soil. The content of active nitrogen (NH4 + NO3) increased, when calcium-cyanamide was added, but decreased after the application of straw. After 70 days sandy soil again showed an increase of active nitrogen. Straw increased the rates of CO2-production considerably, wheat straw was superior to rice straw. Calcium-cyanamide increased the CO2-production more in sandy than in loamy soil or German loess, which was also used for this experiment. Only in the case of rice straw higher doses of calcium-cyanamide had a positive effect. After 70 days the CO2-production rose only when rice straw was applied. The dehydrogenase-activity was increased in both soils, but a superiority of wheat straw occurred in sandy soil only. The microbiological activity in the pots with straw was higher in sandy than in loamy soil, the addition of calcium-cyanamide accelerated it. Doses of 25-50 kg N/ha are sufficient generally. The period of the formation of insoluble organic N-compounds, usually connected with the application of organic matter with a wide N:C-ratio, seems to be reduced by the addition of calcium-cyanamide.", "contents": "[The influence of straw, particularly rice straw, together with calcium-cyanamide on the microbiological activity of two Portuguese soils (author's transl)]. The influence of calcium-cyanamide upon the microbiological activity was tested in pot experiments under controlled conditions in two Portuguese soils (sandy and loamy) after the addition of rice or wheat straw (rice straw 0.275% N, wheat straw 0.307% N). The amount of straw was equalled to 100 dz/ha, the application of calcium-cyanamide to 25, 50 and 100 kg N/ha. In the containers treated with straw the total amount of microorganisms (Koch-method) was higher in sandy than in loamy soil after 30 days, but after 70 days it was higher in loamy soil. The content of active nitrogen (NH4 + NO3) increased, when calcium-cyanamide was added, but decreased after the application of straw. After 70 days sandy soil again showed an increase of active nitrogen. Straw increased the rates of CO2-production considerably, wheat straw was superior to rice straw. Calcium-cyanamide increased the CO2-production more in sandy than in loamy soil or German loess, which was also used for this experiment. Only in the case of rice straw higher doses of calcium-cyanamide had a positive effect. After 70 days the CO2-production rose only when rice straw was applied. The dehydrogenase-activity was increased in both soils, but a superiority of wheat straw occurred in sandy soil only. The microbiological activity in the pots with straw was higher in sandy than in loamy soil, the addition of calcium-cyanamide accelerated it. Doses of 25-50 kg N/ha are sufficient generally. The period of the formation of insoluble organic N-compounds, usually connected with the application of organic matter with a wide N:C-ratio, seems to be reduced by the addition of calcium-cyanamide.", "PMID": 1036854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7576", "title": "[Chemotherapy of the inoperable lymphosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of chemotherapy it is not possible to heal the lymph osarcoma but to obtain remissions lasting up to 5 years in about 20% of the cases. The mode of therapy is discussed with regard to the generalized lymphosarcomatosis.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of the inoperable lymphosarcoma (author's transl)]. By means of chemotherapy it is not possible to heal the lymph osarcoma but to obtain remissions lasting up to 5 years in about 20% of the cases. The mode of therapy is discussed with regard to the generalized lymphosarcomatosis.", "PMID": 1036856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7577", "title": "The histological structure of dog knee menisci with comments on its possible significance.", "content": "Knee-joint menisci are poorly understood terminologically, structurally and functionally in spite of their almost universal occurrence in mammals and their considerable clinical significance in man. A study was therefore undertaken of dog knee menisci utilizing several histological techniques. Terminologically, it is proposed that the part of the meniscus extending between the anterior and posterior horns and exclusive of them be called the meniscal \"body.\" Structurally, the horns and body differ in anumber of ways. The horns are oval in cross section, the body triangular. Hyalinized areas are much more frequent in the body than in the horns. The collagen of the horns is organized into discrete bundles that are separated from one another by loose connective tissue septa, while that of the body is arranged in a \"herringbone\" pattern; no septa are present in the body. Finally, the meniscal horns are richly supplied with blood vessels are nerves (including large myelinated fibers which apparently terminate in the horns) while the body is almost completely devoid of blood vessels and nerves. Functionally, it is hypothesized that knee-joint menisci may serve important sensory functions.", "contents": "The histological structure of dog knee menisci with comments on its possible significance. Knee-joint menisci are poorly understood terminologically, structurally and functionally in spite of their almost universal occurrence in mammals and their considerable clinical significance in man. A study was therefore undertaken of dog knee menisci utilizing several histological techniques. Terminologically, it is proposed that the part of the meniscus extending between the anterior and posterior horns and exclusive of them be called the meniscal \"body.\" Structurally, the horns and body differ in anumber of ways. The horns are oval in cross section, the body triangular. Hyalinized areas are much more frequent in the body than in the horns. The collagen of the horns is organized into discrete bundles that are separated from one another by loose connective tissue septa, while that of the body is arranged in a \"herringbone\" pattern; no septa are present in the body. Finally, the meniscal horns are richly supplied with blood vessels are nerves (including large myelinated fibers which apparently terminate in the horns) while the body is almost completely devoid of blood vessels and nerves. Functionally, it is hypothesized that knee-joint menisci may serve important sensory functions.", "PMID": 1036868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7578", "title": "Anemia of azaribine in the treatment of psoriasis.", "content": "Azaribine is an effective agent in the treatment of psoriasis. In this investigation the extent of clinical dermatologic remission appeared to correlate with the degree of metabolic block induced by 6-azauridylic acid, as quantitated by the urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, and the development of anemia. Following azaribine therapy there was a coordinate rise of the specific activities of erythrocyte orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. There was no correlation between the pretreatment activity of these enzymes and the clinical response to azaribine. The anemia of azaribine therapy was mile and of a megaloblastic type. Uridine effectively corrected the azaribine-induced anemia, but led to exacerbation of the patients' psoriasis. Following uridine therapy there was a reduction in the urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, presumable reflecting end-product inhibition or repression of the first steps of a repeated pyrimidine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Anemia of azaribine in the treatment of psoriasis. Azaribine is an effective agent in the treatment of psoriasis. In this investigation the extent of clinical dermatologic remission appeared to correlate with the degree of metabolic block induced by 6-azauridylic acid, as quantitated by the urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, and the development of anemia. Following azaribine therapy there was a coordinate rise of the specific activities of erythrocyte orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. There was no correlation between the pretreatment activity of these enzymes and the clinical response to azaribine. The anemia of azaribine therapy was mile and of a megaloblastic type. Uridine effectively corrected the azaribine-induced anemia, but led to exacerbation of the patients' psoriasis. Following uridine therapy there was a reduction in the urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, presumable reflecting end-product inhibition or repression of the first steps of a repeated pyrimidine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1036874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7579", "title": "Ultrastructural study of testis in testicular feminization.", "content": "Testicular tissue was investigated by electron microscopy in a case of testicular feminization. The seminiferous tubules were lined by spermatogonia and by Sertoli cells. Spermatocytic maturation was not observed. Leydig cells were numerous and contained well developed, abundant vesicular smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and large mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Reinke crystalloids were absent. The ultrastructural findings were consistent with the assumption that Leydig cells were under adequate stimulation and were in a stage of active secretion. Hence, the results seem to indicate that testicular endocrine function was maintained in the studied case.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of testis in testicular feminization. Testicular tissue was investigated by electron microscopy in a case of testicular feminization. The seminiferous tubules were lined by spermatogonia and by Sertoli cells. Spermatocytic maturation was not observed. Leydig cells were numerous and contained well developed, abundant vesicular smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and large mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Reinke crystalloids were absent. The ultrastructural findings were consistent with the assumption that Leydig cells were under adequate stimulation and were in a stage of active secretion. Hence, the results seem to indicate that testicular endocrine function was maintained in the studied case.", "PMID": 1036877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7580", "title": "[Study of the HL-A system in Basedow's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "HL-A typing has been carried out in 100 caucasians with Graves' disease and compared with 270 healthy controls. 25 HL-A antigens were characterized using a lymphocytotoxicity microtechnique. Analysis of the results reveals an increased incidence of HL-A8 antigen (35% in patients as compared to 16,3% in controls), with a high degree of statistical significance: p=0.0002 and corrected p X 25) = 0.005. We did not observe a clearcut correlation between the presence of HL-A8 and different characteristics of the disease: sex, age of onset, familial history, exophtalmia, goiter, severity. The knowledge of the relationships between the HL-A8 gene and several auto-immune diseases is a strong argument in favor of the auto-immune nature of Graves' disease. The association between HL-A8 and Graves' disease could be explained by a close linkage between the second HL-A locus and one or several Ir-IgG loci occupied in predisposed individuals by predisposing alleles. In these subjects, an antigenic contact with an exogenous etiological agent would induce a pathological immune response, with production of thyroid stimulating IgG.", "contents": "[Study of the HL-A system in Basedow's disease (author's transl)]. HL-A typing has been carried out in 100 caucasians with Graves' disease and compared with 270 healthy controls. 25 HL-A antigens were characterized using a lymphocytotoxicity microtechnique. Analysis of the results reveals an increased incidence of HL-A8 antigen (35% in patients as compared to 16,3% in controls), with a high degree of statistical significance: p=0.0002 and corrected p X 25) = 0.005. We did not observe a clearcut correlation between the presence of HL-A8 and different characteristics of the disease: sex, age of onset, familial history, exophtalmia, goiter, severity. The knowledge of the relationships between the HL-A8 gene and several auto-immune diseases is a strong argument in favor of the auto-immune nature of Graves' disease. The association between HL-A8 and Graves' disease could be explained by a close linkage between the second HL-A locus and one or several Ir-IgG loci occupied in predisposed individuals by predisposing alleles. In these subjects, an antigenic contact with an exogenous etiological agent would induce a pathological immune response, with production of thyroid stimulating IgG.", "PMID": 1036872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7581", "title": "The ultrastructure of the interstitial cells in human fetal ovaries.", "content": "Steroid-active interstitial cells (stromal lutein cells) in human fetal ovaries of 12, 15 and 22 weeks of gestation were studied by means of electron microscope. The large cells, which are predominantly situated in the vicinity of capillaries, show high structural similarity to Leydig cells (type A) of the fetal testis. Both are characterized by extensively development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of lipids, and numerous mitochondria of the tubular type containing osmiophilic inclusions. Whether the interstitial cell system of the fetal ovary has any specific function in developmental physiology of the genital system cannot be decided on the basis of the present results. Its differentiation may only indicate adequate response of competent mesenchymal cells to gonadotropic stimulation.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the interstitial cells in human fetal ovaries. Steroid-active interstitial cells (stromal lutein cells) in human fetal ovaries of 12, 15 and 22 weeks of gestation were studied by means of electron microscope. The large cells, which are predominantly situated in the vicinity of capillaries, show high structural similarity to Leydig cells (type A) of the fetal testis. Both are characterized by extensively development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of lipids, and numerous mitochondria of the tubular type containing osmiophilic inclusions. Whether the interstitial cell system of the fetal ovary has any specific function in developmental physiology of the genital system cannot be decided on the basis of the present results. Its differentiation may only indicate adequate response of competent mesenchymal cells to gonadotropic stimulation.", "PMID": 1036878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7582", "title": "[Morphological study of a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma after therapy with 2-bromo-alpha-erogocryptine (CB154) (author's transl)].", "content": "After treatment with CB 154 of a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma a morphological study reveales that many cells present a positive immunofluorescent reaction with anti-ovine prolactine antibody. At the ultra structural level, many granulations and vacuolated dense bodies can be observed.", "contents": "[Morphological study of a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma after therapy with 2-bromo-alpha-erogocryptine (CB154) (author's transl)]. After treatment with CB 154 of a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma a morphological study reveales that many cells present a positive immunofluorescent reaction with anti-ovine prolactine antibody. At the ultra structural level, many granulations and vacuolated dense bodies can be observed.", "PMID": 1036873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7583", "title": "[The ratio birth-weight, placental weight and the term of delivery. A contribution to the problem of a relative placental insufficiency in late pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "It is suggested, that a relative placental insufficiency in late pregnancy is one of the releasing factors of childbirth. Under this assumption 1027 deliveries in term pregnancy (266th-294th day of pregnancy) were inquired on the interrelationship between the ratio brith-weight: placental-weight and the duration of pregnancy. The average birth-weight increases slighly but significantly with the duration of pregnancy just as the average placental-weight. The average ratio birth-weight: placental-weight decreases significantly: The more unfavorable the ratio birth-weight: placental-weight is, the shorter remains the fetus in utero. This underlines the assumption of a relative placental insufficiency as one of the releasing factors of childbirth.", "contents": "[The ratio birth-weight, placental weight and the term of delivery. A contribution to the problem of a relative placental insufficiency in late pregnancy (author's transl)]. It is suggested, that a relative placental insufficiency in late pregnancy is one of the releasing factors of childbirth. Under this assumption 1027 deliveries in term pregnancy (266th-294th day of pregnancy) were inquired on the interrelationship between the ratio brith-weight: placental-weight and the duration of pregnancy. The average birth-weight increases slighly but significantly with the duration of pregnancy just as the average placental-weight. The average ratio birth-weight: placental-weight decreases significantly: The more unfavorable the ratio birth-weight: placental-weight is, the shorter remains the fetus in utero. This underlines the assumption of a relative placental insufficiency as one of the releasing factors of childbirth.", "PMID": 1036879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7584", "title": "[Experimental candida vaginitis in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Manifest Candida albicans infection of the vagina of mice was achieved only after oestrogen treatment. Histologically, different phases of vaginal candidiasis could be observed: the mycotic infection began with a massive colonization of Candida albicans in the horny layers of the vaginal epithelium and an early immigration of granulocytes. Abscess-like changes followed when high number of yeast cells were used for infection. One to two weeks after onset the inflammatory changes decreased and fungi were no longer identifiable in epithelial micro-abscesses by the methods employed. In contrast, yeast cells could be detected within the vaginal skin exhibiting weak inflammatory lesions up to the 57th day. Chemotactic studies showed that the fungi considerably stimulated the migration of mouse granulocytes in the presence of serum. Since mannan isolated from the Candida cell wall also possesses strong chemotactic activity, certain components of the fungal cell wall may play a pathogenic role in Candida colpitis.", "contents": "[Experimental candida vaginitis in the mouse (author's transl)]. Manifest Candida albicans infection of the vagina of mice was achieved only after oestrogen treatment. Histologically, different phases of vaginal candidiasis could be observed: the mycotic infection began with a massive colonization of Candida albicans in the horny layers of the vaginal epithelium and an early immigration of granulocytes. Abscess-like changes followed when high number of yeast cells were used for infection. One to two weeks after onset the inflammatory changes decreased and fungi were no longer identifiable in epithelial micro-abscesses by the methods employed. In contrast, yeast cells could be detected within the vaginal skin exhibiting weak inflammatory lesions up to the 57th day. Chemotactic studies showed that the fungi considerably stimulated the migration of mouse granulocytes in the presence of serum. Since mannan isolated from the Candida cell wall also possesses strong chemotactic activity, certain components of the fungal cell wall may play a pathogenic role in Candida colpitis.", "PMID": 1036880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7585", "title": "[Histological diagnosis, DNA-content and chromatin pattern of breast cancer cases with positive and negative 17-beta-oestradiol receptor binding (author's transl)].", "content": "The DNA-concent of cell nuclei of 45 breast cancer cases of various histological structure has been determined cytophotometrically. With the exception of two gallert carcinomas no DNA-histogram of peridiploid range was found. The average DNA-content was 2--3 times higher as in the control tissue. The standard deviation of undifferentiated solid mammary tumors was the highest measured in this series. 24 of 45 cases had a negative oestrogen receptor binding. This was true in 60% of the undiffierentiated solid breast cancer cases, in 69% of the adenomatous and in 89 respectively 67% of the ones of special histological structure. The heterochromatin content of nuclei was lowest in the group of differentiated mammary cancer (50--60%). In the group of undifferentiated tumors it was 60--70%. So much for now is known about the mechanism of cellular action of 17-beta-oestradiol and the function of eu- and heterochromatin of cell nuclei it is discussed that positive or negative oestrogen hormone receptor binding in mammary tumor cells is probably a biochemical parameter of cytological desintegration. From this point of view these hormon receptors could be of the same value as the index of Barr bodies in breast cancer cells with respect of selection of cases for hormonal therapy. But this has to be analyzed in further studies extensively.", "contents": "[Histological diagnosis, DNA-content and chromatin pattern of breast cancer cases with positive and negative 17-beta-oestradiol receptor binding (author's transl)]. The DNA-concent of cell nuclei of 45 breast cancer cases of various histological structure has been determined cytophotometrically. With the exception of two gallert carcinomas no DNA-histogram of peridiploid range was found. The average DNA-content was 2--3 times higher as in the control tissue. The standard deviation of undifferentiated solid mammary tumors was the highest measured in this series. 24 of 45 cases had a negative oestrogen receptor binding. This was true in 60% of the undiffierentiated solid breast cancer cases, in 69% of the adenomatous and in 89 respectively 67% of the ones of special histological structure. The heterochromatin content of nuclei was lowest in the group of differentiated mammary cancer (50--60%). In the group of undifferentiated tumors it was 60--70%. So much for now is known about the mechanism of cellular action of 17-beta-oestradiol and the function of eu- and heterochromatin of cell nuclei it is discussed that positive or negative oestrogen hormone receptor binding in mammary tumor cells is probably a biochemical parameter of cytological desintegration. From this point of view these hormon receptors could be of the same value as the index of Barr bodies in breast cancer cells with respect of selection of cases for hormonal therapy. But this has to be analyzed in further studies extensively.", "PMID": 1036881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7586", "title": "Investigations into the preservation of human ovaries by means of a cryoprotectivum.", "content": "Human ovaries in the phase of follicular ripening were treated by means of a cryoprotectivum immediately after their removal. They were kept at --18degrees C for up to 8 weeks. After having gradually been thawed the ovaries were in vitro connected to a perfusion system. When completely revitalized they were examined in the steady-state for their metabolic behaviour. It was found that in comparison with the untreated controls, depending on the period of preservation, the oxygen consumption and the estrogen secretion had decreased, while the glucose absorption and lactate production had increased. As a morphological substrate a minor oedema was established in the tissue in the histological control after a preservation period of 2 months. This was mainly localized around the arteries. The method can be regarded as suitable for the preservation of ovaries for a limited period of time. It is possible to maintained a metabolism that can still be regarded as functioning.", "contents": "Investigations into the preservation of human ovaries by means of a cryoprotectivum. Human ovaries in the phase of follicular ripening were treated by means of a cryoprotectivum immediately after their removal. They were kept at --18degrees C for up to 8 weeks. After having gradually been thawed the ovaries were in vitro connected to a perfusion system. When completely revitalized they were examined in the steady-state for their metabolic behaviour. It was found that in comparison with the untreated controls, depending on the period of preservation, the oxygen consumption and the estrogen secretion had decreased, while the glucose absorption and lactate production had increased. As a morphological substrate a minor oedema was established in the tissue in the histological control after a preservation period of 2 months. This was mainly localized around the arteries. The method can be regarded as suitable for the preservation of ovaries for a limited period of time. It is possible to maintained a metabolism that can still be regarded as functioning.", "PMID": 1036882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7587", "title": "[Asteroid plastic surgery as optimum management of complete and partial vaginal occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Opinions differ about the type of surgical procedure to be applied in cases of complete or partial vaginal occlusion. The large percentage of postoperative vaginal stenoses and functional disorders necessitated a search for a new technique. The mucous membrane of the introitus vaginae is incised in the shape of a lying cross and the four flaps thus made are detached. Then an exactly lateral incision is made on each side of the crossing point described above resulting in a broad access to the vagina. Once the opening is wide enough, a second group of triangular flaps is formed vertically to this horizontal incision; the dimensions of the triangular flaps in the inner and outer group must be identical. Then the outer four flaps are turned inward and the four inner flaps are turned outward and interlinked so that a zig-zag line is formed which encircles the vagina in the area of the former stenosis. Thus far this surgical technique has been applied five times and yielded satisfactory results in every instance.", "contents": "[Asteroid plastic surgery as optimum management of complete and partial vaginal occlusion (author's transl)]. Opinions differ about the type of surgical procedure to be applied in cases of complete or partial vaginal occlusion. The large percentage of postoperative vaginal stenoses and functional disorders necessitated a search for a new technique. The mucous membrane of the introitus vaginae is incised in the shape of a lying cross and the four flaps thus made are detached. Then an exactly lateral incision is made on each side of the crossing point described above resulting in a broad access to the vagina. Once the opening is wide enough, a second group of triangular flaps is formed vertically to this horizontal incision; the dimensions of the triangular flaps in the inner and outer group must be identical. Then the outer four flaps are turned inward and the four inner flaps are turned outward and interlinked so that a zig-zag line is formed which encircles the vagina in the area of the former stenosis. Thus far this surgical technique has been applied five times and yielded satisfactory results in every instance.", "PMID": 1036883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7588", "title": "A trend in the therapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning.", "content": "Recent experimental evidences have been produced on the protection afforded by penicillin G in rats poisoned by Amanita phalloides extracts. A therapeutic trend which combines penicillin G infusions to the classical supportive measures was applied to 33 cases of severe A. phalloides poisoning, with 100% survival rates. The possible mechanism of the protective effect of penicillin G in A. phalloides poisoning is discussed.", "contents": "A trend in the therapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning. Recent experimental evidences have been produced on the protection afforded by penicillin G in rats poisoned by Amanita phalloides extracts. A therapeutic trend which combines penicillin G infusions to the classical supportive measures was applied to 33 cases of severe A. phalloides poisoning, with 100% survival rates. The possible mechanism of the protective effect of penicillin G in A. phalloides poisoning is discussed.", "PMID": 1036884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7589", "title": "The effect of N-alkyl groups of substituted phenyl-N-alkyl carbamates on the inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase.", "content": "The inhibition constants for human plasma cholinesterase (dissociation, carbamylation, decarbamylation, overall bimolecular rate constants) were determined for two series of substituted phenyl-N-alkyl carbamates. N-propyl carbamates were found to be better inhibitors than the corresponding compounds carrying smaller N-alkyl groups. In both series the carbamylation constants of N-ethyl carbamates were lower than those of the N-methyl and N-propyl analogues, whereas the decarbamylation constants of the former were found to be higher than those of the latter carbamates. The experimental results obtained with human plasma cholinesterase are compared with published inhibition constants determined for several types of acetylcholinesterases.", "contents": "The effect of N-alkyl groups of substituted phenyl-N-alkyl carbamates on the inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase. The inhibition constants for human plasma cholinesterase (dissociation, carbamylation, decarbamylation, overall bimolecular rate constants) were determined for two series of substituted phenyl-N-alkyl carbamates. N-propyl carbamates were found to be better inhibitors than the corresponding compounds carrying smaller N-alkyl groups. In both series the carbamylation constants of N-ethyl carbamates were lower than those of the N-methyl and N-propyl analogues, whereas the decarbamylation constants of the former were found to be higher than those of the latter carbamates. The experimental results obtained with human plasma cholinesterase are compared with published inhibition constants determined for several types of acetylcholinesterases.", "PMID": 1036885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7590", "title": "A death case involving tilidine.", "content": "A fatal poisoning case due to the combination of a relative overdose of barbiturates (600 mg daily) and 750 mg of tilidine is reported. The concentrations of barbiturates and tilidine with its metabolites were determined in blood, liver, and urine.", "contents": "A death case involving tilidine. A fatal poisoning case due to the combination of a relative overdose of barbiturates (600 mg daily) and 750 mg of tilidine is reported. The concentrations of barbiturates and tilidine with its metabolites were determined in blood, liver, and urine.", "PMID": 1036886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7591", "title": "Metabolic and toxic behavior of phthalimide derivates. I. Fate of imidan in the fetus.", "content": "The organophosphate insecticide imidan includes a phthalimide group. Because of the structural relationship to the teratogenic compound thalidomide we have investigated its placental transfer and metabolic fate in rats. Its passage to embryonic tissues could be confirmed. After intraamniotic injection to the first amniotic cavity of the left uteri we could establish a distribution of imidan and 32P compounds throughout the uteri, the concentration depending upon the incubation time and the distances from the place of injection. The half-life of imidan, detected in the exterioized fetuses or in newborns, was 50--70 min. Imidoxon, i.e., the oxidized form of imidan, has a diminished half-life. This fact explicates the presence of imidoxon only in small concentrations after application of imidan.", "contents": "Metabolic and toxic behavior of phthalimide derivates. I. Fate of imidan in the fetus. The organophosphate insecticide imidan includes a phthalimide group. Because of the structural relationship to the teratogenic compound thalidomide we have investigated its placental transfer and metabolic fate in rats. Its passage to embryonic tissues could be confirmed. After intraamniotic injection to the first amniotic cavity of the left uteri we could establish a distribution of imidan and 32P compounds throughout the uteri, the concentration depending upon the incubation time and the distances from the place of injection. The half-life of imidan, detected in the exterioized fetuses or in newborns, was 50--70 min. Imidoxon, i.e., the oxidized form of imidan, has a diminished half-life. This fact explicates the presence of imidoxon only in small concentrations after application of imidan.", "PMID": 1036887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7592", "title": "Therapeutic effects of some cholinolytics in organophosphate intoxications.", "content": "The therapeutic effects of pipethanate (sycotrol) and two newly synthetized cholinolytics, DPX-8 and ANC-51, were compared with atropine in mice poisoned by DDVP, fluostigmine, phospholine, and paraoxon. The antagonistic activotagonistic activity of tested drugs against acetylcholine-induced contraction of rat ileum and oxotremorine-induced salivation and tremor in the mouse was also studied. The anticholinergic activity of pipethanate, DPX-8, and ANC-51 was weaker than that of atropine. However,the therapeutic effect of pipethanate was higher than that of atropine in mice poisoned by the organophosphates. DPX-8 and ANC-51 afforded a better antidotal effect than atropine only in DDVP-poisoned mice.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of some cholinolytics in organophosphate intoxications. The therapeutic effects of pipethanate (sycotrol) and two newly synthetized cholinolytics, DPX-8 and ANC-51, were compared with atropine in mice poisoned by DDVP, fluostigmine, phospholine, and paraoxon. The antagonistic activotagonistic activity of tested drugs against acetylcholine-induced contraction of rat ileum and oxotremorine-induced salivation and tremor in the mouse was also studied. The anticholinergic activity of pipethanate, DPX-8, and ANC-51 was weaker than that of atropine. However,the therapeutic effect of pipethanate was higher than that of atropine in mice poisoned by the organophosphates. DPX-8 and ANC-51 afforded a better antidotal effect than atropine only in DDVP-poisoned mice.", "PMID": 1036888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7593", "title": "Experimental manganese lymphadenopathy in guinea pigs.", "content": "Experimental manganese lymphadenopathy was produced by guinea pigs by intratracheal inoculation of manganese dioxide (50 mg/300 g body weight) and histopathologic changes in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes were studied up to 180 days. There was slow extracellular transport of manganese dust into the nodes, which did not provoke any significant reaction at early periods. However, at later periods the nodes exhibited a significant increase in the density of dust particles and the reaction consisted of phagocytosis, degeneration of dust laden macrophages, slight proliferation of fibroblasts, together with some reticulinosis corresponding to deposits of dust particles. The significance of these findings have been discussed from the chronic toxicity viewpoint.", "contents": "Experimental manganese lymphadenopathy in guinea pigs. Experimental manganese lymphadenopathy was produced by guinea pigs by intratracheal inoculation of manganese dioxide (50 mg/300 g body weight) and histopathologic changes in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes were studied up to 180 days. There was slow extracellular transport of manganese dust into the nodes, which did not provoke any significant reaction at early periods. However, at later periods the nodes exhibited a significant increase in the density of dust particles and the reaction consisted of phagocytosis, degeneration of dust laden macrophages, slight proliferation of fibroblasts, together with some reticulinosis corresponding to deposits of dust particles. The significance of these findings have been discussed from the chronic toxicity viewpoint.", "PMID": 1036890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7594", "title": "Biotransformation of As(III) to As(V) and arsenic tolerance.", "content": "The paper deals with excretion of As(III) and As(V) in the urine of mice exposed to a toxic concentration of As(III) (250 mg/1) in drinking water. After the exposures of 2, 6, and 8 days, the mice were given i.m. a solution of 74As(III) labeled sodium arsenite in a dose of 1.3 mg As(III)/kg b.w. and an activity of 3 muCi/l ml. After the sacrifice of the animal, the urine was drawn off directly from the bladder. The urine samples were subjected to separation of As(III) from As(V) by using a paper radiochromatography technique. The results showed that unexposed control mice excreted one-half of the administered As(III) in the form of As(V). Mice exposed to arsenic in drinking water exceted already, after 2 days of exposure, four-fifths of the applied As(III) in the form of As(V), after 4 days of exposure the proportion of As(V) was more than 95%, and after 8 days of exposure only traces of As(III) were present. The authors discussed the possibility of the biotransformation of As(III) to As(V) on arsenic tolerance.", "contents": "Biotransformation of As(III) to As(V) and arsenic tolerance. The paper deals with excretion of As(III) and As(V) in the urine of mice exposed to a toxic concentration of As(III) (250 mg/1) in drinking water. After the exposures of 2, 6, and 8 days, the mice were given i.m. a solution of 74As(III) labeled sodium arsenite in a dose of 1.3 mg As(III)/kg b.w. and an activity of 3 muCi/l ml. After the sacrifice of the animal, the urine was drawn off directly from the bladder. The urine samples were subjected to separation of As(III) from As(V) by using a paper radiochromatography technique. The results showed that unexposed control mice excreted one-half of the administered As(III) in the form of As(V). Mice exposed to arsenic in drinking water exceted already, after 2 days of exposure, four-fifths of the applied As(III) in the form of As(V), after 4 days of exposure the proportion of As(V) was more than 95%, and after 8 days of exposure only traces of As(III) were present. The authors discussed the possibility of the biotransformation of As(III) to As(V) on arsenic tolerance.", "PMID": 1036891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7595", "title": "In vitro system for toxicological studies on the development of mammalian limb buds in a chemically defined medium.", "content": "In organ culture systems using the Trowell setup, morphogenetic differentiation (which largely mimics the development reached in vivo within 2--3 days) can be obtained in limb buds of mouse embryos during a culture period of 6 days. We succeeded in improving the technique and in achieving good differentiation of the limb buds in a chemically defined culture medium from which all additions of the heterologous serum used in previous studies were omitted. With this technique of using a chemically defined medium, the following results were obtained: (1) A high degree of reproducibility can be obtained in the grade of differentiation if the experimental conditions are standardized and limb buds of the same developmental stage (somite stage) are used. (2) The technique is applicable to species other than mice, such as rats and rabbits, however, the results obtained so far are not so satisfactory as those acquired with mouse limb buds. (3) In an attempt to offer some colloid osmotic pressure, macromolecules like polyvinylpyrrolidone (Periston), polydextrans (Macrodex) or polypeptides (Haemaccel) were added to the culture medium. None of these macromolecules had a beneficial effect on the differentiation of the limb buds in vitro; in the case of Macrodex the differentiation was even impaired. (4) In comparison with the development in a serum-containing medium, the results attained with a chemically defined medium are just as good when judged from microscopical and some biochemical studies (total content of DNA, RNA, protein, and protein-bound hydroxyproline in the explants). The applicability of the test system for the evaluation of embryotoxic effects is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro system for toxicological studies on the development of mammalian limb buds in a chemically defined medium. In organ culture systems using the Trowell setup, morphogenetic differentiation (which largely mimics the development reached in vivo within 2--3 days) can be obtained in limb buds of mouse embryos during a culture period of 6 days. We succeeded in improving the technique and in achieving good differentiation of the limb buds in a chemically defined culture medium from which all additions of the heterologous serum used in previous studies were omitted. With this technique of using a chemically defined medium, the following results were obtained: (1) A high degree of reproducibility can be obtained in the grade of differentiation if the experimental conditions are standardized and limb buds of the same developmental stage (somite stage) are used. (2) The technique is applicable to species other than mice, such as rats and rabbits, however, the results obtained so far are not so satisfactory as those acquired with mouse limb buds. (3) In an attempt to offer some colloid osmotic pressure, macromolecules like polyvinylpyrrolidone (Periston), polydextrans (Macrodex) or polypeptides (Haemaccel) were added to the culture medium. None of these macromolecules had a beneficial effect on the differentiation of the limb buds in vitro; in the case of Macrodex the differentiation was even impaired. (4) In comparison with the development in a serum-containing medium, the results attained with a chemically defined medium are just as good when judged from microscopical and some biochemical studies (total content of DNA, RNA, protein, and protein-bound hydroxyproline in the explants). The applicability of the test system for the evaluation of embryotoxic effects is discussed.", "PMID": 1036892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7596", "title": "[The application of nitrogen detectors for arsenic determination in biological material (author's transl)].", "content": "An easy gc-determination of arsenic in biological samples with a nitrogen phosphorous detector is described. AsH3 is produced by reduction with NaBH4, and a sample introduced by the usual head space technique. The sensitivity of the method comes up to the concentration limits, which is of toxicologic interest.", "contents": "[The application of nitrogen detectors for arsenic determination in biological material (author's transl)]. An easy gc-determination of arsenic in biological samples with a nitrogen phosphorous detector is described. AsH3 is produced by reduction with NaBH4, and a sample introduced by the usual head space technique. The sensitivity of the method comes up to the concentration limits, which is of toxicologic interest.", "PMID": 1036893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7597", "title": "Determination of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in autopsy material by gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in autopsy material is described. The esters were hydrolyzed before the final determination. The mass spectra of the hydrolyzed esters are presented together with the results of an investigation of 6 cases of fatal intoxications.", "contents": "Determination of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in autopsy material by gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in autopsy material is described. The esters were hydrolyzed before the final determination. The mass spectra of the hydrolyzed esters are presented together with the results of an investigation of 6 cases of fatal intoxications.", "PMID": 1036894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7598", "title": "X-ray crystallographic and gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric studies on norpropoxyphene.", "content": "The crystal structure of norpropoxyphene maleate is presented. The conformation is discussed in relation to similar compounds. A gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric investigation indicates that earlier proposed metabolites may be formed during the gas chromatographic separation.", "contents": "X-ray crystallographic and gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric studies on norpropoxyphene. The crystal structure of norpropoxyphene maleate is presented. The conformation is discussed in relation to similar compounds. A gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric investigation indicates that earlier proposed metabolites may be formed during the gas chromatographic separation.", "PMID": 1036895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7599", "title": "Circadian fluctuations in the activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II in the nuclei isolated from mouse tissues and the significance for pharmacological and toxicological studies on transcription.", "content": "For pharmacological and toxicological studies on the effect of drugs on transcriptional processes the basic fluctuation in activity during a 24-h period must be known. We have measured the activity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in cell fractions from mice kept under defined dark/light and feeding schedules. The following results have been obtained: 1. Circadian variations in the activity of RNA polymerases are especially pronounced in the nuclei of liver tissue. These changes depend predominantly on feeding habits and they are comparatively independent on the dark/light schedule. A maximum in the activity of nuclear DNA dependent RNA polymerases can be observed shortely after the beginning of the feeding period. 2. The nuclei isolated from other tissues, such as brain, kidney or embryos during the late stage of embryogenesis shown considerably smaller, if any, fluctuations in connection with the feeding habits. These tissues seem to be especially suitable for pharmacological or toxicological studies on transcriptional processes. 3. While both nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases shown a strong dependence on the feeding habits no obvious circadian viriations can be observed in the activity of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase localized in the mitochondrial fractions of the same tissue. The regulation of these polymerases in different cell compartments apparently occurs quite independently. The conclusions for the design of experiments on induction processes occurring in liver tissues, drawn from the results presented, are discussed.", "contents": "Circadian fluctuations in the activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II in the nuclei isolated from mouse tissues and the significance for pharmacological and toxicological studies on transcription. For pharmacological and toxicological studies on the effect of drugs on transcriptional processes the basic fluctuation in activity during a 24-h period must be known. We have measured the activity of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in cell fractions from mice kept under defined dark/light and feeding schedules. The following results have been obtained: 1. Circadian variations in the activity of RNA polymerases are especially pronounced in the nuclei of liver tissue. These changes depend predominantly on feeding habits and they are comparatively independent on the dark/light schedule. A maximum in the activity of nuclear DNA dependent RNA polymerases can be observed shortely after the beginning of the feeding period. 2. The nuclei isolated from other tissues, such as brain, kidney or embryos during the late stage of embryogenesis shown considerably smaller, if any, fluctuations in connection with the feeding habits. These tissues seem to be especially suitable for pharmacological or toxicological studies on transcriptional processes. 3. While both nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases shown a strong dependence on the feeding habits no obvious circadian viriations can be observed in the activity of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase localized in the mitochondrial fractions of the same tissue. The regulation of these polymerases in different cell compartments apparently occurs quite independently. The conclusions for the design of experiments on induction processes occurring in liver tissues, drawn from the results presented, are discussed.", "PMID": 1036897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7600", "title": "Possible influences of circadian rhythms in experimental carcinogenesis.", "content": "The induction of tumours by chemical carcinogens depends not only on the chemical structure of the substance but also on biological properties of the target cell population, such as enzyme patterns, DNA repair mechanisms and the proliferative state of the cells. Interference with any of these processes can theoretically affect the tumour yield, as can variations due to biological rhythms. A series of investigations of circadian and circannual rhythms in the hairless mouse epidermis (hr/hr) is reviewed. DNA synthesis as well as the mitotic rate undergo great variations in the course of a 24-h period. The respiration and glycolysis in this epidermis undergo strong circannual variations. Evidence that the eventual tumour development after methylcholanthrene application to the skin is modified by circadian variations in DNA synthesis is presented and discussed in relation to pertinent data from other cell systems.", "contents": "Possible influences of circadian rhythms in experimental carcinogenesis. The induction of tumours by chemical carcinogens depends not only on the chemical structure of the substance but also on biological properties of the target cell population, such as enzyme patterns, DNA repair mechanisms and the proliferative state of the cells. Interference with any of these processes can theoretically affect the tumour yield, as can variations due to biological rhythms. A series of investigations of circadian and circannual rhythms in the hairless mouse epidermis (hr/hr) is reviewed. DNA synthesis as well as the mitotic rate undergo great variations in the course of a 24-h period. The respiration and glycolysis in this epidermis undergo strong circannual variations. Evidence that the eventual tumour development after methylcholanthrene application to the skin is modified by circadian variations in DNA synthesis is presented and discussed in relation to pertinent data from other cell systems.", "PMID": 1036898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7601", "title": "Genetic and hormonal regulation of steroid hydroxylases and drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver.", "content": "Two microsomal steroid hydroxylase activities (cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase and progesterone-16alpha-hydroxylase) were measured in the livers of Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats and compared to three other monooxygenase activities (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, p-nitro-anisole-O-demethylase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase). Cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase behaves in a very unique manner. It is the only one of the studied enzymes to be more active in the female than in the male, it is very poorly induced by phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene, but responds quickly to the administration of glucocorticoids. In fact, the cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity presents a very pronounced circadian rhythm which is under the control of the hypothalamo-adrenal axis. Marked differences are also found in the response of the various enzymatic activities to the administration of inducers as well as in their relative activities in untreated male and female animals.", "contents": "Genetic and hormonal regulation of steroid hydroxylases and drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Two microsomal steroid hydroxylase activities (cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase and progesterone-16alpha-hydroxylase) were measured in the livers of Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats and compared to three other monooxygenase activities (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, p-nitro-anisole-O-demethylase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase). Cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase behaves in a very unique manner. It is the only one of the studied enzymes to be more active in the female than in the male, it is very poorly induced by phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene, but responds quickly to the administration of glucocorticoids. In fact, the cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase activity presents a very pronounced circadian rhythm which is under the control of the hypothalamo-adrenal axis. Marked differences are also found in the response of the various enzymatic activities to the administration of inducers as well as in their relative activities in untreated male and female animals.", "PMID": 1036899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7602", "title": "The manipulation of circadian rhythms.", "content": "In a study on male Wistar (TNO) rats kept under phase-shifted light-dark (12:12) conditions, it was demonstrated that the circadian rhythms of the following functions were effectively synchronized to the new lighting regimen: (a) body temperature, gross motor activity (after 1 week of acclimatization); (b) stomach weight, liver weight, liver glycogen, liver protein and acid phosphatase activity; serum corticosterone, glucose, total protein and inorganic phosphatase (after 4-6 weeks; as concluded from the data pooled of a sex of identical experiments); (c) the in vivo toxicity of approximately LD50 amounts (i.p.) for antimycin A and of E 600. In the individual experiments the various normal functions appeared to be different with respect to sensitivity to light. The overall pooled results indicated that, except for glycogen, the 24-h means of the normal values in the stomach, liver and serum were slightly decreased when compared to the respective means obtained from standard LD (= light: 6:00-18:00)-conditioned control groups (P less than 0.001 for liver weight, liver protein, serum protein and inorganic phosphate). The experimental animals revealed an intermediate or persisting decrease of the growth rate. From the serial biological and toxicological studies performed in the course of 1 year, it is concluded that the synchronizing effect of an altered lighting regiment may be influenced by seasonal factors...", "contents": "The manipulation of circadian rhythms. In a study on male Wistar (TNO) rats kept under phase-shifted light-dark (12:12) conditions, it was demonstrated that the circadian rhythms of the following functions were effectively synchronized to the new lighting regimen: (a) body temperature, gross motor activity (after 1 week of acclimatization); (b) stomach weight, liver weight, liver glycogen, liver protein and acid phosphatase activity; serum corticosterone, glucose, total protein and inorganic phosphatase (after 4-6 weeks; as concluded from the data pooled of a sex of identical experiments); (c) the in vivo toxicity of approximately LD50 amounts (i.p.) for antimycin A and of E 600. In the individual experiments the various normal functions appeared to be different with respect to sensitivity to light. The overall pooled results indicated that, except for glycogen, the 24-h means of the normal values in the stomach, liver and serum were slightly decreased when compared to the respective means obtained from standard LD (= light: 6:00-18:00)-conditioned control groups (P less than 0.001 for liver weight, liver protein, serum protein and inorganic phosphate). The experimental animals revealed an intermediate or persisting decrease of the growth rate. From the serial biological and toxicological studies performed in the course of 1 year, it is concluded that the synchronizing effect of an altered lighting regiment may be influenced by seasonal factors...", "PMID": 1036901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7603", "title": "The circadian rhythm of synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol.", "content": "The circadian rhythms of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase (low values, during light, rising in the evening with maximum at 12.00 p.m.) are investigated in rats under diverse conditions. Intragastral administration of cholestyramine (bile acid-absorbing resin) leads to an increased rhythm of both enzymes. Feeding of cholic acid (or cholesterol) reduces the activity of both enzymes (of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, respectively). In starved rats enzyme activity and time of day is proportional to the metabolism of a substrate.ies are lowered, too; a damped rhythm reappears after 24 h. A 20% fat diet (containing saturated fatty acids predominantly) markedly reduces the high values. Enzyme activities inhabited after thyroidectomy can be normalized by thyroxin substitution. Thyroxin administration in the normal remains without effect. Four-day insulin treatment of the normal inhibits cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, has no effect on HMG-CoA reductase. In the untreated diabetic rat cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase is increased, HMG-CoA reductase significantly inhibited. Insulin treatment of the diabetic animal results in normalized values of HMG-CoA reductase whilst cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase is nearly completely suppressed. The rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol turnover are peripherally regulated by their products via a negative feedback. In contrast, hormones may have synergistic or opposite effects; thus they may represent means of higher regulation. All regulative possibilities discussed (except hypophysectomy) do modifiy the circadian rhythms. This cannot be demonstrated after hypophysectomy. After hypophysectomy circadian rhythms are not detectable any more. To get valid data about biochemical or pharmacological effects on these enzymes the circadian viriations have to be considered by measuring at different times of day (e.g. fat diet); for only the area of enzyme activit", "contents": "The circadian rhythm of synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol. The circadian rhythms of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase (low values, during light, rising in the evening with maximum at 12.00 p.m.) are investigated in rats under diverse conditions. Intragastral administration of cholestyramine (bile acid-absorbing resin) leads to an increased rhythm of both enzymes. Feeding of cholic acid (or cholesterol) reduces the activity of both enzymes (of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, respectively). In starved rats enzyme activity and time of day is proportional to the metabolism of a substrate.ies are lowered, too; a damped rhythm reappears after 24 h. A 20% fat diet (containing saturated fatty acids predominantly) markedly reduces the high values. Enzyme activities inhabited after thyroidectomy can be normalized by thyroxin substitution. Thyroxin administration in the normal remains without effect. Four-day insulin treatment of the normal inhibits cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, has no effect on HMG-CoA reductase. In the untreated diabetic rat cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase is increased, HMG-CoA reductase significantly inhibited. Insulin treatment of the diabetic animal results in normalized values of HMG-CoA reductase whilst cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase is nearly completely suppressed. The rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol turnover are peripherally regulated by their products via a negative feedback. In contrast, hormones may have synergistic or opposite effects; thus they may represent means of higher regulation. All regulative possibilities discussed (except hypophysectomy) do modifiy the circadian rhythms. This cannot be demonstrated after hypophysectomy. After hypophysectomy circadian rhythms are not detectable any more. To get valid data about biochemical or pharmacological effects on these enzymes the circadian viriations have to be considered by measuring at different times of day (e.g. fat diet); for only the area of enzyme activit", "PMID": 1036900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7604", "title": "Circadian rhythm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the rat.", "content": "The 24 h-course of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) and of the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and aldosterone was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats under different experimental conditions. The data obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) of the rat is subject to a circadian rhythm which is largely in phase with the well-known rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal axis. This rhythm can be demonstrated in PRA as well as in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of aldosterone. The rhythm of urinary excretion of electrolytes is unlikely to be due to the rhythm of aldosterone secretion. 2. The light-dark cycle is the main synchronizer for these rhythms: inverting the light-dark cycle for 5 weeks entirely inverts the rhythms of all the parameters cited. 3. A dissociation of the rhythms of PRA and PAC can be observed following sodium restriction or dexamethasone treatment. A role of ACTH IN regulating the rhythmic pattern of aldosterone secretion is suggested by the finding that PAC and PCC follow the same pattern of circadian variations under every experimental condition tested. 4. The responsiveness of the RAAS to stimulation or suppression varies with the time of day. 5. It is suggested that experiments ought to be performed not only during the inactive (light hours) but also during the active (dark hours) phase when investigating the RAAS in the rat. This can conveniently be achieved by the use of an animal room with a reversed lighting regime.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the rat. The 24 h-course of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) and of the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and aldosterone was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats under different experimental conditions. The data obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) of the rat is subject to a circadian rhythm which is largely in phase with the well-known rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal axis. This rhythm can be demonstrated in PRA as well as in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of aldosterone. The rhythm of urinary excretion of electrolytes is unlikely to be due to the rhythm of aldosterone secretion. 2. The light-dark cycle is the main synchronizer for these rhythms: inverting the light-dark cycle for 5 weeks entirely inverts the rhythms of all the parameters cited. 3. A dissociation of the rhythms of PRA and PAC can be observed following sodium restriction or dexamethasone treatment. A role of ACTH IN regulating the rhythmic pattern of aldosterone secretion is suggested by the finding that PAC and PCC follow the same pattern of circadian variations under every experimental condition tested. 4. The responsiveness of the RAAS to stimulation or suppression varies with the time of day. 5. It is suggested that experiments ought to be performed not only during the inactive (light hours) but also during the active (dark hours) phase when investigating the RAAS in the rat. This can conveniently be achieved by the use of an animal room with a reversed lighting regime.", "PMID": 1036902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7605", "title": "Circadian influences on clinical values in man.", "content": "1. The circadian patterns of clinically relevant parameters were studied in 109 young, healthy soldiers. 2. Erythrocytes, hematocrit, creatinine and cortisol exhibited very stable rhythmic patterns which were found by continuous examinations of the same persons as well as in examinations of different persons at different times. 3. The rhythmic patterns of leukocytes, blood glucose and body temperature were strongly influenced by stress caused by the first confrontation with an unknown hospital-like situation or by pain caused by blood sampling.", "contents": "Circadian influences on clinical values in man. 1. The circadian patterns of clinically relevant parameters were studied in 109 young, healthy soldiers. 2. Erythrocytes, hematocrit, creatinine and cortisol exhibited very stable rhythmic patterns which were found by continuous examinations of the same persons as well as in examinations of different persons at different times. 3. The rhythmic patterns of leukocytes, blood glucose and body temperature were strongly influenced by stress caused by the first confrontation with an unknown hospital-like situation or by pain caused by blood sampling.", "PMID": 1036903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7606", "title": "The relevance of drug-induced organ pigmentation in animals.", "content": "Postmortem examination of animals from long-term safety evaluation studies often reveals pigment deposition in tissues. A review of several such observations is given and the possible chemical backgrounds of their origin are described, in an attempt to aid the determination of relevance in individual cases. It is suggested that one may be fairly broad-minded in the interpretation of the relevance of such pigments, especially if they are found only in one species, and have no influence on the function of the organs involved. A final answer comes only after administration of the particular drug to man, although he is normally dosed at all events one should not overvalue the relevance of pigmentation found in long-term animal studies.", "contents": "The relevance of drug-induced organ pigmentation in animals. Postmortem examination of animals from long-term safety evaluation studies often reveals pigment deposition in tissues. A review of several such observations is given and the possible chemical backgrounds of their origin are described, in an attempt to aid the determination of relevance in individual cases. It is suggested that one may be fairly broad-minded in the interpretation of the relevance of such pigments, especially if they are found only in one species, and have no influence on the function of the organs involved. A final answer comes only after administration of the particular drug to man, although he is normally dosed at all events one should not overvalue the relevance of pigmentation found in long-term animal studies.", "PMID": 1036904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7607", "title": "Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of some maleinimides.", "content": "Maleinimide, the teratogenic structural \"central part\" of the thalidomide molecule, and 5 of its dichloro- and dibromo-derivatives have been investigated teratologically by tests on SWS mice. According to both the electrophilic properties and the spatial requirements of the substituents, the effects were found to be up to 100 times stronger than those of thalidomide, and up to 10 times stronger than those of phthalimide respectively. The results are referred to the distinct electron-acceptor behavior of the maleinimide compounds, which--due to their flat molecular structures--are able to intercalate into the DNA double helix forming EDA complexes with nucleic acid bases as electron-donor molecules. The results can be interpreted as another confirmation of J\u00f6nsson's intercalation hypothesis of the thalidomide action.", "contents": "Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of some maleinimides. Maleinimide, the teratogenic structural \"central part\" of the thalidomide molecule, and 5 of its dichloro- and dibromo-derivatives have been investigated teratologically by tests on SWS mice. According to both the electrophilic properties and the spatial requirements of the substituents, the effects were found to be up to 100 times stronger than those of thalidomide, and up to 10 times stronger than those of phthalimide respectively. The results are referred to the distinct electron-acceptor behavior of the maleinimide compounds, which--due to their flat molecular structures--are able to intercalate into the DNA double helix forming EDA complexes with nucleic acid bases as electron-donor molecules. The results can be interpreted as another confirmation of J\u00f6nsson's intercalation hypothesis of the thalidomide action.", "PMID": 1036905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7608", "title": "Neurotoxic effects of dichloroacetylene.", "content": "In inhalation tests involving lethal as well as sublethal doses of dias examined in rabbits by means ofhistologic and neurofunctional methods. Histologic examination revealed chromatolysis, disintegration of Nissl bodies, and cell shrinkage in proportion to the doses employed in the nuclei of the unpaired brain stem, in the sensory cortical regions and especially in the sensory cranial nerve nuclei. The sensory trigeminal nucleus was involved most severely, followed in decreasing intensity 0y the facial and oculomotor nerves and the motor trigeminal nucleus; the least changes were observed in the acoustic nerve. By testing the protopathic sensitivity of the facial skin it was possible for the first time to produce evidence of a sensory loss in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve by animal experimentation. The neuropathological and functional deficits observed may explain the cranial nerve lesions in human DCA intoxication; however, these lesions seem to be less distinct in experimental animals.", "contents": "Neurotoxic effects of dichloroacetylene. In inhalation tests involving lethal as well as sublethal doses of dias examined in rabbits by means ofhistologic and neurofunctional methods. Histologic examination revealed chromatolysis, disintegration of Nissl bodies, and cell shrinkage in proportion to the doses employed in the nuclei of the unpaired brain stem, in the sensory cortical regions and especially in the sensory cranial nerve nuclei. The sensory trigeminal nucleus was involved most severely, followed in decreasing intensity 0y the facial and oculomotor nerves and the motor trigeminal nucleus; the least changes were observed in the acoustic nerve. By testing the protopathic sensitivity of the facial skin it was possible for the first time to produce evidence of a sensory loss in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve by animal experimentation. The neuropathological and functional deficits observed may explain the cranial nerve lesions in human DCA intoxication; however, these lesions seem to be less distinct in experimental animals.", "PMID": 1036906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7609", "title": "Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry as a rapid screening technique for heavy metal intoxications.", "content": "This paper describes a relatively simple and rapid analytical procedure capable to carry out systematic screening for 10 heavy metals, namely mercury, bismuth, antimony, copper, lead, tin, thallium, indium, cadmium and zinc. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was chosen because of its simplicity, speed, low cost, low detection limits, screening potential for a wide selection of metals and the combined qualitative and quantitative output. The method of identification is based on measuring peak potentials in 2 different types of electrolyte solution, using 2 different electrodes. Complexing agents are used to mask certain elements.", "contents": "Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry as a rapid screening technique for heavy metal intoxications. This paper describes a relatively simple and rapid analytical procedure capable to carry out systematic screening for 10 heavy metals, namely mercury, bismuth, antimony, copper, lead, tin, thallium, indium, cadmium and zinc. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was chosen because of its simplicity, speed, low cost, low detection limits, screening potential for a wide selection of metals and the combined qualitative and quantitative output. The method of identification is based on measuring peak potentials in 2 different types of electrolyte solution, using 2 different electrodes. Complexing agents are used to mask certain elements.", "PMID": 1036907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7610", "title": "Binding of inorganic mercury by subcellllar fractions and proteins of rat kidneys.", "content": "Inorganic mercury, administered to rats in a single dose of 0.5 mg Hg/kg is accumulated in the kidneys mainly in the soluble (54%) and nuclear (30%) fractions, showing decreasing tendency with time. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, initially accumulating approx. 11 and 6% of total Hg, show a tendency to increase the absolute level of Hg for the first week after administration. In the soluble fraction low-molecular weight, metallothioneinlike proteins are mainly responsible for the accumulation of mercury, in other fractions proteins of higher molecular weight prevail.", "contents": "Binding of inorganic mercury by subcellllar fractions and proteins of rat kidneys. Inorganic mercury, administered to rats in a single dose of 0.5 mg Hg/kg is accumulated in the kidneys mainly in the soluble (54%) and nuclear (30%) fractions, showing decreasing tendency with time. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, initially accumulating approx. 11 and 6% of total Hg, show a tendency to increase the absolute level of Hg for the first week after administration. In the soluble fraction low-molecular weight, metallothioneinlike proteins are mainly responsible for the accumulation of mercury, in other fractions proteins of higher molecular weight prevail.", "PMID": 1036908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7611", "title": "[A rapid carboxyhemoglobin determination by means of non-dispersive ultra-red gas analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid and reliable method of carboxyhemoglobin determination is described. Hemoglobin-bound carbon monoxide is released chemically into a continuous nitrogen stream and transported to an infrared gas analyser. The total amount of released CO is determined electronically. 100% CO Hb values are obtained in the same way from diluted blood samples after flushing with pure CO in special saturation vessels. The method described yields results with a standard deviation of +/- 2.5%.", "contents": "[A rapid carboxyhemoglobin determination by means of non-dispersive ultra-red gas analysis (author's transl)]. A rapid and reliable method of carboxyhemoglobin determination is described. Hemoglobin-bound carbon monoxide is released chemically into a continuous nitrogen stream and transported to an infrared gas analyser. The total amount of released CO is determined electronically. 100% CO Hb values are obtained in the same way from diluted blood samples after flushing with pure CO in special saturation vessels. The method described yields results with a standard deviation of +/- 2.5%.", "PMID": 1036909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7612", "title": "Irreversible protein binding of 14C-imipramine in rats in vivo.", "content": "Forty-eight hours after a single dose of 14C-imipramine to rats, 14C-radioactivity could be measured in the following organs: liver greater than kidney greater than serum greater than fat greater than spleen greater than duodenum greater than lung greater than muscle and brain. Liver microsomes contained the main part of radioactivity derived from 14C-imipramine. After exhaustive extraction, only the proteins of liver, kidney, spleen, lung and serum contained measurable amounts of radioactive labeling. The greatest amount of 14C-imipramine irreversibly bound to proteins was detected in liver microsomes. The question, as to whether the irreversible protein binding of imipramine, if it occurs during therapy, results in toxic side-effects, is discussed.", "contents": "Irreversible protein binding of 14C-imipramine in rats in vivo. Forty-eight hours after a single dose of 14C-imipramine to rats, 14C-radioactivity could be measured in the following organs: liver greater than kidney greater than serum greater than fat greater than spleen greater than duodenum greater than lung greater than muscle and brain. Liver microsomes contained the main part of radioactivity derived from 14C-imipramine. After exhaustive extraction, only the proteins of liver, kidney, spleen, lung and serum contained measurable amounts of radioactive labeling. The greatest amount of 14C-imipramine irreversibly bound to proteins was detected in liver microsomes. The question, as to whether the irreversible protein binding of imipramine, if it occurs during therapy, results in toxic side-effects, is discussed.", "PMID": 1036910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7613", "title": "[Synthesis and Quaternation of Pyridine-aldoxim Alkylethers (author's transl)].", "content": "Using known procedures, alkylethers of pyridine-aldoxime not described as yet were prepared and transformed into pyridinium salts. The application of a solution of a,a'-di-iodo-dimethyl-ether proved especially useful in the synthesis of bisquarternary salts with formaldehyde-acetal bridge. All the new substances are ineffective in a paraoxon poisoning. On the other hand, some salts show protective action in soman intoxication.", "contents": "[Synthesis and Quaternation of Pyridine-aldoxim Alkylethers (author's transl)]. Using known procedures, alkylethers of pyridine-aldoxime not described as yet were prepared and transformed into pyridinium salts. The application of a solution of a,a'-di-iodo-dimethyl-ether proved especially useful in the synthesis of bisquarternary salts with formaldehyde-acetal bridge. All the new substances are ineffective in a paraoxon poisoning. On the other hand, some salts show protective action in soman intoxication.", "PMID": 1036912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7614", "title": "Release of highly soluble substances from inert matrices in cases of two-sided attack of the solvent.", "content": "The present work is an extension of some of our earlier investigations on the release of soluble substances in inert matrices. There have been described the cases of two-sided attack on the inert matrices (PVC and PE) by the solvent. The theoretical considerations of the cases for the two-sided attack were experimentally confirmed. The values of the diffusion coefficients, which correspond to the calculated ones in the cases of one-sided attack, were calculated as well.", "contents": "Release of highly soluble substances from inert matrices in cases of two-sided attack of the solvent. The present work is an extension of some of our earlier investigations on the release of soluble substances in inert matrices. There have been described the cases of two-sided attack on the inert matrices (PVC and PE) by the solvent. The theoretical considerations of the cases for the two-sided attack were experimentally confirmed. The values of the diffusion coefficients, which correspond to the calculated ones in the cases of one-sided attack, were calculated as well.", "PMID": 1036913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7615", "title": "Spectral mapping, a technique for classifying biological activity profiles of chemical compounds.", "content": "A mathematical technique is described that separates potency from spectral information in biological activity spectra. The technique is a preliminary step in the classification of chemical compounds and in the structuring of pharmacological assays. The method is illustrated using previously reported results on 40 neuroleptics in 12 assays on rats. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis are shown to provide complementing information.", "contents": "Spectral mapping, a technique for classifying biological activity profiles of chemical compounds. A mathematical technique is described that separates potency from spectral information in biological activity spectra. The technique is a preliminary step in the classification of chemical compounds and in the structuring of pharmacological assays. The method is illustrated using previously reported results on 40 neuroleptics in 12 assays on rats. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis are shown to provide complementing information.", "PMID": 1036914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7616", "title": "[On the simultaneous effects of ionising radiation and chemical agents on animal cells. 1st communication. Cytogenetic studies on X-rays and isonicotinic acid hydrazide in the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (author's transl)].", "content": "In bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters enhanced chromosome damage is observed after 48 h treatment of the animals with isoniazid (INH) combined with X-rays only at much higher doses than normally applied in human therapy. Compared to X-ray-induced aberration levels, 125 mg/kg INH and 50 R given simultaneously increase the number of gaps and breaks, the latter being increased over-additively. This points to an interaction between both agents. The combined treatment changes the mitotic rate of the bone marrow as well.", "contents": "[On the simultaneous effects of ionising radiation and chemical agents on animal cells. 1st communication. Cytogenetic studies on X-rays and isonicotinic acid hydrazide in the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (author's transl)]. In bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters enhanced chromosome damage is observed after 48 h treatment of the animals with isoniazid (INH) combined with X-rays only at much higher doses than normally applied in human therapy. Compared to X-ray-induced aberration levels, 125 mg/kg INH and 50 R given simultaneously increase the number of gaps and breaks, the latter being increased over-additively. This points to an interaction between both agents. The combined treatment changes the mitotic rate of the bone marrow as well.", "PMID": 1036915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7617", "title": "Classification of psychoactive drugs by visually evoked potentials in rabbits by means of multiple discriminant analysis. A possible way of predicting the clinical efficacy of new psychoactive drugs.", "content": "The influence of representatives of various groups of antipsychotic drugs on the visually evoked potential (EP) was investigated with the aid of a modified recording and evaluation technique for the rabbit EEG from cortical and subcortical structures. The starting point was the hypothesis that changes in the EP in animal experiments caused by representative members of these \"substance groups\" (neuroleptics with predominantly antipsychotic or predominantly sedative effect, and antidepressants with predominantly mood-brightening or predominantly sedative main components) make predictions of the clinical efficacy of \"unknown\" substances possible on the basis of clinical therapeutic principles of classification. Experiments were carried out with haloperidol and fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and doxepin, and with imipramine and clomipramine, as representatives of these classes of substances. The hypothesis was checked by attempts to assign amitriptyline and chlorprothixene in varying dosage, haloperidol, benzperidol and mianserine to appropriate classes. As classification and assignment procedure we used stepwise multiple discriminant analysis (SWDA) according to our modification of the BMD 0 7 M Program. The purpose of the latter program, and its applicability to our studies, are described and discussed. It was found 1. that with EP data from animal experiments it is possible to classify various groups of psychoactive drugs on the basis of clinical therapeutic findings, using SWDA; 2. that assignment of \"unknown\" compounds can be based on this classification; 3. that hence with some caution predictions of the clinical effect of newly developed substances may be made on the basis of findings in animal experiments. The EP variables which contain most information for making up the separation formula and hence are of special importance, are investigated with respect to their possible neurophysiological evidential value, and their significance is discussed. It was found that the EP from the visual cortex are of particular significance for the separation of groups in the form presented here.", "contents": "Classification of psychoactive drugs by visually evoked potentials in rabbits by means of multiple discriminant analysis. A possible way of predicting the clinical efficacy of new psychoactive drugs. The influence of representatives of various groups of antipsychotic drugs on the visually evoked potential (EP) was investigated with the aid of a modified recording and evaluation technique for the rabbit EEG from cortical and subcortical structures. The starting point was the hypothesis that changes in the EP in animal experiments caused by representative members of these \"substance groups\" (neuroleptics with predominantly antipsychotic or predominantly sedative effect, and antidepressants with predominantly mood-brightening or predominantly sedative main components) make predictions of the clinical efficacy of \"unknown\" substances possible on the basis of clinical therapeutic principles of classification. Experiments were carried out with haloperidol and fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and doxepin, and with imipramine and clomipramine, as representatives of these classes of substances. The hypothesis was checked by attempts to assign amitriptyline and chlorprothixene in varying dosage, haloperidol, benzperidol and mianserine to appropriate classes. As classification and assignment procedure we used stepwise multiple discriminant analysis (SWDA) according to our modification of the BMD 0 7 M Program. The purpose of the latter program, and its applicability to our studies, are described and discussed. It was found 1. that with EP data from animal experiments it is possible to classify various groups of psychoactive drugs on the basis of clinical therapeutic findings, using SWDA; 2. that assignment of \"unknown\" compounds can be based on this classification; 3. that hence with some caution predictions of the clinical effect of newly developed substances may be made on the basis of findings in animal experiments. The EP variables which contain most information for making up the separation formula and hence are of special importance, are investigated with respect to their possible neurophysiological evidential value, and their significance is discussed. It was found that the EP from the visual cortex are of particular significance for the separation of groups in the form presented here.", "PMID": 1036916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7618", "title": "[Pharmacological Properties of Fendiline in Cardiac and Smooth Muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacological properties of fendiline N-(1-phenylethyl [1])-3,3 - diphenylpropylamine-hydrochloride; Sensit, were investigated in the isolated guinea pig heart and in isolated circular smooth muscle strips of bovine coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries and trachea. 1. Fendiline dose dependently increased coronary flow by up to 200% but, different from verapamil, did not inhibit contraction. 2. Fendiline dose dependently relaxed  coronary strips and, more powerfully, tracheal and pulmonary arterial strips. 3. In cardiac muscle, fendiline was almost completely retained for a prolonged period of time. In the smooth muscle tissues under study, fendiline accumulated twenty-fold above the concentration present in the organ bath. 4. In paced hearts, fendiline non-competitively inhibited the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline in doses that did not significantly depress the amplitude of isotonic contractions. 5. In the guinea pig heart, adenosine uptake becomes progressively inhibited when coronary flow increases. This \"washout\" effect was definitely counteracted by fendiline and by NaNO2, but was augmented by papaverine, hexobendine and dipyridamol. The counteraction of the \"washout effect\" by fendiline as well as by NaNO2 is most likely due to the opening of additional (previously closed) capillaries.", "contents": "[Pharmacological Properties of Fendiline in Cardiac and Smooth Muscle (author's transl)]. The pharmacological properties of fendiline N-(1-phenylethyl [1])-3,3 - diphenylpropylamine-hydrochloride; Sensit, were investigated in the isolated guinea pig heart and in isolated circular smooth muscle strips of bovine coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries and trachea. 1. Fendiline dose dependently increased coronary flow by up to 200% but, different from verapamil, did not inhibit contraction. 2. Fendiline dose dependently relaxed  coronary strips and, more powerfully, tracheal and pulmonary arterial strips. 3. In cardiac muscle, fendiline was almost completely retained for a prolonged period of time. In the smooth muscle tissues under study, fendiline accumulated twenty-fold above the concentration present in the organ bath. 4. In paced hearts, fendiline non-competitively inhibited the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline in doses that did not significantly depress the amplitude of isotonic contractions. 5. In the guinea pig heart, adenosine uptake becomes progressively inhibited when coronary flow increases. This \"washout\" effect was definitely counteracted by fendiline and by NaNO2, but was augmented by papaverine, hexobendine and dipyridamol. The counteraction of the \"washout effect\" by fendiline as well as by NaNO2 is most likely due to the opening of additional (previously closed) capillaries.", "PMID": 1036917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7619", "title": "Differences in the cardiac actions of the calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine.", "content": "1. It was investigated whether the calcium antagonistic coronary drugs verapamil and nifedipine have similar antiarrhythmic properties. Their effects on functional refractory period and contractile force in the isolated left guinea pig atrium were compared. To assess their influence on myocardial excitability the relation between threshold voltage and pulse duration was studied in the left guinea pig atrium. Furthermore, the influence on AV conduction was investigated in the conscous dog in haemodynamically equieffective dose ranges. 2. Verapamil as well as nifedipine cause a dose-dependent prolongation of the functional refractory period in the isolated left guinea pig atrium. The slope of the dose-response curve of nifedipine is, however, significantly less steep than that of verapamil. Maximum prolongation of refractory period which can be induced by nifedipine is significantly inferior to that occurring after verapamil; under nifedipine this prolongation is, however, accompanied by a significantly greater reduction in contractility. 3. In the isolated left guinea pig atrium the voltage-duration curve is shifted to the right and the chronaxia value is significantly increased by verapamil. Even in the highest dose possible nifedipine has no effect on atrial excitability. 4. In the conscious dog verapamil considerably prolongs AV conduction time whereas a moderate yet dose-dependent shortening of PQ duration is observed with equieffective nifedipine doses regarding the decrease in blood pressure and increase in heart rate. 5. The results indicate that nifedipine does not exert antiarrhythmic effects comparable to those of verapamil.", "contents": "Differences in the cardiac actions of the calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine. 1. It was investigated whether the calcium antagonistic coronary drugs verapamil and nifedipine have similar antiarrhythmic properties. Their effects on functional refractory period and contractile force in the isolated left guinea pig atrium were compared. To assess their influence on myocardial excitability the relation between threshold voltage and pulse duration was studied in the left guinea pig atrium. Furthermore, the influence on AV conduction was investigated in the conscous dog in haemodynamically equieffective dose ranges. 2. Verapamil as well as nifedipine cause a dose-dependent prolongation of the functional refractory period in the isolated left guinea pig atrium. The slope of the dose-response curve of nifedipine is, however, significantly less steep than that of verapamil. Maximum prolongation of refractory period which can be induced by nifedipine is significantly inferior to that occurring after verapamil; under nifedipine this prolongation is, however, accompanied by a significantly greater reduction in contractility. 3. In the isolated left guinea pig atrium the voltage-duration curve is shifted to the right and the chronaxia value is significantly increased by verapamil. Even in the highest dose possible nifedipine has no effect on atrial excitability. 4. In the conscious dog verapamil considerably prolongs AV conduction time whereas a moderate yet dose-dependent shortening of PQ duration is observed with equieffective nifedipine doses regarding the decrease in blood pressure and increase in heart rate. 5. The results indicate that nifedipine does not exert antiarrhythmic effects comparable to those of verapamil.", "PMID": 1036918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7620", "title": "[The effect of n-butanol on the metabolic status of some organs of rats and the circulation of rabbits].", "content": "Rats received n-butanol i.m. in a dose of 0.1 g/kg body weight/die during 50 days. The metabolic status of some organs was examined and compared to that of rats which in control experiments had received 0.9% NaCl-colution in an equivalent volume (double blind experiments). The tissue levels of metabolites of the adenylic acid-creatine phosphate system, of glycogen, glucose and lactate exhibited no significant differences in both the groups. In the liver the tissue level of glycogen, free creatine and total creatine was significantly elevated in rats which had received n-butanol. In concious rabbits the effect of n-butanol on circulatory parameters was investigated in double blind experiments. n-butanol was without a significant effect in a dosage of 0.008 g/kg. A dosage of 0.033 g/kg and particularly of 0.1 g/kg resulted in a transitory decrease in the heart rate and the systolic and especially diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "[The effect of n-butanol on the metabolic status of some organs of rats and the circulation of rabbits]. Rats received n-butanol i.m. in a dose of 0.1 g/kg body weight/die during 50 days. The metabolic status of some organs was examined and compared to that of rats which in control experiments had received 0.9% NaCl-colution in an equivalent volume (double blind experiments). The tissue levels of metabolites of the adenylic acid-creatine phosphate system, of glycogen, glucose and lactate exhibited no significant differences in both the groups. In the liver the tissue level of glycogen, free creatine and total creatine was significantly elevated in rats which had received n-butanol. In concious rabbits the effect of n-butanol on circulatory parameters was investigated in double blind experiments. n-butanol was without a significant effect in a dosage of 0.008 g/kg. A dosage of 0.033 g/kg and particularly of 0.1 g/kg resulted in a transitory decrease in the heart rate and the systolic and especially diastolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 1036919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7621", "title": "Experiments on the detection of the carcinogenic N-nitroso-dimethylamine in the urine of rats after oral administration of the analgesic amidopyrine and nitrite.", "content": "N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) was excreted unchanged in the urine of rats after oral administration of the compound in amounts ranging from 0.003% at a dose of 2 mg/kg to 0.08% at a dose of 15 mg/kg. By measurement of the NDMA excreted after oral administration of amidopyrine and nitrite, the extent of nitrosation in vivo was estimated to be about 30%. For clinical investigation of NDMA formation in patients treated with amidopyrine, however, we consider this method to be too insensitive.", "contents": "Experiments on the detection of the carcinogenic N-nitroso-dimethylamine in the urine of rats after oral administration of the analgesic amidopyrine and nitrite. N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) was excreted unchanged in the urine of rats after oral administration of the compound in amounts ranging from 0.003% at a dose of 2 mg/kg to 0.08% at a dose of 15 mg/kg. By measurement of the NDMA excreted after oral administration of amidopyrine and nitrite, the extent of nitrosation in vivo was estimated to be about 30%. For clinical investigation of NDMA formation in patients treated with amidopyrine, however, we consider this method to be too insensitive.", "PMID": 1036920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7622", "title": "[Isolation and structure determination of metabolites of xantinol from rat urine (author's transl)].", "content": "In the urine of rats as metabolites of the theophylline-derivative 7-[2-hydroxy - 3 - (N-methyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-propyl]-1,3-dimethylxanthine (xantinol), the two stereoisomeric 2-coffeinyl-N-methyl-6-hydroxy-morpholines were found. These compounds represented about 7 to 8 percent of the eliminated xantinol and can be described structurally as semiacetals of a terminal aldehyde formed from Xantinol. Their structure has been elucidated by combined NMR- and mass-spectrometry. After oral application of xantinol-nicotinate in therapeutic doses to male test subjects, the same substances were detected by thin-layer chromatography. Both compounds could be synthetized by treatment of 7-[2,3-epoxypropyl]-theophylline or 7-[2-hydroxy-3-chloro-propyl]-theophylline with methylami-noacetaldehyde-dimethylacetal and subsequent hydrolysis of the reaction product with hydrochloric acid.", "contents": "[Isolation and structure determination of metabolites of xantinol from rat urine (author's transl)]. In the urine of rats as metabolites of the theophylline-derivative 7-[2-hydroxy - 3 - (N-methyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-propyl]-1,3-dimethylxanthine (xantinol), the two stereoisomeric 2-coffeinyl-N-methyl-6-hydroxy-morpholines were found. These compounds represented about 7 to 8 percent of the eliminated xantinol and can be described structurally as semiacetals of a terminal aldehyde formed from Xantinol. Their structure has been elucidated by combined NMR- and mass-spectrometry. After oral application of xantinol-nicotinate in therapeutic doses to male test subjects, the same substances were detected by thin-layer chromatography. Both compounds could be synthetized by treatment of 7-[2,3-epoxypropyl]-theophylline or 7-[2-hydroxy-3-chloro-propyl]-theophylline with methylami-noacetaldehyde-dimethylacetal and subsequent hydrolysis of the reaction product with hydrochloric acid.", "PMID": 1036921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7623", "title": "Secretion and irrigation of gastric mucosa during disulfiram effect. Experimental study in the dog.", "content": "The effect of ethyl alcohol and disulfiram (Antabuse) on the secretion and the irrigation of an isolated and denervated gastric pouch has been studied in the dog. In these conditions, disulfiram increased the differential acidity; the association of ethanol with disulfiram impaired the proteolytic activity of the secretion and induced a hyperirrigation of the gastric mucosa more definite than with ethanol alone. Effects on ethanol absorption from stomach are discussed.", "contents": "Secretion and irrigation of gastric mucosa during disulfiram effect. Experimental study in the dog. The effect of ethyl alcohol and disulfiram (Antabuse) on the secretion and the irrigation of an isolated and denervated gastric pouch has been studied in the dog. In these conditions, disulfiram increased the differential acidity; the association of ethanol with disulfiram impaired the proteolytic activity of the secretion and induced a hyperirrigation of the gastric mucosa more definite than with ethanol alone. Effects on ethanol absorption from stomach are discussed.", "PMID": 1036922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7624", "title": "Pharmacological properties of thiazolinobutazone (LAS 11 871). III. General pharmacology, ulcerogenic effects and acute toxicity.", "content": "2-Thiazoline - 2 - ammonium-4-n-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedionate (thiazolinobutazone, LAS 11 871, Fordonal) has been compared with phenylbutazone in a variety of pharmacological tests with a view to side effects and toxicity. Thiazolinobutazone was the less toxic (acute LD50) and the less ulcerogenic molecule of the two and, in contrast to phenylbutazone, was not antidiuretic. Some signs of activity on the autonomic and somatic nervous systems were seen following high doses of thiazolinobutazone which appeared to be related to inhibition of cholinesterases.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of thiazolinobutazone (LAS 11 871). III. General pharmacology, ulcerogenic effects and acute toxicity. 2-Thiazoline - 2 - ammonium-4-n-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedionate (thiazolinobutazone, LAS 11 871, Fordonal) has been compared with phenylbutazone in a variety of pharmacological tests with a view to side effects and toxicity. Thiazolinobutazone was the less toxic (acute LD50) and the less ulcerogenic molecule of the two and, in contrast to phenylbutazone, was not antidiuretic. Some signs of activity on the autonomic and somatic nervous systems were seen following high doses of thiazolinobutazone which appeared to be related to inhibition of cholinesterases.", "PMID": 1036923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7625", "title": "Bromperidol, a new potent neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series. A comparison of the effects of bromperidol and haloperidol in intracranial self-stimulation.", "content": "Bromperidol, a new potent and long-acting neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series, and haloperidol were injected s.c. at the doses 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg, in rats implanted with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamic region of the medial forebrain bundle. A dose-related response inhibition was found with both compounds and the graphically estimated ED50 value was 0.041 mg/kg for bromperidol and 0.047 mg/kg for haloperidol. These data are in complete agreement with our previous findings that bromperidol is a new potent and specific neuroleptic.", "contents": "Bromperidol, a new potent neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series. A comparison of the effects of bromperidol and haloperidol in intracranial self-stimulation. Bromperidol, a new potent and long-acting neuroleptic of the butyrophenone series, and haloperidol were injected s.c. at the doses 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg, in rats implanted with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamic region of the medial forebrain bundle. A dose-related response inhibition was found with both compounds and the graphically estimated ED50 value was 0.041 mg/kg for bromperidol and 0.047 mg/kg for haloperidol. These data are in complete agreement with our previous findings that bromperidol is a new potent and specific neuroleptic.", "PMID": 1036924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7626", "title": "[Cholinergic contraction of the dog urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of the n. pelvicus and the ligamenta lateralia nerves and its affection by atropine and scopolaminebutylbromide (author's transl)].", "content": "As is well known contraction of the urinary bladder induced by electrical stimulation of the N. pelvicus-hypogastric plexus in the dog can only be diminished by atropine but not completely abolished. The result of stimulation can, however, be quantitatively abolished by the quaternary ammonium base hyoscine-n-butylbromide (scopolaminebutylbromide, Buscopan). Apart from antimuscarine-like peripheral effects, Buscopan also possesses, in contrast to atropine, antinicotine-like ganglion-blocking properties. Since Buscopan possesses only anticholinergic properties the contraction triggered off by stimulation of the nerve can be considered as being purely cholinergic. In the collateral ligaments of the urinary bladder of the dog there is another nervous system which when electrically stimulated contracts the bladder. Depending on the dosage the effect of stimulation can be diminished or abolished by atropine as well as by Buscopan. The result of stimulation can be diminished by hexamethonium and increased by eserine (physostigmine). Because of the effect of atropine-Buscopan (inhibition) and eserine (increase) this nervous system can be characterised pharmacologically as cholinergic.", "contents": "[Cholinergic contraction of the dog urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of the n. pelvicus and the ligamenta lateralia nerves and its affection by atropine and scopolaminebutylbromide (author's transl)]. As is well known contraction of the urinary bladder induced by electrical stimulation of the N. pelvicus-hypogastric plexus in the dog can only be diminished by atropine but not completely abolished. The result of stimulation can, however, be quantitatively abolished by the quaternary ammonium base hyoscine-n-butylbromide (scopolaminebutylbromide, Buscopan). Apart from antimuscarine-like peripheral effects, Buscopan also possesses, in contrast to atropine, antinicotine-like ganglion-blocking properties. Since Buscopan possesses only anticholinergic properties the contraction triggered off by stimulation of the nerve can be considered as being purely cholinergic. In the collateral ligaments of the urinary bladder of the dog there is another nervous system which when electrically stimulated contracts the bladder. Depending on the dosage the effect of stimulation can be diminished or abolished by atropine as well as by Buscopan. The result of stimulation can be diminished by hexamethonium and increased by eserine (physostigmine). Because of the effect of atropine-Buscopan (inhibition) and eserine (increase) this nervous system can be characterised pharmacologically as cholinergic.", "PMID": 1036925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7627", "title": "The effect of rifamycin SV on the wound-healing process.", "content": "The influence of rifamycin SV on the healing process of a wound was studied in animal experiments. Measurement of the degree of cicatrization, determination of the free hydroxyproline in serum, and histological findings helped to demonstrate that local application of rifamycin SV leads to an increased fibrinous conglutination of the lips of the wound at an early phase of the healing process and the subsequent formation of fibres in the regenerative tissue is not impaired.", "contents": "The effect of rifamycin SV on the wound-healing process. The influence of rifamycin SV on the healing process of a wound was studied in animal experiments. Measurement of the degree of cicatrization, determination of the free hydroxyproline in serum, and histological findings helped to demonstrate that local application of rifamycin SV leads to an increased fibrinous conglutination of the lips of the wound at an early phase of the healing process and the subsequent formation of fibres in the regenerative tissue is not impaired.", "PMID": 1036926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7628", "title": "[Penetration, permeation and resorption of heparin. In vivo studies on human skin].", "content": "The penetration and permeation of radioactive heparin into human skin was investigated as well as absorption and excretion. Heparin concentrations and vehicles were those that are in common use in practical therapy. It was shown that in spite of its high molecular weight, heparin can penetrate through the intact horny layer barrier. The concentration of heparin found in the skin, e.g. 10 I.U./ml in the epidermis and 0.6 I.U./ml in the corium are biologically relevant and are expected to be able to exert an influence. The penetration rates have shown a clear dependence on the kind of vehicle.", "contents": "[Penetration, permeation and resorption of heparin. In vivo studies on human skin]. The penetration and permeation of radioactive heparin into human skin was investigated as well as absorption and excretion. Heparin concentrations and vehicles were those that are in common use in practical therapy. It was shown that in spite of its high molecular weight, heparin can penetrate through the intact horny layer barrier. The concentration of heparin found in the skin, e.g. 10 I.U./ml in the epidermis and 0.6 I.U./ml in the corium are biologically relevant and are expected to be able to exert an influence. The penetration rates have shown a clear dependence on the kind of vehicle.", "PMID": 1036927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7629", "title": "[Isolation and characterisation of two main metabolites of ifosfamide from human urine (author's transl)].", "content": "Two main metabolites of the cytostatic agent 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-3(2-chloroethyl)-2-[(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-tetrahydro-2-oxide (ifosfamidd as two different dechloroethylated derivatives. They both can also be derived from ifosfamide in vitro by means of KMnO4-oxidation. The metabolites are stable in organic solutions and they show no cytotoxic activity in biological test systems. In the urine of a patient treated with ifosfamide, nearly 50% of the applied dose were excreted as dechloroethylated derivatives. In the urine of other patients \"carboxyifosfamide\" was the main metabolite. It is assumed that the therapeutic effect of ifosfamide depends partially on whether side chain oxidation or ring oxidation is the predominant way of biotransformation.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterisation of two main metabolites of ifosfamide from human urine (author's transl)]. Two main metabolites of the cytostatic agent 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-3(2-chloroethyl)-2-[(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-tetrahydro-2-oxide (ifosfamidd as two different dechloroethylated derivatives. They both can also be derived from ifosfamide in vitro by means of KMnO4-oxidation. The metabolites are stable in organic solutions and they show no cytotoxic activity in biological test systems. In the urine of a patient treated with ifosfamide, nearly 50% of the applied dose were excreted as dechloroethylated derivatives. In the urine of other patients \"carboxyifosfamide\" was the main metabolite. It is assumed that the therapeutic effect of ifosfamide depends partially on whether side chain oxidation or ring oxidation is the predominant way of biotransformation.", "PMID": 1036928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7630", "title": "[The geriatric pharmacology of cefazolin, cefradin and sulfisomidine].", "content": "Clinical pharmacology of 3-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthiomethyl)-8-oxo-7-(tetrazol-1-ylacetamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo-(4,2,0)oct-2-en-carbonic acid (cefazolin) and D-7-[2-amino-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)-acetamido]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-(4,2,0)-oct-2-ene-2-carbonic acid monohydrate (cefradine) was compared in young and old adults without renal disease after i.v. injection of 1 g. Mean serum levels of cefazolin after 4 h and 6 h were significantly higher in old persons (25.0 and 14.7 mug/ml, resp.) than in young persons (16.2 and 7.8 mug/ml, resp.). Serum concentrations of cefradine after 2 and 4 h were found also higher in the aged (11.2 and 4.4 mug/ml, resp.) than in young adults. Half-life of cefazolin was prolonged from normally 94 min to 189 min, half-life of cefradine from 32 min to 72 min. Skin blister fluid punctured once for antibiotic assay contained less cefazolin in old persons (after 4 and 6 h only 22.4 and 17.4 mug/ml, resp.) than in young persons (32.7 and 27.6 mug/ml, resp.). Cefradine levels in skin blister fluid 0.5 and 1 h after i.v. injection showed also a significant difference (11.4 and 11.9 mug/ml, resp.) in old persons, 17.3 and 16.5 mug/ml, resp., in young persons). Elimination constants (alpha, beta, kel, k12, k21) were always lower in geriatric patients. Renal clearance of cefazolin was reduced from 83 ml/min to 43 ml/min, and renal clearance of cefradine from 378 ml/min to 152 ml/min. After i.v. injection of 1 g 6-sulfanilamido-2,4-dimethyl-pyrimidine (sulfisomidine) total content of the drug in blood was higher in elderly people than in young persons, but proportion of acetylated sulfisomidine was nearly the same in both groups (15%). It is supposed that higher serum levels of some drugs in old persons (over 70 years) can be explained by impaired renal excretion and slower tissue penetration of the compound from the blood.", "contents": "[The geriatric pharmacology of cefazolin, cefradin and sulfisomidine]. Clinical pharmacology of 3-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthiomethyl)-8-oxo-7-(tetrazol-1-ylacetamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo-(4,2,0)oct-2-en-carbonic acid (cefazolin) and D-7-[2-amino-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)-acetamido]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-(4,2,0)-oct-2-ene-2-carbonic acid monohydrate (cefradine) was compared in young and old adults without renal disease after i.v. injection of 1 g. Mean serum levels of cefazolin after 4 h and 6 h were significantly higher in old persons (25.0 and 14.7 mug/ml, resp.) than in young persons (16.2 and 7.8 mug/ml, resp.). Serum concentrations of cefradine after 2 and 4 h were found also higher in the aged (11.2 and 4.4 mug/ml, resp.) than in young adults. Half-life of cefazolin was prolonged from normally 94 min to 189 min, half-life of cefradine from 32 min to 72 min. Skin blister fluid punctured once for antibiotic assay contained less cefazolin in old persons (after 4 and 6 h only 22.4 and 17.4 mug/ml, resp.) than in young persons (32.7 and 27.6 mug/ml, resp.). Cefradine levels in skin blister fluid 0.5 and 1 h after i.v. injection showed also a significant difference (11.4 and 11.9 mug/ml, resp.) in old persons, 17.3 and 16.5 mug/ml, resp., in young persons). Elimination constants (alpha, beta, kel, k12, k21) were always lower in geriatric patients. Renal clearance of cefazolin was reduced from 83 ml/min to 43 ml/min, and renal clearance of cefradine from 378 ml/min to 152 ml/min. After i.v. injection of 1 g 6-sulfanilamido-2,4-dimethyl-pyrimidine (sulfisomidine) total content of the drug in blood was higher in elderly people than in young persons, but proportion of acetylated sulfisomidine was nearly the same in both groups (15%). It is supposed that higher serum levels of some drugs in old persons (over 70 years) can be explained by impaired renal excretion and slower tissue penetration of the compound from the blood.", "PMID": 1036929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7631", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of coumarin upon i.v. administration in man.", "content": "The disposition pharmacokinetics of coumarin has been studied after i.v. administration in man, and might be described best by an open two-compartment model. Three dose sizes have been studied, 0.125, 0.2 and 0.25 mg/kg. The mean biological half-life was found to be 1.81, 1.45 and 1.49 h, respectively, for the three dose sizes. Coumarin is extensively distributed. The volume of the central compartment apparently comprises the extracellular and intracellular fluid. The study indicates dose-dependent (non-linear) pharmacokinetics with respect to distribution.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of coumarin upon i.v. administration in man. The disposition pharmacokinetics of coumarin has been studied after i.v. administration in man, and might be described best by an open two-compartment model. Three dose sizes have been studied, 0.125, 0.2 and 0.25 mg/kg. The mean biological half-life was found to be 1.81, 1.45 and 1.49 h, respectively, for the three dose sizes. Coumarin is extensively distributed. The volume of the central compartment apparently comprises the extracellular and intracellular fluid. The study indicates dose-dependent (non-linear) pharmacokinetics with respect to distribution.", "PMID": 1036930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7632", "title": "Cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy in cats pharmacologically immunodepressed. An EEG and histological study.", "content": "The authors made 11 adult cats epileptic by implanting cobalt powder on the left sensorimotor cortex. Some of the animals were treated with the immunodepressant drug, cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), before and after surgery, and others were not. Then the two groups of animals were compared in terms of EEG and histopathological findings. The treatedanimals showed a definite reduction of focal electrical activity both primary and secondary, and a much milder perifocal parvicellular infiltration and cerebral edema. In view of these findings, the authors suggest that in addition to other well-known factors, the pathogenesis of cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy involves immunological mechanisms triggered by the release of nerve tissue antigens as a result of tissue injury caused by cobalt. This would result in the formation of antibodies directed against several brain constituents. Last, the authors submit that a similar autoimmune mechanism may be at play also in the pathogenesis of some forms of focal epilepsy of traumatic origin.", "contents": "Cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy in cats pharmacologically immunodepressed. An EEG and histological study. The authors made 11 adult cats epileptic by implanting cobalt powder on the left sensorimotor cortex. Some of the animals were treated with the immunodepressant drug, cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), before and after surgery, and others were not. Then the two groups of animals were compared in terms of EEG and histopathological findings. The treatedanimals showed a definite reduction of focal electrical activity both primary and secondary, and a much milder perifocal parvicellular infiltration and cerebral edema. In view of these findings, the authors suggest that in addition to other well-known factors, the pathogenesis of cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy involves immunological mechanisms triggered by the release of nerve tissue antigens as a result of tissue injury caused by cobalt. This would result in the formation of antibodies directed against several brain constituents. Last, the authors submit that a similar autoimmune mechanism may be at play also in the pathogenesis of some forms of focal epilepsy of traumatic origin.", "PMID": 1036931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7633", "title": "[Animal studies on the tolerability of NAB 365 (clenbuterol) (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs with the new beta-mimetic agent 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcoholhydrochloride (NAB 365, clenbuterol) are reported. The longest period of investigation, with daily oral administration of the substance, was 18 months (rats) and 12 months (dogs). No abnormalities of any kind were found in the rat studies which could be attributed to the substance. The administration of clenbuterol to dogs produced microscopically small lesions in the myocardium which were not dose-dependent and which were localised entirely in the papillary muscle of the left ventricle. The reason for these lesions was that dogs react to the substance with severe tachycardia, as a consequence of a reduction in diastolic blood pressure produced even by very low oral doses. Oxygen deficiency occurs which affects particularly the papillary muscle. The response to hypoxia is better capillarisation. This causes an improvement in the oxygen supply, which in turn prevents the spread of existing necroses and the development of further lesions.", "contents": "[Animal studies on the tolerability of NAB 365 (clenbuterol) (author's transl)]. The findings of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs with the new beta-mimetic agent 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcoholhydrochloride (NAB 365, clenbuterol) are reported. The longest period of investigation, with daily oral administration of the substance, was 18 months (rats) and 12 months (dogs). No abnormalities of any kind were found in the rat studies which could be attributed to the substance. The administration of clenbuterol to dogs produced microscopically small lesions in the myocardium which were not dose-dependent and which were localised entirely in the papillary muscle of the left ventricle. The reason for these lesions was that dogs react to the substance with severe tachycardia, as a consequence of a reduction in diastolic blood pressure produced even by very low oral doses. Oxygen deficiency occurs which affects particularly the papillary muscle. The response to hypoxia is better capillarisation. This causes an improvement in the oxygen supply, which in turn prevents the spread of existing necroses and the development of further lesions.", "PMID": 1036932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7634", "title": "[Reproduction-toxicologic tests with a new beta-mimetic agent clenbuterol (NAB 365) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "The reproduction-toxicologic tests on rat and rabbit yielded no indication of a teratogenic potency of the beta-mimetic agent 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol-hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365). The fertility test showed no signs of reduced fertility. Excessive dosage of NAB 365 to pregnant rats led to an increased mortality of the pups during the neonatal period. A dosage of 1 mg/kg is regarded as the maximum tolerated dosage in perinatal toxicity tests.", "contents": "[Reproduction-toxicologic tests with a new beta-mimetic agent clenbuterol (NAB 365) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. The reproduction-toxicologic tests on rat and rabbit yielded no indication of a teratogenic potency of the beta-mimetic agent 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol-hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365). The fertility test showed no signs of reduced fertility. Excessive dosage of NAB 365 to pregnant rats led to an increased mortality of the pups during the neonatal period. A dosage of 1 mg/kg is regarded as the maximum tolerated dosage in perinatal toxicity tests.", "PMID": 1036933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7635", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of guinea pig tracheal epithelium after administration of NAB 365 (author's transl)].", "content": "After application of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) the following changes in the secretory cells of the tracheal epithelium of the guinea pig can be visualised by electron microscope: 1. increase of membrane-bordered structures which might be regarded as primary lysosomes, 2. a faster and more pronounced loosening of secretion granula. These findings suggest a selective site of action of the substance at the lysosomal system. It is stimulated, loosens the secretion intensively already within the cell, and possibly develops some activity even in the lumen. These conceptions can serve as an explanation of the clinically and experimentally demonstrated secretolytic effect.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of guinea pig tracheal epithelium after administration of NAB 365 (author's transl)]. After application of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) the following changes in the secretory cells of the tracheal epithelium of the guinea pig can be visualised by electron microscope: 1. increase of membrane-bordered structures which might be regarded as primary lysosomes, 2. a faster and more pronounced loosening of secretion granula. These findings suggest a selective site of action of the substance at the lysosomal system. It is stimulated, loosens the secretion intensively already within the cell, and possibly develops some activity even in the lumen. These conceptions can serve as an explanation of the clinically and experimentally demonstrated secretolytic effect.", "PMID": 1036934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7636", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolite pattern of clenbuterol in the rat].", "content": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolite pattern of the beta-sympathomimetic 4-amino-alpha-[tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) have been investigated in the rat. After a single i.v. dose of 2 mg/kg 14C-NAB 365 up to 10 min p.a. the blood level falls very steeply and 15 min p.a. there is an increase to be observed. A maximum blood level of 0.85 mug eq. NAB 365/ml is achieved. Then a biphasic elimination of radioactivity from the blood occurs. After a single oral dose of 2 mg/kg the maximum blood level of 0.5 mug/ml is attained 2 h p.a. Again a biphasic elimination occurs. 26 h is the half-life of the slower of two elimination processes for i.v. and p.o. administration, respectively. Elimination predominantly takes place via the kidneys. After i.v. administration 85% and after p.o. administration 80% of the radioactivity applied are eliminated in urine and faeces. The main portion of radioactivity had been eliminated by 48 h p.a. As can be seen from the urinary radioactivity absorption is complete. Following i.v. dosing the excretion is slightly faster than after p.o. administration. Whole-body autoradiography and the distribution of radioactivity in the organs show a relatively slow absorption after p.o. dosing. In the pregnant mouse the placenta barrier is passed but the fetuses contain far less radioactivity than the mother animal. Clenbuterol is metabolized in the rat. 70% of the radioactivity represents the unchanged parent compound in urine (38% of the administered radioactivity). 8 metabolites have been established in urine (extracts). Faeces radioactivity mainly contains unchanged clenbuterol and only traces of metabolites. The metabolite pattern of the maximum plasma level (2 h after p.o. administration) and the metabolite pattern of the collected urines are identical. 38% of the administered radioactivity represent unchanged NAB 365 in the urine, whereas there are 45% in the plasma.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolite pattern of clenbuterol in the rat]. Pharmacokinetics and metabolite pattern of the beta-sympathomimetic 4-amino-alpha-[tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) have been investigated in the rat. After a single i.v. dose of 2 mg/kg 14C-NAB 365 up to 10 min p.a. the blood level falls very steeply and 15 min p.a. there is an increase to be observed. A maximum blood level of 0.85 mug eq. NAB 365/ml is achieved. Then a biphasic elimination of radioactivity from the blood occurs. After a single oral dose of 2 mg/kg the maximum blood level of 0.5 mug/ml is attained 2 h p.a. Again a biphasic elimination occurs. 26 h is the half-life of the slower of two elimination processes for i.v. and p.o. administration, respectively. Elimination predominantly takes place via the kidneys. After i.v. administration 85% and after p.o. administration 80% of the radioactivity applied are eliminated in urine and faeces. The main portion of radioactivity had been eliminated by 48 h p.a. As can be seen from the urinary radioactivity absorption is complete. Following i.v. dosing the excretion is slightly faster than after p.o. administration. Whole-body autoradiography and the distribution of radioactivity in the organs show a relatively slow absorption after p.o. dosing. In the pregnant mouse the placenta barrier is passed but the fetuses contain far less radioactivity than the mother animal. Clenbuterol is metabolized in the rat. 70% of the radioactivity represents the unchanged parent compound in urine (38% of the administered radioactivity). 8 metabolites have been established in urine (extracts). Faeces radioactivity mainly contains unchanged clenbuterol and only traces of metabolites. The metabolite pattern of the maximum plasma level (2 h after p.o. administration) and the metabolite pattern of the collected urines are identical. 38% of the administered radioactivity represent unchanged NAB 365 in the urine, whereas there are 45% in the plasma.", "PMID": 1036935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7637", "title": "[Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of clenbuterol in rat and dog during toxicological studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the beta-sympathomimetic 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) have been investigated in two animal species during the chronic toxicological studies after single and multiple dosing. After oral administration of 2.5 mg/kg (dog) and 5 mg/kg (rat) the plasma levels showed significant differences. Moreover, a marked sex difference was to be seen in the plasma levels of the rat. The excretion, established only in the dog, showed no difference after single or multiple administration. The elimination occurs predominantly via the kidneys, and the main urinary elimination product is the unchanged clenbuterol. Each of the 8 metabolites is formed only in minor quantities. The biotransformation is not altered by long-term administration. The differences in the plasma levels that are observed with larger doses can be explained by the biological adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract during multiple administration.", "contents": "[Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of clenbuterol in rat and dog during toxicological studies (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of the beta-sympathomimetic 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) have been investigated in two animal species during the chronic toxicological studies after single and multiple dosing. After oral administration of 2.5 mg/kg (dog) and 5 mg/kg (rat) the plasma levels showed significant differences. Moreover, a marked sex difference was to be seen in the plasma levels of the rat. The excretion, established only in the dog, showed no difference after single or multiple administration. The elimination occurs predominantly via the kidneys, and the main urinary elimination product is the unchanged clenbuterol. Each of the 8 metabolites is formed only in minor quantities. The biotransformation is not altered by long-term administration. The differences in the plasma levels that are observed with larger doses can be explained by the biological adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract during multiple administration.", "PMID": 1036938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7638", "title": "[Elevated creatine kinase activity in serum following oral application of a beta2-mimetic broncholytic drug (NAB 365) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 25 patients with chronic bronchitis it was shown by a study of 9 months' duration (3 months before treatment, 6 months under treatment) that after peroral application of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) elevations of the activity of creatine kinase occur without other recognizable signs and symptoms. The isoenzyme of creatine kinase were differentiated by immunological means and proved to be of the MM-type in additional 9 patients. The significance of the elevations of creatine kinase activity in serum even after peroral intake of drugs has been discussed.", "contents": "[Elevated creatine kinase activity in serum following oral application of a beta2-mimetic broncholytic drug (NAB 365) (author's transl)]. In 25 patients with chronic bronchitis it was shown by a study of 9 months' duration (3 months before treatment, 6 months under treatment) that after peroral application of 4-amino-alpha-[(tert.-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride (clenbuterol, NAB 365) elevations of the activity of creatine kinase occur without other recognizable signs and symptoms. The isoenzyme of creatine kinase were differentiated by immunological means and proved to be of the MM-type in additional 9 patients. The significance of the elevations of creatine kinase activity in serum even after peroral intake of drugs has been discussed.", "PMID": 1036939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7639", "title": "[Biotransformation of diflucortolone valerate in the skin of rat, guinea pig and man (author's transl)].", "content": "The biotransformation of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (diflucortolone valerate, DFV, Nerisona) was examined in vitro in the skin of rat and man and in vivo in the skin of guinea pigs. In the investigations with rat skin DFV in ethanolic solution (0.1 mumol) was added and the ester hydrolysis in buffer monitored in relation to the incubation time. In the experiments with guinea pigs and with human skin DFV was applied topically in the form of a 0.1% W/O emusion employing a dose of 6 mg/cm2 skin. After the substance which had not penetrated had been recovered by means of cotton wool and adhesive film at the end of the period of exposure the portions of skin were homogenized, extracted and the extracts separated by thin-layer chromatography. DFV is hydrolysed in the skin of rats and guinea pigs with a half-life of about 30-60 min to diflucortolone 6alpha,9-difluoro-11bets,21-dihydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) and valeric acid. In excised human skin degradation of the ester proceeds much more slowly. Even 7 h p. appl. about 80-90% DFV and only 5-15% DF were identifiable in the skin extract. Despite the estremely low absorption rate the slow hydrolysis of DFV in human skin guarantees an adequate level of active ingredient in the skin over a long period.", "contents": "[Biotransformation of diflucortolone valerate in the skin of rat, guinea pig and man (author's transl)]. The biotransformation of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (diflucortolone valerate, DFV, Nerisona) was examined in vitro in the skin of rat and man and in vivo in the skin of guinea pigs. In the investigations with rat skin DFV in ethanolic solution (0.1 mumol) was added and the ester hydrolysis in buffer monitored in relation to the incubation time. In the experiments with guinea pigs and with human skin DFV was applied topically in the form of a 0.1% W/O emusion employing a dose of 6 mg/cm2 skin. After the substance which had not penetrated had been recovered by means of cotton wool and adhesive film at the end of the period of exposure the portions of skin were homogenized, extracted and the extracts separated by thin-layer chromatography. DFV is hydrolysed in the skin of rats and guinea pigs with a half-life of about 30-60 min to diflucortolone 6alpha,9-difluoro-11bets,21-dihydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) and valeric acid. In excised human skin degradation of the ester proceeds much more slowly. Even 7 h p. appl. about 80-90% DFV and only 5-15% DF were identifiable in the skin extract. Despite the estremely low absorption rate the slow hydrolysis of DFV in human skin guarantees an adequate level of active ingredient in the skin over a long period.", "PMID": 1036940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7640", "title": "[Toxicological examination of pure diflucortolone valerate and its formulations as ointment, fatty ointment and cream in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of absolute DL50 values 6alpha,9-difluor-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (diflucortolone valerate, Nerisona) is virtually non-toxic after single oral administration (mouse greater than 4 g/kg, rat ca. 3.1 g/kg, dog greater than 1 g/kg). Given s.c. (LD50 mouse ca. 180 mg/kg, rat ca. 13 mg/kg) and i.p. (LD50 mouse ca. 450 mg/kg, rat ca. 98 mg/kg) it is highly active and therefore produces also toxic effects. The formulations Nerisona ointment, fatty ointment and cream have proven practically non-toxic in rats after single oral gavage (LD50 greater than 33 g/kg). The daily s.c. administration over 6 weeks revealed systemic glucocorticoid effects in rats at 0.0004 mg/kg and in dogs at 0.04 mg/kg. Similar effects were seen in dogs after daily dermal treatment for 13-14 weeks with Nerisona ointment at 100 mg/kg body weight. On the skin of rabbits and dogs there were no differences in the reaction at the application site between Nerisona ointment, fatty ointment and cream and the corresponding ointment, or cream bases by daily dermal administration for 28 days. However, the 13-14 week dermal study in dogs with Nerisona ointment revealed atrophy of the epidermis at the application site in several cases. The daily dermal application of Nerisona ointment during organogenetic phases of pregnancy caused embryotoxic effects in rats at 500 mg/kg and in rabbits at 50 mg/kg. All of these findings are discusses as well-known glucocorticosteroid effects.", "contents": "[Toxicological examination of pure diflucortolone valerate and its formulations as ointment, fatty ointment and cream in animal experiments (author's transl)]. On the basis of absolute DL50 values 6alpha,9-difluor-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (diflucortolone valerate, Nerisona) is virtually non-toxic after single oral administration (mouse greater than 4 g/kg, rat ca. 3.1 g/kg, dog greater than 1 g/kg). Given s.c. (LD50 mouse ca. 180 mg/kg, rat ca. 13 mg/kg) and i.p. (LD50 mouse ca. 450 mg/kg, rat ca. 98 mg/kg) it is highly active and therefore produces also toxic effects. The formulations Nerisona ointment, fatty ointment and cream have proven practically non-toxic in rats after single oral gavage (LD50 greater than 33 g/kg). The daily s.c. administration over 6 weeks revealed systemic glucocorticoid effects in rats at 0.0004 mg/kg and in dogs at 0.04 mg/kg. Similar effects were seen in dogs after daily dermal treatment for 13-14 weeks with Nerisona ointment at 100 mg/kg body weight. On the skin of rabbits and dogs there were no differences in the reaction at the application site between Nerisona ointment, fatty ointment and cream and the corresponding ointment, or cream bases by daily dermal administration for 28 days. However, the 13-14 week dermal study in dogs with Nerisona ointment revealed atrophy of the epidermis at the application site in several cases. The daily dermal application of Nerisona ointment during organogenetic phases of pregnancy caused embryotoxic effects in rats at 500 mg/kg and in rabbits at 50 mg/kg. All of these findings are discusses as well-known glucocorticosteroid effects.", "PMID": 1036942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7641", "title": "[Percutaneous absorption of diflucortolone valerate in guinea pigs and man (author's transl)].", "content": "Percutaneous  absorption of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (difucortolone valerate, Nerisona) as dependent on the base, the concentration in the base and the condition of the skin was investigated in man and in guinea pigs. In addition the distribution of the corticoid in the stratum corneum, epidermis and corium was determined by stripping the skin and by horizontal thin-section technique. 2. In man diflucortolone valerate from all of the formulations tested (0.1 and 0.3% cream, ointment and fatty ointment) was only absorbed to a slight extent by both the intact and the stripped areas of skin on the subjects' backs. In the case of the 0.1% formulations a total of about 0.2% of the dose was absorbed within 4 h via intact skin and about 0.4% via the stripped skin. After application of the 0.3% formulations the percutaneous absorption from the ointment, fatty ointment and cream were examined separately. This revealed percutaneous absorption within 7 h of 1.7% from the ointment, 0.7% from the fatty ointment and 0.5% for the cream by combined determination through 1 intact and 1 damaged area of skin. 3. Percutaneous absorption via intact skin is slight in the case of the guinea pig also. Absorption is accelerated considerably by the removal of the stratum corneum, however, and shows a characteristic dependence on the concentration of the corticoid in the base. Whereas the corticoid from the 0.03% ointment is almost quantitatively absorbed within 7 h, absorption from the 0.5% ointment is reduced to about 30%. 4. The absolute concentrations of active ingredient in the epidermis are approximately 10(-6) mol/l and drop to approximately 10(-7) mol/l in the corium (guinea pig in vivo, man in vitro). An active ingredient flow equilibrium (inflow = outflow) is reached in the skin of the guinea pig after only 1 h.", "contents": "[Percutaneous absorption of diflucortolone valerate in guinea pigs and man (author's transl)]. Percutaneous  absorption of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (difucortolone valerate, Nerisona) as dependent on the base, the concentration in the base and the condition of the skin was investigated in man and in guinea pigs. In addition the distribution of the corticoid in the stratum corneum, epidermis and corium was determined by stripping the skin and by horizontal thin-section technique. 2. In man diflucortolone valerate from all of the formulations tested (0.1 and 0.3% cream, ointment and fatty ointment) was only absorbed to a slight extent by both the intact and the stripped areas of skin on the subjects' backs. In the case of the 0.1% formulations a total of about 0.2% of the dose was absorbed within 4 h via intact skin and about 0.4% via the stripped skin. After application of the 0.3% formulations the percutaneous absorption from the ointment, fatty ointment and cream were examined separately. This revealed percutaneous absorption within 7 h of 1.7% from the ointment, 0.7% from the fatty ointment and 0.5% for the cream by combined determination through 1 intact and 1 damaged area of skin. 3. Percutaneous absorption via intact skin is slight in the case of the guinea pig also. Absorption is accelerated considerably by the removal of the stratum corneum, however, and shows a characteristic dependence on the concentration of the corticoid in the base. Whereas the corticoid from the 0.03% ointment is almost quantitatively absorbed within 7 h, absorption from the 0.5% ointment is reduced to about 30%. 4. The absolute concentrations of active ingredient in the epidermis are approximately 10(-6) mol/l and drop to approximately 10(-7) mol/l in the corium (guinea pig in vivo, man in vitro). An active ingredient flow equilibrium (inflow = outflow) is reached in the skin of the guinea pig after only 1 h.", "PMID": 1036943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7642", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of diflucortolone valerate in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Two male normal subjects were each given 1 mg of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione1,2,4-3H (3H-diflucortolone valerate, Nerisona) by i.v. injection. The pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the corticoid were examined by measurement of the total activity in the blood, plasma, urine and faeces and by thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the spectrum of the metabolites in plasma and urine. The compound is very rapidly degraded. No more intact ester was identifiable in the plasma 5 min after injection while, at the same time, 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,21-dihydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (diflucortolone), the product of hydrolysis, was present in a concentration of 6-8 ng/ml plasma. The half-life of diflucortolone in the plasma was 4-5 h, that of the total 3H-steroids about 9 h. 80-40% of the 3H-steroids in the plasma were in unconjugated form. Besides diflucortolone and two unidentified metabolites chromatographic comparison demonstrated the presence of 6alpha,9-difluoro-21-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,11,20-trione (11-keto-diflucortolone) as a further metabolite in the plasma. The elimination was rapid and complete: by 24 h after injection approximately 56% of the dose had been eliminated with the urine and by 7 days after administration 98 and 93% of the dose had been recovered in urine and faeces. The ratio of elimination urine to faeces averaged 3:1. Within 48 h after the injection about 30% of the dose was eliminated in the form of unconjugated 3H-steroids, about 20% as 3H-steroid-glucuronides and about 10% as 3H-steroid-sulphates. Diflucortolone was demonstrable both in the unconjugated form and as glucuronide and 11-keto-diflucortolone as glucuronide and as sulphate. A total of 7 metabolites were characterized in the urine by means of chromatography.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of diflucortolone valerate in man (author's transl)]. Two male normal subjects were each given 1 mg of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione1,2,4-3H (3H-diflucortolone valerate, Nerisona) by i.v. injection. The pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of the corticoid were examined by measurement of the total activity in the blood, plasma, urine and faeces and by thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the spectrum of the metabolites in plasma and urine. The compound is very rapidly degraded. No more intact ester was identifiable in the plasma 5 min after injection while, at the same time, 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,21-dihydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (diflucortolone), the product of hydrolysis, was present in a concentration of 6-8 ng/ml plasma. The half-life of diflucortolone in the plasma was 4-5 h, that of the total 3H-steroids about 9 h. 80-40% of the 3H-steroids in the plasma were in unconjugated form. Besides diflucortolone and two unidentified metabolites chromatographic comparison demonstrated the presence of 6alpha,9-difluoro-21-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,11,20-trione (11-keto-diflucortolone) as a further metabolite in the plasma. The elimination was rapid and complete: by 24 h after injection approximately 56% of the dose had been eliminated with the urine and by 7 days after administration 98 and 93% of the dose had been recovered in urine and faeces. The ratio of elimination urine to faeces averaged 3:1. Within 48 h after the injection about 30% of the dose was eliminated in the form of unconjugated 3H-steroids, about 20% as 3H-steroid-glucuronides and about 10% as 3H-steroid-sulphates. Diflucortolone was demonstrable both in the unconjugated form and as glucuronide and 11-keto-diflucortolone as glucuronide and as sulphate. A total of 7 metabolites were characterized in the urine by means of chromatography.", "PMID": 1036944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7643", "title": "[Comparative studies in man on the percutaneous absorption of diflucortolone valerate, betamethasone-17-valerate, beclomethasone dipropionate and fluocinolone acetonide].", "content": "Percutaneous absorption of 6alpha,9-difluor-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadience-3,20-dione (diflucortolone valerate, DFV, Nerisona), betamethasone 17-valerate (BV), beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and fluocinolone acetonide (FA) by damaged skin was examined on the backs of 4 healthy males from whom the stratum corneum had been removed by \"stripping\". The determination of percutaneous absorption was performed on the one hand by a method employing radioactive labelled compounds (DFV, BV) and measuring the elimination with the urine and faeces and on the other hand by photometric determination (DFV, BV, BD, fa) of the corticoid remaining on the skin immediately following application and at the end of a 24-h period of exposure. Direct measurement of the radioactivity in the urine and faeces revealed that percutaneous absorption from a new W/O emulsion takes place up to 2.2+/-0.8% in the case of DFV (0.1%) and to at least 12.2+/-3.3% in the case of BV (0.12%) within 24 h. The determination of percutaneous absorption via recovery from the skin produced the following results for the 4 corticoid preparations examined: DFV (14.8+/-4.2%) and BDP (14.0+/-4.3%) approximately equal, BV (23.5+/-4.1%) a marked increase and FA (39.2+/-2.4%) the highest level of absorption. This order for percutaneous absorption appears to correlate to the frequency of systemic side effects.", "contents": "[Comparative studies in man on the percutaneous absorption of diflucortolone valerate, betamethasone-17-valerate, beclomethasone dipropionate and fluocinolone acetonide]. Percutaneous absorption of 6alpha,9-difluor-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-21-valeryloxy-1,4-pregnadience-3,20-dione (diflucortolone valerate, DFV, Nerisona), betamethasone 17-valerate (BV), beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and fluocinolone acetonide (FA) by damaged skin was examined on the backs of 4 healthy males from whom the stratum corneum had been removed by \"stripping\". The determination of percutaneous absorption was performed on the one hand by a method employing radioactive labelled compounds (DFV, BV) and measuring the elimination with the urine and faeces and on the other hand by photometric determination (DFV, BV, BD, fa) of the corticoid remaining on the skin immediately following application and at the end of a 24-h period of exposure. Direct measurement of the radioactivity in the urine and faeces revealed that percutaneous absorption from a new W/O emulsion takes place up to 2.2+/-0.8% in the case of DFV (0.1%) and to at least 12.2+/-3.3% in the case of BV (0.12%) within 24 h. The determination of percutaneous absorption via recovery from the skin produced the following results for the 4 corticoid preparations examined: DFV (14.8+/-4.2%) and BDP (14.0+/-4.3%) approximately equal, BV (23.5+/-4.1%) a marked increase and FA (39.2+/-2.4%) the highest level of absorption. This order for percutaneous absorption appears to correlate to the frequency of systemic side effects.", "PMID": 1036945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7644", "title": "[Efficacy of diflucortolone valerate in the vasoconstriction tests].", "content": "The efficacy of a new topical corticosteroid, 6alpha,9-difluor-11beta-hylerate, Nerisona), as a 0.1% cream, ointment and fatty ointment was investigated in the vasoconstriction test in two series of studies after application to human skin in which hyperaemia had been experimentally induced. The diflucortolone valerate W/O emulsion proved to be 100 times more effective than fluocortolone in an identical base. In a further study diflucortolone valerate as well as in the three preparations was compared with nine known corticosteroids or their commercial preparations. In the comparison of the preparations only the cream with 0.05% betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate was superior to the diflucortolone valerate cream. As regards all the other preparations of formulations the new substance proved to be more or at least equally effective.", "contents": "[Efficacy of diflucortolone valerate in the vasoconstriction tests]. The efficacy of a new topical corticosteroid, 6alpha,9-difluor-11beta-hylerate, Nerisona), as a 0.1% cream, ointment and fatty ointment was investigated in the vasoconstriction test in two series of studies after application to human skin in which hyperaemia had been experimentally induced. The diflucortolone valerate W/O emulsion proved to be 100 times more effective than fluocortolone in an identical base. In a further study diflucortolone valerate as well as in the three preparations was compared with nine known corticosteroids or their commercial preparations. In the comparison of the preparations only the cream with 0.05% betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate was superior to the diflucortolone valerate cream. As regards all the other preparations of formulations the new substance proved to be more or at least equally effective.", "PMID": 1036946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7645", "title": "[Reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE): quaternary salts of vinylogous pyridinaldoxims (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of Wittig reaction to 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde leads to 4-beta-formylvinylpyridine (62%). The corresponding oxime (4-(2)) can be quaternized with alpha,alpha'-bis-(chloromegonin), and with methyliodide one to 4-PAM (4-(3)). In this case the formal insertion of an ethylenic double bond between the pyridinium ring and the aldoxime group decreases the ability to reactivate phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE).", "contents": "[Reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE): quaternary salts of vinylogous pyridinaldoxims (author's transl)]. Application of Wittig reaction to 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde leads to 4-beta-formylvinylpyridine (62%). The corresponding oxime (4-(2)) can be quaternized with alpha,alpha'-bis-(chloromegonin), and with methyliodide one to 4-PAM (4-(3)). In this case the formal insertion of an ethylenic double bond between the pyridinium ring and the aldoxime group decreases the ability to reactivate phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE).", "PMID": 1036947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7646", "title": "[Binding of sisomicin and gentamicin to serum proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "The binding of sisomicin and gentamicin to the proteins of human serum was investigated by the dialysis method at 37 degrees C. The antibiotic concentrations were determined by the disc diffusion assay as well as by measurements of the optical rotation of the antibiotics in the buffer solutions. Serum was dialyzed against buffer solutions to obtain the standards for the antibiotic assay with regard to the electrolytical exchange at dialysis. In studies on protein binding of sisomicin and gentamicin no measurable binding to human serum proteins could be found, neither in the therapeutically possible concentrations nor at higher ones. Therefore a different binding of the two antibiotics cannot be the reason of the advantage of sisomicin over gentamicin in tests in vivo with animals described in literature nor of its higher activity against several bacterial strains of different species tested in the presence of serum.", "contents": "[Binding of sisomicin and gentamicin to serum proteins (author's transl)]. The binding of sisomicin and gentamicin to the proteins of human serum was investigated by the dialysis method at 37 degrees C. The antibiotic concentrations were determined by the disc diffusion assay as well as by measurements of the optical rotation of the antibiotics in the buffer solutions. Serum was dialyzed against buffer solutions to obtain the standards for the antibiotic assay with regard to the electrolytical exchange at dialysis. In studies on protein binding of sisomicin and gentamicin no measurable binding to human serum proteins could be found, neither in the therapeutically possible concentrations nor at higher ones. Therefore a different binding of the two antibiotics cannot be the reason of the advantage of sisomicin over gentamicin in tests in vivo with animals described in literature nor of its higher activity against several bacterial strains of different species tested in the presence of serum.", "PMID": 1036948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7647", "title": "[Synthesis of a water-soluble orotic acid salt. Short communication. (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of the synthesis of thiaminedisulfide-monoorotate, the first salt of the orotic acid soluble in water with neutral action.", "contents": "[Synthesis of a water-soluble orotic acid salt. Short communication. (author's transl)]. Description of the synthesis of thiaminedisulfide-monoorotate, the first salt of the orotic acid soluble in water with neutral action.", "PMID": 1036949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7648", "title": "The uptake of potassium ions into isolated heart mitochondria in the presence of calcium ions and k-strophanthin.", "content": "The conditions of potassium transport were investigated in isolated rabbit hear mitochondria. In the presence of 5 to 40 mM potassium chloride there is a rapid initial phase of potassium influx of less than 2 min duration in which 65-75% of the total K+ uptake occurs. This is followed by a slow phase of K+ uptake of about 45 min during which 25 to 35% of the total potassium was taken up. While the rapid phase is due to passive diffusion, the slow phase is an active process which requires either ATP or respiratory substrates as an energy source. It can be totally abolished by 0.5 mM antimycin A. An increase of the calcium concentration in the incubation medium to more than 5 X 10(-5)M resulted in an inhibition of the energy-dependent uptake of potassium which was directly proportional to the calcium level. k-Strophanthin induced a distinct inhibition only at very high concentration  (greater than 10(-4)M). The inhibition of potassium uptake by 1. 3 or 5 mM calcium chloride was gradually cancelled by increasing k-strophanthin concentrations above 10(-8)M. Maximal cancellation was found with 10(-5)M of k-strophanthin. This concentration almost completely prevented the inhibition by calcium ions. On the other hand, 10(-5)M k-strophanthin had no inhibitory effect on the energy-dependent uptake of 0.5 mumoles of calcium chloride or on the oxidative phosphorylation of 0.5 mumoles of ADP added to the incubation medium.", "contents": "The uptake of potassium ions into isolated heart mitochondria in the presence of calcium ions and k-strophanthin. The conditions of potassium transport were investigated in isolated rabbit hear mitochondria. In the presence of 5 to 40 mM potassium chloride there is a rapid initial phase of potassium influx of less than 2 min duration in which 65-75% of the total K+ uptake occurs. This is followed by a slow phase of K+ uptake of about 45 min during which 25 to 35% of the total potassium was taken up. While the rapid phase is due to passive diffusion, the slow phase is an active process which requires either ATP or respiratory substrates as an energy source. It can be totally abolished by 0.5 mM antimycin A. An increase of the calcium concentration in the incubation medium to more than 5 X 10(-5)M resulted in an inhibition of the energy-dependent uptake of potassium which was directly proportional to the calcium level. k-Strophanthin induced a distinct inhibition only at very high concentration  (greater than 10(-4)M). The inhibition of potassium uptake by 1. 3 or 5 mM calcium chloride was gradually cancelled by increasing k-strophanthin concentrations above 10(-8)M. Maximal cancellation was found with 10(-5)M of k-strophanthin. This concentration almost completely prevented the inhibition by calcium ions. On the other hand, 10(-5)M k-strophanthin had no inhibitory effect on the energy-dependent uptake of 0.5 mumoles of calcium chloride or on the oxidative phosphorylation of 0.5 mumoles of ADP added to the incubation medium.", "PMID": 1036950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7649", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of an antiarrhythmic aminosteroid ORG 6001 in the anesthetized pig.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of 3alpha-amino-5alpha-androstan-2beta-ol-17-one-hydrochloride (ORG 6001), an aminosteroid possessing antiarrhythmic properties, were studied in 14 anesthetized pigs. ORG 6001 was administered i.v. cumulatively until a toxic level was reached. Doses less than 20mg/kg had, in spite of the negative inotropic properties of ORG 6001, no effect on the pump function of the heart, as the afterload was reduced and the filling pressure was not significantly altered. After administration of 40 mg/kg A-V conduction was depressed and second degree A-V block appeared. This was associated with deterioration of the pump function and for 6 of the 14 animals this was fatal. In the survivors, the alterations were reversible after cessation of drug administration. Since ORG 6001 has been shown to be effective against arrhythmias at doses less than 20 mg/kg, though in a different species (dog), it seems likely that it can be used safely for antiarrythmic treatment.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of an antiarrhythmic aminosteroid ORG 6001 in the anesthetized pig. The hemodynamic effects of 3alpha-amino-5alpha-androstan-2beta-ol-17-one-hydrochloride (ORG 6001), an aminosteroid possessing antiarrhythmic properties, were studied in 14 anesthetized pigs. ORG 6001 was administered i.v. cumulatively until a toxic level was reached. Doses less than 20mg/kg had, in spite of the negative inotropic properties of ORG 6001, no effect on the pump function of the heart, as the afterload was reduced and the filling pressure was not significantly altered. After administration of 40 mg/kg A-V conduction was depressed and second degree A-V block appeared. This was associated with deterioration of the pump function and for 6 of the 14 animals this was fatal. In the survivors, the alterations were reversible after cessation of drug administration. Since ORG 6001 has been shown to be effective against arrhythmias at doses less than 20 mg/kg, though in a different species (dog), it seems likely that it can be used safely for antiarrythmic treatment.", "PMID": 1036951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7650", "title": "[Acute myocardial infarct and pindolol. Effect of a beta sympatholytic with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on hemodynamics and contractility].", "content": "After acute circumscribed myocardial infarction the effects of the beta-sympatholytic agent 1-(indol-4-yl-oxy)-3-isopropyl-amino-propan-2-ol (pindolol; Visken) on hemodynamics and contractility were examined. Hemodynamic changes after application of pindolol are of small extent only. Heart rate shows a rising tendency whereas systolic and diastolic aortic pressure decreases only after higher doses. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) does not change remarkably. Cardiac output is reduced by small doses of pindolol and reaches starting values again before the administration of higher doses. Changes of the contractility parameters (dp/dt)max, t-(dp/dtmax, and PEP in the sense of a beta-sympatholysis appear only in the lower range of the doses given. Thus maximum decrease of contractility is 20% measured at (dp/dt)max, which consequently reaches the starting value again. The other contractility parameters change accordingly. These typical dose-response relations between pindolol and contractility parameters are considered to be due to lacking cardiac depressive properties combined with significant so-called positive intrinsic activity. Our results show that no contraindication can be derived from the small influence of pindolol on contractility in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Acute myocardial infarct and pindolol. Effect of a beta sympatholytic with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on hemodynamics and contractility]. After acute circumscribed myocardial infarction the effects of the beta-sympatholytic agent 1-(indol-4-yl-oxy)-3-isopropyl-amino-propan-2-ol (pindolol; Visken) on hemodynamics and contractility were examined. Hemodynamic changes after application of pindolol are of small extent only. Heart rate shows a rising tendency whereas systolic and diastolic aortic pressure decreases only after higher doses. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) does not change remarkably. Cardiac output is reduced by small doses of pindolol and reaches starting values again before the administration of higher doses. Changes of the contractility parameters (dp/dt)max, t-(dp/dtmax, and PEP in the sense of a beta-sympatholysis appear only in the lower range of the doses given. Thus maximum decrease of contractility is 20% measured at (dp/dt)max, which consequently reaches the starting value again. The other contractility parameters change accordingly. These typical dose-response relations between pindolol and contractility parameters are considered to be due to lacking cardiac depressive properties combined with significant so-called positive intrinsic activity. Our results show that no contraindication can be derived from the small influence of pindolol on contractility in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1036952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7651", "title": "Effects of cinepazide, a new vasoactive substance, on heart and circulation in the dog.", "content": "The authors report on the action of a new drug, 1-(pyrrolidinyl-1-carbonyl)-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl)-piperazine-maleate (cinepazide), on the heart and systemic and coronary circulation. At doses of 1--3 mg/kg i.v. (n=6), systemic blood pressure decreased by 4%, and heart rate increased reflexly by 8%...", "contents": "Effects of cinepazide, a new vasoactive substance, on heart and circulation in the dog. The authors report on the action of a new drug, 1-(pyrrolidinyl-1-carbonyl)-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl)-piperazine-maleate (cinepazide), on the heart and systemic and coronary circulation. At doses of 1--3 mg/kg i.v. (n=6), systemic blood pressure decreased by 4%, and heart rate increased reflexly by 8%...", "PMID": 1036953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7652", "title": "Influence of cinepazide, a vasoactive substance, on canine coronary circulation after acute constriction of the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "content": "The left anterior descending coronary artery was variably constricted mechanically in nine dogs. Blood flow in the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex coronary arteries (CCA), aortic pressure and peripheral, i.e. post-stenotic coronary pressure were measured. Myocardial perfusion was determined from the clearance of radioactive xenon injected at a depth of 7 mm into the underperfused area supplied by the LAD artery. The vasoactive drug 1-(pyrrolidinyl-1-carbonyl)-methyl-4-(3,4,5-tri-methoxycinnamoyl)piperazine-maleate (cinepazide) was given at doses of 5-10 mg/kg by i.v. route. 1. Blood flow in the LAD was decreased stepwise to 50% of its initial value. There was practically no more coronary reserve. After drug injection, diastolic aortic pressure, that normally falls, was kept constant by clamping. Heart rate, perfusion pressure, post-stenotic pressure, and blood flow and resistance in the LAD showed practically no change. In the CCA, blood flow increased significantly (p less than 0.005) and flow resistance decreased (p less than 0.001). 133Xe clearance showed an increased myocardial perfusion (p less than 0.02) in the territory supplied by the LAD artery. 2. The lumen of the LAD was narrowed by 53%, i.e., coronary reserve was decreased. This constriction was followed by no haemodynamic reaction. After injection of cinepazide, mean and diastolic aortic pressure (p less than 0.02) and post-stenotic coronary pressure (p less than 0.005) decreased. Blood flow increased by 41% in the CCA and by 31% in the LAD. Coronary resistance in these vessels decreased (p less than 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). Here, too, the 133Xe clearance curve showed an increase in myocardial perfusion in the territory supplied by the LAD artery (+78%).", "contents": "Influence of cinepazide, a vasoactive substance, on canine coronary circulation after acute constriction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The left anterior descending coronary artery was variably constricted mechanically in nine dogs. Blood flow in the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex coronary arteries (CCA), aortic pressure and peripheral, i.e. post-stenotic coronary pressure were measured. Myocardial perfusion was determined from the clearance of radioactive xenon injected at a depth of 7 mm into the underperfused area supplied by the LAD artery. The vasoactive drug 1-(pyrrolidinyl-1-carbonyl)-methyl-4-(3,4,5-tri-methoxycinnamoyl)piperazine-maleate (cinepazide) was given at doses of 5-10 mg/kg by i.v. route. 1. Blood flow in the LAD was decreased stepwise to 50% of its initial value. There was practically no more coronary reserve. After drug injection, diastolic aortic pressure, that normally falls, was kept constant by clamping. Heart rate, perfusion pressure, post-stenotic pressure, and blood flow and resistance in the LAD showed practically no change. In the CCA, blood flow increased significantly (p less than 0.005) and flow resistance decreased (p less than 0.001). 133Xe clearance showed an increased myocardial perfusion (p less than 0.02) in the territory supplied by the LAD artery. 2. The lumen of the LAD was narrowed by 53%, i.e., coronary reserve was decreased. This constriction was followed by no haemodynamic reaction. After injection of cinepazide, mean and diastolic aortic pressure (p less than 0.02) and post-stenotic coronary pressure (p less than 0.005) decreased. Blood flow increased by 41% in the CCA and by 31% in the LAD. Coronary resistance in these vessels decreased (p less than 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). Here, too, the 133Xe clearance curve showed an increase in myocardial perfusion in the territory supplied by the LAD artery (+78%).", "PMID": 1036954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7653", "title": "The distribution and excretion of 14C- and 3H-labelled 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) in the rat.", "content": "The distribution and excretion of radioactivity following a single or multiple oral administration of 3H-and/or 14C-4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) has been determined in rats. The daily excretion of radioactivity following a single administration (3H and 14C) or multiple doses (3H) fell to less than 1% of the dose in 4 days. A similar fall was observed at the end of 10 days continuous administration. The radioactivity in plasma reached a maximum between 2 and 4 h after administration of the drug (14C). Tissue levels were found to be effectively zero 24 h after administration of the drug for up to 10 days. The very large amounts of radioactivity lost in bile were found to correlate with blood, tissue and faecal levels.", "contents": "The distribution and excretion of 14C- and 3H-labelled 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) in the rat. The distribution and excretion of radioactivity following a single or multiple oral administration of 3H-and/or 14C-4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) has been determined in rats. The daily excretion of radioactivity following a single administration (3H and 14C) or multiple doses (3H) fell to less than 1% of the dose in 4 days. A similar fall was observed at the end of 10 days continuous administration. The radioactivity in plasma reached a maximum between 2 and 4 h after administration of the drug (14C). Tissue levels were found to be effectively zero 24 h after administration of the drug for up to 10 days. The very large amounts of radioactivity lost in bile were found to correlate with blood, tissue and faecal levels.", "PMID": 1036955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7654", "title": "Acute toxicity of various solvents in the mouse and rat. LD50 of ethanol, diethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerine, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400, 1,2-propanediol and Tween 20.", "content": "The LD50's of various solvents frequently used in toxicological work to improve the solubility of otherwise poorly soluble compounds were determined in the mouse and rat. The substances investigated were ethanol, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerine, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400, 1,2-propanediol and Tween 20. The substances were administered under standardized conditions to groups of 10 animals (5 females, 5 males) (mice and rats) at doses that supplied at least 3 values lying between the LD16 and LD84. The median lethal dose and slope were determined with the aid of Finney's programmed probit analysis. The results are tabulated as LD50 ml/kg with 95% confidence limits. It is recommended that when using these solvents for pharmacological and toxicological investigations not more than a quarter of the LD50 should be used because otherwise there will be confusion between the deaths due to the substance being investigated and those due to the solvent.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of various solvents in the mouse and rat. LD50 of ethanol, diethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerine, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400, 1,2-propanediol and Tween 20. The LD50's of various solvents frequently used in toxicological work to improve the solubility of otherwise poorly soluble compounds were determined in the mouse and rat. The substances investigated were ethanol, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerine, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400, 1,2-propanediol and Tween 20. The substances were administered under standardized conditions to groups of 10 animals (5 females, 5 males) (mice and rats) at doses that supplied at least 3 values lying between the LD16 and LD84. The median lethal dose and slope were determined with the aid of Finney's programmed probit analysis. The results are tabulated as LD50 ml/kg with 95% confidence limits. It is recommended that when using these solvents for pharmacological and toxicological investigations not more than a quarter of the LD50 should be used because otherwise there will be confusion between the deaths due to the substance being investigated and those due to the solvent.", "PMID": 1036956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7655", "title": "[Influence of an antispastic, analgesic combination on blood pressure, dynamics and contractility of the left ventricle in the dog].", "content": "The following cardiovascular parameters were continuously measured in 12 dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital following i.v. application of Baralgin, a combination of 1-beta- piperidino-ethoxycarbmethoxy-benzophenone-hydrochloride with diphenylpiperidino-ethyl-acetamide-bromomethylate and 2.3-dimethyl-4-methylamino-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone-N-methanesulfonic acid: Mean arterial blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, dp/dt-value in the left ventricle, the parameter (see article), told peripheral resistance, cardiac work, heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, flow rate in the A. femoralis and the repiration volume. In this experimental series dosages of 0.1, 0.25, 0.625 and 1.56 ml Baralgin/kg i.v. were tested and the subsequent cardiovascular activity was recorded for a period of 90 min following application. 1. The mean arterial blood pressure remained practically unaltered following low doses of Baralgin (0.1 and 0.25 ml/kg i.v.), whereas higher doses (0.625 and 1.56 ml/kg) led to an initial drop in blood pressure corresponding to the fall in total resistance. 2. The cardiac output rose slightly in correlation with rise in stroke volume. In the dosage range of 0.25 ml Baralgin/kg i.v. the rise in cardiac output was accentuated by an increase in heart rate. 3. The cardiac work remained relatively stable following small Baralgin doses, however, a slight diminution in cardiac work due to the fall in blood pressure and decrease in cardiac output, resulted from application of 1.56 mg/kg i.v. 4. A slight positive inotropic stimulation of the heart became apparent in the initial period following small doses of Baralgin (0.1 and 0.25 ml/kg i.v.), higher i.v. dosages caused a marginal reduction in cardiac contractility.", "contents": "[Influence of an antispastic, analgesic combination on blood pressure, dynamics and contractility of the left ventricle in the dog]. The following cardiovascular parameters were continuously measured in 12 dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital following i.v. application of Baralgin, a combination of 1-beta- piperidino-ethoxycarbmethoxy-benzophenone-hydrochloride with diphenylpiperidino-ethyl-acetamide-bromomethylate and 2.3-dimethyl-4-methylamino-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone-N-methanesulfonic acid: Mean arterial blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, dp/dt-value in the left ventricle, the parameter (see article), told peripheral resistance, cardiac work, heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, flow rate in the A. femoralis and the repiration volume. In this experimental series dosages of 0.1, 0.25, 0.625 and 1.56 ml Baralgin/kg i.v. were tested and the subsequent cardiovascular activity was recorded for a period of 90 min following application. 1. The mean arterial blood pressure remained practically unaltered following low doses of Baralgin (0.1 and 0.25 ml/kg i.v.), whereas higher doses (0.625 and 1.56 ml/kg) led to an initial drop in blood pressure corresponding to the fall in total resistance. 2. The cardiac output rose slightly in correlation with rise in stroke volume. In the dosage range of 0.25 ml Baralgin/kg i.v. the rise in cardiac output was accentuated by an increase in heart rate. 3. The cardiac work remained relatively stable following small Baralgin doses, however, a slight diminution in cardiac work due to the fall in blood pressure and decrease in cardiac output, resulted from application of 1.56 mg/kg i.v. 4. A slight positive inotropic stimulation of the heart became apparent in the initial period following small doses of Baralgin (0.1 and 0.25 ml/kg i.v.), higher i.v. dosages caused a marginal reduction in cardiac contractility.", "PMID": 1036957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7656", "title": "Assessment of Hypervitaminosis D during the first trimester of pregnancy on the mouse embryo. Preliminary report.", "content": "The effect of hypervitaminosis were studied in pregnant mice during 0-3 and 4-7 days of gestation. After pregnancy was determined, mothers received 50 000 I.U. of vitamin D2 during the first gestational period. During the first half of the first trimester, the vitamin D treatment did not significantly influence maternal weight, fetal weight, implantation rate and survival of the embryo. The number of mothers with malformed fetuses significantly increased during critical treatment periods (from 4-7 days of pregnancy.", "contents": "Assessment of Hypervitaminosis D during the first trimester of pregnancy on the mouse embryo. Preliminary report. The effect of hypervitaminosis were studied in pregnant mice during 0-3 and 4-7 days of gestation. After pregnancy was determined, mothers received 50 000 I.U. of vitamin D2 during the first gestational period. During the first half of the first trimester, the vitamin D treatment did not significantly influence maternal weight, fetal weight, implantation rate and survival of the embryo. The number of mothers with malformed fetuses significantly increased during critical treatment periods (from 4-7 days of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1036958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7657", "title": "Effect of short- and long-term administrations of some drugs on rat intestinal flora. Short communication.", "content": "Two schedules of treatment were adopted for an experimental evaluation of drug induced alterations in mid-small intestinal flora of normal rats. Test substances were given orally twice daily for 3 days at large doses and once daily for 30 days at lower doses. Indometacin, benzydamine, phenylbutazone, pheprazone, picosulfol, magnesium sulfate, tolbutamide, phenformin, dexamethasone acetate and prednisolone acetate were tested. Drug-induced alterations in rat intestinal flora resulted more evidently following multiple short-time treatments.", "contents": "Effect of short- and long-term administrations of some drugs on rat intestinal flora. Short communication. Two schedules of treatment were adopted for an experimental evaluation of drug induced alterations in mid-small intestinal flora of normal rats. Test substances were given orally twice daily for 3 days at large doses and once daily for 30 days at lower doses. Indometacin, benzydamine, phenylbutazone, pheprazone, picosulfol, magnesium sulfate, tolbutamide, phenformin, dexamethasone acetate and prednisolone acetate were tested. Drug-induced alterations in rat intestinal flora resulted more evidently following multiple short-time treatments.", "PMID": 1036959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7658", "title": "Antagonism of maximal metrazol seizures in rats and its relevance to an experimental classification of antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "The antagonism of various components of maximal Metrazol-seizures (MMS) (i.e. tonic hindpaw extension, tonic backward extension of the forepaws, generalized clonic seizures and tremors), ataxia and loss of righting reflex-activity have been studied in a standardized procedure comparing 41 antiepileptics and related compounds. Appropriate analyses (Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis) resulted in the distinction of seven clusters which could be considered along two continua. A first continuum is characterized by a progressive strengthening of loss of righting reflex-inducing properties, a decreasing dissociation of ataxia and loss of righting reflex and the disappearance of a selective anticonvulsant effect. The second continuum is characterized by an increasing relative potency of ataxia-inducing properties, an increasing dissociation of ataxia and loss of righting reflex and a decreasing antagonism of tremors. Three main types of anticonvulsants could be defined: drugs with a complete anti-MMS effect antagonizing both clonic and tonic seizures; drugs selectively abolishing tonic seizures, i.e., tonic extension of hind- and forepaws; and drugs exclusively blocking tonic hind-paw extension. The neurological and clinical significance of these different types of anticonvulsant activity has been discussed. Finally, the described modification of the maximal Metrazol-seizures test is proposed for routine screening purposes.", "contents": "Antagonism of maximal metrazol seizures in rats and its relevance to an experimental classification of antiepileptic drugs. The antagonism of various components of maximal Metrazol-seizures (MMS) (i.e. tonic hindpaw extension, tonic backward extension of the forepaws, generalized clonic seizures and tremors), ataxia and loss of righting reflex-activity have been studied in a standardized procedure comparing 41 antiepileptics and related compounds. Appropriate analyses (Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis) resulted in the distinction of seven clusters which could be considered along two continua. A first continuum is characterized by a progressive strengthening of loss of righting reflex-inducing properties, a decreasing dissociation of ataxia and loss of righting reflex and the disappearance of a selective anticonvulsant effect. The second continuum is characterized by an increasing relative potency of ataxia-inducing properties, an increasing dissociation of ataxia and loss of righting reflex and a decreasing antagonism of tremors. Three main types of anticonvulsants could be defined: drugs with a complete anti-MMS effect antagonizing both clonic and tonic seizures; drugs selectively abolishing tonic seizures, i.e., tonic extension of hind- and forepaws; and drugs exclusively blocking tonic hind-paw extension. The neurological and clinical significance of these different types of anticonvulsant activity has been discussed. Finally, the described modification of the maximal Metrazol-seizures test is proposed for routine screening purposes.", "PMID": 1036960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7659", "title": "Influence of silymarin on drug metabolizing enzymes in rat and man.", "content": "Male rats weighing 100-130 g were treated orally with a daily dose of 1 X 10 mg Legalon (active principle: silymarin)/100 g b.w. daily for 4 or 10 days. 4 and 10 days after the beginning of the pretreatment a significant increase of the activity of the mixed function oxidation system (Cytochrome P-450, aminopyrine demethylation, p-nitroanisole demethylation) was observed. No alteration of the body weight, the liver wet weight, the microsomal protein content, the cytochrome b5 content and the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and of a glucoronidase (4-methylumbelliferone) took place after the Legalon treatment. 4 h after the oral administration of 0.5 ml CCl4/kg b.w. the activity of the mixed function oxidation system and of the G-6-Pase was markedly decreased. This effect could not be prevented by the oral administration of 1 X 10 mg Legalon/100 g b.w. 6 h prior to CCl4 application. In human subjects the treatment with daily doses of 3 X 70 mg Legalon during 28 days had no influence on the metabolism of aminopyrine and phenylbutazone. From our results it is concluded that Legalon despite its effects in experimental animals has no influence on drug metabolism in man, when applied in therapeutic amounts.", "contents": "Influence of silymarin on drug metabolizing enzymes in rat and man. Male rats weighing 100-130 g were treated orally with a daily dose of 1 X 10 mg Legalon (active principle: silymarin)/100 g b.w. daily for 4 or 10 days. 4 and 10 days after the beginning of the pretreatment a significant increase of the activity of the mixed function oxidation system (Cytochrome P-450, aminopyrine demethylation, p-nitroanisole demethylation) was observed. No alteration of the body weight, the liver wet weight, the microsomal protein content, the cytochrome b5 content and the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and of a glucoronidase (4-methylumbelliferone) took place after the Legalon treatment. 4 h after the oral administration of 0.5 ml CCl4/kg b.w. the activity of the mixed function oxidation system and of the G-6-Pase was markedly decreased. This effect could not be prevented by the oral administration of 1 X 10 mg Legalon/100 g b.w. 6 h prior to CCl4 application. In human subjects the treatment with daily doses of 3 X 70 mg Legalon during 28 days had no influence on the metabolism of aminopyrine and phenylbutazone. From our results it is concluded that Legalon despite its effects in experimental animals has no influence on drug metabolism in man, when applied in therapeutic amounts.", "PMID": 1036961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7660", "title": "Studies of the kinetics and metabolism of 17 beta-heptanoyl-17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3-one-7-3H (norethisterone enanthate) in humans following intramuscular injection.", "content": "The kinetics and metabolism of 17 beta-heptanoyl-17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3-one-7-3H (7-3H-norethisterone enanthate, NET-En) after i.m. injection in two female subjects is described. 177.4 mg and 174.5 mg NET-En were injected. Maximum 3H-activity in plasma was reached 8 to 14 days after the injection. In terms of NET-En it amounted to 70-100 mug/100 ml. Maximum NET concentration was reached on the 4th to 8th day and amounted to about 1 mug/100 ml. After 4 weeks NET concentration was still about 0.05 to 0.1 mug/100 ml and even after 6 weeks NET was still detectable in plasma. In 14 days the two subjects excreted about 13% of the administered dose in the urine and about 15% and 21%, respectively, in the faeces. On the basis of a rough calculation, the subjects eliminated about 60% and 55% of the radioactivity with urine and faeces within 42 days.", "contents": "Studies of the kinetics and metabolism of 17 beta-heptanoyl-17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3-one-7-3H (norethisterone enanthate) in humans following intramuscular injection. The kinetics and metabolism of 17 beta-heptanoyl-17 alpha-ethinyl-4-oestren-3-one-7-3H (7-3H-norethisterone enanthate, NET-En) after i.m. injection in two female subjects is described. 177.4 mg and 174.5 mg NET-En were injected. Maximum 3H-activity in plasma was reached 8 to 14 days after the injection. In terms of NET-En it amounted to 70-100 mug/100 ml. Maximum NET concentration was reached on the 4th to 8th day and amounted to about 1 mug/100 ml. After 4 weeks NET concentration was still about 0.05 to 0.1 mug/100 ml and even after 6 weeks NET was still detectable in plasma. In 14 days the two subjects excreted about 13% of the administered dose in the urine and about 15% and 21%, respectively, in the faeces. On the basis of a rough calculation, the subjects eliminated about 60% and 55% of the radioactivity with urine and faeces within 42 days.", "PMID": 1036962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7661", "title": "Experimental evaluation in man of analgesic effects.", "content": "A device operated by compression has been studied in order to define a method of measuring analgesic effects. Three analgesics (metamizol, acetylsalicylic acid and ketobemidone) and placebo have been tested in man to verify the adequacy of this apparatus and its sensitivity.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation in man of analgesic effects. A device operated by compression has been studied in order to define a method of measuring analgesic effects. Three analgesics (metamizol, acetylsalicylic acid and ketobemidone) and placebo have been tested in man to verify the adequacy of this apparatus and its sensitivity.", "PMID": 1036963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7662", "title": "A study of the EEG sleep patterns and the sleep and dream experience of a group of schizophrenic patients treated with sulpiride.", "content": "The modifications of spontaneous sleep in schizophrenic patients following N-ethyl-2(2-methoxy-5-sulfamido-benzamidomethyl)-pyrrolidine (sulpiride, Dobren) administration are reported in this study. No significant modifications in the quantitative distribution of the various sleep phases (LST, SWS, REM) were observed, while a significant percent increase of SWS was noted, together with a significant decrease in the number of awakenings during the night and an increase of the sleep onset time. The patients' own difficulty to fall asleep, however, decreased significantly, and also a significant increase of dream recall could be observed.", "contents": "A study of the EEG sleep patterns and the sleep and dream experience of a group of schizophrenic patients treated with sulpiride. The modifications of spontaneous sleep in schizophrenic patients following N-ethyl-2(2-methoxy-5-sulfamido-benzamidomethyl)-pyrrolidine (sulpiride, Dobren) administration are reported in this study. No significant modifications in the quantitative distribution of the various sleep phases (LST, SWS, REM) were observed, while a significant percent increase of SWS was noted, together with a significant decrease in the number of awakenings during the night and an increase of the sleep onset time. The patients' own difficulty to fall asleep, however, decreased significantly, and also a significant increase of dream recall could be observed.", "PMID": 1036964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7663", "title": "[The autoradiographic distribution of 3H-spironolactone in whole-body slices of the mouse (Short communication)].", "content": "The autoradiographic localisation of H3-spironolactone in whole-body sections of mice is shown. The drug is enriched in the liver, bile-ducts and in the content of the small intestine, which probably indicates a biliary excretion.", "contents": "[The autoradiographic distribution of 3H-spironolactone in whole-body slices of the mouse (Short communication)]. The autoradiographic localisation of H3-spironolactone in whole-body sections of mice is shown. The drug is enriched in the liver, bile-ducts and in the content of the small intestine, which probably indicates a biliary excretion.", "PMID": 1036965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7664", "title": "Vitreoretinal reactions and persistent hyaloid vessels.", "content": "In cases with persistent primary vitreous in full-term infants there were vitreoretinal reactions including vitreoretinal anastomoses of blood vessels, vitreoretinal strands, traction folds of the retina, avascular retinal areas, hypoplasia of retinal blood vessels, rarefaction of retinal ganglion cells, and ischaemic structural changes of the retina. New vessel formation on the surface of avascular retinal areas was supplied from persistent hyaloid blood vessels. This finding may be of some importance in explaining those cases histologically resembling classical retrolental fibroplasia with no history of prematurity or oxygen treatment.", "contents": "Vitreoretinal reactions and persistent hyaloid vessels. In cases with persistent primary vitreous in full-term infants there were vitreoretinal reactions including vitreoretinal anastomoses of blood vessels, vitreoretinal strands, traction folds of the retina, avascular retinal areas, hypoplasia of retinal blood vessels, rarefaction of retinal ganglion cells, and ischaemic structural changes of the retina. New vessel formation on the surface of avascular retinal areas was supplied from persistent hyaloid blood vessels. This finding may be of some importance in explaining those cases histologically resembling classical retrolental fibroplasia with no history of prematurity or oxygen treatment.", "PMID": 1036966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7665", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Two cases of malignant lymphoma are reported and the clinical features of a further 6 cases collected over a 10-year period are presented. The literature is reviewed and the treatment, prognosis and relationship to Hashimoto's disease are discussed. It is suggested that lymph node biopsy at the time of operation is important in confirming the diagnosis and that the prognosis may be more hopeful than has previously been suggested.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Two cases of malignant lymphoma are reported and the clinical features of a further 6 cases collected over a 10-year period are presented. The literature is reviewed and the treatment, prognosis and relationship to Hashimoto's disease are discussed. It is suggested that lymph node biopsy at the time of operation is important in confirming the diagnosis and that the prognosis may be more hopeful than has previously been suggested.", "PMID": 1036967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7666", "title": "Some aspects of sexually transmitted disease in Swaziland.", "content": "A survey of sexually transmitted diseases was attempted in Swaziland. Time and the terms of reference limited its scope, but much interesting information was gathered. Neither the prevalence nor the relative frequency of the different diseases in the community could be ascertained, but there was evidence to support the local impression that the sexually transmitted diseases present an increasing problem in Swaziland. An important problem was that of case finding and two aspects of this are stressed: (1) A general lack of knowledge concerning the venereal diseases; (2) The large number of men infected by 'casual' girl friends who cannot easily be traced, and who form a reservoir of infection in the community.", "contents": "Some aspects of sexually transmitted disease in Swaziland. A survey of sexually transmitted diseases was attempted in Swaziland. Time and the terms of reference limited its scope, but much interesting information was gathered. Neither the prevalence nor the relative frequency of the different diseases in the community could be ascertained, but there was evidence to support the local impression that the sexually transmitted diseases present an increasing problem in Swaziland. An important problem was that of case finding and two aspects of this are stressed: (1) A general lack of knowledge concerning the venereal diseases; (2) The large number of men infected by 'casual' girl friends who cannot easily be traced, and who form a reservoir of infection in the community.", "PMID": 1036969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7667", "title": "[Association of Hashimoto's disease with carcinoma of the thyroid].", "content": "The Authors describe a case, which came under their observation, of indifferentiated neoplasia of the thyroid associated with Hashimoto's disease; treated surgically by total thyroidectomy, at a distance of over four years it did not show signs of recurrence. Consideration is also given to pathogenetic and clinical problems, as well as those of surgical therapy, which such a combination between autoimmune thyroditis and a neoplastic process may raise.", "contents": "[Association of Hashimoto's disease with carcinoma of the thyroid]. The Authors describe a case, which came under their observation, of indifferentiated neoplasia of the thyroid associated with Hashimoto's disease; treated surgically by total thyroidectomy, at a distance of over four years it did not show signs of recurrence. Consideration is also given to pathogenetic and clinical problems, as well as those of surgical therapy, which such a combination between autoimmune thyroditis and a neoplastic process may raise.", "PMID": 1036978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7668", "title": "Bromocriptine potentiation of gastric acid secretion in cats.", "content": "Bromocriptine administered both orally and intravenously potentiated gastric acid secretion in response to submaximal pentagastrin stimulation in cats. Bromocriptine did not increase the maximum acid secretion in response to pentastrin, not did it stimulate basal acid secretion. Potentiation was observed in normal and vagotomized animals which precludes involvement of the vagi in the response. The mechanism of action of this compound on the stomach does not appear to be mediated through stimulation of dopaminergic receptors as no potentiation was observed with dopamine infusions. It is argued that the bromocriptine potentiation of gastric acid secretion may be a demonstration of 5-hydroxytryptamine or alpha-adrenergic antagonism. However, the potentiation observed with daily oral bromocriptine treatment had disappeared by the eighth day and may correlate with the disappearance of gastric side effects noted in patients on bromocriptine  treatment.", "contents": "Bromocriptine potentiation of gastric acid secretion in cats. Bromocriptine administered both orally and intravenously potentiated gastric acid secretion in response to submaximal pentagastrin stimulation in cats. Bromocriptine did not increase the maximum acid secretion in response to pentastrin, not did it stimulate basal acid secretion. Potentiation was observed in normal and vagotomized animals which precludes involvement of the vagi in the response. The mechanism of action of this compound on the stomach does not appear to be mediated through stimulation of dopaminergic receptors as no potentiation was observed with dopamine infusions. It is argued that the bromocriptine potentiation of gastric acid secretion may be a demonstration of 5-hydroxytryptamine or alpha-adrenergic antagonism. However, the potentiation observed with daily oral bromocriptine treatment had disappeared by the eighth day and may correlate with the disappearance of gastric side effects noted in patients on bromocriptine  treatment.", "PMID": 1036979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7669", "title": "Studies on shigella isolated in southern Taiwan.", "content": "During 1969, a total of 1,476 fecal and rectal swab specimens was collected from children with diarrhea and 249 strains of shigella were isolated. The incidence was 16.9%. The serotypes of 249 strains were: Shigella dysenteriae, 1.6% (4 strains); S. flexneri, 73.1% (182 strains); S. boydii, 3.2 (8 strains) and S. sonnei, 22.1% (55 strains). There was no marked difference of the isolation rate throughout the whole year. The susceptibility of shigella isolates to chemotherapeutic agents were also investigated. The percentage of the strains susceptible to gentamicin was 97.2%; to cephaloridine, 93.2%; to kanamycin, 91.9%; to colistin, 91.6%; to hetacillin, 88.4%; to ampicillin, 82.4% and to nalidixic acid, 79.9%. The other tested chemotherapeutic agents were less effective.", "contents": "Studies on shigella isolated in southern Taiwan. During 1969, a total of 1,476 fecal and rectal swab specimens was collected from children with diarrhea and 249 strains of shigella were isolated. The incidence was 16.9%. The serotypes of 249 strains were: Shigella dysenteriae, 1.6% (4 strains); S. flexneri, 73.1% (182 strains); S. boydii, 3.2 (8 strains) and S. sonnei, 22.1% (55 strains). There was no marked difference of the isolation rate throughout the whole year. The susceptibility of shigella isolates to chemotherapeutic agents were also investigated. The percentage of the strains susceptible to gentamicin was 97.2%; to cephaloridine, 93.2%; to kanamycin, 91.9%; to colistin, 91.6%; to hetacillin, 88.4%; to ampicillin, 82.4% and to nalidixic acid, 79.9%. The other tested chemotherapeutic agents were less effective.", "PMID": 1036983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7670", "title": "Determination of mycelial steroids with the aid of polyene antibiotics. II. Quantitative determination of the mycelial steroids of Mucor hiemalis.", "content": "UV absorption spectrum of polyene antibiotics was dramatically altered in the presence of steroids. The introduction of a steroid to an aqueous solution of polyene antibiotics resulted in a change in the ratio of absorbance of peak 3 (with shorter wavelength) to peak 1 (with longer wavelength), E3/E1. Interactions between 28 steroids and 4 polyene antibiotics were studied and the results revealed that the structures of steroids essential for the optimal interaction with polyene antibiotics were C-17 side chain, substitution C-3 hydroxyl group, intact steroid nucleus and aromatic A-ring. The ratio of E3/E1 was used for the determination of steroids in mycelium of Mucor hiemalis and the result was in good agreement with that obtained from gas chromatograph. The (-) strain had a greater change in the ratio of absorbance, E3/E1, than that of the (+) strain. The ratio of absorbance, E3/E1, decreased in the following order: the (-) strain, the (-) strain with the addition of the filtrate of (+) strains, the mated strains, the (+) with the addition of the filtrate of (-) strain and the (+) strain.", "contents": "Determination of mycelial steroids with the aid of polyene antibiotics. II. Quantitative determination of the mycelial steroids of Mucor hiemalis. UV absorption spectrum of polyene antibiotics was dramatically altered in the presence of steroids. The introduction of a steroid to an aqueous solution of polyene antibiotics resulted in a change in the ratio of absorbance of peak 3 (with shorter wavelength) to peak 1 (with longer wavelength), E3/E1. Interactions between 28 steroids and 4 polyene antibiotics were studied and the results revealed that the structures of steroids essential for the optimal interaction with polyene antibiotics were C-17 side chain, substitution C-3 hydroxyl group, intact steroid nucleus and aromatic A-ring. The ratio of E3/E1 was used for the determination of steroids in mycelium of Mucor hiemalis and the result was in good agreement with that obtained from gas chromatograph. The (-) strain had a greater change in the ratio of absorbance, E3/E1, than that of the (+) strain. The ratio of absorbance, E3/E1, decreased in the following order: the (-) strain, the (-) strain with the addition of the filtrate of (+) strains, the mated strains, the (+) with the addition of the filtrate of (-) strain and the (+) strain.", "PMID": 1036984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7671", "title": "Treatment of Taenia saginata infection with mixture of areca nuts and pumpkin seeds.", "content": "In January and February 1974, 32 adults (20 males and 12 females) and a 13-year-old girl with taeniasis saginata were treated with the mixture of boiled areca nuts and pumpkin seeds at Mastoban, Jen-ai District, Nantou County, Taiwan. A total of 48 worms including 42 scolices were recovered from 29 cases. Side-effects were observed in 4 cases including 3 with complaints of dizziness, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, and one with coma and abdominal pain. Mixtures of 75-150 g areca nuts and 50-100 g pumpkin seeds were judged effective and safe.", "contents": "Treatment of Taenia saginata infection with mixture of areca nuts and pumpkin seeds. In January and February 1974, 32 adults (20 males and 12 females) and a 13-year-old girl with taeniasis saginata were treated with the mixture of boiled areca nuts and pumpkin seeds at Mastoban, Jen-ai District, Nantou County, Taiwan. A total of 48 worms including 42 scolices were recovered from 29 cases. Side-effects were observed in 4 cases including 3 with complaints of dizziness, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, and one with coma and abdominal pain. Mixtures of 75-150 g areca nuts and 50-100 g pumpkin seeds were judged effective and safe.", "PMID": 1036985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7672", "title": "Mycoplasmal pneumonia in Chinese veterans.", "content": "From 1967-1973, a total of 54 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from patients suffering from different acute respiratory diseases, with an average positive isolation rate of 4.7%. Most mycoplasmas were isolated from patients aged 40-60, and with pneumonia of primary atypical pneumonias. The highest frequency of isolation was found in sputum collected 4-8 days after onset of illness. Colony formation on PPLO medium usually occurred 7-12 days after incubation. Serological tests were methods of choice for diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia. In the 6 years period, 163 patients were diagnosed: 74 were positive only by metabolic inhibition test (MIT), 55 were positive only by cold agglutination test (CAT), and 34 gave positive by both tests. Of the above 2 tests, the CAT is nonspecific, but the MIT appears to be more sensitive and specific. Of the 94 sera positive by MIT, 42 (48.2%) were also positive by CAT; of those negative by MIT, 45 of 507 (8.8%) were positive by CAT. Of 45 sera with positive mycoplasma isolation, 37 (82.2%) were also positive by MIT, but only 22 (48.9%) showed the rises of CAT titers. Clinical features of mycoplasmal pneumonia were almost similar to those described by the other investigators. The chief symptoms were fever, coughs, chills, rales, malaise, sore throat headache and chest pain. The sedimentation rate of erythrocytes was accelerated. White count was normal in most cases. Both leucocytosis and leucopenia were found in 10% of the cases. Seasonal variation in incidence of mycoplasmal pneumonia was not obvious, however the lowest incidence occurred during summer. A roentgenogram of the chest was necessary for diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia, and the lung infiltration was mainly located on right side (57.1%), segmentally, and limited to one lobe, especially the lower lobe.", "contents": "Mycoplasmal pneumonia in Chinese veterans. From 1967-1973, a total of 54 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from patients suffering from different acute respiratory diseases, with an average positive isolation rate of 4.7%. Most mycoplasmas were isolated from patients aged 40-60, and with pneumonia of primary atypical pneumonias. The highest frequency of isolation was found in sputum collected 4-8 days after onset of illness. Colony formation on PPLO medium usually occurred 7-12 days after incubation. Serological tests were methods of choice for diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia. In the 6 years period, 163 patients were diagnosed: 74 were positive only by metabolic inhibition test (MIT), 55 were positive only by cold agglutination test (CAT), and 34 gave positive by both tests. Of the above 2 tests, the CAT is nonspecific, but the MIT appears to be more sensitive and specific. Of the 94 sera positive by MIT, 42 (48.2%) were also positive by CAT; of those negative by MIT, 45 of 507 (8.8%) were positive by CAT. Of 45 sera with positive mycoplasma isolation, 37 (82.2%) were also positive by MIT, but only 22 (48.9%) showed the rises of CAT titers. Clinical features of mycoplasmal pneumonia were almost similar to those described by the other investigators. The chief symptoms were fever, coughs, chills, rales, malaise, sore throat headache and chest pain. The sedimentation rate of erythrocytes was accelerated. White count was normal in most cases. Both leucocytosis and leucopenia were found in 10% of the cases. Seasonal variation in incidence of mycoplasmal pneumonia was not obvious, however the lowest incidence occurred during summer. A roentgenogram of the chest was necessary for diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia, and the lung infiltration was mainly located on right side (57.1%), segmentally, and limited to one lobe, especially the lower lobe.", "PMID": 1036986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7673", "title": "Antithiamine factor in cotton seed (Bombex malabericum)--its isolation and characterization.", "content": "1. The antithiamine factor isolated from cotton seed (Bombex malabericum) was a light yellow amophous substance. 2. 1 mg of this antithiamine factor inactivated 20.5 mug of thiamine hydrochloride. 3. The antithiamine factor was characterized as 3,5-dimethoxy salicylic acid.", "contents": "Antithiamine factor in cotton seed (Bombex malabericum)--its isolation and characterization. 1. The antithiamine factor isolated from cotton seed (Bombex malabericum) was a light yellow amophous substance. 2. 1 mg of this antithiamine factor inactivated 20.5 mug of thiamine hydrochloride. 3. The antithiamine factor was characterized as 3,5-dimethoxy salicylic acid.", "PMID": 1036996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7674", "title": "Social aspects of venereal disease aboard a U.S. navy destroyer.", "content": "This paper describes the social characteristics of venereal disease patients aboard a US Navy destroyer. The research team administered questionnaires to 247 crew members at the outset of the ship's 7 month-overseas deployment. When the ship returned to home port, the research staff gathered demographic and occupational information plus disciplinary records, job performance ratings, and complete dispensary visit information for the deployment period. The morbidity data indicated that 48% of the entire crew experienced at least one case of VD, and of these VD patients, 38% had multiple infections. A set of variables that best predicted VD incidence was determined by means of multiple regression analysis. These variables included disciplinary record, pay grade, division or type of job (\"blue-collar\" versus \"white-collar\"), and education. Other variables that correlated with VD incidence were age, length of service, marital status, performance ratings, and verbal aptitude scores.", "contents": "Social aspects of venereal disease aboard a U.S. navy destroyer. This paper describes the social characteristics of venereal disease patients aboard a US Navy destroyer. The research team administered questionnaires to 247 crew members at the outset of the ship's 7 month-overseas deployment. When the ship returned to home port, the research staff gathered demographic and occupational information plus disciplinary records, job performance ratings, and complete dispensary visit information for the deployment period. The morbidity data indicated that 48% of the entire crew experienced at least one case of VD, and of these VD patients, 38% had multiple infections. A set of variables that best predicted VD incidence was determined by means of multiple regression analysis. These variables included disciplinary record, pay grade, division or type of job (\"blue-collar\" versus \"white-collar\"), and education. Other variables that correlated with VD incidence were age, length of service, marital status, performance ratings, and verbal aptitude scores.", "PMID": 1036997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7675", "title": "Study of rickettsioses in Slovakia. III. Experimental infection of Apodemus flavicollis Melch. by rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group isolated in Slovakia.", "content": "Experimental studies of infection of Apodemus flavicollis, and for comparison of rickettsiaemia in Clethrionomys glareolus and of susceptibility and antibody formation in white mice, with rickettsiae of the SF group isolated in Slovakia, gave the following results: the species A. flavicollis reacted by the formation of antibodies on subcutaneous administration of rickettsiae, strain B, in an amount of 10(0.5) EID 50/0.25 ml, whereas the white mouse only in an amount of 10(2.5). Rickettsiae, strain B, administered in an amount of 10(3.5) EID 50/0.25 ml subcutaneously to A. flavicollis were found in smears from the liver and spleen of the inoculated animals up to the 25th day following infection, on detection by the isolation test on chick embryo yolk sacs in the spleen on day 5 and 7, in lymph nodes on day 7 and in the brain on day 15 following infection; on detection by the method of injecting suspension from the organs into the haemocoelom of ticks regularly in the spleen and liver up to the 10th day, in the brain, kidney and lymph nodes regularly up to the 15th and irregularly in the lungs also up to the 15th day, then regularly in the testes up to the 5th day and in the heart, blood and peritoneum up to the 3rd day after infection.", "contents": "Study of rickettsioses in Slovakia. III. Experimental infection of Apodemus flavicollis Melch. by rickettsiae of the spotted fever (SF) group isolated in Slovakia. Experimental studies of infection of Apodemus flavicollis, and for comparison of rickettsiaemia in Clethrionomys glareolus and of susceptibility and antibody formation in white mice, with rickettsiae of the SF group isolated in Slovakia, gave the following results: the species A. flavicollis reacted by the formation of antibodies on subcutaneous administration of rickettsiae, strain B, in an amount of 10(0.5) EID 50/0.25 ml, whereas the white mouse only in an amount of 10(2.5). Rickettsiae, strain B, administered in an amount of 10(3.5) EID 50/0.25 ml subcutaneously to A. flavicollis were found in smears from the liver and spleen of the inoculated animals up to the 25th day following infection, on detection by the isolation test on chick embryo yolk sacs in the spleen on day 5 and 7, in lymph nodes on day 7 and in the brain on day 15 following infection; on detection by the method of injecting suspension from the organs into the haemocoelom of ticks regularly in the spleen and liver up to the 10th day, in the brain, kidney and lymph nodes regularly up to the 15th and irregularly in the lungs also up to the 15th day, then regularly in the testes up to the 5th day and in the heart, blood and peritoneum up to the 3rd day after infection.", "PMID": 1036998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7676", "title": "Bromocriptine in Parkinsonism: long-term treatment, dose response, and comparison with levodopa.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with Parkinsonism were treated with bromocriptine 2.5-300 mg daily. Bromocriptine, alone or combined with levodopa, caused a 20-30% reduction in disability scores in 11 patients treated for one year. Tolerance did not develop during this period. Bromocriptine treatment was not of value in six patients who had previously not responded or who had lost their response to levodopa. However, in four of five patients with response swings on levodopa due to rapid changes in plasma dopa levels, the addition of bromocriptine caused a more stable response. Dose response curves to bromocriptine 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg and to levodopa 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg were studied in seven patients. Levodopa 2 g had a greater therapeutic effect and caused a greater rise in plasma growth hormone concentration than bromocriptine 100 mg. Levodopa caused emesis more commonly and hallucinations less commonly than bromocriptine. Bromocriptine appears to be a less potent stimulant than dopamine, and has both pre- and post-synaptic effects. Metoclopramide 60 mg oral was given 30 minutes before bromocriptine or levodopa to establish whether this caused dopamine-receptor blockade. Metoclopramide acted as a competitive antagonist to the anti-Parkinsonism and growth hormone effect of both drugs and in individual cases prevented emesis and hallucinations. The fall in blood pressure due to bromocriptine or levodopa was not antagonised by metoclopramide. Central and peripheral vascular dopamine receptors may be different in nature.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in Parkinsonism: long-term treatment, dose response, and comparison with levodopa. Thirty-seven patients with Parkinsonism were treated with bromocriptine 2.5-300 mg daily. Bromocriptine, alone or combined with levodopa, caused a 20-30% reduction in disability scores in 11 patients treated for one year. Tolerance did not develop during this period. Bromocriptine treatment was not of value in six patients who had previously not responded or who had lost their response to levodopa. However, in four of five patients with response swings on levodopa due to rapid changes in plasma dopa levels, the addition of bromocriptine caused a more stable response. Dose response curves to bromocriptine 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg and to levodopa 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg were studied in seven patients. Levodopa 2 g had a greater therapeutic effect and caused a greater rise in plasma growth hormone concentration than bromocriptine 100 mg. Levodopa caused emesis more commonly and hallucinations less commonly than bromocriptine. Bromocriptine appears to be a less potent stimulant than dopamine, and has both pre- and post-synaptic effects. Metoclopramide 60 mg oral was given 30 minutes before bromocriptine or levodopa to establish whether this caused dopamine-receptor blockade. Metoclopramide acted as a competitive antagonist to the anti-Parkinsonism and growth hormone effect of both drugs and in individual cases prevented emesis and hallucinations. The fall in blood pressure due to bromocriptine or levodopa was not antagonised by metoclopramide. Central and peripheral vascular dopamine receptors may be different in nature.", "PMID": 1036999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7677", "title": "Sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis. A complication of intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Reported complications of intrathecal steroid therapy include aseptic meningitis, infectious meningitis, and arachnoiditis. We report a case of sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis complicating the attempted intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis. The lesion is characterised by concentric laminar proliferation of neomembranes within the subdural space of the entire spinal cord and cauda equina, resulting from repeated episodes of injury and repair to the spinal dura mater by Depo-Medrol. There is clinical and laboratory evidence that Depo-Medrol produces meningeal irritation and that the vehicle is the necrotising fraction.", "contents": "Sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis. A complication of intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis. Reported complications of intrathecal steroid therapy include aseptic meningitis, infectious meningitis, and arachnoiditis. We report a case of sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis complicating the attempted intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis. The lesion is characterised by concentric laminar proliferation of neomembranes within the subdural space of the entire spinal cord and cauda equina, resulting from repeated episodes of injury and repair to the spinal dura mater by Depo-Medrol. There is clinical and laboratory evidence that Depo-Medrol produces meningeal irritation and that the vehicle is the necrotising fraction.", "PMID": 1037000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7678", "title": "New neonatal problems of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. II. Thromboplastic effect of amniotic fluid and its relation to lung maturity.", "content": "Pulmonary hyaline membrane disease in newborn infants is considered an abnormality in the alveolar lining layer. Quantitative analysis of this surfactant is necessary for the intrauterine diagnosis of lung maturity of the fetus. The presence of surfactant in amniotic fluid has been demonstrated by the shaking method [1]. But it is also well known that amniotic fluid has a thromboplastic effect [3,6]. In order to compare the correlation between the shaking method and the thromboplastic effect of the amniotic fluid, recalcification time and partial thromboplastin time were measured with and without amniotic fluid using an aggregation-meter. In each of 15 cases, a shortening of these times was recorded after the addition of amniotic fluid after the 30th week of pregnancy. In all cases the addition of amniotic fluid resulting in shortening these times. Surfactant seems to have enhancing effect on the coagulation. These results demonstrate the presence of surfactant in amniotic fluid in agreement with the results of the shaking method. Although these methods are of limited utility as quantitative assays for surfactant, they are of sufficient accuracy and of great value for clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "New neonatal problems of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. II. Thromboplastic effect of amniotic fluid and its relation to lung maturity. Pulmonary hyaline membrane disease in newborn infants is considered an abnormality in the alveolar lining layer. Quantitative analysis of this surfactant is necessary for the intrauterine diagnosis of lung maturity of the fetus. The presence of surfactant in amniotic fluid has been demonstrated by the shaking method [1]. But it is also well known that amniotic fluid has a thromboplastic effect [3,6]. In order to compare the correlation between the shaking method and the thromboplastic effect of the amniotic fluid, recalcification time and partial thromboplastin time were measured with and without amniotic fluid using an aggregation-meter. In each of 15 cases, a shortening of these times was recorded after the addition of amniotic fluid after the 30th week of pregnancy. In all cases the addition of amniotic fluid resulting in shortening these times. Surfactant seems to have enhancing effect on the coagulation. These results demonstrate the presence of surfactant in amniotic fluid in agreement with the results of the shaking method. Although these methods are of limited utility as quantitative assays for surfactant, they are of sufficient accuracy and of great value for clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 1037002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7679", "title": "Prenatal prediction of respiratory distress syndrome. Measurement of surface properties and Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "118 samples of amniotic fluid were taken from 102 patients in the 25th to the 43th week of pregnancy by amniotomy or by transabdominal amniocentesis. 76 samples were obtained from patients with normal pregnancies without evidence for either induction or retardation of lung maturity; they served to establish normal values. In 37 cases samples were taken within 72 hours prior to delivery, the decisive period for the prediction of a respiratory distress syndrome. In seven cases a respiratory distress syndrome occured which was diagnosed by an independent pediatrician. The following tests were performed for all samples: 1. Surface tension was measured biomechanically using the Wilhelmy balance and a surface tension area diagram (Fig. 1) was made: A platimum plate is immersed into the liquid placed in the trough; the surface tension is measured via a transducer. The surface film of th liquid to be studied is compressed cyclically from an initial area of 100% to 20% by a moveable barrier and is expanded afterward. Platinum plate and barrier are connected to an X-Y recorder. The surface tension area diagrams are interpreted on the basis of the following criteria: see article 2. The determination of the L/S ratio (simultaneous comparison with the standard method): The method of GLUCK as modified by BORER(planimetric interpretation of the the spots) was employed. Both methods produced normal values. For the biomechanical measurements a classification into three groups was made (25th-30th, 31st-35th, 36th-43rd week of pregnancy) (Tab.I);the L/S ratio showed the usual steep increase from the 36th week of pregnancy onwards. In cases with RDS (Tab.II) surface tension-area-diagrams show high values for gamma max and a slight decrease in surface tension on compression (high gamma min values); the stability index is low, the hysteresis is reduced. Fig. 3. Up to the 34th week of pregnancy the 2:1L/S ratio assumed as the threshold for a sufficient surfactant concentration does not permit a clear interpretation; in subsequent weeks all cases fail to coincide with the normal pattern of distribution (Fig.2). Both the L/S ratio and the criteria of the surface tension area diagrams show significant differences in cases with and without RDS. The prognostic validity of both methods was tested for the probability of predicting occurrence of RDS, probability of RDS occurence and probability of non-occurrence of FDS. The prognostic value seems equal to the L/S Ratio.", "contents": "Prenatal prediction of respiratory distress syndrome. Measurement of surface properties and Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio in human amniotic fluid. 118 samples of amniotic fluid were taken from 102 patients in the 25th to the 43th week of pregnancy by amniotomy or by transabdominal amniocentesis. 76 samples were obtained from patients with normal pregnancies without evidence for either induction or retardation of lung maturity; they served to establish normal values. In 37 cases samples were taken within 72 hours prior to delivery, the decisive period for the prediction of a respiratory distress syndrome. In seven cases a respiratory distress syndrome occured which was diagnosed by an independent pediatrician. The following tests were performed for all samples: 1. Surface tension was measured biomechanically using the Wilhelmy balance and a surface tension area diagram (Fig. 1) was made: A platimum plate is immersed into the liquid placed in the trough; the surface tension is measured via a transducer. The surface film of th liquid to be studied is compressed cyclically from an initial area of 100% to 20% by a moveable barrier and is expanded afterward. Platinum plate and barrier are connected to an X-Y recorder. The surface tension area diagrams are interpreted on the basis of the following criteria: see article 2. The determination of the L/S ratio (simultaneous comparison with the standard method): The method of GLUCK as modified by BORER(planimetric interpretation of the the spots) was employed. Both methods produced normal values. For the biomechanical measurements a classification into three groups was made (25th-30th, 31st-35th, 36th-43rd week of pregnancy) (Tab.I);the L/S ratio showed the usual steep increase from the 36th week of pregnancy onwards. In cases with RDS (Tab.II) surface tension-area-diagrams show high values for gamma max and a slight decrease in surface tension on compression (high gamma min values); the stability index is low, the hysteresis is reduced. Fig. 3. Up to the 34th week of pregnancy the 2:1L/S ratio assumed as the threshold for a sufficient surfactant concentration does not permit a clear interpretation; in subsequent weeks all cases fail to coincide with the normal pattern of distribution (Fig.2). Both the L/S ratio and the criteria of the surface tension area diagrams show significant differences in cases with and without RDS. The prognostic validity of both methods was tested for the probability of predicting occurrence of RDS, probability of RDS occurence and probability of non-occurrence of FDS. The prognostic value seems equal to the L/S Ratio.", "PMID": 1037003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7680", "title": "Influence of molecular variations of ionophore and lipid on the selective ion permeability of membranes: I. Tetranactin and the methylation of nonactin-type carriers.", "content": "The manner in which molecular structure of the carrier and the lipid composition of the membrane modulate the membrane selectivity among monovalent cations has been investigated for nonactin, trinactin, and tetranactin, which differ only in their degrees of methylation, and for membranes made of two lipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and glyceryl dioleate, in which \"equilibrium\" and \"kinetic\" aspects of permeation, respectively, are emphasized. Bilayer permeability ratios for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl,and NH4 have been characterized and resolved into \"equilibrium\" and \"kinetic\" components using a model for carrier-mediated membrane transport which includes both a trapezoid energy barrier for translocation of the complex across the membrane interior and a potential-dependence of the loading and unloading of ions at the membrane-solution interfaces. The bilayer permeability properties due to tetranactin have been characterized in each of these lipids and found not only to be regular but to be systematically related to those of the less methylated homologues, trinactin and nonactin. This analysis has led to the following conclusions: (1) The change in lipid composition alters the relative contributions of \"kinetic\" vs. \"equilibrium\" components to the observed carrier-mediated selectivity. (2) Increased methylation of the carrier increases the contribution of the \"kinetic\" component to the selectivity relative to that of the \"equilibrium\" component and additionally alters the \"equilibrium component sufficiently that an inversion of Cs--Na selectivity occurs between trinactin and tetranactin. (3) For all ions and carriers examined, the \"reaction plane\" for ion-carrier complexation and the width for the \"diffusion barrier can be represented by the same two parameters, independent of the ion or carrier, so that in all cases the complexation reaction senses 10% of the applied potential and the plateau of the \"diffusion barrier\" extends across 70% of the membrane interior.", "contents": "Influence of molecular variations of ionophore and lipid on the selective ion permeability of membranes: I. Tetranactin and the methylation of nonactin-type carriers. The manner in which molecular structure of the carrier and the lipid composition of the membrane modulate the membrane selectivity among monovalent cations has been investigated for nonactin, trinactin, and tetranactin, which differ only in their degrees of methylation, and for membranes made of two lipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and glyceryl dioleate, in which \"equilibrium\" and \"kinetic\" aspects of permeation, respectively, are emphasized. Bilayer permeability ratios for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl,and NH4 have been characterized and resolved into \"equilibrium\" and \"kinetic\" components using a model for carrier-mediated membrane transport which includes both a trapezoid energy barrier for translocation of the complex across the membrane interior and a potential-dependence of the loading and unloading of ions at the membrane-solution interfaces. The bilayer permeability properties due to tetranactin have been characterized in each of these lipids and found not only to be regular but to be systematically related to those of the less methylated homologues, trinactin and nonactin. This analysis has led to the following conclusions: (1) The change in lipid composition alters the relative contributions of \"kinetic\" vs. \"equilibrium\" components to the observed carrier-mediated selectivity. (2) Increased methylation of the carrier increases the contribution of the \"kinetic\" component to the selectivity relative to that of the \"equilibrium\" component and additionally alters the \"equilibrium component sufficiently that an inversion of Cs--Na selectivity occurs between trinactin and tetranactin. (3) For all ions and carriers examined, the \"reaction plane\" for ion-carrier complexation and the width for the \"diffusion barrier can be represented by the same two parameters, independent of the ion or carrier, so that in all cases the complexation reaction senses 10% of the applied potential and the plateau of the \"diffusion barrier\" extends across 70% of the membrane interior.", "PMID": 1037004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7681", "title": "[Cytological changes in the csf caused by inthathecal administration of methotrexate. II. Studies on a case of neuroblastoma with cerebellar symptoms in a child].", "content": "A case of an olfactory neuroblastoma of a 5 years old child is reported. The tumour propagated into the intracranial space and produced cerebellar symptoms. Features of the neuroblastic cells, found in the cerebrospinal fluid and their alterations as an effect of the intrathecal therapy with Mathotrexat are analysed. Authors emphasize the differences of alterations of leukaemic and neuroblastic cells called into being by the Methotrexat therapy.", "contents": "[Cytological changes in the csf caused by inthathecal administration of methotrexate. II. Studies on a case of neuroblastoma with cerebellar symptoms in a child]. A case of an olfactory neuroblastoma of a 5 years old child is reported. The tumour propagated into the intracranial space and produced cerebellar symptoms. Features of the neuroblastic cells, found in the cerebrospinal fluid and their alterations as an effect of the intrathecal therapy with Mathotrexat are analysed. Authors emphasize the differences of alterations of leukaemic and neuroblastic cells called into being by the Methotrexat therapy.", "PMID": 1037015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7682", "title": "Relationship between experimental results in mammals and man. II. Cytogenetic analysis of bone-marrow cells after treatment of cytembena and cyclophosphamide- cytembena combination.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis and the micronucleus test of bone-marrow cells was used to study the possible extrapolation of results from experimental animals to man. Cytembena was given i.p. in doses of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body wt. to Wistar rats and in doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body wt. to ICR mice and to Chinese hamsters. Five patients with various types of malignancy, so far medically untreated, received 20 mg Cytembena/kg body wt i.v. A combination of Cytembena and cylophosphamide was applied i.p. in single equal doses 1 : 1 of 5,10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body wt to ICR mice, Chinese hamsters and Wistar rats. Patients were given i.v. 20 mg Cytembena and 20 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body wt. Bone-marrow cells were examined 24 h after the administration. The frequency of abnormal metaphases and chromosomal breaks after Cytembena treatment was low; nonetheless, the indicated dose-effect relationship was found in all the rodents used. The frequency of chromosomal breaks was 2--3 times higher in rodents in comparison with man, after treatment with a dose of 20 mg Cytembena/kg body wt. Highest frequencies of induced aberrations were found in mice. The rodents appeared to be 3--4 times more sensitive to the induction of chromosomal breaks and abnormal metaphases than man, after a dose of 20 mg Cytembena and 20 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body wt. The micronucleus test may be regarded as a screening method for assessing mutagenic activity of chemical compounds. Chromosomal analysis and the micronucleus test were about equally convincing in detecting mutagenic effects even with the lowest doses of drugs used. However, the dose-effect relationship was more pronounced in chromosomal aberrations than in the micronucleus test.", "contents": "Relationship between experimental results in mammals and man. II. Cytogenetic analysis of bone-marrow cells after treatment of cytembena and cyclophosphamide- cytembena combination. Cytogenetic analysis and the micronucleus test of bone-marrow cells was used to study the possible extrapolation of results from experimental animals to man. Cytembena was given i.p. in doses of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body wt. to Wistar rats and in doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body wt. to ICR mice and to Chinese hamsters. Five patients with various types of malignancy, so far medically untreated, received 20 mg Cytembena/kg body wt i.v. A combination of Cytembena and cylophosphamide was applied i.p. in single equal doses 1 : 1 of 5,10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body wt to ICR mice, Chinese hamsters and Wistar rats. Patients were given i.v. 20 mg Cytembena and 20 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body wt. Bone-marrow cells were examined 24 h after the administration. The frequency of abnormal metaphases and chromosomal breaks after Cytembena treatment was low; nonetheless, the indicated dose-effect relationship was found in all the rodents used. The frequency of chromosomal breaks was 2--3 times higher in rodents in comparison with man, after treatment with a dose of 20 mg Cytembena/kg body wt. Highest frequencies of induced aberrations were found in mice. The rodents appeared to be 3--4 times more sensitive to the induction of chromosomal breaks and abnormal metaphases than man, after a dose of 20 mg Cytembena and 20 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body wt. The micronucleus test may be regarded as a screening method for assessing mutagenic activity of chemical compounds. Chromosomal analysis and the micronucleus test were about equally convincing in detecting mutagenic effects even with the lowest doses of drugs used. However, the dose-effect relationship was more pronounced in chromosomal aberrations than in the micronucleus test.", "PMID": 1037016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7683", "title": "[The value of cytological screening for neoplasms in young women].", "content": "The question of the incidence of positive or suspect cervical cytology-tests in young women of 30 years or less of age out of a total of 54,604 cervical cytology-tests is discussed. The results of clinical, cytological, and histological follow-up are reported. According to our experiences that 158 smears of group Pap. III and 99 smears of group of Pap IV and V were found in young women of 30 years or less of age this group of patients should not be excluded from consecutive cervical cytology-tests or national health-screening programs.", "contents": "[The value of cytological screening for neoplasms in young women]. The question of the incidence of positive or suspect cervical cytology-tests in young women of 30 years or less of age out of a total of 54,604 cervical cytology-tests is discussed. The results of clinical, cytological, and histological follow-up are reported. According to our experiences that 158 smears of group Pap. III and 99 smears of group of Pap IV and V were found in young women of 30 years or less of age this group of patients should not be excluded from consecutive cervical cytology-tests or national health-screening programs.", "PMID": 1037017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7684", "title": "[Adeno-epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. An opinion on the so-called cervical adenocancroid].", "content": "The so-called adenocancroid of the cervix represents a relative rare type of tumors. The diverse morphological criterions are shown on hand of 10 personel observations and are distinguished between forms of combination and collision. The histological findings of these epithelial mixforms motify a closer occupation with the formal genesis of this cervical carcinoma. In the formal genesis of the cervical carcinoma. In the formal genesis of carcinoma of the cervix, a decisive role is being played by the proliferation of differentiated intermitotic cells (reserve cells) in the course of indirect metaplasia. Consequently the majority of carcinoma of the cervix, are not squamous-cell-carcinoma, but bipotent-cell-carcinoma. The bipotent qualities of these cells are also maintained in malignant degeneration and enable in rare cases a secondary differentiation running in two different directions. The confusing denotation \"adenocancroid\" should be replaced by the definition \"adeno-epidermoid-carcinoma of the cervix\".", "contents": "[Adeno-epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix. An opinion on the so-called cervical adenocancroid]. The so-called adenocancroid of the cervix represents a relative rare type of tumors. The diverse morphological criterions are shown on hand of 10 personel observations and are distinguished between forms of combination and collision. The histological findings of these epithelial mixforms motify a closer occupation with the formal genesis of this cervical carcinoma. In the formal genesis of the cervical carcinoma. In the formal genesis of carcinoma of the cervix, a decisive role is being played by the proliferation of differentiated intermitotic cells (reserve cells) in the course of indirect metaplasia. Consequently the majority of carcinoma of the cervix, are not squamous-cell-carcinoma, but bipotent-cell-carcinoma. The bipotent qualities of these cells are also maintained in malignant degeneration and enable in rare cases a secondary differentiation running in two different directions. The confusing denotation \"adenocancroid\" should be replaced by the definition \"adeno-epidermoid-carcinoma of the cervix\".", "PMID": 1037018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7685", "title": "Time lapse cinematographic demonstration of humoral and cell mediated immunity in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "Out of 42 attempts in one case a cell line derived from biopsy material of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has been established. Tumor-associated-antigen could be demonstrated by indreict immunofluorescence. The effect of allogeneic cytotoxic antibodies, absorbed with normal human lung and sera, on the target cells is shown. Blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung proved to be cytotoxic against this cell line. The cell to cell interactions of this phenomenon and the effect of cytotoxic antibodies are shown by time lapse cinematography.", "contents": "Time lapse cinematographic demonstration of humoral and cell mediated immunity in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Out of 42 attempts in one case a cell line derived from biopsy material of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has been established. Tumor-associated-antigen could be demonstrated by indreict immunofluorescence. The effect of allogeneic cytotoxic antibodies, absorbed with normal human lung and sera, on the target cells is shown. Blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung proved to be cytotoxic against this cell line. The cell to cell interactions of this phenomenon and the effect of cytotoxic antibodies are shown by time lapse cinematography.", "PMID": 1037019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7686", "title": "Serum cholesterol levels of Seventh-day Adventists.", "content": "Serum cholesterol levels and dietary habits were surveyed in 27 male and 34 female Seventh-day Adventist. All subjects studied were lacto-ovo-vegetarians and a few consumed some meat products. Their serum cholesterol levels, significantly lower than those of the United States general population, showed no sex difference but increased with age and were higher in overweight males. Their levels, however, were much higher than those of true vegetarians which was most likely attributable to their consumption, even though to a limited acount, of dairy foods.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol levels of Seventh-day Adventists. Serum cholesterol levels and dietary habits were surveyed in 27 male and 34 female Seventh-day Adventist. All subjects studied were lacto-ovo-vegetarians and a few consumed some meat products. Their serum cholesterol levels, significantly lower than those of the United States general population, showed no sex difference but increased with age and were higher in overweight males. Their levels, however, were much higher than those of true vegetarians which was most likely attributable to their consumption, even though to a limited acount, of dairy foods.", "PMID": 1037021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7687", "title": "Effect of prolactin and the anit-prolactin bromocriptin on the testosterone uptake and metabolism in androgen-sensitive and insensitive canine organs.", "content": "Prolactin promotes the growth and function of the prostate in low doses, whereas high doses or previous castration reduce this effect. The antiprolactin bromocriptin should reverse the prolactin action. In the castrated dog the highest accumulation of H3-testosterone given i.v. occurred in the prostate as compared with muscle, urethra, penis, liver and kidney. Prolactin pretreatment increased the radiosteroid uptake only in the liver. Converseley, bromocriptin suppressed the tracer incorporation into the liver, but increased prostatic accumulation. The highest testerone reduction occurred in the prostate of the untreated castrated dogs as compared with other organs. Prolactin suppressed 5 alpha -dihydrotestosterone formation but otherwise did not significantly influence testosterone turnover. Bromocriptin, however, stimulated dihydrotestosterone formation in the prostate and caused complete inhibition of hepatic testosterone reduction.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin and the anit-prolactin bromocriptin on the testosterone uptake and metabolism in androgen-sensitive and insensitive canine organs. Prolactin promotes the growth and function of the prostate in low doses, whereas high doses or previous castration reduce this effect. The antiprolactin bromocriptin should reverse the prolactin action. In the castrated dog the highest accumulation of H3-testosterone given i.v. occurred in the prostate as compared with muscle, urethra, penis, liver and kidney. Prolactin pretreatment increased the radiosteroid uptake only in the liver. Converseley, bromocriptin suppressed the tracer incorporation into the liver, but increased prostatic accumulation. The highest testerone reduction occurred in the prostate of the untreated castrated dogs as compared with other organs. Prolactin suppressed 5 alpha -dihydrotestosterone formation but otherwise did not significantly influence testosterone turnover. Bromocriptin, however, stimulated dihydrotestosterone formation in the prostate and caused complete inhibition of hepatic testosterone reduction.", "PMID": 1037036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7688", "title": "[Products of the interaction of ethazole with mustard oils].", "content": "Synthesized were nonsymmetrical N1N1--replaced products of thiocarbamide containing residual alkyl- and arylsinapic oils and the sulfonamide ethasole, in order to study their pharmacologic activity. The synthesis was performed through heating the components up to the point of weak boiling in an ethanol medium. The obtained nine new N1N1--thiocarbamide products were identified in terms of their melting point and sulfur analysis. Tentative microbiologic testing showed that the newly obtained compounds produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects.", "contents": "[Products of the interaction of ethazole with mustard oils]. Synthesized were nonsymmetrical N1N1--replaced products of thiocarbamide containing residual alkyl- and arylsinapic oils and the sulfonamide ethasole, in order to study their pharmacologic activity. The synthesis was performed through heating the components up to the point of weak boiling in an ethanol medium. The obtained nine new N1N1--thiocarbamide products were identified in terms of their melting point and sulfur analysis. Tentative microbiologic testing showed that the newly obtained compounds produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects.", "PMID": 1037038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7689", "title": "[Determination of the concentration of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry].", "content": "Developed was an atom-absorption method for determining microconcentrations of copper, lead, cadmium, and zink in milk originating from various regions of this country. The study was carried out by means of an atom-absorption spectrophotometer AA-5. Established were the optimal conditions for determining the trace elements reaching the following values of susceptibility: for copper--0.04; for lead--0.11; for cadmium--0.001; and for zinc--0.009 mg/cu.cm, with an allowance of 5%. The results obtained are discussed and statistically processed. Literature data are comparatively studied reflecting the amounts of these elements in milk as found in this country and abroad. Such data will be made use of in the elaboration of Bulgarian reference tables necessary for establishing various regimes and norms concerning the food products offered in children creches, hospitals, canteens, etc.", "contents": "[Determination of the concentration of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry]. Developed was an atom-absorption method for determining microconcentrations of copper, lead, cadmium, and zink in milk originating from various regions of this country. The study was carried out by means of an atom-absorption spectrophotometer AA-5. Established were the optimal conditions for determining the trace elements reaching the following values of susceptibility: for copper--0.04; for lead--0.11; for cadmium--0.001; and for zinc--0.009 mg/cu.cm, with an allowance of 5%. The results obtained are discussed and statistically processed. Literature data are comparatively studied reflecting the amounts of these elements in milk as found in this country and abroad. Such data will be made use of in the elaboration of Bulgarian reference tables necessary for establishing various regimes and norms concerning the food products offered in children creches, hospitals, canteens, etc.", "PMID": 1037039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7690", "title": "Production of Candida utilis on slop by-product of fermentation industries.", "content": "The slop (vinas) liquor, a major by-product a alcohol fermentation industries, has been used as growth medium for production of the torula yeast, Candida utilis. Supplementation of the slop with 0.2% ammonium sulphate and 1% to 5% molasses improved the cell yield significantly. The crude slop gave better results than the diluted or centrifuged liquors. Under optimal conditions, more than 15 grams of yeast were obtained on dry weight basis. The application feasibility of these results is presented.", "contents": "Production of Candida utilis on slop by-product of fermentation industries. The slop (vinas) liquor, a major by-product a alcohol fermentation industries, has been used as growth medium for production of the torula yeast, Candida utilis. Supplementation of the slop with 0.2% ammonium sulphate and 1% to 5% molasses improved the cell yield significantly. The crude slop gave better results than the diluted or centrifuged liquors. Under optimal conditions, more than 15 grams of yeast were obtained on dry weight basis. The application feasibility of these results is presented.", "PMID": 1037048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7691", "title": "Effect of some pesticides on the efficiency of the inoculated Rhizobium associated with broad bean plants.", "content": "The effect of some pesticides on the efficiency of the inoculated rhizobium in broad bean plants (Vicia faba) was studied in greenhouse experiments. Different pesticides were used in this work, including insecticides, herbicides, nematocides, and a molecide in different concentrations. The study revealed the following conclusions. Application of insecticides in different concentrations generally affected the formation of efficient nodules on the root system of broad bean plants. The inhibitory effect was also reflected to some extent on the dry weight of the plants and total nitrogen fixed by rhizobia in association with the mentioned plants. Birlane (insecticide) was found to be the most inhibitory insecticide on the inoculated rhizobium. Some of the insecticides, such as Temik and Dursban, at lower concentration were found to be a stimulant to symbiotic N-fixation, giving higher amounts of nitrogen fixed in the macrosymbiont.", "contents": "Effect of some pesticides on the efficiency of the inoculated Rhizobium associated with broad bean plants. The effect of some pesticides on the efficiency of the inoculated rhizobium in broad bean plants (Vicia faba) was studied in greenhouse experiments. Different pesticides were used in this work, including insecticides, herbicides, nematocides, and a molecide in different concentrations. The study revealed the following conclusions. Application of insecticides in different concentrations generally affected the formation of efficient nodules on the root system of broad bean plants. The inhibitory effect was also reflected to some extent on the dry weight of the plants and total nitrogen fixed by rhizobia in association with the mentioned plants. Birlane (insecticide) was found to be the most inhibitory insecticide on the inoculated rhizobium. Some of the insecticides, such as Temik and Dursban, at lower concentration were found to be a stimulant to symbiotic N-fixation, giving higher amounts of nitrogen fixed in the macrosymbiont.", "PMID": 1037049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7692", "title": "Possible role of solar radiation on the viability of some air fungi in Egypt.", "content": "The high occurrence of Alternaria humicola and the moderate occurrence of Stemphylium verruculosum, Rhizopus nigricans, and Epicoccum nigrum in the air of Egypt could be correlated to their apparent resistance to solar radiation. Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium oxalicum, although highly occurring, were light-sensitive. The miniumum solar radiation in November, coupled with the highest total fungal catch, dominated by Cladosporium herbarum, reveals the importance of solar radiation as a factor with direct effect on the air fungal population.", "contents": "Possible role of solar radiation on the viability of some air fungi in Egypt. The high occurrence of Alternaria humicola and the moderate occurrence of Stemphylium verruculosum, Rhizopus nigricans, and Epicoccum nigrum in the air of Egypt could be correlated to their apparent resistance to solar radiation. Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium oxalicum, although highly occurring, were light-sensitive. The miniumum solar radiation in November, coupled with the highest total fungal catch, dominated by Cladosporium herbarum, reveals the importance of solar radiation as a factor with direct effect on the air fungal population.", "PMID": 1037050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7693", "title": "Actinomycetes in the desert of Kuwait.", "content": "The distribution of actinomycetes in two desert localities in Kuwait was investigated. The genus Streptomyces was dominant in the two studied localities. Attempts to classify this genus in groups and species were made. Species producing straight or wavy spore chains were dominating in the two localities. Species producing oval spores and smooth spore surfaces were widely distributed. The most frequent is the cinereus series. Streptomyces aburaviensis and S. wedmorensis were more frequent in Cyperus locality, while S. calvus was the dominant one in Rhanterium locality. Each locality was characterized by different groups and species.", "contents": "Actinomycetes in the desert of Kuwait. The distribution of actinomycetes in two desert localities in Kuwait was investigated. The genus Streptomyces was dominant in the two studied localities. Attempts to classify this genus in groups and species were made. Species producing straight or wavy spore chains were dominating in the two localities. Species producing oval spores and smooth spore surfaces were widely distributed. The most frequent is the cinereus series. Streptomyces aburaviensis and S. wedmorensis were more frequent in Cyperus locality, while S. calvus was the dominant one in Rhanterium locality. Each locality was characterized by different groups and species.", "PMID": 1037052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7694", "title": "Simple method for carbon determination in microbiological experiments.", "content": "A wet combustion method for the carbon determination was developed. It has been proved that the method can be successfully used for the determination of biochemical changes in microbe cultures, the soil, in composts, in farmyard manures etc. The samples are combusted in evacuated flasks by means of chromic sulphuric mixture, and the CO(2) evolved is determined interferometrically.", "contents": "Simple method for carbon determination in microbiological experiments. A wet combustion method for the carbon determination was developed. It has been proved that the method can be successfully used for the determination of biochemical changes in microbe cultures, the soil, in composts, in farmyard manures etc. The samples are combusted in evacuated flasks by means of chromic sulphuric mixture, and the CO(2) evolved is determined interferometrically.", "PMID": 1037054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7695", "title": "The effect of some organic substances on the mycelium of the fungus Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.", "content": "Research was performed for studying the effect of some organic compounds, considered by many authors as the products ob barley seed metabolism generated after anaerobic seed treatment, on the mycelium of the fungus Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. The author examined the effectiveness of ethylacohol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and hydroquinone in concentrations from 1 M to 10(-6) M, and the effectiveness of extracts from disinfected seeds in doses from 10 g to 0.001 g/l. The effect of the mentioned solutions was examined as exerted on the growth of dicaryotic mycelium and on the growth of the haploid promycelium of the fungus. The dicaryotic mycelium of Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. was cultivated on potato agar with benzoic acid. The presence of the acid prevents mitosis, and the chlamydospores germinate on the nutritive medium with two fibres having binuclear cells. The haploid promycelium was cultivated  on potato agar; chlamydospores germinated with one four-cell fibre, and individual cells are mononuclear and haploid. Only later, a dicarytic mycelium is created in a complex process. In all the substances used, the concentration of 1 M was found to stop further growth of mycelium. The concentration of 10(-1) M of acetic acid and hydroquinone also stopped growth, the same concentration of acetaldehyde, lactic acid, succinic acid, ethylacohol stimulated mycelium growth in comparison with the control. The concentration of 10(-6) M stimulated mycelium growth in a majority of cases. Extracts from disinfected seeds did not influence mycelium growth significantly in all cases in comparison with the control. The results were similar in the two types of mycelium.", "contents": "The effect of some organic substances on the mycelium of the fungus Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. Research was performed for studying the effect of some organic compounds, considered by many authors as the products ob barley seed metabolism generated after anaerobic seed treatment, on the mycelium of the fungus Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. The author examined the effectiveness of ethylacohol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and hydroquinone in concentrations from 1 M to 10(-6) M, and the effectiveness of extracts from disinfected seeds in doses from 10 g to 0.001 g/l. The effect of the mentioned solutions was examined as exerted on the growth of dicaryotic mycelium and on the growth of the haploid promycelium of the fungus. The dicaryotic mycelium of Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. was cultivated on potato agar with benzoic acid. The presence of the acid prevents mitosis, and the chlamydospores germinate on the nutritive medium with two fibres having binuclear cells. The haploid promycelium was cultivated  on potato agar; chlamydospores germinated with one four-cell fibre, and individual cells are mononuclear and haploid. Only later, a dicarytic mycelium is created in a complex process. In all the substances used, the concentration of 1 M was found to stop further growth of mycelium. The concentration of 10(-1) M of acetic acid and hydroquinone also stopped growth, the same concentration of acetaldehyde, lactic acid, succinic acid, ethylacohol stimulated mycelium growth in comparison with the control. The concentration of 10(-6) M stimulated mycelium growth in a majority of cases. Extracts from disinfected seeds did not influence mycelium growth significantly in all cases in comparison with the control. The results were similar in the two types of mycelium.", "PMID": 1037055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7696", "title": "[Relations within genus Cryptococcus (Sanfelice) Vuillemin].", "content": "A collection of 49 Cryptococcus strains was studied by means of 62 tests, which emphasized morphological, physiological and biochemical properties. The experimental results were subjected to computer analysis using matching coefficient and taxanomic distance. Cluster analysis were carried out using average linkage method. Two clusters and one individual strain were formed, the first cluster represented the genus Cryptococcus, the second cluster and the individual strain did not belong to this genus. The cluster of the genus Cryptococcus was divided into five phenons: Laurentii Neoformans, Albidus, Terreus and Aerius. The belonging of strains to these phenons is discussed comparing the results with those of GC% content in DNA, of the production of coenzyme Q and many other. The quick identification phenons was suggested.", "contents": "[Relations within genus Cryptococcus (Sanfelice) Vuillemin]. A collection of 49 Cryptococcus strains was studied by means of 62 tests, which emphasized morphological, physiological and biochemical properties. The experimental results were subjected to computer analysis using matching coefficient and taxanomic distance. Cluster analysis were carried out using average linkage method. Two clusters and one individual strain were formed, the first cluster represented the genus Cryptococcus, the second cluster and the individual strain did not belong to this genus. The cluster of the genus Cryptococcus was divided into five phenons: Laurentii Neoformans, Albidus, Terreus and Aerius. The belonging of strains to these phenons is discussed comparing the results with those of GC% content in DNA, of the production of coenzyme Q and many other. The quick identification phenons was suggested.", "PMID": 1037056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7697", "title": "Effect of phosphate fertilization and seed inoculation with \"\"Okadin'' at high rate on yield of broadbean and lentil.", "content": "The effect of phosphate fertilization and seed inoculation with \"\"Okadin'' preperation of rhizobia strains on the yield of broadbean and lentil was tested in field experiments during the seasons 1969 to 1972 in the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University. Superphosphate was added at the rate of 0, 50, 100, or 200 kg/fa., and \"\"Okadin'' preparation, specific for the kind of legume planted, was applied to the seeds at 10 times the recommended rate. Application of superphosphate at any of the tested rates did not significantly affect total yield obtained, seeds yield, or the nitrogen content of seeds of lentil or braodbean. Seed inoculation with Okadin showed no significant effect on the yield of broadbean, but resulted in significant reduction in the yield of lentil seeds in the two seasons of the experiment.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate fertilization and seed inoculation with \"\"Okadin'' at high rate on yield of broadbean and lentil. The effect of phosphate fertilization and seed inoculation with \"\"Okadin'' preperation of rhizobia strains on the yield of broadbean and lentil was tested in field experiments during the seasons 1969 to 1972 in the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University. Superphosphate was added at the rate of 0, 50, 100, or 200 kg/fa., and \"\"Okadin'' preparation, specific for the kind of legume planted, was applied to the seeds at 10 times the recommended rate. Application of superphosphate at any of the tested rates did not significantly affect total yield obtained, seeds yield, or the nitrogen content of seeds of lentil or braodbean. Seed inoculation with Okadin showed no significant effect on the yield of broadbean, but resulted in significant reduction in the yield of lentil seeds in the two seasons of the experiment.", "PMID": 1037057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7698", "title": "The lack of detectable immune complexes in rat anaphylaxis.", "content": "Attempts were made to detect soluble immune complexes (IC) in sera of rats submitted to anaphylactic shock 12 days following BPV plus antigen treatment, and their in vitro formation following the addition of specific antigens to sera or heparinized platelet rich plasma of sensitized rats. We failed to detect ICs or IC formation by studying Hageman factor activation and platelet aggregation or by using a very sensitive radio-assay of ICs. It is established that the anaphylactic activation of Hageman factor as well as the aggregation of platelets are not mediated by immune complexes, therefore, other explanations must be found.", "contents": "The lack of detectable immune complexes in rat anaphylaxis. Attempts were made to detect soluble immune complexes (IC) in sera of rats submitted to anaphylactic shock 12 days following BPV plus antigen treatment, and their in vitro formation following the addition of specific antigens to sera or heparinized platelet rich plasma of sensitized rats. We failed to detect ICs or IC formation by studying Hageman factor activation and platelet aggregation or by using a very sensitive radio-assay of ICs. It is established that the anaphylactic activation of Hageman factor as well as the aggregation of platelets are not mediated by immune complexes, therefore, other explanations must be found.", "PMID": 1037058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7699", "title": "Clinical significance of the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) in asthmatic children in Japan.", "content": "Clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the role of the house dust mite. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, as an allergen in children's asthma in Japan. Skin testing and Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin testing showed good correlations between the allergenicity of house dust and the mite. A positive Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin reaction to house dust was neutralized by a mite extract. Radioallergosorbent test showed good correlation between house dust and the mite (r=0.687). The mite exhibited in vitro inhibition of radioallergosorbent test to house dust. The inhalation provocation test resulted in an acute respiratory attack in one of the patients. These results suggest that the house dust mite is an important allergen in asthmatic children in Japan.", "contents": "Clinical significance of the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) in asthmatic children in Japan. Clinical studies were conducted to evaluate the role of the house dust mite. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, as an allergen in children's asthma in Japan. Skin testing and Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin testing showed good correlations between the allergenicity of house dust and the mite. A positive Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner type skin reaction to house dust was neutralized by a mite extract. Radioallergosorbent test showed good correlation between house dust and the mite (r=0.687). The mite exhibited in vitro inhibition of radioallergosorbent test to house dust. The inhalation provocation test resulted in an acute respiratory attack in one of the patients. These results suggest that the house dust mite is an important allergen in asthmatic children in Japan.", "PMID": 1037059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7700", "title": "Inheritance of asthma in families and its linkage to HLA haplotypes.", "content": "Four families in which asthma occurred in more than three members, and in which there were at least three children, were studied in terms of clinical symptoms, serum IgE levels determined by RIST and RAST, and HLA haplotypes. No association between clinical asthma and serum IgE level was found, but a close association between asthma and a particular HLA haplotype in a family was demonstrated. It was therefore postulated that a disease susceptibility gene closely linked to an HLA gene complex may play a role in the development of asthma.", "contents": "Inheritance of asthma in families and its linkage to HLA haplotypes. Four families in which asthma occurred in more than three members, and in which there were at least three children, were studied in terms of clinical symptoms, serum IgE levels determined by RIST and RAST, and HLA haplotypes. No association between clinical asthma and serum IgE level was found, but a close association between asthma and a particular HLA haplotype in a family was demonstrated. It was therefore postulated that a disease susceptibility gene closely linked to an HLA gene complex may play a role in the development of asthma.", "PMID": 1037060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7701", "title": "Why a meniscectomy fails.", "content": "The clinical and roentgenological data on 30 patients with unsatisfactory recovery or recurrent symptoms after meniscectomy were analysed. The meniscectomy was regarded as having been the wrong choice of therapy in four patients and as ineffective therapy in 11. In 10 patients other knee lesions dominated postoperatively, in three the recovery was delayed for no obvious reason but the symptoms slowly disappeared, and in the remaining two patients a degenerative osteoarthritis developing some time after the meniscectomy was regarded as the cause of the recurring symptoms. We conclude that with an optimal clinical and arthrographic analysis and with careful operative tecnique as many as 17 arthrotomies (out of 30 primary and 13 reoperations) in the material presented could have been avoided.", "contents": "Why a meniscectomy fails. The clinical and roentgenological data on 30 patients with unsatisfactory recovery or recurrent symptoms after meniscectomy were analysed. The meniscectomy was regarded as having been the wrong choice of therapy in four patients and as ineffective therapy in 11. In 10 patients other knee lesions dominated postoperatively, in three the recovery was delayed for no obvious reason but the symptoms slowly disappeared, and in the remaining two patients a degenerative osteoarthritis developing some time after the meniscectomy was regarded as the cause of the recurring symptoms. We conclude that with an optimal clinical and arthrographic analysis and with careful operative tecnique as many as 17 arthrotomies (out of 30 primary and 13 reoperations) in the material presented could have been avoided.", "PMID": 1037069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7702", "title": "The place of total thyroidectomy in the management of 909 patients with thyroid disease.", "content": "An analytic review of 909 total thyroidectomies reveals complications and sequelae comparable to those that follow subtotal operations for Graves' disease, nodular goiter, and chronic thyroiditis. It is suggested that when surgery is indicated for the management of these diseases, nothing less than total thyroidectomy should be performed because of the important additional advantages obtained with this operation.", "contents": "The place of total thyroidectomy in the management of 909 patients with thyroid disease. An analytic review of 909 total thyroidectomies reveals complications and sequelae comparable to those that follow subtotal operations for Graves' disease, nodular goiter, and chronic thyroiditis. It is suggested that when surgery is indicated for the management of these diseases, nothing less than total thyroidectomy should be performed because of the important additional advantages obtained with this operation.", "PMID": 1037071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7703", "title": "Use of chestnut in the feeding of infants allergic to cow's milk or intolerant to lactose.", "content": "The aminoacid contents of native chestnut and its powdered form were studied. It was found that it has low cystine and methionine contents but if it is supplemented accordingly, the chestnut pulp can well be used for infant feeding. More than 50 infants were fed with chestnuts, and only in two cases was there intolerance. The aminoacid content of supplemented chestnut formula was lower than that of cow's milk and soy bean, but equal to that of human milk and as its essential aminoacid ratio was high, the infant's development was normal. Chestnut pulp is recommended as an alternative to soybean in the treatment of lactose intolerance and cow's milk allergy.", "contents": "Use of chestnut in the feeding of infants allergic to cow's milk or intolerant to lactose. The aminoacid contents of native chestnut and its powdered form were studied. It was found that it has low cystine and methionine contents but if it is supplemented accordingly, the chestnut pulp can well be used for infant feeding. More than 50 infants were fed with chestnuts, and only in two cases was there intolerance. The aminoacid content of supplemented chestnut formula was lower than that of cow's milk and soy bean, but equal to that of human milk and as its essential aminoacid ratio was high, the infant's development was normal. Chestnut pulp is recommended as an alternative to soybean in the treatment of lactose intolerance and cow's milk allergy.", "PMID": 1037070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7704", "title": "[Influence of heated linseed oil on reproduction in the female rat and on the composition of hepatic lipids in young rats].", "content": "During gestation and lactation, six month old female Wistar rats were fed diets containing 10 p. 100 by weight of various vegetable oils; thermopolymerized linseed oil at 275 degrees C for 12 hours under nitrogen atmosphere (group T), oxidized linseed oil at 200 degrees C for 100 hours under air atmosphere (group O). The two oils contain respectively 11,5 and 1,1 p. 100 of cyclic monomers (18 C). Control groups were fed either fresh linseed oil or fresh peanut oil under the same conditions. In group T, most of the newborn rats die at birth or during the first three days of life; none of them survive 13 days after birth. In group O, mortality of youngs is not so high but is still significantly higher than in control groups. Moreover, dead young rats of group T have heavier livers and higher lipid content in the organ. Cyclic monomers were detected in liver fatty acids. In surviving young rats of group O,the body growth during lactation is significantly slower than in control animals. Young rats of group O were sacrificed at the age of 14 days. Liver weight and lipid content of the organ are increased and cyclic monomers were detected. The effects are however less pronounced than in group T. One can assume that among abnormal compounds formed during heating of linseed oil, cyclic monomers are responsible for the toxic effects observed in the present experiment since they have been transmitted to the litters either during gestation or lactation.", "contents": "[Influence of heated linseed oil on reproduction in the female rat and on the composition of hepatic lipids in young rats]. During gestation and lactation, six month old female Wistar rats were fed diets containing 10 p. 100 by weight of various vegetable oils; thermopolymerized linseed oil at 275 degrees C for 12 hours under nitrogen atmosphere (group T), oxidized linseed oil at 200 degrees C for 100 hours under air atmosphere (group O). The two oils contain respectively 11,5 and 1,1 p. 100 of cyclic monomers (18 C). Control groups were fed either fresh linseed oil or fresh peanut oil under the same conditions. In group T, most of the newborn rats die at birth or during the first three days of life; none of them survive 13 days after birth. In group O, mortality of youngs is not so high but is still significantly higher than in control groups. Moreover, dead young rats of group T have heavier livers and higher lipid content in the organ. Cyclic monomers were detected in liver fatty acids. In surviving young rats of group O,the body growth during lactation is significantly slower than in control animals. Young rats of group O were sacrificed at the age of 14 days. Liver weight and lipid content of the organ are increased and cyclic monomers were detected. The effects are however less pronounced than in group T. One can assume that among abnormal compounds formed during heating of linseed oil, cyclic monomers are responsible for the toxic effects observed in the present experiment since they have been transmitted to the litters either during gestation or lactation.", "PMID": 1037076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7705", "title": "[Transference of cyclic monomeric acids into the milk of female rats eating thermopolymerised linseed oil].", "content": "Six month old female Wistar rats were fed a commercial diet until littering. Then they received a diet containing 10 p. 100 by weight of thermopolymerized linseed oil at 275 degrees C for 12 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. No mortality has been found among young rats during lactation but body growth is slower. In rats sacrificed at the age of 14 days stomach content (milk) and liver were analyzed for lipids. In milk and liver fatty acids respectively 2,7 and 3,0 p. 100 cyclic monomers (18 C) were detected. Consequently, the present study shows that these abnormal compounds formed during hearing of the oil are transmitted to the youngs before weaning through mother's milk.", "contents": "[Transference of cyclic monomeric acids into the milk of female rats eating thermopolymerised linseed oil]. Six month old female Wistar rats were fed a commercial diet until littering. Then they received a diet containing 10 p. 100 by weight of thermopolymerized linseed oil at 275 degrees C for 12 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. No mortality has been found among young rats during lactation but body growth is slower. In rats sacrificed at the age of 14 days stomach content (milk) and liver were analyzed for lipids. In milk and liver fatty acids respectively 2,7 and 3,0 p. 100 cyclic monomers (18 C) were detected. Consequently, the present study shows that these abnormal compounds formed during hearing of the oil are transmitted to the youngs before weaning through mother's milk.", "PMID": 1037077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7706", "title": "[Local anesthesia after percutaneous administration. I].", "content": "Local anesthesia of the intact skin is difficult because of the skin barrier to epicutaneous penetration. Using solutions of local anesthetics in organic agents, which have the ability of penetrating the skin without causing irreversible damage and enhancing the percutaneous absorption of all materials dissolved therein, topical anesthesia seems to be attainable. A satisfactory method for determining pain threshold in uninjured skin of animals has been set up. Measurments of the pricking pain threshold have been made by exposing the skin of guinea-pigs to defined mechanical and electrical stimuli. A nociceptive muscle reflex (twitch) has been taken as the index of pain sensation. The suppression of this twitch has been used as an indicator of anesthetic potency. Two methods have been applied with varying parameters: stimulation at a fixed intensity until the pain threshold was reached (duration of anesthetic effect) and stimulation with increasing stimulus strenght until the cutaneous reflex was elicited (intensity or \"depth\" of anesthesia). The local anesthetic effects of lidocaine, fomocaine and procaine bases were studied, after dissolving them in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a wellknown carrier for transmembranal application. The duration of local anesthesia measured by electrical stimuli was longer than that obtained with mechanical ones. Differences are discussed. All results indicate that fomocaine (5%) has a greater local anesthetic potency than procaine (5%) but both are less active than lidocaine (5%). No effect could be seen after application of DMSO alone.", "contents": "[Local anesthesia after percutaneous administration. I]. Local anesthesia of the intact skin is difficult because of the skin barrier to epicutaneous penetration. Using solutions of local anesthetics in organic agents, which have the ability of penetrating the skin without causing irreversible damage and enhancing the percutaneous absorption of all materials dissolved therein, topical anesthesia seems to be attainable. A satisfactory method for determining pain threshold in uninjured skin of animals has been set up. Measurments of the pricking pain threshold have been made by exposing the skin of guinea-pigs to defined mechanical and electrical stimuli. A nociceptive muscle reflex (twitch) has been taken as the index of pain sensation. The suppression of this twitch has been used as an indicator of anesthetic potency. Two methods have been applied with varying parameters: stimulation at a fixed intensity until the pain threshold was reached (duration of anesthetic effect) and stimulation with increasing stimulus strenght until the cutaneous reflex was elicited (intensity or \"depth\" of anesthesia). The local anesthetic effects of lidocaine, fomocaine and procaine bases were studied, after dissolving them in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a wellknown carrier for transmembranal application. The duration of local anesthesia measured by electrical stimuli was longer than that obtained with mechanical ones. Differences are discussed. All results indicate that fomocaine (5%) has a greater local anesthetic potency than procaine (5%) but both are less active than lidocaine (5%). No effect could be seen after application of DMSO alone.", "PMID": 1037079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7707", "title": "[Local anesthesia after percutaneous application. II].", "content": "Cyclohexane and hexadecane have been found to accelerate the penetration of local anesthetics (lidocaine, fomocaine, procaine) through the intact skin of guinea-pigs. Dissolved in cyclohexane, the potency of lidocaine is twice that of fomocaine, the latter being more active than procaine. When dissolved in hexadecane, the activity of the local anesthetics in markedly reduced. In combination with 2-butanone, (30% w/w), a solvent without any apparent effect on the permeability of skin, enhanced anesthetic effects are noted. The anesthetic bases, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, produce a much deeper and longer local anesthetic effect than the solutions of their salts.", "contents": "[Local anesthesia after percutaneous application. II]. Cyclohexane and hexadecane have been found to accelerate the penetration of local anesthetics (lidocaine, fomocaine, procaine) through the intact skin of guinea-pigs. Dissolved in cyclohexane, the potency of lidocaine is twice that of fomocaine, the latter being more active than procaine. When dissolved in hexadecane, the activity of the local anesthetics in markedly reduced. In combination with 2-butanone, (30% w/w), a solvent without any apparent effect on the permeability of skin, enhanced anesthetic effects are noted. The anesthetic bases, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, produce a much deeper and longer local anesthetic effect than the solutions of their salts.", "PMID": 1037080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7708", "title": "Effect of pre- and post-surgical active BCG immunotherapies on murien EAkR lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A combined treatment modality incorporating surgery plus BCG immunotherapy was administered to (DBA/2 X C57B/6) F1 mice grafted with EAkR lymphosarcoma. 30% of mice survived free of disease when BCG was injected intravenously two days after operation consisting of tumorectomy plus excision of the regional lymph node performed on the 8th day after tumor inoculation. Similar results were obtained when BCG was injected subcutaneously 6 days before surgery. Pre-operative intravenous and post-operative subcutanous BCG administration failed to cure the animals just as BCG or surgery alone.", "contents": "Effect of pre- and post-surgical active BCG immunotherapies on murien EAkR lymphosarcoma. A combined treatment modality incorporating surgery plus BCG immunotherapy was administered to (DBA/2 X C57B/6) F1 mice grafted with EAkR lymphosarcoma. 30% of mice survived free of disease when BCG was injected intravenously two days after operation consisting of tumorectomy plus excision of the regional lymph node performed on the 8th day after tumor inoculation. Similar results were obtained when BCG was injected subcutaneously 6 days before surgery. Pre-operative intravenous and post-operative subcutanous BCG administration failed to cure the animals just as BCG or surgery alone.", "PMID": 1037084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7709", "title": "Effects of the removal of the regional lymph nodes on the survival of mice bearing B 16 melanoma or EAkR lymphosarcoma.", "content": "This work presents data concerning the effect of tumor excision accompanied or not by the removal of the regional lymph node (RLN) on the survival time of mice bearing the EAkR lymphosarcoma or the B16 melanoma. The operations were performed at various times to study this effect in relation to tumor volume. Early tumorectomy, on day 6 for the EAkR lymphosarcoma, on day 10 for the B16 melanoma, prolonged significantly the survival time. The additional removal of the RLN abolished this beneficial effect. In the case of the EAkR lymphosarcoma, a beneficial effect on the survival time was in contrast observed after a total excision of the tumor accompanied by RLN removal performed on day 8. The two surgical procedures were ineffective in increasing the survival time when they were applied after the 8th day for the EAkR lymphosarcoma and after the 10th day for the B16 melanoma. These results suggest that the preservation of the RLN may be favorable for the host at least at an early stage of the tumor growth.", "contents": "Effects of the removal of the regional lymph nodes on the survival of mice bearing B 16 melanoma or EAkR lymphosarcoma. This work presents data concerning the effect of tumor excision accompanied or not by the removal of the regional lymph node (RLN) on the survival time of mice bearing the EAkR lymphosarcoma or the B16 melanoma. The operations were performed at various times to study this effect in relation to tumor volume. Early tumorectomy, on day 6 for the EAkR lymphosarcoma, on day 10 for the B16 melanoma, prolonged significantly the survival time. The additional removal of the RLN abolished this beneficial effect. In the case of the EAkR lymphosarcoma, a beneficial effect on the survival time was in contrast observed after a total excision of the tumor accompanied by RLN removal performed on day 8. The two surgical procedures were ineffective in increasing the survival time when they were applied after the 8th day for the EAkR lymphosarcoma and after the 10th day for the B16 melanoma. These results suggest that the preservation of the RLN may be favorable for the host at least at an early stage of the tumor growth.", "PMID": 1037085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7710", "title": "[Electric abdominal epidutaneous findings in the pathology of colonic motility].", "content": "Abdominal epicutaneous electrical activity has been studied in a group of 58 gastroenterically normal subjects or suffering form colon motor pathology. An evident similarity of behaviour was observed in the various groups: 17 out of 18 subjects with irritable colon and 6 out of 7 with subocclusion of the colon presented waves with characteristic amplitude and frequency. This type of electrical activity was present in only 1 normal subject out of 20; 11 patients with paralysis of the colon did not present waves of note; three patients with ulcerative colitis showed behaviour similar to the majority of the normal subjects. The technique illustrated would appear adequate for the study of colon pathology with motility alterations.", "contents": "[Electric abdominal epidutaneous findings in the pathology of colonic motility]. Abdominal epicutaneous electrical activity has been studied in a group of 58 gastroenterically normal subjects or suffering form colon motor pathology. An evident similarity of behaviour was observed in the various groups: 17 out of 18 subjects with irritable colon and 6 out of 7 with subocclusion of the colon presented waves with characteristic amplitude and frequency. This type of electrical activity was present in only 1 normal subject out of 20; 11 patients with paralysis of the colon did not present waves of note; three patients with ulcerative colitis showed behaviour similar to the majority of the normal subjects. The technique illustrated would appear adequate for the study of colon pathology with motility alterations.", "PMID": 1037082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7711", "title": "[Effect of prolonged hyperoxia on rabbit lung lipids and their fatty acid content (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of a 36-hour hyperoxia (60 % oxygen) on rabbit lung lipids has been investigated. It has been established that hyperoxia leads to the increase of all lipid fractions in lung tissue and alveolar surfactant, phospholipid and cholesterol being most significantly affected. It has also been found that hyperoxia leads to the decrease of palmitic acid and to the increase of linoleic and arachidonic acids almost in all lipid fractions. Marked changes in the positional distribution of fatty acids in alveolar surfactant phosphatidylcholine have also been observed. The possible mechanisms of the effect of oxygen on lung lipid metabolism have been discussed, and the consequences ensuing from it which could affect the structural organization of membranes have been evaluated.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged hyperoxia on rabbit lung lipids and their fatty acid content (author's transl)]. The effect of a 36-hour hyperoxia (60 % oxygen) on rabbit lung lipids has been investigated. It has been established that hyperoxia leads to the increase of all lipid fractions in lung tissue and alveolar surfactant, phospholipid and cholesterol being most significantly affected. It has also been found that hyperoxia leads to the decrease of palmitic acid and to the increase of linoleic and arachidonic acids almost in all lipid fractions. Marked changes in the positional distribution of fatty acids in alveolar surfactant phosphatidylcholine have also been observed. The possible mechanisms of the effect of oxygen on lung lipid metabolism have been discussed, and the consequences ensuing from it which could affect the structural organization of membranes have been evaluated.", "PMID": 1037086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7712", "title": "[Contribution to the study of Salmonella in Martinique. Evolution during 1972, 1973 and 1974].", "content": "In La Martinique a study of 7,861 coprocultures shows that the number of Salmonella carriers constantly increases; in 1974, it reaches 3-95 0/0. The main serotypes are: S. panama, S. saint-paul, S. typhi murium and S. anatum. Imported foodstuffs seem to be responsible for this dissemination.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of Salmonella in Martinique. Evolution during 1972, 1973 and 1974]. In La Martinique a study of 7,861 coprocultures shows that the number of Salmonella carriers constantly increases; in 1974, it reaches 3-95 0/0. The main serotypes are: S. panama, S. saint-paul, S. typhi murium and S. anatum. Imported foodstuffs seem to be responsible for this dissemination.", "PMID": 1037087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7713", "title": "[Blastomyces dermatitidis blastomycosis in Africa. First Algerian case].", "content": "A case of fatal generalized Blastomycosis is reported. It was the first case of that mycosis observed in Algeria. The parasitic yeast-like cells of the fungus were seen in pus and tissue sections and Blastomyces dermatitidis cultured from pathological specimens. Yeast-like form was obtained in vitro on Kurung's agar at 37 degrees C. Male hamsters infected with this strain failed to develop an experimental disease. The occurrence and distribution of Blastomycosis in Africa are discussed.", "contents": "[Blastomyces dermatitidis blastomycosis in Africa. First Algerian case]. A case of fatal generalized Blastomycosis is reported. It was the first case of that mycosis observed in Algeria. The parasitic yeast-like cells of the fungus were seen in pus and tissue sections and Blastomyces dermatitidis cultured from pathological specimens. Yeast-like form was obtained in vitro on Kurung's agar at 37 degrees C. Male hamsters infected with this strain failed to develop an experimental disease. The occurrence and distribution of Blastomycosis in Africa are discussed.", "PMID": 1037088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7714", "title": "[Prevention of reintroduction of malaria in Reunion in 1972-1973].", "content": "On the island of the Reunion, malaria was eradicated; however the situation remains precarious because of the presence there of a very effective vector and also because of the frequent trips in neighbouring countries in particular Madagascar. The fight against the reintroduction of this formerly prevalent disease requires strict control of travellers as well as the detection and rapid treatment of imported cases. Ever on a small island with a strong sanitary organization; this vigilance can be difficult.", "contents": "[Prevention of reintroduction of malaria in Reunion in 1972-1973]. On the island of the Reunion, malaria was eradicated; however the situation remains precarious because of the presence there of a very effective vector and also because of the frequent trips in neighbouring countries in particular Madagascar. The fight against the reintroduction of this formerly prevalent disease requires strict control of travellers as well as the detection and rapid treatment of imported cases. Ever on a small island with a strong sanitary organization; this vigilance can be difficult.", "PMID": 1037089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7715", "title": "Allergy to ingredients of vehicles.", "content": "Common ingredients of vehicles such as perfumes, antibacterial agents, emulsifiers and other surface active agents, propylene glycol, lanolin and wool alcohols were tested in eczema patients over a three-year period. Perfume allergy was detected in 3.6% of the cases, sensitivity to thiomersal in 2%, to sorbic acid in 0.8%, to parabens in only 0.3%, and to wool alcohols in 1.2%. Reactions to emulsifiers were seen over 1% of those tested.", "contents": "Allergy to ingredients of vehicles. Common ingredients of vehicles such as perfumes, antibacterial agents, emulsifiers and other surface active agents, propylene glycol, lanolin and wool alcohols were tested in eczema patients over a three-year period. Perfume allergy was detected in 3.6% of the cases, sensitivity to thiomersal in 2%, to sorbic acid in 0.8%, to parabens in only 0.3%, and to wool alcohols in 1.2%. Reactions to emulsifiers were seen over 1% of those tested.", "PMID": 1037096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7716", "title": "Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: B. Khorassan Part V: Report on a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Esferayen.", "content": "During August and September 1975, an epidemiological investigation was carried out in another focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khorassan province namely the Esferayen district located in the north western part of this province. The disease in Esferayen area is of zoonotic type having Rhombomys opimus as reservoir and P. papatasi as vector.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: B. Khorassan Part V: Report on a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Esferayen. During August and September 1975, an epidemiological investigation was carried out in another focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khorassan province namely the Esferayen district located in the north western part of this province. The disease in Esferayen area is of zoonotic type having Rhombomys opimus as reservoir and P. papatasi as vector.", "PMID": 1037090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7717", "title": "Venereal herpes-like molluscum contagiosum: treatment with tretinoin.", "content": "Molluscum contagiosum spread by sexual contact may be mistaken for other venereal diseases. The occurrence of a penile lesion resembling herpes progenitalis, and successful therapy of genital mollusca with topical tretinoin (vitamin A acid) is described.", "contents": "Venereal herpes-like molluscum contagiosum: treatment with tretinoin. Molluscum contagiosum spread by sexual contact may be mistaken for other venereal diseases. The occurrence of a penile lesion resembling herpes progenitalis, and successful therapy of genital mollusca with topical tretinoin (vitamin A acid) is described.", "PMID": 1037097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7718", "title": "New topical agents for dermatophytosis.", "content": "Several new synthetic antifungal agents have recently become available for topical use. Reported experiences with haloprogin, miconazole and clotrimazole are reviewed. Topical preparations of these agents are nonirritating and effective in the treatment of superficial fungus infections. They are effective in the management of tinea versicolor and cutaneous candidiasis as well as dermatophytosis.", "contents": "New topical agents for dermatophytosis. Several new synthetic antifungal agents have recently become available for topical use. Reported experiences with haloprogin, miconazole and clotrimazole are reviewed. Topical preparations of these agents are nonirritating and effective in the treatment of superficial fungus infections. They are effective in the management of tinea versicolor and cutaneous candidiasis as well as dermatophytosis.", "PMID": 1037098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7719", "title": "[An epidemic of trichinosis in Paris suburbs. (Preliminary note)].", "content": "A recent trichinosis epidemy involved around hundred patients in southern Paris suburbs; most frequent and marked clinical features were: facial and palpebral oedema, fever, bowel troubles (mostly constipation; diarrhea was seldom) and muscular tenderness. Most of the time eosinophiles cells and muscular enzymes were markedly raised. Trichinosis was proved by serological changes, with some delay. One muscular biopsy was found positive. Therapy consisted either in Thiabendazole (manufacturer's name: Mintezol) sometimes associated with prednisolone, or fluoromebendazole. There was no lethality.", "contents": "[An epidemic of trichinosis in Paris suburbs. (Preliminary note)]. A recent trichinosis epidemy involved around hundred patients in southern Paris suburbs; most frequent and marked clinical features were: facial and palpebral oedema, fever, bowel troubles (mostly constipation; diarrhea was seldom) and muscular tenderness. Most of the time eosinophiles cells and muscular enzymes were markedly raised. Trichinosis was proved by serological changes, with some delay. One muscular biopsy was found positive. Therapy consisted either in Thiabendazole (manufacturer's name: Mintezol) sometimes associated with prednisolone, or fluoromebendazole. There was no lethality.", "PMID": 1037093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7720", "title": "Nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Nongonococcal urethritis may now account for most cases of symptomatic urethritis seen at VD clinics in the United States. Well-controlled etiologic studies in nongonococcal urethritis have implicated Chlamydia in over 40% of cases but the etiology of Chlamydia-negative cases remains uncertain. Tetracycline provides effective antimicrobial therapy, but tests for cure are often inadequate, and distinguishing relapse and reinfection is difficult. For tetracycline-allergic patients, erythromycin should be used. Control measures to decrease transmission of nongonococcal urethritis are not well established.", "contents": "Nongonococcal urethritis. Nongonococcal urethritis may now account for most cases of symptomatic urethritis seen at VD clinics in the United States. Well-controlled etiologic studies in nongonococcal urethritis have implicated Chlamydia in over 40% of cases but the etiology of Chlamydia-negative cases remains uncertain. Tetracycline provides effective antimicrobial therapy, but tests for cure are often inadequate, and distinguishing relapse and reinfection is difficult. For tetracycline-allergic patients, erythromycin should be used. Control measures to decrease transmission of nongonococcal urethritis are not well established.", "PMID": 1037101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7721", "title": "[Lipid and protein balance in diabetic Senegalese].", "content": "Lipids and protids in diabetic Senegalese show the following characteristics: 1. Lipids. The lipid content of the blood and all its component parts are increased in a significant manner in relation to the homologous values of healthy Senegalese which are lower than those of Europeans. Therefore diabetic Sengalese have the same lipidic values as those of healthy Europeans. 2. Protids. The protidic value is higher in diabetic Senegalese than in healthy Senegalese. Proteinograms show a particular distribution of the various protidic compounds. In effect, if the A/G ratio of healthy Senegalese is 0.8 (1.2 in healthy Europeans), the same ratio is equal to 0.4 in diabetic Senegalese.", "contents": "[Lipid and protein balance in diabetic Senegalese]. Lipids and protids in diabetic Senegalese show the following characteristics: 1. Lipids. The lipid content of the blood and all its component parts are increased in a significant manner in relation to the homologous values of healthy Senegalese which are lower than those of Europeans. Therefore diabetic Sengalese have the same lipidic values as those of healthy Europeans. 2. Protids. The protidic value is higher in diabetic Senegalese than in healthy Senegalese. Proteinograms show a particular distribution of the various protidic compounds. In effect, if the A/G ratio of healthy Senegalese is 0.8 (1.2 in healthy Europeans), the same ratio is equal to 0.4 in diabetic Senegalese.", "PMID": 1037095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7722", "title": "[Human leptospirosis in Martinique].", "content": "Eco-geographic conditions are good for spread of Leptospiroses in Martinique. Leptospiroses are widespread in all parts of the Island. Many people have animals in inhabitation area. When they are sought, Leptospiroses can be diagnosed. During 3 years, we found many cases confirmed by biological diagnosis (immunological research of antibodies). Icterohaemorrhagiae is the first serogroup encountered and the most frequent. After follow Canicola, Ballum, Cynopteri and Javanica. Actually, Leptospiroses are a disease more frequent than is generally thought in Martinique. But only the severe cases are hospitalized, so diagnosed. Many cases of fever of unknown origin can be Leptospiroses.", "contents": "[Human leptospirosis in Martinique]. Eco-geographic conditions are good for spread of Leptospiroses in Martinique. Leptospiroses are widespread in all parts of the Island. Many people have animals in inhabitation area. When they are sought, Leptospiroses can be diagnosed. During 3 years, we found many cases confirmed by biological diagnosis (immunological research of antibodies). Icterohaemorrhagiae is the first serogroup encountered and the most frequent. After follow Canicola, Ballum, Cynopteri and Javanica. Actually, Leptospiroses are a disease more frequent than is generally thought in Martinique. But only the severe cases are hospitalized, so diagnosed. Many cases of fever of unknown origin can be Leptospiroses.", "PMID": 1037091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7723", "title": "Social class and morbidity in clinically treated alcoholics.", "content": "The lifetime physical disease profiles of 122 lower and 724 middle class non-skid row alcoholics admitted to an inpatient treatment facility were compared to further clarify the significance of social class as a determinant of morbidity in alcoholics. The overall severity of physical disease and the frequency of all recorded lifetime illness diagnoses were greater in the lower than in the middle class. The former experienced more trauma, genitourinary disorders, venereal disease and malnutrition, as well as small excesses of respiratory and nervous system disorders. There were no class differences in the lifetime frequencies of liver and biliary tract, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, endocrine and metabolic, integumentary, locomotor and haemopoietic disorders, or in the incidences of a number of disease entities including acute brain syndromes and chronic brain damage. The drinking patterns of the classes were similar, but the average duration of hazardous drinking was longer and the average current consumption was greater in the lower class. There were no class differences, however, in the average duration of hazardous drinking before the first occurrence of certain diseases. The referral sources of the classes were significantly different. Possible explanations for the differences between the findings of this and earlier studies are discussed.", "contents": "Social class and morbidity in clinically treated alcoholics. The lifetime physical disease profiles of 122 lower and 724 middle class non-skid row alcoholics admitted to an inpatient treatment facility were compared to further clarify the significance of social class as a determinant of morbidity in alcoholics. The overall severity of physical disease and the frequency of all recorded lifetime illness diagnoses were greater in the lower than in the middle class. The former experienced more trauma, genitourinary disorders, venereal disease and malnutrition, as well as small excesses of respiratory and nervous system disorders. There were no class differences in the lifetime frequencies of liver and biliary tract, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, endocrine and metabolic, integumentary, locomotor and haemopoietic disorders, or in the incidences of a number of disease entities including acute brain syndromes and chronic brain damage. The drinking patterns of the classes were similar, but the average duration of hazardous drinking was longer and the average current consumption was greater in the lower class. There were no class differences, however, in the average duration of hazardous drinking before the first occurrence of certain diseases. The referral sources of the classes were significantly different. Possible explanations for the differences between the findings of this and earlier studies are discussed.", "PMID": 1037104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7724", "title": "[Wound myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata].", "content": "Report of a case of miyasis in Lucilia sericata infected wounds recently observed in Paris in a 67-year-old vagrant. The authors describe the role played by Lucilia sericata in therapy before the appearance of sulfanilamides and antibiotics.", "contents": "[Wound myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata]. Report of a case of miyasis in Lucilia sericata infected wounds recently observed in Paris in a 67-year-old vagrant. The authors describe the role played by Lucilia sericata in therapy before the appearance of sulfanilamides and antibiotics.", "PMID": 1037094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7725", "title": "[Epidemiological study on the incidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "An epidemiological survey on the incidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood was performed in 11,353 apparently healthy school children in Chiba prefecture, Japan. The present study included 9,416 school children (4,401 boys and 5,015 girls, ages 6--18 yrs) in Chiba City and 1,937 children (744 boys and 1,193 girls, ages 16-18 yrs) in Tateyama City. The first group was selected as a representative of urban area, and the second group was selected as that of seaside area. Children having goiter were selected for testing antihyroblobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies in sera. Final diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was based on histological specimens obtained by needle biopsies on the antithyroid antibody positive subjects. The overall incidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in these children with 1.7 per 1,000 children. There was a considerable sex difference in the prevalence. None of the patients were boys. In girls the incidence increased with age: ages 6-12 0.9, ages 13-15 4.6 and ages 16-18 3.1-4.2 per 1,000, respectively. The incidence in the seaside area, 2.6 per 1,000 was not significantly higher than that in the urban area, 1.8 per 1,000. Histologically, all cases were classified as focal thyroiditis.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study on the incidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood (author's transl)]. An epidemiological survey on the incidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood was performed in 11,353 apparently healthy school children in Chiba prefecture, Japan. The present study included 9,416 school children (4,401 boys and 5,015 girls, ages 6--18 yrs) in Chiba City and 1,937 children (744 boys and 1,193 girls, ages 16-18 yrs) in Tateyama City. The first group was selected as a representative of urban area, and the second group was selected as that of seaside area. Children having goiter were selected for testing antihyroblobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies in sera. Final diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was based on histological specimens obtained by needle biopsies on the antithyroid antibody positive subjects. The overall incidence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in these children with 1.7 per 1,000 children. There was a considerable sex difference in the prevalence. None of the patients were boys. In girls the incidence increased with age: ages 6-12 0.9, ages 13-15 4.6 and ages 16-18 3.1-4.2 per 1,000, respectively. The incidence in the seaside area, 2.6 per 1,000 was not significantly higher than that in the urban area, 1.8 per 1,000. Histologically, all cases were classified as focal thyroiditis.", "PMID": 1037105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7726", "title": "Immune deposit nephritis in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A 22-year-old white male (L.V.) died of gram-negative septicemia complicating infectious mononucleosis (IM) that was associated with jaundice and oliguric renal failure. The kidney showed mesangial granular deposits of IgM and C3, mesangial electrondense deposits, and interstitial infiltrates of infiltrates of mononuclear cells, including atypical lymphocytes. Eluates obtained from kidney, spleen and liver contained Paul--Bunnell (PB) antibodies. Presence of PB antigens in these tissues was indicated by absorption of PB antibodies from IM sera, with the sediments resulting from tissue elutions. The IgM mesangial deposits were partially eluted with acid buffer at 56 degrees C and then reconstituted by incubation with IM sera or with immunoglobulins eluted from tissues of patient L.V. The presence in renal structures of PB antigens, IgM heterophile antibody, C3 and electron-dense deposits is consistent with the hypothesis that heterophile immune complexes were localized in the kidney and that they contribute in the pathogenisis of IM nephritis.", "contents": "Immune deposit nephritis in infectious mononucleosis. A 22-year-old white male (L.V.) died of gram-negative septicemia complicating infectious mononucleosis (IM) that was associated with jaundice and oliguric renal failure. The kidney showed mesangial granular deposits of IgM and C3, mesangial electrondense deposits, and interstitial infiltrates of infiltrates of mononuclear cells, including atypical lymphocytes. Eluates obtained from kidney, spleen and liver contained Paul--Bunnell (PB) antibodies. Presence of PB antigens in these tissues was indicated by absorption of PB antibodies from IM sera, with the sediments resulting from tissue elutions. The IgM mesangial deposits were partially eluted with acid buffer at 56 degrees C and then reconstituted by incubation with IM sera or with immunoglobulins eluted from tissues of patient L.V. The presence in renal structures of PB antigens, IgM heterophile antibody, C3 and electron-dense deposits is consistent with the hypothesis that heterophile immune complexes were localized in the kidney and that they contribute in the pathogenisis of IM nephritis.", "PMID": 1037107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7727", "title": "[Rift valley fever and rickettsial retinitis including fluorescein angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of Rift Valley fever retinitis and one case of Tick Bite fever retinitis are presented. The clinical features are indistinguishable, manifesting as localised areas of retinal ischaemia and soft exudate formation. Fluorescein angiography shows that there is primary involvement of the retinal circulation without involvement of the choroidal circulation. Vascular occlusion is a feature of the retinal pathology. These patients were treated with steroids and immunosuppressives as their maculae were threatened and they all regained normal to near normal vision except in one case in whom old macula scarring from previous episodes of the disease prevented visual improvement.", "contents": "[Rift valley fever and rickettsial retinitis including fluorescein angiography (author's transl)]. Three cases of Rift Valley fever retinitis and one case of Tick Bite fever retinitis are presented. The clinical features are indistinguishable, manifesting as localised areas of retinal ischaemia and soft exudate formation. Fluorescein angiography shows that there is primary involvement of the retinal circulation without involvement of the choroidal circulation. Vascular occlusion is a feature of the retinal pathology. These patients were treated with steroids and immunosuppressives as their maculae were threatened and they all regained normal to near normal vision except in one case in whom old macula scarring from previous episodes of the disease prevented visual improvement.", "PMID": 1037109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7728", "title": "[Study of mechanical work of the heart in patients with toxic goiter by means of electrokymography].", "content": "A study was made of the electrokymogram (EKG) of the left and the right ventricle of the heart in 54 patients suffering from toxic goiter chiefly with a marked clinical picture of the disease. Electrokymography permitted to detect enlargement of the ventricles. Excited pulsation of the ventricles with a rapid rise in systole and a sharp fall in diastole pointed to myocardial hyperfunction. Rapid and energetic contractions of the heart led to intensification of the oscillatory movements of the heart in the chest cavity, and to its rotation. A low-wave pulsation with small frequent waves of low amplitude pointed to a reduction of the contractile function of the myocardium; this was also indicated by the increase of the latent EKG time and the paradoxical movements at the beginning of systole. After the effective treatment the EKG of the ventricles showed almost no difference from the curves of healthy individuals. Changes in the character of the ventricular pulsation in toxic goiter were observed already at the early phase of the disease when some of the patients still displayed no changes in the ECG, and no X-ray data pointing to the affection of the heart were as yet evident. In the presence of phenomena of cardiac insufficiency the EKG objectively proved the presence of changes in the myocardium. The EKG data corresponded to the severity of the clinical picture of the disease. Electrokymography serves as a valuable method for analysis of the function of myocardium of the ventricles in toxic goiter.", "contents": "[Study of mechanical work of the heart in patients with toxic goiter by means of electrokymography]. A study was made of the electrokymogram (EKG) of the left and the right ventricle of the heart in 54 patients suffering from toxic goiter chiefly with a marked clinical picture of the disease. Electrokymography permitted to detect enlargement of the ventricles. Excited pulsation of the ventricles with a rapid rise in systole and a sharp fall in diastole pointed to myocardial hyperfunction. Rapid and energetic contractions of the heart led to intensification of the oscillatory movements of the heart in the chest cavity, and to its rotation. A low-wave pulsation with small frequent waves of low amplitude pointed to a reduction of the contractile function of the myocardium; this was also indicated by the increase of the latent EKG time and the paradoxical movements at the beginning of systole. After the effective treatment the EKG of the ventricles showed almost no difference from the curves of healthy individuals. Changes in the character of the ventricular pulsation in toxic goiter were observed already at the early phase of the disease when some of the patients still displayed no changes in the ECG, and no X-ray data pointing to the affection of the heart were as yet evident. In the presence of phenomena of cardiac insufficiency the EKG objectively proved the presence of changes in the myocardium. The EKG data corresponded to the severity of the clinical picture of the disease. Electrokymography serves as a valuable method for analysis of the function of myocardium of the ventricles in toxic goiter.", "PMID": 1037116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7729", "title": "Studies of an inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction localized in rat liver microsomes. Interference with the polymerization step.", "content": "A heat-stable, macromolecular inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction localized in rat liver microsomes has been shown to interfere with the polymerization step in the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion. The inhibitor had no effect on thrombin activity as measured with the synthetic, chromogenic substrate BZ-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA. The amount of fibrin formed and the release of fibrinopeptide A were not affected by the inhibitor. Recording of turbidity at 350 nm and 600 nm indicated an inhibition of the lateral aggregation of the end-to-end fibrin polymers. The inhibitor was localized in both the luminal and membrane fractions of the microsomes. The inhibitor activity was not affected by warfarin treatment of the rats.", "contents": "Studies of an inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction localized in rat liver microsomes. Interference with the polymerization step. A heat-stable, macromolecular inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction localized in rat liver microsomes has been shown to interfere with the polymerization step in the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion. The inhibitor had no effect on thrombin activity as measured with the synthetic, chromogenic substrate BZ-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA. The amount of fibrin formed and the release of fibrinopeptide A were not affected by the inhibitor. Recording of turbidity at 350 nm and 600 nm indicated an inhibition of the lateral aggregation of the end-to-end fibrin polymers. The inhibitor was localized in both the luminal and membrane fractions of the microsomes. The inhibitor activity was not affected by warfarin treatment of the rats.", "PMID": 1037148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7730", "title": "Effect of the root extract of Fagara zanthoxyloides on blood coagulation.", "content": "The clot-promoting activity of the aqueous extract of Fagara-zanthoxyloides Lam plant is described for the first time. It significantly shortened the PTT (K) of normal and factor VIII deficient plasma while it manifested no such action on factor IX-deficient plasma. This activity could be demonstrated in the residue of the lyophilized aqueous extract after its successive extraction with ether, chloroform and methanol. It could not be attributed to the purified fractions: Zanthoxylol or its modified form 3, 4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1 benzopyran-6-butyric acid (DBA), hesperidin, Fagaramide or the ether soluble fraction of the aqueous extract.", "contents": "Effect of the root extract of Fagara zanthoxyloides on blood coagulation. The clot-promoting activity of the aqueous extract of Fagara-zanthoxyloides Lam plant is described for the first time. It significantly shortened the PTT (K) of normal and factor VIII deficient plasma while it manifested no such action on factor IX-deficient plasma. This activity could be demonstrated in the residue of the lyophilized aqueous extract after its successive extraction with ether, chloroform and methanol. It could not be attributed to the purified fractions: Zanthoxylol or its modified form 3, 4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1 benzopyran-6-butyric acid (DBA), hesperidin, Fagaramide or the ether soluble fraction of the aqueous extract.", "PMID": 1037149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7731", "title": "The influence of ethanol feeding on the activities of factors II, VII, VIII, IX and X in rats.", "content": "The effect of chronic administration of ethanol to rats in a controlled regimen upon the activities of the coagulation factors II, VII, VIII, IX and X has been studied. No significant differences were found for factor II, IX and X between the ethanol-treated rats and the control group given an isocaloric diet with carbohydrate replacing ethanol. Factor VII activity was somewhat higher and factor VIII activity decreased significantly in the experimental group when ethanol treatment was combined with an approximately two-fold increase in dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid.", "contents": "The influence of ethanol feeding on the activities of factors II, VII, VIII, IX and X in rats. The effect of chronic administration of ethanol to rats in a controlled regimen upon the activities of the coagulation factors II, VII, VIII, IX and X has been studied. No significant differences were found for factor II, IX and X between the ethanol-treated rats and the control group given an isocaloric diet with carbohydrate replacing ethanol. Factor VII activity was somewhat higher and factor VIII activity decreased significantly in the experimental group when ethanol treatment was combined with an approximately two-fold increase in dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid.", "PMID": 1037150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7732", "title": "Bleeding disorder with abnormal wound healing, acid-soluble clots and normal factor XIII.", "content": "An unusual bleeding disorder clinically resembling factor XIII deficiency is presented. The only detectable coagulation abnormality was rapid clot dissolution in 1% monochloroacetic acid. This abnormality was ascribed to the sustained increase of  a pepsin-like plasma protease which is activated at low pH. Asystematic search for similar phenomena revealed that massive blood transfusion may also enhance plasma-clot solubility in acid, possibly by release of a red cell protease. We conclude that the acid clot solubility test is not a specific indicator of factor XIII deficiency, but this simple assay is recommended for further studies of acid plasma protease activity. The diagnostic relevance and pathophysiologic importance of increased pepsin-like activity in plasma remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Bleeding disorder with abnormal wound healing, acid-soluble clots and normal factor XIII. An unusual bleeding disorder clinically resembling factor XIII deficiency is presented. The only detectable coagulation abnormality was rapid clot dissolution in 1% monochloroacetic acid. This abnormality was ascribed to the sustained increase of  a pepsin-like plasma protease which is activated at low pH. Asystematic search for similar phenomena revealed that massive blood transfusion may also enhance plasma-clot solubility in acid, possibly by release of a red cell protease. We conclude that the acid clot solubility test is not a specific indicator of factor XIII deficiency, but this simple assay is recommended for further studies of acid plasma protease activity. The diagnostic relevance and pathophysiologic importance of increased pepsin-like activity in plasma remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1037151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7733", "title": "Plasma factor XIII and platelet factor XIII in hyperlipaemia.", "content": "Plasma factor XIII activity measured by a quantitative assay was found to be significantly higher in hypertriglyceridaemic patients (type IV and combined hyperlipoproteinaemia), as compared to normolipaemic controls. No such elevation in plasma factor XIII activity was found in patients with type Ha hyperlipaemia. Plasma pseudocholinesterase was found to parallel the elevated factor XIII activity in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. In contrast, platelet factor XIII activity was not raised in hyperlipaemic subjects, and plasma factor XIII was found to be normal in a normolipaemic subjects with thrombocythaemia. It was concluded that there is no significant contribution from platelets to plasma factor XIII activity, and that the observed increase in plasma factor XIII in hypertriglyceridaemia results from enhanced hepatic synthesis of the enzyme.", "contents": "Plasma factor XIII and platelet factor XIII in hyperlipaemia. Plasma factor XIII activity measured by a quantitative assay was found to be significantly higher in hypertriglyceridaemic patients (type IV and combined hyperlipoproteinaemia), as compared to normolipaemic controls. No such elevation in plasma factor XIII activity was found in patients with type Ha hyperlipaemia. Plasma pseudocholinesterase was found to parallel the elevated factor XIII activity in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. In contrast, platelet factor XIII activity was not raised in hyperlipaemic subjects, and plasma factor XIII was found to be normal in a normolipaemic subjects with thrombocythaemia. It was concluded that there is no significant contribution from platelets to plasma factor XIII activity, and that the observed increase in plasma factor XIII in hypertriglyceridaemia results from enhanced hepatic synthesis of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1037152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7734", "title": "Demonstration of reactivity to airborne and food allergens in cutaneous vasculitis by variations in fibrinopeptide A and other blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and complement parameters.", "content": "In a 32-year-old woman and a 40-year-old man with cutaneous vasculitis, etiological allergic responses to foods and airborne allergens were found. During provocation tests, observations were made on blood levels of fibrinopeptide A(FPA) and coagulation factors, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and serum complement components. Skin biopsies were taken for microscopic and immunofluorescence analysis. In case 1, anaphylactoid allergy to milk and reaginic and anaphylactoid hypersensitivity to grass pollens were found. Dermal provocations with grass pollens gave arthralgia, hematomas, serum C3 fluctuation, factor VII reduction and fibrinolysis. During peroral milk challenge, transient increases in FPA and FDP levels were observed before symptoms appeared. In case 2, anaphylactoid hypersensitivity responses to bacteria, animal danders, foods and pollens were found. Two inhalations with sheep-wool extract resulted in a typical skin eruption. The first also gave an early reduction of C3 and then FPA liberation. Nasal birch-pollen test gave an increase of FPA in the latent period and then typical nodules. At least no low molecular weight FDP were detected during provocations. In patients with vasculitis reactions to exogenous allergens, FPA and FDP estimations after provocations may discriminate harmful from innocuous allergens and reveal individual response patterns in coagulation and fibrinolysis systems.", "contents": "Demonstration of reactivity to airborne and food allergens in cutaneous vasculitis by variations in fibrinopeptide A and other blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and complement parameters. In a 32-year-old woman and a 40-year-old man with cutaneous vasculitis, etiological allergic responses to foods and airborne allergens were found. During provocation tests, observations were made on blood levels of fibrinopeptide A(FPA) and coagulation factors, fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and serum complement components. Skin biopsies were taken for microscopic and immunofluorescence analysis. In case 1, anaphylactoid allergy to milk and reaginic and anaphylactoid hypersensitivity to grass pollens were found. Dermal provocations with grass pollens gave arthralgia, hematomas, serum C3 fluctuation, factor VII reduction and fibrinolysis. During peroral milk challenge, transient increases in FPA and FDP levels were observed before symptoms appeared. In case 2, anaphylactoid hypersensitivity responses to bacteria, animal danders, foods and pollens were found. Two inhalations with sheep-wool extract resulted in a typical skin eruption. The first also gave an early reduction of C3 and then FPA liberation. Nasal birch-pollen test gave an increase of FPA in the latent period and then typical nodules. At least no low molecular weight FDP were detected during provocations. In patients with vasculitis reactions to exogenous allergens, FPA and FDP estimations after provocations may discriminate harmful from innocuous allergens and reveal individual response patterns in coagulation and fibrinolysis systems.", "PMID": 1037153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7735", "title": "The effect of the fibrinogen concentration and the leukocyte count on intravascular fibrin deposition from soluble fibrin monomer complexes.", "content": "Fibrin formation from fibrin monomer (FM) complexes was studied in experimental animals utilizing a previously described technique for quantitating fibrin deposition. A uniform thrombin infusion was used to produce FM, fibrinolysis being inhibited by EACA. In vivo complex formation between FM and 125I-fibrinogen was demonstrated chromatographically. A direct correlation was found between blood fibrinogen concentration and fibrin deposition in organs. By contrast, an inverse correlation between fibrinogen concentration and both enzymatic or non-enzymatic fibrin formation was found in vitro. The mechanism by which fibrinogen potentiates FM precipitation in vivo could not be explained by coprecipitation of fibrinogen in the complex which could not be demonstrated. The inhibitory effect of HN2 on fibrin deposition despite the associated hyperfibrinogemia induced by this drug is believed to underscore the importance of leukocytes in certain types of fibrin deposition. A correlation between the leukocyte count and fibrin formation from FM was also found. It was concluded that the risk of intravascular fibrin deposition is increased by a raised fibrinogen level especially when accompanied by leukocytosis.", "contents": "The effect of the fibrinogen concentration and the leukocyte count on intravascular fibrin deposition from soluble fibrin monomer complexes. Fibrin formation from fibrin monomer (FM) complexes was studied in experimental animals utilizing a previously described technique for quantitating fibrin deposition. A uniform thrombin infusion was used to produce FM, fibrinolysis being inhibited by EACA. In vivo complex formation between FM and 125I-fibrinogen was demonstrated chromatographically. A direct correlation was found between blood fibrinogen concentration and fibrin deposition in organs. By contrast, an inverse correlation between fibrinogen concentration and both enzymatic or non-enzymatic fibrin formation was found in vitro. The mechanism by which fibrinogen potentiates FM precipitation in vivo could not be explained by coprecipitation of fibrinogen in the complex which could not be demonstrated. The inhibitory effect of HN2 on fibrin deposition despite the associated hyperfibrinogemia induced by this drug is believed to underscore the importance of leukocytes in certain types of fibrin deposition. A correlation between the leukocyte count and fibrin formation from FM was also found. It was concluded that the risk of intravascular fibrin deposition is increased by a raised fibrinogen level especially when accompanied by leukocytosis.", "PMID": 1037154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7736", "title": "Thrombin elaboration in endotoxin-induced intravascular fibrin deposition. A leukocyte dependent process distinct from systemic hypercoagulability.", "content": "Intravascular coagulation was induced by two appropriately spaced doses of endotoxin and by infusion of thromboplastin. The resulting fibrin deposition was measured by a previously described quantitative technique. Evidence of thrombin elaboration was obtained indirectly by measurement of fibrin monomer (FM) and by the detection and isolation of a thrombin-induced anticlotting activity. Venous segments were isolated at intervals and examined for thrombus formation following 40 minutes of stasis. Endotoxin triggered thrombin elaboration was not detectable in the circulation for at least one hour and was not accompanied by any thrombosis in isolated venous segments. No thrombin elaboration was found in leukopenic rabbits given endotoxin. In the thromboplastin infused animals, the quantity of fibrin deposited in the organs was comparable to that found after endotoxin. However, thrombin was found in the blood immediately and was associated with thrombosis in the isolatet venous segments. Less thrombin-induced anticoagulant activity was found after thromboplastin than after endotoxin. The findings suggest that endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation is probably not caused by a mechanism of systemic hypercoagulability due to the release of thromboplastic material into the blood stream. A focal process of thrombin elaboration involving leukocytes is postulated. The study is believed relevant to patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation in whom venous thromboembolism is rarely found despite evidence of extensive microvascular fibrin deposition.", "contents": "Thrombin elaboration in endotoxin-induced intravascular fibrin deposition. A leukocyte dependent process distinct from systemic hypercoagulability. Intravascular coagulation was induced by two appropriately spaced doses of endotoxin and by infusion of thromboplastin. The resulting fibrin deposition was measured by a previously described quantitative technique. Evidence of thrombin elaboration was obtained indirectly by measurement of fibrin monomer (FM) and by the detection and isolation of a thrombin-induced anticlotting activity. Venous segments were isolated at intervals and examined for thrombus formation following 40 minutes of stasis. Endotoxin triggered thrombin elaboration was not detectable in the circulation for at least one hour and was not accompanied by any thrombosis in isolated venous segments. No thrombin elaboration was found in leukopenic rabbits given endotoxin. In the thromboplastin infused animals, the quantity of fibrin deposited in the organs was comparable to that found after endotoxin. However, thrombin was found in the blood immediately and was associated with thrombosis in the isolatet venous segments. Less thrombin-induced anticoagulant activity was found after thromboplastin than after endotoxin. The findings suggest that endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation is probably not caused by a mechanism of systemic hypercoagulability due to the release of thromboplastic material into the blood stream. A focal process of thrombin elaboration involving leukocytes is postulated. The study is believed relevant to patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation in whom venous thromboembolism is rarely found despite evidence of extensive microvascular fibrin deposition.", "PMID": 1037155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7737", "title": "Inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid on human platelet function in normal volunteers and in women using a combined oral contraceptive regime.", "content": "Six parameters related to the release reaction were measured simultaneously in 10 human volunteers prior to the intake of one single dose of 1 g acetylsalicylic acid and 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days alter: deltaE5 with diluted collagen, deltaE10 with Thrombofax and the serotonin-14C release by undiluted and diluted collagen, by Thrombofax and by bovine plasma. The duration of the inhibitory effect varied according to the test used. It was the most prolonged (through the 7th day) if serotonin-14C release by diluted collagen was measured. A systematic investigation of the platelet release reaction in women taking a combined oral contraceptive was also performed. There were no statistically significant differences from a control group. No difference in acetylsalicylic acid sensitivity, measured 24 hours after intake of 1 g of aspirin, could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid on human platelet function in normal volunteers and in women using a combined oral contraceptive regime. Six parameters related to the release reaction were measured simultaneously in 10 human volunteers prior to the intake of one single dose of 1 g acetylsalicylic acid and 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days alter: deltaE5 with diluted collagen, deltaE10 with Thrombofax and the serotonin-14C release by undiluted and diluted collagen, by Thrombofax and by bovine plasma. The duration of the inhibitory effect varied according to the test used. It was the most prolonged (through the 7th day) if serotonin-14C release by diluted collagen was measured. A systematic investigation of the platelet release reaction in women taking a combined oral contraceptive was also performed. There were no statistically significant differences from a control group. No difference in acetylsalicylic acid sensitivity, measured 24 hours after intake of 1 g of aspirin, could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1037156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7738", "title": "Effect of aspirin on platelet phospholipids.", "content": "It was observed that the acetylsalicylic acid \"in vitro\" (final concentration 10(-4) M) as well as \"in vivo\" (1 g of aspirin) caused a platelet phospholipids variation which basically consisted of: 1. A diminution of the phospholipids/proteins rate of 22%. 2. A reduction of sphingomyelin \"in vivo\" of 27.66% and \"in vitro\" of 16.82%. 3. An increase in phosphatidyl choline \"in vivo\" of 12.24% and \"in vitro\" 10.28%. The possible effects that these changes might have on the platelet function are evaluated.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on platelet phospholipids. It was observed that the acetylsalicylic acid \"in vitro\" (final concentration 10(-4) M) as well as \"in vivo\" (1 g of aspirin) caused a platelet phospholipids variation which basically consisted of: 1. A diminution of the phospholipids/proteins rate of 22%. 2. A reduction of sphingomyelin \"in vivo\" of 27.66% and \"in vitro\" of 16.82%. 3. An increase in phosphatidyl choline \"in vivo\" of 12.24% and \"in vitro\" 10.28%. The possible effects that these changes might have on the platelet function are evaluated.", "PMID": 1037157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7739", "title": "Impairment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by hashish components.", "content": "ADP-induced aggregation of washed human platelets is inhibited by the hashish components delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The inhibition is counteracted by added ADP. When the cannabinoids are present at concentrations higher than 10(-5)M, the platelets aggregate non-reversibly, independently of an added inducer, apparently due to lysis and release of endogenous inducers. THC is clearly more potent than CBD in exhibiting the biphasic effect. Collagen- and thrombin-induced aggregation of washed platelets are hardly affected by the cannabinoids. THC and CBD also curtail ADP-induced reversible aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, while serotonin release and irreversible aggregation, caused by either ADP, collagen or thrombin, are not affected by the cannabinoids in platelet-rich plasma. The data point to associated sites for ADP and the cannabinoids on the platelet membrane.", "contents": "Impairment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by hashish components. ADP-induced aggregation of washed human platelets is inhibited by the hashish components delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The inhibition is counteracted by added ADP. When the cannabinoids are present at concentrations higher than 10(-5)M, the platelets aggregate non-reversibly, independently of an added inducer, apparently due to lysis and release of endogenous inducers. THC is clearly more potent than CBD in exhibiting the biphasic effect. Collagen- and thrombin-induced aggregation of washed platelets are hardly affected by the cannabinoids. THC and CBD also curtail ADP-induced reversible aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, while serotonin release and irreversible aggregation, caused by either ADP, collagen or thrombin, are not affected by the cannabinoids in platelet-rich plasma. The data point to associated sites for ADP and the cannabinoids on the platelet membrane.", "PMID": 1037158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7740", "title": "[Immediate results of surgical treatment of thyrotoxic goiter].", "content": "The author presents an analysis of the results of operations performed for struma in 520 patients. There was one lethal issue (0.2%), intraoperative hemorrhage was noted in 2.1%, a damage of the n. recurrens -- in 0.9% of patients. The method of preoperative preparation and postoperative management in these patients is described.", "contents": "[Immediate results of surgical treatment of thyrotoxic goiter]. The author presents an analysis of the results of operations performed for struma in 520 patients. There was one lethal issue (0.2%), intraoperative hemorrhage was noted in 2.1%, a damage of the n. recurrens -- in 0.9% of patients. The method of preoperative preparation and postoperative management in these patients is described.", "PMID": 1037164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7741", "title": "[Relaparotomy in abdominal injuries in children].", "content": "An analysis of 18 relaparotomies in 12 children with injuries of the abdominal organs is presented. Inadequate measures against paresis immediately after laparotomy are felt to be the main cause of reoperations for an adhesive-dynamic form of the obstruction. While accomplishing relaparotomy, it is recommended not to resort to reconstructive operative procedures in cases where a palliative operation promptly liquidating complications would suffice.", "contents": "[Relaparotomy in abdominal injuries in children]. An analysis of 18 relaparotomies in 12 children with injuries of the abdominal organs is presented. Inadequate measures against paresis immediately after laparotomy are felt to be the main cause of reoperations for an adhesive-dynamic form of the obstruction. While accomplishing relaparotomy, it is recommended not to resort to reconstructive operative procedures in cases where a palliative operation promptly liquidating complications would suffice.", "PMID": 1037165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7742", "title": "Nature and properties of C3Hf natural antitumor cytotoxins directed against murine lymphosarcoma cells.", "content": "The nature and some biological properties of the natural antitumor cytotoxins previously found in normal C3Hf serum, have been investigated. By immunoelectronmicroscopy study, employing rabbit hybrid antibodies with specificity for mouse Ig and ferritin, the C3Hf cytotoxins were shown to belong to immunoglobulins. By gel filtration, by inhibition experiments of the cytotoxic serum activity with monospecific anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera, and by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of the C3Hf serum, the cytotoxic immunoglobulins were demonstrated to belong to the IgM class. They were not inactivated by heating until 60 degrees C and were able to activate guinea pig, rabbit, and human complement. The highest cytotoxic activity of the normal C3Hf serum was found when cells and serum were incubated at the low temperature, suggesting a low binding affinity of the cytotoxic IgM.", "contents": "Nature and properties of C3Hf natural antitumor cytotoxins directed against murine lymphosarcoma cells. The nature and some biological properties of the natural antitumor cytotoxins previously found in normal C3Hf serum, have been investigated. By immunoelectronmicroscopy study, employing rabbit hybrid antibodies with specificity for mouse Ig and ferritin, the C3Hf cytotoxins were shown to belong to immunoglobulins. By gel filtration, by inhibition experiments of the cytotoxic serum activity with monospecific anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera, and by 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of the C3Hf serum, the cytotoxic immunoglobulins were demonstrated to belong to the IgM class. They were not inactivated by heating until 60 degrees C and were able to activate guinea pig, rabbit, and human complement. The highest cytotoxic activity of the normal C3Hf serum was found when cells and serum were incubated at the low temperature, suggesting a low binding affinity of the cytotoxic IgM.", "PMID": 1037163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7743", "title": "[Comparison of lung-mechanical and physico-chemical Parameters in view of the pulmonary surfactant system (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of static pressure-volume-diagram of lungs and of surface-tension-area-diagram of lung-elutions measured on the Lamgmuir-balance is tested. Well known parameters are used to characterize alveolar surfactant activity in guinea pigs after perbronchial application of extracorporal surfactant Tacholiquin and detergent \"Fit\" 1% and after application of vagomimetics Acetylcholine 1% and Histamine 0.1%. Mean values of physico-chemical parameters show the most significant increase of the area of hysteresis (Benzer) during Tacholiquin and Acetylcholin application; the minimal surface-tension: gamma min, and the compressibility-index: gamma min/delta gamma (K\u00f6tter, R\u00fcffer) decreased, the difference between maximal and minimal surface-tension: delta gamma and the stability-index: 2 delta gamma/(gamma max + gamma min) (Clements) increased. Tacholiquin and Acetylcholin both improve pulmonary surface-activity. The Tacholiquin-effect is documented in lung mechanics only by elevation of the inspiratory volume-rations: V10I/V20I (Clements) and V10I/Vmax (Kittelmann) referred to static pressure 10, 20 cm H2O and maximal pressure but not by elevation of the expiratory stability index V10E/Vmax (Gruenwald). The area of hysteresis is decreased indicating a preponderant inspiratory effect. The Acteylcholin-effect is covered by the well-known bronchial obstructive effect. Both inspiratory constants are decreased, and the area of hysteresis is increased. We did not find any significance of the expiratory stability index. Both inspiratory constants and the area of hysteresis are conditional surfactant parameters in view of bronchial obstruction.", "contents": "[Comparison of lung-mechanical and physico-chemical Parameters in view of the pulmonary surfactant system (author's transl)]. Evaluation of static pressure-volume-diagram of lungs and of surface-tension-area-diagram of lung-elutions measured on the Lamgmuir-balance is tested. Well known parameters are used to characterize alveolar surfactant activity in guinea pigs after perbronchial application of extracorporal surfactant Tacholiquin and detergent \"Fit\" 1% and after application of vagomimetics Acetylcholine 1% and Histamine 0.1%. Mean values of physico-chemical parameters show the most significant increase of the area of hysteresis (Benzer) during Tacholiquin and Acetylcholin application; the minimal surface-tension: gamma min, and the compressibility-index: gamma min/delta gamma (K\u00f6tter, R\u00fcffer) decreased, the difference between maximal and minimal surface-tension: delta gamma and the stability-index: 2 delta gamma/(gamma max + gamma min) (Clements) increased. Tacholiquin and Acetylcholin both improve pulmonary surface-activity. The Tacholiquin-effect is documented in lung mechanics only by elevation of the inspiratory volume-rations: V10I/V20I (Clements) and V10I/Vmax (Kittelmann) referred to static pressure 10, 20 cm H2O and maximal pressure but not by elevation of the expiratory stability index V10E/Vmax (Gruenwald). The area of hysteresis is decreased indicating a preponderant inspiratory effect. The Acteylcholin-effect is covered by the well-known bronchial obstructive effect. Both inspiratory constants are decreased, and the area of hysteresis is increased. We did not find any significance of the expiratory stability index. Both inspiratory constants and the area of hysteresis are conditional surfactant parameters in view of bronchial obstruction.", "PMID": 1037169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7744", "title": "[Lipolytic activity in some Candida strains (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors carried out an examination on the production of lipase in 300 Candida strains. The lipolytic activity was present in the majority of strains. In the 60 of the strains a more precise measurement of lipase production was performed qualitatively in a solid medium according to SIERRA (1957) and quantitatively in a liquid medium by titration with 0.1 N KOH. Furthermore, the correlation was determined between the production of lipase and the Candida growth. It was found that the qualitative proof of lipase in a solid medium according to SIERRA (1957) is a good informative method for determining lipolytic activity in Candidae. A much more sensitive method, however, is the quantitative method in a liquid medium; by this method the authors were successful in determining lipolytic activity even in some cases where the qualitative test was negative. On the whole, Candidae are lipolytically highly active. The mean values of lipase production in the Candida albicans cultures is 622 units in 1 ml of liquid medium; in other strains it is 798 units in 1 ml. There is a direct relation between the density of the culture and the amount of lipase produced.", "contents": "[Lipolytic activity in some Candida strains (author's transl)]. The authors carried out an examination on the production of lipase in 300 Candida strains. The lipolytic activity was present in the majority of strains. In the 60 of the strains a more precise measurement of lipase production was performed qualitatively in a solid medium according to SIERRA (1957) and quantitatively in a liquid medium by titration with 0.1 N KOH. Furthermore, the correlation was determined between the production of lipase and the Candida growth. It was found that the qualitative proof of lipase in a solid medium according to SIERRA (1957) is a good informative method for determining lipolytic activity in Candidae. A much more sensitive method, however, is the quantitative method in a liquid medium; by this method the authors were successful in determining lipolytic activity even in some cases where the qualitative test was negative. On the whole, Candidae are lipolytically highly active. The mean values of lipase production in the Candida albicans cultures is 622 units in 1 ml of liquid medium; in other strains it is 798 units in 1 ml. There is a direct relation between the density of the culture and the amount of lipase produced.", "PMID": 1037173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7745", "title": "The longest symbiotic bacterium as found in a membracid insect.", "content": "An insect tumour cell, carrying germs, contains nuclei and also cellular debris as protoplasmic and nuclear degradation bodies. In histological sections the nucleus may be seen surrounded by such bodies, cut across, which then appear round in form. They have therefore been mistaken for yeast-like germs, called \"Cicadomyces\". But in smears the protoplasmic debris is stained blue and reveals bizarre shapes. T. assamensis is an exception and offers the key to properly interpret the bodies named Cicadomyces. Its symbiote is a long filamentous bacterium and persists in protoplasmic debris, the so-called Cicadomyces. Since Cicadomyces themselves cannot be infected by germs as long as themselves, the former can only represent cellular degradation bodies.", "contents": "The longest symbiotic bacterium as found in a membracid insect. An insect tumour cell, carrying germs, contains nuclei and also cellular debris as protoplasmic and nuclear degradation bodies. In histological sections the nucleus may be seen surrounded by such bodies, cut across, which then appear round in form. They have therefore been mistaken for yeast-like germs, called \"Cicadomyces\". But in smears the protoplasmic debris is stained blue and reveals bizarre shapes. T. assamensis is an exception and offers the key to properly interpret the bodies named Cicadomyces. Its symbiote is a long filamentous bacterium and persists in protoplasmic debris, the so-called Cicadomyces. Since Cicadomyces themselves cannot be infected by germs as long as themselves, the former can only represent cellular degradation bodies.", "PMID": 1037174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7746", "title": "[Virus infestation of garden radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) (author's transl)].", "content": "In July 1974 a mosaic disease was stated in seed plants of garden radish near Aschersleben which spread more and more within some weeks and eventually infected over 40 per cent of the stand. Investigations in comparison with healthy seed plants demonstrated the following average losses induced by the disease: number of pods 51 per cent, seed weight 67 per cent, number of seeds per plant 53 per cent, weight of 1,000 seeds 33 per cent. Nearly unaffected were: number of seeds per pod, percentage of seed germination, and percentage of emerged seedlings. However, the seedlings were smaller when they derived from diseased mother plants. From diseased seed plants cauliflower mosaic virus was isolated. Seed transmission of this virus could not be stated with several hundreds of seedlings deriving from diseased garden radish. Back transmissions were successful with sap and with aphids. Only one strain which was cultivated in greenhouse for a long time gave no positive results. Three isolates of cabbage black ring virus from different plant species and the four beetle-transmissible viruses, namely turnip yellow mosaic, turnip crinkle, turnip rosette, and radish mosaic viruses induced no symptoms on garden radish seedlings. However, Erysimum latent virus, also belonging to the beetle-transmissible viruses, sometimes caused symptoms in garden radish. For the first time the investigations demonstrated in Europe, but probably also for the other continents, a spontaneous virus infection of Raphanus sativus var. sativus.", "contents": "[Virus infestation of garden radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) (author's transl)]. In July 1974 a mosaic disease was stated in seed plants of garden radish near Aschersleben which spread more and more within some weeks and eventually infected over 40 per cent of the stand. Investigations in comparison with healthy seed plants demonstrated the following average losses induced by the disease: number of pods 51 per cent, seed weight 67 per cent, number of seeds per plant 53 per cent, weight of 1,000 seeds 33 per cent. Nearly unaffected were: number of seeds per pod, percentage of seed germination, and percentage of emerged seedlings. However, the seedlings were smaller when they derived from diseased mother plants. From diseased seed plants cauliflower mosaic virus was isolated. Seed transmission of this virus could not be stated with several hundreds of seedlings deriving from diseased garden radish. Back transmissions were successful with sap and with aphids. Only one strain which was cultivated in greenhouse for a long time gave no positive results. Three isolates of cabbage black ring virus from different plant species and the four beetle-transmissible viruses, namely turnip yellow mosaic, turnip crinkle, turnip rosette, and radish mosaic viruses induced no symptoms on garden radish seedlings. However, Erysimum latent virus, also belonging to the beetle-transmissible viruses, sometimes caused symptoms in garden radish. For the first time the investigations demonstrated in Europe, but probably also for the other continents, a spontaneous virus infection of Raphanus sativus var. sativus.", "PMID": 1037175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7747", "title": "Evaluation of some biological tests as parameters for microbial activities in soils. I. Laboratory experiments.", "content": "The experiments were confined to the effects of the addition of different sources of carbon (glucose, wheat straw, and sawdust) on the microbial activities in soils: loamy sand, loam and saline clay were used. The parameters used for this purpose were total bacterial counts, dehydrogenase test, CO2 evolution, and oxidation of organic carbon. Salinity of soils had deleterious effects on all the parameters used. Addition of organic matter resulted in marked increases in bacterial counts, formazan production, and CO2 evolution. Glucose showed the most rapid effect and highest levels. Wheat straw yielded the highest results and sawdust always showed the least effect.", "contents": "Evaluation of some biological tests as parameters for microbial activities in soils. I. Laboratory experiments. The experiments were confined to the effects of the addition of different sources of carbon (glucose, wheat straw, and sawdust) on the microbial activities in soils: loamy sand, loam and saline clay were used. The parameters used for this purpose were total bacterial counts, dehydrogenase test, CO2 evolution, and oxidation of organic carbon. Salinity of soils had deleterious effects on all the parameters used. Addition of organic matter resulted in marked increases in bacterial counts, formazan production, and CO2 evolution. Glucose showed the most rapid effect and highest levels. Wheat straw yielded the highest results and sawdust always showed the least effect.", "PMID": 1037176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7748", "title": "Evaluation of some biological tests as parameters for microbial activities in soils. II. Field investigations.", "content": "Investigations were designed to study the effect of certain factors on the microbial activities in soil. The parameters, used as an index of the microbial activities, were total bacterial counts, dehydrogenase activity, oxidation of organic carbon, and CO2 evolved/7 days. Bahteem Farm clay soil was examined for determining the effects of depth, type of fertilization, and crop rotation on the microbial activities. It appears that the microbial activities, as indicated by the tested parameters, were more pronounced in the surface 15 cm-layer than in the subsurface layer (15-30 cm). Results of all the parameters tested showed markedly higher increases with farmyard manure than with nitrogenous fertilizer and in the control, without significant differences between the latter two. Moreover, the time of sampling had no effect on the results obtained for all parameters. Different types of rotations did not exert significant variation in total bacterial counts, though more than one crop per year increased the organic carbon content of soil and mostly the dehydrogenase activity, whereas the evolution of CO2 tended to decrease. At Gabal el-Asfar Farm, the effect of irrigation with sewage effluent, for long periods, on the microbial activities of sandy soil was investigated. Sewage water stimulated the total bacteria, raised the dehydrogenase activity, the organic carbon, and the production of CO2. In North El Tahreer and Mariut Sectors, the effect of both the type and age of cultivation on the microbial activities in the calcareous soils were examined. Cultivation raised the figures of all the tested parameters progressively with time of cultivation. It was also noticed that crops exerted more beneficial effects on microbial activities than orchards, and the dehydrogenase test was the most reliable parameter to reveal this fact.", "contents": "Evaluation of some biological tests as parameters for microbial activities in soils. II. Field investigations. Investigations were designed to study the effect of certain factors on the microbial activities in soil. The parameters, used as an index of the microbial activities, were total bacterial counts, dehydrogenase activity, oxidation of organic carbon, and CO2 evolved/7 days. Bahteem Farm clay soil was examined for determining the effects of depth, type of fertilization, and crop rotation on the microbial activities. It appears that the microbial activities, as indicated by the tested parameters, were more pronounced in the surface 15 cm-layer than in the subsurface layer (15-30 cm). Results of all the parameters tested showed markedly higher increases with farmyard manure than with nitrogenous fertilizer and in the control, without significant differences between the latter two. Moreover, the time of sampling had no effect on the results obtained for all parameters. Different types of rotations did not exert significant variation in total bacterial counts, though more than one crop per year increased the organic carbon content of soil and mostly the dehydrogenase activity, whereas the evolution of CO2 tended to decrease. At Gabal el-Asfar Farm, the effect of irrigation with sewage effluent, for long periods, on the microbial activities of sandy soil was investigated. Sewage water stimulated the total bacteria, raised the dehydrogenase activity, the organic carbon, and the production of CO2. In North El Tahreer and Mariut Sectors, the effect of both the type and age of cultivation on the microbial activities in the calcareous soils were examined. Cultivation raised the figures of all the tested parameters progressively with time of cultivation. It was also noticed that crops exerted more beneficial effects on microbial activities than orchards, and the dehydrogenase test was the most reliable parameter to reveal this fact.", "PMID": 1037177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7749", "title": "[Proof of soil sickness in growing apple plantations (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Soils from five apple orchards of different age and from different sites were tested with respect to the occurrence of soil sickness. 2. Severe or very severe soil sickness could be proved in four of the sites. In one site weak soil sickness could be obtained. 3. These results confirm earlier observations on the occurrence of soil sickness within the regions of growing root systems of older trees. 4. The occurrence of soil sickness in growing plantations can be brought in good correspondence with the ascertainment that microorganisms associated with roots are to be considered as the cause of soil sickness. 5. The significance of the occurrence of soil sickness in growing plantations for development and yield of trees must be investigated in further experiments.", "contents": "[Proof of soil sickness in growing apple plantations (author's transl)]. 1. Soils from five apple orchards of different age and from different sites were tested with respect to the occurrence of soil sickness. 2. Severe or very severe soil sickness could be proved in four of the sites. In one site weak soil sickness could be obtained. 3. These results confirm earlier observations on the occurrence of soil sickness within the regions of growing root systems of older trees. 4. The occurrence of soil sickness in growing plantations can be brought in good correspondence with the ascertainment that microorganisms associated with roots are to be considered as the cause of soil sickness. 5. The significance of the occurrence of soil sickness in growing plantations for development and yield of trees must be investigated in further experiments.", "PMID": 1037178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7750", "title": "Biological activities during ripening of composts.", "content": "Three investigations were carried out. The first determined the relationships between dehydrogenase acitivty throughout the course of composting wheat straw and the changes in both organic carbon and total nitrogen. The second investigation tested the validity of the first investigation results. The third dealt with the effect of the degree of ripening of a compost, expressed by age and C/N ratio, on its dehydrogenase activity, and production of CO2. The results revealed continual decreases in the organic carbon, coincident with increases in total N and dehydrogenase activity. Noticeable chemical and biological changes occurred in the first and third month. Levels of dehydrogenase were highest in rice straw and lowest in cotton stalk compost, while the wheat straw compost occupied an intermediate position. Aging of the compost resulted in increases in the dehydrogenase figures and decreases in the amounts of CO2 produced.", "contents": "Biological activities during ripening of composts. Three investigations were carried out. The first determined the relationships between dehydrogenase acitivty throughout the course of composting wheat straw and the changes in both organic carbon and total nitrogen. The second investigation tested the validity of the first investigation results. The third dealt with the effect of the degree of ripening of a compost, expressed by age and C/N ratio, on its dehydrogenase activity, and production of CO2. The results revealed continual decreases in the organic carbon, coincident with increases in total N and dehydrogenase activity. Noticeable chemical and biological changes occurred in the first and third month. Levels of dehydrogenase were highest in rice straw and lowest in cotton stalk compost, while the wheat straw compost occupied an intermediate position. Aging of the compost resulted in increases in the dehydrogenase figures and decreases in the amounts of CO2 produced.", "PMID": 1037181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7751", "title": "[The influence of choramphenicol and streptomycinsulphate on the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum (van Hall) Dowson (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of the antibiotics chloraphenicol (D-threo-form) and streptomycin sulphate against Pectobacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum (syn. Erwinia carotovora) was investigated in vitro and on potato tubers. Chloramphenicol showed a greater effect as streptomycinsulphate in the applied concentrations. The success of the control of soft rot is determined by the period between the inoculation and the treatment of the tubers. 6 several strains of P. carotovorum var. atrosepticum showed a different sensibility to chloramphenicol and streptomycinsulphate.", "contents": "[The influence of choramphenicol and streptomycinsulphate on the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum (van Hall) Dowson (author's transl)]. The influence of the antibiotics chloraphenicol (D-threo-form) and streptomycin sulphate against Pectobacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum (syn. Erwinia carotovora) was investigated in vitro and on potato tubers. Chloramphenicol showed a greater effect as streptomycinsulphate in the applied concentrations. The success of the control of soft rot is determined by the period between the inoculation and the treatment of the tubers. 6 several strains of P. carotovorum var. atrosepticum showed a different sensibility to chloramphenicol and streptomycinsulphate.", "PMID": 1037182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7752", "title": "New leaf diseases of barley in Egypt.", "content": "Leaf diseases of barley were observed also in Egypt. From leaves of barley were isolated: Helminthosporium teres, H. gramineum, Stemphylium vesicarium, Alternaria triticina, Vlocladium chartarum, Acnemonium kiliense, Stemphylium spec. accompanied with the Pleospora stage. Inoculations on both attached and detached leaves showed that all the tested fungi were pathogenic, except Acremonium kiliense and Ulocladium chartarum.", "contents": "New leaf diseases of barley in Egypt. Leaf diseases of barley were observed also in Egypt. From leaves of barley were isolated: Helminthosporium teres, H. gramineum, Stemphylium vesicarium, Alternaria triticina, Vlocladium chartarum, Acnemonium kiliense, Stemphylium spec. accompanied with the Pleospora stage. Inoculations on both attached and detached leaves showed that all the tested fungi were pathogenic, except Acremonium kiliense and Ulocladium chartarum.", "PMID": 1037183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7753", "title": "The formation of heteroagglutinins in rats \"chemically\" splenectomized by ethyl palmitate, in comparison to animals surgically splenectomized.", "content": "In Wistar rats \"chemically splenectomized\" by an i.v. injection of ethyl palmitate the formation of heteroagglutinins against human O-erythrocytes has been followed. Ethyl palmitate applied 2 hrs before immunization induced on the 5th day a significant decrease of the antibody level. This temporary inhibition, however, was at a later stage replaced by a significant increase of antibody level with the peak of 8--14 days. Animals surgically splenectomized 24 hrs prior to immunization displayed a weak antibody response throughout the experiment. An injection of the ethyl palmitate on the 6th day after immunization induced a pronounced and persistent decrease of the antibody level. Surgical splenectomy performed within the same interval had a comparable effect. The experiments revealed that the inhibitory effect of ethyl palmitate on antibody production was temporary only, and at a later stage could be compensated by an enhanced antibody activity.", "contents": "The formation of heteroagglutinins in rats \"chemically\" splenectomized by ethyl palmitate, in comparison to animals surgically splenectomized. In Wistar rats \"chemically splenectomized\" by an i.v. injection of ethyl palmitate the formation of heteroagglutinins against human O-erythrocytes has been followed. Ethyl palmitate applied 2 hrs before immunization induced on the 5th day a significant decrease of the antibody level. This temporary inhibition, however, was at a later stage replaced by a significant increase of antibody level with the peak of 8--14 days. Animals surgically splenectomized 24 hrs prior to immunization displayed a weak antibody response throughout the experiment. An injection of the ethyl palmitate on the 6th day after immunization induced a pronounced and persistent decrease of the antibody level. Surgical splenectomy performed within the same interval had a comparable effect. The experiments revealed that the inhibitory effect of ethyl palmitate on antibody production was temporary only, and at a later stage could be compensated by an enhanced antibody activity.", "PMID": 1037184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7754", "title": "[Reactions of hereophilic agglutinins with L-cells and different toxicity of anti-A HP to fibroblasts and L-cells in vitro].", "content": "The carbohydrate binding glycoprotein Anti-AHP binds to the plasma membrane of the (transformed) L-cell both in agglutination reactions and by the immunofluorescence technique. On the surface of (normal) mouse embryo fibroblast cells Anti-AHP receptors were not detectable. Anti-AHP is suitable as another marker for L cells. The random distribution of the binding sites at 4 degrees C changes with elevated temperatures (clustering, capping of sites). Anti-AHP inhibits the growth of L cells much more than that of fibroblasts. It does not act as a mitogen for the investigated cells.", "contents": "[Reactions of hereophilic agglutinins with L-cells and different toxicity of anti-A HP to fibroblasts and L-cells in vitro]. The carbohydrate binding glycoprotein Anti-AHP binds to the plasma membrane of the (transformed) L-cell both in agglutination reactions and by the immunofluorescence technique. On the surface of (normal) mouse embryo fibroblast cells Anti-AHP receptors were not detectable. Anti-AHP is suitable as another marker for L cells. The random distribution of the binding sites at 4 degrees C changes with elevated temperatures (clustering, capping of sites). Anti-AHP inhibits the growth of L cells much more than that of fibroblasts. It does not act as a mitogen for the investigated cells.", "PMID": 1037185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7755", "title": "[Antitumor activity of carminomycin antibiotic used orally].", "content": "Antitumor activity of karminomycin used perorally was studied with respect to 3 strains of mouse transplantable tumors, i. e. one ascitic strain of lymphadenosis NK/LI and two solid strains of lymphosarcoma L10-1 and sarcoma 180. Karminomycin was shown to have a high antitumor activity against the above tumors on its oral administration. In the experiments with lymphadenosis NK/LI the efficiency of karminomycin was higher when it was used perorally as compared to its intravenous administration. It was found that karminomycin had practically the same inhibitory effect on growth of lymphosarcoma L10-1 and sarcoma 180 on its peroral and intravenous administration in doses equivalent by their toxicity.", "contents": "[Antitumor activity of carminomycin antibiotic used orally]. Antitumor activity of karminomycin used perorally was studied with respect to 3 strains of mouse transplantable tumors, i. e. one ascitic strain of lymphadenosis NK/LI and two solid strains of lymphosarcoma L10-1 and sarcoma 180. Karminomycin was shown to have a high antitumor activity against the above tumors on its oral administration. In the experiments with lymphadenosis NK/LI the efficiency of karminomycin was higher when it was used perorally as compared to its intravenous administration. It was found that karminomycin had practically the same inhibitory effect on growth of lymphosarcoma L10-1 and sarcoma 180 on its peroral and intravenous administration in doses equivalent by their toxicity.", "PMID": 1037187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7756", "title": "[Preparation of dihydrocarminomycin and a comparison of its antitumor activity with the activity of carminomycin].", "content": "A dihydro derivative of karminomycin was prepared using chemical reduction with potassium boron hydride. When dihydrokarminomycin was administered intravenously to healthy albino mice in a single dose it practically showed the same toxicity as karminomycin. However, unlike the latter dihydrokarminomycin induced the death of the animals at later periods of time. Studies on mice with transplantable tumours showed high antitumor activity of dihydrokarminomycin against lymphosarcoma L10-1, sarcoma 180, Garding-Passy melanoma, lymphoid leukosis L-1210 and lymphocytal leukosis P-388. In treatment of the mice with leukosis L-1210 and Garding-Passy melanoma dihydrokapminomycin was much inferior by its efficiency than karminomycin.", "contents": "[Preparation of dihydrocarminomycin and a comparison of its antitumor activity with the activity of carminomycin]. A dihydro derivative of karminomycin was prepared using chemical reduction with potassium boron hydride. When dihydrokarminomycin was administered intravenously to healthy albino mice in a single dose it practically showed the same toxicity as karminomycin. However, unlike the latter dihydrokarminomycin induced the death of the animals at later periods of time. Studies on mice with transplantable tumours showed high antitumor activity of dihydrokarminomycin against lymphosarcoma L10-1, sarcoma 180, Garding-Passy melanoma, lymphoid leukosis L-1210 and lymphocytal leukosis P-388. In treatment of the mice with leukosis L-1210 and Garding-Passy melanoma dihydrokapminomycin was much inferior by its efficiency than karminomycin.", "PMID": 1037188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7757", "title": "[Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma associated with bilateral diffuse-nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex and micro-macrofollicular goiter].", "content": "At autopsy there was found extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, bilateral diffuse-nodulous and adenomatous hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex in a female patient who had suffered for a long time from high arterial pressure. In the enlarged thyroid gland there was revealed micro-macrofollicular colloid goiter with basedowification. The morphological changes and results of an investigation of the liquor (drop in the content of potassium) justify the assumption that in this case there is a combination of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma with hormonally active rearrangement of the adrenal cortex--primary hyperaldosteronism and basedowified goiter.", "contents": "[Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma associated with bilateral diffuse-nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex and micro-macrofollicular goiter]. At autopsy there was found extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, bilateral diffuse-nodulous and adenomatous hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex in a female patient who had suffered for a long time from high arterial pressure. In the enlarged thyroid gland there was revealed micro-macrofollicular colloid goiter with basedowification. The morphological changes and results of an investigation of the liquor (drop in the content of potassium) justify the assumption that in this case there is a combination of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma with hormonally active rearrangement of the adrenal cortex--primary hyperaldosteronism and basedowified goiter.", "PMID": 1037190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7758", "title": "Incidence of intestinal parasites in children of different socio-economic population of Dacca city.", "content": "Stool samples of 1500 children of different socio-economic status of Dacca city was examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Samples were collected on voluntary basis which may be treated as randomised. Out of these 1500 children, 816 were male and 684 were female. The overall incidence of parasites was 65.80%, the male children slightly prepondering over the female children. Children of age group 6-10 years showed high incidence of almost all the parasites. Children of Basti area showed the highest incidence (about 90%) and most of them harboured multiple parasites. About 27.13% of infants under the age of one year (mostly from Basti area) harboured parasites. Intestinal parasites were observed that both housing and economic status played vital roles in the occurrence of intestinal parasitosis but the housing and environmental conditions were found to be in a stronger position than economic status.", "contents": "Incidence of intestinal parasites in children of different socio-economic population of Dacca city. Stool samples of 1500 children of different socio-economic status of Dacca city was examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Samples were collected on voluntary basis which may be treated as randomised. Out of these 1500 children, 816 were male and 684 were female. The overall incidence of parasites was 65.80%, the male children slightly prepondering over the female children. Children of age group 6-10 years showed high incidence of almost all the parasites. Children of Basti area showed the highest incidence (about 90%) and most of them harboured multiple parasites. About 27.13% of infants under the age of one year (mostly from Basti area) harboured parasites. Intestinal parasites were observed that both housing and economic status played vital roles in the occurrence of intestinal parasitosis but the housing and environmental conditions were found to be in a stronger position than economic status.", "PMID": 1037191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7759", "title": "Effects of tranquillising, antidepressant and central nervous system stimulant drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level of rat brain.", "content": "The level of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was determined in the brain of rats 1 hr. after i.p. injection of chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, diazepam, trimipramine, methamphetamine and nikethamide. Diazepam increased, and, trimipramine and amphetamine decreased the brain GABA level over wide dose ranges. Low doses of chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine increased but high doses of the drugs reduced the GABA level. Low doses of nikethamide reduced whereas high doses increased the level of GABA. The effects of the drugs have been discussed in relation to the brain GABA level.", "contents": "Effects of tranquillising, antidepressant and central nervous system stimulant drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level of rat brain. The level of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was determined in the brain of rats 1 hr. after i.p. injection of chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, diazepam, trimipramine, methamphetamine and nikethamide. Diazepam increased, and, trimipramine and amphetamine decreased the brain GABA level over wide dose ranges. Low doses of chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine increased but high doses of the drugs reduced the GABA level. Low doses of nikethamide reduced whereas high doses increased the level of GABA. The effects of the drugs have been discussed in relation to the brain GABA level.", "PMID": 1037192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7760", "title": "Infective polyneuropathy (a report of 14 cases).", "content": "Fourteen cases of infective polyneuropathy were admitted in the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dacca, during a period of one year. The clinical features and laboratory investigations of these patients have been recorded. The management was done as usual but particular stress was given to the use of a short course of corticosteriod to all patients. The results of treatment was satisfactory and uniform for majority of the cases.", "contents": "Infective polyneuropathy (a report of 14 cases). Fourteen cases of infective polyneuropathy were admitted in the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dacca, during a period of one year. The clinical features and laboratory investigations of these patients have been recorded. The management was done as usual but particular stress was given to the use of a short course of corticosteriod to all patients. The results of treatment was satisfactory and uniform for majority of the cases.", "PMID": 1037194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7761", "title": "Changes in the process of aging.", "content": "Anthropometric data, caloric intake and blood glucose, cholesterol, urea and bilirubin level were compared in a group of elderly persons (mean age, 55.72 years in males and 52.04 years in females) with a group of young persons (mean age, 27.80 years in males and 27.30 years in females) from similar socio-economic background. It was observed the elderly persons were slightly heavier than the young persons and consumed less calories. In the absence of active disease, the blood glucose, cholesterol, urea and bilirubin of the elderly persons were within normal limits and comparable to young persons.", "contents": "Changes in the process of aging. Anthropometric data, caloric intake and blood glucose, cholesterol, urea and bilirubin level were compared in a group of elderly persons (mean age, 55.72 years in males and 52.04 years in females) with a group of young persons (mean age, 27.80 years in males and 27.30 years in females) from similar socio-economic background. It was observed the elderly persons were slightly heavier than the young persons and consumed less calories. In the absence of active disease, the blood glucose, cholesterol, urea and bilirubin of the elderly persons were within normal limits and comparable to young persons.", "PMID": 1037197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7762", "title": "Incidence and causes of blindness amongst the rural population.", "content": "A survey of blindness was conducted in a few union councils of the districts of Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali in a population of 1,14,624 and 1,085 cases of blindness (842 adults and 243 children) were detected. The most common cause of blindness in the adults was cataract whereas in the children it was corneal affection. Trauma constituted 26.7% of blindness in the children and 10.2% in the adults. Glaucoma was responsible for 16.3% of blindness in the adults.", "contents": "Incidence and causes of blindness amongst the rural population. A survey of blindness was conducted in a few union councils of the districts of Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali in a population of 1,14,624 and 1,085 cases of blindness (842 adults and 243 children) were detected. The most common cause of blindness in the adults was cataract whereas in the children it was corneal affection. Trauma constituted 26.7% of blindness in the children and 10.2% in the adults. Glaucoma was responsible for 16.3% of blindness in the adults.", "PMID": 1037199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7763", "title": "Chronic diarrhoeal diseases in adults (a preliminary report).", "content": "The relationship of chronic diarrhoeal diseases in adults on socio-economic condition, parasitic infestation and degree of anaemia have been investigated. The disease was more prevalent in poor socio-economic group of people. Most of the patients had mixed parasitic infestations. Anaemia was present in all the cases. Difference in the degree of anaemia was not significant amongst the patients having either Ascaris or hookworm infestation.", "contents": "Chronic diarrhoeal diseases in adults (a preliminary report). The relationship of chronic diarrhoeal diseases in adults on socio-economic condition, parasitic infestation and degree of anaemia have been investigated. The disease was more prevalent in poor socio-economic group of people. Most of the patients had mixed parasitic infestations. Anaemia was present in all the cases. Difference in the degree of anaemia was not significant amongst the patients having either Ascaris or hookworm infestation.", "PMID": 1037200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7764", "title": "[ On the metabolism of ethyl-DL-trans-2-dimethylamino-1-phenyl-cyclohex-3-ene-trans-1-carboxylate-hydrochloride (Tilidine-HCl). 2nd Communication: Studies with 14C-labelled substance on rats and dogs].", "content": "Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the potent analgesic ethyl-DL-trans-2-timethylamino-1-phenyl-chclohex-3-ene-trans-1-carboxylate-hydrochloride (tilidine-HCl, G\u00f6 1261 C, active ingredient of Vloron) were investigated in rats and dogs, using the radioactively labelled substance. Following oral administration, tilidine-HCl is rapidly and completely absorbed from the duodenum. During absorption, tilidine undergoes a marked first-pass effect. In plasma several metabolites are found, part of them occurring in higher concentrations than the unchanged substance. The metabolites are also formed rapidly after parenteral administration, unchanged tilidine being found in higher concentrations than any of the metabolites at all times measured. Following both routes of administration, the Met. I (nortilidine), also possessing a strong analgesic activity, reaches similar plasma levels. 14C distribution studies in rats showed a relatively high concentration of the radioactivity in the excretory organs, liver and kidneys. In brain, muscle tissue and blood much lower 14C concentrations are found. The concentrations measured in the foetal organs correspond to those in the muscle tissue of the mother animals and are, therefore, much lower than in most maternal organs. The radioactivity is eliminated from the foetal organs at the same rate as from the maternal organs. Tilidine is rapidly and completely eliminated with the excrements, nearly exclusively in the form of metabolic products. Rats eliminate 50% of the given radioactivity via the kidneys. The relatively high fecal elimination is based on the biliary metabolites. Following intraduodenal and intravenous administration to rats with an interrupted enterohepatic circulation, about 80% of the dose is eliminated with bile. The biliary metabolites are partly reabsorbed. In dogs, approx. 80% of the applied radioactivity is eliminated with urine.", "contents": "[ On the metabolism of ethyl-DL-trans-2-dimethylamino-1-phenyl-cyclohex-3-ene-trans-1-carboxylate-hydrochloride (Tilidine-HCl). 2nd Communication: Studies with 14C-labelled substance on rats and dogs]. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the potent analgesic ethyl-DL-trans-2-timethylamino-1-phenyl-chclohex-3-ene-trans-1-carboxylate-hydrochloride (tilidine-HCl, G\u00f6 1261 C, active ingredient of Vloron) were investigated in rats and dogs, using the radioactively labelled substance. Following oral administration, tilidine-HCl is rapidly and completely absorbed from the duodenum. During absorption, tilidine undergoes a marked first-pass effect. In plasma several metabolites are found, part of them occurring in higher concentrations than the unchanged substance. The metabolites are also formed rapidly after parenteral administration, unchanged tilidine being found in higher concentrations than any of the metabolites at all times measured. Following both routes of administration, the Met. I (nortilidine), also possessing a strong analgesic activity, reaches similar plasma levels. 14C distribution studies in rats showed a relatively high concentration of the radioactivity in the excretory organs, liver and kidneys. In brain, muscle tissue and blood much lower 14C concentrations are found. The concentrations measured in the foetal organs correspond to those in the muscle tissue of the mother animals and are, therefore, much lower than in most maternal organs. The radioactivity is eliminated from the foetal organs at the same rate as from the maternal organs. Tilidine is rapidly and completely eliminated with the excrements, nearly exclusively in the form of metabolic products. Rats eliminate 50% of the given radioactivity via the kidneys. The relatively high fecal elimination is based on the biliary metabolites. Following intraduodenal and intravenous administration to rats with an interrupted enterohepatic circulation, about 80% of the dose is eliminated with bile. The biliary metabolites are partly reabsorbed. In dogs, approx. 80% of the applied radioactivity is eliminated with urine.", "PMID": 1037201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7765", "title": "Studies on the determination and induction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "To determine the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, different fractions from rat liver homogenates are incubated with glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP as well as with cholesterol-4-14C. The 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol-4-14C formed is separated from the extract of the incubation preparation by means of thin-layer chromatography and its radioactivity is calculated as a percentage (conversion figure) of the total radioactivity on the plate. The highest conversion is found in the 18 000 X g supernatant. It is of the order of 1--4%. This activity decreases to about one-half when the homogenate or the cell fraction is stored, while cooling, for two days. It can be shown that repeated pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital increases the activity of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase by more than three times over the control values. 1-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl-acetyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (Bay a 4798) a choleretically active drug also increases the activity of this enzyme in the rat more than twofold. This effect is confirmed by reduced biliary excretion of radioactive cholesterol and increased biliary excretion of radioactive bile acids following i.v. administration of DL-mevalolactone-2-14C and continuous intraduodenal infusion of Bay a 4798.", "contents": "Studies on the determination and induction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. To determine the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, different fractions from rat liver homogenates are incubated with glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP as well as with cholesterol-4-14C. The 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol-4-14C formed is separated from the extract of the incubation preparation by means of thin-layer chromatography and its radioactivity is calculated as a percentage (conversion figure) of the total radioactivity on the plate. The highest conversion is found in the 18 000 X g supernatant. It is of the order of 1--4%. This activity decreases to about one-half when the homogenate or the cell fraction is stored, while cooling, for two days. It can be shown that repeated pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital increases the activity of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase by more than three times over the control values. 1-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl-acetyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (Bay a 4798) a choleretically active drug also increases the activity of this enzyme in the rat more than twofold. This effect is confirmed by reduced biliary excretion of radioactive cholesterol and increased biliary excretion of radioactive bile acids following i.v. administration of DL-mevalolactone-2-14C and continuous intraduodenal infusion of Bay a 4798.", "PMID": 1037202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7766", "title": "[On the mode of action of difenoxin (R 15 403). Part 2: Studies on the perfused isolated colonic loop of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonipecotinic acid hydrochloride (difenoxin, R 15 403), a new antidiarrhoic agent, was studied in vivo in rats with an isolated colonic loop. Difenoxin had no effect on transport or absorption of fluid during perfusion experiments. When given i.p. it inhibited the motility of the coecum but not that of the colon. Difenoxin has apparently no effect on normal rat colon, although an effect may have been masked by the wide variation of parameters measured under identical conditions.", "contents": "[On the mode of action of difenoxin (R 15 403). Part 2: Studies on the perfused isolated colonic loop of the rat (author's transl)]. The effect of 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonipecotinic acid hydrochloride (difenoxin, R 15 403), a new antidiarrhoic agent, was studied in vivo in rats with an isolated colonic loop. Difenoxin had no effect on transport or absorption of fluid during perfusion experiments. When given i.p. it inhibited the motility of the coecum but not that of the colon. Difenoxin has apparently no effect on normal rat colon, although an effect may have been masked by the wide variation of parameters measured under identical conditions.", "PMID": 1037203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7767", "title": "[Pharmacology of 2'-[2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)-propoxy]-3-phenylpropiophenone (Propafenone, SA 79)-hydrochloride].", "content": "The pharmacologic actions of 2'-[2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)-propoxy]-3-phenylpropiophenone (propafenone, SA 79) hydrochloride were investigated in animal experiments. The drug showed antiarrhythmic action in anesthetized dogs, cats and rabbits after i.v. (1 mg/kg) and oral (2-10 mg/kg) application. The model arrhythmias were induced by epinephrine infusion plus chloroform inhalation or by infusion of digoxin, calciumchloride or aconitine or by occlusion of the left coronary artery. Propafenon prolonged the refractory period in isolated atria of guinea pigs and elevated the electrical fluttering level of the ventricle in anesthetized guinea pigs or conscious rabbits. It showed local-anesthetic action on the cornea of the guinea pigs. In doses of 3-10 mg/kg i.v. it lowered blood pressure, inhibited contraction force of the heart ventricle and dilated coronary arteries. Heart rate was unchanged by anti-arrhythmic doses. With higher doses (more than 7 mg/kg i.v.) ECG was altered. The autonomic nervous system was unaffected but bronchial adrenergic beta-receptors appeared to be inhibited. The results show, that propafenon has a specific antiarrhythmic action on the heart. The doses to be used have no influences on other circulatory parameters. Propafenon acts after oral application too.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of 2'-[2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)-propoxy]-3-phenylpropiophenone (Propafenone, SA 79)-hydrochloride]. The pharmacologic actions of 2'-[2-hydroxy-3-(propylamino)-propoxy]-3-phenylpropiophenone (propafenone, SA 79) hydrochloride were investigated in animal experiments. The drug showed antiarrhythmic action in anesthetized dogs, cats and rabbits after i.v. (1 mg/kg) and oral (2-10 mg/kg) application. The model arrhythmias were induced by epinephrine infusion plus chloroform inhalation or by infusion of digoxin, calciumchloride or aconitine or by occlusion of the left coronary artery. Propafenon prolonged the refractory period in isolated atria of guinea pigs and elevated the electrical fluttering level of the ventricle in anesthetized guinea pigs or conscious rabbits. It showed local-anesthetic action on the cornea of the guinea pigs. In doses of 3-10 mg/kg i.v. it lowered blood pressure, inhibited contraction force of the heart ventricle and dilated coronary arteries. Heart rate was unchanged by anti-arrhythmic doses. With higher doses (more than 7 mg/kg i.v.) ECG was altered. The autonomic nervous system was unaffected but bronchial adrenergic beta-receptors appeared to be inhibited. The results show, that propafenon has a specific antiarrhythmic action on the heart. The doses to be used have no influences on other circulatory parameters. Propafenon acts after oral application too.", "PMID": 1037204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7768", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of dimethophrine in biological specimens of rabbit.", "content": "A method to measure the alpha-sympathomimetic amine, 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-monomethyl-amino-ethanol (dimethophrine, DMP), was developed and applied for the determination of the drug in biological specimens. The gas chromatographic degradation of the drug was investigated, and in order to avoid this process, DMP is converted to the trifluoroacetyl derivative and assayed by gas liquid chromatography on an OV 1' column. The minimum detectable amount is 25 pg per injection. Linearity (using hexachlorobenzene as internal standard for quantitation) was found up to mug amounts of the substance, without any interference with endogenous substrates. Values from plasma, red blood cells and urine in rabbits treated with a single dose of DMP (10 mg/kg) are also reported.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of dimethophrine in biological specimens of rabbit. A method to measure the alpha-sympathomimetic amine, 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-monomethyl-amino-ethanol (dimethophrine, DMP), was developed and applied for the determination of the drug in biological specimens. The gas chromatographic degradation of the drug was investigated, and in order to avoid this process, DMP is converted to the trifluoroacetyl derivative and assayed by gas liquid chromatography on an OV 1' column. The minimum detectable amount is 25 pg per injection. Linearity (using hexachlorobenzene as internal standard for quantitation) was found up to mug amounts of the substance, without any interference with endogenous substrates. Values from plasma, red blood cells and urine in rabbits treated with a single dose of DMP (10 mg/kg) are also reported.", "PMID": 1037205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7769", "title": "Drug absorption from the irradiated rat small intestine in situ.", "content": "The absorption of acidic drugs phenobarbitone and sulphafurazole, basic drugs mecamylamine and quinidine, and a neutral drug isoniazid was studied in situ. Rats were irradiated 750 rad whole-body with 60Co and the absorption experiment was done three and six days thereafter using the cannulated small intestine of urethane-anaesthetized rats. Drug disappearance from the intestinal lumen and drug levels in the whole blood and intestinal wall were measured. In control rats phenobarbitone showed the most rapid absorption and mecamylamine the slowest. Irradiation retarded the disappearance of all drugs from the intestinal lumen on the third postirradiation day. Fluid absorption was also diminished. On the sixth postirradiation day the absorption of phenobarbitone, sulphafurazole and mecamylamine had returned to the control level, but the absorption of quinidine and isoniazid was still retarded. After i.v. administration of drugs they were not significantly excreted into the intestinal contents and irradiation did not modify excretion. The distribution of drugs between the intestinal fluid and the intestinal wall was complete in the first 10 min of experiment. Mecamylamine and quinidine were lowered in the whole blood by irradiation. Blood levels of drugs did not correlate well to the rate of disappearance of drugs from the intestinal lumen. The reversible changes in absorption induced by irradiation are probably secondary effects of irradiation on intestinal morphology, permeability and transport capacity, composition, and possibly blood flow.", "contents": "Drug absorption from the irradiated rat small intestine in situ. The absorption of acidic drugs phenobarbitone and sulphafurazole, basic drugs mecamylamine and quinidine, and a neutral drug isoniazid was studied in situ. Rats were irradiated 750 rad whole-body with 60Co and the absorption experiment was done three and six days thereafter using the cannulated small intestine of urethane-anaesthetized rats. Drug disappearance from the intestinal lumen and drug levels in the whole blood and intestinal wall were measured. In control rats phenobarbitone showed the most rapid absorption and mecamylamine the slowest. Irradiation retarded the disappearance of all drugs from the intestinal lumen on the third postirradiation day. Fluid absorption was also diminished. On the sixth postirradiation day the absorption of phenobarbitone, sulphafurazole and mecamylamine had returned to the control level, but the absorption of quinidine and isoniazid was still retarded. After i.v. administration of drugs they were not significantly excreted into the intestinal contents and irradiation did not modify excretion. The distribution of drugs between the intestinal fluid and the intestinal wall was complete in the first 10 min of experiment. Mecamylamine and quinidine were lowered in the whole blood by irradiation. Blood levels of drugs did not correlate well to the rate of disappearance of drugs from the intestinal lumen. The reversible changes in absorption induced by irradiation are probably secondary effects of irradiation on intestinal morphology, permeability and transport capacity, composition, and possibly blood flow.", "PMID": 1037206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7770", "title": "[Suitability test of various food mixtures for breeding and rearing of beagle dogs. 2nd Communication: Methods and results of feeding experiments of the Mannheim team (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of 3 commercially available dog foods (Ssniff C, Altromin H, Altromin HW) with 2 newly formulated dog food mixtures was carried out with regard to breeding, rearing and maintenance of Beagle dogs. No significant differences were found between the individual feeding groups with regard to the fertility and breeding ability of the bitches. All the foods supplied the requirements for energy, nutrients and feed additives in the rearing and maintenance of the dogs. The parameters used for the assessment, such as body weight, daily gain, daily food consumption and feed efficiency, were satisfactory for all food groups and were partially reproduceable. If the consumption of food, energy and nutrients per kg body weight are calculated and are related to the rearing results obtained then inconsistencies occur which can only be explained by differences in digestibility of the individual food components, and these underline the need for digestibility tests in dogs. The 2 newly formulated foods compared favourably with the other food stuffs and fulfilled the requirements for better standardised food mixtures. Further experiments will investigate the effects on the morphological, haematological and clinico-chemical characteristics. A comparison of different age groups confirmed the data in the literature which indicates that younger animals have a higher requirement for energy and nutrients per kg body weight than older animals. Results that have not yet been explained are the findings that the consumption of food, and thus of energy and nutrients, per kg body weight in younger male animals is lower than that of the female animals of the same age to a highly significant degree.", "contents": "[Suitability test of various food mixtures for breeding and rearing of beagle dogs. 2nd Communication: Methods and results of feeding experiments of the Mannheim team (author's transl)]. A comparison of 3 commercially available dog foods (Ssniff C, Altromin H, Altromin HW) with 2 newly formulated dog food mixtures was carried out with regard to breeding, rearing and maintenance of Beagle dogs. No significant differences were found between the individual feeding groups with regard to the fertility and breeding ability of the bitches. All the foods supplied the requirements for energy, nutrients and feed additives in the rearing and maintenance of the dogs. The parameters used for the assessment, such as body weight, daily gain, daily food consumption and feed efficiency, were satisfactory for all food groups and were partially reproduceable. If the consumption of food, energy and nutrients per kg body weight are calculated and are related to the rearing results obtained then inconsistencies occur which can only be explained by differences in digestibility of the individual food components, and these underline the need for digestibility tests in dogs. The 2 newly formulated foods compared favourably with the other food stuffs and fulfilled the requirements for better standardised food mixtures. Further experiments will investigate the effects on the morphological, haematological and clinico-chemical characteristics. A comparison of different age groups confirmed the data in the literature which indicates that younger animals have a higher requirement for energy and nutrients per kg body weight than older animals. Results that have not yet been explained are the findings that the consumption of food, and thus of energy and nutrients, per kg body weight in younger male animals is lower than that of the female animals of the same age to a highly significant degree.", "PMID": 1037207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7771", "title": "Posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency. Clinical course, 59Fe whole-body iron losses, and oral iron supplementation.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory data characterizing post-haemorrhagic anaemia with still normal iron stores and posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency in the manifest, latent or prelatent stage are presented. Initially, increased 59Fe whole-body iron losses (greater than 0.1-3.6%/day) returned to normal range (less than 0.1%/day) after haemostasis. Subsequently, slow increase of haemoglobin and repletion of iron stores occurred under normal diets. Manifest, latent, and prelatent iron deficiencies were corrected much more rapidly by total doses of 12.0, 10.5 and 8.0 g iron (Fe2+ sulfate), respectively, when 2 X 50 mg/day were given in quick-release capsules apart from meals.", "contents": "Posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency. Clinical course, 59Fe whole-body iron losses, and oral iron supplementation. Clinical and laboratory data characterizing post-haemorrhagic anaemia with still normal iron stores and posthaemorrhagic iron deficiency in the manifest, latent or prelatent stage are presented. Initially, increased 59Fe whole-body iron losses (greater than 0.1-3.6%/day) returned to normal range (less than 0.1%/day) after haemostasis. Subsequently, slow increase of haemoglobin and repletion of iron stores occurred under normal diets. Manifest, latent, and prelatent iron deficiencies were corrected much more rapidly by total doses of 12.0, 10.5 and 8.0 g iron (Fe2+ sulfate), respectively, when 2 X 50 mg/day were given in quick-release capsules apart from meals.", "PMID": 1037208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7772", "title": "The effect of colestipol on digitoxin plasma levels.", "content": "The effect of colestipol (colestipol hydrochloride; U-26 597 A), a copolymer of tetraethylenepentamine and epichlorhydrine, on plasma digitoxin levels has been investigated. Recently, it has been stated that colestipol decreases the enterohepatic circulation and the plasma half-life of digitoxin. Colestipol was administered to 11 patients having a digitoxin plasma level which is generally accepted to be above the therapeutic range (greater than 40 ng/ml). The elimination rate of digitoxin measured by serial radioimmunoassay in these colestipol treated patients was compared with the elimination rate of digitoxin in 11 patients not treated with colestipol. The results of this study did not demonstrate a significant difference in the mean (+/- S.D.) digitoxin plasma half-life between the colestipol treated (6.3 +/- 1.3 days) and the non-colestipol treated patients (6.8 +/- 1.0 days).", "contents": "The effect of colestipol on digitoxin plasma levels. The effect of colestipol (colestipol hydrochloride; U-26 597 A), a copolymer of tetraethylenepentamine and epichlorhydrine, on plasma digitoxin levels has been investigated. Recently, it has been stated that colestipol decreases the enterohepatic circulation and the plasma half-life of digitoxin. Colestipol was administered to 11 patients having a digitoxin plasma level which is generally accepted to be above the therapeutic range (greater than 40 ng/ml). The elimination rate of digitoxin measured by serial radioimmunoassay in these colestipol treated patients was compared with the elimination rate of digitoxin in 11 patients not treated with colestipol. The results of this study did not demonstrate a significant difference in the mean (+/- S.D.) digitoxin plasma half-life between the colestipol treated (6.3 +/- 1.3 days) and the non-colestipol treated patients (6.8 +/- 1.0 days).", "PMID": 1037209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7773", "title": "The influence of cholic acid and dehydrocholic acid on the biliary excretion of unconjugated and conjugated sulfobromophthalein in rats.", "content": "Urethane anesthetized Wistar rats with biliary fistulas were infused during 100 min with sulfobromophthalein (BSP), the glutathione conjugate of sulfobromophthalein (BSP-GSH), cholic acid (CA) and dehydrocholic acid (DCA). The dyes (594 nmol/100 g/min) and the bile acids (1200 nmol/100 g/min) were infused separately, and in combination as well. When BSP was infused, CA and DCA increased the maximal excretion of total BSP (conjugated plus unconjugated) from 1400 to 4100 and 3300 nmol/100 g/10 min. The bile flow observed with BSP plus CA was not significantly different from that with BSP plus DCA. The biliary excretion of total BSP was higher throughout with CA than with DCA because CA increased the biliary concentration of PSP while DCA did not. The bile flow attained with CA alone was significantly lower than that with BSP plus CA. The current data provide arguments for abandoning the view that choleresis per se is the crucial determinant for BSP excretion. When BSP-GSH was infused instead of BSP, the excretion rate of the dye was not altered by the additional infusion of CA whereas it was significantly reduced by DCA. The maximal biliary concentration of BSP-GSH fell from 25.9 nmol/mul to 15.3 and 9.4 nmol/mul with CA and DCA, respectively. Both CA and DCA impaired the hepatic uptake of BSP and BSP-GSH. During the infusion with CA, BSP plus CA and BSP-GSH plus CA the biliary excretion rates of bile acids did not differ significantly from each other. This favours the view that the transfer for CA from the liver to bile is different from that for BSP and BSP-GSH. A fraction of bile fluid \"independent of choleretics\" (viz. of bile salts, BSP and BSP-GSH) is estimated and discussed in view of the different types of infusion.", "contents": "The influence of cholic acid and dehydrocholic acid on the biliary excretion of unconjugated and conjugated sulfobromophthalein in rats. Urethane anesthetized Wistar rats with biliary fistulas were infused during 100 min with sulfobromophthalein (BSP), the glutathione conjugate of sulfobromophthalein (BSP-GSH), cholic acid (CA) and dehydrocholic acid (DCA). The dyes (594 nmol/100 g/min) and the bile acids (1200 nmol/100 g/min) were infused separately, and in combination as well. When BSP was infused, CA and DCA increased the maximal excretion of total BSP (conjugated plus unconjugated) from 1400 to 4100 and 3300 nmol/100 g/10 min. The bile flow observed with BSP plus CA was not significantly different from that with BSP plus DCA. The biliary excretion of total BSP was higher throughout with CA than with DCA because CA increased the biliary concentration of PSP while DCA did not. The bile flow attained with CA alone was significantly lower than that with BSP plus CA. The current data provide arguments for abandoning the view that choleresis per se is the crucial determinant for BSP excretion. When BSP-GSH was infused instead of BSP, the excretion rate of the dye was not altered by the additional infusion of CA whereas it was significantly reduced by DCA. The maximal biliary concentration of BSP-GSH fell from 25.9 nmol/mul to 15.3 and 9.4 nmol/mul with CA and DCA, respectively. Both CA and DCA impaired the hepatic uptake of BSP and BSP-GSH. During the infusion with CA, BSP plus CA and BSP-GSH plus CA the biliary excretion rates of bile acids did not differ significantly from each other. This favours the view that the transfer for CA from the liver to bile is different from that for BSP and BSP-GSH. A fraction of bile fluid \"independent of choleretics\" (viz. of bile salts, BSP and BSP-GSH) is estimated and discussed in view of the different types of infusion.", "PMID": 1037210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7774", "title": "The synthesis of ethyl apovincaminate.", "content": "Starting from (+) vincamine (I), simple derivatives of vincaminic acid (II), apovincaminic acid (V) and apovincaminol (VII) were synthetized. Out of these the synthesis of ethyl apovincaminate (Cavinton), as a representative, is described in detail. The water elimination and esterification of II can be carried out in one step.", "contents": "The synthesis of ethyl apovincaminate. Starting from (+) vincamine (I), simple derivatives of vincaminic acid (II), apovincaminic acid (V) and apovincaminol (VII) were synthetized. Out of these the synthesis of ethyl apovincaminate (Cavinton), as a representative, is described in detail. The water elimination and esterification of II can be carried out in one step.", "PMID": 1037211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7775", "title": "General and cerebral haemodynamic activity of ethyl apovincaminate.", "content": "Systemic and cerebral haemodynamic effects of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a new compound, have been investigated in anaesthetized dogs. The compound was administered i.v. and produced an increase in cerebral blood flow accompanied by a decrease in cerebral vascular resistance which persisted for 15 min. The effective dose was 0.2-0.5 mg/kg. Mean arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and cardiac work were decreased, heart rate and cardiac output were increased. Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen was enhanced. It is assumed that the compound has a direct effect on cerebral metabolism. RGH-4405 has a weak antiarrhythmic and coronary dilating activity. Its effect on smooth muscle is more marked than that of papaverine. RGH-4405 appears to be a potent cerebral vasodilator enhancing cerebral metabolism.", "contents": "General and cerebral haemodynamic activity of ethyl apovincaminate. Systemic and cerebral haemodynamic effects of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a new compound, have been investigated in anaesthetized dogs. The compound was administered i.v. and produced an increase in cerebral blood flow accompanied by a decrease in cerebral vascular resistance which persisted for 15 min. The effective dose was 0.2-0.5 mg/kg. Mean arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and cardiac work were decreased, heart rate and cardiac output were increased. Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen was enhanced. It is assumed that the compound has a direct effect on cerebral metabolism. RGH-4405 has a weak antiarrhythmic and coronary dilating activity. Its effect on smooth muscle is more marked than that of papaverine. RGH-4405 appears to be a potent cerebral vasodilator enhancing cerebral metabolism.", "PMID": 1037212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7776", "title": "Effect of oral pretreatment with ethyl apovincaminate on the cardiac output and nutritive blood flow of various organs in rats.", "content": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), administered repeatedly p.o. in doses of 0.5-1.5-4.5 mg/100 g body weight for 5 days, on cardiac output and organ fractions of cardiac output were studied in rats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital by Evans-blue dilution and isotope fractionation technique of Sapirstein. Cardiac output, cerebral, coronary, renal, intestinal and dermal blood flow was increased by 18-42% after 4.5 mg/100 g Cavinton, while blood pressure was unaltered. Total peripheral resistance, cerebral, coronary, dermal resistance and that of the carcass decreased significantly. Organ fractions of the cardiac output were not significantly altered after treatment.", "contents": "Effect of oral pretreatment with ethyl apovincaminate on the cardiac output and nutritive blood flow of various organs in rats. Effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), administered repeatedly p.o. in doses of 0.5-1.5-4.5 mg/100 g body weight for 5 days, on cardiac output and organ fractions of cardiac output were studied in rats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital by Evans-blue dilution and isotope fractionation technique of Sapirstein. Cardiac output, cerebral, coronary, renal, intestinal and dermal blood flow was increased by 18-42% after 4.5 mg/100 g Cavinton, while blood pressure was unaltered. Total peripheral resistance, cerebral, coronary, dermal resistance and that of the carcass decreased significantly. Organ fractions of the cardiac output were not significantly altered after treatment.", "PMID": 1037213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7777", "title": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on cerebral, cardiac and renal flow rate in dogs in the course of administration.", "content": "Cerebral, myocardial and renal capillary flow rate was significantly increased by 10 to 20 mug/kg/min doses of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) injected in slow infusion to dogs. These effects were long-lasting. Since perfusion pressure and heart rate were not affected by the compound, it was concluded that increased flow rate was attributable to decrease of peripheral vascular resistance. Results indicate that Cavinton has a vasodilatory effect.", "contents": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on cerebral, cardiac and renal flow rate in dogs in the course of administration. Cerebral, myocardial and renal capillary flow rate was significantly increased by 10 to 20 mug/kg/min doses of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) injected in slow infusion to dogs. These effects were long-lasting. Since perfusion pressure and heart rate were not affected by the compound, it was concluded that increased flow rate was attributable to decrease of peripheral vascular resistance. Results indicate that Cavinton has a vasodilatory effect.", "PMID": 1037214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7778", "title": "Protective activity of ethyl apovincaminate on ischaemic anoxia of the brain.", "content": "Effects of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a new cerebral metabolic and vasodilatory agent, on cerebral regulatory functions under ischaemic anoxia were studied on immobilized cats by EEG. Cortical resistance time increased and recovery time decreased for a long period after i.v. administration of the compound. Results point to the possibility of further enhancement of cerebral regulatory processes by specific drug effects. It is assumed that tolerance or adaptation to hypoxia might be increased by RGH-4405 if spontaneous regulatory processes are impaired.", "contents": "Protective activity of ethyl apovincaminate on ischaemic anoxia of the brain. Effects of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a new cerebral metabolic and vasodilatory agent, on cerebral regulatory functions under ischaemic anoxia were studied on immobilized cats by EEG. Cortical resistance time increased and recovery time decreased for a long period after i.v. administration of the compound. Results point to the possibility of further enhancement of cerebral regulatory processes by specific drug effects. It is assumed that tolerance or adaptation to hypoxia might be increased by RGH-4405 if spontaneous regulatory processes are impaired.", "PMID": 1037215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7779", "title": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on cerebral circulation of dogs under normal conditions and in arterial hypoxia.", "content": "Effects of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg i.v. doses of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on cerebral blood flow, determined in the internal carotid and vertebral artery, were studied in anaesthetized dogs under 21, 16 and 11% O2 inhalation. Total cerebral blood flow was increased by 4 mg/kg Cavinton under normal O2 and between 100 to 200 mmHg perfusion pressures, while 2 mg/kg doses were effective under hypoxia. Similar phenomena were observed in the carotid and vertebral flow, separately. Arterial hypoxia seems to potentiate the effect of Cavinton on cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on cerebral circulation of dogs under normal conditions and in arterial hypoxia. Effects of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg i.v. doses of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on cerebral blood flow, determined in the internal carotid and vertebral artery, were studied in anaesthetized dogs under 21, 16 and 11% O2 inhalation. Total cerebral blood flow was increased by 4 mg/kg Cavinton under normal O2 and between 100 to 200 mmHg perfusion pressures, while 2 mg/kg doses were effective under hypoxia. Similar phenomena were observed in the carotid and vertebral flow, separately. Arterial hypoxia seems to potentiate the effect of Cavinton on cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 1037216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7780", "title": "Effects of ethyl apovincaminate on the central nervous system.", "content": "Side effects of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a cerebral vasodilatory agent, on the central nervous system were studied on mice and rats. Anticonvulsive effect in electroshock was observed as major CNS effect, locomotor activity was reduced due to muscle relaxant effect. The compound had no sedative effect on rodents. Its analgesic effect was negligible. Cavinton had neither antidepressive, nor anticholinergic activity.", "contents": "Effects of ethyl apovincaminate on the central nervous system. Side effects of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a cerebral vasodilatory agent, on the central nervous system were studied on mice and rats. Anticonvulsive effect in electroshock was observed as major CNS effect, locomotor activity was reduced due to muscle relaxant effect. The compound had no sedative effect on rodents. Its analgesic effect was negligible. Cavinton had neither antidepressive, nor anticholinergic activity.", "PMID": 1037217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7781", "title": "Pharmacokinetic data on tritium labelled ethyl apovincaminate.", "content": "Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of tritium labelled ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) were studied. Both oral and i.p. administration resulted in a relatively rapid elimination of tritium activity, suggesting that neither the original drug nor its metabolites remained in the organism of rat. 50% of radioactivity was recovered in urine and 30% in faeces during 48 h. At this time only liver and kidneys contained measurable quantities of radioactivity among the organs tested. Biliary route of elimination seemed to be important, since 20% and 4% of radioactivity appeared in bile during 9 h following i.p. and p.o. administration, respectively. Enterohepatic circulation was of no consequence. Radioactivity was hardly adsorbed to or absorbed by blood cells and was almost completely bound by plasma protein(s).", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic data on tritium labelled ethyl apovincaminate. Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of tritium labelled ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) were studied. Both oral and i.p. administration resulted in a relatively rapid elimination of tritium activity, suggesting that neither the original drug nor its metabolites remained in the organism of rat. 50% of radioactivity was recovered in urine and 30% in faeces during 48 h. At this time only liver and kidneys contained measurable quantities of radioactivity among the organs tested. Biliary route of elimination seemed to be important, since 20% and 4% of radioactivity appeared in bile during 9 h following i.p. and p.o. administration, respectively. Enterohepatic circulation was of no consequence. Radioactivity was hardly adsorbed to or absorbed by blood cells and was almost completely bound by plasma protein(s).", "PMID": 1037218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7782", "title": "Metabolism of ethyl apovincaminate in the rat.", "content": "Ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) is well metabolized in rat, and only a small fraction of the original compound is excreted in urine. The main urinary metabolite is apovincaminic acid, hydrolytical product of Cavinton produced partly by plasma esterases. In plasma only the original compound and free acid are detectable. Several other metabolites have been isolated from bile and characterized by mass spectrometry. Cavinton is hydroxylated at the indole moiety and forms conjugates (possibly glucuronide and sulfate). The glycine derivative of apovincaminic acid containing two hydroxygroups has been detected in significant amounts, analysed by mass spectrometry. Among minor metabolites vincaminic acid ethyl ester has been found. More than 80% of total urinary and 50% of total biliary metabolites have been identified by radiochromatography, mass and IR spectroscopy.", "contents": "Metabolism of ethyl apovincaminate in the rat. Ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) is well metabolized in rat, and only a small fraction of the original compound is excreted in urine. The main urinary metabolite is apovincaminic acid, hydrolytical product of Cavinton produced partly by plasma esterases. In plasma only the original compound and free acid are detectable. Several other metabolites have been isolated from bile and characterized by mass spectrometry. Cavinton is hydroxylated at the indole moiety and forms conjugates (possibly glucuronide and sulfate). The glycine derivative of apovincaminic acid containing two hydroxygroups has been detected in significant amounts, analysed by mass spectrometry. Among minor metabolites vincaminic acid ethyl ester has been found. More than 80% of total urinary and 50% of total biliary metabolites have been identified by radiochromatography, mass and IR spectroscopy.", "PMID": 1037219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7783", "title": "Summary of safety tests of ethyl apovincaminate.", "content": "Subchronic toxicity test (4-week p.o. on rats with 25 and 100 mg/kg; 3-month i.p. with 5 and 25 mg/kg; 3-month i.v. with 2 and 5 mg/kg daily doses on dogs) and chronic toxicity tests (6-month p.o. on rats with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and on dogs with 5 and 25 mg/kg daily doses) were performed with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a cerebral vasodilatory compound, to study adverse effects in adult age. Reproduction tests (male and female fertility test on rats p.o. with 10 and 50 mg/kg; teratogenicity test in midpregnancy on rats p.o. with 12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg, 15, 50, 150 mg/kg, and 15, 45, 135 mg/kg daily doses, i.v. with 3.13, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg daily doses; on rabbits p.o. with 6, 12 and 18 mg/kg daily doses; peri- and postnatal studies in late pregnancy on rats p.o. with 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg i.v. with 4.13, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/kg daily doses) were carried out to study harmful effects in various early phases of life. Local tolerance was studied after i.m. and i.v. application. It was concluded that the planned 3 X 5 or 3 X 10 mg daily oral dose, 1 X 10 mg i.v. dose of Cavinton were safe for human application in adult age. Although the compound proved not to be teratogenic, it is not recommended for administration to pregnant women because of liability of increased sensitivity in pregnancy. Therapy of women in fertile age should be interrupted in case of pregnancy.", "contents": "Summary of safety tests of ethyl apovincaminate. Subchronic toxicity test (4-week p.o. on rats with 25 and 100 mg/kg; 3-month i.p. with 5 and 25 mg/kg; 3-month i.v. with 2 and 5 mg/kg daily doses on dogs) and chronic toxicity tests (6-month p.o. on rats with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and on dogs with 5 and 25 mg/kg daily doses) were performed with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), a cerebral vasodilatory compound, to study adverse effects in adult age. Reproduction tests (male and female fertility test on rats p.o. with 10 and 50 mg/kg; teratogenicity test in midpregnancy on rats p.o. with 12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg, 15, 50, 150 mg/kg, and 15, 45, 135 mg/kg daily doses, i.v. with 3.13, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg daily doses; on rabbits p.o. with 6, 12 and 18 mg/kg daily doses; peri- and postnatal studies in late pregnancy on rats p.o. with 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg i.v. with 4.13, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/kg daily doses) were carried out to study harmful effects in various early phases of life. Local tolerance was studied after i.m. and i.v. application. It was concluded that the planned 3 X 5 or 3 X 10 mg daily oral dose, 1 X 10 mg i.v. dose of Cavinton were safe for human application in adult age. Although the compound proved not to be teratogenic, it is not recommended for administration to pregnant women because of liability of increased sensitivity in pregnancy. Therapy of women in fertile age should be interrupted in case of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1037220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7784", "title": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on the cerebral circulation. Studies in patients with obliterative cerebral arterial disease.", "content": "The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on the cerebral and systemic circulations has been studied in detail in ten cases of cerebrovascular disease. 10 mg doses of Cavinton were given as infusion within 4-6 min; circulatory tests were carried out prior to administration of the drug and 3-6 min after. The principal results showed the following: On Cavinton cerebral vascular resistance was strongly reduced, while cerebral fraction of cardiac output significantly increased. On acute effect of the drug arterial mean pressure slightly decreased but cerebral blood flow nevertheless increased in general. Total vascular resistance also decreased but this decrease was less marked than that registered in cerebral vascular resistance.", "contents": "Effect of ethyl apovincaminate on the cerebral circulation. Studies in patients with obliterative cerebral arterial disease. The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on the cerebral and systemic circulations has been studied in detail in ten cases of cerebrovascular disease. 10 mg doses of Cavinton were given as infusion within 4-6 min; circulatory tests were carried out prior to administration of the drug and 3-6 min after. The principal results showed the following: On Cavinton cerebral vascular resistance was strongly reduced, while cerebral fraction of cardiac output significantly increased. On acute effect of the drug arterial mean pressure slightly decreased but cerebral blood flow nevertheless increased in general. Total vascular resistance also decreased but this decrease was less marked than that registered in cerebral vascular resistance.", "PMID": 1037221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7785", "title": "Rheoencephalographic and psychological studies with ethyl apovincaminate in cerebral vascular insufficiency.", "content": "The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on the rheoencephalogram and memory functions was studied in 50 patients with ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation. The drug was administered in a single i.v. dose of 10 mg and orally three times daily 5 mg for a month. Improvement of cerebral circulation was observed after i.v. and oral medication. Blood flow was most markedly increased in the gray matter. The effect on arterial pressure was negligible. Improvement of memorizing capacity evaluated by psychological tests was recorded after one month of Cavinton treatment, associated with alleviation or complete disappearance of symptoms. No side-effects attributable to the drug were observed. It is pointed out that Cavinton is indicated in the treatment of ischaemic disorders of the cerebral circulation, particularly in chronic insufficiency.", "contents": "Rheoencephalographic and psychological studies with ethyl apovincaminate in cerebral vascular insufficiency. The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on the rheoencephalogram and memory functions was studied in 50 patients with ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation. The drug was administered in a single i.v. dose of 10 mg and orally three times daily 5 mg for a month. Improvement of cerebral circulation was observed after i.v. and oral medication. Blood flow was most markedly increased in the gray matter. The effect on arterial pressure was negligible. Improvement of memorizing capacity evaluated by psychological tests was recorded after one month of Cavinton treatment, associated with alleviation or complete disappearance of symptoms. No side-effects attributable to the drug were observed. It is pointed out that Cavinton is indicated in the treatment of ischaemic disorders of the cerebral circulation, particularly in chronic insufficiency.", "PMID": 1037222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7786", "title": "Study on the vasodilator effects of ethyl apovincaminate in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "Studies have been performed in a series of 44 neurosurgical cases. The patients were subjected to detailed neurological examination and EEG after admission and before being discharged. The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on cortical electric activity was investigated after the administration of 10 mg i.v. Cavinton. In cases on long-term courses of three times daily 5 mg Cavinton in tablets, control EEG was performed one and two months, respectively, after the start of medication. The state of vessels of the eye-ground was also checked. In cerebral angiography attention was concentrated on width of the vascular lumen and visualization of Cavinton effect on vessels which on account of narrowing or spasm had not filled up with contrast medium prior to Cavinton. During angiography the patients were given i.v. 10 mg. Cavinton diluted to 10 ml with physiological saline. In the cases where investigations failed to reveal any change requiring neurosurgical intervention and insufficient cerebral circulation had to be held responsible for the patient's condition, three times 10 mg Cavinton i.v. was administered daily as long as the patient was at our Department. After having been discharged these patients took three times daily 5 mg Cavinton in tablets. Duration of the course of oral Cavinton depended on the degree of improvement in the patient's condition. Cavinton was used with success in cases where cerebral circulation was damaged for functional or organic reasons. Allergic hypersensitivity did not occur in any of the cases, either on single doses or long-term use of parenteral or oral Cavinton.", "contents": "Study on the vasodilator effects of ethyl apovincaminate in neurosurgical patients. Studies have been performed in a series of 44 neurosurgical cases. The patients were subjected to detailed neurological examination and EEG after admission and before being discharged. The effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on cortical electric activity was investigated after the administration of 10 mg i.v. Cavinton. In cases on long-term courses of three times daily 5 mg Cavinton in tablets, control EEG was performed one and two months, respectively, after the start of medication. The state of vessels of the eye-ground was also checked. In cerebral angiography attention was concentrated on width of the vascular lumen and visualization of Cavinton effect on vessels which on account of narrowing or spasm had not filled up with contrast medium prior to Cavinton. During angiography the patients were given i.v. 10 mg. Cavinton diluted to 10 ml with physiological saline. In the cases where investigations failed to reveal any change requiring neurosurgical intervention and insufficient cerebral circulation had to be held responsible for the patient's condition, three times 10 mg Cavinton i.v. was administered daily as long as the patient was at our Department. After having been discharged these patients took three times daily 5 mg Cavinton in tablets. Duration of the course of oral Cavinton depended on the degree of improvement in the patient's condition. Cavinton was used with success in cases where cerebral circulation was damaged for functional or organic reasons. Allergic hypersensitivity did not occur in any of the cases, either on single doses or long-term use of parenteral or oral Cavinton.", "PMID": 1037223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7787", "title": "The effect of ethyl apovincaminate on the circulation of the eyeground.", "content": "Ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), contrary to the active vasodilators used up to the present, increases blood pressure of the eyeground. Dynamics of the eyeground circulation has been investigated with fluorescein angiography performed at certain points of time. Blood supply of the macula lutea was increased in the first place by Cavinton.", "contents": "The effect of ethyl apovincaminate on the circulation of the eyeground. Ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton), contrary to the active vasodilators used up to the present, increases blood pressure of the eyeground. Dynamics of the eyeground circulation has been investigated with fluorescein angiography performed at certain points of time. Blood supply of the macula lutea was increased in the first place by Cavinton.", "PMID": 1037224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7788", "title": "Use of ethyl apovincaminate in ophthalmological therapy.", "content": "Ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) has been administered to 100 predominantly arteriosclerotic patients to increase circulation in the eyeground. Visual acuities improved in 88 cases, by 73% in average; in twelve cases there was no change, but deterioration did not occur. Improvement was still more significant (267%) in occlusions and retinopathies associated with atherosclerosis of the central retinal artery. The dose of Cavinton was 20 mg in drop infusion or three times daily 10 mg i.v. Side-effects, if any, disappeared spontaneously upon reduction of the dose. The improvement paralleled the increases of the blood pressures in the central retinal arteries. This increase of pressure head is suggested to dilate passively the vessels.", "contents": "Use of ethyl apovincaminate in ophthalmological therapy. Ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) has been administered to 100 predominantly arteriosclerotic patients to increase circulation in the eyeground. Visual acuities improved in 88 cases, by 73% in average; in twelve cases there was no change, but deterioration did not occur. Improvement was still more significant (267%) in occlusions and retinopathies associated with atherosclerosis of the central retinal artery. The dose of Cavinton was 20 mg in drop infusion or three times daily 10 mg i.v. Side-effects, if any, disappeared spontaneously upon reduction of the dose. The improvement paralleled the increases of the blood pressures in the central retinal arteries. This increase of pressure head is suggested to dilate passively the vessels.", "PMID": 1037225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7789", "title": "Preliminary report on the use of ethyl apovincaminate in affections of the eyeground.", "content": "26 ophthalmological patients have been given daily doses of three times 1 tablet (15 mg) ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) for periods of from two weeks to three months. Improvement of visual acuity lasted as long as the course of treatment, in agreement with the results of other authors. On Cavinton effect blood flow increased in the retinal precapillary and capillary system, supply of hypoxic areas improved. Improvement noted in choroid sclerosis bears witness to the effect of Cavinton on choroid capillaries.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the use of ethyl apovincaminate in affections of the eyeground. 26 ophthalmological patients have been given daily doses of three times 1 tablet (15 mg) ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) for periods of from two weeks to three months. Improvement of visual acuity lasted as long as the course of treatment, in agreement with the results of other authors. On Cavinton effect blood flow increased in the retinal precapillary and capillary system, supply of hypoxic areas improved. Improvement noted in choroid sclerosis bears witness to the effect of Cavinton on choroid capillaries.", "PMID": 1037226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7790", "title": "Vasodilating effect of ethyl apovincaminate on conjunctival vessels and simultaneous observation of parameters indicating adverse effect.", "content": "The vasodilator effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on conjunctival vessels and its possible adverse effects have been studied in 17 patients of varying age (16-78 years) and diagnosis, as well as in healthy individuals. Intravenous 10 mg doses of the drug increased the arteriolar lumen in each case, the most markedly at 30 sec after administration of the drug, but at 90 sec effect was still significant. Before starting Cavinton, on the next day following injection and on other mornings after administration, haemoglobin, the leukocyte count, SGOT, SGPT, thymol turbidity, and blood sugar were determined. In the eight cases of juvenile hypertension urinary serum proteins were also registered after quantitative testing. The parameters investigated did not reveal any sign pointing to toxicity.", "contents": "Vasodilating effect of ethyl apovincaminate on conjunctival vessels and simultaneous observation of parameters indicating adverse effect. The vasodilator effect of ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) on conjunctival vessels and its possible adverse effects have been studied in 17 patients of varying age (16-78 years) and diagnosis, as well as in healthy individuals. Intravenous 10 mg doses of the drug increased the arteriolar lumen in each case, the most markedly at 30 sec after administration of the drug, but at 90 sec effect was still significant. Before starting Cavinton, on the next day following injection and on other mornings after administration, haemoglobin, the leukocyte count, SGOT, SGPT, thymol turbidity, and blood sugar were determined. In the eight cases of juvenile hypertension urinary serum proteins were also registered after quantitative testing. The parameters investigated did not reveal any sign pointing to toxicity.", "PMID": 1037227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7791", "title": "Ethyl apovincaminate in the treatment of sensorineural impairment of hearing.", "content": "Ethyl apovincaminate (EGH-4405, Cavinton) treatment has been used in various sensorineural impairments of hearing as well as in ear diseases associated with vertigo. As shown by experinces, presbyacusis, vascular impairment of hearing and in certain cases toxic hypacusia are improved by Cavinton. Besides audiometric improvement of pure tone, significant improvement was noted in the speech-audiogram in all three groups of disease. Certain affections of the ear accompanied by vertigo responded to Cavinton. In Meni\u00e8re's disease it has proved to be superior to the vasodilators used up to now.", "contents": "Ethyl apovincaminate in the treatment of sensorineural impairment of hearing. Ethyl apovincaminate (EGH-4405, Cavinton) treatment has been used in various sensorineural impairments of hearing as well as in ear diseases associated with vertigo. As shown by experinces, presbyacusis, vascular impairment of hearing and in certain cases toxic hypacusia are improved by Cavinton. Besides audiometric improvement of pure tone, significant improvement was noted in the speech-audiogram in all three groups of disease. Certain affections of the ear accompanied by vertigo responded to Cavinton. In Meni\u00e8re's disease it has proved to be superior to the vasodilators used up to now.", "PMID": 1037228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7792", "title": "Comparative study of the effect of ethyl apovincaminate and xantinol nicotinate in cerebrovascular diseases. Immediate drug effects on the concentrations of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in blood and CSF.", "content": "Randomly selected 34 cerebrovascular patients were treated with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) and 109 with xanitinol nicotinate. The effects of drugs given in slow i.v. infusions on the concentration of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in serum and CSF were observed. Cavinton improved the paresis in 60.6% of patients while xantinol nicotinate did so only in 47.1%. On the basis of the biochemical changes it can be concluded that Cavinton enhances both the glycolytic and the oxidative glucose breakdown in CNS.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effect of ethyl apovincaminate and xantinol nicotinate in cerebrovascular diseases. Immediate drug effects on the concentrations of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in blood and CSF. Randomly selected 34 cerebrovascular patients were treated with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) and 109 with xanitinol nicotinate. The effects of drugs given in slow i.v. infusions on the concentration of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in serum and CSF were observed. Cavinton improved the paresis in 60.6% of patients while xantinol nicotinate did so only in 47.1%. On the basis of the biochemical changes it can be concluded that Cavinton enhances both the glycolytic and the oxidative glucose breakdown in CNS.", "PMID": 1037229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7793", "title": "Ethyl apovincaminate therapy in neurovascular diseases.", "content": "Of a series of 100 patients 46 were given combined (i.m. and oral) treatment with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) in daily doses of 10-30 mg; 54 were put on oral Cavinton (30-45 mg daily). Significant and relatively quick improvement was obtained in reversible vascular diseases, such as hypertensive encephalopathy, intermittent vascular cerebral insufficiency, in the early stage or light cases of cerebral endarteriitis and cerebral arteriosclerosis. On Cavinton effect hypoxic character of the EEG improved, and so did performance in psychodiagnostic tests, alertness and memory in the first place, furthermore changes of the eyeground. The doses administered did not damage parenchymal organs, they did not cumulate and when used in combination incompatibility could not be observed.", "contents": "Ethyl apovincaminate therapy in neurovascular diseases. Of a series of 100 patients 46 were given combined (i.m. and oral) treatment with ethyl apovincaminate (RGH-4405, Cavinton) in daily doses of 10-30 mg; 54 were put on oral Cavinton (30-45 mg daily). Significant and relatively quick improvement was obtained in reversible vascular diseases, such as hypertensive encephalopathy, intermittent vascular cerebral insufficiency, in the early stage or light cases of cerebral endarteriitis and cerebral arteriosclerosis. On Cavinton effect hypoxic character of the EEG improved, and so did performance in psychodiagnostic tests, alertness and memory in the first place, furthermore changes of the eyeground. The doses administered did not damage parenchymal organs, they did not cumulate and when used in combination incompatibility could not be observed.", "PMID": 1037230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7794", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships. IV. Non-linear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character: a new model.", "content": "A new model is derived for the dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character from a simple hypothetical system. Unlike the parabolic Hansch model this model can explain the peculiar effect that for homologous series of compounds the logarithms of biological activities of the lower homologs are linearly dependent on hydrophobic character, while for the higher homologs the relationship between biological activities and hydrophobic character changes to a parabola. Although these relationships are known and several appropriate models were proposed, the bilinear model presented in this paper is the first which can be described by a simple and generally valid equation: log 1/C = a log P--b log (beta - P + 1) + c While the parameters a, b and c can be calculated by linear multiple regression analysis, the non-linear term beta must be derived by a stepwise iteration process or ty Taylor series iteration. Examples are given for comparison of the bilinear model and the parabolic Hansch model.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships. IV. Non-linear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character: a new model. A new model is derived for the dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character from a simple hypothetical system. Unlike the parabolic Hansch model this model can explain the peculiar effect that for homologous series of compounds the logarithms of biological activities of the lower homologs are linearly dependent on hydrophobic character, while for the higher homologs the relationship between biological activities and hydrophobic character changes to a parabola. Although these relationships are known and several appropriate models were proposed, the bilinear model presented in this paper is the first which can be described by a simple and generally valid equation: log 1/C = a log P--b log (beta - P + 1) + c While the parameters a, b and c can be calculated by linear multiple regression analysis, the non-linear term beta must be derived by a stepwise iteration process or ty Taylor series iteration. Examples are given for comparison of the bilinear model and the parabolic Hansch model.", "PMID": 1037231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7795", "title": "Metabolic degradation of propanidid by various tissues. Short communication.", "content": "The very short anaesthetic action of 3-methoxy-4-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-methoxy)-phenylacetic acid propylester (propanidid, Epantol) is due to its rapid hydrolysis in vivo. In this study, the rates of degradation of this drug under the influence of various isolated tissues have been established. The drug was hydrolysed much more rapidly by liver homogenate than by whole blood or serum. It is concluded that inactivation of propanidid in vivo occurs mainly by the liver, whereas blood esterases play an insignificant part in hydrolyzing the ester. Moreover, it was demonstrated that cardiac tissue is able to hydrolyze the drug as well. It is postulated that the inactivation of propanidid by heart muscle might partly compensate for the severe cardiodepressive action of the anaesthetic agent. A gaschromatographic determination of propanidid has been developed.", "contents": "Metabolic degradation of propanidid by various tissues. Short communication. The very short anaesthetic action of 3-methoxy-4-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-methoxy)-phenylacetic acid propylester (propanidid, Epantol) is due to its rapid hydrolysis in vivo. In this study, the rates of degradation of this drug under the influence of various isolated tissues have been established. The drug was hydrolysed much more rapidly by liver homogenate than by whole blood or serum. It is concluded that inactivation of propanidid in vivo occurs mainly by the liver, whereas blood esterases play an insignificant part in hydrolyzing the ester. Moreover, it was demonstrated that cardiac tissue is able to hydrolyze the drug as well. It is postulated that the inactivation of propanidid by heart muscle might partly compensate for the severe cardiodepressive action of the anaesthetic agent. A gaschromatographic determination of propanidid has been developed.", "PMID": 1037232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7796", "title": "[N-Methylphenethylamine, an indirect sympathicomimetic agent in vegetables (author's transl)].", "content": "N-Methylphenethylamine, a secondary amine present in vegetable foodstuffs, in concentrations up to 6.6 ppm, is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine; on i.v. injection the circulatory effects correspond to 1/80 to 1/100 of those of epinephrine. Following enternal application pressoric and positive chronotropic effects are observed during appr. 30 min; the no-effect level amounts to about 7 mg/kg.", "contents": "[N-Methylphenethylamine, an indirect sympathicomimetic agent in vegetables (author's transl)]. N-Methylphenethylamine, a secondary amine present in vegetable foodstuffs, in concentrations up to 6.6 ppm, is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine; on i.v. injection the circulatory effects correspond to 1/80 to 1/100 of those of epinephrine. Following enternal application pressoric and positive chronotropic effects are observed during appr. 30 min; the no-effect level amounts to about 7 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1037233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7797", "title": "[The course of blood pressure and organ changes in rats with DOCA-hypertension].", "content": "In 45 control rats and 47 nephrectomized, DOCA-implanted, hypertensive rats (hypertensive phase), blood pressure, weight gain, development of pathologic-anatomical histological changes as well as changes in the myocardial enzyme pattern were studied over 24 weeks and after absorption of the DOCA tablet the return of the animals to normal conditions (follow-up phase) for another 14 weeks. During the hypertensive phase, blood pressure rose to 233 mm Hg on the average within 10 weeks and remained constant up to the 22nd week. In the follow-up phase, it dropped sharply, at first, and then slowly returned to normal. Weight gain was the same in DOCA and control rats. Relative weights of heart, kidneys and liver were elevated in the hypertensive phase but fell again in the follow-up phase. The pathologic-histological changes formed in the hypertensive phase, such as myocardial hypertrophy, glomerular hyalinization, tubular dilation and perivascular fibrosis, were remitted in part. Unchanged, however, the enhanced heart score persisted evidencing a proliferative vasoconstriction. Except for a pronounced, reversible increase in MAO activity, the cardial enzyme pattern remained unchanged during the experiment.", "contents": "[The course of blood pressure and organ changes in rats with DOCA-hypertension]. In 45 control rats and 47 nephrectomized, DOCA-implanted, hypertensive rats (hypertensive phase), blood pressure, weight gain, development of pathologic-anatomical histological changes as well as changes in the myocardial enzyme pattern were studied over 24 weeks and after absorption of the DOCA tablet the return of the animals to normal conditions (follow-up phase) for another 14 weeks. During the hypertensive phase, blood pressure rose to 233 mm Hg on the average within 10 weeks and remained constant up to the 22nd week. In the follow-up phase, it dropped sharply, at first, and then slowly returned to normal. Weight gain was the same in DOCA and control rats. Relative weights of heart, kidneys and liver were elevated in the hypertensive phase but fell again in the follow-up phase. The pathologic-histological changes formed in the hypertensive phase, such as myocardial hypertrophy, glomerular hyalinization, tubular dilation and perivascular fibrosis, were remitted in part. Unchanged, however, the enhanced heart score persisted evidencing a proliferative vasoconstriction. Except for a pronounced, reversible increase in MAO activity, the cardial enzyme pattern remained unchanged during the experiment.", "PMID": 1037234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7798", "title": "[Study on novel morphine antagonists in the animal experiment (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphine-antagonistic properties of 5 novel compounds, (--)N-(3-Furylmethyl)-nordesomorphine-hydrochloride-monohydrate (Wa 494-Cl), (--)N-(3-Furylmethyl)-3-hydroxy-morphinan-methansulfonate (Mr 1257 MS), (--)2-(3-Furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-5,9alpha-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan-methansulfonate  (Mr 1452 MS), (+/-)-2-(3-Furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-5,9alpha-diethyl-6,7-benzomorphan-hydrochloride (Mr 1302 MS), (--)-N-(3-Furylmethyl)-noroxymorphon-methanesulfonate (Mr 1767 MS), have been examined with different methods on mice and cats. Their properties have been compared with those of naloxone, cyclazocine and nalorphine. The new test compounds showed a profile of action like naloxone.", "contents": "[Study on novel morphine antagonists in the animal experiment (author's transl)]. The morphine-antagonistic properties of 5 novel compounds, (--)N-(3-Furylmethyl)-nordesomorphine-hydrochloride-monohydrate (Wa 494-Cl), (--)N-(3-Furylmethyl)-3-hydroxy-morphinan-methansulfonate (Mr 1257 MS), (--)2-(3-Furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-5,9alpha-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan-methansulfonate  (Mr 1452 MS), (+/-)-2-(3-Furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-5,9alpha-diethyl-6,7-benzomorphan-hydrochloride (Mr 1302 MS), (--)-N-(3-Furylmethyl)-noroxymorphon-methanesulfonate (Mr 1767 MS), have been examined with different methods on mice and cats. Their properties have been compared with those of naloxone, cyclazocine and nalorphine. The new test compounds showed a profile of action like naloxone.", "PMID": 1037235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7799", "title": "[Studies on the metabolism and distribution of 14C-sodium nitroprusside in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies on the in vivo degradation of 14C-labelled nitroprusside (NP) were conducted in rats and indicated that the primary product was cyanide and not thiocyanate. With the administration of higher doses of sodium nitroprusside (NNP; Nipruss) cyanide, thipcyanate, Fe++ and Fe+++ were evident in the blood plasma, whereas [Fe(CN)6]4- and [Fe(CN)6]3- were not detected. The biological half-life for the disappearance of nitroprusside was about 2 min with a dose of 0.4 mg NNP/kg and was 28 min with a dose of 6.25 mg NNP/kg. Nitroprusside and its degradation products, cyanide and thiocyanate, were eliminated mainly in the urine. Significant accumulation of nitroprusside did not occur either in blood vessel walls, in smooth muscles, or in parenchymal organs.", "contents": "[Studies on the metabolism and distribution of 14C-sodium nitroprusside in rats (author's transl)]. Studies on the in vivo degradation of 14C-labelled nitroprusside (NP) were conducted in rats and indicated that the primary product was cyanide and not thiocyanate. With the administration of higher doses of sodium nitroprusside (NNP; Nipruss) cyanide, thipcyanate, Fe++ and Fe+++ were evident in the blood plasma, whereas [Fe(CN)6]4- and [Fe(CN)6]3- were not detected. The biological half-life for the disappearance of nitroprusside was about 2 min with a dose of 0.4 mg NNP/kg and was 28 min with a dose of 6.25 mg NNP/kg. Nitroprusside and its degradation products, cyanide and thiocyanate, were eliminated mainly in the urine. Significant accumulation of nitroprusside did not occur either in blood vessel walls, in smooth muscles, or in parenchymal organs.", "PMID": 1037236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7800", "title": "[Studies on the interactions of chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam, and diazepam with phenprocoumon (author's transl)].", "content": "The interaction of benzodiazepine derivatives with phenprocoumon (Marcumar) was investigated after a single dose of the combination of phenprocoumon/diazepoxide (Librium), phenprocoumon/diazepam (Valium) and phenprocoumon/nitrazepam (Mogadan) had been applied to rats. By means of the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) the change of concentration of these pharmaceutical agents per unit time in serum was determined and related to the corresponding change of prothrombin-time. Hence it can be concluded that the benzodiazepine derivatives influence the distribution of phenprocoumon in the organism.", "contents": "[Studies on the interactions of chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam, and diazepam with phenprocoumon (author's transl)]. The interaction of benzodiazepine derivatives with phenprocoumon (Marcumar) was investigated after a single dose of the combination of phenprocoumon/diazepoxide (Librium), phenprocoumon/diazepam (Valium) and phenprocoumon/nitrazepam (Mogadan) had been applied to rats. By means of the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) the change of concentration of these pharmaceutical agents per unit time in serum was determined and related to the corresponding change of prothrombin-time. Hence it can be concluded that the benzodiazepine derivatives influence the distribution of phenprocoumon in the organism.", "PMID": 1037237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7801", "title": "[Distribution and excretion of a glycosaminopolysulfate in the rabbit after parenteral application (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of unlabelled and tritium-labelled glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (GAGPS) was examined by gel chromatography, electrophoresis and radiometry. The compound was given i.m. and, for comparison, i.v. In both cases (dose: 7.5 mg/kg) blood levels after 1 h reached maxima of approx. 6 mug/ml and remained between 2.0 and 1.5 mug/ml for between 24 and 48 h. The question of threshold-limited excretion is discussed. The concentration curves of the synovia were almost identical to those of the blood. The cartilage of the joint had a comparable level after 48 h (1.7 mug/g), whilst the level was lower in rib cartilage (1.1 mug/g). Urinary excretion within 24 h amounted to 45% of almost unchanged GAGPS. A further 10% were excreted within the following 24 h. The residue was distributed chiefly in the kidneys, liver, skin, spleen, gut, and bone marrow. In the course of the elimination time the excreted substnace showed a lower molecular weight as was found by gel chromatography.", "contents": "[Distribution and excretion of a glycosaminopolysulfate in the rabbit after parenteral application (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of unlabelled and tritium-labelled glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (GAGPS) was examined by gel chromatography, electrophoresis and radiometry. The compound was given i.m. and, for comparison, i.v. In both cases (dose: 7.5 mg/kg) blood levels after 1 h reached maxima of approx. 6 mug/ml and remained between 2.0 and 1.5 mug/ml for between 24 and 48 h. The question of threshold-limited excretion is discussed. The concentration curves of the synovia were almost identical to those of the blood. The cartilage of the joint had a comparable level after 48 h (1.7 mug/g), whilst the level was lower in rib cartilage (1.1 mug/g). Urinary excretion within 24 h amounted to 45% of almost unchanged GAGPS. A further 10% were excreted within the following 24 h. The residue was distributed chiefly in the kidneys, liver, skin, spleen, gut, and bone marrow. In the course of the elimination time the excreted substnace showed a lower molecular weight as was found by gel chromatography.", "PMID": 1037238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7802", "title": "Effects of chloroquine on the adrenocortical function. II. Histological, histochemical and biochemical changes in the suprarenal gland of rats on long-term administration of chloroquine.", "content": "White female Wistar rats were used in order to study the influence of long-term oral application of 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino) quinoline (chloroquine) in doses of 30, 40 and 80 mg of base/kg upon the suprarenal gland. Histological, histochemical and biochemical findings give evidence of adrenocortical activation induced by chloroquine at all dose levels tested. The differences between the signs of adrenocortical activation as observed after the various doses were only those of quantity and time onset. The results indicate that the stimulation of the suprarenal cortex produced by repeated administration of chloroquine is not solely a manifestation of toxic action of chloroquine.", "contents": "Effects of chloroquine on the adrenocortical function. II. Histological, histochemical and biochemical changes in the suprarenal gland of rats on long-term administration of chloroquine. White female Wistar rats were used in order to study the influence of long-term oral application of 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino) quinoline (chloroquine) in doses of 30, 40 and 80 mg of base/kg upon the suprarenal gland. Histological, histochemical and biochemical findings give evidence of adrenocortical activation induced by chloroquine at all dose levels tested. The differences between the signs of adrenocortical activation as observed after the various doses were only those of quantity and time onset. The results indicate that the stimulation of the suprarenal cortex produced by repeated administration of chloroquine is not solely a manifestation of toxic action of chloroquine.", "PMID": 1037239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7803", "title": "Serum kinetics and urinary metabolism of dimethophrine in rat.", "content": "The serum kinetics and urinary metabolism of an a-sympathomimetic amine 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-monomethyl-amino-ethanol (dimethophrine) were studied. For serum kinetics, seven groups of 6 rats were sacrificed at 0.083, 1, 2, 2, 4, 6 and 12 H, respectively, after tail administration of dimethophrine-7-3H. Only 1 group of 6 rats was placed into metabolism cages to collect urine at 12-h intervals during the 72 h after dimethophrine-7-3H administration as above. The metabolic identification was made by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the radiochromatograms were obtained by the \"scraping\" method. This work shows dimethophrine to be unchanged in the urine of rat.", "contents": "Serum kinetics and urinary metabolism of dimethophrine in rat. The serum kinetics and urinary metabolism of an a-sympathomimetic amine 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-monomethyl-amino-ethanol (dimethophrine) were studied. For serum kinetics, seven groups of 6 rats were sacrificed at 0.083, 1, 2, 2, 4, 6 and 12 H, respectively, after tail administration of dimethophrine-7-3H. Only 1 group of 6 rats was placed into metabolism cages to collect urine at 12-h intervals during the 72 h after dimethophrine-7-3H administration as above. The metabolic identification was made by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the radiochromatograms were obtained by the \"scraping\" method. This work shows dimethophrine to be unchanged in the urine of rat.", "PMID": 1037241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7804", "title": "The mechanism of the vasodilator effects of histamine and 4-methylhistamine in the hindquarters of the cat.", "content": "Intraarterial administration of histamine and 4-methylhistamine induced a fall in perfusion pressure of perfused hindquarters of the chloralose-anesthetized cat. Mepyramine which is a histamine H1-receptor blocker competitively inhibited the depressor effect of histamine without altering that of 4-methylhistamine. Continuous intravenous infusion of metiamide, which is a histamine H2-receptor blocker, to the mepyramine treated cats caused a further inhibition in response to histamine as well as 4-methylhistamine. These results indicate that both histamine H1- and H2-receptors are present in the vasculature of the cat hindquarters and both of them are responsible for the vasodilator effect of histamine.", "contents": "The mechanism of the vasodilator effects of histamine and 4-methylhistamine in the hindquarters of the cat. Intraarterial administration of histamine and 4-methylhistamine induced a fall in perfusion pressure of perfused hindquarters of the chloralose-anesthetized cat. Mepyramine which is a histamine H1-receptor blocker competitively inhibited the depressor effect of histamine without altering that of 4-methylhistamine. Continuous intravenous infusion of metiamide, which is a histamine H2-receptor blocker, to the mepyramine treated cats caused a further inhibition in response to histamine as well as 4-methylhistamine. These results indicate that both histamine H1- and H2-receptors are present in the vasculature of the cat hindquarters and both of them are responsible for the vasodilator effect of histamine.", "PMID": 1037240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7805", "title": "Effect of 4-methylumbelliferone on the oxidative metabolism of liver mitochondria in jaundiced rats and its relationship of choleretic action.", "content": "The effect of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) on the oxidative metabolism of liver mitochondria and its relationship to choleretic action were investigated on 40 bile duct-ligated rats and 40 rats after biliary decompression. The oxidative metabolism of liver mitochondria fell rapidly to 50% of controls within 7 days after bile duct-ligation, whereas that in rats with 4-MU fell only slightly. Such effect of 4-MU on the liver mitochondrial metabolism was most prominent when it was administered to rats after biliary decompression. In rats with 4-MU the depressed oxidative metabolism of cholestatic liver mitochondria recovered rapidly toward normal with accelerated amelioration of serum total bilirubin as compared to that in rats without 4-MU after biliary decompression by loosening of the ligation of the common bile duct. Thus, 4-MU appeared to exert some stimulation or amelioration of the impaired liver mitochondrial metabolism due to jaundice, which may have a close relationship to its choleretic action or effective bile excretory action.", "contents": "Effect of 4-methylumbelliferone on the oxidative metabolism of liver mitochondria in jaundiced rats and its relationship of choleretic action. The effect of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) on the oxidative metabolism of liver mitochondria and its relationship to choleretic action were investigated on 40 bile duct-ligated rats and 40 rats after biliary decompression. The oxidative metabolism of liver mitochondria fell rapidly to 50% of controls within 7 days after bile duct-ligation, whereas that in rats with 4-MU fell only slightly. Such effect of 4-MU on the liver mitochondrial metabolism was most prominent when it was administered to rats after biliary decompression. In rats with 4-MU the depressed oxidative metabolism of cholestatic liver mitochondria recovered rapidly toward normal with accelerated amelioration of serum total bilirubin as compared to that in rats without 4-MU after biliary decompression by loosening of the ligation of the common bile duct. Thus, 4-MU appeared to exert some stimulation or amelioration of the impaired liver mitochondrial metabolism due to jaundice, which may have a close relationship to its choleretic action or effective bile excretory action.", "PMID": 1037242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7806", "title": "[Specific incorporation of labelled tissue homogenates into the homologous organs of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The time course of the incorporation of radioactivity into the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, adrenal glands, and testes following subcutaneous application of L-histidine-2,5-T-labelled homogenates of liver, kidney and heart has been measured in 105 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months (weight: x = 350 g). The homogenates had been prepared from organs of rats of the same age, sex and weight, each labelled with 400 muCi L-histidine-2,5-T. The maximal incorporation of activity from the homogenates into the organs investigated has been found 24 h after injection. In the kidney, however, an additional peak appeared already 5 h post applicationen. The comparison of the activities of the liver, kidney and heart, taking into account the differences in organ metabolism, revealed a significantly higher incorporation into the homologous than in the non-homologous organs. This specific incorporation appeared 2 h after the injection and could be found until about 24 h. The type of labelling, the method of sample preparation and the time of absorption allowed to conclude that the specific affinity to the homologous organs might have been due to a relatively small amount of short peptides. The functional significance especially for the regeneration of impaired organs has been discussed taking into account earlier results.", "contents": "[Specific incorporation of labelled tissue homogenates into the homologous organs of the rat (author's transl)]. The time course of the incorporation of radioactivity into the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, adrenal glands, and testes following subcutaneous application of L-histidine-2,5-T-labelled homogenates of liver, kidney and heart has been measured in 105 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months (weight: x = 350 g). The homogenates had been prepared from organs of rats of the same age, sex and weight, each labelled with 400 muCi L-histidine-2,5-T. The maximal incorporation of activity from the homogenates into the organs investigated has been found 24 h after injection. In the kidney, however, an additional peak appeared already 5 h post applicationen. The comparison of the activities of the liver, kidney and heart, taking into account the differences in organ metabolism, revealed a significantly higher incorporation into the homologous than in the non-homologous organs. This specific incorporation appeared 2 h after the injection and could be found until about 24 h. The type of labelling, the method of sample preparation and the time of absorption allowed to conclude that the specific affinity to the homologous organs might have been due to a relatively small amount of short peptides. The functional significance especially for the regeneration of impaired organs has been discussed taking into account earlier results.", "PMID": 1037243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7807", "title": "Effect of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid on ethanol-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Short communication.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were administered acutely and chronically ethyl alcohol. The effect of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarine) on ethanol induced hypertriglyceridemia and on hepatic concentration of triglyceride was investigated. In rats treated acutely with ethanol the serum and hepatic triglycerides showed significant rise by 216 and 111%, resp. The prolonged administration of ethanol caused insignificant increase of the serum triglyceride concentration by 40%, while its hepatic content was significantly increased by 100%. In rats receiving ethanol and cynarine simultaneously, distinct reduction of the serum and hepatic triglyceride concentration was observed.", "contents": "Effect of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid on ethanol-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Short communication. Male Wistar rats were administered acutely and chronically ethyl alcohol. The effect of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarine) on ethanol induced hypertriglyceridemia and on hepatic concentration of triglyceride was investigated. In rats treated acutely with ethanol the serum and hepatic triglycerides showed significant rise by 216 and 111%, resp. The prolonged administration of ethanol caused insignificant increase of the serum triglyceride concentration by 40%, while its hepatic content was significantly increased by 100%. In rats receiving ethanol and cynarine simultaneously, distinct reduction of the serum and hepatic triglyceride concentration was observed.", "PMID": 1037244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7808", "title": "Pharmacological aspects of pyrazoline derivatives from 2-hydroxy-butenolides.", "content": "A series of pyrazoline derivatives was synthetised and evaluated for toxicological and pharmacological effects; analgesic, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and cardiovascular properties were screened. Tested compounds were found to have a low toxicity; one of them showed a good analgesic activity without side effects.", "contents": "Pharmacological aspects of pyrazoline derivatives from 2-hydroxy-butenolides. A series of pyrazoline derivatives was synthetised and evaluated for toxicological and pharmacological effects; analgesic, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and cardiovascular properties were screened. Tested compounds were found to have a low toxicity; one of them showed a good analgesic activity without side effects.", "PMID": 1037245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7809", "title": "Inhibition of gluconeogenesis by sodium nitroprusside in the perfused guinea pig liver.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside was found to be a very strong inhibitor of the glucose formation from lactate in the perfused guinea pig liver. Hepatic cell respiration and oxidative phosphorylation appeared to be simultaneously suppressed by this compound. The pattern of some hepatic metabolite concentrations was similarly affected by nitroprusside as described for biguanides and pyridinium chloride derivatives. Cyanide had to be added to the perfusion medium in a tenfold higher concentration to achieve a comparable inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate.", "contents": "Inhibition of gluconeogenesis by sodium nitroprusside in the perfused guinea pig liver. Sodium nitroprusside was found to be a very strong inhibitor of the glucose formation from lactate in the perfused guinea pig liver. Hepatic cell respiration and oxidative phosphorylation appeared to be simultaneously suppressed by this compound. The pattern of some hepatic metabolite concentrations was similarly affected by nitroprusside as described for biguanides and pyridinium chloride derivatives. Cyanide had to be added to the perfusion medium in a tenfold higher concentration to achieve a comparable inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate.", "PMID": 1037246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7810", "title": "Absorption and disposition of econazole nitrate after application to the skins and vaginas of rabbits.", "content": "1. The absorption and tissue distribution of radioactivity has been studied in rabbits after application of a cream containing 10 mg of the 3H-labelled 1-(2,4-dichloro-beta-[(p-chlorobenzyl)oxy]phenethyl) imidazole nitrate (econazole nitrate, Pevaryl) to the normal or abraded skins of rabbits. 2. Approximately one-third of the dose was absorbed through the occluded normal skins of rabbits during 8 days, mainly during 7 to 24 h. In the same time interval, slightly more of the dose was absorbed through the occluded abraded skins of rabbits at slightly greater rates. Co-formulation of triamcinolone acetonide in the cream reduced and delayed the peak rates of absorption through normal and abraded skin, but the extent of absorption during 8 days was similar in the presence or absence of triamcinolone acetonide. 3. After application to normal skin or abraded skin, the peak of mean concentrations in the plasma of 220 ng/ml (range 132-276 ng/ml) or 307 ng/ml (range 270-321 ng/ml), respectively, occurred at 24 h. Tissue distribution of radioactivity was similar after application to normal or abraded skin, and concentrations were highest in the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract (which are the organs of biotransformation and excretion) and also in the adrenals and to a lesser extent in the uterus, ovaries and untreated skin. 4. After application of a cream containing 5 mg of 3H-econazole nitrate to the vaginas of rabbits, approximately one-third of the dose was absorbed during 8-24 h, and rates of excretion were higher through the more permeable vaginal membrane. 5. After vaginal doses of 5 mg, a peak concentration of 209 ng/ml occurred at 6 h in the plasma. Tissue concentrations of radioactivity after vaginal doses were highest in liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, adrenals and ovaries, and the tissue distribution was similar to that observed after cutaneous doses.", "contents": "Absorption and disposition of econazole nitrate after application to the skins and vaginas of rabbits. 1. The absorption and tissue distribution of radioactivity has been studied in rabbits after application of a cream containing 10 mg of the 3H-labelled 1-(2,4-dichloro-beta-[(p-chlorobenzyl)oxy]phenethyl) imidazole nitrate (econazole nitrate, Pevaryl) to the normal or abraded skins of rabbits. 2. Approximately one-third of the dose was absorbed through the occluded normal skins of rabbits during 8 days, mainly during 7 to 24 h. In the same time interval, slightly more of the dose was absorbed through the occluded abraded skins of rabbits at slightly greater rates. Co-formulation of triamcinolone acetonide in the cream reduced and delayed the peak rates of absorption through normal and abraded skin, but the extent of absorption during 8 days was similar in the presence or absence of triamcinolone acetonide. 3. After application to normal skin or abraded skin, the peak of mean concentrations in the plasma of 220 ng/ml (range 132-276 ng/ml) or 307 ng/ml (range 270-321 ng/ml), respectively, occurred at 24 h. Tissue distribution of radioactivity was similar after application to normal or abraded skin, and concentrations were highest in the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract (which are the organs of biotransformation and excretion) and also in the adrenals and to a lesser extent in the uterus, ovaries and untreated skin. 4. After application of a cream containing 5 mg of 3H-econazole nitrate to the vaginas of rabbits, approximately one-third of the dose was absorbed during 8-24 h, and rates of excretion were higher through the more permeable vaginal membrane. 5. After vaginal doses of 5 mg, a peak concentration of 209 ng/ml occurred at 6 h in the plasma. Tissue concentrations of radioactivity after vaginal doses were highest in liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, adrenals and ovaries, and the tissue distribution was similar to that observed after cutaneous doses.", "PMID": 1037247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7811", "title": "Self-administration of caffeine by the rat.", "content": "Rats with permanently implanted right jugular vein cannulae were either pre-treated with increasing doses of caffeine for up to 98 h, or underwent no pre-treatment. Both groups were then presented with a lever, the pressing of which caused a self-injection of a caffeine solution. For both groups, some of the rats self-administered caffeine for up to 4 days and then their activity stopped; the other rats did not self-administered caffeine.", "contents": "Self-administration of caffeine by the rat. Rats with permanently implanted right jugular vein cannulae were either pre-treated with increasing doses of caffeine for up to 98 h, or underwent no pre-treatment. Both groups were then presented with a lever, the pressing of which caused a self-injection of a caffeine solution. For both groups, some of the rats self-administered caffeine for up to 4 days and then their activity stopped; the other rats did not self-administered caffeine.", "PMID": 1037248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7812", "title": "[A contribution to the subject of the parameters PQ, QRS and QT being functions of heart rate in the ECG of the beagle dog (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined the degree of dependency of the ECG parameters PO, QRS and QT on the heart rate. In 252 beagles of standardised breeding and accommodation (strain: Chbi : BEAGLE), a total of 1456 ECG recordings was made from the three Einthoven extremity leads, and the heart rate and PQ-, QRS-, and QT-times were measured. The animals used were dogs from eleven subacute toxicity studies. 683 of the registrations were obtained from control animals and 773 from drug-treated animals whose ECG curves had remained unchanged and in which no histopathological changes were found in the heart at the end of the toxicity studies. The data obtained were biometrically evaluated by regression and correlation analyses. The range of the heart rate was 34-238 actions/min, median value 108. The range of the PQ interval was 0.07-0.18 sec, the QRS interval 0.03-0.09 sec and the QT interval 0.14-0.26 sec. The median values were 0.11, 0.05 and 0.19 sec, respectively. Positive skew distributions were found. The data were transformed to obtain values with normal distribution. The various correlation coefficients were then heart rate/PQ time: -0.408 (p less than 0.001), heart rate/QRS time: -0.057 (p less than 0.05), heart rate/QT time: - 0.611 (p less than 0.001). This means that the PQ and QT intervals clearly decrease as the heart rate increases, whereas the QRS interval is only minimally affected. Correlation ellipses were also calculated and presented graphically. These show areas within which 50, 75, 90 and 95% of our values are to be expected.", "contents": "[A contribution to the subject of the parameters PQ, QRS and QT being functions of heart rate in the ECG of the beagle dog (author's transl)]. We examined the degree of dependency of the ECG parameters PO, QRS and QT on the heart rate. In 252 beagles of standardised breeding and accommodation (strain: Chbi : BEAGLE), a total of 1456 ECG recordings was made from the three Einthoven extremity leads, and the heart rate and PQ-, QRS-, and QT-times were measured. The animals used were dogs from eleven subacute toxicity studies. 683 of the registrations were obtained from control animals and 773 from drug-treated animals whose ECG curves had remained unchanged and in which no histopathological changes were found in the heart at the end of the toxicity studies. The data obtained were biometrically evaluated by regression and correlation analyses. The range of the heart rate was 34-238 actions/min, median value 108. The range of the PQ interval was 0.07-0.18 sec, the QRS interval 0.03-0.09 sec and the QT interval 0.14-0.26 sec. The median values were 0.11, 0.05 and 0.19 sec, respectively. Positive skew distributions were found. The data were transformed to obtain values with normal distribution. The various correlation coefficients were then heart rate/PQ time: -0.408 (p less than 0.001), heart rate/QRS time: -0.057 (p less than 0.05), heart rate/QT time: - 0.611 (p less than 0.001). This means that the PQ and QT intervals clearly decrease as the heart rate increases, whereas the QRS interval is only minimally affected. Correlation ellipses were also calculated and presented graphically. These show areas within which 50, 75, 90 and 95% of our values are to be expected.", "PMID": 1037249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7813", "title": "[Suitability of various food mixtures for breeding and rearing of beagle dogs. 3. Methods and results for the Ingelheim team].", "content": "Two different modes of nutrition during breeding and rearing of dogs are investigated to determine which of them has the better effect. The use of a complete feed for breeding and maintenance (Altromin H) was compared with the use of a special breeding feed (Zahn Z), respectively, together with a special maintenance feed (Zahn H). A palatability test was made, a 2-year test for the effect on breeding, observation of weight gain and food consumption in the rearing phase on all the dogs of the strain Chbi:BEAGLE. The palatability test showed no preference for either diet. Initially, on changing diets, the dogs ate more of whichever new food was given. From 22 parameters which characterize the breeding effect the only statistically significant difference determined was an 11% higher consumption in the Altromin H group. Although in the rearing phase the food consumption in the Altromin H group was higher, male dogs in the younger age group made more weight gain on the special food (Zahn Z) and older bitches fed Altromin H were heavier for a time.", "contents": "[Suitability of various food mixtures for breeding and rearing of beagle dogs. 3. Methods and results for the Ingelheim team]. Two different modes of nutrition during breeding and rearing of dogs are investigated to determine which of them has the better effect. The use of a complete feed for breeding and maintenance (Altromin H) was compared with the use of a special breeding feed (Zahn Z), respectively, together with a special maintenance feed (Zahn H). A palatability test was made, a 2-year test for the effect on breeding, observation of weight gain and food consumption in the rearing phase on all the dogs of the strain Chbi:BEAGLE. The palatability test showed no preference for either diet. Initially, on changing diets, the dogs ate more of whichever new food was given. From 22 parameters which characterize the breeding effect the only statistically significant difference determined was an 11% higher consumption in the Altromin H group. Although in the rearing phase the food consumption in the Altromin H group was higher, male dogs in the younger age group made more weight gain on the special food (Zahn Z) and older bitches fed Altromin H were heavier for a time.", "PMID": 1037250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7814", "title": "[A quantitative gaschromatographic method for the determination of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibrinic acid) in human plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "The report describes a sensitive and selective GLC-method for the plasma level estimation of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB), the biologically active metabolite of clofibrate. After addition of an internal standard substance the acid is extracted and converted to its methylester by diazomethane. Following oral administration of equimolar doses of clofibrinic acid and clofibrate (445 and 500 mg, respectively) to 4 normal volunteers plasma concentrations could be measured for 72 h. A comparison of different pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the two compounds gave almost identical absorption profiles in respect of CPIB. CPIB disappeared from plasma with a mean half-life of 17.6 h.", "contents": "[A quantitative gaschromatographic method for the determination of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibrinic acid) in human plasma (author's transl)]. The report describes a sensitive and selective GLC-method for the plasma level estimation of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (CPIB), the biologically active metabolite of clofibrate. After addition of an internal standard substance the acid is extracted and converted to its methylester by diazomethane. Following oral administration of equimolar doses of clofibrinic acid and clofibrate (445 and 500 mg, respectively) to 4 normal volunteers plasma concentrations could be measured for 72 h. A comparison of different pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the two compounds gave almost identical absorption profiles in respect of CPIB. CPIB disappeared from plasma with a mean half-life of 17.6 h.", "PMID": 1037251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7815", "title": "[Studies on the biotransformation of 5-vinyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)- and 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid (author's transl)].", "content": "After taking 5-vinyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-barbituric acid (vinylbital, Speda) another not yet known metabolite (Sp 1) was isolated from urine and was identified as 5-vinyl-5-(1-methyl-3-carboxy-propyl)-bartiburic acid. Compound Sp 2a is 1-methylhydantoin. Presumably this compound is an artifact from creatinine. We have not yet been able to identify a third mercury(I)-nitrate-positive substance Sp 2b. The supposition that this compound were a metabolite of 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid could not be upheld. The three mercury(I)-nitrate-positive substances appearing in the urine after taking 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid, behaved in chromatographic analysis completely differently from the unknown compound Sp 2b. The substances were isolated. Two of them are the metabolites 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-2-carboxy-ethyl)-barbituric acid and 5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid. We are not sure whether the third compound identified as 5-hydroxy-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid, is formed in vivo, as the substance could have developed by oxidation or by the influence of peroxide contained in ether, as well. A product hydroxylized in the side chain, like in vinylbital, was not found in the metabolite urine of 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid.", "contents": "[Studies on the biotransformation of 5-vinyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)- and 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid (author's transl)]. After taking 5-vinyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-barbituric acid (vinylbital, Speda) another not yet known metabolite (Sp 1) was isolated from urine and was identified as 5-vinyl-5-(1-methyl-3-carboxy-propyl)-bartiburic acid. Compound Sp 2a is 1-methylhydantoin. Presumably this compound is an artifact from creatinine. We have not yet been able to identify a third mercury(I)-nitrate-positive substance Sp 2b. The supposition that this compound were a metabolite of 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid could not be upheld. The three mercury(I)-nitrate-positive substances appearing in the urine after taking 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid, behaved in chromatographic analysis completely differently from the unknown compound Sp 2b. The substances were isolated. Two of them are the metabolites 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-2-carboxy-ethyl)-barbituric acid and 5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid. We are not sure whether the third compound identified as 5-hydroxy-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid, is formed in vivo, as the substance could have developed by oxidation or by the influence of peroxide contained in ether, as well. A product hydroxylized in the side chain, like in vinylbital, was not found in the metabolite urine of 5-vinyl-5-(1-ethyl-propyl)-barbituric acid.", "PMID": 1037252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7816", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trazodone in man (author's transl)].", "content": "After intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration of 25 mg 14C-labelled 2-(3-[4-(m-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl)-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-(2H)-one-hydrochloride (trazodone), plasma levels, elimination and metabolite pattern in plasma and urine were investigated. The plasma levels after all routes of administration are almost identical. The absorption of the compound is fast and complete. The elimination of radioactivity occurs in a biphasic manner with a half-life of 1 h for the earlier and 13 h for the second phase, no matter what application route had been chosen. The comparison of the plasma levels of fasted and non-fasted subjects shows a shift of the plasma maximum from 1.5 to 2.5 h following administration and a decrease in the maximum level of 30%. The radioactivity is excreted predominantly by renal processes (70-75% within 72 h). The main product in plasma is unchanged trazodone, whereas in urine it is found only in minute amounts. The radioactivity in urine is represented by conjugates that had formed after hydroxylation on the chlorophenyl residue (20%), by a dihydrodiol-metabolite of trazodone (15%) and by a carboxylic acid originating from oxidative cleavage of the parent compound (35%).", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trazodone in man (author's transl)]. After intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration of 25 mg 14C-labelled 2-(3-[4-(m-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propyl)-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-(2H)-one-hydrochloride (trazodone), plasma levels, elimination and metabolite pattern in plasma and urine were investigated. The plasma levels after all routes of administration are almost identical. The absorption of the compound is fast and complete. The elimination of radioactivity occurs in a biphasic manner with a half-life of 1 h for the earlier and 13 h for the second phase, no matter what application route had been chosen. The comparison of the plasma levels of fasted and non-fasted subjects shows a shift of the plasma maximum from 1.5 to 2.5 h following administration and a decrease in the maximum level of 30%. The radioactivity is excreted predominantly by renal processes (70-75% within 72 h). The main product in plasma is unchanged trazodone, whereas in urine it is found only in minute amounts. The radioactivity in urine is represented by conjugates that had formed after hydroxylation on the chlorophenyl residue (20%), by a dihydrodiol-metabolite of trazodone (15%) and by a carboxylic acid originating from oxidative cleavage of the parent compound (35%).", "PMID": 1037253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7817", "title": "A comparative study of the hemodynamic effects of single intravenous doses of 3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-pyridazine-dihydrochloride and hydralazine.", "content": "The new pyridazine derivative 3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-pyridazine-dihydrochloride (DL 150 IT) was administered to five hypertensive patients at the dose of 50 mug/kg by i.v. bolus injection. A parallel group of five patiens received 250 mug/kg of hydralazine. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before treatment, and then after 30--60 and 80-120 min. Cardiac output was evaluated by radiocardiography and myocardial perfusion by clearance of 86Rb. The antihypertensive effect of DL 150 IT was most pronounced 2 h after the injection, whereas by this time the increased heart rate and cardiac output tended to revert to the baseline values. On the contrary, the magnitude of these effects did not change during the observation period after hydralazine treatment. Both drugs increased myocardial perfusion. The new compound appears at least five times more potent than hydralazine and, possibly, has a longer duration of action.", "contents": "A comparative study of the hemodynamic effects of single intravenous doses of 3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-pyridazine-dihydrochloride and hydralazine. The new pyridazine derivative 3-hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-pyridazine-dihydrochloride (DL 150 IT) was administered to five hypertensive patients at the dose of 50 mug/kg by i.v. bolus injection. A parallel group of five patiens received 250 mug/kg of hydralazine. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before treatment, and then after 30--60 and 80-120 min. Cardiac output was evaluated by radiocardiography and myocardial perfusion by clearance of 86Rb. The antihypertensive effect of DL 150 IT was most pronounced 2 h after the injection, whereas by this time the increased heart rate and cardiac output tended to revert to the baseline values. On the contrary, the magnitude of these effects did not change during the observation period after hydralazine treatment. Both drugs increased myocardial perfusion. The new compound appears at least five times more potent than hydralazine and, possibly, has a longer duration of action.", "PMID": 1037254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7818", "title": "[Intestinal absorption from therapeutic iron doses (author's transl)].", "content": "On a total of 105 persons with normal iron stores, iron depletion, and iron deficiency the intestinal absorption from therapeutic iron doses (100 mg Fe and 50 mg Fe as ferrous glycocoll sulphate) of a special galenic form was measured. The measurements were performed by means of a whole-body counter and preparations labelled with radio-iron (59Fe). Mean values of absorption rates from 100 mg Fe in healthy males were 5.0% and in healthy females 5.6% whereas in latent iron deficiency and in iron deficiency anemia mean values of 10% and 13% were obtained, respectively. The maximum absorption rate of 20 to 25% is reached already in the late stage of latent iron deficiency. Advancing severeness of iron deficiency is not followed by an increase of iron absorption. Investigations on 21 persons showed no significant difference between absorption rates of the galenic preparations used when administered orally before or after breakfast, respectively.", "contents": "[Intestinal absorption from therapeutic iron doses (author's transl)]. On a total of 105 persons with normal iron stores, iron depletion, and iron deficiency the intestinal absorption from therapeutic iron doses (100 mg Fe and 50 mg Fe as ferrous glycocoll sulphate) of a special galenic form was measured. The measurements were performed by means of a whole-body counter and preparations labelled with radio-iron (59Fe). Mean values of absorption rates from 100 mg Fe in healthy males were 5.0% and in healthy females 5.6% whereas in latent iron deficiency and in iron deficiency anemia mean values of 10% and 13% were obtained, respectively. The maximum absorption rate of 20 to 25% is reached already in the late stage of latent iron deficiency. Advancing severeness of iron deficiency is not followed by an increase of iron absorption. Investigations on 21 persons showed no significant difference between absorption rates of the galenic preparations used when administered orally before or after breakfast, respectively.", "PMID": 1037255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7819", "title": "Effect of an ergot derivative on human lymphocyte chromosomes in vivo.", "content": "Chromosome examination was made from 12 healthy adult male volunteers by using human lymphocyte cultures twice before, and 8 and 12 weeks after continuous intake of 3 X 1.5 mg Hydergine, an ergot derivative, per day orally. The mean frequency of cells with aberrations and the number of aberrations per 100 cells after 12 weeks' medication corresponded well with those of control cultures. However, for unknown reasons, significantly different values were found after 8 weeks of medication at a level of 5%, i.e., the values of capillary blood culture C8W were lower than those of CI, CII and C12W.", "contents": "Effect of an ergot derivative on human lymphocyte chromosomes in vivo. Chromosome examination was made from 12 healthy adult male volunteers by using human lymphocyte cultures twice before, and 8 and 12 weeks after continuous intake of 3 X 1.5 mg Hydergine, an ergot derivative, per day orally. The mean frequency of cells with aberrations and the number of aberrations per 100 cells after 12 weeks' medication corresponded well with those of control cultures. However, for unknown reasons, significantly different values were found after 8 weeks of medication at a level of 5%, i.e., the values of capillary blood culture C8W were lower than those of CI, CII and C12W.", "PMID": 1037256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7820", "title": "[Polygraphic sleep recordings in patients with endogenous depression before and after treatment with amitriptyline-N-oxide (author's transl)].", "content": "15 endogenous-depressive patients were treated with 3 X 20 mg amitriptyline-N-oxide for 20 days. Polygraphic sleep recordings were taken during the first seven and last six nights. In a single-blind study the patients were given placebo for the first four days, amitriptyline-N-oxide was applied during the following 13 days and on the last three days placebo was given again. The statistical evaluation showed the following results: a) Latency times up to the first deep sleep and to the first REM-phase decreased under the effect of the substance. b) Relative sleep duration (without wakefulness) increased. c) Actual sleep duration (without wakefulness and stage A) was similar. d) The frequency of awakenings during the night diminished under amitriptyline-N-oxide and increased somewhat when placebo was given again. The original values were not reached. The frequency of awakenings from REM-phases increased during the first three nights of medication and decreased in the last three nights the substance was administered. When placebo was given again, the original values were exceeded. e) Duration of wakefulness after waking up during the night decreased under amitriptyline-N-oxide and increased when the medication was discontinued. Here again the original values were not reached. After waking up during the night most waking time was spent in stage C. A placebo effect can be excluded. The effects of amitriptyline-N-oxide are compared to those of hypnotics, other antidepressants, antipsychotics and tranquilizers in the discussion.", "contents": "[Polygraphic sleep recordings in patients with endogenous depression before and after treatment with amitriptyline-N-oxide (author's transl)]. 15 endogenous-depressive patients were treated with 3 X 20 mg amitriptyline-N-oxide for 20 days. Polygraphic sleep recordings were taken during the first seven and last six nights. In a single-blind study the patients were given placebo for the first four days, amitriptyline-N-oxide was applied during the following 13 days and on the last three days placebo was given again. The statistical evaluation showed the following results: a) Latency times up to the first deep sleep and to the first REM-phase decreased under the effect of the substance. b) Relative sleep duration (without wakefulness) increased. c) Actual sleep duration (without wakefulness and stage A) was similar. d) The frequency of awakenings during the night diminished under amitriptyline-N-oxide and increased somewhat when placebo was given again. The original values were not reached. The frequency of awakenings from REM-phases increased during the first three nights of medication and decreased in the last three nights the substance was administered. When placebo was given again, the original values were exceeded. e) Duration of wakefulness after waking up during the night decreased under amitriptyline-N-oxide and increased when the medication was discontinued. Here again the original values were not reached. After waking up during the night most waking time was spent in stage C. A placebo effect can be excluded. The effects of amitriptyline-N-oxide are compared to those of hypnotics, other antidepressants, antipsychotics and tranquilizers in the discussion.", "PMID": 1037257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7821", "title": "A sub-chronic study of the subjective quality of sleep and psychological measures of performance on the morning following night time medication with temazepam.", "content": "A sub-chronic study of 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (temazepam, Euhypnos) at three dose levels was carried out in 30 healthy volunteers. A matching placebo was given before and after the 4 nights of active compound. The subjective response was measured by means of a sleep evaluation questionnaire, and the objective measurements used were the critical flicker fusion threshold and choice reaction time. A clear dose-response relationship was seen in the subjective and objective measurements with the three doses used. A rebound phenomenon was seen only at the high dose levels in two subjective measures, viz. getting to sleep and behaviour following waking.", "contents": "A sub-chronic study of the subjective quality of sleep and psychological measures of performance on the morning following night time medication with temazepam. A sub-chronic study of 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (temazepam, Euhypnos) at three dose levels was carried out in 30 healthy volunteers. A matching placebo was given before and after the 4 nights of active compound. The subjective response was measured by means of a sleep evaluation questionnaire, and the objective measurements used were the critical flicker fusion threshold and choice reaction time. A clear dose-response relationship was seen in the subjective and objective measurements with the three doses used. A rebound phenomenon was seen only at the high dose levels in two subjective measures, viz. getting to sleep and behaviour following waking.", "PMID": 1037258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7822", "title": "Pharmacology of dihydroxy-dibutylether, a specific choleretic drug.", "content": "The choleretic and the general pharmacological properties of dihydroxy-dibutyl ether (Discinil) were investigated in several animal species. Discinil (DHBE) increased the bile flow in conscious rats and dogs, after both oral and i.v. administration. A choleretic effect was also observed after i.v. injection into anaesthetized rats and guinea pigs. A dose-response relationship was always obtained, the threshold dose being 25--100 mg/kg. No evidence of tachyphylaxis was observed in rats after repeated treatments. The bile hyperflow was generally accompanied by an increased excretion of the total dry residue in guinea pigs and dogs. The choleretic effect in rats was still present after pretreatment with either DL-ethionine (causing parenchymal liver damage) or atropine (blocking the cholinergic control of bile production). At low doses (25--100 mg/kg i.v.) eliciting a definite choleretic response, DHBE did not show spasmogenic and spasmolytic effects in vivo on the smooth muscles of the gallbladder of guinea pigs and dogs, neither on the stomach and intestine of mice and dogs; while it constricted the pylorus sphincter of rats. At larger doses (200--400 mg/kg i.v.) the compound showed a mild relaxing activity on Oddi's sphincter of guinea pigs and a weak spasmogenic activity either on gall bladder or on small intestine. In vitro, it caused an unspecific antagonism against the spasm induced by acetylcholine, barium chloride, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine. In anaesthetized rats, rabbits and dogs, DHBE caused a moderate and short-lasting hypotension, and tachycardia. The threshold doses for these effects were 2--4 times superior to those being choleretic. In conscious dogs, the compound was slightly hypertensive. DHBE did not provoke important respiratory and ECG changes, neither showed diuretic nor antiphlogistic effects.", "contents": "Pharmacology of dihydroxy-dibutylether, a specific choleretic drug. The choleretic and the general pharmacological properties of dihydroxy-dibutyl ether (Discinil) were investigated in several animal species. Discinil (DHBE) increased the bile flow in conscious rats and dogs, after both oral and i.v. administration. A choleretic effect was also observed after i.v. injection into anaesthetized rats and guinea pigs. A dose-response relationship was always obtained, the threshold dose being 25--100 mg/kg. No evidence of tachyphylaxis was observed in rats after repeated treatments. The bile hyperflow was generally accompanied by an increased excretion of the total dry residue in guinea pigs and dogs. The choleretic effect in rats was still present after pretreatment with either DL-ethionine (causing parenchymal liver damage) or atropine (blocking the cholinergic control of bile production). At low doses (25--100 mg/kg i.v.) eliciting a definite choleretic response, DHBE did not show spasmogenic and spasmolytic effects in vivo on the smooth muscles of the gallbladder of guinea pigs and dogs, neither on the stomach and intestine of mice and dogs; while it constricted the pylorus sphincter of rats. At larger doses (200--400 mg/kg i.v.) the compound showed a mild relaxing activity on Oddi's sphincter of guinea pigs and a weak spasmogenic activity either on gall bladder or on small intestine. In vitro, it caused an unspecific antagonism against the spasm induced by acetylcholine, barium chloride, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine. In anaesthetized rats, rabbits and dogs, DHBE caused a moderate and short-lasting hypotension, and tachycardia. The threshold doses for these effects were 2--4 times superior to those being choleretic. In conscious dogs, the compound was slightly hypertensive. DHBE did not provoke important respiratory and ECG changes, neither showed diuretic nor antiphlogistic effects.", "PMID": 1037259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7823", "title": "[On the determination of triamterene, hydroxythiamterene and hydroxytriamterene sulphate ester in biologica material by direct evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms (author's transl)].", "content": "The quantitative measurement of 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (triamterene), as well as its metabolites hydroxytriamterene and hydroxytriamterene sulphate ester, is described. Estimation of urine, plasma and faecal samples was achieved by a direct fluorometric method following separation on kieselgel plates. The procedure allows the simultaneous assay of the three substances on the plate without the need for previous chromatographic separation or derivatisation.", "contents": "[On the determination of triamterene, hydroxythiamterene and hydroxytriamterene sulphate ester in biologica material by direct evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms (author's transl)]. The quantitative measurement of 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (triamterene), as well as its metabolites hydroxytriamterene and hydroxytriamterene sulphate ester, is described. Estimation of urine, plasma and faecal samples was achieved by a direct fluorometric method following separation on kieselgel plates. The procedure allows the simultaneous assay of the three substances on the plate without the need for previous chromatographic separation or derivatisation.", "PMID": 1037260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7824", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological study of diphenylalkylamines with cycloaliphatic residues. New coronary vasodilators.", "content": "The paper describes the synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of some derivatives of prenylamine, all with a cycloaliphatic ring within or instead of the isopropylamine moiety. Their general formulas are: (C6H5)2CH-CH2-CH2-NH-CH-CH2-R CH2 (I) (C6H5)2CH-CH2-CH2-NH-R' (II) where R contains and R' is a cycloaliphatic ring. Several compounds and particularly those of formula (I), and of formula (II), where the alicyclic ring had a bulky substituent in para were more active than prenylamine as coronary vasodilators on isolated guinea-pig heart (Langendorff). The most interesting derivative was M.G. 8926 [N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-alpha-methyl-beta-cyclohexylethylamine], which was more active than prenylamine on Langendorff's heart and in enhancing the pressor response to catecholamines and inhibiting the isoprenaline induced hypotension. Moreover, it had almost the same effects as prenylamine as spasmolytic, local and general anesthetic, on heart rate and arterial pressure and against coronary spasm from pitressin.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological study of diphenylalkylamines with cycloaliphatic residues. New coronary vasodilators. The paper describes the synthesis and the pharmacological evaluation of some derivatives of prenylamine, all with a cycloaliphatic ring within or instead of the isopropylamine moiety. Their general formulas are: (C6H5)2CH-CH2-CH2-NH-CH-CH2-R CH2 (I) (C6H5)2CH-CH2-CH2-NH-R' (II) where R contains and R' is a cycloaliphatic ring. Several compounds and particularly those of formula (I), and of formula (II), where the alicyclic ring had a bulky substituent in para were more active than prenylamine as coronary vasodilators on isolated guinea-pig heart (Langendorff). The most interesting derivative was M.G. 8926 [N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-alpha-methyl-beta-cyclohexylethylamine], which was more active than prenylamine on Langendorff's heart and in enhancing the pressor response to catecholamines and inhibiting the isoprenaline induced hypotension. Moreover, it had almost the same effects as prenylamine as spasmolytic, local and general anesthetic, on heart rate and arterial pressure and against coronary spasm from pitressin.", "PMID": 1037261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7825", "title": "[Anaerobic serum ultrafiltration--a new method for determination of protein-binding rates of drugs under physiological conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Only the free and not the protein-bound fraction of a drug shows pharmacologic activity. Therefore the rates of drug-binding to serum proteins are of great importance for clinical and pharmacological purposes. A basis prerequisite for accurate measurements are experimental designs giving the possibility of keeping the most important factors influencing the protein-binding rate within physiological ranges. In vivo these factors are, among others, the concentration of albumin, the absorption of different exogenous and endogenous substances to albumin, the type and the amount of ions present, the total ionic strength, the pH-value and hence the pCO2 as well as the temperature. An experimental set-up was described giving the possibility of keeping all these factors absolutely constant under in vivo conditions by means of a newly developed and simply to handle ultrafiltration device. From withdrawing the blood sample from the vein to the complete separation of the protein-bound fraction the blood sample can be processed under strictly anaerobic conditions (to prevent loss of CO2!). Compared to common methods generally used for the determination of protein-binding rates, such as equilibrium dialysis, column chromatography and ultracentrifugation, this new procedure saves a considerable amount of time. Within 1 h up to 8 samples can be processed in a single device. Besides short filtration times there is no need for any additional sample preparation such as buffering or adding antibacterial substances, etc.", "contents": "[Anaerobic serum ultrafiltration--a new method for determination of protein-binding rates of drugs under physiological conditions (author's transl)]. Only the free and not the protein-bound fraction of a drug shows pharmacologic activity. Therefore the rates of drug-binding to serum proteins are of great importance for clinical and pharmacological purposes. A basis prerequisite for accurate measurements are experimental designs giving the possibility of keeping the most important factors influencing the protein-binding rate within physiological ranges. In vivo these factors are, among others, the concentration of albumin, the absorption of different exogenous and endogenous substances to albumin, the type and the amount of ions present, the total ionic strength, the pH-value and hence the pCO2 as well as the temperature. An experimental set-up was described giving the possibility of keeping all these factors absolutely constant under in vivo conditions by means of a newly developed and simply to handle ultrafiltration device. From withdrawing the blood sample from the vein to the complete separation of the protein-bound fraction the blood sample can be processed under strictly anaerobic conditions (to prevent loss of CO2!). Compared to common methods generally used for the determination of protein-binding rates, such as equilibrium dialysis, column chromatography and ultracentrifugation, this new procedure saves a considerable amount of time. Within 1 h up to 8 samples can be processed in a single device. Besides short filtration times there is no need for any additional sample preparation such as buffering or adding antibacterial substances, etc.", "PMID": 1037262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7826", "title": "[A new fluorometric method for the determination of drugs in biological material (author's transl)].", "content": "A description is given of a new method for fluorometric determination of drugs in biological material. The assay is based on photochemical transformation of non-fluorescent compounds in fluorophors by short-wave UV light. The pharmacokinetics of the 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)-phenoxy]-propionic acid (HCG 004) serves as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of this method; reference is also made to analogously successful studies of other drugs.", "contents": "[A new fluorometric method for the determination of drugs in biological material (author's transl)]. A description is given of a new method for fluorometric determination of drugs in biological material. The assay is based on photochemical transformation of non-fluorescent compounds in fluorophors by short-wave UV light. The pharmacokinetics of the 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)-phenoxy]-propionic acid (HCG 004) serves as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of this method; reference is also made to analogously successful studies of other drugs.", "PMID": 1037263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7827", "title": "The effect of etafenone on the subcellular distribution of calcium and some oligoelements in heart muscle. Ultracytochemical and x-ray microanalytical study.", "content": "In order to detect the subcellular localization of calcium in the myocardium of laboratory animals (rats and guinea-pigs) under the influence of 2'-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-3-phenyl-propiophenone (etafenone, Baxacor) (4 mg, 20 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight) two ultracytochemical methods, with lead acetate and with potassium pyroantimonate, were used. In addition, X-ray microanalysis of myocardial fragments was performed. The correlation of ultrastructural, ultracytochemical and X-ray microanalytical findings provides direct evidence of the hypothesis that etafenone acts on myocardium as a so-called \"calcium antagonist\". The subcellular targets of etafenone action are mainly the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Etafenone modifies also the concentration of copper, zinc and selenium in myocardium. The effect of etaferone on myocardial calcium and oligoelements appears to be dose-dependent.", "contents": "The effect of etafenone on the subcellular distribution of calcium and some oligoelements in heart muscle. Ultracytochemical and x-ray microanalytical study. In order to detect the subcellular localization of calcium in the myocardium of laboratory animals (rats and guinea-pigs) under the influence of 2'-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-3-phenyl-propiophenone (etafenone, Baxacor) (4 mg, 20 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight) two ultracytochemical methods, with lead acetate and with potassium pyroantimonate, were used. In addition, X-ray microanalysis of myocardial fragments was performed. The correlation of ultrastructural, ultracytochemical and X-ray microanalytical findings provides direct evidence of the hypothesis that etafenone acts on myocardium as a so-called \"calcium antagonist\". The subcellular targets of etafenone action are mainly the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Etafenone modifies also the concentration of copper, zinc and selenium in myocardium. The effect of etaferone on myocardial calcium and oligoelements appears to be dose-dependent.", "PMID": 1037264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7828", "title": "Oscillations and cysteine metabolism in aortic strips of hypertensive rats.", "content": "Aortic strips of normal and hypertensive rats were used for the study. In comparison with normal rats hypertensive rats show a low cysteine and high homocysteine level and vascular auto-oscillations. The auto-oscillations are damped by cysteine, cAMP, theophylline and heparin but not by ADP.", "contents": "Oscillations and cysteine metabolism in aortic strips of hypertensive rats. Aortic strips of normal and hypertensive rats were used for the study. In comparison with normal rats hypertensive rats show a low cysteine and high homocysteine level and vascular auto-oscillations. The auto-oscillations are damped by cysteine, cAMP, theophylline and heparin but not by ADP.", "PMID": 1037265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7829", "title": "[On the mode of action of heptaminol (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of heptaminol, an aliphatic amine with an alcoholic group on carbon 2, on sympathetic nerves and on isolated chromaffine granules was infestigated. In cats, heptaminol caused long-lasting, dose-dependent pressor effects accompanied by tachycardia and contractions of the nictitating membrane. In comparison with tyramine, heptaminol was 100 times less potent in increasing blood pressure and 10 times less effective in inducing contractions of the nictitating membrane. The rise in blood pressure as well as tachycardia and contraction of the nictitating membrane were diminished by cocaine. After pretreatment with cocaine, heptaminol in high doses caused short-lasting depressor effects. Also in rats the pressor effect of heptaminol was weaker but of longer duration than that of tyramine. The dose-response curve was depressed by pretreatment with reserpine. The tachycardia induced by heptaminol was markedly diminished after pretreatment with reserpine. After repeated injections heptaminol reduced the norepinephrine content of the rat heart by 20-40%, Tyramine and hexylamine were more effective than heptaminol in depleting the norepinephrine stores of the heart (50-60%). In fluorescence microscopic investigations on sympathetic nerves (rat iris) depleted of norepinephrine by reserpine, the uptake of alpha-methylnorepinephrine could be inhibited or prevented by heptaminol. The spontaneous release of catecholamines from isolated bovine chromaffine granules was enhanced (+30%) by heptaminol or methamphetamine in high concentrations. In lower concentrations, however, both drugs reduced the uptake of 14C-epinephrine in isolated medullary granules by 20-40%. In addition a non-specific papaverine-like spasmolytic effect of heptaminol could be demonstrated. The results suggest that heptaminol exerts its pharmacological action by interfering with release and uptake of norepinephrine.", "contents": "[On the mode of action of heptaminol (author's transl)]. The effect of heptaminol, an aliphatic amine with an alcoholic group on carbon 2, on sympathetic nerves and on isolated chromaffine granules was infestigated. In cats, heptaminol caused long-lasting, dose-dependent pressor effects accompanied by tachycardia and contractions of the nictitating membrane. In comparison with tyramine, heptaminol was 100 times less potent in increasing blood pressure and 10 times less effective in inducing contractions of the nictitating membrane. The rise in blood pressure as well as tachycardia and contraction of the nictitating membrane were diminished by cocaine. After pretreatment with cocaine, heptaminol in high doses caused short-lasting depressor effects. Also in rats the pressor effect of heptaminol was weaker but of longer duration than that of tyramine. The dose-response curve was depressed by pretreatment with reserpine. The tachycardia induced by heptaminol was markedly diminished after pretreatment with reserpine. After repeated injections heptaminol reduced the norepinephrine content of the rat heart by 20-40%, Tyramine and hexylamine were more effective than heptaminol in depleting the norepinephrine stores of the heart (50-60%). In fluorescence microscopic investigations on sympathetic nerves (rat iris) depleted of norepinephrine by reserpine, the uptake of alpha-methylnorepinephrine could be inhibited or prevented by heptaminol. The spontaneous release of catecholamines from isolated bovine chromaffine granules was enhanced (+30%) by heptaminol or methamphetamine in high concentrations. In lower concentrations, however, both drugs reduced the uptake of 14C-epinephrine in isolated medullary granules by 20-40%. In addition a non-specific papaverine-like spasmolytic effect of heptaminol could be demonstrated. The results suggest that heptaminol exerts its pharmacological action by interfering with release and uptake of norepinephrine.", "PMID": 1037266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7830", "title": "Vasodilator profile of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-[2-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)]-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester hydrochloride (YC-93).", "content": "A new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-4,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-[2-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)]-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester hydrochloride (YC-93), when i.v. injected into anesthetized dogs, exhibited not only a greated vasodilation in both cerebral and coronary than in femoral vessels, but also about 100 to 300 times higher potency as well as longer durability than any of reference drugs such as isoxsupurine, papaverine and cinnarizine. YC-93 was also effective in vasodilation by i.m. and i.d. administration. When administered into vertebral and coronary arteries, YC-93 caused vasodilation at the doses that did not affect systemic blood pressure. YC-93 did not potentiate the vasodilator effect of adenosine, and vasodilation by YC-93 was influenced by neither propranolol, atropine, diphenhydramine nor aminophylline. Acute toxicity (LD50) of YC-93 was almost the same as that of papaverine in mice and rats. Thus, YC-93 is a potent bu low-toxic vasodilator agent acting preferentially and perhaps directly on cerebral and coronary vascular beds and is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract into blood stream.", "contents": "Vasodilator profile of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-[2-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)]-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester hydrochloride (YC-93). A new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-4,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-[2-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)]-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester hydrochloride (YC-93), when i.v. injected into anesthetized dogs, exhibited not only a greated vasodilation in both cerebral and coronary than in femoral vessels, but also about 100 to 300 times higher potency as well as longer durability than any of reference drugs such as isoxsupurine, papaverine and cinnarizine. YC-93 was also effective in vasodilation by i.m. and i.d. administration. When administered into vertebral and coronary arteries, YC-93 caused vasodilation at the doses that did not affect systemic blood pressure. YC-93 did not potentiate the vasodilator effect of adenosine, and vasodilation by YC-93 was influenced by neither propranolol, atropine, diphenhydramine nor aminophylline. Acute toxicity (LD50) of YC-93 was almost the same as that of papaverine in mice and rats. Thus, YC-93 is a potent bu low-toxic vasodilator agent acting preferentially and perhaps directly on cerebral and coronary vascular beds and is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract into blood stream.", "PMID": 1037267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7831", "title": "[Comparative studies in vivo and in vitro on the formation of phenolic biphenyl metabolites in various animal species (author's transl)[].", "content": "The enzymatic hydroxylation of biphenyl in the liver microsome fractions of rabbits, guinea pigs and rats has been studied. They hydroxylated biphenyls were detected by thin-layer and gas chromatography. By the aid of gas chromatography all the hydroxybiphenyls could be quantitatively determined simultaneously. The following results were obtained: 1. 3-Hydroxybiphenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl were detected along with the already known biphenyls with hydroxy groups in o- and p-positions. 2. Beside the prevailing p-hydroxybiphenyl, the m-hydroxy derivative was found in greater amounts than the o-hydroxybiphenyl. 3. The ratios of the amounts of the individual biphenyl metabolites versus one another varied with the animal species. Differences were shown among both young and old animals within a single species. With rats, the hydroxylation pattern was found to depend on the race. 4. Orientation studies of the conjugate fractions of rabbits and mice fed with biphenyl indicated that, in addition to the metabolites mentioned, the glucuronosides of 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl could be detected in urine.", "contents": "[Comparative studies in vivo and in vitro on the formation of phenolic biphenyl metabolites in various animal species (author's transl)[]. The enzymatic hydroxylation of biphenyl in the liver microsome fractions of rabbits, guinea pigs and rats has been studied. They hydroxylated biphenyls were detected by thin-layer and gas chromatography. By the aid of gas chromatography all the hydroxybiphenyls could be quantitatively determined simultaneously. The following results were obtained: 1. 3-Hydroxybiphenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl were detected along with the already known biphenyls with hydroxy groups in o- and p-positions. 2. Beside the prevailing p-hydroxybiphenyl, the m-hydroxy derivative was found in greater amounts than the o-hydroxybiphenyl. 3. The ratios of the amounts of the individual biphenyl metabolites versus one another varied with the animal species. Differences were shown among both young and old animals within a single species. With rats, the hydroxylation pattern was found to depend on the race. 4. Orientation studies of the conjugate fractions of rabbits and mice fed with biphenyl indicated that, in addition to the metabolites mentioned, the glucuronosides of 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxybiphenyl and 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl could be detected in urine.", "PMID": 1037268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7832", "title": "Effect of hexachlorophene on the coagulation process in beagle dogs.", "content": "In a dermal toxicological study the effect of hexachlorophene on the blood coagulation process in dogs over a period of 12 weeks was investigated. The thrombelastographic results revealed a reduction in reaction time, coagulation time and an increase in maximal amplitude supplemented with subsequent increase in the number of platelets and the enhancement of ESR.", "contents": "Effect of hexachlorophene on the coagulation process in beagle dogs. In a dermal toxicological study the effect of hexachlorophene on the blood coagulation process in dogs over a period of 12 weeks was investigated. The thrombelastographic results revealed a reduction in reaction time, coagulation time and an increase in maximal amplitude supplemented with subsequent increase in the number of platelets and the enhancement of ESR.", "PMID": 1037269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7833", "title": "Xanthine oxidase activation in animal liver during infectious processes. Short communication.", "content": "A relevant increase in xanthine oxidase in the liver was constantly found in the couse of the study of enzyme variations in infected mice. This effect seems to be due to bacterial toxins and not related with microbial pathogenicity. Xanthine oxidase is suspected to play a role in host defence mechanisms.", "contents": "Xanthine oxidase activation in animal liver during infectious processes. Short communication. A relevant increase in xanthine oxidase in the liver was constantly found in the couse of the study of enzyme variations in infected mice. This effect seems to be due to bacterial toxins and not related with microbial pathogenicity. Xanthine oxidase is suspected to play a role in host defence mechanisms.", "PMID": 1037270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7834", "title": "New hepato-protective agents. I. Maleopimaric acid-4alpha-carboxamides.", "content": "A number of amide derivatives of maleopimaric acid were synthesised and preliminary results on their protective activity against galactosamine-induced liver damage in the rat are described. The compounds (2, 6, 9 and 15) were found to display the highest level of protective activity producing significant lowering of serum GOT and GPT levels at a daily dose of 250-300 mg/kg. The LD50 of these compounds was typically in excess of 2000 mg/kg.", "contents": "New hepato-protective agents. I. Maleopimaric acid-4alpha-carboxamides. A number of amide derivatives of maleopimaric acid were synthesised and preliminary results on their protective activity against galactosamine-induced liver damage in the rat are described. The compounds (2, 6, 9 and 15) were found to display the highest level of protective activity producing significant lowering of serum GOT and GPT levels at a daily dose of 250-300 mg/kg. The LD50 of these compounds was typically in excess of 2000 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1037271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7835", "title": "New hepato-protective agents. II. Maleopimaridyl morpholides.", "content": "A further series of derivatives of maleopimaric acid, the maleopimaridyl morpholides, has been prepared and results on their protection against galactosamine-inducted liver damage in the rat are described. The compounds (3, 4, 8 and 10) were found to display the highest levels of hepato-protective activity in the series. Compound 8 (LD50 greater than 10 g/kg) which exhibited significant, dose-related protection at a daily dose in the range of 50-400 mg/kg, was selected for detailed investigation.", "contents": "New hepato-protective agents. II. Maleopimaridyl morpholides. A further series of derivatives of maleopimaric acid, the maleopimaridyl morpholides, has been prepared and results on their protection against galactosamine-inducted liver damage in the rat are described. The compounds (3, 4, 8 and 10) were found to display the highest levels of hepato-protective activity in the series. Compound 8 (LD50 greater than 10 g/kg) which exhibited significant, dose-related protection at a daily dose in the range of 50-400 mg/kg, was selected for detailed investigation.", "PMID": 1037272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7836", "title": "Preliminary studies on the absorption, distribution and excretion of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-maleopimarimidyl morpholide (3H-RU 18492) in the female rat and dog.", "content": "Following the oral administration of 3H-labelled N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-maleopimarimidyl morpholide (3H-RU 18 492) to rats and dogs, radioactivity was detected in plasma and the various tissues examined. However, the major fraction of the dose remained unabsorbed and the highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in the liver. In both species the major route of excretion of radioactivity was via the bile.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the absorption, distribution and excretion of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-maleopimarimidyl morpholide (3H-RU 18492) in the female rat and dog. Following the oral administration of 3H-labelled N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-maleopimarimidyl morpholide (3H-RU 18 492) to rats and dogs, radioactivity was detected in plasma and the various tissues examined. However, the major fraction of the dose remained unabsorbed and the highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in the liver. In both species the major route of excretion of radioactivity was via the bile.", "PMID": 1037273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7837", "title": "The protective effect of a novel compound RU 18492, on galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat.", "content": "A novel compound N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-maleopimarimidyl morpholide (RU 18 492), was investigated for its effect against galactosamine induced hepatitis in rats. It was found to be active in reducing both serum transaminase levels and morphological changes due to the hepatotoxin. The protection was shown to be dose related and a significant reduction in liver damage was seen at doses of 50-400 mg/kg p.o. RU 18 492 was ineffective against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatitis in rats. It was suggested that the protective effect of RU 18 492 was due to its ability to stimulate the smooth endoplasmic reticulum thus inducing a more rapid detoxification of galactosamine.", "contents": "The protective effect of a novel compound RU 18492, on galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. A novel compound N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-maleopimarimidyl morpholide (RU 18 492), was investigated for its effect against galactosamine induced hepatitis in rats. It was found to be active in reducing both serum transaminase levels and morphological changes due to the hepatotoxin. The protection was shown to be dose related and a significant reduction in liver damage was seen at doses of 50-400 mg/kg p.o. RU 18 492 was ineffective against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatitis in rats. It was suggested that the protective effect of RU 18 492 was due to its ability to stimulate the smooth endoplasmic reticulum thus inducing a more rapid detoxification of galactosamine.", "PMID": 1037274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7838", "title": "[The effect of tri-iodinated contrast media on acetylcholinesterase of human erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The side effects of water soluble iodinated contrast media often mimic the clinical picture of acetylcholine intoxication. This prompted us to determine the amount of inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase by the following contrast media in vivo and in vitro: methyl glucamineiodipamide (Biligrafin forte), methylglucamine iothalamate (Conray 60), sodium-iothalamate (Conray 80). In vivo no correlation could be found between clinically manifest adverse reaction and enzyme inhibition after contrast media application. The in vitro values for 50% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase are: methylglucamine-iodipamide: 0.036 M, methylglucamine-iothalamate: 0.158 M, sodium-iothalamate: 0.3 M. Since in vitro, the maximal inhibitory effect of a given dose of contrast media can only be registered after a time interval when most of the contrast media in vivo has already been excreted by the kidneys or extracted by the liver, it seems very improbable that the enzyme inhibition seen in vitro should have any consequence whatsoever under clinical conditions. The in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is quickly reversible, with nearly all the activity regained 15 min after the removal of the contrast media.", "contents": "[The effect of tri-iodinated contrast media on acetylcholinesterase of human erythrocytes (author's transl)]. The side effects of water soluble iodinated contrast media often mimic the clinical picture of acetylcholine intoxication. This prompted us to determine the amount of inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase by the following contrast media in vivo and in vitro: methyl glucamineiodipamide (Biligrafin forte), methylglucamine iothalamate (Conray 60), sodium-iothalamate (Conray 80). In vivo no correlation could be found between clinically manifest adverse reaction and enzyme inhibition after contrast media application. The in vitro values for 50% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase are: methylglucamine-iodipamide: 0.036 M, methylglucamine-iothalamate: 0.158 M, sodium-iothalamate: 0.3 M. Since in vitro, the maximal inhibitory effect of a given dose of contrast media can only be registered after a time interval when most of the contrast media in vivo has already been excreted by the kidneys or extracted by the liver, it seems very improbable that the enzyme inhibition seen in vitro should have any consequence whatsoever under clinical conditions. The in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is quickly reversible, with nearly all the activity regained 15 min after the removal of the contrast media.", "PMID": 1037275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7839", "title": "[Studies on the absorption of benzilic acid esters of homologous dimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylammonium bromides through buccal mucosa. 5th communication: On optimum bioavailability of homologous quaternary ammonium compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Distribution studies in vitro predict increasing absorption rates in vivo with increasing distribution coefficients up to a limiting value. Buccal absorption tests with homologous, quaternary cholinesterbromides of benzilic acid do not confirm this hypothesis. The reasons could be the rather hydrophilic properties of the mucosal membranes and thus adsorption of drug to the mucosa. The evaluation of results with undissociated homologous carboxylic acids, however, shows a good correlation between the prediction from in vitro studies and the buccal absorption test.", "contents": "[Studies on the absorption of benzilic acid esters of homologous dimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylammonium bromides through buccal mucosa. 5th communication: On optimum bioavailability of homologous quaternary ammonium compounds (author's transl)]. Distribution studies in vitro predict increasing absorption rates in vivo with increasing distribution coefficients up to a limiting value. Buccal absorption tests with homologous, quaternary cholinesterbromides of benzilic acid do not confirm this hypothesis. The reasons could be the rather hydrophilic properties of the mucosal membranes and thus adsorption of drug to the mucosa. The evaluation of results with undissociated homologous carboxylic acids, however, shows a good correlation between the prediction from in vitro studies and the buccal absorption test.", "PMID": 1037276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7840", "title": "[Changes in hemodynamics and contractility during supraventricular tachycardias and after electrical or aprindin-induced termination (author's transl)].", "content": "Alterations of hemodynamics and contractility were studied in 6 patients in whom two consecutive runs of supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) were electrically induced. Following initiation there was an abrupt decrease of arterial blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, dp/dtmax, cardiac index and stroke work index (SWI). These parameters -- with the exception of SWI -- increased in the course of the SVT, however, control values were not reached. Mean pulmonary artery pressure steadily increased and remained on an elevated level until the tachycardia was stopped. When the SVT was electrically terminated, there was a transient overshoot of mean arterial and left ventricular systolic pressure, while mean pulmonary artery pressure slowly returned to control values. When the tachycardia was stopped by i.v. infusion of N-)diethylamino-3-propyl)-N-phenyl-indanamine-2 (aprindin, Amidonal) -- started at the 7th minute -- there was no statistically significant difference, neither during the SVT nor after cessation as compared to the values of the first run. Only mean pulmonary artery pressure remained at a higher level after SVT was stopped. It may, therefore, be concluded that in patients with otherwise normal hearts aprindin applied in a dosage sufficient to stop the SVT, does not exhibit noteworthy inotropic side effects.", "contents": "[Changes in hemodynamics and contractility during supraventricular tachycardias and after electrical or aprindin-induced termination (author's transl)]. Alterations of hemodynamics and contractility were studied in 6 patients in whom two consecutive runs of supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) were electrically induced. Following initiation there was an abrupt decrease of arterial blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, dp/dtmax, cardiac index and stroke work index (SWI). These parameters -- with the exception of SWI -- increased in the course of the SVT, however, control values were not reached. Mean pulmonary artery pressure steadily increased and remained on an elevated level until the tachycardia was stopped. When the SVT was electrically terminated, there was a transient overshoot of mean arterial and left ventricular systolic pressure, while mean pulmonary artery pressure slowly returned to control values. When the tachycardia was stopped by i.v. infusion of N-)diethylamino-3-propyl)-N-phenyl-indanamine-2 (aprindin, Amidonal) -- started at the 7th minute -- there was no statistically significant difference, neither during the SVT nor after cessation as compared to the values of the first run. Only mean pulmonary artery pressure remained at a higher level after SVT was stopped. It may, therefore, be concluded that in patients with otherwise normal hearts aprindin applied in a dosage sufficient to stop the SVT, does not exhibit noteworthy inotropic side effects.", "PMID": 1037277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7841", "title": "[Studies on the bioavailability of the individual components from a combination of dilazep and beta-acetyldigoxin (author's transl)].", "content": "Original tablets of Cormelian [= 50 mg 1,4-bis[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl-oxy)-propyl]-perhydro-1,4-diazepine (dilazep)] and Cormelian-Digotab (= 50 mg dilazep + 0.2 mg beta-acetyl-digoxin) were produced with 3H-dilazep as prescribed in the special galenic technique. After application of a single oral dose of two tablets dilazep to 9 patients serum concentration was analysed at different times up to 24 h p.a.; the renal excretion rate of dilazep and metabolites was determined up to 48 h. Two tablets of the combination were given to 4 of these patients 4 days after application of dilazep and the corresponding analysis were repeated; in the serum of these patients the concentration of glycoside was determined by radioimmuno assay. The following results were obtained. 1. Differences in serum concentrations and renal excretion rates of dilazep and metabolites were not observed after application of the mono- and combination product. In comparison to results after oral application of pure dilazep in gelatin capsules the serum concentrations 1 h after application of Cormelian and Cormelian-Digotab were statistically significantly higher. With reference to comparable total absorption rates these results may be representative for a possibly retarded absorption rate of dilazep given as pure substance. An influence of the different galenic techniques on the intensity and direction of metabolites could not be substantiated. 2. By large dispersions of the single values high absolute and relative concentrations of beta-acetyl-digoxin were found in the serum of all the 4 patients after application of combination. Contrary to two commercial products, applied to each of 10 test persons under comparable conditions, statistically higher serum concentrations of glycoside were analysed 1 h after application of the combination. The results of these studies confirm a positive influence of the galenics on the biological availability of both the components in the combination drug Cormelian-Digotab.", "contents": "[Studies on the bioavailability of the individual components from a combination of dilazep and beta-acetyldigoxin (author's transl)]. Original tablets of Cormelian [= 50 mg 1,4-bis[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl-oxy)-propyl]-perhydro-1,4-diazepine (dilazep)] and Cormelian-Digotab (= 50 mg dilazep + 0.2 mg beta-acetyl-digoxin) were produced with 3H-dilazep as prescribed in the special galenic technique. After application of a single oral dose of two tablets dilazep to 9 patients serum concentration was analysed at different times up to 24 h p.a.; the renal excretion rate of dilazep and metabolites was determined up to 48 h. Two tablets of the combination were given to 4 of these patients 4 days after application of dilazep and the corresponding analysis were repeated; in the serum of these patients the concentration of glycoside was determined by radioimmuno assay. The following results were obtained. 1. Differences in serum concentrations and renal excretion rates of dilazep and metabolites were not observed after application of the mono- and combination product. In comparison to results after oral application of pure dilazep in gelatin capsules the serum concentrations 1 h after application of Cormelian and Cormelian-Digotab were statistically significantly higher. With reference to comparable total absorption rates these results may be representative for a possibly retarded absorption rate of dilazep given as pure substance. An influence of the different galenic techniques on the intensity and direction of metabolites could not be substantiated. 2. By large dispersions of the single values high absolute and relative concentrations of beta-acetyl-digoxin were found in the serum of all the 4 patients after application of combination. Contrary to two commercial products, applied to each of 10 test persons under comparable conditions, statistically higher serum concentrations of glycoside were analysed 1 h after application of the combination. The results of these studies confirm a positive influence of the galenics on the biological availability of both the components in the combination drug Cormelian-Digotab.", "PMID": 1037278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7842", "title": "[Sputum viscosity and pulmonary function measurements during a one-week parenteral treatment with a standardized oxidation product of oil of turpentine and terpin hydrate].", "content": "In 23 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases, viscosity, airway resistance, arterial blood gases and acid-base balance, and sputum aspect were measured before and after one-week treatment with Ozothin, a substance from oxidation products of ol. terebinth. and terpinum hydratum. Within this time, viscosity of the sputum was reduced, airway resistance decreased, and arterial oxygen pressure slightly increased, whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension obvious change of sputum aspect could be observed. Correlation calculations revealed no significant relations between viscosity and the above cited lung function values. The results indicate that administration of Ozothin may liquefy viscous secretion and reduce sputum viscosity.", "contents": "[Sputum viscosity and pulmonary function measurements during a one-week parenteral treatment with a standardized oxidation product of oil of turpentine and terpin hydrate]. In 23 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases, viscosity, airway resistance, arterial blood gases and acid-base balance, and sputum aspect were measured before and after one-week treatment with Ozothin, a substance from oxidation products of ol. terebinth. and terpinum hydratum. Within this time, viscosity of the sputum was reduced, airway resistance decreased, and arterial oxygen pressure slightly increased, whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension obvious change of sputum aspect could be observed. Correlation calculations revealed no significant relations between viscosity and the above cited lung function values. The results indicate that administration of Ozothin may liquefy viscous secretion and reduce sputum viscosity.", "PMID": 1037279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7843", "title": "[Clinical experience with metered aerosol of beclometasone in patients with obstructive lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "142 patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease were treated with 9-chloro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16beta-methyl-pregna-4,4-diene-3,20-dione-17,21-dipropionate (beclometasone) metered aerosal. Between 3 subgroups: chronic infectious obstructive lung disease, allergic obstructive lung disease and chronic bronchitis without airway obstruction, there was no difference in the results. Three times per day three puffs of the metered aerosol can substitute about 6 mg prednisolone p.o. The systemic effects of the beclometasone therapy with metered aerosols are clearly less than those which are seen with a comparable oral dosage. Side effects are seen dose dependently as hoarseness and as relatively harmless Candida infection of the throat. For most of the patients with obstructive lung disease who are dependent on glucocorticosteroids beclometasone as metered aerosol should be given as basic therapy. In case higher dosages are necessary they should be given orally or parenterally.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with metered aerosol of beclometasone in patients with obstructive lung disease (author's transl)]. 142 patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease were treated with 9-chloro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16beta-methyl-pregna-4,4-diene-3,20-dione-17,21-dipropionate (beclometasone) metered aerosal. Between 3 subgroups: chronic infectious obstructive lung disease, allergic obstructive lung disease and chronic bronchitis without airway obstruction, there was no difference in the results. Three times per day three puffs of the metered aerosol can substitute about 6 mg prednisolone p.o. The systemic effects of the beclometasone therapy with metered aerosols are clearly less than those which are seen with a comparable oral dosage. Side effects are seen dose dependently as hoarseness and as relatively harmless Candida infection of the throat. For most of the patients with obstructive lung disease who are dependent on glucocorticosteroids beclometasone as metered aerosol should be given as basic therapy. In case higher dosages are necessary they should be given orally or parenterally.", "PMID": 1037280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7844", "title": "[Experimental study on the tracking behaviour with a view to differentiating the effects of an antidepressant in various doses compared to placebo (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind cross-over study 15 highly motivated, healthy male subjects (Ss), aged from 23 to 29 years, were given 200 mg and 400 mg p-methoxy-phenoxyaceticacid-diethylaminoethylamide-hydrochloride (mefexamide) and a placebo. On each of the three days the Ss were tested in different tracking devices and the integrated absolute error was measured in the tests of a duration of three hours each. Influences of practice, leading to unwanted and disturbing effects were excluded by a preceding period of four training sessions on different days. The main result of the investigation was that performance in tracking was ambivalent. The single dosage (200 mg mefexamide) caused small improvements in tracking in the range of about 5%. These differences from placebo partly could be determined to be significant at the level of 5% compared to placebo. The double dosage (400 mg mefexamide) deteriorated tracking performance significantly (5%-and partly 1%-level, two-tailed test) in the range of about 10% on the average. Differences in performance between the two dosages were correspondingly larger and could be determined at a higher level of significance, too.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the tracking behaviour with a view to differentiating the effects of an antidepressant in various doses compared to placebo (author's transl)]. In a double-blind cross-over study 15 highly motivated, healthy male subjects (Ss), aged from 23 to 29 years, were given 200 mg and 400 mg p-methoxy-phenoxyaceticacid-diethylaminoethylamide-hydrochloride (mefexamide) and a placebo. On each of the three days the Ss were tested in different tracking devices and the integrated absolute error was measured in the tests of a duration of three hours each. Influences of practice, leading to unwanted and disturbing effects were excluded by a preceding period of four training sessions on different days. The main result of the investigation was that performance in tracking was ambivalent. The single dosage (200 mg mefexamide) caused small improvements in tracking in the range of about 5%. These differences from placebo partly could be determined to be significant at the level of 5% compared to placebo. The double dosage (400 mg mefexamide) deteriorated tracking performance significantly (5%-and partly 1%-level, two-tailed test) in the range of about 10% on the average. Differences in performance between the two dosages were correspondingly larger and could be determined at a higher level of significance, too.", "PMID": 1037281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7845", "title": "[Comparative studies on oral glucose tolerance and serum lipids under the influence of a new oral contraceptive (SH B 209 AB: 2 mg cyproterone acetate + 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol), the combination D-norgestrel/ethinyl estradiol and in a control group (author's transl)].", "content": "24 healthy women given the combination of cyproterone acetate (2 mg) + ethynyl estradiol (0.05 mg) [SH B 209 AB] and D-norgestrel (0.25 mg) + ethinyl estradiol (0.05 mg) [Neogynon] were compared with a control group in oral glucose tolerance tests. The volunteers were divided into three groups. Two received alternately both preparations with each treatment cycle preceded by one cycle without medication. The third group served as an independent control. On the 25th day of each cycle blood was withdrawn before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the carbohydrate load. Blood glucose and insulin and free fatty acids in serum were determined. Fasting values of triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were determined. The following results were obtained: 1. The mean fasting levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and free fatty acids were unchanged. 2. The total area under the blood glucose curve over the initial value was not altered 2 h after treatment with SH B 209 AB or Neogynon. The total area under the insulin and free fatty acids curves were also unchanged after the oral glucose load. 3. There was no change in serum cholesterol. 4. Serum triglycerides were significantly increased after SH B 209 AB. 5. The implications of the structural differences between both gestagens are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on oral glucose tolerance and serum lipids under the influence of a new oral contraceptive (SH B 209 AB: 2 mg cyproterone acetate + 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol), the combination D-norgestrel/ethinyl estradiol and in a control group (author's transl)]. 24 healthy women given the combination of cyproterone acetate (2 mg) + ethynyl estradiol (0.05 mg) [SH B 209 AB] and D-norgestrel (0.25 mg) + ethinyl estradiol (0.05 mg) [Neogynon] were compared with a control group in oral glucose tolerance tests. The volunteers were divided into three groups. Two received alternately both preparations with each treatment cycle preceded by one cycle without medication. The third group served as an independent control. On the 25th day of each cycle blood was withdrawn before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the carbohydrate load. Blood glucose and insulin and free fatty acids in serum were determined. Fasting values of triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were determined. The following results were obtained: 1. The mean fasting levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and free fatty acids were unchanged. 2. The total area under the blood glucose curve over the initial value was not altered 2 h after treatment with SH B 209 AB or Neogynon. The total area under the insulin and free fatty acids curves were also unchanged after the oral glucose load. 3. There was no change in serum cholesterol. 4. Serum triglycerides were significantly increased after SH B 209 AB. 5. The implications of the structural differences between both gestagens are discussed.", "PMID": 1037282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7846", "title": "Quantitative cell culture biocompatibility testing of medical devices and correlation to animal tests.", "content": "The biocompatibility of a wide variety of biomaterials was quantitatively assessed, in a physiologically normal environment\" as to cytotoxicity induced in WI-38 cells by cell culture medium extracts. Materials tested included PVC plastic, rubber, silicone rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, acetal, polyurethane, Teflon, nylon, epoxy, and polystyrene. Cell culture test results were correlated to U.S.P. animal tests. Potential test artifacts, lead, barium, cadmium, and endotoxin were tested for cytotoxicity in WI-38 cells. Cell culture methods yielded more positive tests, particularly rubber, PVC plastic and silicone rubber compounds, than observed in U.S.P. animal tests. Positivity in animal tests did not correlate quantitatively to cytotoxic titers in cell culture. Discrepancies between cell cultures tests and animal tests, specifically rubber compounds, were attributable, in some instances, to differentials in elution efficiency between saline, cottonseed oil, and complete MEM cell culture medium. In other instances, particularly PVC plastics, differences between cell culture and animal test results were due to an inherent difference in the two indicator systems to respond to specific toxic moieties.", "contents": "Quantitative cell culture biocompatibility testing of medical devices and correlation to animal tests. The biocompatibility of a wide variety of biomaterials was quantitatively assessed, in a physiologically normal environment\" as to cytotoxicity induced in WI-38 cells by cell culture medium extracts. Materials tested included PVC plastic, rubber, silicone rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, acetal, polyurethane, Teflon, nylon, epoxy, and polystyrene. Cell culture test results were correlated to U.S.P. animal tests. Potential test artifacts, lead, barium, cadmium, and endotoxin were tested for cytotoxicity in WI-38 cells. Cell culture methods yielded more positive tests, particularly rubber, PVC plastic and silicone rubber compounds, than observed in U.S.P. animal tests. Positivity in animal tests did not correlate quantitatively to cytotoxic titers in cell culture. Discrepancies between cell cultures tests and animal tests, specifically rubber compounds, were attributable, in some instances, to differentials in elution efficiency between saline, cottonseed oil, and complete MEM cell culture medium. In other instances, particularly PVC plastics, differences between cell culture and animal test results were due to an inherent difference in the two indicator systems to respond to specific toxic moieties.", "PMID": 1037284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7847", "title": "Phase II trial of cytembena in patients with advanced ovarian and breast cancer.", "content": "Thirty women with histologically proven advanced ovarian or breast cancer were treated with cytembena. Of nine patients with ovarian cancer and 21 with breast cancer none had worthwhile objective remissions. Cytembena was given at a dose of 250 mg/m2/day for a course of 5 days repeated at weekly intervals. Improvement, particularly relief of pain from skeletal metastases, was observed in 16 of the patients; an additional seven patients had stable disease while treated with cytembena. Cytembena has no hemopoietic toxicity, but nausea and vomiting and an \"autonomic storm\" phenomenon are dose-limiting factors. Further studies incorporating this drug in combination regimens seem warranted.", "contents": "Phase II trial of cytembena in patients with advanced ovarian and breast cancer. Thirty women with histologically proven advanced ovarian or breast cancer were treated with cytembena. Of nine patients with ovarian cancer and 21 with breast cancer none had worthwhile objective remissions. Cytembena was given at a dose of 250 mg/m2/day for a course of 5 days repeated at weekly intervals. Improvement, particularly relief of pain from skeletal metastases, was observed in 16 of the patients; an additional seven patients had stable disease while treated with cytembena. Cytembena has no hemopoietic toxicity, but nausea and vomiting and an \"autonomic storm\" phenomenon are dose-limiting factors. Further studies incorporating this drug in combination regimens seem warranted.", "PMID": 1037286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7848", "title": "Acute effects of tolamolol on renal function in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The renal heamodynamic effects of a single i.v. administration of tolamolol were studied in 9 hypertensive subjects. No change of GFR and ERPF was observed after tolamolol, while urine output decreased and urine creatinine concentration increased. A reduction of the heart rate was confirmed. Blood pressure was unchanged.", "contents": "Acute effects of tolamolol on renal function in hypertensive patients. The renal heamodynamic effects of a single i.v. administration of tolamolol were studied in 9 hypertensive subjects. No change of GFR and ERPF was observed after tolamolol, while urine output decreased and urine creatinine concentration increased. A reduction of the heart rate was confirmed. Blood pressure was unchanged.", "PMID": 1037307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7849", "title": "The use of drugs for behavior modification as it relates to the practice of optometry--Part I.", "content": "Medications used in behavior modification can result in untoward side effects, including ocular and visual changes. As in many other aspects of health care, optometrists can serve as the first line of defense to guard their patients against permanent damage from side effects they may not associate with use of their medication. Optometry's responsibility and role in management of side effects is delineated. Areas of behavior modification of concern to optometrists are discussed. These include: (1) learning problems and mental retardation; (2) mental disorders, menopause, and alcoholism; and (3) drug abuse.", "contents": "The use of drugs for behavior modification as it relates to the practice of optometry--Part I. Medications used in behavior modification can result in untoward side effects, including ocular and visual changes. As in many other aspects of health care, optometrists can serve as the first line of defense to guard their patients against permanent damage from side effects they may not associate with use of their medication. Optometry's responsibility and role in management of side effects is delineated. Areas of behavior modification of concern to optometrists are discussed. These include: (1) learning problems and mental retardation; (2) mental disorders, menopause, and alcoholism; and (3) drug abuse.", "PMID": 1037308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7850", "title": "Determination of trace amounts of mercury in water by neutron activation analysis with lubricating base oil as extractant.", "content": "This paper deals with a convenient method in the determination of trace amounts of mercury in water. After being irradiated with neutrons, water sample was treated with 7.0M HCIO4 solution and mercury was extracted with lubricating base oil. In such a simple operation, the sensitivity can reach 10(-8)g Hg/4ml H2O.", "contents": "Determination of trace amounts of mercury in water by neutron activation analysis with lubricating base oil as extractant. This paper deals with a convenient method in the determination of trace amounts of mercury in water. After being irradiated with neutrons, water sample was treated with 7.0M HCIO4 solution and mercury was extracted with lubricating base oil. In such a simple operation, the sensitivity can reach 10(-8)g Hg/4ml H2O.", "PMID": 1037313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7851", "title": "Clinical hematological progression of hereditary lymphosarcoma in rabbits.", "content": "Considerable diversity exists in the clinical progression data for lymphosarcoma both between and within species. Thirty-four rabbits with hereditary lymphosarcoma were used to define the clinical progression of this condition under controlled genetic conditions. Changes in the erythropoietic cells of the rabbit hemogram in cases of hereditary lymphosarcoma (ha/ha) follow a fairly well defined clinical course of about one-and-one-half months duration. Data are presented showing that these changes are subsequent to schanges in the granulocytic cells of the leukocyte series both peripherally and in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Clinical hematological progression of hereditary lymphosarcoma in rabbits. Considerable diversity exists in the clinical progression data for lymphosarcoma both between and within species. Thirty-four rabbits with hereditary lymphosarcoma were used to define the clinical progression of this condition under controlled genetic conditions. Changes in the erythropoietic cells of the rabbit hemogram in cases of hereditary lymphosarcoma (ha/ha) follow a fairly well defined clinical course of about one-and-one-half months duration. Data are presented showing that these changes are subsequent to schanges in the granulocytic cells of the leukocyte series both peripherally and in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1037309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7852", "title": "Interaction of radionuclides with organic matter dissolved in seawater. Interaction of radiocobalt with some amino acids.", "content": "The interaction of radiocobalt with glycine, alanine or aspartic acid dissolved in seawater was investigated by means of adsorption on Chelex 100, solvent extraction with dithizone or gel filtration chromatography. Although the distribution coefficients of Co on Chelex 100 decreased gradually with ageing even in the absence of organic matter, much more decreases were observed in the presence of the amino acids. The distribution coefficients on the resin reached equilibrium states in about 20 days. The extraction of cobalt with dithizone in carbon tetrachloride was also inhibited in the presence of the amino acids. Alanine and aspartic acid showed a similar interfering tendency in both adsorption on Chelex 100 and dithizone extraction, while glycine inhibited dithizone extraction more than adsorption on Chelex 100. From the fractionation of Co by Sephadex G-10 gel filtration chromatography, the higher molecular species of Co associated with the amino acids occurred after several days ageing and then increased together with decreasing in the lower molecular species.", "contents": "Interaction of radionuclides with organic matter dissolved in seawater. Interaction of radiocobalt with some amino acids. The interaction of radiocobalt with glycine, alanine or aspartic acid dissolved in seawater was investigated by means of adsorption on Chelex 100, solvent extraction with dithizone or gel filtration chromatography. Although the distribution coefficients of Co on Chelex 100 decreased gradually with ageing even in the absence of organic matter, much more decreases were observed in the presence of the amino acids. The distribution coefficients on the resin reached equilibrium states in about 20 days. The extraction of cobalt with dithizone in carbon tetrachloride was also inhibited in the presence of the amino acids. Alanine and aspartic acid showed a similar interfering tendency in both adsorption on Chelex 100 and dithizone extraction, while glycine inhibited dithizone extraction more than adsorption on Chelex 100. From the fractionation of Co by Sephadex G-10 gel filtration chromatography, the higher molecular species of Co associated with the amino acids occurred after several days ageing and then increased together with decreasing in the lower molecular species.", "PMID": 1037314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7853", "title": "[Particle size determination by radioisotope x-ray absorptiometry with sedimentation method].", "content": "The possibility of radioisotope X-ray absorptiometry to determine the particle size of powder in conjunction with sedimentation was investigated. The experimental accuracy was primarily determined by Cow and X-ray intensity. where Co'=weight concentration of the particle in the suspension w'=(micron/rho)l/(mu/rho)s-rhol/rhos rho; density micron/rho; mass absorption coefficient, suffix l and s indicate dispersion and particle, respectively. The radiosiotopes, Fe-55, Pu-238 and Cd-109 have high w-values over the wide range of the atomic number. However, a source of high micron value such as Fe-55 is not suitable because the optimal X-ray transmission length, Lopt is decided by the expression, micronlLopt approximately 2/(1+C'ow') by using Cd-109 AgKX-ray source, the weight size distribution of particles from the heavy elements such as PbO2 to light elements such as Al2O3 or flyash was determined.", "contents": "[Particle size determination by radioisotope x-ray absorptiometry with sedimentation method]. The possibility of radioisotope X-ray absorptiometry to determine the particle size of powder in conjunction with sedimentation was investigated. The experimental accuracy was primarily determined by Cow and X-ray intensity. where Co'=weight concentration of the particle in the suspension w'=(micron/rho)l/(mu/rho)s-rhol/rhos rho; density micron/rho; mass absorption coefficient, suffix l and s indicate dispersion and particle, respectively. The radiosiotopes, Fe-55, Pu-238 and Cd-109 have high w-values over the wide range of the atomic number. However, a source of high micron value such as Fe-55 is not suitable because the optimal X-ray transmission length, Lopt is decided by the expression, micronlLopt approximately 2/(1+C'ow') by using Cd-109 AgKX-ray source, the weight size distribution of particles from the heavy elements such as PbO2 to light elements such as Al2O3 or flyash was determined.", "PMID": 1037315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7854", "title": "[Analysis of errors in radiation relay. (I) Optimum setting of time constant].", "content": "The statistical error of liquid level controlled by radiaiton relay is analysed and a method of minimizing the error is proposed in this paper. This method comes to the problem of optimum setting of the time constant of radiation relay. The equations for obtaining the value of time constant are presented and the numerical results are shown in a table and plotted in a figure. The optimum time constant of the upper level control relay differs entirely from that of lower level control relay.", "contents": "[Analysis of errors in radiation relay. (I) Optimum setting of time constant]. The statistical error of liquid level controlled by radiaiton relay is analysed and a method of minimizing the error is proposed in this paper. This method comes to the problem of optimum setting of the time constant of radiation relay. The equations for obtaining the value of time constant are presented and the numerical results are shown in a table and plotted in a figure. The optimum time constant of the upper level control relay differs entirely from that of lower level control relay.", "PMID": 1037316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7855", "title": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of surgically removed thyroid gland of the residents of Primorskii territory].", "content": "The authors carried out a histological study of 150 thyroid glands removed for various forms of goiter. Nodular and mixed goiter with frequent signs of degeneration prevailed in residents of the Primorsk region. Histological structure of the majority of them corresponded to the colloidal, mostly to the macrofollicular goiter. A lower percentage of morphological signs of the goiter activity in comparison with the clinical data revealed in the hospitalized patients can be attributed to the efficacy of antithyroidal therapy causing involution of the hyperactive glands. Various types of adenomas chronic thyroiditis and the initial stages of the node malignization were determined only by histological examination.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological characteristics of surgically removed thyroid gland of the residents of Primorskii territory]. The authors carried out a histological study of 150 thyroid glands removed for various forms of goiter. Nodular and mixed goiter with frequent signs of degeneration prevailed in residents of the Primorsk region. Histological structure of the majority of them corresponded to the colloidal, mostly to the macrofollicular goiter. A lower percentage of morphological signs of the goiter activity in comparison with the clinical data revealed in the hospitalized patients can be attributed to the efficacy of antithyroidal therapy causing involution of the hyperactive glands. Various types of adenomas chronic thyroiditis and the initial stages of the node malignization were determined only by histological examination.", "PMID": 1037311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7856", "title": "[New method of anatomic localization of scintigram of various organs by simultaneous combination of emission scanning and transmission scanning].", "content": "When the photoscintillo-roentgenography is used for relating the scintigram of internal organs to the anatomic structures, this method is found to have some defects--the difference of magnification between the emission scan and the roentgenogram, the inaccuracy due to the geometric distortion of the X-ray image, the impossibility of the simultaneous photographing of the scan and the X-rays, etc. Then, to diminish the influence of these defects we improved on the photographic recording system of a dual-heal scanner, and made use of the transmission scanning method. That is, we combined the recording parts, Ch1 and Ch2, into one system, using Ch1 for the light source of transmission scan and Ch2 for that of emission scan. In this way, we managed to make the two incident rays from those light sources converge into a focus upon a film. Thus we could perform a simultaneous emission-transmission scanning, by moving, at the same time in the same direction, the scanning detector over the patient and the small radioactive source (241Am) under him. This method can be applied to any radioactive nuclide to be used in transmission scanning and emission scanning. As the result of applying this method clinically in our department, the method has proved to be very useful for anatomic localization.", "contents": "[New method of anatomic localization of scintigram of various organs by simultaneous combination of emission scanning and transmission scanning]. When the photoscintillo-roentgenography is used for relating the scintigram of internal organs to the anatomic structures, this method is found to have some defects--the difference of magnification between the emission scan and the roentgenogram, the inaccuracy due to the geometric distortion of the X-ray image, the impossibility of the simultaneous photographing of the scan and the X-rays, etc. Then, to diminish the influence of these defects we improved on the photographic recording system of a dual-heal scanner, and made use of the transmission scanning method. That is, we combined the recording parts, Ch1 and Ch2, into one system, using Ch1 for the light source of transmission scan and Ch2 for that of emission scan. In this way, we managed to make the two incident rays from those light sources converge into a focus upon a film. Thus we could perform a simultaneous emission-transmission scanning, by moving, at the same time in the same direction, the scanning detector over the patient and the small radioactive source (241Am) under him. This method can be applied to any radioactive nuclide to be used in transmission scanning and emission scanning. As the result of applying this method clinically in our department, the method has proved to be very useful for anatomic localization.", "PMID": 1037317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7857", "title": "Drug treatment of venereal disease: analysis of 273 cases in Ghana.", "content": "The presence of non-gonococcal urethritis, resistant to penicillin therapy was noted by Ikejiani in Nigeria as early as 1955. This syndrome is now known as non-specific urethritis, or non-specific genital infection in the female. Sarrat (1973) has shown the effectiveness of penicillin plus probenecid, specti nomycin, and cotrimoxazole in male cases of gonorrhoea in Dakar. Sogbetun and Osoba (1974) have shown the effectiveness of metronidazole in trichomoniasis in males in Nigeria. Our study was made on a mixed University population of 2,700 students seen in one clinic during the year 1975. There were 273 cases of sexually transmitted diseases including gonorrhoea, non-specific urethritis or genital disease, trichomoniasis and chronic urethritis or vaginitis. Treatment of gonorrhoea with penicillin alone or with spectinomycin was only 50% effective. But good results were obtained with penicillin plus probenecid or penicillin plus cotrimoxazole. Good results were obtained in non-specific urethritis, or non-specific genital disease, when tetracycline or its derivatives were used. Good results were obtained in the treatment of trichomoniasis with metronidazole in males and females. It was concluded that in gonorrhoea penicillin should be given (in adequate dosage) with probenecid or cotrimoxazole. Spectinomycin should be used at a dose level of 4 g instead of 2 g. The management of chronic urethritis and vaginitis was very difficult. The drug treatment of venereal disease in Ghana has not revealed any unique characteristics except, perhaps, an increased resistance of the gonococcus to spectinomycin.", "contents": "Drug treatment of venereal disease: analysis of 273 cases in Ghana. The presence of non-gonococcal urethritis, resistant to penicillin therapy was noted by Ikejiani in Nigeria as early as 1955. This syndrome is now known as non-specific urethritis, or non-specific genital infection in the female. Sarrat (1973) has shown the effectiveness of penicillin plus probenecid, specti nomycin, and cotrimoxazole in male cases of gonorrhoea in Dakar. Sogbetun and Osoba (1974) have shown the effectiveness of metronidazole in trichomoniasis in males in Nigeria. Our study was made on a mixed University population of 2,700 students seen in one clinic during the year 1975. There were 273 cases of sexually transmitted diseases including gonorrhoea, non-specific urethritis or genital disease, trichomoniasis and chronic urethritis or vaginitis. Treatment of gonorrhoea with penicillin alone or with spectinomycin was only 50% effective. But good results were obtained with penicillin plus probenecid or penicillin plus cotrimoxazole. Good results were obtained in non-specific urethritis, or non-specific genital disease, when tetracycline or its derivatives were used. Good results were obtained in the treatment of trichomoniasis with metronidazole in males and females. It was concluded that in gonorrhoea penicillin should be given (in adequate dosage) with probenecid or cotrimoxazole. Spectinomycin should be used at a dose level of 4 g instead of 2 g. The management of chronic urethritis and vaginitis was very difficult. The drug treatment of venereal disease in Ghana has not revealed any unique characteristics except, perhaps, an increased resistance of the gonococcus to spectinomycin.", "PMID": 1037337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7858", "title": "[Architecture of collagen fibers in the meniscus of the human knee joint, with special reference to the medial meniscus and its connection to the articular ligaments].", "content": "1. To understand the meniscus-tears the architecture of their collagenic fibers is of interest, particularly so the connection of the fibers of the medial meniscus with the collateral ligament. 2. The ligaments of 12 knee joints have been studied macroscopically and with the aid of thick serial sections under polarized light. 3. The main portion of the tibial collateral ligament passes the articular space without any connection with the capsule or the meniscus. The upper oblique portion of the ligament runs inside the external zone of the meniscus to the posterior attachment of the latter. Immediately inferior to the articular space the oblique fibers have another attachment. 4. The findings in respect of the arrangement of the fibers in the menisci differ from those in earlier studies. Only in the external zone the fibers run approximately parallel to the outer border. After leaving the external zone the fibers run in an arched way through the middle zone. In the internal zone these fibers have nearly a radial direction. 5. The architecture of the menisci is discussed under functional aspects. It does not correspond to a \"spring\" but to a tendon, which is extended over a hypomochlion. 6. Forms and localisations of meniscus-tears have been discussed under viewpoint of architecture and compared with clinical results: The typical tear of the posterior segment of the medial meniscus is the horizontal cleavage. The present opinion according to which longitudinal tears are the typical meniscus lesion, seems to be doubtful.", "contents": "[Architecture of collagen fibers in the meniscus of the human knee joint, with special reference to the medial meniscus and its connection to the articular ligaments]. 1. To understand the meniscus-tears the architecture of their collagenic fibers is of interest, particularly so the connection of the fibers of the medial meniscus with the collateral ligament. 2. The ligaments of 12 knee joints have been studied macroscopically and with the aid of thick serial sections under polarized light. 3. The main portion of the tibial collateral ligament passes the articular space without any connection with the capsule or the meniscus. The upper oblique portion of the ligament runs inside the external zone of the meniscus to the posterior attachment of the latter. Immediately inferior to the articular space the oblique fibers have another attachment. 4. The findings in respect of the arrangement of the fibers in the menisci differ from those in earlier studies. Only in the external zone the fibers run approximately parallel to the outer border. After leaving the external zone the fibers run in an arched way through the middle zone. In the internal zone these fibers have nearly a radial direction. 5. The architecture of the menisci is discussed under functional aspects. It does not correspond to a \"spring\" but to a tendon, which is extended over a hypomochlion. 6. Forms and localisations of meniscus-tears have been discussed under viewpoint of architecture and compared with clinical results: The typical tear of the posterior segment of the medial meniscus is the horizontal cleavage. The present opinion according to which longitudinal tears are the typical meniscus lesion, seems to be doubtful.", "PMID": 1037338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7859", "title": "[HLA B8 and Graves' disease (author's transl)].", "content": "HLA typing has been carried out in 100 caucasions with Graves' disease and compared with 270 healthy controls. 25 HL-A antigens were characterized using a lymphocytotoxicity micro-technique. Analysis of the results reveals an increased incidence of HLA-B8 antigen (35% in patients as compared to 16.3% in controls) with a high degree of statistical significance: p = 0.0002 and corrected p (X 25) = 0.005. We did not observe a clear-cut correlation between the presence of HLA-B8 and different characteristics of the disease: sex, age of onset, familial history, exophtalmia, goiter, severity. The knowledge of the relationships between the HLA B8 gene and several auto-immune diseases is a strong argument in favor of the auto-immune nature of Graves' disease. The association between HLA B8 and Graves' disease could be explained by a close linkage between the second HLA locus and one or several Ir-IrG loci, occupied in predisposed individuals by \"predisposing\" alleles. In these subjects, an antigenic contact with an exogenous etiological agent would induce a pathological immune response, with production of thyroid stimulating IgG.", "contents": "[HLA B8 and Graves' disease (author's transl)]. HLA typing has been carried out in 100 caucasions with Graves' disease and compared with 270 healthy controls. 25 HL-A antigens were characterized using a lymphocytotoxicity micro-technique. Analysis of the results reveals an increased incidence of HLA-B8 antigen (35% in patients as compared to 16.3% in controls) with a high degree of statistical significance: p = 0.0002 and corrected p (X 25) = 0.005. We did not observe a clear-cut correlation between the presence of HLA-B8 and different characteristics of the disease: sex, age of onset, familial history, exophtalmia, goiter, severity. The knowledge of the relationships between the HLA B8 gene and several auto-immune diseases is a strong argument in favor of the auto-immune nature of Graves' disease. The association between HLA B8 and Graves' disease could be explained by a close linkage between the second HLA locus and one or several Ir-IrG loci, occupied in predisposed individuals by \"predisposing\" alleles. In these subjects, an antigenic contact with an exogenous etiological agent would induce a pathological immune response, with production of thyroid stimulating IgG.", "PMID": 1037358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7860", "title": "Congenital and acquired heart diseases: (A survey of 7062 persons).", "content": "A survey was carried out amongst 7062 people of different age groups in Dacca city and in a village. It was found that 207 (2.92%) persons had some sort of heart disease. Hypertension was present in 83 (1.10%) persons. Rheumatic heart disease, ischaemic heart disease and cardiac arrhythmia were detected in 53 (0.75%), 24 (0.33%) and 16 (0.22%) persons respectively. Congenital heart disease was found in 13 (0.18%) individuals, and 18 (0.25%) persons were suffering from cardiomypathy or corpulmonale. Rheumatic heart disease was common in poor people of younger age. More ischaemic heart disease was found in well-to-do people but poor people were not immune from this.", "contents": "Congenital and acquired heart diseases: (A survey of 7062 persons). A survey was carried out amongst 7062 people of different age groups in Dacca city and in a village. It was found that 207 (2.92%) persons had some sort of heart disease. Hypertension was present in 83 (1.10%) persons. Rheumatic heart disease, ischaemic heart disease and cardiac arrhythmia were detected in 53 (0.75%), 24 (0.33%) and 16 (0.22%) persons respectively. Congenital heart disease was found in 13 (0.18%) individuals, and 18 (0.25%) persons were suffering from cardiomypathy or corpulmonale. Rheumatic heart disease was common in poor people of younger age. More ischaemic heart disease was found in well-to-do people but poor people were not immune from this.", "PMID": 1037368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7861", "title": "Studies on the nutritional status of expectant mothers and newborn babies.", "content": "Heights, weights, haemoglobin, total proteins and albumin-globulin (A/G) ratio of 157 pregnant women in their last trimester of pregnancy are reported along with heights, weights, haemoglobin and albumin-globulin ratio of newborn babies. The results have been discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the nutritional status of expectant mothers and newborn babies. Heights, weights, haemoglobin, total proteins and albumin-globulin (A/G) ratio of 157 pregnant women in their last trimester of pregnancy are reported along with heights, weights, haemoglobin and albumin-globulin ratio of newborn babies. The results have been discussed.", "PMID": 1037369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7862", "title": "Echinococcosis in cattle and goats.", "content": "In the 500 cattles examined, 90 (18%) had hydatid cysts in one or more organs whereas only 12(2.4%) goats, out of 500 had the disease. This is considered to be due to shorter period of longevity and age of slaughter of goats compared to catte. Since dog is an important definitive host responsible for the spread of echinococcosis, a survey on the incidence of hydatid cyst in dogs is necessary from public health point of view.", "contents": "Echinococcosis in cattle and goats. In the 500 cattles examined, 90 (18%) had hydatid cysts in one or more organs whereas only 12(2.4%) goats, out of 500 had the disease. This is considered to be due to shorter period of longevity and age of slaughter of goats compared to catte. Since dog is an important definitive host responsible for the spread of echinococcosis, a survey on the incidence of hydatid cyst in dogs is necessary from public health point of view.", "PMID": 1037370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7863", "title": "Experience with norethisterone enanthate as injectable contraceptive.", "content": "Norethisterone Enanthate (NE) was used in 151 women as injectable contraceptive. Pregnancy due to method failure was 2% whereas the overall pregnancy was 4%. The results have been discussed.", "contents": "Experience with norethisterone enanthate as injectable contraceptive. Norethisterone Enanthate (NE) was used in 151 women as injectable contraceptive. Pregnancy due to method failure was 2% whereas the overall pregnancy was 4%. The results have been discussed.", "PMID": 1037371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7864", "title": "Effects of norethisterone enanthate on certain body functions.", "content": "Effects of Norethisterone Enanthate (an injectable contraceptive) on body weight, blood pressure, blood cell count, level of haemoglobin, fasting blood sugar and serum cholesterol were studied in 31 women. It was observed that in the successful acceptors the pregnancy rate was nil. No appreciable change could be found in the body functions studied.", "contents": "Effects of norethisterone enanthate on certain body functions. Effects of Norethisterone Enanthate (an injectable contraceptive) on body weight, blood pressure, blood cell count, level of haemoglobin, fasting blood sugar and serum cholesterol were studied in 31 women. It was observed that in the successful acceptors the pregnancy rate was nil. No appreciable change could be found in the body functions studied.", "PMID": 1037372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7865", "title": "Non-association of ABO blood groups with diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh.", "content": "Confirmed diabetics (2312) were tested for ABO blood groupings and the results of frequency compared with normal (8936) subjects. The data were analysed statistically to detect any possibility of an association between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus. No such association is apparent in the subjects studied.", "contents": "Non-association of ABO blood groups with diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. Confirmed diabetics (2312) were tested for ABO blood groupings and the results of frequency compared with normal (8936) subjects. The data were analysed statistically to detect any possibility of an association between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus. No such association is apparent in the subjects studied.", "PMID": 1037373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7866", "title": "Cancer of male breast. (A report on incidence).", "content": "During a retrospective study of 1843 patients with malignant lesions, 83 were identified as breast cancer. Of these, 4 turned out to be male breast cancer showing a male to female ratio of this neoplasms to be 1:19.7.", "contents": "Cancer of male breast. (A report on incidence). During a retrospective study of 1843 patients with malignant lesions, 83 were identified as breast cancer. Of these, 4 turned out to be male breast cancer showing a male to female ratio of this neoplasms to be 1:19.7.", "PMID": 1037374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7867", "title": "Peptic ulcer: (Analysis of predisposing and associated causes).", "content": "Age incidence, food habits and socio-economic condition were studied in a series of 478 predominantly male peptic ulcer patients. Age incidence of peptic ulcer increased in the second decade of life, reached a peak at the third decade and tapered off towards the end of fourth decade. As many as 57% of the patients belonged to the low socio-economic group and 78% were having only two meals a day. A ratio of 21 : 1 for duodenal ulcer to gastric ulcer was revealed from laparotomy findings.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer: (Analysis of predisposing and associated causes). Age incidence, food habits and socio-economic condition were studied in a series of 478 predominantly male peptic ulcer patients. Age incidence of peptic ulcer increased in the second decade of life, reached a peak at the third decade and tapered off towards the end of fourth decade. As many as 57% of the patients belonged to the low socio-economic group and 78% were having only two meals a day. A ratio of 21 : 1 for duodenal ulcer to gastric ulcer was revealed from laparotomy findings.", "PMID": 1037375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7868", "title": "Malignant diseases. (A review of 115 cases).", "content": "A review of 115 malignant lesions (proven histologically) is presented. Good number of malignant lesions were found confined to female sex organs.", "contents": "Malignant diseases. (A review of 115 cases). A review of 115 malignant lesions (proven histologically) is presented. Good number of malignant lesions were found confined to female sex organs.", "PMID": 1037376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7869", "title": "Hypertension in a mixed community.", "content": "Casual blood pressure was studied in a mixed community above 20 years of age and records of hospitalised patients for hypertension and/or its complications were analysed. It was found that about 2 percent of people examined were unaware that they had elevated blood pressure. High incidence of hypertension was found in the age group of 40-50 years in the hospitalised patients.", "contents": "Hypertension in a mixed community. Casual blood pressure was studied in a mixed community above 20 years of age and records of hospitalised patients for hypertension and/or its complications were analysed. It was found that about 2 percent of people examined were unaware that they had elevated blood pressure. High incidence of hypertension was found in the age group of 40-50 years in the hospitalised patients.", "PMID": 1037377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7870", "title": "[Isolation of Thogoto virus from Amblyomma and Boophilus ticks in Central Africa].", "content": "A survey has been carried out in the Cameroons and the Central African Republic about the role of the ticks in the ecology of arboviruses in Central Africa. Attempts for virus isolation were made for 12,678 Amblyomma variegatum, 3,276 Boophilus decoloratus and 1,769 Boophilus annulatus, by inoculation into suckling mice. From 968 pools which were inoculated, 20 yielded isolates which were identified to Thogoto virus. Considering previously published results concerning tick-borne virus isolations in the Central African Republic, it appears now that five arboviruses are present in the ticks in central Africa : Dugbe, Jos and Thogoto (in A. variegatum, B. decoloratus and B. annulatus), Bhanja (in A. variegatum) and Chf. Congo (in Hyalomma nitidum).", "contents": "[Isolation of Thogoto virus from Amblyomma and Boophilus ticks in Central Africa]. A survey has been carried out in the Cameroons and the Central African Republic about the role of the ticks in the ecology of arboviruses in Central Africa. Attempts for virus isolation were made for 12,678 Amblyomma variegatum, 3,276 Boophilus decoloratus and 1,769 Boophilus annulatus, by inoculation into suckling mice. From 968 pools which were inoculated, 20 yielded isolates which were identified to Thogoto virus. Considering previously published results concerning tick-borne virus isolations in the Central African Republic, it appears now that five arboviruses are present in the ticks in central Africa : Dugbe, Jos and Thogoto (in A. variegatum, B. decoloratus and B. annulatus), Bhanja (in A. variegatum) and Chf. Congo (in Hyalomma nitidum).", "PMID": 1037382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7871", "title": "[Report on first 2 cases of rhinosporidiosis in Cameroon].", "content": "The authors report the first two cases of rhinosporidiosis in Cameroon. The patients were females from Cameroon southern-center or littoral areas, damp regions, and presented a conjunctival localization of this mycosis.", "contents": "[Report on first 2 cases of rhinosporidiosis in Cameroon]. The authors report the first two cases of rhinosporidiosis in Cameroon. The patients were females from Cameroon southern-center or littoral areas, damp regions, and presented a conjunctival localization of this mycosis.", "PMID": 1037384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7872", "title": "[Significance of passive hemagglutination and its prospectives in lymphatic filariasis].", "content": "The authors analyze the data concerning 219 sera, that they have tested in passive hemagglutination, with as antigen a Dirofilaria immitis proteic extract, in French Polynesia. Besides its light sensitivity, this method does appear very interesting. It points out: --First, that there is a gaussian distribution of the results found at various dilutions, both by \"filarian\" and \"non filarian\" people. Therefore, this distribution is a feasible and practical parameter for evaluation of the Filariasis transmission in different populations. --On the other hand, that there is an inverse correlation between the presence of microfilaria in the blood and the level of immunological response for lymphatic Filariasis.", "contents": "[Significance of passive hemagglutination and its prospectives in lymphatic filariasis]. The authors analyze the data concerning 219 sera, that they have tested in passive hemagglutination, with as antigen a Dirofilaria immitis proteic extract, in French Polynesia. Besides its light sensitivity, this method does appear very interesting. It points out: --First, that there is a gaussian distribution of the results found at various dilutions, both by \"filarian\" and \"non filarian\" people. Therefore, this distribution is a feasible and practical parameter for evaluation of the Filariasis transmission in different populations. --On the other hand, that there is an inverse correlation between the presence of microfilaria in the blood and the level of immunological response for lymphatic Filariasis.", "PMID": 1037386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7873", "title": "[Activity of levamisole (Solaskil) in lymphatic filariasis caused by Wucheria bancrofti (variety pacifica].", "content": "A 6 mg./kg. daily dose of levamisole was given during three days to ten carriers of microfilarias Wuchereria bancrofti in Tahiti. No action against adult worms was noticed. The immediate microfilaricid action was at least equivalent to the action of DEC. However the decrease of microfilaremia was not so long with levamisole than with DEC given to a lower dose. Lastly the amount of reactions after a treatment by levamisole is notable.", "contents": "[Activity of levamisole (Solaskil) in lymphatic filariasis caused by Wucheria bancrofti (variety pacifica]. A 6 mg./kg. daily dose of levamisole was given during three days to ten carriers of microfilarias Wuchereria bancrofti in Tahiti. No action against adult worms was noticed. The immediate microfilaricid action was at least equivalent to the action of DEC. However the decrease of microfilaremia was not so long with levamisole than with DEC given to a lower dose. Lastly the amount of reactions after a treatment by levamisole is notable.", "PMID": 1037387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7874", "title": "A new blackfly (S. (W.) golani n. sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae)) from the Eastern Mediterranean basin.", "content": "S. (W.) golani n. sp. Beaucournu-Saguez and Braverman is described from material collected in the Golan region, Isra\u00ebl (35degrees42' E, 32DEGREES57' N). It is related to S. (W.) paraequinum Puri 1933 but is distinguished by the morphology of the pupal respiratory filaments and by details of the structure of the male genitalia.", "contents": "A new blackfly (S. (W.) golani n. sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae)) from the Eastern Mediterranean basin. S. (W.) golani n. sp. Beaucournu-Saguez and Braverman is described from material collected in the Golan region, Isra\u00ebl (35degrees42' E, 32DEGREES57' N). It is related to S. (W.) paraequinum Puri 1933 but is distinguished by the morphology of the pupal respiratory filaments and by details of the structure of the male genitalia.", "PMID": 1037388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7875", "title": "Karyometric study of benign and malignant diseases of the thyroid gland.", "content": "The results of the karyometric measurements in different thyroid diseases (both benign proliferative processes and cancer) have shown that this method may be useful in differential diagnosis of these diseases. It was also found that there are evident differences between the shapes of histograms in various forms of cancer. The shape of the histogram depends not only on the histological structure of the tumour (follicular, papillary, undifferentiated cancer), but also on the type of the cells of which it consists (A,B or C cells).", "contents": "Karyometric study of benign and malignant diseases of the thyroid gland. The results of the karyometric measurements in different thyroid diseases (both benign proliferative processes and cancer) have shown that this method may be useful in differential diagnosis of these diseases. It was also found that there are evident differences between the shapes of histograms in various forms of cancer. The shape of the histogram depends not only on the histological structure of the tumour (follicular, papillary, undifferentiated cancer), but also on the type of the cells of which it consists (A,B or C cells).", "PMID": 1037396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7876", "title": "[Rapid determination of 137Cs in environmental samples--purification of 137Cs by ammonium molybdophosphate column separation].", "content": "A rapid method for the determination of 137Cs in environmental samples was proposed. The principal technic employed in this study is based on column separation of 137Cs using ammonium molybdophosphate mixed with glass fiber to eliminate contribution of natural radionuclides such as 40K and 87Rb. The separation of cesium from potassium and rubidium was performed by the elution with 0.5m ammonium nitrate solution. The time required for separation of cesium was five hours as compared with the conventional cation exchange separation which required thirteen hours. The chemical yield of cesium carrier was normally more than 90 percent. The results obtained were compared with that by the conventional methods using Bio-Rex cation exchange separation and the good agreement between the two methods was obtained.", "contents": "[Rapid determination of 137Cs in environmental samples--purification of 137Cs by ammonium molybdophosphate column separation]. A rapid method for the determination of 137Cs in environmental samples was proposed. The principal technic employed in this study is based on column separation of 137Cs using ammonium molybdophosphate mixed with glass fiber to eliminate contribution of natural radionuclides such as 40K and 87Rb. The separation of cesium from potassium and rubidium was performed by the elution with 0.5m ammonium nitrate solution. The time required for separation of cesium was five hours as compared with the conventional cation exchange separation which required thirteen hours. The chemical yield of cesium carrier was normally more than 90 percent. The results obtained were compared with that by the conventional methods using Bio-Rex cation exchange separation and the good agreement between the two methods was obtained.", "PMID": 1037401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7877", "title": "[Experimental and clinical studies on the accuracy of geometry-independent counter].", "content": "For the purpose to conduct precise geometry-independent radioassay of large biological samples, the authors constructed an apparatus with the \"peak+scatter\" counting method slightly modified from that of Gibbs, et al. and studied its accuracy from the basic and clinical aspects. The apparatus, an opposed-head counter, consisted of two matched 2 x 2-in. NaI crystal detectors and photomultipliers that were connected in parallel to a pulse-height spectrometer. The crystal faces were separated by 54 cm. The detectors were enclosed in 5cm-thick shield built with lead and the sample chamber was a 15 cubic cm-box type of 3 mm-thick Lucite. A 13 cmphiX7.7 cm styrene topper container was used for the sample container. It was found that the relation of primary gamma energy of six radioisotopes and geometry-independent counting threshold turned out to be linear. The assay accuracy with 131I was about +/- 5% in fluid samples irrespective of its sizes (up to 500 ml) or homogeneity. In solid samples the accuracy approached that of fluid by the addition of water up to the height of it. The range, in which the activity could be measured within 5% error originating from statistical fluctuations or loss of counts due to instrument dead time, proved to be about 34 approximately .06 micronCi with 57Co in assay time of 10 min. On the basis of the basic investigations, the geometry-independent counting was used for the radioassay of stool and urine. Since the assay could be done simply up to a relatively large volume without need of material adjustment, it served well in the assay of urine and stool of clinical practice as well as in animal radioassay.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical studies on the accuracy of geometry-independent counter]. For the purpose to conduct precise geometry-independent radioassay of large biological samples, the authors constructed an apparatus with the \"peak+scatter\" counting method slightly modified from that of Gibbs, et al. and studied its accuracy from the basic and clinical aspects. The apparatus, an opposed-head counter, consisted of two matched 2 x 2-in. NaI crystal detectors and photomultipliers that were connected in parallel to a pulse-height spectrometer. The crystal faces were separated by 54 cm. The detectors were enclosed in 5cm-thick shield built with lead and the sample chamber was a 15 cubic cm-box type of 3 mm-thick Lucite. A 13 cmphiX7.7 cm styrene topper container was used for the sample container. It was found that the relation of primary gamma energy of six radioisotopes and geometry-independent counting threshold turned out to be linear. The assay accuracy with 131I was about +/- 5% in fluid samples irrespective of its sizes (up to 500 ml) or homogeneity. In solid samples the accuracy approached that of fluid by the addition of water up to the height of it. The range, in which the activity could be measured within 5% error originating from statistical fluctuations or loss of counts due to instrument dead time, proved to be about 34 approximately .06 micronCi with 57Co in assay time of 10 min. On the basis of the basic investigations, the geometry-independent counting was used for the radioassay of stool and urine. Since the assay could be done simply up to a relatively large volume without need of material adjustment, it served well in the assay of urine and stool of clinical practice as well as in animal radioassay.", "PMID": 1037402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7878", "title": "[Advantages, disadvantages and selection methods of thyroxine measurement--comparison of CPBA and RIA].", "content": "Although recent progress in radioimmunoassay (RIA) permitted direct RIA for thyroxine (T4), there appeared few reports evaluating clinical applicability of T4 RIA as routine method. The authors evaluated advantage, disadvantage of methods for T4 measurement in comparison between CPBA (competitive protein binding analysis) and RIA, and tried to discuss about selection of methods for T4 measurement. Res-O-Mat T4 was chosen as CPBA, and RIAMAT-T4(St) and T4-RIAKIT(Sp) were chosen as RIAs. Detailed descriptions about both RIA methods appeared elsewhere [2, 3]. From the basic experiments, reproducibility of CPBA, St and Sp within assay were 5.8% (C.V.), 4.0% (C.V.), and 8.5%(C.V.) respectively, and mean recovery rates were 92.2%, 100.7% and 96.1% respectively. T4 value measured by both RIAs correlated well with CPBA, and St showed slightly lower value and Sp showed slightly higher value than CPBA. The normal ranges for RIAs were 3.7-11.7 microng% (St) and 4.6-15.2 microng% (Sp). Diagnostic accuracy for hyperthyroid state were 83.3% (CPBA), 85.7%(St) and 69.2% (Sp), and for euthyroid state were 92.0% (CPBA), 98.8% (St) and 95.7% (Sp). The diagnostic accuracy for hypothyroid state in three methods were lowest. From the economical point of view, cost performance, time performance and total time for single assay were analysed and mathematical equations were obtained from actual assay by each methods. When the number of samples per single assay was less than 10, CPBA was most economic in terms of cost and time performance and total time required. In the assay of more than 20 samples, RIAs were efficient in each point of views. In the point of view of sample volumes required, RIAs were most promising. The authors concluded that guides for selection of methods in T4 assay were as follows: A) CPBA was most efficient in local use especially when less than 10 samples were frequently to be assayed. B) RIAs were efficient in batch processing more than 20 samples, especially in automated laboratories.", "contents": "[Advantages, disadvantages and selection methods of thyroxine measurement--comparison of CPBA and RIA]. Although recent progress in radioimmunoassay (RIA) permitted direct RIA for thyroxine (T4), there appeared few reports evaluating clinical applicability of T4 RIA as routine method. The authors evaluated advantage, disadvantage of methods for T4 measurement in comparison between CPBA (competitive protein binding analysis) and RIA, and tried to discuss about selection of methods for T4 measurement. Res-O-Mat T4 was chosen as CPBA, and RIAMAT-T4(St) and T4-RIAKIT(Sp) were chosen as RIAs. Detailed descriptions about both RIA methods appeared elsewhere [2, 3]. From the basic experiments, reproducibility of CPBA, St and Sp within assay were 5.8% (C.V.), 4.0% (C.V.), and 8.5%(C.V.) respectively, and mean recovery rates were 92.2%, 100.7% and 96.1% respectively. T4 value measured by both RIAs correlated well with CPBA, and St showed slightly lower value and Sp showed slightly higher value than CPBA. The normal ranges for RIAs were 3.7-11.7 microng% (St) and 4.6-15.2 microng% (Sp). Diagnostic accuracy for hyperthyroid state were 83.3% (CPBA), 85.7%(St) and 69.2% (Sp), and for euthyroid state were 92.0% (CPBA), 98.8% (St) and 95.7% (Sp). The diagnostic accuracy for hypothyroid state in three methods were lowest. From the economical point of view, cost performance, time performance and total time for single assay were analysed and mathematical equations were obtained from actual assay by each methods. When the number of samples per single assay was less than 10, CPBA was most economic in terms of cost and time performance and total time required. In the assay of more than 20 samples, RIAs were efficient in each point of views. In the point of view of sample volumes required, RIAs were most promising. The authors concluded that guides for selection of methods in T4 assay were as follows: A) CPBA was most efficient in local use especially when less than 10 samples were frequently to be assayed. B) RIAs were efficient in batch processing more than 20 samples, especially in automated laboratories.", "PMID": 1037403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7879", "title": "[Study on tumor affinity of technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (2) 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate (99mTc-EHDP), 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA), and 99mTc-Sn-diethyl stilbestrol diphosphate (99mTc-DSDP)].", "content": "The authors have examined the tumor affinity of various 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals to Ehrlich's tumor for the purpose of delineating positively human malignant neoplasm. This paper includes biologic distributions of 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate (99mTc-EHDP), 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) and 99mTc-Sn-diethyl stilbestrol diphosphate (99mTc-DSDP, 99mTc-Honvan) as the second report on the tumor affinity to the Ehrlich-bearing mice. (a) Tumor concentration of 99mTc-EHDP was lowest and the positive delineation of implanted tumor with 99mTc-EHDP was poorest in sequential images, though the active accumulation to some soft tissue maglinant neoplasms, the breast cancer and the thyroid cancer, has been reported. (b) Tumor concentration and tumor to blood ratio of 99mTc-DMSA were not so high on the contrary of our expectation that 197Hg-DMSA may show the high tumor concentration and the high tumor to blood ratio like 197Hg chlormerodrin as same renal scanning radiopharmaceuticals. (c) Tumor concentration of 99mTc-DSDP was highest. Tumor to blood concentration ratio, however, was lower than that of the above mentioned radiopharmaceuticals but tumor to liver ratio and/or tumor to lung ratio was over 1.0 at the earlier time. Biologic distribution of 99mTc-DSDP was similar to that of 32P labeled DSDP and then it is presumed that 99mTc is labeled at phosphate ester of DSDP which is dephospholytated immediately by phospholylase in vivo following the intravenous injection. Therefore, it may be assumed that the accumulation mechanism of 99mTc-DSDP to Ehrlich's tumor is related to the phospholylase activity in neoplasms but is not known precisely.", "contents": "[Study on tumor affinity of technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. (2) 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate (99mTc-EHDP), 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA), and 99mTc-Sn-diethyl stilbestrol diphosphate (99mTc-DSDP)]. The authors have examined the tumor affinity of various 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals to Ehrlich's tumor for the purpose of delineating positively human malignant neoplasm. This paper includes biologic distributions of 99mTc-Sn-diphosphonate (99mTc-EHDP), 99mTc-Sn-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) and 99mTc-Sn-diethyl stilbestrol diphosphate (99mTc-DSDP, 99mTc-Honvan) as the second report on the tumor affinity to the Ehrlich-bearing mice. (a) Tumor concentration of 99mTc-EHDP was lowest and the positive delineation of implanted tumor with 99mTc-EHDP was poorest in sequential images, though the active accumulation to some soft tissue maglinant neoplasms, the breast cancer and the thyroid cancer, has been reported. (b) Tumor concentration and tumor to blood ratio of 99mTc-DMSA were not so high on the contrary of our expectation that 197Hg-DMSA may show the high tumor concentration and the high tumor to blood ratio like 197Hg chlormerodrin as same renal scanning radiopharmaceuticals. (c) Tumor concentration of 99mTc-DSDP was highest. Tumor to blood concentration ratio, however, was lower than that of the above mentioned radiopharmaceuticals but tumor to liver ratio and/or tumor to lung ratio was over 1.0 at the earlier time. Biologic distribution of 99mTc-DSDP was similar to that of 32P labeled DSDP and then it is presumed that 99mTc is labeled at phosphate ester of DSDP which is dephospholytated immediately by phospholylase in vivo following the intravenous injection. Therefore, it may be assumed that the accumulation mechanism of 99mTc-DSDP to Ehrlich's tumor is related to the phospholylase activity in neoplasms but is not known precisely.", "PMID": 1037404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7880", "title": "[Affinity of the elements in group VI of the periodic table to tumors and organs].", "content": "In order to investigate the tumor affinity radioisotopes, chromium (51Cr), molybdenum (99Mo), tungsten (181W), selenium (75Se) and tellurium (127mTe)--the elements of group VI in the periodic table--were examined, using the rats which were subcutaneously transplanted with Yoshida sarcoma. Seven preprarations, sodium chromate (Na251CrO4), chromium chloride (51CrCl3), normal ammonium molybdate ((NH4)299MoO7), sodium tungstate (Na2181WO4), sodium selenate (Na275SeO4), sodium selenite (Na275SeO3) and tellurous acid (H2127mTeO3) were injected intravenously to each group of tumor bearing rats. These rats were sacrificed at various periods after injection of each preparation: 3 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours in all preparations. The radioactivities of the tumor, blood, muscle, liver, kidney and spleen were measured by a well-type scintillation counter, and retention values (in every tissue including the tumor) were calculated in percent of administered dose per g-tissue weight. All of seven preparations did not have any affinity for malignant tumor. Na251CrO4 and H2127mTeO3 had some affinity for the kidneys, and Na275SeO3 had some affinity for the liver. Na2181WO4 and (NH4)299MoO4 disappeared very rapidly from the blood and soft tissue, and about seventy-five percent of radioactivity was excreted in urine within first 3 hours.", "contents": "[Affinity of the elements in group VI of the periodic table to tumors and organs]. In order to investigate the tumor affinity radioisotopes, chromium (51Cr), molybdenum (99Mo), tungsten (181W), selenium (75Se) and tellurium (127mTe)--the elements of group VI in the periodic table--were examined, using the rats which were subcutaneously transplanted with Yoshida sarcoma. Seven preprarations, sodium chromate (Na251CrO4), chromium chloride (51CrCl3), normal ammonium molybdate ((NH4)299MoO7), sodium tungstate (Na2181WO4), sodium selenate (Na275SeO4), sodium selenite (Na275SeO3) and tellurous acid (H2127mTeO3) were injected intravenously to each group of tumor bearing rats. These rats were sacrificed at various periods after injection of each preparation: 3 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours in all preparations. The radioactivities of the tumor, blood, muscle, liver, kidney and spleen were measured by a well-type scintillation counter, and retention values (in every tissue including the tumor) were calculated in percent of administered dose per g-tissue weight. All of seven preparations did not have any affinity for malignant tumor. Na251CrO4 and H2127mTeO3 had some affinity for the kidneys, and Na275SeO3 had some affinity for the liver. Na2181WO4 and (NH4)299MoO4 disappeared very rapidly from the blood and soft tissue, and about seventy-five percent of radioactivity was excreted in urine within first 3 hours.", "PMID": 1037405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7881", "title": "[Biological fate of 3H-labeled penfluridol. (3) Correlation between concentration of 3H-penfluridol in the brain and its anti-methamphetamine activity].", "content": "The Penfluridol (PFL) is a potent and long-acting neuroleptic belonging to the diphenylbutyl piperidine series. The purpose of the present study is to investigate a correlation between the brain concentration of unchanged 3H-PFL and its neuroleptic activity in the methamphetamine-antagonism test. The experimental animal comprised adult male Wistar rats weighing about 200 g. All the rats were administered 3H-PFL orally and killed at appropriate times after administration. After killing blood samples were collected and the brain and liver were excised. The blood was extracted with 4 volumes of ethanol. The brain and the liver were homogenized in 9 volumes of ethanol. The amount of 3H-PFL in the ethanol extract was determined by thin-layer chromatography. The result showed that the drug level in the brain was relatively constant when the dose was the median effective dose (ED50) for the test at those time intervals after administration.", "contents": "[Biological fate of 3H-labeled penfluridol. (3) Correlation between concentration of 3H-penfluridol in the brain and its anti-methamphetamine activity]. The Penfluridol (PFL) is a potent and long-acting neuroleptic belonging to the diphenylbutyl piperidine series. The purpose of the present study is to investigate a correlation between the brain concentration of unchanged 3H-PFL and its neuroleptic activity in the methamphetamine-antagonism test. The experimental animal comprised adult male Wistar rats weighing about 200 g. All the rats were administered 3H-PFL orally and killed at appropriate times after administration. After killing blood samples were collected and the brain and liver were excised. The blood was extracted with 4 volumes of ethanol. The brain and the liver were homogenized in 9 volumes of ethanol. The amount of 3H-PFL in the ethanol extract was determined by thin-layer chromatography. The result showed that the drug level in the brain was relatively constant when the dose was the median effective dose (ED50) for the test at those time intervals after administration.", "PMID": 1037406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7882", "title": "[Chemical composition and protein value of some baby foods (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of lipids, available carbohydrates and unavailable carbohydrates, and of various minerals has been carried out on some baby foods; the value of the protein fraction has been similarly determined by the ultrafiltration method of the enzymic hydrolisate in vitro. Both the total protein content and the essential amino acid availability of the foodstuffs are satisfactory although generally speaking a slight decrease of the protein value has been found in this material as compared to the crude samples, due particularly to the breakdown of sulfur-containing amino acids. This breakdown is due probably to the high temperature reached during the technological processes at industrial level.", "contents": "[Chemical composition and protein value of some baby foods (author's transl)]. The determination of lipids, available carbohydrates and unavailable carbohydrates, and of various minerals has been carried out on some baby foods; the value of the protein fraction has been similarly determined by the ultrafiltration method of the enzymic hydrolisate in vitro. Both the total protein content and the essential amino acid availability of the foodstuffs are satisfactory although generally speaking a slight decrease of the protein value has been found in this material as compared to the crude samples, due particularly to the breakdown of sulfur-containing amino acids. This breakdown is due probably to the high temperature reached during the technological processes at industrial level.", "PMID": 1037417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7883", "title": "[Influence of rapeseed oil on lipoprotein lipase activity in pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Toxic activities in various animal species have shown for rapeseed oil. In this paper the influence of this oil on lipoprotein lipase activity of heart, liver and lung of pigs has been examined. The animals were fed with rapeseed oil with 40% erucic acid for 7, 15, 20 and 40 days. The control animals received olive oil. The results have shown a slight increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart of the pig after 20 days with rapeseed oil. In the liver this increase is particularly large in the pigs having been fed for 15 days both with rapeseed oil and olive oil. No differences were observed in the lung in the test and control animals with the only exception of animals fed for 20 days.", "contents": "[Influence of rapeseed oil on lipoprotein lipase activity in pigs (author's transl)]. Toxic activities in various animal species have shown for rapeseed oil. In this paper the influence of this oil on lipoprotein lipase activity of heart, liver and lung of pigs has been examined. The animals were fed with rapeseed oil with 40% erucic acid for 7, 15, 20 and 40 days. The control animals received olive oil. The results have shown a slight increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart of the pig after 20 days with rapeseed oil. In the liver this increase is particularly large in the pigs having been fed for 15 days both with rapeseed oil and olive oil. No differences were observed in the lung in the test and control animals with the only exception of animals fed for 20 days.", "PMID": 1037418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7884", "title": "[Adaptation to a rapeseed oil enriched diet as shown by the mitochondrial oxidation rate in the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "40 wistar rats were divided into two groups which had been fed one year earlier a diet in which 30% of the caloric intake consisted of rapeseed oil and peanut oil respectively. Both groups were then fed a diet of 30% peanut oil for five months and then fed a normal diet for seven months. At this time each of the two main groups was subdivided into four smaller groups, each group receiving a different diet: one of 25% rapeseed oil, one of 25% peanut oil, one of 25% butter, and one internal control group. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed by decapitation. One portion of each heart was used for measuring its fatty acid content and the remaining portion was used for preparing sarcosomes on which the exigen consumption was measured polarographically. It was found that no erucic acid was present in the hearts of the rats fed rapeseed oil one year previously, and then then refed the same diet in the present experiment. The mitochondrial respiratory activity of the treated rats did not show any significant difference with respect to the found in the control groups, unlike the first experiment.", "contents": "[Adaptation to a rapeseed oil enriched diet as shown by the mitochondrial oxidation rate in the heart (author's transl)]. 40 wistar rats were divided into two groups which had been fed one year earlier a diet in which 30% of the caloric intake consisted of rapeseed oil and peanut oil respectively. Both groups were then fed a diet of 30% peanut oil for five months and then fed a normal diet for seven months. At this time each of the two main groups was subdivided into four smaller groups, each group receiving a different diet: one of 25% rapeseed oil, one of 25% peanut oil, one of 25% butter, and one internal control group. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed by decapitation. One portion of each heart was used for measuring its fatty acid content and the remaining portion was used for preparing sarcosomes on which the exigen consumption was measured polarographically. It was found that no erucic acid was present in the hearts of the rats fed rapeseed oil one year previously, and then then refed the same diet in the present experiment. The mitochondrial respiratory activity of the treated rats did not show any significant difference with respect to the found in the control groups, unlike the first experiment.", "PMID": 1037419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7885", "title": "Lactose malabsorption in Thai infants and children: effect of prolonged milk feeding.", "content": "More than one-third of Thai infants were lactose malabsorbers soon after birth and the percentage of lactose malabsorption increased with age. Beyond 4 years of age, all Thai children studied were lactose malabsorbers. Continued milk supplementation over the study period did not affect the ability to digest lactose in the amount given in the load test. Since the milk-supplemented group of children tended to have better weight gain and few undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, it seems milk feedings can be used to advantage even among populations with a record of high lactose intolerance.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption in Thai infants and children: effect of prolonged milk feeding. More than one-third of Thai infants were lactose malabsorbers soon after birth and the percentage of lactose malabsorption increased with age. Beyond 4 years of age, all Thai children studied were lactose malabsorbers. Continued milk supplementation over the study period did not affect the ability to digest lactose in the amount given in the load test. Since the milk-supplemented group of children tended to have better weight gain and few undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, it seems milk feedings can be used to advantage even among populations with a record of high lactose intolerance.", "PMID": 1037426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7886", "title": "[Use of infrared radiations in the freeze-drying of foods (author's transl)].", "content": "Use of near infrared radiation as heating source in freeze drying of food products, appear to be interesting both for the efficiency of the process and for its economical aspect. In the present paper the results obtained in freeze drying runs with heating plates and I.R. radiations are described. The obtained results show that: with increasing trays load of product, the I.R. system is more efficient than the traditional one; the product quality obtained is higher for I.R. radiation, especially with higher tray loads; the heat flux output of the I.R. system is much lower than the one of the heating plates, at the same level of subliming water.", "contents": "[Use of infrared radiations in the freeze-drying of foods (author's transl)]. Use of near infrared radiation as heating source in freeze drying of food products, appear to be interesting both for the efficiency of the process and for its economical aspect. In the present paper the results obtained in freeze drying runs with heating plates and I.R. radiations are described. The obtained results show that: with increasing trays load of product, the I.R. system is more efficient than the traditional one; the product quality obtained is higher for I.R. radiation, especially with higher tray loads; the heat flux output of the I.R. system is much lower than the one of the heating plates, at the same level of subliming water.", "PMID": 1037422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7887", "title": "Effects of gamma irradiation on onion sprouting. I.--Influence of dose rate and post-harvest period of treatment.", "content": "Onions of \"Dorata di Parma\" variety were exposed to 10 Krads of Co60 gamma irradiation in 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 minutes in December, 1975 and then stored in the cold storage (10 +/- 1 degree C; R.H. 65-70%) and at the room temperature (15-20 degrees C; R.H. 40-70%) for 3 months, to study the influence of dose-rate and post-harvest period of treatment. Average number of buds sprouted in each onion bulb under cold storage condition ranged from 2-3, while this number was found to increase to 3-4 under ambient storage conditions. Although no effect of either irradiation or dose rate was observed when onions were irradiated after the break of their dormancy, however, a significant slowing down effect of irradiation could be observed as far as the rate of growth  of sprouts was concerned. Weight loss was also reduced significantly in the irradiated onions as compared with controls.", "contents": "Effects of gamma irradiation on onion sprouting. I.--Influence of dose rate and post-harvest period of treatment. Onions of \"Dorata di Parma\" variety were exposed to 10 Krads of Co60 gamma irradiation in 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 minutes in December, 1975 and then stored in the cold storage (10 +/- 1 degree C; R.H. 65-70%) and at the room temperature (15-20 degrees C; R.H. 40-70%) for 3 months, to study the influence of dose-rate and post-harvest period of treatment. Average number of buds sprouted in each onion bulb under cold storage condition ranged from 2-3, while this number was found to increase to 3-4 under ambient storage conditions. Although no effect of either irradiation or dose rate was observed when onions were irradiated after the break of their dormancy, however, a significant slowing down effect of irradiation could be observed as far as the rate of growth  of sprouts was concerned. Weight loss was also reduced significantly in the irradiated onions as compared with controls.", "PMID": 1037423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7888", "title": "[Poly-protein. II--Precipitation of proteins from alfalfa juice by cationic polyacrylamide (author's transl)].", "content": "This note reports some experimental results on the preparation of leaf protein concentrates (LPC) from alphalpha juice by means of polyelectrolites, according to Poly-Protein Process. The pilot plant is described with its working conditions, and the yield and the chemical composition of the products (pressed alphalpha, juice, green LPC and brown juice) are reported. In particular 50 liters of juice, obtained by pressing 100 kg of fresh alphalpha, gave 1.6 kg of green LPC (on a dry weight basis). The product so obtained has a high protein content (56.2%) and represents a particularly valuable product for its several prospective uses in the feed industry.", "contents": "[Poly-protein. II--Precipitation of proteins from alfalfa juice by cationic polyacrylamide (author's transl)]. This note reports some experimental results on the preparation of leaf protein concentrates (LPC) from alphalpha juice by means of polyelectrolites, according to Poly-Protein Process. The pilot plant is described with its working conditions, and the yield and the chemical composition of the products (pressed alphalpha, juice, green LPC and brown juice) are reported. In particular 50 liters of juice, obtained by pressing 100 kg of fresh alphalpha, gave 1.6 kg of green LPC (on a dry weight basis). The product so obtained has a high protein content (56.2%) and represents a particularly valuable product for its several prospective uses in the feed industry.", "PMID": 1037420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7889", "title": "[T.L.C. separation and capsaicin evaluation in red peppers (author's transl)].", "content": "Capsaicin is extracted from dried powdered pepper by 2-propanol in Soxhlet, separated by TLC on Silica gel, developing with petroleum ether (40-60 degrees C PB), chloroform and acetonitrile (40:45:15) mixture and spectrophotometrically estimated at 280nm. The method appears to be accurate and suitable for routine analysis.", "contents": "[T.L.C. separation and capsaicin evaluation in red peppers (author's transl)]. Capsaicin is extracted from dried powdered pepper by 2-propanol in Soxhlet, separated by TLC on Silica gel, developing with petroleum ether (40-60 degrees C PB), chloroform and acetonitrile (40:45:15) mixture and spectrophotometrically estimated at 280nm. The method appears to be accurate and suitable for routine analysis.", "PMID": 1037424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7890", "title": "[Research on some phosphorganic insecticide residues in olive oil in relation to techniques of Dacus oleae control. I. Results of total treatment to the foliage (author's transl)].", "content": "The research conducted to verify the presence and the amount of residues of organophosphorus insecticides in olive oil from olive trees sprayed against. Dacus oleae has shown that both hydrophilic (dimethoate, formathion, phosphamidon) and lypophilic (fenthion, medathion, prolate) substances tested leave more or less appreciable residues in the oil, either in a short time or in more than one month from the treatment. In the operative conditions reflecting antidacic practice, the amount of residue appears higher for the lypophilic organophosphorus insecticides.", "contents": "[Research on some phosphorganic insecticide residues in olive oil in relation to techniques of Dacus oleae control. I. Results of total treatment to the foliage (author's transl)]. The research conducted to verify the presence and the amount of residues of organophosphorus insecticides in olive oil from olive trees sprayed against. Dacus oleae has shown that both hydrophilic (dimethoate, formathion, phosphamidon) and lypophilic (fenthion, medathion, prolate) substances tested leave more or less appreciable residues in the oil, either in a short time or in more than one month from the treatment. In the operative conditions reflecting antidacic practice, the amount of residue appears higher for the lypophilic organophosphorus insecticides.", "PMID": 1037421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7891", "title": "[Presence of free-living amoebae in urban and communal water-supply systems of the Brest area].", "content": "During a preliminary study, from October 1975 until June 1976, we tried to find free-living limax amoebae in the waters proceeding from 6 systems which partly cover the wants of Brest and its bay (Finist\u00e8re). From the 32 analysed samples, 19 were positive, of which 10 were able to grown at the first at 37 degrees C. The free-living amoebae belong to 3 genus: Harmanella, Vahlkampfia and Acanthamoeba. We have not found Naegleria species.", "contents": "[Presence of free-living amoebae in urban and communal water-supply systems of the Brest area]. During a preliminary study, from October 1975 until June 1976, we tried to find free-living limax amoebae in the waters proceeding from 6 systems which partly cover the wants of Brest and its bay (Finist\u00e8re). From the 32 analysed samples, 19 were positive, of which 10 were able to grown at the first at 37 degrees C. The free-living amoebae belong to 3 genus: Harmanella, Vahlkampfia and Acanthamoeba. We have not found Naegleria species.", "PMID": 1037431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7892", "title": "[Amoebecide and trichomonacide activities of secnidazole in the laboratory].", "content": "A study of the experimental chemotherapeutic activity of secnidazole as compared to metronidazole is presented, including a summary of toxicity, metabolism, pharmacokinetic studies and preliminary results from clinical trials. Secnidazole is about twice as active as metronidazole against experimental amebiasis, equiactive against trichomoniasis, and possesses low toxicity. After oral administration to man, active concentrations in the blood persist much longer than in the case of metronidazole and notably longer than for tinidazole. In the clinic, its therapeutic activity against hepatic amebiasis seems to be at least equal to that of metronidazole; it appears also to be more active against acute intestinal amebiasis, and specially more effective against E. minuta and cyst carriers. Against vaginal trichomoniasis it was as effective as metronidazole after repeated administration for several days, and the percentage recovery rate was as high after one single dose as after daily administration. The digestive tolerance seems to be very satisfactory. In view of these findings, the advantages which secnidazole might possess over other 5-nitroimidazoles already in use for the treatment of amebiasis and trichomoniasis are discussed.", "contents": "[Amoebecide and trichomonacide activities of secnidazole in the laboratory]. A study of the experimental chemotherapeutic activity of secnidazole as compared to metronidazole is presented, including a summary of toxicity, metabolism, pharmacokinetic studies and preliminary results from clinical trials. Secnidazole is about twice as active as metronidazole against experimental amebiasis, equiactive against trichomoniasis, and possesses low toxicity. After oral administration to man, active concentrations in the blood persist much longer than in the case of metronidazole and notably longer than for tinidazole. In the clinic, its therapeutic activity against hepatic amebiasis seems to be at least equal to that of metronidazole; it appears also to be more active against acute intestinal amebiasis, and specially more effective against E. minuta and cyst carriers. Against vaginal trichomoniasis it was as effective as metronidazole after repeated administration for several days, and the percentage recovery rate was as high after one single dose as after daily administration. The digestive tolerance seems to be very satisfactory. In view of these findings, the advantages which secnidazole might possess over other 5-nitroimidazoles already in use for the treatment of amebiasis and trichomoniasis are discussed.", "PMID": 1037432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7893", "title": "[Study on a focus of ascaridiasis in a locality of Cap Bon (Tunisia)].", "content": "The study of ascaridiasis in a single locality of the Cap Bon region (Tunisia) where prevalence of this helminthiasis is much higher than anywhere else in the region, shows that 71,1% of the population is infected and all ages approximately in the same proportion. This high prevalence can be explained by a cumulative effect of two transmission factors: a particular construction of houses, which have a kind of reservoir for organic wastes in direct connection with the street, and the use of human excrements in agriculture. Mass chemotherapy every 3 months during several consecutive years is proposed.", "contents": "[Study on a focus of ascaridiasis in a locality of Cap Bon (Tunisia)]. The study of ascaridiasis in a single locality of the Cap Bon region (Tunisia) where prevalence of this helminthiasis is much higher than anywhere else in the region, shows that 71,1% of the population is infected and all ages approximately in the same proportion. This high prevalence can be explained by a cumulative effect of two transmission factors: a particular construction of houses, which have a kind of reservoir for organic wastes in direct connection with the street, and the use of human excrements in agriculture. Mass chemotherapy every 3 months during several consecutive years is proposed.", "PMID": 1037433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7894", "title": "[Presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the R\u00e9union Island. Isolation of the strain].", "content": "The detection of some cases of eosinophilic meningitis suggest that Angiostrongylus cantonensis is present in Reunion Island. Larvae of this nematode have been isolated after dissection of Achatina fulica and have been used to infest laboratory rats. 30 days later, the dissection of these animals shows the presence of young worms in the brain and in the pulmonary arteries. 45 days later, first-stage larvae are recovered from the feces of animals. Now, the strain is maintained in Biomphalaria glabrata and in the rat.", "contents": "[Presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the R\u00e9union Island. Isolation of the strain]. The detection of some cases of eosinophilic meningitis suggest that Angiostrongylus cantonensis is present in Reunion Island. Larvae of this nematode have been isolated after dissection of Achatina fulica and have been used to infest laboratory rats. 30 days later, the dissection of these animals shows the presence of young worms in the brain and in the pulmonary arteries. 45 days later, first-stage larvae are recovered from the feces of animals. Now, the strain is maintained in Biomphalaria glabrata and in the rat.", "PMID": 1037434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7895", "title": "A comparison of the dissolution and bioavailability characteristics of three spironolactone tablet formulations, including preliminary data on two spironolactone metabolites.", "content": "The bioavailabilities of three spironolactone tablet formulations specially selected for major differences in in vitro dissolution tests were compared in normal male volunteers by measuring plasma and urinary levels of the pharmacologically active spironolactone metabolite canrenone. It was possible to demonstrate small but statistically significant differences in plasma canrenone concentration-time curves derived from the three formulations together with significant differences in the time course of urinary canrenone excretion. The bioavailabilities of the three formulations did not differ significantly although the tablet with the poorest in vitro dissolution produced a significant delayed peak canrenone concentration. The dissolution rate methodology and results are described and an approach to the development of improved in vitro dissolution tests for spironolactone is suggested. The use of a new method for canrenone estimation resulted in the incidental detection of two other quantitatively significant spironolactone metabolites and preliminary information is given on these.", "contents": "A comparison of the dissolution and bioavailability characteristics of three spironolactone tablet formulations, including preliminary data on two spironolactone metabolites. The bioavailabilities of three spironolactone tablet formulations specially selected for major differences in in vitro dissolution tests were compared in normal male volunteers by measuring plasma and urinary levels of the pharmacologically active spironolactone metabolite canrenone. It was possible to demonstrate small but statistically significant differences in plasma canrenone concentration-time curves derived from the three formulations together with significant differences in the time course of urinary canrenone excretion. The bioavailabilities of the three formulations did not differ significantly although the tablet with the poorest in vitro dissolution produced a significant delayed peak canrenone concentration. The dissolution rate methodology and results are described and an approach to the development of improved in vitro dissolution tests for spironolactone is suggested. The use of a new method for canrenone estimation resulted in the incidental detection of two other quantitatively significant spironolactone metabolites and preliminary information is given on these.", "PMID": 1037443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7896", "title": "[French Guiana and bilharziasis].", "content": "The authors discuss about the lack of bilharziasis in French Guyana and report the experimental infestation of Biomphalaria glabrata coming from Cayenne with a porto-rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni.", "contents": "[French Guiana and bilharziasis]. The authors discuss about the lack of bilharziasis in French Guyana and report the experimental infestation of Biomphalaria glabrata coming from Cayenne with a porto-rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni.", "PMID": 1037435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7897", "title": "[Evolution of filarial hemagglutinating antibodies 1 year after a single dose of diethylcarbamazine].", "content": "The authors compare the serological results obtained before and after a single dose with diethylcarbamazine (6 mg./kg.) in a homogeneous and strongly infected with Wuchereria bancrofti var, pacifica population. They point out a statistically significant decrease of the hemagglutining antibody titres of filarian patients.", "contents": "[Evolution of filarial hemagglutinating antibodies 1 year after a single dose of diethylcarbamazine]. The authors compare the serological results obtained before and after a single dose with diethylcarbamazine (6 mg./kg.) in a homogeneous and strongly infected with Wuchereria bancrofti var, pacifica population. They point out a statistically significant decrease of the hemagglutining antibody titres of filarian patients.", "PMID": 1037437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7898", "title": "Recognition of lactose intolerance.", "content": "Evidence has been accumulating that except where dairying has been carried on for centuries, postweaning inability to digest milk is the norm for humans as well as other land mammals. Given the ethnic diversity of the U.S., there may well be 30 million Americans who cannot drink milk without developing symptoms and many instinctively learn to avoid it. A simple lactose tolerance test is described that establishes the diagnosis.", "contents": "Recognition of lactose intolerance. Evidence has been accumulating that except where dairying has been carried on for centuries, postweaning inability to digest milk is the norm for humans as well as other land mammals. Given the ethnic diversity of the U.S., there may well be 30 million Americans who cannot drink milk without developing symptoms and many instinctively learn to avoid it. A simple lactose tolerance test is described that establishes the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1037445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7899", "title": "[Mobile edema of the face and neck followed by intraocular localization of Gnastosoma spinigerum].", "content": "The authors report the first case observed in Cameroon of an intraocular localization of the nematode Gnastostoma spinigerum. The course of about 3 months presented three phases. The first one consisted of pains in the right hypochondrium, with scapulalgia during three weeks, probably correlated with the crossing of the digestive wall and intraocular migrations. The second phase consisted of ambulatory oedema in the face and neck during three weeks. The last phase consisted of a localization of the parasite in the right eye anterior chamber. After three weeks' observations the surgical extraction of a living gnastostoma larva was carried out. The biological signs were an increase of the sedimentation rate, hyperleucocytosis with marked eosinophilia during the first two phases of the disease. These symptoms became normal after the ocular localization. From the functional point of view the result was better than foreseen.", "contents": "[Mobile edema of the face and neck followed by intraocular localization of Gnastosoma spinigerum]. The authors report the first case observed in Cameroon of an intraocular localization of the nematode Gnastostoma spinigerum. The course of about 3 months presented three phases. The first one consisted of pains in the right hypochondrium, with scapulalgia during three weeks, probably correlated with the crossing of the digestive wall and intraocular migrations. The second phase consisted of ambulatory oedema in the face and neck during three weeks. The last phase consisted of a localization of the parasite in the right eye anterior chamber. After three weeks' observations the surgical extraction of a living gnastostoma larva was carried out. The biological signs were an increase of the sedimentation rate, hyperleucocytosis with marked eosinophilia during the first two phases of the disease. These symptoms became normal after the ocular localization. From the functional point of view the result was better than foreseen.", "PMID": 1037438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7900", "title": "Treatment of meningeal leukemia.", "content": "Chemotherapy via the intrathecal and intraventricular routes with the use of up to three drugs plus radiotherapy have produced remissions so prolonged that it is now practical to think of a \"cure\" rather than simple palliation of this disease. A promising treatment protocol is described in which radiotherapy is combined with and followed by intraventricular methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside.", "contents": "Treatment of meningeal leukemia. Chemotherapy via the intrathecal and intraventricular routes with the use of up to three drugs plus radiotherapy have produced remissions so prolonged that it is now practical to think of a \"cure\" rather than simple palliation of this disease. A promising treatment protocol is described in which radiotherapy is combined with and followed by intraventricular methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside.", "PMID": 1037446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7901", "title": "[Human sparganosis. Report of a probable 7th case in South America and review of the subject].", "content": "A case of human Sparganosis was found in a resident of Northern Argentina, Pozo del Tigre, Province of Formosa, a zone bordering with the Republic of Paraguay, with a histopathologic diagnosis realized in the Pathologic Anatomy Institute of Asunci\u00f3n. In the Republic of Paraguay Dyphyllobrotium has been observed in cats, which reveals the existence of intermediaries (rats, water snakes, birds, etc.) as sources of human infection. Northern Argentina, where the patient always lived, is a geographic zone similar to the Republic of Paraguay. This case is the first described in the inland zone of the continent (and probably the seventh case in the Southamerican continent). The patient's profession, called \"tropero\" (cowherd), required that he had close contact with the land or a habitual exposure to nature, which does not exclude the probability of infection related to the patient's professional habitat.", "contents": "[Human sparganosis. Report of a probable 7th case in South America and review of the subject]. A case of human Sparganosis was found in a resident of Northern Argentina, Pozo del Tigre, Province of Formosa, a zone bordering with the Republic of Paraguay, with a histopathologic diagnosis realized in the Pathologic Anatomy Institute of Asunci\u00f3n. In the Republic of Paraguay Dyphyllobrotium has been observed in cats, which reveals the existence of intermediaries (rats, water snakes, birds, etc.) as sources of human infection. Northern Argentina, where the patient always lived, is a geographic zone similar to the Republic of Paraguay. This case is the first described in the inland zone of the continent (and probably the seventh case in the Southamerican continent). The patient's profession, called \"tropero\" (cowherd), required that he had close contact with the land or a habitual exposure to nature, which does not exclude the probability of infection related to the patient's professional habitat.", "PMID": 1037439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7902", "title": "Growth rate, feeding practices, and dietary intake of Thai infants under two years old in central Bangkok.", "content": "There is a growth retardation among Thai infants under the age of two years in the Bangkok area. A serious matter is the possible delay in brain development which may start at this early stage. In comparing growth curves of infants on three patterns of feeding it appears that those having sweetened condensed milk suffer from malnutrition and possible delay in brain development. Breast feeding provides satisfactory growth rate and brain development up to the age of 12 months and there is great hope that a nutrition programme to encourage breast feeding could combat existing problems of protein energy malnutrition. There is evidence of greater deficiency of energy than of protein, and there is need to investigate whether growth retardation is due to inadequate energy intake or to high infection rates or to both. Rice is the most suitable basic food for supplementing infants diets, and uncooked grain giving 1 g protein and 83.68 kJ (20 kcal) may well be the simplest formula for supplementing feeding up to the age of two years.", "contents": "Growth rate, feeding practices, and dietary intake of Thai infants under two years old in central Bangkok. There is a growth retardation among Thai infants under the age of two years in the Bangkok area. A serious matter is the possible delay in brain development which may start at this early stage. In comparing growth curves of infants on three patterns of feeding it appears that those having sweetened condensed milk suffer from malnutrition and possible delay in brain development. Breast feeding provides satisfactory growth rate and brain development up to the age of 12 months and there is great hope that a nutrition programme to encourage breast feeding could combat existing problems of protein energy malnutrition. There is evidence of greater deficiency of energy than of protein, and there is need to investigate whether growth retardation is due to inadequate energy intake or to high infection rates or to both. Rice is the most suitable basic food for supplementing infants diets, and uncooked grain giving 1 g protein and 83.68 kJ (20 kcal) may well be the simplest formula for supplementing feeding up to the age of two years.", "PMID": 1037450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7903", "title": "[Radioautographic and cytofluorimetric analysis of DNA synthesis during the pre-implantation period of rat and mouse embryonic development].", "content": "The patterns of DNA synthesis and kinetics of cell population in the rat and mouse embryos were studied by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography and cytofluorimetry. The rat and mouse embryos during the period of cleavage consist of a heterogenous population of blastomeres. At all the stages under study, all phases of the cell cycle occur in the blastomeres: G1, S, G2 and mitosis. The embryonic cells were distributed into groups containing 2c, 3c, 4c and more DNA. The ratio of cell number in these groups differed in the mouse and rat embryos. The mouse embryos are characterized by the appearance of a considerable amount of polyploid cells in S phase at the morula stage. The stage and species specific quantitative and qualitative patterns were established for DNA synthesis and kinetics of the cell population of blastomeres.", "contents": "[Radioautographic and cytofluorimetric analysis of DNA synthesis during the pre-implantation period of rat and mouse embryonic development]. The patterns of DNA synthesis and kinetics of cell population in the rat and mouse embryos were studied by means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography and cytofluorimetry. The rat and mouse embryos during the period of cleavage consist of a heterogenous population of blastomeres. At all the stages under study, all phases of the cell cycle occur in the blastomeres: G1, S, G2 and mitosis. The embryonic cells were distributed into groups containing 2c, 3c, 4c and more DNA. The ratio of cell number in these groups differed in the mouse and rat embryos. The mouse embryos are characterized by the appearance of a considerable amount of polyploid cells in S phase at the morula stage. The stage and species specific quantitative and qualitative patterns were established for DNA synthesis and kinetics of the cell population of blastomeres.", "PMID": 1037451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7904", "title": "The effect of minocycline, doxycycline and oxytetracycline on experimental mouse toxoplasmosis.", "content": "This is a comparative study of the effect of oral and parenteral administration of oxytetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline on experimental acute toxoplasmosis in mice. Two different inocula were used. All the antibiotics were ineffective orally. Doxycycline and minocycline were effective intraperitoneally, curing 90% of the mice who received the smaller inoculum. However, cerebral cysts of T. gondii were more common in the survivors treated with doxycycline.", "contents": "The effect of minocycline, doxycycline and oxytetracycline on experimental mouse toxoplasmosis. This is a comparative study of the effect of oral and parenteral administration of oxytetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline on experimental acute toxoplasmosis in mice. Two different inocula were used. All the antibiotics were ineffective orally. Doxycycline and minocycline were effective intraperitoneally, curing 90% of the mice who received the smaller inoculum. However, cerebral cysts of T. gondii were more common in the survivors treated with doxycycline.", "PMID": 1037441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7905", "title": "[Experimental study of the biology of the miracidium of Philophthalmus rhionica Tichomirov, 1976 (Trematoda, Philophthalmidae)].", "content": "Some peculiarities of the biology of miracidia of Philophthalmus rhionica have been studied: penetration of the parasite's eggs into the environment, hatching of larvae, the miracidia motion, their life span and changes in the invasion ability character in time.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the biology of the miracidium of Philophthalmus rhionica Tichomirov, 1976 (Trematoda, Philophthalmidae)]. Some peculiarities of the biology of miracidia of Philophthalmus rhionica have been studied: penetration of the parasite's eggs into the environment, hatching of larvae, the miracidia motion, their life span and changes in the invasion ability character in time.", "PMID": 1037452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7906", "title": "The effects of treatment with enzymatic preparations and tannin phenolic absorbent agents in extracting the olive oil by single pressure process on the oil yield, on the analytical characteristics of the oils of the vegetation waters and of the waste waters.", "content": "The vegetation waters of the must, the oils and the waste waters extracted from olive pastes, treated by enzymatic preparations (Cellulase, Hemicellulase, Polygalacturonase and Protease) and tannin phenolic adsorbent agents (Polyclar AT, Methylcellulose, Albumine) employed during crushing of olive were analysed:--the vegetation waters in order to justify some technological results (oil yields and extraction speed) obtained by the treatments;--the oils in order to examine the effects of the treatments on the same chemical characteristics and the stability to rancidity. --The waste waters to verify the possible influence of the treatments on the BOD. From the results relative to the vegetation waters, it has been suggested that the increase of the \"detached oil\" does occur by two different biochemical mechanisms which involve the constitutive lipoprotein of the oil drop membrane and colloidal constituents of the liquid and solid phase of the pastes. For what concerns the oils, the treatments induce the slight modification of the fatty acid composition and chromatic characteristics, a higher stability to rancidity, a qualitative and quantitative increase of the \"headspace\" violates constituents above oils. The waste waters obtained from the olive pastes show lower BOD5 values.", "contents": "The effects of treatment with enzymatic preparations and tannin phenolic absorbent agents in extracting the olive oil by single pressure process on the oil yield, on the analytical characteristics of the oils of the vegetation waters and of the waste waters. The vegetation waters of the must, the oils and the waste waters extracted from olive pastes, treated by enzymatic preparations (Cellulase, Hemicellulase, Polygalacturonase and Protease) and tannin phenolic adsorbent agents (Polyclar AT, Methylcellulose, Albumine) employed during crushing of olive were analysed:--the vegetation waters in order to justify some technological results (oil yields and extraction speed) obtained by the treatments;--the oils in order to examine the effects of the treatments on the same chemical characteristics and the stability to rancidity. --The waste waters to verify the possible influence of the treatments on the BOD. From the results relative to the vegetation waters, it has been suggested that the increase of the \"detached oil\" does occur by two different biochemical mechanisms which involve the constitutive lipoprotein of the oil drop membrane and colloidal constituents of the liquid and solid phase of the pastes. For what concerns the oils, the treatments induce the slight modification of the fatty acid composition and chromatic characteristics, a higher stability to rancidity, a qualitative and quantitative increase of the \"headspace\" violates constituents above oils. The waste waters obtained from the olive pastes show lower BOD5 values.", "PMID": 1037465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7907", "title": "Simultaneous purification of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney.", "content": "Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of aspartate transaminase are separated from beef kidney homogenates by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The mitochondrial isozyme is purified essentially as described earlier (Eur. J. Biochem., 1972, 26, 196-206) with slight modification in order to increase the yield. The cytoplasmic isozyme is purified by heat treatment followed by ion exchange cellulose chromatography and gel chromatography. The enzyme is pure in the ultracentrifuge and in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; it shows only one anionic band and no subforms. It has a molecular weight of 93,000 +/- 2000 and is composed of two subunits of 46,000 M.W. The enzyme has a specific activity of 49 micronmoles of oxalacetate x min-1 x mg-1. It contains 5 SH groups per subunit; three are directly titratable with p-mercuribenzoate and the other two only after addition of 0.2% SDS; there is no evidence of S-S groups. Km values for aspartate, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate are in the order 1.25, 3.2, 0.06 and 0.41 mM in the cytoplasmic isozyme and 0.7, 5.0, 1.25 and 0.12 mM in the mitochondrial one.", "contents": "Simultaneous purification of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney. Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of aspartate transaminase are separated from beef kidney homogenates by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The mitochondrial isozyme is purified essentially as described earlier (Eur. J. Biochem., 1972, 26, 196-206) with slight modification in order to increase the yield. The cytoplasmic isozyme is purified by heat treatment followed by ion exchange cellulose chromatography and gel chromatography. The enzyme is pure in the ultracentrifuge and in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; it shows only one anionic band and no subforms. It has a molecular weight of 93,000 +/- 2000 and is composed of two subunits of 46,000 M.W. The enzyme has a specific activity of 49 micronmoles of oxalacetate x min-1 x mg-1. It contains 5 SH groups per subunit; three are directly titratable with p-mercuribenzoate and the other two only after addition of 0.2% SDS; there is no evidence of S-S groups. Km values for aspartate, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate are in the order 1.25, 3.2, 0.06 and 0.41 mM in the cytoplasmic isozyme and 0.7, 5.0, 1.25 and 0.12 mM in the mitochondrial one.", "PMID": 1037466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7908", "title": "L-Asparaginase: effect on 7S gamma globulin extents and germinal centers in spleen and lymph-nodes.", "content": "Administration of L-asparaginase may cause remission in a high percentage of acute lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas, either in experimental animals or in human beings. This enzyme is able to depress immune reactions like lymphocyte blastogenesis and delayed hypersensitivity, and to impair gamma-globulin synthesis. L-asparaginase also has antigenic properties, and may cause the formation of anti-L-asparaginase antibodies. This study reports observations on the effect of L-asparginase on the 7S gamma-globulin levels and on the behaviour of the germinal centers in spleen and lymph nodes. It has been found that after administration of low or intermediate doses of L-asparginase, a decrease in the size of the follicular marginal zones occurred. This was accompanied by an enlargement of the germinal centers. Furthermore the spleen weight decreased and the concentration of 7S gamma-globulin diminished slightly. In animals given high doses of L-asparaginase, germinal centers were enlarged even more but marginal zones appeared repopulated although not to the degree of the controls. The spleen weight of these enzyme-injected animals reached almost the normal values, while a statistically significant decrease of 7S gamma-globulin concentrations was found.", "contents": "L-Asparaginase: effect on 7S gamma globulin extents and germinal centers in spleen and lymph-nodes. Administration of L-asparaginase may cause remission in a high percentage of acute lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas, either in experimental animals or in human beings. This enzyme is able to depress immune reactions like lymphocyte blastogenesis and delayed hypersensitivity, and to impair gamma-globulin synthesis. L-asparaginase also has antigenic properties, and may cause the formation of anti-L-asparaginase antibodies. This study reports observations on the effect of L-asparginase on the 7S gamma-globulin levels and on the behaviour of the germinal centers in spleen and lymph nodes. It has been found that after administration of low or intermediate doses of L-asparginase, a decrease in the size of the follicular marginal zones occurred. This was accompanied by an enlargement of the germinal centers. Furthermore the spleen weight decreased and the concentration of 7S gamma-globulin diminished slightly. In animals given high doses of L-asparaginase, germinal centers were enlarged even more but marginal zones appeared repopulated although not to the degree of the controls. The spleen weight of these enzyme-injected animals reached almost the normal values, while a statistically significant decrease of 7S gamma-globulin concentrations was found.", "PMID": 1037467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7909", "title": "[Retinol and lipid peroxidation].", "content": "The addition of retinol \"in vitro\" to erythrocyte ghosts and to subcellular fractions of normal rat liver, kidney and spleen homogenates, strongly decreases their lipid peroxide production. This retinol-effect is dose-dependent and can be observed also at physiological doses. The antilipoperoxidative effect of retinol has also been demonstrated \"in vivo\", in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of liver homogenates and in the nuclear fraction of spleen homogenates. A contrasting effect (prolipoperoxidative) of retinol has been observed in mitochondrial fraction of kidney and spleen homogenates and in the microsomial fraction of spleen homogenates. These results are discussed and related to tocopherol metabolism in A-hypervitaminotic rats and to the well-known antagonism between retinol and cholecalcipherol, whose prolipoperoxidative action \"in vivo\" is recorded.", "contents": "[Retinol and lipid peroxidation]. The addition of retinol \"in vitro\" to erythrocyte ghosts and to subcellular fractions of normal rat liver, kidney and spleen homogenates, strongly decreases their lipid peroxide production. This retinol-effect is dose-dependent and can be observed also at physiological doses. The antilipoperoxidative effect of retinol has also been demonstrated \"in vivo\", in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of liver homogenates and in the nuclear fraction of spleen homogenates. A contrasting effect (prolipoperoxidative) of retinol has been observed in mitochondrial fraction of kidney and spleen homogenates and in the microsomial fraction of spleen homogenates. These results are discussed and related to tocopherol metabolism in A-hypervitaminotic rats and to the well-known antagonism between retinol and cholecalcipherol, whose prolipoperoxidative action \"in vivo\" is recorded.", "PMID": 1037468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7910", "title": "[Regulation processes in biological systems. I. General principles and enzymatic control mechanisms].", "content": "A property, characteristic of all living organisms, is the ability to adapt their metabolism to changes of environment. Such an adaptation, i.e. a regulation of metabolism, is made possible not only by nervous and hormonal mechanisms, but it is also caused by the cooperation of enzymes and enzyme systems localized in different cell areas and may called \"enzymic regulations\". Enzymes are functional units of complex chemical systems. Although present knowledge in this area is primitive, it is already apparent that the properties of regulatory enzymes are very precisely tailored to the needs of the cells  in which they occur. The kinetic behaviour of an enzyme can be rationally interpreted only in terms of metabolic function and the structural features of an enzyme molecule are only the means by which this behaviour is attained. Each enzyme has evolved in the context of a metabolizing cell and the progress in understanding the kinetic and structural properties of enzymes will be aided by progress toward understanding the interactions in which that enzyme participates in the living cell. It is certain that we have only just begun to comprehend the ways in which the enzymes interact to produce a stable, yet flexible and responsive metabolic unit.", "contents": "[Regulation processes in biological systems. I. General principles and enzymatic control mechanisms]. A property, characteristic of all living organisms, is the ability to adapt their metabolism to changes of environment. Such an adaptation, i.e. a regulation of metabolism, is made possible not only by nervous and hormonal mechanisms, but it is also caused by the cooperation of enzymes and enzyme systems localized in different cell areas and may called \"enzymic regulations\". Enzymes are functional units of complex chemical systems. Although present knowledge in this area is primitive, it is already apparent that the properties of regulatory enzymes are very precisely tailored to the needs of the cells  in which they occur. The kinetic behaviour of an enzyme can be rationally interpreted only in terms of metabolic function and the structural features of an enzyme molecule are only the means by which this behaviour is attained. Each enzyme has evolved in the context of a metabolizing cell and the progress in understanding the kinetic and structural properties of enzymes will be aided by progress toward understanding the interactions in which that enzyme participates in the living cell. It is certain that we have only just begun to comprehend the ways in which the enzymes interact to produce a stable, yet flexible and responsive metabolic unit.", "PMID": 1037469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7911", "title": "[Stages of the development of the embryos of snakes by the time of oviposition].", "content": "Embryos of 6 species of snakes--Ptyas mucosus (L.), Elaphe dione (Pall.), Psammophis lineolatum (Brandt), Natrix tesselata (Laur), Naja oxiana (EICHW.), Vipera lebetina turanica (Cernov) and V. l. obtusa--at the stage of egg laying are described morphologically. Different species of snakes are shown to lay the eggs containing embryos of different degrees of maturation. This series of transitions at the embryonic age (up to the time of egg viviparity) is connected with ecological peculiarities of different species.", "contents": "[Stages of the development of the embryos of snakes by the time of oviposition]. Embryos of 6 species of snakes--Ptyas mucosus (L.), Elaphe dione (Pall.), Psammophis lineolatum (Brandt), Natrix tesselata (Laur), Naja oxiana (EICHW.), Vipera lebetina turanica (Cernov) and V. l. obtusa--at the stage of egg laying are described morphologically. Different species of snakes are shown to lay the eggs containing embryos of different degrees of maturation. This series of transitions at the embryonic age (up to the time of egg viviparity) is connected with ecological peculiarities of different species.", "PMID": 1037475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7912", "title": "[Surface activity of the extracts of the lungs and other organs].", "content": "Monomolecular surface films on the border-line of the \"liquid-air\" phases were observed to be formed in the water-saline extracts of the lungs and of the other organs. The surface films were compressed and extended on Wilhelmy's balance; the isotherm surface tension (ST)-square typical of the solutions of the surface-active materials (SAM) were recorded. Analogous curves with the minimum ST below 12 din/cm were recorded in testing the SAM monolayers placed on the liquid lining of the volatile solvent. Pulmonary surfactants differed from the SAM of other organs by the highest capacity to lower the ST in compression of the monolayer.", "contents": "[Surface activity of the extracts of the lungs and other organs]. Monomolecular surface films on the border-line of the \"liquid-air\" phases were observed to be formed in the water-saline extracts of the lungs and of the other organs. The surface films were compressed and extended on Wilhelmy's balance; the isotherm surface tension (ST)-square typical of the solutions of the surface-active materials (SAM) were recorded. Analogous curves with the minimum ST below 12 din/cm were recorded in testing the SAM monolayers placed on the liquid lining of the volatile solvent. Pulmonary surfactants differed from the SAM of other organs by the highest capacity to lower the ST in compression of the monolayer.", "PMID": 1037531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7913", "title": "[Effects of ceruletide in the treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus].", "content": "After a short analysis of the pathogenetic causes which can lead to paralytic ileus and the drugs at present available for treatment of this serious morbid form, the paper reports results obtained with Ceruletide, a decapeptide which has proved active on intestinal peristalsis in experimental and clinical trials. The results of this study, carried out on 20 patients subjected to surgical operation on the abdomen, treated with Ceruletide by intramuscular route 24-48 hours after the operation, showed that this drug is capable of leading to a quick recovery of intestinal motor activity without causing the patient unpleasant effects for the patient. The practical utility of Ceruletide is evident since by leading to earlier canalisation of the intestine it also allows the venous hydro-electric delivery to be reduced, nasogastric aspiration to be eliminated early and hence the postoperative course to be made more acceptable to the patient.", "contents": "[Effects of ceruletide in the treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus]. After a short analysis of the pathogenetic causes which can lead to paralytic ileus and the drugs at present available for treatment of this serious morbid form, the paper reports results obtained with Ceruletide, a decapeptide which has proved active on intestinal peristalsis in experimental and clinical trials. The results of this study, carried out on 20 patients subjected to surgical operation on the abdomen, treated with Ceruletide by intramuscular route 24-48 hours after the operation, showed that this drug is capable of leading to a quick recovery of intestinal motor activity without causing the patient unpleasant effects for the patient. The practical utility of Ceruletide is evident since by leading to earlier canalisation of the intestine it also allows the venous hydro-electric delivery to be reduced, nasogastric aspiration to be eliminated early and hence the postoperative course to be made more acceptable to the patient.", "PMID": 1037532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7914", "title": "Studies on the new cell line TT-I: viral susceptibility and chromosomal changes related to mycoplasma contamination.", "content": "For understanding some biological properties of TT-1 cell line established in our laboratory in 1962, its viral susceptibility and the changes in chromosomes related to mycoplasma contamination were studied. TT-1 cells were susceptible to the infection of picorna (Polio type 1, Coxsackie B1 and Echo type 2), measles, Newcastle disease, herpes simplex (type 1), adeno (type 12) and vaccinia viruses. Contamination of TT-1 cells with Mycoplasma hominis was treated successfully with bottromycin A2 (50 microgram/ml). The chromosomes of the cells ranged from 52 to 55 in number and two additional minute chromosomes were found in the cells contaminated with the mycoplasma. However, after treatment with bottromycin, these two minute chromosomes disappeared.", "contents": "Studies on the new cell line TT-I: viral susceptibility and chromosomal changes related to mycoplasma contamination. For understanding some biological properties of TT-1 cell line established in our laboratory in 1962, its viral susceptibility and the changes in chromosomes related to mycoplasma contamination were studied. TT-1 cells were susceptible to the infection of picorna (Polio type 1, Coxsackie B1 and Echo type 2), measles, Newcastle disease, herpes simplex (type 1), adeno (type 12) and vaccinia viruses. Contamination of TT-1 cells with Mycoplasma hominis was treated successfully with bottromycin A2 (50 microgram/ml). The chromosomes of the cells ranged from 52 to 55 in number and two additional minute chromosomes were found in the cells contaminated with the mycoplasma. However, after treatment with bottromycin, these two minute chromosomes disappeared.", "PMID": 1037533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7915", "title": "Prevalence of cytoplasmic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Prevalence of cytoplasmic antibodies--smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), gastric parietal cell antibodies (GPA), and mitochondrial antibodies (MTA)--was evaluated in 148 normal persons and 168 patients by indirect immunofluorescent method. Their prevalence in normal persons was 0%, 2% and 0% for SMA, GPA and MTA respectively, while SMA and MTA were positive in 5.7% and 8.6% of the 35 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients respectively. The difference in the prevalence of SMA and MTA between these two groups was statistically significant. The higher prevalence of these antibodies and the occurrence of various kinds of antibodies in SLE patients support the thesis that SLE is an autoimmune phenomenon.", "contents": "Prevalence of cytoplasmic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prevalence of cytoplasmic antibodies--smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), gastric parietal cell antibodies (GPA), and mitochondrial antibodies (MTA)--was evaluated in 148 normal persons and 168 patients by indirect immunofluorescent method. Their prevalence in normal persons was 0%, 2% and 0% for SMA, GPA and MTA respectively, while SMA and MTA were positive in 5.7% and 8.6% of the 35 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients respectively. The difference in the prevalence of SMA and MTA between these two groups was statistically significant. The higher prevalence of these antibodies and the occurrence of various kinds of antibodies in SLE patients support the thesis that SLE is an autoimmune phenomenon.", "PMID": 1037534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7916", "title": "Standardization of antimicrobial disc susceptibility test for anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Both agar diluiton and agar diffusion tests with 8 clinically useful or potentially useful antimicrobial agents were performed with 74 strains of Bacteroides fragilis. Correlation of results obtained by the two methods and applicability of the single disc test to the measurement of antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobes were analyzed. Prediction of susceptibility, intermediate susceptibility, and resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobial agents, based on the measurement of inhibition zone diameter, appeared to be satisfactory generally.", "contents": "Standardization of antimicrobial disc susceptibility test for anaerobic bacteria. Both agar diluiton and agar diffusion tests with 8 clinically useful or potentially useful antimicrobial agents were performed with 74 strains of Bacteroides fragilis. Correlation of results obtained by the two methods and applicability of the single disc test to the measurement of antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobes were analyzed. Prediction of susceptibility, intermediate susceptibility, and resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobial agents, based on the measurement of inhibition zone diameter, appeared to be satisfactory generally.", "PMID": 1037535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7917", "title": "[Trans-membrane difference of the vascular wall potentials and electrolyte content under the effect of nicotine and pentamine].", "content": "In experiments with anesthetized cats the effect of nicotine and pentamine with their intravenous administration into the organism on the transmembraneous difference on the carotid artery potentials and electrolytes exchange in the vascular wall was analyzed. Nicotine (60 and 120 gamma/kg) was found to increase the difference of potentials in the vascular wall of the carotid artery and pentamine (1 and 10 mg/kg)--to reduce it. Nicotine raised the level of potassium and downgraded the sodium concentration in the vascular wall, while changes in the proportion of calcium and magnesium ions proved to be insignificant and were demonstrable only in individual vessels. Pentamine increased the potassium and sodium content in the wall of blood vessels, excercising but little effect on the level of calcium and magnesium ions. A relation between changes in the transmembraneous difference of potentials and variations of the ionic composition in the vascular wall, mostly of potassium and sodium ions, is suggested.", "contents": "[Trans-membrane difference of the vascular wall potentials and electrolyte content under the effect of nicotine and pentamine]. In experiments with anesthetized cats the effect of nicotine and pentamine with their intravenous administration into the organism on the transmembraneous difference on the carotid artery potentials and electrolytes exchange in the vascular wall was analyzed. Nicotine (60 and 120 gamma/kg) was found to increase the difference of potentials in the vascular wall of the carotid artery and pentamine (1 and 10 mg/kg)--to reduce it. Nicotine raised the level of potassium and downgraded the sodium concentration in the vascular wall, while changes in the proportion of calcium and magnesium ions proved to be insignificant and were demonstrable only in individual vessels. Pentamine increased the potassium and sodium content in the wall of blood vessels, excercising but little effect on the level of calcium and magnesium ions. A relation between changes in the transmembraneous difference of potentials and variations of the ionic composition in the vascular wall, mostly of potassium and sodium ions, is suggested.", "PMID": 1037528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7918", "title": "Malic dehydrogenase patterns in different strains of Schistosoma japonicum and subspecies of Oncomelania hupensis.", "content": "Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) of the Formosan Philippine and Indonesian Strains of Schistosoma japonicum and 3 subspecies of snails, Oncomelania hupensis formosana, O. h. quadrasi, and O. h. lindoensis were identified by disc electrophoresis with 10.5% acrylamide gel columns using tris-malic buffer. Male worm extracts of S. japonicum demonstrated 3, 2, and 2 clear MDH patterns and female worm extracts showed patterns of 2, 1 and 1 for the Formosan, Philippine and Indonesian strains of the parasite, respectively. MDH patterns were the same for all 3 subspecies of snails; one major and one minor band being found in all.", "contents": "Malic dehydrogenase patterns in different strains of Schistosoma japonicum and subspecies of Oncomelania hupensis. Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) of the Formosan Philippine and Indonesian Strains of Schistosoma japonicum and 3 subspecies of snails, Oncomelania hupensis formosana, O. h. quadrasi, and O. h. lindoensis were identified by disc electrophoresis with 10.5% acrylamide gel columns using tris-malic buffer. Male worm extracts of S. japonicum demonstrated 3, 2, and 2 clear MDH patterns and female worm extracts showed patterns of 2, 1 and 1 for the Formosan, Philippine and Indonesian strains of the parasite, respectively. MDH patterns were the same for all 3 subspecies of snails; one major and one minor band being found in all.", "PMID": 1037537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7919", "title": "[Use of nitrates in cheese-making].", "content": "In the technology of semi-hard cheeses, nitrate is added to prevent thelate-blowing defect due to the growth of Clostridia. In normal technological conditions no risks must be encountered by the consumer. But if whey is re-used for feeding the amount of nitrate and nitrite in the whey must be controlled.", "contents": "[Use of nitrates in cheese-making]. In the technology of semi-hard cheeses, nitrate is added to prevent thelate-blowing defect due to the growth of Clostridia. In normal technological conditions no risks must be encountered by the consumer. But if whey is re-used for feeding the amount of nitrate and nitrite in the whey must be controlled.", "PMID": 1037608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7920", "title": "[Whey as a substrate for obtaining an edible yeast].", "content": "Using a fermentative process of whey through Kluyveromyces fragilys, J\u00f6rgensen, the Author prepared two edible products: Biomass I (yeast) and Biomass II (yeast plus protein of whey). Biomass I offered 53% of protein, and the yield was 22,3 g/1 whey. Biomass II, 62% of protein and yield of 27,7 g/1 whey. The test of food efficiency for Biomass II was similar to that presented by casein; the protein eficiency ratio at the level of 5% was the same, both for Biomass I and II. More research is needed specially to determine the economical convenience of the process.", "contents": "[Whey as a substrate for obtaining an edible yeast]. Using a fermentative process of whey through Kluyveromyces fragilys, J\u00f6rgensen, the Author prepared two edible products: Biomass I (yeast) and Biomass II (yeast plus protein of whey). Biomass I offered 53% of protein, and the yield was 22,3 g/1 whey. Biomass II, 62% of protein and yield of 27,7 g/1 whey. The test of food efficiency for Biomass II was similar to that presented by casein; the protein eficiency ratio at the level of 5% was the same, both for Biomass I and II. More research is needed specially to determine the economical convenience of the process.", "PMID": 1037605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7921", "title": "Model ecosystem evaluation of the environmental impacts of the veterinary drugs phenothiazine, sulfamethazine, clopidol, and diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Four veterinary drugs of dissimilar chemical structures were evaluated for environmental stability and penchant for bioaccumulation. The techniques used were (1) a model aquatic ecosystem (3 days) and (2) a model feedlot ecosystem (33 days) in which the drugs were introduced via the excreta of chicks or mice. The model feedlot ecosystem was supported by metabolism cage studies to determine the amount and the form of the drug excreted by the chicks or mice. Considerable quantities of all the drugs were excreted intact or as environmentally short-lived conjugates. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Clopidol were the most persistent molecules, but only DES bioaccumulated to any appreciable degree. Phenothiazine was very biodegradable; sulfamethazine was relatively biodegradable and only accumulated in the organisms to very low levels. Data from the aquatic model ecosystem demonstrated a good correlation between the partition coefficients of the drugs and their accumulation in the fish.", "contents": "Model ecosystem evaluation of the environmental impacts of the veterinary drugs phenothiazine, sulfamethazine, clopidol, and diethylstilbestrol. Four veterinary drugs of dissimilar chemical structures were evaluated for environmental stability and penchant for bioaccumulation. The techniques used were (1) a model aquatic ecosystem (3 days) and (2) a model feedlot ecosystem (33 days) in which the drugs were introduced via the excreta of chicks or mice. The model feedlot ecosystem was supported by metabolism cage studies to determine the amount and the form of the drug excreted by the chicks or mice. Considerable quantities of all the drugs were excreted intact or as environmentally short-lived conjugates. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Clopidol were the most persistent molecules, but only DES bioaccumulated to any appreciable degree. Phenothiazine was very biodegradable; sulfamethazine was relatively biodegradable and only accumulated in the organisms to very low levels. Data from the aquatic model ecosystem demonstrated a good correlation between the partition coefficients of the drugs and their accumulation in the fish.", "PMID": 1037611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7922", "title": "[Evaluation of 25 years of antileprosy chemotherapy in French Polynesia. Influence of age on the onset of the disease].", "content": "In French Polynesia the cases of leprosy are individually severe, like in Asia, but the endemy always stood under a relatively low level. A strong campaign of chemiotherapy has been conducted for 25 years. Unfortunatly the actions of systematic detection of new cases are not sufficient and the sanitary education is almost non existent. The territory is actualy reached by deep demographic and social upsettings and chemiotherapy used alone is not enough efficient to obtain a definitive decrease of the endemy or even to avoid, for a long time, a new increase. However a significant decrease of the age of advent of the decrease must be credited to the action of chemiotherapy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of 25 years of antileprosy chemotherapy in French Polynesia. Influence of age on the onset of the disease]. In French Polynesia the cases of leprosy are individually severe, like in Asia, but the endemy always stood under a relatively low level. A strong campaign of chemiotherapy has been conducted for 25 years. Unfortunatly the actions of systematic detection of new cases are not sufficient and the sanitary education is almost non existent. The territory is actualy reached by deep demographic and social upsettings and chemiotherapy used alone is not enough efficient to obtain a definitive decrease of the endemy or even to avoid, for a long time, a new increase. However a significant decrease of the age of advent of the decrease must be credited to the action of chemiotherapy.", "PMID": 1037614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7923", "title": "[Experimental \"per os\" transmission of Entomophthora coronata to the mouse].", "content": "Mycelial fragments of E. coronata have been observed in the pus of abscesses of the neck and the shoulder of mice inoculated per os, far from the point of inoculation. However, the subcultures were negative; a positive subculture was obtained in only one instance from a lung taken off ten days after the inoculation by the fungus.", "contents": "[Experimental \"per os\" transmission of Entomophthora coronata to the mouse]. Mycelial fragments of E. coronata have been observed in the pus of abscesses of the neck and the shoulder of mice inoculated per os, far from the point of inoculation. However, the subcultures were negative; a positive subculture was obtained in only one instance from a lung taken off ten days after the inoculation by the fungus.", "PMID": 1037616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7924", "title": "[Eosinophilia and lymphatic filariasis in French Polynesia].", "content": "An important hypereosinophilia is usually regarded as an interesting argument of presumption in lymphatic filariasis. This present report concerns 278 Polynesians people infected with Wuchereria bancrofti pacifica. Six kinds of patients were analysed: carriers of microfilarias, patients with elephantiasis, with lymphangitis attacks, new infections, carriers of microfilariasis recently treated with Diethylcarbamazine and, at least, 100 fellows without filariasis. The results which were observed differ, in some aspects, from the usually admitted ideas.", "contents": "[Eosinophilia and lymphatic filariasis in French Polynesia]. An important hypereosinophilia is usually regarded as an interesting argument of presumption in lymphatic filariasis. This present report concerns 278 Polynesians people infected with Wuchereria bancrofti pacifica. Six kinds of patients were analysed: carriers of microfilarias, patients with elephantiasis, with lymphangitis attacks, new infections, carriers of microfilariasis recently treated with Diethylcarbamazine and, at least, 100 fellows without filariasis. The results which were observed differ, in some aspects, from the usually admitted ideas.", "PMID": 1037617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7925", "title": "[Impact of a profound change in the structure of a society on the evolution of an endemic disease: leprosy in French Polynesia].", "content": "In French Polynesia the cases of leprosy are individually severe but the endemy itself always stood in low limits. The intensive use of modern treatments since 1950 have been making the eredication reasonably possible in the future. However the brutal demographic increase, the deep upsetting of the society and the important migrations made propitious conditions in the urbanized area for the advent of a new centre of infection. The result seems to be an increase of leprosy in the territory.", "contents": "[Impact of a profound change in the structure of a society on the evolution of an endemic disease: leprosy in French Polynesia]. In French Polynesia the cases of leprosy are individually severe but the endemy itself always stood in low limits. The intensive use of modern treatments since 1950 have been making the eredication reasonably possible in the future. However the brutal demographic increase, the deep upsetting of the society and the important migrations made propitious conditions in the urbanized area for the advent of a new centre of infection. The result seems to be an increase of leprosy in the territory.", "PMID": 1037615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7926", "title": "Regeneration-promoting properties of tribenoside in Amblystoma mexicanum.", "content": "Tribenoside in a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. significantly accelerates the regeneration of puncture wounds in the caudal membrane of Amblystoma mexicanum. A dose of 200 mg/kg exerts a less-pronounced vulnerary effect and is occasionally toxic. Tribenoside also stimulates regeneration in this species when added to bath fluid in a concentration of 1:400,000 (exposure for 6 h daily). A concentration of 1:200,000 is less effective and has a slightly irritant effect on the tissue. 14 days after operation, the rate of mitosis in the regenerative blastema is distinctly greater than that demonstrable in the normal integument of the axolotl. The number of cell divisions in the regenerating tissue is not significantly altered by tribenoside in a concentration of 1:400,000. The possible involvement of other mechanisms in the stimulated regeneration observed after treatment with tribenoside is discussed.", "contents": "Regeneration-promoting properties of tribenoside in Amblystoma mexicanum. Tribenoside in a dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. significantly accelerates the regeneration of puncture wounds in the caudal membrane of Amblystoma mexicanum. A dose of 200 mg/kg exerts a less-pronounced vulnerary effect and is occasionally toxic. Tribenoside also stimulates regeneration in this species when added to bath fluid in a concentration of 1:400,000 (exposure for 6 h daily). A concentration of 1:200,000 is less effective and has a slightly irritant effect on the tissue. 14 days after operation, the rate of mitosis in the regenerative blastema is distinctly greater than that demonstrable in the normal integument of the axolotl. The number of cell divisions in the regenerating tissue is not significantly altered by tribenoside in a concentration of 1:400,000. The possible involvement of other mechanisms in the stimulated regeneration observed after treatment with tribenoside is discussed.", "PMID": 1037626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7927", "title": "[Imported tropical parasitosis in Rumania].", "content": "The frequency of intestinal parasitoses among subjects coming from warm countries is high and its range is similar to that found by other parasitologists in Europe as well as by those who made investigations in groups of individuals in various warm countries. Bearing in mind the pathogenous role--even limited--of certain parasites, their systematic detection and the treatment of every individual infested with parasites appears necessary. The hereby investigations point out the importance of a complex coproparasitologic examination and the high efficiency of some special diagnosis methods. Every laboratory must perform in rarallel several ovoscopic and larvoscopic methods of investigation in view of an accurate parasitologic diagnosis or for a prophylactic control of subjects coming from warm countries. The high frequency of ankylostomiasis raises peculiar problems related to its systematic detection and its compulsory treatment up to the parasitologic sterilization, bearing in mind the past evolution in Rumania of an underground focus, which does not exist any more, having been entirely eradicated.", "contents": "[Imported tropical parasitosis in Rumania]. The frequency of intestinal parasitoses among subjects coming from warm countries is high and its range is similar to that found by other parasitologists in Europe as well as by those who made investigations in groups of individuals in various warm countries. Bearing in mind the pathogenous role--even limited--of certain parasites, their systematic detection and the treatment of every individual infested with parasites appears necessary. The hereby investigations point out the importance of a complex coproparasitologic examination and the high efficiency of some special diagnosis methods. Every laboratory must perform in rarallel several ovoscopic and larvoscopic methods of investigation in view of an accurate parasitologic diagnosis or for a prophylactic control of subjects coming from warm countries. The high frequency of ankylostomiasis raises peculiar problems related to its systematic detection and its compulsory treatment up to the parasitologic sterilization, bearing in mind the past evolution in Rumania of an underground focus, which does not exist any more, having been entirely eradicated.", "PMID": 1037622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7928", "title": "[Vitamin B1 resorption. IV. Level of sulfhydryl groups in intestinal mucosa resorption of 35S-thiamine].", "content": "Studies have been carried on with the aim of investigating the effect of SH-groups on the absorption of 35S-thiamine in chicken's duodenum. The trial has been performed in chickens aged 56 days; as SH-groups releasing agents L-cysteine and SH-glutathion have been utilized; urea has been used in order to release SH-groups from protein molecules. The absorption of 35S-thiamine in duodenum is significantly increased in the presence of L-cysteine, SH-glutathion and urea. 35S-thiamine appears to be stored in the intestinal mucosa more conspicuously in the presence of urea. Concomitanly with the high levels of SH-groups in the duodenal mucosa, also the thiamine absorption results to be increased (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Vitamin B1 resorption. IV. Level of sulfhydryl groups in intestinal mucosa resorption of 35S-thiamine]. Studies have been carried on with the aim of investigating the effect of SH-groups on the absorption of 35S-thiamine in chicken's duodenum. The trial has been performed in chickens aged 56 days; as SH-groups releasing agents L-cysteine and SH-glutathion have been utilized; urea has been used in order to release SH-groups from protein molecules. The absorption of 35S-thiamine in duodenum is significantly increased in the presence of L-cysteine, SH-glutathion and urea. 35S-thiamine appears to be stored in the intestinal mucosa more conspicuously in the presence of urea. Concomitanly with the high levels of SH-groups in the duodenal mucosa, also the thiamine absorption results to be increased (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1037629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7929", "title": "[Deviation of the life cycle of Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea)].", "content": "Dipetalonema viteae is a filarial that can evoluate among hosts zoologically broadly apart (Ixodides and Argasides), but always gathered from meriones burrows. Its evolution is, on the contrary, blocked among most of the other ticks, particularly among Ornithodoros erraticus morphologically very similar to the normal vector. Our work concerns the experimental deviation of the cycle of Dipetalonema viteae, with its possible adaptability in the bosom of an intermediate of fowl tropism and a permanent host, different from a gnawing.", "contents": "[Deviation of the life cycle of Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea)]. Dipetalonema viteae is a filarial that can evoluate among hosts zoologically broadly apart (Ixodides and Argasides), but always gathered from meriones burrows. Its evolution is, on the contrary, blocked among most of the other ticks, particularly among Ornithodoros erraticus morphologically very similar to the normal vector. Our work concerns the experimental deviation of the cycle of Dipetalonema viteae, with its possible adaptability in the bosom of an intermediate of fowl tropism and a permanent host, different from a gnawing.", "PMID": 1037623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7930", "title": "[Vitamin B1 resorption. V. The effect of an extract of male sex glands and of 4,4-dioxydiphenylhexane on thiamine resorption].", "content": "A research was made to investigate how a male sexual gland extract and 4,4-dioxydiphenylhexane affect the absorption of thiamine in chicken's duodenum. A reduction was observed of thiamine conveyed to the intestine and of thiamine diphosphate concentration blood levels in duodenal artery and vein, as well as in liver. At the same time also a decrease of SH groups in duodenal mucosa was observed. The absorption of 35S-thiamine is increased after addition of SH-glutathione and L-cysteine, as free SH-groups releasing agents.", "contents": "[Vitamin B1 resorption. V. The effect of an extract of male sex glands and of 4,4-dioxydiphenylhexane on thiamine resorption]. A research was made to investigate how a male sexual gland extract and 4,4-dioxydiphenylhexane affect the absorption of thiamine in chicken's duodenum. A reduction was observed of thiamine conveyed to the intestine and of thiamine diphosphate concentration blood levels in duodenal artery and vein, as well as in liver. At the same time also a decrease of SH groups in duodenal mucosa was observed. The absorption of 35S-thiamine is increased after addition of SH-glutathione and L-cysteine, as free SH-groups releasing agents.", "PMID": 1037630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7931", "title": "[10th case of lobomycosis observed in French Guiana].", "content": "Lobomycosis a disease specific to the South-American continent; it is rare but not exceptional, since 11 cases have already been observed in French Guyana. A propos of the 10th case, the authors recall the circumstances of the discovery and the basic elements of the microscopical diagnosis. The actual progress in the in vivo culture techniques should allow a better knowledge of the pathogen agent in the future.", "contents": "[10th case of lobomycosis observed in French Guiana]. Lobomycosis a disease specific to the South-American continent; it is rare but not exceptional, since 11 cases have already been observed in French Guyana. A propos of the 10th case, the authors recall the circumstances of the discovery and the basic elements of the microscopical diagnosis. The actual progress in the in vivo culture techniques should allow a better knowledge of the pathogen agent in the future.", "PMID": 1037625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7932", "title": "[Distribution and depletion with time of retinol-C14 in different tissues and organs of albino rats].", "content": "Albino male rats of Wistar strain, weighing about 350 g., were administered orally a single dose of 2,50 mu C of retinol-C14 after a fast of 24 h. At intervals of 3 h and of 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 days rats were killed; livers, kidneys, blood, white fat tissue and brown fat tissue were removed. Samples were dried and radioactivity was measured. From the results, expressed in mu C/g of dry tissue, it is clear that vitamin A is taken up by all tissues. After 3 days it decreases in all tissues, between the 3rd and 18th day, its rate is constant and the depletion is complete within 24 days.", "contents": "[Distribution and depletion with time of retinol-C14 in different tissues and organs of albino rats]. Albino male rats of Wistar strain, weighing about 350 g., were administered orally a single dose of 2,50 mu C of retinol-C14 after a fast of 24 h. At intervals of 3 h and of 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 days rats were killed; livers, kidneys, blood, white fat tissue and brown fat tissue were removed. Samples were dried and radioactivity was measured. From the results, expressed in mu C/g of dry tissue, it is clear that vitamin A is taken up by all tissues. After 3 days it decreases in all tissues, between the 3rd and 18th day, its rate is constant and the depletion is complete within 24 days.", "PMID": 1037632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7933", "title": "[Variations of retinol-C14 incorporation in rats of different ages fed a vitamin A-free diet].", "content": "Two groups of Wistar strain male albino rats of different age were treated with a large dose (300 I.U.) of vitamin A-acetate, after 24 h fasting. Each rat was then administered orally a single dose of 1,25mu C retinol-C14 to determine the rate of incorporation into different tissues. At intervals of 3 h and of 3, 6, 12 days the rats were killed; liver, kidney, blood, white fat tissue, brown fat tissue were taken and dried. Radioactivity was measured. The results show that in all tissue the mean percentage of incorporation, expressed in muC/g dry tissue, is generally higher in young than in adult rats.", "contents": "[Variations of retinol-C14 incorporation in rats of different ages fed a vitamin A-free diet]. Two groups of Wistar strain male albino rats of different age were treated with a large dose (300 I.U.) of vitamin A-acetate, after 24 h fasting. Each rat was then administered orally a single dose of 1,25mu C retinol-C14 to determine the rate of incorporation into different tissues. At intervals of 3 h and of 3, 6, 12 days the rats were killed; liver, kidney, blood, white fat tissue, brown fat tissue were taken and dried. Radioactivity was measured. The results show that in all tissue the mean percentage of incorporation, expressed in muC/g dry tissue, is generally higher in young than in adult rats.", "PMID": 1037633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7934", "title": "[Human trichinosis. A recent epidemic in Vientiane (Laos) (apropos of 32 cases)].", "content": "Fifty patients were hospitalised at Vientiane during May and June 1975. Infection was caused by consumption of pork meat (som-mou, lap mou and lap leuat). After an incubation period of 8 to 11 days intermittent diarrhoea followed by constant fever and orbital oedema occurred. Several days later diffuse myalgias occurred. Three patients presented neurological symptoms: left hemiplegia flexible paraplegia and limb paresis; these symptoms regressed spontaneously. 87% of the clinically suspected cases had specific serum antibodies (IFI, ID, IE). Hyperleucocytosis and hypereosinophilia were a constant factor. Anti-AH antibodies were detected by the Widal test. The histopathology characteristic of myositis was seen in the 12 muscle biopsies. Also observed was the precystic state of the larvae which is in agreement with the early timing of the samples which were obtained during the 3rd and 4rd week of infection.", "contents": "[Human trichinosis. A recent epidemic in Vientiane (Laos) (apropos of 32 cases)]. Fifty patients were hospitalised at Vientiane during May and June 1975. Infection was caused by consumption of pork meat (som-mou, lap mou and lap leuat). After an incubation period of 8 to 11 days intermittent diarrhoea followed by constant fever and orbital oedema occurred. Several days later diffuse myalgias occurred. Three patients presented neurological symptoms: left hemiplegia flexible paraplegia and limb paresis; these symptoms regressed spontaneously. 87% of the clinically suspected cases had specific serum antibodies (IFI, ID, IE). Hyperleucocytosis and hypereosinophilia were a constant factor. Anti-AH antibodies were detected by the Widal test. The histopathology characteristic of myositis was seen in the 12 muscle biopsies. Also observed was the precystic state of the larvae which is in agreement with the early timing of the samples which were obtained during the 3rd and 4rd week of infection.", "PMID": 1037624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7935", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition in vitro in untreated and methimazole-treated patients with Graves disease.", "content": "The leukocyte migration tests has been applied to investigate immune-reactivity of 43 untreated and methimazole-treated patients against thyroid crude antigen. A significant migration inhibition was observed in 21 untreated patients, while in 22 methimazole-treated patients the migration test was negative independently of T3 suppressibility. Migration inhibition against thyroid antigen and purified protein derivative (PPD) was reduced or abolished after preincubation with methimazole of leukocytes of untreated patients. It seems that methimazole-treatment influences not only thyroid iodine metabolism, but by means of a direct effect on lymphocytes it also decreases the pathological stimulation.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition in vitro in untreated and methimazole-treated patients with Graves disease. The leukocyte migration tests has been applied to investigate immune-reactivity of 43 untreated and methimazole-treated patients against thyroid crude antigen. A significant migration inhibition was observed in 21 untreated patients, while in 22 methimazole-treated patients the migration test was negative independently of T3 suppressibility. Migration inhibition against thyroid antigen and purified protein derivative (PPD) was reduced or abolished after preincubation with methimazole of leukocytes of untreated patients. It seems that methimazole-treatment influences not only thyroid iodine metabolism, but by means of a direct effect on lymphocytes it also decreases the pathological stimulation.", "PMID": 1037636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7936", "title": "The effect of the antibilharzial compound (Bilharcid) on Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The effect of Piperazine diantimonyl tartrate (Bilharcid) as compared with that of tartar emetic on Schistosoma mansoni has been studied. In vitro experiments on living worms in tyrode/serum cultures have proved that Bilharcid 5-10 gamma/ml has the same antibilharzial activity as tartar emetic in 5-10 gamma/ml. In vivo experiments on Schistosoma mansoni infected mice have proved also that Bilharcid has more or less the same effect as that of tartar emetic. In this study, the worm burden load and the oogram techniques were used as the criteria for antibilharzial assessment.", "contents": "The effect of the antibilharzial compound (Bilharcid) on Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in vivo. The effect of Piperazine diantimonyl tartrate (Bilharcid) as compared with that of tartar emetic on Schistosoma mansoni has been studied. In vitro experiments on living worms in tyrode/serum cultures have proved that Bilharcid 5-10 gamma/ml has the same antibilharzial activity as tartar emetic in 5-10 gamma/ml. In vivo experiments on Schistosoma mansoni infected mice have proved also that Bilharcid has more or less the same effect as that of tartar emetic. In this study, the worm burden load and the oogram techniques were used as the criteria for antibilharzial assessment.", "PMID": 1037637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7937", "title": "The influence of cultural heritage on the health status of Puerto Ricans.", "content": "The problems of poor health among Puerto Ricans today are compounded by their cultural traditions. Many Puerto Ricans still rely on folk medicine to cure their ills. One study by Suchman found that compared with persons of other ethnic groups in New York City, the Puerto Ricans are more suspicious of scientific medical care, tend to use general health services less, have more limited health horizons than any other ethnic group. Aside from the unsophisticated health practices stemming from a knowledge of Puerto Rican folk medicine, the cultural phenomena of spiritualism plays a significant role in retarding the health status of the Puerto Rican. Puerto Ricans who view illness as possession by evil spirits will consult a medium or curandero(a) for treatment instead a physician. The hot and cold theory of disease has a profound influence on the Puerto Ricans' health status. In the attempt to achieve equilibrium of the four body humors, Puerto Ricans will often disregard a physician's advice which does not conform to this theory. Also, machismo, the concept of male dominance and superiority leads to sexual promiscuity, over-population, venereal disease, family breakdown, early marriage, and a variety of health related problems.", "contents": "The influence of cultural heritage on the health status of Puerto Ricans. The problems of poor health among Puerto Ricans today are compounded by their cultural traditions. Many Puerto Ricans still rely on folk medicine to cure their ills. One study by Suchman found that compared with persons of other ethnic groups in New York City, the Puerto Ricans are more suspicious of scientific medical care, tend to use general health services less, have more limited health horizons than any other ethnic group. Aside from the unsophisticated health practices stemming from a knowledge of Puerto Rican folk medicine, the cultural phenomena of spiritualism plays a significant role in retarding the health status of the Puerto Rican. Puerto Ricans who view illness as possession by evil spirits will consult a medium or curandero(a) for treatment instead a physician. The hot and cold theory of disease has a profound influence on the Puerto Ricans' health status. In the attempt to achieve equilibrium of the four body humors, Puerto Ricans will often disregard a physician's advice which does not conform to this theory. Also, machismo, the concept of male dominance and superiority leads to sexual promiscuity, over-population, venereal disease, family breakdown, early marriage, and a variety of health related problems.", "PMID": 1037720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7938", "title": "The movement of an unemulsified oil test meal and aqueous- and oil-phase markers through the intestine of normal and bile-diverted rats.", "content": "An unemulsified oil test meal containing aqueous- and oil-phase markers (PEG and 3-H labelled triether) was fed to control and bile fustula rats. PEG moved ahead of the lipid phase in all groups, and was of limited value as a marker for the test meal. Triether was an excellent marker for studies of gastric emptying. An unexpectedly high correlation was seen between the triether and the test meal and its digestion products in the intestine. The results suggest that triether is a valid marker for following the movement of lipid through the bowel under the conditions of this study. Triether/fat ratios indicated that fat absorption occurred largely from the upper small bowel in control animals and from the lower small bowel in the absence of bile. Bile diversion resulted in more rapid gastric emptying initially, but very slow gastric emptying of the last part of the oil test meal. Intestinal transit of test meal or either marker was not significantly affected by bile diversion. No evidence for a direct effect of bile diversion on gastrointestinal motility was found.", "contents": "The movement of an unemulsified oil test meal and aqueous- and oil-phase markers through the intestine of normal and bile-diverted rats. An unemulsified oil test meal containing aqueous- and oil-phase markers (PEG and 3-H labelled triether) was fed to control and bile fustula rats. PEG moved ahead of the lipid phase in all groups, and was of limited value as a marker for the test meal. Triether was an excellent marker for studies of gastric emptying. An unexpectedly high correlation was seen between the triether and the test meal and its digestion products in the intestine. The results suggest that triether is a valid marker for following the movement of lipid through the bowel under the conditions of this study. Triether/fat ratios indicated that fat absorption occurred largely from the upper small bowel in control animals and from the lower small bowel in the absence of bile. Bile diversion resulted in more rapid gastric emptying initially, but very slow gastric emptying of the last part of the oil test meal. Intestinal transit of test meal or either marker was not significantly affected by bile diversion. No evidence for a direct effect of bile diversion on gastrointestinal motility was found.", "PMID": 1037736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7939", "title": "Separation of the placenta in the ewe: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Placental separation in the ewe appears to involve an explosive degeneration of the chorionic epithelium which occurs in the short space of time between parturition and the delivery of the fetal membranes. In the goat there is a similar mechanism of separation. By contrast separation of the placenta in the cow appears to depend upon a detachment at the junctional region between fetal and maternal epithelia. There is no obvious explanation for these findings. The results are discussed in the light of the placental hormonal environment in the period which immediately precedes parturition.", "contents": "Separation of the placenta in the ewe: an ultrastructural study. Placental separation in the ewe appears to involve an explosive degeneration of the chorionic epithelium which occurs in the short space of time between parturition and the delivery of the fetal membranes. In the goat there is a similar mechanism of separation. By contrast separation of the placenta in the cow appears to depend upon a detachment at the junctional region between fetal and maternal epithelia. There is no obvious explanation for these findings. The results are discussed in the light of the placental hormonal environment in the period which immediately precedes parturition.", "PMID": 1037737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7940", "title": "The mental health of students--do teachers hurt or help?", "content": "Students' problems of adjustment are serious, and merit attention. Teachers who are so inclined could help prevent many emotional problems by applying some methods and attitudes of psychotherapists. It is appropriate for them to avoid such tactics, as threat, shame, and sympathy, and adopt such skills and attitudes as acceptance, empathy, genuineness, and relevancy.", "contents": "The mental health of students--do teachers hurt or help? Students' problems of adjustment are serious, and merit attention. Teachers who are so inclined could help prevent many emotional problems by applying some methods and attitudes of psychotherapists. It is appropriate for them to avoid such tactics, as threat, shame, and sympathy, and adopt such skills and attitudes as acceptance, empathy, genuineness, and relevancy.", "PMID": 1037947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7941", "title": "Differences in mean adolescent blood pressure by age, sex ethnic origin, obesity and familial tendency.", "content": "The researcher used the analysis of variance and the uncorrelated t-test to determine the significant differences between age, sex, obesity, race, and familial tendency in systolic and diastolic blood pressures for 496 randomly chosen adolescent subjects. Significance was found in the differences between the systolic blood pressure by sex, obesity and race. Mean values were presented for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure by sex, age, and ethnic origin.", "contents": "Differences in mean adolescent blood pressure by age, sex ethnic origin, obesity and familial tendency. The researcher used the analysis of variance and the uncorrelated t-test to determine the significant differences between age, sex, obesity, race, and familial tendency in systolic and diastolic blood pressures for 496 randomly chosen adolescent subjects. Significance was found in the differences between the systolic blood pressure by sex, obesity and race. Mean values were presented for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure by sex, age, and ethnic origin.", "PMID": 1037948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7942", "title": "Changes in students' knowledge and attitudes following a course in human sexuality: report of a pilot study.", "content": "Eleven female undergraduate nursing students and 12 male undergraduates from a private southern university responded to a 163-item questionnaire, the Human Sexuality Knowledge and Attitude inventory, prior to and immediately following a formal course in human sexuality. The results of a pilot test indicated that improvement in respondents' total knowledge score (TOTSC) was correlated with completion of the course. No correlation existed between liberalization of attitudes toward sexuality and completion of the course. Demographic variables of age, sex, perception of self as \"somewhat\" or \"slightly religious\" and \"somewhat liberal politically\", and residence in small cities in the New England/Middle Atlantic area were significantly correlated with improvement of TOTSC. Demographic variables did not appear to affect liberalization of attitudes. The investigators concluded that the course is an effective model for assisting students to accumulate a knowledge base about sexuality. Although attitudinal change was not an immediate outcome of the course, perhaps this variable will change on a long-term basis.", "contents": "Changes in students' knowledge and attitudes following a course in human sexuality: report of a pilot study. Eleven female undergraduate nursing students and 12 male undergraduates from a private southern university responded to a 163-item questionnaire, the Human Sexuality Knowledge and Attitude inventory, prior to and immediately following a formal course in human sexuality. The results of a pilot test indicated that improvement in respondents' total knowledge score (TOTSC) was correlated with completion of the course. No correlation existed between liberalization of attitudes toward sexuality and completion of the course. Demographic variables of age, sex, perception of self as \"somewhat\" or \"slightly religious\" and \"somewhat liberal politically\", and residence in small cities in the New England/Middle Atlantic area were significantly correlated with improvement of TOTSC. Demographic variables did not appear to affect liberalization of attitudes. The investigators concluded that the course is an effective model for assisting students to accumulate a knowledge base about sexuality. Although attitudinal change was not an immediate outcome of the course, perhaps this variable will change on a long-term basis.", "PMID": 1038014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7943", "title": "Increasing nursing students' interest on working with aged patients.", "content": "The Tuckman-Lorge Attitude questionnaire, which measures stereotypes and misconceptions about the aged, was administered to 311 baccalaureate nursing students who were also asked to indicate their relative preferences for various fields of specialization within nursing and their preferences for working with child, adult, and elderly patients. The study was designed to examine factors--a two-semester course in human development and aging, visits with a physically \"well\" older person living in the community, attitudes toward the aged, and several biographic factors--associated with increased interest in working with elderly patients. Findings included: Students showed minimal interest in working in nursing homes; they preferred to work with child and adult patients. The more stereotyped their thinking about the aged, the greater their interest in working with ederly patients. Students who previously worked in a nursing home or convalescent hospital showed greater willingness to work with elderly patients. The authors suggest that schools of nursing include gerontology in their curriculums and that nursing students be provided with clinical experience in institutions for the aged to acquaint them with, and to encourage interest in, this increasingly important field of specialization.", "contents": "Increasing nursing students' interest on working with aged patients. The Tuckman-Lorge Attitude questionnaire, which measures stereotypes and misconceptions about the aged, was administered to 311 baccalaureate nursing students who were also asked to indicate their relative preferences for various fields of specialization within nursing and their preferences for working with child, adult, and elderly patients. The study was designed to examine factors--a two-semester course in human development and aging, visits with a physically \"well\" older person living in the community, attitudes toward the aged, and several biographic factors--associated with increased interest in working with elderly patients. Findings included: Students showed minimal interest in working in nursing homes; they preferred to work with child and adult patients. The more stereotyped their thinking about the aged, the greater their interest in working with ederly patients. Students who previously worked in a nursing home or convalescent hospital showed greater willingness to work with elderly patients. The authors suggest that schools of nursing include gerontology in their curriculums and that nursing students be provided with clinical experience in institutions for the aged to acquaint them with, and to encourage interest in, this increasingly important field of specialization.", "PMID": 1038016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7944", "title": "A role-playing simulation approach toward studying nurses' decisions to listen to patients.", "content": "To test a methodology that used role-playing responses by nurses to simulated patient disclosures, a three-part investigation was carried out at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Four simulated patients-with diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, alcoholism with bleeding ulcer, ulcerative colitis, and cancer of the large intestine-tape recorded 20- to 30-second segments on 12 topics pertaining to their illness. Six topics dealt with the patients' physical problems; six with psychological aspects of the problems. In the tests for nurses' willingness both to listen and to pass along information to the next nurse, the 48 tape-recorded segments of patient information were played for 16 volunteer nurses in a laboratory set up for the purpose. Although the nurses had an option of listening or preparing a medication, they were expected to listen to at least 16 of the 48 segments. Following this, they were asked to tape record a report on the patient for the nurse who would follow them. The nurses, on average, listened to 29 of the 48 segments. The diabetic patient was listened to least; the cancer and the colitis patients each received a similar amounts of attention. The nurses gave substantial amounts of information as well as interpretive data about the patients so that the methodology seemed to prove that nurses could become sufficiently involved in a simulated patient setting.", "contents": "A role-playing simulation approach toward studying nurses' decisions to listen to patients. To test a methodology that used role-playing responses by nurses to simulated patient disclosures, a three-part investigation was carried out at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Four simulated patients-with diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, alcoholism with bleeding ulcer, ulcerative colitis, and cancer of the large intestine-tape recorded 20- to 30-second segments on 12 topics pertaining to their illness. Six topics dealt with the patients' physical problems; six with psychological aspects of the problems. In the tests for nurses' willingness both to listen and to pass along information to the next nurse, the 48 tape-recorded segments of patient information were played for 16 volunteer nurses in a laboratory set up for the purpose. Although the nurses had an option of listening or preparing a medication, they were expected to listen to at least 16 of the 48 segments. Following this, they were asked to tape record a report on the patient for the nurse who would follow them. The nurses, on average, listened to 29 of the 48 segments. The diabetic patient was listened to least; the cancer and the colitis patients each received a similar amounts of attention. The nurses gave substantial amounts of information as well as interpretive data about the patients so that the methodology seemed to prove that nurses could become sufficiently involved in a simulated patient setting.", "PMID": 1038015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7945", "title": "Associate degree nursing students: nonintellective differences between dropouts and graduates.", "content": "A comprehensive battery of tests designed primarily to measure nonintellective characteristics was administered to 112 students entering five associate degree nursing programs. At the end of two years, analyses of the entrance data revealed significant differences between the 73 graduates (those who completed the program on schedule) and the 32 nongraduates (those who dropped our of the program for various reasons). Seven students who remained in the programs but who had not completed the requirements were not included in the analyses. The data indicated that at the time of entry into their programs, those students who later completed the program on schedule were more mature--older and married, more achievement oriented, responsible, and self-controlled than dropouts. Successful students also manifested more accepting and nonjudgmental attitudes toward other people.", "contents": "Associate degree nursing students: nonintellective differences between dropouts and graduates. A comprehensive battery of tests designed primarily to measure nonintellective characteristics was administered to 112 students entering five associate degree nursing programs. At the end of two years, analyses of the entrance data revealed significant differences between the 73 graduates (those who completed the program on schedule) and the 32 nongraduates (those who dropped our of the program for various reasons). Seven students who remained in the programs but who had not completed the requirements were not included in the analyses. The data indicated that at the time of entry into their programs, those students who later completed the program on schedule were more mature--older and married, more achievement oriented, responsible, and self-controlled than dropouts. Successful students also manifested more accepting and nonjudgmental attitudes toward other people.", "PMID": 1038020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7946", "title": "Development of an instrument to measure patient satisfaction with nurses and nursing care in primary care settings.", "content": "An instrument that evaluated patient attitudes toward nurses and nursing care in a primary care setting is described. The tool consists of 25 items, subdivided into three subscales--1) technical-professional area, 2) interpersonal educational relationship, and 3) interpersonal trusting relationship--to which respondents indicate agreement to disagreement in five Likert-type steps. Items, developed from interviews with patients, literature review, and other similar scales, were submitted to two sequential trials and to application of criteria such as variability, representativeness of content definition, ability to discriminate between respondents, and internal consistency. Respondents for the two sequential trials were 78 and 60 patients of internists or general practitioners at a group health cooperative. Scott's homogeneity ratios and reliability coefficients as measured by Cronbach's alpha were obtained for the subscale and the total scale, and subscale intercorrelation coefficients were determined, but further testing of the scale for validity is needed.", "contents": "Development of an instrument to measure patient satisfaction with nurses and nursing care in primary care settings. An instrument that evaluated patient attitudes toward nurses and nursing care in a primary care setting is described. The tool consists of 25 items, subdivided into three subscales--1) technical-professional area, 2) interpersonal educational relationship, and 3) interpersonal trusting relationship--to which respondents indicate agreement to disagreement in five Likert-type steps. Items, developed from interviews with patients, literature review, and other similar scales, were submitted to two sequential trials and to application of criteria such as variability, representativeness of content definition, ability to discriminate between respondents, and internal consistency. Respondents for the two sequential trials were 78 and 60 patients of internists or general practitioners at a group health cooperative. Scott's homogeneity ratios and reliability coefficients as measured by Cronbach's alpha were obtained for the subscale and the total scale, and subscale intercorrelation coefficients were determined, but further testing of the scale for validity is needed.", "PMID": 1038021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7947", "title": "Increasing the quality of nursing care by introducing the concept of primary nursing: a model project.", "content": "To ascertain the extent and degree of skill with which nurses have carried out processes judged to represent good nursing care, two alternate approaches were tested to organize the delivery of nursing care to children: Nurses on an experimental unit were trained to use primary care, that is, assignment of six to eight patients to one nurse who was responsible for the planning, implementation, evaluation, and coordination of the nursing care until the patient's discharge. On a control unit, nurses participated in delivery of group care, so that the care of each patient was assigned to various nurses. Performance of the nursing care was measured by the Slater Nursing Competencies scale, the Quality Patient Care scale, and the Phaneuf Nursing Audit. Mean scores on the three instruments were found to be higher on the experimental unit.", "contents": "Increasing the quality of nursing care by introducing the concept of primary nursing: a model project. To ascertain the extent and degree of skill with which nurses have carried out processes judged to represent good nursing care, two alternate approaches were tested to organize the delivery of nursing care to children: Nurses on an experimental unit were trained to use primary care, that is, assignment of six to eight patients to one nurse who was responsible for the planning, implementation, evaluation, and coordination of the nursing care until the patient's discharge. On a control unit, nurses participated in delivery of group care, so that the care of each patient was assigned to various nurses. Performance of the nursing care was measured by the Slater Nursing Competencies scale, the Quality Patient Care scale, and the Phaneuf Nursing Audit. Mean scores on the three instruments were found to be higher on the experimental unit.", "PMID": 1038017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7948", "title": "Team teaching: advantages and disadvantages to the student.", "content": "To test an instrument for its ability to identify advantages and disadvantages of team teaching in baccalaureate nursing education, a questionnaire was given to 97 undergraduate nursing students from two colleges who had experienced similar team teaching experiences. Distinct advantages and disadvantages of team teaching were identified.", "contents": "Team teaching: advantages and disadvantages to the student. To test an instrument for its ability to identify advantages and disadvantages of team teaching in baccalaureate nursing education, a questionnaire was given to 97 undergraduate nursing students from two colleges who had experienced similar team teaching experiences. Distinct advantages and disadvantages of team teaching were identified.", "PMID": 1038022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7949", "title": "Comparison of student achievement with performance ratings of graduates and state board examination scores.", "content": "For a study concerned with investigating relationships between the on-the-job performance of 1971 graduates of a diploma school of nursing, their achievements as students in the school, and their state board scores, the school's curriculum objectives were used in developing an instrument for measuring graduates' competence. Findings indicated how well the learning experiences provided by the school prepared the students for first-level positions in nursing. The three-year cumulative grade point averages and nursing theory and grades were best predictors of success on state board examinations, and nursing practice grades were best predicators of performance as registered nurses.", "contents": "Comparison of student achievement with performance ratings of graduates and state board examination scores. For a study concerned with investigating relationships between the on-the-job performance of 1971 graduates of a diploma school of nursing, their achievements as students in the school, and their state board scores, the school's curriculum objectives were used in developing an instrument for measuring graduates' competence. Findings indicated how well the learning experiences provided by the school prepared the students for first-level positions in nursing. The three-year cumulative grade point averages and nursing theory and grades were best predictors of success on state board examinations, and nursing practice grades were best predicators of performance as registered nurses.", "PMID": 1038024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7950", "title": "Effect of brief training on mental health knowledge and attitudes of nurses and nurses' aides in a general hospital.", "content": "A six-week psychiatric nursing training program for professional nurses (N equals 15) and nurses' aides (N equals 14) in a stage general hospital setting resulted in significant improvement in both training groups on psychiatric nursing knowledge. No statistically significant change in mental health attitudes was found on the Opinions about Mental Illness (OMI) scale in the nurse group but a significant reduction in social restrictiveness was revealed in the nurses' aide group. No significant change in knowledge or attitudes was found in a matched control group of nurses' aides (N equals 14).", "contents": "Effect of brief training on mental health knowledge and attitudes of nurses and nurses' aides in a general hospital. A six-week psychiatric nursing training program for professional nurses (N equals 15) and nurses' aides (N equals 14) in a stage general hospital setting resulted in significant improvement in both training groups on psychiatric nursing knowledge. No statistically significant change in mental health attitudes was found on the Opinions about Mental Illness (OMI) scale in the nurse group but a significant reduction in social restrictiveness was revealed in the nurses' aide group. No significant change in knowledge or attitudes was found in a matched control group of nurses' aides (N equals 14).", "PMID": 1038019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7951", "title": "Why associate degree nursing students persist.", "content": "A study of 120 associate degree nursing (ADN) students at Illinois Central College during 1972-1973 tested the hypothesis that there will be no statistically significant difference in certain measured personality factors of the persister compared with the dropout. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) was used to measure personality characteristics. The null hypothesis was rejected for four of the 15 variables measured by the EPPS. Significantly greater needs were achievement, deference, and heterosexuality for the persisters and abasement for the dropouts. Differences in needs may have resulted from two specific focuses of the ADN program: on the problem-solving process based on assessment of individual patient's needs and on team nursing which includes both the aspects of assuming responsibility for authority and accepting leadership. Through their greater need for abasement, the dropouts expressed a need for feelings of inferiority, guilt, blame, and inadequacy. Based on the academic prerequisites for admission to the ADN program, the dropouts should have succeeded. Therefore, it appeared the dropouts had a need to fail or withdraw from the program.", "contents": "Why associate degree nursing students persist. A study of 120 associate degree nursing (ADN) students at Illinois Central College during 1972-1973 tested the hypothesis that there will be no statistically significant difference in certain measured personality factors of the persister compared with the dropout. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) was used to measure personality characteristics. The null hypothesis was rejected for four of the 15 variables measured by the EPPS. Significantly greater needs were achievement, deference, and heterosexuality for the persisters and abasement for the dropouts. Differences in needs may have resulted from two specific focuses of the ADN program: on the problem-solving process based on assessment of individual patient's needs and on team nursing which includes both the aspects of assuming responsibility for authority and accepting leadership. Through their greater need for abasement, the dropouts expressed a need for feelings of inferiority, guilt, blame, and inadequacy. Based on the academic prerequisites for admission to the ADN program, the dropouts should have succeeded. Therefore, it appeared the dropouts had a need to fail or withdraw from the program.", "PMID": 1038023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7952", "title": "Endocrine influences on pulmonary maturation and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the fetal baboon.", "content": "By utilizing the baboon model system, preliminary data indicate that intra-amniotic dexamethasone caused an increase in the L/S ratio. Metopirone 11-betahydroxylase inhibition prevented the expected increase in the L/S ratio without influencing pulmonary distensibility, stability on deflation, or lung mince minimal surface tension. Infants born at term to Metopirone-treated baboons were free of pulmonary distress and survived to adolescence.", "contents": "Endocrine influences on pulmonary maturation and the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the fetal baboon. By utilizing the baboon model system, preliminary data indicate that intra-amniotic dexamethasone caused an increase in the L/S ratio. Metopirone 11-betahydroxylase inhibition prevented the expected increase in the L/S ratio without influencing pulmonary distensibility, stability on deflation, or lung mince minimal surface tension. Infants born at term to Metopirone-treated baboons were free of pulmonary distress and survived to adolescence.", "PMID": 1038322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7953", "title": "Psychological characteristics of the nurse practitioner.", "content": "First, present research on the selection and characteristics of practitioners is both controversial and important. We need good answers to be helpful to those planning directions for the future of nursing. Second, we need good descriptive research indicating how applicants for different types of programs vary; how age, experience, and background factors affect the outcome of training. Third, we need multi-criteria for measuring success and effectiveness-criteria that will take into account both competence and commitment and will measure competence in a variety of ways. Fourth, we need more theory for what we are measuring and why we are measuring it. We need predictions from different personality and developmental theories. We need to contrast and combine these theoretical approaches, and we need more complex variables than we currently have. We need constructs and types rather than simple empiricism and single traits. Finally, we should not overlook the fact that the majority of nurse practitioners are women, and thus we are doing research on an interesting group at a significant time in women's history. If we are alert and responsive to what we learn about our subjects, we may also gain a deeper understanding of the lives of adult women and how they are affected by social change and changing times.", "contents": "Psychological characteristics of the nurse practitioner. First, present research on the selection and characteristics of practitioners is both controversial and important. We need good answers to be helpful to those planning directions for the future of nursing. Second, we need good descriptive research indicating how applicants for different types of programs vary; how age, experience, and background factors affect the outcome of training. Third, we need multi-criteria for measuring success and effectiveness-criteria that will take into account both competence and commitment and will measure competence in a variety of ways. Fourth, we need more theory for what we are measuring and why we are measuring it. We need predictions from different personality and developmental theories. We need to contrast and combine these theoretical approaches, and we need more complex variables than we currently have. We need constructs and types rather than simple empiricism and single traits. Finally, we should not overlook the fact that the majority of nurse practitioners are women, and thus we are doing research on an interesting group at a significant time in women's history. If we are alert and responsive to what we learn about our subjects, we may also gain a deeper understanding of the lives of adult women and how they are affected by social change and changing times.", "PMID": 1038610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7954", "title": "Effect of timed hygienic measures on oral mucosa in a group of elderly subjects.", "content": "A study was conducted to identify and compare the effect produced on oral mucosa by the application of oral hygiene by the use of either a toothette or a toothbrush at two-, three-, or four-hour intervals during an eight-hour period for ten days. The sample consisted of 48 geriatric patients randomly selected from an extended care facility. Two investigators were responsible for scoring nine dependent variables--salivation, tongue moisture, tongue color, moisture of palates, color of gingiva, condition of membranes, lip texture, lip moisture, and soft tooth debris-- twice daily. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results of the study indicated significant improvement in six dependent variables in the four-hour interval groups. In the two-hour interval groups, two dependent variables were improved significantly. The toothbrush was more effective in stimulating gingival tissue and removing soft tooth debris; the toothette was found to be more effective in producing improvement in other oral tissues.", "contents": "Effect of timed hygienic measures on oral mucosa in a group of elderly subjects. A study was conducted to identify and compare the effect produced on oral mucosa by the application of oral hygiene by the use of either a toothette or a toothbrush at two-, three-, or four-hour intervals during an eight-hour period for ten days. The sample consisted of 48 geriatric patients randomly selected from an extended care facility. Two investigators were responsible for scoring nine dependent variables--salivation, tongue moisture, tongue color, moisture of palates, color of gingiva, condition of membranes, lip texture, lip moisture, and soft tooth debris-- twice daily. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results of the study indicated significant improvement in six dependent variables in the four-hour interval groups. In the two-hour interval groups, two dependent variables were improved significantly. The toothbrush was more effective in stimulating gingival tissue and removing soft tooth debris; the toothette was found to be more effective in producing improvement in other oral tissues.", "PMID": 1038614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7955", "title": "Perception of life change events by the elderly.", "content": "The perception of the amount of adjustment necessitated by the occurrence of common life events was assessed for 41 members of a senior citizens' club who ranged in age from 65 to 84. Significant agreement was found between the elderly subjects and the normative sample with regard to rank ordering of the life events. Markedly significant differences were found between the elderly and the normative sample in the magnitudes assigned to the life events, with the elderly group assigning the larger magnitude to most items.", "contents": "Perception of life change events by the elderly. The perception of the amount of adjustment necessitated by the occurrence of common life events was assessed for 41 members of a senior citizens' club who ranged in age from 65 to 84. Significant agreement was found between the elderly subjects and the normative sample with regard to rank ordering of the life events. Markedly significant differences were found between the elderly and the normative sample in the magnitudes assigned to the life events, with the elderly group assigning the larger magnitude to most items.", "PMID": 1038615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7956", "title": "Needs of the grieving spouse in a hospital setting.", "content": "In an attempt to determine whether the spouse whose mate is terminally ill or had died can recognize his own needs and whether he, himself, perceives that he has been helped by nurses, 27 spouses were interviewed during the terminal illness of their mates. Subsequently, 18 mates died; 14 of the spouses were interviewed after the death event. Data were collected by means of tape-recorded semistructured interviews, with the exception of one written second interview. Eight needs of grieving spouses were noted. Twenty-five spouses identified all eight needs and the other two spouses identified five and seven needs, respectively. The fact that the needs were identified did not mean, however, that these needs had been met. Spouses believed nurses had been helpful to the dying mates. The spouses recognized that the nurses' primary responsibility was to the patients and felt that nurses were too busy to help the families. The death event did not alter the identified needs and concerns of the spouses. Eighty-seven percent of the needs identified in the second interview had been identified in the first interview.", "contents": "Needs of the grieving spouse in a hospital setting. In an attempt to determine whether the spouse whose mate is terminally ill or had died can recognize his own needs and whether he, himself, perceives that he has been helped by nurses, 27 spouses were interviewed during the terminal illness of their mates. Subsequently, 18 mates died; 14 of the spouses were interviewed after the death event. Data were collected by means of tape-recorded semistructured interviews, with the exception of one written second interview. Eight needs of grieving spouses were noted. Twenty-five spouses identified all eight needs and the other two spouses identified five and seven needs, respectively. The fact that the needs were identified did not mean, however, that these needs had been met. Spouses believed nurses had been helpful to the dying mates. The spouses recognized that the nurses' primary responsibility was to the patients and felt that nurses were too busy to help the families. The death event did not alter the identified needs and concerns of the spouses. Eighty-seven percent of the needs identified in the second interview had been identified in the first interview.", "PMID": 1038616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7957", "title": "Increasing the quality of patient care through performance counseling and written goal setting.", "content": "Patient care scores of staff nurses in seven Veterans Administration hospitals who used a performance counseling protocol that required written goal setting, coupled with head nurse modeling and support to achieve goals (experimental), were compared with scores of nurses who continued with usual practice (control). Staff nurses chose their own goals. One goal was to improve patient care and the other was to improve staff nurse professional competence. After six months, experimental group scores were higher on five patient care scales, one significantly. After 12 months, scores shifted in favor of the control group, one significantly. Experimental group scores were higher on patient interview questions after six months and made additional gains after 12 months. Experimental nurses generally were more satisfied with their nursing careers and described working relationships more positively. Some progress the experimental nurses made after six months was lost after 12 months. Nurses who received high patient care scores from outside observers described the hospital working environment in more positive terms. Relationships of three instruments that measure quality of patient care are presented.", "contents": "Increasing the quality of patient care through performance counseling and written goal setting. Patient care scores of staff nurses in seven Veterans Administration hospitals who used a performance counseling protocol that required written goal setting, coupled with head nurse modeling and support to achieve goals (experimental), were compared with scores of nurses who continued with usual practice (control). Staff nurses chose their own goals. One goal was to improve patient care and the other was to improve staff nurse professional competence. After six months, experimental group scores were higher on five patient care scales, one significantly. After 12 months, scores shifted in favor of the control group, one significantly. Experimental group scores were higher on patient interview questions after six months and made additional gains after 12 months. Experimental nurses generally were more satisfied with their nursing careers and described working relationships more positively. Some progress the experimental nurses made after six months was lost after 12 months. Nurses who received high patient care scores from outside observers described the hospital working environment in more positive terms. Relationships of three instruments that measure quality of patient care are presented.", "PMID": 1038618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7958", "title": "8-4 Research. Part 1: a stance for nursing research--tenacity or inquiry.", "content": "In a two-part series, a/proprosal is presented for implementation research which integrates practical, technical, and political judgment. This implementation research--or 8-4 research--is contrasted with pseudo-technical research. In Part I it is proposed that nursing research should be assessed in terms of payoff for nursing rather than promise for nursing, that 8-j research is a suitable paradigm for all nursing research, and that nursing research is a suitable preoccupation for any and all nursing personnel. Part II (to appear in the May-June 1975 Nursing Research) develops eight points of encounter--as between 8-4 research and pseudotechnical research--pertinent to designing nursing research. A conception of design is proposed that displays an appropriate role for conation, drive, or intent in any designed research.", "contents": "8-4 Research. Part 1: a stance for nursing research--tenacity or inquiry. In a two-part series, a/proprosal is presented for implementation research which integrates practical, technical, and political judgment. This implementation research--or 8-4 research--is contrasted with pseudo-technical research. In Part I it is proposed that nursing research should be assessed in terms of payoff for nursing rather than promise for nursing, that 8-j research is a suitable paradigm for all nursing research, and that nursing research is a suitable preoccupation for any and all nursing personnel. Part II (to appear in the May-June 1975 Nursing Research) develops eight points of encounter--as between 8-4 research and pseudotechnical research--pertinent to designing nursing research. A conception of design is proposed that displays an appropriate role for conation, drive, or intent in any designed research.", "PMID": 1038620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7959", "title": "Common cardiovascular problems in the postoperative period.", "content": "In summary, it should be stated that there is a basic philosophic difference concerning the importance and the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in postoperative patients when compared to patients with myocardial infarctions. In the latter group the etiology for the arrhythmia is assumed, and very frequently correctly. In the former group of patients, the postoperative group, the etiology of the arrhythmia is often covert and difficult to come by. In patients with myocardial infarction treatment frequently is stereotyped and the effect of therapy often predictable. In the postoperative patient with a cardiac arrhythmia, be it tachycardia or an irregular pulse, the treatment may be as varied as the cause. Thus the thrust of our endeavor in the postoperative patient should be directed primarily toward determining the cause of the arrhythmia and thereafter administering correct therapy based on a reasonable diagnosis.", "contents": "Common cardiovascular problems in the postoperative period. In summary, it should be stated that there is a basic philosophic difference concerning the importance and the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in postoperative patients when compared to patients with myocardial infarctions. In the latter group the etiology for the arrhythmia is assumed, and very frequently correctly. In the former group of patients, the postoperative group, the etiology of the arrhythmia is often covert and difficult to come by. In patients with myocardial infarction treatment frequently is stereotyped and the effect of therapy often predictable. In the postoperative patient with a cardiac arrhythmia, be it tachycardia or an irregular pulse, the treatment may be as varied as the cause. Thus the thrust of our endeavor in the postoperative patient should be directed primarily toward determining the cause of the arrhythmia and thereafter administering correct therapy based on a reasonable diagnosis.", "PMID": 1038628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7960", "title": "Application of selected nursing research findings into nursing practice: a pilot study.", "content": "This study investigated the extent to which one research finding, obtained through a series of investigations and reported widely in the nursing literature, was being utilized by nurse practitioners for the improvement of nursing practice. Based on the research findings of Nichols and colleagues on the oral mode of temperature determination, a questionnaire was constructed and administered to 87 registered nurses in the states of Massachusetts and New York. Only one response corresponded to the findings of Nichols and colleagues on how oral temperature is correctly determined. Contradictions between theory and practice, moreover, were cited.", "contents": "Application of selected nursing research findings into nursing practice: a pilot study. This study investigated the extent to which one research finding, obtained through a series of investigations and reported widely in the nursing literature, was being utilized by nurse practitioners for the improvement of nursing practice. Based on the research findings of Nichols and colleagues on the oral mode of temperature determination, a questionnaire was constructed and administered to 87 registered nurses in the states of Massachusetts and New York. Only one response corresponded to the findings of Nichols and colleagues on how oral temperature is correctly determined. Contradictions between theory and practice, moreover, were cited.", "PMID": 1038621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7961", "title": "Changes in judgment of duration with different patterns of auditory information for individuals confined to bed.", "content": "A theoretical proposition that changes in the organization and structure of auditory information result in changes in temporal experience was tested in this study. Changes were measured in the judgment of duration of a 40-second interval that occurred in three different patterns of auditory information among individuals confined to bed. The sample consisted of 90 men and 90 women aged 18 to 35 years who had no known physical or mental health problems. Subjects rested in bed in a comfortable room for two and one-half hours. Each subject received one of three forms of auditory information-called decoded, coded, and ambient auditory information. At four periods during the 150 minutes of auditory information (25 minutes, 75 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes) the subject was directed by a lighted sign to produce a 40-second interval by depressing a button. The button was connected to a microtimer which timed the interval to the nearest tenth second. None of the three hypotheses-1) that time would seem to pass more slowly in the coded than in the decoded condition: 2) that time would pass more slowly in the decoded than ambient condition: and 3) that as the period of bedrest progressed differences in duration experience would occur among the three groups--was supported by the data. The produced interval for ambient auditory information was expected to be the longest of the three groups, but the opposite effect occurred; it was the shortest. The significant overestimation that occurred in the ambient condition relative to the decoded condition appeared to be related to the methodological imposition of vigilance, lack of structuring information, and the condition of waiting. The coded auditory input did not effect changes in duration relative to the decoded and ambient auditory information as subjects were able to reorder the coded information.", "contents": "Changes in judgment of duration with different patterns of auditory information for individuals confined to bed. A theoretical proposition that changes in the organization and structure of auditory information result in changes in temporal experience was tested in this study. Changes were measured in the judgment of duration of a 40-second interval that occurred in three different patterns of auditory information among individuals confined to bed. The sample consisted of 90 men and 90 women aged 18 to 35 years who had no known physical or mental health problems. Subjects rested in bed in a comfortable room for two and one-half hours. Each subject received one of three forms of auditory information-called decoded, coded, and ambient auditory information. At four periods during the 150 minutes of auditory information (25 minutes, 75 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes) the subject was directed by a lighted sign to produce a 40-second interval by depressing a button. The button was connected to a microtimer which timed the interval to the nearest tenth second. None of the three hypotheses-1) that time would seem to pass more slowly in the coded than in the decoded condition: 2) that time would pass more slowly in the decoded than ambient condition: and 3) that as the period of bedrest progressed differences in duration experience would occur among the three groups--was supported by the data. The produced interval for ambient auditory information was expected to be the longest of the three groups, but the opposite effect occurred; it was the shortest. The significant overestimation that occurred in the ambient condition relative to the decoded condition appeared to be related to the methodological imposition of vigilance, lack of structuring information, and the condition of waiting. The coded auditory input did not effect changes in duration relative to the decoded and ambient auditory information as subjects were able to reorder the coded information.", "PMID": 1038622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7962", "title": "Problem-oriented recording as a teaching-learning tool.", "content": "The assumption that problem-oriented records help teach critical thinking was tested by co-paring clinical recordings and case study data for a group of beginning nursing students who were taught problem-oriented charting with a group who were taught traditional charting. No differences were found between the groups in the mean number of patient problems identified from a case situation. However, in clinical charting, the problem-oriented group identified significantly more patient problems and had significantly higher quality-of-organization scores. Assuming the case situation and clinical situation were equivalent in presentation of identifiable problems, these findings suggested that the problem-oriented format was superior in allowing students to demonstrate their ability to identify and solve patient problems.", "contents": "Problem-oriented recording as a teaching-learning tool. The assumption that problem-oriented records help teach critical thinking was tested by co-paring clinical recordings and case study data for a group of beginning nursing students who were taught problem-oriented charting with a group who were taught traditional charting. No differences were found between the groups in the mean number of patient problems identified from a case situation. However, in clinical charting, the problem-oriented group identified significantly more patient problems and had significantly higher quality-of-organization scores. Assuming the case situation and clinical situation were equivalent in presentation of identifiable problems, these findings suggested that the problem-oriented format was superior in allowing students to demonstrate their ability to identify and solve patient problems.", "PMID": 1038623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7963", "title": "The meaning of mental health: a report of two ethnoscientific studies.", "content": "The use of the ethnoscientific method in nursing research is demonstrated in an initial study and a replication of that study, utilizing male and female informants. The domain of \"mental health\" was explored, analyzed, and contrasted within the subculture of the central city resident and the subculture of the psychiatric-mental health professional. To facilitate an understanding of ethnoscience, the method is briefly outlined; then, to illustrate the methodology, data from one informat are presented in depth. A summary of the major similarities and contrasts that emerged from the data of both studies is presented. Implications for nursing of the research and ethnoscience are discussed.", "contents": "The meaning of mental health: a report of two ethnoscientific studies. The use of the ethnoscientific method in nursing research is demonstrated in an initial study and a replication of that study, utilizing male and female informants. The domain of \"mental health\" was explored, analyzed, and contrasted within the subculture of the central city resident and the subculture of the psychiatric-mental health professional. To facilitate an understanding of ethnoscience, the method is briefly outlined; then, to illustrate the methodology, data from one informat are presented in depth. A summary of the major similarities and contrasts that emerged from the data of both studies is presented. Implications for nursing of the research and ethnoscience are discussed.", "PMID": 1038617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7964", "title": "[The problem of the relations between month of birth and psychic disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Groups of 730 each Schizophrenics, Affectpsychotics, and Psychopaths of approximately the same age are compared with 3.650 controls according to their month-of-birth-frequency distribution. (Also included in the comparison are  Schizophrenics, Manic-depressifs, Psychopaths, Hysterics as well as the siblings of the Manic-depressifs and Psychopaths of the study by Lang, 1931.) Schizophrenics show significant deviations in the total yearly distribution of birth as well as in 2 or 3 consecutive months - increased birth-frequency in November, December, January, decreased birth-frequency in February, March and in August, September. In the case of the Affectpsychotics only significant decreased birth-frequency can be detected for March. The month-of-birth-frequency distribution for Psychopaths is for the most part identical with that of the control group. The results are compared with the existing studies in this field of research, and possible biological explanations are discussed. Further research is necessary to identify the pathogenetic factors.", "contents": "[The problem of the relations between month of birth and psychic disorders (author's transl)]. Groups of 730 each Schizophrenics, Affectpsychotics, and Psychopaths of approximately the same age are compared with 3.650 controls according to their month-of-birth-frequency distribution. (Also included in the comparison are  Schizophrenics, Manic-depressifs, Psychopaths, Hysterics as well as the siblings of the Manic-depressifs and Psychopaths of the study by Lang, 1931.) Schizophrenics show significant deviations in the total yearly distribution of birth as well as in 2 or 3 consecutive months - increased birth-frequency in November, December, January, decreased birth-frequency in February, March and in August, September. In the case of the Affectpsychotics only significant decreased birth-frequency can be detected for March. The month-of-birth-frequency distribution for Psychopaths is for the most part identical with that of the control group. The results are compared with the existing studies in this field of research, and possible biological explanations are discussed. Further research is necessary to identify the pathogenetic factors.", "PMID": 1039000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7965", "title": "[Clinical picture of acute viral encephalitides (author's transl)].", "content": "1. This report is concerned with 44 cases of acute viral encephalitides which were seen in the eight-year period 1965-72. 2. There is a significant difference in sex distribution: 63% males and 37% females. Nearly two-thirds of our patients were aged up to 30 years. There is no seasonal accumulation of incidence of the sporadic encephalitides. 3. The clinical diagnosis was based on \"influenza-like\" preliminary symptoms (25 patients), acute onset of neurological symptoms (30 patients) with signs of cerebral alterations like headache, drowsiness, confusion and epilepsy (22 patients), partly focal neurological signs (14 patients), inflammatory cerebro-spinal fluid alterations (36 patients) and other virus caused simultaneous diseases like myocarditis, hepatitis, pneumonia and exanthemata (19 patients). Alterations of blood sedimentation rate, number of white or red blood cells and differential blood count have no bearing on rapid diagnosis of acute viral encephalitides. Results of usual virological examinations often come to late for early diagnosis. Neuro-radiological procedures and isotope encephalography cannot help to get diagnosis in the initialphase of encephalitis. 4. 6 patients died, 5 had residual neurological deficit. 33 patients recovered completely though they partly had severe encephalitides. 5. There is no spezific treatment of acute viral encephalitides. Application of cortisone and antipyretic drugs is not indicated. 6. Most of the viral encephalitides may be classified when an extensive virological examination will be carried out.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of acute viral encephalitides (author's transl)]. 1. This report is concerned with 44 cases of acute viral encephalitides which were seen in the eight-year period 1965-72. 2. There is a significant difference in sex distribution: 63% males and 37% females. Nearly two-thirds of our patients were aged up to 30 years. There is no seasonal accumulation of incidence of the sporadic encephalitides. 3. The clinical diagnosis was based on \"influenza-like\" preliminary symptoms (25 patients), acute onset of neurological symptoms (30 patients) with signs of cerebral alterations like headache, drowsiness, confusion and epilepsy (22 patients), partly focal neurological signs (14 patients), inflammatory cerebro-spinal fluid alterations (36 patients) and other virus caused simultaneous diseases like myocarditis, hepatitis, pneumonia and exanthemata (19 patients). Alterations of blood sedimentation rate, number of white or red blood cells and differential blood count have no bearing on rapid diagnosis of acute viral encephalitides. Results of usual virological examinations often come to late for early diagnosis. Neuro-radiological procedures and isotope encephalography cannot help to get diagnosis in the initialphase of encephalitis. 4. 6 patients died, 5 had residual neurological deficit. 33 patients recovered completely though they partly had severe encephalitides. 5. There is no spezific treatment of acute viral encephalitides. Application of cortisone and antipyretic drugs is not indicated. 6. Most of the viral encephalitides may be classified when an extensive virological examination will be carried out.", "PMID": 1039001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7966", "title": "Effect of experimental dermatophyte infection on cutaneous flora.", "content": "The cutaneous aerobic bacterial flora was monitored during the course of experimental dermatiphyte (ringworm) infections on the forearms of 9 volunteers. Micrococcaceae were identified by the new Baird-Parker classification with the aid of a replica-plating technique. There were significant differences in total populations but not in kinds of flora compared with control (opposite) forearms. The proportion of penicillin-resistant microorganisms, however increased the infection, to a degree which varied as to individual. All coccal groups were affected; resistant flora diminished when the fungus was no longer DETECTED. Staphylococci were more frequently isolated than micrococci on the infected areas, but Staphylococcus aureus was not found. Trends toward hierarchies in persistance and quantities IV were observed among the flora, with Staphylococcus subgroups II and dominating the infected sites. On both areas almost all diphtheroids were nonfluorescent, lipophilic, and lipolytic. One subject consistently carried Bacillus firmus; another's normal microbiota contained Alcaligenes faecalis.", "contents": "Effect of experimental dermatophyte infection on cutaneous flora. The cutaneous aerobic bacterial flora was monitored during the course of experimental dermatiphyte (ringworm) infections on the forearms of 9 volunteers. Micrococcaceae were identified by the new Baird-Parker classification with the aid of a replica-plating technique. There were significant differences in total populations but not in kinds of flora compared with control (opposite) forearms. The proportion of penicillin-resistant microorganisms, however increased the infection, to a degree which varied as to individual. All coccal groups were affected; resistant flora diminished when the fungus was no longer DETECTED. Staphylococci were more frequently isolated than micrococci on the infected areas, but Staphylococcus aureus was not found. Trends toward hierarchies in persistance and quantities IV were observed among the flora, with Staphylococcus subgroups II and dominating the infected sites. On both areas almost all diphtheroids were nonfluorescent, lipophilic, and lipolytic. One subject consistently carried Bacillus firmus; another's normal microbiota contained Alcaligenes faecalis.", "PMID": 1039027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7967", "title": "[Membrane oxygenator for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with the extracorporeal oxygenation in the respiratory distress syndrome. Investigations were performed with a membrane oxygenator. If one considers the present results, one might suppose an extracorporeal oxygenation without pumping-system to be ineffective. There are many different complications. It is doubtful whether this method will ever be an effective and sufficient therapy in respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "[Membrane oxygenator for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)]. This report deals with the extracorporeal oxygenation in the respiratory distress syndrome. Investigations were performed with a membrane oxygenator. If one considers the present results, one might suppose an extracorporeal oxygenation without pumping-system to be ineffective. There are many different complications. It is doubtful whether this method will ever be an effective and sufficient therapy in respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 1039041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7968", "title": "From chaos to a structured therapeutic community: treatment programme on Emiliehoeve, a farm for young addicts.", "content": "Within two years a centre for young addicts emerged; from a chaotic situation where drug use was frequent a drug-free therapeutic community developed with a solid structure; encounter group techniques were the major therapeutic tool. The community is located on a farm providing a great variety of work situations. The evolution in this direction is described, pointing out the failings of several approaches attempted during the different phases of the programme.", "contents": "From chaos to a structured therapeutic community: treatment programme on Emiliehoeve, a farm for young addicts. Within two years a centre for young addicts emerged; from a chaotic situation where drug use was frequent a drug-free therapeutic community developed with a solid structure; encounter group techniques were the major therapeutic tool. The community is located on a farm providing a great variety of work situations. The evolution in this direction is described, pointing out the failings of several approaches attempted during the different phases of the programme.", "PMID": 1039280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7969", "title": "Understanding British addiction statistics.", "content": "The statistical data issued by the Home Office and Department of Health and Social Security are quite detailed and generally valid measures of hard core addiction in Great Britain (Judson, 1973). Since 1968, the main basis of these high quality British statistics is the routine reports filed by Drug Treatment Centres. The well-trained, experienced staff of these clinics make knowledgeable dicsions about a cleint's addiction, efficiently regulate dosage, and otherwise exert some degree of control over addicts (Judson, 1973; Johnson, 1974). The co-operation of police, courts, prison physicians, and general practitioners is also valuable in collecting data on drug addiction and convictions. Information presented in the tables above indicates that a rising problem of herion addiction between 1962 and 1967 were arrested by the introduction of the treatment clinics in 1968. Further, legally maintained heroin addiction has been reduced by almost one-third since 1968, since many herion addicts have been transferred to injectable methadone. The decline in herion prescribing and the relatively steady number of narcotics addicts has apparently occurred in the face of a continuing, and perhaps increasing, demand for heroin and other opiates. With few exceptions of a minor nature analysis of various tables suggests that the official statistics are internally consistent. There are apparently few \"hidden\" addicts, since few unknown addicts die of overdoses or are arrested by police (Lewis, 1973), although Blumberg (1974) indicates that some unknown users may exist. In addition, may opitate usersnot officially notified are known by clinic doctors as friends of addicts receiving prescriptions (Judson, 1973; Home Office, 1974). In brief, offical British drug statistics seem to be generally valid and demonstrate that heroin and perhaps methadone addiction has been well contained by the treatment clinics.", "contents": "Understanding British addiction statistics. The statistical data issued by the Home Office and Department of Health and Social Security are quite detailed and generally valid measures of hard core addiction in Great Britain (Judson, 1973). Since 1968, the main basis of these high quality British statistics is the routine reports filed by Drug Treatment Centres. The well-trained, experienced staff of these clinics make knowledgeable dicsions about a cleint's addiction, efficiently regulate dosage, and otherwise exert some degree of control over addicts (Judson, 1973; Johnson, 1974). The co-operation of police, courts, prison physicians, and general practitioners is also valuable in collecting data on drug addiction and convictions. Information presented in the tables above indicates that a rising problem of herion addiction between 1962 and 1967 were arrested by the introduction of the treatment clinics in 1968. Further, legally maintained heroin addiction has been reduced by almost one-third since 1968, since many herion addicts have been transferred to injectable methadone. The decline in herion prescribing and the relatively steady number of narcotics addicts has apparently occurred in the face of a continuing, and perhaps increasing, demand for heroin and other opiates. With few exceptions of a minor nature analysis of various tables suggests that the official statistics are internally consistent. There are apparently few \"hidden\" addicts, since few unknown addicts die of overdoses or are arrested by police (Lewis, 1973), although Blumberg (1974) indicates that some unknown users may exist. In addition, may opitate usersnot officially notified are known by clinic doctors as friends of addicts receiving prescriptions (Judson, 1973; Home Office, 1974). In brief, offical British drug statistics seem to be generally valid and demonstrate that heroin and perhaps methadone addiction has been well contained by the treatment clinics.", "PMID": 1039283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7970", "title": "Field and laboratory test for raw and prepared opium.", "content": "Two new colour tests for opium are described. These may be used alone, as field tests, or in combination with traditional tests rapidly to confirm raw or prepared opium. Absolute confirmation of opium by thin layer chromatography is also useful in the determination of origins. An alternative chromogen to the Dragedorff reagents is described, although iodoplatinate remains the preferred chromogen.", "contents": "Field and laboratory test for raw and prepared opium. Two new colour tests for opium are described. These may be used alone, as field tests, or in combination with traditional tests rapidly to confirm raw or prepared opium. Absolute confirmation of opium by thin layer chromatography is also useful in the determination of origins. An alternative chromogen to the Dragedorff reagents is described, although iodoplatinate remains the preferred chromogen.", "PMID": 1039285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7971", "title": "Inactivation of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Cefazolin was more susceptible than cephaloridine and cephalothin to in vitro inactivation by coagulase-positive, penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Inactivation (which was greater with methicillin-resistant than with methicillin-sensitive strains) was demonstrated by assay of the antibiotics in broth cultures with simultaneous colony counts and by exposure of the antibiotics to penicillinase powders extracted from S. aureus. Cefazolin was destroyed to a greater extent than was cephaloridine, whereas cephalothin underwent little, if any, destruction. The clinical implications of this degradation, thought by some to be of importance for cephaloridine, might also apply to cefazolin.", "contents": "Inactivation of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Cefazolin was more susceptible than cephaloridine and cephalothin to in vitro inactivation by coagulase-positive, penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Inactivation (which was greater with methicillin-resistant than with methicillin-sensitive strains) was demonstrated by assay of the antibiotics in broth cultures with simultaneous colony counts and by exposure of the antibiotics to penicillinase powders extracted from S. aureus. Cefazolin was destroyed to a greater extent than was cephaloridine, whereas cephalothin underwent little, if any, destruction. The clinical implications of this degradation, thought by some to be of importance for cephaloridine, might also apply to cefazolin.", "PMID": 1039311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7972", "title": "Activity of amoxycillin against enterococci and synergism with aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Amoxycillin was more active in vitro than ampicillin or benzylpenicillin against clinical isolates of enterococci. All 55 strains tested were sensitive to the three penicillins but 15 strains showed a high level of resistance to streptomycin and two of these were also insensitive to kanamycin. All strains were sensitive to gentamicin, which was the most active of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. The penicillins showed pronounced bactericidal activity against the enterococci but failed to sterilise cultures of these organisms. Combinations of penicillins and aminoglycosides invariably produced synergistic bactericidal effects which resulted in sterilisation of cultures of these organisms. Combinations of penicillins and aminoglycosides invariably produced synergistic bactericidal effects which resulted in sterilisation of cultures of enterococci provided that the strain was sensitive to the aminoglycoside moiety of the antibiotic combination. Synergism was not observed with a combination of a penicillin and an aminoglycoside when the enterococcus was resistant to the aminoglycoside. The data reported suggest that amoxycillin may have certain advantages, compared with ampicillin or benzylpenicillin, for the treatment of enterococcal infections.", "contents": "Activity of amoxycillin against enterococci and synergism with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Amoxycillin was more active in vitro than ampicillin or benzylpenicillin against clinical isolates of enterococci. All 55 strains tested were sensitive to the three penicillins but 15 strains showed a high level of resistance to streptomycin and two of these were also insensitive to kanamycin. All strains were sensitive to gentamicin, which was the most active of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. The penicillins showed pronounced bactericidal activity against the enterococci but failed to sterilise cultures of these organisms. Combinations of penicillins and aminoglycosides invariably produced synergistic bactericidal effects which resulted in sterilisation of cultures of these organisms. Combinations of penicillins and aminoglycosides invariably produced synergistic bactericidal effects which resulted in sterilisation of cultures of enterococci provided that the strain was sensitive to the aminoglycoside moiety of the antibiotic combination. Synergism was not observed with a combination of a penicillin and an aminoglycoside when the enterococcus was resistant to the aminoglycoside. The data reported suggest that amoxycillin may have certain advantages, compared with ampicillin or benzylpenicillin, for the treatment of enterococcal infections.", "PMID": 1039329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7973", "title": "Effect of plasmid carriage on the virulence of staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The possession of any of eight different plasmids by Staphylococcus aureus strain 649--either singly or simultaneously (in no. 649MR)--caused changes in growth kinetics. Six of the plasmids caused an increase in exponential doubling time (by 8-25%), and most also altered the duration of the lag period. Strain 649MR was significantly less virulent for 10-day chick embryos than the corresponding plasmid-negative culture (no. 649N). The avirulence persisted even after loss of the plasmids from no. 649MR. The presence of a single plasmid specifying tetracycline resistance produced a moderate reduction in virulence, but chromosomal tetracycline resistance had an insignificant effect on it. The decrease in virulence could not be attributed to reduced formation of soluble products. It probably resulted from alterations in the cell surface, but membrane-polypeptide profiles of virulent and avirulent cells lacking plasmids were similar. Survival of strains 649MR and 649N on glass was identical. Therefore, reduction in the incidence of staphylococcal sepsis may be due in part to loss of virulence that has resulted from plasmid carriage.", "contents": "Effect of plasmid carriage on the virulence of staphylococcus aureus. The possession of any of eight different plasmids by Staphylococcus aureus strain 649--either singly or simultaneously (in no. 649MR)--caused changes in growth kinetics. Six of the plasmids caused an increase in exponential doubling time (by 8-25%), and most also altered the duration of the lag period. Strain 649MR was significantly less virulent for 10-day chick embryos than the corresponding plasmid-negative culture (no. 649N). The avirulence persisted even after loss of the plasmids from no. 649MR. The presence of a single plasmid specifying tetracycline resistance produced a moderate reduction in virulence, but chromosomal tetracycline resistance had an insignificant effect on it. The decrease in virulence could not be attributed to reduced formation of soluble products. It probably resulted from alterations in the cell surface, but membrane-polypeptide profiles of virulent and avirulent cells lacking plasmids were similar. Survival of strains 649MR and 649N on glass was identical. Therefore, reduction in the incidence of staphylococcal sepsis may be due in part to loss of virulence that has resulted from plasmid carriage.", "PMID": 1039330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7974", "title": "Variation in the properties of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated over three months from a single hospital.", "content": "A strain  of Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from a hospital environment over 3 months. Every isolate was lysed by phage 77, had high-level resistance to streptomycin, and was resistant to about 250 pg per ml of both tetracycline and sulphonamide; a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim produced little bacteristatic synergy towards each isolate. All These organisms were thus considered to be \"the same\"; the variation in other properties was probably due to rapid evolutionary change in vivo. the variation in senxitivity to methicillin and neomycin, and the absence of penicillinase production in some isolates, probably indicated loss of the relevant genes. Several isolates had probably acquired resistance to lincomycin by a one-step mutatuon in vivo. The usefulness of lincomycin and analogues in treating staphylococcal infections seems limited.", "contents": "Variation in the properties of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated over three months from a single hospital. A strain  of Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from a hospital environment over 3 months. Every isolate was lysed by phage 77, had high-level resistance to streptomycin, and was resistant to about 250 pg per ml of both tetracycline and sulphonamide; a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim produced little bacteristatic synergy towards each isolate. All These organisms were thus considered to be \"the same\"; the variation in other properties was probably due to rapid evolutionary change in vivo. the variation in senxitivity to methicillin and neomycin, and the absence of penicillinase production in some isolates, probably indicated loss of the relevant genes. Several isolates had probably acquired resistance to lincomycin by a one-step mutatuon in vivo. The usefulness of lincomycin and analogues in treating staphylococcal infections seems limited.", "PMID": 1039331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7975", "title": "8-4 research. Part II: DESIGNING NURSING RESEARCH--EIGHT POINTs of encounter.", "content": "In a two-part series, a proposal for research which integrates practical, technical, and political judgment is presented. Such research is called 8-4 research and is opposed to pseudotechnical research. 8-4 research is discussed as an advance over more current nursing research preoccupations. In Part I it is proposed that nursing research should be considered in terms of payoff not merely promise for nursing, that 8-4 research is a suitable paradigm for all nursing research, and that nursing research is a suitable preoccupation for any and all nursing personnel. In Part II eight points of encounter--as between 8-4 research and pseudotechnical research-pertinent to designing nursing research are given. A conception of design is proposed that displays the role of conation, drive, or intent in any designed research.", "contents": "8-4 research. Part II: DESIGNING NURSING RESEARCH--EIGHT POINTs of encounter. In a two-part series, a proposal for research which integrates practical, technical, and political judgment is presented. Such research is called 8-4 research and is opposed to pseudotechnical research. 8-4 research is discussed as an advance over more current nursing research preoccupations. In Part I it is proposed that nursing research should be considered in terms of payoff not merely promise for nursing, that 8-4 research is a suitable paradigm for all nursing research, and that nursing research is a suitable preoccupation for any and all nursing personnel. In Part II eight points of encounter--as between 8-4 research and pseudotechnical research-pertinent to designing nursing research are given. A conception of design is proposed that displays the role of conation, drive, or intent in any designed research.", "PMID": 1039624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7976", "title": "Research for a practice professional.", "content": "Research for any practice profession necessarily deals with professional arts and skills, with the base of knowledge underlying the practice field, and with the initial and continuing education of the professional. Recent developments and activities in the above areas are discussed, including growth in the investigator pool and studies that deal with the process and outcomes of nursing care.", "contents": "Research for a practice professional. Research for any practice profession necessarily deals with professional arts and skills, with the base of knowledge underlying the practice field, and with the initial and continuing education of the professional. Recent developments and activities in the above areas are discussed, including growth in the investigator pool and studies that deal with the process and outcomes of nursing care.", "PMID": 1039627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7977", "title": "Comparison of Methods for evaluating patient response to nursing care.", "content": "Prenatal patients (chosen because the staff wished to know the patients attitudes toward their care and because on the health-illness continuum they were well and not dependent on staff for their daily needs) were asked to evaluate their obstetric care by means of a questionnaire and an interview. Of 191 questionnaires distributed in the obstetric clinic of a large university medical center, 79 completed forms were returned and 39 interviews were done, using the format of the questionnaires. The interviews were conducted from the clinic by a person not on the clinic staff. Overall results showed no significant difference in patient responses between interview or questionnaire. The study revealed that the patients generally were satisfied with their care but that certain areas needed improvement.", "contents": "Comparison of Methods for evaluating patient response to nursing care. Prenatal patients (chosen because the staff wished to know the patients attitudes toward their care and because on the health-illness continuum they were well and not dependent on staff for their daily needs) were asked to evaluate their obstetric care by means of a questionnaire and an interview. Of 191 questionnaires distributed in the obstetric clinic of a large university medical center, 79 completed forms were returned and 39 interviews were done, using the format of the questionnaires. The interviews were conducted from the clinic by a person not on the clinic staff. Overall results showed no significant difference in patient responses between interview or questionnaire. The study revealed that the patients generally were satisfied with their care but that certain areas needed improvement.", "PMID": 1039628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7978", "title": "Nursing students' opinions about acupuncture and Chinese medicine.", "content": "Eighty senior nursing students at the University of San Francisco (USF) were divided at random into four groups of 20. Two groups were pretested on their knowledge of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. One week later a 50-minute class in acupuncture and Chinese medicine was given in a community health class to one of the two pretexted groups and one of the two untested groups. Following the class, the test was given to all four groups. Using the Solomon Four-Group design to measure effects of pretesting and the class content, significant differences were found between the groups on questions seeking differences, to confirm the first hypothesis that an increase in knowledge about acupuncture and Chinese medicine will accompany an increase in its acceptance as a healing tool and the desire to learn more about it. A t-test on the results of pre- and post- tests confirmed the second hypothesis that there will be no difference between groups in history or maturation from one week to the next.", "contents": "Nursing students' opinions about acupuncture and Chinese medicine. Eighty senior nursing students at the University of San Francisco (USF) were divided at random into four groups of 20. Two groups were pretested on their knowledge of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. One week later a 50-minute class in acupuncture and Chinese medicine was given in a community health class to one of the two pretexted groups and one of the two untested groups. Following the class, the test was given to all four groups. Using the Solomon Four-Group design to measure effects of pretesting and the class content, significant differences were found between the groups on questions seeking differences, to confirm the first hypothesis that an increase in knowledge about acupuncture and Chinese medicine will accompany an increase in its acceptance as a healing tool and the desire to learn more about it. A t-test on the results of pre- and post- tests confirmed the second hypothesis that there will be no difference between groups in history or maturation from one week to the next.", "PMID": 1039629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7979", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastroenteritis in children.", "content": "In vitro studies indicates that the constitutents of the drug combination co-trimoxazole are synergistic against Salmonella and effective against shigella isolated from children ill with gastroenteritis. The drug is well absorbed in children with gastroenteritis due to a variety of causes and is distributed, excreted and metabolized in a manner similar to that seen in normal adult volunteers. The drug is tolerated well by children with gastroenteritis even in very high dosages. Despite its in vitro and pharmacokinetic advantages, co-trimoxazole was not any more efficient than any other durg or no therapy in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis; it seems to have a role, however, in the treatment of typhoid fever and may be life-saving in patients infected with ampicillin- and chloramphenical-resistant strains. It is also effective in the treatment of shigella gastroenteritis and is recommended where ampicillin-resistant strains are encountered. Its potential usefulenss for the treatment of other bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in children must be evaluated by further controlled therapeutic trials.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastroenteritis in children. In vitro studies indicates that the constitutents of the drug combination co-trimoxazole are synergistic against Salmonella and effective against shigella isolated from children ill with gastroenteritis. The drug is well absorbed in children with gastroenteritis due to a variety of causes and is distributed, excreted and metabolized in a manner similar to that seen in normal adult volunteers. The drug is tolerated well by children with gastroenteritis even in very high dosages. Despite its in vitro and pharmacokinetic advantages, co-trimoxazole was not any more efficient than any other durg or no therapy in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis; it seems to have a role, however, in the treatment of typhoid fever and may be life-saving in patients infected with ampicillin- and chloramphenical-resistant strains. It is also effective in the treatment of shigella gastroenteritis and is recommended where ampicillin-resistant strains are encountered. Its potential usefulenss for the treatment of other bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in children must be evaluated by further controlled therapeutic trials.", "PMID": 1039907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7980", "title": "Genetic control of wing disc development in  Drosophila.", "content": "In multicellular organisms morphogenesis results from organized cell proliferation and spatial cell differentiation.  A genetic approach to development has the two-fold task of explaining how the genetic information is selected and how it expresses itself in developmental operations.  The genetic and developmental analysis of morphogenetic mutants in Drosophila has thrown some light on both problems.  Experiments on genetic mosaics confirm the idea that the genetic information is expressed within the cell itself.  The behaviour of those morphogenetic mutants in mosaics suggests the existence of at least two classes of morphogenetic genes.  Genes of a first group (cyto-differentiation genes) would include those controlling cell behaviour relevant to morphogenesis and common to most developing systems: mitotic rate, mitotic orientation, cell recognition and cuticular differentiation.  Those of a second group (selector genes) seem to control developmental pathways and share several operational characteristics.  A functional scheme is advanced showing how selector genes may become activated and control development.  We postulate that inductor molecules interfere with the products of activator genes which are selector specific.  In this way signals extrinsic to the genome become translated into genetic ones.  The activation, or repression, of selector genes occurs once in development and remains clonally irreversible.  This, possibly, is the genetic basis of a stable state of determination.  However, the products of these activated selector genes are required throughout subsequent development in order to maintain a certain pathway.  They may function by activating in turn the corresponding cytodifferentiation genes leading to changes in developmental operations.", "contents": "Genetic control of wing disc development in  Drosophila. In multicellular organisms morphogenesis results from organized cell proliferation and spatial cell differentiation.  A genetic approach to development has the two-fold task of explaining how the genetic information is selected and how it expresses itself in developmental operations.  The genetic and developmental analysis of morphogenetic mutants in Drosophila has thrown some light on both problems.  Experiments on genetic mosaics confirm the idea that the genetic information is expressed within the cell itself.  The behaviour of those morphogenetic mutants in mosaics suggests the existence of at least two classes of morphogenetic genes.  Genes of a first group (cyto-differentiation genes) would include those controlling cell behaviour relevant to morphogenesis and common to most developing systems: mitotic rate, mitotic orientation, cell recognition and cuticular differentiation.  Those of a second group (selector genes) seem to control developmental pathways and share several operational characteristics.  A functional scheme is advanced showing how selector genes may become activated and control development.  We postulate that inductor molecules interfere with the products of activator genes which are selector specific.  In this way signals extrinsic to the genome become translated into genetic ones.  The activation, or repression, of selector genes occurs once in development and remains clonally irreversible.  This, possibly, is the genetic basis of a stable state of determination.  However, the products of these activated selector genes are required throughout subsequent development in order to maintain a certain pathway.  They may function by activating in turn the corresponding cytodifferentiation genes leading to changes in developmental operations.", "PMID": 1039909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7981", "title": "Attmepts to analyse the biochemical basis of regional differences in animal eggs.", "content": "The microinjection of cell material or macromolecules into living cells is potentially useful for identifying cell components responsible for positional information.  Experiments with purified globin mRNA injected into frog oocytes and eggs show that macromolecules can retain their activity when injected into living cells.  Experiments with histones show that injected macromolecules can take up their normal intracellular location in living cells.  Attempts have been made to identify the molecules involved in regulating DNA synthesis, ribosomal RNA synthesis, and early developmental events by fractionating egg cytoplasm, and by rescuing maternal effect mutants.  The present state, and theoretical basis, of such experiments is discussed.", "contents": "Attmepts to analyse the biochemical basis of regional differences in animal eggs. The microinjection of cell material or macromolecules into living cells is potentially useful for identifying cell components responsible for positional information.  Experiments with purified globin mRNA injected into frog oocytes and eggs show that macromolecules can retain their activity when injected into living cells.  Experiments with histones show that injected macromolecules can take up their normal intracellular location in living cells.  Attempts have been made to identify the molecules involved in regulating DNA synthesis, ribosomal RNA synthesis, and early developmental events by fractionating egg cytoplasm, and by rescuing maternal effect mutants.  The present state, and theoretical basis, of such experiments is discussed.", "PMID": 1039910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7982", "title": "Pattern specification in the insect embryo.", "content": "Specification of developmental pathways by specific determining substances prelocalized in the egg cytoplasm is duscussed using the so-called germ cell determinants as an example.  Some theoretical considerations speak against the assumption that in insects the various elements of the basic body plan are specified by a prelocalized mosaic of specific determinants.  Experimental evidence also points towards a largely epigenetic mode of pattern specification.  The process of axial pattern specification can be altered drastically by experiment: in some insects, tail ends may be formed in place of head parts and identical wequences of bocy segments may be specified two or even three times along the longitudinal egg axis.  The experimental results indicate that polarity and regional character of pattern elements formed are specified by one and the same influence, and that this influence can be shifted to or simulated in various other egg regions by transposition or elimination of egg components, or by UV irradiation.  Evidence obtained from several types of experiment in the chironomid midge Smittia points towards a key role for local metabolsim or energy charge in determination of cell polarity and in pattern specification.  A model for embryonic pattern specification involving differential reaction of cells to a system of longitudinal gradients, which was proposed in 1960, can in principle formally account for all results described.  Some striking coincidences of model and experimental results with Wolpert's concept of positional information are noted.  Finally it is pointed out that universality of mechansims for pattern specification is much more likely with respect to formal principles than at the level of their physiological realization.", "contents": "Pattern specification in the insect embryo. Specification of developmental pathways by specific determining substances prelocalized in the egg cytoplasm is duscussed using the so-called germ cell determinants as an example.  Some theoretical considerations speak against the assumption that in insects the various elements of the basic body plan are specified by a prelocalized mosaic of specific determinants.  Experimental evidence also points towards a largely epigenetic mode of pattern specification.  The process of axial pattern specification can be altered drastically by experiment: in some insects, tail ends may be formed in place of head parts and identical wequences of bocy segments may be specified two or even three times along the longitudinal egg axis.  The experimental results indicate that polarity and regional character of pattern elements formed are specified by one and the same influence, and that this influence can be shifted to or simulated in various other egg regions by transposition or elimination of egg components, or by UV irradiation.  Evidence obtained from several types of experiment in the chironomid midge Smittia points towards a key role for local metabolsim or energy charge in determination of cell polarity and in pattern specification.  A model for embryonic pattern specification involving differential reaction of cells to a system of longitudinal gradients, which was proposed in 1960, can in principle formally account for all results described.  Some striking coincidences of model and experimental results with Wolpert's concept of positional information are noted.  Finally it is pointed out that universality of mechansims for pattern specification is much more likely with respect to formal principles than at the level of their physiological realization.", "PMID": 1039911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7983", "title": "The development of neuronal connection patterns in the visual systems of insects.", "content": "The retina of the compound eye contains a patterned spatial array of receptor cell groups whose symmetry and component numerical constancy allow the unique identification of individual cells.  The axon connection patterns arising from the retina similarly are uniquely identifiable and relate by simple consistnet transpositons to the retinal position of their somata.  The coincidence of these features and the epidermal origin or retinula cells provides a model system for the developmental analysis of neural patterns.  It is known that the retina develops by a wave of determinative mitoses and subsequent cellular differentiation, transmitted inductively from a posteriorly situated differentiation centre, which passes over the prospective eye field independently of the growing axon connections with the optic lobe.  The ganglion cells of the optic lobe are similarly produced in a temporal sequence but their subsequent differentiation depends on centripetal innervation and proceeds as a wave initiated in the retina.  Axon growth between the retina and optic neuropiles occurs in this temporal sequence, appears largely non-exploratory and dependent on mechanical guidance.  By contrast, individual axon connections within the neuropile form probabilistically by extensive filopod explorations between cones.  Both growth between and growth within the neuropile depend upon features in the pattern of retinal development which are discussed.", "contents": "The development of neuronal connection patterns in the visual systems of insects. The retina of the compound eye contains a patterned spatial array of receptor cell groups whose symmetry and component numerical constancy allow the unique identification of individual cells.  The axon connection patterns arising from the retina similarly are uniquely identifiable and relate by simple consistnet transpositons to the retinal position of their somata.  The coincidence of these features and the epidermal origin or retinula cells provides a model system for the developmental analysis of neural patterns.  It is known that the retina develops by a wave of determinative mitoses and subsequent cellular differentiation, transmitted inductively from a posteriorly situated differentiation centre, which passes over the prospective eye field independently of the growing axon connections with the optic lobe.  The ganglion cells of the optic lobe are similarly produced in a temporal sequence but their subsequent differentiation depends on centripetal innervation and proceeds as a wave initiated in the retina.  Axon growth between the retina and optic neuropiles occurs in this temporal sequence, appears largely non-exploratory and dependent on mechanical guidance.  By contrast, individual axon connections within the neuropile form probabilistically by extensive filopod explorations between cones.  Both growth between and growth within the neuropile depend upon features in the pattern of retinal development which are discussed.", "PMID": 1039912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7984", "title": "Topography and topology in functional recovery of regenreated sensory and motor systems.", "content": "Motor and sensory nerves can re-establish coordinated movement and accurate sensation when they regrow into denervated tissues of some lower vertebrates.  Motor nerves achieve their end by a competitive process in which each motoneuron innervates many muscle fibres but, in the presence of many applicants, only those synapses from motoneurons most appropriate to a muscle cell, with respect to the original pattern of development, are retained in a functional state.  The discharge pattern of a motoneuron, determined by its connections with the network of central interneurons, is not sensitive to the location of the muscles in which the axon terminates, but the efficacy of transmission from the terminals is.  Sensory nerves re-establish their functional specificity as to receptor type by an inductive  process occurring at the terminals along with the cessation of growth.  However, in the case of cutaneous nerves they can terminate anywhere over the skin surface.  The return of correctly localized reflex behaviour therefore demands a restructuring of the central nervous system in response to local position-specific signals, presumably of developmental origin, that are supplied to the sensory nerves by the skin.  The re-arrangement of the central nervous connections made by the central processes of the sensory neurons probably uses the same competitive mechanism of enabling and disabling formed synaptic connections as is used in sorting out the correct site of functional termination of the peripheral processes of motoneurons.", "contents": "Topography and topology in functional recovery of regenreated sensory and motor systems. Motor and sensory nerves can re-establish coordinated movement and accurate sensation when they regrow into denervated tissues of some lower vertebrates.  Motor nerves achieve their end by a competitive process in which each motoneuron innervates many muscle fibres but, in the presence of many applicants, only those synapses from motoneurons most appropriate to a muscle cell, with respect to the original pattern of development, are retained in a functional state.  The discharge pattern of a motoneuron, determined by its connections with the network of central interneurons, is not sensitive to the location of the muscles in which the axon terminates, but the efficacy of transmission from the terminals is.  Sensory nerves re-establish their functional specificity as to receptor type by an inductive  process occurring at the terminals along with the cessation of growth.  However, in the case of cutaneous nerves they can terminate anywhere over the skin surface.  The return of correctly localized reflex behaviour therefore demands a restructuring of the central nervous system in response to local position-specific signals, presumably of developmental origin, that are supplied to the sensory nerves by the skin.  The re-arrangement of the central nervous connections made by the central processes of the sensory neurons probably uses the same competitive mechanism of enabling and disabling formed synaptic connections as is used in sorting out the correct site of functional termination of the peripheral processes of motoneurons.", "PMID": 1039913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7985", "title": "The structure and properties of a compartment border: the intersegmental boundary in Oncopeltus.", "content": "Garc\u00eda-Bellido et al. have described how groups of cells in developing Drosophila become subdivided into 'compartments'.  Cells within any compartment have rigid prospective fates such that, while their progeny may give rise to variable regions within a compartment, they can never generate cells in any other compartment.  Analysis of the position and shapes on clones allows definition of the compartment boundaries.  I report studies on a compartment boundary (likewise demonstrated by clonal analysis) in the hemipteran insects Oncopeltus and Rhodnius.  The advantage of this border is that it can easily be identified in the light and electron microscopes.  There is an abrupt change of cell shape at the border, which has been analysed by means of serial electron microscope sections.  The types of cell junctions at the border and elsewhere are compared and shown to have no qualitative differences.  The border is an effective barrier to the growth of peripheral sensory axons, although not apparently to dendrites.  The intersegmental boundary allows passage of information relating to cuticle deposition, wounding response, tracheolar movement and intercellular coupling.  Making wounds across the border leads to greater effects on polarity of epidermal cells than making similar wounds elsewhere on the tergites.", "contents": "The structure and properties of a compartment border: the intersegmental boundary in Oncopeltus. Garc\u00eda-Bellido et al. have described how groups of cells in developing Drosophila become subdivided into 'compartments'.  Cells within any compartment have rigid prospective fates such that, while their progeny may give rise to variable regions within a compartment, they can never generate cells in any other compartment.  Analysis of the position and shapes on clones allows definition of the compartment boundaries.  I report studies on a compartment boundary (likewise demonstrated by clonal analysis) in the hemipteran insects Oncopeltus and Rhodnius.  The advantage of this border is that it can easily be identified in the light and electron microscopes.  There is an abrupt change of cell shape at the border, which has been analysed by means of serial electron microscope sections.  The types of cell junctions at the border and elsewhere are compared and shown to have no qualitative differences.  The border is an effective barrier to the growth of peripheral sensory axons, although not apparently to dendrites.  The intersegmental boundary allows passage of information relating to cuticle deposition, wounding response, tracheolar movement and intercellular coupling.  Making wounds across the border leads to greater effects on polarity of epidermal cells than making similar wounds elsewhere on the tergites.", "PMID": 1039914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7986", "title": "A molecular approach to retinotectal specificity.", "content": "An assay is described to examine the hypothesis that retinal neurons adhere preferentially to that part of the optic tectum near theri normal synaptic termini.  The method measures the adherence of isotopically labelled cell bodies from either the dorsal or ventral half of the neural retina of chick embryos to dorsal and ventral tectum halves.  When a labelled cell suspension is prepared from a dorsal half-retina, more cells adhere to the ventral half of the tectum.  When the cells are from the ventral part of the retina, more bind to the dorsal half of the tectum.  This preferential adhesion mimics the retinotectal projection found in vivo and supports an interpretation of neuronal specificity dependent on cell surface adhesive properties.  Molecular mokels are presented that utilize glycosyltransferases and their substrates as the basis for adhesive recognition.  Two of these models suggest that quantitative changes in the distribution of transferases and their substrates determine retinotectal specificity.  The third proposes qualitative variations in these molecules across the retina and tectum.", "contents": "A molecular approach to retinotectal specificity. An assay is described to examine the hypothesis that retinal neurons adhere preferentially to that part of the optic tectum near theri normal synaptic termini.  The method measures the adherence of isotopically labelled cell bodies from either the dorsal or ventral half of the neural retina of chick embryos to dorsal and ventral tectum halves.  When a labelled cell suspension is prepared from a dorsal half-retina, more cells adhere to the ventral half of the tectum.  When the cells are from the ventral part of the retina, more bind to the dorsal half of the tectum.  This preferential adhesion mimics the retinotectal projection found in vivo and supports an interpretation of neuronal specificity dependent on cell surface adhesive properties.  Molecular mokels are presented that utilize glycosyltransferases and their substrates as the basis for adhesive recognition.  Two of these models suggest that quantitative changes in the distribution of transferases and their substrates determine retinotectal specificity.  The third proposes qualitative variations in these molecules across the retina and tectum.", "PMID": 1039915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7987", "title": "Feather pattern development.", "content": "Experiments on skin development in amniotes have shown conclusively that the pattern of cutaneous appendages is determined by the dermis.  The following concept of feather pattern formation is proposed.  The diameter of feather rudiments and the dermal cell density inside the dermal feather condensations are genetically fixed, region-specific parameters.  The first feather rudiment is established along the middorsal line (in the lumbar region) as soon as a sufficient width of dense dermis is available.  This occurs at about 6 1/2 days in the chick embryo.  The next rudiments are formed in front of and behind the first one, within the longitudinal band of dense dermis.  They are laid down as close as possible to the first one, given rudiment diameter and dermal condensation cell density.  In other words, as they form, the middorsal rudiments are tangent circles.. Later they become separated from one another due to longitudinal growth.  As progressively more dense dermis becomes available to the sides of the middorsal row of rudiments, new rudiments are being laid down lateral to the middorsal row, in successive longitudinal rows, until, by 9 or 10 days, all the available dense dermis has been used up.  Again, the rudiments in the lateral rows, given their diameter and dermal condensation cell density, develop as close as possible to those of the preceding row, i.e. tangentially to two neighbouring rudiments of the preceding row, thus generating a hexagonal pattern.", "contents": "Feather pattern development. Experiments on skin development in amniotes have shown conclusively that the pattern of cutaneous appendages is determined by the dermis.  The following concept of feather pattern formation is proposed.  The diameter of feather rudiments and the dermal cell density inside the dermal feather condensations are genetically fixed, region-specific parameters.  The first feather rudiment is established along the middorsal line (in the lumbar region) as soon as a sufficient width of dense dermis is available.  This occurs at about 6 1/2 days in the chick embryo.  The next rudiments are formed in front of and behind the first one, within the longitudinal band of dense dermis.  They are laid down as close as possible to the first one, given rudiment diameter and dermal condensation cell density.  In other words, as they form, the middorsal rudiments are tangent circles.. Later they become separated from one another due to longitudinal growth.  As progressively more dense dermis becomes available to the sides of the middorsal row of rudiments, new rudiments are being laid down lateral to the middorsal row, in successive longitudinal rows, until, by 9 or 10 days, all the available dense dermis has been used up.  Again, the rudiments in the lateral rows, given their diameter and dermal condensation cell density, develop as close as possible to those of the preceding row, i.e. tangentially to two neighbouring rudiments of the preceding row, thus generating a hexagonal pattern.", "PMID": 1039917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7988", "title": "Regeneration and duplication in imaginal discs.", "content": "When two complementary fragments of a Drosophila imaginal disc are cultured in adult abdomens before transfer to host larvae for metamorphosis, the usual result is that one of the two fragments regenerates the missing parts while the other fragment duplicates the anlagen already present.  To account for this it is proposed that in the disc there is a gradient of developmental capacity, by which new positional information can be generated from a cut surface only in the downward direction in the gradient, irrespective of the physical direction faced by the cut surface.  The same kind of behaviour is shown by other epimorphic systems, such as the regenerating appendages of amphibians and of hemmimetabolous insects, and the regenerating body segments of annelids.  The regeneration-duplication rule has been shown to apply for thirteen different cuts in the wing disc, some across the proximodistal and others across the anteroposterior axis.  In both axes there is a reversal in the direction of regenerative ability at the approximate centre of the disc.  As an alternative to the hypothesis of orthogonal double gradients, it is proposed that the wing disc has multiple gradients of developmental capacity which radiate from the centre of the disc.  The location of this centre is known, and its properties are being studied.", "contents": "Regeneration and duplication in imaginal discs. When two complementary fragments of a Drosophila imaginal disc are cultured in adult abdomens before transfer to host larvae for metamorphosis, the usual result is that one of the two fragments regenerates the missing parts while the other fragment duplicates the anlagen already present.  To account for this it is proposed that in the disc there is a gradient of developmental capacity, by which new positional information can be generated from a cut surface only in the downward direction in the gradient, irrespective of the physical direction faced by the cut surface.  The same kind of behaviour is shown by other epimorphic systems, such as the regenerating appendages of amphibians and of hemmimetabolous insects, and the regenerating body segments of annelids.  The regeneration-duplication rule has been shown to apply for thirteen different cuts in the wing disc, some across the proximodistal and others across the anteroposterior axis.  In both axes there is a reversal in the direction of regenerative ability at the approximate centre of the disc.  As an alternative to the hypothesis of orthogonal double gradients, it is proposed that the wing disc has multiple gradients of developmental capacity which radiate from the centre of the disc.  The location of this centre is known, and its properties are being studied.", "PMID": 1039918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7989", "title": "Morphogenesis of the vertebrate limb.", "content": "Pattern formation in both the developing and the regenerating vertebrate limb can be understood in terms of the assignment of positional values to cells.  The positional value may then control the selection of a course of cytodifferentiation as, say, muscle or cartilage.  It is proposed that the proximodistal coordinate of positional value is extablished by a mechanism based on autonomous change with time in a 'progress zone' at the tip of the limb bud.  The anteroposterior coordinate seems to be specified by a positional signal from an orgainzing region.  Only cells in the progress zone respond to this signal.  The change of character in the progress zone may be linked to cell division.  It seems that each skeletal rudiment may initially be the same length, corresponding to the amount of tissue that leaves the progress zone during one cell cycle.  The lengths on the skeletal elements are already specified shortly after exit from the progress zone, and are capable of very little regulation.  The positional value may determine the pregramme of later growth.  The relevance of the progress zone model to epimorphic regulation, and amphibian limb regeneration in particular, is discussed.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the vertebrate limb. Pattern formation in both the developing and the regenerating vertebrate limb can be understood in terms of the assignment of positional values to cells.  The positional value may then control the selection of a course of cytodifferentiation as, say, muscle or cartilage.  It is proposed that the proximodistal coordinate of positional value is extablished by a mechanism based on autonomous change with time in a 'progress zone' at the tip of the limb bud.  The anteroposterior coordinate seems to be specified by a positional signal from an orgainzing region.  Only cells in the progress zone respond to this signal.  The change of character in the progress zone may be linked to cell division.  It seems that each skeletal rudiment may initially be the same length, corresponding to the amount of tissue that leaves the progress zone during one cell cycle.  The lengths on the skeletal elements are already specified shortly after exit from the progress zone, and are capable of very little regulation.  The positional value may determine the pregramme of later growth.  The relevance of the progress zone model to epimorphic regulation, and amphibian limb regeneration in particular, is discussed.", "PMID": 1039919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7990", "title": "Continuing evaluation of coronary care.", "content": "Continuing evaluation of coronary care is necessary to determine its present effectiveness and to establish direction in the effort to decrease mortality after myocardial infarction. Data have been collected on 157 consecutive patients diagnosed as having myocardial infarction who were admitted to the coronary-care unit at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Ariz. The hospital is a teaching hospital with a 560-bed capacity. Data sheets were completed on each patient at the time of transfer from the coronary-care unit. The accumulated data were processed by a computer at the end of a 13-month period. The overall mortality for the group was 16.5 per cent. The factors which were found to have a significant effect on mortality were: (1) location of infarction, (2) presence of heart failure, (3) occurrence of cardiogenic shock, (4) age, and (5) the presence of intraventricular conduction defect. In 19 of the 26 deaths after myocardial infarction, the terminal event was associated with congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiogenic shock. Three patients died of resistant arrhythmia, four of ventricular rupture. These figures indicate that arrhythmia is not a primary cause of death after myocardial infarction and that attention must also be directed to the early diagnosis and treatment of left ventricular failure if coronary care survival rates are to improve.", "contents": "Continuing evaluation of coronary care. Continuing evaluation of coronary care is necessary to determine its present effectiveness and to establish direction in the effort to decrease mortality after myocardial infarction. Data have been collected on 157 consecutive patients diagnosed as having myocardial infarction who were admitted to the coronary-care unit at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Ariz. The hospital is a teaching hospital with a 560-bed capacity. Data sheets were completed on each patient at the time of transfer from the coronary-care unit. The accumulated data were processed by a computer at the end of a 13-month period. The overall mortality for the group was 16.5 per cent. The factors which were found to have a significant effect on mortality were: (1) location of infarction, (2) presence of heart failure, (3) occurrence of cardiogenic shock, (4) age, and (5) the presence of intraventricular conduction defect. In 19 of the 26 deaths after myocardial infarction, the terminal event was associated with congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or cardiogenic shock. Three patients died of resistant arrhythmia, four of ventricular rupture. These figures indicate that arrhythmia is not a primary cause of death after myocardial infarction and that attention must also be directed to the early diagnosis and treatment of left ventricular failure if coronary care survival rates are to improve.", "PMID": 1039978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7991", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a new computerized arrhythmia monitoring system.", "content": "A study has been made of the accuracy of a computerized system of arrhythmia monitoring in the coronary-care unit of the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital. The system provides beat-to-beat analysis of cardiac rhythm and QRS morphology and stores information for display of incidence of abnormalities and trend curves. The variables monitored by the system include: (1) heart rate, (2) early beats, (3) late beats, (4) abnormal QRS waveforms, and combinations of 2, 3, and 4. Accuracy analysis was performed using a standard ECG trace with a simultaneous record of computer classification of each QRS complex on a dual-channel recorder. Thirty-four patients with various cardiac arrhythmias were studied and 188,000 QRS complexes were evaluated. The number of true abnormal beats (abnormal in timing or waveform) recorded by the ECG was 12,194 out of 188,000 or 6.5 per cent. Computer classification accuracy was as follows: false positives (computer diagnosis abnormal but ECG diagnosis normal), 0.10 per cent (191 complexes) of all complexes and 1.56 per cent of true positives. False negatives (computer diagnosis normal but ECG diagnosis abnormal), 0.70 per cent (84 complexes) of abnormal beats. Computer monitoring and analysis of seven variables in cardiac rhythm and QRS waveform abnormalities can be performed with a high degree of accuracy using a compact computer system suitable for intensive-care units.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a new computerized arrhythmia monitoring system. A study has been made of the accuracy of a computerized system of arrhythmia monitoring in the coronary-care unit of the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital. The system provides beat-to-beat analysis of cardiac rhythm and QRS morphology and stores information for display of incidence of abnormalities and trend curves. The variables monitored by the system include: (1) heart rate, (2) early beats, (3) late beats, (4) abnormal QRS waveforms, and combinations of 2, 3, and 4. Accuracy analysis was performed using a standard ECG trace with a simultaneous record of computer classification of each QRS complex on a dual-channel recorder. Thirty-four patients with various cardiac arrhythmias were studied and 188,000 QRS complexes were evaluated. The number of true abnormal beats (abnormal in timing or waveform) recorded by the ECG was 12,194 out of 188,000 or 6.5 per cent. Computer classification accuracy was as follows: false positives (computer diagnosis abnormal but ECG diagnosis normal), 0.10 per cent (191 complexes) of all complexes and 1.56 per cent of true positives. False negatives (computer diagnosis normal but ECG diagnosis abnormal), 0.70 per cent (84 complexes) of abnormal beats. Computer monitoring and analysis of seven variables in cardiac rhythm and QRS waveform abnormalities can be performed with a high degree of accuracy using a compact computer system suitable for intensive-care units.", "PMID": 1039979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7992", "title": "A symposium on surgery for coronary artery disease. Pre-infarction syndrome--surgical indications.", "content": "Although the atherosclerotic process does not penetrate the coronary circulation at subendocardial levesl, the hemodynamic effects of coronary arterial narrowing occur at the endocardial and myocardial cellular levels. Theee resultant deprivation of blood supply to these tissue areas eventually leads to myocardial infarction. In certain clinical situations, a sudden increase in symptoms signifies and impending acute ischemic process. Three parameters have clinically been used to evaluate the changes that lead progressively to myocardial infarction: symptoms, electrocardiogram, and serum enzyme levels. The typical preinfarction patient experiences episodes of acute angina pectoris, sometimes intense and prolonged, and often unresponsive to nitroglycerin. Physical examination is usually not remarkable, serum enzyme levels are normal if tissue damage has not occurred, and the electrocardiogram is variable with pain. Th pathologic process in the preinfarction patient is frequently confined to the proximal arterial segment of one or more of the coronary arteries, usually in the form of a high-grade (in excess of 95 per cent) atherosclerotic lesion. This pathologic condition presents a satisfactory distal arterial segment suitable for bypass, and these patients are ideal candidates for urgent myocardial revascularization.", "contents": "A symposium on surgery for coronary artery disease. Pre-infarction syndrome--surgical indications. Although the atherosclerotic process does not penetrate the coronary circulation at subendocardial levesl, the hemodynamic effects of coronary arterial narrowing occur at the endocardial and myocardial cellular levels. Theee resultant deprivation of blood supply to these tissue areas eventually leads to myocardial infarction. In certain clinical situations, a sudden increase in symptoms signifies and impending acute ischemic process. Three parameters have clinically been used to evaluate the changes that lead progressively to myocardial infarction: symptoms, electrocardiogram, and serum enzyme levels. The typical preinfarction patient experiences episodes of acute angina pectoris, sometimes intense and prolonged, and often unresponsive to nitroglycerin. Physical examination is usually not remarkable, serum enzyme levels are normal if tissue damage has not occurred, and the electrocardiogram is variable with pain. Th pathologic process in the preinfarction patient is frequently confined to the proximal arterial segment of one or more of the coronary arteries, usually in the form of a high-grade (in excess of 95 per cent) atherosclerotic lesion. This pathologic condition presents a satisfactory distal arterial segment suitable for bypass, and these patients are ideal candidates for urgent myocardial revascularization.", "PMID": 1039985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7993", "title": "Surgical correction of coronary arterial disease associated with lesions of the aorta ad its major branches.", "content": "When a candidate for aortocoronary bypass has an associated lesion of the aorta orone of its major branches, a single operation may be indicated for correction of both problems. Three typical cases illustrate the concept of the combined approach to surgical management of coronary arterial lesions and associated carotid arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and superficial-femoral arterial disease. An aortocoronary bypass candidate with carotid stenosis may be in imminent danger of both myocardial infarction and stroke. The selection of the proper sequence of operations under these circumstances is extremely important because any form of hypotension might produce a stroke. Cardiopulmonary bypass usually results in at least a transient reduction of the systemic pressure which would further compromise the blood flow across the tight stenosis of the carotid artery. Therefore, we recommended repair of the carotid lesion before aortocoronary bypass is attempted in order to avoid the possibility of postoperative stroke. The combined presence of coronary arterial disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm is indication for operation, but resection of the aneurysm involves cross-clamping of the aorta, and subsequent changes in arterial pressure might impair the coronary circulation and lead to myocardial infarction. On the other hand, the systemic heparinization required for the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass and arterial pressure changes could affect the integrity of aneurysm. Unless the abdominal aneurysm is expanding, however, we elect to perform coronay revascularization first, with resection and graft replacement of the aneurysm immediately after heparin reversal. Occlusive disease of the superficial femoral artery can be corrected immediately following aortocoronary bypass. Since the femoral and upper leg incisions have been performed, in certain cases it is convenient to complete the femoral popliteal bypass while the chest is being closed, thus saving a separate operation to correct the femoral occlusive disease.", "contents": "Surgical correction of coronary arterial disease associated with lesions of the aorta ad its major branches. When a candidate for aortocoronary bypass has an associated lesion of the aorta orone of its major branches, a single operation may be indicated for correction of both problems. Three typical cases illustrate the concept of the combined approach to surgical management of coronary arterial lesions and associated carotid arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and superficial-femoral arterial disease. An aortocoronary bypass candidate with carotid stenosis may be in imminent danger of both myocardial infarction and stroke. The selection of the proper sequence of operations under these circumstances is extremely important because any form of hypotension might produce a stroke. Cardiopulmonary bypass usually results in at least a transient reduction of the systemic pressure which would further compromise the blood flow across the tight stenosis of the carotid artery. Therefore, we recommended repair of the carotid lesion before aortocoronary bypass is attempted in order to avoid the possibility of postoperative stroke. The combined presence of coronary arterial disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm is indication for operation, but resection of the aneurysm involves cross-clamping of the aorta, and subsequent changes in arterial pressure might impair the coronary circulation and lead to myocardial infarction. On the other hand, the systemic heparinization required for the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass and arterial pressure changes could affect the integrity of aneurysm. Unless the abdominal aneurysm is expanding, however, we elect to perform coronay revascularization first, with resection and graft replacement of the aneurysm immediately after heparin reversal. Occlusive disease of the superficial femoral artery can be corrected immediately following aortocoronary bypass. Since the femoral and upper leg incisions have been performed, in certain cases it is convenient to complete the femoral popliteal bypass while the chest is being closed, thus saving a separate operation to correct the femoral occlusive disease.", "PMID": 1039986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7994", "title": "Peritonitis--old and new thoughts.", "content": "A review of the etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical picture of peritonitis is presented. A regimen for treatment is outlined. Complications and newer methods of adjuvant therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Peritonitis--old and new thoughts. A review of the etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical picture of peritonitis is presented. A regimen for treatment is outlined. Complications and newer methods of adjuvant therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1039992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7995", "title": "Decisions to treat critically ill patients: a comparison of social versus medical considerations.", "content": "A questionnaire survey shows that physicians in four medical specialties evaluate chronically and terminally ill patients not only in terms of the physiological aspects of illness but also in terms of the extent to which they are capable of interacting with others. A patient's potential capacity to perform his social roles depends upon his \"salvageability,\" i;e., the likelihood that he will be able to resume his roles and the degree of irreversible physical or mental damage which indicates his capacity for resuming them. The priorities in terms of treatment are the following: (1) salvageable patients with physical damage; (2) salvageable patients with mental damage and unsalvageable patients with physical damage; (3) unsalvageable patients with mental damage. Within these catagories variables such as patient attitude, family attitude, age, and social class, which define the social environment of the patient, also influence the physician's decision to treat him. Studies of hospital records of cases in two of the specialties were consistent with they survey findings. The findings suggest that there is a disparity between the traditional ethic concerning the treatment of such patients and the actual behavior of many physicians. As a solution to the inconsistencies between ideal and actual behavior, the development of medical guidelines for the withdrawal of treatment with respect ot certain specifically defined conditions is recommended.", "contents": "Decisions to treat critically ill patients: a comparison of social versus medical considerations. A questionnaire survey shows that physicians in four medical specialties evaluate chronically and terminally ill patients not only in terms of the physiological aspects of illness but also in terms of the extent to which they are capable of interacting with others. A patient's potential capacity to perform his social roles depends upon his \"salvageability,\" i;e., the likelihood that he will be able to resume his roles and the degree of irreversible physical or mental damage which indicates his capacity for resuming them. The priorities in terms of treatment are the following: (1) salvageable patients with physical damage; (2) salvageable patients with mental damage and unsalvageable patients with physical damage; (3) unsalvageable patients with mental damage. Within these catagories variables such as patient attitude, family attitude, age, and social class, which define the social environment of the patient, also influence the physician's decision to treat him. Studies of hospital records of cases in two of the specialties were consistent with they survey findings. The findings suggest that there is a disparity between the traditional ethic concerning the treatment of such patients and the actual behavior of many physicians. As a solution to the inconsistencies between ideal and actual behavior, the development of medical guidelines for the withdrawal of treatment with respect ot certain specifically defined conditions is recommended.", "PMID": 1040132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7996", "title": "The development of ambiguous federal policy: early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT).", "content": "This paper examines why Congress's first major program for comprehensive health care to needy children took five years to begin even partial operation. An examination of the 1967 program's legislative history reveals that Congress paid little attention to EPSDT's implications: it was left ambiguous whether health (Title V) or welfare (Title XIX) would administer; costs were never clearly stated; eligibility and scope of services to be provided were left vague. Despite pressure from welfare rights interest groups, these ambiguities delayed the preparation of regulation and guidelines which never did succeed in resolving the question of overlapping jurisdiction and costs. In addition, many states' resistance to paying for the program further held up implementation. The paper concluded that: (1) Congress's and HEW's unwillingness to face up to the real costs of health programs threatens long-term public and state support for such programs; (2) division of responsibility between health and welfare lessens the impact of a program; (3) grant-in-aid programs give states the power to distort the intent of federal health policies; and (4) where states fail to implement such policies, initiatives may pass to consumer advocacy groups.", "contents": "The development of ambiguous federal policy: early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT). This paper examines why Congress's first major program for comprehensive health care to needy children took five years to begin even partial operation. An examination of the 1967 program's legislative history reveals that Congress paid little attention to EPSDT's implications: it was left ambiguous whether health (Title V) or welfare (Title XIX) would administer; costs were never clearly stated; eligibility and scope of services to be provided were left vague. Despite pressure from welfare rights interest groups, these ambiguities delayed the preparation of regulation and guidelines which never did succeed in resolving the question of overlapping jurisdiction and costs. In addition, many states' resistance to paying for the program further held up implementation. The paper concluded that: (1) Congress's and HEW's unwillingness to face up to the real costs of health programs threatens long-term public and state support for such programs; (2) division of responsibility between health and welfare lessens the impact of a program; (3) grant-in-aid programs give states the power to distort the intent of federal health policies; and (4) where states fail to implement such policies, initiatives may pass to consumer advocacy groups.", "PMID": 1040133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7997", "title": "New organizations out of old ones: teaching group practices out of private practice and outpatient departments.", "content": "A private group practice and a traditional hospital medical clinic are joined together as a teaching group practice for primary care (Internal Medical Associates). Responsible for revenues as well as costs, the practice is administered by a board of managers composed of physicians, nurses, and administrators in the practice. This decentralization of practice from the clinical department and hospital administration has resulted in (1) a reduction in the numbers of physicians needed for the practice, (2) a greater visit census with increased physician productivity, and (3) a reduced operating deficit and better understanding of transient and educational costs. The matrix organization of the board of managers has resulted in better communication and a commitment of the staff to common goals. Public demand for a single standard of care for patients of all backgrounds, professional aspirations to work in groups, and educators' interest in training outside the hospital converge to make such reorganizations of practical necessity.", "contents": "New organizations out of old ones: teaching group practices out of private practice and outpatient departments. A private group practice and a traditional hospital medical clinic are joined together as a teaching group practice for primary care (Internal Medical Associates). Responsible for revenues as well as costs, the practice is administered by a board of managers composed of physicians, nurses, and administrators in the practice. This decentralization of practice from the clinical department and hospital administration has resulted in (1) a reduction in the numbers of physicians needed for the practice, (2) a greater visit census with increased physician productivity, and (3) a reduced operating deficit and better understanding of transient and educational costs. The matrix organization of the board of managers has resulted in better communication and a commitment of the staff to common goals. Public demand for a single standard of care for patients of all backgrounds, professional aspirations to work in groups, and educators' interest in training outside the hospital converge to make such reorganizations of practical necessity.", "PMID": 1040134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7998", "title": "Teamwork in health care in the U.S.: a sociological perspective.", "content": "Reactions to teamwork, whether in health care, science and research, or in other areas, are seldom neutral. While some see in it a panacea that will help solve many stubborn organizational problems, others condemn it on a variety of grounds. Impetus to the development of team approaches to the delivery of health care and concern over their performance have been tied to a number of trends: a marked increase in specialization and division of labor as a result of expansion in health-related knowledge and technology, a corresponding emphasis upon coordination, a broadening concept of health and an increase in the types of activities included under its rubric, and a manpower shortage especially in the highly trained professions. This paper reviews current studies, important findings, and points out neglected dimensions. Themes prominent in the literature include: (a) status, power, authority, and influence; (b) roles and professional domains; and (c) decision making and communication. A number of important dimensions seem to be neglected, such as the effectiveness of teams as an approach to the delivery of services, the modes of organization and the dilemma of gate-keeping decisions, and the relations of team approaches to the manpower problems.", "contents": "Teamwork in health care in the U.S.: a sociological perspective. Reactions to teamwork, whether in health care, science and research, or in other areas, are seldom neutral. While some see in it a panacea that will help solve many stubborn organizational problems, others condemn it on a variety of grounds. Impetus to the development of team approaches to the delivery of health care and concern over their performance have been tied to a number of trends: a marked increase in specialization and division of labor as a result of expansion in health-related knowledge and technology, a corresponding emphasis upon coordination, a broadening concept of health and an increase in the types of activities included under its rubric, and a manpower shortage especially in the highly trained professions. This paper reviews current studies, important findings, and points out neglected dimensions. Themes prominent in the literature include: (a) status, power, authority, and influence; (b) roles and professional domains; and (c) decision making and communication. A number of important dimensions seem to be neglected, such as the effectiveness of teams as an approach to the delivery of services, the modes of organization and the dilemma of gate-keeping decisions, and the relations of team approaches to the manpower problems.", "PMID": 1040135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_7999", "title": "The school nurse practitioner.", "content": "Whatever the specific details of their practices, SNPs have shown themselves able to function effectively in their expanded roles because they have assumed more responsibility, initiative, interdependence, and independence in caring for children.  Specifically, they have learned to be confident of their decision-making abilities, to adapt themselves to an expanded framework of nursing, and to regard themselves as highly qualified professionals.  What this means to the individual nurse practitioner, the parent and--most important--the child is well summed up in these remarks from Larea Younkman, SNP in the Denver Public Schools: \"Previously,\" she writes, \"my recommendations to the parents as to what to do and when, such as seeking medical attention, were frequently too general and consequently not heeded by the parent.  Now when I talk to a parent, I am not only confident of my findings but I'm also much more convinced that what I suggest is necessary.  As a result, parents are looking at SNPs differently, trusting our judgment, and, I think, following through on the advice we offer to a greater extent than previously.\"  Thus the SNP could well be the vital bridge between this country's traditional system of health care delivery and those children who are deprived of the care they need through reluctance, ignorance, parental apathy, or lack of available health care facilities.", "contents": "The school nurse practitioner. Whatever the specific details of their practices, SNPs have shown themselves able to function effectively in their expanded roles because they have assumed more responsibility, initiative, interdependence, and independence in caring for children.  Specifically, they have learned to be confident of their decision-making abilities, to adapt themselves to an expanded framework of nursing, and to regard themselves as highly qualified professionals.  What this means to the individual nurse practitioner, the parent and--most important--the child is well summed up in these remarks from Larea Younkman, SNP in the Denver Public Schools: \"Previously,\" she writes, \"my recommendations to the parents as to what to do and when, such as seeking medical attention, were frequently too general and consequently not heeded by the parent.  Now when I talk to a parent, I am not only confident of my findings but I'm also much more convinced that what I suggest is necessary.  As a result, parents are looking at SNPs differently, trusting our judgment, and, I think, following through on the advice we offer to a greater extent than previously.\"  Thus the SNP could well be the vital bridge between this country's traditional system of health care delivery and those children who are deprived of the care they need through reluctance, ignorance, parental apathy, or lack of available health care facilities.", "PMID": 1040157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8000", "title": "A conceptual framework for curriculum development.", "content": "A conceptual framework provides boundaries within which facts, concepts, theories, and propositions from three theoretical sources interact with clarity, coherence, and consistency. From the framework objectives are derived. The framework gives direction to the curriculum design. Finally, the conceptual framework serves as a background against which objectives can be tested. A conceptual framework for curriculum encourages systematic curriculum evaluation that will eventually allow us to more accurately describe, explain, predict, and control the work of curriculum.", "contents": "A conceptual framework for curriculum development. A conceptual framework provides boundaries within which facts, concepts, theories, and propositions from three theoretical sources interact with clarity, coherence, and consistency. From the framework objectives are derived. The framework gives direction to the curriculum design. Finally, the conceptual framework serves as a background against which objectives can be tested. A conceptual framework for curriculum encourages systematic curriculum evaluation that will eventually allow us to more accurately describe, explain, predict, and control the work of curriculum.", "PMID": 1040168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8001", "title": "Differences in susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to tetracycline and minocycline.", "content": "Two hundred strains of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 311 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were compared for their susceptibility to tetracycline and minocycline. Thirteen and one-half percent of the staphylococcal isolates were resistant to tetracycline but susceptible to minocycline. Similarly, 24% of the enterobacterial isolates were found to be tetracycline resistant but susceptible to minocycline. Of a total of 511 recent clinical isolates, 14.5% were susceptible to minocycline but were tetracycline resistant.", "contents": "Differences in susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to tetracycline and minocycline. Two hundred strains of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 311 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were compared for their susceptibility to tetracycline and minocycline. Thirteen and one-half percent of the staphylococcal isolates were resistant to tetracycline but susceptible to minocycline. Similarly, 24% of the enterobacterial isolates were found to be tetracycline resistant but susceptible to minocycline. Of a total of 511 recent clinical isolates, 14.5% were susceptible to minocycline but were tetracycline resistant.", "PMID": 1040464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8002", "title": "An evaluation of the use of intraventricularly administered [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine as a marker for endogenous brain 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Following the intraventricular injection of a small amount of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT), the amount of radioactivity in telencephalic structures on the injected side was 6--7 times larger than that in corresponding areas on the opposite side. Moreover, a multiphasic disappearance of [3H]5-HT from whole brain or midbrain was found after the intraventricular injection of the labeled amine. However, after the intraventricular injection of [3H]tryptophan, the levels of [3H]5-HT in midbrain declined in a monophasic manner. A significant portion of the labeled amine derived from intraventricularly administered [3H]5-HT was resistant to the depleting effect of Ro4-1284 or to that elicited by destruction of the midbrain raphe nuclei, both of which caused an almost complete loss  of endogenous 5-HT and labeled 5-HT formed from tryptophan. It thus appears that the intraventricular injection of [3H]5-HT leads to the formation of artifactual pools which are not present if the amine is synthesized in vivo. Studies with 6-hydroxydopamine suggested, however, that uptake of [3H]5-HT into adrenergic neurons did not occur to any great extent.", "contents": "An evaluation of the use of intraventricularly administered [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine as a marker for endogenous brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Following the intraventricular injection of a small amount of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT), the amount of radioactivity in telencephalic structures on the injected side was 6--7 times larger than that in corresponding areas on the opposite side. Moreover, a multiphasic disappearance of [3H]5-HT from whole brain or midbrain was found after the intraventricular injection of the labeled amine. However, after the intraventricular injection of [3H]tryptophan, the levels of [3H]5-HT in midbrain declined in a monophasic manner. A significant portion of the labeled amine derived from intraventricularly administered [3H]5-HT was resistant to the depleting effect of Ro4-1284 or to that elicited by destruction of the midbrain raphe nuclei, both of which caused an almost complete loss  of endogenous 5-HT and labeled 5-HT formed from tryptophan. It thus appears that the intraventricular injection of [3H]5-HT leads to the formation of artifactual pools which are not present if the amine is synthesized in vivo. Studies with 6-hydroxydopamine suggested, however, that uptake of [3H]5-HT into adrenergic neurons did not occur to any great extent.", "PMID": 1040550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8003", "title": "Minocycline sensitivity related to the phage type of multiply resistant staphylococci.", "content": "Clinical isolated of multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphlococcus aureus were divided into three  groups by phage typing. The most prevalent type, which is usually cloxacillin resistant, was found to be moderately sensitive to minocycline. Unfortunately the degree of sensitivity is not sufficient to warrant the use of the antibiotic in severe staphlococcal infection.", "contents": "Minocycline sensitivity related to the phage type of multiply resistant staphylococci. Clinical isolated of multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphlococcus aureus were divided into three  groups by phage typing. The most prevalent type, which is usually cloxacillin resistant, was found to be moderately sensitive to minocycline. Unfortunately the degree of sensitivity is not sufficient to warrant the use of the antibiotic in severe staphlococcal infection.", "PMID": 1040627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8004", "title": "Further evolution of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus in vivo: evidence for significant inactivation of flucloxacillin by penicillinase.", "content": "A strain of Staphylococcus aureus (no. FAR4) has been isolated at intervals, for 32 months, from the sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis of the lung. Changes in the properties of isolates of this strain over the first 18 months have been reported previously (Lacey et al., 1973 and 1974). During the last 14 months (May 1973 to July 1974), further evolution has occurred to produce a total of 31 distinct phenotypes. Recent changes are as follows. 1. The ability of isolates to produce penicillinase in vitro was closely correlated with flucloxacillin therapy. Inactivation of flucloxacillin by penicillinase was demonstrated by diffusion testing (but not MIC determination) in vitro and may have occurred to a significant extent in vivo. 2. Lincomycin-resistant mutants slowly disappeared from the sputum after the termination of clindamycin therapy. 3. All of the recent isolates were resistant to erythromycin, possibly because of the linkage of the genes coding for erythromycin resistance with those coding for the production of delta-haemolysin; delta-haemolysin may be an important \"virulence factor\".", "contents": "Further evolution of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus in vivo: evidence for significant inactivation of flucloxacillin by penicillinase. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus (no. FAR4) has been isolated at intervals, for 32 months, from the sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis of the lung. Changes in the properties of isolates of this strain over the first 18 months have been reported previously (Lacey et al., 1973 and 1974). During the last 14 months (May 1973 to July 1974), further evolution has occurred to produce a total of 31 distinct phenotypes. Recent changes are as follows. 1. The ability of isolates to produce penicillinase in vitro was closely correlated with flucloxacillin therapy. Inactivation of flucloxacillin by penicillinase was demonstrated by diffusion testing (but not MIC determination) in vitro and may have occurred to a significant extent in vivo. 2. Lincomycin-resistant mutants slowly disappeared from the sputum after the termination of clindamycin therapy. 3. All of the recent isolates were resistant to erythromycin, possibly because of the linkage of the genes coding for erythromycin resistance with those coding for the production of delta-haemolysin; delta-haemolysin may be an important \"virulence factor\".", "PMID": 1040676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8005", "title": "A comprehensive approach to dental health in a school population.", "content": "A program to provide school children with dental health education and preventive services was initiated by the Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry. This program utilized several generally untapped resources. The emphasis was on classroom education using teachers who were motivated by special workshops as well as students of dental auxiliary training programs. These dental auxiliary students under the supervision of a dental health educator were used to educate the classroom teachers as well as to teach children in the classroom. Direct dental services were also provided in the program in the form of preventive services utilizing an unused dental chair available at a school.", "contents": "A comprehensive approach to dental health in a school population. A program to provide school children with dental health education and preventive services was initiated by the Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry. This program utilized several generally untapped resources. The emphasis was on classroom education using teachers who were motivated by special workshops as well as students of dental auxiliary training programs. These dental auxiliary students under the supervision of a dental health educator were used to educate the classroom teachers as well as to teach children in the classroom. Direct dental services were also provided in the program in the form of preventive services utilizing an unused dental chair available at a school.", "PMID": 1040713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8006", "title": "Antibiotic sensitivity of two Aeromonas and nine Pseudomonas species.", "content": "An agar dilution method was used to determine the in vitro sensitivity of different Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species to sulphonamide, tetracycline, colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amplicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin. P. aeruginosa was generally sensitive to carbenicillin, colistin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. P. putida and P. fluorescens were generally resistant to beta-lactam antibodies but sensitive to gentamicin and tobramycin. P. cepacia and P. maltophilia were mostly resistant to colistin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Other Pseudomonas species were usually more sensitive to the antibodies tested. Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were mostly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics but sensitive to other antibiotics, while strains of A. shigelloides were very sensitive to all antibiotics tested.", "contents": "Antibiotic sensitivity of two Aeromonas and nine Pseudomonas species. An agar dilution method was used to determine the in vitro sensitivity of different Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species to sulphonamide, tetracycline, colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amplicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin. P. aeruginosa was generally sensitive to carbenicillin, colistin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. P. putida and P. fluorescens were generally resistant to beta-lactam antibodies but sensitive to gentamicin and tobramycin. P. cepacia and P. maltophilia were mostly resistant to colistin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Other Pseudomonas species were usually more sensitive to the antibodies tested. Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were mostly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics but sensitive to other antibiotics, while strains of A. shigelloides were very sensitive to all antibiotics tested.", "PMID": 1040755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8007", "title": "On paying the fiddler to change the tune: further evidence from Ontario regarding the impace of universal health insurance on the organization and patterns of medical practice.", "content": "This paper compares the findings from a 1973 community household interview survey conducted in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, with the findings from a similar study conducted in 1968 in the same city by a research team from the World Health Organization. Sault Ste. Marie is the site of the first Canadian consumer-sponsored prepaid group practice. Opposition by the private, solo practice sector of this community to this new modality of medical practice was considerable. Since 1969, with the introduction of universal health insurance in Ontario, the cost and benefit differences between solo and group practice medical care have been eliminated. By comparing the findings from the 1973 study with similar data from the 1968 WHO survey, observations can be made about the impact of universal health insurance on the organization and patterns of medical practice. Implications for the United States are important in view of the recent passage of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 and the expected enactment of some form of national health insurance.", "contents": "On paying the fiddler to change the tune: further evidence from Ontario regarding the impace of universal health insurance on the organization and patterns of medical practice. This paper compares the findings from a 1973 community household interview survey conducted in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, with the findings from a similar study conducted in 1968 in the same city by a research team from the World Health Organization. Sault Ste. Marie is the site of the first Canadian consumer-sponsored prepaid group practice. Opposition by the private, solo practice sector of this community to this new modality of medical practice was considerable. Since 1969, with the introduction of universal health insurance in Ontario, the cost and benefit differences between solo and group practice medical care have been eliminated. By comparing the findings from the 1973 study with similar data from the 1968 WHO survey, observations can be made about the impact of universal health insurance on the organization and patterns of medical practice. Implications for the United States are important in view of the recent passage of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 and the expected enactment of some form of national health insurance.", "PMID": 1040757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8008", "title": "Factors affecting the choice between prepaid group practice and alternative insurance programs.", "content": "This paper examines the basis for the selection of prepaid group practice in a dual-choice situation, and the social, attitudinal, and health characteristics of populations choosing prepaid programs in contrast to other plans. When asked in an open-ended way why they made the decisions they did, those selecting prepaid group practice most frequently referred to the more comprehensive coverage provided and to the fact that at the time of choice they lacked a continuing or adequate relationship with a physician. Enrollees in the prepaid program were better educated and, contrary to previous research, more likely to be unmarried. There was little evidence that enrollees in the prepaid plan brought with them distinctive kinds of attitudes and orientations toward illness and medical care. Enrollees in the prepaid program were also comparable to those retaining an alternative health insurance option on a number of indicators of health status. However, prepaid practice enrollees tended to report more chronic conditions than persons who declined to enroll in the prepaid program. Although the overrepresentation of persons with chronic illnesses is not large, data drawn from a related study suggests that persons with several chronic conditions tend to be heavy users of medical services.", "contents": "Factors affecting the choice between prepaid group practice and alternative insurance programs. This paper examines the basis for the selection of prepaid group practice in a dual-choice situation, and the social, attitudinal, and health characteristics of populations choosing prepaid programs in contrast to other plans. When asked in an open-ended way why they made the decisions they did, those selecting prepaid group practice most frequently referred to the more comprehensive coverage provided and to the fact that at the time of choice they lacked a continuing or adequate relationship with a physician. Enrollees in the prepaid program were better educated and, contrary to previous research, more likely to be unmarried. There was little evidence that enrollees in the prepaid plan brought with them distinctive kinds of attitudes and orientations toward illness and medical care. Enrollees in the prepaid program were also comparable to those retaining an alternative health insurance option on a number of indicators of health status. However, prepaid practice enrollees tended to report more chronic conditions than persons who declined to enroll in the prepaid program. Although the overrepresentation of persons with chronic illnesses is not large, data drawn from a related study suggests that persons with several chronic conditions tend to be heavy users of medical services.", "PMID": 1040758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8009", "title": "Dental care and the health maintenance organization concept.", "content": "The principal dental diseases, caries and periodontal disease, affect almost the entire population and result in considerable pain and discomfort, with eventual tooth loss, if untreated. These disorders can either be prevented or their effects minimized through dental intervention so that intact functioning dentitions can be maintained. Despite the fact that enough practicing dentists probably exist in the United States to achieve these results, the majority of the population lose all of their natural teeth if they live out their normal life spans. The solo-practice fee-for-service system, even with third-party payment, may reduce the difficulties somewhat but cannot solve the problem. Prepaid dental group practice, either independently or as part of a general health care system, has the potential of virtually eliminating edentulism in populations for which it has responsibility. At present, it is possible to project costs and resource needs with sufficient accuracy to start viable entities. The \"health maintenance organization\" concept, therefore, applies to dental care.", "contents": "Dental care and the health maintenance organization concept. The principal dental diseases, caries and periodontal disease, affect almost the entire population and result in considerable pain and discomfort, with eventual tooth loss, if untreated. These disorders can either be prevented or their effects minimized through dental intervention so that intact functioning dentitions can be maintained. Despite the fact that enough practicing dentists probably exist in the United States to achieve these results, the majority of the population lose all of their natural teeth if they live out their normal life spans. The solo-practice fee-for-service system, even with third-party payment, may reduce the difficulties somewhat but cannot solve the problem. Prepaid dental group practice, either independently or as part of a general health care system, has the potential of virtually eliminating edentulism in populations for which it has responsibility. At present, it is possible to project costs and resource needs with sufficient accuracy to start viable entities. The \"health maintenance organization\" concept, therefore, applies to dental care.", "PMID": 1040759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8010", "title": "The pricing behavior of medical groups.", "content": "This study discusses a model of the pricing behavior of medical groups. Using data collected, by a mail survey, from medical groups in North Carolina, an empirical test of the model is performed. The results suggest that the prices charged by medical groups are positively influenced by the per capita income of the county in which the group is located, and the per physician utilization of medical, technical, and office personnel. They also suggest that for groups in the sample, a non-physician manager and a non-salaried system of remuneration to member physicians are negatively related to the price of medical services. The results of this study also indicate that the managerial structure of group practice is an important area for further research.", "contents": "The pricing behavior of medical groups. This study discusses a model of the pricing behavior of medical groups. Using data collected, by a mail survey, from medical groups in North Carolina, an empirical test of the model is performed. The results suggest that the prices charged by medical groups are positively influenced by the per capita income of the county in which the group is located, and the per physician utilization of medical, technical, and office personnel. They also suggest that for groups in the sample, a non-physician manager and a non-salaried system of remuneration to member physicians are negatively related to the price of medical services. The results of this study also indicate that the managerial structure of group practice is an important area for further research.", "PMID": 1040760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8011", "title": "On the development and classification of diagnoses.", "content": "Nurses, as noted earlier, always have and are now using the five steps of the diagnosis process. This utilization is a valuable and essential element of a profession. On the other hand, conceptual analysis of the process suggests that all ten steps are necessary conditions for a natural history of nursing. Such a natural history would constitute a taxonomy of nursing diagnoses and would identify and codify essential concerns and associated nomenclatures which have been agreed upon by members of the profession. In turn, such an agreement would lead to a common universe of discourse for the clinicians, the students, the teachers, the administrators, and the researchers in nursing. A workable taxonomy would provide potential points of reference, purpose, and direction and would facilitate communication and collaboration in nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing research. Such a taxonomy would constitute a systematic ordering of the unique body of knowledge of nursing and would provide a foundation of level-one theory. On this basis could be built higher-level theories that are grounded in observable phenomena. This development, in turn, would create a bridge across the knowledge-practice gap and would allow more effective application of scientific knowledge to specific clinical patient-care and nursing problems. A workable taxonomy of nursing diagnoses would articulate areas of unique concern to nurses and nursing and would allow more unequivocal communication of the focus, limits, and nature of the realm of nursing to other professions, third-party payers, governmental agencies, and the public. Without the development of such a framework, nursing research will continue to flounder, nursing education will continue to lack articulation of ordered body of knowledge of nursing concerns and related cognitive and other competencies, and nursing practice will continue to drift toward the use of medical terminology and to focus on dependent and technical nursing functions and the extension of the role of the nurse in the domain of medicine. In short, the lack of a sound taxonomy of nursing diagnoses endangers the realm of independent functions of nursing--its care, comfort, and compassion for the person who suffers from illness, and its focus on increased patient self-help ability, self-determination, and health promotion.", "contents": "On the development and classification of diagnoses. Nurses, as noted earlier, always have and are now using the five steps of the diagnosis process. This utilization is a valuable and essential element of a profession. On the other hand, conceptual analysis of the process suggests that all ten steps are necessary conditions for a natural history of nursing. Such a natural history would constitute a taxonomy of nursing diagnoses and would identify and codify essential concerns and associated nomenclatures which have been agreed upon by members of the profession. In turn, such an agreement would lead to a common universe of discourse for the clinicians, the students, the teachers, the administrators, and the researchers in nursing. A workable taxonomy would provide potential points of reference, purpose, and direction and would facilitate communication and collaboration in nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing research. Such a taxonomy would constitute a systematic ordering of the unique body of knowledge of nursing and would provide a foundation of level-one theory. On this basis could be built higher-level theories that are grounded in observable phenomena. This development, in turn, would create a bridge across the knowledge-practice gap and would allow more effective application of scientific knowledge to specific clinical patient-care and nursing problems. A workable taxonomy of nursing diagnoses would articulate areas of unique concern to nurses and nursing and would allow more unequivocal communication of the focus, limits, and nature of the realm of nursing to other professions, third-party payers, governmental agencies, and the public. Without the development of such a framework, nursing research will continue to flounder, nursing education will continue to lack articulation of ordered body of knowledge of nursing concerns and related cognitive and other competencies, and nursing practice will continue to drift toward the use of medical terminology and to focus on dependent and technical nursing functions and the extension of the role of the nurse in the domain of medicine. In short, the lack of a sound taxonomy of nursing diagnoses endangers the realm of independent functions of nursing--its care, comfort, and compassion for the person who suffers from illness, and its focus on increased patient self-help ability, self-determination, and health promotion.", "PMID": 1040855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8012", "title": "Utilization of amino acids by the isolated perfused sheep liver.", "content": "To test Elwyn's suggestion [1970], that high concentrations of amino acids supplied to the liver from the hepatic artery do not stimulate protein synthesis, substrates containing amino acids have been infused into either the hepatic artery or portal vein of isolated sheep livers. The livers received highly oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and partly deoxygenated blood from the portal vein. There were no significant differences in amino acid uptake (81 +/- 4% of input), urea output (69 +/- 6% of uptake) or 'protein synthesis' as assessed by N accumulation in the liver. Amino acids were actively extracted from the plasma by both routes of infusion and , when the concentrations simul-ted those occurring in the portal vein of fed sheep, the uptake was very similar to that in vivo. When an amino acid mixture based on that absorbed in dogs was infused, the extraction of individual amino acids was similar except for a negligible uptake of valine, leucine and isoleucine. In these experiments protein synthesis was also very low.", "contents": "Utilization of amino acids by the isolated perfused sheep liver. To test Elwyn's suggestion [1970], that high concentrations of amino acids supplied to the liver from the hepatic artery do not stimulate protein synthesis, substrates containing amino acids have been infused into either the hepatic artery or portal vein of isolated sheep livers. The livers received highly oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and partly deoxygenated blood from the portal vein. There were no significant differences in amino acid uptake (81 +/- 4% of input), urea output (69 +/- 6% of uptake) or 'protein synthesis' as assessed by N accumulation in the liver. Amino acids were actively extracted from the plasma by both routes of infusion and , when the concentrations simul-ted those occurring in the portal vein of fed sheep, the uptake was very similar to that in vivo. When an amino acid mixture based on that absorbed in dogs was infused, the extraction of individual amino acids was similar except for a negligible uptake of valine, leucine and isoleucine. In these experiments protein synthesis was also very low.", "PMID": 1040937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8013", "title": "Lacoferrin in rabbit bile: its relation to iron metabolism.", "content": "The relation of biliary lactoferrin concentration and the iron status of the body was studied in normal, anaemic and iron-loaded rabbits. In anaemic rabbits lactoferrin concentrations rose to two to three times the original values. Loading with iron resulted in a return to normal values. Mobilization of iron with desferrioxamine also gave a rise in lactoferrin concentration in bile. Lactoferrin may have a regulatory function in situations of enhanced iron absorption or mobilization of iron from depots.", "contents": "Lacoferrin in rabbit bile: its relation to iron metabolism. The relation of biliary lactoferrin concentration and the iron status of the body was studied in normal, anaemic and iron-loaded rabbits. In anaemic rabbits lactoferrin concentrations rose to two to three times the original values. Loading with iron resulted in a return to normal values. Mobilization of iron with desferrioxamine also gave a rise in lactoferrin concentration in bile. Lactoferrin may have a regulatory function in situations of enhanced iron absorption or mobilization of iron from depots.", "PMID": 1040938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8014", "title": "The influence of phentolamine on the hyperglycaemic and lipolytic effects of ammonia in sheep.", "content": "Intravenous infusion over 30 min of ammonium chloride [10-1 g/kg b.w.] caused a significant increase of blood glucose and free fatty acids levels, and a similar effect was observed with adrenaline. Phentolamine [1 mg/kg b.w.] abolished the hyperglycaemic action of ammonium chloride but only slightly diminished the lipolytic effect. It is concluded that the ammonium ion influences carbohydrate metabolism chiefly by way of catecholamines and stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors, while tissue lipids are mobilized by ammonia by another route, possibley directly.", "contents": "The influence of phentolamine on the hyperglycaemic and lipolytic effects of ammonia in sheep. Intravenous infusion over 30 min of ammonium chloride [10-1 g/kg b.w.] caused a significant increase of blood glucose and free fatty acids levels, and a similar effect was observed with adrenaline. Phentolamine [1 mg/kg b.w.] abolished the hyperglycaemic action of ammonium chloride but only slightly diminished the lipolytic effect. It is concluded that the ammonium ion influences carbohydrate metabolism chiefly by way of catecholamines and stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors, while tissue lipids are mobilized by ammonia by another route, possibley directly.", "PMID": 1040939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8015", "title": "[The bacteriological diagnosis of vibrio fetus infection in man (author's transl)].", "content": "A synopsis of the present classification of Vibrio fetus is given (tab. 1, 2). Besides the presentation of the importance of these bacteria in veterinary medicine, 97 human infections have been published up to now. The geographic, age and sex distribution of these cases and the material out of which the pathogens were isolated is presented (tab. 3, 4). The clinical picture is summarized. For the culture of Vibrio fetus liver broth as described by TAROZZI incubated for at least 3-4 days was suitable as enrichment medium. The necessity of a prolonged incubation period was shown by results of continous registration of the optical density of growing Vibrio fetus cultures (fig. 1). If specimen is plated out on solid culture media before enrichment, the suitable media are chocolate agar, brain-heart infusion and Bacto-tryptose agar. For subcultures the DST-agar is also useful. Solid media cultures should be incubated microaerobically with 10% CO2 added. The resistance to Cephalothin of Vibrio fetus can be applied for selection on solid culture media. The metabolic activities of different Vibrio fetus biotypes were compared. A hitherto not reported metabolic activity, the hydrolysis of palmitic acid ester, is described (tab. 5). In the tube dilution test Vibrio fetus strains were sensitive to Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Ciclacillin and Carbenicillin. They were resistent to Penicillin G, Cephalotin and Sulfonamid and showed borderline sensitivities to Tetracyclin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol (tab. 6).", "contents": "[The bacteriological diagnosis of vibrio fetus infection in man (author's transl)]. A synopsis of the present classification of Vibrio fetus is given (tab. 1, 2). Besides the presentation of the importance of these bacteria in veterinary medicine, 97 human infections have been published up to now. The geographic, age and sex distribution of these cases and the material out of which the pathogens were isolated is presented (tab. 3, 4). The clinical picture is summarized. For the culture of Vibrio fetus liver broth as described by TAROZZI incubated for at least 3-4 days was suitable as enrichment medium. The necessity of a prolonged incubation period was shown by results of continous registration of the optical density of growing Vibrio fetus cultures (fig. 1). If specimen is plated out on solid culture media before enrichment, the suitable media are chocolate agar, brain-heart infusion and Bacto-tryptose agar. For subcultures the DST-agar is also useful. Solid media cultures should be incubated microaerobically with 10% CO2 added. The resistance to Cephalothin of Vibrio fetus can be applied for selection on solid culture media. The metabolic activities of different Vibrio fetus biotypes were compared. A hitherto not reported metabolic activity, the hydrolysis of palmitic acid ester, is described (tab. 5). In the tube dilution test Vibrio fetus strains were sensitive to Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Ciclacillin and Carbenicillin. They were resistent to Penicillin G, Cephalotin and Sulfonamid and showed borderline sensitivities to Tetracyclin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol (tab. 6).", "PMID": 1041142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8016", "title": "Transversal and longitudinal lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic and lung fluids of fetal lambs.", "content": "Lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were measured in both amniotic and in lung fluids of fetal lambs. Around Day 130 of fetal age sudden increase of L/S ratio appeared in lung fluid. The amniotic L/S ratio increased only slowly as a consequence of which false negative values were obtained. A respiratory distress syndrome is to be expected when the lung fluid shows a L/S ratio less than 2. The L/S ratio of lung fluid is preferable to amniotic L/S ratio. In comparison with those of amniotic fluid the L/S ratios of lung fluid were significantly higher. Lung fluid secretion was measured daily. Large differences were seen among the lambs. Two days before delivery a striking decrease in the quantity of lung fluid production was noticed in all aminals.", "contents": "Transversal and longitudinal lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic and lung fluids of fetal lambs. Lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were measured in both amniotic and in lung fluids of fetal lambs. Around Day 130 of fetal age sudden increase of L/S ratio appeared in lung fluid. The amniotic L/S ratio increased only slowly as a consequence of which false negative values were obtained. A respiratory distress syndrome is to be expected when the lung fluid shows a L/S ratio less than 2. The L/S ratio of lung fluid is preferable to amniotic L/S ratio. In comparison with those of amniotic fluid the L/S ratios of lung fluid were significantly higher. Lung fluid secretion was measured daily. Large differences were seen among the lambs. Two days before delivery a striking decrease in the quantity of lung fluid production was noticed in all aminals.", "PMID": 1041194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8017", "title": "In vitro activity of penicillins against anaerobes.", "content": "The in vitro susceptibility of 162 anaerobic isolates from clinical material were tested to pencillin G, BL-P1654, and carbenicillin. Penicillin G and BL-P1654 showed good activity against Bacteroides fragilis, but only 60% of strains were susceptible to carbenicillin at achievable blood levels (128 mug/ml).", "contents": "In vitro activity of penicillins against anaerobes. The in vitro susceptibility of 162 anaerobic isolates from clinical material were tested to pencillin G, BL-P1654, and carbenicillin. Penicillin G and BL-P1654 showed good activity against Bacteroides fragilis, but only 60% of strains were susceptible to carbenicillin at achievable blood levels (128 mug/ml).", "PMID": 1041215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8018", "title": "BL-P1654: a bacteriostatic penicillin?", "content": "In tube dilution studies, large discrepancies between inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 against Pseudomonas were observed. To explain these discrepancies which were not observed with carbenicillin, the kinetics of bacterial killing by these two penicillins were evaluated and compared. The kinetics of bacterial killing by both antimicrobial agents were characteristic of a penicillin, with killing initiating simultaneously with growth. Kill curves revealed the presence of a small number of cells resistant to BL-P1654 which were not detectable macroscopically. Studies on microbial resistance also showed the presence of a small but consistent number of cells resistant to BL-P1654 over a broad range of concentrations above its minimal inhibitory concentration. This pattern of resistance was not observed with carbenicillin. Thus, the discrepancies between inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 were not due to any unusual bacteriostatic activity but rather due to a small number of resistant cells whose presence could be detected only by sensitive subculturing techniques.", "contents": "BL-P1654: a bacteriostatic penicillin? In tube dilution studies, large discrepancies between inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 against Pseudomonas were observed. To explain these discrepancies which were not observed with carbenicillin, the kinetics of bacterial killing by these two penicillins were evaluated and compared. The kinetics of bacterial killing by both antimicrobial agents were characteristic of a penicillin, with killing initiating simultaneously with growth. Kill curves revealed the presence of a small number of cells resistant to BL-P1654 which were not detectable macroscopically. Studies on microbial resistance also showed the presence of a small but consistent number of cells resistant to BL-P1654 over a broad range of concentrations above its minimal inhibitory concentration. This pattern of resistance was not observed with carbenicillin. Thus, the discrepancies between inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 were not due to any unusual bacteriostatic activity but rather due to a small number of resistant cells whose presence could be detected only by sensitive subculturing techniques.", "PMID": 1041216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8019", "title": "Assessment of susceptibility of ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria to cephalosporins.", "content": "The susceptibility of 103 ampicillin-resistant strains of enterobacteria to two cephalosporins was assessed by turbidimetric monitoring and disk diffusion tests. The results obtained suggest that in most cases a correlation exists between the suppression of growth of a dense bacterial culture for a therapeutically acceptable period by a fixed, high concentration of cephalosporin and a large zone of inhibition (>/=24 mm) using a high potency disk. This correlation was found to hold good when a moderate, subconfluent inoculum and commercially obtained blood-agar plates were used for the disk test, but not when the stringent conditions required by the Kirby-Bauer test (which demands a dense inoculum on Mueller-Hinton agar) were employed. Better correlation was obtained with cephaloridine than with cephalothin. This approach to the interpretation of disk diffusion tests gives a grossly different picture of the susceptibility of ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria to cephalosporins than do conventional minimal inhibitory concentration-based correlations.", "contents": "Assessment of susceptibility of ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria to cephalosporins. The susceptibility of 103 ampicillin-resistant strains of enterobacteria to two cephalosporins was assessed by turbidimetric monitoring and disk diffusion tests. The results obtained suggest that in most cases a correlation exists between the suppression of growth of a dense bacterial culture for a therapeutically acceptable period by a fixed, high concentration of cephalosporin and a large zone of inhibition (>/=24 mm) using a high potency disk. This correlation was found to hold good when a moderate, subconfluent inoculum and commercially obtained blood-agar plates were used for the disk test, but not when the stringent conditions required by the Kirby-Bauer test (which demands a dense inoculum on Mueller-Hinton agar) were employed. Better correlation was obtained with cephaloridine than with cephalothin. This approach to the interpretation of disk diffusion tests gives a grossly different picture of the susceptibility of ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria to cephalosporins than do conventional minimal inhibitory concentration-based correlations.", "PMID": 1041217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8020", "title": "In vivo protection of Fusobacterium necrophorum from penicillin by Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "A mixed infection of Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum was resistant to treatment with penicillin even though a pure F. necrophorum infection could be successfully treated with penicillin. Since B. fragilis alone did not produce infection, these results indicate that B. fragilis can protect F. necrophorum from penicillin in vivo. The extent of protection afforded by a strain of B. fragilis was related to its level of resistance to penicillin. Only a few cells of B. fragilis were required in the initial bacterial injection. Moreover, protection was demonstrated when B. fragilis cells were injected as late as 24 h after the F. necrophorum cells. Protection of F. necrophorum from penicillin by B. fragilis was also demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "In vivo protection of Fusobacterium necrophorum from penicillin by Bacteroides fragilis. A mixed infection of Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum was resistant to treatment with penicillin even though a pure F. necrophorum infection could be successfully treated with penicillin. Since B. fragilis alone did not produce infection, these results indicate that B. fragilis can protect F. necrophorum from penicillin in vivo. The extent of protection afforded by a strain of B. fragilis was related to its level of resistance to penicillin. Only a few cells of B. fragilis were required in the initial bacterial injection. Moreover, protection was demonstrated when B. fragilis cells were injected as late as 24 h after the F. necrophorum cells. Protection of F. necrophorum from penicillin by B. fragilis was also demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 1041218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8021", "title": "Minocycline in staphylococcal soft-tissue infections.", "content": "Fifteen patients who had severe Staphylococcus aureus infections were treated with minocycline for 6 to 24 days; all responded satisfactorily. Where possible, posttherapy cultures were taken, and in all instances, the pathogen was eradicated. There was no adverse reactions. Minocycline proved to be an acceptable and effective alternative for staphylococcal soft-tissue infections. It has the following advantages: (1) it is administered orally on a twice-daily dosage schedule, which facilitates patient compliance; (2) its toxicity is well defined and is not troublesome during short-term therapy; and (3) it penetrates tissues in therapeutic amounts and yields serum levels that are well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most staphylococci.", "contents": "Minocycline in staphylococcal soft-tissue infections. Fifteen patients who had severe Staphylococcus aureus infections were treated with minocycline for 6 to 24 days; all responded satisfactorily. Where possible, posttherapy cultures were taken, and in all instances, the pathogen was eradicated. There was no adverse reactions. Minocycline proved to be an acceptable and effective alternative for staphylococcal soft-tissue infections. It has the following advantages: (1) it is administered orally on a twice-daily dosage schedule, which facilitates patient compliance; (2) its toxicity is well defined and is not troublesome during short-term therapy; and (3) it penetrates tissues in therapeutic amounts and yields serum levels that are well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most staphylococci.", "PMID": 1041230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8022", "title": "Structural equivalents of latency for lysosome hydrolases.", "content": "1. Structure-linked latency, a trait for most lysosome hydrolase activities, is customarily ascribed to the permeability-barrier function performed by the particle-limiting membrane, which shields enzyme sites from externally added substrates. 2. The influence of various substrate concentrations on the reaction rate has been measured for both free (non-latent) and total (completely unmasked by Triton X-100) hydrolase activities in rat liver cell-free preparations. The substrates were: beta-glycerophosphate, phenolphthalein mono-beta-glucuronide. p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. The ratio (free activity/total activity) X 100 is called fractional free activity at any given substrate concentration. 3. The fractional free activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were clearly independent of substrate concentration, over the range examined, in both homogenates and lysosome-rich fractions. The fractional free activity of acid phosphatase appeared to be either unaffected (homogenate) or even depressed (lysosome-rich fraction) by increasing the beta-glycerophosphate concentration. The fractional free activity of beta-galactosidase consistently showed a non-linear increase with increasing substrate concentration in both homogenates and lysosome-rich fractions. 4. Procedures such as treatment with digitonin, hypo-osmotic shock and acid autolysis, although effective in causing varying degrees of resolution of the latency of lysosome hydrolase activities, were unable to modify appreciably the pattern of dependence or independence of their fractional free activities on substrate concentration, as compared with that exhibited by control preparations. Ouabain did not affect the free beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity of liver homogenates at all. 5. Preincubation of control preparations with beta-glycerophosphate or p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside did not result in any significant stimulation of the free hydrolytic activity toward these substrates. 6. The results consistently support the view that the membrane of \"intact\" lysosomes is virtually impermeable to all the substrates tested, except for p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside, for which the evidence is contradictory. Moreover the progressive unmasking of the hydrolase activities produced by these procedures in vitro reflects the increasing proportion of enzyme sites that are fully accessible to their substrates rather than a graded increase in the permeability of the lysosomal membrane.", "contents": "Structural equivalents of latency for lysosome hydrolases. 1. Structure-linked latency, a trait for most lysosome hydrolase activities, is customarily ascribed to the permeability-barrier function performed by the particle-limiting membrane, which shields enzyme sites from externally added substrates. 2. The influence of various substrate concentrations on the reaction rate has been measured for both free (non-latent) and total (completely unmasked by Triton X-100) hydrolase activities in rat liver cell-free preparations. The substrates were: beta-glycerophosphate, phenolphthalein mono-beta-glucuronide. p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. The ratio (free activity/total activity) X 100 is called fractional free activity at any given substrate concentration. 3. The fractional free activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were clearly independent of substrate concentration, over the range examined, in both homogenates and lysosome-rich fractions. The fractional free activity of acid phosphatase appeared to be either unaffected (homogenate) or even depressed (lysosome-rich fraction) by increasing the beta-glycerophosphate concentration. The fractional free activity of beta-galactosidase consistently showed a non-linear increase with increasing substrate concentration in both homogenates and lysosome-rich fractions. 4. Procedures such as treatment with digitonin, hypo-osmotic shock and acid autolysis, although effective in causing varying degrees of resolution of the latency of lysosome hydrolase activities, were unable to modify appreciably the pattern of dependence or independence of their fractional free activities on substrate concentration, as compared with that exhibited by control preparations. Ouabain did not affect the free beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity of liver homogenates at all. 5. Preincubation of control preparations with beta-glycerophosphate or p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside did not result in any significant stimulation of the free hydrolytic activity toward these substrates. 6. The results consistently support the view that the membrane of \"intact\" lysosomes is virtually impermeable to all the substrates tested, except for p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside, for which the evidence is contradictory. Moreover the progressive unmasking of the hydrolase activities produced by these procedures in vitro reflects the increasing proportion of enzyme sites that are fully accessible to their substrates rather than a graded increase in the permeability of the lysosomal membrane.", "PMID": 1041236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8023", "title": "The ionic channels in excitable membranes.", "content": "The ionic channels in excitable membranes are of two classes: those that open and close when the membrane potential alters and those that respond to the release of an appropriate chemical transmitter. The former are responsible for the conduction of impulses in nerve and muscle fibres and the latter for synaptic transmission. It is now clear that the sodium and potassium channels in electrically excitable membranes are functionally distinct, since each can be blocked without affecting the behaviour of the other. It has recently proved possible to study, in the voltage-clamped squid giant axon, the movements of the mobile charges or dipoles that form the voltage-sensitive portion of the sodium channels, which give rise to the so-called 'gating' current. Detailed comparisons can now be made between the kinetics of the ionic conductances as described by Hodgkin & Huxley, and the steady-state distribution and kinetics of the charged controlling particles, which should lead to useful conclusions about the intramolecular organization of the sodium channels and the conformational changes that take place under the influence of the electric field. There is as yet little information about the chemical nature of the electrically excitable channels, but significant progress has been made towards the isolation and characterization of the acetylcholine receptors in muscle and electric organ.", "contents": "The ionic channels in excitable membranes. The ionic channels in excitable membranes are of two classes: those that open and close when the membrane potential alters and those that respond to the release of an appropriate chemical transmitter. The former are responsible for the conduction of impulses in nerve and muscle fibres and the latter for synaptic transmission. It is now clear that the sodium and potassium channels in electrically excitable membranes are functionally distinct, since each can be blocked without affecting the behaviour of the other. It has recently proved possible to study, in the voltage-clamped squid giant axon, the movements of the mobile charges or dipoles that form the voltage-sensitive portion of the sodium channels, which give rise to the so-called 'gating' current. Detailed comparisons can now be made between the kinetics of the ionic conductances as described by Hodgkin & Huxley, and the steady-state distribution and kinetics of the charged controlling particles, which should lead to useful conclusions about the intramolecular organization of the sodium channels and the conformational changes that take place under the influence of the electric field. There is as yet little information about the chemical nature of the electrically excitable channels, but significant progress has been made towards the isolation and characterization of the acetylcholine receptors in muscle and electric organ.", "PMID": 1041242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8024", "title": "How does ATP act as an energy source?", "content": "Two misleading conclusions drawn from the classical treatment of thermodynamics are, first, that single molecules cannot be treated thermodynamically and, second, that all real processes must be irreversible. The first conclusion has meant that the disruptive effect of thermal motions has been ignored, the second has meant that dynamic forces which cannot exist without stored energy, have been left out of account. The effect of these beliefs is demonstrated by analysis in detail of a simple electrostatic model of muscle. It is shown that the necessity of protecting each step against decay of the stored energy, and the requirement that each should be specific, has the effect of stopping the model actually working. Moreover, the character of static forces, which are strongest after their stored energy has been used up, precludes their use in cyclic processes because as much stored energy is required to undo them later in the cycle. Covalent intermediates are also examined from a quantum mechanical viewpoint and it is shown how these store energy which can be transferred by resonant transitions in the ground state when groups like phosphate are transferred chemically between molecules. But this analysis shows that, necessarily, the energy remains stored and therefore not available for muscular contraction. Then it follows naturally both that bond vibrations are produced in exothermic chemical reactions and that, because the force disappears when the energy has been used up, resonant exchange of stored energy in the excited state should solve the difficulties of previous approaches to these problems.", "contents": "How does ATP act as an energy source? Two misleading conclusions drawn from the classical treatment of thermodynamics are, first, that single molecules cannot be treated thermodynamically and, second, that all real processes must be irreversible. The first conclusion has meant that the disruptive effect of thermal motions has been ignored, the second has meant that dynamic forces which cannot exist without stored energy, have been left out of account. The effect of these beliefs is demonstrated by analysis in detail of a simple electrostatic model of muscle. It is shown that the necessity of protecting each step against decay of the stored energy, and the requirement that each should be specific, has the effect of stopping the model actually working. Moreover, the character of static forces, which are strongest after their stored energy has been used up, precludes their use in cyclic processes because as much stored energy is required to undo them later in the cycle. Covalent intermediates are also examined from a quantum mechanical viewpoint and it is shown how these store energy which can be transferred by resonant transitions in the ground state when groups like phosphate are transferred chemically between molecules. But this analysis shows that, necessarily, the energy remains stored and therefore not available for muscular contraction. Then it follows naturally both that bond vibrations are produced in exothermic chemical reactions and that, because the force disappears when the energy has been used up, resonant exchange of stored energy in the excited state should solve the difficulties of previous approaches to these problems.", "PMID": 1041244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8025", "title": "Muscle as a thermodynamic machine.", "content": "Three main problems in the energetics of muscular contraction confront us at the present time:- (1) Thermodynamics. This is a labyrinthine subject in the sense that there are often several equally correct ways (that may appear different) of arriving at the same result. The recent advances in the kinetics of the reactions of muscle proteins have increased still further the need for understanding among muscle physiologists-and other biologists-of those parts of thermodynamics that concern them directly, notably those relating work and chemical change. (2) Energy balance. Over the whole cycle of contraction, relaxation and oxidative recovery, the observed energy output (heat + work) can be accounted for by the chemical processes currently believed to operate in the cycle. In contrast, during contraction and relaxation alone, the energy output is greater than can be accounted for by the extent of known chemical reactions combined with their heats of reaction (measured calorimetrically). The physical and chemical methods cross-check one another-hence the usefulness of the method. The details of this discrepancy may vary from species to species but it is seen in all the experiments known at this time. The general problem will be resolved only when we know more about the chemical reactions that have occurred and reliable measurements have been made of their heats of reaction in vitro. (3) Work balance. Work and heat differ thermodynamically and, since the production of work is a primary function of muscles, the question naturally arises whether the observed splitting of ATP (combined with estimates of the change in free energy of this reaction) is sufficient to account for the work observed. On present information, which is imperfect in several respects, the chemical change is sufficient to account for the work. Estimates of the efficiency of transduction vary in different laboratories from 45 to 66%.", "contents": "Muscle as a thermodynamic machine. Three main problems in the energetics of muscular contraction confront us at the present time:- (1) Thermodynamics. This is a labyrinthine subject in the sense that there are often several equally correct ways (that may appear different) of arriving at the same result. The recent advances in the kinetics of the reactions of muscle proteins have increased still further the need for understanding among muscle physiologists-and other biologists-of those parts of thermodynamics that concern them directly, notably those relating work and chemical change. (2) Energy balance. Over the whole cycle of contraction, relaxation and oxidative recovery, the observed energy output (heat + work) can be accounted for by the chemical processes currently believed to operate in the cycle. In contrast, during contraction and relaxation alone, the energy output is greater than can be accounted for by the extent of known chemical reactions combined with their heats of reaction (measured calorimetrically). The physical and chemical methods cross-check one another-hence the usefulness of the method. The details of this discrepancy may vary from species to species but it is seen in all the experiments known at this time. The general problem will be resolved only when we know more about the chemical reactions that have occurred and reliable measurements have been made of their heats of reaction in vitro. (3) Work balance. Work and heat differ thermodynamically and, since the production of work is a primary function of muscles, the question naturally arises whether the observed splitting of ATP (combined with estimates of the change in free energy of this reaction) is sufficient to account for the work observed. On present information, which is imperfect in several respects, the chemical change is sufficient to account for the work. Estimates of the efficiency of transduction vary in different laboratories from 45 to 66%.", "PMID": 1041245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8026", "title": "Mechanical and biochemical cycles in muscle contraction.", "content": "The current biochemical approach to understanding the mechanism by which chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy in muscle is by investigating the kinetics of the reaction of ATP with the isolated contractile proteins in solution with stopped and quenched flow techniques. The results are interpreted in terms of a cycle of hydrolysis of ATP. The current mechanical approach lies through the kinetics of force production or length change in preparations with the contractile proteins intact, by following step changes in length or tension. The results are usually interpreted in terms of mechanical cycles of activity of cross-bridges, in which a cross-bridge progresses through a series of states with different mechanical properties. If the biochemist's and the mechanist's cycles are one and the same, a problem arises over the correspondence between states in the two cycles. One approach to answering this question is through the determination of the effect of pH and of such substances as ATP, ADP and inorganic orthophosphate on the mechanical response. We hope that these will act at known points in the biochemist's cycle and their influence upon the mechanical cycle should enable their location here to be ascertained. The paper deals with the effects of phosphate, ATP and magnesium ions on the mechanical response of insect flight muscle.", "contents": "Mechanical and biochemical cycles in muscle contraction. The current biochemical approach to understanding the mechanism by which chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy in muscle is by investigating the kinetics of the reaction of ATP with the isolated contractile proteins in solution with stopped and quenched flow techniques. The results are interpreted in terms of a cycle of hydrolysis of ATP. The current mechanical approach lies through the kinetics of force production or length change in preparations with the contractile proteins intact, by following step changes in length or tension. The results are usually interpreted in terms of mechanical cycles of activity of cross-bridges, in which a cross-bridge progresses through a series of states with different mechanical properties. If the biochemist's and the mechanist's cycles are one and the same, a problem arises over the correspondence between states in the two cycles. One approach to answering this question is through the determination of the effect of pH and of such substances as ATP, ADP and inorganic orthophosphate on the mechanical response. We hope that these will act at known points in the biochemist's cycle and their influence upon the mechanical cycle should enable their location here to be ascertained. The paper deals with the effects of phosphate, ATP and magnesium ions on the mechanical response of insect flight muscle.", "PMID": 1041246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8027", "title": "[Psychoses in epilepsy--classification and EEG-studies (author's transl)].", "content": "It is necessary to classify the epileptic psychoses before starting a comparative study between psychopathological and electroencephalographic findings. The knowledge of the epileptic psychoses is at the moment too incomplete for a systematic order following aetiological or topic aspects. The traditionally system of epileptic psychoses distributes in chronic and episodic, phasic, especially circular, reversible and irreversible psychopathological manifestations. We differentiate psychotic states with or without disturbances of consciousness. Well-known in EEG studies of symptomatic and endogenic psychoses is, that in these psychoses the same clinical syndrom can be related to normal and to pathological electroencephalographic findings. This contradiction could often be explained when the activity of the psychoses was taken into consideration. The activity of the psychoses is to be determined by the duration, number, intensity and variability of the psychopathological symptoms. From his own investigations from 30 patients with schizophreniform epileptic psychoses, episode affective disorders and both depressive and manic psychoses, it could be shown, that normal EEGs are markedly infrequent. Most often they occur in subacute schizophreniform epileptic psychoses. The EEG of active and particularly of schizophreniform epileptic psychoses is most often characterized by simultaneous appearance of sharp waves, paroxysmal dysrhythmias and abnormal rhythm formations. Active schizophreniform psychoses correlate usually with abnormal rhythms. These abnormal rhythms (\"parenrhythmien\") diminish parallel with loss of activity of the psychotic process, are correspondingly seldom seen in subacute psychoses, and are not demonstrable in inactive psychoses. The experience of an alternating correspondence between epileptic psychoses and frequency of seizures could be confirmed.", "contents": "[Psychoses in epilepsy--classification and EEG-studies (author's transl)]. It is necessary to classify the epileptic psychoses before starting a comparative study between psychopathological and electroencephalographic findings. The knowledge of the epileptic psychoses is at the moment too incomplete for a systematic order following aetiological or topic aspects. The traditionally system of epileptic psychoses distributes in chronic and episodic, phasic, especially circular, reversible and irreversible psychopathological manifestations. We differentiate psychotic states with or without disturbances of consciousness. Well-known in EEG studies of symptomatic and endogenic psychoses is, that in these psychoses the same clinical syndrom can be related to normal and to pathological electroencephalographic findings. This contradiction could often be explained when the activity of the psychoses was taken into consideration. The activity of the psychoses is to be determined by the duration, number, intensity and variability of the psychopathological symptoms. From his own investigations from 30 patients with schizophreniform epileptic psychoses, episode affective disorders and both depressive and manic psychoses, it could be shown, that normal EEGs are markedly infrequent. Most often they occur in subacute schizophreniform epileptic psychoses. The EEG of active and particularly of schizophreniform epileptic psychoses is most often characterized by simultaneous appearance of sharp waves, paroxysmal dysrhythmias and abnormal rhythm formations. Active schizophreniform psychoses correlate usually with abnormal rhythms. These abnormal rhythms (\"parenrhythmien\") diminish parallel with loss of activity of the psychotic process, are correspondingly seldom seen in subacute psychoses, and are not demonstrable in inactive psychoses. The experience of an alternating correspondence between epileptic psychoses and frequency of seizures could be confirmed.", "PMID": 1041249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8028", "title": "[Methods for recording and quantitative measurement of rigidity and spasticity (author's transl)].", "content": "First pathophysiological aspects of rigidity and spasticity are described with special regard to the possibilities of errors during the measurement of muscle tone in man. The following methods are explained and discussed: Psychometric techniques, physical analysis of movements (kinesiology, photobadismography, kinetometry), pendulousness tests, investigations of reflexes (T-reflex, H-reflex, H/M-ratio), electromyographic methods (after-activity, silent period, unloading-reflex, stretch-reflex, release-phaenomen), and torque measurements. In the main we discussed these techniques with the view-point of diagnosis and drug effects. Furthermore we expressed our opinion on the relevance of the different methods. Last the most important sources of errors are tabulated.", "contents": "[Methods for recording and quantitative measurement of rigidity and spasticity (author's transl)]. First pathophysiological aspects of rigidity and spasticity are described with special regard to the possibilities of errors during the measurement of muscle tone in man. The following methods are explained and discussed: Psychometric techniques, physical analysis of movements (kinesiology, photobadismography, kinetometry), pendulousness tests, investigations of reflexes (T-reflex, H-reflex, H/M-ratio), electromyographic methods (after-activity, silent period, unloading-reflex, stretch-reflex, release-phaenomen), and torque measurements. In the main we discussed these techniques with the view-point of diagnosis and drug effects. Furthermore we expressed our opinion on the relevance of the different methods. Last the most important sources of errors are tabulated.", "PMID": 1041250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8029", "title": "[Occlusion of sinus sagittalis superior by infiltration of a tumor metastasis (author's transl)].", "content": "As a casuistic contribution to differential diagnosis of thrombosis of cerebral veins and sinuses a case of occlusion of sinus sagittalis superior by infiltration of an intracerebral metastasis from a teratoma of testis is reported. The leading symptoms - epileptic seizures, progressive hemiplegia, choked papilla and clouding of consciousness - gave rise to the tentative diagnosis of a cerebral tumor; in carotis angiography however, the metastasis was not detected, merely the occlusion of the sinus was demonstrated. Therefore the progress of the syndrome was misinterpreted as caused by an advancement of a venous thrombosis. Only autopsy showed the symptomless primary tumor and its formation of metastases.", "contents": "[Occlusion of sinus sagittalis superior by infiltration of a tumor metastasis (author's transl)]. As a casuistic contribution to differential diagnosis of thrombosis of cerebral veins and sinuses a case of occlusion of sinus sagittalis superior by infiltration of an intracerebral metastasis from a teratoma of testis is reported. The leading symptoms - epileptic seizures, progressive hemiplegia, choked papilla and clouding of consciousness - gave rise to the tentative diagnosis of a cerebral tumor; in carotis angiography however, the metastasis was not detected, merely the occlusion of the sinus was demonstrated. Therefore the progress of the syndrome was misinterpreted as caused by an advancement of a venous thrombosis. Only autopsy showed the symptomless primary tumor and its formation of metastases.", "PMID": 1041251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8030", "title": "[Drug abuse in Norway (author's transl)].", "content": "The author gives a review of the problems of drug dependences in Norway. The rate of use of and dependency to drugs is discussed with special reference to adolescent drug habits, as registered yearly since 1968. About 18 percent of adolescents in Oslo have tried cannabis once or several times (1972, 1973). Although, the situation seems to have stabilized during the last two or three years. In other big towns in Norway the percentage is about half of that in Stockholm and Copenhagen. The attitude of young people to the use of drugs, including cannabis, is strongly negative. Tendencies in adolescent use of and dependency on drugs are described. In adults dependency on benzodiazepines seems to be the most common type of dependency. The methods used in treatment of drug dependents in Norway are described, as are also the prophylactic measures.", "contents": "[Drug abuse in Norway (author's transl)]. The author gives a review of the problems of drug dependences in Norway. The rate of use of and dependency to drugs is discussed with special reference to adolescent drug habits, as registered yearly since 1968. About 18 percent of adolescents in Oslo have tried cannabis once or several times (1972, 1973). Although, the situation seems to have stabilized during the last two or three years. In other big towns in Norway the percentage is about half of that in Stockholm and Copenhagen. The attitude of young people to the use of drugs, including cannabis, is strongly negative. Tendencies in adolescent use of and dependency on drugs are described. In adults dependency on benzodiazepines seems to be the most common type of dependency. The methods used in treatment of drug dependents in Norway are described, as are also the prophylactic measures.", "PMID": 1041252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8031", "title": "[A conceptual model of the long-term configuration of manic-depressive illness (author's transl)].", "content": "A theoretical approach to manic-depressive illness is developed which explains the fundamental connection between psychopathologic symptoms and their arrangement in the course of time by means of one argument, i.e. the special variation of the diurnal organization of the drive and mood system. Elements of the model are a periodicity in a stringent sense, the hypothesis of the principal independence of the rhythmic organization of the drive system and the mood system which is postulated. In some special cases of different infradian rhythms there is a desynchronization of mood and drive which results both in a psychotic state and in rapid deformation of diurnal rhythms as well as slow interference cycles. This concept generates an interpretation of endogenity which uses only chronobiological terms; the hypothesis of somatogenesis is not implied but the physiologic systems involved are deemed to be intact, and the basic process is seen as a disturbance of the time structure of these functions. Thus, further investigation defines four fields: the depressive sleep disorder, the diurnal variation of mood, the chronobiology of the so-called mixed states and the time structure of the life-long sequence of phases and intervals. A new therapeutic concept works with artificial and fast sleep and wake periods and their transformation in order to achieve a resynchronization of the drive and mood system.", "contents": "[A conceptual model of the long-term configuration of manic-depressive illness (author's transl)]. A theoretical approach to manic-depressive illness is developed which explains the fundamental connection between psychopathologic symptoms and their arrangement in the course of time by means of one argument, i.e. the special variation of the diurnal organization of the drive and mood system. Elements of the model are a periodicity in a stringent sense, the hypothesis of the principal independence of the rhythmic organization of the drive system and the mood system which is postulated. In some special cases of different infradian rhythms there is a desynchronization of mood and drive which results both in a psychotic state and in rapid deformation of diurnal rhythms as well as slow interference cycles. This concept generates an interpretation of endogenity which uses only chronobiological terms; the hypothesis of somatogenesis is not implied but the physiologic systems involved are deemed to be intact, and the basic process is seen as a disturbance of the time structure of these functions. Thus, further investigation defines four fields: the depressive sleep disorder, the diurnal variation of mood, the chronobiology of the so-called mixed states and the time structure of the life-long sequence of phases and intervals. A new therapeutic concept works with artificial and fast sleep and wake periods and their transformation in order to achieve a resynchronization of the drive and mood system.", "PMID": 1041253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8032", "title": "Trends in continuing education in the United States.", "content": "Developments in continuing education are closely related to professional and societal trends, developments in medicine and other health professions, scientific advancement, the state of the economy, and other factors.  It is safe to predict that in the future, increasing recognition will be given to continuing education as a necessity for professional practice.", "contents": "Trends in continuing education in the United States. Developments in continuing education are closely related to professional and societal trends, developments in medicine and other health professions, scientific advancement, the state of the economy, and other factors.  It is safe to predict that in the future, increasing recognition will be given to continuing education as a necessity for professional practice.", "PMID": 1041256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8033", "title": "[Multiple drug resistance of Enterobacter-Serratia group isolated from clinical materials (author's transl)].", "content": "We determined the drug susceptibility of Serratia-Enterobacter group isolated from clinical materials between October 1973 and May 1974 by disk method and agar plate dilution method, and compared the drug susceptibility and multiple resistance among pigment-producing Serratia, pigment non-producing Serratia and Enterobacter. We used following drugs for susceptibility tests; ampicillin, carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, cephaloridine, streptomycin, kanamycin, dibekacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, colistin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and erythromycin. Above one half of strains of Serratia and Enterobacter was isolated from sputa and pharyngeal swabs. Almost all strains of Serratia and Enterobacter wer resistant to ampicillin, cephaloridine and erythromycin, but sensitive to gentamicin and dibekacin. Resistant strains were more found in Serratia than in Enterobacter. Pigment non-producing strains of Serratia were more sesistant to chemotherapeutics than pigment producing strains. There were many multiple resistant strains in Serratia and Enterobacter, especially in pigment non-producing strains of Serratia, and the strains isolated from urine were resistant to more drugs compared with the strains from other materials.", "contents": "[Multiple drug resistance of Enterobacter-Serratia group isolated from clinical materials (author's transl)]. We determined the drug susceptibility of Serratia-Enterobacter group isolated from clinical materials between October 1973 and May 1974 by disk method and agar plate dilution method, and compared the drug susceptibility and multiple resistance among pigment-producing Serratia, pigment non-producing Serratia and Enterobacter. We used following drugs for susceptibility tests; ampicillin, carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, cephaloridine, streptomycin, kanamycin, dibekacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, colistin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and erythromycin. Above one half of strains of Serratia and Enterobacter was isolated from sputa and pharyngeal swabs. Almost all strains of Serratia and Enterobacter wer resistant to ampicillin, cephaloridine and erythromycin, but sensitive to gentamicin and dibekacin. Resistant strains were more found in Serratia than in Enterobacter. Pigment non-producing strains of Serratia were more sesistant to chemotherapeutics than pigment producing strains. There were many multiple resistant strains in Serratia and Enterobacter, especially in pigment non-producing strains of Serratia, and the strains isolated from urine were resistant to more drugs compared with the strains from other materials.", "PMID": 1041281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8034", "title": "[Clinical experiences of lividomycin on respiratory tract infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical effects of a newly developed aminoglycoside antibiotic lividomycin, were investigated in 13 patients suffering from respiratory infections. 1. A total of 13 patients with the following infectious diseases was treated with 1 g/day of lividomycin for 3 to 11 days (average 6.7 days): Acute pneumonia 3 cases, bronchiectasis 3 cases, acute bronchitis 5 cases, suppurative diseases of the lung 1 case, and pyothorax 1 case. As the results, the antibiotic was effective in 5 patients, moderately effective in 4 patients and ineffective in 4 patients, and thus the global effective rate was 62.9% (9/13). 2. As in the case of kanamycin, lividomycin indicated fairly good sensitivity against a total of 17 strains comprising Staphylococcus aureus (7 strains), alpha-Streptococcus (2 strains), beta-Streptococcus (3 strains), gamma-Streptococcus (1 strain), Neisseria (2 strains) and Haemophilus (2 strains) which were isolated from sputum. 3. No side effects attributable to lividomycin were observed.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences of lividomycin on respiratory tract infections (author's transl)]. Clinical effects of a newly developed aminoglycoside antibiotic lividomycin, were investigated in 13 patients suffering from respiratory infections. 1. A total of 13 patients with the following infectious diseases was treated with 1 g/day of lividomycin for 3 to 11 days (average 6.7 days): Acute pneumonia 3 cases, bronchiectasis 3 cases, acute bronchitis 5 cases, suppurative diseases of the lung 1 case, and pyothorax 1 case. As the results, the antibiotic was effective in 5 patients, moderately effective in 4 patients and ineffective in 4 patients, and thus the global effective rate was 62.9% (9/13). 2. As in the case of kanamycin, lividomycin indicated fairly good sensitivity against a total of 17 strains comprising Staphylococcus aureus (7 strains), alpha-Streptococcus (2 strains), beta-Streptococcus (3 strains), gamma-Streptococcus (1 strain), Neisseria (2 strains) and Haemophilus (2 strains) which were isolated from sputum. 3. No side effects attributable to lividomycin were observed.", "PMID": 1041282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8035", "title": "[Urinary uropepsin activity in patients with closed cranial trauma].", "content": "The authors determined uropepsin activity in 24-hour urine in 30 cases of mild craniocerebral trauma. The determinations were done on the 1st, 3d and 7th days after trauma. The control group consisted of 15 healthy subjects. The activity of the enzyme was raised only on the 1st day after trauma and it may be explained as a result of stress.", "contents": "[Urinary uropepsin activity in patients with closed cranial trauma]. The authors determined uropepsin activity in 24-hour urine in 30 cases of mild craniocerebral trauma. The determinations were done on the 1st, 3d and 7th days after trauma. The control group consisted of 15 healthy subjects. The activity of the enzyme was raised only on the 1st day after trauma and it may be explained as a result of stress.", "PMID": 1041312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8036", "title": "The effect of potassium chloride infusion of parotid salivary flow and composition in conscious sheep.", "content": "The composition and flow of parotid saliva in conscious sheep was measured before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 0-43 M-KCl or 0-43 M-NaCl at 2 ml./min for 2 hr. The salivary flow rate was depressed during the infusion of potassium chloride into both intact sheep and adrenalectomized sheep. As the salivary flow was unchanged by sodium chloride infusion it was concluded that the potassium ion was responsible for the decrease in flow and that this effect was not mediated through any of the adrenal hormones. The highly significant negative correlation between plasma potassium concentration and salivary flow throughout all potassium infusions indicated that the extent to which the salivary flow was depressed varied with the degree of hyperkalaemia. Except for situations where mineralocorticoid levels were likely to be elevated the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the saliva were positively correlated with the plasma concentrations of these ions. The salivary bicarbonate concentration of the saliva was negatively related to flow. The chloride concentration of the saliva was negatively correlated with salivary flow during all potassium chloride infusions.", "contents": "The effect of potassium chloride infusion of parotid salivary flow and composition in conscious sheep. The composition and flow of parotid saliva in conscious sheep was measured before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 0-43 M-KCl or 0-43 M-NaCl at 2 ml./min for 2 hr. The salivary flow rate was depressed during the infusion of potassium chloride into both intact sheep and adrenalectomized sheep. As the salivary flow was unchanged by sodium chloride infusion it was concluded that the potassium ion was responsible for the decrease in flow and that this effect was not mediated through any of the adrenal hormones. The highly significant negative correlation between plasma potassium concentration and salivary flow throughout all potassium infusions indicated that the extent to which the salivary flow was depressed varied with the degree of hyperkalaemia. Except for situations where mineralocorticoid levels were likely to be elevated the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the saliva were positively correlated with the plasma concentrations of these ions. The salivary bicarbonate concentration of the saliva was negatively related to flow. The chloride concentration of the saliva was negatively correlated with salivary flow during all potassium chloride infusions.", "PMID": 1041403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8037", "title": "Flow in glass models of arterial bifurcations and berry aneurysms at low Reynolds numbers.", "content": "Using the dye injection technique, flow at low Reynolds numbers was studied in glass models which simulated arterial bifurcations of varying angles and had varying bluntness of the apex or crotch. Forks bearing small saccular evaginations simulating berry aneurysms were investigated similarly.. At quite low Reynolds numbers in all the models small wave motion was observed at the forks. At higher Reynolds numbers and below the critical values for turbulence, larger Vortices akin to a K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex street were shed from most of the forks. The disturbances were attributed to boundary layer separation and a jet-edge effect.", "contents": "Flow in glass models of arterial bifurcations and berry aneurysms at low Reynolds numbers. Using the dye injection technique, flow at low Reynolds numbers was studied in glass models which simulated arterial bifurcations of varying angles and had varying bluntness of the apex or crotch. Forks bearing small saccular evaginations simulating berry aneurysms were investigated similarly.. At quite low Reynolds numbers in all the models small wave motion was observed at the forks. At higher Reynolds numbers and below the critical values for turbulence, larger Vortices akin to a K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex street were shed from most of the forks. The disturbances were attributed to boundary layer separation and a jet-edge effect.", "PMID": 1041404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8038", "title": "Changes in renal haemodynamics and electrolyte excretion during acute hyperkalemia in conscious adrenalectomized sheep.", "content": "The p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance, inulin clearance and the excretion of electrolytes by 10 adrenalectomized sheep were measured before, during and after the infusion of 0-43 M-KCl at 2 ml./min for 2 hr. The PAH clearance increased as the plasma potassium concentration increased up to approximately 6-0 m-mole/l. Further increases in plasma potassium were associated with a progressive return of the PAH clearance to or below the pre-infusion levels. At its maximum the PAH clearance was 1-228 +/- 0-032 (S.E. of mean) times the pre-infusion levels. The inulin clearance increased to reach a mazimum coincident with or subsequent to the maximum PAH clearance. The maximum level of inulin clearance during the hyperkalaemia was 1-158 +/- 0-020 times the pre-infusion clearance. The increments in the clearance of potassium and of bicarbonate rose rapidly to exceed the increment in inulin clearance during the hyperkalaemia in all experiments. The increments in the clearance of sodium and of chloride exceeded the increment in inulin clearance in more than half the experiments. It was concluded that although hyperkalaemia was associated with increased glomerular filtration much of the increased excretion of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate was derived from depressed tubular reabsorption of the ions. When the infusion experiments were repeated on the same animals the sheep demonstrated an improved ability to control the rise in plasma potassium concentration which was similar to potassium adaptation described in other species. There were no apparent differences between sheep maintained on 1-5 mg and 5 mg deoxycorticosterone acetate daily in their adaptation to potassium loading and the effect was tentatively attributed to the level of steroid maintenance being chronically high. The toxicity of hyperkalaemia was not lessened by this adaptation to potassium loading.", "contents": "Changes in renal haemodynamics and electrolyte excretion during acute hyperkalemia in conscious adrenalectomized sheep. The p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance, inulin clearance and the excretion of electrolytes by 10 adrenalectomized sheep were measured before, during and after the infusion of 0-43 M-KCl at 2 ml./min for 2 hr. The PAH clearance increased as the plasma potassium concentration increased up to approximately 6-0 m-mole/l. Further increases in plasma potassium were associated with a progressive return of the PAH clearance to or below the pre-infusion levels. At its maximum the PAH clearance was 1-228 +/- 0-032 (S.E. of mean) times the pre-infusion levels. The inulin clearance increased to reach a mazimum coincident with or subsequent to the maximum PAH clearance. The maximum level of inulin clearance during the hyperkalaemia was 1-158 +/- 0-020 times the pre-infusion clearance. The increments in the clearance of potassium and of bicarbonate rose rapidly to exceed the increment in inulin clearance during the hyperkalaemia in all experiments. The increments in the clearance of sodium and of chloride exceeded the increment in inulin clearance in more than half the experiments. It was concluded that although hyperkalaemia was associated with increased glomerular filtration much of the increased excretion of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate was derived from depressed tubular reabsorption of the ions. When the infusion experiments were repeated on the same animals the sheep demonstrated an improved ability to control the rise in plasma potassium concentration which was similar to potassium adaptation described in other species. There were no apparent differences between sheep maintained on 1-5 mg and 5 mg deoxycorticosterone acetate daily in their adaptation to potassium loading and the effect was tentatively attributed to the level of steroid maintenance being chronically high. The toxicity of hyperkalaemia was not lessened by this adaptation to potassium loading.", "PMID": 1041405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8039", "title": "Plasma iron transport during egg laying and after oestrogen administration in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "The concentrations of 59Fe and of radioiodinated transferrin and albumin were measured in the blood, liver, spleen, bone marrow and ova at different times after the injection of transferrin-bound 59Fe and the labelled proteins into non-laying, laying and oestrogen treated chickens. In the egg-laying and oestrogen-treated birds the 59Fe of the plasma was rapidly transferred from transferrin to another component with the properties of th phosphoprotein, phosvitin. Radioactive iron, and labelled transferrin and albumin to a lesser extent, entered the ova only while they were in the ovary. Relatively more labelled transferrin than albumin was found in all the tissues studied except in the ova, in which the two labelled proteins were present in the same relative concentration as in the plasma. It is concluded that, during egg laying and after oestrogen treatment, plasma iron bound to transferrin is taken up by the liver, incorporated into phosvitin and is then secreted into the plasma leading to elevation of the plasma iron concentration and transfer of iron to the ova.", "contents": "Plasma iron transport during egg laying and after oestrogen administration in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). The concentrations of 59Fe and of radioiodinated transferrin and albumin were measured in the blood, liver, spleen, bone marrow and ova at different times after the injection of transferrin-bound 59Fe and the labelled proteins into non-laying, laying and oestrogen treated chickens. In the egg-laying and oestrogen-treated birds the 59Fe of the plasma was rapidly transferred from transferrin to another component with the properties of th phosphoprotein, phosvitin. Radioactive iron, and labelled transferrin and albumin to a lesser extent, entered the ova only while they were in the ovary. Relatively more labelled transferrin than albumin was found in all the tissues studied except in the ova, in which the two labelled proteins were present in the same relative concentration as in the plasma. It is concluded that, during egg laying and after oestrogen treatment, plasma iron bound to transferrin is taken up by the liver, incorporated into phosvitin and is then secreted into the plasma leading to elevation of the plasma iron concentration and transfer of iron to the ova.", "PMID": 1041406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8040", "title": "A subchronic study of the toxicity of an orally administered benzoquinolizinyl derivative in the rat and dog.", "content": "The subchronic toxicity of the trans isomer of N-(1,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-11bH-benzo[a] quinolizin-2-yl) propionanilide hydrochloride (TR2379), a new antihypertensive agent, was studied in rats and dogs. TR2379 was well tolerated for 13 weeks at daily p.o. doses up to 200 mg/kg in the rat and 70 mg/kg in the dog. However, severe toxic manifestations, including death, were elicited in the rat at 820 mg/kg and in the dog at 160 mg/kg. Toxicity in both species was characterized by a reduction in body weight gain and an increase in the weight of several organs, (liver, heart, kidneys, adrenals, and thyroids). Serum alkaline phosphatase, which was not assayed in the rat, was markedly increased in the dog. Microscopic examination of the various tissues revealed no evidence of organ pathology in either species.", "contents": "A subchronic study of the toxicity of an orally administered benzoquinolizinyl derivative in the rat and dog. The subchronic toxicity of the trans isomer of N-(1,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-11bH-benzo[a] quinolizin-2-yl) propionanilide hydrochloride (TR2379), a new antihypertensive agent, was studied in rats and dogs. TR2379 was well tolerated for 13 weeks at daily p.o. doses up to 200 mg/kg in the rat and 70 mg/kg in the dog. However, severe toxic manifestations, including death, were elicited in the rat at 820 mg/kg and in the dog at 160 mg/kg. Toxicity in both species was characterized by a reduction in body weight gain and an increase in the weight of several organs, (liver, heart, kidneys, adrenals, and thyroids). Serum alkaline phosphatase, which was not assayed in the rat, was markedly increased in the dog. Microscopic examination of the various tissues revealed no evidence of organ pathology in either species.", "PMID": 1041453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8041", "title": "Influence of a benzoquinolizinyl derivative on serum and hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity in the dog and rat.", "content": "Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of TR2379, N-(1,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-11bH-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-yl) propionanilide hydrochloride, for 20--29 days to 6 dogs resulted in significant elevations of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in serum and in liver microsomes. Results of biochemical and histochemical experiments revealed that the liver was the sole source of the increased AP activity but there was no evidence of liver damage. The subchronic (7-35 day) p.o. administration of TR2379 at 820 mg/kg to 20 rats did not produce elevation of AP activity in serum or liver. Relative liver weights (g/100 g body wt) of rats receiving TR2379 were significantly increased during the 2nd week and thereafter. The results of these studies suggest that high doses of TR2379 induce protein synthesis in dog and rat liver and induce AP activity in the dog but not in the rat. The elevation of AP in the dog is not considered to have toxicologic implications.", "contents": "Influence of a benzoquinolizinyl derivative on serum and hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity in the dog and rat. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of TR2379, N-(1,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-11bH-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-yl) propionanilide hydrochloride, for 20--29 days to 6 dogs resulted in significant elevations of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in serum and in liver microsomes. Results of biochemical and histochemical experiments revealed that the liver was the sole source of the increased AP activity but there was no evidence of liver damage. The subchronic (7-35 day) p.o. administration of TR2379 at 820 mg/kg to 20 rats did not produce elevation of AP activity in serum or liver. Relative liver weights (g/100 g body wt) of rats receiving TR2379 were significantly increased during the 2nd week and thereafter. The results of these studies suggest that high doses of TR2379 induce protein synthesis in dog and rat liver and induce AP activity in the dog but not in the rat. The elevation of AP in the dog is not considered to have toxicologic implications.", "PMID": 1041454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8042", "title": "Bilateral deep brachial vein thrombophlebitis due to vibrio fetus.", "content": "A patient had bilateral deep brachial vein thrombophlebitis in which Vibrio fetus was recovered from six blood cultures of the six drawn. Fever and phlebitis continued with treatment with intravenous doses of heparin and oxacillin but rapidly improved with treatment change of oxacillin to clindamycin. In vitro antibiotic disk susceptibility testing confirmed resistance to oxacillin and susceptibility to clindamycin. Vibrio fetus infection is associated with the vascular endothelium in this and previously reported cases", "contents": "Bilateral deep brachial vein thrombophlebitis due to vibrio fetus. A patient had bilateral deep brachial vein thrombophlebitis in which Vibrio fetus was recovered from six blood cultures of the six drawn. Fever and phlebitis continued with treatment with intravenous doses of heparin and oxacillin but rapidly improved with treatment change of oxacillin to clindamycin. In vitro antibiotic disk susceptibility testing confirmed resistance to oxacillin and susceptibility to clindamycin. Vibrio fetus infection is associated with the vascular endothelium in this and previously reported cases", "PMID": 1041482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8043", "title": "A computer study of bacterial resistance patterns to antibiotics.", "content": "The study of resistance patterns of strains of bacteria to antibiotics in different regions of a country and, if possible, comparing them at international level appears to be a useful exercise. The patterns of resistance during 1968-71 revealed an increasing resistance for most antibiotics with an unexpected increase for chloramphenicol. Notable is a decreasing resistance, not only of coagulase-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus but also of other micro-organisms towards doxycycline. For practical purposes there was no difference between the sensitivy of the isolates from hospitalized patients and from out-patients, though less pronounced in the latter. The incidence of resistance among strains isolated from the paediatric ward was low. Comparatively small changes in molecular structure may result in relatively large differences in the sensitivity pattern; for example, between tetracycline and doxycycline (Vibramycin, Pfizer), the greatest activity is seen with doxycycline.", "contents": "A computer study of bacterial resistance patterns to antibiotics. The study of resistance patterns of strains of bacteria to antibiotics in different regions of a country and, if possible, comparing them at international level appears to be a useful exercise. The patterns of resistance during 1968-71 revealed an increasing resistance for most antibiotics with an unexpected increase for chloramphenicol. Notable is a decreasing resistance, not only of coagulase-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus but also of other micro-organisms towards doxycycline. For practical purposes there was no difference between the sensitivy of the isolates from hospitalized patients and from out-patients, though less pronounced in the latter. The incidence of resistance among strains isolated from the paediatric ward was low. Comparatively small changes in molecular structure may result in relatively large differences in the sensitivity pattern; for example, between tetracycline and doxycycline (Vibramycin, Pfizer), the greatest activity is seen with doxycycline.", "PMID": 1041490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8044", "title": "[The EEG during post-traumatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "With traumatic coma, the underlying pathomorphology may vary and it may not always be possible to establish it. Possible organic lesions are contusions of brain, oedema, intracranial haematoma, fat embolism, or an open brain injury. On the other hand there may be no organic lesions, as for instance in concussion. In every case, the leading clinical symptom is alteration of consciousness. This arises through interference, at some point, with the reticulo-thalamocortical system which is responsible for the regulation of consciousness. Concurrently with the alteration of consciousness, the EEG also shows changes. At the same time, the EEG is affected by the other effects of trauma upon the brain. Becuase of this, this EEG is not exclusively determined by the degree of unconsciousness. The possible causes of traumatic unconsciousness, and of the pathological waves seen in such cases, cannot always be established in clinical medicine, and experimental studies particularly with regard to neurophysiology are required to explain them....", "contents": "[The EEG during post-traumatic coma (author's transl)]. With traumatic coma, the underlying pathomorphology may vary and it may not always be possible to establish it. Possible organic lesions are contusions of brain, oedema, intracranial haematoma, fat embolism, or an open brain injury. On the other hand there may be no organic lesions, as for instance in concussion. In every case, the leading clinical symptom is alteration of consciousness. This arises through interference, at some point, with the reticulo-thalamocortical system which is responsible for the regulation of consciousness. Concurrently with the alteration of consciousness, the EEG also shows changes. At the same time, the EEG is affected by the other effects of trauma upon the brain. Becuase of this, this EEG is not exclusively determined by the degree of unconsciousness. The possible causes of traumatic unconsciousness, and of the pathological waves seen in such cases, cannot always be established in clinical medicine, and experimental studies particularly with regard to neurophysiology are required to explain them....", "PMID": 1041492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8045", "title": "[The clinical picture and psychopathology of the XYY constitution].", "content": "It is reported on 2 cases of the XYY chormosomal constitution. The patients were comparable only with respect to some somatic deviations. Age at manifestation of psychic abnormalities as well as the degree of deviation of behaviour were rather different. One patient got his psychic traumatization mainly in early childhood where as the other suffered from a more puberal conflict. Genetic disposition may be the basic cause of the psychological abnormalities. Yet, the degree of deviation seems to be influenced mainly by environmental factors.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and psychopathology of the XYY constitution]. It is reported on 2 cases of the XYY chormosomal constitution. The patients were comparable only with respect to some somatic deviations. Age at manifestation of psychic abnormalities as well as the degree of deviation of behaviour were rather different. One patient got his psychic traumatization mainly in early childhood where as the other suffered from a more puberal conflict. Genetic disposition may be the basic cause of the psychological abnormalities. Yet, the degree of deviation seems to be influenced mainly by environmental factors.", "PMID": 1041493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8046", "title": "[\"Fatiguability\" in myasthenic syndromes].", "content": "Neuromuscular disorders accompanied by a \"myasthenic reaction\", but without other symptoms of myasthenia gravis and no therapeutic response to cholinergic drugs may be called myasthenic syndromes. The abnormal fatigability can be shown in the electromyogram. Lasting voluntary contraction of a muscle shows a rarefication of the EMG-pattern. Sometimes during repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve a decrease in the amplitude of the muscle potential may occur. This decrease is poorly influenced by cholinergic drugs. Often this observation was present in patients with myositis and myotonic dystrophy, sometimes in other myopathies and seldom in neurogenic disorders. A failure in the neuromuscular transmission is discussed not only in myasthenia gravis, but also in myasthenic syndromes. But there may be another explanation. A decreased number of intact muscle fibers during lasting innervation will cause a more rapid fatigation of the muscle fibers and in this way there will be an exhaustion. It is discussed, whether the symptoms in myasthenic syndromes can be explained by an abnormal \"fatigability\".", "contents": "[\"Fatiguability\" in myasthenic syndromes]. Neuromuscular disorders accompanied by a \"myasthenic reaction\", but without other symptoms of myasthenia gravis and no therapeutic response to cholinergic drugs may be called myasthenic syndromes. The abnormal fatigability can be shown in the electromyogram. Lasting voluntary contraction of a muscle shows a rarefication of the EMG-pattern. Sometimes during repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve a decrease in the amplitude of the muscle potential may occur. This decrease is poorly influenced by cholinergic drugs. Often this observation was present in patients with myositis and myotonic dystrophy, sometimes in other myopathies and seldom in neurogenic disorders. A failure in the neuromuscular transmission is discussed not only in myasthenia gravis, but also in myasthenic syndromes. But there may be another explanation. A decreased number of intact muscle fibers during lasting innervation will cause a more rapid fatigation of the muscle fibers and in this way there will be an exhaustion. It is discussed, whether the symptoms in myasthenic syndromes can be explained by an abnormal \"fatigability\".", "PMID": 1041494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8047", "title": "[Neurological aspects of nerve transplantation].", "content": "Neurological aspects of nerve-grafting are discussed. Methods designed for quantification of the pre-and the postoperative neurologicalsyhdromes (\"index of integral function\") and for the selective description of sensory impairment (\"index of sensibility\") are presented. These methods may facilitate the comparison of results of different investigators. The rate of positive results could possibly be raised if patients could be operated earlier. Considerable improvement can be expected only, when nervegrafting takes place as soon as possible, at the latest six months after injury. Grafting is no longer recommendable, when 12 months or more have passed even when only sensory recovery is aimed at. The reason is that reduction of sensory functions usually causes less impairment than vegetative and trophic changes which may occur as sequelae of the operation.", "contents": "[Neurological aspects of nerve transplantation]. Neurological aspects of nerve-grafting are discussed. Methods designed for quantification of the pre-and the postoperative neurologicalsyhdromes (\"index of integral function\") and for the selective description of sensory impairment (\"index of sensibility\") are presented. These methods may facilitate the comparison of results of different investigators. The rate of positive results could possibly be raised if patients could be operated earlier. Considerable improvement can be expected only, when nervegrafting takes place as soon as possible, at the latest six months after injury. Grafting is no longer recommendable, when 12 months or more have passed even when only sensory recovery is aimed at. The reason is that reduction of sensory functions usually causes less impairment than vegetative and trophic changes which may occur as sequelae of the operation.", "PMID": 1041495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8048", "title": "Resistance categories of enterobacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "The activities of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and ampicillin against dense cultures of 103 ampicillin-resistant gram-negative bacilli were compared in a turbidimetric system. The organisms were divided into two groups according to their behavior in conventional minimal inhibitory concentration titrations: those fully resistant to ampicillin at a concentration of 500 mug/ml and those inhibited by 32-500 mug of ampicillin/ml. Of the 83 strains in the first group, most were more sensitive to cephalothin than to cephaloridine, whereas the 20 strains in the second group exhibited a number of interesting properties peculiar to them. On the basis of these and previous results, six distinct categories of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics have been detected among enterobacteria.", "contents": "Resistance categories of enterobacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. The activities of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and ampicillin against dense cultures of 103 ampicillin-resistant gram-negative bacilli were compared in a turbidimetric system. The organisms were divided into two groups according to their behavior in conventional minimal inhibitory concentration titrations: those fully resistant to ampicillin at a concentration of 500 mug/ml and those inhibited by 32-500 mug of ampicillin/ml. Of the 83 strains in the first group, most were more sensitive to cephalothin than to cephaloridine, whereas the 20 strains in the second group exhibited a number of interesting properties peculiar to them. On the basis of these and previous results, six distinct categories of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics have been detected among enterobacteria.", "PMID": 1041500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8049", "title": "Do boys with a low-average I.Q. actually have a low self-esteem?", "content": "The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the needs, fears, aspirations, and attitudes of the low-average elementary and junior high age boy. The settings were two schools, a junior high (grades 9-12) and an elementary school (grades 5-6), located in a working class community. Two separate groups involving boys ages 11 and 12 years, and boys ages 14 and 15 years, met for five consecutive meetings. The structured interview in a group setting was chosen to increase the likelihood of a spontaneous, open interchange, as opposed to a more restricted response pattern. All subjects had failed at least one year, had maintained a stable I.Q. of 80-90 during their school years and were level in one or more subjects. The findings suggest caution in automatically equating low-average intelligence in boys with low self-concept, lack of career plans, family problems, and other similar stereotypes.", "contents": "Do boys with a low-average I.Q. actually have a low self-esteem? The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the needs, fears, aspirations, and attitudes of the low-average elementary and junior high age boy. The settings were two schools, a junior high (grades 9-12) and an elementary school (grades 5-6), located in a working class community. Two separate groups involving boys ages 11 and 12 years, and boys ages 14 and 15 years, met for five consecutive meetings. The structured interview in a group setting was chosen to increase the likelihood of a spontaneous, open interchange, as opposed to a more restricted response pattern. All subjects had failed at least one year, had maintained a stable I.Q. of 80-90 during their school years and were level in one or more subjects. The findings suggest caution in automatically equating low-average intelligence in boys with low self-concept, lack of career plans, family problems, and other similar stereotypes.", "PMID": 1041501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8050", "title": "Assessment of the cognitive effect of a prototype health education unit on sixth grade students.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive effects of a prototype health education teaching model on the cardiovascular health knowledge of selected sixth grade students. The level of significance for the study was set at .05. No significant differences between pre-test mean scores, experimental to control group were found. Significant differences between post-test mean scores, experimental to control group were noted. No significant differences between control group pre-test to post-test mean scores were found. Although significant experimental group pre-test to post-test mean scores were found in all four locations, no significant differences were found between the experimental post-test mean scores by geographic location.", "contents": "Assessment of the cognitive effect of a prototype health education unit on sixth grade students. The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive effects of a prototype health education teaching model on the cardiovascular health knowledge of selected sixth grade students. The level of significance for the study was set at .05. No significant differences between pre-test mean scores, experimental to control group were found. Significant differences between post-test mean scores, experimental to control group were noted. No significant differences between control group pre-test to post-test mean scores were found. Although significant experimental group pre-test to post-test mean scores were found in all four locations, no significant differences were found between the experimental post-test mean scores by geographic location.", "PMID": 1041503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8051", "title": "The sick role and the role of the physician reconsidered.", "content": "The main substance of this paper was presented orally at a meeting of the Sick Role, organized and chaired by Andrew Twaddle. It was a commentary on four papers and the oral discussion of them. In response to these the paper first discusses the relation of the sick role to deviant behavior and the motivation to become and remain ill. The position was taken that the author never had meant to confine the category of illness to deviant behavior, though its negative valuation should not be forgotten. Nor had he confined it to cases of acute illness, omitting consideration of chronic and other types. The most important issue, however, concerned the structure of the relation between physician and patient. Though insisting that interaction between them is two-way, not one-way, the author insisted that the relation is basically asymmetrical because of the physician's expertise in health matters, gained through training and experience, and his special fiduciary responsibility for the care of the sick. In this respect the relationship is different from others such as the competitive market or the democratic association, but is comparable to the relation of teacher and student in higher education.", "contents": "The sick role and the role of the physician reconsidered. The main substance of this paper was presented orally at a meeting of the Sick Role, organized and chaired by Andrew Twaddle. It was a commentary on four papers and the oral discussion of them. In response to these the paper first discusses the relation of the sick role to deviant behavior and the motivation to become and remain ill. The position was taken that the author never had meant to confine the category of illness to deviant behavior, though its negative valuation should not be forgotten. Nor had he confined it to cases of acute illness, omitting consideration of chronic and other types. The most important issue, however, concerned the structure of the relation between physician and patient. Though insisting that interaction between them is two-way, not one-way, the author insisted that the relation is basically asymmetrical because of the physician's expertise in health matters, gained through training and experience, and his special fiduciary responsibility for the care of the sick. In this respect the relationship is different from others such as the competitive market or the democratic association, but is comparable to the relation of teacher and student in higher education.", "PMID": 1041510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8052", "title": "The longevity and mortality of American physicians, 1969-1973.", "content": "This paper analyzes the mortality experience of male and female physicians during the five-year period 1969 through 1973 in terms of age, sex, geographic location, and medical specialty. Physician mortality and longevity are then compared with the experience prevailing among the U.S. white population of the same age and sex. Relationships between socioeconomic status and mortality suggest that physicians should have a better mortality experience than the general population and as such have a greater overall expectation of life. Previous studies of physician mortality in the United States using data from the records of the American Medical Association, have examined physician mortality relative to comparable groups of white males. No studies of physician mortality utilizing a population-based approach have been reported since that of the 1949 to 1951 population of physicians, and previous studies may have been subject to certain limitations in the data. Empirical findings are presented which demonstrate the improvement in physician longevity since 1925. The relationship between age- and sex-specific mortality and geographic location and medical specialization is also discussed.", "contents": "The longevity and mortality of American physicians, 1969-1973. This paper analyzes the mortality experience of male and female physicians during the five-year period 1969 through 1973 in terms of age, sex, geographic location, and medical specialty. Physician mortality and longevity are then compared with the experience prevailing among the U.S. white population of the same age and sex. Relationships between socioeconomic status and mortality suggest that physicians should have a better mortality experience than the general population and as such have a greater overall expectation of life. Previous studies of physician mortality in the United States using data from the records of the American Medical Association, have examined physician mortality relative to comparable groups of white males. No studies of physician mortality utilizing a population-based approach have been reported since that of the 1949 to 1951 population of physicians, and previous studies may have been subject to certain limitations in the data. Empirical findings are presented which demonstrate the improvement in physician longevity since 1925. The relationship between age- and sex-specific mortality and geographic location and medical specialization is also discussed.", "PMID": 1041511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8053", "title": "Renal excretion of monovalent cations during functional adrenalectomy in conscious sheep.", "content": "In sheep with both adrenals removed and one re-implanted in the neck, functional adrenalectomy was produced in conscious undisturbed animals by occluding the blood supply to the transplanted gland. Functional adrenalectomy caused a fall in potassium excretion and a very large increase in sodium excretion and was reversed by aldosterone. Hydrocortisone infusions slightly increased potassium excretion and reduced solute-free water reabsorption. Preliminary evidence suggests that potassium secretion into urine was still occurring during the 8 hr period of adrenal occlusion and functional adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Renal excretion of monovalent cations during functional adrenalectomy in conscious sheep. In sheep with both adrenals removed and one re-implanted in the neck, functional adrenalectomy was produced in conscious undisturbed animals by occluding the blood supply to the transplanted gland. Functional adrenalectomy caused a fall in potassium excretion and a very large increase in sodium excretion and was reversed by aldosterone. Hydrocortisone infusions slightly increased potassium excretion and reduced solute-free water reabsorption. Preliminary evidence suggests that potassium secretion into urine was still occurring during the 8 hr period of adrenal occlusion and functional adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 1041515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8054", "title": "Antibiotics in the treatment of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis.", "content": "Fourteen patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated with oral penicillin, oxacillin, or cloxacillin at a dose of 5 gm/day, plus 0.5 gm of probenecid (Benemid) three or four times per day. Treatment was continued for 2 1/2 to six months. In ten patients, evidence of osteomyelitis disappeared and there has been no recurrence during follow-up periods varying from six months to 2 1/2 years. Significant hepatotoxicity was encountered in two patients; one similar patient, not in this series but receiving a similar regimen of antibiotic, developed leukipenia. Thus, patients with chronic osteomyelitis appear to benefit from such a therapeutic program, but they must be monitored closely for hepatic or hematologic toxicity.", "contents": "Antibiotics in the treatment of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Fourteen patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated with oral penicillin, oxacillin, or cloxacillin at a dose of 5 gm/day, plus 0.5 gm of probenecid (Benemid) three or four times per day. Treatment was continued for 2 1/2 to six months. In ten patients, evidence of osteomyelitis disappeared and there has been no recurrence during follow-up periods varying from six months to 2 1/2 years. Significant hepatotoxicity was encountered in two patients; one similar patient, not in this series but receiving a similar regimen of antibiotic, developed leukipenia. Thus, patients with chronic osteomyelitis appear to benefit from such a therapeutic program, but they must be monitored closely for hepatic or hematologic toxicity.", "PMID": 1041516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8055", "title": "Postcardiotomy psychosis: indications and interventions.", "content": "Aberrant psychological behavior has become a frequent occurrence in the intensive care unit (ICU). In specifically considering postcardiotomy psychosis, health professionals puzzle whether the manifestations are motivated by physiological problems imposed by surgical considerations (cardiac status, pump perfusion) and/or by pre- and postoperative psychological factors. Current literature attempts to isolate elements which may predispose patients to develop these aberrant behaviors. This paper attempts to identify important areas and suggest concrete nursing interventions to decrease, delay, and assimilate these behaviors in the cardiotomy patient.", "contents": "Postcardiotomy psychosis: indications and interventions. Aberrant psychological behavior has become a frequent occurrence in the intensive care unit (ICU). In specifically considering postcardiotomy psychosis, health professionals puzzle whether the manifestations are motivated by physiological problems imposed by surgical considerations (cardiac status, pump perfusion) and/or by pre- and postoperative psychological factors. Current literature attempts to isolate elements which may predispose patients to develop these aberrant behaviors. This paper attempts to identify important areas and suggest concrete nursing interventions to decrease, delay, and assimilate these behaviors in the cardiotomy patient.", "PMID": 1041578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8056", "title": "Emotional response and clinical severity as early determinants of six-month mortality after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The literature relating psychic factors to pathogenesis, onset, and complication of acute myocardial infarction was selectively reviewed. A study which suggests that psychic factors affect six-month mortality rate after myocardial infarction was described. Specifically, patients showing a trend toward emotional adjustment early in their hospitalization had a far smaller mortality rate than those who did not show early adjustment trends. Severity of the heart attack, measured by the extent of complication, proved also to be predictive of six-month mortality. The findings were discussed with an emphasis on the acute-care staff's potential for changing patient behavior patterns, and hence, improving eventual patient mortality rates.", "contents": "Emotional response and clinical severity as early determinants of six-month mortality after myocardial infarction. The literature relating psychic factors to pathogenesis, onset, and complication of acute myocardial infarction was selectively reviewed. A study which suggests that psychic factors affect six-month mortality rate after myocardial infarction was described. Specifically, patients showing a trend toward emotional adjustment early in their hospitalization had a far smaller mortality rate than those who did not show early adjustment trends. Severity of the heart attack, measured by the extent of complication, proved also to be predictive of six-month mortality. The findings were discussed with an emphasis on the acute-care staff's potential for changing patient behavior patterns, and hence, improving eventual patient mortality rates.", "PMID": 1041579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8057", "title": "Psychosocial influences on heart rhythm in the coronary-care unit.", "content": "This report is an extension of previous studies which have shown that significant heart rate and rhythm changes can occur in coronary-care patients during a variety of socio-clinical interactions. Results of continuous day-long observations and concurrent monitoring of one such coronary-care patient disclosed that twice as many ectopic beats occurred during routine nursing interactions compared to resting periods, even though such interactions accounted for less than half of the total observation period. These results are similar to previous studies that have shown that the frequency of ectopic beats can be significantly altered in coronary-care patients by such routine interactions as pulse palpation. Combined with other clinical and animal studies, these data suggest that psycho-social interactions can have major effects on cardiac functioning.", "contents": "Psychosocial influences on heart rhythm in the coronary-care unit. This report is an extension of previous studies which have shown that significant heart rate and rhythm changes can occur in coronary-care patients during a variety of socio-clinical interactions. Results of continuous day-long observations and concurrent monitoring of one such coronary-care patient disclosed that twice as many ectopic beats occurred during routine nursing interactions compared to resting periods, even though such interactions accounted for less than half of the total observation period. These results are similar to previous studies that have shown that the frequency of ectopic beats can be significantly altered in coronary-care patients by such routine interactions as pulse palpation. Combined with other clinical and animal studies, these data suggest that psycho-social interactions can have major effects on cardiac functioning.", "PMID": 1041581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8058", "title": "Evaluation of the pathotec Rapid I-D system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The PathoTec Rapid I-D System for identifying Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated with 471 cultures. In 4,910 individual test comparisons, 95.5% of the results agreed, with results of only two test strips, those for esculin hydrolysis and urease production, agreeing with conventional tests in less than 94% of the trials. The PathoTec system exhibited 94.3% accuracy in identifying these cultures in a double-blind study with conventional media and procedures as the alternate system. Two newly developed test strips, for 0-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and ornithine decarboxylase, were found to be highly reliable.", "contents": "Evaluation of the pathotec Rapid I-D system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The PathoTec Rapid I-D System for identifying Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated with 471 cultures. In 4,910 individual test comparisons, 95.5% of the results agreed, with results of only two test strips, those for esculin hydrolysis and urease production, agreeing with conventional tests in less than 94% of the trials. The PathoTec system exhibited 94.3% accuracy in identifying these cultures in a double-blind study with conventional media and procedures as the alternate system. Two newly developed test strips, for 0-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and ornithine decarboxylase, were found to be highly reliable.", "PMID": 1041590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8059", "title": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. II. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal bradycardia-dependent A-V block.", "content": "Bradycardia-dependent A-V block during acute cardiac ischemia or injury is best explained by applying knowledge of basic cellular electrophysiology. Spontaneous diastolic depolarization during phase 4, plus a reduction in the magnitude of the transmembrane action potential are the pathophysiologic changes responsible for \"phase-4 block\".", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. II. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal bradycardia-dependent A-V block. Bradycardia-dependent A-V block during acute cardiac ischemia or injury is best explained by applying knowledge of basic cellular electrophysiology. Spontaneous diastolic depolarization during phase 4, plus a reduction in the magnitude of the transmembrane action potential are the pathophysiologic changes responsible for \"phase-4 block\".", "PMID": 1041588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8060", "title": "Evaluation of nursing care in terms of process and outcome: issues in research and quality assurance.", "content": "Approaches to patient care evaluation (process, outcome, and process-outcome) are placed in perspective and organized into a framework which clarifies the need for working toward the goal of process-outcome evaluation. Some issues of interest to researchers and to quality control programs are discussed, and recommendations are made.", "contents": "Evaluation of nursing care in terms of process and outcome: issues in research and quality assurance. Approaches to patient care evaluation (process, outcome, and process-outcome) are placed in perspective and organized into a framework which clarifies the need for working toward the goal of process-outcome evaluation. Some issues of interest to researchers and to quality control programs are discussed, and recommendations are made.", "PMID": 1041609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8061", "title": "Role insufficiency and role supplementation: a conceptual framework.", "content": "A theoretical basis for the diagnosis of nursing problems, centered on the concepts of role insufficiency and role supplementation, is offered. Role insufficiency is anticipated and experienced by clients during role transitions with developmental, situational, and health-illness implications. The conceptual basis of nursing intervention is role supplementation, and components, strategies, and processes of role supplementation are described. Conditions that predispose clients in the health setting to undergo role transition, conditions under which aspects of role transition may become nursing problems, and the role of the nurse in dealing with clients' role transition problems are described. A predictive and prescriptive paradigm, showing the interaction of construct components, is presented.", "contents": "Role insufficiency and role supplementation: a conceptual framework. A theoretical basis for the diagnosis of nursing problems, centered on the concepts of role insufficiency and role supplementation, is offered. Role insufficiency is anticipated and experienced by clients during role transitions with developmental, situational, and health-illness implications. The conceptual basis of nursing intervention is role supplementation, and components, strategies, and processes of role supplementation are described. Conditions that predispose clients in the health setting to undergo role transition, conditions under which aspects of role transition may become nursing problems, and the role of the nurse in dealing with clients' role transition problems are described. A predictive and prescriptive paradigm, showing the interaction of construct components, is presented.", "PMID": 1041610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8062", "title": "The impact of a professional baccalaureate degree program.", "content": "Results of a five-year investigation at the University of San Francisco of the impact-as measured by the students' perceptions of their collegiate experience-of an innovative four-year curriculum, leading to a bachelors degree and professional preparation in nursing, are summarized.", "contents": "The impact of a professional baccalaureate degree program. Results of a five-year investigation at the University of San Francisco of the impact-as measured by the students' perceptions of their collegiate experience-of an innovative four-year curriculum, leading to a bachelors degree and professional preparation in nursing, are summarized.", "PMID": 1041611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8063", "title": "Factors contributing to child abuse.", "content": "Medical data of 48 children up to six years of age who were hospitalized at a public children's hospital for battering between 1965 and 1973 were compared with a random sample of comparable data of 50 nonbattered children. The average age of the battered children was 15.5 months. No differences were found between abused and nonabused children on study questions.", "contents": "Factors contributing to child abuse. Medical data of 48 children up to six years of age who were hospitalized at a public children's hospital for battering between 1965 and 1973 were compared with a random sample of comparable data of 50 nonbattered children. The average age of the battered children was 15.5 months. No differences were found between abused and nonabused children on study questions.", "PMID": 1041612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8064", "title": "Developing a computer program to assist the nursing process: phase I-from systems analysis to an expandable program.", "content": "In a three-stage project, a computer program was devised to assist in the nursing process. As Stage I, a definition of nursing was developed upon which a systems model of the nursing process was constructed. In Stage II, the computer program was written to collect patient data and formulate nursing diagnoses related to functions of the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair. The program was designed to serve as a model for the development of a more comprehensive program that would include other functional areas, suggest patient objectives and nurse interventions, and help to evaluate nursing care. In Stage III, initial trials were conducted to obtain feedback from nurses. Nurses found the program took too long but agreed that with modification it could help them give better care.", "contents": "Developing a computer program to assist the nursing process: phase I-from systems analysis to an expandable program. In a three-stage project, a computer program was devised to assist in the nursing process. As Stage I, a definition of nursing was developed upon which a systems model of the nursing process was constructed. In Stage II, the computer program was written to collect patient data and formulate nursing diagnoses related to functions of the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair. The program was designed to serve as a model for the development of a more comprehensive program that would include other functional areas, suggest patient objectives and nurse interventions, and help to evaluate nursing care. In Stage III, initial trials were conducted to obtain feedback from nurses. Nurses found the program took too long but agreed that with modification it could help them give better care.", "PMID": 1041614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8065", "title": "Patient attitudes toward nursing interventions.", "content": "When attitudes toward nursing interventions of 103 psychiatric inpatients studied over a 28-month period, in three different ward phases, were correlated with demographic, psychiatric, and psychologic test variables, attitudes varied premirily and almost exclusively with ward administrative phase. Within the differing ward phases the nursing interventions most valued by patients did not focus directly upon the individual patient.", "contents": "Patient attitudes toward nursing interventions. When attitudes toward nursing interventions of 103 psychiatric inpatients studied over a 28-month period, in three different ward phases, were correlated with demographic, psychiatric, and psychologic test variables, attitudes varied premirily and almost exclusively with ward administrative phase. Within the differing ward phases the nursing interventions most valued by patients did not focus directly upon the individual patient.", "PMID": 1041617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8066", "title": "Direct tape access as an adjunct to learning.", "content": "In a study to ascertain effect of direct tape access as an adjunct to learning, junior nursing student in a course in epidemiology were divided into control and experimental groups. The study extended through three quarters--fall, winter, and spring. Experimental students in the winter and spring quarters were given access to 15-minute taped summaries of each week's lecture. When midterm and final examination scores were analyzed according to study group, no statistically significant differences between control group scores and experimental group scores were computed, so that the tapes were found to have no effect on learning; however, student satisfaction with the course showed a significant increase.", "contents": "Direct tape access as an adjunct to learning. In a study to ascertain effect of direct tape access as an adjunct to learning, junior nursing student in a course in epidemiology were divided into control and experimental groups. The study extended through three quarters--fall, winter, and spring. Experimental students in the winter and spring quarters were given access to 15-minute taped summaries of each week's lecture. When midterm and final examination scores were analyzed according to study group, no statistically significant differences between control group scores and experimental group scores were computed, so that the tapes were found to have no effect on learning; however, student satisfaction with the course showed a significant increase.", "PMID": 1041613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8067", "title": "A hospital stress rating scale.", "content": "When 261 medical and surgical patients at a community hospital were asked to rank order 49 events related to the experience of hospitalization from most to least stressful, results indicated the subjects were capable and willing to order the events. Moreover, they showed a high degree of consensus as to how the events should be ordered. The rank order of these events provides a tool that can be used to quantify the measurement of psychosocial stress experienced by hospital patients.", "contents": "A hospital stress rating scale. When 261 medical and surgical patients at a community hospital were asked to rank order 49 events related to the experience of hospitalization from most to least stressful, results indicated the subjects were capable and willing to order the events. Moreover, they showed a high degree of consensus as to how the events should be ordered. The rank order of these events provides a tool that can be used to quantify the measurement of psychosocial stress experienced by hospital patients.", "PMID": 1041618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8068", "title": "Effect of simulation gaming on attitudes toward mental illness.", "content": "Sixty nursing students were administered the Opinions about Mental Illness (OMI) scale. Students whose scores fell above the median on authoritarianism and social restrictiveness were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental subjects' scores on authoritarianism and social restrictiveness decreased significantly (p greater than .001), wheras the control  groups' scores on these two factors remained essentially the same.", "contents": "Effect of simulation gaming on attitudes toward mental illness. Sixty nursing students were administered the Opinions about Mental Illness (OMI) scale. Students whose scores fell above the median on authoritarianism and social restrictiveness were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental subjects' scores on authoritarianism and social restrictiveness decreased significantly (p greater than .001), wheras the control  groups' scores on these two factors remained essentially the same.", "PMID": 1041620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8069", "title": "Measurement of Nursing Work Load Using Head Nurses' Perceptions.", "content": "A methodology for measuring and  predicting work load on nursing units utilizes perceptions of head nurses as measured by a specially designed questionnaire. The data were collected in a 300-bed shortterm general hospital over a seven week period. The results indicated that head nurses' perceptions of need on nursing units were predominantly influenced by unit census and available staff on the unit. Other patient load affecting variables, such as patient classification, number of new admissions, or postoperative patients, did not play a major role in shaping head nurses' perceptions.", "contents": "Measurement of Nursing Work Load Using Head Nurses' Perceptions. A methodology for measuring and  predicting work load on nursing units utilizes perceptions of head nurses as measured by a specially designed questionnaire. The data were collected in a 300-bed shortterm general hospital over a seven week period. The results indicated that head nurses' perceptions of need on nursing units were predominantly influenced by unit census and available staff on the unit. Other patient load affecting variables, such as patient classification, number of new admissions, or postoperative patients, did not play a major role in shaping head nurses' perceptions.", "PMID": 1041621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8070", "title": "Extra tactile stimulation of the premature infant.", "content": "To ascertain whether touch, in the form of extra tactile stimulation, would result in more rapid physical and social development and a greater degree of social development of the premature infant, 48 minutes of extra tactile stimulation, defines as a gentle, nonrhythmic stroking of the greatest possible area of skin surface of the infant's body by the nurse's hand, was given to eight experimental group premature infants daily for a minimum of two weeks while they were confined to an isolette. Six infants formed a control group. Regain of birth weight was used to assess physical development. Scores on the applicable portions of the Gesell Development Schedule and Bayley Scales of Infant Development and plasma cortisol levels were used to measure rate and degree of social development. Data were analyzed in terms of the total group and for pairs of infants matched for gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar score. No significant difference was found between control and experimental groups in rate of physical development as measured by regain of birth weight. Analysis of the relationship between weight gain and gestational age, sex, and Apgar scores indicated that none was a substantial indicator of the rate at which infants gained weight while in the hospital. There was no significant difference in the degree of social development between experimental and control infants, but, as hypothesized, there was significant difference in rate of social development. Plasma cortisol levels as an indication of the infant's adrenocorticol development as evidenced by his ability to respond to stressful situations, and hence indirectly his social development, revealed no significant difference between the two groups.", "contents": "Extra tactile stimulation of the premature infant. To ascertain whether touch, in the form of extra tactile stimulation, would result in more rapid physical and social development and a greater degree of social development of the premature infant, 48 minutes of extra tactile stimulation, defines as a gentle, nonrhythmic stroking of the greatest possible area of skin surface of the infant's body by the nurse's hand, was given to eight experimental group premature infants daily for a minimum of two weeks while they were confined to an isolette. Six infants formed a control group. Regain of birth weight was used to assess physical development. Scores on the applicable portions of the Gesell Development Schedule and Bayley Scales of Infant Development and plasma cortisol levels were used to measure rate and degree of social development. Data were analyzed in terms of the total group and for pairs of infants matched for gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar score. No significant difference was found between control and experimental groups in rate of physical development as measured by regain of birth weight. Analysis of the relationship between weight gain and gestational age, sex, and Apgar scores indicated that none was a substantial indicator of the rate at which infants gained weight while in the hospital. There was no significant difference in the degree of social development between experimental and control infants, but, as hypothesized, there was significant difference in rate of social development. Plasma cortisol levels as an indication of the infant's adrenocorticol development as evidenced by his ability to respond to stressful situations, and hence indirectly his social development, revealed no significant difference between the two groups.", "PMID": 1041616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8071", "title": "Current trends in diet and drug therapy for the dialysis patient.", "content": "It is virtually impossible to discuss diet and drug therapy separately in the treatment of the hemodialysis patient. Drugs and dialysis techniques often necessitate changes in dietary care, just as dietary indiscretions call for changes in drug therapy and dialysis. In order to coordinate the various facets when ordering diets, several factors must be considered. The physician plans the drug therapy with input from the dialysis nurses, especially for dialysis effects on salt, water, K+, and protein balance, and the dietitian coordinates the diet with drug and dialysis therapy. It is therefore essential that all personnel must interact as a team if the patient is to receive the maximum benefit of hemodialysis. To maintain this delicate, constantly changing approach, a balance of teamwork is essential.", "contents": "Current trends in diet and drug therapy for the dialysis patient. It is virtually impossible to discuss diet and drug therapy separately in the treatment of the hemodialysis patient. Drugs and dialysis techniques often necessitate changes in dietary care, just as dietary indiscretions call for changes in drug therapy and dialysis. In order to coordinate the various facets when ordering diets, several factors must be considered. The physician plans the drug therapy with input from the dialysis nurses, especially for dialysis effects on salt, water, K+, and protein balance, and the dietitian coordinates the diet with drug and dialysis therapy. It is therefore essential that all personnel must interact as a team if the patient is to receive the maximum benefit of hemodialysis. To maintain this delicate, constantly changing approach, a balance of teamwork is essential.", "PMID": 1041629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8072", "title": "Large surface area dialysis; innovations and patient management.", "content": "The analysis of the middle molecule theory has provided a means for reduced time and large surface area dialysis. Increasing the time-surface area product for the dialysis patient has provided a challenge for the dialysis staff. Rapid ultrafiltration necessitates careful and constant monitoring of these patients to prevent complications such as hypotension and cramping. The use of multiple dialyzers to accomplish large surface area dialysis also increases the cost. However, reuse has become a practical and safe way of decreasing the cost without jeopardizing the efficacy of dialysis. Developing a dialysis prescription to meet the particular needs of each patient, based on middle molecule clearance and residual renal function, appears to be an important factor in the future of large surface area dialysis and its adequacy.", "contents": "Large surface area dialysis; innovations and patient management. The analysis of the middle molecule theory has provided a means for reduced time and large surface area dialysis. Increasing the time-surface area product for the dialysis patient has provided a challenge for the dialysis staff. Rapid ultrafiltration necessitates careful and constant monitoring of these patients to prevent complications such as hypotension and cramping. The use of multiple dialyzers to accomplish large surface area dialysis also increases the cost. However, reuse has become a practical and safe way of decreasing the cost without jeopardizing the efficacy of dialysis. Developing a dialysis prescription to meet the particular needs of each patient, based on middle molecule clearance and residual renal function, appears to be an important factor in the future of large surface area dialysis and its adequacy.", "PMID": 1041630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8073", "title": "Comparing the body-systems and conceptual approaches to nursing education.", "content": "This study compared the teaching effectiveness of two approaches to curriculum organization-the body-systems approach (which organizes the nursing curriculum in terms of the different systems of the body) and the conceptual approach (which organizes the nursing curriculum in terms of overarching principles or concepts). It was hypothesized that the conceptual would be more effective than the body-systems approach to nursing education, as measured by National League for Nursing (NLN) achievement tests and state board examinations for nursing licensure. The study, conducted in a small three-year diploma program in San Francisco, compared the Classes of 1970, 1971, and 1972 (N equals 70), which were taught on a body-systems curriculum, with the Class of 1973 (N equals 26), which was taught on a concept-oriented curriculum. No statistically significant differences were found among graduates of the four classes on the basis of either entering I.Q. scores or high school grade point averages. Statistically significant differences were found, however, on later NLN achievement test and state board examination results. Although the Class of 1973 did not perform as well as the classes of the three preceding years, it was not possible to attribute the performance of the Class of 1973 to changes in curriculum. The results of the study, therefore, did not sustain the hypothesis, but were instead inconclusive.", "contents": "Comparing the body-systems and conceptual approaches to nursing education. This study compared the teaching effectiveness of two approaches to curriculum organization-the body-systems approach (which organizes the nursing curriculum in terms of the different systems of the body) and the conceptual approach (which organizes the nursing curriculum in terms of overarching principles or concepts). It was hypothesized that the conceptual would be more effective than the body-systems approach to nursing education, as measured by National League for Nursing (NLN) achievement tests and state board examinations for nursing licensure. The study, conducted in a small three-year diploma program in San Francisco, compared the Classes of 1970, 1971, and 1972 (N equals 70), which were taught on a body-systems curriculum, with the Class of 1973 (N equals 26), which was taught on a concept-oriented curriculum. No statistically significant differences were found among graduates of the four classes on the basis of either entering I.Q. scores or high school grade point averages. Statistically significant differences were found, however, on later NLN achievement test and state board examination results. Although the Class of 1973 did not perform as well as the classes of the three preceding years, it was not possible to attribute the performance of the Class of 1973 to changes in curriculum. The results of the study, therefore, did not sustain the hypothesis, but were instead inconclusive.", "PMID": 1041623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8074", "title": "Nursing assessment and care plan statements.", "content": "Scope, specificity, and interrelatedness of patient problem and nursing intervention statements on nursing care plans were studied in relation to the introduction into the nursing assessment process of an objective observation checklist and a nursing history form. Ninety nursing care plans from six inpatient units in a Veterans Administration hospital were studied over an 11-month period. Results indicated that significant increases in the numbers of both types of care plan statements occurred only following the introduction of the nursing history, as did the numbers of nursing interventions related to the identified patient problems. The degree of specificity among the problem statements increased, but nursing interventions tended to become less explicit. The scope of focus of both types of statements continued to be primarily physical in orientation. The findings also suggested that, since the care plans reflected less than half the patient problems identified on the nursing histories, care plan studies alone might not be appropriate for evaluating the breadth of nursing care planning.", "contents": "Nursing assessment and care plan statements. Scope, specificity, and interrelatedness of patient problem and nursing intervention statements on nursing care plans were studied in relation to the introduction into the nursing assessment process of an objective observation checklist and a nursing history form. Ninety nursing care plans from six inpatient units in a Veterans Administration hospital were studied over an 11-month period. Results indicated that significant increases in the numbers of both types of care plan statements occurred only following the introduction of the nursing history, as did the numbers of nursing interventions related to the identified patient problems. The degree of specificity among the problem statements increased, but nursing interventions tended to become less explicit. The scope of focus of both types of statements continued to be primarily physical in orientation. The findings also suggested that, since the care plans reflected less than half the patient problems identified on the nursing histories, care plan studies alone might not be appropriate for evaluating the breadth of nursing care planning.", "PMID": 1041619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8075", "title": "Sexual health education and counseling.", "content": "In the past decade, there has been a concentrated effort to develop much needed advances in human sexuality, but many sexually misinformed or troubled members remain in our society. As more information is disseminated and people become sophisticated, there will be many people requesting help with sexual problems in primary and secondary health settings. Nurses need to equip themselves in this important aspect of health care. First, one's own values, attitudes, and knowledge must be carefully examined. Desensitizing, and incorporatin experiences have been used effectively to help get in touch with feelings and attitudes about the sensitive area of sexuality. Second, the nurse must be aware of the wide range of feeling and attitudes on specific sexual issues that have proved troublesome to our society. Third, the nurse must take advantage of educational opportunities to gain knowledge of psychosexual growth and development during the entire life span. Fourth, if the nurse desires to become involved in sexual conseling further education with concentration on the various innoviative techniques and approaches will be necessary to help clients with specific problems and concerns. Finally, sexual health programs need to be affiliated with a reputable health agency with prefessional supervision. All programs and new approaches must be evaluated to determine their effect on sexual health care.", "contents": "Sexual health education and counseling. In the past decade, there has been a concentrated effort to develop much needed advances in human sexuality, but many sexually misinformed or troubled members remain in our society. As more information is disseminated and people become sophisticated, there will be many people requesting help with sexual problems in primary and secondary health settings. Nurses need to equip themselves in this important aspect of health care. First, one's own values, attitudes, and knowledge must be carefully examined. Desensitizing, and incorporatin experiences have been used effectively to help get in touch with feelings and attitudes about the sensitive area of sexuality. Second, the nurse must be aware of the wide range of feeling and attitudes on specific sexual issues that have proved troublesome to our society. Third, the nurse must take advantage of educational opportunities to gain knowledge of psychosexual growth and development during the entire life span. Fourth, if the nurse desires to become involved in sexual conseling further education with concentration on the various innoviative techniques and approaches will be necessary to help clients with specific problems and concerns. Finally, sexual health programs need to be affiliated with a reputable health agency with prefessional supervision. All programs and new approaches must be evaluated to determine their effect on sexual health care.", "PMID": 1041634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8076", "title": "Development of a patient-completed admission questionnaire and its comparison with the nursing interview.", "content": "To compare the effectiveness of a patient-completed paper-and -pencil questionnaire with the nursing interview in obtaining the admission history, 30 patients newly admitted to a Veterans Administration hospital were asked to complete a questionnaire and were given the routine nursing interview. Data were compared for accuracy and nursing time required. The nurses made significantly more errors of omission in an unstructured interview than the patient made in completing the questionnaire (p greater than .001). The nurse spent an average of 11.5 minutes on her interview while the investigator used an average of 0.9 minute to explain the reason for the questionnaire to the patient and obtain his consent to its completion. Study findings are discussed as a means of providing an accurate, systematic, recorded data base for planning nursing care.", "contents": "Development of a patient-completed admission questionnaire and its comparison with the nursing interview. To compare the effectiveness of a patient-completed paper-and -pencil questionnaire with the nursing interview in obtaining the admission history, 30 patients newly admitted to a Veterans Administration hospital were asked to complete a questionnaire and were given the routine nursing interview. Data were compared for accuracy and nursing time required. The nurses made significantly more errors of omission in an unstructured interview than the patient made in completing the questionnaire (p greater than .001). The nurse spent an average of 11.5 minutes on her interview while the investigator used an average of 0.9 minute to explain the reason for the questionnaire to the patient and obtain his consent to its completion. Study findings are discussed as a means of providing an accurate, systematic, recorded data base for planning nursing care.", "PMID": 1041622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8077", "title": "Myths in human sexuality; a social-psychological perspective.", "content": "Human sexuality, as a field of interest as well as a human experience, is inundated with myths, falacies, and dead beliefs. These outdated notions are instrumental in failure to gain an accurate and factual knowledge base about human sexuality, its nature, function, and its regulation. Myths have served to create an aura and mystery around the expression and experience of human sexuality. It is that aura that has contributed to ignorance, abuse, and misunderstanding. It is imperative, therefore, to examine the existence of myths in everyday living and to explore the meaning in our personal lives as well as in our prefessional encounters.", "contents": "Myths in human sexuality; a social-psychological perspective. Human sexuality, as a field of interest as well as a human experience, is inundated with myths, falacies, and dead beliefs. These outdated notions are instrumental in failure to gain an accurate and factual knowledge base about human sexuality, its nature, function, and its regulation. Myths have served to create an aura and mystery around the expression and experience of human sexuality. It is that aura that has contributed to ignorance, abuse, and misunderstanding. It is imperative, therefore, to examine the existence of myths in everyday living and to explore the meaning in our personal lives as well as in our prefessional encounters.", "PMID": 1041636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8078", "title": "Sexuality in later life.", "content": "Aging produces changes in sexual organs, in the strength of the secual urge, and in physiologic responses and psychologic tensions. While sexual interest ans sexual thought decline, they do not disappear. Availability of partners and retention of youthful attitudes are important elements of sexual interest and activity at older ages. All authorities seem to agree that regularity of sexual activity is the essential factor in maintaining sexual capacity and performances for both males and females. Older persons who are sexually inactive and comfortable with that adjustment should not be made to feel inadequate, but those who are struggling with sexual problems should be helped to overcome them. Nurses should be prepared to take an active role in sexual conseling of the elderly and in agitating for social, political, legal, and attitudinal change.", "contents": "Sexuality in later life. Aging produces changes in sexual organs, in the strength of the secual urge, and in physiologic responses and psychologic tensions. While sexual interest ans sexual thought decline, they do not disappear. Availability of partners and retention of youthful attitudes are important elements of sexual interest and activity at older ages. All authorities seem to agree that regularity of sexual activity is the essential factor in maintaining sexual capacity and performances for both males and females. Older persons who are sexually inactive and comfortable with that adjustment should not be made to feel inadequate, but those who are struggling with sexual problems should be helped to overcome them. Nurses should be prepared to take an active role in sexual conseling of the elderly and in agitating for social, political, legal, and attitudinal change.", "PMID": 1041638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8079", "title": "Pressure volume curves of lamb lungs and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios of lung fluid.", "content": "Pressure-volume curves were made of lungs from non-distressed, from asphyxiated and from distressed lambs. The curves of the non-distressed animals differed from the curves of the asphyxiated and of the distressed group. Eleven stability indices were calculated and the summation of these in situ surfactant characteristics was used for individual respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis. Low values (less than 2) of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios in lung fluid were found before the 130th day of gestation, but a steep increase of the L/S ratio was present after that period. Postnatal RDS was found in low L/S ratio cases, whereas normal lung stability was noticed in animals with L/S ratios greater than 2. It is concluded that the prenatal L/S ratio in lung fluid of lambs is of predicting value in RDS experiments and fits well with lung stability characteristics.", "contents": "Pressure volume curves of lamb lungs and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios of lung fluid. Pressure-volume curves were made of lungs from non-distressed, from asphyxiated and from distressed lambs. The curves of the non-distressed animals differed from the curves of the asphyxiated and of the distressed group. Eleven stability indices were calculated and the summation of these in situ surfactant characteristics was used for individual respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis. Low values (less than 2) of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios in lung fluid were found before the 130th day of gestation, but a steep increase of the L/S ratio was present after that period. Postnatal RDS was found in low L/S ratio cases, whereas normal lung stability was noticed in animals with L/S ratios greater than 2. It is concluded that the prenatal L/S ratio in lung fluid of lambs is of predicting value in RDS experiments and fits well with lung stability characteristics.", "PMID": 1041691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8080", "title": "Kinetic studies of mold alpha-galactosidase on PNPG hydrolysis.", "content": "The kinetic properties of alpha-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea were investigated in detail using PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside) as a substrate. Consequently, the enzyme was markedly inhibited not only by the substrate, but also by the galactose hydrolized. The initial rate of reaction at sufficiently high substrate concentrations, however, did not fall to zero and did approach a finite value. Galactose behaved as a mixed inhibitor and was neither totally competitive nor totally noncompetitive. A rate equation was obtained from a generalized equation derived from a kinetic model which took both the inhibitions into consideration. The constants used in the equation were appropriately estimated. The calculated rate agreed fairly well with the observed initial rate. Moreover, the PNPG hydrolysis progressing in a batch system was found to be approximately representable by simple first order kinetics in which the rate constant was dependent on the initial substrate concentration.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of mold alpha-galactosidase on PNPG hydrolysis. The kinetic properties of alpha-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea were investigated in detail using PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside) as a substrate. Consequently, the enzyme was markedly inhibited not only by the substrate, but also by the galactose hydrolized. The initial rate of reaction at sufficiently high substrate concentrations, however, did not fall to zero and did approach a finite value. Galactose behaved as a mixed inhibitor and was neither totally competitive nor totally noncompetitive. A rate equation was obtained from a generalized equation derived from a kinetic model which took both the inhibitions into consideration. The constants used in the equation were appropriately estimated. The calculated rate agreed fairly well with the observed initial rate. Moreover, the PNPG hydrolysis progressing in a batch system was found to be approximately representable by simple first order kinetics in which the rate constant was dependent on the initial substrate concentration.", "PMID": 1041692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8081", "title": "Thebaine variations between germplasm sources within one collection of Papaver bracteatum Lindl.", "content": "Plants of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. derived from different germplasm sources within one Iranian collection were grown for 18 and 37 weeks in the greenhouse and controlled environment chambers. Gas-chromatographic analyses showed significant differences between thebaine concentrations of root tissue for 18-week-old plants, but not for 37-week-old plants. The two age groups did not differ in thebaine yield per unit of dry weight of root tissue. However, due to more profuse root growth, the total yield of thebaine from roots of the older plants was about four times that of the younger plants. Shoot thebaine concentrations differed significantly for 18- and 37-week-old plants. The over-all mean thebaine concentration for shoots of older plants was nearly twice that of younger plants. The variation in thebaine concentrations in these plants suggested genetic differences between the germplasm sources. Thus, domestication of P. bracteatum will require selection of germplasm from within and between collections, for plants of the greatest economic potential.", "contents": "Thebaine variations between germplasm sources within one collection of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. Plants of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. derived from different germplasm sources within one Iranian collection were grown for 18 and 37 weeks in the greenhouse and controlled environment chambers. Gas-chromatographic analyses showed significant differences between thebaine concentrations of root tissue for 18-week-old plants, but not for 37-week-old plants. The two age groups did not differ in thebaine yield per unit of dry weight of root tissue. However, due to more profuse root growth, the total yield of thebaine from roots of the older plants was about four times that of the younger plants. Shoot thebaine concentrations differed significantly for 18- and 37-week-old plants. The over-all mean thebaine concentration for shoots of older plants was nearly twice that of younger plants. The variation in thebaine concentrations in these plants suggested genetic differences between the germplasm sources. Thus, domestication of P. bracteatum will require selection of germplasm from within and between collections, for plants of the greatest economic potential.", "PMID": 1041695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8082", "title": "[The acute visual hallucinosis in infancy. Clinical, neurophysiological and psychodevelopmental aspects and differential typology (author's transl)].", "content": "By introducing the definition \"hallucinosis\" (Wernicke) it has become possible to confine the psychoses of organic origin more closely. Therefore, this term should also be used in pediatry and pedopsychiatry in order to designate cases with corresponding clinical aspects. Thus, accordance to the phenomenological characteristics of such syndromes as described in this paper, it is justified to emphasize that the acute hallucinosis in children is a special type of disease as compared to other psychoses caused by exogenic influences in this age group. The 10 case reports deal with visual hallucinoses which turned out to be characteristically different compared to those in adults. Hallucinating children at the age of 3 to 9 years predominantly visualized animals and legendary beings. Contrary to findings in adults, scenic and systematized visions were scarcely noticed, which psychodevelopmentally may be attributed to the fact that creative power in children is still little pronounced. Etiologically intoxications and infectious diseases were the cause for the visual hallucinations of the 10 children described. In the development of visual hallucinations somatic and psychic factors are significant. They have been discussed on the basis of today's knowledge. As today, however, there exists no satisfactory theory concerning the conditions favoring the development of hallucinations. To explain the somatogenesis of visual hallucinations three theories have been outlined, based on the present neurophysiological findings. It has been worked out that especially in children emotion plays an essential role in the origin of hallucinations. In infancy and early school age, while rational control of reality is still suppressed to a great extent, domination of emotional life goes along with lack of differentiation. At the same time the difference between imagination and perception is still little precise; therefore, phenomena, impressing as hallucinations in the adult, occur with greater facility in children.", "contents": "[The acute visual hallucinosis in infancy. Clinical, neurophysiological and psychodevelopmental aspects and differential typology (author's transl)]. By introducing the definition \"hallucinosis\" (Wernicke) it has become possible to confine the psychoses of organic origin more closely. Therefore, this term should also be used in pediatry and pedopsychiatry in order to designate cases with corresponding clinical aspects. Thus, accordance to the phenomenological characteristics of such syndromes as described in this paper, it is justified to emphasize that the acute hallucinosis in children is a special type of disease as compared to other psychoses caused by exogenic influences in this age group. The 10 case reports deal with visual hallucinoses which turned out to be characteristically different compared to those in adults. Hallucinating children at the age of 3 to 9 years predominantly visualized animals and legendary beings. Contrary to findings in adults, scenic and systematized visions were scarcely noticed, which psychodevelopmentally may be attributed to the fact that creative power in children is still little pronounced. Etiologically intoxications and infectious diseases were the cause for the visual hallucinations of the 10 children described. In the development of visual hallucinations somatic and psychic factors are significant. They have been discussed on the basis of today's knowledge. As today, however, there exists no satisfactory theory concerning the conditions favoring the development of hallucinations. To explain the somatogenesis of visual hallucinations three theories have been outlined, based on the present neurophysiological findings. It has been worked out that especially in children emotion plays an essential role in the origin of hallucinations. In infancy and early school age, while rational control of reality is still suppressed to a great extent, domination of emotional life goes along with lack of differentiation. At the same time the difference between imagination and perception is still little precise; therefore, phenomena, impressing as hallucinations in the adult, occur with greater facility in children.", "PMID": 1041710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8083", "title": "[Transient global amnesia - a paroxysmal amnestic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The Syndrome of Transient Global Amnesia is clinically characterized by a disorder of the ability to form memory engrams, appearing suddenly and lasting for several hours. Since the first papers on this syndrome by Bender (1956) and Fisher and Adams (1964) approximately one hundred cases of transient global amnesia have been described. Symptomatology, course, somatic findings and differential diagnosis are discussed with consideration of the literatur and three own observations. Regarding the etiology most authors discuss a transitory localized ischemia in the circulatory area of the vertebral-basilar artery system. Relapsing episodes occur less frequently than single episodes. In connection with this disorder characterized by the paroxysmal occurence and the episodic course, possible ways of genesis of amnesic syndromes are discussed. Theoretically three types of amnestic syndromes of organic origin may be differentiated: (1) amnesia in the frame of \"function psychosis\", i.e. of global mental deterioration caused by various diffuse brain function disorders; (2) amnesia caused by a combination of diffuse (function psychosis) and local brain function disorder; (3) purely local type of amnesia without function psychosis. In the combined type of amnesia a dissociation between the severity of memory disorders and relatively mild function psychosis is to be found. The importance of psychopathometric investigations, i.e. of quantitative determination of other mental dysfunctions besides memory disorder, for the interpretation of an amnesic syndrome is emphasized. Unfortunately these have not been possible in the cases described in this paper.", "contents": "[Transient global amnesia - a paroxysmal amnestic syndrome (author's transl)]. The Syndrome of Transient Global Amnesia is clinically characterized by a disorder of the ability to form memory engrams, appearing suddenly and lasting for several hours. Since the first papers on this syndrome by Bender (1956) and Fisher and Adams (1964) approximately one hundred cases of transient global amnesia have been described. Symptomatology, course, somatic findings and differential diagnosis are discussed with consideration of the literatur and three own observations. Regarding the etiology most authors discuss a transitory localized ischemia in the circulatory area of the vertebral-basilar artery system. Relapsing episodes occur less frequently than single episodes. In connection with this disorder characterized by the paroxysmal occurence and the episodic course, possible ways of genesis of amnesic syndromes are discussed. Theoretically three types of amnestic syndromes of organic origin may be differentiated: (1) amnesia in the frame of \"function psychosis\", i.e. of global mental deterioration caused by various diffuse brain function disorders; (2) amnesia caused by a combination of diffuse (function psychosis) and local brain function disorder; (3) purely local type of amnesia without function psychosis. In the combined type of amnesia a dissociation between the severity of memory disorders and relatively mild function psychosis is to be found. The importance of psychopathometric investigations, i.e. of quantitative determination of other mental dysfunctions besides memory disorder, for the interpretation of an amnesic syndrome is emphasized. Unfortunately these have not been possible in the cases described in this paper.", "PMID": 1041711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8084", "title": "Antibacterial activity of combinations of cefazolin and semisynthetic penicillins.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of cephalosporin (CS) and semisynthetic penicillins was studied using CS-resistant strains of Escherichia freundii and Proteus morganii. A synergistic growth inhibitory action toward these microorganisms was demonstrated by a qualitative method and confirmed by a quantitative determination.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of combinations of cefazolin and semisynthetic penicillins. The antibacterial activity of cephalosporin (CS) and semisynthetic penicillins was studied using CS-resistant strains of Escherichia freundii and Proteus morganii. A synergistic growth inhibitory action toward these microorganisms was demonstrated by a qualitative method and confirmed by a quantitative determination.", "PMID": 1041717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8085", "title": "Nursing's contribution to social psychiatry: a holistic approach to personhood.", "content": "The expanded role of the nurse in social psychiatry involves building upon the conventional role of the nurse to include a focus on health promotion and prevention as well as on the detection and treatment of illness. Nursing is strategically located and uniquely prepared to take on such a challenge. Nursing has long recognized the holistic nature of families and communities. Nursing assumes that families have rights and responsibilities which include participation in the solution to problems which they helped to create. Nursing has been sensitive to the interrelationship between social expectation and dysfunctional behaviour. In the expanded role, nurses have accepted the mandate to transform society, to act as social change agents, as family advocates, as champions of minorities and as facilitators of mental health, i.e., the promotion and maintenance of mental health as well as disease detection and restoration of health. With a focus on mental health teaching, mental health promotion and prevention, nursing has the potential for providing an essential, holistic, now missing, link in the delivery of mental health services.", "contents": "Nursing's contribution to social psychiatry: a holistic approach to personhood. The expanded role of the nurse in social psychiatry involves building upon the conventional role of the nurse to include a focus on health promotion and prevention as well as on the detection and treatment of illness. Nursing is strategically located and uniquely prepared to take on such a challenge. Nursing has long recognized the holistic nature of families and communities. Nursing assumes that families have rights and responsibilities which include participation in the solution to problems which they helped to create. Nursing has been sensitive to the interrelationship between social expectation and dysfunctional behaviour. In the expanded role, nurses have accepted the mandate to transform society, to act as social change agents, as family advocates, as champions of minorities and as facilitators of mental health, i.e., the promotion and maintenance of mental health as well as disease detection and restoration of health. With a focus on mental health teaching, mental health promotion and prevention, nursing has the potential for providing an essential, holistic, now missing, link in the delivery of mental health services.", "PMID": 1041716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8086", "title": "Pneumothorax as a function of gestational age: Clinical and experimental studies.", "content": "Infants with respiratory distress syndrome are especially prone to pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum as a complication of their disease. In a retrospective clinical analysis of a consecutively delivered population of infants with RDS the data suggested that the less premature infant with RDS was apparently more at risk to develop pulmonary rupture. This clinical observation was confirmed in postmortem studies in premature rabbits. The most immature group of lungs were relatively resistant to pulmonary rupture, owing to high surface forces. Toward term, surface forces were decreased as were lung tissue elastic forces, which predisposed to rupture at lower pressures.", "contents": "Pneumothorax as a function of gestational age: Clinical and experimental studies. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome are especially prone to pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum as a complication of their disease. In a retrospective clinical analysis of a consecutively delivered population of infants with RDS the data suggested that the less premature infant with RDS was apparently more at risk to develop pulmonary rupture. This clinical observation was confirmed in postmortem studies in premature rabbits. The most immature group of lungs were relatively resistant to pulmonary rupture, owing to high surface forces. Toward term, surface forces were decreased as were lung tissue elastic forces, which predisposed to rupture at lower pressures.", "PMID": 1041749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8087", "title": "Treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Penicillin G vs clindamycin.", "content": "Aspiration pneumonitis and lung abscess generally involve anaerobic bacteria, which normally colonize the upper respiratory passages. The therapeutic response of these infections to parenteral penicillin G (49 patients) and parenteral clindamycin (35 patients) was compared to determine relative efficacy. No difference was discerned between these two agents in terms of time required for defervescence, roentgenographic clearing, and ultimate outcome. Seven patients with infections including Bacteroides fragilis were treated with penicillin G, and all responded well. These data indicate that penicillin G is the preferred agent for pulmonary infections involving anaerobic bacteria. Clindamycin is a suitable alternative for patients in whom penicillin G is contraindicated.", "contents": "Treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Penicillin G vs clindamycin. Aspiration pneumonitis and lung abscess generally involve anaerobic bacteria, which normally colonize the upper respiratory passages. The therapeutic response of these infections to parenteral penicillin G (49 patients) and parenteral clindamycin (35 patients) was compared to determine relative efficacy. No difference was discerned between these two agents in terms of time required for defervescence, roentgenographic clearing, and ultimate outcome. Seven patients with infections including Bacteroides fragilis were treated with penicillin G, and all responded well. These data indicate that penicillin G is the preferred agent for pulmonary infections involving anaerobic bacteria. Clindamycin is a suitable alternative for patients in whom penicillin G is contraindicated.", "PMID": 1041750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8088", "title": "The effect of the teachers smoking behavior on their involvement in smoking education in the schools.", "content": "The smoking behavior and attitudes of public school teachers were studied to determine if the teachers' smoking behavior is related to their attitudes and behavior regarding students' smoking practice and smoking education in schools. The Northampton, Massachusetts, School System was studied, where 162 of the 194 teachers randomly selected from various schools in the district completed the close-ended questionnaires administered and collected by the researcher. The study yielded a return rate of 83 percent. The results of the study showed that the general climate in school is one conducive to the establishment of a comprehensive smoking education program. It also indicates that the teachers' attitudes and behavior towards smoking education were closely related to their smoking  behavior. The ex-smokers were the most active group in attempting to initiate student smoking behavior change, while the smoking teachers were  the least active in this respect. Furthermore, pre-service and in-service teacher training programs in relation to smoking education were shown to be extremely sparse and ineffective in the past. This study suggests the need to strengthen pre-service and in-service teacher training programs in smoking education and to make smoking cessation programs available to those teacher who want to stop smoking.", "contents": "The effect of the teachers smoking behavior on their involvement in smoking education in the schools. The smoking behavior and attitudes of public school teachers were studied to determine if the teachers' smoking behavior is related to their attitudes and behavior regarding students' smoking practice and smoking education in schools. The Northampton, Massachusetts, School System was studied, where 162 of the 194 teachers randomly selected from various schools in the district completed the close-ended questionnaires administered and collected by the researcher. The study yielded a return rate of 83 percent. The results of the study showed that the general climate in school is one conducive to the establishment of a comprehensive smoking education program. It also indicates that the teachers' attitudes and behavior towards smoking education were closely related to their smoking  behavior. The ex-smokers were the most active group in attempting to initiate student smoking behavior change, while the smoking teachers were  the least active in this respect. Furthermore, pre-service and in-service teacher training programs in relation to smoking education were shown to be extremely sparse and ineffective in the past. This study suggests the need to strengthen pre-service and in-service teacher training programs in smoking education and to make smoking cessation programs available to those teacher who want to stop smoking.", "PMID": 1041753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8089", "title": "[Position of cyticholine in pneumologic therapy].", "content": "The position of cyticholine in lung lipid metabolism and hence in pneumological therapy (the subject of a personal hypothesis) is discussed. A summary is given of personal experimental work and papers read at the 1974 Padua meeting (11th December) held by the Societas Europae Physiologiae Clinicae Respiratoriae. It is shown that cyticholine may: 1) prevent the onset of acute neonatal respiratory distress; 2) improve chronic pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency; 3) prevent postoperative hypoventilation; 4) improve ventilation mechanics in hyperelastic lung syndromes; 5) increase the gas permeability of the air-blood barrier; 6) counterbalance the loss of surfactants caused by endobronchial aspiration in patients with tracheal tubes.", "contents": "[Position of cyticholine in pneumologic therapy]. The position of cyticholine in lung lipid metabolism and hence in pneumological therapy (the subject of a personal hypothesis) is discussed. A summary is given of personal experimental work and papers read at the 1974 Padua meeting (11th December) held by the Societas Europae Physiologiae Clinicae Respiratoriae. It is shown that cyticholine may: 1) prevent the onset of acute neonatal respiratory distress; 2) improve chronic pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency; 3) prevent postoperative hypoventilation; 4) improve ventilation mechanics in hyperelastic lung syndromes; 5) increase the gas permeability of the air-blood barrier; 6) counterbalance the loss of surfactants caused by endobronchial aspiration in patients with tracheal tubes.", "PMID": 1041758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8090", "title": "Educational preparation for nursing--1974.", "content": "Each year a report of some of the most recent statistics on nursing education appears in the September issue of Nursing Outlook. The data presented are derived from The National League for Nursing's annual survey of state-approved schools of nursing in the 56 jurisdictions of the United States. The programs surveyed include those which prepare for beginning practice in nursing (baccalaureate, associate degrees, diploma, and practical nursing); those graduate programs that lead to masters and doctoral degrees in nursing; and those baccalaureate programs that conduct nursing programs for registered nurses only. Data on the status of state-approved basic schools (new schools, closed schools, and changes in existing schools) are obtained in September of each year from the state boards of nursing. In October, questionnaires are mailed to each school of nursing, as well as to those nursing programs that do not require state board approval (masters and doctoral programs, and baccalaureate programs for registered nurses). Information is also obtained from irregularly conducted surveys of all four-year colleges and universities in the United States that do not have state-approved basic nursing baccalaureate programs. The data obtained include admissions and graduations for the preceeding academic year, admissions for the current fall term, and enrollments as of October 15. Other information, such as data on men and minority students, is collected every three years. In recent years, enrollment figures for students who were admitted with advanced placement status have also been collected. With few exceptions, the schools have been most cooperative in providing the data, making it possible for us to obtain a 100 percent response rate for both registered nurse and practical nurse programs.", "contents": "Educational preparation for nursing--1974. Each year a report of some of the most recent statistics on nursing education appears in the September issue of Nursing Outlook. The data presented are derived from The National League for Nursing's annual survey of state-approved schools of nursing in the 56 jurisdictions of the United States. The programs surveyed include those which prepare for beginning practice in nursing (baccalaureate, associate degrees, diploma, and practical nursing); those graduate programs that lead to masters and doctoral degrees in nursing; and those baccalaureate programs that conduct nursing programs for registered nurses only. Data on the status of state-approved basic schools (new schools, closed schools, and changes in existing schools) are obtained in September of each year from the state boards of nursing. In October, questionnaires are mailed to each school of nursing, as well as to those nursing programs that do not require state board approval (masters and doctoral programs, and baccalaureate programs for registered nurses). Information is also obtained from irregularly conducted surveys of all four-year colleges and universities in the United States that do not have state-approved basic nursing baccalaureate programs. The data obtained include admissions and graduations for the preceeding academic year, admissions for the current fall term, and enrollments as of October 15. Other information, such as data on men and minority students, is collected every three years. In recent years, enrollment figures for students who were admitted with advanced placement status have also been collected. With few exceptions, the schools have been most cooperative in providing the data, making it possible for us to obtain a 100 percent response rate for both registered nurse and practical nurse programs.", "PMID": 1041774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8091", "title": "Applying the nursing process to patient care in the operating room.", "content": "Using the nursing process in operating room nursing helps to assure personalized, continuous, and integrated care for the surgical patient. The steps in the nursing process clearly demonstrate the role and functions of the O.R. nurse as a professional member of the surgical team and as a component of the health care system. By this means the patient is assured of protection and quality care.", "contents": "Applying the nursing process to patient care in the operating room. Using the nursing process in operating room nursing helps to assure personalized, continuous, and integrated care for the surgical patient. The steps in the nursing process clearly demonstrate the role and functions of the O.R. nurse as a professional member of the surgical team and as a component of the health care system. By this means the patient is assured of protection and quality care.", "PMID": 1041777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8092", "title": "A master nurse clinician for intraoperative care.", "content": "The intraoperative period has long been the missing link in the chain of continuity of care for the surgical patient. An intraoperative clinical nurse specialist who is able to work with patients, families, and health care team members preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively can effectively bridge the gap in care. Nursing care given to patients in the O.R. should be no different qualitatively from nursing care given sedated and/or unconscious patients in other nursing units. The C.N.S. in the O.R. can help make such care a reality through giving care to patients and families as a role model, directing care as an expert through written care plans or physical presence, doing formal and informal teaching of patients, families, and staff, and through research. Operationalizing the role of the C.N.S. for surgical patients during the intraoperative period requires the specialist to move out of the O.R. to assess patients and families preoperatively and to evaluate the postoperative results of care. Implementation of the specialist role in the O.R. clinical nursing setting is accompanied by the same frustrations and problems met by master clinicians in other nursing specialty areas.", "contents": "A master nurse clinician for intraoperative care. The intraoperative period has long been the missing link in the chain of continuity of care for the surgical patient. An intraoperative clinical nurse specialist who is able to work with patients, families, and health care team members preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively can effectively bridge the gap in care. Nursing care given to patients in the O.R. should be no different qualitatively from nursing care given sedated and/or unconscious patients in other nursing units. The C.N.S. in the O.R. can help make such care a reality through giving care to patients and families as a role model, directing care as an expert through written care plans or physical presence, doing formal and informal teaching of patients, families, and staff, and through research. Operationalizing the role of the C.N.S. for surgical patients during the intraoperative period requires the specialist to move out of the O.R. to assess patients and families preoperatively and to evaluate the postoperative results of care. Implementation of the specialist role in the O.R. clinical nursing setting is accompanied by the same frustrations and problems met by master clinicians in other nursing specialty areas.", "PMID": 1041779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8093", "title": "The new graduate in the operating room.", "content": "New graduate nurses today come to their first positions in nursing with varying knowledge bases and minimal clinical nursing skills. Gone are the days when new graduates begin functioning fully in a budgeted position on day one of employment. Mastery of psychomotor, cognitive, and affective skills necessary for nursing practice must be acquired through experience in the work situation. The more complex the clinical setting, the more stressful is the period of learning. The O.R. can be a highly stressful place. The need for anticipation, planning and organization to provide efficient care with meticulous attention to detail is coupled with the need to perform smoothly numerous technical skills. Safe, humanistic care cannot be implemented unless the nurse is also able to assess each patient's individual biopsychosocial status, and identify his unique nursing care needs. In order to learn to cope with this level of complexity, the neophyte nurse must be provided with a planned, supportive experiential learning situation that also provides the time necessary to achieve a beginning level of mastery. The program in Basic O.R. Nursing described here was one attempt to provide such an experience for new graduates.", "contents": "The new graduate in the operating room. New graduate nurses today come to their first positions in nursing with varying knowledge bases and minimal clinical nursing skills. Gone are the days when new graduates begin functioning fully in a budgeted position on day one of employment. Mastery of psychomotor, cognitive, and affective skills necessary for nursing practice must be acquired through experience in the work situation. The more complex the clinical setting, the more stressful is the period of learning. The O.R. can be a highly stressful place. The need for anticipation, planning and organization to provide efficient care with meticulous attention to detail is coupled with the need to perform smoothly numerous technical skills. Safe, humanistic care cannot be implemented unless the nurse is also able to assess each patient's individual biopsychosocial status, and identify his unique nursing care needs. In order to learn to cope with this level of complexity, the neophyte nurse must be provided with a planned, supportive experiential learning situation that also provides the time necessary to achieve a beginning level of mastery. The program in Basic O.R. Nursing described here was one attempt to provide such an experience for new graduates.", "PMID": 1041780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8094", "title": "Controlling operating room-related infection in cancer patients.", "content": "This paper outlines the program for controlling surgical infections in one cancer research hospital dealing with a unique group of patients. Control must -begin before the patient comes to the surgical suite and must continue when the patient returns to the nursing unit. These patients are often elderly, debilitated, and receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy, and they undergo lengthy massive resections often requiring several procedures. Some of the guidelines that we have evolved over a long period may be helpful in stimulating others to establish, implement, or improve similar programs in their own units. It is obvious that any such programs will have to be tailored to meet the demands and personnel of each institution. The important thing is that each surgical department must work toward the goal of keeping postoperative mosocomial infection at the lowest possible rate.", "contents": "Controlling operating room-related infection in cancer patients. This paper outlines the program for controlling surgical infections in one cancer research hospital dealing with a unique group of patients. Control must -begin before the patient comes to the surgical suite and must continue when the patient returns to the nursing unit. These patients are often elderly, debilitated, and receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy, and they undergo lengthy massive resections often requiring several procedures. Some of the guidelines that we have evolved over a long period may be helpful in stimulating others to establish, implement, or improve similar programs in their own units. It is obvious that any such programs will have to be tailored to meet the demands and personnel of each institution. The important thing is that each surgical department must work toward the goal of keeping postoperative mosocomial infection at the lowest possible rate.", "PMID": 1041781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8095", "title": "Play therapy: preparing the young child for surgery.", "content": "A child is not a miniature adult. His thought processes are pre-conceptual, pre-logical, and characterized by many fantasies. The child needs concrete information about his impending surgery: (1) what will happen; (2) what is expected of him; (3) that he is not to blame for his illness or injury, and (4) where the organ to be removed or repaired is located and that no other body parts will be harmed. Play therapy is an effective method for providing tangible information about the surgical experience and simultaneously decreasing the child's fantasies and fears about the surgery.", "contents": "Play therapy: preparing the young child for surgery. A child is not a miniature adult. His thought processes are pre-conceptual, pre-logical, and characterized by many fantasies. The child needs concrete information about his impending surgery: (1) what will happen; (2) what is expected of him; (3) that he is not to blame for his illness or injury, and (4) where the organ to be removed or repaired is located and that no other body parts will be harmed. Play therapy is an effective method for providing tangible information about the surgical experience and simultaneously decreasing the child's fantasies and fears about the surgery.", "PMID": 1041782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8096", "title": "A program in continuing education for primary health care.", "content": "Influential recommendations have been made that preparation for expanded roles in primary health care be part of basic nursing education. Much of the learning required for the roles is already included in many, if not all, baccalaureate programs. Implementation of these recommendations implies that short \"add-on\" courses such as the one described here should be considered interim measures to upgrade skills and knowledge of present graduate nurses, both diploma and baccalaureate. For such measures, continuing education should be available in a variety of courses which could meet in a flexible manner the varying needs and objectives of diverse service settings. As the expectations of consumers and service settings change, and as roles and functions evolve, variations and modifications in course offerings can then continue. It would be expected that, with clearer perception of the role to be ascribed to nursing in primary health care, such course offerings could be based soundly on data derived from systematic study of the effect of nursing. It is anticipated that the experience and findings of this project may have a contribution to make to the development of future courses. The project showed encouraging results from a working collaboration of a variety of health care personnel in both instruction and evaluation, and demonstrated that such courses can involve a variety of students from a variety of relevant practice settings. It is also felt that the evaluation approaches and tools evolved hold promise, with further refinement, of contributing to the development of evaluative procedures.", "contents": "A program in continuing education for primary health care. Influential recommendations have been made that preparation for expanded roles in primary health care be part of basic nursing education. Much of the learning required for the roles is already included in many, if not all, baccalaureate programs. Implementation of these recommendations implies that short \"add-on\" courses such as the one described here should be considered interim measures to upgrade skills and knowledge of present graduate nurses, both diploma and baccalaureate. For such measures, continuing education should be available in a variety of courses which could meet in a flexible manner the varying needs and objectives of diverse service settings. As the expectations of consumers and service settings change, and as roles and functions evolve, variations and modifications in course offerings can then continue. It would be expected that, with clearer perception of the role to be ascribed to nursing in primary health care, such course offerings could be based soundly on data derived from systematic study of the effect of nursing. It is anticipated that the experience and findings of this project may have a contribution to make to the development of future courses. The project showed encouraging results from a working collaboration of a variety of health care personnel in both instruction and evaluation, and demonstrated that such courses can involve a variety of students from a variety of relevant practice settings. It is also felt that the evaluation approaches and tools evolved hold promise, with further refinement, of contributing to the development of evaluative procedures.", "PMID": 1041784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8097", "title": "The independent nurse practitioner. Alive and well and living in rural Saskatchewan.", "content": "At this point, it is impossible to express analysis of the data collected in concrete terms as the project will not be finalized until October, 1976. It is possible, however, to make some personal observations. Each nurse practitioner has been truly independent in carrying out her role in the community, influenced to a degree by the communities' felt need and the attitudes of other health professionals. All began practice with a heavy emphasis on diagnosis and cure rather than comprehensive care. As time evolves and the nurses feel more confident in their new role, some are continuing a cure orientation, and others are beinning to find that they have a unique dimension to add to health care services. Those who were professional \"nurses\" in the true sense of the word before the project began have not stopped being nurses, but have only become more competent professionals by recognizing and responding to the health needs of today.", "contents": "The independent nurse practitioner. Alive and well and living in rural Saskatchewan. At this point, it is impossible to express analysis of the data collected in concrete terms as the project will not be finalized until October, 1976. It is possible, however, to make some personal observations. Each nurse practitioner has been truly independent in carrying out her role in the community, influenced to a degree by the communities' felt need and the attitudes of other health professionals. All began practice with a heavy emphasis on diagnosis and cure rather than comprehensive care. As time evolves and the nurses feel more confident in their new role, some are continuing a cure orientation, and others are beinning to find that they have a unique dimension to add to health care services. Those who were professional \"nurses\" in the true sense of the word before the project began have not stopped being nurses, but have only become more competent professionals by recognizing and responding to the health needs of today.", "PMID": 1041786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8098", "title": "The community clinical nurse specialist. A two-year perspective.", "content": "I have described my role as a clinical nurse specialist in an official agency over the past two years. The circumstances of my setting and position, my personal feelings of commitment and accountability, have all influenced the direction of my position. In relation to my nursing practice, I have concentrated on areas that have appeared to me as high-risk. I believe that there is a very definite role in the community for nurses who have the expertise to deliver health care of a high quality with more independence than usually exists in a nursing role. Before a clinical nurse specialist can function in an official agency, however, there are limitations that must be resolved.", "contents": "The community clinical nurse specialist. A two-year perspective. I have described my role as a clinical nurse specialist in an official agency over the past two years. The circumstances of my setting and position, my personal feelings of commitment and accountability, have all influenced the direction of my position. In relation to my nursing practice, I have concentrated on areas that have appeared to me as high-risk. I believe that there is a very definite role in the community for nurses who have the expertise to deliver health care of a high quality with more independence than usually exists in a nursing role. Before a clinical nurse specialist can function in an official agency, however, there are limitations that must be resolved.", "PMID": 1041790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8099", "title": "The role of the nurse working with employment upgrading programs.", "content": "Working in a project where there are general objectives but no fixed program to reach them can be both a challenge and a frustration. But this work is never dull. The key points in the success of such a program are defined behavioral objectives for each student, an imaginative, flexible, and versatile nurse, and an administrative structure which is prepared to be flexible enough to say, \"Do our thing your way.\"", "contents": "The role of the nurse working with employment upgrading programs. Working in a project where there are general objectives but no fixed program to reach them can be both a challenge and a frustration. But this work is never dull. The key points in the success of such a program are defined behavioral objectives for each student, an imaginative, flexible, and versatile nurse, and an administrative structure which is prepared to be flexible enough to say, \"Do our thing your way.\"", "PMID": 1041791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8100", "title": "The terminal hepatic microcirculation in the rat.", "content": "The hepatic microcirculation was observed microscopically in the transilluminated liver of the rat. The portal and hepatic venous microvessels were classified into four orders according to their branching hierarchy, and the hepatic sinusoids into branching, direct and interconnecting types according to their topographic arrangements. The diameters of the various orders of microvessels and types of sinusoids were measured by serial photomicrography, and the velocity of the erythrocytes in these various microvessels and sinusoids by the dual-slit photometric technique. The microvascular volume flows were calculated from these data. In both portal and hepatic venous systems, the erythrocyte velocity and the volume flow significantly decreased in successive orders of the microvessels in apparent relation to the cross-sectional areas. The diameters of the three types of sinusoids did not significantly differ, but the velocity of the erythrocytes in the direct sinusoid was significantly faster than that in the branching sinusoid while that in the inter-connecting sinusoid fluctuated widely.", "contents": "The terminal hepatic microcirculation in the rat. The hepatic microcirculation was observed microscopically in the transilluminated liver of the rat. The portal and hepatic venous microvessels were classified into four orders according to their branching hierarchy, and the hepatic sinusoids into branching, direct and interconnecting types according to their topographic arrangements. The diameters of the various orders of microvessels and types of sinusoids were measured by serial photomicrography, and the velocity of the erythrocytes in these various microvessels and sinusoids by the dual-slit photometric technique. The microvascular volume flows were calculated from these data. In both portal and hepatic venous systems, the erythrocyte velocity and the volume flow significantly decreased in successive orders of the microvessels in apparent relation to the cross-sectional areas. The diameters of the three types of sinusoids did not significantly differ, but the velocity of the erythrocytes in the direct sinusoid was significantly faster than that in the branching sinusoid while that in the inter-connecting sinusoid fluctuated widely.", "PMID": 1041797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8101", "title": "Changes in the metabolism of the shivering hind leg of the young ox during several days of continuous cold exposure.", "content": "The effect of 4 days of continuous exposure to a cold environment on blood flow in, and oxygen and energy substrate uptake by the shivering hind leg has been studied in young steers. The animals shivered throughout the period of cold exposure and total oxygen consumption (total VO2) remained 40-50% greater than VO2 during thermoneutrality. Leg blood flow (leg Q) and oxygen uptake (leg VO2) increased two- and four-fold respectively on the first day of cold. Both had declined significantly by the final day, leg Q to a level 37% greater than, and leg VO2 to about double, pre-cold levels. The change in the relationships of leg Q and leg VO2 to total VO2 was examined by linear regression analysis, which suggested that the changing contribution of leg VO2 to total VO2 was entirely due to changes in leg Q, rather than in the arteriovenous difference in blood oxyhaemoglobin saturation across the leg. The net uptakes by the leg of free fatty acids (FFA), acetate, glucose and lactate all increased on the first day of cold. Both glucose and acetate uptakes were greater on day 4 than on day 1 in the cold, in spite of the lower leg VO2, but net uptakes of FFA and lactate were considerably lower. The decrease in net uptake of FFA is attributed mainly to an increase in the rate of lipolysis and release of FFA from fat depots in the leg, because of the associated progressive increase in the release of glycerol and oleic acid from the leg. The molar ratios of net carbohydrate substrate, acetate and FFA uptakes to leg VO2 are compared. The results suggest that tissues other than the leg muscles become increasingly important as sites of heat production, and that there are changes in the utilization of glucose, acetate and FFA by shivering muscle, during prolonged cold exposure.", "contents": "Changes in the metabolism of the shivering hind leg of the young ox during several days of continuous cold exposure. The effect of 4 days of continuous exposure to a cold environment on blood flow in, and oxygen and energy substrate uptake by the shivering hind leg has been studied in young steers. The animals shivered throughout the period of cold exposure and total oxygen consumption (total VO2) remained 40-50% greater than VO2 during thermoneutrality. Leg blood flow (leg Q) and oxygen uptake (leg VO2) increased two- and four-fold respectively on the first day of cold. Both had declined significantly by the final day, leg Q to a level 37% greater than, and leg VO2 to about double, pre-cold levels. The change in the relationships of leg Q and leg VO2 to total VO2 was examined by linear regression analysis, which suggested that the changing contribution of leg VO2 to total VO2 was entirely due to changes in leg Q, rather than in the arteriovenous difference in blood oxyhaemoglobin saturation across the leg. The net uptakes by the leg of free fatty acids (FFA), acetate, glucose and lactate all increased on the first day of cold. Both glucose and acetate uptakes were greater on day 4 than on day 1 in the cold, in spite of the lower leg VO2, but net uptakes of FFA and lactate were considerably lower. The decrease in net uptake of FFA is attributed mainly to an increase in the rate of lipolysis and release of FFA from fat depots in the leg, because of the associated progressive increase in the release of glycerol and oleic acid from the leg. The molar ratios of net carbohydrate substrate, acetate and FFA uptakes to leg VO2 are compared. The results suggest that tissues other than the leg muscles become increasingly important as sites of heat production, and that there are changes in the utilization of glucose, acetate and FFA by shivering muscle, during prolonged cold exposure.", "PMID": 1041798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8102", "title": "The effects of vagotomy on ventilation and blood gas composition in dog, sheep and rabbit.", "content": "The influence of vagotomy on resting arterial blood gases (PaCO2 and PaO2) and on the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia was studied in three different species of anaesthetized animals. After bilateral cervical vagotomy resting PaCO2 generally declined. In the dog, where this was studied more fully, resting PaCO2 declined significantly (8-13 +/- 0-67 mm Hg) over several hours, but PaO2 changes were not significant. After vagotomy tidal volume (VT), but not frequency (f), increased with increasing chemical drive. It is concluded that the increase in frequency in response to increased CO2 or decreased O2 is dependent on the vagal mechanisms. Minute volume, fractional inspiratory CO2 (VE, FICO2) and minute volume, fractional inspiratory O2 (VE, FIO2) relationships have been determined. Although vagotomy may not decrease the response of minute volume of ventilation in the lower part of VE, FICO2 curves (mild hypercapnia), it flattened the upper parts of the curves in sheep and rabbits, and to a lesser extent in dogs; it seemed that there was little species difference in this respect. Ventilatory responses to graded hypoxia were close to or slightly higher than pre-vagotomy values throughout the VE, FIO2 curves in all animals.", "contents": "The effects of vagotomy on ventilation and blood gas composition in dog, sheep and rabbit. The influence of vagotomy on resting arterial blood gases (PaCO2 and PaO2) and on the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia was studied in three different species of anaesthetized animals. After bilateral cervical vagotomy resting PaCO2 generally declined. In the dog, where this was studied more fully, resting PaCO2 declined significantly (8-13 +/- 0-67 mm Hg) over several hours, but PaO2 changes were not significant. After vagotomy tidal volume (VT), but not frequency (f), increased with increasing chemical drive. It is concluded that the increase in frequency in response to increased CO2 or decreased O2 is dependent on the vagal mechanisms. Minute volume, fractional inspiratory CO2 (VE, FICO2) and minute volume, fractional inspiratory O2 (VE, FIO2) relationships have been determined. Although vagotomy may not decrease the response of minute volume of ventilation in the lower part of VE, FICO2 curves (mild hypercapnia), it flattened the upper parts of the curves in sheep and rabbits, and to a lesser extent in dogs; it seemed that there was little species difference in this respect. Ventilatory responses to graded hypoxia were close to or slightly higher than pre-vagotomy values throughout the VE, FIO2 curves in all animals.", "PMID": 1041799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8103", "title": "Renal regulation of phosphate excretion in the pig.", "content": "Young pigs of about 25 kg in weight were given supplements of Na2HPO4 either in their food or by intravenous infusion and the effects on urinary phosphate excretion were studied. The results obtained showed that the amount of inorganic phosphate excreted in the urine increased with increase in the amount of phosphate filtered at the glomerulus. A threshold value for phosphate excretion in these pigs occurred at a plasma concentration of 2-03 mmol/l. while over a wide range of filtered phosphate load (0-21-1-14 mmol/min) phosphate was reabsorbed at a mean maximum rate of 0-19 mmol/min. Parathyroidectomy did not alter the relationship between phosphate excretion and filtered phosphate load which suggests that in the pig adjustment of renal phosphate excretion in relation to filtered load is not dependent upon parathormone.", "contents": "Renal regulation of phosphate excretion in the pig. Young pigs of about 25 kg in weight were given supplements of Na2HPO4 either in their food or by intravenous infusion and the effects on urinary phosphate excretion were studied. The results obtained showed that the amount of inorganic phosphate excreted in the urine increased with increase in the amount of phosphate filtered at the glomerulus. A threshold value for phosphate excretion in these pigs occurred at a plasma concentration of 2-03 mmol/l. while over a wide range of filtered phosphate load (0-21-1-14 mmol/min) phosphate was reabsorbed at a mean maximum rate of 0-19 mmol/min. Parathyroidectomy did not alter the relationship between phosphate excretion and filtered phosphate load which suggests that in the pig adjustment of renal phosphate excretion in relation to filtered load is not dependent upon parathormone.", "PMID": 1041800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8104", "title": "Mast cells and gastric secretion in the rat.", "content": "Gastric secretion of acid was measured in adult rats deprived of solid food for 48 hr. In control animals, values were obtained for the residual content of acid in the stomach, indicative of the rate of basal secretion, and for the quantities of acid secreted in 30 min following injections of histamine, pentagastrin, insulin and compound 48/80. The same measurements were made in groups of rats treated for 5 days with compound 48/80 (a regime which depleted the whole body of mast cells) and for 3 days with dexamethasone (which selectively depleted the gastric mucosa of mast cells). The content of residual acid was depressed to one third of the control value in the 48/80-treated rats, but the additional secretion due to histamine, pentagastrin or insulin was unaffected. A secretory response to a single injection of compound 48/80 could not be obtained in rats depleted of mast cells. In the dexamethasone-treated rats, the residual level of acid was increased to 1-5 times the control value, but the magnitudes of the responses to secretogogues were unchanged. It is concluded that basal secretion of acid into the stomach of the rat is stimulated by histamine derived from mast cells throughout the body, those of the gastric mucosa having no special significance in this respect. Mast cells are not involved in the mediation of the secretagogue actions of exogenous histamine, pentagastrin and insulin, but the present results do not preclude the participation of histamine from sources other than mast cells in the process of gastric secretion.", "contents": "Mast cells and gastric secretion in the rat. Gastric secretion of acid was measured in adult rats deprived of solid food for 48 hr. In control animals, values were obtained for the residual content of acid in the stomach, indicative of the rate of basal secretion, and for the quantities of acid secreted in 30 min following injections of histamine, pentagastrin, insulin and compound 48/80. The same measurements were made in groups of rats treated for 5 days with compound 48/80 (a regime which depleted the whole body of mast cells) and for 3 days with dexamethasone (which selectively depleted the gastric mucosa of mast cells). The content of residual acid was depressed to one third of the control value in the 48/80-treated rats, but the additional secretion due to histamine, pentagastrin or insulin was unaffected. A secretory response to a single injection of compound 48/80 could not be obtained in rats depleted of mast cells. In the dexamethasone-treated rats, the residual level of acid was increased to 1-5 times the control value, but the magnitudes of the responses to secretogogues were unchanged. It is concluded that basal secretion of acid into the stomach of the rat is stimulated by histamine derived from mast cells throughout the body, those of the gastric mucosa having no special significance in this respect. Mast cells are not involved in the mediation of the secretagogue actions of exogenous histamine, pentagastrin and insulin, but the present results do not preclude the participation of histamine from sources other than mast cells in the process of gastric secretion.", "PMID": 1041801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8105", "title": "Secretory responses to sympathetic stimulation of the cat's salivary glands in a state of resting secretion.", "content": "The secretory effect of sympathetic stimulation on the cat's submaxillary gland was augmented greatly when studied against a background of slow secretion evoked by parasympathetic stimulation at a low frequency and imitating the slow resting secretion normally present in the waking state. The sympathetic secretory threshold was markedly lowered, and even at low frequencies sympathetic stimulation caused a large, well-maintained response. After an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug sympathetic stimulation alone lost its secretory effect, but during resting secretion part of the accelerating effect was found to remain; this effect was elicited via beta-adrenoceptors. A marked secretory effect of sympathetic stimulation was also obtained during resting secretion in the parotid gland, where the sympathetic secretory effect is normally very small.", "contents": "Secretory responses to sympathetic stimulation of the cat's salivary glands in a state of resting secretion. The secretory effect of sympathetic stimulation on the cat's submaxillary gland was augmented greatly when studied against a background of slow secretion evoked by parasympathetic stimulation at a low frequency and imitating the slow resting secretion normally present in the waking state. The sympathetic secretory threshold was markedly lowered, and even at low frequencies sympathetic stimulation caused a large, well-maintained response. After an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug sympathetic stimulation alone lost its secretory effect, but during resting secretion part of the accelerating effect was found to remain; this effect was elicited via beta-adrenoceptors. A marked secretory effect of sympathetic stimulation was also obtained during resting secretion in the parotid gland, where the sympathetic secretory effect is normally very small.", "PMID": 1041802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8106", "title": "Indications and techniques for ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring.", "content": "The development of the ability to record a patient's ECG during a full 24-hour day of normal activities has resulted in improved arrhythmia detection and potential for treatment. Improved methods of ECG data processing, using computer techniques, now allows quantitation of PVC frequency and improved correlation of the arrhythmia with events occurring during the period of recording. Knowledge of the natural occurrence and variability of ambulatory arrhythmias permits appropriate choice and timing of antiarrhythmic therapy.", "contents": "Indications and techniques for ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring. The development of the ability to record a patient's ECG during a full 24-hour day of normal activities has resulted in improved arrhythmia detection and potential for treatment. Improved methods of ECG data processing, using computer techniques, now allows quantitation of PVC frequency and improved correlation of the arrhythmia with events occurring during the period of recording. Knowledge of the natural occurrence and variability of ambulatory arrhythmias permits appropriate choice and timing of antiarrhythmic therapy.", "PMID": 1042008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8107", "title": "The role of ambulatory real-time monitoring in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Pending the long-term solution of the problem of coronary atherosclerosis, and considering the unlikelihood of a universally effective, nontoxic, anti-arrhythmic regimen, it seems likely that ambulatory real-time monitoring is a promising avenue of approach for attacking the largest share of IHD mortality, namely the 2/3 who currently die before any medical attention.", "contents": "The role of ambulatory real-time monitoring in ischemic heart disease. Pending the long-term solution of the problem of coronary atherosclerosis, and considering the unlikelihood of a universally effective, nontoxic, anti-arrhythmic regimen, it seems likely that ambulatory real-time monitoring is a promising avenue of approach for attacking the largest share of IHD mortality, namely the 2/3 who currently die before any medical attention.", "PMID": 1042010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8108", "title": "The role of ambulatory monitoring in postinfarction patients.", "content": "Ventricular premature contractions noted at the time of hospital discharge following myocardial infarction identify a population of patients at risk for late, sudden cardiac death. Patients with PVC's who are at exceptionally high risk can be identified by means of certain clinical and arrhythmic characteristics. Late ambulatory monitoring is the most effective single technique for identifying such individuals and for monitoring their response to anti-arrhythmic medication.", "contents": "The role of ambulatory monitoring in postinfarction patients. Ventricular premature contractions noted at the time of hospital discharge following myocardial infarction identify a population of patients at risk for late, sudden cardiac death. Patients with PVC's who are at exceptionally high risk can be identified by means of certain clinical and arrhythmic characteristics. Late ambulatory monitoring is the most effective single technique for identifying such individuals and for monitoring their response to anti-arrhythmic medication.", "PMID": 1042009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8109", "title": "Energy metabolism in shock.", "content": "Shock produces a state of low-energy production secondary to lack of oxygen. Only 1/5 of the energy produced under aerobic conditions can be produced in shock and less so if shock continues and loss of nucleotide bases and substrate occurs. Carbohydrates and their intermediate compounds are responsible for the energy produced during shock. As cellular derangements and loss of energy supplying compounds are becoming better understood, their contributions to a condition of irreversible shock are receiving more consideration. Studies utilizing energy substrates, prevention of nucleotide loss, and supplying high-energy compounds have been done and show promise as a therapeutic modality.", "contents": "Energy metabolism in shock. Shock produces a state of low-energy production secondary to lack of oxygen. Only 1/5 of the energy produced under aerobic conditions can be produced in shock and less so if shock continues and loss of nucleotide bases and substrate occurs. Carbohydrates and their intermediate compounds are responsible for the energy produced during shock. As cellular derangements and loss of energy supplying compounds are becoming better understood, their contributions to a condition of irreversible shock are receiving more consideration. Studies utilizing energy substrates, prevention of nucleotide loss, and supplying high-energy compounds have been done and show promise as a therapeutic modality.", "PMID": 1042014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8110", "title": "Dyspnea in the patient with cardiopulmonary disease.", "content": "Dyspnea in the patient with cardiopulmonary disease has been defined and discussed, emphasizing those conditions which increase the work of breathing: increased elastic resistance; increased airway obstruction; and deformities of the chest wall, lung, and pleura. Methods of assessing the cardiopulmonary status of the patient as it relates to each condition were presented. Determining and understanding such clinical signs as patterns of breathing, cough and secretions, r\u00e2les, rhonchi, wheezes, diminished or augmented breath sounds, poor or unequal expansion of the rib cage, and dullness or hyperresonance on percusion is extremely important for the nurse in order to accurately and comprehensively make a nursing assessment. Such an assessment can provide the information necessary to plan more effectively for the care of the patient with cardiopulmonary disease.", "contents": "Dyspnea in the patient with cardiopulmonary disease. Dyspnea in the patient with cardiopulmonary disease has been defined and discussed, emphasizing those conditions which increase the work of breathing: increased elastic resistance; increased airway obstruction; and deformities of the chest wall, lung, and pleura. Methods of assessing the cardiopulmonary status of the patient as it relates to each condition were presented. Determining and understanding such clinical signs as patterns of breathing, cough and secretions, r\u00e2les, rhonchi, wheezes, diminished or augmented breath sounds, poor or unequal expansion of the rib cage, and dullness or hyperresonance on percusion is extremely important for the nurse in order to accurately and comprehensively make a nursing assessment. Such an assessment can provide the information necessary to plan more effectively for the care of the patient with cardiopulmonary disease.", "PMID": 1042013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8111", "title": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. I. Physiologic bases of ectopic beats.", "content": "Ectopic beats appearing in the wake of an acute myocardial infarction are best explained with a fundamental knowledge of myocardial cellular electrophysiology. When the physician or nurse has knowledge of the electrical events of intracellular recordings then normal as well as abnormal states of automaticity and conductivity are better understood.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. I. Physiologic bases of ectopic beats. Ectopic beats appearing in the wake of an acute myocardial infarction are best explained with a fundamental knowledge of myocardial cellular electrophysiology. When the physician or nurse has knowledge of the electrical events of intracellular recordings then normal as well as abnormal states of automaticity and conductivity are better understood.", "PMID": 1042016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8112", "title": "Some aspects of the nursing care for patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "Currently the majority of patients receiving hemodialysis for chronic renal failure are treated as outpatients in hemodialysis units of large hospitals. In most of these units it is the nurses that handle the entire dialysis procedure with little if any direct supervision from physicians. The nurses are also the ones on the health team that have the most contact with the patients. Thus the nurse must have a thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of renal failure, of the mechanics and technical aspects of the dialyzer, of the expected outcomes and complications of hemodialysis and, particularly, the needs of the hemodialysis patient. The nurses that choose to work with chronic hemodialysis patients can enjoy much satisfaction in assisting in maintaining both a productive life and a long-term relationship with chronic renal failure patients. The nurse makes the difference.", "contents": "Some aspects of the nursing care for patients on hemodialysis. Currently the majority of patients receiving hemodialysis for chronic renal failure are treated as outpatients in hemodialysis units of large hospitals. In most of these units it is the nurses that handle the entire dialysis procedure with little if any direct supervision from physicians. The nurses are also the ones on the health team that have the most contact with the patients. Thus the nurse must have a thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of renal failure, of the mechanics and technical aspects of the dialyzer, of the expected outcomes and complications of hemodialysis and, particularly, the needs of the hemodialysis patient. The nurses that choose to work with chronic hemodialysis patients can enjoy much satisfaction in assisting in maintaining both a productive life and a long-term relationship with chronic renal failure patients. The nurse makes the difference.", "PMID": 1042022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8113", "title": "The ailing A-V junction.", "content": "The \"ailing A-V junction\" includes a spectrum of arrhythmias and conduction defects owing to abnormalities in impulse formation (junctional rhythms), impulse conduction (A-V dissociation), and impulse storage (ventricular pre-excitation). A schema is presented for the identification of these dysrhythmias based upon modern electrophysiologic concepts. Hopefully, precise electrophysiologic diagnosis will yield a rational approach to therapy.", "contents": "The ailing A-V junction. The \"ailing A-V junction\" includes a spectrum of arrhythmias and conduction defects owing to abnormalities in impulse formation (junctional rhythms), impulse conduction (A-V dissociation), and impulse storage (ventricular pre-excitation). A schema is presented for the identification of these dysrhythmias based upon modern electrophysiologic concepts. Hopefully, precise electrophysiologic diagnosis will yield a rational approach to therapy.", "PMID": 1042025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8114", "title": "Pacemaker bigeminy: pseudomalfunction.", "content": "The first reported unique case of atrial synchronized pacemaker-induced bigeminy is described and related literature is briefly discussed. The arrhythmia reported in this case can be erroneously misinterpreted as a malfunctioning pacemaker unless the physician is fully familiar with the specific nature of the atrial synchronized pacemaker. By recognizing this type of pacemaker bigeminy as an arrhythmia simply related to a normally functioning pacemaker, unnecessary surgery can be avoided.", "contents": "Pacemaker bigeminy: pseudomalfunction. The first reported unique case of atrial synchronized pacemaker-induced bigeminy is described and related literature is briefly discussed. The arrhythmia reported in this case can be erroneously misinterpreted as a malfunctioning pacemaker unless the physician is fully familiar with the specific nature of the atrial synchronized pacemaker. By recognizing this type of pacemaker bigeminy as an arrhythmia simply related to a normally functioning pacemaker, unnecessary surgery can be avoided.", "PMID": 1042027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8115", "title": "Vasodilator therapy in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In the context of these studies, the evidence indicates that cardiac performance can improve significantly during vasodilator therapy in acute MI complicated by pump failure. Although the clinical course in uncomplicated patients is good, even without active therapeutic interventions, prognosis in patients with pump failure treated by standard methods (digitalis and diutetics) is discouraging. Hospital mortality approaches \"40 per cent in patients with moderately depressed cardiac function and may reach as high as 100 per cent in patients with severe pump failure and/or cardiogenic shock.\" The evidence presented suggests that early and cautious vasodilator therapy may significantly alter this poor prognosis by its beneficial effects on both LV function and the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Vasodilator therapy in acute myocardial infarction. In the context of these studies, the evidence indicates that cardiac performance can improve significantly during vasodilator therapy in acute MI complicated by pump failure. Although the clinical course in uncomplicated patients is good, even without active therapeutic interventions, prognosis in patients with pump failure treated by standard methods (digitalis and diutetics) is discouraging. Hospital mortality approaches \"40 per cent in patients with moderately depressed cardiac function and may reach as high as 100 per cent in patients with severe pump failure and/or cardiogenic shock.\" The evidence presented suggests that early and cautious vasodilator therapy may significantly alter this poor prognosis by its beneficial effects on both LV function and the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 1042028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8116", "title": "Near-drowning.", "content": "It can be seen that the physiologic changes occurring in near-drowning are complex. The pulmonary changes including edema, shunting, and alterations in surfactant properties cause disturbances in oxygenation and acid-base balance which can have severe consequences for the near-drowning victim if immediate and intelligent treatment is not directed toward their correction. Although blood volume, serum electrolyte, and hematologic changes are generally not severe, they must still be considered. The secondary effects, which make up the clinical situation met with in patients eventually admitted to the hospital, may result in disaster in those who appear to have recovered from the acute episode unless careful vigilance is maintained. The possession of a sound knowledge base related to these aspects is essential in the treatment and care of near-drowning victims.", "contents": "Near-drowning. It can be seen that the physiologic changes occurring in near-drowning are complex. The pulmonary changes including edema, shunting, and alterations in surfactant properties cause disturbances in oxygenation and acid-base balance which can have severe consequences for the near-drowning victim if immediate and intelligent treatment is not directed toward their correction. Although blood volume, serum electrolyte, and hematologic changes are generally not severe, they must still be considered. The secondary effects, which make up the clinical situation met with in patients eventually admitted to the hospital, may result in disaster in those who appear to have recovered from the acute episode unless careful vigilance is maintained. The possession of a sound knowledge base related to these aspects is essential in the treatment and care of near-drowning victims.", "PMID": 1042029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8117", "title": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. III. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal tachycardia-dependent A-V block.", "content": "This vignette illustrates the application of electrophysiological principles to the clinical problems of acute trifascicular A-V block occurring during an acute MI. Paroxysmal trifascicular A-V block that occurs transiently during an acute MI can be explained electrophysiologically as being due to tachycardia-dependent or bradycardia-dependent A-V block or both. Tachycardia-dependent A-V block also referred to as phase 3 A-V block is a term used when a premature beat occurring during repolarization of the preceeding beat causes conduction failure. Bradycardia-dependent A-V block or phase 4 block is used to explain the slowing of conduction or block after a longer diastolic interval. Physicians and nurses can improve their care of the critically ill cardiac patient through a better understanding of pathophysiology.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. III. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal tachycardia-dependent A-V block. This vignette illustrates the application of electrophysiological principles to the clinical problems of acute trifascicular A-V block occurring during an acute MI. Paroxysmal trifascicular A-V block that occurs transiently during an acute MI can be explained electrophysiologically as being due to tachycardia-dependent or bradycardia-dependent A-V block or both. Tachycardia-dependent A-V block also referred to as phase 3 A-V block is a term used when a premature beat occurring during repolarization of the preceeding beat causes conduction failure. Bradycardia-dependent A-V block or phase 4 block is used to explain the slowing of conduction or block after a longer diastolic interval. Physicians and nurses can improve their care of the critically ill cardiac patient through a better understanding of pathophysiology.", "PMID": 1042031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8118", "title": "[Changes of antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens (author's transl)].", "content": "The susceptibility to several commonly used antimicrobial agents was examined on approximately 900 isolates of various anaerobes from clinical specimens between October 1965 to May 1975, and the changes of susceptibility were investigated. Antimicrobial agents tested were penicillin G (PC-G), ampicillin (AB-PC), cephaloridine (CER), erythromycin (EM), josamycin (JM), lincomycin (LCM), clindamycin (CLDM), chloramphenicol (CP) and tetracycline (TC). And thiamphenicol (TP) and doxycycline (DOTC) were also used against recently isolated organisms. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined with agar plate dilution method. The activity of PC-G, AB-PC and CER against almost all strains of anaerobes was good at 12.5 mug/ml or less, but a marked increase of resistant strains of Bacteroides was recognized. EM, JM and LCM had similar activity against anaerobes, and were effective to most strains of anaerobes except for Veillonella, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium. CLDM was highly active against almost all strains of anaerobes, and more active than the two macrolides and LCM. But recently, significant increase in resistant strains was observed among Bacteroides. CP had good activity against all strains of anaerobes, and the increase of resistant strains was not recognized. TP had a similar good activity as CP. While, activity of TC against all anaerobes was poor at the level of 25 mug/ml or more. DOTC was more active than TC against all strains tested.", "contents": "[Changes of antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens (author's transl)]. The susceptibility to several commonly used antimicrobial agents was examined on approximately 900 isolates of various anaerobes from clinical specimens between October 1965 to May 1975, and the changes of susceptibility were investigated. Antimicrobial agents tested were penicillin G (PC-G), ampicillin (AB-PC), cephaloridine (CER), erythromycin (EM), josamycin (JM), lincomycin (LCM), clindamycin (CLDM), chloramphenicol (CP) and tetracycline (TC). And thiamphenicol (TP) and doxycycline (DOTC) were also used against recently isolated organisms. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined with agar plate dilution method. The activity of PC-G, AB-PC and CER against almost all strains of anaerobes was good at 12.5 mug/ml or less, but a marked increase of resistant strains of Bacteroides was recognized. EM, JM and LCM had similar activity against anaerobes, and were effective to most strains of anaerobes except for Veillonella, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium. CLDM was highly active against almost all strains of anaerobes, and more active than the two macrolides and LCM. But recently, significant increase in resistant strains was observed among Bacteroides. CP had good activity against all strains of anaerobes, and the increase of resistant strains was not recognized. TP had a similar good activity as CP. While, activity of TC against all anaerobes was poor at the level of 25 mug/ml or more. DOTC was more active than TC against all strains tested.", "PMID": 1042183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0034_8119", "title": "The physiological effects of inhaling exhaled cigarette smoke in relation to attitude of the nonsmoker.", "content": "Fifty-six nonsmoking college students were exposed, in a closed environment, for a period of 20 minutes to the exhaled cigarette smoke of two smokers. After intervals of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes of being exposed to the exhaled smoke, heart rates and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were monitored. Differences between times on systolic pressure was the only statistically significant finding. The subjects were then divided into two distinct attitude groups: (1) those who objected (\"disliked\") to being in the presence of cigarette smoke, and (2) those who did not mind (\"indifferent\") being in the presence of cigarette smoke. Variances attributable to between groups was statistically significantly different for heart rate. The \"dislike\" group had the higher rate in comparison to the \"indifferent\" group. Between times was statistically different for both groups for systolic pressure. Between group systolic pressures were not significantly different. As expected, there was no significant finding concerning diastolic changes.", "contents": "The physiological effects of inhaling exhaled cigarette smoke in relation to attitude of the nonsmoker. Fifty-six nonsmoking college students were exposed, in a closed environment, for a period of 20 minutes to the exhaled cigarette smoke of two smokers. After intervals of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes of being exposed to the exhaled smoke, heart rates and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were monitored. Differences between times on systolic pressure was the only statistically significant finding. The subjects were then divided into two distinct attitude groups: (1) those who objected (\"disliked\") to being in the presence of cigarette smoke, and (2) those who did not mind (\"indifferent\") being in the presence of cigarette smoke. Variances attributable to between groups was statistically significantly different for heart rate. The \"dislike\" group had the higher rate in comparison to the \"indifferent\" group. Between times was statistically different for both groups for systolic pressure. Between group systolic pressures were not significantly different. As expected, there was no significant finding concerning diastolic changes.", "PMID": 1042433}